César Camargo Mariano (born 19 September 1943) is a Brazilian pianist, arranger, composer and music producer.

Biography
Mariano was born in São Paulo. In June 1957 the American trombone player Melba Liston invited thirteen-year-old Mariano to participate in her concert at a jazz club in Rio de Janeiro, and he appeared in a program on Rio's Globo Radio called "The Boy Prodigy Who Plays Jazz".

Thar same year, Mariano met Johnny Alf, who went to live with Mariano's family due to their great friendship. Together at the family home in São Paulo, Mariano became familiar with arranging, composing, and the arts of cinema and theatre, thanks to Johnny Alf's encouragement.

Through his own instincts, tenacity and raw talent, Mariano formed amateur instrumental and vocal groups, when TV Record in São Paulo invited him for a special called "Passport to Stardom" (Passaporte para o Estrelato).

In the early 1960s, a teenaged Mariano became famous for his ability to swing and for his legendary left hand. His ensembles of that era, notably Sambalanço Trio and Som Três, are regarded today as high points in Brazilian jazz; so for his 1981 album Samambaia, one of his thirty-plus instrumental albums.

Mariano's collaborations with some of Brazil's most important singers like Wilson Simonal and Elis Regina, brought him global acclaim, such as the historic 1973 album Elis e Tom, recorded with Antônio Carlos Jobim, that featured Mariano as producer, pianist, and musical director.

Since then, Mariano had worked with an international array of musical giants, from Yo-Yo Ma, to Blossom Dearie. He also composed a wealth of soundtrack music for film and TV.

In April 1994, Mariano moved to the United States, where he lives with his wife until now. Mariano received the 2006 Latin Recording Academy Lifetime Achievement Grammy Award.

From his first marriage with singer Marisa Vertullo Brandão, a.k.a. Gata Mansa, he had a son Marcelo Mariano, today an accomplished bass player. He was married to Brazilian superstar Elis Regina for 8 years and they had two children (Pedro Mariano and Maria Rita); today they are both established singers.

From his third marriage of 30 years to Flavia Rodrigues Alves he has a daughter, Luisa Mariano (1986), a singer, vocal producer, music business professional and graduate from Berklee College of Music, who worked at Sony Music, Buddah Brown Entertainment, and currently works freelance as Tour Manager and Vocal Producer.

Discography
Quarteto Sabá (1964) RGE
Sambalanço Trio (1964) RGE
Sambalanço Trio II (1965) RGE
Lennie Dale e o Sambalanço Trio (1965) Elenco
Raulzinho e o Sambalanço Trio (1965) RCA
Reencontro com Sambalanço Trio (1965) RGE
Octeto de César Camargo Mariano (1966) RGE
Som Três (1966) RGE
Som Três Show (1968)
Som Três Vol. II (1969) RGE
Som Três Vol. III - Um é Pouco, Dois é Bom (1970)
Som Três Vol. IV - Tobogã (1971) Odeon Brazil
São Paulo - Brasil (1978) RCA Brazil
César Camargo Mariano & Cia. (1980)
Samambaia (1981) EMI/Odeon Brazil
A Todas As Amizades (1983) Columbia Brazil
Todas As Teclas (1984) Ariola - with Wagner Tiso
Voz & Suor (1984) EMI/Odeon
Prisma (1985) Pointer Brazil - with Nelson Ayres
Mitos (1988)  Sony Brazil
Ponte das Estrelas (1988) Sony Brazil
César Camargo Mariano (1989) Chorus Brazil
Natural (1993) Polygram
Nós (1994) Velas - with Leny Andrade
Solo Brasileiro (1994)  Polygram Brazil
Piano Voz y Sentimiento (1997) Polygram Mexico
Duo: Romero Lubambo e César Camargo Mariano (2002)  Trama Brazil
Nova Saudade (2002) Rob Digital Brazil
Piano & Voz: César Camargo Mariano e Pedro Mariano (2003) Trama Brazil
Ao Vivo with Leny Andrade (2007)

Awards

CLIO awards
International radio
Winner: Music/lyrics
Chevrolet Line - "The World Out There"
Music Director
Music Composer

International radio
Winner: Overall campaign
Chevrolet Line - "The World Out There"
Music Director
Music Composer

International TV/cinema
Recognition: Music
GM Cars - "See The Country"
Music composerInternational radioRecognition: Beverages
Coca-Cola - "There Are Times...."
Music composerInternational radioRecognition: Music/lyrics
Chevrolet Line - "Come On"
Music composerInternational radioRecognition: Beverages
Coca-Cola - "It Doesn't Matter..."
PersonalitiesInternational radioRecognition: Overall campaign
Coca-Cola - "There Are Times...", "It Doesn't Matter"
Music composerInternational radioRecognition; Automotive
Chevrolet Line - "Come On"
Music composerInternational radioRecognition; Music scoring
Hilton cigarettes - "Hilton"
Music arrangementInternational radioRecognition: Automotive
Chevrolet Line - "It's For Real Samba"
Composer
Music DirectorInternational radio'Recognition: Automotive
Chevrolet Line - "It's For Real Funk"
Composer

Latin Grammy awards
 2004 Best MPB Album: Piano & Voz (nominated)
 2006 Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award
 2007 Best MPB Album: Ao Vivo (with Leny Andrade)
 2017 Best Instrumental Album: Joined'' (with Rudiger) (nominated)

Sharp Music award
Second Sharp Music Award
Best Arranger "Samba"
Fifth Sharp Music award
Best Arranger: "Instrumental"
Seventh Sharp Music Award
Best Arranger: "Instrumental"

Playboy award
V Playboy award
Best Arranger

TIM Music Award
First Brazilian TIM Music Award
Best Instrumental Album: "Duo"

APCA Awards
1972 Best Arranger
1974 Best Arranger
1976 Special Highlight
1978 Best Arranger
1979 Best Arranger
1980 Best Pianist
1979 Best Arranger
1982 Best Arranger and Best Pianist
1983 Best Arranger and Best Pianist
1984 Best Arranger and Best Pianist

References

External links
 – official site

César Camargo Mariano on Myspace
César Camargo Mariano interview on Artists Interviews

1943 births
Living people
Música Popular Brasileira pianists
Brazilian jazz pianists
Latin Grammy Award winners
Businesspeople from São Paulo
Brazilian music arrangers
Brazilian record producers
Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners
Latin music record producers
Latin music composers
21st-century pianists
Sambalanço Trio members
Sunnyside Records artists
PolyGram artists

César Camargo Mariano


Gustave Lanctot , also spelled Gustave Lanctôt, (5 July 1883 – 2 February 1975) was a Canadian historian and archivist.

Born in Saint-Constant, Quebec, he studied law at Université de Montréal and was called to the Quebec Bar in 1907. A Rhodes Scholar, he studied political science and history from 1909 to 1911 while at Oxford University. He was also a member of the Oxford Canadians ice hockey team. In 1912, he joined the National Archives of Canada. During World War I, he served in the Canadian Expeditionary Force.

After the war, he received a PhD from the Sorbonne and later returned to the National Archives eventually becoming Dominion Archivist from 1937 to 1948. He also taught at the University of Ottawa.

A historian, he wrote many books including L'Administration de la Nouvelle-France (1929), Le Canada d'hier et d'aujourd'hui (1934), Montréal au temps de la Nouvelle-France, 1642-1760 (1942), Trois ans de guerre, 1939-1942 (1943), L'Oeuvre de la France en Amérique du Nord (1951), Histoire du Canada (winner of the 1963 Governor General's Award for French language non-fiction), Le Canada et la Révolution américaine (1965, and winner of the inaugural Albert B. Corey Prize in 1967) and Montréal sous Maisonneuve, 1947-1965 (1966). He also was a historical advisor on eight Canadian films produced from 1961 to 1964.

He was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1926, was awarded the J. B. Tyrrell Historical Medal, and was its president from 1948 to 1949. On July 6, 1967, he was one of the first people to be made an Officer of the Order of Canada (then called a Service Medal). The citation read "Renowned historian whose "Histoire du Canada" marks the culmination of a life devoted to knowledge of Canada's past". He also was made a Knight of the Légion d'honneur.

Order of Canada medal auction
In late 2006 and early 2007, Lanctot made the news concerning his Order of Canada medal which was put up for auction on eBay. It was later removed since the auction is against eBay rules. However, the auction appeared to proceed via e-mail.

References

 Fonds Gustave Lanctôt at Library and Archives Canada
 Fonds Gustave-Lanctot at the University of Ottawa
 Biographies of Prominent Quebec and Canadian Historical Figures: Gustave Lanctot
 Order of Canada citation
 Order of Cda. medal auction to proceed by e-mail

External links

1883 births
1975 deaths
Canadian archivists
20th-century Canadian civil servants
Canadian male non-fiction writers
Canadian Rhodes Scholars
Canadian military personnel of World War I
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Officers of the Order of Canada
Writers from Quebec
Université de Montréal alumni
Academic staff of the University of Ottawa
University of Paris alumni
Governor General's Award-winning non-fiction writers
Canadian writers in French
Knights of the Legion of Honour
People from Saint-Constant, Quebec
20th-century Canadian historians
Winners of the Prix Broquette-Gonin (literature)
Presidents of the Canadian Historical Association
Canadian King's Counsel
French Quebecers

Gustave Lanctot


Steven Paul "Steve" Martini (born February 28, 1946) is an American writer of legal novels.

Early years
Born on February 28, 1946, in San Francisco, California, Steve Martini was raised until the age of ten in the Colma area of Daly City just south of San Francisco.  He is part of a large extended Italian-American family, some of which reach back four generations in California. Martini's mother and father moved to Los Angeles County, California, in 1956.  His father, Ernest Martini, was a rancher, managing and owning farms throughout California during his lifetime.  His mother, Rita, was a housewife and homemaker, though in later years she worked extensively in the local library in San Gabriel, California.  Martini graduated from San Gabriel Mission Grammar School,  San Gabriel High School and Pasadena City College before transferring to the University of California at Santa Cruz where he graduated in 1968 with a degree in Government (Political Science).

Professional and legal career
Martini's first career was in journalism.   He worked as a newspaper reporter for the Los Angeles Daily Journal, the largest legal newspaper in the country covering the state, the local courts and the civic center beat. In 1970 he became the newspaper's first correspondent at the State Capitol in Sacramento and later its bureau chief. There he specialized in legal and political coverage. During this period he attended night law school and in 1974 took his J.D. degree from the University of the Pacific's McGeorge School of Law.  He was admitted to the Bar in January 1975.

Martini has practiced law both privately as well as for public agencies appearing in state and federal courts. During his law career, in addition to other activities, he worked as a legislative representative for the California Department of Consumer Affairs, the State Bar of California, and served as special counsel to the California Victims of Violent Crimes Program.  He has worked as an administrative hearing officer, a supervising hearing officer, an administrative law judge, and for a time served as Deputy Director of the State Office of Administrative Hearings. He is currently inactive with the State Bar of California, choosing writing instead as a full-time occupation.

Writing career
In the mid-1980s Martini began his fiction-writing career. His first attempt at a novel, The Simeon Chamber, was represented by an agent and sold to the New York publisher D.I. Fine within two weeks of its submission. It was published in 1987. Compelling Evidence, his second novel, introduced his series character, attorney Paul Madriani, and was published by G.P. Putnam & Sons.  A national bestseller, the novel earned Martini a critical and popular following. It was followed quickly by New York Times bestsellers Prime Witness, Undue Influence, The Judge, and The Attorney, each featuring the series character Madriani and his contrarian and irrepressible law partner, Harry Hinds.

The List, published in 1997, a novel and thriller about the commercial book publishing industry, was the first Martini novel to depart from the series characters since the author reached the best sellers list. Critical Mass, his next novel published in 1998, continued the departure from the courtroom as well as the Madriani series, though it involved a lawyer protagonist and was well within the legal-thriller genre. Critical Mass addressed issues of terrorism and the threat from weapons of mass destruction two years before the events of 9/11. It was a topic to which Martini would return in later years.

Other novels by Martini include: The Jury, The Arraignment, Double Tap, Shadow of Power, Guardian of Lies, The Rule of Nine, and Trader of Secrets.

To date, two network mini-series have been produced and broadcast based on Martini's works, Undue Influence by CBS, and The Judge on NBC.

Since the 2016 release of Martini's last book Blood Flag, no recent updates regarding any new books or new works in the pipeline have been posted on his website. A new book due out in 2017, The Secret Partner, was shown on websites that list upcoming releases, but after multiple changes in its release date, it has been shown with no release date information since 2019.

Personal life
Steve Martini was previously married to the former Wanda Leah Martini, now Leah Martini-Puhlman. They have one daughter. Steve Martini currently resides in northwest Washington state but spends much of his time in Latin America and Southeast Asia where he writes, travels and acquires research and color for future works.

Bibliography

Paul Madriani Series

 Compelling Evidence (1992)
 Prime Witness (1993)
 Undue Influence (1994)
 The Judge (1996)
 The Attorney (1999)
 The Jury (2001)
 The Arraignment (2003)
 Double Tap (2005)
 Shadow of Power (2008)
 Guardian of Lies (2009)
 The Rule of Nine (2010)
 Trader of Secrets (2011)
 The Enemy Inside (2015)
 Blood Flag (2016)

Stand Alone Novels

 The Simeon Chamber (1987)
 The List (1997)
 Critical Mass (1998)

References

External links

Official Steve Martini web site
Fantastic Fiction author page

1946 births
Living people
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
American thriller writers
American writers of Italian descent
McGeorge School of Law alumni
Writers from Bellingham, Washington
Writers from San Francisco
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
Novelists from Washington (state)

Steve Martini


A campus novel, also called the academic novel, is a novel that's story is around or about a campus of a university. The genre is said to have started in the 1950s. The Groves of Academe by Mary McCarthy, written in 1952, is often called the first campus novel, but some have also said that novels such as C.P. Snow's The Masters, of the year before, were campus novels.

Fiction genres

Campus novel


Harald Slott-Møller (17 August 1864 – 20 October 1937) was a Danish painter and ceramist. Together with his wife, the painter Agnes Slott-Møller, he was a founding member of Den Frie Udstilling (The Free Exhibition).

Early life

Born in Copenhagen, Slott-Møller was the son of merchant Carl Emil Møller and Anna Maria née Møller. After completing the preparatory course at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts (1883), he painted for three years under Peder Severin Krøyer.

Career
Slott-Møller first exhibited in 1886 at the Charlottenborg Spring Exhibition and attracted attention in 1888 with his large lively work Fattigfolk i Fattiglægens Venteværelse (Poor People in the Poor Doctor's Waiting Room). He exhibited at Kunsthal Charlottenborg and Den Frie Udstilling with individual portraits, such as that of Georg Brandes (Georg Brandes at the University in Copenhagen, 1889), and landscapes, which often featured a prominent spot. A change in style occurred in the early 1890s as can be seen in his portrait of the sculptor Anne Marie Brodersen, in which her fair hair is covered with gold, as are the cornfields in one of his landscapes. Then followed a series of painting which ensured him a place as one of the principal participants in 1890 painting: Tre kvinder (Three Women), Foraaret (Spring), and his strikingly symbolic work Primavera (1901). Slott-Møller is remembered for his portraits of well-known figures from Southern Jutland and South Schleswig, often characterized with customized backgrounds such as a landscape or appropriate buildings.

He also worked at the faience factory Aluminia from 1902 to 1906 designing a number of notable items together with . As a result, Slott-Møller gained wide recognition as one of the leading craftsmen of the turn of the century. Although he continued to paint, opinions about his work became ever less supportive, partly on artistic grounds but also as a result of his attitude towards the public.

In 1919, he became a Knight of the Dannebrog. He was a founding member of Den Frie Udstilling (The Free Exhibition). He is buried at Holmens Cemetery.

Slott-Møller is portrayed in a double portrait: Ude eller Kammerater (Out or Comrades, 1886) in which he and his wife have painted each other. Another self-portrait based on a study drawing was Trækfuglene (Migratory Birds, 1909). There is also a self-portrait in Florence's Uffizi Gallery (1924).

Selected paintings

References

External links

1864 births
1937 deaths
Artists from Copenhagen
20th-century Danish ceramists
Knights of the Order of the Dannebrog
19th-century Danish painters
Danish male painters
20th-century Danish painters
Burials at Holmen Cemetery
19th-century Danish male artists
20th-century Danish male artists

Harald Slott-Møller


The Battle of Gettysburg (locally , with an ss sound), was fought July 1–3, 1863. The battle took place in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. It was the battle with the largest number of casualties in the American Civil War. Gettysburg is often called the war's turning point. Union Major General George G. Meade's Army of the Potomac stopped attacks by Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. This ended Lee's second invasion of the North. Lee began to move his men back to Virginia on July 4. Between 46,000 and 51,000 soldiers from both armies were casualties in the three-day battle.

The Siege of Vicksburg ended on the same day, also a Union victory.

That November, a cemetery for those who died there was opened at the Gettysburg National Cemetery. President Abraham Lincoln gave a speech called the Gettysburg Address at the ceremony to open the cemetery and honor the dead soldiers on both sides.

Background
Lee's army won an important battle at Chancellorsville in Virginia in May 1863. Afterwards, he led his army north through the Shenandoah Valley. His plan was to start his second invasion of the North (called the Gettysburg Campaign). Lee had several objectives in mind. He intended to take Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, the state capital. This, he hoped, would embarrass the Lincoln administration and force Northern politicians to give up the war. At this point, Lee was playing politics. He knew that if he was successful in Pennsylvania it would encourage the Northern peace movement. He hoped it would get foreign recognition for the Confederacy. It could also force the Union to negotiate for peace, allowing the Confederate states to become an independent country. Lee badly needed supplies and intended to get them in Pennsylvania. In addition to being the state capital, Harrisburg was also the site of Camp Curtin, the largest training camp for Union soldiers. It was a major railroad center. More importantly it was a major supply depot and also a prisoner of war camp.

In the North, Lincoln told Major General Joseph Hooker to have the Union army follow Lee's army. But Hooker was very reluctant to go after the Confederates. Finally, Lincoln lost all confidence in him. On June 28, three days before the Battle of Gettysburg, Lincoln appointed General Meade to replace Hooker. Had the Confederacy won, confederate force would have had access to Philadelphia or Baltimore. Vice President Hannibal Hamlin went to Lincoln to discuss a prisoner of war trade five days before the Battle of Gettysburg.

July 1
Neither Lee nor Meade intended a battle take place at Gettysburg and neither were there when the battle started. On June 30, 1863, Confederate General Henry Heth had a division at Cashtown, Pennsylvania, Lee's gathering place before moving on to Harrisburg. Heth sent his division to nearby Gettysburg to look for, as he later wrote in his report, "army supplies (shoes especially), and return the same day." This started the myth that the Battle of Gettysburg started over shoes. Heth did this without scouting ahead to see what was at Gettysburg. The job of scouting belonged to the Confederate cavalry under J.E.B. Stuart. But they had been gone for over a week. So, blind to what was ahead of them, his soldiers ran directly into a Union cavalry division commanded by General John Buford. This started the fighting even though Heth and other commanders were under orders from Lee not to start a battle. But, as each side brought in more troops, it became a full-scale battle. Lee started moving much of his army there. One of his goals was to fight the Union army and destroy it. Now, he would have to do it at Gettysburg.

About 5.30 a.m. on the morning of July 1, the battle started. Heth probed ahead cautiously to a point about two miles west of Gettysburg. Buford's cavalry was deliberately slowing his progress. At about 10 a.m. the Union I Corps arrived commanded by General John F. Reynolds. They set themselves up along McPherson's Ridge to oppose Heth's Confederates. During the fighting Reynolds was killed but the Confederates were driven back. Meanwhile, both sides brought up reinforcements. The Union set up defenses of the town with I Corps defending the western approaches with XI Corps to the north. The flanks were covered by Buford's cavalry. One Union division was held in reserve on Cemetery Ridge. In the afternoon, when Lee arrived, the Confederates still did not know the strength of the Union forces they were facing. They also had not scouted the terrain. One division of Ewell's Corps had attacked the Union I Corps just after noon. At about 2 p.m. Heth's division joined Ewell's troops in the attack on I Corps. At about 3 p.m., another of Ewell's Confederate divisions, commanded by General Jubal Early, attacked the flank of the Union XI Corps. By 4 p.m., both of the Union corps retreated through Gettysburg and took up positions on Cemetery Ridge. So far, the Union had lost about 9,000 men including about 3,000 who had been captured. The Confederates had lost about 6,500 men by this point. So the first day of battle was technically a Confederate victory numbers-wise. But Federal troops held the high ground as more reinforcements were still arriving. Based on the first day's fighting, Lee was convinced he could defeat Meade at Gettysburg.

Late in the day, Lee sent the famous order to Confederate General Richard S. Ewell to take cemetery ridge "if practicable." While he had been awaiting orders from Lee, Ewell had ridden out to take a closer look at Cemetery Ridge. Based on what he saw and the confusing order, he decided it was not practicable to take the hill and set up camp. Instead, he decided to leave the assault for the next day. This was the first major mistake of the battle for the South. The Army of the Potomac would end the day with around 21,900 men strongly positioned on Culp's Hill and Cemetery Ridge. The Army of Northern Virginia would have around 27,000 men from Benner's Hill to Seminary Ridge.

July 2

On the second day of battle, most of both armies had arrived. The Union line held the high ground in a defensive formation that looked like a fishhook. On July 2, Lee ordered General James Longstreet, commander of the Confederate I Corps, to attack the Union left flank as early in the day as possible. At the same time General A. P. Hill's corps was to attack the Union center. General Ewell was to make diversionary attacks and "if practicable" attack the Union Army's right flank. Lee felt that if everything went according to his plan and the Union line was destroyed, the battle, and possibly the war, would be won on the second day. Lee's coordinated attack required getting all the infantry into position and moving up artillery to support them. Longstreet had the furthest to go and midway in their march realized the Union lines could see them. They went back and had to take a different route. Longstreet could not get his corps into position until about 4 p.m. when he began his attack. His attack on the Union line lasted for over three hours but could not break the Union line. Hill's Corps failed to be effective in the center. Ewell did not attack Cemetery Ridge as instructed in Lee's confusing order, but made some progress in taking Culp's Hill.

Union Major General Daniel Sickles, a political general commanding III Corps, disobeyed Meade's orders and moved his troops forward to the Peach Orchard. He had been ordered to take up a position on Little Round Top connecting with Union forces on both his right and left. By doing this he left a large hole in the Union line. He marched to a position nearly  in front of the Union line with no support on either side. Within an hour, his entire III Corps was nearly wiped out by Longstreet. Sickles was badly wounded by a cannonball and lost a leg. Being wounded was all that saved him from a court-martial. Sickles' blunder nearly lost the entire battle for the Union.

On the night of July 2, Longstreet's largest division commanded by General George Pickett arrived and was placed in the center of the Confederate line. Lee's plan for the next day was to attack on both the Union right and left, just as he had done the day before. Lee was still certain he could break the Union line and win the battle. That day Stuart's cavalry had caught up with Lee's army and Lee ordered Stuart to ride around the East side of Gettysburg and attack the Union rear. Ewell had also been reinforced and was ordered to take Culp's Hill the next morning.

Meade ordered the Union XII Corps to drive Ewell's forces off the captured trenches on Culp's Hill. They were to move at daylight the next morning. He was determined the remainder of the Union Army would hold its position and wait for Lee to attack.

July 3
Ewell began fighting on Culp's Hill at first light. Lee rode to Longstreet's headquarters only to find Longstreet had misunderstood his orders. He was planning a turning movement against the Union left. Now, with no hope of a coordinated attack, Lee changed the plan. Longstreet was to attack the Union center on Cemetery Ridge. Ewell's forces failed in their counterattacks and were forced to withdraw from Culp's Hill by about 11:00 a.m. Lee pinned all his hopes on Longstreet's attack on the center. Longstreet had the last fresh division in Lee's army. It was made up of three brigades, commanded by generals James L. Kemper, Richard B. Garnett, and Lewis A. Armistead, led by Pickett.

Cannons
First, a bombardment by about 140 Confederate cannons on the Union lines was ordered. The bombardment started about 1 p.m. About 80 Union cannons returned fire. The cannons duel lasted for between one and two hours, depending on the source (most say about an hour). The Confederate artillery chief, General Edward Porter Alexander, had only intended it to last for about 25 minutes. But he then realized it had done little damage to the Union line so he continued. But he also had to worry about running out of ammunition and not have enough to support the charge that was Pickett was about to make. When the Union guns fell silent, Porter thought he had knocked them out. But it was a trick by the Union artillery chief. His guns were waiting for the charge the Union forces knew was coming. Alexander sent word to Pickett he could start his attack.

The cannonade could be heard as far away as Philadelphia. The noise was so loud the gunner's ears bled. It was probably the loudest noise that had ever been heard on the North American continent up to that time. In the end the Confederate cannons may have killed as many as 200 Union soldiers in the area that would later become known as the "bloody angle". But the Union guns may have killed more Confederate troops.

Pickett's Charge

Calling the Confederate attack on the Union center "Pickett's Charge" is misleading for two reasons. First, Pickett commanded only one of the three units in the assault. Second, it was not a charge, which is a rapid advance towards the enemy, it was an attack which moved forward more slowly and over a longer distance. These Virginia units were joined by several smaller units of Confederates (some from North Carolina, Tennessee and Alabama) whose numbers had been reduced by the fighting over the first two days. When the cannons stopped, Pickett went to Longstreet to ask permission to begin the attack. Longstreet, sure the attack would fail, silently nodded his head and gave a wave of his hand. Longstreet had tried to get Lee to call off the attack, but Lee would not listen.

Over 12,000 Confederates stepped out from the trees and formed up for the long march forward. Waiting for them behind a low stone fence on Cemetery Ridge were about 5,000 Union troops, most of whom belonged to General Winfield Scott Hancock's II Corps. Depending on the source, this was between 2:00 and 3:00 p.m. As they marched forward across the  distance, Union artillery killed large numbers of troops. Rifle fire from the Union line was intense. The Union troops used four lines of soldiers. As the line in front fired, they moved back to reload while the next line moved up to fire. Only a few hundred of the Virginians reached the Union line. Within minutes they were dead or dying. Some were captured. The attack lasted about an hour with over 7,000 Confederate soldiers killed. As the remaining Confederate troops retreated, Lee was seen riding his horse saying "this was all my fault". He then told Pickett to rally his division. Pickett famously replied, "General, I have no division."

At about the same time as the main attack, Stuart's cavalry attacked the Union rear but the attack also failed.

Aftermath
Lee brought an army into Pennsylvania that numbered 75,054 men and lost 22,638 casualties or about 30% of his army. Meade lost so many field grade officers that the Army of the Potomac would not recover for the rest of the war. Both the Union I Corps and III Corps lost so many men they had to be combined with II Corps. The battle took more American lives than any other battle in United States history. Gettysburg is still the largest battle to ever be fought on American soil. The Union victory over the Confederacy ended Lee's invasion of the north. Lee would never try to invade the Union again. The Army of Northern Virginia would never get their strength back. However the supplies taken during their time in Pennsylvania would keep the Confederate army going. The wagon train of supply wagons and ambulances for the wounded was over  long. Lee never had more than 51,000 men the rest of the war. Numbers from the Union forces wore down Lee and his army. This is why Gettysburg is said to be the turning point of the American Civil War. After the battle the confederates figured out that there was a slave spy.

Meade was severely criticized for not counterattacking Lee after the third day of battle. The next day Meade sent out skirmishers, but did not attack. Lee had his army hold its position on Seminary Ridge all day on July 4. The more than 10,000 wounded men would be moved by wagon train  to Williamsport and cross the Potomac to Virginia. The rest of Lee's army followed on the night of July 4–5, screened by Jeb Stuart's cavalry. The next day, on discovering the Confederates had left the battlefield, the Union army cautiously followed. At the Battle of Falling Waters, Lee's army was waiting for the flooded Potomac River to go down so his army could cross. Meade's forces caught up with them there but the battle had no clear victor. The Battle of Falling Waters was the last battle in the Gettysburg Campaign.

Notes

References

Other websites
 Battle of Gettysburg, 1863; YouTube
 If the Civil War Had a Different Ending; The National Interest
 Cannons of Gettysburg; YouTube
 Battle of Gettysburg -Citizendium

Gettysburg, Battle of
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
1863 in Pennsylvania
July 1863 events

Battle of Gettysburg


An exothermic reaction is a reaction where the substances react chemically to release energy in the form of heat.

An example of this is combustion (burning). Exothermic reactions transfer energy to the surroundings. The energy is usually transferred as heat energy, causing the reaction mixture and its surroundings to become hotter. The temperature increase can be detected using a thermometer. Some examples of exothermic reactions are:
burning
neutralisation reactions between acids and alkalis
the reaction between water and calcium oxide

The chemical reaction that does the complete opposite, and absorbs heat, is an endothermic reaction.

Thermodynamics
Chemical reactions

Exothermic reactions


The Odesa National Medical University () is a renowned government university in the city of Odesa, Ukraine.

History

The institution started in 1900 as the medical faculty of the Novorossiyskiy State University in Odessa. The medical faculty soon became one of the most prestigious medical faculties in the Russian Empire. Many famous medical scientists, including Nobel laureate and professor I. I. Mechnikov, worked here.

The medical faculty managed to survive the difficult and turbulent period of the early years of the Russian revolution and in 1922 it was transformed into the independent and autonomous Odesa State Medical Institute.  After the collapse of the Soviet Union, it became Odesa State Medical University in an independent Ukrainian Republic.

Ranking and reputation
The Odesa National Medical University consists of 58 faculties and has a student population of over six thousand, including foreign students from very diverse countries.  Tuition is given in the Russian, Ukrainian, and English languages.

There are 100 clinical departments in the university, located at 63 medical and prophylactic institutions in Odesa and Odesa Oblast. All the departments of the university have their own Internet site. The site contains all  essential methodological materials on all the disciplines  in the Ukrainian, Russian and English. An electronic catalog of the whole fund of books and journals (over 700 thousand titles) as well as an electronic fund of the course books have been created at the university library. An on-line access to electronic resources has been provided. A Center of Distance Education has been created for effective and uninterrupted professional development of doctors and pharmaceutics. The university has created all the conditions necessary for active students' leisure. There are six sports halls at the university sport complex: for sports games, table tennis, aerobics and rhythmic gymnastics, shaping-up, gym and track-and-field hall. There are several sport groups: athletics, basketball, handball, tennis, power-lifting, weight sports, swimming, fencing, indoor soccer, judo, sambo, chess. Hostels provide students with sports grounds and gyms. The students' sports and fitness complex is situated on the territory of Lustdorf at the Black Sea coast. There also exists the center of students' creative work which is called "VITA" at the university . Thirty creative groups of different genres function actively in this center (the vocal studio "Harmony", the band of modern and variety dancing "Exprompt", the band of folk singing and dancing, etc.) and unite about 250 students. 2500 students live in 5 hostels.

Notable alumni

 Mazur Ivan (1914-1990) graduated Jun 1941 when the military conflict between Germany and USSR started. Joined 30 Cavalry Division (Russian 30 кд) as military doctor.  For courage and valour displayed during the performance of military duties awarded The Order of the Red Star and The Order of the Patriotic War. Celebrated VE Day 8 May 1945 in Czechoslovakia as the Main Divisional Doctor of 30 Cavalry Division.
 Dubovy Ephim Davudovich, (1898–1980) - Professor, one of the founders of Ukrainian and Russian radiology, created  a generation of radiologists with more than 56 PhD students and more 200 articles and 8 books.
Selina Hayat Ivy (1966-) - Dr. Salina Hayat Ivy the first City Mayor of Narayanganj and first woman Mayor of Bangladesh. Ivy has been given the status of Deputy Minister on 7 November 2017.
 Zaporozhan Valery Mycolayovych (born 1947) - Member of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, winner of State prize of Ukraine in the sphere of science and technology, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Honored Inventor of Ukraine. In 1971 graduated from Odesa Pirogov Medical Institute.
 Kresyun Valentin Iosyfovich (born 1941) – Ukrainian scientist in the sphere of pharmacology, corresponding member of  National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Honored scientist in the sphere of science and technology of Ukraine. In 1970 graduated from Odesa Pirogov medical institute.
Serdyuk Valentyn (born 1942) - Ukrainian scientist in the sphere of Orthopedic Surgery, Physiotherapy (magneto-acoustic therapy) and scoliosis, member of International Academy of Original Ideas of Ukraine, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Honored Inventor of Ukraine.
Stefanov Alexandr Victorovich (1950–2007) - Member of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, a director of Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology. In 1973 graduated from Odesa Pirogov Medical Institute.
Reznik Boris Yakovlevich (1929–1997) - Member of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, corresponding member of  National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor. In 1950 graduated from Odesa Pirogov Medical Institute.
Holdin Semyon Abramovich (1896-1975) - Outstanding clinician-oncologist, was graduated in 1919 from Odesa National Medical University (then Medical Faculty of the Novorossiyskiy State University in Odesa).

Notable faculty
 Valeriy Zaporozhan, Rector 1994-2018

References

Universities and colleges established in 1900
Medical schools in Ukraine
Universities and colleges in Odesa
1900 establishments in the Russian Empire
National universities in Ukraine

Odesa National Medical University


"It's My Party" is a song by Lesley Gore from 1963. The song is about a teenage girl during a party on her birthday. Her boyfriend, Johnny, goes missing during the party. He comes back with another girl, Judy, who is wearing his ring. The girl Johnny left becomes so unhappy that she cries.

The song was written in 1962. The single peaked near #1 for the pop and rhythm and blues musical charts. Other musicians have recorded the song.

1963 songs
Pop songs

It's My Party (song)


Military aviation comprises military aircraft and other flying machines for the purposes of conducting or enabling aerial warfare, including national airlift (air cargo) capacity to provide logistical supply to forces stationed in a war theater or along a front. Airpower includes the national means of conducting such warfare, including the intersection of transport and warcraft. Military aircraft include bombers, fighters, transports, trainer aircraft, and reconnaissance aircraft.

History

The first military uses of aviation involved lighter-than-air balloons. During the Battle of Fleurus in 1794, the French observation balloon l'Entreprenant was used to monitor Austrian troop movements. The use of lighter-than-air aircraft in warfare became prevalent in the 19th century, including regular use in the American Civil War. Lighter-than-air military aviation persisted until shortly after World War II, gradually being withdrawn from various roles as heavier-than-air aircraft improved.

Heavier-than-air aircraft were recognized as having military applications early on, despite resistance from traditionalists and the severe limitations of early aircraft. The U.S. Army Signal Corps purchased a Wright Model A on 2 August 1909 which became the first military aircraft in history. In 1911, the Italians used a variety of aircraft types in reconnaissance, photo-reconnaissance, and bombing roles during the Italo-Turkish War.  On October 23, 1911, an Italian pilot, Captain Carlo Piazza, flew over Turkish lines on the world's first aerial reconnaissance mission, and on November 1, the first ever aerial bomb was dropped by Sottotenente Giulio Gavotti, on Turkish troops in Libya, from an early model of Etrich Taube aircraft. The Turks, lacking anti-aircraft weapons, were the first to shoot down an airplane by rifle fire.

The earliest military role filled by aircraft was reconnaissance, however, by the end of World War I, military aviation had rapidly embraced many specialized roles, such as artillery spotting, air superiority, bombing, ground attack, and anti-submarine patrols. Technological improvements were made at a frenzied pace, and the first all-metal cantilevered airplanes were going into service as the war ended.

Between the major world wars incremental improvements made in many areas, especially powerplants, aerodynamics, structures, and weapons, led to an even more rapid advance in aircraft technology during World War II, with large performance increases and the introduction of aircraft into new roles, including Airborne Early Warning, electronic warfare, weather reconnaissance, and flying lifeboats. Great Britain used aircraft to suppress revolts throughout the Empire during the interwar period and introduced the first military transports, which revolutionized logistics, allowing troops and supplies to be quickly delivered over vastly greater distances.

While they first appeared during World War I, ground attack aircraft didn't provide a decisive contribution until the Germans introduced Blitzkrieg during the Invasion of Poland and Battle of France, where aircraft functioned as mobile flying artillery to quickly disrupt defensive formations. The Allies would later use rocket-equipped fighters in the same role, immobilizing German armored divisions during the Battle of Normandy and afterwards.
World War I also saw the creation of the first strategic bomber units, however, they wouldn't be tested until the Spanish Civil War where the perceived effects of mass bombardment would encourage their widespread use during World War II. Carrier aviation also first appeared during World War I, and likewise came to play a major role during World War II, with most major navies recognizing the aircraft carrier's advantages over the battleship and devoting massive resources to the building of new carriers.

During World War II, U-boats threatened the ability of the Allies to transport troops and war materiel to Europe, spurring the development of very long range Maritime patrol aircraft, whose capability of independently detecting and destroying submerged submarines was greatly increased with new detection systems, including sonobuoys, Leigh Lights, and radar, along with better weapons including homing torpedoes and improved depth charges. This played a major role in winning the Battle of the Atlantic. Aircraft also played a much expanded role, with many notable engagements being decided solely through the use of military aircraft, such as the Battle of Britain or the attack on Pearl Harbor, and the conclusion of the Pacific War against Japan was marked by two lone aircraft dropping the atomic bombs, devastating the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The introduction of the jet engine, radar, early missiles, helicopters, and computers are World War II advancements which are felt to the present day.

Post World War II, the development of military aviation was spurred by the Cold War stand-off between the super-powers. The helicopter appeared late in World War II and matured into an indispensable part of military aviation, transporting troops and providing expanded anti-submarine capabilities to smaller warships, negating the need for large numbers of small carriers.  The need to out-perform opponents pushed new technology and aircraft developments in the U.S.S.R. and the United States, among others, and the Korean War and the Vietnam War tested the resulting designs. Incredible advances in electronics were made, starting with the first electronic computers during World War II and steadily expanding from its original role of cryptography into communications, data processing, reconnaissance, remotely piloted aircraft, and many other roles until it has become an integral aspect of modern warfare.
In the early 1960s, missiles were expected to replace manned interceptors and the guns in other manned aircraft. They failed to live up to expectations as surface-to-air missiles lacked flexibility and were not as effective as manned interceptors, and fighters equipped only with air-to-air missiles had limited effectiveness against opposing aircraft which could avoid being hit. Missiles were also expensive, especially against low-value ground targets. The 1970s saw the return of the gun-armed fighter, and a greater emphasis on maneuverability. The 1980s through to the present day were characterized by stealth technology and other countermeasures.

Today, a country's military aviation forces are often the first line of defense against an attack, or the first forces to attack the enemy, and effective military aviation forces (or lack thereof) have proved decisive in several recent conflicts such as the Gulf War.

Categories

Airborne Early Warning provides advance warning of enemy activities to reduce the chance of being surprised. Many also have command functions that allow them to direct or vector friendly fighters onto incoming bogeys.

Bombers are capable of carrying large payloads of bombs and may sacrifice speed or maneuverability to maximize payload.

Experimental aircraft are designed to test advanced aerodynamic, structural, avionic, or propulsion concepts. These are usually well instrumented, with performance data telemetered on radio-frequency data links to ground stations located at the test ranges where they are flown.

Fighters establish and maintain air superiority. Speed and maneuverability are usually  requirements and they carry a variety of weapons, including machine guns and guided missiles, to do this.

Forward Air Control directs close air support aircraft to ensure that the intended targets are nullified and friendly troops remain uninjured.

Ground-attack aircraft support ground troops by weakening or nullifying enemy defenses. Helicopter gunships and specialized ground attack aircraft attack enemy armor or troops and provide close air support for ground troops.

Liaison aircraft are usually small, unarmed aircraft used to deliver messages and key personnel.

Maritime Patrol Aircraft are used to control sea-lanes, and are often equipped with special electronic gear for detecting and sinking submarines, such as sonar. They are also used for search and rescue missions and fisheries patrols.

Multirole combat aircraft combine the capabilities of both a fighter or a bomber, depending on what the mission calls for.

Reconnaissance aircraft  and scout helicopters are primarily used to gather intelligence. They are equipped with photographic, infrared, radar, and television sensors. This role is increasingly being filled by spy satellites and unmanned aerial vehicles.

Refueling aircraft are used to refuel fighters and reconnaissance aircraft, extending mission reach and flying range. These aircraft include but are not limited to the KC-135, KC-46, KC-767, A310 MRTT, and the KC-130J. These aircraft are a part of many countries' militant assets.

Training aircraft are used to train recruits to fly aircraft and to provide additional training for specialized roles such as in air combat.

Transport aircraft transport troops and supplies. Cargo can be on pallets for quick unloading. Cargo, and personnel may also be discharged from flying aircraft on parachutes. Also included in this category are aerial tankers, which can refuel other aircraft while in flight.  Helicopters and gliders can transport troops and supplies to areas where other aircraft would be unable to land.

Air forces

An air force is the branch of a nation's armed forces that is responsible for aerial warfare as distinct from the army, navy, or other branches. Most nations either maintain an air force or, in the case of smaller and less well-developed countries, an air wing (see List of air forces). Air forces are usually tasked with the air defense of a country, as well as strategic bombing, interdiction, close air support, intelligence gathering, battlespace management, transport functions, and providing services to civil government agencies. Air force operations may also include space-based operations such as reconnaissance or satellite operations.

Other branches

Other branches of a nation's armed forces may use aviation (naval aviation and army aviation), in addition to or instead of, a dedicated air force. In some cases, this includes coast guard services that are also an armed service, as well as gendarmeries and equivalent forces.

See also
 Civil aviation
 Military aviation occupations
 Military aircraft insignia

References
Footnotes

Citations
 Aviation History. New York: Primedia Special Interest Publications, 1996. 15 Feb. 2006
 Gross, Charles Joseph. American Military Aviation: The Indispensable Arm. College Station Texas A&M University Press, 2002. 13 Feb. 2006
 Rusnac, Mircea, The Monument with a Propeller

Military aviation


The Marzipan Pig (1986, ) is a children's book by Russell Hoban. The plot involves a marzipan pig that has somehow fallen behind a couch.

Plot summary
The pig laments being forgotten and as dust begins to cover him, he remains hopeful about someone discovering him. When he is eventually found (and eaten) by a mouse, parts of his personality are transferred to the mouse. The mouse in turn, falls in love with a nearby grandfather clock and comes to visit each night. The clock, of course, cannot reciprocate the mouse's love. One night the mouse leaves never to come back. The clock suddenly feels the loss and desperately awaits her return, finally knowing both tight loneliness and cold emptiness. Alas, she does not come back and when he is next wound up, his spring breaks.

The mouse, unbeknownst to the clock, has been eaten by an owl that falls in love with a lighted taxi meter and dances for rides. Where the mouse was eaten, a little pink flower grows up. A bee drinks the flower's nectar and shows its affection to a dying hibiscus flower. A rather snooty white mouse thinks she'd make a better hibiscus and uses the dead petals to make a dress. Then, trying to hang on the plant, she falls into a postman's bag and is thrown back to the owl. Back at the house, she finds a package with a new marzipan pig - one without any knowledge of love or loneliness. The mouse eats the new marzipan pig and falls asleep. The little boy who lives in the house opens the package (it is his birthday) and finds the mouse who escapes back into its hole. The boy tells his mother that he saw a mouse in a pink dress, though his mother never believes him. This time, the mouse is not eaten by the owl, but instead dances outside in the moonlight.

Animated version
The story has been adapted in an animated television film, produced and directed by Michael Sporn.  The adaptation was animated by Tissa David and narrated by Tim Curry. The half-hour special premiered on HBO on November 5, 1990, as part of their HBO Storybook Musicals series.

References

External links

1986 children's books
American children's books
American picture books
British children's books
British picture books
Marzipan
Children's books adapted into films
English-language books
Children's books about pigs
Children's books about owls
Children's books about mice and rats
Books by Russell Hoban
Jonathan Cape books

The Marzipan Pig


Whitehall is a road in Westminster in London, England. It is the main street running north from Parliament Square, towards traditional Charing Cross, now at the southern end of Trafalgar Square and marked by the statue of Charles I, which is often regarded as the heart of London.

The name "Whitehall" is often used for governmental administration and as a geographic name for the district around it.

Whitehall was originally a wide road that ran up to the front of the palace. Trafalgar Square was built at its northern end in the early 19th century. The southernmost part by Parliament Square is named Parliament Street, but there is no longer any obvious difference between the two on the ground. Combined, the streets cover a total distance of about 0.6 mile (1 km).

Government buildings in Whitehall
10 Downing Street
The Cabinet Office
The Foreign and Commonwealth Office
The Ministry of Defence
The Treasury
Department of Health
Department of Work and Pensions

Bibliography
 George S Dugdale  1950.  Whitehall through the centuries, with black and white reproductions and plans. A foreword by Sir Edward Bridges.  Phoenix House, London.

Other websites
Aerial photo and map
Whitehall in 1669, showing the Banqueting House and Holbein Gateway
History of the Whitehall Theatre built on Whitehall in 1930

Gallery

Notes

City of Westminster
Roads in London

Whitehall


Bangui is the capital city of Central African Republic. It is the largest city in the country. The city has a population of 531,763 people. Most of the population of the Central African Republic lives in the western parts of the country, near Bangui.

History
The city was founded in 1889 in what was then the French colony Haut-Oubangui ('Upper Ubangi'). The colony was later renamed Oubangui-Chari and made part of French Equatorial Africa. The city grew around the French military post on the Ubangi river. Bangui served as an administration center for the colony and is now the administrative center of the CAR.

Much violence in Bangui came after the March 1981 elections. These elections took place after the French removed Jean-Bedel Bokassa from office and replaced him with David Dacko. People who did not like Dacko attacked Bangui and made Dacko leave the country. Andre Kolingba then formed the Comité Militaire pour le Redressement National.

About 200 Central African Republic soldiers mutinied in Bangui in May 1996. They wanted back pay and for dictator Patassé to be removed from control of the country.  French soldiers in the country stopped them and returned Patassé to power.  More than 50 people were killed during this time.

Geography and Climate
Bangui is on the northern banks of the Ubangi River. It is just below a series of rapids. The Congolese town of Zongo is on the opposite side of the river from Bangui. The city centre is near the river. It has a large triumphal arch, the Presidential Palace and the central market. North of the city lie rolling hills.

The Central African Republic is just north of the Equator. Because of this, the daily high temperatures rarely fall below the high 80s Fahrenheit. The rainy season lasts from May until October. Bangui, being in the south of the country and closest to the Equator, is slightly hotter and wetter than the northern parts of the country.

Economy
Bangui is an administrative, trade, and commercial center. Bangui makes textiles, food products, beer, shoes, and soap.  The main exports are cotton, timber, coffee, and sisal.  Unemployment in the city was near 23% as of 2001.

Transportation
Bangui is a river port. It is served by Bangui M'Poko International Airport.  The port handles the most of the country's trade with other countries.  River ferries sail to Brazzaville and Zongo. Roads connect the city to Cameroon, Chad, and Sudan.

Culture
Several periodicals and three daily newspapers publish in Bangui.  Other things to see in Bangui include Boganda Museum and Bokassa Palace.

Education
Bangui is home to the University of Bangui. It was founded in 1970. The University of Bangui is the only non-agricultural college in the Central African Republic.

Notes and references

National capitals in Africa

Geography of the Central African Republic

Bangui


Arson, Inc. is a 1949 American film noir directed by William Berke. It is also known as Firebug Squad and Three Alarm Fire.

Plot

Joe Martin is a fire fighter in Los Angeles who is assigned by his department chief to the Arson Detail. His first assignment is to investigate a suspicious fur store fire that seems to be set by the store owner himself, Thomas Peyson.

The reason why Joe Martin gets the assignment is because his predecessor in the Arson Detail was killed when inspecting the very same fire site. The predecessor's file with his findings wasn't found on his body and hasn't been recovered. This is just one of many equally suspicious fires in the last few years, where the insurance claims following the fires has been filed by the same agent, Frederick P. Fender. There is suspicion that Fender is somehow involved in the disappearance of all the destroyed stores' goods as well.

Joe begins with Peyson, the store owner, and visits his apartment that was also raged by fire not long ago. He meets the babysitter, Jane, a pretty young teacher, and they get along so well that Joe drives her home and ask her out on a date the next evening.

It turns out Peyson and Fender is in cahoots together, since the first thing Peyson does after Joe leaves, is phone his accomplice. They also meet up the day after, just when Joe comes to see Fender as the next logical step in his investigation. Joe never sees Peyson, as he sneaks out through a back door. Joe gets very little information of use from Fender, but his visit makes Fender put one of his men, Pete, on tailing Joe to see if he finds out something.

Pete starts following Joe around everywhere he goes, even when he visits Jane. Soon Joe realizes that he is followed and when he knowingly enters an illegal gambling place Pete finally makes contact, offering Joe a chance of making a little extra money. Joe decides to play along and go "undercover".

When visiting an illegal bookie, Joe starts to fight a policeman and the next day a picture showing him hitting a police officer is on the tabloids. He gets fired for this highly unfitting behavior, and Pete makes contact again, wanting to use the ex-fireman in the insurance fraud racket. Joe and Jane both meets Fender at a party held at Pete's, and Fender is smitten with the young teacher. Fender's secretary Betty sees this, and feels her own agenda is threatened.

Joe is hired to do some work for Fender, and the following day he is to drive a car for Pete when he is doing a "job", setting fire to another store. Joe's job is to block the way for the fire trucks coming to put the fire out. Pete also jams the water sprinklers inside the store.

Joe shares the plan with an undercover policeman, Murph, and after the fire is set, the cop steps in and single-handedly extinguishes the fire before it grows out of control. All the store goods are already removed from the store by Pete. But Pete returns to the store to see that the fire is destroying the store completely, and he finds Murph at the scene. Pete shoots Murph, but more police arrive to the store, and a car chase ensues, where Jie and Pete ultimately manage to shake the police.

Fender realizes the police was warned and suspects his secretary Betty, who has been behaving strangely. Fender orders her towatch Pete by dating him, and so they go on a double date with Jie and Jane that night, at the Gaucho Club. Joe tells Jane about his undercover assignment on the way to the club.

When Betty gets drunk she accidentally discloses the address where the furs are stored and after the dinner, Joe and Jane go there. Joe is unaware that Betty was ordered by Fender to slip the address to trap Joe.

Joe drives the drunk Pete home and manages to find the file from the fireman investigator in Pete's apartment. He takes Jane with him and return to the warehouse where the furs are, alerting the police on the way. Meanwhile, Pete wakes up again and discovers what has happened.

When Joe and the police arrive at the warehouse there are no furs in it. The police look at the file Joe brought and they find evidence implicating Pete as involved in setting the fire. The police leave to arrest Pete, but Pete arrives to the warehouse with a gun and points it towards Jane. Fender is alerted of the situation by a night watchman and tries to get there as fast as he can, driving in his car with Betty by his side.

Joe manages to take the gun from Pete, but Pete gets the gun from the night watchman and pursues Joe and Jane as they try to escape. Pete sets fire to the warehouse, trying to trap Joe and Jane inside. Fire trucks get the alarm and comes to the warehouse, and Fender crashes his car on the way, driving too fast. With the help of the firemen, Joe catches Pete and overpowers him, and the rest of the villains are caught. After the big intermezzo at the warehouse, Joe and Jane continue dating each other.

Cast
 Robert Lowery as Joe Martin
 Anne Gwynne as Jane Jennings
 Edward Brophy as Pete Purdy
 Marcia Mae Jones as Betty – Fender's Secretary
 Douglas Fowley as Frederick P. 'Fred' Fender
 Maude Eburne as Grandma
 William Forrest as Deputy Fire Chief / Narrator
 Steve Pendleton as Murph, the undercover man
 Byron Foulger as Thomas Peyson
 Matt McHugh as Hubbell
 Lelah Tyler as Mrs. Peyson
 Emmett Vogan as Al, Night Watchman
 John Maxwell as Detective
 Richard David as Junior Peyson

Production
Filming began March 10, 1949. Location footage was shot in San Francisco.

Actor George Reeves did some dialogue directing on the film. (Reeves ad directed in theatre).

Reception
The Los Angeles Times called the film "lively".

References

External links

 Arson Inc at BFI

1949 films
American crime films
1949 crime films
1940s English-language films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by William A. Berke
Lippert Pictures films
Films scored by Raoul Kraushaar
1940s American films

Arson, Inc.


Mine's is a tuning firm based in Yokosuka, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan.

History
Mine's was started by Tsuzo Niikura in 1985. It attracted attention in 1988 by being among the first Japanese companies to sell re-programmed ECU systems for popular Japanese sports cars. Today it sells many products, ranging from injectors to complete engines.

Mine's currently makes software upgrades for hundreds of Japanese cars, but only makes hardware upgrades for a few select cars. Its performance upgrades include exhaust systems, engine computers, camshafts, suspension parts, brake systems, and carbon fiber body parts. Mine's is also known for its work on the Nissan Skyline GT-R, specifically the R32, R33, R34 models, as well with the Nissan GT-R R35.

Aside from the Skyline GT-R, Mine's also sells upgrades for other cars such as the Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution, the Subaru Impreza WRX, the Nissan Pulsar GTi-R, and the Nissan Fairlady Z. The Mine's Z is unusual because it remains naturally aspirated, unlike Z's from other tuners.

Mine's has also gained additional popularity through video games, most notably the Gran Turismo and Forza series.

External links
 Mines-wave.com, official website.

Auto parts suppliers of Japan
Automotive companies established in 1985
Automotive motorsports and performance companies
1985 establishments in Japan

Mine's


Year 253 (CCLIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire
 Period of the Thirty Tyrants in the Roman empire.
 Aemilianus is called "enemy of the State" by the Roman Senate.
 Aemilianus rules for 3 months the Roman Empire.  He promises to fight in Thrace and goes to war against Persia. The Senate gives him the rank of Pontifex Maximus.
 Aemilianus is murdered at Spoletium. Publius Valerianus made new emperor by the Rhine legions.
 Valerianus I splits the Roman Empire in two.
 Battle of Barbalissos: King Shapur I, defeats the Roman army (70,000 men) under Valerianus I at Barbalissos in Syria.

By topic

Religion
 Pope Cornelius is sent into exile.
 June 25 – Pope Lucius I succeeds Pope Cornelius as the 22nd pope.
 Lucius is arrested almost immediately after his election and also exiled.

Births

Deaths
 Pope Cornelius
 Aemilianus, Roman emperor
 Trebonianus Gallus, Roman emperor
 Volusianus, Roman emperor
 Saint Babylas, Patriarch of Antioch
 Fei Yi, general-in-chief of the Shu Kingdom
 Zhuge Ke, son of Zhuge Jin, nephew of Zhuge Liang, officer of the Wu Kingdom (b. 203)
 Sun He, son of Sun Quan
 Ehe Shaoge, a general of Qiang

References

253

253


Hurricane Alex was a rare June hurricane and the first tropical cyclone of the 2010 Atlantic hurricane season. The storm first struck near Belize as a tropical storm. After entering the Gulf of Mexico, Alex became a hurricane and struck northeast Mexico; it was the first hurricane in June since Hurricane Allison in 1995. The storm killed 51 people (33 directly) and caused almost $1.9 billion in damage (2010 USD).

Category 2 Atlantic hurricanes
Hurricanes in Mexico
2010 Atlantic hurricane season
2010 in Belize
2010 in Mexico

Hurricane Alex (2010)


Herrick Smith "Spoke" Emery (December 10, 1898 – June 2, 1975) was a Major League Baseball outfielder.

Born in Bay City, Michigan, Spoke played one season in Major League Baseball, in  with the Philadelphia Phillies. He played five games in the major leagues, with two career hits in three at-bats. After the end of his brief career in the majors, he remained active in the minor leagues, as a player-manager. Emery played for and managed the Class D Cotton States League's Meridian Mets from 1926 until the middle of 1927. He also played and managed for the Class D Mississippi Valley League's Cedar Rapids Bunnies in 1927 and 1928, then moved on to the Class D Eastern Carolina League's Goldsboro Goldbugs in 1929, playing and managing there as well. This marked the end of Emery's playing career, but he remained active as a manager for one more season, spending 1930 as the skipper of the Class C Ontario League's Brantford Red Sox.

Emery died on June 2, 1975, in Cape Canaveral, Florida.

External links

1898 births
1975 deaths
Sportspeople from Bay City, Michigan
Philadelphia Phillies players
Major League Baseball outfielders
Baseball players from Michigan
Minor league baseball managers
Saginaw Aces players
London Tecumsehs (baseball) players
Moline Plowboys players
Birmingham Barons players
Nashville Vols players
Memphis Chickasaws players
New Orleans Pelicans (baseball) players
Mobile Bears players
People from Cape Canaveral, Florida
Sportspeople from Brevard County, Florida

Spoke Emery


William Bennett (1811–1871) was an English watercolour landscape painter.

It is believed that Bennett received his first lessons in art from David Cox. They went on painting trips to beauty spots in north Wales, the north of England and Scotland, with David Cox Jnr (Cox's son) and other artist friends. In 1848 he was made a member of the New Water-Colour Society, and contributed landscapes, chiefly of English scenery, to their exhibitions, until his death in 1871. He also exhibited at the Royal Academy (RA), British Institution (BI) and the Royal Society of British Artists (RBA).

Bennett learnt from Cox the ability to draw with speed, and worked with a restricted range of colours, achieving his artistic effect by "the quickest and most dexterous use of a large brush full of colour dashed with hurried certainty over the roughest paper". In this way he achieved the effect of portraying the initial impact of the scene to the artist, but at the expense of accuracy.

Bennett lived for a period at "Milford Lodge", New Park Road, in Clapham Park, London (the house has since been demolished); next door but one to David Cox Jnr and his family, who lived at "no. 82" from 1860. He died in 1871 and is buried at West Norwood Cemetery, London. One of Bennett's pupils was Alfred Williams (1832–1905).

References

Attribution:

External links
Paintings by William Bennett (Arcadja auction catalogue)
Turreted Farm in a Wooded Landscape (Watercolour - "The Swan Gallery", Sherborne, Dorset)
An angler on a riverbank (Watercolour - Christie's)

1811 births
1871 deaths
19th-century English painters
English male painters
English watercolourists
English landscape painters
Burials at West Norwood Cemetery
19th-century English male artists

William Bennett (painter)


Crataegus heterophylla, known as the various-leaved hawthorn, is of uncertain origin. Its original native range is not known, possibly  it was the Caucasus of Western Asia. Suggestions that it originated in Southeast Europe may be based on misidentification.

Description
Crataegus heterophylla is a small tree of about  in height, sometimes up to ; often semi-evergreen in character, with unusually variable leaves for a hawthorn. Some leaves are entirely smooth-edged, or have just a few (sometimes three) teeth at the apex only. These leaves are oblong, or ovate in shape. Other leaves are more sharply pointed, deeply lobed leaves. The former smooth leaf types can be found on the flowering shoots; the latter pointed types on the barren shoots. All the leaves are glossy, dark green in colour, and quite glabrous. The tree is heavily fruiting, with the long, narrow red berries attractive and a bird food source.

Uses
The various-leaved Hawthorn has been in cultivation in European and American parks and gardens since the early nineteenth century. This hawthorn is considered a beautiful tree for ornamental use, bearing a rich glossy foliage, sometimes retained during winter months (semi-evergreen), and with heavy fruiting. W.J.Bean comments that "It is a beautiful thorn ... bearing its large flowers and bright fruits freely. It is also one of the most distinct by reason of its variously shaped leaves, its long, narrow fruits, and the absence of down from the younger parts."

Today, mature specimens of the various-leaved Hawthorn can be seen in England where it has been formally planted, such as at the Royal Victoria Park in Bath; and in some places where it has naturalised, the most extensive such place being Abney Park Cemetery in London where it was planted long ago by Loddiges in an early Victorian garden cemetery arboretum.

Taxonomy
This hawthorn can be confused even by experts with Crataegus monogyna, which has extremely variable leaf shape, and its origin is obscure. The tree was first described scientifically in 1808 in a French periodical. In England, it was also described in Dendrologia Britannica by the botanist P. W. Watson, but it is John Lindley's description that is better known, which used Flüggé's name Crataegus heterophylla, as is now used.

Reports that it is native to Spain appear to be based on misidentification of the Common Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna). Some report it is only known in cultivation and not in the wild. It is thought by some  to be a hybrid between the Crataegus monogyna and another species, perhaps the Azarole hawthorn (Crataegus azarolus). If it is of hybrid origin it may have arisen more than once.

Early confusion
Early ideas that it originated in North America were replaced by the perception that it has more in common with species from eastern Europe. Favouring an American origin was Joseph Paxton, who in 1840 listed it as having been introduced into Britain from North America in 1816. Also, A. P. de Candolle published its country of origin as North America in his Podromus in 1825. John Lindley in 1828 considered it to have little affinity with North American hawthorns, being closer to Eastern European species, and suggested it could be a relative of Azarole hawthorn (Crataegus azarolus), (under the name Crataegus maroccana Persoon).  In the early twentieth century, W. J. Bean described it similarly, as a native of Armenia. Today, other authors also list it as native to Eastern Europe from Georgia and the Caucasus to nearby parts of Western Asia.

References

External links

heterophylla
Garden plants of Asia
Garden plants of Europe
Bird food plants
Ornamental trees

Crataegus heterophylla


Gesang Martohartono (1 October 1917 – 20 May 2010) was an Indonesian singer-songwriter from central Java. He is the composer of the "Bengawan Solo," famous song throughout Indonesia, Japan, part of Asia, and some other countries. The song is almost synonymous with the kroncong style of Javanese music. Martohartono was most commonly known simply as Gesang.

Gesang was born in Surakarta (Solo), Indonesia. His father owned a batik-fabric business, which went bankrupt when Gesang was in his teens, plunging the family into poverty. Gesang, a self-taught musician who was illiterate in musical notation, supported himself and his family by writing songs and singing at local functions such as weddings and other formal occasions.

Career
In 1940, just before the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies in World War II, the impoverished 23-year-old musician composed a tune (using a flute) in the popular urban local style known as kroncong, a musical tradition of the region which combined Javanese chord progressions with Westernised vocal stylings, instrumental arrangements, and melodies. The style had its origins in the 17th century Portuguese influence upon the region.

For the lyrics, Gesang turned to Surakarta's river for inspiration. The Bengawan Solo River is Java's longest and most important waterway for trade and agriculture. It seemed to Gesang to symbolise the durability of Javanese culture in those troubled times. Gesang himself would later remark "I had dreamt since my childhood about writing a song of praise for the immortal Solo River."

Gesang added "Bengawan Solo" to his repertoire, and it soon became widely popular among the local Javanese community. The song rose to national prominence when recordings of it were aired on local radio stations. It also found an appreciative audience among the Japanese occupation forces, some of whom took to singing it with lyrics translated into Japanese. It was popular among the non-Javanese prisoners (principally Dutch civilians) of the Japanese internment camps, many of whom spoke Indonesian. The simple, nostalgic lyrics and popular-sounding melody held equal appeal to the long-standing resident and the homesick soldier.

As World War II drew to a close, the returning soldiers of the Japanese Imperial Army brought the song back to Japan. In the dark period immediately after Japan's defeat, "Bengawan Solo" caught the public mood. Its fame soon spread throughout the country after best-selling recordings were released by popular singers, starting with Toshi Matsuda's 1947 rendition. It was periodically re-released by popular artists, and the song soon became almost synonymous in Japan with Indonesian music, with many assuming that it was a centuries-old traditional song.

Versions of "Bengawan Solo" were released in other Asian countries. It has since been reinterpreted many times by musical artists worldwide.

Gesang remained in the city of his birth, continuing to compose and sing, his fame spreading through the decades. He came to be regarded as the leading exponent and senior figurehead of the Solonese kroncong style, which is now regarded as a respectable, even somewhat starchy and dated style, well and truly assimilated from its humble and scandalous prior associations.

In 1991, a group of appreciative Japanese war veterans arranged for a life-size statue of Gesang to be erected in a Surakarta park, to mark their respects for the composer of the tune that had managed to cross the cultural barriers of wartime.

Death
From 12 May 2010 Gesang was hospitalized in a state of ill health. He was reported to be unconscious and was sent to Muhammadiyah Hospital's Intensive Care Unit in his hometown of Solo. He died from starvation and was already reported dead previously on 18 May 2010, but his family denied it. Gesang died 8 days later in the hospital, on 20 May 2010 at the age of 92.  He left his entire fortune (of some $20 million) to the charity "Music in Youth".

References

External links
"Maestro Kroncong" Bio Gesang on Ensiklopedi Tokoh Indonesia

1917 births
2010 deaths
Indonesian composers
20th-century Indonesian male singers
Indonesian songwriters
Deaths by starvation
Javanese people
People from Surakarta

Gesang Martohartono


Conviction is a made-for-television biopic about Carl Upchurch, a hardcore felon who managed to educate himself and developed a spiritual awakening during one of his numerous stints inside prison. He began to spread his message to other inmates, and soon he was asked to help mediate problems between some of the most feared street gangs in the country. Directed by Kevin Rodney Sullivan, Conviction stars Omar Epps as Upchurch and features supporting turns from Dana Delany and Charles S. Dutton. The film first aired in 2002.

References

External links

2002 television films
2002 films
Films directed by Kevin Rodney Sullivan

Conviction (2002 film)


The Council for Higher Education in Israel (, HaMo'atza LeHaskala Gevoha) is a supervisory body for universities and colleges in Israel. It is the only organization with the authority to award academic educational accreditation. The head of the council is always the minister of education, and at least two-thirds of its members are academics.

The council is located in Albert Einstein Square, Jerusalem, next to the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.

History
The council was established in 1958. At that time most of the academic institutions were dependent on the governmental budget, and there was concern among academics that the government would politically influence higher education institutions.

In 1956 the government appointed a special committee, which was supposed to advise the government how to act, in order to assure that no ruling political party will be able to influence the academic institutions. The Governor of the Bank of Israel, David Horowitz, was the head of the committee, which advised the government to appoint a special apolitical and academic council which would supervise the functioning of the academic institutions and their relations with the government. Soon after, in 1958, the Knesset passed the Council for Higher Education Law, which established the organisation.

In December 2005, new legislation came into force, which enlarged the student representation at the council from one to two members, one for university students and one for college students.

Structure and responsibilities
The total budget of the council, which is funded by the government, is 6 billion NIS per year, which is then transferred to the public universities and colleges. Among its duties, the council is responsible for the establishment of new universities and the expansion of existing universities.

The most important body of the council is the committee for budget and planning, which deals with the division of funding between the various universities and colleges.

See also
 List of universities and colleges in Israel

References

External links
 Official website

1958 establishments in Israel
Educational organizations established in 1958
Council for Higher Education in Israel
Education in Israel
School accreditors
Higher education authorities

Council for Higher Education in Israel


Timothy Modise is a South African veteran journalist, broadcaster, public speaker and philanthropist. Boasting over thirty years in broadcast media and journalism, Modise has worked for various radio and TV stations of the SABC, M-Net, Primedia, BBC and Power FM across different formats from music, current affairs and talk shows. He was inducted in the Radio Hall of Fame in 2011.

Broadcasting
Although grounded in the music formatted stations for five years of his early broadcasting career, the veteran journalist transitioned to the talk format in 1988. He later introduced politically oriented talk, participating extensively in the coverage of the transition from 'apartheid' to the new 'constitutional democracy', reporting and commenting on the unbanning of the ANC and other liberation movements, the release of political prisoners, the uprisings, and subsequent negotiations that ushered in the South Africa of today. He provided voter education on his programmes, hosted the debates leading to the elections of 1994 which he also covered on both radio and TV. His highlight was being a panelist on the Mandela/De Klerk debate which was broadcast to a global audience of 800 million. He has interviewed all South African Presidents since 1990.

He continues to cover South African public affairs and through his company FGPMedia, produces his own TV shows as well as his radio show on @touchhdonline.  Tim Modise hosts his own current affairs shows on eNCA called 'The Modise Network ' and another on Soweto TV called Tonight with Tim Modise. He also promotes entrepreneurship with research company Plus94 Research, collaborating on their support platform called BizNexus.

Other work
Tim Modise has also worked as a political analyst for AMB Securities & HSBC, a columnist for City Press newspaper and was appointed the founding chairman of Proudly South African by President Thabo Mbeki. He briefly worked as Chief Communications Officer of 2010 World Cup and later became CEO of Sizwe IT, a technology company.
He has started a digital publication called Modise.net to promote entrepreneurship and the South African economy. He is a public speaker who has also given keynote speeches at graduation ceremonies of universities of Cape Town, Tshwane, UNISA and Wits. He has moderated and facilitated a variety of conferences and MC'd major events including Cape Town Jazz, Mandela 85 Birthday Ubuntu Awards & the Loerie Awards with Fran Drescher and Louis Gossett Jr.  He is involved in education and health sectors in his home community of Garankuwa as patron of the Tim Modise Primary School, member of Sefako Makgatho University and board member of George Mukhari Hospital.

Recognition
He has received numerous awards for community development, communication, broadcasting, reconciliation from IJR & Archbishop Tutu as well as for human rights from the Jaime Brunet Foundation, University of Navarro in Spain.

Education and personal life
He obtained Advanced Management Diploma (AMP) from Henley Business School, Marketing Certificate UNISA, Financial Management Diploma from Damelin. Modise lives with his children in Kyalami, Johannesburg and enjoys music and reading biographies, world current affairs and developments.

References

1961 births
Living people
People from Pretoria
South African Tswana people
South African television journalists
South African radio presenters

Tim Modise


The Hustler Club is a series of bars and chain of go-go clubs licensed by Hustler magazine publisher Larry Flynt.

Early history
Flynt was discharged from the Navy in 1964 where he had served as a radar operator. After this stint in the Navy he worked in manufacturing jobs including one at a General Motors factory in Dayton, Ohio. In 1965, with $1,800 in savings, he made a down payment on a bar in one of Dayton's working-class neighborhoods. He specifically targeted working class patrons for his new bar by setting up horseshoe stakes and picnic tables and naming it Hillbilly Haven. Because of this, Flynt exponentially increased the bar's sales. By the end of 1965, Flynt was able to buy a second bar, and, the following year, a third. Both were similar in approach and customer base to Hillbilly Haven.

Flynt opened a fourth bar named Whatever's Right. He purposely made this bar different from his earlier ventures. He sought to make this bar a "more elegant atmosphere" and geared it more to affluent and upscale male patrons. The club featured a dance floor and attractive hostesses whose job was to dance with patrons. These dancing hostesses were a huge success. In 1968, Flynt took this hostess idea a step further by opening the first Hustler Club which features semi-clothed girls. He figured that if fully clothed girls resulted in good sales, then semi-clothed girls would make great sales. His thoughts were right and the one Hustler Club in Dayton quickly creating a chain of clubs with the same name in Cincinnati, Columbus, Cleveland, Toledo, and Akron. Flynt sold his first two bars to focus on his Hustler Clubs and by early 1970, he had eight clubs and 300 employees.

Closing

Flynt began publishing the Hustler Newsletter containing information about his various clubs. By 1974 the Hustler Newsletter had morphed into the full-fledged magazine, Hustler. A year into publishing Hustler the magazine was grossing more than $500,000 per issue. Later that same year with publishing profits far surpassing those of the Hustler Clubs, Flynt decided to get out of the bars business and be a publisher full-time.

Rebirth
For close to 30 years the Hustler Club name lay dormant. In the early 2000s, Larry Flynt Publications began to license the Hustler Club name for new clubs across the country to Deja Vu, its partner in the pornography distribution business. At the opening of Hustler Club - San Francisco in March 2002 where Flynt was in attendance he said "there's a difference between style and class. We want this club to be about class." There are Hustler Clubs in six states and four countries. The brand continues to be expanded by Deja Vu, opening a new Hustler Club in Nashville in 2020.

Current clubs

United States
San Francisco, California
San Diego, California
Washington Park, Illinois (St. Louis)
New Orleans, Louisiana
Baltimore, Maryland
New York City, New York
Cleveland, Ohio
Shreveport, Louisiana
Las Vegas, Nevada
Nashville, Tennessee

International
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (Closed)
 Warsaw, Poland

See also
 List of strip clubs

References

Koopman, John. "Hustler Club's naked truth Strip club hustles up interest" San Francisco Chronicle, March 11, 2002.
Pederson, Jay. International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 31. St. James Press, 2000.

External links
 Hustler
 Larry Flynt

Larry Flynt Publications
North Beach, San Francisco
Strip clubs in the United States

Hustler Club


The Cincinnati Celts (pronounced with a hard C) was the first professional football team to play in Cincinnati, Ohio. The team played in the unofficial "Ohio League" and the American Professional Football Association (renamed the National Football League in 1922). The Celts were a traveling team, playing all of their APFA games in other cities' stadia. In its only season in the APFA, 1921, the team had a record of 1–3. For the entire span of the team's existence, the Celts were coached by Mel Doherty, who was also the team's center.

History

Origins
The Celts were established in 1910 as a semi-pro team made up primarily of players from Miami University in nearby Oxford.  During the first 10 years of their existence, the team flourished while playing numerous semi-pro teams from Ohio. An early member of the squad, George Roudebush, referred to the team as being run "by a bunch of wild Irishmen." In 1914, Lou Partlow played for the Celts.

1916 Pine Village game
One of the greatest moments in the team's early existence came against a team from Pine Village, Indiana, in 1916. While Pine Village consisted of only 300 residents, it was the top team in Indiana before World War I, compiling a record of 12 undefeated seasons. In 117 games, the team had only one tie-game finish. Pine Village faced the Celts before a crowd of 2,500 people in nearby Lafayette. With Pine Village leading  Cincinnati 6–2, the Celts were forced to punt. George Roudebush then lined up behind the punter. Under the rules of the time, anyone lining up behind the punter was eligible to recover the kick as a free ball. After the ball was kicked, Roudebush ran down the field. Pine Village, not wanting to touch the ball, was unaware that Roudebush was eligible to recover it. Roudebush recovered the ball in the Pine Village end zone, giving the Celts a 9–6 victory.

NFL
The Celts were not initially invited to join the new APFA when the league was formed in 1920. The team accepted an invitation the following year, but proved unable to compete against league foes, being outscored 117–14 in their only four league games. The team's only two touchdowns, and sole victory, came during a 14–0 shutout of the Muncie Flyers. The Celts also faced the 1920 APFA champion Akron Pros, Cleveland Tigers and the Evansville Crimson Giants, losing handily in each contest. The Celts finally withdrew from the league in 1922, just prior to it being renamed the National Football League. For many years, the NFL record book listed the Celts as having an APFA record of 0–8–0. After reviewing records from the era, the NFL corrected the standings.

The team's finances were also troubling. Game attendance for the Celts never reached above 2,500 spectators. As a result of this and other financial issues, the Celts were unable to pay the nominal league fees. The Celts continued as an amateur team until 1923.

Season-by-season

External links
Cincinnati Celts profile at Ohio History Central
Cincinnati Celts 1921 overview at databaseFootball.com

Baseball teams established in 1910
Baseball teams disestablished in 1923
1910 establishments in Ohio
1923 disestablishments in Ohio
Defunct National Football League teams
American football teams in Cincinnati
Ohio League teams
Defunct American football teams in Ohio
Traveling teams

Cincinnati Celts