The National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE) is a United States professional organization dedicated to "improving the teaching and learning of English and the language arts at all levels of education. Since 1911, NCTE has provided a forum for the profession, an array of opportunities for teachers to continue their professional growth throughout their careers, and a framework for cooperation to deal with issues that affect the teaching of English." In addition, the NCTE describes its mission as follows:

The NCTE is involved in publishing journals (such as College Composition and Communication and College English) and books that address the concerns of English language arts educators. Since the 1970s, it has issued annual Doublespeak Awards and Orwell Awards. It also issues the NCTE Intellectual Freedom Award.

History
As stated on the official NCTE website, the National Council of Teachers of English was founded in 1911 by a group of educators in Chicago, Illinois, known as the English Round Table of the National Education Association. This group wanted to create a professional response to changing needs and values regarding education, particularly English language education. The impetus for this early effort was a concern that school curricula were becoming too narrow and were incapable of addressing the needs of an increasingly diverse student population. A special committee was formed to address these issues. Since this time the NCTE has provided a forum for English teaching professionals to continue their professional growth throughout their careers, in addition to providing a framework for cooperative action pertaining to issues that affect the instruction of English.

These concerned educators at first set themselves a limited task: to explore the problems arising from a rigid, narrowly defined approach to English language instruction. Soon, however, it became apparent that more was needed, and that only a national professional organization would have the ability to affect policy decisions. By 1919 the original investigatory committee had grown large enough to become such an organization. Because of its open-door policy regarding membership, the NCTE from the first maintained a divisional structure, with separate groups representing elementary, secondary, and postsecondary educators.

Over the next several decades the organization continued to grow. By 1948 it was clear that the simple divisions based on grade level were inadequate, and the Conference on College Composition and Communication (CCCC) was formed to address the special needs of communication and composition teachers at the university and community college level. This reliance on committee organization proved to be extremely useful, for it permitted interested groups to concentrate their focus on particular issues or trends. Membership grew dramatically in the second half of the twentieth century, and over the years new committees were formed, leading to the five-conference structure in place at the beginning of the twenty-first century. A notable past president was 1954's Lou L. LaBrant, who lived to be 103 and taught for 70 years.

Structure
NCTE offers its members opportunities to grow professionally by interacting with colleagues in all sides of English teaching. Individuals belong to any of four broad sections of membership – Elementary, Middle, Secondary or College. They may also join other groups centered on various teaching specialties within English, each with its own journal, meetings, and projects.
Major interest groups, called Conferences, serve teachers of college writing and rhetoric; teacher educators in higher education and in-service posts; teachers with an interest in whole language; and English department chairs, K-12 supervisors, and other English instruction leaders. Assemblies are informal special interest groups, ranging in focus from computers in English to research, which meet at NCTE conventions. A notable example of this last sort of group is the Children's Literature Assembly, which publishes the Journal of Children's Literature.

Commissions monitor and report on trends and issues in the teaching of language, composition, literature, reading, and media. Nearly 50 committees and task forces carry out projects on issues and topics in the teaching of English, among them testing and evaluation, censorship, instructional technology, response to literature, teacher preparation and certification, and English in urban schools.

In addition to commissions, standing committees are charged with focusing on issues and/or areas of continued concern that affect the English language area of study. There are three standing committees; the committee against censorship, the committee on diversity and inclusivity, and the committee on global citizenship.

Committee Against Censorship
The committee against censorship's charge is "to solicit and receive reports of censorship incidents from NCTE members, constituent groups, and sources outside the Council; to serve as a resource on current patterns of censorship; to continue to raise awareness of censorship issues; to serve as an advisory committee to NCTE Headquarters considering the kinds of support and services that an Intellectual Freedom/Anti-Censorship Center could provide; to promote policies for literature adoption that allay the possibility of censorship; to help NCTE develop rationales for the teaching of controversial texts, and to develop a white paper that further explores students' right to write and all of its implications.

Committee on Diversity and Inclusivity
The committee on diversity and inclusivity's charge is to "advise NCTE on efforts to foster diversity and inclusivity among members and potential members, including (but not restricted to) in terms of race, ethnicity, sex and gender identity, age, economic status, physical ability, and teaching circumstances. Work in concert with the Executive Committee and Executive Director on specific assignments that ensure equity and diversity within membership. Identify strategies to employ the resources and values of diversity and inclusivity to advance NCTE's mission for all members, our students, and our constituencies. Provide annual or biannual analyses of the effectiveness of NCTE diversity and inclusivity initiatives (programs, awards, events, etc.), and to make recommendations based on that analysis. Identify existing research or resources that can support a diverse NCTE membership and their professional needs. Identify gaps or opportunities that might be met with new research or resources."

Committee on Global Citizenship
The committee on global citizenship's charge is "to promote interest and knowledge of global connections and issues across the Council, including convention sessions, publications, social media, and Council projects; To promote discussions of the learning needs of students in schools and colleges who come from global contexts and of instructional strategies for teachers of these students; To encourage discussions of the teaching of English and world Englishes in global contexts as well as in North American schools and colleges with increasingly globally diverse students; To provide awareness of literacy education in global contexts in order to provide a mutual exchange of pedagogical ideas and issues; To encourage the integration of global and international literature and of strategies for intercultural understanding within schools and colleges; and to engage the Council in an exploration of the changing needs of literacy teaching and learning in an increasingly global society and as members of a broader global community."

Awards
The NCTE offers several awards for organizations performing work consistent with NCTE's mission. These awards include:
Children's Book and Poetry Awards
Diversity Awards
Educator Awards
Leadership Awards
Research Awards
Student Writing Awards
Publication Awards

Strategic governance
In November 2003, the NCTE Executive Committee adopted a new model of policy-oriented style of governance for the Council. They studied the meaning and ramifications of issues for the organization as a whole.

Journals
NCTE published the following journals:
 College Composition and Communication, journal of the Conference on College Composition and Communication
 College English
 English Education, journal of English language arts teacher educators
 English Journal
 English Leadership Quarterly, journal of the Conference on English Leadership
 FORUM: Issues about Part-Time and Contingent Faculty, sponsored by the Conference on College Composition and Communication
 Language Arts
 Research in the Teaching of English
 Talking Points, journal of literacies and languages for all
 Teaching English in the Two-Year College
 Voices from the Middle, journal of the Middle Level Section

Teaching English in the Two-Year College

Teaching English in the Two-Year College is an official publication of the council and is aimed at teachers and scholars in two-year colleges. The peer-reviewed academic journal covers a range of topics related to the teaching of English language arts at the college level, including all areas of composition (basic, first-year, and advanced); business, technical, and creative writing; and the teaching of literature, along with other areas of professional concern. It sometimes publishes special issues devoted to specific themes. It is abstracted and indexed by EBSCO databases and the Modern Language Association. It was established in 1973 and the following persons are or have been editors-in-chief:
Ruth Shaw and Keats Sparrow (co-editors, 1974–1975)
Keats Sparrow and Frieda Purvis (co-editors)
Bertie Fearing and John Hutchens (1980–1987)
Nell Ann Pickett (1988–1994)
Mark Reynolds (1994–2001)
Howard Tinberg (2001–2006)
Jeff Sommers (2006–2016)
Holly Hassel (2016–2020)
Darin Jensen (2020–present)

Political activities

The NCTE is engaged in a variety of political issues affecting English Education and does so primarily through Steering Committee on Social and Political Concerns (SLATE). According to the NCTE website, SLATE attempts to "influence public attitudes and policy decisions affecting the teaching of English language arts at local, state, and national levels; to implement and publicize the policies adopted by NCTE. As part of its political action function, SLATE will serve as NCTE's intellectual freedom network."

NCTE and SLATE
NCTE and Slate are involved in many political issues, some of which include:
 No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB)
 Banned Books
 Striving Readers Act

Present and future
The NCTE currently has a reported 35,000 members and subscribers in the United States and internationally. This membership is composed of teachers and supervisors of English programs ranging from elementary, middle, and secondary schools to faculty in college and university English departments as well as teacher educators, local and state agency English specialists, and other professionals in directly related fields. Sponsoring over 120 regional, state, provincial, local, and student affiliates within the United States, Canada, and Asian countries, the NCTE continues its rapid annual growth.

See also
 Composition studies
 English studies
 Donald H. Graves
 National Day on Writing

Notes

External links

Teacher associations based in the United States
Education reform
Organizations promoting literacy
Organizations established in 1911
Composition (language)
Educational organizations based in Illinois
1911 establishments in Illinois
Champaign, Illinois

National Council of Teachers of English


Prof. Mendu Rammohan Rao was the Dean Emeritus of Indian School of Business (ISB), Hyderabad. He was Provost at the Woxsen School of Business, Hyderabad.

Biography
He has a PhD in Industrial Administration from Carnegie Mellon University. He holds a Bachelors in Engineering from College of Engineering, Guindy, a Master in Engineering and Master of Science in Industrial Engineering and Industrial Management.

He also taught at the Stern School of Business, New York University, Graduate School of Management, University of Rochester, Professor and as a visiting faculty at the University of Tennessee. He has held various positions at the Indian Institute of Management Bangalore (IIM-B) including the position of Director from March 1997 to May 2002. Before joining ISB as DEAN he was Professor Emeritus, Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore. Prof Rao has published over 85 articles in various professional journals.

In December 2008, the board of Satyam, including Prof Rammohan Rao, approved the acquisition for $1.6 billion of Maytas, a construction company owned by the same family that owns Satyam. Prof. Rao was the chairperson of the meeting that approved the controversial decision. A shareholder revolt prevented the deal. Prof. Rammohan Rao later resigned from the Satyam board.

Dr. Rao stepped down as dean of the Indian School of Business on 8 January 2009. He was later appointed as Dean Emeritus of the institute. On 1 July 2014, he was appointed as the Provost at Woxsen School of Business.

Positions held
Member of the Board of Directors Mazagon Docks Limited.
Member of the Board of Directors Moschip Semiconductor Technology Limited.
Chairman and member of the Board of Directors of Andhra Pradesh Industrial Development Corporation Venture Capital (APIDCVC).
Chairman of the All India Board of Management Studies constituted by the All India Council for Technical Education.
Advisory Board of General Motors India Science Laboratory.
President of the Operational Research Society of India from January 2003 to January 2005.
Member of the Advisory Board of Citigroup and member of the Board of Editors, OPSEARCH – a journal of the Operational Research Society of India.
Member of the Graduate Management Admission Council (GMAC) Board, the first Indian business school Dean to occupy this position.
Vice President of the All India Management Schools (AIMS) for the year 2007-2008.
Member in the Executive Group of the Editorial Board at the Information Systems Frontiers – a Journal of Research and Innovation.

Awards
2000: Fulkerson Prize, for his work on "Decomposition of balanced matrices", Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series B
2002: Award for Excellence as Top Management Educator, conferred by the Institute of Marketing and Management
2003: Ravi J. Mathai National Fellowship Award, conferred by the Association of Indian Management Schools
2004: Grid Leadership Award for Lifetime Achievement in Management Education
2005: Bharat Asmita Acharya Shrestha Award for his contribution to the field of Management Education instituted by the MIT School of Management, Pune.

References

External links
Indian School of Business (ISB)
Interview with M R Rao

Heads of universities and colleges in India
Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Management Bangalore
Living people
Tepper School of Business alumni
New York University faculty
University of Rochester faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)

Mendu Rammohan Rao


Tekel A.Ş. (Turkish, literally single-hand or monopoly and generally capitalised as TEKEL) was a Turkish tobacco and alcoholic beverages company. It was nationalised in 1925 from a parastatal (government owned/controlled) company, the Régie. A joint foreign and Ottoman consortium, the Régie was short for "La Société de la régie co-intéressée des tabacs de l'Empire Ottoman".

Tekel evolved into the sole manufacturer and distributor of all alcohol and tobacco products in Turkey. Today, Tekel is no longer a monopoly but it does control taxing and distribution of all alcohol and tobacco products in Turkey.

In 2008 it was sold to British American Tobacco and discontinued as a trademark in cigarettes, wines, liquors or other products, although some of its brand names are still used without the word "Tekel" preceding them; like the Buzbağ wine.

History

Foundation and early history

Turkish tobacco was an important industrial crop, where its cultivation and manufacture were monopolies under capitulations of the Ottoman Empire. The tobacco and cigarette trade was controlled by two companies the "Regie Compagnie interessee des tabacs de l'empire Ottoman", and French "Narquileh tobacco." These companies founded as a monopoly in 1862 by the Ottoman government for the payment of its international debt. Original purpose of the company was to deal with tobacco products. It later became a part of an even greater monopoly, the Ottoman Tobacco Company also known as the , which controlled all trade, finance, and manufacturing in the empire.

For the first time in 1862, via commercial agreements between the Ottoman Government, France and Britain, tobacco importation had been prohibited and monopoly had been established.

In accordance with the "Rusumu Sitte" Decree published in 1879, the monopoly income of salt, tobacco and alcohol went to the Ottoman Public Debt Administration, and the operation of the Tobacco Monopoly was transferred to the Ottoman Tobacco Company.

The duty of performing the "monopoly" tasks regarding tobacco, alcohol drinks, salt, gunpowder and explosives had been appointed to the Monopolies Public directorate starting at its founding in 1932.

Tobacco, alcoholic beverages, and salt were given a state monopoly in 1932; explosives and gunpowder in 1934; beer in 1939; tea and coffee in 1942; and matches in 1946. Coffee has been released from the State monopoly in 1946, matches in 1952, gunpowder and explosives and beer in 1955 and tobacco in 1986.

Privatisation
In the early 2000s, then Turkish Prime Minister Bülent Ecevit pushed through controversial legislation which would allow for the privatisation of Tekel.

In January 2003, then Turkish Deputy Prime Minister Abdullatif Sener announced plans to privatise Tekel in the first half of the year, as part of a $16bn loan agreement with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), stating, "These are privatisations which have been planned for years and should have been taken care of a long time ago." He promised that the jobs of workers affected by the privatisations would be safeguarded but warned unprofitable businesses would be closed down.

These privatisation plans were dropped in November of that year when the leading $1.15bn bid by Japan Tobacco International was deemed too far below government expectations. Turkey's operating environment, perceived problems with regulation, and competition with major players such as Philip Morris and Japan Tobacco International, already active in the Turkish market, were thought by analysts to have lowered the bids.

Tekel was eventually bought by the UK-based British American Tobacco (BAT) in a televised auction on 22 February 2008 for $1.72bn, making it the second largest tobacco company in the country with a 36% market share.

2009–10 industrial action
In December 2009, following the privatisation, the Turkish government announced that 12 Tekel factories would close with the 10,000 workers redeployed in other public sector jobs on 11-month temporary contracts (4/C status) with pay-cuts up to 40% and reduced employment rights. This sparked industrial action, which began on 15 December, by the workers who claimed the changes would cut their monthly wage and leave them without any severance pay. An estimated 12,000 workers from across the country set up camp in a central park in Ankara where they were forced off with teargas and pepper spray fired by riot police. They subsequently reestablished their camp in front of the head office of Turkey's main trade union organisation, Confederation of Turkish Trade Unions (Türk-İş). The protestors have engaged in public demonstrations outside the headquarters of the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) and several protestors have been admitted to hospital after refusing food and water.

Media images of the protests have provoked angry rows in the Turkish parliament and analysts believe the situation has inflicted political damage on a government heavily reliant on conservative working-class support but Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said the government would not "dole out money to workers for not producing anything" and challenged the protestors, who he claims are being influenced by "ideological groups and extremists" who had turned it into an "anti-government campaign," to start their own businesses and ordered Finance Minister  Mehmet Şimşek and Labour Minister Hayati Yazıcı to find a formula to resolve the dispute.

On 4 February 2010 tens of thousands of Turkish workers took part in a one-day general strike organised by Türk-İş in support of the protest. Public services including transport were disrupted across the country and the largest demonstrations were reported in Ankara (20,000 demonstrators) and İzmir (15,000 demonstrators).

See also
 Turkish wine
 Buzbağ
 Raki
 "Tütün Rejisi" (:tr)

References

External links

  (archived)

Food and drink companies based in Istanbul
Manufacturing companies based in Istanbul
Companies established in 1862
Tobacco companies of Turkey
Alcohol monopolies
British American Tobacco
1862 establishments in the Ottoman Empire
Drink companies of Turkey

Tekel


A vise or vice (British English) is a mechanical apparatus used to secure an object to allow work to be performed on it. Vises have two parallel jaws, one fixed and the other movable, threaded in and out by a screw and lever.

A vise grip is not a vise but a pair of lever-actuated locking pliers.

Etymology
The etymology of vise can be tracked via Middle English vys Anglo-French vyz from Latin vitis "vine". The tight grip of the mechanical device was likened to that of the twines of the plant.

Types

Face

A face vise is the standard woodworking vise, always securely attached to a workbench flush with its work surface. Its jaws are made of wood or metal, the latter usually faced with wood, called cheeks, to avoid marring the work. The movable jaw may include a retractable dog to hold work against a bench dog.

A "quick-release" woodworker's vise employs a split nut that allows the screw to engage or disengage with a half-turn of the handle.  When disengaged the movable jaw may be moved in or out throughout its entire range of motion, vastly speeding up the process of adjustment.  Common thread types are Acme and buttress.

Traditional woodworking workbench vises are commonly either face vises, attached to the front of the workbench near the left end of its long side (for a right-handed worker), or end (or tail) vises, attached to or forming part of the right side of the narrow end of the bench.

Engineer's

An engineer's vise, also known as a metalworking vise, machinist's vise, or, informally, a "bench vise", is used to clamp metal instead of wood. It is used to hold metal when filing or cutting. It is sometimes made of cast steel or malleable cast iron, but most are made of cast iron. The jaws are often separate and replaceable, usually engraved with serrated or diamond teeth. Soft jaw covers made of aluminum, copper, wood (for woodworking) or plastic may be used to protect delicate work. The jaw opening of an engineer's vise generally equals its jaw width, though it may be wider.

An engineer's vise is bolted onto the top surface of a workbench, with the face of the fixed jaw just forward of its front edge. The vise may include other features such as a small anvil on the back of its body. Most engineer's vises have a swivel base. Some engineer's vises marketed as "homeowner grade" are made  of pot metal or a very low grade of iron. Many homeowner's bench vises have an exposed screw.

Variants

Combination
A combination-vise combines an engineer-style vise with a subsidiary set of curved serrated jaws below the main for clamping pipe. A pivoting base is standard.

Clamp-on
A clamp-on vise is a light-duty bench vise secured to a board, table, or bench by a vise-type screw on its base which rarely is able to pivot.

Vacuum-mounted

A vacuum-mounted vise is a small engineer's vise secured by a suction cup base and is typically used by hobbyists for very light-duty work.

Machine
Machine vises are mounted on drill presses, grinding machines and milling machines. Abrasive chop saws have a coarse-threaded or cam-actuated machine-type vise built into the saw.

Pipe
A pipe vise is used by a plumber to hold pipes for threading and cutting. There are two main styles, yoke and chain. The yoke uses a top-mounted screw to clamp the pipe between two fixed angled jaws at its base; the chain style secures the pipe by wrapping it within a chain designed to adjust to length by link, tightened by a cam lever.

Other

Other kinds of vises include:
 Hand vise
 Compound slide vise; a more complex machine vise. It allows speed and precision in the placement of the work.
 Cross vise, which can be adjusted using leadscrews in the X and Y axes; these are useful if many holes need to be drilled in the same workpiece using a drill press.  Compare router table.
 Off-center vise
 Angle vise, with two jaws closing against a right angle
 Sine vise, which use gauge blocks to set up a highly accurate angle
 Rotary vise
 Diemakers' vise
 Saw vise – used for sharpening hand saws
 Pin vise (for holding thin, long cylindrical objects by one end, or used as a drill (scale modeler's pin vise))
 Jewellers' vise
 Fly tying vise, used to secure fishing hook in fly tying
 Leg vise or post vise, which is attached to a bench but also supported from the ground so as to be stable under very heavy use, as by an auto body repairman or blacksmith
 Shaker broom vise
 Rigging vise, otherwise known as a triangle vise or splicing vise, which has three jaws. Used to close thimbles and splice rope, cable, and wire rope.
 Mantle Vise, more recently referred to as a Fractal Vise, used to hold workpieces with complex forms

See also
Parallels

References

Metalworking hand tools
Woodworking clamps

Vise


A suffragan diocese is one of the dioceses other than the metropolitan archdiocese that constitute an ecclesiastical province. It exists in some Christian denominations, in particular the Catholic Church, the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, and the Romanian Orthodox Church.

In the Catholic Church, although such a diocese is governed by its own bishop or ordinary, who is the suffragan bishop, the metropolitan archbishop has in its regard certain rights and duties of oversight. He has no power of governance within a suffragan diocese, but has some limited rights and duties to intervene in cases of neglect by the authorities of the diocese itself.

See also

 Suffragan bishop
 Suffragan Bishop in Europe (a title in the Church of England)
 List of Roman Catholic archdioceses (by country and continent)
 List of Roman Catholic dioceses (alphabetical) (including archdioceses)
 List of Roman Catholic dioceses (structured view) (including archdioceses)

References

Christian terminology
Episcopacy in Eastern Orthodoxy
Episcopacy in Oriental Orthodoxy
Episcopacy in the Catholic Church

Suffragan diocese


LeSean Thomas (born 1975) is an American television animation producer, director, animator, comic book artist, writer, character designer, and storyboard artist, based in Meguro, Tokyo.

His recent, notable projects include the TV series Black Dynamite for Adult Swim, The Legend of Korra for Nickelodeon, Aaron McGruder's The Boondocks for Sony Pictures Television, Children of Ether on Crunchyroll, and the Netflix anime original series Cannon Busters and Yasuke.

Career
Thomas' contributions as supervising character designer and co-director on seasons 1 and 2 of Adult Swim's animated series The Boondocks, helped propel the show to be nominated for an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Comedy Series and win the honorary Peabody Award.

His early production credits include character designer, layout and key animator on Showtime's web series WhirlGirl, assistant animator for Lizzie McGuire and storyboard artist for various shows such as Kim Possible on Disney Channel, Ben 10: Alien Force for Cartoon Network, The Batman, Batman: The Brave and the Bold and Green Lantern: First Flight, as well as supervising character designer for Superman/Batman: Public Enemies for Warner Bros. Animation.

Thomas landed his first production deal with the late George Jackson's UBO Network, where he created an animated online series called BattleSeed. Thomas wrote, produced and directed the series, which was presented at the New York Anime Film Festival in 2000. He produced a BattleSeed original animated trailer which aired in theaters as a promotional trailer for the Sci-Fi Channel. Thomas also provided production development for the action adventure movie UltraViolet.

Thomas is also a comic book artist, with work on such titles as Arkanium, and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. His books include sketch bible Nervous Breakdowns: The Art of LeSean Thomas Vol. 1. He has also released the artbook  Midnight Marauder: The Art of LeSean Thomas Vol. 2 and Cannon Busters, a creator-owned graphic novel.

In 2009, Thomas relocated to Seoul, South Korea, at the request of Korean animation studio JM Animation to be hired in-house as part of the animation production staff. He was later hired as in-house storyboard/animation production artist at Studio Mir for work on The Legend of Korra for Nickelodeon. Soon after, Moi Animation studio looked to hire him as a producer and director on several other independent projects, marking him as the first American animator to be hired to work in-house as permanent, independent production staff for animation studios in South Korea. His exploits in the Korean animation industry were recorded and featured in a web-documentary he produced and directed called Seoul Sessions, presented by filmmakers Coodie & Chike's Creative Control TV, an online TV network that features coverage of talents in music, fashion and the arts. Thomas was later invited to speak at the 5th annual TEDx in Incheon, South Korea, where he spoke about his journey and the importance of "Successful Failures". In 2011, Thomas was tapped to work on Black Dynamite for Adult Swim. He served as creative producer and supervising director for Season 1 and supervising director in Season 2.

In November 2014, Thomas successfully crowd-funded an animated TV series pilot called Cannon Busters: The Animated Series, based on his creator-owned comic book of the same name, featuring production by Japanese anime studio Satelight. The project was successfully funded in December 2014 and was released to limited audiences July 8, 2016. Sadly all the backers of this campaign are still waiting for their promised rewards, with no communication from the team since 2021.

In October, Thomas partnered with Crunchyroll for an exclusive deal to co-produce his original anime creation Children of Ether, released in 300 theaters, July 26 as part of Crunchyroll's Anime Movie Night event. It was released on-platform shortly afterwards.

In August 2017, it was announced that Cannon Busters was acquired by streaming giant Netflix to be co-produced by  Satelight and Japanese anime studio Yumeta Company as a 12-episode mini-series and was originally set for a March 2019 release. In July 2019, it was announced at Anime Expo that Cannon Busters was confirmed for a launch on the streaming service in August 2019.

On November 8, 2018, Netflix announced Yasuke, an anime original fantasy series created, directed and executive-produced by Thomas, which is inspired by the historical African samurai Yasuke who served Oda Nobunaga in the late 1500s, featuring Oscar-nominated actor Lakeith Stanfield (Atlanta, Get Out, Sorry to Bother You and Knives Out) as the lead voice of Yasuke and served as an executive producer alongside Grammy Award-winning artist, Flying Lotus, who produced the music as well and also served as an executive producer. Animation production was handled by Japanese animation house, MAPPA. Yasuke was released on April 29, 2021.

On November 17, 2021, Netflix's Yasuke was nominated for Best Main Title in the TV show/ Limited Series Category at the 12th Hollywood Music in Media Awards.

On January 19, 2022, Netflix's Yasuke was nominated for Outstanding Animated Series for the 53rd NAACP Image Awards.
[25]

References

External links

Netflix Cannon Busters Site

Press
Seoul Sessions web-docu on Creative Control TV
Failing your way to success: LeSean Thomas at TEDxSinchon presentation
Forbes Cannon Busters Review
Crunchyroll & LeSean Thomas Join Forces for Children of Ether
Children of Ether Forbes Article
Netflix Acquires Cannon Busters series for 2018
Netflix Acquires Cannon Busters, Saint Seya & more, Variety Magazine
IGN Anime Club: Creating Anime
Netflix's 'Cannon busters' Adaptation Sets Release Date
EW on Netflix's 'Yasuke' Anime 2021 Release Announcement
TimeOut on Netflix's 'Yasuke' Anime April 29, 2021 Premiere Announcement

American animators
American comics artists
American comics writers
American storyboard artists
African-American television directors
American television producers
American animated film directors
American animated film producers
DC Comics people
Living people
1975 births
People from the Bronx
American expatriates in Japan
American television directors
African-American television producers
African-American film producers
African-American film directors
African-American comics creators
American expatriates in South Korea
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American people

LeSean Thomas


Sohni Mahiwal or Suhni Mehar (Punjabi: سوہنی معینوال, ਸੋਹਣੀ ਮਹੀਂਵਾਲ; Sindhi: سهڻي ميهار) is one of the four popular tragic romances of Punjab. The others are Sassi Punnun, Mirza Sahiba, and Heer Ranjha. Sohni Mahiwal is a tragic love story which reverts the classical motif of Hero and Leader. The heroine Sohni, unhappily married to a man she despises, swims every night across the river using an earthenware pot to keep afloat in the water, to where her beloved Mehar herds buffaloes. One night her sister-in-law replaces the earthenware pot with a vessel of unbaked clay, which dissolves in water and she dies in the whirling waves of the river.

The story also appears in Shah Jo Risalo and is one of seven popular tragic romances from Sindh. The other six tales are Umar Marui, Sassui Punhun, Lila Chanesar, Noori Jam Tamachi, Sorath Rai Diyach and Momal Rano commonly known as Seven Heroines (Sindhi: ست سورميون ) of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai. Shah begins the story at the most dramatic moment, when a young woman cries out for help in the cold river, attacked by crocodiles. The whole chapter (Sur Sohni) is merely an extension of this dreadful and yet hoped-for moment when the vessel of her body breaks and she, faithful to her pre-eternal love-covenant with Mehar, will be forever united through death.

Sohni is one of the favourite folktales both in Sindh and Punjab.

Short stories
Indian literature

Sohni Mahiwal


Lubuk Paku is a small town in Maran District, Pahang, Malaysia. The town is located near Maran town. The main features of this town are the historical Lubuk Paku police station and Pahang River.

Historical Lubuk Paku police station
This historical police station was ambushed and destroyed by Dato' Bahaman, Tok Gajah and Mat Kilau followers during British protectorate in Pahang on early 19th century (1800).

References
Adopted from Kebangkitan di Pahang, Bab 7: Perjuangan Menentang Penjajah, Sejarah Tingkatan 2 textbook.

Maran District
Towns in Pahang

Lubuk Paku


Sri Lanka is a source and destination country for men and women trafficked for the purposes of involuntary servitude and commercial sexual exploitation. Sri Lankan men and women migrate willingly to Kuwait, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Lebanon, the United Arab Emirates, Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia, and South Korea to work as construction workers, domestic servants, or garment factory workers. However, some find themselves in situations of involuntary servitude when faced with restrictions on movement, withholding of passports, threats, physical or sexual abuse, and debt bondage that is, in some instances, facilitated by large pre-departure fees imposed by recruitment agents. Children are trafficked internally for commercial sexual exploitation and, less frequently, for forced labor. The designated Foreign Terrorist Organization Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) continued to recruit, sometimes forcibly, children for use as soldiers in areas outside the Sri Lankan government's control. Government security forces may also be complicit in letting a pro-government paramilitary organization recruit, sometimes forcibly, child soldiers. Reports also indicate that a small number of women from Thailand, China, Russia, and other countries of the Newly Independent States are trafficked into Sri Lanka for commercial sexual exploitation. In November 2007, over 100 Sri Lankan peacekeeping soldiers were repatriated based on accusations that they engaged in sexual misconduct, some cases involving minors, in Haiti. The Government of Sri Lanka does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so. Sri Lanka is placed on Tier 2 Watch List for failing to provide evidence of increasing efforts to combat severe forms of trafficking in persons over the previous year, particularly in the area of law enforcement.

The government failed to arrest, prosecute, or convict any person for trafficking offenses and continued to punish some victims of trafficking for crimes committed as a result of being trafficked. At the same time, Sri Lanka protected some victims of trafficking, including Sri Lankan nationals trafficked abroad. The government appointed a focal point on trafficking in persons in July, who convenes a monthly anti-trafficking working group to develop and coordinate anti-trafficking policy.

U.S. State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons placed the country in "Tier 2"  in 2017.

Prosecution
Sri Lanka made little progress on its law enforcement efforts this reporting period. The Sri Lankan government prohibits all forms of trafficking through an April 2006 amendment to its penal code. Trafficking offenses are punishable by up to 20 years' imprisonment; these penalties are commensurate with those assigned for other grave crimes. While the government took administrative action against 350 labor recruiters engaging in fraudulent recruitment practices, it did not criminally prosecute, convict, or sentence recruiters for practices that amounted to trafficking. The government initiated one investigation of a recruitment agent involved in a case where three females were to be trafficked to Saudi Arabia as domestic servants. Sri Lanka similarly failed to report any prosecutions or convictions for trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation, including trafficking of children. Sri Lanka, in cooperation with the United Nations, launched an investigation into allegations of the complicity in sexual misconduct of Sri Lankan peacekeepers in Haiti, including sexual exploitation of minors. The government investigated 47 cases of child abduction for forced labor as child soldiers, resulting in 37 being returned home. No arrests, prosecutions, or convictions were made in relation to these cases, however. There were no public officials arrested for facilitating trafficking, nor were there substantiated reports that any officials were involved in trafficking.

Protection
The Sri Lankan government's efforts to provide protection for trafficking victims improved nominally, but remained limited. The government did not provide foreign trafficking victims with legal alternatives to their removal to countries where they would suffer retribution or hardship. Sri Lanka also failed to ensure that victims of trafficking were not punished for acts committed as a result of being trafficked. Of particular concern are ongoing reports that women arrested on suspicion of being trafficked into Sri Lanka for the purpose of sexual exploitation were asked to pay fines in exchange for release from prison and were usually deported thereafter. Law enforcement officers continue to lack a formal system to identify potential victims of trafficking. The government does not provide specialized training for victim identification, though law enforcement officers participated in NGO-provided training.

For Sri Lankan victims, the government relies primarily on NGOs to provide victim protection services due to resource constraints. Police encourage these victims to assist in investigations against their traffickers, but do not undertake any specific measures to ensure victim or witness safety. For Sri Lankan victims trafficked overseas, the government operates shelters in diplomatic missions, offers repatriation assistance, and provides compensation to some who have registered with the government before leaving. In early 2008, the government paid for the repatriation of over 200 Sri Lankan domestic workers from safe houses in the Middle East. For repatriated Sri Lankan victims, however, there is little government effort to investigate the crimes committed against them. Limited aid is offered in terms of shelter, counseling, and medical care upon return. The government opened two temporary shelters for women who are victims of violence, and these were made available to trafficking victims. The government established an inter-ministerial committee to address the issue of child soldiers. Sri Lanka provides two rehabilitation centers specifically for children conscripted as soldiers; since their establishment in 2005, the rehabilitation centers have assisted 52 children.

Prevention
Sri Lanka made modest efforts to prevent trafficking in persons during the reporting period. In August 2007, the Bureau of Foreign Employment (BFE) began requiring that all overseas employment contracts be signed in the presence a BFE official to ensure that migrant workers understand the contracts' terms. The government conducted 26 awareness campaigns on child sexual exploitation among teachers, students, hotel staff, taxi and rikshaw drivers, and others employed in the tourism industry. In February 2008, the government established a hotline for complaints about child labor, sexual exploitation, and other abuses. Sri Lanka has not ratified the 2000 UN TIP Protocol.

See also
Yiohan, a ship involved in trafficking Sri Lankans in 1998.

References

Sri Lanka
Human rights abuses in Sri Lanka
Women's rights in Sri Lanka

Human trafficking in Sri Lanka


John R. Kramer (August 17, 1937 – March 7, 2006) served as the 19th dean of the Tulane University Law School from 1986 to 1996, and previous to that was an associate dean at Georgetown University.  At Tulane he started a law clinic to serve low-income people in New Orleans and made Tulane the first law school in the United States to require a specific number of community service hours for graduation. Under his leadership, African American students came to constitute a greater percentage of the law school student body than in any other non-historically black law school.

A cheerful and outspoken liberal, he relished controversy.  He publicly defended the Tulane Environmental Law Clinic when it ran afoul of powerful chemical and oil companies in Louisiana. He also defended the Tulane Appellate Advocacy Program's involvement in a Supreme Court suit against a local utility. During his tenure, Tulane published the nation's first gay law journal.  He was succeeded by Tulane Law School Dean Edward F. Sherman.

Education and early life
Mr. Kramer graduated magna cum laude from Harvard University in 1958. He was a Fulbright Scholar at Cambridge University in 1958-59 and received his law degree from Harvard Law School in 1962. He clerked at the NAACP Legal Defense Fund for Thurgood Marshall, who later became the first black justice on the U.S. Supreme Court.

In 1965, he became counsel to U.S. Rep. Adam Clayton Powell Jr. (D-N.Y.) on the House Committee on Education and Labor, handling anti-poverty legislation and the first Higher Education Act. In 1987, Kramer was elected to the Common Cause National Governing Board.

References

1937 births
2006 deaths
Tulane University Law School faculty
Tulane University faculty
Harvard Law School alumni
Deans of law schools in the United States
Deans of Tulane University Law School
20th-century American academics

John R. Kramer


In 1839 the Lokomotivfabrik der StEG became the first Austrian locomotive works to be founded and it produced many influential locomotive designs.

The factory was built in 1839 by the Vienna-Raab Railway between the Vienna Südbahnhof and Vienna Ostbahnhof and stocked with machinery, much of which was from England. The first locomotives and coaches were built in 1840 based on American prototypes. These were also the first railway vehicles to be built in Austria. The manufacture of railway vehicles was difficult because at that time in Austria there were still no iron foundries and none of the workers had the training for this type of work.

One of the biggest influences on the development of locomotive construction in Austria was the first manager of the factory, John Haswell, who led it from 1840 to 1882.

In 1855, the factory went into the ownership of the Staats-Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft (State Railway Company) or StEG (full title: k.k. landesbefugte Maschinen-Fabrik in Wien der privilegirten österreichisch-ungarischen Staats-Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft), which had the factory expanded in size.

Amongst the trail-blazing locomotives, which this factory produced, was the first six-coupled locomotive on the continent,  the FAHRAFELD, the Semmering competition engine, VINDOBONA, and the first eight-coupled locomotive, WIEN-RAAB.

The company runs a subsidiary today in Romania's Reşiţa. Until 1918, however only 7 steam engines were built there.

Due mainly to the consequences of the First World War, there was only a low demand for locomotives within the reduced Austrian national territory. This was able to be compensated for a time by orders from abroad, nevertheless in 1930 the factory had to shut its gates.

Gallery

See also

 Imperial Royal Privileged Austrian State Railway Company
 List of existing locomotives built by StEG

Literature
 Lokomotive Typen der k. k. landesbef. Maschinen-Fabrik in Wien der k. k. priv. Österr. Staats-Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft. Herausgegeben aus Anlaß der Wiener Weltausstellung im Jahre 1873 unter der Redaktion von John Haswell. Wien, J. Weiner, 1873
 Stroh, E., Die achtzehn Millionen der Staats-Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft, Wien u. a., Jahoda & Siegel, 1912

Defunct locomotive manufacturers of Austria
Buildings and structures in Favoriten
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1839
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1930
1839 establishments in the Austrian Empire
1930 disestablishments in Austria
Companies of Austria-Hungary

19th-century architecture in Austria

Lokomotivfabrik der StEG


Horace Rublee (August 19, 1829 – October 19, 1896) was a Wisconsin journalist and newspaper editor, Republican party leader, and ambassador to Switzerland.

Rublee was born August 19, 1829, the son of Alvah and Martha (Kent) Rublee, in Berkshire, Vermont, a community on the Canada–US border. In 1839, his father moved to what was then the pioneer western town of Sheboygan, Wisconsin Territory, where he had an interest at a saw mill, and in June 1840 the rest of the family joined him, traveling via steamship to Milwaukee and by sloop from Milwaukee to Sheboygan.

The Rublee family was among the earliest of young families from New York and New England who settled in Sheboygan County. This new community was intellectually vibrant. Influential were, for example, Horace Greeley and the New York Tribune, which was subscribed to by many in the area, and Combe on the Constitution of Man. There was a debating society well attended by these pioneers in nearby Sheboygan Falls, and among the philosophical trends was Fourierism. In 1843 a school opened, and Rublee was one of the first two students. The teacher frequented the debating societies in Sheboygan Falls, and "he loaned me Scott's 'Lady of the Lake,' 'Nicholas Nickleby,' 'Oliver Twist' and several of Bulwer's novels, which helped to pass the school hours, and wonderfully shortened the long winter evenings." Rublee was academically stimulated, with many influences of high literature. As a young man, he aspired to be a poet.

He taught school briefly at age 17. Starting in 1849 he spent a year at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, then returned to Sheboygan County to teach for two more years.

Rublee began his political and journalism career in 1852, when he moved back to Madison. He was legislative reporter for the Madison Argus and Democrat in 1852–53. In 1853 he started work at the Wisconsin State Journal, and in 1854 purchased a part interest in the paper. He was secretary of the state mass meeting held at Madison on July 13, 1854, which formed the state chapter of the Republican party. The party had been started in embryonic form in March in Ripon, but this mass meeting was the first serious establishment of the party as a lasting organized political force.  He was Republican party chair 1859–1869, and in 1868 a delegate to the national Republican convention.  From 1856 to 1858 he was Wisconsin State Librarian. From 1857 to 1871 he was a curator of State Historical Society of Wisconsin, serving with such notable nineteenth-century Wisconsin figures as James Duane Doty, Cyrus Woodman and Lyman Draper. He married Katherine Hopkins in 1857.

In 1869 Rublee was a candidate for the US Senate, although this was prior to the Seventeenth Amendment (the direct election of Senators), so while the candidacy and campaign were not a secret from the public, it was carried out almost entirely behind closed doors. The seat was won by Matthew H. Carpenter.  Later that same year, Rublee was appointed Ambassador to Switzerland by President Ulysses S. Grant, serving until 1877. In consequence of this appointment, he sold his interest in the Wisconsin State Journal.

When he returned to Wisconsin after his ambassadorship, he again assumed the chair position of the Republican party, serving from 1877 to 1879. In 1878 he settled the 'Greenback Party Controversy' which threatened to seriously divide the party. In 1879 he went east and served as editor of Boston Advertiser for one year.

After he returned to Wisconsin, in 1881 he and associates purchased the Milwaukee Daily News and renamed it Republican and News. In 1882 he purchased the Milwaukee Sentinel and merged the Republican News into it. He remained the editor of Sentinel until his death in 1896. During his life in Milwaukee, he lived on fashionable Prospect Avenue, home of the cream of Milwaukee's social, political and business elite. He died October 19, 1896, in Milwaukee.

See also
  Edward Bulwer-Lytton
  Sir Walter Scott
 "The Lady of the Lake"
  Charles Dickens
 Nicholas Nickleby
 Oliver Twist
George Rublee
William Alvah Rublee

Notes

References

1829 births
1896 deaths
People from Berkshire, Vermont
People from Sheboygan, Wisconsin
Writers from Milwaukee
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
Wisconsin Republicans
Editors of Wisconsin newspapers
Ambassadors of the United States to Switzerland
19th-century American diplomats
19th-century American journalists
American male journalists
19th-century American male writers

Horace Rublee


iOS (previously named iPhone OS) is an OS for smartphones, made and sold by Apple. It is the mobile OS of the iPhone, the iPod, the iPad, Apple TV and similar devices. At first iOS was called iPhone OS, but it was renamed to iOS in 2010 to show that the operating system was being supported on new Apple devices.

History

iPhone OS 1
iOS was released in 2005, simply known as running a version of OS X for the first generation iPhone. Apple said on January 9, 2007 at a conference that there will be a new product, the iPhone, and it would have a "revolutionary" operating system.

On March 6, 2006, Apple renamed this form of OS X to "iPhone OS" following the release of the iPhone software development kit.

iPhone OS 2
On July 11, 2008, along with the release of the iPhone 3G, Apple released iPhone OS 2.0, which introduced the App Store.

iPhone OS 3
In June 2009, Apple released iPhone OS 3.0, which was released along with the iPhone 3GS. It was a minor upgrade to iPhone OS 2.0 except it could do a few new things. iPhone OS 3.0 was available for the first iPhone and iPod Touch, but not all features were supported on those devices. The last version to support the first iPhone and iPod Touch was 3.1.3. It was later available for the iPad when it was released (as of version 3.2).

In September 2009, Apple renamed "iPhone OS" to "iOS". The trademark "IOS" has been used by the tech company Cisco, so Apple licensed the trademark in order to avoid conflicts.

iOS 4

In mid-2010, Apple also released a significant update, iOS 4.0, which added the ability of multitasking, the option to have a wallpaper for the home screen and gives the user the ability to run several apps at the same time, while the number of apps are affected by the device's RAM. Not only that, but it also had a more polished design and was the first version of iOS to be available for the iPod Touch for free. Unfortunately, the iPhone 3G and iPod Touch (2nd generation) have limited features, meaning that they can't multitask or have a wallpaper for the home screen.

iOS 5

In October 2011, Apple released iOS 5, which introduced many new features such as the notifications pull-down bar, a free messaging service called iMessage, iCloud, and more. A voice assistant named Siri was also released to the iPhone 4S.

iOS 6

iOS 6 was released on September 19, 2012 with even more features. Siri was released to the iPad (3rd generation), iPod Touch (5th generation), and the iPhone 5. YouTube was removed and a YouTube app was added to the App Store. Google Maps was also removed and replaced with Apple Maps.

iOS 7

On September 18, 2013, iOS 7 was released with a new look and many features, and a new feature called "Control Center" where you can control basic settings, music, AirPlay, brightness, flashlight, and more.

iOS 8

On June 2, 2014, Apple announced iOS 8 at their annual Worldwide Developers Conference. It has several new features, such as a new app called Health, a feature called QuickType, which predicts which words you will type, and several other features. It was officially released to everyone on September 17, 2014.

iOS 9

iOS 10

iOS 11

iOS 11 was announced in mid-2017. It supports the iPhone 5S and newer, the iPad Air and newer, all iPad Pro models, the fourth-generation iPad mini, and the sixth-generation iPod touch. The update removes the labels from the main Phone, Messages, Mail, and Safari icons. The App Store and iTunes store logos are replaced with a simple "A" logo and star logo with a blue and purple background, respectively. The Control Center is also easier to use, with bigger buttons and custom controls for functions like Low Power Mode and Mobile Hotspot. On the Plus models of the iPhone 6, 6S, and 7, the Lock Screen can also be rotated. In the Control Center and on the Lock Screen, when a song is playing, only the song name and artist are shown instead of also showing the album name.

iOS 11 also allows users to "offload" apps, meaning that an app can be deleted while leaving behind the app's data. It also provides suggestions and functions for saving storage space, such as deleting old messages and files.  Instead of the iCloud Drive app, there is a Files app that allows users to view their files in the iPhone itself and iCloud Drive.

iOS 12

iOS 13

iOS 14

iOS 15

App Store
The only way to get the software (apps) in iOS is the App Store. The App Store is an electronic market which gives you the ability to buy "apps" (applications), small user interface applications. By January 2013, Apple confirmed to have more than 800,000 applications in the App Store.

Important updates

iOS Version 7, launched Sep 18, 2013, presented a radically different tone for the iPhone, than the aesthetic which had become iconic already under vers 1 through 6: first with sharper, brighter, flatter icons; less of the photographically detailed: fewer pigments but more uncommon ones, and second with a translucent smoke glass icon tray pulldown. A third major aesthetic difference lay in the shade of blue chosen, which was brighter and especially highlighted the style of version 7 over iOS 1.0.

iOS 7.03, released Oct 23, 2013, mostly disabled the gyroscopic compass on the Apple iPod Touch, including new-at-the-time models. Later software updates further restricted compass-related hardware features, to only devices with GPS/cellular connectivity.

A "soft update" over iTunes, of Sep 9, 2014, increased the size of every user's iTunes by U2's Songs of Innocence album, which at the time could not be deleted from many users' libraries.

iOS 8, which launched Sep 12, 2014, while not as radical an aesthetic change as iOS 7 from iOS 6, being virtually required for many users.

References

IOS


Glasgow Prestwick Airport   is the second airport serving Glasgow. It also serves the Greater Glasgow area. It is  northeast of the town of Prestwick in South Ayrshire. It is 32 miles from the city centre of Glasgow.

Prestwick is Scotland's largest airport by size. However, Edinburgh Airport, Glasgow International and Aberdeen Airport all handle more passengers. The year with the most passengers passing through Prestwick was 2007. Since 2007, a lot less passengers pass through Prestwick. 1.3 million passengers passed through the airport in 2011. This was 22% reduction from 2010.

Douglas Fowler McIntyre and the Duke of Hamilton owned the airport at first. These people were the first to fly a plane to the top of Mount Everest in 1933. During and after World War II it was a Royal Air Force base. In 1952 it was made a United States Air Force base.

The airport was made bigger in the early 1960s: the runway was made longer and a new terminal building was made. The new, bigger airport opened in 1964. Today, Glasgow Prestwick is mostly used by Ryanair.

On 8 March 2012, Infratil, the company which owns Prestwick, said that they had placed the airport up for sale. The Chief Executive Marco Bogoievski said that he does not regret selling the airport.

The Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm uses part of the airport. It has 3 Sea King helicopters there for search and rescue. They cover Ben Nevis, the Lakes, Northern Ireland and 200 NM (370 km; 230 mi) past the Irish coast. This force is often called 'HMS Gannet'. 15 officers, 11 ratings, 28 civil servants and 50 civilian staff work at the base.

References

Airports in Scotland
South Ayrshire

Glasgow Prestwick Airport


Roman mythology is a huge collection of stories, started in Ancient Rome, about the beginning of the world, and the lives and adventures the many Roman gods, goddesses, and heroes. Each god, each goddess had a cult to take care of their temples or other holy places.

The myths of the Ancient Romans are often called "Greco-Roman". Originally they were similar to the Greek mythology of the Ancient Greeks, and later the Romans added Greek stories for their Roman gods, so they became even more similar.

The gods and goddesses in these stories have lots of magic powers. They can make themselves invisible to humans and move to any place in a very short time. They can change people into animals or animals into people. They have no disease and can only be hurt by very unusual causes. This is called being immortal; they can never die.

Related pages

List of Roman gods and goddesses
Mythology
Metamorphoses

Roman mythology


Numerical analysis studies different algorithms to get approximations for  problems of mathematical analysis. Approximations are used for the following reasons:
 There are no known ways to solve a problem using calculus. Examples for such problems are the Navier–Stokes equations or the Three-body problem
 There is a way to solve a problem using calculus. Getting an exact solution is impractical though, because it requires a long time, or many resources. An example for this is calculating power series.

One of the earliest known uses of numerical analysis is a Babylonian clay tablet, which approximates the square root of 2. In a unit square, the diagonal has this length. Being able to compute the sides of a triangle is extremely important, for instance, in carpentry and construction.

Numerical analysis continues this long tradition of practical mathematical calculations. Much like the Babylonian approximation of , modern numerical analysis does not seek exact answers, because exact answers are often impossible to obtain in practice. Instead, much of numerical analysis is concerned with obtaining approximate solutions while maintaining reasonable bounds on errors.

Numerical analysis naturally finds applications in all fields of engineering and the physical sciences, but in the 21st century, the life sciences and even the arts have adopted elements of scientific computations. Ordinary differential equations appear in star movement; optimization occurs in portfolio management; numerical linear algebra is important for data analysis; stochastic differential equations and Markov chains are essential in simulating living cells for medicine and biology.

Computers greatly helped this task. Before there were computers, numerical methods often depended on hand interpolation in large printed tables. Since the mid 20th century, computers calculate the required functions instead. These same interpolation formulas nevertheless continue to be used as part of the software algorithms for solving differential equations.

Famous numerical software
In order to support numerical analysts, many kinds of numerical software has been created:
 MatLab - made by MathWorks
 GNU Octave, Scilab - open source versions of MATLAB
 SageMath
 SciPy
 Wolfram Mathematica - made by Wolfram Research

References

Researchers

Related pages

Further reading

Numerical analysis

Numerical analysis


This article is about the village in Scotland. For other things with the name Abercrombie, please see Abercrombie.

Abercrombie (Gaelic: Obar Chrombaidh) is a small village in Fife, Scotland. It is around 1 mile north of the village of St Monans, and 10 miles south of the town of St Andrews. Abercrombie was the former name of the parish (church district) of St Monans, although both Abercrombie and St Monans had churches.

Villages in Fife

Abercrombie, Fife


The Ford Corcel wis a caur sauld bi Ford Motor Company in Brazil, Chile an Venezuela.

The Corcel's oreegins lay in the Renault 12. Willys-Overland's Brazilian operation included manufacturin the Renault Dauphine an Gordini an, when it wis bought bi Ford do Brasil in 1967, plans war underway tae replace it wi the Renault 12, an Ford inherited the project.

Housomeivver, the stylin o the Corcel wis unique tae Brazil afore 1978. Frae this year, the Corcel II, as it became kent, bore a strong resemblance tae the Ford Escort an Ford Taunus sauld in Europe an in Argentina, but its underpinnings war the same.

The first year o production o the Brazilian Ford Corcel wis 1968, when it came as a fower-door sedan wi a 1.3-litre, 68 hp (51 kW) watter-cooled ingine. A coupe an a three-door station wagon version o the Ford Corcel, latter cawed Belina, wur eventually launched. Later, a L (for "Luxury") an a GT version wur produced. Each passin year mony stylin chynges wur made, borraein several details frae the Ford Maverick, an becomin mair an mair lik a Pony caur.

The facelifted Corcel I (mk1.5) haed a mair aggressive leuk in contrast frae the conservative 1968 version. On the ither haund, the Corcel II haed a vera conservative an faimily-oriented design.

Some o the L an aw GT versions an aa came wi 1.4-litre 85 hp (63 kW) watter-cooled ingine wi dooble-barrel carburetor, which wis vera easy tae modify for greater pouer. Some shops haed the option tae install an unoffeecial sma tunin kit that wad improve the ingine's horsepouer tae 95. Note that aw o thir HP values wur accoontit uisin the law quality, law octane sooth-American petrol o the time. Uisin the day's better fuel wad improve thir values significantly.

The Corcel GT wis moderately successfu in Brazilian Tarumã, Interlagos an beach rally street caur championships durin the seiventies, thanks tae its front-wheel-drive stability an law wecht (920 kg), which alloued a hie pouer-tae-wecht ratio. It wad no be faster than the V-8 Maverick an Chevrolet Opala, but it wad beat awthing else, includin 4- an 6-cylinder Mavericks an some Dodge Chargers that subscribed the events. Those championships unveiled that the front drive universal joint wis prone tae break unner hivy stress, sae in 1976 the Corcel line adoptit the Constant-velocity joint.

In 1978, follaein the Corcel, Ford launched the Corcel II, wi completely re-made design an straucht lines opposin the pownie caur style. Thir chynges wur an aa applee'd tae the Belina, while the 4-door version wis dropped. But the Corcel II wis hivier too (970 kg). The Ford Corcel II oreeginatit a pick-up version cawed the Ford Pampa in 1982, which wad eventually be available wi fower wheel drive.

The Ford Del Rey wis introduced in 1981, wi a mair upricht roofline an a fower-door model available. A station wagon version (Ford Scala) differed frae the Belina ae in trim. The traditional Ford name Victoria wis tae be uised on this version but wis dropped at the last minute.

Aw haed a slicht face lift for the 1985 model year. The Corcel II became kent again simply as the Corcel. The interior wis nou the same for aw fower models. Ootside, while the Corcel an the Del Rey wur fastback an sedan versions o the same cr, the Belina an the Scala, which war the same car wi some interior/exterior differences war nou awmaist identical; anly a few details, sic as the taillamps, differentiated thir twa models. The Belina wis made available wi the same fower-wheel-drive seestem uised in the Pampa. This seestem seemed tae hae questionable reliability; Quatro Rodas magazine did a lang-term test o a Belina 4x4 (50,000 km) in which break downs war very frequent.

1986 wis the last year for the Corcel. The Belina wis an aa discontinued in 1986, but its name wis, frae then on, applee'd tae what haed been the Scala (a name that haed never really caught on).

The ingine wis a CHT, an improved version o the Ventoux ingine uised in the first Corcel o 1968. Bi nou it haed been  bored an stroked tae 1555 cc, wi a redesigned cylinder head, a rotating valve design an mony ither peripheral improvements.

In 1989, as a result o the Autolatina joint-venture, the heicher ootput Volkswagen AP-1800 ingine replaced the 1.6L in aw models o the Del Rey an Belina, made available in aw models o the Pampa except for the anes wi fower wheel drive.

The Del Rey an the "new" Belina weur discontinued in 1991, bein replaced bi the Ford Versailles an Ford Royale respectively (Passat B2 version fascia). The Pampa wad soldier on till 1996, when Ford introduced the smawer, Fiesta Mk2-based Ford Courier.

Notes

Freemit airtins
  - Carros do Passado: O cavalo brasileiro
   - Beach Rally championship results showcasing victory an good poseetions o the Ford Corcel

Corcel
Caurs o Brazil

Ford Corcel


Wareham ( ) is a historic market town and, under the name Wareham Town, a civil parish, in the English county of Dorset. The town is situated on the River Frome eight miles (13 km) southwest of Poole.

Situation and geography
The town is built on a strategic dry point between the River Frome and the River Piddle at the head of the Wareham Channel of Poole Harbour. The Frome Valley runs through an area of unresistant sand, clay and gravel rocks, and much of its valley has wide flood plains and marsh land. At its estuary the river has formed the wide shallow ria of Poole Harbour. Wareham is built on a low dry island between the marshy river plains.

The town is situated on the A351 Lytchett Minster-Swanage road, linking Wareham with the A35 and A31 roads and the M27 motorway. Wareham is also the eastern terminus of the A352 road to Dorchester and Sherborne, both roads now bypassing the town centre. The town has a station on the South West Main Line railway, and was formerly the junction station for services along the branch line to Swanage, now preserved as the Swanage Railway. The steam railway has ambitions to extend its service, currently from Swanage to Norden, near Corfe Castle back to Worgret Junction (where the mainline and branch divided) and into Wareham again.

To the north west of the town a large conifer plantation, Wareham Forest stretches several miles to the A35 road and the southern foothills of the Dorset Downs. To the south east is Corfe Castle and the heathland that borders Poole Harbour, including Wytch Farm oil field and Studland & Godlingstone Heath Nature Reserve. About four miles (7 km) to the south is a chalk ridge, the Purbeck Hills which faces the Isle of Wight to the east, and eight miles (12 km) to the south is the English Channel.

History
The town's strategic setting has made it an important settlement throughout its long history. Excavations at the nearby Bestwall site have produced evidence of transient early Mesolithic activity dating to around 9000 BCE. At the same site four large Neolithic pits containing worked flint and pottery fragments dating to 3700 BCE were found. Three green stone axeheads discovered also probably date to this period. Flint working and potting continued throughout the Bronze Age. The first house discovered dates to the mid 15th century BCE.

Archaeological evidence exists of a small Roman settlement, though the current town was founded by the Saxons. The Roman name is unknown, but the town is referred to as Werham in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle entry of 784, from Old English wer (meaning 'fish trap, a weir') and hām ('homestead') or hamm ('enclosure hemmed in by water').

The town's oldest features are the town walls, ancient earth ramparts surrounding the town, likely built by Alfred the Great in the 9th century to defend the town from the Danes as part of his system of burh towns. The Danes invaded and occupied Wareham in 876, and only left after Alfred returned with an army and made a payment of Danegeld. In 998 they attacked again, and in 1015 an invasion led by King Canute left the town in ruins. The town was a Saxon royal burial place, notably that of King Beorhtric (d. 802). Also in the town at the ancient minster church of Lady St. Mary  is the coffin said to be that of Edward the Martyr, dating from 978. His remains had been hastily buried there and were later taken from Wareham to Shaftesbury Abbey in north Dorset (and now lie in Brookwood Cemetery, Surrey).

By the end of the Saxon period, Wareham had become one of the most important towns in the county, to the extent that it housed two mints for the issue of Royal money. The Burghal Hidage lists the town as 1,600 hides, the third largest in the realm. During the Norman conquest of England, in late 1067, William I harried the town as his army passed into the west to lay siege to Exeter. The Normans later built a castle on the banks of the River Frome, at a site acquired from the Abbot of Shaftesbury and now known as Castle Close, which became the focus of much fighting between the forces of Stephen and Matilda during the period of civil war in the mid 12th century. The keep was destroyed at an unknown date in the 12th or 13th century, possibly under the terms of the Treaty of Wallingford, and no visible trace remains. Up until this time Wareham had been an important port; however the growth of Poole and the gradual silting of the river caused a decline in trade and by the end of the 13th century most of the foreign trade had transferred to Poole. Local trade continued to be handled at the Quay until the construction of the railway in the 19th century.

During the English Civil War, Wareham changed hands several times between the Royalists and Parliamentarians and in August 1644 was the site of a fierce battle with 2,000 Cromwellian soldiers besieging the town.

After the Monmouth Rebellion of 1685, Wareham was one of a number of towns in Dorset where Judge Jeffreys held the Bloody Assizes, with five rebels being hanged, drawn and quartered on the West Walls, an area known as 'Bloody Bank'. This may also have been the site of the execution of a hermit known as Peter de Pomfret who in 1213 had prophesied that before the next Ascension Day King John's rule would be over. The prophecy turned out to be incorrect, and the King decreed that Peter should be dragged through the streets of the town tied to a horse's tail and hanged together with his son.

In 1762, a fire destroyed two thirds of the town, which has been rebuilt in Georgian architecture with red brick and Purbeck limestone, following the earlier street pattern. The town is divided into four quarters by the two main roads, which cross at right-angles. The medieval almshouses escaped the fire, and some of the Georgian façades are in fact disguising earlier buildings which also survived.

With the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, Wareham became a garrison town with up to 7,000 soldiers living and training locally. The camp was re-located to nearby Bovington in 1922. The town survived the Second World War largely intact, although five houses were destroyed when a bomb dropped by a German aeroplane fell near St Martin's Church in 1942.

Because of the constraints of the rivers and marshland Wareham grew little during the 20th century, while nearby towns, such as Poole, grew rapidly.

Religious sites

Wareham contains several places of worship with the oldest being the Saxon churches of Lady St. Mary (substantially modified but the origins are pre-conquest. The Saxon nave was demolished in 1841–2) and St. Martins-on-the-Walls (built c.1030, dedicated to Martin of Tours). Both are Anglican. The 14th-century building of Holy Trinity Church stands on the site of the Saxon chapel St Andrew's and was until 2012 a tourist information centre. Other churches are the Wareham United Reformed Church in Church Street, St. Edward the Martyr Roman Catholic church on Shatters Hill, Wareham Methodist Church in North St. and the Evangelical Church in Ropers Lane. Sections of the churchyard of Lady St. Mary are managed by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, containing as it does a number of graves of servicemen who died in a nearby military hospital during the First World War and others, including those of German and Polish servicemen, from the Second World War.

Government

The civil parish of Wareham Town encompasses the walled town of Wareham, situated on the land between the rivers Frome and Piddle, together with the area of Northport to the north of the River Piddle, and a relatively small amount of the surrounding rural area. The parish has an area of .

The sister civil parish of Wareham St. Martin covers much of the rural area to the north of Wareham, including the village of Sandford. Taken together the two Wareham parishes have an area of , with a 2011 population of 8,270 in 3,788 dwellings.

Both parishes form part of the Dorset unitary authority within the ceremonial county of Dorset. They are within the Mid Dorset and North Poole constituency of the House of Commons. Until 31 January 2020, they were also within the South West England constituency of the European Parliament. Prior to 2019, Wareham was also part of the Purbeck District of Dorset, before it was merged with other districts to the Dorset Unitary Authority.

Demography

The population of Wareham according to the 2001 UK Census was 5,665 living in 2,545 dwellings. 99% of Wareham's population are of White ethnicity. 80.33% of the population state their religion as Christian, 12.24% as "No religion" with 6.59% not stated. There is a high proportion of older people in the town: 29.4% of the population are over 60 years old, against a national average of 21%. The largest industry of employment for those who live in Wareham is manufacturing which employs 16.3%. Three other significant areas of employment are: wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles (13.5%), real estate renting and business activities (12.2%) and health and social work (10.5%).

Culture and Media

Wareham is twinned with Conches-en-Ouche in Normandy, France and with Hemsbach in Germany.
Since the 16th century Wareham has been a market town, and still holds a market on Thursdays and Saturdays. In 2005 Wareham was named as a Fairtrade Town.

Events held in the town include the annual carnival which takes place in July with a parade, fireworks and music by the Quay. A new event is the music festival held in summer, with bands playing on the Quay, at Wareham Town Hall and in the town's pubs. The Wareham Court Leet, one of the few remaining Court Leets in Britain, meets nightly during the last week in November.

In the church of St Martin-on-the-Walls, there is a recumbent effigy of T. E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) in Arab clothing, sculpted by Eric Kennington. Lawrence is buried at Moreton Churchyard where every year a quantity (decreases by one each year) of red roses are left. Near the town is Clouds Hill and Bovington army camp where Lawrence died after a motorbike accident. Wareham Town Museum, in East Street, has an interesting section on Lawrence and in 2006 produced an hour-long DVD entitled T. E. Lawrence — His Final Years in Dorset, including a reconstruction of the fatal accident. The museum also contains many artefacts on all aspects of the history of the town.

The Royal Air Force Air Cadets has an Air Training Corps squadron based in the town, namely 2185 (Wareham) Squadron ATC. The squadron's cadets regularly partake in activities around the town for charitable purposes such as supporting the carnival, training exercises and parades. The squadron has a Detached Flight based at Swanage.

Local news and television programmes is provided by BBC South and ITV Meridian. Television signals are received from the Rowridge TV transmitter.

The local radio stations are BBC Radio Solent, Heart South, Greatest Hits Radio South, Nation Radio South Coast and Wave 105.

The Wareham Advertiser is the town's local weekly newspaper.

Cultural references
Thomas Hardy in his novels based the town of "Anglebury" on Wareham. Dinah Craik used the town as one of the settings in her novel Agatha's Husband (as "Kingcombe"). Anglebury House - a tea house/restaurant still operating on the high street - was frequented by T E Lawrence. The seat where Lawrence regularly sat is marked by a plaque.

Wareham is the setting for one of the "Amazing Adventures of Scary Bones the Skeleton" series of books for children by Ron Dawson, Scary Bones meets the Wacky Witches of Wareham. The book also includes a photograph of the town bridge and nearby Corfe Castle which also features in the story.

Some scenes from the 2002 German ZDF TV production Morgen Träumen Wir Gemeinsam ("Tomorrow We Dream Together") were filmed in Wareham.

The hymn tune "Wareham" was composed by William Knapp (born at Wareham, 1698–9); Knapp composed several other hymn tunes and was parish clerk of Poole.

Wareham appears in the 2020 video game Assassin's Creed Valhalla, under the name of Werham.

Sport
Wareham is the home of Wareham Rangers Football Club who currently play in the Dorset Premier League.
It is also the home of Swanage and Wareham RFU.
There is a multi activity sports centre and swimming pool situated 500 metres west of the town centre.

Twin towns

Wareham is twinned with:
 Conches-en-Ouche, France
 Hemsbach, Germany

Notable people
John Hutchins - Rector of Wareham, 1743–73; Author of The History & Antiquities of the County of Dorset. Lived in Wareham from 1744 until his death in 1773. Buried in the town at the church of Lady St. Mary.
Edwin Keppel Bennett - Writer, poet, Germanist and academic. Born in Wareham in 1887.
Shelley Preston - British singer and member of pop group Bucks Fizz grew up in Wareham and attended The Purbeck School.
T. E. Lawrence lived at nearby Clouds Hill and was a frequent visitor to the town in the latter years of his life.
David Mellor - British politician, born in Wareham in 1949.
Actor Edward Fox lives locally and in 2010 campaigned against the building of a supermarket on the outskirts of the town.
 Chad Gould lived here throughout his childhood.
Ex-footballer David Best (footballer) was born in Wareham.

See also

References

Citations

Sources

External links

 Wareham Town Council website
 Wareham Town Museum website

Market towns in Dorset
Towns in Dorset
Poole Harbour
Purbeck District

Wareham, Dorset


In computers, hardware performance counters (HPC), or hardware counters are a set of special-purpose registers built into modern microprocessors to store the counts of hardware-related activities within computer systems. Advanced users often rely on those counters to conduct low-level performance analysis or tuning.

Implementations
The number of available hardware counters in a processor is limited while each CPU model might have a lot of different events that a developer might like to measure. Each counter can be programmed with the index of an event type to be monitored, like a L1 cache miss or a branch misprediction.

One of the first processors to implement such counter and an associated instruction RDPMC to access it was the Intel Pentium, but they were not documented until Terje Mathisen wrote an article about reverse engineering them in Byte July 1994.

The following table shows some examples of CPUs and the number of available hardware counters:

Versus software techniques
Compared to software profilers, hardware counters provide low-overhead access to a wealth of detailed performance information related to CPU's functional units, caches and main memory etc. Another benefit of using them is that no source code modifications are needed in general. However, the types and meanings of hardware counters vary from one kind of architecture to another due to the variation in hardware organizations.

There can be difficulties correlating the low level performance metrics back to source code.  The limited number of registers to store the counters often force users to conduct multiple measurements to collect all desired performance metrics.

Instruction based sampling

Modern superscalar processors schedule and execute multiple instructions out-of-order at one time.  These "in-flight" instructions can retire at any time, depending on memory access, hits in cache, stalls in the pipeline and many other factors.  This can cause performance counter events to be attributed to the wrong instructions, making precise performance analysis difficult or impossible.

AMD introduced methods to mitigate some of these drawbacks.  For example, the Opteron processors have implemented  in 2007 a technique known as Instruction Based Sampling (or IBS). AMD's implementation of IBS provides hardware counters for both fetch sampling (the front of the superscalar pipeline) and op sampling (the back of the pipeline). This results in discrete performance data associating retired instructions with the "parent" AMD64 instruction.

See also
 perf (Linux)
 Row hammer

References

Central processing unit
Profilers

Hardware performance counter


Jean-Jacques Waltz (23 February 1873, Colmar – 10 June 1951), also known as "Oncle Hansi", or simply "Hansi" ("little John") was a French artist of Alsatian origin. He was a staunch pro-French activist, and is famous for his quaint drawings, some of which contain harsh critiques of the Germans of the time. He was also a French hero of both the First and the Second World Wars.

Biography

Early life
Jean-Jacques Waltz was born in Colmar the 23 February 1873, two years after the annexation of Alsace by the German Empire following the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1.

He worked as an artist for the textile industry, and drew postcards and programmes for local events. He started publishing satirical works in 1908 under the pseudonym "Hansi", making particular fun of German tourists.

First satirical works and First World War
Hansi became famous with his polemical satiric work Professor Knatschke (1912), which became a best-seller in France, as well as several other militant works. He came to incarnate the symbol of pro-French Alsatians, especially among "revanchist" French intellectuals such as Maurice Barrès.

Hansi was imprisoned several times by the German authorities for making fun of the German military and professors, culminating in a one-year sentence given by the tribunal of Leipzig in July 1914. This caused a national outrage in France, making headlines in newspapers and inspiring two editorials by Clemenceau.

Hansi eventually escaped to France, having crossed the frontier at the Schlucht on 14 July and arriving in Belfort, where he joined the military as a translator-officer when the First World War broke out.

Late life
In 1940, Hansi, still wanted by the Gestapo for his militant works and his treason of 1914, had to flee into Vichy, France. He was attacked by the Nazis in Agen, and fled to Switzerland.

Badly wounded because of this attack, he remained weak until he died in 1951.

Legacy
Hansi is now archetypal of Alsace folklore. His original books, published in a few thousand copies, are valued among collectors. It is very common to find plates and every-day items decorated with his drawings. His books have been republished several times.

Works
 Professor Knatschke
 Le voyage d'Erika en Alsace Française
 L'Histoire d'Alsace Racontée aux Petits Enfants d'Alsace et de France par l'Oncle Hansi
 Mon Village, ceux qui n'oublient pas
 L' Alsace Heureuse
 Le Paradis Tricolore
 A travers les lignes ennemies
 L'Alsace
 Colmar en France
 Colmar, guide illustré des champs de bataille
 Les clochers dans les Vignes
 Au pied de la Montagne Ste Odile
 La fresque de Geispolsheim et autres balivernes
 La merveilleuse Histoire du bon Saint Florentin
 Les armes des villes et des communes 80 documents héraldiques dessinés et commentés par JJ Waltz
 Les armes des tribus et des corporations et emblèmes des artisans
 Les armes des nobles et des bourgeois
 Souvenir d'un annexé récalcitrant

Honours
 Commandor of the Légion d'Honneur
 Croix de Guerre 1914-1918 with palms
 Croix de Guerre 1939-1945 with palms

External links
 Professor Knatschke
  Vie et oeuvre de Hansi (life and works of Hansi)
  L'histoire d'Alsace recontée aux petits enfants par l'Oncle Hansi (History of Alsace told to children by Uncle Hansi), one of Hansi's major works available online.

 The House of Uncle Hansi

1873 births
1951 deaths
People from Colmar
People from Alsace-Lorraine
French editorial cartoonists
French illustrators
French activists
French satirists
French male writers
Writers from Grand Est
French military personnel of World War I

Jean-Jacques Waltz


Dynamic and formal equivalence are concepts from linguistics.

When a language  is translated into another one, there is a problem: the meaning of a word or a phrase in the first language is not the same as that of the word or phrase in the second language. The first language may also have words, phrases or grammatical structures that do not exist in the second language.

There are two possible ways to solve this problem:
The translator can look at what the text means. He or she can then try to find expressions in the target language that mean very similar things. With this approach, the translation will sound more natural, and may be easier to read. This approach towards translation is known as dynamic or functional equivalence.
It is possible to make a literal translation. The approach towards this kind of translation is called formal equivalence. A literal translation may mean that the text is translated word-for-word. This will be harder to read, but it will be closer to what is written in the source text. However, there may even be some expressions in the source language that are absent in the target language. In that case, they are used in the translated text just the way they have been in the source text. But only the letters used in the source language for those expressions are replaced with letters from the target language. And it is done in such a way that the expressions used in the translation sound similar to those in the source text.

Linguistics

Dynamic and formal equivalence


Ramanuja Vijayaraghavan (born 3 January 1931) is an Indian physicist, specializing in condensed matter physics.

Vijayaraghavan pioneered active research in the areas of metal physics, magnetic resonance in biophysical systems, and fine particle physics, a forerunner to nanoscience. He is a fellow of several science academies and twice elected as a member of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics commission on magnetism.

Early life
He was born in a well-off family. He was the grandson of Mahawidwan R. Raghava Iyengar, a renowned Tamil and Sanskrit scholar of the 20th century.

Career
After graduating from the Annamalai University in 1951, he joined the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) at Bombay as a Research Student, eventually rising to the position of Distinguished Professor and Dean (Physics Faculty). He formally retired in 1996 . He was deputed twice by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria, as an Expert to set up the Magnetic Resonance Laboratory at the Atomic Energy Centre, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. He was awarded an Indian National Science Academy Senior Scientist position from 1996 to 2001, during which he worked at SAMEER, Mumbai, in collaboration with TIFR. In the 1950s, he constructed a crossed circle wide line NMR spectrometer which could detect deuterium and oxygen-17 isotopes in their natural abundance. Using oxygen-17 as a probe, he demonstrated chemical shifts in organic liquids due to electronic bonding.  He subsequently developed an interdisciplinary group which used NMR and susceptibility measurements in metals to show that susceptibility and the hyperfine field at the nucleus were related and could be modified by alloying.  The oscillatory nature of the conduction electron polarisation was established in rare earth alloys.  The findings from experiments performed in bulk samples of transition metals, rare earths, Heusler alloys and spin glass  were related to results obtained from microscopic techniques such as NMR, Mossbauer and neutron diffraction. In 1986, his group organized one of the first international conferences on high Tc superconductors. He and his collaborators, are credited with the discovery of superconductivity in borocarbides with magnetic elements (under the leadership of R. Nagarajan and L. C. Gupta) and new valence fluctuating materials, heavy fermions, rare earth magnetism phenomena and highly correlated electron systems. His group also made early contributions to the detection of tumors by magnetic resonance.

As  a tribute to his contribution to physics, two felicitation volumes were published in 1991 on the occasion of his 60th birthday: Frontiers in solid state series, Superconductivity (Vol.1), and Magnetism (Vol. 2), by World Scientific Publishing, in Singapore. These volumes incorporate articles written by leading international scientists, including Nobel laureates.

Vijayaraghavan was conferred the prestigious Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in 1976, and received the UGC Raman award in Physical Sciences in 1983. Apart from science, he is well versed in Hindu philosophy and Tamil literature.

References

1931 births
20th-century Indian physicists
Living people
Tamil scientists
Annamalai University alumni
Scientists from Chennai
Indian condensed matter physicists
Rare earth scientists

Ramanuja Vijayaraghavan


Milon Kumar Banerji (c. 1928 – 20 July 2010) was an Indian jurist who was Attorney General of India from 1992 to 1996 and again from 2004 to 2009. He was also Solicitor General from 1986 to 1989. He died on 20 July 2010 after a long illness, having suffered a stroke in December 2009. He was 82.

Controversies and allegations
In 2005, when the UPA government was planning a possible coalition with Mayawati, his opinion absolving Mayawati in the Taj corridor case was ignored by the Supreme Court In a direct condemnation of the government which asked the CBI to heed attorney general Milon Banerjee's opinion and close the case against Mayawati, the Supreme Court told the agency not to go solely on the AG's opinion and place all evidence before it.

In 2009, his opinion absolving Ottavio Quattrocchi in the Bofors scandal has also been viewed as "devaluing and eroding the Attorney General's position". A person of the stature of Milon Banerjee, himself a product of Cambridge University and the son of the first lady Magistrate of India Mrs. Probha Banerjee and of the Vice Chancellor of Allahabad University A. C. Banerjee, is the least expected to go to that extreme. He went by the merits of the case, and had no relationship as such with Quattrocchi.

References

1920s births
2010 deaths
Attorneys General of India
Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in public affairs
Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge
Senior Advocates in India
Indian Senior Counsel
20th-century Indian lawyers

Milon K. Banerji


A levee, or levée, is a raised bank of a river. The levee or dyke is a protection against floods. There are two types of levee: riverdykes and seadykes.

The seadyke was invented in Holland in 1277. Rotterdam is largely below sea level, but is protected by its dykes. It is quite clear now that other coastal cities are going to need protection from the sea.

The first dykes were built in ancient Mesopotamia. The levees they used were earth walls and gave protection against the meltwater. 3000 years ago levees were used in ancient Egypt for irrigation systems.

'Levée' comes from the French verb lever, "to raise". Other names are 'floodbank' or 'stopbank'. It is a natural or artificial wall, usually earthen, and often parallels the course of a river.  The term "levee" came into English use in New Orleans around 1672. The word 'dyke' or 'dike' comes from the Dutch word dijk.

The general term for devices such as dykes is "flood control". Another useful term is "embankment", which is used to build up banks of a river
The lower River Thames was a broad, shallow waterway winding through malarious marshlands. It has been transformed into a deep, narrow tidal canal. Floods from the North Sea are held back at the Thames Barrier.

A downside of levees
Artificial levees may lead to an elevation of the natural river bed over time. Alluvial rivers with intense accumulations of sediment may do this. The river bed may get higher than the adjacent ground surface behind the levees. This is so in the Yellow River in China, and the Mississippi in the United States.

Earthworks
There are many earthworks. Some are not related to rivers or water.
 Car Dyke, a Roman boundary ditch in Eastern England
 Devil's Dyke, one of several ancient embankments or ditches
 Foss Dyke, a Roman canal in England linking the River Trent to the River Witham at Lincoln
 Offa's Dyke, historic earthwork dividing Mercia from Wales
 Wansdyke (earthwork), dividing Wessex from the lands south west of it
 Wat's Dyke, An earthwork running through the northern Welsh Marches from Basingwerk Abbey to Maesbury

Geological features
A separate page deals with Dyke (geology)
 The Great Dyke, a mineral-rich feature that runs through Zimbabwe
 Mount Desire Dyke, an igneous intrusion in South Australia

Draining and reclaiming land
There is a long history of land being reclaimed from the sea (for example in Holland), and marshlands being drained to make them good farming land (southern England). In many places water is held back by sluices. Sluice is a word for a channel controlled at its head by a movable gate. The gate is called a sluice gate.

Dredging: the alternative approach
Dredging is lowering the base of a river. It is another approach to the problem of rising water levels. Of course, it can and is used together with levees as a standard method. We all know that rivers drop sediment as they flow, and all main rivers are regularly dredged. Dredging has the disadvantage of disturbing the life at the bottom of rivers, but it will certainly be used more in future.

Other websites
 Levees.Org (activist group in New Orleans to Hold the Corps Accountable)

References

Landforms
Flood control

Levee