Monosodium glutamate (MSG), also known as sodium glutamate,  is the sodium salt of glutamic acid.  MSG is found naturally in some foods including tomatoes and cheese in this glutamic acid form.  MSG is used in cooking as a flavor enhancer with an umami taste that intensifies the meaty, savory flavor of food, as naturally occurring glutamate does in foods such as stews and meat soups.

MSG was first prepared in 1908 by Japanese biochemist Kikunae Ikeda, who tried to isolate and duplicate the savory taste of kombu, an edible seaweed used as a broth (dashi) for Japanese cuisine. MSG balances, blends, and rounds the perception of other tastes.  MSG, along with disodium ribonucleotides, is commonly used and found in stock (bouillon) cubes, soups, ramen, gravy, stews, condiments, savory snacks, etc.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has given MSG its generally recognized as safe (GRAS) designation. It is a popular misconception that MSG can cause headaches and other feelings of discomfort, known as "Chinese restaurant syndrome". Several blinded studies show no such effects when MSG is combined with food in normal concentrations, and are inconclusive when MSG is added to broth in large concentrations. The European Union classifies it as a food additive permitted in certain foods and subject to quantitative limits. MSG has the HS code 29224220 and the E number E621.

Use
Pure MSG is reported not to have a highly pleasant taste until it is combined with a savory aroma. The basic sensory function of MSG is attributed to its ability to enhance savory taste-active compounds when added in the proper concentration. The optimal concentration varies by food; in clear soup, the "pleasure score" rapidly falls with the addition of more than one gram of MSG per 100 mL.

The sodium content (in mass percent) of MSG, 12.28%, is about one-third of that in sodium chloride (39.34%), due to the greater mass of the glutamate counterion. Although other salts of glutamate have been used in low-salt soups, they are less palatable than MSG. Food scientist Steve Witherly noted in 2017 that MSG may promote healthy eating by enhancing the flavor of food such as kale while reducing the use of salt.

The ribonucleotide food additives disodium inosinate (E631) and disodium guanylate (E627), as well as conventional salt, are usually used with monosodium glutamate-containing ingredients as they seem to have a synergistic effect. "Super salt" is a mixture of 9 parts salt, to one part MSG and 0.1 parts disodium ribonucleotides (a mixture of disodium inosinate and disodium guanylate).

Safety
MSG is generally recognized as safe to eat. A popular belief is that MSG can cause headaches and other feelings of discomfort, but blinded tests have not provided strong evidence of this. International bodies governing food additives currently consider MSG safe for human consumption as a flavor enhancer. Under normal conditions, humans can metabolize relatively large quantities of glutamate, which is naturally produced in the gut in the course of protein hydrolysis. The median lethal dose (LD50) is between 15 and 18 g/kg body weight in rats and mice, respectively, five times the LD50 of sodium chloride (3 g/kg in rats). The use of MSG as a food additive and the natural levels of glutamic acid in foods are not of toxic concern in humans. Specifically MSG in the diet does not increase glutamate in the brain or affect brain function.

A 1995 report from the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) for the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) concluded that MSG is safe when "eaten at customary levels" and, although a subgroup of otherwise-healthy individuals develop an MSG symptom complex when exposed to 3 g of MSG in the absence of food, MSG as a cause has not been established because the symptom reports are anecdotal.

According to the report, no data supports the role of glutamate in chronic disease. High quality evidence has failed to demonstrate a relationship between the MSG symptom complex and actual MSG consumption. No association has been demonstrated, and the few responses were inconsistent. No symptoms were observed when MSG was used in food.

Adequately controlling for experimental bias includes a blinded, placebo-controlled experimental design and administration by capsule, because of the unique aftertaste of glutamates. In a 1993 study, 71 fasting participants were given 5 g of MSG and then a standard breakfast. One reaction (to the placebo, in a self-identified MSG-sensitive individual) occurred. A study in 2000 tested the reaction of 130 subjects with a reported sensitivity to MSG. Multiple trials were performed, with subjects exhibiting at least two symptoms continuing. Two people out of the 130 responded to all four challenges. Because of the low prevalence, the researchers concluded that a response to MSG was not reproducible.

Studies exploring MSG's role in obesity have yielded mixed results.

Although several studies have investigated anecdotal links between MSG and asthma, current evidence does not support a causal association.

Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) MSG technical report concludes, "There is no convincing evidence that MSG is a significant factor in causing systemic reactions resulting in severe illness or mortality. The studies conducted to date on Chinese restaurant syndrome (CRS) have largely failed to demonstrate a causal association with MSG. Symptoms resembling those of CRS may be provoked in a clinical setting in small numbers of individuals by the administration of large doses of MSG without food. However, such effects are neither persistent nor serious and are likely to be attenuated when MSG is consumed with food. In terms of more serious adverse effects such as the triggering of bronchospasm in asthmatic individuals, the evidence does not indicate that MSG is a significant trigger factor."

However, the FSANZ MSG report says that although no data is available on average MSG consumption in Australia and New Zealand, "data from the United Kingdom indicates an average intake of 590 mg/day, with extreme users (97.5th percentile consumers) consuming 2,330 mg/day" (Rhodes et al. 1991). In a highly seasoned restaurant meal, intakes as high as 5,000 mg or more may be possible (Yang et al. 1997). When very large doses of MSG (>5 g MSG in a bolus dose) are ingested, plasma glutamate concentration will significantly increase. However, the concentration typically returns to normal within two hours. In general, foods providing metabolizable carbohydrate significantly attenuate peak plasma glutamate levels at doses up to 150 mg/kg body weight. Two earlier studiesthe 1987 Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and the 1995 Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB)concluded, "there may be a small number of unstable asthmatics who respond to doses of 1.5–2.5 g of MSG in the absence of food". The FASEB evaluation concluded, "sufficient evidence exists to indicate some individuals may experience manifestations of CRS when exposed to a ≥3 g bolus dose of MSG in the absence of food".

Production
MSG has been produced by three methods: hydrolysis of vegetable proteins with hydrochloric acid to disrupt peptide bonds (1909–1962); direct chemical synthesis with acrylonitrile (1962–1973), and bacterial fermentation (the current method). Wheat gluten was originally used for hydrolysis because it contains more than 30 g of glutamate and glutamine in 100 g of protein. As demand for MSG increased, chemical synthesis and fermentation were studied.  The polyacrylic fiber industry began in Japan during the mid-1950s, and acrylonitrile was adopted as a base material to synthesize MSG.

As of 2016, most MSG worldwide is produced by bacterial fermentation in a process similar to making vinegar or yogurt. Sodium is added later, for neutralization. During fermentation, Corynebacterium species, cultured with ammonia and carbohydrates from sugar beets, sugarcane, tapioca or molasses, excrete amino acids into a culture broth from which L-glutamate is isolated. Kyowa Hakko Kogyo (currently Kyowa Kirin) developed industrial fermentation to produce L-glutamate.

The conversion yield and production rate (from sugars to glutamate) continues to improve in the industrial production of MSG, keeping up with demand. The product, after filtration, concentration, acidification, and crystallization, is glutamate, sodium, and water.

Chemical properties
The compound is usually available as the monohydrate, a white, odorless, crystalline powder. The solid contains separate sodium cations  and glutamate anions in zwitterionic form, −OOC-CH()-()2-COO−.  In solution it dissociates into glutamate and sodium ions.

MSG is freely soluble in water, but it is not hygroscopic and is insoluble in common organic solvents (such as ether). It is generally stable under food-processing conditions. MSG does not break down during cooking and, like other amino acids, will exhibit a Maillard reaction (browning) in the presence of sugars at very high temperatures.

History
Glutamic acid was discovered and identified in 1866 by the German chemist Karl Heinrich Ritthausen, who treated wheat gluten (for which it was named) with sulfuric acid. Kikunae Ikeda of Tokyo Imperial University isolated glutamic acid as a taste substance in 1908 from the seaweed Laminaria japonica (kombu) by aqueous extraction and crystallization, calling its taste umami ("pleasant savory taste"). Ikeda noticed that dashi, the Japanese broth of katsuobushi and kombu, had a unique taste not yet scientifically described (not sweet, salty, sour, or bitter). To determine which glutamate could result in the taste of umami, he studied the taste properties of numerous glutamate salts such as calcium, potassium, ammonium, and magnesium glutamate. Of these salts, monosodium glutamate was the most soluble and palatable, as well as the easiest to crystallize. Ikeda called his product "monosodium glutamate" and submitted a patent to produce MSG; the Suzuki brothers began commercial production of MSG in 1909 using the term Ajinomoto ("essence of taste").

Society and culture

Regulations

United States
MSG is one of several forms of glutamic acid found in foods, in large part because glutamic acid (an amino acid) is pervasive in nature. Glutamic acid and its salts may be present in a variety of other additives, including hydrolyzed vegetable protein, autolyzed yeast, hydrolyzed yeast, yeast extract, soy extracts, and protein isolate, which must be specifically labeled. Since 1998, MSG cannot be included in the term "spices and flavorings". However, the term "natural flavor" is used by the food industry for glutamic acid (chemically similar to MSG, lacking only the sodium ion). The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not require disclosure of components and amounts of "natural flavor."

Australia and New Zealand
Standard 1.2.4 of the Australia and New Zealand Food Standards Code requires MSG to be labeled in packaged foods. The label must have the food-additive class name (e.g. "flavour enhancer"), followed by the name of the additive ("MSG") or its International Numbering System (INS) number, 621.

Pakistan
The Punjab Food Authority banned Ajinomoto, commonly known as Chinese salt, which contains MSG, from being used in food products in the Punjab Province of Pakistan in January 2018.

Names
The following are alternative names for MSG:
 Chemical names and identifiers
 Monosodium glutamate or sodium glutamate
 Sodium 2-aminopentanedioate
 Glutamic acid, monosodium salt, monohydrate
 L-Glutamic acid, monosodium salt, monohydrate
 L-Monosodium glutamate monohydrate
 Monosodium L-glutamate monohydrate
 MSG monohydrate
 Sodium glutamate monohydrate
 UNII-W81N5U6R6U
 Flavour enhancer E621
 Trade names
 Accent, produced by B&G Foods Inc., Parsippany, New Jersey, US
 Aji-No-Moto, produced by Ajinomoto, 26 countries, head office Japan
 Tasting Powder
 Ve-Tsin by Tien Chu Ve-Tsin
 Sazón, distributed by Goya Foods, Jersey City, NJ

Stigma in Western countries

Origin
A controversy surrounding the safety of MSG began on 4 April 1968, when Robert Ho Man Kwok wrote a letter to the New England Journal of Medicine, coining the term "Chinese restaurant syndrome". In his letter, Kwok suggested several possible causes before he nominated MSG for his symptoms. This letter was initially met with insider satirical responses, some using race as prop for humorous effect, within the medical community. Some claimed that during the discursive uptake in media, the conversations were recontextualized as legitimate while the supposed race-based motivations of the humor were not parsed.

In January 2018, Howard Steel claimed to Jennifer Lemesurier of Colgate University (who had published an article on the letter) that the letter was actually a prank submission by him under the pseudonym Ho Man Kwok. However, there was a Robert Ho Man Kwok who worked at the National Biomedical Research Foundation, both names Steel claimed to have invented. Kwok's children, his colleague at the research foundation, and the son of his boss there confirmed that Robert Ho Man Kwok, who had died in 2014, wrote this letter. When told this about Kwok's family, Steel's daughter Anna was not very surprised that the story her late father had told so many times over the years was false. He liked to prank people.

The claims of 'Chinese restaurant syndrome' have the same symptoms as hypernatremia, so it may actually be salt poisoning.

Reactions
Researchers, doctors, and activists have tied the controversy about MSG to xenophobia and racism against Chinese culture, saying that East Asian cuisine is being targeted while the widespread use of MSG in other ultra-processed food hasn't been stigmatized. These activists have claimed that the perpetuation of the negative image of MSG through the Chinese restaurant syndrome was caused by "xenophobic" or "racist" biases.

Food historian Ian Mosby wrote that fear of MSG in Chinese food is part of the US's long history of viewing the "exotic" cuisine of Asia as dangerous and dirty. In 2016, Anthony Bourdain stated in Parts Unknown that "I think MSG is good stuff ... You know what causes Chinese restaurant syndrome? Racism".

In 2020, Ajinomoto, the first corporation to mass-produce MSG for consumers and today its leading manufacturer, launched a campaign called "Redefine CRS" to combat what it said was the myth that MSG is harmful to people's health, saying it intended to highlight the xenophobic prejudice against East Asian cuisine and the scientific evidence.

In 2021, Chinese Michelin 3-star chef Kwong Wai-keung said, "I tell my chefs if you know ingredients are not good, don't use them, because they can affect the customers' health. [...] We [at T'ang Court] use chicken powder, not MSG. If you wouldn't eat it, then don't serve it to the guests."

See also

References

External links

 The Facts on Monosodium Glutamate (EUFIC)

E-number additives
Edible salt
Flavor enhancers
Food additives
Glutamates
Japanese inventions
Organic sodium salts
Umami enhancers

Monosodium glutamate


Fox Football Fone-in (previously known as Fox Football Friday) was a football (soccer) telephone call-in program that was shown on Monday evenings on Fox Soccer Channel during the August to May Premier League season. However, as of August 2010, the show was cancelled. The show was hosted by Nick Webster (who replaced original host Nick Geber) and Eric Wynalda, and Temryss Lane reads off the e-mails. Wynalda was an incoming replacement for Steven Cohen, one of the original hosts. The show was geared towards an American audience, and focused primarily on the Premier League, although Major League Soccer, the English and U.S. national teams, as well as other club and country competitions were frequently covered such as the UEFA Champions League, European Championship and World Cup finals and qualifiers.

Viewers would call in to discuss football related topics. Most of the topics concern recent matches and current football news. Nick Webster is a supporter of League Two side Leyton Orient, with his favorite Premier League team being Arsenal, though Webster plays more of a neutral role than when Geber, a staunch Liverpool fan, hosted the show.

The show was 2 hours in length and throughout the 2 hours, supporters from all over the country have their say by calling, e-mailing, or simply, texting Nick and Eric.

References

External links
 Official Website
 Interview with co-host Steven Cohen
 Interview with former co-host Nick Geber

Fox Soccer original programming
Association football television series
American sports television series
2007 American television series debuts
2010 American television series endings
Soccer on United States television
Premier League on television
Major League Soccer on television

Fox Football Fone-in


The Treaty of Lahore was signed on 9 March 1846 after the First Sikh War. After the defeat of the Sikhs at the Battle of Sobraon the British were able to march into Lahore without any further battles. After the British reached the city of Lahore the treaty was signed.

The Sikhs (who had been defeated) were forced to sign the treaty with the British. As part of the treaty the Sikhs agreed to handover Kashmir and Hazara and Jalandhar Doab to the British. The treaty also resulted in the famous Koh-i-Noor diamond falling into British hands.

Gulab Singh, an Indian prince, negotiated between the British and the Sikhs over how the Sikhs would surrender. As well as handing over land to the British, the Sikhs had to allow a British Resident and a British army contingent at Lahore and troops in other cities.

Also, under the treaty, the Sikhs had to pay 1.2 million pounds to the British. As they were unable to pay Gulab Singh was able to take Kashmir from the Punjab government by paying 750,000 pounds to the East India Company. The Sikhs were also forced to give up the territory between the Satluj and the Beas rivers to the British. The Sikh army was also reduced. Maharaja Duleep Singh was recognised as the new ruler of Punjab. The new rulers were forbidden to employ any European without the permission of the British.

Related pages
Treaty of Amritsar

References

19th century in India
Lahore

Treaty of Lahore


Itti-Marduk-balāṭu may refer to

Known period

 Itti-Marduk-balāṭu (vizier), vizier to Kassite Babylonian king Kadašman-Enlil II, ca. 1263 BC
 Itti-Marduk-balāṭu (eunuch), Kassite Babylonian king Meli-Šipak's (ca. 1186–1172 BC) eunuch and witness to a land grant to Hasardu, kudurru BM 90829
 Itti-Marduk-balāṭu (king), 2nd Dynasty of Isin, king of Babylon ca. 1146–1132 BC
 Itti-Marduk-balāṭu (governor), father of Kadašman-Buriaš, governor of Dūr-Kurigalzu, who was captured by Assyrian king Ashur-bel-kala, ca. 1070 BC
 Itti-Marduk-balāṭu (prelate), chief administrator (prelate) of Eanna of Uruk from 674 BC possibly to 666 BC, correspondent with Assyrian king Esarhaddon
 Itti-Marduk-balāṭu (entrepreneur), neo-Babylonian entrepreneur of the Egibi family, head of the firm from 544 to 521 BC
 Itti-Marduk-balāṭu (scribe), son of Labasi, Babylonian scribe, ca. 280-279 BC
 Itti-Marduk-balāṭu (temple letter), recipient of letter from temple during reign of Antiochus II Theos, 261 – 246 BC
 Itti-Marduk-balāṭu (Royal Game of Ur), author of instructions for the Royal Game of Ur written on 3 November 177-176 BC, tablet BM 33333b
 Itti-Marduk-balāṭu (astronomer), son of Iddin-Bēl, astronomer of Esagil, the temple of Marduk, in Babylon during the Seleucid period, ca 127 BC

Uncertain date
 Itti-Marduk-balāṭu (diviner), son of Ša-našī-šu, scribe (author?) of Pān-tākalti tablet 15, Babylonian liver omens
 Itti-Marduk-balāṭu (miller), son of Mīnû-bēl-dānu, late Hellenistic Babylonian miller, tablets BM 16908 and 78957

Babylonian people

Itti-Marduk-balatu


The European badger (Meles meles) is a species of badger. Its genus is Meles. It is native to almost all of Europe. It is classed as Least Concern for extinction by the IUCN because of its wide distribution and large population.

The European badger is a social, burrowing animal. It eats a wide variety of plants and animals. It is very fussy over the cleanliness of its burrow, and defecates in latrines. It is known of European badgers that they bury their dead family members. Although they are ferocious when provoked, the European badger is generally a peaceful animal. It has been known to share its burrows with other species such as rabbits, red foxes and raccoon dogs. Although it does not usually prey on domestic animals, the species is sometimes reported to damage livestock through spreading bovine tuberculosis.

Reference

Other websites
 ARKive  Photographs and video
 Badgerland - The Definitive On-Line Guide to Badgers (Meles meles) in the UK
 Badgerwatcher.com - A guide to watching badgers in the UK
 Wildlifeonline - Natural History of the European Badger
 Lancashire Badger Group.
 Science & Nature: Animals , BBC.
 Badgers in the Netherlands, Badgergroup Brabant Foundation.
 Badger Survey in the Netherlands 2000-2001 , The Census Foundation.
 Waarneming.nl  Originally a Dutch site, but you can change language at the top of the page. Sightings, pictures and distribution maps of European badgers in the Netherlands.
 Badgers in France, L'assiociation Meles.
 A video of an adult european badger. This is a close up video showing their behaviour

Mustelids
Mammals of Europe

European badger


Nicholas Valentine Riasanovsky (December 21, 1923 – May 14, 2011) was a professor at the University of California, Berkeley and the author of numerous books on Russian history and European intellectual history.

Biography
Nicolai Valentinovitch Riasanovskiy was born in China on 21 December 1923 in Harbin (then in Russian Manchuria), the son of lawyer Valentin A. Riasanovsky and Antonina Riasanovsky, a novelist.  His father, Valentin, was a Russian professor, who had taught at Moscow University, Jaroslavl, Tomsk and Irkutsk and from 1922 to 1934 was teaching at Harbin Normal University (China).  His mother, Antonia, was a teacher and novelist who wrote under the pen name Nina Fedorova. In 1938 the family moved to the United States of America, where his father taught at the University of Oregon, and his mother's work The Family, about the life of a Russian community in a Chinese city, received The Atlantic Monthly Prize for fiction in 1940. Nicolas Riasanovsky graduated from the University of Oregon in 1942. During World War II, he trained in Army intelligence at Camp Ritchie and he is considered one of the Ritchie Boys. He received a master's degree from Harvard University in 1947, and a DPhil. from St. John's College, Oxford in 1949 on a Rhodes Scholarship.

From 1949 to 1957 Riasanovsky taught at the University of Iowa. During this time he published Russia in the West in the Teaching of the Slavophiles (1952), and spent a year in Finland as a Fulbright Scholar at the University of Helsinki (1954-1955).

From 1957 until his retirement in 1997 he taught at the University of California, Berkeley, and published Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia (1959) and his best-selling A History of Russia (1963). The latter was in its eighth edition in 2010 (now co-authored with Mark D. Steinberg, a former student of Riasanovsky's) and has been acclaimed for its continued comprehensiveness.

Riasanovsky died in Oakland, California, USA, on May 14, 2011, at the age of 87.

Bibliography
 Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia, 1825-1855 (1959)   online  no charge borrow
  A History of Russia (1963). 3rd edition online;  4th edition online
 "Oral history transcript" (1998)  online

Footnotes

Notes

References
Daly, Jonathan, "The Pleiade: Five Scholars Who Founded Russian Historical Studies in America," Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 18, no. 4 (Fall 2017): 785–826.
 New York Times obituary
Faculty profile at UC Berkeley
Oral History: Professor of Russian and European Intellectual History, University of California, Berkeley, 1957-1997

1923 births
2011 deaths
Historians of Russia
University of Oregon alumni
Harvard University alumni
Alumni of St John's College, Oxford
American Rhodes Scholars
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Russian Orthodox Christians from the United States
American people of Russian descent
Chinese emigrants to the United States
Ritchie Boys

Nicholas V. Riasanovsky


Mikhail Andreyevich Suslov (; 25 January 1982) was a Soviet statesman during the Cold War. He served as Second Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1965, and as unofficial chief ideologue of the party until his death in 1982. Suslov was responsible for party democracy and power separation within the Communist Party. His hardline attitude resisting change made him one of the foremost orthodox communist Soviet leaders.

Born in rural Russia in 1902, Suslov became a member of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in 1921 and studied economics for much of the 1920s. He left his job as a teacher in 1931 to pursue politics full-time, becoming one of the many Soviet politicians who took part in the mass repression begun by Joseph Stalin's regime. He was made First Secretary of Stavropol Krai administrative area in 1939. During World War II, Suslov headed the local Stavropol guerrilla movement.

After the war, Suslov became a member of the Organisational Bureau (Orgburo) of the Central Committee in 1946. In June 1950, he was elected to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. From 16 October 1952 onwards, he was a full member of the 19th Presidium of the CPSU. In the ensuing shuffle of the Soviet leadership following Stalin's death, Suslov lost much of the recognition and influence he had previously earned. However, by the late 1950s, he had risen to become the leader of the party opposition to First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev. When Khrushchev was ousted in 1964, Suslov supported the establishment of a collective leadership. He also supported inner-party democracy and opposed the reestablishment of the one-man rule as seen during the Stalin and Khrushchev eras. During the Brezhnev era, Suslov was considered to be the party's chief ideologue and second-in-command. His death on 25 January 1982 is viewed as starting the battle to succeed Leonid Brezhnev as general secretary.

Early years and career
Suslov was born in Shakhovskoye, a rural locality in Pavlovsky District, Ulyanovsk Oblast, Russian Empire on 21 November 1902. Suslov began work in the local Komsomol organisation in Saratov in 1918, eventually becoming a member of the Poverty Relief Committee. After working in the Komsomol for nearly three years, Suslov became a member of the All-Union Communist Party (the Bolsheviks) in 1921. After graduating from the rabfak, he studied economics at the Plekhanov Institute of National Economy between 1924 and 1928. In the summer of 1928, after graduating from the Plekhanov institute, he became a graduate student (research fellow) in economics at the Institute of Red Professors, teaching at Moscow State University and at the Industrial Academy.

In 1931, he abandoned teaching in favour of the party apparatus. He became an inspector on the Communist Party's Party Control Commission and on the People's Commissariat of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate. His main task there was to adjudicate large numbers of "personal cases", breaches of discipline, and appeals against expulsion from the party.

In 1933 and 1934, Suslov directed a commission charged with purging the party in the Ural and Chernigov provinces. The purge was organised by Lazar Kaganovich, then Chairman of the Soviet Control Commission. Author Yuri Druzhnikov contends that Suslov was involved with setting up several show trials, and contributed to the Party by expelling all members deviating from the Party line, meaning Trotskyists, Zinovievists, and other left-wing deviationists.

From 1936-1937, Suslov studied at the Postgraduate Course of the Economic Institute of Red Professors. He gained a reputation as a unsociable, modest, and serious student who carefully studied and memorized the works and speeches of Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Stalin and became known for keeping a complete record of their statements on economic and political issues in boxes of cards and file cabinets in his tiny room in a communal apartment. Somehow, Stalin urgently needed Lenin's opinion on one narrow economic issue and dispatched his secretary Lev Mekhlis to locate the answer. Mekhlis, Suslov's classmate at the Institute, approached him and instantly found the necessary quote. An amazed Stalin asked how he managed to find the quote so quickly, upon which Mekhlis introduced Stalin to Suslov. Stalin immediately had Suslov promoted to Party Secretary of Rostov and carried out a purge of the city in 1938. Impressed with his work, Suslov was made First Secretary of the Stavropol Krai's Communist Party in 1939.

Wartime activities (1941–1945)

On the Eastern Front in World War II, Suslov was a member of Military Council of the North Caucasian Front and led the Stavropol Krai Headquarters of the Partisan Divisions (the local guerrilla movement) after the Germans occupied the area. Suslov spent much of his time mobilising workers to fight against the German invaders. The guerrilla movement he led was operated by the regional party cells; Suslov for his part maintained close contact with the Red Army. Suslov also supervised the deportations of Chechens and other Muslim minorities from the Caucasus during the war.

According to Soviet historiography, Suslov's years as a guerrilla fighter were highly successful; however, testimonies from participants differ from the official account. These participants claim that there were a number of organizational problems which reduced their effectiveness on the battlefield. Suslov also suffered badly from tuberculosis, which he had contracted in his youth, that was further exacerbated in the dense partisan forests and hampered his ability as an effective combatant. Fearing further relapses, for the rest of his life, he continued to wear galoshes on his shoes as well as a hat and raincoat at all times, even in the hot summer weather, which made him the butt of jokes among his colleagues in Brezhnev's Politburo.

Suslov later purged the Baltic region in the aftermath of the Great Patriotic War. From 1944 to 1946, he chaired the Central Committee Bureau for Lithuanian Affairs. Anti-Soviet samizdat literature from the height of his power in the 1970s would accuse him of being personally responsible for the deportation and killings of nationalist Lithuanians who became political opponents of the Soviets during the course of Soviet re-entry into the Baltic states on their drive to Berlin in 1944.

Stalin's protégé

In 1946, Suslov was made a member of the Orgburo and immediately became the Head of the Foreign Policy Department of the Central Committee. Within a year, Suslov was appointed Head of the Central Committee Department for Agitation and Propaganda. He also became a harsh critic of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee in the post-war years. On 26 November 1946, Suslov sent a letter to Andrei Zhdanov, accusing the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee of spying. Suslov's letter, which was well-received among Soviet leadership, would serve as the basis for prosecution of the Committee during the anti-cosmopolitan campaign. After becoming head of the Agitprop, at the height of the anti-cosmopolitan campaign, Suslov also purged Jews from media and public institutions.
In 1947, Suslov was transferred to Moscow and elected to the Central Committee Secretariat; he would retain this seat for the rest of his life. Suslov had the full confidence of Stalin and in 1948 he was entrusted with the task of speaking on behalf of the Central Committee before a solemn meeting on the twenty-fourth anniversary of Vladimir Lenin's death. From September 1949 to 1950, he was editor-in-chief of the central Party daily Pravda.

In 1949, Suslov became a member, along with Georgy Malenkov, Lavrentiy Beria, and Lazar Kaganovich, of a commission created to investigate charges levied against Moscow's local Communist Party First Secretary, Georgy Popov. Russian historian Roy Medvedev speculates in his book, Neizvestnyi Stalin, that Stalin had made Suslov his "secret heir". Lavrentiy Beria, who hated Suslov, evidently felt so threatened by him that after his arrest, documents were found in Beria's safe labeling Suslov as the No. 1 person he wanted to "eliminate".

In June 1950, Suslov was elected to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. He was promoted to the CPSU Presidium (later known as the Politburo) in 1952 following the 19th Party Congress. He suffered a temporary reversal when Stalin died and was dismissed from the Presidium in 1953. He continued to work in the Supreme Soviet, even becoming Chairman of the Commission of Foreign Affairs in the years immediately following Stalin's death.

Khrushchev era

Suslov recovered his authority in 1955 and was elected to a seat in the Presidium, bypassing the customary candidate membership. In the 20th Party Congress of 1956, Khrushchev delivered the famous Secret Speech about Stalin's cult of personality. In Suslov's ideological report on 16 February, he updated his criticism of Stalin and his personality cult:

During the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, Suslov, along with Anastas Mikoyan, operated in close proximity to Budapest in order to direct the activities of the Soviet troops and to lend assistance to the new Hungarian leadership. Suslov and Mikoyan attended the Politburo meeting of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party which elected János Kádár to the office of General Secretary. In a telegram to the Soviet leadership, Suslov and Mikoyan acknowledged that the situation had become more dire, but both were content with the dismissal of Ernő Gerő as General Secretary and the choice of Kádár as his successor.

The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet criticised Suslov's and Mikoyan's concessions to the new government in the People's Republic of Hungary. Despite his initial reservations, Suslov eventually supported the Presidium's decision to intervene in Hungary militarily and replace the government's leadership there.

In June 1957, Suslov backed Khrushchev during his struggle with the Anti-Party Group led by Georgy Malenkov, Vyacheslav Molotov, Lazar Kaganovich, and Dmitry Shepilov. Mikoyan later wrote in his memoirs that he convinced Suslov to support Khrushchev by telling him that Khrushchev would emerge the winner even if he did not have enough support in the Presidium.

The following October Suslov accused Georgy Zhukov, the Minister of Defence, of "Bonapartism" at the Central Committee plenum that removed him from all Party and government posts. The removal of Zhukov had the effect of firmly subordinating the armed forces to Party control.

In a speech on 22 January 1958, Khrushchev officially proposed to dissolve the Machine and Tractor Stations (MTS), state organizations that owned and maintained the farm machinery used by kolkhozy. This reform had a particular significance in Soviet ideology. In Marxist-Leninist doctrine, cooperative ownership of property was considered a "lower" form of public ownership than state ownership. Khrushchev's proposal to expand cooperative ownership ran contrary to the Marxist theory as interpreted by Stalin.

Suslov, who supported Stalin's economic policy, regarded Khrushchev's proposal as unacceptable on ideological grounds. In an election speech to the Supreme Soviet in March 1958, Suslov refused to recognise the ideological significance of Khrushchev's reform, preferring instead to focus on the reform's practical benefits in improving productivity. Unlike other Party leaders, Suslov avoided mentioning Khrushchev as the MTS reform's initiator.

The 21st Party Congress convened in January 1959. Khrushchev wanted to consider the draft of a new Seven-Year plan. Suslov cautiously demonstrated against Khrushchev's statement that the country had developed from the socialist state of development to the higher state of communist development. He saw Khrushchev's view as flawed, and countered that his view had not been approved by the Party. To discredit Khrushchev's assertion further, Suslov invoked Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin:

Suslov was becoming progressively more critical of Khrushchev's policies, his political intransigence, and his campaign to eliminate what was left of the Stalinist old guard. There were also deep-seated divergences in foreign and domestic policy between Suslov and Khrushchev. Suslov opposed the idea of improving Soviet Union–United States relations and was against Khrushchev's attempts at rapprochement with Yugoslavia. Domestically, Suslov opposed Khrushchev's policy of de-Stalinisation and his economic decentralisation scheme.

Suslov visited the United Kingdom in 1959 as a parliamentarian for the Supreme Soviet. The visit was a success, and Hugh Gaitskell, the Leader of the Labour Party, travelled to the Soviet Union later that year as a guest.

Sino–Soviet relations had long been strained and, as Suslov told the Central Committee in one of his reports, "The crux of the matter is that the Leadership of the CCP has recently developed tendencies to exaggerate the degree of maturity of socialist relations in China... There are elements of conceit and haughtiness. [These shortcomings] are largely explained by the atmosphere of the cult of personality of comrade Mao Zedong... who, by all accounts, himself has come to believe in his own infallibility." Suslov compared Mao's growing personality cult with that seen under Joseph Stalin.

Suslov was highly critical of Maoist China, as he led the Sino-Soviet Dispute and criticized Maoism in various ways under the Khrushchev administration, particularly its split from the Soviet leadership in the Socialist Camp, the rejection of the theory of Peaceful Coexistence, and Mao's support of anti-Soviet rival communist militant groups globally. Suslov also compared Mao's China to Titoist Yugoslavia and Trotskyism, and denounced him as a Bourgeois nationalist and left-deviationist.

In the years following the failure of the Anti-Party Group, Suslov became the leader of the faction in the Central Committee opposed to Khrushchev's leadership, known as the "Moscow faction". Khrushchev was able to hold on to power by conceding to various opposition demands in times of crisis, such as during the 1960 U-2 incident and the Cuban Missile Crisis. In the aftermath of the U-2 Crisis Suslov was able to remove, and replace, several of Khrushchev's appointees in the Politburo with new anti-Khrushchevist members. Khrushchev's position was greatly weakened further after the failure of the Cuban Missile Crisis, and Suslov's power greatly increased.

A campaign to oust Khrushchev from office was initiated in 1964. Although leader of the opposition, Suslov had fallen seriously ill during his trip to the People's Republic of China the previous year; instead, Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin led the opposition.

Brezhnev era

Collective leadership

In October 1964, Khrushchev was ousted. Suslov played a crucial role in the event.

Suslov was, alongside Premier Alexei Kosygin and First Secretary Leonid Brezhnev, one of the most influential Soviet politicians of the 1960s following the ousting of Khrushchev. Having led the opposition against Khrushchev for years, Suslov had acquired and wielded great power within the Central Committee when Brezhnev rose to power. However, Suslov was never interested in becoming the leader of the Soviet Union, and was content to remain the man behind the scenes. During most of his term, Suslov was one of four people who had both a seat in the Secretariat and the Politburo; the three others were Brezhnev, Andrei Kirilenko and Fyodor Kulakov.

A collective leadership was founded immediately after the ousting of Khrushchev, consisting of Brezhnev as First Secretary, Kosygin as head of government, and Anastas Mikoyan (replaced in 1965 by Nikolai Podgorny) as head of state, who formed an unofficial Triumvirate (also known by its Russian name Troika). From the beginning, Suslov was a vocal critic of one-man rule such as that seen under Joseph Stalin and Khrushchev.

While he condemned Stalin's one-man rule, he equally criticised the individualistic assertiveness of Khrushchev's de-Stalinisation policy. A strong supporter of democratic centralism, Suslov prevented Brezhnev from taking over Kosygin's post as head of government in 1970. Kirilenko, Brezhnev, and Suslov were members of an unofficial Troika within the Communist Party leadership. Suslov was ranked fourth in the Politburo hierarchy behind Brezhnev, Podgorny and Kosygin, ahead of Kirilenko.

Throughout the Brezhnev era, Suslov became increasingly hardline. Suslov was opposed to any sort of anti-Soviet policies attempted by the Eastern Bloc leaders, but voted against Soviet military intervention in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic in 1968 during the Prague Spring. Suslov was regarded, according to Christian Schmidt-Häuer, as the "pope" for "Orthodox communists" in the Eastern Bloc. Throughout his political career, Suslov became increasingly concerned that the Soviet Union's leading role in the communist movement would be compromised. Häuer, in his book Gorbachev: The Path to Power, argues that Suslov "was a Russian nationalist" who believed "Russia was the centre of the universe".

It was during the Brezhnev era that Suslov was given the unofficial title "Chief Ideologue of the Communist Party". Suslov spent much time in memorializing the legacies of Vladimir Lenin, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. However, Suslov followed the party line and supported the retreat from some of the beliefs of Marxism-Leninism. Examples of ideological retreat include the end of single, Party-approved natural science versions of biology, chemistry and physics.

There still existed, on the other hand, a tight ideological control over literature. This included not only literature critical of Soviet rule: much of Lenin's work was also routinely censored.

Later life and death

At the beginning of the 1980s, the political and economic turmoil in the Polish People's Republic had seriously eroded the authority of the Polish United Workers' Party. Suslov's position on this matter carried particular weight as he chaired a Politburo Commission, established on 25 August 1980, on how to deal with the Polish crisis. Members of the commission included such high-ranking Soviets as KGB Chairman Andropov, Minister of Defence Dmitriy Ustinov, Minister of Foreign Affairs Andrei Gromyko, and Brezhnev's long-time associate Konstantin Chernenko.

On 28 August, the Commission considered Soviet military intervention to stabilize the region. Wojciech Jaruzelski, First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party, was able to persuade the Commission that a Soviet military intervention would only aggravate the situation. Suslov agreed with Jaruzelski's argument, stating that "if troops are introduced, that will mean a catastrophe. I think that we all share the unanimous opinion here that there can be no discussion of any introduction of troops". Suslov was able to persuade Jaruzelski and the Polish leadership to establish martial law in Poland.

In January 1982, Yuri Andropov revealed to Suslov that Semyon Tsvigun, the First Deputy Chairman of the KGB, had shielded Galina and Yuri, Brezhnev's children, from corruption investigations. When these facts were revealed to him, Suslov challenged Tsvigun to make a statement on the matter. Suslov even threatened Tsvigun with expulsion from the Communist Party, but Tsvigun died on 19 January 1982 before he could challenge Suslov's statement.

Two days later, Suslov had a coronary thrombosis, and died on 25 January of arteriosclerosis and diabetes at 16:05. His death is viewed as starting the battle to succeed Brezhnev, in which Andropov, who assumed Suslov's post as the Party's Second Secretary, sidelined Kirilenko and Chernenko during the last days of Brezhnev's rule.

Suslov was buried on 29 January at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis, in one of the twelve individual tombs located between the Lenin Mausoleum and the Kremlin wall. Brezhnev expressed great sadness at Suslov's passing.

Recognition
Suslov was awarded several decorations and medals during his life; among them were two Hero of Socialist Labour awards, five Orders of Lenin, one Order of the October Revolution, and one first degree Order of the Patriotic War. The USSR Academy of Sciences awarded Suslov the Gold Medal of Karl Marx. Suslov was awarded the highest state awards of the German Democratic Republic, the Mongolian People's Republic, and the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic.

Soviet Union

Foreign

Personal life
Suslov married Yelizaveta Alexandrovna (1903–1972), who worked as the Director of the Moscow Institute for Stomatology. In her life, she badly suffered from internal diseases, especially diabetes in a severe form, but ignored her physician's recommendations.

Bernard Lown, a Lithuanian-born American M.D., was once requested to see her in the Kremlin Hospital; it was one of the few cases where a renowned foreign doctor was invited to visit the Kremlin Hospital. Suslov expressed his gratitude for Lown's work, but avoided meeting Lown in person because he was a representative of an "imperialistic" country.

Yelizaveta and Suslov had two children, Revoly (born 1929), named after the Russian Revolution, and his second child, Maya (born 1939), named after May Day.

References

Bibliography

External links
 Selected Writings and Speeches published in 1980 by Pergamon Press.

1902 births
1982 deaths
People from Ulyanovsk Oblast
People from Khvalynsky Uyezd
Bolsheviks
Members of the Central Auditing Commission of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Members of the Central Committee of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Members of the Central Committee of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
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Head of Propaganda Department of CPSU CC
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Russian communists
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Mikhail Suslov


Maciej Rataj (19 February 1884 – 21 June 1940) was a Polish politician and writer.

Biography
Born in the village of Chłopy, near Lwów (now Lviv, Ukraine), on 19 February 1884, he attended a gymnasium in Lwów and studied classical linguistics at the University of Lwów. Upon the completion of his studies he became a gymnasium teacher first in Lwów, and later in Zamość. He became involved in politics after the Second Polish Republic gained independence following the First World War. He was a member of the Polish People's Party "Piast" political party, and, from 1931, a member of the People's Party. He became president of the Stronnictwo and the chief editor of the party's official paper, the 'Zielony Sztandar' in 1935. From 1919 to 1930, and from 1934 to 1935, he was a member of parliament for the Sejm (Polish Parliament), and from 1922 to 1928 he was the Marshal of the Sejm. Between 1920 and 1921 he was the Minister of Religion and Public Education, and took part in work on the March Constitution.

He was President of Poland twice: first in December 1922, as Acting President of the Republic of Poland for one week, after the assassination of president Gabriel Narutowicz, and again in May 1926, following Józef Piłsudski's May Coup and the resignation of president Stanisław Wojciechowski. His second term lasted half of a month. On both occasions, he oversaw special election and appointed new governments. In December 1939 he was arrested by Nazi Germany and executed in Palmiry during the German AB-Aktion operation in Poland.

Works
 Pamiętniki (Memoirs) (1965)
 Wskazania obywatelskie i polityczne: Wybór pism i przemówień z lat 1919–1938 (1987)
 Maciej Rataj o parlamentaryzmie, państwie demokratycznym i sanacji (1998)

References

External links

1884 births
1940 deaths
Politicians from Lviv Oblast
Politicians from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
Polish Austro-Hungarians
Polish People's Party "Piast" politicians
People's Party (Poland) politicians
Presidents of Poland
Marshals of the Sejm of the Second Polish Republic
Executed presidents
Polish people executed by Nazi Germany
Government ministers of Poland
University of Lviv alumni

Maciej Rataj


Mupango (law, commandment, order; instruction) iri izwi reChiNdau rinoreva mutemo. Pakuwanda kwonzi mipango.

Kurerutsa Mutauro

.... Wadya here muti wendakakupanga ndiwo kuti, usazodya?.... Have you eaten from the tree of which I commanded you that you should not eat? (Genesis 3:12 Bhaibheri reChiNdau).

Mitauro yeBantu

Swahili inoti mpango (1. arrangement, apportionment, classification, order; list, plan; program, platform, constitution). Ko kuti structure?
Lugwere inoti mupango kana mipango (arrangement, deal - arrangement between parties that fixes the obligations of each party).
Lugwere inoti kukola mupango (make an arrangement, agree a deal; conceive a plot, devise a scheme).
Lugwere inoti mpango (n. centre pole; centre post; central post placed in the middle of a house to support the roof; pillar).

Mupango


Magnus Gustaf Adolf Lindberg (born 27 June 1958) is a Finnish composer and pianist. He was the New York Philharmonic's composer-in-residence from 2009 to 2012 and has been the London Philharmonic Orchestra's composer-in-residence since the beginning of the 2014–15 season.

Early life
Lindberg was born in Helsinki, where he studied at the Sibelius Academy under Einojuhani Rautavaara and Paavo Heininen, beginning with piano. He attended summer courses in Siena (with Franco Donatoni) and Darmstadt (with Brian Ferneyhough). After graduating in 1981, he traveled widely in Europe, attending private studies with Vinko Globokar and Gérard Grisey in Paris, and observing Japanese drumming and punk rock in Berlin.

Compositions and style
Lindberg's juvenilia include the large orchestral work Donor, composed at age 16. Quintetto dell'Estate (1979) is generally held to be Lindberg's first opus. His first piece performed by a professional orchestra was Sculpture II in 1982, the second part of a trilogy whose first and third sections were long unwritten. His first great success came with "Action-Situation-Signification" (1982), the first work in which he explored musique concrète. This piece was written for and premiered by the new-music ensemble Toimii ("It Works" in Finnish), which Lindberg founded in the summer of 1980. Around the same period, Lindberg founded an informal grouping known as the Ears Open Society including Lindberg and his contemporaries Eero Hämeenniemi, Jouni Kaipainen, Kaija Saariaho, Esa-Pekka Salonen and Herman Rechberger. He is a trained pianist and has performed several of his works as part of Toimii.

Kraft (1983–85), another piece written for Toimii, is Lindberg's largest work to date, with harmonies of over 70 notes and a meter-high score. It uses traditional instrumentation as well as percussion on scrap metal and spoken word. After finishing it Lindberg found it hard to compose, and with the exception of 1986's Ur, which he called "Kraft in chamber form", he entered a creative hiatus that lasted over two years. During this time he was not only rethinking his style but also recovering from a tropical disease contracted during travel in Indonesia.

Kraft made use of a chaconne-type structure where the progression of the piece is based on a repeated chain of chords. It was this idea that served as the basis for Lindberg's next style. He returned with an orchestral trilogy consisting of Kinetics (1988), Marea (1989–90), and Joy (1990). Though Lindberg became less interested in electronic manipulation of sound, he continued to explore the possibilities of compositional software, and Engine displays complex computer-generated counterpoint. Since Joy, Lindberg has gradually refined his style, orchestrations and harmonies. This showed itself first in Corrente for chamber ensemble (1992) and its subsequent orchestral version, Corrente II, and in Duo Concertante (1992). In these works Lindberg showed influences ranging from Pierre Boulez and Tristan Murail to Igor Stravinsky and minimalism. His symphonic work Aura (1994) reflects a newer, more eclectic style.

Lindberg has since built upon these developments, further refining his style, which now leans toward a type of new tonality hinted at in works such as Joy and Aura. This development has culminated in one of his most popular scores to date, his Clarinet Concerto (2002), which has a folk-like melody and rich orchestration. His recent work, Two Episodes, was premiered at the BBC Proms on 24 July 2016. It is a companion piece to Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, containing allusions to both the symphony and other works by the composer, rather in the same way that I.M. Pei's Louvre Pyramid complements the Tuileries Palace in Paris.

Awards and honors
Lindberg has received a number of composition prizes, including the Prix Italia (1986), the UNESCO International Rostrum of Composers (1986), the Nordic Council Music Prize (1988) for Kraft, and the Royal Philharmonic Society Prize for large-scale composition (1992).

Lindberg became the new composer-in-residence at the New York Philharmonic for the 2009–2010 season at the invitation of the incoming music director Alan Gilbert. The Philharmonic's September 2009 opening night gala, which was Gilbert's debut as music director, featured a well-received new work by Lindberg, EXPO. Lindberg's fourth and final commission as composer-in-residence was the Piano Concerto No. 2, which was premiered on 3 May 2012.

Works

Orchestral

Sculpture II (1981)
Kraft for small solo ensemble and orchestra (1983–85)
Kinetics (1988–89)
Marea (1989–90)
Corrente II (1992)
Aura (In memoriam Witold Lutosławski) (1994)
Arena (1995)
Feria (1997)
Cantigas (1998–99)
Fresco (1997)
Parada (2001)
Bright Cecilia: Variations on a Theme by Purcell (2002)
Chorale (2002)
Concerto for Orchestra (2003)
Tribute (2004)
Sculpture (2005)
Seht die Sonne (2007)
EXPO (2009)
Al largo (2010)
Era (2013)
Vivo (2015)
Two Episodes (2016)
Tempus fugit (2016–17)
Agile (2017–18)
Absence (2020)
Encore (2021)
Serenades (2023)

Chamber orchestra or ensemble

Ritratto (1979–83)
Tendenza (1982)
Joy (1989–90)
Corrente (1992)
Coyote Blues (1996)
Engine (1996)
Corrente – China Version (2000)
Bubo bubo (2002)
Jubilees (2002)
Counter Phrases (2002–03)
Souvenir (2010)
 Red House (2013)
 Aventures (2013)
 Shadow of the Future (2019)

Soloist(s) and orchestra

Away for solo clarinet, string orchestra, piano and percussion (1994)
Piano Concerto No. 1 (1991/94)
Campana In Aria for horn and orchestra (1998)
Cello Concerto No. 1 (1999)
Clarinet Concerto (2002)
Violin Concerto No. 1 (2006)
Piano Concerto No. 2 (2011–12)
Cello Concerto No. 2 (2013)
Violin Concerto No. 2 (2015)
Piano Concerto No. 3 (2022)

Wind orchestra
Zungenstimmen for wind orchestra (1994)
Gran Duo for wind orchestra (1999–2000)
Ottoni for brass ensemble (2005)

Small ensemble

Musik för två pianon (Music for Two Pianos) (1976)
Arabesques for flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, and horn (1978)
Play I for two pianos (1979)
Quintetto dell' estate for flute, clarinet, violin, cello and piano (1979)
Linea d'ombra for small ensemble (1981)
"...de Tartuffe, je crois..." for piano quintet (1981)
Action-Situation-Signification for small ensemble and electronics (1982)
Ablauf for clarinet and percussion (1983)
Zona for cello solo and seven instruments (1983)
Metal Work for accordion and percussion (1984)
UR for small ensemble (1986)
Moto for cello and piano (1990)
Steamboat Bill Jr. for clarinet and cello (1990)
Clarinet Quintet (1992)
Duo Concertante for solo clarinet, solo cello and ensemble (1992)
Decorrente for small ensemble (1992)
Kiri for clarinet, cello, percussion and electronics (1993)
Related Rocks for two pianos, percussion and electronics (1997)
Dos Coyotes for cello and piano (2002)
Konzertstück for cello and piano (2006)
Trio for clarinet, cello and piano (2008) (also arranged for violin, cello and piano (2011–12))
Acequia Madre for clarinet and piano (2012) (also arranged for viola and piano)
Maguey de tlalcoyote for string trio (2018) (also arranged for double string trio (2021))
Deux Études pour trois clarinettes for three clarinets (2020)
Quintet for piano, oboe, clarinet, horn, and bassoon (2023)

Solo instrument

Klavierstück for piano (1977)
Tre Pianostycke (Three Piano Pieces, or Three Short Pieces) for piano (1978)
Ground for harpsichord (1983)
Stroke for cello (1984)
Twine for solo piano (1988)
Jeux d'anches for solo accordion (1990)
Jubilees for piano (2000)
Partia for cello solo (2001)
Etude I for piano (2001)
Mano a mano for guitar (2004)
Etude II for piano (2004)
Duello for cello (2010)
Fanfar för Victoria for trumpet (2015)
Fratello for piano (2016)
Promenade for piano (2017)
Caprice for violin (2022)

Vocal
Jag vill breda vingar ut for mezzo-soprano and piano (1977–78)
Untitled for chamber chorus a cappella (1978)
Songs from North and South for children's chorus a cappella (1993–2008)
Graffiti for chamber chorus and orchestra (2008–09)
Accused for soprano and orchestra (2014)
Triumf att finnas till (Triumph to Exist) for chorus and orchestra (2018)
Like As The Waves for soprano and violin (2021)

References

Further reading
Howell, Tim. 2006. After Sibelius: Studies in Finnish Music, Chapter 9, pp. 231–262. Aldershot and Vermont: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
Nieminen, Risto. 1993. Magnus Lindberg. Paris: Ircam, Centre Georges-Pompidou.  (in French)

Stenius, Caterina. 2006. Chaconne: En bok om Magnus Lindberg och den nya musiken. Med verkförteckning av Risto Nieminen. Helsinki: Söderströms.

External links
Magnus Lindberg at Boosey & Hawkes
Entry at the Finnish Music Information Centre
Magnus Lindberg page at Ondine Records
Interview with Lindberg conducted by Kirk Noreen and Joshua Cody in 1999.
 Magnus Lindberg biography at Biografiskt lexikon för Finland.

1958 births
Living people
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
Finnish classical composers
Musicians from Helsinki
Swedish-speaking Finns
Sibelius Academy alumni
Honorary Members of the Royal Academy of Music
International Rostrum of Composers prize-winners
Members of the Academy of Arts, Berlin
Pupils of Gérard Grisey
Finnish male classical composers
20th-century male musicians
21st-century male musicians
20th-century Finnish composers
21st-century Finnish composers

Magnus Lindberg


Mark Anthony Luhrmann or Baz Luhrmann (born 17 September 1962) is an Australian movie and theatre director. He has directed three movies (The Red Curtain Trilogy) which have made him famous: Strictly Ballroom (1992), Romeo + Juliet (1996), and Moulin Rouge! (2001). He also directed the 2022 movie Elvis.

1962 births
Living people
Australian movie directors

Baz Luhrmann


William Pinkney Toler (1826–1899) was born in Caracas, Venezuela, on December 23, 1826, the son of a United States diplomat.  Toler was educated in Washington, D.C., and joined the Navy at age 14.  As a midshipman on the  under the command of Commodore Thomas Gatsby Jones, he hoisted the first American flag up the flagpole of the Custom House at Monterey in 1842.  Toler arrived in Hawaii on the United States in 1843.  He made a two- or three-day round trip on horseback to sketch Mount Kilauea.

Toler resigned from the Navy in 1848 and accepted a position as assistant to the alcalde, or chief executive officer, in San Francisco.  In 1853, he married Maria Peralta, whose family owned the large land grant that is now the city of Oakland, California.  He eventually settled in San Leandro, California, where he spent his remaining years.  Toler died there on January 24, 1899.

References
 Severson, Don R., "Finding Paradise, Island Art in Private Collections", University of Hawaii Press, 2002, 76-77.

19th-century American painters
19th-century American male artists
American male painters
Volcano School painters
American landscape painters
1826 births
1899 deaths

William Pinkney Toler


The Body Farm is a crime fiction novel by Patricia Cornwell. It is the fifth book in the Dr. Kay Scarpetta series.

Plot summary

Kay Scarpetta is called in to assist in the investigation of the brutal murder of 11-year-old Emily Steiner in rural North Carolina, whose murder resembles the handiwork of a serial killer who has eluded the FBI for years. Scarpetta is joined by her ingenious and rebellious niece, Lucy, an FBI intern with a promising future in Quantico's computer engineering facility. To help with the investigation, Scarpetta turns to a clandestine research facility in Tennessee known as the Body Farm. There she finds answers to Emily Steiner's murder.

Characters in The Body Farm
Kay Scarpetta – Chief Medical Examiner.
Benton Wesley – FBI Profiler. He started having romantic relationships with Kay, despite being married.
Lucy Farinelli – Kay's niece. On internship at the FBI Academy, Quantico. Had a romantic lesbian relationship with Carrie Grethen. However, she was sabotaged, although she was subsequently cleared of any wrongdoing. Got into a car accident, under the influence of alcohol, in which Kay's Mercedes-Benz E500 was wrecked. It was later revealed that she was run off the road by Denesa Steiner.
Pete Marino – Captain in the Richmond Police Department.
Lieutenant Hershel Mote – Lieutenant in the Black Mountain Police Department. Was at Max Ferguson's house, after finding Max dead, he had chest pains and dizziness, which will later on lead to a heart attack.
Dr. Thomas Katz – Forensic Scientist the Body Farm. He also was an expert in time of death, which he researched just as diligently with ways and means that were not commonly known to the hoi polloi, such as insect activity. His laboratory is called The Body Farm. Based on real-life Forensic Anthropologist, William M. Bass
Carrie Grethen – Lucy's romantic interest at Quantico, who was using Lucy's identity to gain entry into classified areas, in order to avoid suspicion. Later associated with Temple Gault.

Victims
Emily Steiner – 11-year-old girl. Murdered in Black Mountain, North Carolina. Her body was naked. Upon close inspection by the Buncombe County medical examiner, it was determined she had been sexually assaulted, and had large dark shiny patches on her upper thighs, upper chest, and shoulder, which were areas of missing flesh, along with a small round patch on one of her buttocks. She also had been gagged and bound with blaze-orange duct tape, her cause of death a single small-caliber gunshot wound to the back of the head.
Max Ferguson – State Bureau of Investigation Agent. When Kay arrived, he was on his back, the size-D cups of a long-line black brassiere stuffed with socks that smelled faintly of musk. The pair of black nylon panties he had put on before he died had been pulled down around his hairy knees, and a condom still clung limply to his penis. He asphyxiated on a hangman's noose, and was cut loose by Mote the moment he found him.
Socks – Emily's kitten, a stray kitten that Emily started feeding. She called her Socks because she was pure black except for perfect white paws. It died of a broken neck.

Other deaths
A 14-year-old boy, in London – Modus operandi similar to Eddie Heath's case in Cruel and Unusual. There were excised flesh on his body. Gunshot to the head, body displayed. He was not killed by Denesa Steiner, but his killer was not revealed in the later books.
Denesa Steiner – Emily's mother. Killer of Emily and Max Ferguson. She was killed by Kay after she barged into the room and saw Denesa sitting placidly on the edge of the bed where Marino lay, a plastic trash bag over his head and taped around his neck. She grabbed Marino's pistol off the table, and this prompted Kay to fire Marino's Winchester rifle, which she got from his car, and subsequently killed her.

Major themes
The hunt for the killer of 11-year-old Emily Steiner.

Allusions/references to actual history, geography and current science
The story is set around Lake Tomahawk in Black Mountain, North Carolina.
The novel, and its title, were inspired by the University of Tennessee Anthropological Research Facility, which is used in the study of forensic anthropology, in particular human decomposition.  The facility is commonly known as The Body Farm'' and is located a few miles south of Knoxville, Tennessee, behind the University of Tennessee Medical Center. The facility was founded by anthropologist Dr. William M. Bass in 1981, after he found that no such facilities existed that specifically studied decomposition.

External links
 Author's Official Website
 Death's Acre: Inside the Body Farm

1995 American novels
Novels by Patricia Cornwell
Novels set in North Carolina
American crime novels

The Body Farm (novel)


Emily Susan Silver (born October 9, 1985) is an American competitive swimmer, Olympic medalist, and swim coach.  She was a member of the silver-medal-winning U.S. team of the 4×100 metre freestyle relay at the 2008 Summer Olympics. She competed alongside fellow American swimmers Natalie Coughlin, Lacey Nymeyer and Kara Lynn Joyce.  Silver overcame a broken hand suffered in the U.S. Olympic Trials, returning after a few weeks to compete at the 2008 Olympic Games.

Silver attended the University of California, Berkeley, where she swam for coach Teri McKeever's California Golden Bears swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and Pacific-10 Conference competition.  She was named team MVP as a freshman and served as co-captain of the team in 2007–08. She achieved All-American status in twenty different events including the 50, 100 and 200-yard freestyle, 400 and 800-yard freestyle relays, among others.  Silver was the 2007 Pac-10 champion in the 100 and 200-yard freestyle. She also set the school record in the 50-yard freestyle in 2007, breaking future U.S. swimming teammate Natalie Coughlin's record.

Silver's post-swimming career highlights include a two-year stint as Athlete Relations Manager for USA Swimming. Her responsibilities included managing the swimmers who were a part of USA Swimming's Athlete Partnership Agreement, and overseeing the USA Swimming Family Program. She also worked for lululemon athletica, coordinating promotional events and managing a research and development program. Silver was hired as a Marketing Communications Associate by SwimOutlet.com, where her duties will include social media, sports marketing and public relations.

Silver currently coaches the junior and masters swim teams at Seattle's Washington Athletic Club.

Career

At the 2005 World Championships in Montreal, Quebec, Silver earned a bronze medal swimming in the heats of the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay.

At 2007 World University Games in Thailand, Silver won a gold medal in the 4 × 100 m freestyle and a silver in the 4 × 100 m medley relay.

At the 2008 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m), Silver earned a gold medal swimming in the heats of the 4 × 100 m medley. She placed 8th in the 200 m individual medley, 100 m freestyle, and 100 m backstroke.

Silver is the niece of Larry Barbiere, a finalist in the men's 100-meter backstroke at the 1968 Summer Olympics.

2008 World Swimming Championships Manchester, England
-Competed as member of U.S. Women's swimming team
-Silver medalist, 4 X 100 freestyle relay
-Finalist in three individual events

2007 World University Games Bangkok
- Competed as member of U.S. Women's swimming team
- Gold medalist, 4 X 100 freestyle relay
- Silver medalist, 4 X 100 medley relay

2005 World Swimming Championships Montreal, Canada
- Competed as member of U.S. Women's swimming team
- Silver medalist, 4 X 100 freestyle relay

USA Swimming National "A" Team
- Selected as member of USA Swimming national team, 2005–06 and 2008–09

Women's swimming, University of California, Berkeley
- Team co-captain, 2007–08
- 20 All-American honors during four-year college career
- 3-time American and NCAA record holder
- 3-time individual champion, Pacific-10 Conference Championships

See also
 List of Olympic medalists in swimming (women)

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
American female freestyle swimmers
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in swimming
Sportspeople from St. Petersburg, Florida
Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Universiade medalists in swimming
FISU World University Games gold medalists for the United States
Universiade silver medalists for the United States
Medalists at the 2007 Summer Universiade
21st-century American women

Emily Silver


Dhanwan is a 1981 Hindi film starring Rajesh Khanna in the lead role, paired opposite Reena Roy and produced by Sohanlal Kanwar.
The supporting cast includes Aruna Irani, Rakesh Roshan, Shakti Kapoor, Om Prakash and Vijayendra Ghatge. Rakesh Roshan was nominated for the Best Supporting Actor at the Filmfare Awards, the only one for the film. Reena Roy plays the role of a defiant widow who reforms the egotistical Rajesh Khanna in the film. The movie was a super hit grossing over 13.9 crores in 1981.

Synopsis
Vijay is a very proud rich man who thinks money can buy anything. He harbors love for Asha and tries to win her, but she rejects him for his arrogance. He gets angry as well as disappointed when Asha marries an accounting clerk instead. Soon after, he is involved in car accident in which he loses his eyesight completely, and the doctor thinks Vijay will need a new pair of eyes. Vijay orders eyes, but it isn't as simple as Vijay thought, the doctor explains to him that it's difficult to find an eye donor. That is when Vijay realizes that money cannot buy everything in life. Then he starts believing in God and starts chanting prayers. Only a few days later, he finds a donor and his eyes are operated upon. Now Vijay can see and he also has realized that money is indeed very useless in certain circumstances.

On inquiry, he learns that the eyes implanted on him are of Anil, his accounts clerk and the person who married Asha. Now Asha is a widow as Anil has been executed after being falsely implicated on a case of theft. It now becomes an aim of the now big hearted generous tycoon Vijay to protect Asha and find the truth as to how Anil got into trouble and to prove the world that Anil was innocent.

Reception
It received four stars in the Bollywood guide Collections. The film grossed 13.9 crores at the box office in 1981.

Cast
Rajesh Khanna as Vijay
Reena Roy  as Asha
Rakesh Roshan as Anil
Shakti Kapoor
Om Prakash
Aruna Irani

Music
 "Idhar Aa Aa Bhi Jaa" – Kishore Kumar
 "Maro Bhar Bharke Pichkari" – Kishore Kumar, Usha Mangeshkar
 "Yeh Ankhein Dekh Kar" – Lata Mangeshkar, Suresh Wadkar
 "Kuchh Log Mohabbat Ko" –  Lata Mangeshkar
 "Balle Balle Bhai Reshmi Dupatta" – Lata Mangeshkar, Mahendra Kapoor

References

External links

1981 films
1981 romantic drama films
Indian romantic drama films
1980s Hindi-language films
Films directed by Surendra Mohan
Films scored by Hridaynath Mangeshkar

Dhanwan (1981 film)


SuChin Pak  (, born August 15, 1976) is a South Korean-born American television news correspondent and podcaster, best known from her early days working for MTV News. She joined MTV News as a correspondent in May 2001.

Life and career
Born in Seoul, South Korea, Pak immigrated along with her parents to California when she was five years old. She grew up in Union City, California, a suburb southeast of San Francisco. Her parents own a small restaurant in downtown Oakland, California.

Pak never planned on a career in television. While attending James Logan High School, she volunteered for the YMCA program Youth and Government, an organization aimed at involving and educating young people in the political process. She was also a member of the school's forensics team, in which she did expository speaking. In 1992, she placed 8th in the state of California. She was interviewed for the news by KGO-TV, the ABC affiliate in San Francisco for the show Straight Talk 'N Teens. The program director for another station happened to see the piece and approached her to host the teen-based magazine show First Cut on KRON, the then-NBC (now MyNetwork TV) affiliate in San Francisco. This "after-school job" became Pak's introduction to the entertainment world. Her first big interview for the show was Ice-T.

While attending the University of California, Berkeley as a political science major, Pak was once again discovered, when the producer of a PBS science show called Newton's Apple saw a tape of her. Following graduation, she was approached by ZDTV, a cable network devoted to technology and the Internet. After a year working on Internet Tonight, a daily half-hour show at ZDTV, she was recruited to be a correspondent on KRON. Looking to move on from San Francisco, she sent in a tape to the start-up cable network Oxygen. After a year-long audition process, she was hired as a host for the show Trackers and moved to New York City. From there, MTV spotted her and she was soon the first Asian face of MTV.

She has covered the MTV Movie Awards, the Sundance Film Festival, and the MTV Video Music Awards. She also co-hosted, with Kurt Loder, MTV's pre-Grammy show. As a correspondent for "MTV Daily News", she has interviewed Mariah Carey, *NSYNC, P. Diddy, George Lucas, Jane's Addiction, Mary J. Blige, Billy Idol, and Fred Durst. On March 6, 2012, she hosted Demi Lovato: Stay Strong — The After Show. Pak hosted her own MTV documentary about multicultural young people called My Life (Translated).  She narrated later seasons of MTV Cribs and True Life.

In 2007, she appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show, revealing that she has struggled with confidence and beauty issues for many years. She mainly spoke about her epicanthal folds, and explained how her family and other Asians believe a double eyelid is crucial to beauty. She also mentioned how epicanthoplasty is the top form of plastic surgery being done in Asia.

In 2008, Pak had left MTV News for Planet Green to host G Word, which is co-hosted by Daniel Sieberg. In 2010, Pak returned to MTV News and hosted the VMAs Pre Show. Recently, Pak has been the host for the National Constitution Center's "The Exchange", a program in which high school students discuss their views on relevant constitutional issues.

In 2012, Pak was hired as the new on-air correspondent for DailyCandy, an email newsletter based in New York. In 2016, she co-hosted People's List, a weekly summer primetime infotainment series associated with People magazine on ABC.

In October 2020, it was announced that Pak would be joining Lemonada Media's podcast slate as the co-host of the new show Add to Cart alongside comedian and actress Kulap Vilaysack. The podcast launched on November 17, 2020 and is "a subversive and fun way about talking about consumerism, and how we all participate in it." In 2021, Pak resumed her role as narrator of MTV Cribs.

Personal life
Pak married Mike Bender, co-founder of AwkwardFamilyPhotos, on March 24, 2012. The couple have two children together, their first being a son born in 2012.

References

External links

1976 births
American television reporters and correspondents
South Korean emigrants to the United States
Living people
Mass media people from Seoul
People from Union City, California
University of California, Berkeley alumni
American women journalists
American writers of Korean descent
Journalists from California
21st-century American women
James Logan High School alumni

SuChin Pak


Bukit Lanjan is a hill in Petaling District, Selangor, Malaysia. Bukit Lanjan is part of the Damansara parliamentary constituency.

The Bukit Lanjan state constituency includes Bandar Utama Damansara, Bandar Sri Damansara, Mutiara Damansara, Damansara Perdana and Kayu Ara. There are 25,550 registered voters in Bukit Lanjan of whom 52.8% are Chinese, 31.8% Malays, 14.7% Indians and 0.7% others.

Bukit Lanjan has a population of about 50,000. Of the total number, 25% are in the lower-income group residing in Kampung Sungei Kayu Ara and the Pelangi Damansara low-cost flats. The upper-income group makes up about 35% of the population in areas like Bandar Utama, Mutiara Damansara, Damansara Perdana and Bandar Sri Damansara, while the remaining 40% is the middle-income group.

The most common complaints from the residents in the constituency are about the infrastructure - the upgrading and maintenance of drains, roads and fields - and security matters such as car thefts and house break-ins. There is also constant traffic congestion  leading to  1 Utama Shopping Centre and IKEA, and the roadside hawker issue at Bandar Sri Damansara.

There was an Orang Asli village on the hill previously, consisting mainly of the Temuan tribe. But today the village has been relocated to Desa Temuan, near Damansara Perdana. Their "Batin" (meaning leader in Temuan language) name is Kanau. 30 percent of Temuan here are Muslim, 20 percent are Christian and 50 percent are animists, believing in the power of nature.

External links
Temuan Web Page Orang Asli Temuan Webpage

References
 Activist with a mission, The Star, February 29, 2008.
 Straight fights in all Subang constituencies, The Star, March 7, 2008.

Hills of Malaysia
Landforms of Selangor

Bukit Lanjan


John Campbell Munro (29 September 1947 – 10 May 2018) was a folk singer who was born in Glasgow, Scotland in 1947 and emigrated to Adelaide, Australia in 1965. He was a leading figure in Australian folk music for 40 years and worked with Eric Bogle and Australian folk groups Tracey-Munro-Tracey (with Denis and Lynne Tracey) and Colcannon.

In 1990 Munro wrote a series of 12 songs depicting the events leading up to and culminating in the battle at the Eureka Stockade. The Eureka Suite has been performed all over Australia including at the site of the stockade itself. In 1992 he composed a similar set of musical pieces on the life of Australian bushranger Ned Kelly. This piece has also proved popular in Australia and New Zealand.

Munro has written many songs and his material has been recorded by artists in Canada, the UK and Australia. He more recently formed a trio with former Colcannon members Mike O'Callaghan and Pete Titchener.

Munro died on 10 May 2018.

See also
 Australian folk music

References

1947 births
2018 deaths
Scottish emigrants to Australia
Australian male singer-songwriters
Australian singer-songwriters
Musicians from Glasgow

John Campbell Munro


Harry Wakefield Bramma (born 11 November 1936, Shipley, West Yorkshire) is a British organist and composer of Anglican church music. He served as director of the Royal School of Church Music from 1989 to 1998 and as director of music at All Saints, Margaret Street, 1989–2004.

Bramma was educated at Bradford Grammar School and his early musical education included organ lessons under Melville Cook, organist of Leeds Parish Church. He went on to read theology and music at  Oxford University from 1955 to 1960, studying as organ scholar of Pembroke College. He graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1958 and Master of Arts in 1960.

Bramma initially started a career in teaching, and held the post of director of music at the King Edward VI School, Retford 1961–63. In 1963 he took the job as assistant organist at Worcester Cathedral, under Christopher Robinson, also becoming director of music at the King's School, Worcester in 1965. Bramma's students at the King's School included a number of noted musicians, among them Nicholas Cleobury, Stephen Cleobury, Andrew Millington, Jonathan Nott, Adrian Partington and Geoffrey Webber.

In 1976 became organist and director of music at Southwark Cathedral, and in 1989 moved on to become director of the Royal School of Church Music.

He has been noted as an influential composer of modern church music. His compositions include settings of the ancient Latin Christian hymns O Salutaris and Tantum Ergo; I will receive the cup of salvation, a setting of poetic text by St. Teresa of Avila; Alleluya. This is the day; an arrangement of the Eastern Orthodox funeral hymn Kontakion of the Departed; a set of preces and responses; and music for Advent and Christmas.

References
 'BRAMMA, Harry Wakefield', Who's Who 2011, A & C Black, 2011; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2010 ; online edn, Oct 2010 accessed 30 July 2011

1936 births
Living people
British classical organists
British male organists
Cathedral organists
British classical composers
British male classical composers
Classical composers of church music
People from Shipley, West Yorkshire
Alumni of Pembroke College, Oxford
Musicians from Bradford
21st-century English composers
20th-century English composers
People educated at Bradford Grammar School
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
21st-century organists
20th-century British male musicians
21st-century British male musicians
Male classical organists

Harry Bramma


Velodrome Humbert I, commonly known in Italian as Velodromo Umberto I, was an early cycling velodrome and, from 1898, a football ground in Turin. The velodrome was named in honour of then King Humbert I of Savoy. During its time in use it was used by several clubs, it was located within the La Crocetta neighbourhood of Turin, within the Corso Re Umberto park near Mauriziano hospital.

The velodrome is noted for been the host of the first ever Italian Football Championship in 1898. As thus, the first ever Italian Championship game was played there on the 8 May 1898 between Internazionale Torino and FBC Torinese. It ended 1-0 to Internazionale, but Genoa won the competition overall.

Its first permanent footballing tenants were FBC Torinese who used it from April 1900 until 1904. From 1904, until 1906 it became the homeground of Juventus; this included the 1905 season in which they won their first ever scudetto.

When Alfred Dick left Juventus to form a new team called Torino FBC, they would play at the ground since Dick held the lease. They played their earliest seasons here, before changing ground in early 1910.

Demolished buildings and structures in Italy
Juventus FC
Torino FC
Humbert I
Humbert
Sports venues in Turin
Multi-purpose stadiums in Italy
Defunct sports venues in Italy
Defunct motorsport venues in Italy
Velodromes in Italy
Sports venues completed in 1895
19th-century architecture in Italy
1895 establishments in Italy
1917 disestablishments in Italy
Umberto I of Italy

Velodrome Humbert I


Avanti West Coast is a British train operating company. It operates the West Coast Partnership franchise and has done since 8 December 2019, where it took over from Virgin Trains.

The company is owned by Scottish-based company FirstGroup and Italian company Trenitalia.

"Avanti" means "Forward" in Italian.

They currently operate services mainly up the West Coast Main Line. These services are between London, England's capital city, and various other towns and cities around Great Britain. These include direct trains to Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham, Glasgow, Edinburgh, Wolverhampton, Shrewsbury, Chester and Blackpool. They also operate services between London and Holyhead, Wrexham or Bangor in North Wales.

There are currently plans for future services to Walsall, Llandudno Junction and the village of Gobowen in Shropshire from 2022.

Journeys with Avanti are very popular with commuters as the trains do not call at every station and only stop at some stations along their route. However, due to this, tickets for travel with them can be expensive.

2019 establishments in the United Kingdom
Post-privatisation British railway companies

Avanti West Coast


Deus ex machina  is the Latin version of an ancient Greek phrase ἀπὸ μηχανῆς θεός.

The phrase means "the god from the machine". It comes from the theatre of ancient Greece. They had a kind of crane for delivering gods onto the stage on wires.

By extension, the term means a plot device whereby a seemingly impossible problem is suddenly solved by means which do not follow normal logic.

For example, in Euripides' play Alcestis, the heroine agrees to give up her own life in order to spare the life of her husband, Admetus. At the end Heracles shows up and seizes Alcestis from Death, restoring her to life and to Admetus. A more frequently cited example is Euripides' Medea in which the deus ex machina is used to take Medea (who has murdered people and babies) away from her husband Jason to the safety and civilization of Athens.

Aristotle criticized this device in his Poetics. He argued that the resolution of a plot should follow the logic of the play. It should not come from something outside that logic.
"It is obvious that the solutions of plots... should come about as a result of the plot itself, and not from a contrivance, as in the Medea and in the passage about sailing home in the Iliad. A contrivance must be used for matters outside the drama—either previous events which are beyond human knowledge, or later ones that need to be foretold or announced... There should be nothing improbable in the incidents; otherwise, they should be outside the tragedy as, for example, in Sophocles' Oedipus.

There are many examples of the same dramatic device in modern movies and novels. For example, in H.G. Wells's War of the Worlds, the aliens attacking Earth are suddenly killed by bacteria. The movie Monty Python and the Holy Grail makes fun of this plot device when the heroes barely escape from an animated monster because the animator died from a heart attack before finishing the movie's animation. Since the monster only existed in the animated scenes in the movie, the animator's death caused the monster to completely disappear from the movie.

Notes

Books

 Bushnell, Rebecca (ed) 2005. A Companion to Tragedy. Malden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. .
 Heath, Malcolm, trans. 1996. Poetics by Aristotle. Penguin: London. .
 Janko, Richard, trans. 1987. Poetics with Tractatus Coislinianus, reconstruction of Poetics II and the fragments of the On Poets Aristotle. Cambridge: Hackett. .
 Mastronarde, Donald 1990. Actors on high: the Skene roof, the Crane and the Gods in Attic drama. Classical Antiquity, 9, pp 247–294. University of California.
 Rehm, Rush 1992. Greek Tragic Theatre. Routledge, London. .
 Tanner, Michael (ed) 2003. The Birth of Tragedy, by Nietzsche, Friedrich. Penguin: London. .
 Taplin, Oliver 1978. Greek tragedy in action. Methuen, London. .
 Walton, J Michael, trans. 2000. Euripides: Medea. Methuen, London. .

Theater
Latin words and phrases

Deus ex machina


The Institute of Contemporary History (Institut für Zeitgeschichte) in Munich was conceived in 1947 under the name Deutsches Institut für Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen Zeit ("German Institute of the History of the National Socialist Era"). Founded by the German government and the State of Bavaria at the suggestion of the Allied Forces, it was established in 1949 and renamed in 1952. Its purpose is the analysis of contemporary German history.

History
The institute is funded by the German government, and the German states of Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg, Brandenburg, Hesse, Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia and Saxony. The first director of the institute was Hans Rothfels, the second director was Martin Broszat. Representatives of the supporting states are also members of the institute's board.

Since 1953, the institute has been publishing the journal  (Contemporary History Quarterly), which is regarded as one of the most important publications of German historical research. The institute has also published extensive editions of contemporary historical documents, such as The Foreign Policy Files of the Bundesrepublik Deutschland and Goebbels Diaries.

In 1994, the institute founded a branch in Potsdam, which has been based near the German Federal Archives since 1996. The focus of research at the Berlin branch of the institute is the history of the German Democratic Republic (GDR). The branch Abteilung des IfZ im Auswärtigen Amt (IfZ Department in the Foreign Office), founded in 1990 (first situated in Bonn; in Berlin, since 2000), publishes documents from the German Foreign Office.

In 1999, the institute conceived the Dokumentationszentrum Obersalzberg  museum on the Obersalzberg near Berchtesgaden at the request of the Bavarian government. This exhibition documents the construction of the Obersalzberg into a showy residence for Adolf Hitler and the Nazi leadership circles. Visitors can tour the bunker complex. Access to the bunkers was closed for construction in September 2017 and remained closed in July 2018 "until further notice".

See also
:Category:Institute of Contemporary History (Munich) personnel
 Centre for Contemporary History

References

Bibliography
 Hellmuth Auerbach, "Die Gründung des Instituts für Zeitgeschichte," Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 18 (1970): 529–554.
 John Gimbel, "The Origins of the "Institut fuer Zeitgeschichte." Scholarship, Politics and the American Occupation of Germany, 1945–1949," American Historical Review 70 (1965), 714-731.
 Hermann Graml, Hans Woller, "Fuenfzig Jahre Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 1953-2003," Vierteljahrshefte fuer Zeitgeschichte 51 (2003), pp. 51–87.
 Horst Möller, Udo Wengst (Eds.): 50 Jahre Institut für Zeitgeschichte. Eine Bilanz. München 1999,

External links
 Institut für Zeitgeschichte Official website

History institutes
History organisations based in Germany
Research institutes in Munich
Research institutes established in 1949


In computing, a situational application is "good enough" software created for a narrow group of users with a unique set of needs. The application typically (but not always) has a short life span, and is often created within the group where it is used, sometimes by the users themselves. As the requirements of a small team using the application change, the situational application often also continues to evolve to accommodate these changes. Although situational applications are specifically designed to embrace change, significant changes in requirements may lead to an abandonment of the situational application altogether – in some cases it is just easier to develop a new one than to evolve the one in use.

Characteristics
Situational applications are developed fast, easy to use, uncomplicated, and serve a unique set of requirements.  They have a narrow focus on a specific business problem, and they are written in a way where if the business problem changes rapidly, so can the situational application.

This contrasts with more common enterprise applications, which are designed to address a large set of business problems, require meticulous planning, and impose a sometimes-slow and often-meticulous change process.

Origination
Clay Shirky in his essay entitled "Situated Software" described a type of software that "...is designed for use by a specific social group, rather than for a generic set of "users"."  IBM later morphed the term into "situational applications".

Evolution
The successful large-scale implementation of a situational application environment in an organization requires a strategy, mindset, methodology and support structure quite different from traditional application development. This is now evolving as more companies learn how to best leverage the ideas behind situational applications. In addition, the advent of cloud-based application development and deployment platforms makes the implementation of a comprehensive situational application environment much more feasible.

Examples
A structured wiki that can host wiki applications lends itself to creation of situational applications. Some mashups can also be considered situational applications.  A forms application such as a Microsoft Access Database (MDB file) can be considered a situational application.

The latest implementations of situational application environments include Longjump, Force.com and WorkXpress.

See also
 End user development
 Mashup (web application hybrid)
 Wiki application

References

External links
 Luba Cherbakov, Andy Bravery, Aroop Pandya. SOA meets situational applications, 3 part series
 Situational Applications: When the situation demands faster turnaround than IT can provide

 Luba Cherbakov, Andy Bravery, Aroop Pandya. Changing the corporate IT development model: Tapping the power of grassroots computing, IBM Systems Journal

Software architecture

Web development

Situational application