Bolesław II of Masovia or Bolesław II of Płock (pl: Bolesław II mazowiecki (płocki); ca. 1253/58 – 20 April 1313), was a Polish prince, member of the House of Piast, Duke of Masovia during 1262-1275 jointly with his brother, after 1275 sole ruler over Płock, after 1294 ruler over all Masovia and Duke of Kraków and Sandomierz during 1288-1289. In 1310 he gave to his sons the districts of Warsaw and Czersk. Also High duke of Poland twice (1288, 1289).

Life

Early years
He was younger son of Siemowit I of Masovia and Pereyaslava, a Rus' princess, who was according to some historians a daughter of Prince Daniel of Halych or according to others his distant relative. He was born around 1253-1258.

Nothing is known from Bolesław II's first years, except that in 1262 he wasn't with his father and older brother Konrad II during the siege and battle of Jazdów, where Siemowit I was killed and Konrad II was captured by the Lithuanians. Because Bolesław II was too young to rule by himself, the regency was exercised by his mother Pereyaslava and his late father's ally, Bolesław the Pious, Duke of Greater Poland, until 1264, when his brother Konrad II was liberated and returned to assume the government.

Duke of Płock

When Bolesław II attained his majority in 1275, he demanded from his brother his part over their paternal inheritance. As a result, he received the western part of Masovia, with his capital in Płock. However he was not satisfied with this distribution, evidenced in his long-standing conflict with Konrad II; during this fight, Bolesław II did not hesitate to ask for the help from the murderers of his father, the Lithuanians. The alliance between Bolesław II and Lithuania was strengthened in 1279 when he married Gaudemantė, the daughter of Grand Duke Traidenis, who in her baptism took the name of Sophia.

Another ally of Bolesław II was his cousin Władysław I the Elbow-high, who was then Duke of Kujawy. The war between Bolesław II and Konrad during the second half of the 1270s and the first half of the 1280s didn't benefit any party, only causing destruction in extended parts of Masovia.

Death of Leszek II the Black. Fighting for Kraków and Sandomierz

On 30 September 1288 Leszek II the Black died childless. Part of the local nobility, led by Paweł of Przemankowo, Bishop of Kraków and the Topór family supported the succession of Bolesław II.

However, he wasn't the only candidate for the Seniorate. Henryk IV Probus, Duke of Wrocław, also advanced his claims. At first, it seemed that Bolesław II was able to master Lesser Poland without obstacles, as his troops in 1288 captured Kraków and Sandomierz. However, later in the same year he was expelled from Kraków by the troops of Henryk IV Probus, who gained the decisive favor of the castellan Sulk the Bear (pl: Sułk z Niedźwiedzia), who opened the gates of Wawel Castle to him. After this victory, Henryk IV Probus returned to Wrocław, and Bolesław II managed to say in Sandomierz. In early February 1289 a coalition of Piast princes (Henry III of Głogów, Przemko of Ścinawa and Bolko I of Opole) organized an expedition to Kraków with the purpose of consolidating the rule of Henryk IV Probus. At the sime time Bolesław II, who still wanted to recover Kraków, organized a coalition with  Władysław I the Elbow-high and Casimir II of Łęczyca, Unexpectedly, he also received the support of his brother Konrad II and Kievan Rus' troops. In this way, Bolesław II was able to organized a powerful army with the main objective of reconquering the Seniorate. The army of Henryk IV Probus withdrew from Kraków, and on 26 February the bloody Battle of Siewierz took place, which ended with the defeat of Henryk IV's allies; during the fight, was killed Przemko of Ścinawa and Bolko I of Opole was captured. After the battle, Bolesław II occupied Kraków, where he triumphantly entered in the summer of 1289. Shortly after, he gave Sandomierz to his brother Konrad II as they had previously accorded in exchange of his military support. This action caused outrage among the Lesser Poland nobility (accustomed to see the Duke of Kraków reign over Sandomierz), who utterly refused to recognize Bolesław II as their ruler, and proclaimed Władysław I the Elbow-high as the new Duke of Kraków. For unknown reasons, Bolesław II refused to fight and retreated to his domains in Płock, and in August 1289 Władysław I the Elbow-high was in turn expelled by Henryk IV Probus, who became in the new ruler over Kraków and Sandomierz.

The only positive aspect of this struggle for the throne of Kraków was the reconciliation with his brother Konrad II.

Unification of Masovia; last years

Bolesław II's wife Sophia died in 1288. His second marriage was, like the first one, contracted for political reasons. The chosen bride was Princess Kunigunde, sister of King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia; the wedding took place in the first half of 1291. Thanks to this union, the Bohemian King neutralized the claims of the Duke of Płock over the Seniorate, especially when he was able to conquer Kraków in 1291. Bolesław II also wanted to strengthen his position with Wenceslaus II, so he didn't hesitate when in 1292 he helped his brother-in-law in his war against Władysław I the Elbow-high.

The alliance between Masovia and Bohemia did not last very long. In 1294 Konrad II died without male offspring, so Bolesław II became the sole ruler over all Masovia. Feeling stronger, he broke relations with the Kingdom of Bohemia and reestablished relations with Władysław I the Elbow-high.

In 1295 Przemysł II became King of Poland. The following year, after his assassination, Bolesław II supported Władysław I in his brief war against Henry III of Głogów for the succession in Greater Poland.

The hostile policy towards the Kingdom of Bohemia forced Wenceslaus II to launch an attack against Masovia. Despite the siege and destruction of Płock, Bolesław II didn't change his political course, evidenced by his refusal to recognize Wenceslaus II as King of Poland in 1300 and the repudiation of his wife Kunigunde, who was sent back to Prague in 1302.

In the early 1300s Bolesław II founded the stronghold of Warsaw, contributing to its development in detriment of the nearby Czersk.

After 1305 Bolesław II was not present in any more political activity. The next information about him took place in 1310, when he granted two separate districts to his eldest two sons: Siemowit II received Warsaw and Trojden I received Czersk. In 1311, Borzysław becomes his Chancellor.

Bolesław II died on 20 April 1313 in Wyszogród and was buried at Płock Cathedral.

Marriages and Issue

In 1279 Bolesław II married firstly to Gaudemantė (baptized as Sophia; d. 1288), a daughter of Grand Duke Traidenis of Lithuania. They had three children:
 Siemowit II (1283 - 18 February 1345).
 Trojden I (1284/86 - 13 March 1341).
 A daughter [Ana?] (ca. 1288 - aft. 1329), married after 13 August 1325 to Władysław of Legnica (div. before 13 Jan 1329).

In 1291 Bolesław II married secondly to Kunigunde (January 1265 - 27 November 1321), a daughter of Ottokar II and sister of Wenceslaus II, Kings of Bohemia; in 1302 Boleslaw and Kunigunde were divorced and she was sent back to Prague, where she became a nun.  They had two children:
 Euphrosyne (1292/94 – aft. 26 December 1327),  married ca. 1304/09 to Władysław of Oświęcim.
 Wenceslaus (1293/97 – 23 May 1336).

References

1250s births
1313 deaths
13th-century Polish monarchs
Dukes of Masovia
Polish Roman Catholics
Year of birth uncertain
13th-century Polish people
14th-century Polish people

Bolesław II of Masovia


The Battle of the Medway took place in 43 AD, probably on the River Medway in the lands of the Iron Age tribe of the Cantiaci, now the English county of Kent. Other locations for the battle have been suggested but are less likely. This was an early battle in the  Claudian invasion of Britain, led by Aulus Plautius.

Background
On the news of the Roman landing, the British tribes united to fight them under the command of Togodumnus and his brother Caratacus of the Catuvellauni tribe. After losing two initial skirmishes in eastern Kent, the natives gathered on the banks of a river further west to face the invaders.

At the same time, the Romans received the surrender of the Dobunni tribe in western Britain. The Dobunni were subjects of the Catuvellauni, and this diplomatic gain was probably a blow to native morale and manpower.

Chronology

There was no bridge over the river where the battle was fought, so a detachment of specially-trained Roman auxiliaries (described by Cassius Dio, the only contemporary source for the battle, as Keltoi, "Celtic") swam across the river and attacked the natives' chariot horses. In the chaos that followed, the bulk of the invasion force spearheaded by Legio II Augusta under Vespasian crossed the river, under the overall command of Titus Flavius Sabinus. The natives were surprised that fully armed legionaries were able to cross the river, and Peter Salway has stated even Dio seems taken aback. The Romans were unable to press on to victory immediately, and the first day of fighting ended without a result. During the second day, a daring attack led by Gnaeus Hosidius Geta almost led to the Roman officer being captured. His troops retaliated, however, and put the Britons to flight. Geta was awarded a triumph for securing victory, a rare honour for someone who had not been consul. Given the primary roles taken by Geta and Sabinus on different days, it has been suggested by the historian Malcolm Todd that the Romans were operating as two, or possibly three, battle groups. The invasion force was large, at least one and possibly three legions with auxiliaries. Such a long battle was unusual in ancient warfare.

The Britons fell back to the Thames, a larger river more difficult to cross.

Location

Dio does not name the battle's location, nor the river, but its site is claimed to be on the Medway. The Romans would have used existing trackways as they moved west from Richborough, and the most well-travelled prehistoric trackway would have been the route of the later Pilgrims' Way, which forded the Medway at Aylesford. Other theories, however, note that the river is narrow enough at Aylesford not to pose significant difficulties in crossing, and place the battle closer to Rochester, where a large Iron Age settlement stood at the time. Further evidence of a more northerly possible location is at Bredgar, where a hoard of Roman coins from the period was found and has been interpreted as a Roman officer's savings buried for safekeeping before a battle. This hoard could, however, post-date the battle by as much as 20 years. Possibly the Romans followed the future route of Watling Street to the battle, although its role as a pre-Roman communications route is not certain.

Notes
 Frere, S., Britannia (Routledge, 1987)
 Salway, P., Roman Britain (Oxford University Press, 1986)
 Todd, M., Roman Britain (Fontana, 1985)

External links
 http://www.britishbattles.com/roman-britain/battle-medway.htm

43
Medway
Medway 43
Medway 43
the Medway
1st-century battles
1st century in Great Britain
40s in the Roman Empire
Medway

Battle of the Medway


The National Rivers Authority (NRA) was one of the forerunners of the Environment Agency of England and Wales, existing between 1989 and 1996.

Before 1989 the regulation of the aquatic environment had largely been carried out by the ten regional water authorities (RWAs). The RWAs were responsible for the supply and distribution of drinking water, sewerage and sewage disposal, land drainage and flood risk management, fisheries, water quality management, pollution prevention, water resource management and many aspects of the management of aquatic ecology and some aspects of recreation. With the passing of the Water Act 1989, the ten water authorities in England and Wales were privatised by flotation on the stock market. They took the water supply, sewerage and sewage disposal activities into the privatised companies. The remaining duties remained with the newly created National Rivers Authority.

The assets and the staff of the RWAs were divided up at privatisation between the new water companies and the NRA. However, all the assets relating to water supply reservoirs were transferred to the newly created private water companies, even in those cases where there were strong recreational and fisheries interests in the reservoirs. Complex charging arrangements were also put in place whereby the newly created companies paid abstraction charges to the NRA for water removed from surface and ground waters but the NRA then had to pay to have such waters released into rivers. In circumstances where reservoirs had been built to control river flow and thus independently support drinking water abstractions, this could entail the NRA paying out more to have the water released than it had charged for its abstraction.  It also meant that some releases of water from reservoirs, which in the past had been made principally for ecological or recreational interests, were now made with economic interests as the principal driver.

The logo of the NRA was a stylised image of a salmon in a circle of water, sometimes frivolously referred to by the staff of the NRA as the washing machine.

The chair of the NRA throughout its existence was Lord Crickhowell.

In 1996, the NRA ceased to exist when it was subsumed into the Environment Agency, together with HMIP Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Pollution (HMIP) and the local authority waste regulation functions. Its duties in Wales passed to Natural Resources Wales in 2013.

References

Water management authorities in the United Kingdom
Environmental organisations based in the United Kingdom
Water supply and sanitation in England and Wales
1989 establishments in the United Kingdom
1996 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Government agencies established in 1989
Government agencies disestablished in 1996

National Rivers Authority


The South Eastern Railway (SER) was a railway company in south-eastern England from 1836 to 1922. The company was formed to construct a route from London to Dover. Branch lines were later opened to Tunbridge Wells, Hastings, Canterbury and other places in Kent. The SER absorbed or leased other railways, including the London and Greenwich Railway and the Canterbury and Whitstable Railway. Most of the company's routes were in Kent, eastern Sussex and the London suburbs. There was also a long cross-country route from Redhill, Surrey to Reading, Berkshire.

Early history
Much of the company's early history saw attempts at expansion.  This sometimes led to feuds with its neighbours, the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LBSCR) in the west and the London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LCDR) to the north-east. However, in 1899 the SER agreed with the LCDR to share operation of the two railways and work them as a single system, marketed as the South Eastern and Chatham Railway. Receipts were pooled but it was not a full amalgamation. The SER and LCDR remained separate companies until they became constituents of the Southern Railway on 1 January 1923 under the Railways Act 1921.

Pre-grouping British railway companies

South Eastern Railway (UK)


Moses N. Baker  (January 26, 1864 – February 7, 1955) was a noted editor and author in the field of drinking water history and technology. His most important book is still used today:  The Quest for Pure Water:  The History of Water Purification from the Earliest Records to the Twentieth Century. He was also active in the field of public health holding several positions on boards of health at the state and local levels.

Early life and education
Baker was born in 1864 in the small town of Enosburg, Vermont, which is located in the northern part of the state a few miles from the Canada–US border. His early education was in the Enosburgh District School and the Craftsbury Academy. At the University of Vermont he obtained a bachelor's degree in philosophy in 1886 and a degree in civil engineering in 1899.

Career

Baker started his long career as author and editor in November 1887 when he was hired as the Associate Editor of Engineering News. This publication and the consolidated weekly Engineering News-Record which began on April 1, 1917, were the definitive sources of news about advances in the control and treatment of drinking water and sewage for decades in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He retired in 1932 after 45 years of service.

Baker collected a large library of books and source documents that he used to write his most important book, The Quest for Pure Water:  The History of Water Purification from the Earliest Records to the Twentieth Century, which was first published in 1948. It was reprinted and published in 1981. He donated his collection to the American Water Works Association which transferred it to the Engineering Societies Library in New York City in 1945 for safe keeping. Unfortunately, the Engineering Societies Library went out of business in 1998 and his entire collection was dispersed.

Personal life

On August 22, 1889, in Burlington, Vermont, he married Ella S. Babbit, daughter of Asher Stevens and Emmeline (Jones) Babbit of Keesville, New York.  They had six children: Theta Helen, born in 1890; Will, born in 1892 (deceased 1895); Frederick Wood, born 1894; Elizabeth, born 1896; Ruth, born 1902; and Dorothea, born 1907. The family lived in Upper Montclair, New Jersey for many decades. Baker died on February 7, 1955, and his wife died only 5 weeks later.

Professional associations and boards

Baker was a member of a number of professional organizations and societies including the New England Water Works Association, American Water Works Association and the American Economic Association.
He was Chairman of the Executive Committee of the National Municipal League from 1911 to 1918. He was a member of the Montclair, New Jersey Board of Health for 20 years and served as its president from 1904 to 1915. Baker was a member and vice president of the New Jersey Department of Health in 1915-16. He served as President of the New Jersey Sanitary Association in 1904 following the term of John L. Leal.

Honors and awards

He was elected an Honorary Member of the American Water Works Association and he was elected to the Water Industry Hall of Fame by the same organization in 1974.

Limited list of publications
Baker, Moses N. (1981). The Quest for Pure Water: the History of Water Purification from the Earliest Records to the Twentieth Century. 2nd Edition. Vol. 1. Denver, Co.: American Water Works Association.
Baker, Moses N. (1906). Municipal Engineering and Sanitation. London:MacMillan.
Baker, Moses N. (1904). British Sewage Works and Notes on the Sewage Farms of Paris and on Two German Works. New York:Engineering News Publishing Co.
Baker, Moses N. (1899). Potable Water and Methods of Detecting Impurities. New York:Van Nostrand.
Baker, Moses N. ed. (1897). The Manual of American Water-Works. New York City, N.Y.: Engineering News Publishing Co.
Baker, Moses N. (1893). Sewage Purification in America: A Description of the Municipal Sewage Purification Plants in the United States and Canada. New York City, N.Y.: Engineering Publishing Co.
Rafter, George W. and Moses N. Baker. (1894). Sewage Disposal in the United States. New York:Van Nostrand.

References

External links

AWWA Water Industry Hall of Fame
"Don't know much about history…"

1864 births
1955 deaths
University of Vermont alumni
Writers from New Jersey
American non-fiction writers
People from Franklin County, Vermont

Moses Nelson Baker


Hercules and Xena – The Animated Movie: The Battle for Mount Olympus is a 1998 animated action/adventure film starring the voices of Kevin Sorbo, Lucy Lawless, Michael Hurst, Renée O'Connor and Kevin Smith, all reprising their roles from Hercules: The Legendary Journeys and Xena: Warrior Princess.

Hercules and Xena

The movie begins with the Sirens blaring Across The Sea of Time, a song about how Zeus took the Cronus stone from the Titans, had an affair with Alcmena, the wife of Amphitryon (stepfather of Heracles), and had a son named Hercules, who goes on to defeat a Lernaean Hydra at an early age and become a hero.

As the song ends, a giant sea serpent emerges from the sea. Hercules attempts to kill it, finally throwing a giant rock into its mouth. The creature then jumps to the shore and lands on Hercules. Being out of the water, the serpent suffocates and dies. Hercules triumphantly climbs out of its nostrils. While the villagers are thanking Hercules, lolaus climbs out of a rest chair and joins Hercules, who is rewarded by the villagers with a large fish.

Hercules and lolaus head to Thebes to see Alcmene, but Lolaus is upset because Hercules received all the credit. On the way there, they defeat a group of highwaymen and continue their journey unscathed.

Some Satyrs who stole gold from helpless people are in a bar so Xena and Gabrielle come to beat them up and take the money back. Ares shows up after Gabrielle throws wine at a Satyr and beats him up with her fighting stick. He tells Xena to stop Hercules from going to Thebes because there is a trap set up for him there; however, Xena would like Hercules to go since there is trouble and he needs to help. After a while, Xena becomes frustrated with Ares' unwillingness to give up. She and Gabrielle argue about his intentions. There is no rift between them in this movie.

Hercules is pulling a plow at his mother's house. Both of them then see Thor come from the heavens in his chariot pulled by winged horses like Pegasus driving the chariot down. He takes Alcmene to Mr. Olympus, causing Hercules to become disappointed.

Lolaus thinks Alcmene went on her own since she put up no fight but Alcmene disagrees and pushes Lolaus against a wall in his anger. Hercules apologizes and the two head off to go and rescue Alcmene.

Zeus talks to Ares and wonders why he did not stop Hercules. He says that he tried to get a mortal named Xena to do it, and becomes angry when Ares persistently yearns for Xena. Afterward, Hera appears and yells at Zeus for bringing Alcmene to Mt. Olympus. She leaves and steals the Kronos stone while doing so.

Hera summons the titans while Zeus checks up on Alcmene, who has been shrunk and placed in a small Arabian dollhouse to protect her from Hera.

Aphrodite surfs down a mountain, which makes Lolaus very happy, and who hugs Hercules. She tells Hercules that Hera is angry, and not to go to Mt. Olympus for his good. He decides to go anyway. Iolaus stays behind to entertain Aphrodite but leaves as an earthquake starts.

Meanwhile, a small boy has fallen into a lava pit. Hercules holds the colliding ends together while Lolaus pulls the boy up, to the gratitude of the boy's mother, who then takes him to safety,

Xena and Gabrielle, in a nearby town, are battling three thugs. Xena is tasked with stopping a rolling giant rock from falling upon one of them. When she completes the task, both Xena and Gabrielle are shown Hercules meeting the titan Porphyion.

The leader of the titans says that Hera can go free because he is not defending the gods. Zeus calls Artemis, Aphrodite, and Ares together to fight the titans, all while hoping that Hercules will join them.

Xena and Gabrielle are helping wounded people. Artemis decides to ask for Xena's help, promptly turning Gabrielle into a giant bird. Xena rides on Gabrielle to the Gods' home while Hercules is climbing up. Xena explains to Artemis that all she had to do was ask for help from Xena and that she didn't need to turn Gabrielle into a giant bird.

The four titans come to battle; Poprhyrion, Tethys, Crius, and Mnemosyne. Hercules shows up and greets Xena, promptly rescuing Alcmene while leaving everybody else to fight the titans. Hera turns all of the gods into animals; Lolaus and Xena escape by riding on Gabrielle, who is still a bird, to Alcmene's' house. This upsets everybody, as Hera did nothing to help Alcmene. The gods are all small animals until Zeus can get the stone back. Ares is a goat, Aphrodite is a cow, Artemis is a rabbit, and Zeus is a mouse.

Hercules finds out that Alcmene was sick, and Zeus offers to make up for hard times by giving her immortality and taking her to live with him on Mt Olympus.

The titans sing "Titan's Song", and back on earth, we see Xena and Hercules making up with each other. They both agree to help the gods get their home and the Kronos stone back. The Titans get the stone from Hera and turn her into a small doll, then place her inside a dollhouse. In the meantime, Alcmene has been restored into her normal human form.

The heroes ride Gabrielle to the mountain and fight the Titans. Hercules gets the stone and can destroy it. He lifts the seal of the underworld which causes the lava pits to appear. Hercules and Xena flip the Titan Crius into the lava, and Lolaus gets the water and fire. Female Titans fall into and dissolve within the fiery pits.

Gabrielle scoops up Porpyron, who grabbed Hercules. Hercules tries to reach and jump onto Gabrielle's back, where Xena and Lolaus are sitting, but fails. Gabrielle drops the titan into the cavern and catches the falling Hercules. She then can take him to the Gods' mountain, in time to close the stone which locks the titans away. Zeus and Alcmene go back to Mt. Olympus and Zeus encourages Hercules to visit sometime. Hercules then leaves, going with Lolaus, Gabrielle, and Xena on their way to Corinth, to return a bag of gold and seek more adventure.

Theme music
The songs "Across the Sea of Time", "Titan's Song", and "Xena's Song" were written by Michele Brourman and Amanda McBroom.

Awards
 Nominated to Outstanding Individual Achievement for Music in an Animated Feature Production, in Annie Awards, in 1998

References

Other websites

1998 movies
Animated movies
1998 adventure movies
Xenaverse
Hercules movies


Paraphrenia is a mental disorder characterized by an organized system of paranoid delusions with or without hallucinations (the positive symptoms of schizophrenia) and without deterioration of intellect or personality (its negative symptom).

This disorder is also distinguished from schizophrenia by a lower hereditary occurrence, less premorbid maladjustment, and a slower rate of progression. Onset of symptoms generally occurs later in life, near the age of 60.  The prevalence of the disorder among the elderly is between 0.1% and 4%.

Paraphrenia is not included in the DSM-5; psychiatrists often diagnose patients presenting with paraphrenia as having atypical psychosis, delusional disorder, psychosis not otherwise specified, schizoaffective disorders, and persistent persecutory states of older adults.  Recently, mental health professionals have also been classifying paraphrenia as very late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis.

In the Russian psychiatric manuals, paraphrenia (or paraphrenic syndrome) is the last stage of development of paranoid schizophrenia. "Systematized paraphrenia" (with systematized delusions i. e. delusions with complex logical structure) and "expansive-paranoid paraphrenia" (with expansive/grandiose delusions and persecutory delusions) are the variants of paranoid schizophrenia (). Sometimes systematized paraphrenia can be seen with delusional disorder (). The word is from  – beside, near + φρήν – intellect, mind.

Signs and symptoms

The main symptoms of paraphrenia are paranoid delusions and hallucinations.  The delusions often involve the individual being the subject of persecution, although they can also be erotic, hypochondriacal, or grandiose in nature.  The majority of hallucinations associated with paraphrenia are auditory, with 75% of patients reporting such an experience; however, visual, tactile, and olfactory hallucinations have also been reported.  The paranoia and hallucinations can combine in the form of "threatening or accusatory voices coming from neighbouring houses [and] are frequently reported by the patients as disturbing and undeserved".  Patients also present with a lack of symptoms commonly found in other mental disorders similar to paraphrenia.  There is no significant deterioration of intellect, personality, or habits and patients often remain clean and mostly self-sufficient.  Patients also remain oriented well in time and space.

Paraphrenia is different from schizophrenia because, while both disorders result in delusions and hallucinations, individuals with schizophrenia exhibit changes and deterioration of personality whereas individuals with paraphrenia maintain a well-preserved personality and affective response.

Causes

Neurological

Paraphrenia is often associated with a physical change in the brain, such as a tumor, stroke, ventricular enlargement, or neurodegenerative process.   Research that reviewed the relationship between organic brain lesions and the development of delusions suggested that "brain lesions which lead to subcortical dysfunction could produce delusions when elaborated by an intact cortex".

Predisposing factors

Many patients who present with paraphrenia have significant auditory or visual loss, are socially isolated with a lack of social contact, do not have a permanent home, are unmarried and without children, and have maladaptive personality traits.  While these factors do not cause paraphrenia, they do make individuals more likely to develop the disorder later in life.

Diagnosis

While the diagnosis of paraphrenia is absent from recent revisions of the DSM and the ICD, many studies have recognized the condition as "a viable diagnostic entity that is distinct from schizophrenia, with organic factors playing a role in a significant portion of patients."  As such, paraphrenia is seen as being distinct from both schizophrenia and progressive dementia in old age.  Ravindran (1999) developed a list of criteria for the diagnosis of paraphrenia, which agrees with much of the research done up to the time it was published.

 1.  A delusional disorder of at least six months duration characterized by the following:
 a.  Preoccupation with one or more semisystematized delusions, often accompanied by auditory hallucinations.
 b.  Affect notably well-preserved and appropriate.  Ability to maintain rapport with others.
 c.  None of
 i.  Intellectual deterioration
 ii. Visual hallucinations
 iii. Incoherence
 iv. Flat or grossly inappropriate affect
 v. Grossly disorganized behavior at times other than during the acute episode.
 d.  Disturbance of behavior understandable in relation to the content of the delusions and hallucinations.
 e. Only partly meets criterion A for schizophrenia.  No significant organic brain disorder.

Management

Research suggests that paraphrenics respond well to antipsychotic drug therapy if doctors can successfully achieve sufficient compliance.  Herbert found that Stelazine combined with Disipal was an effective treatment.  It promoted the discharging of patients and kept discharged patients from being readmitted later.  While behavior therapy may help patients reduce their preoccupation with delusions, psychotherapy is not currently of primary value.

Prognosis

Individuals who develop paraphrenia have a life expectancy similar to the normal population.  Recovery from the psychotic symptoms seems to be rare, and in most cases paraphrenia results in in-patient status for the remainder of the life of the patient.  Patients experience a slow deterioration of cognitive functions and the disorder can lead to dementia in some cases, but this development is no greater than the normal population.

Epidemiology

Studies suggest that the prevalence of paraphrenia in the elderly population is around 2–4%.

Sex differences

While paraphrenia can occur in both men and women, it is more common in women, even after the difference has been adjusted for life expectancies.  The ratio of women with paraphrenia to men with paraphrenia is anywhere from 3:1 to 45:2.

Age

It is seen mainly in patients over the age of 60, but has been known to occur in patients in their 40s and 50s.

Personality type and living situation

It is suggested that individuals who develop paraphrenia later in life have premorbid personalities, and can be described as "quarrelsome, religious, suspicious or sensitive, unsociable and cold-hearted." Many patients were also described as being solitary, eccentric, isolated and difficult individuals; these characteristics were also long-standing rather than introduced by the disorder.  Most of the traits recognized prior to the onset of paraphrenia in individuals can be grouped as either paranoid or schizoid.  Patients presenting with paraphrenia were most often found to be living by themselves (either single, widowed, or divorced).  There have also been reports of low marriage rate among paraphrenics and these individuals also have few or no children (possibly because of this premorbid personality).

Physical factors

The development of paranoia and hallucinations in old age have been related to both auditory and visual impairment, and individuals with paraphrenia often present with one or both of these impairments. Hearing loss in paraphrenics is associated with early age of onset, long duration, and profound auditory loss.

History

The term paraphrenia was originally popularized by Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum in 1863 to describe the tendency of certain psychiatric disorders to occur during certain  transitional periods in life (describing paraphrenia hebetica as the insanity of the adolescence and paraphrenia senilis as the insanity of the elders.

The term was also used by Sigmund Freud for a short time starting in 1911 as an alternative to the terms schizophrenia and dementia praecox, which in his estimation did not correctly identify the underlying condition, and by Emil Kraepelin in 1912/3, who changed its meaning to describe paraphrenia as it is understood today, as a small group of individuals that have many of the symptoms of schizophrenia with a lack of deterioration and thought disorder.  Kraepelin's study was discredited by Wilhelm Mayer in 1921 when he conducted a follow-up study using Kraepelin's data.  His study suggested that there was little to no discrimination between schizophrenia and paraphrenia; given enough time, patients presenting with paraphrenia will merge into the schizophrenic pool. However, Meyer's data are open to various interpretations. In 1952, Roth and Morrissey conducted a large study in which they surveyed the mental hospital admissions of older patients.  They characterized patients as having "paraphrenic delusions which… occurred in each case in the setting of a well-preserved intellect and personality, were often 'primary' in character, and were usually associated with the passivity failings or other volitional disturbances and hallucinations in clear consciousness pathognomonic of schizophrenia".

In recent medicine, the term paraphrenia has been replaced by the diagnosis of "very late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis" and has also been called "atypical psychoses, delusional disorder, psychoses not otherwise specified, schizoaffective disorders, and persistent persecutory states of older adults" by psychotherapists. Current studies, however, recognize the condition as "a viable diagnostic entity that is distinct from schizophrenia, with organic factors playing a role in a significant portion of patients."

References

External links

  Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, March 1999,  Paraphrenia redefined

Psychosis
Delusional disorders
Psychopathological syndromes

Paraphrenia


Liviu Prunaru (born 1969 in Craiova) is a Romanian violinist. He serves as the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra's concertmaster together with Vesko Eschkenazy.

Competition record
 1991 Rodolfo Lipizer IVC, Gorizia - 1st prize.
 1992 C. Flesch IVC, London - 4th prize.
 1993 Queen Elisabeth IMC, Brussels - 2nd prize.
 1997 Seoul IMC - 1st prize (ex-aequo with Ju-Young Baek)
 1998 Indianapolis IVC - 2nd prize
 1999 Juilliard Mendelssohn IVC - 1st prize
Violinist Liviu Prunaru has won the top prizes and gained international recognition at the
most prestigious International Violin Competitions in the world. Mr. Prunaru was the 1997
Gold Medallist of the Dong-A International Violin Competition in Korea, Silver Medallist
of the 1998 Indianapolis International Violin Competition in the US, Silver (2nd Grand
Prize) Medallist at the 1993 Queen Elizabeth in Brussels, Gold Medallist at the 1991 Rodolfo
Lipizer International Violin Competition in Italy, and Gold Medallist at the R. Molinari Violin
Competition in Switzerland, among many others.
Mr. Prunaru made his New York City debut with the Juilliard Symphony in Lincoln
Center's Alice Tully Hall after capturing the 1st grand prize in the Juilliard Mendelssohn
Competition. Also in 1999, Mr. Prunaru won the 1st grand prize at the E. Nakamichi
Wieniawski Violin Concerto Competition resulting in performances with the Aspen Young
Artists Orchestra.
Mr. Prunaru has been featured as a soloist with: Concertgebouw Amsterdam,
the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, the London Symphony Orchestra, Belgium National
Orchestra, Westdeutsche Sinfonia, Athens Philharmonic Orchestra, Bari Symphony
Orchestra, Bucharest Radio-Symphony Orchestra, Orchestra Mayo of Buenos Aires,
Indianapolis Chamber Orchestra, the Meridian Symphony, Mississippi Symphony, the
Juilliard Symphony, and the Puchon Philharmonic Orchestra in Korea among many others.
Mr. Prunaru has collaborated with many renowned conductors including Lord Yehudi
Menuhin, Fabio Luisi, Emmanuel Krivine, Arthur Arnold, Alexandru Lascae, Georges
Octors, Dmitri Lyss, Alexander Dimitriev, Peter Oundjian, Yuri Simonov, Andrew Litton,
Peter Braschkat, Cristian Mandeal, Lukas Vis, Horia Andreescu, Mario Benzecry, Park Eun
Seong amongst many others. Mr. Prunaru performs frequently as a soloist and in recital in all
major cities in the world.
Mr. Prunaru has performed at many prestigious Festivals including Aspen (US),
Menuhin (CH), Enescu (RO), Brussels, Buenos Aires, Wallonie, Flanders, Evian, Athens,
Incontri in Terra di Siena, Ascoli, and Salzburg Festivals.
Mr. Prunaru has recorded many CDs with Camerata Lysy, as well as his own debut
CD featuring works by Strauss, Brahms, Gluck, de Falla, Saint-Saëns, and Sarasate with
pianist Luc Devos, which is released by Pavane Records.

Born in Craiova, Romania, Mr. Prunaru began his violin studies at the age of 6 with
Professor Oprisan. His teachers: Mr.Berbec, Ms. Mihaela Mailat, Ms.Adriana Carpen and
Ms.Cornelia Bonzetti, guided him through his early years. During this period he won seven
national competitions and 1st prize at the International Kocian competition of Czechoslovakia.
Then in 1990, Mr. Prunaru was invited by violinist and Maestro Alberto Lysy to study with
him at the renowned Menuhin Academy of Gstaad, Switzerland, where he worked among
great artists like Lord Yehudi Menuhin, Igor Oistrakh, Ruggiero Ricci, Nikita Magaloff, Jean-
Pierre Rampal, Peter-Lukas Graf, and Pierre Amoyal.
Mr. Prunaru completed his professional studies with Miss Dorothy DeLay in New
York, where he also actively participated in Master Classes with Itzakh Perlman.
The Swiss record company Claves released all three violin concertos by Saint-Saëns
where violinist Liviu Prunaru is accompanied by the Ensemble Orchestral de Paris and the
distinguished conductor Lawrence Foster.
As a last addition to his discography 3 recordings came out in 2005, Beethoven's
Integral violin and piano Sonatas, with Dana Protopopescu as partner, Vivaldi's Four Seasons
with Virtuosy from Lviv, conductor Serhyi Burko and Dvořák's violin concerto with David
Angus, conductor and Symfonie Orkester of Flanders.

The 2010-2011 musical season was to include tours, recitals, concerts and Master
classes in US, Korea, Japan, China, Luxembourg, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Austria,

France, Germany, UK, Greece, Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, Argentina, Spain, Italy
and Romania.

In September 2006, after 14 years of teaching at the Menuhin Academy, Liviu
Prunaru became concert master of the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra in Amsterdam which
received, in 2008, for the first time, the title of the best orchestra in the world!

October 2010 makes another turn in Prunaru's musical life with when he accepts to
become the musical director of International Menuhin Music Academy in Switzerland and
therefore to continue the tradition of his beloved Masters Yehudi Menuhin and Alberto Lysy!

He is playing on a Stradivari dated 1694, graciously offered by the Concertgebouw's
board of sponsors.

"Technical mastery…he can turn a single phrase with one note…"

The Strad

"If a musical paradise exists, it must resemble the violin of Liviu Prunaru…luminous, limpid,
radiant…a single phrase suffices for the audience to hold their breath, suspended by his
bow…with this Romanian all music flows from the source effortless, with all the natural
elegance of youth…"
Le Soir

"The bow of Prunaru draws a true sonorous beauty and is rendered with exceptional ease, all
in simplicity, but with what grandeur! Luminous…a radiant seduction but at the same time, a
penetrating sensitivity."
La Grande Fancy Fair d'Anvers

"…he possesses not only an accomplished technique and style, but also a very large
repertoire…he can play everything!"
Auxipress, Juillet Musical d'Aulnes, Belgium

"The vibrato and authenticity of Prunaru resembles that of the young Menuhin."
Jean-Michel Molkhou, Diapason

References

1969 births
Living people
Romanian classical violinists
Male classical violinists
Prize-winners of the Queen Elisabeth Competition
Players of the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra
21st-century classical violinists

Liviu Prunaru


Léon Ernest Gaumont (; 10 May 1864 – 10 August 1946) was a French inventor, engineer, and industrialist who was a pioneer of the motion picture industry. He founded the world's first and oldest film studio, Gaumont Film Company, and worked in partnership with Solax Studios.

Biography
Léon Ernest Gaumont, born in Paris was gifted with a mechanical mind which led him to employment manufacturing precision instruments. From early childhood, he was fascinated by the technique of photography. When he was offered a job at the Comptoir géneral de photographie in 1893, he jumped at the opportunity. His decision proved fortunate when two years later he was given the chance to acquire the business. In August 1895, he partnered with the astronomer Joseph Vallot, the famous engineer Gustave Eiffel, and the financier Alfred Besnier to make the purchase. Their business entity, called L. Gaumont et Cie, has survived in one form or another to become the world's oldest surviving film company extant. The company logo was the distinctive "Marguerite" (named after his mother), a type of flower similar to the daisy. The company had extensive studios (Cité Elgé) in the Buttes-Chaumont District of Paris, and a smaller operation in Nice, France.

Leon Gaumont was married to Camille Louise Maillard (1860-1933)on 4 June 1888. They had five children: Charles, Jeanne, Raymond, Helene, and Louis.

Léon Gaumont's company sold camera equipment and film, but in 1897 inaugurated a motion picture production business. Initially, Gaumont made films for the picture arcade business such as those operated by the Lumière brothers, but it was under the direction of Alice Guy (Gaumont's secretary - First Woman Film Director), that they began making short films based on narrative scripts. Louis Feuillade (Judex, Les Vampires, Fantomas) was to follow as the Studio Director when Guy left for Fort, Lee, New Jersey in 1912, where she subsequently opened her own production company—Solax Studios— and it was then that Gaumont rapidly expanded the business into cinematographic equipment for amateurs. Within a few years, Gaumont's company ranked second only to Pathé Frères in the field of French Cinema. In 1903, Gaumont was granted patents for his Chronophonographe and loudspeaker system designed to work with his sound-on-disc talking pictures: the chronophone. The Etablissements Gaumont was founded in 1906 to handle film production and distribution, plus to operate a chain of movie theaters, including the giant Gaumont Palace (1912) (Place Clichy - former "Hippodrome) in Paris (largest in the world at the time - 6,000 seats). By 1910 Léon Gaumont had improved his synchronous sound invention to the point where he was able to provide enough volume to be heard by up to 4000 people in a theater. In 1912, Gaumont developed a color process for film.

As one of the two dominant forces in film in all of Europe (the other being Charles Pathé), World War I profoundly affected Leon Gaumont's business fortunes. He hired over 300 additional employees, in spite of the fact that Nitrate Emulsion film stocks dwindled because of the need for nitro-cellulose in the munitions industry. Nevertheless, before retiring in 1930, he had built one of the most important film companies in cinema history.

Upon his retirement to Provence, a restructuring of corporate ownership took place through financing provided by the Banque Nationale de Crédit and with a capital stock issue in the name of a new company called Gaumont-Franco-Film-Aubert (GFFA). Four years later, a scandal erupted following the collapse of the Banque Nationale de Crédit and GFFA was forced to file for bankruptcy protection.

Death and legacy
Léon Gaumont died on 9 August 1946 in Sainte-Maxime-sur-Mèr, in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of France, and was buried in the Cimetière de Belleville in Paris. In 1995, on the 100th anniversary of French film, a commemorative silver 100 Franc coin was issued with Léon Gaumont's image.

References
 François Garçon, Gaumont: Un siècle de cinéma, Gallimard, 1994.

1864 births
1946 deaths
Businesspeople from Paris
19th-century French businesspeople
19th-century French inventors
Gaumont Film Company
20th-century French inventors

Léon Gaumont


The Chicago Browns/Pittsburgh Stogies (also known as Chicago/Pittsburgh) were a short-lived professional baseball team in the Union Association of 1884. They were to battle the Chicago White Stockings, of the National League, for the Chicago baseball market; however, the Browns lost that battle to the White Stockings. After a Baltimore mattress maker gave the club a degree of financial support, the Browns then tried to entice the White Stockings' Larry Corcoran, one of the 1880s top pitchers, to join the team. However, the club did not succeed in doing so.  The Chicago Browns disbanded after a game on August 22, 1884. The club then moved to Pittsburgh and became the Stogies, which disbanded after a game played on September 18, 1884. Many of the club's players then joined the Baltimore Monumentals. Altogether, they won 41 games, lost 50 (including one forfeit), and tied 2, finishing sixth in the twelve-team league.

While in Chicago, they played their home games at the first South Side Park.  After they moved to Pittsburgh, their home games were played at Exposition Park, which was located in Allegheny, Pennsylvania.

The Union Association officially folded on January 15, 1885 after only one season in existence.

See also
 1884 Chicago Browns/Pittsburgh Stogies season

References

 Dewey, Donald & Acocella, Nicholas (1996). Ball Clubs. HarperCollins Publishers. .

External links
 Baseball Reference
 Retrosheet
 Baseball Almanac
 Project Ballpark
 Pittsburgh Stogies partial roster at CNNSI

Baseball teams in Pittsburgh
Stogies
Union Association baseball teams
Defunct baseball teams in Pennsylvania
Baseball teams disestablished in 1884
Baseball teams established in 1884

Chicago Browns/Pittsburgh Stogies


The Gulf of Tonkin resolution (August 1964) was a joint resolution by the United States Congress for the United States to begin the Vietnam War. For a decade the CIA had been sending in South Vietnamese teams on sabotage missions to the North. American ships such as the Maddox went on espionage missions in the North's coastal waters. U.S. President Johnson claimed that the North Vietnamese had made two attacks on the Maddox and the Turner Joy in the Gulf of Tonkin. On the 4th of August he asked for congressional support to return the attacks.

Background

The government had written up a resolution in June 1964. Believing that the lives of American sailors were in danger from the North Vietnamese, Congress willingly passed the resolution. The resolution gave the president the power to start war in Vietnam. As Johnson said, it was "like grandma's night shirt - it covered everything". The resolution would end when the president believed that the situation in Southeast Asia was safe or when Congress decided to terminate it. Senator Mansfield was unconvinced that the U.S. was acting correctly.

Results and significance
With the resolution, Johnson appeared to have the nation behind him. Now the war could really be taken to the North. This escalation for the U.S. in the Vietnam War made Johnson look tough. His public approval rating rose from 42 to 72 percent, helping him to win the presidential election. The resolution and the presidential election suggested a nation united behind its president in his Vietnam policy.

Other websites
Original document

1964 in the United States
Vietnam War
August events

Gulf of Tonkin resolution


Joseph Burton Sumner (October 11, 1837 – February 15, 1920) was a figure in the founding of Sumner, Mississippi.

Sumner and his family moved to Tallahatchie County, Mississippi from Alabama around January, 1872. J. B. Sumner built the first general store and post office in the town that was later named for him in 1885, where he became the first postmaster.  He donated the land for the right-of-way and park to the railroad company in 1888.  When Sumner incorporated in 1900, J. B. Sumner was elected the first mayor. He donated the lots for the first jail and the courthouse built in 1902. He taught his own children and the children of his tenants at a school located between Sumner and Webb, Mississippi. Sumner later moved to Bentonville, Arkansas with his daughter.

Before moving to Mississippi Sumner had served in the 22nd AL Volunteer Infantry, Company A in the Confederate States of America Army and was wounded during the operations before the Battle of Stones River near Murfreesboro, Tennessee the evening of December 31, 1862.

Sumner is buried in his family cemetery, Indian Mound Cemetery.

References

1837 births
1920 deaths
People from Sumner, Mississippi
Mayors of places in Mississippi
People of Alabama in the American Civil War
American city founders
Mississippi postmasters

Joseph Burton Sumner


Arthur Davison Ficke (November 10, 1883 – November 30, 1945) was an American poet, playwright, and expert of Japanese art. Ficke had a national reputation as "a poet's poet", and "one of America's most expert sonneteers". Under the alias Anne Knish, Ficke co-authored Spectra (1916). Intended as a spoof of the experimental verse which was fashionable at the time, the collection of strange poems unexpectedly caused a sensation among modernist critics which eclipsed Ficke's recognition as a traditional prose stylist. Ficke is also known for his relationship with poet Edna St. Vincent Millay.

After several years of illness, Ficke committed suicide in 1945.

Biography
A native of Davenport, Iowa, Ficke is associated with other local writers known as the Davenport group. His work was influenced by Japanese artistic traditions, which he had been familiar with since childhood; his father, an art dealer, imported Japanese art in the last decade of the nineteenth century, when it was extremely popular. Ficke wrote several popular treatises on Japanese art during his career, among them Chats on Japanese Prints, published in 1915.

Sticking to traditional styles and forms when modernism was dominating the world of literature and poets were prone to experimentation, Ficke was noted for being "in the best sense a conservative force in our poetry." Much of his early work was in traditional meter and rhyme scheme; Sonnets of a Portrait-Painter (1914) is a noteworthy example.

Ficke was displeased by what he saw as the inaesthetic nature of contemporary experimentation, which was the main motivation for the Spectra hoax, intended as a satire of modern poetry. His collaborators on the Spectra hoax were fellow poets Witter Bynner (writing as 'Emanuel Morgan') and Marjorie Allen Seiffert (writing as 'Elijah Hay'). Ironically, his experience writing Spectra influenced him to begin experimenting with other forms; Christ in the Desert was his first more modernistic work, without traditional meter or rhyme scheme.

Partial bibliography
Poetry
(1907) From the Isles: A Series of Songs out of Greece
(1907) The Happy Princess, and Other Poems
(1908) The Earth Passion, Boundary, and Other Poems
(1910) Some Recent Poems of Note
(1914) Sonnets of a Portrait-Painter
(1915) The Man on the Hilltop, and Other Poems
(1916) Spectra: A Book of Poetic Experiments; as Anne Knish, with Witter Bynner as Emanuel Morgan
(1917) An April Elegy
(1924) Out of Silence, and Other Poems
(1926) Selected Poems
(1927) Christ in China: A Poem
(1929) Mountain against Mountain
(1936) The Secret, and Other Poems
(1942) Tumultuous Shore, and Other Poems
Plays
(1910) The Breaking of Bonds: A Drama of the Social Unrest
(1913) Mr. Faust
(1930) The Road to the Mountain: A Lyrical Pageant in Three Acts
(1951) The Ghost of Sharaku
Novels
(1939) Mrs. Morton of Mexico
Non-fiction
(1913) Twelve Japanese Painters [via HathiTrust]
(1915) Chats on Japanese Prints

Further reading
William Jay Smith, The Spectra Hoax. (Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press, 1961)
Milford, Nancy, Savage Beauty: The Life of Edna St. Vincent Millay. (New York: Random House, 2002).
Meade, Marion, Bobbed Hair and Bathtub Gin: Writers Running Wild in the Twenties . (Mariner Books, 2005).

References

External links

 Biography and bibliography of Ficke by Poetry Foundation
 Twins in My Cradle: Arthur Davison Ficke, Iowa Poet
 Famous Iowans: Arthur Davison Ficke (Des Moines Register)
 Japanese influences on Ficke's work
 Arthur Davison Ficke, themargins.net. A detailed bibliography of Ficke's main works
 1921 private letter to Ficke from Millay
 Arthur Davison Ficke Papers at Yale University Library

20th-century American poets
1883 births
1945 suicides
1945 deaths
Writers from Davenport, Iowa
Poets from Iowa
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American novelists
Modernist theatre
Harvard University alumni
American male poets
American male novelists
American male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American male writers
Novelists from Iowa
Suicides in New York (state)

Arthur Davison Ficke


Pierre-Julien Nargeot (14 January 1799 – 28 August 1891) was a 19th-century French violinist, composer and conductor.

Biography
Nargeot studied music at the Conservatoire de Paris where he was admitted at age 14 in October 1813. He was a pupil of Rodolphe Kreutzer for the violin and Auguste Barbereau, Jean-François Lesueur and Antoine Reicha for composition. In 1826, he obtained a first prize in counterpoint and fugue and in 1828 a second Second Grand Prix de Rome with the scene Herminie for one voice. There was no First Prize awarded that year. Only two candidates were rewarded: Berlioz, who was running for the third time, and Nargeot.

During his studies at the Conservatoire, Nargeot was a violinist in the orchestras of Opéra-Comique and Comédie Italienne. On 31 January 1826, he joined the Opéra. He would remain there until 1 September 1839 when he was appointed conductor at Théâtre des Variétés, boulevard Montmartre. In this venue were given comédies en vaudeville and bals, which attracted a Parisian audience hungry for entertainment. The Théâtre des Variétés took a real boom under the direction of Nestor Roqueplan who presented plays by Lockroy (Le Chevalier du Guet, 1840, On demande des professeurs, 1845, Les Trois coups de pieds, 1851), Alexandre Dumas (Halifax, 1842), Théophile Gautier (Le Tricorne enchanté, 1845), Eugène Labiche (Oscar XXVIII, 1848, Madame veuve Larifla, 1849, Un Monsieur qui prend mouche, 1852), Alfred de Musset (L'Habit vert, 1849), George Sand (La Petite Fadette, 1849) and operettas by Jacques Offenbach (La Femme à trois maris, 1853, Pépito, 1853). Thus Nargeot wrote many songs, tunes, quadrilles, rondes, inserted in these plays, especially in the Tricorne enchanté by Théophile Gautier (1845) and Le Lion empaillé by Léon Gozlan (1848). Some of these scores were real successes.

In 1853, Nargeot left the Variétés and joined, as violist, the orchestra of the Imperial Chapelle, which Napoléon III had just reopened. The director was Auber and the conductor Narcisse Girard. From 1828 to 1863, he was a member of the Orchestre de la Société des Concerts du Conservatoire.

He spent the rest of his life composing, trying to represent his operettas on stages of Parisian boulevards and died in Paris at age 92.

Main works
 Air varié pour violon avec accompagnement de piano
 Plaisir d'amour for violin
 Le Petit Messelin, scène lyrique by Théodore de Banville, Folies-Nouvelles, 1855
 Trois troubadours, scène lyrique by Étienne Tréfeu, Folies-Nouvelles, 1855
 Un Monsieur bien servi!, 1856
 J. Pifferari, 1858
 Le Docteur Frontin, 1861
 Les Contrebandistas, 1861
 La Volonté de mon oncle, comédie en vaudeville, 1862
 Les Exploits de Silvestre, 1865
 Un vieux printemps, 1865
 Dans le pétrin, 1866
 Jeanne, Jeannette et Jeanneton, 1876
 Les Ouvrières de qualité, operetta

References

External links
 Julien Nargeot on Data.bnf.fr

1799 births
1891 deaths
19th-century classical composers
French conductors (music)
French male conductors (music)
French operetta composers
French Romantic composers
Musicians from Paris
19th-century French male musicians

Pierre-Julien Nargeot


Friedrich Wilhelm Felix von Bärensprung, sometimes Baerensprung (30 March 1822 – 26 August 1864) was a German dermatologist born in Berlin. His father, Friedrich von Bärensprung (1779-1841), was mayor of Berlin in 1832-34.

In 1843 he obtained his doctorate at Halle an der Saale, then furthered his studies in pathology at Prague, where he was also involved with entomological research. In 1845 he became a clinical assistant to Peter Krukenberg (1788-1865) at Halle, and several years later, founded a private clinic in Halle (1850). In 1853 he was appointed chief physician at the Syphilisklinik at the Berlin Charité, and in 1857 became an associate professor at the University of Berlin.

Bärensprung is credited as being the first physician to demonstrate a definite link between herpes zoster and a lesion of the dorsal root ganglion. Subsequently, he identified nine varieties of the disorder, of which he classified according to the nerve involved. In 1854, he provided the first description of tinea cruris, a condition that is sometimes referred to as "Bärensprung's disease" in medical literature.

He was in favor of housing projects for the impoverished, and also advocated the creation of day nurseries and children's homes. These measures, he reasoned, were an effective means to stop the spread of epidemics such as tuberculosis and scrofulosis. Among his written works was Atlas der Hautkrankheiten, an atlas on skin diseases that was edited and published posthumously by Ferdinand von Hebra (1867).

In the field of entomology, he was instrumental in the founding of the journal, Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, in which he published papers on Hemiptera.

Selected publications
 Medical
 Beiträge zur Anatomie und Pathologie der menschlichen Haut (1848) - Contributions to the anatomy and pathology of human skin.
 Der Typhus in Obeschlesien im Jahre 1848 - Typhus in Upper Silesia in the year 1848.
 Epidemie von exanthemischen Typhus (1849) - Epidemic of mixed-exanthem typhus.
 Untersuchungen über die Temperaturvehältnisse des Foetus und des erwachsenen Menschen im gesunden und kranken Zustande (1851–52)
 Ueber die Folge und den Verlauf epidemischer Krankheiten. Beobachtungen aus der medizinischen Geschichte und Statistik der Stadt Halle (1854) - On the pathology of epidemic diseases.
 Die Gürtelkrankheit (1861) - On shingles.
 Über hereditäre Syphilis (1864) - On hereditary syphilis.
 Entomology
 Synonymische Bemerkungen. Ueber Hemiptera.Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift Volume 2:79-81 (1858),
 Neue und seltene Rhynchoten der europäischen Fauna. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 2:188-208, pl. II.(1858)
 Neue und seltene Rhynchoten der europäischen Fauna. Zweites Stück. Berliner Entomologischer Zeitschrift 3:329-338 (1859)
 Hemiptera Heteroptera Europae systematice disposita. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 4:1-25 (1860).

References
 Friedrich Wilhelm Felix von Bärensprung @ Who Named It
 Deckert, J. 2001. Lebensdaten und Heteroptera-Sammlung des Felix Von Baerensprung (1822-1864). Beitrage zur Entomologie 51:(2):401-409

1822 births
1864 deaths
Scientists from Berlin
Physicians from the Province of Brandenburg
German dermatologists
German entomologists
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg alumni

Friedrich Wilhelm Felix von Bärensprung


A stethoscope is a instrument used by doctors and other medical people.  It is used to measure peoples heartbeat and their breathing.  It is placed on the area where the heart is or on the back.

The modern stethoscope is made up of a Y-shaped flexible plastic tube. An earpiece is attached to each end of the Y and a sound-detecting device at the other end. The sound-detecting device has a thin plastic sheet on one side and a bell shape with a hole in on the other. The diaphragm is used to listen to a patient's chest for high-pitched sounds. The bell end is used to detect lower-pitched sounds. The lung sounds have a higher frequency than heart sounds.

Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laënnec (1781-1826) was a French physician who, in 1816, invented the stethoscope. Using this new instrument, he investigated the sounds made by the heart and lungs and determined that his diagnoses were supported by the observations made during autopsies.

Medical equipment

Stethoscope


"Ivan Fyodorovich Shponka and His Aunt" (Иван Фёдорович Шпонька и его тётушка, Ivan Fyodorovich Shponka i yevo tyotushka; 1832) is part of the collection Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka by Nikolai Gogol.

Origin
This story is actually unfinished, and Gogol makes it seem as though Rudy Panko's friend wrote the story down and gave it to him, but his wife, who cannot read, accidentally used some of the book to bake a pie and only a fragment remains.  His friend meant to get the story again when he went through Gadyach, where the man lives, but he forgot and only remembered six miles (10 km) past the village.

Plot
In the story, Ivan Shponka is a young man who is not very bright but attends to his affairs better than anyone.  He was made as the monitor in his class when young though there were some much better than he, and won the affection of one of the most feared teachers at school.  He finally finishes the second class (sixth grade approximately) at fifteen, and goes on to the military after two more years of school, retiring as a lieutenant.

He gets a letter from his aunt that he needs to come home to become master of his farm and sets off for Gadyach.  On the way, at an inn, he meets the fat landowner Grigory Grigoriviech, who says he lives near Ivan's farm and asks him to come visit when he gets there.  The man is pushy and frequently orders around his Cossack servant boy.  When Ivan arrives there he finds his aunt in incredible health, almost so man-like that she is hardly a woman.  He begins to take over some of the duties of the farm.

Gogol's descriptions of the scenery here are very rich and beautiful and the mowing segment seems to have likely influenced Tolstoy while writing Anna Karenina (also including a mowing scene with Levin that is strikingly similar).  Ivan learns from his aunt that  nearby are rightfully his, being held by Grigory.  He goes to visit him but the man denies the existence of a will written by his father detailing the matter, so they have dinner and Ivan meets his daughters.  When he tells his aunt of the one daughter, she becomes obsessed about him marrying her and his chores begin to decline somewhat.

They visit there together but Ivan says little to her when alone other than mentioning the house flies during the time of year.  When he goes home, that night, he has a terrible nightmare about marriage and Gogol gives the reader some truly modern scenes that display his ability to portray the grotesque.  A shopkeeper, for example, is selling "wives" as fabric and cuts one off for Ivan to wear.  The story ends here mentioning a "next chapter" that does not exist.

Adaptations
In April 2002, the BBC Radio 4 comedy series Three Ivans, Two Aunts and an Overcoat broadcast an adaptation of the story starring Griff Rhys Jones as Ivan. This version ends with Ivan fleeing back to Siberia and trying to re-enlist, only to be turned down by his former commanding officer and having to face the horrible possibility of going back to his aunt and possible wife-to-be.

References

External links

Short stories by Nikolai Gogol
1832 short stories
Short stories about Cossacks
Short stories set in the Russian Empire

Ivan Fyodorovich Shponka and His Aunt


Gauge bosons are carrier particles for three of the four fundamental forces. In the Standard Model of particle physics, there are four kinds of gauge bosons. The three gauge bosons are as follows:

 W and Z bosons, which carry the weak force
 Gluons, which carry the strong force
 Photons, which carry the electromagnetic force

The only remaining fundamental force that has no known gauge boson is gravity. The theoretical gauge boson for gravity is called a graviton.

All gauge bosons are bosons, which simply means that two or more of them can exist in the same place at the same time, unlike fermions. It also means that gauge bosons have a spin of 0, 1, or 2.

Gauge bosons are thought to interact with the Higgs field. This theoretical field is believed by many scientists to be responsible for why some gauge bosons – like W and Z bosons – have mass, while others – such as photons – do not have mass.

Elementary particles

Gauge boson


Philipp Christoph Friedrich, Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen (24 June 1616 in Hechingen – 24 January 1671 in Hechingen) was a German nobleman.  He was the third prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen.

Life
Philipp was the youngest son of Prince Johann Georg (1577–1623) from his marriage with Franziska (d. 1619), a daughter of Duke Friedrich I of Salm, Wild- and Rhinegrave in Neufville.  As a younger son, Philipp was destinined for the church.  He was a canon in Cologne and Strasbourg.  He was considered a learned jurist and was the head of an imperial diplomatic mission to Spain.

When his eldest brother Eitel Friedrich V died in 1661, Philipp inherited the principality.  Pope Alexander VII allowed him to revert to the lay state, in exchange for a payment of  scudi.  Strictly speaking, when the Counts of Hohenzollern-Hechingen were raised to Princes, only the firstborn sons had been given the right to inherit the princely title.  However, because of everything the rulers of Hohenzollern-Hechingen had done while they were in the imperial service, Emperor Leopold I, extended the right to this title to Philipp.  The Pope also gave the 50-year-old Philipp the dispensation he needed to marry in Baden-Baden on 12 November 1662 to Princess Marie Sidonie (1635–1686), a daughter of Margrave Herman Fortunatus of Baden-Rodemachern.

During his reign, Philipp suffered from a frail health, and in his later years, he was completely paralyzed.  The principality had been financially and economically ruined by the Thirty Years' War and was slowly recovering, due in part to Philipp's modest court and the dowry his wife brought in.  During his reign, industry, agriculture, trade, churches and schools began to blossom again.

Issue
Philipp and Marie Sidonie had the following children:
 Friedrich Wilhelm (1663–1735), his heir, married:
 in 1687 to Countess Maria Leopoldine of Sinzendorf (1666–1709)
 in 1710 to Baroness Maximiliane Magdalene of Lützau (1690–1755)
 Herman Friedrich (1665–1733), Imperial Field Marshal, married:
 in 1704 to Princess Eleonore Magdalene of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (1673–1711), daughter of Christian Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth
 in 1714 to Countess Josepha of Oettingen-Spielberg (1694–1738)
 Karl Leopold (1666–1684), fell in the First Battle of Buda
 Philipp Friedrich (1667–1667)
 Maria Margaret (1668–1668)
 Sidonia (1670–1687)

References
 Gustav Schilling: Geschichte des Hauses Hohenzollern, in genealogisch fortlaufenden Biographien aller seiner Regenten von den ältesten bis auf die neuesten Zeiten, nach Urkunden und andern authentischen Quellen, F. Fleischer, 1843, p. 233 ff.
 Eduard Vehse: Geschichte der deutschen Höfe seit der Reformation, vols. 39-40, Hoffmann & Campe, 1856, p. 66

Princes of Hohenzollern-Hechingen
House of Hohenzollern
1616 births
1671 deaths
17th-century German people

Philipp, Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen


The 1st Regiment California Volunteer Cavalry was a cavalry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.  It was first formed of five companies as 1st Battalion, 1st Regiment California Volunteer Cavalry between August and October 31, 1861, at Camp Merchant near Oakland. After the battalion was organized it was sent to Southern California, three companies being stationed at Camp Latham, near Los Angeles, and two at Camp Carleton, near San Bernardino.  November 20–29, 1861, a detachment under Second Lt. C. R. Wellman was stationed at Camp Wright, and pursued and captured Dan Showalter's party west of the San Jose Valley and Warner's Ranch.  The battalion remained in Southern California until the spring of 1862, when it became part of the California Column, and formed the advance force of that Column during the march to New Mexico Territory and Texas.  In 1863, the Regiment was brought to full strength when seven more companies were raised to bring it to a full strength of twelve companies.  The five companies first organized were mustered out August 31, 1864, the terms of service of most of the men having expired.  Two new companies, B and C, were organized in New Mexico, by consolidation of the few men whose terms had not expired, and by new enlistments, and two new companies were enlisted in California, A and E, which, upon the completion of their organization, were sent to Arizona.  All of the companies of First Volunteer Cavalry (Companies B, C, F, G, H, K, and M) stationed in New Mexico and Texas, were ordered to assemble at Baird's Ranch, near Albuquerque, to be mustered out of the service, during the month of September, 1866.  Company M was the last mustered out on the September 30, 1866.  1st Volunteer Cavalry Regiment spent its entire term of service in the western United States in California and New Mexico Territory and Texas.

1st Regiment California Volunteer Cavalry Commanders
 Colonel Benjamin F. Davis  August 19, 1861 - November 1, 1861
 Lt. Colonel Edward E. Eyre  November 1, 1861 - November 30, 1862
 Colonel David Ferguson  November 30, 1862 - November 6, 1863
 Colonel Oscar M. Brown  November 6, 1863 - December 31, 1865
 Lt. Colonel Clarence E. Bennett December 31, 1865 - October 19, 1866
 Major William McCleave October 19, 1866 - October 21, 1866

Company assignments
 Company A October 1861 sent to Camp Carleton San Bernardino County from Oakland. Duty there until March 1, 1862. Marched to Fort Yuma and on to Stanwix Rancho by March 16. March 29, 1862 Skirmish six miles beyond Stanwix Rancho on the Gila River. A small scouting party of the company under Lt. James Barrett engaged in battle at Picacho Pass in which he and 2 others were killed and 3 wounded April 16, 1862.
 Company B October 1861 sent to Camp Wright. November 20–29, 1861, Second Lt. C. R. Wellman pursued and captured Daniel Showalter's party near Warner's Ranch, west of the San Jose Valley. [2nd Lt. Wellman was in Company B according to Records of California Men in the War of the Rebellion.]
 Company C
 Company D
 Company E
 Company F Mustered at Camp Stanford October 31, 1863.
 Company G Mustered at Camp Stanford June 12, 1863.
 Company H
 Company I
 Company J
 Company K Organized at Camp Merchant, Oakland, California; moved to Camp Morris in October 1863, in San Bernardino, California. Moved to Drum Barracks in December, 1863. Moved to Tucson, Arizona Territory in February 1864, then on to Camp Valverde and Fort Craig, New Mexico Territory at the end of March 1864, arriving in April and remaining until moving to Fort Union in August. Moved to Cottonwood Springs in October and returned to Fort Union in December 1864, remaining there until May 1865 when they moved to the Camp near Fort Larned, Kansas where they remained until moving to Camp at Lower Cimarron Springs in August, 1865. They returned to Fort Union November 1865, moving on to Camp Lincoln in December 1865 where they remained until May 1866 when they returned to Fort Union on June 30, 1866. The company assembled at Baird's Ranch, near Albuquerque, to be mustered out of service, during the month of September, 1866.
 Company L
 Company M Organized at Camp Union, California, July 1, 1863. Moved to Tucson via Drum Barracks, in February, 1864. At Camp Goodwin, Arizona Territory March 31, 1864. In Las Cruces, New Mexico from April to October, 1864, then moved to Hatch's Ranch, New Mexico. Moved to Camp at Blue Water Creek in November, 1864 and participated in the "Kiowa and Comanche Expedition," near Fort Bascom, New Mexico in December, 1864. It then returned to Las Cruces in January, remaining until May 1865 when they moved to Fort Selden, then Fort Craig in June, returning to Fort Selden until September 1866 when it moved to Baird's Ranch to muster out on September 30, 1866. It was the last company of the regiment to be mustered out.

See also
List of California Civil War Union units

References

Sources
 The California State Military Museum; 1st Regiment of Cavalry, California Volunteers
  Records of California men in the war of the rebellion 1861 to 1867 By California. Adjutant General's Office, SACRAMENTO: State Office, J. D. Young, Supt. State Printing. 1890. pp.68-167

Units and formations of the Union Army from California
Military units and formations of the United States in the Indian Wars
Military units and formations established in 1861
1861 establishments in California
Military units and formations disestablished in 1866
1866 disestablishments in New Mexico Territory

1st California Cavalry Regiment


Sir Daniel Donne (or Dunn) (died 1617) was an English jurist.

Life

He was the son of Robert Donne and descended from John Dwnn of Radnorshire, was educated at Oxford University, where he was a member of All Souls College, and was admitted to the degree of B.C.L. 14 July 1572. Eight years later the higher degree was conferred on him, when he became Principal of New Inn Hall.

He entered the College of Advocates 22 January 1582, and in 1598 was appointed Dean of Arches and master of requests. In the following year he sat with Sir Julius Caesar and others on two commissions which were appointed to inquire into the grievances of Danish and French fishermen and merchants respectively. In 1601 he ruled in favour of Sir Thomas Thynne whose secret marriage was disputed by his mother Joan Thynne. He was also a member of the commission formed in 1601 with the object of framing measures for the suppression of piracy by English sailors; and as John Whitgift's vicar-general he sat with five bishops on special commissions at the provincial synod and at convocation. About this time he was made a master in chancery, and was one of nine civilians who drew up an argument in support of oaths ex officio in ecclesiastical courts.

In 1602 he was appointed commissioner, together with Ralph Eure, 3rd Baron Eure and Sir John Herbert, to confer at Bremen with commissioners sent by the King of Denmark concerning the feasibility of a treaty which should put an end to the frequent quarrels between Danish and English fishermen. On the successful termination of this mission Donne was rewarded with a knighthood. Shortly after the accession of James I he was placed on a commission under the Archbishop of Canterbury to inquire into heresies and offences against the marriage laws in the diocese of Winchester, with powers of summary jurisdiction, and he also attended the conference held at Hampton Court in reference to ecclesiastical courts. In the same year (1604), when the universities were empowered to send representatives to parliament, he was one of the first two elected by Oxford University, and he was reelected in 1614. A pension was in the following year granted to him by royal warrant.

The last commission on which Donne sat was that appointed in 1616 to conduct an examination on the marriage of Robert Carr, 1st Earl of Somerset. Donne published nothing, but in Letters from the Bodleian Library, 1813, ii. 207–21, is an account of William Aubrey, printed from a manuscript supposed to be in his writing. He had married one of Aubrey's six daughters, and had succeeded him in the headship of New Inn. He died 15 September 1617.

References

Year of birth missing
1617 deaths
English legal professionals
Alumni of All Souls College, Oxford
Principals of New Inn Hall, Oxford
Members of the pre-1707 Parliament of England for the University of Oxford
English MPs 1604–1611
English MPs 1614
Members of the Spanish Company

Daniel Donne


Attock Tehsil () is one of the six tehsils (subdivisions) of Attock District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is between 33º38' and 34º0' N. and 72º7' and 72º50' E, with an area of . The Indus bounds it on the northwest, dividing it from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, while the Haro flows through from east to west. The northwest corner is occupied by the fertile Chach plain. South of this is a dry sandy plain, beyond which rises the Kala-Chitta range. The eastern half consists of the tract known as the Nala, which includes, along with a number of low hills and much broken country, a considerable area of fairly good level land, portions of which are irrigated from wells and by cuts from the Haro and other smaller streams.

Tehsils of Attock District

Attock Tehsil


The Trail of the Lonesome Pine is a 1936 American adventure romance western film based on the novel of the same name. The picture was directed by Henry Hathaway starring Fred MacMurray, Sylvia Sidney and Henry Fonda.

It was the second full-length feature film to be shot in three-strip Technicolor and the first in color to be shot outdoors, with the approval of the Technicolor Corporation. Much of it was shot at Big Bear Lake in southern California. The Trail of the Lonesome Pine was the fourth feature film adaptation of John Fox Jr.'s 1908 novel, including 1916 and 1923 silent versions.  As with the novel, the film makes extensive use of Appalachian English in the dialogue.

Plot
Deep in the region of the Eastern Kentucky Coalfield, a feud between the Kentucky clans of the Tollivers and the Falins has been ongoing for as long as anyone can recall. After an engineer, Jack Hale, arrives with coal and railroad interests, he saves the life of Dave Tolliver, whose injury has developed gangrene.

Dave expects to marry a cousin, June, but she takes an immediate shine to the newcomer. Her younger brother Buddie is also impressed with Hale, who begins to educate him and take the boy under his wing. But others from both families do not give this outsider their trust.

Upset over the budding romance, Dave sets out after Hale with a rifle but is ambushed by the Falins. The latest round of violence causes June not to want to return home, so Hale sends her to Louisville to live with his sister.

A bridge is destroyed by the Falins, causing the accidental death of Buddie. A funeral is held and June returns, newly sophisticated from being in the big city. Family patriarch Buck Falin extends his apologies about her brother. Dave, however, is shot in the back by Wade Falin.

The families agree that the feud has gone too far. Hale is befriended by all, and will happily marry June.

Cast
 Fred MacMurray as Jack Hale
 Sylvia Sidney as June Tolliver
 Henry Fonda as Dave Tolliver
 Fred Stone as Judd Tolliver
 Nigel Bruce as Thurber
 Beulah Bondi as Melissa
 Robert Barrat as Buck Falin
 George "Spanky" McFarland as Buddie Tolliver
 Fuzzy Knight as Tater
 Otto Fries as Corsey
 Samuel S. Hinds as Sheriff
 Alan Baxter as Clay Tolliver
 Margaret Armstrong as Tolliver family member
 Ricca Allen as Tolliver family member
 Fern Emmett as Lena Tolliver

Production
With principal on-location photography beginning in mid-October 1935 in Chatsworth, at Big Bear Lake (in the San Bernardino Mountains), and at the Santa Susana Pass in California, recreating the rural and mountain locale of the novel. The film was the first feature-length film to be shot in three-strip Technicolor on location.

Hathaway was borrowed from Paramount. In an interview with James Bawden in 1976, Fonda remembered carving "HF LUVS SS" on a tree during the production of this film. Director Henry Hathaway found it when shooting Woman Obsessed there in 1959.

Considered a technological success, The Trail of the Lonesome Pine was not the first film to utilize the new color process but integrated its use successfully, and was a harbinger of future developments. "The significance of this achievement is not to be minimized. It means that color need not shackle the cinema, but may give it fuller expression. It means that we can doubt no longer the inevitability of the color film or scoff at those who believe that black-and-white photography is tottering on the brink of that limbo of forgotten things which already has swallowed the silent picture."

Reception
The Trail of the Lonesome Pine received positive critical acclaim, with Frank Nugent of The New York Times considering the film significant yet not without flaws. "Paramount's new film is far from perfect, either as a photoplay or as an instrument for the use of the new three-component Technicolor process", although "a cast of unusual merit and a richly beautiful color production" were its redeeming qualities. Writing for The Spectator in 1936, Graham Greene gave the film a neutral review. While criticizing the use of Technicolor here as "just bad bright picture-postcard stuff", Greene praised the story as "quite a good one" and singled out Sylvia Sidney for her charming performance.

The film made a profit of $522,620.

Awards and honors
Two original songs from the film, both written by composer Louis Alter and lyricist Sidney D. Mitchell and sung by Fuzzy Knight, gained national prominence. "A Melody from the Sky" was nominated for the 1937 Academy Award in the category of "Best Music, Original Song". The other song, "Twilight on the Trail", became a popular hit and eventually something of a classic. It inspired a 1941 cowboy film of the same name and has been recorded by numerous country, pop, rock and soul singers.

Trail of the Lonesome Pine was recognized at the 1936 Venice Film Festival for a "Special Recommendation" for the use of color film.

See also
 List of early color feature films

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Bernstein, Matthew. Walter Wanger: Hollywood Independent. St. Paul, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000. .
 Maltin, Leonard. Leonard Maltin's Movie Encyclopedia: Career Profiles of More Than 2000 Stars and Filmmakers. New York, Penguin Books, 1994. .

External links

The Trail of the Lonesome Pine at Virtual History

1936 films
1936 romantic drama films
1930s color films
American romantic drama films
American black-and-white films
Remakes of American films
1930s English-language films
Films directed by Henry Hathaway
Films scored by Gerard Carbonara
Films scored by Hugo Friedhofer
Films set in Kentucky
Films shot in Big Bear Lake, California
Films shot in California
Films based on American novels
Films produced by Walter Wanger
Paramount Pictures films
Sound film remakes of silent films
1930s American films

The Trail of the Lonesome Pine (1936 film)


Aaron Williams (1731–1776) was a Welsh teacher, composer, and compiler of West Gallery music, active in Britain during the 18th century.

Life
Williams was probably born in Caldicot, Monmouthshire, the son of William Morgan. He served as clerk of the Presbyterian Scots Church, London Wall.

Publications
Williams's publications include:

 The Universal Psalmodist, 1763 (2nd ed., 1764; 3rd ed., 1765; 4th ed., 1770)
 [Daniel Bayley], The Royal Melody Complete, 3d ed., Boston, 1767 (an unauthorized compilation of music from William Tans'ur's Royal Melody Complete and Williams's Universal Psalmodist; subsequent editions, entitled The American Harmony, or Universal Psalmodist, were issued by Bayley in Newburyport, Massachusetts in 1769, 1771, 1773 and 1774).
 Royal Harmony; or, The Beauties of Church Music, ca. 1765
 Psalmody in Miniature, 1769 (2nd ed., in 3 books, 1778; supplements added in 1778 and 1780; 3rd ed., in 5 books, 1783)
 The New Universal Psalmodist, 1770 (6th ed., 1775)
 An Ode or Anthem for the New Year, 1770
 Two New Anthems for Christmas-Day, 1770
 Comfort ye, my people: A new Christmas anthem, 1775
 British Psalmody, London, ca. 1785

These publications included several fuguing tunes. Six of his anthems were included in Thomas Williams's Harmonia Coelestis (1780).

Influence on early American sacred music

Harmonic idiom
The unorthodox harmonic idiom of the Yankee tunesmiths (the "First New England School" of choral composers) shows the influence of English composers such as Williams and William Tans'ur:
For the most part the Yankee composer's source of information about harmonic practices derived from the music and writings on music of such comparatively unskilled English composers as William Tans'ur (1796–1783) and Aaron Williams (1731–1776), who were themselves somewhat outside the mainstream of European sacred music. Many of the traits that may be thought unique to American psalmodists in fact characterize the compositions of their British cousins too.
In particular, "it is clear that [William Billings] had studied the works of English psalmodists such as William Tansur and Aaron Williams."

St. Thomas
Williams's tune "St. Thomas" was originally the second quarter of his longer "Holborn," published in his Universal Psalmodist (1763) and attributed to him based on the statement there, "never before printed." It was first published in its shortened form in Thomas Knibb's The Psalm-Singer's Help (c. 1769), included by Williams in his 1770 New Universal Psalmodist, and printed again in Isaac Smith's A Collection of Psalm Tunes (c. 1780).

In the United States, "St. Thomas" was published in several shape note tunebooks, including the following:
 William Little and William Smith, The Easy Instructor (1801), p. 101
 David Clayton and James Carrell, The Virginia Harmony (1831), p. 79 (attributed to "Handel")
 The Methodist Harmonist (1833), no. 119, p. 93
 Allen D. Carden, The Missouri Harmony (1834), p. 33
 W. L. Chappell, The Western Lyre, new edition, 1835, no. 80
 Lowell Mason and T. H. Mason, The Sacred Harp or Eclectic Harmony, new edition, 1835, p. 89
 B. F. White and E. J. King, The Sacred Harp, appendix to the 1860 edition, p. 293  (also in the 1911 edition of J. S. James, p. 293, misattributed to "William Towser, 1768"; retained in the current 1991 edition, p. 34).

Notes

External links
 Hymnary
 Cyberhymnal

1731 births
1776 deaths
Welsh composers
Welsh male composers
People from Caldicot, Monmouthshire
Shape note
18th-century British composers
18th-century British male musicians
Welsh nonconformist hymnwriters
18th-century Welsh musicians

Aaron Williams (composer)


Breiðablik is a multi-sports club from Kópavogur, Iceland. The club was founded in 1950 and is the largest sports club in the country. Breiðablik has several sports divisions, both men's and women's, including football, athletics, basketball, karate, dance, skiing and swimming.

Name
The name Breiðablik comes from Norse mythology, where it was the home of Baldur. The nickname Blikar is formed from the second part of that name, meaning splendours or twinkles (like a star). The singular form Bliki is also a name for male ducks.

Basketball

Men's basketball

As of 2018–2019 season, Breiðablik men's basketball team plays in the top-tier Úrvalsdeild karla

Women's basketball

Breiðablik women's basketball team won its lone national championship during its first season in the top-tier league in 1995. As of 2018–2019 season, plays in Úrvalsdeild kvenna.

Football

Men's team

Breiðablik's men's team first competitive match was played on 12 June 1957, a 1–0 loss against Þróttur Reykjavík. After several years in the lower leagues, Breiðablik reached the top-flight for the first time in 1971.

In recent years the Breiðablik men's team has established itself as a powerhouse in the Icelandic league, challenging regularly on all fronts. Throughout its history, the team has however been notorious for bouncing between the two top leagues in Iceland, getting promoted and relegated on a regular basis. Since being promoted in 2005, and under the guidance of coach Ólafur Kristjánsson since 2006, the team has grown steadily and established itself as a real challenger in the Icelandic top-flight. The team's first big trophy came with a win in the Icelandic Cup in 2009, followed by the team's first Úrvalsdeild title in the 2010. The 2013 season is Breiðablik's 8th consecutive season in the top-flight, a club record.
Breiðablik competed in a European competition for the first time in 2010, facing Scottish Premier League side Motherwell in the Europa League. They lost the first leg 1–0 in Scotland, and lost by the same scoreline in the return leg, meaning that the team lost 2–0 on aggregate. A year later, Breiðablik faced Rosenborg in the UEFA Champions League qualifiers, losing out 2–5 on aggregate. The team won away from home in Europe for the first time with a memorable 1–0 victory over Austrian side SK Sturm Graz in the 2013–14 competition.

Women's team

Breiðablik women's football team currently plays in the Úrvalsdeild kvenna, the top-tier women's football league in Iceland, where they finished second in 2017. They have won the national championship sixteen times and the Women's Cup eleven times in its history. They reached the quarter-finals of the UEFA Women's Cup in 2006-07 which is a joint record in UEFA competitions by any Icelandic team, also achieved by Valur women's team in 2005-06.

External links
Official website
Supporters website in English (mens)
Supporters website in English (womens)

References

Sport in Kópavogur
1950 establishments in Iceland
Sports clubs and teams established in 1950

Breiðablik (sports club)


Pinkberry is a franchise of frozen dessert restaurants headquartered in Scottsdale, Arizona. There are currently over 260 stores in 20 countries. The first store was opened in January 2005 by Hye Kyung (Shelly) Hwang and Young Lee. The restaurant allows customers to customize their yogurt with a variety of toppings.

History

Hwang's first business venture was to open a formal English teahouse on a tiny residential street called Huntley Drive in West Hollywood, California. However, after the city refused to approve an alcohol permit for Hwang and her business partner, architect Young Lee, they decided to go with their second plan, which was a frozen yogurt concept reviving the craze of the 1980s. People were soon driving across town and standing in line for up to 20 to 30 minutes to get their fix of "the taste that launched 1,000 parking tickets." The second store opened in August 2006 and the third one on La Brea and Melrose avenues in early September 2006. After, stores began springing up all over Southern California and also branches in New York. In October 2009, Pinkberry opened its first overseas branch in the State of Kuwait at the Avenues shopping mall.

On October 16, 2007, the firm took in a $27.5 million investment from Maveron, the venture fund founded by Starbucks founder Howard Schultz, to expand the firm's concept nationwide.

On May 1, 2009, Pinkberry announced its plans to expand its market both internationally and domestically, after receiving $9 million in second-round funding from investors. As part of its plans, Pinkberry has partnered with Kuwaiti retail conglomerate M.H. Alshaya Co. to open stores in several countries in the Middle East and signed with HMSHost to open locations in airports nationwide, the first of which will open in the late summer 2009. In 2010, the company expanded in the Southern United States.  In April 2010, the original Pinkberry store in West Hollywood, still lacking adequate parking, was closed and converted into an administrative building for the chain.

After poor sales and several store closures from over-expansion, in 2015 Kahala Brands acquired Pinkberry as their 18th brand. There is no information on how much co-founders Hwang and Lee received upon selling Pinkberry to Kahala Brands in December 2015. Currently, Shelly Hwang is the Chief Product Officer and Board Director of Pinkberry.

Branding and placement
The Pinkberry brand has been designed and managed by LA-based branding firm Ferroconcrete. Pinkberry has been featured in an episode of HBO's Curb Your Enthusiasm (season 8, episode 5, 'Vow of Silence') and in an episode of 2021's "And Just Like That" (season 1, episode 3, 'When in Rome'). Mentioned in the Comedy Central cartoon Ugly Americans (season 2, episode 9, 'Lilly and the Beast'), mentioned in two episodes of the TBS animated sitcom American Dad (season 6, episode 17, 'Home Wrecker' and season 11, episode 2, 'The Life Aquatic with Steve Smith'), and in a few scenes of the 2014 film Still Alice. Pinkberry was featured in the Broadway musical Be More Chill, and
mentioned in the novel November 9 by Colleen Hoover, and in the 2014 film Horrible Bosses 2.

Controversy

Originally marketed as frozen yogurt, Pinkberry has faced complaints that its product is fraudulent because it does not meet the California Department of Food and Agriculture's definition of frozen yogurt because it does not contain the necessary amount of bacterial cultures per ounce. The Los Angeles Times sent samples of Pinkberry's product to a lab and revealed that Pinkberry did contain active yogurt cultures, but it does not contain the minimum amount of culture to call itself frozen yogurt, according to California state law. According to the Los Angeles Times, Pinkberry's product had 69,000 bacterial cultures per gram, compared to 200,000 for Baskin-Robbins. The National Yogurt Association (NYA) established its own criteria for live and active culture yogurt. For manufacturers to carry their Live and Active Culture seal, refrigerated yogurt products must contain at least 100 million cultures per gram at the time of manufacture, and frozen yogurt products must contain 10 million cultures per gram at the time of manufacture. This level was based on a survey of leading research scientists involved in clinical studies of the health attributes associated with live and active culture yogurt.

Pinkberry appears to have altered its dessert recipe and has now earned the right to call its product real yogurt.  Pinkberry officially received the Live and Active Cultures Seal from the National Yogurt Association on April 17, 2008, almost 3 years after the initial "real yogurt" lawsuit was filed.

The Pinkberry jingle heard on its website is sung by the 1980s musician Tigra, from L'Trimm. Apparently in response to the recent lawsuit against Pinkberry claiming that its product is not "real yogurt", for a while Pinkberry had removed all lyrics to this jingle on its website except for the word "Pinkberry", which repeats over and over again at the chorus (prior to this change, the jingle had lyrics that characterized Pinkberry's product as "yogurt", and compared its product as better than ice cream).

The unproven health benefits attributed to yogurt that were previously posted on the walls of Pinkberry (e.g., cures colon cancer, fights yeast infections) have been removed.

See also
 List of frozen dessert brands

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links
Official website
Official international website

Frozen yogurt businesses
Fast-food chains of the United States
Brand name frozen desserts
Regional restaurant chains in the United States
Restaurants established in 2005
2005 establishments in California
Restaurants in Greater Los Angeles

Pinkberry