Ferdinand Joseph Arnodin  (9 October 1845 – 24 April 1924) was a French engineer and industrialist born in Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon, Rhône who died in Châteauneuf-sur-Loire in Loiret. Specialising in cableway transporters, he is regarded as the inventor of the transporter bridge, having been the first to patent the idea in 1887. However, the first such bridge was in fact designed by Alberto Palacio, with Arnodin's help.

Nine of the eighteen known examples of the transporter bridge may be attributed to him. Three of them still exist. They use the technology of both suspension bridges and cable-stayed bridges. Arnodin built a great number of second generation suspension bridges at the turn of the 20th century, and he also restored and consolidated a number of old first generation suspension bridges (before 1860): the aprons were reinforced and the old wire cables replaced by spirally-wound double torsion steel wire ropes, often with addition of a cable-stayed bridge (known structural modification under the name of "Système Arnodin"). His factory (for the production of prefabricated metal sub-structures) was established in Châteauneuf-sur-Loire. Vestiges of this factory were still visible a few years ago, and the chimney could still be seen, half ruined, between the Loire and railway.

The Loire Fleet Museum, at Châteauneuf-sur-Loire, shows memories of these workshops: an old model of the Nantes transporter bridge, a section of steel wire rope manufactured by Arnodin and photographs.

Major works

Bilbao Puente Colgante, 1893, still in use
Bizerta/Brest Transporter Bridge, 1898
Rouen Transporter Bridge, 1898
Rochefort-Martrou Transporter Bridge, 1900, still in use
Nantes Transporter Bridge, 1903
Marseille Transporter Bridge, 1905, destroyed 1944
Newport Transporter Bridge, 1906, still in use
Bordeaux Transporter Bridge, never finished
Sidi M'Cid Bridge, Constantine, Algeria, 1908, 160 m span
Pont du Bonhomme, 1904.

References

External links
 Newport Transporter Bridge — an historical perspective

 Rochefort Transporter Bridge

1845 births
1924 deaths
People from Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon
French bridge engineers
French civil engineers
Transporter bridges

Ferdinand Arnodin


Sedan () is a commune in the Ardennes department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France. It is also the chief-lieu (administrative centre) of the arrondissement of the same name.

Geography
The old centre is on land within a curve of the Meuse River. It is about 10 km (6 miles) from Belgium, and about 200 km (120 miles) from Paris.

History
Sedan was built in 1424.  In the sixteenth century Sedan was a safe place for Protestants escaping from the Wars of Religion.

Until 1651, the Principality of Sedan belonged to the La Tour d'Auvergne family.  It was independent.  The most famous member of the family, Marshal Turenne, was born at Sedan on 11 September 1611.  With help from the Holy Roman Empire, Sedan defeated France at the Battle of La Marfée. Immediately after that it was surrounded, and its prince, Frederic, surrendered to France.  Only a year after that, it became part of France in return for sparing Frederic's life after he was in a plot against France.

During the Franco-Prussian War, on 2 September 1870 the French emperor Napoleon III was taken prisoner with 100,000 of his soldiers at the Battle of Sedan.

Because of this major victory, which also made the "Second Reich" of Germany possible, 2 September was declared "Sedan Day" (Sedantag) and a national German holiday in 1871. It remained a holiday until 1919.

In World War II the German army invaded neutral Belgium and crossed the Meuse River in Sedan.  This allowed them to get past the French fortification system, called the Maginot Line.

Sedan Castle

Sedan Castle may be the biggest of its kind in Europe with a total area of 30,000 square metres on seven levels. Building started in 1424 and the castle's defences were improved over the years. It is the only part left of the huge fortifications that there were in Sedan and around Sedan.

Economy
Sedan was a centre of cloth production, which was started under Cardinal Mazarin. It supported the town until the late nineteenth century.

Born here
These people were born in Sedan:
 Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne (1611-1675), Marshal of France
 Étienne-Jacques-Joseph-Alexandre MacDonald (1765–1840), Marshal of France
 Charles Baudin (1792-1854), admiral
 René Guyon (1876-1963), jurist
 Yves Marie Joseph Cardinal Congar (1904-1995) was a French Dominican priest and theologian
 Pierre Cartier (born 1932), mathematician
 Yannick Noah (born 1960), was a professional tennis player
 Benjamin Lemaire (born 1985), actor and film director
 Anais Dechamps (born 1988), distance runner

Twin town
 Sedan is twinned with Eisenach, Germany since 1991

Related pages
 CS Sedan Ardennes, football club based in Sedan
 Stade Louis Dugauguez , a multi-use stadium in Sedan

Other websites
 Sedan city council website  (in French)
 The German breakthrough in 1940
 Webpage about the fortifications of Sedan
 Article on the Battle of Sedan at 'Battlefields Europe'

Communes in Ardennes
Subprefectures in France
1424 establishments
1420s establishments in Europe
Establishments in France

Sedan, Ardennes


Operation IA Feature, a covert Central Intelligence Agency operation, authorized U.S. government support for Jonas Savimbi's National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and Holden Roberto's National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) militants in the Angolan Civil War. It was closely linked with parallel efforts by South Africa (Operation Savannah) and Zaire. President Gerald Ford approved the program on July 18, 1975 despite strong opposition from officials in the State Department and the CIA. The program's discovery shocked Congress into barring further U.S. involvement in Angola's Civil War through the Clark Amendment.

Ford told William Colby, the Director of Central Intelligence, to "go ahead and do it," with an initial USD $6 million in funding. He granted an additional $8 million in funding on July 27 and another $25 million in August.

Criticism
Two days prior to the program's approval Nathaniel Davis, the Assistant Secretary of State, told Henry Kissinger, the United States Secretary of State, that he believed maintaining the secrecy of IA Feature would be impossible. Davis correctly predicted the Soviet Union would respond by increasing its involvement in Angola, leading to more violence and negative publicity for the United States. When Ford approved the program Davis resigned. John Stockwell, the CIA's station chief in Angola, echoed Davis' criticism saying the program needed to be expanded to be successful, but the program was already too large to be kept out of the public eye. Davis' deputy and former U.S. ambassador to Chile, Edward Mulcahy, also opposed direct involvement. Mulcahy presented three options for U.S. policy towards Angola on May 13, 1975. Mulcahy believed the Ford administration could use diplomacy to campaign against foreign aid to the Communist People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), refuse to take sides in factional fighting, or increase support for the FNLA and UNITA. He warned however that supporting UNITA would not sit well with Mobutu Sese Seko, the ruler of Zaire.

Clark Amendment

Dick Clark, a Democratic Senator from Iowa, who went on a fact-finding mission in Africa, proposed an amendment to the Arms Export Control Act, barring aid to private groups engaged in military or paramilitary operations in Angola. The Senate passed the bill, voting 54-22 on December 19, 1975 and the House of Representatives passed the bill, voting 323-99 on January 27, 1976. Even after the Clark Amendment became law, then-Director of Central Intelligence, George H. W. Bush, refused to concede that all U.S. aid to Angola had ceased. According to foreign affairs analyst Jane Hunter, Israel stepped in as a proxy arms supplier for the United States after the Clark Amendment took effect.

References

External links
"Our War" in Angola

Central Intelligence Agency operations
IA Feature
1975 in Angola
Angola–United States relations

Operation IA Feature


Kingscote is a village and civil parish in the Cotswold district of Gloucestershire, England, set on the uplands near the south western edge of the Cotswold hills. It is situated about two miles (3 km) east of Uley, five miles (8 km) east of Dursley and four miles (6 km) west of Tetbury. The landscape is designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The hamlet of Newington Bagpath lies to the west of the village; the parish lands extend near to the small village of Owlpen.

History
From the medieval period in the 12th century until 1956, the manor with about , was the property of the Kingscote family, originally tenants of the Berkeley family of Berkeley Castle, whose principal residence was Kingscote Park. The manor is mentioned in the Domesday Book as 'Chingescote'. This, on the site of the old manor house, was demolished in the 1960s. The house today known as Kingscote Park was formerly known as Kingscote Cottage, the dower house where John Wedgwood (1766–1844), founder of the Royal Horticultural Society, lived in the 1820s.

The parish is transected by a Roman road and a Roman settlement was excavated centred on a field named The Chessalls. The site covers 30 hectares and was occupied from the late 1st century AD through to its heyday in the 4th century. It may have been a small town or villa estate, with evidence of a series of strip buildings replaced in the 4th century by a house within a walled compound. The house seems to have been of high status, with mosaic floors, including a Venus mosaic now displayed in the nearby Corinium Museum, hypocausts and wall-plaster paintings.

The Rev. Alan Gardner Cornwall was rector of the adjoining ecclesiastical parish of Bagpath with Owlpen from 1827 to 1842. His memoirs were published shortly after his death and are available online in .pdf format. They are a lively account of his early life with the Clapham Sect in London, his friendship with the Kingscote family, whose daughter Caroline he married, and of his ministry at a time of social distress following the decline of the local woollen cloth industry in the 1830s.

References
Timby, J R. 'Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire: A Roman Estate Centre and Small Town in the Cotswolds with Notes on Related Settlements.' (Cotswold Archaeology, 1998.)

External links

 Owlpen archives: Memoir of Parson Cornwall
 Heritage Listed Buildings in Kingscote

Villages in Gloucestershire
Cotswold District

Kingscote, Gloucestershire


Sriharikota is a barrier island off the coast of the southern state of Andhra Pradesh in India. It houses India's only satellite launch centre in the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (also known as SHAR) and is used by the Indian Space Research Organisation to launch satellites using multi-stage rockets such as the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle and the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle.

Sriharikota separates the Pulicat Lake from the Bay of Bengal, and is home to the town of Pulicat. It is in Sri Amarajeevi Potti Sri Ramulu Nellore district in Andhra Pradesh. The nearest town is Sullurpeta, which has the nearest railway station. The nearest business city is Sri City. It is also connected by expressways to Chennai.

Geography of India
Space agencies
Andhra Pradesh

Sriharikota


Robert Perkins Bass (September 1, 1873July 29, 1960) was an American farmer, forestry expert, and Republican politician from Peterborough, New Hampshire. He served in both houses of the New Hampshire Legislature and as chairman of the state's Forestry Commission before serving as the 53rd governor of New Hampshire from 1911 to 1913.

He started one of the state's political dynasties. Both his son, Perkins Bass, and grandson, Charles F. Bass, were elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. His wife, Edith Harland Bird, was the daughter of Massachusetts businessman Charles Sumner Bird. His daughter, Joanne, was the first wife of Marshall Field IV, heir to the Marshall Field's fortune and publishing mogul.

Early life
The son of Perkins Bass and Clara (Foster) Bass, he was born in Chicago, Illinois, but his family moved to Peterborough when he was nine. He grew up on a family farm that is still owned by his descendants. He graduated from Harvard College in 1896.

Gertrude Bass Warner (May 14, 1863 – July 29, 1951), an art collector with particular interests in Asian art, was his sister.

Career
He was elected to the New Hampshire House of Representatives in 1905 and 1909 and the New Hampshire Senate in 1910. He was the state's governor from 1911 to 1913.

His status was hurt, however, after 1912. That year, he had supported Theodore Roosevelt for president, in the breakaway Progressive Party, against the Republican incumbent, William Howard Taft. The move threw the state Republicans into disarray and led to a Democratic governor and a Democratic legislature. In retaliation, the party rejected Bass when he sought a US Senate seat in 1913 and 1926.

Bass is remembered today for his stint as chairman of the New Hampshire Forestry Commission when popular concern with forests' well-being was intense because of extreme overlogging in the White Mountains. Also notable is his sponsorship of legislation that led to the first direct primary law east of the Mississippi River.

In 1945, Bass, along with retired Supreme Court Associate Justice Owen J. Roberts, convened the assembly that produced the Dublin Declaration, which proposed the transformation of the United Nations General Assembly into a world legislature with "limited but definite and adequate power for the prevention of war."

References

External links

 Bass at New Hampshire's Division of Historic Resources
 The Papers of Robert P. Bass at Dartmouth College Library

1873 births
1960 deaths
Politicians from Chicago
People from Peterborough, New Hampshire
Harvard College alumni
Republican Party governors of New Hampshire
Republican Party members of the New Hampshire House of Representatives
Republican Party New Hampshire state senators
New Hampshire Progressives (1912)

Robert P. Bass


The N-120 is a highway in northern Spain.  It goes from Vigo to the Ebro Valley.

Starting on the Rías Bajas at Vigo, the city is connected on the Autopista AP-9, the Autovía A-57, Autovía A-55 and N-550. The N-120 heads east into the Sierra del Suido past the Mondariz Baneario and the Puerto de Fontefría (790m). Most traffic now takes the Autovía A-52, both roads enter the valley of Rio Miño to Ourense. The A-52 heads south with the N-525. The river heads north east along the valley past the Cañón del Sil before leaving the valley to the east past Monforte de Lemos and then back into the Rio Sil valley which passes the southern end of the Cordillera Cantábrica and the towns of La Rúa and Barco de Valdeorras. 13 km west of Ponferrada, the road meets and becomes the Autovía A-6.

The road passes through the Montes de León by the Puerto de Manzanal (1,221m).  The N-VI runs parallel to the road.  At Astorga the N-120 branches east to León alongside the Autopista AP-71.  At León the road meets the N-630 and Autovía A-66.  The N-120 merges with the Autovía A-231 heading east past the N-601.  At Osorno la Mayor the road crosses the N-611 and the Río Pisuerga and the Canal de Castilla.

After the Rio Ubierna the road enters Burgos where there are junctions with the N-234, N-623 and Autovía A-1.  The N-120 heads east passing north of the Sierra de la Demanda through the Montes de Oca by the Puerto de la Pedraja (1,150m).  The road now heads through the Rioja region before entering the Ebro valley and Logroño.  Here the road meets the  N-111, N-232, Autovía A-12 and Autopista AP-68.

National roads in Spain
Transport in La Rioja (Spain)
Transport in Galicia (Spain)
Transport in Castile and León

N-120 road (Spain)


Rhodesia at the Olympics is a history which began in 1928.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Rhodesia is RHO.

History
A team from Rhodesia was first in the Olympic Games in 1928. They were also at the 1960 Summer Olympics and 1964 Summer Olympics. The country always competed as a British territory. It was unable to be in the 1968 Games in Mexico.

Following Ian Smith's declaration of an independent Rhodesian republic in 1970, they never competed again. In 1972 Rhodesia was expelled by the International Olympic Committee four days before the opening ceremony.  This was due to pressure from other African countries, which did not recognise the legitimacy of the Rhodesian state. The country's successor state, Zimbabwe, made its Olympic début in 1980.

Rhodesia was never in the Winter Olympics. No Rhodesian athlete ever won an Olympic medal.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes
 Zimbabwe at the Olympics

References

Former nations at the Olympics
Rhodesia

Rhodesia at the Olympics


Adverse possession is a rule in property law. This rule says that if property is not being used by its owner while another person is using the property, this other person (called an "adverse possessor") becomes the new owner of the property. To get these rights, the adverse possessor usually must use the property in the way a normal owner would do for a period of time, typically 20 years. In some jurisdictions, a form of adverse possession exists in which the adverse possessor ends up with sharing some rights to property with the owner, such as a right-of-way, instead of getting all the rights.

Property law

Adverse possession


The 1879 FA Cup final was contested by Old Etonians and Clapham Rovers at the Kennington Oval, London Borough of Lambeth, South London. Old Etonians won by 1–0, the only goal scored by Charles Clerke.

Summary
Although Clapham dominated the early stages of the final, with Norman Bailey having two attempts on target, Herbert Whitfeld continued to run at the Clapham defenders with little assistance from his colleagues. After a goalless first-half, the only goal of the game came after 59 minutes, when Charles Clerke scored from close range following a run from Harry Goodhart. The old Etonians thus claimed the cup for the first time in what was considered to be "the poorest FA Cup Final to date".

Match details

References

External links
 Line-ups
 Match report at www.fa-cupfinals.co.uk

1879
1878–79 in English football
1879 sports events in London
1879 in sports
March 1879 events

1879 FA Cup final


Costantino (also known as Antine, in Sardinia, or Tino, in the US) Nivola (July 5, 1911 – May 6, 1988) was an Italian sculptor, architectural sculptor, muralist, designer, and teacher.

Born in Sardinia, Nivola had already started his career when he fled Fascism for Paris in 1938, going to the U.S. in 1939.  His major sculptural work is abstract, large-scale architectural reliefs in concrete, made in his own sandcasting and cement carving processes.  These were erected in and on American buildings between the late 1950s and early 1970s.  Creatively busy and while remaining active in Italy, Nivola also taught at the Harvard Graduate School of Design, Columbia University, UC Berkeley, and elsewhere.

The Nivola Museum in Orani, Sardinia is dedicated to his life and sculpture, and hosts the largest collection of his smaller scale work.

Early career

Nivola was born and grew up poor in Orani, a village in Sardinia.  As an adolescent, he worked as an apprentice stonemason.  In Sassari in 1926, Nivola served as apprentice to fellow painter Mario Delitala, executing frescoes for the aula magna of the local university.

In 1931 Nivola enrolled in the ISIA (Istituto superiore per le industrie artistiche, the State Institute of Industrial Arts) in Monza.  Through one of his teachers, the architect Giuseppe Pagano, he contributed work to the 1936 Milan Triennial VI and the Italian Pavilion at the 1937 Paris Exposition.  This drew the attention of Adriano Olivetti, who named him art director of his company's Publicity Department, where Nivola "made a significant contribution to... 'the Olivetti style'.

United States

Nivola married fellow ISIA student Ruth Guggenheim in 1938, and left together for the United States via Paris in 1939.  He established a home in Greenwich Village (first at Waverly Place, then at No. 47 West Eighth Street) to rebuild a social circle and a career despite speaking no English.

Nivola resumed a close friendship with artist Saul Steinberg from Milan, attended meetings of the anti-fascist Italian-American Mazzini Society in 1941, and by the 1940s Nivola was presiding over a weekly gathering of artists at Del Pezzo's restaurant described by  as comparable to the Algonquin Round Table. One key friendship was Le Corbusier.  Introduced in 1945 by Josep Lluís Sert, Nivola became warm lifelong friends with the Swiss architect, his houseguest on Corbu's rare trips to America.

Supported by small exhibitions and a progression of jobs in factories, for Bonwit Teller, and for architectural magazines, the Nivolas bought a modest property in Springs, East Hampton, Long Island.  It would expand to 35 acres.  Their garden landscape, a series of outdoor rooms and a roofless solarium, was co-designed by the Nivolas and architect Bernard Rudofsky; in 1950 Le Corbusier impulsively painted murals on two walls of their kitchen.  On the nearby beach Nivola developed the principle of his distinctive concrete sandcasting technique while playing with his children.  They sculpted wet sand, then poured a slurry of plaster or concrete into the form.

In 1951 Nivola was one of the artists shown in the pivotal 9th Street Art Exhibition, hung by Leo Castelli.

Once more Olivetti provided the sculptor with a major commission, for an interior wall in their stylish Fifth Avenue showroom in 1953.  Nivola executed it with a refined, scaled-up version of the beach process, in a sequence of panels.  The resulting attention and publicity started a successful career in large-scale architecture work which lasted for decades.  One project, involving two thousand and ten cast-concrete panels for the McCormick Place Exposition Center in Chicago in 1959, was touted as the largest such installation ever.

In 1954 Nivola was named to direct the Design Workshop at the Harvard Graduate School of Design, where he stayed until 1957.  He was also visiting professor or artist in residence at Columbia University (1961), Harvard (1970 and 1973), Dartmouth (1978), UC Berkeley (1978–79 and 1982), and the Royal Academy of Art, The Hague (1982).  The American Institute of Graphic Arts awarded him its Certificate of Excellence. In 1972 the American Academy of Arts and Letters admitted Nivola as its first non-American member.

Nivola died of a heart attack in Southampton Hospital, Long Island, in May 1988.  He was the father of children's book author Claire Nivola, and the grandfather of actor Alessandro Nivola.  A foundation and museum dedicated to Nivola's work opened in his hometown in 1995, in a building partly designed by architect Peter Chermayeff.

Work

The Sardinian town of Ulassai decided, in the early 1980s, to rehabilitate its neglected municipal laundry building dating from 1903.  It was turned into an open-air contemporary museum with a number of artists represented – Maria Lai, Luigi Veronesi, Guido Strazza.  Nivola's contribution, a sculptural sound fountain, was completed in 1987 as his final work.

Nivola's public work includes:

 sgraffito exterior mural wall, Gagarin House I, Litchfield, Connecticut, with architect Marcel Breuer, 1952
 interior sand-cast relief wall, Olivetti showroom, Fifth Avenue, New York City, with architects BBPR, 1953 (razed)
 exterior panel for the William E. Grady CTE High School, Brooklyn, New York, 1957
 Untitled, an interior cast-concrete mural of 132 panels in the former Mutual Insurance Company of Hartford (later Covenant Mutual Insurance Company), 95 Woodland Street, Hartford, Connecticut, with Sherwood, Mills & Smith, architects, 1957
 over 2000 cast-concrete panels for the exterior of McCormick Place Exposition Center, Chicago, for Shaw, Metz & Associates, 1959 (destroyed 1967)
 Untitled, a cast-concrete abstract exterior wall for the Mutual Insurance Company of Hartford, with Sherwood, Mills & Smith, architects, 1960
 18 polychrome cast stone horses and an 80-foot sgraffito mural wall, for the Stephen Wise Towers housing development play area, with architect Richard G. Stein for the New York City Housing Authority, 1964
 20 concrete panels for the Connecticut Post Building, Bridgeport, Connecticut, 1966
 monument to poet Sebastiano Satta, Nuoro, Sardinia, 1966
 Family of Man, two cast-concrete abstract bas-reliefs with forms suggesting family groupings, entry to the Van Pelt Library, University of Pennsylvania, Harbeson, Hough, Livingston & Larson architects. Building, 1962; sculpture, 1969
 Dedicated to the American Secretary, 14 abstract panels of sand-cast steel-reinforced concrete in the lobby, with a companion free-standing figure in the courtyard, Continental Bank, 400 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1970
 33 sculpted panels on the history of communications theme, Janesville Gazette Building, Janesville, Wisconsin, 1970
 work at the Palazzo del Consiglio Regionale (House of the Regional Council), Cagliari, with architect Mario Fiorentino, 1987

References

External links
 Website of the Nivola Foundation and Museum Museo Nivola
 Article in Metropolis: Nivola on Nivola Costantino Nivola Reconsidered | Metropolis Magazine | March 2002

Books
 G. Altea e A. Camarda, "Formal Autonomy versus Public Participation: The Modernist Monument in Costantino Nivola's work", in I. Ben-Asher Gitler (ed.), Monuments, Site-Specific Sculpture and Urban Space, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2017, pp. 134–162
 G. Altea and A. Camarda, Costantino Nivola. La sintesi delle arti, Ilisso, 2015
 A. Mereu, Il Nivola ritrovato. Un artista tra l'America e il Mugello, Firenze, Nardini editore, 2012.
 Renato Miracco (ed.), Costantino Nivola. 100 Years of Creativity, Milano, Charta, 2012.
 Maddalena Mameli, Le Corbusier e Costantino Nivola. New York 1946–1953, Franco Angeli, Milano 2012.
 G. Altea (a cura di), Seguo la traccia nera e sottile. I disegni di Costantino Nivola, Agave, Sassari 2011.
 Nivola. L'investigazione dello spazio, ed. by C. Pirovano, Nuoro, Ilisso, 2010.
 G. Altea, Costantino Nivola, Ilisso, Nuoro 2004.
 U. Collu et al., Museo Nivola, Nuoro, Ilisso, 2004.
 S. Forrestier, Nivola Terrecotte. Opere dello studio Nivola, Amagansett, USA, Milano, Jaca Book, 2004.
 R. Cassanelli, U. Collu, O.Selvafolta (eds), Nivola Fancello Pintori. Percorsi del moderno, Jaca Book, Milano 2003.
 Costantino Nivola in Springs, ed. by M. Martegani, New York-Nuoro, The Parrish Art Museum-Ilisso, 2003.
 Nivola, Fancello, Pintori. Percorsi del moderno, eds R. Cassanelli, U. Collu, O. Selvafolta, Milano, Jaca Book, 2003.
 Nivola. Biografia per immagini, with texts by R. Venturi, D. Ashton and D. Mormorio, Nuoro, Ilisso, 2001
 Marika Herskovic, New York School Abstract Expressionists Artists Choice by Artists, (New York School Press, 2000.) . p. 18; p. 38; p. 266–269.
 Costantino Nivola. Sculture dipinti disegni, a cura di L. Caramel, C. Pirovano, Milano, Electa, 1999.
 A. Crespi, F. Licht, S. Naitza, Nivola. Dipinti e grafica, Milano, Jaca Book, 1995.
 U. Collu et al., Nivola dipinti e grafica, Milano, Jaca Book, 1995.
 Museo Nivola, Nuoro, Ilisso, 1995.
  S. Naitza (ed. by), Nivola, Nuoro, Ilisso, 1994.
 F. Licht, A. Satta, R. Ingersoll, Nivola: sculture, Milano, Jaca Book, 1991.
 R. Bossaglia, P. Cherchi, Nivola, Nuoro, Ilisso, 1990.

1911 births
1988 deaths
People from the Province of Nuoro
20th-century Italian sculptors
20th-century Italian male artists
Architectural sculptors
American people of Italian descent
Harvard Graduate School of Design faculty
Italian contemporary artists
Italian male sculptors
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
Modern sculptors
Olivetti people

Costantino Nivola


Quail eggs are a kind of eggs as food, eaten and considered a delicacy in many parts of the world, including Asia, Europe, and North America. In Japanese cuisine, they are sometimes used raw or cooked as tamago in sushi and often found in bento lunches.

In some other countries, eggs of quail are considered less exotic. In Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela, a single hard-boiled quail egg is a common topping on hot dogs and hamburgers, often fixed into place with a toothpick. In the Philippines, kwek-kwek is a popular street-food delicacy, which consists of soft-boiled quail eggs dipped in orange-colored batter before being skewered and deep-fried. In Indonesia, small packages of hard-boiled quail eggs are sold by street vendors as snacks, and skewered quail eggs are sold as satay to accompany main dishes such as soto and bubur ayam. In Vietnam, bags of boiled quail eggs are sold on street stalls as inexpensive beer snacks. In South Korea, large, inexpensive bags of boiled quail eggs are sold in grocery stores.

See also
 Delicacy
 Smoked egg
 Gull eggs
 Plover eggs

References

Poultry products
Street food
Eggs (food)
Smoked meat

Quail eggs


A Certified National Accountant is a qualified professional accountant that has met the educational qualification and professional experience requirements for membership of Association of National Accountants of Nigeria (ANAN), and has been accepted as a member of the association. The Certified National Accountant is also the title of a quarterly journal of ANAN.

Accountancy graduates with a B.Sc. and Higher National Diploma from Nigerian Universities and Polytechnics qualify for admission to a  three-year training program at the Nigerian College of Accountancy, Jos.
On successful completion of the examinations they earn the designation of Certified National Accountant (CNA) and qualify to join ANAN.

References

Accounting qualifications
Post-nominal letters
Accounting in Nigeria

Certified National Accountant


Robert Angus Bandeen  (October 29, 1930 – August 16, 2010) was a Canadian businessman and former President and Chief Executive Officer of Canadian National Railways.

Born in Rodney, Ontario on October 29, 1930, the third of four children of John Robert Bandeen and Jessie Marie Thomson.  Bandeen's father was a tobacco buyer and farmer while his mother was an elementary schoolteacher.  Raised on the family farm in Duart, Ontario, Bandeen and his siblings worked tobacco harvests throughout their school years.

The Bandeen children excelled at school and Robert earned a scholarship to the University of Western Ontario where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics and political science, graduating in 1952 with the Governor General's Academic Medal.  He was accepted directly into the Ph.D. program in economics at Duke University from which he graduated in 1955. He was hired as an economist at the Montreal headquarters of the Canadian National Railways in 1955.  Bandeen met Mona Blair in Montreal in 1957 and they were married in spring 1958; they had four sons.

Bandeen became vice-president Great Lakes Region for CN in 1971 and he relocated to Toronto.  This position also saw Bandeen in charge of CN's major U.S. holdings, the Grand Trunk Western Railroad, the Duluth, Winnipeg and Pacific Railway and the Central Vermont Railway.  One of his first major decisions as vice-president Great Lakes Region was to consolidate the U.S. lines under a newly created holding company named Grand Trunk Corporation.

In 1974, Bandeen returned to Montreal where he was appointed president of CN, replacing the retiring Norman J. MacMillan.  As president, Bandeen moved to reorganize CN into distinct profit centres focused on the core freight rail business.  Bandeen moved to sell non-core businesses such as CN Hotels and trucking subsidiaries.  He also moved to organize operations requiring government subsidies into separate entities, including CN Marine, Via Rail, and Terra Transport.  Under Bandeen's leadership, CN refused to build new freight cars for grain shipments in Western Canada, citing the economics of the Crow Rate.  A subsequent government inquiry determined that the Crow Rate was in fact costing CN and CP millions and a new law was passed by the Parliament of Canada in 1983 that allowed grain transportation rates to increase while railway losses would be covered by a federal government subsidy; the federal government also committed to building a new fleet of grain hopper cars.  Bandeen retired as President and Chief Executive Officer of CN in 1982.

Following his career at CN, Bandeen worked for Crown Life where he was instrumental in reorganizing the company by reducing management, increasing profits, and improving brand awareness while taking on new business divisions.  He left Crown Life in 1985 after working there for three years.

In 1981, he was appointed the 15th Chancellor of Bishop's University and served until 1987.

In 1980, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada "in recognition of his contribution to the development of transportation in Canada".

He had four boys who have all gone on to be successful in the financial world. In retirement, Bandeen was living between Toronto and his farm in Quebec. He had 13 grandchildren.  A strong supporter of various community organizations and the arts, the Bandeens were members of various organizations, including the Montreal and Toronto symphony orchestras, the Art Gallery of Ontario, the Stratford Shakespeare Festival, and the Canadian Olympic Foundation.

In 2008, Robert Angus Bandeen was inducted into the North America Railway Hall of Fame for his contributions to the railway.

Bandeen died in Toronto, Ontario on August 16, 2010, following complications resulting from heart surgery.

References

1930 births
Bishop's University
Canadian National Railway executives
Canadian university and college chancellors
Duke University alumni
Officers of the Order of Canada
University of Western Ontario alumni
2010 deaths
People from Elgin County

Robert Bandeen


This article is about the computing protocol. For the substance used for cleaning, see soap

SOAP is a protocol used in computing. Web services use this protocol to communicate. SOAP uses XML to encode a message. It uses other application-layer protocols, for transport, and content negotiation, for example HTTP and Remote procedure call. The most common combination is to use SOAP with HTTP and TCP. There are different versions, 1.0, 1.1, and 1.2. Before version 1.2 SOAP stood for Simple Object Access Protocol. Since version 1.2 the protocol is simply called SOAP. This is because the protocol is not simple, and that it can be used for other purposes than accessing objects.

Introduction

SOAP is a lightweight protocol intended for exchanging structured information in a decentralized, distributed environment. SOAP uses XML technologies to define an extensible messaging framework, which provides a message construct that can be exchanged over a variety of underlying protocols. The framework has been designed to be independent of any particular programming model and other implementation specific semantics.

SOAP Versions

Messaging Framework

The core section of the SOAP specification is the messaging framework. The SOAP messaging framework defines a suite of XML elements for "packaging" arbitrary XML messages for transport between systems.

The framework consists of the following core XML elements: Envelope, Header, Body, and Fault, all of which are from the http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/ namespace in SOAP 1.1. I've provided the full XML Schema definition for SOAP 1.1 in the following code for your reference as you read through the remainder of this section. Personally, I find it helpful to inspect the schema whenever familiarizing myself with XML constructs.SOAP UI is a tool use to test whether SOAP is sending and receiving the messages properly as part of Unit testing in IT projects.

Internet protocols

SOAP


A mirror or looking-glass is something that reflects light. One common plane mirror is a piece of special flat glass that a person can look into to see a reflection of themselves or what is behind them.

Sometimes, a flat piece of metal or the surface of water can act like a mirror.

You can see yourself in a mirror because light comes in and is reflected.

Curved mirrors can have magnification properties, making images appear smaller or larger than their actual size, like a lens does..  They can be concave (curved inward) or convex (curved outward), making the reflected angle and view to be smaller or larger, respectively.  Special mirrors can make a person's appearance look quite strange.

Also, in a mirror, writing appears backwards, as a "mirror image" of the original writing.

Mirrors are usually made out of glass with metal on the back, called "silvering" even if the metal is not silver. Modern mirrors use aluminum. The aluminum is applied via vacuum, and will bond directly to cooled glass.

Tools

Mirror


The Battle of Modon was fought on 7 October 1403 between the fleets of the Republic of Venice and of the Republic of Genoa, then under French control, commanded by the French marshal Jean Le Maingre, better known as Boucicaut. One of the last clashes in the Venetian–Genoese wars, the battle ended in a decisive Venetian victory.

Background

Tensions between the Republic of Venice and its old rival, the Republic of Genoa, rose again in 1402, as reports came in of Genoese pirates attacking Venetian merchant shipping. The Venetians authorised the captain-general of the Sea, Carlo Zeno, to mobilise the fleet and take measures to combat Genoese piracy.

In April 1403, a Genoese fleet of nine galleys, seven round ships, a galleass, and a horse transport, had sailed from Genoa under the command of the French Marshal Boucicaut, and made for Cyprus, to strengthen Genoese influence there. On its way, the fleet passed by the Venetian outpost of Modon in southwestern Greece, but no hostilities took place, and Boucicaut led his fleet on to Cyprus. After carrying out his mission there, the French commander, a "fervent crusader", launched attacks on Muslim cities on the Levantine coast. Among others, Beirut was sacked, an event which angered the Venetians further since most of the booty the Genoese took there actually belonged to Venetian merchants. In September, Boucicaut, at the head of eleven galleys and two transport cogs, set sail for the return journey.

Battle
The Genoese fleet arrived at Modon on 4 October, only to find a Venetian fleet of eleven galleys and two round ships waiting for them. Anticipating a battle, Zeno moved his ships out into the bay, while the Genoese anchored at the offshore island of Sapienza. In the early morning of 7 October the Genoese started to sail north, but were pursued by the Venetians. The ensuing battle was hard-fought, particularly between the flagships of the two opposing fleets, which closed on one another and engaged in  hand-to-hand combat. The battle was decided by the Venetian round ship Pisana, which captured three Genoese galleys, leading Boucicaut to break off and retreat. The Genoese had 600 casualties, and a further 300 as prisoners of war aboard the three captured vessels, while the Venetians had suffered only 153 wounded.

Aftermath
The internal instability of Genoa meant that this was the last major challenge offered by the Genoese to Venetian maritime hegemony and its dominance of the eastern trade routes. The latter would be soon shaken, however, by the inexorable rise of the Ottoman Empire.

References

Bibliography

1403 in Europe
15th century in the Republic of Genoa
15th century in the Republic of Venice
Modon 1403
Battles in the Peloponnese
Conflicts in 1403
Medieval Messenia

Battle of Modon (1403)


This article covers the results of leadership elections in the Reform Party of British Columbia, a political party in British Columbia, Canada.  The 1995 election occurred by mail-in balloting, using a preferential voting method.  The 1997 election occurred at a delegated convention.

1995 leadership election

(Results announced January 15, 1995.)

Jack Weisgerber
Ron Gamble
Wilf Hanni
Terry Milne 250
Joe Leong

(Note:  A total of 4,158 party members had the ability to cast a ballot.)

1997 leadership convention

(Held on October 30, 1997.)

Wilf Hanni elected on the second ballot, by 125 votes
Adrian Wade
John Motiuk eliminated on the first ballot

(Wilf Hanni was removed as party leader in June 1998, at the same time that former Social Credit Premier Bill Vander Zalm was chosen as the party's President.)

1999 leadership convention

(Held on November 13, 1999.)

Bill Vander Zalm acclaimed

Political party leadership elections in British Columbia

Reform Party of British Columbia leadership elections


Radio Q (Q standing for queer) is an online radio station serving Romania's LGBT and queer community. The radio station was established under the name 2G Radio on December 18, 2005. It is affiliated to the gay portal GayOne.ro, which was previously named 2G. Radio Q is the first LGBT radio station in Romania.

Radio Q broadcasts non-stop through its Internet streaming service, the bulk of its broadcasts consisting of music of varying genres (with a focus on electronic music and trance). There are also a variety of programmes that discuss LGBT culture and rights in Romania, and these are archived on the website so that they can be downloaded after they have initially been broadcast. In the future, Radio Q intends to develop into an FM radio station so that its broadcasts can be received without using the Internet.

LGBT-related radio stations
Radio stations in Romania
Romanian-language radio stations
LGBT-related mass media in Romania
Queer-related mass media
2000s LGBT-related mass media

Radio Q


Cyprian Michael Iwene Tansi , OCSO (September 1903 – 20 January 1964) was an Igbo Nigerian priest of the Catholic Church who worked in the Archdiocese of Onitsha and later became a Trappist monk at Mount Saint Bernard Monastery in England.

On 22 March 1998, upon the recommendation of Cardinal Francis Arinze, he was beatified by Pope John Paul II. His feast day is 20 January.

Heritage and early life
Tansi was born in September 1903, in an area of Nigeria under the control of the Royal Niger Company (RNC). The RNC maintained a trading outpost in Aguleri, purchasing palm oil from local farmers to sell abroad. An incident happened when a local person named Onwurume wanted to take a little palm oil to put on his roasted yam (yam is the staple food of Igbo people, and palm oil to yams is the cultural equivalent of butter to bread) and decided to puncture a barrel of palm oil to get some. When the hole he made caused the entire barrel to be emptied out, he ran away, but was grabbed by employees of the company and put into custody. When the local people heard about it, they gathered together to negotiate with the company agents, but the company called for military reinforcements and arrested twelve village chiefs who came to negotiate. Afterwards, they proceeded to attack the neighbouring villages, burning down the homes of the local people and looting their property, as well as mistakenly destroying a nearby village of a different group that had no relation to the incident.

Michael's father was Tabansi of Igbezunu, Aguleri. He was one of the people taken hostage by the Royal Niger Company and later released.  Michael was his first born, and he had another son with his first wife. Later he named his firstborn son 'Iwe-egbune', shortened to Iwene, meaning 'let malice not kill'; this was the birth-name of Cyprian Michael Iwene Tansi. His parents were poor farmers; they were not Christian. After the death of his first wife, Iwene's father married again. He and his second wife had four boys and one girl.

When Iwene was a young child, he became permanently blinded in one eye as a result of a mud-fight with other children.

His father sent Iwene to Holy Trinity School in Onitsha, which was run by the Holy Ghost Fathers. Tabansi meant for his son to get a better education that would help lead their family out of poverty, so that they would never again be taken advantage of by the westerners. Michael was baptized on July 7, 1913 with the Christian name of Michael. At the school, Michael served as an altar boy and catechist. Upon graduating, he became a teacher, and worked as a teacher from 1919-1925, Later, he became headmaster at St. Joseph's school in Aguleri.

Seminarian
At that time, there was little enthusiasm among Blacks to become priests in Nigeria. The Bishop was Irish, and most of the clergy were Europeans. Bishop Shanahan saw the native Igbo, even after conversion, as still being steeped in paganism, and that it was going to be difficult to teach them to be proper priests. While Igbo could become priests, they were subject to strict discipline and were often expelled from seminary for relatively minor lapses. The priests who taught them were concerned that only the very best men should become priests.

Michael attended St. Paul Seminary in Igbariam from 1925-1937. His family was appalled at his entrance to the seminary, because they wanted him to go into business or something that would take them out of poverty, which was what his father had always planned. His family was poor and desperately needed his help, but he felt that God, the same God he had learned about in the mission school his parents had sent him to as a child as a means of getting material benefits for the family, wanted him to continue in the seminary rather than do something else. There, he developed a particular devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus and to the Blessed Virgin Mary.

Parish priest
At that time in Nigeria, almost all priests were foreign missionaries.  Few Africans were being ordained to the priesthood. Tansi was ordained a priest for the Archdiocese of Onitsha at the Cathedral Basilica of the Most Holy Trinity in Onitsha on December 19, 1937.

As Black priests became more common, some followed the lifestyle of the foreign missionaries. Monks and nuns also lived more comfortably than most Nigerians, and some people began looking at taking holy orders as a priest, monk or nun as a way to escape poverty.

When he became a parish priest, he lived a very austere life in comparison to the other priests around him. He built his own home using adobe, mud brick or other traditional materials. He would sleep on any bed, even if it was uncomfortable. He would eat even poorer food than what the local people ate, surviving on tiny portions of yam. He sometimes had a motorbike provided to him, but he often preferred to use a bicycle or even just to walk. He was not deterred from doing his work by tropical rainstorms.

His lifestyle shocked the Nigerian Catholics, who were not accustomed to this kind of priest. He became extremely popular and loved among the four parishes that he served in: Nnewi, Dunukofia, Akpu/Ajalli, and his home town Aguleri. He organized the community to help the poor and needy, and he personally would help people to build their own homes or perform other projects. He was very good at building homes, and taught people new building techniques, with adobe or mud brick, that were copied and used by the whole community. He was remembered as always being very kind.

He also stood up against oppression of women within the traditional culture and advised women to fight back against those who would rape or mistreat them. On one occasion, a female parishioner was attacked by a group of males, and she fought back against them. Fr Michael, who was nearby, came on his bicycle and joined with her and fought them until they fled. He then encouraged her to bring the assailants to court, which she did, winning the case against them and forcing them each to pay her four pounds; this case was a milestone in the establishment of women's rights in Nigeria.

He was unyielding in confronting vice among his flock. He had a special interest in preparing young women for marriage. With the help of local nuns, the women were taught about Christian marriage and how to care for the children they would have. He would organize the community to place the bride to be in a special home wherein she would be looked after until she got married. He would not allow men to see their brides before they got married, and if the groom attempted to go there without Fr. Tansi's permission, he could be penalized. He also had a women's group organized, who would enforce disciplines on their own members to avoid premarital sex and deter abortion.  He was also a very strict disciplinarian with students who failed to work hard at the parish school, to the point of hiding near the school, waiting for the bell to ring, and then, when he saw students coming late, coming out of his hiding place and penalising them for coming late to school.

He also was opposed to some aspects of the traditional pagan culture in Nigeria, especially the masquerades, who were believed to be spirits and used to punish innocent people at times. Nigerian pagans had murdered his own mother after claiming she was a witch who had caused mischief.

He gave the community advice and teachings about the right way to live in a practical fashion. For example, there were many mango trees in his locale, and it was common for people to go to the trees and throw rocks at the fruit. In the process, they would knock down far more than they were going to eat, or knock down the unripe fruit along with the ripened fruit, thus denuding the tree before the season was over. Michael considered this very wasteful, and told his parishioners to pluck each mango individually so that nothing was wasted and that they would not lack mangoes to eat later.

He was also remembered as being a perfectionist, which sometimes caused resentment among those under him. Later, his experience as a novice monk would give him insight into his earlier strict methods.

Trappist monk

While serving in his last parish, in his own hometown of Aguleri from 1949-1950, Michael began to become attracted to the monastic life. At that time, there were no monasteries established in Nigeria, and the Bishop was interested in the idea of sending some candidates to a monastery in Europe who would become monks in Europe and later return to Nigeria to start up the first Nigerian monastery. Michael and others were selected for this project.

1950 was a jubilee year in the church, and Michael was first sent to Rome to make the pilgrimage to the four major basilicas. He was then sent to Mount St. Bernard in England, to join the Trappist monks there. He arrived on 8 June 1950.

At the monastery, he joined the novitiate and took his vows, taking the name Cyprian after the Roman martyr. Cyprian worked in the refectory and bookbindery, and in the vegetable gardens and orchard. He used to say, "If you are going to be a Christian at all, you might as well live entirely for God". Father Anselm Stark, who knew Fr Cyprian, recalled: "As a person he was very ordinary, very humble, obviously a great man of deep prayer and dedication."

Cyprian was sensitive to criticism, and his novice master was very hard on the new monks, and could always find things that were wrong with what he had done. This caused him much stress, and it was during this trying time that he understood that he had made some mistakes in Nigeria with the hard discipline and expectations he had placed on those under him. Despite fears of being treated with racial prejudice, he was fully accepted by the other monks, with the exception perhaps of one South African monk, who seemed to look for things to find wrong in his work. The English winter was also hard on him.

He was commissioned to establish a monastery not in Nigeria, but in neighboring Cameroon, but ill health changed those plans. He did not feel that the Nigeria independence movement had been properly done.  His health deteriorated, but he accepted death with no complaint. Before he died, he went to Leicester Royal Hospital, and, when he was examined, the doctor came out of the examination and spoke with monastery priest Fr. James, saying: "Can you help me please, Father? This man must be in terrific pain, but he will only admit that he has 'a little pain.'" He died the same day, as a result of arteriosclerosis and a ruptured aneurysm. The date of his death was 20 January 1964.

His body was buried at the monastery in England, but was later interred at the Cathedral Basilica of the Most Holy Trinity, Onitsha, Nigeria.

Quotations

 "Count no one saved, until he is found in heaven" (Onye afuro na enuigwe, si aguyi na)
 "Do not be imitating the whites in everything, strive hard to gain the Kingdom of God. The whites are already in heaven in this world, but you are suffering every want. Are you going to suffer also in the next world: Life on earth could be compared to the journey of a young student who received a slip for a registered parcel, and he had to go to Lagos to claim this parcel. On the way he passed through many beautiful towns, towns with very attractive things in the shops. He started going from one shop to another, stretching his hands to the beautiful things he saw. He stopped so often in these big towns that he almost forgot what he was travelling for. It was after a long time that he ultimately reached Lagos, and when he went to claim the parcel he was told that the parcel had lain in the post for so long without him arriving to claim it that they had finally decided to send it back to the sender."

 "God will give you double for what you give Him"

 "If you want to eat vultures, you may as well eat seven of them, so that when people call you "vulture eater" you really deserve the name. If you want to become a Catholic, live as a faithful Catholic, so that when people see you, they know that you are a Catholic. If you are going to be a Christian at all, you might as well live entirely for God."

 "Whether you like it or not, saving your soul is your own business. If you are weak and fall by the wayside, we shall push you aside and tread on you as we march forward to meet God."

 "She is not 'Onye Bem' (a common Nigerian expression for wife, meaning 'in my place) but your wife, your better half, part of your own body. 'Onye' means a stranger which your wife is not. You must recognize the worth and position of your wife and treat her as your partner and your equal. Unless you do that, she is not a wife to you but a servant, and that is not what God wants a wife to be to the husband."

Veneration
He was recommended by Cardinal Francis Arinze, who was inspired by Tansi as a boy when Tansi had been one of his teachers.

He was beatified by Pope John Paul II on 22 March 1998, at Oba, Nigeria, becoming the first West African to be beatified. Pope John Paul said: "Blessed Cyprian Michael Tansi is a prime example of the fruits of holiness which have grown and matured in the Church in Nigeria since the Gospel was first preached in this land. He received the gift of faith through the efforts of the missionaries, and, taking the Christian way of life as his own, he made it truly African and Nigerian."

There is a statue of Father Tansi outside Most Holy Trinity Basilica in Onitsha. In 2010, Michael Cyprian Iwene Tansi was named a patron of Nigerian priests. Archbishop Valerian Okeke compared Father Tansi to St John Mary Vianney as a model of sanctity.

Institutions named after Blessed Cyprian Iwene Tansi
 Blessed Iwene Tansi Major Seminary, Onitsha Anambra State Nigeria (Provincial Seminary)
 Blessed Iwene Tansi Secondary School, Aguleri
 Blessed Iwene Tansi Parish, Umudioka
Blessed Iwene Tansi Parish, Awada-Onitsha
Blessed Iwene Tansi Parish, Mba Farm, Onitsha
 Blessed Iwene Tansi Parish, Ugwu Orji Owerri Imo State
 Blessed Iwene Tansi Parish, Transekulu, Enugu State
 Blessed Iwene Tansi Chaplaincy, Nike Grammar School, Enugu State
 Blessed Iwene Tansi Chaplaincy, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University (Igbariam Campus)
 Tansi International College Awka
 Tansian University, Umunya
 Blessed Michael Tansi Catholic Church, Aba

References

External links
Publications on Blessed Iwene Tansi
Early history

1903 births
1964 deaths
Nigerian beatified people
Nigerian emigrants to the United Kingdom
Nigerian Roman Catholic priests
Igbo theologians
Trappists
20th-century venerated Christians
People from colonial Nigeria
People from Anambra State
Venerated Catholics by Pope John Paul II
20th-century Nigerian people
Trappist beatified people
20th-century Roman Catholic priests

Cyprian Michael Iwene Tansi


The Dymaean Wall (, Teichos Dymaiōn) or Kalogria Castle is a prehistoric acropolis in western Achaea, Greece. The fortress stands in a strategic position on a rocky hilltop, north of the Prokopos lagoon, near the village of Araxos. It was built in the Mycenaean period, probably around 1300 BC, but human occupation of the site started already around 3500 BC. It was deserted in the 18th century AD. During World War II it was used by occupying Italian forces, who built a number of military installations on the site and damaged the prehistoric fortifications.

It was named the Dymaean Wall after the nearby ancient city of Dyme. During the war between the Achaean and the Aetolian Leagues (220–217 BC) it was seized by king Philip V of Macedon.

References

Ancient Achaea
Dymi, Achaea
Neolithic Greece
Buildings and structures in Achaea

Dymaean Wall


The file xorg.conf is a file used for configuring the X.Org Server. While typically located in , its location may vary across operating system distributions (See manual, "man xorg.conf" for details and further possible locations).

For a long time, editing xorg.conf was necessary for advanced input devices and multiple monitor output to work correctly. In modern systems this is seldom necessary due to input hotplugging and the XRandR extension integrated into new X.org releases. Some devices still require manual editing, notably components utilizing proprietary drivers may require explicit configuration, in order for Xorg to load them.

See also

 XF86Config
 XFree86 Modeline

External links
 Xorg.conf manual page

References

Configuration files
X Window System

Xorg.conf


Francisco Suárez of Toledo Vázquez of Utiel and González of the Tower, known like Doctor Eximius (Granada, 5 January 1548-Lisbon, 25 September 1617), went a theologian, philosopher and jurist jesuita Spanish. One of the main figures of the movement of the Philosofic School of Salamanca, was considered one of the best scholastic

His work considers  a turning point in the history of Segundo escolasticismo, that marks the transition of the Renaissance to the modern philosophy. According to Christopher Shields and Daniel Schwartz, "figures so distinct between yes in the place, the time and the philosophical orientation like Leibniz, Grocio, Pufendorf, Schopenhauer and Heidegger found reasons to quote it like source of inspiration and influence

References

Articles with unsourced statements

Francisco Suárez


Curtiss Motorcycles, previously Confederate Motors, is an American manufacturer of exotic street motorcycles in Birmingham, Alabama. It was founded in 1991 by trial lawyer H. Matthew Chambers, as an initiative seeking "enlightened design through true American inspiration." In 2017 the company announced plans to rename itself to Curtiss Motorcycles and switch to all-electric motorcycles with a partnership with Zero Motorcycles. The Warhawk will be the final and only gasoline motorcycle under the Curtiss brand. It is based on their P51 Fighter,  with a limited run of 35 bikes. On March 29, 2018, Combat Motors LLC purchased the intellectual property rights for the Confederate brand and designs and continues to make gasoline motorcycles.

History

The company opened in Baton Rouge, Louisiana in 1991, and after a brief move to San Francisco, California, the next year, moved to a prototype shop in New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1993. The company's first motorcycle rolled off the production line there on November 11, 1994. Over 500 first generation Hellcat models were built from 1996 to 2001. After going bankrupt in 2001, Confederate recovered in 2003 and produced a second generation of Hellcats, about 75 total.

After the severe factory damage in August 2005 by Hurricane Katrina interrupted production, Confederate moved its corporate headquarters and assembly operations to a building in downtown Birmingham, Alabama. Production resumed after the reorganization and move in early 2006, with an announcement in May of their $5 million expansion plans for production of a third, more affordable, model

Confederate Motor Co. sold 37 bikes in 2008 and anticipated the sale of 30 bikes in 2009, due to the recession. Even though Confederate's buyers are too rich to be affected by the economic downturn, company founder Matt Chambers said during the recession, "it was very fashionable to not be buying a high-end luxury product like ours."

In 2013 the company moved to a larger facility in Birmingham. Confederate produced 130 G3 Hellcats. Confederate has launched a G2 Fighter and has plans to launch a G2 Wraith.

At the August 2017 Quail Motorcycle Gathering, Confederate's President Matt Chambers said the Confederate name would be changed to Curtiss, and the company would switch to electric motorcycles in partnership with established electric bike maker Zero Motorcycles. The new model is to be a high-powered cruiser called the Hercules, made in Zero's California facility, not the Birmingham, Alabama Confederate Motorcycle factory. Chambers said that the Civil War connotations of the Confederate name had cost the company business, and they "missed out on branding opportunities" because of it. The Curtiss Motorcycles name is a reference to aviation and motorcycle pioneer Glenn Curtiss. Chambers had defended the Confederate name and motto, "Art of Rebellion", as recently as June 2017, saying "the rebellion we're talking about is cerebral and spiritual and inside of you", connected with the ideas of Albert Camus or E. E. Cummings, and Southern principles Chambers is proud of, not their "unprincipled application", adding that he is "glad the South lost" the Civil War.

Motorcycles
Confederate produced the G1 Hellcat from 1999 - 2001.  The G2 Hellcat was produced from 2002 to 2007.  The Wraith was produced was 2007 to 2009 and the Fighter from 2009 to 2011. The G3 Hellcat was produced until being sold out in the fourth quarter of 2015.

In 2007, the $92,000 B120 Wraith and F131 Hellcat took first and second place respectively in the AMD World Championship of Custom Bike Building show at the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally, in the production manufacturer category.

In late 2015, entered production of the G2 P51 Combat Fighter, this models frame is produced from a solid billet block of aluminum, creating an aluminum monocoque frame, of which 61 examples will be made, selling for $119,500. Confederate has plans to launch a G2 Wraith and a G3 Hellcat.

In August 2017 Confederate announced a limited edition FA-13 Combat Bomber model based on the G2 P51 Combat Fighter. This models  56-degree air cooled V-twin engine has claimed specifications of  @ 5,100 rpm and  @ 2,000 rpm and a wet weight of , with a top speed of

In 2018, the Warhawk model based on their P51 Fighter will be the last and final gas-powered motorcycle, only 35 bikes will be produced.

Current models
 The 1

References

External links

 Confederate Motor Company announces relocation...  Retrieved 20070617
 alabama.gov: Governor Riley Celebrates First Production Motorcycle Made in Alabama Retrieved 20070617
 Out of New Orleans, Confederate Rises NYT Handlebars column
 Beeler, Jensen Pierre Terblanche Leaves Confederate for Royal Enfield (November 14, 2014. Asphalt and Rubber

Companies based in Birmingham, Alabama
Motorcycle builders
Pierre Terblanche
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1991
1991 establishments in Alabama
Manufacturing companies based in Alabama

Curtiss Motorcycles


The history of Austria covers the history of Austria and its predecessor states, from the Early Stone Age to the present state.

The name Ostarrîchi (Austria) has been in use since 996 AD. Then,  it was a margravate of the Duchy of Bavaria. Afterwards, from 1156, it became an independent duchy (later archduchy) of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (Heiliges Römisches Reich 962–1806).

The House of Habsburg and House of Habsburg-Lorraine (Haus Österreich) dominated Austria from 1273 to 1918. In 1806, when Emperor Francis I of Austria dissolved the Holy Roman Empire, Austria became the Austrian Empire. It was also part of the German Confederation until the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. In 1867, Austria formed a dual monarchy with Hungary: the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867–1918). Austria was reduced to the German-speaking areas of the empire (its current frontiers), after its collapse in 1918. It adopted the name The Republic of German-Austria. However, union with Germany and the chosen country name were forbidden by the Allies at the Treaty of Versailles. This led to the creation of the First Austrian Republic (1919-1933).

Following the First Republic, Austrofascism tried to keep Austria independent from the German Reich. Engelbert Dollfuss accepted that most Austrians were German and Austrian, but wanted Austria to remain independent from Germany. In 1938, Adolf Hitler annexed Austria to the German Reich with the Anschluss. A  large majority of the Austrian people supported it. Ten years after the Second World War, Austria again became an independent republic as the Second Austrian Republic in 1955.

Austria joined the European Union in 1995.

History of Austria


The British Aircraft Corporation One-Eleven or sometime British Aircraft Corporation 111 or also BAC 111 was a British airliner. It was a twin-turbojet that could carry around one hundred passengers. Some were built under licence in Romania as RomBAC 111. This aircraft is similar to the French Sud Aviation Caravelle and to the US Douglas DC-9. The One-Eleven was retired from service in the 1990s because of noise restrictions. It was one of the more successful British designed airliners.

History and service
Before the airplane was called the BAC 1-11, it was called the Hunting 107 before Hunting Aircraft merged with British Aircraft corporation. It entered service in 1965, a while before it's competitors. Despite it being a British aircraft, half of the original orders were American. During the 1980s noise restrictions were passed, and most airlines wanted to hush-kit the aircraft instead of putting the aircraft out of service. They did this because at least half of the 1-11s still in service were fairly new; only 5-10 years old. During the early 1990s, more noise restrictions were passed, and this time, the planes were approaching retirement age anyway, so the BAC 1-11 saw most airlines retiring them in the 90s. The last ones in service were testbeds for the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II, and those were retired in 2019.

Civil aircraft

BAC One-Eleven


Database systems use a network model to store their data in a graph. Much like the Hierarchical database model, the nodes of the graph contain information. The information  is stored in a graph, so one parent can have many children, and one child can relate to several parents. The model is also known as CODASYL model, because it was originally proposed by the CODASYL consortium (who also developed COBOL).

In a network model, the defining feature is that each record has a link to another record.

Database modeling

Network model (database)


Don't Take It to Heart is a 1944 British comedy film directed by Jeffrey Dell and starring Richard Greene, Alfred Drayton, Patricia Medina, Moore Marriott and Richard Bird.

It was shot at the Riverside Studios in Hammersmith with sets designed by the art director Alex Vetchinsky.

Plot
When the ancient castle of the Earls of Chaunduyt (pronounced "Condit") is damaged by German bombing during the Second World War, an ancient ghost is released from a chest hidden in an old wall. He is sighted by the butler Alfred Bucket and the maid when they come to inspect the damage, and he becomes front page news. Lawyer  Peter Hayward joins a tour of the somewhat decrepit castle (conducted by the poverty-stricken, but unconcerned Lord Chaunduyt), and admires portraits of a young woman, who turns out to be Lady Mary, the present lord's daughter.

When Peter comes to look at manuscripts that were also uncovered by the bombing, he is pleasantly surprised to find that his lordship has forgotten the appointment, but Lady Mary has returned home and can be persuaded to assist him. (She has socialist tendencies and is engaged to commoner George Bucket, much to her snobbish aunt's displeasure.) They spend much time together; after a week, Peter asks Mary if she was only trying to help sell the manuscripts. She admits it is important to her father, then tells him she has to go away the next day when he makes it clear he is attracted to her. When Peter asks when she found out, she tells him it was half a minute ago.

In the local pub, the ghost tries to engage a somewhat inebriated Peter to take on a case after Pike ploughs up a cricket pitch; over 400 years, his conscience has grown to bother him that he fenced in land that did not belong to him.

When Mary returns, she finds Peter still there. She then tells him that her fiance, whom she has seen only once briefly since they were children, is coming home from the war. Discouraged, Peter decides to leave. At the railway station, he learns that Pike has confiscated the land Harry used to operate a brickyard, probably out of spite for losing the case over the cricket grounds, and now people are saying that he is responsible. At a party, Mary inadvertently learns that George is engaged to someone else, which makes her distraught. However, she pulls herself together when Peter appears; she continues to discourage his romantic interest in her.

Meanwhile, Peter concocts a plan. He has some of the local residents move sheep onto the confiscated land. When Pike takes the matter to court, presided over by Lord Chaunduyt, Peter pleads not guilty for himself and all of the other defendants. Pike is represented by Sir Henry Wade and Patterson. Peter proceeds to contend that the recently discovered manuscripts prove the Lord Chaunduyt who enclosed the land originally was not in fact Lord Chaunduyt at all. Peter calls Dr. Rose of the British Museum as his first witness. He confirms the authenticity of the manuscripts and reads a paragraph which contains a deathbed confession that a man switched his child with the infant Lord Chaunduyt. Peter then asserts that the rightful earl is poacher Harry Bucket! Sir Henry demands that Peter produce a witness to the signature. The ghost unexpectedly appears, takes the witness stand and confirms that the signature is that of his father. The case is dismissed.

Harry is made Lord Chaunduyt by act of Parliament. Peter confesses to Mary that his aged father is a baronet and overcomes her outrage with a kiss. Meanwhile, the former earl enjoys himself by poaching.

Cast
 Richard Greene as Peter Hayward
 Alfred Drayton as [Joseph] Pike
 Patricia Medina as Mary
 Moore Marriott as Granfer
 Richard Bird as Arthur [Chaunduyt] / the ghost
 Edward Rigby as Butler [Alfred Bucket]
 Brefni O'Rorke as Lord [Charles] Chaunduyt
 Wylie Watson as Harry Bucket
 Claude Dampier as Loopy
 Ernest Thesiger as Justices' Clerk
 Ronald Squire as Music-Lover
 Joyce Barbour as Harriet
 David Horne as Sir Henry [Wade]
 Joan Hickson as Mrs. Pike
 Claude Bailey as Magistrate
 Ivor Barnard as Bus-Driver
 Esma Cannon as Maid
 Peter Cotes as Junior Counsel [Patterson]
 Patric Curwen as Smith
 Harry Fowler as Telegraph Boy
 Arthur Hambling as Railway Porter
 Ernest Jay as Reporter [Tripp]
 Edie Martin as Postmistress
 George Merritt as Landlord
 John Salew as Dr. Rose, witness
 John Turnbull as Police Sergeant
 Amy Veness as Cook
 Margaret Withers as Mrs. Smith
 Eliot Makeham as Roberts
 Ian Wilson as Reporter in Court

Production
The film was made at Riverside Studios, Hammersmith in London, England, and on location. A collection of location stills and corresponding contemporary photographs is hosted at reelstreets.com.

Critical reception
Allmovie described it as "an amiable entry in the 1940s cycle of "ghost comedies"...Don't Take It to Heart received almost uniformly good reviews from the British press, which during wartime was often resistant to comedy films" ; and TV Guide wrote, "the talented leads are supported by a fine cast of character actors."

References

External links

1944 films
1944 comedy films
British comedy films
British ghost films
Films directed by Jeffrey Dell
Films produced by Sydney Box
Films set in 1944
Films set in England
Two Cities Films films
Films shot at Riverside Studios
British black-and-white films
1940s English-language films
1940s British films

Don't Take It to Heart


The goblin shark (Mitsukurina owstoni) is a rare, poorly-known species of deep-sea shark. Sometimes called a "living fossil", it is the only living species in the family Mitsukurinidae.

The Goblin shark can be easily identified by its long, flattened snout. Males can reach up to lengths of 12.6 feet (3.8 meters), and females can reach up to lengths of 12.2 feet (3.7 meters). The heaviest Goblin shark found weighed 210 kg (460 pounds).

The Goblin shark is a bottom-dwelling shark, being found in waters as deep as 4265 feet (1,300 meters). It has been found in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Ocean.

Description
The Goblin shark can be easily identified by its long, flattened snout. It has a noticeably long head, tiny eyes and five short gill openings. The mouth is large and parabolic in shape. Its body is soft and flabby. This shark has a long caudal fin without a ventral lobe. The pectoral fins are short and wide, and the two dorsal fins are small, round and equal in size. The anal fin is round and smaller than the dorsal fins, while the pelvic fins are larger than the dorsals. The Goblin shark has a long extendable jaw, with long, thin teeth. The shape of its body shows that the Goblin shark is a slow moving species of shark.
Living Goblin sharks are a pinkish-white color with bluish fins. Specimens fade and become a brownish color when preserved in alcohol.
Goblin sharks have 26 long, thin, spike-like teeth on their upper jaw and 24 on their lower jaw. They have three rows of front teeth on each side of both jaws. The teeth in the front upper jaw are separated from the smaller upper side teeth by a gap.
Mature male Goblin sharks have been found to reach lengths ranching from 8.66 to 12.6 feet (2.6 to 3.8 meters) long. Mature females have been found to reach lengths ranging from 11 to 12.2 feet (3.4 to 3.7 meters). The size at birth is not known, but the smallest specimen found was 3.51 feet (1.07 meters) long. The heaviest Goblin shark found weighed 210 kg (460 pounds), and was 3.8 metres (12 feet) long.

Distribution
This species of deep-sea shark is thought to be widely distributed. Specimens have been seen in the Atlantic, off the coast of Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, France, Madeira, Senegal, Portugal, and the Gulf of Guinea. It has also been reported in the western Pacific off Japan, Australia and New Zealand. In the Indian Ocean it is found off South Africa and Mozambique. It was recently recorded in the U.S.A near San Clemente Island off the coast of California, as well as in the northern Gulf of Mexico, south of Pascagoula, Mississippi.

Habitat
The Goblin shark is a bottom-dwelling shark that is rarely seen at the surface or in shallow coastal waters. This species is found along the outer continental shelves, upper slopes, and off seamounts. Most specimens have been observed near continental slopes, between 885 and 3149 feet (270 and 960 meters) deep. It has been found in waters up to 4265 feet (1,300 meters) deep, and in waters as shallow as 311 to 449 feet (95 to 137 meters). Records show that the Goblin shark could also be an oceanic species.

Feeding
The Goblin shark senses its prey with the help of electro-sensitive organs. The jaws are made for rapid projection to help in the capture of prey. The jaw is thrust forward by a double set of ligaments at the mandibular (lower jaw) joints. When the jaws are withdrawn, the ligaments are stretched and they become relaxed when the jaw is projected forward. The jaws are usually held tightly while swimming, and have a function like a catapult when the Goblin shark wants to feed. The front teeth are made for crushing. The Goblin shark feeds on shrimps, pelagic octopuses, fish, and squids. It is also thought to feed on crabs, and deep-sea rockfish.

Reproduction
There is no proper information about the reproduction habits of the Goblin shark. No pregnant female has been found or captured. It is believed that they are ovoviviparous, meaning that the young are born live, but there is no placental connection, instead the embryos are nourished by egg yolk. There is no real information of when the Goblin shark matures, when and how it mates, and how long the gestation period lasts.

Human interactions
The Goblin shark is fished commercially off Japan, and is sometimes caught along with cutlassfish off Portugal. Elsewhere, they are taken mainly as bycatch of deep-water trawls and occasionally with deep-water longlines, deep-set gillnets, and possibly purse seines.

The Goblin shark is probably harmless, but since it has rarely been encountered by humans it is not yet possible to tell. Although probably common, this species of shark is rarely seen and is therefore poorly known.

References

Sharks

Goblin shark


Jan Pieter Theodoor Huydecoper (2 September 1728 – 11 July 1767) was an administrator of the Dutch West India Company. He served as Director-General of the Dutch Gold Coast between 1759 and 1760 (ad interim) and from 1764 until his death in 1767.

Biography
Jan Pieter Theodoor Huydecoper was born in Hellevoetsluis to Adriaan Huydecoper (1693-1740), chief commissioner of the navy depot at Hellevoetsluis, the port of call of the Admiralty of the Maze, one of five constituent admiralties of the Dutch Navy, and Sara Maria van Asch van Wijk (1691-1728), who died in the year he was born. The young Huydecoper was then brought to his godparents, Pieter Theodoor van Herzeele and his wife, in Utrecht. After a scandal involving Mrs Van Herzeele, Huydecoper was taken to Amsterdam by his Aunt Sophia Huydecoper. He attended the French and Latin school in Amsterdam.

Huydecoper had a reputation for being a rake and was more occupied with women than with more serious business. After moving to Geneva in 1752, Huydecoper was so much indebted by 1756 that he decided to employ himself with the Dutch West India Company. He was installed as head merchant on the Dutch Gold Coast in August 1756.

Career on the Gold Coast
After arriving at Fort George at Elmina, Huydecoper moved to Fort Crevecoeur at Accra, where he was stationed. After the death of Director-General Lambert Jacob van Tets, Huydecoper was interim Director-General (so-called President of the Council) of the Gold Coast between March 1759 and March 1760.

Huydecoper failed to convince the West India Company's directors back in Holland to appoint him as director-general. The new director-general, David Pieter Erasmi, sent to Fort St Anthony at Axim. Despite this being a principal fort (its head being a chief merchant like in Accra), trade with the hinterland was hindered by local warfare. However, Huydecoper's prestige with the administrators of the Dutch West India Company began to rise as his reports were of higher quality than those of the other members of the Council. This created so much rivalry that after Erasmi's death in 1764, Huydecoper succeeded only just in convincing the directors back in Holland to appoint him as director-general. Between September 1764 and June 1767, Huydecoper was Director-General of the Gold Coast.

Family
Huydecoper had three relationships with local women when he was stationed at the Gold Coast. In 1758 he married the Afro-European woman Penni Raems. They had two children:
Barbara Huydecoper (1760–1761);
Willem Pieter Cornelis Christiaan Huydecoper (1763–1799) founded the (African) Huydecoper dynasty, which would become a prominent Elmina mulatto family. He was the father of Willem Huydecoper and grandfather of Jacob Huydecoper.

Huydecoper also had a son with a local woman named Abeba:
Cudjo Huydecoper.

Huydecoper had another son with a local woman named Johanna:
Constantin Ferdinand Huydecoper.

Notes

References

1728 births
1767 deaths
Administrators of the Dutch West India Company
Colonial governors of the Dutch Gold Coast
Dutch Gold Coast
Dutch slave traders
People from Hellevoetsluis

Jan Pieter Theodoor Huydecoper


A stalking horse is a figure used to test a concept or mount a challenge on behalf of an anonymous third party. If the idea proves viable or popular, the anonymous third party can then declare its interest and advance the concept with little risk of failure. If the concept fails, the anonymous party will not be tainted by association with the failed concept and can either drop the idea completely or bide its time and wait until a better moment for launching an attack.

In hunting, it refers to a horse, or a model of a horse, behind which a hunter hides when stalking game.

Origin

The term stalking horse originally derived from the practice of hunting, particularly of wildfowl. Hunters noticed that many birds would flee immediately on the approach of humans, but would tolerate the close presence of animals such as horses and cattle. Hunters would therefore slowly approach their quarry by walking alongside their horses, keeping their upper bodies out of sight until the flock was within firing range. Animals trained for this purpose were called stalking horses. Sometimes mobile hides are used for a similar purpose.

An example of the practice figures in the 1972 film Jeremiah Johnson, when Johnson and Chris Lapp ("Bear Claw") are hunting elk in the Rockies:

Jeremiah: Wind's right, but he'll just run soon as we step out of these trees.
Bear Claw: Trick to it. Walk out on this side of your horse.
Jeremiah: What if he sees our feet?
Bear Claw: Elk don't know how many feet a horse have!

Usage

The term began appearing in English-language newspapers in the late 18th century. It was used to describe the Protestant branch of Christianity as "a stalking horse to power" in Ireland in 1785. Early examples of its use in a political context occurred in the London newspaper The Observer in 1796, the Connecticut Courant in the US in 1808 and in the Sydney Morning Herald in Australia in 1822.

The expression is generally used in politics and business. In politics, the circumstances may include an attempt to bring down a powerful leader, usually by members of their own party. They may also include the presentation of a bill by a minor party representative, who is also acting in the interests of a silent partner such as a larger, more risk-averse, political party. In business, the circumstances are an attempt at testing the market for a potential (hostile) takeover of a business. In each case, there is a clear understanding that the anonymous party, whether a company or an individual, has a valuable reputation that could be damaged by the failure. The stalking horse is an exercise in assessing accurately the degree of risk, so that a full-blooded challenge is only mounted by the main party when there is a real likelihood of success.

The loser in the exercise appears to be the stalking horse. If the idea is viable or popular, the stalking horse person will be sidelined and the anonymous figure will take over the concept. If the concept proves unpopular, the stalking horse will suffer any negative reaction. The understanding is that the anonymous party is a major player, perhaps only a little weaker than the target itself, and the stalking horse is a minor figure who has little or no reputation to lose. The anonymous figure is not sufficiently powerful, or does not have sufficient confidence in that power, to risk a direct attack first off, and the stalking horse is a form of distraction tactic to enable better positioning.

In politics, the stalking horse figure can expect patronage from the senior figure they are assisting. In business, an associated company that acts as a stalking horse may be given a share in the contracts or the market share that will result from the demise of the business rival. The loyalty in volunteering, or agreeing to be "volunteered", will ensure that their name becomes known to those with power and should guarantee help in advancing their interests. As a weaker player, they can afford to wait a while for the due reward.

Alternatively, the "horse" may be acting in a more altruistic and self-sacrificial manner, knowing that there is no possibility of realistic reward from the third party for the exercise, and instead being motivated by duty or loyalty to do so for the greater good of the party, organization, or cause to which they both belong. In this case, the "horse" will probably not be a young person hoping for advancement, but an older figure at the end of their career, who volunteers as a gesture of gratitude for all the benefits they believe the cause has given them, or as a chance to go out in a blaze of glory.

In the event of failure, the anonymous party is seen as being sufficiently powerful to protect the "horse" from any real retribution on the part of the target, particularly since the anonymity will allow the third party to step in and pretend to be an honest broker between the "horse" and the target. This is a further opportunity to enhance the reputation of the third party and boost their status at the expense of the target. If the exercise is viable, the third party gains power immediately, but even if it fails it engineers an opportunity to resolve a stalemate and enhance the contender's reputation, so that ultimate success is another step nearer, to the benefit of both the third party and the "horse", who expects to slipstream in its wake.

Examples

In politics
The phenomenon occurs particularly in politics, where a junior politician acts as the stalking horse to promote the interests of a senior politician, who remains unseen in case the actions would be damaging but nevertheless wants to provoke a debate or challenge to a party colleague. In some cases, stalking horses are not working for a particular individual but may wish to provoke a response that leads others to join in. In politics, the truth about the relationship between an individual stalking horse and a candidate may never be known, as both sides may claim that the (alleged) stalking horse acted without the agreement of anyone else.

For example, in Britain, the elderly and largely unknown back-bench politician Anthony Meyer challenged and helped to bring about the eventual resignation of Margaret Thatcher in the Conservative Party leadership.

In American politics, George W. Romney believed that Nelson Rockefeller had used him as a stalking horse in the 1968 Republican Party presidential primaries by promising support, then not providing it and hinting at his own entry into the campaign.

Alan Keyes' entry into the 1996 Republican Party presidential primaries after Pat Buchanan had secured victories in New Hampshire and Louisiana led many to believe that Keyes was a stalking horse for neoconservative elements in the Republican Party, since Buchanan had been a well-known ardent foe of abortion and had suffered political fallout for bringing abortion and "cultural war" to the center of the public policy debate.

In bankruptcy

In bankruptcy, a stalking horse bid is a first, favorable bid solicited by the bankrupt company's creditors strategically to prevent low-ball offers.

See also

Dark horse
Dummy candidate
Fall Guy
Hunting blind
Paper candidate
Placeholder (politics)
Plausible deniability
Sacrificial lamb
Straw man

References

English-language idioms
Metaphors referring to horses
Political metaphors referring to people
Obfuscation
Hunting

cs:Bílý kůň
de:Strohmann
fr:Homme de paille (droit)
pt:Laranja (indivíduo)
sv:Bulvan

Stalking horse


Johannes Heisig (born 23 April 1953 in Leipzig, East Germany) is a German painter and graphic artist.  His work combines the tradition of German socialist realism with a subjective expressionism. He portrayed several famous German politicians such as Willy Brandt, Johannes Rau and former Finance Minister Peer Steinbrück.
The artist is represented by galerie son, Berlin.

Life

Heisig comes from a family of artists. His father Bernhard Heisig was the principal of the Old Leipzig School and the teacher of many  artists from the "New Leipzig School"  (i.e. Neo Rauch).

In his father's studio Johannes learned early from his childhood on the art of painting. From 1973 to 1977 he studied Painting and Graphics at the Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst Leipzig and from 1978 to 1980 he was Masterstudent with Professor Gerhard Kettner at the Hochschule für Bildende Künste Dresden (HfBK) where he was the president from 1989 to 1991.
After his withdrawing from his long-time teaching activity there he went from Dresden to Berlin.
He was invited to several residency programs at International Universities and worked as a Professor at the Dortmund University (2003–2004).

Work
Johannes Heisig is known for his graphics and illustrations and his portraits for which he can also be considered a modern court painter.

In 2008 he presented his large works series "es war einmal" (once upon a time) which shows the topic of German separation both from a private and a public view in colored portraits and large black-and-white canvasses with scenes from both West and East. These artworks were presented to the public for the first time in the Berlin House of Representatives in 2008 and then in the German Embassy London.

One of Heisig's favorite subjects is Music. He created several painting and lithograph series inspired by or referring to international musicians like Van Morrison, Tom Waits and Johann Sebastian Bach.
His large triptych "Be Berlin or: The Unifying Power of Music" shows musicians playing beside John F. Kennedy on his Berlin visit in the 1960s sitting in a car together with Willy Brandt and Konrad Adenauer.

From 2010 to 2011 Heisig created his work series 'CROW' referring to the same-titled poems by Ted Hughes.

Exhibitions
 2012: "augenscheinlich", Solo exhibition in the Kunstverein Coburg, Coburg
 2011: "ÜBERGÄNGE | CROSSINGS", Willy-Brandt-Haus / galerie son / SEZ, Berlin
 2009: "20 Jahre Deutsche Einheit", Kunsthalle, Schweinfurt
 2008: "3 berliner", German Embassy, London
 2008: "es war einmal", Berlin House of Representatives
 1990-1994: "New Territory - Art from East Germany", School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston / The Art Gallery of the University of Maryland, College Park / Edwin A. Ulrich Museum of Art, Wichita State University, Kansas / LEHIGH ART GALLERIES (Hall and Wilson Gallery) Lehigh University Bethlehem, Pennsylvania / and others, USA
 1992: "TURNING POINTS: EAST GERMAN ART IN REVOLUTION", Sunderland, Carlisle and others, Great Britain
 1992: "To Those Who Begin Again-Art of East Germany", Art Gallery (Williams Centre for the Arts) of the  Lafayette College, Easton, PA /USA
 1989: "The Art of Young Painters of the 1980s from the GDR",  Solothurn/Switzerland
 1989: "Signs of the Times-Paintings and Graphics from the GDR", Tokyo-Nagano- Kumamoto-Kamakura-Kobe/Japan
 1988: "Contemporary Painting of the GDR", Peking, Taiyuan /China
 1986: VI. Triennale of India,  Lalit Kala Akademi, New Delhi /India
 1982: XII. Biennale de Paris, Paris /France

Publications
 "Johannes Heisig - es war einmal", galerie son, Mihyun Son, Berlin, 2008

Notes

External links
 galerie son website (English and German)
 the entire 'CROW' series and information on berliner-art.com

1953 births
Living people
20th-century German painters
20th-century German male artists
German male painters
21st-century German painters
21st-century German male artists
German illustrators
Postmodern artists
Artists from Leipzig
Painters from Berlin
Academic staff of the Dresden Academy of Fine Arts
Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst Leipzig alumni

Johannes Heisig


The Harz Club () is club dedicated to maintaining the traditions of the Harz mountains in Germany and looking after the walking trails in the Harz. It was founded in 1886 in Seesen and as of 2022 the club has about 16,000 members in approximately 90 branches.

History
The Harz Club was founded on 8 August 1886 in Seesen. The railway director, Albert Schneider, was its first chairman. One of the co-founders was Carl Reuß. Its first task was to open up the Harz to walkers and tourists. Later, numerous local history groups were started and it took on the maintenance of Harz traditions. Nature conservation was added to its articles as an important aim in 1907. Before the outbreak of the Second World War membership stood at almost 20,000 in 120 branches.

Following the division of the Harz, the development of the Harz Nature Park became the priority within the western zone. In East Germany the Harz Club was banned as an organisation, similar functions were entrusted to the subordinate levels of the Cultural Association of the GDR.

After German reunification over 40 branches were founded in the Harz region of the new federal states of Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. In 1994 the club's name was changed into the Local History, Walking and Nature Conservation Association (Heimat-, Wander- und Naturschutzbund).

Its main chairman is Michael Ermrich, chief executive of the district of Harz. The Harz Club maintains an office in Clausthal-Zellerfeld and is a member of the Federation of German Mountain and Walking Clubs (Verband Deutscher Gebirgs- und Wandervereine).

Tasks
The Harz Club sets itself the following tasks:
 Nature conservation and preservation of the countryside
 Promotion of walking; guided walks
 Publication of walking maps and walking information
 Maintenance of outdoor walking facilities (benches, huts, etc.)
 Signing of walking trails
 Local history: customs, traditional costume, dialects, folk music, yodelling
 Youth work
 Publication of the local history and members magazine Der Harz
 Promotion of local history research and archiving
 Preservation of cultural objects (loca history booths, cultural monuments in the countryside)
 Training courses and workshops
 Advertising of Harz local history and public relations

Walking hostels
The Harz Club maintains four walking hostels in the Harz with overnight accommodation for families and groups in:
 Wildemann
 Bad Lauterberg – Lönsweg 12
 Torfhaus – Goetheweg
 Sonnenberg

See also

 Harzer Hexenstieg
 Harzer Wandernadel — hiking network.

References

External links
 Official website
  Harzer Försterstieg

Harz
Goslar (district)
Nordhausen (district)
Harz (district)
Clubs and societies in Germany
Hiking organisations in Germany

Harz Club