Ying Bu (died November or December 196 BC) was a Chinese military general, monarch, politician, and warlord who lived during the early Han dynasty. He was a native of Lu County (六縣; present-day Lu'an, Anhui). In his early life under the Qin dynasty, Ying Bu was convicted and sentenced to qing (黥; a form of punishment which involved branding a criminal by tattooing his face), so he was also called Qing Bu (). He was then sent to Mount Li to perform hard labour by constructing Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum. He later escaped with some men and became the leader of a bandit gang. Ying Bu participated in the insurrection against the Qin dynasty after the Dazexiang Uprising broke out in 209 BC. After the uprising failed, he became part of a rebel force led by Xiang Liang. He assisted Xiang Liang's nephew and successor Xiang Yu in overthrowing the Qin dynasty. After the fall of Qin, he initially fought on Xiang Yu's side in the Chu–Han Contention (206–202 BC), a power struggle for supremacy over China between Xiang Yu and Liu Bang (Emperor Gao). However, later, he defected to Liu Bang's side and helped Liu defeat Xiang Yu and become the emperor. During this period of time, Ying Bu held the title "King of Jiujiang". In August 203, Liu Bang appointed Ying Bu as a vassal king and granted him the title "King of Huainan". In 196 BC, Ying Bu rebelled against the Han dynasty but was defeated and killed.

Life

Early life
Ying Bu was born in a family of commoners. In his childhood, a fortune teller once told him that he would become a convict first before becoming a king later. When he became older, Ying Bu committed a crime and under the laws of the Qin dynasty, he was sentenced to qing (黥; a form of punishment which involved branding a criminal by tattooing his face), but he laughed and said, "A fortune teller once told me that I would be convicted before becoming a king. Isn't it so?" He was scorned at by others when they heard him. Ying Bu was later sent to Mount Li to do hard labour by constructing Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum. He befriended many fellow convicts and later escaped with them, and became the leader of a bandit gang.

Uprising against Qin
In 209 BC, when Chen Sheng and Wu Guang started the Dazexiang Uprising to overthrow the Qin dynasty, Ying Bu joined rebel leader Wu Rui, his father-in-law, and rallied several thousand men. After the uprising was crushed by the Qin general Zhang Han, Ying Bu led his followers north to attack the Qin left and right flanks and defeated the enemy at Qingbo (清波; southwest of present-day Xincai County, Henan), and then moved east. When Ying Bu learnt that Xiang Liang had amassed a large rebel force in Kuaiji (then still centered on present-day Suzhou, not Shaoxing), he led his own followers to join Xiang Liang too.

Ying Bu fought bravely in battle and assisted Xiang Liang in defeating other insurgent leaders such as Jing Ju and Qin Jia (). In the summer of 208 BC, Xiang Liang installed King Huai II on the throne of the Chu state, but the king was actually a figurehead used by Xiang Liang and his clan to rally more supporters in the name of restoring Chu. King Huai II granted Ying Bu the title of "Lord Dangyang" (). Xiang Liang was killed in action against Qin forces at the Battle of Dingtao (定陶, in modern Heze, Shandong province) in the winter of 208 BC, and King Huai II moved his capital to Pengcheng (彭城; present-day Xuzhou, Jiangsu). Ying Bu and other Chu generals were stationed in Pengcheng.

At the time, Qin forces were attacking another insurgent state, Zhao. The Zhao king Zhao Xie () requested aid from Chu. King Huai II ordered Song Yi, Xiang Yu (Xiang Liang's nephew) and Fan Zeng to lead an army to rescue Zhao Xie. Xiang Yu accused Song Yi of treason, killed the latter and took control of the army. Ying Bu was originally under Song Yi, so he became Xiang Yu's subordinate after King Huai II approved Xiang Yu's command. In 207 BC, Chu forces led by Xiang Yu, Ying Bu and others defeated a larger Qin army led by Zhang Han at the Battle of Julu. After the battle, at Xin'an (新安; in present-day Yima, Henan), Xiang Yu had Ying Bu oversee the execution of Zhang Han's 200,000 surrendered Qin soldiers by burying them alive.

After his victory at Julu, Xiang Yu led his forces towards Guanzhong (the heartland of the Qin dynasty) and prepared for an invasion. In the winter of 207 BC, the last Qin emperor Ziying surrendered to Liu Bang in Xianyang (the Qin capital), bringing an end to the Qin dynasty. Xiang Yu later occupied Xianyang and divided the former Qin Empire into the Eighteen Kingdoms, each ruled by a vassal king. Ying Bu was named "King of Jiujiang" ().

Chu–Han Contention

In the fourth lunar month of 206 BC, the rulers of the Eighteen Kingdoms returned to their respective domains. Xiang Yu ostensibly promoted King Huai II of Chu to a more honorific title of "Emperor Yi of Chu", and moved him to Changsha, effectively sending the puppet ruler into exile. Xiang Yu then secretly ordered Ying Bu to kill Emperor Yi, and Ying Bu intercepted the emperor at Chen County (郴縣; present-day Chenzhou, Hunan) and killed him.

In 205 BC, Tian Rong () started a rebellion in Qi so Xiang Yu led an army to attack him. Xiang Yu requested reinforcements from Ying Bu, but the latter claimed that he was ill and instead sent his subordinates and a few thousand troops to assist Xiang Yu. At the same time, Liu Bang (King of Han) formed an alliance with five other kings and took advantage of Xiang Yu's absence to attack and seize the latter's capital Pengcheng (彭城; present-day Xuzhou, Jiangsu). When Xiang Yu asked help from Ying Bu, the latter claimed that he was ill again and refused to aid Xiang Yu. Xiang Yu was displeased with Ying Bu and sent a messenger to summon the latter but Ying Bu became afraid and refused to go. Xiang Yu did not attack Ying Bu because he faced the threats of Qi and Zhao, and Liu Bang in the west, and also because he felt that Ying Bu was a talent and wanted the latter to remain on his side.

In late 205 BC, Xiang Yu defeated Liu Bang at the Battle of Pengcheng and Liu was forced to retreat to Yu (). Liu Bang told his followers, "People like you are not worthy to discuss great plans with me." One of Liu Bang's advisors, Sui He (), asked why, and Liu Bang replied, "Who can help me go to Huainan and persuade (Ying Bu) to betray Chu, and keep Xiang Yu occupied in Qi for several months, then I can easily take control of the empire." Sui He volunteered for the mission and brought 20 escorts to Huainan. Three days after reaching his destination, Sui He had yet to see Ying Bu, so he said to Ying Bu's advisor and henchmen, "The king refuses to see me because Chu is powerful and Han is weak. This is exactly the reason why I'm here. Why don't you allow me to meet him first? If what I've said is true, then that's what he wishes to hear. If what I've said is false, then me and my 20 men are willing to die in Huainan to prove that your king is against Han and loyal to Chu." The advisor relayed Sui He's message to Ying Bu, and Ying agreed to meet Sui He.

Sui He said, "The King of Han sends me to deliver a message to you. I'm curious why you're so close to Chu." Ying Bu responded that he had all along been serving Xiang Yu. Sui He said, "Both you and Xiang Yu are vassal kings. You're willing to be subservient to him because you feel that Chu is powerful and can be relied on. When Xiang Yu was attacking Qi, he fought ahead of his men. You should personally lead Huainan's forces and fight as Chu's vanguard. Yet now you only send 4,000 men to assist Chu, is this what a subordinate should do? When the King of Han was attacking Chu's capital Pengcheng, you should lead your men to help Xiang Yu and fight with the King of Han day and night. You have a large army but you don't send troops to help and would rather stand by and watch. Is this what a subordinate should do? You are subordinate to Chu in name, but actually you rely on yourself. I feel that this won't be good for you. You refuse to betray Chu because you think that Han is weak. However, although Chu is powerful, Xiang Yu has lost the people's trust and support when he implacably broke his promises and murdered Emperor Yi, and now he still thinks that his state is strong enough and he can win any battle. The King of Han is mustering other vassal lords, and garrisoning in Chenggao and Xingyang. His supply routes from Shu (modern Sichuan and Chongqing) avoid deep trenches and are well-defended. When Chu recall its forces, it is separated by Liang in between and is 800-900 li within enemy territory. Now Chu is unable to fight well and is exhausted. Its old and weak soldiers are transporting supplies over great distances. When Chu forces reach Xingyang and Chenggao, Han forces only need to put up a firm defence. In this way, Chu forces can neither advance by attacking nor retreat. Therefore, I say that Chu is unreliable. If Chu wins Han, other vassal states will help each other for fear of Chu. As such, we can see that if Chu becomes more powerful, it will invite hostility from many sides. It's obvious that Chu is worse than Han. I'm puzzled as to why you choose to depend on Chu, which is at stake, instead of Han, which has nothing to lose. I don't think that Huainan's forces are sufficient to resist Chu, but if you betray Chu, Xiang Yu will be held up in Qi for several months, and Han has higher chances of taking over the empire. I sincerely hope you can join the alliance of King of Han. He'll grant you a fief larger than the current Huainan you have. As such, he sends me to present this plan to you and hope that you'll consider it." Ying Bu agreed but he kept silent about his defection.

At the same time, Xiang Yu had sent a messenger to Huainan to request reinforcements from Ying Bu. Sui He called for the messenger and declared, "The King of Jiujiang has already joined Han. Why does he need to send troops to help Chu?" Ying Bu was startled. The Chu messenger was surprised and left. Sui He then said to Ying Bu, "It's now a fact (that you've joined Han), so you should kill the Chu messenger and stop him from returning to Chu. You should also ally with Han as soon as possible.", and Ying Bu heeded his advice.

When Xiang Yu learnt that Ying Bu had turned against him, he sent Xiang Sheng () and Long Ju to attack Huainan while he remained behind to attack Xiayi (). Months later Long Ju defeated Ying Bu and conquered Jiujiang. Ying Bu was afraid that he would be killed so he fled to Han territory.

Ying Bu wanted to meet Liu Bang after he arrived in Han. Liu Bang was sitting on his bed and washing his feet when Ying Bu came to see him. Ying Bu was furious because he felt that Liu Bang was treating him with contempt, and he regretted joining Han and wanted to commit suicide. When Ying Bu was shown to his living quarters, he was surprised to see that everything was similar to Liu Bang's and he was delighted. He then sent his men to Jiujiang and learnt that Xiang Yu's uncle Xiang Bo had taken control of his former troops and killed his family. His men also found several of his former followers and brought them back to Han. Liu Bang put Ying Bu in command of some troops.

In 203 BC, Liu Bang instated Ying Bu as "King of Huainan" (). Later that year, Ying Bu led an army to attack Jiujiang and conquered many cities. He entered Jiujiang together with Liu Gu () and persuaded Zhou Yin () to defect from Chu to Han. Ying Bu and Zhou Yin led their armies to join Liu Bang in attacking Xiang Yu and eventually defeated Xiang at the Battle of Gaixia in 202 BC. Xiang Yu committed suicide and the rest of Chu surrendered to Han.

Following his victory in the Chu–Han Contention, Liu Bang was proclaimed "Emperor" and became historically known as "Emperor Gaozu of Han" after establishing the Han dynasty. Ying Bu became a vassal king of the Han dynasty, under the title King of Huainan (), with his capital at Lu (六; present-day Lu'an, Anhui), and the commanderies of Jiujiang (), Lushan (), Hengshan () and Yuzhang () under his control.

Rebellion against Han
In early 196 BC, Han Xin, the Marquis of Huaiyin (), was executed on Empress Lü Zhi's order. Ying Bu became uneasy when he learnt of this. In April of that year, Peng Yue, the King of Liang (), suffered a similar fate, and his corpse was minced into pieces and the gory parts distributed to various nobles and vassal kings. Ying Bu was terrified and was worried that he would end up like Han Xin and Peng Yue, so he started gathering his forces and paying closer attention to happenings in the nearby areas.

One of Ying Bu's favourite concubines fell sick and was sent for medical treatment. The physician who attended to her was a neighbour of a palace official called Ben He (). As Ying Bu's concubine often visited the physician, Ben He used the opportunity to get close to her and offered her expensive gifts, and they had drinks at the physician's house. When the concubine returned home she praised Ben He in front of Ying Bu, saying that Ben He was a warm hearted man. Ying Bu asked her how she knew Ben He, and she told him everything. Ying Bu began to suspect that Ben He was having an affair with his concubine. Ben He became afraid when he heard that Ying Bu suspected him so he feigned illness and remained at home. Ying Bu became more angry and wanted to arrest Ben He. In desperation, Ben He accused Ying Bu of plotting a rebellion and fled to the capital Chang'an. Ying Bu sent his men to pursue Ben He but could not catch up with the latter. Upon reaching Chang'an, Ben He claimed that Ying Bu was showing signs of plotting a rebellion and urged the Han imperial court to send an army to launch a preemptive attack on Ying Bu. Emperor Gaozu discussed with his chancellor Xiao He, and the latter commented, "Ying Bu wouldn't do this. I believe that his enemies are trying to frame him. Please put Ben He under custody first and then send people to investigate Ying Bu." When Ying Bu saw that Ben He had escaped and accused him of plotting a rebellion, he suspected that Ben He had already revealed what he had been secretly planning to do. Besides, the Han imperial court had sent people to investigate, so Ying Bu decided to proceed with his plan. He killed Ben He's family and started a rebellion in August or September 196 BCE. When news of Ying Bu's revolt reached Chang'an, Emperor Gaozu pardoned Ben He and appointed him as a general.

Gaozu summoned his subjects to discuss on how to deal with Ying Bu and they urged the emperor to send an army to attack Ying Bu and destroy him. Xiahou Ying consulted Xue Gong (), a former lingyin of Chu, and asked him, "The emperor granted him a fief and the title of a vassal king, allowing him to enjoy luxuries and rule over thousands, why does he still want to rebel?" Xue Gong replied, "Peng Yue and Han Xin were executed in the past two years. The three of them contributed heavily to the dynasty's founding and are almost equal to each other. Ying Bu feared that he would experience the same fate (as Han Xin and Peng Yue) so he rebelled." Xiahou Ying then recommended Xue Gong to Emperor Gaozu. Xue Gong analysed to the emperor that Ying Bu would make three possible moves: 1. Attack and capture Wu, Chu, Qi, Lu, Yan and Zhao, and the Han dynasty would lose the Shandong region as a result; 2. Attack and capture Wu, Chu, Han, Wei, rely on supplies from Aoyu to block Chenggao, the outcome of this move was uncertain; 3. Attack Wu, Xiacai, return to Yue and Changsha, there was nothing to worry if Ying Bu made this move. Xue Gong predicted that Ying Bu would take the third option because Ying Bu was a convict and he attained his kingly status through his own efforts, and everything he did was for personal gain and he did not care about the people and his descendants. Gaozu put Xue Gong in charge of 1,000 households and installed his son Liu Chang () as "Prince of Huainan" to replace Ying Bu. Gaozu then personally led an army to suppress Ying Bu's rebellion.

Before Ying Bu rebelled, he told his men, "The emperor is old and hates going to war. He'll definitely not come. Even if he sends any of his generals, among them only Han Xin and Peng Yue are dangerous, but since both of them are already dead there's nothing to fear." Ying Bu moved east to attack Jing () and in Fuling () he defeated and killed Liu Gu (), Prince of Jing (). He then crossed the Huai River to attack Chu. Chu sent its forces to intercept Ying Bu between Xu () and Tong (), with three armies ready to come to each other's aid if any came under attack. Someone warned the Chu commanders, "Ying Bu is versed in warfare and the people have long feared him. Chu forces are fighting on their own territory and are easily scattered. Now the army is divided into three forces, if one is defeated the other two would follow suit. How is it possible for them to help each other?" The warning was ignored. Ying Bu later really did defeat one army and the other two dispersed.

Ying Bu then advanced west and encountered the Han army led by Emperor Gaozu in Qixi (蕲西; south of present-day Su County, Anhui) and they battled at Zhui (). Ying Bu's army was well-trained so Gaozu had to retreat to Yongcheng (). From a distance, Gaozu saw that Ying Bu's forces were deployed like Xiang Yu's and he hated that. Gaozu asked Ying Bu, "Why do you want to rebel?", to which Ying Bu replied, "I want to be the emperor." Gaozu was furious and scolded Ying Bu, and launched an attack. Ying Bu was defeated and retreated back across the Huai River. At times he halted and turned back to resist the Han forces but failed. Ying Bu was eventually left with around 100 men and they retreated to south of the Yangtze River.

Ying Bu was Wu Rui's son-in-law, so Wu Chen (吳臣; Wu Rui's son), who would posthumously be known as King Cheng of Changsha (), sent a messenger to Ying Bu, lying that he would help Ying Bu escape to Nanyue. Ying Bu believed Wu Chen and followed the messenger to Poyang (), where he was killed by peasants in Zi Village ().

Legacy
Ying Bu is sometimes venerated as a door god in Chinese and Taoist temples, usually partnered with Peng Yue, other Han general. He is one of the 32 historical figures who appear as special characters in the video game Romance of the Three Kingdoms XI by Koei. He is also featured under the name "Qing Bu" as a playable character of the "Muscleman" class in the action role-playing game Prince of Qin.

References

Citations

Bibliography
 Sima Qian. Records of the Grand Historian, Volume 91, Biography of Qing Bu.
 Ban Biao et al. Book of Han, Volume 34, Biography of Ying Bu.

External links
  Ying Bu on hxlsw.com

Year of birth unknown
195 BC deaths
Chinese gods
Chinese princes
Chinese warlords
Chu–Han contention people
Deified Chinese people
Han dynasty generals
Politicians from Lu'an

Ying Bu


Ludovico Barbo, O.S.B. (1381–1443), also referred to as Luigi Barbo, was a significant figure in the movement to reform monastic life in northern Italy during the 15th century. Originally a canon of the community which became the Canons Regular of San Giorgio in Alga, he died a Benedictine abbot and Bishop of Treviso (1437–1443).

Biography
A young nobleman (born into the Barbo family) of the Republic of Venice, in 1397 Barbo received as a benefice the position of commendatory prior of a monastery of Augustinian friars on the isolated island of San Giorgio in Alga. During that period he was influenced by the preaching of an itinerant canon regular, Bernardo of Rome, who was promoting the new form of spirituality known as the Devotio Moderna, which had developed in the Low Countries. Through his brother, Francesco, he was made aware of two cousins, Antonio Correr and Gabriele Condulmer (later to become Pope Eugene IV), also disciples of Bartolomeo, who were following a way of life patterned on that of the Brothers of the Common Life. Inspired by their manner of life, in 1404 he gave the nearly derelict monastery to them, and soon both he and his brother joined the community, which also counted the later saint, Lawrence Giustiniani.

On 30 November of that year, the new monastery had grown to 17 members, all members of the clergy, and received the formal approval of Pope Boniface IX. Though primarily following the life of an enclosed religious order, the canons of the monastery successfully observed the life of the cloister without professing religious vows and also served in a limited form of Christian ministry to the people of the Republic. The success of the community led to the adoption of its format by communities of canons around the region, leading to the formation of a new congregation of canons, presided over by San Giorgio.

Along with Giustiniani, who had become the head of the Priory of St. Augustine in Vicenza, Barbo was tasked to reform the clergy and monastic institutions in Italy. Both men saw methodical prayer and Christian meditation as essential tools for reform. As part of this program, in 1408 Pope Gregory XII appointed him the abbot of the Benedictine Abbey of Santa Giustina in Padua, where he became a Benedictine monk, and with the help of three canons from San Giorgio di Alga worked to reform the life of the monastic community. Despite his relatively young age of 27, Barbo was successful in his efforts, and the abbey flourished to such a degree that it too became the center of a congregation of monasteries following its form of life.

One of Barbo's reforms was to allow his monks to sleep in separate cells, a reform that is regarded as an important step towards enhancing spirituality by providing them with more solitude. Many of the reforms which Barbo instituted were quickly adopted in other monasteries. At the time of his death he had reformed 16 monasteries, including the one at the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome.

See also
 Christian monasticism
 Prayer, meditation and contemplation in Christianity

References

External links
 Ildefonso Tassi: Ludovico Barbo, 1952, (Italian).

1381 births
1443 deaths
15th-century Venetian people
Augustinian canons
Italian Benedictines
Benedictine abbots
Ludovico
Ludovico
15th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops
Bishops appointed by Pope Eugene IV
Benedictine bishops
Republic of Venice clergy

Ludovico Barbo


Berend George Escher (4 April 1885 – 11 October 1967) was a Dutch geologist.

Escher had a broad interest, but his research was mainly on crystallography, mineralogy and volcanology. He was a pioneer in experimental geology. He was a half-brother of the artist M. C. Escher, and had some influence on his work due to his knowledge of crystallography.  M.C. Escher created a woodcut ex libris for his brother 'Beer' with a stylized image of a volcano around 1922 (Bool number 91).

Escher was the son of the civil engineer G. A. Escher, a director of the Dutch watermanagement (Rijkswaterstaat) and his first wife, Charlotte Marie Hartitzsch. Escher spent his youth in Switzerland. He studied geology at the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (Technical University) of Zürich, where he was a pupil of Albert Heim. He finished his studies in 1911 and returned to the Netherlands where he first became the assistant of M. E. F. T. Dubois at the University of Amsterdam and then curator of the geological collections at Delft University. In 1916 he was employed by Royal Dutch Shell in the Dutch East Indies.

Escher became professor at Leiden University in 1922, at the same time he became director of the geological museum there, he was the successor of K. Martin in that position. Whereas Martin's interest lay mainly with paleontology and stratigraphy, Escher was in the first place a mineralogist. In Leiden he reorganized the museum by giving more attention to educating the general public in geology. He wrote books on geology, mineralogy and crystallography, scientific as well as for the general public.

His research area was mainly volcanology. He was also interested in the geology of the Moon. Of importance were his contributions in discussions with F. A. Vening Meinesz, Ph. H. Kuenen and J. H. F. Umbgrove on zones of negative gravitational anomalies, which they explained by assuming that convection took place in the mantle. Escher's contribution was to research volcanism at these zones. He was also a pioneer in using experiments to solve geological questions, for which he set up a laboratory in Leiden.

During the German occupation of the Netherlands in World War II, Escher was kept captive by the Nazis for some time. After his release he went in hiding until the liberation in 1945.

When Leiden University reopened he became rector magnificus. He retired in 1955. He was elected IAV President (IAV at that time) for two periods (1948–1954).

References

A. J. Pannekoek, 1962: Geological research at the universities of the Netherlands, 1877-1962 in Geologie & Mijnbouw, vol. 41 no. 4 p. 161-174
G. E. de Groot, 1978: Rijksmuseum van Geologie en Mineralogie 1878-1978 (Scripta Geologica 48)  (includes full text PDF)
Biographical dictionary of the Netherlands (in Dutch)
F. H. Bool et al., M.C. Escher - His Life and Complete Graphic Work, New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1981

20th-century Dutch geologists
Dutch geologists
Mineralogists
Dutch volcanologists
1885 births
1967 deaths
Academic staff of the Delft University of Technology
Academic staff of Leiden University
People from Gorinchem

Berend George Escher


Amazonian pop art (also known as Amazon pop art or wild naive) is a contemporary art movement that emerged in late 1990 in Iquitos. The movement has an intense chromaticism with a great representation of ayahuasca experience psychedelic —a delirious artistic style that is seen strongly in the non-Amazonian pop art works of Pablo Amaringo. Originally, it is a mural art that blends prominently the colorful amazonian culture, European motifs and commercial characters, which could be influenced by American pop art when the era of cable television came to the city, like MTV.

Background
Amazonian pop art grew self-taught. Mainly started in the suburbs of Iquitos, where there was no art market, or some kind of art school, because that too is considered a naive style. Essentially, the Amazonian pop art originated from various mixes of popular culture Iquitos received through the media, including movie posters, typography of film in Mexico and India. Another important feature is the visual style that originated from music videos. Typically, in most of the Amazonian pop art works is denoted nightclubs, bars and pubs video scene. In several other compositions, it also becomes large presence of the feminine and the erotic.

Classification
In the visual, Amazonian pop art is divided into two categories: the diurnal works have consistent and complete colors, and the nocturn works, the most attractive, are painted with phosphorescent material —often taking infinite forms as a collection of neon lights—, that glow under black light or simple night.

Currently, several artists engaged in decorating the rustic architecture of the city —such as huts and palafittes— in areas such as the Belen District as a method of artistic expression and cultural influence. The cultural impact of art was so attractive that comes up in cemeteries.

Notable artists
Piero
Ashuco
Lu.cu.ma
Luis Sakiray
Christian Bendayán

References

Pop art
Modern art
Avant-garde art
Contemporary art

Amazonian pop art


Leave It to Beaver is an American television sitcom series. It first aired from October 7, 1957 to June 20, 1963.  The series stars Jerry Mathers as "Beaver"; Tony Dow as his older brother Wally; Barbara Billingsley as his mother June Cleaver; and Hugh Beaumont as his father Ward Cleaver.

Semi-regulars include Ken Osmond as Wally's friend Eddie Haskell; Frank Bank as Wally's other friend Lumpy; Burt Mustin as Gus the fireman; Sue Randall as Beaver's teacher Miss Landers; Rusty Stevens as Beaver's friend Larry Mondello; and Jerry Weil as Beaver's mean little schoolmate Judy Hensler.

The series is about Beaver's adventures at home, in school, and around his neighborhood. Writers Bob Mosher and Joe Connelly based Beaver's adventures on the exploits of their own children.  In most episodes, Beaver would get into trouble. His parents would speak to him and explain what he had done wrong. They would hope that he had learned a lesson.

Various critics and television viewers adored the series, with Variety comparing the series to Tom Sawyer. Websites like Time and Bravo placed the series at the top of their "best of television" lists. In 1999, TV Guide ranked Eddie Haskell number 20 on its "50 Greatest TV Characters of All Time" list. In 1997, a movie based on Leave It to Beaver opened in theaters, of the same name.

Notes

References

1957 establishments in the United States
1963 disestablishments in the United States
1957 television series debuts
1963 television series endings
1950s American television series
1960s American television series
American sitcoms
Black and white television series
CBS network shows
English-language television programs
ABC network series

Leave It to Beaver


Warren Group | Studio Deluxe is a graphic design firm located in the Beacon Laundry Building, which is part of the Helms Bakery Complex, in Culver City, California. The firm was founded by creative director Linda Warren in 1984.

Warren Group | Studio Deluxe won awards in various design competitions, including the American Center of Design 100 Show, Annual Report 100, and Art Directors Clubs of New York and California. Its work has been mentioned in online and print venues, such as Apple, Graphics Inc., Communication Arts, How and Print Magazine, and selected for the U.S. Library of Congress Permanent Design Collection. The firm's annual report for Junior Blind of America is included in Designing for the Greater Good: "The Best in Cause-Related Marketing and Nonprofit Design."

Design background

Warren Group | Studio Deluxe's work focuses on print and online formats, and includes corporate identities, branding systems, print campaigns, publications and websites. For its efforts on behalf of clients in the fields of education and healthcare, the firm has been recognized by the Association of American Medical Colleges, Council for Advancement and Support of Education, University and College Designers Association, and the Healthcare Public Relations and Marketing Association.

Linda Warren is a former president of the Art Director's Club of Los Angeles and a member of the AIGA, the nation's largest design organization. She is a graduate of Occidental College, Los Angeles, and attended the Ecole de Cuisine, Ritz Escoffier, Paris. She is also an adjunct professor in the graphic design department of Santa Monica College, Los Angeles.

Warren Group | Studio Deluxe's clients include The Aquarium of the Pacific, Aramark, The California Avocado Commission, The Capital Group Companies, Carnegie Mellon University Press, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, The Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf, The Doheny Eye Institute, Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences, The Information Sciences Institute at USC, Junior Blind of America, Loyola High School, Manet Community Health Center, Marymount College, St. Paul the Apostle Catholic Community, Occidental College, Outer Cape Health Services, The Saban Research Institute, The University of Southern California, and The Walt Disney Company.

Philosophy

In an interview on Apple.com, firm leader Warren said, "On a creative level, everything we do here depends on collaboration. Among ourselves, the photographers and illustrators and writers we work with and with our clients. The better we collaborate, the better our final product is."

Along the same theme, when asked by Designer Magazine, "What's the key to your success?" she answered: "Teamwork. You have to like and respect the people you're working with, enjoy the process and truly believe that each person is part of the inspiration of a project."

References

Publications

 Peleg Top, Jonathan Cleveland, ''Designing for the Greater Good: The Best in Cause-Related Marketing and Nonprofit Design'', HarperCollins, 2010 ()
 B. Martin Pederson, ''Designers USA'', Graphics, 2005 ()
 ''Hot California Graphics 2'', Madison Square Press, 2002 ()

External links
 Warren Group | Studio Deluxe website
 Lindy Sue's for Clean Living website
 Apple.com
 The New York Times
 Helms Bakery District

Graphic design studios
Design companies of the United States
Companies based in Culver City, California
Design companies established in 1984
1984 establishments in California

Warren Group – Studio Deluxe


Cob or COB may mean:

Animals
 Cob (horse), a small sturdy horse or large pony
 Cob, an adult male swan
 Cob, a gull
 Cob, an old English word for a spider, sometimes still used for an orb-weaver spider

Parts of plants
 Corncob, the inside of an ear of maize (corn) on which the kernels grow
 Cob or cob nut, another name for a hazelnut

Materials and objects
 Cob (material), a building material for making walls using compacted clay, sand and straw
 Cob or cobbing board, a wooden instrument used for punishment: see Paddle (spanking)
 Cob, Spanish gold and silver coins that were irregularly shaped and crudely struck: see Spanish dollar
 Cob (bread), a crusty bread roll shaped like a squashed ball, commonly used in the English Midlands

Geographical objects
 The Cob, a seawall in Porthmadog, Wales
 The Cob, a seawall in Malltraeth, Anglesey, Wales
 Kingsley Castle, also known as Castle Cob, a medieval motte in Kingsley, Cheshire, England

People
 Cob Stenham (born 1932), English business executive

Acronyms
 Bolivian Workers' Center, Central Obrera Boliviana in Spanish
 Brazilian Olympic Committee, Comitê Olímpico Brasileiro in Portuguese
 Brazilian Workers Confederation, Confederação Operária Brasileira in Portuguese
 Center of balance (disambiguation), multiple meanings
 Central Obrera Boliviana, a federation of labor unions in Bolivia
 Cercle Olympique de Bamako, a Malian football team
 Chairman of the board
 Chief of the Boat, the most senior enlisted crewperson on United States Navy submarines
 Children of Bodom, a Finnish metal band
 Chip on board, method of directly mounting semiconductors on printed circuit boards or substrates
 Church of the Brethren, an American religious denomination of German origin
 Church Office Building, headquarters of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
 Clerk, Clerk of the Board, of an organizational board or committee
 Close of Business, the formal end of the day in financial markets or offices
 College of The Bahamas, the national public institution of higher education
 Company of Biologists, a UK charity that publishes scientific journals
 Consistent Overhead Byte Stuffing, an algorithm
 Continent-ocean boundary, the boundary between oceanic and continental crust on a passive margin
 Contingency Operating Base, a US military term, a forward operating base
 Continuity of Business, an acronym sometimes used in conjunction with Disaster Recovery
 Corn, Oats and Barley, a grain mix fed to horses and other livestock: see equine nutrition
 Creature Object, a simple programming language for the game Creatures (artificial life program)
 Crew overboard, in boating: see Man overboard

Codes
 cob, the ISO 639-3 code for the Chicomuceltec language of Mexico and Guatemala
 COB, a country code for the Republic of the Congo that is no longer used
 COB, the station code for Cooden Beach railway station, Bexhill-on-Sea, United Kingdom

Related pages
 Cobb (disambiguation)
 Kob, an antelope

Cob


Slash-and-burn is a technique that has been used for thousands of years. Usually at the start of the dry season, a plot of land is  cleared of its vegetation. Very often, this is done manually, for example using machetes. This can take a long time, clearing a hectare can take up to 120 hours of work. If the land is to be used for crops that last more than two years, the roots need to be cleared as well. Usually this is not done for annual plants. The plants cleared are left to dry, often for weeks. When they are dry enough, they are burnt. The ash that is created makes the soil fertile. Weeds, and other pests have also been eliminated, so the field can be used for agriculture. After three to five years, the extra fertility is gone, and the farmer  usually moves to another field (or again uses slash-and-burn).

Problems
While the technique is very simple, it also has problems: Often, fires created get out of control, and more land is burned than necessary. That way, a territory the size of Belgium burned down in a fire, created in 1989, in the state of Roraima in Brazil. In general, there are few large fires in the rainforest. the climate is very wet, and rivers block the fires.  In southeast Asia, between May and October, many people have health problems because of the clouds of smoke. During that time, slash-and-burn operations happen in Indonesia. These fires are responsible for the clouds.

Millions of people use slash-and-burn agriculture, often as a way  of subsistence farming. For this reason, the practice cannot be outlawed. Some steps can be taken ot lessen the impact on the ecosystem:

 Improving soils, for example with charcoal. see also terra preta.
 Adding fast-growing tree species to the primary forest. These trees grow faster than the primary forest.
 Instead of burning it, the biomass can be cut into small pieces, and left to rot.
 Using the forest on multiple layers: In the lower layers, for example bananas, in the upper layers: coconuts; alternative: wheat, and citrus fruit or palm trees.

Images

Related pages
Fire-stick farming

Agriculture

Slash-and-burn


Amateur wrestling is the most widespread form of sport wrestling.[citation needed] There are two international wrestling styles performed in the Olympic Games under the supervision of FILA (Fédération Internationale des Luttes Associées or International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles): Greco-Roman and freestyle. Freestyle is possibly derived from the English Lancashire style. A similar style, commonly called collegiate (also known as scholastic or folkstyle), is practiced in colleges and universities, secondary schools, middle schools, and among younger age groups in the United States. Where the style is not specified, this article refers to the international styles played on a mat.

Wrestling

Amateur wrestling


Emperor Ai of Tang (27 October 89226 March 908), also known as Emperor Zhaoxuan of Tang (), born Li Zuo, later known as Li Chu (), was the last emperor of the Tang dynasty of China. He reigned—as but a puppet ruler—from 904 to 907. Emperor Ai was the son of Emperor Zhaozong. He was murdered by Zhu Wen.

Emperor Ai ascended the throne at the age of 11 after his father, the Emperor Zhaozong, was assassinated on the orders of the paramount warlord Zhu Quanzhong in 904, and while Emperor Ai reigned, the Tang court, then at Luoyang, was under the control of officials Zhu put in charge. In 905, under the instigation of his associates Liu Can and Li Zhen, Zhu had Emperor Ai issue an edict summoning some 30 senior aristocrats at Baima Station (白馬驛, in modern Anyang, Henan), near the Yellow River; the aristocrats were thereafter ordered to commit suicide, and their bodies were thrown into the Yellow River. He could do nothing to stop Zhu from murdering his brothers and mother in the same year. Less than two years later in 907, Zhu made his final move against Emperor Ai himself, forcing the young emperor to abdicate to him. In Zhu's new Later Liang dynasty, the former Tang emperor carried the title of Prince of Jiyin, but in 908, Zhu had the prince poisoned, at the age of 15.

Background
Li Zuo was born in 892, at the main palace at the Tang imperial capital Chang'an.  His father Emperor Zhaozong was already emperor at that point, and he was Emperor Zhaozong's ninth son.  His mother was Consort He, who had previously given birth to an older brother of his, Li Yu, Prince of De, who was Emperor Zhaozong's oldest son.

In 897, Li Zuo was created an imperial prince, along with his brothers Li Mi () and Li Qi (); Li Zuo's title was Prince of Hui.  Later in the year, with Li Yu having been created Crown Prince earlier in the year, their mother Consort He was created empress.

By 903, Zhu Quanzhong the military governor (Jiedushi) of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan), already previously one of the most powerful warlords in the Tang realm, had taken Emperor Zhaozong's court at Chang'an under control, in alliance with the chancellor Cui Yin.  That year, Emperor Zhaozong was prepared to give Zhu the title of Deputy Generalissimo of All Circuits, with one of his sons serving, titularly, as Generalissimo, and he initially wanted to give that title to Li Yu as Li Yu was older.  However, Zhu wanted a younger prince to serve as Generalissimo to avoid diverting the focus of authority, so Cui, under Zhu's orders, recommended Li Zuo.  Emperor Zhaozong agreed and made Li Zuo Generalissimo.

In 904, Zhu forced Emperor Zhaozong to move the capital from Chang'an to Luoyang, which was even more firmly under his control.  Later that year, fearing that the adult Emperor Zhaozong would try to rise against him while he was away on campaigns against other warlords, he had Emperor Zhaozong assassinated.  Bypassing Li Yu and the other older princes, he had an edict issued in Emperor Zhaozong's name creating Li Zuo crown prince and changing his name to Li Chu.  Shortly after, Li Chu took the throne (as Emperor Ai).  Empress He, who survived the assassination, was honored empress dowager.

Reign
At the time Emperor Ai took the throne, one of the chancellors was Zhu Quanzhong's close associate Liu Can.  Liu, not from an aristocratic family, resented the traditional aristocrats, and he advocated to Zhu that the senior aristocrats should be slaughtered to prevent them from resisting Zhu.  Zhu agreed, and in 905, under edicts issued in Emperor Ai's name, some 30 of them were gathered at Baima Station and ordered to commit suicide; their bodies were then thrown into the Yellow River.  The victims included the former chancellors Pei Shu, Dugu Sun, Cui Yuan, Lu Yi, and Wang Pu, as well as the senior officials Zhao Chong () and Wang Zan ().  Around the same time, nine of Emperor Ai's brothers, including Li Yu, were also killed on Zhu's orders.

Meanwhile, Liu, as well as Zhu's other close associates at the Luoyang court, Jiang Xuanhui () the director of palace communications and Zhang Tingfan () the commander of the imperial guards, were preparing ceremonies to have Emperor Ai yield the throne to Zhu.  Pursuant to past precedents on dynastic transitions, they first had Emperor Ai issue edicts to create Zhu the Prince of Wei (魏王) and bestow on him the nine bestowments—but Zhu, wanting the throne even faster and believing false accusations by Wang Yin () and Zhao Yinheng that Jiang, Liu, and Zhang were intentionally slowing the transition down with these ceremonial formalities, then had Jiang, Liu, and Zhang put to death.  Wang and Zhao then falsely accused Empress Dowager He, who had been cooperating with Jiang in the hopes that she and the young emperor would be spared, of carrying on an affair with Jiang.  She was therefore also killed, and Emperor Ai was forced to posthumously had her defamed and demoted to commoner rank, although he was still allowed to mourn for her.

In 907, under advice from his ally Luo Shaowei the military governor of Weibo Circuit (魏博, headquartered in modern Handan, Hebei), Zhu finally resolved to take the throne.  Later in the year, he had the young emperor yield the throne to him, ending Tang and starting a new Later Liang as its Emperor (Taizu)—although several regional warlords, including Li Keyong, Li Maozhen, Yang Wo, and Wang Jian, refused to recognize him, and effectively became rulers of their own states (Jin, Qi, Wu, and Former Shu, respectively).  Of those new states, Jin, Qi, and Wu continued to use Emperor Ai's Tianyou era name, implicitly still recognizing him as emperor.

Death
The new Later Liang emperor created Li Chu the Prince of Jiyin and moved him from Luoyang to Cao Prefecture (曹州, in modern Heze, Shandong), and put his mansion under heavy guard, with a fence of thorns surrounding it.

In 908, he had Li Chu poisoned to death and gave Li Chu the posthumous name of Ai (哀, "lamentable").  In 928, by which time Li Keyong's adoptive son Li Siyuan was ruling as the emperor of Jin's successor state Later Tang (as Emperor Mingzong), which claimed to be the legitimate continuation of the Tang dynasty and which had earlier destroyed Later Liang, Emperor Mingzong's officials suggested that a temple be built to honor Emperor Ai.  Emperor Mingzong had such a temple built at Cao Prefecture.  In 929, Emperor Mingzong's officials further suggested giving Emperor Ai a more proper (i.e., more Tang-traditional) posthumous name of Emperor Zhaoxuan Guanglie Xiao, with a temple name of Jingzong, but they also pointed out that since Emperor Ai's temple was not among the imperial ancestral temples, a temple name was not proper.  Therefore, only the new posthumous name was adopted, and the temple name was not.  Traditional histories thus referred to him mostly as Emperor Ai but also at times as Emperor Zhaoxuan.

Chancellors during reign
 Cui Yuan (904–905)
 Pei Shu (904–905)
 Dugu Sun (904–905)
 Liu Can (904–905)
 Zhang Wenwei (905–907)
 Yang She (905–907)

Family
No family recorded in official histories; Song dynasty general Li Gang was claimed to be a descendant through a son named Li Xizhao ()

Ancestry

References

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 20, part 2.
 New Book of Tang, vol. 10.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 261, 264, 265, 266.
 任士英 (2005) 正說唐朝二十一帝 Taipei (台北): 聯經.

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892 births
908 deaths
10th-century Chinese monarchs
10th-century murdered monarchs
Executed Later Liang (Five Dynasties) people
People executed by Later Liang (Five Dynasties)
People executed by poison
Tang dynasty emperors
Monarchs deposed as children
Child monarchs from Asia
Murdered Chinese emperors

Emperor Ai of Tang


Karim Emami () (26 May 1930, Calcutta, India – 9 July 2005, Tehran, Iran) was an Iranian translator, editor, lexicographer, and literary critic.

Life
Emami was born in 1930 in Calcutta, a frequent destination of his father, a tea merchant. He learned his first English words from his father and returned to Shiraz in Iran when he was two years old.

Emami studied English literature at University of Tehran and at the University of Minnesota. He became a journalist in the early 1950s for the English language Tehran daily Keyhan International. During the 1960s, he translated contemporary Persian poetry into English. In 1967, he was named editor in chief at Franklin Books, where he was instrumental in the publication of quality books and training younger writers and editors. He also founded Soroush Press, the publishing arm of National Iranian Radio and Television, and established the Zamineh bookstore in Tehran, a meeting place for writers, intellectuals, and book lovers.

In the final decade of his life he was an active contributor to Motarjem, an Iranian quarterly dedicated to translation and translators. He was responsible for Kargahe Tarjome (translation workshops) section of the magazine. He died of leukemia in Tehran.

Selected works

Books in Persian

 Payāmi dar rāh: Naẓari be šeʿr va naqqāši-e Sepehri, (A message on the way: A collection of three essays by Dāriuš Āšuri, Ḥosayn Maʿṣoumi Hamedani and Karim Emami), ed. Karim Emami, Tehran, 1980.
 ʿAkkāsi-e siāh o sefid (Black-and-white photography), Karim Emami et al., Tehran, 1981.
 Panj negāh be ḵāk (Five ways of looking at the earth), a collection of 63 pictures by five Iranian photographers: Mehdi Ḵᵛānsāri, Bahman Jalāli, Yaḥyā Dehqānpur, Mahšid Farahmand, and Karim Emami), ed., Karim Emami, Tehran, 1982.
 Čeguna film-e ʿarusaki besāzim (How to make animated movies), Karim Emami et al., Tehran, 2000.

Translations into Persian

 Arthur Charles Clarke, Man and Space (1968), as Ensān o fażā, Tehran, 1970.
 Arthur Conan Doyle, The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, as Mājarāhā-ye Sherlock Holmes (1993–1998), 4 vols.
 Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby (1925), as Gatsbi-e bozorg (Ṭalā va ḵākestar), Tehran, 1965.
 Alex La Guma, Apartheid, ed., Tehran, 1981.
 David Lodge, Graham Greene (1966), Tehran, 1974.
 John Osborne, Look Back in Anger (1956), as Bā ḵašm be yād ār, Tehran, 1963.
 Herbert Read, A Concise History of Modern Painting (1956–74), as Tāriḵča-ye naqqāši-e novin, forthcoming.
 Sir Denis Wright, The Persians Amongst the English (1985), as Irāniān dar miān-e Engelisihā, Tehran, 1987.

Translations into English

 Jalal Al-e Ahmad, "Crisis in Education: The School Principal," Michael Hillmann, ed. Iranian Society: An Anthology of Writings by Jalal Al-e Ahmad, Kentucky, 1988, pp. 80–88.
 Forugh Farrokhzad, "Another Birth," Michael Hillmann, ed. A Lonely Woman: Forugh Farrokhzad and Her Poetry, Washington D. C., 1987, pp. 111–13.
 Omar Khayyam (72 quatrains), TheWine of Nishapur: A Photographer's Promenade in the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, Paris, 1988.
 Sohrab Sepehri, "Water's Footsteps," Iranian Studies, 15/1-4, 1982, pp. 97–116. Idem, The Lover is Always Alone, Tehran, 2003.

Compilation of exhibition catalogues
 Art in Iran (Iran–America Society, Tehran, 1965)
 A Collection of Saqqā-ḵāna Paintings (Iran-America Society, Tehran, 1967)
 Modern Iranian Art: A Retrospective Exhibition (Iran-America Society, Tehran, 1976).

Art and literary essays
 "Crucial Test for Iranian Cinema," (August 12, 1964, p. 6)
 "Contemporary Iranian Literature in the Mirror," (May 21, 1965, p. 5)
 "An Eyeful of Art in Goethe's Garden," (June 6, 1968, p. 6)
 "Contemporary Iranian Literature in the Mirror," (May 21, 1965, p. 5).

Further reading

 Iraj Afšār, "Tāzahā va pārahā-ye Irānšenāsi," Bukhara, 53, Summer 2006, pp. 130–67. Sirus ʿAlinežād, "Meṯl-e Aḵavān, meṯl-e Foruḡ, meṯl-e Emāmi,' available online (accessed 20 July 2009).
 Dāriuš Āšuri, "Šarāb-e Neišābur," Irannameh, 8/1,winter 1989.
 ʿAbd-al-Ḥosayn Āzarang, "Pišgoftār," in Karim Emami, Dar gir o dār ketāb o našr, Tehran, 2006.
 "Idem, Jāygāh-e Karim Emāmi dar našr o virāyeš,"Bukhara, no. 53, Summer 2006, pp. 493-7.
 Shaul Bakkash, "Yād-e doust," Bukhara 42, 2005a, pp. 406–11.
 Idem, "Karim Emami: 1930-2005," 2005b, available online (accessed 20 July 2009).
 Karim Emami, Az past o boland-e tarjoma (The ins and outs of translation), vol. I, Tehran, 1993; vol. II. ed.ʿAbd-al-Ḥosayn Āzarang and Možda Daqiqi, Tehran, 2006.
 Idem, "Az Kayhan, Farnklin, va Soruš," Tāriḵ-e šafāhi-e našr-e Iran (Oral History: Publishing Industry in Iran), ed. ʿAbd-al-Ḥosayn Āzarang, and ʿAli Dehbāši, Tehran, 2004.
 Idem, Dar gir o dār-e ketāb o našr, Tehran, 2006.
 Nazila Fathi, " Karim Emami," The New York Times, July 13, 2005.
 Ebrāhim Golestān, "Pāyān-e in nemād-e niki-e bihamtā," Bukhara 42, Summer 2005.
 ʿAli Ḵazāʾifar, "Az šomār-e dow čašm yek tan kam," Bukhara 42, Summer 2005, pp. 399–405.
 Ḥosayn Maʿṣumi Hamadāni, "Bāḡbān-e ketāb," Bukhara 42, Summer 2005, pp. 368–73.
 ʿAli Mirzāʾi, "Karim Emāmi: ḵedmatgozār-e ketāb o ṣanʿat-e našr dargoḏašt," Negāh nou, 2005, pp. 24–27.
 Parviz Rahimḵāni, "Ostād Karim Emāmi-e šatranj-bāz," Bukhara 42, Summer 2005, pp. 428–29.
 Kāyvān Sepehr, "Marg-e čonin mard," Ketāb-e hafta, 253, 2005, p. 3.
 Mehdi Yazdāni-Ḵorram, "Gastby-e bozorg dargoḏšt," Bukhara 42, Summer 2005, pp. 420–22.

References

Sources
Karim Emami, Az Past va Boland e Tarjome, Vol 1, Tehran:Niloofar, 2006 (5th Impression).

External links
Encyclopaedia Iranica A very useful biography contributed by Abdol Hosayn Azarang.

Iranian translators
Translators of Omar Khayyám
Iranian lexicographers
University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts alumni
Writers from Tehran
1930 births
2005 deaths
Burials at artist's block of Behesht-e Zahra
20th-century translators
20th-century lexicographers

Karim Emami


Barnard Arnold "Barney" Gumble is a recurring character in the American animated TV series The Simpsons. He is voiced by Dan Castellaneta and first appeared in the series premiere episode "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire".

Barney is the town drunk of Springfield and one of Homer Simpson's friends. His loud belches and desperation for alcohol serve as frequent sources of humor on the show, though Barney sobered up in the Season 11 episode "Days of Wine and D'oh'ses" before relapsing three years later. Barney was inspired by the cartoon character Barney Rubble from The Flintstones and by several barflies from other television programs. In 2004, Castellaneta won an Emmy Award for voicing various characters, including Barney.

Barney can be seen in The Simpsons opening credits since 2009, passed out under a pile of leaves (but still holding his beloved bottle of Duff Beer) and being awoken by Bart Simpson skateboarding over his stomach, causing him to let out his trademark belch.

Role in The Simpsons
Barney's father, Arnie Gumble, was a World War II veteran who died in 1979 in a parade float accident. Little is known about his mother, except that she lives in Norway and that she served in the United States Navy, including duty on a submarine. She is seen in the season nine episode "Simpson Tide". In "Treehouse of Horror XVII", Barney stated that he was Polish, after mistakenly saying he was Irish in a drunken stupor. Barney was born on April 20 (which Homer remembers is also Hitler's birthday in "Viva Ned Flanders") In "A Star Is Burns", Barney states that he is 40 years old. Several episodes, starting with The Way We Was, depict him as Homer's best friend in high school. In the episode "$pringfield", he claims that he studied dance for several years, including modern and tap.

Two episodes give different reasons for his alcoholism. "Mr. Plow" suggests that Barney was a dedicated student looking forward to a bright future. He had his mind set on going to Harvard University, until Homer peer pressured him into drinking beer the day before the SATs. Season 16's "She Used to Be My Girl" attributes his drinking to his high school girlfriend Chloe Talbot leaving Springfield to pursue a journalism career.

In "Homer's Barbershop Quartet", Barney formed a barbershop quartet with Homer, Apu Nahasapeemapetilon, and Seymour Skinner called the Be Sharps. Barney was asked to join when the other members heard him singing in a beautiful tenor voice in the restroom of Moe's Tavern, replacing the group's original fourth member, Chief Wiggum, who had been kicked out. In 1986, the Be Sharps won a Grammy Award for Outstanding Soul, Spoken Word, or Barbershop Album of the Year. Soon, creative disputes arose, and Barney left the group in all but name when he began dating a Japanese conceptual artist. The group realized that they were no longer popular and split up.

Barney was rescued from a tar pit by Bart's pet elephant Stampy in "Bart Gets an Elephant" and he also started a snowplowing business rivaling Homer's in "Mr. Plow". Barney's commercial defamed Homer, causing Homer to lose his customers. As revenge, Homer fooled Barney into plowing a driveway on Widow's Peak, a treacherous mountain just outside Springfield. When Homer saw a news report showing that Barney had become trapped in an avalanche, Homer immediately drove to the mountain and rescued Barney. The friends resolved their differences and agreed to work together. However, a heat wave hit Springfield at that exact moment, driving them both out of business. However, in the episodes "O Brother, Where Bart Thou?" and "Miracle on Evergreen Terrace" it is shown that Barney still drives his Plow King truck.

After being forced to spend a sober night at Moe's Tavern serving as designated driver, Barney left town in Homer Simpson's car to, among other things, give a guest lecture at Villanova (although, by his own admission, the guest lecture could just have likely occurred on a street corner). He ultimately abandoned the car in New York City and returned to Springfield after a two-month absence. A gag in "Selma's Choice" suggests that Barney is the father of many local babies born through (presumably, paid) donation of semen and the resulting artificial insemination.

Barney made a documentary film about his life as an alcoholic, titled Pukahontas. It won the top prize at the Springfield Film Festival. He was ready to quit drinking after winning the Festival, but unfortunately, the prize he received was a lifetime supply of Duff Beer. In "Deep Space Homer", Barney trained to become an astronaut for NASA. Under their alcohol-ban, he quickly regained his balance and diction and was quite appropriately selected to fly with Buzz Aldrin. However, he reverted to his old ways when he was presented with a bottle of non-alcoholic champagne. Barney served in the United States Navy Reserve as a submariner on the USS Jebediah, alongside his mother, in "Simpson Tide".

In "Days of Wine and D'oh'ses", after watching a video of his drunken antics at his birthday party, Barney resolves to get sober. He attends Alcoholics Anonymous meetings, cleans up his appearance, and attends helicopter-flying lessons. He remains sober by the episode's end, though his alcoholism is replaced by an unhealthy dependence on coffee. It was revealed in the fourteenth season episode "I'm Spelling as Fast as I Can" that he had relapsed.

Character

Creation
Barney was inspired by Barney Rubble, Fred Flintstone's best friend and next-door neighbor from the animated series The Flintstones. The writers originally wanted the character to be Homer Simpson's sidekick and next-door neighbor, but instead, while still portraying him as Homer's best friend, they decided to make him an alcoholic. Ned Flanders would become the next-door neighbor instead. "Barney was taking the standard sitcom sidekick and just making him as pathetic as possible," said Matt Groening, the creator of The Simpsons. The writers drew further inspiration from Crazy Guggenheim, a character played by comedian Frank Fontaine on The Jackie Gleason Show. Part of the reason the writers went in that direction, according to Groening, was because of "a sort of unspoken rule about not having drinking on television as a source of comedy. So, of course, we went right for it." The writers also patterned the character after Norm Peterson (George Wendt), a character from the sitcom Cheers.

In some early first season episodes, Barney had yellow hair. Later in the production of that season, the producers had it changed to brown, because they thought that his hair looked like his skin; in addition, during an artistic convention of the show, Groening stated that he wanted only the Simpsons to have yellow hair. Animation director Rich Moore modeled Barney's apartment on one he and several other animators who worked on the show shared, particularly the Farrah Fawcett poster and the cable spool table. The writers originally intended for the character to be the owner of Barney's Bowl-A-Rama. However, after making him "pathetic", they could not regard him as a business owner any longer, and it was explained seasons later in "And Maggie Makes Three" that his Uncle Al owns the alley and named it after him.

Voice

Barney Gumble is voiced by Dan Castellaneta. Early on in the show, Castellaneta discovered that it was not easy for him to do Barney's trademark belch every time a script called for it, so he identified his best belch and told the producers to make that the standard, the belch also appears on an episode of The Pitts. Castellaneta has voiced Barney every time he has appeared in the series, with the exception of the episode "Homer's Barbershop Quartet", in which some of Barney's singing is provided by a member of The Dapper Dans, who recorded lines for all four members of the Be Sharps. Their recordings were intermixed with the cast's, often with a cast member singing the melody and the Dapper Dans providing backup.

Sobriety
Castellaneta thought of the idea of Barney sobering up early in the series. He wrote a script together with his wife Deb Lacusta. They offered their script to showrunner Al Jean. Jean liked the story, but felt that it was too similar to a script the writers were already working on, "Duffless", so he turned it down. Castellaneta and Lacusta waited several years and offered their script, which they updated, to then-show runner Mike Scully, who liked it and had them make a few changes. Their script became the eleventh season episode "Days of Wine and D'oh'ses", which first aired April 9, 2000. The episode was directed by Neil Affleck, who said that he had "a vested interest in getting Barney sober." However, some of the writing staff was opposed to the episode as they felt Barney sober would not be funny. Castellaneta commented, "He's still a goofy man-child...he's still got 15 years of booze left in his veins."

After a long discussion about how the episode should end, the writers decided that they did not want Barney to return to being drunk at the end of the episode. Barney stayed sober for several seasons. The animators modified the appearance of the character, straightening his hair, among other things, to indicate his sobriety. Castellaneta altered his voice for the character by no longer slurring. Barney was still seen at Moe's Tavern, but only drinking lattes. The character's new addiction to coffee was suggested by writer-producer David Mirkin, who has friends who stopped drinking alcohol and became addicted to coffee.

Reception
Filmcritic.com ranked Barney 18th on their 2008 list of "The 21 Best Movie Alcoholics of All Time". Recognizing the character for his appearance in The Simpsons Movie, Filmcritic called him "the most awesomely funny town drunk in pop culture". IGN ranked Barney fifth on their list of the "Top 25 Simpsons Peripheral Characters" in 2006, stating that, "he's been a dependable source of humor through his many drunken asides, burps included...Occasionally he's sobered up...But let's face it, for comedy's sake, The Simpsons is better off with a drunken Barney mouthing off at Moe's." Author Chris Turner (Planet Simpson) said, "Making [Barney] sober falls into the trap of all the stuff The Simpsons satirizes, all those simple sitcom narratives where everything is wrapped up in half an hour and everyone learns a lesson in the end."

Britain's The Guardian said that Barney "should be hailed for making compulsive drinking a source of comedy on US TV, a hitherto impossible dream." Entertainment Weekly placed "Mr. Plow" sixth on their list of the best 25 Simpsons episodes in 2003. In 2004, Dan Castellaneta won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance for voicing several characters, including Barney, in the episode "Today I Am a Clown". "Days of Wine and D'oh'ses" was nominated for a PRISM Award in 2001.

Merchandising
Playmates Toys created three Barney Gumble action figures as part of the World of Springfield toy line. The first one, released in August 2000, depicts Barney in his usual appearance. The second, Barney in his Plow King jacket from "Mr. Plow", was released in January 2003. The third, a Toys "R" Us retail exclusive, was released in July 2003 as part of a Be Sharps play set. The song "A Boozehound named Barney" from the episode "Simpsoncalifragilisticexpiala(Annoyed Grunt)cious" was included on the Go Simpsonic with The Simpsons album. Barney plays a role in The Simpsons Ride, launched in 2008 at Universal Studios Florida and Hollywood. Barney appears in a suit of the character Scratchy to entertain the people waiting in line, but he staggers around drunk and drinks in public, which led to Krusty firing him for drinking on the job.

References

Bibliography

External links

 Barney Gumble on IMDb

Characters created by Matt Groening
Fictional alcohol abusers
Fictional aviators
Fictional drivers
Fictional singers
Fictional unemployed people
Male characters in animated series
The Simpsons characters
Television characters introduced in 1989
Crossover characters in television

Barney Gumble


Ampullariidae, the apple snails, is a family of large freshwater snails. It is the largest species of snail. Apple snails are most commonly found in Africa, South and Central America, West Indies, Southern USA, and Asia, but can be found all over the world. They are well adapted to their region and therefore can also be sold as pets and bought at most pet stores in the US. Apple snails are the preferred type of pet snail because of their appearance and size. Apple snails are also called golden mystery snails, golden snails, and mystery snails.

Habitat
Apple snails live in water. They prefer water temperatures between 18°-28° Celsius, or 65°-82° Fahrenheit. They eat things like fresh fruits, lettuce, other vegetables, algae and wafers. However, they are not called apple snails because they eat apples. They get their name from the fact that one species of apple snails can grow to be the size of an apple. Apple snails are also common aquarium pets because of their size. They also prefer to be with other snails. They are good pets because they can live in almost any water condition, for example, water with low/high levels of oxygen, and various temperatures. Although they can live in water with high oxygen, this makes them move slower.

Anatomy
A snail has a basic anatomy like any other mollusk. They have a shell, a nervous system, a circulatory system, a respiratory system, and a reproductive system. The circulatory system has an open heart system, which pumps blood which flows over all of the organs in the snails body without veins or arteries. The respiratory system includes gills and lungs. They need gills to be able to live in water. They have lungs because their bodies adapted to their environment because of frequent droughts; so they need lungs to breathe during the droughts. Their nervous system includes their brain, which controls their body. They are one of the only species of snails that are not hermaphrodites. Each gender has its own reproductive parts.

Food and Digestion
Apple snails are herbivores, so they eat mostly aquatic vegetation, and algae. In captivity, they are commonly fed fish food, along with supplements of rotting organic waste, such as vegetables.. To digest food, apple snails first break up food with the radula teeth, and then the food will be swallowed, and travel down the esophagus and to the stomach. It will eventually exit through the anus as feces. Apple snails will eat most aquatic vegetation, and can "ruin" the look of an aquarium very quickly, as they are scavengers.

The heart
Apple snails have an open circulatory system. This means that the heart pumps blood, but instead of it pumping through veins and arteries like humans have, the blood washes over the organs, and the organs absorb it on contact. After the blood is pumped and the nutrients have been absorbed, it flows back to the heart to take the carbon dioxide away and to get new oxygen.

Reproductive System
The apple snails are not hermaphrodite, like most snails, meaning that they have two genders.

The male snail has two kinds of sperm. One is for attaching onto the female's egg, and the function of the other sperm is unknown.

The female's eggs are stored in the "ovaria" which is near the digestive gland. It goes to the receptaculum seminis, where the male's sperm is stored. The eggs are fertilized here. Then, after the eggs are fertilized, they are sent to the shell gland which will give the eggs a protective shell. After, they shall continue down their tube and leave the mother's body, waiting to be hatched.

Subspecies
Pomacea diffusa, spike-topped apple snail, Brazilian apple snail, golden mystery snail and ivory snail
Pomacea Canaliculata, (channeled apple snail)

References

Gastropods

Ampullariidae


The title Duke of Normandy was given to the rulers of the duchy of Normandy. This fief was created in 911 by Charles the Simple King of France for Rollo, a leader of Northmen. In 1066 the seventh duke, William II, became King William I of England. The title of Duke of Normandy was held by the Kings of England until Henry III gave up the title by treaty in 1259. King John had lost mainland Normandy in 1204, and kept only the Channel Islands.  Today the Channel Islands are a British Crown dependency.

In 1660 when King Charles II was restored to the throne, the King of France, Louis XIV, created Charles' brother James Duke of Normandy, probably as a show of support for monarchy and to stop Charles claiming the title himself.

Early Dukes of Normandy (911-1204)

House of Normandy

Rollo 911-928
William I Longsword 928-942
Richard I 942-997
Richard II the Good 996-1026
Richard III 1026–1027
Robert I The Magnificent 1027-1035
William the Conqueror* 1035-1087 (William II as Duke of Normandy, William I as King of England)
Robert II Curthose 1087-1106
William Rufus* as regent 1096-1100
William Clito as claimant 1106-1134
Henry I Beauclerk* 1106-1135
William III Atheling (Under his father, Henry I)
Stephen of Blois* 1135-1144 (usurped from Empress Matilda)

House of Plantagenet

Geoffrey Plantagenet 1144-1150 (jure uxoris)
Henry II* 1150-1189
Henry the Young King* as junior duke 1170–1183
Richard IV Lionheart* 1189-1199
John Lackland* 1199-1216, lost mainland Normandy in 1204.
Henry III* 1216–1259, renounced mainland Normandy and the ducal title by Treaty of Paris (1259).

Notes

References

Dukes and duchesses of Normandy
Kings and Queens of England
Channel Islands

Duke of Normandy


In Celtic mythology, a Banshee is a female spirit, who usually announces that a person from the family will die soon. The word is from bean sí, which literally means woman from the hills. An older spelling is bean sidhe. Bean sith, and  bean-nighe are variants.

Legendary creatures
Celtic peoples

Banshee


Banco Popolare Società Cooperativa was an Italian bank, formed in 2007 from the merger of Banco Popolare di Verona e Novara (BPVN) and Banca Popolare Italiana (BPI). The bank merged with Banca Popolare di Milano on 1 January 2017.

The bank was ranked fourth by total assets (among retail and commercial banks), according to Ricerche e Studi using 2015 data. The bank was a cooperative partnership. However, Italian Law N°3/2015 required all Popular Banks (Banca Popolare) with total assets above €8 billion, to transform into società per azioni (company limited by shares). In 2016 it was announced that the bank would be merged with Banca Popolare di Milano. At the same time the new bank would be registered as S.p.A.

Banco Popolare was a component of FTSE MIB index of Borsa Italiana (Italian stock exchange).

The group had branches in 19 out of 20 regions of Italy, except in Abruzzo (the subsidiary Banca Caripe was sold in 2011). Moreover, the bank was absent in several provinces of Italy, such as South Tyrol (the equity investment in Südtiroler Sparkasse was sold in 2007), and the province of Sondrio, Lombardy. Moreover, the bank only presented in one out of eight provinces of Sardinia and one out of five provinces of Calabria (only in Reggio Calabria).

History

Banco Popolare di Verona e Novara
Banco Popolare di Verona e Novara, Società Cooperativa a responsabilità limitata (known as just Banco Popolare; P.I. 0323127 023 6) was formed in 2002 by the merger of Banco Popolare di Verona – S.Geminiano e S.Prospero and Banca Popolare di Novara.

From 2002 to 2004 the group made multiple deals with insurer Cattolica Assicurazioni on Credito Bergamasco and other joint ventures. The partnership with the insurer ended in 2007, which after the merger with BPI, the new banking group changed to partner with Fondiaria-Sai in bancassurance (Popolare Vita, ex-BPV Vita).

Banco Popolare
Banco Popolare Società Cooperativa (P.I. 0370043 023 8) was formed by the merger of Banco Popolare di Verona e Novara (BPVN) and Banca Popolare Italiana (BPI). After the deal a new holding company was formed, with Banco Popolare di Verona – S.Geminiano e S.Prospero, Banca Popolare di Novara, Banca Popolare di Lodi, Credito Bergamasco and Cassa di Risparmio di Lucca Pisa Livorno were the main subsidiaries.

64% of the shareholders of the new bank were former shareholders of BPVN, with the rest being the former holders of BPI. Banco Popolare also sold Banca Popolare di Mantova to Banca Popolare di Milano in 2008.

In June 2009 the company became the first Italian bank to receive state aid from the Government of Italy due to the ongoing financial crisis. It sold €1.5 billion in convertible bonds to the state.

On 1 January 2011 the group sold Banca Caripe to Banca Tercas, the bank only section in Abruzzo. In the same year most of the subsidiaries were absorbed into the parent companies, but remained as a brand and as internal bank divisions and departments. The incorporation of Credito Bergamasco was completed in 2014. In 2015 Banca Italease was absorbed. It became the leasing division of the bank.

In 2015 the equity stake in ARCA SGR was sold to Banca Popolare dell'Emilia Romagna and Banca Popolare di Sondrio for €95.5 million.

In 2016 it was announced that the bank would be merged with Banca Popolare di Milano. The new bank would be ranked as the joint-third among the retail and commercial banks of Italy (both the proposed new bank and Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena had total assets of around €170 billion according to 2015 data). The bank also claimed that the new bank would be ranked as the third in terms of branches (above 8%) and more specifically the first in Lombardy (above 15.5% where BPMilano, BPMantova and BPL were located), the third in Veneto (above 9.5% where BPV was located) and the third in Piedmont (above 12.5% where BPN was located). As part of the deal Banco Popolare would also recapitalize €1 billion in order to increase its capital quality. Both banks had below 1 P/B ratio (which Banco Popolare had a higher discount), making the share capital of the new bank roughly composed of 54% shareholders of Banco Popolare and 46% BPM.

As part of the merger and demutualization, Banco Popolare had set an exit price of €3.156 per share for shareholders who did not vote or against the merger in the extraordinary shareholders' meeting in October 2016, which was calculated by the mean of the share price of the previous six months, although it was still above the market price at that time.

References

External links

Banks established in 2007
Banks disestablished in 2016
Italian companies established in 2007
2016 disestablishments in Italy
Companies based in Verona
Defunct cooperative banks of Italy

Banco Popolare


The Fourmost are an English Merseybeat band that recorded in the 1960s. Their biggest UK hit single was "A Little Loving" in 1964.

Biography
Guitarist/vocalist Brian O'Hara and best friend guitarist/vocalist Joey Bower (born Joseph Bower, 17 November 1939, Dingle, Liverpool, Lancashire) formed the Two Jays in 1957. The group changed its name to the Four Jays in September 1959 when bass guitarist/singer Billy Hatton and drummer Brian Redman (born 21 June 1941, Huyton, Liverpool, Lancashire) joined the group.  The Four Jays played at the Cavern Club on 1 March 1961. Rhythm guitarist/singer Mike Millward (ex-the Undertakers) joined the Four Jays in November 1961, followed by drummer/singer Dave Lovelady in September 1962. The band changed its name to the Fourmost in October 1962. On 30 June 1963, the group signed a management contract with Brian Epstein. This led to their being auditioned by George Martin and signed to EMI's Parlophone record label.

With Epstein as their manager, the Fourmost had access to early Lennon–McCartney compositions. The Fourmost's first two singles were written by John Lennon. "Hello Little Girl", one of the earliest Lennon songs, was released on 30 August 1963 and reached No. 9 in the UK Singles Chart. Their follow-up single, "I'm in Love" (Lennon–McCartney), was released on 15 November 1963 and reached No. 17 in the UK. It was also notable as one of the earliest Beatles-penned songs to be released in the United States but, as with the Fourmost's other singles, it failed to chart there.

Their biggest hit followed. "A Little Loving", written by Russ Alquist, reached No. 6 in the UK Singles Chart in mid-1964. From then on, none of the group's singles cracked the Top 20 in the UK. "How Can I Tell Her" was followed by a cover version of the Four Tops' "Baby I Need Your Loving", sung by Millward, while Hatton took lead vocal on "Everything in the Garden" and "Girls Girls Girls" (first recorded by the Coasters and a hit for Elvis Presley). O'Hara composed most of their songs, which were used as B-sides including "Waitin' for You", "That's Only What They Say", "He Could Never", and "You Got That Way".

On the group's only 1960s album, First and Fourmost, from September 1965, they covered Jackie DeShannon's, "Till You Say You'll Be Mine". Other tracks included "My Block" sung by Hatton and written by Jimmy Radcliffe, Carl Spencer and Bert Berns (originally a hit for the Chiffons in 1963), Millward sang a re-make of "The In Crowd", which featured the brass section from Sounds Incorporated, and Hatton sang cover versions of Little Richard's "The Girl Can't Help It" and "Heebie-Jeebies". The band appeared in the 1965 film Ferry Cross the Mersey and on the soundtrack album of the same name singing "I Love You Too" (which appeared in two differing versions from mono to stereo).

In early 1966, the band was rocked by the sudden death of rhythm guitarist/vocalist Mike Millward from leukaemia.  They recruited George Peckham as replacement. In August 1966, the Fourmost covered another Beatles song, "Here, There and Everywhere", followed by a cover of George Formby's "Auntie Maggie's Remedy" in November 1966. The latter song was representative of a comedic element to some of the group's recordings. Peckham wrote and sang the country-influenced "Turn the Lights Down Low" (the B-side of "Auntie Maggie's Remedy"), a short-lived effort to branch out to less pop-oriented fare.

In 1968, now on the CBS record label, they recorded "Apples, Peaches And Pumpkin Pie", an R&B hit by Jay & the Techniques, followed by "Rosetta" (suggested by Paul McCartney, who played piano on it), and "Easy Squeezy". The group soon stopped recording, and became popular on the cabaret circuit. Peckham left the band in 1969 to run a recording studio.  Joey Bower returned to the band as replacement. A later private pressing album, The Fourmost – featuring O'Hara, Hatton, Lovelady and Bower – included covers such as "Without You", "I've Got You Under My Skin", "Rag Doll" and "Save the Last Dance for Me"; it was sold at their shows in 1975.

Hatton, Lovelady and Bower all left in 1980 while O'Hara continued the group with new members, although a version of the band featuring O'Hara with Hatton and Lovelady did once perform at the new Cavern Club. O'Hara eventually dropped out, selling the band's name. A later line-up featuring longtime bassist/singer Bill Haisman (who had been in the later group alongside O'Hara) plus John Richards (lead guitar, vocals), Gary Pearson (guitar, vocals) and Kevin Clarkson (drums, vocals) released a DVD and CD titled The Fourmost Live at The Club Tropicana, featuring a recording of a show in Skegness on 7 April 2007.  They performed both "Hello Little Girl" and "A Little Loving" among other covers of 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s hit songs. Charley Records later issued a 20-track compilation album also titled First and Fourmost, while EMI Records later released a CD stereo/mono version of the original 1965 album in 1999. Brian O'Hara took his own life the same year. In 2005, they also released a 33-track CD compilation The Best of The Fourmost, which included the stereo version of "I Love You Too", and four previously unreleased songs with booklet notes written by Hatton. Hatton died in 2017.

In 2018, the Fourmost completed a 59-date theatre tour on the Sensational 60s Experience Tour along with other acts from that period.

Original band members
 Brian O'Hara, born 12 March 1941, Dingle, Liverpool; died 27 June 1999, Wavertree, Liverpool (suicide), vocalist/lead guitarist
 Mike Millward, born Michael Millward, 9 May 1942, Bromborough, Cheshire; died 7 March 1966, at Clatterbridge Hospital, Bebington, Cheshire (leukemia) rhythm guitarist/vocalist
 Billy Hatton, born William Hatton, 9 June 1941, Dingle, Liverpool; bassist/vocalist died 19 September 2017, Liverpool
 Dave Lovelady, born David Lovelady, 16 October 1942, Litherland, Liverpool, drummer/vocalist

Discography

Albums

Singles

See also
List of bands and artists from Merseyside
List of performers on Top of the Pops
List of artists who have covered The Beatles

References

English pop music groups
Musical groups established in 1963
Musical groups from Liverpool
Parlophone artists
Beat groups
British Invasion artists
1963 establishments in England
Atco Records artists

The Fourmost


Robert Bakewell (23 May 1725 – 1 October 1795) was an English agriculturalist, now recognized as one of the most important figures in the British Agricultural Revolution. In addition to work in agronomy, Bakewell is particularly notable as the first to implement systematic selective breeding of livestock. His advancements not only led to specific improvements in sheep, cattle and horses, but contributed to general knowledge of artificial selection.

Early life
Robert Bakewell, the second eldest son, was born on 23 May 1725 at Dishley Grange, near Loughborough in Leicestershire. As a young man he travelled extensively in Europe and Britain, learning about other farming methods.  Others interested in his work included Prince Grigory Potemkin and François de la Rochefoucauld (1765–1848).

He supported his revolutionary new breeding techniques with grassland irrigation, flooding and fertilizing pasturelands to improve grazing. He taught these practices to many farmers, and in 1783 formed The Dishley Society to promote them and to advance the interests of livestock breeders. His apprentices and contemporaries, especially Thomas Coke, 1st Earl of Leicester, used his methods to continue improvements to British livestock long after his death in October 1795.

Sheep
Arguably the most influential of Bakewell's breeding programs was with sheep. Using native stock, he was able to quickly select for large, yet fine-boned sheep, with long, lustrous wool. The Lincoln Longwool was improved by Bakewell, and in turn the Lincoln was used to develop the subsequent breed, named the New (or Dishley) Leicester. It was hornless and had a square, meaty body with straight top lines.

These sheep were exported widely, including to Australia and North America, and have contributed to numerous modern breeds, despite the fact that they fell quickly out of favour as market preferences in meat and textiles changed. Bloodlines of these original New Leicesters survive today as the English Leicester (or Leicester Longwool), which is primarily kept for wool production.

Cattle
He crossed long-horned heifers and a Westmoreland bull to eventually create the Dishley Longhorn. As more and more farmers followed his lead, farm animals increased dramatically in size and quality. In 1700, the average weight of a bull sold for slaughter was 370 pounds (168 kg). By 1786, that weight had more than doubled to 840 pounds (381 kg) . However, after his death, the Dishley Longhorn was replaced with short-horn versions.

Horses
Robert Bakewell bred the Improved Black Cart horse, which later became a Shire horse.

Legacy
Several buildings in Loughborough are named after Bakewell including a hall of residence at Loughborough University and a primary school in the town.

Influence on Darwin
Selective breeding, which Charles Darwin described as artificial selection, was an inspiration for his theory of natural selection. In On the Origin of Species he cited Bakewell's work as demonstrating variation under domestication, in which methodical breeding during Bakewell's lifetime led to considerable modification of the forms and qualities of his cattle, and the unconscious production of two distinct strains when two flocks of Leicester sheep were kept by Mr. Buckley and Mr. Burgess, "purely bred from the original stock of Mr. Bakewell for upwards of fifty years" with the unanticipated result that "the difference between the sheep possessed by these two gentlemen is so great that they have the appearance of being quite different varieties."

New Dishley Society
The New Dishley Society has been created to promote the memory of Robert Bakewell and of his contemporaries and students of his methods. The society aims to disseminate knowledge of his work and appreciation of his pioneering legacy in the breeding of improved farm livestock and better crop management. It supports research into the revolutionary agricultural techniques of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries and into the men who developed these techniques.

Controversy
Bakewell's pioneering and extremely aggressive use of breeding in-and-in may have contributed to the spread of prionic diseases, such as scrapie, among livestock of the region.

See also
 Agricultural science
 Arthur Young (agriculturist)
 Blocking (statistics)

Notes

References

Bibliography

 Young 1771, "Letter II", in The Farmer's Tour through the East of England , vol. I (London, 1771 ), p. 124
 Young, A., 1776-1791 (1932): Tours in England and Wales. (Selected from the Annals of Agriculture), London School of Economics
 Marshall 1790, The rural economy of the Midland counties (2 vols, London, 1790; vol1/vol2)
 W. Redhead, R. Laing and W. Marshall jun., Observations on the different breeds of sheep, and the state of sheep farming in some of the principal counties of England (Edinburgh, 1792), pp. 33-39
 John Lawrence, "Robert Bakewell", The Annual Necrology for 1797-8 ; including, also, various articles of neglected biography (London, 1800/1805) (note: final 2-3 pages omitted from Google Books scan of the 1800 edition)
 Pitt 1809, A General View of the Agriculture of the County of Leicester. Richard Phillips, London.
 J. Hunt, Agricultural memoirs; or history of the Dishley System. In answer to Sir John Saunders Sebright, Bart., M.P. (Nottingham, 1812), p. 119
 Youatt 1834, Cattle: Their breeds, management, and diseases
 George Culley & Robert Heaton 1804, Observations on live stock: containing hints for choosing and improving the best breeds of the most useful kinds of domestic animals
 Darwin, Charles, 1842, "Sketch on Natural Selection"
 Darwin, Charles, 1844, "On the tendency of species to form varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection"
 Housman 1894, "Robert Bakewell", Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England
 Pawson 1957, Robert Bakewell: Pioneer livestock breeder
 Nicholas Russell 1986, Like Engend'ring Like: Heredity and Animal Breeding in Early Modern England
 Hall & Clutton-Brock 1989, Two hundred years of British farm livestock
 Pat Stanley 1995, Robert Bakewell and the Longhorn Breed of Cattle ()
 Wykes 2004, "Robert Bakewell (1725-1795) of Dishley: farmer and livestock improver"
 Wood & Orel 2005, "Scientific Breeding in Central Europe during the Early Nineteenth Century: Background to Mendel's Later Work", Journal of the History of Biology 38, p. 251
 Cobb 2006, "Heredity before genetics: a history"
 Wood, R. J. & Orel, V. Genetic Prehistory in Selective Breeding: a Prelude to Mendel (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 2001)
 Schinto 2006, "Good Breeding: British Livestock Portraits, 1780-1900", Gastronomica (Summer 2006)
 Orel 1997, "Cloning, Inbreeding, and History", Quarterly Review of Biology 72:4 (December 1997), p. 437-440
 Derry 2003, Bred for Perfection: Shorthorn Cattle, Collies, and Arabian Horses since 1800 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003), p. 9
 Harriet Ritvo, The Animal Estate (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987), p. 47
 Anne Orde (ed.), Matthew Culley, George Culley: Travel Journals and Letters, 1765-1798 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 10
 Trow-Smith, History of British livestock husbandry, p. 59
 R. M. Hartwell, The Industrial Revolution and economic growth (1972), p. 332

1725 births
1795 deaths
People from Loughborough
18th-century English farmers
English agriculturalists
English biologists
History of science and technology in England
Enlightenment scientists
Independent scientists
18th-century British zoologists

Robert Bakewell (agriculturalist)


Princess Leopoldina of Savoy (Leopoldina Maria; 21 December 1744 – 17 April 1807) was a Princess of Savoy and later the Princess of Melfi, as wife of Giovanni Andrea VI Doria-Pamphilj-Landi, (13) Prince of Melfi. She was the older sister of the princesse de Lamballe.

Biography

Leopoldina Maria, Princess of Savoy was born at the Palazzo Carignano in Turin, the capital of the Kingdom of Sardinia. She was the third child of ten, she was her parents' second daughter.

Her father Louis Victor of Savoy was the Prince of Carignano and head of the cadet branch of the House of Savoy which ruled over Sardinia. Her mother was a daughter of the Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg and was a sister of the late Queen Polyxena of Sardinia, wife of Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia. As such, Charles Emmanuel's children were Leopoldina's first cousins including the future King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia.

She received a good education and was fluent in French, Italian, and German. Her brothers included Victor Amadeus II, Prince of Carignano, grandfather of King Charles Albert of Sardinia. Her younger brother was Eugenio, Count of Villafranca, founder of the Villafranca line of the Princes of Carignano.

The second of six daughters, her most famous sister was Maria Luisa of Savoy, future wife of Louis Alexandre de Bourbon and friend of Marie Antoinette and immortalised as the princesse de Lamballe. Her other sisters included Princes Charlotte who was a nun; Princess Caterina who married a Colonna, and was the Princess of Paliano by marriage. Another was Princess Gabrielle who married into the House of Lobkowicz.

She was married to Andrea IV Doria-Pamphilj-Landi, a member of the wealthy Doria-Pamphilj-Landi who were of Genoese origin. Andrea IV who was a frequent at the court at the Royal Palace of Turin and the Castle of Racconigi, the latter of which was a personal residence of the Princes of Carignano. Leopoldina married the Prince of Melfi on 6 May 1767 and arrived in Rome on 20 June 1767.

Once in Rome, her husband established them in the Palazzo Doria Pamphilj, present site of Doria Pamphilj Gallery in Rome. She died there in 1807 aged 62. The present Doria-Pamphilj-Landi descend from her.

Issue

Donna Anna Doria-Pamphilj-Landi (15 November 1770 – 1835) married Marchese Giovanni Battista Serra, no issue;
Don Don Luigi Doria-Pamphili-Landi, Prince of Valmontore (24 October 1779 – 26 January 1838) married Donna Teresa Orsini and had issue;
Donna Eugenia Doria-Pamphilj-Landi (1 June 1786 – 23 July 1841) married Don Marino Francesco Caracciolo, Prince of Avellino and had issue.

Ancestry

References and notes

1744 births
1807 deaths
Nobility from Turin
Princesses of Savoy
18th-century Italian people
19th-century Italian people
Pamphili family
18th-century Italian women
19th-century Italian women

Princess Leopoldina of Savoy


Vito de Luca, better known as Aeroplane, is a Belgian nu disco music producer and DJ.

Known for incorporating a mix of French house and balearic beat, Aeroplane made a name for himself as a club DJ. Aeroplane's music is disco-styled, often on the 1980s decade. Aeroplane's remixes are described by themselves as "spacious cosmic disco" tracks.

Formerly Aeroplane was a duo, consisting of Vito de Luca and Stephen Fasano (currently known as The Magician), who left in 2010.

Biography
Aeroplane's music has been picked up by many world DJs which gained them popularity.

Pete Tong, a famous radio DJ and music producer, working as a DJ on BBC Radio 1 station in United Kingdom has been one of the many to pick up their music. The interest has been wide, as Aeroplane have been chosen as the 500th Essential Mixer on the eclectic music show called Essential Mix broadcast by different DJs on BBC Radio 1 on Fridays between 1am and 3am. Aeroplane have been selected for this occasion by Pete Tong and a board of people to do with music and events. They have played a full hour of tracks upcoming on their album in the first hour of the anniversary show on 24 April 2010, where the show lasted for 4 hours instead of normal 2 hours, between 1am and 5am. For the following three hours, as a celebration of the 500th Mixer to appear on Essential Mix show, Pete Tong, Sasha and Richie Hawtin played their sets.

Aeroplane released debut album entitled We Can't Fly in September 2010, after 12 months of studio work. The album consists of pop songs written and performed by Vito de Luca, along with guests vocals from the likes of Au Revoir Simone, Merry Clayton, Sky Ferreira, Nicolas Kerr (Poni Hoax) and Jonathan Jeremiah. It received a positive review of 8 from SPIN magazine.

Discography

Studio albums

Compilations

Extended plays

Singles

Collaborations

Remixes

Music videos

References

External links
Aeroplane's Official Website

Belgian dance musicians
Nu-disco musicians
Remixers

Aeroplane (musician)


The Kellex Corporation was a wholly owned subsidiary of M. W. Kellogg Company.  Kellex was formed in 1942 so that Kellogg's operations relating to the Manhattan Project could be kept separate and secret.  "Kell" stood for "Kellogg" and "X" for secret.  The new company's goal was to design a facility for the production of enriched uranium through gaseous diffusion. In gaseous diffusion, isotopes of Uranium-235 could be separated from Uranium-238 by turning uranium metal into uranium hexafluoride gas and straining it through a barrier material.

History
The M. W. Kellogg Company, headquartered in Jersey City, New Jersey, specialized in chemical engineering projects. A year before the Manhattan Project began, the S-1 Section of the Office of Scientific Research and Development asked Kellogg to work with John R. Dunning and other scientists at Columbia University to ascertain the feasibility of gaseous diffusion.  The pilot project at Kellogg was led by Percival C. "Dobie" Keith, vice-president of engineering at Kellogg, with A. L. Baker as Project Manager, and J. H. Arnold as Director of Research and Development.  The work that Kellogg and Keith were doing on the pilot project made them obvious choices when the Manhattan Project looked for a company to create a  production level processing plant.

The newly formed Kellex company was headquartered in the Woolworth Building in Lower Manhattan, co-located with the New York Area Engineers Office, which oversaw the contract and the nearly one hundred Special Engineer Detachment personnel which had been assigned to the firm headquarters. Kellex facilities were also located at Columbia University's Nash Garage Building in New York City, in Decatur, Illinois, in Kellogg's Jersey City plant, and at the Clinton Engineer Works in Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

Kellex was charged with developing processes and equipment and to design the plant. Several technical challenges needed to be met before gas extraction techniques could be effectively applied to separation of uranium. Such a system would need an adequate porous barrier, a workable gas pump, and a pipe that could resist the corrosive effects of uranium hexafluoride gas. Scientists developed and tested different possible processes for uranium extraction at various locations.  These included a pilot gaseous diffusion plant built at Columbia University in the Nash Garage Building at 3280 Broadway, New York, NY. Scientists and engineers were developing technology for the proposed production plant at the same time that architects were designing a building to house it.

The project was known as K-25; "K" stood for Kellex while "25" was a common designation for uranium-235 during the Manhattan project. The K-25 production plant at the Clinton Engineer Works was built by the J. A. Jones Construction Company.  The mile-long, U-shaped plant covered , was four stories high and contained hundreds of miles of specially coated, hermetically sealed pipes and equipment. The K-25 plant was the single most expensive facility of the Manhattan Project.  Once built it was operated by the Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Corporation.

In 1950, Kellex Corporation was acquired by Vitro Corporation.

References

1942 establishments in New York City
Manhattan Project
Nuclear history of the United States
Companies based in New York City
American companies established in 1942
Manufacturing companies established in 1942

Kellex Corporation


The Australian Army Legal Corps (AALC) consists of Regular and Reserve commissioned officers that provide specific legal advice to commanders and general legal advice to all ranks. They must be admitted to practice as Australian Legal Practitioners.

Legal officers can specialise in operational law (such as the laws of war and international humanitarian law, administrative law), and disciplinary law which is derived from the Defence Force Discipline Act.

Legal officers can also appear on behalf of members of the Australian Defence Force charged with service offences, such as stealing firearms, although usually not those heard at Regimental or Battalion level.  They can also appear as prosecuting officers as well as assist boards of inquiry.  Promotion and level of pay is determined by experience as well as recognised levels of legal competency, which are closely associated with obtaining post-graduate qualifications, such as the Master of Laws specialising in military law through the Australian National University.  Many members of the Legal Corps have been appointed as Queen's Counsel or Senior Counsel, and a number have been elevated to various Australian courts (including county, district courts, and state supreme courts).

Order of Precedence

See also
Judge Advocate General's Corps

References

Further reading

Legal
Legal organisations based in Australia
Australian military law
Prosecution services of Australia
Australia

Australian Army Legal Corps