The A390 is a road in Cornwall and Devon, England. It runs from Tavistock to  north west of the city of Truro. Starting in Tavistock, it heads south-westwards towards Liskeard, crossing over the River Tamar and into Cornwall, then through Gunnislake and Callington. Immediately before Liskeard, it merges with the A38 north of the town. It diverges from the A38 at Dobwalls, where it then runs in a south-westerly direction to Truro via Lostwithiel, St. Blazey, and St Austell. It then forms an upside down elongated square loop, and bypasses Truro City Centre. It then heads north west out of the city, where it forms the main corridor into Truro from the west. It passes the Royal Cornwall Hospital and skirts the village of Threemilestone, before linking up with the A30 road at Chiverton Cross, where the A390 terminates. Chiverton Cross is where the A390 trunk road from Truro and the B3277 to St Agnes meet the east–west A30 trunk road. Before the A390 was rerouted away from Chacewater it ended at its junction with the A30 at Scorrier.

It forms part of the main route (the Truro to Dobwalls section) from Truro to Plymouth, although after a severe accident in Lostwithiel in 1999 heavy goods vehicles are diverted from it at the top of Edgcumbe Road, Lostwithiel.

By far the busiest section of the road is known as Truro Road between Truro City Centre and Chiverton Cross, where it carries through traffic to West Cornwall, as well as commuting traffic to and from Truro, and traffic for the Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro College and the Richard Lander School. There are many residential new housing estates in this area which have created further traffic. The section from Truro College heading into Truro from the west also includes a Bus lane and some dual carriageway sections.

References

External links

Roads in England
Roads in Cornwall
Transport in Devon
Truro

A390 road


The Kashmir Valley (Urdu: وادی کشمیر) or Vale of Kashmir is a valley between the Karakoram and the Pir Panjal Range. It was formed by the draining of the huge Karena lake during a period of tectonic uplift. The Mughal Emperor Jahangir (1569–1627) called the Kashmir Valley a "paradise on earth". It is in the Indian administered state of Jammu and Kashmir. There are 10 districts in this administrative division. The valley is about  long and  wide.

Natural beauty
It was called Kaspeiria by the ancient Greeks. In classical literature Herodotus calls it Kaspatyrol. Xuanzang, the Chinese monk who visited Kashmir in 631 AD called it Kia-shi-mi-lo.  Tibetans called it Khachal, meaning "snowy mountain".  It is and has been a land of rivers, lakes and wildflowers. The Jhelum River runs the entire length of the valley. The valley is isolated by snow-capped mountains on all sides. Lakes such as Dal Lake and nearby Nagin Lake have hundreds of houseboats. This is from the British Raj era when foreigners were not allowed to buy land here. So they constructed large wooden houseboats to spend the summers in. This, in turn, has led to houseboat hotels. Many are decorated with wood carvings and Victorian era  furniture.

Dispute
India and Pakistan fought over the region in 1947–1948. Under the supervision of the United Nations the two agreed on a ceasefire along a line which left the Kashmir Valley under the administration of India. In 1972, India and Pakistan sign a peace treaty called the Simla Agreement. It said that in the future both would settle their differences peacefully. It also renamed the ceasefire line the Line of Control.

India claims the entire state including the Kashmir Valley to be part of India. Both the United States and the United Kingdom support turning the Line of Control into the border between India and Pakistan. India seems to go along with this while Pakistan is entirely against it.

India has sent large security forces to Kashmir over the years. Kashmir has remained one of the world's most militarized areas. In 1989 there was an armed uprising against Indian control. India blamed Pakistan and accused them of sponsoring terrorism.

In 1999 a third conflict arose over the area. Pakistani-backed forces infiltrated into Kashmir. While both armies have fired across the Line of Control, India has not sent troops into Pakistan. Tens of thousands of people have been killed so far in Kashmir.

Status quo
The majority of the population in the Kashmir Valley is Muslim. The economy is mainly farming but in recent years tourism has become an important industry. Neither India or Pakistan wants full-scale war (both have nuclear weapons). Neither wants the International sanctions that would surely come if there was a war.

Politics

Political parties
 Jammu and Kashmir Democratic Freedom Party (JKDFP). They were founded in 1998 and favor self-rule for Jammu and Kashmir.
 Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party (PDP). Founded in 1999 they are a separatist party that wants self-rule for Jammu and Kashmir.
 All Parties Hurriyat Conference (APHC). Founded in 1993, they are an alliance of 26 political, social and religious organisations in Kashmir who want to be ruled by Pakistan.
 Indian National Congress (INC). They are one of India's two major political parties. In the 2009 general election it formed a coalition majority to run the government.
 Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). They are the second largest party in India and are the Hindu-National party. They were in power from 1998 to 2004.
 Jammu and Kashmir National Conference Party (NCP). Founded in 1939 they were the leading party for several decades in Kashmir. They favor self rule.

Militant groups
 Jaish-e-Mohammed. They operate in Kashmir but are based in Pakistan. They want rule by Pakistan. The group has been banned in Pakistan since 2002 but still operate.
 Hizb-ul-Mujahideen. They are a militant group operating in Kashmir since 1989.
 Lashkar-e-Taiba. They have been responsible for a number of violent attacks including the Red Fort attacks in Delhi in 2000.  India believes they are responsible for the 2009 Mumbai attacks. They are largely non-Kashmiri. They operate in Kashmir but are based in Pakistan.

References

Kashmir

Kashmir Valley


Ernest Choquette (18 November 1862 – 29 March 1941) was a Canadian physician, novelist, and politician.

Born in Saint-Mathieu-de-Beloeil, Canada East, Choquette studied medicine at the Université de Laval à Montréal (now called Université de Montréal). A physician, he practised medicine in Saint-Hilaire, Quebec. An author, some of his works include Les Ribaud, une idylle de 37 (1898), Claude Paysan (1899), Carabinades (1900), La Terre (1916), and Madeleine et la Bouée (1927). He also wrote for La Presse and La Patrie. He was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1911.

Choquette was the mayor of Saint-Hilaire before being appointed to the Legislative Council of Quebec for the Rougemont division in 1910. A Liberal, he served until his death in Westmount, Quebec in 1941.

References

1862 births
1941 deaths
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
People from Montérégie
Quebec Liberal Party MLCs
Writers from Quebec

Ernest Choquette


The Jewish Theological Seminary library fire was discovered on Monday, April 18, 1966, at 10:15 AM when smoke was seen pouring from one of the small upper windows of the Jewish Theological Seminary Library tower at Broadway and 122nd Street in Morningside Heights, Manhattan, New York City.

The tower, with only few small windows, was the perfect environment for a major conflagration. There were no floors separating one level from another, only steel library stacks surrounded by catwalks. The tower was like an oven and the fire spread quickly. Extinguishing it was extremely difficult, with only one entrance and stairwell from the bottom and limited window access.

Fire Chief Alfred Eckert dispatched masked firefighters to the highest floor that could be safely reached. The firefighters spread canvas tarpaulins over as many shelves of books as they could, while hook and ladder trucks sprayed water through the highest openings in the tower, cascading down to the fire below. The fire was declared under control at about 7:00 PM, nine hours after it was discovered.

Menahem Schmelzer, the librarian at the time, joined Gerson Cohen, the future chancellor of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, and the fire chief, for the initial foray into the damp, charred stacks. The fire had been confined primarily to the upper stacks, which housed mostly second and third copies of books, although some important recent acquisitions had also been kept there. But the water had caused enormous damage and the growth of mold threatened to do more.

After rejecting several methods for drying the water-soaked books, the suggestion was brought to Rabbi David Kogen, then-vice chancellor of the Seminary,  to place paper towels between the pages of every book to absorb the moisture. Volunteers of all ages were recruited from around the neighborhood and Jewish day school students were brought in to help. The paper toweling was supplied by local retailers and manufacturers.

Some 70,000 volumes were destroyed in the fire and many more were damaged. The library's rare books and manuscripts, which were stored elsewhere, were spared.

The library's book collection was rebuilt with the help of donations from private and institutional libraries. The books were moved to a prefabricated building in the JTS courtyard that remained until a new library building was completed in 1984.

The library now exceeds 380,000 volumes. With the assistance of the Horace W. Goldsmith Foundation, 35,000 books that were saved from the fire and placed in high-density storage are being restored and catalogued.

See also
 List of destroyed libraries

References

1966 in New York City
Conservative Judaism in New York (state)
Jewish libraries
Jewish Theological Seminary of America
Libraries in Manhattan
Library fires
Morningside Heights, Manhattan
School fires
1966 fires in the United States


The 74th Regiment of (Highland) Foot or 74th Regiment of Foot (Argylshire Highlanders) was a British Army line infantry regiment from 1777 to 1784 which was raised to fight in the American Revolutionary War.

History
In December 1777, John Campbell of Barbreck received letters of service from King George III to raise a regiment of infantry in the county of Argyll for service in the regular army. Campbell had held a commission in the old 78th, or Fraser's Highlanders during the French and Indian War. Most regimental officers were commissioned in 1777, but the first muster of the regiment was not held until April 1778. It was inspected at Glasgow in May 1778 and sailed for Halifax, Nova Scotia, in August 1778.

The regiment's flank companies (the grenadier and light infantry companies) joined the main British army in New York in the spring of 1779, while the remainder of the regiment moved to Bagaduce in Massachusetts (now the town of Castine, Maine) to establish the colony New Ireland. The regiment, together with a detachment of the 82nd Regiment of Foot, began construction of a post to be called Fort George, which they held through July and early August against attacks by an American expeditionary force from Massachusetts under Commodore Dudley Saltonstall and General Solomon Lovell. On 13 August, a relief force of British ships arrived from New York under the command of Commodore Sir George Collier, and the Americans gave up their siege and withdrew.

The regiment remained at Fort George until January 1784, when the fort was evacuated and the troops returned to Halifax. There they were reunited with the regiment's flank companies; these had served with General Sir Henry Clinton in South Carolina in 1779 and 1780. The Light Company had also served in Virginia in 1781, ending as part of Lord Cornwallis' army that had surrendered at Yorktown in October 1781 and remaining as prisoners until the end of the war in 1783, when they had returned to New York. The regiment, now complete, returned to Great Britain in 1784, landing at Portsmouth and marching from there to Stirling, where it was disbanded on 24 May 1784.

A set of bagpipes, believed to have been played at the mustering of the regiment in 1778 by one Piper MacCorquodale are in the collection of the National Museums of Scotland.

After the war, many of the soldiers settled in St. Andrews, New Brunswick.

Notes

Infantry regiments of the British Army
Highland regiments
Military units and formations established in 1777
Scottish regiments
Military of Scotland
Regiments of the British Army in the American Revolutionary War

74th Regiment of (Highland) Foot


Paula Cale (born June 2, 1970) is an American actress best known for her role as Joanie Hansen on the television series Providence.

Early life
Cale was born Paula Korologos in Great Falls, Virginia.

Her father, Tom C. Korologos, worked as a top Capitol Hill lobbyist; a Congressional liaison during the Nixon and Ford presidential administrations; and managed the confirmation of Donald Rumsfeld as Secretary of Defense under George W. Bush. From 2004 to 2007, he served as the US Ambassador to Belgium. Cale's mother, Joy, was a homemaker and chairwoman of the Fairfax County School Board, who died in 1997 from brain cancer.

Cale attended Langley High School and interned in the Ronald Reagan-era White House. Following her graduation in 1988, she studied to be a teacher for one year at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, then transferred to The Theatre School at DePaul University in Chicago, where she won a scholarship to study drama and earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in acting in 1993.

Career
Following college, Cale originated the role of Suzanne in the Steppenwolf Theatre production of Steve Martin's Picasso at the Lapin Agile in Chicago and came to Los Angeles with the production in 1995, where Candice Bergen spotted Cale and offered her the recurring role of McGovern, a reporter in Murphy Brown. Soon after, Cale was simultaneously appearing in two comedy series on different networks: as a sassy waitress in Local Heroes and as the neurotic wife of Christopher Gartin in Buddies.

She then went to New York City to appear onstage, including The Night of the Iguana on Broadway and as Gilda Radner in off-Broadway's Bunny, Bunny. When she returned to Los Angeles, she guest-starred in two episodes of NBC's The Naked Truth as Téa Leoni's sister, and on Cybill as Cybill Sheridan's long-lost niece. Wanting to continue comedic roles, she first hesitated when asked to audition for the drama Providence.

After Providence ended in 2002, Cale appeared as Dean Martin's first wife Betty in Martin and Lewis, and in the 2008 TV movie Living Proof on Lifetime. In 2015, she appeared alongside Jennifer Aniston in Cake as Carol.

Personal life
From 1995 to 1999, she was married to folk musician Bennett Cale. In 2002, she revealed to People Magazine that she suffers from clinical depression. On July 29, 2006, she married Los Angeles screenwriter Michael Lisbe.  Cale currently resides in Los Angeles, where she performs volunteer work for her church.

References

External links

Living people
1970 births
American television actresses
American stage actresses
DePaul University alumni
Vanderbilt University alumni
American people of Greek descent
American film actresses
Actresses from Virginia
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
People from Great Falls, Virginia

Paula Cale


Yücel Erten (born 19 October 1945, Muş), is Turkish actor, director, art director, writer, translator.

Biography
Born in Muş in 1945, Erten had his primary and secondary education in Antalya and Ankara. In 1969 he graduated from Ankara State Conservatory Theater Department. He started as a trainee artist at the Ankara State Theater.

In 1970, he went to Federal Germany to study at state universities and completed the Reji Department of the Essen Folkwang High School. At the same time, he finished his education in Interior-Costume interior specialization at school.

During his studies in Germany; Züricher Schauspielhaus in Switzerland, Staatstheater Hannover in Germany, Stædtische Bühnen Essen and Bühne as assistant director and assistant director in 1964. In 1974 Erten returned to his home country, completing the "Folkwang Award" by playing a performance with his diploma.

From October 1992, Erten worked for 16 months in the State Teatroller as General Manager and Principal. He resigned with the General Directorate in order to implement electoral methods.

Filmography
 Yorgun Savaşçı, 1979, Halit Refiğ
 Kurtuluş 1996, Ziya Öztan
 Cumhuriyet, Film 1998, Ziya Öztan
 Salkım Hanımın Taneleri, Film, 1999, Tomris Giritlioğlu
 Sana Bayılıyorum, TV Series Show TV, 2002, Aram Gülyüz-İlyas İlbey
 Körfez Ateşi, ATV, 2005, Şafak Bakkalbaşıoğlu
 İlk Aşk, 2006, Nihat Durak
 Yemin, Dizi Fox TV, 2007 - 08 Sadullah Celen
 Garp, Film, 2008, Emre Mirza
 Elveda Rumeli,, 2009, Serdar Akar
 Kavşak, Film, 2010, Selim Demirdelen
 Bitmeyen Şarkı, , 2010, Sadullah Celen–Yasemin Türkmenli
 Tozlu Yollar,  2013, Özer Kızıltan - Kudret Sabancı
 Karadayı, TV Series, 2013, Uluç Bayraktar - Cem Karcı
 Burhan Bey'in Kısa Bir Hikâyesi, Film,, 2014, Selçuk Özgül
 Bir Cenaze,  film, 2014, Mamikoğlu
 Ses Ver, film, 2015, Gülay Küçük
 Deliormanlı, Film, 2015-16, Murat Şeker

References

Other websites

1945 births
Living people
Turkish actors

Yücel Erten


Darkwater: Voices from Within the Veil is a literary work by W.E.B. Du Bois. Published in 1920, the text incorporates autobiographical information as well as essays, spirituals, and poems that were all written by Du Bois himself.

Writing
Written when he was 50, Darkwater is the first of Du Bois's three autobiographies and was followed by Dusk of Dawn: An Autobiography of a Race Concept, and The Autobiography of W. E. B. Du Bois: A Soliloquy on Viewing My Life from the Last Decade of its First Century.

Du Bois maintained that the book was written to develop an understanding of the complications of the color-line with emphasis on its political implications.
 "I venture to write again on themes on which great souls have already said greater words, in the hope that I may strike here and there a half-tone, newer even if slighter, up from the heart of my problem and the problems of my people."

Contents
An overarching theme of this work is the unifying character of labor, and its contrast with traditional conflict between historical identities. Usually this is cast in terms of conflict between white and black workers, but with some variation. For example:

Several of its essays are personal in nature, with obvious emotional rhetoric.  The style maintains a religious tone and his spirituality is a common thread in many of the individual essays.  Described in varying tones of black and brown, a Christ-like figure of racial hope is prevalent, signifying the coming moment of racial confrontation and eventual salvation. This figure is one which Du Bois characterizes as the bearer of eternal freedom from discrimination, poverty, and from the color line itself. The stories within Darkwater also revolve around discontent with the way that democracy was viewed and handled among people of different ethnic, racial, and social groups.

The chapter structure of Darkwater follows a consistent pattern of a narrative section and a poetic section, both within one chapter. The narrative sections are frequently autobiographical or are otherwise works of speculative fiction.  In this text Du Bois compiles previously written works from The Atlantic, The Independent, The Crisis, and the Journal of Race Development.

In his chapter called "The Damnation of Women," Du Bois seeks to elevate women by acknowledging their labor in the home, the workplace and the black church. The chapter has been described as one of the first proto-feminist analyses by a male intellectual. In the chapter, Du Bois gives the black mother even more glorification for her role as child bearer. He calls for women to seek a life of economic independence, and argues that women have a right to control their own bodies and reproductive choices. Yet in his description of women he often describes their physical traits first such as his description of journalist Mary Shadd Cary whom Du Bois described as a "ravishing dream-born beauty."

Credo
Darkwater opens with  "Credo", which was frequently reprinted in contexts other than within the book. It was written in style similar to a Christian creed and was his statement of faith and vision for change. "Credo" was widely read and recited.

It begins with the prophetic statement

I believe in God who made of one blood all races that dwell on earth. I believe that all men, black and brown and white, are brothers, varying, through Time and Opportunity, in form and gift and feature, but differing in no essential particular, and alike in soul and in the possibility of infinite development.

and later speaks to freedom and dreams

I believe in Liberty for all men; the space to stretch their arms and their souls; the right to breathe and the right to vote, the freedom to choose their friends, enjoy the sunshine and ride on the railroads, uncursed by color; thinking, dreaming, working as they will in a kingdom of God and love.

Reception
Darkwater: Voices From Within the Veil was well received by audiences after it was first published, helping to open the eyes of readers to the problems of racial discrimination in America. In his review of Darkwater in the popular magazine The Survey Robert Foerster writes, "Actually it is a book so skillfully put together, so passionately felt, so lyrically expressed, that it will be read widely."

References

External links

Works by W. E. B. Du Bois
1920 books
Harcourt (publisher) books

Darkwater: Voices from Within the Veil


Nino Sanzogno (13 April 1911 – 4 May 1983) was an Italian conductor and composer.

Life
Sanzogno was born in Venice, where he studied the violin with Hermann Scherchen and composition with Gian Francesco Malipiero at the Liceo Musicale. He later studied conducting in Vienna with Scherchen. He conducted the Gruppo Strumentale in concerts in Italy and abroad before becoming resident conductor at La Fenice in Venice in 1937, and the RAI Milan Symphony Orchestra soon afterwards. He first conducted at La Scala in Milan in 1939.

A specialist of contemporary works, he conducted at La Scala the premieres of Milhaud's David, Poulenc's Dialogues des Carmélites, Walton's Troilus and Cressida, Shostakovich's Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk, Berg's Lulu, Britten's A Midsummer Night's Dream, Prokofiev's The Fiery Angel, while abroad, notably in Britain, he introduced several works by Italian composers such as Malipiero, Dallapiccola and Pizzetti. He conducted the premiere of the final revised version of Karl Amadeus Hartmann's First Symphony in 1957.

In 1955, he inaugurated the Piccola Scala, where he conducted several revivals of 18th century works by composers such as Piccinni, Paisiello, Cimarosa, etc. He appeared with this company at the Edinburgh Festival in 1957.

Sanzogno was admired for his precision and firm discipline marked by outward charm and elegance. His compositions include two symphonic poems, I quattro cavalieri del'Apocalisse (1930) and Vanitas (1931), and concertos for viola (1935) and cello (1937), as well as music for chamber ensembles. In later years, he taught conducting in Darmstadt.

He conducted Joan Sutherland's first complete opera studio recording (Rigoletto) with Decca Records in 1961.

He died in Milan in 1983.

Selected recordings
 1954 – A.Berg – Wozzeck (in Italian) – Tito Gobbi, Dorothy Dow, Hugues Cuénod, Italo Tajo – RAI Orchestra Roma – MYTO Records
 1956 – D.Cimarosa – Il matrimonio segreto – Eugenia Ratti, Graziella Sciutti, Ebe Stignani, Luigi Alva, Carlo Badioli, Franco Calabrese – Coro e orchestra del Teatro alla Scala – EMI
 1959 – G.Donizetti – Lucia di Lammermoor – Renata Scotto, Giuseppe di Stefano, Ettore Bastianini, Ivo Vinco – Coro e orchestra del Teatro alla Scala – RICORDI
 1961 – G.Verdi – Rigoletto – Cornell McNeil, Joan Sutherland, Renato Cioni, Cesare Siepi, Stefania Malagù – Coro e orchestra dell'Accademia di Santa Cecilia, Roma – Decca
 1965 - Arrigo Boito - Mefistofele - Nicolai Ghiaurov, Renata Tebaldi, Alfredo Kraus - San Francisco - Ornamenti

Opera films
 1954 – Verdi – La traviata – Rosanna Carteri, Nicola Filacuridi, Carlo Tagliabue – Rai Milan Chorus and Orchestra – BELCANTO
 1956 – Mozart – Le nozze di Figaro – Heinz Rehfuss, Marcella Pobbe, Rosanna Carteri, Nicola Rossi-Lemeni, Dora Gatta – Rai Milan Chorus and Orchestra – VAI
 1958 – Mozart – Don Giovanni – Mario Petri, Ilva Ligabue, Luigi Alva, Sesto Bruscantini, Orch. A. Scarlatti, dir. Franco Zeffirelli – RAI

Sources
 Le guide de l'opéra, Roland Mancini & Jean-Jacques Rouveroux, (Fayard, 1989)
 Grove Music Online, Leonardo Pinzauti, July 2008.

Italian male conductors (music)
1911 births
1983 deaths
20th-century Italian conductors (music)
20th-century Italian male musicians

Nino Sanzogno


Great Wilbraham Common is a  biological Site of Special Scientific Interest west of Great Wilbraham in Cambridgeshire. It is managed by the Commons Right Holders.

This is one of the largest remaining areas of species-rich grassland in the county. Locally uncommon flora include purple milk-vetch, felwort, meadow saxifrage, green-winged orchid and sulphur clover.

There is access by a footpath from Wilbraham Road

References

Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Cambridgeshire

Great Wilbraham Common


Austrick Sign Leid  (Österreichische Gebärdensprache, ÖGS) is the sign leid uised in the Austrick an is the first or preferred leid o deif fowk in the UE; There are 482,300 Deif adults in the UE who uise ÖGS plus an estimatit children. The leid makes uise o space an involves movement o the hands, body, face an heid. Mony thoosans o fowk who are no deif an aa uise ÖGS, as hearin relatives o deif fowk, sign leid interpreters or as a result o ither contact wi the Austrick deaf commonty.

References

Leids o Austrick
Sign leids
Deif cultur

Austrick Sign Leid


Klusenstein is a castle in Hemer, Germany, located on a 60m high cliff above the valley of the Hönne river. The castle was built in 1353 as a boundary fortification of the earldom Mark.

History
The castle was built in 1353 by Gerhard of Plettenberg, a vassal of earl Engelbrecht III of the Mark. Levold of Northof (1279-1359?), the chronicler of earl Engelbrecht, wrote
In denseluen jair, als die vurs. Greue Engelbrecht auer Meer reysden, beghan Gerit van Plettenbrecht in afwesen des Greuen dat Slot ind Stat to nyenraide in Suderlande to tymmeren ind oick Slot ten Cluysensteyn.
which translates to
In the year when Earl Engelbrecht was traveling beyond the sea, Gerit of Plettenberg in the absence of his earl began to build the castle and town of Neuenrade in the Sauerland, as well as the castle of Klusenstein.

The castle formed the boundary fortification of the earldom Mark to the bishopric state of Cologne and the earldom Arnsberg. All three territories met at the Hönne river valley, the castle was also overlooking an old road crossing the valley. During the feud between earl Engelbert and Gottfried IV of Arnsberg, the castle was under siege in 1366 but did not fall.

When the last Earl of Arnsberg, Gottfried IV, sold the earldom to the bishop of Cologne, the castle lost its importance. Until the 17th century, the family of Werminghausen owned the castle. During the 30 years war (1618–48) both Swedish and Hessian troops stayed in the castle. In 1695 the Brabeck family bought the castle and sold it in 1812 to the Löbbecke family. In 1904 it was sold to the Hoesch company, and now belongs to the company Rheinkalk.

For the 650th anniversary in 2003 the castle and the adjoining buildings were renovated.

Etymology
The origin of the name Klusenstein isn't fully known. While the second part stein simply means rock, the word Kluse may either refer to a rift in the rock, or alternatively from the dialect word for hermitage.

Location

The castle is located on a 60m high cliff over the Hönne river valley,  at around the narrowest part of the valley. At the bottom of the rock is a small cave in total 51m long. One corridor bends upward, but about 30m below the plateau it is blocked by stones. There were legends about a secret escape route out of the castle, in 2003 the top entrance to the cave was found below the eastern palais destroyed in 1840.

Below the castle is a mill named Klusenstein mill, though it did not belong to the castle. Since 1912 the railway connecting Balve and Menden runs directly below the castle.

References

650 Jahre Burg Klusenstein. Heimatbund Märkischer Kreis.

Buildings and structures completed in 1353
Castles in North Rhine-Westphalia
Hill castles
Buildings and structures in Märkischer Kreis
County of Mark
Hemer

Klusenstein Castle


A rocket launcher is a weapon that shoots rockets. Rockets are explosives that fly towards their targets by burning fuel. Some rocket launchers are mounted on a truck, and others are a type of recoilless rifle.

They were invented by the Chinese after they discovered gun powder. In World War II, rocket launchers became powerful enough to destroy tanks.

Many people mistakenly call all rocket launchers bazookas, but the bazooka is only one type of rocket launcher. Other rocket launchers include the RPG-7, the LAW, the AT-4, the SMAW, and the Panzerschreck.

Rocket launchers are different from missile launchers because some missiles can follow their target even if they were not aimed straight at them, but rockets cannot.

Ballistics

Rocket launcher


Carlo Airoldi (21 September 1869–18 June 1929) was an Italian marathon runner, famous for walking to the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece.

Early life
Airoldi was born in Origgio, near Saronno. He competed in sporting contests in the Varese. Later, he competed at the national and international level. In 1892, he won the Lecco-Milano and the Milano-Torino. He became famous very quickly. He was one of the best marathon runners of his time. In September 1895, he won the Milano-Barcellona marathon. He won 2000 pesetas for his victory.

The Olympics
Airoldi wanted to participate in the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. But, he did not have many to get to Athens. He received some money from La Bicicleta, a popular magazine of the time. Airoldi decided to run his way to Athens. He would need to cover seventy kilometres a day to arrive on time. The magazine covered the stages of his journey. They also provided him with food and water.

Airoldi first went from Milan to Split, with no problems. In the next stage, Airoldi planned to run along the Croatian coast through Kotor and Corfu. However, he fell and hurt his hand during the journey. He had to spend two days resting himself. He was told not to cross Albania on foot. He decided to take an Austrian boat to Patras. Then, he would go to Athens on foot.

Airoldi finished his 28-day journey to Athens. However, he was not allowed to compete in the marathon. The head of the Olympic committee said that he was a professional athlete, and could not compete. Officials in Italy sent telegrams to the official, but Airoldi was still not allowed to compete. Italians felt that Airoldi was not allowed to compete because Greeks wanted to win the marathon. Airoldi did not accept the final decision. He then challenged the marathon-winner Spiridon Louis to a race. However, Louis never accepted Airoldi's offer.

His later years
Back in Italy, Airoldi tried to beat Spiridon Louis's record. He did not succeed. He continued to race in Lombardy and Switzerland. After he finished racing, he moved to South America.

Other websites
 Recensione al testo di Sgarella
 History of Carlo Airoldi and his journey to Athens

Italian athletes
1869 births
1929 deaths

Carlo Airoldi


The Khattak (not to be confused with the Punjabi Khattars) are a tribe of Pashtuns of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. They are a large tribe, and spread out over various places from Akora Khattak, on the banks of the Indus River, to Malakand District and Karak District of the above province.

A colony of the Khattaks are also settled at Saghri village, Jand Tehsil, Attock District of Punjab (Pakistan).

The famous Pashto language poet of the 17th century AD, Khushal Khan Khattak, also belonged to this tribe.

Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Ethnic groups in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Khattak


Wigtoun ( or  - baith uised local) () is a toun an umwhile ryal burgh in Wigtounshire, in Dumfries an Gallowa, Scotland. It wis the coonty toun o Wigtounshire. It lies east o Stranrawer an sooth o Newton Stewart. It is weel-kent nouadays as "Scotland's National Beuk Toun" wi a heich concentration o seicont-haundit beuk shaps an a annual beuk fest. It his a population o aroond 1,000.

Wigtoun is the weygate tae an the main centre o the Machars peninsula.

Acause o the Gulf Stream the climate is myld an plants for ordinar associatit wi the wairmer climates o lawer latitudes can be growed successfu there.

Scotland's National Beuk Toun

Nouadays Wigtoun is kent as Scotland's "beuk toun" an is sicweys compare't tae Hay-on-Wye in Wales. Houiver, in contrast tae Hay-on-Wye, Wigtoun's stats as a beuk toun wis planned, sae as tae regenerate a verra doun-castit toun (the main employers, the creamery an the distillery, haein closed in the 1990s), awtho the distillery (Bladnoch) his noo re-appent an is distillin its ain maut whisky. The war a national sairch in Scotland for a candidate toun. The Wigtoun Beuk Fest wis first haudit in 1999 an his growed tae be the seicont-lairgest beuk fest in Scotland.

The toun

Ae 18t century historian o the coonty, Samuel Robinson, notit that "the greatest number of houses were of a homely character, thatched an one storey high. Each house," he conteenaed "had a midden in the front o it." Bishop Pococke in 1760 notit an aw the existance o thackit hooses. Bi the end o the 19t century it wis said that twa hooses in the town wis haurdly the same; some hid gavel ends, ither anes hid lairge fronts broddit bi dou-hole windaes, while ither anes yet hid ootby stairs. Wigtoun wis descrived as the maist auld-farrant coonty toun in Scotland.

Toun Cooncil impruivements in the early 19t century greatly altert the face o Main Street. In 1809 toun bailies resolved tae impruive the main street at a moderate expense bi liftin the pave an makkin a graivel road aroond ilk side o the street, the ooter edge o whit wis tae be 44 fit fae the edge o the hooses. A "plantation" wis tae be leaved in the centre o the througang, that wis later laid oot wi scrogs an haint bi a rail. In 1830, the Wigtoun Boulin Club obteent a fittin in the "plantation" an bi the turn o the 20t century the square wis uised maistly bi boulers an tennis-players. A hantle o the square wis plantit up in the mid 20t century, bit in 2002 it wis restore't til the genteel Georgian appen plan freenged bi trees.

The Newton Stewart tae Whithorn brainch railwey line hid a station at Wigtoun; the first train ran on 2 Mairch 1875. The service cease't in 1950. The closin o the railwey service led direct tae the dwinnlin o the toun's main industry - the Bladnoch Creamery.

Schuils

Wigtoun's grammar school is the auldest in Wigtounshire. Until 1712 the schuil disna appear to hae been conductit in a biggin set aside for that purpose, bit in that century the cooncil ordert aw residenters awnin hooses tae bring a draucht o timmer fae a nearby wid tae hel in the biggin o a schuilhoose. Near the end o the century the cooncil notit that the schuilhoose wis owercroudit an needit impruivement, bit acause o the puir state o the toun's finances, the bailies coudna dae muckle tae help at the time. The dominie wis promuived tae find mair room  in the toun at the expense o the "stranger studentis".

A Roman Catholic primary schuil wis built oanent  the schuil bit it closed in 2004.

Kirks

The pairish kirk o Wigtoun wis dedicatit til an obscure 6t century saunt, Machutus (Malo). On shaw within the modren pairish kirk is a Celtic interlace't cross shaft o the Withorn School datin back to aboot 1000 AD. Preceese hou auld the kirk is remeens a meestery, an awthou at ae time it belangt tae the priory o Withorn, Wigtoun pairish kirk wis efterhaund set up as a free rectory wi the king as the patron. A kirk wis biggit on the site o the medieval pairish kirk in 1730, an awmaist within a century that kirk wis in ruins, and a third pairish kirk wis built nearby in 1850. Pairts o 1730 kirk survive, awtho flinders o this micht be aulder than that date, acause the're a windae on the sooth side aisle buskit wi trefoiled heids an stane mullions wi shields cairved on them. Some residenters o Wigtoun mainteen that the ruins date back til the 13t century.

Catholic kirk

The Sacred Heart Catholic Churck is a Gothic Early English style cruciform kirk o nave an apse, bi airchitect John Garden Brown, an built in 1879. The fower lancent windaes on the facade uphaud a niche conteenin a statue o Christ.  It is a leetit biggin, Categorie C(S). The kirk is ane o anely twa biggins, baith kirks , kent tae hae veen designt bi this airchitect that dee'd aged 27.

Quaker Meetin Hoose

Wigtoun Quaker Meetin Hoose is at The Lorry Park, Chapel Court, South Main Street

Wigtoun Baptist Kirk

This kirs is in Southfield Lane.

Places o interest

Wigtoun lies less nor ae mile fae Blaidnoch, a veelage wi a distillery producin maut whisky o the same name. The River Blaidnoch can be fisht for Atlantic saumon an his historical been weel-kent as ane o Scotland's finest rivers producin ware fish. It meets the River Cree in Wigtoun Bay, whimpelin throu a lairge aurie o saut quaw that his been designatit as a Local Nature Reserve (LNR). Wigtoun Bay is a lairgest LRN in Breetain, an is hame tae a fouth o wildlife, in parteecular birds.
Some fowk come til admire them fae the comfort o the viewin hides situated near Wigtoun Herbour, ither anes come tae shuit them. The first pair o fish hawks tae retour tae Gallowa in ower 100 year arrived in 2004. A live camera link tae thair nest wis creatit an can be viewed in the Coonty Biggins.

The Wigtown and Bladnoch Golf club has a nine-hole gowf coorse ootby the toun.

Til the east o Wigtoun is The Mairtyr's Stake. a moniment merkin the tradeetional site whaur the twa Margarets wis drount in the 17t century. Thair graffs is in the Pairish Kirk seemetry. The're a smaw cell in the Coonty Biggins that thay wis preesont in afore thair execution. This cell is aw that remeens o a much aulder biggin that wis lairgely malafoustert tae mak wey for the Coonty Biggins (built in 1862). A lairger moniment tae the Covenanters staunds on Windy Hill in the toun.

History

Name oreegins

W. F. H. Nicolaisen offert twa explanations for the placename Wigtoun. Ane theory wis that it meant "dwallin place", fae the Auld English 'wic-ton'; houiver, gin it is the same as Wigton in Cumbria that wis 'Wiggeton' in 1162 an 'Wigeton' in 1262, it micht be 'Wigca's ferm'. Ither soorces hae suggestit a Auld Norse ruit wi 'vik' meanin 'bay', giein the oreegin as a translation o 'the toun on the bay'.

Neolithic Age

The surroondin aurie (the Machars peninsula) is rich in prehistoric remeens, maist namely the
Torhousekie Staundin Stanes, a Neolithic stane circle set on a raised platform o smawer stanes. It conseests o nineteen boolders up tae 5 fit heich rawed til the winter solstice, surroondin a ring cairn on whit the're three lairge stanes (flankers), twa upricht an wan lyin. On a law brae across the road fae the circle the're anither three stanes.

Burgh - Medieval speal

Andrew Symson, a 17t century meenister, suggestit the first sattlement wad hae stuiden on law-lyin saunds atween the praisent-day Wigtoun an Creetoun.

A lairge, braid street wis the focal pynt o sattlement in the medieval toun, bit wis greatly altert at the beginnin o the main street that endit turn aboot in the latter-day Bank Street. High Vennel an Low Vennel is baith early througangs. The burgh appeart brief in the customs report for 1330 an 1331 bit the amoont collectit wis smaw an its heyday as a port wis mainly in the 15t century. Even at the best o times, tred in the soothwast of Scotland wis smaw in quantity.

The ryal burgh wis grantit tae Sir William Fleming, Yerl o Wigtoun bi Keeng David II in 1341. In 1372 Wigtoun passt til the Yerls o Douglas, upon the sale o the yerldom til Archibald the Grim, bit wis restore't tae its umwhile burgage as a ryal burgh as an upshot o the forfeitur o the Douglases in 1455. Its status wis formal acknawledged bi a ryal chairter an fae that time the burgh wis firm siccart bi a feud-chairter at the auld feegur o £20 a year.

Wigtoun wis made a ryal burgh in 1469 awthou a sattlement here existit lang afore this. Wigtoun attendit the Pairlament o Scotland regular fae 1469 and the Convention o Ryal Burghs fae 1575. In 1500-1 anely taw ships came tae Wigtoun and Kirkcoubrie, an at ither times the war no owerseas tred ava.

"Twa Gates'

Wigtoun hid twa ports (gates) that some scrievers hae assertit wis closed at nicht tae form a lairge cattle cruive. Andrew Symon refert til the East port, that stuid near NX 4352 5545 (Ordnance Survey Record Cards, NX 45 NW 18). The West Port stuid anent the mooth o the High Vennel and hints o it wis yet tae be seen in the 1930s. The ports o the toun wis formed bi skoutin hooses streetchin ower the street fae baith sides an a gate bein place't in the centre. In the late 19t century, ane o thir skoutin hooses yet stuid at the site o the West Port, an was "a thing", in his opeenion, "anything but ornamental to the town." The West Port can be seen on the map at the Cross, on the infaw o North and South Mount Streets. (Tae view, houd doun (Shift) key, an muive yer cursor on the map at maps:nls.uk)

In 1742 the're a reference tae diggin a wall ootby the West Port. This wall wad likely hae been the ane kent as the White Pump.

The toun cooncil in 1761 decidit that the ports wis "hurtful to the place" in that thay "greatly incommode the carrying of corps of the deceased through the same". Stane fae the ports, that wis ordert tae be pullt doun tae thair steids, wis ordert tae be store't in a maist siccar mainer, sae that "they might answer the uses of the burgh when they have the occasion".

13t century burgh

The burgh is mentiont in an indentur o 1292, and that the office Shirra o Wigtoun wis in existence at the time o the Battle o Largs in 1263 suggests that the burgh micht hae been acknawledged an aw as sic durin the ring o Keeng Alexander III.

13t century freery an walls

Twa walls wis supposed tae hae been respective at the castle an the freery.

Blackfriars, the Dominican freery, wis foondit at "Friarland", north o the mooth of the Blaidnoch, sootheast o the toun o Wigtoun, bi Dervorguilla o Gallowa, the hauf-sister o Thomas McDowell o Garthland, Stoneykirk o Clan MacDowall in 1267. Dervorguilla mairit John I de Balliol an wis mither o King John Balliol. Thomas McDowell claimt the Kingdom o Gallway an micht hae been in custody at "Friarland" in later life.

The freers hid been grantit the fishins on the sooth side o Blaidnoch an in 1526 Keeng James V gied them thae on the north side an aw in a 13-year lease that later becam a propine. On this fishin stuid the toun's mill.

13t century castle

Wigtoun Castle wis in existence bi 1291, on flet laund doun by the River Blaidnoch (ootlines seen clear on an aerial view), while the toun and kirk wis on a ahill, "an inversion of the usual arrangements". Naething remeens o the castle, awtho a strang natural site an a shawin o a lairge enclose't an defendit area seems tae pynt tae a castle of the Edwardian (Keeng Edward I o England) type,  datin fae the end o the 13t century. The site o the castle wis howkit efter a fashion about 1830, bi a Captain Robert M'Kerlie an a team o volunteers. The ootlines o a biggin wis clear hintit on that occasion an a ditch that hid been braid, wis clear seen on the north whaur the war a semi-circular rig an aw o conseederable hicht said tae be the remeens o the castle's ooter waw. A wheen o years later, a reporter in the Statistical Accounts of Scotland wrate that "a fosse was quite discernable, awtho the foundations of the walls canot now be traced. Lime an other remains indicative of an ancient building were still to be observed".

The castle's history is virtual unkent, bit it micht hae been uised bi the leaders o Clan MacDowall. The Adair history relates that thair ancestor slaw the commaunder o Wigtoun Castle. Robert the Bruce micht hae issue't the orders for its slichtin. The anely kent hint o its existence efter the speal o the Wars o Scots Unthirldom occurs in a chairter o 1451 that a turris (tour) o Wigtoun is mentiont in. Its convenience as a local quarrel undoutitly accoonts for its hale disappearance.

15t an 16t centurys

Amang the five wast coast tredin ports, Kirkcoubrie an Wigtoun wis great rivals. in 1471 Wigtoun exportit £17 10s 0d wirth o guids an Kirkcoubrie £23 15s 0d. A wheen o years later Wigtoun exportit 1,250 hides as opposed tae 1,000 for Kirkcoubrie. Naitural, the kythin o Wigtoun hurtit Kirkcoubrie as a tredin port; houiver, as Kirkcoubrie dwinnle't sae in time did Wigtoun. Pairt o Wigtoun's dwinnlin micht be acause she dinna jyne in the herrin tred that wis the major export for a nummer o wast coast ports sic as Ayr an Irvin in the 15t century. Mairower, Wigtoun wis a conservative merchand community, an its exclusive tredin preevileges grantit tae them bi Keeng James II bec
becam increasin threitent bi Whithorn.

The earliest reference tae the mercat cross an tron o Wigtoun occurs in the 1547 chairter. It appears that the mercat cross stuid afore the auld coort hoose an wis remuived for a short time in the 18t century. While the square wis bein biggit, the mercat cross wis stowed in the jyle. A seicont mercat cross wis upsetten in the main street in 1816, an at some pynt the oreeginal wis brung oot o its haudin in an place't til the wast o it. At some time later the aulder mercat cross wis mendit, re-pentit, an re-sitit til the east o the seicont ane.

An early reference til a towebuith in Wigtoun occurs in 1591, an it is like eneuch that this biggin wis blawn up bi gunpouder in the 18t century tae mak wey for the mercat hoose (or coort hoose) mentiont bi Bishop Richard Pococke in 1760 an anither 18t century scriever, Samuel Robinson. This municipal biggin in its shot gied wey til the current coonty biggins that wis biggit in 1862, wi thair unuisual French-style airchitectur. The coonty biggis wis sortit in 2002-3 follaein decades o neglect.

17t century

Andrew Symson, a 17t-century meenister o the kirk at Kirkinner, left a descrivin o Wigtoun. Writin in 1684, he descrieved Wigtoun as a indifferent bit weel-biggit toun wi a lairge, braid street. Bi the late 17t an early 18t centurys, Wigtoun Mercat disna appear to hae been raiglar attendit. In 1683 the toun cooncil wis gart tae tak steps tae gie a lift tae attendance at the weekly mercat an tae affroad forestallers an regraters, i.e. thaim that wad sell guids afore the offeecial mercat time, or later resell guids at a profit. The legislation seems tae hae hid no muckle effect, for in the follaein year, Andrew Symson notit that the toun wis "smaw o tredin, thair mercat day is Monanday, bit it isna frequent". The 1692 report til the Convention o Ryal Burghs observed an aw that the toun hid no weekly mercat, bit did mainteen fower yearly fairs. Mercat faceelitys appear an aw tae hae been puir, wi no kivert pairt. In recent years Wigtoun his haudit a mercat in the square on Seturdays durin the simmer an in the coonty biggins in the winter.

Wigtoun's poseetion on the stent rolls shaws a steidy dwinnlin in her economic poseetion durin the 17t century. In 1597, Wigtoun wis set tax at 15 shillins, Dumfries peyed 36 shillins an 8 pennies, Whithorn peyed 5 shillins, an Kirkcoubrie, 18 shillins. In 1649, Dumfries hid shawn a merkit increase, bit the tither anes hid aw dwinnle't. Wigtoun peyed a set rate o 14 shillins in 1649, an the feegur remeent the same in 1670, bit hid fawen tae 6 shillins in 1692. The report til the Convention o Ryal Burghs in that same year reportit black-baised that the war no furrin tred an that the toun awnt no ships o boats. Existin inland tred wis "gey conseederable" an cam in fae Ayr, Glesga, an Dumfries.

Wigtoun Mairtyrs

Moniments til the Wigtoun Mairtyrs exist in Wigtoun. Durin "The Killin Times" o the Covenanters in the 17t century, Margaret McLachlan, an elderin wumman in her 60s. an Margaret Wilson, a teenager, wis decreetit tae be tied tae stakes in the tidal chainel o the River Blaidnoch near its entry tae Wigtoun Bay tae be drount bi the ingangin tide. The execution date wis 11 Mey 1685. The ploy wis that the younger wumman micht be perswaddit tae chainge her mynd efter watchin the aulder wumman droun. This execution wis cairit oot bi dragoons unner the commaund o Major Windram in the praisence o Sir Robert Grierson o Lag that haudit the King's Comeession tae nither the rebels in the Soothwast. Thair story, as telt in various soorces, tells hou the weemen wis begowkit bi an informer. Efter aboot a month in the preeson thay wis tried as rebels an decreetit tae deith bi drounin. The story o the Wigtoun Mairtyrs wis amang thae anes collectit bi Robert Wodrow an publisht in his History of the Sufferings of the Church of Scotland from the Restoration to the Revolution. The Kirk o Scotland synod hid decidit in 1708 tae collect accoonts o persecution unner the Stuart monarchs, and perswaddit Wodrow tae tak on the research. He wrate that Thomas Wilson "lives now in this father's room, and is ready to attest all I am writing."

18t century
Ootthrou the 18t century, Wigtoun remeent maistly an agricultural toun, servin an odious landwart aurie. Like ither touns in Gallowa, Wigtoun didna growe tae ony appreciable size. The population o the pairish wis 1,032 in 1755, while in 1739, it stuid at 1,350. The reporter in the Statistical Accounts of Scotland notit the population wis dwinnlin in the landwart pairish an increasin in the toun for twa raisons: first, acause o the eikin o the ferms that gart the servands tae seek employment in the toun, an seicont, acause o the Irish emigrants.

Residenters o Wigtoun an the surroondin aurie wan thair leevin in a variety o weys. An 18t century observer, Samuel Robinson, said that fae its "peculiar position in relation to the sea", the coonty o Wigtoun offert "many singular advantages to the landing of smuggled goods an smugglers were not slow in taking advantage of this". Wigtoun toun cooncil in Julie 1774 acknawledged the "pernicious and fatal consequences" o smugglin aw kinds o proheebitit guids, in particular tea, fae the Isle o Man. The cooncil forder denunce't the drinkin o tea an brandy acause thair purchasin tuimt siller fae the coonty that cad be mair naitural employed in the makin o thair ain oo. In maugre o this pleadin, it wis anely at the end o the century that the toun appears tae hae adoptit industry. The reporter in the Statistical Account notit that in Wigtoun, as in awmaist aw the tither touns in Gallowa, the war a want o industry; houiver, "something of a manufacturing spirit has arisen in this part of the county". Twa smaw oo an cotton warks wis introduce't intil the toun in the early 1790s, an awtho the ooen industry wis muckle mair soond nor the cotton, baith exportit guids tae England.

Ane 18t century historian o the coonty, Samuel Robinson, notit that "the greatest number of houses were of a homely charachter, thatched and one storey hight". "Ilk hoose," he conteenaed, "had a midden in front of it." Bishop Pococke in 1760 notit an aw the existence o thackit hooses. notit that "the greatest number of houses were of a homely character, thatched an one storey high. Each house," he conteenaed "had a midden in the front o it." Bishop Pococke in 1760 notit an aw the existance o thackit hooses. Bi the end o the 19t century it wis said that twa hooses in the town wis haurdly the same; some hid gavel ends, ither anes hid lairge fronts broddit bi dou-hole windaes, while ither anes yet hid ootby stairs.

Warld War II

A Ryal Air Force fleein station, RAF Wigtown, wis biggit ootby the toun an appent in 1941. Unner the control o 29 Group RAF, the station wis hame tae No. 1 Air Observers School, later No. 1 Advanced Flying Unity (Observer), as weel as providin a short-term hame tae several operational RAF squadrons. The station wis closed in 1948. Nouadays it is rairly uised bi licht aircraft, whiles bein refert til as Baldoon Airfield.

In faur ben cultur

 Three Things You Need to Know About Rockets- Jessica A Fox.

This beuk wis publisht in 2012. Her account o follaein her dream an flttin fae Los Angeles an a job at NASA tae help rin a beukshap in Wigtoun and findin luve.

 The Diary of a Bookseller - Shaun Blythell

This beuk wis publisht in 2017. It descrives his experiences as the awner o The Bookshop, Scotland's lairgest seicont-handit bookshap.

The BBC reportit on 2 October 2018 that the options on baith beuks hid been bocht bi "a Hollywood film compnay" wi the idea o combinin them tae creaut a pictur.

In the Harry Potter universe, the quidditch team Wigtown Wanderers come fae the toun.

Namely fowk

 John McConnell Black (1855-1951) - botanist an linguist
 Robert Cance (unknown-1886) - member o the Wisconsin State Assembly
 Helen Carte (1852-1913) - hotelier, theatre producer, manager
 Dave Kevan (born 1968) - perfaisional fitbawer for Notts County F.C. an Stoke City F.C., ex-manager/caretaker at Notts County F.C.
 Adrian J. McDowall (born 1978) - pictur an telly director - growed up in the toun
 John McFadyean (1853-1941) - veterinary surgeon an professor o veterinary science
 Louis McGuffie VC (1893-1918) - hauder o the Victoria Cross
 Mary Broadfoot Walker (1888-1974) - physeecian that demonstratit the effectiveness of physostigmine in treating myasthenia gravis
 Samuel Robinson (1786-1875) - scriever. His accoont o his life on a sclave ship, A Sailor Boy's Experience Aboard a Slave Ship, wis publisht in 1867
 Margaret Wilson an Margaret McLachlan - 17t century Covenanter mairtyrs for the Free Kirk o Scotland

Local connection

 Awtho the aktor James Robertson Justice wisna as he claimt born at Wigtoun, he did hae ancestral links wi the aurie. In the 1940s he bade at Orchardton House off Agnew Crescent.
 Paul Laverty (born 1957), the prefert screenwriter o pictur-makker Ken Loach, growed up in the toun an wis eddicatit at All Souls' School in Wigtoun. In 2017 he made a retour as a guest at the annual Wigtown Book Festival
 Ian Niall (born John Kincaid McNeillie 1916-2002) - His beuk The Wigtown Ploughman gied its name tae ane o the local taverns, noo unner new management and rename't The Craft Hotel.

Leetit biggins in Wigtoun

 Harbour Road Dunmore With Gates Gatepiers And Boundary Walls
 10 And 12 High Street
 3A And 3B North Main Street
 17 North Main Street
 27 North Main Street
 6 South Main Street
 18 South Main Street
 24 South Main Street
 Windy Hill Martyrs Monument And Enclosure
 1-4 (Inclusive Nos) Acre Place
 26 And 28 Agnew Crescent
 7 Bank Street
 8 Bank Street
 24 Bank Street
 4 And 5 Bladnoch Village
 27 South Main Street, Post Office
 19 Bladnoch Village
 6 And 8 High Street
 28 High Street
 32 High Street
 5 Low Vennel Smithy
 34 North Main Street The Granite House
 16 South Main Street Sunningdale
 22 South Mains Treet
 Woodside With Coach House, Retaining Walls And Railings
 11 And 13 Agnew Crescent
 4 Bank Street
 2 Bladnoch Village
 11 Bladnoch Village
 13, 14 And 15 Bladnoch Village
 26 Bladnoch Village
 Fountainblue Terrace Craigmount Guest House
 13 North Main Street
 23 South Main Street Galloway Inn
 31 And 32 South Main Street
 Bank Street Bank House Garden Wall And Garden Houses
 Bladnoch Bridge
 24 Bladnoch Village
 27 Bladnoch Village
 32 Bladnoch Village
 Harbour Road, Old Prison House With Boundary Walls (Former Jail And Police Station)
 30 High Street
 5 And 7 North Main Street
 29 And 30 North Main Street
 31 North Main Street
 29 And 30 South Main Street County Hotel
 The Square Old Market Cross
 The Square Town Hall
 21 Agnew Crescent
 10 Bank Street
 20 Bank Street
 22 Bank Street
 17 17A And 17B Bladnoch Village
 9 Harbour Road Former Uf Manse Boundary Wall And Gatepiers
 18 North Main Street
 28 North Main Street
 Wigtown Old Parish Church (St Machute`S Church)
 18-20 (Even Nos) Agnew Crescent
 3 Bank Street
 11 Bank Street
 1 Bladnoch Village
 16 Bladnoch Village
 18 Bladnoch Village Ashleigh
 29 Bladnoch Village
 34 Bladnoch Village And Railings
 4 High Street
 11 North Main Street
 19 North Main Street
 21 North Main Street, Bank Of Scotland
 8 South Main Street The Old Custom House And Bank With Railings
 26 South Main Street
 Wigtown Parish Church (Church Of Scotland) And Churchyard
 19 Agnew Crescent
 6 Agnew Crescent
 10 Agnew Crescent
 9 Bank Street
 2 Bank Street
 7 And 8 Bladnoch
 Newmilns Mill
 Torhousemuir House And Gatepiers
 20 Bladnoch Village
 Harbour Road Applegarth
 2 High Street
 12 North Main Street
 14 North Main Street
 15 North Main Street
 20 North Main Street
 33 North Main Street The Granite House
 14 South Main Street
 25 South Main Street
 The Square, New Market Cross
 15 Agnew Crescent Rowan House
 17 Agnew Crescent
 14 Agnew Crescent
 16 Agnew Crescent
 13 And 15 Bank Street
 6 Bank Street
 Bladnoch Distillery
 4 Agnew Crescent
 22 Bladnoch Village
 23 Bladnoch Village
 25 Bladnoch Village Riverside
 33 Bladnoch Village
 Church Lane, The Laigh House (Former Manse)
 Dunure House Boundary Walls Gates And Outbuildings
 4 North Main Street The Red Lion Inn
 South Main Street Sacred Heart R.C. Church With Gates Gateposts,Railings And Boundary Walls
 4 South Main Street And Garden Wall
 15 South Main Street
 28 South Main Street Craiglachie
 33 And 34 South Main Street
 9 Agnew Crescent
 8 Agnew Crescent
 12 Bladnoch Village

Gailerie

References

 Wigtoun Beuktoun wabsteid
 Ryal Burgh o Wigtoun an Destrict Community Cooncil
 Video footage o Wigtoun Herbour an the River Blaidnoch
 Video an narration o Cruel Lagg an the Wigtoun Mairtyrs
 Video an narration o The Wigtoun Mairtyrs' Moniment
https://canmore.org.uk/site/215449/wigtown-south-main-street-sacred-heart-roman-catholic-church

Touns in Dumfries an Gallowa
Wigtounshire
Dumfries an Gallowa
Places o Scotland

Wigtoun


The Atrocity Exhibition... Exhibit A is the aicht studio album bi thrash metal baund Exodus, released on October 23, 2007. This is the seicont album featuring Rob Dukes on vocals, but it an aa marks the seicont comeback o langtime original Exodus drummer Tom Hunting. Hunting's last appearance wis on Exodus's 2004 album Tempo of the Damned. This an aa is the seicont Exodus album tae feature Lee Altus on guitars.

The name o the album is the same as a planned album that wis tae be released bi the Los Angeles thrash metal ootfit Dark Angel in 1992.

Guitarist Gary Holt haes statit it is named "Exhibit A" acause Exodus haed planned tae release "Exhibit B" suin efterward.

On October 17 the entire album wis uploadit on the baund's MySpace page, housomeivver, mony o the fowk that pre-ordered the album frae CM Distro received it on October 19.

The single released frae the album wis "Funeral Hymn". There wis an aa a muisic video released for "Riot Act".

The sang "Riot Act" wis released as DLC for the video game Rock Band 2 via the Rock Band Network on Juin 6, 2010.

Trackleet
Aw sangs bi Holt unless statit.

"Call to Arms" – 1:33
"Riot Act" – 3:37
"Funeral Hymn" – 8:38
"Children of a Worthless God" – 8:25 (Holt, Dukes, Altus)
"As It Was, as It Soon Shall Be" – 5:16
"The Atrocity Exhibition" – 10:33
"Iconoclasm" – 7:54
"The Garden of Bleeding" – 5:49
"Bedlam 1-2-3" – 19:51
"Secret Track" – 0:06

Notes
The sang Bedlam 1-2-3 fades slowly an ends at 7:57 follaed bi 10 mins. 10 secs. o total silence. At 18:08 (wi 1:43 left tae go) an extremely country influenced sang begins which is a country style version o the title sang frae their 1985 debut album Bonded by Blood. For the extremely country soond o the sang it wis nicknamed "Bonded By Banjo" or sometimes "Banjoed By Blood."

The sang ends wi a "Yeehaw!" heard in the backgrund follaed bi an untitled 6 second hidden track whaur you can hear iver so slichtly in the backgrund someane screamin "That was some heavy shit!" in a barely audible gibberish soondin voice. The exact breakdoun o the 19:51 sang Bedlam 1-2-3 is as follaes:

Bedlam 1-2-3:  0:00 - 7:57
Silence:  7:58 - 18:07
Bonded By Banjo:  18:08 - 19:51

References

Line-up
Rob Dukes - Vocals
Gary Holt - Guitars
Lee Altus - Guitars
Jack Gibson - Bass
Tom Hunting - Drums

Exodus albums
2007 albums
Nuclear Blast albums
Inglis-leid albums

The Atrocity Exhibition... Exhibit A


The Dumont d'Urville Station () is a French scientific station in Antarctica. It is on Île des Pétrels, archipelago of Pointe-Géologie in Adélie Land. It is named after explorer Jules Dumont d'Urville. His expedition landed on Débarquement Rock in the Dumoulin Islands at the northeast end of the archipelago on January 21, 1840. The station is run by the "French Polar Institute Paul-Émile Victor".

History

The first French Antarctic research station was at Port Martin,  east of D'Urville. It was destroyed by fire on January 23, 1952. In 1952, a small base called Base Marret, was built on Île des Pétrels to study a rookery of emperor penguins. When the Port Martin station was destroyed, Base Marret was used in the winter of 1952/1953. A new main base, Dumont D'Urville station, was built on the same island and opened on January 12, 1956. This became the centre for French scientific research during the Antarctic International Geophysical Year 1957/1958. It has remained in active use ever since.

The station allows between 30 and 40 people to come ashore at one time.  Ice and strong katabatic winds often prevent landings, either by boat or by helicopter. The station can accommodate about 30 people in winter and 120 during the summer. The icebreaker ship L'Astrolabe carries supplies and people to the station from the port of Hobart, Tasmania. It does five trips between November and March.

The Academy Award-winning documentary movie La Marche de l'empereur, in English March of the Penguins, was filmed in the region around this base.

1956 establishments
Establishments in Antarctica

Dumont d'Urville Station


Chang Tang National Nature Reserve () lies in the northern Tibetan Plateau. It is the third-largest land nature reserve in the world, after the Northeast Greenland National Park and Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area, with an area of over , making it bigger than 183 countries. Administratively, it lies in Xainza County and Biru County of the Nagqu Prefecture. With the more recently established adjoining reserves listed below there is now a total of 496,000 km (191,507 sq. miles) of connected Nature Reserves, which represents an area almost as large as Spain and bigger than 197 other countries.

History

With assistance from the internationally renowned animal behaviourist and naturalist, George Schaller, the Chang Tang Nature Reserve was originally established by the government of Tibet Autonomous Region in 1993 to protect its fragile ecosystem. The reserve spans the vast and sparsely inhabited northern Tibetan Changtang plateau. The reserve had since been expanded over time. It was upgraded to a "National Protected Area" in April 2000 by the Chinese Government. It is currently listed as an IUCN Category: VI - Managed Resource Protected Area.

Geography

The Changtang (Tibetan for "Northern plain") is a massive high-altitude plateau stretching from Ladakh in India, across northern Tibet into Qinghai Province, and north into the Nanshan mountains of Xinjiang Province. The Chang Tang Nature Reserve includes most of the Chinese portion of the plateau.

As the highest nature reserve in the world, the Chang Tang has an average altitude over 4,800 metres (16,000 feet) with "high rolling hills, and plains interspersed by mountains over 20,000 feet [6,000 metres] high." It is extremely cold in winter with temperatures dropping to minus 40 degrees at night. Travel is easier in the winter because summer can be very wet and vehicles get bogged easily.

New reserves bordering the Chang Tang Nature Reserve have been added in recent years:

 The "Mid-Kunlun Reserve" is directly to the north of the Changtang Nature Reserve. It 32,000 km. and was established in 2001. It also borders the "Arjin Shan (or "Altun Tagh") Reserve" on its east.
 The "Xianza Reserve" Nature Reserve in the Tibet Autonomous Region is 40,000 km, and is directly to the south of the Chang Tang Nature Reserve. It was established in 1993 and contains the Siling Lake.
 The "Arjin Shan (or "Altun Tagh") Reserve," 45,000 sq. km in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region, was established in 1983, is to the northeast of the Chang Tang Nature Reserve.
 The "Kekexili (aka "Kokoxili" or "Hoh Xil") National Reserve" in Qinghai Province, is 45,000 km, and was established in 1995. It borders the "Mid-Kunlun Reserve" to the south (and is to the east of the Chang Tang Nature Reserve).

In addition, there are two more proposed reserves on the borders of the Chang Tang Nature Reserve: to the south of the Kekexili Reserve, and to the west of the Mid-Kunlun Reserve.  If these proposed new reserves are established, the vast majority of the range of the Chiru, and almost all the spring migration routes of the female Chiru will be protected.

Population

It is home to only a few Tibetan nomads and various park staff hired to prevent poaching.

Flora and fauna

Here are some of the last remaining herds of wild ungulates: Wild yak (Bos mutus), Tibetan wild ass or kiang (Equus kiang), Himalayan blue sheep or Bharal (Pseudois nayaur), Argali (Ovis ammon), Tibetan gazelle (Procapra picticaudata) and Tibetan antelope or chiru (Pantholops hodgsonii). Chiru wool is considered the finest known, and is smuggled, especially to Kashmir, India where it is woven into shahtoosh shawls. Predators include snow leopards (Panthera uncia or Uncia uncia), Tibetan wolves (Canis lupus filchneri), Turkestan lynx (Lynx lynx isabellinus) and Tibetan blue bears (Ursus arctos pruinosus). At the bottom end of the food chain are large numbers of pika (Ochotona spp.).

The vegetation is open shrubland and grasslands mainly dominated by Stipa grasses and Kobresia species ("bog sedges").

See also
 Protected areas of China

References

Citations

Sources
 Dorje, Gyurme. (2009) Footprint Tibet Handbook. 4th Edition. Bath, U.K.
 Ridgeway (2003). "275 miles on foot through the remote Chang Tang." Rick Ridgeway, photos by Galen Rowell. National Geographic Magazine. April 2003 ().
 "Snow Leopard Survival Strategy." (2003) Edited by Thomas M. McCarthy & Guillaume Chapron. Downloadable as pdf from:
 Daniel Miller (2003). "Tibet: Environmental Analysis.". Downloadable from:

External links
 Downloadable National Geographic map
 Wildlife Conservation Society, "Saving Wild Places - Chang Tang, Tibetan Plateau - China"
 American Biologist Praises Tibetan Wildlife Conservation (07/11/03).
 Care 4 Nature, "Habitat of Chiru".
 "A Resurgence of Wildlife in Northern Tibet" by Alex Chadwick.
 A Conversation with Dr. George Schaller
 HKH Conservation Portal, "Changthang National Protected Area"
 Qinghai kekexili Nature Reserve

National parks of China
Biosphere reserves of China
Protected areas established in 1993
Geography of Tibet
Geography of Qinghai
Nagqu
1993 establishments in China
Ngari Prefecture

Chang Tang Nature Reserve


The Writers' Guild of Great Britain (WGGB), established in 1959, is a trade union for professional writers.  It is affiliated with both the Trades Union Congress (TUC) and the International Affiliation of Writers Guilds (IAWG).

History
The union was founded in 1959 as the Television and Screen Writers' Guild (commonly known as the Screen Writers' Guild), the successor to the Screenwriters' Association dating back to 1938. During the 1960s it expanded to cover radio and book writers and adopted its present title in 1966. It sponsored the campaigns of the Writers' Action Group to establish the Public Lending Right and the Authors' Licensing and Collecting Society which – starting from a single room in the Writers' Guild premises – has collected and distributed over £100 million in payments to writers for photocopying and overseas retransmission of broadcasts. WGGB also hosts the annual Writers' Guild Awards. In 1997 WGGB merged with the Theatre Writers Union, and membership now stands at around 2,600. Presidents, chairs and leading activists of WGGB have included: Lord (Ted) Willis, Jimmy Perry, Bryan Forbes, Denis Norden, Maureen Duffy, Alan Plater, Rosemary Anne Sisson, Wally K. Daly, Ian Curteis, J.C. Wilsher, David Nobbs, Anthony Read, Olivia Hetreed and David Edgar, the noted playwright, TV and film writer (Nicholas Nickleby for the Royal Shakespeare Company; Pentecost, which won an Evening Standard award in 1994; The Jail Diary of Albie Sachs; Albert Speer, based on Gitta Sereny's biography of Hitler's architect; Playing With Fire; etc.) The current president is Sandi Toksvig OBE.

Activities
It represents writers working in television, radio, film, theatre, books and multimedia.

It negotiates a series of Minimum Terms Agreements governing writers' contracts and covering minimum fees, advances, repeat fees, royalties and residuals, rights, credits, number of drafts, script alterations and the resolution of disputes. The most important MTAs cover: BBC TV Drama; BBC Radio Drama; ITV Companies; PACT (independent TV and film producers); TAC (Welsh language independent TV producers); Theatrical Management Association; Independent Theatre Council; and an agreement covering the Royal National Theatre, Royal Shakespeare Company and Royal Court Theatre. These agreements are regularly renegotiated and in most cases the minimum fees are reviewed annually.

WGGB advises its members on all aspects of their working lives. This includes contract vetting, legal advice, help with copyright problems and representation in disputes with producers, publishers or other writers.

Regular events are organised for members. Examples include a Meet the Agents event in London, Television Writing: Women's Work? in Leeds, an exclusive Archers event in the West Midlands, plus screenings of new and upcoming film releases. The Annual General Meeting features an address by an industry professional/s, an opportunity to debate issues of importance to writers and amend WGGB's rules.

Lobbying
WGGB is a campaigning union and effective lobbying efforts have concentrated on MEPs considering the European copyright directive, and MPs, peers and the media over the Communications Bill and the BBC Charter renewal. WGGB made strong protests when crowd violence halted performances of Behzti by Gurpreet Kaur Bhatti at the Birmingham repertory theatre in December 2004, and subsequently revived its Anti-Censorship Committee. WGGB makes a point of highlighting the importance of writing for children in all media. It co-operates closely with other unions including Equity, the Musicians' Union and the Society of Authors; and is affiliated to the British Copyright Council, Creators' Rights Alliance, Campaign for Press and Broadcasting Freedom and other pressure groups. WGGB representatives attend regular briefings with the Arts Council, Ofcom, the Public Lending Right agency and other national bodies. Recent campaigns include the Equality Writes campaign, tackling inequality in the screen industries.

International affiliations
International connections include: International Affiliation of Writers Guilds (screenwriters guilds in the UK, US, Canada, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, France and Mexico); European Writers Congress (over 50 organisations); Fédération des Scénaristes d'Europe (screenwriters' groups in 14 countries); UNI-MEI (worldwide trade union organisation representing millions of workers in the TV, film, media and entertainment industries). WGGB has a reciprocal membership and services arrangement with the Irish Playwrights and Screenwriters Guild. UK WGGB members who achieve TV or film writing contracts in the US can join the Writers Guild of America without paying the usual $2,500 initial fee.

Welfare
The Writers' Guild Pension Scheme provides personal pension plans customised for freelance writers who may need to make irregular and sometimes small pension contributions. The scheme is coupled with clauses in several Guild MTAs entitling members to pension contributions in addition to their writing fees.

Over the years the Writers' Guild Welfare Fund has accumulated more than £40,000, which is available to provide loans or grants to members in financial difficulty.

Membership
Full Membership is open to anyone who has received payment for a piece of written work under a contract with terms no less than those negotiated by WGGB. Writers who do not qualify can join as Candidate Members, or Student Members.

Awards
The WGGB Awards were first given out in 1961. The WGGB also awards the Tinniswood Award for radio dramas, which are incorporated into the BBC Audio Drama Awards.

The Olwen Wymark Theatre Encouragement Awards, named in honour of playwright Olwen Wymark (1932-2013), were established in 2005 by Mark Ravenhill and David James, and are awarded annually.   WGGB members are invited to make nominations "to publicly thank those who have given them a positive experience in new writing over the previous year."

General Secretaries
1964: Alan Sapper
1967: Alan Griffiths
1970s: Elaine Steel
1980s: Walter Jeffrey
1990s: Alison Gray
2000: Bernie Corbett
2017: Ellie Peers

References

External links

 Catalogue of the WGGB archives, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick

British writers' organisations
Scriptwriters' trade unions
International Affiliation of Writers Guilds
Trade unions in the United Kingdom
1959 establishments in England
Trade unions established in 1959
Screenwriting organizations
Communications and media organisations based in the United Kingdom
Guilds in the United Kingdom
Organisations based in the London Borough of Southwark
Trade unions based in London
Trade unions affiliated with the Trades Union Congress

Writers' Guild of Great Britain


Smart messaging is a proprietary service developed by Nokia used for the sending and receiving of various digital media via SMS.

Graphical

Picture message
A monochrome picture that can be sent between handsets as a series of SMS messages. The typical size of a picture message is 72x28 pixels, which is sent as three separate SMS messages. Most Monochrome Nokia handsets allow the picture message to act as a screensaver. Most color ones do not.

The picture message uses an implementation of the OTA bitmap.

Operator logo

A monochrome picture that can be sent to a handset via an SMS gateway as either a single or a series of concatenated SMS messages. The typical size of an Operator Logo is 72x14 pixels, which is sent as two separate SMS messages.

Operator Logos sit in the middle of the screen and disappear when coverage is lost. The original intent of Operator Logos was to allow a Network Operator or MVNO to replace the name of their network (as stored on the SIM card) with their graphical logo, but human nature being what it is, people now usually get one that represents them rather than their network.

There is a workaround that allows a standard size Operator Logo to be sent as a single message, however, compatibility with newer or non-Nokia phones is uncertain. A more accurate way of reducing the cost of sending Operator Logos is to reduce their size to 72x13 pixels. This size would be sent as a single message.

The Operator Logo uses an implementation of the OTA bitmap.

CLI icon / Group logo
A monochrome picture that can be sent to a handset via an SMS gateway as either a single or a series of concatenated SMS messages. The typical size of a picture message is 72x14 pixels, which is sent as a single separate SMS message.

A CLI Icon is a picture that will display on the handset when a call is received from someone whose number is stored in the handset as part of the corresponding 'group' (e.g. friends, colleagues, clients, etc.). The CLI Icon uses an implementation of the OTA bitmap.

Internal structure
The content of each smart message sent is divided into two parts. The data header and the data content.

Data header

The Data header is again divided into two parts, the first part is exceptionally small, only one byte in length, and defines the total length of the header.

After this there are one or more 'Information Elements', these tell the phone what to do with the information when it receives it. The two most common Information Elements are for Port Number Addressing (code 05) and concatenation (code 00) (telling the phone how to put together two or more SMS messages to make a single message).

The first byte of the Information Element Identifies (IEI) what information is to follow. The second byte of the Information Element is the 'Information Element Data Length' or IEDL. It tells the phone how many of the following bytes are part of the Information Identifier. The third and subsequent bytes of the Information Element are the actual information being conveyed. This is called the IED or Information Element Data.

A valid example of a Smart Message Header, expressed in hex is 0B0504158200000003010201.

This means:

  0B 0B is hex for 11. There are 11 more bytes to follow.
  05 This is the code for port addressing.
  04 The next 4 bytes of data belong to this Information Element
  15 82 Send it to Port 1582 (in other words, it is an Operator Logo)
  00 00 It was sent from Port 0000. This is not relevant for most Smart Message types, but must be included nonetheless
  00 This is the code for Concatenation. This content is being sent as multiple SMS messages
  03 Three more bytes of information belong to this Information Element.
  01 Message Reference No. If two or more items are being sent, giving them different reference numbers makes sure the phone knows which SMS messages belong to which Smart Message.
  02 Overall, there are two messages.
  01 This is the first message in the sequence.

Data content
The data content varies depending on the type of smart message. With graphical types, it contains the OTA bitmap, and sometimes other information such as the mobile country code and Mobile Network Code. For ringtones, it contains the music etc.

See also
 Enhanced Messaging Service
 SMS barcode

References

External links
 Forum Nokia – Official Nokia Developer Website
 Comprehensive listing of free email to SMS gateways
 SMS gateway

Nokia services

Smart Messaging


Vitsa () is one of the largest villages of central Zagori.  It is situated at an altitude of 955m on a mountain slope near the Vikos gorge with roads linking it to Greek National Road 6.  Vitsa is famous for its old double-arched bridge of Missios.

History
During ancient times, Zagori was inhabited by the Molossians. Excavations in the location Genitsari near Vitsa led to the discovery of a settlement possibly of the Tymphaeans or the Molossians dated to the 9th until the 4th century BC. There were signs of the foundations of small buildings from the archaic (geometric) and classical periods and a graveyard with at least 140 graves that contained coins, pottery and weaponry.

The establishment of the village of Vitsa is referred to in other documents from 1321 to 1361, under the name of Vezitsa. Some buildings from Byzantine times are still preserved. The village is divided by a chasm in two districts that were once different villages called Ano Vitsa and Kato Vitsa (Upper and Lower Vitsa). These two villages were always considered, along with Monodendri, as more or less one village, due to their small distance.

After 1430, when the Ottomans conquered Ioannina, Vitsa and the rest of Zagori villages formed an autonomous federation, the Commons of the Zagorisians (). Further privileges were granted to the Commons of the Zagorisians  due to the influence of Phanariot Zagorisians over the court of the Sultan, and were preserved until 1868. According to these privileges, Zagori was autonomous and self-governed under the surveillance of the Vekylis of Zagori. Another important privilege that the Zagorians had was the freedom to practice their Christian faith. The absence of direct Ottoman rule helped the inhabitants attain a good standard of living. The main source of income in the 18th and 19th centuries was from remittances from expatriates, as elsewhere in Zagori.

Orthodox Albanians, locally called "Arvanites", have settled the village after the 15th century and were later assimilated into the local population. Sarakatsani have settled at the beginning of the 20th century.

Vitsa became a cultural center for the Zagori region and was the birthplace of people such as the Sarros family (among them politicians and engineers involved at the Suez Canal works in the 19th century) and Nikolaidis (man of literature).

Since the 17th century and until World War II, (when Zagorisian traditional emigration ended), most people from Vitsa would emigrate to Egypt, Asia Minor and the United States. Inside geographical Greece, they mostly emigrated to Macedonia.

Buildings
In addition to the double arched bridge of Missios (built in 1748 AD), there is the church of Agios Georgios or of the Taxiarches from 1607 AD, the church of Agios Nikolaos (1612 AD, with well preserved frescoes), the church of the Dormition of the Virgin (Κοιμήσεως της Θεοτόκου) from 1554 (repaired in 1720-1728) in Lower Vitsa, the manors of Belogiannis, Vasdekis and Skevis and the Vrizopouleios School. The church of the Stavropegiac Monastery of Prophetes Elias (1632) survives in the north of Vitsa. It was founded upon an older foundation of a small 14th-century church of the Transfiguration of Christ.

Folklore
Vitsa celebrates the Feast of the Dormition of the Virgin (15 August).

Notable people
Matthaios Paranikas (1832-1914), scholar, writer and teacher
Dimitrios Sarros (1869/70-1937), scholar, writer, soldier and teacher

Bibliography

References

Populated places in Ioannina (regional unit)
Zagori

Vitsa


Mad, mad, or MAD may refer to:

Geography
 Mad (village), a village in the Dunajská Streda District of Slovakia
 Mád, a village in Hungary
 Adolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas Airport, by IATA airport code
 Mad River (disambiguation), several rivers

Music

Bands
 Mad (band), a rock band from Buenos Aires, Argentina
 M.A.D (band), a British boyband
 M.A.D. (punk band), a 1980s band, which later became Blast
 Meg and Dia, an American indie rock band

Albums
 Mad (Raven EP), released in 1986
 Mad (Hadouken! EP), released in 2009
 Mad (GOT7 EP), released 2015

Songs
 "Mad" (Ne-Yo song),  2008
 "Mad", by Dave Dudley from Talk of the Town, 1964
 "Mad", from Secret Life of Harpers Bizarre, 1968
 "Mad", by The Lemonheads from Lick, 1989
 "Mad", from the album Magnetic Man, 2010
 "Mad", by Cassie Steele, 2014
 "M・A・D" (Buck-Tick song), 1991

Organizations
 MAD Studio, an architectural firm
 Make A Difference, an Indian NGO
 Might and Delight, a Swedish video game development studio
 Militärischer Abschirmdienst, German military counterintelligence agency
 Museum of Arts and Design, New York City, US
 Mechanical Art and Design museum, in Stratford-upon-Avon

Science and technology
 MAD (programming language), for Michigan Algorithm Decoder
 Magnetic anomaly detector, detects minute variations in Earth's magnetic field
 Maritime anomaly detection in Global Maritime Situational Awareness, for avoiding maritime collisions
 Mathematicians of the African Diaspora, website highlighting mathematical contributions of members of the African diaspora
 Methodical Accelerator Design, a CERN scripting language
 Modified Atkins diet, a specific form of ketogenic diet
 Mothers against decapentaplegic, a gene discovered in Drosophila
 MPEG Audio Decoder, audio decompression software
 Multi-conjugate Adaptive optics Demonstrator, an astronomical method
 Multi-wavelength anomalous dispersion, a technique used in X-ray crystallography

Statistics
 Mean absolute deviation, a measure of the variability of quantitative data
 Mean absolute difference, a measure of statistical dispersion
 Median absolute deviation, a statistical measure of variability

Television and video
 Mad TV, a 1995–2009 American sketch comedy television series inspired by Mad magazine
 Mad (TV series), a 2010–2013 television series on Cartoon Network based on the magazine
 MAD TV (Greece), a Greek music channel
 M.A.D. (Indian TV programme), a 2005–2010 Indian children's educational television programme that aired on Pogo TV
 M.A.D., the evil organization run by Doctor Claw in Inspector Gadget
 "M.A.D." (Veronica Mars), a 2005 episode of the American television series Veronica Mars
 MAD, music anime douga, a Japanese term for fan-made anime music video

Other uses
 Mad (magazine), an American humor magazine
 Mad, a term for insanity used chiefly in British English
 Mad, a term for anger used chiefly in US English
 Mutual assured destruction, nuclear warfare deterrence concept
 Mandibuloacral dysplasia
 MAD Moroccan dirham (ISO 4217 code), the currency of Morocco
 mad, the ISO 639-2 code for the Madurese language

Mad


Mark Twain National Forest  (MTNF) is a US National Forest. It is mainly in the southern half of Missouri. The MTNF was established on September 11, 1939. It is named for author Mark Twain, a Missouri native. The MTNF covers ,  of which are wilderness, and National Wild and Scenic River area. MTNF spans 29 counties. It represents 11% of all forested land in Missouri. MTNF is divided into six distinct ranger districts: "Ava-Cassville-Willow Springs", "Eleven Point", "Houston-Rolla-Cedar Creek", "Poplar Bluff", "Potosi-Fredericktown", and the "Salem. The six ranger districts actually cover nine overall unique tracts of forests. The headquarters of the MTNF are in Rolla, Missouri.

Some unique features of the Mark Twain include Greer Spring. It is the largest spring on National Forest land. It is part of the Eleven Point National Scenic River. The spring pumps an average of 214 million gallons of water per day into the river. The public can also visit the Glade Top Trail National Scenic Byway, which offers views of over  to the Boston Mountains in Arkansas. Part of the Ozark Trail system winds through the National Forest.

History
The Mark Twain National Forest was created on February 17, 1976. The present day MTNF was once two different national forests, the "Clark National Forest" and the "Mark Twain National Forest". Both were proclaimed on September 11, 1939. In June 1973 the Clark and Mark Twain NF were brought under one headquarters. This was in Rolla and became known as the "National forests in Missouri". On Feb. 17, 1976, the forests were combined and renamed the Mark Twain National Forest.

In the 1870s logging of the state's native oak, hickory, and pine forests began. Sawmills were common, but by the 1920s they had disappeared. By then so had much of the state's native forests. In 1939 President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed the MTNF into existence. In March 1933, he also created the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). In the area that would later become Mark Twain National Forest, hundreds of young men at over fifty CCC sites worked at building roads and planting hundreds of acres of pine trees. Many of their contributions can still be visited and enjoyed today.

Features
The Mark Twain is Missouri's only national forest. It includes roughly 1.5 million acres, mostly within the Ozark Highlands. Located across southern Missouri and northern Arkansas, the Ozark Highlands are an ancient landscape. They have large permanent springs. The area has over 5,000 caves. It is made up of old volcanic mountains with many nationally recognized streams. Parts of the Ozarks were never under oceans or glaciers. There are over 750 miles of hiking trails. About 200 miles out of a planned 500 mile Ozark trail have been completed. When finished it will connect St. Louis to the border of Arkansas. There it will connect with the Ozark Highlands Trail in northwest Arkansas. When completed the trail will be over 1,000 miles long. It will run from St. Louis, Missouri to Lake Fort Smith State Park, near Fort Smith, Arkansas.

Wilderness areas

Bell Mountain Wilderness
Devils Backbone Wilderness
Hercules-Glades Wilderness
Irish Wilderness
Paddy Creek Wilderness
Piney Creek Wilderness
Rockpile Mountain Wilderness

Counties
Although it is far from being the largest National Forest in acreage, Mark Twain National Forest is located in more counties than any other. As of September 30, 2007, its 1,490,862 acres (2,329.47 sq mi, or 6,033.3 km²) were spread over parts of 29 counties in southern and central Missouri.

References

Ozarks
Forests of the United States
Geography of Missouri

Mark Twain National Forest


The Togo mouse (or Büttner's African forest mouse or the Groove-toothed forest mouse, Leimacomys buettneri) is a unique muroid rodent. It is known from only two specimens, which were taken near the locality of Bismarckburg, near Yege, Togo in 1890.

Description and natural history
The entirety of known material for this species consists of a single poor quality dry skin, a fluid preserved animal, and a cranium and mandible.  The cranium and mandible are from different animals.  The material is deposited in the Zoologisches Museum of Humboldt University in Berlin, Germany.

The head and body length is 118 mm with a tail of 37 mm.  This tail is unusually short relative to the body length (ratio of 37%) and is considered an important diagnostic feature.  The animal is dark to grey brown above and pale grey brown below.  Ears are small and hairy.  Feet are also somewhat hairy.  The tail may be naked or slightly haired.

Incisors are shallowly grooved.  The snout is long and wide, interorbital width broad, and zygomatic plate large (Musser and Carleton, 2005).

Based upon skull morphology, the Togo Mouse is presumed to be insectivorous (Dieterlen, 1976).  Very little is known about the habits of this unusual mouse.

Classification
Leimacomys has been transferred back and forth between the Dendromurinae and the Murinae since its discovery.  It most closely resembles Lophuromys which has been transferred to a newly erected Deomyinae on the basis of molecular data.  The association with Lophuromys is thought to be due to convergent evolution due to a similar diet (Dieterlen, 1976).  Tooth characters resemble dendromurines, Mystromys or basal gerbils.  Denys et al. (1995) generated a phylogeny that suggested with limited support that Leimacomys is a sister taxon to the Gerbillinae.

Musser and Carleton (2005) chose to erect a new subfamily, Leimacomyinae, to house this species.  They placed it in the family Muridae due to its potential connection to either the Gerbillinae or Deomyinae, but emphasized that a broad phylogenetic study including Leimacomys, and a host of  nesomyids and murids is needed to determine its appropriate position.

Conservation status
The Togo Mouse is considered to be either critically endangered or extinct depending on the authority.  Schlitter (1989) classified it as extinct, because subsequent surveys to the area failed to recover it.  Grubb et al. (1998) noted that these surveys inadequately sampled appropriate habitat in Togo and neighboring Ghana, and they were reluctant to declare the species extinct.  Musser and Carleton (2005) emphasized that insectivorous muroids as a group have proven difficult to capture, and that intense surveys of high elevation forest in this region are required to determine if it still persists.

The IUCN currently describes the Togo Mouse as "data deficient".

References
  Database entry includes justification for why this species is listed as data deficient
 Denys, C., J. Michaux, F. Catzeflis, S. Ducrocq, and P. Chevret. 1995. Morphological and molecular data against the monophyly of Dendromurinae (Muridae: Rodentia). Bonner Zoologische Beitrage, 45:173-190.
 Dieterlen, F. 1976. Bemerkungen über Leimacomys büttneri Matschie, 1893 (Dendromurinae), Cricetidae, Rodentia). Säugetierkunde, 39:229-231.
 Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 1993. Family Muridae. Pp. 501-755 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C.

Rodents
Mammals of Africa

Togo mouse


Misdemeanor is a female stoner rock band from Sweden. Its current members are Vera Olofsson (vocals), Jenny Möllberg (guitar), Jenny Lindahl (bass), Sara Fredriksson (guitar), and  Mia Möllberg (drums). They released their first 4-song self-titled 7" in 1997.

In 1999, Misdemeanor collaborated with ex-Kyuss vocalist John Garcia, who sang the fourth song, Love Song, on their EP, Five Wheel Drive.

External links
 MeteorCity

Discography

 Misdemeanor EP 7" - Psychout Records (1997)
 Five Wheel Drive EP - MeteorCity (1999)
 You're Nothing (and you know it) /Y.S.B.T. 7" - Freakscene Records (1999)
 Misdemeanor - Muse Entities (2002)
 Let Me Know/The Hard One 7" - Muse Entities (2002)
 High Crimes And Misdemeanor - Muse Entities (2004)

Swedish rock music groups
All-female bands

Misdemeanor (Swedish band)


John J. Cronin (May 26, 1874  – July 12, 1929) was an American Major League Baseball (MLB) pitcher. He played professionally from 1895 through 1912. His MLB career included stints with the Brooklyn Grooms (1895), Pittsburgh Pirates (1898), Cincinnati Reds (1899), Detroit Tigers (1901–1902), Baltimore Orioles (1902), New York Giants (1902–1903), and Brooklyn Superbas (1904).

Career
Cronin began his professional career pitching in two games for the Hartford Bluebirds of the Connecticut State League in July 1895. He signed with the Brooklyn Grooms, appearing in two games before receiving his release in September.

In May 1896, Cronin pitched for Pottsville of the Class-B Pennsylvania State League, before joining the New York Metropolitans of the Class-A Atlantic League, where he pitched from June through July. He signed with the Bangor Millionaires of the Maine State League in 1897, and joined the Fall River Indians of the New England League in July 1897. He pitched for Fall River through July 8, 1898, when he was purchased by the Pittsburgh Pirates of the National League (NL).

Released from the Pirates, Cronin joined the Detroit Tigers, then in the Class-A Western League in 1899. On September 18, 1899, the Cincinnati Reds of the (NL) purchased Cronin from Detroit. In April 1900, they returned Cronin to Detroit, now a member of the American League.

Cronin was released by the Tigers on June 8, 1902, and he signed with the Baltimore Orioles that same day. However, the Orioles struggled with debt. Joe Kelley, star player for the Orioles and son-in-law of part-owner John Mahon, reported that the team owed as much as $12,000 ($ in current dollar terms). Unable to afford that debt, Mahon purchased shares of the team from Kelley and player-manager John McGraw. With this, Mahon became the majority shareholder, owning 201 of the team's 400 shares. On July 17, 1902, Mahon sold his interest in the Orioles to Andrew Freedman, principal owner of the Giants of the NL, and John T. Brush, principal owner of the Cincinnati Reds, also of the NL. That day, Freedman released Cronin, Kelley, Dan McGann, Cy Seymour, Roger Bresnahan, and Joe McGinnity from their contracts with Orioles. Freedman signed Cronin, McGann, Bresnahan, and McGinnity and to the Giants, joining McGraw, who had signed with the Giants ten days earlier. Brush signed Seymour and Kelley to the Reds.

After the 1903 season, on December 12, 1903, the Giants traded Cronin with Charlie Babb and $6,000 ($ in current dollar terms) to the Brooklyn Superbas for Bill Dahlen. Cronin pitched for the Superbas in 1904. Released after the season, Cronin returned to minor league baseball. He signed with the Providence Clamdiggers, later known as the Providence Grays, of the Eastern League in 1905, and pitched for them through 1910. He then joined the Buffalo Bisons. In 1912, Cronin pitched for Reading of the outlaw United States Baseball League.

References

External links

1874 births
1929 deaths
19th-century baseball players
Baseball players from New York (state)
Major League Baseball pitchers
Brooklyn Grooms players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Cincinnati Reds players
Detroit Tigers players
New York Giants (NL) players
Brooklyn Superbas players
Baltimore Orioles (1901–02) players
Hartford Bluebirds players
Pottsville (minor league baseball) players
New York Metropolitans (minor league) players
Fall River Indians players
Bangor Millionaires players
Detroit Tigers (Western League) players
Providence Clamdiggers (baseball) players
Providence Grays (minor league) players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Reading (baseball) players
People from West New Brighton, Staten Island

Jack Cronin


Napier is a village at the foot of the Soetmuisberg, between Caledon and Bredasdorp. A blend of century-old cottages and modern houses, surrounded by the rolling farmland which typifies the Overberg region of South Africa, give the village a rural atmosphere.

Napier is situated in the Cape Agulhas Region with easy access to the seaside villages of Arniston/Waenhuiskrans, Struisbaai and L´Agulhas.

History
Napier was founded in 1838 through a dispute between two neighbours, Michiel van Breda and Pieter Voltelyn van der Byl, over the location of the community church.

Michiel van Breda wanted the church sited on his farm, Langefontein, while Pieter Voltelyn van der Byl wanted it built on his property, Klipdrift. Neither van Breda nor van der Byl would give way, so churches were built in both places, the town of Bredasdorp growing around van Breda's church and the town of Napier founded around Van der Byl's church, and being named after Sir George Thomas Napier, the British governor of the Cape Province at that time.

The Feeshuis, one of the oldest buildings in the town, was used as slave quarters during 1810–1820, and then later as a wine cellar, was restored in 1988 to celebrate the town's 150th anniversary. The Dutch Reformed church was built in the form of a Greek cross with teak interior, unique with a beautiful pipe organ made of solid yellow copper.

The sundial was erected by Danie du Toit in 1965, who had no training in this field but gained his knowledge through meticulous observation. Time can be read from it, accurate to within 30 seconds.

Tourism
Top Attractions include various art galleries, a giant sundial at the municipal offices, and an Ox Wagon monument (Kakebeenwa) to commemorate the Ossewa Trek of 1838. The ox wagon monument has an impression of a wagon wheel track made in concrete to commemorate the exodus of dissident Afrikaners from the Western Cape.

In the past, Napier's main craftsmen were blacksmiths, a heritage which is commemorated by annual festivals. Other annual events are the Patatfees (Sweet Potato Festival), every June, and the "Voet van Afrika" (Foot of Africa) Marathon which is run in mid-September.

References

External links
 Napier Community Portal
 Napier
 History of Napier

Populated places in the Cape Agulhas Local Municipality

Napier, South Africa