Major Francis John William Harvey, VC (29 April 1873 – 31 May 1916) was an officer of the British Royal Marine Light Infantry during the First World War. Harvey was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross, the highest military award for gallantry in the face of the enemy given to British and Commonwealth forces, for his actions at the height of the Battle of Jutland. A long-serving Royal Marine officer descended of a military family, during his career Harvey became a specialist in naval artillery, serving on many large warships as gunnery training officer and gun commander. Specially requested for , the flagship of the British battlecruiser fleet, Harvey fought at the battles of Heligoland Bight, Dogger Bank and Jutland.

At Jutland, Harvey, although mortally wounded by German shellfire, ordered the magazine of Q turret on the battlecruiser Lion to be flooded. This action prevented the tons of cordite stored there from catastrophically detonating in an explosion that would have destroyed the vessel and all aboard her. Although he succumbed to his injuries seconds later, his dying act may have saved over a thousand lives and prompted Winston Churchill to later comment: "In the long, rough, glorious history of the Royal Marines there is no name and no deed which in its character and consequences ranks above this".

Early life
Francis Harvey was born in Upper Sydenham, Kent, on 29 April 1873, the son of Commander John William Francis Harvey, a Royal Navy officer, and Elizabeth Edwards Lavington Harvey (née Penny). In 1884, at age 11, Harvey moved with his family to Southsea and he attended Portsmouth Grammar School, achieving excellent academic results and showing proficiency in languages and debating. Harvey was descended from a military family; his great-great-grandfather John Harvey had been killed in the Glorious First of June in 1794 and his great-grandfather Admiral Sir Edward Harvey and grandfather Captain John Harvey of the 9th Regiment of Foot were also prominent military figures.

Gunnery expert
After leaving school, Harvey chose a military career and was accepted by both the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, for officer training. Choosing the latter school as a Royal Marines officer cadet, Harvey graduated in 1892 and the following year was made a full lieutenant, joining  for his first seagoing commission. After just a year at sea, Harvey was back on shore attending gunnery courses at , qualifying in 1896 as an instructor first class in naval gunnery. Harvey was appointed to the cruiser  when she was commissioned at Devonport on 8 June 1897 for service on the Pacific Station. In 1898, whilst on the Phaeton, he was thanked by the Admiralty for a report he rendered on San Diego Harbour. Returning home the same year, Harvey was given the position of Assistant Instructor for Gunnery at Plymouth Division. During this period, Harvey married Ethel Edye and had one son, John.

Between 1898 and 1904, Harvey spent much of his time attached to the Channel Fleet, aboard  and , practising and instructing in gunnery. On 28 January 1900 he was promoted to captain. In 1903 he was posted aboard , the first of a string of big ship appointments teaching gunnery to the heavy units of the Channel Fleet. By 1909, Harvey had served on ,  and the new battlecruiser . In 1910 Harvey became Instructor of Gunnery at Chatham Dockyard and the following year was promoted to major, a report on the gunnery school commenting "Degree of efficiency in Gunnery Establishment at Chatham is very high both as regards general training and attention to detail. Great credit is due all concerned particularly to Major F.J.W. Harvey, the I of G".

The strength of this report gained Harvey a position as senior marine officer aboard , the 27,000 ton flagship of the British battlecruiser fleet. Lion had eight 13.5-inch guns and Harvey was stationed in Q turret directing their operation and fire. Under her new commander, Rear-Admiral David Beatty, Harvey served as the senior marine officer on board into the First World War, his first military campaign.

First World War

Harvey did not have to wait long to see action, seeing combat for the first time at the Battle of Heligoland Bight just weeks into the war. On 28 August 1914, Lion and her squadron of  and , swept into the Heligoland Bight where German and British cruiser forces were already engaged in a bitter struggle. One German cruiser had already been sunk by the time Beatty's force arrived, but the German flagship  and cruiser  were surprised in the fog and destroyed by heavy calibre shells from Beatty's battlecruisers. German Konteradmiral Leberecht Maass and over 1,000 of his sailors were killed, Harvey's guns scoring several hits on the cruisers.

Six months later, Harvey's guns again caused severe damage to a German force at the Battle of Dogger Bank. Over the previous months, a German battlecruiser squadron under Rear-Admiral Hipper had crossed the North Sea and bombarded British coastal towns on several occasions. On 24 January 1915 another attempt was made, but this time British signals analysts had detected the German movement and using this information the Admiralty dispatched Beatty's force to intercept and destroy them. Beatty and Hipper's squadrons collided at 09:00 and during the engagement that followed, Lion was left exposed by mis-communication between the ships, which led to  engaging the wrong ship, leaving  uncovered and so able to fire more accurately.  The British flagship was hard pressed until one of Lions shots penetrated one of s turrets. A huge explosion destroyed the neighbouring turret as well and killed 160 men, the German flagship only surviving due to the actions of sailor Wilhelm Heidkamp, who wrenched open the water valves to the magazines despite them glowing red hot.

Lion was badly damaged in the action by shells from the passing  and with her engines failing, dropped back to engage the already sinking . Misread signals resulted in the rest of the British fleet returning to support Lion in this task, allowing the rest of the battered German fleet to retire as the British destroyed the hapless Blücher and 792 of her crew. Following the battle, Harvey remained aboard Lion at Rosyth for the whole of 1915 and the first five months of 1916, continuing his gunnery training and preparations for major fleet action. His preparations came to fruition on the last day of May, when the British fleet sailed to engage the main body of the German High Seas Fleet at the Battle of Jutland.

Just after Dogger Bank, Harvey had written to a fellow RMLI officer in  describing his experiences:

Jutland

Beatty's battlecruisers led the British fleet in its attack, casting southward into the North Sea to find the enemy during the afternoon of 31 May 1916. At 14:15, scouting cruisers spotted the German vanguard and Beatty closed to attack the enemy with his main force. Given time to prepare, Hipper was ready for Beatty with his battlecruisers in line to face Beatty's approaching ships with their full broadsides. Hipper was also encouraged by the main German battleship fleet under Vice-Admiral Reinhard Scheer, which was steaming northwards close behind him. At 15:45 Beatty came within range of the German fleet and the vanguards engaged one another with their opening fusillades. As the two squadrons closed, the Germans found the range better and faster than the British, who were silhouetted against the sun. As a result, German shells pounded the British ships while the German ships remained untouched for the first 10 minutes of the engagement. During this stage of the battle Lion was hit by nine shells from . One shell at 16:00 struck the right upper corner of the left hand gun port at the junction of the face plate and the roof, and punched a piece of the 9-inch face plate into the turret before detonating, blowing off the armoured roof of the turret and starting a fire, which a damage control party working from outside the turret fought to put out.

The initial explosion killed or wounded everyone stationed in the gun house itself. Harvey, despite severe wounds and burns, gave orders down the voice pipe for the magazine doors to be closed and the magazine compartments to be flooded, an action which would prevent the cordite in the magazines detonating. Turning to his sergeant, the one man still standing, Harvey instructed him to proceed to the bridge and give a full report to the ship's captain Ernle Chatfield (a standard drill in damage exercises). The sergeant went immediately to the bridge and notified the captain of Harvey's actions before being taken below to have his wounds dressed.

In the Transmitting Station below the armoured deck, Stoker 1st Class William Yeo was entrusted with passing on Harvey's last orders. The magazine was consequently flooded and locked up within minutes of the hit.  However the cordite charges which had fallen down from gun house after the hit were not removed to safety, and there were still ready charges in the working chamber.  A large number of crewmen still remained in the shell room, magazine handing room and working chamber.  The fire which was thought to have been put out after the hit on the turret gained strength and ignited the remaining cordite charges, setting off a large explosion at 16:28 which killed the turret crewmen, the flame of the explosion reaching as high as the top of the ship's masts.  Even with the precautions taken in hand, the magazine doors were later found to be severely buckled – only the seawater in the magazine behind it prevented the blast reaching inside. Other ships of the battlecruiser fleet were less lucky; at about the same time as Harvey's death,  was torn to pieces by a series of magazine explosions that claimed 1,013 lives and just minutes after that HMS Queen Mary exploded "like a puffball" in one huge column of grey smoke, killing 1,275 sailors. Hours later during the main battlefleet engagement, Rear-Admiral Horace Hood's flagship  was destroyed with 1,032 lives. All three ships were lost as the result of magazine explosions similar to the one narrowly avoided on Lion.

Remembrance
Harvey's charred corpse was taken from the wreckage of Q turret in the aftermath of battle and buried at sea with full honours alongside the other 98 fatal casualties Lion had suffered. His bravery in the face of certain death did not go unnoticed; he was mentioned by name in Admiral Jellicoe's post-battle dispatch and he was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross. Harvey's widow Ethel was presented with the award at Buckingham Palace by King George V on 15 September 1916. His medal group was later loaned to the Royal Marines Museum, Eastney Barracks by his son Lieutenant-Colonel John Malcolm Harvey of the King's Regiment in 1973. Harvey's name is inscribed on the Chatham Naval Memorial to those with no known grave, administered by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.

Victoria Cross citation
Whilst mortally wounded and almost the only survivor after the explosion of an enemy shell in "Q" gunhouse, with great presence of mind and devotion to duty ordered the magazine to be flooded, thereby saving the ship. He died shortly afterwards.

London Gazette, 15 September 1916

See also
 Wilhelm Heidkamp
 Aldar Tsydenzhapov

Notes

References

1873 births
1916 deaths
Military personnel from Kent
British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross
Royal Marines officers
Royal Marines personnel of World War I
British military personnel killed in World War I
People who died at sea
Burials at sea
People educated at The Portsmouth Grammar School
People from Sydenham, London
Royal Navy recipients of the Victoria Cross

Francis Harvey


Poppo I (died 839–841) was a Frankish count in the Grapfeld (Grabfeld) from 819–839.  As a grandson of Heimrich, Count in the Upper Rheingau, he was a descendant of the Robertian count Cancor, and therefore a member of the Frankish House of Babenberg (Popponids).

Poppo was a "leading man of the Franks" in 838-839, when he and several other noblemen, including Gebhard, Count of the Lahngau, Count Adalbert of Metz and Archbishop Odgar of Mainz opposed Louis the German's revolt against Emperor Louis the Pious.

Poppo was probably the father (or grandfather) of Henry of Franconia, Duke Poppo (II) of Thuringia and Egino.

Sources
The Annals of Fulda. (Manchester Medieval series, Ninth-Century Histories, Volume II.) Reuter, Timothy (trans.) Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992.

Counts in Germany
Babenberg
9th-century counts in Europe
9th-century deaths
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown

Poppo of Grapfeld


Carolyn Yarnell (born 1961) is an American composer and visual artist. A recipient of the Rome Prize, Charles Ives Prize, and a Guggenheim Fellowship, she is particularly noted for works which combine visual and musical depictions of landscape and light, many of which were inspired by the landscapes of her native California.

Background
Yarnell grew up in the Sierra Nevada region of California. She studied composition at the San Francisco Conservatory of Music where she received a Bachelor of Music in 1986 and at Yale University where she received her master's degree in 1989. Two years later the final two movements of her five-movement Symphony No. 1, Enemy Moon and Exit, commissioned by the Tanglewood Music Center, had their world premiere at Tanglewood's Festival of Contemporary Music. Yarnell is a long-time member of the Common Sense Composers Collective who via collaborations with groups such as the New Millennium and American Baroque ensembles have premiered many contemporary works by their members and other composers. The collective has produced several CDs including TIC (2007) and The Shock of the Old (2002). The latter featured contemporary compositions played on baroque period instruments.

Selected works
The Same Sky, for piano, electronics and video projection (2000)
 Symphony No. 1.
Mean Harp, for solo piano
Living Mountains, tone poem for orchestra
Lapis Lazuli, chamber music
Yosemite and the Range of Light, multi-movement orchestral work
Film score for La Souriante Madame Beudet (1927 silent film by Germaine Dulac)

Recordings
The Shock of the Old – Common Sense Composers Collective and the American Baroque Ensemble, works by Marc Mellits, Belinda Reynolds, Ed Harsh, Randall Woolf, Dan Becker, Carolyn Yarnell, John Halle and Melissa Hui (2002). Label: Santa Fe New Music
Sonic Vision – works by Carolyn Yarnell  (2003). Label: Tzadik
Kathy Supové: Infusion – contemporary piano works by Marti Epstein, Elaine Kaplinsky, Randall Woolf, and Carolyn Yarnell (2004). Label: Koch International Classics
TIC – Common Sense Composers Collective and the New Millenium Ensemble, works by Marc Mellits, Belinda Reynolds, Ed Harsh, Randall Woolf, Dan Becker, Carolyn Yarnell and John Halle (2007). Label: Albany Records

References

Sources
Burns, Kristine Helen (2002). Women and music in America since 1900: An encyclopedia, Volume 1. Greenwood Press.
Dalton, Joseph (2007a). "Perlman remains a giant among violinists". Albany Times Union, June 2, 2007
Dalton, Joseph (2007b). "Composer in tune to her life as vagabond". Albany Times Union, November 14, 2007
Dyer, Richard (1991). "Tanglewood festival ends on a high note ". The Boston Globe, August 9, 1991
Hastie, Amelie and Stamp, Shelley (2006). "Women and the Silent Screen: Cultural and Historical Practices", Film History: An International Journal, Vol. 18, No. 2, 2006, pp. 107–109
Kosman, Joshua (2002). "New music, old instruments". San Francisco Chronicle, June 30, 2002
WNYC (August 11, 2009). Evening Music: Lapis Lazuli by Carolyn Yarnell
Holland, Bernard (1993). "Classical Music in Review: American Composers Orchestra Carnegie Hall". The New York Times, June 22, 1993
Holland, Bernard (1994) "Detonations of Sound, Here, There and Everywhere – Kathleen Supove, Pianist Roulette". The New York Times, December 21, 1994

External links
Official website
Common Sense Composers' Collective
Carolyn Yarnell on WorldCat

American women classical composers
American classical composers
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
1961 births
Living people
Pupils of Jacob Druckman
21st-century American composers
20th-century American women musicians
20th-century American composers
21st-century American women musicians
20th-century women composers
21st-century women composers

Carolyn Yarnell


The Ptolemaic dynasty, also known as the Lagids or Lagidae, was a Macedonian Greek royal family who ruled over Egypt.  Their rule lasted for 275 years, from 305 BC to 30 BC. They were the last dynasty of ancient Egypt.

Ptolemy, was one of Alexander the Great's generals and deputies. He was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death in 323 BC. In 305 BC, he declared himself King Ptolemy I, later known as "Soter" (savior). The Egyptians soon accepted the Ptolemies as the successors to the pharaohs of independent Egypt. Unlike their previous rulers under the Achaemenid Empire, they usually lived in Egypt. Ptolemy's family ruled Egypt until the Roman conquest of 30 BC.

All the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy.  Ptolemaic queens, some of whom were the sisters of their husbands, were usually called Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice. The most famous, was the last queen, Cleopatra VII. She was involved in the Roman political battles between Julius Caesar and Pompey, and later between Octavian and Mark Antony. Her death marked the end of Ptolemaic rule in Egypt.

Ptolemaic rulers and consorts
Dates in brackets represent the ruling dates of the Ptolemaic pharaohs. They often ruled jointly with their wives, who were often also their sisters. Several queens exercised royal authority, but the most famous and successful was Cleopatra VII (51–30 BC), with her two brothers and her son as successive nominal co-rulers.  Several systems exist for numbering the later rulers; the one used here is the one most widely used by modern scholars.

 Ptolemy I Soter (305–282 BC) married first (probably) Thaïs, secondly Artakama, thirdly Eurydice and finally Berenice I
 Ptolemy II Philadelphus (282 BC–246 BC) married Arsinoe I, then Arsinoe II Philadelphus; ruled jointly with Ptolemy I Epigone (267–259 BC)
 Ptolemy III Euergetes (246–221 BC) married Berenice II
 Ptolemy IV Philopator (221–203 BC) married Arsinoe III
 Ptolemy V Epiphanes (203–181 BC) married Cleopatra I
 Ptolemy VI Philometor (181–164 BC, 163–145 BC) married Cleopatra II, briefly ruled jointly with Ptolemy Eupator in 152 BC
 Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator (never reigned)
 Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II (Physcon) (170–163 BC, 145–116 BC) married Cleopatra II then Cleopatra III; temporarily expelled from Alexandria by Cleopatra II between 131 BC and 127 BC, reconciled with her in 124 BC.
 Cleopatra II Philometora Soteira (131–127 BC), in opposition to Ptolemy VIII
 Cleopatra III Philometor Soteira Dikaiosyne Nikephoros (Kokke) (116–101 BC) ruled jointly with Ptolemy IX (116–107 BC) and Ptolemy X (107–101 BC)
 Ptolemy IX Soter II (Lathyros) (116–107 BC, 88–81 BC as Soter II) married Cleopatra IV then Cleopatra Selene; ruled jointly with Cleopatra III in his first reign
 Ptolemy X Alexander I (107–88 BC) married Cleopatra Selene then Berenice III; ruled jointly with Cleopatra III till 101 BC
 Berenice III Philopator (81–80 BC)
 Ptolemy XI Alexander II (80 BC) married and ruled jointly with Berenice III before murdering her; ruled alone for 19 days after that.
 Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos (Auletes) (80–58 BC, 55–51 BC) married Cleopatra V Tryphaena
 Cleopatra V Tryphaena (58–57 BC) ruled jointly with Berenice IV Epiphaneia (58–55 BC) and Cleopatra VI Tryphaena (58 BC)
 Cleopatra VII Philopator (51–30 BC) ruled jointly with Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator (51–47 BC), Ptolemy XIV (47–44 BC) and Ptolemy XV Caesarion (44–30 BC).
 Arsinoe IV (48–47 BC) in opposition to Cleopatra VII

Other members of the Ptolemaic dynasty
Ptolemy Keraunos (died 279 BC) - eldest son of Ptolemy I Soter. Eventually became king of Macedon.
Ptolemy Apion (died 96 BC) - son of Ptolemy VIII Physcon. Made king of Cyrenaica. Bequeathed Cyrenaica to Rome.
Ptolemy Philadelphus (born 36 BC) - son of Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII.
Ptolemy of Mauretania (died AD 40) - son of Juba II of Mauretania and Cleopatra Selene II, daughter of Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony. King of Mauretania.

Medical analysis
Members of the Ptolemaic dynasty were described as extremely obese. Their sculptures and coins show prominent eyes and swollen necks. Graves' disease within the family could explain the swollen necks and eye prominence (exophthalmos), although this is unlikely if they were simply obese.

Members of this dynasty likely suffered from a multi-organ fibrotic condition such as Erdheim–Chester disease or a familial multifocal fibrosclerosis. With this condition, then thyroiditis, obesity and ocular proptosis can all occur at the same time.

Gallery of images

References

Further reading
 Susan Stephens, Seeing Double. Intercultural Poetics in Ptolemaic Alexandria (Berkeley, 2002).
 A. Lampela, Rome and the Ptolemies of Egypt. The development of their political relations 273-80 B.C. (Helsinki, 1998).
  J. G. Manning, The Last Pharaohs: Egypt Under the Ptolemies, 305-30 BC (Princeton, 2009).

Other websites

Livius, Ptolemies  by Jona Lendering

1st millennium BC pharaohs

Ptolemaic dynasty


Fedot Ivanovich Shubin (May 28, 1740 – May 24, 1805) is widely regarded as the greatest sculptor of 18th-century Russia.

Biography
A peasant's son, Fedot Shubnoy was born in a Pomor village near Kholmogory and, inspired by the example of his neighbour Mikhail Lomonosov, he walked all the way to St Petersburg at the age of 18. Lomonosov took notice of his talent in walrus ivory carving (a folkcraft traditionally practised in Kholmogory) and helped him join the newly established Imperial Academy of Arts, where his instructor, Nicolas-François Gillet, was so impressed with his abilities that he had Shubin awarded with a gold medal, which opened to him the prospect of furthering his education abroad.

Through the help of Falconet, in 1767 he joined the Paris atelier of the great Pigalle, before moving to Rome three years later. Upon his return to Russia in 1772, Shubin became the most fashionable and sought-after sculptor in the country. In the 1770s and 1780s, he executed numerous pieces for the Marble Palace and the Alexandro-Nevsky Lavra, designed 58 medallions representing all the Russian sovereigns from Rurik onward, and was admitted into the Academy of Arts as an academician. The intrigues of his rivals undermined his career, however. He remained destitute until 1794, when the academy eventually bestowed a professorship on him.

A plaster copy of an early Shubin bust of Tsar Alexander I is housed at Thomas Jefferson's house Monticello in Albemarle County, Virginia. The original Shubin work was a gift from the American consul general at St. Petersburg, Levett Harris, in 1804. Shubin's original work given by Harris to Jefferson was lost. Shubin's portrait of Tsar Alexander is in the collection of the Voronezh Museum of Plastic Arts in Voronezh, Russia. The plaster copy, executed in 1955, is housed in the parlor at Monticello.

Works

References

External links

 The Grove Dictionary of Art
 Biography
 Biography

Russian male sculptors
Neoclassical sculptors
Pomors
1740 births
1805 deaths
People from Kholmogorsky District
Burials at Lazarevskoe Cemetery (Saint Petersburg)
18th-century sculptors from the Russian Empire

Fedot Shubin


Quantum suicide is a thought experiment in quantum mechanics and the philosophy of physics. It was originally claimed that it can distinguish between the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics and the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics. It is based on imagining oneself as the cat in the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment. Quantum immortality refers to the experience of surviving quantum suicide.

The thought experiment was created by Max  In the thought experiment, a person stands in front of a gun which fires if it detects a subatomic particle as having an upward spin, or does not fire if the gun detects a downward spin. The gun does this repeatedly. From an outside perspective, both outcomes are equally likely. However, according to the thought experiment, if the many-worlds interpretation is true, the person in front of the gun finds that the gun never fires, even though this is very, very unlikely. In the many-worlds interpretation, the gun fires in one world and does not fire in another, but the person can only continue being conscious in a world in which the gun does not fire. According to the thought experiment, such a person would find themselves to be immortal.

In response to questions about whether people should generally expect to be immortal, Max Tegmark stated that is flawed reasoning because dying is not an instantaneous event, and "fully dead" and "fully alive" are not the only possible outcomes, as in the thought experiment. Rather, it is a progressive process, with a continuous series of states of decreasing consciousness. In most real causes of death, one's self-awareness fades out gradually. It is only within this specific imaginary scenario that a person finds themselves surviving.

Most experts believe that the experiment would not actually work in the real world.

Max Tegmark now believes that from their own point of view, the person in the thought experiment should not expect immortality. Since they die in some worlds, they afterwards exist in much fewer worlds than they had before. People are less likely to find themselves in a world where their own existence is less likely. Therefore, it is only a possibility, not a certainty, that the person who does the experiment then goes on to feel like they survived. This same problem, of not existing as much afterwards, was pointed out by Lev Vaidman in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Physicist David Deutsch, though in favor of the many-worlds interpretation, states regarding quantum suicide that it would not work under the normal probability rules of quantum mechanics. Instead, one would need to add an additional assumption of ignoring worlds where the experimenter is not there. He believes that assumption is false. Physicist David Wallace argues that a decision theory analysis shows that a person who prefers certain life to certain death must prefer to keep themselves alive in worlds that are more likely outcomes, not just in less likely ones.

Physicist Sean M. Carroll, though also in favor of the many-worlds interpretation, states about quantum suicide that neither experiences nor rewards should be thought of as being shared between future versions of oneself, because these future versions become distinct persons when the world splits. He then states that a person cannot pick out some future versions of oneself as really being oneself and not the others. He concludes that quantum suicide kills some of these future selves, which is a bad thing the same as if there were no other worlds.

Related pages
 Multiverse

References

Other websites
Mallah, J. Many-Worlds Interpretations Can Not Imply 'Quantum Immortality'
.

Quantum mechanics
Suicide

Quantum immortality


Frederick III of Brandenburg, nicknamed the Fat, also the Younger (born: ; died: 6 October 1463 in Tangermünde) was Margrave of Brandenburg and Lord of the Altmark.

Life
Frederick was the youngest son of the Elector Frederick I of Brandenburg (1371–1440) from his marriage to Elizabeth (1383–1442 ), daughter of the Duke Frederick of Bavaria-Landshut.

His father's testament, stipulated that Frederick should rule the Margraviate of Brandenburg jointly with his older brother Frederick Irontooth, who also acted as his guardian from 1440 onwards, until at least 1456.  Frederick III, however, began urging for more independence in 1445.  He was supported by his brothers John and Albert Achilles.  In 1447, Frederick received his own territory, consisting of the Altmark and Prignitz, under the sovereignty of Electoral Brandenburg.  He fostered the influx of Jews into his territory, after his brother had driven them out of his margraviate in 1446.  Frederick III resided in Tangermünde, Salzwedel and Arneburg.  He neglected the business of government in such a way that his brother found it necessary in 1459 to intervene militarily against the intrigues in the country.

Since Frederick died without male heirs, the Altmark and Priegnitz fell back to the Electorate of Brandenburg when he died in 1463. Frederick was buried in the Church of St. George in Arneburg.  During the Thirty Years' War his tomb was looted and destroyed.  His remains were recovered and buried in Berlin

Marriage and issue
Frederick married on 9 February 1449 in Tangermünde to Agnes (1436–1512), a daughter of the Duke Barnim VIII of Pomerania, with whom he had one daughter:
 Magdalena (1460–1496), married in 1482 to Count Eitel Frederick II of Hohenzollern (1452-1512)

References

Footnotes

Margraves of Brandenburg
House of Hohenzollern
1424 births
1463 deaths
Sons of monarchs

Frederick of Altmark


Godwick is a deserted village in the county of Norfolk. Its location was south of Fakenham between the villages of Tittleshall and Whissonsett.
There are over 200 deserted medieval villages in Norfolk, but most sites have been destroyed by ploughing, the pressures of two world wars or other agricultural uses. Only a few still have impressive surface remains. The earthworks at Godwick are well preserved because the site is grazed by sheep and has never been disturbed. Today it is one of the best surviving examples in the county and the only one open to the public. There is agreement between the owner and English Heritage over the opening and the management of the site, which is open between April and September from 9:30 am until dusk. On site there are information panels with displays of aerial photographs, maps and interpretation plans of this lost village. The earthworks are a scheduled monument. It is an offence to disturb the site or use metal detectors without the written permission of English Heritage.

Origins
Godwick was first settled in the Anglo-Saxon period. By the 15th century Godwick was a small village which was a relatively stable community, but was comparatively poor alongside neighbouring settlements. It was in the 15th century that the village declined sharply. A series of bad harvests, and the difficulty of cultivating the heavy boulder clay soil, eventually proved too much for the dwindling population. In 1428 there were under ten households. By 1508 a survey taken showed that of 18 properties on the north side of the main street, 11 were empty and three had no land holdings attached. The same survey showed that a church lay to the south and there was also a watermill with a millpond. By 1595 further decay left Godwick virtually deserted. Its final stages of decay were recorded in an estate map of 1596 when only three or four houses remained and the church tower had collapsed.

The village today

What remains of the medieval village today, consisted of a sunken way running east to west with two other roads running off to the south. Along both sides of the street can be seen banks and ditches separating individual house plots. About ten of these still remain to be seen. The church stood within a similar enclosure in an angle between the streets. At the eastern end of the site, the village street ran along a dam holding back a millpond with a small watermill at the far end. The line of the dam is now covered by farm buildings. In 1981 a remaining part of the church tower survived a collapse. The 13th-century church tower had been raised as a brick and flint folly when the church was pulled down in the 17th century. This folly may well have formed part of a scheme of landscape architecture for the later Godwick Manor. Inspection of the 1981 collapse found evidence of a Norman church amongst the rubble. Also still to be seen on the site is a large 13th-century red-brick barn with an elaborate façade, built over the line of the street. During the reign of Charles II, 200 men were garrisoned there and although access is barred, it is possible to walk round it and enjoy its beautiful windows.

The later Godwick Manor
In 1585, in the middle of the deserted village, Sir Edward Coke, Chief Justice and Attorney General to Elizabeth I, built a fine brick manor house, having purchased the estate in 1580. The ruins of the house, which was E-shaped with an impressive two-storey porch and windows, were pulled down in 1962. Its square outline can just be picked out as slight humps in the grass. It had a walled yard and entrance to the north, and around the hall a pattern of formal gardens and enclosures was laid out.

Godwick Manor was the birthplace of Admiral Sir William Hoste.

See also
 List of lost settlements in Norfolk

References

External links

Abandoned Communities ... Godwick and Grenstein

Deserted medieval villages in Norfolk
Archaeological sites in Norfolk
Former populated places in Norfolk
Tittleshall

Godwick


Eucharist is a Swedish melodic death metal band, which released two albums in the 1990s, and a third in 2022.

History
Eucharist's first album, A Velvet Creation (1993), featured Markus Johnsson (vocals, guitar), Thomas Einarsson (guitar), Tobias Gustafsson (bass guitar), and Daniel Erlandsson (drums), while for the second, Mirrorworlds (1997), they were reduced to the trio of Johnsson, Erlandsson, and bass guitarist Martin Karlsson. One of numerous groups involved in establishing the very melodic style now known as the Gothenburg Sound, Eucharist did not fare particularly well in the face of the era's stiff competition, resulting in personnel eventually joining rival bands. Most notably, original bass guitarist Gustaffsson joined the power metal band Armageddon, and drummer Erlandsson worked for a time with Gothenburg scene leaders In Flames before settling in permanently with Arch Enemy.

Eucharist was founded in Veddige, a small city about 40 km from Gothenburg, Sweden, some time around 1989. A demo released in 1992 became a classic in the metal underground. It was titled Greeting Immortality. The same year, Obscure Plasma Records released the Greeting Immortality 7" (without the consent of the band), and in 1993 the band recorded a song named "The View" for a Deaf Records (Peaceville Records) compilation album called Deaf Metal Sampler. Afterwards, the band suddenly split up.

But soon after, Wrong Again Records asked them to re-unite and sign a deal, which they did. Eucharist entered the studio and recorded their first album A Velvet Creation, which was released in 1993, with the cover misprinted in the wrong color. In the summer of 1994, two songs, "Wounded and Alone" and "The Predictable End", were recorded for a compilation album released by Wrong Again Records entitled, W.A.R. Compilation vol 1, released in 1995.

Eucharist split up again and some members started playing in other bands. Erlandsson, for example, played drums on two tracks of In Flames' EP Subterranean. In 1996, Johnsson and Erlandsson started working with Eucharist again and they were instantly offered a deal by WAR Music (a new label risen from the ashes of Wrong Again Records) and the album, Mirrorworlds, released in 1997 was the result. But again, after a short tour in early 1998, Eucharist split up.

In 2001, A Velvet Creation was re-released on Regain Records on both CD and vinyl. This time remastered, and with the two songs from the W.A.R. Compilation session as bonus tracks. The cover was also printed in the correct color, but this time Markus Johnsson's name was misprinted as Marcus Johansson. In 2011 Mirrorworlds was released for the first time on vinyl by Wolfsbane records, including a limited edition version with a bonus 7" featuring 'The View' from 1993's Deaf Metal Sampler released by Deaf Records a sublabel of Peaceville.

As of April 2016, the band reunited with the original line up playing the first show in 18 years at Metal Reunion PTD3 festival at Sweden.

In 2022, the band's third album I Am the Void was released. This album shows a more melodic black metal sound, without completely sacrificing the band's death metal roots.

Discography

Studio albums
A Velvet Creation − 1993, 2001 (reissue)
Mirrorworlds − 1997, 2003 (reissue)
I Am the Void - 2022

EPs and demos
Rehearsal − 1991 (demo)
Greeting Immortality − 1992 (EP)
Demo '92 − 1992 (Demo)
A Velvet Creation − 1993 (demo)

References

External links
 Official Website

Swedish melodic death metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 1989
Musical groups disestablished in 1998

Eucharist (band)


Decamethonium (Syncurine) is a depolarizing muscle relaxant or neuromuscular blocking agent, and is used in anesthesia to induce paralysis.

Pharmacology

Decamethonium, which has a short action time, is similar to acetylcholine and acts as a partial agonist of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.  In the motor endplate, it causes depolarization, preventing further effects to the normal release of acetylcholine from the presynaptic terminal, and therefore preventing the neural stimulus from affecting the muscle.  In the process of binding, decamethonium activates (depolarizes) the motor endplate - but since the decamethonium itself is not degraded, the membrane remains depolarized and unresponsive to normal acetylcholine release.

Contraindications/limitations

Decamethonium does not produce unconsciousness or anesthesia, and its effects may cause considerable psychological distress while simultaneously making it impossible for a patient to communicate. For these reasons, administration of the drug to a conscious patient is strongly advised against, except in necessary emergency situations.

Decamethonium was used clinically in the UK for many years, but it is now available only for research purposes.

See also
 Suxamethonium
 Hexamethonium

References

Muscle relaxants
Nicotinic agonists
Quaternary ammonium compounds
Neuromuscular blockers

Decamethonium


The 66th Writers Guild of America Awards honor the best film, television, radio and video-game writers of 2013. The television and radio nominees were announced on December 5, 2013. Film nominees were announced on January 3, 2014. All winners were announced on February 1, 2014, at the JW Marriott hotel in the L.A. Live entertainment complex.

Winners and nominees

Film

Original
Her — Spike Jonze; Warner Bros. Pictures
American Hustle — Eric Warren Singer and David O. Russell; Columbia Pictures
Blue Jasmine — Woody Allen; Sony Picture Classics
Dallas Buyers Club — Craig Borten and Melisa Wallack; Focus Features
Nebraska — Bob Nelson; Paramount Pictures

Adapted
Captain Phillips — Screenplay by Billy Ray, based on the book A Captain's Duty: Somali Pirates, Navy SEALS, and Dangerous Days at Sea by Richard Phillips with Stephan Talty; Columbia Pictures
August: Osage County — Screenplay by Tracy Letts, based on his play; The Weinstein Company
Before Midnight — Written by Richard Linklater & Julie Delpy & Ethan Hawke, based on characters created by Richard Linklater & Kim Krizan; Sony Picture Classics
Lone Survivor — Screenplay by Peter Berg, based on the book by Marcus Lutrell with Patrick Robinson; Universal Pictures
The Wolf of Wall Street —  Screenplay by Terence Winter, based on the memoir by Jordan Belfort; Paramount Pictures

Documentary
Stories We Tell — Written by Sarah Polley; Roadside Attractions
Dirty Wars —  Written by Jeremy Scahill and David Riker; Sundance Selects
Herblock – The Black & The White —  Written by Sara Lukinson & Michael Stevens; The Stevens Company
No Place on Earth — Written by Janet Tobias & Paul Laikin; Magnolia Pictures
We Steal Secrets: The Story of WikiLeaks — Written by Alex Gibney; Focus Features

Television

Drama series
Breaking Bad — Sam Catlin, Vince Gilligan, Peter Gould, Gennifer Hutchison, George Mastras, Thomas Schnauz, Moira Walley-Beckett; AMC
The Good Wife —Meredith Averill, Leonard Dick, Keith Eisner, Jacqueline Hoyt, Ted Humphrey, Michelle King, Robert King, Erica Shelton Kodish, Matthew Montoya, J.C. Nolan, Luke Schelhaas, Nichelle Tramble Spellman, Craig Turk, Julia Wolfe; CBS
Homeland — Henry Bromell, William E. Bromell, Alexander Cary, Alex Gansa, Howard Gordon, Barbara Hall, Patrick Harbinson, Chip Johannessen, Meredith Stiehm, Charlotte Stoudt, James Yoshimura; Showtime
House of Cards — Kate Barnow, Rick Cleveland, Sam Forman, Gina Gionfriddo, Keith Huff, Sarah Treem, Beau Willimon; Netflix
Mad Men — Lisa Albert, Semi Chellas, Jason Grote, Jonathan Igla, Andre Jacquemetton, Maria Jacquemetton, Janet Leahy, Erin Levy, Michael Saltzman, Tom Smuts, Matthew Weiner, Carly Wray; AMC

Comedy Series
Veep — Simon Blackwell, Roger Drew, Sean Gray, Armando Iannucci, Ian Martin, Georgia Pritchett, David Quantick, Tony Roche, Will Smith; HBO
30 Rock — Jack Burditt, Robert Carlock, Tom Ceraulo, Luke Del Tredici, Tina Fey, Lang Fisher, Matt Hubbard, Colleen McGuinness, Sam Means, Dylan Morgan, Nina Pedrad, Josh Siegal, Tracey Wigfield; NBC
Modern Family — Paul Corrigan, Bianca Douglas, Megan Ganz, Abraham Higginbotham, Ben Karlin, Elaine Ko, Steven Levitan, Christopher Lloyd, Becky Mann, Dan O'Shannon, Jeffrey Richman, Audra Sielaff, Emily Spivey, Brad Walsh, Bill Wrubel, Danny Zuker; ABC
Orange Is the New Black — Liz Friedman, Sian Heder, Tara Herrmann, Sara Hess, Nick Jones, Jenji Kohan, Gary Lennon, Lauren Morelli, Marco Ramirez; Netflix
Parks and Recreation — Megan Amram, Donick Cary, Greg Daniels, Nate DiMeo, Emma Fletcher, Rachna Fruchbom, Daniel J. Goor, Norm Hiscock, Matt Hubbard, Dave King, Greg Levine, Joe Mande, Sam Means, Aisha Muharrar, Matt Murray, Amy Poehler, Alexandra Rushfield, Michael Schur, Jen Statsky, Harris Wittels, Alan Yang; NBC

New Series
House of Cards — Kate Barnow, Rick Cleveland, Sam Forman, Gina Gionfriddo, Keith Huff, Sarah Treem, Beau Willimon; Netflix
The Americans — Michael Batistick, Joshua Brand, Joel Fields, Melissa James Gibson, Sneha Koorse, Joe Weisberg, Bradford Winters; FX
Masters of Sex — Michelle Ashford, Tyler Bensinger, Michael Cunningham, Lyn Greene, Richard Levine, Amy Lippman, Sam Shaw, Noelle Valdivia; Showtime
Orange Is the New Black — Liz Friedman, Sian Heder, Tara Herrmann, Sara Hess, Nick Jones, Jenji Kohan, Gary Lennon, Lauren Morelli, Marco Ramirez; Netflix
Ray Donovan — Ann Biderman, Sean Conway, David Hollander, Brett Johnson, Ron Nyswaner; Showtime

Episodic Drama
"Confessions" (Breaking Bad) — Gennifer Hutchison; AMC
"Buried" (Breaking Bad) — Thomas Schnauz; AMC
"Chapter 1" (House of Cards) — Beau Willimon; Netflix
"Granite State" (Breaking Bad) — Peter Gould; AMC
"Hitting the Fan" (The Good Wife) — Robert King and Michelle King; CBS
"Pilot" (Masters of Sex) — Michelle Ashford; Showtime

Episodic Comedy
"Hogcock!" (30 Rock) — Jack Burditt and Robert Carlock; NBC
"Career Day" (Modern Family) — Paul Corrigan and Brad Walsh; ABC
"Farm Strong" (Modern Family) — Elaine Ko; ABC
"I Wasn't Ready" (Orange Is the New Black), Liz Friedman and Jenji Kohan; Netflix
"Lesbian Request Denied" (Orange Is the New Black), Sian Heder; Netflix
"Leslie and Ben" (Parks and Recreation), Michael Schur and Alan Yang; NBC

Long Form – Adaptation
Muhammad Ali's Greatest Fight — Shawn Slovo, based on the book by Howard Bingham and Max Wallace; HBO
Killing Kennedy —  Kelly Masterson, based on the book by Bill O'Reilly and Martin Dugard; National Geographic

Animation
"A Test Before Trying" (The Simpsons) — Joel H. Cohen; Fox
"Game of Tones" (Futurama) — Michael Rowe; Comedy Central
"Hardly Kirk-ing" (The Simpsons) — Tom Gammill and Max Pross; Fox
"Murder on the Planet Express" (Futurama) — Lew Morton; Comedy Central
"Saturday Morning Fun Pit" (Futurama) — Patric M. Verrone; Comedy Central
"YOLO" (The Simpsons) — Michael Nobori; Fox

Comedy/Variety (including talk) series
The Colbert Report — Stephen Colbert, Tom Purcell, Michael Brumm, Nate Charny, Rich Dahm, Paul Dinello, Eric Drysdale, Rob Dubbin, Glenn Eichler, Dan Guterman, Barry Julien, Jay Katsir, Frank Lesser, Opus Moreschi, Bobby Mort, Meredith Scardino, Max Werner; Comedy Central
Conan — Jose Arroyo, Andres du Bouchet, Scott Chernoff, Deon Cole, Josh Comers, Dan Cronin, Scott Gairdner, Michael Gordon, Brian Kiley, Laurie Kilmartin, Rob Kutner, Todd Levin, Conan O'Brien, Matt O'Brien, Jesse Popp, Andy Richter, Brian Stack, Mike Sweeney; TBS
The Daily Show —  Rory Albanese, Steve Bodow, Tim Carvell, Travon Free, Hallie Haglund, J.R. Havlan, Elliott Kalan, Matt Koff, Dan McCoy, Jo Miller, John Oliver, Zhubin Parang, Daniel Radosh, Jason Ross, Lauren Sarver, Jon Stewart; Comedy Central
Jimmy Kimmel Live! — Tony Barbieri, Jonathan Bines, Joelle Boucai, Gary Greenberg, Josh Halloway, Sal Iacono, Eric Immerman, Bess Kalb, Jimmy Kimmel, Jeff Loveness, Molly McNearney, Bryan Paulk, Danny Ricker, Rick Rosner; ABC
Portlandia — Fred Armisen, Carrie Brownstein, Jonathan Krisel, Bill Oakley; IFC
Saturday Night Live — Seth Meyers, Colin Jost; Writers: James Anderson, Alex Baze, Neil Casey, James Downey, Steve Higgins, Zach Kanin, Chris Kelly, Joe Kelly, Erik Kenward, Rob Klein, Lorne Michaels, John Mulaney, Mike O'Brien, Josh Patten, Paula Pell, Marika Sawyer, Sarah Schneider, Pete Schultz, John Solomon, Kent Sublette, Bryan Tucker; NBC

Comedy/Variety (including music, awards, tributes ) specials
Blake Shelton's Not So Family Christmas, Head Writers: Jay Martel, Ian Roberts; Writers: Alex Rubens, Charlie Sanders; NBC

Daytime Drama
Days of Our Lives — Lorraine Broderick, David Cherrill, Carolyn Culliton, Richard Culliton, Rick Draughon, Christopher Dunn, Janet Iacobuzio, David A. Levinson, Ryan Quan, Dave Ryan, Melissa Salmons, Christopher J. Whitesell; NBC
General Hospital — Shelly Altman, Ron Carlivati, Anna Theresa Cascio, Suzanne Flynn, Kate Hall, Elizabeth Korte, Daniel James O'Connor, Jean Passanante, Elizabeth Page, Katherine Schock, Scott Sickles, Chris Van Etten; ABC
The Young and the Restless — Associate Head Writers: Shelly Altman, Tracey Thomson; Written by Amanda Beall, Jeff Beldner, Brent Boyd, Susan Dansby, Janice Ferri Esser, Jay Gibson, Beth Milstein, Lisa Seidman, Natalie Minardi Slater, Anne Schoettle, Linda Schreiber, Teresa Zimmerman; CBS

Children's - Episodic and Specials
"influANTces" (A.N.T. Farm) — Vincent Brown; Disney Channel
"The Haunted Cave" (Spooksville) — Jim Krieg; Hub Network
"Simon Says" (Sesame Street) — Christine Ferraro; PBS

Documentary – Current Events
"Egypt in Crisis" (Frontline) — Marcela Gaviria & Martin Smith; PBS
"Cliffhanger" (Frontline) — Michael Kirk & Mike Wiser; PBS

Documentary – Other than Current Events
"The Choice 2012" (Frontline) — Michael Kirk; PBS (tie)
*"Silicon Valley" (American Experience) — Telescript by Randall MacLowry and Michelle Ferrari; Story by Randall MacLowry; PBS (tie)
"The Abolitionists" (American Experience) — Rob Rapley; PBS
"Episode 1" (The Dust Bowl) — Dayton Duncan; PBS

News – regularly scheduled, bulletin, or breaking report
"Tragedy at Newtown" Special Edition (ABC World News with Diane Sawyer) — Lisa Ferri and Matt Negrin; ABC
"The Election of Pope Francis" (CBS Evening News with Scott Pelley) — Jerry Cipriano, Joe Clines and Scott Pelley; CBS
"The Fall of Lance Armstrong"(60 Minutes) — Michael Radutzky, Michael Rey, Oriana Zill de Granados; CBS
"The Inauguration of the President" (CBS Evening News with Scott Pelley) — Jerry Cipriano and Joe Clines; CBS

News – analysis, feature, or commentary
"Lethal Medicine" (60 Minutes) — Michael Rey, Oriana Zill de Granados, Michael Radutzky; CBS
"Throwback Thursday – Happy Birthday, Michael Jackson" (ABC World News Now) — Matt Nelko; ABC
"Vinyl Revival" (CBS News) — Polly Leider; CBS

Radio

Documentary
"2012 Year in Review" — Gail Lee; CBS Radio News

News – regularly scheduled or breaking report
"Afternoon Drive" — Bill Spadaro; CBS Radio/1010 WINS
"George McGovern: A Look Back" — Gail Lee; CBS Radio News

News – analysis, feature, or commentary
"Remembering C. Everett Koop" — Scott Saloway; CBS Radio News
"Remembrances" — Gail Lee; CBS Radio News
"Tributes" — Thomas A. Sabella; CBS Radio News

Promotional Writing and Graphic Animation

On-Air Promotion (Radio or Television)
"The Crazy Ones – Building a Better Comedy" — Erial Tompkins; CBS
"48 Hours: 2013 Fall Preview" — Jay Pedinoff; CBS News Marketing

Television Graphic Animation
"CBS News Animations" — David Rosen; CBS News

Video games
The Last of Us — Neil Druckmann; Sony Computer Entertainment
 Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag — Story by Darby McDevitt, Mustapha Mahrach, Jean Guesdon; Lead Scriptwriter Darby McDevitt; Scriptwriter Jill Murray; AI Scriptwriter Nicholas Grimwood; Scriptwriter Singapore Mark Llabres Hill; Ubisoft
 Batman: Arkham Origins — Narrative Director Dooma Wendschuh; Writer & Senior Narrative Designer Ryan Galletta; Writer Corey May; Warner Bros. Interactive
 God of War: Ascension — Marianne Krawczyk; Additional Writing Ariel Lawrence; Sony Computer Entertainment
 Lost Planet 3 — Head Writer Richard Gaubert; Writers Orion Walker, Matt Sophos; Capcom

Lifetime Achievement Awards

Laurel Award for Screenwriting Achievement
 Paul Mazursky

Laurel Award for TV Writing Achievement
 Garry Marshall

References

External links
 Official site
 Writers Guild of America Awards 2013 at IMDb

2013
Writers Guild of America
Writers Guild of America
Writers Guild of America
Writers Guild of America
2013 in American cinema
2013 in American television
Writers Guild of America Awards

66th Writers Guild of America Awards


Tony Aiello (born March 6, 1963) is a television reporter for WCBS-TV in New York City.  He joined the station in October, 2002 after spending more than four years at WNBC New York.  After almost a decade covering the northern suburbs from the WCBS-TV bureau in White Plains, New York, Aiello now is based at the CBS Broadcast Center in Manhattan.

Aiello came to New York in 1996 to work for WBIS+, a new station started by Dow Jones & Company.  Prior to New York, he worked at network affiliates WITI in Milwaukee, WI and WTVF in Nashville, Tennessee, which is where he began using the name "Tony" on-air.  Prior to Nashville, at jobs in Greenville, South Carolina, Charlottesville, Virginia, and Winchester, Virginia, Aiello used his given name, "Carm".

Aiello graduated from Indiana University in 1985 with a degree in telecommunications.  At IU he was a brother of the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity.  He also was a member of the prestigious Indiana University Student Foundation Steering Committee.

In 2006, Aiello appeared in an episode of Snapped on the Oxygen Network to comment on the case of a woman accused of stabbing her husband.  He also has appeared on Court TV to discuss high-profile criminal cases he has covered.

On the day of the September 11 attacks, Aiello and his wife were among the "plane people" on 38 aircraft diverted to Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador.

Aiello is active in the Westchester County, New York arts scene.  He has been a board member of ArtsWestchester and is on the board of the Westchester Philharmonic.

Aiello's wife Elizabeth was formerly a senior vice president at Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia and currently with Sirius XM Holdings.  The couple has two children and reside in New Rochelle, New York.

References
Biography from CBSNewYork.com
Feature story about Aiello family in Westchester Home magazine
 Radio interview with CBC about diversion to Gander
CBS New York report on diversion to Gander on 9/11

New York (state) television reporters
Television anchors from New York City
1963 births
Living people
Television personalities from New Rochelle, New York

Tony Aiello


Sadler's Mill, also referred to as Saddlers Mill, is a watermill in Romsey, Hampshire, England. It is probably the best known of Romsey's surviving mills and is apparently the only mill to be developed on the main course of the River Test.  The existence of Sadler's Mill is first recorded in the 16th century, when it was owned by the manor of Great and Little Spursholt.  Functioning as a corn and grist mill, it has passed through a succession of owners including Lord Palmerston who rebuilt it in 1747 and sold it in 1777 to one Benjamin Dawkins.  Following another succession of owners it returned to the Broadlands estate in 1889.  Milling ceased in 1932, when the mill building became redundant.  The Broadlands estate sold the building in 2003, at which point it was close to collapse having been derelict for many years. Anthony and Sarah de Sigley, restored the building in 2005, rebuilding much of the original structure.  During the restoration evidence of an earlier structure was found; carbon-14 dating established the age of this to be c. 1650. The restoration was completed by Dave Northway and Amanda Deeming, the new owners from 2008 onwards.

It is a Grade II listed building.

Recorded history
 1573 Sir Raphe Sadler
 1718 Sparsholt Mill bought by William Horne and Andrew Martin
 1745 Sold to Lord Palmerston
 1748 New Corn Mill built "Spursholt New Mills" with one small grist mill.  Mill House built
 1777 Sold to Benjamin Dawkins
 1813 Sold to James Fish with two water wheels
 1846 sold to William Fripp
 1846 sold to Aine Burt and becomes known as "Burt's Mill"
 1851 saw mill installed
 1876 sold to William Jeffery
 1889 sold to A Ashley and becomes part of the Broadlands estate again
 1931 Milling Ceased.  WE Holloway is the last miller.
 1968 Turbine generation ceases
 2003 Sold to Anthony and Sarah de Sigley
 2005 Restoration and modernisation of the Mill House complete and sold to Garry and Vanessa Venturi
 2007 The Wheel House sold to David and Sally Ellis
 2008 Sadlers Mill - The Mill sold to Dave Northway and Amanda Deeming requiring restoration
 2011 The Mill House sold to David and Aimee Anderson

See also
Romsey
River Test
List of watermills in the United Kingdom

References

Watermills in Hampshire
Romsey
Grade II listed buildings in Hampshire

Sadler's Mill


Yerevan Brandy Company ( (Yerevani Konyaki Gortsaran)), commonly known with its famous brand "ArArAt", is the leading enterprise of Armenia for the production of cognac. It was founded in 1887, during the period of the Russian Empire. After the Sovietization of Armenia, the factory became a state-owned enterprise. In 1999, the government of independent Armenia sold the factory to the French Pernod Ricard company for distilled beverages. The variety of the company's cognac products are labeled and publicized as ArArAt.

The company owns another factory in the town of Armavir, operating since 1966.

History

The Yerevan Brandy Company was founded in 1887 within the territories of the Erivan Fortress, by the wealthy 1st guild merchant Nerses Tairyan (Nerses Tairov), with the help of his cousin Vasily Tairov. However, the winery reached its hey-day in 1899, when it was leased to the Russian businessman Nikolay Shustov, who was a well-known vodka and liqueur producer. In 1900,  the factory was fully acquired by Shustov to become known as "Shustov and Sons". Shustov's company became the main supplier of the Imperial Majesty's court of Russia. During the International Exhibition in Paris in 1900, Shustov's Armenian brandy received the Grand-Prix and the legal right to be called "cognac", following a blind degustation.

In 1948, in connection with the reorganization of the Yerevan Ararat Wine-Brandy Factory (known until 1940 as the Shustov Factory), the factory building was separated into 2 entities: the Yerevan Ararat Brandy Factory and the Yerevan Brandy Factory.

As a separate entity, the Yerevan Brandy Factory was transferred to a new building in 1953 constructed specifically for the production of brandy. It was designed by architect Hovhannes Margaryan. The new building stands on a high plateau at the western end of the Victory Bridge of Yerevan, on the right bank of Hrazdan River, opposite to the Yerevan Ararat Brandy Factory. With its nine austere arches, and long flight of steps leading to it, the building is hailed as one of the best architectural examples of the Soviet architecture in Yerevan.

Between 1953 and 1991, the Yerevan Brandy Factory was granted the rights to become the plant to produce Armenian cognac within the Soviet Union. Markar Sedrakian was among the notable chief technologist of the factory who served form 1948 until 1973, to achieve the title of the Hero of Socialist Labor in 1966.

After the collapse of the Soviet rule, the Yerevan Brandy Factory was sold by the Government of Armenia to French distiller Pernod Ricard for $30 million during June 1998, after competitive bidding organized by Admiralty Investment Group of New Zealand and Merrill Lynch International of London.

Within the factory territories, the company also runs the "Ararat Heritage Center Museum and Shop" open for public tours.

In 2001, a Peace Barrel was set for aging within the heritage center of the factory, in honor of the visit of OSCE Minsk Group co-chairs. The barrel will be opened only when the Karabakh conflict is resolved.

Armenian cognac production

The ArArAt Armenian cognac is derived from the grapes of the fertile fields of the Ararat plain, Tavush region as well as Nagorno-Karabakh.

In April 1999, on the initiative of Yerevan Brandy Company, a new standard was introduced in Armenia named "Armenian Cognac", which rigidly regulates the production of this beverage. Yerevan Brandy Company remains the uncontested leader on the volume of production and the export of Armenian brandy. Many retired brands of the company are inaccessible to the retail network and can only be obtained from the factory's shop.

The Yerevan Brandy Company's trademark is registered in 47 countries. Currently, the company's products are exported to more than 25 countries, including Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.

Cognac brands
Currently, the Yerevan Brandy Company produces a variety of ArArAt Armenian cognac under several brands, including:
ArArAt Erebuni, 30 years old.
ArArAt Nairi, 20 years old.
ArArAt, 3, 5 and 25 years old.
ArArAt Tonakan, 15 years old.
ArArAt Akhtamar, 10 years old.
ArArAt Otborny, 7 years old.
ArArAt Ani, 6 years old.
ArArAt Dvin, collection.
ArArAt Armenia, collection.

Retired brands include "Ararat Vaspurakan" 15 years old, ArArAt Kilikia 30 years old, ArArAt Sparapet 40 years old and ArArAt Noah's Ark 70 years old.

See also
Ararat (brandy)
Yerevan Ararat Brandy Factory
Yerevan Champagne Wines Factory

References

External links
Official website
Yerevan Brandy Company

Companies of Armenia
Food and drink companies established in 1887
Armenian brands
Armenian distilled drinks
Distilleries in Armenia
Yerevan
Drink companies of the Soviet Union
Wineries of Armenia
Companies nationalised by the Soviet Union
1887 establishments in the Russian Empire

Yerevan Brandy Company


The Entertainer is a 1960 British kitchen sink drama film directed by Tony Richardson, produced by Harry Saltzman and adapted by John Osborne and Nigel Kneale from Osborne's stage play of the same name. The film stars Laurence Olivier as Archie Rice, a failing third-rate music-hall stage performer who tries to keep his career going even as the music-hall tradition fades into history and his personal life falls apart. Olivier was nominated for an Oscar for Best Actor in a Leading Role.

Plot
Jean Rice, a young London art teacher, travels to a seaside resort to visit her family. She is emotionally confused, having had a row with her fiancé Graham, who wants her to emigrate with him to Africa. She also is deeply concerned about the Suez Crisis, having seen Mick, her soldier brother, go to the war. She has attended a peace rally in Trafalgar Square that was directed against prime minister Anthony Eden.

She finds that the resort has declined from its pre-war heyday and is now drawing waning crowds, despite being in midseason. The music-hall act of her father Archie Rice (Olivier) plays to a small number of increasingly uninterested spectators. Her family is deeply dysfunctional and her beloved grandfather Billy, once one of the leading stars of the music hall, lives in quiet retirement with Archie, Archie's second wife Phoebe and Archie's son Frank.

Jean goes to the theatre where her father is playing. As well as being an undischarged bankrupt and a semi-alcoholic, he is desperately short of money and is hounded by creditors—the income-tax people as well as his unpaid cast. He is adored by his cynical son Frank and watched with mild amusement by his father, but his relationship with Phoebe is strained. He is a womaniser, and she is well aware of his tendencies, openly commenting on them to the rest of the family. She is often found drinking heavily.

With his latest show drawing to a close, Archie is desperate to secure a new show for the winter season. While acting as master of ceremonies at a Miss Great Britain beauty contest, he charms Tina Lapford, the young woman who finished in second place. Soon he is involved in an affair with her. Her wealthy and ambitious parents want her to have an entertainment career and are willing to put up the money for Archie's new show, if it includes her. They shake hands on the deal.

While this is going on, the radio reports that Mick has been captured by the Egyptians at Suez after a major firefight. Archie seems oblivious of the news and the distress of his family. He is fixated with his dream of restarting his stalled career and his affair. Jean discovers the affair and tells her grandfather. Acting out of what he believes are his son's best interests, and not knowing of the money for the next show, Billy goes to the girl's parents and tells them that Archie is already married and bankrupt. They swiftly break off all connections with Archie.

While Archie is still digesting this turn of events, news arrives that Mick has been killed by the Egyptians. Mick's body is returned and a civic commemoration is attended by the whole town. It is reported that he will be awarded a Victoria Cross for his actions. Archie is still too busy fixating on his career to notice how his family is falling apart at the news. His brother-in-law wants to help the family to relocate to Canada and help him run a hotel but Archie rebuffs him. Instead he persuades an impresario to promote a new show, with his father, who is keen to amend for stopping the Lapford funding, as the headline attraction. Billy, despite his age, is still extremely popular, and there is a public demand for his return.

On the opening night, Billy collapses and dies just before he's due on stage, completing the estrangement of the family. Phoebe and Frank are determined to go to Canada, and Archie is set on staying in Britain, even if it means going to jail. The film ends with Archie making an apparently final performance to an apathetic audience.

Cast
 Laurence Olivier as Archie Rice
 Brenda de Banzie as Phoebe Rice
 Roger Livesey as Billy Rice
 Joan Plowright as Jean Rice (her film debut)
 Alan Bates as Frank Rice (his film debut)
 Daniel Massey as Graham, Jean's fiancé
 Shirley Anne Field as Tina Lapford
 Thora Hird as Mrs Lapford
 Albert Finney as Mick Rice (his film debut)
 Charles Gray as Columnist

Production
The film was based on the play of the same name, written by British playwright John Osborne. The play was produced in 1957, and the first performance was given on 10 April 1957 at the Royal Court Theatre with Laurence Olivier in the leading role of Archie Rice. Osborne wrote the play at Olivier's request. Osborne's 1956 play Look Back in Anger was adapted into a film in 1959, directed by Tony Richardson, and starred Richard Burton in the leading role. Osborne, with Nigel Kneale, wrote the screenplay for the film.

Osborne then decided to adapt The Entertainer, and co-wrote it again with Kneale. Richardson again was assigned to direct the film, and Canadian producer Harry Saltzman produced it. Olivier reprised his role as Archie Rice, along with Brenda de Banzie, who played Phoebe, his hapless wife. They were the only members of the original cast to reprise their roles in the film adaptation, though Joan Plowright, who had replaced Dorothy Tutin when the stage production moved from the Royal Court to the West End Theatre, was once again cast as Archie's daughter Jean. Olivier, whose marriage to Vivien Leigh was disintegrating (they had married in 1940), went on to marry Plowright in March 1961.

Roger Livesey was cast as Archie's father Billy, despite being only one year older than Olivier. George Relph, the actor who originated the role in the play, died in April 1960.

This picture is Alan Bates' film debut. It is also Albert Finney's first film. Although Plowright is "introduced" in the credits, she had already appeared in two films: Moby Dick (1956) and Time Without Pity (1957).

Key cast and crew agreed to £45,000 of deferments, including £20,000 to Olivier against 17% of profits, and £5,000 each to Osborne, Saltzman and Richardson.

TCM's Felicia Feaster observes: "Tony Richardson (and fellow traveler, playwright John Osborne) typified this cinematic movement's trend for realism with an insistence on shooting on-location with natural sound and light." The insistence on realism caused budgetary problems. The film was budgeted at £193,000 but went over budget because of a variety of problems in production and post-production, including noise from seagulls in Morecambe.

In November 1959, The New York Times''' Stephen Watts filed a substantial story from Stratford-upon-Avon in England, where Olivier was appearing in Shakespeare's Coriolanus and commuting to Morecambe, where The Entertainer was being filmed on location. Watts' story revealed that Olivier had two teeth filed to create Archie's distinctive gap, that late-season visitors who saw the display outside the Alhambra Theatre frequently asked to buy tickets and that many locals appeared in the film. Olivier also told Watts, "If at one time someone had offered me a job as a song-and-dance man in a seaside show, I'd have been glad to take it. I would have called myself Larry Oliver and been as happy as a lark."

According to the BFI, after the film was completed, Olivier said that he felt "like a modern actor again".

Years later, Richardson said in The Long-Distance Runner: An Autobiography: "I couldn't have articulated it, having never been introspective (but) "The Entertainer was a key moment in my development, because all the ideas and convictions I was to work with afterward were crystallized in its making." Of the character of Archie Rice, Richardson said he was "... the embodiment of a national mood... Archie was the future, the decline, the sourness, the ashes of old glory, where Britain was heading."

Filming location
It was filmed on location in the Lancashire seaside town of Morecambe.

Release
Critical receptionThe Entertainer was named one of 1960's ten best films by The New York Times' film critics.

Olivier was nominated for an Oscar for Best Actor in a Leading Role.The New York Times' Bosley Crowther suggested that viewers see the film "[a]s an antidote to all the bromides about show people being lovely folk, amusing, courageous, soft-hearted and dedicated to spreading sunshine in the world.... 'The Entertainer' is a devastating picture of a hollow, hypocritical heel and of the pitiful people around him who are drowned in his grubby vanity.... Yet it works out to a fascinating picture, for one reason because of its superior illustrative performance and, for another, because of its striking mise en scène. Mr. Olivier is nothing short of brilliant.... Director Tony Richardson has imaged the cheapness of a seaside music hall, of grubby 'digs' and the midway surroundings in such a way as to have them all but smell...."

Rotten Tomatoes lists the film with a 79% "fresh rating" based on 14 reviews.

Leonard Maltin gives the film 3 1/2 out of 4 stars: "Film captures flavor of chintzy seaside resort, complementing Olivier's brilliance as egotistical song-and-dance man.... Film debuts of Bates and Finney."

Box office
Despite the critical acclaim, the film was a box-office disappointment. TCM's Felicia Feaster observes: "Critics ... tended to either love or hate the film. And despite a remarkable performance, Olivier ultimately never achieved the stunning success and adoration with the cinematic version that he had enjoyed with the play."

See also
 Angry young men
 Kitchen sink realism
 The Entertainer (play)''

References

External links

1960 films
1960 drama films
British black-and-white films
British drama films
British films based on plays
Films about entertainers
Films based on works by John Osborne
Films directed by Tony Richardson
Films scored by John Addison
Films set in 1956
Films produced by Harry Saltzman
Social realism in film
Suez Crisis films
1960s English-language films
1960s British films

The Entertainer (film)


Lavo Čermelj, Italianized in Lavo Cermeli (10 October 1889 – 26 January 1980) was a Slovene physicist, political activist, publicist and author. In the 1930s, he was one of the foremost representatives of Slovene anti-Fascist émigrés from the Italian-administered Julian March, together with Josip Vilfan, Ivan Marija Čok, and Engelbert Besednjak.

Life

Lavo Čermelj was born in Trieste, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. After finishing the German language lyceum in his native town, he enrolled in the Charles University in Prague, where he studied law for one year. He then switched to the University of Vienna, where he studied mathematics and physics, graduating from physics in 1914. During World War I he was drafted in the Austro-Hungarian Army. After the war he returned to Trieste, then already part of the Kingdom of Italy, where he worked as a professor at a private Slovene language high school. In the late 1920s he collaborated with several underground organizations that were resisting the policies of Fascist Italianization in the Julian March. When his activities were traced by the Italian Fascist secret police, he illegally emigrated to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. He settled in Ljubljana, and got employed at the Bežigrad Grammar School.

In the early 1930s, he started actively working as a researcher at the Minority Institute in Ljubljana, a private institution established to study the position of Slovene minorities in Italy, Austria and Hungary. In 1935, he published the monograph Life-and-death Struggle of a National Minority: the Yugoslavs in Italy, in which he described the persecution of the Slovenes and Croats in the Julian March and in the Venetian Slovenia. The book was later translated into French, German, Italian and Russian, becoming a referential work on the subject.

When the Italian army occupied the so-called Province of Ljubljana after the invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, Čermelj was arrested by the Italian authorities and trialed at the Second Trieste trial. He was sentenced to death, but the conviction was later converted to life imprisonment. He was sent to the maximum security prison on the island of Elba. In 1944 he was released by the Allied troops and joined the Yugoslav partisans. After World War II, he collaborated as an expert for the Yugoslav foreign ministry, and after 1947 he dedicated himself mostly to the study of the legal position of the Slovene minority in Italy.

Čermelj also wrote several books and articles for the popularization of science. In 1971 he translated Hoyle's book Astronomy from 1962 into Slovene.

He died in Ljubljana. In 1999, a memorial bust by Jakov Brdar was erected to him in Toscanini Park in Ljubljana.

See also

 Josip Ferfolja
 TIGR

References

1889 births
1980 deaths
Scientists from Trieste
Italian Slovenes
Slovenian physicists
Slovenian astronomers
Levstik Award laureates
Charles University alumni
University of Vienna alumni
Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
Yugoslav Partisans members

Lavo Čermelj


In systems involving heat transfer, a condenser is a heat exchanger used to condense a gaseous substance into a liquid state through cooling. In so doing, the latent heat is released by the substance and transferred to the surrounding environment. Condensers are used for efficient heat rejection in many industrial systems. Condensers can be made according to numerous designs and come in many sizes ranging from rather small (hand-held) to very large (industrial-scale units used in plant processes). For example, a refrigerator uses a condenser to get rid of heat extracted from the interior of the unit to the outside air.

Condensers are used in air conditioning, industrial chemical processes such as distillation, steam power plants, and other heat-exchange systems. The use of cooling water or surrounding air as the coolant is common in many condensers.

History

The earliest laboratory condenser, a "Gegenstromkühler" (counter-flow condenser), was invented in 1771 by the Swedish-German chemist Christian Weigel. By the mid-19th century, German chemist Justus von Liebig would provide his own improvements on the preceding designs of Weigel and Johann Friedrich August Göttling, with the device becoming known as the Liebig condenser.

Principle of operation
A condenser is designed to transfer heat from a working fluid (e.g. water in a steam power plant) to a secondary fluid or the surrounding air. The condenser relies on the efficient heat transfer that occurs during phase changes, in this case during the condensation of a vapor into a liquid. The vapor typically enters the condenser at a temperature above that of the secondary fluid. As the vapor cools, it reaches the saturation temperature, condenses into liquid, and releases large quantities of latent heat. As this process occurs along the condenser, the quantity of vapor decreases and the quantity of liquid increases; at the outlet of the condenser, only liquid remains. Some condenser designs contain an additional length to subcool this condensed liquid below the saturation temperature.

Countless variations exist in condenser design, with design variables including the working fluid, the secondary fluid, the geometry, and the material. Common secondary fluids include water, air, refrigerants, or phase-change materials.

Condensers have two significant design advantages over other cooling technologies:
Heat transfer by latent heat is much more efficient than heat transfer by sensible heat only
The temperature of the working fluid stays relatively constant during condensation, which maximizes the temperature difference between the working and secondary fluid.

Examples of condensers

Surface condenser
A surface condenser is one in which condensing medium and vapors are physically separated and used when direct contact is not desired. It is a shell and tube heat exchanger installed at the outlet of every steam turbine in thermal power stations.  Commonly, the cooling water flows through the tube side and the steam enters the shell side where the condensation occurs on the outside of the heat transfer tubes.  The condensate drips down and collects at the bottom, often in a built-in pan called a hotwell.  The shell side often operates at a vacuum or partial vacuum, produced by the difference in specific volume between the steam and condensate. Conversely, the vapor can be fed through the tubes with the coolant water or air flowing around the outside.

Chemistry

In chemistry, a condenser is the apparatus that cools hot vapors, causing them to condense into a liquid.  Examples include the Liebig condenser, Graham condenser, and Allihn condenser. This is not to be confused with a condensation reaction which links two fragments into a single molecule by an addition reaction and an elimination reaction.

In laboratory distillation, reflux, and rotary evaporators, several types of condensers are commonly used. The Liebig condenser is simply a straight tube within a cooling water jacket and is the simplest (and relatively least expensive) form of condenser. The Graham condenser is a spiral tube within a water jacket, and the Allihn condenser has a series of large and small constrictions on the inside tube, each increasing the surface area upon which the vapor constituents may condense.  Being more complex shapes to manufacture, these latter types are also more expensive to purchase.  These three types of condensers are laboratory glassware items since they are typically made of glass.  Commercially available condensers usually are fitted with ground glass joints and come in standard lengths of 100, 200, and 400 mm. Air-cooled condensers are unjacketed, while water-cooled condensers contain a jacket for the water.

Industrial distillation
Larger condensers are also used in industrial-scale distillation processes to cool distilled vapor into liquid distillate.  Commonly, the coolant flows through the tube side and distilled vapor through the shell side with distillate collecting at or flowing out the bottom.

Air conditioning

A condenser unit used in central air conditioning systems typically has a heat exchanger section to cool down and condense incoming refrigerant vapor into liquid, a compressor to raise the pressure of the refrigerant and move it along, and a fan for blowing outside air through the heat exchanger section to cool the refrigerant inside.  A typical configuration of such a condenser unit is as follows:  The heat exchanger section wraps around the sides of the unit with the compressor inside.  In this heat exchanger section, the refrigerant goes through multiple tube passes, which are surrounded by heat transfer fins through which cooling air can circulate from outside to inside the unit. This also increases the surface area. There is a motorized fan inside the condenser unit near the top, which is covered by some grating to keep any objects from accidentally falling inside on the fan.  The fan is used to pull outside cooling air in through the heat exchanger section at the sides and blow it out the top through the grating.  These condenser units are located on the outside of the building they are trying to cool, with tubing between the unit and building, one for vapor refrigerant entering and another for liquid refrigerant leaving the unit.  Of course, an electric power supply is needed for the compressor and fan inside the unit.

Direct-contact
In a direct-contact condenser, hot vapor and cool liquid are introduced into a vessel and allowed to mix directly, rather than being separated by a barrier such as the wall of a heat exchanger tube. The vapor gives up its latent heat and condenses to a liquid, while the liquid absorbs this heat and undergoes a temperature rise. The entering vapor and liquid typically contain a single condensable substance, such as a water spray being used to cool air and adjust its humidity.

Equation

For an ideal single-pass condenser whose coolant has constant density, constant heat capacity, linear enthalpy over the temperature range, perfect cross-sectional heat transfer, and zero longitudinal heat transfer, and whose tubing has constant perimeter, constant thickness, and constant heat conductivity, and whose condensible fluid is perfectly mixed and at a constant temperature, the coolant temperature varies along its tube according to:

where:
 is the distance from the coolant inlet
 is the coolant temperature, and T(0) the coolant temperature at its inlet
 is the hot fluid's temperature
 is the number of transfer units
 is the coolant's mass (or other) flow rate
 is the coolant's heat capacity at constant pressure per unit mass (or other)
 is the heat transfer coefficient of the coolant tube
 is the perimeter of the coolant tube
 is the heat conductance of the coolant tube (often denoted )
 is the length of the coolant tube

See also
Condenser (laboratory)
Air well (condenser)

References

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
Gas technologies
Heat exchangers
Heat transfer
Laboratory glassware
Steam turbine technology

Condenser (heat transfer)


Distributive writing is the collective authorship (or distributed authorship) of texts.

This further requires both a definition of collective and texts, where collective means a connected group of individuals and texts are inscribed symbols chained together to achieve a larger meaning than isolated symbols. This places emphasis on texts being represented as writings. This could be written words, iconic symbology (e.g., graffiti), computer programming languages (C/C++, Java, Perl, etc.), meta-level mark-up (HTML, XML, SVG, PostScript), and their derivative works. Also, not to be excluded are all the above in various languages. Further, to define texts, we must also have an interpreter for the texts. For computer programming languages, we have a compiler, for writings we have written words interpreted by our mental faculties, and for meta-level mark-up there are web browsers, printers to interpret postscript, and various software applications which turn textual representations into another format. (Patrick Deegan and Jon Phillips, 2004)

In ancient and oral literatures
The concept of distributed authorship has been applied to oral traditions in which one person's telling of a traditional story reflects the oral recitations of many previous tellers. It has likewise been applied to oral-derived written traditions, where a manuscript text is shaped by its transmission through multiple scribes, each of whom may alter the text.

Software to support distributive writing

Social Software
Social Software enables people to connect, communicate, and collaborate. It is explicitly the social which is of importance and is what is operated on. It is the commodity in the system. This is different from Distributive Writing because social software is based upon software, whereas DW is not, and is not just about collaborative writing. It is also about other forms of socializing.

Collaborative software, aka Groupware
GroupWare is about software and more importantly, in common use to describe combining many pieces of software together into a group for so-called easy access for an individual. The original definition had to do with a group of people operating on something collaboratively through software, but this has changed meaning due to corporate appropriation to describe software suites like Microsoft Office and LibreOffice.

Computer-supported collaboration (CSCT)
Distributive writing is not just bound to computing like CSCT.

Types
Synchronous – System of authorship where both author's make changes in real time (at the same time).

Asynchronous – System of authorship where both author's make changes in non-real time (render time or not at the time).

References

External links
When No One's Home: Being a Remote Writer in Distributed Teams
 Essential Skills for Every Writer - Infographic

Writing

Distributive writing


Dover Thrift Editions are a series of paperback books published by Dover Publications starting in the 1990s.  Thrift editions are printed economically and sold to consumers at a low price such as $1.00 to $2.50 in the United States, and £1.99 to £3.50 in the United Kingdom. Longer works are published as Dover Giant Thrift Editions and sold at about $5.00. Titles and authors are wide-ranging, but most are classic literature, drama, and poetry in the public domain. Some of the major works published include authors like Mary Shelley, William Shakespeare, Jane Austen, Charles Dickens, Mark Twain and Edgar Allan Poe.

Many schools use these editions due to their inexpensive cost.

References

Book publishing companies of the United Kingdom

Dover Thrift Edition


फलज्योतिषं फलज्योति:शास्त्रानुरूपं भाविविषयकथक:.

बाह्य

इतिहास:
 अमेरिकन वैदिक-ज्योतिषं परिषदं
 Modern Astrology
 Astrology: Between Religion and the Empirical
 The real romance in the stars - A critical view of astrology by Richard Dawkins.
 The Chinese Astrology

प्रमाणं
 Astrology and Science - A series of articles in which believers and skeptics debate the merits of astrology.
 The Astrotest - An account of a test of the predictive power of astrology, with references to other experiments.
 The True Disbelievers by Richard Kamann and Marcello Truzzi is a report of alleged internal events at CSICOP regarding their own claimed confirmation of M. Gauquelin's 'Mars Effect'
 The Skeptic's Dictionary on astrology
 The Skeptic's Dictionary on the Mars effect
 An Astrophysicist's Sympathetic and Critical View of Astrology  - by Victor Mansfield.

ज्योतिषशास्त्रम्
श्टब्स् संस्कृतसम्बद्धाः
सर्वे अपूर्णलेखाः
संचित्रसारमञ्जूषे योजनीये

फलितज्योतिषम्


Digo (Chidigo) is a Bantu language spoken primarily along the East African coast between Mombasa and Tanga by the Digo people of Kenya and Tanzania. The ethnic Digo population has been estimated at around 360,000 (Mwalonya et al. 2004), the majority of whom are presumably speakers of the language. All adult speakers of Digo are bilingual in Swahili, East Africa's lingua franca. The two languages are closely related, and Digo also has much vocabulary borrowed from neighbouring Swahili dialects.

Classification

The classification and sub-classification of Digo provides a good example of the difficulty sometimes faced by linguists in differentiating languages and dialects. Most contemporary authorities follow Nurse and Hinnebusch (1993) in classifying Digo as a dialect of Mijikenda, one of the constituent languages of the Sabaki group of Northeast Coast Bantu. The Mijikenda dialects are indeed mutually intelligible, though they are conventionally treated as separate languages. Digo is a member of the southern Mijikenda sub-group, and is most closely related to its neighbours Duruma and Rabai. It is, however, felt by speakers to be sufficiently different from other Mijikenda dialects to deserve its own orthography and literature.

Dialects
Digo speakers recognise in turn a number of named varieties or dialects of their language. These are:
 Chinondo (Northern Digo), spoken along the south Kenya coast between Likoni (south Mombasa) and Msambweni (Hinnebusch 1973);
 Ungu (or Lungu, Southern Digo), spoken on the coastal strip south of Msambweni and across the border into northern Tanzania (Hinnebusch 1973);
 Ts'imba, spoken in the Shimba Hills of Kenya between Vuga in the east and Ng'onzini in the west (Walsh 2006); and
 Tsw'aka (or Chw'aka), spoken in and around the village of the same name on the Shimoni Peninsula of Kenya (Möhlig 1992, Nurse & Walsh 1992).
Tsw'aka was once thought to have been a local variety of the Vumba dialect of Swahili, but is now considered to be a variety of Digo in the process of shifting to Vumba. Some assimilated Segeju and Degere are also said to speak their own separate varieties of Digo, presumably as a consequence of language shift (Nurse & Walsh 1992).

Orthography and literature
Digo speakers usually write their language using an alphabet based on the Latin alphabet used for Swahili, with additional combinations of letters representing some of the sounds that are distinctive to Digo (e.g. 'ph' for the voiced bilabial fricative or approximant). This has been developed further by the Digo Language and Literacy Project of Bible Translation and Literacy (East Africa). The project has produced basic literacy materials and published a Digo-English-Swahili Dictionary using the new orthography (Mwalonya et al. 2004) as well as a linguistic description in A Grammar of Digo (Nicolle 2013). The Digo New Testament was finished in 2007. All of these materials are based on the Northern Digo dialect spoken in Kenya.

One hundred Digo proverbs have been collected and published by Margaret Wambere Ireri, with translations into Swahili, English, and French.

References

 Hinnebusch, T.J. (1973). Prefixes, Sound Change, and Sub grouping in the Coastal Kenyan Bantu Languages, unpublished PhD dissertation, UCLA.
 Möhlig, W.J.G. (1992). "Language Death and the Origin of Strata: Two Case Studies of Swahili Dialects", in M. Brenzinger (ed.) Language Death: Factual and Theoretical Explanations with Special Reference to East Africa. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 157–179.
 Mwalonya, J., Nicolle, A., Nicolle S. & Zimbu, J. (2004). Mgombato: Digo-English-Swahili Dictionary. Nairobi: BTL.
 Nicolle, Steve. (2013). A Grammar of Digo: A Bantu language of Kenya and Tanzania. Dallas, TX: SIL International.
Nurse, D. & Hinnebusch, T.J. (1993). Swahili and Sabaki: A Linguistic History (University of California Publications in Linguistics 121). Berkeley & London: University of California Press.
 Nurse, D. & Walsh, M.T. (1992). "Chifundi and Vumba: Partial Shift, No Death", in M. Brenzinger (ed.) Language Death: Factual and Theoretical Explanations with Special Reference to East Africa. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 181–121.
 Walsh, M.T. (2006). "A Click in Digo and its Historical Interpretation", Azania, 41.

External links
 Digo dictionary, grammar and publications

Languages of Kenya
Languages of Tanzania
Northeast Coast Bantu languages

Digo language


Fever is a song by international pop singer/songwriter Lady Gaga. The song, however, was given to Adam Lambert to be released off the album For Your Entertainment for mainstream radio in New Zealand. The song hit #3 on the New Zealand Pop chart in September 2010. The song was released by Lambert on August 3rd, 2010.

Adam Lambert songs
2010 songs

Fever (Adam Lambert song)