Matheus de Sancto Johanne (died after 10 June 1391), also known as Mayshuet, was a French composer of the late Medieval era.  Active both in France and England, he was one of the representatives of the complex, manneristic musical style known as the ars subtilior which flourished around the court of the Avignon Papacy during the Great Schism.

Life and career
Matheus was probably born in the diocese of Noyon, northeast of Paris.  Nothing of his early life is known, nor is his age when he begins to appear in historical records.  He worked in England from about 1366 as a clerk for the son-in-law of Edward III, and later for Philippa of Hainault, queen consort of Edward.  In 1368 he came back to France.  The next ten years are a blank, but at some time during this period he had begun working for Robert of Geneva, who later became Antipope Clement VII.  In November 1378 – the same year Clement became pope – he is recorded as being a clerk for the Louis I, Duke of Anjou, and between 1382 and 1387 he was at the papal court in Avignon as a chaplain.

Music
Six of his compositions have survived with reliable attribution.  They include an unusual motet for five voices, Ave post libamina/Nunc surgunt (very few motets of the period have more than four voices), and five secular works:  three ballades and two rondeaux.  Two of the ballades, and one of the rondeaux, are for three voices, and these are later compositions more associated with the ars subtilior style; the others are four voices, and were possibly written earlier.  That he was well-appreciated in England can be seen in late copies of his motet made there around 1430, for example, in the Old Hall Manuscript.

Two of his works are in the Codex "ModA" (Modena, Biblioteca Estense, α.M.5.24), but without attribution.  The motet Ave post libamina is included in Corpus mensurabilis musicae, vol. 46 (1969).

Notes

References
 Ursula Günther, "Matheus de Sancto Johanne", in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. Vol 11, p. 820. 20 vol.  London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.
 Richard H. Hoppin, Medieval Music.  New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1978.

14th-century French composers
French classical composers
French male classical composers
Medieval male composers
Ars subtilior composers

Matheus de Sancto Johanne


The Battle of Diyala River took place in 693 BC between the forces of the Neo-Assyrian Empire and the Elamites of southern Iran.

Assyrian expansion
From the 9th century BC onwards, the Assyrians had been expanding their domain from northern Mesopotamia into Judea and Babylon. After defeating the Babylonians in 689 BC, King Sennacherib sought to punish the Kingdom of Elam for its support towards Babylonia.

Battle
Prior to the battle, Sennacherib had sacked a number of Elamite settlements in 694 BC in an attempt to assert his authority over the region. Despite this, the Elamites, with their Chaldean allies from Babylon, managed to raise an army and met the Assyrian forces of Sennacherib in 693 BC at the Diyala River. According to the Assyrian account of the battle, the Elamites were heavily defeated. However, many historians believe that the Assyrians suffered heavy casualties since they failed to launch any invasions in 692 BC. In 647 BC, the Assyrians returned and this time destroyed the Kingdom of Elam.

References and further reading
Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat, by R.G. Grant. ()

693 BC
Diyala River
Diyala River
Diyala River
7th century BC in Assyria
Sennacherib

pl:Bitwa pod Halule

Battle of Diyala River


A lath or slat is a thin, narrow strip of straight-grained wood used under roof shingles or tiles, on lath and plaster walls and ceilings to hold plaster, and in lattice and trellis work.

Lath has expanded to mean any type of backing material for plaster. This includes metal wire mesh or expanded metal that is applied to a wood or metal framework as matrix over which stucco or plaster is applied, as well as wallboard products called gypsum or rock lath. Historically, reed mat was also used as a lath material.

One of the key elements of lath, whether wooden slats or wire mesh, are the openings or gaps that allow plaster or stucco to ooze behind and form a mechanical bond to the lath. This is not necessary for gypsum lath, which relies on a chemical bond.

Etymology
The word  is recorded from the late 13th century and is likely derived from the Old English word *, a variant of . This in turn would seem to stem from a Proto-Germanic word *laþþo, from which have sprung words in many Germanic languages, e.g. Dutch , German . The root has also found its way into Romance languages, cf. Italian , French . The related German word  () denotes a board, plank, sash, shutter, counter and hence also a shop.

Types of lath

Wooden
Wooden-slat laths are still used today in building construction to form a base or groundwork for plaster, but modern lath and plaster applications are mostly limited to conservation projects.

Tiles, slates, and other coverings on roofs and walls are often fastened to laths, sometimes also called battens or slats. Such strips of wood are also employed to form lattice-work, or are used as the bars of Venetian blinds, and window shutters. Lath is also used on many tobacco farms in the Connecticut Valley as a means to carry and hang the plant in barns. This is achieved by using one of two methods: hooking or spearing. A "spear" lath is a regular lath that is held in an upright position. A worker then mounts a spear on top and "spears" the tobacco onto the lath. The other form of lath is called "hook" lath, which has small hooks attached that allows workers to hook the stems of tobacco plants onto the lath, often between two lengths of twine attached to the lath and twisted mechanically.

A lathhouse is an open structure roofed with laths in order to grow plants which need shelter from the sun.

Laths were also used to fix reeds to a timber structure before plastering.

In Cape Cod, laths were used in the early 1880s for building wooden lobster traps.

Historically there were three ways of making wood lath for plaster: riven lath, accordion lath, and circular sawn lath. Riven lath was traditionally split with the grain from chestnut, oak, and similar hardwoods, or from softwoods like eastern white pine. Individual laths were riven and nailed in place. Because they are split with the grain, riven lath is stronger than later forms of lath production. Accordion laths are thin, sawn boards that are partially split with a hatchet or axe. The splits are then spread apart to form gaps for the plaster to key into. The name derived from the spreading action, which is like pulling an accordion open. After the circular saw came into use in the early 19th century, lath for plastering was sawn in sawmills and delivered to the building site. Ihe 1930s to 1940s the use of lath and plaster was replaced with plasterboard, which was cheaper and easier to use.

Counter-lath

Counter-lath is a term used in roofing and plastering for a piece of wood placed perpendicular to the lath. In roofing, a counter-lath is a slight piece of timber parallel with and between common rafters to give the lath extra support, or a lath placed by eye between every two gauged ones. When plastering, sometimes a counter-lath is placed perpendicular to the lath as a fillet (a thin, narrow strip of material) to space the lath off of the surface to allow the plaster to pass through the lath and create a key.

Metal lath
Metal lath dates from the late 19th century and is used extensively today with plaster and stucco in home and commercial construction. In addition to providing a matrix to which the stucco can adhere, metal lath adds strength and rigidity.  . Metal lath can be stapled directly to studs, and is capable of bending to easily form corners and curves. Three coats of plaster are required when using metal lath.

Several types of metal lath have been developed for a variety of applications:
 Expanded metal lath is made by slitting and pulling apart a thin sheet of metal, which produces diamond-shape holes through which the plaster can form keys.
 Ribbed lath is made from slit and expanded metal with V-shaped ribs which give it more stiffness, and is designed to span larger distance between framing supports
 Self-furring lath is an expanded metal lath which is dimpled to hold itself off from a solid surface
 Wire lath is made from welded or woven wires and is similar to hardware cloth
 Paper backed wire lath is wire lath with building paper attached
 Strip laths is metal lath that is several inches wide and is often used to reinforce joints and on corners
 Corner lath is pre-bent for use in making corners
 Wire mesh used on inside corners to prevent cracking is called Cornerite.

Gypsum lath
Gypsum lath (rock lath) consists of gypsum plaster sandwiched between two sheets of absorbent paper. The finish side (to which plaster is trawled) is treated with gypsum crystals for the plaster to chemically bond to and is sometimes perforated to allow mechanical bonding. It was commonly used in place of wood lath since it is noncombustible, easy to use, and can give better results. Gypsum board can be purchased in sheets of various sizes and screwed or nailed directly onto a building's studs. Due to its rigidity, it is most suited for use on straight walls.

Gypsum board was improved in 1910 by the paper wrapping the edges and multiple variations were developed in the 1930s. Gypsum lath is available with a foil facing, which acts as a vapor barrier and heat reflector, and as a veneer base for plaster veneer.

Keys
Keys are formed by plaster that oozes through the spaces or gaps between wooden lath, or the holes in metal lath, and around to the lath's back side. This secures the plaster to the lath by creating a sort of hook. Wooden and metal lath depend on the mechanical bond created by keys to adhere the plaster to the lath.

Framing
Lath can be attached directly to the frame of a building, such as the studs of a timber structure. Alternatively, lath can be attached to a timber or metal frame called a furring, which is then attached to the building structure. Furrings are often used in masonry construction. Frames are also used when using lath and plaster to create decorative, curved, or ornamental work.

Lath failure

There are several reasons that a plaster and lath wall may fail. First, the lath itself can sometimes pull away from the frame on which it is mounted. This is generally due to the use of non-galvanized nails. The lath can also fail because of decay from moisture or insect damage. Moisture can also cause wooden lath to expand and contract, causing the plaster around it to crack.

Additionally, failure can also occur in the plaster keys. Over time, the keys can deteriorate and crack, weakening their ability to hold the plaster onto the lath. The addition of hair in plaster helps to prevent this by adding strength. Problems can also occur in the keys if they were not properly formed to begin with, which can happen when laths are set too close together for plaster to travel though. Key failure often manifests as looseness and sagging in walls or ceilings, and in worst cases can lead to plaster breakage and collapse.

Repair methods
Repairing damaged lath and plaster walls is generally more economical than replacing it. Often, the plaster needs the repairs, and not the lath itself. As long as the lath and the first coats (brown coat) of plaster do not have any significant damage, minor cracks can simply be patched. For larger cracks, and when the brown coat is damaged, several base coats need to be applied prior to the patch coat. Metal lath can also be added to wooden lath prior to coating to add strength and increase keying.

If the back side of the lath is accessible, it is possible to create new keys where they have failed. This is most often done by conservators when one wants to maintain the original finished surface of the wall or ceiling. After bracing the failing plaster in place, a bonding agent and a plaster are applied to the back of the laths and forced through the gaps to the back side of the original plaster.

Benefits of lath
Lath and plaster walls have several benefits, including fire and mold resistance, soundproofing, and heat insulation. Though wooden lath can be susceptible to mold growth and decay, metal lath covered in plaster creates an environment that is inhospitable to toxic molds. Metal lath and plaster walls can be twice as resistant to fire than drywall, and are capable of achieving a two-hour fire rating with a  assembly. 2 inches of plaster and lath can also achieve the same decibel rating as  of drywall.

See also

Garden trellis
Lath art
Lattice truss bridge

References

Building materials
Wood products

Lath


Sebastian Grabowiecki (c. 1543 – 1607) was a Polish Catholic priest and poet. He was the author of Setnik rymów duchownych and Setnik rymów duchownych wtóry (Spiritual Rhymes parts 1 and 2). His work, focused entirely on religious themes (like George Herbert's), was strongly influenced by Italian poetry, especially by Rime Spirituali by Gabriele Fiamma. One of the founding fathers of Polish lyric poetry, Grabowiecki was one of the first poets to write sonnets in Polish. Thus he holds a position comparable to Thomas Wyatt, Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey and Portuguese poet Francisco de Sá de Miranda, who introduced the sonnet into their native literatures. He also wrote the first Polish poem in ottava rima, and was an early adopter of the Sapphic stanza in Polish poetry. His best-known poem is a sonnet (based on one of Fiamma's) similar to Philip Sidney's Sonnet 89 from Astrophel and Stella ("Now that of absence the most irksome night"), with the use of epistrophe (repetition of end-words) instead of rhyme.

Notes

References

1607 deaths
16th-century Polish poets
Polish male poets
Sonneteers
Year of birth uncertain

Sebastian Grabowiecki


The Peak District is an upland area in England at the southern end of the Pennines. It is mostly in northern Derbyshire but also includes parts of Cheshire, Greater Manchester, Staffordshire and Yorkshire.

The area has two main parts. The northern 'Dark Peak' is where most of the moorland is found. Its geology is gritstone. The southern 'White Peak' is where most of the population lives: its geology is mainly limestone.

Much of the area is uplands above , with a high point on Kinder Scout of . Despite its name, the landscape generally lacks sharp peaks, but has rounded hills and gritstone escarpments (the "edges"). The area is surrounded by major conurbations, including Huddersfield, Manchester, Sheffield, Derby and Stoke-on-Trent.

The area is very difficult to travel across. The roads are few and narrow. This is due to the terrain, which is hilly, rough and uneven. Major motorways run east and west of the area.

The Peak District National Park became the first national park in the United Kingdom in 1951. It attracts many visitors every year.

Geology
The Peak District is formed almost exclusively from sedimentary rocks dating from the Carboniferous period. They comprise the Carboniferous limestone, the overlying gritstone and finally the coal measures at the margins of the area.  There are outcrops of igneous rocks including lavas, tuffs and volcanic vent agglomerates. The Peak District is like a broad dome (see image below).

Earth movements after the Carboniferous period resulted in the up-doming of the area. This resulted in the dome-like shape. The shale and sandstone were worn away until limestone was exposed. At the end of this period, the Earth's crust sank here which led to the area being covered by sea, depositing a variety of new rocks.

Some time after its deposition, mineral veins were formed in the limestone. These veins and rakes have been mined for lead since Roman times.

The Peak District was covered by ice during at least one of the ice ages of the last 2 million years. Glacial meltwaters eroded a complex of sinuous channels along the margin of the Peak District during this period. Glacial meltwaters helped form many of the caves in the limestone area. Wild animal herds roamed the area, and their remains have been found in several of the local caves.

The different types of rock that lie beneath the soil strongly influence the landscape. They determine the vegetation and so the animals that will live in the area. Limestone has fissures (cracks) and is soluble in water, so rivers carve deep, narrow valleys. These rivers then often find a route underground, creating cave systems. Millstone Grit on the other hand is insoluble but porous, so it absorbs water. Water moves through the grits until it meets the less porous shales beneath, creating springs when it reaches the surface again. The shales are friable and easily attacked by frost. They form areas where landslides may occur, as on Mam Tor.

References

1951 establishments in the United Kingdom
Cheshire
Derbyshire
Greater Manchester
IUCN Category V
Mountains of the United Kingdom
National parks in the United Kingdom
South Yorkshire
Staffordshire
West Yorkshire

Peak District


Dina statistik, interaksi nyaéta watesan dina model statistik nu mana efek dua variabel atawa leuwih teu bisa ditambahkeun sacara langsung.

Mangka, for a response y and two variables x1 and x2 an additive modél would be:

- while,

- is an example of a modél with an interaction between variables x1 and x2 (the word "errors" is not to be construed literally; it refers to a random variable by which y differs from the nilai ekspektasi of y).  See errors and residuals in statistics, and note that it is éasy to confuse errors with residuals, although the two are different.

Very often the interacting variables are categorical variables rather than réal numbers.  For example, members of a population may be classified by religion and by occupation.  If one wishes to predict a person's height based only on the person's religion and occupation, a simple additive modél, i.e., a modél without interaction, would add to an overall average height an adjustment for a particular religion and another for a particular occupation.  A modél with interaction, unlike an additive modél, could add a further adjustment for the "interaction" between that religion and that occupation.  This example may cause one to suspect that the word interaction is something of a misnomer.

The consequence of an interaction is that the effect of one variable depends on the value of another. This has implications in desain percobaan as it is misléading to vary one factor at a time.

réal-world examples of systems that manifest interactions include:

Interaction between adding sugar to coffee and stiring the coffee. Neither of the two individual variables has much effect on sweetness but a combination of the two does.
Interaction between adding carbon to steel and quenching. Neither of the two individually has much effect on strength but a combination of the two has a dramatic effect.

Genichi Taguchi contended that interactions could be eliminated from a system by appropriate choice of response variable and transformation. However George Box and others have argued that this is not the case in general.

Bibliography

Box, G E P (1990) Do interactions matter? Quality Engineering vol 2, pp365–369

Statistika

Interaction (statistics)


The Dawson College shooting was a school shooting on September 13, 2006. It took place at the Dawson College in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Kimveer Gill, a twenty-five year old Indo-Canadian, shot 20 people and killed 1 person as well as himself (suicide) after being shot in the arm by a police officer.

Gill had a Vampirefreaks.com profile and mentioned the song "À Tout le Monde" by thrash metal band Megadeth on the day of the shooting. News outlets blamed Megadeth for the shooting. Later in 2006, Megadeth performed a live concert in Montreal and responded to the blame they and their music received. Lead singer and guitarist Dave Mustaine said to the crowd:

"The guy who went to Dawson College and shot everyone, it's terrible. Aside from the fact that what he did was wrong, we have a relationship with Montreal, and that really pissed us off."

Mustaine was also interviewed by CBC News before Megadeth's concert and said :

"I was so angry that this guy would use my song, and that he would try and turn that beautiful song into something ugly and nasty. It's for those who lost their lives, and it's a gift to those who are in the process of healing (...) and Gill was not worthy of being a Megadeth fan."

The attack
Gill drove to the college campus and parked his car. Bystanders saw that Gill took weapons out of his trunk. He took a person as a hostage and forced him to carry a bag which had a fourth gun and more ammunition in it. Gill shot at students that were outside on the steps of the college near the rear entrance. The hostage ran away with Gill's bag and hid it.

Gill entered the school and went to the cafeteria. He walked to the corner of the room and shot students that were standing in front of him. He ordered the students to lie on the floor and shot at more students. Two police officers that were visiting the school at the time because of an unrelated incident rushed to the cafeteria after hearing the gunfire. More officers surrounded the college and Gill took two more people hostage. Officer Denis Côté shot him in the arm and Gill killed himself. The officers tried to bring him back to life but they failed.

References

2006 crimes
2000s in Montreal
Attacks on buildings and structures in North America
Attacks on buildings and structures in the 2000s
Mass shootings in North America
Mass shootings in the 2000s
Murder in Canada
Murders by firearm
Murder-suicides in North America
University and college shootings
September events
Suicides by firearm
Suicides in Canada

Dawson College shooting


HoopWorld is a 3-on-3 multiplayer arcade basketball game with a kung-fu power-up twist, released in North America on July 19, 2010 and in the PAL region on August 13, 2010 exclusively for WiiWare.  HoopWorld utilizes power-up gameplay, basketball and Kung-fu to create a unique and competitive experience reminiscent of Arch Rivals, NBA Jam, and Power Stone.

Gameplay
 HoopWorld is an action sports basketball game in arcade style where two teams fight each other in order to defend their home courts. The point of the game is to get the highest score possible before match time runs out. The player runs, fights, kicks, steals the ball from opponents, and performs dunks and ball passes to win the match. Mystery Boxes will appear randomly on the court during the match revealing one of eight power-ups that impact game play.

The game comes with three game modes  (Quick Match, Tournament, and Survival) and has four difficulty levels (easy, normal, difficulty, and crazy) that enable the player to unlock teams and courts when played in Tournament mode. HoopWorld is an offline multiplayer game that can be played with 1-2 players. There is also an online leader board allowing players to upload their accumulated scores generated in Tournament mode.  There are six available courts that are set in nature and outdoor locations, such as a jungle, a volcano, a Caribbean island, a Greek village, a desert, and a mystical forest. Each court is defended by its respective team that the player can pick from.

History
HoopWorld was first announced in 2005 for release on XBLA in spring 2006. In September 2006, the game was postponed due to quality and gameplay concerns and Streamline Studios announced engineering support from Spanish developer and publisher Virtual Toys. In 2008, the developers decided to release HoopWorld as a WiiWare title slated for release in 2010. The game launched in North and South America on July 19, 2010, and in Europe, Australia, and New Zealand on August 13, 2010, where it is available for the same amount of 1000 Wii Points under the title HoopWorld BasketBrawl.

Programmer Tommy Refenes of Super Meat Boy fame was a member of the development team.

Reception

HoopWorld has received a variety of reactions from varying media outlets. 1UP cited that the game's controls come with a learning curve, but it does "deliver... its promise of old-school three-on-three fun".

Continuing with the thought of difficulty, RunDLC commented that the AI will make you "scream" at times, but it was still considered to be a "cool new take" on the sport.

Wiiloveit.com praised the game for its "new dimension of gameplay" and "extremely intense" matches. Although the lack of online play was commented on, it was highlighted that the game is "a lot of fun", especially from the standpoint of it being a quality multiplayer game for the service.

IGN mentioned that the control scheme "can take some adjustment" but described HoopWorld overall as one of "the most attractive WiiWare titles" and an "impressive alternative" to the NBA Jam experience that excels beyond nostalgia memories of arcade classics.

See also
List of WiiWare games
List of WiiWare games (North America)

References

External links
 Streamline Studios
 Hoopworld official website
 Virtual Toys

WiiWare games
Wii-only games
Cancelled Xbox 360 games
2010 video games
Basketball video games
Video games developed in the Netherlands
Multiplayer and single-player video games

HoopWorld


LXD, Incorporated is one of the first Liquid Crystal Display manufacturers in the world. The company, headquartered in Cleveland, Ohio, has factories in the United States and China.

History
LXD, Incorporated was founded as ILIXCO (International Liquid Xtal Company) by James Fergason in 1968 in Kent, Ohio and was the first manufacturer of the twisted nematic LCD.  ILIXCO became cash strapped while trying to break into the display market with watch and large instrument displays, and it was purchased by then customer DICKEY-john Corp in 1974.  John Lamphier III, owner of DICKEY-john Corp, renamed the company Liquid Xtal Displays Inc. and later sold the company to the Electronic Components Division of General Electric in September 1979.

In December 1983, the company was purchased by Dr. Hugh Mailer, who shortened the name to LXD, Incorporated.  In 1986, majority ownership of LXD was acquired by a Norwegian company, LCDVision.

In July 1994, the company became a subsidiary of the Brenlin Group.

In 1996, James Fergason's son Jeffrey Fergason formed a new company using the Ilixco name.  The new Ilixco is a holding company that owns controlling interests in IO Display Systems and Razor Digital Entertainment.

In January 2008, the company was acquired by current management. A joint venture between Jiya-LXD in China was established.

In September 2010, LXD announced the opening of a new  facility in Research Triangle, North Carolina.

External links
Official website

Electronics companies established in 1968
Manufacturing companies based in Cleveland
1968 establishments in Ohio

LXD Incorporated


Idrettsgallaen ("the Sports Gala") is a show to honor the past year's Norwegian sports and athletes' achievements. It is hosted annually at Hamar Olympic Amphitheatre in Hamar in early January. The event started in 2001. Hamar was selected because it is the location of the head office of Norsk Tipping, the main sponsor, and organizer of the event together with the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation and the Norwegian Confederation of Sports. The 2010 edition was, however, hosted at Håkons Hall in Lillehammer.

References

Sport in Norway
Sport in Hamar
Television in Norway

Idrettsgallaen


Warren Akin Candler (August 23, 1857 – September 25, 1941) was an American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, elected in 1898.  He was the tenth president of Emory University.

Early life

He was born in Villa Rica, Georgia, the tenth of eleven children born to Samuel and Martha Bernetta Beall Candler. Samuel was a prosperous merchant and planter.  Their children were raised in a devout atmosphere.

Candler attended Emory College in Oxford, Georgia, from 1874 to 1877 and was a brother of Epsilon Chapter of the Kappa Alpha Order.  There he discovered his religious vocation and quite a talent for preaching.  As a result, he made the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, the center of his life.

After college, Warren married Sarah Antoinette "Nettie" Curtright on November 21, 1877.  The couple had five children, three of whom lived to adulthood.

Ministerial career

As a young pastor, Candler served several churches in northwest Georgia.  In 1882, along with Bishop George Foster Pierce of the M.E. Church, South, and Bishop Lucius Holsey of the Colored (now Christian) M.E. Church, and others, Candler helped found Paine Institute (now Paine College) in Augusta, Georgia.  Paine's mission was the higher education of African Americans.  As a longtime member of Paine's Board of Trustees, Candler supported the hiring of African Americans to teach, thus helping to create a racially-integrated faculty, unusual in the post-Civil War South.

From 1886 until 1888 Rev. Candler served in Nashville, Tennessee, as the Assistant Editor of the Nashville Christian Advocate, the primary periodical of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South.  In this capacity he supported at least some of the goals of the evangelical Holiness Association, though also fearing it might become divisive.

His next assignment was as the tenth President of Emory College.  The students nicknamed him "Shorty."  He advanced firmly conservative views at Emory.  For example, he phased out technical training, implementing a liberal arts curriculum.  He also improved the school's finances and increased the size of its faculty.

Episcopal career

Candler was elected a bishop by the General Conference of the  M.E. Church, South in 1898.  As bishop he became concerned with missionary enterprises among other denominational matters.

Bishop Candler also served as spiritual advisor to his brother, Asa Griggs Candler, founder of the Coca-Cola Company.  As such, Warren encouraged Asa's support of church causes, particularly Emory.  Indeed, the creation of Emory University in Atlanta was enabled largely through the financial backing of Asa.

Emory University

Emory University's formation came about when Bishop Candler and some of his colleagues, members of the Board of Trustees of Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, lost influence over that institution.  After an unsuccessful 1910 lawsuit to regain their authority, the M.E. Church, South, decided instead to establish two new educational institutions, which would be under their control.

The first of these new Methodist educational institutions was Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas.  The other was to be located somewhere east of the Mississippi River.  The Candler brothers combined their influence and resources to win this role for Emory College.  Indeed, Asa wrote a check for $1 million to defray the expenses of moving Emory's campus from Oxford, Georgia, to land he donated in the Druid Hills development, which is now part of Atlanta.

Bishop Candler became the first Chancellor of the new Emory University in 1914.  As such he fought for traditional values, forbidding such activities as dramatics clubs and intercollegiate athletics.  In addition to the School of Theology, Emory established Law and Medical Schools, and opened a University Hospital, as well.  Candler's hope of establishing a School of Education, however, never came to fruition.

Bishop Candler expended great efforts raising funds for Emory. Indeed, though he expressed his desire to retire as Chancellor in 1918, he did not step down until 1922.  He remained active as a University Trustee until 1937.

Theological writing

For three decades Candler wrote a column in the Atlanta Journal.  He also wrote many articles for religious publications, and fifteen books on biographical and religious topics.  His thinking reflected traditionalism tempered by religious idealism.  Although he wrote of his belief in Anglo-Saxon superiority, Candler also spoke out very strongly against lynching, for example. In his writings, Candler espoused a paternalistic relationship toward African Americans, and believed that Southern whites had both an obligation to support the education of a "better" class of African American leaders in the South, and to prevent more radical voices from taking the lead in this area. Candler was a member and later President of the Board of Trustees at the historically black Paine College in Augusta, GA, which opened in 1882 under the auspices of M. E. Church, South. While not a critic of the American economic system, per se, he did oppose the power of trusts and condemned covetousness in general.  A supporter of the traditional Christian creed, he also sought to mitigate the conflict between science and religion. Candler was also outspoken in his opposition to women's suffrage.

Methodist reunification

Bishop Candler opposed the reunification of the M.E. and M.E. Church, South.  These two denominations divided in 1844 over the issues of slavery and episcopal prerogative.  Nevertheless, proponents of reunification persuaded the General Conference of the M.E. Church, South, to establish a rule requiring the retirement of Bishops who had reached the age of seventy-two.  This rule removed Candler and another opponent of reunification in 1934, thus paving the way to reunification in 1939.

Nevertheless, Candler continued to write, and announced his intention to "preach until I die."  He received many honors and gestures of public affection throughout his Episcopal career, including the gift of a Franklin sedan.   Warren Akin Candler died at his home in Atlanta on September 25, 1941, being buried in a cemetery adjacent to the Emory campus. Nettie, his wife of more than sixty years, died two years later.

Emory's Candler School of Theology is named in honor of him. Candler College, a prestigious high school located in Havana, Cuba, was also named for him, as was Candler Hospital (Savannah) in Savannah, now known as St. Joseph's/Candler.

Written works

The History of Sunday-Schools: A Brief Historical Treatise, with Special Reference to the Sunday-Schools of America (1880)
Georgia's Educational Work: What It Has Been, What It Should Be (1893)
Christus Auctor: A Manual of Christian Evidences (1900)
High Living and High Lives (1901)
Wesley and his Work (1912)
Kingdom of God's Dear Son (1921)
Life of Thomas Coke (1923)
Current Comments on Timely Topics  (1926)Bishop Charles Betts Galloway: A Prince of Preachers and Christian Statesman (1927)Christ and the Creed (1927)Easter Meditations (1930)Young J. Allen: The Man Who Seeded China (1931)

Biographies

Bauman, Mark K., Warren Akin Candler:  The Conservative as Idealist, Metuchen, N.J.:  Scarecrow Press, 1981.
Kemp, Kathryn W., "Warren Akin Candler", The New Georgia Encyclopedia'', The Georgia Humanities Council and The University of Georgia Press, 2004-06.  retrieved May 2, 2006

See also

 List of bishops of the United Methodist Church

References

External links
Emory History | Presidents | Candler at emoryhistory.emory.edu
New Georgia Encyclopedia Warren Akin Candler
 Warren A. Candler Papers at Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library

Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South
1857 births
1941 deaths
Presidents of Emory University
People from Villa Rica, Georgia
Burials in Georgia (U.S. state)
Candler family
Paine College people

Warren Akin Candler


Camillo Togni (18 October 1922 – 28 November 1993) was an Italian composer, teacher, and pianist. Coming from a family of independent means, he was able to pursue his art as he saw fit, regardless of changing fashions or economic pressure.

Life
Togni was born in Gussago, near Brescia. He began studying piano at the age of 7, with Franco Margola in Brescia, then from 1939 to 1943 with Alfredo Casella in Rome and Siena, and Giovanni Anfossi in Milan. Later he studied with Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli, receiving his diploma from the Conservatory of Parma in 1946.

He studied Classics in Brescia, musical aesthetics at the University of Milan, and in 1948 graduated in philosophy from the University of Pavia with a dissertation titled "The Aesthetics of B. Croce and the Problem of Musical Interpretation". Contemporaneously, he began to study composition in Brescia with Margola, subsequently in Rome and in Siena with Casella. He was active as a concert artist until 1953; subsequently, he performed only his own music in public.

Michelangeli introduced him in 1938 to the music of Arnold Schoenberg, which affected him profoundly and caused him to develop a tremendous interest in the Second Viennese School. During the war, he gained access to Schoenberg's scores through , with whom he was studying. By 1940, Schoenberg's influence was clearly at work in Togni's Prima serenata for piano, and his new-found technique came to full flower in the Variazioni for piano and orchestra (1945–46), with which he made his compositional debut at the 1946 Venice Festival of Contemporary Music. In 1949, together with Luigi Dallapiccola and Bruno Maderna, he addressed the First International Dodecaphonic Congress in Milan. From 1951 to 1957 he attended the Ferienkurse in Darmstadt, but he found the turn toward aleatoricism there, beginning in 1957, alien to his nature, and did not return until he was invited back in 1990.

From 1960 to 1961, he taught courses on contemporary music at the University for Foreigners in Florence. From 1977 to 1988 he held the chair of the Advanced Course in composition at the Conservatory in Parma. Starting in 1989 he taught the special courses in composition at the School of Music in Fiesole.

Amongst the most widely admired works from his post-Darmstadt period are the Charles d'Orléans settings, Rondeaux per dieci (1963–64), which acquires a "torpid expressivity" through the juxtaposition of the coolness of an extremely high lyrical soprano voice and the resonance of the instrumental bass register. It was awarded the 1965 ISCM Prize for chamber music. His last project was a trilogy of operas on texts by Georg Trakl, a poet whose works had engaged Togni's attention since 1955. The first part, Blaubart, was composed between 1972 and 1975, and the second part, Barrabas, between 1981 and 1985. However, the planned third part, Maria Magdalena, remained unwritten at the time of his death in Brescia in 1993.

Principal works
 Variazioni, for piano and orchestra, Op. 27 (1946)
 Tre capricci, for piano, Op. 38 (1954–57)
 Fantasia concertante, for flute and strings (1957)
 Helian di Trakl, cycle of five Lieder for soprano and chamber ensemble (words of Georg Trakl) (1955)
 Gesang zur Nacht, for contralto and instrumental ensemble (words of Georg Trakl) (1962)
 Recitativo for tape (1961)
 Rondeaux per dieci, for soprano and instrumental ensemble (words of Charles d'Orleans) (1963)
 Three Preludes for harpsichord (1963–75)
 Quarto Capriccio, for piano (1969)
 Blaubart, lyric opera (1972–75) (a companion piece to Duke Bluebeard's Castle)
 Für Herbert, for two violins, viola, and harpsichord (1976)
 Some other where, for orchestra (1977)
 String Trio, for violin, viola and cello (1978)
 Quasi una serenata, for guitar (1979)
 Barrabas, lyric opera (1981–85)
 Permaila for flute and piano (1982)
 Quinto Capriccio, for piano (1987)
 Sesto Capriccio, for piano (1991)
 Concerto for piano and orchestra (1989–93, unfinished; completed 2004 by Paulo de Assis)

Sources

Footnotes

Further reading
 Bortolotto, Mario. 1965. "The New Music in Italy", translated by William C. Holmes. The Musical Quarterly 51, no. 1 (January): 61–77. Reprinted in Contemporary Music in Europe, edited by Paul Henry Lang and Nathan Broder, 61–77. New York: W. W. Norton, 1965.
 Fearn, Raymond. 1997. "Camillo Togni: Blaubart" in: Italian Opera Since 1945. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Osmond-Smith, David. n.d. "Camillo Togni." Grove Music Online edited by Laura Macy (Accessed 31 August 2006) (Subscription access)
 Smith Brindle, Reginald. 1956. "The Lunatic Fringe III: Computational Composition". The Musical Times 97, no. 1361 (July): 354–56.

External links
Profile, Naxos Records

1922 births
1993 deaths
20th-century classical composers
Twelve-tone and serial composers
Italian opera composers
Male opera composers
Italian classical composers
Italian male classical composers
Musicians from the Province of Brescia
Italian classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Italian male pianists
Parma Conservatory alumni
University of Pavia alumni
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century Italian composers
20th-century Italian male musicians

Camillo Togni


The Morris Major an Austin Lancer ar passenger caur models produced bi the British Motor Corporation o Australie (BMC) atween 1958 an 1964. The Morris Major name haed been uised afore bi Morris Motors in Ingland, first appearin atween 1931 an 1933.

Backgrund
The Major an Lancer evolved tho three series (I, II an Elite,) wi the first incarnations bein badge engineered clones o the contemporary Wolseley 1500 an Riley One-Point-Five models then on sale in the Unitit Kinrick.  The Austin Lancer wis phased-oot o production bi Aprile 1962.  Thir models wur wholly produced at BMC's Zetland plant in Sydney, Australie an wur unique tae that kintra, haein aroond 98% local content.  Mony examples wur an aa exportit tae New Zealand.

The Morris Major/Austin Lancer/Wolseley 1500/Riley One-Point-Five aw shared the same core design which haed oreeginally been developed as a possible replacement for the ever-popular Morris Minor bi BMC's in-hoose design team at Longbridge, England. That plan wis abandoned due tae the Minor's unwaverin appeal wi the buyin public an a Wolseley version wis instead unveiled in 1957, followed bi the Riley.  Thay wur licht, close-coupled saloons incorporatin the front torsion bar/rear leaf spring suspension, floorpan an superb rack an pinion steerin frae the Morris Minor. Thir automotive "quadruplets" wur pouered bi the famous B series pouer unit (I4,) o 1489 cc. Frae 1962 the 1622 cc version o this ingine, developed in Australie, pouered the Major Elite. Aw wur equipped wi lairge, hivy duty drum brakes - bi Lockheed for the Wolseley, Morris an Austin an Girling for the Riley.  This formula resultit in a popular smaa-tae-medium faimily caur wi lively performance, robust big an road manners that wur quite abuin average for the time.  The Major an Lancer, as distinct frae the sportier an mair luxurious Wolseley/Riley caurs, shared a seemilar level o appointment, finish an ingine tune wi contemporary Morris an Austin models. Awtho comparatively modest, the Major/Lancer haed a generally hie level o comfort an quality: it wis a modren caur offerin soond value. The sportin potential o the Major/Lancer wis recognised almaist immediately an specialist-modified caurs wur raced successfully at a professional level intae the early 1960s.

Major
Sedans
Rear wheel drive vehicles
1950s automobiles
1960s automobiles
Vehicles introduced in 1958
Caurs o Australie

Morris Major


ZE Records was originally a New York–based record label, started in 1978 by Michael Zilkha and Michel Esteban.  It was reestablished by Esteban in 2003.

History
Michael Zilkha (b. 1954) is a British-born Oxford graduate of Iraqi descent, the son of Selim Zilkha, former owner of Mothercare, a major UK retail company, and the stepson of Cabinet member Lord Lever.  In the mid-1970s, Zilkha worked in the New York publishing industry and was a contributor to the Village Voice.

Michel Esteban (b. 1951) studied art in Paris and at the School of Visual Arts in New York, before returning to Paris in 1975 and opening the shop Harry Cover (a pun on "haricots verts"), which specialised in current rock music merchandise from the US and UK. The basement shop quickly became the rehearsal place for Parisian new wave bands. Between 1975 and 1976, Esteban published Rock News, which covered the birth of the punk rock movement in London, New York and Paris. In 1977 he published Patti Smith's books Witt and The Night, and Lizzy Mercier Descloux's first book Desiderata.

In 1977, Esteban signed French new wave band Marie et les Garçons, and asked John Cale - who had been introduced to him by Patti Smith - to produce them. Cale produced the single "Re Bop" in New York, and when he decided to start a record label with Jane Friedman he asked Esteban to assist.  Cale later introduced Esteban to Zilkha, and they first established SPY Records to release singles produced by Cale, including records by Harry Toledo, the Necessaries, Lester Bangs, Model Citizens and Bob Neuwirth.

Zilkha and Esteban then left to set up their own label, ZE Records, a name taken from the initials of their surnames, to record the new music emerging in New York and elsewhere from a fusion of punk, disco and new wave music.  Much of the music produced by the company later became categorised as either "Mutant Disco" – a title used for one of ZE's early compilation albums – or "No Wave".  Chris Blackwell – a friend of Esteban's then-girlfriend, fashion editor Anna Wintour – gave ZE worldwide exposure through the label's licence deal with Island Records.

Within a short time, ZE Records became one of the more hip labels of its time, signing up such new talent as James White and the Blacks, Was (Not Was), Kid Creole and the Coconuts, Lydia Lunch, Lizzy Mercier Descloux, Cristina, The Waitresses, Bill Laswell's Material and Richard Strange, together with more established performers including John Cale and Suicide.  Many of its releases were first played at the Paradise Garage club in New York, starting point of Garage music.

ZE developed an independent and surrealist aesthetic identity.  It was described by John Peel in Melody Maker in 1980 as "the best independent record label in the world", and by Paul Tickell in The Face in 1982 as "the world¹s most fashionable label".  According to writer Andy Kellman:"At their most inspired, the artists on ZE found some middle ground between immensely accessible disco-pop and the avant-garde, without ever falling down the middle of the road. Music that appealed to Highlights-reading six year olds as well as their Village Voice-reading parents wasn't particularly common back then (surely there are no modern-day parallels); and it's just one of the voids that the ZE label filled, fostered by a very direct collision between the novelty of pop and the possibilities of artful experimentation."

The label's success and influence peaked around 1981-82. Esteban left New York in 1982, and ZE Records closed down in 1984.

Esteban continued to work with Lizzy Mercier Descloux, and with Lio, as well as other artists.  He restarted the ZE label in 2003 in France to record new artists, including Glasgow band Michael Dracula, as well as to reissue old material.  He lives today in Salvador da Bahia, Brazil, where he is working on music, contemporary arts and cultural project in general. Meanwhile, Michael Zilkha joined his family in working in the energy business, and is currently co-owner of a major renewable energy company based in Houston, Texas.

List of ZE recording artists

Discography

See also
 List of record labels

References

External links
 Official site
  Japanese fan site
  Dusted magazine review of reissues

American record labels
Record labels established in 1978
1978 establishments in New York City
1984 disestablishments in New York (state)
Record labels disestablished in 1984

ZE Records


Malang gad  is a hill fort located in the Matheran Hill Range,  Thane District, Maharashtra.

History
Malanggad was built by the King Naladev of the Maurya Dynasty in the seventh century. The fort was initially captured by the Marathas in the 17th century and was later conquered over by the British.

Nearby Kalyan East 15 km, the reinforcements arrived in early October as Colonel Hartley and Captain Jameson and their troops advanced on Malanggad and finally defeated the Marathas.

Major features

Malanggad is built on three levels. The lowest level is a plateau which is 1000 feet broad and 2500 feet long on which stands the Dargah of a Sufi saint - Haji Malang. At the other end of the plateau is the Panchi Pir which lies almost at the edge of the rock and is named after the five pirs who accompanied Shree Malang Gad. This plateau is called Pir Machi.

The next higher level is called the Sone Machi as it is the lower part of the fort. This is a projection of rock that is 70 feet broad and 100 feet long. It is shaped like an elephant trunk.

Malang Gad is different from other forts in Maharashtra. Whereas other forts have several gates and multiple watchtowers, the art of the main gate itself. With a wall with no machicolations to fire at the enemy and no fortifications, Malang Gad is one of the few forts to depend completely on natural aspects of the hill to defend itself.

Further reading
 Haji Malang

References

Forts in Maharashtra

Malanggad


Dr. John Billingham, BM BCh, (March 18, 1930 – August 4, 2013) was a British Physician and later director of the SETI Program Office and Director of the Life Sciences Division at the NASA Ames Research Center in the USA. After retiring from NASA he became a Trustee of the SETI Institute Board of Directors.

He was born in Worcester, England in 1930 and educated at the Royal Grammar School Worcester. From there he went on to University College, Oxford to study physiology. He gained a BM BCh degree from Oxford and Guy's Hospital, London (which is equivalent to an M.D. in the US).  He served as a medical officer with the Royal Air Force (RAF) for seven years, rising to the rank of Squadron Leader (equivalent to Major in the USAF). In 1963, he was invited to join NASA's Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, where he headed the Environmental Physiology Branch, and worked on the Mercury, Gemini and Apollo programs.

In 1965 he moved to the NASA Ames Research Center in California, where he headed up the Biotechnology Division, then the Extraterrestrial Research Division, and later the Life Science Division. In 1977 he appeared in the television documentary Mysteries of the Gods hosted by William Shatner to outline the projected search for extraterrestrial life that would later become Project Cyclops.

In 2009 he was inducted into the NASA Ames Hall of Fame where he was recognized for his efforts as the Father of SETI in NASA.  After retiring from NASA he joined the SETI Institute as Senior Scientist, and in 1995 he became a Member of the SETI Institute's Board of Trustees, serving a term as Vice-Chair. He was also one of the people behind Project Cyclops.

He died at the age of 83 in Grass Valley, California in August 2013.

References

External links
Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI)",1993, NASA Technical Reports Server
A reply from earth - A proposed approach to developing a message from humankind to extraterrestrial intelligence after we detect them",1990, NASA Technical Reports Server
The Evolution of Complex Life", 1989, NASA Technical Reports Server
Cultural aspects of SETI", 1991, NASA Technical Reports Server
Detection of the earth with the SETI microwave observing system assumed to be operating out in the Galaxy", 1991, NASA Technical Reports
An overview of selected biomedical aspects of Mars missions ", 1989, NASA Technical Reports Server

 'Father of SETI' at NASA, John Billingham astrobio.net
 Remembering John Billingham centauri-dreams.org, Retrieved 2013-08-09.

1930 births
2013 deaths
Military personnel from Worcester, England
Royal Air Force officers
Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
People educated at the Royal Grammar School Worcester
NASA people
English emigrants to the United States
Physicians from California
Alumni of University College, Oxford
Medical doctors from Worcester, England
20th-century English medical doctors
21st-century English medical doctors

John Billingham


To the Stars is a science fiction novel by American writer L. Ron Hubbard. The novel's story is set in a dystopian future, and chronicles the experiences of protagonist Alan Corday aboard a starship called the Hound of Heaven as he copes with the travails of time dilation from traveling at near light speed. Corday is kidnapped by the ship's captain and forced to become a member of their crew, and when he next returns to Earth his fiancée has aged and barely remembers him. He becomes accustomed to life aboard the ship, and when the captain dies Corday assumes command.

Hubbard's story was first published by John W. Campbell in two parts in a serialized format in 1950 in Astounding Science Fiction. It was first published in book format in 1954 under the title Return to Tomorrow, and was published in hardcover in 1975 under the same title. In 1997, film producers were in the process of developing the work as a movie for Touchstone Pictures. Jazz musician Chick Corea released a  2004 album of the same name with music inspired by the story, and Galaxy Press reissued a hardcover edition of Hubbard's novel the same year as a form of  cross marketing.

The book was generally positively received, and garnered a 2001 nomination for a "Retro" Hugo Award for Best Novella. Publishers Weekly gave the book a positive review, calling it one of Hubbard's "finest works", and Alan Cheuse highlighted the work on National Public Radio's program All Things Considered as a top literature holiday pick.

Plot
Protagonist Alan Corday is a young engineer, and is kidnapped from a spaceport called "New Chicago" and taken aboard the interstellar trading starship Hound of Heaven. The ship is commanded by a charismatic leader named Captain Jocelyn, who tells Corday to use his skills to help the Hound of Heaven in its travels between Earth and space colonies in other star systems. On the first page of the book's prologue Hubbard cites "the basic equation of mass and time.... AS MASS APPROACHES INFINITY, TIME APPROACHES ZERO", meaning that interstellar travelers at near light speed experience time relative to their environment, and when they return to their home star will find that decades or centuries may have passed. Six weeks of time aboard the ship amounts to roughly nine years experienced by those on Earth. Corday resists mingling with the culture aboard the starship, but when he returns home after travels with the Hound of Heaven he finds that his fiancée has aged and has trouble with her memory. Corday realizes his only home has become that of the starship. Captain Jocelyn is killed in an ambush on a dystopian Earth, and Corday takes command of the ship.

Publication history
To the Stars was first published in two parts in February and March 1950 in a serialized format by John W. Campbell in Astounding Science Fiction. Hubbard had previously written the story Ole Doc Methuselah for Astounding Science Fiction in 1947, later published as a book in 1992. In 1954 the story was published in book format by Ace Books in a paperback first edition, under the title Return to Tomorrow. Garland Publishing released a hardcover edition of Return to Tomorrow in 1975.

In 1997 Hollywood producers were working on developing a film version of To the Stars. Producers Barbara Boyle and Michael Taylor were preparing to bring the book to the film screen for Touchstone Pictures, a division of Walt Disney Motion Pictures Group. Boyle and Taylor had previously worked with actor John Travolta on the film Phenomenon, and the project was planned to be part of Travolta's vision to make films out of L. Ron Hubbard's science fiction novels. Hubbard's novel Battlefield Earth was first on his list, and Travolta starred in and helped fund the film version of the book which was released in 2000. A film version of To the Stars had not yet begun production as of 2008.

The jazz musician Chick Corea released a CD of the same name with music inspired by the story in 2004, and Galaxy Press reissued a hardcover edition of Hubbard's novel the same year as a form of  cross marketing. According to Publishers Weekly, Corea's soundtrack to the novel was issued by Galaxy Press to give the company's "enormous marketing muscle" the ability to "tap into the vast Hubbard fan base". Corea explains at his website how he was motivated to work on music inspired by the book. He comments that he was inspired by a scene from the book where Hubbard describes the Captain of the Hound of Heaven spaceship playing a melody on a piano.

Reception
To the Stars was nominated by the World Science Fiction Society for a "Retro" Hugo Award for Best Novella in 2001, losing to The Man Who Sold the Moon by Robert A. Heinlein. The "To the Stars" science-fiction magazine was published by Bridge Publications.

The book generally received positive reception from literature critics. Publishers Weekly described it as "golden SF from the Golden Age", and The Harvard Crimson called it "one of the great classics" of the Golden Age of Science Fiction. A reviewer writing in Publishers Weekly commented: "Hubbard brilliantly evokes the vastness of space and the tragedy of those who would conquer it", and called the book "one of his [Hubbard's] finest works". Alan Cheuse reviewed the book in the San Francisco Chronicle, writing: "As in a number of groundbreaking -- or time-breaking, I suppose we ought to say -- works of science fiction, the science behind the story is more interesting than the fiction itself. Hubbard is a thinker who writes, rather than a writer who thinks, as most masters are." Cheuse highlighted the book among his 2004 literature holiday picks in a piece for National Public Radio's program All Things Considered: "Before he began founding new religions, Hubbard was one of the country's most prolific pulp science fiction writers, and this book is one of his best." Georges T. Dodds, columnist for WARP, newsletter/fanzine of the Montreal Science Fiction and Fantasy association writes "besides being among the earliest hard science fiction works to consider time-dilation effects in long distance near-light-speed space travel, (To The Stars) is a pretty entertaining story."

Barnes & Noble's Explorations editor, Paul Goat Allen, put the book at number eight on his list of the top ten science fiction/fantasy novels for 2004, writing: "After more than half a century, 'To the Stars' is just as timely, just as awe-inspiring, just as profoundly moving as it was in 1950." In a review of the book for the website SF Site, Georges T. Dodds writes: "To the Stars, besides being among the earliest hard science fiction works to consider time-dilation effects in long-distance near-light-speed space travel, is a pretty entertaining story." Writing in the Marburg Journal of Religion, Marco Frenschkowski of the University of Mainz described the book as a "melancholy tale about interplanetary travel and the effects of time dilation". University of California, Irvine physics professor and science fiction author Gregory Benford wrote positively of the book in an article for the science fiction website "Crows Nest": "Writers had used Einstein's special relativity theory before in stories, but Hubbard brought to his novel the compressed story telling and pulp skills that had stood him in over a decade of professional writing."

Galaxy reviewer Groff Conklin described the 1954 edition as "a fast-paced and grim adventure . . . just short of absurdity, but interesting nevertheless." Anthony Boucher panned the novel, calling it "a surprisingly routine and plotless space opera."

In addition to Chick Corea's album, which is directly based on the novel, it was also referenced in the 1996 album Fantastic Planet by the band Failure, the cover art of which is based on the book cover of the first edition of Return to Tomorrow.

References

External links

1954 American novels
Novels by L. Ron Hubbard
American science fiction novels
Works originally published in Analog Science Fiction and Fact
Novels first published in serial form
Dystopian novels

To the Stars (novel)


Arthur, Prince of Wales (19/20 September 1486 – 2 April 1502), was the eldest son of King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York, and an older brother to the future King Henry VIII. He was Duke of Cornwall from birth, and he was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester in 1489. As the heir apparent of his father, Arthur was viewed by contemporaries as the great hope of the newly established House of Tudor. His mother, Elizabeth, was the daughter of the Yorkist king, Edward IV, and his birth cemented the union between the House of Lancaster and the House of York.

Plans for Arthur's marriage began before his third birthday; he was installed as Prince of Wales two years later. At the age of eleven, he was formally betrothed to Catherine of Aragon, a daughter of the powerful Catholic Monarchs in Spain, in an effort to forge an Anglo-Spanish alliance against France and Scotland. Arthur was well educated and was in good health for the majority of his life. Soon after his marriage to Catherine in 1501, the couple took up residence at Ludlow Castle in Shropshire, where Arthur died six months later, possibly from the sweating sickness, which Catherine survived. Catherine later firmly stated that the marriage had not been consummated.

One year after Arthur's death, Henry VII renewed his efforts to seal a marital alliance with Spain by arranging for Catherine to marry Arthur's younger brother Henry, who would ascend to the throne in 1509 as King Henry VIII. The question over whether Arthur and Catherine had consummated their marriage was much later, and in a completely different political context, exploited by Henry VIII and his court. This strategy was employed in order to cast doubt upon the validity of Catherine's union with Henry VIII, eventually leading to the separation between the Church of England and the Roman Catholic Church.

Infancy

Henry VII became King of England upon defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. In an effort to strengthen the Tudor claim to the throne, Henry decided on naming his firstborn son "Arthur" and having him born in Winchester – where the Legend of King Arthur originated – in order to emphasise the Welsh origin of the Tudors. On this occasion, Camelot was identified as present-day Winchester, and his wife, Elizabeth of York, was sent to Saint Swithun's Priory (today Winchester Cathedral Priory) in order to give birth there. Born at Saint Swithun's Priory on the night of 19/20 September 1486 at about 1 am, Arthur was Henry and Elizabeth's eldest child.

Arthur's birth was anticipated by French and Italian humanists eager for the start of a "Virgilian golden age". Sir Francis Bacon wrote that although the Prince was born one month premature, he was "strong and able". Young Arthur was viewed as "a living symbol" of not only the union between the House of Lancaster and the House of York, to which his mother belonged as the daughter of Edward IV, but also of the end of the Wars of the Roses. In the opinion of contemporaries, Arthur was the great hope of the newly established House of Tudor.

Arthur became Duke of Cornwall at birth. Four days after his birth, he was baptised at Winchester Cathedral by the Bishop of Worcester, John Alcock, which was immediately followed by his confirmation. John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford, Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby, William FitzAlan, 16th Earl of Arundel, Queen Elizabeth Woodville and Cecily of York served as godparents; the latter two, his grandmother and aunt, respectively, carried the prince during the ceremony. Initially, Arthur's nursery in Farnham was headed by Elizabeth Darcy, who had served as chief nurse for Edward IV's children, including Arthur's own mother. After Arthur was created Prince of Wales in 1490, he was awarded a household structure at the behest of his father. Over the next thirteen years, Henry VII and Elizabeth would have six more children, of whom only threeMargaret, Henry and Marywould reach adulthood. Arthur was especially close to his sister Margaret (b. 1489) and his brother Henry (b. 1491), with whom he shared a nursery.

On 29 November 1489, after being made a Knight of the Bath, Arthur was appointed Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, and was invested as such at the Palace of Westminster on 27 February 1490. As part of his investiture ceremony, he progressed down the River Thames in the royal barge and was met at Chelsea by the Lord Mayor of London, John Mathewe, and at Lambeth by Spanish ambassadors. On 8 May 1491, he was made a Knight of the Garter at Saint George's Chapel at Windsor Palace. It was around this time that Arthur began his formal education under John Rede, a former headmaster of Winchester College. His education was subsequently taken over by Bernard André, a blind poet, and then by Thomas Linacre, formerly Henry VII's physician. Arthur's education covered grammar, poetry, rhetoric and ethics and focused on history.

Arthur was a very skilled pupil and André wrote that the Prince of Wales had either memorised or read a selection of Homer, Virgil, Ovid, Terence, a good deal of Cicero and a wide span of historical works, including those of Thucydides, Caesar, Livy and Tacitus. Arthur was also a "superb archer", and had learned to dance "right pleasant and honourably" by 1501.

Childhood
The popular belief that Arthur was sickly during his lifetime stems from a misunderstanding of a 1502 letter, but there are no reports of Arthur being ill during his lifetime. Arthur grew up to be unusually tall for his age, and was considered handsome by the Spanish court: he had reddish hair, small eyes, and a high-bridged nose, resembling his brother Henry, who was said to be "extremely handsome" by contemporaries. As described by historians Steven Gunn and Linda Monckton, Arthur had an "amiable and gentle" personality and was, overall, a "delicate lad".

In May 1490 Arthur was created warden of all the marches towards Scotland and the Earl of Surrey was appointed as the Prince's deputy. From 1491, Arthur was named on peace commissions. In October 1492, when his father travelled to France, he was named Keeper of England and King's Lieutenant. Following the example of Edward IV, Henry VII set up the Council of Wales and the Marches for Arthur in Wales, in order to enforce royal authority there. Although the council had already been set up in 1490, it was headed by Jasper Tudor, Duke of Bedford. By 1493, Arthur had been sent with his household to Ludlow Castle, near Wales. In March 1493, Arthur was granted the power to appoint justices of oyer and terminer and inquire into franchises, thus strengthening the council's authority. In November of that year, the Prince also received an extensive land grant in Wales, including the County of March.

Arthur was served by sons of English, Irish and Welsh nobility, such as Gerald FitzGerald, 9th Earl of Kildare, who had been brought to the English court as a consequence of the involvement of his father, Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare, in the crowning of pretender Lambert Simnel in Ireland during Henry VII's reign. Other servants were Anthony Willoughby, a son of Robert Willoughby, 1st Baron Willoughby de Broke, Robert Radcliffe, the heir of the 9th Baron FitzWalter and Maurice St John, a favourite nephew of Arthur's grandmother Lady Margaret Beaufort. He was brought up with Gruffydd ap Rhys ap Thomas, the son of powerful Welsh nobleman Rhys ap Thomas. Gruffydd grew quite close to Arthur and was buried in Worcester Cathedral upon his death in 1521, alongside the Prince's tomb.

Marriage

Henry VII planned to marry Arthur to a daughter of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, in order to forge an Anglo-Spanish alliance against France. It was suggested that the choice of marrying Arthur to Ferdinand and Isabella's youngest daughter, Catherine (b. 1485), would be appropriate. Thanks to negotiations by the Spanish ambassador Rodrigo González de la Puebla, the Treaty of Medina del Campo (27 March 1489) provided that Arthur and Catherine would be married as soon as they reached canonical age; it also settled Catherine's dowry at 200,000 crowns (the equivalent of £5 million in 2007). Since Arthur, not yet 14, was below the age of consent, a papal dispensation (i.e., waiver) allowing the marriage was issued in February 1497, and the pair were betrothed by proxy on 25 August 1497.

To demonstrate his status as heir to the throne, Arthur made a Royal Entry to Coventry in October 1498. He was welcomed with pageants of the Nine Worthies, introduced by King Arthur, by Queen Fortune, and by Saint George defending a maiden from the dragon. In 1499, a marriage by proxy took place at Arthur's Tickenhill Manor in Bewdley, near Worcester; Arthur said to Roderigo de Puebla, who acted as proxy for Catherine, that "he much rejoiced to contract the marriage because of his deep and sincere love for the Princess". In October 1499, Arthur, referring to Catherine as "my dearest spouse", wrote: "I cannot tell you what an earnest desire I feel to see your Highness, and how vexatious to me is this procrastination about your coming. Let [it] be hastened, [that] the love conceived between us and the wished-for joys may reap their proper fruit."

The young couple exchanged letters in Latin until 20 September 1501, when Arthur, having attained the age of 15, was deemed old enough to be married. Catherine landed in England about two weeks later, on 2 October 1501, at Plymouth. The next month, on 4 November 1501, the couple met  for the first time at Dogmersfield in Hampshire. Arthur wrote to Catherine's parents that he would be "a true and loving husband"; the couple soon discovered that they had mastered different pronunciations of Latin and so were unable to easily communicate. Five days later, on 9 November 1501, Catherine arrived in London.

On 14 November 1501, the marriage ceremony finally took place at Saint Paul's Cathedral; both Arthur and Catherine wore white satin. The ceremony was conducted by Henry Deane, Archbishop of Canterbury, who was assisted by William Warham, Bishop of London. Following the ceremony, Arthur and Catherine left the Cathedral and headed for Baynard's Castle, where they were entertained by "the best voiced children of the King's chapel, who sang right sweetly with quaint harmony".

What followed was a bedding ceremony laid down by Arthur's grandmother Lady Margaret Beaufort: the bed was sprinkled with holy water, after which Catherine was led away from the wedding feast by her ladies-in-waiting. She was undressed, veiled and "reverently" laid in bed, while Arthur, "in his shirt, with a gown cast about him," was escorted by his gentlemen into the bedchamber as viols and tabors played. The Bishop of London blessed the bed, and prayed for the marriage to be fruitful, after which the couple were left alone. This is the only public bedding of a royal couple recorded in Britain in the 16th century.

Death

After residing at Tickenhill Manor for a month, Arthur and Catherine headed for the Welsh Marches, where they established their household at Ludlow Castle. Arthur had been growing weaker since his wedding, and  Henry VII thus seemed reluctant to allow Catherine to follow him, until ultimately ordering her to join her husband. Arthur found it easy to govern Wales, as the border had become quiet after many centuries of warfare. In March 1502, Arthur and Catherine were afflicted by an unknown illness, "a malign vapour which proceeded from the air." It has been suggested that this illness was the mysterious English sweating sickness, tuberculosis ("consumption"), plague or influenza. While Catherine recovered, Arthur died on 2 April 1502 at Ludlow, six months short of his sixteenth birthday.

News of Arthur's death reached Henry VII's court late on 4 April. The King was awoken from his sleep by his confessor, who quoted Job by asking Henry "If we receive good things at the hands of God, why may we not endure evil things?" He then told the king that "[his] dearest son hath departed to God," and Henry burst into tears. "Grief-stricken and emotional," he then had his wife brought into his chambers, so that they might "take the painful news together"; Elizabeth reminded Henry that God had helped him become king and "had ever preserved him," adding that they had been left with "yet a fair Prince and two fair princesses and that God is where he was, and [they were] both young enough." Soon after leaving Henry's bedchamber, Elizabeth collapsed and began to cry, while the ladies sent for the King, who hurriedly came and "relieved her."

On 8 April, a general procession took place for the salvation of Arthur's soul. That night, a dirge was sung in St Paul's Cathedral and every parish church in London. On 23 April, Arthur's body, which had previously been embalmed, sprinkled with holy water and sheltered with a canopy, was carried out of Ludlow Castle and into the Parish Church of Ludlow by various noblemen and gentlemen. On 25 April, Arthur's body was taken to Worcester Cathedral via the River Severn, in a "special wagon upholstered in black and drawn by six horses, also caparisoned in black." As was customary, Catherine did not attend the funeral. The Earl of Surrey acted as chief mourner. At the end of the ceremony, Sir William Uvedale, Sir Richard Croft and Arthur's household ushers broke their staves of office and threw them into the Prince's grave. During the funeral, Arthur's own arms were shown alongside those of Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd and Brutus of Troy. Two years later, a chantry was erected over Arthur's grave.

Legacy

Shortly after Arthur's death, the idea of betrothing the widowed Catherine to the new heir apparent, Henry, had arisen; Henry VII and Isabella I were keen on moving forward with the betrothal and the pope granted a dispensation towards that end. Henry VIII ascended the throne on 22 April 1509 and married Arthur's widow on 11 June. They had six children; three of their sons died before reaching three months of age, a daughter was stillborn, and another lived for only a week. The couple's surviving child was Mary I (b. 1516). In 1526, Henry started to pursue the affections of Anne Boleyn. At the same time, he became troubled by what became known as the King's "great matter", that is, finding an appropriate solution for his lack of male descendants. It soon became the King's wish to dissolve his marriage and marry Anne, who was more likely to bear children.

Henry believed that his marriage was cursed and found confirmation in the Bible, in . Although in the morning following his wedding, Arthur had claimed that he was thirsty "for I have been in the midst of Spain last night" and that "having a wife is a good pastime", these claims are generally dismissed by modern historians as mere boasts of a boy who did not want others to know of his failure. Until the day she died, Catherine maintained that she had married Henry while still a virgin. After Henry's constant support of the claim that Catherine's first marriage had been consummated, an annulment was issued on 23 May 1533, while the King had already married Anne on 25 January. Anne was beheaded for high treason in 1536, after which Henry proceeded to marry four more times. At the time of his death in 1547, Henry only had three living children; the only son, Edward VI, succeeded but died six years later. His successors were Henry's daughters by Catherine and Anne, Mary I and Elizabeth I. Upon Elizabeth's death in 1603, the House of Tudor came to an end.

In 2002, following the initiative of canon Ian MacKenzie, Arthur's funeral was reenacted with a requiem mass at Worcester Cathedral, on occasion of the quincentenary of his death. Despite his role in English history, Arthur has remained largely forgotten since his death. The only known portrait of Arthur was rediscovered by English art dealer Philip Mould. The stained-glass image of Arthur Tudor praying is in St Laurence's Church in Ludlow Shropshire where he died at the castle in 1502.

In popular culture
Arthur has been featured in several historical fiction novels, such as The King's Pleasure, by Norah Lofts, Three Sisters, Three Queens by Philippa Gregory and Katherine, The Virgin Widow, by Jean Plaidy. In The Constant Princess, by Philippa Gregory, Catherine promises Arthur to marry his brother, thus fulfilling not only her own destiny of becoming Queen of England but also the couple's plans for the future of the kingdom. The Alteration, by Kingsley Amis, is an alternate history novel centred on the "War of the English Succession" during which Henry VIII attempts to usurp the throne of his nephew, Stephen II, Arthur and Catherine's son.

The historical drama The Six Wives of Henry VIII was broadcast in 1970, with Martin Ratcliffe as "Prince Arthur". In 1972, BBC2 aired a historical miniseries titled The Shadow of the Tower, with "Lord Arthur, Prince of Wales" played by Jason Kemp. He is portrayed by Angus Imrie in 2019 period drama The Spanish Princess.

Ancestors

References

Endnotes

Footnotes

Bibliography

External links
 "Intimate Strangers",  a popular account of the sweating sickness theory.

|-

1486 births
1502 deaths
15th-century English nobility
16th-century English nobility
Burials at Worcester Cathedral
Catherine of Aragon
Children of Henry VII of England
Deaths from sweating sickness
Dukes of Cornwall
Heirs apparent who never acceded
Heirs to the English throne
House of Tudor
Knights of the Bath
Knights of the Garter
Lords Warden of the Marches
People from Winchester
Princes of Wales
Royalty who died as children
Sons of kings

Arthur, Prince of Wales


Howard James "Danny" Doyle (January 24, 1917 – December 14, 2004) was a catcher in Major League Baseball who played briefly for the Boston Red Sox during the 1943 season. Listed at , 195 lb. Doyle was a switch-hitter and threw right-handed. He was born in McLoud, Oklahoma.

Doyle attended Oklahoma State University, where he earned seven letters – four in basketball and three in baseball. He entered the majors in August 1943 with the Red Sox, appearing in 13 games while hitting a .209 batting average (9-for-43) with six RBI, two runs, and one double without home runs.

After that, Doyle enrolled the USAF during World War II and never appeared in a major league game again. He served from 1944 to 1946 and received a service related disability that would keep him from playing again. Then, he returned to Oklahoma State and worked as an assistant coach before becoming the basketball and baseball coach at Auburn University from 1947–49.

Doyle became a successful scout for the Boston Red Sox almost continuously since 1949 (he spent one season, 1965, as a scout for the New York Yankees). Some of his signings included Jim Lonborg, Roger Clemens and Ellis Burks. In 1988, he was named MLB's National Scout of the Year. He also was a member of the Oklahoma State University Baseball Hall of Fame. In March 2009 Doyle was named the "Best Athlete to wear #24 in Oklahoma State history" by GoPokes magazine.

Doyle died in Stillwater, Oklahoma, at the age of 87.

References

External links

 Baseball Almanac

 Encyclopedia of MLB catchers
 Historic Baseball
 Retrosheet
 Baseball in Wartime

1917 births
2004 deaths
Major League Baseball catchers
Auburn Tigers baseball coaches
Auburn Tigers men's basketball coaches
Boston Red Sox players
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Oklahoma State Cowboys basketball players
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Danny Doyle (baseball)


Drosera anglica, commonly known as the English sundew or great sundew, is a carnivorous flowering plant species belonging to the sundew family Droseraceae. It is a temperate species with a circumboreal range, although it does occur as far south as Japan, southern Europe, and the island of Kauai in Hawaii, where it grows as a tropical sundew. It is thought to originate from an amphidiploid hybrid of D. rotundifolia and D. linearis, meaning that a sterile hybrid between these two species doubled its chromosomes to produce fertile progeny which stabilized into the current D. anglica.

Morphology

Drosera anglica is a perennial herb which forms an upright, stemless rosette of generally linear-spatulate leaves. As is typical for sundews, the laminae are densely covered with stalked reddish colored mucilaginous glands, each tipped with a clear droplet of a viscous fluid used for trapping insects. The lamina, which is  long, is held semi-erect by a long petiole, bringing the total leaf size to . Plants are green, coloring red in bright light. In all populations except those in Kaua'i, D. anglica forms winter resting buds called hibernacula. These consist of a knot of tightly curled leaves at ground level, which unfurl in spring at the end of the dormancy period. The root system is weak and penetrates only a few centimeters, serving mainly as an anchor and for water absorption. Nitrogen is in short supply in bogs and trapping and digesting insects provides an alternate source.

Drosera anglica flowers in the summer, sending up peduncles . long bearing several white flowers which open individually. Like other sundews, the flowers have five sepals, petals, and stamens with three styles. The petals for this species are 8–12 mm (¼ to ½") long, and the flowers have branched 2-lobed styles. The odorless, nectar-less flowers do not rely on insect pollinators for pollination, rather setting seed well through self-pollination (autogamy).  The black roundish spindle-shaped seeds, are 1 to  mm long. The fruits are a dehiscent three-valved capsule.

Carnivory

Like all sundews, D. anglica uses stalked mucilaginous glands called tentacles which cover its laminae to attract, trap, and digest small arthropods, usually insects. These are attracted by a sugary scent exuded by the glands, and upon alighting on the plant adhere to the sticky drops of mucilage. Although most of its prey consists of small insects such as flies, bulkier insects with large wings are also caught. Small butterflies, damselflies, and even dragonflies can become immobilized by the plant's sticky mucilage.

The plant's initial response to contact with prey consists of thigmotropic (movement in response to touch) tentacle movement, with tentacles bending toward the prey and the center of the leaf to maximize contact. D. anglica is also capable of further movement, being able to bend the actual leaf blade around prey to further the digestion process. Tentacle movement can occur in a matter of minutes, whereas the leaf takes hours or days to bend. When something gets caught, the tentacles touching the prey exude additional mucilage to mire down the prey, which eventually dies of exhaustion or is asphyxiated as the mucilage clogs its tracheae. Once the prey has been digested and the resulting nutrient solution has been absorbed by the plant, the leaf unfurls, leaving only the prey's exoskeleton behind.

Habitat

Drosera anglica grows in open, non-forested habitat with wet, often calcium-rich soils. These include bogs, marl fens, quaking bogs, cobble shores, and other calcareous habitats. This tolerance of calcium is relatively rare in the rest of the genus. D. anglica is often associated with various sphagnum mosses, and many times grows in a soil substrate that is entirely composed of living, dead, or decomposed sphagnum. The sphagnum wicks moisture to the surface while simultaneously acidifying it. What soil nutrients are not seeped away by the constant moisture are often used up by the sphagnum or made unavailable by the low soil pH. Since nutrient availability is low, competition from other plants is diminished, allowing the carnivorous English sundew to flourish.

Distribution

Drosera anglica is one of the most widely distributed sundews in the world. It is generally circumboreal, meaning that it is found at high latitudes around the globe. In a few areas, however, it is found farther south, particularly in Japan, southern Europe, the Hawaiian island of Kauai, and California. Plants from Hawaii, where it is known as mikinalo, are generally smaller than normal and do not experience a winter dormancy period. Its natural habitat includes 12 U.S. states, including Alaska, and 11 Canadian provinces and territories. The altitudinal range is from 5 metres (20') to at least 2000 metres (6000').
In the US state of Minnesota, it was found in 1978 growing in shallow pools in peatlands with minerotrophic water dominated by low growing mosses and sedge species; because of its limited to small populations, and the type of microhabitats that it occupies, it is listed as a threatened species in the state.

Special origins

All North American Drosera species except for D. anglica have a chromosome count of 2n=20. In 1955, Wood noted that D. anglica had a chromosome count of 2n=40, and hypothesized that it was of hybrid amphidiploid origin. Since the leaf morphology of D. anglica is an intermediary between that of D. rotundifolia and D. linearis and the two occur sympatrically in several locations, Wood conjectured that D. anglica likely originated from a hybrid between these two.

All North American Drosera species produce sterile hybrids. The natural hybrid D. rotundifolia × D. linearis (conventionally but incorrectly referred to as Drosera ×anglica), is also sterile but is morphologically similar to the modern D. anglica. Errors in meiosis during ovule and pollen production, however, can result in a chromosome doubling which can allow for viable seed to be produced. The resulting plants, known as amphiploids, would be fertile. Woods noted that this appeared to be an ongoing process with D. anglica speciating from D. rotundifolia × D. linearis through amphidiploidy in multiple locations. The question remains as to why D. anglica is so widespread, whereas the range of D. linearis is limited to the Great Lakes region of North America. The greater adaptability of D. anglica to varied habitat conditions could be a major factor.

Botanical history
Drosera anglica was first described by William Hudson in 1778. It has frequently been confused with the other circumpolar long-leaf Drosera, D. intermedia. This confusion was fueled by the resurfacing of an older name, D. longifolia (described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753), which was regarded as being too ambiguous in description and had been applied to specimens of both D. anglica and D. intermedia. Herbarium specimens were also a mix of the two species. These points led Martin Cheek to propose D. longifolia for rejection as a species name in 1998. The proposal was accepted and the taxon listed as rejected in 1999.

Hybrids
Several naturally occurring hybrids involving D. anglica exist. These include:

These are all sterile. In addition, several man-made hybrids have been made.

Gallery

References

External links

Jepson Manual Treatment
Species account, photographs, and Wisconsin distribution from Wisconsin State Herbarium (UW-Madison)
GRIN taxonomy page, including global distribution info
Key to North American Drosera species
Cultivation Information
International Carnivorous Plant Society
Insectivorous Plants (1875) by Charles Darwin

Carnivorous plants of Asia
Carnivorous plants of Europe
Carnivorous plants of North America
Carnivorous plants of the Pacific
Flora of Hawaii
anglica
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Drosera anglica


Philip Bruce Goff (born 22 Juin 1953) is a New Zealand politeecian, an a member o the kintra's pairlament in Wellington, representin the Labour Pairty.  He is a consteetuency member unner the proportional representation seestem, representin Mt Roskill.

1953 births
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Phil Goff


Adriaen or Adriaan van Stalbemt or Adriaen van Stalbempt (12 June 1580 – 21 September 1662) was a Flemish painter and printmaker who is known for his landscapes with religious, mythological and allegorical scenes. He was also a gifted figure painter who was regularly invited to paint the staffage in compositions of fellow painters.

Life
The Flemish biographer Cornelis de Bie stated in his book of artist biographies Het Gulden Cabinet, published in 1661, that Adriaen van Stalbemt was born on 12 June 1580.  No baptismal records from Antwerp's churches for the artist exist as his family was Protestant.  After the fall of Antwerp in 1585, his family moved for religious reasons to Middelburg where he probably received his artistic training.

He returned to Antwerp after 1609, probably after the entry into effect of the Twelve Years' Truce, which heralded a cessation of hostilities between the Habsburg rulers of the Southern Netherlands and the Dutch Republic. He was admitted in 1610 as a master of the Antwerp Guild of St Luke. In 1616 Hans Mesmaeckers was registered as his pupil.  In 1617 he was elected dean of the Guild.  In this role he was able to obtain the reinstatement of certain privileges of the chamber of rhetoric the Violieren, which was linked to the Guild.  He established himself as a painter of landscapes but was also a capable staffage and animal painter.  He worked on commissions for the art dealer Peter Goetkint II for whom he made cabinet paintings, i.e. small paintings on copper that were integrated into cabinets.  He also produced paintings for the Antwerp art dealer Chrysostomos van Immerseel.

On 5 May 1613, van Stalbemt married Barbara Verdelft, daughter of the art dealer Jan Verdelft.  A daughter born to the couple died young and the couple remained childless.  After his wedding the artist's career started to take off and the family was able to acquire a home in the fashionable city centre on the Meir.

In 1633 the artist was active in London for about ten months. Cornelis de Bie reported that King Charles I of England had invited the artist to England. During his stay he painted two landscape views of Greenwich with King Charles I and Queen Henrietta Maria (still in the Royal Collection).

The artist had converted back to Catholicism upon his wedding but had returned to the Protestant faith shortly before his death.  He died on 21 September 1662 and was buried in an unconsecrated burial site in Putte.

Work

General

Van Stalbemt was a versatile artist who was active as a painter as well as a printmaker.  He was mainly known for his landscapes which typically included religious, mythological and allegorical scenes. Only a small number of his works is dated which makes it difficult to establish a chronology. One of the reference works for attributions is the Feast of the Gods in the Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister in Dresden, which is signed and dated 1622.

His style has been described as eclectic, as it shows the influences of various artists such as Jan Brueghel the Elder, Jan Brueghel the Younger, Hendrick van Balen, Paul Bril and Adam Elsheimer. His landscapes are also influenced by Gillis van Coninxloo.

A work showing Jan Brueghel the Elder's influence is the Landscape with Fables (Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp). This is reflected in van Stalbemt's meticulous brush technique and the miniature treatment of details. Alongside Abraham Govaerts, van Stalbemt is considered one of the best followers and imitators of Jan Brueghel the Elder.  Various characteristics help distinguish his works from those of Breughel: to render foliage and the colour of the houses he used light yellow rather than pink as Jan Brueghel the Elder did.

Other works are duller in colour and do not display the same meticulous brush technique.  The composition David slaying Goliath (1618, Museo del Prado, Madrid) is a collaborative work with Pieter Brueghel the Younger, in which the figures were the work of van Stalbemt. One group of works previously attributed to Adam Elsheimer has been reattributed to van Stalbemt. The influence of Elsheimer, which is particularly apparent in the composition, is believed to have been passed on via David Teniers the Elder, who had worked for a period in Elsheimer's studio. Van Stalbemt's later work shows similarities with Hendrick van Balen's work.

Van Stalbemt was also active as a printmaker.  A series of landscape prints by his hand represent respectively a coastal marine view with ships, a watermill, a windmill, ruins and a castle on a mountain.

Gallery paintings
Gallery paintings depict large rooms in which many paintings and other precious items are displayed in elegant surroundings.  The earliest works in this genre depicted art objects together with other items such as scientific instruments or peculiar natural specimens.  Frans Francken the Younger and Jan Brueghel the Elder started the genre by creating paintings of art and curiosity collections in the 1620s. Some gallery paintings include portraits of the owners or collectors of the art objects or artists at work. The genre became immediately quite popular and was followed by other artists such as Jan Brueghel the Younger, Cornelis de Baellieur, Hans Jordaens, David Teniers the Younger, Gillis van Tilborch and Hieronymus Janssens.

A number of gallery paintings have traditionally been attributed to van Stalbemt.  This includes the composition The Sciences and the Arts and the reduced replica of the lower right hand corner of that composition called The Geographer and the Naturalist (both in the Prado).  A Collector's Cabinet, which is similar to the paintings in the Prado, was sold at Sotheby's on 9 July 2014 as lot 57.  Most art historians now appear to agree that these works should be attributed to Hieronymus Francken II as van Stalbemt's figures differ from those in these gallery paintings. It is now believed that the staffage in all of the gallery interiors was most likely the work of as yet unidentified figure painters. Other gallery paintings that formerly were attributed to van Stalbemt have been re-attributed to Hieronymus Francken II. Even so, some art historians still are of the view that van Stalbemt was also active in this genre.  For instance, some art historians still see the hand of van Stalbemt in one of the best known gallery pictures – The Archdukes Albert and Isabella Visiting a Collector's Cabinet (collection of The Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, Maryland).

Notes

External links

1580 births
1662 deaths
Flemish Baroque painters
Flemish landscape painters
Flemish printmakers
Painters from Antwerp

Adriaen van Stalbemt


Anaconda is the installer for Red Hat Linux and Fedora. It is written in Python and C, with a graphical interface using GTK+ 3 and PyGObject and a text inetrface using python-newt. A kickstart file can be used to automatically configure the installation, allowing users to run it without much supervision.

Anaconda is used by RHEL, Fedora and a number of other projects, Anaconda offers a text-mode and GUI mode, so users can install on a wide range of systems.

Anacondas are lizard-eating boas, and the Caldera installation program was called "Lizard", hence this name was chosen.

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