Thomas Rolland Norris (born January 14, 1944) is a retired United States Navy SEAL and Distinguished Eagle Scout, who received the Medal of Honor for his ground rescue with the assistance of Petty Officer Third Class Nguyen Van Kiet of two downed aircrew members in Quảng Trị province during the Vietnam War on April 10–13, 1972. At the time of the action, Lieutenant Norris was a SEAL Advisor with the Strategic Technical Directorate Assistance Team. Norris was one of three SEALs to receive the Medal of Honor for actions during the Vietnam War.

Early life and education
Norris was born on January 14, 1944, in Jacksonville, Florida. He grew up in Wisconsin and Washington, D.C. As a youth, he was a member of the Boy Scouts of America and attained the rank of Eagle Scout. He graduated from Montgomery Blair High School in Silver Spring, Maryland, and then entered the University of Maryland in 1963, with the intent of pursuing a criminology career with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in sociology with a specialty in criminology in 1967.

While at the University of Maryland, Norris was an Atlantic Coast Conference college wrestling champion in 1965 and 1966.

Career

United States Navy
Norris enlisted in the United States Navy when his student deferment from the draft was not extended. He hoped to join the Navy and fly jets, but he had problems with his visual acuity and depth perception that disqualified him from becoming a pilot. He then became a Navy SEAL. Norris struggled during BUD/S training, and the instructors considered removing him from the course. However, the instructors decided to allow Norris to try to finish the training, and he graduated from BUD/S class 45 in July 1969 at Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek. Norris completed his first tour of duty in South Vietnam with Fifth Platoon, SEAL Team TWO from February to August 1970 earning Bronze Star Medal with combat "V" device.

Ground rescue operation

In April 1972, Norris was one of few remaining SEALs in Vietnam serving with MACVSOG Danang Naval Advisory Detachment. When Lieutenant Colonel Iceal Hambleton, USAF, an EB-66 Destroyer electronic warfare officer, was shot down behind enemy lines, aerial combat search and rescue operations failed, leading to the loss of five additional aircraft and the death of 11 or more airmen, two captured, and three more down and needing rescue. Norris was tasked with mounting a ground operation to recover Hambleton, Lieutenant Mark Clark, and Lieutenant Bruce Walker from behind enemy lines. Assisted by Vietnamese Sea Commando forces, he and Republic of Vietnam Navy Petty Officer Nguyen Van Kiet went more than  behind enemy lines and successfully rescued two of the downed American aviators. Walker was discovered and killed by the North Vietnamese Army. Though Norris at first rejected the honor, he was recognized with the Medal of Honor in 1975.

Intelligence gathering mission
Six months later, on October 31, 1972, Norris and fellow Navy SEAL Michael E. Thornton accompanied three South Vietnamese special forces soldiers on an intelligence gathering operation south of the demilitarized zone. They intended to reconnoiter the area around the Cửa Việt Base near the coast of Quảng Trị Province, just south of the Demilitarized Zone.

Approaching by sea, the group was transported by junk until sunset, then paddled a rubber boat to within a mile of shore and swam the remaining distance. Moving inland past numerous North Vietnamese encampments, the group reconnoitered through the night.

When morning dawned, the five-man group realized that they had landed  to the north and were actually in North Vietnam. They soon encountered a two-man North Vietnamese patrol, which the South Vietnamese attempted to capture. Instead, enemy troops were alerted to their position. For the next four hours, the five men held off an enemy force estimated at 200–300 strong. Norris called in naval firepower on the enemy's positions, helping to keep them alive.

The North Vietnamese regrouped and surrounded the troops, and the SEALs and South Vietnamese decided to withdraw. Norris protected their rear while the others moved towards the water. He was shot in the head and severely wounded. One of the South Vietnamese who saw Norris' wound assumed he was dead. Thornton, upon hearing the news, ran through heavy fire to recover the body of his fallen comrade, only to discover that Norris was still just barely alive. He killed several North Vietnamese as they surmounted the dunes around his position and then carried the unconscious Norris into the water.

Thornton also carried one of the South Vietnamese soldiers who had been wounded and was unable to swim into the ocean. Thornton swam and supported the two injured men for more than two hours before they were picked up by the same junk that had dropped them off the night before. Norris' first surgery lasted 19 hours.

Thornton was recognized with the Medal of Honor for his actions of April 1972 by President Richard Nixon during a ceremony at the White House on October 15, 1973. He snuck Norris out of the hospital in the middle of the night so Norris could attend the ceremony. Norris was later awarded the Medal of Honor by President Gerald R. Ford in a White House ceremony on March 6, 1976. Thornton thus became the first Medal of Honor recipient recognized for saving the life of another Medal of Honor recipient. Norris lost an eye and part of his skull. He spent three years recovering from his injuries in the hospital and over a six-year period underwent many major surgeries. As a result of the head injury, he was medically retired from the Navy in May 1975.

FBI
In 1979, Norris joined the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and requested a waiver for his disabilities. FBI director William Webster responded, "If you can pass the same test as anybody else applying for this organization, I will waive your disabilities." In September 1979, Norris passed the test and subsequently was an FBI Special Agent for 20 years. He was an original member of the FBI's Hostage Rescue Team as an assault team leader. He is a member of the Society of Former Special Agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.

Honors and citations

Medal of Honor citation
Citation:

Awards and achievements
The Naval Special Warfare Group Two's Lt. Thomas R. Norris Building in Little Creek, Virginia is named in his honor.

Norris' Medal of Honor actions have been re-told in numerous books and in the feature film Bat*21, which was the call sign for an EB-66C from the 42nd Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron (42 TEWS), 388th Tactical Fighter Wing, at Korat, Thailand. The aircraft was shot down while flying pathfinder escort for a cell of three B-52 bombing near the Demilitarized Zone.

Norris received the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award in 2011. He is one of eleven Eagle Scouts to have been awarded the Medal of Honor.

In 1976, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.

Military awards
Norris' military decorations and awards include the following:

Bibliography
 Written with Mike Thornton and Dick Couch.

See also
 MACV-SOG
 List of Eagle Scouts
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War

References

External links

 Lt. Thomas R. Norris, USN Biography and Interview on American Academy of Achievement

1944 births
Living people
Federal Bureau of Investigation agents
Recipients of the Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)
Recipients of the Silver Star
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
United States Navy officers
United States Navy personnel of the Vietnam War
United States Navy SEALs personnel
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
Vietnam War recipients of the Medal of Honor

Thomas R. Norris


20th Century Battlefields is a BBC documentary television series hosted by television and radio personality Peter Snow, and his son Dan Snow.

Episodes cover the major battles of the twentieth century, and is best known for its extensive use of "sand table" (often called the "mapcase" in both series) CGI effects to help viewers visualize the battles.

Production
Dan Snow has admitted that during the production he bickered with his father about the significance of certain battles such as the Spanish Armada at Gravelines and who won the Yom Kippur war. He also expressed concern over his father's health during filming in the Middle East when his father was becoming tired and run down from not drinking enough water.

Episode list

Episode 1: 1918 Western Front
Covers the Battle of Amiens, and in particular the innovative tactics invented, most notably the close coordination of infantry, tanks and aircraft which characterises modern battles shown by the British commander Douglas Haig, as well as basic infiltration tactics. Peter and Dan Snow observe a combined-arms exercise.

Episode 2: 1942 Midway
Covers the War in the Pacific from the Attack on Pearl Harbor and the Battle of the Coral Sea and then in more detail on the Battle of Midway. The episode also focuses on the rise of the aircraft carrier in World War II. Dan Snow takes part in a training exercise with the Royal Navy where they tackle a simulated engine room fire.

Episode 3: 1942 Stalingrad
Covers the Eastern Front briefly up to the Battle of Stalingrad and then describes the battle in detail from the initial attacks on the city to the surrounding and eventual destruction of the German 6th Army. Focuses in particular on urban warfare tactics employed, especially snipers. Dan Snow spends some time with the British Army Snipers to illustrate the power of the sniper, targeting a command post occupied by Peter Snow. Dan succeeds in 'assassinating' his father.

Episode 4: 1951 Korea
Covers the entire Korean War from the initial invasion by North Korea until the final ceasefire (but not peace treaty, as it is shown the two nations are still technically at war) after Chinese involvement. Focuses in particular on the retaking of Seoul and then the Battle of the Imjin River as the main fight shown. Peter and Dan experience the power of artillery.

Episode 5: 1968 Vietnam
Covers the Tet Offensive, in particular the fighting at Saigon and Khe Sanh, but the main focus is on the Battle of Hue. Dan Snow participates in training for urban assault.

Episode 6: 1973 Middle East
Covers the Yom Kippur War from start to finish concentrating on both the Syrian and Egyptian fronts. It also briefly covers the six day war of 1967, in which Israel launched a preemptive strike against Syria, Jordan and Egypt. Does not cover one engagement primarily, other than a slight focus on the Battle of Chinese Farm near the Suez Canal.  The Palestinian struggle for statehood is heavily emphasized. The episode is filmed in the Negev Desert in Southern Israel, since neither Egypt nor Syria gave permission to film in their countries. Dan Snow learns how to operate an anti-tank missile.

Episode 7: 1982 Falklands
Covers the Falklands War from start to finish. Beginning with the invasion of the island, it then details all major engagements of the conflict from the sinking of General Belgrano, the sinking of HMS Sheffield, the British landing on the Falklands, Battle of Goose Green, and finally the battle for Stanley. Dan Snow practices night fighting with the British Army.

Episode 8: 1991 Gulf War
Covers the First Gulf War from start to finish. Beginning with the invasion and occupation of Kuwait the episode then details the retaking of the country by the UN coalition. It covers in most detail the air campaign (noting the changes in tactics to respond to international pressure) and then the ground attack. No individual engagement is given priority, though an amount of time is given to non-combat events, such as the burning of oil wells and SCUD attacks on Tel-Aviv. Dan Snow experiences operating in gas masks.

See also
 Battlefield Britain

References

External links

 Discovery Military website

British military television series
American Heroes Channel original programming
Documentary television series about aviation
Documentary television series about war
2007 British television series debuts
2007 British television series endings
2000s British documentary television series
English-language television shows
Works about the Falklands War
Works about the Gulf War
Works about the Korean War
Works about the Vietnam War
BBC television documentaries about history during the 20th Century

20th Century Battlefields


Bet on the Saint is the title of an unpublished novel by Fleming Lee (credited to Leslie Charteris), featuring the character of criminal-turned-detective Simon Templar (alias "The Saint"), created by Charteris in 1928.

The novel was written in 1968. Charteris had effectively retired from writing the stories in 1963, and served in an editorial capacity overseeing a new series of Saint novels and novellas by other writers.

According to the book The Saint: A Complete History in Print, Radio, Film and Television 1928-1992 by Burl Barer, Charteris and Lee collaborated on this novel, which was based upon a storyline from the earlier The Saint comic strip. The plot, as described by Barer, is science fiction, and depicts Templar's attempts to stop the distribution of a performance-enhancing drug that endows athletes with super-human strength.

Barer writes that neither Charteris nor Lee were particularly happy with the final manuscript, although Charteris did "copious rewrites". Breaking a pattern he had maintained for nearly 40 years, Charteris chose not to submit Bet on the Saint to his longtime British publishers, Hodder & Stoughton. Instead, he submitted it solely to Doubleday, the company that ran The Crime Club imprint which had published the first US editions of every Saint book since 1928. Doubleday rejected it, and Charteris offered first publication rights to other US publishers. However, he was unable to find an alternative publisher and Bet on the Saint was abandoned.

Fleming Lee afterwards completed another comic strip adaptation, The Saint in Pursuit, which was accepted for publication by both Hodder & Stoughton and Doubleday/Crime Club after Charteris edited the manuscript.  It was published in 1970.

To date, this "lost" Saint novel remains unpublished and a copy of the manuscript is kept with a collection of Charteris' papers at Boston University.

This is one of three known Saint novels that were never published. The others were a 1979 work by Joy Martin that was approved by Charteris entitled The Saint's Lady, and a recently discovered unpublished Charteris manuscript from the early 1940s titled The Saint's Second Front.

References
 Burl Barer, The Saint: A Complete History in Print, Radio, Film and Television 1928-1992. Jefferson, N.C.: MacFarland, 2003 (originally published in 1992), pp. 213–215 (2003 edition).

Simon Templar books
Unpublished novels

Bet on the Saint


Sir Eduardo Luigi Paolozzi, KBE, RA (Edinburgh, 7 March 1924 – London, 22 April 2005), was a Scottish sculptor and artist. He was the eldest son of Italian immigrants.

Education
Paolozzi studied at the Edinburgh College of Art in 1943, then moved to London. He was briefly at the St Martin's School of Art in 1944, and then at the Slade School of Fine Art at University College London from 1944 to 1947. He lived in Paris from 1947 to 1949. There he met Alberto Giacometti, Jean Arp, Constantin Brâncuşi, Georges Braque and Fernand Léger. They were a big influence on his later work.

Pop art
Paolozzi was the founder of the pop art movement. Paolozzi's I was a Rich Man's Plaything (1947) is considered the first standard bearer of Pop Art and first to display the word "pop". Paolozzi showed the collage in 1952 as part of his groundbreaking Bunk! series at the Independent Group meeting in London.

Assessment
He was a major figure in the international art sphere. Paolozzi investigated how we fitted into the modern world. He revealed our fragmented civilization through imagination and fantasy.

He was made Her Majesty's Sculptor in Ordinary for Scotland in 1986, which he held until his death.

Writings
 Eduardo Paolozzi by Eduardo Paolozzi, Tate, London 1971 ASIN B00103A8RG
 Recurring themes by Eduardo Paolozzi Rizzoli (1984)
 Metafisikal Translations by Eduardo Paolozzi, Lelpra, London 1962 ASIN B002MNOJQY

Gallery

References

1924 births
2005 deaths
British sculptors
People from Edinburgh
Royal Academicians

Eduardo Paolozzi


Barima-Waini (Region 1) is a region of Esequiban Guyana, a territory in dispute by Guyana and Venezuela. Venezuela claims the territory as part of Delta Amacuro state. It is named after two rivers that flow through the region: the Barima River and the Waini River. The regional capital is Mabaruma.

The region is in the northwest of the country. It has an area of 20,339 km². As of the 2012 census, 26,941 people lived there. It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the north, the region of Pomeroon-Supenaam to the east, the region of Cuyuni-Mazaruni to the south and Venezuela to the west.

Regions of Guyana

Barima-Waini


Tecmo Cup Soccer Game, known as Captain Tsubasa in Japan and Tecmo Cup Football Game in Europe, is an association football sports video game released in 1992 by Tecmo for the Nintendo Entertainment System. The objective of the game is for the player to fight his way from junior league all the way to the finals of the World Cup.

Based on the Captain Tsubasa manga series, Tecmo Cup Soccer Game is a heavily Americanized version of the Japanese Captain Tsubasa game released for the Family Computer system, featuring a different main character, a different introduction and more western-looking players. The game contains elements from role-playing games as the players have skill levels and are mostly controlled by different kinds of text commands.

Summary
Considered to be the first of many games based on the series, which have appeared on many systems, this game was the innovator of games that would be known as "Cinematic Soccer". Rather than having direct control over the action like a standard soccer sim; the game has a cinematic angle where the player must choose his actions from a timed list and the results of these actions are animated on screen. Present-day games with a "career mode" setting would be inspired by this game's setup.

Reception
Captain Tsubasa topped the bi-weekly Japanese Famitsu sales chart in May 1988.

Differences

The changes from Captain Tsubasa to Tecmo Cup Soccer Game include:
 As stated above, the intro was slightly changed. When the game was turned on, a soccer ball can be seen on a blue floor, rather than being accompanied by a young Tsubasa (on a green floor, probably to indicate grass) as in the Japanese version. Also, in the Japanese version, the plane was still shown (without the sky) in front of the logo, while in the American version, the plane was not shown in front of the logo at all.
 The main character (and pretty much all other characters except for the announcer and the referee) have been altered. Tsubasa, a spiky-headed, black-haired kid, has been changed to Robin Field, a blonde young adult.
 Moete Hero, the theme for the Captain Tsubasa anime, used in the intro and the second half of the game, has been replaced.
 When a new game begins, the words above the announcer that say "ON AIR" have been replaced with "TECMO!". Also, the "JBS" logo has been omitted.
 The board behind Billy, the instructor, goes from green to blue. There are no kids sitting down with him.
 The password system has Japanese characters replaced with the English alphabet.
 In the first half of the game, the song that plays while the player's team has the ball has been changed because it was a part of the song Moete Hero.
 In Captain Tsubasa, the player had to go through a short little sidequest after each match to have Taro Misaki play on his team, but Taro's Tecmo Cup Soccer Game counterpart joins the team right away and is portrayed as Robin's brother, Cecil.
 The quality of all goalkeepers in the game was dramatically upgraded, with some GKs (particularly the Zaps and Ninjas) being able to stop the special shot of Robin. Also, the GKs of Arabia (Argentina in the original), and Cameroon (formerly Uruguay) are very hard to beat.
 There is a version in Spanish which was released in Spain, called Tecmo Cup Football Game. It's similar to Tecmo Cup Soccer Game, except the game is in the Spanish language.

See also
 Tehkan World Cup
 Tecmo Cup Football Game
 Tecmo World Cup Soccer

References

 Captain Tsubasa (infobox details) at GameFAQs

1988 video games
Association football video games
Captain Tsubasa video games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Nintendo Entertainment System-only games
Sports video games with career mode
Tecmo games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Keiji Yamagishi

Tecmo Cup Soccer Game


Clouseau is a Belgian pop group, having success in Belgium and the Netherlands since being established in the late 1980s. Apart from a brush with English material in the early 1990s they perform in Dutch. Their biggest hits are "Daar gaat ze" ("There she goes", a #1 hit in the Netherlands in 1990, and rerecorded in English as "Close Encounters") and "Passie" ("Passion", a #1 hit in the Netherlands in 1995).

History

1987–1990
Clouseau was set up by Bob Savenberg, who named the band after Inspector Clouseau, a character he enjoyed imitating and after whom he had named his radio station.

Initially, Clouseau only performed at local venues. Singer Koen Wauters soon left the group to sing for another local band, but in 1987 he was persuaded to return.

The same year they were discovered at the Marktrock festival in Leuven, Belgium. Their first single "Brandweer" ("Firemen", also a pun that can be interpreted as "Burning again") sold 427 copies. Their television debut followed in November of that year.

In 1989 Clouseau participated in the Belgian tryouts for the Eurovision Song Contest with the song "Anne". Clouseau came in second, but "Anne" became an enormous hit in Belgium and a (minor) hit in the Netherlands. The popularity of Clouseau in Belgium skyrocketed, and that year Clouseau produced its first album, "Hoezo?" ("Whaddayamean?").

In 1990 "Daar gaat ze" topped the singles charts in both Belgium and the Netherlands; several more hits followed. On September 30, Tjen Berghmans left the group after a dispute.

In October 1990 Clouseau released their second album, Of zo... (Or so...). In March 1991, Karel Theys departed, leaving Clouseau as a three-piece. A month later Clouseau came in 16th in the Eurovision Song Contest with "Geef het op", but their participation resulted in a European breakthrough.

1991–1999
Afterwards it was announced that Koen Wauters was called up for the army; because of his Clouseau-commitments he only had to serve four weeks and didn't need to shave his head. Fall 1991, Clouseau released their first English language album; Close Encounters (of which the title track is a translation of "Daar gaat ze") was a huge success in Germany. The Dutch fans were less keen on the idea of Koen Wauters singing in another language and rather bought the live-album that was released during this period.

In 1992 Clouseau released a Dutch-language album, Doorgaan (Keep on going). At the same time, they supported Swedish group Roxette on their European tour performing the Close Encounters-material.

The second English-language album, 1993's In every small town was recorded in Los Angeles. However, the album failed critically, receiving little attention outside the Benelux countries. Since then, Clouseau has refrained from producing English-language music (except for occasional singles, e.g. "Weather With You" (Crowded House cover) in 2000).

In 1995 they released the Oker album, which featured the single "Passie". In 1996, founder Bob Savenberg left the group. At the time he hosted the television format of the Ultratop 50. Bob Savenberg now works with upcoming artists as a manager.

In September 1996 Clouseau released the Adrenaline album, which was promoted with a large tour.

On 22 December 1998 singer Koen Wauters married the Dutch television journalist and one-time MTV-presenter Carolyn Lilipaly (they divorced in 2002). 1999 saw the release of In Stereo. Clouseau were heading for a new direction. A live album was released in 2000, and Clouseau were touring Belgium and the Netherlands.

2000–2009
In 2001, Clouseau released the disco oriented CD En Dans (And Dance); the artwork was designed by Marcel Vanthilt and the title track became a huge hit. Whilst the fans were waiting for new material, the two remaining bandmembers presented the 2003 and 2004 editions of Idool (the Belgian version of Idols) on VTM. In October 2004 they released the Vanbinnen (Inside) album.

Since 2002 Clouseau are playing multiple Christmas shows at the Sportpaleis Antwerp. These concerts are a huge success with tickets selling out well in advance and each year's series surpassing the previous. In 2005, 13 shows attracted over 200,000 visitors in total. Due to Koen's Dakar-participation they couldn't add any further dates.

In 2006 Clouseau performed in Antwerp at the 0110 concerts for tolerance, organised by Tom Barman, singer/guitarist with dEUS. At that moment seven shows were added for that year's Christmas stint (Clouseau Speciale Editie).

The band released their latest CD Vonken & Vuur (Sparks & Flames) in March 2007 with "De Tegenpartij" ("The Opposition Party") being the first single. The Dutch release followed a month later.

Their 20th anniversary was celebrated with the tribute album Braveau Clouseau.

On 5 December 2008 Clouseau played the first of their Crescendo Christmas-shows.

In 2009 they expressed their tiredness of Belgian communal tensions in a pro-Belgium song, a novelty in Flemish commercial popular culture. They toured across railway-stations and festivals which included their first show in the Netherlands in nine years.

In 2017 a documentary was aired in honour of their 30th anniversary.

Members
 Tjen Berghmans (up to September 1990)
 Karel Theys (up to March 1991)
 Bob Savenberg (up to 1996)
 Kris Wauters
 Koen Wauters

Band
 Jos Michiels (Percussion)
 David Thomaere (Keyboards)
 Herman Cambré (Drums)
 Eric Melaerts (Guitar)
 Tom Lodewyckx (Guitar)
 Vincent Pierens (Bass Guitar)

Discography

Albums
 Hoezo? (1989)
 Of zo... (1990)
 Close Encounters (1991)
 Live '91 (1991)
 Doorgaan (1993)
 In Every Small Town (1993)
 Het Beste van (1993)
 Oker (1995)
 Adrenaline (1996)
 87- 97 (1997)
 In Stereo (1999)
 Live (2000)
 Ballades (2001)
 En Dans (2001)
 Live in het Sportpaleis DVD ("Live at the Sport Palace, Antwerp") (2003)
 Vanbinnen (2004)
 Clouseau in 't lang DVD ("Live at the Sport Palace, Antwerp") (2006)
 Vonken en Vuur (2007)
 Zij Aan Zij (2009)
 Clouseau (2013)
 Clouseau Danst (2016)
 Tweesprong (2019)
 Jonge wolven'' (2022)

Singles

References

External links

Belgian pop music groups
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Belgium
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1991

Clouseau (band)


The New Oxford American Dictionary (NOAD) is a single-volume dictionar o American Inglis compiled bi American editors at the Oxford University Press.

NOAD is based upon the New Oxford Dictionary of English (NODE), published in the United Kinrick in 1998, awtho wi substantial editin, additional entries, an the inclusion o illustrations.  It is based on a corpus linguistics analysis o Oxford's 200 million wird database o contemporary American Inglis.

NOAD includes a diacritical respelling scheme tae convey pronunciations, as opposed tae the Gimson phonemic IPA seestem that is uised in NODE.

References

Inglis Dictionars

New Oxford American Dictionary


TASS Is Authorized to Declare... (, translit. TASS upolnomochen zayavit...) is a 1984 Soviet spy miniseries directed by Vladimir Fokin. The series is set in Cold War era and portrays the struggle of Soviet and American intelligence agencies. It is based on a novel by the same name by Yulian Semyonov (the author of cult spy series Seventeen Moments of Spring). "17 Moments" star Vyacheslav Tikhonov played KGB General Konstantinov, the protagonist of the "TASS..." series.

Original film music score was composed by Eduard Artemyev as a blend of progressive rock and electronic music.

Plot
Trianon (Boris Klyuyev), a willing mole agent for the Americans, is providing his CIA handlers in Moscow with information on Soviet supplies to the fictional African state of Nagonia which he obtains through his high-positioned expert job. The KGB counterintelligence painstakingly identifies and neutralizes him. Trianon kills his fiancee who raised suspicions on his double life and then attempts to commit suicide when arrested, but the KGB secures his apprehension and interrogation.

At the same time in Nagonia, Soviet counterintelligence agent Slavin (Yuri Solomin) risks his life assisting in identification of Trianon and preventing local CIA resident Glabb (Vakhtang Kikabidze) from staging a coup d'etat in the country by pro-American General Ogano against ruling progressive president Grisso. Several foreign whistleblowers providing Slavin with information are killed by Glabb's order.

As the result of successful KGB operation, the TASS state news agency issues a sensational news bulletin exposing the CIA plot.

Cast

 Vyacheslav Tikhonov as KGB General Konstantinov
 Yury Solomin as Slavin
 Nikolai Zasukhin as Makarov
 Aleksei Petrenko as Paul Dick, journalist
 Ivars Kalnins as Minayev
 Nikolai Mikheyev as Pavel Savelyevich Ozersky
 Nikolai Skorobogatov as Arkhipkin
 Mikhail Gluzsky as Fyodorov
 Irina Alfyorova as Olga Winter
 Vladlen Davydov as Yeryomin
 Boris Khimichev as Michael Welsh
 Georgi Tejkh as Nelson Grin
 Mikhail Zhigalov as Paramonov
 Aristarkh Livanov as  Welsh's assistant
 Vladimir Mashchenko as Shargin
 Zhanna Prokhorenko as Paramonova
 Vakhtang Kikabidze as John Glabb, CIA resident to Nagonia
 Eleonora Zubkova as Pilar, Glabb's mistress
 Bolot Bejshenaliyev as Lao
 Vladimir Belousov as Tsyzin
 Vatslav Dvorzhetsky as Professor Winter
 Konstantin Karelskikh as Luns
 Aleksandr Karin as KGB officer
 Vadim Andreev as Dronov, KGB lieutenant
 Boris Klyuyev as Sergey Dubov (Agent 'Trianon')
 Erwin Knausmüller as U.S. Ambassador
 Kalifa Konde as Ogano
 Ermengeld Konovalov as Stau
 Leonid Kuravlyov as Zotov
 Marina Levtova as Olga Vronskaya
 Pavel Makhotin as Yarantsev
 Heino Mandri as Lorence, former CIA resident to Nagonia, killed by Glabb
 Mikk Mikiver as Donald Gee, journalist
 Aleksandr Pashutin as Gmyrya
 Tatyana Plotnikova as Niyazmetova
 Viktor Shulgin as Vogulyov
 Eduard Martsevich as Dmitry Stepanov, a Soviet journalist
 Lyudmila Solodenko as Doctor
 Lembit Ulfsak as Schleyer
 Valentina Titova as Potapenko
 Olga Volkova as Emma Schanz, previous Glabb's wife
 Leonid Yarmolnik as Grechayev
 Georgi Yumatov as Ivan Belyu
 Boris Bystrov as Agafonov, a KGB major, the investigator
 Nadezhda Babkina as cameo
 Stunts by Oleg Fedulov

See also
 Aleksandr Dmitrievich Ogorodnik

References

External links

1984 television films
1984 films
Soviet television films
Cold War spy films
1980s Russian-language films
Gorky Film Studio films
Soviet television miniseries
Films scored by Eduard Artemyev
Films set in Moscow
Films set in Africa
1980s Soviet television series
1980s spy films
1980s television miniseries
Soviet spy television series
Russian spy television series

TASS Is Authorized to Declare...


Gladys Alicia Mora Romero (born July 31, 1980, in Barranquila) is a Colombian taekwondo practitioner. She is a two-time Olympian, and a four-time medalist at the Pan American Taekwondo Championships. She also won a bronze medal for the 51 kg class at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games in Cartagena, Colombia.

Mora made her official debut for the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, where she competed in the women's flyweight category (49 kg). She first defeated Indonesia's Juana Wangsa Putri by a superiority decision in the preliminary rounds, before losing out her next match to Chinese Taipei's Chen Shih-Hsin, with a sudden death score of 0–1. Because her opponent advanced further into the final match, Mora took advantage of the repechage rounds by defeating Nepal's Sangina Baidya and Guatemala's Euda Carías. She progressed to the bronze medal match, but narrowly lost the medal to Thailand's Yaowapa Boorapolchai, with a score of 1–2.

At the 2008 Summer Olympics, Mora qualified for the second time in the women's 49 kg class, after winning the championship title from the Pan American Qualification Tournament in Cali, Colombia. Unfortunately, she lost the first preliminary round match to another Chinese Taipei taekwondo practitioner Yang Shu-Chun, with a score of 0–(-1).

References

External links

NBC Olympics Profile

Results

Medal count

Results international

Colombian female taekwondo practitioners
1980 births
Living people
Olympic taekwondo practitioners for Colombia
Taekwondo practitioners at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Taekwondo practitioners at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Barranquilla
Central American and Caribbean Games silver medalists for Colombia
Competitors at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in taekwondo
20th-century Colombian women
21st-century Colombian women

Gladys Mora


Whitney Elizabeth Houston (9 August 1963 – 11 Februar 2012) wis an American sangster an actress. She wis citit as the maist awairdit female airtist o aw time bi Guinness World Records an remeens ane o the best-sellin muisic airtists o aw time wi 200 million records sauld warldwide. Her crossower appeal on the popular muisic chairts—as weel as her prominence on MTV, stairtin wi her video for "How Will I Know"—influenced several female African-American airtists.

Houston begoud singin in kirk as a bairn an becam a backgrund vocalist while in heich schuil. Wi the guidance o Arista Records chairman Clive Davis, she signed tae the label at the age o 19. Her first twa studio albums, Whitney Houston (1985) an Whitney (1987), baith reached nummer ane on the Billboard 200 in the Unitit States, an tae-date are the biggest-sellin first twa albums released o ony artist in history. Tae this day, she is the anerly airtist tae hae seiven consecutive nummer-ane singles on the US Billboard Hot 100 chairt, frae "Saving All My Love for You" in 1985 tae "Where Do Broken Hearts Go" in 1988.

Houston made her screen actin debut in the romantic thriller film The Bodyguard (1992). She recordit sax sangs for the film's soondtrack, includin "I Will Always Love You", that received the Grammy Awaird for Record o the Year an becam the best-sellin single bi a wumman in muisic history. The soondtrack album received the Grammy Awaird for Album o the Year; it remeens the best-sellin soondtrack album in history. Houston made ither heich-profile film appearances an contreibutit/produced thair accompanyin soondtracks, includin Waiting to Exhale (1995) an The Preacher's Wife (1996). The Preacher's Wife soondtrack went on tae acome the best-sellin gospel album in history.

Follaein the creetical an commercial success o My Love Is Your Love (1998), Houston signed a $100 million contract wi Arista Records. Houiver, her personal struggles begoud owershaidaein her career, an the album Just Whitney (2002) received mixed reviews. Her drog uise an camsteirie mairiage tae Bobby Brown war widely publicised in media. Efter a sax-year break frae recordin, Houston returned tae the tap o the Billboard 200 chairt wi her feenal studio album, I Look to You (2009).

On 11 Februar 2012, Houston wis foond deid at the Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills, Californie. The coroner's report shawed that she haed accidentally drouned in the bathtub, wi hert disease an cocaine uise as contreibutin factors. News o her daith coincidit wi the 2012 Grammy Awairds an wis featurt prominently in internaitional media.

References

1963 births
2012 daiths
20t-century American actresses
20t-century American sangsters
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American sangsters
Accidental daiths in Californie
Actresses frae New Jersey
African-American actresses
African-American Christians
African-American female models
African-American female sangsters
African-American film producers
African-American record producers
American female pop sangsters
American film actresses
American gospel sangsters
American mezzo-sopranos
American fowk o Dutch strynd
American fowk o Native American strynd
American rhythm an blues sangsters
Arista Records airtists
Baptists frae the Unitit States
Brit Awaird winners
Buirials in New Jersey
Cocaine-relatit daiths in Californie
Daiths bi drounin
Drog-relatit daiths in Californie
Primetime Emmy Awaird winners
Grammy Awaird winners
Internaitional opponents o apartheid in Sooth Africae
Juno Awaird winners
Pairteecipants in American reality televeesion series
Fowk frae New Jersey
Fowk frae East Orange, New Jersey
Sangsters frae New Jersey
Sangsters wi a fower-octave vocal range
World Music Awards winners

Whitney Houston


Alexander Constantine Ionides (), also known as Konstantinos Ioannou or Iplixis (; 1 September 1810 – 10 November 1890) was a British art patron and collector, of Greek ancestry.

Life
Alexander Constantine Iplixes was born in Constantinople on 1 September 1810. His parents were Constantine Ioannes "Iplik(t)zis" Ioannou/Ionides (1775–1852) and his wife Mariora Ioannou-Sentoukakis (1784–1857). His father set up a London branch for his trading firm in . In 1827 Alexander came to London, finishing his education at Brixton.

He married Euterpe Sgouta (1816–1892) in Constantinople, before settling in Cheetham Hill, Manchester. They would have five children.

He then founded his own textile and wheat trading-firm, Ionides and Company (he changed his surname from Ipliktzis to Ionides at this time), operating between London and the Near East and the Balkans.

He soon began to patronise the arts around 1829, both in Britain (where his protégés included Edward Calvert and George Frederic Watts, who became his friends) and in Greece (where he followed his father as a patron of the University of Athens).

In 1834 Ionides and his family moved to London, where they lived at 9 Finsbury Circus  from 1834 to 1839). In 1837 he became a naturalised British citizen. Afterwards they moved to Tulse Hill (1838–1864) and finally to 1 Holland Park (1864 onwards), during which time began to gather an artistic salon at his home. Acting as Greek consul-general in 1854–1866, he held directorships of the Crystal Palace (1855) and of many banks. His son Alexander introduced him in 1860 to artists whom he had met in Paris, such as James Abbott McNeill Whistler, Edward Poynter, Thomas Armstrong, and George du Maurier; later Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Edward Burne-Jones also joined Ionides's circle. He commissioned the designers Philip Webb and Thomas Jeckyll to redecorate 1 Holland Park. In 1875, he finally moved to a house called "Windycroft" in Hastings, leaving Alexander to complete the Aesthetic redecoration at 1 Holland Park by commissioning William Morris and Walter Crane).

Children
 Constantine Alexander Ionides (1833–1900), patron and collector
 Aglaia Coronio (1834–1906), patron, collector, confidante of Morris and a friend of Rossetti
 Luke Ionides (1837–1924), friend of Whistler, patron and collector, whose fourth son Basil became an architect
 Alexander (Aleco; 1840–1898), who joined with his father in collecting Tanagra figurines and Greek vases
 Chariclea Anthea Euterpe Dannreuther (1844–1923), married the musician Edward Dannreuther

In popular culture
 Ionides is one of the inspirations for the character Sir Lewis Cornelys in the 1894 George du Maurier novel Trilby.

External links

1810 births
1890 deaths
British art collectors
British people of Greek descent
People from Cheetham Hill
Constantinopolitan Greeks
British art patrons
Greek emigrants to the United Kingdom

Alexander Constantine Ionides


Benazir Bhutto International Airport (), ) is the third largest airport in Pakistan that is in Rawalpindi, Punjab. The airport is actually located outside of Islamabad, in the area of Chaklala. Being the main airport for the Pakistani capital it often hosts officials and citizens from other nations. The airfield is shared with the transport and liaison squadrons of the Pakistan Air Force. The newly built Islamabad International Airport replaced it on May 2018.

Airports in Pakistan
Rawalpindi

Benazir Bhutto International Airport


Mami Kataoka (Japanese: 片岡 真実) is an art curator and writer.

Early life and education
Kataoka was born in 1965 in Nagoya.
She received a BA from Aichi University of Education in 1988.

Career

Tokyo Opera City Art Gallery, 1992–2002
Kataoka was chief curator of the Tokyo Opera City Art Gallery, where she worked from the start of the project to create the gallery, from 1992 until 2002, three years after its opening in 1999. There she curated "Releasing Senses" (inaugural exhibition in 1999), "Tatsuo Miyajima: Mega Death" (2000), "Encounter" (2001), "Rirkrit Tiravanija" (2002) and collaborated on projects including "Territory: Contemporary art from the Netherlands" (2000), "My home is yours, your home is mine" (2001), "JAM: Tokyo-London" (2001), "Under Construction: New Dimensions in Asian Contemporary Art" (2002), among others.

Mori Art Museum, 2003–present
Since 2003, Kataoka has been the Chief Curator of the Mori Art Museum, Tokyo, Japan. The Mori Art Museum is a contemporary art museum in Roppongi Hills in Tokyo. During her tenure at the Mori Art Museum, Kataoka has curated a number of exhibitions, including: "Ai Weiwei: According to What?" (2009), which is touring in the United States from 2012 onwards, and  "Lee Bul: From Me, Belongs to You Only" (2012), the first large-scale solo exhibition of Asia's leading female artist. In addition to overseeing the activities of the curatorial department at the Mori, she has curated diverse exhibitions such as "Roppongi Crossing: New Visions in Contemporary Japanese Art 2004", which provided an overview of the recent art scene in Japan; "Ozawa Tsuyoshi: Answer with Yes and No!" (2004), which was the first in a series to introduce mid-career Asian artists with solo exhibitions; co-curated "Follow Me!: Chinese Art at the Threshold of the New Millennium" (2005), which showed the museum's strong focus on Asian contemporary art; and "MAM Projects", which sought to encourage young and upcoming artists internationally. She curated the first three MAM Projects: 001: Santiago Cucullu (2004), 002: Jun Nguyen-Hatsushiba (2004) and 003: R.O.R (Revolutions on Request), a group from Finland. She has also worked on "Hiroshi Sugimoto: End of Time "(2005) in collaboration with the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in Washington D.C. and "Tokyo-Berlin / Berlin-Tokyo" (2006) in collaboration with the Neue Nationalgalerie in Berlin.

From 2007-2009, Kataoka joined the curatorial team at the Hayward Gallery, London as the esteemed gallery's first international curator. Here she curated "Laughing in a Foreign Language" (2008) an exhibition exploring a role of humour in diverse cultures.

Kataoka is a key figure in documenting and analyzing trends within contemporary Japanese art since 2000, considering relevant social historical and generational themes evident in contemporary Japanese art. She most recently guest curated "Phantoms of Asia: Contemporary Awakens the Past" (2012) at the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco.

Kataoka was a Co-Artistic Director of ROUNDTABLE: The 9th Gwangju Biennale (Korea, 2012). Recognizing the temporary and circulatory nature of biennales, which by definition reflect shifting curatorial themes and structures in rotation, Kataoka's work as part of the ROUNDTABLE curatorial team confronted the diverse inter-connectivities of different contexts within which we can find our own temporal positioning.

Other activities
In 2019, Kataoka was a member of the juries that selected Apichatpong Weerasethakul as recipient of the Artes Mundi prize  and Lawrence Abu Hamdan for the Edvard Munch Art Award.

References

External links
 Mori Art Museum website

Japanese art curators
Japanese art critics
Living people
Directors of museums in Japan
Women museum directors
Year of birth missing (living people)
Aichi University of Education alumni
Japanese women curators

Mami Kataoka


The Lyon surface bus network is operated by Keolis Lyon on behalf of SYTRAL for TCL. It includes over 140 lines of buses and trolleybuses spread out through Lyon and the greater Grand Lyon area. Four nocturnal lines (Pleine Lune) operate from 1:00 am to 4:00 am from Thursday to Saturday during university periods.
Only urban and departmental lines owned by TCL are listed here.
Most vehicles belong to Irisbus brand (e.g. Renault Véhicules Industriels).
Since January 2007, all lines of the surface network (except C1, C2 and C3 lines) have been used by "MPA" (Montée Porte Avant). The return to this mode of operation took place gradually in the second half of 2006.
On 1 January 2007, the former network Gibus of Givors was integrated into the TCL network as Line 80, 81, 82 and R3.

External links
 Official site of TCL
 Lyon en Lignes
 Tecelyon – the buses of Lyon

Transport in Lyon

Buses in Lyon


Maria Paula Gonçalves da Silva (born March 11, 1962 in Osvaldo Cruz, São Paulo), nicknamed "Magic Paula", is a retired Brazilian women's basketball player. She is considered one of the greatest players in her country, along with Hortência Marcari and Janeth Arcain. For Brazil women's national basketball team, Paula is the second biggest scorer with 723 points (behind Hortência) and holds the record for caps with 45 games, being in two Olympic Games and six World Championships.

Paula became a member of the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame in 2006 and of the FIBA Hall of Fame in 2013.

Career
Paula begun playing basketball at the age of ten, and in 1974, was invited to join Assis Tênis Clube. One year and a half later, the team folded and Paula went to Jundiaí to play for Colégio Divino Salvador, and a few months later, was drafted for the first time by the national team despite being only fourteen. In 1988, Paula went to play in Spain, but an injured knee and difficulties of adaptation brought her back to Brazil in 1991.

In 1979, she helped her team to a fourth place at the Pan American Games, held in Puerto Rico. During the 1983 World Championship hosted by Brazil, reporter Juarez Araújo compared Paula's play to Magic Johnson, leading to her long-lasting nickname of "Magic Paula". That same year, Paula and the national team improved their previous Pan American performance by winning a bronze medal at the Venezuela games, and, in 1987, went yet one more step further by winning a silver medal at the 1987 Indianapolis Pan Americans. In 1991, Paula and the Brazilian women's national basketball team won the gold medal at that year's Pan American tournament, held in Cuba, being the player which most impressed Cuban president Fidel Castro.

In 1992, Paula helped her team qualify for the Olympic Games for the first time. Brazil finished in seventh place at the Barcelona Olympics.

In 1993, Paula went to Associação Atlética Ponte Preta, where she played along with Hortência and won the World Championship for clubs. After discussions with Hortência, Paula returned to Piracicaba.

In 1994, Paula won the women's world basketball championship in Australia, making Brazil the only country other than the Soviet Union or the United States to win the title (Australia became the fourth in 2006), and was named the most valuable player of that tournament. In 1996, she won a silver medal at the Atlanta Olympics, and retired from the national team after winning the 1997 FIBA Americas Championship for Women. She still played for clubs before retiring in 2000.

After retirement, Paula became an entrepreneur, director of the Centro Olímpico do Ibirapuera, and worked for a while in the Brazilian Ministry of Sports. She also commented the basketball tournaments of the 2011 Pan American Games and 2012 Summer Olympics for Rede Record, the NBA playoffs and All-Star Game for Space in 2014 and 2015, and the 2016 Summer Olympics for ESPN Brasil.

See also
 Basketball in South America

References

External links
 Official website
 Paula at the Brazilian Confederation website

1962 births
Living people
Basketball players at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Basketball players at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Brazilian expatriate basketball people in Spain
Brazilian women's basketball players
FIBA Hall of Fame inductees
Olympic basketball players for Brazil
Olympic medalists in basketball
Olympic silver medalists for Brazil
Basketball players from São Paulo (state)
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games gold medalists for Brazil
Pan American Games silver medalists for Brazil
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Brazil
Pan American Games medalists in basketball
Basketball players at the 1983 Pan American Games
Basketball players at the 1987 Pan American Games
Basketball players at the 1991 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1983 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1987 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1991 Pan American Games
Goodwill Games medalists in basketball
Competitors at the 1986 Goodwill Games
Commanders of the Order of Ipiranga

Maria Paula Silva


The Philadelphia Freedom Concert and Ball was an HIV/AIDS awareness fund raising event that was held in Philadelphia, United States, on July 4, 2005.

History
The ball was held at the Philadelphia Museum of Art prior to the multi-act concert. Tickets were $1,000 each and included numerous celebrities, including, the orchestrator of the event, Elton John. Chefs from the city provided food and entertainment was provided by local groups. The concert itself was held outside the museum, using the stage from the Live 8 concert only a few days before.  VIP tickets costing $500 allowed people to sit in twenty-five rows set up in front of the stage; otherwise, it was a standing only event. More than one million people attended.

The concert was hosted by Wayne Brady and Bruce Vilanch and included other guests, such as Billie Jean King. Performers included Bryan Adams, Patti LaBelle, Rufus Wainwright, Peter Nero and the Philly Pops, culminating with a performance by Elton John (who was introduced by long-time friend and AIDS activist Billie Jean King). John opened with "The Bitch Is Back", followed by "Bennie and the Jets", "Rocket Man", "I Guess That's Why They Call It The Blues", "Tiny Dancer", and ended with "Philadelphia Freedom" with the Philadelphia Pops.

The concert was followed by a fireworks display.

References

2005 in music
Culture of Philadelphia
History of Philadelphia
2005 in Pennsylvania
2005 in Philadelphia
Museums in popular culture
Live 8 events
2005 in American music

Philadelphia Freedom Concert


Captain Peter Carpenter  (6 December 1891 – 21 March 1971) was a Welsh fighter ace in World War I credited with 24 victories.

Early life
Peter Carpenter was born in Cardiff, Wales, to Peter S. and Jane Carpenter, who had eight other children. The elder Peter Carpenter was a ship's pilot who owned his own boat and worked the Bristol Channel and Western Approaches. Carpenter attended the National School in Grange Town, Cardiff, until age 14. He was a rugby union star at school. He apparently worked for a printer immediately after leaving school. At age 17, he joined Spillers & Baker Company as a clerk; around 1910, he became a representative for them at their Stockport office.

Infantry service
He joined the Public Schools Royal Fusiliers in 1915 and was assigned to 24 Training Battalion as an instructor. He played rugby on his battalion team. He transferred to 19 Battalion and went to France with them as a sergeant on 14 November 1915. He also played for this battalion's rugby team until he broke his leg during a match. He was then transferred to the Home Establishment. From there, he transferred to the Royal Flying Corps, being appointed a probationary temporary second lieutenant on 17 March 1917.

Flying service
Carpenter began his flying career with 5 Reserve Squadron; his first flight was on 21 March 1917. He soloed on 7 April after five hours dual instruction. He moved on to advanced training after accumulating another seven hours 40 minutes stick time. In this phase of training, with 34 Reserve Squadron, he crashed on 11 June after engine failure. He was unhurt. He graduated advanced training with 84 hours flying time, and was assigned to fly a Sopwith Camel with 45 Squadron on 14 September 1917.

On 20 September, he dove on four Albatros D.Vs near Ypres, Belgium, fired 30 rounds at one, and drove it down out of the fight. After a short fight with the other three, he made his exit.

He destroyed his next four opponents, becoming an ace on 15 November.

45 Squadron was then transferred to the Italian Front. Carpenter went with it, and destroyed three more enemy aircraft during January 1918. On 29 January, three days after win number eight, he went on home leave until 20 February.

Upon his return, he was transferred to 66 Squadron as "B Flight" leader, effective 27 February. He marked his first day as a flight leader with his ninth triumph.

On 30 March 1918 his flight, consisting of himself, Harold Ross Eycott-Martin and Alan Jerrard, was involved in the combat that resulted in the Victoria Cross award to Jerrard; Carpenter claiming one of the six Albatros fighters claimed destroyed in this fight (although Austro-Hungarian records indicate three aircraft were only damaged).

His 24 claims consisted of 15 destroyed, 2 shared destroyed, and 7 'out of control'.

Military honours

Military Cross (MC)

T./2nd Lt. Peter Carpenter, Gen. List and R.F.C.
 For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty. Within a period of the last three months he has brought down six enemy machines, four of which were observed to crash to the ground, the remaining two being shot down completely out of control. The offensive tactics pursued by this daring and skilful officer have produced most successful results.
(M.C. gazetted 4 March 1918.)

Bar to Military Cross

T./Capt. Peter Carpenter, M.C., Gen. List and R.F.C.
For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty. He led an offensive patrol against seven of the enemy; three were destroyed. Again he led a patrol of three machines against six of the enemy; two of them were destroyed and one driven down out of control. Later, with two other pilots he engaged twelve hostile machines, of which three were destroyed and one driven down out of control. He shot down several machines himself.

Distinguished Service Order (DSO)

T./Capt. Peter Carpenter, M.C., R.A.F.
For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty. He has destroyed nine enemy machines, and driven three down out of control. He has led forty-six offensive patrols. On one occasion twelve enemy aircraft were attacked, and on another he led two other machines against nineteen of the enemy, destroying six of them. He has at all times shown a magnificent example.

Bronze Medal for Military Valour

Lieut. (T./Capt.) Peter Carpenter, D.S.O., M.C.
Conferred by the Government of Italy.

Post-war career
Carpenter founded a shipping company after the war, but it fell victim to the Great Depression, and he took a position as general manager at the London office of the Metropolitan Life Company of New York, later taken over by Legal & General. Carpenter stayed with the company until he retired. During World War II he served in No.13 Company, 20th Battalion, Middlesex Home Guard.

Carpenter died on 21 March 1971.

References
Notes

British World War I flying aces
1891 births
1971 deaths
Royal Air Force officers
Royal Fusiliers soldiers
British Army personnel of World War I
Military personnel from Cardiff
Royal Flying Corps officers
Recipients of the Military Cross
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Recipients of the Bronze Medal of Military Valor
Royal Air Force personnel of World War I

Peter Carpenter


The Humanist Library in Sélestat is one of the most important cultural treasures of Alsace, France. According to a traditional saying, Alsace has three great treasures: Strasbourg Cathedral, the Isenheim Altarpiece in Colmar and the Humanist Library in Sélestat.
Actually, there are in fact two Renaissance humanist libraries involved, the library of the Humanist School and the private library of the famous scholar, Beatus Rhenanus (1485–1547).

The Library of the Humanist School

In 1441, the municipal authorities of Sélestat appointed Ludwig Dringenberg, born in Westphalia, to be the leader of the local Latin school. The appointment proved to be a stroke of luck. Dringenberg turned out to be a gifted and committed educator, who had an open attitude toward intellectual trends of the time. Under his leadership emerged the first school on the Upper Rhine where Humanist thinking was fostered. His successors, Kraft Hofman (1477–1501), Hieronymus Gebwiler (1501–1509) and Hans Sapidus (1510–1525), knew how to increase the reputation of the school still further. Thus, the school was the training place of an entire generation of Alsatian Humanists. The school also had a library which steadily grew in extent through endowments and gifts (from Jakob Wimpfeling of Sélestat, among others).

Notable alumni

 Bonifacius Amerbach
 Beatus Rhenanus

The Library of Beatus Rhenanus
Beatus Rhenanus bequeathed his entire private library to his home city of Sélestat. This library contained about 670 bound leather volumes at the time of his death in 1547, which Rhenanus had collected during his studies and his work in Strasbourg, Basel, Paris and Sélestat. Even at that time, the library was of inestimable value, since books were only published in small numbers of copies and they were extremely expensive. The library of Beatus Rhenanus is the only larger Humanist library preserved virtually intact. Other large libraries, such as those of Erasmus von Rotterdam or Johannes Reuchlin, were scattered after the deaths of their owners.

The Library of Beatus Rhenanus was inscribed in the UNESCO's Memory of the World Register in 2011.

The Humanists of Sélestat
The Alsatian Humanists closely associated with the expansion of the library include:
Jakob Wimpfeling (1450–1528), theologian, historian and educator
Martin Butzer (1491–1551), theologian, the "Alsatian Reformer"
Jakob Spiegel (1483–1547), jurist, advisor to Emperor Charles V
Hieronymus Gebwiler (1473–1545), vice-chancellor of the school
Hans Sapidus (1490–1561), vice-chancellor of the school
Jakob Taurellus (1524–1579), advisor to Emperor Ferdinand I

The Library today
Since 1889, both libraries have been housed under a single roof in a former covered market near the Gothic church of Saint George. The library is publicly accessible as a museum and the books can be consulted by scholars and researchers. The collection boasts as many as 550 incunabula, 460 ancient and modern manuscripts, 2,200 16th century prints, 1,600 17th century prints and 2,600 18th century prints, including the Sélestat Lectionary. The rooms also display a collection of 15th and 16th century Upper-Rhenish religious paintings and sculpture.

References

External links
Web site of the library (French)
Web site of the Friends of the Humanist Library Sélestat (with photographs)
R. Dringenberg: Ludwig Dringenberg – ein gelehrter Westfale im Elsass. Essen, 2003 (German, pdf)

Sélestat
Buildings and structures in Bas-Rhin
Renaissance humanism
Memory of the World Register
Museums in Bas-Rhin
1547 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
Organizations based in Grand Est
Libraries established in 1547
Libraries in Grand Est

Humanist Library of Sélestat


An intermediate cartridge is a bullet used for assault rifles and some light machine guns. They are not as large as full-sized rifle bullets, and they do not have as much stopping power, penetration power, or effective range. However, more of them can be carried because they are smaller. They still have more stopping power, penetration power, and effective range than most pistol bullets. They are still powerful enough to shoot through most bullet-proof vests and they can kill a fully grown person if aimed well enough. Intermediate cartridges include the Russian 7.62 x 39mm, the 7.62mm NATO, and the German 7.92 Kurz. They are made to be just good enough for most firefights, so they are used for many short- and medium-range guns.

The first standard issue use of intermediate cartridges date back to the late 19th century with the introduction of the 10x4x38mmR round of the Swiss M1870 Vetterli rifle. This cartridge offered controllable handling when firing and a then high-capacity magazine of 12 rounds, predating the Lee-Metford rifle. Various other intermediate cartridges were used in World War I with the .345 Winchester Self-Loading and .351 WSL, these were in very limited use in firearms such as the Winchester-Burton M1917 automatic rifle and Winchester Model 1907.

The mainstream use of intermediate cartridges came with the German military making the StG-44. During World War II, the German miltary learned that most firefights happened in fewer than 300 meters. The bolt-action rifles used by most German soldiers were not good enough for short-range because they were too slow to fire, the bullets used for them were too heavy, and the guns kicked back too hard, causing soldiers to lose their accuracy when shooting quickly. Submachine guns were not good enough for medium range because they were less accurate and powerful at longer ranges. At medium-range, German soldiers needed a different kind of gun altogether. They needed a gun that could shoot accurately up to 300 meters, powerful enough to kill a person at that range, and could carry a bullet small enough that soldiers could carry a lot of them. The gun they made to meet these needs was called the StG-44. Rifles that fired these kinds of bullets are called assault rifles, and the StG-44 was the first of these.

The StG-44 fired the 7.92 x 33mm Kurz bullet. The bullet was the same size as the 7.92 x 57mm Mauser, but the case was about half the size. It was not as powerful or accurate at long range, but it was smaller and had less kickback. This made it great at medium ranges. It was used by German soldierd late in the war, mostly on the Eastern Front. Unfortunately for the Germans, the StG-44 was used too late in the war to help them win.

When Soviet soldiers found StG-44's, they too got the idea to make rifles that fired intermediate cartridges. They made the 7.62 x 39mm based the larger 7.62 x 54mmR. Guns the Soviets made that fired the 7.62 x 39mm include the AK-47, the SKS, and the RPK.

During the early part of the Vietnam War, American soldiers though that the 7.62mm NATO bullets were too heavy to carry. To fix this problem, gun designers made a completely new bullet, the 5.56mm NATO. It was a very small bullet, but it had a very high effective range because it had a very high muzzle velocity. This is called a Small Caliber High Velocity (SCHV) bullet. It was not as powerful as the 7.62mm NATO, but the designers believed that wounding soldiers rather than killing them would be more effective. This was because fellow soldiers would have to risk their lives to rescue wounded soldiers. Nonetheless, a well-aimed shot can still kill a person easily. Also, soldiers could carry twice as many 5.56mm NATO bullets. Most medium-range NATO guns today fire the 5.56mm NATO, including the M16, the M4, the SAW M249, the FAMAS, the Steyr AUG, and the G36.

The Soviet Union saw the effectiveness of the 5.56mm NATO, so they hired Mikhail Kalshnikov, the creator of the AK-47, to make a SCHV assault rifle for the Soviets. He made the AK-74, which was based of the AK-47, but it fired a smaller bullet, the 5.45 x 39mm bullet.

Ammunition

Intermediate cartridge


Crack Comics was an anthology comic book series published by Quality Comics during the Golden Age of Comic Books. It featured such characters as The Clock, Black Condor, Captain Triumph, Alias the Spider, Madame Fatal, Jane Arden, Molly the Model, and Red Torpedo. The title "crack" referred to "being at the top of one's form", like a "crack sharpshooter".

Notable contributors to Crack Comics included Alfred Andriola, George Brenner, Gill Fox, Jack Cole, Paul Gustavson, Klaus Nordling, and Art Pinajian.

Quality Comics published 62 issues of Crack Comics from 1940 to 1949; the title was temporarily revived in 2011, when the Next Issue Project published issue "#63".

Publication history

Crack Comics started off as a monthly anthology of 68 pages, often with as many as 15 features. At first edited by Ed Cronin, much of its material was originally "packaged" by the Eisner and Iger Studio. "The Clock", as well as such newspaper strip reprints as "Rube Goldberg's Side Show", "Jane Arden", and "Ned Brant", moved over from Quality's Feature Comics.

The first use of the publisher name "Quality Comic Group" was on the cover of Crack Comics #5 (Sept. 1940).

With issue #26 (Nov. 1942), at the height of World War II, the title dropped down to a bi-monthly schedule due to wartime paper shortages; with issue #33 (Spring 1944) it became quarterly, also reducing its page-count to 60. It was around this time that publisher Arnold dropped Eisner & Iger as a "packager" and began producing much of the material in-house. The syndicated newspaper strip reprints "Jane Arden" and "Ned Brant" disappeared during this period, as well as such recurring features as "Black Condor", "Don Q", and "Snappy".

Cartoonist George Brenner became editor of Crack Comics with issue #31 (Oct. 1943) (Cronin having left the post in Feb. 1942), a few issues before Brenner's character The Clock stopped appearing in the book's pages. Beginning with issue #42 (May 1946) the title went back to a bimonthly schedule, which it maintained until its cancellation with issue #62 (during this time, the title also gradually reduced its page-count from 60 to 52 to 36). Brenner stayed on as editor almost to the end, leaving the post after issue #61 (July 1949).

Crack Western and Jonesy
As comics readers' tastes changed in the years following World War II, Quality publisher Arnold responded. Starting with issue #63 (Nov. 1949), Crack became a Western comic, changing its name to Crack Western. This format lasted 22 issues until #84 (May 1953), when the title changed again, to Jonesy. Jonesy published one issue with the old numbering system and then restarted (from #2), publishing until issue #8 (Oct. 1954), when it was cancelled for good.

Next Issue Project
Following the demise of Crack Comics and later the publisher itself, many of Quality Comics' characters lapsed into the public domain. In November 2011, as part of editor Erik Larsen's "Next Issue Project", Image Comics published Crack Comics "#63", containing the following stories:
 Captain Triumph, written and penciled by Alan Weiss
 The Space Legion, written and illustrated by Chris Burnham
 The Clock, written and illustrated by Paul Maybury
 Molly the Model, written and illustrated by Terry Austin
 Alias the Spider, written and illustrated by Adam McGovern and Paolo Leandri
 Spitfire, written and illustrated by Herb Trimpe
 Slap Happy Pappy, written and illustrated by Joe Keatinge
 Hack O'Hara (with a cameo by the Space Legion), written and illustrated by Erik Larsen
 Red Torpedo, written and illustrated by B. Clay Moore, Frank Fosco, and Erik Larsen

Recurring features
 The Clock: Moving over from Feature Comics, George Brenner's the Clock was the cover feature of Crack Comics #1, alternating cover appearances with the Black Condor until issue #19. He was a regular feature in the title — usually as the final story in each issue — until his last appearance, in issue #35 (Autumn 1944). The Clock's spot was taken over by Floogy the Fiji, a jungle comics feature which lasted from issue #36 (Winter 1944) until issue #59 (Mar. 1949).
 Black Condor: A mystery man with the power of flight, the character's adventures were originally written by Will Eisner and drawn by Lou Fine. The Black Condor was the lead feature of Crack from issue #1–26, and a regular feature until issue #31 (Oct. 1943).
 Lee Preston of the Red Cross: Newspaper strip reprints of Lee Preston, a heroic Red Cross nurse, and her friend Rick Royce, were a feature from issues #1–9 (Jan. 1941), when the strip was replaced by Paul Gustavson's Tor the Magic Master. Jim Slade was a photojournalist whose superhero persona was a backward-speaking magician. This feature lasted from issue #10 (Feb. 1941) until issue #26 (Nov. 1942). Beginning with issue #27 (Jan. 1943), Tor's spot was taken by Alfred Andriola's Captain Triumph. Stories of the merged twins (one alive, one dead) who formed the Golden Age superhero were a recurring item — mostly as the cover feature — through to Crack Comics final issue, #62.
 Alias the Spider: Paul Gustavson's crime-fighting bowman was a regular feature in Crack from issue #1–29 (May 1943), eventually replaced by Bernard Dibble's humor feature Beezy Bumble. Beezy lasted through the rest of Crack Comics' run, ending with issue #62.
 Molly the Model: Bernard Dibble's one-page humor strips were featured in every issue of Crack Comics from #1–62.
 Eric Vale: Two-page text stories of the adventuresome pilot of a black plane were a regular feature, only missing a few issues, from #1–50 (Sept. 1947).
 Slap Happy Pappy: Created by Quality editor Gill Fox, most of the hillbilly character's humorous one-page strips were done by Jack Cole, and were a regular feature from issues #1–49 (July 1947).
 Madame Fatal: Art Pinajian's cross-dressing detective debuted in issue #1, continuing as a feature until issue #22 (Mar. 1942), when it was replaced by Pen Miller, who came over from National Comics. Klaus Nordling's cartoonist/detective and his "Chinese houseboy Chop Chu" solved crimes and helped the war effort, lasting as a regular feature from issue #23 (May 1942) until issue #60 (May 1949).
 Red Torpedo: Submariner Jim Lockhart, created by Henry C. Kiefer, first appeared in Crack Comics #1 and was a regular feature until issue #20 (Jan. 1942), when he was replaced by Hack O'Hara. O'Hara was a tough New York taxi driver who used his muscles to take down criminals. Hack's stories, illustrated by Witmer Williams, were featured from #21 (Feb. 1942) through issue #62.
 Space Legion: Vernon Henkel's science fiction adventures starring Rock Braddon and Commander Crosby were a regular feature from issues #1–18 (Nov. 1941), replaced by Henkel's own Don Q: Don was a crime-fighter whose secret identity was a diplomatic courier for the American government. His adventures appeared in issues #19 (Dec. 1941)–26 (Nov. 1942).
 Wizard Wells: Harry Campbell's Wells was a former All-American athlete and a talented inventor who used science to outwit crooks. Wells' sidekicks included Tug, a punch-drunk jack-of-all-trades and Wells' would-be girlfriend Mary Perry. Wells was featured in issues #1–14 (July 1941), when he was replaced by Al McWilliams' Spitfire. The adventures of heroic fighter pilot Tex Adams lasted from issue #15 (Aug. 1941) until issue #27 (Jan. 1943). Spitfire was in turn replaced by Al Stahl's Inkie, who lasted as a feature from #28 (Mar. 1943) until issue #60 (May 1949).
 Rube Goldberg's Side Show: Reprints of the cartoonist's newspaper strips were a regular two-page feature in every issue from #1–40 (Winter 1945).
 Jane Arden: Reprints of the popular newspaper strip featuring a spunky gal reporter were a regular Crack Comics feature from issues #1–25 (continuing the tradition of Feature Comics #21-31).
 Ned Brant: A regular feature from issues #1–25 (Sept. 1942), the sports-related stories were syndicated newspaper strip reprints by writer Robert Zuppke and artist Walt Depew.
 Snappy: Arthur Beeman's one-pager humor strips debuted in issue #5 (Sept. 1940), lasting until #26 (Nov. 1942).

Other characters of note who appeared in Crack Comics included Batch Bachelor, Biff Banks, Black Shark, Dewey Drip, Kiki Kelly, and Yankee Guerilla.

Notes

References

External links
 Quality's Superheroes & Villains Encyclopedia
 "Slap Happy Pappy – A Selection," Cole's Comics

1940 comics debuts
1949 comics endings
Quality Comics titles
Comics magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1940
Magazines disestablished in 1949
Defunct magazines published in the United States
Golden Age comics titles

Crack Comics


Dhobi Ghat or Dhoby Ghaut is a word used in various parts of South Asia. It means a place where the traditional dhobi caste of washermen and women go to wash clothes. The word usually means a place near a river or stream, in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, but a Dhobi Ghat  doesn't necessarily have to be near a source of natural water.

The world's largest Dhobi Ghat is said to be in Mumbai, India. It figured in the famous  Dhobi Ghat (2010).
Pakistani culture
Indian culture

Dhobi Ghat


King Solomon Hill is the name assigned to a blues singer and guitarist who recorded a handful of songs in 1932. His unique guitar and voice combined to produce a sound that has been described as haunting. After much speculation and dispute, he has been identified as Joe Holmes (July 18, 1897 – August 13, 1940), a self-taught guitarist from Mississippi.

Identity
The Mississippi blues artist Big Joe Williams took a fancy to the name King Solomon Hill and laid claim to it in interviews with Bob Koester, stating that the Hill sides were his first recordings. This story was published by Samuel Charters in his pioneering history The Country Blues. Williams had not known Blind Lemon Jefferson, so he claimed that the song "My Buddy Blind Papa Lemon" was about another singer. In a footnote, Charters admitted that the story was open to question, as the style, especially the singing, on the King Solomon Hill sides was so different from Williams's usual style. In his later work The Bluesmen, Charters dismissed Williams's story and commented on the strong resemblance between King Solomon Hill and Sam Collins, which led some blues enthusiasts to believe that they were the same man.The identification of Hill as Joe Holmes was made by the prominent blues scholar Gayle Dean Wardlow and strongly contested by another prominent blues scholar, David Evans. Wardlow eventually found four informants who had known Joe Holmes and identified his voice on the records of King Solomon Hill. One informant lived in a section of Sibley, Louisiana, known as Yellow Pine, within which is a community formerly known as King Solomon Hill, centered on a hill on which stood King Solomon Hill Baptist Church. A retired postal worker confirmed that King Solomon Hill would have been a valid postal address in 1932. The community is now known as Salt Works. No informant remembers Holmes using the name King Solomon Hill, so Wardlow concluded that Paramount Records chose to use his address as his recording name.

Biography
Holmes was born near McComb, Mississippi, in 1897. In 1915 he followed his brother to northern Louisiana, where he married Roberta Allums. In 1920 he returned to McComb with his wife and their child, Essie. There he played with the most famous local blues musician, Sam Collins, known locally as "Salty Dog Sam" and on record as "Cryin' Sam Collins". When interviewed by Wardlow, Roberta recalled seeing her husband playing with Collins, whom she recognized from a publicity image for Black Patti Records. One year later, Roberta and Essie returned to Sibley, while Joe pursued his musical career, initially in McComb and then as an itinerant, returning periodically to Sibley. One town he played in was Minden, Louisiana, where he had a friend, George Young. In 1928 Blind Lemon Jefferson passed through Minden, and Holmes and Young left with him for Wichita Falls, Texas. Holmes later celebrated his brief partnership with Jefferson on his record "My Buddy Papa Lemon". At that time he befriended Willard Thomas, known as Ramblin' Thomas, who became his favorite musical partner. Holmes would often travel to Shreveport, Louisiana, to play with Thomas.

Little evidence exists of his life outside of music. He was described as a heavy drinker. He died of a cerebral hemorrhage in Louisiana in 1940. Some sources put his date of death at 1949.

Recording
In 1932, while performing in Minden, Holmes was invited to record for Paramount. Wardlow speculated that the Paramount sales manager Henry Stephany stopped at Minden en route from Birmingham, Alabama, to Dallas on the recommendation of Ben Curry (possibly the same man as Bogus Ben Covington), a friend and fellow musician who had moved from Arcadia, Louisiana, to Birmingham. In any case, somebody representing Paramount took Holmes to Birmingham, where he met up with Ben Curry and other Alabama musicians: the blues singer Marshal Owens and a gospel quartet, the Famous Blue Jay Singers of Birmingham. The musicians travelled to the Paramount recording studio in Grafton, Wisconsin, and recorded at least twenty-eight titles, six of them by Holmes and issued under the name King Solomon Hill. It has been speculated that the recording session occurred about January 1932, but Roberta Allums stated that it was in the spring. Fourteen records were issued, three by King Solomon Hill, but Paramount was on the edge of bankruptcy, pressing and shipping only small numbers of records. Holmes took three discs with white labels back to Sibley, but his friends and family never saw any discs with a Paramount label. His friend John Wills did not believe they were "real records". Until persuaded by Wardlow, he believed that Holmes had paid to have them recorded privately. Few copies survived. One of the three, Paramount 13125, with "My Buddy Papa Lemon" and "Times Has Done Got Hard", was long believed to be lost, until a copy was discovered in 2002.

Legacy

, there are eight known recordings by King Solomon Hill:
"Down on My Bended Knee" (Take 1)
"Down on My Bended Knee" (Take 2)
"The Gone Dead Train"
"My Buddy Blind Papa Lemon"
"Tell Me Baby"
"Times Has Done Got Hard"
"Whoopee Blues" (Take 1)
"Whoopee Blues" (Take 2)

"The Gone Dead Train" was the title of an episode in the ninth season of the television series CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. A portion of the song is played in the episode, and King Solomon Hill is mentioned as the artist.

The 1969 film Performance, directed by Nicolas Roeg and Donald Cammell and starring Mick Jagger and Marianne Faithfull, contained a song called "The Gone Dead Train", performed by Randy Newman. It is a rewrite by Jack Nitzsche and Russ Titelman and bears only a passing resemblance to "The Gone Dead Train" as performed by King Solomon Hill. As noted by the cultural historian Greil Marcus, the "dead train" in the Newman version is a metaphor for impotence. In Hill's song, the train appears to refer to an actual locomotive, which Hill referred to as a "death train."

See also

List of Delta blues musicians
List of nicknames of blues musicians
Solomon, a king in the Bible

References

External links

Photos of labels of records by King Solomon Hill
A biography
King Solomon Hill discography

1897 births
1940 deaths
African-American guitarists
American blues guitarists
American male guitarists
American blues singers
Blues musicians from Mississippi
Country blues singers
Paramount Records artists
People from McComb, Mississippi
20th-century American guitarists
Guitarists from Mississippi
20th-century African-American male singers
Singers from Mississippi

King Solomon Hill


The music of Eritrea, is a diverse mix of traditional and popular styles originating from ancient to modern times. The nine major ethnic groups of Eritrea—Afar, Bilen, Hedareb, Kunama, Nara, Rashaida, Saho, Tigre and Tigrinya—celebrate autonomous music-making expressed through a rich heritage of vocalists, instrumentalists and activities within the country and throughout the international diaspora. The country's music is informed by a range of ethnolinguistic group dynamics in the region, by its shared pre-colonial history with and revolutionized independence from Ethiopia, and by its exposure to globalized American music in the mid-twentieth century.

Notable musicians
Notable Eritrean musicians were Edris Wad Amir, Ibrahim Wad Goret, Edris M. Ali, Zainab Bashir, Fatima Ibrahim, Engineer Asgedom Woldemichael, Wad Asheikh, Yemane Baria, Osman Abderrehim, Alamin Abdeletif and Atowe Birhan Segid. Yemane Baria wrote one political song, and he was in jail. Also of note is Bereket Mengistab, who has had a lengthy career, and 1960s musicians Haile Ghebru and Tewolde Redda.

Wad Asheikh, Saeed salih, Fatima Ibrahim, Teklé Tesfa-Ezighe, Tekle Kiflemariam Wedi Tukul, Tesfai Mehari (Fihira), Osman Abderrehim, Abrar Osman, Abraham Afwerki, Yemane Ghebremichael, Alamin Abdeletif, Atewebrhan Segid, and Tsehaytu Beraki were modern popular stars.

Folk music
Folk musicians used traditional instruments include the stringed kraar, kebero, lyre. Tesfuy Mehari Fihira and Wedi Sheik were notable folk musicians.

Popular music
Modern Eritrean popular music can be traced back to the late 1960s, when the MaHber Theatre Asmara began to produce stars like Osman Abderrehim, Alamin Abdeletif, Yemane Ghebremichael (commonly known as Yemane Baria), Jabber, Ateweberhan Seghid, Yonus Ibrahim, Tsehaytu Beraki, Tewolde Redda, Teberh Tesfahiwet and Tukabo Weldemariam.

Since then, some musicians, like kraar-player Dawit Shilan, Yohannes Tikabo (also known as Wedi Tukabo), Dehab Faytinga (commonly known as Faytinga), the Asmara All Stars and Temesgen Gebreselassie (also known as Taniqo) have helped to incorporate the core indigenous Eritrean musical elements in popular music.

Dancing

Traditional Eritrean Tigrinya dancing involves two main styles of dance. In the first which is called 'quda', the dancers form a circle and slowly circumambulator or move around in an endless circular motion to the rhythm of the music. Then, they cease the circular musical flow/motion and dance in pairs or 3's facing each other for a short while before resuming the circular motion in a file again. During this time, they shuffle their feet to the beat of the music and bob their shoulders in a rhythmic fashion. Female dancers usually move their shoulders more than the male dancers. The dancers round off their dancing by facing each other in twos and threes and moving their shoulders faster. This can also involve jumping and bending one's knees, as well as going down to the floor to sit in a squatting position while bobbing those shoulders and moving the head sideways to the strong drum beats.

In the second style of dance, two groups (often a group of men and a group of women) line up and face each other. The dance features a skipping step to the music. Periodically, the two groups will change places, dancing across the floor and passing each other in the process.

Traditional dances practiced by Eritrea's other Afro-Asiatic communities include those by the Saho, which involve jumping on each leg in rhythm with the beat. The related Afar, Tigre, Bilen and Hidareb have similar moves. Additionally, the Rashaida also have their own unique dances.

Dancing by the Nilo-Saharan Kunama involves raising bead-strung legs in sync with the rhythm of the music. The related Nara have similar traditions.

Live music: piano bars
The music scene in the Eritrean capital of Asmara has traditionally been known for setting the standard of Tigrinya music for listeners in Eritrea and Ethiopia. The relatively recent 'piano bar' phenomenon has been largely exclusive to Asmara because almost all contemporary musicians and singers live in the capital city.

The piano bar culture became popular around 2004, when leading singers such as Dawit Shilan played at the Ha.Ko.Se.E cafe. At the time - live music in bars being a new experience in the city - the cafe was overcrowded over weekends and many customers had to be turned away.

One of the intrinsic characteristics of the piano bars is that the artists remix a range of classic hits, instead of sticking to performing only their own songs. For example, Dawit Shilan playing Atewebrhan Segid's 1970s jazz not only brought these classic song back to life, but showed his mastery of performance skills, particularly on the krar.

Piano bars have thus provided a platform for jazz and blues artists - and to a lesser extent the local dance music known as Guayla. They have become sites for musicians to show their artistry, as they are not bound by the typical demands for upbeat music for dancing.

After the success of gigs at the Ha.Ko.Se.E piano bar, other hotels and cafes were quick to catch on the business. Hotels such as Sunshine, Savana, Bologna cub and Ayele family have been hosting contemporary favourites such as Yohannes Tikabo, Tesfay Mengesha and Kahsai Haile regularly.

In 2013, the Berhe Aiba Hotel started a new type of live performance by giving prominence to musicians rather than singers. Jazz classics were played, with singers such as Yohannes Tikabo only featuring on certain songs. Some of the best talents in Eritrean music - like Shonqie, Fanjai, Chobie and Gidewon - were brought together as a band to provide a unique experience. The place became a hangout for many musicians, who would get often on stage and jam.

The success of piano bars in Asmara could also be connected with the Gaeda genre, which is played in Swa houses in Aba Shawel, a district of Asmara that has traditionally been home to many notable artists across generations. Gaeda is a communal music experience where a singer plays songs accompanied by friends beating drums, clapping and singing along. Many of these songs are exclusively played in Gaeda settings and are never recorded or released on albums. Songs are often modified by whoever sings them, adding thought-provoking social and political messages.

Sibrit
In 1994, a year after Eritrea declared its independence and gained international recognition, a group of musicians were brought together under the direction of Kahsay Gebrehewet as part of Eritrea's nation building efforts. The musicians, who had previously performed in various revolutionary music groups, were brought together as the national music and dance troupe, Sibrit, which means "heritage". Sibrit perform music and dance from all nine of Eritrea's main ethnic groups (Afar, Bilen, Hedareb, Saho, Kunama, Nara, Rashaida, Tigre and Tigrinya), they feature regularly on Eritrean radio and television shows and perform as representatives of Eritrean culture around the world. Their instrumentation includes the amplified krar, bass krar and percussion.

References

External links

Ahram.org
News.BBC.co.uk
Asmarino.com
Eri-tv.com LiveTV
http://musicinafrica.net/live-music-scene-eritrea-0?section-context=overview-texts

Squatting position

Music of Eritrea


The Bakunawa, spelled Bakonawa, Baconaua, or Bakonaua, is a draigon in Philippine meethologie that is aften representit as a gigantic sea serpent. It is believit tae be the cause o eclipses.

It appears as a giant sea serpent wi a mooth the size o a loch, a reid tongue, whiskers, gills, smaw wires at its sides, an twa sets o wings, ane is lairge an ash-gray while the ither is smaw an is foond further doun its bouk.

Mythology
Tales aboot the Bakunawa say that it is the cause o eclipses. Durin auncient times, Filipinos believe that thare are seiven muins creatit bi Bathala tae licht up the sky. The Bakunawa, amazit bi thair brawness, wad rise frae the ocean an swallae the muins whole, angerin Bathala an causin thaim tae be mortal enemies.

Tae keep the Bakunawa muins frae completely bein swallaeed, auncient Filipinos wad go oot o thair hames wi pans an pots, an wad mak noise in order tae scare the Bakunawa intae spittin oot the muin back intae the sky. Some o the fowk in the veelages wad play soothin soonds wi thair muisical graith, in howps that the draigon wad faw intae a deep sleep. Sicweys, the brave men o the veelage howpit that while the draigon wis hypnotizit bi the muisical soonds thay coud somehow slay the dragon. Awtho the draigon wis kent as a "moon eater" it wis kent as a "man eater" an aw.

Ither tales tell that the Bakunawa haes a sister in the furm o a sea turtle. The sea turtle wad veesit a certaint island in the Philippines in order tae lay its eggs. Housomeivver, locals suin discovered that ivery time the sea turtle went tae shore, the watter seemed tae follae her, sicweys reducin the island's size. Worriet that thair island wad eventually disappear, the locals killed the sea turtle.

When the Bakunawa foond oot aboot this, it arose frae the sea an ett the muin. The fowk wur afraid sae thay prayed tae Bathala tae punish the creatur. Bathala refused but instead tauld thaim tae bang some pots an pans in order tae disturb the serpent. The muin is then regurgitatit while the Bakunawa disappeared, niver tae be seen again.

The island whaur the sea turtle lays its eggs is said tae exist the day. Some soorces say that the island micht juist be ane o the Turtle Islands.

Ithers tell hou the Bakunawa fell in luve wi a human girl in ane o the native tribes. The heid o the tribe foond oot aboot thair affair an haed thair hoose burned tae ashes. The Bakunawa, fyndin oot aboot this, became immersed in anger an treed tae tak revenge bi eatin aw the 12 muins. When the Bakunawa wis aboot tae eat the last ane, Bathala teuk action an punished the Bakunawa bi banishin it frae its hame awa frae the sea. It tells that the raison o the eclipses is hou the Bakunawa is tryin tae come back tae its hame an deceased faimily an aw.

References

Philippine cultur
Visayan meethologie
Philippine leegendar craiturs
Filipino deities
Tagalog deities
Visayan deities
Lunar deities
Unnerwarld deities
Leegendar serpents
Draigons
Philippine meethologie
Tag variants

Bakunawa


Floris Nollet (16 September 1794 – 11 January 1853) was a Belgian physicist, engineer, inventor.

Nollet was a grandnephew of Jean-Antoine Nollet. He became professor of physics at the École Militaire in Brussels. He also founded the British-French company Société de l'Alliance.

Nollet designed plans for large-scale generators for the galvanization industry, for limelight, and for electric arcs, an improvement on the work of Hippolyte Pixii. His magneto-electric generator design for decomposing water by electrolysis using steam power was patented in England in 1850.

1794 births
1853 deaths
Belgian physicists

Floris Nollet


Ginevra "Ginny" Molly Weasley is a fictional character of J.K. Rowling's famous series of fantasy novels, Harry Potter. She is a Gryffindor. Ginny was born on August 11th 1981, thus making her one year younger than Harry Potter. She developed a crush on Harry when she first lays her eyes on him. Harry doesn't develop a crush on her until her fifth year. He later breaks up with her to keep her safe from Voldemort. She later marries Harry and they have three children; James Sirius, Albus Severus and Lily Luna Potter. Ginny is described as a freckled young girl with flaming red hair, which she often wear in a mane closely resembles a lion's mane. She is the youngest child of the Weasley family and the only daughter in seven children: Bill, Charlie, Percy, Fred, George, Ron, and Ginny. She is also the only girl to born into the Weasley family in seven consecutive generations. In the Harry Potter films she is portrayed by Bonnie Wright.

Harry Potter characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1997

Ginny Weasley


Natascha Maria Kampusch (born 17 February 1988 in Vienna) is an Austrian woman who was kidnapped on 2 March 1998. She was held in a secret cellar by her kidnapper for over eight years until she escaped on 23 August 2006. Media attention then led to Natascha giving certain interviews and writing an autobiography. Her abductor later killed himself when he jumped in front of a suburban train in Vienna; he had apparently planned the killing of himself rather than be caught by police, and had told Kampusch he would not be arrested alive.

1988 births
Living people
Austrian autobiographers
Children victims of violence
Kidnapped people
Writers from Vienna

Natascha Kampusch


Angolemi (Turkish: Taşpınar or Angolem - the old name) is a village in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Its population is 212. Its area is 6.727 km2. It is a village of Lefka Municipality. It is in the Nicosia District of the Republic of Cyprus and Güzelyurt District of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.

Northern Cyprus

Angolemi