Archbishop Prendergast High School was an all-girl Catholic high school in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia. It has been merged with Monsignor Bonner High School and renamed.

It is located in Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania. The school is often referred to by its nickname, "Prendie". The school operates in a landmark building that formerly served as St. Vincent Orphanage.  The school mascot is a panda bear.

In September 2005, Bugh the Office of Catholic Education of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia announced that Archbishop Prendergast High School and the neighboring school for boys, Monsignor Bonner, would begin operating under one administration beginning in July 2006. Bonner's president, Rev. Augustine M. Esposito, O.S.A., Ph.D., was appointed President of the new co-institutional Monsignor Bonner-Archbishop Prendergast. The Principal of Archbishop Prendergast High School, Mary Haley Berner, herself an alumna of Prendergast, was named the first principal of the co-institutional school in January 2006.

Campus History
The tract of land upon which Monsignor Bonner and Archbishop Prendergast Catholic High Schools were built was originally owned by Christopher Fallon, who constructed an impressive octagonal mansion on the site in 1850. The house was named "Runnymede" after the Fallon family seat in Roscommon County in Ireland. In 1882, the unusual building was purchased by Colonel Anthony J. Drexel. The mansion stood on what was at that time called the hill of Drexel, and consequently the surrounding area became known as Drexel Hill. In 1908, the mansion burned to the ground with only the gatehouse, which had served as servants' quarters, remaining.

In 1917, the Archdiocese of Philadelphia purchased the  for $57,000 and the Ordinary, Archbishop Edmond Francis Prendergast, announced the construction of an orphanage for five hundred orphans to be operated by the Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The orphanage replaced one demolished to allow the construction of the Benjamin Franklin Parkway.  It was named St. Vincent's Orphanage. Paul Monaghan was employed as architect and commissioned to build "one of the finest buildings in the diocese." Work on the project was slowed by the war, and Archbishop Prendergast died before the work was completed.

On May 9, 1920, the dedication took place. 40,000 people, accompanied by bands and musicians, walked from 69th Street to the dedication. Another 20,000 walked from the Pennsylvania Railroad Station in Lansdowne, and 65,000 more arrived by motorcar or by trolley from 69th Street. Archbishop Dennis Dougherty and Governor Sproul spoke to the 125,000 well-wishers gathered on the front lawn and along Garrett Road.

St. Vincent's functioned as an orphanage for over 30 years. By 1952, the number of children needing care had dwindled, and the Most Reverend John F. O'Hara decided to move the remaining orphans to a smaller building in Saint David's and convert the facility into Archbishop Prendergast High School for Boys, to meet the increasing demand for a Catholic high school in the expanding western suburbs.  Three years later, the Archdiocese constructed a new building on the same tract and named it Monsignor Bonner High School in memory of Reverend John J. Bonner, the former diocesan Superintendent of Schools. Bonner then became a school for boys and Prendergast was designated as a school for girls.

In September 2005, the Office of Catholic Education of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia announced a restructuring under which both schools would operate under one administration, beginning on July 1, 2006. Bonner's president was appointed president of the new co-institutional Monsignor Bonner & Archbishop Prendergast Catholic High School. The Principal of neighboring Archbishop Prendergast High School, Mary Haley Berner, was named Principal of the co-institutional school in January 2006.

On January 6, 2012, the Archdiocese announced that both Archbishop Prendergast High School and Monsignor Bonner High School would close in June 2012, along with three other Philadelphia Catholic High Schools and 44 Catholic elementary schools as part of the 2012 Archdiocese of Philadelphia school closings.

On Friday, February 24, 2012, the Archdiocese of Philadelphia announced that Archbishop Prendergast High School and Monsignor Bonner High School were to remain open as a merged co-educational high school due to immense support from alumni and the surrounding community.

The Alma Mater
Daughters true are we to Christ our King
So in faith we hail His reign;
And as subjects loyal, His praises strong we sing

And allegiance pledge in refrain.
In us traditions live, we eagerly display
The colors that we raise aloft, the garnet and gray.

Loyalty, devotion fill us everyone
Purity of Mary, fairer than the sun;
May our every action now pattern Mary's own.

In our God and country, let us exult,
Neath freedom's shield advance.
With His strength and teachings guiding the result

Alma Mater fair enhance!
To freedom's aid attend in forum or in fray.
His sovereign blessings fall upon the garnet and the gray!

May we, Alma Mater, faithful be to you
As we tread life's pathways in thy radiance true,
"Ut sim fidelis," our motto we renew.

Notable alumni
 Monica Horan (class of 1980), actress who starred in Everybody Loves Raymond.
 Stephenie LaGrossa (class of 1998), Survivor contestant.
 Cheri Oteri (class of 1980), comedian and former Saturday Night Live cast member.
 Elaine Van Blunk (class of 1982), long-distance runner who came third at the 1994 Chicago Marathon.

Notes and references

External links
Official website

Girls' schools in Pennsylvania
Catholic secondary schools in Pennsylvania
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia
Educational institutions established in 1956
Schools in Delaware County, Pennsylvania
1956 establishments in Pennsylvania

Archbishop Prendergast High School


Samuel Shafiishuna Daniel Nujoma, (; born 12 May 1929) is a Namibian revolutionary, anti-apartheid activist and politician who served three terms as the first President of Namibia, from 1990 to 2005. Nujoma was a founding member and the first president of the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) in 1960. Prior to 1960, SWAPO was known as the Ovambo People's Organisation (OPO). He played an important role as leader of the national liberation movement in campaigning for Namibia's political independence from South African rule. He established the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN) in 1962 and launched a guerrilla war against the apartheid government of South Africa in August 1966 at Omungulugwombashe, beginning after the United Nations withdrew the mandate for South Africa to govern the territory. Nujoma led SWAPO during the lengthy Namibian War of Independence, which lasted from 1966 to 1989.

During World War I, South Africa defeated the German colonial forces in South West Africa and established martial law in the colony after making a peace treaty in July 1915. After the war, the League of Nations officially assigned the former German colony to the United Kingdom as a mandate under the administration of South Africa.  When the National Party won the 1948 election in South Africa, it passed laws establishing racial segregation known as apartheid. It applied these laws to South West Africa as well, which it governed as the de facto fifth province of South Africa. Apartheid created strict racial classifications and reduced the rights of natives, in particular.

Nujoma became involved in anti-colonial politics during the 1950s. In 1959, he cofounded and served as the first president of the Ovamboland People's Organization (OPO), a nationalist organization advocating an independent Namibia. In December 1958 he was an organizer of the Old Location resistance and was arrested and deported to Ovamboland. In 1960 he escaped and went into exile in Tanzania where he was welcomed by Julius Nyerere.

Namibia finally achieved independence from South Africa in 1990, holding its first democratic elections. SWAPO won a majority and Nujoma was elected as the country's first President on 21 March 1990. He was re-elected for two more terms in 1994 and 1999. Nujoma retired as SWAPO party president on 30 November 2007.

He published his autobiography Where Others Wavered in 2005. He has received multiple honors and awards for his leadership, including the Lenin Peace Prize, Indira Gandhi Peace Prize, and the Ho Chi Minh Peace Prize. The Parliament of Namibia honored him with the titles "Founding President of the Republic of Namibia" and "Father of the Namibian Nation". In 2007 SWAPO named him as "Leader of the Namibian Revolution."

Early life
Samuel Shafiishuna Daniel Nujoma was born at Etunda, a village in Ongandjera, near the town of Okahao, Ovamboland, Southwest Africa on 12 May 1929. Nujoma was born to Helvi Mpingana Kondombolo (1898–2008) and Daniel Uutoni Nujoma (1893–1968). His mother Helvi was an Uukwambi princess by virtue of descent, and this fact would later reinforce Nujoma's charismatic influence during his political career. He is the eldest of his parents' eleven children.

Nujoma spent much of his early childhood looking after his siblings and tending to the family's cattle and traditional farming activities. His educational opportunities were limited. He started attending a Finnish missionary school at Okahao when he was ten and completed Standard Six, which was as high as possible for blacks during the time. In 1946, at age 17, he moved to Walvis Bay to live with his aunt, where he began his first employment at a general store for a monthly salary of 10 Shillings. He would later also work at a whaling station. While there he was exposed to world politics by meeting soldiers from Argentina, Norway and other parts of Europe who had come during World War II.

In 1949, Nujoma moved to Windhoek, where he started work as a cleaner for the South African Railways (SAR), while attending adult night school at St Barnabas Anglican Church School in the Windhoek Old Location, mainly with the aim of improving his English. He further studied for his Junior Certificate through correspondence at the Trans‐Africa Correspondence College in South Africa.

Political career

Nujoma became involved in politics in the early 1950s through trade unions. Nujoma's political outlook was shaped by his work experiences, his awareness of the contract labour system, and his increasing knowledge of the independence campaigns across Africa. In 1957, at age 29, Nujoma resigned from SAR so he could devote more time to politics. In 1957, a group of Namibians working in Cape Town led by Andimba Toivo ya Toivo formed the Ovamboland People's Congress (OPC). OPC was opposed to South African policies in South West Africa including the inhumane contract labour system under which people were forced to work for meagre wages. In 1958, ya Toivo sent a petition to the United Nations (UN) to force the apartheid regime to relinquish South West Africa to the Trusteeship Council of the United Nations. Consequently, he was expelled from Cape Town to Windhoek and then to Ovamboland where he was restricted. On 19 April 1959, Nujoma and OPC cofounder Jacob Kuhangua adapted a copy of the OPC constitution and formed the Ovamboland People's Organization (OPO) in Windhoek. At its first congress Nujoma was elected president. During the next year he travelled Namibia in secret mobilizing and setting up branch structures of OPO. In September 1959, the South West African National Union (SWANU) was formed as an umbrella body for anti-colonial resistance groups. Nujoma joined its executive committee representing OPO.

After the Old Location Massacre on 10 December 1959, Nujoma was arrested and charged for organising the resistance and faced threats of deportation to the north of the country. By the directive of OPO leadership and in collaboration with Chief Hosea Kutako, it was decided that Nujoma join the other Namibians in exile who were lobbying the United Nations on behalf of the anti-colonial cause for Namibia. In 1960, Nujoma petitioned the UN through letters and eventually went into exile in February of that year. He left Namibia on 29 February, crossing into Bechuanaland and from there travelling to Bulawayo in Southern Rhodesia by train. He flew from Bulawayo to Salisbury and on to Ndola in Northern Rhodesia. With the assistance of a member of the Northern Rhodesian United National Independence Party (UNIP) he crossed into the Katanga Province of Belgian Congo. There Nujoma met Moise Tshombe from the Conakat Party of Congolese. Crossing back over the border to Ndola he boarded a flight to Mbeya. In Mbeya, he was treated for malaria and escaped from the hospital after being threatened with arrest by the colonial authorities. From Mbeya, Nujoma travelled with the assistance of officials of the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) via Njombe, Iringa and Dodoma to Dar-Es-Salaam. With the assistance of Julius Nyerere, then president of TANU, he received a passport. While in Tanganyika, he received permission to address the UN Committee on South West Africa in New York. In April 1960, Nujoma travelled from Tanganyika to Khartoum, Sudan, and from there to Accra, Ghana, where he attended the All African People's Conference organised by Kwame Nkrumah against the French atom bomb test in the Sahara Desert. Nujoma met with other African nationalist leaders such as Patrice Lumumba, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Joseph Kasa-Vubu and Frantz Fanon at the conference. His early encounters with other African nationalist leaders left a lasting impression and informed his Pan-African outlook. Kwame Nkrumah assisted Nujoma to travel to United States and later to Liberia, where a case on South West Africa was being presented to the International Court of Justice.

After breaking away from SWANU, OPO reconstituted itself as the South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) in New York on 19 April 1960, Nujoma was elected president in absentia. He arrived in New York in June 1960 where he petitioned before the Sub Committee of the Fourth Committee of the General Assembly of the United Nations. Nujoma demanded that South West Africa be given its independence by 1963 at the latest. He then returned to Tanganyika in 1961, from where he and a small group of activists would develop SWAPO into an international force. He received support from other African nationalists and received strong backing from Julius Nyerere. Nujoma established SWAPO's Provisional headquarters in Dar es Salaam and arranged scholarships and military training for Namibians who had started to join him there. Among the first arrivals were Mzee Kaukungwa, Mosé Tjitendero and Hifikepunye Pohamba.

In 1962, SWAPO founded its armed wing, the South West African Liberation Army (SWALA), later renamed the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN). Nujoma himself procured the first weapons from Algeria via Egypt, Sudan, Tanzania and Zambia, from where they were taken to Omugulugwombashe in Ovamboland. On 21 March 1966, in a bid to test South Africa's claims at the International Court of Justice at the Hague that Namibians in exile were free to return and its assertion that they were in self-imposed exile, Nujoma, accompanied by Hifikepunye Pohamba, chartered a plane to Windhoek. On arrival at the airport, they were arrested and deported to Zambia the next day. On 26 August 1966 the first armed clash between SWALA and the South African security forces took place when paratroopers and police attacked SWALA combatants who had set up a camp at Omugulugwombashe. The attack would mark the beginning of the Namibian War of Independence which would last more than 25 years. In 1969, Nujoma was re-affirmed as SWAPO President at the Tanga Consultative Conference in Tanzania.

In the late 1960s Nujoma continued his diplomatic rounds as SWAPO set up offices across Africa, Europe and the Americas. He represented SWAPO at the founding of the Non-Aligned Movement on 1 September 1961 in Belgrade, Yugoslavia as well as at the founding of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia on 25 May 1963. In 1965, the OAU recognised SWAPO as the only lawful representative of the Namibian people.

 In 1974, the Portuguese Empire collapsed and Namibia's border with Angola opened up. Nujoma recognised that this paved the way for major changes in the way the war was being fought and over the next two years SWAPO's military campaign shifted its base from Zambia to Angola.  The opening of the border enabled thousands of SWAPO supporters to stream out of Namibia to join the movement in exile. Nujoma's son Utoni Nujoma and his two brothers were among those who arrived in Zambia. At the 1977 World Conference Against Apartheid in Lisbon Nujoma underlined the necessity to destroy the colonial system and institutions of South-African racist regime in Namibia in order to build those which will serve the interest of people irrespective of race, religion or origin. He also warned of the danger of installation of neocolonialist marionettes who would superficially change the visible colonial regime while the position of the majority of people would stay the same. In the late 1970s Nujoma led the SWAPO negotiations team between the Western Contact Group (WCG), which consisted of West Germany, Britain, France, the US and Canada, and South Africa on the one hand, and the Frontline States and Nigeria on the other, about proposals that would eventually become United Nations Security Council Resolution 435, passed in September 1978. While agreement on Resolution 435, which embodied the plan for free and fair elections in Namibia, was undoubtedly a diplomatic coup, its implementation became bogged down for another ten years. South African delaying tactics and the decision by American president Ronald Reagan's administration to link a Cuban withdrawal from Angola to Namibian independence frustrated hopes of an immediate settlement. On 19 March 1989, the signing of the cease-fire agreement with South Africa took place, which resulted in the implementation of the UN Security Council Resolution 435.

After 29 years in exile, Nujoma returned to Namibia in September 1989 to lead SWAPO to victory in the UN-supervised elections that paved the way for independence. Nujoma returned a day before the UN deadline for the Namibia people to register to vote for an election that would draft a constitution when it received its Independence from South Africa. The Constituent Assembly, elected in November 1989, chose him as Namibia's first president. Nujoma was sworn in on 21 March 1990, in the presence of Javier Perez de Cuellar, Secretary General of the UN, Frederik de Klerk, president of South Africa, and Nelson Mandela, just released from prison.

President of SWAPO

In 1959 Nujoma co-founded the Ovamboland People's Organization (OPO) and became its first president. The next year in 1960 he became the first president of the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO). At the time South Africa administered the land under a policy of apartheid, in which the best resources were reserved for those classified white, while other Namibians were treated as inferior. After years of asking the United Nations to ensure the occupying power South Africa released control of South West Africa, he authorised armed resistance in 1966. This began the Namibian War of Independence, which lasted 24 years. During the struggle, Nujoma took the combat name "Shafiishuna", meaning "lightning", as the name was in his family on his father's side. During the liberation struggle Nujoma was also the commander-in-chief of the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN) and the chairman of the Swapo Military Council, which was the biggest decision making body of PLAN.

After serving 47 years as leader of SWAPO, he was succeeded by Hifikepunye Pohamba in 2007. There was speculation that he would be re-elected as SWAPO leader in 2007 and that he was planning to run for president again in 2009. In early October 2007, however, Nujoma said that he had no intention of seeking re-election as SWAPO President and would stand aside in favour of Pohamba. Pohamba was accordingly elected unopposed as SWAPO president on 29 November 2007 at a party congress. Nujoma said that he was "passing the torch and mantle of leadership to comrade Pohamba". The congress also decided to give Nujoma the title of Leader of the Namibian Revolution, in addition to his existing title, Founding Father of the Namibian Nation. Choosing to leave active politics, Nujoma was not re-elected to the SWAPO Central Committee nor the Politburo, but the congress granted him permission to attend meetings of the Central Committee and Politburo "at his discretion". He may also receive the title of National Chairman of SWAPO.

President of Namibia

As head of SWAPO, Nujoma was unanimously declared president upon the victory of SWAPO in a United Nations-supervised election in 1989, and was sworn in by UN Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar on 21 March 1990.

At independence, Namibia was gravely divided as a result of a century of colonialism, dispossession, and racial discrimination, compounded by armed struggle and propaganda. For instance, SWAPO had been so demonised by the colonial media and by official pronouncements that most white people, as well as many members of other groups, regarded the movement with the deepest fear, loathing, and suspicion. One of Nujoma's earliest achievements was to proclaim the policy of "national reconciliation", which aimed to improve and harmonise relations amongst Namibia's various racial and ethnic groups. Under his presidency, Namibia made steady if unspectacular economic progress, maintained a democratic system with respect for human rights, observed the rule of law, and worked steadily to eradicate the heritage of apartheid in the interests of developing a non-racial society. Nujoma successfully united all Namibians into a peaceful, tolerant and democratic society governed by the rule of law.

In 1992 Norway decided to stop drought relief to Namibia in response to the purchase of an expensive new presidential jet and two new VIP helicopters. The planes were bought a few weeks after Nujoma had appealed to the international community for drought aid.

In 1990 Nujoma initiated a plan for land reform, in which land would be redistributed from whites to blacks. Some 12% of the total commercial farmland in the country was taken away from white farmers and given to black citizens by 2007. However, according to a 1998 statement made by the Cabinet of Namibia "the agricultural base is too weak to offer a sustainable basis for prosperity" and 38% of Namibia's rural population continue to live beneath the poverty line as of 2010.

Nujoma was re-elected as President of Namibia in December 1994 with 76.3% of the vote. The constitution of Namibia was changed to allow Nujoma to run for a third five-year term in 1999; this was justified on the grounds that he had not been directly elected for his first term, and the change applied only to Nujoma. He won the 1999 election with 76.8% of the vote. The constitution did not allow Nujoma to run in November 2004 for a fourth term, and there was not much enthusiasm even within SWAPO to change it again. Hifikepunye Pohamba, described as Nujoma's "hand-picked successor", was elected as the candidate for the presidential election during the SWAPO congress held on 30 May 2004, defeating two other candidates, Nahas Angula and Hidipo Hamutenya. The latter had been dismissed from his post of Foreign Affairs minister by Nujoma barely two days before the congress. Pohamba was elected with a large majority and was sworn in as second President of Namibia on 21 March 2005.

In 1998 Nujoma came to the defence of the Democratic Republic of Congo President Laurent Kabila when his rule came under threat from rebels backed by Rwanda and Uganda during the Second Congo War. Namibia became involved in the war on behalf of its commitment to the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Namibian, Angolan and Zimbabwean troops helped Kabila fend off the attacks – a move which Nujoma saw as defending the DRC's sovereignty against outside interference.

Nujoma was the international patron and a strong supporter of the Cheetah Conservation Fund, based in Namibia.

In 2001, Nujoma announced purges against gays and lesbians in Namibia, saying "the police must arrest, imprison and deport homosexuals and lesbians found in Namibia."

Post-presidency

Despite stepping down from a formal role, Nujoma is still active in the political sphere, regularly campaigning for SWAPO at various rallies and functions across the country. In 2009, Nujoma attained a master's degree in geology from the University of Namibia.

The director of the National Society for Human Rights (NSHR) in Namibia stated that Nujoma had connections to the CIA. The organisation has asked the International Criminal Court to investigate Nujoma and what they say is his role in disappearances during his term. To date, these claims have not been substantiated.

Marriage and personal life

Nujoma married Kovambo Theopoldine Katjimune on 6 May 1956. The couple had three sons and one daughter; Utoni Daniel (born 1952), John Ndeshipanda (1955–1993), Sakaria "Zacky" Nujoma (born 1957), and Nelago Nujoma (born 1959), who died at 18 months while Nujoma was in exile. Two decades elapsed before his wife joined him abroad. Nujoma's first-born son, Utoni, is a high ranking politician and member of SWAPO who is both a member of Cabinet and National Assembly of Namibia. His youngest son, Zacky, is a geologist by profession who has interest in business and mining.

Nujoma's father, Daniel Uutoni Nujoma, whose sole "crime" was being Nujoma's father, was arrested at Okahao and sent to Pretoria prison in 1966. There he developed tuberculosis from which he later died in 1968.
Nujoma's mother, Kuku Helvi Mpingana Kondombolo, lived to an exceptionally old age, dying in November 2008; she was reportedly more than 100 years old.

Sakaria "Zacky" Nujoma, youngest son of Nujoma, has been named in association with the Panama Papers.

Honours and recognition

Honorary doctorates

See also
 History of Namibia
 Andimba Toivo ya Toivo, co-founder of both OPO and SWAPO
 Aaron Mushimba, brother-in-law and prominent businessperson

References

In book and film
 Sam Nujoma, Where Others Wavered, The Autobiography of Sam Nujoma, London 2001
 Namibia: The Struggle for Liberation, epic film by Charles Burnett, the Namibian independence movement through the eyes of Nujoma

External links
 Nujoma's interview to German magazine Die Welt (in German)
 Namibia: The Struggle for Liberation (2007) IMDb

|-

|-

1929 births
Living people
Ovambo people
Presidents of Namibia
Namibian revolutionaries
SWAPO
SWAPO politicians
People's Liberation Army of Namibia personnel
People from Omusati Region
Namibian pan-Africanists
Namibian Lutherans
Namibian expatriates in South Africa
South West African anti-apartheid activists
Recipients of the Lenin Peace Prize
Ho Chi Minh Prize recipients
Grand Collars of the Order of Liberty
Namibia University of Science and Technology alumni
University of Namibia alumni
Namibian autobiographers
21st-century Namibian writers
Namibian independence activists

Sam Nujoma


Ronald Lee Buch (born September 20, 1965) is a judge of the United States Tax Court.

Biography

Early life and education

Buch was born on September 20, 1965, in Flint, Michigan. He received his Juris Doctor in 1993, from the Detroit College of Law. He received a Master of Laws degree in 1994, from the Capital University Law School. Both of his law degrees were earned with a concentration in taxation. He served as research editor of the Detroit College of Law Review from 1992 to 1993. He was an Ohio Tax Review Fellow from 1993 to 1994.

Professional career

Buch served as a consultant at KPMG LLP's Washington National Tax office from 1995 to 1997. He served at the Internal Revenue Service as an attorney advisor from 1997 to 2000 and as senior legal counsel from 2000 to 2001. During his service with the IRS, he represented the IRS in cases before the United States Tax Court. He served at McKee Nelson LLP as an associate from 2001 to 2005 and as a partner from 2005 to 2009. He served as a partner at Bingham McCutchen LLP from its acquisition of his former firm in 2009 until 2013. His focus in private practice was tax controversy matters. During his time in private practice, he also served as an adjunct law professor at Georgetown University Law Center, teaching classes related to tax law.

Tax Court service

On September 15, 2011, President Barack Obama nominated Buch to serve as a judge of the United States Tax Court, to the seat vacated by Judge David Laro, whose term had expired. His nomination received a hearing before the United States Senate Committee on Finance on December 11, 2012, and was reported favorably on December 21, 2012. His nomination was confirmed by the United States Senate on January 1, 2013. He received his commission on January 14, 2013. His commission will expire on January 13, 2028, at which time his fifteen-year term will end.

References

1965 births
Living people
Capital University alumni
Detroit College of Law alumni
Judges of the United States Tax Court
Northwood University alumni
People from Flint, Michigan
United States Article I federal judges appointed by Barack Obama
21st-century American judges
Lawyers from Washington, D.C.

Ronald L. Buch


Macetown is an historic gold mining settlement in the Otago region of the South Island of New Zealand. It is now uninhabited but has become a tourist attraction. Access to the town is via an unsealed road that heads up the steep-sided Arrow gorge. This can be traversed on foot or by mountain bike, horse or four-wheel-drive vehicles. The road crosses the Arrow River or its side creeks 22 times and is not suitable for two-wheel-drive cars. The start of the road is found in the Arrowtown car park.

History
In 1862 the sailor William Fox discovered gold in the Arrow River. By the end of that year over 1,500 miners were camped along the river and a small canvas town had grown up at the junction of 12 Mile Creek and the Arrow River. Amongst those that flocked to the area were three brothers: John, Charles and Harry Mace, after whom the town came to be known. In 1863 the population was around 300. At its height the town boasted a school, a church and two hotels.

By 1865 most of the alluvial gold had been extracted and many miners left for the gold fields of the West Coast. Quartz mining attracted more people in the 1870s and the population climbed to a peak of 206 in 1896.

By the start of the 20th century, the town was in decline and has long since been deserted. Little remains of the original buildings but Needham's House (the old schoolmaster's house) and the bakehouse have been faithfully restored by the Department of Conservation.

Residents
Joseph Needham was a gold miner and the Macetown schoolmaster from 1879 to 1889. He married a widow, Mrs Heads, who had one daughter, Mary, and a son, John Thomas. Mr and Mrs Needham had a daughter, Nellie, and their son was named Locksley. Mary Heads married Mr Thomas McSoriley and they were for many years the proprietors of the nine-bedroom Beach House (later O'Connell's Hotel) in Queenstown. One of their sons, Pat, became the captain of the TSS Earnslaw on Lake Wakatipu.

William Tily Smith ran a store in Macetown for over fifty years. He also did the twice-weekly mail run to Arrowtown and built the bakehouse.

Oliver Palmer was a member of the 'Twelve Apostles', a group of miners who spent all their money on gambling and alcohol. They would gather at the Montezuma Hut and referred to each other by a variety of lofty titles such as 'The King', 'The Doctor' or 'The Saint'.

Many Macetown residents migrated to Arrowtown in the early 1900s to work in Queenstown. These included the Anderson family, who ran the Alpine hotel in Macetown, and the Tallentire family. The youngest son, Thomas Tallentire, later became the editor of the Queenstown Daily Mail in the early 1930s.

William Jenkins frequently rode wildly through the streets of Macetown. By 1921 he was the only remaining resident and promptly declared himself Mayor. His mother had run the Alpine Hotel.

Macetown had a small Chinese community which was based near the end of the main street in an area known as "Chinatown". The Chinese miners annually celebrated Chinese New Year with a feast and a display of fireworks to the delight of all.

Notes

References

Further reading

External links
Macetown - Department of Conservation

Ghost towns in Otago
Geography of Otago
Otago Gold Rush
Tourist attractions in Otago
1862 establishments in New Zealand
20th-century disestablishments in New Zealand
Populated places established in 1862
Populated places disestablished in the 20th century

Macetown


Carter Curtis Revard (March 25, 1931 – January 3, 2022) was an American poet, scholar, and writer. He was of European American and self-identified Osage descent, and grew up on the tribal reservation in Oklahoma. He had his early education in a one-room schoolhouse, before winning a Quiz Bowl scholarship for college, subsequently attending University of Tulsa for his BA.

His Osage name, Nompehwahthe, was given to him in 1952 by Josephine Jump, his Osage grandmother. The same year, he won a Rhodes Scholarship for graduate work at Oxford University. After completing a PhD at Yale University, Revard had most of his academic career at Washington University in St. Louis, where he specialized in medieval British literature and linguistics.

Since 1980, Revard had become notable as a self-identified Native American poet and writer, and published several books, as well as numerous articles about the literature. He received numerous awards for this work.

Early life and education
Revard was born in Pawhuska, Oklahoma, a town within the Osage Indian Reservation on March 25, 1931. He was of European American and Osage descent, and grew up on the tribal reservation in Oklahoma. He grew up in the Buck Creek Valley about 20 miles east, where he and his twin sister were among seven siblings. They were of Osage, Ponca, French, Irish, and Scotch-Irish heritage. The children were taught up to the eighth grade in a one-room schoolhouse on the Osage reservation. He learned some Osage and Ponca, which are related languages. Revard and his classmates combined schoolwork with farming tasks and odd jobs; Revard also helped train greyhounds for racing. He went to Bartlesville College High; Revard credited his teachers with inspiring his interest in literature and science. Revard was not enrolled in any Native nation.

Winning a radio quiz scholarship, Revard attended the University of Tulsa, where he earned a BA. He was mentored by Professor Franklin Eikenberry, who supported him in applying for a Rhodes Scholarship for study at Oxford University, where Revard matriculated at Merton College in 1952, taking a second class English BA degree in 1954. After returning to the United States, he was encouraged by Eikenberry to do further graduate work. Revard earned a PhD in English at Yale University in 1959.

Academic career
Revard first taught at Amherst College. Beginning in 1961, he started teaching at  Washington University in St. Louis, where he had his academic career. The traditional territory of the Osage was in the Missouri region before they were removed to a reservation.

Revard's major scholarly focus throughout his career was on medieval British manuscripts, and their social context. He was a respected voice in this field. He developed classes in language development for study by high school teachers, to engage them in the tremendous work in language that their adolescent students are engaged in. Revard also published scholarly work on linguistics (specifically on the transition between Middle English and later forms of the language).

In 1967, Revard worked on a project in California funded by the military, which related to putting a large dictionary of the English language into computer accessible form, and developing programs to access it; he participated as a "semanticist linguist." It was related to computerizing Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. In August 1968 he gave a paper on this work in Las Vegas, Nevada to the Association for Computational Machinery. He also gave a paper on this work to the New York Academy of Science, which had a "section on lexicography and with the special section on computers", and later published these.

In 1971-1972, Revard went to England on a sabbatical, where he tried to do medieval research at Oxford during a period of student unrest and disruption that damaged important library resources. During this period, he also started writing and sending out poems, which appeared in journals and anthologies, including Voices from the Rainbow: Contemporary Poetry by American Indians released by Viking Press in 1975. His first poetry collection, Ponca War Dancers, was published in 1980 by Point Riders Press out of Norman, Oklahoma. Many of the poems written about his Oxford period would be collected much later in An Eagle Nation (1993), particularly "Homework At Oxford," in which the speaker walks the grounds of the university and has a dream vision of his childhood in north central Oklahoma. Revard has also been a visiting professor at the universities of Tulsa and Oklahoma.

In addition, he published several critical articles about Native American literature, assessing it and placing it in the context of American literatures.

Writing
Revard's early poems published 1975-1980, culminating in Ponca War Dances, revealed him as a new, strongly political voice among Native American poets. Most of his books interweave poetry, autobiographical essays, and short, sometimes allegorical stories. His poems have also appeared in numerous journals and anthologies, and his work has been translated into French, Spanish, Italian and Hungarian.

An excerpt from "Discovery of the New World":

The creatures that we met this morning
marveled at our green skins
and scarlet eyes.
They lack antennae
and can't be made to grasp
your lawful proclamation that they are
our lawful food and prey and slaves
nor can they seem to learn
their body-space is needed to materialize
our oxygen absorbers —
which they conceive are breathing
and thinking creatures whom they implore
at first as angels or (later) as devils
when they are being snuffed out
by an absorber swelling
into their space. . . .

We need their space and oxygen
which they do not know how to use,
yet they will not give up their gas unforced,
and we feel sure,
whatever our "agreements" made this morning,
we'll have to cook them all:
the more we cook this orbit,
the fewer next time around.

Personal life and death
He was married to Stella, a scholar of Milton. They had four children: Stephen, Geoffrey, Vanessa, and Lawrence. Revard died at his residence in University City on January 3, 2022, at the age of 90.

Awards and professional recognition
2007 - American Indian Festival of Words Author Award
2005 - Lifetime Achievement Award, Native Writers' Circle of the Americas
2002 - Finalist, Oklahoma Book Award, Nonfiction category, for Winning the Dust Bowl
2000 - Writer of the Year, Wordcraft Circle of Native Writers
1994 - Oklahoma Book Award, Poetry category, for Cowboys and Indians Christmas Shopping
The Spring 2003 issue of the journal, Studies in American Indian Literatures (SAIL) was entirely devoted to discussions of Revard's work; it also included pieces by him.

Carter Revard was a member of the Modern Language Association (MLA), the Association for Studies in American Indian Literature, the River Styx Literary Organization, the Association of American Rhodes Scholars, the University of Tulsa Board of Visitors, the St. Louis Gourd Dancers and Phi Beta Kappa.

He served the American Indian Center of St. Louis as board member, Secretary and President.

Books by Carter Revard
How the Songs Come Down, Salt Publications (2005), poetry
Winning the Dust Bowl, University of Arizona Press (2001), autobiography
Family Matters, Tribal Affairs, University of Arizona Press (1999), autobiography
An Eagle Nation, University of Arizona Press (1997) poetry
Cowboys and Indians Christmas Shopping, Point Riders Press (1992), poetry
Ponca War Dancers, Point Riders Press (1980), poetry

Books about Carter Revard
The Salt Companion to Carter Revard, Ellen L. Arnold (Ed.)

Further reading
Revard is collected in and/or the subject of essays in the following works:
Joseph Bruchac III (editor), Nuke Chronicles, New York: Contract II Publications, 1980.
Joseph Bruchac III (editor), Survival This Way: Interviews With American Indian Poets, (Sun Tracks Books, No 15), University of Arizona Press, 1990
Janice Gould and Dean Rader (editors), Speak to Me Words: Essays on Contemporary American Indian Poetry,  University of Arizona Press, 2003
John L. Purdy and James Ruppert (editors), Nothing But the Truth: An Anthology of Native American Literature, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall Publishing, 2001
Brian Swann, Arnold Krupat (editors), I Tell You Now: Autobiographical Essays by Native American Writers, Brompton Books Corporation, 1989
Norma C. Wilson, The Nature of Native American Poetry, University of New Mexico Press, 2001
Norma C. Wilson, The Spirit of Place in Contemporary American Indian Poetry, University of Oklahoma, 1978

See also
Native American Studies

Notes

References

External links
 "Carter Revard", Storytellers: Native American Authors Online, Official website
 SAIL (Studies in American Indian Literature), V. 15, No.1, Spring 2003, contains links to each article online
Carter Revard, "History, Myth and Identity among Osages and Other Peoples", reprint in Nothing But the Truth: An Anthology of Native American Literature, ed. by John L. Purdy and James Ruppert, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall Publishing, 2001
 Salt "Carter Revard", Salt Publishing includes video and many audio files
 "American Indian Carter Revard discussed his poems with students in Berlin", US Embassy in Germany, November 10, 2006

1931 births
2022 deaths
People from Pawhuska, Oklahoma
Writers from Oklahoma
American people who self-identify as being of Osage descent
American male poets
American autobiographers
Washington University in St. Louis faculty
American male non-fiction writers
Alumni of Merton College, Oxford
Yale University alumni

Carter Revard


Theodore John Conway (July 24, 1909 – September 11, 1990) was a United States Army four-star general who served as Commander in Chief, United States Strike Command/U.S. Commander in Chief, Middle East, Africa south of the Sahara, and South Asia (USCINCSTRIKE/USCINCMEAFSA) from 1966 to 1969. Conway was born on July 24, 1909, and graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1933. In addition to Strike Command, Conway also commanded the 82nd Airborne Division and later the United States Seventh Army in N.A.T.O. He was promoted to four star rank on November 1, 1966, and retired from the army in 1969.

Early life
Conway was born in Vallejo, California, on July 24, 1909, the son of Theodore Allen Barnewitz and Ruth Irene Quinn. His father died when Conway was 5, and his mother married U.S. Army Captain William L. Conway.
Conway graduated from Galileo High School in San Francisco in 1927. He enlisted in the Army as a private at the Presidio of San Francisco and in 1929 received an appointment to West Point from the Honorable Richard J. Welch, 5th Congressional District, California. At West Point, Conway displayed the qualities that would become his hallmark in later years: well-rounded, industrious, good-natured, understanding.
Following graduation, Conway reported to Fort Benning, Georgia in the fall of 1933 and soon married Eleanor Mitchell Wright in 1935. In 1937-38 he was detailed to Paris as a language student, then sent to West Point for three years as a French instructor.

World War II
During World War II, Conway held a succession of key assignments, starting in London in 1942, then in North Africa, Sicily, Italy, Southern France, and back to Italy, where he finished the war with the Fifth United States Army near Verona in Northern Italy.

During that period he served with the 9th Infantry Division, VI Army Corps, and Headquarters, Fifth US Army. His service included battalion and regimental command and duty as aide-de-camp to British General Sir Harold Alexander. He was also one of the American officers who planned the Commando raid at Dieppe and participated as a shipboard observer on the British destroyer Alderney during that operation.

Post-War
After the war, he was assigned to the Strategic Plans Branch of Operations Division (OPD). In 1948, Conway attended the Armed Forces Staff College and then served as instructor, returning to Washington in 1950 to attend the National War College.

Conway went (at age 43) to the Army Airborne School and qualified as a parachutist before reporting to Fort Campbell to command the 188th Airborne Infantry Regiment. Later he became chief of staff of the 11th Airborne Division.  He served next with a NATO command, Allied Land Forces, Central Europe (ALFCE), with headquarters at Fontainebleau, France.

Returning to the Pentagon in 1955, Conway was promoted to brigadier general and served as Director of Army Research. In 1959-60 he was with Korean Military Advisory Group (KMAG) in Wonju, Korea. In 1961 he was promoted to major general and assumed command of the 82d Airborne Division. In 1962 he was posted to Bangkok as chief, U.S. Advisory Group, Thailand, and in 1963 to Seoul, South Korea, where he was promoted to lieutenant general and became deputy commanding general, Eighth U.S. Army.

Back to the Pentagon in 1965, Conway became Assistant Chief of Staff for Force Development. Upon leaving this assignment he became commanding general of the Seventh United States Army Europe in Germany.

His final active-duty assignment followed his promotion to full general in the summer of 1966, when he served as commander-in-chief of the U.S. Strike Command, headquartered at MacDill Air Force Base near Tampa, Florida. He was concurrently commander-in-chief, Middle East, Southern Asia and Africa South of the Sahara. During this period he was honored as the Kermit Roosevelt Exchange Lecturer to the United Kingdom for 1969.

Conway retired in July 1969, having completed more than 42 years of service to his country. He then took an M.A. in international relations at the University of South Florida in 1975 followed by a PhD in military history from Duke University in 1985 at the age of 75. Conway died of cancer on September 11, 1990, and was buried in San Francisco National Cemetery.

Decorations
Conway's decorations included the Legion of Merit with Oak Leaf Cluster; Bronze Star Medal with two Oak Leaf Clusters; French Legion of Honor; French Croix de Guerre with Palm; Czechoslovak Military Cross; Polish Golden Cross of Merit with Swords; Order of the British Empire; Order of the Crown of Italy; and the Army Distinguished Service Medal (US).

Family life
Ted and Eleanor Conway had three children, Laura Mitchell Conway, Ruth Quinn Conway and John Wright Conway. John, a veteran of Vietnam (3d Brigade, 82d Airborne Division), was killed in a parachute accident in 1977.

His Army remembrance recalls "a dedicated professional soldier, a man who truly 'filled the unforgiving minute with sixty seconds' worth of distance run.' Yet no less significant were the human and humane qualities of this warm and generous man – his enthusiasm, his keen sense of unfailingly good humor, even in the face of adversity, his attributes as a cherished son, husband, father, comrade and friend. In these respects, no less than for his brilliant career, he is a shining light in the memories of those who knew him."

Beyond his many military and academic honors, Conway was especially proud of being one of the few members in the history of America's Armed Forces to have held both the lowest (Private) and highest (full General) regular ranks in the Army. He was also in 1985 the oldest person to ever earn a doctorate at Duke University. He was also a licensed amateur radio operator (W4EII), skilled in the use of Morse Code, and a formidable runner, tennis player and skydiver.

References

External links

1909 births
1990 deaths
United States Army generals
United States Military Academy alumni
United States Army personnel of World War II
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)
Recipients of the Czechoslovak War Cross
Recipients of the Gold Cross of Merit (Poland)
Military personnel from Vallejo, California

Theodore J. Conway


Leila Gurruwiwi (born 1988) is an Australian media commentator and television show producer. She is a panel member on The Marngrook Footy Show and co-producer of an up-coming reality TV show with the working title Dance Off, currently being filmed in Arnhem Land.

Career
Gurruwiwi began her career on radio station 3KND in Melbourne. When Grant Hansen first created the popular television show The Marngrook Footy Show in 2007, he invited her to work as a reporter. Having been with the show since its inception, she is often mentioned as voicing the perspectives of two under-represented groups in the AFL community: women and Indigenous Australians. Gurruwiwi's presence on the show, along with her colleague Shelley Ware, is specifically calculated to make women feel more comfortable and represented. The situation is analogous to the dearth of Indigenous representation which spawned the original idea for the Marngrook Footy Show; 50% of AFL club memberships are held by women and yet that level of participation is not reflected in the associated media.

Gurruwiwi's particular interest in Indigenous culture led to her co-producing a show with the working title "Dance Off" currently filming in Arnhem Land, Northern Territory. The show focuses on groups of Indigenous dancers competing in a dancing competition and their cultural ties. It also led to her emceeing the Survival Day activities in Belgrave in 2011.

Filmography

Personal life
Gurruwiwi was born in north-east Arnhem Land and is one of a group of eight siblings. She is the first cousin of Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu.

Gurruwiwi moved to Bendigo at 18 months of age in order to have a better education. She learnt English in school there, having previously only spoken an Indigenous language. She was educated at St Killian's Primary school and later Bendigo Catholic College.

At the age of 12 she spent 6 months in hospital with pneumonia, which severely reduced her lung capacity.  This prevented her from ever playing sports or singing professionally, which had been her ambitions, and eventually led to her choice of a career in the media. Gurruwiwi also overcame significant self-esteem issues stemming from bullying in order to find a place for herself in the public eye.

References

External links

Australian film actresses
Australian television actresses
Australian television producers
Australian women television producers
Australian television presenters
Living people
1988 births
21st-century Australian actresses
Australian women television presenters

Leila Gurruwiwi


Boxgrove Quarry, once a gravel quarry, is now a Palaeolithic archaeological site. It is at Boxgrove in the English county of West Sussex. It is a Site of Special Scientific Interest.

When excavations began in 1983, flint tools 500,000 years old were discovered. At that time this was the oldest evidence of humans discovered in the UK. In 2005 flint tools 700,000 years old were discovered at Pakefield, and in 2010 flint tools at least 800,000 years old were discovered at Happisburgh. However, Boxgrove remains a site of great importance, for many reasons. The tools were found in a largely undisturbed state, in situ in their prehistoric landscape. The tools and evidence of the landscape were buried several metres down.

There were many well-preserved animal bones, many flint artifacts, and hominid bones which are among some of the most ancient found in Europe. Several of the animal bones are the oldest found specimens of their species, such as the wing bone of the Great Auk found at the site in 1989. The combination of bones, stone artifacts, and the geology of the landscape gives a very complete picture of the coastal plain as it existed half a million years ago.

Parts of the site complex were excavated between 1983 and 1996 by a team led by Mark Roberts of the Institute of Archaeology, University College London. The site is in an area that features a buried chalk cliff that overlooked a flat beach (which contained a waterhole) stretching around half a mile (1 km) south to the sea.

Boxgrove Man
In 1994 archaeologists unearthed a lower hominin tibia bone at the Boxgrove quarry site. This partial leg bone is dated to between 478,000 and 524,000 years old. Several  teeth were also found. These remains were assigned to Homo heidelbergensis, an early proto-human species which occupied France and Great Britain. Both were connected by a land bridge at the time.

References

Archaeological sites in England
West Sussex
Stone Age
Tools

Eartham Pit, Boxgrove


Abbeville  is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Location
Abbeville is on the Somme River,  from its modern mouth in the English Channel. Most of the town is on the east bank of the Somme, as well as on an island.  It is at the start of the Abbeville Canal, and is  northwest of Amiens. In the medieval period, it was the lowest crossing point on the Somme. Edward III's army crossed nearby shortly before the Battle of Crécy in 1346.

Administration

Abbeville was the capital of the former province of France of Ponthieu. Today, it is one of the three subprefectures of the Somme department.

Etymology
The Romans occupied it and named it Abbatis Villa.

Prehistory
The name Abbeville has been adopted to name a category of paleolithic stone tools. These stone tools are also known as handaxes. Various handaxes were found near Abbeville by Jacques Boucher de Perthes during the 1830s. He was the first to describe the stones in detail. He pointed out in the first publication of its kind, that the stones were chipped deliberately by early man, so as to form a tool. These stone tools which are some of the earliest found in Europe, were chipped on both sides so as to form a sharp edge, were known as 'Abbevillian' handaxes or bifaces, but recently the term 'abevillian' is becoming obsolete as the earlier form of stone tool, not found in Europe, is known as the Oldowan chopper. Some of these artifacts are displayed at the museum Boucher-de-Perthes.

A more refined form from a later period of handaxe production was found in the Abbeville/Somme River district. The more refined handaxe became known as the Acheulean industry, named after Saint-Acheul, today a suburb of Amiens. It retained some importance into the Bronze Age.

History

Abbeville during the ninth century was part of the diocese of Saint-Riquier. It was also an important fortress responsible for the defense of the Somme. Abbeville had a charter granted to it in 1184. Afterwards it was governed by the Counts of Ponthieu. Together with that county, it came into the possession of the Alençon and other French families. Afterwards it came into the possession of the House of Castile. By marriage it passed in 1272 to King Edward I of England.  In 1435, by the treaty of Arras, it was ceded to the Duke of Burgundy. In 1477 it was taken control of by King Louis XI of France,. Later it was held by two illegitimate branches of the royal family in the 16th and 17th centuries, being in 1696 returned to the crown. In 1514, the town was the place where the marriage of Louis XII of France to Mary Tudor took place. She was the daughter of Henry VII of England. In 1685, it suffered a serious economic when the Edict of Nantes was repealed. The Protestants who were the majority of the skilled labor, left town. The town never fully recovered from the loss of their talents.

Abbeville was fairly important in the 18th century. Van Robais Royal Manufacture (one of the first major factories in France) brought great prosperity to the town.  Voltaire, among others, wrote about it.

Abbeville was the birthplace of Rear Admiral Amédée Courbet (1827–85). His victories on land and at sea made him a national hero during the Sino-French War (August 1884 to April 1885). Courbet died in June 1885 in the Pescadores Islands. His body was brought back to France and buried in Abbeville on 1 September 1885 after a state funeral.  Abbeville's old Haymarket Square (Place du Marché-au-Blé) was renamed Place de l'Amiral Courbet in July 1885. This was shortly after the news of Courbet's death reached France. A statue of Courbet was erected in the middle of the square at the end of the nineteenth century.  The statue was damaged in a bombing raid during World War II.

On 12 September 1939 in Abbeville a conference took place. There France and the United Kingdom decided it was  too late to send troops to help Poland in its fight against Germany. By this time Poland was already on the verge of defeat. After five years—in September 1944—Abbeville was liberated by the Polish First Armoured Division under General Maczek.

The Blitzkrieg

In 1940, the Germans with the bulk of their armoured force in Panzer Group von Kleist achieved a breakthrough at Sedan with air support. The Panzer group raced to the coast of the English Channel at Abbeville. This isolated (20 May 1940) the British Expeditionary Force, Belgian Army, and some divisions of the French Army in northern France. The Battle of France was lost by the Allies.

Charles de Gaulle (17–18 May 1940), as a Colonel in this period, launched a counterattack in the region of Laon (see the map). He had 80 tanks to  destroy the communication of the German armoured troops. His newly formed 4e Division cuirassée reached Montcornet, resulting in the Battle of Montcornet. But, without support,  the 4th DCR was forced  to retreat. There was another counterattack with the Battle of Abbeville. After Laon (24 May), de Gaulle was promoted to temporary general: "On 28 May (...) the 4th DCR attacked twice to destroy a pocket captured by the enemy south of the Somme near Abbeville. The operation was successful, with over 400 prisoners taken and the entire pocket mopped up except for Abbeville (...) but in the second attack the 4th DCR failed to gain control of the city in the face of superior enemy numbers."  WWII was not kind to the buildings of the town as the  famous 17th century Gothic Cathedral of St. Vulfran was nearly destroyed.

Economy
Abbeville manufactures textiles; in particular, linens and tablecloths. It also has cordage|cordage factories and spinning mills. Finally, it also makes locks and produces sugar.

Historical population
1901: 18,519
1906: 18,971
1990: 23,787
2006: 24,829

Sights
The city was very picturesque until the early days of the World War II. It was bombed mostly to rubble in one night by the Germans. The town overall is now mostly modern and rebuilt. Several of the town's attractions remain, including:

 St. Vulfran's church, erected in the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries. The original design was not completed. The nave has only two bays and the choir is insignificant. The façade is an outstanding example of the flamboyant Gothic style, flanked by two Gothic towers.
 The Boucher de Perthes Museum, in the now unused bell tower. It is a tribute to Jacques Boucher de Crèvecœur de Perthes who also has a French public secondary school named after him. The museum features art work and other artefacts from the 16th century onwards, and other exhibitions that change every few months.
 A monument aux morts (to the dead) with sculptural work by Louis-Henri Leclabart. A montage of photographs of this monument is shown below.

Transport

Abbeville is served by trains on the line between Boulogne-sur-Mer and Amiens.  Abbeville was the southern terminus of the Réseau des Bains de Mer, the line to Dompierre-sur-Authie opened on 19 June 1892 and closed on 10 March 1947.

Notes

References

Communes in Somme
Subprefectures in France

Abbeville


Viburnum lantana, the wayfarer or wayfaring tree, is a species of Viburnum, native to central, southern and western Europe (north to Yorkshire in England), northwest Africa, and southwestern Asia. The vigorous deciduous European treelike shrub is common along waysides.

Description
It is a deciduous shrub or small tree growing to  tall. The leaves are opposite, simple oval to lanceolate,  Long and  broad, with a finely serrated margin; they are densely downy on the underside, less so on the upper surface. The hermaphrodite flowers are small, around , and creamy-white, produced in dense cymes  width at the top of the stems; they are produced in early summer, and pollinated by insects. The fruit is an oblong drupe  long, green at first, turning red, then finally black at full maturity, and contains a single seed. The seeds are dispersed when birds eat the fruit, then deposit the seeds in another location in their droppings.

An older name for the plant is hoarwithy. "Hoar" means grey-haired and refers to the hairs under the leaves, and "withy" means a pliant stem.

Cultivation and uses
It is commonly grown as an ornamental plant for its flowers and berries, growing best on alkaline soils. A number of cultivars have been selected, including 'Aureum', with yellow leaves in spring.

The fruit is of low to zero toxicity, but may cause vomiting or diarrhea if consumed unripe or in large quantities.

References

External links

lantana
Flora of Algeria
Flora of Armenia
Flora of Azerbaijan
Flora of France
Flora of Georgia (country)
Flora of Germany
Flora of Greece
Flora of Iran
Flora of Italy
Flora of Morocco
Flora of Poland
Flora of Romania
Flora of Russia
Flora of Spain
Flora of Turkey
Flora of Ukraine
Flora of the United Kingdom
Garden plants
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Viburnum lantana


Holy Weapon is a 1993 Hong Kong wuxia film directed by Wong Jing. The film's Chinese title means Seven Princesses of Wuxia.

Plot
Holy Weapon presents the story of Seven Maidens who are recruited to challenge the threat posed by a Japanese swordsman of supernatural power and ability. Sword fighting, sorcery, mistaken identities and gender bending abound in this 1993 wire fu film.

The film is notable for a sequence in which six of the princesses "combine" into one giant warrior by standing on top of each other, invoking Super Robot tropes such as the "firing fist". this movie based from mixing gu long novels and ATV Hong Kong TV series: PARAGON OF SWORD AND KNIFE

Cast
Michelle Yeoh as Mon Ching-sze: Mo Kake's wife, who becomes stoic and jaded after his corruption and abandonment. She disguises herself as a man and becomes a ruthless vigilante and defender of women. She holds the key to unlocking the Yuen Tin Swords Technique, the only thing capable of destroying the Super Sword.
Damian Lau as Mo Kake: Ching-sze's husband and a great swordsman, who originally defeated the Super Sword. He was able to do this by artificially increasing his power, though this corrupts him and he goes into hiding. Eventually he becomes cleansed and trains the Seven Maidens.
Dicky Cheung as Ng Tung: The childish and goofy husband of Doll, he dreads losing his virginity to her. He is revealed to be able to turn into a woman by getting wet, and replaces the Princess as a member of the Seven Maidens. His wife in the end chooses to leave him.
Simon Yam as Super Sword: From Japan, he is the greatest swordsman in the world with a variety of supernatural powers. He is obsessed with getting revenge on Mo Kake, returning after 3 years to fight him again.
Ng Man-tat as Ghost Doctor: A wise but friendly sage, he is an old friend of Mo Kake who helps him recover from his corruption, and reunites him with his wife. He is the one who gathers the Seven Maidens, but is killed by the Super Sword.
Carol Cheng as Doll: Ng Tung's domineering and aggressive wife, who is desperate to consummate their marriage. She is put off by Yam Kin-fai's affections, but after his transformation into a woman, they become friends and fellow eligible bachelorettes.
Sandra Ng as Yam Kin-fai: The bumbling and incompetent bodyguard to the Princess, who falls in love with Doll. Born a man inside a woman's body, Yam is transformed into a (virgin) woman to complete the Seven Maidens by bringing out her lost feminine nature.
Maggie Cheung as Princess Tin Heung: Spoiled and selfish, she runs away from home to escape an arranged marriage to a Korean prince.  She falls in love Ng Tung, who she saves by allowing the Super Sword to hold her hostage.
Sharla Cheung as Spider: A man-killing Spider Ninja who is part of a group ordered to take the Princess back home. She defects after witnessing the master of her group raping her teammate. She was initially in love with Mon Ching-sze, before realizing she was a woman.
Charine Chan as Butterfly: Spider's tomboyish subordinate in their group, she looks up to Spider as an older sister.
Esther Kwan as Blonde: The gentle and kindhearted daughter of Ghost Doctor, who she serves as an assistant and apprentice to.

External links

Holy Weapon on lovehkfilm.com

1993 films
Hong Kong martial arts films
Wuxia films
Films directed by Wong Jing
1990s Hong Kong films

Holy Weapon


Valaam (, also known by the Finnish name Valamo) is an archipelago in the northern portion of Lake Ladoga, lying within the Republic of Karelia, Russian Federation. The total area of its more than 50 islands is 36 km². The largest island is also called Valaam. Other named islands are: Skitsky (second by size), Lembos, Sviatoy, Bayonny, Moskovsky, Predtechensky, Nikonovsky, Divny, Emelyanov, Oboronny, Goly, Savvaty's, Zosima's, Skalisty, Lukovy, Ovsiany, Rzhanoi, Nikolsky.

It is best known as the site of the 14th century Valaam Monastery  on Valaam Island and for its natural environment. In the 12th century, the islands were a part of the Novgorod Republic. In the 17th century, they were captured by Sweden during the Time of Troubles, but Russia reconquered them less than a century later. When the Grand Duchy of Finland was set up in the early 19th century as an autonomous part of the Russian Empire, Alexander I of Russia made Valaam a part of Finland. In 1917, Valaam became a part of newly independent Finland, but it was annexed by the USSR after the Winter War and Continuation War.

 The climate and natural history of the island are unique because of its position in Lake Ladoga. Spring begins at the end of March and a typical summer on Valaam consists of 30–35 sunny days, which is more than on the mainland. The average temperature in July is . The winter and snow arrive in early December. In the middle of February the ice road to the nearest city of Sortavala () is traversable. The average temperature of February is .

More than 480 species of plants grow on the island, many of which have been cultivated by monks. The island is covered by coniferous woods, about 65% of which are pine.  Ten species of mammals and more than 120 avian species call the archipelago home.

The island was visited repeatedly by emperors Alexander I, Alexander II, and other members of the imperial family. Other famous visitors include Tchaikovsky and Mendeleyev.

The island is permanently inhabited by monks and families. In 1999, there were about 600 residents on the main island; including army service personnel, restoration workers, guides and monks. There is a kindergarten, an arts and sports venue, a school, a small museum and a medical centre. The community on Valaam at the moment has no official administrative status.

During the summer, the main island can be reached by tour boats which leave St. Petersburg at night and arrive at the island the following morning.

The president of the Russian Federation has a dacha on one of the islands of Valaam, but its precise location is not publicly known.

References

Sources
 Selby, N. St. Petersburg, 2nd. edition, 1999, Lonely Planet Publications

External links

http://nordictravel.ru/page/valaam.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20130404201414/http://valaam.ru/en/
http://www.brill.com/oldest-one-russia

Landforms of the Republic of Karelia
Archipelagoes of Europe
Lake islands of Europe
Lake islands of Russia
World Heritage Tentative List
Sortavala
Museums in the Republic of Karelia

Valaam


Rock-a-Doodle is a 1991 Irish/British/American live-action/animated musical comedy adventure movie. It was produced by Sullivan Bluth Studios and Goldcrest Films. It is loosely based on Edmond Rostand's comedy Chantecler. Rock-a-Doodle was directed by Don Bluth and written by David N. Weiss. The movie has the voices of Glen Campbell, Christopher Plummer, Phil Harris (in his last movie role before his retirement and death), Charles Nelson Reilly, Sorrell Booke, Sandy Duncan, Eddie Deezen, Ellen Greene, and Toby Scott Ganger in his movie debut. The movie was released in the United Kingdom on 2 August 1991 and in the United States and Canada on 3 April 1992.

References

Other websites

1991 adventure movies
1991 comedy movies
1991 fantasy movies
1990s animated movies
1990s musical movies
1990s fantasy-comedy movies
American adventure movies
American animated movies
American musical fantasy movies
American musical comedy movies
American fantasy-comedy movies
British adventure movies
British animated movies
British musical movies
British fantasy movies
British comedy movies
Irish adventure movies
Irish fantasy movies
Irish comedy movies
Movies directed by Don Bluth

Rock-a-Doodle


Waquoit Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve (WBNERR) encompasses open waters, barrier beaches, marshlands and uplands on the south shore of Cape Cod in the towns of Falmouth and Mashpee. The park is managed by the Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

The WBNERR is representative of the northern section (Cape Cod to Sandy Hook) of the Virginian biogeographic region. WBNERR is located within the transitional border between the Virginian and Acadian biogeographic regions.

Reserve areas
The reserve comprises several individual sites:
Visitor Center/Headquarters Property  The Visitor's Center is open year round, Monday through Friday, 10 am – 4 pm. Has a short nature trail and runs numerous seasonal education programs.
South Cape Beach State Park, Sage Lot Pond and Flat Pond  This eastern section of the reserve serves has a swimming beach which is a noted surf casting site during the annual bluefish and striped bass migrations.  It is also a nesting ground for protected species such as piping plover and least tern. Sage Lot and Flat Ponds are salt ponds to the east of Waquoit Bay.
Washburn Island
Quashnet River Property  The river is the largest source of fresh water to the Bay and is mostly surrounded by upland forests. There is a three-mile (5 km) loop trail along the river. Trout Unlimited that has converted a cranberry bog channel back to a river.
North Quashnet Woodlands  Pine woodlands and an abandoned cranberry bog.
Waquoit Bay   Fresh water enters the Bay from four principal sources: the Quashnet/Moonakis River, Red Brook, Childs River, and ground water flow.

The following are salt ponds to the east of Waquoit Bay which are best explored by kayak:
Hamblin Pond,
Jehu Pond,
Abigail's Brook

The following freshwater ponds drain to the Waquoit Bay at the northern side and offer kayaking and fishing:
Bog Pond,
Bourne Pond, is just over  in surface area and consequently is considered a Great Pond under the laws of the Massachusetts. As such it is kept in trust for all citizens and is not privately owned.
Caleb Pond, .
Childs River: Abandoned cranberry bogs and pine woodlands.

History
Artifacts dating back 450–1000 years, including hammer flakes and shell middens, have been found on the Washburn Island. As late as the early 19th century, some Wampanoags still lived around Bourne and Caleb ponds, at a spring supplying fresh water to both settlers and Native Americans.

The administrative, research, and education buildings are located in the historic buildings of the Sargent Estate. Purchased in 1987 by the Commonwealth, great care was given in restoring the buildings. The Quashnet River Property was also purchased in 1987 and incorporated into the Reserve. The Reserve and the Division of Fisheries and Wildlife manage the river property.

Activities and amenities
In addition to interpretive programs, the reserve offers opportunities for hiking, boating, camping, fishing, and restricted hunting.

References

External links

Waquoit Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve
Waquoit Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Department of Conservation and Recreation

Protected areas of Massachusetts
National Estuarine Research Reserves of the United States
Falmouth, Massachusetts
Protected areas of Barnstable County, Massachusetts
Estuaries of Massachusetts
Estuaries of Barnstable County, Massachusetts
1988 establishments in Massachusetts
Protected areas established in 1988


Gunnar Wennerberg (2 October 1817 – 24 August 1901) was a Swedish poet, composer and politician.

Biography
Wennerberg was the son of the vicar of the town of Lidköping in Västergötland, went to gymnasium in the cathedral town of Skara, and matriculated as a student at Uppsala University in 1837, where he studied natural sciences, Classical philology, Philosophy and Aesthetics. He received his filosofie magister degree in 1845 and became a docent of Aesthetics in 1846.

Wennerberg was remarkable in several ways, handsome in face and tall in figure, with a finely trained singing voice, and brilliant in wit and conversation. From the outset of his career he was accepted in the inner circle of men of light and leading for which the university was at that time famous. In 1843 he became a member of the musical club who called themselves The Juvenals, and for their meetings were written the trios and duets, music and words, which Wennerberg began to publish in 1846. In the following year appeared the earliest numbers of Gluntarne (or "The Boys"), thirty duets for baritone and bass, which continued to be issued from 1847 to 1850. The success of these remarkable productions, masterpieces in two arts, was overwhelming: they presented an epitome of all that was most unusual and most attractive in the curious university life of Sweden.

In the second volume of his collected works Wennerberg gave, long afterwards, a very interesting account of the inception and history of these celebrated duets. His great personal popularity, as the representative Swedish student, did not prevent him, however, from pursuing his studies, and he became an authority on Spinoza. In 1850 he first travelled through Sweden, singing and reciting in public, and his tour was a long popular triumph. In 1860 he published his collected trios, as De tre ("The Three"). In 1865, at the particular wish of the king, Charles XV, Wennerberg entered official life in the department of elementary education.

Wennerberg succeeded Christian Eric Fahlcrantz in 1866 as one of the eighteen of the Swedish Academy, and in 1870 became minister of education and ecclesiastical affairs in the cabinet of Axel Gustaf Adlercreutz, upon the fall of which in 1875 he retired for a time into private life. He was, however, made governor (landshövding) of Kronoberg County, and shortly afterward was elected to represent it in the Riksdag. His active parliamentary life continued until he was nearly eighty years of age. In 1881 and 1885 he issued his collected works, mainly in verse. He was yet again appointed minister of education and ecclesiastical affairs, for a second and final time in 1888,  and served in office to 1891. After his resignation as a cabinet minister, he was then elected to the upper house of the Riksdag in 1893.

Wennerberg preserved his superb appearance in advanced old age, and he died, after a very short illness, on 24 August 1901, at Läckö Castle, where he was visiting his brother-in-law, Count Axel Rudenschöld. His wife, the Countess Hedvig Cronstedt, whom he married in 1852, died in 1900. Wennerberg was a most remarkable type of the lyrical, ardent Swedish aristocrat, full of the joy of life and the beauty of it. In the long roll of his eighty-four years there was scarcely a crumpled rose-leaf. His poems, to which their musical accompaniment is almost essential, have not ceased, in half a century, to be universally pleasing to Swedish ears; outside Sweden it would be difficult to make their peculiarly local charm intelligible.

Relatives
Wennerberg's niece Sara Wennerberg-Reuter (1875–1959) was also a well-known musician; she was an organist and composer. His younger brother, Gunnar Brynolf Wennerberg was an artist.

References

External links

Gunnar Wennerberg  at HymnTime.
Gunnar Wennerberg on Victor Records.

Swedish Wikisource
Gunnar Wennerborg 01
Gunnar Wennerborg 02
Gunnar Wennerberg statue by Carl Johan Eldh
Wennerberg 01  at Minnehaha Park in Minneapolis.
Wennerberg 02  at Minnehaha Park in Minneapolis.
Wennerberg 03 at Djurgården Park in Stockholm, Sweden.
Historic photos
Gunnar Wennerberg at Wikimedia Commons.
Gunnar Wennerberg at the Hennepin County Library.
Gunnar Wennerberg at the Minnesota Historical Society.
Poem
O God, Who guid'st the fate of nations: lyrics by Gunnar Wennerberg.
Video
 words and music by Gunnar Wennerberg.
Streaming audio
Gunnar Wennerberg on Edison Records.

1817 births
1901 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century Swedish politicians
Governors of Kronoberg County
Members of the Swedish Academy
Members of the Första kammaren
People from Lidköping Municipality
Romantic composers
Swedish classical composers
Swedish male classical composers
Swedish-language writers
Swedish Ministers of Education and Ecclesiastical Affairs
Swedish poets
Swedish male writers
Uppsala University alumni
Swedish male poets
19th-century Swedish poets
Musicians from Uppsala
19th-century male writers
19th-century Swedish musicians
20th-century Swedish male musicians
20th-century Swedish musicians
19th-century male musicians

Gunnar Wennerberg


Christian August Crusius (10 January 1715 – 18 October 1775) was a German philosopher and Protestant theologian.

Biography
Crusius was born in Leuna in the Electorate of Saxony. He was educated at the University of Leipzig, and became professor of theology there in 1750, and principal in 1773.

Crusius first came to notice as an opponent of the philosophy of Gottfried Leibniz and Christian Wolff from the standpoint of religious orthodoxy. He attacked it mainly on the grounds of the moral evils that must flow from any system of determinism, and attempted to vindicate the freedom of the will. The most important works of this period of his life are Anweisung, vernünftig zu leben [Guide to Rational Living] (1744), Entwurf der nothwendigen Vernunftwahrheiten wiefern sie den zufälligen entgegengesetzt werden [Outline of the Necessary Truths of Reason, in so far as they are Opposed to Contingent Truths] (1745), Weg zur Gewissheit und Zuverlässigkeit der menschlichen Erkenntniss [Path to Certainty and Reliability in Human Knowledge] (1747), and Anleitung, über natürliche Begebenheiten ordentlich und vorsichtig nachzudenken [Instruction on How to Reflect Correctly and Cautiously on Natural Events] (1749). Crusius' philosophical books had a great but short-lived popularity. His criticism of Wolff influenced Immanuel Kant at the time when his system was forming; and his ethical, as well as epistemological, doctrines are cited in his habilitation thesis and the Critique of Practical Reason.  Kant was both "deeply influenced by Crusius" and also explicitly refuted Crusius' characterization of Spirit in a footnote of his Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics: "Crusius alone thought of a  compromise: that a Spirit, who can neither err nor deceive, implanted these laws in us  originally. But since false principles often intrude themselves, as indeed the very  system of this man shows in not a few examples, we are involved in difficulties as to  the use of such a principle in the absence of sure criteria to distinguish the genuine  origin from the spurious, as we never can know certainly what the Spirit of truth or  the father of lies may have instilled into us." Kant also owned Anweisung, Entwurf, and Anleitung.

Crusius's later life was devoted to theology. He led the party in the university which became known as the "Crusianer" as opposed to the "Ernestianer," the followers of JA Ernesti. The two professors adopted opposite methods of exegesis. Ernesti wished to subject the Scripture in the same way as other ancient books; Crusius held firmly to orthodox ecclesiastical tradition.

He died in Leipzig.

Philosophical work
Crusius's chief theological works are Hypomnemata ad theologiam propheticam (1764–78), and Kurzer Entwurf den Moraltheologie (Short Outline of Moral Theology; 1772–73); his most important philosophical work is Entwurf der notwendingen Venunftwahrheiten reprinted Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1963. He opposed innovation in such matters as the accepted authorship of canonical writings, verbal inspiration, and the treatment of persons and events in the Old Testament as types of the New. His views have influenced later evangelical students of the Old Testament, such as EW Hengstenberg and Franz Delitzsch.

There is a full notice of Crusius in Ersch and Gruber's Allgemeine Encyclopädie. See also JE Erdmann's History of Philosophy; Anton Marquardt, Kant und Crusius; and article in Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopädie (1898).

Notes

References
 Crusius, Christian August.Die philosophische Hauptwerke, edited by Giorgio Tonelli, Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1964 (four volumes).
 Tonelli, Giorgio. "Crusius, Christian August" in Paul Edwards, The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, New York: Macmillan, 1967, vol. 2, pp. 268–271.

External links
 The Birth of Ontology. A selection of Ontologists from 1560 to 1770
 Entwurf der nothwendigen Vernunftwahrheiten 3rd edition (1766)

1715 births
1775 deaths
People from Leuna
People from the Electorate of Saxony
18th-century German Protestant theologians
18th-century German philosophers
Leipzig University alumni
Academic staff of Leipzig University
German male non-fiction writers
18th-century German male writers

Christian August Crusius


Buddhism is a minority religion in Argentina, where, in addition to the majority of the Christian population, the rate of self-professed Buddhists is about 0.5%.

Buddhism in Argentina has been practiced since the early 1980s.
Chinese Buddhist immigrants had established their first Buddhist temple in 1986, and Korean Buddhist immigrants also founded their own temple. Since then many groups have been giving teachings, some of them rooted in the best known Sōtō tradition from Japan, but also in many Tibetan institutes for the practice of meditation (Mahamudra, Dzog Chen, Lam Rim).

Nowadays, many Buddhist centres have flourished and propagated widely. In Buenos Aires, it is the home of about 5,000 immigrant Buddhists and 25,000 Buddhist converts.

Many organizations have cooperated to bring the relics of the Buddha to Argentina. This event was supported by the Royal Embassy of Thailand in Buenos Aires.

Among scholars who contributed to the spreading of Buddhism in Argentina are Samuel Wolpin, whose books have opened a door to many students and the general public, and Carmen Dragonetti and Fernando Tola, who have been researching and studying Buddhism for many years, with their books translated to many languages.

Teachers who have visited the country include Pu Hsien, founder of the Tzong Kuan Temple, Mok Sunim, responsible for spreading of Korean Buddhism in the early twenty-first century, Chogyal Namkhai Norbu, founder of the international Dzog Chen Community who transmitted Dzog Chen teachings here, and Lama Ngawang Sherab Dorje, who visited Argentina many times. Local teachers include Augusto Alcalde (Diamond Sangha) the first Roshi in this country. Jorge Bustamante, Soto lineage. Alberto Pulisi (Upasaka). Gonzalo Barreiros (Dharma Teacher), and two Argentine lamas, Horacio and Consuelo.

Japanese Zen Buddhism
There are about seven Japanese Zen Buddhism institutions which has a total of around five thousand practitioners. One of them, Zen Deshimaru Buddhist Association was formed in 1995 and is led by Soto Zen priest, Stephane "Kosen" Thibaut who performed missionary works in Argentina and other Latin American countries. In the mid-1990s, he began visiting Argentina, guiding meditation retreats, and establishing dojos. The organization is the biggest Zen order in the country, established about nineteen dojos across the country and Shobogenji Temple which is situated on Mount Uritorco in Cordoba Province.

Chinese Buddhism
Tzong Kuan Temple was founded in 1988 by Master Pu Hsien with the support of Buddhist community in Taiwan, the temple is located in the Belgrano area on Montañeses 2175 Street and has a branch temple in Brazil. The current abbot is Master Zhi Han and the temple is also affiliated to Chinese Buddhist Association in Argentina and Bodhiyana Foundation.

Fo Guang Shan Order from Taiwan also has a branch temple, "Templo Budista Fo Guang Shan" in Argentina since 1992, and the temple offered courses in meditation, martial arts, yoga and hosts vegetarian cooking workshops on regular basis.

Theravada Buddhism
There is a Vipassanā meditation community founded by Eduardo Torres Astigueta, it is known as "Vipassana Buenos Aires" and they conduct weekly practices in Palermo and Flores. In 2005, the Argentinean Vipassana Association
acquired a piece of land located in the outskirts of Brandsen in Buenos Aires Province and built the  Dhamma Sukhadā Center which means "Giving the Happiness of Dhamma" with a capacity of 120 students.

See also
 South America Hongwanji Mission
 Buddhism in Brazil
 Buddhism in Colombia
 Buddhism in Venezuela
 Buddhism in Ecuador
 Buddhism in Costa Rica
 Buddhism in Nicaragua
 Buddhism in Mexico
 Buddhism in Canada
 Buddhism in the United States
 Buddhism in Central America
 Asian Argentines

References

External links
Buddhist Channel His Holiness Concludes His Argentina Visit
Summary of Religious Bodies in Argentina
Buddhism in Argentina
History of Buddhism in Argentina

Religion in Argentina
Argentina
Argentina

Buddhism in Argentina


The World Almanac and Book of Facts is a reference book. It has information on tragedies, sports, weather and celebrities. The book was #1 on the Washington Post bestseller list in November 2011.

The book has been published every year since 1868, except between 1876 and 1885.

Rosie Perez reads the book in White Men Can't Jump.

Reference works

World Almanac