The 75th Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) took place on March 23, 2003, at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories honoring films released in 2002. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Gilbert Cates and was directed by Louis J. Horvitz. Actor Steve Martin hosted for the second time, having previously presided over the 73rd ceremony held in 2001. Three weeks earlier in a ceremony at Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California held on March 1, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Kate Hudson.

Chicago won six awards, including Best Picture. Other winners included The Pianist with three awards, Frida and The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers with two, and 8 Mile, Adaptation, Bowling for Columbine, The ChubbChubbs!, The Hours, Nowhere in Africa, Road to Perdition, Spirited Away, Talk to Her, This Charming Man, and Twin Towers with one. The telecast garnered about 33 million viewers in the United States, making it the least-watched and lowest-rated televised Oscar ceremony to that point.

Winners and nominees

The nominees for the 75th Academy Awards were announced on February 11, 2003, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Frank Pierson, president of the Academy, and Academy Award winning-actress Marisa Tomei. Chicago received the most nominations with thirteen. It was the eighth film to receive that many nominations. Gangs of New York came in second with ten.

The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 23, 2003. Chicago became the first musical film to win Best Picture since 1968's Oliver! At age 29, Adrien Brody was the youngest person to win Best Actor. With her 13th nomination, Meryl Streep became the most nominated actor in Oscar history. Meanwhile, Best Actor nominee Jack Nicholson earned his 12th nomination, extending his record as the most nominated male performer. Julianne Moore was the ninth performer to earn two acting nominations in the same year. "Lose Yourself" from 8 Mile became the first hip hop song to win the Best Original Song award.

Awards

Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().

Academy Honorary Award
Peter O'Toole  whose remarkable talents have provided cinema history with some of its most memorable characters.

Films with multiple nominations and awards

Presenters and performers
The following individuals presented awards or performed musical numbers.

Presenters

Performers

Ceremony information

In November 2002, the Academy hired veteran Oscar telecast producer Gilbert Cates to oversee the telecast for the eleventh time. "With ten shows under his belt, no other living producer even comes close to the depth of his experience," said AMPAS president Frank Pierson in a press release announcing the selection. "Gil practically invented the awards show as a stylistic genre. We're privileged to have him present a very special event to celebrate the 75th anniversary of the Oscars." A few days later, actor and comedian Steve Martin was chosen to emcee the upcoming telecast. Cates explained his reason to bring back the veteran comedian saying, "A host who's witty, clever, sharp, intelligent, quick on his feet and always on top of the unfolding action. Wait, I've forgotten something. Oh yeah, and outrageously funny." According to the article published in the Los Angeles Times, Cates approached actor and veteran Oscar host Billy Crystal for emceeing duties. However, as time passed and Crystal was still undecided regarding the job, Cates offered the hosting role to Martin. In a statement, Martin expressed that he was honored to be selected to emcee the telecast joking, "I'm very pleased to be hosting the Oscars again, because fear and nausea always make me lose weight." In addition, this was the first Oscar ceremony broadcast in high-definition.

The ceremony took place on March 23, 2003, at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST. To commemorate the 75th anniversary of the Academy Awards, 59 actors who have received both competitive and honorary awards appeared seated onstage together during a segment called Oscar's Family Album. Each former winner was acknowledged by announcer Neil Ross and Randy Thomas with the films he or she won for. At the end of the segment newly minted winners Adrien Brody, Chris Cooper, Nicole Kidman, and Catherine Zeta-Jones, along with Honorary Oscar recipient Peter O'Toole, joined them.

Furthermore, the American-led invasion of Iraq affected the telecast and its surrounding events. Hours after news that the war had commenced several actors such as Cate Blanchett, Jim Carrey, and Will Smith resigned from their roles as presenters citing safety concerns and respect for military families. Despite pleas from broadcaster ABC to postpone the proceedings up to a week, AMPAS president Pierson and ceremony producer Cates refused to delay the gala to a different date citing unavailability of the Kodak Theatre during that time. Pierson also stated that moving the festivities to a different venue would be too expensive for the Academy. However, they also announced that the red carpet festivities would be severely curtailed. The bleacher seats situated along Hollywood Boulevard would also be dismantled, and ticket holders for those seats would receive rain checks that were good toward next year's event. Periodically during commercial breaks, ABC News anchor and journalist Peter Jennings gave news brief updates regarding the events happening overseas.

Box office performance of nominated films
At the time of the nominations announcement on February 11, the combined gross of the five Best Picture nominees at the US box office was $486 million, with an average of $97.3 million per film. The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers was the highest earner among the Best Picture nominees with $321 million in domestic box office receipts. The film was followed by Gangs of New York ($70.1 million), Chicago ($64.5 million), The Hours ($21.8 million), and finally The Pianist ($9.1 million).

Of the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 47 nominations went to 14 films on the list. Only The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2nd), My Big Fat Greek Wedding (5th), Ice Age (9th), Catch Me If You Can (11th), Lilo & Stitch (13th), Road to Perdition (23rd), Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron (35th), Gangs of New York (37th), and Chicago (41st) were nominated for Best Picture, Best Animated Feature, or any of the directing, acting, or screenwriting awards. The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations were Spider-Man (1st), Star Wars: Episode II: Attack of the Clones (3rd), Minority Report (16th), 8 Mile (22nd), and The Time Machine (44th).

Bowling for Columbine acceptance speech
Shortly after winning the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature, Bowling for Columbine director Michael Moore spoke out against U.S. President George W. Bush and the Iraq War which had just started three days prior. He further criticized the president by stating, "We live in a time where we have fictitious election results that elects a fictitious president. We live in a time where we have a man sending us to war for fictitious reasons." The speech was received with a cacophony of boos, applause, and standing ovations from the audience at the theater. Moments after the speech concluded, in order to lighten the mood, host Martin joked, "The Teamsters are helping Michael Moore into the trunk of his limo."

Critical response
The show received a positive reception from most media publications. Television critic Robert Bianco of USA Today commended Martin's hosting performance writing that, "Luckily for viewers, Martin has two other qualities that are essential to a good Academy Awards host: wit and insider status. He used both to his and our advantage, winning the crowd's confidence and then gleefully mocking them all night." He also noted that the political remarks from presenters and speeches "a touch of tension to what is so often a dull evening." Pittsburgh Post-Gazette television columnist Rob Owen raved that "Martin radiates class and wit, something often lacking in awards show hosts. From jokes about the allegedly scaled-down ceremony to reaction to his return to the Oscar stage, Martin entertained consistently." He also quipped that even the segments honoring Oscar history "seemed tighter and less tedious." Tom Shales of The Washington Post gave high marks to Martin commenting, "Helping immeasurably to make it a great show was Steve Martin, who served as host for the second time and triumphed as a welcome sardonic voice amid all the usual piousness and self-adulation." He also commented that despite the toned-down atmosphere, the speeches and tributes provided several heartfelt and memorable moments desperately needed in uncertain times.

Some media outlets were more critical of the show. Television critic Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly bemoaned, "A wonderful, intelligent Oscar host two years ago, Martin on this night looked as though he'd thrown in the towel backstage and let comedy writer Bruce Vilanch come up with a batch of gormless ain't-Hollywood-goofy lines to absolve him of responsibility for being hilarious." Chicago Tribune columnist Steve Johnson lamented, "Martin in his second turn hosting Hollywood's big night was, especially in the early going, slightly off-key, his attempt to keep a jovial face on things understandable but eventually coming to seem a touch disrespectful." He went on to say, "Except for the Moore line, he simply was not able to perform a perhaps impossible task, putting people at ease about attending, or watching, a party as a war raged, visible to anyone who flipped over to CNN." David Zurawik of The Baltimore Sun quipped, "As the rest of the world saw televised images of captives and corpses identified as American soldiers, we watched host Steve Martin and a theater full of celebrities celebrating their self importance. Try as they might last night in the capital of Fantasy Land to create a program that would transport us beyond current events, they never came close." He also complained that many of the evening's comments and jokes seemed tone deaf and disrespectful in light of the war.

Ratings and reception
The American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 33.04 million people over its length, which was a 21% decrease from the previous year's ceremony. An estimated 62.55 million total viewers watched all or part of the awards. The show also earned lower Nielsen ratings compared to the previous ceremony with 20.58% of households watching over a 40.34 share. In addition, it garnered a lower 1849 demo rating with a 12.55 rating over a 35.37 share among viewers in that demographic. Many media outlets observed that cable news coverage of the Iraq War diverted home viewers' attention from the ceremony and therefore contributed to the lower ratings. At the time, it earned the lowest viewership for an Academy Award telecast since figures were compiled beginning with the 46th ceremony in 1974 and the lowest ratings for any broadcast since Nielsen Media Research kept track of such data since the 33rd ceremony in 1961.

In July 2003, the ceremony presentation received eight nominations at the 55th Primetime Emmys. Two months later, the ceremony won three of those nominations for Outstanding Art Direction For A Variety Or Music Program (Roy Christopher), Outstanding Lighting Direction (Electronic, Multi-camera) for a Variety, Music or Comedy Program (Robert Barnhart, Robert A. Dickinson, Andy O'Reilly), and Outstanding Music Direction (Bill Conti).

In Memoriam
The annual In Memoriam tribute, presented by actress Susan Sarandon, honored the following people.

Lew Wasserman – Executive
Richard Sylbert – Production designer
Eddie Bracken – Actor
George Sidney – Director
Katy Jurado – Actress
Jack Brodsky – Producer
Dudley Moore – Actor, comedian, musician
John Frankenheimer – Director
Rod Steiger – Actor
Norman Panama – Writer, director, producer
Horst Buchholz – Actor
J. L. Thompson – Director
Leo McKern – Actor
Kay Rose – Sound editor
Milton Berle – Comedian, actor
Ward Kimball – Animator
Margaret Booth – Editor
Signe Hasso – Actress
Daniel Taradash – Writer
Richard Crenna – Actor
Walter Scharf – Composer, conductor
Rosemary Clooney – Singer, actress
Charles Guggenheim – Documentarian
Kim Hunter – Actress
Adolph Green – Screenwriter, lyricist
Alberto Sordi – Actor
Marvin Mirisch – Executive
Conrad Hall – Cinematographer
George Roy Hill – Director
Richard Harris – Actor
James Coburn – Actor
Billy Wilder – Director

See also

9th Screen Actors Guild Awards
23rd Golden Raspberry Awards
45th Grammy Awards
55th Primetime Emmy Awards
56th British Academy Film Awards
57th Tony Awards
27th Laurence Olivier Awards
60th Golden Globe Awards
List of submissions to the 75th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film

References

Bibliography

External links
Official websites
Academy Awards Official website
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Official website
Oscar's Channel at YouTube (run by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences)

Analysis
2002 Academy Awards Winners and History Filmsite
Academy Awards, USA: 2003 Internet Movie Database

News resources
Oscars 2003 BBC News
Academy Awards coverage CNN
Oscars: 2003 Academy Awards USA Today

Other resources

2002 film awards
2003 in American cinema
Academy Awards ceremonies
2003 in Los Angeles
Academy
Television shows directed by Louis J. Horvitz
March 2003 events in the United States

75th Academy Awards


Lonny W. Bohonos (born May 20, 1973) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey right winger.  He played most notably for the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League and also appeared in several games for the Toronto Maple Leafs.  In the later stages of his career, he played overseas in the Swiss Nationalliga A and Deutsche Eishockey Liga.

He served as the head coach of the Fort William North Stars, a Thunder Bay team in the SIJHL during the 2011–12 season.

Playing career
Bohonos was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba. As a youth, he played in the 1987 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Winnipeg South Monarchs minor ice hockey team.

Bohonos played major junior in the Western Hockey League for the Moose Jaw Warriors, Seattle Thunderbirds and Portland Winter Hawks.  After a 63-point season in 1992–93 split between Seattle and Portland, Bohonos dramatically rose to a league-leading 62 goals, 90 assists and 152 points the following season.  In addition to the Bob Clarke Trophy as the league's leading scorer, Bohonos was also awarded the Brad Hornung Trophy as the most sportsmanlike player.

Unselected in the NHL Entry Draft, Bohonos' successful final year with the Portland Winter Hawks earned him an NHL contract from the Vancouver Canucks. He turned pro in 1994–95 with Vancouver's AHL affiliate, the Syracuse Crunch. Bohonos scored the first goal in Syracuse Crunch history, and quickly established himself as an offensive threat, scoring 75 points in his rookie season. The following year, he led Syracuse in goals and points, and earned a three-game callup to the NHL, recording an assist.

However, he was considered a very one-dimensional player and his NHL potential was questioned as a result. These criticisms dogged him throughout his career - while Bohonos had unquestionable skill and natural hockey sense as well as an excellent touch around the net, his defensive game and intangibles were considered below-par.  Bohonos was also ripped by analysts and scouts as being a "lazy" player.

He continued to produce in the AHL in 1996–97 and finally earned his big break around mid-season with an extended call-up to the Canucks. In a disappointing year for the team, Bohonos was a bright light in the second half, playing well on a scoring line with Trevor Linden and Martin Gelinas, and finishing with 11 goals and 22 points in 36 games.

The following season, however, was a huge disappointment. While he cracked the Canucks' NHL roster out of training camp for the first time, he was used predominantly on the team's fourth line in a checking role for which he was ill-suited. After recording only 3 points in 31 games and being returned to the AHL, Bohonos was dealt to the Toronto Maple Leafs for Brandon Convery in an exchange of struggling talents.  He again showcased his talent in a late-season call-up, putting up 6 points in 6 games for the Leafs.

The 1998–99 season saw him back in the AHL, where he led the Maple Leafs' AHL affiliate, the St. John's Maple Leafs, in scoring. In 7 games with Toronto, Bohonos again produced, scoring three goals. The highlight of his career, though, would come in the 1999 Stanley Cup Playoffs. With Igor Korolev and Fredrik Modin injured, and Derek King struggling, Bohonos was recalled and given an opportunity to skate on a scoring line with Mats Sundin. He responded in style, putting up 3 goals and 6 assists in 9 games to help Toronto to the Conference Finals.

After a year in the IHL with the Manitoba Moose, Bohonos left North America to sign with Davos HC in the Switzerland. He became one of the top players in the Nationalliga A, leading the league in scoring with 60 points in 2000–01.  That same year, he won a Spengler Cup with Davos, defeating Canada in the final.  He spent another year with Davos and was the Spengler Cup runner-up in 2002, then joined the ZSC Lions.

Bohonos returned to North America to spend the 2004–05 season with the Chicago Wolves, but again went back to Europe for the 2005–06 season, this time with the Adler Mannheim in the German Deutsche Eishockey Liga. In November 2005, he suffered a serious neck injury in a collision with Denis Pederson of Berlin and was sidelined for the year. He was expected to make a full recovery for the 2006–07 season, but had to end his career, due to problems resulting from the injury.

Career statistics

Awards and honours

Records
 Syracuse Crunch franchise single-season goals record - 40 in 1995–96
 Previous Syracuse Crunch single-season points record - 79 in 1995–96 (tied with Bill Bowler, 2000–01. Later surpassed by Carter Verhaeghe during the 2018-19 season).
 Previous Syracuse Crunch all-time goal scoring record - 104 (surpassed by Mark Hartigan on January 19, 2007)

References

External links

1973 births
Living people
Adler Mannheim players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Canadian people of Ukrainian descent
Chicago Wolves players
HC Davos players
Fort Worth Brahmas players
Ice hockey people from Winnipeg
Manitoba Moose (IHL) players
Moose Jaw Warriors players
Portland Winterhawks players
St. John's Maple Leafs players
Seattle Thunderbirds players
Syracuse Crunch players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Undrafted National Hockey League players
Vancouver Canucks players
Winnipeg South Blues players
ZSC Lions players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Germany
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Switzerland

Lonny Bohonos


Places with a subarctic climate (also called boreal climate) have long, usually very cold winters, and short, warm summers. It is found on large landmasses, away from oceans, usually at latitudes from 50° to 70°N. Because there are no large landmasses at such latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere, it is only found at high altitudes (heights) in the Andes and the mountains of Australia and New Zealand's South Island. These climates are in groups Dfc, Dwc, Dfd and Dwd in the Köppen climate classification

This type of climate has very big changes in temperature throughout the year. In winter, temperatures can drop to -40 °C (also -40 °F) and in summer, the temperature may go above 30 °C (86 °F). But the summers are short, as there are no more than three months of the year with an average temperature of at least 10 °C (50 °F). However, at least one must have an average temperature of at least 10 °C (50 °F) . In addition, the coldest month must be below 0°C (32°F) The subarctic climate is in between the humid continental climate and the polar climate. The subarctic climate is found in the these places:

 Much of Siberia
 The northern half of Scandinavia (milder winters in coastal areas)
 Most of Alaska
 Much of Canada from about 50°N to the tree line, including:
Southern Labrador
Northern Quebec except for the far north
Far northern Ontario
The northern Prairie Provinces
Most of the Yukon
Most of the Northwest Territories

With 5–7 months in a row where the average temperature is below freezing, all water in the soil and subsoil freezes several feet deep. In the colder parts of this climate, summer warmth is not enough to thaw (unfreeze) more than a few feet on the top of the soil, so there can be permafrost(soil that is frozen forever). When the ice melts in the summer, 2 to 14 ft (0.6 to 4 m) of soil can thaw, depending on the latitude and the type of soil. Some subarctic climates near oceans (such as southern Alaska and the northern edge of Europe), have milder winters and no permafrost, so it is easier to farm there.

Summer is very short; it has about 45 to 100 days at most, and in a lot of places, the temperatures can go below freezing (32 °F or 0 °C) at any time of the year, even in the summer. Vegetation (plants) in a subarctic climate usually has low diversity (only a few different types of plants grow), because only hardy (very tough) species can survive the long winters and make use of the short summers. Trees are mostly evergreen conifers, because few broadleaved (big leaves) trees can survive the very low temperatures in winter. This type of forest is also known as taiga. The word taiga can also be a name for the climate itself. A lot of plants grow in the taiga (even if there are only a few different kinds of plants), so the taiga (boreal) forest is the largest forest biome on the planet, with most of the forests in Russia and Canada.

It is usually very hard to farm in subarctic climates, because the soil is infertile (it doesn't have the nutrients that many plants need to grow) and because of the many swamps and lakes that ice sheets make, and only very tough crops can survive the short growing seasons.  On the plus side, the days last longer in the summer as you get closer to the poles.  So the plants that can grow get a lot of sunlight.  Potatoes, strawberries, blueberries and hay for animals grow well.  Special varieties of other plants may grow as well.

There is very little precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, or hail); no more than 15 to 20 inches over an entire year.  Rain and snow may stay above ground until the ground melts.  This means that when the precipitation does soak into the ground, it can be very wet and muddy.

Close to the Earth's poles and the water around the poles, the warmest month has an average temperature of less than 10 °C (50 °F), and the subarctic climate turns into a tundra climate, which is even worse for trees.

Here are some places with subarctic climates:

Fairbanks, Alaska
Whitehorse, Yukon
Yellowknife, Northwest Territories
Thompson, Manitoba
Moosonee, Ontario
Goose Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador
Rovaniemi, Finland
Kiruna, Sweden
Arkhangelsk, Russia
Irkutsk, Russia
Chita, Russia

Some places in the climate group Dfd (a very, very cold subarctic climate) are:

Oymyakon, Russia
Verkhoyansk, Russia

References

Köppen climate classifications

Subarctic climate


Schäufele (also "Schäuferle", "Schüfeli", "Schäuferla" or "Schäufelchen") is a traditional dish from the south of Germany. It is made from the pig's shoulder meat, which gives the dish its name, "Schäufele", or the pig's scapula.

Depending on region the recipe for the dish differs a bit:

In Franconia the meat, the pork rind and the bone are roasted together as a whole. Before that, the pork rind is scratched in a criss-cross pattern, seasoned with salt, pepper and caraway and put in a casserole dish with diced root vegetables and onions where it is doused with beer and roasted in the oven for about two or three hours. The roast is ready as soon as the meat is easy to separate from the bone and the pork rind is crispy and golden brown. It is then served with various side dishes including gravy, Kartoffelklöße, salad, sauerkraut, red cabbage and savoy cabbage.

In Baden the meat is cured and smoked before it is simmered in a broth of water, white wine, vinegar, onion, bay laurel and clove for about two to two and a half hours. It is then served with potato salad, dressed with a broth of salt, pepper and vinegar. Although available all year around, Schäufele with potato salad is the typical Christmas Eve supper in the southern half of Baden.

In Switzerland it is also cured and smoked but served with beans or sauerkraut. There it is very common as a Christmas dish.

See also
 List of smoked foods

Bavarian cuisine
Swiss cuisine
Meat dishes
Smoked meat

Schäufele


An  is a type of Shinto Shrine in Japan centered on the worship of the kami of volcanos in general, and Mount Fuji in particular.

Per the Jinja Honchō, there are approximately 1300 Asama shrines in the country, centered primarily in Shizuoka Prefecture and Yamanashi Prefecture, and to a lesser extent in the prefectures of the Kantō region and Aichi. Almost all Asama Shrines are within sight of Mount Fuji. Where this is not possible because of distance or obstructions, a miniature replica of Mount Fuji known as a  made from rocks from the mountain was often erected within the shrine grounds. The head of all Asama shrines is the Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha, located in Fujinomiya, Shizuoka.

In 2013 the Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha, Yamamiya Sengen Shrine, Murayama Sengen Shrine, Suyama Sengen Shrine, Fuji Sengen Shrine, Kawaguchi Asama Shrine, and Fuji Omuro Sengen Shrine were added to the World Heritage List as part of the Fujisan Cultural Site.

Shinto belief
The primary kami at Asama shrines is Konohanasakuya-hime, sometimes in combination with her father, Ōyamatsumi-no-Mikoto and/or sister Iwanaga-hime. Konohanasakuya-hime appears in both the Kojiki and Nihonshoki and appears to have originally associated with protection against fire, per the stories which appear in both chronicles. However, there is no specific reference which explains how she came to be associated with Mount Fuji at some point in the Muromachi or Edo period.

History
The derivation of the word "Asama" is subject to considerable uncertainty and debate, but the original meaning of the word appears to be connected with volcanoes or volcanic eruptions, and the presence of water springs in the foothills of such mountains. Mountain-worship based cults centered on  in Gunma and  in Mie appear contemporary with the mountain-cult centered on Mount Fuji, via references in the Man'yōshū. However, worship of Mount Fuji, as the tallest and most famous volcano in Japan came to dominate. Mount Fuji has erupted eighteen times in recorded history. In order to pacify it, the Imperial Court awarded it court rank and venerated it as Sengen Ōkami in the early Heian period

According to shrine tradition from the Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha, Sakanoue no Tamuramaro moved an existing shrine from the slopes of Mount Fuji to the lowlands during the reign of Emperor Suinin. Traditions also exist associating Mount Fuji with immortality-seeking wizards, and attribute the legendary mystical powers of En no Gyōja to his training on the mountain.

From the Heian period, the worship of the volcano kami as providers of water combined with Shingon esoteric Buddhism and with Shugendō practices. Yamabushi Matsudai Shōnin is said to have climbed Mount Fuji several hundred times and built a temple, with the retired Emperor Toba as his patron.

By the Muromachi period, pilgrimages to climb Mount Fuji increased in popularity, and mandala were produced both as souvenirs, and to spread the cult. Such mandala typically depicted pilgrims landing at Miho no Matsubara, and the various stages of the ascent of Mount Fuji. The top of the mountain is depicted as having three peaks, about which float various Buddhas and Bosatsu. In the Edo period, the Fuji-kō, a religious confraternity system became extremely popular in the Kantō region, using magico-religious practices with talismans to protect followers from illness and catastrophe, despite efforts by the authorities to discourage it.

After the Meiji Restoration, the cult of Mount Fuji declined precipitously, and the Fuji-ko groups are now subsumed into various of the sect Shintō organizations.

Related shrines

Ichinomiya Asama Shrine (一宮浅間神社) in Fuefuki, Yamanashi Prefecture
Omuro Sengen Shrine (小室浅間神社) in Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi Prefecture
Kitaguchi Hongū Fuji Sengen Shrine (北口本宮冨士浅間神社) in Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi Prefecture
Fujiomuro Sengen Shrine (冨士御室浅間神社) in Fujikawaguchiko, Yamanashi Prefecture
Shizuoka Sengen Shrine (静岡淺間神社) in Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, Shizuoka Prefecture
Fujirokusho Sengen Shrine (富知六所淺間神社) in Fuji, Shizuoka Prefecture
Asamasha (浅間社) in  Nara, a Side Shrine of Naramichi Ten Jinja (奈良町天神社), Nara Prefecture
Geino Asama Shrine (芸能浅間神社) in Shinjuku, Tokyo
Naruko Fuji Asama Shrine (成子富士浅間神社) in Shinjuku, Tokyo
Fuji Asama Ookami (富士浅間大神) in Bunkyō, Tokyo
Asama Jinja (浅間神社) in Susono, Shizuoka Prefecture ()
Sengen Jinja (浅間神社) in Numazu, Shizuoka Prefecture ()

See also
 List of Shinto shrines
 List of Jingū
 Asama Maru

Notes

References
 Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1962).   Studies in Shinto and Shrines. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 3994492
 . (1959).  The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887

External links
Fujisan Hongu Sengentaisha (official website)
Encyclopedia of Shinto
Japanese architecture and art

Mountain faith
Fuji worship
Kanpei Taisha
Asama shrines

Sengen shrine


First United Methodist Church at the Chicago Temple is a church located at the base and in the utmost floors of the Chicago Temple Building, a skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois. The top of the building is at a height of 173 metres (568 feet).

History
The congregation was founded in 1831 and built a log cabin on the north bank of the Chicago River in 1834.  In 1838, it moved the cabin across the river to the corner of Washington and Clark Streets. The current structure was completed after a debate within the congregation whether the church should remain in central Chicago or sell its valuable property and relocate to the growing suburban areas.

Chicago Temple Building

The Chicago Temple Building is a 173-meter (568 foot) tall skyscraper church located at 77 W. Washington Street in Chicago, Illinois, United States. It is home to the congregation of the First United Methodist Church of Chicago. It was completed in 1924 and has 23 floors dedicated to religious and office use. It is by one measure the tallest church building in the world based on the distance from the church's street level entrance to the top of the church's spire or steeple. Although by stipulating that a church building's usage be entirely or almost entirely devoted to religious purposes, then, by that standard, Ulm Minster in Ulm, Germany at 161.5 metres (530 feet) in height is the tallest church in the world.

It was the tallest building in Chicago from 1924 until 1930, when it was surpassed by the Chicago Board of Trade Building. This claim included the height of the steeple to maintain the title over the 35 East Wacker Building which opened in 1927.

The building is constructed on a steel frame faced with limestone and is designed in the neo-gothic style by the firm of Holabird & Roche.  During planning and construction, the building was called City Temple, however by the time of completion, the name was changed to Chicago Temple.

The building houses three sanctuaries:
 Sanctuary 1 is four stories tall on the ground floor with seating available for 1,000 people.
 Sanctuary 2 is also known as the "Dixon Chapel" and is on the second floor.
 Sanctuary 3 also known as the "Sky Chapel" is the smallest sanctuary and is situated at the base of the steeple with seating for 30 people.

The Sky Chapel was created in 1952 as a gift from the Walgreen family in memory of Charles Walgreen, the founder of the eponymous pharmacy chain. At  above ground level, it is considered the world's highest worship space and contains 16 stained glass windows. Four depict scenes from the Old Testament, four from the life of Jesus, four represent the history of the Christian Church in the Old World, and the final four the church in the New World. The carved wood altar-front depicts Jesus looking over the city of Chicago (specifically a view from the top of the church building in 1952), mirroring the front of the sanctuary altar, which shows Jesus looking over Jerusalem.

Floors 4 through 21 of the building are rented office space with one residential area which is used by the Methodist church's senior pastor as a parsonage, occupying the three floors of the spire, just below the Sky Chapel. The sixth floor of the building once held the office of Clarence Darrow, the famous trial attorney.

A fictionalized version of the building is one of the settings in Charles Merrill Smith's Father Randollph detective series, where the title character is the senior pastor resident in the skyscraper's parsonage.

The temple is located at the southeast corner of Clark and Washington Street across from the Richard J. Daley Center which houses offices for the offices for the city of Chicago and Cook County courts and the Chicago Picasso. Due to its proximity to the Cook County and US District Courts, the majority of the building's tenants are attorney's firms. The Northern Illinois Conference and the General Commission on the Status and Role of Women are also tenants. A sculpture entitled Miró's Chicago by Joan Miró occupies a courtyard between the Chicago Temple and the adjacent George Dunne Cook County Building.

See also
List of tallest buildings in Chicago
Court Street Methodist Church, Janesville, Wisconsin, another church/commercial building combination

References

External links
First United Methodist Church
United Methodist Church - congregational entry
Emporis: Chicago Temple Building
SkyscraperPage

United Methodist churches in Illinois
Methodist cathedrals in the United States
Churches in Chicago
Temple Building, Chicago
Churches completed in 1924
Office buildings completed in 1924
Projects by Holabird & Root
Skyscrapers in Chicago
Gothic Revival skyscrapers
Chicago school architecture in Illinois
1924 establishments in Illinois


Relay For Life is a fundraising event for cancer held around the world. It was originally organised in the United States, by the American Cancer Society, a volunteer charity organisation. The event has now spread to more than 20 countries. The goal of the event is to raise money for cancer research and patients with cancer.

In Canada, this event is organised by the Canadian Cancer Society. Teams of 10 people compete in relays and consist of people representing corporations, communities, families and friends. The first Relay For Life in Canada was held in 1999, and raised CA$85,000. Since then, the number of relays and participants has increased each year. In 2011, $55 million was raised. To participate, one team need to be formed and registered online to the official website of the Canadian Cancer Society or with a paper form. Each member has to raise a minimum of CA$100 in donation or by selling luminaries. Luminaries are special candles that are placed in bags and carry the names of cancer survivors and loved ones who have died. In a moving ceremony after sunset, luminaries placed around the track are lit in honour of cancer survivors and in memory of those who have lost the battle against cancer.

References

Other websites
Relay For Life website
American Cancer Society Relay For Life
Relay For Life International
Canadian Cancer Society Relay For Life
Cancer Research UK Relay For Life
New Zealand Relay For Life
Australian Relay For Life

Charity events
Cancer

Relay For Life


Livio Vacchini (February 27, 1933 – April 2, 2007) was a Swiss architect from Ticino.

Life
Livio Vacchini was born in Locarno. From 1953 to 1958 he studied architecture at Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. After a stay in Stockholm and Paris from 1959 to 1961, he established his own architecture studio in Locarno called Studio Vacchini architetti, working closely with Luigi Snozzi and Silvia Gmür.

Architecture
The works of Livio Vacchini feature an extreme coherence of theme and practice. Each project is conceived ideally as the continuation of the lines of research explored by modern architects of the classical tradition such as Auguste Perret, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and Louis Kahn. An extreme reduction of structural elements is present in all his designs. The most important values of his works lie precisely in their intentional "untimeliness": indifferent to novelty, interested only in respecting an inner coherence, detached, far from the chatter and gossip of the world of architecture of our time.

Livio Vacchini designed houses, office buildings, schools, and community facilities in Switzerland and France. His major works are the school of Montagnola near Locarno, his own house in Costa (Switzerland), and the school of architecture of Nancy (France).

Architects from Ticino
1933 births
2007 deaths
People from Locarno

Livio Vacchini


Barbara Brezigar (born 1 December 1953) is a Slovenian lawyer and politician. She currently serves as Secretary General at the Ministry of the Interior of Slovenia.

She was born in a middle-class family in Ljubljana as Barbara Gregorin. Her uncle on her mother's side was the famous Slovene literary critic, essayist and theatre director Bojan Štih.

After finishing the Bežigrad Grammar School, she enrolled at the University of Ljubljana where she studied law. In 1993, she became the head of the section for economic and business crimes in the Slovenian public prosecution. In 1996, the Prosecutor General Anton Drobnič appointed her as head of a special group of prosecutors for corporate and organized crime. In 1997, she became a member of a Council of Experts of the Council of Europe on money laundry. In 1999, she ran as a candidate for Prosecutor General of Slovenia, but the government led by Janez Drnovšek appointed Zdenka Cerar instead. The same year, Brezigar stepped down as head of the Special Group of prosecutors in disagreement with the newly appointed Prosecutor General.

In June 2000, Brezigar was appointed Minister of Justice in the short-lived centre right government of Andrej Bajuk. The September of the same year, she unsuccessfully ran for the Slovenian National Assembly on the list of the Slovenian Democratic Party. In the 2002 Slovenian presidential election, she ran for President of Slovenia with the support of the Slovenian Democratic Party and New Slovenia. She was defeated in the run-off elections by Janez Drnovšek.

In 2004, she was among the co-founders of the liberal conservative civic platform Rally for the Republic ().

In 2005 she was appointed State Prosecutor General by the centre right government of Janez Janša. During the centre-left government of Borut Pahor, she entered in conflict with the Minister of Justice Aleš Zalar on the issue of interference of the ministry into the matters of the persecution. In 2011, she was replaced by Zvonko Fišer.

In March 2012, she was appointed State Secretary at the Minister of Interior by the centre-right government of Janez Janša.

She is married and has two children. She lives in Ljubljana.

References
Biography

1953 births
Lawyers from Ljubljana
University of Ljubljana alumni
Women government ministers of Slovenia
Living people
Justice ministers of Slovenia
Politicians from Ljubljana
20th-century Slovenian lawyers
Slovenian women lawyers
20th-century women lawyers

Barbara Brezigar


John Dubois () served as the third bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of New York from 1826 until his death in 1842. He was the first Bishop of New York who was not Irish-born and, as of 2021, remains the only Bishop or Archbishop of New York who was not either of Irish birth or of Irish ancestry.

Life

Early life
Dubois was born in Paris, France, on August 24, 1764. After theological studies at the Oratorian Seminary of Saint-Magloire in Paris, Dubois was ordained a priest on September 22, 1787, by Antoine-Eléonore-Léon Le Clerc de Juigné, the Archbishop of Paris. In Paris, Father Dubois served as an assistant to the curé of St. Sulpice as well as chaplain to the Hospice des Petite Maisons, which was under the direction of the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul.

The French Revolution placed many clergy in a dilemma, for the new regime required an oath renouncing loyalty to Rome and accepting the French government's authority over the church. Many Sulpicians fled to England, and in early 1791 Charles Nagot led a group which sailed to Baltimore, Maryland, where they opened a seminary, Saint Mary's, which is still in operation today.  Dubois had attended the Collège Louis LeGrand with Maximilien Robespierre, who helped the disguised 27-year-old priest escape in June 1791 from what became the massacre of the non-oathtaking clergy, before his own fall from power and execution.

Emigration to America
Father Dubois landed at Norfolk, Virginia in August, 1791, bearing commendatory letters from the Marquis de Lafayette (whose wife was devout) to James Monroe, Patrick Henry, and members of other distinguished families including the Lees, Randolphs and Beverleys. All received him cordially, even ardent supporters of revolutionary principles like Mr. Monroe, who served as his host until Father Dubois rented a house in Richmond near a major bridge and opened a school to teach French, classics and arithmetic. Virginia had disestablished the Episcopal Church by statute in 1786, and that law also guaranteed freedom of religion, releasing the Commonwealth's small Catholic population from civil restrictions. Patrick Henry helped the priest learn English, and the two priests who alternated holding religious services in the capitol, the Episcopalian John Buchanan and the Presbyterian John Blair, became his friends. At the General Assembly's invitation, Rev. Dubois even once celebrated Mass in the courtroom of the new State House, but for two years mostly celebrated mass in rented rooms or at the homes of the town's few Catholic families.

In 1788, John Carroll, whom the Holy See had appointed superior of the American mission, was elected Bishop of Baltimore, with the permission of Pope Pius VI. In 1794, Bishop Carroll assigned Father Dubois to help in the pastoral care of the new nation's growing Catholic population nearer the Appalachian Mountains, with a base in Frederick, Maryland, which had become Maryland's second largest city as well as gateway to both Virginia's Shenandoah Valley and the trans-Appalachian Ohio Valley. After a farewell party in Richmond, the new missionary moved to Frederick, where he would serve a region stretching as far as the Mississippi River. The Jesuits, temporarily disestablished by the Holy See (only being restored as a religious order in the United States in 1805), had been serving this region's growing population for over a century. Their former residence in Frederick contained a chapel dedicated to St. Stanislaus Kostka. Meanwhile, the town was booming. On May 15, 1800, Father Dubois consecrated the cornerstone of a new brick church on the North side of Second Street, naming the parish after St. John the Evangelist. For the next eleven years, Father Dubois served as pastor of St. John's Church, as well he traveled out  into the frontier.

In 1808, DuBois founded Mount St. Mary's College in Emmitsburg, Maryland and became its first president. Later that same year, in November 1808, he joined the Sulpician Order. The seminary trained missionaries, and was located on one of the major trans-Appalachian routes. During his presidency and with his support, a young New York widow, Elizabeth Bayley Seton, moved to Emmitsburg and founded the country's first Catholic girls' school as well as the first religious institute of teaching Sisters in the nation. Seton was canonized a saint in 1975.

In 1824, DuBois formally left the Sulpician Order, and carried on operating Mount St. Mary's and supporting Mother Seton's fledgling order until he was appointed Bishop of New York.

Episcopate

On May 23, 1826, the Vatican appointed Dubois bishop of the Catholic Diocese of New York at the recommendation of Anthony Kohlmann, former pastor of St. Peter's Church in Manhattan, who was then teaching at the Gregorian University in Rome. DuBois was consecrated at the Baltimore Cathedral by the Archbishop of Baltimore, Ambrose Maréchal S.S., on October 29, 1826. His appointment was not well received in some quarters. Although DuBois had acquired an adequate command of English, he spoke with an accent and was therefore viewed as a "foreigner". There was also some partisan support for the appointment of John Power, who had been serving as the Vicar-General of the diocese. It was supposed that Archbishop Maréchal, also a French-born Sulpician, had arranged for DuBois to be appointed. At one point the trustees of St. Patrick's Old Cathedral withheld contributions for food and shelter.

In 1837 Dubois traveled to Salina near Syracuse, to perform the marriage of Silas Titus and Eliza McCarthy, daughter of Thomas McCarthy (nominated first Mayor of Syracuse, New York) and sister of Dennis McCarthy. The marriage certificate became the first record of a Catholic service in Onondaga County. John McCloskey, later to become the first Archbishop of New York to be created cardinal, accompanied Dubois to Salina as a guide. Feeling the weight of age and care, in 1837 Dubois, asked for a coadjutor.

During his tenure, six new parishes were established in the city. He also commissioned Phillip O'Reilly O.P. to serve the "Congregation of the Hudson" north of Manhattan. The DuBois ordered that all church collections on Christmas Day be directed to the care of orphans. In 1838, he extended this to include the collection at Easter.

Dubois is buried under the sidewalk at the entrance to the Old St Patrick's Cathedral on Mott Street, which he requested, so that people could "walk on me in death, as they wished to in life". A plaque at the church's entrance memorializes the early bishop.

References

External links

St. John the Evangelist Roman Catholic Church of Frederick, Maryland

1764 births
1842 deaths
Sulpicians
Clergy from Paris
18th-century French Roman Catholic priests
French emigrants to the United States
Presidents of Mount St. Mary's University
19th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the United States
Roman Catholic bishops of New York
Sulpician bishops
Burials at St. Patrick's Old Cathedral
18th-century American Roman Catholic priests
19th-century American bishops

John Dubois


Raymond Hart Massey (August 30, 1896 – July 29, 1983) was a Canadian-American actor.

Early life
Massey was born Raymond Hart Massey in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He studied at Balliol College, Oxford and at the University of Toronto. Massey served in the Canadian Army during World War II. Massey moved to London to begin his acting career in 1922.

Career
He was known for his roles in Abe Lincoln in Illinois, Santa Fe Trail, Seven Angry Men, Arsenic and Old Lace, Hotel Berlin, East of Eden, Battle Cry, and in How the West Was Won. Massey retired in 1973.

He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as Abraham Lincoln in Abe Lincoln of Illinois. Massey was also known for his television role as Dr. Gillespie in Dr. Kildare.

Personal life
Massey was married to Margery Fremantle from 1921 until they divorced in 1929. Then he married Adrianne Allen from 1929 until they divorced in 1939. Then he married Dorothy Whitney from 1939 until her death in 1982.

Massey two sons and one daughter. He had his first son, Geoffrey, with Margery and his other, Daniel, with Adrianne. He had one daughter, Anna, with Adrianne. His son, Daniel, died in 1998 and his daughter, Anna, died in 2011.

Massey was related to Governor-General of Canada Vincent Massey and to Canadian voice actor Walter Massey. Massey was a Republican and, along with Ronald Reagan, supported Barry M. Goldwater presidential campaign.

Death
Massey died of pneumonia in Los Angeles, California at the age of 86. He died a month before he would have turned 87. That was the same day as the death of David Niven, who had co-starred with him in The Prisoner of Zenda and A Matter of Life and Death. Massey is buried in New Haven, Connecticut's Beaverdale Memorial Park.

References

Other websites

Photographs and literature

1896 births
1983 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Canadian military personnel of World War II
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Canadian stage actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Republicans (United States)
Actors from Toronto
University of Toronto alumni

Raymond Massey


Weeroona Island (formerly known as Port Flinders) is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia about  north of the state capital of Adelaide and about  northeast of the city of Port Pirie.

Weeroona Island began as a private subdivision of land in the Hundreds of Pirie and Telowie.  The subdivision was originally named "Port Flinders" by its proponents, the Trustees of the Mount Remarkable Mining Company, in about 1853.  The name was subsequently replaced by other names including Price Nob, Benjamin Hill and Weeroona Island, and was officially reinstated by the Geographical Names Advisory Committee in 1993.  Boundaries were created for the locality in March 1997 and included the Weeroona Island Shack Site.  The locality's name was changed to Weeroona Island in November 2013 following a display of "strong support from residents".  The name "Weeroona Island" is derived from the name of a holiday camp operated by the Broken Hill Proprietary Company on the coastline of a bay (now known as Weeroona Bay) located near Point Lowly on the eastern coast of Eyre Peninsula.

The locality consists of an outcrop of land which is surrounded by low lying land that can be subject to inundation at high tide and which is connected to the Augusta Highway in the east by a causeway.

Land use within the locality consists of residential use and conservation.  The former use consists of both permanent residence and 'recreational housing' located on the high ground while latter use is concerned with the low-lying land where built development is required to be minimal and limited to "low-intensity recreational uses" and where provided, should complement the environment of the locality.

Weeroona Island is located within the federal division of Grey, the state electoral district of Stuart and the local government area of the District Council of Mount Remarkable.

References

Towns in South Australia
Spencer Gulf

Weeroona Island, South Australia


Kenshin Iryo (born June 1, 1981), better known by his stage name Million Stylez, is a Swedish dancehall artist.

Kenshin Iryo was born on June 1, 1981, in Stockholm, Sweden. He grew up in the Stockholm suburb of Sollentuna, and has been living there for 26 years. He is half Japanese and half French and grew up mainly with people from around the world, which contributed to his respect for other cultures. Stylez started experimenting with hip hop at the young age of nine, writing and recording rap tunes in Swedish on his cassette-player.

Million Stylez (featuring Famous and Michael Knight) released the song Without U in 2004, mixed by Soundism's Vladi Vargas. In the summer of 2005, Stylez reached the finals in Big Break arranged by Irie FM and Red Stripe. It is an annual talent competition for up-and-coming artists in Jamaica with more than 1,200 talented applicants. After live shows (in St. Elizabeth, Montego Bay and Kingston), TV and radio-interviews he ended up winning fourth place. He was also the only non-Jamaican that ever had participated in the competition until the year after when Natasha (Denmark) won first place.

On March 1, 2006, he released his first single "Miss Fatty" through German distributor Soundquake, and was their number one selling song for several weeks. "Miss Fatty" was also received very well by radio stations like Hot97, Shade 45 (Eminem's satellite radio), BBC1Xtra, Kiss FM, NRJ, Voice etc. It has also been the number one track on Trace TV/radio that broadcasts to over 50 countries around the world. The video was shot in Cuba (Santiago de Cuba) and has over 35.000.000 views on YouTube so far.

Million Stylez released his debut album From A Far (2007) on KBC Music and includes musical genres ranging from reggae, dancehall and hip hop to some R&B influenced songs, as well as a crunkhall remix of a hidden track (produced by Nordic Steel). Most of the tunes contain conscious lyrics about his gratitude to God, life struggles, celebration, love and hate, war and peace and other issues.

Stylez has worked with many musical acts including Beyoncé, Loon, Smif N Wessun, Mr. Vegas, Bunji Garlin, Lukie D, Loogaman, Alozade, J-Ro, Gentleman, and two of Sweden's biggest and most respected rappers, Promoe and Ken Ring. He has also been the opening act for artists like Sean Paul, Beenie Man, Elephant Man, Ne-Yo, Fabolous, Nina Sky, Ryan Leslie, Fatman Scoop, Wayne Wonder, Mr. Vegas, T.O.K., Anthony B, Ward 21, Alozade, Zumjay, among others. He has recorded dubplates for big soundsystems and selectors like David Rodigan (the U.K.'s biggest and most known selector), Mighty Crown, Massive B, Sentinel, Robbo Ranx and Silver Star.

Stylez has toured internationally to promote his most recent album Everyday with musical guests including Busy Signal, Gentleman, and Don Carlos.

Discography

Albums

Singles
Charting

Others
 "Without U" (single, KBC Music)
 "All Night" (single, KBC Music)
 "Give Me The Strength" (single, KBC Music)
 "This Is Da Style" (single)
 "Miss Fatty" (single, Mumpy Ride)
 "Ya habibti" (Music produced By Maxime Emixam Sene)
 "Revelation Time" featuring Lutan Fyah (Way Back Riddim, Dub Akom Records)
Featured in

See also
 Swedish hip hop
 Papa Dee
 Soundism

References

External links
 Million Stylez on Last.fm
 www.myspace.com/millionstylezonline
 Million Stylez on Bling Bling Gwada

1981 births
Swedish male musicians
Swedish people of Japanese descent
Swedish people of French descent
Dancehall musicians
Living people
Swedish reggae musicians

Million Stylez


Backpacking is a form of low-cost and basically independent travel. Backpacker is the term for those who travel by carrying a light backpack for a relatively long period of time.

The cost of backpacking depends on the duration of traveling.  No matter how long they are planning to travel, backpackers also need to spend money on eating, sleeping and moving. Backpacking travel type minimizes the cost by choosing cheap accommodation, such as youth hostels. One of the popular ones is Youth Hostels Association (YHA). Many hostels are registered with YHA, and they have common standards. Depending on room types and season, the cost varies from $10 to $60 per night. Sometimes backpackers book accommodations at low rate and stay as a paying guest while on a long journey. Portals like airbnb.com, isearchrentals.com accumulates such kind of paying guest accommodations

Backpackers are highly connected to each other. They get information not only from the internet, but also from a bulletin board of their accommodation, Backpackers. They share their information how to get to the destination wisely and about shops or restaurants on the bulletin board. Some backpackers depend on couch surfing, not spending money on accommodation, visiting local people's houses. There are Backpackers Group in reach region, who plan their trip on regular intervals year around.

Travel

Backpacking (travel)


Why Him? is a 2016 American comedy movie directed by John Hamburg, written by Hamburg and Ian Helfer. It stars James Franco, Bryan Cranston, Zoey Deutch, Megan Mullally, Griffin Gluck, Keegan-Michael Key and Kaley Cuoco with Cedric the Entertainer. The movie is about a father who tries to stop his daughter's childish tech-millionaire boyfriend from asking her to marry him.

Why Him? premiered in Los Angeles on December 17, 2016, was released by 20th Century Fox in the United States on December 23, 2016 and grossed $118 million worldwide.

Other websites

 Filming Location

2016 movies
American comedy movies
Movies set in California
Movies set in Michigan

Why Him?


Mr. Saturday Night is a 1992 comedic-drama movie that puts a focus toward a comedian named Buddy. Billy Crystal, who also produced, wrote and directed, plays Buddy. Helen Hunt plays for Annie Wells. This was released on September 23, 1992 to theaters by Columbia Pictures. Mr. Saturday Night did not perform well in terms of critic reviews or the box office.

1992 comedy-drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
English-language movies

Mr. Saturday Night


Significance arithmetic is a set of rules (sometimes called significant figure rules) for approximating the propagation of uncertainty in scientific or statistical calculations. These rules can be used to find the appropriate number of significant figures to use to represent the result of a calculation.  If a calculation is done without analysis of the uncertainty involved, a result that is written with too many significant figures can be taken to imply a higher precision than is known, and a result that is written with too few significant figures results in an avoidable loss of precision.  Understanding these rules requires a good understanding of the concept of significant and insignificant figures.

The rules of significance arithmetic are an approximation based on statistical rules for dealing with probability distributions.  See the article on propagation of uncertainty for these more advanced and precise rules.  Significance arithmetic rules rely on the assumption that the number of significant figures in the operands gives accurate information about the uncertainty of the operands and hence the uncertainty of the result. For alternatives see Interval arithmetic and Floating-point error mitigation.

An important caveat is that significant figures apply only to measured values. Values known to be exact should be ignored for determining the number of significant figures that belong in the result. Examples of such values include:
 integer counts (e.g. the number of oranges in a bag)
 definitions of one unit in terms of another (e.g. a minute is 60 seconds)
 actual prices asked or offered, and quantities given in requirement specifications
 legally defined conversions, such as international currency exchange
 scalar operations, such as "tripling" or "halving"
 mathematical constants, such as π and e

Physical constants such as the gravitational constant, however, have a limited number of significant digits, because these constants are known to us only by measurement. On the other hand, c (the speed of light) is exactly 299,792,458 m/s by definition.

Multiplication and division using significance arithmetic
When multiplying or dividing numbers, the result is rounded to the number of significant figures in the factor with the least significant figures. Here, the quantity of significant figures in each of the factors is important—not the position of the significant figures.  For instance, using significance arithmetic rules:

8 × 8 ≈ 6 × 101
8 × 8.0 ≈ 6 × 101
8.0 × 8.0 ≈ 64
8.02 × 8.02 ≈ 64.3
8 / 2.0 ≈ 4
8.6 / 2.0012 ≈ 4.3
2 × 0.8 ≈ 2

If, in the above, the numbers are assumed to be measurements (and therefore probably inexact) then "8" above represents an inexact measurement with only one significant digit.  Therefore, the result of  is rounded to a result with only one significant digit, i.e.,  instead of the unrounded "64" that one might expect.  In many cases, the rounded result is less accurate than the non-rounded result; a measurement of "8" has an actual underlying quantity between 7.5 and 8.5. The true square would be in the range between 56.25 and 72.25. So  is the best one can give, as other possible answers give a false sense of accuracy.  Further, the  is itself confusing (as it might be considered to imply , which is over-optimistic; more accurate would be ).

Addition and subtraction using significance arithmetic
When adding or subtracting using significant figures rules, results are rounded to the position of the least significant digit in the most uncertain of the numbers being added (or subtracted). That is, the result is rounded to the last digit that is significant in each of the numbers being summed. Here the position of the significant figures is important, but the quantity of significant figures is irrelevant.  Some examples using these rules are:

{|cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2px
| || || ||1
|-
|style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"|+ ||style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"| ||style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"| ||style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"|1.1
|-
| || || ||2
|}
 1 is significant to the ones place, 1.1 is significant to the tenths place.  Of the two, the least precise is the ones place.  The answer cannot have any significant figures past the ones place.
{|cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2px
| || || ||1.0
|-
|style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"|+ ||style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"| ||style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"| ||style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"|1.1
|-
| || || ||2.1
|}
 1.0 and 1.1 are significant to the tenths place, so the answer will also have a number in the tenths place.
{|cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2px style=text-align:right
| || || ||9.9
|-
| || || ||9.9
|-
| || || ||9.9
|-
| || || ||9.9
|-
| || || ||3.3
|-
|style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"|+ ||style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"| ||style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"| ||style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"  |1.1
|-
| || || ||40.0
|}
 All the addends are significant to the tenths place, so the answer is significant to the tenth place. While each term has two digits of significance, the sum carried over into the tens columns so the answer has three digits of significance.
 100 + 110 ≈ 200
 We see the answer is 200, given the significance to the hundreds place of the 100.  The answer maintains a single digit of significance in the hundreds place, just like the first term in the arithmetic.
 100. + 110. = 210.
 100. and 110. are both significant to the ones place (as indicated by the decimal), so the answer is also significant to the ones place.
 1 × 102 + 1.1 × 102 ≈ 2 × 102
 100 is significant up to the hundreds place, while 110 is up to the tens place.  Of the two, the least accurate is the hundreds place.  The answer should not have significant digits past the hundreds place.
 1.0 × 102 + 111 = 2.1 × 102
 1.0 × 102 is significant up to the tens place while 111 has numbers up until the ones place.  The answer will have no significant figures past the tens place.
 123.25 + 46.0 + 86.26 ≈ 255.5
 123.25 and 86.26 are significant until the hundredths place while 46.0 is only significant until the tenths place.  The answer will be significant up until the tenths place.
 100 − 1 ≈ 100
 We see the answer is 100, given the significance to the hundredths place of the 100.  It may seem counter-intuitive, but giving the nature of significant digits dictating precision, we can see how this follows from the standard rules.

Transcendental functions

Transcendental functions have a complicated method to determine the significance of the function output. These include logarithmic functions, exponential functions and the trigonometric functions. The significance of the output depends on the condition number. In general, the number of significant figures of the output is equal to the number of significant figures of the function input (function argument) minus the order of magnitude of the condition number.

The condition number of a differentiable function  at a point  is (see details):

Note that if a function has a zero at a point, its condition number at the point is infinite, as infinitesimal changes in the input can change the output from zero to non-zero, yielding a ratio with zero in the denominator, hence an infinite relative change. The condition number of the most used functions are as follows; these can be used to compute significant figures for all elementary functions:

Derivation
The fact that the number of significant figures of the function output is equal to the number of significant figures of the function input (function argument) minus the base-10 logarithm of the condition number (which is approximately the order of magnitude/number of digits of the condition number) can be easily derived from first principles: let  and  be the true values and let  and  be approximate values with errors  and  respectively, so that
 and .
Then
,
and hence
.

The significant figures of a number is related to the uncertain error of the number by

where "significant figures of x" here means the number of significant figures of x. Substituting this into the above equation gives

.
Therefore

giving, finally:
.

Rounding rules
Because significance arithmetic involves rounding, it is useful to understand a specific rounding rule that is often used when doing scientific calculations: the round-to-even rule (also called banker's rounding).  It is especially useful when dealing with large data sets.

This rule helps to eliminate the upwards skewing of data when using traditional rounding rules.  Whereas traditional rounding always rounds up when the following digit is 5, bankers sometimes round down to eliminate this upwards bias.  See the article on rounding for more information on rounding rules and a detailed explanation of the round-to-even rule.

Disagreements about importance
Significant figures are used extensively in high school and undergraduate courses as a shorthand for the precision with which a measurement is known. However, significant figures are not a perfect representation of uncertainty, and are not meant to be. Instead, they are a useful tool for avoiding expressing more information than the experimenter actually knows, and for avoiding rounding numbers in such a way as to lose precision.

For example, here are some important differences between significant figure rules and uncertainty:
 Uncertainty is not the same as a mistake.  If the outcome of a particular experiment is reported as 1.234 ± 0.056 it does not mean the observer made a mistake; it may be that the outcome is inherently statistical, and is best described by the expression indicating a value showing only those digits that are significant, i.e. the known digits plus one uncertain digit, in this case 1.23 ± 0.06.  To describe that outcome as 1.234 would be incorrect under these circumstances, even though it expresses less uncertainty.
 Uncertainty is not the same as insignificance, and vice versa. An uncertain number may be highly significant (example: signal averaging). Conversely, a completely certain number may be insignificant.
 Significance is not the same as significant digits. Digit-counting is not as rigorous a way to represent significance as specifying the uncertainty separately and explicitly (such as 1.234 ± 0.056).
 Manual, algebraic propagation of uncertainty—the nominal topic of this article—is possible, but challenging. Alternative methods include the crank three times method and the Monte Carlo method. Another option is interval arithmetic, which can provide a strict upper bound on the uncertainty, but generally it is not a tight upper bound (i.e. it does not provide a best estimate of the uncertainty).  For most purposes, Monte Carlo is more useful than interval arithmetic. Kahan considers significance arithmetic to be unreliable as a form of automated error analysis.

In order to explicitly express the uncertainty in any uncertain result, the uncertainty should be given separately, with an uncertainty interval, and a confidence interval.  The expression 1.23 U95 = 0.06 implies that the true (unknowable) value of the variable is expected to lie in the interval from 1.17 to 1.29 with at least 95% confidence.  If the confidence interval is not specified it has traditionally been assumed to be 95% corresponding to two standard deviations from the mean.  Confidence intervals at one standard deviation (68%) and three standard deviations (99%) are also commonly used.

See also
 Rounding
 Propagation of uncertainty
 Significant figures
 Accuracy and precision
 MANIAC III
 Loss of significance

References

Further reading

 ASTM E29-06b, Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications

External links
 The Decimal Arithmetic FAQ — Is the decimal arithmetic 'significance' arithmetic?
 Advanced methods for handling uncertainty and some explanations of the shortcomings of significance arithmetic and significant figures.
 Significant Figures Calculator – Displays a number with the desired number of significant digits.
Measurements and Uncertainties versus Significant Digits or Significant Figures – Proper methods for expressing uncertainty, including a detailed discussion of the problems with any notion of significant digits.

Numerical analysis
Elementary arithmetic

Significance arithmetic


From the Birmingham, Alabama jail (also known as the Jefferson County jail), where he was imprisoned as a participant in nonviolent demonstrations against racial segregation, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. wrote in longhand the copyrighted letter which was reproduced at this link. It was his response to a public statement of concern and caution issued by eight white religious leaders of the South. Dr. King, who was born in 1929: did his undergraduate work at Morehouse College; attended the racially integrated Cromer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania, one of six black pupils among a hundred students and the president of his class; and won a fellowship to Boston University for his Ph.D.

Martin Luther King Jr.
American civil rights
Letters

Letter from Birmingham Jail


Jayadevappa Halappa Patel  (Kannada:ಜಯದೇವಪ್ಪ ಹಾಲಪ್ಪ ಪಟೇಲ್; 1 October 1930 – 12 December 2000) was the 9th Chief Minister of the Indian state of Karnataka from 31 May 1996 to 7 October 1999.

Biography
J.H. Patel was born on 1 October 1930 in Kariganur, now in Davanagere district, Karnataka, India. A Graduate in Law, he married Sarvamangala and had three sons Trishul, Satish and Mahima.
J.H. Patel participated in the freedom struggle in 1942 and was imprisoned. A staunch socialist and an ardent follower of Ram Manohar Lohia, as a youth, he was inspired by Shantaveri Gopala Gowda. Patel's oratory skills left his mark on many. He remained a non-Congress leader throughout his life and was one of the pillars of Janata Dal in Karnataka. He belonged to banajiga sub-sect of Lingayat community.

Political career
He was elected to Lok Sabha from Shimoga constituency in 1967, and was the first Kannadiga to table his debates in Kannada. Patel created history in Lok Sabha in 1967 when he spoke in his mother tongue Kannada in the house. The then Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Neelam Sanjiva Reddy allowed and encouraged Patel to go ahead with his speech. The house heard him with rapt attention. The Indian parliament had been active for 17 years and Patel became the first member to speak in a regional Indian language. He did so in vindication of the eighth schedule of the Indian constitution in which all the great languages of India have been given a pride of Place. This prompted the Speaker of Lok Sabha, Sanjiva Reddy to decree in his famous ruling that henceforth any member of the Lok Sabha who is inclined to exercise his/her inherent right to speak in his/her mother tongue would do so without any hindrance.

Patel was imprisoned during the Emergency from 1975 to 1977. Later, he was elected to the Karnataka Legislative Assembly from Channagiri constituency in 1978. He was elected for the second term in 1983, and served as a cabinet minister in the Janata Party government headed by Ramakrishna Hegde. Patel also served as a minister in S R Bommai's government, and became the Deputy Chief Minister in 1994 when the Janata Dal returned to power under the leadership of H. D. Deve Gowda. He succeeded Gowda in 1996 following the latter's elevation to the post of Prime minister. He was the first Chief minister of Karnataka who was never a member of the Indian National Congress.

The most significant achievement of Patel's government was the formation of seven new districts in the State which was a long-delayed decision. His administration also gave impetus to Information Technology and attracted foreign investment. His government was also known for investing Rs. 4,800 crores on irrigation projects such as Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, modernisation of Visvesvaraya Canal, work on Varuna Canal and near completion of the Alamatti Dam across the Krishna River.

Patel witnessed turbulent days as Chief minister following the expulsion of his mentor Ramakrishna Hegde from the party and the split in the Janata Dal into the Janata Dal (United) in which he remained; and the Janata Dal (Secular), led by Deve Gowda. His political acumen came to fore when he deftly handled stiff dissidence from fellow partymen throughout his tenure. When party affairs took a turn for the worse, Patel stunned every one including his detractors by recommending dissolution of the state assembly, six months ahead of the assembly polls in 1999. He merged his faction with Hegde's Lok Shakti and entered into an alliance with the Bharatiya Janata Party. In his last election, a young candidate Vadnal Rajanna defeated him and his party also suffered a massive defeat.

Patel died at the Manipal Hospital, Bangalore on 12 December 2000. He was buried with State honours at his native village, Kariganur. During his last days, Patel had been making efforts for the merger of the two Janata Dal factions.

He was a great orator, a witty leader, an astute politician and an acclaimed parliamentarian. A nonchalant leader, Patel endeared himself to his political adversaries by his affectionate and friendly attitude. A deft handler of any situation, Patel had the capability to withstand criticism and was endowed with abundant patience to dismiss them cheerfully.

References

http://www.kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/elib/pdf/eresources/J%20H%20Patel.pdf

External links
Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website

|-

|-

1930 births
2000 deaths
Chief Ministers of Karnataka
Deputy Chief Ministers of Karnataka
People from Shimoga district
People from Davanagere district
India MPs 1967–1970
Lok Sabha members from Karnataka
Indians imprisoned during the Emergency (India)
20th-century Indian lawyers
Chief ministers from Janata Dal
Samyukta Socialist Party politicians
Janata Dal politicians
Janata Party politicians
Janata Dal (United) politicians
Lok Shakti politicians

J. H. Patel


The Goths, Gepids, Vandals, and Burgundians were East Germanic groups who appear in Roman records in late antiquity. At times these groups warred against or allied with the Roman Empire, the Huns, and various Germanic tribes.

The size and social composition of their armies remains controversial.

History
In the 3rd century, some Germanic people of the Baltic Sea (associated with the Wielbark culture) followed the Vistula, Bug, and Dnestr rivers and settled among the Dacians, Sarmatians, Bastarnae, and other peoples of the Black Sea steppes. These Germanic people brought their name and language to the Gothic people who emerged in the 3rd century (associated with the Chernyakhov Culture).

At the same time, other Germanic people of the Baltic Sea (associated with the Przeworsk culture) followed other trade routes to the middle-Danubian plains (Vandals) or the Main river (Burgundians).

Horse nomads with bow-armed cavalry armies, including the Sarmatians (or Iazyges, Roxolanni, Taifali, and Alans) had long ruled the plains north of the Danube and the steppes north of the Black Sea (since about 1200 BC). (The Goths and Vandals were mainly farmers with infantry armies). In some areas, the Sarmatians, Taifali, and Alans preserved their dominance until the Huns arrived.

The Gothic people had divided into two or more groups by the end of the 3rd century. These groups lasted from the late 3rd century to the late 4th century. The Thervingi lived between the Danube and the Carpathians west of the Dniester River; the Greuthungi, and possibly other groups, lived east of the Dniester River.

Jordanes, a mid 6th-century historian, describes a large Greuthung kingdom in the late 4th century, but Ammianus Marcellinus, a late 4th-century historian, does not record this. Many modern historians, including Peter Heather and Michael Kulikowski, doubt that it was ever particularly extensive (and suggest one or more smaller kingdoms).

Troop types
Gothic armies were primarily composed of heavy infantry equipped with a shield, spatha or scramasax and the occasional francisca and pike formed in wedge formation, with a supporting heavy cavalry force equipped with lance and sword. Although Goths were the first of the Germanic tribes to place more honour in fighting on horse than on foot, equipping cavalrymen was expensive and infantry remained the larger force. Visigoths had fewer cavalry, Ostrogoths had more cavalry than the Roman army, while Vandals were dominated by cavalry.

Cavalry mainly took the form of heavy, close combat cavalry armed woth sword and lance. Goths and likely Vandals as well favoured a long heavy lance of Sarmatian origin, the contus, which stood at 3.74m long. The Goths also recruited mounted archers from the Alans and Sarmatians, and light sword cavalry from the Heruli and Taifali, although all of these also fielded lancers. For a Gothic or Vandal nobleman the most common form of armour was a mail shirt, often reaching down to the knees, and an iron or steel helmet, often in a Roman Ridge helm style. Some of the wealthiest warriors may have a worn a lamellar cuirass over mail, and splinted greaves and vambraces on the forearms and forelegs.

Realms in the Roman Empire
This Gothic society faced internal strife and Hunnish attacks in the late 4th century. As a result, several groups sought refuge in the Roman Empire; two of the more successful groups, the Thervings and Greuthungs, absorbed smaller groups and gained independence within the Roman Empire. Another group, the Crimean Goths, survived on the Black Sea. The Vandals and Burgundians shared similar histories.

The Visigothic and Burgundian kingdoms in Gaul fell to Clovis' Frankish invasions in the early 6th century; the Vandal kingdom in north Africa and the Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy and Illyria fell to Justinian I's Byzantine invasions by the mid 6th century. The Visigothic kingdom in Hispania survived (despite losing most of their old Gallic territory) until the Islamic conquest of Hispania in the early 8th century.

Gothic society and forces in the 3rd and 4th centuries

The Gothic tribes did not have long-term standing armies but relied on short-term levies or volunteers. Most would return to their farms after some time. Most came on foot and fought as infantry, though some brought horses and fought as cavalry. Like their Roman opponents, most soldiers had thrusting spears, throwing spears, and shields, though swords and bows were also used. Unlike their Roman opponents, few could afford metal armor.

Major wars:
 Gothic raid on Histria (238)
 Gothic raid on Marcianople (249)
 Cniva's Gothic raid on Philippopolis (250–251)
 Seaborne raids on the Balkans (c. 252)
 Seaborne raids on Asia Minor (c. 256)
 Seaborne raid on the Aegean (c. 268)
 Gothic raids on the Balkans (c. 270)
 Aurelian's Roman raids north of the Danube (c. 271)
 Gothic raids on Asia Minor (c. 275)
 Gothic (?) raids in the Balkans (c. 330?)
 Constantine II's Roman invasion north of the Danube (332)
 Julian's Roman invasion of Persia (363) (?)
 Roman Civil War between Procopius and Valens (365)
 Valens' raids on the Thervings (367–369)
 Hunnic raids on the Greuthungs (c. 370)
 Hunnic raids on the Thervings (c. 376)
 Gothic revolt in the Balkans (c. 376–382)
 Gothic Civil War between Fritigern & Athanaric (?)
 Odotheus' crossing of the Danube (?)

Notable battles:
 Abrittus (251)
 Naissus (268)
 Marcianople (376/77)
 Ad Salices (377)
 Adrianople (378)

Difference of scale
The 3rd- and 4th-century Gothic tribes could not match the population or extent of the Roman Empire. The 4th-century Thervingi settled over about 100,000 km2 between the Carpathian mountains, Olt river, Danube river, and Pruth river. (The Eastern Roman Empire held about 1,500,000 km2 in round numbers). The destruction of one Gothic army would leave its tribe vulnerable to Roman attacks; the destruction of one Roman army could be countered by other Roman armies moving into the war zone (as happened after Adrianople). Therefore, 3rd- and 4th-century Gothic armies could not take as many risks as Roman armies could.

Defending Gothic settlements (on the steppe)

The Gothic people generally settled in unwalled farming settlements along the main rivers. These settlements were vulnerable to Roman, Hunnish, or other attacks, even by small raiding parties.

Valens and the Roman army invaded Therving lands in 367 and 369. Athanaric and his supporters avoided battle; his army abandoned the Danubian plains and retreated into the Carpathian Mountains. The Goths could not defeat the Romans in battle and defend their homes.

Alan and Hunnic raiders attacked various Gothic lands in the 370s; they attacked Therving lands c. 375. Athanaric and his supporters sought battle; the main Gothic army assembled on the Dnestr river, with forward units scouted 30 km ahead. The Hunnic raiders avoided the scouts and attacked the main army at night.

Attacking Roman territory (by land)

The Roman Empire fortified most of its cities and frontier garrisons in the 3rd and 4th centuries. Fortified settlements were relatively safe from Gothic attacks.

Gothic attackers could choose unfortified targets; these included many cities in the 3rd century, but were generally restricted to smaller towns and villae by the 4th century, as more cities were fortified. Alternatively, they could attack fortified targets, relying on surprise, on treachery, or on siege warfare.

Attacking Roman territory (by sea)

In the 3rd century, several Gothic campaigns went by sea. In the 4th century, few, if any, Gothic campaigns went by sea.

Revolts

As soon as large Gothic groups settled on Roman territory, they faced military conflicts with the Roman government (as in the Gothic War (376–382)).

Gothic and Vandal forces in the Late Roman army

The Late Roman army (or East Roman army for the east) often recruited non-Roman soldiers into regular military units, as well as separate allied contingents (of laeti and foederati). Most soldiers were probably Romans, many were probably non-Roman.

Notable battles:
 Frigidus River (394)

Germanic forces in the Hunnic army

By the early 5th century, Hunnic elites established their hegemony in Eastern and Central Europe by subduing or dislodging the local elites. The Hunnic rulers had thus an empire at their disposal with the resources of subject people who were required to supply additional forces for their ongoing raids and conquests. The most memorable of their rulers became Attila, who eventually challenged the Roman Empire for supremacy.

After the death of Attila, one of his subject rulers, Ardaric, waged a successful civil war against the heirs of Attila, helping several tribes to break apart and regain their independence.

Notable battles:
 Chalons (451)
 Nedao River (454)

Visigothic armies (396–507)

During the Gothic revolt of 376, a mixed Gothic group settled in Moesia. By the 390s Alaric had become the client king of the Visigoths under the Roman Empire.

Between 395 and 418, Alaric, Athawulf, and their immediate successors fought several campaigns, seeking offices for themselves and support for their followers. They transferred their base of operations from the eastern Balkans (395) to the western Balkans (397), Italy (408), and Aquitaine (c. 415).

These successive movements may have divided the army from much of its population base.

Notable battles:
 Pollentia (402)
 Verona (402)
 Narbonne (436)
 Chalons (451)
 Voglada (507)

Visigothic armies (507–711)

Notable battles:
 Guadalete (711)

Vandal armies (406–534)

Notable battles:
 Sack of Rome (455)
 Ad Decimum (533)
 Tricameron (533)

Ostrogothic armies (489–553)

Ostrogothic armies may have had the same organizational structure (with separate field armies and frontier armies) as contemporary Byzantine armies.

Ostrogothic Italy, like the Late Roman Empire, fortified its cities and military bases.

The Italian-Ostrogothic army, like the Late Roman and Byzantine army, could transport food and other military supplies from secure areas to war zones. This allowed the Ostrogothic army to assemble more troops in one place (than earlier Gothic armies) without consuming as much of the local food supply.

Notable battles:
 Isonzo (489)
 Verona (489)
 Faventia (542)
 Taginae (552)
 Mons Lactarius (553)

Weapons and armor

There is little direct evidence for Gothic military equipment. There is more evidence for Vandal, Roman, and West Germanic military equipment, which provides the base for inferences about Gothic military equipment.

Germanic and Roman weapons and armor
Generally speaking there was little difference between well-armed Germanic and Roman soldiers; furthermore many Germanic soldiers served in the Roman forces. The Roman army was better able to equip its soldiers than the Germanic armies.

Late Roman representational evidence, including propaganda monuments, gravestones, tombs, and the Exodus fresco, often shows Late Roman soldiers with one or two spears; one tombstone shows a soldier with five shorter javelins. Archaeological evidence, from Roman burials and Scandinavian bog-deposits, shows similar spearheads, though the shafts are rarely preserved.

Aside from the traditional mail and scale armour of Roman armies, it also known from archaeological finds that the Goths and Vandals commonly used lamellar armour. Constructed of overlapping metal plates laced together, lamellar was more rigid than mail or scale armour and offered considerably greater protection against blunt force trauma from weapons such as maces or axes, commonly used by heavy cavalry of the time.

Late Roman representational evidence sometimes still shows Roman swords. Archaeological evidence shows that the gladius has disappeared; various short semispathae supplement the older pugiones while medium-long spathae replace the medium-short gladii. These have the same straight double-edged blades as older Roman swords.

Representational evidence and recovered laths, as well as arrowheads and bracers, show Roman use of composite bows.

Representational evidence, recovered bosses, and some complete shields from Dara, show that most Roman infantry and some Roman cavalry carried shields.

Although the representational evidence, including gravestones and tombs, usually shows soldiers without armor, the archaeological evidence includes remains of scale armor, mail armor, and helmets.

Experimental evidence

Modern blacksmiths, reenactors, and experimental archaeologists can duplicate Roman Age weapons and armor with Roman Age technology.

Basic spearheads (including javelinheads) take about 3 hours of forging time, while swords can take about 37 hours without pattern welding, or about 110 hours with pattern welding (divided over several days or weeks of labor).

Mail armor takes well over 600 hours of forging time.

Military terminology

Via Wulfila's bible translation we do know 4th-century Gothic military terms he used to describe the 1st-century Roman army. These terms reflect the Gothic military organization that grew from its Germanic roots under Roman and Central Asian (Hunnic) influence.

 Drauhtinon ("to war")

Individuals
 Gadrauhts ("soldier, militiaman")
 Hundafaþs (used to describe a Roman centurion) Common Germanic organization of troops of a hundred armed men (in the Scandinavian leidang it could refer to less than a hundred or several hundred organized and armed men), literally meaning 'group of a hundred'

Units (by size)
 Harjis ("army")
 Hansa (used to describe a Roman cohort) In Germanic terms meaning a band (of warriors); a related term is the later used , , , ,  for the Hanseatic League

Weapons
 Hairus ("sword")

See also
 Migration period sword
 Viking Age arms and armour
 Anglo-Saxon warfare
 Celtic warfare
 Military of Carthage
 Dacian warfare
 Viking raid warfare and tactics
 Anglo-Saxon military organization
 Migration period spear

Notes

Bibliography
 Hugh Elton, Warfare in Roman Europe, AD 350–425, Oxford: Clarendon, 1996
 Peter Heather and John Matthews, The Goths in the Fourth Century, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1991
 Ammianus Marcellinus, Historiae, book 27, unknown publisher, unknown year
 Joseph Wright, A Primer of the Gothic Language, with Grammar, Notes, and Glossary. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1892
 William Bennett, An Introduction to the Gothic Language, New York: Modern Language Association, 1980

Goths
Vandals
Burgundians
Early Germanic warfare

Gothic and Vandal warfare


Hermann Joseph Muller, generally known as H. J. Muller, (21 December 1890 – 5 April 1967) was an American geneticist, educator, and Nobel Prize winner. He was best known for his work on the physiological and genetic effects of radiation, as well as his outspoken political beliefs. Muller frequently warned of the long-term dangers of radioactive fallout from nuclear explosions.

Muller's life was as extraordinary as could be imagined. Born in New York City, he got his PhD at CalTech in Morgan's Drosophila fly lab. He next worked at Rice University, and then spent twelve years at the University of Texas. Then he moved to Berlin in 1932, then to Leningrad (St Petersburg), and then to Moscow. In all these places he organised a genetics lab, and sometimes taught as well. Then arose the scientific charlatan Lysenko, who saw to it that genuine genetics scientists came under the disapproval of Stalin. Once again Muller moved, this time to Edinburgh, with 250 strains of Drosophila, then finally back to the United States in 1940, where he became an advisor to the Manhattan Project. He became Professor of Zoology at Indiana University.

Muller's Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1946 was "for the discovery that mutations can be induced by X-rays". By then the real interest lay in the same effects caused by gamma rays from nuclear testing. Muller was a wholehearted enthusiast for eugenics, socialism, atheism and other relatively unpopular ideas, but his real contribution was to genetics. One reputable source writes of him:
"Muller's contributions dominate the 1920s and 1930s. The variety of genetic tools he developed elevated Drosophila to an almost exclusive role in the study of the gene concept. It is almost impossible to read Muller's articles during those two decades without feeling overwhelmed by the quality of genius which characterises the analytical and projective treatment of his discoveries and experiments".

References

1890 births
1967 deaths
American geneticists
American Nobel Prize winners
Scientists from New York City

H. J. Muller


Wallasey is a coastal town on the Wirral, Merseyside, in North West England. It can be reached from Liverpool by the Queensway Tunnel and by ferry.

Wallasey has its own distinctive accent, a softer version of the Liverpool accent. New Brighton is a small seaside resort situated North of Wallasey.

Towns in Merseyside
Metropolitan Borough of Wirral

Wallasey


Hellride is an American music group formed in the 1990s by guitarist Peter DiStefano, bassist Mike Watt, and drummer Stephen Perkins. Hellride is a side project to the musicians' other full-time bands (Watt is active as a solo artist and former member of Minutemen and Firehose; DiStefano and Perkins were members of Porno For Pyros, with whom Watt occasionally played).

Hellride is exclusively a live band in the Los Angeles area, though fan recordings circulate with Watt and Perkins's blessing. Their entire set list is devoted to playing and reinterpreting the music of The Stooges in a jazz style inspired by iconic saxophonist John Coltrane. The band grew out of Watt and Perkins' more frequent collaborations in the jazz-punk improv group Banyan as well as Watt's brief stint as bassist with Porno for Pyros in 1996.

On separate occasions, Watt did a Hellride performance on Halloween 2003 with The Secondmen drummer Jerry Trebotic substituting for Perkins, who was on a Jane's Addiction reunion tour at the time.  He also performed in a "Hellride East" line-up in New York City in 2000 and 2012 with Dinosaur Jr.'s J Mascis and Murph on guitar and drums respectively.

Watt went on to replace deceased bassist Dave Alexander in the reformed Stooges with original members Iggy Pop, Ron Asheton, and Scott Asheton.

References

Mike Watt
American alternative rock groups

Hellride


Angela Maria (13 May 1929 – 29 September 2018), the stage name of Abelim Maria da Cunha, was a Brazilian singer and actress.  She was very popular during the 1950s, being elected "Queen of the Radio" in 1954.

She was born in Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, in 1929.She began her career singing in the choir of the church and began to participate, in secret, of freshmen programs. Among them the famous Ary Barroso Show on Radio Tupi, later consolidating herself on radio Mayrink Veiga. In 1951, recorded the first 78 RPM album with the songs "I'm happy" and "When someone goes away".After that, the singer devoted herself as a great interpreter of the Brazilian national genre "samba-canção", alongside Maysa, Nora Ney and Dolores Duran.

Some of her greatest hits  were "Babalu", "Lonely Girl" and "Ave Maria do Morro".She also performed as an actress, participating in famous movies such as "Rio Zona Norte" and "Carnaval Barra Limpa". In 1996, she released the CD "Amigos", with participations of Roberto Carlos, Maria Bethânia, Caetano Veloso, Chico Buarque, and other great names of the MPB (Brazilian Popular Music). The work was a success and sold more than 500,000 copies.Her latest studio work, Disco de Ouro, was released in 2003.The singer, affectionately called by President Getulio Vargas "Sapoti" – a nickname that would accompany her throughout the career – recorded in whole 114 albums, inspiring other singers like Elis Regina, Clara Nunes and Milton Nascimento.

Angela Maria died on 29 September 2018 in Rio de Janeiro at the age of 89.

References

1929 births
2018 deaths
Singers from Rio de Janeiro
Actors from Rio de Janeiro

Ângela Maria


The Mating Game is a 1959 American comedy film directed by George Marshall and starring Debbie Reynolds, Tony Randall and, in his final film role, Paul Douglas. It was produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Reynolds sings the title song during the opening credits.  The film was written by William Roberts and very loosely based on the 1958 British novel, The Darling Buds of May by H. E. Bates, which was later adapted into a more faithful 1991–1993 British miniseries, starring Catherine Zeta-Jones in the role that Reynolds plays in the film.

Plot
Irritated neighbor Wendell Burnshaw brings the Larkin family to the attention of the Internal Revenue Service. Lorenzo Charlton is assigned to the case by his boss, Oliver Kelsey. Ma and Pop Larkin warmly welcome him to their family farm in Maryland, at first unaware of why he is there.

Lorenzo is aghast to learn that the Larkins have never filed a tax return. With their cooperation, he sets out to figure out what, if anything, they owe in the way of back taxes, a difficult task, as Pop usually just trades for what they need and keeps no records.

Lorenzo and the eldest Larkin daughter, Mariette, become attracted to each other, but he does not let that get in the way of his work, at least not at first. However, as time goes by, he begins to loosen up and lose some of his buttoned-down mentality—especially when Pop encourages him to drink a strong alcoholic beverage. When Kelsey and Burnshaw drop by to check his progress, Kelsey is displeased with this development. He takes charge of the investigation and sends Lorenzo back to the office in disgrace.

Kelsey calculates the Larkins owe $50,000. The Larkins are unable to pay such a large sum, so Kelsey tells them they can either sell the farm to Burnshaw or face foreclosure. The Larkins' many friends rally round them and offer to buy some of their junk for inflated prices, but Pop proudly turns them down.

Meanwhile, Mariette goes to see Lorenzo. The family's only hope is a receipt for 30 horses bought by the government in the American Civil War and never paid for. With great difficulty, they manage to see Inspector General Bigelow. His legal department calculates that the Larkins are owed, with all the interest that has accrued, over $14 million. Pop decides not to accept it, as he did nothing to earn it, but Lorenzo gets Bigelow to agree to apply it against all present and future taxes owing.

Cast
 Tony Randall as Lorenzo Charlton
 Debbie Reynolds as Mariette Larkin
 Paul Douglas as Pop Larkin
 Una Merkel as Ma Larkin
 Fred Clark as Oliver Kelsey
 Philip Ober as Wendell Burnshaw
 Philip Coolidge as Reverend Osgood
 Charles Lane as Inspector General Bigelow
 Trevor Bardette as Chief Guthrie
 William Smith as Barney
 Addison Powell as David De Groot
 Rickey Murray as Lee Larkin
 Donald Losby as Grant Larkin
 Cheryl Bailey as Victoria Larkin
 Caryl Bailey as Susan Larkin

Production
The film was shot in Metrocolor and CinemaScope.

Box office
According to MGM records, the film earned $2.6 million in the US and Canada and $1,325,000 elsewhere, resulting in a profit of $1,261,000.

DVD release
The film was released on DVD by The Warner Archive in March 2009.

References

External links

1959 films
1959 romantic comedy films
Films based on British novels
Films directed by George Marshall
Films set on farms
Films set in Maryland
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
American romantic comedy films
Films with screenplays by William Roberts (screenwriter)
1950s English-language films
1950s American films

The Mating Game (film)