Francis Tregian the Younger (1574–1618) was an English recusant.  Once thought to have been the copyist of a handful of important music manuscripts, his musical activities are the subject of dispute.

Biography
Francis Tregian was the son of Francis Tregian the Elder and Mary Stourton. He is thought to have been born in 1574. (The birth year is derived from a household list drawn up in 1594 at the death of his teacher William Allen which referred to Tregian as being 20 years old: "molto nobile, di 20 anni, se colare di ingennio delicessimo dotto in filosofia, in musica et nella lingua latina." Not only is this the only document suggesting his age but it is also the only document associating him with music.) In 1577 his father was arrested for being a Roman Catholic and sheltering priests. He was imprisoned and dispossessed, and the Tregian family had to leave their manor house in Probus, Cornwall.

Tregian's mother and her children travelled 200 miles to London.  She hoped that her brother John Stourton, 9th Baron Stourton, could intercede for her husband.  She lodged in Clerkenwell with her mother, who had remarried after her father's death (her father had been executed). She eventually moved to her husband's prison.

The younger Tregian was sent to France sometime between 1582 and 1586. Despite a statute enacted in 1585 by Queen Elizabeth I which levied a penalty on religious dissidents who sent their children to school overseas, on 29 September 1586, he entered the English College in Douai, a stronghold of Roman Catholicism.  As fees had to be paid in advance, Persons surmises that the elder Tregian arranged payment of fees in advance with the college's agent based in London. At the English College he probably undertook the typical course of study required of all beginning students which included Latin and Greek literature and grammar.   Persons notes there was no evidence of Tregian's possible musical training at the English College. The younger Tregian apparently did well; he was chosen to give the congratulatory address to the Bishop of Piacenza on the latter's visit in 1591.

He obtained a position as chamberlain to Cardinal William Allen, and left for Rome on 11 July 1592 (It was once thought that Tregian encountered the composer Peter Philips who was serving William Allen in Rome. But Philips's stay in Rome was from 1582 to 1585, well before Tregian graduated the English College at Douai.) On Allen's death in 1594 Tregian appears to have gone to Brussels. A document from 1603 acknowledges Tregian as "being with the Archduke" there (the archduke being Archduke Albert). In an attempt to find a musical association, Persons notes that composer Peter Philips was the court organist to Archduke Albert from 1597 until after 1610 and that during the time Tregian was also associated with the Archduke, the two might have come into contact.

The situation of the Tregian family improved somewhat when James I came to the throne. The elder Tregian was released from prison and went into exile. It is known the younger Tregian was still in Brussels in 1606 when his father visited. Also in 1606 the younger Tregian returned to England to reclaim his father's estates. Existing documents show that he purchased an interest in his family estate, the manor house "Golden" together with surrounding lands, from Elizabeth Spencer for £6500 in 1607. The earliest record of his being convicted of recusancy is dated 7 July 1607 where the proceeds of his conviction are given to George Bland. The elder Tregian died in 1608. By September the Crown had seized two-thirds of the Tregian property as a fine for recusancy.

By 1608–1609 he was imprisoned in Fleet Prison in London. Documents as to the actual cause of his incarceration are lacking, but Persons, citing Boyan, appears to believe it was because he was unable to repay the large sums of money borrowed to repurchase the family estate. That, combined with his recusancy, were sufficient reasons for incarceration. In 1614, the people from whom he had borrowed money petitioned the House of Lords to sell the Tregian lands to repay their loans.

Persons, citing Boyan, mentioned a document that reads: "A warrant was issued by the Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall to inquire about the division of lands of the late Francis Tregian, Recusant, in May 28, 1619" indicating that he died prior to that date. Ironically, living at Fleet Prison allowed Tregian a modicum of style and he maintained a library of "many hundred books" according to Alexander Harris, the prison warden. Probably due to unpaid debts, the library was dispersed and nothing is known about its eventual disposition. After Tregian's death his mother accused him of defrauding her by furtive financial transactions, and another "kynsman," John Arundell, accused him of financial impropriety. Thompson concludes that Tregian's imprisonment was probably much more about improper handling of finances than it was about recusancy.

How Tregian's name became associated with music

Historiography
There are four manuscript collections that have been associated with Tregian:
 The Fitzwilliam Virginal Book in the Fitzwilliam Museum, the best-known of the anthologies.
 Egerton 3665, a manuscript in the British Library
 Drexel 4302, The Sambrook Book in the Drexel Collection, in the New York Public Library.
 Music MSS 510-14A in Christ Church, Oxford

Intrigued by the supposed connection between these four manuscripts, Ruby Reid Thompson, archivist at the University of Cambridge, undertook a thorough examination of all four manuscripts, physically examining every one of their over 2,200 pages, including a detailed look at three of the manuscripts' watermarks (the custodians of the Fitzwilliam Museum did not permit watermark tracings of the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book). In two articles (which are a preparation for her doctoral dissertation), Thompson provided an extensively researched historiography of how Tregian's name became so closely associated with music and why it persists despite lack of evidence and presentation of new information.

The origins of the association appear to have begun with William Chappell. Writing about the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book in 1855, he mentioned the name Tregian based on six ambiguous abbreviations and only one instance of the name actually spelled out (no. 315, the "Pavana chromatica" has a marginal note to "Mrs Katherin Tregians Pauern" [i.e. Pavane]. Based on this casual association, Chappell does not mention Tregian being a composer or copyist, merely that he was associated with the manuscript.

Musicologist William Barclay Squire elaborated on Chappell's random notes. In 1889 for the article on "Virginal music" written for the first edition of George Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Squire provided biographies of both elder and younger Tregians and introduced the idea that the younger Tregian might have copied the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book. In 1893, Squire elaborated upon his 1889 biography of the younger Tregian, adding that he had studied "philosophy, music and Latin." Thompson quotes Squire:
If it were not for the dates of the younger Tregian's death and of the composition of Dr. Bull's 'Jewel' [1621], it might be conjectured that the MS was transcribed by the younger Tregian while a prisoner in the Fleet. If this is impossible, there can be but little doubt that it was written by some of his associates, possibly by one of his sisters, who were in England with him.
Thompson then adds her own astute observation:
Squire had apparently become locked into these lines of reasoning as the only explanation for the origin of the manuscript, and he did not consider any other. He was adamant in assigning the compilation of [the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book] to a member of the Tregian family, in spite of the lack of archival corroboration.
Squire continued to elaborate upon his supposed Tregian connection for the 1899 publication of music from the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book.  Recognizing that the John Bull piece was not the 1621 work removed the obstacle to hypothesizing that Tregian was the copyist.  In the introduction to the edition, Squire wrote "...it may be conjectured with much plausibility that [the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book] was written by the younger Tregian to while away his time in prison." The editors added some scepticism, noting that handwriting samples would be needed to verify Tregian's handwriting. Because of the wide distribution of this 1899 edition of the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book due to reprints, Squire's strongest endorsement of Tregian has gained near-acceptance as fact. In the second (1910) and third (1928) editions of Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Squire mitigated his view of Tregian's responsibility, retreating from the claim that he had copied the work, but believing that it was still associated with him.

Thompson then examined the seven references mentioned by Chappell, noting that the one unambiguous reference to Mrs. Katherin Tregian could have been either to the younger Tregian's grandmother or aunt. Noting that the reference itself could be a dedication, Thompson noted that a number of works in the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book are dedicated to various people, none known to be connected with the Tregian family.  The presence of two instances of the marking "Treg" in titles as well as ambiguous abbreviations—and noting that all these annotations are missing in other manuscript versions of these works—leads Thompson to find a slim basis for Squire's declaration of Tregian being the copyist in 1899, and no surprise that he later retreated from the claim.

In 1951, Bertram Schofield and Thurston Dart's article on the then newly purchased manuscript Egerton 3665 declared that manuscript to be in the same hand as the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book: "The two hands are identical, even down to minute details of erasure, pagination, correction of mistakes and numbering of the content of the books." Noting that two of its pieces had composer attributions abbreviated as "F." and "F.T.", and then adding Drexel 4302 making a group of four manuscripts, Schofield and Dart paradoxically announced their idea of Tregian as copyist was "more probable than ever" while admitting there was "no final proof."

Elizabeth Cole claimed to have found this proof in 1952. Thinking that the attempts to buy back the Tregian family home must be documented, Cole found "no less than twenty-eight signatures" in the "Truro Museum" (the Royal Cornwall Museum). She was particularly taken by two legal documents and showed photographs of them to Schofield who--"perhaps little cautiously" in Thompson's characterisation--"saw no reason to doubt but that Tregian was indeed the scribe of Egerton 3665 and, therefore, the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book." Thompson was able to not only track down the document that had convinced Cole and which she reproduced, but found one that could have been even more convincing. Despite Cole's assertion of similarity of hands, Thompson reproduces fragments of writing from the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book, Egerton 3665 and Christ Church MS. 510–14, and concludes that while the writing shows similarities of style, none of the works can be shown to be in the same hand.  She even notes that Dart was not totally convinced as he later stated that Egerton 3665 was "almost certainly in [Tregian's] hand."

In reviewing the biography of Francis Tregian the elder, Thompson notes that his well-documented biography includes only a single link to a musician, the brother of composer William Byrd (this information having been supplied by Benjamin Beard, one of the elder Tregian's informers). Beyond this one link, she is unable to find much more evidence of Tregian's musical engagement, certainly not enough to promote him as "English musician" as did the fifth and sixth editions of Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Even if the sources for the pieces in the manuscript labelled "F." and "F.T." proved to be that of Tregian, Thompson felt that information would not overturn the question of responsibility for all the manuscripts. At the end of her review of Schofield's and Dart's and Cole's ideas, she concludes: "It seems likely that Cole and Schofield allowed their judgement to be swayed by their own hopes or expectations."

Physical evidence
Physical examination of the four manuscripts brought Thompson to a new train of thought based on her conclusions.
Fitzwilliam Virginal Book: Thompson found that the entire manuscript was written on high-quality Swiss paper made by the Düring family of Basle. She concluded that "The manuscript appears to have been planned professionally as a unified project for which enough paper of uniform quality was obtained beforehand."
The Christ Church manuscript was also made of the same high-quality Düring paper.  Thompson concluded: "The regularity of the partbooks indicates that they were planned as a unit and professionally put together, and that they have been carefully handled or stored since compilation."
Egerton 3665: In this manuscript Thompson finds the same high-quality Düring paper used for 154 folios and 364 folios made by Wendelin Riehl mills in Strasbourg. She notes that the lack of uniformity in the size of the gatherings is evidence that the manuscript was not planned as a whole from the outset. She observes that the gatherings were subject to independent use, and may not have been copied in the order in which they are currently bound.
Drexel 4302: Of its 257 folios, only five are of the high-quality Düring paper, the remainder being the Wendelin Riehl paper. Showing varied signs of wear like Egerton 3665, Thompson declared Drexel 4302 to be an aggregate volume (composed of smaller gatherings) which had been used independently and brought together when bound.

Paper. Thompson notes that both paper types are rare in England; no other music manuscripts were identified using these paper types. For the paper from the Wendelin Riehl mills, Thompson identified a circa 1598 copy of The Visitation of Lancashire edited by William Smith, Rouge Dragon—a copy directly connected to the royal court. Thompson consulted the Basle paper museum, known as the Basel Paper Mill. According to the Mill, the paper used for the score manuscripts was created during the first quarter of the 17th century. Paper similar to the Wendelin Riehl but with a different watermark was used by architect Inigo Jones for three drawings made between 1619 and 1624, all of them directly related to the royal court. A search of over 30 English archives failed to reveal any more of the Düring paper.  With only a few examples of the Wendelin Riehl paper, Thompson concludes that "All the manuscripts containing such papers are found in documents relating to the cultural activities or the official business of the royal courts. Thus a corresponding connection may exist between the four music manuscripts and musical activities of the English court."

Thompson then begins a discussion of physical attributes of the graphic style used in the four manuscripts. She warns against superficial examination by noting that similarity of layout can be deceptive and that one must thoroughly analyze various characteristics such as margins, rulings, scripts, corrections, and annotations.  In her 2001 article she focused on ruling and music script. She notes how each of the manuscripts have a relative small ruled area ranging from 55.6% (for the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book) to 58.8% for Egerton 3665), observing that conservation of paper was not an issue and that these scores must have been intended for presentation. She based her observations on the principle that similarly ruled paper would have been created at the same time.  She notes this is consistent for the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book and Christ Church MSS 510–14.  It is not true for both Egerton 3665 and Drexel 4302, leading her to conclude that these two manuscripts were not planned as single units (which would have had identical ruling) but portions made at different times.

Ruling. Thompson acknowledges the four manuscript share an orderly layout and similar graphic style, creating the appearance of uniformity. Yet she warns that each manuscript page is a "complex object built up from different layers of scribal features applied in a given sequence. Each item (e.g. margins, rulings, scripts, corrections, annotations) when detached from the written web, provides evidence about the genesis of the manuscripts, and throws light on the chronology of scribal activity." She warns against studying only one of these characteristics and drawing conclusions based on information in isolation. Clearly having done the work as part of her dissertation, she chose to focus on staff ruling and music script.

Allowing for reduction of page size due to trimming and binding, Thompson reveals that the average amount of page used in the manuscripts was rather small (55.6% in the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book, 54% in Christ Church manuscript 510–14, 58.8% in Egerton 3665 and 56.6% in Drexel 4302), indicating that saving paper was clearly not a major consideration, whereas attractive presentation was apparently important. She remarks on the "elegant proportions" of the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book and the Christ Church manuscripts 510–514 nothing that they were probably intended as fair or presentation copies.

Noting the complexity of analysing staff ruling, Thompson restricts her comments to general ones. She notes that measurements on each page of all four manuscripts indicate that ruling was done in gatherings, rather than on individual pages. For the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book and the Christ Church manuscripts 510–514, Thompson notes the high degree of consistency in the rulings of both manuscripts "confirms" that they were ruled for a specific project. This is unlike Egerton 3665 and Drexel 4302 which show considerable variations in ruling not only between gatherings but even within them. This leads to Thompson's conclusion that these latter two manuscripts were not planned as unified works where the staves needed to have similar rulings.  Some of their gatherings were possibly used individually and trimmed at different times which accounts for the variety in the dimensions of the margins.

Script. Thompson notes that many features of the music script can give the impression of uniformity, suggesting that standards of copying the music text were in place before copying began. But her close inspection of the four manuscripts show distinct scripts. She makes a distinction between "music hand" ("the product of an individual's pen") and "music script" ("the form of notation, apart of who may have written it") and warns that excessive initial focus on the music hand can allow too many subjective decisions for a proper analysis. Thompson identifies two features which can reveal music script variations between different hands: the shape of white notes (that is, half notes) with stems below their noteheads, and the angle and the point of attachment of stems.

There is considerable diversity in the way half notes are made in the four manuscripts.  At times they are made by a single unbroken stroke (the notehead followed by the stem) and other times the notehead is drawn first followed by the stem.  The downward stems are usually drawn from the right side of the notehead, but occasionally from the center. Their orientation can be straight, bowed or bent at an angle. One would expect consistency in a single scribe, therefore Thompson notes that a mixture of forms indicates at least two scripts.  With plates showing the widely different scribal forms in the four manuscripts Thompson notes that they each have different scribal structures. Mus. 510–514 has a uniform script; the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book has mostly a uniform script that gradually switches to a smaller contrasting script several times. Egerton 3665 and Drexel 4302 on the other hand show great scribal diversity. Counting sixty changes of scribal hand for Egerton 3665 and thirty for Drexel 4302, she identifies seventeen specific hands, of which nine are shared by both manuscripts. In summarising her discussion of scribal issues, Thompson acknowledges the difficulties of making determinations of a variety of music scripts, but concludes that there is no question of reducing the multiple hands to a single person.

Conclusion. Thompson's conclusion is direct: The attribution of these manuscripts to Francis Tregian's hand is thus little more than an attractive legend. Never based on very solid biographical evidence, it is contradicted by the physical characteristics of the manuscripts themselves. Their paper strongly suggests that the manuscripts were prepared by a group of professional scribes working for patrons at court or connected to court circles. But a scriptorium capable of executing these commissions could scarcely have been brought into being expressly for that purpose. It is likely to have dealt with other, not necessarily musical, tasks, although no further manuscripts prepared by the same group have yet been identified.

David J. Smith's response to Thompson's 2001 article clearly takes the traditional view of Tregian's role by repeatedly referring to the group of four manuscripts as "The Tregian manuscripts."  He reproduces two documents with Francis Tregian's name (one of them being HC 2/27, the same one that Thompson and Cole had reproduced) from the Royal Cornwall Museum.  Smith states that cultivated gentlemen developed more than one script. Recognizing the differences between signature and the body of the document as well as scribal inconsistencies within the same document, he states "...there is no reason to discard the hypothesis on ground of handwriting alone" and several lines later: "These differences, found within a document written by the same scribe at the same time, point to the pitfalls lying in the way of those who try to prove (or disprove) hypotheses by means of handwriting alone." (This is a false premise since Thompson used handwriting as only one of many elements to her analysis.) Where Thompson argued that the change in music script suggests more than one scribe, Smith uses exactly the same argument to argue in favour of a single scribe, since an individual's handwriting changes over time. He states "The Tregian manuscripts were probably compiled over many years, so inconsistencies in their notation are only to be expected", deliberately ignoring Thompson's findings concerning the paper particularly of the uniformity of the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book and Mus. 510-514A. Smith notes that both the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book and Drexel 4302 have empty ruled staves at their ends which he sees as evidence of a "work in progress." Referring to Thompson's conclusion, Smith states "It seems hardly credible that a scriptorium of professional scribes would have presented incomplete manuscripts to whomever commissioned them", ignoring Thompson's later comment "...the chequered history of [these manuscripts'] compilation may result from changes in the patron's requirements or even a change of patron."

Regarding the paper gatherings from which Thompson was able to determine different origins for the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book and Mus. 510-514A as compared to Egerton 3665 and Drexel 4302, Smith states "The way in which individual gatherings have been combined to form a larger work suggests that, initially, the genesis of these sources was a far more haphazard affair: they seem more the work of a committed individual pursuing a passion, collecting together materials from sources which came his way, than the product of a grand design." When later he does mention the paper types revealed by Thompson he again resorts to scribal issues.

Smith goes on at length to discuss particular points of the music content, an aspect that Thompson deliberately did not discuss, since she recognised that physical analysis must precede content analysis Without supplying corroborative physical evidence aside from scribal issues that do not directly address or refute Thompson's discoveries, Smith feels that "there is no reason to discard the hypothesis that Tregian was the scribe."

Whether there is still a controversy concerning Tregian, in his European Music: 1520—1640 (first published in 2006), James Haar considers the hypothesis to be "demolished" by Thompson's findings.

CD
 Byrd, William: Pieces from "The Fitzwilliam Virginal Book" / Ursula Duetschler [Cembalo]. - Thun : Claves Records, 1990. - 1 CD (70 Min.) : Stereo, DDD

See also
Francis Tregian the Elder
Recusancy

References

Works consulted

 (JSTOR access by subscription)
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 (JSTOR access by subscription)

External links

1574 births
1618 deaths
Recusants
English classical musicians
Fitzwilliam Virginal Book
Music copyists
16th-century English people
Inmates of Fleet Prison
Prison music
English people who died in prison custody
17th-century English people
People from Probus, Cornwall
Pseudepigraphy

Francis Tregian the Younger


Sir Charles Harper  KBE CMG  (24 February 1876 – 13 May 1950) was a British civil servant.

He was born in Barnstaple, Devon, England. He was educated at Blundell's School in Tiverton, and Exeter College, Oxford, and played rugby football for Oxford University and England.

In 1900, Harper entered the Colonial Service as a Cadet in the Gold Coast Civil Service and was attached to the Ashanti Field Force. He left the Gold Coast in 1909 when he was called to the Bar of the Inner Temple; the following year he married Marjorie Ford. Harper returned to the Gold Coast and in May 1914 was appointed Acting Colonial Secretary in Accra.

At the outbreak of World War I, he served as Senior Political Officer with the Togoland Field Force during the occupation of the former German colony, a post he held until December 1914. During 1916 he deputised for the Governor, Sir Hugh Clifford, during the latter's absence. The following year Harper proposed retiring from the Colonial Service in order to join the Army but the Colonial Office decided that he could not be released from his post in the Gold Coast.

In 1920 Harper was appointed Chief Commissioner of Ashanti. One of the most memorable events of Harper's career in Ashanti concerned the crisis that arose in 1921 when the Golden Stool of Ashanti, venerated by the Ashanti people as the symbol of the soul and spirit of their race, was discovered damaged and desecrated. Harper at once assembled the Chiefs and handed over to them the trial of the offenders, making it clear that the Government made no claim whatever to the Golden Stool. For his handling of this situation, he was awarded the CMG in 1921.

He was appointed an OBE in 1919 and knighted in 1930.

In 1925 Harper was appointed Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the island of St. Helena (1925–1932) and he served with the Ministry of Food from 1939 to 1941.

Sources
Obituary of Sir Charles Harper, The Times, Wednesday, 31 May 1950; pg. 6; Issue 51705; col E

1876 births
1950 deaths
People educated at Blundell's School
Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford
Colonial Administrative Service officers
British colonial political officers
British colonial governors and administrators in Africa
Governors of Saint Helena
Civil servants in the Ministry of Food
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
English rugby union players
England international rugby union players
Oxford University RFC players
Rugby union players from Devon
British expatriates in Gold Coast (British colony)

Charles Harper (colonial administrator)


A weather radar is a type of radar used to show where precipitation is. Weather radar can tell the movement of precipitation, what type it is (rain, snow, hail, etc.), and forecast its future.

Modern weather radars are mostly Doppler radars, which can find the direction and speed of rain drops and the intensity of the precipitation. Both types of information can be used to find the structure of storms and tell if they signify any severe weather (tornadoes, flash floods, etc.).

References

Other websites

 Radar tutorial
 Weather Underground
 Canadian weather radar FAQ

Meteorology
Radar

Weather radar


The solar year  (also called tropical year) is a calendar system based on the orbit of the Earth around the Sun. The Gregorian Calendar is an example of a solar calendar. Each year is slightly more then 365 days in a solar calendar; which is why there are leap days every 4 years.

Years
Calendars
Astronomy

Solar year


Croydon Football Club is an English semi-professional football club based in Croydon, London. Until 2006, they played in the Isthmian League, but lost their place in that league as part of the 2006 re-structuring of non-league football, and now play in the . They play at Croydon Sports Arena in South Norwood. The club was founded in 1953 as Croydon Amateurs.

History
The club was founded in 1953 as Croydon Amateurs FC and its original players came from some of the stronger clubs playing in local football. The club was specially formed to play at the Croydon Arena (still its home today) when it was officially opened in 1953. The team made its debut at the Arena against Malden Town on Saturday 5 September 1953, winning 4-3. The club spent their first ten years in the Surrey Senior League but whilst failing to win the championship (thrice finishing runners-up), evolved into one of that competition's strongest teams. In 1963–64, they joined the Spartan League, winning the league title at the first attempt in their only season in the competition. 1964 saw them join the Athenian League where they spent the next ten years, winning the Second Division title in 1965–66, suffering relegation four years later and then gaining two successive promotions to the Premier Division as runners-up to Herne Bay (1970–71) and Harlow Town (1971–72) under the managership of Jimmy Rose. Rose's departure to Dulwich Hamlet saw a mass player exodus and a season of struggle ensued. 1973 saw the suffix Amateurs dropped due to the impending changes to the status of players and a year later, under the management of Ted Shepherd, election to the expanding Isthmian League.

Two seasons later, after an unbeaten 1975–76 campaign, the club gained promotion to the Isthmian's top division – initially titled Division One but then retitled the Premier Division where they spent twelve seasons before relegation to the First Division in 1989.  An FA Cup run in the 1979–80 season led to a home draw in the 2nd round to Football League opposition in the shape of Division Three Millwall. The tie was switched to be played at Selhurst Park and in front of almost 10,000 people the Croydon team, captained by Alec Jackson held their League opponents to a 1-1 draw thanks to a Rod Ward goal. The replay three days later could not separate the two sides after 90 minutes with Constable scoring twice for Croydon, but Millwall eventually winning the match narrowly 3-2 after extra time.  A further relegation followed in 1994, but following Ken Jarvie taking over as Chairman / Manager and internal reorganisation, they were promoted back to Division One within two seasons. The club's first Isthmian League title – champions of Division One followed in 2000, before relegation two years later.

The non-league scene was reorganised at the end of the 2005–06 season and this restructuring saw them placed in the Kent League where following a third-place finish in 2006–07, the club finished in mid-table the second two seasons. 2008–09 culminated with success in the Kent League Cup after a penalty shootout win over Erith Town.

That turned out to be the club's final Kent League fixture as they shuffled sideways into the Combined Counties League (a competition which evolved from the Surrey Senior League) for the 2009–10 season. This is effectively back where they spent their first ten years and there is long-term rebuilding underway - the first three seasons in the CCFL saw them finish lower midway.  For the 2014-15 season, the club was switched to the Southern Counties East League (formerly the Kent League).

The club also runs a successful youth programme,  a midweek Under 18 team playing in Ryman Youth League, a second under 18 team playing in the new Combined Counties league and a Sunday team who play in the Croydon Municipal league. In their first season the Sunday side were promoted and won the Leonard Vase Cup (2012–13)  Recent players to have graduated from the youth programme include Danny Mills, Lee Brown and Stefan Payne.

Nickname
The club's nickname "The Trams" was adopted around 2000 when the Tramlink system opened, running round the back of the ground, Arena being the closest stop less than two minutes walk from the turnstiles.

Supporters

Croydon fans are collectively known as 'The Barmy Trams Army' and are referred to as the '12th man' by the club. They are known for their vocal support but friendly nature.

Ground

Croydon play at Croydon Sports Arena, Albert Road, South Norwood, SE25 4QL. The Croydon FC clubhouse overlooks Croydon Sports Arena and has a bar where supporters meet before and after games.

As of November 2020, the club have announced a temporary switch of home ground to the Crystal Palace National Sports Centre. It has a capacity of 15,500, but can be and has been in the past expanded to 24,000 with temporary seating.

Club honours

Isthmian League Division One winners: 1999–2000
Isthmian League Division Two runners-up: 1975–76 (undefeated) (retitled Division One 1977–78), 1995–96
Isthmian League Cup finalists: 1974–75, 2000–01
Isthmian League Full Members Cup winners: 1999-00
London Senior Cup winners: 2001–02 – finalists: 1978–79
Surrey Senior Cup Winners: 1981–82 – Finalists: 1976–77, 1999–00
Kent League Cup winners: 2008–09
Kent League Challenge Shield winners: 2009
Athenian League Division One runners-up: 1971–72
Athenian League Division Two winners: 1965–66 – runners-up 1970–71
Spartan League champions: 1963–64
Surrey Senior League Runners-up: 1956–57, 1960–61, 1962–63
Surrey Senior League Cup winners 1960–61, 1962–63 – finalists: 1953–54, 1959–60, 1961–62
Surrey Senior League Charity Cup winners: 1962–63 – finalists: 1957–58 shared with Dorking: 1953–54

Club records
Record attendance:
At The Arena – May 1954 – 1600 – v Dorking – Surrey Senior League Charity Cup Final
 – 1 November 1975 – 1450	v Wycombe Wanderers (FA Cup 4th Qualifying Round)
At Selhurst Park – 15 December 1979 – 9809 v Millwall (FA Cup second round)
Record goalscorers –    Fred Morris (1959–64 – 159 goals), Tony Luckett (1962–73 – 125 goals), Peter McCluskey (1953–63 – 124 goals), Alec Jackson (1977–88 – 111 goals)
Most goals in one match –    Les Whitton (1982–83 – 5 goals v Crawley Town), Jeff Duah-Kessie (2016–17 – 5 goals v Erith & Belvedere)
Record appearances – Alec Jackson (1977–88 – 441 plus 9 as sub), Tony Luckett (1962–73 – 409 plus 1 as sub)
Record win – 21 January 1961 home v Banstead Athletic 11–0 Surrey Senior League
Record defeat – 19 March 1994 away v Staines Town 0–14 Isthmian League, 2 April 1994 away v Berkhamsted Town 1–14 Isthmian League
Best league position: 4th in Isthmian League, Premier Division (then level 6), 1985–86
Best FA Cup performance: 2nd round, 1979–80
Best FA Trophy performance: 2nd round, 1981–82, 1982–83, 2001–02
Best FA Vase performance: fourth round, 1994–95, 2008–09, 2016–17

Former players

References

External links
Official site
Twitter
Instagram
Trams TV

Football clubs in England
Sport in the London Borough of Croydon
Association football clubs established in 1953
Football clubs in London
Isthmian League clubs
Combined Counties Football League
Southern Counties East Football League
Athenian League
1953 establishments in England

Croydon F.C.


Gil Jamieson (31 January 1934 – 14 June 1992) was an Australian painter. Jamieson was born in the central Queensland town of Monto in 1934 and died there in 1992.

Career
Jamieson liked to be thought of as a Romantic.  He objected to the labels of art commentators. He painted figurative art works, landscape art works, and portraits striking for their passionate intensity of both subject and colour.  He wrestled with the tough reality of survival in the bush and lived the landscape that he painted.

He lived and worked on the land with his family raising cattle on a bush block near Monto.  He embarked on extensive expeditions throughout Australia capturing the subtle beauty and magnificence of the country in gouaches he called his 'sonnets'.  His 72-foot 360 degree mural Jay Creek (depicting Jay Creek, Northern Territory), an oil on canvas, painted on location in Central Australia, his largest and a most engrossing work was painted in four days in searing heat.

Jamieson regarded himself as a self-taught artist, however he attended Brisbane Central Technical College (with Melville Haysom), 1956–57.  While in Brisbane he aspired to political cartooning, worked as a quick sketch artist outside a nightclub and held his first exhibition at a Brisbane pub

Jamieson and his wife Maureen moved from Monto to Melbourne and his career flourished.  His work was taken up by John Reed of Heide Museum of Modern Art where he exhibited. He developed strong friendships with fellow artists: George Johnson, Fred Williams, John Perceval, Edwin Tanner to name a few.  These friendships sustained and affirmed his contribution to Australian art as later in his career, fellow artists such as Cliff Pugh and Arthur Boyd supported his work. He chose to return to the bush and relative obscurity returning regularly to exhibit in Melbourne.

Throughout his career Jamieson had many supporters of his work including Kym Bonython and Rudy Komon. He had a long association with Rockhampton exhibiting there and in Brisbane regularly throughout his career.  Rockhampton Art Gallery toured a retrospective for two years throughout regional Australia and overseas 1997–9.

Exhibitions
Museum of Modern Art, Melbourne 1960
Rudy Komon Gallery, Sydney 1961
South Yarra Gallery, Melbourne 1962
Bonython Gallery, Adelaide 1963
South Yarra Gallery, Melbourne 1964
Australian Galleries, Melbourne 1966
Rudy Komon Gallery, Sydney 1967
Bonython Gallery, Sydney 1971
Bonython Gallery, Adelaide 1971
John Gild Gallery, Perth 1972
Talamo Gallery, Melbourne 1972
Talamo Gallery, Melbourne 1973 (Jay Creek exhibition, 72 ft landscape from Central Australia)
Reid Gallery, Brisbane 1974
Gallery Up Top, Rockhampton 1974
Gallery Up Top, Rockhampton 1975
Gallery Up Top, Rockhampton 1976
Gallery Up Top, Rockhampton 1977
Gallery Up Top, Rockhampton 1978
Philip Bacon Gallery, Brisbane 1978
CIEA Rockhamption 1978 ('Jay Creek' exhibit, opening library by HRH Princess Alexandra)
Adelaide Festival Centre 1978 ('Jay Creek' complementary exhibit in theatre foyer)
Bakehouse Gallery, Mackay 1978
Gallery Up Top, Rockhampton 1979
Gallery Up Top, Rockhampton 1980
Realities Gallery, Melbourne 1981
City Hall, Brisbane 1982
Gallery Up Top, Rockhampton 1982
Nerang Gallery, Gold Coast 1983
Rudy Komon Gallery, Sydney 1983
Realities Gallery, Melbourne 1983
Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences, Darwin 1984
The Schubert Gallery, Broadbeach 1985
William Mora Gallery, Melbourne 1988.
Monto Art Gallery, Monto QLD Newton Street, 2023

Collections
His work was represented in many major public collections, including:
National Gallery of Australia
National Gallery of Victoria
Queensland Art Gallery
La Trobe University Art Museum
Parliament House, Canberra
Parliament House, Queensland
Monto Library, Queensland

Awards
1965: McCaughey Prize, NGV Melbourne
1977: Maryborough Watercolour Prize
1978: Bundaberg Painting Prize
1978: Bundaberg Watercolour Prize
1978: Rockhampton Art Prize

References

External links
  Australian Dictionary of Biography (2016) "Jamieson, Hugh Gilmour (Gil) (1934–1992)"Accessed 8November 2019
 Brown, Phil (2005) "Memoir: Our Man up There" Griffith REVIEW Edition 9 – Up North: Myths, Threats & Enchantment Accessed 6 May 2010
 MacLaughlan, Susan (2019) Gil Jamieson Film made for 25 October Gil Jamieson Resurrection Exhibition at the Rex in Monto Queensland Accessed 27 October 2019

1934 births
1992 deaths
Artists from Queensland
Australian mid-20th century modern painters

Gil Jamieson


Melanomys is a genus of rodent in the tribe Oryzomyini of family Cricetidae, which is distributed in northern South America and adjacent Central America. It contains three species, two of which—Melanomys robustulus and Melanomys zunigae—have limited distributions. The third, Melanomys caliginosus, is more widely distributed, but may be a species complex.

References

Rodent genera
Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Melanomys


Repairing Rainbows is a 2010 memoir by Lynda Fishman. The book is a true story of family, tragedy and choices.

Story
Fishman lost her mother and two sisters at the age of 13 when Air Canada Flight 621 crashed on July 5, 1970. The book describes the choices Fishman made when moving forward in her life after facing such a devastating loss.

Main characters

Lynda Fishman (nee Weinberg)
The author, main character and voice of Repairing Rainbows. The memoir is told from Fishman's point of view, beginning with her life before the plane crash and continuing into life from the moment after Fishman and her father heard the news. Fishman was the oldest of three sisters and has always been extremely positive, energetic, inspiring and focussed on helping others.

Saul Weinberg
Fishman's father who was one day a husband and dad of three daughters, and the next a widow and father of only one. After burying his two young daughters and wife at the age of 44, Saul was overcome by sorrow and began to simply exist without any hope.

Barry Fishman
Lynda Fishman's husband, who was orphaned at the age of 17. Barry and Lynda met a few months after he was orphaned and have been together ever since. Barry has dedicated his career to working in the health care and pharmaceutical industry.

Mitchell Fishman
Lynda Fishman's special needs brother-in-law (Barry's older brother) who Barry felt very responsible for after they were orphaned.

About the author

Inspirational speaker
Fishman is now an inspirational and motivational speaker. She has extensive experience addressing audiences, both small and large groups, through media interviews and live speaking engagements. Her talk addresses the life lessons and advice that come from great experience of horrific tragedy and the journey she took to recreate her life after being faced with such significant loss. Fishman shares her three P's: positivity, persistence and patience and discusses eight key strategies for people who want to choose life, happiness and success over feeling sad, bitter or defeated.

Camp director
Fishman has a Master of Social Work and has spent over twenty years as a day camp director. She was one of the first camp directors in Toronto to integrate children with special needs into mainstream camp. She is very passionate about the positive impact camp can have on a child's life. She is the former owner and director of Adventure Valley Day Camp.

Blogger

Fishman is a blogger for The Huffington Post. She has written several entries on various inspirational topics and life lessons she has learned over the years.

Book reviews

Kathy Kacer said: "There's survival and then there's triumph. Lynda Fishman has done the latter, both in her life, and in this sensitive and riveting account of her personal story. Her optimism in the face of overwhelming tragedies, is indeed inspiring."

Rick Hansen discusses the book as: "An amazing story of hope and inspiration" and stated that, "We all have challenges in life but it's how you deal with them that makes the difference."

Dina Pugliese explains her experience with the book as: "Compulsive reading - I couldn't put it down!"

References

2010 non-fiction books
Canadian memoirs

Repairing Rainbows


Ragıp Zarakolu (born 1948) is a Turkish publisher who has long faced legal problems for publishing books on controversial things in Turkey, especially on minority and human rights in Turkey.

Biography
Ragıp Zarakolu was born in 1948 on the island of Büyükada close to Istanbul. His father, Remzi Zarakolu, was the district governor on that island. Ragıp Zarakolu grew up with members of the Greek and Armenian minority in Turkey and began writing for "Ant" and "Yeni Ufuklar" magazines in 1968.

In 1971, the Turkish government was overthrown. Ragıp Zarakolu was tried on charges of secret relations to Amnesty International. He spent five months in prison before being declared innocent. In 1972 Ragıp Zarakolu was sentenced to 2 years in prison for his paragraph in the journal Ant (Oath) on Ho Chi Minh and the Vietnam War. He stayed in Selimiye Prison (in Istanbul) and was set free in 1974 after a general amnesty. On his release Zarakolu refused to abandon his work for freedom of thought, because he wanted different thoughts and cultures to be available in Turkey.

The Belge Publishing House, established in Istanbul in 1977 by Zarakolu and his wife Ayşenur, has been a focus for Turkish censorship laws ever since. The couple was imprisoned and the books confiscated and destroyed.

In 1979 Ragıp Zarakolu was one of the founders of the daily newspaper Demokrat and took responsibility for the news desk on foreign affairs. The paper was banned and Ragıp Zarakolu was shortly imprisoned in 1982 because of his link to Demokrat. He was banned from leaving the country between 1971 and 1991. In 1986 he became one of 98 starters of the Human Rights Association in Turkey (HRA or in Turkish IHD).  For some time Ragıp Zarakolu chaired the Writers in Prison Committee of International PEN in Turkey. Currently (beginning of 2007) he chairs the Committee for Freedom of Publication in the Union of Publishers.

Until the military coup of 12 September 1980, Belge Publishing House mostly published academic and theoretical books. Afterwords Belge started to publish books written by political prisoners. The series of 35 books consisted of poems, shorts stories, novels. The list of publications (see a list of selected publications below) include more than 10 books (translations) of Greek literature, 10 books on the Armenian Question and five books related to the Jews in Turkey. There are also a number of books dealing with the Kurds in Turkey.

He also published several books on the Armenian Genocide – such as George Jerjian's book History Will Free All of Us/Turkish-Armenian Conciliation and Professor Dora Sakayan's An Armenian Doctor in Turkey: Garabed Hatcherian: My Smyrna Ordeal of 1922 – which brought new criminal charges in 2005.

In 1995 the Belge Publishing House offices were firebombed, forcing it to be housed in a cellar. Since his wife's death in 2002, Zarakolu continues to face further prosecutions.

Notes

References
International PEN calls for an end to publisher Ragip Zarakolu's trials  - IFEX
 Page of PEN American Center about honorary member Ragip Zarakolu
 similar page of the English Centre of PEN

Press release / OSCE
 OSCE media freedom representative concerned over legal grounds for trials of publisher and writer in Turkey

1948 births
Living people
Turkish businesspeople
Turkish journalists

Ragıp Zarakolu


Nunwick is a village in the Harrogate district of North Yorkshire, England.  It is about 1 mile north-east of Ripon.

Nunwick was historically a township in the ancient parish of Ripon in the West Riding of Yorkshire.  The township included two detached parts (a house and a farm) at Howgrave in the parish of Kirklington in the North Riding of Yorkshire.  The township, with its detached parts, became the civil parish of Nunwick cum Howgrave in 1866.  Later in the 19th century the detached parts in the North Riding were transferred to the civil parishes of Howgrave and Sutton with Howgrave, although the parish name remained Nunwick cum Howgrave.  In 1974 the parish was transferred to the new county of North Yorkshire.  The population of the parish was only 31 in 1961, and in 1988 it was absorbed into the civil parish of Hutton Conyers.

References

External links

Villages in North Yorkshire

Nunwick


Widad University College () is a private university college in Malaysia. Situated in Kuantan, Pahang, it was previously known as University College Shahputra (UCSA).

The institution offers undergraduate and postgraduate programs in various fields of study, including business, engineering, computer science, hospitality, and tourism.

The institution places a strong emphasis on research and innovation. It has established research centers in various fields, including engineering, business, and hospitality.

History
In July 2016, Widad Business Group bought over Shahputra University College and the University is now named Widad University College (DKU015(C)). Widad means love, caring and friendship. The name carries the characteristics of desire in leadership and independence.

The taking over by Widad Business Group is part of its bigger programme to diversify its services to the public with the assistance of Royal Widad Foundation. Widad Business Group is a conglomerate business identity well known to the Malaysians. A public listed company with substantial business involvements.

Tan Sri Muhammad Ikmal Opat Abdullah, the founder of Widad Business Group had long aspired to engage in Education, providing for those who seek quality affordable private education. Tan Sri champions the notion that quality education forms the basic foundation of an accomplished nation. Hence every child should be given the opportunity to be educated even if it means looking privately.

Widad now directs itself towards being a leading University College in the concept of uniquely a boutique university focusing on specifically well-developed quality programmes that generate graduates who are industry relevant to the nation and are recognised internationally.

Being a boutique university, Widad do not need massive infrastructure to be reputable. The existence of experienced and committed management team and the professors leading academic teams, Widad University College has set its path rightly towards academic excellence.

Widad University College academic packages delivered internally are Medicine, Health Sciences, Nursing, IT, Social Sciences and Education. The Business and Management based programme shall be delivered on an Online Distance Learning basis. Where opportunity arises, our academic programmes are geared towards TVET (Technical & Vocational Training) qualifications, producing employable graduates meeting the need of the nation for technically competent workforce. Widad University College programmes are accredited by Malaysian Qualification Agency and the professional bodies where appropriate. For instance, Widad medical programme graduates standards are at par with any medical universities in Malaysia, and are listed in the World Directory for Medical Education and so does the recognition of our nursing, medical assistant programmes and many others. This is reflected in the fact that our graduate employability rate is high and respectable. Our graduates are recognized and employed internationally. To date, Widad University College had produced more than 20,000 graduates in various disciplines.

The intense internationalization policy adopted by Widad University College has led to collaborations and establishment in countries like India, China, Indonesia, the Philippines and many more countries to come.

Located in Kuantan, this coastal city is a very busy tourist hub where Club Med, Hyatt Hotel, Malls, Mc Donald's and KFCs exist, Widad University College stands tall as the only private university college with SETARA recognition. The surrounding friendly ambiance and the excellence in support services provided are just plus points encouraging and creating perfect atmosphere for student to study here.

Widad University College envisioned to be the best boutique concept private University College with affordable learning recognised nationally and internationally.

Faculties

 Faculty of Medicine
 Faculty of Business and Management
 Faculty of Education & Social Sciences
 Faculty of Nursing
 Faculty of Allied Health Sciences
 Faculty of Sport Studies

References

External links

 Widad University College Website
 Widad Business Group

Private universities and colleges in Malaysia
Colleges in Malaysia
Universities and colleges in Pahang
Educational institutions established in 1997
1997 establishments in Malaysia

Widad University College


Albert V, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (died ca. 1469) was a German prince of the House of Ascania and ruler of the principality of Anhalt-Dessau.

He was the fifth son of Sigismund I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, by his wife Judith, daughter of Gebhard XI, Count of Querfurt.

Life
After the death of his father in 1405, Albert inherited the principality of Anhalt-Dessau as co-ruler with his older brothers Waldemar IV, George I, and Sigismund II. Following the family law of the House of Ascania, no division of territory accompanied the accession of the brothers as co-rulers.

Albert married Sophie, daughter of Conrad of Hadmersleben, Lord of Egeln, and widow of Waldemar V, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen. They had two daughters:
Magdalena (died aft. 1481), a nun in Gandersheim (1481).
Margarete (died ca. 1466).

Albert died without male heirs and was succeeded as ruler of the principality by his only surviving brother, George I.

Princes of Anhalt-Dessau
1460s deaths
Year of birth unknown

Albert V, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau


Nanyuki is a town in Kenya. It had an urban population of 31,577 in 1999.

The town was started by British settlers in the early days of colonial Kenya in 1907. Some of their descendants still live in or around the town. Today, the town is multi-cultural and the market center for farms, ranches, game parks and wildlife conservancies in the region.

Towns in Kenya

Nanyuki


Eduardo Henrique Accioly Campos (10 August 1965 – 13 August 2014) was a Brazilian congressman and governor. Born  and raised in Recife, in the Northeast Brazil, he graduated in Economics from the Recife's Federal University of Pernambuco. Campos' maternal grandfather, the governor of the Brazilian state, Pernambuco, made him his Financial Secretary. Campos became a federal congressman in Brazil and got Pernambuco federal money for a shipyard, railways and an oil refinery. Later, as Brazil's Minister for Science and Technology, he supported stem-cell research. He served two terms as governor of his home state, Pernambuco. He helped hospitals, secondary schools, wind power, farms, poor people and anti-crime data-mining. In his 2014 campaign for president of Brazil he criticized the incumbent and her Workers' Party and  positioned himself as the business-friendly leader of the Brazilian Socialist Party. For outdoor rallies and local radio interviews, he criss-crossed the country by rented jet. He died on 13 August 2014, three days after his 49th birthday, when his plane crashed in poor weather in the city of Santos.

Biography
Eduardo Campos studied Economics at the Federal University of Pernambuco. He was married to Renata Campos and they had five children (Maria Eduarda, João Henrique, Pedro Henrique, José Henrique and Miguel). João Henrique became a federal deputy for the state of Pernambuco and later was elected mayor of Recife. Campos was the grandson of Miguel Arraes. former Governor of Pernambuco and former Federal Deputy, and son of the Minister of the Court of Accounts of the Union and former Federal Deputy Ana Arraes with Maximiliano Campos. Campos was a practising Roman Catholic until his death.

Politics

Campos entered politics while still in university, when he was elected as president of the Economics College Student Academic Center. In 1986, Campos turned down an opportunity to take a master's degree in the United States of America in order to participate in the campaign which elected his grandfather Miguel Arraes as governor of Pernambuco.

With Arraes' election, in 1987, Campos took up the position of Chief of Staff. In this period he was responsible for the creation of the first Science and Technology Secretariat of the Northeast – Secretaria de Ciência e Tecnologia do Nordeste – and the Science and Technology Support Foundation-Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia de Pernambuco (Facepe).

Legislative Assembly
Campos joined the Brazilian Socialist Party – Partido Socialista Brasileiro (PSB), in 1990. In the same year, he was elected state representative and garnered the Leão do Norte award granted by the Legislative Assembly of Pernambuco to its most active members.

National Congress
In 1994, Campos was elected Federal Representative with one hundred and thirty three  thousand votes. However, he left the post to join the government of Miguel Arraes as Government Secretary and Treasury Secretary, between 1995 and 1998. In this last year, he ran for a new tenure of Federal Representative and reached the record number of 173.657 thousand votes, the biggest polling in the state.

In 2002, being for the third time a member of the Federal Congress, Campos was the articulator of Lula's government in the Social Welfare and Fiscal Reforms. For three consecutive years, he was on the list of the Inter-Union Department of the Parliamentary Advisory Board – Departamento Intersindical de Assessoria Parlamentar (DIAP), amongst the 100 members who had been most influential in the National Congress.

Science and Technology Ministry
Campos took office in 2004 as Science and Technology Minister – the youngest member among those appointed for the first tenure of President Lula. During his administration, the Ministry re-elaborated the strategic planning and reviewed the Brazilian Space and Nuclear Energy Programs.

The action that had the strongest repercussion, during his stay in the ministry, was the approval of the Biosafety Program, which allows the use of embryonic stem cells and trans-genetics for research aims. He also achieved unanimously in Congress, the approval of the Technological Innovation Law, resulting in the regulatory framework for enterprises, universities and research institutions. Another important action during Campos' tenure in this office was the creation of the Brazilian Public Schools Mathematics Olympics – considered to be the biggest Mathematics Olympics in the world in number of participants.

Leader of the Brazilian Socialist Party
In 2005 Campos became the National President of the Brazilian Socialist Party – Partido Socialista Brasileiro. However, at the beginning of 2006, he left this post in order to run for the government of the state of Pernambuco, by the Popular Front. In 2011, he was re-elected president of the party, with tenure until 2014.

Government of Pernambuco

Campos ran for the government of the state of Pernambuco in 2006. As the moderate left-wing nominee, who had started the disputed election in third place in the polls, he was elected with more than 60% of the valid votes for governor in the second round. With his government well evaluated and high popularity, Eduardo Campos ran for re-election in 2010. As in 2007, he had the support of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, president at that time. Campos was re-elected, being then, the most well voted governor in Brazil: more than 80% of the valid votes in the first round, defeating Senator Jarbas Vasconcelos.

Eduardo Campos Administration
Campos was the Governor of the state of Pernambuco for seven years (2007–2014). During this period his administration was recognized by various entities and he received many international awards. In 2012, the government of Pernambuco won two of the five categories of the United Nations Public Service Awards (UNPSA), one on Fostering participation in Policy Making decisions through innovative mechanisms, with the workshops "All for Pernambuco", and another in the category Promoting Gender Responsive Delivery of Public Services, with the Women's Straw Hat Project – Chapéu de Palha Mulher. The prizes were given in New York (USA), in a ceremony at the UN Headquarters, coordinated by the UN General Assembly President Nassir Abdulaziz Al-Nasser.

In public safety there has been a reduction in the rates of violence with the implementation of the program Pact for Life – Pacto pela Vida – The number of homicides in the state has dropped 39.10% since the beginning of the program. This reduction has also occurred in relation to crimes of theft and robbery. Between 2007 and 2013 there has been a decline of 30.3% in these crimes in the state. The positive rates of the "Pact for Life Program" have also been recognized internationally. In 2013, the project received, in Washington DC, capital of the United States of America, the Safe Government award for good practices in crime and violence prevention. In the same ceremony, at the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) headquarters, Campos received the Governance Award – The Art of Good Governance.

During his administration, the state of Pernambuco grew economically above the Brazilian average (3.5% in 2009) and investments were over R$2,4 B in 2009 – against the historical average of R$600M/year.

In Health, three new hospitals in the Metropolitan Region of Recife (MRR) were built, and also 14 Emergency Care Units (ECUs)–Unidades de Pronto Atendimento (UPAs), besides the expansion of the number of Intensive Care unit beds. Between 2006 and 2013, Pernambuco has been established as the northeastern state with the highest gain in life expectancy (3.72 years), exceeding the regional average. There has also been a reduction of 9.6% in the avoidable causes mortality rates. In 2011, Pernambuco reached the national average regarding child mortality, reducing in 47.5% its coefficient.

In Education, between 2007 and 2011, there was a registered growth of 14.8% in the Basic Education Development Index (BEDI) – Índice de Desenvolvimento da EducaçãoBásica (Ideb). This number more than doubles the national average of 6.2%. The students from the Technical Schools of Pernambuco have an average performance 47% superior compared to the students from other states in Brazil, like São Paulo and Santa Catarina, according to the National Institute of Educational Studies and Research (NIES) – Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais (Inep).

Programmatic Alliance PSB – Sustainability Network
In October 2013, Eduardo Campos announced the Programmatic Alliance with the Sustainability Network of the former Senator and Environment minister from Lula's government, Marina Silva, whose new party's registration claim had been denied by the Electoral Supreme Court (ESC) – Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE). In April 2014, Eduardo Campos announced his name for the Brazilian Presidential election, naming Marina Silva as his running mate for vice president.

Death

At the start of the formal campaigning/debate season of the 2014 Brazilian presidential election on Wednesday 13 August 2014, Campos was due to attend campaign events in Santos, São Paulo state with members of his campaign team. Arriving at Santos Air Force Base at Guarujá, the plane, a Cessna Citation, crashed in a residential area of Santos at 09:50 BRT during bad weather, killing all seven occupants.

Following his death, periods of official mourning were decreed by the Brazilian president, Dilma Rousseff, and in Recife, Pernambuco.

Campos was buried in the Santo Amaro cemetery in Recife on 17 August. The ceremonies were attended by President Rousseff and other political leaders; over 100,000 people attended the funeral procession. The following day, Marina Silva took over as the presidential candidate.

External links

 Final Investigation Report - 134/CENIPA/2014

References

|-

1965 births
2014 deaths
Brazilian Roman Catholics
Brazilian Socialist Party politicians
Federal University of Pernambuco alumni
Governors of Pernambuco
Politicians from Recife
Recipients of the Great Cross of the National Order of Scientific Merit (Brazil)
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Brazil
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Pernambuco
Ministers of Science and Technology of Brazil
Arraes family

Eduardo Campos


Below is a list of governors of California by education.  Most California governors received a college education, especially since 1895. Of the nineteenth century governors, half attended college. College degrees have set governors apart from the general population, and governors of California have often held such a degree even when this was extremely rare and, indeed, unnecessary for practicing most occupations, including law. Every California governor since 1923 has had a degree, with the most degrees being attained from UC Berkeley.

List of governors of California by education

List by institutions

External links
Governors of California - State of California
National Governors Association - Governors of California

 Education
Governors
California
California education
Governors


The Paul Revere House, built c.1680, was the colonial home of American patriot and Founding Father Paul Revere during the time of the American Revolution. A National Historic Landmark since 1961, it is located at 19 North Square, Boston, Massachusetts, in the city's North End, and is now operated as a nonprofit museum by the Paul Revere Memorial Association. An admission fee is charged.

History
The original three-story house was built about 1680, making it the oldest house in downtown Boston. It occupied the former site of the Second Church of Boston's parsonage, home to Increase Mather and Cotton Mather, which was destroyed in the Great Fire of 1676. Its first owner was Robert Howard, a wealthy slave merchant. His L-shaped townhouse contained spacious rooms and would have been enhanced by exterior features such as a second-floor overhang and casement windows.

As is typical of early Massachusetts Bay timber construction, the main block of the three-story dwelling consisted of four structural bays demarcated by heavy framing posts and overhead beams. The larger ground-floor room in this main block was dominated by its chimney bay and adjoining lobby entrance. Although some contemporary Boston houses had separate kitchen buildings, the two-story extension behind the Revere House was typical. As the Revere House was set quite close to neighbors, its double casement windows were installed in the rear elevation rather than the more common placement in a gable.

Around the middle of the eighteenth century, the Paul Revere House went through two major renovations. First, the roofline facing the street was raised substantially to bring the house in line with the Georgian architectural style that had become prevalent at that time (the roofline was returned to its original pitch, albeit without a gable, by the restorers in 1907–1908, which gave rise to a commonly held misconception that the attic had been removed). Second, a two-story lean-to was added in the ell between the two 17th-century portions of the house (this lean-to was removed by the restoration in 1907–1908).

Paul Revere owned this house from 1770 to 1800, although he and his family may have lived elsewhere for periods in the 1780s and 1790s. It is believed that during the Revere occupancy the rear chimney was added (c. 1790) including the kitchen that visitors see in the first room they enter.

After Revere sold the house, it became a tenement with its ground floor remodeled for use as shops, including at various times a candy store, cigar factory, bank and vegetable and fruit business. In 1902, Revere's great-grandson, John P. Reynolds Jr. purchased the building to prevent demolition, and restoration took place under the guidance of architect and historic preservationist Joseph Everett Chandler. In April 1908, the Paul Revere House opened its doors to the public as one of the earliest historic house museums in the United States.

Despite the substantial renovation process which returned the house to its conjectured appearance around 1700, ninety percent of the structure (including two doors, three window frames, and portions of the flooring, foundation, inner wall material and raftering) is original to 1680, though none of the window glass is original. Its heavy beams, large fireplaces, and absence of interior hallways are typical of colonial living arrangements. The two chambers upstairs contain several pieces of furniture believed to have belonged to the Revere family.

Immediately adjacent (across the entry courtyard, the original site of the John Barnard House) is the brick Pierce–Hichborn House, built about 1711 as an early Georgian house, and also operated as a nonprofit museum by the Paul Revere Memorial Association.

In December 2016 the Paul Revere Memorial Association opened a 3,500 square foot visitor and education center connected to the house by an elevated walkway. Purchased in 2007, $4 million in renovations allow the new education center to provide additional exhibit space on Revere's Midnight Ride, his work as a silversmith and his industrial work after the American Revolution. The renovations permit wheelchair users to access the second floor of the house for the first time while classrooms and a library will allow for expanded research and educational outreach.

See also
 List of National Historic Landmarks in Boston
 National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Boston

References
Notes

Further reading
 Nina Zannieri. Report from the Field: Not the Same Old Freedom Trail: A View from the Paul Revere House. The Public Historian, Vol. 25, No. 2 (Spring, 2003), pp. 43–53.

External links

 Boston National Historical Park Official Website
 Paul Revere House Website
 Historic American Buildings Survey, Library of Congress. Paul Revere House, 19 North Square, Boston, Suffolk County, MA
 Google news archive

Paul Revere
Biographical museums in Massachusetts
Boston National Historical Park
Historic house museums in Massachusetts
Houses completed in 1680
Houses in Boston
Landmarks in North End, Boston
Museums in Boston
National Historic Landmarks in Boston
1680 establishments in the Massachusetts Bay Colony
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Suffolk County, Massachusetts
Timber framed buildings in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Boston

Paul Revere House


Nakhon Ratchasima is a city in Thailand's Nakhon Ratchasima Province.

History
The collapse of the Royal Plaza Hotel killed 137 people in the city on 13 August 1993.

A high-speed rail line from Bangkok is being planned. The line will be built meters above ground, on 15 kilometers of the track, "to avoid causing traffic problems in downtown Muang district", between Phukhao Lat and Ban Ko railway stations.

A mass shooting occurred in the city on 8 and 9 February 2020.

References

Cities in Thailand

Nakhon Ratchasima


A sol is a colloidal suspension of very small solid particles in a continuous liquid medium. They can be quite stable; examples include blood, pigmented ink, and paint.

Sols can change into viscosity quickly if they are thixotropic. Examples include quicksands and paint, both of which become more fluid under pressure.

Materials

Sol (colloid)


Joseph Bringas () was an important Byzantine eunuch official in the reigns of Emperor Constantine VII (r. 945–959) and Emperor Romanos II (r. 959–963), serving as chief minister and effective regent during the latter. Having unsuccessfully opposed the rise of Nikephoros Phokas to the imperial throne in 963, he was exiled to a monastery, where he died in 965.

Biography

Historian Leo the Deacon reported that Bringas hailed from Paphlagonia. He gradually rose in imperial service to the rank of patrikios and the court post of praipositos. Emperor Constantine VII appointed him first as sakellarios and then as Droungarios of the Imperial Fleet, the position he held at the time of the emperor's death.

When Emperor Constantine VII's son, Romanos, assumed the Byzantine throne, he appointed Bringas as his parakoimomenos (chamberlain). The young emperor preferred to spend his time hunting, and largely left affairs of state to him. In this capacity, Bringas foiled a plot against Romanos led by a group of nobles around the magistros Basil Peteinos. The plotters were arrested, tortured, and exiled, although most of them, with the exception of Peteinos, were soon recalled.

When Emperor Romanos II died suddenly on 15 March 963, leaving behind only his young sons Basil II and Constantine VIII (five and two or three years old respectively), he left Bringas as the de facto head of state, although by tradition, the Empress-dowager Theophano was the nominal regent. Theophano did not trust Bringas, however, and the powerful parakoimomenos had other enemies: his predecessor and rival, Basil Lekapenos, and the successful and widely popular general Nikephoros Phokas, who had just returned from his conquest of the Emirate of Crete and a highly successful raid into Cilicia and Syria, which led to the sack of the Hamdanid capital, Aleppo.

Phokas visited the capital and celebrated his scheduled triumph in April 963, but then accused Bringas of plotting against him, and sought refuge in Hagia Sophia. There, he gained the support of the Patriarch of Constantinople, Polyeuctus, and with his aid he secured a re-appointment as Domestic of the Schools (commander in chief) of the East, despite Bringas's objections. Bringas now turned to Marianos Argyros, the commander-in-chief of the West, and offered him the Byzantine throne. At the same time, he wrote to the strategos of the Anatolics John Tzimiskes, Phokas's nephew and most important general, offering his uncle's post if he would turn against him. Instead, Tzimiskes revealed the letter to Phokas and urged him to action. Phokas's troops proclaimed him emperor on 2 July 963 and set out for Constantinople. In the capital, Bringas brought in troops, seized all ships to prevent a crossing of the Bosporus by the rebels, and even took Nikephoros's father, the aged Bardas Phokas, as a hostage. The populace of the city, however, supported the rebellion, and as the rebel army approached, rose up against Bringas's troops, supported by the patriarch and Basil Lekapenos, who reportedly armed 3,000 of his retainers and sent them out to fight.

The street clashes lasted for three days, and in the end, Phokas's supporters prevailed. Bringas was forced to flee to Hagia Sophia seeking sanctuary, while Basil Lekapenos assumed the post of parakoimomenos and welcomed Nikephoros Phokas into the capital, where he was crowned on August 16. Bringas was banished first to his native Paphlagonia, and then to the monastery of Asekretis at Pythia near Nicomedia, where he died in 965.

References

Sources

965 deaths
10th-century Byzantine people
Byzantine admirals
Byzantine officials
Byzantine Paphlagonians
Parakoimomenoi
Patricii
Byzantine eunuchs
Year of birth unknown
Byzantine courtiers
Byzantine regents
Constantine VII

Joseph Bringas


James Roland "J. R." Mitchell (April 13, 1937 – January 25, 2004) was an American jazz drummer and educator who sought to promote awareness of the African American music experience. In the early 1980s, jazz journalist and Washington Post music critic W. Royal Stokes wrote, "J. R. Mitchell is the renaissance man of jazz."

Biography

Youth and early life
J. R. Mitchell was born April 13, 1937, to a family of five in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. At age 15, Mitchell began studying percussion at Music City in Philadelphia, under Paul Patterson.  After high school, he entered the U.S. Marines, and while in the service in North Carolina, he associated with many musicians from Detroit. Completing his military service in 1958, Mitchell entered Combs College of Music and graduated with a bachelor's degree in Applied Instruments (percussion) and Music Education.  He continued his studies at Temple University in orchestration, arranging and conduction, performing with the Olney Symphony Orchestra.

Jazz Educator

Awarded a scholarship to the Berklee College of Music, he studied piano and arranging there with Dean Earl and Dick Wright.  Mitchell continued his education at the New England Conservatory of Music, studying under Jaki Byard (who became a close friend and musical associate), George Russell and Gunther Schuller, and received a master's degree in composition.  Subsequently, on a scholarship to the Bennington College Summer Program, he worked with Mr. Byard, Avery Collor, Ken McIntyre, Ernie Wilkins and Beaver Harris.  Mitchell also studied music marketing at New York University, as well as ethnomusicology, music of the Middle East and of India at Hunter College.

In 1979, Mitchell became associate professor in the Department of Music and Black Studies at Ohio State University.  Among numerous teaching positions, Mitchell served for five years as Director of the Jazz Studies Department and Jazz Society at Northeastern University in Boston, and as personal substitute for Archie Shepp at the University of Massachusetts in Amherst.  Along with traditional instruction, Mitchell conducted seminars, lectures and workshops on jazz, ethnomusicology, and black music history at institutions such as Harvard University, Temple University, Community College of Philadelphia, Northeastern University, College of New Rochelle, University of New Mexico, State University of New York, NYU, Fordham University, and the University of Nairobi.  He was an active participant in conferences and panel discussions held throughout the country on jazz, black music and social betterment.

From the 1980s until the year 2000, Mitchell traveled for numerous extended periods to countries in west and east Africa, including Senegal, Nigeria, Kenya and Ethiopia, primarily in the role of teacher, working closely with local and international institutions.

Main Influences
J. R. Mitchell was influenced in his early years by his association with Lee Morgan, Jimmy McGriff and Byard Lancaster. During his musical career, Mitchell was further influenced and associated with Jaki Byard, Walter Davis, Jr., Max Roach, Odean Pope and Fred Hopkins, among others.

Musical career
During a career that lasted almost 40 years, Mitchell performed with artists and ensembles including Andrew Hill, Archie Shepp, Arnett Cobb, Artie Simmons, Betty Carter, Bill Mitchell, Byard Lancaster, Calvin Hill, Charlie Rouse, Earl Warren, Ed Crockett, Eddie Barefield, Ernie Wilkins, Fred Hopkins, Gary Bartz, Hank Mobley, Harold Qusley, "The Skipper" Henry Franklin, Howard McGhee, Jackie McLean, Jaki Byard, James Spaulding, John Abercrombie, John Stubblefield, Justo Almario, Khan Jamal, Mario Escolero, Nina Simone, Odean Pope, Peck Morrison, Philly Joe Jones, Ray Copeland, Rahsaan Roland Kirk, Shamek Farrah, Sonelius Smith, Junior Cook, Sonny Stitt, Dan Dowling, Tommy Flanagan and Walter Davis Jr.

Starting in the mid-1980s Mitchell served as a percussionist for dance classes and performances, including Primitive Dance classes at the Ned Williams Dance School and dance classes at the Jackie Robinson YMCA in New York City.

Mitchell also composed and arranged music for various ensembles. Among his most notable compositions is the Walls of Africa Suite, inspired by his many experiences in Africa.  It premiered, and was recorded, at Lincoln Center in 1982, performed by the 21-piece J. R. Mitchell Universal Orchestra. Mitchell's other compositions include "African Drums on Senegal", "McCoy T", "Ballad for Sabina", "Blues for a Beautiful Brother" and "Mov'en".

Entrepreneurial pursuits
Like Charles Mingus and Charles Tolliver, Mitchell determined that the best way to achieve recognition and distribution as an independent African American musician was to create and operate his own record label, Doria Records Inc., named after his daughter. For 25 years, Mitchell used his record label, along with his New York-based non-profit foundation Music Inn Studios, as the springboard for numerous collaborations, appearances, speaking engagements, and community activities for many artists as well as himself. Music Inn Studios served contemporary musicians and artists in areas such as public relations, contract and proposal writing, audio-visual, music recording and distribution services.

Community activities
Among Mitchell's organizational activities were membership on the Board of Directors of The Empty Foxhole Inc. in Philadelphia, Secretary of the Unification of Concerned Jazz Artists, and an association with the Jazz Museum in New York.

Discography
 Live at Macalester College (Dogtown, 1972) as the J. R. Mitchell/Byard Lancaster Experience
 Live (Doria, 1978)
 Mov'en (Doria, 1982) with Byard Lancaster, Justo Almario, Bob Neloms, Calvin Hill and Jerome Hunter
 Philadelphia Spirit in New York (CIMP, 2001)  with Ed Crockett, Odean Pope and Byard Lancaster
 The Outcry (Lancaster Recording, 2003) with Ed Crockett and Byard Lancaster

As sideman
With Jackie Byard
 Family Man (Muse, 1978)
With Sonny Stitt
 Deep Roots (Progressive, 1978) with Sadik Hakim

References
 'The Marketing of Black Music', from Views on Black Music, Proceedings of the 10th Annual Black Musicians Conference, University of Massachusetts Amherst (1982)
  'Creative Survival', Profile of J. R. Mitchell by Scott K. Fish, Modern Drummer Magazine (December 1983)
 Interview with J. R. Mitchell, Cadence Magazine, Volume 8, (Vol. 1 and 2, 1983)
 J. R. Mitchell's jazz curriculum, from Horn Works: Music Discipline, written by Byard Lancaster, Jazz-Versity Press (1992)
 'J. R. Mitchell, From Academia to Africa', Manhattan Plaza News (December 2000)

External links
Web sites with more information on J. R. Mitchell:

  Reissue of 'Live at Macalister' CD on Porter Records (2008)
  J.R. Mitchell Discography on Discogs

American jazz drummers
American music educators
Combs College of Music alumni
Temple University faculty
New England Conservatory alumni
Berklee College of Music alumni
Bennington College alumni
Hunter College alumni
New York University alumni
Ohio State University faculty
Northeastern University faculty
Harvard University staff
CIMP artists
Avant-garde jazz musicians
African-American drummers
Musicians from Philadelphia
1937 births
2004 deaths
University of Massachusetts Amherst faculty
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
Jazz musicians from Pennsylvania
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
20th-century African-American musicians
21st-century African-American people

J. R. Mitchell


Marchetto da Padova (Marchettus of Padua;  fl. 1305 – 1319) was an Italian music theorist and composer of the late medieval era.  His innovations in notation of time-values were fundamental to the music of the Italian ars nova, as was his work on defining the modes and refining tuning.  In addition, he was the first music theorist to discuss chromaticism.

Life
Most likely he was born in Padua.  Little is known about his life, but he is recorded as being music teacher for the choirboys at the cathedral in Padua in 1305 and 1306, and he left Padua in 1308 to work in other cities in the Veneto and the Romagna.  His two major treatises seem to have been written between 1317 and 1319, shortly before Philippe de Vitry produced his Ars nova (c. 1322), which gave its name to the music of the age.  Marchetto indicated in the treatises themselves that he wrote them at Cesena and Verona.  There are no other reliable records of his life, although his fame was evidently widespread, and his work became hugely influential later in the 14th century.

Music
Only three motets have been reliably attributed to Marchetto, one of them due to his name appearing as an acrostic in the text for one of the parts (/).  Based on another acrostic in the same motet, it seems it was composed for the dedication of the Scrovegni Chapel (also known as the Arena Chapel) in Padua on March 25, 1305.

Writings and influence
Marchetto published two major treatises, the  (probably in 1317–1318), and the  (probably 1318).  He also published an abridged version of the  as the , though the date of this is not known.  He stated in the  that he wrote it while staying at the house of Raynaldus de Cintis in Cesena, who was lord of the city from 1321 to 1326, however most scholars believe that the  was written in 1318.

The meanings of the two titles are: , an encyclopaedic clarification and pomerium, the verge or enclosure around the orchard of Rome.

Precise dating of his work has been important to musicology because of the controversy over whether he was influenced by the innovations of the French ars nova, as written by Philippe de Vitry and Jean de Muris in the 1320s, or whether the influence went the other way.  Most likely Marchetto's work was first, although he was well aware of the French practice – which, like most innovations in music before the 20th century, was only discussed in writing years after the actual musical innovation took place.  All of the treatises except for the abridged version are in a heavily scholastic framework, and were almost certainly collections of oral teachings.

Marchetto's innovations are in three areas:  tuning, chromaticism, and notation of time-values.  He was the first medieval writer to propose dividing the whole tone into more than two parts.  A semitone could consist of one, two, three, or four of these parts, depending on whether it was, respectively, a diesis, an enharmonic semitone, a diatonic semitone, or a chromatic semitone. Marchetto preferred to widen major intervals and narrow minor ones for melodic effect, the opposite of what the later meantone temperament does. The exact size of the major sixth he described is the subject of some disagreement, but was considered by George Secor to be 12:7 (933 cents).

In the area of time values, Marchetto improved on the old Franconian system of notation; music notation was by this time evolving into the method known today where an individual symbol represented a specific time-value, and Marchetto contributed to this trend by developing a method of compound time division, and by assigning specific note shapes to specific time values.

Additionally, Marchetto discussed the rhythmic modes, an old rhythmic notation method from the 13th-century ars antiqua, and added four "imperfect" modes to the existing five "perfect" modes, thus allowing for the contemporary Italian practice of mixed, flexible and expressive rhythmic performance.

The  also included one of the earliest texts addressing the relationship between composer  –  Marchetto used the word musician, borrowing from Boethius's definition in   –  and performer. He set a distinct hierarchy, defining the "musician" or composer as the artist making judgements in accordance with his learned knowledge, while describing the singer as the instrument on which the musician performs, and likening their relationship to that of the judge and the crier.

Marchetto's treatises were hugely influential in the 14th and early 15th centuries, and were widely copied and disseminated.  The Rossi Codex, which is the earliest surviving source of secular Italian polyphony and which contains music written between 1325 and 1355, shows obvious influence of Marchetto, especially in its use of his notational improvements.

Without the innovations of Marchetto, the music of the Italian Trecento – for example the secular music of Landini – would not have been possible.

See also
Music of the Trecento
58 equal temperament

Footnotes

References and further reading
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie.  20 vol.  London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.
Richard H. Hoppin, Medieval Music.  New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1978.
Jan Herlinger: "Marchetto da Padova", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed February 28, 2005), (subscription access)
Jay Rahn: Practical Aspects of Marchetto's Tuning. Music Theory Online: The Online Journal of the Society for Music Theory. vol. 4, no. 6, 1998.  (Accessed January 3, 2006)
Margo Schulter: "Xenharmonic Excursion to Padua, 1318:Marchettus, the cadential diesis, and neo-Gothic tunings"
Joseph L.monzo: "Speculations on Marchetto of Padua's fifth-Tones"
Karol Berger: "Musica Ficta. Theories of accidental inflexions in vocal polyphony from Marchetto da Padova to Gioseffo Zarlino", Cambridge University Press, 1987, especially pp. 22–9, 86-87, 141-3.

Italian male classical composers
Italian music theorists
Trecento composers
Musicians from Padua
13th-century births
14th-century deaths
Medieval male composers

Marchetto da Padova


Fade to Red: Tori Amos Video Collection is a  double DVD set from recording artist and musician Tori Amos and was released by Rhino Entertainment on February 14, 2006. It featured music videos spanning 1992 to 2005, including the singles "Silent All These Years," "Crucify," "Cornflake Girl," and "A Sorta Fairytale", which co-stars Oscar winner Adrien Brody. The DVD features digitally re-mastered 5.1 audio and included a comprehensive audio commentary by Amos herself on each video. The collection omits the following music videos: "Glory of the 80's," "Strange Little Girl," and "Mary (Tales Version)."

Track listing
Disc 1
 "Past the Mission"
 "Crucify"
 "Jackie's Strength"
 "A Sorta Fairytale"
 "Winter"
 "Spark"
 "Sleeps with Butterflies"
 "Cornflake Girl" (US Version)
 "Hey Jupiter"
 "Silent All These Years"

Disc 2
 "Caught a Lite Sneeze"
 "1000 Oceans"
 "God"
 "Bliss"
 "China"
 "Raspberry Swirl"
 "Talula"
 "Sweet the Sting"
 "Pretty Good Year"

Bonus Videos
 "Professional Widow" (Remix)
 "Cornflake Girl" (UK Version)
 Behind the Scenes: "A Sorta Fairytale"

Tori Amos video albums
2006 video albums
Live video albums
2006 live albums

Fade to Red


Under a War-Torn Sky is a young adult war novel about a young man flying a B-24 in World War II. When his plane is shot down and he is trapped behind enemy lines, he is helped by kind French citizens to escape and get back to his home. Written by American author L.M. Elliott, the novel was first published in 2001. It won a number of awards on publication and has sold over 200,000 copies in the U.S. and abroad.

Elliott drew inspiration for the novel from her father, who served in World War II.  He was a bomber pilot in real life and was shot down behind enemy lines, much like the main character in the novel.

The sequel to this novel, A Troubled Peace, came out in August, 2009.

General information on the author and specific information for students, teachers, and media center specialists can be found on the author's website.

Summary
At only 19 years old, Henry Forrester decides to join the war. He's one of the best fliers, facing Hitler's Luftwaffe in the war-torn skies above Northern France, but when his plane is shot down on a mission behind enemy lines, Henry finds himself on a whole new battlefield. Wounded, hungry, and afraid, he struggles toward freedom on foot, relying on the kindness and cunning of the French Resistance to reach the next town alive. Each day brings him nearer to home and closer to danger. Yet even as Henry struggles a lot for his own survival in a hostile country, he quickly grows to realize the great peril that surrounds all the French people, and to admire the strength and determination of the freedom fighters who risk death to protect him. At the end he gets to see his home and family.

Awards
Notable Book in Social Studies for Young People (NCSS/CBC), 2002
Jefferson Cup Honor Book, 2002
Winner, Borders' Original Voices Award for Young Adult Literature, 2001
Best Children's Books of the Year, 2002, Bank Street College of Education, CBC
Maryland Black-eyed Susan Award, finalist, 2004-5
Iowa Teen Award, finalist, 2003-4
Pennsylvania Young Readers' Choice, finalist, 2002-3
South Carolina Jr. Book Award, finalist, 2003-4
Books About Trauma, Tragedy and Loss, 2002, CBC

External links
Website for author L. M. Elliott
Reading guide
 Article in the ALAN Review (Summer 2009) by Linda Rice, "Writing and Teaching Historic Fiction"
 Article in the ALAN Review (Winter 2006) by Diane P. Tuccillo, "Quiet Voices with a Big Message"

2001 American novels
Novels set during World War II
American war novels
American young adult novels
Aviation novels

Under a War-Torn Sky


A weak acid is an acid chemical which does not dissociate (split into ions) completely in water solution. This means it does not give all its hydrogen ions into the water. Weak acids typically have a pH between 3 and 6.

Acetic acid (CH3COOH) and oxalic acid (H2C2O4) are examples of weak acids. If an acid is represented by HA, then there is a balance between molecules which are split (ionised), and molecules which are not:

The relative strength of an acid can be expressed using Ka, the acid ionization constant. In general, the larger a Ka, the stronger the acid, while a smaller Ka indicates a relatively weaker acid. Weak acids will have a Ka value of less than 1, while strong acids will have a Ka value greater than 1.
Acids

Weak acid


Rakel Seweriin, née Solberg (26 June 1906 – 17 September 1995) was a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party. She was the Norwegian Minister of Social Affairs from 1953 to 1955.

She was born in Hof as a daughter of Casper Fredrik Solberg (1870–1932) and Zefra Eliagna Natterstad (1871–1949). She grew up in Eidsfoss, where her father managed Eidsfoss Station. Her mother was a hotelier. She commenced her studies in 1926, and took courses as a stenographer in 1927 and 1928. From 1929 she worked as a stenographer, in 1942 she left Norway due to World War II. She and her husband had been active members of the Norwegian resistance movement, among others starting the illegal newspaper Fri Fagbevegelse. She continued her work abroad, as a stenographer for the exiled Norwegian High Command in London. She was also a member of the program council of the exiled part of the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation, from 1943 to 1945.

Seweriin had been a member of Oslo city council from 1937 until the war broke out, and also served briefly in 1945. She was the deputy leader of the Workers' Youth League from 1937 to 1946. After the war she was a member of the Labour Party secretariat for women from 1945 to 1971—from 1953 to 1963 she chaired the secretariat, and was a member of the Labour Party's central committee. She was elected as a member of the Parliament of Norway in 1945 from the constituency Oslo, and was re-elected in 1949, 1953, 1957, 1961 and 1965. On 2 November 1953, she temporarily stepped out of parliament as she became Minister of Social Affairs in Torp's Cabinet. She had worked with social policy as a parliamentarian, but in an interview with Trond Nordby she confessed to having lacked a clear purpose with her position as Minister of Social Affairs. Legislative work in the ministry slowed, and as leader of the ministry she was clearly dominated by the bureaucrat staff, especially Karl Evang. She continued as Minister of Social Affairs until 1 August 1955, a few months after the formation of Gerhardsen's Third Cabinet. During this time, her seat in parliament was filled by Hjalmar Larsen, Aase Lionæs and Gunnar Alf Larsen. When she stepped down in 1969, her time of 24 years as a parliament member was a record for a woman in Norway.

Seweriin was also a member of the board of the Norwegian Directorate of Labour from 1947 to 1953 and 1955 to 1967, and of the Norwegian National Opera from 1957. She was a member of several public committees, among others commenting on existing laws. From 1963 to 1971 she chaired Landslaget for språklig samling.

Rakel Seweriin was married twice, first to teacher, journalist and writer Ernst Samuel Sørensen (1903–1972), then, from 1937, to physician Alf Christian Seweriin (1909–1961). She died in September 1995 in Oslo.

References

1906 births
1995 deaths
People from Hof, Vestfold
People from Eidsfoss
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Politicians from Oslo
Members of the Storting
Government ministers of Norway
Women members of the Storting
Socialist feminists
Norwegian feminists
Norwegian expatriates in the United Kingdom
Norwegian resistance members
Female resistance members of World War II
Norwegian women in World War II
20th-century Norwegian women politicians
20th-century Norwegian politicians
Women government ministers of Norway

Rakel Seweriin