Pádraic Colum (8 December 1881 – 11 January 1972) was an Irish writer. He wrote poetry, long made-up stories, plays, true stories about the lives of people who made big changes in the world, and stories for children. He also wrote down stories other people told, if the stories were so old that nobody knew who told them the very first time. He was one of the Irish writers who were part of the Irish Literary Revival. This was a time when many very good Irish writers all wrote lots of stories and poems that were full of big important thoughts. It happened near the end of the 19th century and near the start of the 20th century.

Early life
Padraic Colum was born in County Longford, Ireland. When he was born, his name was Patrick Collumb. He changed it later. He was born in a place where poor people could live if they did not have homes of their own. He was born there because his father worked there. His father's name was also Patrick Collumb. His mother's name was Susan Collumb. Patrick and Susan Collumb had seven more children after they had Padraic Colum.

In 1889, Patrick Collumb lost his job at the place where poor people could live. He left Ireland. He did not take Susan and Padraic and his other children with him. He went to Pike's Peak, a mountain which is in Colorado in the United States. He looked for gold there. Lots of other people also went to Pike's Peak to look for gold. Patrick Collumb did not find much gold. In 1892, he came back to Ireland. He got a job at a place where trains stopped. This job was at Glasthule, Ireland, which is near Dublin. Padraic went to school in Dublin. In 1897, Susan Collumb died. Most of the family left Dublin. They moved back to Longford. Padraic did not go to Longford. He kept going to school in Dublin. One of his brothers also went to school in Dublin.

When Padraic Colum was seventeen years old, he finished going to school. He got a job writing down where many trains went and what they carried to each place. He worked at this job until 1903. While Padraic worked at this job, he also started to write stories. Padraic read a lot of books about Ireland at the National Library of Ireland. Padraic made friends with a writer called James Joyce at the library. Padraic Colum and James Joyce were always friends after that. Padraic was also friends with a man called Herbert Hughes. Herbert studied music. Herbert and Padraic talked to a lot of people who knew old folk songs that people in Ireland had sung for many years. Herbert and Padraic wrote down the songs. Herbert wrote down the music and Padraic wrote down the words. Some of the songs were in the Irish language, so Padraic wrote English words for them. He did this so that more people would sing them. An American man named Thomas Kelly gave Padraic money to go to school some more. Padraic went to school for five years at University College Dublin with this money.

At that time, most Irish people could not speak the Irish language. Padraic joined a group of people who wanted more Irish people to learn how to speak the Irish language. They called themselves the Gaelic League, because the name of the Irish language is "Gaelic".

Early poetry and plays
Padraic wrote his first play in 1903. He called it Broken Soil. Later he changed some of the words in the play. He called the changed play The Fiddler's House. A group of actors who called themselves W. G. Fay's Irish National Dramatic Company acted out this play. In 1905 Padraic wrote a play called The Land. The same group of actors acted out that play. Many people said that the actors and the play were very good. Later, these actors were part of the Abbey Theatre. This was a place where Irish people who wrote plays could have their plays acted out. At that time, many people did not think that Irish people could write very well. The Abbey Theatre helped to show these people that Irish people could write good plays. Padraic helped to run the Abbey Theatre.

Padraic wrote a play called The Saxon Shillin'''. This play said that Irish people should not fight in the English army. At the time Padraic wrote the play, England ruled Ireland, and Padraic did not like that. The Gaelic League gave Padraic a prize because they liked that play. Padraic also wrote other plays. The Abbey Theatre showed some of Padraic's plays. One of those plays was called Thomas Muskerry. Padraic wrote it in 1910.

Padraic had a friend called Arthur Griffith. Arthur Griffith was the leader of Sinn Fein. Sinn Fein was a political group. The people in Sinn Fein did not want England to rule Ireland any more. Arthur Griffith printed a newspaper that said why he thought England should not rule Ireland. This newspaper was called The United Irishman. Padraic wrote poems that Arthur Griffith printed in his newspaper. One of Padraic's poems was called "The Poor Scholar". William Butler Yeats liked this poem very much. Yeats was an Irish writer. Many people said he was the best Irish writer who was alive at that time. William Butler Yeats was friends with Padraic Colum. Padraic also met Lady Gregory, who was another Irish writer that many people liked. In 1907, the Abbey Theatre showed a play called The Playboy of the Western World. Padraic Colum and Arthur Griffith and some other people thought this play said bad things about Irish people. They did not want the play to be shown. They got very angry and started a riot. After the riot, Padraic Colum and W.B. Yeats were not friends any more.

In 1908, a publisher called J.M. Dent and Company started to print new copies of good books that they thought everybody should read. One of the books that they printed was written by Edgar Allan Poe. It was called Tales of Mystery and Imagination. Padraic Colum got to write about why Edgar Allan Poe was a good writer and why everybody should read Poe's stories. This introduction that Padraic wrote was printed in the front of the new books.

In 1911, Padraic started to print a newspaper. He called his newspaper The Irish Review. Three of his friends helped him run the newspaper. These friends were called Mary Gunning Maguire, David Houston, and Thomas MacDonagh. Padraic had met Mary Gunning Maguire at college. The newspaper printed things that were written by many very good Irish writers. Some of these writers were W.B. Yeats, George Moore, and Oliver St John Gogarty.

In 1912, Padraic Colum and Mary Gunning Maguire got married. Mary worked at a school which Padraig Pearse started. Padraig Pearse was a member of the Gaelic League. He was a friend of Padraic and Mary. Padraig Pearse's school was called Scoil Éanna. It was in Rathfarnam, County Dublin. Padraic and Mary lived in Donnybrook. Donnybrook is part of Dublin. Every Tuesday, Padraic and Mary asked lots of good writers to come to their house and talk to each other about writing. Later, Padraic and Mary moved to Howth. Howth was a very small town or village near Dublin. Most of the people who lived in Howth worked at catching fish. In 1914, Padraic and Mary moved to the United States of America. They thought they would stay for two or three months. They stayed in the United States for eight years.
Later life and work
While he was living in America, Padraic Colum started writing books for children. First he took an old story that was written in the Irish language and put it into English words. He did this because he did not want to forget the Irish language. He had this story published in the New York Tribune. A man named Willy Pógany read the story and told Padraic he should make it into a long book. Willy Pógany was born in Hungary. His job was drawing pictures. Willy Pógany told Padraic that if Padraic wrote a book, Willy Pógany would draw the pictures. Padraic wrote the book, and Willy drew the pictures. The book was called The King of Ireland's Son. It was published in 1916.

Padraic wrote more books for children. The Macmillan Publishing Company told him that if he would write books for them to print, they would pay him lots of money. Then Padraic would always have enough money to live on. Padraic said yes. Three of the books Padraic wrote for children were made Newbery Medal Honor Books. That meant that some people who had studied children's books thought that those were very good books for children to read. Those three books were called The Golden Fleece and the Heroes Who Lived Before Achilles, The Voyagers: Being Legends and Romances of Atlantic Discovery, and The Big Tree of Bunlahy: Stories of My Own Countryside. The Golden Fleece... was first printed in 1921, and was made a Newbery Honor Book in 1922. The Voyagers was first printed in 1925, and was made a Newbery Honor Book in 1926. The Big Tree of Bunlahy was first printed in 1933, and was made a Newbery Honor Book in 1934.

Many of the books that Padraic wrote for children were stories that other people had told before. Padraic put the stories into English words. These stories came from many places. Padraic used stories that came from Ireland, Greece, Norway, and even Hawaii. Padraic wrote three books of stories from Hawaii. Much later, on May 23, 2011, Barack Obama, who was the President of the United States, visited Ireland. The Prime Minister of Ireland, whose name was Enda Kenny, gave him copies of those three books. The copies that Enda Kenny gave to Barack Obama were some of the first copies of those books that had ever been printed.

Padraic Colum also wrote long books for grown-up people. Two of those books are called Castle Conquer and The Flying Swans. From 1930 to 1933, Padraic and Mary Colum lived in France. Padraic's good friend James Joyce also lived in France at that time. Padraic and James liked visiting each other in France. Padraic helped James to write down some parts of James's big book that he called Finnegans Wake. In 1933, Padraic and Mary moved to New York City. They taught some lessons at Columbia University and at the City College of New York. Padraic wrote 61 books in his life. He also wrote many plays. He wrote some of his plays in ways that made them sound like Noh plays. Noh plays are a special kind of play. Noh plays were first shown in Japan.

Mary and Padraic Colum started writing a book that they called Our Friend James Joyce. In 1957, before the book was done, Mary Colum died. Padraic finished the book by himself. It was published in 1958. When he was an old man, Padraic did not live in one place. He lived in the United States for part of the time and in Ireland for part of the time. In 1961 he got a Regina Medal from the Catholic Library Association. This medal meant that Padraic had written a lot of books for children. It also meant that the people who gave him the medal liked Padraic's books. Padraic Colum died in Enfield, Connecticut, when he was 90 years old. He was buried in Ireland, in St Fintan's Cemetery, Sutton. Sutton is a part of Dublin.
Things that Padraic Colum said
Someone once asked Padraic Colum how to say his name. He said, "In my first name, the first a has the sound of au." His first name should be said pau'drig. He said that his last name is just like the English word column.

Some books and plays that Padraic Colum wrote
 (1902) The Saxon Shillin (a play)
 (1903) Broken Sail (a play)
 (1905) The Land (a play)
 (1907) Wild Earth (a long book for grown-up people)
 (1907) The Fiddlers' House (a play)
 (1910) Thomas Muskerry (a play)
 (1916) The King of Ireland's Son (a book of old Irish stories that Padraic told in new English words)
 (1917) Mogu the Wanderer (a play)
 (1918) 'The Children's Homer (a book of old Greek stories that Padraic told in new English words)
 (1920) The Boy Apprenticed to an Enchanter (a book)
 (1920) Children of Odin: Nordic Gods and Heroes (a book of old Norse stories that Padraic told in new English words)
 (1921) The Golden Fleece and the Heroes Who Lived Before Achilles (another book of old Greek stories that Padraic told in new English words. Willy Pogany drew the pictures for this book.)
 (1923) The Six Who Were Left in a Shoe (a story for children)
 (1923) Castle Conquer (a long book for grown-up people)
 (1929) The Strindbergian Balloon (a play)
 (1932) Poems (a book of many poems Padraic wrote)
 (1933) The Big Tree of Bunlahy: Stories of My Own Countryside (a book of Irish stories for children)
 (1937) The Story of Lowry Maen (a very long poem)
 (1943) The Frenzied Prince (a book of old Irish stories that Padraic told in new English words)
 (1957) The Flying Swans (a long book for grown-up people)
 (1958) Our Friend James Joyce (a book about the good times that Padraic had with James Joyce. Padraic wrote this book with his wife Mary Colum. Mary's name was printed as Molly Colum on the book.)
 (1965) Padraic Colum Reading His Irish Tales and Poems'' (a record of Padraic telling some of his stories out loud. It was made and sold by Folkways Records. This record was later made into a CD so that people who did not have a record player could listen to it.)

References

1881 births
1972 deaths
Irish playwrights
Children's writers
Biographers
Irish novelists
Irish poets

Padraic Colum


Super Mario 64 is a 1996 video game created by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64. The game was the first in the Mario series that used 3D graphics. Many fans and critics think that it is one of the best video games ever made.

Story

Princess Peach makes a special cake and invites Mario to her castle in the Mushroom Kingdom. As Mario arrives, he learns that Bowser took over the castle and kidnapped Peach. To defeat Bowser and rescue Peach, Mario enters each world by jumping through paintings hanging from a wall. The main area of the game is Peach's castle. The player can unlock doors by collecting stars. There are 120 of them scattered among 15 maps and some secret maps. The player can get each of the stars by completing each of the achievements per level. One world requires two stars, for instance. Each locked door leads to more levels and challenges. Mario can also leave the castle and explore the small courtyard.

Development
Super Mario 64 was made in less than two years, but it was reported that Shigeru Miyamoto had thought about a 3D Mario game, called Super Mario FX, five years before, while working on Star Fox. Miyamoto came up with most of the ideas during the era of the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) and thought about using the Super FX chip to make it a SNES game, but decided to build it for the Nintendo 64 due to the SNES's technical limitations. On his Twitter Dylan Cuthbert stated that there was never a Super Mario FX game ever made, and that "Super Mario FX" was the internal code name of the FX chip.

Nintendo started making the game with the creation of the characters and camera system. Miyamoto and the other designers were initially unsure of which direction the game should take; months were spent selecting a camera view and layout that would be appropriate. The original concept involved the game having fixed path much like an isometric type game (similar to Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars), before the choice was made to settle on a free-roaming 3D design. Although the majority of Super Mario 64 would end up featuring the free-roaming design, elements of the original fixed path concept would remain in certain parts of the game, particularly in the three Bowser encounters. One of the programmers of Super Mario 64, Giles Goddard, explained that these few linear elements survived  to force players into Bowser's lair rather than to encourage exploration. The development team placed a great amount of attention, time, and effort on getting Mario's movements right. Before levels were created, the team was testing and perfecting Mario's animations on a simple grid. The first test scenario used to try out controls and physics involved Mario and a golden rabbit named "MIPS" by the developers (named for the MIPS-type CPU used by the Nintendo 64), the latter of which was included in the final release of the game as a way to find two of the Power Stars. At first, the developers tried to make the game split screen co-op using both Mario and Luigi. Initially, the two characters would start at separate points in the castle and work their way through the game together. However, developers were unable to make the gameplay work.

Shigeru Miyamoto's guiding design philosophy behind Super Mario 64 was to "include more details" than found in games prior to the Nintendo 64. Some details were inspired by real life. For example, the Boos are based on assistant director Takashi Tezuka's wife, who, as Miyamoto explained, "is very quiet normally, but one day she exploded, maddened by all the time Tezuka spent at work. In the game, there is now a character which shrinks when Mario looks at it, but when Mario turns away, it will grow large and menacing." Super Mario 64 is also known for having more puzzles than earlier Mario games. It was developed at the same time as The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time, but as Ocarina of Time was released more than two years later, some puzzles were taken from that game for Super Mario 64.

Information about Super Mario 64 first leaked out in November 1995, and a playable version of the game was presented days later as part of the world premiere for the Nintendo 64 (then known as Nintendo's "Ultra 64") at Nintendo Space World. The basic controls had at this point been set in place, and the game was reportedly 50% finished, although most of the course design remained. Thirty-two courses were made for the game. Miyamoto thought he would create more, up to 40 courses, not including bonus levels. The actual number turned out much lower in the final game, though, as only 15 courses could fit.

Appearances in other games
In the original Super Smash Bros. for the Nintendo 64 console, Princess Toadstool's castle is a playable stage in which the fighters fight on top of the roof.

In Mario Party, Peach's stage is a large birthday cake which the player can travel through.

Sequel and remake

In 1999, a sequel, titled Super Mario 64 2, was planned to be released for the Nintendo 64DD (N64 Disk Drive), but it was cancelled, due to the commercial failure of the Nintendo 64DD and unlike its predecessor, Luigi was going to be playable and there would be a multiplayer mode. Super Mario 64 DS is a 2004 enhanced remake made for the Nintendo DS console. In this game Mario, Luigi, and Wario all get a letter saying Peach baked a cake for them. Bowser has kidnapped Princess Peach, Mario, Luigi, and Wario and has jailed them in Princess Peach's castle, by Gomboss, King Boo, and Chief Chilly. Yoshi is told that he must save them. Yoshi finds a rabbit and unlocks the door to the castle. When the player finds keys, they save a character, and can play as them. Super Mario 64 DS also has a multiplayer wireless versus mode where up to four players can play and minigames which are unlocked by getting keys from rabbits. Here, there are 150 stars, 30 more than the original game.

References

Nintendo 64 games
1996 video games
3D platform games
Mario platform games
Single-player video games

Super Mario 64


Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter is a 1984 American slasher movie directed by Joseph Zito and produced by Frank Mancuso Jr.. It stars Corey Feldman, Ted White, Kimberly Beck, and Crispin Glover. It is the fourth installment in the Friday the 13th movie series.

The movie is about Jason Voorhees escaping from a morgue and returns to Crystal Lake to continue his killing spree, targeting a family and a group of neighboring teenagers.

It was released on April 13, 1984. It made about $11 million on its opening weekend and grossed $32 million in the United States on a budget of $2.6 million.

Other websites

1984 horror movies
Friday the 13th movies
Movies directed by Joseph Zito

Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter


Aerosmith's Blue Army is the American hard rock band's nickname for their loyal fanbase. The term was coined by the band around 1975. "Blue" referred to the blue denim jeans and jean jackets as well as the blue collar demographic of their fans. "Army" referred to their loyalty, youthfulness, and tough demeanor. Aerosmith guitarist Joe Perry describes the Blue Army: "We drove up to the gig and the line went around the building, long-haired teenage boys wearing blue denim jackets and jeans.  An army of blue jeans.  Our people."  He also describes them as being predominantly male: "Aerosmith back then was definitely a guy thing.  It used to be the only girls at Aerosmith shows were the ones hoping to blow us on the bus."

The "army" characteristic of Aerosmith fans (and hard rock fans in general) in the 1970s was also often alluded to in the press. A Rolling Stone magazine review described fans arriving at an Aerosmith concert in Pontiac, Michigan on May 8, 1976 as "a boozy army of hard hats coming to dismantle the place.  They looked like hell. Nobody dresses up for concerts anymore." The band and fans still often use the term, more informally however, to describe Aerosmith's fan base. Aerosmith's official fan club is called Aero Force One.

Aerosmith named their 2015 concert tour, "The Blue Army Tour", in honor of their fanbase.

See also
Kiss Army
Deadheads

References

Aerosmith
Music fandom
1975 establishments in the United States

Blue Army (Aerosmith)


Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision Avoidance or CSMA/CA is an access method (or protocol, or rule) used in Ethernet networks. In CSMA/CA, before a host sends information on the wire, it will "sense" to see if the wire is free of signals. If the wire is free, the host sends a piece of test data on the wire to see if it collides with other data. If the test data does not collide, the host goes on to send the real data on the wire.

Computer networking

Carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance


Andrew Leoncelli (born 17 July 1974) is a former Italian-Australian rules footballer who played for Melbourne Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).

Leoncelli was recruited by Carlton in the 1993 Pre-Season Draft,    . Leoncelli was delisted from the senior list of Carlton and was offered a place on their supplementary list but found the club environment at Carlton overly focused on senior older more established players with junior development low on the clubs priority at that time. He decided to move on from the club at the end of 1994 when he moved to Brisbane to pursue in his education, where he studied law and commerce at the University of Queensland in St Lucia. Leoncelli lifted weights and ran to keep fit also playing soccer and some games of rugby union, but it was when he saw the Brisbane Lions training at his university that he realised how much he missed the game. He wrote David Parkin a letter saying he refused to believe he was finished at 19 years of age and to watch out for his return. He moved back to Melbourne then played amateur football for the Old Xaverians in 1995 winning the club best and fairest, playing state football for Victoria and winning the Victorian Amateur Football Association premiership.

He finally made his league debut in 1996 with Melbourne. Playing in the midfield Leoncelli had a good 1997 season, finishing third in the Demon's best and fairest despite only playing 12 games because of a stress fracture. He built his game playing against the likes of Nicky Winmar, Peter Riccardi and Mark Ricciuto.

In 1999 he had the most kicks in the Melbourne team and made the Victorian State of Origin side. He was appointed deputy vice-captain for 2000 and played a vital role in Melbourne's finals series, but had an uncharacteristic disappointing game in the Grand Final. He had a flat 2001 season and at one stage was dropped, but followed up with a fine 2002 season. Leoncelli was forced into retirement late in 2003 at the age of 29, having played all of the 16 games up to that point. He made the shortlist for the VFL/AFL Italian Team of the Century.

Post football life
Since retiring from the AFL, he joined the Hamton Property Group as a development manager, and was a director of the Melbourne Football Club. He studied commerce at the University of Melbourne.

On the morning of 1 June 2017, Leoncelli was onboard Malaysia Airlines Flight 128 when it performed an emergency landing at Melbourne Airport due to a passenger claiming that they had a bomb on board and was going to blow up the plane. The plane landed safely and the passenger was arrested.

References

External links

1974 births
Living people
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Melbourne Football Club players
Old Xaverians Football Club players
People educated at Xavier College
University of Melbourne alumni
Victims of bomb threats

Andrew Leoncelli


The Factory was Andy Warhol's New York City studio, which had three different locations between 1962 and 1984.

The original Factory was on the fifth floor at 231 East 47th Street, in Midtown Manhattan. The rent was one hundred dollars per year. Warhol left in 1967 when the building was scheduled to be torn down to make way for an apartment building.

He then relocated his studio to the sixth floor of the Decker Building at 33 Union Square West near the corner of East 16th Street, where he was shot in 1968 by Valerie Solanas.

The Factory was revamped and remained there until 1973. It moved to 860 Broadway at the north end of Union Square. Although this space was much larger, not much filmmaking took place there.

In 1984 Warhol moved his remaining business, no longer including filming, to 22 East 33rd Street, a conventional office building.

Many Warhol movies, including those made at the Factory, were first (or later) shown at the New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre or 55th Street Playhouse.

References

Buildings and structures in New York City
Andy Warhol

The Factory


The Saint Lawrence Seaway is a navigable waterway in North America. It is  long and allows marine vessels to go from the Atlantic Ocean to all of the Great Lakes. Most of it is in Canada, but a small part of it is in the United States. It gets its name from the Saint Lawrence River, the river which goes from Lake Ontario to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.

Before the Seaway was built, there was no way for boats and ships to get around the rapids and dams on the Saint Lawrence River. Big ships could not pass Niagara Falls, the waterfalls on the Niagara River between Lake Ontario and Lake Erie. In the early 20th century, the governments of both Canada and the U.S. saw that the cities near the Great Lakes could grow and become an important part of the economy of both countries. There were people in both countries who did not want the Seaway to be built, but the project went ahead.

In 1954, construction began on a system of canals from Montreal in the east to Port Colborne in the west. It included 15 locks where the water level changes, and several places where electricity could be made from the flow of water. The project also involved making the Welland Canal bigger so that large ships can pass through it.

The Seaway was completed in 1959 at a cost of C$470 million. Today, thousands of vessels use it every year, from small recreational boats to huge ocean liners. About 40 to 50 million tonnes of cargo are moved on these ships and they go to all parts of the world including Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. It has been an important part of the economic growth of cities like Toronto, Hamilton, Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, Milwaukee, and Chicago. There are plans to make the Seaway even wider so that container ships as big as those that travel through the Panama Canal can use it.

Canals
Geography of North America

Saint Lawrence Seaway


Ciepielów  is a village in Poland, in southern part of the Mazovian Voivodeship. It is a capital of a gmina in the powiat of Lipsko, on the Iłżanka River, near Radom. In 1998 it had approximately 750 inhabitants and two minor construction materials plants. It lies approximately  north-west of Lipsko and  south of Warsaw. Ciepielów belongs to the historic province of Lesser Poland, and for centuries the village belonged to Sandomierz Voivodeship. It used to be a town from 1548 until 1870.

History
Ciepielów was founded by the Kazanowski family on the old trade route linking Sandomierz with Warsaw, at the ford at Iłżanka River, as the central point of their domain. Rotmistrz Marcin Kazanowski in 1548 was awarded by King Zygmunt August the right to grant the village with a city charter. In 1597 the town was granted with Magdeburg Law by Sigismund III Vasa and was allowed for creation of trade unions, which allowed it to become a notable centre of commerce in the area. However, before 1627 the town was totally destroyed by a major fire and Zygmunt Kazanowski relocated the city around that date. The town was also granted with a royal privilege of organization of markets once a week and fairs four times a year. In addition, Ciepielów was freed of all taxes and fees for 20 years, which allowed for a faster reconstruction.

Around 1770 Ciepielów was purchased by the Denhoff family and by 1780 it was transferred to Józef Karczewski, starost of Liw. Until 1869 the town had city rights and was a minor centre of trade and commerce in the area. However, the city charter was withdrawn as a repression against local inhabitants who took part in the failed January Uprising against Russia.

On September 8, 1939, after the Invasion of Poland, the village of Dąbrowa (near Ciepielów) was the site of a mass murder of approximately 300 Polish prisoners of war by German Wehrmacht troops. In December 1941, a minor ghetto was established in Ciepielów by German authorities; in October 1942 all of them (approximately 600) of them were sent to gas chambers of Treblinka extermination camp.

On December 6, 1942, in nearby villages Stary Ciepielów and Rekówka thirty-one Poles, among them women and children, were murdered for helping Jews. Also, two Jewish refugees were among the victims.

External links
 Commune of Ciepielów
 Jewish Community in Ciepielów on Virtual Shtetl

Villages in Lipsko County
Holocaust locations in Poland
Nazi war crimes in Poland
Historic Jewish communities in Poland

Ciepielów, Masovian Voivodeship


Artatama I was a king of the Hurrian kingdom of Mitanni in the late fifteenth century BC. His reign coincided with the reigns of Egyptian pharaohs Amenhotep II and Thutmose IV.

Little is known of this king who has not left any inscriptions. Artatama is referred to in the Amarna letters as an ancestor who established an alliance with Thutmose IV of Ancient Egypt. According to modern interpretation of scarce available sources, Artatama came to power when the Mitanni kingdom was severely weakened by the Hittite invasion. Facing the perils of fighting a war on two fronts, the Hittites in the north and Egypt in the south, Artatama approached Amenhotep II with an offer of peaceful division of contested lands in Syria. A peaceful resolution of an old conflict could grow into a political and military alliance, but the Egyptians suspected foul play and denied definite answer for years. At one point during the reign of Thutmose IV they proposed a marriage between Thutmose and Artatama's daughter, but for unknown reasons Artatama rejected the offer. The Egyptians had to make seven consecutive marriage proposals before Artatama finally agreed. Thus, Artatama may have been the father of Queen Mutemwiya and the maternal grandfather of Amenhotep III. Artatama was succeeded by his son Shuttarna II.

Notes

Sources
 Bryce, Trevor (2005). The kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford University Press. .
 Petrie, Flinders. Mitannian (Armenian) origin

Hurrian kings
15th-century BC people

Artatama I


Cosmic rays are very high-energy radiation, mostly from outside the Solar System.

The term ray is a historical accident, as cosmic rays were at first, and wrongly, thought to be mostly electromagnetic radiation.

They are particles. Most are protons and alpha particles, which are the nuclei of helium atoms. Some are electrons (beta particles), gamma rays or photons and a tiny fraction are even heavier particles.

Origin
Their origin is not exactly known. There is evidence that many primary cosmic rays come from the supernovae of massive stars. However, this is not thought to be their only source. Active galactic nuclei probably also produce cosmic rays.  Galactic cosmic rays are Particles trapped in the magnetic field of Earth, Particles sent flying into space during a solar flare, and High-energy protons and heavy ions that originate outside our solar system

Secondary cosmic rays
Cosmic rays can have as much energy as 1020 eV, far higher than the 1012 to 1013 eV that man-made particle accelerators can produce. When cosmic ray particles enter the Earth's atmosphere they hit other particles, like molecules of oxygen and nitrogen. This causes a shower of lighter particles, a so-called 'air shower'.

The number of particles made in an air shower event can reach billions. All of the particles in the shower stay within about one degree of the first particle's path. In a shower are x-rays, muons, protons, alpha particles, pions, electrons, and neutrons.

Typical particles produced in such collisions are neutrons and charged mesons such as positive or negative pions and kaons. Some of these decay into muons. These are able to reach the surface of the Earth, and even penetrate for some distance into shallow mines. The muons can be easily detected by many types of particle detectors. The observation of a secondary shower of particles in different detectors at the same time shows that all of the particles came from that event. Several cosmic-ray observatories have been built to detect and study cosmic rays.

Practical importance

Effects on Earth chemistry
Cosmic rays are responsible for the continuous production of certain unstable isotopes in the Earth's atmosphere, such as carbon-14, by the reaction:

 n + 14N → p + 14C

Cosmic rays kept the level of carbon-14 in the atmosphere roughly constant (70 tons) for at least the past 100,000 years, until the beginning of above-ground nuclear weapons testing in the early 1950s. This is an important fact used in radiocarbon dating used in archaeology.

Effect on space vehicles
Cosmic rays are of  great practical interest, because they can damage microelectronics and life outside the protection of the Earth's atmosphere and magnetic field.

References

Astrophysics
Nuclear physics

Cosmic ray


Erwin Heinz Ackerknecht (1 June 1906, in Stettin – 18 November 1988, in Zurich) was an active and influential Trotskyist in the 1930s who had to flee Germany in 1933 after Hitler's rise to power. It was in the United States, the country that granted him citizenship, that Ackerknecht became an influential historian of medicine. He wrote groundbreaking works on the social and ecological dimensions of disease and was a forerunner of contemporary trends in social and cultural history. He became the first Chair in the history of medicine at the University of Wisconsin; the second such position in the United States.

Biography

Erwin Heinz Ackerknecht was born in Stettin, now called Szczecin. His father, Dr. , was a renowned librarian, author, literary critic and professor of literary history. He studied medicine (and sporadically economics, history of literature and arts) eventually graduating from the University of Leipzig in 1931 with a dissertation on a study of German medical reform in 1848.  Throughout his studies Ackerknecht was affiliated with communist student groups in Freiburg, Berlin and Vienna; in 1926 he joined the KJVT (Kommunistischer Jugendverband Deutschlands; Communist Youth Federation of Germany) and then the KPD (Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands; Communist Party of Germany). As a student he was known as the leader of the KoStyFra (Kommunistische Studentenfraktion; Communist Student's Fraction). Together with Robert Soblen and Otto Schüssler he founded in 1928 a small oppositional group at Leipzig called the Bolschewistische Einheit (Bolshevik Unity). He was also affiliated with the Lenin League. In March 1934, Ackerknecht became one of the founding members of the United Left Opposition. Meanwhile, he was expelled from the KPD. After having moved from Leipzig to Berlin, he became a member of the 'political committee' of the Left Opposition of the KPD, the "Bolshevists-Leninists, the official German branch of the International Left Opposition led by Leon Trotsky and his son Lev Sedov. Ackerknecht closely co-operated with Sedov, Grylewicz and other prominent activists of the Trotskyist movement and became a co-editor and staff writer of the LO using the pseudonym Bauer.

When the Nazis seized power in Germany, Ackerknecht, now one of the central figures of German Trotskyism, went underground. He fled Germany in June 1933, spent a short time in Czechoslovakia and paid visit to Leon Trotsky in exile in Turkey. He eventually broke with Trotskyism and Marxism and turned his back to political activism. However, his opposition against Nazism and right wing politics of all kinds remained unrelenting. While in exile in Paris he earned his living as a translator and began to study ethnography at the Musée de l'Homme with Marcel Mauss, Lucien Lévy-Bruhl, and Paul Rivet. He graduated from the Sorbonne shortly before the outbreak of World War II. He joined the French army and eventually fled to southern France where he waited for several months for his American visa. He arrived in New York City in July 1941 together with his second wife.

He was first employed as a fellow in the history of medicine at Johns Hopkins University while working as assistant curator at the American Museum of Natural History. He was then offered a position as the University of Wisconsin's first Chair in the history of medicine. His A short history of medicine, was published in 1955 but the most active years of his academic life was when he moved to the University of Zurich (Switzerland), a position he kept until his retirement in 1971.

Work
His most influential work was published in the 1940s and 1960s. His major contributions, namely on ethnomedicine, on the reconstruction of the Paris Clinical School, on the ecologically oriented study of nineteenth-century malaria, on a 'behavioral' approach to medical history, on the generally neglected history of therapeutics, and situating medical knowledge in a broad context, have become so intellectually assimilated that they have become 'invisible'.

Bibliography
Malaria in the upper Mississippi Valley, 1760-1900, Supplements to the Bulletin of the History of Medicine ; No. 4. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1945.
History and Geography of the Most Important Diseases, New York: Hafner Pub. Co., 1965.
Medicine at the Paris Hospital, 1794–1848, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1967.
A Short History of Psychiatry, 2nd ed. New York: Hafner Pub. Co., 1968.
Medicine and Ethnology: Selected Essays. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1971.
Therapeutics from the primitives to the 20th century (with an appendix: History of dietetics). New York: Hafner Press, 1973.
Rudolf Virchow. The Development of Science. New York: Arno Press, 1981.
A Short History of Medicine. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982.

Notes

1906 births
1988 deaths
Politicians from Szczecin
People from the Province of Pomerania
Communist Party of Germany politicians
Socialist Workers' Party of Germany politicians
Historians of science
American medical historians
German Trotskyists
Leipzig University alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
Writers from Wisconsin
Emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
20th-century American historians
American male non-fiction writers
20th-century American male writers

Erwin Ackerknecht


The Cantar de mio Cid (Song of My Lord) is an anonymously written poem about the life of the Spanish knight El Cid. The original manuscript is believed to have been written around the year 1200.

It is the oldest Spanish epic poem that is nearly complete; the only missing pages are the first page along with 2 others within the writing. However, other accounts of the work have led historians to produce what is likely to have been in the missing segments. Along with this poem, there exists three other works chronicling the life of El Cid:  Mocedades de Rodrigo (circa 1360), the Cantar de Roncesvalles (circa 1270), and an epitaph, the Epitafio épico del Cid (circa 1400).

The poem has literary significance, and is credited with being the original work of the discipline of the study of Spanish literature: the study has been given credit to historian Ramón Menéndez Pidal (1869-1968), who sparked interest in the work and popularized the study of Spanish literature.

13th-century books

Cantar de mio Cid


Plovers are water birds belonging to the subfamily Charadriinae. There are about 40 species, most of them called 'plover' or 'dotterel'.  The closely related lapwing subfamily, Vanellinae, has another 20-odd species.

Plovers are found throughout the world, and have short bills. They wade in the water, and hunt by sight, rather than by feel as longer-billed waders like snipe do.

They feed mainly on insects, worms or other invertebrates. They use a run-and-pause technique, rather than the steady probing of some other waders.

The plover group of birds has a defence against predators called false brooding. They sit on an imaginary nest site, changing position sometimes as if real eggs were under them.

The plover has been known to attack when the young are threatened. The birds secrete an acidic compound from a gland located in their mouth. On contact with skin causes a burning sensation.

References

Charadriiformes

Plover


Étienne Jodelle, seigneur de Limodin (1532July 1573), French dramatist and poet, was born in Paris of a noble family.

He attached himself to the poetic circle of the Pléiade and proceeded to apply the principles of the reformers to dramatic composition. Jodelle aimed at creating a classical drama that should be in every respect different from the moralities and  that then occupied the French stage, his first play, Cléopâtre captive, was represented before the court at the hôtel de Reims in 1552. Jodelle himself took the title role, and the cast included his friends Remy Belleau and Jean Bastier de La Péruse, in honour of the play's success the friends organized a little etc. at Arcueil when a goat garlanded with flowers was led in procession and presented to the author—a ceremony exaggerated by the enemies of the Ronsardists into a renewal of the pagan rites of the worship of Bacchus.

Jodelle wrote two other plays. Eugène, a comedy satirizing the superior clergy, had less success than it deserved. Its preface poured scorn on Jodelle's predecessors in comedy, but in reality his own methods are not so very different from theirs. Didon se sacrifiant, a tragedy which follows Virgil's narrative, appears never to have been represented. Jodelle died in poverty in July 1573. His works were collected the year after his death by Charles de la Mothe. They include a quantity of miscellaneous verse dating chiefly from Jodelle's youth. The intrinsic value of his tragedies is small. Cléopâtre is lyric rather than dramatic. Throughout the five acts of the piece nothing actually happens. The death of Antony is announced by his ghost in the first act; the story of Cleopatra's suicide is related, but not represented, in the fifth. Each act is terminated by a chorus which moralizes on such subjects as the inconstancy of fortune and the judgments of heaven on human pride. But the play was the starting-point of French classical tragedy, and was soon followed by the Médée (1553) of Jean Bastier de La Péruse and the Aman (1561) of . Jodelle was a rapid worker, but idle and fond of dissipation. His friend Ronsard said that his published poems gave no adequate idea of his powers.

Jodelle's works are collected (1868) in the Pléiade française of Charles Marty-Laveaux. The prefatory notice gives full information of the sources of Jodelle's biography, and La Mothe's criticism is reprinted in its entirety.

References

External links
 Short biography

16th-century French dramatists and playwrights
16th-century French poets
1532 births
1573 deaths
Writers from Paris

Étienne Jodelle


A megathrust earthquake occurs at subduction zones at destructive convergent plate boundaries, where one tectonic plate is forced underneath another. These interplate earthquakes are the planet's most powerful, with moment magnitudes that can exceed 9.0. Since 1900, all earthquakes of magnitude 9.0 or greater have been megathrust earthquakes. No other type of known terrestrial source of tectonic activity has produced earthquakes of this scale.

Earthquakes

Megathrust earthquake


Blue Line was a charter passenger airline with its head office in Building B of Paris Nord 2, Parc des Lumières in Roissy-en-France, France. It operated VIP flights and charter services for tour operators, as well as wet-lease contracts. Its main base was Charles de Gaulle Airport. It ceased operation on 6 October 2010, after being liquidated by the Tribunal de Commerce de Pontoise.

History
Blue Line was established in January 2002 by Xavier Remondeau (Chairman and Chief Executive) and seven other shareholders, all aviation professionals. Operations were started in May 2002. It had 190 employees.
The airline operated mostly charters and wet and dry leases aircraft to airlines. Many music groups have used their aircraft, such as U2. Blue Line uses a fleet of 1 Airbus A310s and McDonnell Douglas MD-83s for longer haul services, with the A310s being used for the longest range services. A fleet of Fokker 100s were used for regional and shorter haul flights across Europe. The airline operated this fleet for its charters. It was possible to configure an aircraft in any specification if needed. The A310s operated at 210-255 passengers in airline configurations, the MD-83s operated at 150-172 passengers in airline configurations, and the Fokker at around 100 passengers. Most aircraft are wet leased to airlines, but if the need were to arise, an aircraft could have been configured for VIP operations. The airline was based in France, but had services to as far south as Brazil and as far north as Norway.

Fleet

The Blue Line fleet included the following aircraft:

References

External links

Blue Line
Blue Line Fleet

Defunct airlines of France
Airlines established in 2002
Airlines disestablished in 2010
Defunct charter airlines
French companies established in 2002
French companies disestablished in 2010

Blue Line (airline)


Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace is a political science book by Hans Morgenthau published in 1948.

The book introduces the concept of political realism, presenting a realist view of power politics. This concept played a major role in the foreign policy of the United States, which made it exercise globe spanning power in the Cold War period. The concept also called for a reconciliation of power politics with the idealistic ethics of earlier American discussions about foreign policy.

John Mearsheimer describes it as among the three most influential realist works of international relations of the 20th century.

Quotations
 "The statesman must think in terms of the national interest, conceived as power among other powers. The popular mind, unaware of the fine distinctions of the statesman's thinking, reasons more often than not in the simple moralistic and legalistic terms of absolute good and absolute evil."
 "Realism maintains that universal moral principles cannot be applied to the actions of states (...). The individual may say for himself: "Let justice be done, even if the world must perish", but the state has no right to say so in the name of those who are in its care. (...) While the individual has a moral right to sacrifice himself in defense of such a moral principle, the state has no right to let its moral disapprobation of the infringement of (that moral principle) get in the way of successful political action, itself inspired by the moral principle of national survival."

References

Bibliography
 Karen Mingst and Jack Snyder. 2004. Essential Readings in World Politics (2nd edition). p. 48

External links
 Full text at Internet Archive

1948 non-fiction books
Political science books
Books about international relations
International relations theory
Political realism

Politics Among Nations


A chair is a piece of furniture that is usually made out of wood or plastic. It can also be made out of fabric, metal, wool, and stone. There can be different variants of chairs like stools, rocking chairs, gaming chairs, folding chairs, and armchairs. There are also wide variety of chairs, those with fabric are often called sofas, or couches, while those many without fabric are often referred to as benches. There are also less conventional chairs such as bean bag chairs and swinging chairs.

Other websites

Furniture

Chair


The 51st Grey Cup took place on November 30, 1963, at Empire Stadium in Vancouver, British Columbia, and decided the Canadian Football League (CFL) champion for the 1963 season. The Hamilton Tiger-Cats defeated the BC Lions 21–10, in front of 36,545 spectators.

The game is best remembered for a controversial sequence involving American players Angelo Mosca and Willie Fleming. Mosca was accused of kicking Fleming's head while the latter laid on the field. Fleming left the game, leading to a long-standing grudge between alumni of both teams.

In 2011, Mosca and former Lions quarterback Joe Kapp had a physical altercation regarding the play at a CFL Alumni Association charity luncheon.

After both players traded words, event host Ron James invited both players to make a peace gesture. Kapp jokingly presented Mosca with an ornament flower he had picked at his table. When Mosca emphatically refused it, Kapp tried to shove it in his face. Mosca swung his cane at Kapp in retaliation, hitting him in the head. An irate Kapp then knocked Mosca down to the floor with a pair of punches and kicked him, before turning to the stunned attendance and shouting "Sportsmanship! That's what it's all about folks, sportsmanship."

The event was captured on video by one of the attendees and became the object of significant media attention, in particular because of the 48-year gap between the original play and the altercation that stemmed from it. At the time of the incident, Kapp and Mosca were both 73.

Monday Night Football aired the fight footage in a pre-game segment, and Mosca appeared on Dr. Phil to discuss the feud. Kapp emphatically declined to appear.

The cane used by Mosca in the fight was auctioned for charity in 2012, and sold for CDN$7,700.

Because of Mosca's second career as a professional wrestler for such promotions as NWA Georgia and the then-WWF, it has been suggested that the confrontation may have been staged as a publicity stunt for Mosca's upcoming biography Tell It To My Face. However, these claims remain unsubstantiated.

External links

Grey Cup
Grey Cup
Grey Cup 51
Canadian football competitions in Vancouver
Grey Cup
BC Lions
Grey Cup, 51
Grey Cup
Grey Cup

51st Grey Cup


A Christmas elf is a diminutive elf that lives with Santa Claus at the North Pole and serves as his helper. Christmas elves are often said to wear green or red clad with large, pointy ears and pointy hats. Santa's elves are known to make the toys in Santa's workshop and take care of his reindeer, among other tasks.

The Christmas elf appeared in literature as early as 1850 when Louisa May Alcott completed, but never published a book entitled Christmas Elves. The image of the elves in the workshop was popularized by Godey's Lady's Book, with a front cover illustration for its 1873 Christmas Issue showing Santa surrounded by toys and elves with the caption, "Here we have an idea of the preparations that are made to supply the young folks with toys at Christmas time." During this time, Godey's was immensely influential to the birth of Christmas traditions, having shown the first widely circulated picture of a modern Christmas tree on the front cover of its 1850 Christmas issue. Additional recognition was given in Austin Thompson's 1876 work "The House of Santa Claus, a Christmas Fairy Show for Sunday Schools".

The elves are generally said to live for hundreds, or even thousands, of years, despite the fact that in some cases they appear eternally youthful as children.

References

Other websites

 All about "Santa's elves"

Christmas

Christmas elf


Peter Frödin (born 7 January 1964) is a Danish actor, comedian and singer. His career began in 1984 on Merkurteatret as an actor. Later he played with Paprika Steen, Hella Joof and Martin Brygmann on Cafe Teatret, which led to many years of cooperation in the comedy-groups Lex & Klatten (Saturday night satire show), and Det brune punktum. Together with Hella Joof, he hosted a show called Bullerfnis (1990-1992). He has had a lot of parts in Danish movies like Hannibal & Jerry, Motello, Mirakel, Grev Axel, Jul I Valhal and En kort en lang.

He is also known for participating in several TV-commercials for Tuborg and TDC.

The music from Lex & Klatten and Det brune punktum have been big radio-hits in Denmark where his talent as a singer has been revealed. Peter Frödin sang a song together with Jimmy Jørgensen that was called Vent på mig and was the most played song in the radio in the period from 1995-2010. In the TV-show called Her er dit liv on DR1 Jarl Friis Mikkelsen called Peter Frödin 'one of Denmark's best singers'.

Peter collaborated on Bent Fabricius-Bjerre's album Jukebox in 2004.

Peter has worked with Søren Østergaard and they've made a circus called Zirkus Nemo which is a 'comedy-circus' that tours Denmark in the summer months.

Frödin is openly gay، he has been in a relationship with Jon Jørgensen since 1996, they entered into a registered partnership in 2007

References

Danish male actors
Danish male comedians
20th-century Danish male singers
Living people
1964 births
People from Tårnby Municipality
Danish gay actors
Danish gay musicians
Danish LGBT singers
Danish LGBT comedians
Gay comedians
Gay singers
21st-century Danish male singers
20th-century Danish LGBT people
21st-century Danish LGBT people

Peter Frödin


The Projektions-AG Union (generally shortened to PAGU) was a German film production company which operated between 1911 and 1924 during the silent era. From 1917 onwards, the company functioned as an independent unit of Universum Film AG, and was eventually merged into it entirely.

The company was founded by Paul Davidson, a leading cinema-owner who branched out into production. Initially it was based in Frankfurt, but quickly moved its headquarters to Berlin as it was clear that this had become the centre of the German film industry.

At the time, the majority of films being shown in Germany were foreign-produced, a situation which Davidson attempted to change. One of his first major coups was signing up the Danish film star Asta Nielsen for a lengthy contract. A rising star of the company was also the actor-director Ernst Lubitsch who made a series of comedies for PAGU. PAGU was also notable for its success in breaking a boycott of German playwrights, who were refusing to allow their works to be adapted for the screen. Davidson was even able to persuade the leading German stage director Max Reinhardt to make two films, shot in Italy, for the company.

The company's position was boosted when the First World War broke out and the German government restricted the screening of non-German films. Davidson produced propaganda films at the request of the government, such as Dr. Hart's Diary (1917). This led the same year to PAGU becoming a founder of the new government-backed conglomerate UFA, which merged many of German's leading production companies into a single organisation which would dominate German cinema for the next thirty years. Now functioning as one of several production units of UFA, the company made further propaganda films such as The Yellow Passport (1918).

Following the end of the war, Davidson grew increasingly unhappy with his subordinate position at UFA, and he resigned from the company in 1922. Germany's film industry boomed after 1918 and was increasingly artistically respected, partly due to the films produced by Davidson's PAGU production unit featuring Emil Jannings and Pola Negri. Davidson made an attempt to buy back PAGU from UFA, but this was rejected - partly because it was believed he was backed by the large Hollywood studios who wished to gain a foothold in the German market. Soon afterwards, PAGU's existence as a notionally separate company was brought to an end.

References

Bibliography
 Prawer, S.S. Between Two Worlds: The Jewish Presence in German and Austrian Film, 1910-1933''. Berghahn Books, 2005.

German film studios
Film production companies of Germany
Mass media companies established in 1911
Mass media companies disestablished in 1924
Mass media in Berlin
Mass media in Frankfurt
1911 establishments in Germany
1924 disestablishments in Germany

PAGU


The Barrett M90 is a bolt-action, bullpup rifle chambered in .50 BMG (12.7×99mm NATO). It was designed and manufactured by Barrett Firearms Company. In 1995, Barrett stopped production of the M90, and replaced it with the M95.

Summary
The M90 was designed and produced from 1990 to 1995 as a bolt-action alternative to the semi-automatic Barrett M82.  It was a bolt-action rifle in a bullpup design. The weapon featured a fluted barrel with integrated muzzle brake, 2 part receiver (upper and lower), folding bipod, and a 5-round detachable box magazine. The M90 had no iron sights, but instead had a Picatinny rail for the mounting of a scope.

Overview
The Barrett M90 is a BMG .50 caliber bolt-action rifle. The rifle was produced by Barrett Firearms Company in 1990 until 1995. The Barrett M90 is the alternative bolt-action version to the Barrett M82A1, which is the semi-automatic counterpart. The Barrett M90 has a bullpup design, making the rifle a more compact version of a BMG .50 caliber. The bullpup design made the gun more civilian-friendly in its usage. Barrett Firearms initially created the Barrett M90 to attract consumers who were seeking to find a bolt-action .50 caliber. Unlike the larger semi-automatic Barrett M82A1, the Barrett M90 is compact, has a fluted muzzle to reduce recoil, and has a special picatinny rail in order to mount a different variety of scopes. The Barrett M90, like other Barrett rifles, incorporates the picatinny rail instead of iron sights due its larger caliber. The gun was originally used for civilian long-range division shooters incorporating them into competition style shooting. The Barrett M90 is very light in comparison to the Barrett M82A1. This was due to its smaller, more compact design.

Design and history
With its smaller design came more technological advancements in order to add to effectiveness and adaptation to the smaller design. The Barrett M90's barrel has the same length as the Barrett M82A1. Due to it being a bolt-action rifle other than its semi-automatic counterpart, it uses three large lugs that are locked into the barrel to improve its overall sturdiness to handle a BMG .50 caliber round. The Barrett M90 uses a muzzle brake to redirect propellant gases to reduce recoil and rising of the gun during rapid firing. The gun has a two-chamber muzzle brake, same as the gun's counterpart M82A1 and its future replacement, the Barrett M95. The Barrett M90 isn't affected very much from rising due to it being a bolt action. Muzzle brakes are very effective in combat and competition use because it adds to the accuracy of the weapon.

The Barrett M90 uses a muzzle brake due to its high caliber as with any other high caliber gun as well, alongside artillery guns. The Barrett M90 is composed of stamped sheet steel to add to its durability and reduced weight. This reduces the number of parts going into the gun, making assembly and disassembly simpler. The gun is composed of two parts, upper and lower. The upper part is the top assembly of the weapon such as barrel and rail, and the lower is the handle and trigger mechanism. The upper and lower parts of the Barrett M90 are held together by very strong push pins. Due to the advancement in the bullpup design, the magazine is located in the stock of the weapon, adding to its more compact design.

The Barrett M90 has a much shallower magazine than the Barrett M82A1 and can only hold five rounds. This is due to the smaller design of the weapon. The handle and trigger mechanism is located just in front of the gun's magazine. The butt of the gun is positioned directly to the receiver as well, increasing stability when firing. The gun uses a foldable bipod to add to accuracy and stability while firing. This also decreases the initial force of recoil from the weapon. The scope of the Barrett M90 varies. For a stock scope the Barrett M90 uses a 10x Leupold M series sight.

The Barrett M90 was produced between 1990 and 1995. In 1995 its replacement the Barrett M95, which is currently being used by multiple armies, was made after technological advancements in Barrett Firearm's weapon systems. The Barrett M95 is the improved variant of the Barrett M90. The Barrett M95 has better magazine clearance because the pistol grip and trigger have been moved forward on the gun. Also, there were minor changes to the firing pin, bolt handle, and the barrel chamber is plated in chrome. The Barrett M90 still remains very popular because of its bullpup design and light weight. The Barrett M90 was bought at a slow pace and sometimes in bulk. By now, the Barrett M90 is found for sale through firearm collectors and is sold online.

Weapon operation
The Barrett M90 is not meant to be a shoulder-fired weapon. Upon setup when preparing to fire the M90, it is first set up by folding down the attached bipod on the weapon and set on whatever space is being used to fire the weapon. The gun is first inspected to see if there is any debris that might cause the weapon to malfunction. Being a bolt-action rifle, there is typically little cause for error, whereas a semi-automatic rifle could jam or the round might have problems ejecting after firing. After the gun is set up in the desired firing space, the five-round magazine is loaded and the gun is ready to be fired after proper safety precautions are followed. The gun is rested on the bipod with the user holding the rifle's handle firmly to prevent the gun from sliding back. The design that has gone into the M90 allows it to be fired in this manner without being pressed against the shoulder. The gun is able to reduce recoil through the muzzle brakes, and bipod usage. If the Barrett M90 did not have any muzzle brake then the recoil of the gun would be considerably larger and would need a different design incorporating the shoulder being pressed to the gun.

Users
 Provisional IRA: Used by the Provisional Irish Republican Army.

See also
List of bullpup firearms
List of sniper rifles
Barrett M95
 South Armagh Sniper (1990–97)

References

 Long, D. (1988). Modern sniper rifles. Boulder, Colo.: Paladin Press.
 Michaelis, D. (2000). The complete .50-caliber sniper course hard-target interdiction. Boulder, Colo.: Paladin Press.

External links
 Barrett M90 Owners Manual

.50 BMG sniper rifles
Barrett firearms
Bolt-action rifles of the United States
Bullpup rifles
Sniper rifles of the United States
Military equipment introduced in the 1990s

Barrett M90


Jack Wilson Lydman (February 6, 1914 – September 17, 2005) was an actor, Foreign Service Officer, and a United States Ambassador to Malaysia (1969–1973).

After work with the Surry Players at the Mercury Theatre in New York City he join the US Army Air Forces during World War II becoming a division chief in the Strategic Bombing Survey of the War Department. He married and joined the United States Department of State in 1946 as a research assistant becoming chief of the Far East political section then deputy director of the Office of Intelligence Research. Commissioned as a Foreign Service Officer in 1955 he was posted as deputy director of the Research Center of the South East Asia Treaty Organization to Bangkok.  In 1958 he was assigned to Surabaya with responsibility for Portuguese Timor until appointed counselor for economic affairs to Jakarta (Indonesia) in 1960. After attending the Senior Seminar in 1961–1962, he appointed deputy chief of mission to Canberra (Australia) 1963. He returned to Jakarta in 1965 as DCM with the personal rank of minister. On 15 September 1969 President Richard Nixon appointed Lydman as Ambassador to Malaysia, serving in Kuala Lumpur until he retired on 20 December 1974.

Jack Lydman participated in planning the 1942 Doolittle Raid air raid on Japan but is best known for giving repeated testimony concerning the Central Intelligence Agency provision of names to General Suharto's forces during 1965, and for his 1969 review of Indonesian administration of West New Guinea (then called West Irian) which was obtained under the Freedom of Information Act and published by George Washington University in 2004.

References

External links
Diplomatic and Consular Officers Retired memorial notice
1969 Confidential assessment of West Irian situation for Washington
Interview with Jack Lydman

1914 births
2005 deaths
Ambassadors of the United States to Malaysia
United States Foreign Service personnel
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II

Jack Wilson Lydman


FC Zvartnots is an Armenian football club from Yerevan.

The club made their first notable result in the 1998 Armenian First League, where they became the league's champions and win promotion to the Armenian Premier League.

For a few years Zvartnots would become one of the main contenders in the Premier League. In their first Premier League season they reached the fourth spot, while in 2001 they became second after FC Pyunik. In the 2003 season they would still be among the Premier League clubs, however they withdrew before the season and did not return in professional football since.

References

RSSSF Armenia (and subpages per year)

Armenian football clubs

FC Zvartnots


Harold Edward Kitching (31 August 1885 – 18 August 1980) was a British rower who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics and served as High Sheriff of Durham.

Kitching was born at Great Ayton, Yorkshire, the son of Alfred Edward Kitching and his wife Annie Backhouse Richardson. He was educated at Cambridge University and rowed for Cambridge in the Boat Race in  1908. The Cambridge crew made up a boat in the eights  which won the bronze medal for Great Britain rowing at the 1908 Summer Olympics. Kitching also rowed in the 1909 Boat Race.

Kitching served in the First World War, being made second lieutenant in the 5th Battalion, The Durham Light Infantry on 10 October 1914. He reached the rank of lieutenant colonel, and when he retired from the army he acquired Elmwood at Hartburn, Stockton-on-Tees where his former batman (Wilfred Young, father of Muriel who later found fame in television) became his chauffeur. He was awarded MBE and  was appointed High Sheriff of Durham in 1941. He was active in agricultural affairs, being  chairman of Stokesley Agricultural Society

See also
List of Cambridge University Boat Race crews

References

1885 births
1980 deaths
English male rowers
British male rowers
Olympic rowers for Great Britain
Rowers at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medallists for Great Britain
High Sheriffs of Durham
Olympic medalists in rowing
Alumni of Trinity Hall, Cambridge
Medalists at the 1908 Summer Olympics

Harold Kitching


Anaciaeschna jaspidea is a species of dragonfly in the family Aeshnidae, commonly known as the Australasian duskhawker and Rusty darner. It widely distributed from India through Australia to the Pacific.

Description and habitat
It is a large brown dragonfly with blue eyes. Its thorax is reddish-brown, with two broad greenish-yellow stripes on each side. Wings are transparent with pterostigma, reddish-brown. Abdomen is reddish-brown, marked with azure-blue, white, and yellow. Segment 1 has a large pale yellow spot on each side. Segment 2 has white marks on the sides and azure-blue on the dorsum with a broad spot of reddish-brown on mid-dorsum. Segment 3 to 7 are brown on dorsum with black apical annules. Segments 8 to 10 are darker on dorsum with a pair of dorsal apical spots. Anal appendages are dark reddish-brown. Female is similar to the male.

It is a crepuscular species, flies during dawn and dusk. It is common in marshes surrounded by woods where it breeds.

Note
The Australasian duskhawker, Anaciaeschna jaspidea, should not be confused with almost-similarly named Australian duskhawker, Austrogynacantha heterogena, a different species of Aeshnid dragonfly.

See also
 List of Odonata species of Australia
 List of odonata species of India
 List of odonata of Kerala

References

Aeshnidae
Odonata of Australia
Insects of Australia
Taxa named by Hermann Burmeister
Insects described in 1839

Anaciaeschna jaspidea


John William Cunningham (1780–1861) was an evangelical clergyman of the Church of England. He was known also as a writer and an editor.

Life
Cunningham was born in London on 3 January 1780. He was educated at private schools, his last tutor being the Rev. H. Jowett of Little Dunham, Norfolk; there he formed a close friendship with his fellow-pupils Charles Grant and Robert Grant. Cunningham entered St. John's College, Cambridge. He was fifth wrangler in 1802, and was elected to a fellowship at his college.

After passing some months with the Grants in Edinburgh, Cunningham was ordained in 1802 to the curacy of Ripley, Surrey.  He became curate to John Venn, vicar of Clapham and prominent in the Clapham sect. In 1811 Cunningham became vicar of Harrow, the presentation to which had been bought by his father-in-law. He held this post until his death on 30 September 1861.

Cunningham was elected in 1818 an honorary life-governor of the Church Missionary Society, and was editor of the Christian Observer from 1850 to 1858.

Works
One of his books, the Velvet Cushion, gave an account from the evangelical point of view of the parties in the church of England since the English Reformation, and was a popular success. In it Venn was described by Cunningham under the name "Berkely". The first edition was published in 1814, the tenth in 1816. He also wrote:

 World without Souls, 1805 (6th ed. 1816).
 Christianity in India (an essay on the duty of introducing the Christian religion), 1808.
 Observations in reply to Edward Maltby's Thoughts on the Danger of circulating the Scriptures among the Lower Orders, 1812.
 Church of England Missions, 1814.
 De Rancé, a poem.
 Conciliatory Suggestions on Regeneration, 1816.
 Observations on Friendly Societies, 1817.
 Sancho, or the Proverbialist, 1817.
 Cautions to Continental Travellers, 1818.
 Two volumes of sermons, 1822–4, and other separate sermons.

Family
On 30 July 1805 Cunningham married, firstly, Sophia, daughter of Robert Williams of Moor Park, Surrey, who died in 1821. They had nine children together; the eldest son, Charles Thornton Cunningham, was lieutenant-governor of Saint Kitts from 1839 till his death in 1847.

In June 1827 Cunningham married, secondly, Mary, daughter of Harry Calvert, and sister of Sir Harry Verney, who died in 1849. By her he had three children, of whom Henry Stewart Cunningham was a judge in Bengal, and Mary Richenda married James Fitzjames Stephen, judge of the high court of justice.

References

Attribution

1780 births
1861 deaths
19th-century English writers
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge
19th-century English Anglican priests
19th-century English male writers

John William Cunningham


Content and Language Integrated Learning, or CLIL, is an approach to foreign or second language education. Students learn both the foreign language and school subjects together at the same time.

Many people describe CLIL as having "Four C's."  Usually they are: cognition, content, communication, and culture. Some people think "community" should replace culture.

CLIL comes from earlier approaches to language education such as bilingual education in Canada and Content-based Instruction in ESL and EFL around the world. CLIL has become very popular in primary and secondary education in Europe, especially Spain. But, it is becoming popular in many other countries, too.

Language education

Content and language integrated learning


The National Assembly of the Republic of Korea, often shortened to the National Assembly, is the 300-member unicameral national legislature of South Korea. Elections to the National Assembly are held every four years.

The latest legislative elections were held on 15 April 2020. It is made up of 253 of the assembly's seats, while the remaining 47 are picked by proportional representation. Members serve four-year terms.

Notes

Politics of South Korea

Organizations based in South Korea
Unicameral legislatures

National Assembly (South Korea)


Antal Csengery (June 2, 1822 – July 13, 1880), Hungarian publicist, and a historical writer of great influence on his time.

Life
He was born at Nagyvárad (now Oradea, Romania). He took, at an early date, a very active part in the literary and political movements immediately preceding the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. He and Baron Sigismund Kemny may be considered as the two founders of high-class Magyar journalism.

After 1867 the greatest of modern Hungarian statesmen, Ferenc Deák, attached Csengery to his personal service, and many of the momentous state documents inspired or suggested by Deák were drawn up by Csengery. In that manner his influence, as represented by the text of many a statute regulating the relations between Austria and Hungary, is one of an abiding character.

As a historical writer he excelled chiefly in brilliant and thoughtful essays on the leading political personalities of his time, such as Paul Nagy, Bertalan Szemere and others. He also commenced a translation of Macaulay's History. He died at Budapest on July 13, 1880.

References

1822 births
1880 deaths
19th-century Hungarian historians
Members of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences

Antal Csengery


"The Door" is a song written by Billy Sherrill and Norro Wilson, and recorded by American country music artist George Jones.  It was released in October 1974 as the first single from the album The Best of George Jones.  "The Door" was George Jones' sixth number one on the country chart as a solo artist. The single stayed a single week at number one and would spend a total of ten weeks on the country chart.

Recording and composition
Jones had scored his first solo #1 hit single in seven years with "The Grand Tour" in 1974, the first of several extraordinary performances producer Billy Sherrill would coax out of the temperamental singer in the long years ahead.  "The Door" tells the story of a former soldier who, despite being haunted by the sights and sounds he endured in battle, confesses that he was most traumatized by the sound of the door closing when the woman he loved walked out on him:

And of earthquakes, storms and guns and war
Lord, nothin' has ever hurt me more
Than that lonely sound
The closing of the door

In the liner notes to the Jones retrospective Anniversary – 10 Years of Hits, Sherrill divulges that it was his office door that was used for the sound effect on the recording, since no other door produced the appropriate sound.  The song went to #1 on the Billboard country singles chart, but Jones speculated later that it might have been bigger had it not been for its touchy subject matter in light of the Vietnam War, recalling in the 1994 video release Golden Hits:

"I don't think it quite got to the whole entire public because of the type of song that it was.  It was a number one song, but...a lot of it was about the war...It was the type of song people didn't wanna really talk about that much."

The song displays Sherrill's countrypolitan approach to recording, laden with strings and dramatic crescendos which add drama to the despairing vocal.  As Rich Kienzle states in his essay for the 1994 Sony retrospective The Essential George Jones: The Spirit of Country, "Not even the symphonic strings that Billy Sherrill, his Epic Records producer, often added to George's records could submerge the voice.  It still held the listener captive."  Despite a shaky start with Sherrill at Epic, Jones was back on top in 1974, recalling in his 1995 autobiography, "That year I had three records that together spent forty-two weeks on the Billboard country chart, including 'The Telephone Call.'  'The Grand Tour' and 'The Door' went to number one.  Tammy (Wynette) and I released two more songs that together spent twenty-five weeks on the chart.  My career was red-hot, and our duet career was pretty warm."

Chart performance

See also
 List of anti-war songs

References

George Jones songs
1974 singles
Songs written by Billy Sherrill
Songs written by Norro Wilson
Song recordings produced by Billy Sherrill
Epic Records singles
1974 songs

The Door (George Jones song)


Mandie Elizabeth Fletcher (born 27 December 1954) is a British television and film director.

Fletcher began her career at the BBC as an assistant floor manager and later production manager on comedy programmes, becoming a director of situation comedy while working on the final series of Butterflies (1983). She followed this with the second (1986) and third (1987) series of Blackadder, for which she won the Best Comedy Series award at the 1988 BAFTAs. She also directed episodes of Only Fools and Horses (1986).

Her debut feature was Deadly Advice (1994). Fletcher has continued to work in television with Hamish Macbeth (1996–1997) and Jam and Jerusalem (2006–2009).  Most recently she directed the critically acclaimed BBC 2 series Roger & Val Have Just Got In, which was broadcast in Spring 2012, and starred Dawn French and Alfred Molina.  She also directed the latest episodes of Absolutely Fabulous including the Olympic special. In 2013, she directed the pilot episode of In and Out of the Kitchen. In 2016, Fletcher directed Absolutely Fabulous: The Movie.

Filmography

Film
 Deadly Advice (1994)
 Absolutely Fabulous: The Movie (2016)
 Patrick (2018)

References

External links

1954 births
BBC people
British television directors
British television producers
British women television producers
English-language film directors
Living people
British film directors
British women television directors

Mandie Fletcher


Abraham Orlando Núñez Adames [NOO-nyez] (born March 16, 1976) is a Dominican former professional baseball third baseman. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1997 to 2008 for the Pittsburgh Pirates, St. Louis Cardinals, Philadelphia Phillies, and New York Mets. Núñez primarily played third base, but was capable of playing all four infield positions.

Career
He played 630 games with the Pittsburgh Pirates from -. He joined the St. Louis Cardinals in , and with a mid season injury to third baseman Scott Rolen, Núñez saw his playing time increase, becoming the everyday starter at third base for the rest of the season and the playoffs. After the 2005 season, he signed with the Philadelphia Phillies as a free agent. While he was with the Phillies, Nunez was used in roles as a defensive replacement and as a starter when pitcher Jamie Moyer was on the mound. Nunez is known for his sharp fielding skills, and was apparently a better fielder than the Phillies Greg Dobbs and Wes Helms who, as a Philly sportswriter said, "fields with oven mitts".

Brewers and Bears

At the end of the 2007 season, Núñez was released by the Phillies. At the start of 2008, he signed a minor league contract with the Milwaukee Brewers, but was later released, and during May he signed on with the New York Mets. The Mets designated him for assignment on June 11 and he became a free agent at the end of the season.

On May 11, 2009, Nunez agreed to play for the Newark Bears of the Atlantic League. Later that month, the Arizona Diamondbacks signed him to a minor league contract.

The Jackals

On March 5, 2010, Nunez signed a contract to play for the New Jersey Jackals of the independent Canadian-American (Can-Am) League.

Coaching Résumé

Nunez began his coaching tenure within the Kansas City Royals organization in 2012 as the hitting coach for the DSL Royals of the Dominican Summer League. Since then he has served in the same capacity for the Rookie Level Burlington Royals (2013), Low-A Lexington Legends (2014), and Advanced-A Wilmington Blue Rocks (2015-19). As of 2022, Nunez is the hitting coach of the Royals' Double-A team, the Northwest Arkansas Naturals.

Nunez has also given his time in the off-season to serve as the bench coach for the Dominican Winter League Gigantes del Cibao; there he was part of the National Championship-winning team in 2015.

External links

1976 births
Living people
Carolina Mudcats players
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States

Leones del Escogido players
Lynchburg Hillcats players
Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
Major League Baseball third basemen
Minor league baseball coaches
Nashville Sounds players
New Jersey Jackals players
New Orleans Zephyrs players
New York Mets players
Newark Bears players
Philadelphia Phillies players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Reno Aces players
St. Catharines Stompers players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Worcester Tornadoes players

Abraham Núñez (infielder)


Paraceta, also known as acetaminophen, is a medication used to treat pain and fever. It is typically used for mild to moderate pain relief. Evidence is mixed for its use to relieve fever in children. It is often sold in combination with other medications, such as in many cold medications. Paracetamol is also used for severe pain, such as cancer pain and pain after surgery, in combination with opioid pain medication. It is typically used either by mouth or rectally, but is also available by injection into a vein. Effects last between two and four hours.

Paracetamol is generally safe at recommended doses. The recommended maximum daily dose for an adult is three to four grams. Higher doses may lead to toxicity, including liver failure. Serious skin rashes may rarely occur. It appears to be safe during pregnancy and when breastfeeding. In those with liver disease, it may still be used, but in lower doses. It is classified as a mild analgesic. It does not have significant anti-inflammatory activity. How it works is not entirely clear.

Paracetamol was first made in 1877. It is the most commonly used medication for pain and fever in both the United States and Europe. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Paracetamol is available as a generic medication, with brand names including Tylenol and Panadol among others. In 2017, it was the 25th-most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 24 million prescriptions.

ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱥᱤᱴᱟᱢᱳᱞ


Cartoon Network Racing is a racing video game developed by Eutechnyx for PlayStation 2 and Firebrand Games for Nintendo DS, published by Danish video game developer The Game Factory, and released on December 4, 2006, in North America, and on February 9, 2007, in Europe. The gameplay is similar to Nintendo's 2003 game Mario Kart: Double Dash, but the characters and racetracks are all from Cartoon Network's original animated television series. The six animated television series that are featured in the game, in alphabetical order, are Courage the Cowardly Dog, Cow and Chicken, Dexter's Laboratory, I Am Weasel, Johnny Bravo, and The Powerpuff Girls.

Gameplay
There are two characters the player must choose: a driver, who drives a go-kart, and a co-driver, who uses all weapons and has two "toon powers". There are tournaments which players must race a series of races and win with the most points. Battle modes in arenas let two teams battle in different modes, and Cartoon Eliminators are endurance races where last kart in each lap is eliminated. The karts have three stats: acceleration, speed, and handling (if chosen as driver). If co-driver, they have two toon powers that fall into four categories: Shield, Attack, Boost and Flight.

All 20 characters in the DS version get their own kart (the Powerpuff Girls have separate karts, unlike the PS2 version). Each character's toon power can be used when their toon power bar is full. There are 1-8 players available in this version. Unlike the PlayStation 2 version, there are two mini-games and three cartoons.

A gallery in the PlayStation 2 version contains two cartoons from each show. The first cartoon is unlocked by completing each cartoon-themed tournament while the other is unlocked by winning the super tournament with the driver of the series the player wants to unlock.

Reception
The DS version received "mixed" reviews, while the PlayStation 2 version received "generally unfavorable reviews" according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.

Lucas M. Thomas of IGN criticized the DS version for its similarities to the Mario Kart series, especially Mario Kart DS, as well as for having no characters from other Cartoon Network shows that were airing new episodes at the time such as Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, Camp Lazlo, The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy, Codename: Kids Next Door, and My Gym Partner's a Monkey. GameSpot's Aaron Thomas pointed out the same version's resemblance to Mario Kart, but he explained that a younger audience would find the game more enjoyable than an audience of serious gamers would.

References

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 ^ Jump up to:a b "Cartoon Network Racing for PlayStation 2 Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on January 22, 2015. Retrieved December 25, 2014.

PlayStation 2 games
Nintendo DS games
2006 video games
2007 video games
Racing video games
Cartoon Network series

Cartoon Network Racing


Leather Goddesses of Phobos is an interactive fiction video game written by Steve Meretzky and published by Infocom in 1986. It was released for the Amiga, Amstrad CPC, Amstrad PCW, Apple II, Macintosh, Atari 8-bit family, Atari ST, Commodore 64, TI-99/4A and MS-DOS. The game was Infocom's first "sex farce", including selectable gender and "naughtiness"—the latter ranging from "tame" to "lewd". It was one of five top-selling Infocom titles to be re-released in Solid Gold versions. It was Infocom's twenty-first game.

Gameplay
To start the game a gender must be chosen and the player will get a sidekick character. If the player's character is male, he will meet a burly but dim-witted man named Trent; if the player's character is female, she will find an attractive but somewhat ditzy woman named Tiffany. There are differences in game-play between the two sexes.

Leather Goddesses of Phobos bore a difficulty rating of "Standard". The game has 75 locations, including the maze known as the catacombs, the planets Mars and Venus (which must be explored extensively), outer space, and the city of Cleveland, which is a single location with one building and two exits.

Plot
The game begins in Upper Sandusky, Ohio, in 1936 and is presented in the manner of a science fiction serial of that time. In the story, the Leather Goddesses of Phobos are just finalizing their plans for the invasion of Earth. The player's character had been abducted by the Leather Goddesses for the final testing of the plan which would enslave all of humanity. Unless this nefarious plan is stopped, the Earth is turned into a twisted sexual pleasure dome.

Development
A few months after Infocom moved into its Cambridge offices, Meretzky jokingly wrote the words "Leather Goddesses of Phobos" on a large chalkboard that listed all of the Infocom games that were in release at that point. Meretzky described the title as "something that would be a little embarrassing, but not awful." Joel Berez spotted the added line before anyone else arrived and erased it quickly, but the name stuck and was jokingly brought up whenever a non-existent game title needed to be worked into a sentence. Eventually, in 1985, Meretzky came around to the idea of actually creating a game under this title, and started its development as a 1930s science fiction pulp story – the idea was instantly accepted by Marc Blank and the other Infocom staff. Upper management was more difficult to convince, and then-CEO Al Vezza (who was more interested in the business side of the company) was not enthused with the idea. However, when Infocom was acquired by Activision in 1986 due to the bankrupted business products effort, Activision president Jim Levy was much more excited: when told that "Leather Goddesses of Phobos" was not its definitive title, he allegedly responded with "I wouldn't call it anything else!"

Infocom marketing director Mike Dornbrook referred to Leather Goddesses of Phobos as "Hitchhiker's Guide with sex." In The Status Line (formerly The New Zork Times), Infocom's official newsletter, Steve Meretzky stated that the title Leather Goddesses of Phobos was conceived more than four years before the game was released. He also cites "pulpy space opera" as an inspiration for Leather Goddesses, and expresses that a lack of controversial response to A Mind Forever Voyaging was another reason for Leather Goddess''' conception, stating that "I was hoping that [A Mind Forever Voyaging] would stir up a lot of controversy. It didnt ... So I decided to write something with a little bit of sex in it, because nothing generates controversy like sex. I'm hoping to get the game banned from Seven-Eleven stores." Meretzky states that the "naughtiness" levels were based on the film rating system, with tame, suggestive, and lewd corresponding to G, PG, and R respectively.

Release

The game was not copy protected, but included puzzles that relied on the accompanying documentation and physical items in the package:

A small scratch and sniff card which bore seven numbered areas (at certain points in the game, the player would be instructed to scratch a certain number and then whiff the resulting odor such as pizza and chocolate).The Adventures of Lane Mastodon, a 3-D comic book containing vital hints to the game.
3D glasses for the comic book.
A double-sided map of the catacombs.

This take on copy protection earned Leather Goddesses a Codie award for Best Software Packaging in 1987.

ReceptionLeather Goddesses of Phobos was Infocom's best-selling game in 1986 with 53,543 copies sold, more than 50% greater than that of Trinity, which also debuted that year. The company sold a total of about 130,000 copies, three times as many as any other game after Activision bought them. The game was Infocom's last to sell more than 100,000 copies, and its sixth best-selling game overall.Macworld reviewed the Macintosh version of Leather Goddesses of Phobos, calling it "an excellent [example] of text-only interactive fiction." Macworld expresses that Leather Goddesses has "respect for female players ... Leather Goddesses is neither sexist nor truly offensive. Its humor punctures the pretensions of the fantasy adventure genre." Macworld praises the gameplay, stating that it has "inventive plots and puzzles" and "consistency of mood and attitude". Macworld criticizes the inability to scroll back to previously seen text..Info in 1987 gave the Commodore 64 version four stars out of five, describing it as "fun to play, though Infocom has produced more challenging standard-level text adventures ... a lot of giggles in this one". The magazine assured readers they would not be offended by the game, as even its lewdest "naughtiness" level is relatively tame. In 1988, Tom Clancy named Leather Goddesses of Phobos one of his favorite computer games, stating "I'd like to meet whoever wrote that. I just don't know what asylum to go to".

Legacy
A sequel to Leather Goddesses of Phobos, subtitled Gas Pump Girls Meet the Pulsating Inconvenience from Planet X!, was published by Activision in 1992.

In the 2015 film The Martian starring Matt Damon, Leather Goddesses of Phobos was referenced as being loaded on fellow astronaut Beth Johanssen's laptop alongside Zork II.

Sierra Online parodied the game as Space Quest X: Latex Babes of Estros in their graphical adventure Space Quest IV''.

References

External links
 Invisiclues
 Photos of package contents
 Computer Chronicles: games
 Infocom Bugs List entry
 Infocom Cabinet

1980s interactive fiction
1986 video games
Adventure games
Amiga games
Amstrad CPC games
Amstrad PCW games
Apple II games
Atari 8-bit family games
Atari ST games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
Erotic video games
Infocom games
Classic Mac OS games
Fiction set on Phobos (moon)
Science fiction video games
Steve Meretzky games
TI-99/4A games
Video games adapted into comics
Video games developed in the United States
Video games with gender-selectable protagonists
Video games set in Ohio

Leather Goddesses of Phobos


Celebrations are a chocolate collection made by Mars, Incorporated.  They were started in 1997. They are miniature versions of Mars-produced chocolate bars. With the tagline "Share the joy", Celebrations were the first mixed box of chocolates to bring together confectionery which had been already released in one box or tin. This was different than having new, especially-created candy. Celebrations are most popular around holidays, such as Christmas, Halloween and Easter.

Contents
They are miniature versions of the following Mars chocolates:
 Mars
 Bounty
 Snickers
 Dove / Galaxy
 Dove Caramel / Galaxy Caramel
 Twix
 Maltesers Teaser
 Milky Way

The selection sold in the United Kingdom also previously had:

 Galaxy Truffle
 Topic

Twix replaced Galaxy Truffle in 2011.

References

Candy

Celebrations