Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA) is an online database of genes, inherited disorders and traits in more than 135 animal species. It is modelled on, and is complementary to, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM). It aims to provide a publicly accessible catalogue of all animal phenes, excluding those in human and mouse, for which species specific resources are already available (OMIM, MLC). Authored by Professor Frank Nicholas of the University of Sydney, with some contribution from colleagues, the database contains textual information and references as well as links to relevant PubMed and Gene records at the NCBI.

OMIA is hosted by the University of Sydney, with an Entrez mirror located at the NCBI.

Maintenance
Currently the database is curated by its founder Professor Frank Nicholas. Planning is well advanced for enabling international experts to serve as electronic curators within their areas of expertise. Technical maintenance and improvement of OMIA has historically been conducted by a range of individuals.

See also
 Medical classification
 Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM)

References
 OMIA (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals): an enhanced platform and integration into the Entrez search interface at NCBI. Nucleic Acids Res. 2006 Jan 1;34(Database issue):D599-601.
 Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA): a comparative knowledgebase of genetic disorders and other familial traits in non-laboratory animals. Nucleic Acids Res. 2003 Jan 1;31(1):275-7.

External links
 Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA)
 OMIA mirror at NCBI

Biological databases
Genetic animal diseases
Diagnosis codes

Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals


Carinthia ( ;  , ) is the southernmost Austrian state, in the Eastern Alps, and is noted for its mountains and lakes. The main language is German. Its regional dialects belong to the Southern Bavarian group. Carinthian Slovene dialects, forms of a South Slavic language that predominated in the southeastern part of the region up to the first half of the 20th century, are now spoken by a small minority in the area.

Carinthia's main industries are tourism, electronics, engineering, forestry, and agriculture.

Name

The etymology of the name "Carinthia", similar to Carnia or Carniola, has not been conclusively established. The Ravenna Cosmography (about AD 700) referred to a Slavic "Carantani" tribe as the eastern neighbours of the Bavarians. In his History of the Lombards, the 8th-century chronicler Paul the Deacon mentions "Slavs in Carnuntum, which is erroneously called Carantanum" (Carnuntum, quod corrupte vocitant Carantanum) for the year 663.

"Carantani" may have been formed from a toponymic base carant- which ultimately derives from pre-Indo-European root *karra 'rock'. (cf. ), or that it is of Celtic origin and derived from *karantos 'friend, ally'.

Likewise the Slovene name  may have been adopted from the Latin *carantanum. The toponym Carinthia (Slovene:  < Proto-Slavic *korǫt'ьsko) is also claimed to be etymologically related, deriving from pre-Slavic *carantia.

Carinthia is known as Koruška in Croatian, Korutany in Czech, Kärnten in German, Karintia in Hungarian, Carinzia in Italian, Carintia in Spanish, Karyntia in Polish, Korutánsko in Slovak, and Koroška in Slovene.

Geography

The state stretches about  from east to west, and  in a north-south direction. With , it is the fifth-largest Austrian state by area. Most of the larger Carinthian towns and lakes are situated within the Klagenfurt Basin in the southeast, an inner Alpine sedimentary basin covering about one-fifth of the area. These Lower Carinthian lands differ from the mountainous Upper Carinthian region in the northwest, stretching up to the Alpine crest.

The Carinthian lands are confined by mountain ranges: the Carnic Alps and the Karawanks form the border to Italy (Friuli-Venezia Giulia) and Slovenia (Carinthia Statistical Region, Savinja Statistical Region and Upper Carniola Statistical Region). The High Tauern mountain range with Mt Grossglockner, , separates it from the state of Salzburg in the northwest. To the northeast and east beyond the Pack Saddle mountain pass is the state of Styria. The main river of Carinthia is the Drava (Drau), it makes up a continuous valley with East Tyrol, Tyrol to the west. Tributaries are the Gurk, the Glan, the Lavant, and the Gail rivers. Carinthia's lakes including Wörther See, Millstätter See, Lake Ossiach, and Lake Faak are a major tourist attraction.

The capital city is Klagenfurt. The next important town is Villach, both strongly linked economically. Other major towns include Althofen, Bad Sankt Leonhard im Lavanttal, Bleiburg, Feldkirchen, Ferlach, Friesach, Gmünd, Hermagor, Radenthein, Sankt Andrä, Sankt Veit an der Glan, Spittal an der Drau, Straßburg, Völkermarkt, Wolfsberg.

Carinthia has a humid continental climate (Köppen), with hot and moderately wet summers and long harsh winters. In recent decades, winters have been exceptionally arid. The summer precipitation maxima often takes the form of heavy rain and thunderstorms, especially in the mountainous regions. The main Alpine ridge in the north is a meteorological divide with pronounced windward and leeward sides where foehn occurs regularly.

Due to the diversified terrain, numerous distinct microclimates exist. Nevertheless, the average amount of sunshine hours is the highest of all states in Austria. In autumn and winter, temperature inversion often dominates the climate, characterized by air stillness, a dense fog covering the frosty valleys and trapping pollution to form smog, while mild sunny weather is recorded higher up in the foothills and mountains.

History
The settlement history of Carinthia dates back to the Paleolithic era. Archaeological findings of stone artifacts in a stalactite cave near Griffen are older than 30,000 years; larger settlements in the Lavanttal, Maria Saal and Villach regions are documented from about 3000 BC. Remains of a prehistoric stilt house settlement were discovered at Lake Keutschach, today part of the Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps World Heritage Site. Skeleton finds from about 2000 BC (near Friesach) denote a permanent population, and intensive arable farming, as well as trading with salt and Mediterranean products, was common already during the periods of the Urnfield and Hallstatt culture. Hallstatt grave fields were discovered near Dellach (Gurina), Rosegg (Frög), and on the Gracarca mountain southeast of Lake Klopein.

Noricum

About 300 BC, several Illyrian and Celtic tribes joined together in the Kingdom of Noricum, centered on the capital Noreia, possibly located in the Zollfeld basin near the later Roman city of Virunum. Known for the production of salt and iron, the Kingdom maintained intensive trade relations with Etruscan peoples and over the centuries extended the borders of its realm up to the Danube in the north. The Roman Empire incorporated Noricum in 15 BC. Besides the administrative seat of Virunum, the cities of Teurnia, Santicum (Villach) and Iuenna (Globasnitz) arose as centres of Roman culture. The Noricum province remained strategically important as a mining area for iron, gold, and lead and as an agricultural region. In the reign of the Emperor Diocletian (245–313) Noricum split into two provinces: Noricum ripense ("Noricum along the river", the northern part southward from the Danube), and Noricum mediterraneum ("landlocked Noricum", the district south of the Alpine crest). Teurnia became the administrative seat of the latter, as well as an Early Christian episcopal see.

As the Roman Empire declined in the 5th century AD, the Noricum region was exposed to recurring campaigns of Germanic tribes, whereupon the population retired to hilltop settlements. In 408 Visigoth troops under King Alaric I entered Noricum from Italy across the Carnic Alps and allied with the Roman commander Stilicho, who as a result was deposed and executed for high treason (August 408). From 472 Ostrogoth and Alemannic forces campaigned in Noricum, which became a province of Odoacer's Kingdom of Italy in 476 and of the Ostrogothic Kingdom from 493. On the death of King Theoderic the Great in 526, the Italian kingdom finally collapsed and the East Roman Byzantine empire under Justinian I temporarily conquered the Noricum region in the course of the Gothic War of 535 to 554.

Carantania

From 591 onwards, the Frankish king Theudebert I tried to break into the former Noricum region, and Bavarian settlers entered the area from the Puster Valley in the west. They were however repulsed by Slavic tribes, who, beset by Avar horsemen moved into present-day Carinthia from the east. About 600 the Slavic principality of Carantania arose, stretching along the valleys of the Drava, Mur and Sava rivers. The remaining Celto-Roman population was largely assimilated, jointly challenging Avar and Frankish advance. The name Carontani was first mentioned about 700; the lands of Carantanum were documented by the chronicler Paul the Deacon (d. 799). The principality was again centered on the historic Zollfeld valley, where the Prince's Stone bears witness to the ritual of the investiture of the Carantanian rulers exclusively in Slovene.

While initially, the Carantanian rulers joined the tribal union of Samo's Empire, Prince Boruth around 743 turned to Duke Odilo of Bavaria to ask for support against the Avar invaders. Aid was granted, however at the price of Bavarian overlordship. The Carantanian principality became part of the Bavarian stem duchy, while the area was Christianised for the second time by missionaries from the Salzburg diocese. Bishop Vergilius had Prince Boruth's son Cacatius and his nephew Cheitmar brought up in the Christian faith. In 767, at their request, the bishop sent Modestus to Carantania as a vicar and had churches built at Teurnia and Maria Saal. Upon a pagan uprising in 772, the forces of Odilo's son Duke Tassilo III of Bavaria again subdued the Carantanian lands.

In 788, Duke Tassilo III was finally deposed by the Frankish king Charlemagne, and his territories were incorporated into the Carolingian Empire. By the 843 Treaty of Verdun, the former Carantanian lands fell to the kingdom of East Francia ruled by Charlemagne's grandson Louis the German. The ritual of installation of the Carantanian dukes at the Prince's Stone near Karnburg in Slovenian was preserved until 1414, when Ernest the Iron was enthroned as Duke of Carinthia.

Duchy of Carinthia

The March of Carinthia arose in 889 from the territory bequeathed by Louis's son Carloman, king of Bavaria from 865 to 880, to his natural son Arnulf of Carinthia. Arnulf had already assumed the title of a Carinthian duke in 880 and followed his uncle Charles the Fat as King of East Francia in 887. The Duchy of Carinthia was finally split from the vast Bavarian duchy in 976 by Emperor Otto II, having come out victorious from his quarrels with Duke Henry II the Wrangler. Carinthia, therefore, was the first newly created duchy of the Holy Roman Empire and for a short while comprised lands stretching from the Adriatic Sea almost to the Danube. In 1040, the March of Carniola was separated from it, and c. 1180 Styria, the Carinthian March, became a duchy in its own right. After the death of Duke Henry VI of Gorizia-Tyrol in 1335, Carinthia passed to the Habsburg brothers Albrecht II. and Otto IV, and was ruled by this dynasty until 1918. After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, Carinthia was incorporated in the Austrian Empire's Kingdom of Illyria which succeeded Napoleon's Illyrian Provinces, but recovered its previous status in 1849 and in 1867 became one of the Cisleithanian crown lands of Austria-Hungary.

Formation of the state

In late 1918, the breakup of the Habsburg monarchy was imminent, and on 21 October 1918 the members of the Reichsrat for the German-speaking territories of Austria met in Vienna to constitute a "Provisional National Council for German-Austria". Before the meeting, the delegates agreed that German-Austria should not include "Yugoslav areas of settlement", which referred to Lower Styria and the two Slovene-speaking Carinthian valleys south of the Karawanken range, Seeland (Slovenian: Jezersko) and Mießtal (Meža Valley). On 12 Nov. 1918, when the Act concerning the foundation of the State of German-Austria was formally passed by the Provisional National Assembly in Vienna this was worded by the State Chancellor, Karl Renner, "...to encounter the prejudices of the world as though we wanted to annex alien national property" The day before, on 11 Nov. 1918 the Provisional Diet of Carinthia had formally declared Carinthia's accession to the State of German-Austria. The Federal Act concerning the Extent, the Borders and the Relations of the State Territories of 22 Nov. 1918 then clearly stated in article 1: "...the duchies of Styria and Carinthia with the exclusion of the homogenous Yugoslav areas of settlement". Apart from one Social-Democrat, Florian Gröger, all the other delegates from Carinthia—Hans Hofer, Jakob Lutschounig, Josef Nagele, Alois Pirker, Leopold Pongratz, Otto Steinwender, Viktor Waldner—were members of German national parties and organizations.

Disputed frontiers

After the end of the World War I, however, Carinthia became a contested region. On 5 November 1918, the first armed militia units led by the Slovene volunteer Franjo Malgaj invaded Carinthia and were then joined by Slovene troops under Rudolf Maister. With the subsequent assistance of the regular Yugoslav army, they occupied southern Carinthia claiming the area for the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (Kraljevina Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca, or SHS) also known as Yugoslavia. The provisional state government of Carinthia had fled to Spittal an der Drau and given the ongoing fighting between local volunteers and invaders on 5 December decided to declare armed resistance. The resistance encountered by the Yugoslav forces especially north of the Drava River around the town of Völkermarkt with its violent fighting alarmed the victorious Allies at the Paris Peace Conference.

An Allied Commission headed by U.S. Lt.Col. Sherman Miles inspected the situation in situ and recommended the Karawanken main ridge as a natural border to keep the Klagenfurt basin intact but, in agreement with item no. 10 of Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, suggested a referendum in the disputed area. An armistice was agreed upon on 14 January and by 7 May 1919 the Yugoslav forces had left the state, but Slovene troops under Rudolf Maister returned to occupying Klagenfurt on 6 June. Upon the intervention of the Allied Supreme Council in Paris, they retreated from the city but remained in the disputed part of Carinthia until 13 September 1920.

In the Treaty of Saint-Germain of 10 September 1919, the two smaller Slovene-speaking Carinthian valleys south of the Karawanken range, Jezersko and the Meža Valley, together with the town of Dravograd—together 128 square miles or —were attached to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later known as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia): These areas are today part of Slovene Carinthia. The Canale Valley (, ) as far south as Pontebba, at that time an ethnically mixed German–Slovene area, with the border town of Tarvisio (, ) and its holy place of pilgrimage of Maria Luschari () (172 square miles or 445 km²), was ceded to Italy and included in the Province of Udine.

According to the same treaty, a referendum was to be held in southern Carinthia as suggested by the Allied Commission, which was to determine whether the area claimed by the SHS-State was to remain part of Austria or go to Yugoslavia. Much of southern Carinthia was divided into two zones. Zone A was formed out of predominantly Slovene-inhabited zones (approximately corresponding to today's District of Völkermarkt, the district of Klagenfurt-Land south of lake Wörthersee, and the south-eastern part of the present district of Villach-Land), while Zone B included the City of Klagenfurt, Velden am Wörthersee and the immediately surrounding rural areas where German speakers formed a vast majority. If the population in Zone A had decided for Yugoslavia, another referendum in Zone B would have followed. On 10 October 1920, the Carinthian Plebiscite was held in Zone A, with almost 60% of the population voting to remain in Austria, which means that about 40% of the Slovene-speaking population must have voted against a division of Carinthia. Given the close supervision of the referendum by foreign observers, as well as the Yugoslav occupation of the area until four weeks before the referendum, irregularities alleged by the deeply disappointed Yugoslav supporters would not have substantially altered the overall decision. Yet, after the plebiscite, the SHS-State again made attempts to occupy the area, but owing to demarches by the United Kingdom, France, and Italy it removed its troops from Austria so that, by 22 November 1920, the State Diet of Carinthia was at last able to exercise its sovereignty over the entire state.

After World War I to present

Originally an agrarian country, Carinthia made efforts to establish a touristic infrastructure such as the Grossglockner High Alpine Road and Klagenfurt Airport as well as the opening up of the Alps through the Austrian Alpine Club in the 1920s. It was, however, hard hit by the Great Depression around 1930, which pushed the political system in Austria more and more towards extremism. This phenomenon culminated at first in the years of Austrofascism and then in 1938 in the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany (Anschluss). At the same time the Nazi Party took power everywhere in Carinthia, which became, together with East Tyrol, a Reichsgau, and Nazi leaders such as Franz Kutschera, Hubert Klausner, and Friedrich Rainer held the office of Gauleiter and Reichsstatthalter.

During World War II, Slovene Partisan resistance was active in the southern areas of the region, reaching around 3,000 armed men. The cities of Klagenfurt and Villach suffered from air raids, but the Allied forces did not reach Carinthia before May 8, 1945. Toward the end of the war, Gauleiter Rainer tried to implement a Nazi plan for Carinthia to become part of the projected Nazi national redoubt, the Alpenfestung; these efforts failed and the forces under Rainer's control surrendered to the forces of the British Army. Once again at the end of World War I, Yugoslav troops occupied parts of Carinthia, including the capital city of Klagenfurt, but were soon forced to withdraw by the British forces with the consent of the Soviet Union.

Carinthia, East Tyrol, and Styria then formed the UK occupation zone of Allied-administered Austria. The area was witness to the turnover of German-allied Cossacks to the Red Army in 1945. The Allied occupation was terminated in 1955 by the Austrian State Treaty, which restored Austria's sovereignty. The relations between the German- and the Slovene-speaking Carinthians remained somewhat problematic. Divergent views over the implementation of minority protection rights guaranteed by Article 7 of the Austrian State Treaty have created numerous tensions between the two groups in the past fifty years.

Demographics
The largest part of Carinthia's population settles in the Klagenfurt Basin between Villach and Klagenfurt. In 2008, the proportion of the population with a migration background in Carinthia was 9.3% of the total population, about half the Austrian figure of 17.5%. By 2020, the proportion of the population with a migration background in Carinthia had risen to 14.5%, yet this figure remains lower than the Austrian average, where close to a quarter of the population has a migration background.

The majority of Carinthia's population is today German-speaking. In the south of the province (mainly in the districts of Villach-Land Klagenfurt-Land and Völkermarkt) live Carinthian Slovenes  where they speak Slovene and are recognized as an autochthonous ethnic minority. The discussion about ethnic group rights (e.g. bilingual place-name signs) can be very emotional and the rights of Slovenes in Carinthia are still not fully implemented.

Population development
The historical population is given in the following chart:

Administrative divisions
The state is divided into eight rural and two urban districts (Bezirke), the latter being the statutory cities (Statutarstädte) of Klagenfurt and Villach. There are 132 municipalities, of which 17 are incorporated as towns and 40 are of the lesser market towns (Marktgemeinden) status.

Statutory cities
 Klagenfurt (licence plate code: K)
 Villach (VI)

Rural districts
 Feldkirchen (FE)
 Administrative seat: Feldkirchen
 Municipalities: Albeck • Glanegg • Gnesau • Himmelberg • Ossiach • Reichenau • Sankt Urban • Steindorf am Ossiacher See • Steuerberg
 Hermagor (HE)
 Administrative seat: Hermagor-Pressegger See
 Market towns: Kirchbach • Kötschach-Mauthen
 Municipalities: Dellach • Gitschtal • Lesachtal • Sankt Stefan im Gailtal
 Klagenfurt-Land (KL)
 Administrative seat: Klagenfurt (not part of the district)
 Town: Ferlach
 Market towns: Ebenthal • Feistritz im Rosental • Grafenstein • Magdalensberg • Maria Saal • Moosburg • Poggersdorf • Schiefling am See
 Municipalities: Keutschach am See • Köttmannsdorf • Krumpendorf • Ludmannsdorf • Maria Rain • Maria Wörth • Pörtschach • Sankt Margareten im Rosental • Techelsberg • Zell
 Sankt Veit an der Glan (SV)
 Administrative seat: Sankt Veit an der Glan
 Towns: Althofen • Friesach • Straßburg
 Market towns: Brückl • Eberstein • Gurk • Guttaring • Hüttenberg • Klein Sankt Paul • Liebenfels • Metnitz • Weitensfeld im Gurktal
 Municipalities: Deutsch-Griffen • Frauenstein • Glödnitz • Kappel am Krappfeld • Micheldorf • Mölbling • Sankt Georgen am Längsee
 Spittal an der Drau (SP)
 Administrative seat: Spittal an der Drau
 Towns: Gmünd • Radenthein
 Market towns: Greifenburg • Lurnfeld • Millstatt • Oberdrauburg • Obervellach • Rennweg am Katschberg • Sachsenburg • Seeboden • Steinfeld • Winklern
 Municipalities: Bad Kleinkirchheim • Baldramsdorf • Berg im Drautal • Dellach im Drautal • Flattach • Großkirchheim • Heiligenblut am Großglockner • Irschen • Kleblach-Lind • Krems • Lendorf • Mallnitz • Malta • Mörtschach • Mühldorf • Rangersdorf • Reißeck • Stall • Trebesing • Weissensee
 Villach-Land (VL)
 Administrative seat: Villach (not part of the district)
 Market towns: Arnoldstein • Bad Bleiberg • Finkenstein am Faaker See • Nötsch im Gailtal • Paternion • Rosegg • Sankt Jakob im Rosental • Treffen • Velden am Wörther See • Weißenstein
 Municipalities: Afritz am See • Arriach • Feistritz an der Gail • Feld am See • Ferndorf • Fresach • Hohenthurn • Stockenboi • Wernberg
 Völkermarkt (VK)
 Administrative seat: Völkermarkt
 Town: Bleiburg
 Market towns: Eberndorf • Eisenkappel-Vellach • Feistritz ob Bleiburg • Griffen
 Municipalities: Diex • Gallizien • Globasnitz • Neuhaus • Ruden • Sankt Kanzian am Klopeiner See • Sittersdorf
 Wolfsberg (WO)
 Administrative seat: Wolfsberg
 Towns: Bad Sankt Leonhard im Lavanttal • Sankt Andrä
 Market towns: Frantschach-Sankt Gertraud • Lavamünd • Reichenfels • Sankt Paul im Lavanttal
 Municipalities: Preitenegg • Sankt Georgen im Lavanttal

Politics

The state assembly Kärntner Landtag, ("Carinthian State Diet"), is a unicameral legislature. Its 36 members are elected from party lists according to the principle of proportional representation and serve five-year terms, with elections held every five years. Austrian nationals over the age of 16 residing in Carinthia are eligible to vote. The Landtag has a threshold of 5%. The current legislative period is the 30th since the first Carinthian elections on 6 April 1861.

The most recent election, the 2018 Carinthian state election, was held on 5 March 2018. The SPÖ, the party of the incumbent governor Peter Kaiser, almost reached the absolute majority of seats in the state assembly. This makes Carinthia one of Austria's most left-leaning regions.

The legislature also elects the state government, composed of a minister-president, whose ancient title is Landeshauptmann ("State Captain"), his two deputies, and further four Landesräte ministers. The members of the cabinet form an all-party government elected under a system of proportional representation based on the number of representatives of the political parties in the Landtag. The incumbent Landeshauptmann is Peter Kaiser (SPÖ).

Economy
The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the state was 20.9 billion € in 2018, accounting for 5.4% of Austria's economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 33,000 € or 110% of the EU27 average in the same year.

Language
German is the official language.

The people are predominantly German-speaking with a unique (and easily recognizable) Southern Austro-Bavarian dialect typical of which is that all short German vowels before double consonants have been lengthened ("Carinthian vowel stretching").

A Slovene-speaking minority, known as the Carinthian Slovenes, is concentrated in the southern and southeastern parts of the state. Its size cannot be determined precisely because the representatives of the ethnic group reject a count. Recommendations for a boycott of the 2001 census, which asked for the language used in everyday communication, reduced the count of Slovene speakers to 12,554 people, 2.38% of a total population of 527,333.

Tourist attractions

Major sights include the cities of Klagenfurt and Villach and medieval towns like Friesach or Gmünd. Carinthia features numerous monasteries and churches such as the Romanesque Gurk Cathedral or Maria Saal in the Zollfeld plain, the abbeys of St. Paul's, Ossiach, Millstatt, and Viktring as well as castles and palaces like large-scale Hochosterwitz, Griffen, or Porcia.

Scenic highlights are the main bathing lakes Wörthersee, Millstätter See, Ossiacher See and Faaker See as well as a variety of smaller lakes and ponds. In winter Carinthia offers ski resorts such as the Nassfeld near Hermagor, Gerlitzen mountain, Bad Kleinkirchheim, Flattach, and Heiligenblut at Austria's highest mountain, the Grossglockner as well as the Hohe Tauern and Nock Mountains national parks for all kind of alpine sports and mountaineering.

Culture

Customs and traditions
One of many customs that still subsists all over Carinthia are Kirchtage, a traditional type of fair. The most famous is Villacher Kirchtag in Villach, which was first held in 1936 and is very popular among locals and tourists.

Museums
The museums in Carinthia include the Carinthian State Museum with its locations in Klagenfurt, the Maria Saal open-air museum, the Magdalensberg Archaeological Park, and the Teurnia Roman Museum. One of the most important city museums is the City Museum of Villach, which documents, among other things, the life story of its temporary citizen Paracelsus.

Literature
Carinthia has produced several internationally renowned writers in recent decades. In the early 20th century, Robert Musil, Josef Friedrich Perkonig, Dolores Viesèr, and Gerhart Ellert gained some notoriety.

After the Second World War, the poets Ingeborg Bachmann, Michael Guttenbrunner, and Christine Lavant first came to the fore. They were followed by Peter Handke, Gert Jonke, Josef Winkler, and Peter Turrini. Among other things, they took a very critical look at their homeland, like Josef Winkler in his trilogy "Das wilde Kärnten". Other important representatives of Carinthian literature include Janko Messner, Janko Ferk, Lydia Mischkulnig, Werner Kofler, Antonio Fian, and Florjan Lipus.

The most important publishers are Johannes Heyn, Carinthia, and the Carinthian printing and publishing company. Slovenian literature is primarily promoted by the Carinthian publishers Mohorjeva/Hermagoras, Drava, and the Wieser-Verlag founded by Lojze Wieser.

The most important literary event in Carinthia is the Days of German-language Literature in Klagenfurt, during which the Ingeborg Bachmann Prize is awarded, which has been held annually since 1977 and particularly supports younger authors. The Ingeborg Bachmann Prize is one of the most important literary awards in the German-speaking world.

Fine Arts
In the early 20th century, the Nötsch circle was active with the painters Sebastian Isepp, Franz Wiegele, Anton Kolig, and Anton Mahringer with its European orientation. The painter Herbert Boeckl was only loosely associated with the circle. An art-political controversy was the dispute over the Kolig frescoes in the Klagenfurt country house from 1931, which ended in the removal of the frescoes in 1938. In terms of architecture, Gustav Gugitz, the builder of the State Museum, should be mentioned, while the Wörthersee architecture with the villas and hotels is primarily characterized by Viennese architects. Switbert Lobisser is known for his woodcuts. Werner Berg made woodcuts and paintings, especially of his adoptive home in Bleiburg.

After 1945, Maria Lassnig, Hans Staudacher, and Hans Bischoffshausen initiated a radical new beginning. Important sites were and are the Carinthian Art Association, the Hildebrand Gallery, the Nötscher-Kreis-Museum, and the Museum of Modern Art Carinthia, which opened in 2003. Two high-profile "art scandals" were the frescoes by Giselbert Hoke in Klagenfurt main station in 1950 and the redesign of the meeting room in the country house in 1998 by Anton Kolig's grandson, Cornelius Kolig.

A fountain designed by Kiki Kogelnik stands near the country house. Other visual artists are Valentin Oman, Bruno Gironcoli, Meina Schellander, and Karl Brandstätter. In Carinthia, the architect Günther Domenig designed the Steinhaus am Ossiacher See, the building for the state exhibition in Hüttenberg and the extension for the Klagenfurt city theater.

Notable people

Born in Carinthia
 Arnulf of Carinthia, Holy Roman Emperor, born about 850, grew up in Moosburg, died December 8, 899 in Regensburg.
 Pope Gregory V (né Bruno of Carinthia), born about 972, place unknown, died February 18, 999, in Rome.
 Saint Hemma of Gurk, born about 980, probably at Zeltschach, Friesach, died June 27, 1045, in Gurk.
 Heinrich von dem Tuerlin, minstrel and epic poet, early 13th century, probably born at Sankt Veit an der Glan.
 Ulrich von dem Türlin, a 13th-century epic poet, probably born at St. Veit an der Glan.
 Henry of Carinthia, king of Bohemia (Jindřich Korutanský) and titular king of Poland, born about 1265, died April 2, 1335, at Castle Tyrol.
 Josef Stefan, physicist, born March 24, 1835, in the vicinity of Klagenfurt, died January 7, 1893, in Vienna.
 Thomas Koschat, composer and bass singer, born August 8, 1845, in Klagenfurt.
 Robert Musil, author, born November 6, 1880, in Klagenfurt, died April 15, 1942, in Geneva.
 Anton Wiegele, painter, born February 23, 1887, at Nötsch im Gailtal, died December 17, 1944, at Nötsch im Gailtal.
 Herbert Boeckl, painter, born June 3, 1894, in Klagenfurt, died January 20, 1966, in Vienna.
 Rudolf Kattnigg, composer, born April 9, 1895, in Treffen, died September 2, 1955, in Vienna.
 Josef Klaus, politician, born August 15, 1910, at Kötschach-Mauthen, died July 25, 2001, in Vienna.
 Heinrich Harrer, mountaineer and ethnographer, born July 6, 1912, at Obergossen, Hüttenberg, died January 7, 2006, at Friesach.
 Christine Lavant, poet, born July 4, 1915, in Großedling, Wolfsberg, died June 7, 1973, at Wolfsberg.
 Maria Lassnig, painter, born September 9, 1919, in Kappel am Krappfeld.
Kathrin Glock, entrepreneur, born November 26, 1980, in Carinthia.
 Paul Watzlawick, psychologist, born July 25, 1921, in Villach, died March 31, 2007, in Palo Alto.
 Felix Ermacora, specialist in international law, born October 13, 1923, in Klagenfurt, died February 24, 1995, in Vienna.
 Ingeborg Bachmann, poet and writer, born June 25, 1926, in Klagenfurt, died October 17, 1973, in Rome.
 Gerhard Lampersberg, composer, born July 5, 1928, at Hermagor, died May 29, 2002, in Klagenfurt.
 Günther Domenig, architect, born July 6, 1934, in Klagenfurt, died 15 June 2012.
 Udo Jürgens, singer and composer, born September 30, 1934, in Klagenfurt, died December 21, 2014, in Münsterlingen, Switzerland.
 Kiki Kogelnik, painter, born January 22, 1935, at Bleiburg, died February 1, 1997, in Vienna.
 Bruno Gironcoli, sculptor, born September 27, 1936, at Villach, died February 19, 2010, in Vienna.
 Engelbert Obernosterer, writer, born December 28, 1936, at Sankt Lorenzen, Lesachtal.
 Dagmar Koller, actress and singer, born August 26, 1939, in Klagenfurt.
 Peter Handke, playwright and writer, born December 6, 1942, at Griffen.
 Arnulf Komposch, mirror artist, born 1942 in Klagenfurt.
 Peter Turrini, playwright, born September 26, 1944, at St. Margarethen im Lavanttal, Wolfsberg.
 Gert Jonke, playwright, born February 8, 1946, in Klagenfurt, died January 4, 2009.
 Werner Kofler, writer, born July 23, 1947, in Villach.
 Wolfgang Petritsch, diplomat, born August 26, 1947, in Klagenfurt.
 Erik Schinegger, intersexed alpine skier, born June 19, 1948, at Agsdorf, Sankt Urban.
 Wolfgang Puck, celebrity chef, born July 8, 1949, in Sankt Veit an der Glan.
 Josef Winkler, writer, born March 3, 1953, in Kamering.
 Franz Klammer, alpine skier, born December 3, 1953, at Mooswald, Fresach.
 Markus Müller, pharmacologist and rector of the Medical University of Vienna, born August 23, 1967, in Klagenfurt.
 Patrick Friesacher, Formula one driver, born September 26, 1980, in Wolfsberg.

Died in Carinthia
 Modestus, missionary, born about 720 in Ireland, died about 772 probably in Maria Saal.
 Bolesław II the Bold, king of Poland, born about 1042; according to legend, died in Ossiach March 22, 1081 (?).
 Carl Auer von Welsbach, chemist and inventor, born September 1, 1858, in Vienna, died August 4, 1929, in Möbling.
 Anton Kolig, painter, born July 1, 1886, at Neutitschein (today Nový Jičín, Czech Republic), died May 17, 1950, in Nötsch im Gailtal.
 Werner Berg, painter, born April 4, 1911, in Elberfeld, now Wuppertal, Germany, died September 7, 1981, in Sankt Veit im Jauntal, Sankt Kanzian am Klopeiner See.
 Milivoj Ašner, born April 21, 1913, in Daruvar, Croatia, died 14 June 2011, accused Ustaše war criminal.

See also
 Slovenian Carinthia
 Carinthia (statistical region in Slovenia)
 Carinthian Plebiscite
 Carinthian Slovenes
Slovene field and house names in Carinthia

References

Notes

External links

 Official website of the Carinthian government (in German)
 Carinthia Travel Guide
 Kaernten.at, Tourism information, 360° Panoramas, Webcams, and much more (in English, German, Italian, Dutch, and other languages)
 Consuming Carinthia
 Carinthia Events

States of Austria

NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union

Carinthia


Checkers Drive In Restaurants is one of the largest chains of drive-through restaurants for fast food in the United States. It became a private company in June 2006 by merging with Taxi Holdings.

The company operates Checkers and Rally's restaurants. Checkers was founded in 1985. Rally's was founded in 1986. Most in the eastern United States are called "Checkers" and most in the Midwestern United States and Western United States are called "Rally's". They serve Cajun French fries and burgers.

American food companies
1985 establishments in the United States
Companies based in Florida

Checkers (restaurant)


The  is a museum devoted to Bandai characters located in Mibu, Shimotsuga District, Tochigi, Japan. It opened on July 19, 2003 as the Bandai Museum at Matsudo, Chiba. It was closed on August 31, 2006 and moved to Mibu, Tochigi on April 28, 2007, where it features exhibits on Ultraman, Gundam, Godzilla, Super Sentai, and a Gundam-themed cafe along with various shops attached to the museum.

History
The Bandai Museum was in a 9-story building (1 basement floor) with the museum proper located between floors 5 through 8. The entrance to the museum was located on the third floor on the same level with the Matsudo station of the Joban Line. The exhibit sections of the museum consists of two parts, Character World and Gundam Museum; while the remaining areas of floors 5 through 8 are for shops, event space, and visitor amenities.

By November 2004, the Bandai Museum had reached  visitors.

The museum closed on August 31, 2006. Bandai expressed its apologies and thanked all the visitors that visited the museum in the previous three years. On April 28, 2007, the Omocha no Machi Bandai Museum in Mibu, Tochigi opened for business.

Gundam Museum
The Gundam Museum spans half of the seventh floor and half of the eighth floor and features exhibits mainly from the Universal Century timeline of the Gundam franchise and have three distinct sections: Colony Exhibit, Zaku Exhibit, and a Gundam Exhibit. The museum has three interactive exhibits in which a visitor may use and experience, the Gundam Lift, the Zeta Gundam Cockpit, and the Gundam Rifle Firing Range. The entrance of the museum and each of the interactive exhibits requires an admission fee.

Gundam Cafe
The Gundam Cafe opened since the opening of the Bandai Museum on July 19, 2003. Located on the top floor after the Gundam merchandise shop, G-Base, the Gundam Cafe served many Gundam themed mixed drinks and foods such as the 'Atmospheric Entry', a mildly spicy drink; to an 'Ace Pilot', a sushi salad dish. Party catering sets were also available to those whom wish to hold a party at the Gundam Cafe. The Gundam Cafe closed on January 15, 2006 with its last 'Final Shoot' party before their closure.

G Style Cafe
The G Style Cafe opened and replaced the Gundam Cafe on February 25, 2006. Located exactly where the Gundam Cafe was located, the G Style Cafe featured a wider theme encompassing the different series in its decor through the addition of Gundam SEED, Zeta Gundam, and the original Gundam private rooms. The changed cafe menu is a bit more focused on the recent Gundam SEED Cosmic Era timeline, with drinks such as Sword of Justice (Seigi no Ken 正義の剣), an Athrun Zala drink; Wings of Freedom (Jiyuu no Tsubasa 自由の翼), a Kira Yamato drink; and Princess of Orb (Oobu no Hime Kun オーブの姫君), a Cagalli Yula Athha drink. However, the menu still retains some of the other series with items like Char's Custom Zaku Omelette-rice (Shaa Senyuu Zaku Omuraisu シャア専用 ザク オムライス) an omelette rice food item shaped and decorated like a Zaku head; and Lalah's Eyes (Raraa no Hitomi ララーの瞳), a Lalah alcoholic drink.

G-Base
The 1/1 G-Base is a store located at the exit of the Gundam Museum, though a part of the full museum, the store sells mainly premium Gundam items like collectables and figures, but also limited and exclusive items that are only available to the museum store.

Character World
The Character World spans the remaining half of the seventh floor, usable space unoccupied by the Gundam Museum, and some parts of the sixth floor, featuring various exhibit displays from series like Ultraman, Mazinger, Kamen Rider, Godzilla, and various anime and Super Sentai series. There is an admission charge for the Character World area.

Collection
Model Coal Mine built 19th century
Tin Toy Bing, Bassett-Lowke, Georges Carette, etc.
Thomas Edison Gallery:Phonograph, light bulb, etc

Notes

References

External links
Bandai Museum homepage

Museums established in 2003
Bandai
Bandai Namco Holdings subsidiaries
Museums in Tochigi Prefecture
Anime and manga museums in Japan
2003 establishments in Japan
Mibu, Tochigi

Bandai Museum


Kung Fu Master (stylised as Kung-fu Master!, also known as Le petit amour in France) is a 1988 French drama film directed by Agnès Varda. It was selected to compete for the Golden Bear at the 38th Berlin International Film Festival.

Plot
Mary-Jane (Jane Birkin) comes across Julien (Mathieu Demy) during a party her teenage daughter Lucy throws at their home. Julien has drunk too much and Mary-Jane induces vomiting to help him feel better. Intrigued by him she goes to visit Lucy at school to see if she can see him again and almost hits him with her car. On the pretext of seeing if he's alright Mary-Jane takes Julien to a café where he plays his favourite arcade game, Kung Fu Master. Intrigued by Julien and knowing she wants to see him again Mary-Jane goes looking for other places with the game. Before she can think of another reason to see Julien however he comes to her home and they spend the day together shopping. At the end of the day Julien kisses Mary-Jane's hand.

At school Julien and Lucy must work together on a project and because he is so eager to work on the project she thinks that he has a crush on her.

Mary-Jane and Julien continue to think of ways to be near one another. When Mary-Jane overhears Lucy talking about Julien missing school she visits his home to give him his homework and allows him to fondle her breast. Later he invites her out to celebrate with him and takes her to a hotel where he kisses her. Mary-Jane tepidly resists but later slaps him after he begins smoking in the elevator and runs away from him.

While working on a project with Lucy, Julien learns that Lucy is going to England with her family over the upcoming holidays. Julien manages to get Lucy to invite him along. On Easter, while she is hiding eggs, Mary-Jane is surprised by Julien. The two end up kissing and are discovered by Lucy who is horrified by the fact that her mother is kissing a 14 year old boy. After telling her mother what has happened, Mary-Jane is encouraged by her to take Julien and her youngest daughter Lou to a remote island where the family owns a home to try and play out their flirtation. On the island the two of them declare their love for one another and enjoy a close relationship. At the end of their time on the island Mary-Jane worries that she'll lose Julien and he'll forget about her but he promises to love her forever.

After their return from the island Julien's mother threatens to press charges while Mary-Jane loses custody of Lucy. Mary Jane never hears from him again.

Meanwhile at an arcade Julien finally wins the Kung Fu Master game. He asks an arcade employee to call Mary-Jane and tell him that he has won but the employee gives up  after he calls and Lou answers the phone. Later at his new school when other boys ask if he's ever had a girlfriend he speaks disparagingly of Mary-Jane saying she was just a bored housewife he once slept with.

Cast
 Jane Birkin as Mary-Jane
 Mathieu Demy as Julien
 Charlotte Gainsbourg as Lucy
 Lou Doillon as Lou
 Gary Chekchak as a young man
 Cyril Houplain as a young man
 Frank Laurent as a young man
 Aurélien Hermant as Un jeune
 Jérémie Luntz as a young man
 Thomas Bensaïd as a young man
 Pénélope Pourriat a young woman
 Ninon Vinsonneau a young woman
 Bégonia Leis as a young woman
 Eva Simonet as the friend
 Judy Campbell as the mother
 David Birkin as the father

Production
Birkin conceived of the film while Agnès Varda was filming her for the documentary Jane B. par Agnès V. Most of the cast were taken from Birkin and Varda's family, with Birkin's real life daughters and parents playing her daughters and parents in the film. Charlotte Gainsbourg later admitted to disliking both the filming of Jane B. par Agnès V. and Kung Fu Master as Varda and her film crew remained camped in her home for a year in order to complete the projects.

Reception and release
In 2015, both Kung Fu Master and Jane B. par Agnès V. were acquired for U.S. distribution by Cinelicious Pics.  The films enjoyed a brief theatrical re-release before being streamed on the movie streaming service Fandor. Varda expressed frustration at the film's limited release saying "I can get the Palme d'Or, but I can't get exhibition, so it's a contradiction."

References

External links

1988 films
1988 drama films
1980s French-language films
French romance films
Films directed by Agnès Varda
Films about video games
1980s French films

Kung Fu Master (film)


The Missouri National Recreational River is a National Recreational River located on the border between Nebraska and South Dakota. The designation was first applied in 1978 to a 59-mile section of the Missouri River between Gavins Point Dam and Ponca State Park. In 1991, an additional 39-mile section between Fort Randall Dam and Niobrara, Nebraska, was added to the designation. These two stretches of the Missouri River are the only parts of the river between Montana and the mouth of the Missouri that remain undammed or unchannelized. The last 20 miles of the Niobrara River and 6 miles of Verdigre Creek were also added in 1991.

The Missouri National Recreational River is managed by the National Park Service, with headquarters located in Yankton, South Dakota. Visitor centers are located at Ponca State Park, Niobrara State Park and the Lewis and Clark Visitor Center at Gavins Point Dam, overlooking Lewis and Clark Lake. It lies in parts of Boyd, Cedar, Dixon, and Knox counties in Nebraska, and Bon Homme, Charles Mix, Clay, Union, and Yankton counties in South Dakota.

History
People have lived along the river for some 10,000 years. Archeologists have found their tools and weapons, homes, foods, religious, and ceremonial objects. The River is one of three historic east-west corridors, similar to the Oregon and Santa Fe trails. It was a pathway of American Indians, Lewis and Clark, trappers and traders, steamboat captains, and settlers. French and Spanish traders preceded Lewis & Clark's 1804 expedition. The Yellow Stone was the first steamboat to sail this stretch of the river in 1832 on the way to Fort Union Trading Post. The 1858 Treaty with the Yankton Sioux opened the southeastern portion of the Dakota Territory to white settlement. The Homestead Act of 1862 encouraged immigration into the region.

During steamboat era, the Missouri was characterized by shifting channels, numerous braided channels, chutes, sloughs, islands, sandbars, and backwater areas. Well over 300 steamboats sank in the river between 1819 and 1920.

By the mid-20th century, extensive flooding prompted the passage of many flood control measures. The Flood Control Act of 1944, (the Pick-Sloan Plan) created the Fort Randall and Gavins Point dams, causing major changes to the river's hydrology and habitats.

Flora and fauna
Along the river there are two major plant communities. The floodplain forest includes willow and cottonwood. The bluffs are covered by elm and oak. The annual floods create a variation of floodplain vegetation and succession throughout the park. New deposits such as sandbars and accretions adjacent to the riverbanks are covered with the pioneer species: annual weeds, short-lived grasses, sedges, and seedling willow and cottonwood. On higher above the water table, larger willow and cottonwood trees dominate. The floodplain forest includes larger cottonwoods on the highest banks and islands. The understory in the cottonwood forest is primarily dogwood, sumac, wild grape, and poison ivy. The sparse vegetation under the mature cottonwoods consists mostly of scouring rush, Kentucky bluegrass, smooth brome, and other invasive grasses and weeds.

Above the floodplain, there is a mixed forest and agricultural fields. The forests on the adjoining bluffs are primarily hardwoods with the slopes covered by a dense growth of oak, ash, mulberry, and walnut, with burr oak as the dominant species.

Wildlife is plentiful. Since the days of Lewis and Clark the larger mammals have disappeared, including the grizzly bear, bison, and elk. Small mammals, including mice, voles, bats, rats, and ground squirrels make up the bulk of the species within the park. Deer are often seen on private property along the banks.

The American bald eagle has been gradually increasing throughout the park. Two other birds, the piping plover (northern Great Plains population) and the least tern (interior population), are still listed as threatened and endangered respectively. There are over 250 bird species identified within the riverway.

Threatened species
The National Park Service works alongside the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to help manage habitat for threatened and endangered species, especially the Piping plover, Least tern, and Pallid sturgeon. Since the establishments of the dams on the Missouri River these species and their population numbers have decreased. Habitat restoration and resource protection measures have been in place to help rebound these numbers. Often during the summer months sandbars are signed as "Closed" to help protect critical habitat, fines and other penalties can be imposed for violators.

Things to do

Recreational and educational opportunities abound at the Missouri National Recreational River. Fishing and hunting are popular actives. Walleye and catfish are the most popular species. Canoeing and kayaking are growing in popularity, and ranger-guided excursions are scheduled often during the summer.

Parks and recreation areas
As a "partnership park", the National Park Service (NPS) works closely with local and state agencies to help manage the recreational opportunities for the public.
 Goat Island, island located just downstream of Wynot, Nebraska and upstream of Vermillion, South Dakota. Development is currently under planning stages as of 2018, with development possibly including camping, trails, hunting, birding, and other public recreational opportunities. This decision was met with much objection from local river users. Public forums were held, and feedback was allegedly collected, but the plan moved on as proposed.
Bow Creek Recreation Area, located near Wynot. Open to hunting, hiking, and river access. Over 30 acres of former farmland has been restored to native prairie and riverland bottom habitat.
Mulberry Bend Overlook, located near Vermillion, near Nebraska Highway 15. The area has a scenic overlook of Mulberry Bend along the Missouri, along with a 3/4 mile hiking trail.
Ponca State Park, located near Ponca, Nebraska maintains the Missouri National Recreational River Resource and Education Center. There are many events for outdoor education held annually that focus on the importance of the Missouri River and its history. Additionally, several campgrounds, multi-purpose trails, scenic overlooks, and river access are popular with the public.
Niobrara State Park, located near Niobrara, Nebraska is located at the confluence of the Missouri and Niobrara Rivers. The park maintains several trails, cabins, campgrounds, and scenic overlooks.

Attractions and points of interest
 Spirit Mound Historic Prairie, near Vermillion, South Dakota.
 Meridian Highway Bridge, in Yankton, South Dakota.
 Gavins Point Dam, near Yankton, South Dakota.
 Lewis and Clark Lake, near Yankton, South Dakota.
 Fort Randall Dam, near Pickstown, South Dakota.
 Fort Randall, near Pickstown, South Dakota.
 Karl E. Mundt National Wildlife Refuge, near Pickstown, South Dakota.
 Chief Standing Bear Memorial Bridge, near Niobrara, Nebraska.
 Discovery Bridge, near Yankton, South Dakota.
 Vermillion–Newcastle Bridge, near Vermillion, South Dakota.

See also
 National Wild and Scenic Rivers System
 List of National Wild and Scenic Rivers
 Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail
 Niobrara National Scenic River
 Pick–Sloan Missouri Basin Program

References

External links
 National Park Service - Missouri National Recreational River
 Missouri National Recreational River Water Trail
 Goat Island Management Plan (National Park Service)
 Missouri River current river conditions and water releases (USACE)
 Gavins Point Dam and Lewis & Clark Lake, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
 Fort Randall Dam, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
 Missouri River Recovery Program

Missouri River
Federal lands in Nebraska
Protected areas of South Dakota
Protected areas of Nebraska
Protected areas established in 1978
National Park Service areas in South Dakota
National Park Service areas in Nebraska
National Park Service Wild and Scenic Rivers
Protected areas of Boyd County, Nebraska
Protected areas of Cedar County, Nebraska
Protected areas of Dixon County, Nebraska
Protected areas of Bon Homme County, South Dakota
Protected areas of Charles Mix County, South Dakota
Protected areas of Clay County, South Dakota
Protected areas of Union County, South Dakota
Protected areas of Yankton County, South Dakota
1978 establishments in South Dakota
1978 establishments in Nebraska

Missouri National Recreational River


Norman Fiering (born 1935 in New York City) is an American historian, and Director and Librarian, Emeritus, of the John Carter Brown Library.

Life
He graduated from Dartmouth College in 1956, where he was a student of Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy, and from Columbia University with a Ph.D. in 1969.

He taught at Stanford University between 1964 and 1969, and was a post-doctoral fellow for three years at the Institute of Early American History and Culture in Williamsburg, Virginia, 1969-1972. In 1972 he was appointed Editor of Publications at the Institute. From 1983 to 2006, he was Director and Librarian of the John Carter Brown Library at Brown University.

Awards

 Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture Fellowship
 1975-76 National Endowment for the Humanities Fellowship
 1978-79 National Humanities Center Fellowship in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
 1983 Merle Curti Award

Bibliography

Books
 Moral Philosophy at Seventeenth-Century Harvard: A Discipline in Transition, University of North Carolina Press. 1981
 Jonathan Edwards's Moral Thought and Its British Context, University of North Carolina Press. 1981
 A Guide to Book Publication for Historians (Washington, D. C.: American Historical Assn.), 1979, pamphlet, 40 pp.

Articles
 "President Samuel Johnson and the Circle of Knowledge," William and Mary Quarterly, XXVIII (April 1971), 199-236.
 "Solomon Stoddard's Library at Harvard in 1664," Harvard Library Bulletin (July 1972), 255-269.
 "Will and Intellect in the New England Mind," William and Mary Quarterly, XXIX (Oct. 1972), 515-558. (Best article award, William and Mary Quarterly, 1972).
 "A Reply to George Steiner," Visible Language, VI (Summer, 1972), 218-222.
 "Irresistible Compassion: An Aspect of Eighteenth-Century Sympathy and Humanitarianism," Journal of the History of Ideas, XXXVII (April 1976), 195-218.
 "Editing the Historian's First Book," The Maryland Historian, VII (Spring 1976), 61-69.
 "The Transatlantic Republic of Letters: A Note on the Circulation of Learned Periodicals to Early Eighteenth-Century America," William and Mary Quarterly, XXXIII (Oct. 1976), 642-660.
 "Early American Philosophy vs. Philosophy in Early America," Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society, XIII (Summer 1977), 216-237.
 "Benjamin Franklin and the Way to Virtue," American Quarterly, XXX (July 1978), 199-223.
 "The First American Enlightenment: Tillotson, Leverett, and Philosophical Anglicanism," New England Quarterly, LIV (Sept. 1981), 307-334. (Winner of the Walter Muir Whitehill Prize, Col. Society of Massachusetts).
 "Comment on Thomas Tanselle's, 'The Bibliography and Textual Study of American Books," American Antiquarian Society Proceedings, XCV, Part I (Worcester, Mass.), 1985, 152-160.
 "The Rationalist Foundations of Jonathan Edwards's Metaphysics," in Nathan O. Hatch and Harry S. Stout, Jonathan Edwards and the American Experience (Oxford U. Press, 1989)
 "Philosophy" in the three-volume Encyclopedia of the North American Colonies, ed. Jacob E. Cooke (New York, 1993).

Edited

References

External links
"Author's website"
"The New England Mind Revisited", Virginia Quarterly Review, Philip F. Gura, Summer 1982
"Interview with Norman Fiering", Daniel J. Slive, RBM: A Journal of Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Cultural Heritage, VI, no. 2 (Fall 2005), pp. 124-140.
 "'Tremendous Satisfaction from Helping People to Pursue Their Research,' An Interview with Norman Fiering," Jaap Jacobs, Itinerario, XXVIII, no. 2 (2004), pp. 7–13

1935 births
Dartmouth College alumni
Columbia University alumni
Stanford University Department of History faculty
Brown University faculty
Living people
American librarians
21st-century American historians
20th-century American historians
American male non-fiction writers
20th-century American male writers

Norman Fiering


A transverse engine is an engine mounted in a vehicle so that the engine's crankshaft is at a right angle (90°) to the vehicle. Many modern front wheel drive vehicles use a transverse engine mounting design. The majority of rear wheel drive vehicles use a longitudinal engine design, where the engine's crankshaft axis is parallel to the vehicle.

History
The first car known to use such an arrangement was a 1911 front-wheel drive car. It had a clutch at each end of the engine, driving the front wheels directly. The first successful transverse-engine cars were the two-cylinder DKW "Front" series of cars. These first appeared in 1931. After the World War II, SAAB used the configuration in their first model, the Saab 92, in 1947.

Placement of transverse engines
Engines may be placed in two main positions within the motor car:
 Front engine mounted – for front-wheel drive vehicles
 Rear or mid-engine mounted  – for rear-wheel drive vehicles

Automotive technologies

Transverse engine


The Ho Chi Minh Trail is a system of trails made in the Vietnam War send North Vietnamese soldiers into South Vietnam and to help the Viet Cong insurgents fight against non-communist South Vietnamese soldiers. Most of the trails were in Laos and Cambodia because the United States was not allowed to enter those countries to bomb the trails. Later in the war, the United States would secretly send US soldiers to fight communist Vietnamese soldiers in Laos and Cambodia.

In early 1971, South Vietnam–with United States support–tried to disrupt the Ho Chi Minh Trail by invading Laos and launching Operation Lam Son 719, but this operation was a failure.

References

Vietnam War

Ho Chi Minh trail


Bystranda (The City Beach) is a Blue Flag beach in the southeastern part of the downtown of the city of Kristiansand in Agder county, Norway.  It is located just east of the mouth of the river Otra. The shallow sandy beach by the Kristiansand Boardwalk consists of fine filled sand.

By Bystranda there are seating areas, bathrobes stairs, sand volleyball court, skate ramp, playground, and restrooms. At the plant of the bathing beach was emphasized that it should be accessible to children and the disabled. Bystranda is popular on hot summer days. Close to Bystranda is the indoor water park Aquarama.

Aquarama
Aquarama is an indoor swimming complex with water slides, pools, bar and Jacuzzis. There is also an outdoor pool. Aquarama also has a fitness center and climbing walls. It opened up in 2013.

Bystranda Hotel
Bystranda Hotel is a hotel under the chain Scandic. It  lies walls-to-walls with Aquarama and opened up in 2013 as well. It is the largest hotel in Kristiansand and Southern Norway.

Concert venue
Bystranda is also used as a concert venue.  Palmesus is an annual music festival at the beach in early July.

References

Beaches of Kristiansand
Geography of Kristiansand
Landforms of Agder
North Sea
Tourism in Kristiansand

Bystranda


Death Valley Junction, more commonly known as Amargosa (Spanish for "Bitter"), is a tiny Mojave Desert unincorporated community in Inyo County, California, at the intersection of SR 190 and SR 127, in the Amargosa Valley and just east of Death Valley National Park.  The zip code is 92328, the elevation is , and the population is fewer than four people.

Death Valley Junction is home to the Amargosa Opera House and Hotel, where resident Marta Becket staged dance and mime shows from the late 1960s until her last show in February 2012. Becket died in 2017.  The hotel is still operating next to the opera house, but beyond these maintained areas, the town is in a state of disrepair. There is no gas station, and only one restaurant, the Amargosa Cafe. The town is owned by the non-profit Amargosa Opera House Inc.  which runs the Opera House, Hotel, and cafe

The community's location,  east-southeast of Furnace Creek, on the east side of Death Valley is south of Nevada's Amargosa Valley and near Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge. East/South East, 27 miles, is Pahrump, Nevada.  South on SR127 is the town of Shoshone, California. The closest straight-line distance to the Nevada state line is roughly five miles northeast.

Government documents show an effort by the Timbisha Shoshone tribal government to acquire about  in the area during 1999 to 2000. This includes areas for residences and the official federal sanction to use some government lands for traditional ceremonies. In 2017 the tribe constructed a cannabis grow facility on the land.

History

The town was created in 1907 when the Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad was constructed through the Amargosa Valley and a spur from their main line was built to the Lila C. borax mine in the hills to the west.  The town was originally owned by Robert Tubb, who operated a saloon, store, and brothel.  The town first appears on the 1910 Furnace Creek Quandrangle USGS topographic map.

In 1914, the Death Valley Railroad started operating between Ryan, California and Death Valley Junction. It carried borax until 1928, when operations ceased. From 1923 to 1925 the Pacific Coast Borax Company constructed buildings in the town, hiring architect Alexander Hamilton McCulloch to design a Spanish Colonial Revival whistle stop centered at the hotel, theater and office complex building, now known as the Amargosa Opera House and Hotel.

The town began to decline in the mid-20th century. However, in 1967 dancer and actress Marta Becket happened to visit due to an automobile repair. She became enamored with the theater, and with help from benefactors, she leased, then purchased, the hotel and theater complex.

The Death Valley post office opened in 1908 and transferred to Furnace Creek Ranch in 1961. The Amargosa post office opened in 1962, changed its name to Death Valley Junction in 1968.

In 1980 the town was included in the National Register of Historic Places as the "Death Valley Junction Historic District."

When the Death Valley Railroad was established in 1914, it used  of tracks belonging to the Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad east-southeast of Death Valley Junction to Horton.

Telephone history

Local wired telephones were manual telephone service until the 1980s. To reach a phone in Death Valley Junction when the area was under manual service required dialing the operator and asking for "Death Valley Junction, California, Toll Station" (and the one-digit number). Placing an outbound call required lifting the receiver and waiting for an operator. The operator who answered was in Los Angeles (over 150 miles away). Death Valley Junction is now in area codes 442 and 760.

Politics
In the state legislature, Death Valley Junction is in , and .

Federally, Death Valley Junction is in .

Notable people
"Shotgun" Kitty Tubb – wife of the original owner of the town, Robert Tubb
Marta Becket – actress, dancer, choreographer and painter
Harry Rosenberg – engineer who was instrumental in creating useful alloys of titanium

References

Notes

External links

The town that Zane Grey helped build
The Amargosa Opera House and Hotel
Ghost Towns of Death Valley: Death Valley Junction
LIFE Magazine Apr. 17, 1970

Populated places in the Mojave Desert
Unincorporated communities in Inyo County, California
Amargosa Desert
Death Valley National Park
Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in California
National Register of Historic Places in Inyo County, California
Unincorporated communities in California

Death Valley Junction, California


HMS Explorer was an experimental British submarine based on the captured German high test peroxide (HTP) powered U-boat U-1407. U-1407 had been scuttled following the German collapse at the end of the Second World War, was salvaged and eventually commissioned into the Royal Navy as . Her recovery was the impetus for a British research programme which resulted in the construction of two experimental submarines, HMS Explorer and . Built for speed trials, they were unarmed. Their HTP engines were essentially steam turbines, with the steam being generated by the interaction of HTP with diesel oil and a catalyst.

Explorer suffered from so many teething troubles that her first captain never took her to sea. When these initial problems were conquered, however, she turned out to be impressively fast, achieving submerged speeds of 25 knots (46.3 km/h), aided by her streamlined hull and retractable fittings.

Both Explorer and her sister ship were fitted with the latest underwater escape technology, including a one-man escape chamber, and equipped with up to date escape breathing apparatus.

Explorer and Excalibur were popularly known as the 'blonde' submarines because of their hydrogen peroxide oxidiser and they served a useful purpose as high-speed targets for the Royal Navy's anti-submarine forces. Their main use, however, was to finally prove that HTP was impractical as an air-independent propulsion system for submarine use. The HTP was carried in special bags outside the inner pressure hull, which were prone to exploding unexpectedly. Additionally, the engine room (which was not occupied while under way) would often be the scene of flames appearing on the top of the combustion chamber, and on at least one occasion the crew were forced to evacuate the pressure hull and stand on the upper casing to avoid fumes which had suddenly filled the boat. The HTP fuel proved to be so troublesome that the boats quickly became known as Exploder and Excruciator.

Although part of the 3rd Submarine Squadron, the two submarines tended to operate independently, accompanied by their own depot ship HMS Kingfisher and a fuel carrier, the converted water-carrier, Royal Fleet Auxiliary RFA Spabeck.

When the US Navy succeeded in designing a nuclear reactor suitable for submarine installation, the HTP project was abandoned, and Explorer and Excalibur were scrapped.

Bibliography

Explorer-class submarines
Ships built in Barrow-in-Furness
1954 ships
Cold War submarines of the United Kingdom

HMS Explorer (submarine)


3 Mills Studios is a centre for film, television and theatre production near Stratford in East London. The site of a former distillery in Three Mills became a dedicated centre for television and film production work with the establishment in the 1980s of Bow Studios, Three Mills Island Studios, and Edwin Shirley Productions. In the mid-1990s, the three studios merged to become 3 Mills Studios, under the management of Workspace Group.

In August 2004, the London Development Agency (LDA) acquired 3 Mills Studios. As parent organisation of the Creative London agency, the LDA's role included supporting business and skills, researching industry needs, and promoting London for film-making. The site is now one of London's most important film and television studios.

Ownership transferred to the London Legacy Development Corporation in 2010 which is the organisation responsible for planning, developing, and managing the Olympic Park after the 2012 Summer Olympics.

Facilities
3 Mills Studios has over  of filming space, including 11 filming stages and nine rehearsal rooms. Stage 7 at  is the largest, while Stage 2 at  is the smallest.

Stage 5 at  has a similar floor size to the Royal Albert Hall.

There are nine rehearsal rooms on site: Rehearsal Room 6 at  is the largest and Rehearsal Room 3 at  is the smallest.

3 Mills Studios has a large range of ancillary spaces including; production offices, props workshops, five prop stores ranging from , make-up rooms, and dressing rooms.

Credits
3 Mills Studios has become a hub for stop motion animation films and has hosted Wes Anderson's Isle of Dogs and Fantastic Mr Fox, as well as Tim Burton's Frankenweenie and Corpse Bride.

Many feature films have been made at 3 Mills Studios, including Legend,  Topsy-Turvy, Sexy Beast, Eastern Promises, Attack the Block, Berberian Sound Studio, Eastern Promises, Ill Manors, Powder Room, Made in Dagenham, Never Let Me Go, Farming and Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels.

Danny Boyle has also been known to frequently return to 3 Mills Studios and has shot several films at the studios including Sunshine, Trance, and 28 Days Later.

3 Mills Studios' main focus has been on television shows. Credits include RuPaul's Drag Race UK, Giri/Haji, The Third Day, The Great, Year of the Rabbit, Al Murray's Great British Pub Quiz, Cleaning Up, Luther, The Royals, The Rook, The Sound of Music Live, The Million Pound Drop Live, Stand Up to Cancer, Bad Girls and Jekyll and Hyde.

3 Mills Studios has been home to BBC's MasterChef since 2014.

3 Mills was home to Channel 4's Big Brother for the first and second series along with the first series of Celebrity Big Brother.

Many stars from the music world have rehearsed, filmed music videos, or advertising campaigns at 3 Mills Studios, including Little Mix, Calvin Harris, Pink, Dua Lipa, One Direction, Justin Bieber, Jessie J, Paloma Faith, Robbie Williams, Paul McCartney, Miley Cyrus, Beyoncé, George Michael, Kanye West, Lady Gaga, Katy Perry, Ellie Goulding and Olly Murs.

Other clients include Matthew Bourne's New Adventures, English National Opera, Raymond Gubbay Limited, Shakespeare's Globe and English National Ballet, as well as advertisers for Versace, Audi, Waitrose, Nissan, Gillette, Samsung, Gucci, Topshop, B&Q and Adidas.

3 Mills Studios also housed many rehearsals for the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2012 Summer Olympics.

References

External links

Television studios in London
British film studios
Film production companies of the United Kingdom
Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Newham
Mill Meads

3 Mills Studios


Niagara Falls is a city in Niagara County, New York, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city had a total population of 48,671. It is adjacent to the Niagara River, across from the city of Niagara Falls, Ontario, and named after the famed Niagara Falls which they share. The city is within the Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area and the Western New York region.

While the city was formerly inhabited by Native Americans, Europeans who migrated to the Niagara Falls in the mid-17th century began to open businesses and develop infrastructure. Later in the 18th and 19th centuries, scientists and businessmen began harnessing the power of the Niagara River for electricity and the city began to attract manufacturers and other businesses drawn by the promise of inexpensive hydroelectric power. After the 1960s, however, the city and region witnessed an economic decline, following an attempt at urban renewal under then Mayor Lackey. Consistent with the rest of the Rust Belt as industries left the city, old line affluent families relocated to nearby suburbs and out of town.

Despite the decline in heavy industry, Niagara Falls State Park and the downtown area closest to the falls continue to thrive as a result of tourism. The population, however, has continued to decline from a peak of 102,394 in the 1960s due to the loss of manufacturing jobs in the area.

History
Before Europeans entered the area, it was dominated by the Neutral Nation of Native Americans. European migration into the area began in the 17th century. The first recorded European to visit the area was Frenchman Robert de la Salle, who built Fort Conti at the mouth of the Niagara River early in 1679, with permission from the Iroquois, as a base for boatbuilding; his ship Le Griffon was built on the upper Niagara River at or near Cayuga Creek in the same year. He was accompanied by Belgian priest Louis Hennepin, who was the first known European to see the falls. The influx of newcomers may have been a catalyst for already hostile native tribes to turn to open warfare in competition for the fur trade.

The City of Niagara Falls was incorporated on March 17, 1892, from the villages of Manchester and Suspension Bridge, which were parts of the Town of Niagara. Thomas Vincent Welch, a member of the charter committee and a New York state assemblyman and a second-generation Irish American, persuaded Governor Roswell P. Flower to sign the bill on St. Patrick's Day. George W. Wright was elected the first mayor of Niagara Falls.

By the end of the 19th century, the city was heavily industrialized, due in part to the power potential offered by the Niagara River. Tourism was considered a secondary niche, while manufacturing of petrochemicals, abrasives, metallurgical products and other materials was the main producer of jobs and attracted a large number of workers, many of whom were immigrants.

In 1927, the city annexed the village of La Salle, named for Robert de la Salle, from the Town of Niagara.

Industry and tourism grew steadily throughout the first half of the 20th century due to a high demand for industrial products and the increased mobility of people to travel. Paper, rubber, plastics, petrochemicals, carbon insulators and abrasives were among the city's major industries. This prosperity would end by the late 1960s as aging industrial plants moved to less expensive locations. In addition, the falls were incompatible with modern shipping technology.

In 1956, the Schoellkopf Power Plant on the lower river just downstream of the American Falls was critically damaged by the collapse of the Niagara Gorge wall above it. This prompted the planning and construction of one of the largest hydroelectric plants to be built in North America to that time, generating a large influx of workers and families to the area. New York City urban planner Robert Moses built the new power plant in nearby Lewiston, New York. Much of the power generated there fueled growing demands for power in downstate New York and New York City.

The neighborhood of Love Canal gained national media attention in 1978 when toxic waste contamination from a chemical landfill beneath it forced United States President Jimmy Carter to declare a state of emergency, the first such presidential declaration made for a non-natural disaster. Hundreds of residents were evacuated from the area, many of whom were ill because of exposure to chemical waste.

After the Love Canal disaster, the city—which had already been declining in population for nearly two decades—experienced accelerated economic and political difficulties. The costs of manufacturing elsewhere had become less expensive, which led to the closure of several factories. The city's population eventually dropped by more than half of its peak, as workers fled the city in search of jobs elsewhere. Then, much like the nearby city of Buffalo, the city's economy plummeted when a failed urban renewal project destroyed Falls Street and the tourist district.

In 2001, the leadership of Laborers Local 91 was found guilty of extortion, racketeering and other crimes following an exposé by Mike Hudson of the Niagara Falls Reporter. Union boss Michael "Butch" Quarcini died before trial, while the rest of the union leadership was sentenced to prison.

In early 2010, former Niagara Falls Mayor Vincenzo Anello was indicted on federal charges of corruption, alleging the mayor accepted $40,000 in loans from a businessman who was later awarded a no-bid lease on city property. The charges were dropped as part of a plea deal after Anello pleaded guilty to unrelated charges of pension fraud, regarding a pension from the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, of which he is a member. He was sentenced to 10 to 16 months in prison.

The city's decline received national exposure from Bloomberg Businessweek in 2010.

On November 30, 2010, the New York State Attorney General entered into an agreement with the city and its police department to create new policies to govern police practices in response to claims of excessive force and police misconduct. The city committed to create policies and procedures to prevent and respond to allegations of excessive force, and to ensure police are properly trained and complaints are properly investigated. Prior claims filed by residents will be evaluated by an independent panel.

In 2020, a public square named Cataract Commons opened on Old Falls Street. It is a public space for outdoor events and activities.

The city has multiple properties on the National Register of Historic Places. It also has three national historic districts, including Chilton Avenue-Orchard Parkway Historic District, Deveaux School Historic District and the Park Place Historic District.

Geography
Niagara Falls is at the international boundary between the United States and Canada. The city is within the Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area and is approximately  from Buffalo, New York.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of , of which  is land and  (16.37%) is water. The city is built along the Niagara Falls and the Niagara Gorge, which is next to the Niagara River.

Climate
Niagara Falls has a humid continental climate (Dfa). The city experiences cold, snowy winters and hot, humid summers. Precipitation is moderate and consistent in all seasons, falling equally or more as snow during the winter. The city has snowier than average winters compared to most cities in the US, however less than many other cities in Upstate New York including nearby Buffalo and Rochester. Thaw cycles with temperatures above  are a common occurrence. The hottest and coldest temperatures recorded in the decade through 2015 were  in 2005 and  in 2003, respectively. 38% of warm season precipitation falls in the form of a thunderstorm.

Neighborhoods
 Buffalo Avenue – runs along the south end along the Niagara River once home to a vast number of old families with architecturally significant mansions; further east (past John Daly Boulevard) the street is surrounded by a number of industrial sites to 56th Street before returning to a residential area and ending at the Love Canal area at 102nd Street.

 Central District
 Deveaux – Located in the northwestern corner (west of the North End) along the Niagara River is residential area built in the 1920s to 1940s. Named for Judge Samuel DeVeaux who left his estate to be established as the Deveaux College for Orphans and Destitute Children in 1853 (closed 1971), now the site of DeVeaux Woods State Park and DeVeaux School Historical District.
 Downtown – Area around the Falls and home to hotels including Seneca Niagara Resort Casino, Niagara Falls State Park, Niagara Falls Culinary Institute (formerly Rainbow Centre Factory Outlet)
 East Side – the area bounded by the gorge on the west, Niagara Street on the south, Ontario Avenue on the North and Main Street (NY Rt 104) on the east.
 Hyde Park – Located near the namesake Hyde Park next to Little Italy as well as home to Hyde Park Municipal Golf Course.
 LaSalle – Bounded by 80th Street, Niagara Falls Boulevard, Cayuga Drive and LaSalle Expressway was built up in the 1940s to 1960s. Cayuga Island is linked to neighborhood. The actual neighborhood where the Love Canal was to be built.
 Little Italy – home to a once predominately Italian community that runs along Pine Avenue from Main Street to Hyde Park Boulevard
 Love Canal – Established in the 1950s on land acquired from Hooker Chemical Company. Most of the neighborhood was evacuated in the 1980s after toxic waste was discovered underground. Resettlement began in 1990.
 Niagara Street – residential area east of Downtown along Niagara Street (distinct from Niagara Ave.) once home to a predominately German and Polish community.
 North End – runs along Highland Avenue in the north end of the city before it merges with Hyde Park Boulevard.

Demographics

As of the census of 2010, there were 50,193 people, 22,603 households, and 12,495 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,987.7 people per square mile (1,153.5 per square km). There were 26,220 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 70.5% White, 21.6% African American, 1.9% Native American, 1.2% Asian, 0% Pacific Islander, 0.8% from other races, and 3.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.0% of the population.

There were 22,603 households, out of which 23.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 29.8% were married couples living together, 19.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.7% were non-families. 38.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 4.02.

In the city, 22% of the population was under the age of 18, 10.1% aged from 18 to 24, 24.2% from 25 to 44, 28.2% from 45 to 64, and 15.5% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.4 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $26,800, and the median income for a family was $34,377. Males had a median income of $31,672 versus $22,124 for females. 23% of the population was below the poverty line.

Niagara Falls has a number of places of worship, including the Salvation Army, First Assembly of God Church, First Unitarian Universalist Church of Niagara, St. Peter's Episcopal Church, First Presbyterian Church, St. Theresa Roman Catholic Church in Deveaux, and the Reform Jewish Temple Beth El. The Conservative Jewish Temple Beth Israel closed in 2012.

Crime
Niagara Falls has struggled with high rates of violent and property crime; FBI crime data indicate that the city has among the highest crime rates in New York state. In response to gun violence, volunteer groups such as Operation SNUG mobilized to promote positive community involvement in the troubled areas of the city.

Economy

Niagara Falls' main industry is tourism, driven primarily by the waterfalls.

A 2012 profile from the Office of the New York State Comptroller reported that Niagara Falls has "struggled through decades of population losses, rising crime and repeated attempts to reinvent itself from a manufacturing town with some tourism to a major tourist destination." The city became a boomtown with the opening of the New York State Power Authority's hydroelectric Niagara Power Plant in the 1960s; the cheap electricity produced by the plant generated power for a burgeoning manufacturing industry. Along with the rest of Western New York, Niagara Falls suffered a significant economic decline from a decline in industry by the 1970s. Today, the city struggles to compete with Niagara Falls, Ontario; the Canadian side has a greater average annual income, a higher average home price, and lower levels of vacant buildings and blight, as well as a more vibrant economy and better tourism infrastructure. The population of Niagara Falls, New York fell by half from the 1960s to 2012. In contrast, the population of Niagara Falls, Ontario more than tripled. In 2000, the city's median household income was 36% below the national average. In 2012, the city's unemployment rate was significantly higher than the statewide unemployment rate.

Significant sources of economic activity in the region includes the Niagara Falls International Airport, which was renovated in 2009; the Seneca Gaming Corporation's Seneca Niagara Casino & Hotel, which opened in the 2000s respectively; and the nearby Niagara Falls Air Reserve Station.

In late 2001, the State of New York established the USA Niagara Development Corporation, a subsidiary to the State's economic development agency, to focus specifically on facilitating development in the downtown area. However, the organization has been criticized for making little progress and doing little to improve the city's economy.

Convention Center

From 1973 to 2002, the city had a Convention and Civic Center on 4th street. In 2002 the venue was converted into the Seneca Niagara Casino & Hotel. In 2004, a new Niagara Falls Convention Center (NFCC) opened on Old Falls Street. The Old Falls Street venue has 116,000 square feet for exhibitions and meetings, and a 32,200-square-foot event/exhibit hall.

Tourism

The city is home to the Niagara Falls State Park. The park has several attractions, including Cave of the Winds behind the Bridal Veil Falls, Maid of the Mist, a popular boat tour which operates at the foot of the Rainbow Bridge, Prospect Point and its observation tower, Niagara Discovery Center, Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Center, and the Aquarium of Niagara.

Several other attractions also near the river, including Whirlpool State Park, De Veaux Woods State Park, Earl W. Brydges Artpark State Park in nearby Lewiston (town), New York, and Fort Niagara State Park in Youngstown, New York.

Attractions in the downtown include the Seneca Niagara Casino & Hotel and Pine Avenue which was historically home to a large Italian American population and is now known as Little Italy for its abundance of shops and quality restaurants.

Sports
The Niagara Power of the New York Collegiate Baseball League play at Sal Maglie Stadium. The team is owned by Niagara University. The Cataract City Wolverines of the Gridiron Developmental Football League are a minor league football team based in Niagara Falls. The team played their inaugural season in 2021.

In 2017, the Tier III junior North American 3 Hockey League team, the Lockport Express, relocated to Niagara Falls as the Niagara Falls PowerHawks.

Former sports teams based in Niagara Falls include the Class-A Niagara Falls Sox Minor League Baseball, the Class-A Niagara Falls Rapids and the Niagara Falls Lancers a Midwest Football League team were located within Niagara Falls.

Government

The City of Niagara Falls functions under a strong mayor-council form of government. The government consists of a mayor, a professional city administrator, and a city council. The current mayor is Robert Restaino.

The city council serves four-year, staggered terms, except in the case of a special election. It is headed by a chairperson, who votes in all items for council action.

On a state level, Niagara Falls is part of the 145th Assembly District of New York State, represented by Republican Angelo Morinello. Niagara Falls is also part of the 62nd Senate District of New York State, represented by Republican Robert Ortt.

On a national level, the city is part of New York's 26th congressional district and is represented by Congressman Brian Higgins. In the United States Senate, the city and the state are represented by senators Charles Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand.

Founded in 1892 Niagara Falls Police Department provide local law enforcement in the city with 155 sworn officers. This force is not to be mistaken for the Town of Niagara, New York which has a smaller force founded in 1954.

Education
Residents are zoned to the Niagara Falls City School District. Niagara University and Niagara County Community College are the two colleges in Niagara County.

Media

Since Niagara Falls is within the Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area, the city's media is predominantly served by the city of Buffalo.

The city has two local newspapers, the Niagara Gazette, which is published daily except Tuesday and The Messenger Of Niagara Falls, NY which is published quarterly. The Messenger Of Niagara Falls, NY, which is officially Niagara Falls, New York's, first black-owned and operated news publication, founded October 2018. The Messenger Of Niagara Falls, NY published its inaugural issue April 2019. The Buffalo News is the closest major newspaper in the area. The city also is the home to a weekly tabloid known as the Niagara Falls Reporter.

Three radio stations are licensed to the city of Niagara Falls, including WHLD AM 1270, WEBR AM 1440, and WTOR AM 770.

Infrastructure
Niagara Falls is primarily served by the Buffalo Niagara International Airport for regional and domestic flights within the United States. The recently expanded Niagara Falls International Airport serves the city, and many cross border travellers with flights to Myrtle Beach, Fort Lauderdale, Orlando and Punta Gorda. Toronto's Pearson International Airport on the Canadian side is the closest airport offering long-haul international flights for the Niagara region.

The city is served by Amtrak's Maple Leaf and Empire train services, with regular stops at the Niagara Falls Station and Customhouse Interpretive Center at 825 Depot Ave West.

Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority is the public transit provider in the Buffalo metro area, with hubs at the Portage Road and Niagara Falls transportation centers.

Six New York State highways, one three-digit Interstate Highway, one expressway, one U.S. Highway, and one parkways pass through the city of Niagara Falls. New York State Route 31, New York State Route 104, and New York State Route 182 are east–west state roadways within the city, while New York State Route 61, New York State Route 265, and New York State Route 384 are north–south state roadways within the city. The LaSalle Expressway is an east–west highway which terminates near the eastern edge of Niagara Falls and begins in the nearby town of Wheatfield, New York. The Niagara Scenic Parkway is a north–south parkway that formerly ran through the city along the northern edge of the Niagara River. It remains in sections and terminates in Youngstown, New York.

Interstate 190, also referred to as the Niagara Expressway, is a north–south highway and a spur of Interstate 90 which borders the eastern end of the city. The highway enters the city from the town of Niagara and exits at the North Grand Island Bridge. U.S. Route 62, known as Niagara Falls Boulevard, Walnut Avenue, and Ferry Avenue, is signed as a north–south highway. U.S. Route 62 has an east–west orientation, and is partially split between two one-way streets within Niagara Falls. Walnut Avenue carries U.S. Route 62 west to its northern terminus at NY 104, and Ferry Avenue carries U.S. Route 62 east from downtown Niagara Falls. U.S. Route 62 Business, locally known as Pine Avenue, is an east–west route which parallels U.S. Route 62 to the south. Its western terminus is at NY 104, and its eastern terminus is at U.S. Route 62.

Two international bridges connect the city to Niagara Falls, Ontario. The Rainbow Bridge connects the two cities with passenger and pedestrian traffic and overlooks the Niagara Falls, while the Whirlpool Rapids Bridge, which formerly carried the Canadian National Railway, now serves local traffic and Amtrak's Maple Leaf service.

Notable people

See also
Niagara Falls Public Library

References

Further reading
 Mah, Alice. Industrial Ruination, Community, and Place: Landscapes and Legacies of Urban Decline (University of Toronto Press; 2012) 240 pages; comparative study of urban and industrial decline in Niagara Falls (Canada and the United States), Newcastle upon Tyne, Britain, and Ivanovo, Russia.

External links

Niagara Falls Handbill Collection, 1838-1886 RG 551 Brock University Library Digital Repository
Niagara Falls Photo Album, 1906 RG 556 Brock University Library Digital Repository

Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area
Cities in New York (state)
Niagara Falls National Heritage Area
Cities in Niagara County, New York
Populated places on the Great Lakes
Love Canal

Niagara Falls, New York


The Buenos Aires Carnival ( or Corso de Buenos Aires) is an annual event that takes place during the Carnival festivities, usually  at the end of February, on the streets of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The two-day event features murga parades, colourful costumes, water bombs and many other amusement activities.

During the 20th century, the Carnavales at Avenida de Mayo (de Mayo Avenue) were very popular, but they were discontinued first during the military government of the 1970s, and then during the 1990s.  Mayor Aníbal Ibarra promoted the comeback of carnival (mainly into the barrios) in the mid-2000s, and the Avenida de Mayo show returned in 2006.

Starting in 2012, Carnival dates are considered public holidays.

External links
Murga: The Unknown Buenos Aires Carnival

Buenos Aires
Carnival
Festivals in Buenos Aires
Summer events in Argentina

Buenos Aires Carnival