Marva Whitney (born Marva Ann Manning; May 1, 1944 – December 22, 2012) was an American funk singer commonly referred to by her honorary title, Soul Sister #1. Whitney was considered by many funk enthusiasts to be one of the "rawest" and "brassiest" music divas.

Biography

Early life
Born in Kansas City, Kansas, her performing career started as early as three years old while touring with her family's gospel group, the Manning Gospel Singers. At the age of 16 she joined the Alma Whitney Singers and two years later she married Harry Olander Whitney with whom she had a daughter Sherrie Whitney. She began singing R&B music for the first time in 1963 at a Kansas City venue and studied music at college. Whilst working at a garment factory, she continued performing in nightclubs and at local talent competitions, and by the mid-1960s had joined local group Tommy (Gadson) & The Derbys as their lead singer. The group opened for many leading performers passing through Kansas City. In 1967, she left the group, and turned down offers to tour with Bobby Bland and Little Richard before joining the James Brown Revue as a featured vocalist. Her marriage to Harry Olander Whitney ended in divorce in 1965. Subsequently, she was married, albeit briefly to disc jockey Phil Wardell.

Career
Her first solo single, "Your Love Was Good To Me", was recorded for King Records in mid-1967, but was unsuccessful as were two follow-up singles. She toured Europe, Asia and Africa with James Brown with whom she was in a relationship, and in early 1968 he produced her fourth solo single, "Unwind Yourself", in a more funky style. Although the record was not a chart hit, it was later sampled numerous times, most recognisably by the 45 King on his 1987 track "The 900 Number", which was then sampled by DJ Chad Jackson on his 1990 hit single "Hear the Drummer (Get Wicked)" (UK number 3 in July 1990), by DJ Kool on his 1996 hit "Let Me Clear My Throat" (UK number 6 in March 1997), Sway on his 2009 track "Mercedes Benz" and Mac Miller on his 2011 track "Party on Fifth Ave."

Whitney's first chart hit came with "It's My Thing (You Can't Tell Me Who to Sock It To)," a response to The Isley Brothers' hit "It's Your Thing"; her record reached number 19 on the Billboard R&B chart and number 82 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1969. She followed up with two smaller hits, "Things Got To Get Better (Get Together)" (R&B number 22) and "I Made A Mistake Because It's Only You Pt. 1" (R&B number 32), and also recorded songs like "I'm Tired, I'm Tired, I'm Tired (Things Better Change Before Its Too Late)", and "If You Don't Work (You Can't Eat)." After recording three albums - Unwind Yourself (1968), Live and Lowdown at the Apollo [actually live in Georgia] (1969) and It's My Thing (1969) - and about 13 singles with James Brown as producer and writer or co-writer, an exhausted Whitney left the Brown stable in 1969 (or 1970) and returned to Kansas City.

Clarence Cooper and Allan Bell took over her management and initially struggled to get Whitney into major venues. A trip to Chicago in 1970 and a visit to producer Floyd Smith resulted in a contract for the Isley Brothers' T-Neck label. After divorcing Phil Wardell, she married Ellis Taylor of Forte Records with whom she had a son, and recorded further singles for the label, including "Daddy Don't Know About Sugar Bear", her most successful post Brown single that was picked up for national distribution by Nashville's Excello records. She retired from recording for several years making only local appearances in Kansas City, returning to the studio in 1977 for a Forte single with her brother Melvin Manning. She divorced Taylor in 1977 and relocated to Los Angeles for the next fifteen years.

In the early 1980s, she briefly joined a group, Coffee, Cream & Sugar, formed by singer Alfred "Pico" Payne and Mary Lou Flesh. Later in the 1980s, she started to perform regularly with former James Brown band members such as Maceo Parker, Fred Wesley, Pee Wee Ellis, and Lyn Collins, as the JB Allstars. She returned to Kansas City as it became apparent that Funk music was essentially unfashionable and opportunities were sparse. She later married for the fourth time a preacher and returned to her gospel roots.

In 2006, Whitney collaborated with German born DJ/collector/manager DJ Pari and Japanese funk orchestra Osaka Monaurail to produce a new single, "I Am What I Am". Osaka Monaurail style themselves on the James Brown sound and the single was produced in the fashion of an authentic release of the recordings she produced with Brown in 1969. Two successful tours of Japan and a full-length album release followed, also entitled "I Am What I Am". In 2007, 2008 and 2009, the tour was also brought to Europe where she maintained a cult following.

In December 2009, Whitney had a stroke on stage during a concert in Lorne, Australia, while performing with The Transatlantics at Falls Festival. The remaining dates of her tour were cancelled; after Whitney made a partial recovery she performed again in 2010. In December 2012, Whitney died from complications of pneumonia at her home. She was 68.

Discography

Album discography

Single discography on King Records

Single discography after King Records

References

External links

1944 births
2012 deaths
Musicians from Kansas City, Kansas
American soul singers
American funk singers
Deaths from pneumonia in Kansas
James Brown vocalists
Excello Records artists
20th-century African-American women singers
21st-century African-American women singers

Marva Whitney


Alexis Sigismund Weissenberg (; 26 July 1929 – 8 January 2012) was a Bulgarian-born French pianist.

Early life and career
Born into a Jewish family in Sofia, Weissenberg began taking piano lessons at the age of three from Pancho Vladigerov, a Bulgarian composer. He gave his first public performance at the age of eight.

In 1941, he and his mother tried to escape from German-occupied Bulgaria for Turkey, but were caught and imprisoned in a makeshift concentration camp in Bulgaria for three months. A German guard – who had enjoyed hearing Alexis play Schubert on the accordion – hurriedly took him and his mother to the train station, throwing the accordion to him through the window and told them, "Good luck". They safely arrived in Istanbul a day later.

In 1945, they emigrated to Palestine, where Weissenberg studied under Leo Kestenberg and performed Beethoven with the Israel Philharmonic under the direction of Leonard Bernstein. In 1946, Weissenberg went to the Juilliard School to study with Olga Samaroff. He also studied with Artur Schnabel and Wanda Landowska.

In 1947, Weissenberg made his New York City debut with the New York Philharmonic Orchestra and George Szell in Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 3 and with Philadelphia Orchestra and Eugene Ormandy, with which Weissenberg won the Leventritt Competition. Between 1957 and 1965, he took an extended sabbatical for the purpose of studying and teaching.  Weissenberg resumed his career in 1966 with a recital in Paris. Later that year he played Tchaikovsky's Piano Concerto No. 1 in Berlin conducted by Herbert von Karajan, who praised him as "one of the best pianists of our time".

Weissenberg gave piano master classes all over the world.  He had many notable students at his Piano Master Class in Engelberg (Switzerland), including Kirill Gerstein, Simon Mulligan, Ivan Moravec, Mehmet Okonsar , Nazzareno Carusi, Andrey Ponochevny, Loris Karpell, and Roberto Carnevale among them. He composed piano music and a musical, Nostalgie, which was premiered at the State Theatre of Darmstadt on 17 October 1992.

Weissenberg died on 8 January 2012 at the age of 82 in Lugano, Switzerland after suffering from Parkinson's disease. He was survived by three children, David, Cristina and Maria.

Recorded works
He recorded extensively, including works of Schumann, Rachmaninoff, Liszt and Chopin.

Among his other notable interpretations were those of Johannes Brahms's Piano Concerto No. 1, with Carlo Maria Giulini and Riccardo Muti, ("Les Introuvables d'Alexis Weissenberg", 2004), Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 2 with Herbert von Karajan and the Berlin Philharmonic, as well as his Piano Concerto No. 3 with Georges Prêtre and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, and Seiji Ozawa with the Boston Symphony Orchestra (also with Leonard Bernstein and the Orchestre National de France).

His 1965 film recording of Stravinsky's Three Movements from Petrushka (directed by Åke Falck) was also highly praised. When Karajan watched the movie, he immediately invited Weissenberg to participate in a filmed performance of the Tchaikovsky First Concerto, replacing Sviatoslav Richter.

Selected discography

Audio
 Bach: Goldberg Variations
 Bach: Jesu bleibet meine Freude (Choral – aus: Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben BWV 147), Orfeo (CD)
 Bartók: Piano Concerto No. 2 with Eugene Ormandy and the Philadelphia Orchestra RCA
 Beethoven: The Five Piano Concertos with Herbert von Karajan and the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra  EMI (3 CDs)
 Beethoven: Piano Sonatas: "Pathétique, Moonlight and Appassionata"
 Brahms: Piano Concerto No. 1 (two recordings, with Carlo Maria Giulini and Riccardo Muti, EMI
 Brahms: Rhapsodie g-Moll op. 79 Nr. 2, Orfeo (CD)
 Brahms: Étude F-Dur, Orfeo (CD)
 Brahms: Sonatas for violin & piano Nos. 1–3, with Anne-Sophie Mutter. EMI (CD)
 Chopin: Piano Sonata No. 3, Ballade No. 4, Nocturnes. SWR Music (CD)
 Chopin: Works for piano and orchestra. EMI (2 CDs)
 Chopin: The Nocturnes. EMI
 Chopin: Piano Sonata Nos. 2 and 3 EMI
 Debussy: Estampes, Suite Bergamasque, Children's Corner, L'Isle Joyeuse, etc. on Deutsche Grammophon
 Debussy:  Piano works. Deutsche Grammophon (CD)
 Franck: Symphonic Variations for piano and orchestra (with Herbert von Karajan and The Berlin Philharmonic)
 Haydn:  Sonatas Hob.XVI/20,37 & 52, RCA (LP)
 Liszt: Piano sonata in B minor.  Einsatz Records, Japan
 Liszt: Valse impromptu A-Dur, Orfeo (CD)
 Mozart: Piano Concertos Nos. 9 and 21 with Giulini and the Vienna Symphony Orchestra
 Mussorgsky: Pictures at an Exhibition, Orfeo (CD)
 Mussorgsky: Pictures at an Exhibition, EMI
 Prokofiev: Piano concerto No.3 – Seiji Ozawa, Orchestre de Paris
 Rachmaninoff: Complete Preludes. RCA (CD)
 Rachmaninoff: Piano Sonatas Nos. 1, 2. Deutsche Grammophon (CD)
 Rachmaninoff: Piano Concerto No. 2 (with Herbert von Karajan and the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, 1972)
 Rachmaninoff: Piano Concerto No. 3 (three different recordings, with Georges Pretre, Seiji Ozawa and Leonard Bernstein)
 Ravel: Piano concerto – Seiji Ozawa, Orchestre de Paris
 Ravel: Le Tombeau de Couperin, Orfeo (CD)
 Scarlatti: Sonatas (A selection of 15) on Deutsche Grammophon
 Schumann: Fantasie, op. 17. Orfeo (CD)
 Schumann: "Carnaval" op.9, "Kinderszenen", Op. 15 (Toshiba-EMI)

Video
 Alexis Weissenberg DVD: Classic Archive 2008 – Bach, Brahms, Chopin, Prokofiev, Stravinsky.

Books
 Gustl Breuer/Henno Lohmeyer (Hrsg.): »Alexis Weissenberg. Ein kaleidoskopisches Porträt«. Rembrandt Verlag, Berlin 1977.
 Lettre d'Alexis Weissenberg à Bernard Gavoty, 1966
 Weissenberg – Drei Interviews – 2012, Sofia

References

External links
 Official Archive for Alexis Weissenberg
 Official website for Alexis Weissenberg (To be superseded by the archive at http://alexisweissenbergarchive.com/)
 Arkiv Music page on Alexis Weissenberg
 Bach Cantatas website biography of Alexis Weissenberg
 David Dubal interview with Alexis Weissenberg (1 of 3), WNCN-FM, 10 April 1981
 David Dubal interview with Alexis Weissenberg (2 of 3), WNCN-FM, 17 April 1981
 David Dubal interview with Alexis Weissenberg (3 of 3), WNCN-FM, 24 April 1981

Jewish classical pianists
Bulgarian classical pianists
20th-century French male classical pianists
Leventritt Award winners
Juilliard School alumni
Jews who emigrated to escape Nazism
Bulgarian refugees
Bulgarian emigrants to Israel
Bulgarian expatriates in France
Bulgarian people of Jewish descent
Deutsche Grammophon artists
Erato Records artists
Musicians from Sofia
1929 births
2012 deaths
Piano pedagogues
French music educators
Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres

Alexis Weissenberg


Lisa Curran is an American tropical forester, and Roger and Cynthia Lang Professor in Environment & Anthropology, at Stanford University.

Education
Curran graduated from Harvard University, and Princeton University with a Ph.D.

Career
Curran was professor of tropical ecology and director of the Tropical Resources Institute at the Yale University.

Curran is a professor at the Santa Fe Institute.

Awards
2006 MacArthur Fellows Program

Works
Carlson, K.* and L. M. Curran, 2009. "REDD pilot project scenarios: Are costs and benefits altered by spatial scale?", Environmental Research Letters.
Ponette-Gonzalez, A. G., K. C. Weathers and L. M. Curran, 2010. "Water inputs across a tropical montane landscape in Veracruz, Mexico: synergistic effects of land cover, rain and fog seasonality, and interannual precipitation variability", Global Change Biology, 16 (3): 946–963.
Balch, J.K.,* D. C. Nepstad, and L. M. Curran, 2009. "Pattern and process: Fire-initiated grass invasion at Amazon transitional forest edges". In: Fire Ecology of Tropical Ecosystems, Ed M. Cochrane.
Balch, J.K.,* D. C. Nepstad, P. M. Brando, L. M. Curran, O. Portela, O. de Carvalho Jr., and P. Lefebvre, 2008. "Negative fire feedback in a transitional forest of southern Amazonia". Global Change Biology 14: 2276-2287.
Cannon, C. H.,* L. M. Curran, A. J. Marshall, and M. Leighton, 2007. "Long-term reproductive behavior of woody plants across seven Bornean forest types in the Gunung Palung National Park (Indonesia): supra-annual synchrony, temporal productivity and fruiting diversity". Ecology Letters 10:956-969.
Paoli, G. D.,* and L. M. Curran, 2007. "Soil nutrients limit aboveground productivity in mature lowland tropical forests of Southwestern Borneo". Ecosystems 10:503-518.
Gullison, R.E, P. Frumhoff, J. Canadell, C. B. Field, D.C. Nepstad, K. Hayhoe, R. Avissar, L.M. Curran, P. Friedlingsten, C.D. Jones and C. Nobre. 2007. "Tropical forests and climate policy". Science 316:985-986.
Curran, L.M. and S. D. Trigg. 2006. "Sustainability science from space: Quantifying forest disturbance and land use in the Amazon". Proc. of Nat. Acad. Sci. 103:12663-12664.
Soares-Filho, B., D. C. Nepstad, L. M. Curran et al., 2006. "Modelling conservation in the Amazon basin". Nature 440:520-523.
Santilli, M., P. M. Moutino, S. Schwartzman, D. C. Nepstad, L. M. Curran, and C. Nobre. 2005. "Tropical deforestation and the Kyoto Protocol". Climatic Change 71:267-276.
Soares-Filho, Britaldo Silveira, Nepstad, Daniel Curtis, Curran, Lisa et al. 2005. "Cenários de desmatamento para a Amazônia". Estudos Avançados 19:137-152.
Curran, L. M., S. Trigg, A. McDonald, D. Astiani, Y. M. Hardiono, P. Siregar, I. Caniago, and E. Kasischke. 2004. "Lowland forest loss in protected areas of Indonesian Borneo". Science 303:1000-1003. SOM
Barber, C. V., E. Mathews, D. Brown, T. H. Brown, L. M. Curran, C. Plume, and E. Selig. 2002. "The State of the Forest: Indonesia". Forest Watch International/ Global Forest Watch/World Resources Institute. 119 pp. Also published in Bahasa Indonesia, Keadaan Hutan Indonesia 131 pp.
Curran, L. M., I. Caniago, G. D. Paoli,* D. Astiani,* M. Kusneti, M. Leighton, C. E. Nirarita, and H. Haeruman. 1999. "Impact of El Niño and logging on canopy tree recruitment in Borneo". Science 286:2184-2188.

References

External links
"Lisa Curran Interview", odeo, Jun 23, 2008

Living people
Harvard University alumni
Princeton University alumni
Yale University faculty
Stanford University Department of Anthropology faculty
MacArthur Fellows
American foresters
Year of birth missing (living people)
Women in forestry
Santa Fe Institute people
Conservation biologists

Lisa Curran


Cyprian Southack (1662 – 27 March 1745) was an English cartographer and colonial naval commander. He commanded the Province Galley, Massachusetts' one-ship navy (1696–1711) and commanded the first navy ship of Nova Scotia, the ship William Augustus (1721–23).

Born in London to a British Navy captain, he came to New England in the 1680s, where he established a reputation for his seamanship and his chart-making skills.  The charts he made of the coast of northeastern North America were among the most accurate of their time.  He engaged in privateering activities during King William's War in the 1690s, and was hired by the Province of Massachusetts Bay as captain of its armed vessel, the Province Galley.  In that role he participated in several military actions during Queen Anne's War, including relieving present-day Portland, Maine from attack before joining Benjamin Church's 1704 raids of Acadia, and the 1707 and 1710 Sieges of Port Royal in Nova Scotia.  He was asked by Admiral Hovenden Walker to pilot his 1711 expedition to Quebec up the Saint Lawrence River, but refused, disclaiming detailed knowledge of that river.  (Walker's expedition ended disastrously, suffering more than 800 deaths when parts of the fleet foundered on rocks near the mouth of the Saint Lawrence.)

After Queen Anne's War Southack continued in a variety of public service positions, including a seat on the Nova Scotia Council.

A storm on the night of 26 April 1717 destroyed the galley Whydah (pronounced Wi-da), flagship of the notorious pirate Samuel "Black Sam" Bellamy, on the shoals of Cape Cod. The ship, built in London in 1715 and named for the Kingdom of Ouidah in Africa, was a private slaver of Sir Humphry Morice on its maiden voyage in 1716 under the command of Captain Lawrence Prince; it was captured by the pirates while passing through the waters of the lower Bahamas Islands on it return voyage to England in February 1717. With the Whydah Gally as his command ship in a 5-ship fleet, Bellamy, rated the wealthiest pirate in the western hemisphere by Forbes, was sailing near to the coast of Cape Cod when a massive storm arose about midnight, which drove the Whydah into the sandbars at Wellfleet where it was dashed to pieces. Within days, news of the pirate wreck and the capture of nine survivors reached Massachusetts Bay Colony Governor Samuel Shute, and Cyprian Southack was immediately sent to the wreck site to recover anything of value, with specific orders in the name of King George I to take from the site and the local townsfolk anything that they may have taken from the wreck. According to his journal and several frustrated letters to the governor, the entire community refused to cooperate, and the Coroner even stuck him with the bill after burying 102 bodies washed ashore from the wreck. Southack informed the governor that, although he was able to see parts of the Whydah on the sandbar some 500 feet from shore, his week-long efforts to recover anything of value from the wreck were repelled by intense storms, deadly waves, and rip currents cause by the Cape's extensive sandbar shoals. His letters to the governor and his map of New England, upon which he wrote the location of the Whydah, was instrumental in explorer Barry Clifford's discovery and ongoing recovery of the Whydah's artifacts and treasures, now on display at the Whydah Pirate Museum in Provincetown on Cape Cod. Confirmation of the discovery was made in 1985 with Clifford's recovery of the ship's bell, embossed with the words "The + Whydah + Gally + 1716". It is currently the only fully authenticated Golden Age pirate shipwreck on earth.

Southack was active in the British fishery at Shelburne and Canso, Nova Scotia.  In his later years he apparently lived in Boston, where he died in 1745, having never been reimbursed, it is said, by the Governor for his efforts at the Whydah wreck. He is buried at Old North Church.

Among the vessels he commanded were the Porcupine (1689–90), Mary (1690), William and Mary (1692), Friends Adventure (1693), Seaflower (1703), and the Massachusetts Province Galley, between 1697 and 1714.

Legacy
 namesake of Phillips Street - Southack Street and Southack Court, Beacon Hill, Boston

References

THE WHYDAH PIRATE MUSEUM, Historians Kenneth J. Kinkor, Rev. Jim Cunningham D.D.
 Clifford, Barry, EXPEDITION WHYDAH
 Clifford, Barry, THE PIRATE PRINCE
 Southack, Cyprian, circa 1717, An Actual Survey of the Sea Coast from New Your to the Isle of Cape Briton
 The Province Galley of Massachusetts Bay

External links

People of Queen Anne's War
1662 births
1745 deaths
Sailors from London
British military personnel of Queen Anne's War
People of colonial Massachusetts
English cartographers
18th century in Nova Scotia
Pre-Confederation Nova Scotia people
Burials at Granary Burying Ground

Cyprian Southack


Thomas Cranmer (1489-1556) was an Archbishop of Canterbury and one of the founders of the Church of England under Henry VIII. He helped the king to get rid of Catherine of Aragon and wrote the Book of Common Prayer. He was killed by Mary I of England when he refused to return to Catholicism.

He was born in Nottinghamshire and died in Oxford.

1489 births
1556 deaths
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Archbishops of Canterbury
English Anglicans
English theologians
Executed English people
Former Roman Catholics
People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
People executed by burning
People from Nottinghamshire
Protestant Reformers
English Roman Catholic archbishops

Thomas Cranmer


Te Koko-o-Kupe / Cloudy Bay is located at the northeast of New Zealand's South Island, to the south of the Marlborough Sounds and north of Clifford Bay. In August 2014, the name Cloudy Bay, given by Captain Cook in 1770, was officially altered to Te Koko-o-Kupe / Cloudy Bay, with the Māori name recalling the early explorer Kupe scooping up oysters from the bay.
The area lends its name to one of the best known New World white wines (Cloudy Bay Vineyards Sauvignon Blanc) although the grapes used in production of that wine are grown in the Marlborough wine region further inland.

Features

The bay faces Cook Strait, stretching north–south over a distance of  from the southern extremity of the Marlborough Sounds (Port Underwood) to White Bluffs. Along its length is the delta of the Wairau River, which reaches the sea at two points. The southern of these forms an entrance to the Big Lagoon, just to the north of White Bluffs. The central point is known as the Wairau Diversion.  There is also a swimming beach to the north known as Whites Bay.

Fifteen minutes drive from central Blenheim is the coastal community of Rārangi which consists of an original beachfront settlement in the northern end of Cloudy Bay which ranges from the typical New Zealand bach or crib along with some high quality homes. It also has a newer large subdivision within the central part of Cloudy Bay nearer to the coastal man-made river which is known as the Wairau Diversion.

History
Archaeological excavations at Wairau Bar indicate that Māori were living there in the 'moa-hunter' period about 1288 to 1300 for a period of about 20 years. This is the oldest and best researched site of early Polynesian settlement in New Zealand.  Cloudy Bay was named by Captain James Cook on 7 February 1770. Sealers first visited about 1826 and set up stations at Port Underwood, the deep inlet at the north of the bay. They were followed by whalers with John Guard setting up a whaling station at Port Underwood in 1828 with his ship Waterloo. By 1840 there were approximately 150 Europeans in the area, probably the largest concentration in the South Island at that time. Between 1829 and 1832, Waterloo made three return trips to Sydney per year selling seal skins, flax and whale oil  and returning with supplies and trade goods. In 1832 Guard installed Capt Hall as a new master in the Waterloo. On 17 June 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed by South Island chiefs at Horahora-Kakahu Island, just off-shore from Port Underwood. It was being transported around the New Zealand coast on HMS Herald.

See also
New Zealand wine

References

Bays of the Marlborough Region
Whaling stations in New Zealand
Whaling in New Zealand

Cloudy Bay


Cees Stam (born 2 November 1945 in Koog aan de Zaan) is a former Dutch track cyclist and four-time world champion stayer.

Cees Stam was almost exclusively active as a stayer and at six-day races. In 1968 he became Dutch champion amateur stayer, which feat he would repeat seven times, both as an amateur and as a professional (from 1971 on). In 1968 and 1969 he came in second at the UCI Motor-paced World Championships, but in 1970 he won his first (amateur) world title, with Joop Stakenburg as pacer. Stakenburg also paced him to a professional world championship in both 1973 and 1974, while in 1977 Stam won his fourth world champion paced by Bruno Walrave. Stam came in second in 1972, 1975 and 1976 and third in 1978 and 1979, so that he was on the podium for 8 consecutive years. He also won the European championships twice.

In 1974, in the old Galgenwaard stadium in Utrecht, he set a world hour record cycling behind a motor with 82.998 kilometres.

Stam started 48 six-day races, but did not win any of them. After his cycling career he was national coach of the Dutch stayers and worked as a manager of cycling clothing company AGU until his retirement in 2007.

Cees Stam is the father of the racing cyclist Danny Stam. His former son-in-law Henk Havik is also a cyclist, as is his grandson Yoeri Havik and uncles Klaas and Willy Kwantes.

In 2007, a book was published about him and his cycling family.

In 2014 Stam suffered a serious crash when riding the derny in the 2014 edition of the Six Days of Amsterdam, which featured his grandson Yoeri Havik as a competitor. This crash ended his career as a pacer.

References

1945 births
Living people
Dutch male cyclists
UCI Track Cycling World Champions (men)
Cycling coaches
Sportspeople from Zaanstad
Dutch track cyclists
Cyclists from North Holland
20th-century Dutch people
21st-century Dutch people

Cees Stam


A justice of the peace (JP) is a judicial officer, elected or appointed to a local court that has limited jurisdiction. In some locations a JP deals with traffic violations, parking tickets and may have the authority to perform marriages ceremonies. In many places they are the entry-level courts that most criminal cases pass through. JP courts were popular in early history, but are now found mostly in rural areas. Otherwise people would have to travel longer distances to other courts of law.

History
In 1195, a proclamation of Richard I of England local knights were appointed to keep order. In 1264, "Keepers of the Peace were appointed in every county to serve the king. Such men were called "Justice of the Peace" beginning in about 1362. When colonists came to British North America they brought with them the common law system that included JPs. In France, "Lords of the Court" administered justice. After 1789, justices of the peace were elected.

Requirements
While the requirements vary from one jurisdiction to another, generally, to become a JP there are few if any educational requirements. An application is filled out and usually there is a fee. Justices may be chosen by their qualifications and references. Many have law degrees while others may have taken a few law classes.

References

Other websites
 Justice of the Peace, Texas Association of Counties
 How to Become a Justice of the Peace in Canada
 Justice of the Peace in Australia
 Becoming a Magistrate in England and Wales

Law enforcement

Justice of the peace


The Istituto Superiore di Sanità (Italian National Institute of Health, literally 'Higher Health Institute'), also ISS, is an Italian public institution that, as the leading technical-scientific body of the Italian National Health Service (Servizio Sanitario Nazionale), performs research, trials, control, counseling, documentation and training for public health. The Institute is under the supervision of the Ministero della Salute (Ministry of Health).

History

The official opening of the ISS, called Istituto di Sanità Pubblica (Institute of Public Health), took place on April 21, 1934.
The construction of the main building in Rome, designed by architect Giuseppe Amendola, started on July 6, 1931 and it was financed by the American Rockefeller Foundation.

In 1941 the Istituto di Sanità Pubblica assumed its present name of Istituto Superiore di Sanità

In 1958 the ISS came under the protection of the Ministry of Health, from the Ministry of Interior.

ISS Directors (then Presidents)
 Gaetano Basile (1934–35)
 Dante De Blasi (1935)
 Domenico Marotta (1935–61)
 Giordano Giacomello (1961–64)
 Giovan Battista Marini Bettolo Marconi (1964–72)
 Francesco Pocchiari (1972–89)
 Vincenzo Longo (1989)
 Francesco Antonio Manzoli (1989–93)
 Giuseppe Vicari (1993–95)
 Aurelia Sargentini (1995–96)
 Giuseppe Benagiano (1996–2001)
 Enrico Garaci (2001–13)
 Fabrizio Oleari (2013–14)
 Gualtiero Ricciardi (2015–18); Commissioner (2014–15)
 Silvio Brusaferro (2019–present), straordinary commissioner

Nobel Prize Winners
 Daniel Bovet
 Ernst Boris Chain
 Enrico Fermi
 Rita Levi Montalcini

Structure

Departments
 Environment and Primary Prevention
 Cell Biology and Neurosciences
 Haematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine
 Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation
 Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases
 Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety
 Technology and Health

National centres
 National AIDS Centre
 National Centre for Chemical Substances
 National Centre for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion
 Centre for Immunobiologicals Research and Evaluation
 National Centre for Rare Diseases
 Evaluation and Accreditation Body
 National Blood Centre
 National Transplant Centre

Technical services
 Service for Biotechnology and Animal Welfare
 Data Management, Documentation, Library and Publishing Activities

Bibliography
 Giorgio Bignami, Origins and Subsequent Development of the Istituto Superiore di Sanità in Rome (Italy) (on-line  (Italian)

References

External links
 Official English website of the ISS

Medical and health organisations based in Italy
Medical research institutes in Italy
1941 establishments in Italy
Organizations established in 1941
Rome Q. VI Tiburtino
Food safety organizations
Regulation in Italy
National public health agencies

Istituto Superiore di Sanità


An outwash plain is a plain made by a melting glacier. As the glacier moves, it picks up dirt and rocks. When the glacier melts, the dirt and rocks are left behind. The smaller dirt and rocks are carried further by the water the melting glacier makes. This makes the outwash plain very flat and smooth.

Landforms

Outwash plain


The Platte Bridge Railroad Tragedy was a bushwhacker attack on the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad during the American Civil War on September 3, 1861, in which the train derailed on a bridge over the Platte River east of St. Joseph, Missouri, killing between 17 and 20 and injuring 100. The bridge crosses the river in Buchanan County, between Marion Township on the east, and Washington Township on the west.

Confederate partisans planned to burn the lower timbers of the  bridge across the river, leaving the top looking intact. At 11:15 p.m. on a moonless night, the westbound passenger train from Hannibal, Missouri, to St. Joseph started to cross the bridge. The supports cracked and gave way. The locomotive flipped, falling  into the shallow river and bringing with it the freight cars, baggage car, mail car and two passenger cars with 100 men, women and children. Bodies and the injured were taken to the Patee House near the St. Joseph depot. Union soldiers were ordered to track down and execute bushwhackers for their part in the incident.

Confederate Major General Sterling Price, who had been invading northern Missouri at the time, wrote Union commanding general Henry Wager Halleck to protest, stating the sabotage was "lawful and proper" according to the rules of warfare and that the captured men should be treated as prisoners of war. Halleck replied that the bushwhackers were "spies, marauders, robbers, incendiaries, guerrilla bands...in the garb of peaceful citizens". The bushwhackers were also to say that the train was a military target because there were soldiers on it bound for Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. One of the soldiers killed was Barclay Coppock, a member of John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry. The bushwackers were also to claim that it was an attempt to assassinate former Missouri Governor Robert Marcellus Stewart.

The most prominent of the bushwhackers sought by the Federal troops was Silas M. Gordon. Union troops were to burn Platte City, Missouri twice (in December 1861 and July 1864) in unsuccessful attempts to force the townspeople to surrender him (see the Burning of Platte City).

The railroad at the time was the first to cross the state of Missouri and it was used to deliver mail to and from the Pony Express terminus in St. Joseph, Missouri. Col. Ulysses S. Grant's first commission in the Civil War had been guarding the trains. In August he was promoted to brigadier general on a new assignment.

References

Missouri in the American Civil War
Buchanan County, Missouri
Derailments in the United States
Transportation disasters in Missouri
Railway accidents in 1861
Bridge disasters in the United States
Bridge disasters caused by warfare
Passenger rail transportation in Missouri
1861 in Missouri
Accidents and incidents involving Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad
September 1861 events

Platte Bridge Railroad Tragedy


Nawojka (pronounced: ; 14th-century – 15th-century) was a  medieval Polish woman known to have dressed as a boy in order to study at the University of Kraków in the 15th century. She later became a nun. She is considered to be the first female student and teacher in Poland.

Overview
The story of her was first told by the abbot Martin of Leibitz (d. 1464) in Vienna in about 1429. There are several different versions of the legend.

According to one version, she was a daughter of a teacher in a church school in Gniezno, schooled by her father, who decided to continue her studies using any means necessary. According to another version, she was a girl who inherited a fortune when orphaned. In yet another variant of the story ("[this] claim is as well documented as any other") she came from Dobrzyń nad Wisłą.
In any case, dressed as a boy, she enrolled at the University of Kraków in the name of Andrzej (or Jakub; two versions of the name she used are reported). At that time it was forbidden for women to attend universities.

Discovery
Nawojka successfully fooled everyone and studied for two years, making herself a name as a great scholar and a serious student. According to a possibly later addition to the story,
she was offered work as a domestic assistant to one of the professors, but declined: at the time servants were expected to accompany their masters to the public bath.

One day, she was exposed as a woman. The versions differ here again: according to one, two soldiers wagered that the student walking by was in fact a woman, and exposed her; according to the second, she was found by a son of wójt from Gniezno who joined the school; according to the third one, she fell ill and a doctor examining her found out the truth.

When she was brought before the authorities to explain why she had disguised her gender, she simply answered: "For the will of learning". When they interrogated her fellow-students and professors they could find no one to accuse her of immoral conduct. Her record as a student was excellent. She was not convicted of any crime, but the judges did not want to acquit her entirely. According to Martin of Leibitz, she asked to be taken to a convent. She took her vows there, became a teacher and a leader of the convent school, and eventually the abbess.

This story may or may not be true. Some historians say that if it is true, her time at the university was about 1407–1409.

Legacy
The Jagiellonian University did not allow women to study until 1897, and to hold academic positions until 1906. The university's first women's dormitory, opened in 1936, was named after Nawojka. One of the streets in Kraków is also named after her.

References

External links
Street map showing locations of Nawojka street and Nawojka dormitory in Cracow
 Polish Literature in English Translation: The Prayerbook of Nawojka

Female-to-male cross-dressers
14th-century births
15th-century deaths
Legendary Polish people
Jagiellonian University alumni
15th-century Polish nuns
14th-century Polish women
14th-century Polish people

Nawojka


Yves René Marie Simon (14 March 1903 – 11 May 1961) was a French Catholic political philosopher.

Life
Simon studied under Jacques Maritain at the Institut Catholique de Paris.  He taught at the Institut Catholique de Lille from 1930 to 1938.  In 1938, he came to the University of Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana, as a visiting professor.  He was unable to return to France because of World War II, and after the war he remained as a professor at Notre Dame until 1948.  He then joined the Committee on Social Thought, at the University of Chicago.  He remained at the University of Chicago until retiring in 1958 due to illness.  He died of cancer in South Bend, Indiana on 11 May 1961. In 1975, Maurice Cranston called him one of the world's "most original and distinguished political theorists."

Simon left many materials unfinished at his death, and many of his publications have only appeared after his death.  His son, Anthony O. Simon, has taken on the role of director of the Yves R. Simon Institute, which contributes to the effort to publish such materials.  Simon's papers are at the University of Notre Dame.

Scholarship
Simon trained to work in the realm of Thomism or scholastic philosophy.   According to John Dawson's biography of Gödel, Simon attended Kurt Gödel's logic lectures at Notre Dame in the late 1930s (as would be expected of a mind near the center of the Cracow Circle). Thus, in 1955, he was one of several contributors to the translating of John of St. Thomas into English.

However, he is better known for his work in moral and political philosophy.  There, he defended the traditional Thomistic account of moral action and the virtues.  He was an ardent defender of the proposition that this traditional account was compatible with liberal democracy in the West, arguing that French Catholics had erred in holding that the Catholic faith supported their adherence to monarchy, à la Action Française.

Bibliography
A General Theory of Authority.
Philosophy of Democratic Government.
The Definition of Moral Virtue.
The Tradition of Natural Law:  A Philosopher's Reflections.
Freedom and Community.
Work, Society, and Culture.
A Critique of Moral Knowledge.
The Great Dialogue of Nature and Space.
An Introduction to Metaphysics of Knowledge.
Philosopher at Work (a collection of articles).

Works about his thinking include:
Vukan Kuic, Yves R. Simon:  Real Democracy (Rowman & Littlefield 1999).
Thomas R. Rourke, A Conscience as Large as the World:  Yves R. Simon Versus the Catholic Neoconservatives (Rowman & Littlefield 1997).
Anthony O. Simon, Acquaintance with the Absolute:  The Philosophy of Yves R. Simon (Fordham University Press 1996) (introduction by Rev. James V. Schall, S.J.; essays on six aspects of Simon's thought by six different scholars; and a 100-page bibliography compiled by Anthony O. Simon).

See also
 Neo-Thomism

References

1903 births
1961 deaths
University of Notre Dame faculty
University of Chicago faculty
French political philosophers
French Roman Catholic writers
Thomists
Catholic philosophers
Virtue ethicists
20th-century French philosophers
Committee on Social Thought
20th-century French historians
French male writers
Natural law ethicists

Yves Simon (philosopher)


Magnus Julius De la Gardie (14 April 1668 – 28 April 1741), son of Axel Julius De la Gardie, was a Swedish general and statesman, member of the Swedish Hats Party.

Magnus Julius De la Gardie was born in 1668 in Stockholm. He started his military career in the French army, where he fought for the French in the War of the Spanish Succession. After the Battle of Malplaquet in 1709, he became a Swedish Colonel at the Royal Dalarna Regiment, which he led in the Battle of Gadebusch in 1712. After the successful battle, he was appointed Swedish Major General, and in 1717 he became a Lieutenant General.

After the dramatic death of King Charles XII in 1718, Magnus Julius De la Gardie became a member of the Privy Council of Sweden. The newly appointed Privy Councillor commissioned architect Joseph Gabriel Destain to design Tullgarn Palace. In 1719 he was appointed President of the Kommerskollegium, and in 1727 he became a Marshal.

Magnus Julius De la Gardie was a vocal friend of the French kingdom. When the Riksdag of the Estates was summoned in 1734, he proposed closer ties between Sweden and France. Inspired by French customs, he arranged political salons, a novelty never heard of in Sweden at the beginning of the 18th century. It is believed that the Swedish Hats Party was founded at one of these receptions.

He was married to Hedvig Catharina Lilje and became the father of Eva Ekeblad and Hedvig Catharina De la Gardie. He died in Stockholm in 1741.

References

 Peter Wieselgren, Handlingar ur Grefl. De la Gardiska bibliotheket på Löberöd, Lund : 1831.
 Nordisk Familjebok, Stockholm : Nordisk familjeboks förlags aktiebolag, 2 ed. 1904.

1669 births
1741 deaths
Swedish generals
18th-century Swedish military personnel
Members of the Privy Council of Sweden
Swedish people of French descent
Marshals of the Realm
Caroleans
18th-century Swedish politicians
Magnus Julius

Magnus Julius De la Gardie


Bologna (Emilian and Romagnol: Bulåggna) is the capital and largest city of Emilia-Romagna in Northern Italy. It has about 400,000 inhabitants.

History
Bologna was founded by the Etruscans with the name Felsina (c. 534 BC) and became a Roman colony in 189 BC.

In the 11th century Bologna began to grow again as a free commune, joining the Lombard League against Frederick Barbarossa in 1164.

The University of Bologna, founded in 1088, is the oldest existing university in Europe.

After being crushed in the Battle of Zappolino by the Modenese in 1325, Bologna began to decay and asked the protection of the Pope at the beginning of the 14th century.

In 1980, 85 people were killed in a bombing at Bologna Centrale railway station. This was the most deadly terrorist attack in the history of Italy.

Weather
Bologna has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Koeppen climate classification).

6th-century BC establishments

Bologna


Émilie Mondor (April 29, 1981 – September 9, 2006) was a Canadian Olympic athlete, who was a two-time national champion in the women's 5,000 metres.

Early life
She was born in Mascouche, Quebec in 1981. Mondor studied at McGill University, later moving to Simon Fraser University to study and train. She had a promising performance at the 1998 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, finishing tenth in the junior race at the age of sixteen. She did not build on these performances, however, and she finished some minutes behind the leaders at the 1999 and 2000 world junior races.

Career
Mondor won the Fukuoka International Cross Country in March 2003 with a time of 18:51 – one of the fastest recorded on the course. A twelfth-place finish at the 2003 IAAF World Cross Country Championships confirmed her one of the better cross country runners of her generation. She finished twelfth in 5000 metres at the 2003 World Championships in Athletics, and near the close of the season she became the first Canadian woman to dip under 15:00 in the 5000 m. She improved further in cross country the following year, finishing in eighth in the long race at the 2004 IAAF World Cross Country Championships and thirteenth in the short race at the same competition.

She began to take up road running and won the Vancouver Sun Run in early 2004. At the 2004 Summer Olympics she finished seventeenth overall in the 5000 m. She also won the Belfast International Cross Country that year. She was the most successful athlete in the history of the North American 5K Championships, coming runner-up in 2002, then winning three straight titles in the following years.

Mondor was unable to compete for much of 2005 and 2006 due to a rare medical condition affecting the strength of her bones. After drug treatments for the condition, she placed second in a 10 kilometre road race held in Toronto on May 7, 2006.

Death
She died in a car accident on Highway 417 near Hawkesbury, Ontario. According to the Ontario Provincial Police, Ms. Mondor lost control of her car after passing two other vehicles.

References

External links

1981 births
2006 deaths
Canadian female long-distance runners
Sportspeople from Quebec
People from Mascouche
Sportspeople from Lanaudière
Olympic track and field athletes for Canada
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
World Athletics Championships athletes for Canada
Road incident deaths in Canada
Accidental deaths in Ontario
Simon Fraser Red Leafs women's track and field athletes
Simon Fraser University alumni

Émilie Mondor


The Auburn, also known as the Light Brown, is a breed of domestic turkey. A heritage turkey, the Auburn is one of the rarest varieties currently in existence. It has been referenced by name in written records since the 18th century, and is named after the light reddish-brown color of its plumage.  There is also an extremely rare variant of the Auburn, called the Silver Auburn.

History
This is an old variety that was listed in receipts when transporting turkeys to markets in "turkey trots" during the late 18th and early 19th centuries in Philadelphia. They are sex linked and thus were important at the beginning of this century for producing poults that could be sexed at hatching. Cross-breedings of Auburn toms and Bronze hens were done to produce Bronze toms and Auburn hens thus making it quite easy to sex poults by color at hatch. However, this did not become a serious market requirement and they never became very popular. However, when breeding Auburn turkeys together, only auburn colored poults will be produced in both sexes.

Types
Auburn describes a variation in the typical bronze plumage color in which bronze is replaced with a red-brown pigmentation. At day of age, the Auburn poult resembles the Bronze but with black stripes replaced with a red-brown coloration. In the adult bird, the bronze pigmentation is also replaced by a red-brown color. The barring present in the primary and secondary flight feathers is red-brown and white in contrast to the black and white typical in the bronze bird.

See also
 List of turkey breeds
 Heritage turkey

References

Turkey breeds originating in the United States
Conservation Priority Breeds of the Livestock Conservancy

Auburn turkey


Dikembe Mutombo Mpolondo Mukamba Jean-Jacques Wamutombo (born June 25, 1966) is a Congolese-American retired professional basketball player and humanitarian. Mutombo played 18 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played for the Denver Nuggets, Atlanta Hawks, Philadelphia 76ers, New Jersey Nets, New York Knicks and the Houston Rockets.

References

1966 births
Living people
Naturalized citizens of the United States
American philanthropists
Democratic Republic of the Congo basketball players
Denver Nuggets players
Atlanta Hawks players
Philadelphia 76ers players
New Jersey Nets players
New York Knicks players
Houston Rockets players
National Basketball Association players with retired numbers

Dikembe Mutombo


What It's Like Being Alone is a Canadian adult animated television series that aired on CBC Television in 2006.  It is a black comedy created by Brad Peyton, and combines clay animation with voice work by Stacey DePass, Adam Reid, Dwayne Hill, Julie Lemieux, Peter Cugno, and Andrew Sabiston.

Having debuted on 26 June 2006, the series lasted only until 18 September of that year. The storylines of the thirteen episodes that aired during this timeframe center on the many attempts of fictional mutant children living in an orphanage to get adopted.  Princess Lucy, a grey, fat, and warty orphan, is the main character, and the plot begins with her arrival at the orphanage.  Critics regarded the series as unusual, and it received notably poor ratings.  Commentators considered these ratings to reflect a generally poor performance of CBC programming in 2006.

Characters
The storylines of What It's Like Being Alone revolve around the residents of the fictional Gurney Orphanage, a dark, run-down building.  The orphanage has been described by a columnist as Victorian, and it may be set in a bog on the Canadian island of Newfoundland.
Aldous is the eldest of the orphans.  She is tall, depressed, very gothic and obsessed with her own death, and carries a black umbrella.  She spends most of her time moping about the orphanage and writing depressing poetry.  It is insinuated that she actually cares for the other orphans, without letting this on too much.  Aldous is voiced by Stacey DePass.
Armie is a boy with no limbs, except for his left arm.  He glides around on a skateboard, and often falls over when he uses his arm for something.  He is happy and hopeful, despite his obvious handicap. Armie is voiced by Adam Reid.
Brian Brain is an incredibly intelligent 9-year-old boy with two brains and three eyes.  He is often seen inventing things, or gloating about his superiority. His voice is provided by Andrew Sabiston.
Byron and Beasly is a blue baby with two heads.  Byron is constantly teased by Beasly, the more demonic head.  They vomit acid, and are nearly impossible to bathe.  No one is credited with voicing this character.
Charlie is a somewhat homosexual boy who is always on fire.  Though he tries not to harm other people, someone or something always ends up burning.  Like the other orphan characters, Charlie was part of the story from the beginning, and was specifically inspired by one of Peyton's jokes, "What's it like being alone? Like a sunset, but only if you're on fire." Charlie is voiced by Peter Cugno.
Princess Lucy is a short, fat, warty and grey girl who believes she is a princess.  She is ego-centric, and quite crude, and has a long, lizard-like tongue; she often carries a lollipop.  She firmly believes that she is the most deserving of parents.  Princess Lucy is voiced by Dwayne Hill, who was also part of the "Story Department." Peyton has said that she is his favourite character.
Sammy Fishboy resembles a swamp monster.  Outside of his tank, he must always keep a running hose over his head.  He often is very rude, especially when he is drunk.  He is in love with Isabella, a stone mermaid aquarium decoration, and becomes depressed when it is not around.  Sammy is voiced by Julie Lemieux.
Seymore Talkless is an eleven-year-old boy with no mouth and one giant eye.  He expresses his emotions through his violin or a variety of signs that have a word or phrase written on them, and expresses panic through crazed hand gestures. No one is credited with voicing this character.
Nanny Goodapple is the orphans' caretaker.  She never speaks, and glides around the other characters.  When out, she leaves the welfare of the other children in Aldous' hands.  Nanny Goodapple is also something of a souse. No one is credited with voicing this character.

Plot

Pilot

The pilot of the series aired with some anticipation.  Beforehand, columnist Randall Denley had written that "I suspect [it] will be the highlight of the evening," noting the series had been described as "wondrous and fiendishly humorous." The first episode, titled "The Gurney Orphanage For Beginners," features Princess Lucy and her suitcase falling from the sky in front of the orphanage and killing three rabbits.  Upon getting up and seeing the orphanage, Princess Lucy believes she has found her castle and royal family.  Instead, she is surprised to find the building is full of mutant orphans, and devastated to learn she is an orphan herself.  She tries to escape, but finds any way out blocked by a lake monster and a dangerous forest, among other things.

Eventually, a woman agrees to adopt Lucy.  However, the other orphans see that the woman will probably not provide the best home for her, and intervene.  Lucy ultimately decides that she belongs in the orphanage more so than her ideal castle.

Series

The series was continued with twelve more episodes: Themes explored include "social issues, pop culture references and humour." Due to the show having the visual appearance of a children's television series, each episode was preceded by a content warning, stating that the show was intended for an adult audience and that "parental discretion" was advised.

"Do Orphans Dream of Electric Parents?" is the second episode.  It is about Brian Brain inventing robots and making them his parents, only to find that the robots want to divorce each other.  In the next episode, "An Orphans Life Indeed", Princess Lucy seeks a best friend, but her vanity causes her to decide that only she can be her own best friend.  Lucy then clones herself, but the clones prove troublesome. Seymore, who is in love with Lucy, ultimately solves the problem by slaughtering the clones with a chainsaw. One critic remarked that this was a particularly "disturbing" scene for the series.

The fourth episode, called "The Perfect Lesson", sees the orphans trying to perform a play to impress visiting prospective parents.  It is from this episode that the show's title is derived, as the play repeatedly refers to "what it's like being alone". This was followed by the episode aired on 24 July, "The Poster Child" which is about a corporation that attempts to adopt Aldous to use her in advertisements. Aldous, under a witch's curse, must accept this shallow adoption or die.

In the episode "Fire the Reverend", a religious speaker visits the orphanage and confuses Charlie with Satan; the real Satan and his son later emerge, and Charlie finds out that while he is mistaken for being evil, Satan's son is trying to shed the perception that he is good.  Eventually Charlie saves the day by persuading Satan and his son to leave the orphanage. The seventh episode is entitled "Red, White and Orphanage". It is about another orphanage abducting Brian Brain in order to exploit him in their plans for world domination.  This was followed by "Sammy's Episode", which is about Sammy taking various medications, as well as shock therapy.  The ninth episode is "A Tale of Almost Unbearable Sadness," which is focussed on declining morale in the orphanage and exploration of the dangerous forest.

Alternate names for the tenth episode are "Lucky Lucy" and "You Gotta Know When to Hold 'em". In it, Princess Lucy bets that Byron and Beasly cannot be cleaned and wins.  She afterwards gambles more but nearly loses the orphanage in the process.  The episode "Armie Loves Cigarettes" sees Armie taking up smoking.  According to the Internet Movie Database, the second last episode and season finale aired on the same day, 18 September. The twelfth and second last episode is called "A Frightful Flu," and in it Aldous entrusts care for the ailing orphans to a witch.  The final episode, "Silver Screen Lucy" or "The Sweet Stink of Success," is about the orphans making short films to impress a prospective parent, but he ends up adopting Nanny Goodapple and Beasly and Byron, leaving the orphanage to Aldous.

Production
The show was created by Brad Peyton of Newfoundland and Labrador, who explained that he identified himself as a "freak" growing up, and was thus motivated to try "celebrating flawed characters" in his work; he also employed stereotypical views of orphanages in the series. Peyton had previously made a black comedy short film called Evelyn: The Cutest Evil Dead Girl, and afterwards declined to shoot a major film.  Instead, he turned to What It's Like Being Alone.  He described the genesis of the series:

Peyton explained the writing by saying "it always comes out of an emotional place."  One of the writers was Karen Walton, who had previously written the Canadian werewolf film Ginger Snaps. The producers chose the type of animation due to Peyton's personal interest in it, although he later claimed that a day's work could lead to seconds' worth of material. A factory was needed with 8 to 10 teams, with some of the animators having previously worked on the Tim Burton film Corpse Bride.  The characters were made out of plastic and foam. Additionally, some animation was done through computers. Each character's figure had a number of add-on lips to express various sounds, and their eyes and eyebrows were also adjusted frequently during production.  The figures could also be fastened into a surface, moved and fastened in again to portray movement.  Peyton remarked that "The hardest thing is timing and pacing."  Still, he also liked to emphasize that the series did not cost too much money to produce.

The airing of the series had been stalled for a year, perhaps due to difficulties within the CBC. To get CBC to adopt the series, Peyton showed the company a commercial with the CBC logo in blood, remarking that "It's been way too long that you've waited to have your logo covered in blood." He had also said that What It's Like Being Alone was meant to attract university and high school students as an audience, and he felt that these people did not ordinarily watch the CBC. CBC itself was looking for original material, and was enthusiastic about the series because it seemed to stand out among Canadian television productions. Peyton's co-producer was Fred Fuchs, who later rose in the CBC staff; one critic believed Fuchs' promotion to be a reason why CBC adopted the series.

Reception
Critics generally found the series to be unusual. CBC critic Stephen Cole commented that What It's Like Being Alone has "arguably the most surreal opening sequence in TV history" with a shift in view from a black and white Canadian flag to the orphan characters.  He questioned whether the show indicated the CBC had adopted "Addams Family values" and said that it was "the wildest CBC comedy since Twitch City."

One television critic briefly said that What It's Like Being Alone is a "weird show," and simply advised individual viewers to see it for themselves.  If they "relate" to it, the critic added, "a 'Yikes!' is in order." Bill Brioux of the Toronto Sun commented that in combining a feel one would usually expect from Tim Burton with elements of Sesame Street, What It's Like Being Alone would probably not appeal fully to any demographic, despite its originality.  Additionally, he felt Princess Lucy would be tiresome, and said he had hoped the show were more amusing.

In terms of ratings, the series did not do well.  The Toronto Star described it as one of CBC's "prime-time dogs" with an audience of 78,000 people.  The executive Richard Stursberg was blamed for cancelling the more popular Da Vinci's City Hall and This Is Wonderland to make room for this and other shows, and in general for being a "one-man wrecking ball" for the CBC (the series The One: Making a Music Star had also flopped on CBC in 2006). On 18 September, the series finale had only 163,000 viewers, part of the perceived "shocking" low ratings CBC received that year, along with the low ratings of the documentary series Hockey: A People's History and a mini-series about former-Quebec premier René Lévesque.

References

External links

2006 Canadian television series debuts
2006 Canadian television series endings
2000s Canadian adult animated television series
2000s black comedy television series
Canadian adult animated comedy television series
English-language television shows
CBC Television original programming
Absurdist fiction
Clay animation television series
Gothic television shows
Animated television series about orphans
Television series about adoption
Television shows set in Newfoundland and Labrador

What It's Like Being Alone


Rufus Easton (May 4, 1774 – July 5, 1834) was an American attorney, politician, and postmaster. He served as a non-voting delegate to the United States House of Representatives from the Missouri Territory prior to statehood. After statehood he became Missouri's second Attorney General. Rufus Easton was the founder of Alton, Illinois, and father of women's education pioneer Mary Easton Sibley.

Early life
Rufus Easton was born on May 4, 1774, in Washington, Litchfield County, Connecticut, to parents Joseph and Mehitable (Baker) Easton. After studying Law under Ephraim Kirby in his native Litchfield County, Easton moved to Rome, New York, and established a law practice. Easton and wife Alby, who he had married in 1799, left New York in 1803 settling briefly in Vincennes, Indiana Territory. In Vincennes he became friends with Edward Hempstead and John Scott, joining them in William Henry Harrison's expedition to set up a territorial government in St. Louis, District of Louisiana in 1804.

Founding of Alton, IL
Easton purchased land just east of the Mississippi River in 1815 where he established a town. He named the town in honor of his firstborn son, Alton Rufus Easton. Alton is at the juncture of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers and is near where Lewis and Clark set off for their Voyage of Discovery. Aside from the town name, the Easton family is memorialized in Rufus Easton Street and streets named after Easton children, including Alby, Henry, George, and Langdon.

Unfortunately, Easton was not prosperous in Alton and speculation there left him in financial straits for the remainder of his life.

Government service and politics

Burr conspiracy
Just a year after arriving in St. Louis, Rufus Easton received two federal appointments from President Thomas Jefferson. His reputation for legal work in New York preceding him, Easton was appointed a Territorial Judge for the United States territorial court. Additionally he was appointed the first Postmaster of St. Louis in 1805. It was a time of political intrigue in the western United States and new territories with several prominent men implicated in the Burr Conspiracy. While Easton did exchange correspondence with Aaron Burr during that time period, primarily regarding the actions of James Wilkinson, he strongly denied being a co-conspirator. Burr had become acquainted with Easton a few years previous and helped arrange his appointment as a judge. When Burr visited St. Louis in July, 1805 he met with Easton and revealed to him some details of his plot, asking him to join. Easton refused and broke off all further contact with Burr. Shortly thereafter Easton wrote to President Jefferson informing him of Burr's plot. In retaliation for Easton's repudiation, Wilkinson, a key Burr conspirator, began a campaign to have Easton removed from the court by leveling charges of official misconduct and fraud. Rufus Easton was acquitted and even traveled to Washington, D.C., to meet with Jefferson. It was for naught, as the President removed Easton from his judicial post in February, 1806. Several months later however, Jefferson attempted to set right the removal by appointing Easton as U.S. Attorney for the territory.

Stung by the assault on his honor over the conspiracy and his removal as judge, Rufus Easton  seriously considered challenging Aaron Burr to a duel. Fortunately, friend and U.S. Postmaster General Gideon Granger wrote Easton in December, 1806 convincing him not to pursue the matter. Burr of course was experienced in such affairs of honor, having killed Alexander Hamilton in an 1804 duel. This was not the only instance of Easton showing intemperance. While still a territorial judge Easton had ruled favorably on the freedom suit brought on behalf of Marguerite Scypion and her family. Once Easton was removed from the bench, attorney James Donaldson worked on behalf of Missouri slaveholders to get the decision overturned. Further, Easton—who dabbled in land speculation—had clashed with a group of land owners and agents represented by Donaldson and harsh words were exchanged. This culminated in June, 1806 with Easton bursting into a Board of Land Commissioners meeting and beating Donaldson with a cane. The board brought assault charges against Easton and he was jailed for two weeks.

Rufus Easton continued his law practice, land dealings, and postmaster duties for the next several years. In the latter capacity he made history on April 21, 1810, by hand writing the first St. Louis postmark. He was responsible for the construction of the first post office building in St. Louis, very near where the Gateway Arch stands today. Easton would continue to serve as postmaster until January, 1815. While Rufus Easton held a commission of Colonel in the militia, it is believed that he was not an active participant in the War of 1812, his political and business affairs keeping him otherwise occupied. In November, 1812 the first territorial legislature was elected as well as a non-voting delegate to the U.S. Congress. Easton ran for the delegate position but was defeated by Edward Hempstead. He turned his attention to banking the following year, becoming a commissioner of the Bank of St. Louis. Later, in 1818 Easton took over as director of the bank. However, the Panic of 1819 adversely affected the bank and it closed within the year.

To Congress
Rufus Easton stood for election as the territorial delegate to Congress again in September, 1814 and won. During his term Easton managed to accomplish a considerable amount on behalf of the Missouri territory. Issues on the sale of public lands, the Washington County lead mines, and granting lands to war veterans were all taken up as cause by Easton. He secured funding to establish fourteen additional post offices in the Missouri Territory and earned a place in history as the first Congressional sponsor of federal disaster aid, that to help victims of the New Madrid earthquakes.

In 1816 Easton lost to John Scott by a mere fifteen votes. Rufus Easton contested the election, claiming voter fraud and petitioned the U.S. House of Representatives to overturn the results. An investigative committee ruled in favor of Easton. However, when the matter was put to a vote of the full House the seat was declared vacant and a new election ordered. The special election of 1817 was one of the wildest in Missouri history. Many fistfights were reported, and even some stabbings. Free whiskey provided by Scott and his supporters at polling places provided ample lubrication to all who promised to vote for him. The results seemed preordained, and indeed the delegate seat went to John Scott.

Fed up with politics, at least temporarily, Rufus Easton turned his attention back to his lucrative land dealings and the aforementioned Bank of St. Louis. Many of his land holdings were located around bluffs across the Mississippi River from St. Louis and Easton felt this would be an ideal location for a competing town. After establishing a ferry service to the location the land was surveyed and laid out to create the town of Alton, Illinois—named for Easton's son—in 1817. Streets were named for his sons and daughter - Langdon, George and Easton, and wife Alby.

Attorney General
Rufus Easton returned to politics in 1821 when he was appointed the second Attorney General for the new state of Missouri by governor Alexander McNair. He replaced his protégé Edward Bates, who had studied law under and boarded with the Easton family. One of the major challenges Easton dealt with as Attorney General was helping guide the state through the gubernatorial succession process following the unexpected death of Missouri's second governor, Frederick Bates, in August, 1825. The Scypion freedom lawsuit once again appeared in the Missouri courts while Easton was Attorney General. This partially due to an 1824 law, encouraged by Easton, that made such suits legal. Easton was also responsible for pushing an amendment that would scuttle a bill that prevented free blacks and mulattoes from living in Missouri.

When his term was up in 1826 Rufus Easton chose not to continue as Attorney General. He semi-retired to his St. Charles, Missouri home, doing occasional legal work and managing his land holdings. After a brief illness Rufus Easton died on July 5, 1834, at his home. He was buried on the grounds of Lindenwood College in St. Charles.

Legacy and honors
 In 1982 the United States Postal Service issued a stamp featuring Rufus Easton.
 Rufus Easton School, a former school in Alton, Illinois was so named in his honor.
 St. Louis, Missouri and Alton, Illinois both had streets named for Rufus Easton. The St. Louis street was later renamed Dr. Martin Luther King Drive.

References

|-

1774 births
1834 deaths
Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from Missouri Territory
Missouri Attorneys General
Politicians from Litchfield, Connecticut
Politicians from Rome, New York

Rufus Easton


Guerrilla warfare is a war tactic in which small groups of people () fight against an organized army. Guerrilla warfare is sometimes practiced in places in which a regular army would have difficulty, such as forests and mountains. Usually, the army is invading a territory. In open fields, the organized army, which is better armed and larger, has the advantage. However, in forests and mountains, the guerillas can gain an advantage over larger and better-armed armies. In some wars such as the American Revolutionary War or the Vietnam War, guerilla warfare tactics have been successful and were one of the main reasons for the final result.

Guerrilla, is a word of Spanish origin, and means "little war". It was first used in 1808, when Spain was invaded by Napoleon, which resulted in the Peninsular War with Spanish guerilla forces resisting the French Army. Guerilla warfare was used for thousands of years before this.

This war tactic was used in British America by the Native Americans. In various wars, they fought guerilla wars for the French or the British or against them or other enemies. During the American Revolutionary War, the Patriots and the Loyalists used guerilla warfare against enemy regular forces. Continuing the pre-war fighting of Bleeding Kansas, guerilla warfare was common in the order states during the American Civil War.  It was used also during the First Indochina War by the Vietnamese rebels against the French and during the Vietnam War by the North Vietnamese against the Americans and South Vietnamese.

Related pages
 Terrorism

War

Guerrilla warfare


Fairbanks is a city in Alaska. It may also refer to:

Places in the United States
Fairbanks North Star Borough, Alaska, a borough (equivalent to a county) in Alaska
Fairbanks, California, unincorporated community in El Dorado County
Fairbanks, Mendocino County, California, former settlement
Fairbanks Ranch, California, census designated place
Fairbanks, Alachua County, Florida
Fairbanks, Moultrie County, Illinois
Fairbanks, Indiana, unincorporated community
Fairbanks, Maine, town
Fairbanks House, Massachusetts, built in 1637, is the oldest wood-frame house in the U.S.
Fairbanks, Minnesota, unincorporated community
Fairbanks, Chaves County, New Mexico
Fairbanks, Oregon, populated place in Wasco County
Fairbanks, Houston, Texas
Fairbanks, Whitman County, Washington
Fairbanks, Wisconsin, town
Fairbanks, Louisiana, unincorporated community

Transit
Fairbanks (MBTA station), Brookline, Massachusetts

Medicine
Fairbanks disease, a genetic disorder affecting bone growth, also known as multiple epiphyseal dysplasia

People
Charles W. Fairbanks, former American Vice-President

Fairbanks (disambiguation)


Concassé, from the French concasser, "to crush or grind", is a cooking term meaning to rough chop any ingredient, usually vegetables or fruit. This term is particularly applied to tomatoes, where tomato concassé is a tomato that has been peeled, seeded (seeds and skins removed), and chopped to specified dimensions. Specified dimensions can be rough chop, small dice, medium dice, or large dice.
The most popular use for tomato concassé is in an Italian bruschetta, typically small dice concasse mixed with olive oil and fresh basil, and sometimes other ingredients such as onion, olives, or anchovies.

Tomato concassé is also added to Béarnaise sauce to produce Choron sauce which is commonly served with lobster dishes.

See also
Brunoise

References

Cooking techniques
Culinary terminology

Concasse


Paul Ambrose (11 October 1868 – 1 July 1941) was a Canadian organist, conductor, composer, and music educator who was primarily active in the United States. His compositional output includes more than 200 songs, choral pieces, and works for solo piano and organ. He is particularly remembered for his anthems, which have been performed widely in North America. Some of his better-known works include the anthems Saviour, Breathe an Evening Blessing, O Little Town of Bethlehem, and Come unto Me; and the song Rose-Bud.

Life and career
Born in Hamilton, Ontario, Ambrose was the son of composer and organist Robert Ambrose and the grandson of organist Charles Ambrose. His cousin, pianist Ellen Ambrose, founded the Duet Club of Hamilton in 1889. He began his musical training in the piano and the organ as a young child with his father.

In 1886, at the age of 18, Ambrose moved to New York City to assume the post of organist-choirmaster at Madison Ave Methodist Episcopal Church where he remained for nearly 5 years. While in New York he pursued further musical studies with Dudley Buck (orchestration), Kate Sara Chittenden (piano), Bruno Oscar Klein (composition), and Albert Ross Parsons (piano). He later taught music history at the American Institute of Applied Music in New York in the early years of the 20th century.

In 1890 Ambrose moved to Trenton, New Jersey to become the organist-choirmaster at St James Methodist Episcopal Church, a post he held through 1917. In 1904 he became music director at the New Jersey State Normal School (now The College of New Jersey), where he remained until his retirement in 1934. He notably served four terms as president of the National Association of Organists while living in the United States.

After his retirement, Ambrose lived the rest of his life in Hamilton, where he served as guest organist at the Christ Church Cathedral. In 1939 he was elected president of the Royal Canadian College of Organists. He died in Hamilton in 1941 at the age of 72.

References

External links

1868 births
1941 deaths
Canadian composers
Canadian male composers
Canadian conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
Canadian organists
Male organists
Musicians from Hamilton, Ontario
The College of New Jersey faculty
Canadian music educators

Paul Ambrose


The Academy of Persian Language and Literature (APLL) (, Farhangestân-e Zabân-o Adab-e Fârsi) is the regulatory body for the Persian language, headquartered in Tehran, Iran. Formerly known as the Academy of Iran (, Farhangestân-e Iran), it was founded on May 20, 1935, by the initiative of Reza Shah, the founder of Pahlavi dynasty.

The academy acts as the official authority on the language, and contributes to linguistic research on Persian and other languages of Iran.

History

Early efforts
The first official attentions to the necessity of protecting the Persian language against foreign words, and to the standardization of Persian orthography, were under the reign of Naser al-Din Shah of the Qajar dynasty in 1871. After Naser al-Din Shah, Mozaffar al-Din Shah ordered the establishment of the first Persian association in 1903. This association officially declared that it used Persian and Arabic as acceptable sources for coining words. The ultimate goal was to prevent books from being printed with wrong use of words. According to the executive guarantee of this association, the government was responsible for wrongfully-printed books. Words coined by this association, such as rāh-āhan () for "railway", were printed in Soltani Newspaper; but the association was eventually closed due to inattention.

A scientific association was founded in 1911, resulting in a dictionary called Words of Scientific Association (), which was completed in the future and renamed Katouzian Dictionary ().

Establishment of the academy
The first academy for the Persian language was founded on May 20, 1935, under the name Academy of Iran. It was established by the initiative of Reza Shah, and mainly by Hekmat e Shirazi and Mohammad Ali Foroughi, all prominent names in the nationalist movement of the time.

Ferdowsi, in fact, was a motivation behind Reza Shah's decision to remove the foreign loanwords from Persian, replacing them with Persian equivalents. In 1934, Reza Shah ordered to rebuild Ferdowsi's tomb and set up a country-wide ceremony in honor of a thousand years of Persian literature since the time of Ferdowsi, titled Ferdowsi Millenary Celebration, inviting notable Iranian and foreign scholars.

The members of the academy included a number of notable literary figures and highly celebrated scholars upon its foundation, including Abbas Eqbal Ashtiani, Mohammad-Taqi Bahar, Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda, Mohammad Ali Foroughi, Badiozzaman Forouzanfar, Homayun Forouzanfar, Qasem Ghani, Abdolazim Gharib, Mohammad Ghazvini, Mohammad Hejazi, Ali-Asghar Hekmat, Mahmoud Hessabi, Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh, Ahmad Matin-Daftari, Saeed Nafisi, Ebrahim Pourdavoud, Isa Sadiq, Zabihollah Safa, Ali Akbar Siassi, and Rashid Yasemi.

Some foreign scholars were also involved, such as Arthur Christensen (from Denmark), Muhammad Husayn Haykal (from Egypt), Abduqodir Maniyozov (from Tajikistan), Henry Masset (from France), Raf'at Pasha (from Egypt), Jan Rypka (from Czechoslovakia), Dodikhudo Saymiddinov (from Tajikistan), and Muhammadjon Shakuri (from Tajikistan) and Syed Waheed Ashraf (from India).

The academy was a key institution in the struggle to re-build Iran as a nation-state after the collapse of the Qajar dynasty. During the 1930s and 1940s, the academy led massive campaigns to replace the many Arabic, French, and Greek loanwords whose immense use in Persian during the centuries preceding the foundation of the Pahlavi dynasty had created a literary language considerably different from the spoken Persian of the time.

Functions
The academy strives to protect the integrity of the Persian language. It heads the academic efforts for linguistic research on the Persian language and its sister Iranian languages. It has also created an official orthography of Persian.

The attention of the academy has also been towards the persistent infiltration of Persian, like many other languages, with foreign words, as a result of the globalization process. The academy constantly campaigns for the use of Persian equivalents of new loanwords. If no equivalents exist, it has the task of linguistically deriving such words from existing Persian roots, and actively promoting the adoption of these new coinages in the daily lives. The Iranian law requires those equivalents to be used in the official media, governmental affairs, and product management of all companies.

The Encyclopedia of Persian Language and Literature in South Asia

The Encyclopedia of Persian Language and Literature in South Asia (India, Pakistan and Bangladesh) was established in 1993 in order to compile the Encyclopedia of Persian Language and Literature in South Asia, presenting the range of Iranian-Islamic language and culture and its impact on the subcontinent.

Demonstrating the contribution of Iranian and Islamic culture and the role of Persian language and literature in the history and culture of this region, as well as examining the long-standing commonalities and connections of these two ancient lands, especially in the post-Islamic period, is the main structure of this encyclopedia.

Membership
The academy members are selected from masters of Persian literature and linguistics. After the 1979 Revolution, Hassan Habibi was appointed as the academy's president, and he remained in that position until his death due to heart failure in January 2013. The current president is Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel.

The following is a list of both living and deceased permanent members of the academy since the 1979 Revolution.

Permanent members

Current
 Abdolmohammad Ayati
 Hassan Anvari
 Mahmood Abedi
 Kamran Fani
 Ahmad Samiei Gilani
 Badrozzaman Gharib
 Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel (president)
 Hossein Masoumi Hamedani
 Gholam Sarvar Homayoun (from Afghanistan)
 Houshang Moradi Kermani
 Bahaoddin Khorramshahi
 Mohammad Dabir Moghaddam
 Mehdi Mohaghegh
 Fatollah Mojtabaei
 Mohammad Ali Movahhed
 Abolhassan Najafi
 Salim Neysari
 Nasrollah Pourjavady
 Fazlollah Qodsi (from Afghanistan)
 Ali Ravaghi
 Esmaeil Sa'dat
 Ali-Ashraf Sadeghi
 Yadollah Samareh
 Bahman Sarkarati
 Mohammad Jafar Yahaghi
 Mohammad Hossein Yamin (from Afghanistan)

Deceased
 Qeysar Aminpour
 Ahmad Aram
 Mohammad Taqi Danesh Pajouh
 Hamid Farzam
 Hassan Habibi (former president)
 Javad Hadidi
 Mohammad Khansari
 Abdolreza Houshang Mahdavi
 Abdolghader Meniasov (from Tajikistan)
 Mostafa Mogharebi
 Muhammadjon Shakuri (from Tajikistan)
 Mohammad Mohit Tabatabaei
 Ahmad Tafazzoli

Announcement of the Academy about the name of the Persian language in foreign languages
On November 19, 2005, the Academy of the Persian Language and Literature delivered a pronouncement on the name of the Persian language, rejecting any use of the word Farsi (instead of English Persian, German Persisch, Spanish persa, French persan, etc.) in foreign languages.

The announcement reads:
 Persian has been used in a variety of publications including cultural, scientific, and diplomatic documents for centuries and, therefore, it carries a very significant historical and cultural meaning. Hence, changing Persian to Farsi would negate this established important precedent.
 Changing the usage from Persian to Farsi may give the impression that "Farsi" is a new language, although this may well be the intention of some users of Farsi.
 Changing the usage may also give the impression that "Farsi" is a dialect used in some parts of Iran rather than the predominant (and official) language of the country.
 The word Farsi has never been used in any research paper or university document in any Western language, and the proposal to begin using it would create doubt and ambiguity about the name of the official language of Iran.

Supporting this announcement, gradually other institutions and literary figures separately took similar actions throughout the world.

See also
 Iranian studies
 Persian studies

References

1935 establishments in Iran
Organizations established in 1935
Cultural organisations based in Iran
Language regulators
Persian language
Persian literature
Education in Iran
Iran
Organisations based in Tehran


Louis Pohl (1915 – December 22, 1999) was an American painter, illustrator, art teacher, printmaker and cartoonist. He was born in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1915. A childhood illness made it impossible to walk without pain and prevented Pohl from entering school until he was 8 years old. To keep him occupied, his parents would give him papers and pencils with which to draw. When 14 years old, Pohl spent his summer caddying at a local golf course. A regular foursome of well-to-do women made an unusual wager—the loser would make their caddy's wish come true. Mrs. Yaeger paid for Pohl's tuition at the Art Academy of Cincinnati for two years. He spent the next 4 years as a teacher's assistant. He did most of the hands-on teaching given to the art students, and he also taught art to underprivileged kids on Saturdays. Eventually, Pohl received his certificate of art upon the completion of a full standing nude copy of a Rembrandt that hung in the Cincinnati Art Museum.

When World War II broke out, Pohl enlisted in the United States Navy, which sent him to Hawaii and assigned him to paint ships in dry dock. He was injured when a destroyer caught fire, and the explosion knocked him off the second level of a scaffold. Pohl was medically discharged and reluctantly returned to Cincinnati, where he was hired by the Works Progress Administration to supervise other artists. In that capacity, he painted a portrait of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

In 1946, Pohl got a call from a former teacher and friend, Bill Stamper, who had talked the Board of Directors of the Honolulu Museum of Art into establishing a professional art school. Stamper invited Pohl to come to Hawaii to start the school, where Pohl taught for 35 years. Pohl also taught art at the Kamehameha Schools for 15 years. In 1960, he wrote and illustrated the book, It's Really Nice! published by Little, Brown & Company.

Pohl died December 22, 1999, in Honolulu. His widow has continued to operate the Louis Pohl Gallery, also in Honolulu. The Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, the Hawaii State Art Museum, the Honolulu Museum of Art, and the Isaacs Art Center (Waimea, Hawaii), are among the public collections holding works by Pohl.

Selected works

References
 Haar, Francis and Neogy, Prithwish, Artists of Hawaii: Nineteen Painters and Sculptors, University of Hawaii Press, 1974, 96–103.
 Hartwell, Patricia L. (editor), Retrospective 1967-1987, Hawaii State Foundation on Culture and the Arts, Honolulu, Hawaii, 1987, p. 54
 Morse, Morse (ed.), Honolulu Printmakers, Honolulu, Hawaii, Honolulu Academy of Arts, 2003, pp. 32 & 45,
 Pohl, Louis, It's really nice!, Boston, Little, Brown, 1960.
 Yoshihara, Lisa A., Collective Visions, 1967-1997, [Hawaii] State Foundation on Culture and the Arts, Honolulu, Hawaii, 1997, 64.

External links
 Louis Pohl Gallery

1915 births
1999 deaths
American illustrators
United States Navy personnel of World War II
20th-century American painters
American male painters
Artists from Honolulu
Writers from Cincinnati
Writers from Honolulu
United States Navy sailors
Volcano School painters
Works Progress Administration workers
Printmakers from Hawaii
20th-century American writers
20th-century American printmakers
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American male artists

Louis Pohl


Jeremiah Tilford Boyle (May 22, 1818 – July 28, 1871) was a successful lawyer and noted abolitionist. He served as a brigadier general in the Union Army during the American Civil War.

Biography
Boyle was born and raised in Mercer County (now Boyle County, Kentucky), and graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1838. He was the son of Judge and Chief Justice John Boyle, for whom Boyle County was named. He then studied law at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky. He became a successful lawyer in Harrodsburg and Danville. Although a slave-owning Whig politically, he argued for a gradual emancipation of slaves as a delegate to the State Constitutional Convention in 1849.

He married Elizabeth Owsley Anderson of Garrard County and raised seven children. For a number of years, he was engaged in business with his brother-in-law, William Clayton Anderson, a former United States Congressman. Boyle supported the Constitutional Union Party in the election of 1860.

At the outbreak of the Civil War, Boyle raised a brigade of infantry for service in the Union Army. He was commissioned as a brigadier general on November 19, 1861. After wintering his troops in Tennessee, he joined Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell's Army of the Ohio and participated in the Battle of Shiloh.

In May 1862, he was appointed Military Governor of Kentucky by President Abraham Lincoln, and at times served in command of both the District of Kentucky and District of Western Kentucky. Curiously, the Official Records refer to Boyle's command as the "District of Western Kentucky", although at that time it included all of Kentucky except Western Kentucky, which was assigned to the District of Columbus. Boyle dispatched troops several times to combat incursions and cavalry raids by John Hunt Morgan.

He resigned in 1864 after his son, the Union Army's youngest colonel, Col. William O. Boyle, was killed in action at the Battle of Marion in Tennessee. He had been affectionately known as "the Boy Major."

Following his return home, Boyle speculated in land and became interested in street railways and urged Louisville officials to establish such service. In 1865, he became the president of the Louisville City Railway Company and oversaw the creation of the first mass transportation system in the commonwealth.

He was president of the Evansville, Henderson and Nashville Railroad from 1866 until his death in 1871. He traveled to Europe and secured French investors to back a project to expand narrow-gauge rail service in Kentucky.

Boyle died on July 28, 1871, in Louisville and was buried in Bellevue Cemetery in Danville.

See also
List of American Civil War generals (Union)

Notes

References
.
 Warner, Ezra J., Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders, Louisiana State University Press, 1964, .

Attribution

External links

1818 births
1871 deaths
Burials in Bellevue Cemetery (Danville, Kentucky)
People of Kentucky in the American Civil War
Princeton University alumni
Transylvania University alumni
People from Danville, Kentucky
Union Army generals
American abolitionists
Kentucky lawyers
19th-century American railroad executives
Kentucky Whigs
19th-century American politicians
Kentucky Constitutional Unionists
19th-century American lawyers

Jeremiah Boyle


The Theory of Money and Credit is a 1912 economics book written by Ludwig von Mises, originally published in German as Theorie des Geldes und der Umlaufsmittel. In it Mises expounds on his theory of the origins of money through his regression theorem, which is based on logical argumentation. It is one of the foundational works of the Misesian branch of the Austrian School of economic thought.

Commodity money exists today. Mises looks at the origin, nature and value of money, and its effect on determining monetary policy. It does not concern all adaptations of money. He uses the so-called regression theorem, a statement backed by a step by step, logical reasoning. Mises explains why money is demanded in its own right. According to Mises, money has historically come about after there has been a demand for the money commodity in a barter economy.

Applications
Along with Carl Menger's Principles of Economics, and Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk's Capital and Interest, the book is one of the foundational works of the Austrian School.

Publication history
 1912: Vienna: Theorie des Geldes und der Umlaufsmittel.
 1924: 2nd edition in German.
 1934: London: Jonathan Cape Ltd. First translation (by Harold E. Batson) into English. The German word Umlaufsmittel literally translates as "means of circulation" and was translated into the text of the English version as "fiduciary media".  However, the publisher thought the unusual terminology would irritate readers and substituted "money and credit" in the title, thereby losing the specific distinction Mises had made in selecting his original term.

 1953: New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. Part Four was added by Mises to this English language edition
 1971: Irvington-on-Hudson, N.Y.: Foundation for Economic Education.
 1978: Irvington-on-Hudson, N.Y.: Foundation for Economic Education.
 1981: Indianapolis,. Ind. Liberty Fund. . 541 pages. Hardcover. (Softcover ).
 2009: Auburn, Al. Ludwig von Mises Institute. Hardcover

Criticism
According to Michael Hendricks, "the regression theorem does a good job of explaining the creation of money, however it does not necessarily apply to all forms of money."

References

External links
 The Theory of Money and Credit, 1953 edition:
 Full text in HTML
 The Theory of Money and Credit, 2009 edition:
 Full text in PDF
 Foreword to the 1981 Edition by Murray Rothbard

1912 non-fiction books
Books by Ludwig von Mises
Jonathan Cape books

The Theory of Money and Credit


Ubar is a ruined city in Oman. English adventurer Ranulph Fiennes discovered the city in 1992. According to Nicolas Clapp, this probably is the lost city Iram of the Pillars the Qu'ran talks about.

Today, ruins are left, which can be reached in a four-wheel drive. Part of the area forms the ceiling to underground vaults, which have collapsed. These vaults hold water supplies for a nearby settlement, which houses a small museum.
Geography of Oman

Ubar