Niven Busch (April 26, 1903 – August 25, 1991) was an American novelist and screenwriter of movies such as the acclaimed The Postman Always Rings Twice.  His novels included Duel in the Sun (1944) and California Street (1959).  He was married to actress Teresa Wright for ten years beginning in 1942.

Early career
Born in New York City, Busch began his writing career in the early twenties, when he went to work for Time Magazine (co-founded by Busch's cousin, Briton Hadden). Before departing for Hollywood a decade later, Busch had risen to editor at the weekly, working simultaneously for The New Yorker, where he contributed profiles on famous Americans.  (These articles were collected into his first book, the non-fiction Twenty-One Americans.)

In 1932, realizing he had gone as far as he was likely to go as a New York-based magazine writer/editor, Busch re-connected with agent Myron Selznick, whom Busch knew through his father, an executive who had worked for Myron's father Lewis in the teens and early twenties.

Myron Selznick soon secured work for Busch at Warner Bros. Pictures, and Busch decamped to Los Angeles to write his first film, Howard Hawks's The Crowd Roars.  One of four writers on the production, Busch's name was misspelled in the credits.

Film career
Through the rest of the thirties, Busch worked for most of the major Hollywood studios, scripting mostly B-movies like The Big Shakedown. In 1938 he was nominated for an Academy Award for In Old Chicago, which was based on his story We the O'Learys, but failed to win.  In 1940 he co-wrote The Westerner for director William Wyler and producer Samuel Goldwyn.  Soon thereafter he went to work as Goldwyn's story editor, recommending Pride of the Yankees, in which Gary Cooper and Busch's soon-to-be wife Teresa Wright co-starred.

Settling in the hills of Encino with his growing family, Busch began writing novels.  The Carrington Incident, published in 1941, was followed by the best-seller Duel in the Sun, which Lewis Selznick's other son David purchased and turned into the 1946 blockbuster of the same title.  He now alternated between the writing of screenplays and novels, most of which became best-sellers. They Dream of Home, a tale of returning veterans, was followed by The Furies (1950), which became a film that starred Barbara Stanwyck.

Another notable film of the period — for which Busch wrote the original screenplay — was Pursued starring Robert Mitchum and Teresa Wright, one of the first psychological Westerns with "noir" overtones. Around the same time, Busch also adapted the noir thriller The Postman Always Rings Twice (1946), for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

Later career
In the early fifties, Busch and Wright divorced, and Busch left Hollywood for northern California, where he devoted himself to cattle ranching and the full-time writing of novels. There he would meet his fourth wife Carmencita Baker and fifth wife Suzanne de Sanz.

Before Busch's final novel The Titan Game he had become one of San Francisco's leading literary lights and a Regent's Professor at the University of California. California Street is about the San Francisco newspaper publishing business, with the title taken from California Street in the city.

Busch appears in the film The Unbearable Lightness of Being, playing the role of "Old Man" in the scene in which Sabina (Lena Olin) receives the letter informing her of Tómas and Tereza's deaths. Busch was 84 at the time of the filming.

Busch died from congestive heart failure in 1991 at the age of eighty-eight.

Novels
 The Carrington Incident (1941)
 Duel in the Sun (1944)
 They Dream of Home (1944)
 Day of the Conquerors (1946)
 The Furies (1948)
 The Capture (1950)
 The Hate Merchant (1953)
 The Actor (1955)
 California Street: A Novel (1959)
 The San Franciscans (1962)
 The Gentleman From California (1965) (fictionalized Richard Nixon)
 The Takeover (1973)
 No Place for a Hero (1980) (historical work about John C. Fremont in California)
 Continent's Edge (1980)
 The Titan Game (1989) (final novel)

Stories
 "College Coach (1933)
 "Cut Rate" (1934)
 "We the O'Learys" (1936)
 "Belle Star" (1941)
 "Distant Drums" (1951)
 "The Man from the Alamo" (1953)

Filmography
As screenwriter unless otherwise noted.
The Crowd Roars (1932)
Scarlet Dawn (1932)
Miss Pinkerton (1932)
College Coach (1933) (also story "College Coach")
Babbitt (1934)
The Man with Two Faces (1934)
The Big Shakedown (1934) (also story "Cut Rate")
He Was Her Man (1934)
Lady Tubbs (1935) (unconfirmed)
Three Kids and a Queen (1935) (uncredited)
In Old Chicago (1937) (story "We the O'Learys")
Off the Record (1939)
The Angels Wash Their Faces (1939)
The Westerner (1940)
Belle Starr (1941) (story "Belle Starr")
The Postman Always Rings Twice (1946)
Till the End of Time (1946) (novel They Dream of Home)
Duel in the Sun (1946) (suggested by the novel Duel in the Sun)
Pursued (1947)
Moss Rose (1947)
The Capture (1950) (also uncredited novel and producer)
The Furies (1950) (novel)
Distant Drums (1951) (also story "Distant Drums")
The Man from the Alamo (1953) (story "The Man from the Alamo")
The Moonlighter (1953) (also story)
The Treasure of Pancho Villa (1955)
Gigi (1958) (uncredited)
The Wild Cat (1962) (uncredited, novel Duel in the Sun)

Actor
The Unbearable Lightness of Being (1988)

External links

Research resources
 Niven Busch's California Street Papers, 1955-59 (0.5 linear ft.) are housed in the Department of Special Collections and University Archives at Stanford University Libraries
 Niven Busch's The Gentleman from California Papers, 1964-66 (1 linear ft.) are housed in the Department of Special Collections and University Archives at Stanford University Libraries
 Niven Busch's The San Franciscans Papers, 1959-1962 (0.5 linear ft.) are housed in the Department of Special Collections and University Archives at Stanford University Libraries

20th-century American novelists
American male screenwriters
Writers from New York City
1903 births
1991 deaths
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Writers from San Francisco
American male novelists
20th-century American male writers
Novelists from New York (state)
Screenwriters from New York (state)
Screenwriters from California
20th-century American screenwriters
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Burials at Cypress Lawn Memorial Park

Niven Busch


Andrea Echeverri Arias (born September 13, 1965) is a Colombian rock/pop singer and guitarist. She holds a degree in Fine Arts from University of Los Andes and was a ceramist before becoming a musician. She is the lead singer in Aterciopelados where she also plays the acoustic guitar. In March 2005 her debut solo album Andrea Echeverri was released by Nacional Records, a label focused on promoting the best in Latin alternative music.  According to NPR's Felix Contreras "It's possible to chart the development of Latin Alternative music by following the career of Andrea Echeverri."

Solo career
After the critical and commercial success of 2000's Gozo Poderoso, which landed Aterciopelados on the Top 10 of the Billboard Top Latin Albums Sales chart as well as a coveted appearance on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Echeverri took time off for the birth of her first child Milagros, who has proven to be a new point of artistic inspiration. The result is the self-titled album Andrea Echeverri, her first solo release. The disc was produced by Héctor Buitrago from Aterciopelados and mixed by Thom Russo (Juanes, Kinky, Johnny Cash), and also features a remix from Richard Blair (Sidestepper).

On "A Eme O", the album's upbeat first single, Echeverri sings "Since you were born, I've become a better lover. Its as if you've unplugged my tubes." On the chill-out lullaby track "Baby Blues" (which was featured in the soundtrack for the film La mujer de mi hermano), she observes the bond between mother and daughter as Milagros cries late at night. "Some songs are written for Milagros, but they sound like they're written for a lover," said Andrea. Going ever further, she satirizes the highly sexualized lyrics of the Colombian genre called champeta, naming one of the album's tracks "Lactochampeta".  "It's kind of a joke, because it has explicit lyrics about lactating," muses Andrea.

Performances and projects

A series of tour dates followed the album's release, including headlining the Latin Alternative Music Conference's Women Who Rock concert in front of 10,000 people at the Santa Monica Pier in Los Angeles, as well as the La Banda Elastica Magazine Awards.

In December 2007 Echeverri exhibited her ceramic works at the Feria del Libro in Guadalajara, Mexico, where she also performed with Aterciopelados.

Recognitions
In 2005 the album "Andrea Echeverri" was nominated for a Latin Grammy Award for "Best Female Pop Vocal Album."  The album was nominated for a Grammy Award for "Best Latin Pop Album" in 2006.

For the MTV-LA Awards in 2005, Echeverri was nominated in four categories, winning for "Best New Artist – Central."

In 2006 the album received two nominations for the Premios Lo Nuestro Awards – "Rock Album of the Year" and "Song of the Year" for the single "A Eme O."

Aterciopelados
Echeverri is currently working and performing with Héctor Buitrago in their group Aterciopelados. Their album "Oye", released by Nacional Records in 2006 was awarded a Latin Grammy for "Best Alternative Album" in November 2007. Their latest album is "Río" which released in October 2008. In November 2010 he released his second album as a solo artist, entitled DOS, an emancipated, self-produced, neo-hippie and maternal album.

Discography

Studio albums

Extended plays

Awards and nominations

Grammy Awards
The Grammy Award is an accolade by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to recognize outstanding achievement on the music industry. Andrea Echeverri has had one nomination.

|-
| 2006 || Andrea Echeverri || Best Latin Pop Album ||
|-

Latin Grammy Awards
A Latin Grammy Award is an accolade by the Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences to recognize outstanding achievement in the music industry. Andrea Echeverri has had two nominations.

|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2005 ||Andrea Echeverri || Best Female Pop Vocal Album ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2013 ||Ruiseñora || Best Singer-Songwriter Album ||
|-

References

External links

Andrea Echeverri – official
El Arte en Colombia (Andrea as ceramist)
Andrea Echeverri Says  Ruiseñora is "Intimate, Confrontational and Creative"
Interview with Andrea and People en Espanol
Article/Interview with Andrea about solo album

1965 births
Living people
21st-century Colombian women singers
Colombian feminists
Colombian people of Basque descent
Colombian pop singers
Colombian rock guitarists
Colombian rock singers
20th-century women guitarists
Feminist musicians
Women in Latin music
Rock en Español musicians
Singers from Bogotá
Latin music songwriters
Nacional Records artists
University of Los Andes (Colombia) alumni
21st-century women guitarists

Andrea Echeverri


The Marketplace on Innovative Financial Solutions for Development (MIF) is hosted in Paris, France, by the French Development Agency (AFD), the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the World Bank Group.

This initiative is dedicated to innovative financial mechanisms allowing to better mobilize funds for development programs. The MIF garners best practices by presenting new projects and encouraging conversations between specialists from different fields. The event focuses on meetings and case studies, combining theoretical and practical points of views.

The MIF has three main objectives:

 move forward the agenda on innovative financial solutions for development;
 encourage knowledge-sharing and learning (including between developing areas) through best practices and case studies in order to identify how to design solutions to maximize impact and cost-effectiveness;
 leverage projects using innovative financial mechanisms to deal with development issues.

The MIF audience consists of professionals from different areas:
 development practitioners
 donors
 philanthropists
 social entrepreneurs
 academics
 policy makers

Speakers and participants come from financial institutions and the civil society.

MIF 2010

The 2010 event takes place on March 4–5, in Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie, Paris. The MIF 2010 program consists of two main sessions, 13 workshops and a competition between innovative projects for financing development.

A feature of the MIF 2010 event is a project competition aimed at new ideas on how innovative financing mechanisms can be used to better solve development challenges. These projects should provide solutions that can be successfully scaled up and replicated across a broad variety of situations.

Twenty finalists have been chosen from a pool of some 800 applicants that responded to the open call for proposals during the autumn of 2009. 110 specialists in innovative finance together with development experts from inside and outside of the organising institutions selected the most promising as finalists.

The proposed projects cover more than 15 developing countries across five continents and were submitted by a variety of organisations ranging from small local NGOs to large multinational corporations to international development organizations.

References

External links
 MIF website
 Video presentations of the projects presented at the MIF 2010

International conferences in France
Organizations based in Paris
Economic development organizations


Special settlements in the Soviet Union were the result of population transfers and were performed in a series of operations organized according to social class or nationality of the deported. Resettling of "enemy classes" such as prosperous peasants and entire populations by ethnicity was a method of political repression in the Soviet Union, although separate from the Gulag system of penal labor. Involuntary settlement played a role in the colonization of virgin lands of the Soviet Union. This role was specifically mentioned in the first Soviet decrees about involuntary labor camps. Compared to the Gulag labor camps, the involuntary settlements had the appearance of "normal" settlements: people lived in families, and there was slightly more freedom of movement; however, that was permitted only within a small specified area. All settlers were overseen by the NKVD; once a month a person had to register at a local law enforcement office at a selsoviet in rural areas or at a militsiya department in urban settlements. As second-class citizens, deported peoples designated as "special settlers" were prohibited from holding a variety of jobs, returning to their region of origin, attending prestigious schools, and even joining the cosmonaut program. Due to this special settlements have been called by J. Otto Pohl a type of apartheid.

After the special settlement system was officially abolished in the 1950s, most deported indigenous peoples were allowed to return to their homelands, except for the Crimean Tatars and Meskhetian Turks, who were denied the right of return in the Khrushchev and Brezhnev era and largely remained in areas they were deported to because of the Soviet residence permit system (propiska).

Exile settlements
Exile settlements (ссыльное поселение, ssylnoye poselenie) were a kind of internal exile. The system of political and administrative exile existed in Imperial Russia as well. The most notable category of exile settlers in the Soviet Union (ссыльнопоселенцы, ssylnoposelentsy) were the whole nationalities resettled during Joseph Stalin's rule (1928–1953). At various times, a number of other terms were used for this category: special settlement (спецпоселение), special resettlement (спецпереселение), and administrative exile (административная высылка, a term which refers to an extrajudicial way of deciding the fates of people "by administrative means"). Exiles were sent to remote areas of the Soviet Union: Siberia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, and the Russian Far East.

The major source of the population in exile settlements were victims of what is now called ethnic cleansing. The Soviet government feared that people of certain nationalities would act as "fifth column" subversives during the expected war, and took drastic measures to prevent this perceived threat. The deported were sent to prisons, labor camps, exile settlements, and "supervised residence" (residence in usual settlements, but under the monitoring of the NKVD).

Forced resettlements

Deportations of 1928–1939
In 1929, the government led by Josef Stalin designated some regions (known as districts) of Western Siberia as locations for future deportations of what were referred to as "socially dangerous classes" of people from Belarus, Ukraine, and the northwestern part of European Russia. Siberian researchers note that deportations of this period may be characterized as "depeasantization" () as peasants represented a significant share of those who experienced this kind of repression. In 1928, the Soviet Union underwent a goods famine known as the soviet grain crisis; this led to the forced collectivization of agriculture. As a result, the government began to subject members of the farming population of the countryside peasantry to a policy of mass deportations; they were forcibly removed and sent to the regions selected for deportations. This policy was enforced up until 1933, when soviet authorities conducted series of so-called "city cleansings", by which they forced some of the marginalized population (peasants who had hid from earlier deportations, Romani people, and other targeted groups) to resettle. Streets of many cities like Leningrad and Moscow were raided by militia and those who were caught were sent to the East. This policy had fatal consequences for some who were targeted; one example of the harsh environment to which deportees were subjected is the infamous Nazino tragedy of 1933 that happened near Tomsk. The impact on the deportees to Nazino Island was devastating; over 4,000 people died or disappeared within thirteen weeks, having been given only raw flour to survive. The early deportations coincided with dekulakization and passportization policies of the Soviet Union.

Deportations from border territories in 1939–1941
Several waves of forced resettlement occurred from the territories on the Western borders. These territories included Murmansk Oblast and the recently annexed lands invaded and occupied by the Soviets under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany; parts of Poland and Romania and the Baltic States.

In territories annexed from Poland (the Kresy territories and the Białystok Voivodeship), the initial wave of repression of 1939 was rationalized as removal of "social enemies", or "enemies of the people": military, police and administrative personnel, large landowners, industrialists, and merchants. They were usually sentenced to 8–20 years in labor camps. In addition, settlers, or osadniks, as well as foresters and railroad workers were forcibly removed. Massive deportations of the Polish population into remote areas of the Soviet Union took place in 1940–1941. Estimates of the total number of deported Poles vary between 400,000 and 1.9 million people, including prisoner of war.

On 23 June 1940, Lavrenty Beria, head of the NKVD, ordered the Murmansk Oblast to be cleansed of "foreign nationals", which included Scandinavians and all other nationalities. People of Finnish, Swedish, and Norwegian (see also "Kola Norwegians") ethnicities were moved to the Karelo-Finnish SSR. Germans, Koreans, Chinese, and others were moved to Altay.

Deportations of "exiled settlers" from the Baltic States (Lithuanians, Latvians, and Estonians) and the annexed part of Romania (Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina) were carried out in May–June 1941.

After the 1941 German invasion of the Soviet Union, Stalin sought a rapprochement with the West, which included establishing diplomatic relations with the Polish government in exile. As the result, Polish citizens were "amnestied" and freed from "special settlement". Deportations of Polish citizens are commemorated by the Monument to the Fallen and Murdered in the East in Warsaw.

"Preventive" deportations of nationalities in 1941–1942
These deportations concerned Soviet citizens of "enemy nationality". The affected were Volga Germans, Finns, Romanians, Italians, and Greeks. At the end of this period, Crimean Tatars were included in this wave of deportation.

"Punitive" deportations of nationalities in 1943–1944
These deportations concerned ethnicities declared guilty of cooperation with Nazi occupants: a number of peoples of North Caucasus and Crimea: Chechens, Ingush, Balkars, Karachays, Meskhetian Turks, Crimean Tatars, and Crimean Bolgars, as well as Kalmyks.

Post-war deportations
Deportations after the end of World War II were not particularly differentiated or classified by "NKVD operations". The affected were people from the territories that were under the administration of the Axis Powers: family members of persons accused of loyalty to the Axis administration and of persons who continued resistance to Soviet power, which was classified as "banditism". Some former Ostarbeiters were "filtered" into exile as well. "Cleansing" of the annexed territories continued until the early 1950s. In July 1949, a further 35,000 were deported from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, accused of being kulaks or collaborating with the wartime Romanian administration.

Lithuania suffered its heaviest deportation number on the night of May 22, 4 o'clock. Placing people in animal wagons, Stalin deported around 40,000 people, including 10,897 children under the age of 15. The journeys alone took a toll of 5,000 Lithuanian children.

Ukazniks
The term ukaznik derives from the Russian term "ukaz" that means "decree". It applies to those convicted according to various Soviet ukazes, but the most common usage refers to a series of decrees related to what was later formalized in Soviet law as parasitism, or evasion from socially-useful work. Among the first of these was the decree of 2 June 1942 "On criminal culpability for evasion from socially useful work and for social parasitism in the agricultural sector" (Об ответственности за уклонение от общественно полезного труда и за ведение антиобщественного паразитического образа жизни в сельском хозяйстве). It was usually applied to kolkhozniks who failed to carry out their corvée (trudodni, "labour-days"). The term of exile was 8 years. During 1948–1952 33,266 special settlers ("ukazniks") were registered. Unlike other exile settler categories, children of these exiles were not subject to the Decree.

Religious persecution
A number of religious groups, such as the Jehovah's Witnesses (свидетели иеговы), True Orthodox Church (истинно-православные христиане), Inochentism (иннокентьевцы) and True and Free Seventh-day Adventists (адвентисты-реформисты) were persecuted by the Soviet Union.  In particular, members of these groups refused to join the Young Pioneers, the Komsomol, or to serve in the Soviet Army. Usually members of these groups and especially influential members were subject to criminal law and treated on a case-by-case basis. However, on 3 March 1951, the USSR Council of Ministers issued a decree, "On Expulsion of Active Participants of the anti-Soviet Illegal Sect of Jehovists and their Family Members" (Постановление Совета Министров СССР о выселении активных участников антисоветской нелегальной секты иеговистов и членов их семей No. 1290-467 от 3 марта 1951 года). According to this decree, about 9,400 Jehovah's Witnesses, including about 4,000 children, were resettled from the Baltic States, Moldavia, and western parts of Byelorussia and Ukraine to Siberia in 1951, an event known as "Operation North".

Only in September 1965, a decree of the Presidium of the USSR Council of Ministers canceled the "special settlement" restriction for members of these religious groups.

Iranians and Assyrians
The above are the major, most populous categories of exile settlers. There were a number of smaller categories. They were small in the scale of the whole Soviet Union, but rather significant in terms of the affected categories of population. For example, in 1950 all Iranians, with the exception of persons of Armenian ethnicity, were resettled from Georgia, a population of some 4,776 persons, and in the same year thousands of Christian ethnic Assyrians were deported from Armenia and Georgia to Kazakhstan.

Labor settlements
Labor settlements (трудопоселение, trudoposelenie) were a method of internal exile that used settlers for obligatory labor. The main category of "labor settlers" (трудопоселенцы, trudoposelentsy) were kulaks and members of their families deported in 1930s before the Great Purge. Labor settlements were under the management of the Gulag, but they must not be confused with labor camps.

The first official document that decreed wide-scale "dekulakization" was a joint decree of Central Executive Committee and Sovnarkom on 1 February 1930. Initially families of kulaks were deported into remote areas "for special settlement" without particular care about their occupation. In 1931–1932 the problems of dekulakization and territorial planning of the exile settlement were handled by a special Politburo commission known as the Andreev-Rudzutak Commission (комиссия Андреева-Рудзутака), named after Andrey Andreyevich Andreyev and Yan Rudzutak. The plan to achieve goals like exploitation of natural resources and the colonization of remote areas with "special settlements" instead of labor camps was dropped after the revelation of the Nazino affair in 1933; subsequently the Gulag system was expanded.

The notions of "labor settlement"/"labor settlers" were introduced in 1934 and were in official use until 1945. Since 1945, the terminology was unified, and exiled kulaks were documented as "special resettlers – kulaks".

"Free settlements"
Free settlements (вольное поселение, volnoye poselenie) were for persons released from the confines of labor camps "for free settlement" before their term expiration, as well as for those who served the full term, but remained restricted in their choice of place of residence. These people were known as free settlers (вольнопоселенцы, volnoposelentsy). The term was in use earlier, in Imperial Russia, in two meanings: free settlement of peasants or cossacks (in the sense of being free from serfdom) and non-confined exile settlement (e.g., after serving a katorga term).

In the Soviet Union, a decree of Sovnarkom of 1929 about labor camps said, in part:

The "free settlers" of the first category were often required to do the work assigned to the corresponding labor camp or some other obligatory work. Later, people could be assigned for "free settlement" in other places as well, even in towns, with obligatory work wherever a workforce was required.

Population statistics
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union the researchers gained access to the archives of the NKVD. Data on 1 January 1953 show 2,753,356 "deported and special settlers". Dmitri Volkogonov, in his book about Stalin, quoted an MVD document that reports 2,572,829 on 1 January 1950.

In Lithuania alone around 131,600 people were banished along with 156,000 sent to gulags.

See also

 101st kilometre
 Deportation of Romanians in the Soviet Union
 Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union
 Gulag: Colonization
 Human rights in the Soviet Union
 Penal transportation
Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union
 ZATO

References

External links
Russia's Necropolis of Terror and the Gulag: a select directory of burial grounds and commemorative sites. 138 of the 411 documented sites are deportees graveyards, special settlements dating back to the dekulakisation of the early 1930s.

Bibliography
 Павел Полян, Не по своей воле... (Pavel Polian, Against Their Will... A History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR), ОГИ Мемориал, Moscow, 2001,
 V.N. Zemskov, Inmates, Special Settlers, Exile Settlers, Exiled and Evicted (Statistical-Geographical Aspect). In: History of the USSR, 1991, no.5, pp. 151–165. (in Russian)
 Ioniţoiu, Cicerone, Genocidul din România, Repere în procesul comunismului (in Romanian)
 International Socialism Journal, "Forced migration in 20th century Balkans", 1995
 Lynne Viola, The Unknown Gulag: The Lost World of Stalin's Special Settlements, Oxford University Press (2007)

Wikisource
 A decree about labor camps, 1919, in Russian
 A decree about penal labor, 1929, in Russian

Forced migration in the Soviet Union
Political repression in the Soviet Union
Unfree labor in the Soviet Union
Deportation
History of Siberia
Poland–Soviet Union relations
Forced migration
Settlement schemes in the Soviet Union

Special settlements in the Soviet Union


The Swan River Colony was a British colony on the Swan River in Western Australia, which wanted to build both the private investor Thomas Peel and the military James Stirling on the continent of Australia. The name was pars pro toto (a part for the whole) for Western Australia, because it was only in 1832 that the colony was officially renamed Western Australia, when James Stirling was later named the first governor. Nevertheless, the name Swan River Colony was still in use for many years.

Settlements in Australia
Western Australia
Former British colonies

Swan River Colony


Patti Cohenour (born October 17, 1952) is an American actress and singer. She last performed as the standby for Elizabeth Arden in the Broadway musical War Paint, a position she also held in the pre Broadway run. Previously she was seen in the Broadway production of The Light in the Piazza as Signora Naccarelli. She was also the alternate for Victoria Clark in the leading role of Margaret Johnson.

Early life
Cohenour was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and graduated from Valley High School.

Career
She originated the Broadway roles of Mary Jane in Big River, Rosa Bud in The Mystery of Edwin Drood (New York, London) and Mother Abbess in The Sound of Music (revival) and understudied Nora in A Doll's Life. She also starred in the Broadway production of The Phantom of the Opera, being the original alternate for Sarah Brightman as Christine Daaé. She later went on to replace Brightman in the role opposite Timothy Nolen, the first baritone Phantom and also the only bass baritone Phantom, and also has played the role of Christine opposite Colm Wilkinson in Toronto.

Additional credits: Mimi in La Bohème; Isabel/Mabel in The Pirates of Penzance (both New York Shakespeare Festival); Magnolia in Hal Prince's Show Boat; Adeline in Sweet Adeline (Encores!); Katharine in The Taming of the Shrew (Syracuse Stage); Clarice in The Servant of Two Masters; Oh Coward! (Seattle Repertory Theatre); Glinda in The Wizard of Oz; Rosabella in The Most Happy Fella; Abigail Adams in 1776; Lily Craven in The Secret Garden (all 5th Avenue Theatre). Cohenour is the recipient of a Tony nomination, two Drama Desk nominations, the Clarence Derwent Award and a Theatre World Award. Her album To an Isle in the Water was produced by Grammy winner Thomas Z. Shepard and conducted by Paul Gemignani.

Filmography

Television

References

External links

 Official Web Site Patti Cohenour

1952 births
Living people
American sopranos
American stage actresses
Actresses from Albuquerque, New Mexico
21st-century American women
Valley High School alumni

Patti Cohenour


The NKVD  People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (Russian : НКВД ; Народный Комиссариат Внутренних Дел) as a government department in the Soviet Union operated from 1934 to 1946 . It was the law enforcement agency which did the will of the All Union Communist Party. The NKVD underwent many organizational changes; between 1938 and 1939 alone, the NKVD's structure changed three times. It was lead by Genrikh Yagoda (1891-1938) (Chief from 1934 to 1938) Nikolai Yezhov (1895-1938) (Chief from 1936 to 1938) and Lavrentiy Beria (1899-1953) (Chief from 1938 to 1945). Both Yagoda and Yezhov were executed in 1938 and 1940. Beria was removed from power and executed in 1953.

The public face of the NKVD was the regular police force, which acted in a similar way to other police forces. In addition to its state security and police functions, some of its departments handled other matters, such as transportation, fire guards, border guards (NKVD border troops), etc. These jobs were usually assigned to the Ministry of the Interior (MVD).

However, it is the classified (secret) activities for which it was really feared. This was the work of the Main Directorate for State Security, known as the GUGB. The NKVD also included the Soviet secret police. The GUGB protected the state security of the Soviet Union. This was done by massive political repression, including the use of sanctioned political murders and assassinations, especially in the era of Joseph Stalin, during the Great Purge.

Later publications
After World War II, and especially after the end of the Soviet Union, there was a flood of books on the deeds of Stalin and the NKVD.
 Bloch, Sidney & Reddaway, Peter. 1977. Russia's political hospitals: the abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union. London, Victor Gollancz.
 Conquest, Robert 2007. The Great Terror: a reassessment: 40th Anniversary Edition. Oxford University Press.
 Herling, Gustav 1951. A world apart: the journal of a Gular survivor. reprint ISBN 0-87795-821-1
 Polyan, Pavel 2004. Against their will: a history and geography of forced migrations in the USSR. Central European University Press, 2004.
 Rummel R.J. 1990. Lethal politics: Soviet genocide and mass murder since 1917. Transaction.
 Shalamov, Varlam Tikhonovich 1994. Kolyma tales. (transl. Glad, John) Penguin.
Arrested as a student, Shalamov spent a total of 17 years in prison for saying, and trying to publish, things the regime did not approve of. His tales are of his experiences, and those of other prisoners.
 Solzhenitsyn, Alexandr 1973–78. The Gulag Archipelago: 19181956. (three volumes).
A history of the entire process of developing and administering a police state in the Soviet Union. It was circulated in samizdat (underground publication) form in the Soviet Union until its official publication in 1989. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the formation of the Russian Federation, The Gulag Archipelago became required reading in Russian high schools. The Gulag Archipelago, is both a rhyme and a metaphor used throughout the work. The word archipelago describes the system of labour camps spread across the huge Soviet Union like a vast chain of islands, known only to those who were fated to visit them.

During and after the war
In occupied territories, the NKVD carried out mass arrests, deportations, and executions of traitors, Nazi collaborators, and other dangerous people. Resistance movements included the Polish Armia Krajowa (which was neither pro-nazi or communist), and leftover Ukrainian Nazi units (aiming to remain separate from the Soviet Union).

NKVD officers executed tens of thousands of Polish political prisoners in 1939–1941, including the Katyń massacre. NKVD units were also used to quell the post-Nazi partisan war in the western Ukraine (Mostly in the Lviv region), and the "Forest Brothers" in the Baltics (which lasted until the early 1950s).

References

Other websites
 NKVD.org: Information website about the NKVD

Soviet intelligence agencies
Law enforcement agencies

NKVD


Maylandsea, and the adjacent Mayland, are villages on the Dengie Peninsula in the English county of Essex. They are part of the Althorne ward of the Maldon district, and have a
parish council that covers both villages.

Governance
Mayland is an electoral ward in the area involved. The total population at the 2011 Census was 4,360.

Religious sites

The local parish church is St Barnabas, which is in the Diocese of Chelmsford.

Local amenities
There are two public house/restaurants: "Blackwater Bar & Bistro" (purchased and refurbished by the present owners in late 2014)which is situated adjacent to the Blackwater Marina, and "Hardy's" (also recently refurbished). There are two sailing clubs enjoying the Blackwater River here: Maylandsea Bay Sailing Club, situated near to the boat yard & Bistro and the Harlow (Blackwater) Sailing Club, accessed via North Drive, Mayland.  The sea wall walk is enjoyed by locals and many visiting ramblers' groups.

The boatyard, originally Cardnells Boatyard, was involved in building motor torpedo boats (MTBs) in the Second World War.

The present local primary school is Maylandsea County Primary School, in Katonia Avenue.  It was built when increased development in Maylandsea and Lower Mayland made it impractical to transport the children to either Mayland & Althorne County Primary School, Southminster Road, Upper Mayland, or to Latchingdon C. of E. Primary school in the nearby village of Latchingdon.

Along Imperial Avenue, Maylandsea, there is a small shopping area serving the community; including (in 2017) a combined supermarket and Post Office; a bakery; general store; card shop; two hairdressers/barber's/beauty salon; dog grooming parlour; fish and chip shop; a second food outlet; pharmacy and a charity shop;.

On Steeple Road, Mayland, the award-winning Indian restaurant "Zara" can be found in the converted old farm workers' cottages near the junction of Steeple Road and Grange Avenue, Mayland.  Although the restaurant (previously a pub) has been known as "The Mayland Mill" for many years, this is not the site of the actual windmill. The Mayland post-mill, thought to have been built in 1817, was known for many years as Cardnell's Mill, as apparently George Cardnell occupied it from 1863 to 1899.
The site of the windmill was in a field opposite Mill Road, Mayland, therefore further along the Steeple Road and on the opposite side. Although the mill was demolished many years ago, the mill house still remains as a residential property.

The Henry Samuel Hall on Steeple Road, Mayland, has a fascinating history linked to the American philanthropist Joseph Fels and The Back to the Land Movement.  This is still being researched, but it is known the hall was brought to Mayland from a site in Kingsway, London in 1908, arranged by Fel's agricultural smallholdings manager Thomas Smith, to be used as a temporary school for the children of the farmers and agricultural workers.

There is also a local paper known as The Maylands Mayl which is a useful source of information for in and around the area.

Parish council
Mayland Parish Council meets monthly at the Lawling Hall, Lawling Park, off Katonia Avenue, Maylansea  The villages of Mayland and Maylandsea are in an area, parts of which are considered to be at risk from flooding, and the Parish Council, working with Maldon District Council, is developing a localised emergency plan to link into the wider emergency strategy covering the whole district.

Local interest
There are always fossils to be found in Maylandsea, the most common being lobster fragments. There is a crashed P51B Mustang from World War II near Lawling Creek.

References

External links

Mayland Parish Council website
The history of Mayland and Maylandsea

Villages in Essex

Maylandsea


FFHG Division 2 (Fédération Française de Hockey sur Glace Division 2 or French Ice Hockey Federation Division 2) is an amateur ice hockey league in France. It is the third of four levels of national ice hockey in France. The teams that end at the bottom of the table get relegated to FFHG Division 3 while the top get promoted to FFHG Division 1.

Teams
FFHG Division 2 consists of 18 teams divided into two pools with nine teams each.

Pool A
 Galaxiens d'Amnéville
 Asnières Castors
 Jokers de Cergy
 Elephants de Chambéry
 Jets d'Évry Viry Centre Essonne
 Taureaux de Feu de Limoges
 Spartiates de Marseille
 Ours de Villard-de-Lans
 Lions de Wasquehal

Pool B
 Chevaliers du Lac d'Annecy
 Castors d'Avignon
 Sangliers Arvernes de Clermont
 Français Volants de Paris
 Comètes de Meudon
 Renards de Roanne
 Dragons de Rouen II
 Étoile Noire de Strasbourg II
 Lynx de Valence

Season
Each team plays the other teams in their pool at home and away (18 games). At the end of this regular season the 8 highest-ranking teams in each pool enter a combined knock-out play-off series while the four lowest-ranking teams (two from each pool) enter a play-off series of their own. The winner of the former play-off series is promoted to FFHG Division 1 while the loser of the latter play-off series is demoted to FFHG Division 3.

Champions

External links
 FFHG Division 2 Official Site
 Dunkerque Corsaires Official Website

3
Third tier ice hockey leagues in Europe

FFHG Division 2


SDRC (Structural Dynamics Research Corporation) is a leading company specializing in MCAE (Mechanical Computer Aided Engineering) and PLM (Product Lifecycle Management) software.

History
SDRC was formed by engineers, led by then associate professor Dr. Jason R. Lemon, from the University of Cincinnati in 1967, as a consulting company specializing in structural dynamics, or how mechanical parts vibrate. US Steel was a primary customer and early investor, until selling their shares to General Electric in the early 80's.

To aid in its consulting, the company wrote software to simulate and predict vibration.  Companies began asking for rights to use this software, and thus SDRC entered the software market.  In the 70s, SDRC became known as a Finite Element and Modelling  company, and during the 80s and 90s became one of the leading companies in solid modeling and analysis.  SDRC (Lemon) is well known globally as one of the first to coin the term "MCAE" (Mechanical Computer Aided Engineering) in the  70's. Dr. Lemon left SDRC in 1982 to form a new start up in 1983, International TechneGroup Incorporated; focused on applying CAE early in product development to lead design, a methodology known as CP/PD (Concurrent Product and Process Development).

Among several technologies pioneered by SDRC, it was one of the first companies to introduce a Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) solution, as a result of its joint venture with Control Data.  The product, Metaphase, eventually became the sole property of SDRC.

Financial scandal
On September 14, 1994, SDRC announced that it would be forced to restate its previously-announced earnings.  Months later, it was revealed that the Company had overstated its revenue over the three previous years by a combined total of $68 million, citing improprieties in its Far East reseller operations. After the scheme was disclosed, $30 million in SDRC software was discovered in a warehouse at Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport.

On April 11, 1997, the former chairman of SDRC and four other former company executives agreed to pay $1.5 million to settle charges that the Milford software company artificially inflated earnings and revenues from 1992 to 1994.  Vice president Tony Tolani paid the government $1 million; Chairman/CEO Ron Friedsam was fined $100,000; CFO Ron Hoffman paid $200,000, VP Robert Fischer, $157,000; and Controller Dick LaJoie, $25,000.  The resulting class-action shareholder lawsuit was settled on November 21, 1997, with SDRC agreeing to pay $37.5 million in payouts to affected shareholders.

The SEC also sanctioned the KPMG audit partners responsible for independent audits of company financials at the time.
Philip Present and William Scanlon were sanctioned by the SEC, with restrictions on their accounting practice and ability to represent public companies imposed by SEC action.
" Present and Scanlon were also aware that audit differences, representing 22% of the net income originally reported by SDRC for 1993, were not reflected in SDRC's 1993 financial statements"

Acquisition
SDRC was purchased by EDS in 2001 for a reported $950 million. SDRC was merged with EDS subsidiary UGS Corp. The new combined company operated as EDS PLM Solutions from 2001 through 2004.  EDS sold off its CAD/PLM software business to a group of private equity firms in 2004.  The new UGS Corp. operated as an independent, privately held company before being purchased by Siemens AG in 2007.

Products
I-DEAS was SDRC's computer-aided design software package. SDRC was bought by Electronic Data Systems in 2001. Unigraphics and I-DEAS were merged into one product, NX. I-DEAS is still published by Siemens Digital Industries Software (formerly known as UGS Corp).

Metaphase was SDRC's product lifecycle management product. It was designed and best suited for managing CAD data. Metaphase is now published under the Teamcenter Enterprise name by Siemens Digital Industries Software.

References

Software companies established in 1967
Defunct software companies of the United States
Software companies disestablished in 2001
1967 establishments in Ohio
2001 disestablishments in Ohio
2001 mergers and acquisitions

SDRC


Maurício Waldman (born 2 December 1955, São Paulo) is a Brazilian academic and environmental activist.

Biography
Waldman was born in São Paulo on 2 December 1955, to a Jewish family originally from Poland and Italy. As an activist, he collaborated with Chico Mendes and several organizations, including Comitê de Apoio aos Povos da Floresta (Forest People Committee), the African Studies Centre of São Paulo University (USP), and Centro Ecumênico de Documentação e Informação – CEDI (Ecumenical Centre of Documentation and Information, in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro). He also participated in activist movements against dams, anti-nuclear demonstrations, and especially against water pollution in São Paulo.

From the 1980s to 1992, Waldman was an active member of the Brazilian Workers' Party (PT), working on political papers and as a party organizer. He founded the PT Jewish Committee (1988) and Ecological Commission (1989). He also became involved in the Executive branch of government as Chico Mendes Park's Coordinator in the east of São Paulo (1990) and Environmentalist Administrator in São Bernardo do Campo (1991–1992), a city in the ABC Region, the industrial region next to São Paulo where PT began.

However, anti-ecological measures taken by the city administration and members of the party created a serious conflict between Waldman and the mayor, and in 1992 he left the PT and returned to the university and to his professional life.

Waldman received his Anthropology M.Sc. degree from USP in 1997. He became Director of the Children Homeless' School of São Paulo in 1998, Director of the Fundação Estadual do Bem Estar do Menor' School in 1999, coordinator of São Paulo Recycling Service in 2000, and Editor of the Brazilian Geographers' Association (AGB) São Paulo Sector from 2002 to 2003.

Waldman received his Ph.D. degree from the Geography Department of USP in 2006. His thesis, "Water and Metropolis: Limits and Expectations of the Time", is one of the most detailed academic works on Brazilian water resources and Water management in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. Subsequently, with the support of the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Waldman conducted post-doctoral research from 2010 to 2011 at the Geography Department of the Geoscyenses Institute at the University of Campinas. This research, focused on municipal solid waste in Brazil, led to several papers and lectures, and finally a book, Lixo: Cenários e Desafios ("Waste: Scenarios and Challenges"), launched in August 2010 at São Paulo International Book Fair. In September 2011, this book was selected as a finalist of the Prêmio Jabuti literary awards.

Also in 2011, Waldman began his second Postdoctoral Research project, at USP's Faculty of Philosophy, Languages-Literature and Human Sciences (FFLCH-USP). The focus of this research was the Angolan basin management policy, evaluating the role of Angola in Southern-Central Africa's hydro resources, in terms of International Relations.

This Postdoctoral Research was linked to the FFLCH-USP Sociology Department and supported by São Paulo State's Foundation for Research Support. This work took place under the supervision of Professor Fernando Augusto Albuquerque Mourão, a Brazilian Africanist and expert in International Relations and Multilateralism. In December 2013 Waldman finished this research, and began a third Postdoctoral Research project, again supported by CNPq. The focus of this project was the incineration of municipal solid waste, recycling management policies, and the Waste picker movement, and it concluded in December 2015.

In 2016 Mauricio Waldman founded the Kotev publishing house in São Paulo, intending to launch e-books and e-texts on the Kobo platform. He has contributed articles to magazines Cultura Verde, and Ambiente Urbano, among others, and is a columnist for the O Imparcial, Think & Rethink Column. He has also written a large number of papers, scientific and technical reports, e-books and e-papers, articles, and essays, and given lectures at a variety of conferences and universities. He has translated work by authors such as Michael Shellenberger, Joan Martinez Allier and Diané Collinson.

Waldman is currently a Senior Researcher at the Africa Research Institute, part of the Doctoral School for Safety and Security Sciences at Óbuda University in Hungary.

Books
Água: Escassez e Coflitos no Império da Sede. Coleção Água em Foco, Nº. 1. São Paulo (SP): Editora Kotev. 2019.
Recursos Hídricos, Resíduos Sólidos e Matriz Energética: Notas Conceituais, Metodológicas e de Gestão Ambiental. Chapter 5, pp. 1.282-1315. Chapter 53, pp. 1.59-70. In Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos e suas Interfaces com o Espaço Geográfico: Entre Conquistas e Desafios. Porto Alegre (RS): Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). 2016.
Waters of Metropolitan Area of São Paulo: Technical, Conceptual And Environmental aspects. Chapter 53, pp. 1.282-1315. In Sustainable Water Management in the Tropics and Subtropics – and Case Studies in Brazil. Brazil-Germany: Fundação da Universidade Federal do Pampa (Brazil) and Kassel Universität (Germany), 2012.
Para Onde Vamos?. In. Meio Ambiente e Missão - A Responsabilidade Ecológica das Igrejas. São Bernardo do Campo: EDITEO – Editora da Faculdade de Teologia da Igreja Metodista, 2003.
Natureza e Sociedade como espaço de cidadania. In. PINSKY, Jaime; PINSKY, Carla Bassanezi. (Orgs.) História da Cidadania. São Paulo: Contexto, 2003.
A Eco-92 e a Necessidade de um novo Projeto. In Geografia, Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento em Questão. Fortaleza: Associação dos Geógrafos Brasileiros. 1992.
Ecologia e Lutas Sociais no Brasil, (Ecology and Social struggles in Brazil). São Paulo: Contexto, 1992. (Coleção Caminhos da Geografia).
Oito Críticas Ecológicas à Conversão da Dívida. In. SCHILLING, Paulo (Org.) Conversão da Dívida e Meio Ambiente. São Paulo: Global/ CEDI, 1991.
Ecologia e Movimentos Sociais: breve fundamentação. In. VIANNA, Aurélio (Org.). Hidrelétricas, Ecologia e Progresso. Rio de Janeiro: CEDI, 1990.
Política das Minorias: o caso dos judeus no Brasil. V. 7. Porto Alegre: Mercado Aberto, 1988. (Série Tempo de Pensar).
Doze Estudos em Geografia Crítica. Rio de Janeiro: Fundação Pró-Memória MEC, D.A. nº 1.071/83, Título nº 28.659, October 4, 1983, São Paulo-Rio de Janeiro.
(with D.M. Schneider) Guia Ecológico Doméstico. São Paulo: Contexto, 2000.
Brava Gente de Timor. São Paulo: Xamã, 1997.

Teaching books
Maurício Waldman et alli. Coleção Tecendo o Saber. 1ª ed. Rio de Janeiro: Fundação Roberto Marinho e Fundação Vale do Rio Doce, v. 9. 1395 pages. 2005.
Geografia para o Ensino Fundamental. São Paulo: Editora Didática Suplegraf, 1999.

References

External links
  Água e Metrópole: Limites e Expectativas do Tempo (Water and Metropolis, Limits and Expectations of the Time) PHD: USP Catalographic Data and Download, Portuguese, with English Abstract
  Waldman International Relations USP Postdoctoral Research (2011–2013). Info FAPESP Catalographic Data, Portuguese, with English Abstract

1955 births
Brazilian Jews
People from São Paulo
University of São Paulo alumni
Brazilian people of Polish-Jewish descent
Brazilian people of Italian-Jewish descent
Living people

Maurício Waldman


Beer arrived in Australia at the beginning of British colonisation. In 2004 Australia was ranked fourth internationally in per capita beer consumption, at around 110 litres per year; although, the nation ranked considerably lower in a World Health Organization report of alcohol consumption per capita of 12.2 litres. Lager is by far the most popular type of beer consumed in Australia.

The oldest brewery still in operation is the Cascade Brewery, established in Tasmania in 1824. The largest Australian-owned brewery is the family-owned Coopers Brewery, as the other two major breweries Carlton & United Breweries and Lion Nathan are owned by Japan's Asahi and Kirin Brewing Company respectively.

Non-alcohol beer accounts for more than 1% of beer sales at the retail level in Australia; industry observers expect that figure to rise to 2% by 2025.

Market characteristics
Within an alcoholic beverage market worth some $16.3 billion, beer comprises about 48% compared to wine at 29% and spirits at 21%. Within the beer sector, premium beers have a 7.8% share of the market; full-strength beer has 70.6%; mid-strength holds 12%; and light beer has 9.6%. 85% of beer is produced by national brewers, the remainder by regional or microbreweries. Microbreweries manufacturing less than 30,000 litres receive a 60% excise rebate.

History

18th century
The history of Australian beer starts very early in Australia's colonial history. Captain James Cook brought beer with him on his ship Endeavour as a means of preserving drinking water. On 1 August 1768, as Cook was fitting out the Endeavour for its voyage, Nathaniel Hulme wrote to Joseph Banks with a recommendation:

Beer was still being consumed on-board two years later in 1770, when Cook was the first European to discover the east coast of Australia.

The drink of choice for the first settlers and convicts was rum, as represented in a supposed traditional convict song:

Cut yer name across me backbone
Stretch me skin across yer drum
Iron me up on Pinchgut Island
From now to Kingdom Come.
I'll eat yer Norfolk Dumpling
Like a juicy Spanish plum,
Even dance the Newgate Hornpipe
If ye'll only gimme Rum!

The first official brewer in Australia was John Boston who brewed a beverage from Indian corn bittered with cape gooseberry leaves. It is likely though that beer was brewed unofficially much earlier. The first pub, the Mason Arms was opened in 1796 in Parramatta by James Larra, a freed convict.

19th century

Rum was so popular—and official currency was in such short supply—that it became a semi-official currency for a period of time (see Rum corps), and even played a role in a short-lived military coup, the Rum rebellion in 1808. Drunkenness was a significant problem in the early colony:

As a means of reducing drunkenness, beer was promoted as a safer and healthier alternative to rum:

Although modern Australian beer is predominantly lager, early Australian beers were exclusively top-fermented and quick-maturing ales. Lager was not brewed in Australia until 1885. Early beers were also brewed without the benefit of hops, as no-one had successfully cultivated hops in Australia and importation was difficult. James Squire was the first to successfully cultivate hops in 1804, and he also opened a pub and brewed beer. The Government Gazette from 1806 mentions that he was awarded a cow herd from the government for his efforts.

In September 1804, a government-owned brewery opened in Parramatta, followed by a rival privately owned brewery three months later. The government brewery was sold two years later to Thomas Rushton, who was its head (and only) brewer. Brewing rapidly expanded in all of the Australian colonies and by 1871 there were 126 breweries in Victoria alone, which at the time had a population of only 800,000.

Notable events from this period include:
1832 – Peter Degraves starts the Cascade Brewery in Hobart. It is Australia's oldest operational brewery.
1835 – Tooth brewery established in Sydney.
1837 – James Stokes establishes the Albion Brewery, Perth's first brewery, which later became the Emu Brewery.
1838 – John Warren starts "The Torrens", Adelaide's first brewery.
1838 – John Mills establishes the first brewery in Melbourne.
1844 – William Henry Clark founded the Halifax Street Brewery in SA (Later to be known as West End Brewery)
1848 – James Stokes opens the Stanley brewery at the Foot of Mt Eliza. (Later Changed to the Emu Brewery)
1853 – Queensland's first brewery, "The Brisbane Brewery" is opened by John Beach.
1862 – Thomas Cooper establishes the Coopers Brewery in the Adelaide suburb of Norwood. The brewery continues to be owned and operated by the Cooper family, and since 2011 has been the largest Australian-owned brewery.
1864 – Carlton brewery opens in Melbourne.
1881 – CS Button opens the Esk Brewery in Launceston
1882 – Cohn Brothers' Victoria Brewery in Bendigo becomes the first brewery in Australia to brew lager.
1883 – In 1883, James I and his son took over the Esk Brewery. J. Boag & Son was officially formed
1887 – The Foster brothers arrive from New York with refrigeration equipment and establish the first lager brewery to use refrigeration in Australia.
1889 – Lager is first brewed in Queensland at the Castlemaine and Quinlan brewery.
Tasmania was the first Australian colony to tax beer.  Its Beer Duty Act of 1880 established a duty of 3 pence per gallon which was raised to four pence in 1892.

20th century
By 1900 the number of breweries had begun to dwindle as a result of the recession of the 1890s. In 1901, just after Federation, the new federal government passed the Beer and Excise Act. This act regulated the making and selling of beer and made homebrewing illegal. The provisions in this act, regarded by many as draconian, led to the closure of many breweries. In Sydney 16 out of 21 breweries closed either immediately after the act's introduction or soon afterwards. The remaining breweries began a process of consolidation, with larger breweries buying out the smaller ones. Within a short period of time, only two breweries remained in Sydney: Tooths and Tooheys. In Melbourne, five breweries merged in 1907 to form the giant Carlton and United Breweries.

1951 - Harry Ellis-Kells founded the Darwin Brewery (to be known as N.T Brewery)

21st century
Since 2011, Kirin-owned Lion Co and AB InBev-owned Foster's Group own every major brewery in Australia, with the exception of Coopers.
Boag's Brewery, previously owned by San Miguel, was sold to Lion Nathan for A$325 million in November 2007. In 2006 Boag's Brewery reported total revenues of A$92 million.

Although Foster's Lager is not a popular domestic beer in the 21st century, its popularity internationally has grown and the product is made mostly for export. In January 2005, the brand was one of the ten best-selling beers globally.

The introduction of the Tap King product by Lion Nathan in mid-2013 caused controversy due to the perceived impact upon alcohol venues. The product is a home draught beer dispenser and raised concerns regarding lower patronage rates for venues due to a greater incentive for consumers to drink beer in home environments. The product is sold with a  gas chamber that is cooled for eight hours prior to use.

Beers by region
Before federation in 1901, Australia was a patchwork of separate colonies, each with different laws regulating the production and sale of alcohol. In addition, until the late 1880s when the rail network began to link the capital cities together, the only means of transporting foods in bulk between the colonies was by sea. This prevented even the largest breweries from distributing significant amounts outside their home city. This allowed strong regional brands to emerge; and, although all but one of the major regional brands (Coopers) are now owned by multinational companies, loyalty to the local brewery remains strong today.
New South Wales: Tooheys, Reschs and Tooths
Northern Territory: NT Draught
Queensland: Castlemaine XXXX, Powers and Great Northern
South Australia: Coopers, West End and Southwark
Tasmania: Boags in the north, Cascade in the south
Victoria: Carlton Draught, Melbourne Bitter, Victoria Bitter
Western Australia: Swan, Emu and Kalgoorlie

While Foster's Group owns many of these brands, Foster's Lager itself is not considered a local drink anywhere in Australia.

Speciality beers

Speciality brews in Australia are produced by both major brewers and microbreweries, and include a wide variety of ales. Microbreweries exist throughout the country, including small towns, but the availability of such beers on-tap in venues is often limited.

Microbrewery Nail Brewing, from Perth, Western Australia, produced a beer in 2010 using water from an Antarctic iceberg, and sold it at auction for US$1,850. The batch of 30 bottles was created to raise money for the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, which assisted with the procuring of the ice.

Australian styles
Australia has some unique beer styles of its own:

Brewed under licence

Imported premium beers have started to gain market share in Australia. The two Australian corporate brewers responded to this by signing licence agreements with foreign brands to brew their beers here. Foster's Group brews Kronenbourg. Coopers Brewery brews Carlsberg in Australia. Lion Nathan locally produces Guinness, Heineken, Beck's, Stella Artois and Kirin. Brewers claim that their locally produced product tastes better because it is fresher, and local operations are overseen by the parent brewers using strict guidelines. However, groups such as the Australian Consumers Association say that such beers should have clearer, more prominent labels to inform drinkers.

Sizes

Beer glasses

Prior to metrication in Australia, one could buy beer or cider in glasses of 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 15 or 20 (imperial) fluid ounces. Each sized glass had a different name in each Australian state.

These were replaced by glasses of size 115, 140, 170, 200, 285, 425 and 570 mL, and as Australians travel more, the differences are decreasing.

Smaller sizes have been phased out over time, and in the 21st century, very few pubs serve glasses smaller than 200 mL (approximately 7 imp fl oz).

Those typically available are the 200 mL, 285 mL (10 fl oz) and 425 mL (15 fl oz), with increasingly many pubs also having pints (570 mL, approximately 20 imp fl oz) available. It is also common for pubs and hotels to serve large jugs filled to 1140ml ( approximately two imp pints).

Many imported beers are also served in their own branded glasses of various sizes, including ,  and  for many European beers.

With the introduction of the National Trade Measurement Regulations in 2009 there are no prescribed sizes for beverage measures for the sale of beer, ale and stout, so terms such as seven, middy, pot or schooner do not legally specify a particular size. A typical "schooner" glass can be calibrated to hold 425ml to the rim but poured with 15mm of head, resulting in a "schooner" of 375ml of beer and 50ml of froth.

South Australia in particular has some unusually named measures:
 6 fl oz (170 mL) – prior to metrification this glass was known as a "Butcher"
 7 fl oz (200 mL), became known as a "Butcher" in later years after smaller sizes were phased out
 10 fl oz (285 mL) known as a "schooner". Prior to metrication and standardisation of glass sizes throughout Australia, schooners in SA were 9 fluid ounces (256 mL).
 15 fl oz (425 mL) known as a "pint"
 20 fl oz (570 mL) known as an "imperial pint"

Many of these sizes are now rarely used. In contemporary SA pubs and restaurants, the most frequent measures are the "schooner" of 285 mL (an imperial half pint), and the "pint" of 425 mL. "Imperial pints" are also increasingly popular, along with the sale of "premium" and non-locally brewed beer in bottles of between 300 mL to 375 mL.

Note that the SA "schooner" and "pint" are considerably smaller than the measures of the same name used elsewhere:
the SA "schooner" (285 mL) is the same size as other States' pot / middy / half pint
the SA "pint" (425 mL) is the same size as other States' schooner, and is three-quarters of an imperial pint.

Headmasters is one of the most common glass manufacturers, at least for the schooner size. Many pubs, in Sydney and Melbourne particularly, offer Guinness style and/or conical pint glasses along with tankard glass and British dimpled glass pint mugs.

Larger serving measurements have become increasingly popular, such as Jugs, 1 fluid litre Maß (pronounced like "mass", normally in German-themed bars) and beer towers (although technically illegal due to strict self-service of alcohol laws, these are in some Asian bars/karaoke parlours) have grown in popularity around Australia in tourist spots.

Beer bottles

Prior to metrication, beer bottles were frequently , while a carton of beer contained a dozen bottles (two gallons) of beer.
Originally, the bottles were reduced slightly to , but with metrication they became , with a carton of  of beer.

From the 1950s, bottles known as "stubbies" (as compared to traditional bottles, they were "stubby") of  were introduced. In 1958, cans were introduced by CUB, which were originally in steel and the same size as the bottle; other breweries introduced these in the 1960s.

Originally the stubbies and cans were reduced slightly to , but with metrication they became , and the cans were later made of aluminium to accommodate its increasing use and lower cost compared to steel.

A carton of nine litres of beer in stubbies (i.e. 24 bottles) or cans became known as a "slab" because compared to the more cube-like shape of the traditional cartons, they were flatter, and hence, like slabs.

Traditional bottles subsequently became known as "long necks" or "tallies" to distinguish them from stubbies, and in Western Australia, the 750ml "long neck" bottle is known as a "king brown" because of the size and typical brown coloured glass.

In the 21st century, most bottled beer in Australia is sold in 250 mL (Throwdown/Twist Top), 375 mL (Stubby) or 750 mL (Long Neck) sizes. Carlton United briefly increased to 800 mL in the 1990s and 2000s, but this has since been reduced to the original 750 mL.

Bottle sizes of 330 mL, 345 mL and 355 mL (imported from the United States, equal to 12 US fl oz) are becoming increasingly common, particularly among microbreweries, so-called "premium" beers, and imported beers.

In the Northern Territory, the once-common "Darwin Stubby", a large two litre bottle, is now sold largely as a tourist gimmick, albeit very successfully.

Most bottles are lightweight "single use only", though some are still reusable, and in some cases (e.g. Coopers 750 mL), breweries are reintroducing refillable bottles, such as the Growler (a large bottle of approximately two litres intended for re-use) sold by Four Pines Brewery – a boon to home brewers. In South Australia, container deposits on beer bottles and cans (and some other types of beverage containers) support a well established network of recycling centres, providing significant environmental benefits as well as generating employment opportunities for unskilled workers.

See also

 Australian pub
 Beer and breweries by region
 List of breweries in Australia

References

Notes

Further reading

External links

 Your guide to Australian beers, AustralianBeers.com
 Beer Guide (Australia), Beer Guide
 Vegetarian Beers in Australia, Vegetarian Network

Australian cuisine

Beer in Australia


A rhyme scheme is the pattern of rhyme between lines of a poem or song. People usually use letters to show which lines rhyme with which other lines. For example, in a poem that is ABAB, the first and third lines rhyme with each other and the second and fourth lines rhyme with each other. The most basic rhyme schemes are AA, AAA, AABB, ABAB and ABBA. There are also more complicated schemes, such as ABABBCC (rhyme royal), ABABABCC (ottava rima) or ABABBBCBCC (Spenserian stanza). Sonnets may have very different rhyme schemes, Italian (ABBA ABBA CDC DCD, ABBA ABBA CDE CDE, ABBA ABBA CDE EDC), French (ABBA ABBA CDCD EE), Spenserian (ABAB BCBC CDCD EE) or Shakesperian (ABAB CDCD EFEF GG).

 Bid me to weep, and I will weep
 While I have eyes to see;
 And having none, yet I will keep
 A heart to weep for thee.
 (Robert Herrick, To Anthea, who may Command him Anything), an ABAB rhyme scheme

Sometimes there are also internal rhymes. In the following strophe from Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner there are rhymes and alliteration:

 The fat breeze blew, the white foam flew,
 The furrow followed free;
 We were the first that ever burst
 Into that silent sea.

Some schemes are common, the other are used very rarely. The scheme AABBCC is simple and can be found everywhere, but the scheme ABCCBA, used by Robert Browning in the Meeting at Night, was never popular:

 The grey sea and the long black land;
 And the yellow half-moon large and low;
 And the startled little waves that leap
 In fiery ringlets from their sleep,
 As I gain the cove with pushing prow,
 And quench its speed i' the slushy sand.

There are many possibilities for rhyme scheme. Five-line stanzas can have any of ten schemes with two different rhymes: AAABB, AABAB, AABBA, ABBAA, ABABA, ABAAB, AABBB, ABABB, ABBAB, ABBBA. Another possibility is of course AAAAA.
Notice that two or three rhymes can be linked to each other by repeating the same vowel. The rhyme scheme of Giambattista Marino's poem Adone is ABABABCC (ottava rima), but in this strophe all rhymes are based on the vowel [i]. This feature shows up in Italian text but not in other languages:

 Giunto a quel passo il giovinetto Alcide,
 che fa capo al camin di nostra vita,
 trovò dubbio e sospeso infra due guide
 una via, che' due strade era partita.
 Facile e piana la sinistra ei vide,
 di delizie e piacer tutta fiorita;
 l'altra vestìa l'ispide balze alpine
 di duri sassi e di pungenti spine.

A a poet, period of time, or type of poetry can have a preferred rhyme scheme. For example, the Scottish poet Robert Burns preferred the scheme AAABAB. Rhyme royal, ABABBCC, was common in medieval English poetry. Ottava rima was typical of epic poems. Many great epic poems were written in Italian, Spanish or Portuguese with ABABABCC scheme.

References

Bibliography
 Josef Berg Esenwein, Mary Eleanor Roberts, The Art of Versification. Revised Edition, Home Correspondence School, Springfield 1921.

Poetry forms

Rhyme scheme


Stourton is a mainly industrial area of the city of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. The area falls within the City and Hunslet ward of Leeds Metropolitan Council.

Location
The area is  to the south-east of Leeds city centre, between Hunslet, the M1 motorway and Cross Green in the LS10 postcode area.

History
Until the local boundary changes in the 1970s Stourton was a village in the Rothwell Urban District, attached to the southernmost border of Leeds, and administered by the West Riding County Council. Stourton dates from the Industrial Revolution, and was a community of about 2,500 people with its own churches and pubs, but from the 1970s the housing was demolished to make way for motorways and industrial developments, until by 1990 little remained of the village except its war memorial. This memorial to "the men of Stourton and Thwaitegate" lists 75 names from the First World War and 25 from the Second. It was moved from its original site to a new one donated by Waddingtons in about 1973, when its previous home, St Andrew's Church, Pontefract Road, was demolished. One of the men named on the cenotaph is CQMS Denis Gill MM and Bar, York and Lancaster Regiment, who was killed in action on 5 January 1944 at Cassino, Italy. He is buried in the Cassino War Cemetery.

Industry
Stourton used to provide electricity for Leeds and the surrounding areas from the Skelton Grange power station until it was demolished in 1995. Its associated substation remains in use however. The site is next to the Gateway 45 development and in 2019 it was selected to be a maintenance depot for the High Speed 2 railway.

The village was home to some significant industry: John Waddingtons, Yorkshire Copperworks, Camerons Iron Works, Concrete Northern (Bison) were among the larger companies, as well as a not insignificant railway shunting yard.

Freightliner terminal
There is a substantial railfreight intermodal terminal at Stourton operated by Freightliner (UK). It has eight departures and arrivals on most days, going to and from Southampton, Felixstowe and London Gateway. There is also a thrice-weekly feeder service to Tees Dock, which conveys containers from Southampton services. Intermodal trains to and from Stourton are often used to bring locomotives to the Freightliner Group's Depot at nearby Midland Road in Hunslet for maintenance and repair.

References

External links

Places in Leeds
Rothwell, West Yorkshire

Stourton, Leeds


An ogre is fictional monster. A female ogre is called ogress. Most stories say ogres eat humans, including small children and babies. The word originally comes from French: Charles Perrault mentioned an Ogre in his fairy tale, Little thumbling, published in 1697. In that story, the word has also been translated as giant.

Fictional animals

Ogre


Leo Kirch (21 October 1926 – 14 July 2011) was a German media entrepreneur who founded the Kirch Group.

Life
Kirch was born in Volkach, Bavaria, but shortly afterward his family moved to the nearby town of Würzburg. After completing high school, he studied marketing and management as well as mathematics at the University of Munich, graduating in 1952. It was during this time that he gained an interest in electronic media.

Borrowing money from his wife's family, he purchased exclusive German rights for the Italian movie La strada in 1960. As his company rose to become one of the most important private media companies in the then West Germany, the country's second public broadcaster, ZDF, came to depend on it heavily for films and other programs, partly as a result of companies that appeared to be competing actually being owned by Kirch. This situation remained for many decades, until the launch of commercial television in 1984. Kirch was the owner of the first private channel, Sat.1 and withdrew his series from ZDF.

In 1985 he purchased a stake in the leading tabloid Bild after the death of former owner Axel Springer. During the 1990s he set up the subscription television service Premiere and became a key player in sports broadcasting rights, paying massive amounts for the rights to the German Bundesliga, eventually to the point where even players of moderate ability could earn multi-million mark salaries. This was consistent with trends happening across much of Europe at the same time. In addition, in 1996 he purchased the rights to the 2002 and 2006 FIFA World Cups for some €1.9 billion and purchased the rights to Formula One for €1.5 billion.

Even during this decade there were reports of the group being on the edge of insolvency. His large investments in sports broadcasting rights and in pay television were major reasons. In other countries of Europe pay television could be operated profitably, because there were few freely receivable channels. Many programs also aired on Premiere at the same time that they aired on terrestrial television. This resulted in an investment of some €3 billion for only 2.4 million subscribers. Combined with the fact that many of the packages were more expensive than similar packages available, the decoder was easy to crack, resulting in large amounts of piracy. In 2002 these difficulties came to a head and KirchMedia declared itself insolvent on April 8. Kirch himself withdrew itself from the enterprise, but kept up participation in the Swiss arms on his business, transferring sports broadcasting rights to the subsidiary. The insolvency represents the largest insolvency of an enterprise in German postwar history. The next month Kirch sued Deutsche Bank for €100m, claiming that they had questioned the status of the group and disclosed confidential business information in the process.

It was not until 2021 that it became known that Leo Kirch had put together an art collection of around eighty paintings since the 1950s, including Claude Monet, Emil Nolde, Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, Lyonel Feininger, Franz Marc, Amedeo Modigliani, Gustav Klimt and Egon Schiele. This art collection is stored in a depot in Munich.

Kirch and Kohl
Leo Kirch and former Chancellor of Germany Helmut Kohl were on friendly terms for decades. Kirch was always accused of preferential coverage and advertising. Kohl arranged the creation of commercial television as one of his first official acts as Chancellor in 1982; this allowed Kirch to own a TV station and sports broadcasting rights. During the 1999 CDU contributions scandal, it was revealed that Kirch had donated six million DM to the CDU during Helmut Kohl's tenure as chancellor. In addition, Kohl, along with various other CDU/CSU politicians, was revealed to be an adviser to the firm during the insolvency process.

Kirch and Deutsche Bank

Kirch was identified by the Wall Street Journal to be a target of Deutsche Bank's spying scandal. Moreover, according to the WSJ, the lawfirm that was representing Kirch was the target, and perhaps victim of, an effort to infiltrate a "mole" into the firm in furtherance of the Bank's spying. Kirch sued Deutsche Bank after Rolf E. Breuer, chief executive at the time, appeared on Bloomberg Television in 2002 and commented on the Kirch Group's creditworthiness, saying that the financial sector was unwilling to lend to the company (the Kirch Group was a client of the Bank at the time). Kirch asserted that the Bank had breached German confidentiality laws and tried to damage his company's reputation, blaming the Bank for the Kirch Group's collapse. After decades of litigation, Deutsche Bank announced in 2014 that it would pay Kirch's heirs more than €775 million ($1.06 billion) in a legal settlement, although it denies the allegations contended by Kirch.

Death
Kirch suffered from diabetes and a heart condition, becoming partially blind as a result. He died in Munich, aged 84.

Family
Kirch had been married since 1954 to Ruth Kirch (née Wiegand). The two had one son, Thomas, and a son from a previous relationship, Peter. Peter Kirch had one son Kristoffer Kirch, born on October 31, 1987, in Hamburg who now resides in Los Angeles CA with business ventures on his own.

References

1926 births
2011 deaths
Businesspeople from Würzburg
German businesspeople
Businesspeople from Munich
German mass media owners
German art collectors
Deaths from diabetes
Television company founders
People from Kitzingen (district)
Sat.1 people

Leo Kirch


The Suzuki Esteem is an export nameplate fur the Suzuki Cultus Crescent — mercatit in Europe, Australia an mony Asian kintras as the Suzuki Baleno forby — manufactured by Suzuki Motor Corporation. In Indie hit wis manufactured by Maruti Suzuki an selt as the Maruti Baleno.

The Esteem wis introduced in the global mercat in the first hauf o 1995 as Suzuki's first ettle in the compact reenge, at the time maunt by European motors sic as the Volkswagen Golf an Opel Astra, an Japanese models sic as the Nissan Sunny/Sentra an Toyota Corolla.  As a North American retour fur the Suzuki Swift saloon (the 3-door hatchback remeened effer hit wis redesignt in 1995), hit wis biggit on a slicht streekit Suzuki Cultus platform fur impruived caibin room, bit itherweys skarin maist o the inner components wi the smawer model — an mercatit as a clear model.

The Esteem/Baleno wis erest available as a 3-door hatchback an 4-door saloon, wi 1.3 L (hatch ainly) an 1.6 L ingines, wi pouer reengin fae 85 tae 99 PS (63 tae 73 kW; 84 tae 98 hp). In 1996, the lineup wist stendit wi the Esteem Wagon (Baleno Break in maist European mercats an Baleno Altura in Indie), Suzuki's formaist station wagon, an wi the same 1.6 L, wi an optional 4WD in the the muckler body teeps.

Suzuki restyled the Esteem/Baleno in 1999. The motor wis gied a new front end, wi a roonder brander an new heidlichts, an the ingine lineup wis wauxt tae include Suzuki's J18A cheen-driven DOHC thit wis fittit tae the saloon and wagon. In North Americae, the Esteem 1.8 Station Wagon completely retoured the Esteem 1.6, bit in maist mreacts the 1.8 saloon becam the sports model. In some European mercats, the 1.8 L I4 wis instawed in the hatchback an selt as the leemitit eedition Baleno GTi. Europe Diesel version, wi a 75 PS (55 kW; 74 hp) XUD ingine bait by Peugeot.

The Esteem/Baleno wis retoured in maist mercats by the new Aerio/Liana, whilk wis lencht in 2001. Hit wis pullt fae the mercat in Europe an North Americae in 2002, efter a year o owerlappin. The motor remeened available in mony developin kintras, includin Indie and Sootheast Asie, whaur hit wis selt til 2007, whan production stappit at the factory, wi the assembly line giein wey tae the SX4 Saloon.

External links

Esteem
Compact caurs
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Vehicles introduced in 1995

Suzuki Esteem


The Partition of India divided British India into the countries of India and Pakistan (East and West Pakistan) in 1947. That was part of the end of British Raj, British rule in the Indian subcontinent. One reason for partition was the two-nation theory, which was presented by Syed Ahmed Khan and stated that Muslims and Hindus were too different to be in one country. Pakistan became a Muslim country. India became a majority Hindu country and became a nominally secular country in 1974 when the word "secular" was added to the Preamble of the Indian Constitution.

The main supporter for partition was Muhammad Ali Jinnah; he became the first Governor-General of Pakistan.

Millions of people moved across the new Radcliffe Line between the two newly formed states. The population of British India in 1947 was about 570 million. After partition, there were 370 million people in India, 170 million in West Pakistan and 30 million people in East Pakistan.

Once the lines had been established, about 14.5 million people crossed the borders to what they hoped was the safety of their religious majority. The 1951 Pakistani Census showed the number of displaced there at 7,226,600. They were presumably Muslims who had entered Pakistan from India. Similarly, the 1951 Indian Census showed 7,295,870 displaced people, apparently Hindus and Sikhs who had moved to India from Pakistan. Both numbers add up to 14.5 million. Other people came from China to take advantage of the open border.

The newly formed governments were unable to deal with the forced migration of such huge numbers. Massive violence occurred on both sides of the new border. Hundreds of thousands died; some estimates are in the millions.

The partition caused a lot of uncertainty in many parts of the new nations, especially in the region of Jammu and Kashmir, parts of which went to both countries, which went to war several times to try to take the whole region.

Further reading

References

20th century in Bangladesh

Partition of India


Joshua Ratoon Sands (May 13, 1795 – October 2, 1883) was an officer in the United States Navy who rose to the rank of rear admiral. He served in the War of 1812, the Mexican–American War, and the Civil War.

Early life
Sands was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1795, the son of Joshua Sands (1757–1835), who served as a U.S. Representative and Collector of the Port of New York.  His mother, Ann Ayscough Sands (1761–1851), was the daughter of Richard Ayscough, a surgeon in the British Army. St. Ann's Church, the first Episcopal church in Brooklyn, was named in her honor.

Career
Sands was preparing to enter Columbia College when the War of 1812 broke out. He entered the United States Navy as acting midshipman in the Lake Ontario squadron under Commodore Isaac Chauncey. He was transferred to the  in April 1813 and took part in the capture of Toronto and Fort George. He then served on board the , the , and the  in the Mediterranean from 1815 to 1818. He was commissioned a lieutenant in 1818.

In 1819, Sands served on the  off the coast of Africa and in the West Indies. From 1821 to 1824 he served on the  along the Pacific coast, and from 1828 to 1830 on the  off the coast of Brazil. He was on recruiting duty from 1830 to 1840 and was promoted to the rank of commander in 1841.

As Commander, he was at the New York Navy Yard from 1841 to 1843, and then commanded the  in the Gulf of Mexico and the West Indies from 1843 to 1845. During the Mexican–American War, Sands commanded the . He was involved in the capture of Alvarado, Tabasco, and Laguna, briefly serving as Governor of Laguna. He also aided in the Siege of Veracruz and the capture of Tampico and Tuxpan in 1847. Sands received various commendations for his role in these engagements.

Sands commanded the  from 1849 to 1850 and the  in 1851, conveying exhibits to The Great Exhibition in London. He was promoted to captain in 1854, and then commanded the , joining the Mediterranean Squadron in 1856. He was involved with laying the transatlantic telegraph cable in 1857, as well as the engagement against the filibusters of William Walker at Nicaragua. He commanded the Brazil Squadron on the Congress from 1859 to 1861.

In 1861, Sands was transferred to the retired list, and he was promoted in retirement to commodore in 1862 and rear admiral in 1866. He continued active duty, serving as Union lighthouse inspector on Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Saint Lawrence River during the Civil War, and as port admiral at Norfolk, Virginia from 1869 to 1872.

Personal life
Sands was first married in 1824 to Mary Stevens (1799–1825), daughter of the engineer and inventor John Stevens of Hoboken, New Jersey. They had one son before her death. In 1830, he married Mary's younger sister, Harriet Stevens (1801–1844). They had eight children together. In 1847, he married his third wife, Eleanor Ann Crook (1828–1882), in Baltimore. They had three children.

He died in Baltimore, Maryland in 1883 at the age of 88. At the time of his death he was senior officer of the Navy on the retired list. He was buried at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn.

References

External links

Military personnel from Brooklyn
United States Navy personnel of the War of 1812
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
United States Navy admirals
Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery
1795 births
1883 deaths

Joshua R. Sands


This is a list of the public holidays of the Malaysian state of Sabah and Sarawak. Dates given are those on which the holidays were celebrated in 2006. Some are Malaysian national holidays, while others are celebrated only in Sabah and Sarawak.

List of Holidays
 New Year's Day, January 1
 Chinese New Year, January - February
 Maal Hijrah (Awal Muharram, or Muslim New Year), 1 Muḥarram
 Maulidur Rasul (Birthday of the Prophet Muhammad), 12 Rabī' al-Awwal
 Good Friday, Friday in March or April
 Labour Day, May 1
 Wesak Day, May
 Harvest Festival, May 30–31 (Sabah and Labuan only)
 Birthday Celebration of SPB Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King's Birthday), Saturday in June
 Hari Merdeka (National Day), August 31
 Malaysia Day September 16
 Birthday of Yang di-Pertua Negeri (State governor, Sabah only), Saturday in October
 Deepavali, October - November
 Eid Al-Fitr (Hari Raya Puasa), 1 Shawwal
Christmas Eve , December 24
 Christmas Day, December 25
 Eid Al-Adha (Hari Raya Qurban), 10 Dhū al-Ḥijjah

See also
Public holidays in Malaysia

Sabah
Sabah and Sarawak

Public holidays in Sabah


Zdzisław Najder (; 31 October 1930 – 15 February 2021) was a Polish literary historian, critic, and political activist.

He was primarily known for his studies on Joseph Conrad, for his periods of service as political adviser to Lech Wałęsa and Jan Olszewski, and for having served as chief of the Polish-language section of Radio Free Europe.

Educated in Poland and England, Najder had worked as a professor in Poland and abroad before his exile from Poland in 1981. During most of that exile, he worked for Radio Free Europe. Sentenced to death in absentia in his native land, he did not return to Poland until the overthrow of its communist regime, whereupon he became an active political adviser.

Najder's 1983 biography of Conrad, substantially revised in 2007, is regarded as a definitive work in Conrad scholarship. He was married to the Polish-British literary translator, Halina Carroll-Najder.

Life

Early life
Born in Warsaw, Poland, on 31 October 1930, Najder studied at Warsaw University (1949–1954) and at St Antony's College, Oxford (1959–1969), earning doctoral degrees in philosophy and Polish literature. He added a second doctoral degree in Polish literature in Poland in 1978.

Najder taught at Warsaw University as a professor of literature, co-edited the Polish monthly literary journal Twórczość (Creation), and was a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences' Institute for Literary Studies.

Exile
When martial law was declared in Poland on 13 December 1981, Najder was a visiting scholar at Oxford University. Choosing not to return to his native land, he took a position in Germany with Radio Free Europe (RFE), becoming chief of its Polish-language section in April 1982. In response, the Polish government under the leadership of Wojciech Jaruzelski condemned him to death in absentia, accusing Najder of spying for United States intelligence services. Two years later, he was stripped of his Polish citizenship.

The first citizen of the Eastern Bloc recruited for such an RFE role, Najder influenced RFE to more sharply criticize Poland's communist regime, and launched a program that envisioned the country without communism: "The Poland that Could Be". Najder remained with RFE until 1987.

Conrad scholarship
Najder's interest in Polish-born author Joseph Conrad long predates his exile; in 1998, Barry Langford for Times Higher Education (THE) described it as "four decades of biographical and critical research". In 1983, Najder published a definitive biography of Conrad, Joseph Conrad: A Chronicle (Smithmark), which drew comparisons of the two by literary critic Edward Said: "Exile, the strong affinity with French and British culture, the sense of Poland as a place lost to Russian power, the remorseless effort to keep working and writing in environments less than perfect – these things bind Mr. Najder to Conrad…." Said went on to laud the book, asserting that "It is correct, I think, to say that what we get in it is the first, almost rigidly antinomian portrait we have had of him, with the discrepancies and contradictions of fact, character and esthetic laid out starkly, the impossibilities of situation left unadorned, the inexplicable vagaries of career and temperament encouraged to speak for themselves more powerfully than ever before." The book became, according to Richard Hand in THE, "instantly a key work in Conrad studies", while Najder himself earned renown as a pre-eminent Conrad scholar.

In addition to other publications on Conrad, in 2007 Najder rewrote Joseph Conrad: A Chronicle, issued as Joseph Conrad: A Life (Camden House). The rewrite included substantial new content reflecting Najder's continued research into Conrad's biography.

Repatriation
In 1989 Poland's communist government was voted out of power, and the Solidarity trade union's Tadeusz Mazowiecki was appointed Prime Minister. Najder's conviction for treason and espionage was overturned. Najder returned to his homeland, serving as a key adviser to Lech Wałęsa during his presidency (1990–95) and a senior adviser to Jan Olszewski during his term as prime minister (1991–92).

In 1992 he became central to a controversy in Poland when Jerzy Urban published in the left-wing Polish weekly tabloid magazine NIE a document purportedly written by Najder in 1958, stating that he would cooperate with the Communist secret police. Urban was accused and convicted of violating Poland's state secrets act. Najder denied ever having worked with the police, though he admitted that they had contacted him. Because Poland never experienced a full lustration process as did Germany, for instance, it is often the case that persons accused of having cooperated with the secret police (a paid, voluntary activity) deny it. However, in 2005 it was finally revealed that Najder had indeed worked for the secret police, under the code name "Zapalniczka" (Polish for "[cigarette] lighter").

In addition to his political activities in Poland, Najder also returned to Polish academia, taking a University of Opole position as a professor of English literature.
In 2009 Najder was awarded by the Committee for French-German-Polish Cooperation (Weimar Triangle) - together with Ambassador Stéphane Hessel (France) and Countess Freya von Moltke (Germany) - with the Adam Mickiewicz Prize for merits in the French-German-Polish reconciliation. Laudatio: Professor Rita Suessmuth, former President of the German Bundestag.

Select bibliography

References

1930 births
2021 deaths
Polish male writers
Polish biographers
Polish male non-fiction writers
Writers from Warsaw
People sentenced to death in absentia
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty people
Polish radio journalists
University of Warsaw alumni
Alumni of St Antony's College, Oxford
Academic staff of the University of Warsaw
Polish expatriates in England
Polish expatriates in Germany
People associated with the magazine "Kultura"

Zdzisław Najder


When Knighthood Was in Flower is the debut novel of American author Charles Major written under the pseudonym, Edwin Caskoden. It was first published by The Bobbs-Merrill Company (then the Bowen-Merrill Company) in 1898 and proved an enormous success.

According to the New York Times, in its third year on the market the book was still selling so well that it was #9 on the list of bestselling novels in the United States for 1900.

The book spawned an entire industry of historical romantic novels and films.

Playwright Paul Kester's play adaptation premiered on Broadway at the Criterion Theatre on January 14, 1901. Starring the actress Julia Marlowe as Mary Tudor, it was a popular and financial success both in New York and subsequently on national tour. It was subsequently revived on Broadway in 1904. By 1907 When Knighthood Was in Flower was still being printed by the reprint publisher, Grosset & Dunlap, when the film rights were sold to Biograph Studios.

It was sometimes known by the title When Knights Were Bold and should not be confused with the 1906 play When Knights Were Bold which also inspired several film adaptations.

Plot summary

Set during the Tudor period of English history, When Knighthood Was in Flower tells the tribulations of Mary Tudor, a younger sister of Henry VIII of England who has fallen in love with a commoner. However, for political reasons, King Henry has arranged for her to wed King Louis XII of France and demands his sister put the House of Tudor first, threatening, "You will marry France and I will give you a wedding present – Charles Brandon's head!"

Adaptations

1908 adaptation

Although no film copy of the film exists, the book is believed to have been adapted to a 1908 motion picture of the same name or under the title When Knights Were Bold  by D. W. Griffith and directed by Wallace McCutcheon.

1922 adaptation
The 1922 version is most remembered as the vehicle for Marion Davies financed by William Randolph Hearst and his company Cosmopolitan Productions. Directed by Robert Vignola and starring Hearst's mistress Marion Davies and Forrest Stanley, it was a big-budget silent film.

1953 adaptation
In 1953, Major's book was remade by Walt Disney with the title The Sword and the Rose in the United States, but released with the original title in the United Kingdom. This version was adapted for the screen by American Lawrence Edward Watkin, but was filmed in the United Kingdom. Directed by Ken Annakin with a British and French cast, it starred Richard Todd and Glynis Johns. In 1955, the film was broadcast on the Disneyland television show in two parts under the original book title When Knighthood Was in Flower.

See also
Cultural depictions of Henry VIII of England

References

External links

1898 American novels
Works published under a pseudonym
Novels set in the 16th century
American novels adapted into films
American novels adapted into plays
1898 debut novels
Bobbs-Merrill Company books

When Knighthood Was in Flower (novel)