Ellen Meiksins Wood  (April 12, 1942  January 14, 2016) was an American-Canadian Marxist political theorist and historian.

Biography
Wood was born in New York City on April 12, 1942, as Ellen Meiksins one year after her parents, Latvian Jews active in the Bund, arrived in New York from Europe as political refugees. She was raised in the United States and Europe.

Wood received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Slavic languages from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1962 and subsequently entered the graduate program in political science at the University of California, Los Angeles, from which she received her Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1970. From 1967 to 1996, she taught political science at Glendon College, York University, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

With Robert Brenner, Ellen Meiksins Wood articulated the foundations of political Marxism, a strand of Marxist theory that places history at the centre of its analysis.  It provoked a turn away from structuralisms and teleology towards historical specificity as contested process and lived praxis.

Meiksins Wood's many books and articles were sometimes written in collaboration with her husband, Neal Wood (1922–2003). Her work has been translated into many languages, including Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, French, German, Romanian, Turkish, Chinese, Korean, and Japanese. Of these, The Retreat from Class received the Deutscher Memorial Prize in 1988. Wood served on the editorial committee of the British journal New Left Review between 1984 and 1993.  From 1997 to 2000, Wood was an editor, along with Harry Magdoff and Paul Sweezy, of Monthly Review, the socialist magazine.

In 1996, she was inducted into the Royal Society of Canada, a marker of distinguished scholarship. She and Neal Wood divided their time between England and Canada until he died in 2003.

In 2014, she married Ed Broadbent, former leader of the New Democratic Party of Canada, with whom she lived in Ottawa and London for six years until her death from cancer at the age of 73.

Books

Sole author
  Mind and Politics: An Approach to the Meaning of Liberal and Socialist Individualism. University of California Press, 1972.
 The Retreat from Class: A New 'True' Socialism. Schocken Books, 1986. . Verso Classics, January 1999. Reprint with new introduction. .
 The Pristine Culture of Capitalism. Verso, 1992. .
Democracy Against Capitalism: Renewing Historical Materialism. Cambridge University Press, 1995. . Excerpt available here
 Peasant-Citizen and Slave: The Foundations of Athenian Democracy. Verso, February 20, 1997. .
 The Origin of Capitalism. Monthly Review Press, 1999, 120 pp. , . Revised edition: The Origin of Capitalism: A Longer View. Verso Books, 2002, 213 pp. , .
 Empire of Capital, Verso, 2003. ;  paperback : Verso, 2005.  .
Citizens to Lords: A Social History of Western Political Thought from Antiquity to the Middle Ages. Verso, 2008. .
 Liberty & Property: A Social History of Western Political Thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment. Verso, 2012. .

Co-authored with Neal Wood
 Class Ideology and Ancient Political Theory: Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle in Social Context. Oxford University Press, 1978.
 A Trumpet of Sedition: Political Theory and the Rise of Capitalism, 1509-1688. New York University Press, 1997 and London: Pluto Press, 1997.

Co-edited collections
 In Defense of History: Marxism and the Postmodern Agenda, ed. with John Bellamy Foster. Monthly Review Press, 1997.
 Capitalism and the Information Age: The Political Economy of the Global Communication Revolution, ed. with Robert W. McChesney and John Bellamy Foster. Monthly Review Press, 1998.
 Rising from the Ashes? Labor in the Age of "Global" Capitalism, ed. with Peter Meiksins and Michael Yates. Monthly Review Press, 1998.

Publications available online
 "C.B. MacPherson: Liberalism, And The Task Of Socialist Political Theory", The Socialist Register, Vol.15 (1978), pp. 215–240. Critical evaluation of the thought of C. B. Macpherson. [Retrieved April 18, 2010]
 "Liberal Democracy And Capitalist Hegemony: A Reply To Leo Panitch On The Task Of Socialist Political Theory", The Socialist Register, Vol. 18 (1981), pp. 169–189. On socialist political theory. [Retrieved April 18, 2010]
 "Marxism Without Class Struggle?", The Socialist Register, Vol. 20 (1983), pp. 239–271. [Retrieved April 18, 2010]
 "The Uses and Abuses of 'Civil' Society,", The Socialist Register, Vol. 26: The Retreat of the Intellectuals (1990), pp. 60–84. [Retrieved April 18, 2010]
 "Ralph Milband, 1924-1994", Radical Philoshopy, issue 68 (Autumn 1994). Homage to Ralph Miliband
"A Chronology of the New Left and its Successors, or: Who's Old-Fashioned Now?", The Socialist Register, Vol. 31: Why Not Capitalism? (1995), pp. 22–49.
"Modernity, Postmodernity, or Capitalism?", Monthly Review (July–August 1996). [Retrieved from http://findarticles.com/ April 18, 2010]
 "Issues of class and culture: an interview with Aijaz Ahmad", Monthly Review (October 1996). [Retrieved from http://findarticles.com/ April 18, 2010]
 "Back to Marx,", Monthly Review, Vol. 49, No. 2 (June 1997).
 "Labor, the State, and Class Struggle,", Monthly Review, Vol. 49, No. 3 (July–August 1997).
 "A Note on Du Boff and Herman", Monthly Review, Vol. 49, No. 6 (November 1997). A note on globalization.
"Class compacts, the welfare state, and epochal shifts: a reply to Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward - New Press, p.13, 1997" (January 1998).
 "The Communist Manifesto After 150 Years,", Monthly Review, Vol.  50, No. 1 (May 1998).
 "The Agrarian Origins of Capitalism,", Monthly Review, Vol. 50, No. 3 (July–August 1998).
 "Capitalist Change and Generational Shifts,", Monthly Review, Vol. 50, No. 5 (October 1998).
 "Kosovo and the New Imperialism", Monthly Review, Vol. 51, No. 2 (June 1999).
 "Unhappy Families: Global Capitalism in a World of Nation-States", Monthly Review, Vol. 51, No. 3 (July–August 1999).
 "The Politics of Capitalism", Monthly Review, Vol. 51, No. 4 (September 1999).
 "Eurocentric Anti-Eurocentrism", solidarity-us.org (2001). A Critique of Eurocentric Anti-Eurocentrism

See also
 Brenner debate

References

External links
Interviews
 "Interview with Ellen Meiksins Wood - Democracy & Capitalism: Friends or Foes?", New Socialist Magazine, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (January–February 1996).
"An interview with Ellen Meiksins Wood", by Christopher Phelps. Monthly Review,  Vol. 51, No. 1 (May 1999).
 Downloadable radio interview on the origins of capitalism.

Book reviews
 "Happy Campers" book review of Why Not Socialism? by G.A. Cohen, London Review of Books, Vol. 32, No. 2 (January 28, 2010) [Retrieved April 18, 2010]
 "Why It Matters" book review of Hobbes and Republican Liberty, by Quentin Skinner. London Review of Books, Vol. 30, No. 18 (September 25, 2008) [Retrieved April 18, 2010]

Obituaries
Marxism loses a passionate champion by Alex Callinicos, Socialist Review, 410 (February 2016).
Remembering Ellen Meiksins Wood by Vivek Chibber, Jacobin (January 2016).
 Frances Abele, George Comninel and Peter Meiksins, 'Socialism and democracy: the political engagements of Ellen Meiksins Wood', Studies in Political Economy: A Socialist Review, 97 (2016), 320-36, https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07078552.2016.1249124

1942 births
2016 deaths
20th-century American historians
21st-century American historians
American Marxist historians
American people of Latvian-Jewish descent
American women political scientists
American political scientists
American political philosophers
American women historians
Canadian Marxists
Women Marxists
Critics of postmodernism
Deaths from cancer in Ontario
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Jewish American historians
Jewish socialists
Marxist theorists
Deutscher Memorial Prize winners
UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Academic staff of York University
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women
Academic staff of Glendon College

Ellen Meiksins Wood


A safety curtain is a curtain in theatre at the front of the stage. It is made of material that will not burn.  The safety curtain may be lowered during the intermission and after the performance.  A safety curtain is there in case there is a fire on stage.  It will stop the fire from spreading to the auditorium where the audience sits.

Theater
Opera terminology

Safety curtain


François Baron de Tott (, ) (August 17, 1733, Chamigny, France – September 24, 1793, Hungary) was an aristocrat and a French  military officer of Slovak origin. Born on August 17, 1733, in Chamigny, a village in northern France, the descendant of a Hungarian nobleman, who had emigrated to the Ottoman Empire and then moved on to France with the cavalry of Count Miklós Bercsényi, and was later raised to the rank of baron.

Career
As a youngster, François joined the regiment his father was serving in, and in 1754 was promoted  to the rank of Lieutenant. In 1755 he travelled  to Constantinople, the capital city of the Ottoman Empire, as the secretary of his uncle Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes, who had been appointed ambassador. His main duty was to learn the Turkish language, to investigate the situation in the Ottoman Empire and to gather information about the Crimean Khanate.

He returned to Paris in 1763, and was sent to Switzerland in 1766 by the French government. In 1767, he was appointed consul in Crimea in order to learn about the country and incite the Crimean Tatars to rebel against the Imperial Russia. François de Tott played a major role during the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774). Leaving Crimea for a while, he was commissioned by the Ottoman government with the task of defending the Dardanelles against the Russian fleet.

Following in the footprints of Claude Alexandre de Bonneval, known as Humbaracı Ahmed Pasha, François de Tott was involved in the reform efforts for the Ottoman military. He succeeded in having a new foundry built to make howitzers, and was instrumental in the creation of mobile artillery units. He built fortifications on the Bosphorus and started a naval science course that laid the foundation stone for the later naval school.

He travelled across the Ottoman Empire, visiting coastal cities around the Mediterranean Sea, mainly Alexandria, Aleppo, Smyrna, Salonika and Tunis. He also prospected the area for the construction of a canal in Suez.

François Baron de Tott's Memoirs were published in four volumes.  He returned to Hungary from Switzerland, where he had moved after the French Revolution. He died on September 24, 1793, in Hungary.

Tott was the father of artist Sophie de Tott.

See also
 Franco-Ottoman alliance
 Campbell Mustafa Ağa

Bibliography
 Tott (Baron Ferenc de), Memoires du Baron de Tott Sur les Turcs et les Tartares, Amsterdam, 1784 and 1785, 203 pp., 220 pp., 180 pp. and 152 pp. and Paris 1785 in two Volumes, 273 pp., 264 pp. Volumes 1 and 2 of the 1784 edition, and volumes 1, 2, and 3 of an 1785 English translation.
 Deherain (Henri), La mission du baron de Tott et de Pierre Ruffin auprès du khan de Crimée, Revue de l'histoire des colonies françaises, 1923, 1-32
 Farnaud (Christophe), Culture et politique: la mission secrète du baron de Tott au Levant, mémoire de maîtrise, université de Paris-IV, 1988
 Font-Reaulx (Anne de), Présence française dans l'Empire ottoman au XVIIIe siècle: le baron de Tott (1733-1793), in Position des thèses de l'Ecole des Chartes, 1964, 65-69
 Laulan (Robert), Un artilleur français improvisé à Constantinople au XVIIIe siècle, le baron de Tott, Revue de l'artillerie, 1932, CX, 343-363, 392-411 et 460-481
 Peyssonnel (Claude Charles de), Lettres de M. de Peyssonnel, ancien consul à Smyrne, contenant quelques observations relatives aux mémoires qui ont paru sous le nom de Baron de Tott, Amsterdam, 1785
 Saman (Edouard), François de Tott, diplomate et baron de Louis XVI, Marseille, 118, 1979, 84-95
 Vissière (I.): " Les Turcs du baron de Tott ", in La Méditerranée au XVIIIe siècle, CAER, Université de Provence, 1987, 251-272

External links

 Who is who
 Centre de Recherche sur la Littérature des Voyages

References

1733 births
18th-century French military personnel
1793 deaths
Hungarian nobility
Barons of Tott
18th-century French diplomats
French travel writers
French political writers
18th-century French writers
18th-century French male writers
18th-century Hungarian people
French people of Hungarian descent
French male non-fiction writers
18th-century French memoirists

François Baron de Tott


José Ferraz de Almeida Júnior (8 May 1850 – 13 November 1899), commonly known as Almeida Júnior, was a Brazilian artist and designer; one of the first there to paint in the Realistic tradition of Gustave Courbet and Jean-François Millet. The "Dia do Artista Plástico" (Day of Fine Artists in Brazil) is celebrated on his birthday.

Early life and education

He was born in Itu. His art career began while he was working as a bell-ringer at the Church of Our Lady of Candelária in his native town. Some small works Júnior created on religious themes impressed the head priest enough to hold a fundraiser for him so he could go to Rio de Janeiro for formal art lessons.

In 1869, he enrolled at the Academia Imperial de Belas Artes (Imperial Academy of Fine Arts), where he studied with Victor Meirelles and Pedro Américo. His simple country speech and manners made him stick out among the rest of the students, who were all from more urban areas. After graduating, he chose not to compete for a travel award to Europe, instead returning to Itu and setting up a studio there.
During a tour of the São Paulo region in 1876, Emperor Pedro II saw Júnior's work and liked it. He personally offered Júnior his financial support. Later that year, Pedro II's royal decree awarded Júnior 300 francs per month  for the purpose of studying in Paris. He soon settled in Montmartre and enrolled at the École des Beaux-Arts, becoming one of the many students of Alexandre Cabanel. While there, he participated in four of the Salons.

Career

He remained in Paris until 1882. Then, after a brief trip to Italy, he returned to Brazil and exhibited the works he had created during his absence. In 1883, he opened a studio in São Paulo and taught art privately. He also held exclusive art exhibitions and fulfilled commissions for portraits of notable people ranging from coffee barons to Republican politicians. In 1884, he held a showing at the Exposição Geral de Belas Artes and was made a knight of the Order of the Rose.

A year later, Victor Meirelles, wanting to retire, offered Júnior his position as professor of history painting at the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts, but Júnior refused the offer because he preferred to stay in São Paulo. From 1887 to 1896, he made three more trips to Europe. He increasingly rejected Biblical and historical subjects in favor of regionalist themes, depicting the everyday life of the caipiras while moving from academic style to Naturalism. Despite these changes, his reputation at the Imperial Academy remained unchallenged, and he received its Gold Medal in 1898.

Death
Júnior was stabbed to death in 1899 by his cousin José de Almeida Sampaio  in Piracicaba in front of the Hotel Central. Júnior had been having a long-standing affair with Sampaio's wife, Maria Laura do Amaral Gurgel, who had briefly been engaged to Júnior, and Sampaio had just found out about it.

Selected  paintings

References

Further reading
Gastão Pereira da Silva, Almeida Junior. Sua vida e sua obra, Editora do Brasil (1946)
Vicente de Paulo Vicente de Azevedo, Almeida Junior. O romance do pintor, self-published (1985)
José Roberto Teixeira Leite. Dicionário crítico da pintura no Brasil, Artlivre (1988)

External links

 "Desmistificando Almeida Júnior: a modernidade do caipira" by Raquel Aguilar de Araújo @ DezeNoveVinte.
 Alfredo Galvão: "Almeida Júnior - Sua técnica, sua obra" edited by Arthur Valle @ DezeNoveVinte.

1850 births
1899 deaths
19th-century Brazilian people
Brazilian murder victims
Deaths by stabbing in Brazil
People murdered in Brazil
19th-century Brazilian painters
19th-century Brazilian male artists
19th-century murders in Brazil
1899 murders in South America

José Ferraz de Almeida Júnior


Monitor Control Command Set or MCCS is a computer standard developed by Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA). It defines a binary protocol for controlling the properties of computer monitors from a host device such as PC, set-top box, etc.

MCCS requires a bidirectional communication protocol like Display Data Channel between host and display, although the specification does not favour any particular protocol.

Controls
A virtual control panel (VCP) code is a binary code that represents a single command entity in the MCCS language. Each command contains variable number of data parameters and command attributes.

The following groups of controls are defined in the standard:
 Factory preset   Commands for restoring factory defaults, as well as specifically restoring color, geometry, brightness/contrast, and TV settings defaults, and storing/restoring presets.
 Color adjustment  Commands that control color temperature, hue, and saturation.
 Geometry adjustment  Commands for adjusting CRT display geometry, such as parallelogram, pincushion,  etc.
 Image adjustment  Various general commands such as display orientation, degauss, gamma, zoom, focus, brightness/contrast, backlight control, etc.

It is possible to select the input source using a VCP command. Some monitors will only take VCP commands from the active input source, others will take commands from any connected input source.

Three categories of controls exist:
 Continuous (C)  Allow values between zero and a maximum value.
 Non-continuous (NC)  Only support a limited set of values.
 Table (T)  Large blocks of data.

Control data may be read and write (RW), read-only (RO), or write-only (WO).

The display exposes its supported internal controls via capability strings.

Versions
The original MCCS standard version 1 was released on September 11, 1998.

MCCS Version 2 was released on October 17, 2003. A major update of the standard, it provided support for flat panel displays, VESA DPVL (Digital Packet Video Link) standard; it added a range of television controls and introduced individual control of multiple windows on a display. New classes of VCP codes associated with asset management, secondary displays (for information, status, etc.) and remote program calls to the display processor are introduced.

MCCS Version 2, Revision 1 was released on May 28, 2005 and included some minor updates, as well as clarifications and improved usability of the standard.

MCCS Version 3, released on July 27, 2006, was a major revision and update which introduced significant changes, however this revision has seen very little support from the industry.

The latest release of V2 standard is version 2.2a, adopted January 2011.

Notes

References

Computer display standards
VESA

Monitor Control Command Set


James Thompson (1817–1877) of Leicester was an English journalist and local historian.

Life
James, son of Thomas Thompson, proprietor of the Leicester Chronicle, by his wife Elizabeth, daughter of John Garton of Halstead, Leicestershire, was born at Leicester on 6 December 1817. He received his education first at a school kept by Mr. Creaton of Billesdon, and then under Charles Berry, minister of the Great Meeting at Leicester. He followed his father's profession of journalist, as a reporter, and then assisting in the editorial department. He soon became an able leader-writer, and for more than thirty years wrote nearly all the leading articles of the Leicester Chronicle, the chief liberal paper in Leicestershire, which had belonged to his father since 1813.

In 1841 Thompson became joint proprietor of the Chronicle with his father, and sole proprietor in 1864. In the same year he purchased the copyright of the Leicestershire Mercury, which he merged with the Leicester Chronicle. In politics he was a liberal and a reformer. He worked actively for the abolition of the corn laws and of church rates, and for the extension of the electoral franchise. For some time he was a member of the town council of Leicester; and he was one of the founders of the Mechanics' Institute  there, and honorary curator of the Leicester Museum.

Works
Thompson in early life took a keen interest in the study of archaeology and antiquities. He began by publishing in his journal a series of Passages from the History of Leicester. In 1847, in conjunction with William Kelly, he arranged the ancient manuscripts which were lying in a state of disorder in the Leicester corporation muniment-room.

In 1849 he brought out a History of Leicester, from the time of the Romans to the end of the Seventeenth Century. This, his largest and most important work, was the fruit of much original research. In 1854–6 he edited the Midland Counties Historical Collector, of which only two volumes appeared. In 1867 he published An Essay on English Municipal History, a work which threw much new light on the origin, institution, and development of municipal government in Leicester and other ancient English towns. The manuscripts of the ancient merchant guild of Leicester gave him a mass of original materials for this book, which is referred to by John Richard Green and other writers (cf. Mrs. J. R. Green's Town Life in the Fifteenth Century, 1894, i. 235 seq.). In 1871 he issued a History of Leicester in the Eighteenth Century, supplementary to his earlier history.

Thompson was one of the founders of the Leicestershire Architectural and Archæological Society in 1855, and to its Transactions he contributed numerous papers and communications. He was also local secretary of the Society of Antiquaries, a member of the British Archæological Association, and a fellow of the Royal Historical Society. To Notes and Queries he was a frequent contributor, under the signature of "Jaytee".

He died at his residence, Dannett House, Fosse Road, Leicester, on 20 May 1877, and was buried on 24 May in the Leicester cemetery. He married at St. Martin's, Leicester, on 24 June 1847, Janet Bissett, daughter of John McAlpin of Leicester, but left no issue. His widow died on 29 Oct. 1879.

Besides the books above mentioned, his works were: The Handbook of Leicester, 1844, his earliest work; 2nd edit. 1846. An Account of Leicester Castle, 1859;
Pocket Edition of the History of Leicester, 1879.

Attribution

1817 births
1877 deaths
19th-century English historians
English male journalists
Writers from Leicester
19th-century British journalists
English male non-fiction writers
19th-century English male writers

James Thompson (journalist)


Duke of Marlborough is a title in the Peerage of England. It was created by Queen Anne in 1702 for John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough. The name of the dukedom refers to Marlborough in Wiltshire. It is the only current dukedom in the Peerages of England, Great Britain or the United Kingdom that can pass to a woman and through a woman. The family have long been involved with the politics of the day. They are also famous for their traditional home which is Blenheim Palace. This is the only non-royal palace in the United Kingdom. The family still live at the palace. The duke is entitled to the style of address of Your Grace.

List of Dukes

 John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough. (1650–1722), soldier and statesman.
 Henrietta Godolphin, 2nd Duchess of Marlborough (1681–1733), eldest daughter of the 1st Duke, succeeded her father by Act of Parliament (1706).
 Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough (1706–1758).
 George Spencer, 4th Duke of Marlborough (1739–1817), elder son of the 3rd Duke.
 George Spencer-Churchill, 5th Duke of Marlborough (1766–1840), elder son of the 4th Duke.
 George Spencer-Churchill, 6th Duke of Marlborough (1793–1857), eldest son of the 5th Duke.
 John Winston Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke (1822–1883), eldest son of the 6th Duke and paternal grandfather of Winston Churchill.
 George Charles Spencer-Churchill, 8th Duke (1844–1892), eldest son of the 7th Duke.
 Charles Richard John Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke (1871–1934), only son of the 8th Duke.
 John Albert William Spencer-Churchill, 10th Duke (1897–1972), elder son of the 9th Duke.
 John George Vanderbilt Henry Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke (1926–2014), elder son of the 10th Duke.
 Charles James Spencer-Churchill, 12th Duke (b. 1955), eldest surviving son of the 11th Duke.

The heir apparent to the Dukedom is George Spencer-Churchill, Marquess of Blandford (b. 1992). He is the eldest son of the 12th Duke.

References

Duke of Marlborough (title)


Kenneth Joseph Aspromonte (born September 22, 1931) is a retired American professional baseball player and manager. During his active career, Aspromonte spent all or parts of seven seasons (1957–63) in the Major Leagues, mostly as a second baseman, for the Boston Red Sox, Washington Senators, Cleveland Indians and Los Angeles Angels of the American League, and the Milwaukee Braves and Chicago Cubs of the National League.  He spent three years (1964–66) playing in Japan with the Chunichi Dragons and Taiyo Whales. He also managed in the Major Leagues for three full seasons as skipper of the 1972–74 Indians.

The native of Brooklyn, New York, is the older brother of Bob Aspromonte, who had a 13-year career as a third baseman in the National League.

Playing career
Ken Aspromonte batted and threw right-handed, and was listed as  tall and . He signed with the Red Sox in 1950 and spent six years in the minors, plus two in military service, before reaching the big leagues in September 1957 after he led the Pacific Coast League in batting average (.334) for the San Francisco Seals. After only 30 games played with Boston in 1957–58, he was traded to the Senators, where he spent almost two full seasons. However, his most successful MLB year came in a Cleveland uniform in . Traded to the Indians on May 15, he started 78 games at second base and 35 at third base, and batted a career-high .290 with ten home runs. But Cleveland left him exposed to the 1960 Major League Baseball expansion draft and Aspromonte was the 14th player selected by the Angels, 27th overall, in the lottery.

He was the starting second baseman in the Angels' first-ever American League game on April 11, 1961, against the Baltimore Orioles. Batting second in the lineup behind Eddie Yost, Aspromonte went one-for-four at the plate, making one error in eight chances in the field, as Los Angeles won, 7–2. But Aspromonte struggled at the bat through the season's early weeks, and was hitting only .223 when he was placed on waivers and claimed by his old team, the Indians, on July 3. Relegated to a utility role, he played in only 42 games over a full calendar year for Cleveland. Then his contract was sold to the Braves, where Aspromonte backed up second baseman Frank Bolling and third baseman Eddie Mathews for the remainder of . The Cubs acquired him in a midwinter deal, but he collected only five hits in 34 at bats in a utility role during the first two months of the  campaign, and he was sent to the Pacific Coast League, where he finished his U.S. pro career.  As a big-leaguer, he appeared in 475 games; his 369 hits included 69 doubles, three triples and 19 home runs.

During his three years in Nippon Professional Baseball, Aspromonte batted a robust .273 in 295 games, with 257 hits, 53 doubles and 31 home runs.

Managing career
In 1968, Aspromonte returned to the Indians' organization as a manager in their farm system. After leading the 1969 Reno Silver Sox of the Class A California League to a winning record, he was promoted to Triple-A, where he spent two years at the helm of the Wichita Aeros, Cleveland's top affiliate. Aspromonte was named skipper of the MLB Indians on November 9, 1971, taking over a team that had lost 102 games in  and finished 43 games out of first place in the American League East Division. But, fortified by the addition via a blockbuster trade of future Baseball Hall of Fame pitcher Gaylord Perry, who won 24 games, the 1972 Indians improved their record substantially. They won 72 of 156 games during the strike-abbreviated campaign and bettered their previous year's winning percentage by 0.92 points.

But the 1973 and 1974 clubs did not materially improve, falling into the division basement with 91 defeats in the former year, and losing 85 games in 1974 despite finishing fourth. His record in 1974 is deceiving, however; the team contended for much of the year-peaking at 45–35 July 4, in first place, and as late as September 8 was 71–70 and only six games back. But then the wheels came off, with the team posting a 6–15 finale to the season, ultimately ending Aspromonte's tenure there.

The acquisition of Frank Robinson that September — widely seen as the next Cleveland manager, positioned to become the first black pilot in the big-league history — made his position untenable. Aspromonte was notified September 27, 1974, by club owner Nick Mileti and general manager Phil Seghi that his contract would not be renewed for , but he finished out the campaign, completing his managerial career with a mark of 220–260 (.458). The Indians then named Robinson their player-manager for 1975, to become the first African-American manager in big-league annals.

Managerial Record

References

External links

1931 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Japan
American people of Italian descent
Birmingham Barons players
Boston Red Sox players
Chicago Cubs players
Chunichi Dragons players
Cleveland Indians managers
Cleveland Indians players
Kingston Colonials players
Kinston Eagles players
Lafayette High School (New York City) alumni
Los Angeles Angels players
Louisville Colonels (minor league) players
Major League Baseball second basemen
Milwaukee Braves players
Minor league baseball managers
Oneonta Red Sox players
Roanoke Ro-Sox players
Salt Lake City Bees players
San Francisco Seals (baseball) players
San Jose Red Sox players
Scranton Red Sox players
Baseball players from Brooklyn
Taiyō Whales players
Washington Senators (1901–1960) players

Ken Aspromonte


English-Yoruba: D

1.	Dán: v. to be smooth: Ó dán; It is smooth (ii) glitter: Òrùka náà ń dán ní ìka ọwọ́ rẹ̀; The ring glittered on her finger (iii) sparkle: Dáyámọ́ǹdì náà ń dán bí iná tí ó mọ́lẹ̀ náà ṣe tàn sí i; The diamond sparkled in the bright light.

2.	Dẹ: v.to hunt: Ó dẹ ìgbẹ́; He hunted for animals in the bush (ii) to incite: Mo dẹ wọ́n sí i; I incited them against him.

3.	Dí: v. (i) to block: Ó dí ihò; He blocked the hole (ii) stuff up: Imú mi dí; My nose is stuffed up (iii) bar: Wọ́n dí ònà tí ó lọ sí ilé-ìwé náà; They barred the way to the school.

4.	Di: v. for: Ó múra sílẹ̀ di ọjọ́ náà; He made himself ready for the day (ii) to be deaf: Etí rẹ̀ di; He is deaf (iii) run: Omi náà ti di gbígbẹ; The river has run dry (iv) bandage: Dótítà di ọwọ́ tí Olú fi pa; The doctor bandaged Olú's cut hand.

5.	Dín: v. (i) to fry: Ó dín ẹran; he fried meat (ii) to reduce: Ó dín owó ọjà; He reduced the price of the good (iii) discount: A ó dín ọ ní náírà mẹ́wàá; We shall give you a discount of ten naira. (iv) decline: Iye ọmọ ilé-ìwé tí ó wà níbí ti dín; There had been a decline in the number of students here.

6.	Dó: v. (i) to settle: Ó dó sí Ìbàdàn; He settled at Ìbàdàn (ii) a vulgar language for to have sexual intercourse with: Ó dó o; He had sexual intercourse with her.

7.	Dú: v. to slaughter: Ó dú u; He slaughtered it (ii) to darken/to blacken: Ó rẹ ẹ́ dú; he dyed it to a dark colour.

8.	Du: v. to run: Ó du lọ; He rushed away.

9.	dù: v. (i) to compete for/to scramble for: Wọ́n du ipò náà; They compete for the post (ii) to deny: Ó fi ipò mi dù mí; He denied me of my post (iii) vie: Wọ́n ń du ẹ̀bùn ipò kìíní; They were vying for first prize.

10.	Dún: v. (i) to give forth a sound: Ó dún bí ìbọn; It sounds like a gun; Ìbọn náà dún;  The report of the gun was audible (ii) squeak: Ilẹ̀kùn náà dún nígbà tí mo ṣí i; The door squeaked when I opened it. (iii) ring: Fóònù ń dún; The telephone is ringing.

Atúmọ̀-Èdè (Yorùbá-Gẹ̀ẹ́sì): D1


Not Bad for a Girl is a documentary on women musicians of the 1990s from the indie rock music genre grunge and riot grrrl and celebrates madness, creativity, and gender play. It was written, directed, produced and shot by rock phenomenologist feminist Lisa Rose Apramian, edited, shot and co-produced by drummer Kyle C. Kyle and co-produced by Courtney Love and Kurt Cobain. A DVD, with a booklet, was available for purchase at the official website (until 2019 when the website was shut down) and a release date for the sequel book is still in the works as of 2019.

The bands featured in the film were Hole, L7, Lunachicks, Babes in Toyland, Joan Jett, Calamity Jane, Bulimia Banquet, The Mudwimin, Silverfish, 7 Year Bitch, Bratmobile, Bikini Kill. Courtney Love  and Kurt Cobain provided funding for the film. Skateboarder and snowboarder Cara-Beth Burnside is also featured on the beginning and end titles.

The documentary features in-depth interviews with every band member, including Donita Sparks and Jennifer Finch from L7, Courtney Love from Hole, Kat Bjelland from Babes in Toyland, and Becky Wreck from the Lunachicks along with clips from live performances from 1989-1994. It also features female rock communities including riot grrrl and the first annual Riot Grrl Convention, Rock 'n' Roll High School of Melbourne Australia, and the Feminist Majority Foundation sponsored "Rock for Choice" benefits with L7/Joan Jett. According to press releases, the film explores themes such as the musicians' relationship to creativity and music, the negotiation of gender identity and gender performance (feminist term coined by Judith Butler) through rock, subversion of stereotypes and gendered expectations through stage play performances and stylization of the body, and the processes of healing and reclaiming through musical expressions.

The sequel Not Bad for a Girl book contains images, anecdotes, reviews, interviews from many more bands unable to fit into the original including Bikini Kill, Bratmobile, Strangefruit, 7 Year Bitch, Tribe 8, Dickless, Girl in a Coma and rock musicians in France, Japan, Brazil, Italy and the Middle East.

It was awarded Best Documentary at the New York Underground Film Festival 1996, Nominated: Best Director, 19th Atlanta Film and Video Festival 1995.

Screenings
The film was screened at film festivals, including the following:

First Annual Los Angeles Independent Film Festival, Directors Guild of America and Raleigh Studios, Los Angeles, CA, April, 1995
22nd Athens International Film and Video Festival, Athens, OH, May 1995
19th Atlanta Film and Video Festival, Nominated: Best Director, Atlanta GA, June 1995
Le Nouveau Festival, now called Festival du Nouveau Cinema, International Cinema Video, Montreal, Quebec, CA June 1995
44th Melbourne International Film Festival, Melbourne, Australia, June 1995
42nd Sydney Film Festival, Sydney, Australia, June 1995
5th Jump Cut International Film Festival, Perth, Australia, July 1995
Festival Internacional de Cinema, Lisboa, Portugal, Aug-September 1995
Hamburg International Film Festival, Hamburg, Germany September 1995
31st Chicago International Film Festival, Chicago, Il, October 1995
Musik-Film Fest: International Film Festival, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, October 1995
Sinking Creek Film Festival (Nashville Film Festival)November 1995
Third Annual New York Underground Film Festival, New York Film Academy, Winner: Best Documentary Feature, March 1996
18th Créteil International Women's Film Festival: Films des Femmes, Créteil, France, March 1996
21st Berlin International Film Festival, Berlin, Germany, March 1996
Reel Music Film Festival, Northwest Film Center, Portland, OR April 1996
4th Annual Boston International Festival of Women's Cinema, Brattle Theatre, Cambridge, MA April/May 1996
One Reel Film Festival, Bumbershoot, Seattle WA, August 1996
Underground Film Festival, Honolulu Museum of Art, Honolulu, HI, November 1996
Third Sheffield International Documentary Festival, Sheffield, UK 1996
German Film Institute Festival, Berlin, Germany, January 1997
20th Anniversary International Gay and Lesbian Film Festival, Gay Pride Week, San Francisco, CA June 1997

In addition to these festivals, it was also screened at many universities, museums and conferences some of which are listed below:
Hallwalls Contemporary Arts Center, Women in Film Series, Tribute to Ginger Rogers, Buffalo, NY, Winter 1993  (screened as a work-in-progress)
University of Minnesota Film Society, University Film Center, Fall 1994
Boston University, Film Dept, Boston, MA, Fall 1995
Portland Art Museum, Rock Documentaries, Portland, OR, Winter 1996
21st Annual Feminist Psychology Conference, Association for Women in Psychology, Oregon, Winter 1996
Bowling Green State University, Women's Studies, Bowling Green, OH, February 1996
Washington State University, American Studies, "American Movement Cultures: Boundaries, Bodies, Borders," Pullman, WA, Spring 1996
University of Southern California, Women's Studies, Los Angeles, CA, Spring 1996
University of Southern California, Dept of Communication: Popular Culture, Los Angeles, CA, Spring 1996
Madison University, Women's Studies, Gulfport, MS, Spring 1996
University of Washington, Women's Studies, Seattle, WA, 1997
Harvard University, Women's Studies, Cambridge, MA, November 1997
Long Beach Museum of Art, Long Beach, CA, February 1999
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 2001

Its art house and theatrical screenings include:

ED VIC MOVIE HOUSE, San Francisco, CA, August, 1996
FILMHOUSE, Edinburgh, Scotland, May 1996
DEUTSCHE INSTITUTE FUR FILMKIND, Amsterdam, Netherlands, October 1996
NUART THEATER, Los Angeles, CA, October 18–24, 1996
CINEMA DU PARC, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, November 1–14, 1996
CINEMA VILLAGE, New York, NY, November 22–29, 1996
NEIGHBORHOOD FILM SOCIETY, Philadelphia, PA, December 11–13, 1996
WINNIPEG FILM GROUP, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, December 11–14, 1996
CINEMATEQUE, Cleveland, OH, January 18–19, 1997
BRATTLE THEATER, Cambridge, MA, February 4, 1997
CINEFEST FILM THEATRE, Cambridge, MA, February 18–19, 1997
BRATTLE THEATRE, Cambridge, MA Return Engagement, March 11, 1997
ROXIE THEATER, San Francisco, CA, April 1–3, 1997
LARK THEATER, Larkspur, CA, April 4–5, 1997
WORMWOOD'S THEATRE, Halifax, NS, Canada, April 11–14, 1997
ROXIE THEATER, San Francisco, CA Return Engagement, April 18–25. 1997

It is in the permanent collection of many universities for students to watch and study.

References

External links
Official site

 https://movies.yahoo.com/movie/1808741002/cast
 The New York Times Movies
 http://www.allmovie.com/cg/avg.dll?p=avg&sql=1:134665
 http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/1997/04/01/DD29245.DTL
 http://www.filmreference.com/film/58/Courtney-Love.html
 http://www.citypaper.net/articles/120596/article025.shtml

Riot grrrl films
Third-wave feminism
Documentary films about punk music and musicians
1990s feminist films
1995 films
Rockumentaries
Documentary films about women in music
1995 documentary films
1990s English-language films
English-language documentary films

Not Bad for a Girl


In Norse mythology, Aegir is the god of the seas. He is the king of all the oceans. Aegir was feared by sailors, for this god would sink ships and take cargo. Aegir was worshiped by sailors who were afraid of him and sailors who were not. He has a wife named Ran and with her, they had nine daughters called the "waves".

Norse gods and goddesses

Ægir


Camera obscura means "darkened chamber" to describe early devices for projecting an image on a screen, by use of a lens or a pinhole.

Camera obscura can also mean
Camera Obscura, an attraction at the Cliff House in San Francisco.
Camera Obscura (band), an indie band from Glasgow
Camera Obscura (album), by Nico
Camera Obscura, one of the translated titles of a 1932 novel by Vladimir Nabokov
 The Camera Obscura (Fatal Frame) is also the name of a camera used to exorcise spirits by taking pictures, used in the game Fatal Frame
Camera Obscura (Doctor Who) a novel based on the Doctor Who series
Camera Obscura (German band), a German instrumental group, who had a minor hit in 1983 with the Destitution EP

Related pages
Pinhole camera

Camera obscura (disambiguation)


Itikaf or Etikaf or E'tikaf is a practice in the Islamic faith. It consists of a period of retreat in a mosque, for a certain number of days in accordance with the believer's own wish.That number of days is 10 days. Ramadan is a perfect opportunity to do this. During Itikaf the people spend the last set of Ramadan in the mosque worshipping Allah. They spend their nights in worship by reciting verses from the Qur'an and praying thahajjud. During Itikaf, the believers  stay at the mosque. E'tikaf is performed during the last set of Ramadan because "laylatul qadr" (the night when the Quran was revealed) is most probably expected in it.The Muslims also worship ALLAH more and reflect about what they have done in the past.

Islamic culture
Arabic words and phrases

Itikaf


Peter Doyle (born 1951) is an Australian author, musician, and visual artist. He lives in Newtown, New South Wales, and works for Macquarie University where he teaches Print Media Production and as a part-time curator of Sydney's Justice and Police Museum.

Biography
Peter Doyle was born in Maroubra, Sydney, New South Wales, and grew up in Sydney's eastern suburbs, which provides much of the setting for his fiction work.
He has a Bachelor of Arts (Communications) from UTS and a PhD in Media and Mass Communications on the renderings of virtual space in early popular music recording from Macquarie University (2002). He also maintains a research interest in comics and the graphic novel, the history of twentieth century popular music, as well as crime writing, both in Australia, and overseas.

He worked variously as a taxi driver, musician, and teacher prior to his first publication, Get Rich Quick in 1996, which won him Australia's prestigious Ned Kelly Award for Best First Crime Novel in 1997. He followed this with another successful sequel, Amaze Your Friends, which won him another award, the Ned Kelly Award  for Best Crime Novel in 1998. His third title, The Devil's Jump, released in 2001, was a prequel, and was set in Sydney in the closing days of World War II.

His curatorial work at the Sydney Justice and Police Museum has seen him curate two major exhibitions, 'Crimes of Passion' (2002–2003), and 'City of Shadows: inner city crime and mayhem, 1912-1948' (November 2005-February 2007), both of which were social histories of inner-city twentieth century Sydney from the point of view of crime scene photography.

His musical style is a mixture of Sydney blues, rockabilly, country and pub rock scenes, and his interest in music is a strong influence in his fiction writing.

Awards
Co-winner of 1997 Ned Kelly Award  for Best First Crime Novel for Get Rich Quick
Winner 1999 Ned Kelly Award  Best Crime Novel for Amaze Your Friends
Association of Recorded Sound Collections (ARSC) 2006 award for Best Research in Record Labels and General History
2006 National Trust/Energy Australia Heritage Award in the Interpretation and Presentation, Corporate and Government division

Works

Novels

Non-fiction

Other articles
 Writing Sound: Popular music in Australian Fiction, Altitude, Issue 8, 2007
 Signs and Wonders: Little Richard in Australia, 1957, Meanjin, Vol.65, No.3, 2006
 Public eye, private eye: Sydney police mug shots, 1912-1930, Scan, vol 2, number 3, December 2005
 Lost City Found: interview with Luc Sante, Scan, vol 2, number 3, December 2005
 From "My blue heaven" to "Race with the Devil": echo, reverb and (dis)ordered space in early popular music recording Popular Music, May 2004 23/1 pp. 31–49
 Three way stretch, UTS Review, November, 2000 6/2 pp. 126–140
 Flying saucer rock'n'roll: the Australian press confronts early rock'n'roll music Perfect Beat, July, 1999, 4/3, pp. 24–47
 The socio-semiotics of electricity substations in Social Semiotics, No.1, 1991.

Doyle has written feature articles, reviews and short pieces for The Bulletin, HQ and The Sydney Morning Herald. He has also been a columnist for Max and Sydney City Hub.

References

External links

1951 births
Australian crime writers
Australian educators
Australian taxi drivers
Writers from Sydney
Living people
Ned Kelly Award winners

Peter Doyle (writer)


Choi Yong-kun (Korea:최용건;hanja:崔庸健, July 21, 1900 – September 19, 1976) was Chinese and North Korean soldier, Korea independence activist and politician. nickname was Seokcheon(석천;石泉), ohtername was Chuhae(추해;秋海), Ryong-gun(룡건;龍健).

life
Choi was born Seosung, in Taecheon, he was study to Taecheon premiry school and In 1919 Jeongju Ohsan Middle school. but Marth 1921 he was Withdrawal to middle school. In 1923 he was go to china and entrance into Winnan Military Academy school, Graduated to two years later. In 1924 to April 1925 he was Apprenticeships Military trainers of Hwangpu Military Academy, but he was involved to Guangzhou riots. later he was eacape to Manchu. In 1936 to 1939 he was activity to Northeast Anti-Japanese coalition forces, 1940's he was go to USSR.

In October 1945, he was return to his country, he was appointed to Central Committee of People's Committee Association of the South Pyongan Province and joint to Chosun communism party and  Chosun labor party. In 1946 header of Chosun Democratic party, in February 1947 he was first Commander-in-Chief was Korean people's Army until 1950.

In September 2, 1948, he was joint to North Korean government. so he was appoint to first Defense Minister of North Korea, first Korean Supreme People's lawmakers, In 1950 to 1952, he was joint to Korea War, Choi was Seoul defense system commander and Incheon defense system commander.

In October 1957 he was vice head state of North Korea and In March 10, 1958 to December 18, 1972 he was head state of North Korea. In December 1958 to 6 July, 1959 appoint to Committee Chair of Health Committee, 1972 until his death, he was vice president of North Korea.

References

1900 births
1976 deaths
North Korean politicians
Communists

Choi-Yong-kun


Lillian Elaine Summers (February 20, 1925 – December 27, 2014) was an American choreographer, experimental filmmaker, and intermedia pioneer. She was a founding member of the original workshop-group that would form the Judson Dance Theater and she significantly contributed to the interaction of film and dance, as well as the expansion of dance into other related disciplines, such as visual art, film, and theater. She fostered the expansion of performing dance in new, often outdoor locations. Her movement approach Kinetic Awareness offers a comprehensive perspective on human movement and dance.

She died at Bellevue Hospital, New York, on the morning of December 27, 2014, after a fall at her home.

Early life
Elaine Summers was born in Perth, Western Australia and grew up in Boston, Massachusetts with her mother and her younger brother John. Although she took self-paid dance classes through adolescence, she first studied Art Education and received a Bachelor of Science degree from the Massachusetts College of Art in 1947.

Moving to New York / Judson Dance Theater
In 1951 Elaine Summers came to New York and attended classes at the Juilliard School of Dance, together with Paul Taylor and Carolyn Brown. She also studied with Louis Horst, Merce Cunningham, Daniel Nagrin, Don Redlich, Mary Anthony, Charlotte Selver and Carola Speads, (both students of German body-reeducation pioneer Elsa Gindler), Jean Erdman, Janet Collins, and at the Martha Graham School.

In 1962 Summers joined the composition class taught by Robert Ellis Dunn at the Merce Cunningham Studio in its second term, and subsequently became part of the workshop-group that would later be referred to as the Judson Dance Theater, together with Edward Bhartonne, Trisha Brown, Lucinda Childs, Ruth Emerson, Fred Herko, Sally Gross, Deborah Hay, David Gordon, John Herbert McDowell, Gretchen MacLane, Robert Morris, Aileen Passloff, Steve Paxton, Rudy Perez,  Yvonne Rainer, Robert Rauschenberg, and Valda Setterfield.

At Judson, Summers shared in the ongoing experiments with chance methods and pedestrian, everyday movements as part of the interest in expanding the then accepted methods of creating and performing dances. However, she also embraced the more theatrical part of the collective (as did Aileen Passloff, John Herbert McDowell and others). Summers expanded dance into other disciplines, experimental film, visual art, and body work. In the later phase of the Judson Dance Theater she created dances that would be made to work with the entire environment of the performance space, notably Country Houses (1963), which included speaking non-sequitor one-liners, and her solo-concert Fantastic Gardens (1964), which included the first large-scale use of intermedia, immersing the entire performance area in film-projections, multiplied by the audience with hand-held mirrors.

References

Sources
 Banes, Sally, Democracy's body. Judson Dance Theater 1962–64. Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1983
 Green, Jill, The Use of Balls in Kinetic Awareness 1982, JOPERD, Vol. 63 No. 8
 Saltonstall, Ellen Kinetic Awareness: Discovering Your Bodymind 1988, Kinetic Awareness Center / The Publishing Center for Cultural Resources, New York City (out of print)
 Körtvélyessy, Thomas, committed to body choice and intermedia: Elaine Summers. paper dance history, Rotterdamse Dansacademie, 1994
 Körtvélyessy, Thomas, completely coming into moving: Kinetic Awareness for the contemporary dance teacher. paper educational sciences, Rotterdamse Dansacademie, 1996 (written in Dutch)
 Wooster, Anne-Sargent, Elaine Summers: moving to dance. The Drama Review T86, New York NY, December 1980, pp. 59–70

External links
 Elaine Summers papers, 1929-2015 Jerome Robbins Dance Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts.

1925 births
2014 deaths
American choreographers
American women experimental filmmakers
People from Perth, Western Australia

Elaine Summers


Prophets are people who said that God or gods talked to them. They freely teach other people what they learned. Most of them warn people that something very good will happen if they live good lives. Or if they sin, God will punish them. Sometimes people who are not religious are also called prophets if they correctly predict the future. Persons who think bad things  will happen are sometimes made fun of as being "prophets of doom". A person who says things will happen, but they don't happen are called "false prophets".

There are prophets in Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Mormonism, Sanamahism, Zoroastrianism, and in other religions.

For the main Abrahamic religions, there are two kinds of prophets, major and minor. Major prophets gave a lot of teachings while minor prophets do not have many teachings. The most important prophet in Judaism is Moses.  Isaiah and Elijah are also important. Elijah didn't write any books in the Bible but did many miracles and told kings that God would punish them.

In Christianity Jesus was the main prophet. Other Christian prophets are mentioned in the New Testament, both men and women. John, a disciple of Jesus wrote the Book of Revelation which has many prophecies.

In Islam, Muhammed is considered the greatest and last prophet.  Muslims also consider Moses and Jesus to be prophets and many others who lived before the time of Muhammed.  But some modern religions say that their founder is a prophet, such as Joseph Smith. The famous preacher Billy Graham is sometimes called a prophet.

Related pages
 Nevi'im
Isaiah
John the Baptist
 Oracle
 Prophecy
 Prophets of Islam

References

Theology

Prophet


Robert Charles Roy (1884–1950), was a professional baseball pitcher in the Major Leagues for the 1906 Philadelphia Phillies. After playing baseball at the Morris Industrial School for Indians in Minnesota and the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania, he was signed by the Philadelphia Phillies and played in the 1906 baseball season. Following that season, he played for some minor league teams before quitting professional baseball after the 1907 season. Roy eventually relocated to Idaho where he worked at the Fort Hall Indian Reservation school until his death. His brother, Luther Roy, also played professional baseball.

Baseball career
Charles Roy was a White Earth Ojibwe who was raised for his early life on the White Earth Indian Reservation. In his early teens, he started school at the Morris Industrial School for Indians and while there he became a key member of the school's baseball team. Because the team lacked the funds for coaches, Charles reported that he learned how to pitch from his older brother Louis Roy.

After graduating from Morris in 1904, he began study at the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in 1905 and 1906. Charles was the captain of the Carlisle baseball team (a team which produced professional baseball players Chief Bender, Frank Jude, Chief Johnson and athlete Jim Thorpe) and the star pitcher for the team. The school newspaper called him "the best college pitcher in the country today."

The Cincinnati Reds tried to sign Roy in fall of 1905, but the only response came from Major William Allen Mercer, the superintendent of the school, who said "Charles Roy is now away on leave at the White Earth Reservation, in Minnesota...He informed me that he does not intend pitching professional ball for at least two years." However, in May 1906, the Philadelphia Phillies succeeded in signing Roy. He debuted in June 1906 at twenty-one years of age.

His playing time with Philadelphia was limited to eight games and sixteen innings, mostly in relief. His contract expired at the end of the season and he played for minor league teams like the Newark Sailors, Wilmington Peaches, and the Steubenville Stubs during 1907.

Life after playing
At the end of the 1907 baseball season, Roy was drafted by the Boston Red Stockings but refused to show up. The Washington Post commented about the decision by writing that Roy "says he has had all the National League game he wanted, and rather than report he will go back to the plains and throw mud balls at his fellow-Indians." Having deep religious convictions, Roy explained that he would "never again sign a contract which required him to work on the Sabbath."

In his later life, Roy returned to the White Earth Indian reservation, joined the U.S. Army during World War I, before moving to Idaho on an evangelical Christian mission. He eventually moved to Blackfoot, Idaho where he became the main dairyman at the Indian industrial school at the Fort Hall Indian Reservation.

References

Notes

Sources

External links

1884 births
1950 deaths
American military personnel of World War I
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Minnesota
Philadelphia Phillies players
Newark Sailors players
Wilmington Peaches players
Steubenville Stubs players
Native American sportspeople
Native American United States military personnel
White Earth Nation people
Carlisle Indian Industrial School alumni

Charlie Roy


The withers is the ridge atween the shouder blades o an animal, for typical a quadruped. In many species it is the tawest point o the body, an in horses an dogs it is the standard place tae measure the animal's heicht. In contrast, kye are normally measured tae the tap o the hips.

References

Horse anatomy

Withers


Founded in 1998, the History House of Greater Seattle is a historical museum dedicated to the history and heritage of Seattle and its neighborhoods.

History House of Greater Seattle is a 501 (c) 3 non-profit organization. It is supported by foundations, grants from the City of Seattle and King County, and tax-deductible donations from the public.

The History House is a member of the Association of King County Historical Organizations (AKCHO).

History House moved to a new location in 2017 at 3400 Stone Way N. in the Fremont neighborhood.

History
The museum opened in September 1998 and was founded by Suzie Burke, "The Land Baroness of Fremont,"
with the purpose to celebrate Seattle's neighborhoods.  The stories and photographs of her mother, Florence Burke, were the centerpiece of the museum when it first opened.

Mission
The mission of the History House is "to seek out and empower individuals and groups to display the history, heritage and art of Greater Seattle's diverse neighborhoods."

The museum offers each unique Seattle neighborhood an opportunity to showcase its evolution from small towns into distinct community cultures, and how the neighborhoods contributed to the development of Seattle.

Exhibits
The History House gives "every neighborhood a place to tell their story."  The museum spotlights one to two geographical regions of the city each year.  Residents of those neighborhoods are encouraged to tell "YOUR story YOUR way" as a contribution to the exhibit.

Unlike traditional exhibits put together by curators, the History House lets residents define their neighborhood's history and evolution.

History House representatives are available to help guide community members through the process of telling that story.  The museum also provides a participant's packet that includes ideas, information and possible resources to be used when creating their display.

May 2009 Exhibits
Exhibits include pictorial histories of the Fremont, Wallingford, Georgetown, Madison Park, Queen Anne and Ballard neighborhoods.

The museum is also featuring the histories of the Woodland Park Zoo, the Great Northern Railway, and the B. F. Day Elementary School.

A special exhibit, created in collaboration with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, presents a step-by-step pictorial history of the construction of the Hiram M. Chittenden Locks in Ballard.

Past exhibits
34 Unique Museums of King County (2007):  an exhibit designed to introduce visitors to 34 unique King County museums.

Late for the Interurban (2008):  The History House organized a celebration of local legend J.P. Patches with the unveiling of a new statue honoring J.P and his girlfriend Gertrude in Seattle's Fremont neighborhood.  The bronze statue is called "Late for the Interurban" by sculptor Kevin Pettelle and features J.P. Patches (Chris Wedes) and Gertrude (Bob Newman).  The statue is located in Solstice Plaza (N 34th Street just east of the Fremont Bridge).

Strength and Stamina: Women of the Seattle Fire Department (2009):  "The story of the courage, hard work, and perseverance it took for women to enter the all-male world of firefighting in Seattle."  There is a companion online exhibit on the Seattle Municipal Archives website.

Other Community Projects
Seattle High School Senior Project

All Washington state high school students are required complete a senior project as a requirement for graduation.  The project generally involves creating and completing some sort of project, usually related to the community.

In 2001, the History House created a pilot program that involves researching, verifying and creating a display that reflects an aspect of the history of a Seattle neighborhood.

Students have completed projects that have shed light on the Native American experience, covered the settlement of neighborhoods by pioneers, economic and social development of neighborhoods and specific neighborhood contributions to the larger Seattle community.

Some projects have been put on permanent display in banks, fire houses, libraries and high schools.

Organizational structure
The Board of Directors currently has 23 members and is headed by museum founder Suzie Burke. Board members are closely involved in the day-to-day operations of the museum.  Members share responsibilities such as coordinating student field trips to the museum, concerts and other museum activities and events.

Resources & Events
Neighborhood Community Focus - featuring ideas, information and tools for community history research
Reference Library on Seattle history
History House Magazine
Exhibit Gallery with a wall mural depicting 100 years of Seattle history
Photographic Displays
Video Displays - offering a historical look at the city and featuring clips from local TV pioneers, such as clown J.P. Patches.
Gift Shop - featuring historical books and tapes of Seattle's neighborhoods as well as artwork and handicrafts of community artisans
Sculpture Garden - includes an original 6 foot x 12 foot chunk of The Berlin Wall, a fire engine that was destined for Georgia in the former satellite state of the Soviet Union, "Willy," a 15-foot model orca whale and "The Safe," discovered beneath Fremont's Dubliner Tavern.
Community Meeting Space - Meetings are regularly held at the museum by the Fremont Neighborhood Council and the Fremont Chamber of Commerce.

Summer Concert Series every Sunday at 2 pm, June - July, free to the public.  Performances range from "original to traditional folk to new age to maritime chanteys to logging to Celtic and Irish to international to blues to ragtime to jug to bluegrass to just plain zany."
Family Day

See also
 List of museums in Washington

Notes

External links

Association of King County Historical Organizations (AKCHO)

Museums in Seattle
History museums in Washington (state)
1998 establishments in Washington (state)
Museums established in 1998

History House of Greater Seattle


Louise Adélaïde de Bourbon (2 November 1696 – 20 November 1750) was a French princess of the Blood and member of the courts of Louis XIV and his successor Louis XV of France. She never married, but she had many illegitimate children.

Biography

Born at the Hôtel de Conti in Paris Louise Adélaïde was the youngest surviving daughter of François Louis, Prince of Conti and his wife Marie Thérèse de Bourbon. From birth, Louise Adélaïde was known by her style of Mademoiselle de La Roche-sur-Yon. Her oldest sister was Marie Anne de Bourbon (1689–1720), future Princess of Condé; her oldest surviving brother was Louis Armand de Bourbon, the future Prince of Conti.

The year after her birth, her father was made the Titular King of Poland by Louis XIV but later declined the offer due to his affections for the Duchess of Bourbon, his mistress and daughter of the king. On 16 February 1707 she was baptised in the Royal Chapel of Versailles and named in honour of Louis, Grand Dauphin and Marie Adélaïde, Duchess of Burgundy.

In 1709, Mademoiselle de La Roche-sur-Yon lost her father and her brother succeeded as Prince of Conti. Her older sister married in 1713 at the age of 24; the groom was her maternal cousin Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon.

Louise Adélaïde never married, although in 1748, a marriage was projected with Stanisław I Leszczyński, former King of Poland

At the death of her sister the Princess of Condé in 1720, Louise Adélaïde was given all property owned by the Princess  – much to the annoyance of the Prince of Condé, Duke of Bourbon.

In 1732 her mother died having reconciled with her children – the Conti family had been estranged from their mother due to their father's behaviour. It was around this time that she purchased the Hôtel de Lauzun on the quai Malaquais from the widow of the Duke de Lauzun. At that time it became known as Hôtel de La Roche-sur-Yon and is shown with this name on the 1739 Turgot map of Paris.

Having outlived all her siblings and parents, Mademoiselle de La Roche-sur-Yon died in Paris at the age of 54. She was buried at the Carmel du faubourg Saint-Jacques, in the capital.

René Louis, Marquis d'Argenson noted in his memoirs: "Mademoiselle de la Roche-sur-Yon, princess of the blood, died last night of the smallpox. She was a good princess, and left many bastards."

Ancestry

References

1696 births
1750 deaths
Louise Adelaide
Nobility from Paris
Louise Adelaide
18th-century French people
Burials at the Carmel du faubourg Saint-Jacques

Louise Adélaïde de Bourbon (1696–1750)


Athens is the caipital ceety o Greece.
 Classical Athens, the ceety in Classical Antiquity
 History o Athens
 Municipality o Athens
 Athens Prefectur (1987-2010)
 Central Athens (regional unit) (creatit 2011)

Athens mey also refer tae:
 Athens (access an identity management service)
 Athens meteorite o 1933, which fell in Alabama, Unitit States (see Meteorite faw)
 ATHENS Programme, an exchange network o European heicher eddocation institutions
 Athens (typeface)
 Lonnie Athens, American criminologist

Placename
In Canadae
 Athens, Ontario

In the Unitit States
 Athens, Alabama
 Athens, Arkansas
 Athens, Californie
 Athens, Georgie
 Athens, Illinois
 Athens, Indiana
 Athens, Kentucky
 Athens, Louisiana
 Athens, Maine
 Athens, Michigan
 Athens, Mississippi
 Athens, Missouri
 Athens, New York
 Athens (veelage), New York
 Athens, Ohio
 Athens Coonty, Ohio
 Athens, Pennsylvanie, a borough
 Athens, Tennessee
 Athens, Texas
 Athens, Vermont
 Athens, Wast Virginie
 Athens, Wisconsin

On the Black Sea
 Pontic Athens, a ceety mentioned in the 2nt century Periplus Ponti Euxini which mey hae been a colony o the Greek ceety

See an aa
 Athen (disambiguation)
 Atena (disambiguation)
 Atina (disambiguation)
 Athena (disambiguation)
 Athene (disambiguation)
 Altena (disambiguation)
 Athens Township (disambiguation)
 Athina (disambiguation)
 Afini

Athens (disambiguation)


The Republic of the Congo () was a sovereign state in Central Africa, created with the independence of the Belgian Congo in 1960. From 1960 to 1966, the country was also known as Congo-Léopoldville (after its capital) to distinguish it from its northwestern neighbor, which is also called the Republic of the Congo, alternatively known as "Congo-Brazzaville". In 1964, the state's official name was changed to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, but the two countries continued to be distinguished by their capitals; with the renaming of Léopoldville as Kinshasa in 1966, it became also known as Congo-Kinshasa. After Joseph Désiré Mobutu, commander-in-chief of the national army, seized control of the government in 1965, the Democratic Republic of the Congo became the Republic of Zaire in 1971. It would again become the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1997. The period between 1960 and 1964 is referred to as the First Congolese Republic.

Colonial rule

Conditions in the Congo improved following the Belgian government's takeover in 1908 of the Congo Free State, which had been a personal possession of the Belgian king. Some Bantu languages were taught in primary schools, a rare occurrence in colonial education. Colonial doctors greatly reduced the spread of African trypanosomiasis, commonly known as sleeping sickness.

During World War II, the small Congolese army achieved several victories against the Italians in East Africa. The Belgian Congo, which was also rich in uranium deposits, supplied the uranium that was used by the United States to build the atomic weapons that were used in the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945.

The colonial administration implemented a variety of economic reforms to improve infrastructure: railways, ports, roads, mines, plantations and industrial areas. The Congolese people, however, lacked political power and faced legal discrimination. All colonial policies were decided in Brussels and Léopoldville. The Belgian Colony-secretary and Governor-general, neither elected by the Congolese people, wielded absolute power.

Among the Congolese people, resistance against their undemocratic regime grew over time. In 1955, the Congolese upper class (the so-called "évolués"), many of whom had been educated in Europe, initiated a campaign to end the inequality.

Congo Crisis

In May 1960, the MNC party or Mouvement National Congolais, led by Patrice Lumumba, won the parliamentary elections, and Lumumba was appointed Prime Minister. Joseph Kasa-Vubu of ABAKO was elected president by the parliament. Other parties that emerged include the Parti Solidaire Africain (PSA), led by Antoine Gizenga, and the Parti National du Peuple (PNP), led by Albert Delvaux and Laurent Mbariko.

The Belgian Congo achieved independence on 30 June 1960. On 1 July Lumumba sent a wire to the UN to request membership, stating that the Congo "accepts without reservation the obligations stipulated in the Charter of the UN and undertakes to abide by the same in absolute good faith." UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld cabled the Foreign Ministry, pointing out the difficulty in admitting the country into the UN under its name in the face of another application for membership from the neighboring Congo, preparing for independence from French control. A delegation was sent from Brazzaville, the capital of the French Congo, to Léopoldville to resolve the matter. In the end, it was decided that the former Belgian Congo would be recognised as the Republic of the Congo or Congo-Léopoldville while the former French Congo would be known as the Congolese Republic or Congo-Brazzaville. Following a constitutional referendum in 1964 it was renamed the "Democratic Republic of the Congo", and in 1971 it was changed again to "Republic of Zaïre".

Secessionist movements
Shortly after independence, the provinces of Katanga (with Moise Tshombe) and South Kasai engaged in secessionist struggles against the new leadership.

Subsequent events led to a crisis between President Kasa-Vubu and Prime Minister Lumumba. On 5 September 1960, Kasavubu dismissed Lumumba from office. Lumumba declared Kasa-Vubu's action "unconstitutional" and a crisis between the two leaders developed.

Lumumba had previously appointed Joseph Mobutu chief of staff of the new Congolese army, the Armee Nationale Congolaise (ANC). Taking advantage of the leadership crisis between Kasa-Vubu and Lumumba, Mobutu garnered enough support within the army to inspire mutinous action. With financial support from the United States and Belgium, Mobutu made payments to his soldiers to generate their loyalty. The aversion of Western powers towards communism and leftist ideology, in general, influenced their decision to finance Mobutu's quest to maintain "order" in the new state by neutralizing Kasa-Vubu and Lumumba in a coup by proxy.

On 17 January 1961, Katangan forces, supported by the Belgian government, which desired to retain mining rights for copper and diamonds in Katanga and South Kasai, executed Patrice Lumumba and several of his aides at a pig farm near Élisabethville. From 1960 to 1964 the peacekeeping effort was the largest, most complex, and most costly operation ever carried out by the United Nations.

Coup d'état
Following five years of extreme instability and civil unrest, Joseph-Désiré Mobutu, then Lieutenant General, overthrew Kasa-Vubu in a 1965 CIA-backed coup. He had the support of the US for his staunch opposition to communism, which would presumably make him a roadblock to communist activities in Africa.

Mobutu declared himself president for five years, saying that he needed that long to undo the damage that the politicians had done in the country's first five years of independence. However, within two years, he had set up the Popular Movement of the Revolution as the country's only legal party. In 1970, he appeared alone on the ballot in the country's first direct presidential election. Two weeks later, a single list of PMR candidates was elected to the legislature. For all intents and purposes, the Democratic Republic of the Congo had come to an end, but it was another year before Mobutu officially changed the country's name to Zaire.

Flags/Coats of arms

See also
 History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Citations

General and cited sources

Further reading
 Frank R. Villafaña, Cold War in the Congo: The Confrontation of Cuban Military Forces, 1960–1967. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2012.

1960 establishments in Africa
1971 disestablishments in Africa
1960s in the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)
Library of Congress Africa Collection related
States and territories established in 1960
States and territories disestablished in 1971
Military dictatorships

Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)


David Ian "Joe" Jackson  (born 11 August 1954) is an English musician and singer-songwriter. Jackson's first and second releases, "Sunday Papers" and "Is She Really Going Out With Him?" became a hit in 1979. This was followed by many new wave singles before he started creating more jazz type pop music. He had a Top 10 hit in 1982 with "Steppin' Out". He has also composed classical music. He has recorded 19 studio albums and earned 5 Grammy Award nominations in a career extending from 1978 to today.

References

1954 births
Living people
English singer-songwriters
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Hampshire
Musicians from Staffordshire
LGBT artists
Bisexual people
LGBT songwriters
Members of the Order of the British Empire
New wave singers

Joe Jackson (musician)


George Dewey Cukor (July 7, 1899 – January 24, 1983) was an American movie director. He made many comedy movies and movies based on books.  Cukor directed several of RKO's most important movies such as Little Women (1933). At MGM he directed Dinner at Eight (1933), David Copperfield (1935)  Romeo and Juliet (1936) and Camille (1936). He went on to direct The Philadelphia Story (1940), Adam's Rib (1949), Born Yesterday (1950), A Star Is Born (1954) and My Fair Lady (1964). He continued to work into the 1980s. He was born in New York City and died in Los Angeles, California.

American movie directors
1899 births
1983 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction

George Cukor


Chris Carr (born May 6, 1967 in Stockton, California) is an American motorcycle dirt-track racer and seven-time winner of the A.M.A. Grand National Championship. He has also competed as a motorcycle road racer at the national level and was a motorcycle land speed world record holder.

Racing career

Carr began his racing career as an amateur racer in 1983. He turned professional in 1985, finishing seventh in the Grand National Championship earning him the A.M.A. Rookie of the Year Award. Carr won his first Grand National in August 1986 at the Peoria TT and finished the season ranked fourth in the championship. He slowly climbed the points standing each year. In 1989, he became a member of the Harley-Davidson factory racing team. After finishing second to his Harley-Davidson teammate, Scott Parker in 1990 and 1991, he finally claimed the Grand National Championship in 1992. He ran the Grand National Series full-time until 1995 where he finished third while winning rookie of the year in the AMA Superbike road racing series. Carr left the dirt tracks to go road racing for two years (1996 and 1997).

Carr won the 1992, 1999, and 2001-2005 AMA Grand National Dirt Track (Flat Track) championships, the 2000 Formula USA Dirt Track Championship and the AMA 600cc Dirt Track championship seven times (1988–1993, and 1995).

Carr was in contention for the 2006 Grand National Championship at the final race at Scioto Downs in Columbus, Ohio before dropping out with mechanical problems. He ended the season tied for fourth in points behind chief rival Kenny Coolbeth.

Carr was inducted into the A.M.A. Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 2004.

Land speed record

On September 5, 2006, Carr broke the motorcycle land speed world record at the Bonneville Salt Flats (Utah), with a two-pass 350.8 mph (562.6 km/h) average. He was the first motorcyclist to break the 350 mph barrier. Carr's fastest run was at 354 mph (567.8 km/h).

On September 28, 2008, Rocky Robinson broke Carr's record driving the Top 1 Oil Ack Attack streamliner. Carr regained the title on 24 September 2009 with a speed of 367.382 mph.(Pending FIM ratification). This was later topped by Rocky Robinson and the Top 1 Ack Attack team on Sept. 25, 2010. Robinson set a new record of 376.363 mph (kilo average)(Pending FIM ratification) and had an exit speed of 394 mph.

Educational activities
Carr is part owner of American Supercamp, a nationally renowned dirt track school taught on 80cc-230cc bikes.

Awards

He will be inducted into the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America on March 17, 2020.

Personal life
Away from the track, Carr is an active golfer and reader.

References

External links
 Chris Carr at the AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame
 AMA's official release on the land speed record
 BUB Seven Streamliner and Chris Carr's record
 2006 Bonneville Streamliner Battle

American motorcycle racers
1967 births
Living people
Motorcycle land speed record people
Sportspeople from Stockton, California
AMA Grand National Championship riders
World record setters in motorcycling

Chris Carr (motorcyclist)


Booker is a hamlet within the parish of West Wycombe in Buckinghamshire, England, which has absorbed into the expanding suburbs of High Wycombe.  There are several housing areas in Booker, mainly modern estates. At the 2011 Census the hamlet was included in the High Wycombe Ward of Booker and Cressex.

Booker is also the name frequently given to the local airfield, more properly known as Wycombe Air Park, one of the busiest general aviation airfields in the South East of England.  The airfield is used for general aviation and gliding and is home to both helicopters and fixed wing planes.

The airfield is home to the Airways Flying Club and Wycombe Air Centre.

Main parts are mistaken for Cressex, the neighbouring village to the east of the hamlet.  This is because there are no proper, recognised borders between Booker, Cressex, Sands and Castlefield.

External links
Flying Families, GA Flying Organisation based at Booker
Wycombe Air Centre
British Airways Flying Club at Booker

Hamlets in Buckinghamshire
High Wycombe

Booker, Buckinghamshire


The Hindustan–Pakistan Border, known locally as the International Border (IB), is the international boundary between the Republic of India and Pakistan that demarcates the Indian states of Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat from the Pakistani provinces of Punjab and Sindh except for Kashmir that is disputed (Line of Control). The border resulted from the Partition of India in 1947.

Wagah, the ceremonial point of crossing between India and Pakistan lies along this border between the Indian city of Amritsar and the Pakistani city of Lahore.

"Working boundary"
The border between two countries is called an international border from Gujrat/Sindh to the Line of Control. The Kashmir region is divided by the 1949 UN ceasefire line into two parts and the de facto border dividing Pakistan-administered Kashmir from Indian-administered Kashmir has been called the Line of Control since 1972. On the south side of the border of the Jammu Division is Pakistan's Punjab border, and is called the working boundary by Pakistan (which is a recent term) but the "international border" by India.

Other disputes
Rann of Kutch and the Kori Creek
Ferozpur District
Pathankot Tehsil

Borders of India
Borders of Pakistan

India–Pakistan border


A huaso (feminine huasa, but most commonly china) is a Chilean countryman and skilled horseman, very similar to the gauchos, cowboys, vaqueros and charros. Huasos are found in central and southern Chile.

Huasos are an important part of the culture of Chile, and are a vital part of parades, parties, and holidays. The Region of O'Higgins is the place where are found the most of the Chilean huasos.

Related pages
Rodeo of Chile
Horses of Chile
Vaquero
Cowboy (U.S.A)
Gaucho (Argentina, Uruguay, Rio Grande do Sul)
Charro (Mexican cowboy, nomad and bandolero)
Guajiro (Cuba)
Llanero (Venezuela and Colombia)

Chilean culture

Huaso


Pevensey is a village and civil parish in the Wealden district of East Sussex, England. The main village is located 5 miles (8 km) north-east of Eastbourne, one mile (1.6 km) inland from Pevensey Bay.  The settlement of  Pevensey Bay forms part of the parish. It was here that William the Conqueror first landed on and invaded England in 1066 after crossing the English Channel from Normandy, France.

Name
The name Pevensey was first recorded in 947 as Pefenesea, meaning "River of [a man named] Pefen". It comes from the Anglo-Saxon personal name Pefen plus eã, meaning "river". This is probably a reference to the now largely silted-up marshes.

History

In the 290s the Romans built a fort at Pevensey, which they named Anderitum. In 471 Saxons attacked Pevensey and the fort was abandoned for centuries. When William the Conqueror invaded England in September 1066, he landed at Pevensey. The bay provided a safe haven for his fleet of 700 ships. The English army had been awaiting Duke William's arrival on the south coast all summer. With supplies running short King Harold allowed his soldiers to return home. When Harald Hardrada the king of Norway invaded northern England in late September, King Harold gathered his army and moved north to York, 250 miles away, to meet the invaders. William, meanwhile, moved his army and fleet to Hastings and built a castle while he awaited Harold and his army.

After the Battle of Hastings the Roman fort at Pevensey was occupied by the Normans. It was given to Robert, Count of Mortain (William's half brother). Robert de Mortain built his castle there. The castle was besieged several times during the 11th–13th centuries. Queen Elizabeth I ordered that it be demolished but the order was ignored. As late as 1942 small additions were made to the castle for the defence of Britain. It became a lookout over the channel for German aircraft during World War II. Today the castle is in the upkeep of English Heritage.

References

Villages in East Sussex
Civil parishes in East Sussex

Pevensey


Robert Ader (February 20, 1932 – December 20, 2011) was an American psychologist and academic who co-founded psychoneuroimmunology, a field of study which explores the links connecting the brain, behavior, and the immune system. Ader was a professor emeritus at the University of Rochester Medical Center.

Early life
Robert Ader was born on February 20, 1932, in the Bronx, New York City. He was the older of two sons of Nathan and Mae Ader. After graduating from the Horace Mann School in New York City, he attended Tulane University in New Orleans. He graduated from Tulane University with a bachelor's degree in psychology in 1953. Ader then went on to earn a Ph.D. in psychology from Cornell University in 1957. After earning his Ph.D., he became a part-time instructor in the Department of Psychology at the University of Rochester and a part-time instructor in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry. He spent his time at the University of Rochester conducting psychobiological research on animals.

Academic career
Robert Ader spent his entire career at the University of Rochester, where he held many teaching and research positions. He was appointed the director of the Division of Behavioral and Psychosocial Medicine in the University of Rochester's department of psychology and director of the Center for Psychoneuroimmunology Research. He retired in July 2011 as professor emeritus of psychosocial medicine. During his career, he authored and helped coauthor over two hundred journal articles and chapters in books. He also founded the journal Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, which he served as editor-in-chief for many years. He also served on editorial boards for various psychobiological and behavioral journals. In addition, he served as president of the American Psychosomatic Society from 1979 to 1982, president of the International Society for Developmental Psychobiology from 1981 to 1982, president of the Academy of Behavioral Medicine Research from 1984 to 1985, and president and founder of the Psychoneuroimmunology Research Society. He also received an honorary M.D. degree from the University of Trondheim in Norway.

Research in psychoneuroimmunology
On beginning his career as a part-time instructor in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Rochester, Robert Ader focused his research on behavioral conditioning and emotional responsiveness in rats. In 1974, he and a fellow researcher Nicholas Cohen were studying taste aversion in rats. The researchers gave the rats water sweetened with saccharin followed by an injection of cyclophosphamide, an immunosuppressant which caused nausea. Through classical conditioning, the rats learned to avoid water that contained saccharin. When Ader and Cohen began to force feed the rats the saccharin solution, they noticed that the rats began to die. They also found that the rate of death was directly related to how much saccharin solution the rats consumed.

From these findings, they proposed a theory that the rats died because the taste of saccharin by itself was enough to elicit neural signals in the rats' brain that suppressed their immune systems as if they had been overdosed with cyclophosphamide. Due to weakened immune systems, the rats contracted bacterial and viral infections that they were unable to fight off. This finding led to the belief that there are connections between the brain and the immune system which contradicted with the previous belief that the immune system was autonomous. This serendipitous discovery led Robert Ader to continue research in and develop the field of psychoneuroimmunology, a term that he created and first used in his 1980 presidential speech to the American Psychosomatic Society. A year later, he also used the newly created term as the title for his collection of essays that described the beginning of a new field of research.

Later life
Robert Ader spent 54 years at the University of Rochester until his retirement in 2011. Ader died at the Highlands at Pittsford, New York, on December 20, 2011, at the age of 79. His death was caused by a long illness and complications due to a fracture he obtained from a fall. He was married to his wife of 54 years, Gayle Ader and they had four daughters.

Selected readings

Publications and articles
1980 Psychosomatic and Psychoimmunologic Research
1981 Animal Models in the Study of Brain, Behavior and Bodily Disease
1991 Conditioning of the Immune System
1995 Psychoneuroimmunology: Interactions between the Nervous System and the Immune System
2001 Psychoneuroimmunology

References

1932 births
2011 deaths
20th-century American psychologists
Cornell University alumni
University of Rochester faculty

Robert Ader


Adrian Paul Lucas, b. 1962 is an English organist, tutor and composer.

He became organist and director of music at Worcester Cathedral in 1996 and artistic director of the Worcester Three Choirs Festival. Previously he had been assistant organist at Norwich Cathedral (1983–90) before becoming organist and master of the choristers at Portsmouth Cathedral (1990–96).

Lucas was born in Essex in 1962, attended Southend High School for Boys and graduated from St John's College, Cambridge, where he was organ scholar from 1980 to 1983 under Dr George Guest. During this time he toured regularly with the chapel choir in France, the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, Sweden, Greece, and Australia. He also recorded a number of discs whilst at St Johns, including repertoire by Allegri, Gibbons, and Titelouze.

Whilst at Norwich, he taught piano and organ for the University of East Anglia and was a member of the music staff at both Norwich High School and Norwich School. He was musical director of the Wymondham Choir (a 50-strong freelance choir of men and boys) with whom he toured, performing in many English cathedrals as well as a concert tour in and around Koblenz in Germany. He also co-presented the radio programme Norfolk Arts for the local radio station BBC Radio Norfolk.

During his time at Portsmouth, he was responsible for the building of the new Nicholson & Co (Worcester) Ltd organ (1994), as well as directing the cathedral choir in the drumhead service to commemorate the 50th anniversary of D-Day. During this time, he also conducted the choir for numerous broadcasts on both TV and radio and recorded their first ever CD with Priory Records.

Whilst at Worcester Cathedral, he made several recordings with the cathedral choir, as well as launching the Great Cathedral Organ series for Regent Records. In 2008 a major project was completed when the new Kenneth Tickell organ came into service in the quire of the cathedral. His first recording on the new instrument included the Julius Reubke Sonata and Louis Vierne's First Symphony. He also conducted the Worcester Festival Choral Society

At the end of 2011 he left his cathedral post to work as a freelance organist, conductor and composer, as well as starting up his own recording company, Acclaim Productions.
On 16 June 2018 he returns to his old school to give a recital on its newly-rebuilt organ.

References

Sources
Who's Who, 2008. .

External links
 Review: Adrian Lucas conducts the Philharmonia Orchestra in Holst's Planets Suite in Gloucester Cathedral
 Great Cathedral Anthems vol XII
 Worcester Cathedral
 Worcester Cathedral Choir on Boysoloist.com
 Kenneth Tickell Organs
 Three Choirs Festival
 City of Birmingham Choir
 Worcester Festival Choral Society
 Worcester Festival Choral Society reviews

1962 births
Living people
Musicians from Worcester, England
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
English conductors (music)
British male conductors (music)
English classical organists
British male organists
Academics of the University of East Anglia
Cathedral organists
21st-century British conductors (music)
21st-century organists
21st-century British male musicians
Male classical organists

Adrian Lucas


Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by bacteria. In the past, people called it consumption.

TB is caused by several types of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The disease usually attacks the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body.

How it spreads
The bacteria can travel through the air and spread from one person to the next. This happens when infected people cough, sneeze, or spit.

Of every 100 people with TB, between five and ten people show symptoms.  In these people, the disease is called active.  Tuberculosis kills more than half of the people who are infected if they do not get treatment.

Detection and treatment

Diagnosis of active TB relies on radiology. Doctors often look at an X-ray of the chest. In addition, they check body fluids. These fluids have microbes in them, which are grown in cell cultures. The cell cultures are then analysed to see if the person is infected with TB.

If the patient has TB, but does not show symptoms, the disease is 'latent'. Doctors use a skin test, called the Mantoux test, to detect latent TB. They often do blood tests too.

There is a vaccine against some forms of tuberculosis. It is called the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccine.

TB used to be easily treated and cured with antibiotics. However, the bacterium is now highly resistant to most antibiotics. This resistance makes treatment difficult. Many different kinds of antibiotics need to be given over a long period of time. There is a form of tuberculosis that is resistant to all drugs.

Symptoms
Tuberculosis can have many symptoms.  The most common include:
 A cough that does not go away, especially if the person is coughing up blood (this is called hemoptysis)
 Chest pain
 Not having any appetite
 Weakness
 Weight loss
 Chills
 Very pale skin
 Listless eyes
 Fever
 Sweating a lot at night
 Difficulty breathing
 Feeling very tired
 People are also more likely to get tuberculosis if they live close to other people who have TB.  For example, TB can spread easily in homeless shelters, prisons, and immigrant communities.

How common is TB?

Experts believe that one third of the world population is infected with M. tuberculosis.  New infections occur at a rate of one per second. In 2007, about 13.7 million chronic cases were active globally. In 2010, about 8.8 million new cases developed and nearly 1.5 million people died from the disease, most of them  in developing countries. The number of tuberculosis cases has been decreasing since 2006, and new cases have decreased since 2002.

Tuberculosis does not happen at the same rate around the world. About eighty percent of the population in many Asian and African countries test positive for TB, but only five to ten percent of people in the United States do.

People usually get tuberculosis because of a weakened immune system. Many people with HIV and AIDS can also get tuberculosis.

References

Other websites
 Frequently asked Questions about TB at CDC.gov
 ExplainTB: Multilingual audiovisual information on tuberculosis

Diseases caused by bacteria
Pulmonology

Tuberculosis


An explosive middle-order batsman, and steady right-arm seam bowler, Dasun Shanaka worked his way into Sri Lanka's T20 side through several seasons of good performances for Sinhalese Sports Club. Born and educated in Negombo, Shanaka made his T20 international debut against Pakistan in August 2015, but it wasn't until the following domestic season that he achieved wide acclaim. Batting at No. 4 in an AIA Premier T20 match against Saracens Sports Club, Shanaka struck a Sri Lankan record 16 sixes in an innings worth 123 from 46 balls. That wasn't even his biggest T20 score of the last week. He had hit 131 off 48 balls against Galle Cricket Club one week earlier.

But it was with the ball that Shanaka first made his mark on the international stage. He took 3 for 16 on a Pune greentop, against India, having only taken two domestic T20 wickets before then. He played bright cameos in Sri Lanka's 2016 World T20 campaign, and in April he was picked in the Test squad - for Sri Lanka's tour of England - for the first time, largely on his potential, rather than his first-class record.

Dasun shanaka


Saint Francis in Prayer (c. 1602-1604) is a painting from the Italian master Caravaggio, in the Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica in Rome.

The painting is unrecorded and therefore difficult to date, or even to distinguish the original from later copies. John Gash (see references, below) identifies a version in the Chiesa dei Cappuccini as a good copy of a lost original identified by some scholars with a painting in the Church of San Pietro, Carpineto Romano (Museo di Palazzo Venezia). Helen Langdon, treating the same painting in her biography Caravaggio, refers to the version in Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica, in the Palazzo Barberini. St Francis's life of poverty and humility was a popular subject in Caravaggio's age. Peter Robb makes the point that St Francis of Assisi, together with John the Baptist and St Jerome, "...make up the trio of alienated males, young, mature and old, brooding and remote from human society, that M (i.e. Caravaggio) painted again and again", becoming, in effect, private icons for Caravaggio's own troubled life.

Background
In the course of a libel trial in 1603 Caravaggio's friend Orazio Gentileschi stated that he had lent the artist a monk's robe several months before, and this painting could be connected. Gentileschi's evidence seems to be the main argument behind a 1602/1604 date; but Robb, on the grounds of the austere approach and less painterly technique of the work, believes that it may date from 1606, when Caravaggio had fled Rome as an outlaw following a death in a street brawl.

See also
List of paintings by Caravaggio

References

External links

1600s paintings
Paintings by Caravaggio
Collections of the Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica
Religious paintings
Paintings of Francis of Assisi
Skulls in art

Saint Francis in Prayer (Caravaggio)


The Tussman Experimental College was an American educational project at the University of California, Berkeley that lasted from 1965 to 1969.

Founded by philosophy professor Joseph Tussman, about 300 students were chosen through a combination of selective interviews and academic standing.

The syllabus focused on big problems and cultural crisis periods in history which had driven great thinkers to tackle fundamental questions. Emphasis was given to primary sources. Grades were not given.

The project was inspired by the University of Wisconsin Experimental College founded by Alexander Meiklejohn.

References

Trow, Katherine (1998). Habits of Mind: The Experimental College Program at Berkeley. University of California Press,
Kreisler, Harry (January 13, 2000). Education and Citizenship: Conversation with Joseph Tussman. Conversations with History: Institute of International Studies, UC Berkeley.
Tussman, Joseph (1988). A Venture in Educational Reform An Account by the Founder of the Program

University of California, Berkeley
Educational institutions established in 1965
1965 establishments in California

Tussman Experimental College