In computing, multi-touch is technology that enables a surface (a touchpad or touchscreen) to recognize the presence of more than one point of contact with the surface at the same time. The origins of multitouch began at CERN, MIT, University of Toronto, Carnegie Mellon University and Bell Labs in the 1970s. CERN started using multi-touch screens as early as 1976 for the controls of the Super Proton Synchrotron. A form of gesture recognition, capacitive multi-touch displays were popularized by Apple's iPhone in 2007. Plural-point awareness may be used to implement additional functionality, such as pinch to zoom or to activate certain subroutines attached to predefined gestures.

Several uses of the term multi-touch resulted from the quick developments in this field, and many companies using the term to market older technology which is called gesture-enhanced single-touch or several other terms by other companies and researchers. Several other similar or related terms attempt to differentiate between whether a device can exactly determine or only approximate the location of different points of contact to further differentiate between the various technological capabilities, but they are often used as synonyms in marketing.

Multi-touch is commonly implemented using capacitive sensing technology in mobile devices and smart devices. A capacitive touchscreen typically consists of a capacitive touch sensor, application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) controller and digital signal processor (DSP) fabricated from CMOS (complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor) technology. A more recent alternative approach is optical touch technology, based on image sensor technology.

Definition
In computing, multi-touch is technology which enables a touchpad or touchscreen to recognize more than one or more than two points of contact with the surface.
Apple popularized the term "multi-touch" in 2007 with which it implemented additional functionality, such as pinch to zoom or to activate certain subroutines attached to predefined gestures.

The two different uses of the term resulted from the quick developments in this field, and many companies using the term to market older technology which is called gesture-enhanced single-touch or several other terms by other companies and researchers. Several other similar or related terms attempt to differentiate between whether a device can exactly determine or only approximate the location of different points of contact to further differentiate between the various technological capabilities, but they are often used as synonyms in marketing.

History

1960–2000
The use of touchscreen technology predates both multi-touch technology and the personal computer. Early synthesizer and electronic instrument builders like Hugh Le Caine and Robert Moog experimented with using touch-sensitive capacitance sensors to control the sounds made by their instruments. IBM began building the first touch screens in the late 1960s. In 1972, Control Data released the PLATO IV computer, an infrared terminal used for educational purposes, which employed single-touch points in a 16×16 array user interface. These early touchscreens only registered one point of touch at a time. On-screen keyboards (a well-known feature today) were thus awkward to use, because key-rollover and holding down a shift key while typing another were not possible.

Exceptions to these were a "cross-wire" multi-touch reconfigurable touchscreen keyboard/display developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the early 1970s  and the 16 button capacitive multi-touch screen developed at CERN in 1972 for the controls of the Super Proton Synchrotron that were under construction.

In 1976 a new x-y capacitive screen, based on the capacitance touch screens developed in 1972 by Danish electronics engineer Bent Stumpe, was developed at CERN. This technology, allowing an exact location of the different touch points, was used to develop a new type of human machine interface (HMI) for the control room of the Super Proton Synchrotron particle accelerator. In a handwritten note dated 11 March 1972, Stumpe presented his proposed solution – a capacitive touch screen with a fixed number of programmable buttons presented on a display. The screen was to consist of a set of capacitors etched into a film of copper on a sheet of glass, each capacitor being constructed so that a nearby flat conductor, such as the surface of a finger, would increase the capacitance by a significant amount. The capacitors were to consist of fine lines etched in copper on a sheet of glass – fine enough (80 μm) and sufficiently far apart (80 μm) to be invisible. In the final device, a simple lacquer coating prevented the fingers from actually touching the capacitors. In the same year, MIT described a keyboard with variable graphics capable of multi-touch detection.

In the early 1980s, The University of Toronto's Input Research Group were among the earliest to explore the software side of multi-touch input systems. A 1982 system at the University of Toronto used a frosted-glass panel with a camera placed behind the glass. When a finger or several fingers pressed on the glass, the camera would detect the action as one or more black spots on an otherwise white background, allowing it to be registered as an input. Since the size of a dot was dependent on pressure (how hard the person was pressing on the glass), the system was somewhat pressure-sensitive as well. Of note, this system was input only and not able to display graphics.

In 1983, Bell Labs at Murray Hill published a comprehensive discussion of touch-screen based interfaces, though it makes no mention of multiple fingers. In the same year, the video-based Video Place/Video Desk system of Myron Krueger was influential in development of multi-touch gestures such as pinch-to-zoom, though this system had no touch interaction itself.

By 1984, both Bell Labs and Carnegie Mellon University had working multi-touch-screen prototypes – both input and graphics – that could respond interactively in response to multiple finger inputs. The Bell Labs system was based on capacitive coupling of fingers, whereas the CMU system was optical. In 1985, the canonical multitouch pinch-to-zoom gesture was demonstrated, with coordinated graphics, on CMU's system. In October 1985, Steve Jobs signed a non-disclosure agreement to tour CMU's Sensor Frame multi-touch lab. In 1990, Sears et al. published a review of academic research on single and multi-touch touchscreen human–computer interaction of the time, describing single touch gestures such as rotating knobs, swiping the screen to activate a switch (or a U-shaped gesture for a toggle switch), and touchscreen keyboards (including a study that showed that users could type at 25 words per minute for a touchscreen keyboard compared with 58 words per minute for a standard keyboard, with multi-touch hypothesized to improve data entry rate); multi-touch gestures such as selecting a range of a line, connecting objects, and a "tap-click" gesture to select while maintaining location with another finger are also described.

In 1991, Pierre Wellner advanced the topic publishing about his multi-touch "Digital Desk", which supported multi-finger and pinching motions. Various companies expanded upon these inventions in the beginning of the twenty-first century.

2000–present
Between 1999 and 2005, the company Fingerworks developed various multi-touch technologies, including Touchstream keyboards and the iGesture Pad. in the early 2000s Alan Hedge, professor of human factors and ergonomics at Cornell University published several studies about this technology. In 2005, Apple acquired Fingerworks and its multi-touch technology.

In 2004, French start-up JazzMutant developed the Lemur Input Device, a music controller that became in 2005 the first commercial product to feature a proprietary transparent multi-touch screen, allowing direct, ten-finger manipulation on the display.

In January 2007, multi-touch technology became mainstream with the iPhone, and in its iPhone announcement Apple even stated it "invented multi touch", however both the function and the term predate the announcement or patent requests, except for the area of  capacitive mobile screens, which did not exist before Fingerworks/Apple's technology (Fingerworks filed patents in 2001–2005, subsequent multi-touch refinements were patented by Apple).

However, the U.S. Patent and Trademark office declared that the "pinch-to-zoom" functionality was predicted by U.S. Patent # 7,844,915 relating to gestures on touch screens, filed by Bran Ferren and Daniel Hillis in 2005, as was inertial scrolling, thus invalidated a key claims of Apple's patent.

In 2001, Microsoft's table-top touch platform, Microsoft PixelSense (formerly Surface) started development, which interacts with both the user's touch and their electronic devices and became commercial on May 29, 2007. Similarly, in 2001, Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories (MERL) began development of a multi-touch, multi-user system called DiamondTouch.

In 2008, the Diamondtouch became a commercial product and is also based on capacitance, but able to differentiate between multiple simultaneous users or rather, the chairs in which each user is seated or the floorpad on which the user is standing.
In 2007, NORTD labs Open Source system offered its CUBIT (multi-touch).

Small-scale touch devices rapidly became commonplace in 2008. The number of touch screen telephones was expected to increase from 200,000 shipped in 2006 to 21 million in 2012.

In May 2015, Apple was granted a patent for a "fusion keyboard", which turns individual physical keys into multi-touch buttons.

Applications

Apple has retailed and distributed numerous products using multi-touch technology, most prominently including its iPhone smartphone and iPad tablet. Additionally, Apple also holds several patents related to the implementation of multi-touch in user interfaces, however the legitimacy of some patents has been disputed.  Apple additionally attempted to register "Multi-touch" as a trademark in the United Stateshowever its request was denied by the United States Patent and Trademark Office because it considered the term generic.

Multi-touch sensing and processing occurs via an ASIC sensor that is attached to the touch surface. Usually, separate companies make the ASIC and screen that combine into a touch screen; conversely, a touchpad's surface and ASIC are usually manufactured by the same company. There have been large companies in recent years that have expanded into the growing multi-touch industry, with systems designed for everything from the casual user to multinational organizations.

It is now common for laptop manufacturers to include multi-touch touchpads on their laptops, and tablet computers respond to touch input rather than traditional stylus input and it is supported by many recent operating systems.

A few companies are focusing on large-scale surface computing rather than personal electronics, either large multi-touch tables or wall surfaces. These systems are generally used by government organizations, museums, and companies as a means of information or exhibit display.

Implementations
Multi-touch has been implemented in several different ways, depending on the size and type of interface. The most popular form are mobile devices, tablets, touchtables and walls. Both touchtables and touch walls project an image through acrylic or glass, and then back-light the image with LEDs.

Touch surfaces can also be made pressure-sensitive by the addition of a pressure-sensitive coating that flexes differently depending on how firmly it is pressed, altering the reflection.

Handheld technologies use a panel that carries an electrical charge. When a finger touches the screen, the touch disrupts the panel's electrical field. The disruption is registered as a computer event (gesture) and may be sent to the software, which may then initiate a response to the gesture event.

In the past few years, several companies have released products that use multi-touch. In an attempt to make the expensive technology more accessible, hobbyists have also published methods of constructing DIY touchscreens.

Capacitive
Capacitive technologies include:
Surface Capacitive Technology or Near Field Imaging (NFI)
Projected Capacitive Touch (PCT)
Mutual capacitance
Self-capacitance
In-cell Capacitive

Resistive
Resistive technologies include:
Analog Resistive
Digital Resistive or In-Cell Resistive

Optical
Optical touch technology is based on image sensor technology. It functions when a finger or an object touches the surface, causing the light to scatter, the reflection of which is caught with sensors or cameras that send the data to software that dictates response to the touch, depending on the type of reflection measured.

Optical technologies include:
Optical Imaging or Infrared technology
Rear Diffused Illumination (DI)
Infrared Grid Technology (opto-matrix) or Digital Waveguide Touch (DWT) or Infrared Optical Waveguide
Frustrated Total Internal Reflection (FTIR)
Diffused Surface Illumination (DSI)
Laser Light Plane (LLP)
In-Cell Optical

Wave
Acoustic and radio-frequency wave-based technologies include:
Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW)
Bending Wave Touch (BWT)
Dispersive Signal Touch (DST)
Acoustic Pulse Recognition (APR)
Force-Sensing Touch Technology

Multi-touch gestures

Multi-touch touchscreen gestures enable predefined motions to interact with the device and software. An increasing number of devices like smartphones, tablet computers, laptops or desktop computers have functions that are triggered by multi-touch gestures.

Popular culture

Before 2007
Years before it was a viable consumer product, popular culture portrayed potential uses of multi-touch technology in the future, including in several installments of the Star Trek franchise.

In the 1982 Disney sci-fi film Tron a device similar to the Microsoft Surface was shown. It took up an executive's entire desk and was used to communicate with the Master Control computer.

In the 2002 film Minority Report, Tom Cruise uses a set of gloves that resemble a multi-touch interface to browse through information.

In the 2005 film The Island, another form of a multi-touch computer was seen where the professor, played by Sean Bean, has a multi-touch desktop to organize files, based on an early version of Microsoft Surface (not be confused with the tablet computers which now bear that name).

In 2007, the television series CSI: Miami introduced both surface and wall multi-touch displays in its sixth season.

After 2007
Multi-touch technology can be seen in the 2008 James Bond film Quantum of Solace, where MI6 uses a touch interface to browse information about the criminal Dominic Greene.

In the 2008 film The Day the Earth Stood Still, Microsoft's Surface was used .

The television series NCIS: Los Angeles, which premiered 2009, makes use of multi-touch surfaces and wall panels as an initiative to go digital.

In a 2008, an episode of the television series The Simpsons, Lisa Simpson travels to the underwater headquarters of Mapple to visit Steve Mobbs, who is shown to be performing multiple multi-touch hand gestures on a large touch wall.

In the 2009, the film District 9 the interface used to control the alien ship features similar technology.

10/GUI
10/GUI is a proposed new user interface paradigm. Created in 2009 by R. Clayton Miller, it combines multi-touch input with a new windowing manager.

It splits the touch surface away from the screen, so that user fatigue is reduced and the users' hands don't obstruct the display. Instead of placing windows all over the screen, the windowing manager, Con10uum, uses a linear paradigm, with multi-touch used to navigate between and arrange the windows. An area at the right side of the touch screen brings up a global context menu, and a similar strip at the left side brings up application-specific menus.

An open source community preview of the Con10uum window manager was made available in November, 2009.

See also

 Gesture-enhanced single-touch
 Lemur Input Device
 Gesture recognition
 Human–computer interaction
 Natural user interface
 Pen computing
 Reactable
 Sensacell
 Sketch recognition
 Surface Computing
 Tenori-on
 Touchpad
 Touch user interface

References

External links

 Multi-Touch Systems that I Have Known and Loved – An overview by researcher Bill Buxton of Microsoft Research, formerly at University of Toronto and Xerox PARC.
The Unknown History of Pen Computing contains a history of pen computing, including touch and gesture technology, from approximately 1917 to 1992.
Annotated bibliography of references to pen computing
 Annotated bibliography of references to tablet and touch computers

 Multi-Touch Interaction Research @ NYU
Camera-based multi-touch for wall-sized displays
David Wessel Multitouch
Jeff Han's Multi Touch Screen's chronology archive De
Force-Sensing, Multi-Touch, User Interaction Technology
LCD In-Cell Touch by Geoff Walker and Mark Fihn
Touch technologies for large-format applications by Geoff Walker

Touchscreens
Articles containing video clips
CERN

Multi-touch


John Allen Burden (1862–1942) was an American Seventh-day Adventist minister, administrator, and medical missionary instrumental in founding sanitariums, restaurants, and health food factories. At the age of 9, John attended Adventist meetings for the first time and was introduced to the writings of Ellen G. White, which left a lifelong impression upon him. Five years later he was baptized, and at the age of 18 (1880) moved with his family to Oregon. John met Eleanor A. Baxter (1865–1933) as a student at Healdsburg College (now Pacific Union College). They were married in 1888 while working for the Rural Health Retreat (later St. Helena Sanitarium), of which John became manager in 1891.

In 1901 the Burdens went to Australia where they helped Merritt G. Kellogg who was founding the Wahroonga Sanitarium in Wahroonga, Sydney. By March 1904 the Burdens returned to the United States. Ellen G. White encouraged them not to unite with John Harvey Kellogg in Battle Creek, Michigan. Instead, John sought to establish a sanitarium near Los Angeles. Eight miles from the city he discovered the Glendale Hotel that had cost $60,000 to build in 1886. However, because of local business failures, property value had declined so that he was able to purchase it for $12,500. When it opened in 1905, Burden was the manager of the sanitarium, and Eleanor the bookkeeper. The sanitarium prospered under Burden's careful management.

In 1904 Ellen G. White urged for the establishment of another sanitarium in southern California. A resort hotel at Loma Linda was found that was available for $110,000, a price too high. On May 4, 1905 she met with the Burdens and others at the railroad station in Los Angeles on her way to the General Conference Session in Washington, D.C. Burden told her of the property, and she expressed definite interest in it, asking him to write her about it after his next visit to the property. When Burden's letter arrived in Washington, she urged him by telegram to

secure the property by all means. . . .  This is the very property we ought to have. Do not delay; for it is just what is needed.

Borrowing the down payment, Burden succeeded in purchasing the property for $40,000 and was put in charge of the new sanitarium. The final price, with discounts for early payment, came to $38,900. After Ellen White found out that the property was secured she wrote in her diary:

I am surprised more and more that the Lord has in His abundant mercy wrought in our behalf.

Founded as the College of Medical Evangelists, the institution exists today as Loma Linda University. A building on campus, Burden Hall, remains named for John Burden. At one time, it was home to the Loma Linda University Church of Seventh-day Adventists until the congregation outgrew it. Burden Hall now houses the Office of University Relations, is used for classes during the week, and is home to a Sabbath School class each Saturday.

Burden continued to manage the facilities at Loma Linda until 1915 when he became manager, and Eleanor the matron, of Paradise Valley Sanitarium (1916–1924; 1925–1934). After Eleanor's death in 1933, John retired, but in 1939 he returned to Loma Linda to serve as chaplain, counseling young medical missionaries and the staff of the College of Medical Evangelists. Burden died as the result of a car accident on his return from a Bible study in Redlands, California. Burden's personal collection of some 650 pages of Ellen White's letters (half of them addressed to him) was published as Loma Linda Messages (Loma Linda, CA: College of Medical Evangelists, 1934).

See also

 Loma Linda University
 History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
 Adventist
 Adventist Health Studies
 Seventh-day Adventist eschatology
 Seventh-day Adventist theology
 Seventh-day Adventist worship
 Prophecy in the Seventh-day Adventist Church
 Pillars
 Three Angels' Messages
 End times
 Sabbath in Seventh-day Adventism

References

Pacific Union College alumni
1862 births
1942 deaths
Seventh-day Adventists in health science
Road incident deaths in California
American Seventh-day Adventists
Seventh-day Adventist religious workers
American Seventh-day Adventist ministers
Seventh-day Adventist administrators
American Seventh-day Adventist missionaries
History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
Christian medical missionaries
Seventh-day Adventist missionaries in Australia
American expatriates in Australia

John Burden


The University of Miami (UM, UMiami, Miami, U of M, and The U) is a private research university in Coral Gables, Florida. , the university enrolled 19,402 students in 12 colleges and schools across nearly 350 academic majors and programs, including the Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine in Miami's Health District, the law school on the main campus, the Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science on Virginia Key, and additional research facilities in southern Miami-Dade County.

The University of Miami offers 138 undergraduate, 140 master's, and 67 doctoral degree programs. Since its founding in 1925, the university has attracted students from all 50 states and 173 foreign countries. With 16,954 faculty and staff as of 2021, the University of Miami is the second-largest employer in Miami-Dade County. The university's main campus in Coral Gables spans , has over  of buildings, and is located  south of Downtown Miami, the heart of the nation's ninth-largest and world's 65th-largest metropolitan area. As of 2022, it is the 67th-largest research university in the nation with research expenditures of $413 million.

As of 2022, the University of Miami has 224,967 total alumni since its 1925 founding. University of Miami faculty include a number of notable academics across nearly all disciplines, including four Nobel Prize recipients. The university is classified among "Doctoral Universities: Very High Research Activity" and is a member of the Association of American Universities.

The University of Miami's intercollegiate athletic teams are collectively known as the Miami Hurricanes and compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association. Its football team has won five national championships since 1983 and its baseball team has won four national championships since 1982. In 2023, its men's basketball team advanced to the NCAA Division I Final Four for the first time in program history.

History

Leadership

Bowman Foster Ashe (1926 to 1952)

In 1925, the University of Miami was founded by a group of citizens who sought to offer "unique opportunities to develop inter-American studies, further creative work in the arts and letters, and conduct teaching and research programs in tropical studies", according to the university's founding charter. They believed that a local university would benefit the Miami metropolitan area and were optimistic that the university would be a beneficiary of future financial support, especially since South Florida was benefiting from the historic 1920s land boom. During this era of Jim Crow laws, there were three large state-funded universities in Florida for white male students, white female students, and black female students: the University of Florida in Gainesville and Florida State University and Florida A&M University, both in Tallahassee. Like most private universities of the time, the University of Miami was founded as a coeducational institution but not yet open to Black students.

In 1925, George E. Merrick, founder of Coral Gables, granted  and nearly $5,000,000 ($ million, adjusted for current inflation) for the university's founding. The contributions included land contracts and mortgages on real estate that had been sold in the city. The university was formally chartered April 8, 1925 by the Circuit Court for Dade County. But by 1926, as the first class of 372 students enrolled at the new university, the land boom had collapsed and hopes for a speedy recovery were dashed by the Great Miami Hurricane of 1926. For the next 15 years, the university struggled financially, bordering on insolvency. The first building on campus, now known as the Merrick Building, was left half built for over two decades due to the economic difficulties, requiring that classes be held off-campus at the nearby Anastasia Hotel in Coral Gables. Partitions separated the classrooms, giving the university the early but long since discarded nickname Cardboard College.

In 1929, University of Miami founding member William E. Walsh and other members of the university's board of regents resigned following the widespread collapse of Florida's economy. The university's plight was so severe that students went door to door in Coral Gables collecting funds to keep it open. A reconstituted ten-member board chaired by the university's first president Bowman Foster Ashe included Merrick, David Fairchild, James Cash Penney, and others. In 1930, several faculty members and more than 60 students entered the University of Miami when the University of Havana closed amidst political unrest in Cuba. While helpful to the University of Miami's early development, it still was not enough, and the university was forced to seek bankruptcy protection two years later, in 1932.

The troubles, however, were short-lived. In July 1934, the University of Miami was reincorporated and a board of trustees was installed, replacing the board of regents. By 1940, community leaders were replacing faculty and administration as trustees. During Ashe's presidency, the university grew considerably, adding the School of Law (1928), the School of Business (1929, renamed the Miami Herbert Business School in 2019), the School of Education (1929), the Graduate School (1941), the Marine Laboratory (1943, renamed the Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science in 2022), the School of Engineering (1947), and the School of Medicine (1952).

During World War II, the University of Miami was one of only 131 colleges and universities nationally to participate in the V-12 Navy College Training Program, which offered students a path to commissioning as a U.S. Navy officer.

Jay F. W. Pearson (1952 until 1962)

In 1952, Jay F. W. Pearson, one of Ashe's long-time assistants, was appointed the University of Miami's second president. A charter faculty member and marine biologist, Pearson held the university's presidency for a decade, until 1962. Under Pearson's leadership, the University of Miami began awarding its first Ph.D. degrees, and student enrollment increased substantially, exceeding 4,000.

From 1961 until 1968, the university leased buildings on its south campus to the Central Intelligence Agency that were used in the JMWAVE, a covert operation and intelligence gathering operation against Fidel Castro's communist government in Cuba. The university no longer owns land at the south campus.

In 1961, the university dropped its policy of racial segregation and began admitting Black students and allowing their full participation in student activities and athletic teams. Five years later, in 1966, Ray Bellamy, a Black student at the University of Miami, became the first major Black college athlete in the Deep South to receive an athletic scholarship.

Until the early 1970s, as was widespread practice at colleges and universities nationally, the university regulated female student conduct more strictly than that of male students, including employing a staff under the Dean of Women charged with watching over female students. Under Pearson, however, the university began incrementally liberalizing these policies. In 1971, he consolidated the separate Dean of Men and Dean of Women positions in one. The same year, the university established a Women's Commission, which issued a 1974 report on the status of women on campus, leading to the university's first female commencement speaker, day care, and the launch of a Women's Study minor. Following enactment of Title IX in 1972 and over a decade of litigation, University of Miami organizations, including honorary societies, were opened to women's participation and inclusion. The Women's Commission also secured more equitable funding for women's sports. In 1973, Terry Williams Munz became the first woman in the nation awarded an athletic scholarship when she accepted a University of Miami golf scholarship.

Henry King Stanford (1962 until 1981)

Henry King Stanford, then president of Birmingham–Southern College, was appointed the University of Miami's third president in 1962. Stanford led an increased emphasis on the university's research, reorganization of its administrative structure, and construction of new campus facilities. New research centers established under Stanford included the Center for Advanced International Studies (1964), the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Evolution (1964), the Center for Theoretical Studies (1965), and the Institute for the Study of Aging (1975). In 1965, the University of Miami also began actively recruiting international students. Beginning with the 1968 football season, Stanford barred playing of "Dixie" by the university's band.

Edward T. Foote II (1981 until 2000)

In 1981, Edward T. Foote II, then dean of Washington University School of Law, was appointed the University of Miami's fourth president. Under Foote's leadership, the university focused on attracting high-quality faculty and students, and consciously limited or reduced undergraduate admissions as part of its strategic plan. Foote also oversaw the conversion of on-campus student housing into residential colleges and the university launch of its largest fundraising campaign to date, a five-year, $400 million campaign that began in 1984 and exceeded that goal, raising $517.5 million. Foote established three new schools: the School of Architecture, the School of Communication, and the School of International Studies.

During Foote's tenure, the university's endowment increased nearly ten-fold, growing from $47.4 million in 1981 to $465.2 million in 2000.

Donna Shalala (2000 until 2015)

Foote was succeeded by Donna Shalala, former chancellor of the University of Wisconsin–Madison from 1988 to 1993 and U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services from 1993 to 2001. Shalala was named the University of Miami's fifth president in November 2000. Under Shalala, the University of Miami built new libraries, dormitories, symphony rehearsal halls, and classroom buildings. The university's academic quality continued improving, a trend that began in earnest under her predecessor, Foote.

Roughly a year into Shalala's presidency, on November 5, 2001, an 18-year-old University of Miami fraternity pledge drowned while attempting to swim across Lake Osceola, the campus lake, while intoxicated. Police reports later cited the student's dangerously high blood alcohol content in conjunction with dropping water temperatures and exhaustion as primary factors in his death, and two fraternity members who accompanied him were criminally charged with "negligence, breach of fiduciary duty, and breach of duty to aid and/or rescue." The university responded by making swimming in Lake Osceola, which was already prohibited, punishable by expulsion.

In 2002, the University of Miami launched a new and even more ambitious multi-year fundraising campaign that ultimately raised $1.37 billion, the most ever raised by any university or college in Florida history as of 2008. From these proceeds, over half, $854 million, was allocated to construct and improve the University of Miami's Leonard M. School of Medicine medical campus. In November 2007, the University of Miami acquired Cedars Medical Center in Miami's Health District, renaming it University of Miami Hospital and giving the Miller School of Medicine its first dedicated in-house teaching hospital rather than having to rely on academic affiliations with area hospitals.

In 2003, Shalala controversially chose to close the University of Miami's North-South Center, a university research organization dedicated to the study of contemporary issues in Latin America. The North-South Center was established by the U.S. Congress in 1984. It had secured a partnership with the Rand Corporation and was, as the Associated Press reported in 2003, "a respected public policy think tank specializing in Latin American and Caribbean issues including trade and economic policy, migration, security, public corruption, and the environment."

On September 30, 2004, the University of Miami hosted one of three nationally televised U.S. presidential debates between presidential candidates George W. Bush and John Kerry during the 2004 presidential election. The debate, moderated by Jim Lehrer of PBS NewsHour, was held on the University of Miami campus inside the Watsco Center. It drew 62.5 million viewers.

In February 2006, University of Miami custodial workers, who were contracted to the university through a Boston-based company, alleged unfair labor practices, substandard pay, lack of health benefits, workplace safety concerns. They launched a strike that drew support from several University of Miami students, who began a hunger strike and on-campus vigil in support of it. The strike settled May 1, 2006 when a card count union vote was permitted and led to establishment of the first collective bargaining unit in the university's history. The university raised wages for its custodial workers from $6.40 to $8.35 per hour and provided health insurance.

In 2008 and 2009, partly stemming from the Great Recession, the university endowment experienced a loss of 26.8% of its capital and additional associated losses from diminished endowment income. The university responded by tightening expenditures. Damage from the endowment's negative performance was limited, however, because the university receives over 98 percent of its operating budget from non-endowment sources. In 2011, the university was ranked the nation's most fiscally responsible nonprofit organization in a Charity Navigator report published in collaboration with Worth magazine.

Julio Frenk (2015 until present)

On April 13, 2015, the University of Miami announced the appointment of Julio Frenk, former dean of Harvard University School of Public Health and former Secretary of Health for the government of Mexico, as the university's sixth president.

On March 10, 2016, the University of Miami hosted the 2016 Republican presidential primary's twelfth and final debate at BankUnited Center on the university campus, which was aired nationally on CNN.

Campus

Coral Gables campus

The University of Miami's main campus spans  in Coral Gables,  south of Downtown Miami. Most of the university's academic programs are based on its main Coral Gables campus, which houses seven schools and two colleges, including the Frost School of Music, Herbert Business School, and the University of Miami School of Law. The campus has over  of building space valued in excess of $657 million. Lake Osceola, a man-made freshwater lake developed in the late 1940s, is located at the center of campus.

The university's campus theater, Jerry Herman Ring Theatre, is named for University of Miami alumnus Jerry Herman, a composer and lyricist responsible for some of Broadway's most successful productions, including Hello Dolly!, La Cage aux Folles, and other Broadway hits.

The John C. Gifford Arboretum, a campus arboretum and botanical garden, is located on the northwest corner of the main Coral Gables campus. The Jorge M. Perez Architecture Center at the University of Miami's School of Architecture holds periodic architecture and design exhibitions.

Transportation to the Coral Gables campus is provided by Miami Metrorail, whose University Station stop is within walking distance of the campus. The Metro connects the University of Miami to Downtown Miami, Brickell, Coconut Grove, Civic Center, Miami International Airport, and other Miami neighborhoods. The University of Miami's Coral Gables campus is about a 15-minute train ride from Downtown and Brickell. The Hurry 'Canes shuttle bus service operates two routes on campus, including to University Station, and weekend routes to various off-campus stores and facilities during the academic year; an additional shuttle route provides service to the Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science campus on Virginia Key and Vizcaya Station. The university also has a Zipcar service.

In February 2018, rap artist Drake filmed substantial portions of the music video for his song "God's Plan" on the University of Miami campus.

Student housing

The University of Miami's main campus in Coral Gables houses 5,415 enrolled students, 89 percent of whom are freshman. The university's on-campus housing consists of five residential colleges and one apartment-style housing area available only to undergraduate degree-seeking students. The residential colleges are divided into two dormitory-style residence halls and three suite-style residence halls: The first, McDonald and Pentland Towers of Hecht Residential College (torn down in 2022) and the Walsh and Rosborough Towers of Stanford Residential College, (set to be torn down in 2024) are commonly referred to as the "Freshman Towers". The removal of these two dorms makes way for Centennial Village, which is set to open in 2024. The second, Eaton Residential College, which originally housed only women, and Mahoney/Pearson Residential Colleges have suite-style housing with double-occupancy rooms connected by a shared bathroom.

In addition to these five residential colleges, the university campus includes a student residential area called University Village, which consists of seven buildings with apartment-style annual contract housing including fully furnished kitchen facilities. University Village is available only to juniors and seniors but previously had been open to graduate students and students of the School of Law until 2009. The University of Miami also has seven fraternity houses, on San Amaro Drive opposite the university's intramural fields, called "Fraternity Row". The seven fraternities, which offer housing to student members of these fraternities, include: Alpha Epsilon Pi, Alpha Sigma Phi, Lambda Chi Alpha, Pi Kappa Phi, Sigma Alpha Epsilon, Sigma Chi, and Zeta Beta Tau. Sororities are housed in on-campus suites, which do not currently serve as residences.

Lakeside Village, a residential complex of 25 interconnected buildings, provides student housing for 1,115 sophomores, juniors, and seniors. This $153 million project was completed in August 2020.

Medical school campus

The University of Miami's Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine campus, located on Northwest 10th Avenue in Miami's Health District, has 1,523 full-time faculty and 819 students as of 2022. The campus includes  within the University of Miami Jackson Memorial Medical Center's  complex.

The medical center includes three University of Miami-owned hospitals: University of Miami Hospital, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Anne Bates Leach Eye Hospital. Jackson Memorial Hospital, Holtz Children's Hospital, and Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center are based on the medical center and maintain affiliations with the University of Miami but are not owned by the university. The heart of the School of Medicine campus, the original City of Miami Hospital that opened in 1918, is known colloquially as "The Alamo", and has been named to the National Register of Historic Places.

In 2006, the University of Miami opened a , 15-story Clinical Research Building and Wellness Center. In 2007, the university purchased Cedars Medical Center and renamed it University of Miami Hospital. Situated in Miami's Health District, the hospital is close to Jackson Memorial Hospital, which is used by University of Miami medical students and faculty to provide patient care.

In 2009, a LEED-certified nine-story biomedical research building, a  laboratory, and an office facility were opened to house the University of Miami's Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute and its John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics. The University of Miami has completed a  Life Science Park adjacent to the university's medical campus that houses medical offices and laboratories. The University of Miami's medical campus is connected to the university's main campus by the Metrorail with direct stations at University Station for the main Coral Gables campus and Civic Center Station for the medical campus.

Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science campus

The University of Miami's Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science maintains its  campus on the Biscayne Bay waterfront on Virginia Key. It is the only subtropical marine and atmospheric research institute in the continental United States. The school is home to the world's largest hurricane simulation tank. The Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, a federal research laboratory, maintains its headquarters next to the Rosenstiel School campus on Rickenbacker Causeway and collaborates on various academic projects with the Rosenstiel School.

The school maintains a research facility on the eastern end of the Caribbean nation of Barbados called the Rosenstiel School's Barbados Atmospheric Chemistry Observatory (BACO). This facility provides detailed documentation and research on summertime transport of Saharan dust particles across the Atlantic Ocean to the Caribbean Basin and South America.

The school's origins date back to 1945 when construction began on Rickenbacker Causeway to make Virginia Key accessible by car. During the Causeway's construction, Miami-Dade County offered the university a part of the island adjacent to Miami Seaquarium in exchange for it agreeing to assume operational management of the aquarium. In 1951, however, the aquarium's construction was delayed following the failure of a bond referendum designed to fund it, and the university instead chose to begin leasing the land from the county. In 1953, the university built classroom and lab buildings on a  campus to house what would become the University of Miami's Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS). Additional buildings were added in 1957, 1959, and 1965. From 1947 to 1959, the State of Florida funded the University of Miami Marine Lab on Virginia Key until the state completed construction of its own marine laboratory in St. Petersburg. In 2009, the University of Miami received a $15 million federal grant to help construct a new $43.8 million,  Marine Technology and Life Sciences Seawater Research Building on the Rosenstiel School campus.

South and Richmond campuses

In 1946, following the U.S. military's deactivation of Richmond Naval Air Station in southwestern Miami, the University of Miami acquired the  facility to accommodate its vast increase in post-World War II students. The property included classrooms, housing, and other amenities capable of accommodating approximately 1,100 students. Two years later, in 1948, the property was repurposed by the University of Miami as a research facility. In the 1960s, the university opted to lease some of its buildings to the Central Intelligence Agency. Another section of the property, established in 1948, was called South Campus and included a  plot used for university-sponsored agricultural and horticultural research. For 20 years, the University of Miami used radioactive isotopes in biological research on the South Campus and buried these radioactive materials, including animals eradicated in research, on the site. In August 2006, the University of Miami agreed to reimburse the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers $393,473 for clean up costs at the site made available under the 1980 Superfund law. Six buildings on the site provide  and currently house the Global Public Health Research Group, Miami Institute for Human Genomics, and Forensic Toxicology Laboratory. The University of Miami once considered building a south campus on the property but instead opted in 2014 to sell the 80 acres of land.

The Richmond campus is a  site that was formerly the United States Naval Observatory Secondary National Time Standard Facility, which already had buildings and a 20M antenna used for long interferometry. The University of Miami's Rosenstiel School's Center for Southeastern Tropical Advanced Remote Sensing and Richmond Satellite Operations Center (RSOC) maintain their research facilities on part of this campus.

Libraries

The University of Miami maintains one of the nation's largest university library systems, which currently hold in excess of four million volumes, over four million microforms, over 1.3 million electronic books, 138,402 active serials titles, 137,723 electronic journals, and 210,000 audio, film, video, and cartographic materials as of 2022. The University of Miami's libraries have a staff of 71 librarians, 33 professional staff, and 76 support staff.

Four of the University of Miami's libraries are located on the Coral Gables campus: Otto G. Richter Library, the university's primary interdisciplinary library, and the Architecture Research Center at the School of Architecture, the Judi Prokop Newman Information Resource Center at the Herbert Business School, and the Marta and Austin Weeks Library at Frost School of Music.

The Miller School of Medicine's main library, Louis Calder Memorial Library, is located on Northwest 10th Avenue on the medical campus in the Miami Health District. The medical school also maintains and manages two specialized medical libraries: The Mary and Edward Norton Library in ophthalmology focused on ophthalmology and the Pomerance Library focused on psychiatry. The Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science Library is based on the Rosentiel School's campus on Virginia Key.

Otto G. Richter Library, the largest of the university's libraries on the Coral Gables campus, houses art, architecture, humanities, social sciences, and science collections. The Richter Library also serves as a depository for federal and state government publications. Rare books, maps, manuscript collections, and the University of Miami Archives are housed in the library's Special Collections Division. The Richter's Cuban Heritage Collection, which specializes in Cuba-related collections, maintains some of world's largest Cuba-related holdings.

In January 2017, the Jay I. Kislak Foundation announced it was making a substantial donation of rare books, maps, and manuscripts to the university's libraries. In preparation for the extensive donation, the University of Miami renovated a former lecture hall, now called the Kislak Center at the University of Miami, to house the works and the university's existing special collections and archives. Among the vast holdings in the university's Kislak Center are Christopher Columbus' original published copies of his letter on the first voyage aboard the Niña, which Columbus authored on February 15, 1493.

Academics

The University of Miami currently employs 2,697 full-time faculty members with 98 percent of them holding either doctorates or terminal degrees in their respective specialties. The university's student-faculty ratio, as of 2018, was 12:1.

Accreditations
The University of Miami is a broadly accredited academic institution, including by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and the Florida Department of Education and by 22 programmatic accrediting bodies, including the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, the American Bar Association, the American Dental Association Commission on Dental Accreditation, the American Physical Therapy Association Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education, the American Psychological Association, the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business, the Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Management Education, the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education, the Council on Education for Public Health, the EQUIS, the Liaison Committee on Medical Education, the National Association of Schools of Music, and the Society for Simulation in Healthcare.

The university is a member of the American Association of University Women, the American Council on Education, the American Council of Learned Societies, the Association of American Colleges and Universities, the Florida Association of Colleges and Universities, the Independent Colleges and Universities of Florida, and the National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities.

In September 2022, Miami Herbert Business School was awarded AMBA accreditation, securing "triple crown" accreditation status, which includes accreditation by EQUIS, AACSB International, and AMBA. Less than one percent of the world's business schools have been recognized with accreditation from all three of these academic accrediting bodies.

Admissions

Undergraduate

Admission to the University of Miami is highly competitive, and, among Florida's 171 universities and colleges, the most selective. For the Class of 2026, enrolled in Fall 2022, the University of Miami received 49,167 applications and accepted 9,311, or 18.9% of its applicants. Of those accepted, 2,370 enrolled for a yield rate, or percentage of accepted students who choose to attend the university, of 25.5%.

Among enrolled the Class of 2026 enrolled as of Fall 2022, the middle 50% range (25th percentile-75th percentile) of SAT scores was 1330–1450, and the middle 50% range of ACT scores was 30–33. The average GPA was 3.8 on a 4.0 scale, with 22% of the class reporting a 4.0 GPA.

The University of Miami attracts students from around the world and nation. As of 2019, 23 percent of University of Miami undergraduates were from the Miami metropolitan area, 10 percent were from other parts of Florida, 51 percent were from other U.S. states, and 15 percent were international students from outside the United States. Among graduate students, 42 percent were from the Miami metropolitan area, 11 percent were from other parts of Florida, 28 percent were from other U.S. states, and 19 percent were international students. As of November 2020, the University of Miami ranks eleventh nationally in combined diversity across racial, geographic, gender and age factors.

The University of Miami's freshman retention rate is 93%, with 84% going on to graduate within six years. As of 2015, the university reported that 73 percent of undergraduates graduated within four years, 82 percent graduated within five years, and 84 percent graduated within six years. Male student athletes and female student athletes have graduation rates of 56 percent and 67 percent, respectively, within six years.

Organization
The University of Miami is managed by a board of trustees that includes 48 elected members, three alumni representatives, 23 senior members, four national members, six ex officio members, 14 emeriti members, and one student representative. Ex officio members, who serve by virtue of their positions in the university, include the university's current president, the president and immediate past president of the university's citizens board, and the president, president-elect, and immediate past president of the university's alumni association. Since 1982, the board has developed eleven visiting committees, which include both trustees and outside experts to assist in overseeing the university's 12 academic units.

As of 2015, University of Miami president Julio Frenk, who also serves as the university's chief executive officer, was paid $1.14 million annually. Each of the University of Miami's 12 schools and colleges within the university is managed by a dean.

Undergraduate and graduate
College of Arts and Sciences
College of Engineering
Frost School of Music
Herbert Business School
Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science
School of Architecture
School of Communication
School of Education and Human Development
School of Nursing and Health Studies
Graduate only
Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine
The Graduate School
University of Miami School of Law

The University of Miami's also maintains a division of continuing and international education and an executive education program in the Herbert Business School.

Under a partnership with nearby Florida International University, students from both schools are permitted to take graduate classes at either university, affording graduate students at both universities a wider range of course selections.

The University of Miami's startup ecosystem, called The Launch Pad, assists entrepreneurial University of Miami students of all majors in obtaining assistance in starting, building, and scaling their own business. The program offers startup and business law-related legal assistance for student businesses in coordination with the University of Miami School of Law. The University of Miami also maintains an angel investor network, called Cane Angel Network, that allows university-affiliated investors to fund entrepreneurs with ties to the university.

In addition to its medical degree program, the University of Miami's Miller School of Medicine offers separate PhD and combined MD/PhD degrees in several biomedical sciences. The University of Miami's Department of Community Service, staffed by volunteer medical students and physicians from the medical school, provide free medical and other community services in Miami and surrounding communities.

Attendance costs

For the 2022–2023 academic year, the University of Miami reports that the estimated total annual cost of attendance for full-time undergraduate students residing on campus is $78,640; the estimated total annual cost of attendance for full-time undergraduate students residing in University Village or off-campus is $83,260; and the estimated total annual cost of attendance for full-time undergraduate students residing with parents or relatives is $69,160.

Rankings
In its 2023 edition of "America's Best Colleges," U.S. News & World Report ranks the University of Miami 67th among all national universities. Also in 2023, U.S. News ranks the Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine the nation's 44th-best medical school. In its "2023 Best Law Schools" report, U.S. News ranks the School of Law the nation's 71st-best law school.

In 2022, the Academic Ranking of World Universities ranked the University of Miami the ninth-best university in the world for oceanography and the 25th-best university in the world for business administration.

In 2018, U.S. News & World Report ranked the University of Miami Physical Therapy Department the nation's 10th-best physical therapy program and its Department of Psychology Clinical Training Program the nation's 25th best for psychology.

Research

The University of Miami is classified among "Doctoral Universities: Very High Research Activity" and ranks 67th among all U.S. universities in research and sponsored programs expenditures, which totaled $413 million in 2022.

In addition to research conducted in its individual academic schools and departments, the University of Miami maintains several university-wide research centers, including:
Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy seeks to bridge the gap between science and environmental policy.
Center for Research and Education for Aging and Technology Enhancement (CREATE) explores strategies to improve the quality of life for older adults.
Computational Science Center is a data center that conducts data-driven research to identify solutions to various world problems and challenges.
European Union Center, a designated European Union Center for Excellence, is a consortium between the University of Miami and Florida International University established in 2001 with a European Commission grant to promote and research economic, social, and political issues of interest to the European Union.
Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies (ICCAS) provides academic and cultural research and insight on Cuba.
John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics researches causes of Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, macular degeneration, and other diseases and explores human genome and other possible cures and treatments for them.
The Sue and Leonard Miller Center for Contemporary Judaic Studies provides objective, in-depth exploration of issues and trends that have affected the Jewish people over the last century.
The Wallace H. Coulter Center focuses on turning translational research in biomedical science and engineering into products that address unmet clinical needs and have market potential in the healthcare and biomedical industries.

The University of Miami's Miller School of Medicine receives more than $200 million annually in external grants and contracts to fund 1,500 ongoing projects. The medical campus includes more than  of research space and the University of Miami's Life Science Park provides an additional  of space adjacent to the university's medical campus in Miami's Health District. University of Miami's Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute researches the biology of stem cells and translates basic research into new regenerative therapies.

The University of Miami houses one of the nation's largest centralized academic cyber infrastructures. In 2007, the university launched the Center for Computational Science High Performance Computing group. Since then, the group has grown from a zero HPC cyberinfrastructure to a regional high-performance computing environment that currently supports more than 1,200 users, 220 TFlops of computational power, and more than three petabytes of disk storage.

As of 2008, the University of Miami's Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science receives $50 million in annual external research funding. Their laboratories include a saltwater wave tank, a five tank conditioning and spawning system, a multi-tank Aplysia culture laboratory, controlled corals climate tanks, and DNA profiling equipment. The campus also houses an invertebrate museum with 400,000 specimens. The University of Miami operates the Bimini Biological Field Station in Bimini district in the western Bahamas, an array of oceanographic high-frequency radar along the East Coast of the United States, and a Bermuda-based aerosol observatory. The university owns Little Salt Spring, a National Register of Historic Places site, in North Port, Florida where the Rosenstiel School performs archaeological and paleontological research.

In 2010, the University of Miami built a brain imaging annex to the James M. Cox, Jr. Science Center within the College of Arts and Sciences, which includes a functional magnetic imaging (fMRI) system and a laboratory where scientists, clinicians, and engineers study fundamental aspects of brain function. Construction of the lab was funded in part by a $14.8 million stimulus grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

In 2016, the University of Miami received $195 million in federal research funding, including $131.3 million from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and $14.1 million from the National Science Foundation. The University of Miami's Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine received a record $149.5 million in NIH funding in 2019, making the Miller School of Medicine the world's 39th largest NIH grant recipient institution and largest NIH grant recipient of any medical school in Florida.

Also in 2016, the university received $161 million in science and engineering funding from the U.S. federal government, making the university the largest Hispanic-serving recipient and 56th-largest recipient of federal science and engineering funding. Within the $161 million in funding, $117 million was granted by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services the university's school of medicine.

Student life

The University of Miami is affiliated with 31 social fraternities and sororities. Seven of them have houses on campus: Alpha Epsilon Pi, Alpha Sigma Phi, Lambda Chi Alpha, Pi Kappa Phi, Sigma Alpha Epsilon, Sigma Chi, and Zeta Beta Tau.  Others have suites, including: Beta Theta Pi, Tau Kappa Epsilon, Phi Delta Theta, and Sigma Phi Epsilon. Multicultural fraternities and sororities include six of the nine historically African-American organizations that are collectively known as the Divine Nine, Latino, and Asian-interest fraternities and sororities.

As of 2022, the University of Miami has 356 student organizations, including Amnesty International, Habitat for Humanity, the Ibis yearbook, UMTV (an award-winning cable television channel with nine programs broadcast on Comcast Channel 96), UniMiami (a Spanish cable television broadcast), the student-run Distraction Magazine, and the campus radio station WVUM, which has broadcast to the Miami metropolitan media market continuously since 1967. Since 1929, students have published The Miami Hurricane, which is currently published weekly and has been named to the Associated Collegiate Press Hall of Fame.

The University of Miami has several selective and prestigious student honor societies. Founded in 1926, Iron Arrow Honor Society, which also considers select faculty, staff, and alumni for induction, is the highest honor awarded by the university. The university maintains a chapter of Mortar Board. In 1959, Order of Omega was founded at the University of Miami and then ultimately blossomed into a national honor society in addition to maintaining its ongoing founding chapter at the University of Miami. It is now a national honorary for fraternity and sorority members with its founding chapter continuing at the University of Miami.

Athletics

The University of Miami's athletic teams are the Miami Hurricanes and are widely referred to as "The 'Canes" or "The U." The Hurricanes are members of NCAA Division I, the highest level of athletics sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), and compete primarily in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC). Prior to joining the ACC in 2004, the University of Miami competed in the Big East Conference. The Hurricanes maintain seven NCAA men's athletics teams (baseball, basketball, cross-country, diving, football, tennis, and track and field) and ten women's teams (basketball, cross-country, diving, golf, rowing, soccer, swimming, tennis, track and field, and volleyball).

The University of Miami's mascot, first introduced in 1957, is Sebastian the Ibis. The university's 179-member marching band, established in 1933, is Band of the Hour.

Football

The University of Miami football team has won five national championships in 1983, 1987, 1989, 1991, and 2001 and has appeared in the AP Top 25 frequently since the 1980s. University of Miami football alumni include nine members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame, two Heisman Trophy winners, and dozens of players who have gone on to NFL careers. As of 2022, at least one University of Miami football player has been selected in the NFL Draft in 48 consecutive NFL drafts, dating back to 1975. Among all colleges and universities, as of 2022, the University of Miami holds all-time records for most defensive linemen (49) and is tied with USC for most wide receivers (40) to go on to play at the NFL level.

Beginning in the 1980s with the arrival of former head coach Howard Schnellenberger, the University of Miami football program blossomed quickly and unpredictably into one of the nation's most high profile and elite college football programs and began developing what now is one of the sport's largest and most passionate global fan bases. Since then, it also has developed several of the most famed, flamboyant, and successful players at the NFL level and also, along the way, been subjected to vast scrutiny and some criticism during its rise to national prominence, which featured three national championships in the 1980s followed by scandal-related damage to its recruiting capabilities, a subsequent comeback leading to its 2001 national championship, yet a second scandal-plagued descent, and, most recently, a second comeback that now has the program on solid footing again recognized as a national college football force (ranked in the top 25 nationally as the 2022 season began).

Much of the program's dramatic history from the 1980s is captured in a widely viewed December 12, 2009, ESPN documentary, The U, which drew 2.3 million viewers, then making it the most watched documentary in ESPN history. A 2014 sequel, The U Part 2, picked up where The U left off, covering the University of Miami as it launched a comeback from these 1980s scandals leading up to its 2001 national championship team, widely considered one of the best, and possibly the best team, in college football history,) followed by yet a second series of widespread scandals that cost scholarships and inflicted multi-year damage on the program's competitiveness.

On December 7, 2021, Mario Cristobal, a former University of Miami college football player and University of Oregon head coach, was hired as the University of Miami's new head football coach and provided a ten-year, $80 million contract.

The Hurricanes play their home games at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens. In 2007, the university signed a 25-year contract for the team to play at Hard Rock Stadium through 2033. Prior to moving to Hard Rock Stadium, from 1937 through 2007, the Hurricanes played their home football games at the Miami Orange Bowl in Little Havana. Ater 60 years as one of professional and collegiate football's most famed stadiums, the Miami Orange Bowl was demolished in 2008.

Baseball

Like its football program, the University of Miami baseball team has proven one of the most successful in the nation over the past four decades, winning four national championships in 1982, 1985, 1999, and 2001. Multiple Miami Hurricanes baseball players have gone on to professional careers in Major League Baseball.

The Hurricanes' baseball team plays their home games at Alex Rodriguez Park at Mark Light Field, an on-campus baseball stadium named for New York Yankees third baseman Alex Rodriguez who contributed $3.9 million toward the stadium's renovation.

The team is coached currently by Gino DiMare, and its baseball-only mascot, introduced in 1982, is the Miami Maniac.

Men's and women's basketball

The University of Miami's men's basketball team has been coached since 2011 by Jim Larrañaga. The team has reached the NCAA Championship's Sweet 16 five times (1999–2000, 2012–2013, 2015–2016, 2021–2022, and 2022–2023), the Elite Eight twice (2021–2022 and 2022–2023), and the Final Four once (2022–2023). Due to their increasing success over the past few years, it has now been established that Miami is a basketball school and no longer a football school. Coach Larranaga stated in an interview following the Final Four appearance, "They not only beat Indiana, they beat Indiana at Indiana, the No. 1 seed." Several Miami Hurricanes men's basketball players have gone on to play in the NBA.

The University of Miami's women's basketball team has been coached since 2005 by Katie Meier. In 2022–23, the team reached the NCAA Elite Eight for the first time in program history. Several of its players have gone on to play in the WNBA.

Both basketball teams play their home games at Watsco Center, an 8,000-capacity indoor stadium on the University of Miami campus.

Men's and women's tennis
The University of Miami's tennis program has produced several players who have gone on to amateur and professional accomplishment, including Israel team player Maya Tahan, Wimbledon Singles champion Rod Mandelstam, Pan American Games Doubles gold medal winner Ronni Reis, NCCA Women's Singles champion Audra Cohen, Wimbledon Doubles champion Doris Hart, three-time NCAA Singles champion Pancho Segura, and former professional tennis players Monique Albuquerque, Julia Cohen, Gardnar Mulloy, Ed Rubinoff, Michael Russell, Jodi Appelbaum-Steinbauer, and Todd Widom.

Other sports

The University of Miami women's soccer team and both its men's and women's track and field teams host their home meets in Cobb Stadium, which opened in 1999 on San Amaro Drive on the University of Miami campus.

People

Notable alumni

Since its 1925 founding, several notable University of Miami alumni have gone on to globally-recognized accomplishment, influence, and notoriety in their respective fields. Among them are former Honduran president Porfirio Lobo Sosa, former Peruvian president Fernando Belaúnde, former Belize prime minister Dean Barrow, former Iceland prime minister Bjarni Benediktsson, economist and former Bahamas Central Bank governor Wendy Craigg, former Peruvian vice president and minister Mercedes Aráoz, Pulitzer Prize-winning poet and writing professor Donald Justice, actor Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson, Grammy Award-winning musicians Gloria Estefan, Bruce Hornsby, Enrique Iglesias, Jaco Pastorius, and Jon Secada, chief executive officers of various companies, public officials, heads of governmental agencies, scientists, academics, media personalities, authors and writers, and multiple professional athletes in Major League Baseball, the NBA, and the NFL, including nine NFL Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees.

Notable faculty

University of Miami faculty include or have included a number of notable academics, including four Nobel Prize recipients and globally-recognized experts across nearly every academic discipline. Among them are physicist Paul Dirac, biochemists Robert F. Furchgott and Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr., writers Paul Holdengräber and Juan Ramón Jiménez, former U.S. ambassador to the United Nations Peter Burleigh, sinologist Edward L. Dreyer, international affairs expert Leon Gouré, historians Mary Lindemann and Joan R. Piggott, economist Neil Wallace, finance and business management expert Henrik Cronqvist, former U.S. Secretary of Health and Services Donna Shalala, healthcare policy and management expert John Quelch, international business expert Yadong Luo, audio engineer Bill Porter, artist and architect Bonnie Seeman, architect Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, sociologist Lowell Juilliard Carr, constitutional law expert John Hart Ely, administrative law expert Paul R. Verkuil, musicians Jaco Pastorius and Pat Metheny, artist Walter Darby Bannard, philosopher Colin McGinn, and others.

Notes

References

External links

University of Miami athletics website

1925 establishments in Florida
Coral Gables, Florida
Education in Miami
Private universities and colleges in Florida
Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Universities and colleges established in 1925
Universities and colleges in Miami-Dade County, Florida

University of Miami


Tønnes Madsson Andenæs (25 June 1923 – 22 February 1975) was a Norwegian jurist, book publisher and politician for the Labour Party.

Biography
He was born at Innvik in  Sogn og Fjordane, Norway. he was a son of vicar Mads Olsen Andenæs (1855–1942) and his wife Signe Theoline Mydland (1883–1958). The family moved to Bærum when Tønnes Andenæs was two years old. He was a brother of Johs. Andenæs, and through him an uncle of Mads H. Andenæs. His own son Mads T. Andenæs (born 1957) became a professor of law.

During the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, young Andenæs became involved in the illegal press. He was arrested, but escaped via neutral Sweden to the United Kingdom. He underwent pilot training in Little Norway, from 1944. After the war he was decorated with the Defence Medal 1940–1945.

He enrolled at the University of Oslo, and graduated with the cand.jur. degree in 1955. He finished lawyer training in 1958. At the same time he was the chief executive of a publishing company, Akademisk Forlag. In 1956 it changed its name to Universitetsforlaget. He remained here until his death. He also wrote books himself. His 1949 release Grunnloven vår. Utgave for selvstudium about the Constitution of Norway has been reissued twelve times, the last in 1993, and has been translated to English (1951), French (1962) and German (1964).

He was also involved in cultural work, chairing the Norwegian-Faroese friendship society from 1947 to 1959 and the Norwegian-Icelandic friendship society from 1960 to 1965. He was decorated with the Order of the Falcon in 1965.

Andenæs was a member of Bærum municipal council from 1963 to 1971, and a member of the school board for the same period. From January to October 1965 he was a part of Gerhardsen's Fourth Cabinet, as a State Secretary in the Ministry of Church Affairs and Education. He also had a hiatus from 1967 to 1968, when he worked as an advisor at the Makerere University College. He was elected to the Parliament of Norway from the constituency Akershus in 1969, and was re-elected in 1973. He was a member of the Standing Committee on Transport during the first term, and then of the Standing Committee on Public Administration. He died midway in his last term, in the Tretten train disaster, and was replaced with Svein Gunnar Morgenlien.

References

1923 births
1975 deaths
People from Stryn
Norwegian resistance members
Bredtveit concentration camp survivors
Norwegian expatriates in the United Kingdom
Norwegian expatriates in Canada
Norwegian World War II pilots
Royal Norwegian Air Force personnel of World War II
University of Oslo alumni
Norwegian book publishers (people)
Norwegian non-fiction writers
Bærum politicians
Norwegian state secretaries
Members of the Storting
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Knights of the Order of the Falcon
Railway accident deaths in Norway
20th-century Norwegian writers
20th-century Norwegian politicians

Tønnes Andenæs


Tambun rock art, is a series of Neolithic-era cave paintings at the Gunung Panjang limestone hill in Tambun, on the outskirts of Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia. The paintings were discovered on a rocky overhang in 1959 by 2/Lt R. L. Rawlings of the 2nd Battalion, 6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles. Popularly known as the "Tambun Cave Paintings" (Lukisan Gua Tambun in Malay), the paintings could have been made by the ancestors of the Orang Asli and had spiritual importance. This site should not be confused with Gunung Tambun, another limestone hill that is found several kilometres to the north of Gunung Panjang.

Description
The Tambun rock art is on a prominent rockface on the west face of Gunung Panjang, a large karstic hill, nearly 2 kilometres long, overlooking Ipoh and the Kinta valley. The hill comprises light grey marble belonging to the Devonian limestone of the Kinta Valley. The Tambun rock art site is the largest display of neolithic paintings in Asia. They are estimated to be between 2,000 and 12,000 years old. The paintings were probably made using haematite.  At the time of the discovery, the wide shelf at the base of the rock face was littered deep with empty, conical snail shells, all with their tips knocked off. The site is not easily accessible to tourists as the path is overgrown and muddy and there is a steep flight of steps up to the site.

Gallery

References

Cave paintings
Prehistoric art
Rock art in Asia
Kinta District

Tambun rock art


Bandytown is an unincorporated community in Boone County, West Virginia, United States. Bandytown is approximately 18 miles from Madison. Bandytown is accessible from Boone County Route 26, which is located right off West Virginia Route 85 at the Van Bridge split.  The community has a total population of over 100 with approximately 70 homes.

Name
The community was named for George "Bandy" Green, an early settler on the West Fork. Bandytown was previously also known as "Chap" for Chapman Miller, a local merchant and postmaster.

Activities
Activities in Bandytown include all-terrain vehicle trails, a basketball court, fishing areas, and areas for skating/rollerblading. Van Elementary School and Van Junior/Senior High School, located 6 miles from Bandytown, are the closest public schools.

Bandytown has two churches: The Bandytown Church of Christ and The Martha Freewill Baptist Church, and three cemeteries: Greene Cemetery, Jarrell Cemetery, and Midferrell Cemetery.

The wet banana is a traditional Bandytown event that has been going on for years. The wet banana is a large water slide created by taking mining tarp and plastic and placing it on a large hill. Then, using water pumped from the creek mixed with some soap, people grab a tube and slide down.

In 2001, local residents Sue and Johnny Baire Jr. wrote and featured the hit song "God Bless Bandytown" on Sue's debut CD of the same title.  The song mentions things near and dear to the hearts of Bandytown residents such as "the little white church" or "black berries."  The song is considered an anthem for the town's website and it can be listened to on there in its entirety.

Bandytown is also the hometown of the "Dancing Outlaw" Jesco White.

Street names

Notable person
 Jesco White, mountain dancer

References

External links
Bandytown website
Prenter website
Van Junior/Senior High School

Unincorporated communities in Boone County, West Virginia
Unincorporated communities in West Virginia
Charleston, West Virginia metropolitan area

Bandytown, West Virginia


Mawson's Huts are the collection of buildings located at Cape Denison, Commonwealth Bay, in the far eastern sector of the Australian Antarctic Territory, some 3000 km south of Hobart. The buildings were erected and occupied by the Australasian Antarctic Expedition (AAE) of 1911-1914, led by geologist and explorer Sir Douglas Mawson.

Mawson's Huts are rare as one of just six surviving sites from the Heroic Era of Antarctic exploration. The Australasian Antarctic Expedition was the only Heroic Era expedition organised, manned and supported primarily by Australians.

The huts included a magnetograph hut, used to measure variations in the south magnetic pole; an absolute magnetic hut, which was used as a reference point for studies in the magnetograph hut; and the transit hut, an astronomical observatory.

The most important building at the site is the winter living quarters, known as "Mawson's Hut". This pyramid-roofed hut was home to the eighteen men of the AAE main base party in 1912, and the seven (including Douglas Mawson) who stayed on for an unplanned second year in 1913. The hut combines two sections - the living quarters and the workshop, prefabricated in Sydney and Melbourne respectively, and shipped to the site for construction in 1912 by the AAE team.

Radio
Using a wireless relay station on Macquarie Island, it was possible to contact the Australian mainland by radio. The AAE was the first expedition that had this possibility. Meteorological observations got transmitted by the system continuously. It was the first use of radio on the Antarctic continent.

The main hut
The main hut included facilities for eighteen men but it only measured , an area of . The adjoining workshop measured , an area of . On three sides the building is surrounded with  wide verandas. The Verandas were used for many different things including housing the sled dogs.

The main hut contains a kitchen, a laundry, a storage and a sleeping room.

Conservation and heritage recognition

Expeditions undertaken by the Australian government (through the Australian Antarctic Division since the late 1970s) and private non-profit conservation organisations (notably the two Project Blizzard expeditions of 1984/85 and 1985/86, and the Mawson's Huts Foundation since 1997) have carried out conservation research, surveys and work on the huts. In addition to archaeological recording, removal of snow from inside the huts and ongoing maintenance, recent interventions (1998 and 2006) have been to encapsulate the failing timber roofs with new timber over-cladding in order to weatherproof the interiors.

The site is recognised under the Antarctic Treaty as a Historic Site & Monument (HSM 77) since 1972, and placed within an Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA 162) and an Antarctic Specially Managed Area (ASMA 3) in 2004. It is also on the Australian National Heritage List, Commonwealth Heritage List and the defunct Register of the National Estate.

The Australian Antarctic Division and the Australian Minister for the Environment & Water Resources released for public comment a new management plan for the Mawson's Huts Historic Site in July 2007. The plan set out the principles that  guided activities to preserve the heritage values of the site in the lead-up to the centenary of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition.

Travel to Mawson's Huts
Chimu Adventures operate a voyage to Mawson's Huts every year from Hobart, Tasmania. The voyages generally stop at Macquarie Island en route and return via the New Zealand Subantarctic islands.

Replica Hut
A replica of Mawson's Hut at Cape Denison was constructed in downtown Hobart in 2013.  The replica hut was built as part of an ongoing effort to raise funds for conservation work at Cape Denison.  The replica hut also helps educate visitors about Douglas Mawson and the Australasian Antarctic Expedition.

References

Resources
 Australian Antarctic Division (2007 Mawson's Huts Historic Site Management Plan 2007-2012.
 Mackay, R (2005) 'Ice, icon and identity: the meaning of Mawson's huts'. In Lydon, J & Ireland, T (eds) Object Lessons:  Archaeology & Heritage in Australia.
 Mawson, D (1915) Home of the Blizzard: being the story of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 1911-1914.
 Pearson, M (1992).  'Expedition huts in Antarctica: 1899-1917'. Polar Record 28, 167: 261-276.

External links
 Australian National Heritage listing for Mawson's Huts and Mawson's Huts Historic Site
 Home of the Blizzard — the Australasian Antarctic Expedition
 The Mawson's Huts Foundation
 "Frozen in Time" fulldome planetarium show about Mawson's Huts
 "Frozen in Time" fulldome planetarium show about Mawson's Huts - online video

Australian Antarctic Territory
Science and technology in Australia
Science and technology in Antarctica
Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
Buildings and structures completed in 1912
Australian National Heritage List
Australasian Antarctic Expedition
George V Land
Antarctic Specially Protected Areas
Historic buildings and structures in Antarctica
1912 establishments in Antarctica
Australian Antarctic Territory places listed on the defunct Register of the National Estate
History of science and technology in Australia

Mawson's Huts


The CARS Solid Rock Carriers Tour (formerly known as the USARacing Pro Cup Series, USAR Hooters Pro Cup Series, CARS Pro Cup Series, Rev-Oil Pro Cup Series, CARS X1-R Pro Cup Series) is a stock car auto racing series in the United States.  It is sanctioned by the Championship Auto Racing Series and sponsored by Solid Rock Carriers. The series races throughout the United States on paved short tracks in North Carolina, Virginia, and South Carolina.

History

The sanctioning body was formed by Hooters owner Robert Brooks. Brooks created the organization to honor the memories of four people who died in an April 1, 1993 airplane crash: Brooks' son Mark Brooks, reigning NASCAR champion Alan Kulwicki, Dan Duncan, and pilot Charlie Campbell. The sanctioning body started as the Hooters Cup late model series in 1995. Brooks decided to stop sanctioning the late model series in favor of the Pro Cup series while at the September 1997 race at the Milwaukee Mile. Brooks wanted to move to steel-bodied racecars much like those raced in the NASCAR Busch Series (now NASCAR Xfinity Series) and ARCA Racing Series at the time. There were eleven races in 1997. The series was expanded to twenty races in 1998.

In 2001, the series devised a "northern division" and a "southern division" that race separately. After the regular season, the top drivers from each division participate in a five-race playoff series called the Four Champions Challenge. Winners of the respective division are awarded a 25-point bonus for the playoff and a cash bonus as regular season champions. The driver who gets the most points in the Four Champions races, and the seeding points, (four races in 2001, five races from 2002 until 2005, six in 2006, 5 races in 2007) is declared the USAR champion.

At the end of the season, each of the top 30 teams that competes in at least half of the series' regular season races in their division is given entry points based on the number of points one competitor can earn for finishing in that respective position in a race. Beginning in 2006, the top 15 in each division automatically qualified. Each driver collects points for each race they participate in during the Championship Series, adding to their entry points collected from their regular season finish. A ten-point bonus is awarded for every driver who attempts to qualify at every race, although driver must race three of the six races to qualify for postseason bonus prizes. Cash bonuses are available for winning four, five, or all six postseason races. In 2003, Shane Huffman won a bonus for winning three of the five races. The success of this series led to NASCAR devising its own playoff system in 2004. The sanctioning body's owner, Robert Brooks, who also owned the Hooters restaurant chain, died in July 2006, leading to the eventual sale of the series and the restaurant chain's disassociation. USAR officials combined the Northern and Southern divisions in 2009. Hooters dropped its sponsorship of the series the same season, and the series later re-branded itself as the USARacing Pro Cup Series.

On August 25, 2011, Series Director and Owner Jack McNelly announced that the series would be operating under the name "Championship Auto Racing Series" (CARS Pro Cup). The series picked up title sponsorship from Revolution Oil, renaming the series the Rev-Oil Pro Cup Series through the 2013 season.

After entries began dropping through the final years of the season, during the 2014 playoff (only ten cars were entered at some races during the season with a low of four cars at Coastal Plains Raceway in Jacksonville, NC), CARS began to transition the series into a Late Model Stock Car series.  Late Model Stocks (which use perimeter chassis, not to be confused with offset chassis Super Late Models) were permitted in selected races.  By the end of the 2014 season, with the demise of the UARA-STARS Tour after a year's suspension, CARS effectively transitioned the Pro Cup into the CARS Tour which effectively absorbed the former UARA tour by adding a division for Late Model Stocks (the perimeter style cars run at places like Martinsville and most tracks in the southeast) and Super Late Models (the types of cars run in the Snowball Derby, Winchester 400, Oxford 250, among other races nationally).  The new two-division format started in the 2015 season, with car counts averaging 55 cars per stop in the ten-race tour combined.

The sanctioning body once again broke the mold in 2015 by becoming the first asphalt tour to carry its own streaming and broadcast service, CARS Tour TV, a division of Pit Row Media and their Pit Row TV brand. For the first time in asphalt late model history, an entire tour's schedule was broadcast online and has been since the tour's re-inception in 2015. Pit Row Media has a long-term agreement with the tour to produce and carry event broadcasts, including syndication agreements to REV TV in Canada, SPEED SPORT on MAVTV in the USA, and other networks and distribution partners.

The new format consisted of a 100-150 lap race in each division.  The Super Late Model Tour has a working relationship with the United Super Late Model Rules Alliance, which consists of the ARCA/CRA Super Series, ARCA Midwest Tour, SRL Southwest Tour and the Southern Super Series for a common Super Late Model rules package to establish teams in any of the major tours can run all series with few changes.

After three seasons with the format, CARS split the two divisions on selected weekends beginning in 2018, in order to prevent conflicts with major Super Late Model and Late Model Stock races from a regional and national basis.

In 2021, the Late Model Stock Tour had plans to once again visit Rockingham Speedway, formerly known as "The Rock" during its NASCAR days, reviving the dormant track for a second time under new ownership and management.

Starting in 2022, the CARS Tour will discontinue the Super Late Model Division and replace it with a Pro Late Model Division in an attempt to draw more competitors.

On January 9, 2023, the CARS Tour was acquired by a consortium of four companies: DEJ Management, Jeff Burton Autosports, Inc., Kevin Harvick Incorporated, and Trackhouse Racing Team. All four are NASCAR-related, with two current national series team owners, a Cup Series champion, and a Cup Series majors winner.

2023 CARS TOUR schedule

CARS Tour Champions (1997–present)

Late Model Stock Car and Pro Late Model format (2022–present)

Late Model Stock Car and Super Late Model format (2015–2021)

Four Champions Playoff ProCup Champions (2001–2014)
The following drivers won the Four Champions playoff series after the series was split into two divisions:
 2014 Caleb Holman
 2013 Clay Rogers
 2012 J.P. Morgan
 2011 Jeff Agnew
 2010 Clay Rogers
 2009 Clay Rogers
 2008 Benny Gordon
 2007 Bobby Gill
 2006 Clay Rogers
 2005 Benny Gordon
 2004 Clay Rogers
 2003 Shane Huffman
 2002 Jason Sarvis
 2001 Bobby Gill

ProCup Series Champions (1997–2000)
 2000 Bobby Gill
 1999 Bobby Gill
 1998 Jeff Agnew
 1997 Mario Gosselin

CARS Tour Rookies of the Year (1996-present)

CARS Tour Rookies of the Year

ProCup Rookies of the Year
 2014 Codie Rohrbaugh
 2013 Brady Boswell
 2012 Dalton Hopkins
 2011 Blake Jones
 2010 Logan Ruffin
 2009 Lucas Ransone
 2008 Drew Herring
 2007 Brandon Ward
 2006 Derek Kale
 2005 Woody Howard
 2004 Matt Carter
 2003 Benny Gordon
 2002 Brian Ross
 2001 Toby Robertson
 2000 Brian Vickers
 1999 Steven Christian
 1998 Jeff Agnew
 1997 Brad May
 1996 E. Shane Rice

Notable alumni, competitors and graduates (1995–present)

Anthony Alfredo
Benny Gordon
Brian Scott
Brian Vickers
"Bubba" (Andrew) Pollard
Buckshot Jones
Cale Gale
Caleb Holman
Carson Hocevar
Carson Kvapil
Chad Chaffin
Chase Elliott
Chase Purdy
Christian Eckes
Christopher Bell
Colby Howard
Cole Rouse
Corey Heim
Corey LaJoie
Dakoda Armstrong
Dalton Sargeant
Danny O'Quinn
Darrell "Bubba" Wallace
Drew Dollar
Gus Dean
Gracie Trotter
Hailie Deegan
Hannah Newhouse
Harrison Burton
Jake Crum
James Buescher
Jeb Burton
Joe Graf, Jr.
Joey Coulter
Joey Logano
John Hunter Nemechek
John Wes Townley
Jon Wood
Josh Berry
Justin Haley
Justin Labonte
Kaz Grala
Kertus Davis
Landon Cassill
Landon Huffman
Lee Pulliam
Matt Craig
Matt Kenseth
Mason Diaz
Myatt Snider
Nicole Behar
Noah Gragson
Peyton Sellers
Philip Morris
Quin Houff
Raphael Lessard
Regan Smith
Riley Herbst
Rodney Childers
Ross Kenseth
Ryan Repko
Sam Mayer
Sammy Smith
Scott Riggs
Scott Wimmer
Spencer Davis
Stacy Puryear
Stefan Parsons
Stephen Leicht
Stephen Nasse
Steve Wallace
Tanner Gray
Tate Fogleman
Taylor Gray
Timothy Peters
Todd Gilliland
Todd Peck
Trevor Bayne
Ty Gibbs
Tyler Ankrum
Tyler Matthews
Vinnie Miller
William Byron
Zane Smith

Notes

References

External links
Official CARS Racing Tours Website
Official CARS Tour TV website
CARS Tour Digest Website
CARS Pro Cup Series stats from 1997 to present
USAR history, written in 1999 and 2002, accessed June 2006
Insight to new Pro Cup owners
https://web.archive.org/web/20120426085404/http://www.procuponline.com/trackback.php?id=20110825102747910

Hooters
Stock car racing series in the United States
Auto racing organizations in the United States
1997 establishments in the United States
Dale Earnhardt Jr.
Kevin Harvick
Prime Sports

CARS Tour


Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin (;  - ), a relative of Fyodor M. Apraksin, commanded the Russian armies during the Seven Years' War. He should not be confused with his son Stepan Stepanovich Apraksin, who had a notable military career in the service of Catherine the Great.

Early life
Apraksin the Elder fought under Münnich against the Turks and rose rapidly to the rank of General. He was present at the taking of Ochakov in 1737 and brought to the Russian capital news about the capture of Khotin in 1739. Several years later, he led a Russian embassy to Persia.

Politics
At the Russian court Apraksin became one of the keenest opponents of both the pro-Prussian party and of Count Lestocq. He was one of the few devoted supporters of Chancellor Aleksey Bestuzhev, who ensured Apraksin's promotion to Field Marshal and appointment to command the Russian army on the outbreak of the Seven Years' War in 1756.

Seven Years' War
The next year Apraksin took up the overall command of the army invading Prussia and won the Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf on 30 August 1757, albeit with heavy losses. The Russian court, upon receiving news of the victory, expected Apraksin to overrun all of Prussia. Instead, on hearing that Empress Elizabeth had suffered a severe relapse in health, Apraksin crossed the Neman River and returned to Russia, intending to support the heir to the throne (the future Peter III of Russia, who represented the interests of Frederick II of Prussia) in the event of the Empress's death. According to another interpretation, he was recalled by Bestuzhev whose enemies plotted his downfall.

Downfall
As Elizabeth recovered, Bestuzhev fell from power and suffered banishment, and Apraksin came under the suspicion of having received bribes from the Prussian king. Put on trial, he died in prison under mysterious circumstances in August 1758 before the military tribunal had reached a decision as to the reasons for his scandalous retreat. He was replaced as commander in Prussia, by William Fermor who went on to fight the inconclusive Battle of Zorndorf against Frederick the Great.

Footnotes

References
Meyers Konversations-Lexikon
Biographies of the Russian Field Marshals (4 volumes), Saint Petersburg, 1840–1841

1702 births
1758 deaths
Nobility from the Russian Empire
Field marshals of Russia
Russian military personnel of the Seven Years' War
Russian people who died in prison custody
Prisoners who died in Russian detention
Diplomats of the Russian Empire
People of the Silesian Wars
Burials at Lazarevskoe Cemetery (Saint Petersburg)
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)

Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin


Max Holste (13 September 1913 in Nice – 19 August 1998 in Toulon) was a French aeronautical engineer and founder of an aircraft manufacturer company of the same name in Reims, France (now Reims Aviation). His company developed and produced many civil and military piston engine aircraft, including the famous MH-1521 Broussard. He was also one of the lead engineers of the Embraer Bandeirante project.

One of Holste's aircraft early designs, the MH52, fared well in competitions; based on this success, Holste designed a high-wing radial-engined utility aircraft, which became the Broussard. The company had good sales of the Broussard, due to high demand from the French military during the Algerian War; this government demand effectively prevented export of the aircraft.  Holste planned to improve the design, first as a twin-piston, then as a twin-turbine version, but too late: the company had been complacent with initial high demand for the Broussard but sales fell as it became outdated. Holste was ruined, and his factory taken over by his associate and WWII ace Pierre Clostermann with capital from Cessna, and renamed Reims Aviation. The new design eventually became the Nord 262.

Holste left France for Brazil in 1964, having contacts there from Broussard sales visits. Brazil's nascent aviation industry welcomed the designer as a star.  He fulfilled a government requirement as lead designer on the Bandeirante project, which first flew four years later. Unhappy, he formed his own company, and lived in neighbouring countries for the following years.

Ruined again, recently divorced, and not on speaking terms with his children, he returned to France with a South American nurse in 1995, aged 82. He initially settled at Bormes-les-Mimosas, near his first wife Paule, then at Hyères; Paule described him as having 'a difficult character'.  He died in anonymity in 1998 and was buried in Hyères; reportedly no-one attended his burial.  In 2016 a commemorative service was held at Holste's grave in his honour.

References

Bibliography

Polacco, Michel (2017). Une histoire d'amour. Info-Pilote, 736, pp. 64–67

French aerospace engineers
1913 births
1998 deaths
People from Nice

Max Holste