James Makamba (born 1 January 1952) is a Zimbabwean commercial broadcaster, businessman, politician, philanthropist and father of late Zimbabwean media personality Zororo Makamba. Makamba currently has interests in the retail, telecommunications, mining, agricultural, property and professional consultancy sectors, digital publishing and philanthropy. He sits on the boards of IBBAMO Foundation, JHL Investments, Thurlow & Company, the Kestrel Corporation (Pty) Ltd, African Business Connect, Makamba & Associates, Telecel Zimbabwe and Anglo African Minerals.

Makamba holds a master's degree in Business Administration from California Coast University. In 2012, James Makamba was awarded a controversial honorary doctorate in Business Leadership from St Linus University, Dominica.

Makamba is married to Irene Makamba. They have 4 children.

Early life and education

Makamba was born in the Shamva District of Zimbabwe (then Southern Rhodesia). Makamba was the youngest of ten children of Jinja Makamba a retired police officer and Veronica Mudungwe.

Before his family moved to the Chesa district, to Mount Darwin, Makamba attended the Mupfurudzi Primary School, along with Oliver 'Tuku' Mtukudzi, who became a globally renowned musician. After the move, Makamba attended the Kujuwara School near Mount Darwin and then one of his older brothers, Raphael, invited him to live with his family in Tomlinson Depot, Harare, where he finished his upper primary education. He then attended the Jesuit Mission School, in Bulawayo, for his secondary education where strict discipline, focus, and accountability were instilled.The Jesuit fathers suggested to Makamba that he study in Ireland to be a priest. Makamba considered the suggestion as young black Southern Rhodesians of the time had very few career options beyond teaching, nursing, and police work. A far bigger attraction, however, was the idea of international travel. Makamba, however, did not take up the opportunity to join the priesthood due to family obligations.

Business career

Broadcasting
When Makamba left secondary school, he went to work in Harare at the Catholic Centre. In a neighboring building was a government organisation, Audio Visual Services, which was responsible for recording educational material for broadcast in schools. After he had observed a friend make recordings on several occasions, Makamba was asked to stand in for a voice-over artist who had not arrived for a particular session. This began a career in broadcasting that lasted several decades.

After a year of school broadcasts, Makamba became a commercial radio broadcaster for the Rhodesian Broadcasting Corporation (RBC), on Channel 2. Determined to be his own boss rather than an RBC employee, he set about sourcing businesses willing to sponsor programmes and then packaged their advertising with customer interviews and popular music. Because Motown was in vogue, Makamba sported the bellbottom trousers and enormous afro hairstyle of the time, aligning himself with the racial integration and equality that Motown represented by its crossover success. He soon became Southern Rhodesia's most popular DJ, running 28 radio shows a week and touring the country to run discothèques at events ranging from weddings to New Year's parties. He established his own company, Incentive Private Ltd.

When most of the white broadcasters left Southern Rhodesia in the lead-up to the country's independence, Makamba set up and became managing director of a consortium of black entrepreneurs in order to buy out the largest of the country's advertising production houses and rebrand it as Media Associates.
In 1997, one of his companies leased Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation's (ZBC's) second colour television channel, turning it into the country's first independent television station, known as Joy TV. The station's licence was revoked in 2002 due to licensing complications. According to officials, government-licensed broadcasters were prohibited from leasing their frequencies to independent broadcasters.

M&M Products

Through his business network established during his time in commercial broadcasting, Makamba met Andrew Young who served as America's Ambassador to the UN (under President Jimmy Carter) and later as the mayor of Atlanta. Young introduced Makamba to Thurman Mackenzie one of the co-founders of M&M Products the makers Sta-Sof-Fro and Sofn'Free.
Makamba was awarded the sole distribution rights for the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region by Thurman McKenzie. Makamba was then introduced to Tiny Rowland, then Chief Executive of Lonrho, a London-based conglomerate with diverse interests across Africa. Lonhro became his partners in the M&M Products distribution venture.

Million Dollar Round Table

In the 1980s, one of South Africa's oldest and largest financial services companies, Old Mutual, began an expansion drive in Europe, the United States, and Asia.
Although it had opened an office in Southern Rhodesia in 1927, Old Mutual was not particularly active in the rest of sub-Saharan Africa. Makamba realised that the combination of Old Mutual's new focus on expansion and its lack of penetration of the African market represented an enormous business opportunity.
During the 1980s Makamba became a consultant, selling insurance and investment products to individuals and organisations on behalf of Old Mutual. Within a record eight months in 1980, he had generated one million American dollars' worth of sales. According to research, most of the top insurance consultants globally reach the one million dollar target only in their 30 months in the business. As a consequence of his feat, Makamba qualified as a member of the Million Dollar Round Table (MDRT)
Known as the premier association of financial professionals, the MDRT is an international, independent association of nearly 38,000 of the world's leading life insurance and financial services professionals from more than 450 companies in 79 countries. The MDRT requires its members to demonstrate exceptional professional knowledge, strict ethical conduct, and outstanding client service. MDRT membership is recognised internationally as the standard of sales excellence in the life insurance and financial services business
Makamba was also consistently among Old Mutual's top 25 consultants.

Lonrho

Partnering with Makamba in setting up the M&M distributorship in Botswana had given Tiny Rowland insight into Makamba's negotiation and relationship-building. A few years later, Makamba was appointed to spearhead Lonrho, operations in Botswana serving as Deputy Chairman of the board under the supervision of Tiny Rowland.
He also served as senior consultant to Lonrho Zimbabwe and Lonhro PL in London and later spent many years working from the Lonrho Plc. headquarters in Cheapside, London.
Makamba was also engaged as a government relations consultant for Lonrho Plc. initiatives across Africa, among them promotion of the Mercedes-Benz franchise in sub-Saharan Africa, the establishment of tea plantations, the building of railways, and the development of tourism and agriculture.
When Lonhro was appointed by Boeing to be their agent in Africa, Rowland appointed Makamba as Lonhro's sales executive for Boeing with the objective of using his vast pan-African business network.  Makamba was then able to expand Boeing's share of the African market. His talent for pre-empting future trends also enabled him to guide the procurement panel at Air Zimbabwe into a choice of the Boeing 767 rather than the more obvious Boeing 747, because it had much lower running costs and would bolster the airline's profitability.

Telecel

Towards South Africa's Independence Makamba decided to set up a representative base in Sandton in Johannesburg, South Africa.
In 1993, the Zimbabwean government awarded three cellular operator licenses. Makamba formed a consortium, made up of women's groups, miners and other indigenous and previously disadvantaged groupings, under the banner of the Empowerment Corporation Pvt Ltd.  Through the Empowerment Corp he was able to partner with Telecel International, the first cellular services provider on the African continent. At inception in 1995, Makamba became chairman of both Telecel Zimbabwe as well as chairman of the consortium, Empowerment Corporation Pvt Ltd.

During his tenure at Telecel Zimbabwe and as a board member of Telecel International, Makamba developed an enduring friendship with Telecel International's founder, the late Miko Rwayitare. Congolese/Rwandan, Rwayitare brought cellular technology to Africa by obtaining the first concession in the Democratic Republic of Congo (then Zaire) and building it into the continent's largest cellular operation.

Political career
When General Solomon Tapfumaneyi Mujuru retired from his post-independence position as commander of the Zimbabwe National Army, he went into business and farming.
He chose Makamba to be one of his partners in businesses in Shamva and Bindura where Makamba would be elected to the Bindura Council. Makamba was later elected to the position of  Town Board Chairman (akin to a mayor). He was then elected ZANU-PF Provincial Chairman for Mashonaland Central Province and later Member of Parliament for Mount Darwin constituency in 1995.
He was also one of the businessmen who travelled internationally with President Robert Mugabe to promote investment in Zimbabwe. He resigned from public life to pursue his career as a government relations consultant for Lonrho Plc.

References

External links
James Makamba Former Chairman, TeleceL Zimbabwe Pvt. Ltd.
Journalist Paints Bleak Picture for Media in Zimbabwe
Robert Mugabe 'ready for war' over wife affair allegations

Zimbabwean philanthropists
20th-century Zimbabwean businesspeople
1952 births
Living people

James Makamba


The Combat Tactical Vehicle (Technology Demonstrator) was a testbed vehicle built by the Nevada Automotive Test Center (NATC), for the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle's Combat Tactical Vehicle (CTV), under contract for the Office of Naval Research (ONR). The United States Marine Corps tested and evaluated the vehicle at the NATC proving ground in Nevada for cross country mobility. Also included was ballistic testing of several armor solutions.

The vehicle demonstrated several new technologies, such as a fully adjustable front and rear suspension, with 21in wheel travel. The chassis and basic armor were made from aluminum by BAE Systems. The aluminum armor offered high level protection, concentrated throughout the lower hull. A B kit armor package, designed by Plasan, could be fit to protect the higher portions of the cabin. The B kit armor used a combination of composites and ceramics attached to sockets embedded in the basic vehicle. Blast deflecting structures and seats were used to protect against mine and blast effects.

The engine was a Detroit Diesel/MTU Friedrichshafen 926 turbo-diesel with  and  torque. There was optional rear wheel steering, along with a central tire inflation system and VFI runflat tires. It was capable of fording water at depth of 30" (60" with preparation). It featured an electronically controlled braking (ABS) system and electronic stability control (ECS). There was 30 kW onboard electrical power and 10 kW mobile power.

Sources

Armored personnel carriers of the United States


The Alliance Party of Northern Ireland is a liberal and non-sectarian political party in Northern Ireland. It is neutral on the issue of whether Northern Ireland should stay in or leave the United Kingdom. The party currently has 7 out of 90 seats in the Northern Ireland Assembly and 1 MP in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. Its current leader is Naomi Long

The party was founded in 1970 and gained its first elected Member of Parliament (MP) at the 2010 UK General Election. It is close to the British Liberal Democrats.

Liberal parties
Liberal Democrats (UK)
Political parties in Northern Ireland
1970 establishments in the United Kingdom
20th-century establishments in Northern Ireland

Alliance Party of Northern Ireland


Font Hill Beach is located in St Elizabeth, on the south coast of Jamaica, between Black River and White House. It is within a nature reserve on the Font Hill property owned by the Petroleum Company of Jamaica. It is an attractive, well kept beach with clean golden sand and safe swimming in a roped off area. Beyond the rope there is a shallow reef.

Font Hill Beach is sometimes very popular at weekends and holidays, but is usually quiet during weekdays.

The facilities include lifeguards, a grassed area with picnic tables under gazebos, bar, showers, changing rooms and toilets, lockers etc.  Entry to the beach park is controlled by a guard and cost J$350 for adults,$175 for children and the group rate is $240 per person (in Sept 2008). It is open 9am to 5pm, every day of the week.

Font Hill Beach Park is currently closed to the public until further notice.

See also
 List of beaches in Jamaica

References

External links
Aerial view
Petroleum Company of Jamaica
Font Hill Villas & Beach Park

Beaches of Jamaica
Geography of Saint Elizabeth Parish
Tourist attractions in Saint Elizabeth Parish

Font Hill Beach


Troy Miller is an American film producer, director and screenwriter. He is best known for his work in comedy. Miller is known as an innovator in alternative comedy, and has directed four feature films as well as directing and producing numerous TV shows and specials.

Career

Miller directed the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor Mark Twain Prize with Julia Louis-Dreyfus at the Kennedy Center and produced the 2018 and 2019 seasons of Arrested Development,  for Netflix. Miller produced and directed all episodes of Brian Regan's Stand-up and Away with Brian Regan for Netflix. George Lopez: The Wall, live comedy concert for HBO. Another live special for HBO featured Bill Maher closing his HBO series, then on to a live stand up special Bill Maher: Live from DC. Comedy Central's first-ever live standup special was Brian Regan Live From Radio City Music Hall, produced and directed by Miller. Miller produced and directed the first season of Hulu's Deadbeat. Deadbeat premiered on April 9, 2014, to positive reviews and was #1 site-wide the day it dropped on Hulu. Currently, Miller has several projects in development through his production shingle Dakota Pictures. Prior to Arrested, he also executive produced and directed HBO's George Lopez: It's Not Me, It's You, a live comedy concert and one of HBO's most watched events of 2012. Miller has produced and/or directed specials for a variety of many other comedians including Robin Williams, Martin Short, Katt Williams, Jim Gaffigan, Brian Regan, Dave Chappelle, David Cross, Kathleen Madigan, Jeff Garlin, and David Alan Grier. Also in 2012, Miller created / executive produced (with Russell Brand), Brand X With Russell Brand for FX. In its second season BrandX became FX's first weekly live series (also directed by Miller).

Miller has produced and directed short- and long-form programming for all of the major networks (ABC, NBC, CBS, Fox) and cable outlets such as MTV, Comedy Central, Bravo, TBS, Disney XD, and many others including the BBC. Some notable projects from Miller's past include Mr. Show and Tenacious D for HBO, on which Miller served as both executive producer and director. In 2003, Miller created Viva La Bam along with celebrity skater Bam Margera for MTV; by 2005 it was the most watched cable show for teens aged 12–18. Miller's first industry job was as an intern on the show Fridays, working under the tutelage of comics such as Rich Hall, Larry David and Andy Kaufman. Miller directed all episodes in the first two seasons of the Emmy-nominated Tracey Ullman's State of the Union for Showtime, and regularly directs episodes of NBC's Parks and Recreation and The Office. Miller is executive producer and one of the directors for both seasons of the acclaimed shows Flight of the Conchords as well as HBO's Bored to Death. Other credits include EP/Director/Creator of FX's BrandX with Russell Brand as well as Parks and Recreation, The Office, and New Girl.

Miller has also produced and directed eight opening films for the Academy Awards Oscar telecast, including those featuring Billy Crystal, Jon Stewart, James Franco and Anne Hathaway. He is the creator of this "short film opening award show format" that ultimately began with the MTV Movie Awards. His films have served as the opening for twenty awards shows. Miller is one of the creators of the short-form genre of films that have become common in award show openings. Having produced and directed many MTV Movie Awards opens, including the two most recent shows hosted by Conan O'Brien and Rebel Wilson respectively. Miller produced and directed all of the short films that have opened the Oscar telecast. The 84th annual show featured Tom Cruise and George Clooney and again featured Billy Crystal (embedded within the footage of other films). In 2006, Jon Stewart used Miller to construct his Oscar open which featured Clooney, Chris Rock, Halle Berry, Steve Martin and David Letterman. Miller also directed the opening film for the 83rd Academy Awards parodying Inception, featuring hosts Franco and Hathaway embedded in Best Picture nominees and cameo appearances by Alec Baldwin and Morgan Freeman. Miller also crafted the opening film for Bette Midler's Las Vegas stage show, The Showgirl Must Go On as well as has directed well a huge array of other short films for various sketch programs and live presentations and film festivals.

The director of four feature films, Miller is probably best known for directing the seasonal film Jack Frost, starring Michael Keaton. Miller also produced and directed the Mr. Show spin-off movie Run Ronnie Run!. Among other features and movie-of-the-week productions, Miller also directed Dumb and Dumberer: When Harry Met Lloyd, a moderate commercial success in first release. The film was poorly received by critics, but it went on to earn upwards of $80 million in international box office.

Filmography

Standup comedy
 Jeff Dunham Beside Himself (Netflix) 2019
 The Standups 2.0 (Netflix) 2018
 George Lopez The Wall - Live (HBO) 2017
 Brian Regan Nunchucks and Flamethrowers (Netflix) 2017
 Brian Regan Live From Rockefeller Plaza (Comedy Central) 2016
 The Standups 1.0 (Netflix) 2016
 Natasha Leggero (Comedy Central) 2015
 Bill Maher: Live from D.C. (HBO) 2014
 George Lopez: It's Not Me, It's You (HBO) 2012
 Bill Maher: CrazyStupidPolitics - Live from Silicon Valley (Yahoo) 2012
 David Alan Grier: Comedy You Can Believe In (TBS) 2009
 Martin Short: Let Freedom Hum (TBS) 2009
 Jim Gaffigan: King Baby (Comedy Central) 2009
 Jo Koy: Don't Make Him Angry (Comedy Central) 2009
 Katt Williams: It's Pimpin Pimpin 2008
 Brian Regan: The Epitome of Hyperbole (Comedy Central) 2008
 John Oliver: Terrifying Times (Comedy Central) 2008
 David Cross: The Pride Is Back (HBO) 1999
 George Carlin: Playin' With Your Head (MPI Home Video) 1986
 The Young Comedians All-Star Reunion (HBO) 1986
 Robin Williams: An Evening at the Met (HBO) 1986
 Don Rickles: Rickles on the Loose (Showtime) 1986

Episodic television
 Arrested Development (Netflix) 18 episodes, 2018
 Lopez (TV Land) 10 episodes, 2016
 Deadbeat (Hulu) 10 episodes, 2015
 Brooklyn Nine-Nine (Fox) 1 episode, 2013
 The Goldbergs (ABC) 1 episode, 2013
 Arrested Development (Netflix) 16 episodes, 2013-2015
 Brand X with Russell Brand (FX) 26 episodes, 2012-2013
 The Office (NBC) 3 episodes, 2011-2013
 New Girl (FOX) 1 episode, 2012
 Underemployed (MTV) 3 episodes, 2012
 Breaking In (FOX) 1 episode, 2012
 The L.A. Complex (CW) 4 episodes, 2012
 Best Friends Forever (NBC), 2012
 Up All Night (NBC) 4 episodes, 2011-2012
 Eagleheart (Adult Swim) 1 episode, 2011
 Parks and Recreation (NBC) 7 episodes, 2009-2012
 Greg and Donny (IFC) 1 episode, 2011
 Raising Hope (Fox) 1 episode, 2011
 Happy Endings (ABC) 1 episode, 2011
 Outsourced (NBC) 1 episode, 2011
 Perfect Couples (NBC) 1 episode, 2011
 Running Wilde (FX) 3 episodes, 2010-2011
 Bored to Death (HBO) 15 episodes, 2009-2011
 Tracey Ullman's State of the Union (Showtime) 5 episodes, 2008-2010
 Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me! (CBS) 2008
 Flight of the Conchords (HBO) 2007-2009
 Just For Laughs (ABC) 3 episodes, 2007
 The Showbiz Show with David Spade (Comedy Central) 1 episode, 2005
 Viva La Bam (MTV) 39 episodes, 2003-2005
 Reel Comedy (Comedy Central) 1 episode, 2002
 Greg The Bunny (FOX) 2002
 Tenacious D (HBO) 2 episodes, 1999-2000
 HBO Comedy Half-Hour (HBO) 2 episodes, 1997-1998
 Mr. Show with Bob and David (HBO) 30 episodes, 1995-1998
 The Jenny McCarthy Show (MTV) 3 episodes, 1997
 Saturday Night Special (FOX) 2 episodes, 1996
 The Bill Bellamy Show (MTV) 1 episode, 1996
 Weird Science (USA) 3 episodes, 1995
 Running the Halls (NBC) 1 episode, 1993
 The Ben Stiller Show (FOX) 7 episodes, 1992
 Arresting Behavior (ABC) 1 episode, 1992
 The Real World (MTV) 13 episodes, 1992
 The Sunday Comics (FOX) 1 episode, 1991
 Pee Wee's Playhouse (CBS) 45 episodes, 1986-1991
 SK8 TV (MTV) 1 episode, 1990
 Not Necessarily The News (HBO) 60 episodes, 1982-1990
 The Super Mario Bros. Super Show! (DiC) 65 episodes, 1989
 Madame's Place (Comedy Central) 31 episodes, 1982
 Fridays (ABC) 1 episode, 1980

TV movies
 Wyclef Jean in America (HBO) 2008
 Like Father, Like Sunday (Comedy Central) 2006
 Van Stone: Tour of Duty 2006
 Celebrity Autobiography: In Their Own Words (Bravo) 2005
 The Show with A.J. Calloway (Sony Pictures TV) 2005
 David Blaine: Vertigo (Virgil Films) 2002
 Super Nerds (Comedy Central) 2000
 Mr. Show and the Incredible, Fantastical New Report (HBO) 1998
 Save Our Streets (NBC) 1997
 Beverly Hills Family Robinson (ABC) 1997
 Mr. Show with Bob and David: Fantastic Newness (HBO) 1996
 Best Defense (CBS) 1994
 Madonna: Blond Ambition World Tour Live (Pioneer Artists) 1990
 Tales from the Whoop: Hot Rod Brown Class Clown (MTV) 1990
 Christmas at Pee Wee's Playhouse (CBS) 1988
 Harry Anderson's Hello Sucker (Showtime) 1986
 Mystery Magical Special (Nickelodeon) 1986

 Short films

 2014 MTV Movie Awards (MTV) 2014
 The 65th Primetime Emmy Awards (CBS) 2013
 2013 MTV Movie Awards (MTV) 2013
 The 84th Academy Awards (ABC) 2012
 The 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards (FOX) 2011
 2011 MTV Movie Awards (MTV) 2011
 The 83rd Academy Awards (ABC) 2011
 2010 MTV Movie Awards (MTV) 2010
 2009 MTV Movie Awards (MTV) 2009
 2008 MTV Movie Awards (MTV) 2008
 The 78th Academy Awards (ABC) 2006
 The 76th Academy Awards (ABC) 2004
 The 72nd Academy Awards (ABC) 2000
 1999 MTV Movie Awards (MTV) 1999
 The 70th Academy Awards (ABC) 1998
 The 69th Academy Awards (ABC) 1997
 1997 MTV Movie Awards (MTV) 1997
 1996 MTV Movie Awards (MTV) 1996
 1995 MTV Movie Awards (MTV) 1995
 1993 MTV Movie Awards (MTV) 1993

 Feature films
 Kathy Griffin: A Hell of a Story (Fathom) 2019
 Dumb and Dumberer: When Harry Met Lloyd (New Line) 2003
 Run Ronnie Run! (New Line) 2002
 The Announcement (BBC) 2000
 Jack Frost (Warner Brothers) 1998

 Awards
Primetime Emmy Award Nominee
The 83rd Annual Academy Awards (ABC) 2011 - Outstanding Short-Form Picture Editing Flight of The Conchords'' (HBO) 2009 - Outstanding Comedy Series
The 78th Annual Academy Awards (ABC) 2006 - Outstanding Picture Editing for a Special (Single or Multi-Camera)
The 76th Annual Academy Awards (ABC) 2004 - Outstanding Multi-Camera Picture Editing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special

Daytime Emmy Award Nominee
Tales from the Whoop: Hot Rod Brown Class Clown (MTV) 1991 - Outstanding Children's Special

CableACE Awards Nominee
1993 MTV Movie Awards (MTV) 1993 - Variety Special or Series

References

External links

American film directors
American television directors
American television producers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Los Angeles Valley College people

Troy Miller (film producer)


A surfactant is a chemical that lowers the surface tension of a liquid. Less surface tension lets the liquid soak into things better, and can also let bubbles form easier. A liquid that bubbles and soaks into things is better at cleaning, so surfactants are used in soap.

Uses
Every year, 15 million tons of surfactants are made. Half of them are used in soap; the rest are used in many different ways including making toothpaste and concrete.

One popular surfactant is sodium laurel sulfate, also called sodium dodecyl sulfate or SDS. SDS is a cheap, commonly used surfactant that is used in almost every toothpaste and many shampoos, body washes, and shaving creams.

Safety and environment
Small amounts of most common surfactants are usually not harmful to people or animals, although if they get into eyes they can be painful.  Very large amounts of surfactants can kill animals, but the amount varies depending on the surfactant.

Larger amounts of surfactants can be a problem in the environment, where they let the soil hold more water than usual, but this problem usually goes away in a few days.

References

Chemistry

Surfactant


A site is a real fixed physical location where something will or has happened or a place where something is.

Uses

Uses in buildings
It is used very often in building trades to mean the place where a building will go up.

Uses in gravesites
A gravesite is a place where a person will be buried after they die.

Uses in work
The words onsite and offsite refer to work that must take place on the site, or which can take place somewhere else.  For instance, a prefabricated building can be "built offsite" and then "moved onsite".

Use on the internet
Site is also a common abbreviation in net jargon for "website".  In this case no real physical location exists other than the place where the computers are, and one "goes to the site" simply by using a web browser to "go to" that URL.  This is a conceptual metaphor.  It can be confusing.  Someone who uses it is also likely using other jargon.

Site


The Turkic states are countries where most of its people speak a Turkic language as their first language or have Turkic ancestry. There are six countries considered to be Turkic states: Turkey, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan. The last 4 countries are commonly known as "the Stans". All of them except Turkey used to be part of the Soviet Union until its fall in 1991. While most of the people of all these countries are Muslim, none of these countries use the Arabic alphabet to read and write their own language. Either they use the Latin alphabet, like Turkey, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan, or they use the Cyrillic alphabet, like Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan. While the people of Xinjiang, the Uighurs, are part of the Turkic peoples, it is not officially considered part of the Turkic states because it is controlled by China. While Northern Cyprus, which is most made of Turkish people, calls itself its own country, Turkey is the only other country that recognizes its statehood, or its being a state.
Turkic languages

Turkic states


The 1952 Inter-Camp P.O.W. Olympics (), also known as Inter-Camp POW Olympic Games, was a mock Olympic Games held at the Pyuktong Prisoner-of-War Camp (碧潼战俘营) of the Chinese People's Volunteer Army during the Korean War. The athletes were all United Nations POWs. It was often used as a propaganda campaign by China and North Korea to encourage more UN soldiers to surrender.

1952 Inter-Camp P.O.W. Olympics was not authorized by the International Olympic Committee, but was organized by the Chinese People's Volunteer Army, in accordance with the Olympic Charter.

The games
The POW Olympics were held between 15–27 November 1952 at Pyuktong, D.P.R.K. The Chinese hoped to gain worldwide publicity and, whilst some prisoners refused to participate, over 500 prisoners of 11 nationalities took part. They were representative of all the prison camps in North Korea  and competed in American football, baseball, softball, basketball, volleyball, track and field, soccer, gymnastics, and boxing. For the prisoners, this was an opportunity to meet with friends from other camps. They also acted as photographers, announcers and even reporters, who after each day's competition published a newsletter, the Olympic Roundup.

Propaganda value
The Olympics featured frequently in North Korean psychological warfare (PSYWAR) pamphlets and leaflets distributed to UN soldiers. The 1952 Olympics allowed Communist forces to point to the good conditions available to those who surrendered.

See also
1944 Summer Olympics during the Second World War at which prisoners of war from Oflag II-C staged a comparable unofficial Olympic games.

References

Bibliography

External links
 Scotland at War, including some artifacts and information from Scottish POWs at the 1952 Olympics
 Pictures and scans of the 1952 Olympic programme
 CBC: They chose China (English documentary, with Chinese subtitle) See also via Bilibili
 See also via Bilibili

Korean War
Korean War prisoners of war
POW Olympics
November 1952 events in Asia
Sports competitions in North Korea

1952 Inter-Camp P.O.W. Olympics


Mark Evgenievich Taimanov (; 7 February 1926 – 28 November 2016) was one of the leading Soviet and Russian chess players, among the world's top 20 players from 1946 to 1971. A prolific chess author, Taimanov was awarded the title of Grandmaster in 1952 and in 1956 won the USSR Chess Championship. He was a World Championship Candidate in 1953 and 1971, and several opening variations are named after him.
Taimanov was also a world-class concert pianist.

Early life
Taimanov was born in Kharkiv, where his parents studied at the time. They moved to Leningrad when he was six months old. His father Evgeny Zakharovich Taimanov was Jewish; his family escaped to Kharkiv from Smolensk during World War I. Evgeny was a student at the Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute and later made a career as a head engineer at the Kirov Plant and the Hydraulic Plant, but left it to work as an engineer at the Leningrad Conservatory and various Leningrad theaters after his brother and his wife's relatives were imprisoned in 1937.

Taimanov's mother Serafima Ivanovna Ilyina came from an Orthodox Russian family; she studied at the Kharkiv National Kotlyarevsky University of Arts. As a piano teacher she later introduced her son to music. Mark was the eldest of three children. When he was ten, he performed as a young violinist in the Soviet children's film Beethoven Concerto that was released in 1936, to practice for his role Taimanov studied the violin for a year, many years later when on tour, Isaac Stern met Taimanov, and complimented on his violin playing in the movie saying that all the young actors "didn't even know how to hold the violin properly. Only once I saw a violinist who did it, in the film Beethoven Concert". During the Great Patriotic War he and his father evacuated to Tashkent shortly before the Siege of Leningrad started; his mother along with his two siblings decided to stay in the city and had to survive the siege up till their evacuation in March 1942.

Chess career
He was awarded the International Master title in 1950, and the International Grandmaster title in 1952 by FIDE. He played in the Candidates Tournament in Zurich in 1953, where he tied for eighth place. He was regularly in the world's top 20 players for over 25 years.

Soviet team play
He represented Leningrad in internal Soviet regional team competitions, scoring (+36−24=56) in 116 games, across 15 events, between 1948 and 1983. He represented the sports society "Burevestnik" (Students) in internal Soviet club team competitions.

Soviet championships
He played in 23 USSR Chess Championships (a record equalled by Efim Geller), tying for first place twice. In 1952 he lost the playoff match to Mikhail Botvinnik, who was World Champion at the time. In 1956, after finishing equal with  Yuri Averbakh and Boris Spassky in the tournament proper, he won a match-tournament ahead of them, for the title.

Loss to Fischer
Taimanov lost to Bobby Fischer in the 1971 Candidates quarterfinal by the unprecedented score of 6–0. About this match, Taimanov later recalled that Fischer "was an incredibly tough defender" and that "the third game proved to be the turning point of the match". After his loss to Fischer, the Soviet government was embarrassed, and, as Taimanov later put it in a 2002 interview, found it "unthinkable" that he could have lost the match so badly to an American without a "political explanation". Soviet officials took away Taimanov's salary and no longer allowed him to travel overseas. The official reason given for punishing Taimanov was that he had brought a book by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn into the country, but that explanation was merely a bureaucratic pretext. The officials later "forgave" Taimanov, and lifted the sanctions against him. Fischer's overwhelming match wins later in 1971, first by 6–0 against Bent Larsen, then by 6½–2½ against Tigran Petrosian, may have helped contribute to their change of mind. Taimanov considered this match "the culminating point" of his chess career and later wrote a book about the match, titled How I Became Fischer's Victim.

Other tournaments
In 2001 he came second, a half point behind the winner Jacob Murey, at the first European Senior Chess Championship in Saint-Vincent.

International teams
Taimanov represented the USSR in international team play with enormous success. At the 1956 Chess Olympiad in Moscow, as first reserve he scored (+6−0=5), winning team gold and board bronze medals. This was his only Olympiad appearance.

Taimanov represented the USSR four times in the European Team Chess Championship. At Vienna 1957, he played board seven, scored (+2−0=3), winning team and board gold medals. At Oberhausen 1961, he played board eight, scored (+6−0=3), and won team and board gold medals.
At Hamburg 1965, he played board seven, scored (+3−1=4), and won team and board gold medals. At Kapfenberg 1970, he played board six, scored (+4−0=2), and won team and board gold medals.

In the inaugural Russia (USSR) vs Rest of the World team match, Belgrade 1970, he played board seven, and scored (+2−1=1) against Wolfgang Uhlmann.

Chess legacy
Taimanov was one of the few players to have beaten six world champions (Botvinnik, Vasily Smyslov, Mikhail Tal, Tigran Petrosian, Boris Spassky, and Anatoly Karpov). Opening variations are named after Taimanov in the Sicilian Defence, Modern Benoni and Nimzo-Indian Defence. He wrote books on two of his named variations, as well as an autobiographical best games collection. Taimanov's favorite chess players were Alexander Alekhine, Mikhail Tal, and Garry Kasparov.

Major chess writings
Note that several of Taimanov's books are available in Russian, German, and English.

 Slawisch bis Reti-Eröffnung, by Mark Taimanov, general editor Pavel Kondratiev, German language, Sportverlag, Berlin, 1976
 Damengambit bis Holländisch, by Mark Taimanov, general editor Yakov Neishtadt, German language, Sportverlag, Berlin, 1980
 Modernes Benoni bis Wolga-Gambit, by Mark Taimanov, general editor Eduard Gufeld, German language, Sportverlag, Berlin, 1982
 Holländisch bis Bird-Eröffnung, by Mark Taimanov, general editor Pavel Kondratiev, German language, Sportverlag, Berlin, 1983
 Sicilian: Paulsen, by Mark Taimanov, English language, Batsford, London, 1983
 Königsindisch bis Altindisch, by Mark Taimanov, general editor Eduard Gufeld, German language, Sportverlag, Berlin, 1984
 Zasčita Nimzovica, by Mark Taimanov, Russian language, 1985
 Englisch: Klassisch bis seltene Systeme 12. Königsindisch: Sämisch-Systeme bis Vierbauernvariante, by Mark Taimanov, general editor Eduard Gufeld, German language, Sportverlag, Berlin, 1985
 Damenindisch bis Katalanisch, by Mark Taimanov, general editor Eduard Gufeld, German language, Sportverlag, Berlin, 1985
 The World Chess Championship, Karpov—Kasparov: Moscow 1985, by Yuri Averbakh and Mark Taimanov, English language, 1986
 The Sicilian Defence: Taimanov System, by Mark Taimanov, English language, Batsford, London, 1989,
 Winning with the Sicilian, by Mark Taimanov, English language, Batsford, London, 1991
 Ja byl žertvoj Fisera (How I Became Fischer's Victim), by Mark Taimanov, Russian language, 1993.  English translation, Quality Chess, Glasgow, 2021, .
 Taimanov's Selected Games, by Mark Taimanov, English language, Batsford, London, 1996
 The Soviet Championships, by Bernard Cafferty and Mark Taimanov, Batsford, London, English language, 1998 (softcover reprint 2016, Everyman, London, )
 Šachmatnaja škola Marka Taimanova, by Mark Taimanov, Russian language, Schachforum (German language), 2008; originally published St. Petersburg 2003 (autobiography)

Music career
Taimanov was a top concert pianist in the Soviet Union. With his first wife, Lyubov Bruk, he formed a piano duo, some of whose recordings were included in the Phillips and Steinway series Great Pianists of the 20th Century. Taimanov personally knew composer Dmitri Shostakovich, cellist Mstislav Rostropovich and pianist Sviatoslav Richter.

Personal life and death
Taimanov married four times. He remarried late in life, and became the father of twins at the age of 78. Fifty-seven years separate his oldest child (who was also a strong chess player and on one occasion, participated in the final of the Leningrad City Championship) and his twins.

His younger sister Irina Taimanova (born 1941) is a prominent opera director, TV presenter and professor at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory.

Taimanov died on 28 November 2016 in Saint Petersburg, at the age of 90.

See also
 List of Jewish chess players

References

External links

 Interview with Mark Taimanov

 Mark Taimanov at Chessmetrics

 Chessville – Interviews – 20 Questions with GM Mark Taimanov
 Grandmaster Profile: GM Mark Taimanov
 Filmography on www.kinoglaz.fr

1926 births
2016 deaths
Chess grandmasters
Chess Olympiad competitors
Chess theoreticians
Classical piano duos
Jewish chess players
Russian chess players
Soviet chess players
Soviet chess writers
Sportspeople from Kharkiv
Sportspeople from Saint Petersburg
Ukrainian Jews
Russian Jews
Male classical pianists
World Senior Chess Champions
Jewish classical pianists
Soviet engineers

Mark Taimanov


The Lenaia () was an annual Athenian festival with a dramatic competition. It was one of the lesser festivals of Athens and Ionia in ancient Greece. The Lenaia took place in Athens in Gamelion, roughly corresponding to January. The festival was in honour of Dionysus Lenaios. There is also evidence the festival also took place in Delphi.

The term Lenaia probably comes from "lenos" 'wine-press' or from "lenai", another name for the Maenads (the female worshippers of Dionysus).

Overview
The Lenaia is depicted on numerous vases, which show both typical Maenad scenes and those of aristocrats and wine-mixing rituals. It is unknown exactly what kind of worship occurred at the festival, but it may have been in honor of Dionysus as a youth or the rebirth of Dionysus after his murder by the Titans. It may have also had some connection with the Eleusinian Mysteries, as some of the same religious officials were involved (such as the Archon basileus  and the epimeletai). These officials led the procession (πομπή pompe), which probably ended with a sacrifice. The references we have mention a procession and ἀγών held 'by torchlight,' where an Eleusian official, originating in Athens, called upon or invoked Dionysus. Then, the chorus would respond 'Iacchos, son of Semele, Πλουτοδότης.' Most of all, the festival appears to be an agrarian one. It was celebrated at a crucial time for propitiating the awakening of nature. Specifically, the grape and wine, symbolised by the god himself, his death and reemergence from the underworld. Though, this was not the time of the grape harvest, but rather when the vines were pruned.

The festival may have had rites for women. The coincidence of invoking Iacchus, seen as Dionysus as a child, by torchlight and commemorating the myth of the god's death and rebirth. This happened both in Delphi and in Athens in the Lenaia, in the same season, winter. It further supports the idea that Attic Lenaia had a specific ritual involving women, the followers of the god. The ritual associated in this case with the idea of the resurrection of the god associated with wine production and the wine press. Though, whether or not it was a festival for women, or that festival heavily involved  them, is still a debate. In Athens, there was no mention of a women's festival. However, that could be due to that women are associated with Dionysus's secret and sacred rites, which wouldn't normally be talked about or made public.

Athenian woman probably participated in the nocturnal rites. They may have played an important role in 'calling' or invoking the god. But, they were not the main focus and are not even mentioned in the texts. However, women are depicted on Attic vases as being close to the process of wine production along with the unmixed wine. Along with that, the satyrs of untamed nature are also found, along with the god himself.

In Athens, the festival was originally held in the Lenaion (possibly a theatre outside the city or a section of the Agora) but probably moved to the Theatre of Dionysus by the mid-fifth century. Beginning in the second half of the 5th century BC, plays were performed (as they were at the City Dionysia festival later in the year). The audiences for the Lenaia were usually limited to the local population, since travel by sea at that time of year was considered unsafe. Metics, however, were apparently allowed to both participate and act as choregoi. Around 442 BC, new comic contests were officially included in the Lenaia, though plays may have been performed there earlier on an informal basis. At first, the festival held dramatic competitions only for comedy, but in 432 BC a tragic contest was introduced. Many of Aristophanes' plays were first performed there, such as 'Knights'. As with the competition at the City Dionysia, five comedies usually competed (except during the Peloponnesian War when only three were staged). When the contest for tragedy was introduced, two tragedians competed, each presenting two plays. There is no evidence of satyr plays being performed, but dithyrambs were included in the third century BC. Towards the end of the century, the festival's plays were performed in the Theatre of Dionysus (although it is unclear when this location was first used). It is unknown when the Lenaia was abandoned, but contests of some sort continued into the 2nd century BC.

Modern celebration and revival
Practitioners of the reconstructed religion of Ancient Greece, known as Hellenic Polytheists, seek to restore ancient festivals such as the Lenaia. Reconstructionists take from primary sources and secondary sources to reconstruct the festival itself. Some ways Hellenic Polytheists celebrate is by drinking, partying, and overall merriment. They also celebrate by watching plays, especially Aristophanes's plays, such as The Frogs. Reciting hymns to Dionysus, especially the Orphic hymns, may also be done to honour the god to celebrate. Overall, the key elements of the modern festival try to match the one in antiquity.

See also
 Anthesteria and Bacchanalia
 Dionysia
 Lenaeus (disambiguation)
 Satyr

References

Sources
 Brockett, Oscar G. and Franklin J. Hildy. 2003. History of the Theatre. Ninth edition, International edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. .
 Pickard-Cambridge, Sir Arthur. 1953. The Dramatic Festivals of Athens. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon P, 1968.

Ancient Greek theatre
Festivals in ancient Athens
Festivals in ancient Ionia
Greek festivals of Dionysus
January observances
February observances

Lenaia


Blood Relations  is a psychological murder mystery written by Sharon Pollock. The play is based on historical fact and speculation surrounding the life of Lizzie Borden and the murders of her father and stepmother, crimes with which Borden was arrested for, though acquitted from and found not guilty.

Characters
 Abigail Borden, the step-mother of Lizzie.
 Andrew Borden, Lizzie's father, owner of the property.
 Dr. Patrick, Lizzie's closest ally in the play, also the town doctor.
 Emma Borden, older sister.
 Harry Wingate, Lizzie's step-uncle and the catalyst for her decision to murder her parents. He arrives at the Borden home to convince Lizzie's father to sign away ownership of the family farm to his wife, Harry's sister. This means that Lizzie's hold on the estate is in danger.
 Lizzie Borden, the play's central character.
 The Actress, a friend of Lizzie's and, by all appearances, her lesbian lover.
 Bridget O'Sullivan, the Borden Household Irish maid, Lizzie's friend

Historical context

The play is based on the case of Lizzie Borden. On August 4, 1892, Borden's father's body was "discovered" by Lizzie in a downstairs room of the family home. Soon, the Bordens' maid, Sullivan, discovered the body of Borden's stepmother. The subsequent investigation and trial of Lizzie set a precedent for media coverage.

On the morning of August 4, 1892, Lizzie reported to Bridget O'Sullivan, the Irish maid, her discovery of the bloody body of her father sprawled on the sofa in the sitting room, and instructed her to fetch the family physician, Dr. Bowen. When the doctor and the police arrived, they also found the body of Abby Borden upstairs, her head similarly crushed by multiple axe blows. Bridget Sullivan testified that she had been in her own attic room, resting from cleaning windows on a very hot day. She had neither heard nor seen anything unusual. Lizzie claimed that she had been in the barn, although the undisturbed dust on the barn floor seemed to indicate otherwise. Emma was out of town visiting friends. Four axes were discovered in the basement, one without a handle, and the head covered in ashes. No evidence of blood was found on Lizzie's clothes, although her friend, Miss Russell, did discover her burning a dress three days later, which she claimed had been stained with paint. At the inquest, it was also revealed that Lizzie had bought prussic acid from a local pharmacy the day before, and that Abby and Andrew Borden had been ill that morning. Lizzie was arrested for murder and the trial date set for June 5, 1893. The trial lasted fourteen days, and caused a national sensation: it was the first public trial in the United States to be covered extensively by the media. Popular opinion was split on the innocence or guilt of Lizzie Borden, with strong support coming from feminists and animal rights advocates.

Lizzie Borden was acquitted—her lawyers having persuaded the jury that the evidence was circumstantial. She continued to live in Fall River in a fashionable Victorian mansion located on "The Hill" with her sister. However, she continued a life of social circumscription, even more limited than before the murders, since she was understandably shunned by the community. She did travel regularly, however, maintaining a relationship with a young Boston actress named Nance O'Neil, which provoked yet more rumours, and resulting in Emma finding her own place to live. She died in 1927 and was buried in the Borden family plot.

Production history

The play premiered professionally at Theatre 3, Edmonton, Alberta, March 12, 1980, directed by Keith Digby, with set by J. Fraser Hiltz, costumes by Kathryn Burns and lighting by Luciano Iogna, featuring Janet Daverne as Miss Lizzie, Judith Mabey as the Actress, Barbara Reese as Emma, Wendell Smith as Dr. Patrick/Defence, Brian Atkins as Harry, Paddy English as Mrs. Borden and Charles Kerr as Mr. Borden. Coastline Theatre, under the direction of Julie Antonick, performed the play in 1985 and was its entry in that year's Nova Scotia Drama League Theatre Festival. In 2010 it was performed by the Dramatic Arts Department at Brock University in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. It was also performed in 2011 by the Drama Department of Grande Prairie Regional College, directed by Annie Smith. In December 2010 play had its opening at the National Theatre of Kosovo. Same year it was also published in Albanian, in an edition published by the National Theatre of Kosovo.

Awards
The published version of Blood Relations won the Canadian Governor General's Award in 1981.

Reception and interpretation
In discussing the difference between Blood Relations and her earlier work, Pollock said "people who don't like social comment plays seem to think I've 'moved' considerably and I'm finally beginning to concentrate on character, that I've learned a few character traits and maybe they can expect some 'better' work from me."

Ann Saddlemyer identifies a clear feminist message in Blood Relations, stating that "In many ways the play epitomizes the strengths and originality of theatre about women imprisoned in a man-ordered universe." says in Rough Justice: Essays on Crime in Literature.

Mary Pat Mombourquette notes in the International Encyclopedia of Theatre that Pollock does not permit passivity in the audience, "...instead she demands that the audience acknowledge that the act of judging makes them active participants in the theatrical event."

References

Governor General's Award-winning plays
1980 plays
Canadian plays
Cultural depictions of Lizzie Borden

Blood Relations (Pollock play)


Dear Comrade is a 2019 Indian Telugu-language romantic action drama film written and directed by Bharat Kamma. It is produced by Mythri Movie Makers and Big Ben Cinemas. The film stars Vijay Deverakonda, Rashmika Mandanna, and Shruti Ramachandran. Principal photography of the film commenced in August 2018. The film was theatrically released on 26 July 2019 in Telugu and along with dubbed versions in Tamil, Malayalam, and Kannada. Upon release the film received mixed reviews from the critics in Telugu and mostly negative reviews in Tamil.

Plot

The movie begins with Bobby who is heavily drunk, dejected, and angry. He is unable to come to terms with the fact that his girlfriend Lilly doesn't want him in her life anymore.

The story now goes into flashback mode, where Bobby is a leftist student union leader at a college in Kakinada that deals with severe anger management issues. He's a rebel without a cause, unlike his grandfather Comrade Suryam. He fights with a local politician, Bulliah's brother, due to whom a girl from his college attempts suicide on repeated torture from him to reciprocate his love. He even spends a night in the lock-up with his friends over this. While returning, he runs into Lilly who causes him a minor accident, and as compensation, Bobby takes away all her money to fix his bike. He returns home and gets to know that Lilly was, in fact, his childhood friend, (cousin of his neighbor's daughter Jaya) who has come to attend Jaya's wedding. Lilly keeps heartily teasing Bobby over his earlier infatuation with Jaya. During a local cricket match, Bobby discovers that Lilly is, in fact, a state-level cricket player. He gets thoroughly impressed by her and slowly starts to fall for her. During a small party held in the union office to celebrate their team's victory, Lilly sees Bobby getting into a heated argument with a student political leader, and despite her requests to walk away from it, Bobby engages in a fistfight. Lilly realises that Bobby has anger management issues and tries to tell him to handle and resolve conflicts internally rather than enter into fights with others. She also reveals that she had a brother who had lost his life a few years back in a college campus clash and that Bobby's campus fights brought back those painful memories.

During Jaya's marriage, Bobby confesses his love for Lilly. But she tells him that the two of them have different life paths to journey and that he'll probably forget her as soon as she goes away. Bobby isn't able to handle this rejection, and Lilly leaves without bidding goodbye to him. After she leaves, Bobby can't stop thinking about her and rides all night to Hyderabad to meet her and tell her that he wants to be her comrade in her life's journey. Confessing that she, too, has been thinking a lot about him, she reciprocates his feelings. But Lilly tells Bobby how she is scared of him due to his excessive aggression, but he calls it a minor issue and agrees to rectify it for her. Their love affair progresses passionately until one fateful day when Bobby is drawn into a fight with Bulliah's brother's gang yet again and unknowingly causes the accident of Bulliah's brother, who slips into Coma. Bulliah gets angered and tells his men to kill Bobby, and he gets seriously injured during the encounter with Bulliah's men inside his college campus, with Lilly witnessing everything and forced to go through the trauma of losing a loved one once again. When he wakes up in the hospital, Lilly starts advising and entreating him to give up his violent tendencies for the peace of mind of his loved ones. She gives him an ultimatum to choose immediately to either control his anger and continue to be with her or leave her forever. Bobby loses his temper at this demand since he feels nobody is willing to listen to his side of things and, in a fit of rage, pushes Lilly out of the hospital and tells her to get lost in front of family and friends.

Bobby later realises his mistake and tries to reach out to Lilly, but she asks him not to disturb her anymore and let her move on for good and focus on her career. He gets heart-broken and, on the advice of his grandfather, leaves home to travel and find his inner peace and true comrade self. He eventually joins a group of people who are working on a project on Sound healing. Three years after he had left home, Bobby and the team go to Hyderabad to meet a doctor to showcase their work, and while in the waiting hall, he sees Jaya and her husband. They ask him whether he came to visit Lilly in the hospital. That's when Bobby gets to know that Lilly had met with an accident during the day of National Selection and is sad and agitated upon seeing her condition in the psychiatric ward. He sneaks her out of the hospital and takes her on a road trip to Kerala to heal her both physically and emotionally. Her leg heals, and she slowly appears to return to her former cheerful self. He drops her back at her house and runs into the doctor who had been treating her. The doctor warns him that she may appear to be happy outside, but she has hidden pain inside. Bobby dismisses this, and as he leaves Lilly, he gives her his Digital voice recorder to listen to if at all she feels that she is in pain. Bobby and Lilly are then invited to their common friends' marriage, where Lilly is visibly impressed by Bobby's newfound maturity enabling him to effortlessly forgive and party with Bulliah's brother and his gang. She asks Bobby to marry her since she's eager to start a life with him. But Bobby states that there is no urgency for their marriage and instead asks her to focus on her career goals now that she's physically fit. To his surprise, Lilly reveals that she has left cricket for good. She is angry at Bobby for persistently forcing her to go back to her cricketing life and walks away. Lilly increasingly feels that Bobby has forgotten the passionate love he once had for her. At the same time, Bobby starts to wonder why Lilly has suddenly lost all passion for cricket.

One day, Bobby spots Lilly's former teammate and friend Rubina, who now works in a tailoring shop. She tells Bobby the whole truth of what transpired in Lilly's life after he had left. During a high-profile tournament, Lilly's team won the cup, and she was also named the "best player". The chief-guest and presenter of the awards, Ramesh Rao, who is a south-zone selector for BCCI, lusts for Lilly. He meets with Lilly in his office the next day and demands her to sleep with him to get selected for the national team. Lilly is visibly shaken and reduced to tears by this demand. Still, she refuses to lodge any complaint due to fear of confrontation, despite entreaties from her good friend Rubina in whom she had confided. But Rubina complains on Lilly's behalf anyway, and getting wind of this, Ramesh Rao barges into their change-room and physically assaults both Lilly and Rubina. Lilly, who gets even more shaken and distressed due to this incident, meets with an accident shortly afterwards while crossing the road in a daze. Due to her fractured leg and the sexual assault of Ramesh Rao, Lilly was now severely scarred mentally and slipped into psychological breakdown and depression. On finally coming to know of all this through Rubina, Bobby gets furious and beats Ramesh Rao black and blue with his comrade friends. He then comes to Lilly and breaks down in front of her apologising for ever having left her. Lilly is unaware of the reason for this sudden confession but is heartened by the fact that some of his old passion for her has returned. But Bobby then takes Lilly to the police station where his friends were waiting, lodging an official police complaint against Ramesh Rao on the sexual harassment incident. Lilly, suddenly realising the reason for Bobby's emotional turnaround, refuses to co-operate with his plans for taking strong punitive action against Ramesh Rao. She instead complains that everybody has only ever tried to force their own will on her while nobody has ever bothered to ask her what she really wants. Her own father had also discouraged her earlier when she told him about the incident, as he believed it would ruin the family's reputation. Her agitated father, who is now with her in the Police Station, escorts her back home away from a frustrated Bobby whose vigorous requests to her to stay back and fight for her rights like true comrades goes unheeded.

Seeing the old aggressive streak in Bobby again, Lilly is now convinced that Bobby's temperament had never really changed and that he only pities her present state rather than loving and respecting her. Despite Jaya's advice, she decides to meet up with a groom her family has arranged for her. Bobby comes into her house in the middle of this and tries to convince her one last time entreating her not to run away from her life and promising to Not to let her collapse like the comrade soviet union. But Lilly blames him for not being around when she really needed him years ago and that she now sees a future with the new groom. Much to Bobby's dismay, she tells him that she would completely forget him in a few years, just like he had done to her. A tearful Bobby leaves her place, flashing back to his life over the past few years in Ladakh, where he had attempted to find peace in life and heal his broken heart, but in vain. Lilly's memories had been with him every breath of the way. Ignorant of all this, Lilly gets confirmation of her marriage to be scheduled within the month and is suddenly consumed by the painful prospect of losing Bobby forever. She desperately reaches out for Bobby's old voice recorder that he had left for her as a hearing aid. But the recordings in it were all Bobby's own personal messages to her over their years of separation that revealed his passionate and undying love for Lilly. She is ecstatic, but it is soon cut short by the news that the video footage of Bobby assaulting Ramesh Rao has gone viral, and the media has now made it a national issue. Lilly and her family are now firmly thrust into the media's limelight. The Board of Control for Cricket in India appoints a four-member committee to investigate the allegations against Ramesh Rao.

The police officer in charge of the sexual assault investigation, who is a friend of Ramesh Rao, arrests Bobby and incarcerates him. Bobby refuses to let the hook off Ramesh Rao despite being thrashed and threatened in custody. The officer also visits Lilly's family and tries to coerce Lilly to lie in exchange for the safe release of Bobby. So in her deposition before the BCCI committee, she reluctantly states that she wasn't sexually harassed and assaulted by Ramesh Rao, despite Bobby being present there and continuously urging her to take that one last step towards justice. Bobby is severely disillusioned by Lilly's defeatist stance and gives up the fight for justice. He apologises for all the trouble he has caused everyone. He lies that he did all this out of some personal vengeance against Ramesh due to his anger management issues and that he only knew Lilly as a neighbour's distant relative and had seen her just a few times. This hurts Lilly badly, and she tries to hold onto Bobby while he was being escorted back by the police. But he tearfully pushes her away, stating that their journeys are so different that they can never meet. Ramesh Rao then goes on to insult both Bobby and Lilly in the court and demands an apology from Lilly for false allegations and defaming him and says that this was all just a cheap publicity stunt used by a mediocre player like her. Lilly, enraged by this and already hurt by Bobby's crestfallen lies, attacks Ramesh Rao in front of the committee and angrily confesses that he had indeed sexually harassed and assaulted her, abusing his position as a selector. She swears to Ramesh Rao that she would break into the national team and captain it one day. Bobby gets to watch all this from the sidelines unseen by Lilly and is delighted to see the return of the passionate cricketer in her.  Later, when questioned by the media outside, Lilly faces them fearlessly and says that every woman should have a Comrade who supports her in her journey and instills courage in her to fight for her rights. She then desperately seeks out Bobby and tells him that she finally overcame her fears to nail Ramesh Rao and even beat him up in front of everyone. Bobby smilingly reveals that he did witness Lilly coming to her own. Lilly then forces Bobby to take back his earlier hurtful statements about their different journeys. A beaming Bobby does so, and the two lovers reunite, having finally embraced their true selves. During the credits roll, Bobby drops Lilly at the National Cricket Academy and gives her a fist bump reaffirming that she is his true comrade.

Cast

 Vijay Devarakonda as Bobby
 Rashmika Mandanna as Lilly
 Shruti Ramachandran as Jaya, Lilly's cousin
 Raj Arjun as Ramesh Rao
 Suhas as Martin
 Vikas as Raghu
 Divya Sripada as Anitha, Raghu's girlfriend
 Vinay Mahadev as opposite gang
 Charuhasan as Bobby's grandfather
 Anand as Bobby's father
 Kalyani Natarajan as Bobby's mother
 Pratyusha Jonnalagadda as Rubina
 Tulasi as Jaya's mother
 Sanjay Swaroop as Lilly's father
 Ashrita Vemuganti as Lilly's mother
 Srikanth Iyyengar as Police Officer

Production

Development
In May 2018, it was reported that Vijay Deverakonda will join with debutant director Bharat Kamma for a new film. The first look poster of the film was unveiled on Devarakonda's birthday, 9 May 2018, with the title Dear Comrade, also being announced. While sources claimed that the film will be a remake of Malayalam movie Comrade in America (2017) starring Dulquer Salmaan as the protagonist, the director and actor denied its connection with the movie. Rashmika Mandanna, was selected to play the female lead, collaborating with Deverakonda for the second time, after Geetha Govindam (2018). Vijay Devarakonda plays the lead role of a student leader, while Rashmika essayed the role of a female cricketer. After completing the pre-production work by its month end, the team planned to kickstart the film's shoot in June 2018, but was delayed further, in order to complete the shooting commitments, of the other lead actors, while the team used to finalise, other principal cast and crew. In July 2019, it was reported that Sai Pallavi was earlier chosen for the film's female lead. However, she rejected the script due to the lip-lock scenes between the lead actors.

Filming
The film's pooja ceremony was launched on 2 July 2018. Apart from the film's cast and crew, M. M. Keeravani provided the first clap for the film while Chandra Sekhar Yeleti switched on the camera. Bharat handed the script to directors Sukumar and Koratala Siva. Principal photography began very soon after the launch. However, production further delayed, due to the actor's involvement in other projects. The film's second schedule took place in Kakinada in December 2018, after the completion of the first schedule. The shoot came to a halt, after Vijay faced an injury while boarding a running train, as a part of the film's scene. The actor also suffered from fever and exhaustion, while shooting the film, which led him to be hospitalised, which further delayed the film. Filming was completed on 28 April 2019.

Soundtrack

Release
The film was originally scheduled to release on 31 May 2019, was postponed in order to avoid clash with Suriya's NGK. On 9 May 2019, Deverakonda announced that the film will be released on 26 July 2019 in Telugu, Tamil, Kannada and Malayalam languages.

The film was also dubbed and released in Hindi on YouTube by Goldmines Telefilms on 19 January 2020. The Hindi dubbed version crossed more than 307 million views on YouTube.

Marketing
The official teaser of the film was released on 17 March 2019, landed in controversy, after both the lead actors being trolled over the kissing scene featured in the clip. Rashmika stated in response to the controversy, that since the particular scene in the film demanded a lip lock scene, it is a responsibility for an actor to do justice for the role. She further added, "No movie should be judged solely on the basis of a lip-lock scene. It should be seen as a whole."

A promotional event titled Dear Comrade Music Festival, took place across Bengaluru, Cochin, Chennai and Hyderabad, for the film's marketing purposes. The film's marketing team announced its collaboration with Airtel India, as their sponsor.

Reception

Critical response
Hemanth Kumar of Firstpost said that the film is "an intense but uneven film". Giving the film a 3/5, he adds, "Dear Comrade is beautifully written and the love story between the two characters is sheer magic, but then it straddles between two worlds that are loosely held together" Sudhir Srinivasan of The New Indian Express gave the film a 4.5/5 by praising the movie for its direction and the acting of its leading roles. Writing for The Times of India, Suhas Yellapantula gave 3.5 stars and said that the film "makes you think, keeps you guessing and plays with your emotions. After the film, there's a good chance you'll walk out with your collar up and ready to raise your voice against anything that doesn't sit right with you — even if it's just for a while." Janani K of India Today wrote that "Vijay Deverakonda and Rashmika Mandanna's Dear Comrade is about the relationship between two contrasting characters. While the film addresses an important message on sexual harassment, it gets hidden under mass moments. Watch it for the performances. Director Bharat Kamma had a solid script in hand, and a relevant one at that." Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of The Hindu wrote, "Rashmika Mandanna and Vijay Deverakonda shine in director Bharat Kamma's film that underlines the importance of being a comrade". Karthik Kumar, in his review for Hindustan Times, gave 3.5 stars out of five and wrote that "Dear Comrade does tumble towards the end with a slightly below par climax, but it's still an effort you want to appreciate. The film, about life, love and facing our worst fears, achieves more than one can imagine, and that's what makes it a winner."

Box office
Dear Comrade collected around 18 crore on its opening day. It collected 30-33 crore in the first weekend. According to International Business Times, Dear Comrade grossed a total of 37.33 crores till the end of the year 2019.

Remake
Filmmaker Karan Johar has acquired the rights of producing a Hindi remake of the film.

References

External links

2010s Telugu-language films
2019 action drama films
Indian action drama films
2019 films
Telugu films remade in other languages
Indian romantic drama films
2019 romantic drama films
Films about sexual harassment
Indian romantic action films
Mythri Movie Makers films

Dear Comrade


Eugen von Bamberger (5 September 1858 – October 1921) was an Austrian internist born in Würzburg, Kingdom of Bavaria. He was the son of pathologist Heinrich von Bamberger (1822–1888).

He studied medicine at the Universities of Vienna and Würzburg, receiving his doctorate in 1882. Afterwards he worked as an assistant to Hermann Nothnagel (1841–1905) at the Allgemeines Krankenhaus in Vienna. From 1891, he was a director of internal medicine at the Rudolfsspital.

In 1889, he provided a detailed description of a condition that has become known as hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy. During the following year, French neurologist Pierre Marie (1853–1940) was able to differentiate the syndrome from acromegaly. The term "Bamberger-Marie disease" is sometimes used for hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy.

Publications
 Veränderungen der Röhrenknochen bei Bronchiektasie. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, 1889, 2: 226.
 Über Knochenveränderungen bei chronischen Lungen- und Herzkrankheiten. Zeitschrift für Klinische Medicin, Berlin, 1891, 18: 193-217.
 Ein Fall von osteoplastischem Prostatakarzinom. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, 1899, Nr. 44. (with Richard Paltauf 1858-1924) -- treatise on osteoplastic carcinoma.
 Note: He is not to be confused with German chemist, Eugen Bamberger (1857–1932).

References

External links
 Eugen von Bamberger @ Who Named It

Austrian internists
Physicians from Würzburg
1858 births
1921 deaths
Austrian untitled nobility
German emigrants to Austria-Hungary

Eugen von Bamberger


Operation Sea Signal was a United States Department of Defense operation in the Caribbean in response to an influx of Cuban and Haitian migrants attempting to gain asylum in the United States. As a result, the migrants became refugees at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base. The operation took place from May 1992 to February 1996 under Joint Task Force 160. The task force processed over 50,000 refugees as part of the operation. The U.S. Coast Guard and U.S. Navy rescued refugees from the sea and other migrants attempted to cross the landmine field that then separated the U.S. and Cuban military areas. Soldiers, Airmen, and Marines provided refugee camp security at Guantanamo Bay, and ship security on board the Coast Guard cutters. This mass exodus led to the U.S. immigration implementation of the Wet Feet Dry Feet Policy. The mass Cuban exodus of 1994 was similar to the Mariel boat lift in 1980.

Background
As economic, political, and social problems continued in Cuba many citizens were looking to the United States for better opportunities. These problems led to several demonstration across Cuba in early 1994. In response to anti-government demonstrations in Havana on August 5, 1994, Fidel Castro threatened to allow a mass exodus to the United States. A few days later Castro ordered his security forces not to interfere with anyone trying to leave. Almost immediately a wave of boat people known as Balseros, set out in home made rafts, boats, and inner-tubes to try to reach the United States. These devices were hastily made, overcrowded, and lacked enough food and water for the trip. The United States Military set out to help save the lives of the Balseros, and provide safety and security for them at the U.S. military base at Guantanamo Bay. Upon finding the Balseros they were rescued and boarded unto U.S. Navy, and U.S. Coast Guard vessels. Many of the boat people were already suffering from heat injuries, and many had no food or fresh water. Several young boys and girls under the age of 10 were found floating alone on inner-tubes. The children talked of their mothers or fathers being taken by sharks during the voyage. Several refugees died during the journey and numerous rafts were found completely empty or broken into several pieces. Many of the boats that had engines were out of fuel and were floating in the current.

Operations
Early in the operation migrants were being transported to Key West, Florida. However, as the exodus did not abate, preparations began to quickly accommodate the large influx of migrants to the base at Guantanamo. Military dependents were sent back to the United States not only for security, but also to help alleviate the water shortages that would plague the base during the course of the Operation. Tent cities were constructed by military personnel at several sites across the windward side of the base, including Camp Alpha, Camp Bravo. Camp Golf, and Camp X-Ray. The base golf course and the McCalla airfield on the windward side were also reutilized as refugee holding camps. First established for Operation Sea Signal, notably Camp X-Ray, were reopened after the September 11 terrorist attacks to form the basis of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp.

Camp conditions were challenging due to high heat conditions, water shortages, lack of restroom facilities, and large amounts of trash. The camps were secured using fences constructed of concertina wire covered in netting and were surrounded by portable light generators. Refugees lived in tents, and slept on military issue cots. Portable restrooms were located throughout the camp, and Navy Seabees constructed concrete shower facilities within the camps. Camp security included interior camp patrols, exterior camp patrols, and fixed exterior towers.

Refugees were assigned to specific camps for several different reasons. Cuban and Haitian camps were separated from each other. There were specific camps for intact families, camps for single men, and separate camps for unaccompanied minors. There were not enough unaccompanied single women to fill an entire camp, but the camps often had tents that were set aside for only them. There was also a camp located at Camp X-Ray for refugees who committed various crimes while at Guantanamo Bay. Originally there was a combined camp for all single Men and Women, however due to several problems that arose from these combined living conditions the two groups were separated.

Camp living conditions improved on a daily basis throughout the operation. All day long you could view camp soccer matches, with many different teams within each camp. In the beginning of the mission U.S. Humanitarian rations were distributed as the main meals, and then military style chow halls were added to the camps. August/September 1994 Haitian migrants rioted in protest of the plain white rice they were given to eat three times a day. The riots got violent causing many injuries to military personnel. Military personnel brought riot control gear to the deployment but were not allowed to use it as the US Army deemed the situation a humanitarian effort. Rioters threw rocks, tent poles and glass bottles of Gerber baby food during the uprisings. Meat and flavoring were added to the rice at that point. Rioting resumed after several weeks of calmness when it was purported to Haitian refugees by a news organization that the Cuban refugees on the other side of the base were being given money for being detained and Haitians were not. Artwork was constantly being created by the refugees, and the art work was displayed for the refugees, and the U.S. military to view. Several of the drawings and painting depicted the refugees travels across the Ocean, with several depictions of shark attacks.

All refugees were interviewed and screened by U.S. immigration personal deployed to the base for operations. Haitian refugees were repatriated and returned to their country under a joint agreement between Haiti and the United States. Following an agreement between the U.S. and Cuban governments exodus was once again prevented by Cuba. The Cuban refugees were allowed entry into the United States, and the camps were removed and the base returned to normal conditions.

United States military forces
United States Army

1st Battalion, 12th Infantry Regiment of the 4th Infantry Division deployed to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba from 29 August 1994 - 25 February 1995 in support of Joint Task Force 160 to provide refugee camp security at Camp Alpha, Camp Bravo, Camp Golf, Camp Mike, Camp Quebec, Camp Romeo, Camp Sierra, and Camp X-Ray. This unit also served as a quick reaction force to quell any refugee uprisings, built refugee housing camp facilities, escorting refugees for medical treatment, repatriation of Haitian refugees, distribution of food and supplies, and main base security. The Regiment was housed in a tent city located on the football field of the W.T. Sampson High School. Awards for participation in Joint Task Force 160 include the Humanitarian Service Medal, and the Joint Meritorious Unit Award.

9th Infantry Regimental Combat Team (L), 7th Infantry Division (L) Fort Ord, California and Fort Lewis, Washington. 2–9, "Manchus" along with augmentation from the 79th Forward Support Battalion and the 13th Engineer Company, deployed from Ft. Lewis to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba in support of Operation Sea Signal where they provided security and humanitarian assistance. Task Force 3rd Manchu as they became known returned to Ft. Lewis in June 1995. December 1994 to May 1995: C Company 3/9 was sent to Panama for operation joint task force - "Safe Haven" Cuban migrant humanitarian relief to support the 92D military police battalion
 1st Battalion, 3rd ADA, 4th Infantry Division, Fort Carson, Colorado. 1-3 ADA with attached Alpha and Charlie Companies of the 299th Engineer Battalion deployed in early February 1995 to Guantanamo Bay to assist in the construction of four camps (Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, and Delta) on Radio Range near the southeast corner of the naval base. subsequently TF 1-3 ADA received Cuban refugees from Panama and McCalla Camps then secured and administered the new camps through the unit's redeployment to Fort Carson on 19 July.  In early March 1995 TF1-3 ADA was enlarged with the attachment of the 366th Security Police Company (USAF) which assumed the internal security mission for Camp Bravo.
2nd Battalion, 2nd ADA (31st ADA Bde, Ft Hood TX), was tasked with quick reaction force and external security at Camp Xray
2nd Armored Division, 1-66th Armor, Fort Hood, Texas
Delta Battery, 2nd Battalion, 5th ADA, 31st Air Defense Brigade, Fort Hood
411th Civil Affairs Battalion (Tactical)
ARFOR 161
75th Field Artillery Brigade
 5th Battalion, 18th Field Artillery Regiment
 1st Battalion, 17th Field Artillery Regiment
89th Military Police Brigade, Fort Hood June - November 1994.
209th Military Police Company, Ft. McClellan Alabama. August 1994 - February 1995 Camp Romeo and Camp Tango
293rd Military Police Company, Ft. Stewart, Georgia. September 1994 through January 1995. Camps India, Kilo and Lima, Mag 110, Mag 291.
65th Military Police Company (Airborne), Ft. Bragg, North Carolina. August 1994 through December 1994. Multiple Camps
977th Military Police Company, Ft. Riley, Kansas. January 1995 through July 1995. Camps Kilo, Mike & X-Ray
300th MP Company, Ft. Leonard Wood, Missouri, September 5, 1994 - February 1, 1995. Integral to the operation.
293rd MP Co, Ft Meade, Oct 91 to Feb 92
463rd Military Police Company, Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri February 1995 - August 1995. Camp X-Ray
571st Military Police Company, Fort Lewis WA, November 1, 1993 - April 1, 1994 Camp Mike.
13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary)
The 43rd Sustainment Brigade is a U.S. Army Forces Command combat service support unit stationed at Fort Carson, Colorado.
 553rd Corps Support Battalion at Fort Hood
 24th Quartermaster Company, Fort Lewis WA, March 1995 - August 1995. Food, fuel, clean water, generators and water pumps. Moving 2+ Barges of food a week into warehouses on McCalla Hill and then onto trucks for distro to the camps.
C Company, 61st Area Support Medical Battalion, Ft Hood TX

United States Marine Corps
Marine Barracks Ground Defense/Security Force was re-designated in 2000 as Marine Corps Security Force Company.
2nd Battalion 4th Marines participated in Operation Sea Signal, augmented by 1st Battalion 8th Marines Weapons Company. During this deployment, over 2,500 Haitian immigrants were processed aboard the USNS Comfort (T-AH-20), CMV Ivan Franco, and CMV Griuzy. 2/4 also provided security for refugee camps aboard the U.S. Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba during this operation.
1st Battalion 2nd Marines participated from August - November 1994
2nd Battalion 25th Marines participation from September - October 1994
2nd Battalion 24th Marines participation from October - November 1994
1st Battalion 6th Marines
2nd Battalion 6th Marines
3rd Battalion 6th Marines January - March 1995
1st Battalion 23rd Marines
3rd Battalion 2nd Marines July - October 1995
2nd Marine Aircraft Wing 1995
8th Marine Regiment- Headquarters Co., August - December 1994
 4th Civil Affairs Group September - October 1994
MARFOR 160
Task Force 167
2nd Tank Btln TOW Platoon July - October 1994

United States Coast Guard
USCGC Courageous (WMEC-622) First Vessel On-scene
USCGC Gallatin (WHEC-721)
USCGC Boutwell (WHEC-719)
USCGC Tampa (WMEC-902)
USCGC Forward (WMEC-911)

United States Navy
USS Whidbey Island LSD-41 In August 1994, Whidbey Island rescued and transported over 8,100 Cuban migrants from the Straits of Florida.
USNS Comfort (T-AH-20) Comfort was ordered to activation to serve as migrant processing center for Haitian migrants. During this mission, Comfort served as the first afloat migrant processing center. She set out for the Caribbean with a crew of 928 military and civilian personnel from various federal government and international agencies. On June 16, 1994, the first Haitian migrants were taken aboard. Over the months deployed, the population on board swelled to 1,100. Shortly after, Comfort was ordered to discontinue processing and sailed for Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba to drop off its remaining 400 migrants.
USS Klakring (FFG-42) from Charleston, S.C. transports Cubans, who were picked up at sea, to the Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay August 1994.
Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 74- Deployed to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba in June, 1994.
Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 4- deployed to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, Grand Turk Island and Panama in support of Operation Sea Signal to construct facilities for 20,000 Cuban migrants. The 35 million dollar quality of life improvement program consisted of two cities on 125 and 150-acre (0.61 km2) sites. Work included constructing 1,341 strong back tents, building 67 concrete block buildings, installing over 17 miles (27 km) of underground piping and 53 miles (85 km) of electrical cable and placing 11,700 cubic yards (8,900 m3) of concrete.
USS Ashland (LSD 48)
NAVFOR 165
Task Force 165

United States Air Force
6th Air Transportable Hospital (ATH) was deployed from the 6th Medical Group (MacDill Air Force Base, Florida) in July 1994
59th Air Transportable Hospital (ATH) was deployed from the Wilford Hall U.S. Air Force Medical Center (Lackland Air Force Base, Texas) in August 1994.
141st Resource Management Squadron
81st Medical Group was deployed from Keesler AFB Medical Center starting in August 1994.
21st Airlift Squadron
21st Security Police Squadron (13-man team plus three K9 handlers; Peterson Air Force Base)
22d Security Police Squadron (McConnell AFB, Kansas)
781st Security Police Squadron
60th Security Police Squadron (Travis Air Force Base)
314th Services Squadron (Little Rock Air Force Base, Arkansas)
50th Airlift Squadron (Little Rock Air Force Base, Arkansas)
5th Combat Communications Group (Robins Air Force Base, Georgia)
99th Security Police Squadron, Law Enforcement Element (Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada)
436th APMF (aug 1995)
5th Civil Engineer Squadron (Minot Air Force Base) North Dakota
7th Civil Engineer Squadron (Dyess Air Force Base) Texas
1st Civil Engineering Squadron (Langley Air Force Base) Virginia
347 Security Police Squadron (Moody Air Force Base) Georgia
176th Medical Group (1 RN; Kulis Air National Guard Base, Anchorage Alaska)
95th Security Police Squadron, 44 person Law Enforcement Team (Edwards AFB, California) was the final United States Air Force Security Police unit to perform security duties at the McCalla Hangar and the original Camp X-ray. Upon completion of their mission in summer 1995, the mission was turned over to U.S. Marine Corps personnel.

Other
Joint Task Force Comfort
Joint Task Force Services Group
Joint Logistics Support Group
Joint Task Group Bulkeley
Joint Task Force GTMO
Headquarters, Joint Task Force 160
American Red Cross

Operations Safe Haven and Safe Passage
These operations by the United States Joint Task Force 160 (September 8, 1994 – March 15, 1995)  to relieve the overcrowded migrant camps at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base.

Safe Haven established four camps on Empire Range, Panama to provide a safe haven for up to ten thousand Cuban migrants. Safe Passage then returned the migrants to Guantanamo after the crowded conditions could be alleviated. Camps were established in Panama as a result of an agreement between the US and Panamanian governments that permitted the Cubans to remain in Panama for six months. Cuban migrants continued to arrive until the camps reached their peak occupancy of 8,600. Of these 8,600, approximately 1,280 Cubans entered the United States in mid-October 1994 as a result of a program of parole entry by the US Department of Justice. In addition, 110 Cubans were accepted by Spain, and 10 by Venezuela.

Due in part to uncertainty about their future, some of the Cuban migrants became increasingly restless as the weeks went by. The growing tension led to disturbances and riots on December 7–8, 1994, which were quickly controlled by US military members. During the riots, more than 200 US military personnel and 30 Cubans were injured and two Cuban migrants drowned in the Panama Canal while attempting to flee from the camps. There was also considerable property damage, including the destruction of various military vehicles, computers, and telephones.

As the expiration of the US-Panamanian agreement permitting the Cubans to stay in Panama approached, planning began for Operation Safe Passage—the return of the Cubans to Guantanamo Bay Naval Facility. Between February 1, 1995, and February 20, 1995, several hundred Cubans were transported from Panama to Guantanamo Naval Base. The mission of the transfer operation was to move the Cuban migrants from Safe Haven camps in Panama to Guantanamo in a safe, orderly manner.

The 299th Engineer Battalion and the 1st Battalion, 3rd Air Defense Artillery Regiment, 4th ID, Fort Carson, Colorado was also part of Operation Sea Signal and JTF 160 from January 1995 - June 1995.

Joint Meritorious Unit Award
Citation to accompany the award of the Joint Meritorious Unit Award to the Joint Task Force 160 (23 June 1995) General John Shalikashvili, USA, Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff

The Joint Task Force 160, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, distinguished itself by exceptionally meritorious achievement from 20 May 1994 to 19 May 1995. During this period, the soldiers, sailors, Marines, airmen, and coast guardsmen of the Joint Task Force 160 provided emergency temporary humanitarian assistance to both Cuban and Haitian migrants under extraordinary circumstances that involved international interest. The Joint Task Force interdicted on the high seas, transported and off loaded over 50,000 Caribbean migrants from Coast Guard and Navy vessels, and provided shelter, security, nourishment, and medical attention. It also coordinated multi-agency operations at various centers throughout the Caribbean to identify, process, and transport Cuban and Haitian migrants to the United States safe haven locations, and back to Haiti or Cuba. With empathy and dedication to duty the Joint Task Force professionally aided large numbers of migrants during periods of extreme tension, while simultaneously serving US immigration interests and furthering US national policy. These difficult and complex tasks were accomplished in a superior fashion over many months despite political and legal controversy, limited logistical support, overwhelming numbers of migrants and the extraordinary nature of this non-doctrinal mission. By their exemplary performance of duty, the members of Joint Task Force 160 have brought great credit upon themselves and the Department of Defense.

Notes

References

1994 CUBAN EXODUS REMEMBERED

Humanitarian military operations
20th-century history of the United States Army
Non-combat military operations involving the United States

Operation Sea Signal


The Muharraq Governorate is one of the five governorates of Bahrain. It is together with the municipality of Al Muharraq and with Muharraq Island and with outlying islets. It includes the former municipality of Al Hadd at the southern end of that island.

Muharraq is Bahrain's second largest city and is also called the "Place of Ashes".

Muharraq Governorate


ESIEE Management (previously named ISTM or Institut Supérieur de Technologie et de Management) is a French business school created in 1995. ESIEE Management is operated by the Paris Chamber of Commerce. It is located in the east of Paris in Marne-la-Vallée. The school is part of the ESIEE network of graduate schools.

Institution

ESIEE Management

ESIEE Management is a business school for high tech projects where management and technologies are inseparable.
Courses are based on learning management concepts and the knowledge of a technical subject. The academic disciplines and the 10 months of internship allow graduate students to be quickly effective in companies. The possibility to spend the third year in a foreign country gives the opportunity to students to pursue an international career.

The academic specializations are:
 Management and Biotechnology or Bioindustry:
This specialisation gives the opportunity to students to acquire knowledge in life sciences.
 Management and Computer Science or Digital Communications:
This specialization was created to respond to the need for versatility in the fields of data processing, telecommunications and finance.
 Management and Advanced Materials or Integrated Engineering:
This specialization takes place in the automobile and aeronautics field and associated services to accompany the major changes to these industries.

Admissions

ESIEE Management is one of the French Grandes écoles, and as such it requires passing a selective entrance examination.
Students are admitted to ESIEE Management with a scientific or technical degree. Admission in the first year is also possible after two years of university.

Accreditations

 International accreditations

The ESIEE Management is accredited by the Conférence des Grandes Ecoles and by the Chapitre des écoles de management. It confers a master's degree.

International partnerships

The ESIEE Management has signed partnership agreements with foreign schools and universities.
The school is a member of the Erasmus Programme, the European Union's Socrates Programme and it is a partner of the CREPUQ, the official body in charge of student exchanges concerning universities in Quebec and Canada.

Some of the partners of the school are:

  - Université du Québec à Montréal
  - Université Laval
  - Engineering College of Copenhagen
  - Turku School of Economics and Business Administration
  - Politecnico di Milano
  - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
  - Inholland University of Applied Sciences in Alkmaar
  - University of Exeter
  - University of Liverpool

Research

Research is a priority to the management school. First, it contributes to the increase of knowledge and then, in management as in the other scientific disciplines, competitive research is a key factor to economic development, which supports innovation.

ESIEE Management has a search Committee, made up of teacher-researchers. This committee is in charge of orientating the research and evaluates the work in adequacy with the research goals of the ISTM.

The research programs offer the students academic and practical lessons based on academic research and observation of companies.

Student life

Campus

Created in 1983, the Campus Descartes city is the largest center for higher education and research of the East of Paris.
It is composed of 18 high education establishments such as the École des Ponts ParisTech, Engineers 2000, the university of Marne-the-Valley and of course its school of technology, ESIEE Paris.

More than 15,000 students work in this area and the campus is located at 20mn from the heart of Paris by RER.

Sport

The students have quality facilities including a gymnasium covering 2000 m², a weight training room and a climbing wall. More than 20 sport activities are offered, among them, martial arts, handball, tennis, rugby and volleyball.

Clubs

 BDE : Students' Union in charge of the organization of social activities and sports events.
 Energie ISTM : Junior Enterprise managed by students who offer consulting services to companies, related to their field of studies.
 4L Trophy : Humanitarian association.

See also
 Education in France
 Grandes Écoles

External links
http://www.esiee-management.fr/

Educational institutions established in 1995
Grandes écoles
Business schools in France
1995 establishments in France

ESIEE Management


The German Tank Museum () is an armoured fighting vehicle museum in Munster, Germany, the location of the Munster Training Area camp (not to be confused with the city of Münster). Its main aim is the documentation of the history of German armoured troops since 1917.

It originated in 1983 from the instructional collection of the Panzertruppenschule, the Bundeswehr (German Army) school for training officers and NCOs of German armoured units. It is now a museum open to the public, jointly run by the municipality of Munster and the Lehrsammlung der Panzertruppen und Heeresaufklärungstruppe am Ausbildungszentrum Munster (teaching collections of the armoured combat troops).

The museum site covers an area of over . including  of exhibition halls. In 2003 the museum opened a new building for special displays, a museum shop and a cafeteria.

Exhibits
The museum displays tanks, military vehicles, weapons, small arms, uniforms, medals, decorations and military equipment from World War I to the present day. The heart of the exhibition is a collection of about 40 Bundeswehr and former East German (Nationale Volksarmee) tanks as well as 40 German tanks and other Wehrmacht vehicles from the Second World War. In addition there are tanks from the Soviet Red Army, the British Army and the United States Army from the Second World War, as well as other modern tanks such as the Israeli Merkava. There is also one Swedish tank, the Stridsvagn m/21-29, a modified German LK II. Most of the vehicles are in working order, with restoration work ongoing to render all examples functional. The restoration staff of the museum do extensive research on every vehicle in order to return it to its original configuration and paint scheme. The large collection of armoured vehicles includes some rare or unique types. For example, the museum has a replica of an A7V German First World War tank, the only example of its type in (continental) Europe, with the only other being at The Tank Museum. Also, there is an armoured police vehicle from the Weimar Republic era, the Daimler DZVR 21. In addition it has one of only two existing Sturmpanzer VI as well as a prototype version of the Jagdpanzer IV. From the post-war era there is a range of Bundeswehr prototypes, including a Leopard 1, Kanonenjagdpanzer tank destroyer and MBT-70, the abortive US-German design. The interior of a Leopard 1 tank, situated outside, can be entered via a flight of steps and a ladder in the turret.

By its own account the museum does not just want to show tanks as an exhibit of history of technology. With the ongoing reforms it wants to put them in a scientific-historical context. Tanks as technical objects are seen as starting points for broader historical contexts, which the museum wants to the tell of his exhibits in many historical perspectives: as Social, Economic, Political and Cultural History. As an actor in modern military history the museum still includes the old perspectives of the museum: operational history and political history still have their place in the Tank Museum.

The Elemente des Krieges ("Elements of War"), thematically groups smaller exhibits into four areas or "paths":
 The "Iron" path displays small arms and ammunition from 17th century to the present and focusses primarily on the history of technology.
 The "Textile" path displays uniforms from late 19th century to the present; these exhibits focus mainly on social history.
 The "Gold" path presents medals and decorations from late 19th century to the present; these exhibits focus on cultural history.
 The "Wood" path displays war toys from 20th and 21st century and primarily concentrates on everyday history.
Further special exhibits are the death mask of Erwin Rommel and his tunic, which was thought to be an original for a long time. The fake uniform is now exhibited with an explanation of how the forgery was discovered and why a museum has to examine its exhibits time and again.

Gallery

References

External links

English language webpage
Home page of volunteers of German Tank Museum Munster

Military and war museums in Germany
Lüneburg Heath
Museums in Lower Saxony
Tank museums
Transport museums in Germany

German Tank Museum


Eugenio Beltrami (16 November 1835  18 February 1900) was an Italian mathematician notable for his work on non-Euclidean geometry, electricity, and magnetism.

He was born in Cremona in Lombardy, then a part of the Austrian Empire, and now part of Italy.  Beltrami first began studying mathematics at University of Pavia in 1853, but was forced to discontinue his studies in 1856 because of financial hardship.  He was appointed to the University of Bologna as a professor in 1862, the year he published his first paper.  Beltrami later taught at universities in Pisa, Rome and Pavia.  He died in Rome in 1900.

In 1868, (in Essay on an interpretation of non-Euclidean geometry) Beltrami gave the first model of hyperbolic geometry.  In Beltrami's model, lines of hyperbolic geometry are represented by geodesics on the pseudosphere.  Thus, Beltrami provided the first proof that Euclid's parallel postulate could not be derived from the other axioms of Euclidean geometry.

Other websites
 http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Beltrami.html

1835 births
1900 deaths
Italian mathematicians
People from Cremona
Geometers

Eugenio Beltrami