Metabolic engineering is the practice of optimizing genetic and regulatory processes within cells to increase the cell's production of a certain substance. These processes are chemical networks that use a series of biochemical reactions and enzymes that allow cells to convert raw materials into molecules necessary for the cell's survival. Metabolic engineering specifically seeks to mathematically model these networks, calculate a yield of useful products, and pin point parts of the network that constrain the production of these products. Genetic engineering techniques can then be used to modify the network in order to relieve these constraints. Once again this modified network can be modeled to calculate the new product yield.

The ultimate goal of metabolic engineering is to be able to use these organisms to produce valuable substances on an industrial scale in a cost-effective manner.  Current examples include producing beer, wine, cheese, pharmaceuticals, and other biotechnology products. Some of the common strategies used for metabolic engineering are (1) overexpressing the gene encoding the rate-limiting enzyme of the biosynthetic pathway, (2) blocking the competing metabolic pathways, (3) heterologous gene expression, and (4) enzyme engineering.

Since cells use these metabolic networks for their survival, changes can have drastic effects on the cells' viability. Therefore, trade-offs in metabolic engineering arise between the cells ability to produce the desired substance and its natural survival needs.  Therefore, instead of directly deleting and/or overexpressing the genes that encode for metabolic enzymes, the current focus is to target the regulatory networks in a cell to efficiently engineer the metabolism.

History and applications

In the past, to increase the productivity of a desired metabolite, a microorganism was genetically modified by chemically induced mutation, and the mutant strain that overexpressed the desired metabolite was then chosen. However, one of the main problems with this technique was that the metabolic pathway for the production of that metabolite was not analyzed, and as a result, the constraints to production and relevant pathway enzymes to be modified were unknown.

In 1990s, a new technique called metabolic engineering emerged. This technique analyzes the metabolic pathway of a microorganism, and determines the constraints and their effects on the production of desired compounds. It then uses genetic engineering to relieve these constraints. Some examples of successful metabolic engineering are the following: (i) Identification of constraints to lysine production in Corynebacterium glutamicum and insertion of new genes to relieve these constraints to improve production (ii) Engineering of a new fatty acid biosynthesis pathway, called reversed beta oxidation pathway, that is more efficient than the native pathway in producing fatty acids and alcohols which can potentially be catalytically converted to chemicals and fuels (iii) Improved production of DAHP an aromatic metabolite produced by E. coli that is an intermediate in the production of aromatic amino acids. It was determined through metabolic flux analysis that the theoretical maximal yield of DAHP per glucose molecule utilized, was 3/7. This is because some of the carbon from glucose is lost as carbon dioxide, instead of being utilized to produce DAHP. Also, one of the metabolites (PEP, or phosphoenolpyruvate) that are used to produce DAHP, was being converted to pyruvate (PYR) to transport glucose into the cell, and therefore, was no longer available to produce DAHP. In order to relieve the shortage of PEP and increase yield, Patnaik et al. used genetic engineering on E. coli to introduce a reaction that converts PYR back to PEP. Thus, the PEP used to transport glucose into the cell is regenerated, and can be used to make DAHP. This resulted in a new theoretical maximal yield of 6/7 – double that of the native E. coli system.

At the industrial scale, metabolic engineering is becoming more convenient and cost-effective. According to the Biotechnology Industry Organization, "more than 50 biorefinery facilities are being built across North America to apply metabolic engineering to produce biofuels and chemicals from renewable biomass which can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions". Potential biofuels include short-chain alcohols and alkanes (to replace gasoline), fatty acid methyl esters and fatty alcohols (to replace diesel), and fatty acid-and isoprenoid-based biofuels (to replace diesel).

Metabolic engineering continues to evolve in efficiency and processes aided by breakthroughs in the field of synthetic biology and progress in understanding metabolite damage and its repair or preemption. Early metabolic engineering experiments showed that accumulation of reactive intermediates can limit flux in engineered pathways and be deleterious to host cells if matching damage control systems are missing or inadequate. Researchers in synthetic biology optimize genetic pathways, which in turn influence cellular metabolic outputs. Recent decreases in cost of synthesized DNA and developments in genetic circuits help to influence the ability of metabolic engineering to produce desired outputs.

Metabolic flux analysis
An analysis of metabolic flux can be found at Flux balance analysis

Setting up a metabolic pathway for analysis
The first step in the process is to identify a desired goal to achieve through the improvement or modification of an organism's metabolism.  Reference books and online databases are used to research reactions and metabolic pathways that are able to produce this product or result. These databases contain copious genomic and chemical information including pathways for metabolism and other cellular processes.  Using this research, an organism is chosen that will be used to create the desired product or result. Considerations that are taken into account when making this decision are how close the organism's metabolic pathway is to the desired pathway, the maintenance costs associated with the organism, and how easy it is to modify the pathway of the organism.  Escherichia coli (E. coli) is widely used in metabolic engineering to synthesize a wide variety of products such as amino acids because it is relatively easy to maintain and modify.  If the organism does not contain the complete pathway for the desired product or result, then genes that produce the missing enzymes must be incorporated into the organism.

Analyzing a metabolic pathway
The completed metabolic pathway is modeled mathematically to find the theoretical yield of the product or the reaction fluxes in the cell.  A flux is the rate at which a given reaction in the network occurs.  Simple metabolic pathway analysis can be done by hand, but most require the use of software to perform the computations.  These programs use complex linear algebra algorithms to solve these models. To solve a network using the equation for determined systems shown below, one must input the necessary information about the relevant reactions and their fluxes. Information about the reaction (such as the reactants and stoichiometry) are contained in the matrices Gx and Gm. Matrices Vm and Vx contain the fluxes of the relevant reactions.  When solved, the equation yields the values of all the unknown fluxes (contained in Vx).

Determining the optimal genetic manipulations
After solving for the fluxes of reactions in the network, it is necessary to determine which reactions may be altered in order to maximize the yield of the desired product. To determine what specific genetic manipulations to perform, it is necessary to use computational algorithms, such as OptGene or OptFlux. They provide recommendations for which genes should be overexpressed, knocked out, or introduced in a cell to allow increased production of the desired product. For example, if a given reaction has particularly low flux and is limiting the amount of product, the software may recommend that the enzyme catalyzing this reaction should be overexpressed in the cell to increase the reaction flux. The necessary genetic manipulations can be performed using standard molecular biology techniques. Genes may be overexpressed or knocked out from an organism, depending on their effect on the pathway and the ultimate goal.

Experimental measurements
In order to create a solvable model, it is often necessary to have certain fluxes already known or experimentally measured. In addition, in order to verify the effect of genetic manipulations on the metabolic network (to ensure they align with the model), it is necessary to experimentally measure the fluxes in the network. To measure reaction fluxes, carbon flux measurements are made using carbon-13 isotopic labeling. The organism is fed a mixture that contains molecules where specific carbons are engineered to be carbon-13 atoms, instead of carbon-12. After these molecules are used in the network, downstream metabolites also become labeled with carbon-13, as they incorporate those atoms in their structures. The specific labeling pattern of the various metabolites is determined by the reaction fluxes in the network. Labeling patterns may be measured using techniques such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) along with computational algorithms to determine reaction fluxes.

See also
 Bacterial transformation
 Bioreactor
 Genetic engineering
 Synthetic biological circuit
 Synthetic biology

References

External links
Biotechnology Industry Organization(BIO) website:
 BIO Website

Biological engineering

Metabolic engineering


Compound eyes consist of many photoreceptor units or ommatidia. Each 'ommatidium' (singular) is an individual 'eye unit'.

The image perceived is a combination of inputs from ommatidia on a convex surface. Thus they point in slightly different directions.

Compared with simple eyes, compound eyes possess a wide-angle view. They can detect fast movement and, in some cases, the polarization of light.

The general picture
Eyes with resolving power have come in ten fundamentally different forms, and 96% of animal species possess a complex optical system.  Image-resolving eyes are present in molluscs, chordates and arthropods.

Almost all insects and arachnids use both simple and compound eyes.

Types of compound eye
Compound eyes fall into two groups: apposition eyes, which form multiple inverted images, and superposition eyes, which form a single erect image. Compound eyes are common in arthropods, and are also present in annelids and some bivalved molluscs.

Compound eyes, in arthropods at least, grow at their margins by the addition of new ommatidia.

Good fliers
Good fliers like flies or honey bees, or prey-catching insects like praying mantis or dragonflies, have specialized zones of ommatidia organized into a foveal area which gives acute vision. In the acute zone the eyes are flattened and the facets larger. The flattening allows more ommatidia to receive light from a spot and therefore higher resolution.

Other types
Another version is the pseudofaceted eye, as seen in Scutigera. This type of eye consists of a cluster of numerous ocelli on each side of the head, organized in a way that resembles a true compound eye.

The body of Ophiocoma wendtii, a type of brittle star, is covered with ommatidia, turning its whole skin into a compound eye. The same is true of many chitons.

References

Physiology
Vision

Compound eye


Momčilo Bajagić (; born 19 February 1960), better known under pseudonym Bajaga (), is a Serbian rock musician. He is best known as the leader of the Serbian and former Yugoslav rock band Bajaga i Instruktori, as well as a former member of the rock band Riblja Čorba.

Biography

Early career
Bajagić started his musical career as a singer for the band TNT. He wrote his first song lyrics (for the song "Dvadeseta noć", trans. "Twentieth Night") as a member of this band. After TNT disbanded in 1976, Bajagić joined the band Ofi led by organist Toma "Ofinger" Stojković. After Stojković left the band, Bajagić and two other Ofi members, drummer Dragan "Đera" Đerić and vocalist Živorad "Žika" Milenković, formed the band Glogov Kolac (Hawthorn Stake) with guitarist Rajko Kojić. After only one performance Glogov Kolac, disbanded. Bajagić refused Boban Petrović's invitation to join Zdravo, while Kojić joined the band SOS and later Riblja Čorba.

Riblja Čorba
In 1978, on suggestion of Bajagić's former bandmate Rajko Kojić, Bajagić was invited to join Riblja Čorba as rhythm guitarist. Bajagić recorded six albums with the band. He wrote songs "Ja sam se ložio na tebe" ("I Was Crushing on You"), "Baby, Baby I Don't Wanna Cry", "Muzičari koji piju" ("Musicians Who Drink") and "Kad hodaš" ("When You Walk"). He co-wrote the songs "Dva dinara, druže" ("Two Dinars, Comrade"), "Nemoj srećo, nemoj danas" ("Don't Honey, Don't Do It Today"), "Kazablanka" ("Casablanca"), "Evo ti za taksi" ("Here's Some for the Cab"), "Draga, ne budi peder" ("Honey, Don't Be a Faggot"), "Dobro jutro" ("Good Morning"), "Odlazak u grad" ("Leaving to the City"), "Srećan put, pišo moja mala" ("Have A Nice Trip, My Little Winky"), and others.

Pozitivna geografija
During his work with Riblja Čorba, Bajagić wrote a number of humorous pop rock songs that did not fit into the band's hard rock sound and decided to release a solo album. He recorded the album Pozitivna geografija (Positive Geography) with musicians who would later become members of his band Bajaga i Instruktori: vocalist Dejan Cukić (a former Dizel, Tilt and Bulevar member), bass guitarist Miroslav "Cvele" Cvetković (a former Tilt, Pop Mašina and Papatra member), guitarist Nenad Stamtović (a former Tilt, Zebra, Suncokret and Bulevar member) and drummer Vladimir Golubović (a former Tilt, Suncokret and Riblja Čorba member). The album was produced by Kornelije Kovač and was released at the end of January 1984, bringing hits "Limene trube" ("Brass Trumpets"), "Tekila gerila" ("Tequila Guerilla"), "Mali slonovi" ("Little Elephants"), "Marlena", and "Pustite me, druže" ("Let Me Go, Comrade"). Although released as Bajagić's solo album, Pozitivna geografija was later included in Bajaga i Instruktori official discography, as it featured future Bajaga i Instruktori members. Bajagić and the musicians that were involved in the album recording performed in Kulušić club in Zagreb on 12 April 1984, and on 21 April in Dom Sindikata in Belgrade, appearing as Bajaga i Instruktori (Bajaga and the Instructors) for the first time on the latter concert.

At the time of the album recording, Bajagić wanted to remain a member of Riblja Čorba, but the popularity of his songs caused conflicts inside the band. In July 1984 he was, alongside Kojić, excluded from Riblja Čorba, and started a tour with his new band.

Bajaga i Instruktori

Led by Bajagić, Bajaga i Instruktori became one of the most successful and influential rock bands of the former Yugoslav and Serbian rock scene. Their string of albums in the mid-to-late 1980s placed them at the very top of the former Yugoslav rock scene, alongside other mega-selling bands such as Bijelo Dugme and Riblja Čorba. The band has released nine studio albums (including Pozitivna geografija).

Solo works
Bajagić has released two solo albums, both featuring soundtracks written by Bajagić: Ni na nebu ni na zemlji (for the film of the same name) and Profesionalac – Muzika iz filma (for the film The Professional). Bajagić recorded the latter with pop rock/folk rock band Apsolutno Romantično. He also composed the music for TV series Otvorena Vrata.

Album production
Bajagić produced Bezobrazno Zeleno debut album BZ1 released in 1983. He produced Heroji only album, 88 (1988), as well as their 7" single "Bilder" / "Instruktor skijanja" ("Bodybuilder" / "Skiing Instructor", released in 1986). He produced his solo album Profesionalac – Muzika iz filma, and participated in the production of Bajaga i Instruktori releases Četiri godišnja doba (Four Seasons, released in 1991) and Muzika na struju (Electric Music, released in 1993).

Personal life
Bajagić completed primary and secondary education in Belgrade. He got married with Emilija Stoletović, then employee of the embassy of Burma to Belgrade, two years his junior, in 1989. and they have two children, son Marko and daughter Anđela.<ref>Моје песме имају мирис Београда Moje pesme imaju miris Beograda ("Politika", April 21. 2013)</ref> They divorced in 2022.

Bajagić was elected on 5-year term as a member of the Assembly of the Crvena zvezda Basketball Club on 27 December 2021.

Awards
In 2021 he was awarded the Order of Karađorđe's Star.

Discography
With Riblja Čorba
Studio albums
 Kost u grlu (1979)
 Pokvarena mašta i prljave strasti (1981)
 Mrtva priroda (1981)
 Buvlja pijaca (1982)
 Večeras vas zabavljaju muzičari koji piju (1984)

Live albums
 U ime naroda (1982)

With Bajaga i Instruktori

 Pozitivna geografija (1984)
 Sa druge strane jastuka (1985)
 Jahači magle (1986)
 Prodavnica tajni (1988)
 Muzika na struju (1993)
 Od bižuterije do ćilibara (1997)
 Zmaj od Noćaja (2001)
 Šou počinje u ponoć (2005)
 Daljina, dim i prašina (2012)
 U sali lom (2018)
 Ovaj svet se menja (2020)

Solo
Soundtrack albums
 Ni na nebu ni na zemlji (1994)
 Profesionalac – Muzika iz filma (2003)
 Darja - Muzika iz filma "Hotel Beograd" (2020)

References

Bibliography
 EX YU ROCK enciklopedija 1960–2006'', Janjatović Petar;

External links

 Momčilo Bajagić at Discogs

1960 births
Living people
People from Bjelovar
Serbian rock singers
Serbian rock guitarists
Rhythm guitarists
Members of the Assembly of KK Crvena zvezda
Serbian singer-songwriters
Serbian male singer-songwriters
Yugoslav rock singers
Yugoslav male singers
Yugoslav musicians
Serbian record producers
Musicians from Belgrade
Serbian baritones
Serbs of Croatia

Momčilo Bajagić Bajaga


The Unitary National Liberation Front (, JNOF) or simply the National Liberation Front (sometimes referred to as the People's Liberation Front), was a World War II political organization and Anti-fascism movement during World War II in Yugoslavia.

It was headed by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ), and united all political parties and individuals of the republican, federalist, and left-wing political spectrum in the occupied Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

The Front served as political backing to the Yugoslav Resistance movement, known as the Yugoslav Partisans.

In 1945 with Partisans winning the war, the Unitary People's Liberation Front was reorganized and renamed the People's Front of Yugoslavia (Narodni Front, NOF). Under this name the Front won the post-war Yugoslav elections, after which it was soon renamed into Socialist Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia (Socijalistički savez radnog naroda Jugoslavije, SSRNJ).

See also

Yugoslav Partisans
Anti-fascism in Yugoslavia
Eastern European World War II resistance movements
League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Popular fronts
Yugoslavia in World War II
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1941 establishments in Yugoslavia
1945 disestablishments in Yugoslavia

Unitary National Liberation Front


Colin Howson (1945 – 5 January 2020) was a British philosopher. He was Professor of Philosophy at the University of Toronto, where he joined the faculty on 1 July 2008.  Previously, he was Professor of Logic at the London School of Economics. He completed a PhD on the philosophy of probability in 1981. In the late 1960s he had been a research assistant of Imre Lakatos at LSE. He died on Sunday 5 January 2020.

Work
Howson's research interests included philosophy of science, logic, and foundations of probability. He was President of the British Society for the Philosophy of Science from 2003-2005.  His book, Scientific Reasoning: The Bayesian Approach (with Peter Urbach) is considered the canonical philosophical defense of Bayesian reasoning.

Professor Howson was married to Margaret Morrison, a Canadian philosopher of science who is also a professor of philosophy at the University of Toronto.

Publications

Books
 Hume's Problem: Induction and the Justification of Belief, (Oxford University Press, 2000);  Peter Lipton in the British Journal for the Philosophy of Science describes the book as "Delivered with pace and consistent intelligence" and suggests that it "covers a great deal of ground, including Hume's sceptical argument, the new riddle of induction, naturalised epistemology, reliabilism, scientific realism, deductivism, objective chances and Hume on miracles, all from a Bayesian perspective...often provocative and repeatedly enlightening."
 Scientific Reasoning: the Bayesian Approach, (with Peter Urbach), Open Court Publishing Company, 1989; 2nd ed 1993; 3rd ed 2005  - reviewed e.g. here
 Objecting to God, (Cambridge University Press, 2011); . The growth of science and a correspondingly scientific way of looking at evidence have for the last three centuries slowly been gaining ground over religious explanations of the cosmos and mankind's place in it. However, not only is secularism now under renewed attack from religious fundamentalism, but it has also been widely claimed that the scientific evidence itself points strongly to a universe deliberately fine-tuned for life to evolve in it. In addition, certain aspects of human life, like consciousness and the ability to recognise the existence of universal moral standards, seem completely resistant to evolutionary explanation. In this book Colin Howson analyses in detail the evidence which is claimed to support belief in God's existence and argues that the claim is not well-founded. Moreover, there is very compelling evidence that an all-powerful, all-knowing God not only does not exist but cannot exist, a conclusion both surprising and provocative.

Articles
His articles include:
 'Evidence and Confirmation', and 'Induction and the Uniformity of Nature', A Companion to the Philosophy of Science, ed. W H Newton-Smith, Blackwell (2000)
 'The Logic of Personal Probability', The Foundations of Bayesianism, eds. D. Corfield and J. Williamson, Dordrecht: Kluwer, 137-161 (2001)
 'Bayesianism in Statistics', in Bayes's Theorem, ed. Richard Swinburne, The British Academy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 39-71 (2002)
 'Bayesian Evidence', in Observation and Experiment in the Natural and Social Sciences, ed. M Galavotti, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Dordrecht: Kluwer, 301-321 (2003)
 'Probability and Logic', Journal of Applied Logic, 1, 151-165 (2003)
 'Why Are We Here?', Short Letters to The Times, Times Books, London: Harpercollins, 167 (2003)
 'Ramsey's Big Idea', "Frank  P. Ramsey. Critical Reassessment", ed. M.J. Frapolli, Thoemmes-Continuum

References

Academics of the London School of Economics
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
1945 births
2020 deaths
Philosophers of science
21st-century British philosophers
British logicians

Colin Howson


The conservation movement, also known as nature conservation, is a political, environmental and a social movement that seeks to protect natural resources including animal and plant species as well as their habitat for the future.

The early conservation movement included fisheries and wildlife management, water, soil conservation and sustainable forestry. The contemporary conservation movement has broadened from the early movement's emphasis on use of sustainable yield of natural resources and preservation of wilderness areas to include conservation biology and preservation of biodiversity.

Other websites
 A history of conservation in New Zealand
 For Future Generations, a Canadian documentary on conservation and national parks

Conservation movement


Deep frying (also referred to as deep fat frying) is a cooking method in which food is submerged in hot fat, traditionally lard but today most commonly oil, as opposed to the shallow oil used in conventional frying done in a frying pan. Normally, a deep fryer or chip pan is used for this; industrially, a pressure fryer or vacuum fryer may be used. Deep frying may also be performed using oil that is heated in a pot. Deep frying is classified as a hot-fat cooking method. Typically, deep frying foods cook quickly since oil has a high rate of heat conduction and all sides of the food are cooked simultaneously.

The term "deep frying" and many modern deep-fried foods were not invented until the 19th century, but the practice has been around for millennia. Early records and cookbooks suggest that the practice began in certain European countries before other countries adopted the practice.

Many countries such as the United Kingdom use pure or hydrogenated rapeseed oil for deep-frying. The deep-fried Mars bar originated in Scotland, with The Carron Fish Bar in Stonehaven claiming to have invented it in the early 1990s. Fish and chips is a very popular deep-fried dish in England since it originated in London in the 19th century and became popular among the working class. Its popularity continues with 229 million portions of fish and chips being sold annually in England.

Deep frying is popular worldwide, with deep-fried foods accounting for a large portion of global caloric consumption.

History

The English expression deep-fried is attested from the early 20th century.

Deep-fried dough known as Zalabiyeh was eaten as early as the late 2nd millennium BC in Canaan. Frying food in olive oil is attested in Classical Greece from about the 5th century BCE. The practice of deep frying spread to other parts of Europe and America in the following centuries. Deep-fried foods such as funnel cakes arrived in northern Europe by the 13th century, and deep-fried fish recipes have been found in cookbooks in Spain and Portugal at around the same time. Falafel arrived in the Middle East from Egypt as early as the 14th century.

French fries, invented in the late 18th century, became popular in the early 19th century western Europe. In 1860, Joseph Malin combined deep fried fish with chips (french fries) to open the first fish and chip shop in London.

Modern deep frying in the United States began in the 19th century with the growing popularity of cast iron, particularly around the American South which led to the development of many modern deep-fried dishes. Doughnuts were invented in the mid-19th century, with foods such as onion rings, deep-fried turkey, and corn dogs all being invented in the early 20th century. In recent years, the growth of fast food has expanded the reach of deep-fried foods, especially french fries.

Technique

Deep frying food is defined as a process where food is completely submerged in hot oil at temperatures typically between  and , but deep frying oil can reach temperatures of over 400 °F (205 °C).  One common method for preparing food for deep frying involves adding multiple layers of batter around the food, such as cornmeal, flour, or tempura; breadcrumbs may also be used.

While most foods need batter coatings for protection, it is not as necessary for cooked noodles and potatoes because their high starch content enables them to hold more moisture and resist shrinking. Meats may be cooked before deep frying to ensure that they are done inside while keeping juiciness.

When performed properly, deep frying does not make food excessively greasy, because the moisture in the food repels the oil. The hot oil heats the water within the food, steaming it; oil cannot go against the direction of this powerful flow because (due to its high temperature) the water vapor pushes the bubbles toward the surface. As long as the oil is hot enough and the food is not immersed in the oil for too long, oil penetration will be confined to the outer surface. Foods deep-fried at proper temperatures typically absorb "no more than a couple of tablespoons per  cups of oil" used. This oil absorption rate is around the same as occurs with shallow frying, such as in a pan.

However, if the food is cooked in the oil for too long, much of the water will be lost and the oil will begin to penetrate the food. The correct frying temperature depends on the thickness and type of food, but in most cases it lies between . An informal test for a temperature close to this range involves adding a tiny amount of flour into the oil and watching to see if it sizzles without immediately burning. A second test involves adding one piece of food to deep fry and watching it sink somewhat and rise back up. Sinking without resurfacing indicates that the oil is too cold; not sinking at all indicates that the oil is too hot.

It is recommended that deep fryers be cleaned often to prevent contamination. The process of cooking with oil can also contaminate nearby surfaces as oil may splatter on adjacent areas. Oil vapors can also condense on more distant surfaces such as walls and ceilings. Supplies such as dish detergent and baking soda can effectively clean affected surfaces.

Tools

Deep frying is done with a deep fryer, a pan such as a wok or chip pan, a Dutch oven, or a cast-iron pot. Additional tools include fry baskets, which are used to contain foods in a deep fryer and to strain foods when removed from the oil, and cooking thermometers, used to gauge oil temperature. Tongs, slotted spoons, wooden spoons, and sieves may be used to remove or separate foods from the hot oil.

Japanese deep frying tools include long metal chopsticks; the agemono-nabe deep frying pot, which is heavy for retaining heat and deep for holding oil; the ami-shakushi net ladle used for scooping out batter debris; and the abura-kiri oil drying rack pan.

Dishes, foods, and culture

Deep-fried foods are common in many countries, and have also been described as "a staple of almost all street cuisines on all continents". There are hundreds of dishes that are associated with deep frying as most foods can be deep-fried. Examples of food that can be deep-fried include meat, poultry, fish and vegetables. Fish and chips, for instance, combines deep-fried fish and deep-fried potatoes. French fries, doughnuts, onion rings, and hushpuppies are common deep-fried foods. Other common deep-fried foods include Chinese you bing deep-fried pancakes, Southeast Asian jin deui, and Japanese tempura. Less common deep-fried foods include maple leaves, peanut butter and jelly sandwiches, pizza, and Snickers bars.

In the United States, the Chicago Tribune notes that "you can deep fry almost anything". The American South has been noted as a modern center of innovation in the area of deep-fried food. According to the owner of a deep frying restaurant in the South, "If something is edible, you can bet that someone south of the Mason-Dixon line has tried to cook it in oil".

Africa
In Northern Africa, deep-fried dishes are a part of the cuisine. A common food in this region is the deep-fried fritter, also referred to as "sponges". In East Africa deep fried food is common, cooked in cast iron or earthenware pots.  Frying in batter is common. A Ugandan speciality is a kind of doughnut called Mandazi.  In areas of Southern Africa, street foods include deep-fried potato and cassava chips. Deep-fried foods in the country of South Africa include fish and chips, vetkoek and koeksisters, among others.

Asia

Japanese tempura is a popular deep-fried food that generally consists of battered and fried seafood and vegetables. Japanese deep-fried dishes, or Agemono, include other styles besides tempura, such as Karaage, Korokke, Kushikatsu, and Tonkatsu.

In areas of Southeast Asia such as Thailand, insects are commonly deep-fried for human consumption. Western-style fast food items such as donuts, deep-fried chicken, and deep-fried potatoes are also becoming popular in Asia.

In Indonesia deep fried food is quite common, serving as either a main dish or a snack. The ingredients are usually deep fried in palm oil, the most widely used cooking oil in the country. Some popular deep fried foods include ayam goreng (chicken), pecel lele (catfish), pempek (fishcake) and tempeh. Fritters in Indonesia is generally identified as gorengan, the most popular one including pisang goreng (banana fritter), bakwan jagung (corn) and tahu goreng (tofu).

Deep-fried fish, tofu, and  are commonly eaten in Vietnamese cuisine. Deep frying is also used to make several kinds of , including  (fried rice ball),  (sesame ball),  (hollow doughnut),  (sweet potato pancake),  (banana fritter), Hồ Tây–style  (shrimp fritter), and  (pillow cake).

Deep-fried sticks of dough, known as youtiao in Chinese, are eaten in many East and Southeast Asian cuisines.

In Hong Kong, deep-fried intestine of pigs is a popular food.

In South Asia, popular deep fried snacks are samosa, jalebi, and pakora.

Europe
There is an annual trade fair devoted to deep-fried foods called the International Symposium on Deep-Fat Frying which features discussions on deep fat frying as well as exhibitions by companies involved with the process.

Belgian tradition requires French fries to be deep-fried in filtered fat of cattle, locally called blanc de boeuf or ossewit.

The Mediterranean diets traditionally use olive oil for deep-frying, which it is absorbed by the food in the process. Research indicates that virgin olive oil is unique among other cooking oils because it is very rich in monounsaturated fatty acids and contains beneficial micronutrients.

North America
In the United States, soybean oil is often used for deep-frying. Beignets, originally a French dish, are a popular deep-fried pastry in the U.S. city of New Orleans. Deep-fried food has been a core part of the culture of the American South with many restaurants solely serving deep-fried foods. The owner of one such restaurant has said of deep-fried food that "in the South it's a way of life". Fast food is one of the most common ways to consume deep-fried food in North America.

Novelty deep-fried foods are popular today in American fairs, especially those in the American South. Hundreds of items are served at these fairs. Some of them include deep-fried beer, butter, and bubblegum. Additionally, deep frying can be used as a form of artwork by frying non-edible objects, such as electronics. Artists such as Henry Hargreaves have deep-fried replicas of electronic items such as iPads, Game Boys, and laptops.

Deep-fried food contests are frequently held at fairs such as the Texas State Fair, where they hold an annual contest for the most creative deep-fried food. Notable past winners have included fried Coke and deep-fried butter, both invented by Abel Gonzales. Since 2013, an American reality competition show called deep-fried Masters, produced by Discovery Networks, holds deep frying competitions at several state fairs across the country.

Oceania
Fish and chip shops in Australia may purvey several types of deep-fried foods, along with other food types.

South America

The buñuelo, a fried dough ball popular in Central America and Greece, is a popular deep-fried snack and street food in South America. Picarone, a Peruvian dessert originated in the colonial period, are deep-fried doughs made with pumpkin and sweet potatoes, popular in Peru and Chile, especially during harvest festivals., a family of deep fried cakes is well known across, sopaipillas a Chilean bread are deep fried  in oil or butter also made with pumpkin, cachangas a Peruvian bread made of flour, salt and yeast, known as chipá cuerito in Paraguay and Torta frita in Argentina and Uruguay, made of flour, salt and yeast, sometimes adittioned with milk and animal fat and fried in  cow fat, the churro, a fried dough popular in Spain is a popular fried snack and street food in Argentina and Uruguay, milanesa a deep fried breaded veal beef from Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay.

Oil deterioration and chemical changes

Deep fat frying involves heating oil to temperatures in excess of 180 °C in the presence of moisture and air. These conditions can induce a series of complex chemical reactions which may impact the quality of both the food and the oil it is cooked in. Examples of different chemical reactions include the production of free radicals, oxidation, hydrolysis, isomerization and polymerization. The exact reactions are dependent upon factors such as the oil type, frying conditions, and food being cooked. When frying, water can attack the ester linkage of triacylglycerols, resulting in mono- and diglycerols, glycerol, and free fatty acids (a type of hydrolysis reaction). The aforementioned hydrolysis reaction is enhanced by the produced fatty acids and other low molecular weight acid compounds.

Overheating or over-using the frying oil leads to formation of rancid-tasting products of oxidation, polymerization, and other deleterious, unintended or even toxic compounds such as acrylamide (from starchy foods).  Recent research suggests fat deterioration may be worse when fat or oil is fried with food than when fat or oil is tested on its own in a laboratory. Deep-frying under vacuum helps to significantly reduce acrylamide formation, but this process is not widely used in the food industry due to the high investment cost involved.

Some useful tests and indicators of excessive oil deterioration are the following:
 Sensory – darkening, smoke, foaming, thickening, rancid taste and unpleasant smell when heating. This is the most unreliable way to decide when to change oil because those are very individual factors and can depend on different causes.
 Testing strips – decide when to change oil depending on FFA (free fatty acids) only
 Oil-tester – measurement tool to exactly define the point of change oil by TPM/TPC (Total polar material/compounds)
 Laboratory – acidity, anisidine value, viscosity, total polar compounds, polymeric triglycerides.

Instruments that indicate total polar compounds, currently the best single gauge of how deep-fried an object is, are available with sufficient accuracy for restaurant and industry use.

Hazards

Cooking oil is not flammable at room temperature but can become flammable when used at high temperatures. Fires ensue if it gets ignited under these conditions. Further, attempts to extinguish an oil fire with water can cause an extremely dangerous condition (a slopover) as they cause the water to flash into steam due to the high heat of the oil, in turn sending the burning oil in all directions and thus aggravating the fire. This is the leading cause of house fires in the United Kingdom. Instead, oil fires must be extinguished with a class F fire extinguisher or by starving the fire of oxygen, such as can be accomplished by putting a lid back on the pan or using a fire blanket. Other means of extinguishing an oil fire include application of dry powder (e.g., baking soda, salt) or firefighting foam. Most commercial deep fryers are equipped with automatic fire suppression systems using foam.

Spilled hot cooking oil can also cause severe third degree burns, In the worst-case scenario, severe burns can be fatal. The higher temperatures and tendency of oil to stick to the skin make spilled hot cooking oil far more dangerous than spilled hot water. Children can accidentally place their hands on top of the stove, playing with the materials while being cooked, or accidentally pull the pot down, which can cause significant injury. If children are present, the utmost care should be used when deep frying so that their safety can be protected at all times.

Environmental

Deep frying produces large amounts of waste oil, which must be disposed of properly. Waste oil can contribute to the creation of fatbergs, overflow sewage systems, bind to the walls of sewage pipes, and interfere with sewage treatment. Waste oil from deep frying is increasingly being recycled and refined into biodiesel.

The heating element in a deep fryer consumes enormous energy, electricity or otherwise. According to one source, an average home appliance deep fryer draws 2,000 watts. Potatoes that are stored in artificially humidified warehouses contain more water, which makes the time required to deep fry them into chips longer. This increases the carbon dioxide footprint of commercially producing chips because more energy is required for frying over a longer time.

Health

The process of deep frying food is generally detrimental to its nutritional value. The oils that foods absorb in their batter typically contain large amounts of saturated fats and trans fats. Consumption of large amounts of saturated and trans fats has been linked to a higher risk for some cancers.

Eating deep-fried foods has also been linked to higher cholesterol levels, obesity, heart attacks, and diabetes. Deep-fried foods cooked at certain temperatures can also contain acrylamide. This discovery in 2002 led to international health concerns. Subsequent research has however found that it is not likely that the acrylamides in burnt or well-cooked food cause cancer in humans; Cancer Research UK categorizes the idea that burnt food causes cancer as a "myth".

Additionally, fat degradation processes (lipid peroxidation) during deep frying results in the loss of nutritional value in deep-fried foods.

Cooking oil that has been used for too long may in addition cause blood pressure elevation and vascular hypertrophy.

Trans fats are used in shortenings for deep-frying in restaurants, as they can be used for longer than most conventional oils before becoming rancid. In the early 21st century, non-hydrogenated vegetable oils that have lifespans exceeding that of the frying shortenings became available. As fast-food chains routinely use different fats in different locations, trans fat levels in fast food can have large variations. The amount of trans fat that is formed during frying appears to increase with frying temperature, frying time, oil oxidation, and oil reuse.

Some studies have found that deep frying in olive and sunflower oils has been found to be less of a detriment to health and in some cases have positive effects on insulin levels. Oil can be reused a few times after original use after straining out solids. However, excessive use of the same oil can cause it to break down and release compounds into the food that may be carcinogenic, affect liver health, or influence the body's ability to absorb vitamins. Some European countries have set public health standards for the safety of frying oil.

See also

 Lipid peroxidation
 List of deep fried foods
 Recovery time (culinary)

References

Further reading
  447 pages.

External links

 Deep Fried Twinkies Mix
 deep Fried Oreos Mix

Cooking techniques
Food preparation techniques
Culinary terminology

Deep frying


Ralph S. DiLullo (March 31, 1911 – August 9, 1999) was a professional baseball player, manager and scout whose career in the sport spanned 60 years.

DiLullo was a catcher in the minor leagues and later managed at that level in the Pittsburgh Pirates and Detroit Tigers organizations for five seasons. He then worked for the Chicago Cubs as a scout and was responsible for the signing of pitchers Joe Niekro and Bruce Sutter. He joined the Major League Baseball Scouting Bureau in 1975 and worked there until his 1993 retirement. He briefly re-joined the Cubs system in 1994, but soon retired once again.

Honors, awards and recognition
In 1986, he was named the East Coast Scout of the Year by the Scout of the Year Foundation. The Ralph DiLullo Award, handed out by the East Coast Scouts Association, and the Ralph DiLullo Memorial Award, handed out by the New York Professional Hot Stove League, are named in his honor. He was elected to the Professional Baseball Scout's Wall of Fame, located at Richmond County Bank Ballpark, in 2006. A book, Foresight 20/20: The Life of Baseball Scout Ralph DiLullo, was written about him. Upon his death in 1999, Grahame Jones of the Los Angeles Times called DiLullo, "baseball's premier scout."

Personal life
DiLullo was born in Capracotta, Italy and died in Paterson, New Jersey, United States. His son, Ralph DiLullo, Jr., was a multi-sport star at Wagner College who spent two years in the minor leagues.

References

External links

Ralph DiLullo at The Deadball Era

1911 births
1999 deaths
Chicago Cubs scouts
Italian emigrants to the United States
Minor league baseball managers
Minor league baseball players
Richmond Tigers players
Sportspeople from the Province of Isernia

Ralph DiLullo


Chris Brown (born 1953) is an American composer, pianist and electronic musician, who creates music for acoustic instruments with interactive electronics, for computer networks, and for improvising ensembles. He was active early in his career as an inventor and builder of electroacoustic instruments; he has also performed widely as an improviser and pianist with groups as "Room" and the "Glenn Spearman Double Trio." In 1986 he co-founded the pioneering computer network music ensemble "The Hub". He is also known for his recorded performances of music by Henry Cowell, Luc Ferrari, and John Zorn. He has received commissions from the Berkeley Symphony, the Rova Saxophone Quartet, the Abel-Steinberg-Winant Trio, the Gerbode Foundation, the Phonos Foundation and the Creative Work Fund. His recent music includes the poly-rhythm installation "Talking Drum", the "Inventions" series for computers and interactive performers, and the radio performance "Transmissions" series, with composer Guillermo Galindo.

His 1992 electroacoustic work "Lava", for brass, percussion, and electronics is produced by Tzadik Records. He teaches Composition and Electronic Music at Mills College in Oakland, where he is co-director of the Center for Contemporary Music (CCM).

Discography
 1980  "Earwig" with instrument builder Tom Nunn, cassette released by Essential Recordings, 16mm film by Eric Marin.
 1985  Wayne Horvitz: Dinner at Eight (Dossier)
 1989  "Snakecharmer" Live Electroacoustic Music by Chris Brown, Artifact Recordings, CD.
 1989 "Room", Sound Aspects, CD.
 1989 "The Hub: Computer Network Music" Artifact Recordings, CD.
 1991 "The Virtuoso in the Computer Age -- I: CDCM Computer Music Series, vol. 10", piano performance, Centaur Records, CD
 1992 Room: "Hall of Mirrors", Music and Arts. CD.
 1993 Glenn Spearman Double Trio: "Mystery Project", piano and electronics performance, Black Saint, CD.
 1994 "Music from the CCM at Mills College: CDCM Computer Music Series, vol. 17", Centaur Records, CD.
 1994 Glenn Spearman Double Trio: "Smokehouse", piano performance, Black Saint, CD.
 1994 The Hub: "Wreckin' Ball", Computer Network Music, Artifact Recordings, CD.
 1995 "Conductions #11" by Butch Morris, original instruments performance, New World, CD.
 1995 "In C" by Terry Riley The 25th Anniversary Performance, keyboard performance, New Albion Records, CD.
 1995 "Lava" by Chris Brown, for brass, percussion and live electronics, Tzadik, CD.
 1996 "Duets", by Chris Brown, with Tom Nunn, William Winant, Ikue Mori, and Tom Djll, Artifact Recordings, CD.
 1996 Larry Ochs "The Secret Magritte", piano performance in ensemble including the Rova Saxophone Quartet, Marilyn Crispell, Barry Guy, Lisle Ellis, and William Winant, Black Saint, CD.
 1996 Glenn Spearman The Fields, Black Saint
 1997 Rova's 1995 Live Recording of John Coltrane's "Ascension", piano performance in large ensemble including the Rova Saxophone Quartet, Black Saint, CD.
 1998 "Cellule 75", piano performance with William Winant, percussion of Luc Ferrari's composition, Tzadik CD.
 1998 "Non Stop Flight", electronic performance with The Hub on this live recording by the Deep Listening Band, Music & Arts, CD.
 1999 "New Music: Piano Compositions by Henry Cowell", piano performances by Chris Brown, New Albion Records, CD.
 1999 "Waves", composition and performance with Philip Gelb, shakuhachi on "between/waves", Sparkling Beatnik, CD.
 1999 Glenn Spearman's Blues for Falasha, piano performance with the Glenn Spearman Double Trio, Tzadik, CD.
 2000 Xu Feng, electronics performance with a sextet of John Zorn's game piece, Tzadik, CD.
 2001 "fuzzybunny", live electronic improvisations with the trio by the same name which also includes Tim Perkis and Scot Gresham-Lancaster, Sonore, CD.
 2001 "Oasis", opening track of a live computer music performance titled "knottyspine", on a compilation of music by composers from Mills College, including Fred Frith, Pauline Oliveros, Maggi Payne, John Bischoff, and Alvin Curran, CD.
2001 "Talking Drum", binaural recordings of live electronic installations, and location recordings of traditional music and environmental soundscapes, Sonore, CD.
 2002 "Branches", recordings of "Invention#7", and "Alternating Currents", on Ecstatic Peace, LP.
 2002 "Transmission Temescal", binaural recording of installation of 20 boomboxes and clock radios on the decks of the Artship, the Artship Recordings, disc 47.
 2002 "Water", live electronics with Philip Gelb, shakuhachi, on "Visions: Performances form the EMIT series compilation CD.
 2003 "Headlands - Natto Quartet", extended piano improvisations with Philip Gelb, shakuhachi; Shoko Hikage, koto; and Tim Perkis, electronics, on 482 Music, CD.
Electric Ascension by Rova::Orchestrova, the Rova Saxophone Quartet augmented by a group of electronic musicians (Atavistic, 2005)
 2005 "Rogue Wave", by Chris Brown electronic and acoustic compositions "Rogue Wave", "Transmission Tenderloin", "Retroscan", "Flies", "Cloudsteams/Bellwethers" and "Alternating Currents" . With Eddie Def, William Winant, Julie Steinberg et al.
 2007 "Cutter Heads", Piano and Electronics; with Fred Frith, acoustic and electric guitar, Intakt Records, CD.
 2016 "Six Primes", Piano, New World Records, CD.

References
 Chris Brown YBCA profile
 Chris Brown Intakt Records short biography

External links
 Official Website
 Golden, Barbara. "Conversation with Chris Brown." eContact! 12.2 — Interviews (2) (April 2010). Montréal: CEC.
 Once Upon a Time in CA. A podcast, curated by Chris Brown for Ràdio Web MACBA documenting the experimental music on the West Coast in the 1980s.

1953 births
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century American pianists
20th-century classical composers
21st-century American composers
21st-century American pianists
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century classical composers
American classical pianists
American contemporary classical composers
American electronic musicians
American male classical composers
American male classical pianists
Contemporary classical music performers
Intakt Records artists
Living people
Mills College faculty
People educated at Westminster Abbey Choir School

Chris Brown (composer)


Katherine Moss (born 16 January 1974), better known as Kate Moss, is an English model.

Moss rose to fame in the early 1990s. She is known for her waifish figure, and her role in size zero fashion. She is also famous for her controversial private life, high-profile relationships, party lifestyle, and drug use. In 2007, she came 2nd on the Forbes top-earning models list, estimated to have earned $9 million in one year. Aside from modelling, Moss has started several ventures, including her own clothing line and various musical projects.

Career
She was found at the age of 14 by Sarah Doukes of the Storm Modeling Agency in 1988 while in an airport. Moss' career began when Corinne Day shot black and white photographs of her for British magazine The Face, in a photo shoot titled "The Third Summer of Love".

Moss starred in a series of Calvin Klein in the 1990s, spurring a period of waify "heroin chic" in the modelling world. She was photographed with a blank face, as if affected by drugs or exhausted.

Moss charmed the fashion industry and has modelled for such elite houses including Gucci, Dolce & Gabbana, Burberry, Chanel, Missoni and Dior.

Charity work
Moss has been a supporter of the Breakthrough Breast Cancer charity, and in the 1990s featured in one of their target T-shirt campaigns. She also supported War Child. Moss also designed a charm in a necklace for Wallis in 2007 in aid of Cancer Research UK and said "I am happy to give my support to help fund crucial research, as so many lives are affected by this terrible disease".

She has also helped to launch the SamandRuby charity in March 2006. The charity was started to provide funding for the education and shelter of Thai children. The SamandRuby organisation is named after a friend of Moss's Samantha Archer Fayet and her 6 month old daughter Ruby Rose who were killed by the Tsunami while visiting Thailand. Moss also supports the Elton John AIDS Foundation, the Hoping Foundation, the Lucie Blackman Trust, Make Poverty History, Comic Relief and Homes of Hope which her close friend Sadie Frost also supports.

Problems
Moss checked herself into a psychiatric centre in 1998, claiming she was suffering from "exhaustion." She was suffering from depression over her separation from longtime boyfriend, actor Johnny Depp who was with her from 1994 to 1998.

Drug abuse
On 15 September 2005, photos were shown in newspapers that seemed to show Moss snorting several lines of cocaine. Moss lost major modeling contracts with several international companies. She was able to continue her career after a detoxication and was on both the 2005 and 2006 list of Forbes The Celebrity 100.
 On 29 September 2002, Lila Grace, her daughter was born. The father is Dazed & Confused editor Jefferson Hack.

References

Models from London
People from Croydon
1974 births
Living people

Kate Moss


Johann Hulsman, or Hans Holsman (1610 – 1652), was a German Baroque painter active in Cologne.

Biography
According to Houbraken he was a painter from Cologne who painted for royalty, and Houbraken did not know more about him or his date of birth/death. Houbraken's source was Cornelis de Bie's work on painters called Het Gulden Cabinet. Joachim Sandrart also mentioned him in his book of painters.

According to the RKD he worked together with Johann Toussyn on a church altarpiece in Cologne. He was influenced by Dirk and Frans Hals, and Jurgen Ovens. He was the teacher of Johann Franz Ermels, and was active in Cologne during the years 1632-1646.

References

Johann Hulsman on Artnet

1610 births
1652 deaths
German Baroque painters
Artists from Cologne
Court painters

Johann Hulsman


Lee Van Cleef (January 9, 1925 – December 16, 1989) was an American actor.

Career

Born in Somerville, New Jersey, U.S.. His first roles were the villain Jack Colby in the western classic High Noon (1952) with Gary Cooper, and the sci fi movie The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms (1953) as Corp. Stone. Other classic western movies, he played a minor role in Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (1957), as Ed Bailey, and The Tin Star (1957), as Ed McGaffey.

Lee Van Cleef jumped to fame in the spaghetti westerns, directed by Sergio Leone, Per qualche dollaro in più (For a Few Dollars More) (1965) and Il buono, il brutto, il cattivo (The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly) (1966), with Clint Eastwood in the title role.

He had great success in European cinema in Italy is the protagonist of Spaghetti Westerns: The Big Gundown (1966) - Da uomo a uomo (1966) - I giorni dell'ira (1967) - Al di là della legge (1968) - Sabata (1969) - È tornato Sabata... hai chiuso un'altra volta (1971) - Bad Man's River (1971) - Il grande duello (1972) - Dio, sei proprio un padreterno! (1973) - The Stranger and the Gunfighter (1974) - Take a Hard Ride (1975) - Diamante Lobo (1976).

In the United States, Van Cleef also starred in some western movies such as Barquero (1970), by Gordon Douglas, and The Magnificent Seven Ride! (1972) by George McCowan

In the early 1980s he worked in the film The Octagon (1980), with Chuck Norris, Escape from New York (1981), directed by John Carpenter, and Armed Response (1986), with David Carradine.

Television

In 1984, Van Cleef was the main protagonist of the NBC television series The Master, created by Michael Sloan, Lee plays an ex-military master martial arts expert ninja. Although it only lasted 13 episodes in the series keeps hundreds of thousands of fans around the world

He also guest starred in the TV series The Range Rider - The Adventures of Champion - The Gene Autry Show - The Lone Ranger - Brave Eagle - Trackdown - Wagon Train - Laramie - Rawhide - Branded - Laredo - Gunsmoke, always playing villain roles

Other websites

Van Cleef's only published English-language biography
TheBad.net: A Tribute to Lee Van Cleef
Lee Van Cleef page
Lee van Cleef Forum

American movie actors
American television actors
actors from New Jersey
1925 births
1989 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction

Lee Van Cleef


A Thriller movie, also known as suspense movie, suspense thriller or simply Thriller, is a  movie genre that creates excitement and suspense in the audience. The suspense in the plot of most movies is a main part of this genre. Tension is created by delaying what the audience knows is going to happen. It is built through situations that are scary or where the characters cannot escape.

Methods
Fight and chase scenes are common methods. Life is usually threatened in a thriller. This happens often when the protagonist does not see that they are entering a dangerous situation. The protagonist must usually deal with a problem, such as an escape, a mission, or a mystery.

Relation with other genres
Screenwriter Eric R. Williams lists thriller movies as one of eleven super-genres in his screenwriters' taxonomy. He says that all feature length movies can be classified by these super-genres. The other ten super-genres are action, crime, fantasy, horror, romance, science fiction, slice of life, sports, war, and western.  Thrillers are commonly combined with other super-genres. The most common combinations are action thrillers  and science fiction thrillers. Thriller movies have a close relationship with horror movies. Both use suspense as they tell the story.  In plots about crime, thriller movies deal more on creating suspense than on the criminal or the detective. Common themes include, terrorism, political conspiracy and romantic triangles leading to murder.

History

One of the earliest thriller movies was Harold Lloyd's comedy Safety Last! (1923). It included a character performing a stunt on the side of a skyscraper. Alfred Hitchcock's first thriller was his third silent movie The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog (1926). It is a suspenseful Jack the Ripper story. His next thriller was Blackmail (1929). It was his first sound movie and the first British sound movie .

One of the earliest spy movies was Fritz Lang's Spies (1928). It had an anarchist international conspirator and criminal spy character named Haghi (Rudolf Klein-Rogge), who is pursued by good-guy Agent No. 326 (Willy Fritsch)/ This movie was an inspiration for the future James Bond movies.

Hitchcock made more his suspense-thrillers during the 1940s. He directed Foreign Correspondent (1940), the Oscar-winning Rebecca (1940),  Suspicion (1941)           **Saboteur (1942) and Shadow of a Doubt (1943). Notable non-Hitchcock movies of the 1940s include The Spiral Staircase (1946), Sorry, Wrong Number (1948), and The Third Man (1949).

In the late 1940s, Hitchcock added Technicolor to his movies. Hitchcock's first Technicolor movie was Rope (1948). He reached the top of his career with several classic movies such as Strangers on a Train (1951), Dial M For Murder (1954), Rear Window (1954) and Vertigo (1958). Non-Hitchcock thrillers of the 1950s include The Night of the Hunter (1955) and Orson Welles's crime thriller Touch of Evil (1958).

After Hitchcock's classic movies of the 1950s, he made Psycho (1960). It is the story of a lonely, mother-fixated motel owner. He also produced . J. Lee Thompson's Cape Fear (1962), with Robert Mitchum, as man trying to get revenge.

The 1970s saw an increase of violence in the thriller genre. This began with Canadian director Ted Kotcheff's Wake in Fright (1971). It is almost completely a horror movie.  Frenzy (1972) was  Hitchcock's first British movie in almost two decades. It was given an R rating for its strangulation scene.

One of the first movies about a person being obsessed with their idol was Clint Eastwood's Play Misty for Me (1971). It is about a California disc jockey who is being stalked by a female listener (Jessica Walter). John Boorman's Deliverance (1972) tells the story of four Southern businessmen on a weekend trip.

In the early 1990s, thrillers were often about obsession and trapped protagonists who must find a way to escape a villain. Rob Reiner's Misery (1990)  featured Kathy Bates as a fan who terrorizes an author (James Caan) who is in her care after an accident. Other movies include Curtis Hanson's The Hand That Rocks the Cradle (1992) and Unlawful Entry (1992).Detectives or FBI agents hunting down a serial killer was another popular movie idea in the 1990s. A famous example is Jonathan Demme's Best Picture–winning crime thriller The Silence of the Lambs (1991). In it, FBI agent Clarice Starling (Jodie Foster) needs the help of a cannibalistic psychiatrist named Hannibal Lecter (Anthony Hopkins) to find the serial killer Buffalo Bill. David Fincher's crime thriller Seven (1995), about the search for a serial killer whose murders are bases on the seven deadly sins.

Another notable example is Martin Scorsese's psychological thriller Shutter Island (2010). In it, a U.S. Marshal must investigate a psychiatric facility after one of the patients disappears.

In recent years, thrillers have often overlapped with the horror genre. They have more elements that are common to horror movies. Examples of this include Disturbia (2007), Eden Lake (2008), The Last House on the Left (2009) , and A Quiet Place (2018).

Sub-genres
The thriller movie genre includes the following sub-genres, with examples:

Notes

References

movie genres

Thriller movie


William George Rogell (; November 24, 1904 – August 9, 2003) was an American baseball player who played 14 years in Major League Baseball, primarily as a shortstop for the Detroit Tigers.  He made his major league debut on April 14, 1925 and played his last game August 25, 1940.  After his playing career, he spent 36 years as a member of the Detroit City Council.

Playing career

Early career
Born in Springfield, Illinois, Rogell was originally signed by the Boston Red Sox prior to the  campaign after two seasons in the Southwestern League. The Red Sox quickly tried to convert the switch-hitting Rogell into solely a right-handed batter, thinking that he would benefit from more appearances from the right side, hence more chances to drive balls off the Green Monster. "They just screwed me up for a couple years," Rogell would say later.

He appeared in 58 games for the last-place Red Sox—49 at second base—while hitting .195 in 169 at-bats. He was sent back to the minors for more grooming during the 1926 season before being recalled by Boston for .

Rogell played in 82 games, hitting .266 while splitting time between third and second. The Red Sox again finished in the cellar, losing 100 games for the third year in a row.

During the 1928 season he appeared in games at short, third, second, as well as all three outfield positions, and the Red Sox released him at the conclusion of the season.

Rogell played  for the St. Paul Saints of the American Association, batting .336 and driving in 90 runs. Following the season, amid offers from a handful of teams, Rogell signed with the Detroit Tigers, where he would spend the next ten seasons.

The Tigers Years

Building a contender
Rogell struggled out of the gate and the club acquired shortstop Mark Koenig from the Yankees mid-season and plugged him into the lineup. Koenig, the same age as Rogell but already a household name, had been an integral part of the Yankees' famed Murderers' Row lineup in 1927 and was still considered by many as one of the premier shortstops in the American League. Rogell finished the year with a .167 average in 54 games, splitting his time between short and third.

Though his start in Detroit was unimpressive, by the time the 1931 season had ended it was clear to the Tigers that they had found their shortstop of the future. Rogell unseated Koenig late in the year and finished the year hitting .303 in 48 games, all at shortstop. Koenig was released after the season ended.

Rogell was the Tigers' Opening Day shortstop for the 1932 season, a position he would hold for the next eight years.  A sure-handed fielder, he and Hall of Fame double-play partner Charlie Gehringer would give the Tigers one of the best keystone-combinations in baseball history. Marv Owen, who would man the left side of the Detroit infield with Rogell for five years, said of Rogell's fielding prowess, "He's the only player I ever knew who could catch a bad hop… I don't know how he did it."

Rogell's offense continued to show the promise it had with the St. Paul club. He hit .271 with 29 doubles and 88 runs scored during the '32 campaign, and improved the following year to .295, 44 doubles, 11 triples, and drew 79 walks to post a .381 on-base percentage while playing in every game. The 1933 season also marked the first time Rogell, Gehringer, Owen, and first baseman Hank Greenberg appeared in the same lineup.

The Tigers break through
The Tigers, perennial second division finishers, acquired catcher/manager Mickey Cochrane from the Philadelphia A's during the winter.  With him in place, the Tigers entered the 1934 season poised to take the American League by storm.  Rogell, leading off in front of four future Hall of Famers (Cochrane, Gehringer, Greenberg, as well as Goose Goslin), had the best season of his career, hitting .296, driving in 100 runs and scoring 114.  The infield combined for a major league record 462 runs batted in.  The Tigers won the league by seven games and were set to square off against the St. Louis Cardinals in the World Series.

Rogell, unbeknownst to the Cardinals or the media, played the series on a broken ankle.  Despite the injury he was able to collect eight hits and drive in four runs over the seven game series.  He also found his way into one of the most popular plays in World Series history.

The Dizzy Dean Incident
After driving in a run with a single to right in the fourth inning of game four, Spud Davis was replaced by Hall of Famer Dizzy Dean as a pinch runner at first base.  Pepper Martin then stepped in and hit a ground ball to Gehringer at second.  Gehringer turned and threw to Rogell who forced out Dean at second, and then fired the ball squarely into Dean's forehead on the relay throw to first.  The ball ricocheted off Dean's head and landed over a hundred feet away in the outfield.  Dean, always known for his quick wit and humorous nature, remarked after a visit to the hospital, "The doctors X-rayed my head and found nothing."  Rogell would say of the play later, "If I'd have known his head was there, I would have thrown the ball harder."

World Series Champion
After losing in seven games to the Cardinals, the Tigers returned to the series the following season.  Again led by their stellar infield, the Tigers won the pennant by three games over the Yankees and earned a trip to face the Chicago Cubs for the world championship.  Rogell finished with another solid year at the bat, hitting .275 with 88 runs scored while drawing 80 walks.  Although he had shown speed in the minors, Rogell rarely had a chance to move on the bases with Detroit.  "They didn't want me to steal," he would say after retiring.  "I had Gehringer and Cochrane and Greenberg hitting behind me."

Even with American League MVP Greenberg out for much of the series, the Tigers finished off the Cubs in six games.  Rogell had another good showing in the fall classic hitting .292 during the series.

The end in Detroit and a year in Chicago
Although continuing to post winning records through the rest of the decade, the Tigers could not bring home another pennant.  Rogell, after two more solid seasons at the bat, began to slip during the 1938 campaign.  He did, however, set a Major League record on August 19 of that year when he was walked in seven consecutive plate appearances (a record tied by three other players since, but never eclipsed).  Rogell accomplished the feat over a three-game span.  He  injured his arm after the season playing handball, and by the close of the 1939 season he had been replaced by 24-year-old Frank Croucher at short.  Rogell was traded to the Cubs during the winter for shortstop Dick Bartell.  The deal was described in the papers as being a trade of "one worn-out shortstop for another."

While Bartell would be a key part of the  pennant winning Tiger club, Rogell entered a hornets' nest the moment he set foot into the Cubs' spring training camp.  Holdovers from the 1935 team still held resentment toward Rogell and his Tiger teammates.  Rogell, defending his former mates, got into a posturing match with manager/catcher Gabby Hartnett, who finally shouted, "You don't belong here!"  Rogell immediately asked for his release, which the Cubs refused.  He spent the year riding the bench, as the Cubs rode their way into the second division of the National League, and retired at the conclusion of the season.  Rogell appeared in only 33 games, collecting just eight hits.

Rogell and Gehringer
Rogell led American League shortstops in fielding percentage in 1935, '36, and '37.  He also led the league once in both putouts and assists, and twice paired with Gehringer to lead the league in double plays.  The two played over 1000 games together, making them one of the longest tenured double-play combinations in the history of the game.

A fiery competitor, Rogell provided an intriguing foil to "The Mechanical Man" throughout their careers.  Gehringer recalled in his Hall of Fame induction speech, "I wasn't a rabble rouser.  I wasn't a big noisemaker in the infield, which a lot of managers think you've got to be or you're not showing.  But I don't think it contributes much."

Rogell, however, did not employ Gehringer's ideals when it came to on-field dialogue.  On one occasion, after both failing to cover second on a steal attempt, Cochrane charged out from behind the plate shouting at Rogell and Gehringer.  From The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract:

Rogell, astonished, looked at Gehringer to see if he was going to say anything.  Gehringer, of course, had nothing to say.

"Goddamn you," yelled Rogell.  "Don't you come charging out here telling me how to play shortstop.  You go back there and do the catching, and I'll play shortstop.  If I'm not good enough, you can find someone else."  Cochrane went back to his own position.

Retirement from baseball
Rogell spent the bulk of his "retirement" as a member of the Detroit City Council.  After a brief stint in the minors as a player and coach, he returned to Detroit and began his civil service career in 1942.  He would serve on the council, with a two-year break in the late forties, until 1980, playing a key role on the city's planning commissions.  "I think I did a lot for that city," he would say after leaving his post.  "I was chairman of the committee that built the big airport there.  Also the roads and bridges committee."  The road entering Detroit's Metropolitan Airport from the north, Merriman Road, changes its name to William G. Rogell Drive as it enters the airport.

Rogell also used his position to help old ballplayers in the Detroit area.  Former Tiger teammate Tommy Bridges (who came to the Tigers the same year as Rogell), a sober man throughout his career, started to drink while serving in World War II.  After trying to restart his career with Tigers following the war Bridges moved on to the Pacific Coast League.  His drinking became more and more prevalent until he finally collapsed drunk on the mound during a game.  He divorced his wife, married a waitress from a bar he often visited, moved back to Detroit, and caught up with some of his old teammates.

Rogell, upset with the condition his former mate was in, lined up for Bridges a sales job in Detroit.  Bridges never came to work, but Rogell did not hold any kind of resentment toward Bridges. "It was terrible to see that," he said.  "But nice guys go, too, you know."

Numerous other former players also turned to Rogell when they had run out of options, and he always worked hard to try to provide them with whatever assistance he could.

Rogell, after leaving the council, spent the rest of his retirement in Detroit.  At age 94 he threw out the first pitch at the final game at Tiger Stadium on September 27, 1999, nearly 70 years after he had debuted for the Tigers in the same park.

Billy Rogell died of pneumonia at the age of 98 in the Detroit suburb of Sterling Heights.

See also
 1935 Detroit Tigers season

References
 James, Bill.  The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract.  Free Press, 2001 (2003 edition).
 The Baseball Biographical Encyclopedia. Total/Sports Illustrated, 2000.
 Neyer, Rob.  Rob Neyer's Big Book of Baseball Lineups.  Fireside, 2003.
 Stanton, Tom.  The Final Season.  Tom Dunne Books, 2001.  230–234.
 Obituary.  The Associated Press, 11 August 2003.
 Baseball-Reference.com
 Retrosheet.org

External links

1904 births
2003 deaths
Boston Red Sox players
Detroit Tigers players
Chicago Cubs players
Major League Baseball shortstops
Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players
Sportspeople from Sterling Heights, Michigan
Detroit City Council members
Salina Millers players
Jersey City Skeeters players
St. Paul Saints (AA) players
Montreal Royals players
Lancaster Red Roses players
American Association (1902–1997) MVP Award winners
20th-century American politicians
American athlete-politicians
Baseball players from Springfield, Illinois

Billy Rogell


Deadpan, dry humour, or dry-wit humour is the deliberate display of emotional neutrality or no emotion, commonly as a form of comedic delivery to contrast with the ridiculousness or absurdity of the subject matter. The delivery is meant to be blunt, ironic, laconic, or apparently unintentional.

Etymology
The term deadpan first emerged early in the 20th century, as a compound word (sometimes spelled as two words) combining "dead" and "pan" (a slang term for the face). It appeared in print as early as 1915, in an article about a former baseball player named Gene Woodburn written by his former manager Roger Bresnahan. Bresnahan described how Woodburn used his skill as a ventriloquist to make his manager and others think they were being heckled from the stands. Woodburn, wrote Bresnahan, "had a trick of what the actors call 'the dead pan.' He never cracked a smile and would be the last man you would suspect was working a trick."

George M. Cohan, in a 1908 interview, had alluded to dead pans without using the actual term "deadpan". Cohan, after returning from a trip to London, told an interviewer that "the time is ripe for a manager to take over about a dozen American chorus girls and wake up the musical comedy game. The English chorus girls are dead–their pans are cold."

The Oxford English Dictionary cites a 1928 New York Times article as having the first appearance of the term in print. That article, a collection of film slang compiled by writer and theatrical agent Frank J. Wilstach, defines "dead pan" as "playing a role with expressionless face, as, for instance, the work of Buster Keaton." There were several other uses of the term, in theater and in sports, between the 1915 Bresnahan article and the 1928 article in the Times.

The usage of deadpan as a verb ("to speak, act, or utter in a deadpan manner; to maintain a dead pan") is recorded at least as far back as 1942.

Examples

The English music hall comedian T. W. Barrett, working in the 1880s and 1890s, is credited with being the first to perform in a deadpan manner, standing completely still and without a smile.

Early in his vaudeville days, Buster Keaton developed his deadpan expression.  Keaton realised that audiences responded better to his stony expression than when he smiled, and he carried this style into his silent film career. The 1928 Vitaphone short film The Beau Brummels, with vaudeville comics Al Shaw and Sam Lee, was performed entirely in deadpan. The 1980 film Airplane! was performed almost entirely in deadpan; it helped relaunch the career of one of its supporting actors, Leslie Nielsen, who transformed into a prolific deadpan comic after the film. Actor and comedian Bill Murray is known for his deadpan delivery.

Many popular American sitcoms use deadpan expressions to deliver dry humour, including Curb Your Enthusiasm, Arrested Development, and My Name Is Earl. More recent examples are Andre Braugher as Captain Raymond Holt from the TV show Brooklyn Nine-Nine, Matthew Perry as Chandler Bing in Friends, Nick Offerman as Ron Swanson and Aubrey Plaza as April Ludgate in Parks and Recreation, Jennette McCurdy as Sam Puckett in iCarly, and Louis C.K. in Louie. Another example is the comedy of Steven Wright.

Deadpan delivery runs throughout British humour. In television sitcoms, John Cleese as Basil Fawlty in Fawlty Towers and Rowan Atkinson as Edmund Blackadder in Blackadder are both frustrated figures who display little facial expression in their put-downs. Atkinson also plays authority figures (especially priests) while speaking absurd lines with a deadpan delivery. Monty Python include it in their work, such as "The Ministry of Silly Walks" sketch. For his deadpan delivery Peter Sellers received a BAFTA for Best Actor for I'm All Right Jack (1959). A leading figure of the British satire boom of the 1960s, Peter Cook delivered deadpan monologues in his double act with Dudley Moore. In his various roles Ricky Gervais often draws humour from an exasperated sigh. While in his various guises such as Ali G and Borat, the comedian Sacha Baron Cohen interacts with unsuspecting subjects not realising they have been set up for self-revealing ridicule; on this The Observer states, "his career has been built on winding people up, while keeping a deadpan face."

Dry humour is often confused with highbrow or egghead humour, because the humour in dry humour does not exist in the words or delivery. Instead, the listener must look for humour in the contradiction between words, delivery and context. Failure to include the context or to identify the contradiction results in the listener finding the dry humour unfunny. However, the term "deadpan" itself actually refers only to the method of delivery.

See also

 Black comedy
 Blank expression
 Minimisation (psychology)
 Straight man
 Throwaway line

References

External links

Comedy
Humour

Deadpan


was an officer in the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II, and later a lieutenant general in the post-war Japan Ground Self Defense Force.

Biography
A native of Hyōgo prefecture, Fujiwara graduated from the 43rd class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in 1931 and was assigned to the IJA 37th Infantry Regiment. After serving a tour of duty in Tianjin, China, he returned to the Army Staff College and graduated from the 50th class in 1938, whereupon he was assigned to the IJA 21st Army.

In 1939, Fujiwara was transferred to the military intelligence unit within the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff, tasked with planning operations in south and Southeast Asia. He traveled to Bangkok in 1941, and joined the Japanese Southern Expeditionary Army Group as Chief of Staff the same year. In 1941 Fujiwara established the F Kikan, a Japanese special operations unit, which was tasked with developing and assisting independence movements in British India, Malaya and Netherlands East Indies. In 1943, Fujiwara and his unit were transferred to the IJA 15th Army. F-Kikan greatly assisted in the establishment of the Indian National Army.

Knowing of the long struggle of the Dutch to subdue Aceh province in northern Sumatra, and the ongoing resistance of the Acehnese period against Dutch rule, Fujiwara was ordered to make contact with the Aceh independence movements preparatory to the Japanese invasion of the Netherlands Indies. One of his first contacts was Sahid Abu Bakar, a religious teacher who lived in Kedah, who assisted him in recruiting a small organization to gather military intelligence, secure supplies, spread pro-Japanese propaganda, and to hinder Dutch efforts to sabotage local infrastructure. He also made contact with PUSA, the Islamic nationalist organization in Aceh, to start an armed rebellion. On the night of 11 March 1942, F-Kikan operatives and PUSA irregulars captured the Aceh capital of Banda Aceh. Thus, when the Japanese Imperial Guard Division landed the following morning, the city was already in Japanese hands.

Fujiwara subsequently served as Intelligence Officer on the staff of Fifteenth Army in Burma. He reconnoitered much of the northern part of the country in preparation for Operation U-Go, the offensive into British India. Following the failure of this offensive, almost all the staff of Fifteenth Army were transferred, although Fujiwara was the last to be reassigned, in December 1944.

After his recall to Japan, Fujiwara taught at the Army Staff College for a year, and was then transferred back to the field as Chief of Staff of the IJA 2nd Army in April 1945 and IJA 57th Army in June 1945. He was based in Singapore at the end of the war.

Fujiwara was one of the few officers of the Imperial Japanese Army to make the transition to the postwar Japan Ground Self-Defense Force, commanding the Home Defense Force in 1955, and the 1st District Corps -Tokyo (predecessor of 1st Division) in 1956, before his retirement as lieutenant general in 1964.

Later in life, Fujiwara authored the book F. Kikan: Japanese Army Intelligence Operations in Southeast Asia during World War II, in which he described himself as the "Lawrence of Arabia of Southeast Asia".

In popular culture
In the Amazon Prime Video Original Series The Forgotten Army - Azaadi Ke Liye, Iwaichi Fujiwara is portrayed by a London-based Japanese actor Junichi Kajioka. In the Malaysian 2000 film Leftenan Adnan Fujiwara is portrayed by Farid Amirul.

References

Books

Footnotes

External links
Indonesian Volunteers in the Japanese Army
(Book Review) F. Kikan: Japanese Intelligence Operations in Southeast Asia during World War II. Review author: Edward J. Drea. in Military Affairs, Vol. 49, No. 4. (Oct., 1985), p. 220.

1908 births
1986 deaths
Military personnel from Hyōgo Prefecture
Japan Ground Self-Defense Force generals
World War II spies for Japan
Indian National Army
Imperial Japanese Army personnel of World War II
Military history of Malaya during World War II

Iwaichi Fujiwara


A secretary is a person who is employed to help in an office, and help the people in charge of the office do their job.

By definition, the main task of a secretary is to keep organized paper and electronic files for the business, school, hospital, or government agency they work for. Other common jobs that secretaries do are answering telephones; typing and writing letters; plan and schedule meetings with guests; and manage the website of their office.

In different workplaces, and for different reasons, a secretary may also be called an administrative assistant, receptionist, clerk, or executive assistant.

In the past, most secretaries were men. Today, 98% of secretaries are women, according to the US Census.

In 1952, several groups, for example the National Secretaries Association, founded Secretary's Day. It is celebrated in the 4th week of April. It has been renamed "Administrative Professional's Week" to represent the more challenging roles of secretaries today.

Other secretaries
In government, secretaries are important people who hold high positions in government. Many secretaries in government are in charge of government agencies.

Most members of the United States Cabinet are called "Secretary" including the United States Secretary of State, who deals with other countries.

In the United Kingdom, a Secretary of State is a senior Cabinet Minister in charge of a Government Department.

In the US,  United States Secretary Defense is the head of the US Department of Defense.

Sources

Basic English 850 words
Occupations

Secretary


George Thomas Saimes (September 1, 1941 – March 8, 2013) was an American football defensive back and fullback for Michigan State University and the Buffalo Bills of the American Football League, which produced American Football League Championships in 1964 and 1965.

Saimes was born and died in Canton, Ohio.  In 1964, he had a career-high six interceptions and earned the first of his five American Football League All-Star Game appearances. He made The Sporting News All-AFL Team in 1964, 1965 and 1967.  Former Pro Football writer and president of the Pro Football Writers Association, Larry Felser, calls Saimes "the finest open-field tackler in the league."

He achieved All-American Football League honors five times, and is a member of the  American Football League All-Time Team, the Buffalo Bills' Wall of Fame, and the Greater Buffalo Sports Hall of Fame.

Saimes went on to be a professional football scout with the Blesto V Combine, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, the Washington Redskins, and the Houston Texans. Saimes died in Canton of leukemia on March 8, 2013.

See also
 List of American Football League players

References

1941 births
2013 deaths
American football safeties
Buffalo Bills players
Denver Broncos players
Michigan State Spartans football players
Washington Redskins executives
All-American college football players
American Football League All-Star players
American Football League All-Time Team
Players of American football from Canton, Ohio
Deaths from leukemia
American Football League players

George Saimes


Ilkeston is a town in the Borough of Erewash, Derbyshire, England, on the River Erewash, from which the borough takes its name, with a population at the 2011 census of 38,640. Its major industries, coal mining, iron working and lace making/textiles, have now all but disappeared.

The town is close to both Derby and Nottingham and is near the M1 motorway and the border with Nottinghamshire. The eastern boundary of Ilkeston is only two miles from Nottingham's western edge and it is part of the Nottingham Urban Area.

History and culture

Ilkeston was probably founded in the 6th century AD, and gets its name from its supposed founder, Elch or Elcha, who was an Anglian chieftain ("Elka's Tun" = Elka's Town). The town appears as Tilchestune in the Domesday Book of 1086, when it was owned principally by Gilbert de Ghent. Gilbert also controlled nearby Shipley, West Hallam and Stanton by Dale. Ilkeston was created a borough by Queen Victoria in 1887.

Ilkeston is one of several places where the distinctive dialect of East Midlands English is extensively spoken. Ilkeston is referred to as 'Ilson' in this dialect. Generally the name is pronounced with three syllables, Ilkisstun, not Ilk's tun.

The American Adventure, a large theme park which closed in 2007, was located on the outskirts of Ilkeston on the former Woodside Colliery adjoining Shipley Country Park.

The NatWest Hole Ilkeston, an architectural tourist attraction outside the Bath Street branch of NatWest bank gained much media interest when Tripadvisor decided to suspend reviews in February 2020.

Stanton Ironworks

One of the biggest and most important local employers was the Stanton Ironworks, later known as Stanton and Staveley – the continuation of a long-standing tradition of iron working in this area. There has been evidence of iron working and quarrying in the area since Roman times, and the industry began blossoming into a huge industrial concern in the 1780s. By the mid-19th century there were several blast furnaces and the production rose from around 500 tons of pig iron per month to 7,000 at the end of the century. The Stanton Ironworks acquired a number of smaller ironstone quarrying and ironworks companies. These included the Wellingborough Iron Company in 1932.

Steel pipe manufacturing began at Stanton after World War I and later concrete pipes were produced, Stanton being the first in the UK to develop the 'spun pipe' process.

In the mid-19th century the works produced 20,000 tons of iron castings per year, 2.5 millions by 1905. Up to 12,500 people were employed during the period when the works were part of British Steel Corporation, of which 7,000 worked at the Stanton works.

During its long existence the works produced huge quantities of a variety of products, including pig iron, tunnel castings, (used in projects such as the London Underground), pipes and street furniture as well as bitumen, roadstone, chemicals and munition casings.

The works gradually declined, the business being run from 1985 by the French Saint-Gobain Group. The last casting was an emotional event in 2007. The huge Stanton site has been partially given over to business park and the rest of the site is earmarked for redevelopment which is subject to local opposition.

Ilkeston Charter fair
Ilkeston Market Place is the site of a Charter fair. The fair celebrated its 770th anniversary in 2022, the Charter being granted by King Henry III in 1252. This makes the fair older than Nottingham's famous Goose Fair and it is one of the largest street fairs in the Country, indeed in Europe.

The present fair developed from two separate fairs, as another 'agricultural hiring fair' or 'Statutes Fair' was traditionally held on Wakes week in October as well as the original Charter Fair which was held on the Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (15 August). The two fairs were combined in 1888 and the one Charter Fair has been held in October ever since.

Since 1931 the fair has been officially opened by the Mayor - first of Ilkeston and since 1974 of Erewash - on the Fair Thursday at noon with the Town Clerk (Chief Executive) reading the Charter from the steps of the Town Hall.

Transport

Railway

Ilkeston did not have a railway station from 1967 to 2017, despite its substantial population and the fact that the Erewash Valley Line (formerly part of the Midland Railway, later the LMS) skirts the eastern edge of the town. Ilkeston once had three railway stations. Ilkeston Junction station, also known as "Ilkeston Junction & Cossall" was on the former Midland Railway and later LMS Erewash Valley Main Line: this station closed in January 1967. A short branch led from this station to Ilkeston Town station, at the north end of Bath Street, which closed to passengers in June 1947.

Ilkeston's third station was Ilkeston North, on the former Great Northern Railway (later LNER) line from Nottingham to Derby Friargate station, closed in September 1964. A major feature of this line was Bennerley Viaduct, a  long,  high, wrought iron structure which still crosses the Erewash valley just to the north east of Ilkeston. Once threatened with demolition, it is now a Grade 2 listed building, though the line and embankments have long since been removed. The Viaduct has been the subject of much renewed interest and has been reopened to the public as part of a cycleway and footpath.

Following a long-running local campaign, in March 2013 Transport Secretary Patrick McLoughlin announced that Ilkeston was one of three sites 'most likely' to get a new station as part of the 'New Stations Fund', costing £5 million and sited close to the old Ilkeston Junction station. On 15 May 2013 it was announced this new station would be built, which would be named Ilkeston station. It has two platforms, which can take six trains per hour with up to six passenger cars and includes waiting shelters. A 150 space car park, cycle storage, bus stop, drop off point and taxi rank are also on site. The station is unmanned with automated ticket machines.

Due to flood prevention work and the discovery of great crested newts, the opening was significantly delayed, the new station opened on 2 April 2017.

Buses
TrentBarton operate the majority of buses around Ilkeston including the Ilkeston Flyer into Derby, TheTwo and 21 into Nottingham, 33 to Mansfield, My15 to Long Eaton and East Midlands Airport
Notts + Derby and CT4N operate some Derbyshire County Council tendered routes around Ilkeston.

Ilkeston spa baths
From early in the 19th century the existence of natural mineral waters was noted here and exploited. A local businessman Thomas Potter built, in 1831, the famous Ilkeston Bath at the bottom of Town Street attached to the Rutland Hotel. For over 60 years the baths helped tourism to the town at a time when spa towns like Bath and Harrogate enjoyed popularity. 'If you're doubled in pain and thin as a lath, Come at once then and try, the famed Ilkeston Bath,' was a well known advertising slogan. A mixture of a general decline in the popularity of spa bathing and, reportedly, contamination of the waters from mining activities led to the eventual closure of the baths just before 1900. The baths and the adjacent Rutland Hotel, which also enjoyed a revenue from tourism, no longer exist though they are remembered in the name of 'Bath Street'.

Sport

Football
The original Ilkeston Town was liquidated in 2010 after a 114-year history. Ilkeston FC was formed the following year, which was in turn liquidated in 2017. However, by July 2017 a new club, Ilkeston Town F.C. founded by the former owner of Notts County Alan Hardy, replaced the liquidated Ilkeston FC, and the new club's home ground was established on the New Manor Ground, on Awsworth Road.

Rugby
Ilkeston Rugby Club (known as the "Elks") is a Rugby union club founded in 1926. The home ground is based at 'The Stute', Hallam Fields Road.

Cricket
Ilkeston Rutland Cricket Club (established in 1829) is based on Rutland Sports Park. The club currently has 4 senior teams in the Derbyshire County Cricket League, and a well established Junior section playing competitive cricket in the Erewash Young Cricketers League.

First-Class County games
Every season between 1925 and 1994, the Derbyshire County Cricket Club played up to a couple of first-class cricket matches on the Rutland Recreation Ground, and one-day matches between 1970 and 1994.

Tennis
Ilkeston Tennis Club is based on Rutland Sports Park and is a member of the Derby Tennis League. It is claimed to be the largest tennis club in Ilkeston, offering tennis for all ages and abilities as well as professional coaching. Facilities include 4 Outdoor Tennis Courts and 3 indoor tennis courts.
Stanton Tennis Club is a private tennis establishment situated at The Stute Hallam Fields Road, sports complex. There are 3 private tennis courts at this tennis facility.

Basketball
Ilkeston Outlaws Basketball Club, established 1966, field's teams in the local Sherwood Basketball League and the Basketball England National League. The Ilkeston Outlaws Basketball Club have two main junior basketball teams: the Ilkeston Hawks and Ilkeston Falcons for ages 4–18 years.

Golf
Ilkeston Borough Golf Club was founded in 1929 and has access to a 9-hole course (known as 'Pewit Golf Course') located off West End Drive, Ilkeston. The Course is owned, managed and maintained by Erewash Borough Council.

Media
Local news and television programmes are BBC East Midlands and ITV Central. Television signals are received from the Waltham TV
transmitter, and the Nottingham relay transmitter.

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Nottingham on 103.8 FM, Smooth East Midlands on 106.6 FM, Capital East Midlands on 96.2 FM, Greatest Hits Radio Midlands on 106.6 FM and Erewash Sound, a community based radio station on 96.8 FM.

The town is served by these newspapers:
Ilkeston Advertiser
Ilkeston Life

Twin towns

Ilkeston is twinned with:
 Châlons-en-Champagne in France, since 1957.

Notable residents
Samuel Taylor (1816–1875), the famous 'Ilson Giant' who reached the height of 7' 4", was born nearby at Hallam Fields. His grave in Stanton Road Cemetery was restored by the Cemetery's Friends in 2008.
William Roache, who plays Ken Barlow in Coronation Street, grew up in Ilkeston. He now holds the world record as the longest-serving actor to play the same role continuously, having been with the show since its inception in December 1960.
Robert Lindsay, the stage and television actor probably best known for his parts in Citizen Smith and latterly My Family, was born as Robert Lindsay Stevenson in Ilkeston on 13 December 1949. Before he became an actor he worked at the nearby Stanton & Staveley steel works and also attended the Ilkeston detachment of the Army Cadet Force.
Linda Armstrong, an actress, born in Ilkeston
Robert Holmes FRGS (born 1943), photographer, author and adventurer. Member of the RGS 150th Anniversary expedition to the Karakoram, Fellow of the Explorers Club of New York.
John Paxton (1819–1868), cricketer
Ben Roberts who played Chief Inspector Derek Conway in ITV's The Bill

Gallery

See also
Listed buildings in Ilkeston
Ilkeston Corporation Tramways
Ilkeston Grammar School
Ilkeston Community Hospital

References

External links

Ilkeston & District Local History Society

Towns in Derbyshire
Populated places established in the 6th century
Charter fairs
Unparished areas in Derbyshire
Former civil parishes in Derbyshire
Borough of Erewash

Ilkeston


Fra Lippo Lippi is an 1855 dramatic monologue written by the Victorian poet Robert Browning which first appeared in his collection Men and Women. Throughout this poem, Browning depicts a 15th-century real-life painter, Filippo Lippi. The poem asks the question whether art should be true to life or an idealized image of life.  The poem is written in blank verse, non-rhyming iambic pentameter.

A secondary theme of the dramatic monologue is the Church's influence on art.  Although Fra Lippo paints real life pictures, it is the Church that requires him to redo much of it, instructing him to paint the soul, not the flesh.  ("Paint the soul, never mind the legs and arms!"). Aside from the theme of the Church and its desires to change the way holiness is represented artistically, this poem also attempts to construct a way of considering the secular with the religious in terms of how a "holy" person can conduct his life. Questions of celibacy, church law, and the canon are considered as well by means of secondary characters.

External links

Full text of the published poem is available at: U of Toronto Library
 Essay/article on the role of celibacy in Fra Lippo Lippi
 Literature Annotations
 Victorian Web

Poetry by Robert Browning
1855 poems

Fra Lippo Lippi (poem)


The 1961 Memorial Cup final was the 43rd junior ice hockey championship of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association. The teams involved were the Toronto St. Michael's Majors of the Ontario Hockey Association who played against the Edmonton Oil Kings of the Central Alberta Hockey League. St. Michael's won their 4th Memorial Cup, defeating Edmonton 4 games to 2.

Scores
Game 1: St. Michael's 4-0 Edmonton
Game 2: St. Michael's 4-1 Edmonton
Game 3: St. Michael's 4-2 Edmonton
Game 4: Edmonton 5-4 St. Michael's
Game 5: Edmonton 4-2 St. Michael's
Game 6: St. Michael's 4-2 Edmonton

Winning roster
Arnie Brown, Andre Champagne, Gerry Cheevers, Jack Cole, Paul Conlin, Terry Clancy, Bruce Draper, Dave Draper, Dave Dryden, Roger Galipeau, Paul Jackson, Larry Keenan, Duncan MacDonald, Bill MacMillan, Barry MacKenzie, Peter Noakes, Terry O'Malley, Sonny Osborne, Brian Walsh. Coach: Father David Bauer.

References

1960s in Canada
1961 in ice hockey
1961 Memorial Cup

1961 Memorial Cup