Didcot Power Station refers to a combined coal and oil power plant (Didcot A Power Station) and a natural-gas power plant (Didcot B Power Station) that supply the National Grid. They are right next to one another in the civil parish of Sutton Courtenay, next to the town of Didcot in Oxfordshire (formerly in Berkshire), in the UK. The combined power stations feature a chimney which is one of the taller structures in the United Kingdom, and six hyperbolic cooling towers, which can be seen from much of the surrounding area. Didcot A was closed in 2013 and three cooling towers have been demolished.

Didcot 'A'

This was the first power station here. It is the biggest one with the big cooling towers (that make the cooling water cooler and make lots of steam) that are in two groups. One group is northwest, the other group is southeast. The power station can make up to 2000 megawatts (2000 million watts - an 'average' lightbulb uses only 50 or 60 watts) at any one time. Didcot 'A' mainly burns coal, but can also burn oil, or in some cases gas. This power station can use some biomass such as wood. The fuel (coal, oil and so on) is first ground up in big mills if it is solid (similar to old flour windmills, but powered by electric motors) to give it a large surface area, and is then blown into a large boiler with lots of air. Here it is burnt to make very high pressure steam, which is used to turn a large steam turbine. This turbine is connected to a generator, which makes the electricity that is then sent out on the National Grid. Didcot A was closed in 2013 and has been demolished. There are now (2018) only three of the large cooling towers left.

Didcot 'B'

This is the second power station in Didcot and is run only on gas. It can put out almost 1500 megawatts and uses gas turbines (like in an airplane) and steam turbines (like in the old power station) together to be more efficient. This is called combined cycle gas turbines (CCGT). It has smaller cooling towers that can't be seen as easily, but that make a more obvious cloud that appears to come from the ground. Didcot B is still operating in 2018.

References

1968 establishments in England
Power plants
South Oxfordshire

Didcot power stations


Gallery Dutta Geneve
The tachi is a Japanese sword, which has a strongly curved blade and is longer than a katana. It was used on the battlefield before katana was, so it is considered to be older. The word Tachi translates as "the soul of bushi" (soul of samurai).

When the katana began to be widely used the tachi sword became a court sword for ceremonies. It looks very richly decorated with traditional cord wrappings and a specially designed handle. The length of a tachi blade was around 30.70 inches (about 75cm) Because of its length the tachi was a cavalry sword and was mainly worn by horsemen. The strongly curved blade also made it easy to make slicing blows. Even if the tachi is a very long sword it is light enough to be handled with one hand. The tachi had a long enough hilt to hold it with two hands. It was especially useful for warriors who were not riding.

The tachi was worn hung to the belt with the cutting-edge down, unlike the katana which was worn with the cutting-edge pointing upwards. Not all tachi were the standard size. Small ones were called ko-dachi. If the sword was longer than the standard one it was called o-dachi.

The tachi that can be seen in museums have one or more chips along the back of the sword, while the cutting edge looks almost untouched and mirror polished. The experts explain that Samurai made the smallest possible moves with their tachi to kill the enemy. Thus when both swords were about to collide, the samurai both turned their swords and let only the blunt back (mune) of the blades hit one another. The cutting edge was used for finish touches, namely for cutting the human body.

Related pages
Katana
Samurai
Japanese sword schools

Japanese swords

Tachi


András Sütő (17 June 1927 – 30 September 2006) was an ethnic Hungarian journalist, writer, playwright and politician from Romania, one of the leading writers in the Hungarian language in the 20th century.

Early life and education

Sütő was born into a poor peasant family in Cămărașu (), Cluj County, in the Transylvania region of Romania. He received his primary and secondary school education in the Reformed College of Aiud and in the Reformed gymnasium in Cluj. After secondary school, he studied stage directing at the Szentgyörgyi István College of Dramatic Arts in Cluj.

Career

Journalism
Sütő quit college to become the editor in chief of the Falvak Népe weekly. He moved to Bucharest in 1951 because the editorial office was relocated there. Sütő could not identify himself with the political environment of the 1950s in the capital and returned in 1954 to Târgu Mureș, in Transylvania, where he edited Igaz Szó, a literary magazine. He held this post till 1957, after which he edited Uj Élet, an illustrated magazine, until 1989.

Literature
Sütő's first work (A Letter to a Romanian Friend) was published by the Hungarian-language Világosság journal in Cluj, when he was 18. His writing career ranged across genres, with short stories (Félrejáró Salamon, 1955), satire (Pompás Gedeon, 1967), historical drama (Egy lócsiszár virágvasárnapja, 1974; Csillag a máglyán, 1974; Szuzai menyegzo, 1981), and myth and folklore (Káin és Abel, 1977; Advent a Hargitán, 1987). The dramas, in particular, probed the duty of the individual, confronted by arbitrary authority, to preserve his dignity and identity even at the cost of his life.

He served as vice-president of the Writers' Association of Romania between 1974 and 1982.

From 1980, aiming to curb his dissent against the Nicolae Ceaușescu regime's repression of Romania's Hungarian minorities, András Sütő's works were banned from publication and presentation. Consequently, between 1980 and 1989 he could publish only in Hungary. During this period, he and his family were constantly harassed by the authorities and the Securitate.

Politics
A committed Communist, Sütő was a member of the Great National Assembly, the parliament of Communist Romania, between 1965 and 1977. He was also an alternate member of the Executive Committee of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party from 1969 to 1984. But his observations of the fate of the indigenous Romanian and Hungarian villagers in Transylvania under forced collectivisation in the 1950s and his discontent with the increasing centralisation of political power brought him into disfavour from the Ceaușescu government. Increasingly he also opposed the regime's pressure to "homogenise" the various nationalities in the country, such as restrictions against the use of the Hungarian language.

By the time of Ceaușescu's removal from power during the Romanian Revolution of 1989, Sütő was a well-known public figure, respected for his support of the rights of the Hungarian people in Romania.

Awards
In 1979, Sütő was awarded the Herder Prize.

He also received the Gábor Bethlen Prize (1990), and the Kossuth Prize (1992).

Later life
Sütő had his eye gouged out during the 1990 ethnic clashes of Târgu Mureș, and had to undergo treatment in Hungary. He died on 30 September 2006 in Budapest, where he was undergoing treatment for cancer.

Selected works

Drama
Mezítlábas menyasszony (Barefoot Bride), 1950
Pompás Gedeon (Gedeon the Pompous), 1967
Csillag a máglyán (Star at the Stake), 1974
Egy lócsiszár virágvasárnapja (The Palm Sunday of a Horse Dealer), 1975
Káin és Abel (Cain and Abel), 1977
Advent a Hargitán (Advent in the Hargita Mountain), 1985
Alomkommandó (Dream Commando), 1987
Balkáni gerle (Collared Dove), 1999

Novels and short stories
Félrejáró Salamon (By-Stepping Salomon), 1956
Anyám könnyű álmot ígér (Mother Promises a Light Dream), 1970

Essays and memoirs
Engedjétek hozzám jönni a szavakat (Let the Words Come to Me), 1977
Perzsák (Persians), 1981
Szemet szóért (Eye for a Word), 1993

External links
 Sütő's digitalised works

References

1927 births
2006 deaths
People from Cluj County
Romanian people of Hungarian descent
Romanian dramatists and playwrights
Romanian essayists
Romanian newspaper editors
Romanian male novelists
Hungarian-language writers
Hungarian male dramatists and playwrights
Hungarian essayists
Male essayists
Hungarian journalists
Hungarian male novelists
20th-century Romanian novelists
20th-century Hungarian dramatists and playwrights
20th-century essayists
20th-century Romanian male writers
20th-century Hungarian male writers
20th-century Romanian dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Hungarian novelists
20th-century journalists
Members of the Great National Assembly
Herder Prize recipients
Deaths from skin cancer
Deaths from cancer in Hungary
Romanian Communist Party politicians

András Sütő


George Fletcher Cotterill (18 November 1865 – 13 October 1958), born in Oxford, England, was an American civil servant and politician. His public career in Seattle and the state of Washington lasted over 40 years; Cotterill was a Georgist progressive. He was an advocate of woman suffrage, prohibition, land value tax, municipalisation of port facilities and utilities, and the development of public parks.

Youth and early career
Born in Oxford, England, Cotterill was the son of a gardener Robert Cotterill and his wife Alice. The family immigrated to the United States in May 1872, when he was six, arriving in Boston before settling on a farm in Montclair, New Jersey. After graduating from high school in Montclair—at the young age of 15 and as class valedictorian—he worked as a rod man on a railroad survey, while training to be a surveyor and engineer.

In 1883, he travelled to the Pacific Northwest with his father and brother. They had hoped to find work for the Northern Pacific Railroad, but by the time they arrived the project in question had been suspended. His father and brother headed back East in 1884. Cotterill stayed on and managed to obtain a job as a bookkeeper for the Moran Brothers shipyard in Seattle. Moran and Cotterill would each later serve the city as its mayor.

He was not a bookkeeper for long. The growing town and the Washington Territory needed surveyors and engineers. Cotterill laid out the seating diagram for Frye Opera House (Seattle's premier theatre of its time), worked for the Columbia & Puget Sound Railway, the Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern Railway, and eventually for the Northern Pacific when they resumed development in the region. He was involved with the coal mines in Gilman (now Issaquah, Washington) and Grand Ridge. He surveyed land in West Seattle (which at that time was not yet part of Seattle proper) and laid out the plan of the city of Sidney (later Port Orchard) in Kitsap County. Most importantly for his future career, though, he worked for City of Seattle Surveyor R. H. Thomson, both as a surveyor and in building the city's first sewers.

Thomson and Cotterill

Thomson became City Engineer in 1892 and appointed Cotterill as an assistant. They developed the basis of what remains Seattle's main water supply over a century later (see Seattle Public Utilities), bringing in water from the Cedar River. The financial hurdles were almost as daunting as the technical difficulties.  In an 8 July 1889 election, barely a month after the Great Seattle Fire (6 June 1889) Seattle's citizens had voted 1,875 to 51 to acquire and operate their own water system. However, the Panic of 1893 wrecked the city's finances. Cotterill devised the then-novel plan of borrowing money for the pipeline by pledging the receipts from the water to be delivered when the $1,250,000 system was completed. This brought Cotterill into electoral politics for the first time, supporting his own plan in an 1895 special election. The Klondike Gold Rush put Seattle on a sound economic footing and the 1901 completion of Cedar River Supply System No. 1 (active from 21 February 1901) gave the city a steady supply of clean water.

Other achievements by Thomson and Cotterill in this era included 25 miles of bicycle trails (later the basis of the city's Olmsted boulevard system) the filling of tideflats that compose much of today's SoDo and Industrial District south of Downtown Seattle, and the development of the plats that still determine the general plan of the piers on Seattle's Central Waterfront. Each pier is more or less a parallelogram. Most earlier piers, none of which survive, formed a perfect right angle to the shore, and the curvature of the shore meant that each pier was at a slightly different angle, causing potential for collisions. Their uniform northeast-southwest direction was prescribed by Thomson and Cotterill not only solved that problem but also spared freight trains from needing to make a sharp right angle.

Politics
An increasingly prominent figure in the city, Cotterill was soon embroiled in matters unrelated to his technical skills (or even his financial skills)
Gold Rush money had turned Seattle into a wide open city: brothels and casinos flourished, as did concomitant corruption. Cotterill had been a Republican, but in 1900 he supported populist Democrat William Jennings Bryan for President and ran for mayor of Seattle, nominally as a nonpartisan, but effectively as a Democrat. It was not the Democrats' year, and Cotterill lost (as he would also lose a Congressional race two years later). He resigned his city job and resumed private practice.

In 1906, he finally achieved electoral success as one of only three Democrats elected to the Washington State Senate, which then had 42 members. Crossing the aisle, he became the leader of progressive Republicans, and successfully built support for the direct primary law of 1907. As a legislator, he also backed the Lake Washington Ship Canal and helped preserve shorelines for the University of Washington and for city parks. He backed local option as a step toward the prohibition of alcohol and drafted an amendment to the state constitution that granted women the right to vote in 1910, a decade ahead of the country at large. He was also instrumental in passing the law that allowed formation of port districts. The workman's compensation law he helped to write became a national model.

Cotterill was the Democratic candidate for the United States Senate in 1908 and 1910, but lost both races.

Mayor of Seattle

Hiram Gill ran successfully for the Seattle mayoralty in 1910 on "open city" platform, defeating real estate man George W. Dilling. Gill opposed municipal ownership of utilities, arguing not only for privatised transit, but for privatised waterworks, and opposing the then-young Seattle City Light electric utility. He was generally anti-tax and anti-union. Gill reinstalled police chief Charles "Wappy" Wappenstein, whom Gill's predecessor John F. Miller had dismissed as corrupt. Wappenstein promptly established a regime far more "open" than any that Gill had overtly advocated. Every prostitute in Seattle was expected to pay $10 a month to "Wappy", and the police department made sure they paid. Beacon Hill became home to a 500-room brothel with a 15-year lease from the city. It did not take long for the voters to get fed up, and Gill was recalled from office in 1911, though it would not be his last time as mayor. Dilling finished out Gill's term. Wappenstein eventually went to prison.

Gill ran for mayor again in March 1912, and Cotterill ran against him. Seattle Times publisher Alden J. Blethen ardently supported Gill, but Cotterill won. The election wasn't even close, and a third candidate, Socialist Hulet Wells, received nearly as many votes as Gill. Reformers, many of them with no party affiliation, formed the majority of the Seattle City Council. Theodore Roosevelt's "Bull Moose" candidacy carried the state in the presidential election later that year, though Roosevelt did not win the country.

Although in some ways his moment of triumph, Cotterill was by this time, in Roger Sales's words, riding "two horses… moving in different directions". His desire for municipal ownership of utilities and public control of ports allied him with labour and populism; his lifelong Prohibitionist views did not. The Prohibitionist movement was, by this time, aligning itself with issues that wanted small government on most other issues, because they had come to believe that big government inevitably meant corruption. Meanwhile, labour was moving farther left, toward socialism and even anarcho-syndicalism.

Prohibitionism and the temperance movement had always been at the centre of Cotterill's morality. His parents had been members of the United Kingdom Temperance Alliance. During his childhood in England, he attended the Band of Hope, an organisation for children's temperance education. His mother had formed the local chapter. He attended a convention of the International Order of Good Templars in 1897 and was involved with the Templars for the rest of his life, serving for a time as Grand Secretary of the Washington State division and later as Chief Templar of the national division. He was a member of the Anti-Saloon League and in 1909, was appointed by President Taft to represent the US at the International Congress against Alcoholism; in 1913 he was reappointed to this role by President Wilson.

As mayor, Cotterill instigated an anti-vice campaign that raised civil liberties issues, and he soon became embroiled in other issues, as well. There were thousands of vice-related warrantless arrests, and the crackdown on vice may simply have created new and different modes of police corruption.

At this time, Seattle had a big summer celebration known as Potlatch Days, the name deriving from the potlatch ceremonies of the indigenous peoples of the region. In summer 1913, during the Golden Potlach celebration, Blethen succeeded in stirring up already hot tempers and sparking a riot that destroyed the local offices of the Industrial Workers of the World and of the Socialist Party. Cotterill shut down the saloons, suspended all street meetings, and attempted to close the Seattle Times. In this last, he was stopped by a judge; he and police chief Claude Bannick nearly found themselves arrested. However, he survived a recall attempt instigated by Blethen.

That was hardly the last of the labour troubles Cotterill faced as mayor. Later that year, the Teamsters struck for union recognition and a closed shop. Cotterill attempted to remain neutral, which the employers viewed as support for the union.

Later career
Rather than seek re-election as mayor, in 1914 Cotterill ran again for the United States Senate. Again, he lost. In 1916, he was appointed Chief Engineer of the state highway department. In 1922, he was elected to the first of four three-year terms on the Seattle Port Commission, after which he worked a variety of jobs, including working for the King County Assessor's Office until retiring at the age of 84.

Cotterill seems never to have given up hopes of resuming a career in electoral politics. He ran for governor in 1928 and for at least five various city and state offices between 1932 and 1951. His finances fared poorly in the Great Depression, which was part of the reason he worked into his 80s. Most likely, he would have worked even longer if the state had not adopted a mandatory retirement law for government employees over 70.

Roughly a decade after his retirement, he died in a Seattle nursing home.

References

Further reading

 George F. Cotterill Papers. 1839-1958. 12.78 cubic feet. At the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.

Mayors of Seattle
1865 births
1958 deaths
Politicians from Oxford
American surveyors
American civil engineers
American Congregationalists
British emigrants to the United States
Washington (state) Democrats
Washington (state) Republicans
American temperance activists
Georgist politicians

George F. Cotterill


The striped bass (Morone saxatilis), also called the Atlantic striped bass, striper, linesider, rock, or rockfish, is an anadromous perciform fish of the family Moronidae found primarily along the Atlantic coast of North America. It has also been widely introduced into inland recreational fisheries across the United States.  Striped bass found in the Gulf of Mexico are a separate strain referred to as Gulf Coast striped bass.

The striped bass is the state fish of Maryland, Rhode Island, and South Carolina, and the state saltwater (marine) fish of New York, New Jersey, Virginia, and New Hampshire.

The history of the striped bass fishery in North America dates back to the Colonial period. Many written accounts by some of the first European settlers describe the immense abundance of striped bass, along with alewives, traveling and spawning up most rivers in the coastal Northeast.

Morphology and lifespan
The striped bass is a typical member of the family Moronidae in shape, having a streamlined, silvery body marked with longitudinal dark stripes running from behind the gills to the base of the tail. Common mature size is . The largest specimen recorded was , netted in 1896. Striped bass are believed to live for up to 30 years. The average size in length is  and approximately .

Distribution

Natural distribution
Striped bass are native to the Atlantic coastline of North America from the St. Lawrence River into the Gulf of Mexico to Louisiana. They are anadromous fish that migrate between fresh and salt water. Spawning takes place in fresh water.

Introductions outside their natural range
Striped bass have been introduced to the Pacific Coast of North America and into many of the large reservoir impoundments across the United States by state game and fish commissions for the purposes of recreational fishing and as a predator to control populations of gizzard shad. These include: Elephant Butte Lake in New Mexico; Lake Ouachita, Lake Norman in North Carolina; Lake Norfork, Beaver Lake and Lake Hamilton in Arkansas; Lake Thunderbird in Illinois; Lake Pleasant, and Lake Havasu in Arizona; Lake Powell along the Arizona/Utah border; Castaic Lake, Pyramid Lake, Silverwood Lake, Diamond Valley Lake, and San Francisco Bay-Delta in California; Lewis Smith Lake in Alabama; Lake Cumberland in Kentucky; Lake George in Florida; Lake Murray in South Carolina; Lake Lanier in Georgia; Watts Bar Lake, in Tennessee; Lake Mead, Nevada; Lake Texoma on the border of Texas and Oklahoma, Lake Tawakoni, Lake Whitney, Buffalo Springs Lake, Possum Kingdom Lake, and Lake Buchanan in Texas; Raystown Lake in Pennsylvania; Lake Wallenpaupack in Northeastern Pennsylvania; Umpqua River in Oregon and in Virginia's Smith Mountain Lake and Leesville Reservoir.

Striped bass have also been introduced into waters in Ecuador, Iran, Latvia, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, and Turkey, primarily for sport fishing and aquaculture.

Environmental factors
The spawning success of striped bass has been studied in the San Francisco Bay-Delta water system, with a finding that high total dissolved solids (TDS) reduce spawning. At levels as low as 200 mg/L TDS, an observable diminution of spawning productivity occurs. They can be found in lakes, ponds, streams, and wetlands.

Though the population of striped bass was growing and repopulating in the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s, a study executed by the Wildlife and Fisheries Program at West Virginia University found that the rapid growth of the striped bass population was exerting a tremendous pressure on its prey (river herring, shad, and blueback herring). This pressure on their food source was putting their own population at risk due to the population of prey naturally not coming back to the same spawning areas.

In the United States, the striped bass was designated as a protected game fish in 2007, and executive agencies were directed to use existing legal authorities to prohibit the sale of striped bass caught in federal waters in the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. In addition, Connecticut, Maine, New Jersey, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina have designated striped bass as a game fish in state waters.

In Canada, the province of Quebec designated the striped bass population of the Saint Lawrence as extirpated in 1996. Analysis of available data implicated overfishing and dredging in the disappearance. In 2002, a reintroduction program was successful.

Life cycle

Striped bass spawn in fresh water, and although they have been successfully adapted to freshwater habitat, they naturally spend their adult lives in saltwater (i.e., they are anadromous). Five important bodies of water with breeding stocks of striped bass are: Miramichi River, Chesapeake Bay, Massachusetts Bay/Cape Cod, Hudson River, and Delaware River. Many of the rivers and tributaries that emptied into the Atlantic, had at one time, bred stock of striped bass. This occurred until the 1860s. One of the largest breeding areas is the Chesapeake Bay, where populations from Chesapeake and Delaware bays have intermingled. The very few successful spawning populations of freshwater striped bass include Lake Texoma, Lake Weiss (Coosa River), the Colorado River and its reservoirs downstream from and including Lake Powell, and the Arkansas River, as well as Lake Marion (South Carolina) that retained a landlocked breeding population when the dam was built; other freshwater fisheries must be restocked with hatchery-produced fish annually. Stocking of striped bass was discontinued at Lake Mead in 1973 once natural reproduction was verified.

Hybrids with other bass
Striped bass have also been hybridized with white bass to produce hybrid striped bass also known as wiper, whiterock bass, sunshine bass, palmetto bass, and Cherokee bass. These hybrids have been stocked in many freshwater areas across the US.

Fishing for striped bass

Striped bass are of significant value for sport fishing, and have been introduced to many waterways outside their natural range. A variety of angling methods are used, including trolling and surf casting with topwater lures a good pick for surf casting, as well as bait casting with live and dead bait. Striped bass take a number of live and fresh baits, including bunker, clams, eels, sandworms, herring, bloodworms, mackerel, shad, bluegill, and crayfish.

The largest striped bass ever taken by angling was an 81.88 lb (37.14 kg) specimen taken from a boat in Long Island Sound, near the Outer Southwest Reef, off the coast of Westbrook, Connecticut. The all-tackle world record fish was taken by Gregory Myerson on the night of August 4, 2011. The fish took a drifted live eel bait, and fought for 20 minutes before being boated by Myerson. A second hook and leader was discovered in the fish's mouth when it was boated, indicating it had been previously hooked by another angler. The fish measured 54 in long and had a girth of 36 in. The International Game Fish Association (IFGA) declared Myerson's catch the new all-tackle world record striped bass on October 19, 2011. In addition to now holding the all-tackle record, Meyerson's catch also landed him the new IGFA men's 37 kg (80 -lb) line class record for striped bass, which previously stood at 70 lb. The previous all-tackle world record fish was a 78.5 lb (35.6 kg) specimen taken in Atlantic City, New Jersey, on September 21, 1982, by Albert McReynolds, who fought the fish from the beach for 1:20 after it took his Rebel artificial lure.
Recreational bag limits vary by state and province.

Landlocked striped bass

Striped bass are anadromous, so their upriver spawning migrations led some individuals to become "landlocked" during lake dam constructions. The first area where this was documented was at the Santee-Cooper River during the construction of the two dams that impounded Lakes Moultrie and Marion, and because of this, the state game fish of South Carolina is the striped bass.

Recently, biologists came to believe that striped bass stayed in rivers for long periods of time, with some not returning to sea unless temperature changes forced migration. Once fishermen and biologists caught on to rising striped bass populations, many state natural resources departments started stocking striped bass in local lakes. Striped bass still continue to exhibit upstream migrations from freshwater lakes during the spawning period. Landlocked stripers have a hard time reproducing naturally, and one of the few and most successful rivers in which they have been documented reproducing successfully is the Coosa River in Alabama and Georgia.

A 70.6 lb (32.0 kg) landlocked bass was caught in February 2013 by James Bramlett on the Warrior River in Alabama, a current world record. This fish had a length of  and a girth of .

A self-sustaining population of striped bass also exist in Lake Texoma, a brackish lake.
In Canada there are no landlocked striped bass, but a large number of bass overwinter in Grand Lake, Nova Scotia. They migrate out in early April into the Shubenacadie River to spawn. These bass also spawn in the Stewiacke River (a tributary of the Shubenacadie). The Shubenacadie River system is one of five known spawning areas in Canada for striped bass, with the others being the St. Lawerence River, Miramichi River, Saint John River, Annapolis River, and Shubenacadie/Stewiacke Rivers.

Management
The striped bass population declined to less than 5 million by 1982, but efforts by fishermen with throw back lengths for smaller striped bass and management programs to rebuild the stock proved successful, and in 2007, the nearly 56 million fish included all ages. Recreational anglers and commercial fisherman caught an unprecedented 3.8 million fish in 2006. In New Jersey, alone among states, there is no legal commercial fishery for Striped Bass, it is against the law to sell Striped Bass in wholesale markets, retail, or in restaurants. The management of the species includes size limits, commercial quotas, and biological reference points for the health of the species.

The Atlantic coast-wide harvest of striped bass is managed by the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission (AMSFC). In October 2019, the AMSFC announced that the 2018 Benchmark Stock Assessment indicated that "the resource is overfished and experiencing overfishing." Following a series of hearings during March and April 2021 to gather public input, the ASMFC Striped Bass Technical Committee will make recommendations for a new 10-year management strategy, Amendment 7 to the Interstate Management Plan for Atlantic Striped Bass, to replenish striped bass to sustainable levels throughout its traditional migratory range from North Carolina to Maine. Amendment 7 will be finalized and adopted in late 2021 and implemented in 2022.

As food

Striped bass has white meat with a mild flavor and a medium texture. It is extremely versatile in that it can be pan-seared, grilled, steamed, poached, roasted, broiled, sautéed, and deep fried (including batter-frying). The flesh can also be eaten raw or pickled.

The primary market forms for fresh bass include headed and gutted (with the head and organs removed) and filets; the primary market forms for frozen bass include headed and gutted and loins. It can also be found in steaks, chunks, or whole. Fresh striped bass is available year-round, and is typically sold in sizes from two to fifteen pounds, and can be sold up to fifty pounds.

Striped bass has firm and flavorful flesh with a large flake. The hybrid striped bass yields more meat, has a more fragile texture, and a blander flavor than wild striped bass. The fish has a mild and distinctive flavor. In recipes, it can be substituted for milder fish like cod, as well as for stronger fish like bluefish. Other fish can substitute it, including weakfish, tilefish, blackfish, small bluefish, catfish, salmon, swordfish, and shark. Striped bass is easily grilled in fillets, and is therefore popular in beach communities.

In Virginia, anadromous striped bass caught from the Chesapeake Bay and its small tidal tributaries have been found to be contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), leading to the issuance of a fish consumption advisory by the Virginia Department of Health.

References

External links

 Atlantic striped bass NOAA FishWatch. Retrieved June 11, 2022.

striped bass
Sport fish
Symbols of Rhode Island
Fishkeeping
Fauna of Atlantic Canada
Fish of the Eastern United States
Fish of the Gulf of Mexico
Fish of the Western Atlantic
Taxa named by Johann Julius Walbaum
Symbols of New York (state)
Symbols of Virginia
striped bass

Striped bass


Peter A. Peyser (September 7, 1921 – October 9, 2014) was a United States representative from New York, serving from 1971 to 1977 as a Republican and from 1979 to 1983 as a Democrat.

Political career

Peyser's political career began in 1962 when he ran for Mayor of Irvington, New York.  A community of 5,000 people, Irvington was governed by a part-time Board of Trustees and Mayor. The Mayor was paid $100 a month for his efforts.

Campaigns for Congress
In 1969, Peyser announced a dark-horse candidacy for Congress as a Republican. At the time of his announcement, the incumbent Congressman from the area was Richard L. Ottinger, a popular Democrat. Later in 1969, Ottinger announced his candidacy for the U.S. Senate, seeking to oust Republican Sen. Charles Goodell, who had been appointed by Governor Nelson Rockefeller to fill Robert F. Kennedy's seat after the latter's assassination in 1968. After Ottinger's announcement, three other Republicans, all with higher public profiles than Peyser, joined the race for the GOP nomination.

Peyser won the June primary and went on to win the general election against William Dretzin. Peyser's slogan was "Nixon Picks Him."

For the 1972 election, the district was redrawn because of the 1970 census.  Now labeled the 23rd, it was 1/3 the northern Bronx, 1/3 the City of Yonkers, and 1/3 suburban communities along the Hudson River. That year, while Nixon carried the district comfortably, Peyser eked out a 1,200 vote margin over former Rep. Richard L. Ottinger who sought to return to Congress after his defeat for the Senate in 1970.

Tenure in Congress
During his three terms in the House as a Republican, Peyser made a name for himself as a consumer activist on the Committee on Agriculture, as assignment usually not sought by New York Members. He played an important role on the "ERISA Task Force" set up by House leaders to develop the landmark legislation that governs employee benefit and retirement plans.

Peyser was a staunch Nixon supporter and backed his Vietnam War policies. He was one of the last Members of the New York Congressional delegation to call for the President's impeachment, doing so only days before Nixon announced his resignation.

Senate campaign
In 1976, Peyser launched an ill-fated attempt to wrest the GOP nomination for the U.S. Senate away from incumbent Senator James Buckley.  Buckley had won a three-way 1970 Senate race on the Conservative Party line, but aligned himself with the Republican caucus in the Senate. Buckley gained an agreement with then-Vice President Nelson Rockefeller that in exchange for Buckley not endorsing Ronald Reagan's challenge to President Gerald Ford for the GOP nomination, Rockefeller would send a signal to New York Republicans to deny Peyser the resources to conduct his campaign.  The GOP state committee sued the Peyser campaign to keep it off the September primary ballot, but the petition signatures gained by the Congressman withstood the test.

Buckley won the primary in a landslide and went on to defeat in the general election at the hands of Daniel Patrick Moynihan.

Change of party
Jilted by his party, Peyser announced in early 1977 that he was becoming a Democrat. Shortly thereafter, his former congressional colleague, Governor Hugh Carey, nominated Peyser to be Chairman of the New York Public Service Commission, perhaps the most powerful regulatory position in New York State at the time. The Republican-controlled State Senate, from which confirmation was required, immediately objected to the nomination as an example of cronyism, citing Peyser's lack of experience in utility regulation. Peyser mounted an effort to gain confirmation, but after the New York Times editorialized against his nomination, he withdrew.

Return to Congress
In 1978 the popular young Republican Congressman who replaced Peyser, Bruce Caputo, left his seat to run for Lieutenant Governor of New York. Peyser entered the Democratic primary and easily defeated a young county legislator and future Assemblyman named Richard Brodsky.  Peyser easily gained election in 1978 and again in 1980.

Second tenure in Congress
During his four years in Congress as a Democrat, Peyser aligned himself closely with the leadership of Speaker Tip O'Neill.

Later campaigns
The 1980 census brought on another round of redistricting in New York and the loss of five congressional seats, from 43 to 38.  The Republican Senate in Albany exacted its revenge on the "turncoat" congressman, carving his district into three pieces and leaving him only one realistic option aside from retirement: A campaign against his popular friend, Republican Rep. Benjamin Gilman. The new 20th district was far from the compact urban/suburban district Peyser had represented.  It extended almost 200 miles in length and covered territory from suburban Westchester and Rockland counties to rural counties like Orange and Sullivan counties in the Catskills. Only 20% of the voters in the new district had been in Peyser's congressional district. Gilman won comfortably.

Peyser made an attempt at a comeback in 1984, running in a Democratic primary in an adjacent district in which he did not live. He finished third.

Personal life
Peyser was born in Cedarhurst, New York, the son of Rubye Bentley (Hoeflich) and Percy Asher Peyser. On December 23, 1949, Peyser married Marguerite Richards, a native of Monroe, Louisiana and Baltimore, Maryland. She had moved to New York City to attend the Parsons School of Design. In 1951, the Peysers moved to Irvington, New York. The Peysers had five children: Penelope (born 1951), Safi (née Carolyn, born 1952) a poet, Peter (born 1954), James (born 1956) and Thomas (born 1962). His daughter  Penelope, known as Penny, became an actress. (Her uncle, John Peyser, was a Hollywood television and movie director.)

On October 9, 2014, Peyser died of Parkinson's disease. He was 93.  His widow Marguerite Peyser died on May 11, 2020, at age 89 from COVID-19.

References
Notes

External links

1921 births
2014 deaths
Mayors of places in New York (state)
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
People from Irvington, New York
Neurological disease deaths in New York (state)
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
20th-century American politicians
Members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)

Peter A. Peyser


Abner Cole (August 17, 1783 – July 13, 1835), also known by his pen name Obadiah Dogberry, Esq., was a 19th-century American newspaper editor. He was one of the earliest critics of the spiritual claims of Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, having commented on the "Golden Bible" before it was even published as the Book of Mormon. Cole's publishing philosophy was one of freethought, which flourished in periodicals in the northeastern United States between 1825 and 1850.

Life

Cole was born in Chesterfield, Massachusetts, the son of Southworth and Rucksbe (Bryant) Cole. In 1797, his family settled on the east side of
Canandaigua Lake in Gorham, New York.  After a short career as a judge and perhaps a lawyer before that, Cole began editing a weekly newspaper in
Palmyra, New York called The Reflector. Under Cole, the newspaper included anything which might spark the interest of a reader from mineralogy to foreign affairs. Cole wrote most of the contents of the paper under the pseudonym "Obadiah Dogberry, Esq." In the paper's first edition on September 2, 1829, Cole wrote the first public criticisms of Mormonism: "The Golden Bible, by Joseph Smith Junior, author and proprietor, is now in press and will shortly appear. Priestcraft is short lived!" The phrase, "author and proprietor", appears next to Smith's name on the title page of the first edition of the Book of Mormon. Cole knew this before the book was published because it was being printed in the same one-room print shop as his newspaper.

Starting in January 1830, two months before the Book of Mormon was published, the Reflector printed the first few chapters of what he called "Jo Smith's Gold Bible" accompanied by his own criticisms. Cole obtained the segments of the book by stealing the typeset at E. B. Grandin's press, where the Book of Mormon, as well as the "Reflector", were being printed. Accounts vary as to what happened afterward. Apparently, Smith confronted Cole and complained that he was violating his copyright. Smith may have threatened to sue and Cole may have challenged Smith to a fight. Shortly thereafter, Cole ceased publishing excerpts from the book.

Later, in June 1830, Cole printed two satires of the Book of Mormon under the name, "Book of Pukei". This satire involved an old man appearing to Smith dressed as a Native American Indian and claiming to be a messenger sent by Mormon. It also provided some insight into the treasure-digging activities of the Smiths and Luman Walter. Cole's commentary on Mormonism quickly gained a readership outside Palmyra and he went on to print a six-part series with a more analytical tone. "Although he did not change his scornful tone," historian Richard L. Bushman wrote, Cole "did replace satire with argument and attempted to make a case against Joseph Smith that would appeal to his enlarged readership." Cole ended his tenure as editor of the Reflector in 1831.

Cole presented Smith as a charlatan too uneducated to have written the Book of Mormon himself and supposed that Smith got help from "Walters the Magician" (Luman Walter), who was said to have shown his followers a Latin translation of Cicero and claimed that it was a record of the Native Americans. Cole mentions this idea in the "Book of Pukei". He ridiculed Smith's healing of Newel Knight, objecting that "no prophet, since the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus, has performed half so many wonders as have been attributed to that spindle shanked ignoramus Jo Smith".

In 1832, Cole moved to nearby Rochester, New York, where he published the Liberal Advocate until 1834. In this paper, he famously criticized the revivals of evangelist Charles Grandison Finney, a leader of the Second Great Awakening. Cole died in 1835.

See also
Eber D. Howe
Samuel Tyler Lawrence (brother of his wife Fanny)

Notes

References
Joseph W. Barnes, "Obediah Dogberry: Rochester Freethinker", Rochester History 36(3) (July 1974)
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External links
Obadiah Dogberry Society
 The Liberal Advocate Vol.III
 The Liberal Advocate Vol.IV

1783 births
1835 deaths
People from Chesterfield, Massachusetts
History of the Latter Day Saint movement
People from Palmyra, New York
Mormonism-related controversies
19th-century American newspaper editors
Writers from Rochester, New York
American skeptics
American newspaper founders
Latter Day Saint movement in New York (state)
Critics of Mormonism
Journalists from New York (state)

Abner Cole


Andy Vores (born 1956) is a Welsh classical music and opera composer. He has lived in the United States since 1986 and is based in Boston, Massachusetts.

Education
Vores studied composition at Lancaster University in Lancaster, England. He initially focused on playing drums and keyboards in local rock bands, but his studies under the tutelage of composer Edward Cowie switched his focus to writing classical music. He received first prize in the Kucyna International Composition Competition at Boston University in 1985, and the following year he returned to Massachusetts as a Fellow in Composition at Tanglewood. His work Hammer and Darkness, Mirror and Knife, written in the summer of 1986, won the Tanglewood Prize for Composition. Also in 1986, he met pianist Patricia Thom, whom he later married, and decided to take up residence in the U.S.

Appointments
In 1992, Vores became Composer-in-Residence at Bemidji State University in Bemidji, Minnesota. In this one-year position, he was first person to receive the Interdisciplinary Fellowship established by the American Composers Forum and the Minnesota State University System. In 1999, Vores was named Composer-in-Residence to the FleetBoston Celebrity Series: Emerging Artists in Boston. In  2001, he became Chairman of Composition and Theory at The Boston Conservatory. In 2002, he was named Composer-in-Residence to the New England Philharmonic.

Operas
On December 2, 1994, Vores presented his first opera, an adaptation of the Virginia Woolf play Freshwater, at Boston University.  Vores first came across the Woolf text while browsing the shelves of the Boston University bookstore. Vores received assistance in the opera's creation from Woolf's nephew and executor, Quentin Bell, who provided Vores with a rarely seen earlier version of the text that served as the inspiration for several passages of his libretto.

On April 24, 2008, Vores presented his latest opera, a one-act chamber opera adaptation of Jean-Paul Sartre's No Exit, at the Boston Conservatory's Zack Box Theatre.

Classical compositions
Vores' classical compositions include Wonder Wheel, Umberhulk and Dark Mother. His first CD, Urban Affair, a classical work consisting of nine movements, was released on the Vera label in 2005. Urban Affair was commissioned as part of the Bank of America Celebrity Series and was performed for the CD by the Boston Trio.

References

External links
Official web site

1956 births
20th-century British composers
20th-century British male musicians
20th-century classical composers
21st-century British composers
21st-century British male musicians
21st-century classical composers
Alumni of Lancaster University
Living people
Male opera composers
Welsh classical composers
Welsh male classical composers
Welsh opera composers

Andy Vores


Erkki Olavi Salmenhaara (March 12, 1941 – March 19, 2002) was a Finnish composer and musicologist.

Personal life
Salmenhaara was born in Helsinki, Finland, and married Anja Kosonen in 1961. They had two sons, but divorced in 1978. Salmenhaara died in Helsinki on March 19, 2002.

Career
Salmenhaara studied composition with Joonas Kokkonen at the Sibelius Academy until 1963, and then continued his studies with György Ligeti in Vienna. Salmenhaara then studied musicology, aesthetics and theoretical philosophy at the University of Helsinki, and earned his PhD in 1970 with a doctoral thesis about the works of the composer Ligeti. He served as lecturer (1966–1975) and associate professor (1975–2002) of musicology at the University of Helsinki and was also the leading writer on classical music in Finland. In addition, he served as chairman of the Society of Finnish Composers (1974–1976) and of the Association of Finnish Symphony Orchestras (1974–1978).

Works
Prior to studying with Kokkonen, Salmenhaara had already written several tonal pieces, including the 17 Small Pieces for Piano (1957–1960). In the early 1960s, he was associated with the modernist Finnish Musical Youth.

Beginning in the 1970s, Salmenhaara's works began to be characterized by frequent repetition of triadic motives with gradual changes in harmony. Although this led to his being linked to the movement in music known as minimalism, Salmenhaara nonetheless denied this connection. Like the works of the Dutch minimalist composer Simeon ten Holt, Salmenhaara's works from this period utilize a musical language closely related to that of the Romantic period of classical music, giving his music a decidedly European aesthetic. Salmenhaara's compositions include several symphonic works, chamber music pieces, choral works, songs for solo instrument, and vocal arts songs. He also wrote one opera, Portugalin nainen (The Portuguese Woman) which premiered at the Suomen Kansallisooppera in February 1976.

Salmenhaara's published writings include a textbook on music theory, a history of 20th-century music, monographs on Ligeti, Jean Sibelius's Tapiola and the Brahms symphonies, biographies of Jean Sibelius and Leevi Madetoja, and a history of the Society of Finnish Composers. He also contributed to Erik W. Tawaststjerna's comprehensive biography of Sibelius. His most significant literary work was his contribution to a four-volume history of Finnish music (published in 1995–1996), writing about the period from the Romantic era to the Second World War. In addition, from 1963 to 1973, he served as a critic for the leading Finnish newspaper Helsingin Sanomat.

Discography
(selection)
 Suomi-Finland, La Fille en mini-jupe, Adagietto, Le bateau ivre. Tampere Philharmonic Orchestra, Eri Klas. Ondine ODE 1031–2.
 Chamber works with piano. Jouni Somero, piano – Raymond Cox, violin – Laura Bucht, cello. FC Records FCRCD-9727.
 Complete solo piano music. Jouni Somero, piano. (2CD) FC Records FCRCD-9707
 Symphonies nos. 2, 3 & 4. Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra, Paavo Berglund, Petri Komulainen, Ulf Söderblom. Finlandia Classics FINCLA 27.
 Symphony no. 5 "Lintukoto". Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra, Akateeminen laulu, Riikka Hakola (soprano), Jorma Hynninen (baritone), Jorma Panula. UHCD350.

Selected writings
 Sointuanalyysi, 1968.
 Das musikalische Material und seine Behandlung in den Werken Apparitions, Atmosphères, Aventures und Requiem von György Ligeti (Dissertation), 1970.
 Tapiola: Sinfoninen runo Tapiola Sibeliuksen myöhäistyylin edustajana, 1970.
 Soinnutus: Harmoninen ajattelu tonaalisessa musiikissa, 1970.
 Tutkielmia Brahmsin sinfonioista, 1979.
 Jean Sibelius, 1984.
 Leevi Madetoja, 1987.
 Löytöretkiä musiikkiin: Valittuja kirjoituksia 1960–1990, 1991.
 Suomen musiikin historia 1–3, 1995–1996.

References

Literature
 Henri-Claude Fantapié: Illuminations, il est grand temps in Muualla, täällä: Kirjoituksia elämästä, kulttuurista, musiikista, pp. 110–118. Ateena Kustannus, Jyväskylä. 2001.
 Henri-Claude Fantapié: Quelques réflexions personnelles, suppositions et supputations, à propos du naïf dans l'art ou pour servir à une interprétation de l'œuvre d'Erkki Salmenhaara. Boréales n°9/10. 1978. pp. 244–258
 Henri-Claude Fantapié: Le sacré, le rituel et le profane dans deux œuvres d'Erkki Salmenhaara Études finno-ougriennes, Tome 41, 2009. ADÉFO L'Harmattan.
 Guy Rickards:  Erkki Salmenhaara: Finnish music from the avant-garde to the euphonious. The Guardian, Thursday 23 May 2002.

External links
 Composer profile of Erkki Salmenhaara at Music Finland.
 Erkki Salmenhaara in 375 humanists 29.7.2015. Faculty of Arts, University of Helsinki.
Anderson, Martin: Erkki Salmenhaara (obituary). The Independent, 6 April 2002.

1941 births
2002 deaths
20th-century classical composers
Finnish classical composers
Finnish opera composers
Male opera composers
Academic staff of the University of Helsinki
Musicians from Helsinki
Tieto-Finlandia Award winners
Finnish music critics
Finnish male classical composers
20th-century male musicians
20th-century Finnish composers

Erkki Salmenhaara


CenturyTel of Eagle, Inc. is one of the CenturyLink operating companies in Colorado. The company was formed in 1928 as The Eagle Valley Telephone Company and originally served Eagle, Rio Blanco, and Routt counties in Colorado.

In 1980, the company changed its name to Eagle Telecommunications, Inc. It was later acquired by Pacific Telecom.

In 1995, Pacific Telecom completed its acquisition of 45 telephone exchanges serving 50,000 customers from U S WEST. The operations were added to Eagle Telecommunications, enlarging the company a great deal.

In 1997, Century Telephone completed its acquisition of Pacific Telecom, changing its name to CenturyTel. CenturyTel's subsidiaries changed their names to reflect the rebranding, and Eagle Telecommunications became known as CenturyTel of Eagle, Inc.

In 2009, CenturyTel began doing business as CenturyLink following its acquisition of Embarq.

The company, in 2011, acquired Qwest Corporation, formerly Mountain Bell, reuniting the lines sold by U S WEST in 1995 with the same parent.

CenturyTel of Eagle, along with CenturyTel of the Midwest-Kendall, CenturyTel of Washington, CenturyTel of Oregon, and MebTel, all own former Bell System exchanges that were acquired from Ameritech, U S WEST, and BellSouth, respectively.

See also
CenturyLink
Qwest Corporation

Lumen Technologies
Bell System
Communications in Colorado
Telecommunications companies established in 1928
1928 establishments in Colorado

CenturyTel of Eagle


An oar is a tool used to move a boat through water. Oars have a flat blade at one end.  The oarsmen grasp the oar at the other end. The difference between oars and paddles is that paddles are held by the paddler, and are not connected with the vessel.  Oars generally are fastened to the vessel. The use of oars is called rowing. An oar used at the stern (rear) of a boat to steer is called a steering oar.

References

Tools

Oar


Johannes Theodor Baargeld was a pseudonym of Alfred Emanuel Ferdinand Grünwald (9 October 1892 – 16 or 17 August 1927), a German painter and poet who, together with Max Ernst, founded the Cologne Dada group. He also used the name Zentrodada in connection with Dada.

Baargeld was born in Stettin (Szczecin), Prussian Pomerania. He studied jurisprudence at Oxford and Bonn. Baargeld was the editor of the periodical The Fan (Der Ventilator) which Ernst and Hans Arp started in 1919, and he collaborated on many other Dadaist publications such as Bulletin D and Dada W/3.

Military service
When war broke out in 1914, Baargeld enlisted and served as a reserve lieutenant for three years.

Literary career
After serving in the army, Baargeld began his literary career in 1917 by writing for Pfemfert's journal Die Aktion. His contributions were mostly lyrical and political works. A year after he began writing for Die Aktion, Baargeld joined the Independent Socialist Party of Germany (USPD).
Before establishing Dada, Baargeld had been the patron of a leftist periodical, Der Ventilator. The journal was the political and artistic means through which the would-be members of Dada, such as Angelika and Heinrich Hoerle, published satirical works.

Painting
Baargeld also collaborated with Max Ernst on some of the collages used in Ernst's Fatagaga series.

Baargeld gave up painting in 1921 and in 1927 died in an avalanche while climbing Aiguille de Bionnassay in the French Alps.

See also
 List of German painters
 List of Dadaists

References

1892 births
1927 deaths
20th-century German painters
20th-century German male artists
German male painters
20th-century German poets
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Dada
Deaths in avalanches
German male poets
Mountaineering deaths
Natural disaster deaths in France
Artists from Szczecin
Artists from the Province of Pomerania
Pseudonymous artists
Sport deaths in France
University of Bonn alumni
20th-century German male writers

Johannes Theodor Baargeld


Tajul Muluk (born c. 1971 as Ali Murtadha) is a Shia religious leader of Madura Island, Indonesia. In December 2011, his pesantren was burned down in an arson attack by anti-Shiite protesters. In March 2012, he was charged with blasphemy; the following month he was arrested, leading Amnesty International to designate him a prisoner of conscience.

Early life
Tajul Muluk's father Makmun was a Kyai (an expert in Islam) living in Sampang Regency. After coming to admire the Shiite Ayatollah Khomeini from newspapers sent by a friend in Iran in the early 1980s, Makmun sent his four children to a Shiite-dominated pesantren (religious boarding school) in Bangil, Pasuruan. Tajul Muluk later continued his studies in Saudi Arabia in 1993, where he lived doing miscellaneous jobs until 1999, when he returned to Sampang.

School founding
Following the request of some residents to speak about his religious education, he opened his own Shiite-oriented pesantren, Misbahul Huda, in the village of Nangkernang.

In 2006, a kyai and other Sunni leaders of Nangkernang began to object to the presence of the Shiite school, calling it a "deviant sect", and in April 2007, a protest against the school's celebration of the birth of Muhammad was attended by thousands. In 2009, Tajul's brother Roisul left the Shiites to become a Sunni, and began to speak against Tajul. Tajul attributed Roisul's anger to a conflict over a woman Roisul had wanted to marry, while Roisul stated that the conflict stemmed from Tajul's proselytizing. The resulting conflict was settled by the mediation of the Indonesian Ulema Council. Several Sunni ulama demanded that Tajul sign an agreement that he would not proselytize, but Tajul refused.

Arson attack
On 29 December 2011, the pesantren was attacked by a group of armed anti-Shiite protesters. The pesantren buildings as well as the homes of Tajul Muluk and his brother Iklil were burned down, and Muluk and other group members were threatened with death; two other homes, a madrasah, and a musholla were also burned to the ground. Iklil, present for the attack, later stated that he witnessed two police officers in the crowd standing still. He further alleged that though the police had sufficient warning of the protest, they took no action to stop the attack. A man named Muslika was identified and arrested by police as one of the planners of the arson, but Tajul stated his belief that his brother Roisul was the attack's true leader.

On 8 March 2012, a Commission for Missing Persons and Victims of Violence (KONTRAS) advocacy team criticized the handling of the investigation and the continued threats against Sampang's Shiites, calling it "discriminative". Following the attack, KONTRAS also requested that Tajul and 22 of his followers receive protection through the Witness and Victim Protection Agency. , the attack remains unsolved.

Blasphemy arrest
On 1 January 2012, the Sampang branch of the Indonesian Ulema Council released a fatwa which called Tajul's teachings "deviant", and on 3 January, Roisul formally reported him to the police for blasphemy.

On 6 March, the East Java police questioned Tajul about the potential blasphemy charges. He was charged on 16 March under Article 156a of the Criminal Code for "defamation of religion" and Article 335 of the Criminal Code for "unpleasant acts", which carries a sentence of five years in prison. He was required to report to the provincial police weekly. On 12 April, after reporting, he was arrested. As of 18 April, he was being held in a prison in Sampang until his trial. According to his elder brother Ustad Iklil al-Milal, Tajul is often threatened by other prisoners, which is allowed by the guards.

Amnesty International objected to his detention, stating, "He is a prisoner of conscience and should be released immediately and unconditionally. These blasphemy laws are fundamentally incompatible with Indonesia's international human rights obligations to protect and respect freedom of expression, and freedom of thought, conscience, religion and equality." Andy Irfan Junaidi, coordinator for KONTRAS in Semarang, said that Tajul was not provoking inter-faith conflict like several earlier "deviant" leaders, but only practicing Shiite as it is done internationally. He argued that if the government wished to find Tajul guilty of blasphemy, it would have to declare Shiite deviant throughout Indonesia.

Due to the prevalence of anti-Shiite activism in Sampang, Tajul's lawyer requested that the trial be moved to Surabaya, the provincial capital, in order to ensure Tajul received a fair trial and avoid potential riots. Tempo magazine notes that several pieces of evidence are expected to be used as evidence against Tajul, including several books he has written and formal letters.

August 2012 attacks
On 26 August 2012, Tajul's community in Sampang was attacked again by a 500-person mob. One man,  Muhammad Hasyim, was killed and another hospitalized. Amnesty International called on Indonesia to investigate the attacks and take steps to protect the community in the future.

References

Living people
1970s births
Indonesian prisoners and detainees
Indonesian Shia Muslims
Converts to Shia Islam from Sunni Islam
Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Indonesia
People prosecuted for blasphemy
People from Sampang Regency

Tajul Muluk


USS G-2 (SS-27) was a G-class submarine of the United States Navy. While the four G-boats were nominally all of a class, they differed enough in significant details that they are sometimes considered to be four unique boats, each in a class by herself. G-2 was named Tuna when her keel was laid down on 20 October 1909 by the Lake Torpedo Boat Company in Bridgeport, Connecticut, making her the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the tuna, a large, vigorous, spiny-finned fish highly esteemed for sport and food. She was renamed G-2 on 17 November 1911, launched on 10 January 1912 sponsored by Ms. Marjorie F. Miller, towed to the New York Navy Yard after the termination of the Lake contract on 7 November 1913 where she was completed, and commissioned on 1 December 1913.

Service history
Departing New York City under tow of submarine tender Ozark (ex-Arkansas) the submersible torpedo boat arrived at the torpedo station, Newport, Rhode Island, on 28 February 1914. Attached to the Atlantic Submarine Flotilla, G-2 spent the next five months conducting dive training and engineering exercises with  in Long Island Sound and Narragansett Bay. During these trials the boat made six submerged runs to a maximum depth of . Her engines proved troublesome, however, and after the port armature shaft failed on 31 March, the boat was towed to New York for repairs. While there, financial considerations led to G-2 being put in reserve commission on 15 June 1914.

G-2 was placed in full commission at New York City on 6 February 1915. Attached to Division Three, Submarine Flotilla, Atlantic Fleet, the boat joined G-1, tender  and tug , for a cruise to Norfolk, Virginia on 25 March. Arriving there two days later, the submersible conducted maneuvers in Hampton Roads before proceeding to Charleston, South Carolina in April, arriving there on 17 April. Following a short yard period for repairs, the division proceeded back to New York, mooring alongside the 135th Street pier on 9 May.

On 18 May, G-2 joined other warships and passed in review before President of the United States Woodrow Wilson, who looked on from the yacht . The boat then sailed to Nantucket, Massachusetts, to participate in a war problem off Block Island, before unloading her torpedoes at Newport on 25 May. Ordered back to New York for an overhaul, the submersible again transited the familiar waters of Long Island Sound before arriving at the mouth of the East River on 22 June. While standing down the river with , however, the two boats collided with submarine K-22 in an unusual three-boat accident. Fortunately, none of the boats suffered any damage. G-2 entered the Navy Yard there for an extended overhaul later that day.

Escorted to Provincetown, Massachusetts, by Ozark and tug , G-2 commenced final acceptance trials from 1–10 December. Following those successful evolutions, during which the Trial Board noted numerous items requiring modernization, the boat moved back to New York for an overhaul on 14 January 1916. Six months later, G-2 shifted to the Lake Torpedo Boat Company yard for completion, receiving new diving rudder gear, hydroplanes, electrical wiring and a new crankshaft. This yard work required extensive alterations and the boat did not return to service until convoyed to New London, Connecticut, by  on 28 June 1917.

On 21 August, G-2 sailed to Boston, Massachusetts via the Cape Cod Canal to operate with the destroyer , submarine chaser SC-6, and steam yacht . There, the boat helped a Navy Experimental Board embarked in Margaret carry out various sound detector tests in nearby waters. The submarine also conducted practice approaches and served as an instruction platform for officer and enlisted submarine students.

Shifting back to New London on 20 October, G-2 combined work on sound detection devices with training for the newly established Submarine School off Block Island and in Long Island Sound. During seven months of operations, she experimented with magnetic detectors and dragging devices and tried out new periscopes and other submarine equipment. The boat carried out these tests with section patrol boats  and , as well as numerous subchasers. Learning of the possible proximity of German U-boats, she conducted four-day patrols off Block Island in late June 1918 and again in mid-July.

G-2 continued schoolship duty out of New London through the end of World War I, testing listening and flare signaling devices (including the Very System Signal) among other pieces of equipment. On 30 August, for example, her crew tested the strength of the pressure hull, and the reliability of electric equipment, against depth charge explosions. On 12 September, Thetis experimented with a magnetic detector while G-2 lay on the bottom in  of water and, in November, G-2 even conducted experimental work with patrol seaplanes. This duty ended in January 1919 when she was scheduled for inactivation.

Decommissioned on 2 April, the boat was designated as a target for testing depth charges and ordnance nets in Niantic Bay, Connecticut. During inspection by a six-man maintenance crew on 30 July, the boat suddenly flooded and sank at her moorings in Two Tree Channel near Niantic Bay. She went down in , drowning three of the inspection crew. Too deep and too old to salvage, the submarine was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 11 September.

References

External links

 On Eternal Patrol: USS G-2

United States G-class submarines
World War I submarines of the United States
Shipwrecks of the Connecticut coast
Ships built in Bridgeport, Connecticut
1912 ships
Maritime incidents in 1919

USS G-2


Our Generation is a 2010 Australian documentary film about the struggle of Aboriginal Australians in the Northern Territory to retain their land, culture and freedom.

Overview
Our Generation analyzes relations between Aboriginal Australians and European Australians, from the beginning of colonisation until the present day and looks at ongoing Government policies of paternalism and forced assimilation, explores some of the issues underlying current Aboriginal disadvantage, and upholds the right of First Australians to dignity, culture and empowerment in their own country.

Throughout the documentary, many opinions and testimonies from members of the Yolngu people of Northeast Arnhem Land are shared.

The film also shows how Kevin Rudd's 2008 apology to the Stolen Generations has done nothing to alter the Australian Government's mistreatment of Aboriginal Australians. The Australian Government continues to undermine Aboriginal people's basic human rights, continuing to prevent and restrict their involvement in decisions which affect themselves and their communities, access to basic services, the ability to retain and maintain Aboriginal languages, and the ability to remain on their ancestral homelands.

Issues
Our Generation explores and raises awareness of some major modern issues faced by Aboriginal Australians.

Some of the issues presented in the film are:

Health
Despite Australia being one of the world's richest nations, Aboriginal Australians have the worst health and living conditions of any Indigenous group in the world and they live, on average, 17 years less than non-Aboriginal Australians. In remote communities in the Northern Territory, infant mortality is three times higher than the rest of Australia and diseases that aren't often found in developed countries are widespread.

Northern Territory Intervention
The 2007 Northern Territory Intervention was a Government response to the 2007 Little Children are Sacred report on child abuse in Aboriginal communities. The policy rushed through parliament in 48 hours, and after five years of this policy being in place; the amount of child abuse has doubled, school attendance rates are lower, overall health is worse and there is a five-fold increase in the amount of suicides. The intervention will continue until at least 2021 under the Stronger Futures policy.

Homelands
In 2009, the Australians Government introduced the Working Futures policy, which aims to move Aboriginal Australians away from the Homelands or Outstations, which were built to enable Aboriginal Australians to live in the same areas as their ancestors, and into larger and often overcrowded townships.

Education
School attendance rates in the Northern Territory are the lowest in Australia and Aboriginal schools, especially those in remote areas, are the most under resourced. To improve school attendance rates and education quality, many Aboriginal people have requested to be more involved in the creation of culturally appropriate curricula for their children.

Recent Northern Territory government policies have led to many Aboriginal languages no longer being taught in schools.

Human Rights
The Australian Government's treatment of Aboriginal Australians has been condemned by the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Indigenous Rights, James Anaya in 2009, and again by United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Navi Pillay in 2011. An Amnesty International campaign has been created to challenge the Government's homelands policy.

Cross-Cultural Understanding
To achieve genuine Reconciliation, it is noted that non-Aboriginal Australians will need to have more awareness of Aboriginal Australian cultures.

Respecting Traditional Law and Governance
Aboriginal society has long had a complex system of Law and Governance which is different and often at odds with the Westminster system introduced by Europeans. Non-Aboriginal Australians failing to respect the importance of traditional law is a major contributor to the current lawlessness and social breakdown in Aboriginal communities.

Constitutional Reform
The Australian Constitution which came into effect in 1901 permits racial discrimination and also makes no mention of the human rights of Aboriginal Australians. In January 2012, a Government appointed Expert Panel on Constitutional Reform recommended that the Constitution should recognise Aboriginal people as the First Australians, that their cultures and languages should be respected, and that racial discrimination should not be permitted. In order for changes to be made to the Constitution, it must achieve a double majority in a National Referendum.

Treaty and Sovereignty
Unlike the United States, Canada and New Zealand, no treaty was ever negotiated between Indigenous Australians and European settlers. During the European colonisation of Australia, settlers avoided signing treaties by claiming that Australia was terra nullius, or uninhabited when they arrived. Many Aboriginal people feel that their sovereignty was not and still is not respected and that a treaty should be created.

Production
Our Generation was created as a response to the Howard government's controversial 'Emergency Intervention' into remote Aboriginal communities in the Northern Territory and the lack of mainstream media coverage of the voices and plight of people in these communities. The intervention, which was supposedly undertaken solely to protect children from abuse, saw the removal of all existing Aboriginal land rights, the suspension of the Racial Discrimination Act, and more than 70 Aboriginal communities being placed under compulsory government control, all without consulting or gaining consent from any of the people in these communities.

Production began without a script or a pre-determined story. The filmmakers talked with many Aboriginal people across the Northern Territory, and after 3 years they had compiled over 200 hours of footage. After the rough cut was completed, the film was screened in many community centres across Northeast Arnhem Land.

According to Director Sinem Saban, the film's style was inspired by Michael Moore's documentary Bowling For Columbine.

Reception
Australian musician John Butler has stated that; "[Our Generation] is an important film that everyone needs to see. It will change your life."

Cathy Henkel, director of The Burning Season noted that "if ever Australia had an Inconvenient Truth, this is it. Our Generation is a highly emotional, powerful journey into territory that we have chosen too long to ignore... This is a film every Australian needs to see."

Australian journalist John Pilger, who has himself made several documentaries on the subject, observed:

Cast

(As themselves)
 Tom Calma
 Harry Reynolds
 Bob Randall
 Prof. Larissa Behrendt
 Djunga Djunga Yunupingu
 Marcus Mungal Lacey
 Barmulla Burrawanga
 Rev. Dr. Djiniyini Gondarra
 John Mazower
 Dr. Paul Burgess
 Judy Gurruwiwi
 Mungul Burrawanga
 Guyuwanga Gondarra
 Brenda Mutha
 Madeleine Gaykamangu
 Reggie Wuridjal
 Gandhuwuy Garrawurra
 Guymun Dhamarranydji
 Megan Belatj Ganambarr
 Yananymul Munungurr
 Yingiya Guyula
 Joy Dindjin White
 Barbara Shaw
 John Greatorex
 Jonny Burrmula
 Judy Djanunbe
 Djiniyini Gondarra
 Les Malezer

Broadcasting

Awards

See also
Stolen Generations
Utopia
The Coconut Revolution
Crude

References

External links
Our Generation - Official Website

Don't Abandon Aboriginal Homelands - Amnesty International

Films set in Western Australia
2010 films
2010 documentary films
Documentary films about politics
Australian documentary films
Documentary films about Aboriginal Australians
Stolen Generations
Yolngu
2010s English-language films

Our Generation (film)


Heritage registers in Belgium include immovable heritage such as World Heritage Sites, and National heritage sites, but also intangible cultural heritage. The agency responsible for keeping and updating inventories of immovable heritage is dependent on the region, as is the name for the object, which is called Beschermd erfgoed, Biens classés or Kulturdenkmal depending on the language of the municipality of the location.

Three National heritage organizations

In 1835 the Commission royale des monuments et des sites (Royal committee for monuments and sites) was created to advise the government on conservation and historic preservation. This committee was split in 1968 into a Flanders committee (Koninklijke Commissie voor Monumenten en Landschappen) and a Wallonian committee, and in 1993 a third committee was formed to administer the area of Brussels.

Walloon region
In the Walloon region, the organization of the European Heritage Days and the classification of objects is done by the Agence wallonne du Patrimoine (AWaP)

East Belgium
The German-speaking Community of Belgium, part of the area known as "East Belgium" also hosts the European Heritage Days, and calls them "Tage des offenen Denkmals". The heritage protection of East Belgium falls under the jurisdiction of Liège province.
 Lists of protected heritage sites in the German-speaking Community of Belgium

Heritage lists of Wallonia
 Lists of protected heritage sites in Hainaut (province)
 Lists of protected heritage sites in Liège (province)
 Lists of protected heritage sites in Luxembourg (Belgium)
 Lists of protected heritage sites in Namur (province)
 Lists of protected heritage sites in Walloon Brabant

Flanders

One agency, the Flemish organization for Immovable Heritage and three of its subdivisions are responsible for protection; the VIOE, the Organization for KCML. Ruimte en Erfgoed, Onroerend Erfgoed, and the agent for inspection, the RWO.

Heritage lists of Flanders
Lists of immovable heritage sites in Antwerp (province)
Lists of immovable heritage sites in Limburg (Belgium)
Lists of immovable heritage sites in East Flanders
Lists of immovable heritage sites in Flemish Brabant
Lists of immovable heritage sites in West Flanders

Brussels
The Brussels-Capital Region has their own protection agency called Monuments & Sites (in French: Monuments et sites de l'Administration de l'Aménagement du Territoire et du Logement Ministère de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale, and in Dutch: Monumenten en Landschappen van het Bestuur Ruimtelijke Ordening en Huisvesting van het Ministerie Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest). They publish the inventory of protected heritage sites and coordinate the European Heritage Days as well as the marking of local heritage sites with their own logo. See the List of protected heritage sites in the Brussels-Capital Region for the protected objects.

See also
 Beschermd erfgoed
 Culture of Belgium

References

External links

 Official website KCML Flanders
 Official website CRMSF Wallonia
 Official website KCML Brussels
 The covenant on heritage
 Databank of the Inventory of the Flemish architectural monuments

Culture of Belgium
Law of Belgium

Heritage registers in Belgium


Mosbach Abbey (Kloster Mosbach) was a Benedictine monastery, later a monastery of Augustinian Canons, in the town of Mosbach in the Odenwald, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

History
As part of the systematic Carolingian Christianisation of this part of Germany, a number of monasteries were set up, covering between them the whole region of the Odenwald: Amorbach, Lorsch and Fulda, all founded in the 8th century, and Mosbach, the southernmost and least documented. It is first mentioned in a reference in the records of Reichenau Abbey in 825, but in the context of the other monastic foundations in the Odenwald, it seems likely that it was also founded in the previous century. The next record of it is in 976, when Emperor Otto II granted it to Worms Cathedral chapter as a private episcopal monastery. In about 1000, it was changed from a Benedictine house to one of canons regular. In 1268 however the abbey regained its independence with the re-grant of the right to elect its own abbots.

In 1308 the present Saint Juliana's church was built to replace the earlier abbey church. In 1556 in the course of the Reformation the Elector Palatine Otto-Heinrich abolished Roman Catholic services and made the abbey church the town's Protestant parish church. The former Catholic parish church of Saint Cecilia's was thus rendered superfluous and was demolished. Otto-Heinrich dissolved the abbey itself in 1564, of which virtually nothing remains except the church.

During the course of the 17th century the need for a Catholic church re-emerged, however, and in 1707 Saint Juliana's was partitioned to allow both Protestants and Catholics to use the same building for worship as a simultaneum: the Protestants have the former nave and the Catholics the former chancel. Their congregations form part of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Freiburg and the United Protestant Church in Baden, respectively. In 2007, on the 300th anniversary of the separation, Protestant and Catholic parishes agreed to open the separation wall. The wall was pierced and gates and a few steps were built, which now connect the Protestant and Catholic sides.

Mosbach Friary
In 1688 a community of Franciscans settled here and established a friary on a new site further out of the town centre. The friary was dissolved in 1808 during the secularisation in Baden, and the buildings were reused for administrative and local government purposes. The friary garden however has recently been re-developed as a herb garden, in connection with the local Herb Market.

References

External links

 Mosbach Town website
 Brief History of Town and Abbey

Christian monasteries established in the 8th century
Roman Catholic churches in Baden-Württemberg
United Protestant church buildings in Germany
Former collegiate churches
Monasteries in Baden-Württemberg
Benedictine monasteries in Germany
Augustinian monasteries in Germany
Franciscan monasteries in Germany
Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor

Mosbach Abbey


Gregorio di Montelongo (or da Monte Longo; c. 1200 – 1269) was the Bishop of Tripoli from 1249 until 1251 and the Patriarch of Aquileia from 1251 until his death.

Gregorio was born in Ferentino into a family related to the counts of Segni, original of Montelongo in Molise. He was papal legate in Lombardy since 1238, where he led the Guelph coalition against emperor Frederick II. In 1247 he was sent by Pope Innocent IV to Parma, to lead the city's defense during the imperial siege. In 1251 he was named patriarch of Aquileia, but was consecrated only five years later. He also led the anti-Hohenstaufen party in the region when Frederick's heir, Conrad IV of Germany, incited the Istrian communes to revolt.

Gregorio also participated in the "crusade" against Ezzelino III da Romano, leading personally the defense of Padua in September 1255 and sending troops to the Guelph faction until 1257. He was also able to occupy the Austrian enclave of Pordenone in 1262. Once the Ghibelline menace of Ezzelino had disappeared, he attacked Ulrich III of Carinthia and Albert I of Gorizia. He was however captured by the latter at Villanova dello Judrio of 20 July 1267, being freed only after he promised to sign a treaty of peace  (1269). Nevertheless, Gregorio resumed the military operations, but died before he could launch another attack.

Previously, Gregorio had signed a treaty with the Republic of Venice which set the respective areas of influence in the contented Istrian region.

Sources

Further reading

1200s births
1269 deaths
People from Ferentino
Patriarchs of Aquileia
13th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the Kingdom of Jerusalem
13th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops

Gregorio di Montelongo


Bang Boom Bang – A Sure Thing () is a German comedy film from 1999. The movie is set in Unna, Westphalia. It was filmed in Unna as well as in Dortmund.

Plot
The part-time criminal Keek has lost most of the money from a bank robbery that he committed together with the now jailed Karl-Heinz "Kalle" Grabowski.

When Kalle watches a porn-movie in jail, shot by Keek's friend Franky, he sees his wife Manuela starring in the movie, Kalle goes crazy and escapes from prison. Before killing Franky, the escaped Kalle unexpectedly appears at Keek's door and demands his money.

The next day, the alcoholic "Schlucke" is forced by his boss Werner Kampmann, to break into his transport company to pretend a burglary because of insurance fraud. Schlucke, however, has talked boastfully about his plan, so that Keek sees a chance to get the money for Kalle. Together with his friend Andy, Schlucke and Ratte (another fellow criminal) break into the company. Because Keek has his Thumb ripped off and locked in the safe during the safecracking attempt, Keek and Andy pull the safe out by tying it to a chain attached to Keek's car, leading to an iconic picture from a speeding camera.

The following day, Keek and Andy try to blackmail Kampmann with documents from his safe. At the airport, while trying to fetch the money, Keek and Andy meet both Kampmann and Kalle. Suddenly, Kampmann is being shot by Kalle, who is killed by a plainclothes-policeman afterwards.
As it turns out later, the stolen money was already taken away by a former apprentice of Kampmann, Melanie, who moved to Mallorca with a friend in the meantime.

Cast

Production
The film was shot in Unna, Cologne and Dortmund and Dortmund Airport, which is located at city boundary of Dortmund. The budget was valued at about 5 million Deutsche Mark.

Awards
Peter Thorwarth received the "Director's Promotional Award" at the 1999 "Filmfest München". In 2000, the film was honoured with "VGF Award" at the Bavarian Film Awards.

References

External links

1999 films
German crime comedy films
1990s German-language films
Films shot in Cologne
1990s crime comedy films
Films set in Germany
1999 comedy films
1990s German films

Bang Boom Bang


Dinnerladies was a British sitcom. It was written by, co-produced by and starred Victoria Wood. The series had 16 episodes. It was broadcast on the BBC from 1998 to 2000.

The setting is the canteen of HWD Components, a fictional Manchester factory. During its two years, Dinnerladies follows the lives of the people working in the canteen.

Characters
Canteen staff:
Bren: Victoria Wood
Tony: Andrew Dunn
Dolly: Thelma Barlow
Jean: Anne Reid
Twinkle: Maxine Peake
Anita: Shobna Gulati

Factory staff:
Stan: Duncan Preston
Philippa: Celia Imrie
Mr Michael: Christopher Greet
Jane: Sue Devaney

Other characters:
Petula Gordino: Julie Walters
"Big Glen" Glenda: Sue Cleaver
Steve Greengrass: Steve Huison

Other websites

1998 British television series debuts
2000 disestablishments in Europe
1990s British sitcoms
1990s British workplace television series

2000s British sitcoms
2000s British workplace television series
1990s workplace comedy television series
2000s British television series endings
2000s workplace comedy television series
BBC television sitcoms
British workplace comedy television series
Television series set in Manchester
English-language television programs
2000 television series endings

Dinnerladies


Professor Sir Norman Stanley Williams  (born 15 March 1947) is a British surgeon and former President of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (2011–14).

History
Born in Leeds, he was educated at Roundhay School, Leeds, and at the London Hospital Medical College (University of London). He attended  the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), as a Fulbright scholar in 1980.

Professional career
In 1982, he was appointed Senior Lecturer/Honorary Consultant Surgeon at the University of Leeds and the Leeds General Infirmary. He subsequently was appointed to the Chair of Surgery at his alma mater in 1986 and in 1995 became the Head of the merged Academic Department of Surgery of Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London and Honorary Consultant Colorectal Surgeon at The Royal London Hospital.

His main clinical interests have revolved around sphincter saving procedures and his scientific endeavours have concentrated on gastrointestinal pathophysiology.

He is senior editor of the 27th Edition of Bailey and Love's Short Practice of Surgery (having co-edited 5 previous editions), co-author of Surgery of the Anus, Rectum and Colon now in its 4th Edition and is a founding trustee, Chairman and now President of Bowel & Cancer Research.

He has been President of the Society of Academic & Research Surgery, President of The Ileostomy & Internal Pouch Support Group, Chair of the UKCCCR committee on Colorectal Cancer, President of European Digestive Surgery, President of The International Surgical Group and Vice Chair of The British Journal of Surgery.

He was a member of the Secretary of State for Health's Transparency Group (2014–15), chaired the European Working Time Regulations Taskforce (2013–14), co-chaired the Duty of Candour Review (2014) and was the Medical Advisor to Sir Robert Francis' Freedom to Speak Up Review (2014–15).

He was Chair of Health Education England's Commission on Training for Patient Safety (2015–16) and Chair of NHS England's National Patient Safety Collaborative (2014–16).

In October 2015, he was appointed senior clinical adviser to the then Secretary of State Jeremy Hunt.

During this period he chaired a Rapid Review of Gross Negligence Manslaughter in Healthcare commissioned by Her Majesty's Government which reported in June 2018.

Between 2016 and 2019, he was a Non Executive Director at St George's NHS Foundation Trust and is at present Chair of the National Clinical Improvement Programme (NCIP) which is an integral part of the Getting Right First Time (GIRFT) initiative, Chair of the Independent Reconfiguration Panel (IRP) and a board member of the Private Healthcare Information Network (PHIN).

Honors and awards
He was knighted in the 2015 New Year Honours.

Awards

 Patey Prize of the Surgical Research Society (1978).
 The Moynihan Travelling Fellowship (1985)
 The Society of Authors' Prize (1995)
 The Nessim Habif Prize (1995)
 The Galen Medal of the Worshipful Company of Apothecaries (2003)
 The Cutler's Surgical Prize (jointly in 2011).

References

1947 births
Living people
People educated at Roundhay School
Alumni of the University of London
British surgeons
Knights Bachelor
Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of England
Academics of the University of Leeds

Norman Stanley Williams


A possessive case is a word or form used to show possession in linguistics. For example, "Ray's bike" means he owns it.

Most European languages have possessive forms of personal pronouns, like the English my, mine, your, yours, his and so on. There are two main ways these can be used:
 Together with a noun, as in my car, your sisters, his boss.
 Without a noun, as in mine is red, I prefer yours, this book is his.
 Its is the neutral possessive case: The cat chased its tail. Not it's, which is a contraction of it is.

Linguistics
Pronouns

Possessive case