Ayaan Hirsi Ali (born 13 November 1969) is a Dutch-American activist who was born in Somalia. She is known for being critical of female genital mutilation and Islam. She is the daughter of Somali politician Hirsi Magan Isse. In 2005 Hirsi Ali was in Time magazine's list of the 100 most influential people in the world. Hirsi Ali became an American citizen in 2013. She is married to British historian and public commentator Niall Ferguson.

Early life
Hirsi Ali was born as Ayaan Hirsi Magan in 1969 in Mogadishu, Somalia. Her father Hirsi Magan Isse was put in prison when Hirsi Ali was a baby. She had female genital mutilation done to her when she was five years old. Hirsi Ali's family moved with her to Saudi Arabia then Ethiopia. In 1980 they moved again to Nairobi, Kenya. Hirsi Ali studied at a Muslim Girls' Secondary School.

Life in the Netherlands and United States
In 1992 Hirsi Ali moved to the Netherlands. Between 1995 and 2001 she worked as a translator.
She started working as a researcher for the Wiardi Beckman Foundation in 2001.
In 2002 she became an atheist. She became a member of the Dutch parliament in 2003. Hirsi Ali wrote the script for a short film directed by Theo Van Gogh called Submission. It was released in 2004. Mohammed Bouyeri killed Van Gogh on 2 November 2004. He left a note on Gogh's body. The note was a death threat to Hirsi Ali. In 2006 Hirsi Ali's second book translated in English, The Caged Virgin: An Emancipation Proclamation for Women and Islam, was published.

In 2013 Hirsi Ali became a naturalized US citizen.

In 2014 Brandeis University decided to give Hirsi Ali an honorary degree. Then she was not given the degree because of a campaign.

Political views
Hirsi Ali supports Israel in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

AHA Foundation
In 2007 Hirsi Ali started the AHA Foundation. The foundation is for women's rights.

Related pages
List of Dutch women politicians

References
  Bio at Parlement.com

1969 births
Living people
American activists
American feminists
Dutch atheists
Members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
Former Muslims
Islamophobia
Naturalised citizens of the Netherlands
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Mogadishu
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy politicians

Ayaan Hirsi Ali


The Manual of Patent Examining Procedure (MPEP) is published by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) for use by patent attorneys and agents and patent examiners.  It describes all of the laws and regulations that must be followed in the examination of U.S. patent applications, and articulates their application to an enormous variety of different situations.  The MPEP is based on Title 37 of the Code of Federal Regulations, which derives its authority from Title 35 of the United States Code, as well as on case law arising under those titles.  The first version of the MPEP was published in 1920 by the Patent and Trademark Office Society.

The MPEP is used extensively by patent attorneys and agents to help make sure they and Examiners follow the proper USPTO regulations.  The USPTO registration examination tests knowledge of the MPEP and the underlying laws and regulations.

The MPEP is available in both PDF and HTML versions.  The current version of the MPEP is the 9th Edition, which was released in March 2014. The MPEP has traditionally been available in paper form, but electronic versions are now used more often, particularly because an applicant only may consult the electronic versions while taking the USPTO registration examination, or the patent bar examination. As of March, 2014 the patent bar examination tests the 9th Edition.

The MPEP provides guidance to members of the public on how to present persuasive arguments to a patent examiner as to why a patent should be granted on a given patent application.  See in particular Chapter 2100 on patentability.

Contents
The MPEP comprises the following chapters:

 0100, Secrecy, Access, National Security, and Foreign Filing
 0200, Types, Cross-Noting, and Status of Application
 0300, Ownership and Assignment
 0400, Representative of Inventor or Owner
 0500, Receipt and Handling of Mail and Papers
 0600, Parts, Form, and Content of Application
 0700, Examination of Applications
 0800, Restriction in Applications Filed Under 35 U.S.C. 111; Double Patenting
 0900, Prior Art, Classification, and Search
 1000, Matters Decided by Various U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Officials
 1100, Statutory Invention Registration (SIR) and Pre-Grant Publication (PG Pub)
 1200, Appeal
 1300, Allowance and Issue
 1400, Correction of Patents
 1500, Design Patents
 1600, Plant Patents
 1700, Miscellaneous
 1800, Patent Cooperation Treaty
 1900, Protest
 2000, Duty of Disclosure
 2100, Patentability
 2200, Citation of Prior Art and Ex Parte Reexamination of Patents
 2300, Interference Proceedings
 2400, Biotechnology
 2500, Maintenance Fees
 2600, Optional Inter Partes Reexamination
 2700, Patent Terms and Extensions
 2800, Supplemental Examination
 2900, International Design Applications
 Appendix I, Partial List of Trademarks'
 Appendix II, List of Decisions Cited Appendix L, Patent Laws Appendix R, Patent Rules Appendix T, Patent Cooperation Treaty Appendix AI, Administrative Instructions Under The PCT Appendix P, Paris Convention Index, Subject Matter Index Chapter FPC, Form Paragraphs Consolidated Replications
Many third parties have replicated the MPEP in electronic form.

 Commercial replications
Commercial replications, that is, those that require a fee/subscription service to access the MPEP include, an iPhone App called, LawStack MPEP (provides free trial), and an e-Book version provided by Thomson Reuters.

 Non-commercial replications
Non-commercial replications, that is, those that are provided freely without any fees or charges, include one provided by Tysver Beck Evans LLP  and a searchable replication provided by Chhabra Law. The USPTO also provides a searchable replication on its website.

 See also
United States Patents Quarterly (USPQ)Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office PracticesTrademark Manual of Examining Procedure (TMEP)Manual of Patent Office Practice'' (MOPOP) (Canadian patent law)
Manual of Patent Practice, issued by the United Kingdom's Intellectual Property Office
Guidelines for Examination in the European Patent Office
United States Patent Classification
Patent Application Information Retrieval (PAIR)

References

External links
 Manual of Patent Examining Procedure (MPEP) on the USPTO web site

United States patent law
Publications of the United States government
Works about patent law

Manual of Patent Examining Procedure


Moisés Salinas Fleitman is a Mexican scholar of  developmental and social psychology, a multi-cultural educator,  a Zionist political activist, and the former Chief diversity officer at Central Connecticut State University and Rector (academia) at ORT University Mexico.

Early life
Born in Mexico City, Mexico in 1966, Salinas was involved in Zionist activities from age 15 when he attended the Aluma Institute for Jewish Education, which was a program in Jewish education and leadership.  He then served as a youth councilor in the Dor Hadash Zionist Organization in Mexico City.   Later (1985-6), he served as Secretary General of the movement that had about 150 members, and designed educational activities for youth aged 10–18.

Salinas first came to Israel in 1984-5 when he attended the Machon L'Madrichei Chutz La'Aretz, the Institute for Youth Leaders Abroad in Jerusalem, which was a program in Zionist leadership and education.  He returned to Israel in 1986 to study at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, earning his BA in Educational Psychology in 1991.  While studying, he was an active participant of the Peace Now (Hebrew: ) movement and a member of the Mapam party student wing.

Political activities
Salinas moved to Israel in 1986. In 1988, he became the youngest board member of the Magshimim Federation, and he coordinated several programs for the Jewish Agency Youth and Hechalutz department for Latin America. In 2004, Salinas became one of 14 young Zionist leaders worldwide to be honored with the first Herzl Awards from the World Zionist Organization for his contributions to the Zionist movement. In about 2003, Salinas founded the Hartford chapter of the American Zionist Movement. He was profiled in the Jewish Ledger and selected as one of Connecticut's Jewish Movers and Shakers in 2005. He served as a board member of the national American Zionist federation, as well as a board member of Meretz USA and the Jewish Academic Network for Israeli-Palestinian Peace. He served as president of Meretz USA/Partners for Progressive Israel in 2010.

Academic activities
Salinas completed his Ph.D. in educational psychology at the University of Texas in Austin. He most recently served as associate professor of developmental and social psychology at Central Connecticut State University. He has published in a variety of publications, including the Journal of Black Psychology and Computers and Education. He has co-authored papers with psychologists Claude Steele, Joshua Aronson, and Richard Valencia. He has received  awards from the American Education Research Association Grant in 2003, from the Carnegie Academy for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning award in 2002, and a The Pew Charitable Trusts Teaching Leadership Award in 1997. In 2008 he was named Chief Diversity Officer at CCSU.

In 2011, Salinas left CCSU and became Academic Dean at Hebraica University in Mexico City in August 2011. In 2015, he was named Rector (academia) at ORT University Mexico, the first institution in Latin America focused on Social Responsibility, Entrepreneurship and Leadership.

Selected publications

Books
Salinas, M.F., & Salinas, J.I. (2013). Tu hijo en el centro: Una nueva visión educativa para la era digital [Your child at the center: a new educational vision for the digital era]. Mexico, D.F.: Random House.
Salinas, M.F. & Abu-Rabi (Eds.) (2010), Resolving the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Perspectives on the Peace Process. Amherst, NY: Cambria Press.
Salinas, M.F. (2007). Planting hatred, sowing pain: the psychology of the Israeli Palestinian conflict.  Westport, CT: Greenwood/Praeger.
Salinas, M.F. (2003). The politics of stereotype: Affirmative action and psychology.  Westport, CT: Greenwood/Praeger.
Valencia, R. R., & Salinas, M. F. (2003). Cultural bias in intelligence tests: Is it a closed issue? In R. R. Valencia and L. Suzuki (Eds.), Intelligence Testing and Minority Students. New York: Sage Publications.
Aronson, J., Steele, C. M., Salinas, M. F., & Lustina, M. J. (2003). The effect of stereotype threat on the standardized test performance of college students. In E. Aronson (Ed.), Readings About the Social Animal. (8th ed., pp. 415–430). New York: Worth Publishers.

Other publications
Aronson, J., Steele, C.M.,  Salinas, M.F., & Lustina, M.J. (2003). The effect of stereotype threat on the standardized test performance of college students. In E. Aronson (Ed.) Readings About the Social Animal. (9th ed., pp. 415–430). New York: Worth Publishers.
Salinas, M. F.  (2005). Attitudes. In N. J. Salkind (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Human Development, Vol. 1. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Salinas, M. F., & Kane, S. E. (2005). Achievement, Long Term Learning and Lerner-Centered instruction in Higher Education. In P. Lemma (Ed.), Effective teaching: Systematic Reflections on the scholarship of teaching, 2.  New Britain, CT: CCSU.Adam, M. (2004). Re-Acculturating Racial Stereotypes. Education Digest, 70(1), 38-42.
Salinas, M.F.,(2006). From Dewey to Gates: A model to integrate pedagogical principles in the selection and use of instructional technology. Computers and Education.
Valencia, R.R, Villareal, B. &  Salinas, M.F. (2002). Cultural bias in intelligence testing for Mexican Americans. In R. R. Valencia (Ed.) Chicano School Failure and Success, 2nd  ed.. London: Falmer Press.
Valencia, R.R. & Salinas, M.F. (2000). Test Bias. In R. R. Valencia and L. Suzuki,(Eds.) Intelligence Testing and Minority Students. New York: Sage Publications.
Salinas, M.F. (1998). Stereotype threat: The role of effort withdrawal and apprehension on the intellectual underperformance of Mexican-Americans. Dissertation Abstracts International, 59 (06), 1908A. (University Microfilms No. AAT98-38106)
Davis, C., Aronson, J. & Salinas, M.F. (2006). Black racial identity as a moderator of stereotype threat: Identity in context. Journal of Black Psychology, 32, 4.  399-418.

References

External links
 Salinas page at Central Connecticut State University
 Moises Salinas homepage
 Education Digest
 Hispanic Outlook Magazine
 Social Psychology Network

1966 births
Living people
People from Mexico City
Mexican emigrants to Israel
Mexican Jews
Mexican psychologists
Mexican Zionists
Israeli Jews
Israeli psychologists
Israeli people of Mexican-Jewish descent
Central Connecticut State University faculty

Moisés Salinas


Vault Records was a record label founded by Jack Lewerke and Ralph Keffel in Los Angeles in 1963.

Vault is known for contributing to the popularity of surf rock by releasing Surfbeat, the debut album of the Challengers. ATCO Records distributed the label's recordings until 1965, when the task was taken over by Autumn Records, an independent label in San Francisco. After Autumn folded in 1966, Vault was given the catalogue. As surf rock lost popularity, Vault reissued some of its more obscure releases and signed psychedelic rock musicians. By 1969, Vault had released two nationally charting singles, and Lewerke sold the company to National Tape Distributors of Milwaukee. In 1971, he repurchased the master tapes and reissued material on JAS Records.

Vault's jazz catalogue included albums by Hampton Hawes, Charlie Barnet, and Larry Bunker with Gary Burton.

References

American record labels
Record labels established in 1963
Pop record labels
Rock record labels
Rhythm and blues record labels

Vault Records


Bāzrangī (also known as Bazrangids or Badhrangids) is the attested family name of a dynasty of petty rulers in south western Iran near the end of Arsacid Empire as well as the name of geographical districts.

As Sasan's wife family
The lord Sasan who is named as the eponymous ancestor of the Sasanians took, according to Tabari, a wife from a family called "Bazrangi". The woman was called Rambehesht and according to Tabari "possessed beauty and perfection". She bore Sasan a son called Papak.

In the account of Tabari, Ardashir, the founder of Sassanid dynasty was sent for educational reasons, at the request of his father Papak, to Tīrī who was the eunuch of Gōčehr the king of Eṣṭaḵr. Later Ardashir succeeded Tīrī who was the chief officer (i.e. argbed) of Dārābgerd. Ardashir managed to make a number of local conquests and then wrote to his father to revolt against Gōčehr. Papak did so and killed Gōčehr and took his throne. This is the last time Tabari mentions about Gōčehr or the Bāzrangī family and other notices of Bāzrangī in later sources are all taken from Ṭabarī. There has not been found any coins naming Gōčehr or Bāzrangī.

There is a suggestion by S. Wikander that Bāzrang is not a name but rather a title with the etymology of "holding a mace", or "possessing miraculous power". This suggestion is unproven for R. N. Frye.

As geographical district
The word Bāzrang has been used in other historical sources, such as Eṣṭaḵrī, to refer to a geographical district in the mountainous Boir Aḥmadī area where the Šīrīn and Šāḏkān rivers have their origin. R. Frye indicates that this district could be the one in the Pahlavi text Xusraw ud rēdag where excellent wine or must came from. Today however there are the villages upper Bāzrang and lower Bāzrang in the Behbahān district of the province of Ḵūzestān. There is also a mention in popular folktales of Iran that the word bāzrangī means wild person. The connection of the geographical name and other occurrences of the word is uncertain.

See also
Iranian people
History of Iran

Notes

References

+
Sasanian Empire

Bazrangi


Attention is a rock band from Minneapolis, MN. Featuring former members of The Stereo, Gloria Record, New End Original and Gratitude, Attention is singer/guitarist Jeremy Tappero, drummer David Jarnstrom, guitarist Eric Fairchild, and bassist Derek Ritchison.

The band released their first album in 2003, with the LP "Say What You Mean What You Say" which was released on Suburban Home Records. Attention played live both locally and on many national tours, but was put on hiatus when Jeremy and David took over the guitar and drum duties in Gratitude. After the breakup of Gratitude, Jeremy and David returned to Attention in the later part of 2005 to record a new CD. "Yeah.. I'm Fine", was released in Japan on Bad News Records The band's involvement with Bad News Records also gained them several live shows in Japan in December 2005. In 2007 Attention released a teaser EP titled "Stand Strong" featuring all new material. The Stand Strong EP was recorded is Los Angeles by producer Chris Testa (Jimmy Eat World, Dixie Chicks, Switchfoot) and mixed in Minneapolis by Grammy winner James Harley. After a 2008 UK tour Attention headed back into the studio to begin work on a brand new full-length album.  "Everything Takes Forever" was released in June 2009.  In January 2010, Attention returned to the studio to record a follow-up to "Everything Takes Forever."  The album was recorded, mixed, and mastered over the course of 31 days.  "Through The Wire" was released February 1, 2010. In the spring of 2012, they entered the studio to record a new full-length album.  "Tattered Youth" was released May 22, 2012.

Discography
 Attention - 2001
 Say What You Mean What You Say - 2003
 Yeah...I'm Fine - 2005
 Stand Strong - 2007
 Everything Takes Forever - 2009
 Through the Wire - 2010
 Tattered Youth - 2012

External links
 Official Site

Musical groups from Minnesota
Musical groups from the Twin Cities

Attention (band)


The St. Julien Memorial, also known as The Brooding Soldier, is a Canadian war memorial and small commemorative park located in the village of Saint-Julien, Langemark (), Belgium. The memorial commemorates the Canadian First Division's participation in the Second Battle of Ypres of World War I which included fighting in the face of the first poison gas attacks along the Western Front.  The memorial was designed by World War I veteran and architect, Lieutenant Frederick Chapman Clemesha, and was selected following a design competition organized by the Canadian Battlefields Memorials Commission in 1920.

Background
The village of Saint Julien and a section of forested land called Saint Julien Wood was at a pronounced bend in the north east sector of the Ypres Salient prior to the Second Battle of Ypres. The area was also the junction between the British and French sectors of responsibility. The Canadian First Division was assigned the most northern section of the British line and to their left, the 45th (Algerian) Division held the southernmost end of the French line. The German Army had brought forward  168 tons of chlorine gas deployed in 5,730 cylinders buried in front of their trenches, opposite Langemark-Poelkapelle, north of Ypres. The Canadians, who had been moved into their positions only a few days earlier were manning the lines for several hundred metres along a front to the southwest of St. Julien when the German Army unleashed the first poison gas attack on the Western Front on 22 April 1915.

Pushed towards the Allied lines by a wind from the north, the initial gas attack largely drifted to the north and west of the Canadian lines, into the trenches of the French colonial troops of the French 45th (Algerian) and 87th (Territorial) Divisions, of 26th Reserve Corps. The gas drifted across positions largely held French colonial troops who broke ranks and abandoned their trenches after witnessing the early casualties, creating an 8,000 yard (7 km) gap in the Allied line. The German infantry were also wary of the gas and, lacking reinforcements, failed to exploit the break before the First Canadian Division and assorted French troops reformed the line in scattered, hastily prepared positions 1,000 to 3,000 yards apart. In actions at Kitcheners Wood, Mauser Ridge, Pilkem Ridge and Gravenstafel Ridge the Canadians held the line and prevented a German breakthrough until they were relieved by reinforcements on the 24 April.

In the 48 crucial hours that they held the line, 6,035 Canadians – or one man in every three who went into battle – became casualties; of that number, approximately 2,000 (or one man in every nine) were killed.

Memorial

Site and design selection

At the end of the war, The Imperial War Graves Commission granted Canada eight sites – five in France and three in Belgium – on which to erect memorials. Each site represented a significant Canadian engagement in the war and for this reason it was originally decided that each battlefield would be treated equally and graced with identical monuments. The Canadian Battlefields Memorials Commission was formed in November 1920 and decided a competition would be held to select the design of the memorial that would be used at the eight European sites. In October 1922, the submission of Toronto sculptor and designer Walter Seymour Allward was selected as the winner of the competition, and the submission of Frederick Chapman Clemesha placed second. The commission decided Allward's monumental design would be used at Vimy Ridge in France as it was the most dramatic location.  Originally, Clemesha's 'Brooding Soldier' design was selected for the remaining sites but was later, for a number of reasons, erected only at Saint Julien in Belgium.  The remaining six sites at Passchendaele, and Hill 62 in Belgium and Le Quesnel, Dury, Courcelette and Bourlon Wood in France each received an essentially identical Canadian granite block memorial marker, differentiated only with brief inscriptions that describe the battle they commemorate in English and French on their sides.  The blocks are situated in small parks that vary in shape and design and are typically situated on key points of the battlefield they memorialize.

The memorial at Saint Julien was unveiled on 8 July 1923 by Prince Arthur, the Duke of Connaught and the tribute was made by French Marshal Ferdinand Foch, former Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers on the Western Front. In his address, Foch stated:

Design and location

The memorial is found on the northern fringe of the village of Saint Julien at the intersection of the N313 road and Zonnebekestraat. During the war, the location where the memorial is located was known as Vancouver Corner. Visible for miles around, the memorial stands 11 metres tall. The 'Brooding Soldier' column rises from a low circular flagstone terrace and is sculpted at its top to form the bowed head and shoulders of a Canadian soldier.  The soldier's hands resting are on the butt of his down-turned rifle in the 'arms reversed' position, a pose used as gesture of mourning and respect for the fallen performed at funerals and services of remembrance. Surrounding the column and central terrace are gardens of tall cedars trimmed into the shape of artillery shells and low cut cedars trimmed to look like shell explosions.  Some of the soil that nourishes the gardens of the memorial was brought from various locations from across Canada to represent the broad spectrum of Canadian men who fought shoulder to shoulder on the battlefields of 1915.

A replica of Clemesha's St-Julien monument was incorporated into the cenotaph designed by R. W. G. Heughan which was erected in Victoria Park, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada in 1926.

References

External links

 St Julien – Veteran Affairs Canada
 Canadian memorial at St. Julien
 Kitchener's Wood

Canadian military memorials and cemeteries
Canada in World War I
World War I memorials in Belgium
Ypres Salient
1923 sculptures
Cemeteries and memorials in West Flanders
Funerary and memory sites of the First World War (Western Front)

Saint Julien Memorial


The GNU Scientific Library (or GSL) is a software library for numerical computations in applied mathematics and science. The GSL is written in C; wrappers are available for other programming languages. The GSL is part of the GNU Project and is distributed under the GNU General Public License.

Project history
The GSL project was initiated in 1996 by physicists Mark Galassi and James Theiler of Los Alamos National Laboratory. They aimed at writing a modern replacement for widely used but somewhat outdated Fortran libraries such as Netlib. They carried out the overall design and wrote early modules; with that ready they recruited other scientists to contribute.

The "overall development of the library and the design and implementation of the major modules" was carried out by Brian Gough and Gerard Jungman. Other major contributors were Jim Davies, Reid Priedhorsky, M. Booth, and F. Rossi.

Version 1.0 was released in 2001. In the following years, the library expanded only slowly; as the documentation stated, the maintainers were more interested in stability than in additional functionality. Major version 1 ended with release 1.16 of July 2013; this was the only public activity in the three years 2012–2014.

Vigorous development resumed with publication of version 2.0 in October 2015. The latest version 2.7 was released in June 2021.

Example
The following example program calculates the value of the Bessel function of the first kind and order zero for 5:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <gsl/gsl_sf_bessel.h>

int main(void)
{
  double x = 5.0;
  double y = gsl_sf_bessel_J0(x);
  printf("J0(%g) = %.18e\n", x, y);
  return 0;
}
The example program has to be linked to the GSL library
upon compilation:
$ gcc $(gsl-config --cflags) example.c $(gsl-config --libs)

The output is shown below and should be correct to double-precision accuracy:
J0(5) = -1.775967713143382920e-01

Features
The software library provides facilities for:

Programming-language bindings
Since the GSL is written in C, it is straightforward to provide wrappers for other programming languages. Such wrappers currently exist for
 AMPL
 C++
 Fortran
 Haskell
 Java
 Julia
 Common Lisp
 OCaml
 Octave
 Perl Data Language
 Python
 R
 Ruby
  Rust

C++ support
The GSL can be used in C++ classes, but not using pointers to member functions, because the type of pointer to member function is different from pointer to function. Instead, pointers to static functions have to be used. Another common workaround is using a functor.

C++ wrappers for GSL are available. Not all of these are regularly maintained. They do offer access to matrix and vector classes without having to use GSL's interface to malloc and free functions. Some also offer support for also creating workspaces that behave like Smart pointer classes. Finally, there is (limited, as of April 2020) support for allowing the user to create classes to represent a parameterised function as a functor.

While not strictly wrappers, there are some C++ classes  that allow C++ users to use the Gnu Scientific Library with wrapper features.

See also

 List of numerical-analysis software
 List of numerical libraries
 Netlib
 Numerical Recipes

Notes

References

External links

 GSL Design Document
 The gsl package for R (programming language),  an R wrapper for the special functions and quasi random number generators.
 FLOSS FOR SCIENCE interview with Mark Galassi on the history of GSL.

C (programming language) libraries
Free computer libraries
Free software programmed in C
Scientific Library
Mathematical libraries
Numerical libraries
Numerical software
Articles with example C code

GNU Scientific Library


The Upper Wardha Dam is an earthfill straight gravity dam across the Wardha River, a tributary of the Godavari River, near Simbhora village in Morshi taluk in Amravati district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The dam provides multipurpose benefits of irrigation, drinking water supply, flood control and hydropower generation.

The Upper Wardha Dam is also known as the Nala Damayanti Sagar, named after the famous characters Nala and Damayanti of an epic love story in Hindu mythology, Nala and Damayanti.

The multipurpose Upper Wardha Dam project is considered the lifeline for Amravati city, and Morshi and Warud Talukas. It is an integral component of the Upper Wardha Irrigation Project, which envisages providing water for irrigation, drinking water supply and for industrial use and also flood control. Hydropower generation is planned only when irrigation develops.

Geography
The Wardha River, across which the Upper Wardha Dam is built, is a tributary of the Godavari River. From its origin, at an altitude of  in Satpura Range from the Multai plateau in Betul District of Madhya Pradesh, the river flows  in Madhya Pradesh and then enters into Maharashtra near the Multai plateau of the Satpuda range. It flows along the entire northern and western border of the Wardha district. After traversing , it joins Wainganga River and together it is called the Pranhita, which ultimately flows into the Godavari River. Kar, Wena, Jam and  Erai are its left-bank tributaries whereas Madu, Bembla and Penganga are the right-bank tributaries. The catchment area is hilly and forested in its upper reaches from its source and the lower reaches are flat wide valleys.

The project is located near Morshi, about  towards to the east of Morshi and  from the Amravati City, in the Godavari River Basin. The river drains a catchment area of  up to the dam site.

Hydrology
The path of Monsoon depressions that originate in the Bay of Bengal descends directly on the Upper Wardha catchment area. In the months of August and September, intense cyclonic precipitation also occurs over the catchment for one of two days as the low-pressure area formed in the Bay of Bengal and the cyclone moved in North West direction. On such occasions, intense rainfall is followed by flash flood runoff in the catchment. In view of these meteorological aspects heavy floods have been very common feature in this catchment. For such a flashy type of catchment with varying  topography, runoff estimates at dam site are an involved process. The catchment drained at the dam site is of  and is fan shaped. The parameters of slope, soil and vegetation cover, which influence the hydrology of the project, vary widely. The average annual rainfall in the catchment is , with 95% of occurring during monsoon period from June to September. The average annual inflow to the Upper Wardha Reservoir is estimated at 783 million cubic metres. The 75% dependable runoff is estimated as 500,720,000 cubic metres.

Specifications

Upper Wardha dam has two sections, the spillway at the central part of the river is flanked by long earthen embankment dams. The height of the masonry dam, which is the spillway, above the lowest foundation is  and its length is . The height of the earth dam on both flanks of the spillway is  and its total length is . The dam structure has a volume content of 6500 million cubic metres. The gross storage capacity of the reservoir is 786,480,000 cubic metres (27.8 TMC) with the live or effective storage capacity fixed at 614.79 million cubic metres (21.7TMC). The Dead Storage capacity is 171,690,000 cubic metres. Water utilization is planned at 390 million cubic metres. The spillway built in the gorge section of the river, which is  long, is a gated structure with 13 radial gates designed to pass the design flood discharge of /s.

Submergence
The reservoir water spread at Full Reservoir Level (FRL) of  is . The reservoir submergence involved 24 villages in Amravati and Wardha Districts, which were partially or fully submerged involving rehabilitation of 3000 families (11,817 people) of farmers and fish workers who were displaced and resettled. These families were still in an agitation mode seeking better compensation, as only a small cash compensation was provided to them when resettled. Their demand centred on right to access the Upper Wardha dam (the Nal Damayanti Sagar) reservoir for fisheries as a measure of rehabilitation.

Irrigation benefits
The irrigation system of the project was planned to irrigate lands through the right bank main canal of  length and left bank main canal of  with complement of a system to carry the water to the fields. The total irrigation potential created is in an irrigable area of , out of an irrigation potential of  (Gross Command Area is , Culturable Command Area is ), which is spread over the districts of Amravati and Wardha. The command area is principally made up of Black Cotton Soils. Jowar, cotton, soybean, tur, ground nut, and oranges are the major crops grown in the command area. The canal systems are slated for completion by June 2013. To ensure better irrigation planning to ensure supplies reach the tail end of the canal system even during the low flow years, a "General Algorithm" model to operate the reservoir with a Rule Curve (reservoir operating rules) in real time with inputs of all variable parameters (such as monthly demands for irrigation) has been developed. The model results indicate that irrigation releases matched irrigation demand. The reservoir operation in this process is aimed by maintaining minimum storage at the beginning of monsoon (which is the end of water year) and maintaining maximum storage during the peak of the monsoon period.
However, due to the heavy sediment inflow the reservoir is losing its active storage capacity.

Water supply
Amravati town is now provided water supply from the Upeer Wardha reservoir supplementing an earlier supply source.. Water supply to the Warud town (a flourishing commercial town about  from Amravati city) is also planned to be supplemented from the Upper Wardha reservoir storage, which will supplement the existing tube well sources and the interim measure of tapping the Shekhdari River as a source. The plan envisages supplementation from the storage at the dam to meet the needs of the projected population of 34,500 in 2011 and 34500 in 2026 at 4,209,000 litres per day and 4,974,000 litres per day, respectively. Water for industrial use has also been allocated and based on this allotment, a 25,000,000 litre per day water treatment plant has been built near Amravati town. Another project to divert 4,230,000 cubic metres of water from the Upper Wardha Dam Pandhurna district in Madhya Pradesh has also been approved at a cost of US $18 million.

Flood control
The reservoir water level is regulated in such a way that the river flooding in the districts of Amravati and Wardha is avoided. An automatic system of operating gates of the spillway dam to release flood water safely downstream has been installed in a control chamber of the dam. The digital instrument installed (based on Genetic Algorithm) is a two-part ultrasonic gauging device. This system is linked to the management system through "RS-232 digital connection" to receive continuous gauge measurement data and concurrently converting the gauge level to volume figures.

Other benefits
The dam and its surroundings provide are picturesque. Several rare species of birds have been reported from the area.

See also

 Dams in Maharashtra
 List of reservoirs and dams in India

References

Dams in Amravati district
Gravity dams
Dams completed in 1993
1993 establishments in Maharashtra

Upper Wardha Dam


Karl Koller (December 3, 1857 – March 21, 1944) was an Austrian ophthalmologist who began his medical career as a surgeon at the Vienna General Hospital and a colleague of Sigmund Freud.

Koller introduced cocaine as a local anaesthetic for eye surgery. Prior to this discovery, he had tested solutions such as chloral hydrate and morphine as anaesthetics in the eyes of laboratory animals without success. Freud was fully aware of the pain-killing properties of cocaine, but Koller recognized its tissue-numbing capabilities, and in 1884 demonstrated its potential as a local anaesthetic to the medical community. Koller's findings were a medical breakthrough. Prior to his discovery, performing eye surgery was difficult because the involuntary reflex motions of the eye to respond to the slightest stimuli. Later, cocaine was also used as a local anaesthetic in other medical fields such as dentistry. In the 20th century, other agents such as lidocaine have replaced cocaine as a local anaesthetic.

In 1888, Karl Koller moved to the United States and practiced ophthalmology in New York. He received many distinctions in his career, including being honored by the American Ophthalmological Society as the first recipient of the "Lucien Howe Medal" in 1922. This award is given to physicians in recognition of outstanding achievements in ophthalmology. In 1930 he was also honored by the Medical Association of Vienna.

One of Koller's patients was a blind ten-year-old boy named Chauncey D. Leake. Leake recovered his sight and, as an adult, discovered the anaesthetic divinyl ether.

Koller was reputedly nicknamed "Coca Koller" for his association with the drug and although he was implored to recognise his status as a public figure due to his discovery of local anaesthesia, he did not engage in autobiography.

See also
 Gustav Gärtner

References

External links
 Koller and Cocaine
 Was Dr. Carl Koller driven from Vienna in 1885?

1857 births
1944 deaths
Austrian Jews
Jewish scientists
Austrian ophthalmologists
American ophthalmologists
People from Sušice
Physicians from Austria-Hungary
Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to the United States

Karl Koller (ophthalmologist)


For the original from Greek mythology, see Trojan Horse.

In computing, a Trojan horse (also written as trojan) is malicious software that misleads users of its true purpose. Sometimes a Trojan horse does exactly what it claims to do but it also does something else. This is because its real hidden purpose is to perform malicious actions in the background, such as allow a stranger to read and change the computer's information. In some cases the user notices, in other cases they do not. Although a Trojan horse can contain any type of harmful code, many modern forms act as a backdoor, which bypasses normal authentication or encryption in a computer.

Trojans are generally spread by some form of trickery, for example getting users to click on bad popups, Email, text,  attachments, advertisements, or fake device driver updates. A trojan may act as a "backdoor" to the computer, contacting a controller which can then have unauthorized access to the affected computer. Trojans may also access users' personal information such as banking information, passwords, or personal identity.  It can infect other devices connected to their networks.

It is rare to get a trojan on your computer by merely visiting a website, though it can happen. Usually, though, trojans are attached to something the user downloads, such as music, wallpapers, backgrounds, games, and especially programs (apps).

Trojans were named after the Trojan Horse in Greek mythology, which was a large wooden horse, given by the Trojans (from Troy) to the Greeks (from Greece) as a gift, but when the Greeks brought it inside their city walls, Trojan soldiers came out and defeated the city.

References

Malware

Trojan horse (computing)


The Valkyries (Old Norse: Valkyrjur, singular valkyrja - "choosers of the slain") are female figures in Norse mythology; they are a group of female warriors of Odin who do not get married.

Profile
Alternatively the Valkyries are servants to Freya.  She negotiated with One Eye that her shield maidens would sort the honourable dead on the battlefield. Freya had first choice of half the slain to come to Sessrumnir, the other half were to be delivered to One Eye at Valhall.

Freya had fierce and respected warriors, they are responsible for choosing who live and die in battle, singling out those worthy of paradise. In the aftermath of battle, the Valkyries carry those whom they have chosen off to Valhalla, an enormous and majestic hall that lies in Asgard. Once there, these eïnherjar, as they are now called, are shared between Odin and Freyja, with half of them going to Valhalla and the other to Fólkvangr, Freyja's realm. In Valhalla, the eïnherjar feast and make revelry, as they are served and cared for by the Valkyries themselves.

The old Norse people thought that Valkyries rode giant wolves, and that they had black wings which correspond to ravens; these two creatures both scavenge corpses on the battlefield symbolizing death and destruction. With the spread of Christianity the idea of what a Valkyrie was like changed more and more to a  Romantic description of a beautiful woman.

Operas
Richard Wagner composed some operas featuring Valkyries (German: Walküren, singular: Walküre). These operas are Die Walküre, Siegfried, and Götterdämmerung. They feature a story of a Valkyrie Brünnhilde, her punishment for disobeying her father, and her falling in love with Siegfried.  The music for the opening of Act Three of Die Walküre is very famous. It is called the Ride of the Valkyries.

Related pages

Nibelungenlied
Der Ring des Nibelungen

Norse mythology

Valkyrie


Intellectual property (IP) refers to the ownership of an idea or design by the person who came up with it. It is a term used in property law. It gives a person certain exclusive rights to a distinct type of creative design, meaning that nobody else can copy or reuse that creation without the owner's permission. It can be applied to musical, literary and artistic works, discoveries and inventions. Common types of intellectual property rights include copyrights, trademarks, patents, industrial design rights and trade secrets.

The term intellectual property dates from the 19th century. Before that, patent laws were first made under the Statute of Monopolies 1623 and copyright laws were first seen in the Statute of Anne in 1710. Modern usage of the term intellectual property goes back at least as far as 1867. The constitution of the North German Confederation granted legislative power over the protection of intellectual property () to the confederation.

The stated reason for most intellectual property laws is to encourage progress. To give legal ownership of an idea to an inventor is seen as an incentive for those people to make their inventions available to the public. It is designed to secure the full value of a work for its creator, to make it into another type of 'real' property.

References

Other websites

 Intellectual property entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Intellectual property


Abbé Norbert Wallez (19 October 1882 – 24 September 1952) was a Belgian Catholic priest and journalist. He was the editor of the newspaper Le Vingtième Siècle (The Twentieth Century), whose youth supplement, Le Petit Vingtième, first published The Adventures of Tintin.

Wallez studied at the University of Leuven. Ordained a priest in 1906, he devoted himself to teaching, interrupted when he enlisted as a volunteer during the First World War. After the armistice, he continued his teaching career at the religious Bonne Espérance school and at the School of Commerce in Mons. In 1924, by order of Cardinal Désiré-Joseph Mercier, he assumed the leadership of the conservative Catholic newspaper Le Vingtième Siècle.

His ultraconservative ideology was influenced by Charles Maurras and the nationalist Action Française. He was also a great admirer of Mussolini, whom he had visited during a trip to Italy in 1923; he had a signed portrait of the dictator on his office wall. His ideal, as expressed in his book Bélgique et Rhénanie. Quelques directives d'une politique (1923), was the federation of Belgium and the Rhineland, a region of Germany that he considered essentially Catholic, in contrast to Protestant Prussia.

In 1927 the young journalist Georges Remi started working for Le Vingtième Siècle. A year later, Remi became editor-in-chief of Le Petit Vingtième. In 1929, Remi began publishing Tintin in the Land of the Soviets, the first of The Adventures of Tintin, in the eleventh issue of Le Petit Vingtième, under the name Hergé. Wallez was crucial in the choice of the first three destinations of Tintin: Soviet Russia, Belgian Congo and United States. They were all motivated by propaganda motifs, to "inform" young readers about the benefits of colonialism and criticize communism. He also facilitated Remi's marriage in 1932 to Germaine Kieckens, who was Wallez's secretary. Hergé's comic series Quick & Flupke also began in Le Vingtième Siècle, in 1930.

In 1933, Wallez was removed from his position as head of Le Vingtième Siècle on the orders of his superiors, and named to head the preservation of the ruins of Aulne Abbey.

With the German invasion of Belgium in 1940, he resumed writing, and supported the Rexist Party led by Léon Degrelle.

In 1947, he was accused of Nazi collaboration, and sentenced to four years in prison and a fine of 200,000 francs. He remained jailed in Charleroi until 1950. After being released, dying of cancer, he was met by Remi and his wife. He died on 24 September 1952.

Notes

Bibliography
 Assouline, Pierre: Hergé. Barcelona, Destiny, 1997. .
 Lionel Baland, L'Abbé Norbert Wallez. dans Synthèse nationale N°31, Paris, avril 2013.

External links
 "Wallez (l'abbé Norbert)",Objectif Tintin. Le site interactif des amis de Tintin (in French).
 20081-Le dans le courant reactionnaire catholicisme belge francophone, 1918–1926. Première approach, by Eric Defoort (PDF file, in French).

20th-century Belgian Roman Catholic priests
Male journalists
Belgian editors
Belgian magazine editors
Tintin
Rexist Party politicians
Belgian collaborators with Nazi Germany
1882 births
1952 deaths
Belgian propagandists
Belgian prisoners and detainees
Nazi propagandists
20th-century Belgian journalists
Religious controversies in Belgium
Deaths from cancer in Belgium
Prisoners and detainees of Belgium

Norbert Wallez


Gimpo is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. Administrative districts are 3 Eup, 3 Myeons, and 6 Dongs. About 300,000 people live in this city. There are several attractions in this city such as Moonsoo Sanseong, Jangreung, and Deokpojin. Now it has six sister cities, Shinmin City, Hatek City, Liberty County, Glendale city, Sangju city and Haenam-gun.

Modern history

In 1914, the three Goons (Gimpo, Yangcheon, and Tongjin) were integrated to become Gimpo Goon. In 1963, Yangdong and Yangseo Myeons were incorporated into Seoul City. In 1979, Gimpo Myeon was elevated to Eup. In 1983, Tongjin Myeon was newly established (1 Eup and 8 Myeons). In 1998, Gimpo Goon Elevated to Gimpo City (3 Dongs and 6 Myeons). In 2003, Three Dongs of Gimpo were separated into Sawoo Dong and Poongmoo Dong. In 2012, Janggi Dong was newly established (3 Eup, 3 Myeons, and 5 Dongs) and has been developed into Gimpo Hangang new town.

Statistics

Area:

Households and population
 The number of households: 116,067 households
 Population: 303,833 (Men: 153,159, Women:150,674)

Administrative districts
 3 Eup: Tongjin Eup, Gochon-Eup, Yangchon-Eup
 3 Myeons: Yangchon-myeon, Daegot-myeon, Wolgot-myeon, Haseong-myeon
 5 Dongs: Gimpo 1-dong, Gimpo 2-dong, Sau-dong, Pungmu-dong, Janggi-dong
 The number of public officials: 856

Business status
 Mining Industry-Number of enterprises: 3, Employees: 41
 Manufacturing industry- Number of enterprises: 5,992, Employees: 52,749
 Others-Number of enterprises: 13,500, Employees: 50,700

Automobile registration status
 Total number of registered automobiles: 125,914
 Number of registered passenger cars: 96,173 (76.3%)

Agriculture status
 Farmhouses: 6,271 households
 Population: 19,351
 Farmland area: 84.61㎢ (30.6%)

Educational institution status
 Kindergartens: 65, Elementary schools: 37, Middle schools: 18, High schools: 10, Colleges: 1, Universities: 1
 Population status: Based on the data from the end of July 2013, Farmhouse and farming population: December
 31st, 2006. Business status: The end of July 2013, Educational institution status: The end of July 2013

Symbols of Gimpo

Symbol Mark

The horizon expresses an open field and vast land of Gimpo. And the indigo part at the bottom promises a rich and clean Gimpo with abundant water resources. The oval shape expresses the infinitely expanding, developing and changing images of Gimpo. At the same time it symbolizes a stably advancing Gimpo.

The flower of the city : Forsythia
You can see Forsythia all around this city. People believe that it delivers a richness and happiness to them during springtime. Also it symbolizes the hope of having courage and volition for people who are starting a new year.

The tree of the city : Zelkova

As a leafy tree of the elm tree family, it has a huge, stable figure. It symbolizes an adamant will.

The bird of the city : Magpie

As an omnivorous bird of the crow family, magpies inhabit one place during the four seasons. The bird has a plain figure and noble character, and symbolizes stability and prosperity.

Attractions
Moonsoo Sanseong
This mountain fortress located on Mt. Moonsoo (376m). It is designated Historical remains No. 139. It is the fortress built in the 20th year of Joseon's 19th King Sookjong's reign (1694) to ward off foreign enemies from the sea and protect Ganghwa-do.

Jangneung
It contains the graves of the Wonjong, fifth son of Seonjo and Queen Inheon of the Joseon Dynasty.

Deokpojin
It is assumed to have been an important military strategic. It was established during the reign of King Seonjo of the Joseon Dynasty who experienced invasions of Japanese.

Sister cities

Shinmin City, China. Establishment of a sisterhood relationship: Oct, 1994.
Hatek City, China. Establishment of a sisterhood relationship: Feb, 2006.
Liberty County, U.S. Establishment of a sisterhood relationship: Feb, 1997.
Glendale city, U.S. Establishment of a sisterhood relationship: Aug, 2010.
Sangju city, Gyeongsangbuk-do. Establishment of a sisterhood relationship: July, 2011.
Haenam-gun, Jeollanam-do. Establishment of a sisterhood relationship: May, 2012.

References
Gimpo official website

Cities in South Korea

Gimpo


An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial plant where crude oil is made into useful petroleum products by fractional distillation and other processes. Products include gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas.

References

Other websites

 Searchable United States Refinery Map
 Interactive map of UK refineries
Complete, detailed refinery description
Petroleum Refinery Planning and Optimization Using Linear Programming
Student's Guide to Refining
 Global refinery shortage shifts power balance
Ecomuseum Bergslagen  - history of Oljeön, Sweden
Detailed refinery description
Fueling Profits: Report on Industry Consolidation (publication of the Consumer Federation of America)
Price Spikes, Excess Profits and Excuses (publication of the Consumer Federation of America)
Refinery study
2011 NACS Annual Fuels Report
Basics of Oil Refining Overview of crude oil refining process
Basics of Oil Refining  Overview of crude oil refining process with focus on Canadian crude oil
Refinery Animations & Videos  Oil Refinery Process Animations,Videos & 360 Degree Views
Chicago Bridge & Iron: Virtual Refinery
Encyclopaedia of Hydrocarbons, ENI and Treccani ed., 5 volumes

Energy
Fuel
Petroleum

Oil refinery


Athenodorus Cananites (Greek: , Athenodoros Kananites; c. 74 BC7 AD) was a Stoic philosopher.

Life
Athenodorus was born in Canana, near Tarsus (in modern-day Turkey); his father was Sandon. He was a student of Posidonius of Rhodes, and the teacher of Octavian (the future Caesar Augustus) at Apollonia. He was a personal friend of Strabo, from whom we derive some knowledge of his life.

In 44 BC, he seems to have followed Octavian to Rome and continued mentoring him there. He is reputed there to have openly rebuked the Emperor, and to have instructed him to recite the alphabet before reacting in anger. Later, Athenodorus returned to Tarsus, where he was instrumental in expelling the government of Boëthus and drafting a new constitution for the city, the result of which was a pro-Roman oligarchy.

Athenodorus is also written of by Pliny the Younger, who tells us of Athenodorus' renting of a haunted house in Athens. Athenodorus was wary because the house was exceptionally cheap for its size. When Athenodorus was writing a book of philosophy, late at night, a ghost is said to have come to him. The ghost, who was bound with chains, beckoned Athenodorus to follow him, but was allegedly indicated by Athenodorus to wait. After he finished his writing, the ghost led him to a courtyard, and suddenly vanished. Athenodorus marked the spot, and the next day, with the permission of the city magistrates, he dug up the earth from that spot, where he found the skeleton of an old man, bound with chains. After the skeleton was given a proper burial with full honours, the ghost was said to have never haunted that house again.

Works
Strabo, Cicero, and Eusebius regarded him highly. Works attributed to Athenodorus include:
 A work against the Categories of Aristotle (although this is sometimes credited to Athenodoros Cordylion).
 A history of Tarsus.
 A work of some kind dedicated to Octavia Minor.
 A work entitled περὶ σπουδῆς και παιδείας ("On zeal and education").
 A work entitled περίπατοι ("Perambulations").

None of these are extant, but he also assisted Cicero in writing his De Officiis and it has been suggested that his work may have influenced Seneca and Saint Paul. Following his death, the people of Tarsus held an annual festival and sacrifice in his honour.

Notes

Further reading

70s BC births
AD 7 deaths
1st-century BC Greek philosophers
Roman-era philosophers in Athens
Roman-era philosophers in Rome
Roman-era Stoic philosophers
People from Roman Anatolia
People from Tarsus, Mersin
Ghosts in popular culture

Athenodorus Cananites


The main Live 8 concert was held at Hyde Park, London, United Kingdom on 2 July 2005. The event is also referred to as Live 8 London or Live 8 UK.

Lineup

All times BST

 Jonathan Ross (Introduction) (HP 14:00)
 U2 – "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" (with Paul McCartney), "Beautiful Day"/"Blackbird", "Vertigo", "One"/"Unchained Melody" (HP 14:03)
 Coldplay – "In My Place/Rockin' All Over the World (chorus)", "Bitter Sweet Symphony" (with Richard Ashcroft), "Fix You" (HP 14:41)
 David Walliams and Matt Lucas as Lou and Andy (presenters) (HP 14:58)
 Elton John – "The Bitch Is Back", "Saturday Night's Alright For Fighting", "Children of the Revolution" (with Pete Doherty) (HP 15:01)
 Bob Geldof (Host) (HP 15:21)
 Bill Gates (presenter) (HP 15:25)
 Dido – "White Flag" (Solo), "Thank You" and "7 Seconds" (both with Youssou N'Dour) (HP 15:30)
 Stereophonics – "The Bartender and the Thief/Ace of Spades (chorus)", "Dakota", "Maybe Tomorrow", "Local Boy in the Photograph" (HP 15:50)
 Ricky Gervais (presenter) (HP 16:11)
 R.E.M. – "Imitation of Life", "Everybody Hurts", "Man on the Moon" (HP 16:15)
 Kofi Annan (presenter) (HP 16:35)
 Ms. Dynamite – "Dy-na-mi-tee", "Redemption Song" (HP 16:39)
 Keane – "Somewhere Only We Know", "Bedshaped" (HP 17:09)
 Will Smith (presenter) (HP 17:29)
 Travis – "Sing", "Side"/"Stayin' Alive", "Why Does It Always Rain on Me?" (HP 17:49)
 Bob Geldof – "I Don't Like Mondays" (HP 18:09)
 Brad Pitt (presenter) (HP 18:19)
 Annie Lennox – "Why", "Little Bird", "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)" (HP 18:23)
 UB40 – "Food For Thought", "Who You Fighting For?", "Reasons" (with Hunterz & The Dhol Blasters), "Red Red Wine", "Can't Help Falling in Love" (HP 18:43)
 Snoop Dogg – "Ups & Downs", "Drop It Like It's Hot", "Signs", "The Next Episode", "Who Am I (What's My Name?)" (HP 19:03)
 Razorlight – "1913 Massacre"/"Somewhere Else", "Golden Touch", "In The City" (HP 19:23)
 Bob Geldof and Birhan Woldu (presenters) (HP 19:43)
 Madonna – "Like a Prayer", "Ray of Light", "Music" (HP 19:49)
 Snow Patrol – "Chocolate", "Run" (HP 20:19)
 The Killers – "All These Things That I've Done" (HP 20:39)
 Joss Stone – "Super Duper Love", "I Had a Dream", "Some Kind of Wonderful" (HP 20:49)
 Scissor Sisters – "Laura", "Take Your Mama", "Everybody Wants the Same Thing" (HP 21:09)
 Velvet Revolver – "Do It for the Kids", "Fall To Pieces", "Mountain Song/Slither" (HP 21:29)
 Lenny Henry (presenter) (HP 21:49)
 Sting – "Message in a Bottle", "Driven To Tears", "Every Breath You Take" (with alternative lyrics) (HP 21:55)
 Dawn French (presenter) (HP 22:05)
 Mariah Carey – "Make It Happen", "Hero" (with African Children's Choir), "We Belong Together" (HP 22:09)
 David Beckham (presenter) (HP 22:29)
 Robbie Williams – "We Will Rock You", "Let Me Entertain You", "Feel", "Angels" (HP 22:33)
 Peter Kay – presenter, comedy and a cappella performance of "Is This the Way to Amarillo" (HP 22:53)
 The Who – "Who Are You", "Won't Get Fooled Again" (HP 23:03)
 Pink Floyd – "Speak to Me"/"Breathe" segued with "Breathe (reprise)", "Money", "Wish You Were Here", "Comfortably Numb" (HP 23:23)
 Paul McCartney – "Get Back", "Drive My Car" (with George Michael), "Helter Skelter", "The Long and Winding Road"/"Hey Jude [refrain]" (HP 00:00)

Performance notes

It had been said that Paul McCartney and U2's Bono would wear Sgt. Pepper costumes during their performance together.  However, when the show took place, the costumes were worn by a four-piece French horn section of free-lance London area players, Richard Steggall, Adam Walters, Joe Walters, and Matt Gunner.

Immediately following Travis' performance, Bob Geldof told the audience that he "couldn't resist playing on this stage" and played the Boomtown Rats song "I Don't Like Mondays". He had earlier said that he did not deserve to play alongside the scheduled acts.

Both The Cure and Muse were originally listed on the Live 8 website as appearing at the Live 8 London concert. During a BBC TV documentary called The Live 8 Story, the names of both acts are visible on a provisional running order compiled during a production meeting between Geldof, Richard Curtis, Harvey Goldsmith and various other parties. In the end, both acts played the Paris Live 8 concert.

All the songs performed by Sting were sung twenty years before at Live Aid.

Mariah Carey performed a medley of her hits "Make It Happen", "We Belong Together", and "Hero" where she was accompanied by a children's choir.

Some artists already had shows planned for 2 July which they performed after their performances at Live 8. Accordingly, they were not present for the "Hey Jude" grand finale.

The event marked the first performance in 24 years by Pink Floyd's "classic" line-up (excluding Syd Barrett). It was also the last time they played together, as keyboardist Richard Wright died in 2008 of lung cancer. "It was terrific fun," remarked bassist and singer Roger Waters. "Quite moving. It was good to have that chance to let bygones be bygones, if only for a few days. Dave [Gilmour] sent me an email afterwards saying, 'I am so glad you made that phone call [Waters had called Gilmour at Bob Geldof's behest]. It was fun, wasn't it?' And I said, Yeah, it was. It's all good. There's nothing bad about it."

Originally scheduled to close at 21:30 the concert overran and went on until about 00:30, leaving many in the audience with no means of returning home.

As he had done at Live Aid 20 years previously, Harvey Goldsmith appeared on stage to thank the audience for their patience with the late-running event and to make a closing appeal for people to leave slowly to avoid crushes.

Coverage

Television

In the United Kingdom, the BBC provided full television coverage, starting on BBC Two from 13:00 and continuing from 18:15 on BBC One, right up to the end of the concert at 00:00. The advertised changeover time was 16:15, disappointing many who had set video recorders accordingly. The coverage was presented by Jonathan Ross, Fearne Cotton, Jo Whiley and Graham Norton. 350 complaints were made to the BBC about swearing before the 21:00 watershed. The BBC apologised, however a spokesman said:

In Ireland, the concert was broadcast on RTÉ Two, whose coverage ran from 14:00 to 00:00 (except 17:00 to 18:00, when the coverage switched to RTÉ One). The coverage was presented by Dave Fanning and Laura Woods.

In the United States, MTV and VH1 provided intermittent and incomplete live and taped coverage, frequently breaking away mid-song for commercials or commentary by their VJs. This decision drew criticism from numerous viewers who viewed the commentary as being frivolous or inane and would have preferred to see the music acts themselves. However, AOL provided a full webcast of the entire show.

After the criticism from viewers, both VH1 and MTV showed highlights of the Live 8 concerts on 9 July 2005 for 5 hours each without commercial interruption.

In Australia, the concert was broadcast on FOX8 (live) and the Nine Network (highlights).

Radio
In the UK, there was radio coverage on BBC Radio 1, BBC Radio 2, BBC Radio 5 Live and several local radio stations.

The Radio 1 coverage was presented by Chris Moyles, Scott Mills, Edith Bowman, Colin Murray, Sara Cox and Vernon Kay. While the Radio 2 presenters were Chris Evans, Davina McCall and Dermot O'Leary. Each station focussed on artists who matched the station's playlisting policy and target audience. The Radio 5 Live coverage was presented by Brian Alexander, Phil Williams and Aasmah Mir. The coverage also focused on the Make Poverty History march in Edinburgh and the Wimbledon Women's Singles Final.

Most commercial radio stations in the UK took a programme produced by Capital FM for the day, presented by Ulrika Jonsson.

In the US, XM Satellite Radio broadcast the concert in its entirety.

BBC Big Screens
The BBC also had live coverage on big screens across the UK.

England
London – south part of Hyde Park
Manchester – Exchange Square
Birmingham – Chamberlain Square
Birmingham – Cannon Hill Park
Liverpool – Clayton Square
Hull – Queen Victoria Square
Leeds – Millennium Square
Gateshead – Gateshead International Stadium
Bournemouth – Meyrick Park
Plymouth – Armada Way

Wales
Cardiff – Cooper's Field, Bute Park
Wrexham – Queens Square

Northern Ireland
Belfast – Custom House Square

Scotland
Inverness – Caledonian Stadium

Channel Islands
St. Helier, Jersey – Peoples Park
Guernsey – L'Eree

References

2005 in London
Live 8 events
Concerts in Hyde Park, London
2005 in British music
July 2005 events in the United Kingdom

Live 8 concert, London


Reggae Rising was an annual reggae festival in Humboldt County, California which took place on the first full weekend of August along the banks of the Eel River. Performers at the 2008 edition of Reggae Rising, which took place August 1–3, 2008 at Dimmick Ranch and French's Camp included Sizzla, Julian Marley, Junior Reid, UB40, Tanya Stephens, and Sly and Robbie.  The 2010 festival was canceled due to the financial trouble of the organizer, Tom Dimmick, resulting in his denial of a Conditional Use Permit by the Humboldt County Planning Commission.
The organizer never contacted the Humboldt County Planning Commission for a 2011 permit, and as a result, 2009 Reggae Rising marked the end of the Reggae Rising festival.

History
Reggae Rising's first year was 2007 when it was produced by People Productions and had 12,400 attendees.  Performers at the first year of Reggae Rising included Steel Pulse, Damian Marley, Stephen Marley, Anthony B, Heavyweight Dub Champion, and Ziggy Marley.  People Productions also organized the 2008 event, while Dimmick Ranch produced in 2009.

Ultimately, no Reggae Rising festival took place after 2009.

Litigation
The festival's success was due largely to the popularity of Reggae on the River, a festival that had also been produced by People Productions at a nearby location since 1984 as a benefit for the Mateel Community Center of Redway, California.  Mateel Community Center is not affiliated with "Reggae Rising".   In 2007 the parties were in litigation over the future of both events. A settlement was reached wherein People Productions agreed to make several payments to Mateel Community Center totalling $500,000.  Ultimately the payments were made to the Mateel in full by the Dimmick Ranch.

See also
List of reggae festivals
Reggae on the River

References

External links
 Reggae Rising official site (Resolving to a GoDaddy parking page as of Feb 2011.)

Music festivals in California
Reggae festivals in the United States

Reggae Rising


A compliments slip (or with compliments slip) is a slip of paper that contains the same name and address information that would be on a letterhead of formal letter stationery, the pre-printed salutation "with compliments" or "with our/my compliments", and space afterwards for a short handwritten message to be added. It is used in correspondence, as an enclosure for other material.

Compliments slips, which are informal, can sometimes substitute for more formal letters of reply. For example, the response to a request for a product catalogue or a price list may simply be the price list or catalogue, with a compliments slip attached, rather than with a formal letter of reply. The inclusion of compliments slips in responses to such routine requests is often seen by businesses as a necessary step in maintaining good public relations.

There is no fixed size for compliments slips. They may vary in size from the size of a business or visiting card, from which compliments slips originally evolved, to the size of a whole sheet of letter writing paper. Eric Bain recommends that they be of a size suitable for placing inside an envelope without more than one fold, and large enough to be noticed when included in a parcel. (Standard letter stationery outside the U.S. often requires folding twice in order to be placed inside envelopes.) To this end he recommends that compliments slips be size A6 paper. Miller recommends size A5 for stationery that doubles up as both compliments slip and headed letter paper.

Since they are informal, compliments slips are not substitutes in those cases where a formal letter is required for legal reasons. In building contract work, for example, a drawing or a copy letter sent to a contractor with a compliments slip attached is not a formal instruction to perform the work on the drawing or letter. It is at most an invitation to perform that work, at no charge to the employer. A valid instruction would be a formal letter of instruction, or an instruction provided on a printed "Architect's Instruction" form (signed by the architect).

Falconer states that a compliments slip should never be sent instead of a personal letter, and that it is better to send a personal letter in response to a customer enquiry, because it provides a personal touch. Hailey recommends an alternative strategy for providing a personal touch: removing the salutation from compliments slips, thus forcing the entire note to be hand-written.

References

Further reading

Letters (message)
Stationery

Compliments slip


In writing and typography, a ligature is when two or more graphemes (~letters) are joined as a single glyph. Ligatures usually replace two characters next to each other. The idea comes from handwriting and manuscripts.

Example: the common ampersand ("&") represents the Latin conjunction et, meaning "and". The ampersand's symbol is a ligature, joining the old handwritten Latin letters e and t of the word et, so that the word is represented as a single glyph.

Sometimes ligatures are made to make things more easy to read, or simply to make the writing/font nicer to look at. This is important in some forms of design work.

Type designers, who create fonts (or 'typefaces'), make ligatures for some combinations of letters. Today, most fonts are made on computers (these are called 'digital typefaces'). When two particular letters are typed together, the ligature will appear. The ligature look like the two different letters but slightly changed (sometimes joined together). It is actually a separate symbol that has been drawn by the creator, and is programmed to appear when two letters are put next to each other.

References

Typography

Ligature (writing)


Blackhall Colliery railway station served the village of Blackhall Colliery in County Durham, North East England.  It was located on the Durham Coast Line, north of  and south of .

History
The North Eastern Railway opened their new coastal line linking the former Londonderry, Seaham and Sunderland Railway at  and the former Hartlepool Dock and Railway at  to passenger traffic on 1 April 1905. This line was built, primarily, to avoid the steep gradients of the inland route at Ryhope Bank and Hesleden but also provided access to the newly developed collieries along the Durham Coast.

However, when the line was opened, the NER chose to build the station to serve the Blackhalls at what became Blackhall Rocks as sinking of the colliery at Blackhall did not begin until 1909 and thus the main traffic that was expected to use the station was that of tourists visiting the caves at Blackhall Rocks. This meant that the village that developed to serve the colliery was left some distance from their nearest railway station.

Eventually, the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER), who had absorbed the NER in 1923, agreed to open an additional station to serve Blackhall Colliery. Construction of the station began on 6 July 1936 and was opened, just 18 days later, on 24 July 1936 by the then manager of Blackhall Colliery and county councillor Ernest Chicken who then proceeded to purchase the first ticket from the station ticket office.

The station was recommended for closure in the Beeching Report and was duly closed on 4 May 1964 when all stopping services on the line between  and  were withdrawn. Passenger services continue pass through the site of the station but run non-stop between Seaham and Hartlepool.

References

External links

Disused railway stations in County Durham
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1936
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1964
Beeching closures in England
Former London and North Eastern Railway stations

Blackhall Colliery railway station


Jason Farradane, born Jason Lewkowitsch (29 September 1906 – 27 June 1989) was a British librarian of Polish descent.

Life
The son of the chemical engineer Julius Lewkowitsch, Farradane graduated in chemistry in 1929 at what is now Imperial College London and started work in industry as a chemist and documentalist. After working in research at the Ministry of Supply and the Admiralty during World War II, he first made an impact with a paper on the scientific approach to documentation at a Royal Society Scientific Information Conference in 1948.

Farradane is accredited for first use of the term information science, in which he recognized library science and information science as disparate, yet joint areas of study. He was instrumental in establishing the Institute of Information Scientists in 1958 and the first academic courses in information science in 1963, at what eventually became City University, London and where he became Director of the Centre for Information Science in 1966.

Of Central European origin, his commitment to science was reflected in the name he created for himself – a combination of Faraday and Haldane, two scientists he particularly admired. On the research side his main contributions lay in relational analysis, a precursor to work in the area of artificial intelligence, and the concept of information.

Awards
The Institute of Information Scientists established the Jason Farradane Award in his honour in 1979, and awarded it to him in its first year.

Publications (selected)
 1948: 'The Scientific Approach to Documentation', Royal Scientific Scientific Information Conference
 1966: Information Retrieval by Relational Indexing: a report on research being carried out at Northampton College of Advanced Technology. Part I: Methodology. London: The City University, Department of Management Studies, Information Science (with Mrs S. Datta, R. K. Poulton)
 1973: "Problems in Information Retrieval: Logical Jumps in the Expression of Information." Information Storage and Retrieval, 9(2) 65-77 (with J. M. Russell, and Penelope A. Yates-Mercer)
 1977: Relational indexing. London, Ontario: University of Western Ontario School of Library and Information Science
 1978: "Estimation and Reliability of Retrieval Effectiveness Measures," Information Processing & Management, 14(1) 1-16 (with Jean Tague)
 Abstract: A probabilistic model of the retrieval process is presented. From it, the standard errors of system recall and precision estimators, based on a sample of queries, are derived. The resulting negative binomial model is fitted to empirical data from several retrieval tests. (School of Library and Information Science, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.)
 1979: "The Nature of Information," in: G. Walker, ed., The Information Environment: a reader. pp. 4–11. G. K. Hall & Co.
 "'information' should be defined as any physical form of representation, or surrogate, of knowledge, or of a particular thought, used for communication." (p. 4)

See also
 Classification Research Group
 Jason Farradane Award
 Institute of Information Scientists
 Information science
 Artificial intelligence
 City University, London
 Stephen E. Robertson
 Nicholas J. Belkin

References

Further reading
 Bottle, R. T., Brookes, B. C. & Yates-Mercer, P. A. (1986). "Jason Farradane: a biobibliography," in: Journal of Information Science, Vol. 12, No. 1-2 (January 1986) Special issue: Twenty-five years of teaching information science at the City University, pp. 19–21.
 Brookes, B. C. (1986). "Jason Farradane and Relational Indexing," ibid, pp. 15–18.
 Sweeney, Russell & Brimelow, Tom, interviewers (1976) Jason Farradane. Leeds: Department of Librarianship, Leeds Polytechnic. (Videotape, VHS, of interview in 1975; audio tape of same interview)

External links
 UKeiG (UK eInformation Group)
 Pioneers in Information Management Scoop Top Awards

Information scientists
Library science scholars
British librarians
1906 births
1989 deaths

Jason Farradane


François Louis Thomas Francia (1772–1839) was a French watercolour painter born in Calais and famous for his shore landscapes. He spent much of the earlier part of his life in England. The British painter Richard Parkes Bonington was his pupil.

Life
Francia  was born at Calais on 21 December 1772, and was taken early in life to London by his father, a refugee.
He was for some time employed as an assistant of a drawing-master named Barrow, who was the master of John Varley. He showed a total of 85 works at the Royal Academy between  1795 and 1821 (inclusive).
He was one of the sketching society formed by Thomas Girtin about 1799, and there is drawing of a moonlit landscape in the Victoria and Albert Museum dated in May of that year.

He was a member of the (now Royal) Society of Painters in Water-Colours, and for some time its secretary, but he resigned his membership, and became in 1816 an unsuccessful candidate for the associateship of the Royal Academy.
The next year he retired to Calais, where he lived until his death on 6 February 1839. It was here that he gave lessons to Richard Parkes Bonington, whose coast scenes bear much resemblance to the later works of Francia.

Francia's earlier drawings are broad and simple in execution, rich, but sombre in colour, like those of Girtin; but his later work, while still retaining its breadth and harmony, is brighter and lighter in tone, and more subtle in handling.
Though he painted landscape of different kinds, his favourite subjects were shore scenes, which he executed with great truth and beauty of aerial effect. He was an excellent draughtsman of boats and shipping, and some of his drawings were engraved to illustrate a book of sketches of shipping by Edward William Cooke.
He was one of the earliest and most accomplished of English watercolourists, and his works are distinguished by their fine colour and poetical feeling. There are several of his drawings at the Victoria and Albert Museum, and a few at the British Museum. In 1810, he published Studies of Landscapes by T. Gainsborough, J. Hoppner, R.A., T. Girtin, &c., imitated from the originals by L. F.

References

Attribution

1772 births
1839 deaths
18th-century French painters
French male painters
19th-century French painters
French landscape painters
19th-century French male artists
18th-century French male artists

François Louis Thomas Francia


Radiation monitoring involves the measurement of radiation dose or radionuclide contamination for reasons related to the assessment or control of exposure to radiation or radioactive substances, and the interpretation of the results.

Environmental monitoring
Environmental monitoring is the measurement of external dose rates due to sources in the environment or of radionuclide concentrations in environmental media.

Source monitoring
Source monitoring is a specific term used in ionising radiation monitoring, and according to the IAEA, is the measurement of activity in radioactive material being released to the environment or of external dose rates due to sources within a facility or activity.

In this context a  source is anything that may cause radiation exposure — such as by emitting ionising radiation, or releasing radioactive substances. The phrase "standard source" is also used as a de facto term in the more specific context of being a calibration standard source in ionising radiation metrology.

The methodological and technical details of the design and operation of source and environmental radiation monitoring programmes and systems for different radionuclides, environmental media and types of facility are given in IAEA Safety Standards Series No. RS–G-1.8  and in IAEA Safety Reports Series No.  64.

Radiation protection instruments

Practical radiation measurement using calibrated radiation protection instruments is essential in evaluating the effectiveness of protection measures, and in assessing the radiation dose likely to be received by individuals. The measuring instruments for radiation protection are both "installed" (in a fixed position) and portable (hand-held or transportable).

Installed instruments
Installed instruments are fixed in positions which are known to be important in assessing the general radiation hazard in an area. Examples are installed "area" radiation monitors, Gamma interlock monitors, personnel exit monitors, and airborne particulate monitors.

The area radiation monitor will measure the ambient radiation, usually X-ray, Gamma or neutrons; these are radiations which can have significant radiation levels over a range in excess of tens of metres from their source, and thereby cover a wide area.

Gamma radiation "interlock monitors" are used in applications to prevent inadvertent exposure of workers to an excess dose by preventing personnel access to an area when a high radiation level is present. These interlock the process access directly.

Airborne contamination monitors measure the concentration of radioactive particles in the ambient air to guard against radioactive particles being ingested, or deposited in the lungs of personnel. These instruments will normally give a local alarm, but are often connected to an integrated safety system so that areas of plant can be evacuated and personnel are prevented from entering an air of high airborne contamination.

"Personnel exit monitors" (PEM) are used to monitor workers who are exiting a "contamination controlled" or potentially contaminated area. These can be in the form of hand monitors, clothing frisk probes, or whole body monitors. These monitor the surface of the workers body and clothing to check if any radioactive contamination has been deposited. These generally measure alpha or beta or gamma, or combinations of these.

The UK National Physical Laboratory publishes a good practice guide through its Ionising Radiation Metrology Forum concerning the provision of such equipment and the methodology of calculating the alarm levels to be used.

Portable instruments

Portable instruments are hand-held or transportable.
The hand-held instrument is generally used as a survey meter to check an object or person in detail, or assess an area where no installed instrumentation exists. They can also be used for personnel exit monitoring or personnel contamination checks in the field. These generally measure alpha, beta or gamma, or combinations of these.

Transportable instruments are generally instruments that would have been permanently installed, but are temporarily placed in an area to provide continuous monitoring where it is likely there will be a hazard. Such instruments are often installed on trolleys to allow easy deployment, and are associated with temporary operational situations.

In the United Kingdom the HSE has issued a user guidance note on selecting the correct radiation measurement instrument for the application concerned.  This covers all radiation instrument technologies, and is a useful comparative guide.

Instrument types
A number of commonly used detection instruments are listed below.

ionization chambers
proportional counters
Geiger counters
Semiconductor detectors
Scintillation detectors
Airborne particulate radioactivity monitoring

The links should be followed for a fuller description of each.

See also

  for a list of environmental monitoring sites
 Dosimetry
 Survey meter

References

Radiobiology
Radioactive contamination

Radiation monitoring


Genetic imbalance is to describe situation when the genome of a cell or organism has more copies of some genes than other genes due to chromosomal rearrangements or aneuploidy.
Changes in gene dosage, the number of times a given gene is present in the cell nucleus, can create a genetic imbalance.

Effects
This imbalance in gene dosage alters the amount of a particular protein relative to all other proteins, and this alternation in the relative amounts of protein can have a variety of phenotypic effects. These effects are depending on how the proteins function and how critical the maintenance of a precise ratio of proteins is to the survival of the organism.

Diminishing the dosage of most genes produces no obvious change in phenotype. For some genes the phenotypic consequences of a decrease in gene dosage are noticeable but not catastrophic. For example, Drosophila containing only one copy of the wild type Notch gene has visible wing abnormalities but otherwise seems to function normally. For some rare genes, the normal diploid level of gene expression is essential to individual survival; fewer than two copies of such a gene results in lethality. In Drosophila, a single dose of the locus known as Triplolethal is in an otherwise diploid individual.

Although a single dose of any gene may not cause substantial harm to the individual, the genetic imbalance resulting from a single dose of many genes at the same time can be lethal. Humans, for example, cannot survive, even as heterozygotes, with deletions that remove more than about 3% of any part of their haploid genome.

References

Genetics

Genetic imbalance


The Australian Soldier Park, in  Beersheba, Israel is dedicated to  the memory of the Australian Light Horse regiments, that captured the town from the Ottoman Empire during  World War I.

The park was established in 2008 on a large area, and is maintained by a team of its own employees. On its eastern corner there is a memorial statue of a mounted Australian lighthorseman as well as documentary materiel on aluminum boards, written in three languages. The park also includes an area for picnics, gardens, artificial waterfalls, a maze, and a large playground under a circuses-tent-like shade that protects visitors from the desert sunlight.

Most of the playground facilities are fully accessible for children who use wheelchairs. It includes slides one can climb to via a wheelchair ramp, a carousel with two regular benches and two secured places for wheelchairs, hammock and swings one can easily use without sitting straightly and without holding tight, and so on. The handicap parking is located in the middle of the park, much closer to the facilities than the rest of the parking spaces.

The three million dollars of funding for the park was contributed by an Australian fund, and by the Fund for Beersheba Development.

Gallery

See also

List of Australian military memorials

References

External links

Australia–Israel relations
Australian military memorials
Military monuments and memorials in Israel
Beersheba
Parks in Israel

Australian Soldier Park


Cannon Fodder 3 is an action-strategy PC game developed and published – originally in Russia – by Game Factory Interactive (GFI), along with developer Burut CT. The game is the second sequel to Cannon Fodder, a commercially and critically successful game released for multiple formats in 1993. Jon Hare and his company Sensible Software, the developers of Cannon Fodder and its prior sequel, were uninvolved with Cannon Fodder 3. GFI instead licensed the intellectual property from now-owner Codemasters.

The game is a combination of action and strategy involving a small number of soldiers battling enemy terrorists. The protagonists are heavily outnumbered and easily killed. The player must rely on strategy and heavy secondary weapons to overcome enemies, their vehicles and installations.

Cannon Fodder 3 was released in Russia in December 2011 and – via download service GamersGate – Europe and North America on 9 February 2012, receiving mixed reviews. Reviewers found the game to be enjoyable but limited and repetitive. The graphics and humour received both positive and negative criticism. Critics derided the poor English translations as well as technical problems.

Overview
Cannon Fodder 3 has a basic premise involving American soldiers battling disparate terrorists who have united with the aim of world domination. Like the earlier games in the series, it features a mix of "old school" action and strategy gameplay viewed from an isometric perspective. The player directs a small squad of soldiers, primarily with the mouse though the keyboard is used to deploy additional weaponry. The control system - according PC PowerPlay - "is very similar to 'twin-stick' shooters like Geometry Wars, except here you control just one of the four soldiers while the others fall in line, shooting when the lead does". Each squad begins with four soldiers. They are fragile (though, possessing health bars, are somewhat tougher than the protagonists of the originals), but increase in status and power should they survive; the player is provided with a replacement squad should all his platoon die. The player can also split the squad into smaller units should strategy so require. The game has an online cooperative mode for up to four players, though Strategy Informer noted this mode is unpopular. As well as facing large numbers of equally frail enemy infantry, the player must combat vehicles, buildings and turrets which cannot be destroyed with the standard machine guns. For this reason, the player must rely on explosive secondary weapons such as grenades and rockets, which are essential to destroy enemy structures and more powerful units. He can also make use of vehicles – such as tanks and helicopters – as well as various power-ups. The game features an extensively destructible environment and several settings, including the moon.

Development
Cannon Fodder 3 is the third installment in the Cannon Fodder series, the first two games of which – Cannon Fodder and Cannon Fodder 2 – were successful across multiple formats in the 1990s. Those games were created by Sensible Software led by Jon Hare; Hare later worked on abortive sequels for both the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable, as well as planning a version for smartphones. However, the publisher Codemasters had acquired Sensible Software and its intellectual property. In 2008 Codemasters licensed Russian company Game Factory Interactive (GFI) – which had previously been involved in games such as The Precursors, Boiling Point: Road to Hell and White Gold: War in Paradise – to develop Cannon Fodder 3. While English-language media reported on the development in January 2011, GFI was initially permitted only to release the game in Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States, with the possibility of a wider European or North American release initially unclear at the time. GFI, described as an "unknown", or "little-known" company, published the game in Russia in December, with both GFI and Burut CT variously reported as developers. Eurogamer then reported that Codemasters had clarified the agreement between itself and GFI: Codemasters had reserved the option to publish the game in the UK, but ultimately declined. This allowed GFI to distribute the game out with Russia and dispelled the belief that GFI was not authorised to make such a release. The game was released via GamersGate, in Europe and North America, on 9 February 2012.

GFI's Oleg Lychaniy stated the developers attempted to retain the most appealing elements of the original Cannon Fodder while attracting new players. GFI also attempted to retain Cannon Fodder's "antimilitarist message" and was most proud of the new destructible environment. The developers broadened the variety of weapons and vehicles and changed the level structure by adding sub-missions.

Reception

Richard Cobbet, writing in PC Gamer UK said "just maybe, this is going too far", in reference to images of soldiers' gory corpses cleared from the interface by windscreen wipers. The reviewer expressed bemusement at "terrorists with robots and plasma guns" antagonists, but reflected – in reference to Cannon Fodder 2 – "still, could be worse. They could be time-travelling aliens again". He said the "biggest issue" is that a "gung-ho" approach to play is infeasible and that the "precise and tactical" approach faithful to earlier games in the series "turns out to be a very different experience from before. Far less satisfying". This is due to the "key problem" of the ease with which enemy weapons such as rocket launcher-armed turrets can destroy the player's soldiers. The player is thus forced "to play with aching, paranoid care, picking away at base defences from as far away as possible, and rubbing up against the save points like a lovely cat finally reunited with its owner. This is not fun". He also complained about the arbitrary death inflicted by exploding barrels "raining down over the entire screen". Cobbet summarised that the departure from the original game meant that Cannon Fodder 3 did not evoke nostalgia and was a "poor substitute" for other action or strategy games. On the other hand, he found the game "admittedly nowhere near as frustrating" as the original. He reflected that it "does have a solid crack at updating the action for a new age, and it's far from as bad as expected" given its obscure development.

Liam Martin of Digital Spy noted that the variety of locations and weather effects added to the distinctiveness of individual levels. He praised the "simple but effective", "cartoonish" and colorful visual style, the improved detail from the game's predecessors along with the "light-hearted tone" and "spectacular and bloody" gore effects. He praised the destructible environments but thought the characters were too small. He felt use of strategy to be "limited" but the action "enormous amounts of explosive fun" and enjoyed the gratification of destroying enemies and buildings with rifles and tanks. The writer found the game a "little repetitive" with a "tendency to grate", which he blamed on somewhat tedious level design, a lack of variety in objectives, a poor camera and long loading times. The lack of a tutorial or mini-map proved sometimes confusing. He noted the "welcome" but limited on-line cooperative mode. Martin felt the game was "best played in short bursts" and summarised: "Provided you're not expecting a game with much depth or that's oozing innovation, Cannon Fodder 3 proves that virtual war can still be a lot of fun".

Nathan Cocks of PC PowerPlay complained the need for secondary weapons proves frustrating: "It is not uncommon to run out of the weapons needed for the job, forcing the player to engage in a tedious game of hide and seek as they scour the map in the hopes of finding another cache". He wrote: "In fact, tedium is a frequent bedfellow in Cannon Fodder 3", due to the lack of variety in the gameplay and mission objectives. He felt the player's vehicles to be of limited effectiveness as is the ability to split the squad. Cocks complained of the game's "bargain basement production" ruining the tone of the game due to low quality translations and voice acting, as well as numerous bugs causing problems with running the game, crashes, spawning and using vehicles. The reviewer acknowledged the "wonderfully cartoony" graphics, found the gory windscreen wipers "amusing" and wrote "it's all over-the-top explosive goodness and contributes a great deal to what little appeal is present". Cocks summarised: "Cannon Fodder 3 is the ultimate coat-tail rider [...] perhaps there is some nostalgic pleasure to be taken in this but for the most part, we suggest leaving well enough alone".

Strategy Informer felt the game had updated and improved upon the original, noting better controls, more forgiving health bars and save points, and more engaging mission goals. The reviewer criticised the poor translations and perceived borderline ethnic stereotypes in the enemy characters. Overall the reviewer was impressed by the game, saying "in the end CF3 far exceeded my expectations". Metro had some praise for the graphics but complained of a lack of any fun and poor camera, controls and level design. The reviewer called the translated dialogue worse than that of Zero Wing. Greece's PC Master praised the game as enjoyable and while somewhat repetitive, a successful update of the Cannon Fodder series. Czech website Games.cz criticised the game as a failure, with poor graphics, music, sound effects and immature, unimpressive humour, saying the game would only be worth buying at a lower price.

References

2011 video games
Anti-war video games
Shooter games
Strategy video games
Video game sequels
Video games developed in Russia
Video games with isometric graphics
Windows games
Windows-only games
Action games

Cannon Fodder 3


The casa-grande (Portuguese and Spanish: "big house") was the Brazilian equivalent of a Southern plantation in the United States. These casas-grandes were predominantly located in the northeast of Brazil (areas such as present day Bahia and Pernambuco). Additionally, sugar cane was grown in the interior, in the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.

The casa-grande was made up of three main components: the Big House, the senzala (slave quarters), and the engenho (sugar cane mill). The master of sugar production was called the senhor de engenho ("master of the sugar works"). His word was final, and he had control over the land, the slaves, and the women who made up the plantation community.

The larger casas-grandes were self-sustaining, since they were isolated from the more developed coastal regions. Essential structures that were built included the school, the nursery, the infirmary, the family chapel, the master's harem, the bank, and the cemetery. In the early days it was necessary to maintain an army on the plantation. Those armies were sometimes very large, having up to one hundred Indians/half-breeds.

These plantations constituted a largely self-contained economic, social, political, and cultural system.

Master of sugar works
Gilberto Freyre wrote in his book Casa-Grande & Senzala, "Once the Jesuit was overthrown the senhor de engenho dominated colonial life almost without interference. He was the true master of Brazil, more powerful than viceroys or bishops." He added, "The truth is that around these senhores de engenho was created the most stable type of civilization in Hispanic America; and that type of civilization is exemplified by the heavy-set, horizontal architecture of the Big House."

These land owners were usually very powerful Portuguese men, and they did their best to keep their blood pure. This of course meant heavy inbreeding to keep the aristocracy. Freyre also says in his book that their motto was " A white woman to marry, a mulatto to take to bed, a Negress to do the work."

These sugar cane plantations were somewhat similar to the larger Southern plantations in the U.S., being an agricultural industry run on slave labor, which became very powerful in both Brazil and the United States.

See also
 History of slavery in Brazil
 Plantation economy
 Sugar plantations in the Caribbean
 House Negro
 Fazenda

References

History of agriculture in Brazil
Agricultural economics
Slavery in Brazil
History of sugar
Portuguese colonization of the Americas

Casa-grande


Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof is the central railway station in the German city of Bremerhaven, Bremen.

The station lies on the line from Bremen to Cuxhaven. The line from Bremen was built in 1862, and a station for that was built in Geestemünde. At the time, Geestemünde did not belong to Bremerhaven, but was a separate town. The line from Geestemünde to Cuxhaven was then built in 1896.

Because there were too many trains in the old station and it is connected only with single-track, it was decided to knock down the old station. The new station, which is now Bremerhaven Central railway station, was opened in 1914. Because it still was in Geestemünde, but not as far away as the old station, it was called Geestemünde-Bremerhaven.
In 1924, some other towns joined Bremerhaven, and the city got a new name, Wesermünde. The station got a new name, Wesermünde-Bremerhaven, because of that.

In 1944, in the middle of World War II, the hall over the railway tracks was destroyed by a bomb that was thrown from an American plane. The hall was not built again after the war.

Wesermünde received another name and was called Bremerhaven from 1947, and the station received the new name too and was now called Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof. That means "Bremerhaven Central railway station", and it was called that way because it was now in the middle of the new, large city.
Electric cables were put in the station in 1966, so that electric trains could run. Trains that were carrying soldiers of the US Army often ran to Bremerhaven in the 1970s, because the US Army had large barracks in the city.

1914 establishments in Europe
1910s establishments in Germany
Bremen (state)
Railway stations in Germany

Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof