The Arafura Sea is west of the Pacific Ocean.  It overlys the continental shelf between Australia and New Guinea.

Geography
The Arafura Sea is bordered by Torres Strait and through that the Coral Sea to the east, the Gulf of Carpentaria to the south, the Timor Sea to the west and the Banda and Ceram seas to the northwest. It is  long and  wide. The depth of the sea is mostly 50–80 metres (165–265 feet) with the depth increasing to the west. As a shallow tropical sea, its waters are the start for tropical cyclones.

The sea is over the Arafura Shelf, part of the Sahul Shelf. When sea levels were low during the last glacial maximum, the Arafura Shelf, the Gulf of Carpentaria and Torres Strait formed a large flat land bridge.  The bridge connected Australia and New Guinea and let humans move from Asia into Australia. The combined landmass formed the continent of Sahul.

Other websites

Seas of the Pacific Ocean
Bodies of water of Asia
Bodies of water of Australia
Geography of the Northern Territory
Geography of Indonesia

Arafura Sea


Women in Malaysia receive support from the Malaysian government concerning their rights to advance, to make decisions, to health, education and social welfare, and to the removal of legal obstacles. The Malaysian government has ensured these factors through the establishment of Ministry of National Unity and Social Development in 1997 (formerly known in 1993 as Women's Affairs Secretariat or HAWA). This was followed by the formation of the Women's Affairs Ministry in 2001 to recognise the roles and contributions of Malaysian women.

47% of Malaysian women are in the workforce.

Women's rights
Malaysia ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in August 1995 with reservations. Certain reservations were removed in 2010 but some were maintained, namely Articles 9(2), 16(1)(a), 16(1)(c), 16(1)(f) and 16(1)(g) as these Articles were said to be in conflict with the Malaysian Federal Constitution and Islamic Law (Shari'a). The status of women in the country is complex, and partly dependent on their religion and on where they reside in the states and federal territories of Malaysia, factors which affect certain legal issues. The issue of women's rights in the country is subject to ideological disagreements between conservative and liberal interpretations of Islam, and between more secular forces. A recent Ph.D. doctoral dissertation from the University of Liverpool by Dr. Saleena B. Saleem studied this issue for muslim women in Malaysia, mapped the idiological doctrines of these women groups, identified areas of polarization, and discovered a discovered how these groups have found ways to build trust and build a cohesive civil society by women and for women.

Sharia courts

Sharia allows men to have multiple wives, as he would be solely responsible to meet the needs of the women married and in inheritance cases, the male would inherit more as he would need to spend this favourably on his wives and children, providing for them at his utmost. Non-Muslim women, and Muslim women in four states, enjoy equal parental rights. There may be employment discrimination against women, but not due to any Islamic ruling. In the state of Kedah, women performers can only perform in front of female audiences.

Sexual harassment

In Malaysia, sexual harassment, as defined by the Employment Act 1955, is "any unwanted conduct of a sexual nature, whether verbal, non-verbal, visual, gestural or physical, directed at a person which is offensive, humiliating or a threat to their well-being". The Act does not distinguish between male and female or employer and employee. As such, sexual harassment can be committed by a female against a male, or an employee against an employer.

The earliest recorded cases of sexual harassment at the workplace or misconduct of an employer towards an employee were seen as far back as 1939, at the time when Malaysia was still Malaya under the British colonial rule. The Klang Indian Association organised a strike action condemning the molestation of female workers by Europeans and 'Black Europeans'. In 1950, 106 women and men rubber tappers from Panavan Karupiah Estate in Perak went on strike against sexual molestation.

Sexual harassment is common, and since 2010 trains on the Malaysian Railway have included pink-coloured women-only cars as a means of cutting down on it. There are also women-only buses in Kuala Lumpur since 2010. In 2011, the government launched a women-only taxi service in the greater Kuala Lumpur area. The taxis have women drivers, and operate on an on-call basis.

Female genital mutilation
Female genital mutilation (FGM) is practised in Malaysia, with an estimated of more than 90% of women from Muslim families having undergone the practice. Reasons cited for the performance of FGM include religious obligation, hygiene, cultural practices, and the belief that it prevents pre-marital sex. However, the form of FGM practised in the country is not as severe as in other parts of the world, such as Northeast Africa, and is reported to only consist of a minor cut. Yet, the extent of the practice is not fully known and is mainly based on anecdotal reports and anthropological studies, as neither reports by national groups nor documented evidence have been found. FGM is widely viewed as a religious obligation; in 2009, the Fatwa Committee of Malaysia's National Council of Islamic Religious Affairs ruled that FGM was obligatory for Muslims, but that harmful forms of it must be avoided.

Domestic violence
Women in Malaysia have certain protections from domestic violence (DV), including the Domestic Violence Act 1994. Under the Penal Code, women may charge their husbands for acts of abuse such as physical violence or threats—the only criminal offence with a marital exemption is Rape (Art 375). Marital rape (non-consensual sexual intercourse in marriage) is not, in and of itself, illegal, but a man who "causes hurt or fear of death or hurt to his wife or any other person in order to have sexual  intercourse with  his wife" commits a crime under Art 375A of the Penal Code. According to one study, in Malaysia, 39% of women above 15 years of age have been physically abused by their partners. Domestic violence is increasingly seen as a public issue: Women's Aid Organisation (WAO) has introduced a SMS helpline for victims of DV.

There is controversy as to what acts constitute DV, either under the Domestic Violence Act 1994 or under the Penal Code. This rests on the interpretation of legal terms, on how DV relates to marriage laws which require the wife to obey her husband's lawful demands (see below), and on how the Domestic Violence Act 1994 relates to the Penal Code and to Syariah Courts. The debate is on what type of coercion may a husband use to compel his wife to perform her duties. Controversially, the Section 2—Interpretation, subsection (c), of the Domestic Violence Act 1994 makes reference to "compelling the victim by force or threat to engage in any conduct or act, sexual or otherwise, from which the victim has right to abstain". This suggests that if the act was one to which the wife is legally obligated to submit, this specific section cannot apply—meaning that in this circumstance, the "force" or "threat" do not fall under the definition of DV under this act. However, this rests on the definition of "force" or "threat", as some acts are clearly prohibited under the previous subsections (a) and (b) of the same act—"willfully or knowingly placing, or attempting to place, the victim in fear of physical injury" and  "causing physical injury to the victim by  such act which is known  or, ought to have been known would result in physical injury" are indeed prohibited. The approach to DV in Malaysia has been criticised as weak, and potentially creating problematic legal loopholes.

Sex trafficking

Some women and girls have been victims of sex trafficking in Malaysia. They have been forced into prostitution and marriages in Asia and other continents and are physically and psychologically abused.

Marriage and family life

Women in Malaysia have restrictions in marriage, although some of their rights are protected. Under the Islamic Family Law,  the wife's maintenance by her husband is conditioned by her obedience.  Art. 59(2) states that: "2) Subject to Hukum Syarak and confirmation by the Court, a wife shall not be entitled to maintenance when she is nusyuz or unreasonably refuses to obey the lawful wishes or commands of her husband, that is to say, inter alia – (a) when she withholds her association with her husband; (b) when she leaves her husband's home against his will; or (c) when she refuses to move with him to another home or place, without any valid reason according to Hukum Syarak. However, some rights of the wife (in regard to property, court cases, and bank accounts) are protected by the Married Women Act, 1957 (Act. 450), at Art. 4 - Capacity of married women.

Malaysia outlawed marital rape in 2007.

Education

The literacy rate is lower for females (90.7%) compared to males (95.4%)—estimates as of 2010, for population aged 15 and over. Malaysia, has, in recent years invested in the education of both sexes; and as a result, more girls are now studying at the university level.

Criticism of women's status in Malaysia
In 2006,an active campaigner for women's rights, described the status of Muslim women in Malaysia as similar to that of Black South Africans under apartheid.

Marina's remarks were made in response to a new Islamic law that enables men to divorce or take up to four wives. The law also granted husbands more authority over their wives' property. Conservative groups such as the Malaysian Muslim Professionals Forum criticised her comments for insulting Sharia and undermining the prominent role of women in Malaysia compared to other Muslim and/or east Asian countries.

In July 2021, 6 Malaysian women launched legal action against the government over outdated citizenship laws, which risk trapping women in abusive relationships and can leave children stateless. Lawyers say a win in the case against the government could help tens of thousands of binational families gain citizenship and would also pressure other countries to change their own citizenship laws.

On September 9. 2021, Malaysia's High Court ruled in favor of a group of Malaysian mothers who were seeking to pass on their nationality to their children born overseas. The judge ruled that the current citizenship law on its own is discriminatory and must be read together with another constitutional clause that outlaws gender discrimination.

Advocacy groups
 Sisters in Islam
 Women's Aid Organisation, NGO
 All Women's Action Society, AWAM

See also
 List of female cabinet ministers of Malaysia
 Policewoman of Malaysia
 Obedient Wives Club, first established in Malaysia

General:
 Aurat (Malay language)
Human rights in Malaysia
Musawah
Sisters in Islam
 Islamic feminism
Women in Islam

References

Further reading
 Ahmad, Aminah. Women in Malaysia, Country Briefing Paper, December 1998, 81 pages
 Azizah, Wan. Women in Politics: Reflections from Malaysia, Case Study, 2002, 5 pages

External links

 National Association of Women Entrepreneurs in Malaysia
 Women's Organisations Malaysia

Malaysian women
Malaysia

Women in Malaysia


Kaamanen is a village in the municipality of Inari, Lapland.

The village counts about 200 inhabitants, whose main sources of livelihood are reindeer husbandry and tourism. The area is extremely valuable for bird-watchers and there are relatively important hiking paths.

Languages
The municipality has four official languages: Finnish, Inari Sami (ca. 400 estimated speakers), Skolt Sami (ca. 400 speakers), and Northern Sami (ca. 700 speakers). The estimates of how many people have some command of each of the Sami languages differ from the number of people who list them as their mother tongues. Of the total population of 6,863 in 2010, 6,366 people registered Finnish as their mother tongue and 400 one of the Sami languages. 97 inhabitants were native speakers of other languages.

References

External links

Villages in Inari, Finland

Kaamanen


Constitutional economics is a program of joint study of economics and constitutionalism. It is often described as "the economic analysis of constitutional law." Constitutional economics tries to explain the selection of constitutional rules "limiting the choices and activities of economic and political agencies." This is different from the approach of traditional economics.  Also, constitutional economics studies how well economic decisions of the state agree with the existing constitutional economic rights of its citizens." For example, proper distribution of economic and financial resources of the state is a big question for every nation. Constitutional economics tries bringing together constitutional economic rights of the citizens and economic policy of the state.

Origins
The term "constitutional economics" was created in 1982 by the U.S. economist Richard McKenzie. Then it was used by another American economist – James M. Buchanan – as a name for a new academic sub-discipline. Buchanan's work brought him in 1986 the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for his "development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making."

Buchanan rejects "any organic conception of the state" as superior in wisdom, to the citizens of this state." This philosophical position forms the basis of constitutional economics. Buchanan believes that every constitution is created for at least several generations of citizens. Therefore, it must be able to balance interests of the state, society, and each individual.

There exists an important opinion that constitutional economics can be regarded as the modern "science of legislation."

The constantly growing public interest in constitutional economics has already brought to life several academic journals, for example, "Constitutional Political Economy" (established in 1990).

Judicial interpretation
The U.S. judge Richard Posner stresses the important role of state constitution in the economic development. He asserts that "effective protection of basic economic rights promotes economic growth."

The Supreme Court of India used practical interpretation of the Indian Constitution to protect the poorest and most oppressed groups of the population in several cases of public interest litigation.  This is an example of real life application of the methodology of constitutional economics.

Importance for transitional and developing countries

Constitutional economics pays special attention to such topic as proper national wealth distribution. Many countries with changing or developing economic systems still regard their constitutions as abstract legal documents having nothing in common with actual economic policy of the state. Three quarters of all independent states are still living under nearly absolute state control of the national economy. Neither civil society nor individual citizens in these states have any influence on the decisions taken in the process of national wealth distribution. Therefore, constitutional economics is especially important for the countries whose political and economic systems are in transition and where the state rarely respects constitutional economic rights of its citizens.

Related pages
 Budget
 Constitution
 Constitutionalism
 Economics
 Democracy
 Government
 Parliament
 Political economy
 Political science
 Rule of Law
 James M. Buchanan
 Welfare state

References

Other websites
 Backhaus, Jürgen G., ed. The Elgar Companion to Law and Economics:
 Farina, Francesco, 2005. "Constitutional Economics I," pp. 184-222.
 Van den Hauwe, Ludwig, 2005.  "Constitutional Economics II," pp. 223-38.
 James A. Dorn, 2004. "Creating a Constitutional Order of Freedom in Emerging Market Economies,"  Economic Affairs, 24(3), pp. 58–63. Abstract.
 Buchanan, James M., 1974.  The Limits of Liberty: Between Anarchy and Leviathan  Library of Economics and Liberty
 _, 1986. "The Constitution of Economic Policy," Nobel Prize lecture,  reprinted in American Economic Review, 77(3), p p. 243-250.
 _, 1987. "constitutional economics," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, v. 1, pp. 585–88.
 _, 1990a. "The Domain of Constitutional Economics," Constitutional Political Economy, 1(1), pp. 1-18. Also at Buchanan, 1990b.

 _ and Gordon Tullock, 1962. The Calculus of Consent. University of Michigan Press. Chapter-preview links.
 Constitutional Political Economy. Description and abstract links.
 Bruno Frey, 1997,  "A Constitution for Knaves Crowds out Civic Virtues," Economic Journal, 107(443), p p. 1043-1053.
 Friedrich A. Hayek, 1960.  The Constitution of Liberty. Chicago. "The Rule of Law," ch. 11.
 _.  Law, Legislation and Liberty.  Chicago. 3 v.:
1973. v. 1. Rules and Order. Scroll down to chapter-preview links.
1976. v. 2. The Mirage of Social Justice.  Links.
1979. v. 3. The Political Order of a Free People. Links.
 Dennis C. Mueller, 2008. "constitutions, economic approach to,' The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract.

 Sutter, Daniel, 1995. "Constitutional Politics within the Interest-Group Model," Constitutional Political Economy, 6(2), p p. 127 -137.
 Voigt, Stefan, 1997.  "Positive Constitutional Economics: A Survey," Public Choice, 90(1-4), p p. 11-53.

Law
Economics

Constitutional economics


Michael M. Fortier,  (born January 10, 1962) is a Canadian financier, lawyer and former politician. A member of the Conservative Party, he served as Minister of Public Works and Government Services from 2006 to 2008, and Minister of International Trade in 2008 under Prime Minister Stephen Harper. Fortier served in Cabinet of Canada while a Senator, which proved controversial. In 2008, he resigned from the Senate to run for a seat in the House of Commons in the 2008 election; he placed second in riding of Vaudreuil-Soulanges.

Business career
Before entering the Cabinet, Fortier was a partner at Ogilvy Renault, a leading Montreal law firm. One of his colleagues was Brian Mulroney. He specialized in securities, mergers and acquisitions. From 1992 to 1996, he managed Ogilvy Renault's office in London, England.

In 1999, he became the Managing Director and Senior Advisor (Eastern Canada) at Crédit Suisse First Boston. In 2004, Fortier became Corporate Financing Director (Quebec) for TD Securities. Two days after his appointment to Cabinet Montreal Gazette columnist Ian McDonald claimed that Fortier "was easily making $1 million a year running the Montreal office of TD Securities."

Fortier is Vice Chairman of RBC Capital Markets.

Political career

Early career
Fortier ran in the 1998 Progressive Conservative leadership election but came in last with 4% of the vote. Fortier was a Progressive Conservative candidate in the Montreal-area riding of Laval West during the 2000 federal election placing fourth. In 2003, he was co-chair of Harper's campaign to lead the new Conservative Party.

Fortier and veteran MP John Reynolds were the co-chairs of the Conservative campaign in the 2006 election.

Cabinet minister
Fortier was appointed to Cabinet as Minister of Public Works on 6 February 2006, the day Stephen Harper's minority government took office. In a cabinet reshuffle in June 2008, he shifted to the International Trade portfolio.

A financier and lawyer from Montreal, he had not been elected as a member of the House of Commons at the time he was appointed, nor was he a member of the Senate. Harper announced that Fortier would be appointed to the Senate, but would be expected to step down and run for a seat in the House of Commons at the next election.

On February 27, 2006, Fortier was formally summoned to the Senate. This practice is unusual in modern Canada, but there is precedent for such a practice: in 1979, former Prime Minister Joe Clark appointed Quebec Senator Jacques Flynn Minister of Justice because of his lack of representation in that province.

In 1972, when Trudeau failed to win a single seat west of Manitoba, he appointed senators to cabinet as well. 19th century Prime Ministers John Abbott and Mackenzie Bowell served their entire terms in government as Senators.

Harper intended for Fortier to represent Montreal in Cabinet. No Montreal-area riding has elected a Conservative or any member of the party's predecessors—the Progressive Conservatives, the Canadian Alliance and the Reform Party—since 1988. Since then, right-of-centre candidates have rarely even competed in Montreal except in landslides.

As a former member of the Canadian Cabinet, he is a member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada and thus has the right to the style The Honourable and the post-nominal designation PC for life. He is the brother of former Quebec Liberal Party MNA Margaret Delisle.

Controversy over Senate appointment
Fortier's appointment to Cabinet drew considerable controversy. The main charge was that Fortier's appointment was a significant departure from past Conservative policy. The Conservatives, and before them Reform and the Alliance, had strongly opposed Senate appointments and unelected Cabinet ministers while in opposition. Opponents of Fortier's appointment also note that in doing so, Harper broke a promise made on Radio-Canada television during the election campaign.

As a Senator, Fortier did not attend Question Period to respond to questions from the opposition parties in the House. His Parliamentary Secretaries, James Moore at Public Works and Gerald Keddy at International Trade, answered questions on his behalf. Fortier was subject to questioning in the Senate, but the Bloc Québécois and New Democratic Party were not represented in that body (One senator, Lillian Dyck, was appointed as an NDP Senator, but the NDP opposes the existence of the Senate and does not recognize her as part of its caucus.). The Department of Public Works was at the centre of the sponsorship scandal and spends billions of dollars per year, and the Conservatives singled the department out for criticism as an example of what they saw as a lack of accountability.

Fortier himself claimed he didn't run for a seat because "I didn't want to run in the election. I had a great career, five young kids, and so it wasn't the right situation for me to run when the election came around. That's just the simple truth."

In his blog, Andrew Coyne commented that "it is a fine thing for a Prime Minister elected on a platform of democratic accountability, who promised he would not appoint anyone who was not elected, either to cabinet or to the Senate, to then turn around and do both at one go."  Jeffrey Simpson of The Globe and Mail wrote that "with breathtaking insouciance, Prime Minister Stephen Harper jettisoned, or at least delayed, his promise to only elect senators".

However, the Toronto Star's Chantal Hébert defended the appointments of Fortier and Emerson to Cabinet, arguing that the problem is with the first-past-the-post system which allows entire parts of the country (such as large cities) to be unrepresented in government. For example, the Conservatives were unable to win any seats in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver in the last election, while the Liberals have only won four seats in Edmonton since 1968 and have only elected three MPs from Calgary since Alberta joined Confederation in 1905.

Michael Fortier was loudly booed at the opening ceremonies of the 2006 World Outgames, an LGBT sporting event and cultural festival held in Montreal. The Conservative senator's speech was interrupted as he attempted to welcome the estimated crowd of 40,000 at the Olympic Stadium that evening. Montreal Mayor Gérald Tremblay, who was greeted with sustained applause, intervened (unsuccessfully) to urge the crowd to listen "with respect" to the representative of the Canadian government.

Promise to seek election
On November 21, 2006, Fortier announced that he would seek election to the House of Commons in the riding of Vaudreuil-Soulanges in the next federal election, which he lost. The opposition parties pressured him to run in the by-election on November 27 in Repentigny. However, Fortier repeated his original promise to run in the next general election.

Fortier dismisses advisor connected to Julie Couillard
Fortier confirmed June 11, 2008 that he dismissed senior Quebec adviser Bernard Cote after learning that Cote briefly dated Julie Couillard last year while she was attempting to win a government contract. Cote had to resign because of a perceived conflict of interest, since Public Works was handling the building contracts Couillard was bidding on, Fortier said. Fortier told reporters that Cote, "should have actually recused himself from this matter, which he didn't do, hence his resignation." Couillard sparked the resignation of foreign minister Maxime Bernier in May 2008 when she went public with the fact her former paramour had forgotten classified NATO briefing documents at her Montreal home for more than a month.

2008 federal election
While he chose not to run in an earlier by-election, Fortier was a candidate for the riding of Vaudreuil-Soulanges in the 2008 federal election, in fulfilment of his promise made at the time of his 2006 Senate appointment. In order to fulfill this promise, on September 8, 2008, he resigned from the Senate to run in the general election.

On election night, he was soundly defeated by popular Bloc Québécois incumbent Meili Faille, who captured 41.34% of the vote compared to Fortier's 23.69%.

See also
Université Laval

References

External links

Michael Fortier Senate appointment announcement

1962 births
Canadian senators from Quebec
Conservative Party of Canada candidates for the Canadian House of Commons
Conservative Party of Canada senators
Anglophone Quebec people
Businesspeople from Montreal
French Quebecers
Lawyers in Quebec
Living people
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Members of the 28th Canadian Ministry
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada candidates for the Canadian House of Commons
Candidates in the 2000 Canadian federal election
Université Laval Faculté de droit alumni
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada leadership candidates

Michael Fortier


Riseley is a village and civil parish located in North Bedfordshire, England. The village name has had alternative spellings in the past such as Rislau, Riseleg, Riselai and Risely, however all these spellings are considered archaic. It has a population of 1,284 according to the 2001 census, increasing to 1,286 at the 2011 Census, and is near the villages of Bletsoe, Sharnbrook, Swineshead, Pertenhall, Keysoe, Thurleigh and Melchbourne. The nearest town to Riseley is Rushden in the neighbouring county of Northamptonshire, approximately 8 miles away to the north west. The county town of Bedford is approximately 9 miles to the South of Riseley. The village has one watercourse, which is a tributary of the River Ouse,  flowing through it known locally as the 'Brook' around which in medieval times the village was built.

History
Riseley appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 where the village's name is spelt Riselai. The village is listed as being in the Stodden Hundred. The domesday survey also states that the village contains twenty five households which is considered large for a settlement of the time. The survey also states that in 1066 some of Riseley was overlorded by Godric the Sheriff a man who is assumed to have died in the Battle of Hastings.

Riseley in the Middle Ages

Much of Riseley's Medieval history involves the Knights Hospitallers who in 1279 gained possession of land and manors in Riseley as well as possessions in surrounding areas. The knights owned both Harvies Manor and the Manor of Lawrence (which was controlled by the Lawrence family). The Knights also had rights of free warren. Some of Riseley's history also involves the Knights Templar they are involved in Riseley because the aforementioned Harvies Manor can be first separately identified back in 1279 when Walter son of Geoffrey de Riseley held 4 hides of land in Riseley of the Knights Templar.  Seeing as how both the Knights Hospitaller and Knights Templar are involved in Riseley history back in 1279 it has been suggested that the two organisations have been confused for each other somewhere along the line.

There is evidence of Riseley being affected by the Black Death back in 1351 when 300 acres of arable land became worthless due to them being uncultivated and no one occupying them. During the Middle Ages, 1346 to be exact, Riseley was also home to a murder when William Petersoil, a member of a family which owned a manor in Riseley named the manor of Petersoills (or Petersoyles), was murdered.

Brick making in Riseley

Riseley has a long tradition of brick and tile making, dating back to at least 1558, due in part to its clay rich soil. During the nineteenth century the village was home to a brickworks and brickmaking became one of the village's main industries with 12 brickmakers recorded living in the village in the 1841 census and 15 brickmakers living there according to both the 1851 and 1861 censuses.
The village also had a history of lace making with 80 of the 118 houses in the village being involved in the activity in 1851.

Riseley in WW2

During World War 2 Riseley was used by the USAAF as a base to store and fill bombs which were then forwarded to local American air bases. A large camp was set up at the top of the Carriage Drive to Melchbourne House to house the troops. The camp included a cinema. The American airmen stationed in Riseley Camp occasionally held parties for local children and there are still residents living in Riseley who can recall attending the children's parties on the camp.  A 'Forward Filling Station' was set up in the woods at the top of the carriage drive where bombs were filled with gas. The last remaining containers of gas were removed in the 1970s. However remnants of deadly mustard agent and its breakdown products still remain in part of Coppice Wood near Riseley in an area which is currently fenced off and surrounded by warning signs about toxic chemicals. This mustard gas was meant to have been removed in 1988 and then again in 1998 but some of it still remains in the wood. Bombs were also stored on the then closed Sharnbrook Road just past the junction with the Butts.

In October 1943 a B17 Flying Fortress aircraft returning from a bombing raid in Germany, crashed in a cottage garden at the north end of the High Street. The crew had bailed out before the crash as the plane had been seriously damaged by a German fighter aircraft on its return from Germany. During the war, a British fighter plane crashed when it ran out of fuel at the bottom end of the village. The crew bailed out safely and no-one was harmed in the incident.

A dummy airfield is also located just outside the village which was used during the Second World War.

Like most villages in the United Kingdom, Riseley is not short of local 'characters.
One particularly famous example during World War Two was Bert Plover, the owner and resident of Eastman's Farm, just outside the main spread of the Village.
Plover was notorious for refusing to comply with blackout regulations, claiming that the German Bombing raids were a lie perpetrated by the BBC and the government of the Day in order to benefit 'big Blackout', who presumably stood to make a fortune selling material for the manufacture of blackout blinds and curtains.
Despite repeatedly being reported by the local ARP wardens and the consequent fines, Plover remained defiant for several years, even spending three weeks in jail in support of his beliefs.
He is upheld by many as a citizen who dared to stand up for his rights.
Sadly, Eastman's farm no longer exists, the site now occupied by a small nature reserve known enigmatically to locals as 'Bomb Crater Lake'.

Riseley High Street

Riseley High Street runs more or less North South for a distance of one mile from end to end and was designated as a Turnpike in May 1802. A widened area in the grass verge at the southern end of the High Street where the High Street is joined by Sharnbrook Road marks where the tollbooth stood. This road junction is still known as Tollbar Corner. A Blue Plaque mounted on the end wall facing the High Street of the cottage adjoining 76 High Street commemorates the placing of the plaque 200 years after the toll road designation.

Riseley High Street has been the scene of flooding over the years, when sudden downpours of rain have caused the Brook to 'come out' starting at a point opposite the blacksmiths. The water has been known the rise up to the height of a small car and stretch as far as the Gold Street bridge in the south and Brook House in the north. Recent regular clearing of reeds by Anglian Water has dramatically reduced the frequency of these events.

Riseley High Street contains a large proportion of the houses in the village and is approximately a mile long. There is no obvious centre to the village, with the church, shop, schools and village hall, all spread out over the village and some along the high street. For many areas along the high street the village is a single street with houses on either side. This makes Riseley an example of a linear village.

Governance
Riseley lies within the Borough of Bedford and with a population over one thousand is one of the larger villages in the Borough. The village has a ward named after it which includes not only Riseley but some of the smaller villages surrounding it such as Thurleigh and Keysoe. In the 2011 elections for the borough the election winner in the Riseley Ward was an independent candidate. Following the independent candidates retirement borough elections in 2015 and 2019 were won by the Conservative Party. For Parliamentary elections Riseley is in the North East Bedfordshire constituency. Before 1983 it was in the Bedford constituency. Riseley is also its own civil parish and has its own parish council.

Facilities

Schools
The village now has one school, Riseley CofE Primary School. In the village up until 2017 Riseley had two schools, Riseley Lower School which was for 4–9 year olds, and Margaret Beaufort Middle School, 9-13 year olds. Riseley Lower was a small school, about 150 students, with a catchment area of Riseley, Pertenhall, Bletsoe and Swineshead. Margaret Beaufort Middle School, opened in 1962,  takes pupils from the same surrounding villages as the lower school as well as students from other feeder lower schools such as the lower schools in Sharnbrook and Thurleigh. The school had approximately 400 students and is named after Lady Margaret Beaufort who was born nearby in Bletsoe Castle. Riseley is within the catchment area of Sharnbrook Academy, located four miles away in Sharnbrook.

Riseley pubs
Although there is now only one pub remaining open for trade in Riseley, there have been as many as eight over the years.
The White Horse situated in the High Street opposite the junction with Lowsden Lane closed in the early 1970s. The Royal Oak in the High Street near Maple Gardens is a very attractive thatched, old cottage style building and closed as a pub in the 1990s.

The George and Dragon was open for business where Waldocks Close is now.  The Red Lion, situated on the corner of Church Lane and Gold Street is now, like the rest of the 'old' pubs a family home. The Five Bells situated on the High Street opposite the bottom end of Gold Street closed for business in December 2008 and has been redeveloped into a family home. Between the Five Bells and the Fox and Hounds stood "The Boot", now a family home.  There was also a tiny pub, The Swan, halfway along the High street, which closed in the 1960s.  The last remaining pub in the village is the Fox and Hounds located on The High Street.

Churches
Riseley currently only has one church, All Saints Riseley. The oldest part of this church, the south wall of the south aisle dates as far back as the twelfth century. Riseley's church along with the rectory and some land in the village was once owned by the Knights Hospitallers.

A Methodist Church was built in the village in 1807 at a cost of £130.  The Methodist Chapel, opposite The Barns, was rebuilt in the 1990s and now serves as a very characterful private residence.

Moravian and Baptist chapels were built in the village in 1810 and 1838, respectively. However these are all no longer used though there are two redundant Chapels in Riseley High Street.  The Moravian chapel became, for many years, the Chapel Art Gallery and is in the High Street close to Maple Gardens.  The site the Baptist chapel is now a grass amenity area opposite Riseley's only shop on the Keysoe Road/High Street junction.  There only has a few gravestones remaining as an indicator of its past.

Other facilities
Riseley has a small police station staffed by Bedfordshire Police.  Riseley also has a shop and a garage both situated on the High Street. Riseley also has a village playing field, opened in 1952,  where Riseley Sports Football Club and also the village's cricket club play their home matches. Other facilities include a village hall, three Bed and Breakfasts, a care home for the elderly, and on the outskirts of the village a shooting range facility. The village also has numerous green spaces such as a nearby woods, ross meadow and numerous footpaths over fields.

There are many clubs and associations active in Riseley, including a Historical Association, Bowling Club, cricket, football and badminton clubs, amateur dramatics club, Women's Institute, as well as a local branch of the WEA.

Demography

The British census of 2001 found that Riseley had 486 households with a population of 1,284 with 633 being male and 651 being female. The census also found that the Riseley ward, which includes not only Riseley but some of the smaller villages which surround it, had a very low population density (persons per hectare) of only 0.44 which is nine times smaller than the national average.
The 2001 census also found that there were no second homes in Riseley and that 3.7% of houses were unoccupied. As well as this 17% of houses were rented and 79% of houses were owned by their occupants.
The census also found that the average age of a Riseley villager was 40.36.
The census also found that the most common industry of employment for someone living in the Riseley ward was the Real estate, renting and business activities which accounted for 18%.
The census also revealed that Riseley was not very ethnically diverse with just over one per cent of the population being non-white;  the entire local authority in which Riseley is situated is much more ethnically diverse with over ten per cent of the population being non-white.
Recent research into child poverty in Bedford Borough has revealed that the Riseley ward has some of the lowest instances of child poverty in the whole of Bedford Borough with only seven per cent of children living in poverty, which makes the ward the fifth most prosperous (in terms of how little child poverty there is) ward in the Bedford Borough. However, in regards to barriers to services Riseley is the second most deprived area in Bedford borough no doubt owing to the village's relative isolation.

Notable people
 Julia Jarman, children's author
 Matt Jackson, footballer

References

External links
 The Riseley Village Website

Villages in Bedfordshire
Civil parishes in Bedfordshire
Bedfordshire folklore
Borough of Bedford

Riseley, Bedfordshire


Hwaseong Fortress () is the wall that surrounds the centre of Suwon.  Suwon is the capital city of Gyeonggi-do, a province in South Korea. The fortress was built by Jeongjo, the 22nd king of the Joseon Dynasty.

The wall is about 6 km long and it has four gates.

Jeongjo wanted to show loyalty to his family.  He wanted to protect his father's burial place.  He wanted to strengthen his power and protect the southern area of Suwon.  He also wanted to reduce conflict between different political parties.

Construction started near Mount Paldalsan in January 1794. Construction was finished in September 1796.  Chae Jae-gong supervised the building process. Chae Jae-gong was a former minister in the government and the magistrate of Yeongjungchubu County.  Engineers made new tools to help build the fortress.  The Geojunggi was one of these new tools.  It is a traditional Korean crane. They also made potter's wheels were created.  They were used to move and put together large stones for the wall.

After the original fortress was finished in 1801, a construction archive called the Hwaseong Seongyeokuigwe was published.  This archive recorded what the fortress was like when it was first built.  This helped construction workers know how to rebuild the fortress after it was damaged, so it would look like the original wall.

The fortress was partly damaged twice.  First, it was damaged when Japan controlled Korea in the early 20th century.  The fortress was also damaged during the Korean War.  Today, most of its original features have been restored.

The fortress is on both flat and hilly lands.  This is uncommon in neighbouring China and Japan.

The fortress is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

References

Buildings and structures in South Korea
Fortification
World Heritage Sites in South Korea
18th-century buildings and structures

Hwaseong Fortress


Professor B. R. Deodhar (11 September 1901 – 10 March 1990) was an Indian classical singer, musicologist and music educator. He was a vocalist of Khayal-genre of Hindustani classical music.

He was awarded the 1964 Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship, the highest honour conferred by Sangeet Natak Akademi, India's National Academy for Music, Dance and Drama. Thereafter in 1976, he was awarded the Padma Shri, by Government of India.

Early life and training
Deodhar was born in Miraj in present Sangli district of Maharashtra on 11 September 1901. He started his musical training with Nilkanth Buwa Alurmath, the guru bhai of noted singer and educator Vishnu Digambar Paluskar (1872–1931), and a disciple of Balakrishnabuwa Ichalkaranjikar of Gwalior gharana. Thereafter, he also received training under Abdul Karim Khan of Kirana gharana and Vinayakrao Patwardhan, another disciple of Paluskar. Later he joined the Gandharva Mahavidyalaya, where he became a leading disciple of Vishnu Digambar Paluskar, the founder of institution. Deodhar was the only student of Paluskar who was allowed to also pursue formal education. Thus after matriculation he also pursued higher education and later received a B.A. degree. He also studied Western classical music.

In the coming years, he continued his musical education from leading musicians of various traditions including those from Agra gharana, Mohanrao Pakelar from Jaipur Gharana, sarangi-player Majeed Khan, Inayat Khan, Ganpatrao Dewaskar, Pt. Sadashivbuwa Jadhav of Gokhale gharana, Shinde Khan of Talwandi gharana, binkaar Murad Khan of Indore gharana,  and most importantly, Bade Ghulam Ali Khan of Patiala gharana, with whom he remained associated for many years, and became an important musical influence on his gayaki, singing style. Thus, he incorporate styles of several traditions, gharanas into his singing, and this also paved way for his career as a musicologist. In time, he also collected musical compositions, rare ragas from all the traditions he was associated with, through his career.

Career
He established the Deodhar School of Music in Mumbai, breaking from the gharana tradition.

He also edited Hindi music monthly magazine, Sangeet Kala Vihar, and also published several books on music and musicians.

In 1964, he was awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship the highest honour conferred by Sangeet Natak Akademi, India's National Academy for Music, Dance and Drama. This was followed by Padma Shri, by Government of India in 1976.

Amongst his noted disciples, were singer Kumar Gandharva, Saraswati Rane, and Laxmi Ganesh Tewari. In 1993, his monthly columns, in Sangeet Kala Vihar, which included biographies of 19th-century Indian musicians, were published as book, Pillars of Hindustani music.

He died on 10 March 1990 in Mumbai.

Works

References

Bibliography

1901 births
1990 deaths
People from Miraj
Hindustani singers
Indian musicologists
Indian magazine editors
Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship
Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering
Indian music educators
20th-century Indian male classical singers
Singers from Maharashtra
20th-century Indian educational theorists
20th-century musicologists

B. R. Deodhar


The Gostiny Dvor in Kostroma is the best preserved complex of provincial Neoclassical trading arcades in Russia. It was built on the site of the ancient Kostroma kremlin after the great fire of 1773. The complex comprises more than ten buildings constructed over a period of almost five decades.

The merchant court was designed by Charles Claire, although many other architects (including Vasily Stasov) modified the original design. The construction was supervised by the local Vorotilov family. Each arch was occupied by a separate shop or tavern. The ground floor was for trade, whereas the second and third storeys were for storage and general warehousing.

The centerpiece of the inner trade square is the five-domed Saviour church (1766) with a distinctive tall belltower. The white obelisks flanking the main entrance were erected to commemorate a royal visit to the city in 1823.

References

Shopping malls in Russia
Kostroma
Neoclassical architecture in Russia
Vasily Stasov buildings and structures
Buildings and structures in Kostroma Oblast
Cultural heritage monuments in Kostroma Oblast
Objects of cultural heritage of Russia of federal significance

Kostroma Gostiny Dvor


Barra bint Samaw'al (,  ) was the mother of Safiyya bint Huyayy, a wife and prominent figure in the life of Muhammad, and she was a member of an Arab Jewish tribe that interacted with Muhammad.

Biography
Barra was the daughter of the very distinguished warrior-poet from the tribe of Banu Harith, Samaw'al ibn Adiya who was known as "Samuel the Faithful," because his son was caught outside the castle and slaughtered when he refused to turn over the treasure entrusted to him. She had a brother, Rifa'a ibn Samaw'al. Note, however, that this Samaw'al died in 565; this would make Barra at least 45 years old when her daughter Safiyya was born. It is therefore possible that Barra's father was a different Samaw'al, although related to the first. One candidate is Samaw'al ibn Zayd, a prominent Qurayza who participated in the debates with Muhammad in 622-623. 'Azzal ibn Samaw'al may have been another brother; and Barra was probably related to the Qurayza chief, Ka'b ibn Asad.

Barra married Huyayy ibn Akhtab, who was the chief of the Banu al-Nadir — one of the largest Jewish tribes of its time. Barra then lived in Medina and became a member of the Qurayza tribe. Together, they had at least three children: a son; a daughter Safiyya; and another daughter, whose own son was their only documented grandchild. When the Nadir were expelled from Medina in 625, Barra settled with her family in Khaybar.

Barra enjoyed a prominent position in Khaybar, where her husband was acknowledged as a leader and where their Abu'l-Huqayq kin owned the fortress of Qamus. Conflict with Muhammad continued with the assassinations of her relatives Abu Rafi and Usayr ibn Zarim. In May 627, her husband and son were beheaded for their involvement in the Battle of the Trench, along with most of her Qurayza male blood-relatives. However, her brother Rifa'a survived, because he took refuge with a Muslim woman.

Barra's daughter Safiyya was initially married to Sallam ibn Mishkam, a leader of the Nadir. Later she married Kenana ibn al-Rabi ibn Abu al-Huqayq, who killed after the events of the Battle of Khaybar in 628. Safiyya was taken prisoner along with other women of Kenana's family, but her prisoner-of-war status ended with her marriage to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Thus Barra binte Samaw'al became what is known today as a "mother-in-law" to Muhammad. However, it is not known what happened to her after 628.

References

Banu Nadir
7th-century Arabian Jews
Sahabah ancestors
7th-century women

Barra bint Samawal


Edwin Robinson (born October 21, 1971) is a presenter and producer on Sky Sports, most notably in the sports channel's boxing programmes. He is a regular on Saturday Fight Night and other boxing broadcasts on Sky Sports & currently fronts the popular weekly Toe 2 Toe internet podcast alongside former professional boxer Spencer Fearon.

Before joining Sky, Edwin worked as a press officer for British boxing promoters Frank Maloney and Frank Warren. Whilst working for Maloney, Edwin boxed three times as a professional, winning two contests and losing one. He was also an amateur boxer for Fitzroy Lodge amateur boxing club in Lambeth, south London.

References

British sports broadcasters
Living people
1971 births

Ed Robinson


Le Petit Larousse Illustré, commonly known simply as Le Petit Larousse (), is a French-language encyclopedic dictionary published by Éditions Larousse. It first appeared in 1905 and was edited by Claude Augé, following Augé's Dictionnaire complet illustré (1889). The one-volume work has two main sections: a dictionary featuring common words and an encyclopedia of proper nouns. Le Petit Larousse 2007 (published in 2006) includes 150,000 definitions and 5,000 illustrations. A Spanish-version El Pequeño Larousse Ilustrado and an Italian version Il Piccolo Rizzoli Larousse have also been published.

The motto of Pierre Larousse, the namesake of Éditions Larousse, perpetuated in Larousse's publications is "Je sème à tout vent" ("I sow to all winds"). This motto inspires the cover art of Le Petit Larousse, which typically features a female figure blowing dandelion seeds.

Upon its 100th anniversary, a history of Le Petit Larousse was published called La dent-de-lion, la semeuse et le Petit Larousse written by Jean Pruvost (fr).

The following editions are available:
Compact
Coffret Noël
Grand Format
Grand Format Coffret Noël
Collection Multimedia
CD-ROM Edition Prestige

External links
Les Editions Larousse
Le Petit Larousse, 5th edition, 1906, at Google Books
Le Petit Larousse, 5h editions, 1906, at the Internet Archive

French-language encyclopedias
French dictionaries
1905 non-fiction books
2005 non-fiction books
20th-century encyclopedias
21st-century encyclopedias

Petit Larousse


Julius Francis (16 September 1641 – 30 September 1689) was duke of Saxe-Lauenburg between 1666 and 1689. He was a son of Duke Julius Henry and his third wife Anna Magdalena of Lobkowicz (1606 – 1668), daughter of Baron William the Younger Popel of Lobkowicz. He was officially known as Julius Franz von Sachsen, Engern und Westfalen.

Life
His father Julius Henry had acquired sprawling estates around and a castle in Ploschkowitz (Ploskovice) and Schlackenwerth (Ostrov), Kingdom of Bohemia. Julius Francis had inherited more estates from his Bohemian mother, which is why the dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg had been adopted into the Bohemian nobility, however, not as imperially immediate aristocrats, as in their homeland.

Having no sons Julius Francis provided for the legal grounds of female succession in Saxe-Lauenburg. With his death, the Lauenburg line of the House of Ascania was extinct in the male line. So Julius Francis' two daughters Anna Maria Franziska and Sibylle fought for the succession of the former, the elder sister. Also, Julius Francis' cousin, Eleonore Charlotte of Saxe-Lauenburg-Franzhagen, claimed the succession.

Their weakness was abused by George William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, who invaded Saxe-Lauenburg with his troops, thus inhibiting the ascension of the legal heiress.

Also other monarchies claimed the succession, resulting in a conflict involving further the neighboring duchies of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and of Danish Holstein, as well as the five Ascanian-ruled Principalities of Anhalt, the Electorate of Saxony, which had succeeded the Dukes of Saxe-Wittenberg in 1422, Sweden and Brandenburg.

Militarily engaged were Celle and Danish Holstein, which agreed on 9 October 1693 (Hamburger Vergleich), that Celle - anyway de facto holding most of Saxe-Lauenburg - would retain the duchy in personal union. In 1728 Charles VI finally legitimized the de facto takeover. Anna Maria Franziska and Sibylle, never waiving their claim, were dispossessed in Saxe-Lauenburg and the former exiled in Ploschkowitz.

Marriage and issue

On 9 April 1668 Julius Francis married in Sulzbach Hedwig of the Palatinate (1650 – 1681), daughter of Christian Augustus, Count Palatine of Sulzbach. They had three daughters:

 Maria Anna Theresia (1670–1671)
 Anna Maria Franziska (Neuhaus upon Elbe, 13 June 1672 – 15 October 1741, Reichstadt);
married firstly on 29 October 1690 in Raudnitz upon Elbe to Philip William August, Count Palatine of Neuburg (1668–1693), son of Philip William, Elector Palatine;
married secondly on 2 July 1697 in Düsseldorf to Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1671–1737)
 Franziska Sibylle Augusta (Ratzeburg, 21 January 1675 – 10 July 1733, Ettlingen), married 27 March 1690 in Raudnitz Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden.

References

 Julius Franz von Sachsen-Lauenburg  on tuerkenbeute.de (in German)

|-

1641 births
1689 deaths
Julius Francis
Julius Francis
Habsburg Bohemian nobility
Field marshals of the Holy Roman Empire

Julius Francis, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg


Marcus Johannes Elisabeth Leopold "Marc" Delissen (born 14 January 1965) is a former field hockey player for the Netherlands.

Delissen was born in Amsterdam, North Holland. He played 261 international matches for the Netherlands, scored 98 goals and participated in three Olympics. He made his debut when he was nineteen years old, on 21 October 1984, in a friendly match against Ireland in London. With his club HGC from Wassenaar, Delissen became Dutch champion twice, in 1990 and 1996.

He retired after the Atlanta Olympics, but returned for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, where he assisted head coach Maurits Hendriks and Holland once again became Olympic champions. Delissen later on coached his former club HGC for three years (2002–2005) in the Dutch Premier League, called Hoofdklasse. He is a practising lawyer in The Hague.

External links
 Dutch Hockey Federation

External links

1965 births
Living people
Dutch male field hockey players
Dutch field hockey coaches
Olympic field hockey players for the Netherlands
Field hockey players at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players from Amsterdam
Olympic gold medalists for the Netherlands
Olympic bronze medalists for the Netherlands
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
HGC (field hockey) players
20th-century Dutch lawyers
1990 Men's Hockey World Cup players
21st-century Dutch lawyers
20th-century Dutch people
21st-century Dutch people

Marc Delissen


Cushioncraft Ltd was a British engineering company, formed in 1960 as a division of Britten-Norman Ltd (manufacturer of aircraft) to develop/build hovercraft. Originally based at Bembridge Airport on the Isle of Wight, Cushioncraft later moved to the Duver Works at St. Helens, these works gave ready access to the sheltered water of Bembridge Harbour.

History
In 1960 Britten-Norman Ltd began trials of their new "Cushioncraft"—their name for an air-cushion vehicle built for Elders and Fyffes. It was used to study the potential of this type of vehicle for the carriage of bananas from plantations in the Southern Cameroons. Together with its associated company, Crop Culture (Aerial) Ltd, Britten-Norman studied the potential for the Cushioncraft in many different countries. These investigations revealed the possibility of a break-through in transportation techniques by the use of air cushion vehicles which could accelerate the pace of development in territories where roads are nonexistent and costly to build and rivers are seasonally unnavigable

Cushioncraft was  reconstituted as a separate company in 1967 to permit British Hovercraft Corporation (BHC) to take a  minority share holding, and it revived the name under which Britten-Norman's initial ACV endeavours were launched. Cushioncraft has an authorised capital of £500,000 and issued capital of £450,000, BHC paid Britten-Norman £90,000 for a 20 percent stake in the company's hovercraft activities. The board of Cushioncraft comprised Messrs F. R. J. Britten, Desmond Norman, J. M. McMahon and F. H. Mann (all directors of Britten-Norman), Peter Winter (technical director), and A. R. B. Hobbs, BHC's nominee.

In 1971, Britten-Norman encountered financial problems, and one result was that the Cushioncraft company was sold in 1972 to the British Hovercraft Corporation.

Production
Between 1960 and 1972 Cushioncraft designed 6 models of which 5 were produced.

CC1

CC1 was the "second" hovercraft to lift off in 1960. The ground clearance of the CC1 was 12 to 15 inch.

CC2

The 11 passenger CC2 was originally designed without a skirt and using air deflection within the cushion for propulsion. The CC2 was heavily developed over the years with the addition of a skirt and two external engines each driving a propeller for propulsion. The "bodywork" was also heavily modified.

CC4

The CC4 was developed by Cushioncraft jointly with Hovercraft Development. It was intended to be the first car sized craft to be put into production - this never happened. Subsequent to development use by Cushioncraft, the CC4 was sold to the NPL for future research, HDL renamed it HU-4.

CC5

One 6/8 seater CC5 was built, during tests off Priory Bay (Isle of Wight) it capsized and was written off in October 1966.

CC6

The CC6 concept hovercraft was designed circa 1966. This was to be a small vehicle/passenger craft (4 to 6 cars and 30 to 40 passengers) using the quiet centrifugal fan configuration for lift and propulsion developed from the CC4 and CC5.
The Cushioncraft CC-6 18-ton mixed-traffic ferry craft was to be built jointly by the Vosper Thorneycroft shipbuilding group at Portsmouth. This was the effect of an agreement between Vosper and Cushioncraft, under which Vosper were to be major sub-contractors in the construction of the craft. Development was to be financed jointly by Cushioncraft and the National Research Development Corporation (NRDC). Cushioncraft's facilities at St Helen's, IoW, were considered inadequate for CC-6 production.

CC7

The CC7 was a development of the CC5, built in aluminium with inflatable side decks - the first Cushioncraft to use a gas turbine engine (all previous being piston). A stretched version offering 17 passenger places was proposed after the company was taken over by BHC.

Power Plant Lift and thrust engine: one United Aircraft of Canada ST-6B60DK marine gas turbine (a modified Pratt & Whitney Canada ST6) developing 390 b.h.p. at 6,000 r.p:m.
Dimensions Overall length 24 ft 4in; overall beam 15 ft 2in; beam with sidebodies deflated 7 ft 6in; height 7 ft 8in. The craft, with spares, will fit a standard air-freighting crate 30 ft X 8 ft X 8 ft in size.
Accommodation Seats for two crew and six passengers plus two extra folding seats for passengers in doorways.
Weights Empty 2,880lb; payload 2,120lb; all-up weight 5,000lb.
Performance Max speed 50kt; max gradient 1 in 6; max endurance with standard HOgal tank 2hr; hard structure clearance lft.

Later years

After Cushioncraft was taken over by BHC, the "unique" fan lift/propulsion arrangement design of the later quiet Cushioncraft vehicles was discontinued.

The Duver Works has since been used by Hovertravel/Hoverwork as a maintenance centre and in the 1980s/90s was used to fit out the AP1-88 craft.

References

Further reading

External links
 English hovercraft of the 1960s https://www.bartiesworld.co.uk/hovercraft/index.php
 More details of the cushioncraft including pictures https://www.bartiesworld.co.uk/hovercraft/cushioncraft.php

Manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom
Companies based on the Isle of Wight
Hovercraft manufacturers

Cushioncraft


George Henry Slight (30 September 1859 – 26 June 1934) was a Scottish engineer who established the Chilean lighthouse service.

Early years
Slight, the son of George Slight and Elizabeth Marshall, grew up in Edinburgh in an engineering family.  After an apprenticeship as a mechanical engineer, he worked on the steamers plying the route between Britain and India.  He subsequently worked for several years with Trinity House, which was responsible for the lighthouse service in England and Wales.

Chile

In 1893 Slight was recruited by the Chilean ambassador in London, Agustin Ross, who had been ordered by the President of Chile, Jorge Montt, to find someone suitable to establish a system of lighthouses in the country.  Slight's first task on arrival in Chile was to build a lighthouse on the Evangelistas Islets at the western entrance to the Strait of Magellan in the southern part of the country, which he accomplished when the Evangelistas Lighthouse was completed in 1896.

Slight subsequently settled in Valparaiso.  He was put in charge of the new Lighthouse Authority of Chile and went on to build some 72 lighthouses along the Chilean coast.  He eventually became the head of the Chilean Maritime Signalling Service.  In 1916 he retired from the maritime service, but continued in an advisory role.  He married Charlotte Leigh in Valparaiso, by whom he had two sons.  His gravestone in the Valparaiso General Cemetery bears the English epitaph "His lights still shine over the waters of the Pacific Ocean". He is commemorated in the names of the George Slight Lighthouse Museum at Punta Angeles, Valparaiso, and the Chilean Navy's rescue and salvage ship George Slight.

See also
 Lighthouses in Chile
 List of lighthouses in Chile

References

1859 births
1934 deaths
19th-century British engineers
19th-century Scottish people
Engineers from Edinburgh
Lighthouse builders
Scottish mechanical engineers
Scottish emigrants to Chile

George Henry Slight


Philip Fox (March 7, 1878 – July 21, 1944) was an American astronomer and an officer in the U.S. Army.  He was the first director of the Adler Planetarium in Chicago, the first planetarium in the western hemisphere.

Biography
Fox was born and raised in Manhattan, Kansas, by Simeon and Esther (née Butler) Fox.   He attended Kansas State University, where he earned a B.S. in mathematics in 1897.  The next year he enlisted in the U.S. Army and fought in the Philippines with the 20th Kansas during the Spanish–American War.  When he was mustered out in 1899, Fox had achieved a rank of second lieutenant but he was disabled and was expected to die within a year.  He recuperated completely, however, thanks to nursing by his mother.

While recovering, Fox earned a master's degree at Kansas State and taught math at St. John's Military School in Salina, Kansas.  Invited to Dartmouth College in 1901 by his cousin Ernest Fox Nichols, Fox soon departed for that school, where he earned a second B.S., this time in physics.  While at Dartmouth, Edwin Brant Frost persuaded Fox to pursue a career in astronomy, and in 1903 Fox became a Carnegie Research Assistant at Yerkes Observatory of the University of Chicago.  His primary interest at the observatory was in solar research.

While in Chicago, Fox met his future wife, Ethel Snow, and they were married in 1905. The couple would have four
children.  In 1905, Fox travelled to the University of Berlin for graduate studies in astronomy.  He returned to Chicago the next year, where he worked as an assistant astronomer at Yerkes Observatory and earned a Ph.D. in astronomy from the University of Chicago.

In 1909 Fox joined the Northwestern University department of astronomy, eventually receiving promotion to chairman of the department.  While at Northwestern, Fox also served as the director of the university's Dearborn Observatory.  During this fruitful time Fox also authored several books, and served as secretary of the American Astronomical Society.

After the start of World War I, Fox returned to active duty in the Army, becoming a major of infantry in France. He was later promoted to lieutenant colonel and became assistant chief of staff, 7th Infantry Division. Following the war he remained in the reserve, where he rose to the rank of colonel and held command of the 43rd Infantry, 86th Infantry Division.

In May 1929, Fox was appointed as the first director of the Adler Planetarium, which would open a year later.  He ran the planetarium for eight years, also serving during this time as the first (interim) director of the Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles when it opened in 1935. In May 1937, Fox left this job to become the director of the Chicago Museum of Science and Industry, a position he retained until 1942.

With the entry of the United States into World War II in 1941, Fox again returned to the Army, but did not perform overseas duty.  Instead he was the commandant of the Army Signal Corps at Harvard University for part of 1942, then became commandant of the Army Electronics Center at Harvard.  He retired from the army in 1943, and continued to lecture at Harvard until his death from a cerebral hemorrhage.

The crater Fox on the far side of the Moon is named in his honor.

Partial bibliography
 Adler Planetarium and Astronomical Museum, An Account of the Optical Planetarium and a Brief Guide to the Museum (1933).
 David H. Menke, "Phillip Fox and the Adler Planetarium", 1987, Planetarium, Vol 16, #1.

References

External links
Photos, illustrations, and biography
Obituary

1878 births
1944 deaths
People from Manhattan, Kansas
Kansas State University alumni
American astronomers
United States Army officers
American people of the Spanish–American War
United States Army personnel of World War I
Directors of museums in the United States
Scientists from Kansas
Northwestern University faculty
University of Chicago alumni

Philip Fox (astronomer)


Ferishtah's Fancies is a book of poetry by Robert Browning first published in 1884. Technically the book is one long poem divided into twelve parts, but the parts are so disparate that many critics have considered it a collection of shorter pieces rather than a lengthy whole.

The book is narrated by Browning in the thinly disguised persona of the Persian soothsayer Ferishtah, who tells several parables (the titular "fancies") to students that illustrate his/Browning's opinions on a number of religious and moral topics. The Persian names and references are taken from Ferdowsi's Shāhnāmeh, but by and large the tales are Browning's invention. No connection was intended with the Persian historian Firishta.

Browning had finished the book by late January 1884, but his publisher chose to delay its release until the end of the year so as not to compromise the sales of his recently released collection Jocoseria. Reviews were mixed, some critics opining that there was "too much preaching and not enough poetry" in the book, but sales were good, due in part to the prevailing fashion for Orientalism in England at the time. The book is nowadays considered a very minor work in the Browning canon and selections from it are rarely included in Browning anthologies.

Contents
 Prologue
 The Eagle
 Melon-Seller
 Shah Abbas
 The Family
 The Sun
 Mihrab Shah
 A Camel-Driver
 Two Camels
 Cherries
 Plot-Culture
 A Pillar at Sebzevah
 A Bean-stripe; also Apple-Eating
 Epilogue

References

Poetry by Robert Browning
1884 poems
British poems

Ferishtah's Fancies


The Kerguelen Plateau is an underwater plateau of volcanic origin. It is in the southern Indian Ocean near Australia. It is an underwater microcontinent: it is a million square kilometres in size, about three times the surface area of Japan.

The plateau was formed by the hot-spot of Kerguelen. This began after the rupture of Gondwana about 130 million years ago. The plateau emerges on the oceanic surface forming the Kerguelen Islands (a French territory) and Heard Island and McDonald Islands (an Australian territory).  Vulcanism is still seen on-and-off.

Indian Ocean
Geological formations

Kerguelen Plateau


Aluminium alloys are alloys in which aluminium is the main metal used. It is usually alloyed with elements like copper, magnesium, manganese, silicon, tin and zinc. Aluminium alloys are classified into casting alloys and wrought alloys. About 85% of aluminium is used for wrought products. Cast aluminium alloys give cheap products because of their low melting point. Aluminium alloys are widely used in engineering structures.

Alloys

Aluminium alloy


DragonForce ar an Inglis pouer metal baund. They ar kent for their twin guitar solos, speed an epic vocals an leerics.

History
DragonForce wis stairtit in 1999 bi guitarists Herman Li an Sam Totman that played thegithir in a black metal baund cried Demoniac (an some ither extreme metal baunds) unner the name DragonHeart. Efter recruitin singer ZP Theart as weel as ither muisickers tae complete the baund, they pit oot a five sang demo cried Valley of the Damned in 2000 that wis at the tap o MP3.com's pouer metal chairt for mair nor twa year; wi the title sang bein dounlaid mair nor hauf a million times in the first few month. Shortl syne, twa o the oreegional members, Steve Williams an Steve Scott quat the baund tae form anither pouer metal act cried Power Quest. Efter the demo wis released, the baund haed tae chynge their name tae DragonForce, syne there wis awready a baund cried Dragonheart frae Brazil. The success o the demo managed tae win the baund a slot supportin Rob Halford on ane his UK tours.

Efter being pickit up bi Sanctuary Records, they pit oot their debut album, Valley of the Damned in 2003. Tourin awmaist wioot stoppin in support o baunds sic as Helloween an W.A.S.P as weel as heidlinin their ain shaws they teuk the album roond the warld.

Their 2004 album Sonic Firestorm came wi a deeferant line-up as Adrian Lambert jynt on bass for tae replace Diccon Harper an Dave Mackintosh wis taen on as drummer for tae replace Didier Almouzni. The album haed mair better production nor Valley of the Damned an saw the baund growe in popularity ance mair as they toured the warld in support o the new record, wi support frae Angra an Mendeed. Sonic Firestorm is in muckle the same style as Valley of the Damned, but some o the scrievin is mair progressive, especially the sang Soldiers of the Wasteland.

In 2005, juist afore the tourin for Sonic Firestorm haed endit, Adrian Lambert quat the baund for tae spend mair time wi his young son (tho he later revealed in an interview that he haed quat due tae muisical deeferences wi Totman an Li) an wis replaced bi Frédéric Leclercq, a lang time freend o Li, that wis made a permanent member o the baund efter the tour haed endit.
No lang efter that, DragonForce jynt Roadrunner Records in the Unitit Kinrick, Fraunce, Australia an New Zealand, that pit oot their third an tae date maist commercially successfu album, Inhuman Rampage in Januar 2006.

Efter gaun aboot the yird three times for tae promote that album, the baund will tour ance mair wi Trivium, Arch Enemy an Machine Head in the Black Crusade Tour afore remixin their debut album, Valley of the Damned for re-release an efter that gang tae the studios ance mair for the recordin o album number fower.

Muisical Chairacteristics
 Pittin a wheen o emphasis on fast, twin guitar harmonies.
 Tappin solos on guitar is gey common.
 Leerics o a fantasy/ epic natur (tho less sae on the Inhuman Rampage album).
 Uisin bakgrund queiral liltin ootthrou sangs.
 Leerically an muisically upliftin owerwirds.
 Melodies an guitar noises tiftit bi video gemmes.

Tho the baund taks their muisicianship sairious, they dinna tak their fantasy relatit leerical themes as close tae hert as some ither baunds sic as Manowar or Rhapsody of Fire daes.

Lineup

Current Members
 Herman Li - Lead / Rhythm Guitars an Backin Vocals
 Sam Totman - Lead / Rhythm Guitars an Backin Vocals
 Dave Mackintosh - Drums an Backin Vocals
 Frédéric Leclercq - Bass Guitar an Backin Vocals
 Vadim Pruzhanov - Keybuirds
 Marc Hudson - Lead Vocals
 Steve Terrybery - Triangle Player

Umwhile Members
 ZP Theart - Lead Vocals
 Adrian Lambert - Bass Guitar an Backin Vocals
 Diccon Harper - Bass Guitar
 Didier Almouzni - Drums
 Clive Nolan - Keybuirds an Backin Vocals
 Steve Williams - Keybuirds
 Steve Scott - Bass Guitar

Albums
 Valley of the Damned (2003)
 Sonic Firestorm (2004)
 Inhuman Rampage (2006)
 Ultra Beatdown (2008)
 The Power Within (2012)
 Maximum Overload (2014)
 Reaching into Infinity (2017)
 Extreme Power Metal (2019)

Fremmit Airtins
 DragonForce/ Offeecial Wabstaid

 Airtist profile page at Roadrunner Records

References

Inglis hivy metal muisical groups
Muisical groups frae Lunnon

DragonForce


The Edinburgh Union Canal Society is a charitable canal society on the Union Canal in Edinburgh, Scotland. The Society's main base is Ashley Terrace Boathouse at Lockhart Bridge, near Harrison Park in the Polwarth area of Edinburgh.

The society was founded in 1985 and is a founder member of the Scottish Inland Waterways Association.

In partnership with the Forth Canoe Club, the Linlithgow Union Canal Society, the Bridge 19-40 Canal Society, the Seagull Trust and other canal societies on the Scottish Lowland Canals, Edinburgh Canal Society campaigned for many years to have the Union Canal rebuilt, refurbished and re-opened.

The culmination of the campaign was the joining of the Union Canal and the Forth & Clyde Canal by way of the Falkirk Wheel. Edinburgh Canal Society was one of the official Millennium Link Project Partners.

Boats and boathouse
The society owns a wooden historical launch with Kelvin engines; the vessel had sunk in the early 1990s in Fisherrow harbour at Musselburgh after a violent storm. A society member happened to be passing just as the disposal lorry arrived, and the vessel was rescued. In 1999, she was removed to Mackay's boatyard in Arbroath, with help from the Heritage Lottery Fund. The same boatyard had earlier restored Robert Scott's RRS Discovery in Dundee. Obtaining the correct Kelvin engine at first seemed impossible, but by another chance encounter, a Kelvin E2 engine was obtained from a warehouse in Kuwait.

A replica launch was built to meet the demand for more boat trips in both directions of the Union Canal, but this has been disposed of. The society also owns a fleet of wooden rowing boats for hire or charter.

The society's boathouse is one of a large range of iconic buildings and structures on the Scottish Lowland Canals. It was sited originally where the University Rowing Club's boathouse is at present. In 1987 the boathouse was dismantled and rebuilt in modified form at its present site, and it is constantly being refurbished, to the delight of amateur and professional photographers.

In 2008, the Boathouse and one of the rowing boats were a filming location for a creative documentary, commissioned in Ireland and named An Paísti Beo Bocht, about the life of Patrick MacGill, the Irish journalist, author and poet, nicknamed "The Navvy Poet" due to his earlier occupation as navvy on the canals.

In 2009, members of the Society and others were involved in the setting up of the first Edinburgh Canal Festival  between Edinburgh Quay and the Society's boathouse at Harrison Park. This event is now an annual one and will take place again in 2012.

In July 2015 the Society had to cease hiring out rowing boats when its boathouse was declared unsafe, pending major repairs.

Journeys and rallies

 17 May 2001 Kelvin's first trip beneath Forth Bridge from Port Edgar
 24 May 2001 Port Edgar to Carron Sea Lock, Opening of Forth & Clyde Canal
 25 May 2001 Carron Sea Lock to Lock 15
 26 May 2001 Camelon to Auchinstarry Basin
 27 May 2001 Auchinstarry to Temple (Lock 27)
 28 May 2001 Temple to Bowling Basin
 25 August 2001 Wester Hailes to Leamington Bridge; Formal Opening of Wester Hailes section of Union Canal
 20 May 2002 Harrison Park to Falkirk Wheel for Official Opening by HM The Queen on 20 May 2002.
 2 October 2002 Wester Hailes Gala Day
 28 March Formal opening of Speir's Wharf
 1 and 2 April 2003 Glasgow to Falkirk Wheel to Linlithgow
 17 to 23 April 2003 Leamington Bridge via Falkirk Wheel, Glasgow (Speir's Wharf), Bowling Basin, River Clyde, Carron Sea Lock, to Port Edgar via Inverkeithing.
 23 May and 13 August 2003 Harrison Park to Falkirk Top Lock
 25 Sept. 2003 World Canals Conference, Wester Hailes
 23 March 2004 Falkirk Wheel Lower Basin to Carron Sea Lock
 4–6 April 2004 Kincardine Pier to Craigforth Weir, Stirling to Carron Sea Lock
 16 April 2004 Falkirk to Ratho, Edinburgh
 1 May 2004 Kelvin TWO launched at MacLean's Yard, Renfrew
 18 to 30 May 2004 Lancaster Canal via Preston, Bilsborrow, Garstang, Galgate, Hest Bank, Glasson Dock, Lancaster, Bolton-le-Sands, Carnforth and Tewitfield.
 28–30 May 2004 Kelvin Rally, Shardlow, Trent & Mersey Canal
 15 June 2004 Ratho
 9 Aug 2004 Kelvin 1 and Kelvin 2 at Winchburgh
 22 March 2005 Edinburgh Quay Official Opening
 22 May 2006 Falkirk Top Lock to Harrison Park
 Start of regular Sunday Shuttles from ECS boathouse to Edinburgh Quay and return

References
"Adrift in Caledonia", by Nick Thorpe; publ. Little, Brown,

External links
Kelvin Diesel Engines

See also

Areas of Edinburgh
World Canals Conference
Falkirk Helix
Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator

1985 establishments in Scotland
Charities based in Edinburgh
Clubs and societies in Edinburgh
Transport in Edinburgh
Canals in Scotland
Organizations established in 1985
Waterways organisations in Scotland

Edinburgh Union Canal Society


Field-induced polymer electroluminescent (FIPEL) technology is a low power electroluminescent light source. Three layers of moldable light-emitting polymer blended with a small amount of carbon nanotubes glow when an alternating current is passed through them. The technology can produce white light similar to that of the Sun, or other tints if desired. It is also more efficient than compact fluorescent lamps in terms of the energy required to produce light. As cited from the Carroll Research Group at Wake Forest University, "To date our brightest device – without output couplers – exceeds 18,000 cd/m2." This confirms that FIPEL technology is a viable solution for area lighting.

FIPEL lights are different from LED lighting, in that there is no junction. Instead, the light emitting component is a layer of polymer containing an iridium compound which is doped with multi-wall carbon nanotubes. This planar light emitting structure is energized by an AC field from insulated electrodes. The lights can be shaped into many different forms, from mimicking conventional light bulbs to unusual forms such as 2-foot-by-4-foot flat sheets and straight or bent tubes. The technology was developed by a team headed by Dr. David Carroll of Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina.

See also

Notes

Energy-saving lighting
Electrical engineering
Nanoelectronics
Luminescence

Field-induced polymer electroluminescent technology


Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 15 (CCL15) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as leukotactin-1, MIP5 and HCC-2.  CCL15 is expressed in liver, small intestine, colon, and in certain leukocytes and macrophages of the lung. It is chemotactic for neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes and elicits its effects by binding to cell surface chemokine receptors like CCR1 and CCR3.  The human CCL15 gene spans four exons and is located in a head-to-tail orientation on chromosome 17 with the gene of another CC chemokine known as CCL14.

References

External links
 CCL15 GeneCard

Cytokines

CCL15


The Bridges of Madison County is a 1995 American romantic drama movie based on the best-selling novel of the same name by Robert James Waller.

It was produced by Amblin Entertainment and Malpaso Productions, and distributed by Warner Bros. Entertainment.

The movie was produced and directed by Clint Eastwood with Kathleen Kennedy as co-producer.

The movie is about an Italian war bride, Francesca Johnson (Meryl Streep), who lives with her husband and two children on their Iowa farm. In 1965, she meets National Geographic photojournalist, Robert Kinkaid (Eastwood).

The movie earned $182 million worldwide. Streep received an Academy Award for Best Actress nomination in 1996 for her performance in the movie.

References

1995 movies
American romantic drama movies
Movies based on books

The Bridges of Madison County (movie)


Burton Abbey at Burton upon Trent in Staffordshire, England, was founded in the 7th or 9th century by St Modwen or Modwenna. It was refounded in 1003 as a Benedictine abbey by the thegn Wulfric Spott. He was known to have been buried in the abbey cloister in 1010, alongside the grave of his wife.

History

Burton Abbey was mentioned in the Domesday book when it was said to control lands in Mickleover, Appleby Magna in Leicestershire, Winshill and Stapenhill in Staffordshire, Coton in the Elms, Caldwell and Ticknall.
The abbey itself was neither large nor wealthy and in 1310 its monks claimed it to be the smallest and poorest Benedictine monastery in England. It suffered frequent financial troubles throughout its existence, often due to mismanagement and outright criminal behaviour, although the situation seems to have been resolved by the 16th century.

In the 13th to 14th centuries there were around thirty monks in residence. This had fallen to almost half that number by the 1520s. Despite this, the monastery was nevertheless the most important in Staffordshire and by the 1530s had the highest revenue. The abbot was both a secular lord and, "exercised an independent spiritual jurisdiction. He was a figure of some standing, regularly serving on papal and royal commissions and acting as a collector of clerical taxes within the diocese." At various times between 1295 and 1322, the abbot was summoned to attend the Parliament of England, and again in 1532. It is also known that there were frequent Royal visits to the abbey, including those by William I, Henry II and Edward I.

Annals
The Abbey's annals are an important source for thirteenth century political history, and the Abbey's major intellectual achievement.

Dissolution and beyond

The abbey was dissolved in 1539, to be refounded in 1541 as a college for a dean (who had been the last abbot) and four prebendaries. It was again dissolved in 1545 and granted to Sir William Paget.

Parts of the abbey church were retained for parish use, however these were demolished and replaced by a new church, St Modwen's in 1719-28. Some fragments remain of the chapter house nearby but little of the rest remains either.

Two buildings were converted to residential use - a part known as the Manor House, and the former infirmary. The infirmary became known as The Abbey, and is now an Inn.

In around 1712 George Hayne opened the River Trent Navigation and leased the grounds of Burton Abbey to construct a wharf and other buildings in the precinct. This led to the development of Burton as the major town for brewing and exporting beer.

In 1967, contractors working on extensions to Burton Technical College uncovered two underground vaults which were thought to have been used as wine cellars. The larger of the two chambers was later used to house a student union disco aptly named The Vault

List of abbots

References

Sources

Primary sources
 ; includes Annals of Burton in Latin

Secondary sources
 G C Baugh, W L Cowie, J C Dickinson, Duggan A P, A K B Evans, R H Evans, Una C Hannam, P Heath, D A Johnston, Hilda Johnstone, Ann J Kettle, J L Kirby, R Mansfield and A Saltman. "Houses of Benedictine monks: The abbey of Burton," in A History of the County of Stafford: Volume 3, ed. M W Greenslade and R B Pugh (London: Victoria County History, 1970), 199-213. British History Online, accessed June 7, 2018, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/staffs/vol3/pp199-213
 Anthony New. 'A Guide to the Abbeys of England And Wales', p90-92. Constable.
 "Burton-upon-Trent: General history," in A History of the County of Stafford: Volume 9, Burton-Upon-Trent, ed. Nigel J Tringham (London: Victoria County History, 2003), 5-20. British History Online, accessed June 8, 2018, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/staffs/vol9/pp5-20.

Monasteries in Staffordshire
Anglo-Saxon monastic houses
Benedictine monasteries in England
1539 disestablishments in England
Burton upon Trent
Christian monasteries established in the 11th century

Burton Abbey


Evan McGuire (born 1995 in Claregalway) is an Irish voice actor, athlete, drama player and music teacher.

McGuire made his debut in Arts when he acted as voice actor in the Oscar-nominated animation film The Secret of Kells. His voice gave shape to the protagonist "Brendan".

Evan McGuire is also an avid drama player and a qualified piano teacher.

During the "Powerade On Your Marks"-games in the Olympic Stadium in London, on 4 May 2012 he has set the first ever stadium record on the 100 metres. McGuire took part in the games under guidance of Derval O'Rourke.

References

External links

Living people
1995 births
Irish male child actors
Irish male voice actors
Athletes from County Galway
Irish male sprinters
Male actors from County Galway

Evan McGuire


The War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748) involved most countries in Europe. It was fought over Archduchess Maria Theresa's succession to the Habsburg Monarchy. The war included other events such as King George's War in British America, the War of Jenkins' Ear (which formally began on 23 October 1739), the First Carnatic War in India, the Jacobite rising of 1745 in Scotland and the First and the Second Silesian Wars.

Maria Theresa was not allowed to succeed to the various crowns of her father, Charles VI, because Salic law would not let a woman inherit them. That gave an opportunity for France and Prussia, joined by Bavaria, to challenge the Habsburgs' power. Maria Theresa was supported by Great Britain, the Dutch Republic, Sardinia, and Saxony.

Spain had been at war with Britain over colonies and trade since 1739 to re-establish its influence in northern Italy, which Austria had taken control during the War of the Spanish Succession, in the early 18th century.

The war ended with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748. Maria Theresa was confirmed as Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary, but Prussia kept control of Silesia. The peace did not last, however, because of Austria's desire to recapture Silesia and the political upheaval in Europe. Soon came the Seven Years' War (1756–1763).

Wars involving Europe
History of Austria
1740s
18th century in Europe
18th-century conflicts

War of the Austrian Succession


Mark Bils (December 1, 1958) is a macroeconomist at the University of Rochester. Bils obtained his PhD in economics from MIT in 1985 and BA in economics from Ohio State University in 1979. He has taught at the University of Chicago GSB and is currently professor and chair of the Department of Economics at the University of Rochester.

In 1987, Bils published The Cyclical Behavior of Marginal Cost and Price in the American Economic Review where he argued that marginal cost is procyclical. This is driven from the counterintuitive fact that employment is high when wages are high. Thus, Bils argues, an increase untrained labor must increase marginal costs (in the same way an increase in demand increases wages). He is in the top 5% of most cited economists.

Selected publications
"How Sticky Wages In Existing Jobs Can Affect Hiring" (with Yongsung Chang and Sun-Bin Kim), Manuscript, January 2014
"Has Consumption Inequality Mirrored Income Inequality?" (with Mark Aguiar), Manuscript, December 2013
"Testing for Keynesian Labor Demand" (with Pete Klenow and Benjamin Malin), NBER Macroeconomics Annual, January 2013
"Reset Price Inflation and the Impact of Monetary Policy Shocks" (with Pete Klenow and Benjamin Malin), American Economic Review, October 2012
"Comparative Advantage and Unemployment" (with Yongsung Chang and Sun-Bin Kim), Journal of Monetary Economics, March 2012
"Worker Heterogeneity and Endogenous Separations in a Matching Model of Unemployment Fluctuations" (with Yongsung Chang and Sun-Bin Kim), American Economic Journal of Macroeconomics, January 2011
"Do Higher Prices for New Goods Reflect Quality Growth or Inflation?", Quarterly Journal of Economics, May 2009
"Studying Price Markups from Stockout Behavior", Manuscript, December 2004
"Some Evidence on the Importance of Sticky Prices" (with Pete Klenow), Journal of Political Economy, October 2004
"Quantifying Quality Growth" (with Pete Klenow), American Economic Review, September 2001
"Does Schooling Cause Growth" (with Pete Klenow), American Economic Review, December 2000
"What Inventory Behavior Tells Us about Business Cycles" (with James Kahn), American Economic Review, June 2000
"Deducing Markups from Stockout Behavior,"Research in Economics, June 2016"

References

1958 births
Living people
Macroeconomists
University of Rochester faculty
University of Chicago Booth School of Business faculty
MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences alumni
Ohio State University College of Arts and Sciences alumni
Fellows of the Econometric Society
20th-century American economists
21st-century American economists
Journal of Political Economy editors

Mark Bils


Ellis Bent (1783 – 10 November 1815) was the Deputy Judge Advocate between 1810 and 1815 of the Australian colony of New South Wales, which was eventually to become an Australian state. The Deputy Judge Advocate of New South Wales was the senior legal officer of the colony and functioned in many ways as a Chief Justice. Bent was the first barrister to be appointed to a judicial office in the infant colony in an era when military officers were commonly appointed to the position.

Bent Street in Sydney, Bent's Basin and Ellis Bent Road, Greendale near the Warragamba Dam are named after him.

Early years and education
Bent was born in 1783 although his birthdate is sometimes recorded as 1779. He was the second son of the merchant, ship owner and MP Robert Bent, and the younger brother of Jeffery Bent. He grew up in Surrey, England on the family estate Moulsey.

He was educated at Peterhouse, Cambridge and was awarded a Bachelor of Arts in 1804 and a Master of Arts in 1807. He was called to the Bar in 1805 practising in England for a number of years. He was described as a tall and rather heavy man, and his health was poor.

Judge-advocate
He was appointed by Lord Bathurst as the deputy judge-advocate of the colony of New South Wales as from 1 January 1809. He arrived at Sydney on 1 January 1810 on board HMS Dromedary, which happened to be carrying the new Governor of New South Wales, Lachlan Macquarie. Bent took over from his predecessor Richard Atkins who was generally regarded in the colony as incompetent.

The role of deputy judge-advocate (commonly referred to as the "judge-advocate") placed Bent as the primary judicial member of the colony.  He presided with six military officers in the Court of Criminal Jurisdiction, which was the only criminal court of colony which dealt with serious criminal crimes and was the only court which could sentence a person to death. He also presided with two nominees appointed by the governor in the Court of Civil Jurisdiction, which was the principal civil court of the colony. He held a commission to preside in the Vice-Admiralty Court to deal with admiralty issues that arose from time to time. He lastly presided with another magistrate as the Bench of Magistrates to deal with less serious criminal matters in Sydney.

Bent was well regarded by Macquarie initially, and set about his role of judge-advocate with vigor and good faith. In recognition, Macquarie had a new residence built for Bent, which was completed in June 1812.

Legal reform in the colony
Bent made recommendations to Lord Bathurst concerning the administration of justice in the colony. Some of these related to the introduction of jury trial in the colony and the creation of a new superior court to deal with civil matters. For this latter court, he proposed that a judge be appointed to sit with two magistrates.

Macquarie recommended that the plan be adopted and suggested to the English authorities that Bent should be made the first judge of any such court created. Bent was passed over for the position, and instead it was offered to his brother Jeffrey Bent. The establishment of this latter court, the Supreme Court of Civil Judicature (commonly referred to as the Supreme Court) lessened the workload of Bent as the Court of Civil Jurisdiction over which he presided was abolished as a result of the establishment of that Supreme Court.

Bent was quite progressive for the time. He allowed ex-convict lawyers to appear before his court when such a course was not possible in England under English law. He did this by allowing them to appear as agents of the parties, rather than formally admitting the lawyers as officers of the court. This met with general approval in the colony as it was a practical solution which facilitated the application of justice in the colony at a time when the colony was in its infancy. It has to be remembered that Bent was the first lawyer to emigrate to the colony of his own free will.

Later years
Macquarie and Bent were to be at loggerheads in the later years of Bent's appointment. They firstly disagreed over the independence of the judiciary, something that is taken for granted today in common law countries. Macquarie took the view that Bent's commission required him to obey the orders and directions of the governor in all times. Bent took the view that he should only obey the "lawful" instructions of the governor.

Secondly, Bent came under the influence of his brother. Unfortunately, Bent's brother proved to be the opposite of Bent and was obstructive at every possible time. Whilst Bent had been initially progressive in allowing convict lawyers to appear in the Court of Civil Jurisdiction to assist litigants as agents, he sided with his brother that they should not be allowed to appear in the newly created Supreme Court of Civil Judicature to which his brother had been appointed. This raised Macquarie's ire as it impeded the ability of the new court to function.

Lastly, Bent clashed with Macquarie over the introduction of new shipping rules for the colony. Bent had initially concurred with Macquarie's shipping rules in 1810. However, in 1814, when Macquarie provided a draft set of revised rules, Bent found them to be unnecessary and some to be illegal.

Closing days
The mounting differences between Macquarie, Bent and Bent's brother led Macquarie to write to Lord Bathurst offering to resign unless both Bents were removed from office. Bathurst did so in January 1816, siding with Macquarie rather than the Bents. Before notification of Bent's dismissal arrived in the colony, Bent had died on 10 November 1815.

Bent left a widow and four children, and a fifth child was born subsequently to his death. Unfortunately, he left no estate to his wife and children on his death. Macquarie graciously wrote to Lord Bathurst recommending the payment of a pension to widow in view of Bent's services to the colony. Bathurst approved, and a pension of £200 a year was granted to Mrs Bent in 1817. She subsequently returned to England.

Burial
Bent was buried at Old Sydney Burial Ground, now the site of Sydney Town Hall. He was buried there rather than at Garden Island (upon which Bent had a lease) because of his earlier disagreements with Macquarie.

In 1823 Bent's remains were removed from the Old Burial Ground and placed in a vault on Garden Island. Later, after 1825 when Brevet-Major John Ovens died, he was also removed to Garden Island in accordance with Bent's earlier wishes.

Later, his sandstone tomb was transferred to the Rest Park in St Thomas' Cemetery. His headstone is located at the Botany Cemetery, Eastern Suburbs of Sydney. where many of the headstones from the old Devonshire Street Cemetery were relocated.

References

Sources
C. H. Currey, 'Bent, Ellis (1783–1815)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Online Edition, Copyright 2006, Australian National University

Alex Castles, An Australian Legal History, Law Book Co, 1975.

English barristers
British emigrants to the Colony of New South Wales
1783 births
1815 deaths
Colony of New South Wales judges
Judge Advocates of New South Wales
19th-century Australian judges
Burials at Eastern Suburbs Memorial Park
19th-century English lawyers

Ellis Bent