Hypercholesterolemia means that the cholesterol level is too high in the blood.

Cholesterol

Cholesterol is a molecule in cells. It is a type of lipid which is a fat or fat-like molecule. Cholesterol is a special type of lipid that is called a steroid. Steroids are lipids that have a special chemical structure. This structure is made of four rings of carbon atoms.

Other steroids include hormone steroids like cortisol, estrogen, and testosterone. In fact, all steroid hormones are made from changing the basic chemical structure of cholesterol. When scientists talk about making one molecule from changing simpler ones, they sometimes call it synthesis.

Jobs
Cholesterol does many important jobs in a cell. Cholesterols main function is as a structural component of cell membranes.  It is also the starting material for bile acids that are made by the liver and used to digest fats, and for steroid hormones.  However, it is best known for something bad that it does.  High levels of cholesterol can lead to atherosclerosis.  This is an inflammatory disease of artery walls in which white blood cells invade the vessel wall and become engorged with cholesterol and other lipids. These
areas can slowly close off a blood vessel or can suddenly rupture and trigger formation of a blood clot.

Types
Not all cholesterol is bad. There are different kinds of cholesterol in the blood. Doctors often measure these different types to see if someone has hypercholesterolemia.

HDL (high density lipoprotein) is sometimes called 'good cholesterol' because people with high levels of HDL cholesterol have less atherosclerosis.

LDL (low density lipoprotein) is sometimes called 'bad cholesterol' because people with high levels of LDL cholesterol have more atherosclerosis.

High blood levels of VLDL (very low density lipoprotein) also causes more atherosclerosis. However, measuring its level in blood is more expensive. So the blood level of triglycerides (a kind of fat) is used instead. High triglycerides (TG) are found in people with high VLDL.

Treatment

The most common type of medicine to treat hypercholesterolemia are 'statin' drugs. They are called 'statins' because their names all end in -statin. They are also called HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors. This is because they work by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA Reductase. Inhibiting an enzyme means to make it work less well.

The HMG-CoA Reductase enzyme causes the body to make more cholesterol. If it is inhibited, the body makes less cholesterol. So statin drugs lower the amount of LDL (bad) cholesterol in the blood which stops atherosclerosis from getting worse. Statin drugs can even help make atherosclerosis better. However, statins are not as good at increasing the HDL (good) cholesterol. Low HDL is hard to treat with medicines, but goes up with more exercise.

There are two big problems with taking statins: Liver problems and 'Rhabdomyolysis.'

Rhabdomyolysis means a disease where muscle cells are damaged and die. Statins can cause damage to muscle cells. This can cause weakness and muscle pain. The worse problem though is that when muscle cells die, they release cell proteins into the blood. The kidney removes the muscle protein from the blood. If the kidney takes up too much protein, it can be hurt. If it is bad enough it can cause kidney failure. So if people take statins and get muscle pain or weakness, stop the medicine and see a doctor.

Statins can also cause liver problems. They can cause mild irritation of the liver. They can rarely cause very bad liver damage. Because of this, when someone starts taking a statin, doctors check liver blood tests after six weeks. Doctors also warn patients to watch for the signs of liver damage: pain in the right side of the abdomen, nausea, vomiting, and jaundice.

However, both of these problems are rare. In someone with hypercholesterolemia, the benefit from statins is more than the risk. This means that someone is more likely to prevent problems than cause problems by taking them. There are many big scientific studies of this problem that show the same thing: if people have hypercholesterolemia and take statins, they are more likely to live longer and be healthier.

There are other kinds of medicines to treat hypercholesterolemia. But statins are the most effective treatment.

Fibrates are medicines that lower cholesterol levels. They may also help people with Type II Diabetes. This is a good effect because diabetes and hypercholesterolemia cause some of the same problems. If both diabetes and hypercholesterolemia happen in the same person the problems from these diseases can be much worse. Fibrates can have rhabdomyolysis like the statins and also can cause upset stomach. Use of fibrates and statins at the same time makes rhabdomyolysis happen much more often.

Niacin is a vitamin that lowers cholesterol levels. It is also called Vitamin B3 or nicotinic acid. Severe niacin deficiency in the diet can cause a disease called Pellagra. This is rare in the developed world today. However, less bad deficiency of niacin can cause high blood pressure, weight gain, and hypercholesterolemia. So sometimes Niacin is used to treat hypercholesterolemia. Niacin is one of the medicines that may make HDL (good) cholesterol go up. The biggest problem with taking enough Niacin to help cholesterol is that it causes severe flushing (hot, red, sometimes itchy skin). This 'side-effect' is so bad, sometimes people stop taking the medicine.

Bile Acid Resins are medicines that make people not absorb as much bile when they digest food. This causes them to take up less cholesterol also, which lowers blood levels of cholesterol.

Diseases and disorders of the cardiovascular system

Hypercholesterolemia


Simon Abkarian (Armenian: Սիմոն Աբկարյան, born March 5, 1962) is a French-Armenian actor.

Life and career
Born in Gonesse, Val d'Oise, of Armenian descent, Abkarian spent his childhood in Lebanon. He moved to Los Angeles, where he joined an Armenian theater company managed by Gerald Papazian. He returned to France in 1985, settling in Paris. He took classes at the Acting International school, then he joined Ariane Mnouchkine's Théâtre du Soleil and played, among others, in L'Histoire terrible mais inachevée de Norodom Sihanouk, roi du Cambodge ("The Terrible but Unfinished Story of Norodom Sihanouk, King of Cambodia") by Hélène Cixous, and in the House of Atreus four-play cycle by Aeschylus.

Abkarian left the Théâtre du Soleil in 1993. In 2001 he starred in Beast on the Moon by Richard Kalinoski, directed by Irina Brook, a play about the life of a survivor of the Armenian genocide, a role which won him critical acclaim and the Molière Award for Best Actor.

His first roles in cinema were proposed by French filmmaker Cédric Klapisch, who asked him to play in several of his movies, notably in Chacun cherche son chat ("When the Cat is Away", 1996) and in  in 2003.

He was featured in Sally Potter's Yes (2004), in which he played the lead role.

Abkarian then played Mehdi Ben Barka in the thriller J'ai vu tuer Ben Barka by Serge Le Péron, about the kidnapping and the murder of the leader of the Moroccan opposition. He then played in Prendre Femme by Ronit Elkabetz which won him several acting awards. Playing different roles and in different genres, he was featured in the adventure Zaïna, cavalière de l'Atlas by Bourlem Guerdjou, in the comedy Le Démon de midi by Marie-Pascale Osterrieth. He has also appeared in Atom Egoyan's Ararat (2002), he was Albert in Almost Peaceful (2004) by French director Michel Deville, and he was featured in Your Dreams (2005) by Denis Thybaud. He was featured as Sahak in the thriller Les Mauvais Joueurs ("The Gamblers") (2005) by Frédéric Balekdjian. He played the role of villain Alex Dimitrios in the James Bond film, Casino Royale. The character is an arms dealer working against Bond.

He has also been the voice of Ebi in the French version of the animated feature Persepolis. Abkarian played the role of the Armenian poet Missak Manouchian in The Army of Crime (2010) by Robert Guédiguian, a French filmmaker based in Marseilles, who is also of Armenian parentage.

He has also played Dariush Bakhshi, the Iranian Special Consul, in the BBC drama Spooks (MI-5). In 2012, he played the role of a drug-dealing Afghan army colonel in the Canal+ series Kaboul Kitchen.

Filmography

 Riens du tout (1992) - Danseur grec
 Ana El Awan (1994) - Camille
 When the Cat's Away (1996) - Carlos
 Le dernier des pélicans (1996)
 Le silence de Rak (1997) - Le second consommateur
 J'irai au paradis car l'enfer est ici (1997) - Simon
 Tempête dans un verre d'eau (1997)
 Lila Lili (1999) - Simon
 Ararat (2002) - Arshile Gorky
 Un monde presque paisible (2002) - Albert
 The Truth About Charlie (2002) - Lieutenant Dessalines
 Aram (2002) - Aram
 La légende de Parva (2003) - Le swami (voice)
 Not For, or Against (2003) - Freddy Karparian dit Lecarpe
 To Take a Wife (2004) - Eliyahu
 Yes (2004) - He
 Gamblers (2005, directed by Frédéric Balekdjian) - Sahak
 Dans tes rêves (2005) - Wilson
 The Demon Stirs (2005) - Julien Cestac
 Zaïna, cavalière de l'Atlas (2005) - Omar
 J'ai vu tuer Ben Barka (2005) - Mehdi Ben Barka
 Petites révélations (2006)
 Le Voyage en Arménie (2006) - Sarkis Arabian
 Hier encore (2006) - Simon Tabet
 The Serpent (2006) - Sam
 Casino Royale (2006) - Alex Dimitrios
 New délire (2007) - Gunter (voice)
 Persepolis (2007) - Mr. Satrapi – Marjane's father (voice)
 Trivial (2007) - Pierre
 Rendition (2007) - Said Abdel Aziz
 Shiva (2008) - Eliau
 Un monde à nous (2008) - L'oncle de Noé (voice)
 Khamsa (2008) - Le père
 Secret défense (2009) - Al Barad
 Musée haut, musée bas (2008) - Gilles Paulin
 Le Chant des mariées (2008) - Raoul
 Rage (2009) - Merlin
 The Army of Crime (2009) - Missak Manouchian
 Suite parlée (2010) - 'Le masque'
 Turk's Head (2010) - Le veuf
 Des Force (2011) - Jimi Weiss
 Kaboul Kitchen (2012-2017, TV Series) - Colonel Amanullah
 Zarafa (2012) - Hassan (voice)
 Zero Dark Thirty (2012) - Detainee on Monitor
 Recon: A Filmmaker's Quest (2012)
 Les invincibles (2013) - Nino Lorcy
 The Marchers (2013) - Farid's father
 Angélique (2013) - lawyer (advocate) François Desgrez
 Gett – The Trial of Viviane Amsallem (2014) - Elisha Amsalem
 Colt 45 (2014) - Commandant Luc Denard
 The Cut (2014) - Krikor
 Pseudonym (2014) - Monsieur
 1915 (2015) - Simon
 Don't Tell Me the Boy Was Mad (2015) - Hovannès Alexandrian
 Chouf (2016) - Le Libanais
 La mécanique de l'ombre (2016) - Gerfaut
 Djam (2017) - Kakourgos
 Overdrive (2017) - Jacomo Morier
 The Sonata (2018) - Charles Vernais
 Rebelles (2019)
 The Swallows of Kabul (2019)
 The Audition (2019)
 Someone, Somewhere (2019)
 Restless (2022)

External links

 Brief biography in French

1962 births
French people of Armenian descent
French male film actors
Living people
People from Gonesse
Ethnic Armenian male actors
20th-century French male actors
21st-century French male actors
French male stage actors
French theatre directors
French male television actors

Simon Abkarian


Mather, Dixon and Company was an engineering firm in Liverpool, England. It was established in 1826 at the Bath Street Foundry to build marine and stationary steam engines. Production of steam locomotives began in 1827.

Products

Early years
The first engine was a small four-coupled tank locomotive in 1827, in addition to a steam traverser and two mobile cranes. These were for their own use, their main business being marine and stationary engines.

Contracts from Edward Bury and Company
They received contracts from Edward Bury and Company for three engines for the Petersburg Railroad. Two were four coupled and the other was a four-wheeled single, completed in 1833. The following year a number of orders were fulfilled for tank engines among other equipment.

Six wheeled engines
In 1836 they had four designs for six wheeled engines: , ,  and , which they built initially for display purposes.

Standard and broad gauge locomotives
Between 1836 and 1839 they supplied engines for the London and Birmingham Railway, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway and the Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway among others. These were all "Bury" types. some two dozen in all. However they also built broad gauge engines for the Great Western Railway with seven and eight foot drivers.

Changes and closure
In 1839 the company moved to the North Foundry, in William Street, Bootle. In 1842, John Grantham joined the company, which was renamed Mather, Dixon and Grantham. After 1840, however, trade had declined and, although six engines had been built for stock, the firm closed down in 1843, having built seventy five locomotives in all.

References

 Lowe, J.W., (1989) British Steam Locomotive Builders, Guild Publishing

Locomotive manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Manufacturing companies established in 1826
1826 establishments in England
British companies established in 1826

Mather, Dixon and Company


Richard Gerald Neuheisel Jr. (; born February 7, 1961) is an American football analyst, coach, former player, and attorney.  He served as the head football coach at the University of Colorado Boulder from 1995 to 1999, at the University of Washington from 1999 to 2002, and at his alma mater, the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), from 2008 to 2011, compiling a career college football coaching record of 87–59.  From 2005 to 2007, Neuheisel was an assistant coach with the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL), as quarterbacks coach for two seasons and offensive coordinator for one. He formerly served as head coach for the Arizona Hotshots of the Alliance of American Football (AAF) before the collapse of the league. Before coaching, Neuheisel played quarterback for the UCLA Bruins from 1980 to 1983, then spent two seasons with the San Antonio Gunslingers of the United States Football League (USFL) before splitting the 1987 NFL season between the San Diego Chargers and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

Early years
Neuheisel was born in Madison, Wisconsin, one of four children and the only son of Dick and Jane (Jackson) Neuheisel, with sisters Nancy, Katie, and Deborah. Dick is an attorney and Rick grew up in Tempe, Arizona, and graduated from McClintock High School in 1979. He lettered in three sports (football, basketball, baseball) and was named its outstanding athlete during his senior year.

Playing career

Collegiate
Neuheisel played his college football at UCLA, beginning his career as a walk-on and holding placekicks for John Lee.  He was the starting quarterback in his senior year in the 1983 season. UCLA opened with a loss at Georgia, a tie with Arizona State and then a 42–10 loss at #1-ranked Nebraska. Neuheisel was benched after the Nebraska loss in favor of Steve Bono. On October 1, the Bruins lost to BYU to start the season 0–3–1. Bono was injured during the Stanford game, and Neuheisel came back to finish the season.  Neuheisel led the Bruins to an eventual 6–4–1 record, culminating with a win over arch-rival USC that, combined with Washington State's upset of Washington, gave UCLA the Pac-10 championship in 1983 and sent them to the Rose Bowl on January 2, 1984.

Neuheisel led the Bruins to a 45–9 victory over 4th-ranked and heavily favored Illinois in the 1984 Rose Bowl, in which he was named the MVP; two of his four touchdown passes were caught by a sophomore wide receiver from San Diego named Karl Dorrell, a future Neuheisel assistant coach and later his predecessor as the UCLA head coach.  The victory vaulted the Bruins, unranked through most of the season, into the top 25 in wire service polls.  Much like his rise to stardom at UCLA, the road to the victory was a bumpy one. Neuheisel and two other players on the defensive side of the ball suffered from food poisoning hours before the Rose Bowl and it was unsure that Neuheisel would start. Neuheisel would end up starting the game.  He also set an NCAA record that year for single game pass completion percentage (since broken) by completing 25 of 27 passes (92.6%) in a Pac-10 win over Washington. In 1998, Neuheisel was inducted into the Rose Bowl Hall of Fame.

Neuheisel was named to the Pac-10 All-Academic team and graduated from UCLA in May 1984 with a B.A. in political science and a 3.4 GPA. Neuheisel still holds the UCLA single season record for completion percentage, completed 185 of 267 passes (69.3%) for 2,245 yards in the 1983 season. He was also a member of Sigma Nu fraternity while a student.

Professional
Neuheisel bypassed the 1984 NFL draft and joined the San Antonio Gunslingers of the USFL, where he played the 1984 and 1985 seasons as the Gunslingers' starter. Never considered a major NFL prospect, he went undrafted in the NFL's supplemental draft of USFL players and his career in that league was extremely brief, lasting only five weeks. In the 1987 season, Neuheisel signed with the San Diego Chargers as a replacement player during the three-game long players' strike.  He spent the last two weeks of that season as a backup with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, not playing in either game.

Coaching career

Early years as assistant
While attending USC Law School on an NCAA postgraduate scholarship, Neuheisel served as a graduate assistant with UCLA, where he tutored Troy Aikman.  He graduated with a Juris Doctor (J.D.) from USC in 1990  and passed the Arizona State Bar in May 1991 and the Washington, D.C. Bar in March 1993.

He later became a full-time assistant coach in 1988, and stayed at UCLA through the 1993 season as the quarterback coach. Hard feelings emerged with UCLA coach Terry Donahue in 1994, when Donahue picked Texas A&M assistant Bob Toledo to be the Bruins' offensive coordinator over Neuheisel. In 1994, Neuheisel moved to Colorado as an assistant to Bill McCartney. Neuheisel and Donahue had a chance meeting at the airport in Dallas in 1999, and resolved their differences.

Colorado (1995–1998)
McCartney retired following the 1994 season and Neuheisel, age 34, was named the head coach. He stayed for four seasons (1995–1998) in Boulder as the Buffs coach.  His best season was his first, in which the Buffs tied for second in the final season of Big Eight Conference play and won the Cotton Bowl.  His only losing season at Colorado was 1997; the Buffs were expected to be national title contenders, but never recovered from a blowout loss to Michigan on national television.  After the season, the Buffs were forced to forfeit their five wins due to an ineligible player, though Neuheisel was subsequently ruled to not be affected.

Washington (1999–2002)
Neuheisel was welcomed into the Rose Bowl Hall of Fame before the 1999 Rose Bowl. University of Washington athletic director Barbara Hedges took the opportunity to meet with him.  She fired coach Jim Lambright and named Neuheisel as his replacement. Neuheisel left for Seattle in January 1999 to coach at the University of Washington for four seasons (1999–2002). His starting salary was $1,000,000 annually, at the time one of the five highest in the nation. One of Neuheisel's first acts was to restore the Huskies' traditional gold helmets; they had worn purple helmets for the previous four seasons.

In the 2000 season, the Huskies won the Pac-10 title and the Rose Bowl over Big Ten champ Purdue, led by quarterback Drew Brees. Their only loss was to the rival Oregon Ducks. Washington, led by senior quarterback Marques Tuiasosopo, the Rose Bowl MVP, finished the season at 11–1 and was ranked third in the final national polls. Neuheisel became the first (and as of 2016 only) former Rose Bowl MVP to coach a winning Rose Bowl team.

In 2008, The Seattle Times ran a series of articles which accused Neuheisel and athletic director Barbara Hedges of overlooking numerous discipline problems—including outright criminal behavior—during the 2000 season.  During that year, UW safety Curtis Williams was allowed to play despite being issued an outstanding arrest warrant for assaulting his wife, Michelle.  Linebacker Jeremiah Pharms was under investigation for robbing and shooting a drug dealer after police found his fingerprints at the scene, but was not charged until the season was over. Jerramy Stevens, the Huskies star tight end, was under investigation of raping a UW freshman on sorority row. When Stevens later crashed his truck into a retirement home, Neuheisel suspended him for half a game.

In February 2003, Neuheisel had secretly interviewed for the San Francisco 49ers coaching job without telling anyone at UW about it.  The 49ers' general manager at the time, Terry Donahue, had been Neuheisel's head coach as a player and assistant coach at UCLA.  A day after his interview, he issued a statement through UW's athletic department saying he wasn't interested in the job.  However, a few days later, a Seattle newspaper reporter wrote that he'd eavesdropped on a private conversation of Neuheisel discussing the 49ers job on his cell phone while the two were waiting for a flight at San Francisco International Airport.  When Hedges found out about it, she and school president Lee Huntsman warned him that further lies would not be tolerated.

NCAA infractions at Washington
Before Neuheisel coached his first game for the Huskies, he had already violated NCAA recruiting rules by visiting high school players before the NCAA approved date to do so. In the summer of 2003, Neuheisel came under fire for taking part in a neighborhood pool for the 2003 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament and lies he told about his actions.  He first denied the accusation to investigators before admitting to it after consultation with school officials.  The gambling case became a local sensation when it was revealed that he had received an internal UW memo which authorized gambling in off-campus tournament basketball pools.   UW athletic director Barbara Hedges learned that the NCAA was considering giving Neuheisel a two-year show-cause order, which would have effectively blacklisted him from the coaching ranks for two years.  She then gave Neuheisel an ultimatum—resign or be fired for cause.  He refused, and was fired on June 11.

That fall, the NCAA infractions committee found Neuheisel violated NCAA rules against gambling but didn't sanction him, citing the memo by Washington's then compliance officer, Dana Richardson, that mistakenly identified this type of action as a permissible exception to NCAA gambling sanctions. It also became apparent that the NCAA violated its own rules when questioning Neuheisel about the gambling. UW had its probation extended for failing to monitor its football program.

Neuheisel sued both the NCAA and the University of Washington concerning the termination of his employment contract. Toward the end of trial, it was revealed that the NCAA had failed to turn over certain crucial evidence to Neuheisel's attorneys. The new evidence (updated NCAA bylaws pertaining to rules investigations) bolstered Neuheisel's claim that the NCAA acted improperly during its investigation that eventually led to his firing. With the new evidence revealed, the NCAA and University of Washington requested to settle before the case went to the jury. The settlement awarded Neuheisel $4.5 million, consisting of cash payments and some loan forgiveness. He served as a volunteer coach for Rainier Beach High School in Seattle for two seasons (2003–2004).

Baltimore Ravens assistant (2005–2007)
Neuheisel became an assistant coach (quarterbacks) with the NFL's Baltimore Ravens in January 2005. In 2006, the Ravens acquired quarterback Steve McNair and won the AFC North division with a 13–3 record. After the season, Neuheisel was promoted to offensive coordinator.

UCLA (2008–2011)
Neuheisel was invited to two interviews regarding the head coaching position at his alma mater UCLA, following the firing of his former UCLA teammate, Karl Dorrell.  Ravens head coach Brian Billick assured that he would allow Neuheisel to leave the team before the completion of the 2007 NFL season. Other candidates in which UCLA showed interest and interviewed included: Oregon Ducks Coach Mike Bellotti, Temple Owls Coach Al Golden, Tennessee Titans offensive coordinator Norm Chow, UCLA's defensive coordinator and interim coach DeWayne Walker, and then-Philadelphia Eagles assistant John Harbaugh.

On December 29, 2007, Neuheisel was introduced as the head coach of the UCLA Bruins in a five-year contract that paid him $1.25 million per season and included incentives that could add $500,000 a year.  He immediately began to consolidate his coaching staff by retaining DeWayne Walker, Karl Dorrell's defensive coordinator and interim coach for the Bruins 2007 bowl game.  He made a major move by hiring Norm Chow, offensive coordinator of the Tennessee Titans and previously the offensive coordinator of crosstown rival USC's 2003 and 2004 national championship seasons.  He also began to make himself highly visible to the media, including appearing at the 2008 Rose Bowl and coining the phrase "Passion Bucket" during an interview on The Dan Patrick Show by saying, "When you're at UCLA, you have to have your passion bucket full when you play the Trojans." He also appeared in an ad created by the UCLA athletics marketing department that declared, "The Football Monopoly in L.A. Is Officially Over" and engineered an agreement with Pete Carroll that allows both UCLA and USC to wear their home jerseys during the annual game. This home jersey arrangement begat a rule change for the 2009 football season.

Neuheisel had his first win on September 1 with the Bruins as they defeated #18 Tennessee, 27–24. The win came in overtime as Tennessee's field goal try sailed wide left.  However, the team's momentum came to a halt in successive weeks.  A brutal 59–0 defeat on the road at the hands of #15 BYU was followed by a disappointing 31–10 loss at home to unranked Arizona in the Bruins' Pac-10 opener.  The UCLA offense failed to score a touchdown in either contest. The team finished the season 4–8 overall and 3–6 in conference.

Despite this record, Neuheisel was still able secure the fifth-best recruiting class in the nation in 2009 as rated by Scout.com. The class was headlined by two former USC commits, Morrell Presley and Randall Carroll, offensive linemen Xavier Sua-Filo and Stan Hasiak, and running back Damien Thigpen.   Nevertheless, the Bruins fell to 4–8 in 2010, losing six of their last seven games and failing to receive a bowl berth.  Player injuries and other attrition depleted UCLA of its roster depth, while true freshmen were forced into action and seniors who were previously reserves became starters; a quarterback who had attempted only 17 passes in his career became the starter. At the end of the season Neuheisel fired two assistant coaches, including Chow, and said he would "be crushed ... if we're not going to a bowl game a year from now."

The 2011 season record improved to 6–6 in regular season play. The Bruins won the first Pac-12 South Division title, as crosstown rival USC was ineligible due to NCAA sanctions. A shocking 50–0 shutout loss to USC to end the regular season—UCLA's fifth consecutive loss to the Trojans—prompted speculation that Neuheisel would be fired.

Neuheisel was fired as head coach of UCLA on November 28, 2011. He was allowed to coach his final game at the December 2, Pac-12 Conference football Championship game, where the team lost by a score of 49–31 to the Oregon Ducks.

Alliance of American Football (2019)
In May 2018, Neuheisel was announced as head coach for the Arizona Hotshots, a Phoenix-based team for the planned Alliance of American Football. The team played at Sun Devil Stadium in Neuheisel's home state of Arizona.

Broadcasting career
In December 2011, Neuheisel joined the CBS Sports Network as a guest analyst for their "Inside College Football" show.

In May 2012, the Pac-12 Network announced that he would be joining their networks as a studio analyst and a football game analyst starting with the 2012 football season.

In March 2015, Neuheisel was hired by CBS Sports to be an analyst on College Football Today, the pre-game show for the SEC on CBS.

Personal life
Neuheisel and his wife, Susan (née Wilkinson), have three sons: Jerry (b. April 1992), Jack (b. August 1994), and Joe (b. January 1997).  Jerry was a quarterback at UCLA and is now an assistant coach at UCLA, and Jack was a wide receiver at Southern Methodist University. Both Jerry and Jack graduated from Loyola High School in Los Angeles, Joe attended UCLA. Rick's father, Richard "Dick" Gerald Neuheisel Sr., is an attorney and past president of Sister Cities International.  During Neuheisel's years as a quarterback for UCLA, his sister, Nancy, was a cheerleader for conference rival Arizona.

Head coaching record

NCAA

AAF

Notes

References

Bibliography

Baker, Chris – Neuheisel Proves to Be Poison to Illinois. Four Scoring Passes Are a Tough Act for Illini to Stomach. Los Angeles Times, January 3, 1984. Quote:"UCLA quarterback Rick Neuheisel had trouble sleeping before Monday's Rose Bowl game, but it wasn't because he was having nightmares about facing Illinois' defense."
Barnhart, Jim – 1984: Illini no match for Neuheisel, UCLA, Bloomington-Normal, Illinois Pantagraph (Pantagraph.com), December 15, 2007
Dodds, Tracy – Ailing Quarterback Leads UCLA to 45-9 Win in Rose Bowl. Los Angeles Times, January 3, 1984
Hurst, Matt – Illinois' 1984 Rose Bowl loss is one the team would like to forget. The (Riverside) Press-Enterprise, December 26, 2007
Los Angeles Times Staff – Caltech at It Again. Credit Beavers for Sabotaging Rose Bowl Scoreboard. Los Angeles Times, January 3, 1984. Quote:"In the fourth quarter, UCLA was leading Illinois, 38-9, but the scoreboard read: Caltech 38, MIT 9."
Los Angeles Times Staff – Favorites Bowled Over. Neuheisel Leads Bruins to Glory; Nebraska Loses. Los Angeles Times, January 3, 1984. Quote:"In a day of bowl game upsets, UCLA swamped Illinois, 45-9, No. 2-ranked Texas was defeated, 10-9, by Georgia and previously unbeaten Nebraska, rated No. 1 in all polls, was surprised by Miami, 31-30."
Timmerman, Bob – The Rose Bowl and me: Part two: January 2, 1984 – UCLA vs. Illinois. Baseball Toaster (Griddle), December 27, 2006
UCLA Bruins Football Media Guide (PDF copy available at www.uclabruins.com)

External links

1961 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
Arizona Hotshots coaches
Baltimore Ravens coaches
Colorado Buffaloes football coaches
National Football League offensive coordinators
National Football League replacement players
San Antonio Gunslingers players
San Diego Chargers players
UCLA Bruins football coaches
UCLA Bruins football players
Washington Huskies football coaches
High school football coaches in Washington (state)
USC Gould School of Law alumni
NCAA sanctions
Sportspeople involved in betting scandals
Players of American football from Madison, Wisconsin
Sportspeople from Tempe, Arizona
Players of American football from Maricopa County, Arizona
Coaches of American football from Arizona
Coaches of American football from Wisconsin
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players

Rick Neuheisel


Asrar al-Tawhid fi Maghamat al-Sheikh Abusa'id (, , "The Mysteries of Unification") is a  book of 12th century Persian literature about the Sufi mystic Abū-Sa'īd Abul-Khayr.

Thought to be written by Muhammad ibn Monavvar, one of Abul-Khayr's grandsons, 130 years after his death, it is also considered a landmark work of Sufi literature as well as one of the most outstanding Persian prose works of the 12th century.

A  copy of this book has been derived from a scattered hand-written pages stored in a book in a Russian library and discovered by Valentin Zhukovski in 1899. Zhukovsky found 2 different copies of the same book, and published the first copy adding the second copy's differences on the side (as side notes or subscripts).

See also

Hagiography
Persian literature

Persian literature
Mystical books
12th-century Persian books

Asrar al-Tawhid


Rede Globo (Globe Network), or simply Globo, is a Brazilian television network, launched by media mogul Roberto Marinho on April 26, 1965. It is owned by media conglomerate Organizações Globo, being by far the largest of its holdings. Globo is the second-largest public TV commercial network in the world (behind the American Broadcasting Company) and one of the largest producer of soap operas (telenovelas) in Brazil. Television hostess Fátima Bernardes work in this channel.

Other websites
 Official page

Brazilian television networks

Rede Globo


Der Plan is a German electronic music group from Düsseldorf, formed in the earlier months of 1979 by Moritz Reichelt (A.K.A. Moritz R®), Kai Horn, and Frank Fenstermacher, originally under the name of Weltaufstandsplan ("World Rebellion Plan").
This group is considered the pioneer of Neue Deutsche Welle.

History

The beginning
Kai Horn, one of the founder members, left the group suddenly before their first recording.
The first single was recorded with the support of Chrislo Haas and Robert Görl (both DAF members at the time).
The recording of a jam session was carried out in an underground shelter using a cassette dictation machine. In 1979 the band released 1500 units of their debut single themselves.
This was the start of Der Plan'''s own label "Warning Records", later known as "Ata Tak".
Their early recordings are reminiscent of industrial sounds of the same period (e.g. early works of US band Chrome) and had a significant influence on fellow Düsseldorf act Die Krupps as well as, eventually, on electronic pop worldwide.

1980s
Kurt Dahlke aka Pyrolator (ex DAF) joined Der Plan a short time later.
The group became more musical, clearly reducing the noisy elements of their songs.
Their 1980 debut album Geri Reig still showed their experimental side.
On this album, they strongly displayed their musical influences, which included The Residents and Throbbing Gristle.
Some titles were kept deliberately "inaudible" by the members in order to explore the boundary of music.

At the end of the year, they released the single Da Vorne Steht 'Ne Ampel which had a plausible melody. Der Plan thereby began to seek out a musical framework which would lead to their later style of "Electronic Schlager" (electronic hit song), or "Synthi Pop", as they called it themselves.
The single became one of the first hit tunes of Neue Deutsche Welle, and the group received offers from major record companies. Der Plan decided to remain independent within their own label, although they accepted a partial contract with Teldec to re-release the single.
The LP Normalette Surprise was released in 1981 where the group developed "electronic schlagers" further and finally fixed their own style.

In 1982, Rainer Kirberg, the film director, made a film Die letzte Rache (The Last Revenge), for which Der Plan composed the soundtrack.
The group not only provided the film music: Moritz R was partly responsible for the film's surrealistic scenic design, which resembled The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari-like German expressionism, whilst Frank Fenstermacher played a small role as an actor.
The film was broadcast by ZDF as a part of "Das Kleine Fernsehspiel" series and received critical acclaim. The soundtrack emphasized the group's experimental side in a mixture of experimental sounds and plausible melodies as in preceding works.

In 1984, Der Plan released two singles. Gummitwist did not achieve the expected high chart position, although it was released by a major label (WEA) and enabled the group to appear on ARD's music program .
Soon after that, the double single Golden Cheapos was released. It featured three instrumental tunes.
The group subsequently released the video Japlan, after which they did a successful Japan tour.
The LP entitled Japlan was quite successful in the Japanese market, but was never released in Germany. This LP work was re-released in CD in 2002.

In 1985, the compilation album LP Fette Jahre (Fat years) was released in Germany.
It contained well-known single tracks, outtakes, and remixes of previous works. The record sleeve shows an ironic picture of the band members disguised in homeless type clothing.

A new album was released in 1987, entitled Es Ist Eine Fremde Und Seltsame Welt (It is a strange world). The title was taken from a famous quote of Blue Velvet by the cult director David Lynch. The sleeve is very eye-catching, as the wording and the main monochrome image are almost entirely in black. One song from this album 1 Mann, 1 Ball was later covered by Der wahre Heino.

As CDs swept across the market, Der Plan decided to release their best album in CD. It was released in 1988 under the title of Perlen.

Breakup
Working for the label and record distribution activities over-shadowed the focusing on the band's music. Differences within the group about career priorities began in 1983, resulting in Moritz R leaving the label Ata Tak and moving to Hamburg. Since then Der Plan had changed from a full-time project to an occasional side-project of its members.

Nevertheless, they released yet another album, entitled Die Peitsche Des Lebens in 1989, which was much less successful than their previous works.

In 1992 Der Plan eventually split up.

In 1993 the fake live album "Live At The Tiki Ballroom ...", which is confirmed as a studio album on their official website, was released. Its first edition was accompanied by a mini CD, which contained "techno versions" of well known Der Plan titles.

Moritz R® dedicated himself to painting after the group's break up. He chronicled his experiences as part of Der Plan in the book Der Plan - Glanz und Elend der Neuen Deutschen Welle (Der Plan - the Splendor and Misery of the New German Wave).Pyrolator and Frank Fenstermacher formed a trance project A Certain Frank later. They joined another German group, Fehlfarben in 2002.

Meanwhile Kurt Dahlke and Moritz Reichelt live in Berlin. Reichelt opened his own gallery called chakchakart shop in Potsdam and Berlin in 2020 and released his first solo album  Nach Herzenslust in 2021.

In 2021 the band releases the Album Save your Software.

Der Plan v4.0Der Plan was formed again as Der Plan v4.0 in Berlin by Moritz R®, Achim Treu and JJ Jones in 2003.
The album Die Verschwörung (The Conspiracy) was released in 2004.

Der Plan v5.0
In 2008 Der Plan was formed as Der Plan v5.0 within the online virtual world Second Life. The entirely virtual band played two gigs using scans of stage designs and masks from their real life in the early 1980s and was represented by the avatars Mo Eriksen, Moni Duettmann and Popeye235 Baxter.

Musical style
Der Plan's musical style is a thing of much, and often heated debate.  It has been referred to (in almost equal measuresas "a work of Genius", and "the demented results of a kindergarten music project gone terribly wrong".

Discography
 1979: Der Plan (Single)
 1980: Geri Reig'' (LP/CD)
 1980: Da Vorne Steht Ne Ampel (Single)
 1981: Normalette Surprise (LP/CD)
 1982: Arbeit Liebe Brot Einfachheit Tod (Single, Supplement material of a sampler "Fix Planet")
 1982: Die Letzte Rache (LP/CD)
 1984: Gummitwist (Single/Maxi)
 1984: Golden Cheapos (Double Single)
 1984: Japlan (LP/CD Japan Release)
 1985: Fette Jahre (LP)
 1987: Es Ist Eine Fremde Und Seltsame Welt (LP)
 1988: Perlen (CD)
 1989: Die Peitsche Des Lebens (LP/CD)
 1993: Live At The Tiki Ballroom Of The Senior Maoris Recreation Center In Maketu, Bay Of Plenty, New Zealand (CD)
 1993: Pocket (MiniCD, Beilage zur Live CD)
 2004: Die Verschwörung (LP/CD)
 2017: Unkapitulierbar (LP/CD)
2021: Save your Software (Fanuks) (LP/CD)

References

External links
 Official Website
 Homepage of Moritz R®
 Official Gallery Website of Moritz R®
 Ata Tak Label of Der Plan, and Pyrolator
 Interview with Moritz R
 On Final Listening: An Interview with Moritz R

German new wave musical groups
German electronic music groups
Neue Deutsche Welle groups
Musical groups from Düsseldorf

Der Plan


The Mariana Trench is the deepest known submarine trench. It is also the deepest known location on Earth itself. It lies south and east of the Mariana Islands, and has a depth up to 10,971 m (7 miles). The western end of the trench is near Guam.

The trench is about 2,550 kilometres (1,580 miles) long but only an average of 69 kilometres (43 miles) wide.

Challenger Deep
The deepest part of the trench is known as the Challenger Deep. It is named after the British Royal Navy survey ship HMS Challenger, whose expedition of 1872–76 made the first recordings of its depth.

A 2009 sonar mapping of the Challenger Deep from the Kilo Moana found a spot with a depth of  (6.82 miles). The sonar system has an accuracy of better than 0.2% of water depth.  Water pressure is more than a thousand times as great as at the surface.

The Challenger Deep has been reached four times by submersibles, namely the manned bathyscaphe Trieste on 23 January 1960, the unmanned robotic deep-sea probes Kaiko (Japanese) in 1995 and Nereus (U.S.) in 2009, and by James Cameron in the Deepsea Challenger on 26 March, 2012. Cameron was able to film a 3D movie of the bottom of the trench.

Lifeforms
The HMS Challenger expedition found radiolaria in the two dredged samples taken when the Challenger Deep was first discovered.

On their 1960 descent, the crew of the Trieste noted that the floor consisted of diatomaceous ooze and reported observing "some type of flatfish, resembling a sole, about 1 foot long and 6 inches across" lying on the seabed. The report has since been questioned, with suggestions that it may have been a sea cucumber. The video camera on board the Kaiko probe spotted a sea cucumber, a scale worm and a shrimp at the bottom. At the bottom of the Challenger deep, the Nereus probe spotted one polychaete worm about an inch long.

An analysis of the sediment samples collected by Kaiko found large numbers of simple organisms at .

The overwhelming majority of the organisms collected were simple, soft-shelled foraminifera (432 species according to National Geographic).

Eighty-five percent of the specimens were organic, soft-shelled forams. This is unusual compared to samples of sediment from other deep-sea environments, where the percentage of organic-walled foraminifera ranges from 5% to 20%. As small organisms with hard, calcareous shells have trouble growing at extreme depths because of the high solubility of calcium carbonate in the pressurized water, scientists theorize that the preponderance of soft-shelled organisms in the Challenger Deep may have resulted from survivors of the biosphere present when the Challenger Deep was shallower than it is now.

Tectonic plates
The trench formed because of a large boundary where two oceanic tectonic plates have converged (collided).

At the boundary, the western edge of the Pacific Plate is subducted beneath the small Mariana Plate. Because the Pacific plate is the largest of all the tectonic plates on Earth, crustal material at its western edge has had up to 170 million years to compact and become very dense; hence its great height-difference relative to the higher-riding Mariana Plate, at the point where the Pacific Plate crust is subducted. This deep area is the Mariana trench proper. The movement of these plates is also responsible for the formation of the Mariana Islands.

References

Pacific Ocean
Oceanography
Plate tectonics

Mariana Trench


Condado de Huelva is a Spanish Denominación de Origen Protegida (DOP) for wines located in the south-east of the province of Huelva (Andalusia, Spain). The wines, known as the Wines of the Discovery of America, are produced there.

The winegrowing area that is currently covered by the Denominación de Origen Protegida Condado de Huelva  and Vinagre del Condado de Huelva includes 18 municipalities, of which Bollullos Par del Condado, Almonte, Chucena, La Palma del Condado, Manzanilla, Moguer, Rociana del Condado, San Juan del Puerto and Villalba del Alcor are authorised for winegrowing by the DOP Regulatory Council.

The protected area is approximately 6,000 ha, with an average grape production of 40 million kg, equivalent to 320,000 hl of must. In the region, there are about 3,100 grape farmers. All grape producers are either independent or cooperative members.

Surroundings
The grape-growing lands covered by the DO is mainly flat or slightly undulating. In general, the soils are neutral or slightly alkali and are of average fertility. Some areas are optimal for grape growing. The average height of the vineyards is 25 m above sea level, and the soils tend to be sandy with a high lime content.

The climate in the Condado de Huelva is ideal for grape growing: mild in Winter and Spring with long hot summers tempered by the influence of the Atlantic Ocean. The average temperature is around 18°C, a relative humidity of between 60% and 80%, and an average annual rainfall of around 700 mm.

History
The first documented and trustworthy reference to grape growing in the area dates back to the 14th century. There are, however, legends referring to barter between the Tartessos and the Ancient Greeks, shipments of wine sent to Ancient Rome, and of the tolerance of the Muslims towards grape growing and winemaking.

The repopulation of Andalusia after the Reconquest in the 14th century would make the first cultivation of vines be in the Condado de Niebla, the origin of the current Condado. Don Juan Mestre, Master of the Order of Calatrava, was involved in the repopulation of Villalba de Alcor in 1327. Eight years later, he donated one hundred "aranzadas" of hillsides to Don Romero Díaz with the condition that in the space of one year, he would clear this land and plant it with vineyards. However, as the work proved to be too much, the deadline was extended and authorization was given for the land to be cultivated by colonists. At this point the wealth of the Condado began to grow.

During the 14th century, the importance of the villages in the Condado increased both socially and economically. Such was the quality and quantity of the wines produced that the city of Seville - which extended to the municipality of Manzanilla - was obliged to pass new protectionist laws to protect its own market. However, due to the prestige and quality of the wines from Bollullos, Villalba, Almonte and La Palma, they continued to be sold in the Sevillian market. The golden age continued during the 15th century. The areas under cultivation grew, aging techniques were improved, and Manzanilla wine overtook common bulk wine in volume. Exports to England and the Netherlands of all types of wine increased especially through the ports of Palos de la Frontera and Moguer. Without a doubt, after the wines, the vines themselves were also exported, as many of the Conquistadores that accompanied Cristopher Columbus on his voyages were from these villages.

The Discovery of America Wines
There are historical documents which date the first shipment of wine from the Condado de Huelva to the West Indies in January 1502. This wine was worth 1,422 "maravedíes" and left Seville for La Española in the same fleet as Fray Nicolás de Ovando. This exporting tradition was to last for several centuries, reaching a peak in the 16th century.

The second half of the 18th century marked the start of the decline of wine trade to the West Indies from the port of Seville, due to the transfer of the Casa de Contratación to Cadiz. The wines of the Condado were now sent to the ports of Cadiz, Puerto Real, Puerto de Santa María and Sanlúcar, from where they were shipped to the Americas.

The end of the century saw the start of the arrival and settling down of many wine families from La Rioja, among them that of Juan Ramón Jiménez, who were to usher in a new period of prosperity which would last for most of the 19th century. At the end of this century, however, the phylloxera plague reached the Condado, along with the rest of Europe, and the area would remain depressed until the 1920s.

A recovery started once resistant rootstock began to be used but the wines of the area had lost their prestige of the previous centuries and had to make do supplying domestic demand until well into the 20th century.

Nevertheless, conscious of the need to produce quality wine and in an attempt to recover the reputation of former times, the Huelva Denominación de Origen was created on 10 May 1962, and in 1963 by order of the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture the Statutes of the Condado de Huelva D.O. were approved, with the aim of promoting the excellence of the Wines of the Discovery Of America.

Another step on the road to wine quality and tradition in the Condado de Huelva was the recent creation of the Vinagre del Condado de Huelva D.O., approved on 31 July 2002. On the same date the statutes of the 40-year-old Condado de Huelva D.O. were updated.

Authorised Grape Varieties
The authorised grape varieties are:

 Red: Merlot, Syrah, Tempranillo, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Cabernet Franc

 White: Zalema, Palomino, Listán de Huelva, Garrido Fino, Moscatel de Alejandría, Colombard, Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, and Pedro Ximénez

Of these varieties, Zalema is by far the most common one and represents 86% of the total planted.

With regard to the planting systems, the most common one is low vines with a maximum density of 2,500 vines/ha. For high vines trained along wires, the maximum authorised density is 3,000 vines/ha. For pruning methods in the Condado de Huelva, the most common one is the one known as "en vaso", and for the Palomino Fino and Listán de Huelva varieties, the system used is the one known as "vara y pulgar".

References

External links

Geography of Andalusia
Wine regions of Spain
Appellations
Wine classification

Condado de Huelva


Kesar () is an Indian television serial that aired on Star Plus from 19 April 2004 to 31 May 2007. The story follows the life of a young girl named Kesar.

The series was supposed to go on air as Karvachauth on Zee TV. However, as things didn't work out between the channel and production house, it was later granted permission by Star Plus and it went on air as Kesar.

Plot
Kesar s a traditional Punjabi girl living with her large extended family in a village. She gets an offer of marriage from the wealthy Maliya family, living in a big city. Kesar marries Rudra, the son of the Maliyas. She tries her best to cope with the sophisticated urban lifestyle of her new family. But soon she finds herself trapped in a web of deceit. It is revealed that Rudra and his mother Pam have conspired against the innocent Kesar for the sake of some valuable inheritance. Kesar's life goes through a great deal of turmoil. She finds support from Rudra's friend Abhi, who loves her selflessly. But Abhi dies a tragic and early death. His heart is transplanted into the body of Harman, who begins to experience the same feelings of love for Kesar. Meanwhile, Kesar has given birth to Rudra's daughter Muskaan. Rudra dies in a bomb blast. After many more troubles, Kesar decides to marry Harman. However, they are separated by adverse circumstances.

Going through these vicissitudes, Kesar gets a new face and identity as Kavita. She marries Police Commissioner Arjun Gill and brings up Abhimanyu, his son from his first marriage, as her own. She continues to miss her daughter Muskaan and her adopted son Krish. Later on, Kesar is reunited with her daughter Muskaan. The secret that Kesar and Kavita are the same person comes out before everyone. Kesar continues to live with Arjun  and Muskaan. Krish lives with Harman. Harman is married to Nupur but remains good friends with Kesar.

Nupur becomes jealous of Harman and Kesar's relationship. Nupur tries to kill Kesar, but instead hurts Harman and he became blind. The only person to know this is Nupur and Harman's daughter Khwaish. Krish meets Khushali, and they fall in love. Muskaan and Rohan meet and fall in love too. On their engagement night, Kesar finds out Rohan's real name is Ajay and he was married before. Krish and Khushali get engaged but Muskaan and Rohan do not. Rohan leaves the house but tells everyone that he had already informed Muskaan about this truth in a CD. However, Muskaan never managed to watch it. Later, the misunderstanding is cleared up. Muskaan decides to get back with Rohan, but on her engagement night, she is almost strangled to death. The person who wants to kill Muskaan is Naina, her wedding planner. Naina has loved Rohan for a long time but he does not love her. On Muskaan and Rohan's wedding day, police arrest him for killing his first wife. Naina is actually the one who has killed Rohan's first wife. She gathers evidence against Rohan and shows it to the police, so that his marriage will be delayed. Kesar and Arjun support Rohan. They compel Naina to admit that she killed Rohan's first wife. Naina then commits suicide.

Muskaan and Rohan get together. Then, on the day of their marriage, Muskaan refuses to marry Rohan. Abhimanyu is in love with Muskaan and has confessed his love for her. Then he rapes her. This matter is taken to court. Meanwhile, Nupur tells Harman that she is the reason behind his going blind. Nupur gets shot and dies. Then, one day, Arjun tries to kill Harman. The reason is that Arjun is jealous of Harman's friendship with Kesar. However, Harman tells Arjun that his eyes have healed and he can see. Arjun is shocked to hear this. Kesar then brings the police and they arrest Arjun. Meanwhile, Muskaan and Rohan have got married. But Rohan beats up Muskaan, because he thinks that she and Abhimanyu are having an affair. When Rohan realises that it is not so, he apologises to Muskaan, but she doesn't forgive him. Muskaan and Kesar then move in with Harman, Krish, Khushali and Khwaish. They all live happily in Harman's house.

Cast
 Nandini Singh as
 Kesar Rudra Maliya / Kesar Abhinav Pandey (2004–2006) (Before Plastic Surgery)
 Dr. Kangana (2006)
 Prachi Shah as Kesar Arjun Gill (After Plastic Surgery) (2006–2007)
 Eijaz Khan / Hiten Tejwani as Abhinav "Abhi" Pandey (2004–2005) / (2005) (Dead)
 Yash Tonk as Harman Khanna
 Nikhil Arya as Rudra Maliya (2004–2006) (Dead)
 Nasir Khan as Komal
 Sandiip Sikcand / Shakti Singh as Parmeet
 Mandeep Bhandar / Indira Krishnan as Teji
 Madan Joshi as Dharam Maliya
 Surekha Sikri as Saroj Dharam Maliya
 Kitu Gidwani / Natasha Rana as Pam Vikram Maliya
 Rocky Verma as Inspector Yashwant Patil
 Karan Patel as Ryan Sood
 Kanika Kohli as Nitika Maliya / Nitika Ryan Sood
 Nisha Rawal as Binita
 Aleeza Khan / Ashita Dhawan as Neha
 Gunjan Walia as Riya Maliya
 Shubhangi Gokhale as Harman's Aunt
 Khyaati Khandke Keswani as Katrina Rudra Maliya
 Shivalika Sharma as Nupur Harman Khanna
 Nishant Shokeen as Aseem
 Vineet Sharma as Shivam
 Iqbal Azad as  Police Commissioner Arjun Gill
 Shweta Rastogi as Muskaan Maliya
 Amit Dolawat as Krish Maliya
 Ashish Sharma as Abhimanyu Gill
 Gunjan Vijaya as Khwaish Khanna
 Ankita Bhargava as Khushali
 Poonam Gulati as Naina
 Vishal Watwani as Anand Pandey (Abhinav's Younger Brother)
 Pratima Kazmi as Shakuntala Pandey (Abhinav & Anand's Mother)
 Sanjay Batra as Vikram Maliya
 Sonali Verma as Reema Vikram Maliya
 Jaya Bhattacharya as Reema Sood
 Kavita Kaushik as Kadambari Abhinav Pandey
 Anas Rashid as Dr. Sahil
 Monalika Bhonsle as Shalini Sood
 Mazher Sayed as Dr. Walia
 Shweta Tiwari as Prerna

References

External links

Official website on TV Asia
Official website on STAR Plus

Balaji Telefilms television series
StarPlus original programming
Indian television series
2004 Indian television series debuts
2007 Indian television series endings
Television shows set in Punjab, India
Indian television series related to plastic surgery

Kesar


Alexander Henderson (19 August 1646) wis a Scots theologian, an an important ecclesiastical statesman o his period. He is conseedert the seicont foonder o the Reformed Kirk in Scotland, an its Presbyterian kirks are lairgely indebtit tae him for the forms o their dogmas an organisation.

Alexander Henderson
1580s births
1646 daiths
Buirials at Greyfriars Kirkyaird
Scots Calvinist an Reformed theologians
Scots Presbyterians
Fowk frae Fife
Scots scholarts an academics
Alumni o the Varsity o St Andras
Scots philosophers
Kirk o Scotland
Covenanters
Academics o the Varsity o St Andras
Academics o the Varsity o Edinburgh
Scots Commissioners at the Wastmeenster Assemmly
17t-century Calvinist an Reformed theologians
1583 in Scotland

Alexander Henderson (theologian)


Unipol Gruppo S.p.A. is an Italian financial services holding company operating in the insurance and banking fields with headquarters in the Unipol Tower, Bologna.  As of 2009 it was ranked as the country's fourth-largest insurer.

The company trades under a number of brands: for insurance it uses the brands UnipolSai Assicurazioni, Linear Assicurazioni, Linear Life, UniSalute and Arca Vita.

History
Unipol Assicurazioni was founded in 1962 in Bologna as a cooperative provider of non-life insurance.

In 1995 the company entered a partnership arrangement with the banking group Casse Emiliano Romagnole, whereby Unipol sold its products through the bank's networks. The partnership also involved complex deals in ownership. As at 31 December 1995, Unipol owned 3.64% shares of CAER; CAER in turn owned 9.80% shares of Unipol's parent company Finsoe. CAER also owned Banca dell'Economia Cooperativa through 6.99% shares owned by CAER directly, as well as an additional 13% shares of the bank owned by CAER's subsidiary Cassa di Risparmio in Bologna (Carisbo). Through Carisbo's subsidiary, FINCAER, the bank group also purchased a minority ownership from Unipol in UniSalute (9.9%) and in Noricum Assicurazioni (34%), In 1996 FINCAER had a minority ownership in Linear Assicurazioni (20%), as well as the ownership in Noricum which increased to 44%.

Since 1998 Unipol started to build their own bank networks, to sell their own products, which gave birth to Unipol Banca. In the same year Unipol founded a 50-50 joint venture company Quadrifoglio Vita with Banca Agricola Mantovana. In December 2000 Unipol purchased 51% shares of BNL Vita, a joint venture with Banca Nazionale del Lavoro from Assicurazioni Generali.

In 2001 Unipol bought back the 9.9% shares of UniSalute and 20% of Linear Assicurazioni. Cardine Banca (ex-CAER) also sold all the shares of Unipol Banca and Finsoe to third parties.

2000s
In December 2003 Unipol subscribed to the capital increases of Reti Bancarie, a sub-holding company of Banca Popolare Italiana for €173.4 million. In return Aurora Assicurazioni got the rights to sell their products in the bank networks of Reti Bancarie. BPI was involved in a failed takeover of Antonveneta, part of the bancopoli that was exposed in 2005. In early 2006 Unipol's takeover bid of Banca Nazionale del Lavoro was rejected by the Bank of Italy. BNL was acquired by BNP Paribas instead, consequently the French company acquired 4.5% shares of Unipol's parent company Finsoe.

After the failed takeover bid  Unipol saw its CEO Giovanni Consorte resign in the midst of the bancopoli scandal. Consorte was later convicted for insider trading. Under Consorte's replacements Pierluigi Stefanini and Carlo Salvatori, the company underwent extensive restructuring in 2007.

Under the restructure scheme, Unipol Assicurazioni (also known as Compagnia Assicuratrice Unipol) was to be renamed as Unipol Gruppo Finanziario, and a new subsidiary Unipol Assicurazioni would be set up.

As at 31 December 2007 the holding company controlled five insurance companies: Unipol Assicurazioni (100%), Aurora Assicurazioni (100%), Linear Assicurazioni (100%), Navale Assicurazioni (99.83%) and UniSalute (98.48%).

In 2008 Quadrifoglio Vita was sold to AXA.

In 2010 a 60% stake of Arca Vita was bought from Banca Popolare dell'Emilia Romagna (BPER) and Banca Popolare di Sondrio (BPSO); a 31.56% minority stake of Arca Assicurazioni was acquired from BPER, BPSO, Banca Popolare di Marostica, Credito Siciliano and Banca Popolare Sant'Angelo.

In 2011 BNP Paribas bought back BNL Vita from Unipol.

In 2014 [new] Unipol Assicurazioni, a subsidiary of Unipol was merged with Milano Assicurazioni, Premafin (a holding company related to Fondiaria-Sai) and Fondiaria-Sai to form UnipolSai.

References

External links

Financial services companies established in 1963
Insurance companies of Italy
Companies based in Bologna
Holding companies established in 2007
Holding companies of Italy
Unipol Group
Cooperatives in Italy

Unipol


Orli Shoshan (; born July 23, 1974) is an Israeli film actress best known for her performance as the Togruta Jedi Master Shaak Ti in the 1999–2005 Star Wars prequel trilogy. It is believed that Shaak Ti's expertise in melee combat is in homage to Orli Shoshan, a former member of the Israeli Defense Forces and a skilled hand-to-hand combat and melee weapons artist.

Early life

Orli Shoshan was born and raised in Tel Aviv, Israel. At the age of 18 she was conscripted into the Israeli Army, in which she served for almost two years. After her military service, she began working for an Israeli airline, which brought her to the United States and then to Chicago, Illinois, where she currently resides. During her employment for El Al Israel Airlines Ltd, she grew a great passion for traveling when visiting places such as India, Thailand, and Australia. Orli Shoshan grew most fond of the Australian people and way of life, so she decided to move to Sydney, Australia.

Early career

In Sydney, she began her successful modeling career enjoying print work in magazines and catalogues, then on the runway as well as many television commercials. All of this eventually culminated into her acting role in the popular sci-fi franchise "Star Wars." Orli Shoshan played the exotic Togruta Jedi Master Shaak Ti in the Star Wars space opera films Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones and Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith in the 1999–2005 saga prequel trilogy. Shaak Ti is a popular character that can be found celebrated through many action figures, LEGO sets, comic books, and video games. While in Australia, she would work on other major television shows such as the Wheel of Fortune (Australian game show) presenting prizes and an exercise & fitness program Aerobics Oz Style.

Orli Shoshan is not only a successful model and actress, but also a fashion designer, always creating a new project for herself. While in Australia, she created a clothing line for women's sportswear called "Orli." This line was very successful and featured casual sportswear. "Orli" was sold at high end boutiques and gyms across Australia. After several years, she moved from Australia to Japan to further her modeling career. Living in Japan was a very interesting and unique time for Orli Shoshan, including being a featured guest at her very first Star Wars convention.

After many years of traveling the world, Orli went back to her roots and moved to Israel to attend the prestigious acting school the Studio by Yuval Carmi. Once she finished acting school, she decided to start a second fashion line, this time for lingerie called Mia Luce.

Personal life and current professional life
Orli Shoshan currently resides in Chicago, Illinois. She is married and is a mother of two girls. She took some time off from her modeling and acting career to look after her children. She later resumed both careers and also attend many sci-fi conventions around the world. She works now in home staging and interior design. Orli has opened her website about her label called O Designs By Orli Shoshan, LLC and she is also working as a real estate agent. Concerning her model pictures, Orli works with her personal and professional photographer, Lynne Peters  (Lynne Peters Photography) based also in Chicago, Illinois providing professional photography nationally in the US and internationally for celebrities, events and weddings.

Filmography

References

External links

Orli Shoshan - Official Website
O Designs By Orli Shoshan, LLC
Orli Shoshan by Lynne Peters Photography
Shaak Ti - Orli Shoshan - Star Wars - A Peek Inside the Woman, not the actress

1974 births
Living people
Actresses from Tel Aviv
Israeli film actresses

Orli Shoshan


Azkoitia () is a town located in the province of Gipuzkoa, in the Autonomous Community of Basque Country, in northern Spain. It is also the seat of the municipality of the same name.

Geographical setting
Azkoitia and the municipality of the same name, are located on and around the upper Urola river valley, centered on a small alluvial plain surrounded by the Basque mountains. Except for the valley itself, the terrain is rather rugged, with elevations ranging to little less than 950 meters.

Population

As of 2004, the municipality numbered 10,946 inhabitants, of whom 5,324 (49.867%) were men and 5,262 (50.133%) were women. Age is distributed among the sexes rather evenly with children and adolescents (0 to 17 years of age) forming 16.235% of the population, adults (18 to 54 years of age) making up 53.744%, and senior citizens forming the remaining 30.021%.

Historical relevance
Azkoitia was the birthplace of the mother of Saint Ignatius of Loyola, founder of the Jesuit religious order. Ignatius' maternal grandfather, Don Martin Garcia de Licona, had purchased Balda Tower in the mid-15th century. Recurring bloody encounters in the region persuaded the king, Henry IV of Castile, to reduce the tower from a fortress to a courthouse. On 13 July 1467 Don Martin's daughter, Dona Marina Saenz de Licona Balda married Don Beltran Ibanez de Onaz y Loyola from neighbouring Azpeitia in the Licona family home in Azkoitia. The original wedding contract still exists.

Loyola's birth house is still preserved as a museum a part of a large Jesuit compound.
It is located a few kilometers east of Azkoitia's city center, at the small community of Azpeitia, and is a major tourist attraction.

See also
José Larrañaga Arenas

References

External links
 Official Website Information available in Spanish and Basque.
 AZKOITIA in the Bernardo Estornés Lasa - Auñamendi Encyclopedia (Euskomedia Fundazioa) Information available in Spanish

Notes
Demographics for all Basque municipalities

Municipalities in Gipuzkoa

Azkoitia


The British Broadcasting Company Ltd was a British commercial company. It was formed on 18 October 1922 by British and American electrical companies doing business in the United Kingdom. Its original office was on the second floor of Magnet House, the GEC buildings in London. It had a room and a small antechamber.

1922 establishments in the United Kingdom
1926 disestablishments
British entertainment companies

British Broadcasting Company


Dan Sane (possibly September 22, 1896 – February 18, 1956) was an American Memphis blues and country blues guitarist and songwriter. He was an associate of Frank Stokes. According to the Music journalist Jason Ankeny, "they had emerged among the most complementary duos in all of the blues, with Sane's flatpicking ideally embellished by Stokes' fluid rhythms." The best-known of the songs written by Sane are "Downtown Blues" and "Mr. Crump Don't Like It." His surname was sometimes spelled "Sain".

Biography
Sane was born Daniel Sains, in Hernando, Mississippi. There is uncertainty over his date of birth; most sources state September 22, 1896, but the researchers Bob Eagle and Eric LeBlanc suggest October 23, 1892, or perhaps 1890. Some sources cite 1904 as his birth year and Michigan, Mississippi, as his birthplace.

He moved to Memphis, Tennessee, and played in Will Batts's string band, before meeting the guitar player Frank Stokes. Sane and Stokes busked together around Beale Street in Memphis on weekends. During the 1920s the pair performed as a duo, billed as the Beale Street Sheiks, and played in white venues, including country clubs, parties and dances, as members of Jack Kelly's Jug Busters. Their first recording was made for Paramount Records in August 1927, as the Beale Street Sheiks. A National Park Service tourist guide to the blues heritage of the Mississippi Delta says, "The fluid guitar interplay between Stokes and Sane, combined with a propulsive beat, witty lyrics, and Stokes's stentorian voice, make their recordings irresistible."

Sane and Stokes moved to Victor Records in 1928. Their recordings were released under Stokes's name. They recorded a two-part version of "Tain't Nobody's Business if I Do", a song well known in later versions by Bessie Smith and Jimmy Witherspoon, but whose origin lies in the pre-blues era. A locally popular song was "Mr. Crump Don't Like It," whose lyrics referred to E. H. Crump, the mayor of Memphis, and his campaign to clean up less salubrious areas of the city. That song may have been based on an earlier song on the same topic by W. C. Handy. The Sheiks also continued to busk on the streets and play at parties.

In 1929, Stokes and Sane recorded again for Paramount, resuming their billing as the Beale Street Sheiks for a few cuts. These 1929 sides were their last together, although they continued an intermittent performing partnership until Sane's retirement from music in 1952.

In 1933, Sane recorded with the singer and guitarist Jack Kelly (1905–1953) and the fiddler Will Batts (1904–1956), as the South Memphis Jug Band.

According to most sources, Sane died in Memphis in February 1956, aged 59, but Eagle and LeBlanc state that he died in Osceola, Arkansas, on June 27, 1965.

His grandson was the saxophonist Oliver Sain.

Sane's recordings as a guitarist are available on numerous compilation albums, including The Best of Frank Stokes (Yazoo Records, 2005).

See also
List of blues musicians
List of country blues musicians
List of Memphis blues musicians

References

1896 births
1956 deaths
People from Hernando, Mississippi
Musicians from Memphis, Tennessee
American blues guitarists
American male guitarists
Songwriters from Mississippi
Blues musicians from Mississippi
Memphis blues musicians
Country blues musicians
Paramount Records artists
20th-century American guitarists
Songwriters from Tennessee
Guitarists from Mississippi
Guitarists from Tennessee
20th-century American male musicians
American male songwriters

Dan Sane


The Salute of the Jugger (also released as The Blood of Heroes in the United States) is a 1989 post-apocalyptic film written and directed by David Webb Peoples, produced by Charles Roven, and starring Rutger Hauer, Joan Chen, and Vincent D'Onofrio. The film has inspired the creation of the sport Jugger.

Plot
In a barren world caused by wars waged in the 20th century and now forgotten, most live from hand to mouth in enclaves known as "market-towns" or "dog-towns", scrounging out a bare subsistence harvesting hardy crops, raising dogs as food, and trading in trinkets from the past.

What little entertainment exists comes primarily from a brutal sport known as The Game. It is played by bands of roving teams known as juggs, who challenge local teams.  They might be considered professional athletes, as they make their living through the tribute paid by the town people, should they defeat the local team. Their trophy is the dog skull from the town. The Game involves two armoured teams of five attempting to score by placing a dog skull on the opposing team's goalpost. One unarmed player—the "quick"—runs with the skull while being protected by his/her teammates from attack by the opposing team.

However, not all in this time live so sparsely.  The Nine Cities, buried deep underground, are home to affluent and powerful members of the aristocracy.  Each of The Nine Cities fields its own team of juggs in an organization known as The League, and its membership is maintained with a fresh stream of new players who are proven veterans of the travelling "dog-town" games by their collection of trophy skulls.

Members of The League live in luxury almost equal to that of aristocrats.  It is a dream among roving juggs to be good enough to get The League's attention and, with it, all of the luxuries afforded a League player.

The team consists of Sallow (Rutger Hauer), Dog-Boy (Justin Monjo), Mbulu (Delroy Lindo), Big Cimber (Anna Katarina), and Young Gar (Vincent D'Onofrio).

Sallow, the team leader, has played in the League of the Nine Cities before, but was cast out because of his indiscretions with an Overlord's daughter. Kidda (Joan Chen), an ambitious peasant girl, joins the team after a game in her dog town where she virtually destroyed her competition. She and Gar inspire Sallow to challenge The League and expunge his past.

But Kidda and Gar do not realise that the City games are for much more than honour and victory, they will need to fight for their very survival.  The Game is played much harder and meaner in the Nine Cities.

After having their challenge accepted, the team have to face against an all-star line up of the best in the league, with the league team having been told to focus on neutralizing Sallow, and destroying the team. However, Kidda is able to hold her own against the league quick, and Big Climber is able to hold on and survive despite severe injuries.

Having survived the first round, something no challenger team has ever done, the team must go into the second round seemingly with a man down, as Big Climber is unable to continue. However the team manager, Ghandi, agrees to step on.

Ghandi is able to subdue one of the league players, and the team is able to beat the league team, something that has never happened. Sallow tells Kidda to "walk" to place the skull on the pole, as the crowd cheers.

Following the match, league reps are seen approaching Kidda. In the international version, Kidda and Gar are seen participating in the league, and winning. While Sallow and the rest of the team have gone back to playing in the wastelands.

Cast
 Rutger Hauer as Sallow
 Joan Chen as Kidda
 Vincent D'Onofrio as Gar
 Delroy Lindo as Mbulu
 Anna Katarina as Big Cimber
 Justin Monjo as Dog-Boy
 Hugh Keays-Byrne as Lord  Vile
 Max Fairchild as Gonzo
 Gandhi MacIntyre as Gandhi
 Richard Norton as Bone
 Lia Francisa as Mara
 Steve Rackman as Samchin Jugger

Production

The Salute of the Jugger was shot in the desert of Coober Pedy, Australia.

Alternate cuts
The US theatrical version of the film was significantly shorter than the original version released overseas. About ten minutes were cut. The biggest difference is in the ending. In the American release, the credits roll shortly after the climax, even though picture continues to roll, showing certain conversations with music covering the dialogue. In the longer cut, there are denouement scenes.

The US DVD release of the film matches the US theatrical cut in being much shorter than the original film. Full versions were released on VHS in the early 1990s in Australia, the United Kingdom, Europe and Japan. Various distributors began releasing the original cut on DVD in early 2001, known as the extended version or by the title "Salute to the Jugger".

In 2017, a 2-disc Blu-ray set with both cuts of the film was released in Japan.

See also
 Quintet (film)

References

External links

 The Salute of the Jugger at Oz Movies

1989 films
1989 directorial debut films
1989 science fiction films
1980s American films
1980s English-language films
1980s science fiction action films
1980s sports films
American post-apocalyptic films
American science fiction action films
American sports drama films
Australian post-apocalyptic films
Australian science fiction action films
Australian sports drama films
Films about competitions
Films about death games
Films produced by Charles Roven
Films shot in South Australia
Films with screenplays by David Peoples

The Salute of the Jugger


A casserole is a baked dish for many different types of food, mixed together in a fluid based on liquid. The start ingredient is often a roux. Often, one of the ingredients is a can of soup. The whole point of a casserole is that it cooks material slowly. That means it can use ingredients which would not be edible if fried or roasted.
The casserole needs to simmer below boiling point for hours, depending on the ingredients. That way tough meat and vegetables become soft and edible.

It is a simple way to cook a nutritional meal.

Casserole is from a French word meaning "sauce-pan"; a large, deep dish used either to cook something in an oven or to serve the food cooked in it. The French word  "casserole"  had been derived from the old Provençal word, "cassa" and the Medieval Latin word, "cattia", both of these words meaning "ladle".

Casseroles are usually cooked slowly in the oven, usually covered. They may be served as a main course or a side dish, and may be served in the vessel in which they were cooked. Types of casserole include ragout, hotpot, cassoulet, tajine, moussaka, lasagne, shepherd's pie, gratin, rice or macaroni timballo, and carbonnade.

A popular type of casserole is green bean casserole, which has green beans, milk or cream, and fried onions. It was first cooked in Berlin, New Hampshire in 1866 by, Elmire Jolicoeur.

The second illustration proves how old the idea is. That casserole dish has a lid, and a spout for steam to escape. The heat is applied from below as it is with a stew.

Early casserole dishes were rice-based that were pounded and pressed and then filled with meat. The first popular meals included French cassoulet, British pot pies, Italian lasagna, and Greek moussaka. Macaroni and cheese is the oldest written casserole recipe found in 1250.

References

Baked foods

Casserole


In sociology, a social system is the patterned network of relationships constituting a coherent whole that exist between individuals, groups, and institutions. It is the formal structure of role and status that can form in a small, stable group. An individual may belong to multiple social systems at once; examples of social systems include nuclear family units, communities, cities, nations, college campuses, religions, corporations, and industries. The organization and definition of groups within a social system depend on various shared properties such as location, socioeconomic status, race, religion, societal function, or other distinguishable features.

Notable theorists
The study of social systems is integral to the fields of sociology and public policy. Social systems have been studied for as long as sociology has existed.

Talcott Parsons
Talcott Parsons was the first to formulate a systematic theory of social systems, which he did as a part of his AGIL paradigm. He defined a social system as only a segment (or a "subsystem") of what he called action theory. Parsons organized social systems in terms of action units, where one action executed by an individual is one unit. He defines a social system as a network of interactions between actors. According to Parsons, social systems rely on a system of language, and culture must exist in a society in order for it to qualify as a social system. Parsons' work laid the foundations for the rest of the study of social systems theory and ignited the debate over what framework social systems should be built around, such as actions, communication, or other relationships.

Niklas Luhmann
Niklas Luhmann was a prominent sociologist and social systems theorist who laid the foundations of modern social system thought. He based his definition of a "social system" on the mass network of communication between people and defined society itself as an "autopoietic" system, meaning a self-referential and self-reliant system that is distinct from its environment. Luhmann considered social systems as belonging to three categories: societal systems, organizations, and interaction systems. Luhmann considered societal systems, such as religion, law, art, education, science, etc., to be closed systems consisting of different fields of interaction. Organizations were defined as a network of decisions which reproduce themselves; his definition is difficult to apply in terms of finding a real-world example. Finally, interaction systems are systems that reproduce themselves on the basis of co-presence rather than decision making.

Jay Wright Forrester
Jay Wright Forrester founded the field of system dynamics, which deals with the simulation of interactions in dynamic systems. In his work on social systems, he discusses the possibilities of social system dynamics, or modeling social systems using computers with the aim of testing the possible effects of passing new public policies or laws. In his paper he recognized the difficulty of producing a reliable computer model system, but argued that an imperfect model was better than none and simply implementing new policy.

Forrester argued that unsuccessful public policies aim to treat the symptoms rather than the causes of social issues and that they also generally focus on efforts rather than on results. This occurs because there is either an incomplete understanding or a misunderstanding of the causes of an issue on the part of the policymakers, which often leads to ineffective or detrimental policies which aggravate the issues they were implemented to correct or cause other issues to arise. Another problem Forrester notes is that some policies which may work in the long run may aggravate an issue in the short run. A successful policy according to Forrester must target the correct leverage points, in this case the aspect of the social problem which, if modified, will produce a sizeable enough effect to correct the problem.

Racialized social system
Eduardo Bonilla-Silva referred to the social relationships between different racial groups as a racialized social system. Some academics have criticized the idea that the group of white people constitute a meaningful group for such analysis. Iris Marion Young distinguished between the notions of "group" and "series", with a "group" being defined by one's own acknowledgment of being a member and a series being a passive social reality. Lewis argues that most groups of white people are a series rather in this sense rather than a group.

Modeling
The problem with studying social systems is the difficulty of forming and testing theories; social systems are manipulated or controlled and large-scale systems cannot be reproduced in a lab setting. However, the rapid increase in the availability of digital data over the last decade gives scientists studying the behaviors of social systems very detailed and much more holistic pictures of how social systems respond to various events and how networked social systems behave. Additionally, the development and popularity of social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter offer new ways to study the evolution of social systems and social networking behaviors with social graphs. Even though the behaviors of these systems may be surprising or not yet well understood, the digital age offers a new frontier for the study of social systems.

Notable past models are the WORLD2 and WORLD3 models: these both aimed to outline the world's distribution of resources. WORLD3 was based on the Club of Rome's Limits to Growth.

See also

References

Further reading
Przybylak, Roman (2015) "On the origin of social systems".

External links

Technology in society
Sociological terminology

Social system


The title Yerl o Kellie or Kelly is ane o the peerage titles o in the Peerage o Scotland, creatit in 1619 for Sir Thomas Erskine, who wis Caiptain o the Guard an Groom o the Stool for James VI. It is named efter the Barony o Kellie in Fife, Scotland.

The Yerldom o Kellie wis unitit wi the Yerldom o Mar in 1835, when the twintie-saxt Yerl o Mar became an aa the eleivent Yerl o Kellie. At the daith o that Yerl in 1866, the Yerldom o Kellie an the faimily's estates passed tae Walter Erskine, the cousin o the late Yerl, an his heir-male. Meanwhile, it wis assumed that the Yerldom o Mar passed tae John Francis Goodeve, the late Yerl's nephew, an his heir-general. Goodeve chynged his name tae Goodeve Erskine; his claim wis agreed upon bi maist individuals. He even pairticipatit in the election o representative peers for the Peerage o Scotland.

Housomeivver, the Yerl o Kellie submittit a petition tae the House of Lords askin that the Earldom o Mar be declared his, dyin afore it coud be considered. His son, the thirteent Yerl o Kellie, renewed the petition, an the Lords decidit the matter in 1875, determinin that the Yerldom o Mar properly belanged tae the Yerl o Kellie. Housomeivver, due tae a sentiment that the Lords haed decidit wrangly, the Earldom o Mar Restitution Act wis passed. That Act declared that there wur twa Yerldoms o Mar — ane that wad belang tae the Yerl o Kellie, an anither that wad belang tae John Goodeve Erskine. For further details, see Yerl o Mar.

The subsidiar titles belangin tae the Yerl o Mar an Kellie are: Viscoont o Fentoun or Fenton (creatit 1606), Lord Erskine (1429) an Lord Erskine o Dirleton (1603), the umwhile o which is uised as a courtesy title for the eldest son an heir o the Earl. Baith titles are in the Peerage o Scotland.  The Earl is Hereditary Keeper o Stirling Castle.

Yerls o Kellie (1619)
  Sir Thomas Erskine, 1st Earl o Kellie (1566–1639)
 Thomas Erskine, 2nt Earl o Kellie (d. 1643)
 Alexander Erskine, 3rd Earl o Kellie (d. 1677)
 Alexander Erskine, 4t Earl o Kellie (d. 1710)
 Alexander Erskine, 5t Earl o Kellie (d. 1756)
 Thomas Alexander Erskine, 6t Earl o Kellie (1732–1781)
 Archibald Erskine, 7t Earl o Kellie (1736–1795)
 Charles Erskine, 8t Earl o Kellie (1765–1799). in 1797 he succeeded tae the Erskine o Cambo baronetcy which merged wi the Earldom till its extinction in 1829.
 Thomas Erskine, 9t Earl o Kellie (c. 1745–1828)
 Methven Erskine, 10t Earl o Kellie (c. 1750–1829)
 John Francis Miller Erskine,(23rd) 9t Earl o Mar, 11t Earl o Kellie (1795–1866)
 Walter Consignby Erskine, 10th Earl of Mar and 12t Earl o Kellie (1810–1872)
  William Henry Erskine, 11t Earl o Mar an 13t Earl o Kellie (1839–1888)
  Walter John Francis Erskine, 12t Earl o Mar an 14t Earl o Kellie (1865–1955)
  James Francis Hervey Erskine, 13t Earl o Mar an 15t Earl o Kellie (1921–1993)
 James Thorne Erskine, 14t Earl o Mar an 16t Earl o Kellie (b. 1949)

The heir presumptive is the Earl's brither the Hon. Alexander David Erskine, Maister o Mar (b. 1952).

See an aa
Earl o Mar
Erskine Baronets

References

Freemit airtins
 The Great Historic Families of Scotland — The Erskines of Kellie

Earldoms
Fife
Leets o Scots fowk
Earl

Yerl o Kellie


Saint Mary the Virgin is a parish of the Church of England on Foulness Island, in Essex, England.

Before the 15th century, the island of Foulness was divided among several neighbouring parishes. The inhabitants were expected to attend church services in their respective mainland parish churches but in practice this must have been difficult and at times impossible, as in those days there was no bridge linking Foulness to the mainland.

In 1407, Lady Joan de Bohun, Countess of Essex, obtained a licence from the Bishop of London to found a chantry of a chaplain to celebrate Mass on a daily basis in a chapel on Foulness. She also managed to secure the payment of church dues towards the upkeep of the chapel, rather than having the islanders' payments going towards the various mainland parishes among which the island had been split.

Some 150 years later, the Chantry was dissolved under the massive religious upheaval resulting from Henry VIII's Dissolution of the Monasteries. The chapel's land and possessions were confiscated. However, the desire for local services remained and within three years Foulness became a separate ecclesiastical parish.

The old chantry chapel was demolished and a new timber-framed church was erected on the site, this church being dedicated to St Mary the Virgin. By the middle the 19th century this old church was in a poor state of repair and the size of the population of the parish had outgrown the small building. In 1848 the parishioners decided to pull the old church down and build a new one in its place.

The present church, which is now Grade II listed, was erected a little to the west of the original site. The parishioners themselves provided some forty per cent of the cost of building, and George Finch, the then Lord of the Manor, twenty per cent. The rest came from two ecclesiastical building societies and from private subscription, including £50 from the Elder Brethren of Trinity House so that the spire might be built of a sufficient height to be of value as a seamark for sailors.

The church was built in the Early English style, to a design by William Hambley, with a spire, a nave with two aisles, and a chancel. The churchyard was expanded, using ground given by George Finch. The new church was consecrated in 1853 and dedicated to "Saint Mary the Virgin, Saint Thomas and All Saints".

The church is quite plain inside, with almost no stained glass. The organ was built in 1866 and gained "a gold medal at an exhibition" but the brass plaque attached to it does not tell us which exhibition; it was purchased from North Ockendon and dedicated in 1908. A swell was added to commemorate the Silver Jubilee of George VI and was dedicated in October 1936.

Although no obvious evidence remains of the earlier church buildings, there are several gravestones which clearly predate the present building., including one for Jonas Allen who died on 27 April 1698, which carries a skull and crossbones motif.  There are also three War Graves from the First World War containing the remains of unidentified Royal Navy sailors whose bodies were found on the coast of the island.

Inside the main gate of the churchyard is the island's War Memorial. On one face are listed the names of seven Islanders who gave their lives in the "Great War", and on an adjoining face the names of the three who died in the Second World War.

The church was permanently closed in May 2010, and the building was later put up for sale. In 2019 there were plans for it to become a five-bedroom home.

References

Bibliography

External links
The Church of England, a church near you

Grade II listed churches in Essex
Rochford District

Saint Mary the Virgin, Foulness Island


A competition or contest is an event where people get together to see who is the best at something.  Someone who takes part in a competition ("enters for a competition") is called a competitor.  The competitors compete against one another.  The person who wins may get a prize.  The prize might be a trophy or money.

Competitions can be for lots of different things, for example, sport, writing, music, dancing, science, or chess.

Some competitions need a referee.  The referee will make sure that the game is played fairly and that the competitors obey the rules.  In events like music competitions there will often be an adjudicator who will decide which person they think is the best.

Forms
In nature, animals compete with one another for the best food, the best nesting places, etc. According to Charles Darwin, the competition in nature results in evolution.
In business, firms that make the same things or offer the same services are in competition with one another (see market forms).

The adjective of 'competition' is competitive.
If persons are "competitive" it means that they like trying to compete with other people.
Businesses often say that they sell things at "competitive prices".  This means that their prices are lower than those of other businesses which sell similar things.

Examples of competitions
There are a lot of different kinds of competitions, for example:
 Eating competitions, where people try to eat the most food
 Running competitions, where people see who is the first to run from one place to another
 Sport competitions, where sports teams try to beat each other to win a trophy
 Singing competitions, where someone decides which person sang the best

or see the gallery of images below:

Related pages

International Mathematical Olympiad
Music competitions
Science Olympiad
Spelling bee

References

Basic English 850 words
Psychology

Competition


Deccan Radio is a first radio station of Hyderabad State (now Hyderabad, India) went live on air on 3 February 1935, initially it was launched as a private broadcasting station with transmitting power of 200 Watts. The programs were broadcast in Urdu. It was located at chirag ali lane, Abids, Hyderabad State.

Mir Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII took over The Deccan Radio and nationalized it on 3 February 1935. A new radio station was set up at Khairatabad, and a new transmitter of 500 Watts with 730 kHz was installed which was purchased from Marconi Company, England. During Second World War a special broadcast studio was set up at Saroornagar to live updated news programs. In the same year the new radio station was started at Aurangabad (then the Nizams domain) where the previous 200 Watt transmitter was shifted from Hyderabad. It was a district level radio station to broadcast the programs in Urdu and Marathi as most of the population speak Marathi.

On 1 December 1948, the Nizams inaugurated an upgraded 800 Watts unit, a shortwave transmitter which was installed with the mediumwave station and operated with 3335 and 6210 kHz. The World Radio Handbook had consecutively listed the editions of this station. Though, in the early 1919 the British cantonment of Secunderabad established the early communication station in the Hyderabad State and in 1924 an unknown spark station was operated from same region to which the Australian radio magazine in the same year named as VWT station.

It serves as an official broadcaster of erstwhile Nizams's of Hyderabad, on 1 April 1950 Deccan Radio was taken over by Indian Government and in 1956 it was merged with All India Radio (AIR) and since then it is known as AIR-Hyderabad (100 kW).

References

Radio stations in Hyderabad
Urdu-language mass media
Defunct radio stations
Defunct mass media in India
Radio stations established in 1935
Radio stations disestablished in 1956

Deccan Radio (Nizam Radio 1932)


"Human Nature" is a single from American singer-songwriter Madonna. It is from her album Bedtime Stories, which was released in Autumn 1994. The song was written and produced by Madonna and released in June 1995. The song is about humor, sex and sarcasm. It was written in response to the huge backlash to her 1992 record Erotica and her coffee table book Sex.

This single got mixed reviews by the critics, although it was a moderate hit in America, Australia and the United Kingdom. There are many versions of this song.

1994 songs
Pop songs
Hip hop soul songs
R&B songs
Madonna (entertainer) songs

Human Nature (Madonna song)


A river delta is a landform shaped like a triangle. It is where the mouth of a river flows into an ocean, or even into a desert. It is formed by sediment carried by the river being deposited in the wider mouth. This happens because the water moves less quickly there.

Over time, the delta forms a series of fingers: places where the water flows, and places above water where plants grow. As time passes, these "fingers" change their position. The landform is typical of the tropical rivers of the past as well as the present.

The word "delta" comes from the Greek letter delta, Δ ,  because the deltas are shaped like the letter. A river delta can cover just a few square miles, or an area of hundreds or thousands of square miles of land.

There have been times in the past when the tropical rivers were larger than today. The South of England was, in the Jurassic period, part of a larger continent. There is today just a remnant of this huge tropical river. The mud from this river is like huge fingers, with gravel between the fingers. This can be seen in quarries where building materials are sorted for sale.

The deposition of mud and sand causes an alluvial fan, which is the name given to the phenomenon.

Other websites
 Louisiana State University Geology - World Deltas

References

River delta


Hyperlinks are, at present, a novel feature in virtual world platforms, aside from hyperlinks in the in-built chat clients between users' avatars. In the latter 2000s, however, a number of architectures were created for various decentralized virtual world platforms in order to facilitate easier travel of avatars between two or more separately-hosted grids or servers.

Space-linking in OpenCobalt

Open Cobalt uses a method of hyperlinking, known as "space-linking", which resembles a window frame or portal and, when revolved, shows a 360-degree real-time view of one region to a user in another region; such portals can also be walked through by users. Space-linking is an alternative to teleportation, a more common means of traversing between regions or spaces, and is also a primary means of travelling between whole grids.

Like MediaWiki's redlinks, such portals are also used to link to uncreated spaces or regions (colored in black) in order to indicate the need to create newer spaces.

Hypergrid in OpenSim
OpenSimulator also uses an architecture known as "Hypergrid", which allows users to teleport between multiple OpenSim-based virtual worlds by providing a hyperlinked map which indexes public grids. This allows for public grids to retain teleportation links to each other without having to be on the same grid.

References

External links
 Roy Ruddle: Navigating Discontinuous Virtual Worlds
 Portals: increasing visibility in virtual worlds

Hypermedia
Virtual reality

Hyperlinks in virtual worlds


Pierre Amoyal (born 22 June 1949 in Paris) is a French violinist and is the artistic director of the Conservatory of Lausanne.

He owns the  "Kochanski" Stradivarius of 1717. It was stolen from him in 1987 and recovered in 1991.

Life and career

He studied at the Conservatoire de Paris, graduating at age 12 with a First Prize (in 1961). He then won the Ginette Neveu Prize in 1963, and the Paganini Prize in 1964. At age 17, he traveled to Los Angeles for five years of study with Jascha Heifetz, which culminated in participating in chamber-music recordings with Heifetz.  During this time he won the Enescu Prize (1970). He has toured extensively, made numerous recordings and played with many major conductors, such as Sir Georg Solti, with whom he made his European debut at the age of 22, Pierre Boulez, and Herbert von Karajan with the Berlin Philharmonic

He was violin teacher at the Conservatoire de Paris and then at the Conservatory of Lausanne, until June 2014. Then he was teacher at the Mozarteum University of Salzburg, Académie internationale d'été de Nice, and in Japan.

He is the artistic director of the Conservatory of Lausanne. In 2002, he founded the Camerata de Lausanne, a string orchestra. He also created and organised the "violin and piano master-classes" of the Music Academy of Lausanne since 1991.

He was made a Chevalier of Arts and Letters in 1985 and promoted to Knight of the National Order of Merit in 1995. He also received the Prix du rayonnement de la Fondation vaudoise pour la culture in 2002, and the Prix de Lausanne in 2006.

External links
 Official website
 Académie de musique de Lausanne
 Académie internationale d'été de Nice profile
 http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Bio/Amoyal-Pierre.htm

20th-century French male classical violinists
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
Living people
1949 births
Knights of the Ordre national du Mérite
Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
21st-century French male classical violinists
Academic staff of the Conservatoire de Paris
Academic staff of Mozarteum University Salzburg
Academic staff of Lausanne Conservatory
Musicians from Paris
Enescu Prize winners

Pierre Amoyal