Virgil Walter Earp (July 18, 1843 – October 19, 1905) was both deputy U.S. Marshal and Tombstone, Arizona, City Marshal when he led his younger brothers Wyatt and Morgan, and Doc Holliday, in a confrontation with outlaw Cowboys at the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral on October 26, 1881. They killed brothers Tom and Frank McLaury and Billy Clanton. All three Earp brothers had been the target of repeated death threats made by the Cowboys who were upset by the Earps' interference in their illegal activities. All four lawmen were charged with murder by Ike Clanton, who had run from the gunfight. During a month-long preliminary hearing, Judge Wells Spicer exonerated the men, concluding they had been performing their duty.

But two months later on December 28, friends of the slain outlaws retaliated, ambushing Virgil. They shot him in the back, hitting him with three shotgun rounds, shattering his left arm and leaving him permanently maimed. The Cowboys suspected were let off for lack of evidence. His brother Morgan Earp was assassinated in March 1882. Charges against those suspected were dismissed on a technicality. Wyatt Earp, appointed as deputy U.S. Marshal to replace Virgil, concluded he could not rely on civil justice and decided to take matters into his own hands.  Wyatt assembled a federal posse that included their brother Warren Earp and set out on a vendetta to kill those they felt were responsible. Virgil left Tombstone to recuperate from his wounds in Colton, California, where his parents lived.

Virgil married before he left to serve in the Union Army during the American Civil War. When he returned, his wife and child had left. He held a variety of other jobs throughout his life, though he primarily worked in law enforcement. His younger brother, Wyatt, who spent most of his life as a gambler, became better known as a lawman because of writer Stuart N. Lake's fictionalized 1931 biography Wyatt Earp: Frontier Marshal and later portrayals of him in movies and fiction as Old West's "toughest and deadliest gunmen of his day." In 1898, Virgil learned that his first wife Ellen Rysdam and their daughter were living in Oregon and reestablished contact with them. After suffering from pneumonia for six months, Virgil died on October 19, 1905.

Early life
Virgil Earp was born in Hartford, Kentucky, the second son of Nicholas Earp and Virginia Ann Cooksey.

Marriage to Ellen Rysdam

In February 1860, while living in Pella, Iowa, 16-year-old Virgil eloped with 17-year-old Dutch immigrant Magdalena C. "Ellen" Rysdam (October 25, 1842 in Utrecht, Netherlands – May 3, 1910 in Cornelius, Oregon). One report states that they saw each other only occasionally and kept their marriage secret until Ellen was about to deliver their first child. When her parents Gerrit Rysdam and Magdalena Catrina Van Velzen learned of the marriage, they were furious, as they preferred that she marry a man who was also Dutch. Virgil's father thought he was too young to marry. Both parents wanted to get the marriage annulled. One source reports that Rysdam was successful, but another says her father failed because Virgil and Ellen refused to reveal where they had been married. They also claimed they had used false names, which would have made the marriage invalid in any case.

Virgil and Ellen remained together for a year in spite of his and her parents' disapproval. On July 26, 1861, Virgil enlisted at age 18 in the Union Army. Ellen had a daughter named Nellie Jane, born January 7, 1862 or in July 1862. Virgil was mustered in to the Illinois Volunteer Infantry for three years on September 21, 1862.

Civil War Service

Virgil enlisted as a Private in Company C of the 83rd Illinois Infantry on July 26, 1862, and mustered into service on August 21. The 83rd fought at the Battle of Dover and then was primarily on garrison duty in Tennessee.  Virgil was court-martialed for a minor offense and docked two weeks pay as punishment.

In the summer of 1863 while Virgil was on active duty, Ellen's father told her that Virgil had been killed in Tennessee. In early 1864, Ellen married a Dutch man named John Van Rossum, and in May of that year they joined a large group who relocated from Pella, Iowa, to the Oregon Territory.

When Virgil was discharged from the military on June 26, 1865, he returned to Iowa but could not find his wife and daughter. He hired on at a local farm and helped operate a grocery store, before leaving for California to join the rest of the Earp family.  In 1868, Nicholas Earp took the family east again, eventually settling in Lamar, Missouri. On August 28, 1870, Virgil married Rosella Dragoo (born in France in 1853) in Lamar. His father as justice of the peace married them, but there are no further records of Rosella.

Allie Sullivan

Virgil later met Alvira "Allie" Sullivan from Florence, Nebraska in 1874. She was a waitress at the Planter's House Hotel in Council Bluffs, Iowa. They never married but remained together the rest of his life. During the remainder of his life, Virgil worked at a variety of jobs, including peace officer, farmer, rail construction in Wyoming, stagecoach driver, sawmill sawyer in Prescott, Arizona Territory, mailman, and later in life, prospector. The Earp brothers were close and often moved together, seeking a better life. Virgil spent time in Dodge City, Kansas in 1877 with his younger brother Wyatt. Although there is no record of Virgil ever holding any law enforcement position there, Allie claimed he briefly worked as a deputy town marshal with Wyatt.

Arrival in Arizona
From Dodge City, Virgil and Allie moved to Prescott on the 4th of July 1877, the capital of the Arizona Territory. Virgil first delivered mail between Camp Verde and Prescott, then later owned a saw mill at the base of Thumb Butte, just west of Prescott.

On October 16, 1877, U.S. Marshal Wiley Standifer, Yavapai County Sheriff Edward Franklin Bowers, Prescott Constable Frank Murray, Virgil Earp, and Colonel William Henry McCall attempted to arrest John Tallos and accused murderer George Wilson. While the others rode on horseback or carriages, Virgil ran on foot after the posse that pursued the two men to the edge of town, where a gun fight broke out. Virgil spotted one of the two men under a tree, reloading his pistol. Using a Winchester rifle from a distance, Virgil shot him through the head, killing him.

Virgil was shortly afterwards offered a job as a driver for Patterson, Caldwell & Levally, a local freight company, during which he met John J. Gosper, Secretary of the Arizona Territory. Gosper was acting Governor in the place of Governor John C. Frémont, who was frequently absent. When Crawley Dake was appointed U.S. Marshal, he and Virgil became friends. In 1878, Virgil was appointed as Prescott's night watchman, which paid $75 a month.

In November 1878, he was elected as constable for Prescott, for which he received fees for serving summonses, subpoenas, writs and warrants. While constable, Virgil wrote his brother Wyatt about the opportunities in the silver-mining boomtown of Tombstone. In September 1879, Wyatt resigned as assistant marshal in Dodge City. Accompanied by his common-law wife Mattie Blaylock, his brother Jim and his wife Bessie, they left for  Las Vegas in the New Mexico Territory. There they were reconnected with Doc Holliday and his common-law wife Kate Horony, who had been running a gambling business until the territorial legislature banned gambling. Virgil and his wife met the others in Prescott.

Appointed deputy U.S. marshal
Knowing Virgil was moving to Tombstone, and knowing of his peace officer background, U.S. Marshal Crawley Dake appointed Virgil  as deputy U.S. marshal for the Tombstone District of Pima County, on November 27, 1879. He was instructed by Dake to help resolve ongoing problems with outlaw Cowboys. But the job didn't pay much. He was mostly on call helping county and city officials.

In an interview after he left Tombstone, Virgil said that "The first stage that went out of Prescott toward Tombstone was robbed. Robberies were frequent and became expensive." Virgil and his brothers Wyatt and Jim and their wives arrived together in Tombstone on December 1, 1879.

Tombstone City Marshal
On October 30, 1880, after town marshal Fred White was accidentally shot and killed by outlaw and gunman "Curly Bill" Brocius, Virgil was appointed acting town marshal of Tombstone. Virgil now held both the more powerful local town marshal position and the prestigious federal law enforcement appointment. As town marshal, Virgil earned a regular salary of $100 a month plus a percentage of city taxes he collected.

But Virgil did not hold the job for long. The city held a special election on November 13, and Tombstone city policemen James Flynn and Ben Sippy competed for the job. But then Flynn dropped out of the race and Sippy beat Virgil for the office, 311 votes to Earp's 259. On January 4, 1881, the city held its first regular election, and Virgil lost to Sippy once again.

However, Sippy was known to be in financial trouble. He requested a two-week leave of absence on June 6, 1881, and never returned. The city council once again appointed Virgil as temporary city marshal. On June 22, the center section of Tombstone was devastated by a fire. Virgil kept looting under control and chased off lot jumpers who tried to take over property. On June 28, it was learned that Sippy had left about $3,000 in bad debt and financial improprieties in his office. Virgil was appointed by Tombstone Mayor John Clum as the permanent city marshal and paid $150.00 per month.

Conflict with Cowboys

To reduce crime in Tombstone, the City Council enacted an ordinance in April 1881 that prohibited anyone from carrying a deadly weapon in town. Everyone was required to deposit their weapons at a livery or saloon soon after entering town. A long-simmering feud between the Earps and some of the Cowboys played a big role in a gunfight that broke out when Virgil decided to enforce the ordinance on Wednesday, October 26, 1881.

Virgil was told by several concerned citizens that several Cowboys, who had been threatening the Earps for several months, were in town and armed in violation of the ordinance. Assisted by his deputy Morgan Earp and temporary deputies Wyatt Earp and John "Doc" Holliday, Virgil went to disarm Frank and Tom McLaury, Ike and Billy Clanton, and Billy Claiborne. That confrontation turned into a shootout now known as the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral.

Gunfight at the O.K. Corral

Modern media depictions of Wyatt Earp made him into a legend. He is often depicted as the central lawman in the shootout, but Virgil was Tombstone City Marshal and a Deputy U.S. Marshal. Although Wyatt had previously served in Wichita, Kansas, and Dodge City as a lawman, Virgil had three years of Civil War service, and had previously worked in law enforcement as a sheriff, constable, and marshal. Virgil made the decision to enforce a city ordinance prohibiting carrying weapons in town and to disarm the Cowboys. While Wyatt had acted as city marshal the week prior when Virgil was out of town, Wyatt was on that day only a temporary assistant marshal to his brother.

Before the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, Virgil and Wyatt had been in only one shootout each, and Morgan had never been in any gun battles. Billy Claiborne had been in one gunfight prior to the shootout and was the only member of the Cowboy faction that had prior gunfighting experience (not counting the Skeleton Canyon massacre, in which the McLaurys and Clantons took part). Doc Holliday, despite his reputation, had not taken part in any gunfights, although he was involved in several drunken brawls involving both guns and knives. Both Tom and Ike had spent the night to the gunfight gambling, drinking heavily, and without sleep. Now they were both outdoors, wounded from having been pistol-whipped by the Earps earlier that morning, and at least Ike was still drunk.

Virgil initially avoided a confrontation with Frank McLaury and Billy Clanton, who had arrived in town early that afternoon and had not yet deposited their weapons at a hotel or stable after their arrival, as required by ordinance#9. Virgil had been offered armed assistance from the town Vigilance committee and the town militia, but he declined the help. Around 1:00 p.m., a miner named Ruben F. Coleman told Virgil that the Cowboys had left the Dunbar and Dexter Stable for the O.K. Corral and were still armed, and Virgil decided he had to disarm them.

Virgil testified after the shootout that he thought he saw Ike Clanton, Billy Clanton, Frank McLaury, and Tom McLaury buying cartridges at Spangenberg's gun shop beforehand. He went by the Wells Fargo office around the corner on Allen Street and picked up a 10- or 12-gauge short, double-barreled shotgun. It was an unusually cold and windy day in Tombstone, and Virgil was wearing a long overcoat. To avoid alarming Tombstone's public, Virgil hid the shotgun under his overcoat when he returned to Hafford's Saloon.

Virgil, his brothers Wyatt and Morgan, and Doc Holliday confronted the Cowboys in a narrow lot on Fremont Street. Virgil was not expecting a fight. He later testified that when he saw the Cowboys, he immediately commanded them to "Throw up your hands, I want your guns!" But shooting broke out almost immediately. Witnesses were conflicted about who fired first. During the gunfight, Billy Clanton and both McLaury brothers were killed. Virgil was shot through the calf (he thought by Billy Clanton). Three days after the O.K. Corral gunfight, the city council suspended Virgil as city marshal pending outcome of the preliminary hearing. Virgil was eventually exonerated of wrongdoing, but his reputation suffered thereafter.

Assassination attempt

After the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral the Earps relocated their families to the Cosmopolitan Hotel for mutual support and protection. At about 11:30 pm on December 28, 1881, Virgil was ambushed as he walked from the Oriental Saloon to his room. The Sacramento Daily Record-Union reported that "he was fired upon with double-barreled shotguns, loaded with buckshot, by three men concealed in an unfinished building diagonally across on Allen street."

Virgil was hit in the back and left arm by three loads of buckshot from about . The Crystal Palace Saloon and the Eagle Brewery beyond Virgil were struck by nineteen buckshot; three passed through the window and one about a foot over the heads of some men standing by a faro-table. George Parsons wrote that he heard "four shots in quick succession." Critically wounded, Virgil staggered into the hotel.

Earp's upper arm was longitudinally fractured, and Dr. George E. Goodfellow removed  of shattered humerus bone and his elbow, leaving his arm permanently crippled. Virgil told his wife Allie, "Never mind, I've got one arm left to hug you with." Virgil was also shot through the back above the hip, and Goodfellow removed twenty buckshot that penetrated his body and lodged near the hip bone above the groin. The Los Angeles Daily Herald reported that the "cow-boys are bent on vengeance for the slaughter of their companeros a few weeks ago." "The doctor says there are four chances in five that he will die."

George W. Parsons, who had been treated by Goodfellow for an injury he received, was staying in Goodfellow's office while he recuperated. He kept a journal, in which he recorded:

Others threatened

Wyatt, assuming that Virgil was dying, telegraphed U.S. Marshal Crawley Dake asking him to name him as Virgil's replacement as deputy U.S. marshal:

Commenting on the telegram received by Dake, the Weekly Arizona Miner wrote about the repeated threats received by the Earps and others.

For some time, the Earps, Doc Holliday, Tom Fitch and others who upheld and defended the Earps in their late trial have received, almost daily, anonymous letters, warning them to leave town or suffer death, supposed to have been written by friends of the Clanton and McLowry boys, three of whom the Earps and Holliday killed and little attention was paid to them as they were believed to be idle boasts but the shooting of Virgil Earp last night shows that the men were in earnest. The Los Angeles Herald reported on December 30 that "the "local authorities are doing nothing to capture the assassins so far as is known ... Judge Spicer, Marshal Williams, Wyatt Earp, Rickabaugh and other are in momentary danger of assassination."

Suspects

The suspected shooters were later identified as Phin Clanton, Ike Clanton, Johnny Barnes, Johnny Ringo, Hank Swilling and Pete Spence. On Tuesday, January 31, 1882, Ike and Phin were brought before Judge William H. Stilwell on suspicion of shooting Virgil. The district attorney asked that bail be set at $5,000, but the judge released both men on $1,500 bond, indicating he thought the prosecution's case was weak.

Although a hat that Wyatt later claimed belonged to Ike Clanton was found near the shooting, the evidence was circumstantial. Sherman McMaster provided the most convincing evidence. He testified that he saw Ike later that night in nearby Charleston. He said he asked Clanton "about the shooting, at which Clanton replied that he 'would have to go back and do the job over.'" On February 2, Clanton's attorney brought in seven witnesses who provided an alibi for Clanton. They all testified that Clanton had been in Charleston at the time of Virgil's shooting. Spicer was compelled to release Clanton.

Morgan Earp murdered

After his shooting, Virgil spent the next three months recuperating. He was just starting to get back on his feet when on Saturday, March 18, 1882, Virgil's younger brother Morgan Earp was killed in another ambush.

On Monday, March 20, Virgil and Allie were escorted by Wyatt and deputies Warren Earp, Doc Holliday, Sherman McMaster, and "Turkey Creek" Jack Johnson to Contention, where they drove two wagons to the Arizona and New Mexico Railroad terminal  away in Benson. Wyatt and his deputies had initially planned to travel only as far as Benson. Wyatt reported later that he received word in Contention that Ike Clanton, Frank Stilwell, Hank Swilling, and another cowboy were watching the passenger trains in Tucson with the aim to kill Virgil. Wyatt and the rest of the posse remained with Virgil and Allie through to Tucson.

The men were well armed with pistols, rifles and shotguns. McMaster wore two cartridge belts. Allie wore Virgil's pistol belt during the journey so it would be handy. Virgil told the San Francisco Examiner two months later that upon getting off the train in Tucson, "Almost the first men we met on the platform there were Stilwell and his friends, armed to the teeth." "They fell back into the crowd as soon as they saw I had an escort, and the boys took me to the hotel to supper." Guarded by his brothers and the deputies, Virgil and Allie had dinner at Porter's Hotel in Tucson. Virgil was so weak he had to be carried up the steps of the train. Once they were safely seated, the rest of the guards kept watch for the Cowboys. Virgil and Allie along with James accompanied Morgan's body to the Earp family home in Colton, California.

As Virgil's train was pulling out of Tucson on its way to California, gunfire was heard. Witnesses gave contradictory accounts about the number of men seen near the tracks and numbers of shots fired. Some said the Earps were armed after leaving Porter's Hotel and others said they were not. Witnesses saw men running with weapons but could not identify anyone in the dark. Wyatt said later that he and his deputies spotted Frank Stilwell and another man he believed to be Ike Clanton armed with shotguns lying on a flatcar.

When Wyatt and his men approached, the two men ran. Stilwell may have stumbled or been wounded, allowing Wyatt to reach him. Wyatt later said he shot Stilwell as Stilwell attempted to push the barrel of Earp's shotgun away. Wyatt, quoted in the Denver Republican, said "I ran straight for Stilwell. It was he who killed my brother. What a coward he was! He couldn't shoot when I came near him. He stood there helpless and trembling for his life. As I rushed upon him he put out his hands and clutched at my shotgun. I let go both barrels, and he tumbled down dead and mangled at my feet."

He said Stilwell cried "Morg!" before he was killed. Stilwell's body, riddled with buckshot from two shotgun rounds, one in his leg and the second in his chest with powder burns, and four other bullet wounds, was found the next morning near the tracks. Ike Clanton got away. When the Tucson sheriff learned who was responsible for Stilwell's death, he issued warrants for the lawmen's arrest.

Clanton gave an interview afterward to the newspapers in which he claimed that he and Stilwell had been in Tucson to respond to federal charges about interfering with a U.S. mail carrier, stemming from his alleged involvement in robbing the Sandy Bob line of the Bisbee stage on September 8, 1881. Clanton said that they had heard that the Earps were coming via the train and they had plans to kill Stilwell. According to Clanton, Stilwell disappeared from the hotel before he was found several blocks away, shot dead by the tracks.

Later life and death

After Virgil was ambushed and maimed in Tombstone, he and Allie moved to his parents' home in Colton, California, to recover from his wounds, which took almost two years.  He sought treatment for his wounds in San Francisco and was interviewed on the Southern Pacific train by a reporter whose story was printed in the San Francisco Examiner on May 27, 1882. The reporter described Virgil's appearance:

Despite the use of only one arm, Virgil was hired by the Southern Pacific Railroad to guard its tracks in Colton's famous "battle of the crossing". Virgil carried a top break revolver that could be reloaded with one hand. Southern Pacific was attempting to stop the California Southern Railroad, a subsidiary of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, from installing a crossing over the Southern Pacific tracks in Colton to gain access to California, which resulted in the frog war. Governor Waterman deputized a posse from San Bernardino, California and came down in person to enforce construction of the crossing, ending the Southern Pacific's railroad monopoly in Southern California.

In 1884 Earp's father, Nicholas Porter Earp was elected justice of the peace in Colton. Two years later, Virgil Earp opened a private detective agency, which by all accounts he had quit by 1886, when he was elected village constable in July.

When Colton was incorporated as a city, Earp was elected as Colton's first City Marshal on July 11, 1887. He was paid $75 a month and was re-elected to another term in 1888. Among other duties, he was reported to have cleared blocked sewers and kept track of the electric light bulbs. Virgil and Allie Earp's Colton home still stands at 528 West "H" Street.

In 1888 Earp resigned as city marshal and he and Allie left Colton for San Bernardino. Five years later, in 1893, he and his wife moved to the short-lived mining town Vanderbilt, California. He owned and operated the only two-story building in town, Earp's Hall, a saloon and meeting hall used for public gatherings and even the town's church services. His business success in Vanderbilt did not match his success in politics, and he lost the election for town constable in 1894.

In 1895, Virgil and Allie traveled to Cripple Creek, Colorado, where they met Virgil's brother Wyatt. They stayed briefly and soon moved back to Prescott in Yavapai County, Arizona, where Virgil became involved in mining. Virgil started mining in the Hassayampa district in partnership with W.H. Harlon. They leased the Grizzly mine owned by W.C. Hanson. The Prescott Weekly Journal-Miner reported on November 8, 1896, that the day before "a serious accident had occurred at this mine. Virgil Earp and W. H. Harlon were working in a tunnel. The ground caved catching Mr. Earp and pinning him to the ground. He was unconscious for several hours and Dr. Abbott, was called to dress his wounds." The doctor told Earp he had dislocated his right hip. Both his feet and ankles were badly crushed, he had a serious cut on his head and bruises all over his body. The doctor said it would be several weeks before Virgil would be able to move around again, but it took him much longer to recover.
They moved south after that and began ranching in the Kirkland Valley. Virgil was nominated as a candidate for Yavapai County, Arizona sheriff in 1900, but pulled out of the election for health reasons.

Reunites with first wife

In 1898 Earp received a startling letter from a Mrs. Levi Law. At the end of the Civil War, his wife Ellen was told by her family that Virgil had been killed. Her family had been against their marriage. They took her and the baby daughter Nellie to Walla Walla, Washington, where she later married Thomas Eaton. She had four more children. Mrs. Levi Law was Virgil's daughter, Nellie. The next year, encouraged by his wife, Virgil traveled to Portland, Oregon, where he was reunited with Ellen and Nellie Jane Law. On April 22, 1898, The Oregonian reported that Earp "... is now enjoying a very pleasant visit with her and his two grandchildren at her home, which is near that of Mrs. Eaton, in North Portland." He also met three grandchildren he never knew existed. Later that year, according to her letter to The Oregonian, Nellie Jane visited Virgil and Allie Earp at their home in Arizona.

Death in Nevada

Before 1904, Virgil and Allie returned to Colton, where city records show that he along with three others unsuccessfully petitioned the city leaders to repeal a temperance law that allowed only one saloon in town. In 1904, they left California for the last time and moved to  the boom town of Goldfield in Esmeralda County, Nevada, where Virgil planned to open a saloon. He quickly discovered there was plenty of competition and realized he didn't have the capital required. Virgil and Allie were down to their last dollar so he took up gambling, at which he had been good. In November 1904 Virgil took a job as a special officer at the National Club. He was responsible for watching over the high stakes gambling tables.

In January 1905 he was hired as a deputy sheriff for Esmeralda County, and he continued his duties at the National Club. Virgil caught  pneumonia in February 1905. His brother Wyatt was also living in Goldfield and visited with him. Earp slowly got better and attended an Order of Eagles meeting in May.

The serious injuries he had sustained during the mine cave-in several years earlier had left him debilitated and he never recovered his full health. Earp's recovery from pneumonia did not last and in early October he had a relapse. On October 19, 1905, Earp died at St. Mary's hospital in Goldfield.

In her memoirs, Allie wrote that Virgil's last words were, "Light my cigar, and stay here and hold my hand." His brother Wyatt was the last surviving participant of the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral. Virgil was also survived by his father Nicholas, brothers James and Newton, wife Allie, and daughter Nellie.

At the request of his daughter, Nellie Jane Bohn, Allie sent his body to Portland, Oregon, and he was buried in the River View Cemetery there.

In popular culture

Virgil Earp has been portrayed by several actors.
 Rex Bell in the 1942 film Tombstone, the Town Too Tough to Die.
 Tim Holt in the 1946 film My Darling Clementine.
 John Hudson  in the 1957 film Gunfight at the O.K. Corral
 John Anderson in five episodes (1960–1961) of the ABC western television series, The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp.
 Ross Elliott in The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp during 1958 and 1959.
 Victor Carin in the 1966 Doctor Who serial "The Gunfighters".
 Frank Converse  in the 1967 film Hour of the Gun
 Charles Maxwell in the 1968 Star Trek episode "Spectre of the Gun".
 Sam Elliott in the 1993 film Tombstone.
 Michael Madsen in the 1994 film Wyatt Earp.

References

External links
 Frontier Lawman Virgil Earp
 Civil War Pension Index Card for Virgil Earp

1843 births
1905 deaths
Union Army soldiers
American town marshals
Lawmen of the American Old West
United States Marshals
American deputy sheriffs
Burials at River View Cemetery (Portland, Oregon)
People from Hartford, Kentucky
American people of Scotch-Irish descent
American people of English descent
Arizona folklore
Cochise County conflict
Virgil
Gunslingers of the American Old West
Arizona pioneers
People from Tombstone, Arizona
People from Colton, California
People from Lamar, Missouri

Virgil Earp


The head of state is the leader of a country/sovereign state. The powers of a head of state may vary depending on the country. The head of state is usually the highest-ranking official in the country.

Titles
In most republic countries, the head of state is called the president and is usually elected by the people.

In countries that are monarchies, the head of state is a monarch (such as a king), who gets the position through inheritance. There are many titles that a monarch could have, but they all have the same role as a head of state.

Types of heads of state

Executive
Sometimes a head of state has an executive role. This means that they take part in leading the government. In these systems, the head of state is also the head of government. For example, the President of the United States is both the head of state and head of government of the US. There are many republics that operate like this but some monarchies still have a king who runs the government.

Ceremonial
In other countries, the head of state may be a separate person from the head of government. In this system, the head of state has the role of representing the nation and being a neutral non-political leader while the head of government takes care of the executive. This system is used in many modern monarchies such as the United Kingdom. However, some republics such as the Republic of Ireland follow this system/

Head of state


Bathory is the debut album o the Swadish baund Bathory. It is considered ane o the first recordit examples that defined the black metal style.

Originally the title for this album wis Pentagrammaton, but this title wis discardit when several fowk read it as "Pentagon."  The pentagram wis moved tae the back o the album cover an replaced wi a retoucht portion o a drawin made bi Joseph A. Smith in 1981 for the book Witches bi Erica Jong.

It wis first printit in 300 vinyl copies, wi a yellow goat instead o a white ane. The seicont pressin wi the correct white goat an pentagram wis printit in 1000 vinyl copies. On the reissue o the CD in 1990, "Storm of Damnation" an "Outro" arna mentioned in the tracklist.

Track leetin
 "Storm of Damnation (Intro)" – 3:06
 "Hades" – 2:45
 "Reaper" – 2:44
 "Necromansy" – 3:40
 "Sacrifice" – 3:16
 "In Conspiracy with Satan" – 2:29
 "Armageddon" – 2:31
 "Raise the Dead" – 3:41
 "War" – 2:15
 "Outro" – 0:22

Credits
Quorthon – electric guitar, vocals, leerics
Rickard Bergman – bass guitar
Stefan Larsson – drums

References

External links
Origins o the Bathory LP cover airt at The Left Hand Path

Bathory albums
1984 albums
Debut albums

Bathory (album)


Ambiguous Name Resolution (ANR) is a feature available in Microsoft's Active Directory which allows resolution of multiple objects on a computer network based on limited input.  The user will be able to select the correct entry from these results. To allow this feature to operate, attributes need to be ANR enabled in the directory schema.  This is an extension of the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol. When using Microsoft's Outlook or Outlook Web App, partial information can be typed into the To: From: and CC: fields which will result in an ANR query to provide potential matches.

LDAP ANR
The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol LDAP for Active Directory uses default attributes flagged for ambiguous name resolution to filter results of an input query. In Microsoft Active Directory the searchFlags attribute is a bit flag that defines special properties related to searching with the attribute.

In Windows 2000 the following attributes are set by default for ANR:

GivenName
Surname
displayName
LegacyExchangeDN
msExchMailNickname
RDN
physicalDeliveryOfficeName
proxyAddress
sAMAccountName

Example ANR Search

Many users with the same name are present in the Active Directory. When Bill White, Bill Whitehead, and Bill Smith all exist, and ANR is enabled, a search for "Bill White" looks like "anr=Bill White".
Active Directory will:
Notice the "anr" and the embedded space.
Check the schema to determine which objects have ANR and SEARCH index bits set.
Perform an "or" search for "Bill White*" against the default attributes listed above.
Then searches for: Given-Name=Bill* AND Surname=White*

The search results returned with matches for "Bill White" are:
Bill White because "Bill White*" matches displayName and Bill Whitehead because "Bill*" AND "White*" matches Given-Name=Bill* AND Surname=White*

But, Bill Smith does not appear because:
"Bill*" AND "White*" does not match the Given-Name and Surname of Bill Smith

External links
 Outlooks's Ambiguous Name Resolution
 ANR search algorithm
 Add Attributes to Ambiguous Name Resolution Filter
 How Active Directory Searches Work (ANR strings included)

References

Active Directory

Ambiguous name resolution


Sir Marcus Laurence Elwin "Mark" Oliphant,  (8 October 1901 – 14 July 2000), commonly known as Marcus Oliphant, was an Australian physicist and humanitarian. He helped to develop nuclear weapons. He was involved with the first experimental demonstration of nuclear fusion.

Biography
Oliphant was born on October 8, 1901 in Kent Town, Adelaide, Australia. His father, Harold George "Baron" Oliphant, was a civil servant. His mother, Beatrice Edith Fanny Oliphant, was an artist.

After graduating from Adelaide High School in 1918, he was unable to get money to pay for university. He got a job cleaning floors at a jewelry store. He was soon able to study at the University of Adelaide. He was interested in medicine, but Kerr Grant, the physics professor, offered him a place in the Physics Department. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in 1921.
Oliphant attempted to build a  cyclotron at the University of Birmingham. The completion of it was postponed by the World War II in Europe in 1939.

He was involved with the development of radar with John Randall and Harry Boot. They created a completely new design, the cavity magnetron, which made microwave radar possible.

His most important achievement was being involved with the development of the atomic bomb. He reported that it was possible, and achievable as early as 1943. He spread his research in the United States, which led to the development of the Manhattan Project, led by physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer.

Oliphant died on July 14, 2000 in Canberra, Australia.

Achievements

Many places and things are named after Oliphant. There is the Oliphant building at the Australian National University, the Mark Oliphant Conservation Park, a South Australian high schools science competition, the Oliphant Wing of the Physics Building at the University of Adelaide, and a high school in Munno Para West, South Australia.

He is known for the co-discovery of deuterium, tritium, helium-3 and nuclear fusion and for the development of microwave radar.

Awards
He achieved many awards over the course of his life.
1937 Elected Fellow of the Royal Society
1943 Awarded Hughes Medal by the Royal Society
1946 Awarded Silvanus Thomson Medal, Institute of Radiology
1948 Awarded Faraday Medal by the Institution of Engineers
1954 Elected (Foundation) Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science
1954 Elected (Foundation) President of the Australian Academy of Science
1955 Invited to deliver the Bakerian Lecture by the Royal Society
1955 Invited to deliver the Rutherford Memorial Lecture by the Royal Society
1956 Received Galathea Medal from King Frederick IX of Denmark
1959 Created Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire
1977 Appointed Companion of the Order of Australia

1901 births
2000 deaths
Australian physicists
Nuclear engineers

Marcus Oliphant


Lynne Elizabeth Woolstencroft (September 23, 1943 – May 13, 2013) was a Canadian politician and former mayor of Waterloo, Ontario.

Life and career
Woolstencroft was born in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.  She held a Bachelor of Education degree from the University of Calgary and a Master of Arts from Central Michigan University.

She was married to Peter Woolstencroft, a university administrator and professor of political science at the University of Waterloo.  She taught a wide range of classes, from advanced Shakespeare classes in high schools to basic literacy and life skills courses for adult learners. In addition to a long-term teaching career at Conestoga College in Waterloo Region, she taught courses on environment issues and problem-solving at the University of Waterloo.

She received many awards for her political and community service, most notably the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal and the Jack Young Civic Award, Waterloo Region's highest recognition for civic service. Her commitment to enhancing the quality of the environment in Waterloo resulted in the city being cited as the Greenest city in Ontario by TVO. The Grand River Conservation Authority awarded her a posthumous award in the fall of 2013 to honour her environmental leadership in her forty years of community work and public service.

Political career
In the 1985 Ontario election, she was a candidate for the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario in Waterloo North, and was defeated.  She also stood as the candidate for the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada in the 1993 federal election in the riding of Waterloo, and in the 1997 federal election in the riding of Kitchener—Waterloo; she was defeated both times.

Woolstencroft served as a trustee on Waterloo County Board of Education (1970–1972, 1974–1985), including being elected chair from 1979 to 1982. She also served as President of the Association of Large School Boards in Ontario in 1984 and 1985.

Woolstencroft served as a councillor for the City of Waterloo for three terms, from 1985–1988, 1988–1991, and 1997–2000.  In 2000 she was elected as Mayor of Waterloo, Ontario.

Her tenure as mayor was dominated by the RIM Park scandal, involving the financing of RIM Park with a loan from MFP Financial Services of Mississauga, a deal which had occurred before her time as mayor but which she had supported as a councillor.  This ultimately led to a full judicial inquiry of the RIM Park deal, at which Woolstencroft testified and argued she had merely been a "peripheral councillor on this".

During her time as mayor, the city of Waterloo entered into agreements that resulted in the establishment of the Perimeter Institute, the Centre for International Governance Innovation, and the Research and Technology Park at the University of Waterloo.

In the municipal election of November 2003, Woolstencroft was defeated by former mayor and MPP Herb Epp.

Death
Woolstencroft died May 13, 2013, at the age of 69.

See also
 List of University of Waterloo people

References

1943 births
2013 deaths
University of Calgary alumni
Central Michigan University alumni
Mayors of Waterloo, Ontario
Politicians from Saskatoon
Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario candidates in Ontario provincial elections
Women mayors of places in Ontario
20th-century Canadian women politicians
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada candidates for the Canadian House of Commons
Candidates in the 1993 Canadian federal election
Candidates in the 1997 Canadian federal election

Lynne Woolstencroft


The online portal Greenpilot is a service provided by the German National Library of Medicine, ZB MED.

The project is funded by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) and gets its technical support from  Averbis Ltd. The portal first went online May 29, 2009 and currently runs in the updated beta version. In the context of the 'Germany - Land of Ideas' (Deutschland - Land der Ideen) initiative under the patronage of the President of Germany Horst Köhler the ZB MED was awarded the distinction 'Selected Landmark 2009' (Ausgewählter Ort 2009).

Objective
The Greenpilot portal is a digital library specialised in the fields of Nutritional, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. It aims to provide researchers in the three fields with a collection of scientific literature which is easy to access and of high quality. Especially the gray literature is often difficult to find and retrieve for the average user so Greenpilot also aims to make access to these sources easier. The service addresses itself not only to scientists and students but also to the broadly interested public. Greenpilot has been modelled after the corresponding digital library for Medicine, Medpilot, also a project of the German National Library of Medicine. The ZB MED has chosen the slogan 'Greenpilot - all about life and science' as a motto. In Greenpilot scientifically relevant databases, library catalogues and websites can be searched by entering a search term and the results are presented in a standardised web interface.

Technical Background
Greenpilot is a search engine based on intuitive search engine technology. The portal's software was developed in the programming language Perl. The search engine technology is based upon the 'Averbis Search Platform' software developed by the Averbis Ltd. and uses the open source software Lucene. Functionally this is an expert search engine which centres around the intelligent semantic connection of search terms by means of a standardised vocabulary. This is made possible by Averbis's MSI software, which provides:

 semantic search optimised for the fields of Medicine and Life Sciences
 a contextual analysis of texts taking synonyms and compounds into account
 multilingual and cross-language search
 linking of lay and expert vocabulary
The search results are generated from a search index.

Additionally a metasearch can be conducted in order to search other databases not contained in the index. This search is based upon individual results from the specific database searched.

Contents
The Greenpilot portal integrates various scientifically relevant information resources under a uniform search interface. These resources are diverse and encompass national and international expert databases, library catalogs of national libraries with a focus on specific topics, full text documents from open access journals as well as information contained on about one thousand scientifically relevant websites selected for Greenpilot. The following is a list of sources from November 2009:

Library Catalogues
 Catalogue of the German National Library of Medicine (ZB MED Nutrition. Environment. Agriculture)
 Catalogue of the German National Library of Medicine (ZB MED Medicine. Health)
 Catalogue of the Bonn University Library
 Library catalogues of scientifically relevant departments within the collective library network (GBV)
 Catalogue of the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (BMELV)
 Catalogue of the Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut (vTI), Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries
 Catalogue of the Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants
 Catalogue of the Friedrich Löffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health
 Catalogue of the Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Nutrition and Food
 Catalogue of the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment
 Catalogue of the Leibniz Institute for Marine Science (IFM-GEOMAR)
 Catalogue of the Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK-Plant Genetics and Crop Plant)
 Catalogue of the Leibniz Institute for Plant Biochemistry (IPB-Plant Chemistry)
 Catalogue of the special collection inshore and deep-sea fishery
 Catalogue of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover (TiHo-Veterinary Sciences)
 Catalogue of the German National Library of Economics (ZBW)

Bibliographic databases
 AGRIS (1975–2008), FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations)
 VITIS-VEA, Viticulture and Enology Abstracts
 Medline (2004–2009)
 UFORDAT, Environmental Research Database (UBA)
 ULIDAT, Environmental Literature Database (UBA)
 ELFIS, International Information System for the Agricultural Sciences and Technology

Relevant Internet Sources
 Reviewed list of URLs selected by the ZB MED Nutrition. Environment. Agriculture
 Open Access journals with full text documents

Metasearch
 GetInfo, the knowledge portal for Technical Science provided by the Library for Technical Sciences (TIB) and the professional information centres FIZ Technik Frankfurt, FIZ Karlsruhe and FIZ CHEMIE Berlin.
 ECONIS, Catalogue of the German National Library of Economics (ZBW).

Other Features

Search and results page
 Search and advanced search
 Context sensitive help function
 Truncation and Boolean functions
 Personalised refining of search results by filtering for a specific document type, language or database
 Bookmarks

Document ordering
 Ordering directly from the results page is made possible by using the document delivery service of the ZB MED or the Electronic Journals Library (Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek).

Personalisation
 My Greenpilot: a feature requiring the user to sign up for an account. The service is free of charge and offers an overview of ordered documents as well as enabling individual managing of customer data.

See also
List of digital library projects
vascoda

References

External links
 Greenpilot website
 Website of the German National Library of Medicine, ZB MED
 Germany - Land of Ideas website

Libraries in Germany
Information retrieval systems
Internet search engines

Greenpilot


Georg Tannstetter (April 1482 – 26 March 1535), also called Georgius Collimitius, was a humanist teaching at the University of Vienna. He was a medical doctor, mathematician, astronomer, cartographer, and the personal physician of the emperors Maximilian I and Ferdinand I. He also wrote under the pseudonym of "Lycoripensis". His Latin name "Collimitius" is derived from limes meaning "border" and is a reference to his birth town: "Rain" is a German word for border or boundary.

Born in Rain am Lech in the Duchy of Bavaria, he studied in Ingolstadt. In 1503, he followed a call of Conrad Celtis to the University of Vienna, where he taught mathematics. He soon became a leading figure amongst the humanists in Vienna. In 1510, he became the personal physician of emperor Maximilian I, who would six years later ennoble him with the predicate "von Thanau".

He travelled with his student Joachim Vadian to Buda in 1518. After his earlier work in c. 1527 he edited a map of Hungary, today known as Tabula Hungariae, from the manuscript of Lazarus Secretarius, a Hungarian clerk. The map was published by Johannes Cuspinianus, printed 1528 in Ingolstadt by Petrus Apianus; its unique copy is in the National Library of Hungary. It is generally praised for its details (c. 1300 settlements) and the relative accuracy of the distances between the settlements. It was one of the first regional maps, included a scale but the manuscript was seriously reshaped, so it is uneasy to recognize the geography of Hungary. Tannstetter is also considered a pioneer of the history of science with his work Viri Mathematici, containing biographies of mathematicians at the University of Vienna from the 15th century.

In 1530, he moved to Ferdinand's court at Innsbruck, where he died five years later.

Selected works

Librum consolatorium contra opiniones de diluvio et aliis horrendis periculis anni 1523, Vienna 1523. A tract to counter the Flood hysteria of that year.
Viri Mathematici
Tabula Hungarie ad quatuor latera, The Lazarus map of Hungary. Ingolstadt 1528.
Artificium De Applicatione Astrologiae ad Medicinam..., 1531.

References

 Collimitius at the Encyclopedia of Austria.
 Georg Tannstetter.
 Tannstetter, Collimitius Georg.

Further reading
 Graf-Stuhlhofer, F: Humanismus zwischen Hof und Universität. Georg Tannstetter (Collimitus) und sein wissenschaftliches Umfeld im Wien des frühen 16. Jahrhunderts., University of Vienna, 1996; 212 pages. . In German.

1482 births
1535 deaths
16th-century German mathematicians
16th-century Austrian people
16th-century German physicians
16th-century Austrian physicians
German cartographers
16th-century German astronomers
German Renaissance humanists
Austrian Renaissance humanists
German emigrants to Austria
People from Rain, Swabia
Physicians from Innsbruck
16th-century German writers
16th-century German male writers
Scientists from Vienna

Georg Tannstetter


William Laird (15 February 1780 – 27 October 1841) was a Scottish shipbuilder and developer who was responsible for what later became the Cammell Laird shipyard, and for starting the substantial development of its adjoining town, Birkenhead, on the Wirral in England.

Career
Laird's family were from Greenock near Glasgow, and in 1810 he moved from there to Liverpool to develop the family's rope manufacturing business. By 1822 he had developed wider engineering interests, and had set up a steamship company to run between Liverpool and Glasgow.

In 1824, with business partners William Hamilton and John Forsyth, he bought land on the south bank of Wallasey Pool, an inlet of the River Mersey opposite Liverpool, adjoining the small but developing village of Birkenhead.  Initially he intended to build a canal across the Wirral peninsula, but that plan soon foundered.  Instead, Laird set up the Birkenhead Iron Works with another partner, Daniel Horton. In 1828, that partnership was dissolved, and Laird and his son John, a solicitor's clerk, set up a new business, William Laird & Son.  This was initially a boilerworks, but in 1828 it received its first order for an iron ship, to be used on the lakes of Ireland. The business rapidly expanded, as the demand for large iron steamships developed. In 1839, his company built an armed flotilla for the East India Company.

As landowner, Laird commissioned Edinburgh architect James Gillespie Graham to design an elegant new town close to the shipyard. This became the centre of Birkenhead, focused on Hamilton Square and, after Laird's death in 1841, Birkenhead Park.

Laird's shipbuilding business moved in 1856 to a new site on the river bank at Tranmere, and in 1903 amalgamated with Charles Cammell & Company to become Cammell Laird. Laird's elder son John became MP for Birkenhead in 1861. His younger son, Macgregor Laird, was a pioneer of trade on the River Niger in Africa.

References

1780 births
1841 deaths
Scottish shipbuilders
British naval architects
Birkenhead
People from Greenock
Engineers from Merseyside
19th-century British businesspeople

William Laird (shipbuilder)


Richard Howard Stafford Crossman  (15 December 1907 – 5 April 1974) was a British Labour Party politician. A university classics lecturer by profession, he was elected a Member of Parliament in 1945 and became a significant figure among the party's advocates of Zionism. He was a Bevanite on the left of the party, and a long-serving member of Labour's National Executive Committee (NEC) from 1952.

Crossman was a Cabinet minister in Harold Wilson's governments of 1964–1970, first for Housing, then as Leader of the House of Commons, and then for Social Services. In the early 1970s Crossman was editor of the New Statesman. He is remembered for his highly revealing three-volume Diaries of a Cabinet Minister, published posthumously.

Early life
Crossman was born in Bayswater, London, the son of Charles Stafford Crossman, a barrister and later a High Court judge, and Helen Elizabeth (née Howard). Helen was of the Howard family of Ilford descended from Luke Howard, a Quaker chemist and meteorologist who founded the pharmaceutical company Howards and Sons.

Crossman grew up in Buckhurst Hill, Essex, and was educated at Twyford School, and at Winchester College (although founders' kin privileges at Winchester were abolished in 1857, Crossman was 'founder's kin', being descended from William of Wykeham through John Danvers, one of his father's ancestors), where he became head boy. He excelled academically and on the football field. He studied Classics at New College, Oxford, where he was friendly with W.H. Auden. He received a double first and became a fellow in 1931. He taught philosophy at the university before becoming a Workers' Educational Association lecturer. He was a councillor on Oxford City Council, and became head of its Labour group in 1935.

Personal life
Crossman, who had been noted for his good looks as a youth, had predominantly same-sex affairs at Oxford. In an early diary, he describes an Easter holiday with an unnamed young poet: "He kept me in a little white-washed room for a fortnight because his mouth was against mine and we were completely together."

After being married to Erika Glück, a divorcée, who he met while travelling in Germany after graduation, he married Zita Baker (ex-wife of John Baker) in 1937.

Service in World War II and afterwards
At the outbreak of the Second World War, Crossman joined the Political Warfare Executive under Robert Bruce Lockhart, where he headed the German Section. He produced anti-Nazi propaganda broadcasts for Radio of the European Revolution, set up by the Special Operations Executive (SOE). He eventually became Assistant Chief of the Psychological Warfare Division of SHAEF and was awarded an OBE for his wartime service. In April 1945, Crossman was one of the first  British officers to enter the former Dachau concentration camp. With war correspondent Colin Wills, Crossman co-wrote the script for German Concentration Camps Factual Survey, a British government documentary, produced by Sidney Bernstein with treatment advice by Alfred Hitchcock, that showed gruelling scenes from Nazi concentration camps. The uncompleted film was shelved for decades before being assembled by scholars at the Imperial War Museum and released in 2014. That same year, German Concentration Camps Factual Survey was itself the subject of a documentary, Night Will Fall.

Crossman became a key participant in the annual Königswinter Conference, organised by Lilo Milchsack to bring together British and German legislators, academics and opinion-formers from 1950 onwards. The conferences were credited with helping to heal bad memories created by the war. At them, Crossman met the German politician Hans von Herwarth, the ex-soldier Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin, future German President Richard von Weizsäcker and other leading German decision makers. Other attendees at the conferences included Denis Healey, soon to become a Labour Party politician, and Robin Day, later a political broadcaster.

Political career: 1945–51
Crossman entered the House of Commons at the 1945 general election as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Coventry East, a seat he held until shortly before he died in 1974. During 1945–46 he served, on the nomination of the Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin, as a member of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry into the Problems of European Jewry and Palestine. The committee's report, submitted in April 1946, included a recommendation for 100,000 Jewish displaced persons to be permitted to enter Mandatory Palestine. Short of American financial and military assistance, the British government refused to implement the report's recommendations. Thereafter Crossman led the socialist opposition to the official British policy for Palestine. That incurred Bevin's enmity, and may have been the primary factor which prevented Crossman from achieving ministerial rank during the 1945–51 government. Crossman initially supported the Arab cause, but after meeting Chaim Weizmann he became a lifelong Zionist. In his diary, he described Weizmann as "one of the very few great men I have ever met." Crossman remained a supporter of Israel during his political career from the late-1940s until he died in 1974.

Crossman cemented his role as a leader of the left-wing of the Parliamentary Labour Party in 1947 by co-authoring the Keep Left pamphlet, and later became one of the more prominent Bevanites.

Anti-communist propaganda
Crossman is considered by historians to be a central figure to British Cold War propaganda due to his collaboration with the Information Research Department (IRD), a secret branch of the UK Foreign Office dedicated to disinformation, anti-communist, and pro-colonial propaganda during the Cold War. The IRD secretly funded, published and distributed many of Crossman's articles and books, including The God that Failed. His anti-communist works were not only of special interest to British propagandists but were also secretly sponsored by the US government, which translated his works into Malay and Chinese. Crossman was also a regular contributor to Encounter, an "anti-Stalinist" publication which received funding from MI6 and the CIA.

Crossman's intense relationship with disinformation for propaganda purposes led to many people nicknaming him "Dick Double-Crossman". His name was also included within one of George Orwell's notebooks following the discovery of Orwell's list, being noted by Orwell as being "Too dishonest to be outright F. T" (fellow-traveller).

Political career: 1951–70
He was a member of the National Executive Committee of the Labour Party from 1952 until 1967, and Chairman of the Labour Party in 1960–61.

In 1957, Crossman was one of the plaintiffs, along with Aneurin Bevan and Morgan Phillips, in a claim for libel made against The Spectator, which had described the three men as drinking heavily during a socialist conference in Italy. Having sworn that the charges were untrue, the three collected damages from the magazine. Many years later, Crossman's posthumously published diaries confirmed that The Spectators charges had been true and that all three of them had perjured themselves.

Crossman was Labour's spokesman on education before the 1964 general election, but upon forming the new Government Harold Wilson appointed him to the Cabinet as Minister of Housing and Local Government. In 1966, Crossman became Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons.

Between 1968 and 1970, he was the first Secretary of State for Health and Social Services, in which position he worked on an ambitious proposal to supplement Britain's flat-rate state pension with an earnings-related element. The proposal had not, however, been passed into law at the time the Labour Party lost the 1970 general election. During the months of political turmoil that led up to the election loss, Crossman had been considered, however briefly, as a last-minute option to replace Wilson as Prime Minister.

Books and journalism
After Labour's general election defeat in 1970, Crossman resigned from the Labour front bench to become editor of the New Statesman, where he had been a frequent contributor and assistant editor from 1938 until 1955. He left the New Statesman in 1972.

In the 1950s and 1960s, Crossman also had a regular column titled "Crossman Says..." in the Daily Mirror, the Labour-supporting tabloid newspaper. Along with the column of 'Cassandra', Crossman's reporting provided the bulk of political and international commentary in the newspaper.

Crossman was a prolific writer and editor. In Plato To-Day (1937) he imagines Plato visiting Nazi Germany and Stalinist Russia. Plato criticises Nazi and Communist politicians for misusing the ideas he had set forth in the Republic. After the war, Crossman edited The God That Failed (1949), a collection of anti-Communist essays by former Communists.

Crossman is best remembered for his colourful and highly subjective three-volume Diaries of a Cabinet Minister, written while he was living in Vincent Square, published posthumously from 1975 to 1977 and covering his time in government from 1964 to 1970. The diaries appeared after he had died, and following a legal battle by the government to block publication. One of Crossman's legal executors was Michael Foot, then a cabinet minister, who opposed his own government's attempts to suppress the diaries. Among other things, the diaries describe Crossman's battles with "the Dame", his Permanent Secretary Evelyn Sharp, GBE (1903–1985), the first woman in Britain to hold the position. Crossman's backbench diaries were published in 1981. Crossman's diaries were an acknowledged source for the television comedy series Yes Minister.

Death
Crossman died of liver cancer on 5 April 1974 at his home in Oxfordshire. He was survived by his third wife, Anne Patricia (15 April 1920 – 3 October 2008; née McDougall, daughter of Patrick McDougall, of Prescote Manor, Cropredy, founder of the Banbury cattle market), with whom he shared common descent from the Danvers family of Cropredy. Anne Crossman worked at Bletchley Park during the Second World War, and served as secretary to Maurice Edelman MP. The Crossmans had two children, Patrick and Virginia.

Legacy

The Richard Crossman Building, built in 1971, at Coventry University is named in his honour. Crosssman's papers are at the Modern Records Centre, at the University of Warwick.

Richard Crossman features in the theatre production Little Edens, set during the Florence Park rent strike of 1934.

Published works
 Government and the Governed (A History of Political Ideas and Political Practice) London: Cristophers (1939)
 Plato To-Day New York: Oxford University Press (1937)
 Palestine Mission: A Personal Record New York: Harper (1947)
 The God That Failed New York: Harper (1949) (editor)
 The Charm of Politics, and other Essays in Political Criticism Hamish Hamilton (1958)
 A Nation Reborn: The Israel of Weizmann, Bevin and Ben-Gurion New York: Atheneum (1960)
 The Politics of Socialism New York: Atheneum (1965)
 The Myths of Cabinet Government Cambridge: Harvard University Press (1972)
 Diaries of a Cabinet Minister (three volumes, 1975, 1976 and 1977)
 The Crossman Diaries: Selections from the Diaries of a Cabinet Minister, 1964-1970 (1979) abridged edition, edited by Anthony Howard
 The Backbench Diaries of Richard Crossman (1981)

Biographies
Anthony Howard (1990), Crossman: The Pursuit of Power, Jonathan Cape
Tam Dalyell (1989), Dick Crossman: A Portrait
Victoria Honeyman (2006), Richard Crossman; A Reforming Radical of the Labour Party, I.B. Tauris

References

External links

Richard Crossman (1907–1974), Politician National Portrait Gallery, London
On Richard Crossman  CliveJames.com
Catalogue of Crossman's papers, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick
Collection of Crossman's papers available digitally, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick

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1907 births
1974 deaths
20th-century British journalists
20th-century English male writers
20th-century English non-fiction writers
20th-century English LGBT people
20th-century English diarists
Alumni of New College, Oxford
Bisexual male politicians
Bisexual male writers
Bisexual journalists
British Secretaries of State
British Zionists
British anti-communists
British magazine editors
British republicans
Chairs of the Labour Party (UK)
Deaths from cancer in England
Deaths from liver cancer
English bisexual writers
English political writers
European democratic socialists
LGBT members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
English LGBT politicians
English LGBT journalists
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Leaders of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom
Lord Presidents of the Council
Members of Oxford City Council
Members of the Fabian Society
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Ministers in the Wilson governments, 1964–1970
New Statesman people
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Twyford School
People educated at Winchester College
People from Buckhurst Hill
Secretaries of State for Health and Social Services
UK MPs 1945–1950
UK MPs 1950–1951
UK MPs 1951–1955
UK MPs 1955–1959
UK MPs 1959–1964
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
Writers from London

Richard Crossman


Frontenis is a sport that is played in a 30 meter pelota court using racquets (a tennis racquet or a similar frontenis racquet) and rubber balls.  It can be played in pairs or singles, but only pairs frontenis is played in international competitions. This sport was developed in Mexico around 1900, and is accredited as a Basque pelota speciality.

In frontenis, one player of the pair hits the ball with the racquet toward the front wall.  The ball must strike the playable surface of the front wall and return to the playable area of the court.  The opposing players must strike the ball before it bounces a second time on the floor of the court. As with other racquet sports, the best stroke is one that the opponent cannot return.  Frontenis demands having a great mobility, skill, physical agility, mental agility, coordination and training.

For many years, frontenis was played only in Mexico, Spain, Argentina, and a few other countries, but now it is played in approximately eighteen countries worldwide.

History
Frontenis was created in Mexico in 1900. Several famous tennis players (Buttlin, Sharp, Crowle, Pérez Verdia, Maldonado, Clifford, etc.) started playing with rackets and a tennis ball hitting it against a wall. This new game, with its first modern pelota court, built in Fernando Torreblanca's house (Mexico), was called "frontontenis" (from fronton and tenis — "pelota court" and "tennis" in Spanish, respectively), and later its name was reduced to "frontenis".

Because of the increase of the number of pelota players, pelota courts proliferated, and frontenis expanded from Mexico to neighboring countries and later to Europe. Frontenis was introduced into the Iberian Peninsula in the 1940s by way of the Canary Islands. In the 1960s, Olympic ball was introduced in Mexico, and many Mexican players travelled to Spain to teach the technique. The game and all its innovations were taken from Spain to the other countries of Europe.

Every European country that plays pelota is member of the Union of European Basque Pelota Federations (UEBPF), and all the countries that play Basque pelota are members of the International Federation of Basque Pelota (IFBP).

Frontenis (recognized by the IFBP) started being played in international competitions in 1952, with the First World Championship held in Donostia-San Sebastian (Spain).

The rules

Frontenis has its own rules, like every sport. There are international rules, national rules and territorial rules, and they differ from each other in several things.

The court

The court used in frontenis is a pelota court of the Very Short type — 30 meters long, 10 meters wide and 10 meters high. Its walls must have signs to establish the distances of service, and to help the player to situate itself in the court. There are several parts that form the court:

Front wall (frontis)
This is the wall at the front of the court faced by the players. Every ball hit by a player must strike this wall before touching the ground to be valid. The front wall measures 10 meters wide by 10 meters high. The lower 60 centimeters of this wall is not a legally playable surface.  The upper limit of this non-playable surface is covered with a 10-centimeter-wide metallic sheet (chapa in Spanish, txapa in Basque) that audibly indicates an impact on the upper part of the non-playable surface.

Left wall or help wall
The wall is to the players' left as they face the front wall.  It is marked with lines every 3.5 meters, measured from the front of the court.  On its upper rim is located a 10 centimeter wide metallic sheet that signals a ball striking outside of the playable area. This wall with its markings helps players situate themselves within the court.

Rebound wall

It is the wall situated in the back of the court. It has no markings and is the same size as the front wall. It has 10 centimeter metallic sheets on its rims to give an audible indication of a ball striking outside of the playable area. Many pelota courts lack this wall, and are therefore not used for official competitions.

The racket and the strings

The racquet used in frontenis is, according to Spanish Pelota Federation (SPF), "similar or equal to tennis racquets, made of wood, fiber, metal or graphite. Weight and stringing are not limited, and double strings can be used. The racquets' length and width are not limited."

Racquets have evolved considerably since the beginning of professional frontenis in 1900.  Much of this evolution has paralleled standard tennis racquets

At first, racquets were made of wood and the strings were made of animal gut. These were very heavy and did not provide comfortable play, but they were used for more than thirty years until the great player Jose, the "Poison" Becerra revolutionized the sport. Manufacturers that made tennis products started to manufacture parallel products for frontenis when Becerra started to win championships. In the 1990s a Mexican company, "Master Pro", was created exclusively to manufacture frontenis products. Recently, other companies have appeared specializing in frontenis equipment.

Simple strings is used in Preolympic frontenis, and the tension varies depending on the ball — Penn strings require 15-19 kilos, VIP strings require 17-21 kilos, and Champion Elite strings require 17-23 kilos. Double strings (duplication of 4 horizontal strings and 3 vertical strings) are used in Olympic frontenis in order to give more effect to the ball. Double stringing demands higher tensions, between 21 and 27 kilos.

The ball

The ball in Olympic frontenis (the only modality accepted by the IFBP) is the Olympic ball.

Originally, the sport was played with ordinary tennis balls, but the fiber cover of these balls slowed them excessively, reduced their bounce, and made the game very slow. To speed the game, the fabric cover of the tennis balls was removed.  Later, balls made of oilcloth were imported from England and the United States with the goal of further speeding the game.

During the Second World War, ball imports ceased, and Francisco Beltran was forced to look for substitutes. He experimented with pressurizing rubber balls. After the Second World War, Beltran started manufacturing improved balls.

A few years later the first frontenis ball company, "201", was founded by Francisco Beltran who contributed his ball designs and Doctor Jesus Ledezma who provided financing. Ball design continues to evolve.

External links

Basque pelota
Sport in Mexico
Sports originating in Mexico
Forms of tennis
Racket sports
Games and sports introduced in 1916
1916 in sports

Frontenis


The Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 is an Act of the Australian Parliament.  They formally accepted the Statute of Westminster 1931. It happened on 9 October 1942.

The Act is more important for its symbolic value than for the legal effect of its provisions. Australia was becoming more independent from the United Kingdom.  This Statute showed the independence to the world.

1942
1940s in Australia
Legislation
Law of Australia


Tsiranavor Church (); literally meaning apricot-colored church is a 5th-century partly ruined Armenian church located at the edge of a gorge in the town of Ashtarak, Aragatsotn Province, Armenia.

Confusion about the name

Some confusion about the name of the churches of Tsiranavor and Spitakavor has seemed to have occurred due to the misplacement of the Russian markers located inside the two structures. New EU-sponsored information plaques with building descriptions adopted the wrong designations of the older plates thus amplifying the confusion.

Anyone that lives in the city around the area will tell you that Spitakavor ("Whitish") is the white church from the 5th Century, and Tsiranavor ("Apricotish") is the apricot colored church from the 13th Century. The name plaques at the churches however will tell you the opposite.

Nearby is also the church of Karmravor ("Reddish"), formally known as the Church of Holy Mother of God (Surb Astvatsatsin). It is a 7th Century Armenian Apostolic church. Furthermore, there are the churches of S. Mariane and S. Sarkis. In the gorge is a unique bridge built in 1664.

Location
It may be seen across the gorge from the church of Surp Sarkis, but is easiest reached via the streets of the neighborhood that it sits within.  Very close (just down the street 3 houses) and also sitting along the gorge is the church of Tsiranavor (literally meaning apricotish because of its color), built between the 13th-14th centuries.

Architecture
Tsiranavor Church is a triple-aisled basilica built in the 5th century, and most-likely renovated the years between 540 and 557. There is not a foundation inscription, but evidence indicating a date for the construction of the church include the archaic T-shaped piers, the arches of the nave, and the two pilasters that survive at the north wall that do not correspond to those at the south wall. Traces of an earlier 5th century structure in the construction details have also been found.

The front façade had at one time been painted white, and is covered in inscriptions. One portal leads into the building from the south wall, and another (now blocked off) was at the western wall. All of the walls, the horseshoe apse flanked by two rectangular chambers, two massive piers, and the southern aisle's columns remain standing. At the west end a small portion of the vaulted ceiling remains, but much of it has since collapsed. During the 17th century the church was fortified by doubling the north and west walls in order to defend the structure, and above the southern wall a gun slot was erected. In 1815, the church was partially ruined. The south façade was supposedly rebuilt at one point. During 1963-64, restorations were done to the church which revealed walls, piers, arches, fragments of vaults, and a khachkar.

Legend
According to a legend, three sisters lived in Ashtarak, all of whom fell in love with the same man, Prince Sargis. The elder two sisters decided to commit suicide in favor of the youngest one. One wearing an apricot-orange dress and the other wearing a red dress, they threw themselves into the gorge. When the youngest sister found out, she put on a white dress and also threw herself into the gorge. Sargis then became a hermit and three small churches appeared at the edge of the gorge, named after the sisters' dress colors.

Gallery

References

Bibliography

External links
 Armenian Architectural Studies

Armenian Apostolic churches in Ashtarak
Tourist attractions in Aragatsotn Province
5th-century churches

Tsiranavor Church of Ashtarak


Benjamin Joseph Hall (March 18, 1899 –  May 20, 1985) was an American actor who started performing as a boy and worked for three and a half decades, mainly in small parts.

Biography
Born in Brooklyn, New York as the eldest child of American stevedore George E. Hall and his English wife Constance L. Fletcher, Ben Hall began making appearances in films when he was little more than ten years old.  After a handful of movies, his family moved to Weehawken, New Jersey, and in 1918 Ben took work as a bank clerk in Manhattan. But by 1920, Ben and his mother had moved to Los Angeles (where they were joined later by his younger brother George Jr.). Hall worked as a property man for the studios for a time, but eventually began to get small roles and was eking out a living as an actor again by 1926.  He became a minor but fairly frequently-used member of the John Ford Stock Company, and did eight films for John Ford between 1929 and 1946. Most memorable among these bit roles was probably that of the barber who slicks down and perfumes Wyatt Earp's hair in My Darling Clementine (1946).  Hall left acting in 1949, though he lived for another 36 years. He died in North Hollywood, California in 1985.

Partial filmography

 Kindling (1915)
 The Prairie Mystery (1922)
 Sally, Irene and Mary (1925)
 For Ladies Only (1927)
 Down the Stretch (1928)
 Hot News (1928)
 The Midnight Adventure (1928)
 Harold Teen (1928)
 In the Headlines (1929)
 The Girl from Woolworth's (1929)
 Vanity Street (1932)
Gorilla Ship (1932)
 Alias Mary Smith (1932)
 The Big Bluff (1933)
 Love Past Thirty (1934)
 Smoke Tree Range (1937)
 Algiers (1938)
 Service de Luxe (1938)
 Tillie the Toiler (1941)
 My Darling Clementine (1946)

References

External links

1899 births
1985 deaths
Male actors from Brooklyn
20th-century American male actors

Ben Hall (American actor)


Darley Dale, or just Darley, is a town and civil parish in the Derbyshire Dales district of Derbyshire, England. About 6000 people live in the town. It is north of Matlock, on the River Derwent and the A6 road. The town forms part of the urban area of Matlock. It is a commuter town for workers in Matlock.

Towns in Derbyshire

Darley Dale


Janusz Marek Kurtyka (13 August 1960 – 10 April 2010) was a Polish historian, and from December 2005 until his death in the 2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash, the second president of the Institute of National Remembrance (IPN).

Kurtyka was born in Kraków and obtained his degree in the History and Philosophy Department of the Jagiellonian University. He had been a historian at the Polish Academy of Sciences since 1985 where he specialized in Polish medieval and communist era history, modern history and historical methodology. He finished his PhD in 1995 and was habilitated in 2000. He was a contributor to Wielka Encyklopedia PWN and Polski Słownik Biograficzny (Polish Biographical Dictionary) and the author of more than 140 academic publications.

In the People's Republic of Poland, Kurtyka was a member of the democratic opposition to communism and an activist with the Independent Students Union and the trade union Solidarity.  Between 1989 and 2000 he was the presidents of the Kraków office of Solidarity in the Historical Institute PAN.

After the Institute of National Remembrance (a Polish government-affiliated research institute which investigates both Nazi and Communist crimes committed in Poland) was created in 1998, Kurtyka was the first president of its Kraków branch. In April 2005 he was recommended by the Board of the Institute for the position of the president and was approved by the Polish Sejm and Senate in December of that year. He took his oath of office on 29 December 2005.

In 2007, Kurtyka was awarded the Ukrainian Order of Merit, third degree and in April 2009 he was awarded the Commander's Cross with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta by the President of Poland, Lech Kaczynski.

Kurtyka was on the Tupolev Tu-154 flight of the 36th Special Aviation Regiment carrying the President of Poland Lech Kaczyński which crashed near Smolensk-North airport near Katyn, Russia, on 10 April 2010, killing all aboard.

Days before he died he called for "the results of the Russian investigation into Katyn massacre to be declassified and for the Russian archives to be opened". The post which was left open by his death was considered particularly problematic due to the difficulty there would be in replacing him.

After a mass in the Saints Peter and Paul Church in Kraków he was buried in the Rakowicki Cemetery on 23 April 2010. On 16 April 2010 he was posthumously awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta.

Selected publications

Generał Leopold Okulicki "Niedźwiadek" (1898–1946), (General Leopold Okulicki, "Niedźwiadek" (1898–1946)), 1989
Konspiracja i opór społeczny na Podkarpaciu w okresie PRL (red.), (Conspiracy and Social Resistance in Subcarpathia During the PRL (ed.)), 2007
Latyfundium Tęczyńskie. Dobra i właściciele (XIV–XVII wiek), (The Latifundia of the Tęczyński Family. Estate and Owners (14th through 17th centuries)), 1999
Odrodzone królestwo. Monarchia Władysława Łokietka i Kazimierza Wielkiego w świetle nowszych badań, (Kingdom Reborn. The Monarchy of Władysław Łokietek and Kazimierz Wielki in Light of New Research), 2001
Tęczyńscy. Studium z dziejów polskiej elity możnowładczej w średniowieczu, (The Tęczyński Family. A Study from the History of a Polish Medieval Magnates), 1997
 "Freedom And Independence - Zrzeszenie "Wolność i Niezawisłość, WiN", A Historical Brief

References

1960 births
2010 deaths
Writers from Kraków
20th-century Polish historians
Polish male non-fiction writers
Victims of the Smolensk air disaster
Jagiellonian University alumni
Grand Crosses of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Chevaliers of the Order of Merit (Ukraine)
Polish medievalists
People associated with the Institute of National Remembrance
Collaborators of the Polish Biographical Dictionary
21st-century Polish historians

Janusz Kurtyka


Clifford Edmund Bosworth FBA (29 December 1928 – 28 February 2015) was an English historian and Orientalist, specialising in Arabic and Iranian studies.

Life
Bosworth was born on 29 December 1928 in Sheffield, West Riding of Yorkshire (now South Yorkshire). His father, Clifford Bosworth, clerked for Board of Guardians before working for Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance. His mother was Gladys Constance Gregory. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in modern history from St John's College, Oxford, before achieving an MA in Middle Eastern studies and PhD degrees from the University of Edinburgh.

Before attending the University of Edinburgh, he worked for the Department of Agriculture for Scotland. There he met Annette Ellen Todd, and they were married in Edinburgh on 19 September 1957. The couple went on to have three daughters.

He held permanent posts at the University of St Andrews, the University of Manchester and the Center for the Humanities at Princeton University. He was visiting professor at the University of Exeter, where he held the post from 2004. Bosworth died on 28 February 2015 in Yeovil, Somerset.

Works
Bosworth was the author of hundreds of articles in academic journals and composite volumes. His other contributions included nearly 200 articles in the Encyclopaedia of Islam and some 100 articles in the Encyclopædia Iranica, as well as articles for Encyclopædia Britannica and Encyclopedia Americana. He was the chief editor of the Encyclopaedia of Islam and a consulting editor of Encyclopædia Iranica.

Bibliography
The Ghaznavids, their empire in Afghanistan and Eastern Iran 994–1040, Edinburgh University Press 1963, 2nd ed. Beirut 1973, repr. New Delhi 1992 (Persian tr.).
The Islamic dynasties, a chronological and genealogical handbook, Edinburgh University Press 1967, revised ed. 1980 (Russian, Persian, Turkish, Arabic and French trs.).
Sistan under the Arabs, from the Islamic conquest to the rise of the Saffarids (30-250/651-864), IsMEO, Rome 1968 (Persian tr.).
The Book of curious and entertaining information, the Lata'if al-ma'arif of Tha'ālibī translated into English, Edinburgh University Press 1968.
(Editor) Iran and Islam, in memory of the late Vladimir Minorsky, Edinburgh University Press 1971.
(Editor, with Joseph Schacht) The legacy of Islam, new edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1974 (Arabic tr. Kuwait, 1998).
The mediaeval Islamic underworld, the Banu Sasan in Arabic society and literature, 2 vols., Brill, Leiden 1976.
The medieval history of Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asia, Variorum, Collected Studies Series, London 1977.
The later Ghaznavids, splendour and decay: the dynasty in Afghanistan and northern India 1040–1186, Edinburgh University Press 1977, repr. New Delhi 1992 (Persian tr.)
Al-Maqrizi's "Book of contention and strife concerning the relations between the Banu Umayya and the Banu Hashim" translated into English, Journal of Semitic Studies Monographs, 3, Manchester 1981.
Medieval Arabic culture and administration, Variorum, Collected Studies Series, London 1982.
(Editor, with Carole Hillenbrand) Qajar Iran, political, social and cultural change 1800–1925 [= Festschrift for L.P. Elwell-Sutton], Edinburgh University Press 1984.
The History of al-Tabari. Vol. XXXII. The reunification of the Abbasid Caliphate. The caliphate of al-Ma'mun A.D. 812-833/A.H. 198–213, translated and annotated by C.E. Bosworth, SUNY Press, Albany 1987.
The History of al-Tabari. Vol. XXX. The Abbasid Caliphate in equilibrium. The caliphates of Musa al-Hadi and Harun al-Rashid A.D. 785-809/A.H. 169–193, translated and annotated by C.E.Bosworth, SUNY Press, Albany 1989.
Baha' al-Din al-Amili and his literary anthologies, Journal of Semitic Studies Monographs 10, Manchester 1989.
The History of al-Tabari. Vol. XXXIII. Storm and stress along the northern frontiers of the Abbasid Caliphate. The caliphate of al-Mu'tas'im A.D. 833-842/A.H. 218–227, translated and annotated by C.E. Bosworth, SUNY Press, Albany 1991.(editor, with M.E.J. Richardson) Richard Bell, A commentary on the Qur'an, University of Manchester (Journal of Semitic Studies) 1991, 2 vols.
The History of the Saffarids of Sistan and the Maliks of Nimruz (247/861 to 949/1452-3), Columbia Lectures on Iranian Studies no. 7, Costa Mesa, Calif. and New York 1994.
The Arabs, Byzantium and Iran. Studies in early Islamic history and culture, Variorum, Collected Studies Series, Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot 1996.
The New Islamic dynasties. A chronological and genealogical manual, Edinburgh University Press 1996.
(Editor, with Muhammad Asim, and contributor) The UNESCO history of civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. IV, The age of achievement. A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century. Part 1, The historical, social and economic setting, Paris 1998. Part 2, The literary, cultural, artistic and scientific achievements, Paris 2000.
The History of al-Tabari.  Vol. V. The Sasanids, the Byzantines, the Lakhmids and Yemen, translated and annotated by C.E. Bosworth, SUNY Press, Albany 1999 (editor, and contributor of four chapters)
A century of British orientalists 1902–2001 [= Centennial Volume of the Oriental and African Studies Section of the British Academy], Oxford University Press for the British Academy 2001.
Abu 'l-Fadl Bayhaqi's Tarkh-i Mas'udi translated into English with a historical, geographical and linguistic commentary, to appear in the Persian Heritage Series, Columbia University, 3 volumes, New York, 2006; An intrepid Scot: William Lithgow of Lanark's travels in the Ottoman Empire and Mediterranean lands 1609–21, Aldershot 2006.

Awards
UNESCO Avicenna Silver Medal, 1998
Dr Mahmud Afshar Foundation Prize for contributions to Iranian Studies, 2001
Prize by the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, Tehran, for contributions to Iranian historical studies, 2003
Triennial Award, 2003

References

External links
Curriculum vitae
 Updated bibliography of C.E. Bosworth's works

1928 births
2015 deaths
British historians
People from Sheffield
Iranologists
Fellows of the British Academy
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
20th-century British historians

Clifford Edmund Bosworth


The Hot Chick is a 2002 American comedy movie. It was directed by Tom Brady and was produced by John Schneider and Carr D'Angelo. The Hot Chick was released on December 13, 2002. The movie is about teenage girl and a 30-year-old criminal who have their minds magically swapped.

The movie had negative reviews from critics and holds a 21% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Movie critics Roger Ebert and Richard Roeper gave the movie two thumbs down. Ebert also gave the movie half a star out of a four and said "The MPAA rates this PG-13. It is too vulgar for anyone under 13, and too dumb for anyone over 13."

Cast
 Rob Schneider as Clive Maxtone/Jessica Spencer
 Anna Faris as April
 Rachel McAdams as Jessica Spencer/Clive Maxtone
 Matthew Lawrence as Billy
 Eric Christian Olsen as Jake
 Michael O'Keefe as Mr. Richard Spencer
 Melora Hardin as Mrs. Carol Spencer
 Alexandra Holden as Lulu
 Maritza Murray as Keecia "Ling-Ling" Jackson
 Tamera Mowry as Sissie
 Tia Mowry as Venetia
 Sam Doumit as Eden
 Megan Kuhlmann as Hildenburg
 Angie Stone as Madame Mambuza
 Matt Weinberg as Booger Spencer
 Jodi Long as Keecia's mother
 Maria-Elena Laas as Bianca
 Lee Garlington as Vice Principal Marjorie Bernard
 Robert Davi as April's father
 Leila Kenzle as April's mother
 Dick Gregory as Bathroom attendant
 Ashlee Simpson as Monique
 Michelle Branch as Club DJ
 Scott Dolezal as Night Club bartender
 Adam Sandler as Mambuza Bongo Guy (uncredited)
 Shazia Ali as Princess Nawa
 Vivian Corado as Slave Girl
 Jenna Dewan as Bianca Salsa Girl

References

Other websites

2002 comedy movies
2000s buddy movies
2000s criminal comedy movies
2000s fantasy-comedy movies
2000s sex comedy movies
2000s teen comedy movies
American criminal comedy movies
American fantasy-comedy movies
American sex comedy movies
American teen comedy movies
Body swapping in fiction
Female buddy movies
English-language movies
Cross-dressing in movies

The Hot Chick


Electrasy are an English rock band. Formed in 1994 in Dorset, UK, the band consists of vocalist Alisdair (Ali) McKinnell, guitarists Nigel Nisbet and Steve Atkins, bassist Alex Meadows (who joined the band before they recorded In Here We Fall), drummer Paul Pridmore and keyboardist Jim Hayden (who left the band by May 2001 and rejoined in 2022). The band were active until 2002, although several members of the band still based in the UK after this time continued to perform occasional gigs. Nigel Nisbet has subsequently released four solo albums, Calling All The Dreamers in 2007, Musicians are Different in 2015, Mainstream Panic in 2016 and Falling from the Stars in 2018. Alex Meadows has also released recent solo material under the name The Inexperienced, and is also a regular performer with various other acts (Tom Jones, Il Divo). Electrasy released a new album on July 1, 2021, entitled Givin' It Back, including multiple remasters and a live recording of their 1998 single Best Friend's Girl.

A 4th album titled 'To The Other Side' was recorded in 2022 and was released in the summer of 2023.

Career
Electrasy (originally named Crush and then Vivid from 1994 to 1996) achieved UK Singles Chart success with "Morning Afterglow" (reached number 19 and later number 49 in the US Rock charts in 2000), and released two major label albums, 1998's Beautiful Insane in the UK and 2000's In Here We Fall in the US. "Morning Afterglow" was on both albums and a new version of "Angel" was recorded for In Here We Fall. Recording began for their third album Wired for Dreaming in 2001, but due to trouble with their record labels – first MCA/Universal UK and then Arista in the U.S. – delayed release of the third album, until it was finally released on physical format in 2008 with the help of Pink Hedgehog Records.

During their career, Electrasy played over 180 shows in 1998, including two live performances on Channel4 TFI Friday and appearing on the Other Stage at the Glastonbury Festival in 1999. The band were also voted #2 NEW ARTIST OF 1999 by WBRU's listeners, and in the Top Songs Of 99 chart, "Morning Afterglow" came in at #7, and "Best Friend's Girl" came at #63.

In Here We Fall features a cover of the Led Zeppelin song "Dazed and Confused". The song "Cosmic Castaway", from the same album, was also featured on the soundtrack album of the 2000 animated film Titan A.E. and has been streamed over 3 million times. In addition, their song "Renegades" can be heard in the final scene and credits of the 2001 film Monkeybone.

In 2013, the band released a previously unreleased version of the song "Today's the Day" for Pink Hedgehog Records' compilation album Close to the Hedge, featuring various artists. This version of the song was originally recorded in 1997 as part of the pre-production for the album Beautiful Insane.

According to The Guinness Book Of Records, Electrasy won an award for having 4,400 custard pies thrown in three minutes featuring members of the Official Laurel and Hardy fan club, which was also part of the music video to their single "Best Friend's Girl".

Discography

Albums

Singles

References

External links
 Official website

 [ Allmusic entry for Electrasy]
 https://web.archive.org/web/20020119131218/http://www.electrasy.org/

English rock music groups
Musical groups established in 1994
Musical groups disestablished in 2002
Musical groups reestablished in 2021
1994 establishments in England

Electrasy