Helen of Four Gates is a 1920 British silent melodrama film directed by cinema pioneer Cecil Hepworth and starring Alma Taylor (in a dual role as mother and daughter), James Carew, and Gerald Ames.

Production background
The film was adapted from a popular novel of the same name by Ethel Carnie Holdsworth and was shot on location on the Pennine moors around Heptonstall and Hebden Bridge, West Yorkshire, which Holdsworth had used as the setting for her novel. The film's intertitles were written in the original Yorkshire dialect of the novel.

For over 80 years Helen of Four Gates was believed to be irretrievably lost, until an original 35mm print was discovered in a film vault in Canada in 2007.

Plot
Helen (Taylor) marries a young man who has poisoned her mind against her other suitor Abel Mason (Carew) by convincing her that there is hereditary madness in the Mason family. Within two years Helen's husband is dead and she is dying. She entrusts her baby daughter to Abel to bring up, as she has no family to call on. Abel agrees to take the baby, but Helen does not realise that it is out of desire to gain revenge on her for rejecting him rather than through any altruistic motive.

The baby (also called Helen) grows up believing Abel to be her father, and subject to his bullying and cruelty. As a young woman she meets Martin Scott (George Dewhurst), a student working as seasonal labour on a local farm. The pair fall in love, but Abel now tells Martin of the supposed madness in the Mason blood and Martin breaks off the engagement as a result. The despairing Helen tries without success to follow him over the moors. She is waylaid by Fielding Day (John MacAndrews), an itinerant acquaintance of Abel, who has entered into an agreement with Abel to marry Helen and make her as unhappy as possible, in return for a share in Abel's farm. Helen reluctantly agrees to the marriage as a means of stopping local gossip about how she was jilted by Martin.

A year passes and Helen finds herself trapped in a nightmare marriage while now also having to care for Abel, who has been paralysed by a stroke. She finally discovers that Abel is not her natural father, and in despair tries to drown herself but is rescued by a local farmer. At his home she finds Martin, who has returned to the area unable to forget her. They renew their courtship, but are seen together by Fielding, who beats Helen severely as punishment. Helen escapes from the house and takes flight with Martin onto the moors. Fielding pursues them and tries to shoot them, but is prevented from doing so by a local farm worker who has witnessed the scene and harbours a previous grudge against Fielding. A struggle ensues, during which Fielding falls from a rock and breaks his neck. Helen determines to leave Abel alone to his fate, as she and Martin start to make plans for their future.

Cast
 Alma Taylor as Helen
 James Carew as Abel Manson
 Gerald Ames as Hinson
 George Dewhurst as Martin Scott
 Gwynne Herbert as Mrs. Tripp
 John MacAndrews as Fielding Day

Loss and rediscovery
On its release Helen of Four Gates was a big success both with cinemagoers and critics, with the evocative and brooding Pennine landscapes being particularly praised, and Taylor's status as the biggest female box-office draw in British cinema confirmed. At this time Hepworth's ambition was growing and he was taking risks, which in retrospect were deemed imprudent, to expand his studio set-up at Walton-on-Thames. By 1924 he had over-reached himself financially and, unable to meet the demands of creditors, was declared bankrupt. Administrators who were called in to wind up the company's affairs, and realise whatever assets they could, took the step of seizing all of Hepworth's film stock and melting it down to release its marketable silver nitrate content.

Almost all of Hepworth's feature film output of the 1910s and early 1920s has for many decades been assumed to be lost forever, but searches and appeals to cinema archive facilities and private collectors worldwide continue to be made, notably by the British Film Institute National Archive. In the case of Helen of Four Gates, this finally bore fruit in 2007 when an original print was found in the vaults of the Cinémathèque québécoise in Montreal. A clip and a panorama of stills were shown to an audience in Hebden Bridge in August 2008, the first known public screening of any of the material since the 1920s. The first showing of the entire film took place in June 2010, again in Hebden Bridge, followed by a screening by the BFI in London in August 2010. The print is now held in the BFI National Archive.

A critical evaluation of the film from a 21st-century perspective by Bryony Dixon notes: "Hepworth's penchant for the British picturesque and the location shooting and composition are the film's strongest points. The scenes on the hilltops are stunning, composed with receding skylines in deep focus in the best tradition of Victorian photography."  However she also observes: "the film feels slightly old fashioned due to Hepworth's unusual editing style which had not followed what was by then the accepted standards of film grammar. The continuity is occasionally spoiled by Hepworth's refusal to cut on action...despite sterling efforts by Alma Taylor and particularly James Carew, the performers are left floundering and resort to a gestural melodramatic manner on occasions."

See also
List of rediscovered films

References

External links

1920 films
1920 drama films
British silent feature films
Films directed by Cecil Hepworth
Films set in Yorkshire
British black-and-white films
1920s rediscovered films
Melodrama films
Hepworth Pictures films
Rediscovered British films
1920s British films
Silent British drama films
1920s English-language films
English-language drama films

Helen of Four Gates


Gong Yi (龔一, b. 1941) is a guqin master from Shanghai, presently one of the instrument's leading figures. Born in Nanjing, he trained first under several local players (including Liu Shaochun and Xia Yifeng) before proceeding to the Shanghai Conservatory where he absorbed a range of styles from such prominent masters as Zhang Ziqian, Xu Lisun, Gu Meigeng, and Wei Zhongle. Gong Yi has had, since the 1950s, a varied career performing, teaching, composing, and researching under the auspices of several institutions and ensembles, most notably the Shanghai Chinese Orchestra of which he was director and sole guqin player. In guqin circles he is particularly noted for his efforts toward integration of the instrument into the conservatory mainstream.

External links
Treasures Of Chinese Instrumental Music, Guqin
Treasures Of Chinese Instrumental Music

References

Living people
Guqin players
20th-century Chinese musicians
Musicians from Shanghai
1941 births

Gong Yi


Johannes de Muris ( – 1344), or John of Murs, was a French mathematician, astronomer, and music theorist best known for treatises on the ars nova musical style, titled Ars nove musice.

Life and career
For a medieval person primarily known through his scholarly writing, it is highly unusual that Johannes de Muris' life can be traced enough to form a decently consistent biography. Born in Normandy, he is believed to have been related to Julian des Murs who was secretary to Charles V of France. The suggested birth year for Muris is based on a murder of a cleric on September 7, 1310, which Muris was allegedly a part of. Muris would have been at least 14 to assume the responsibility for the crime, suggesting his birth year to be sometime in the 1290s. He was convicted and banished to Cyprus for seven years for punishment. The aloof and haphazard movements of his life have been blamed on this early punishment.

By 1318 records indicate that Muris was living in Évreux although he was actively taking part in scholastic endeavors in Paris. An explicit of his writings indicate that he was a resident in the Collège de Sorbonne until around 1325. During this time it is believed that he travelled freely, making trips to the town of Bernay to observe the solar eclipse of 1321. However, the double monastery of Fontevraud Abbey was where he settled in March 1326. He remained associated with the institution until 1332 or 1333 when he returned to Évreux. Financial records in Muris' own hand from 1336 indicate that he took up residence in Paris in that year. In 1342 he was one of six canons of the collegiate church in Mézières-en-Brenne. In 1344, he was invited to Avignon by Pope Clement VI to participate in the calendar reform. The final date associated to Muris is 1345 in conjunction with the reforms that took place in Avignon.

Much of his writings were finished in the early decades of his life with a major gap in activity that can be filled with astronomical observations. Though his mathematical and astronomical writings – his most comprehensive being Quadripartitum numerorum from 1343 – were well regarded, influential, and transmitted in many manuscripts, his musical writings were more widely circulated. Muris wrote five treatises on music: Notitia artis musicae (1319–21), Compendium musicae practicae (c. 1322), Musica speculativa secundum Boetium (1323), Libellus cantus mensurabilis (c. 1340), and Ars contrapuncti (post 1340) (all dates are suggested dates by U. Michaels). Many of the surviving manuscripts of these treatises are from the 15th century and of Italian origin, suggesting his wide influence both geographical and temporal.

References

Sources

Further reading

1290 births
1355 deaths
Medieval French mathematicians
French musicians
French music theorists
14th-century French mathematicians
French male non-fiction writers
Medieval French astronomers
14th-century astronomers
14th-century French writers
14th-century writers in Latin
Medieval music theorists

Johannes de Muris


The Lord Elgin Hotel is a prominent hotel in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. With 355 guest rooms, it is located at 100 Elgin Street at Laurier Avenue, across from Confederation Park in Downtown Ottawa. The twelve-storey limestone structure was named after James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin, the first Governor General of the united Canadas.

About

The Lord Elgin Hotel has 355 guestrooms and four suites, all of them refurbished since 2001.

History and architecture

The hotel was designed by the firm of Ross and MacDonald, which were the successors of Ross and MacFarlane, who designed the Chateau Laurier. It was opened in July 1941 by the Ford Hotel Company to compete with the Château Laurier. Unlike the Château, however, the Lord Elgin was built to primarily serve short-stay guests, particularly those who were in Ottawa on government and military business during the Second World War, especially after the recent loss of the nearby Russell Hotel. As a result, the hotel did not originally contain any ballrooms or elegant restaurants, as would have been expected in a large hotel at that time, and the guest rooms were relatively small.

The building features stone walls which are complete with broken courses and are finished by flattened oriel windows and modernistic chevrons. The building is topped by a steep copper chateauesque roof, which, William Lyon Mackenzie King apparently urged the architects to include to reflect the Parliament buildings copper roof.

In the 1970s and 1980s, the hotel's impressive facade hid the decline in its fortunes due to changes in the economy, increased competition from international hotel chains also located in the downtown core, and new demands from an ever-evolving younger traveling business class. Significant renovations in the 1990s and 2000s resulted in the construction of large additions to the north and south of the building, the refurbishment and enlargement of existing rooms, and the addition of 60 new guestrooms, new meeting rooms and a new fitness facility which was finished in 2002.

The interior showcases busts of James Bruce and his wife, Maria Louisa. Contemporary renovations have significantly altered the original streamlined art-deco inspired lobby.

Notes

References

Fletcher, Katharine. Capital Walks: Walking Tours of Ottawa, Markham, Ontario: Fitzhenry & Whiteside, 2004.
Kalman, Harold and John Roaf. Exploring Ottawa: An Architectural Guide to the Nation's Capital. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1983.

Hotels in Ottawa
Hotel buildings completed in 1941
Ross and Macdonald buildings
Châteauesque architecture in Canada
Hotels established in 1941
1941 establishments in Ontario

Lord Elgin Hotel


The Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) concerning Conservation Measures for the West African Populations of the African Elephant is a Multilateral Environmental Memorandum of Understanding and was launched under the auspices of the Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), also known as the Bonn Convention, on 22 November 2005, in close cooperation with the African Elephant Specialist Group (AfESG) of the IUCN Species Survival Commission (IUCN/SSC). The MoU covers thirteen range States (Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo), all of which have signed the MoU.

Development of MoU

Noting the important ecological role the African Elephant (Loxodonta africana) plays in both savannah and forest ecosystems and acknowledging that demographic pressure and the development of human activities have significantly reduced the African Elephant's habitat endangering populations across West Africa, an Article IV agreement was concluded and came into effect on 22 November 2005, after signature by the third range State.

Signatories to the West African Elephant MoU:
 Benin (22 November 2005)
 Burkina Faso (22 November 2005)
 Côte d'Ivoire (22 November 2005)
 Guinea (22 November 2005)
 Guinea-Bissau (22 November 2005)
 Liberia (22 November 2005)
 Mali (22 November 2005)
 Niger (22 November 2005)
 Nigeria (22 November 2005)
 Sierra Leone (22 November 2005)
 Togo (22 November 2005)
 Senegal (8 January 2007)
 Ghana (30 May 2007)

In addition, two organizations have signed the MoU:
 CMS Secretariat (22 November 2005)
 IUCN/SSC (22 November 2005)

Aim of MoU
As the world's largest terrestrial animal, the elephant has acted as a symbol of Africa. In recent times however, the West African populations have become extremely vulnerable, mostly as the result of illegal killing, loss of habitat and human-elephant conflicts. The MoU aims to protect the West African Elephant populations by providing an international framework for range State governments, scientists and conservation groups to collaborate in the conservation of the species and its habitat.

Species covered by MoU
The MoU protects only the West African populations of the African Elephant, Loxodonta africana. At the Second Meeting of Signatories to the MoU a discussion took place whether to extend the MoU to encompass Elephant populations in Central Africa. It was however decided that it would be preferable for each sub-region to be covered by a separate MoU.

Fundamental components

Realizing that actions must be taken immediately to prevent the disappearance of the remaining populations of the West African Elephant, the Signatories decide to work closely together to improve the conservation status of the species and its habitat. To this end they will, individually or collectively:
 Take steps to conserve and, when and where appropriate, to strictly protect the African Elephant and to conserve and sustainably use the habitats essential for its survival
 Review and, if required, update, applicable national legislation, and ratify or accede to the most relevant international conventions addressing the African Elephant's conservation, in order to reinforce the species' protection, particularly with regard to domestic and international trade in ivory
 Implement in their respective countries the Strategy annexed to the MoU
 Facilitate the rapid exchange of scientific, technical and legal information necessary to coordinate conservation measures and to cooperate with recognized experts of the IUCN/SSC AfESG, other international organizations and other range States so as to facilitate their work conducted in relation to the Strategy
 Assess the implementation of the MoU and Strategy at regular meetings
 Provide the CMS Secretariat at least every two years with a report on implementation of the MoU in each of their respective countries

The MoU took effect after the signature by the third range State (22 November 2005) and will remain in effect indefinitely subject to the right of any Signatory to terminate its participation by providing one years' written notice to all the other Signatories.

Meetings

Meetings of Signatories are organized on a regular basis to review the conservation status of the West African Elephant and the implementation of the MoU and Strategy. National reports by individual Signatories and a report prepared by the secretariat are also submitted.

The First Meeting of Signatories took place in Accra, Ghana, 30-31 March 2009.  During the meeting the following points were addressed:
 Implementation of the Strategy
 Development of scientific, technical and administrative exchanges
 Regular evaluation of the implementation of the MoU, including the regular distribution of reports on its implementation at a national level

The Second Meeting of Signatories took place in Niamey, Niger, 20-21 June 2011.  This meeting reviewed the species' status and MoU implementation activities in each country. Furthermore, the need to rationalize taxonomy and species lists in the CMS and CITES annexes was highlighted. Moreover, a Medium Term Work Programme was approved, including national action annexes and 12 transboundary projects. Finally the meeting discussed whether to extend the MoU to encompass Elephant populations in Central Africa, but decided it would be preferable for each sub-region to be covered by a separate MoU.

Secretariat
The CMS Secretariat – located in Bonn, Germany – acts as the secretariat to the MoU. The secretariat organizes the regular meetings and provides overview reports compiled on the basis of information at its disposal.

Strategy
The AfESG, the technical advisor to the MoU, started its work in the 1970s. WWF and AfESG developed the Strategy for the Conservation of West African Elephants in 1999. The AfESG Strategy was appended to the MoU and forms an action-oriented basis for ongoing conservation efforts. The Strategy to conserve elephants and their habitats in West Africa has three main components:
 Better understand the status of elephants
 Maintain and possibly increase the numbers
 Improve elephant habitats

To do this, governments and organizations want to better understand and control the ivory trade, reduce the rate of habitat loss, curtail the illegal killing of elephants, work on collecting better information to improve understanding of elephant conservation, improve cooperation and other activities.

Activities and Successes
Different activities have taken place in each of the range States. These include surveys, monitoring, revision and enforcement of laws, ivory marking and identification systems, training of customs officials, creation of new protected areas and transboundary migration corridor management schemes, public awareness and education campaigns, creation of alternative revenue-generating activities, addressing elephant-human conflict situations by the cultivation and use of deterrent hot peppers, and provision of compensation for crop damage. Additional successes include former poachers in Senegal turning to work as park rangers and police informers, strong community support for elephant conservation in the same country, and a significant airport seizure of elephant products in Mali.

References

External links
 Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS)
 CMS West African Elephant Memorandum of Understanding
 African Elephant Specialist Group (AfESG)
 IUCN Species Survival Commission (IUCN/SSC)

2005 in the environment
Elephant conservation
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals
Treaties concluded in 2005
Treaties entered into force in 2005
Treaties of Benin
Treaties of Burkina Faso
Treaties of Ivory Coast
Treaties of Ghana
Treaties of Guinea
Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
Treaties of Liberia
Treaties of Mali
Treaties of Niger
Treaties of Nigeria
Treaties of Sierra Leone
Treaties of Senegal
Treaties of Togo


Danny McCormack (born 28 February 1972) is an English singer and bassist.

Biography
McCormack became the bass player in The Wildhearts in 1991, and soon relocated to London with the band, enjoying success during their commercial peak, before the splits in 1997 and 1998. McCormack went on to form and front The Yo-Yos, with Tom Spencer (ex-Sugarsnatch/The Lurkers), and the band released an album on Sub Pop Records, but they eventually split in 2000.

He re-joined The Wildhearts when they reformed in 2001, but was dropped midway through a tour. He rejoined again in 2002, but left once more in 2003. At the time the group's frontman Ginger penned an open letter to Kerrang!  magazine documenting his close friend's drug problems and wished him a complete recovery. Unexpectedly, he returned to The Wildhearts in 2005 for a live DVD.

McCormack briefly played with Dogs D'Amour before re-forming The Yo-Yos in 2005, and recording an EP, "Given Up Giving Up". He subsequently supported his younger brother Chris McCormack's band, 3 Colours Red, on their final tour of Germany, but the band fired Danny McCormack halfway through a UK tour in 2005 following further drug problems. He continues to write and live in South Shields.

In late 2006, McCormack announced on his MySpace page that he is working on a new project that is tentatively titled 'The I-Told-You-So's'.

Following a prolonged absence from the music scene for a number of years, McCormack took the stage to play bass at his 40th birthday. The special event featured two gigs in one night at Camden Barfly in London on 17 February 2012. Performances came from a reunited Yo-Yos - consisting of McCormack, Spencer and Rich Jones along with guest drummers - as well as a covers set featuring Chris McCormack, Andy Cairns (Therapy?), Ritch Battersby and Stidi (both The Wildhearts). The support band for the night was Plan A - which featured former Wildhearts guitarist Jef.

In 2015, McCormack founded a band called The Main Grains which would later release an EP called Don't Believe Everything You Think. Ahead of the mini-album's release, McCormack almost died after suffering an aneurysm in late 2015 - which later culminated in him losing his lower leg.

The four-piece punk n roll group later played support on a few UK dates of the Ginger Wildheart Band's July 2016 tour. During one of the shows (at the Brudenell Social Club in Leeds on 14 July 2016), McCormack and Ginger played onstage for the first time in more than a decade - with Ginger later announcing he and McCormack had finally buried the hatchet and were friends again. He re-joined the Wildhearts in 2018.

In 2019, McCormack recorded bass with The Wildhearts for their new album "Renaissance Men", the first album the band had released since 2009's Chutzpah and McCormack's first since 1997's Endless Nameless. The album charted at 11 in the UK charts following its release in May 2019. McCormack continues to tour and perform with the band. I. In early 2022 The Wildhearts announced they were taking an indefinite hiatus which meant the subsequent cancellation of all their tour and festival dates. Danny then announced he had started to write his autobiography with Vive Le Rock journalist Guy Shankland. The pair started a Patreon page https://www.patreon.com/Dannywildheart?fan_landing=true help promote and sell the book.

UK Albums
 Earth Vs The Wildhearts - The Wildhearts (East West 1993)
 P.H.U.Q. - The Wildhearts (East West 1995)
 Fishing For Luckies - The Wildhearts (Round 1996)
 Endless Nameless - The Wildhearts (Mushroom 1997)
 Uppers and Downers - The Yo-Yos (Sub Pop 2000)
 Don't Believe Everything You Think - The Main Grains (TSP Records 2000)
 Renaissance Men - The Wildhearts (Graphite 2019)
 21st Century Love Songs - The Wildhearts (Graphite 2021)

UK Mini-albums & EPs
 Mondo Akimbo A Go Go - The Wildhearts (East West 1991)
 Don't Be Happy... Just Worry - The Wildhearts (East West 1992)
 Red Light – Green Light EP - The Wildhearts (Round 1996)
 Onwards & Upwards - The Chasers (ChangesOne 2001)
 Giving Up, Giving Up Again - The Yo-Yos (not formally released 2006)
 "Don't Believe Everything You Think" - The Main Grains (TSB 2015)

UK Compilations
 The Best of The Wildhearts - The Wildhearts (East West 1996)
 Landmines and Pantomimes - The Wildhearts (Kuro Neko 1998)
 Coupled With - The Wildhearts (Gut Records 2004)
 The Works - The Wildhearts (Rhino Records 2008)

Live albums
 Anarchic Airwaves - The Wildhearts (Kuro Neko 1999)
 Geordie in Wonderland - The Wildhearts (Snapper 2006)

International releases
 Tokyo Suits Me (Japan only release) - The Wildhearts (Mercury 1999)
 Riff After Riff After Motherfucking Riff (Japan only release) - The Wildhearts (Universal 2002)

DVDs
 Live at the Castle - The Wildhearts (Secret 2005)

References

1972 births
Living people
English male singers
English rock bass guitarists
Male bass guitarists
The Wildhearts members
Musicians from Newcastle upon Tyne
Musicians from South Shields
21st-century English singers
21st-century English bass guitarists
21st-century British male singers
English amputees
Amputee musicians
Singers with disabilities

Danny McCormack


The Coal Trunk-Line () is one of the most important rail connections in Poland.

It crosses the central part of the country, from the coal mines and steelworks of Upper Silesia in the South to the Baltic Sea port of Gdynia in the North. The line is used mostly by freight trains: passenger connections on it are few. Constructed in the late 1920s and early 1930s, it was one of the biggest investments of the Second Polish Republic.

Route

The Coal Trunk-Line starts at the station Chorzów Batory, in the Upper Silesian city of Chorzów, heading north. After crossing almost 30 kilometers it reaches Tarnowskie Góry – a very important freight station located on the northern outskirts of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin.

Then, the line goes towards Kalety and Herby Nowe. In Herby , the Coal Trunk-Line proper begins. The connection Chorzów Batory – Kalety had been built before the 1920s, by the Germans, as these lands had belonged to Germany until 1921. Then, in 1926 a Kalety – Herby Nowe – Wieluń – Kępno line was constructed, thanks to which Upper Silesia and Poznań got a direct connection, without the necessity of using the then-German junction at Kreuzburg (Kluczbork).

From Herby , crossing the strategic junctions of Chorzew Siemkowice and Zduńska Wola Karsznice, the Coal Trunk-Line reaches Inowrocław. From there it goes to Bydgoszcz, which had already been connected to Gdańsk and Gdynia (via Laskowice and Tczew), but the creation of Free City of Danzig made it difficult to keep regular Polish freight movement in the interbellum. Thus, another part of the Coal Trunk-Line between Bydgoszcz and Gdynia was constructed in the early 1930s, via Wierzchucin and Kościerzyna and the sparsely populated forests and hills of Kashubia.

The Coal Trunk-Line ends in the Baltic Sea port of Gdynia, after crossing all of Poland from south to north (appr. 550 kilometers).

History

Beginnings and interwar period

In 1921–1922 the borders of the Second Polish Republic were finally established. Upper Silesia was divided (see: Silesian Uprisings) and the boundary left in German hands several crucial junctions, including Kluczbork (Kreuzburg) and Fosowskie (Vossowska). Without these centers, rail communication between Polish Silesia and the Baltic Sea was virtually impossible. As coal was one of the main Polish exports, and transit through Germany was not allowed (due to the German–Polish customs war in the late 1920s and early 1930s), construction of the new line was necessary.

On 17 February 1928 the President of Poland Ignacy Mościcki signed a bill which ordered the construction of the 255-kilometer line Herby  – Inowrocław. For unknown reasons, the important industrial center of Łódź, located just a few kilometers east of the route, was not included in it. Instead, the Coal Trunk-Line crossed the main East-West route (Warsaw – Łódź – Ostrów Wielkopolski – Poznań) in the vicinity of the town of Zduńska Wola. As a result, a huge nexus was built in Zduńska Wola-Karsznice, which until today is one of the most important junctions of the whole country. Also, a new settlement was built there, with several condominiums for rail workers and their families. Apart from the line itself, numerous stations along the way were built. Most of them resemble traditional Polish manor houses, with very interesting architecture.

The Herby  – Karsznice connection was completed by 1930, soon afterwards the route reached Inowrocław. As the line between Inowrocław and Bydgoszcz already existed, the next step was the construction of the last part – from Bydgoszcz to Gdynia, through the Polish Corridor, without entering the territory of the Free City of Danzig. The whole Coal Trunk-Line was completed by 1933, and in 1939 it was connected with Częstochowa, due to the Chorzew Siemkowice – Częstochowa route, which was finished on 23 April 1939. Also, on the same day, the second track was completed on the sector between Zduńska Wola Karsznice and Chorzew Siemkowice. Among the guests, invited for a celebration of the opening of the Częstochowa – Siemkowice connection, were the Polish minister of transportation, Juliusz Ulrich and the minister of public works of France, Anatole de Monzie.

Between the wars, long-distance passenger trains still used the Bydgoszcz – Danzig – Gdynia connection, crossing the territory of the Free City of Danzig.

Second World War and afterwards

During the Second World War German occupiers did not regard the Coal Trunk-Line as a strategic one. For them, the West – East routes were most important, along which military transports were carried. Besides, since the pre-1939 borders were voided, part of the line between Bydgoszcz and Gdynia was replaced by the Bydgoszcz – Tczew – Danzig – Gdynia connection. In spite of this, in the early 1940s, the Germans laid a second track on the routes Herby  – Siemkowice (55 km) and Karsznice – Inowrocław (156 km).

After the war, the Coal Trunk-Line again gained importance. Transports of Silesian coal to Gdansk and Gdynia were crucial for the Polish economy, so by 1966 electrification of the whole route was completed. However, the original connection Bydgoszcz – Kościerzyna – Gdynia was abandoned by freight trains which go on the route Bydgoszcz – Tczew – Gdansk – Gdynia, and today is used only by local traffic.

Today, the Coal Trunk-Line is one of the most prosperous rail routes in Poland. Passenger trains are few (many passenger trains on Tczew - Inowrocław part of this line), but freight trains are very numerous, as this is the fastest way from the industrial areas of Upper Silesia, Zagłębie Dąbrowskie and Częstochowa to the Baltic ports.

The segment of the line from Bydgoszcz to Gdynia is today designated as PKP line 201, the segment from Chorzów to Bydgoszcz is part of PKP line 131 which diverges from Bydgoszcz towards Tczew.

Investor

The Coal Trunk-Line was constructed by order of the Polish Government by a private company, the French-Polish Rail Association (FPTK – Francusko-Polskie Towarzystwo Kolejowe). This company maintained the route Herby  – Gdynia from 24 April 1931 until 1 September 1939. During that time, the line was not under the authority of the Polish State Railways (PKP), the FPTK directed it from its headquarters in Bydgoszcz. After the war, the whole line was nationalized.

Main stations

The most important stations on the original route are Chorzów, Tarnowskie Góry, Kalety, Herby Nowe, Chorzew Siemkowice, Zduńska Wola Karsznice, Inowrocław, Bydgoszcz, Wierzchucin, Kościerzyna, Somonino and Gdynia.

Distances

The length of the line is measured from the junction at Herby  to the port of Gdynia (e.g. from South to North). Not included is the connection Chorzów Batory – Herby  (65 km.)

 Herby Nowe (0 km.),
 Chorzew Siemkowice (55 km.),
 Zduńska Wola Karsznice (99 km.),
 Inowrocław Rabinek (247 km.),
 Inowrocław Glowny (254 km.),
 Bydgoszcz Glowna (299 km.),
 Wierzchucin (347 km.),
 Bąk (392 km.),
 Kościerzyna (413 km.),
 Somonino (438 km.),
 Gdynia Glowna (480 km.).

Timeline

Dates of construction of the route:

 Czersk – Bak – Kościerzyna – 1928,
 Herby  – Zduńska Wola – 1930,
 Maksymilianowo – Bąk – 1930,
 Kościerzyna – Gdynia – 1930,
 Zduńska Wola – Inowrocław – 1933,

The total length of the connection constructed between 1930 and 1933 – 448 km.

References

 Maly rocznik statystyczny, Glowny Urzad Statystyczny RP, Warszawa 1939,
 Urzedowy Rozklad Jazdy i Lotow Lato 1939, Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Komunikacji, Warszawa 1939,
 Polska 1939 – mapa samochodowa, Wydawnictwo PTR Kartografia, Warszawa 2005,
 Mapa polskiej sieci kolejowej, wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Komunikacji w Warszawie, 1939.

External links
 an interesting page about the line, with photographs and plenty of information ,
 history of the line ,
 gallery of photographs of the line

Second Polish Republic
Railway lines in Poland

Polish Coal Trunk-Line


Krün is a municipality in the Upper Bavarian district of Garmisch-Partenkirchen. It belongs with Garmisch-Partenkirchen as district capital and cultural center as well as other municipalities to the region Werdenfelser Land. A few kilometers south runs the German-Austrian border.

The village, together with Mittenwald and Wallgau, builds the tourism network Alpenwelt Karwendel who markets the holiday region throughout the year as a starting point for sports and recreational activities such as hiking and cross-country skiing.

In 2015, Krün was the host-community of the 41st G7 summit. It took place on 7 June and 8 June 2015 in Schloss Elmau, which belongs as a separate district to the municipality of Krün.
On the occasion of the G7 summit US-President Barack Obama visited the village together with Chancellor Angela Merkel and her husband.

From June 26 to 28, 2022, Krün once again hosted the G7 Summit.

Geography

Krün is located in the Upper Isar Valley, about 100 kilometres south of Munich and 15 kilometres east of Garmisch-Partenkirchen.
It is located 6 kilometres north of Mittenwald and 2 kilometres south of Wallgau.

To the east, the Soiern Mountains rise with the Soiernspitze (2257 m above sea level. NN) and the local mountains Schöttlkarspitze (2050 m above sea level. NN), Seinskopf (1961 m above sea level. NN) and Signalkopf (1895 m above sea level. NN).
In the southeast, above Mittenwald, the Karwendel Mountains extend. The Karwendel is also the eponym of the tourist region, with average heights of about 2300 m above sea level. NN .
In the southwest, the Wettersteingebirge dominates the scenery. It locates the highest German mountain, the Zugspitze (2964 m above sea level. NN) and the distinctive Alpspitze (2628 m above sea level. NN).
In the northwest, lying in the Estergebirge, is the highest point of the village, the mountain Klaffen (1829 m above sea level. NN).

East of Krün, the river Isar flows in a northerly direction at first. The crossover passage to the Walchensee and the corresponding hydroelectric plant runs through the town towards Wallgau.

History
Krün was first mentioned in 1294 with two farmsteads belonging to the Benediktbeuern Abbey. In 1491, the monastery sold the village with now four farmsteads to the Bishopric of Freising. Since the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss, Krün was part of the Electorate of Bavaria. The village was part of the former County of Werdenfels until 1803. In the course of administrative reforms in the Kingdom of Bavaria, the contemporary municipality was formed.

Coat of arms

A golden mitre with dependent tapes on a red ground with a silver pike pole and a silver crosier diagonally crossed. The colors red, gold and silver represent the two spiritual manors of the Convent Benediktbeuern (red / silver) and the Bishopric of Freising (red / gold) as well as the political affiliation of the former County of Werdenfels. The mitre also symbolizes the dominion of Freising, the crosier the dominion of Benediktbeuren. The pike pole documents the importance of timber rafting for the village and its economic development during the past centuries.

Economy and Infrastructure

As in the whole region, tourism is the main industry in Krün.
In 2013, 51 accommodation establishments offered 1,379 guest beds (including camping) and 365,983 overnight stays demonstrate the importance of tourism for the municipality. There were 120,326 more overnight stays in private houses in the same year.

Traffic

Krün is located on the German Alpine Road. The federal highway No. 11 runs in a northerly direction via Wallgau and Walchensee to Kochel am See.

The location is well served by public transport with both official bus routes and the rail network of the Deutsche Bahn.

The railroad from Munich to Innsbruck passes the municipal station in the village of Klais.

For holidaymakers there is also a bus network that can be used with the holiday region's guest card for free. The busses approach some hiking trails and alps in the summer and ski resorts and cross-country ski trails in the winter.

Lakes

In the proximity of Krün there are several small lakes like Barmsee, Geroldsee, Grubsee and Tennsee.
At the southern end of the village is an artificial lake of the river Isar. By here, a channel branches towards the Walchensee and so supplies the well-known Walchensee Hydroelectric Power Station.

Tourist attractions and buildings

 Historic district of the village Klais
 Rococo-Church St. Sebastian in Krün (built in 1760)
 Chapel of Maria Rast
 Schloss Elmau (castle)
 Schloss Kranzbach (castle)

References

External links

Garmisch-Partenkirchen (district)

Krün


Dido building Carthage, or The Rise of the Carthaginian Empire is an oil on canvas painting by J. M. W. Turner.  The painting is one of Turner's most important works, greatly influenced by the luminous classical landscapes of Claude Lorrain.  Turner described it as his chef d'oeuvre.  First exhibited at the Royal Academy summer exhibition in 1815, Turner kept the painting until he left it to the nation in the Turner Bequest.  It has been held by the National Gallery in London since 1856.

The subject is a classical landscape taken from Virgil's Aeneid.  The figure in blue and white on the left is Dido, directing the builders of the new city of Carthage.  The figure in front of her, wearing armour and facing away from the viewer, may be her Trojan lover Aeneas.  Some children are playing with a flimsy toy boat in the water, symbolising the growing but fragile naval power of Carthage, while the tomb of her dead husband Sychaeus, on the right side of the painting, on the other bank of the estuary, foreshadows the eventual doom of Carthage.

The painting measures  by  with the top half of the painting dominated by an intense yellow sunrise, symbolising the dawn of a new empire.  The eruption of Mount Tambora in April 1815 created magnificent sunrises and sunsets which may have inspired Turner's paintings in this period.  The painting was widely admired when it was first exhibited at the Royal Academy summer exhibition in 1815 together Crossing the Brook, a pastoral landscape of the River Tamar in Devon also inspired by Claude Lorrain.  However, Turner's work was criticised by Sir George Beaumont, who complained that it was "painted in false taste, not true to nature" and did not reach the heights of Claude Lorrain's works.  Turner exhibited a companion piece, The Decline of the Carthaginian Empire, at the summer exhibition in 1817.

In the first draft of his first will in 1829, Turner stipulated that he should be buried in the canvas of Dido building Carthage, but changed his mind to make a donation of the painting and The Decline of the Carthaginian Empire to the National Gallery, on condition that his two paintings should always be hung either side of Claude Lorrain's Seaport with the Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba, a painting that Turner first saw when it was part of the Angerstein collection which later became the nucleus for the National Gallery.  His revised will of 1831 changed the bequest, so Dido building Carthage would be accompanied by Sun rising through Vapour, and the two works would be exhibited alongside Seaport with the Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba and Landscape with the Marriage of Isaac and Rebecca (also known as The Mill).  A codicil in 1848 donated the remainder of his completed works to the new National Gallery in Trafalgar Square, so they could be displayed together.  The Turner Bequest was contested by his relatives, but resolved by 1856 when the works were acquired by the National Gallery.  Most of Turner's works eventually moved to the Tate Gallery in the early 20th century, but Dido building Carthage and Sun rising through Vapour remain at the National Gallery, shown with the Claudes; a few other selected works by Turner, including Rain, Steam and Speed and The Fighting Temeraire remain as examples of English painting at the National Gallery.

See also
 List of paintings by J. M. W. Turner

References
 National Gallery
 JMW Turner, the English Claude, The Guardian, 8 March 2012
 J. M. W. Turner: The Making of a Modern Artist, Sam Smiles, pp. 42–44, 126–128
 Academies, Museums, and Canons of Art, Gillian Perry, Colin Cunningham, pp. 183–185
 Angel in the Sun: Turner's Vision of History, Gerald E. Finley, pp. 63–67
 Cultivating Picturacy: Visual Art And Verbal Interventions, James A. W. Heffernan, pp. 129–131
 Turner biography, Turner Society

1815 paintings
Collections of the National Gallery, London
Paintings by J. M. W. Turner
Water in art
Sun in art
Cityscape paintings
Cities in art
History paintings
Paintings based on the Aeneid
Cultural depictions of Dido

Dido building Carthage


The Denishawn School of Dancing and Related Arts, was founded in 1915 by Ruth St. Denis and Ted Shawn in Los Angeles, California.

It taught a range of dance styles, influenced by ballroom dancing, ballet and various types of American and Indian dances.

The school had some notable pupils, including Martha Graham, Doris Humphrey, Lillian Powell, Charles Weidman, Jack Cole, and silent film star Louise Brooks. The school was especially renowned for its influence on ballet and experimental modern dance. In time, Denishawn teachings reached another school  Studio 61 at the Carnegie Hall Studios.

One source writes:
"The art of dance is too big to be encompassed by any one system. On the contrary, the dance includes all systems or schools of dance. Every way that any human being of any race or nationality, at any period of human history, has moved rhythmically to express himself, belongs to the dance. We endeavor to recognize and use all contributions of the past to the dance and will continue to use all new contributions in the future".

Styles of dance
Orientalia: these were the first true Denishawn works. St. Denis invented most of these pieces. They use aspects of East Indian movement, dress and environment (in the form of set design). A particularly famous work from this period is St. Denis's Radha, a mini-ballet set in a Hindu temple in which an exotic woman dances to honor the five senses.
Americana: Shawn favoured the cultures of America. His works had music by  American composers and portrayed of "American" characters like cowboys, Indians and ballplayers.
Music visualizations was inspired by Isadora Duncan's approach to music. Movement was set strictly to music without reading into anything emotionally. If the music swells, the body swells: if the music grows quiet, the body comes to rest. St. Denis's Soaring, with five female dancers, is her most well-known music visualization.
Miscellanea: Other routines called "Denishawn divertissements".

References

Other sources
Shelton, Suzanne 1981. Divine dancer: a biography of Ruth St. Denis. New York: Doubleday.
Sherman, Jane 1979. The drama of Denishawn dance. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.
American dancers
Schools in California

Denishawn School of Dancing


Nathan Augustus Monroe Dudley (August 20, 1825 – April 29, 1910) was a soldier who served as a colonel of Volunteers and sometimes as an acting brigadier general of Volunteers for the Union Army during the American Civil War. He later served in the New Mexico Territory.

Early military career
Dudley led the 30th Massachusetts Volunteers and spent time as an aide to Nathaniel Prentice Banks, Major General of Volunteers and commander of the XIX Corps. At the beginning of the War he was serving as a regular army captain, commanding Company E of the 10th U.S. Infantry Regiment. On January 19, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln nominated Dudley for the award of the honorary grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers to rank from the same date, January 19, 1865, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the award on February 14, 1865. After the war he reverted to his regular rank and transferred to the Third U. S. Cavalry. He eventually was promoted to Lt. Colonel of the Ninth Cavalry and finally to Colonel of the First U. S. Cavalry.  He spent much of his career on the Indian frontier and did much good service which has been somewhat overshadowed by his part in the Lincoln County War. He was well-liked by his men but often not so well-liked by his fellow officers. He was convicted at two Courts-Martial of offenses that could have ended his career, and Colonel Hatch of the Ninth Cavalry tried to get Dudley retired as being unfit for service due to alcohol. Dudley, however, had friends in high places. (Citation needed)

Lincoln County War
Dudley's part in the Lincoln County War of 1877–1879 in New Mexico Territory is at best controversial and at worst despicable and incompetent. He was the commanding officer of the local Fort Stanton. Despite orders not to interfere in civilian matters, he did, nominally to protect civilians, but in fact, he seems to have favored the Murphy-Dolan faction throughout the range war. Attempts to have him removed as commander went all the way to the Secretary of War, but were refused. Susan McSween, the wife of one of the key participants, Alexander McSween, had charges filed in 1879 against Dudley.

Dudley was removed by General Hatch as commander on March 7, 1879, and a court of inquiry into his actions was commissioned. In July 1879, the inquiry ruled that a court martial against Dudley was not justified, and Dudley was transferred to Fort Union, also in New Mexico Territory. In November 1879 Dudley was also found not guilty in his trial for an arson, a crime committed during the Battle of Lincoln. Susan McSween's husband, Alexander, was shot and killed while unarmed, and in the presence of Col. Dudley, while McSween was fleeing the burning house.

Subsequent career
Towards the end of his career, he assisted Colonel George Buell's expedition against the Apache chief Victorio, which indirectly led to Victorio's death at the hands of the Mexican army. In 1887, as a colonel of the 1st Cavalry, he helped suppress the rebellion on the Crow reservation, during which the leader of a faction of the Crow, Sword Bearer, was killed. Promoted in 1904, during his retirement, to regular army brigadier general, Dudley died in 1910, aged 84, and was interred in Arlington National Cemetery under an ornate tombstone of his own design.

Notes

See also

List of Massachusetts generals in the American Civil War
Massachusetts in the American Civil War

References
 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .

Further reading
 Kaye, E. Donald. Nathan Augustus Monroe Dudley, 1825 – 1910: Rogue, Hero, or Both?. Outskirts Press, 2006. .

External links
Chronology of Billy the Kid and the Lincoln County War
History of the Third Regiment of Infantry  part of ''The Army of the United States: Historical Sketches of Staff and Line with Portraits of Generals-in-Chief  reproduced at the United States Army Center of Military History
"Buell's expedition against Victorio"

Union Army colonels
People of the New Mexico Territory
1825 births
1910 deaths
Lincoln County Wars
United States Army officers
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing

Nathan Dudley


The Art Gallery of Peterborough is a free admission, non-profit public art gallery in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada. A registered charity that depends on the support of its members, it was founded in 1974 by an independent board of volunteers. In 1977 it was given the Foster House by the City of Peterborough, a historical residence set in parkland beside Little Lake. In 1979 The gallery expanded to its current size of  with the construction of its modernist wing designed by Crang & Boake architects. The collection presently numbers over 1,300 pieces. In addition to its permanent collection and exhibitions, the gallery offers many educational programs for adults and children. There is also a gift shop featuring a variety of works by local and national artisans.

The acquisition program is funded by private donations and matching grants from the Canada Council. Annual operating and management costs are provided by the Ontario Arts Council, the Canada Council for the Arts, and community fundraising efforts. The Peterborough municipal government provides a grant to cover building maintenance and landscaping. The gallery is a member of the Ontario Association of Art Galleries.

Prominent Canadian artists with works in the collection include David Bierk, Ron Bloore, Ivan Eyre, Jack Shadbolt, and Bill Vazan.

Exhibitions
The art gallery holds frequent exhibitions. A sample:
2011 (Summer) Robert Houle - Paris/Ojibwa
2010 (Winter) Allyson Mitchell - Ladies Sasquatch
2009 (Summer) Nobuo Kubota - Hokusai Revisited
2009 (Winter) Mendelson Joe - Joe's Politicians
2008 Kawartha Autumn Studio Tour collection
2000
1996
1994
1993
1992
1990

References

External links

Museums in Peterborough, Ontario
Art museums and galleries in Ontario
Modernist architecture in Canada
Art museums established in 1974
1974 establishments in Ontario

Art Gallery of Peterborough


The Cambrian explosion is when many animal phyla first appeared in the fossil record. It happened 541 million years ago (mya). Probably most had evolved before then, but that was their first appearance as fossils.

Before about 580 mya it seems that most organisms were simple. They were made of individual cells, occasionally organized into colonies. Over the following 70 or 80 million years the rate of evolution seemed to accelerate. By the end of the Cambrian most phyla we know today existed.

The Cambrian explosion has caused much scientific debate. The seemingly rapid appearance of fossils in the 'primordial strata' was noted as early as the mid 19th century,  and Charles Darwin saw it as one of the main objections that could be made against his theory of evolution by natural selection.

Key issues
The long-running puzzlement about the appearance of the Cambrian fauna, seemingly abruptly and from nowhere, centres on three key points:
whether it actually happened. Was there really a mass diversification of complex organisms over a relatively short period of time during the early Cambrian?
what might have caused such rapid change.
what it might say about the origin and evolution of animals.
Understanding it is difficult because the supply of evidence is limited. The evidence is an incomplete fossil record, and chemical signatures left in Cambrian rocks.

Large-scale evolution
The Cambrian explosion is the classic example of megaevolution. By that is not meant a different kind of evolution; rather, it means evolution which produces a tremendous effect. The word 'macroevolution' is used because the changes were really big.

Duration
The Cambrian explosion started in the Ediacaran from about 575 mya, and continued to the Burgess Shale at about 507 mya. That is about 68 million years. By the end all modern phyla had evolved, and since then no new phyla have appeared in the fossil record. This is one of the things that need to be explained.

Life a billion years ago
For further information, see Acritarch and Stromatolite

Stromatolites, stubby pillars built by colonies of cyanobacteria and other microorganisms, are the first fossils. Their record starts about 3.5 billion years ago, and they were very common from about 2700 mya. They declined steeply after about 1250 mya, and this decline was probably caused by grazing and burrowing animals.

Precambrian marine diversity was dominated by small fossils known as acritarchs. This term describes almost any small organic walled fossilfrom the egg cases of small metazoans to resting cysts of many different kinds of green algae. After appearing around 2000 mya, acritarchs had a boom around 1000 mya, increasing in number, diversity, size, complexity of shape and especially size and number of spines. Their increasingly spiny forms in the last billion years may indicate an increased need for defence against predation. Other groups of small organisms from the Neoproterozoic era also show signs of anti-predator defences. Measuring taxon longevity  seems to show an increase in predation around this time.
However, in general, the rate of evolution in the Precambrian was very slow, with many cyanobacterial species lasting unchanged for billions of years. Of course, bacteria are defined mainly by their biochemistry, especially their genomes. Changes in their biochemistry would usually leave no trace in the fossil record.

If the predatory organisms which grazed on bacteria and acritarchs really were metazoans, this means that Cambrian animals did not appear "from nowhere" at the base of the Cambrian; their ancestors had existed for hundreds of millions of years.

 Related pages
 Life timeline

 Other sources
Gould S.J. 1989. Wonderful life: the Burgess Shale and the nature of history. W.W. Norton & Company.
Conway Morris S. 1997. The crucible of creation: the Burgess Shale and the rise of animals''. Oxford University Press. .

References

Evolutionary biology
Fossils
Cambrian

Cambrian explosion


In classical drama, the epitasis () is the main action of a play, in which the trials and tribulations of the main character increase and build toward a climax and dénouement. It is the third and central part when a play is analyzed into five separate parts: prologue, protasis, epitasis, catastasis and catastrophe.

In modern dramatic theory, the dramatic arc is often referred to, which uses somewhat different divisions but is substantially the same concept overall.

Drama
Ancient Greek theatre

Epitasis


Mademoiselle from Armentieres is a 1926 British World War I silent drama film directed by Maurice Elvey and starring Estelle Brody, John Stuart and Alf Goddard. The film was Elvey's first collaboration with screenwriter Victor Saville. It was followed by a 1928 sequel Mademoiselle Parley Voo.

Plot
The unnamed Mademoiselle (Brody) helps her aunt to run a restaurant in Armentières.  British soldier Johnny (Stuart) has fallen in love with her, and she shows signs of reciprocation.  The local liaison officer asks Mademoiselle whether she can find out anything about a customer named Branz, who has aroused suspicion.  By working her charms on him to gain his confidence, she discovers that he is a German spy.  Mademoiselle has to keep her mission secret to avoid giving away her real motives.  However Johnny misinterprets the attention she pays to Brandt, assuming her to be fickle.

Johnny is summoned to the fighting line before Mademoiselle can explain herself.  Once she has fulfilled her mission, she goes in search of Johnny to put him in the picture.  She finds his regiment in a captured German trench, with Johnny wounded.  Then the trench is recaptured by the Germans with Branz in tow.  Things look bleak until the British forces counter-attack and once again take the trench, killing Branz in the process.  Mademoiselle and Johnny are trapped when the trench wall collapses, but manage to extricate themselves and look forward to their future together.

Cast
 Estelle Brody as Mademoiselle
 John Stuart as Johnny
 Marie Ault as Aunt
 Gabriel Rosca as Branz
 Alf Goddard as Fred
 Clifford Heatherley as Interrogator
 Humberston Wright as Old Soldier
 Boris Ranevsky as Liaison Officer

Later history
The film opened in London in September 1926 and was still playing in cinemas around the country until well into 1927.  It was reportedly the most profitable British film of 1926 and made an instant star of Brody.

The British Film Institute holds fragments amounting to around one third of the film in the BFI National Archive, but the remaining two thirds cannot be found and the film as a whole is classed as "missing, believed lost".  It is included on the BFI's "75 Most Wanted" list of missing British feature films.

References

External links
 BFI 75 Most Wanted entry, with extensive notes

1926 romantic drama films
British romantic drama films
British silent feature films
British spy drama films
British black-and-white films
Films directed by Maurice Elvey
Films set in France
Lost British films
Western Front (World War I) films
World War I spy films
1920s spy drama films
Films produced by Victor Saville
Films with screenplays by Victor Saville
1926 films
1926 lost films
1920s British films
Silent romantic drama films
Silent war films
Lost war films

Mademoiselle from Armentieres (film)


MyScene is a type of doll created by the Mattel Toy Company. They share the product name of Barbie, but they have differences with the head shapes. The line was supposedly started as a rival to the popular Bratz dolls.

Movies
The My Scene characters have starred in three DVD movies:
 "Jammin' In Jamaica"
 "Masquerade Madness"
 "My Scene Goes Hollywood" featuring Lindsay Lohan.

Main characters

Girls
Barbie(Barbie was replaced by Kennedy because they said that she had moved to California)
Madison
Chelsea
Nolee
Delancey
Kenzie
Jai
Kennedy
Nia
Jai, Nia and Kennedy were added when they changed the my scenes dolls to look like Bratz and they took out Nolee and Barbie

Boys
Bryant
River
Hudson
Sutton
Ellis
Tyson

Dolls

MyScene


Jane M. Blocker is a Professor of Contemporary Art and Theory and the Chair of the Department of Art History at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, where she is affiliated with the Moving Image Studies at the Department of Cultural Studies and Comparative Literature. In a note on the back cover of Blocker's What the Body Cost Lucy R. Lippard writes of her: "Jane Blocker is as good a writer, scholar, and original thinker as feminists could hope for."

Blocker received her Master of Arts from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago (SAIC) and her Ph.D. from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill where she studied with Carol Mavor. Blocker's research has focused primarily on performance art as it developed concurrently with postmodern, feminist, and constructionist theories. Blocker teaches courses on contemporary art, alternative media: Video, Performance, and Digital Art, historiography of Art History, and gender and sexuality in Modern and Contemporary Art.

Selected publications
 Becoming Past: History in Contemporary Art, (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2015)
 Seeing Witness: Visuality and the Ethics of Testimony, (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009)
 What the Body Cost: Desire, History, and Performance, (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004)
 Where is Ana Mendieta?: identity, performativity, and exile, (Durham: Duke University Press, 1999),
 "This Being You Must Create: Transgenic Art and Seeing the Invisible," Cultural Studies 17, no. 2 (2003)
 "A Cemetery of Images: Meditations on the Burial of Photographs," Visual Resources XX, no. 2 (May 2004)
 "Binding to Another's Wound: Of Weddings and Witness," in After Criticism: New Responses to Contemporary Art, edited by Gavin Butt. (London: Blackwell, 2005)
 "Failures of Self-Seeing: James Luna Remembers Dino," Performing Arts Journal XXIII, no. 1 (January 2001)
 "Woman-House: Architecture, Gender and Hybridity in What's Eating Gilbert Grape?," in Camera Obscura 39 (November 1998), ISSN 0270-5346
 "The Bed Took Up Most of the Room," in Peggy Phelan and Jill Lane, eds., The End(s) of Performance (New York: NYU Press, 1997),

References

External links
 Jane M. Blocker's Profile at University of Minnesota

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American art historians
Women art historians
Historiographers
University of Minnesota faculty
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni

Jane M. Blocker


The Uighur alphabet (also: Uyghur alphabet) is the alphabet created by the Uighurs to read and write the Uighur language. It is based on the Arabic alphabet. Unlike the Arabic alphabet, however, Uighur has specific letters to write vowel sounds, rather than just diacritic marks. Writing vowels in Uighur is required, not optional.

Alphabets
alphabet

Uyghur Arabic alphabet


Peace Magazine is a Canadian magazine on disarmament and peacebuilding issues, published by Canadian Disarmanent Information Service (CANDIS).

History and profile
Peace Magazine was launched in 1985 as a continuation of an earlier CANDIS publication, The Peace Calendar, which appeared monthly between February 1983 and January 1985. Originally a simple listings sheet for Toronto-area peace events, The Peace Calendar had expanded into a 12-page tabloid with articles and analysis in addition to Canada-wide listings in the period immediately before the Peace Magazine launch.

The magazine published monthly from March to December 1985; bimonthly from January–February 1986 to May–June 1999; and quarterly since July–September 1999. There has been formal and informal cooperation with other Canadian and international peace organizations throughout the magazine's history; from 1993 to 2006 the magazine included a section produced in collaboration with Science for Peace.

Peace Magazine was one of the first Canadian magazines to be produced with desktop publishing software. Its website has been online since 1997, includes a full set of archives from 1983 to the end of the preceding calendar year.

The magazine has had a strong editorial emphasis on democracy, human rights, and the technical aspects of disarmament. Its writers are roughly equally distributed between activists and academics, with considerable overlap between these two spheres. The editor is retired sociologist and peace activist Metta Spencer.

References

External links
 Peace Magazine homepage

Anti-war works
Political magazines published in Canada
Magazines established in 1985
Pacifism in Canada
1985 establishments in Ontario
Magazines published in Toronto

Peace Magazine


Hannah is an oratorio in three acts by Christopher Smart with a score composed by John Worgan. It was first performed in Haymarket theater 3 April 1764. It was supposed to have a second performance, but that performance was postponed and eventually cancelled over a lack of singers. A libretto was published for its run and a libretto with full score was published later that year.

Hannah tells the story of Hannah and of her devotion to God which resulted in her being blessed with fertility by God. It was the first of two oratorio librettos written by Smart, the second being Abimelech.

Background
In 1763, Christopher Smart was released from Mr. Potter's madhouse. While working on a translation of the Psalms and of Horace's writings, Smart needed to earn money to support himself. He was encouraged to write a libretto in order to find employment by many of his friends who were involved with the theater and musical circles of London. The field of Oratorio appealed to Smart because of its financial benefits and its being grounded in the "sacred".

Smart defined an oratorio as:

"a sacred opera; deducing its fable from scripture, as the opera itself does, from profane history. This species (if rightly executed) is most admirably calculated to fulfill the great end of drama, to make men more virtuous; as it takes for its subject the actions of holy men, and consequently deals much in praises and addresses to the deity. I believe our oratorios at present in vogue, tho' not very remarkable for poetical composition, have their good effect on the more rational and sober part of the audience. Yet what more universal and useful effects would this species of the drama produce, if it was to join true poetry, with true piety, and the sacred characters introduced, were taught to speak from the head as well as the heart? Add to this, a regularity of plan might be maintained (which hitherto has been utterly neglected) as well as in any other dramatic piece. In short, no subject more naturally affords the true sublime, than that of which the oratorio consists; and consequently, an exalted genius can no where find a more suitable or ample field, for the exercise and exertion of his most magnificent conceptions."

In order to help produce his first oratorio, Smart turned to John Worgan to compose the score. Smart previous worked with Worgan when Worgan composed the score for Smart's Solemn Dirge, a poem written on the death of Frederic Prince of Wales. After the two finished, they advertised in the Public Advertiser on 21 February 1764 that Hannah would run three days at the end of March. The show was supposed to be performed on 30 March and 31 March, but it was cancelled because it was Lent and they were unable to find singers. Eventually, Hannah was performed for only one night, 3 April 1764.

Hannah was supposed to run a second night and sold tickets, but the show was unable to be performed. An advertisement in the Public Advertiser on 1 May 1764 read:
"The Favourable RECEPTION of the ORATORIO of HANNAH, found from the Nobility and Gentry who honoured it with their Presence at this Theatre, had determined the Author to perform it again according to his first Intention, After the Passion Week (as no Night could be found before that Time, on which many of the  Performers were not otherwise engaged) but on Account of the advanced Season, and that several who had taken their Tickets have left the Town for the Summer, he is advised by his Friends to defer the Performance until next Winter. As several are desirous of knowing when the Songs in this Oratorio will be published, the Author takes this Opportunity of Acquainting the Public, that they are now Printing, and will be ready for Sale in a few Weeks of which Notice will be given in this Paper."
However, there are no records of Hannah being performed during the following winter.

The libretto was published by Tonson April 1764 with the score printed later that year. The text of the libretto is written in copperplate by a professional copyist and a note on the final page says, "This Oratorio is intended to be perform'd at the Kings Theatre in the Haymarket with the Permission of the Lord Chamberlain. Dr. Worgan for Mr Giardini [missing] the said Theatre."

Hannah

The libretto begins with an "argument" that gives a summary of the story of Hannah who, through her devotion to God, was allowed to give birth to Samuel. Immediately following, there is a disclaimer that reads:
"The only Liberty Mr. Smart has taken with the sacred Story is that he has introduced the Song of Hannah as a Thanksgiving immediate upon her acceptance in Shiloh, whereas it was not composed till after the Birth of Samuel. This Liberty he humbly hopes is more pardonable than the total Omission of so pious and beautiful a Piece."
However, rearranging the timing of biblical events was not the only liberty taken with the story; the libretto emphasizes Peninnah's fertility and jealousy along with Elkanah's benevolent treatment of Hannah.

The oratorio begins with Peninnah singing:
When Abraham threw himself upon his Face
To worship God Almight, in return
Came Blessing down for Blessing – On his Loins
It came, from whence a Matron of her House
Stands forth, Peninnah; whose unnumber'd Progeny
Are known to him which calculates the Stars,
And tells the Total of the golden Grain
That borders boundless Ocean – O for Musick,
And every Form of Joy to bless and praise.
(Hannah 1–9)

The character of Peninnah uses her fertility as an excuse to mock Hannah in a manner more "earthly" than sacred. The earthly mannerisms of Peninnah and her maids were emphasized in the oratorio for "theatrical effect". However, the themes of fertility and barrenness are also important aspects for Smart's poetic theme. The Handmaid to Peninnah emphasizes these themes when she sings:
Far other is the Lot of her, that shares
A nobler Portion of her Husband's Bounty,
The highly-favour'd Hannah; for her Honour
Is not hereafter in the sweet Idea
Of Self continued in a genuine Race.
(Hannah 16–20)

Roles
 Elkanah
 Eli
 Levite of Elkanah's household
 Hannah
 Peninnah
 Handmaid to Peninnah
 Elphaba
Chorus of Priest and Damsels, and other Attendants

Critical response
A review in the St. James's Magazine claimed for the libretto "some poetical merit" but William Kenrick, a rival of Smart's, could not hold the poem as high. A biographer of Worgan claimed that the play lasted only one night because of Handel's popularity in London at the time, and "It is owing to this iniquitous idolatry that the oratorio of Hannah struggled into light, and soon disappeared. The adorers of Handel would not hear of oratorios composed by Arne, Worgan, and Arnold". However, the biographer didn't just blame Handel, but followed Kenrick's assessment when he said, "Hannah teems with resplendent beauties, but is enfeebled by the doggrel of poor Kit Smart."

Notes

References
 Dearnley, Moira. The Poetry of Christopher Smart. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1969. 332 pp.
 Mounsey, Chris. Christopher Smart: Clown of God. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 2001. 342 pp.
 Sherbo, Arthur. Christopher Smart: Scholar of the University. Michigan State University Press, 1967. 303 pp.
 Smart, Christopher. The Poetical Works of Christopher Smart, II: Religious Poetry 1763–1771. Ed. Marcus Walsh and Karina Williamson. Oxford: Clarendon, 1983. 472 pp.

1764 operas
1764 poems
Christian literature
English-language operas
Operas
Opera oratorios
Libretti by Christopher Smart
Poetry by Christopher Smart

Hannah (oratorio)


Ivan Dmitrievich Vasilenko (, ; January 20, 1895 – May 26, 1966), was a Soviet writer of children's books.

Early years

Ivan Dmitrievich Vasilenko was born January 20, 1895, in the village of Makiivka, in Don Host Oblast (in present-day Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine) in a clerk's family. Seven years later, his family moved to the city of Taganrog proper. In 1912 Ivan Vasilenko graduated from the 4-year college and became teacher at a village school. He entered the Belgorod pedagogical institute, but was soon dismissed for organization of  a Marxist group, because of that the further route for Vasilenko to teaching was closed and he worked as an accountant in the Taganrog Land bank. After October Revolution, he managed trade department, later the department of public education, and gave lessons. During World War II, he contributed to Soviet military newspapers.

The literary career of Ivan Vasilenko

The literary talent of Vasilenko was discovered by Russian writer Vikenty Veresaev in 1937. All of his tales and stories written for 30 years of creative life, such as Magic Box, Childhood of the Actor, The Little Mouse, The Gordian Knot, Cocks, Green Trunk, Golden Shoes, Sunrise is only Once a Day, Merimes Watch, Family Council, Misha and Masha and others, were reissued by local, republican and central publishing houses and used large popularity both for children and for adults.

In 1949, Vasilenko was awarded a State Stalin Prize for the story "The Little Star" about life of trade school's students. Many books have been translated into 27 languages of USSR nations, and into Czech, German, Polish, Bulgarian, Romanian, Vietnamese, French and English languages. His works The Little Star, Artyomka in the Circus, Magic Box, Golden Shoes were filmed and released as motion pictures.

He died in Taganrog on May 26, 1966.

Remembrance
 Memorial museum was inaugurated in the house on Ulitsa Chekhova 88 in Taganrog, where Ivan Vasilenko and his family lived from 1923 until 1966.
 One of Taganrog Public Chekhov Library's branches is named after Vasilenko.
 In May 2010 a monument "Artyomka" was inaugurated in front of the memorial museum on Chekhov Street.

Works

 Magic Box («Ростиздат», Ростов, 1938)
Magic Box («Детгиз», М., 1941).
Life Plan or Little Star («Молодая гвардия», М., 1948).
Amazing Stories («Ростиздат», Ростов, 1946).
My friends (novels and stories) («Сов. писатель», М., 1946).
Actor's Childhood - Artyomka in the Circus («Правда»,М., 1952).
Captain's Order («Детизд», М., 1953).
Magic Box (novels and stories) («Моск. рабочий», М., 1953).
Selected Stories («Сов. писатель», М., 1956).
Golden Shoes («Детизд», М., 1958).
Selected Stories of Children («Детизд», М., 1960).
Novels (Душанбе, 1966)

External links
 Ivan Vasilenko and his home city Taganrog

1895 births
1966 deaths
People from Makiivka
People from Don Host Oblast
Soviet children's writers
Soviet male writers
Recipients of the Stalin Prize

Ivan Vasilenko


Floris the Black was a son of Floris II, Count of Holland and Petronilla of Lorraine. He became a rebel count of Holland in the 1120s and 1130s, against the claim of his brother Dirk.

Floris openly revolted against his brother Dirk and was from 1129 to 1131 recognized as Count of Holland by, amongst others, King Lothair and Andreas of Kuyk, Bishop of Utrecht. After March 1131 Dirk again appears as count of Holland alongside him, the brothers apparently having reached an agreement. Only a few months later, however, in August 1131, Floris accepted an offer from the West-Frisians to become lord of their entire territory, which reignited the conflict with his brother. After this the people from Kennemerland joined the revolt as well. A year later, in August 1132, King Lothair intervened and managed to reconcile the brothers. This did not pacify the Frisians however, who continued their revolt, which was nonetheless eventually suppressed.

Floris then departed for Utrecht, where he planned to marry Heilwive van Rode, a relative of the Bishop of Utrecht. On 26 October 1132, Floris was ambushed near Utrecht and murdered by Herman and Godfried of Kuyk, leaving Dirk to rule the county on his own. King Lothair punished this act by having Herman and Godfried's castle razed and banishing the two. Floris was buried at Rijnsburg Abbey.

References

Counts of Holland
Burials at Rijnsburg Abbey
12th-century people from the Holy Roman Empire
12th-century counts in Europe

Floris the Black


The words nature and natural are used for all the things that are normally not made by humans. The word comes from the Latin natura meaning "birth". Nature includes many things like weather, organisms, landforms, celestial bodies. Scientists study the way the parts of nature work. Things that have been made by people are said to be man-made or called artifacts.

There are natural sciences that study different parts of nature, for example the science of ecology is about plants and animals as a whole, while biology studies every type of living thing.

From one point of view, humans are a prime example of nature, and are the most widely studied natural inhabitants of the planet earth. Humans interact with each other in their natural environment on a day-to-day basis. Every part of nature  everything from the air outside to the dirt on the ground  is interdependent. Medicine studies humans in health and sickness.

From another point of view, humans and nature can be said to be in conflict. People always use natural resources. They cut down trees, mine ores, grow crops and manufacture things from natural material. Fires, cars, and factories make a lot of smoke and harm many places. People who like to leave nature unharmed and those who feel they need to use more of nature often fight about what they should do. In the modern world, with many more people and many big cities, these problems are becoming more serious.

Nature, in the broadest sense, means the physical world as a whole. This is the meaning that physics, the study of nature (etymologically), takes.

A useful definition of natural is
"Happening or operating in accordance with the ordinary course of nature". Oxford Shorter English Dictionary says the word in this sense is first found in 1477.

Related pages
 Human nature
 Life timeline
 Nature timeline
Nature versus nurture

Other websites

References

Bionics

Nature


"The Gladiator" is a march by John Philip Sousa, written in 1886 while Sousa was leader of the US Marine Band.

The Gladiator was written as a tribute to Charles B. Towle, a journalist at the Boston Traveler. The journalist introduced him to the Knights Templar. Speculation has long surrounded the title for the piece, but one hypothesis is that the title referred to Towle himself, a gladiator of sorts who used a pen instead of a sword. Another plausible hypothesis is that the piece may have been written about an article Towle wrote for the Boston Traveler.

Sousa had not written many marches before that, and none of them received great popularity. The Gladiator, however, sold over a million copies - a record for the time and was soon performed frequently. It follows normal march style, IAABBCCDCDC, and is played at the normal pace of most marches: 120-128 beats per minute. Although marches such as Semper Fidelis, The Washington Post, Stars and Stripes Forever and Hands Across the Sea have achieved greater popularity, the Gladiator is still regarded as John Philip Sousa's first success.

Recorded versions
The Band of H.M. Coldstream Guards, cond. by Capt. J. Causley Windram. Recorded in London on January 11, 1942. It was released by EMI on the His Master's Voice label as catalog number B 9275.

See also
 List of marches by John Philip Sousa

References

External links

1886 compositions
Sousa marches
Songs written by John Philip Sousa

The Gladiator March


In the original Motion Picture Association of America film rating system, X rating represented that no one under 18 should be allowed to enter. Unlike the others, this rating was not copyrighted, and the rating became tied to pornography. Many theaters chose not to take an X rated movie, and many newspapers would not run ads for them. Certain movie companies had to release their films without rating, in particular independent movies. In Autumn 1990 the X was replaced with NC-17, but over the years, NC-17 absorbed the same stigma that the earlier X rating had.

Controversies
Movie ratings

X rating


The Math Images Project is a wiki collaboration between Swarthmore College, the Math Forum at Drexel University, and the National Science Digital Library. The project aims to introduce the public to mathematics through beautiful and intriguing images found throughout the fields of math. The Math Images Project runs on MediaWiki software, as well as the Semantic MediaWiki extension.

Starting in summer 2011, the program expanded to include Sweet Briar College and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in addition to Swarthmore College and Drexel University.

Collaboration
The National Science Digital Library and National Science Foundation provide the NDR, or National Science Digital Library Digital Repository.  The NDR stores links and metadata to websites for use by educators and researchers.  The Math Images Project uses the wiki plug-in built by the NSDL to submit page links and metadata to the NDR, allowing the Project to be of use to the greater education community.

Images
All images on the site are required to be released under the GNU General Public License, so that the wiki remains freely editable and redistributable. Images are culled from Google Images or reputable educational sites. The authors locate and email a letter requesting permission, and approved images are added to the wiki.

External links
Math Images Project
Math Forum at Drexel University

Internet properties established in 2008
Mathematics websites
MediaWiki websites
Semantic wikis

Math Images Project


Stuart Kingsley (born May 15, 1948, in Stoke Newington, London, England) is considered a pioneer in the Optical Search For Extraterrestrial Intelligence, also known as Optical SETI (OSETI).

While traditional SETI efforts survey the sky in hopes of finding radio transmissions from a nearby civilization, the optical approach to SETI seeks to detect pulsed and continuous wave laser beacons signals in the visible and infrared spectrums. In other words, instead of "listening" for extraterrestrial intelligence, Optical SETI "looks" for it.

Kingsley received a B.Sc. Honors and Ph.D. in electronic and electrical engineering from The City University (London, England), and University College London, England in 1972 and 1984, respectively. He moved to the United States in 1981 and went to work for Battelle Columbus Division as a principal research scientist, becoming a senior research scientist in 1985. He left Battelle in 1987 and established his own photonics consultancy business, Fiberdyne Optoelectronics.

Kingsley is the Director of The Columbus Optical SETI Observatory, which is currently working to achieve nonprofit status. Since 1992 he has been the VP for Engineering at SRICO, Inc.  Kingsley retired from Srico, Inc. and returned to England in 2008, meaning that the Columbus Optical SETI Observatory has effectively moved to Bournemouth.

External links
 Introduction to the COSETI
 The SETI League's Optical SETI Committee Chair
 The Bournemouth Optical SETI Observatory

Astrobiologists
Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
1948 births
Living people

Stuart Kingsley


was a Japanese poet, one of the Rokkasen, the "Six Poetic Geniuses" described in the Kokin Wakashū, a classical poetic anthology.

He is one of the six poets laureate. His poems suggest strong influence from his close ties with the lands of Ōmi and Shiga.  According to the "Mumyosho", collected articles on poetics authored by Kamo-no-Chomei, Kuronushi ascended to the status of a god and was enshrined as a "Myojin" god in the Shiga Province of Ōmi. In one account, he is the same person as Otomo-no-Suguri-Kuronushi who was mentioned in the ministerial bulletin of 866 (Jogan 8). Ōtomo-no-Suguri is a clan seated at Ōtomo Village in the Shiga Province of the Ōmi Domain.

References
Papinot, Edmond (1910). Historical and geographical dictionary of Japan. Tokyo: Librarie Sansaisha.

Japanese poets
Place of birth unknown
Place of death unknown
Deified Japanese people

Ōtomo no Kuronushi


Rufus Thibodeaux (January 5, 1934, Ridge, Louisiana – August 12, 2005, Nashville, Tennessee) was an American Cajun music fiddler.

Thibodeaux played guitar from age six and fiddle from age twelve. He played in local dance halls at 13, and joined Julius Lamperez's Cajun band in 1949. He worked extensively as a studio musician for J. D. "Jay" Miller's Crowley Studio, working with The Clement Brothers among others. In 1952 he met Jimmy C. Newman, a frequent Grand Ole Opry performer; this began a long association between the two, including on Newman's first hit, "Cry Cry Darling". Alongside his time with Newman, Thibodeaux played in the studios behind Lefty Frizzell, George Jones, Jim Reeves, Slim Harpo, Carol Channing, Neil Young, and many others. His 1970 recording with Newman of the song "Lache Pas la Patate" was the first song sung in Cajun French ever to reach Gold status. In 1987, he released a solo album, The Cajun Country Fiddle of Rufus Thibodeaux.

In 1989, he contributed Cajun fiddle parts to the song, "Everything's Gonna Be Alright" from the Isadar album Dream Of The Dead.

Rufus Thibodeaux is mentioned in a very popular French song of Michel Fugain, "Les Acadiens".

Thibodeaux's later years were plagued by diabetes, which resulted in his leg being amputated in 1999. He nevertheless continued recording almost up until the time of his death in 2005.

See also
History of Cajun Music
List of Notable People Related to Cajun Music

Notes

References
Jason Ankeny, [ Rufus Thibodeaux] at Allmusic

1934 births
2005 deaths
People from Lafayette Parish, Louisiana
Musicians from Louisiana
Starday Records artists
Cajun fiddlers
20th-century American violinists

Rufus Thibodeaux


A hypertext is a text that is organized like a network. Parts of the text reference other text messages or texts which can directly be accessed. The parts that provide the reference are known as hyperlinks. An example of a hypertext is the HTML standard used in the World Wide Web. Wikis also use hypertext.

Internet

Hypertext


The article about the Sioux leader is at Crazy Horse

Le Crazy Horse Saloon or Le Crazy Horse Paris is a nightclub in Paris, founded in 1951. It is famous for its cabaret, which features nude female dancers. It was opened by Alain Bernardin, who also managed it until his suicide in 1994. Today the cabaret is run by Bernardin's children.

The franchise includes Crazy Horse Paris for one in Las Vegas (formerly La Femme), at the MGM Grand.

Other cabarets with similar names are separate enterprises.

Theatres in Paris

Crazy Horse (cabaret)


Chhera island (Bengali: ), also called Cheradia Island or Cheridia Island, is an extension of St. Martin's Island in Bangladesh, but cut off from it by sea during high tides.  During low tide period, the Chhera island can be reached by walking for about two and a half hours from St. Martin's Island. The most popular way of getting there is by motorboat.

Corals can be found all over the island. It has one small green area where bushes grow. No permanent settlement exists except for tourists.

References

Geography of Bangladesh
Islands of Asia

Chhera Island


Former United States special operations units are disbanded or otherwise dormant unconventional warfare units of the United States military. Most units were created to fulfil categorical obligations within a particular conflict, and were disbanded once that conflict ended. All branches of the United States armed forces – the Army, Navy, Marine Corps and Air Force have fielded special operations units. For subsisting special operations units, see United States Special Operations Forces.

The Civil War
 Jessie Scouts, Union Army scout unit that operated disguised as Confederate States Army soldiers

World War II
 1st Alaskan Combat Intelligence Platoon (Provisional) - "Castner's Cutthroats"
 1st Special Service Force – "Devil's Brigade", a joint U.S.-Canadian unit
 5307th Composite Unit (Provisional) – "Merrill's Marauders" – "Charles N. Hunter"
 Ranger Battalions
 Alamo Scouts
 Alaskan Scouts
 Marine Parachute Battalions – the "Paramarines"
 Marine Raider Battalions - the "Marine Raiders"
 United States Marine Corps Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion, "VAC Amphib Recon Company" or "FMFPAC Amphib Recon Battalion"
 United States Marine Corps Scout (Tank) and Sniper Company – originated Scout Snipers and Division Recon
 Naval Scouts and Raiders
 Navy Combat Demolition Units (NCDU)
 US Navy Beach Jumpers
 Underwater Demolitions Teams (UDT) Precursor to the Navy SEALs
 1st Air Commando Group
 Office of Strategic Services, whose functions included the arming, training and supplying of resistance movements; the use of propaganda, espionage, and subversion; and conducting post-war planning. Precursor to the CIA.

Korean War
 Airborne Ranger Companies (Korean War)
 Air Resupply And Communications Service (ARCS)
 Combined Command Reconnaissance Activities, Korea (CCRAK)
 Joint Advisory Commission, Korea (JACK) (Korean War), CIA-affiliated covert special operations unit
 United Nations Partisan Infantry Korea (UNPIK)

Vietnam War
 Fast Patrol Craft Patrol Craft Fast (PCF), also known as Swift Boats, were all-aluminum, 50-foot (15 m) long, shallow-draft vessels operated by the United States Navy for counterinsurgency (COIN) operations during the Vietnam War.
 Long Range Reconnaissance Patrols (LRRPs or "Lurps"); Vietnam War-era deep reconnaissance and raider units
 MIKE Force Mobile Strike Force Command; Corps I, II, III, IV
 Tiger Force (Vietnam War); reconnaissance commando (recondo) platoon in the 1/327th Infantry
 Project "Leaping Lena" (Vietnam War); Recondo course for South Vietnamese teams, trained by U.S. Special Forces, became Project DELTA.
 Project DELTA (Vietnam War); 5th Special Forces group long-range reconnaissance unit; precursor to MACV-SOG
 Military Assistance Command, Vietnam Studies and Observations Group (MACV-SOG), a joint covert Vietnam War-era task force composed of 2,000 American soldiers and over 8,000 indigenous mercenaries
 Project GAMMA/Project SIGMA MACV-SOG recon units that operated in Cambodia
 Project OMEGA Special Forces unit tasked to provide I Field Force Vietnam an SR capability in remote areas
 Phoenix Program; joint CIA and US military project based around the identification and elimination of the civilian supporters of the Viet Cong.
 Project 404/Palace Dog was a USAF program that supplied support personnel in civilian clothing to the Royal Laotian Air Force. Long range goal was production of a self-sufficient RLAF.
 Raven FACs were USAF pilots in civilian clothing assigned to support the Royal Laotian Air Force by directing air strikes from small aircraft.

Other
39th Special Forces Detachment (1952–1984), in Berlin, Germany, a classified unit that conducted unconventional warfare during the cold war
69th Special Forces Group (1963–1971), 8th Special Forces Group (1963–1972), 11th Special Forces Group (1961–1994) and 12th Special Forces Group (1961–1994) (disbanded Army Special Forces Groups)
 "Blue light", a counter-terrorist unit created among the 5th Special Forces Group in the late 1970s
 Special Operation - Reconnaissance, joint Marine-Navy reconnaissance units in the late 70s
 Task Force Bayonet, a Joint Task Force specialised in Foreign Internal Defense (FID) duties for Latin American countries; mainly composed of Special Forces, but also included United States Navy SEALs, Delta Force and Intelligence Support Activity operators
 US Army Special Operations Division
 SEASPRAY, an aviation unit for military covert operations during the 1980s
 Red Cell, U.S. "Tiger team" active in the 1980s
 Task Force Ranger (Operation Gothic Serpent), U.S Army Special Ops(75th Ranger Regiment, 3rd Ranger Battalion/ 160th SOAR/ Special Ops Detachment DELTA or Delta Force, now known as CAG)task force deployed to Somalia between August and October 1993
 Task Force 11 (Operation Enduring Freedom), joint Army/Navy task force created to capture or kill senior al-Qaeda and Taliban leaders in Afghanistan
 Task Force 20, Task Force 121 (Operation Iraqi Freedom), multinational joint task forces created to capture or kill senior leadership of the former Baathist regime in Iraq, including Saddam Hussein; also tasked with capturing or killing the leadership of the Iraqi insurgency as well as senior al-Qaeda operatives in Iraq; Task Force 20 later merged with Task Force 121, and is now believed to be active under the designation Task Force 77.
 Marine Corps Special Operations Command Detachment One (MCSOCOM-Det 1) (Operation Iraqi Freedom), pilot project active from 19 June 2003 to 10 March 2006 to assess the establishment of a permanent U.S. Marine Corps unit under Special Operations Command (SOCOM); replaced by the United States Marine Corps Forces Special Operations Command (MARSOC)
 Observer Group
 Marine Corps Test Unit#1

References
 http://www.specialoperations.net/Web%20Docs/Project404History.doc Accessed 11 October 2008.
 The Ravens: The Men Who Flew in America's Secret War in Laos. Christopher Robbins. Crown Publishers/Pocket Books, 1987.
 www.ravens.org Accessed 11 October 2008.

Special Operations Forces of the United States
United States special operations units

List of former United States special operations units


Long Eaton is a town in south east Derbyshire in England. It is near to the River Trent and seven miles southwest of Nottingham.

Long Eaton is at least 900 years old and is close to where you could cross the River Erewash. More recently the Erewash canal was built and then the railway. The jobs in Long Eaton were making lace and railway wagons.

The town has two large schools for secondary pupils which are Wilsthorpe Community School and Long Eaton School. Trent College is also in Long Eaton. This is an older school for children who pay for their education.

References

Towns in Derbyshire
Market towns in England

Long Eaton