Re-exportation, also called entrepot trade, is a form of international trade in which a country exports goods which it previously imported without altering them. One such example could be when one member of a free trade agreement charges lower tariffs to external nations to win trade, and then re-exports the same product to another partner in the trade agreement, but tariff-free. Re-exportation can be used to avoid sanctions by other nations.

Definition of re-export
Re-exports consist of foreign goods exported in the same state as previously imported, from the free circulation area, premises for inward processing or industrial free zones, directly to the rest of the world and from premises for customs warehousing or commercial free zones, to the rest of the world.

When dealing with trade data, it is essential to subtract re-exports from normal exports to arrive at the final value of exports.  This is necessary because re-exports do not undergo any value-added processes, so cannot be counted towards a nation's exports.

Examples
For example, the United Arab Emirates may have engaged in re-exportation of goods to Iran as a way for Iran to avoid U.S. trade sanctions against it. Thus re-exportation involves export without further processing or transformation of a good that has been imported. In contrast, Finland imported crude oil from the Soviet Union as part of bilateral trade between these two countries and refined the oil for export to other Western European countries, while the Soviet Union did not intend to sell oil to these capitalist countries, but this was not re-exportation because the crude oil was refined before selling.
Dubai has emerged as the major re-export center for the entire Middle East region.

See also
 Re-importation

References

Export

Re-exportation


Palam Marg is essentially a stretch of the Outer Ring Road of New Delhi which serves as the access point to the affluent neighbourhood of Vasant Vihar in South West Delhi.  On one side of the road, there are twenty five houses which are a mixture of embassies and high profile residences.
 These, separated from the main road by a service road, are considered to be among the best addresses in Delhi and since the plots of land are large, come at a premium.  On the other side of the road are a mixture of parks and the famous Malai Mandir.
Well known past and present residents include Ajay Bijli, the owner of PVR Cinemas, Aroon Purie Media tycoon, Deepak Kothari, owner of Kothari Products known for Pan Parag.

1, Palam Marg was for many years the Chilean Embassy in India. It was a special house of much grandeur, designed by the Austrian architect K.M. Heinz. The former Chilean ambassador wrote an extended piece on the history and significance of this house and described it as The House of Spirits.

13, Palam Marg was the first house to be made on the street. It belongs to the Jain family.

Embassies
Diplomatic missions on the road include:
Embassy of Spain
Embassy of Portugal
Bahrain High Commission
Embassy of Oman
Embassy of Kazakhstan
Embassy of Nigeria
Embassy of Panama
Embassy of Saudi Arabia
Malaysia High Commission
British High Commission branch
Colombian Embassy
Kenya High Commission
Embassy Of Tunisia

References

http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?235617
http://www.rediff.com/money/2008/feb/23lux.htm

Streets in New Delhi
Roads in Delhi

Palam Marg


Ulrich Libbrecht (10 July 1928, Avelgem – 15 May 2017) was a Belgian philosopher and author in the field of comparative philosophy. His magnum opus consists of four books in Dutch - called "Introduction to Comparative Philosophy".

An abbreviated version of these works in English, entitled "Within the Four Seas... Introduction to Comparative Philosophy" was published by Peeters Ed. (Leuven, 2007) This book explains how a comparative model, based on the paradigm-free axes of energy and information, accommodates the current world-views of Taoism, Buddhism and Rationalism – representing the Chinese, Indian and Western heritage - and shows how science and religion interrelate within such a global framework.

Prof. dr. Ulrich Libbrecht was an authority in the field of Eastern and Comparative philosophy. He studied sinology in Gent, graduated cum laude in 1972 at the University of Leiden (R.U. Leiden) and that same year became a professor in sinology, Chinese philosophy and buddhology at the University of Leuven. He also founded the School for Comparative Philosophy in Antwerp (Belgium) and School Philosophy East-West in Utrecht (Netherlands).

Ulrich Libbrecht died on 15 May 2017, in the Belgian town of Ronse. No cause of death was released.

See also
Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections

References

External links
Official website

1928 births
2017 deaths
20th-century Belgian philosophers
People from Avelgem
Academic staff of the Old University of Leuven

Ulrich Libbrecht


Acrohobia is the fear of heights. People with acrophobia experience a fear or phobia when they are at a certain height, and they are being made aware of it. The word is derived from Ancient Greek akros - top, height, and phobia - fear.  People who do not suffer from acrophobia are said to have a head for heights. Vertigo is often used to describe a fear of heights.

Phobias

Acrophobia


Jefferson's Garden is a 2015 play by Timberlake Wertenbaker. It premiered at the Watford Palace Theatre from 5 to 21 February 2015, with Jefferson played by William Hope. It begins in the 1750s, but is centred on the period from 1776 to the early 1790s, covering the American Revolutionary War and its aftermath. It is named after Thomas Jefferson's gardens at Monticello and contrasts his part in writing the American Declaration of Independence with the continuation of slavery in the American colonies and on Jefferson's lands after independence.

See also
 List of plays and musicals about the American Revolution
 Thomas Jefferson on slavery

External links
Peter Aspden, "Timberlate Wertenbaker on 'Jefferson's Garden'", Financial Times, 30 January 2015
http://www.watfordpalacetheatre.co.uk/page/jeffersons-garden#-About
Michael Billington, "Jefferson's Garden review – Timberlake Wertenbaker's American tragedy", The Guardian, 10 February 2015
Mark Lawson, "Timberlake Wertenbaker: 'You can't get a straightforward history of America'" The Guardian, 7 February 2015.

Plays based on real people
British plays
Plays set in the United States
2015 plays
Cultural depictions of Thomas Jefferson
Plays about the American Revolution
Plays about American slavery
Plays set in the 18th century

Jefferson's Garden


George Eman Vaillant (; born June 16, 1934) is an American psychiatrist and Professor at Harvard Medical School and Director of Research for the Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital. Vaillant has spent his research career charting adult development and the recovery process of schizophrenia, heroin addiction, alcoholism, and personality disorder.  Through 2003, he spent 30 years as Director of the Study of Adult Development at the Harvard University Health Service.  The study has prospectively charted the lives of 724 men and women for over 60 years.

Biography
George Eman Vaillant's father, George Clapp Vaillant, killed himself in 1945. George Eman, who was 10 years old at the time, was traumatized by his father's suicide and thus had deep emotional reasons for being interested in psychiatry. He graduated from Harvard College and Harvard Medical School, did his psychiatric residency at the Massachusetts Mental Health Center and completed his psychoanalytic training at the Boston Psychoanalytic Institute. He has been a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, is a Fellow of the American College of Psychiatrists and has been an invited speaker and consultant for seminars and workshops throughout the world.

A major focus of his work in the past has been to develop ways of studying defense mechanisms empirically; more recently, he has been interested in successful aging and human happiness.

In 2008, he took up a supervisory role for psychiatric trainees at St. Vincent's Hospital in Melbourne, Australia. In June 2009, Joshua Wolf Shenk published an article in the Atlantic Monthly entitled "What Makes Us Happy?" which focused on Vaillant's work in the Grant Study, a study of 268 men over many decades.

Vaillant has been married four times, once to psychotherapist Leigh McCullough. He currently lives in California.

Awards
Vaillant has received the Foundations Fund Prize for Research in Psychiatry from the American Psychiatric Association, the Strecker Award from The Pennsylvania Hospital, the Burlingame Award from The Institute for Living, and the Jellinek Award for research on alcoholism.  In 1995 he received the research prize of the International Psychogeriatric Society.

Editorial board membership
Vaillant sits on the Honorary International Advisory Board of the Mens Sana Monographs.

He joined the board of trustees of Alcoholics Anonymous as a Class A (non-alcoholic) trustee in 1998.

Books
Vaillant, GE (1977), Adaptation to Life, Boston, MA, Little, Brown, 1977 (also Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Hardcover, 396pp ) [also German, Korean and Chinese translations] (Reprinted with a new preface in 1995 by Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA)
Vaillant, GE (1983), Natural History of Alcoholism, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press
Vaillant, GE (1992), Ego Mechanisms of Defense: A Guide for Clinicians and Researchers, Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press
Vaillant, GE (1993), The Wisdom of the Ego, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press,
Vaillant, GE (1995), The Natural History of Alcoholism Revisited, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, [also (Brazilian) Portuguese translation]
Vaillant, GE (2002), Aging Well,  Boston, Little Brown,
Vaillant, GE (2008), Spiritual Evolution: A Scientific Defense of Faith, Broadway Books,
Vaillant, GE (2012), Triumphs of Experience: The Men of the Harvard Grant Study, Belknap Press,
Vaillant, GE (2017), Heaven on My Mind: Using the Harvard Grant Study of Adult Development to Explore the Value of the Prospection of Life After Death, Nova Science Publishers, Inc.,

See also

 Postponement of affect
 Career consolidation
 Keeper of the Meaning

References

Further reading
"Conversation with George Vaillant." Addiction. 2005 Mar; 100 (3):274-80.
"Interview: A Doctor Speaks". AA Grapevine Magazine, May 2001, Vol. 57, No. 12.

"Vaillant on 'Spiritual Evolution'". Brief review of most recent book.
"What Makes Us Happy?". Article in the Atlantic.

1934 births
Living people
American psychiatrists
Harvard Medical School alumni
Researchers in alcohol abuse
The Harvard Lampoon alumni
Alcoholics Anonymous
Harvard College alumni
Physicians of Brigham and Women's Hospital

George Eman Vaillant


Remismund (or Rimismund) (died 469) was the Suevic king of Galicia from c. 464 until his death.

According to Isidore of Seville, Remismund was a son of Maldras. Remismund's early career was spent as an ambassador between Galicia and Gaul, which trip he made several times. After an interregnum of approximately four years (460–464), during which the Sueves who had previously recognised Maldras as king were led by Frumar and those who had recognised Framta followed Rechimund while both their leaders fought for the throne, Remismund, returning from one of his embassies, succeeded in having himself recognised as king of a unified Suevic people. This occurred after Frumar's death, but scholars are not certain of the significance of that statement. Had Frumar become sole king? Or did Remismund initially succeed Frumar only over part of the Suevic nation? Furthermore, Remismund is sometimes identified with Rechimund.

Remismund was confirmed in the kingship when the Visigothic monarch, Theodoric II, sent him gifts, including weapons, and a Gothic princess for a wife. The involvement of Theodoric in the succession of Remismund has, however, been exaggerated by Jordanes, who claims that after the Gothic king put down the revolt and usurpation of Aioulf, he allowed the Suevi to elect a king of their own, and they chose Remismund. In 466, on the authority of Hydatius, Theodoric sent an envoy, Salla, to the court of Remismund. Remismund may have sent one Palagorius, a noble Galician, as an envoy to Theodoric, but it is possible that Palagorius went on a private mission.

In 465 he sacked Coimbra or Conímbriga and in 468 destroyed it, plundering the goods of a noble family called the Cantabri. In 469 the city of Lisbon was betrayed to the Suevi by a native Roman named Lusidius. Also in 469 Remismund began negotiations with the Roman Emperor Anthemius through a large embassy of Sueves led by Lusidius.

In 466 he requested an Arian missionary from the Gothic court and received Ajax, a Gaul or Galatian, who converted the Suevic nobility and established an Arian church in Galicia.

Sources

Arias, Jorge C. "Identity and Interactions: The Suevi and the Hispano-Romans." University of Virginia: Spring 2007.
Thompson, E. A. Romans and Barbarians: The Decline of the Western Empire. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1982. .

Notes

5th-century Suebian kings
469 deaths
5th-century Arian Christians
Year of birth unknown

Remismund


Salvador Viniegra y Lasso de la Vega (November 23, 1862 – April 29, 1915) was a Spanish historical painter and patron of the arts.

Biography
Born in Cádiz, Viniegra began studying law but soon decided to be a painter and entered the Escuela de Bellas Artes de Cádiz, where he was taught by Rámon Rodríguez Barcaza and José Pérez Jiménez. He concentrated initially on painting watercolors, and a series of works in that genre, which grew eventually into an album, earned him his first taste of public success, in 1877. In the following years, he won various painting prizes at regional exhibitions and traveled to Rome, where he devoted himself to the study of life drawing.

Returning to Spain in 1882, he competed that same year in the Exposición de Hernandéz, submitting the painting Un patio de Sevilla as his entry.  Later, another work of large proportions, La bendición de los campos en 1800, was exhibited at the Exposición Nacional de Madrid in 1887 and received the first prize in its category.

In 1890, he won a merit scholarship to study at the Academia Española de Bellas Artes in Rome where he resided until November 1896, and this Italian period marked the richest in his vast oeuvre. Displayed in Munich, Rome, and Budapest, his works were reproduced ceaselessly, making him one of the most popular painters in Europe. In 1897, La romería del Rocío was exhibited at the Sala Dante de Roma and at the Exposición Nacional de Bellas Artes de Madrid. It also appeared at the World's Fairs in 1898 in Munich and Vienna, where it won several gold medals. The painting continued its international tour when a Polish dealer agreed to exhibit it in various cities in Eastern Europe. Viniegra finally donated it to the Museo de Arte Moderno in Madrid in 1905.

Settling in Madrid, Viniegra was named the deputy director and conservator of the city's Prado museum in 1898. During this time, he became an important patron of the arts. Being a notable cellist himself, he gave particular support to musicians, among his beneficiaries being the composer Manuel de Falla and the cellist and conductor Juan Ruiz Casaux. He died in Madrid.

References

External links

19th-century Spanish painters
19th-century Spanish male artists
Spanish male painters
19th-century painters of historical subjects
20th-century Spanish painters
20th-century Spanish male artists
1862 births
1915 deaths
Orientalist painters
People from Cádiz
Spanish philanthropists
19th-century philanthropists

Salvador Viniegra


Giovanni Paolo I Sforza (March 1497 – December 1535) was an Italian condottiero, the first in the Sforza family line of the Marquesses of Caravaggio.

He was a legitimized son of Ludovico il Moro, duke of Milan, and Lucrezia Crivelli. In 1513, when his half-brother Massimiliano shortly restored the family seignory in Milan, he took part in the defence of Novara against the French. When his other half-brother Francesco II made a similar attempt (1525), Giovanni Paolo was besieged in the Castello Sforzesco by the Spaniards under Antonio de Leyva; three years later he was again besieged by them in Lodi, this time with victorious results.

In 1532, after the peace of Bologna between Francesco II and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, he received in reward the title of marquess of Caravaggio. Three years later, after Francesco's death, he moved to the Kingdom of Naples (then under Spanish suzerainty) to reclaim the Duchy of Milan for himself, but died midway at Florence under mysterious circumstances. Some sources says that he was poisoned by de Leyva.

He was married to Violante Bentivoglio (1505–1550) whose maternal great-grandfather was  Galeazzo Maria Sforza (died 1476) Duke of Milan. Giovanni's son Muzio I Sforza succeeded him in Caravaggio and in the county of Galliate.

See also
House of Sforza
Italian War of 1521-1526
War of the League of Cognac

References

1497 births
1535 deaths
Giovanni Paolo 1
16th-century condottieri
16th-century Italian nobility

Giovanni Paolo I Sforza


The Plains of San Agustin (sometimes listed as the Plains of San Augustin) is a region in the southwestern U.S. state of New Mexico in the San Agustin Basin, south of U.S. Highway 60. The area spans Catron and Socorro Counties, about  west of the town of Socorro and about 25 miles north of Reserve.  The plains extend roughly northeast-southwest, with a length of about 55 miles (88 km) and a width varying between 5–15 miles (8–24 km).  The basin is bounded on the south by the Luera Mountains and Pelona Mountain (outliers of the Black Range); on the west by the Tularosa Mountains; on the north by the Mangas, Crosby, Datil, and Gallinas Mountains; and on the east by the San Mateo Mountains.  The Continental Divide lies close to much of the southern and western boundaries of the plains.

Geology
Geologically, the Plains of San Agustin lie within the Mogollon-Datil volcanic field, just south of the southeast edge of the Colorado Plateau, and west of the Rio Grande Rift Valley.  The basin is a graben (a downdropped block which subsided between parallel faults).  The graben is younger than the Datil-Mogollon volcanic eruptions. The flat floor of the plains was created by a Pleistocene lake (Lake San Agustin). Although the graben has dropped an estimated , the surface relief has been reduced to about  by sedimentation. A great deal of the sediments entered the San Agustin basin prior to the formation of Lake San Agustin in the last glacial period. There is no evidence of tectonic activity in the area after Lake San Agustin became extinct.

Ecologically, the plains lie near the northern end of the Chihuahuan Desert (though the ranges surrounding the Gila River headwaters intervene), which is dominated by shrublands.

Climate
The Plains of San Agustin has a cold semi-arid climate (BSk).

Landmarks

The plains are probably best known as the site of the Very Large Array, a radio astronomy observatory.  The plains were chosen for the observatory because of their isolated location away from large population centers, and the partial shielding effect of the surrounding mountain ranges. The edges of the plains have sites of archaeological interest such as a prehistoric rockshelter known as Bat Cave.

Other sites in the area include a ghost town called Old Horse Springs and the Ake Site, a prehistoric occupation site.

Notes

Sources
 Powers, William E. (1939) "Basin and Shore Features of the Extinct Lake, San Augustin, New Mexico" Journal of Geomorphology 2: pp. 345–356
 Weber, Robert H. (1994) "Pluvial Lakes of the Plains of San Augustin" In Chamberlin, R.M. et al. (1994) Mogollon Slope, West-Central New Mexico and East-Central Arizona pp. 9–11, New Mexico Geological Society, Forty-Fifth Annual Field Conference, Socorro, New Mexico.
 Holliday, Vance T. 'et al.'' (2007) "Paleoindian Geoarchaeology and the Archaeological Potential on the Plains of San Augustin, New Mexico" Argonaut Archaeological Research Fund, Department of Anthropology and Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
 Woodward, Susan L.  (November 1996) "North American Deserts" Geography Department, Radford University, Radford, Virginia, USA

External links

Landforms of Catron County, New Mexico
Great Divide of North America
Landforms of New Mexico
Landforms of Socorro County, New Mexico
Plains of the United States

Plains of San Agustin


Corpus Christi College (full name:The College of Corpus Christi and the Blessed Virgin Mary) is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was built in 1352 and is special because it was created by local people living in Cambridge, not by royals or nobles as most of the other colleges. It is one of the smallest colleges with about 450 students.

Corpus Christi College has the oldest court in Europe, Old Court, finished in 1356. The New Court, that also has the chapel (small church), was built in 1827. On the corner of the student's library there is the Corpus Clock, a clock made of gold which has a very complicated mechanism. The clock is visible on the main street of Cambridge, King's Parade. The college has another library, the Parker library, that has very old and precious books.

Some very famous people have studied here, like Thomas Cavendish.

References

Other websites
Official website

Colleges of the University of Cambridge
1352 establishments
14th-century establishments in England
1350s establishments in Europe

Corpus Christi College, Cambridge


Alicia Jeannette Theriot Knoll (born January 23, 1943) is a former member of the Louisiana Supreme Court.

Knoll announced that she would retire at the end of 2016 rather than seek re-election. She was succeeded by James T. Genovese (born August 1949), who defeated Republican Marilyn C. Castle, 133,369 votes (51%) to 128,598 (49%), in the primary election held on November 8, 2016. This was the same day as the presidential balloting. The Louisiana Secretary of State lists Genovese as a Republican on its election returns, but as a registered Independent on the voter portal. He may have switched registration after his election, or one of the party labels may be incorrect.

Background
A native of Baton Rouge, Alicia, known as Jeannette, is one of 10 children of Alfred Joseph Theriot and the former Marie Bailey. Reared in Gueydan in Vermilion Parish in southwestern Louisiana, she moved with her family to New Orleans, where she graduated from St. James Major High School.

In 1961, at the age of 18, Theriot won a scholarship from the New Orleans Opera Guild and the Metropolitan Opera Association to study voice at the Mannes College of Music in Greenwich Village in New York City. She continued to study music on a voice scholarship at Loyola University Music School in New Orleans. She was invited to be a guest soloist with the New Orleans Philharmonic Symphony and the New Orleans Summer Pops.

In 1966, she obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from the Roman Catholic-affiliated Loyola University in New Orleans. In 1969, she received the Juris Doctor from Loyola Law School. Much later, in 1996, as a circuit court judge, Knoll (who had married and changed her name) obtained a master of laws in the judicial process from the University of Virginia School of Law in Charlottesville, Virginia.

Judicial career

In 1982, Knoll was elected to Louisiana Court of Appeal for the Third Circuit, First District, Division A, which encompassed eight parishes for a 10-year term. She defeated Alfred Ameen Mansour (1925-2010) of Alexandria, fellow Democrat and state court judge, winning with 34,562 votes (53.4 percent) to 30,124 (46.6 percent). Mansour won his home parish, Rapides by 7,000 votes.

In 1992, Knoll won all eight parishes to gain her second 10-year term on the appeals court. She defeated the Edward Larvadain, Jr., an African-American attorney from Alexandria, with 47,581 votes (81%) to 11,165 (19%).

On September 21, 1996, Knoll was elected to the Louisiana Supreme Court seat for the Third District, which encompassed all or parts of 11 parishes.  She defeated fellow Democrat Jack Crozier Watson, a lawyer from Lake Charles, 102,560 (54.7%) to 84,861 (45.3%) and won by a three-to-one margin in Avoyelles Parish. She joined the Supreme Court on January 1, 1997. In 2006, Knoll was unopposed for her second and final 10-year term on the high court.

From 1972 to 1982, Knoll had been the first assistant district attorney for the 12th Judicial District Court in Marksville. Her husband, Jerold Edward "Eddie" Knoll, Sr. (born 1941), son of the late Edmond Knoll and the former Myrtle Humphries of Simmesport in Avoyelles Parish, a Democrat, was elected in 1976 as the 32nd district attorney for the 12th District, serving from 1977 to 2003. Earlier, Jeannette Knoll had served as the public defender for indigent cases in Avoyelles Parish. She also represented pro bono the Selective Service System board in Marksville.

Knoll was an instructor for the Louisiana Judicial College and a past president of the Business and Professional Women's Foundation. In 1995 and 2002, she received the Outstanding Judicial Award from the crime-fighting interest group,  Victims and Citizens Against Crime, Inc. Still another group, Louisiana Crimefighters, named her "Outstanding Jurist of the Year".

Jeannette and Eddie Knoll have four living sons, Eddie Knoll, Jr. (born 1975), Edmond "Sonny" Humphries Knoll (born 1977), Blake Theriot Knoll (born 1980), and Jonathan Paul Knoll (born 1981). Their oldest son, Triston Kane Knoll (1971-2011), practiced law in Marksville with his father and brothers until his death in Alexandria, at the age of 39. He was inducted in 2007 into the Louisiana Justice Hall of Fame.

In 2000, Knoll was inducted into the Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame in Winnfield. She is the only current member of the Louisiana Supreme Court to have received this honor. Former Chief Justice Catherine D. Kimball was inducted in 2011.

References

External links

1943 births
Living people
American opera singers
Circuit court judges in the United States
Lawyers from New Orleans
Louisiana Democrats
Louisiana state court judges
Justices of the Louisiana Supreme Court
Loyola University New Orleans alumni
Loyola University New Orleans College of Law alumni
University of Virginia School of Law alumni
People from Marksville, Louisiana
People from Gueydan, Louisiana
Politicians from Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Lawyers from Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Politicians from New Orleans
Singers from Louisiana
20th-century American women judges
20th-century American judges
21st-century American women judges
21st-century American judges

Jeannette Knoll


Moyet  is a brand of cognac and a company. The Moyet house was founded in 1864 by Euthrope Moyet, a vine grower and a distiller.  An unusual aspect of the history of Moyet is that it has had only three cellar masters since it was founded in 1864, with the founder working until 1918 and the founder's apprentice working until 1978. This continuity is said to give the house a unique philosophy and style, particularly with regard to maintaining the very highest traditional standards.

Cognac Moyet is served on several airlines, including SAS.

Cognac Moyet is situated in Cognac, France.

External links
 Cognac Moyet – Company website

Cognac
Distilleries in France

Moyet


Pesto (meaning Paste) is a type of sauce that originated in the Italian region of Liguria. The uncooked sauce is made of basil which is crushed. Other ingredients are garlic, salt, pine nuts, olive oil, and certain types of cheese (most often Parmesan cheese, Pecorino Sardo or Pecorino Romano).

Pesto is often used as a sauce for pasta.

There is a similar dish in the Provence, in France. It contains no nuts or cheese. It is called Pistou.

Sauces

Pesto


Ana Lupaș (born 1940, Cluj) is a Romanian installation artist, textile artist, and photographer. She studied at the Institute of Fine and Decorative Art in Cluj-Napoca. She first exhibited her art in 1965 at the National Exhibition for Decorative Arts, Bucharest. In 2016 her work was exhibited at the Museion, Museo d'Arte Moderna e Contemporanea in Bolzano, Italy. The same year the Tate purchased her large scale work "The Solemn Process
1964–2008 (1964–74/76; 1980–5; 1985–2008)". The work took five decades to complete and was first shown in 2008 at Taxispalais in Innsbruck.  The Solemn Process included mixed media of, straw, metal and photographs, and used local workers to help build and pose with some of the sculptures, which were eventually included in the art piece itself. As years went by, some sculptures had to be re-built into longer lasting materials. Lupaș wanted to mimic the harvesting process of Romania, as well as illustrating that art itself, can be an evolving process.

As early as the 1960s, Lupaș became interested in the expressive power of textiles and the relationship between object and body covering. Near the end of the decade, Lupaș began working on two specific pieces that would capture this idea. She began working on the series Identity Shirts in 1969. This series used "pieces of cloth...overwritten like palimpsests with the sewing machine, with pens, with ink, and even with blood." She is also well known for Humid Installation (1970), which affirmed her interest in depicting her native Romania's farming culture. She currently lives in Cluj-Napoca.

References

External links
 images of The Solemn Process at the Tate

1940 births
Living people
Artists from Cluj-Napoca
Contemporary artists
20th-century Romanian women artists
21st-century Romanian women artists

Ana Lupaș


Anatol Kagan, (4 October 1913, St. Petersburg, Russian Empire – 2 July 2009, Hunters Hill, Australia) was a Russian Empire-born Australian architect.  Over a professional career that spanned more than seven decades, and three continents, Kagan was active not only in the field of architecture and design but also as a writer, translator, lecturer and political activist.

Early life and training

Born in St Petersburg, Kagan was the son of Abraham S Kagan (rus. Абрам Каган; 1889 - 1983)  - a university lecturer/publisher and a school teacher.  As a young child, Anatol witnessed the atrocities of the Russian Revolution, which aroused a deep concern for social justice that would remain with him for the rest of his life.  In 1922, Kagan's father became one of many intellectuals to be exiled from the new Soviet Union aboard the so-called Philosophers' Ships.  The family settled in Berlin, where Kagan's father re-established his publishing business and Kagan himself commenced his architectural studies at the Technische Universität Berlin. Completing his Diploma of Architecture in 1937, Kagan found himself unable to obtain work in Berlin, as he was a foreigner.  This, coupled with the increasingly unstable political situation in Germany at the time, prompted the family to leave Berlin.  Intending to emigrate to Australia, Kagan travelled to Melbourne via London, where he worked for a few months in an architect's office.  His parents and younger sister settled in the United States, and Kagan would not see them again until 1962.

Architectural career

After arriving in Melbourne in 1939, Kagan worked in the offices of several prominent architectural firms of the day, including Hugh & Arthur Peck, Seabrook & Fildes, Joseph Plottel, and Geelong-based firm of Buchan, Laird & Buchan.  By 1942, he had commenced his own private architectural practice in partnership with a friend and fellow Russian emigre, Yuri Blumin.  Their firm, styled as Blumin & Kagan, undertook several projects, including a box factory and an apartment block, that were published in contemporary books and journals.  However, the promising partnership ended prematurely when wartime building restrictions brought Australia's construction industry to a virtual standstill.

Kagan then entered the government sector, working for the Department of Works & Housing on the design of military camps.  He was subsequently involved in the development of the Beaufort House, a prototypical steel dwelling that was designed by architect (and one-time employee of Walter Gropius) Arthur Baldwinson.  After the War, Kagan decided to recommence his private practice with his former government colleague, Albert Young together with his erstwhile pre-war partner, Yuri Blumin, and Blumin's army friend William Millar.  The practice specialised in large luxurious residences for wealthy businessmen, many of whom were members of Melbourne's thriving post-war Jewish emigre community.  It was such links that led to Kagan being selected as design architect for the new campus of Mount Scopus Memorial College in Burwood.

In 1957, Kagan participated in the competition for the Sydney Opera House, which he prepared during a brief stay in that city.  While his entry was unplaced, his drawings were later displayed as part of an exhibition to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the competition in 2007.  As the only surviving competitor from the original competition at that time, Kagan spoke briefly at the opening of the exhibition, and recorded an audio guide that explained the philosophy behind his own entry.

By 1960, Kagan had tired of designing luxury houses for moneyed businessmen.  Wishing to create buildings that might have a more profound impact on society, he took a position with the Public Works Department in Sydney, where he was involved in the design of high school buildings and, later, mental hospitals.  He remained employed there until his retirement in 1973.

Political activist
Kagan's left-wing political leanings were heavily influenced by the circumstances of his early life and upbringing: witnessing the Russian Revolution and its aftermath during the late 1910s, his family's expulsion from Russia in the 1920s, and the discrimination of Nazi regime in Berlin in the 1930s.  As a teenager, Kagan read the works of Leon Trotsky and subsequently embraced socialist thinking.  After settling in Australia, Kagan became associated with the Sydney-based Balmain Trotskyists, led by Nick Origlass, and would remain a member of the Australian Labor Party for the rest of his life.  To honour his contribution and dedication in the party, he was awarded life membership of ALP in 1994 and, after his death, his family received personal message of condolence from three one-time Labour Prime Ministers: Paul Keating, Kevin Rudd and Bob Hawke.

See also
 House at Caulfield

References

External links
Relating videos of Anatol Kagan's architecture, YouTube.com
WotNews on ANATOL KAGAN 1913-2009
A comrade to the end, theage.com.au

1913 births
2009 deaths
Architects from Berlin
Russian Jews
Architects from Melbourne
Australian Trotskyists
Australian labour movement
Australian people of Russian-Jewish descent
Jewish socialists
Soviet emigrants to Germany
German emigrants to Australia

Anatol Kagan


Jonathan Jeremy Goldberg is editor emeritus of the newspaper The Forward, where he served as editor in chief for seven years (2000–07). He served in the past as U.S. bureau chief of the Israeli news magazine The Jerusalem Report, managing editor of The Jewish Week of New York City, as a nationally syndicated columnist in Jewish weeklies, as editor in chief of the Labor Zionist monthly Jewish Frontier, as world/national news editor of the daily Home News (now the Home News Tribune) of New Brunswick, New Jersey, and as a metro/police-beat reporter for Hamevaker, a short-lived Hebrew-language newsweekly published for the Israeli émigré community in Los Angeles.

Goldberg is the author of Jewish Power: Inside the American Jewish Establishment, published in 1996. His previous books include Builders and Dreamers (1993) and The Jewish Americans (1992).

Early life

Goldberg was born in New York City and raised in Massapequa, Long Island, until age 13, when he moved with his family to Washington, D.C. After graduating from Woodrow Wilson High School he moved to New York City in the winter of 1967, working in a picture-frame factory. He enrolled in McGill University in 1968, after spending a year on the Habonim Workshop at Kibbutz Urim in the Negev. At McGill, he was active in the Student Zionist Organization, and was an editor of its weekly campus newspaper, Otherstand. He became active in left-wing student Jewish causes nationally in the U.S. and Canada, including the Radical Zionist Alliance and the North American Jewish Students Network, where he was elected to the steering committee in 1970.

Pre-journalism
Before entering journalism, Goldberg lived and worked in Israel through much of the 1970s. He served as an education specialist at the World Zionist Organization and was a member of the founding Gar'in (settlement group) of Kibbutz Gezer, near Tel Aviv, where he served a term as the kibbutz secretary-general. He has worked in the past as a taxi driver in New York City, a Jewish communal worker in Los Angeles and a construction laborer in Israel.

He earned a master's degree in journalism at Columbia University in 1985 and a B.A. in Jewish studies and Islamic studies at McGill University in 1972, along with certificates in film animation from the School of Visual Arts and in kibbutz supply purchasing from the Ruppin Institute (now the Ruppin Academic Center) near Hadera.

In 1972 Goldberg was appointed as director of the American Jewish Congress National Commission on Youth.

He has served as a member of the central committees of the Ihud HaKvutzot VeHaKibbutzim Federation, the Israel Labor Party Young Guard and Habonim (now Habonim Dror), and was a sharpshooter in the Israel Border Police civil guard.

Journalistic career
Goldberg became editor of The Forward in 2000 and left the position in 2007 to write a book.

Books
 Jewish Power: Inside the American Jewish Establishment. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1996.
 Builders and Dreamers: Habonim Labor Zionist Youth in North America. Cornwall Books, 1993. (editor)
 The Jewish Americans. Bantam-Doubleday-Dell, 1992.

References

External links
 J. J. Goldberg at The Forward.

Living people
1949 births
American male journalists
Jewish American journalists
American taxi drivers
Kibbutzniks
People from Massapequa, New York
Woodrow Wilson High School (Washington, D.C.) alumni
21st-century American Jews

J.J. Goldberg


A war cabinet is a committee formed by a government in a time of war to efficiently and effectively conduct that war.  It is usually a subset of the full executive cabinet of ministers, although it is quite common for a war cabinet to have senior military officers and opposition politicians as members.

United Kingdom

First World War

The British War Cabinet
Prior to the First World War, the British had the Committee of Imperial Defence. During World War I, it became a war committee.

During the First World War, lengthy cabinet discussions came to be seen as a source of vacillation in Britain's war effort.

The number of cabinet ministries grew throughout the nineteenth century. Following dissatisfaction at the conduct of the Crimean War, Disraeli proposed that the number of cabinet members never exceed 10 (he had 12 at the time). However, this didn't happen, and the number of ministries continued to grow: 15 in 1859, 21 in 1914, and 23 in 1916. Despite talk of "inner circles" within the Asquith Administration, all committees reported to the 23 cabinet ministers, whose priorities were diverse in nature, and who had final say over war policy formation for the first two years of World War I.  This cumbersome arrangement could not stand; a more efficient way of prosecuting the war was needed.

In December 1916 it was proposed that Prime Minister H. H. Asquith should delegate decision-making to a small, three-man committee chaired by the Secretary of State for War, David Lloyd George. Asquith initially agreed (provided the committee reported to him and he retained the right to attend if he chose) before changing his mind after being infuriated by a news story in The Times which portrayed the proposed change as a defeat for him. The political crisis grew from this point until Asquith was forced to resign as Prime Minister; he was succeeded by David Lloyd George who thereupon formed a small war cabinet. The original members of the war cabinet were:

David Lloyd George
Lord Curzon of Kedleston (Lord President of the Council)
Bonar Law (Chancellor of the Exchequer)
Arthur Henderson (December 1916 – August 1917)
Alfred, Lord Milner (December 1916 – April 1918)

Lloyd George, Curzon and Bonar Law served throughout the life of the war cabinet.  Later members included:

Jan Smuts (June 1917 – January 1919)
George Barnes (May 1917 – January 1919)
Edward Carson (July 1917 – January 1918)
Austen Chamberlain (April 1918 – October 1919)
Sir Eric Geddes (January 1919 – October 1919)

Unlike a normal peacetime cabinet, few of these men had departmental responsibilities – Bonar Law, and then Chamberlain, served as chancellors of the exchequer, but the rest had no specific portfolio.  The title of, "Minister Without Portfolio" was important. It allowed total devotion to war duties, without the distraction of civil cabinet responsibilities.  Among others, the Foreign Secretary, Arthur Balfour, was never a member of the war cabinet, nor were the service ministers Lord Derby (Army) and Sir Edward Carson (Navy).  The latter did join, but only after leaving the Admiralty. Whenever these specialties were needed by the war cabinet, they were summoned.  The functioning of the war cabinet is best summed up by Lord Hutchison during a Parliamentary debate held on 14 March 1934.

Despite its efficiency, on 8 June 1917 at Lord Milner's urging, it became necessary to form a War Policy Committee within the War Cabinet to coordinate war strategy.  Its members included Lloyd George, Lord Milner, Lord Curzon, Jan Smuts, and Maurice Hankey. Upon his transfer from the War Cabinet to the War Office as Secretary of State for War in April 1918, the X Committee was created so Lord Milner could meet with the Prime Minister before War Cabinet sessions to continue the talks.

Previously, all cabinet members were paid based upon their cabinet status.  With the creation of Ministers Without Portfolio, it was suggested that these positions go unpaid.  Indeed, Lord Lansdowne, a millionaire, while a member without portfolio in Prime Minister Asquith's government, received no pay. The debate, which took place in the House of Commons on 13 February 1917, was decided in the new government's favour. Appropriations of £5,000 a year (£350,000 in 2020) were made.

The British War Cabinet marked the first time minutes were recorded of official meetings. This innovation set the trend for all important corporate and governmental meetings since.

With the World War over, and the two main peace treaties signed with Germany and Austria-Hungary, Lloyd George decided to discontinue the War Cabinet.  Its last meeting was held on 27 October 1919.

The Imperial War Cabinet

The origins of an Imperial War Cabinet date back to the beginning of Lloyd George's government, and the proper way of responding to peace offerings from Germany.  The first mention of a conference in the War Cabinet happened on 18 December 1916. In January invitations were sent out, and in the spring of 1917 the Imperial War Cabinet was formed.  Goals were also established to strengthen imperial federation by upgrading the status of the Dominions and India to an equal footing with that of England when coordinating war strategy.  The Imperial War Cabinet met in three sessions: from March to May 1917, from June to August 1918, and from August to December 1918. The last session was improvised.  It occurred due to Allied successes on the battlefield and a desire of dominion partners to keep abreast of events.  Its original members were:
 Arthur Henderson (British War Cabinet)
 Lord Alfred Milner (British War Cabinet)
 George Curzon (British War Cabinet)
 Bonar Law (British War Cabinet and future Prime Minister)
 Lloyd George (British War Cabinet and Prime Minister of Great Britain)
 Robert Borden (Prime Minister of Canada)
 W.F. Massey (Prime Minister of New Zealand)
 Jan Smuts (Minister for Defence, South Africa)
 S.P. Sinha (Representative of Bengal)
 Maharajah of Bikanir (King of (Northern) India)
 James Meston (Assistant to the Secretary of State for India, Great Britain)
 Austen Chamberlain (Secretary of State for India, Great Britain)
 Robert Cecil (Minister of Blockade, Great Britain)
 Walter Long (Secretary of State for the Colonies, Great Britain)
 Joseph Ward (Finance Minister of New Zealand)
 George Perley (Overseas War Minister of Canada)
 Robert Rogers (Minister of Public Works, Canada)
 J.D. Hazen (Minister of the Navy, Canada)
 Leopold Amery (Assistant Secretary from Great Britain)
 Admiral Jellicoe (First Sea Lord, Great Britain)
 Edward Carson (First Lord of the Admiralty (civilian head of the Navy), Great Britain)
 Lord Derby (Secretary of State for War, Great Britain)
 General Maurice (Director of Military Operations, Great Britain)
 Maurice Hankey (Assistant Secretary from Great Britain)
 Henry Lambert (Colonial Office, from Great Britain)
 Major Lancelot Storr (Assistant Secretary from Great Britain)

To strengthen ties between countries, the writing of an Imperial Constitution was a significant priority in 1917.  However, the delegates postponed the matter until after the war, and they failed to take it up.

Minutes to the Imperial War Cabinet meetings are held at the National Archives (Kew).

Second World War
Germany invaded Poland early on 1 September 1939, and after to-ing and fro-ing with French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet, an ultimatum was presented to the Germans and on its expiry war was declared at 11am on 3 September 1939.

Chamberlain war ministry

On 3 September 1939, Neville Chamberlain announced his War Cabinet.

Prime Minister: Neville Chamberlain (Cons)
Lord Privy Seal: Sir Samuel Hoare (Cons)
Chancellor of the Exchequer: Sir John Simon (Nat. Liberal)
Foreign Secretary: Viscount Halifax (Cons)
Secretary of State for War: Leslie Hore-Belisha (Nat. Liberal)
Secretary of State for Air: Sir Kingsley Wood (Cons)
First Lord of the Admiralty: Winston Churchill (Cons)
Minister for the Coordination of Defence: Lord Chatfield (Nat.)
Minister without Portfolio: Lord Hankey (Nat.)

Dominated largely by Conservative ministers who served under Chamberlain's National Government between 1937 and 1939, the additions of Lord Hankey (a former Cabinet Secretary from the First World War) and Winston Churchill (strong anti-appeaser) seemed to give the Cabinet more balance. Unlike Lloyd George's War Cabinet, the members of this one were also heads of government departments.

In January 1940, after disagreements with the Chiefs of Staff, Hore-Belisha resigned from the National Government, refusing a move to the post of President of the Board of Trade. He was succeeded by Oliver Stanley.

It was originally the practice for the Chiefs of Staff to attend all military discussions of the Chamberlain War Cabinet. Churchill became uneasy with this, as he felt that when they attended they did not confine their comments to purely military issues.  To overcome this, a Military Co-ordination Committee was set up, consisting of the three Service ministers normally chaired by Lord Chatfield.  This together with the Service chiefs would co-ordinate the strategic ideas of 'top hats' and 'brass' and agree strategic proposals to put forward to the War Cabinet.  Unfortunately, except when chaired by the Prime Minister, the Military Co-ordinating Committee lacked sufficient authority to override a Minister "fighting his corner".  When Churchill took over from Chatfield, whilst continuing to represent the Admiralty, this introduced additional problems, and did little to improve the pre-existing ones.  Chamberlain announced a further change in arrangements in the Norway debate, but this (and the Military Co-ordination Committee) was overtaken by events, the Churchill War Cabinet being run on rather different principles.

Churchill war ministry

When he became Prime Minister during the Second World War, Winston Churchill formed a war cabinet, initially consisting of the following members:

 Prime Minister & Minister of Defence: Winston Churchill (Conservative)
 Lord President of the council: Neville Chamberlain (Conservative)
 Lord Privy Seal: Clement Attlee (Labour)
 Foreign Secretary: Lord Halifax (Conservative)
 Minister without Portfolio: Arthur Greenwood (Labour)

Churchill strongly believed that the War Cabinet should be kept to a relatively small number of individuals to allow efficient execution of the war effort. Even so, there were a number of ministers who, though they were not members of the war cabinet, were "Constant Attenders". As the War Cabinet considered issues that pertained to a given branch of the service or government due input was obtained from the respective body.

The War Cabinet would undergo a number of changes in composition over the next five years. On 19 February 1942 a reconstructed War Cabinet was announced by Churchill consisting of the following members:

Prime Minister and Minister of Defence Winston Churchill (Conservative)
Deputy Prime Minister and Secretary of State for Dominions Affairs: Clement Attlee (Labour)
Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Commons: Sir Stafford Cripps (Labour)
Lord President of the council: John Anderson (National)
Foreign Secretary: Anthony Eden (Conservative)
Minister of Production: Oliver Lyttelton (Conservative)
Minister of Labour: Ernest Bevin (Labour)

This War Cabinet was consistent with Churchill's view that members should also hold "responsible offices and not mere advisors at large with nothing to do but think and talk and take decisions by compromise or majority"
The War Cabinet often met within the Cabinet War Rooms, particularly during The Blitz of London.

Falklands War
Prime Minister – Margaret Thatcher
Deputy Prime Minister & Home Secretary – Willie Whitelaw
Secretary of State for Foreign & Commonwealth Affairs – Francis Pym
Secretary of State for Defence – John Nott
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster – Cecil Parkinson
Chief of the Defence Staff – Admiral Lewin
Attorney General – Michael Havers

Thatcher chose not to include any representation of Her Majesty's Treasury on the advice of former Prime Minister Harold Macmillan (who had been British Minister Resident in the Mediterranean theatre for the second half of the Second World War), that the security and defence of the armed forces and the war effort should not be compromised for financial reasons.

Persian Gulf War
Prime Minister – John Major
Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs – Douglas Hurd
Secretary of State for Defence – Tom King
Chancellor of the Exchequer – Norman Lamont
Chief of the Defence Staff – Marshal of the RAF Sir David Craig

Invasion in Afghanistan
 Prime Minister – Tony Blair
 Deputy Prime Minister –  John Prescott
 Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs – Jack Straw
 Secretary of State for Home Affairs – David Blunkett
 Secretary of State for Defence – Geoff Hoon
 Chancellor of the Exchequer – Gordon Brown
 Secretary of State for International Development – Clare Short
 Chief of the Defence Staff – Michael Boyce
 Downing Street Director of Communications – Alastair Campbell
 Leader of the House of Commons – Robin Cook

Iraq War
 Prime Minister – Tony Blair
 Deputy Prime Minister –  John Prescott
 Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs – Jack Straw
 Secretary of State for Home Affairs – David Blunkett
 Secretary of State for Defence – Geoff Hoon
 Chancellor of the Exchequer – Gordon Brown
 Secretary of State for International Development – Clare Short
 Chief of the Defence Staff – Michael Boyce
 Downing Street Director of Communications – Alastair Campbell
 Leader of the House of Commons – John Reid
 Director of the MI5 – Eliza Manningham-Buller
 Director of the MI6 – Richard Dearlove

Australia

At the Imperial Conference in London in 1937, the Australian government had agreed to form a War Cabinet on the outbreak of war. The Full Cabinet approved the formation of the War Cabinet on 26 September 1939. As neither Earle Page's Country Party nor John Curtin's Australian Labor Party would join in a coalition government with Menzies' United Australia Party, the War Cabinet initially consisted of:
 Robert Menzies (Prime Minister and Treasurer)
 Richard Casey (Minister for Supply)
 Geoffrey Street (Minister for Defence)
 George McLeay (Minister for Commerce)
 Henry Gullett (Minister for Information)
 William Hughes (Attorney-General)
In November 1939, the Department of Defence was split up. Street became Minister for the Army, Menzies also became Minister for Defence Coordination, and three more ministers joined the War Cabinet:
 James Fairbairn (Minister for Air)
 Frederick Stewart (Minister for the Navy)
 Harry Foll (Minister for Interior)

Following the deaths of Fairbairn and Gullett in the Canberra air disaster, 1940 and the loss of seats in the 1940 Australian federal election the War Cabinet of October 1940 consisted of:
 Robert Menzies (Prime Minister and Minister for Defence Coordination)
 Arthur Fadden (Treasurer)
 John McEwen (Minister for Air)
 Percy Spender (Minister for the Army)
 Billy Hughes (Attorney-General and Minister for the Navy)
 Harry Foll (Minister for Interior)
 Philip McBride (Minister for Munitions) (from 26 June 1941)

The government was replaced by a Labor one on 3 October 1941. A new War Cabinet was formed, consisting of:
 John Curtin (Prime Minister and Minister for Defence Coordination)
 Frank Forde (Minister for the Army)
 Ben Chifley (Treasurer)
 H. V. Evatt (Attorney-General and Minister for External Affairs)
 Jack Beasley (Minister for Supply)
 Norman Makin (Minister for the Navy and Minister for Munitions)
 Arthur Drakeford (Minister for Air)
 John Dedman (Minister for the Interior) (from 11 December 1941)

Frederick Shedden, the Permanent Secretary of the Department of Defence, served as secretary of the War Cabinet, which met regularly throughout the war. It held its last meeting in Canberra on 19 January 1946.

While the Australian war cabinets included only members of the governing party, the Advisory War Council which was established in October 1940 included members of the opposition as well. This body did not have executive powers, but from the formation of the Labor Government in October 1941 it was agreed that its decisions would be treated as War Cabinet decisions, with only some issues being formally referred to the War Cabinet for separate decision. As a result, the Advisory War Council had significant influence on Australia's war effort.

United States

In response to the September 11 attacks, President George W. Bush created a War Cabinet. They met at Camp David on the weekend of 15 September to shape what became the War on Terrorism. The membership was mostly, but not entirely, identical to that of the United States National Security Council.

The Cabinet comprised:
President – George W. Bush
Vice President – Dick Cheney
Defense Secretary – Donald Rumsfeld
Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (National Security Advisor) – Condoleezza Rice
Secretary of State – Colin Powell
Director of Central Intelligence – George Tenet
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff – Hugh Shelton
Attorney General – John Ashcroft
Secretary of the Treasury – Paul O'Neill
Counselor to the President – Karen Hughes
White House Press Secretary – Ari Fleischer
Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation – Robert Mueller
Deputy Defense Secretary – Paul Wolfowitz
White House Chief of Staff – Andrew Card

During the October 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, President John F. Kennedy's EXCOMM had some characteristics of a War Cabinet.

Israel
During the 2023 Gaza-Israel war, prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced a war cabinet of the following composition.

3 full members:

 Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu
 Minister of Defense Yoav Gallant
 Minister without portfolio and former Chief of the General Staff Benny Gantz

and 2 observers:

 Minister of Strategic Affairs Ron Dermer
 Minister without portfolio and former Chief of the General Staff Gadi Eizenkot

Citations

Sources

 Amery, Leopold, My Political Life, Vol. II, War and Peace, 1914–1929, London: Hutchinson, 1953
 Archive.org (sign in to view references and sources)
 Le May, G.H.L., British Government, 1914–1963, London: Methuen, 1964

 Roskill, Stephen, Hankey, Man of Secrets, Vol. I, 1877–1918, London: Collins, 1970
 Roskill, Stephen, Hankey, Man of Secrets, Vol. II, 1919–1931, London: Collins, 1972
 Schuyler, Robert L., The British War Cabinet, Political Science Quarterly, New York: Academy of Political Science, Vol. 33, No. 3, Sept. 1918
 UK National Archives, War Cabinet Minutes
 UK Govt Blog, 9 December 1916, The Rise of the War Cabinet
 Encyclopædia Britannica online, English Democracy
 CPI Index online UK inflation calculator
 Marlowe, John, Milner: Apostle of Empire, London: Hamish Hamilton, 1976

Further reading
 The War Cabinet, Report for the Year 1917, London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1918
 A summary of the (above) war cabinet report, CAB 23-5, pp. 280, 326 of 475

People associated with war
Politics of the United Kingdom
Politics of Australia

War cabinet


The Haven Nuclear Power Plant was a  proposed nuclear power plant in Haven, Wisconsin north of Sheboygan at the site of closed military camp called Camp Haven. The power plant was proposed in the 1970s by Wisconsin Electric, but was never built. Two 900 MWe Westinghouse pressurized water reactor were proposed in 1973. Reactor one was canceled in 1978 and reactor two was canceled in 1980. After plans never materialized, the Kohler Company purchased the site. Construction of the Whistling Straits golf course began in 1995.

See also

List of books about nuclear issues
Nuclear power debate
Nuclear power in the United States
List of canceled nuclear plants in the United States

References

External links
Cancelled Nuclear Units Ordered in the United States

Sheboygan County, Wisconsin
Cancelled nuclear power stations in the United States

Haven Nuclear Power Plant


William III and II (4 November 1650 – 8 March 1702) was King of England and Ireland from 13 February 1689 (as William III) and he was king of Scotland from 11 April 1689 (as William II). He remained king until his death on 8 March 1702.

William was born in the Netherlands as Prince William Henry of Orange. His mother was Mary Stuart. Mary was the sister of the King of England, James II, so King James was William's uncle. William married King James's daughter Mary (his own first cousin) on 4 November 1677.

The Protestant majority in  England did not like King James, and he was overthrown in the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688. William landed in England (at Brixham) with a Dutch army.
When William landed, James's support melted away. James was allowed to leave for France, and William became the last person to successfully invade England by force. The events are known as the Glorious Revolution.

The English Parliament offered the English crown to William and Mary jointly (and when one died the other would be monarch), making them William III and Mary II. This later came to be known as the reign of William and Mary. Laws were passed which protected Parliament from unreasonable acts of the Sovereign, guaranteed religious toleration to Protestant nonconformists, but restricted the religious liberty of Roman Catholics and non-Christian faiths.

William summoned a Convention of the Estates of Scotland in 1689 and sent them a conciliatory (~friendly) letter, unlike James, who had tried to give them orders.  On 11 April, the day of the English coronation, the Convention finally declared that James was no longer King of Scotland. William and Mary were offered the Scottish crown, and they accepted on 11 May. The Jacobites tried for over 50 years to have James and his heirs reinstalled.

William's enemy was the King of France, Louis XIV, who protected and supported James in his efforts to return. In Ireland, the majority Roman Catholics were reinforced by French forces led by Jacobites. William personally led his army to victory at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690. James fled back to France.

There was next a Nine Years' War between a coalition led by William, and France. The Anglo-Dutch Alliance did well on sea and defeated a French fleet at La Hogue in 1692. On the other hand, the alliance lost Namur in 1692, and the Battle of Landen on land, in 1693.

Mary died on 12 December 1694 of smallpox, leaving William to rule alone. He was eventually succeeded by his sister-in-law, Queen Anne. One more fact is of great importance. In 1701 an Act of Parliament was passed which settled the succession of the thrones of England and Ireland on Protestants only. Scotland was not part of this arrangement until the parliamentary union of the two kingdoms in 1707.

References

Notes

Other websites
 William III (Britain) Citizendium

1650 births
1702 deaths
Dutch royalty
House of Orange-Nassau
Kings and Queens of Scotland
17th century in Scotland
17th century in England

William III of England


The Colonsay Plantation (originally the Old Hamilton Place) was one of the very earliest tracts of land to be granted in the Ceded Lands, while the Province of Georgia still belonged to the British Crown. It was named after the Scottish island Colonsay.

James Mendenhall, born November 26, 1718, in East Caln, Chester County, Pennsylvania, settled near what is now Jamestown, North Carolina, in 1762 and built a mill on the Deep River at a location that is now within City Lake Park. His original land is now under the water of High Point Lake in Guilford County. His mill was just  from the site of the Battle of Guilford Court House. British troops camped at his mill on March 14, 1781, the day before battle.

Due to the persecutions of Governor Tyrone, Mendenhall and his family were forced to move again. He bought  near Wrightsboro, Georgia on December 7, 1773, when a warrant of survey was granted to him by Governor James Wright. The land was located in the fork of Williams Creek and the Little River, in the extreme northeast corner of what was then Wilkes County. Mendenhall went to Wrightsboro with two of his sons, Phineas and Marmaduke.

He was unable to take possession of his grant on Williams Creek because he died shortly after his arrival. He died in the cabin 1782 in Wrightsboro that he had built there and was buried on his land. This land is now in Taliaferro County.

On July 27, 1784, Marmaduke inherited a tract of  from his father. It was almost square. Starting with the junction of Williams Creek with the Little River, the line followed the river northwardly for about a mile. Turning, it ran a mile straight westward, then a mile, with only a slight dog-leg, southward to join Williams Creek, whose course it followed for another mile until it reached its starting point at the fork of the two streams.

In 1789–1790, Marmaduke built a substantial house which apparently was designed as an inn, trading post and stage coach stop on the road from Washington to Wrightsboro. It had two stories and consisted of two large rooms 20 × 20 feet, one over the other. The inside chimney was flanked on one side by a cupboard and on the other by a narrow winding staircase. This staircase was peculiar in that at a height of eight feet it made a complete semicircle. Another circular staircase directly above this led into the loft. The roof sloped down directly over the staircase so that one had to crawl in order to enter the loft. The open beams were all hand-hewn, and all joints were mortised and tenoned and secured with wooden pegs. Both rooms were paneled with wide boards of virgin pine, dark brown and mellowed with the passing years. The house is still standing and occupied. It is owned by Ian Mcfie. Before Ian McFie, the home and 540 of the original  were owned by his father Girdwood Mcfie. Girdwood maintained the farm animals in exactly the same numbers as listed in the inventory of Marmaduke's estate in 1797.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Georgia (U.S. state)
Houses completed in 1789
Houses in Taliaferro County, Georgia
Plantations in Georgia (U.S. state)
1789 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
National Register of Historic Places in Taliaferro County, Georgia

Colonsay Plantation


In 1938, Orson Welles produced a radio version of the 1898 book The War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells. Wells only produced one episode of the  American radio drama anthology series The Mercury Theatre on the Air. This episode was produced as the Halloween episode. It was broadcast on Sunday, October 30, 1938. It became famous for allegedly causing mass panic, although the scale of the panic is disputed as the program had relatively few listeners.

The first two-thirds of the one-hour broadcast was presented as a series of simulated news bulletins. The first news update interrupted a program of dance music to report that a series of odd explosions had been spotted on Mars, which was followed soon thereafter by a seemingly unrelated report of an unusual object falling on a farm in Grover's Mill, New Jersey. Martians emerged from the object and attacked using a heat ray during the next interruption, which was followed by a rapid series of news reports describing a devastating alien invasion taking place across the United States and the world. The illusion of realism was increased because the Mercury Theatre on the Air was a sustaining show without commercial interruptions, and the first break in the program came almost 30 minutes into the broadcast. Popular legend holds that all of the radio audience may have been listening to Edgar Bergen and tuned in to "The War of the Worlds" during a musical interlude, thereby missing the clear introduction that the show was a drama, but research beginning in the 2010s suggests this only happened in rare instances.In the days following the adaptation, widespread outrage was expressed in the media. The program's news-bulletin format was described as deceptive by some newspapers and public figures, leading to an outcry against the perpetrators of the broadcast and calls for regulation by the Federal Communications Commission. The episode secured Welles' fame as a dramatist.

References

Radio programs
1938 works
1930s plays

The War of the Worlds (radio drama)


Rosa Aguilar Rivera (born 7 July 1957) is a Spanish politician who was the Minister of Rural and Marine Environment between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party. She also was the mayor of Córdoba between 1999 and 2009. She was shortlisted for the 2008 World Mayor award.

Aguilar joined the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) and followed the party into the coalition United Left (IU) in 1986. In 1987 she was elected to Córdoba City Council for IU, remaining a councillor until 1991. She was a deputy in the Parliament of Andalusia between 1990 and 1993. In the latter year she was elected to the Spanish Congress of Deputies for Cordoba Province and held the seat in the 1996 General Election. She did not stand at the 2000 election.

Following poor election results for IU at the 2008 general election, she was mentioned as a possible successor to Gaspar Llamazares as IU leader, though in the event Cayo Lara became leader.
Her membership of IU came to an end in April 2009 when she was expelled from IU after she had accepted an offer to become Minister for Public works in the Andalusian regional government.

References

External links
 CityMayors profile
 Biography at Spanish Congress site

1957 births
20th-century Spanish women politicians
21st-century Spanish women politicians
Agriculture ministers of Spain
Culture ministers of Andalusia
Interior ministers of Andalusia
Justice ministers of Andalusia
Living people
Members of the 5th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 6th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
People from Córdoba, Spain
United Left (Spain) politicians
Women government ministers of Spain
Women mayors of places in Spain
Mayors of Córdoba, Spain
Members of the 3rd Parliament of Andalusia
Members of the 11th Parliament of Andalusia

Rosa Aguilar


The Kent Island Bay Times or simply the Bay Times is a weekly newspaper based in Stevensville, Maryland and is owned by Chesapeake Publishing, the same company that owns The Record Observer in Centreville, Maryland and The Star Democrat in Easton, Maryland, and other newspapers on both sides of the Chesapeake Bay.  It is published every Wednesday and covers news mostly in southern Queen Anne's County including all of Kent Island, Grasonville and Queenstown.

History
The Bay Times was Founded by Christopher J. Rosendale Sr. and his wife Mary Lou in 1963. The first issue of the Bay Times was published in 1963 and covered the assassination of John F. Kennedy. In 1974, Mr. Rosendale on behalf of the Bay Times became the first newspaper editor to gain previously secret information, in this case on non support cases, by suing under the state's Public Information Law, which had been enacted two years earlier. In the early years, The Bay Times was an advocate for volunteer fireman training, school reform and the establishment of Chesapeake College and the Chesterwye Center, a workshop and training facility for developmentally disabled adults gaining Community Service Awards from the Maryland-Delaware-DC Press Association. Mr Rosendale's pictures of the Cambridge Riots won National Awards after publication in the Bay Times. The Rosendales sold the Bay Times in 1974. On June 4, 2008, the newspaper, debuted a new design, and its website also debuted around this time.  As of 2008, it is distributed throughout southern Queen Anne's County and covers local news, as well as state and national news that pertains to Kent Island and the rest of Queen Anne's County.

References

External links
Official website

Kent Island, Maryland
Queen Anne's County, Maryland
Newspapers published in Maryland
Newspapers established in 1963
1963 establishments in Maryland

The Kent Island Bay Times


Chromecast is a line of digital media players developed by Google. The devices, designed as small dongles, can play Internet-streamed audio-visual content on a high-definition television or home audio system. The user can control playback with a mobile device or personal computer through mobile and web apps that support the Google Cast protocol, or by issuing commands via Google Assistant; later models introduced an interactive user interface and remote control. Content can be mirrored to video models from the Google Chrome web browser on a personal computer or from the screen of some Android devices.

The first-generation Chromecast, a video streaming device, was announced on July 24, 2013, and made available for purchase on the same day in the United States for . The second-generation Chromecast and an audio-only model called Chromecast Audio were released in September 2015. A model called Chromecast Ultra that supports 4K resolution and high dynamic range was released in November 2016. A third generation of the HD video Chromecast was released in October 2018. The latest models, called Chromecast with Google TV, were the first in the product line to feature an interactive user interface and remote control; a 4K model was released in September 2020, followed by a 1080p model in September 2022.

Critics praised the Chromecast's simplicity and potential for future app support. The Google Cast SDK was released on February 3, 2014, allowing third parties to modify their software to work with Chromecast and other Cast receivers. According to Google, over 20,000 Google Cast–ready apps were available as of May 2015.  Chromecast was the best-selling streaming device in the United States in 2014, according to NPD Group, and over 30 million units in the product line have sold globally. From Chromecast's launch to May 2015, it handled more than 1.5 billion stream requests.

Development
According to Google, the Chromecast was originally conceived by engineer Majd Bakar. His inspiration for the product came around 2008 after noticing the film-viewing tendencies of his wife Carla Hindie. Using her laptop, she would search for a film to watch on a streaming service and add it to her queue, before closing her laptop and using a gaming device to play the film on a television. She took these steps because she found television interfaces difficult to use to search for content. Bakar found the whole process inefficient and wanted to build a phone-based interface that would allow video to play on a large display through a small hardware device. After joining Google in 2011 to work on products that "would change how people used their TVs", Bakar pitched the idea for the Chromecast. Development on the product began in 2012; late that year, Bakar brought home a beta version of the product for Hindie to test. The device was launched in July 2013.

"In the infringement trial, as stated in the complaint, Majd Bakar and other members of Google reportedly held several meetings with Touchstream in 2011 to discuss its technology. However, Google later conveyed that they were not interested in adopting Touchstream's casting technology. Surprisingly, 18 months later, Google introduced its Chromecast media-streaming devices, which were seemingly based on the technology demonstrated during those earlier meetings.".

Features and operation

All Chromecast devices offer at least two methods to stream content: the first employs mobile and web apps that support the Google Cast technology; the second, which applies to video models, allows mirroring of content from the web browser Google Chrome running on a personal computer, as well as content displayed on some Android devices. In both cases, playback is initiated through the "cast" button on the sender device.

When no content is streamed, video-capable Chromecasts display a user-personalizable content feed called "Backdrop" that can include featured and personal photos, artwork, weather, satellite images, weather forecasts, and news.

If a television's HDMI ports support the Consumer Electronics Control (CEC) feature, pressing the cast button will also result in the video-capable Chromecast automatically turning on the TV and switching the television's active audio/video input using the CEC command "One Touch Playback".

Hardware and design
Chromecast devices are dongles that are powered by connecting the device to an external power adapter or USB port using a USB cable. Video-capable Chromecasts plug into the HDMI port of a high-definition television or monitor, while the audio-only model outputs sound through its integrated 3.5 millimeter audio jack/mini-TOSLINK socket. By default, Chromecasts connect to the Internet through a Wi-Fi connection to the user's local network. A standalone USB power supply with an Ethernet port allows for a wired Internet connection; the power adapter for early Chromecast models was first introduced in July 2015 for US$15, while the adapter for Chromecast with Google TV was released in October 2020 for US$20.

First generation

The original Chromecast measures  in length and has an HDMI plug built into the body. It contains the Marvell Armada 1500-mini 88DE3005  system on a chip (SoC) running an ARM Cortex-A9 processor. The SoC includes codecs for hardware decoding of the VP8 and H.264 video compression formats.  Radio communication is handled by AzureWave NH–387 Wi-Fi which implements 802.11 b/g/n (2.4 GHz). The device has 512 MB of Micron DDR3L RAM and 2 GB of flash storage.

The model number H2G2-42 is likely a reference to The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy abbreviation "H2G2"—in the novel, the number 42 is the "Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything." The bundled power adapter bears the model number MST3K-US, a reference to the television series Mystery Science Theater 3000.

After 10 years of supporting the original Chromecast, Google ended software and security updates for the device in April 2023.

Second generation

The second-generation Chromecast has a disc-shaped body with a short length of HDMI cable attached (as opposed to the HDMI plug built into the original model). The cable is flexible and the plug can magnetically attach to the device body for more positioning options behind a television. The second-generation model uses a Marvell Armada 1500 Mini Plus 88DE3006 SoC, which has dual ARM Cortex-A7 processors running at 1.2 GHz. The unit contains an Avastar 88W8887, which has improved Wi-Fi performance and offers support for 802.11 ac and 5 GHz bands, while containing three adaptive antennas for better connections to home routers. The device contains 512 MB of Samsung DDR3L RAM and 256 MB of flash storage.

The model number NC2-6A5 may be a reference to the registry number "NCC-1701" of the fictional starship USS Enterprise from the Star Trek franchise, the "saucer section" of which the device resembles: NC2 can be read as NCC, and 6A5 converted from hexadecimal is 1701.

Chromecast Audio

Chromecast Audio is a variation of the second-generation Chromecast designed for use with audio streaming apps. Chromecast Audio features a 3.5 millimeter audio jack/mini-TOSLINK socket, allowing the device to be attached to speakers and home audio systems. One side of the device is inscribed with circular grooves, resembling those of a vinyl record. A December 2015 update introduced support for high-resolution audio (24-bit/96 kHz) and multi-room playback; users can simultaneously play audio across multiple Chromecast Audio devices in different locations by grouping them together using the Google Home mobile app. The feature made Chromecast Audio a low-cost alternative to Sonos' multiple-room music systems.

With the advent of Google Home smart speakers, the device became tangential to Google's product strategy and was discontinued in January 2019. In addition, the third-generation Chromecast supports Chromecast Audio technology, allowing it to be paired with other devices for multi-room synchronized playback.

The model number RUX-J42 may have been a reference to the Jimi Hendrix albums Are You Experienced (stylized "R U eXperienced") and Midnight Lightning, which had the internal code J-42. Chromecast Audio was also developed with the internal codename Hendrix.

Chromecast Ultra

Chromecast Ultra is similar in design to the second-generation model, but features upgraded hardware that supports the streaming of 4K resolution content, as well as high-dynamic range (HDR) through the HDR10 and Dolby Vision formats. (The maximum resolution of the "Ambient" screensaver features is 1080p.) Google stated that the Chromecast Ultra loads video 1.8 times faster than previous models. Unlike previous models that could be powered through a USB port, the Chromecast Ultra requires the use of the included power supply for connecting to a wall outlet. The power supply also offers an Ethernet port for a wired connection to accommodate the fast network speeds needed to stream 4K content. The Chromecast Ultra was one of the first devices to support Google's cloud gaming service Stadia; a Chromecast Ultra was included with a controller in the "Founder's Edition" and "Premiere Edition" bundles for Stadia.

Third generation

The third-generation Chromecast added 60 frames-per-second playback support at a resolution of 1080p, compared to the second-generation Chromecast's maximum of 720p at the same frame rate. Google said the third-generation Chromecast offered a 15 percent increase in speed over the second-generation model. The magnetic attachment between the dongle body and HDMI plug that was present on prior models was dropped for the third-generation device.

Chromecast with Google TV

Chromecast with Google TV is the fourth generation of the Chromecast product line. Unlike past models, it is a bespoke digital media player based on Android 10 with the Google TV user interface, which offers content discovery and search across various media services. Like previous models, the Chromecast with Google TV allows content to be cast to it from other devices.

It is bundled with a Bluetooth remote control, which has dedicated buttons for opening YouTube and Netflix, as well as a Google Assistant button for initiating voice commands or search queries through the remote's microphone.  The remote can be programmed to control the power, volume, and input functions of televisions and soundbars through HDMI-CEC or infrared signals. Unlike some previous models that could be powered by a television's USB port, the Chromecast with Google TV requires a power adapter, which connects via USB-C. The Chromecast and its remote are available in three different colors: Snow, Sky, and Sunrise. It includes 8 GB of internal storage.

Chromecast with Google TV is produced in two models: the original model unveiled in September 2020 is capable of up to 4K resolution video, supports Dolby Vision, HDR10, and HDR10+, as well as Dolby Digital, Dolby Digital Plus, and Dolby Atmos audio. In September 2022, Google released a cheaper model branded as "Chromecast with Google TV (HD)"; it has reduced hardware specifications and only supports up to 1080p resolution video. It also includes a hardware AV1 decoder, and an updated operating system based on Android 12. Unlike the 4K model, it is only available in white.

Model comparison

Software

Google Cast SDK and compatible apps

At the time of Chromecast's launch, four compatible apps were available: YouTube and Netflix were supported as Android, iOS, and Chrome web apps; Google Play Music and Google Play Movies & TV were also supported, but originally only as Android apps. Additional Chromecast-enabled apps would require access to the Google Cast software development kit (SDK). The SDK was first released as a preview version on July 24, 2013. Google advised interested developers to use the SDK to create and test Chromecast-enabled apps, but not distribute them. While that admonition remained in force, Chromecast-enabled applications for Hulu Plus and Pandora Radio were released in October 2013, and HBO Go in November. Google opened the SDK to all developers on February 3, 2014. In its introductory documentation and video presentation, Google said the SDK worked with both Chromecast devices and other unnamed "cast receiver devices". Chromecast product manager Rish Chandra said that Google used the intervening time to improve the SDK's reliability and accommodate those developers who sought a quick and easy way to cast a photo to a television without a lot of coding.

Over time, many more applications have been updated to support Chromecast. At Google I/O 2014, the company announced that 6,000 registered developers were working on 10,000 Google Cast–ready apps; by the following year's conference, the number of compatible apps had doubled. Google's official list of compatible apps and platforms is available on the Chromecast website. Google has published case studies documenting Chromecast integration by Comedy Central, Just Dance Now, Haystack News and Fitnet.

In July 2019, the Amazon Prime Video apps for Android and iOS added Chromecast support, marking the first time Amazon's streaming service supported the device. The move followed a four-year dispute between Google and Amazon in which Amazon stopped selling Chromecast devices and Google pulled YouTube from Amazon Fire TV.

The development framework has two components: a sender app based on a vendor's existing Android or iOS mobile app, or desktop Web app, which provides users with content discovery and media controls; and a receiver app, executing in a Chrome browser-like environment resident on the cast receiver device. Both make use of APIs provided by the SDK.

Device discovery protocols
Chromecast uses the multicast Domain Name System (mDNS) protocol to search for available devices on a Wi-Fi network. Chromecast previously used the Discovery and Launch (DIAL) protocol, which was co-developed by Netflix and YouTube.

Operating system
At the introductory press conference, Mario Queiroz, Google's VP of Product Management, said that the first-generation Chromecast ran "a simplified version of ChromeOS". Subsequently, a team of hackers reported that the device is "more Android than ChromeOS" and appears to be adapted from software that was embedded in the since-discontinued Google TV platform. As with ChromeOS devices, Chromecast operating system updates are downloaded automatically without notification.

Differing from all previous models, the Chromecast with Google TV runs on the Android TV operating system. A modified user interface, branded "Google TV" (unrelated to Google's discontinued smart TV platform), replaces the stock interface of Android TV. The Google TV interface emphasizes content recommendations and discovery across different services and installed apps, compared to the stock Android TV interface that is more focused on navigating between individual installed apps. Google TV is compatible with over 6,500 apps built for Android TV. At launch, over 30 streaming services were integrated with Google TV for use in its content aggregation features.

Mobile app
Chromecast is managed through the Google Home app, which enables users to set up new devices and configure existing ones (such as  specifying which "Ambient Mode" images are shown when no other content is cast). The app manages other Google Cast-supported devices, including the Google Home smart speaker.

Originally called simply "Chromecast", the app was released concurrently with the original Chromecast video model and made available for both Android and iOS mobile devices. The app was released outside the US in October 2013.

In May 2016, the Chromecast app was renamed Google Cast due to the proliferation of non-Chromecast products that support casting. In October 2016, the Google Cast app was renamed Google Home, the name also given to the company's smart speaker—leaving "Google Cast" as the name of the technology.

Release and promotion

Google made the first-generation Chromecast available for purchase online in the US on July 24, 2013. To entice consumers, Google initially included a promotion for three months of access to Netflix at no cost with the purchase of a Chromecast. The device quickly sold out on Amazon.com, BestBuy.com, and Google Play, and within 24 hours, the Netflix promotion was ended because of high demand. On March 18, 2014, Google released the Chromecast to 11 new markets, including the UK, Germany and Canada with the BBC iPlayer enabled for UK users.

In July 2014, to commemorate the first anniversary of the device's launch, Google announced it would offer their music streaming service, Google Play Music All Access, at no cost for 90 days to Chromecast owners who had not previously used All Access; the service normally costs US$9.99 per month. On December 10, 2014, Chromecast was launched in India through e-commerce marketplace Snapdeal in partnership with Bharti Airtel. That same month, Google offered a promotion whereby anyone purchasing a Chromecast from a participating retailer before December 21 would receive a US$20 credit for the Google Play Store. Google offered a US$6 credit to the Store for all Chromecast owners beginning on February 6, 2015.

On September 29, 2015, Google announced the second-generation Chromecast and an audio-only model called Chromecast Audio. Each model was made available for purchase the same day for US$35. Days later, Amazon.com announced that it would ban the sale of Chromecast and Apple TV devices, presumably because they compete with Amazon's own Fire TV and Fire TV Stick. Google discontinued Chromecast Audio in January 2019.

On September 30, 2020, Google announced the Chromecast with Google TV during its "Launch Night In" event, though the product was already sold early at some retailers such as Walmart and the Home Depot during the week prior to its announcement. Google offered a promotion whereby anyone who signed up for YouTube TV and paid for one month of the service (a US$65 cost) would receive a Chromecast with Google TV at no cost; the offer was available only in the US to first-time YouTube TV subscribers. Additionally, in December 2020, Google made an offer available to YouTube TV users who had been continuous subscribers since June 2018 that allowed them to redeem a Chromecast with Google TV at no cost.

Reception

First generation model
Nilay Patel of The Verge gave the Chromecast an 8.5/10 score in his review, saying, "The Chromecast is basically an impulse purchase that just happens to be the simplest, cheapest, and best solution for getting a browser window on your TV." Speaking of the adapter's potential, he said, "it seems like the Chromecast might actually deliver on all that potential, but Google still has a lot of work to do." In particular, Patel pointed to Apple's AirPlay protocol as an example of an established competitor with many more features. TechCrunchs review of the device said, "Even with a bug or two rearing its head, the Chromecast is easily worth its $35 pricetag." Gizmodo gave the device a positive review, highlighting the ease of setup and sharing video. In comparing the device to competitors, the review said, "Chromecast isn't Google's version of Apple TV, and it's not trying to be... But Chromecast also costs a third of what those devices do, and has plenty of potential given that its SDK is just a few days old."

Michael Gorman of Engadget gave the Chromecast an 84/100 score, writing, "it's a platform that's likely to improve dramatically as more apps start to support the technology." In his comparing the Chromecast to competing devices, Gorman illustrated that it initially had support from fewer multimedia services, but because of its low price and ease of use, he concluded "we can wholeheartedly recommend the Chromecast for anyone who's been looking for an easy, unobtrusive way to put some brains into their dumb TV." Will Greenwald of PC Magazine rated it 4/5, saying, "The Google Chromecast is the least expensive way to access online services on your HDTV", although he noted that "The lack of local playback and limited Chrome integration holds it back in some respects." David Pogue of The New York Times praised the device for its $35 retail price, saying, "It's already a fine price for what this gadget does, and it will seem better and better the more video apps are made to work with it." Pogue noted the limitations of the device's screen mirroring feature and said using only mobile devices as a remote control was not "especially graceful", but he called Chromecast the "smallest, cheapest, simplest way yet to add Internet to your TV".

Second generation model
Nicole Lee of Engadget rated the second generation Chromecast an 85/100, highlighting the added support for 802.11ac and dual-band Wi-Fi networks and the usefulness of the updated Chromecast mobile app for finding content to cast. She said of the device, "No, it's not that much better than the original, but it still delivers great bang for your buck." David Katzmaier of CNET gave it a 7.9/10 score, calling the new hardware design more practical and praising the Chromecast app's search capabilities. He ultimately preferred other streaming devices with dedicated remotes over the Chromecast for everyday use, but said "for parties, travel and temporary connections, it's worth having a Chromecast in your arsenal".

Third generation model
In the face of stronger competition from devices such as the Apple TV, Roku or Fire TV, reviewers started to consider the 2018 Chromecast a secondary streaming device. Trusted Reviews considered it a "very minor" upgrade. Tom's Guide said it has almost "nothing to show" to reflect three years of hardware advancement in the streaming space.

Chromecast with Google TV
Chris Welch of The Verge gave the Chromecast with Google TV an 8.5/10 score, calling it a "big success" that "checks off almost everything important" for a streaming device. Welch praised the remote control and the Google TV interface's emphasis on content discovery, while noting some occasional sluggish performance. He concluded that Google "reinvented the Chromecast as an excellent 4K streamer that's dramatically easier to use — turns out actual menus and a remote really do matter — without losing sight of what made the original great". Sam Rutherford of Gizmodo said the device "instantly catapulted Google to the front of the streaming dongle wars with a $50 device that's smarter and easier to use than pretty much anything else out there". He lauded the remote control and user interface of Google TV, saying that it "feels just a bit more curated, polished, and tweaked to make the process of jumping back into your favorite shows and movies (or discovering new ones) that much faster". Eli Blumenthal of CNET gave the device a 9/10 score and described it as "the search giant's best TV effort yet and one of the best streamers you can buy, period". He praised Google TV's content aggregation and called it an upgrade over the stock Android TV interface. Blumenthal also called the integration with Google Assistant the best part of the Chromecast, despite some quirks with search results for video content.

Nicole Lee of Engadget called it "not only the best Chromecast yet, but also one of the most value-packed streaming devices on the market". She complimented the remote control design and the Google TV interface for being "far easier to navigate" than the standard Android TV interface. She also opined that Google TV was better than Amazon's Fire TV at aggregating content from multiple services, and that Google Assistant was "smarter" than Amazon's Alexa for voice commands. Nick Pino of TechRadar rated the device four-and-a-half stars and called it "a revelation – it fixes something that wasn't broken, and improves a nearly perfect technology in a tangible way". He praised the hardware, video and audio format support, and the user interface's ease of use, calling it a "retooled streaming device that... offers a whole new experience that's more user-friendly for folks who are used to using a remote control and an easily navigable interface." Brian X. Chen of The New York Times was surprised by the number of privacy policies the user had to agree to and the number of permissions the user had to grant during the setup process, and he was disappointed with the recommendations given by Google TV.

Sales and impact
In July 2014, Google announced that in the device's first year on sale, "millions" of units had sold and over 400 million casts had been made. The number of casts surpassed one billion by January 2015, and 1.5 billion by May 2015. The company confirmed that Chromecast was the best-selling media streaming device in the United States in 2014, according to NPD Group. In February 2015, Google Korea announced that about 10 million Chromecasts had been sold globally in 2014. At Google I/O in May 2015, the company announced 17 million units had sold since launch, a figure that reached 20 million by September 2015, 25 million by May 2016, and 30 million by July 2016. According to Strategy Analytics, Chromecast captured more than 35% of the digital streamer market internationally in 2015. As of October 2017, over 55 million Chromecasts and Chromecast built-in devices have been sold.

Digital Trends named Chromecast the "Best Product of 2013". In March 2014, Engadget named Chromecast an Editor's Choice winner for "Home Theater Product of the Year" as part of the website's annual awards; for the following year's awards, the website named the device the winner of "Best in Home Entertainment".

In July 2015, Google signed a deal with the Television Academy to provide Chromecasts to Emmy Award voters to allow them to view screeners of nominated media. The multi-year agreement will reduce the volume of DVD screeners distributed each year.

Chromecast appeared on several lists of technology from the 2010s. Time named it one of the 10 best gadgets of the decade, saying, "It might not be an essential piece of technology in the decade to come, but the Chromecast's influence on streaming media can't be understated." USA Today ranked Chromecast the 7th-best gadget of the 2010s. PC Magazine listed it as one of the "most iconic tech innovations" of the decade, saying, "Google made wireless streaming from mobile devices to the TV as simple as a few taps, all for $35." The Verge ranked it 39th on their list of the gadgets of the 2010s, saying that Chromecast "helped make streaming video a normal part of many households".

Security
On January 3, 2019, hackers took control of Chromecast devices, stating they were exposing security risks. The hackers claimed to access 70,000 devices through UPnP, a router setting that can make connected devices viewable to the public. The bug was dubbed CastHack, and was first found in 2014 by the security consultancy firm Bishop Fox and observed again in 2016.

Patent infringement
On July 24, 2023, a Texas jury found that Chromecast and other devices infringe patents owned by Touchstream Technologies related to streaming videos from one screen to another. The jury determined that Google violated the patents and must pay $338.7 million in damages.

See also

 Comparison of digital media players
 Smart TV

References

External links

 Official help center
 List of Chromecast enabled apps
 Google Home app on the Google Play Store
 Google Home app on the Apple App Store
 DIAL Protocol Specification and Registry

Digital media players
Google hardware
Networking hardware
Products introduced in 2013
Streaming media systems
Wireless display technologies

Chromecast


A DIP switch (standing for dual in-line package switch) is a small electric switch, packaged in a dual in-line package as though it were an integrated circuit. It typically has several switches, with each one connection between two opposite pins on the package. One side of the switch is usually marked to be the "ON" side, so that it is clear which way the switches need to be moved to complete the circuit.

Electronic switches

DIP switch