Howard William Hunter (November 14, 1907 – March 3, 1995) was an American lawyer and the 14th president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1994 to 1995. His nine-month presidential tenure is the shortest in the church's history. Hunter was the first president of the LDS Church born in the 20th century and the last to die in it. He was sustained as an LDS apostle at the age of 51, and served as a general authority for over 35 years.

Early life
Hunter was born to John William and Nellie Marie Hunter in Boise, Idaho. His father, who was not a Latter-day Saint but joined the church in 1927, would not allow Hunter to be baptized until he was 12; Hunter was ordained to the Aaronic priesthood several months after he turned 12. He was the second person to become an Eagle Scout in the state of Idaho.

In March 1923, the Boise Ward, where Hunter had been a member since his baptism, was split, and he ended up in the new Boise 2nd Ward. It initially met in a Jewish synagogue that was provided free of charge. When calls were issued to build the Boise LDS Tabernacle, Hunter was the first to pledge money for the building, offering $25.

Hunter had a love for music and played the piano, violin, drums, saxophone, clarinet, and trumpet. He formed a band called Hunter's Croonaders, which played at many regional events and on a cruise ship to Asia.

Professional career
In 1928, Hunter tried a system where he would publish train and bus schedules and charge for advertising, placing them in hotels. The project worked moderately well in such cities as Nampa and Twin Falls, but it failed in Pocatello, Idaho. After this failure, Hunter moved to southern California.

In California, Hunter initially worked in a citrus factory and in shoe sales. After a few weeks he secured a job at a Bank of Italy branch on April 23, 1928. Hunter studied at the American Institute of Banking while working for the Bank of Italy. Besides working in banking, Hunter was still playing the saxophone for dances on a regular basis.

In November 1930, Hunter was involved in booking for the merger of the Bank of Italy with the Bank of America of California to form the Bank of America National Trust and Savings Association. Shortly after, Hunter took a position as a junior officer with the First Exchange Bank of Inglewood. This bank was taken over by the state of California and placed in receivership in January 1932. For the next two years, Hunter filled several odd jobs, including working as a bridge painter and a laundry detergent peddler. In 1934, he managed to get a position as a title examiner with the Los Angeles County Flood Control District. In 1935, Hunter began his studies at Southwestern Law School and eventually had a successful career as a lawyer.

Leadership in the LDS Church

Prior to his call as an apostle, Hunter held several leadership positions in the LDS Church. He was the first president of the church's Pasadena California Stake, where he had also served as a bishop.

Hunter became a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in 1959. He filled a vacancy in the Quorum created when apostle Henry D. Moyle was added to the First Presidency following the death of Stephen L Richards, a counselor in the First Presidency.

In January 1965, Hunter was appointed the president of the board of directors of the Polynesian Cultural Center (PCC). At the time, the PCC was two years old, had just closed its second year with a loss of nearly $500,000 dollars, and had barely made payroll the month before. Hunter reduced board membership from 21 to 10, drew members with more broad business backgrounds, and emphasized "good hard headed business practice." In three years, the PCC was turning a profit. He remained the president of PCC's board of directors until 1976.

As an apostle, Hunter led church negotiations to acquire land in Jerusalem to build the BYU Jerusalem Center, which he dedicated in 1989.

In 1970, when Joseph Fielding Smith became president of the church, Hunter succeeded him as Church Historian and Recorder. Hunter held this position until 1972, and was succeeded by Leonard J. Arrington.

In November 1985, when Ezra Taft Benson became church president, Hunter was named Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve due to the infirmity of Marion G. Romney, who became quorum president by seniority. Hunter became the quorum president upon Romney's death in 1988.

Hunter became church president in June 1994, following Benson's death. Hunter retained Gordon B. Hinckley and Thomas S. Monson as counselors in the First Presidency. He offered a conciliatory message at his initial news conference, saying, "To those who have transgressed or been offended, we say, 'Come back.'"

Some of Hunter's contributions as church president include the creation of the church's 2000th stake and drafting of the "Proclamation on the Family", which was released six months after his death. As church president, Hunter encouraged and emphasized Christ-like living and temple attendance. He dedicated the Orlando Florida and Bountiful Utah temples shortly before his death.

Hunter's teachings as an apostle were the 2016 course of study in the LDS Church's Sunday Relief Society and Melchizedek priesthood classes.

Leadership in other LDS Church-owned endeavors
Hunter served in several LDS Church assignments not directly related to ecclesiastical matters while a member of the Quorum of the Twelve. He was a member of the Board of Trustees of Brigham Young University and closely involved with the founding of the J. Reuben Clark Law School. He also was a member of the Board of Trustees of the New World Archaeology Foundation, chairman of the board of the PCC, and president of the Genealogical Society of Utah.

Attempted hostage incident
While preparing to speak at a CES fireside being held at Brigham Young University's Marriott Center on February 7, 1993, Hunter was confronted by Cody Judy, who rushed onto the rostrum and threatened Hunter and the audience of 15,000 to 17,000. Judy carried a briefcase that he claimed contained a bomb and held what appeared to be a detonator-like device. Judy demanded that Hunter read a three-page document that supposedly detailed God's plan for Judy to lead the church, which Hunter refused to do. The audience spontaneously sang "We Thank Thee, O God, for a Prophet", during which students from the audience, and then security personnel, overtook Judy. After Judy was taken away, Hunter delivered his prepared remarks, a talk entitled,  "An Anchor to the Souls of Men."

Health problems and death
When Hunter was four years old, he was stricken with polio, which afflicted his back so that he was never able to bend forward and touch the ground again.

While serving as president of the Quorum of the Twelve, Hunter developed major health problems that continued for the remainder of his life, including a heart attack, broken ribs from a fall at general conference, heart bypass surgery, bleeding ulcers, and kidney failure. Hunter was admitted to LDS Hospital on January 12, 1995, for exhaustion and was released on January 16. While hospitalized, it was discovered that Hunter was suffering from prostate cancer that had spread to the bones.

Hunter died at age 87 in his downtown Salt Lake City residence as a result of the cancer. With him at the time of his death were his wife, Inis; his nurse, who had been attending him; and his personal secretary, Lowell Hardy. Funeral services were held on March 8, 1995, at the Salt Lake Tabernacle, under the direction of Hinckley, Hunter's counselor in the First Presidency and president of the Quorum of the Twelve. Hinckley replaced Hunter as president of the LDS Church. Hunter was buried in the Salt Lake City Cemetery. On October 14, 2007, at her home in Laguna Hills, California, Inis Hunter died of causes incident to age.

Personal life
In June 1928, Hunter met Clara May "Claire" Jeffs, a young woman from Salt Lake City and they were married in the Salt Lake Temple on June 10, 1931. The Hunters' first son, William, died a year before Hunter started law school. While he was in law school, they had other two sons, Richard and John, who lived until adulthood and both became attorneys. After the death of Hunter's first wife in 1983, he married Inis Stanton in 1990 while he was president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles.

Legacy
 Howard W. Hunter Law Library, at the J. Reuben Clark Law School at Brigham Young University, named in 1995
 Howard W. Hunter Professorship at the J. Reuben Clark Law School, established in 1989, to support faculty research, writing, and scholarship.
 Howard W. Hunter Foundation
 Howard W. Hunter Chair of Mormon Studies at Claremont Graduate University

Works

Notes

References
Knowles, Eleanor. Howard W. Hunter. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1994.

Jay M. Todd, "President Howard W. Hunter: Fourteenth President of the Church", Ensign, July 1994.
"President Howard W. Hunter: The Lord's 'Good and Faithful Servant'", Ensign, April 1995
"Following the Master: Teachings of President Howard W. Hunter", Ensign, April 1995
"Funeral of President Howard W. Hunter, 8 March 1995", Ensign, April 1995
Jon M. Huntsman, "A Remarkable and Selfless Life", Ensign, April 1995
James E. Faust, "Howard W. Hunter: Man of God", Ensign, April 1995
Boyd K. Packer, "President Howard W. Hunter—He Endured to the End", Ensign, April 1995
Thomas S. Monson, "President Howard W. Hunter: A Man for All Seasons", Ensign, April 1995
Gordon B. Hinckley, "A Prophet Polished and Refined", Ensign, April 1995

External links

Teachings of Presidents of the Church: Howard W. HunterThe Life and Ministry of Howard W. Hunter
Grampa Bill's G.A. Pages: Howard W. Hunter

1907 births
1995 deaths
American general authorities (LDS Church)
Apostles (LDS Church)
Burials at Salt Lake City Cemetery
California lawyers
Deaths from cancer in Utah
Deaths from prostate cancer
Official historians of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
People from Boise, Idaho
Presidential Citizens Medal recipients
Presidents of the Church (LDS Church)
Presidents of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)
Southwestern Law School alumni
20th-century American lawyers
Religious leaders from California
Latter Day Saints from Idaho
Latter Day Saints from California

Howard W. Hunter


A decimal representation of a non-negative real number  is its expression as a sequence of symbols consisting of decimal digits traditionally written with a single separator:

Here  is the decimal separator,  is a nonnegative integer, and  are digits, which are symbols representing integers in the range 0, ..., 9.

Commonly,  if  The sequence of the —the digits after the dot—is generally infinite. If it is finite, the lacking digits are assumed to be 0. If all  are , the separator is also omitted, resulting in a finite sequence of digits, which represents a natural number.

The decimal representation represents the infinite sum:

Every nonnegative real number has at least one such representation; it has two such representations (with  if ) if and only if one has a trailing infinite sequence of , and the other has a trailing infinite sequence of . For having a one-to-one correspondence between nonnegative real numbers and decimal representations, decimal representations with a trailing infinite sequence of  are sometimes excluded.

Integer and fractional parts
The natural number , is called the integer part of , and is denoted by  in the remainder of this article. The sequence of the  represents the number

which belongs to the interval  and is called the fractional part of  (except when all  are ).

Finite decimal approximations

Any real number can be approximated to any desired degree of accuracy by rational numbers with finite decimal representations.

Assume . Then for every integer  there is a finite decimal  such that:

Proof:
Let , where .
Then , and the result follows from dividing all sides by .
(The fact that  has a finite decimal representation is easily established.)

Non-uniqueness of decimal representation and notational conventions

Some real numbers  have two infinite decimal representations. For example, the number 1 may be equally represented by 1.000... as by 0.999... (where the infinite sequences of trailing 0's or 9's, respectively, are represented by "..."). Conventionally, the decimal representation without trailing 9's is preferred.  Moreover, in the standard decimal representation of , an infinite sequence of trailing 0's appearing after the decimal point is omitted, along with the decimal point itself if  is an integer.

Certain procedures for constructing the decimal expansion of  will avoid the problem of trailing 9's.  For instance, the following algorithmic procedure will give the standard decimal representation:  Given , we first define  (the integer part of ) to be the largest integer such that  (i.e., ).  If  the procedure terminates.  Otherwise, for  already found, we define  inductively to be the largest integer such that:

The procedure terminates whenever  is found such that equality holds in ; otherwise, it continues indefinitely to give an infinite sequence of decimal digits.  It can be shown that  (conventionally written as ), where  and the nonnegative integer  is represented in decimal notation. This construction is extended to  by applying the above procedure to  and denoting the resultant decimal expansion by .

Types

Finite

The decimal expansion of non-negative real number x will end in zeros (or in nines) if, and only if, x is a rational number whose denominator is of the form 2n5m, where m and n are non-negative integers.

Proof:

If the decimal expansion of x will end in zeros, or
for some n, then the denominator of x is of the form 10n = 2n5n.

Conversely, if the denominator of x is of the form 2n5m,

for some p.
While x is of the form ,
 for some n.
By , x will end in zeros.

Infinite

Repeating decimal representations

Some real numbers have decimal expansions that eventually get into loops, endlessly repeating a sequence of one or more digits:
1/3 = 0.33333...
1/7 = 0.142857142857...
1318/185 = 7.1243243243...
Every time this happens the number is still a rational number (i.e. can alternatively be represented as a ratio of an integer and a positive integer).
Also the converse is true:  The decimal expansion of a rational number is either finite, or endlessly repeating.

Conversion to fraction

Every decimal representation of a rational number can be converted to a fraction by converting it into a sum of the integer, non-repeating, and repeating parts and then converting that sum to a single fraction with a common denominator.

For example to convert  to a fraction one notes the lemma:

Thus one converts as follows:

If there are no repeating digits one assumes that there is a forever repeating 0, e.g. , although since that makes the repeating term zero the sum simplifies to two terms and a simpler conversion.

For example:

See also
Decimal
Series (mathematics)
IEEE 754
Simon Stevin

References

Further reading

Mathematical notation
Articles containing proofs

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ckb:نواندنی دەدەیی

Decimal representation


The Château de Guilleragues is a medieval, previously ruined but restored castle in the commune of Saint-Sulpice-de-Guilleragues in the Gironde département of France.

This early 14th-century castle, built at the side of a small valley, consists of a long rectangular building, composed of a fortified house flanked by two towers and two watchtowers at either extremity of an annexe of the same height, from 1564. The lower court and the common buildings in the north east also date from the 16th century.

Château de Guilleragues (pronunciation: [geeyerahg]) was built in many stages and went through many changes in its history. The oldest parts and foundations date back to the 12th century. Little is known about the earliest dates and status of the structure. More obvious are parts built in the 14th and 16th century.

The building must have been two or three separate structures initially, which were joined at some later point. The best known occupants of the castle are the De Lavergne family, who owned the castle in the 16th and 17th centuries. In fact, a major change took place in the 1560s, where windows were enlarged and added, doors where enlarged and many decorative features were added, changing the castle from a fortified structure with defense as its main function to a livable, more luxurious stately home.

In a large, intricate relief above the main entrance with columns, symbols and lions, the year '1564' is inscribed on the family coat of arms. This portal is listed separately in the historical monument (IMH) register. Displayed below is the coat of arms in detail, found elsewhere within the castle. It is the combination of Lavergne and Lestonnac arms.

The residence belonged in the 17th century to Gabriel-Joseph de Lavergne, Vicomte de Guilleragues, a brilliant diplomat and author of the Les Lettres portugaises (En. Letters of a Portuguese Nun). Privately owned, it has been listed since 1954 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture.
In the early 21st century the castle belonged to Jaye Muller, Count of Vexin.

See also
List of castles in France

References

External links
 Official website

Castles in Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Monuments historiques of Gironde

Château de Guilleragues


Peter H. Smith is a professor emeritus (he retired in 2013) at the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory of the University of Arizona, where he holds the inaugural Thomas R. Brown Distinguished Chair in Integrative Science.  He is also the principal investigator for the $420 million robotic explorer Phoenix which landed at the north pole of the planet Mars on May 25, 2008. Peter H. Smith's papers are held at the University of Arizona Special Collections Library.

Early life and education
Peter H. Smith was born December 2, 1947 in New York and was raised in Tucson, Arizona. Smith's father was Hugh H. Smith, a virologist who was part of the team at the Rockefeller Foundation who developed a vaccine for yellow fever in 1930's.  After his retirement from the Rockefeller Foundation, Hugh H. Smith worked at the University of Arizona and founded the Tucson Society of Tropical Medicine. Smith's mother was an opera singer.

Smith went to Tucson High School and received his bachelor's degree in physics in 1969 from the University of California, Berkeley and his master's degree  from the  University of Arizona Optical Sciences Center in 1977.  In 2009 he received a PhD in Optical Science from the University of Arizona.  Since 1978, he has worked at the University of Arizona Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, initially as a Research Assistant up the ladder to full professor with tenure.

Space exploration missions
Smith  worked on the Pioneer Venus mission of 1978 and the Pioneer Saturn mission of 1979,  mapped the surface of Saturn's largest moon Titan using the Hubble Space Telescope in 1994, and became Project Manager for a descent camera on the Huygens probe that landed on Titan in 2005.

Smith  designed the cameras for  Sojourner Rover of the Mars Pathfinder mission, the ill-fated Mars Polar Lander, and the subsequently cancelled Mars Surveyor Lander.  He helped to build the microscope for the ill-fated Beagle 2, and managed the  building of the 2005 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter HiRISE camera.  He serves on the science team for the Mars Exploration Rovers which landed in January 2004.

Smith's proposal for the Phoenix Mars Lander project was selected in 2003 as the first Scout mission to Mars. He was responsible for all aspects of the $420 million mission.

At present, Smith is a co-investigator for the NASA New Frontiers OSIRIS-REx Mission.

Awards
Smith has received many awards in his career including the NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal in 2010.

References

External links
 Lunar and Planetary Laboratory
 Phoenix Mars Mission

This article was originally based on material from the Phoenix project page, which is licensed under the GFDL.

21st-century American physicists
Planetary scientists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of Arizona alumni
University of Arizona faculty
Recipients of the Cullum Geographical Medal

Peter Smith (physicist)


Memoization (or memoisation) is a technique from computer programming to optimize a computer program. Computer programs call functions. Each function calculates a result it will return. Memoization  is simple: before the value is returned from the function call, it is stored in a table (or associative array). Like a cache, this array will only be able to store a limited number of results. The function can then be changed so it tries to look up the value of the input in its lookup table. This lookup is much less expensive than doing the calculation again. Also like a cache: the data table will be cleaned periodically, for examples the values that have not been lookued up for a given time are removed.

Although related to caching, memoization refers to a specific case of this optimization, distinguishing it from forms of caching such as buffering or page replacement. In the context of some logic programming languages, memoization is also known as tabling; see also lookup table.

Computer science

Memoization


A fossil-fuel power station is a power station that makes electricity by burning certain fuels. Its machines change the heat energy that comes from burning the fuels into mechanical energy. The mechanical energy is then used to work an electrical generator. The generator makes the electricity. The fuels used in these kind of power stations are fossil fuels, such as coal and natural gas, which when burnt give off carbon dioxide, which is a greenhouse gas.  Fossil-fuel power stations are the biggest cause of global warming.

Types
 Coal-fired power station
 Gas-fired power station

Power plants

Fossil-fuel power station


Lancelot de Casteau or de Chasteau or de Chestea, also known as Anseau de Chestea (died 1613) was the master chef for three prince-bishops of Liège in the 16th century: Robert de Berghes, Gérard de Groesbeek, and Ernest of Bavaria and the author of a cookbook, the Ouverture de cuisine, often considered the first cookbook to go beyond medieval recipes and to codify haute cuisine.

Biography

de Casteau was born in Mons. As an adult, he lived in Liège. In 1557, he organized a banquet for the Joyous Entry of Robert of Berghes. He was admitted to the bakers' guild in 1562, to the mercers' (merchants') guild in 1567, and became a burgher in 1571. He married Marie Josselet alias de Herck , and they had a daughter, Jeanne.

He was a rich burgher who owned considerable property but from 1601, the prince-bishop no longer paid for his services, and his financial situation deteriorated, forcing him to live with his daughter and his son-in-law, a goldsmith named Georges Libert, who supported him.

He died in 1613.

Ouverture de cuisine

de Casteau's book Ouverture de cuisine was published in 1604 and dedicated to Jean Curtius. The book is mentioned by multiple writers starting in the 18th century, but the last copy was thought to have been destroyed during the Napoleonic wars. In 1958, a private party offered a copy to the Royal Library of Belgium, which bought it. This is the only known copy.

It is the first cookbook published in French in the Low Countries, and is intermediate between medieval cuisine and the haute cuisine of the 17th century.

It contains early recipes for whipped cream and choux pastry.

Notes

External links
  Ouverture de cuisine, page images
  Ouverture de cuisine, French transcription
  Ouverture de cuisine, English translation

16th-century births
1613 deaths
Belgian chefs
Belgian food writers
People from the Prince-Bishopric of Liège
Renaissance people

Lancelot de Casteau


The Adivasi people of India look very different from the Dravidians and Aryans. Adivasi people face discrimination and it's hard for them to get jobs in the city areas. These groups have survived in the forest and mountain regions in India for many years. They were the first to inhabit India.

Adivasi people are facing discrimination for their skin color, their beliefs and their ethnicity.

Ethnic groups in India

Adivasi


The year 1961 was marked by many events that left an imprint on the history of Soviet and Russian Fine Arts.

Events
 Exhibition of work by Leningrad artists based on international travels was opened in Leningrad in the Leningrad Union of Artists. The participants were Piotr Belousov, Mikhail Kaneev, Boris Lavrenko, Yuri Neprintsev, Gleb Savinov, Vecheslav Zagonek, and other important Leningrad artists.
 Solo Exhibition of works by Piotr Buchkin was opened in the Leningrad Union of Artists.
 The Exhibition of Leningrad artists of 1961 was opened in Leningrad in the State Russian Museum. The participants were Piotr Alberti, Evgenia Antipova, Taisia Afonina, Vsevolod Bazhenov, Irina Baldina, Nikolai Baskakov, Yuri Belov, Piotr Belousov, Piotr Buchkin, Zlata Bizova, Nikolai Galakhov, Elena Gorokhova, Abram Grushko, Alexei Eriomin, Mikhail Kaneev, Mikhail Kozell, Engels Kozlov, Marina Kozlovskaya, Maya Kopitseva, Boris Korneev, Elena Kostenko, Anna Kostrova, Gevork Kotiantz, Yaroslav Krestovsky, Valeria Larina, Boris Lavrenko, Ivan Lavsky, Oleg Lomakin, Dmitry Maevsky, Gavriil Malish, Evsey Moiseenko, Alexei Mozhaev, Nikolai Mukho, Vera Nazina, Mikhail Natarevich, Anatoli Nenartovich, Samuil Nevelshtein, Yuri Neprintsev, Dmitry Oboznenko, Sergei Osipov, Vladimir Ovchinnikov, Nikolai Pozdneev, Alexander Pushnin, Galina Rumiantseva, Lev Russov, Maria Rudnitskaya, Ivan Savenko, Gleb Savinov, Vladimir Sakson, Alexander Samokhvalov, Vladimir Seleznev, Arseny Semionov, Alexander Semionov, Yuri Shablikin, Boris Shamanov, Alexander Shmidt, Nadezhda Shteinmiller, Elena Skuin, Galina Smirnova, Alexander Sokolov, Alexander Stolbov, Victor Teterin, Nikolai Timkov, Leonid Tkachenko, Mikhail Trufanov, Yuri Tulin, Ivan Varichev, Anatoli Vasiliev, Piotr Vasiliev, Valery Vatenin, Lazar Yazgur, Vecheslav Zagonek, Sergei Zakharov, Maria Zubreeva, and other important Leningrad artists.

Deaths
 August 3 - Pavel Sokolov-Scalia, Russian painter and graphic artists (born 1899).

Gallery of works of 1961

See also
 List of Russian artists
 List of painters of Leningrad Union of Artists
 Saint Petersburg Union of Artists
 Russian culture
 1961 in the Soviet Union

References

Sources
 Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1961. Exhibition catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1964.
 Piotr Buchkin. Exhibition Catalogue. — Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1961.
 Artists of peoples of the USSR. Biography Dictionary. Volume 1. - Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1970.
 Artists of peoples of the USSR. Biography Dictionary. Volume 2. - Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1972.
 Fine Arts of the Leningrad. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1976.
 Directory of Members of Union of Artists of USSR. Volume 1,2. - Moscow: Soviet Artist Edition, 1979.
 Directory of Members of the Leningrad branch of the Union of Artists of Russian Federation. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1980.
 Artists of peoples of the USSR. Biography Dictionary. Volume 4 Book 1. - Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1983.
 Directory of Members of the Leningrad branch of the Union of Artists of Russian Federation. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1987.
 Artists of peoples of the USSR. Biography Dictionary. Volume 4 Book 2. - Saint Petersburg: Academic project humanitarian agency, 1995.
 Link of Times: 1932 - 1997. Artists - Members of Saint Petersburg Union of Artists of Russia. Exhibition catalogue. - Saint Petersburg: Manezh Central Exhibition Hall, 1997.
 Matthew C. Bown. Dictionary of 20th Century Russian and Soviet Painters 1900-1980s. - London: Izomar, 1998.
 Vern G. Swanson. Soviet Impressionism. - Woodbridge, England: Antique Collectors' Club, 2001.
 Sergei V. Ivanov. Unknown Socialist Realism. The Leningrad School. - Saint-Petersburg: NP-Print Edition, 2007. - , .
 Anniversary Directory graduates of Saint Petersburg State Academic Institute of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture named after Ilya Repin, Russian Academy of Arts. 1915 - 2005. - Saint Petersburg: Pervotsvet Publishing House, 2007.
 Igor N. Pishny. The Leningrad School of painting. Socialist realism of 1930-1980s: Selected names. – Saint Petersburg: Kolomenskaya versta, 2008. - .

Art
Soviet Union

1961 in fine arts of the Soviet Union


The Taipei Grand Mosque () is a mosque in Taipei, Taiwan. It is the first and largest mosque in Taiwan. The original building of the mosque was built in 1947.

History
After the handover of Taiwan from Japan to the Republic of China (ROC) in 1945, the Chinese Muslim Association (CMA) in ROC capital, Nanking, established the preparatory committee to create the Taiwan branch of the CMA in 1947. Since there was no place for Chinese Muslim to pray in Taiwan at that time, they raised money to build the very first mosque in Taiwan which was located at Lishui Street in Taipei City. After they have finished constructing the mosque, Muslims started to pray there in August 1948.

After the Chinese Civil War in 1949, there were many Chinese Muslims fled Mainland China to Taiwan with the Nationalist (Kuomintang) government army. The first mosque was not enough to accommodate all of them, therefore they had to find a new place to rebuild the mosque. The new mosque was proposed by CMA Director-General Bai Chongxi and ROC Minister of Foreign Affairs George Yeh. The mosque was finally built at the Xinsheng South Street in Taipei. The mosque was inaugurated on 13 April 1960 by ROC Vice President Chen Cheng.

Architecture
The mosque was designed by Taiwanese famous architect Yang Cho-cheng, the same architect who had designed the Taipei Grand Hotel, Chang Kai-shek Memorial Hall, National Theater and Concert Hall and many other buildings in Taiwan. The mosque was registered as a historic landmark by the Taipei City Government on 29 June 1999.

Activities
The mosque houses the Chinese Muslim Association, the largest Islamic organization in Taiwan. It houses also the headquarter for the Chinese Islamic Cultural and Educational Foundation.

References

Mosques in Taiwan
Taipei

Taipei Grand Mosque


Claude Lefort (; ; 21 April 1924 – 3 October 2010) was a French philosopher and activist.

He was politically active by 1942 under the influence of his tutor, the phenomenologist Maurice Merleau-Ponty (whose posthumous publications Lefort later edited). By 1943 he was organising a faction of the Trotskyist Parti Communiste Internationaliste at the Lycée Henri-IV in Paris.

Lefort was impressed by Cornelius Castoriadis when he first met him. From 1946 he collaborated with him in the Chaulieu–Montal Tendency, so called from their pseudonyms Pierre Chaulieu (Castoriadis) and Claude Montal (Lefort). They published On the Regime and Against the Defence of the USSR, a critique of both the Soviet Union and its Trotskyist supporters. They suggested that the USSR was dominated by a social layer of bureaucrats, and that it consisted of a new kind of society as aggressive as Western European societies. By 1948, having tried to persuade other Trotskyists of their viewpoint, they broke away with about a dozen others and founded the libertarian socialist group Socialisme ou Barbarie. Lefort's text L'Expérience prolétarienne was important in shifting the group's focus towards forms of self-organisation.

For a time Lefort wrote for both the journal Socialisme ou Barbarie and for Les Temps Modernes. His involvement in the latter journal ended after a published debate during 1952–4 over Jean-Paul Sartre's article The Communists and Peace. Lefort was for a long time uncomfortable with Socialisme ou Barbarie's "organisationalist" tendencies. In 1958 he, Henri Simon and others left Socialisme ou Barbarie  and formed the group Informations et Liaison Ouvrières (Workers' Information and Liaison).

In his academic career, Lefort taught at the University of São Paulo, at the Sorbonne and at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), being affiliated to the Centre de recherches politiques Raymond Aron. He has written on the early political writers Niccolò Machiavelli and Étienne de La Boétie and explored "the Totalitarian enterprise" in its "denial of social division... [and] of the difference between the order of power, the order of law and the order of knowledge".

Biography
Lefort studied at the Sorbonne. He became a Marxist in his youth under the influence of his teacher, Maurice Merleau-Ponty. From 1944, he belonged to the small French Trotskyite. In 1946, he met Cornelius Castoriadis who came to Paris from Greece. Right away, they formed a faction in the Trotskyist Parti Communiste Internationaliste called "Chaulieu–Montal Tendency", that left the party and became the Socialism or Barbarism group and which, in 1949, started a journal with this name.

Socialism or Barbarism considered the USSR to be an example of state capitalism and gave its support to anti-bureaucratic revolts in Eastern Europe — especially the uprising in Budapest in 1956. Differences of opinion brought about a schism within Socialism or Barbarism, and Lefort sided with Henri Simon, one of the founders of the group Informations et Liaison Ouvrières (Workers' Information and Liaison)—later renamed "Informations et Correspondance Ouvrieres" (Worker's Information and Correspondence)—in 1958. That year he abandoned the idea and ideology of political revolution and ceased his militant activism.

After having worked amongst other places, in 1947 and 1948 for UNESCO, in 1949 Lefort passed the aggregation in philosophy: he taught at the high school in Nîmes (1950) and in Reims (1951). In 1951, he was recruited as a sociology assistant at the Sorbonne by Georges Gurvitch. In the year 1952 (following a dispute with Gurvitch), he was detached from the sociology section of the CNRS, until 1966, with a break of two years (1953–1954), when he was professor of philosophy at University of São Paulo (Brazil). As for the CNRS, the support of Raymond Aron led to his recruitment as a teacher of sociology at the University of Caen, where he worked from 1966 to 1971, the year when he defended as his doctoral thesis his book on Machiavelli, The Labour of Work. That same year, he was again hired as a researcher in the sociology section of the CNRS until 1976, when he joined the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, where he stayed until his retirement in 1989.

The intellectual work of Lefort is strongly tied to his participation, often tension filled, in successive journals. With  ("Modern Times") – introduced by Merleau-Ponty – he took part in the "gatherings of collaborators" and wrote from 1945 until his debate with J. P. Sartre in 1953. In Socialism or Barbarism (which lasted from 1949 to 1967 and of which he was the co-founder), he was active until 1950, then from 1955 to 1958. He was involved in Textures (established in 1969) from 1971 to the end (1975) and there he brought in Castoriadis and Miguel Abensour. With them (as well as Pierre Clastres and Marcel Gauchet) he created Libre in 1977, which was published up until 1980, when there were some disagreements with Castoriadis as well as with Gauchet. From 1982 to 1984, he led Passé-Present where amongst others Miguel Abensour, ,  and Pierre Pachet participated. These last two as well as Claude Habib formed the reading committee of the Littérature et Politique that Lefort founded for the publisher Éditions Belin in 1987.

No doubt he assigned less importance to the research centers at which he had participated in EHESS: the CECMAS (center of the study of mass communication), founded by Georges Friedmann and which welcomed Edgar Morin, then the Centre Aron, which he frequented just before his death.

When Merleau-Ponty died in 1961, Lefort took charge of the publication of his manuscripts. In the 1970s, he developed an analysis of bureaucratic regimes of Eastern Europe. He read The Gulag Archipelago and published a book on Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. His main ideas on Stalinist totalitarianism were published in 1981 in a collection titled .

Philosophical work

Conception of totalitarianism
Lefort was part of the political theorists who put forward the relevance of a notion of totalitarianism which was relevant to Stalinism as well as fascism, and considered totalitarianism as different in its essence from the big categories used in the western world since ancient Greece, like the notions of dictatorship or tyranny. However, contrary to the authors like Hannah Arendt who limited the notion to Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union between 1936 and 1953, Lefort applied it to the regimes of Eastern Europe in the second half of the century, that is, to an era when terror, a central element of totalitarianism for the other authors, had lost its most extreme dimensions.

It is in the study of these regimes, and the reading of The Gulag Archipelago (1973) by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, where he developed his analysis of totalitarianism.

The double fence society
Lefort characterizes the totalitarian system by a double "fence": Totalitarianism abolishes the separation between state and society: the political power permeates society, and all preexisting human relations – class solidarity, professional or religious cooperations – tend to be replaced with a one-dimensional hierarchy between those who order and those who obey. This is made possible especially through the association between state and the party hierarchy which is always very close, so that the party hierarchy becomes the effective power. Lefort, like other theorists, thus identifies the destruction of public space and its fusion with the political power as a key element of totalitarianism.

Totalitarianism denies what Lefort calls "the principle of internal divisions of society", and its conception of society is marked by "the affirmation of the totality". Every organization, association or profession is thus subordinated to the planning of the state. The differences of opinion, one of the values of democracy, is abolished so that the entire social body is directed towards the same goal; even personal tastes become politicized and must be standardized. The aim of totalitarianism is to create a united and a closed society, in which the components are not individuals and which is defined completely by the same goals, the same opinions and the same practices. Stalinism thus knew the "identification of the people to the proletariat, of the proletariat to the party, of the party to the management, of the management to the 'Égocrate'".

Lefort demonstrates the central difference between totalitarianism and dictatorship: a dictatorship can admit competing transcendental principles, like religion; the ideology of the totalitarian party is religion. A dictatorship does not aim for the destruction and absorption of society, and a dictatorial power is a power of the state against society, that presupposes the distinction of the two; the plan of a totalitarian party is to merge state with society in a closed, united and uniform system, subordinated under the fulfilment of a plan – "socialism" in the case of the USSR. Lefort calls this system "people-one": "The process of identification of power and society, the process of homogenisation of the social space, the process of the closing up of society and the authority to enchain it in order to constitute the totalitarian system."

The organicist vision of society
The totalitarian system, unified and organized, presents itself like a body, the "social body": "dictatorship, bureaucracy and apparatus need a new system of bodies". Lefort returns to the theories of Ernst Kantorowicz on the "two bodies of the king", in which the person of the totalitarian leader, besides his physical and mortal body, is a political body representing the one-people. In order to ensure its proper functioning and to maintain its unity, the totalitarian system requires an Other, "the evil other", a representation of the exterior, the enemy, against which the party combats, "the representative of the forces of the old society (kulaks, bourgeois), [...] the emissary of the stranger, of the imperialistic world".

The division between the interior and the exterior, between the One-people and the Other, is the only division that totalitarianism tolerates, since it is founded upon this division. Lefort insists on the fact that "the constitution of the One-people necessitates the incessant production of enemies" and also speaks of their "invention". For example, Stalin prepared to attack the Jews of USSR when he died, i.e., designing a new enemy, and in the same way, Mussolini had declared that bourgeois would be eliminated in Italy after World War II.

The relation between the one-people and the Other is a prophylactic command: the enemy is a "parasite to eliminate", a "waste". This exceeds the simple rhetorical effect that was commonly used in the contemporary political discourse, yet in an underlying way it is part of the metaphorical vision of the totalitarian society as a body. This vision explained how the existence both of enemies of the state and their presence in the bosom of the population, were seen as an illness. The violence roused against them was, in this organicist metaphor, a fever, a symptom of the fight of the social body against the illness, in the sense that "the campaign against the enemy is feverish: the fever is good, it's the sign, in the society, of the evil to counteract".

The situation of the totalitarian leader within this system is paradoxical and uncertain, for he is at the same time a part of the system – its head, who commands the rest – and the representation of the system – everything. He is therefore the incarnation of the "one-power", i.e., the power executed in all parts of the "one-people".

The fragility of the system
Lefort didn't consider totalitarianism as a situation almost as an ideal type, which could potentially be realized through terror and extermination. He rather sees in it a set of processes which have endings that cannot be known, thus their success cannot be determined. If the will of the totalitarian party to realize the perfect unity of the social body controls the magnitude of its action, it also implies that the goal is impossible to achieve because its development necessarily leads to contradictions and oppositions. "Totalitarianism is a regime with a prevailing sense of being gnawed away by the absurdity of its own ambition (total control by the party) and the active or passive resistance of those subjected to it" summarised the political scientist Dominique Colas.

Conception of democracy
Claude Lefort formulates his conception of democracy by mirroring his conception of totalitarianism, developing it in the same way by analyzing regimes of Eastern Europe and USSR. For Lefort democracy is the form of society characterized by the institutionalization of conflict within society, the division of social body; it recognizes and even considers legitimate the existence of divergent interests, conflicting opinions, visions of the world that are opposed and even incompatible. Lefort's vision makes the disappearance of the leader as a political body – the putting to death of the king, as Kantorowicz calls it – the founding moment of democracy because it makes the seat of power, hitherto occupied by an eternal substance transcending the mere physical existence of monarchs, into an "empty space" where groups with shared interests and opinions can succeed each other, but only for a time and at the will of elections. Power is no longer tied to any specific programme, goal, or proposal; it is nothing but a collection of instruments put temporarily at the disposal of those who win a majority. "In Lefort's invented and inventive democracy," writes Dominique Colas, "power comes from the people and belongs to no one."

Democracy is thus a regime marked by its vagueness, its incompleteness, against which totalitarianism establishes itself. This leads Lefort to regard as "democratic" every form of opposition and protest against totalitarianism. The opposition and protest creates, in a way, a democratic space within the totalitarian system. Democracy is innovation, the start of new movements, the designation of new issues in the struggle against oppression, it is a "creative power capable of weakening, even slaying the totalitarian Leviathan". A Leviathan whose paradoxical frailty Lefort emphasises.

The separation of civil society from the state, which characterizes modern democracy, is made possible by the disembodiment of society. A democratic country can also experience this inventive character when any group of citizens with a legitimate struggle may seek to establish new rights or defend its interests.

Lefort does not reject representative democracy, but does not limit democracy to it. For instance, he includes the social movements in the sphere of legitimate political debate.

Publications
La Brèche, en collaboration avec Edgar Morin, P. Coudray (pseudonyme de Cornelius Castoriadis), Fayard, Paris, 1968.
Éléments d'une critique de la bureaucratie, Droz, Genève, 1971. 2nd edition with Gallimard, Paris, 1979.
"The Age of Novelty". Telos 29 (Fall 1976). Telos Press, New York..
Le Travail de l'œuvre, Machiavel, Gallimard, Paris, 1972 (republié coll. « Tel », 1986).
Un Homme en trop. Essai sur l'archipel du goulag de Soljénitsyne, Le Seuil, Paris, 1975 (republié, Le Seuil poche – 1986).
Les Formes de l'histoire, Gallimard, Paris, 1978.
Sur une colonne absente. Autour de Merleau-Ponty, Gallimard, Paris, 1978.
L'Invention démocratique. Les Limites de la domination totalitaire, Fayard, Paris, 1981.
Essais sur le politique : XIXe et XXe siècles, Seuil, Paris, 1986.
Écrire à l'épreuve du politique, Calmann-Lévy, Paris, 1992.
La Complication, Fayard, Paris, 1999.
Les Formes de l'histoire. Essais d'anthropologie politique, Gallimard, Paris, «Folio Essais», 2000.
 Le Temps présent, Belin, Paris, 2007.

English translations
The Political Forms of Modern Society: Bureaucracy, Democracy, Totalitarianism (MIT Press, 1986)
Democracy and Political Theory (MIT Press, 1989)
Writing: The Political Test (Duke University Press, 2000)
Complications: Communism and the Dilemmas of Democracy (Columbia University Press, 2007)
Machiavelli in the Making (Northwestern University Press, 2012)
"Proletarian Experience (1952)", Viewpoint Magazine 3 (September 2013).

References

Sources

1924 births
2010 deaths
20th-century French non-fiction writers
20th-century French philosophers
20th-century French writers
21st-century French non-fiction writers
21st-century French philosophers
Anti-Stalinist left
French activists
French male non-fiction writers
French male writers
French political philosophers
French Trotskyists
Libertarian socialists
Lycée Henri-IV alumni
Marxist theorists
Phenomenologists
Philosophers of culture
Philosophers of education
Philosophers of history
Philosophers of law
Philosophy writers
Political philosophers
Academic staff of the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences
Social philosophers
Theorists on Western civilization
University of Paris alumni
Academic staff of the University of Paris
Writers from Paris

Claude Lefort


Generoso Pope (April 1, 1891 – April 28, 1950) was an Italian-American businessman and the owner of a chain of Italian-language newspapers in major American cities.

Family

Generoso was born with the name Generoso Antonio Pompilio Carlo Papa. He was the son of farmers Fortunato and Fortunata Papa. His last name is an anglicized version of his birth name, "Papa" being the Italian form of address for the Pope. After coming to the United States, he fathered three sons with his wife Catherine (1896-1998). His eldest son, Fortunato "Fortunate", (1918–1996) graduated from Columbia University and became an executive in the family construction business. Anthony (1919–2005), who was the middle son, took over the family business and quadrupled the size of Colonial Sand and Stone Company in less than four years. Generoso Pope Jr. (1927–1988) graduated from Massachusetts Institute of Technology at age 19 and purchased what was to become the National Enquirer in 1952, two years after his father's death.

Career
Generoso Pope arrived in the United States as Generoso Papa at age fifteen as a steerage passenger on the S/S Madonna in May 1906; he settled in New York City and found work carrying water for construction crews for $3 a week. He rose to construction supervisor and, eventually, owner of Colonial Sand & Stone, which was the largest sand and gravel company in the world.

In 1912, Pope established Pope Foods to import Italian foods.  He bought the Italian-language daily newspaper Il Progresso Italo-Americano in 1928 for $2,050,000,  which would convert to $261,000,000 in the modern day economy. He doubled its circulation to 200,000 in New York City, making it the largest Italian-language daily in the country. He purchased additional papers in New York, including Il Bollettino della Sera, Il Corriere d'America, and the Philadelphia daily L'Opinione. He also owned the radio station, WHOM. He became the chief source of political, social, and cultural information for the community.

A conservative Democrat who ran the Columbus Day parade and admired Mussolini, Pope was the most powerful enemy of anti-Fascism among Italian Americans. He was closely associated with Tammany Hall politics in New York, and his newspapers played a vital role in securing the Italian vote for Franklin D. Roosevelt's Democratic tickets. With his presidential friendships, Generoso was able to make Columbus Day into a national holiday in 1934. He also founded the Columbus Day Parade in New York City, which is still the world's largest Columbus Day Parade.

Pope served as chairman of the Italian Division of the Democratic National Committee in 1936, and helped persuade the president to take a neutral attitude over Italy's invasion of Ethiopia. He broke with Benito Mussolini in 1941 and enthusiastically supported the American war effort. In the late 1940s, Pope supported and helped secure the vote for William O'Dwyer as New York City mayor in 1945 and Harry S. Truman as president. His business concerns continued to prosper under New York's Democratic administrations. In the early years of the Cold War, Pope was a leading anti-Communist, orchestrating a letter writing campaign by his subscribers to stop the Communists from winning the Italian elections in 1948.

Death

Generoso Pope died of a heart ailment at age 59 in April 1950. At the time of his death, he lived at 1040 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, the later home of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis. Pope was interred at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx, New York City, within a private mausoleum adjacent to Central Avenue, the cemetery's main road. His wife, Catherine Richichi Pope, died 48 years later in 1998 at age 101. The entire Pope family is interred at Woodlawn except for Gene, Jr., who is buried at Our Lady Queen of Peace Catholic Cemetery in Royal Palm Beach, Florida.

Legacy
The St. Francis College athletics complex in Brooklyn, New York, is named after Generoso Pope. The complex houses the college's NCAA Division I teams and was erected in 1971. In addition, Pope Hall at Saint Peter's College in Jersey City, New Jersey, was dedicated to Generoso in 1971. The Generoso Pope Foundation is located in Tuckahoe, New York. There is also a dedication mural for Generoso Pope at Lawrence Hospital in Bronxville, New York.

References

External links
Generoso Pope Foundation
Generoso Pope at Find A Grave

1891 births
1950 deaths
American people of Italian descent
20th-century American newspaper publishers (people)
American newspaper chain founders
Publishers (people) of Italian-language newspapers in the United States
New York (state) Democrats
Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)
American fascists
People from the Upper East Side

Generoso Pope


Taras Kiceniuk Jr. (born c. May 14, 1954) is a hang glider pioneer from southern California.

Kiceniuk began building hang gliders in 1971 while still in high school. At first he flew his gliders near Palomar Mountain where his father was curator of the Palomar Observatory but later began flying at Torrey Pines Glider Port in La Jolla. He soon moved from the traditional Rogallo wing design to a rigid flying wing biplane design he called Icarus. Icarus I is now at the Smithsonian Institution awaiting restoration and display. Kiceniuk set several endurance records with Icarus II. Icarus III and Icarus IV were abandoned in the design phase in favor of a monoplane configuration for Icarus V.  Icarus V was a precursor to the modern rigid wing hang glider. In 2005 Icarus V was one of eight ultralight aircraft displayed at the Experimental Aircraft Association's Tribute to Ultralight Pioneers exhibit at their AirVenture Museum in Oshkosh, Wisconsin.

Kiceniuk was also a contender for the first Kremer Prize for human-powered flight.  He later worked with Dr. Paul MacCready on MacCready's Gossamer Albatross.

Kiceniuk Icarus I
The Kiceniuk Icarus I was a hang glider designed, built and flown by Kiceniuk in the early 1970s.

At a time when most hang gliders used a flexible Rogallo wing, Icarus I used a rigid flying wing biplane configuration. Unlike other hang gliders of the time, the Icarus was not steered by the pilot shifting his body weight. Instead, Icarus I had two large rudders mounted near the wing tips, controlled by hand levers. These rudders made Icarus I much more maneuverable than other hang gliders. Pitch was controlled by the pilot shifting his body weight fore and aft. The pilot flew in a reclining position, rather than the prone position used by other hang gliders.

Icarus I is now at the Smithsonian Institution awaiting restoration and display.

Specifications
Crew: one, pilot
Passengers: none
Length: 5.94 m (19 ft 6 in) (see talk page)
Wingspan: 9.17 m (30 ft 1 in)
Height:	1 m (3 ft 3 in)
Empty:	24.5 kg (54 lb)

Kiceniuk Icarus II
The Kiceniuk Icarus II was the second in a series of hang gliders designed by Kiceniuk.

Like Kiceniuk Icarus I, Icarus II was a rigid biplane flying wing. Its most notable improvement over Icarus I was that the wings were swept back more steeply. It was steered by hand controlled rudders, unlike Rogallo wing hang gliders of the time that were steered by the pilot shifting their body weight. Also unlike other hang gliders, the pilot flew in a sitting position rather than a prone position. The Federal Aviation Administration recognized Icarus II as an ultra-light aircraft and issued Kiceniuk with the registration N55TK number for it.

Kiceniuk set several endurance records with Icarus II and many copies were built from plans he sold.

Specifications

PERFORMANCE

Speed range: 18 - 45 mph
Take-off airspeed: 20
Landing airspeed approach: 20-25
Landing airspeed, flare out: 4-6
Stall speed: 18
Best glide speed: 20
Minimum sink speed: 19
Sink rate minimum: 210 ft/min
Glide ratio maximum:8.5
Glide ratio minimum: 1.0
Bank angle: 60 degrees +

DIMENSIONS

Wing span (trailing edge): 30'
Wing area sq ft: 192
Aspect ratio: 5.6
Wing loading lb/ft2: 0.88-1.28
Chord: 41"
Configuration: biplane
airfoil: Eiffel.07
Sweep: 15 degrees
Washout: 4 1/2degrees
Weight lb: 55
Pilot weight max lb: 200
Design "G" load: 4
Ultimate "G" load: 6
Folded size: 16"x41"x16'

Kiceniuk Icarus V

The Kiceniuk Icarus V was the fifth designed and third built in a series of hang gliders designed by Kiceniuk.

Kiceniuk's Icarus I and Icarus II were revolutionary hang gliders. These were rigid biplane flying wings, with hand-controlled rudders, in which the pilot flew in a reclining position. This was at a time when most hang gliders were Rogallo wings that the pilot steered solely by shifting his body weight. Kiceniuk abandoned the designs for Icarus III and Icarus IV in favor of a monoplane configuration for Icarus V.

Icarus V was a swept wing, constant-chord, flying wing monoplane with a  span. Construction was of cable-braced aluminum tubing covered with fabric. The leading edge had foam sheet formed over aluminum ribs. It had an efficient high-lift airfoil giving it a glide ratio of 10:1, which was remarkable for a hang glider (Rogallo wings were hardly more than steerable parachutes with glide ratios of around 3:1). Icarus V had hanging winglet rudders and was flown in a reclining position.

Many Icarus Vs were built from plans sold by Kiceniuk and it was also commercially produced by Free-Flight Systems, Inc. of Sylmar, California. The Icarus series, especially Icarus V, were instrumental in the development of the modern 'rigid wing' hang glider. Although its performance was astounding, the foldable, portable Rogallo flexible wings retained their popularity because the Rogallo wing dramatically reduced difficulty in storage, transport, assembly and repair. In addition, the flexible wing could always be redesigned to improve the performance far more easily than a rigid wing could be designed for portability. Hang gliders eventually evolved to a slender efficient wing like that of the Icarus V while retaining the portability of the Rogallo wing.

Kiceniuk's Icarus V from 1973 is one of eight ultralight aircraft displayed at the Experimental Aircraft Association's Tribute to Ultralight Pioneers exhibit at their AirVenture Museum in Oshkosh, Wisconsin.

Specifications
Crew: one, pilot
Passengers: none
Length:
Wingspan:
Chord:
Wing area:
Height:
Empty:
Stall speed:
Maximum speed: Over

Patents
 US design patent D0576541
 Articulated cane

References

External links
Kiceniuk's human-powered aircraft
Icarus V air-to-air
Icarus I at the National Air & Space Museum

Living people
American aviators
Gliding in the United States
Flight endurance record holders
Glider flight record holders
American aviation record holders
Year of birth missing (living people)
Glider pilots

Taras Kiceniuk Jr.


The Baltimore Painter was an Apulian vase painter whose works date to the final quarter of the 4th century BC. He is considered the most important Late Apulian vase painter, and the last Apulian painter of importance. His conventional name is derived from a vase kept at the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore.

The Baltimore Painter's early work was strongly influenced by the Patera Painter. He mainly painted large format volute kraters, amphorae, loutrophoroi and hydriai. It is likely that his workshop was at Canosa.

He depicted sepulchral scenes (naiskos vases), usually depicting a naiskos on the front and a grave stele on the back, often characterised by figures in yellow-orange garments), mythological and dionysiac scenes, as well as erotes, weddings and scenes from the life of women.

Stylistically, especially in regard to vase shapes and pictorial themes, his work is very similar to that of the Underworld Painter. The Baltimore Painter's work is characterised by rich and fine detail, especially in ornamentation. Several painters were closely associated with him, including the Stoke-on-Trent Painter, who was either a very close colleague or may in fact be identical with him, and the painters of the T.C.-Group. His successors include the probable heir of his workshop, the White-Sakkos Painter, other painters of the White-Sakkos Group, the Sansone Painter, the Stuttgart Group and the Kantharos Group.

Bibliography

Arthur Dale Trendall. Rotfigurige Vasen aus Unteritalien und Sizilien. Ein Handbuch. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz, 1991 (Kulturgeschichte der Antiken Welt Bd. 47), esp. p. 115-118 .

4th-century BC deaths
Ancient Greek vase painters
Anonymous artists of antiquity
People from Apulia
Year of birth unknown

Baltimore Painter


Selborne Common is a  biological Site of Special Scientific Interest west of Selborne in Hampshire. It is a Nature Conservation Review site, Grade I, and is part of the East Hampshire Hangers Special Area of Conservation. It is managed by the National Trust.

Topography
The Common occupies the crown of Selborne Hill, an easterly guardian of the Hampshire Downs. The highest part has an elevation of  above sea level. The southerly and westerly flanks slope away gently; on the other sides the contours are steeper. The steepest slope of all, with a maximum gradient of about 50%, overlooks the village and is called "Selborne Hanger". To the west of this is Coneycroft Hill, which in places is almost as precipitous. Between Selborne Hanger and Coneycroft Hill is a deep dell.

Geology
The soil on the Common consists of clay with flints, overlying the chalk of which the South Downs are made. The watercourses are underground and discharge into the Oakhanger Stream, flowing north-eastwards, and the Caker Stream, flowing northwards. Both ultimately join the River Wey.

Flora
The steepest slopes are clad in ancient beechwood (Fagus sylvatica): a "hanger", in East Hampshire, is just such a beechwood. The plateau is occupied by more beechwood, mixed with other broad-leaved species such as English oak (Quercus robur), ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), and in places is scrubby. A small part of the plateau comprises open grassland with scattered gorse (Ulex europaeus) and stands of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum). Other, smaller areas of chalk grassland have recently been recreated elsewhere.

The Common is noted for its wild flowers, with thriving communities of yellow archangel (Galeobdolon luteum), wood spurge (Euphorbia amygdaloides) and wood anemone (Anemone nemorosa). Spurge-laurel (Daphne laureola) is sparsely but widely distributed. The Common is also home to such interesting species as stinking hellebore (Helleborus foetidus), green hellebore (H. viridis ssp. occidentalis), bird's nest orchid (Neottia nidus-avis), violet helleborine (Epipactis purpurata), the extreme rarity E. x schulzei (first British record here, 1931), and green-flowered helleborine (E. phyllanthes).

Fauna
Various rare molluscs and insects have been recorded. Butterflies on the Common include the Duke of Burgundy (Hamearis lucina), silver-washed fritillary (Argynnis paphia) and purple emperor (Apatura iris).

The avifauna includes most of the species typical of broad-leaved woodland in southern England, such as sparrowhawk (Accipter nisus), stock dove (Columba oenas), tawny owl (Strix aluco), European green woodpecker (Picus viridis), great spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos major), garden warbler (Sylvia borin), blackcap (S. atricapilla), chiffchaff (Phylloscopus collybita), spotted flycatcher (Muscicapa striata), marsh tit (Parus palustris), nuthatch (Sitta europaea), treecreeper Certhia familiaris and jay (Garrulus glandarius).

Buzzards (Buteo buteo) regularly hunt over the tree canopy. Hobby (Falco subbuteo), woodcock (Scolopax rusticola), common firecrest (Regulus ignicapillus) and brambling (Fringilla montifringilla) are occasional visitors. Selborne Common is a reliable place to find the wood warbler (Phylloscopus sibilatrix).

Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius) are resident mammals.

History and management
From the prehistoric or Romano-British period there is evidence of a field system, which may have been re-used during the Middle Ages. The Common has not been ploughed since then.

Earthworks on the western boundary have tentatively been dated to the mid thirteenth century, when Newton Park was emparked. An earth bank, running across the Common, has been dated to around 1750 and was probably used to protect coppice woodland from grazing animals.

During the eighteenth century, the lord of the manor felled beeches on the Common. Local people exercised their common rights to graze cattle and sheep and to collect firewood, activities which continued into the 1950s.

In mediaeval times the nearby Selborne Priory was lord of the manor of Selborne; the manor subsequently passed to Magdalen College, Oxford, which donated it to the National Trust in 1932. Cattle have recently been reintroduced in an attempt to reconstruct the ancient, flower-rich, wood-pasture habitat which commoning produced and which has almost disappeared from England.

A dew pond, Wood Pond, is situated near the western boundary.

Gilbert White
Selborne Common is internationally famous for its association with the eighteenth-century naturalist, Gilbert White.

Access
The Common is freely accessible to all, subject to the National Trust's byelaws. It is best approached from Selborne, via the (steep) Zig-Zag or Bostal paths (car park behind the Selborne Arms public house, Ordnance Survey reference ). A more level track leads to the Common from Newton Valence; footpaths join it also from the south-east and north-west. After rain and especially in winter, some paths can become very muddy.

Selborne Common is on the Hangers Way.

References

Bibliography
Brewis, Anne, et al. (1996) The Flora of Hampshire. Harley Books,
Summary of the archaeology by Chris Webb, Property Manager
The Common Lands of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight: A Biological Survey
National Trust page about Selborne Common

National Trust properties in Hampshire
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Hampshire
Geography of Hampshire
Nature Conservation Review sites
Special Areas of Conservation in England

Selborne Common


The Musée de Radio France was a museum operated by Radio France and located in the Maison de Radio-France, near the Pont de Grenelle in the XVIe arrondissement at 116, avenue du Président Kennedy, Paris, France. The museum was established in 1966, and contained a remarkable collection of radios and televisions from their origins to the present day, including the 1793 telegraph by Claude Chappe and early crystal radios. The museum's 2000 objects include prototypes and commercial devices, archival documents, photographs, and manuscripts, replicas of early radio laboratories and studios, and exhibits featuring research by Edouard Branly, Lee de Forest, Heinrich Hertz, Guglielmo Marconi, James Clerk Maxwell, and Alexander Stepanovich Popov.  In 2007, the museum was closed to the public due to the renovation of the Maison de Radio France.

See also
 List of museums in Paris

References

 Paris.org description

Musee de Radio France
Defunct museums in Paris
Musee de Radio France
Museums established in 1966
Musee de Radio France
Telecommunications museums
Musee de Radio France
Museums disestablished in 2007

Musée de Radio France


The Battle of Sunomatagawa was a Japanese battle. It took place in Nanaimo, a place in Japan, in 1181 AD. Minamoto no Yukiie and his army found Taira no Tomomori's army across the river. They swam the river and attacked them. But Tomomori's people could tell the difference between the wet enemies and their dry people and forced them back across the river.

1181
Battles
12th century in Japan

Battle of Sunomatagawa


The Army Wounded Warrior Program (AW2) is the official U.S. Army program that assists and advocates for severely wounded, ill or injured Soldiers, Veterans, and their Families and Caregivers, wherever they are located, regardless of military status. Soldiers who qualify for AW2 are assigned to the program as soon as possible after arriving at the Warrior Transition Unit (WTU). AW2 supports these Soldiers and their Families throughout their recovery and transition, even into Veteran status. Through the local, personalized support of AW2 Advocates, AW2 strives to foster the Soldier's independence. There are more than 20,000  severely wounded, ill and injured Soldiers and Veterans currently enrolled in AW2.

Eligibility requirements
In order to be considered eligible for entry into AW2, Soldiers must suffer
from wounds, illnesses, or injuries incurred in the line of duty after
September 10, 2001 AND receive or expect to receive at least a 30% rating from the Integrated Disability Evaluation System (IDES) for one of the conditions listed below:
 Blindness or severe loss of vision
 Loss of limb
 Hearing loss or deafness
 Burns or permanent disfigurement
 Paralysis/spinal cord injury
 Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
 Fatal and incurable disease with limited life expectancy of one year or less
 Receive a 30 percent IDES (Army) disability rating for any other combat related condition or condition caused by an instrumentality of war, including Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and other Behavioral Health (BH) conditions
 Receive a combined 50 percent IDES (Army) disability rating for any other combat related conditions or conditions caused by an instrumentality of war

At this time there are no exceptions to AW2 entry criteria. However, AW2 is currently evaluating the appeals process.

AW2 Advocates
Upon enrollment in the U.S. Army Wounded Warrior Program (AW2), each Soldier is assigned an AW2 Advocate, who helps the Soldier with the recovery and transition process, fostering the Soldier's independence. Together, AW2 Advocates and AW2 Soldiers collaborate to set goals for the Soldiers' and Families' future.  AW2 Advocates are located at Warrior Transition Units (WTUs), military treatment facilities (MTFs), most Army installations and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) facilities to provide personalized local support on a wide range of issues and resources.

Warrior Care and Transition Program
The  Army's Warrior Care and Transition Program (WCTP), headquartered in Arlington, Virginia, evaluates and treats wounded, ill and injured Soldiers through a comprehensive, Soldier-centric process of medical care, rehabilitation, professional development and achievement of personal goals. Led by the Army's Warrior Transition Command (WTC), the WCTP serves an essential role, not only in managing the care and recovery of Soldiers evacuated from theater, but also those preparing to deploy and those who have returned from combat that require complex care management to cope with the effects of war and multiple deployments. WTC works to ensure everything possible is done to enable Soldiers to return to duty. WTC also plays an important role in ensuring Reserve Component Soldiers receive the care they require prior to and after deployment to remain mission ready. AW2 is a key program in executing the WCTP. WCTP is a subordinate command of United States Army Medical Command.

Services provided by other military branches
Wounded or disabled Veterans from other branches of service are served through other programs.
 U.S. Marine Corps: the Marine For Life program and the Wounded Warrior Regiment, which has battalion headquarters on the east and west coasts.
 U.S. Air Force: Air Force Wounded Warrior Program (AFW2) for airmen with certain combat-related injuries.
 U.S. Navy: Safe Harbor provides personalized support and assistance to severely injured sailors and their families.

See also
 Warrior Games (multi-sport event)

References

External links

 Official AW2 Web site
 AW2 Fact Sheets
 U.S. Army Warrior Transition Command Web site
 U.S. Army Integrated Disability Evaluation System Web page
 Veterans Administration schedule for rating disabilities
 FBI

War on terror
United States military support organizations
2004 establishments in the United States
American veterans' organizations
Rehabilitation medicine

Army Wounded Warrior Program


A vacuum cleaner is a device that cleans dust and dirt from floors. Sometimes it is just called a vacuum. The word vacuum comes from the fact that it uses the force of a vacuum to suck dirt into a large chamber from which it can be dumped into the garbage.

In the 1920s, an Ohio janitor named James Murray Spangler created a carpet sweeping contraption out of a soap box, a broom handle, a pillowcase, and an electric motor. He then began to sell his machine to local housewives. The first plastic vacuum cleaner was produced in the 1930s, and the precursor to modern central vac systems was created in 1952 by the Hoover Company, whose name was now synonymous with "vacuuming". By the 1960s, vacuum cleaners were much more lightweight and easy to use.

There are several types of vacuum cleaners:
 Upright vacuum cleaners
 Canister vacuum cleaners
 Robot vacuum cleaners
 Handheld vacuum cleaners
 Car vacuum cleaners
 Carpet cleaners

References

Home appliances

Vacuum cleaner


Molasses (Known as treacle in the United Kingdom if it was made to be eaten by humans) is a by-product of sugar canes or sugar beets being turned into sugar. It is like a thick syrup. Some people also call molasses sorghum syrup. The quality of the molasses depends on how the sugar is refined. Molasses is like a black golden syrup type liquid.

Molasses is the base for making rum. Sometimes vodka is also made from molasses.

History
Molasses was first imported to United States by the British, (The Sugar Act, 1764), during the early times of the United States. The United States got sugar from southern islands. While the United States was getting sugar, they decided to ask for the leftover material, or molasses. The United States then used the molasses for their personal use, as well as making it into rum to trade with other nations.

Sweeteners

Molasses


A trading post is a place where trade takes place. The path to a trading post, or between trading posts, is known as a trade route.

Trading posts were common places in Canada and the United States when they were both new countries. People used trading posts to trade fur and other things.

Trading posts are also used in many campsites across the United States and Canada as places to buy snacks and other things.

The clerk was in charge of a trading post and a fur trader owned the trading post.

Commerce
Trade

Trading post


Žakovce (, ) is a village and municipality in Kežmarok District in the Prešov Region of north Slovakia.

History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1209. It was a village inhabited by Carpathian Germans from its foundation till January 1945.

Geography
The municipality lies at an altitude of 671 meters and covers an area of 16.031 km².
It has a population of about 705 people.

Culture
The village was portrayed in the 2014 documentary film  by .

Sources
 History Webpage by Thomas Reimer
 Historical website, based on the 2009 Eisdorf-Book.
 "800 Jahre Eisdorf: Erstes deutsches Dorf unter der Hohen Tatra," Inge Schmidt, ed., (Bietigheim-Bissigheim: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Eisdorf, 2009). Published by the association of the pre-1945 inhabitants and their descendants.
 "Osemstoročne Žakovce", Ivan Chalupecky & kol., Kežmarok: Vivit 2009. While the German book focuses on the 750 years of German life in Eisdorf, the Slovak book focuses more on the 50 years of Slovak/Ruthenian life of the new settlers, who mainly came from the village of Blažov, cleared to become part of the military training area of Javorina.  The two groups met in 2009 in a moving 800 year celebration.

External links

http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html

Villages and municipalities in Kežmarok District

Žakovce


Jaime Benito Fuster Berlingeri (January 12, 1941 – December 3, 2007) was a politician who served as an Associate Justice to the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico. Justice Fuster, along with Justice Liana Fiol Matta, was considered the leading liberal voice in the Puerto Rico Supreme Court.

Education
He obtained his Bachelor's Degree from the University of Notre Dame in 1962 and his Law Degree form the University of Puerto Rico School of Law in 1965. He later obtained a Master's Degree in Law from Columbia Law School in 1966. He then received a fellowship in law and humanities at Harvard University. In 1985, he received a Doctorate, Honoris Causa, from Temple University.

Political career
In 1979, Fuster was named Deputy Assistant Attorney General of the United States. He held that position until 1981. In 1984, he was elected Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico to the United States Congress. During his tenure (1985–1992), he served a term as Chair of Congressional Hispanic Caucus.  In both terms, he served on the Committee on Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs, and on the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. In Congress, he was a strong advocate for educational and youth programs. He supported numerous laws and bills to give state and local governments assistance for youth service projects and programs aimed at preventing substance use. He also supported the establishment of a Children, Youth, and Families Administration, as well as the establishment of a federal child care program. He sponsored legislation to increase social security funds for families with blind, aged, and disabled dependents.

In 1992, Governor Rafael Hernández Colón appointed him to the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico. Fuster resigned from his Resident Commissioner position on March 4, 1992 to take an appointment as associate justice of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico.  He took the oath of office on March 4, 1992 after confirmation by the Senate, serving on the Court until his death.

Fuster was affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico and the Democratic Party of the United States.

Death
Fuster died during the early hours of December 3, 2007 from cardiac arrest. He was buried at Buxeda Memorial Park Cemetery in Río Piedras, Puerto Rico. His death left the Supreme Court in an unprecedented position with two seats vacant.

See also

 List of Puerto Ricans
 List of Hispanic Americans in the United States Congress
 Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico
 Federico Hernández Denton, Chief Justice of the Puerto Rico Supreme Court
 Francisco Rebollo, Associate Justice of the Puerto Rico Supreme Court
 Liana Fiol Matta, Associate Justice of the Puerto Rico Supreme Court

References

External links

 Hispanic Americans in Congress: Jaime Fuster
 Supreme Court of Puerto Rico: "Conservative and Slow" (Conservador y lento) - Primera Hora; Oscar J. Serrano; April 2, 2007

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1941 births
2007 deaths
20th-century American judges
20th-century American politicians
Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico
Columbia Law School alumni
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Puerto Rico
Harvard University alumni
Deans of law schools in the United States
People from Guayama, Puerto Rico
Popular Democratic Party (Puerto Rico) politicians
Puerto Rican people of Catalan descent
Puerto Rican people of Corsican descent
Resident Commissioners of Puerto Rico
University of Notre Dame alumni
University of Puerto Rico alumni
American people of Italian descent
20th-century American academics

Jaime Fuster


Talent is a play written by Victoria Wood, first performed in 1978. It centres on two friends, one of whom is about to enter a talent contest in a run down nightclub. Commissioned for the Crucible Theatre, Sheffield, it received much acclaim and transferred to a London run in 1979. That same year a television adaptation was broadcast. It was the first time Victoria Wood and Julie Walters appeared together on TV.

A mixture of dialogue and music, one of its tunes inspired The Smiths song Rusholme Ruffians. The script was published by Methuen in 1988, along with another play by Wood, Good Fun.

Origins
After receiving much acclaim for her writing and performance in a 1978 revue at The Bush Theatre titled In at the Death, Wood was commissioned by then theatre director David Leland to write a play for Sheffield's Crucible Theatre.

The initial commission was for Wood to co-write, with fellow revue writer Ron Hutchinson, a play about strippers. According to Wood: "The Bush Theatre was over a pub which had strippers and Ron and I spent twenty minutes one evening watching a large girl in boots walk out of the ladies' lavatory, take off her clothes (she kept on her boots, the floor was filthy) and walk back into the ladies lavatory again. Then Ron said he was too busy to do this play, and David asked me if I would do it on my own. Not knowing anything about the world of the stripper and having all the investigative zeal of a defrosting beefburger, I decided to try and write up an idea of my own. The idea came quite easily, though typing it out was quite difficult."

Wood gained the idea for a play set around talent contests, based on her own experiences entering them (she had won ATV's New Faces three years earlier). She said: "I had always been fascinated by talent contests and had entered quite a few in my late teens and early twenties. I never won, though in a Birmingham nightclub I once came third on the clap-o-meter... I was also interested in the relationship between attractive sparky girls and big fat plain ones."

Plot
Talent centres around two friends, the plain, overweight Maureen, and her more glamorous friend Julie Stephens, who has entered a talent contest. According to Screenonline:

"Julie is one of the hopefuls - a 24-year-old secretary and young mum caught between her youthful dreams of showbiz glamour and the realisation of her more likely future: soul-crushing domesticity and drudgery with upwardly mobile boyfriend Dave. With her for support is the awkward, frumpy Maureen, long in the shadow of her slimmer, better-looking friend.

But Bunters nightclub holds few prospects for Julie - just a grotty dressing room, a surprise encounter with Mel, the flash, sportscar-driving boyfriend who abandoned her as a pregnant schoolgirl eight years ago, and the unwelcome attentions of the oily compere, who precedes his seduction by telling her, "you have got a mediocre voice, a terrible Lancashire accent, no experience and no act," before enticing her with the promise of a spot on the Des O'Connor Show (moments later, he is groping a bemused Maureen and offering her twenty minutes in the back of his white Cortina)."

Stage version
The play was first performed at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield in September 1978. It was directed by David Leland. The cast was Hazel Clyne (Julie), Victoria Wood (Maureen), Roger Sloman (George Findlay), Bill Stewart (Arthur Hall), Eric Richard (Mel), Peter Ellis (Compere). Wood also went to the side of the stage to play piano to accompany the songs in the show. She said: "I think that worked better than having a band. I have never seen it done since in the way that we did it. I suppose because fat actresses who can double as musical director are thin on the ground (or fat on the ground)."

She later claimed that she had not intended to be in the show at all, "though everyone assumed I had written it with the express purpose of drinking Babycham and having my bosoms fondled nightly."

The show had a London Transfer to the ICA, beginning on 31 January 1979, with Bill Stewart and Peter Ellis being replaced by David Ellson and Jim Broadbent.

The show had a London fringe revival in 2008 at 'Upstairs at the Gatehouse'. The cast was Vikki Stone (Maureen), Stephanie Briggs (Julie), Harry Dickman (George Findlay), John Walters (Arthur Hall) and Charlie Carter (Mel/The Compere).

In September 2009 a revival began at the Menier Chocolate Factory in London, also directed by Victoria Wood.

The play was revived in 2021, at the Sheffield Crucible (this time on the main stage), in a production directed by Paul Foster and with Lucie Shorthouse as Julie and Jamie-Rose Monk as Maureen.

Television version

Granada Television producer Peter Eckersley was so impressed with the show, he signed Wood for a television adaptation of it which was broadcast on the ITV network on 5 August 1979.  Wood had originally written the part of Julie for her co-star in In at the Death, Julie Walters, and while she was not available for the stage version, she was able to appear in the TV remake. It was the first of many television appearances the two would make together.

The rest of the cast were Bill Waddington (George Findley), Kevin Lloyd (Mel), Nat Jackley (Arthur), Sue Glover (Cathy Christmas), Peter Ellis (Compere), Andrew Dodge (Cathy's accompanist).

The television critics were unanimous in their praise, and Wood received congratulatory letters from actor John Le Mesurier and fellow northern writer Alan Plater. It even led to an offer for Wood to join the then new satirical comedy show Not The Nine O'Clock News, which she turned down.

A year later, a television-only sequel to Talent called Nearly A Happy Ending was broadcast on Granada, again written by Wood and starring Wood and Walters reprising their roles.

The Smiths
A song from the show, Fourteen Again, had its lyrics adapted for another tune, Rusholme Ruffians by the eighties pop group The Smiths. Its lead singer Morrissey was a fan of Wood's, and had even proposed marriage to her via the music press (to which she responded "Morrissey and I have been married for 11 months, though due to touring commitments, we have yet to meet.") According to the band's biographer Johnny Rogan "He paid her the ultimate 'compliment' by hijacking her song 'Fourteen Again' and transforming its sardonic nostalgia into a lacerating satire on mind-numbing proletarial leisure. In Morrissey's landscape, the fairground in the original song becomes a carnival of violence tinged with bitter romance...It is fascinating to observe Wood's characteristic self-effacing, but affectionate, adolescent recollections juxtaposed to Morrissey's almost cinematic melanchony. They both share an appealing laconic style and dour wit, but Morrissey's world view is more threatening, pessimistic and painful."

Song List

 Julie
 I Don't Know Why I'm Here
 Fourteen Again
 Pals
 He Wouldn't Remember Me
 Bored With This

References

External links
Screenonline - Talent
Rare British Television Reviews on Talent
Opening titles of TV version on YouTube
Review of 2004 American stage version

British television plays
Plays by Victoria Wood
1979 television plays
1978 plays

Talent (play)


Alan Vaughan Lowe KC (born 1952) is a barrister and academic specialising in the field of international law. Chichele Professor of Public International Law in the University of Oxford, and a Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford,  1999–2012; Emeritus Professor of International Law and Emeritus Fellow of All Souls College, University of Oxford, since 2012. He was called to the Bar of England and Wales at Gray's Inn, of which he is a Bencher, in 1993 and appointed Queen's Counsel on 28 March 2008. He practices from Essex Court Chambers, London. He is a member of l'Institut de droit international.

Cases

Judicial and Arbitral appointments include:-

 Ad hoc Judge, Kononov v. Latvia, European Court of Human Rights, 2009 – (nominated by Latvia)
 Arbitrator, Chevron v. Republic of Ecuador, 2009 - (arbitrator, appointed by Ecuador)
 Arbitrator, EVN v. Republic of Macedonia, 2009 - arbitrator, appointed by Macedonia)
 Arbitrator, Mercuria Energy Group Ltd v. The Republic of Poland, 2009- (appointed by Respondent)
 President, Hochtief v. Argentina, ICSID tribunal, 2009 - (appointed by agreement between the Parties))
 President, Investment arbitration against a European State (UNCITRAL / PCA), 2008 - (appointed by agreement between the Parties)
 President, Foresti & others v. Republic of South Africa, ICSID tribunal, 2007- (ICSID appointment)
 President, Barmek v. Azerbaijan, ICSID tribunal, 2007- 2009 (ICSID appointment)
 Arbitrator, Kardassopoulos v. Georgia, Fuchs v. Georgia, ICSID tribunal, 2007- 2010 (appointed by Respondent)
 Arbitrator, Sancheti v, UK, 2007 (appointed by the UK)
 President, Sistem v. Kyrgyz Republic, ICSID tribunal, 2006- 2009 (ICSID appointment)
 President, Bayview v. Mexico, ICSID tribunal, 2006-2007 (ICSID appointment)
 Arbitrator, Barbados v. Trinidad & Tobago maritime delimitation arbitral tribunal 2004-2006 (nominated by Barbados)
 Judge, European Nuclear Energy Tribunal 2006- (nominated by UK)

Reported cases as counsel include:-

 Apostolides v Orams & Ors [2010] EWCA Civ 9 (for Mr Apostolides)
 Demopoulos v. Turkey and 7 other cases, Grand Chamber ECHR, 2009 (for the Government of the Republic of Cyprus)
 Advisory Opinion on the Unilateral Declaration of Independence by the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government of Kosovo, International Court of Justice, 2009 (for Cyprus)
 R (Kibris Türk Hava Yollari Cta Holidays) v Secretary Of State For Transport [2009] EWHC 1918 (Admin) (for the Government of the Republic of Cyprus)
 Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea, (Romania v. Ukraine), ICJ 2009 (for Romania)
 Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 31 March 2004 in the Case concerning Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. United States of America), ICJ 2008 (for the USA)
 R (Corner House Research) v. Director of the Serious Fraud Office, [2008] UKHL 60 (for the Director, SFO)
 Varnava and Others v. Turkey, Grand Chamber ECHR, 2008 (for the Government of the Republic of Cyprus)
 R (Al Jedda) v. Secretary of State for Defence [2007] UKHL 58 (for appellant Mr Al Jedda)
 Republic of Ecuador v. Occidental Exploration & Production Co (No 2) [2007] EWCA Civ 656 (for Ecuador)
 The Tomimaru (Japan v. Russia) ITLOS, 2007 (for Japan)
 The Hoshinmaru (Japan v. Russia) ITLOS, 2007 (for Japan)
 R v. Jones [2006] UKHL 16 (for appellants Mr Pritchard and Mr Olditch)
 R v. Jones [2004] EWCA Crim 1981 (for appellants Mr Pritchard and Mr Olditch)
 Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, ICJ, 2004 (for Palestine)
 Land Reclamation by Singapore (Malaysia v. Singapore), ITLOS, 2003, (for Singapore)
 Case concerning the MOX plant (Ireland v. UK), UNCLOS arbitration, 2003 (for Ireland)
 Azinas v. Cyprus, Grand Chamber ECHR, 2003 (for the Government of the Republic of Cyprus)
  Lauder v. Czech Republic, CME v. Czech Republic, ad hoc arbitral tribunals, 2001, (for Czech Republic)
 Case concerning the MOX plant (Ireland v. UK), ITLOS, 2001 (for Ireland)
 Southern Bluefin Tuna case, ad hoc arbitral tribunal, 2000 (for Japan)
  Case concerning Passage Through the Great Belt, ICJ, 1991 92 (for Finland)

Honours
:
 Order of Paduka Seri Laila Jasa Second Class (DSLJ) – Dato Seri Laila Jasa (15 July 2010)

Publications

References

Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford
English legal professionals
Living people
International law scholars
Members of the Institut de Droit International
Members of the Permanent Court of Arbitration
1952 births
Chichele Professors of Public International Law
British judges of international courts and tribunals

Vaughan Lowe


The Cornuti ("horned") was an auxilia palatina unit of the Late Roman army, active in the 4th and 5th century. It was probably related to the Cornuti seniores and the Cornuti iuniores.

History

According to some scholars, they are depicted on the Arch of Constantine, as the soldiers who are shown wearing horned helmets. On the relief representing the Battle of Verona (312) they are in the first lines, and they are depicted fighting with the bowmen in the relief of the Battle of the Milvian Bridge.

The Cornuti belonged to the comitatus of Gaul, and is attested on the northern border since 355. In 357 it was led by the tribunus Bainobaudes in an attack against the Alemanni who had attacked the Roman territory and had later retired on a small island.

In that same year, the Cornuti fought the Alemanni in the Battle of Argentoratum, under the command of the emperor Julian. When the Alamannic cavalry caused the Roman equites to flee, the Cornuti and its twin unit, the Brachiati, held the enemy horsemen until Julian rallied the Roman cavalry and brought them back in battle. Despite the Romans being victorious, Bainobaudes, the tribune of the Cornuti was killed.

The Cornuti and the Brachiati were famous for their barritus, a combination of shout and dance step.

The Notitia Dignitatum, a document describing civil and military offices in the Western Roman Empire around 420 and in the Eastern Roman Empire in 395 circa, records the existence of the Cornuti seniores under the command of the magister peditum praesentalis of the West. The same source records the existence of the Cornuti iuniores, who fought in the Battle of Adrianople (378) and later part the army of the magister militum praesentalis of the East. Later the Cornuti iuniores were sent to guard the Porta Aurea of Constantinople together with the Leones iuniores, as testified by an inscription date to 413.

Notes

Auxilia palatina

Cornuti