Allyn S. King (February 1, 1899 – March 31, 1930) was an American stage and film actress and singer who began her career in vaudeville, and later as a Ziegfeld Follies performer.

Early life
King was born in North Carolina to Allen S. and Phoebe (née Whitaker) King. The year following her birth, the King family was living in Winston (now Winston-Salem) where her father was a medical student.  Allen King was from Louisiana and, after receiving his degree in the early 1900s, returned to his home state to set up a medical practice in Morgan City. Phoebe King's family was from Goldsboro, North Carolina some 54 miles southeast of Raleigh where some press accounts indicate Allyn King later lived.

On May 19, 1909, Leroy Oliver, a 16-year-old son of a deceased doctor, walked into Dr. King's Morgan City office and fatally shot him. Oliver later told police that Dr. King had allegedly taken advantage of his sister. At the time of her husband's murder, Phoebe King and her daughters, Phoebe and Allyn, were visiting relatives in North Carolina.

Career
King's stage career began at an early age. By the time she was 15, she was performing in vaudeville as a singing comedian at New York's Proctor's Twenty-Third Street Theatre, and the following year as a comedian and dancer with Ziegfeld's Top-O-The -Clock Review.

In September 1916, she replaced headliner Justine Johnstone after Johnstone quit as a result of Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr.'s refusal to let her boyfriend visit her dressing room. King would remain with Ziegfeld for five seasons before achieving a modicum of success on Broadway in the early 1920s.

She played Alicia Bonner in the 1920 Avery Hopwood hit comedy Ladies' Night that had a run of 360 performances at the Eltinge Theatre on 42nd Street and Louise Endicott in the successful 1924 William LeBaron and Con Conrad musical comedy Moonlight over its 174 run at Longacre Theatre. King toured in the 1925 play Seduction, a production that featured dancing harem girls. Her other Broadway shows, Sun Showers (1923), Florida Girl (1925) and 90 Horsepower (1926), all had short runs.

King appeared in at least one silent film, The Fighting Blade (1923), in which she played Charlotte Musgrove, the sister of Thomsine, whose lover, Dutchman Karl Van Kerstenbrook, had come to England to serve in Oliver Cromwell's army.

Career decline
In 1927, King almost died after putting herself on a near starvation diet compounded with diet pills in an attempt to maintain the boyish figure in vogue at the time. She spent nearly two years recovering at a sanitarium before leaving to live with an aunt in New York City. King's desire to weigh some 20 to 30 pounds below her optimum weight was fueled by the following clause in her working contract.

It is expressly made a part of this agreement and is an essential part, therefore, that if at any time you should  during the term of the said arrangement, increase in weight more than sixteen pounds or decrease in weight more than ten pounds or let the dimensions of any part of your figure vary more than one-half inch from the following,  weight 115 pounds, neck 12 ½ inches, bust 34 inches, upper arm 11, lower arm 7 ½, waist 26, hips 34, thigh 18, calf 12, ankle 8 ½, then and in that event we shall have the right to cancel this contract upon giving you one week's notice.

After King left the sanitarium to live with her aunt, she studied music with aspirations toward a possible career in radio.

Personal life
In 1924, King was reported to be engaged to Carl Wiedemann, a wealthy brewer from Newport, Kentucky and owner of the race horse In Memoriam. Wiedemann later released the statement, "I am neither married nor engaged."

Death
On March 29, 1930, King leapt from her aunt's fifth story, New York City apartment to a courtyard below. She had left behind a note lamenting the fact that she would never return to Broadway. King survived the fall with broken limbs and fractured skull that her doctors were confident she could recover from. Though King was alert and seemed to be in good spirits, her condition deteriorated and she died of her injuries on March 31, 1930. The year before, German actress Marietta Millner's death was also attributed to excessive dieting to meet her contractual obligations.

Nearly 200 people attended King's funeral service on April 2 at the Campbell Funeral Church on Broadway and 66th Street that was followed by a private interment attended by her mother, sister, close friends and family at Mount Hope Cemetery in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York (now called the  Westchester Hills Cemetery).

References

External links

1899 births
1930 suicides
1930 deaths
20th-century American actresses
20th-century American singers
Actresses from North Carolina
American musical theatre actresses
American stage actresses
American silent film actresses
Burials in New York (state)
Musicians from Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Suicides by jumping in New York City
Traditional pop music singers
Vaudeville performers
Ziegfeld girls
Actors from Winston-Salem, North Carolina
20th-century American women singers

Allyn King


Opéra comique is a French opera tradition.  Many French operas from the early 18th century to the early 20th century are opéras comiques.  In this French tradition there is spoken dialogue as well as songs and dances. It developed from the popular vaudevilles.

In Paris there is a theatre called the Opéra-Comique where these operas were performed.  Although "opéra comique" means "comic opera" it is not necessarily comedy.  Bizet's opera Carmen is probably the most famous opéra comique, and it is a tragedy. By the late 19th century the opéra-comique usually had no spoken dialogue.  There was music all the way through (as there is in Carmen).

Opera genres

Opéra-comique


Eógan mac Muiredaig is named in some Scots sources as a king of Dál Riata, probably in the 730s.

Presumed to be the son of Muiredach mac Ainbcellaig, and thus a king of the Cenél Loairn, Eógan is not named in any surviving Irish annals, nor does he appear in the Duan Albanach, which passes from Muiredach to Áed Find. The Chronicle of the Kings of Dál Riata names Eógan son of Muiredach as king after Muiredach, and the king-list in the Chronicle of Melrose includes him.

Later genealogies of the Mormaers of Moray trace their descent from the Cenél Loairn through one Ruadrí, a presumed brother of Eógan's father.

Eógan's reign falls in the period when Dál Riata was invaded and conquered by the Picts under Óengus mac Fergusa. The name of his successor is unknown, and the next king to appear in the record is Áed Find of the Cenél nGabráin, some three decades after Eógan's time.

References
 Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History A.D 500–1286, volume 1. Reprinted with corrections. Paul Watkins, Stamford, 1990.

Eogan mac Muiredaig
Eogan mac Muiredaig
8th-century Irish monarchs
8th-century Scottish monarchs
Year of birth unknown

Eógan mac Muiredaig


William Tinsley (7 February 1804 – 14 June 1885) was an Irish architect who immigrated to the United States in 1851. He and his family settled in Cincinnati where Tinsley received commissions to design several prestigious buildings in the Midwestern United States.

Ireland
William, the younger son of Thomas Tinsley and Lucy Brough, was born in Clonmel, County Tipperary. In about 1820 he entered the family building business. Although baptised into the Church of Ireland, Tinsley converted to Methodism at the age of twenty-one. Following the death of his father in 1825, William took over the company and received several commissions from local landowners: most notably he rebuilt Darling Hill, seat of the Pennefather family. He studied the designs of church architect James Pain, and was made the official architect for the Diocese of Lismore on Pain's death. Tinsley designed the chapter house of St. John's Cathedral, Cashel, which housed the Bolton Library.

United States
In 1851, following a decline in business after the Great Famine, Tinsley and his wife Lucy and their nine children emigrated to the US. They sailed from Waterford to New York via Liverpool before settling in Cincinnati. His first major commission in his adopted country was the original North Western Christian University building which he began in the Winter of 1852-53. He completed several other commissions, among them Christ Church Cathedral on Monument Circle in Indianapolis, River View Cemetery in Aurora, Indiana, work for Rockwell, Kenyon (Ascension Hall), and Wabash colleges, as well as Ohio Wesleyan University, and Bascom Hall at the University of Wisconsin. It is likely that he designed Christ Church at the Quarry (1863) in Gambier, Ohio, near Kenyon College. He was also the architect for Grace Episcopal Church in Pomeroy, Ohio, and St. Philip's Episcopal Church, Circleville, Ohio in 1866-1867. His last major work was the Ohio State School for the Blind at Columbus, Ohio. Following his death in 1885, he was interred at Crown Hill Cemetery in Indianapolis.

Bascom Hall
Originally known as Main Hall, Bascom Hall opened in 1859 as the first entirely instructional building on the University of Wisconsin–Madison campus. The building was expanded through additions in 1899, 1905 and 1927. The building originally featured a towering dome until 1916 when it burned down. The dome was never replaced. In a report from the University Regents in 1856, the building was described as such: "This building is designed for public restrooms, for recitation, lecture, library cabinet, apparatus. It will contain also, the astronomical observatory, the working laboratory, apartments suitable to the residence of two families of the faculty, the principal dining hall for the use of Students, and a chapel. All the departments in Science, Literature and Arts and in the professional schools of Medicine and Law will find ample accommodation in the proposed edifice."

Today the building stands as the iconic centrepiece of the UW-Madison campus and is home to the office of the chancellor of the university, the dean of students and other administrators. The building also does still include a limited number of classrooms as well as two large lecture halls.

References

Sources
 William Tinsley, architect William N. Pickerill, 1914.
 Victorian architect: the life and work of William Tinsley John Douglas Forbes, 1953.

External links
 Tinsley buildings in South Tipperary

1885 deaths
1804 births
Burials at Crown Hill Cemetery
People educated at Clonmel Endowed School
People from Clonmel
19th-century Irish architects
Architects from County Tipperary

William Tinsley (architect)


John Spencer MacDonald,  (August 13, 1936 – December 26, 2019) was a Canadian engineer, businessman, and academic. He was co-founder of MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates (MDA), an aerospace, information systems, and technology company. MacDonald served as the chancellor at the University of Northern British Columbia from 2010 through 2016.

Early life and education
MacDonald was born in Prince Rupert, British Columbia in 1936 to Neil and Alice MacDonald. His father was a Scottish immigrant and the captain of a BC Fisheries inspection vessel responsible for inspecting offshore fishing fleets throughout the north coast of BC. As a child, John was exposed to marine radio technologies at a neighbour's basement shop and discovered that he had a natural aptitude for the systems. By the age of 16 he was spending his summer months traveling up and down the coast fixing radios on the various fleets and tourist boats.

Upon graduation from high school he moved to Vancouver, British Columbia to attend the school of Applied Science at the University of British Columbia (UBC), where he graduated with a bachelor's degree with honours in electrical engineering in 1959. Following his program at UBC, he was accepted to the engineering program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he earned a master's degree in 1961 and PhD in electrical engineering in 1964.

Career
As an undergraduate student at UBC, MacDonald spent his first three summers on a survey crew in Northern British Columbia. After his fourth and fifth years he worked as a student engineer at Atomic Energy of Canada Limited's Chalk River Laboratories in Ontario, where he met his future wife, Alfredette, before moving to Boston to attend MIT.

Upon graduation from MIT, where he had worked as a teaching assistant and discovered an aptitude for teaching, MacDonald aspired to be a professor at the prestigious school. He was offered a position as an assistant professor at MIT and spent a year in this role when he was approached by UBC to join the staff of the electrical engineering department there, which he accepted. In 1965 he moved his young family back to Vancouver and started his career as a professor at UBC. By 1968 he was feeling the urge to try his hand at entrepreneurship and, with his friend and colleague, Vern Dettwiler, founded MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates in the basement of his Vancouver home in 1969 while continuing to serve as a professor at UBC. By 1973, the demands of his role at MDA caused him to leave the university and work full time with the fledgling technology company. He served as president and CEO of MDA until 1982, and as chairman of the board from 1982 to 1998. In addition to professorships in electrical engineering at MIT and UBC, MacDonald has served in an advisory capacity to the government and on the board of directors of numerous companies.

In 2001, MacDonald co-founded Day4 Energy, a company that designed, manufactured and sold high performance solar electric modules. Day4 Energy went on to have one of the largest IPOs in Canada in 2007, at over $100 million and grew to almost 300 employees. In 2014, MacDonald retired from Day 4 Energy.

Honours
MacDonald was named an Officer of the Order of Canada in November 1988 and invested in April 1989.

In 2008 MacDonald was awarded the British Columbia Technology Industry Association (BCTIA) Impact Award for Person of the Year in recognition of his contributions to science and the BC High Technology Industry. Day4 Energy also won the Impact Award for Emerging Company of the Year.

He was a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), founding Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Engineering, and Fellow of the Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute

MacDonald died on 26 December 2019 at the age of 83.

References

1936 births
2019 deaths
Canadian chief executives
Canadian electrical engineers
Engineering educators
Canadian corporate directors
University of British Columbia alumni
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Officers of the Order of Canada
Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
Academic staff of the University of British Columbia
Academic staff of the University of Northern British Columbia
People from Prince Rupert, British Columbia

John S. MacDonald


The BBC Home Service was a national and regional radio station that broadcast from 1939 until 1967, when it was replaced by BBC Radio 4.

History

1922–1939: Interwar period
Between the early 1920s and the outbreak of World War II, the BBC developed two nationwide radio stations – the National Programme and the Regional Programme (which began broadcasting on 9 March 1930) – as well as a basic service from London that include programming originated in six regions. Although the programme items attracting the greatest number of listeners tended to appear on the National, the two services were not streamed: they were each designed to appeal "across the board" to a single but variegated audience by offering between them and at most times of the day a choice of programme type rather than simply catering, each of them exclusively, to two distinct audiences.

1939–1945: World War II
On 1 September 1939, the BBC merged the two programmes into one national service from London. The reasons given included the need to prevent enemy aircraft from using differentiated output from the Regional Programme's transmitters as navigational beacons. To this end, the former regional transmitters were synchronised in chains on (initially) two frequencies, 668 (South) and 767 kHz (North), with an additional chain of low-powered transmitters (known as "Group H") on 1474 kHz appearing later. Under this arrangement, regional broadcasting in its pre-war form was no longer feasible, but much of the programming was gradually decentralised to the former regional studios because of the risks from enemy attack or bombing in London to broadcasting nationally.

This new station was named the Home Service, which was also the internal designation at the BBC for domestic radio broadcasting (the organisation had also both the Television and Overseas Service departments). During the war, BBC Home Service would air each day from 7.00 am until 12.15 am, with main news bulletins airing at 7.00 am, 8.00 am, 1.00 pm, 6.00 pm, 9.00 pm and midnight.

1945–1967: Post-war era
On 29 July 1945, the BBC resumed its previous regional structure. Following the wartime success of the BBC Forces Programme and BBC General Forces Programme, light entertainment was transferred to the new BBC Light Programme, whilst "serious" programming – news, drama and discussion – remained on the regionalised Home Service. Popular light programming such as It's That Man Again remained on the Home Service, and some speech programming of the type pioneered by the Forces Programme – the newly launched Woman's Hour being very much in this mould – was on the Light Programme.

Following the end of the war, the Home Service adjusted its broadcasting hours, now commencing at 6.25 am each weekday and 7.50 am on Sundays, and ending at around 11.10 pm each night. By 1964, the Home Service was on the air each day from 6.35 am (7.50 am on Sundays) and would conclude each night at the precise time of 11.48 pm.

On 30 September 1967, the BBC split the Light Programme into separate pop music and entertainment stations, becoming BBC Radio 1 and BBC Radio 2 respectively. The Third Programme became BBC Radio 3, with the Music Programme losing its separate identities (the Third, Study Session and Sports Service were retained under the banner of Network Three until 4 April 1970), and the Home Service was replaced by BBC Radio 4.

Programming
The service provided between five and seven national news bulletins a day from London – with drama, talks and informational programmes. Non-topical talk programmes and heavier drama output were transferred to the Third Programme when it began broadcasting on 29 September 1946.

Music and schools
During the day, the service also included programmes of classical music. These were reduced in number when government limits on radio broadcasting hours were relaxed in 1964, and the Music Programme began broadcasting during the daytime on the frequencies of the (evening-only) Third Programme. They were discontinued when regular broadcasting began daily from 7.00 am to 6.30 pm on 22 March 1965.

The service also broadcast educational programmes for schools during the day, backed with booklets and support material.

Reorganisation
Programmes were reorganised across the three BBC networks on 30 September 1957, with much of the Home Service's lighter content transferring to the BBC Light Programme and the establishment of the Third Network, which used the frequencies of the Third Programme to carry the Home Service's adult education content known as the Study Session, and the Home and Light's sports coverage as well as the Third Programme itself.

Regional services
The BBC Home Service had seven different regions, within London and South East England was served by the "basic" service, which was not considered a region by the BBC and acted as the sustaining service for the other regions:

A shortage of frequencies meant that the Northern Ireland Home Service was treated as part of the North Home Service, as well as the Northern Ireland service used the same frequency as a North service booster. The Northern Ireland service was separated from the North region on 7 January 1963.

Initially, BBC Radio 4 continued to provide more regional programming and scheduling, and the BBC's weekly programme journal magazine Radio Times listed the channel's offerings under the heading "Radio 4 – Home Service" with particular reference to the seven broadcasting regions individually.

Legacy
With the introduction of BBC Local Radio, starting with BBC Radio Leicester on 8 November 1967, it was felt that the future of non-national broadcasting lay in local rather than regional services. The BBC produced a report called Broadcasting in the Seventies on 10 July 1969, proposing the reorganisation of programmes on the national networks and the end of regional broadcasting.

The report began to be implemented on 4 April 1970 and the Home Service regions gradually disappeared, with some of their frequencies reallocated to Independent Local Radio, until 23 November 1978 when Radio 4 was given the national longwave frequency previously used by Radio 2 and was relaunched as the "Radio 4 UK" service (remained until 29 September 1984), with two additional transmitters opened in Scotland.

English news bulletins
Radio 4 FM continued to carry four daily five-minute regional news bulletins on Mondays to Saturdays until mid-1980, by which time BBC Local Radio had reached most areas of England. The wide coverage of the Holme Moss transmitter meant that listeners in much of Northern England received combined North and North West news bulletins.

National and other regions
The "national regions" became BBC Radio Scotland, BBC Radio Wales / BBC Radio Cymru and BBC Radio Ulster, at first relaying the majority of Radio 4 programming but later becoming completely independent.

During the 1970s, Radio 4 FM in the East of England (Tacolneston, Peterborough and other relays) carried a breakfast magazine programme called Roundabout East Anglia was first broadcast on 5 August 1974 as the region lacked any BBC Local Radio until the service ceased on 30 May 1980, ahead of the opening of BBC Radio Norfolk four months later. The last former Home Service region for the South West England was an VHF/FM opt-out of Radio 4, Morning Sou'West was also carried on several low-power medium wave transmitters before the programme ended on 31 December 1982, to paving the way for two new local stations (BBC Radio Devon and BBC Radio Cornwall) launched on 17 January 1983.

Sources

Notes

References
 BBC Year Book 1947 (various authors), London: British Broadcasting Corporation, 1947.
 BBC Year Book 1948 (various authors), London: British Broadcasting Corporation, 1948.
 BBC Handbook 1967 (various authors), London: British Broadcasting Corporation, 1967.
 BBC Handbook 1972 (various authors), London: British Broadcasting Corporation, 1972.
 BBC Annual Report and Handbook 1987 (various authors), London: British Broadcasting Corporation, 1986 . .
 Paulu, Burton: British Broadcasting: Radio and Television in the United Kingdom, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1956.

External links
 Radiomusications at transdiffusion.org.
 Whirligig Radio

BBC Home Service
BBC Radio 4
BBC Local Radio
Defunct BBC national radio stations
Radio stations established in 1939
Radio stations disestablished in 1967
1939 establishments in the United Kingdom
1967 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Radio during World War II
United Kingdom in World War II
1930s in the United Kingdom
1940s in the United Kingdom
1950s in the United Kingdom
1960s in the United Kingdom

BBC Home Service


The school UWC Red Cross Nordic (Norwegian: UWC Røde Kors Nordisk), formerly known as Red Cross Nordic United World College, was founded in 1995, located in Norway. It is the ninth member of the today 18 United World Colleges, others having been established in Wales, Canada, Hong Kong, Italy, India, Singapore, Swaziland, United States, Costa Rica, the Netherlands, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Germany, Armenia, China, Thailand, Japan, and Tanzania. Patrons of the college and the movement include Nelson Mandela, Queen Noor of Jordan and Queen Sonja of Norway. The first college, UWC Atlantic College, was established by the German educationalist Kurt Hahn to promote international understanding and peace. Students are selected by UWC National Committees or selection contacts in over 150 countries on merit and many receive full scholarships. After the two-year education following the guidelines of the International Baccalaureate Diploma Program students usually go on to higher education. UWC students are eligible to participate in the Shelby Davis Scholarship program, which funds undergraduate studies (based on need) for UWC students at many US universities. The school is led by the Rektor, Pelham Lindfield Roberts, Deputy Rektor, Natasha Lambert and the Board of Governors, currently chaired by  Elizabeth Sellevold.

Location and facilities

UWCRCN is located on the remote shores of Flekke in the community of Fjaler, Sogn og Fjordane County, Western Coastal, Norway at approximately . The college enrolls 200 students aged 16 to 20 from more than 80 different nations, including teenagers from SOS Children's Villages and refugees. The College not only focuses on academics, but also seeks to find a balance between studies, community services and activities. It lies alongside the Red Cross Haugland Rehabilitation Centre. The two institutions work closely together and share many facilities. The College has become a reality through the cooperative efforts of many organizations including the Norwegian National Committee of UWC, the Norwegian Red Cross and the host municipality of Fjaler. UWC Red Cross Nordic was set up with support from all Nordic countries, which provide the funding for the yearly running of it. In addition private sponsors have supported the building program and recent renovation efforts.

Activities

Activities offered at the college include, among many others, climbing, kayaking and hiking, Model United Nations (MUN), environmental groups and musical activities. The college raises political awareness through presentations held by external guest speakers and students on political issues which are open to the whole college and the surrounding community. The college participates in aid projects and works with the local and national Red Cross. The school has its own Red Cross Youth group. Many staff members and all students offer a range of activities to youngsters from many Norwegian schools during one week courses in spring, summer and autumn. This is organised through the college Leirskule (Camp School) program which is led by staff with the additional support of EVS volunteers.

Aims
The aim of UWC is to use education as a force to unite peoples, nations and cultures for peace and a sustainable future. UWC Red Cross Nordic, with a special emphasis on Nordic, environmental and humanitarian concerns, brings highly motivated young students from all parts of the world so they can live and learn together. The college's objective is to help students become active, involved and educated citizens whose attitudes towards understanding and service will be a powerful catalyst for change. Through these students, who are selected on merit as representatives of their countries, UWCRCN hopes to influence their wider communities to become more understanding, compassionate and peaceful. The international UWC organization aims "to create a better and more tolerant world".

Notable pupils
Mette Karlsvik (1978-)
Mark Wang (1981-)
David Moinina Sengeh (1987?-)
Fanny Ketter (1996-)

External links

 Nærmar seg eitt år som koronafaste - no blir det juleferie på skulen [Approaching one year, as "corona-stuck" - now there will be (a) Christmas vacation at school.] (19. November 2020) NRK
 UWC Red Cross Nordic Website
 UWC Red Cross Nordic Extra-Academic Program
 Leirskule at UWC Red Cross Nordic
 UWC International Website
 UWC Red Cross Nordic Pictures and Panoramas
 Haugland Rehabilitation Center
 Fjaler Kommune

International Baccalaureate schools in Norway
Educational institutions established in 1995
International schools in Norway
1995 establishments in Norway

UWC Red Cross Nordic


Gerald Sandford Graham (born 27 April 1903 in Sudbury, Ontario – died 5 July 1988 St Leonards-on-Sea, East Sussex) was Rhodes Professor of Imperial History at King's College London from 1949 until his retirement in 1970. He earned a world reputation for his series of in-depth studies of the interrelationship between sea power and the development of the British empire.

In 1929, Graham married Winifred Emily Ware (1907–1990), with whom he had a son. They divorced in 1950 and he married Constance Mary Greey, with whom he had two daughters and a son.

Education
Queen's University, B.A., 1924, M.A., 1925
Harvard University, A.M., 1929
Cambridge University, PhD, 1929

Academic, military, and naval career
On his return from Germany in 1930, Graham was appointed instructor and tutor in history at Harvard University, where he remained until 1936, when he received an appointment as assistant professor of history at Queen's University. There, he was quickly promoted to associate professor, and then full professor.

For 1940–41, he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship that resulted in Graham's first major book that showed his shift of research interests to British naval history: Sea Power and British North America, 1783- 1820.  Toward the end of 1941, he joined the Canadian Army, but quickly shifted to the Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve and was appointed an instructor lieutenant commander to teach entering officers at Royal Roads Military College.  While teaching there, Graham was able to get first-hand experience of the war at sea, by spending time during academic breaks on board Canadian destroyers in the Atlantic and in torpedo boats at Dover.  Following the allied landings in northern France in 1944, Graham was returned to the Canadian Army as a major, and served with the historical section of the Canadian Army Overseas in London.

Graham's military assignment to London was the event that led him to stay in Britain for the remainder of his career.  After demobilisation, he was appointed lecturer in history at Birkbeck College, London, and in 1949 was elected to succeed Professor Vincent Harlow as Rhodes Professor of Imperial History at King's College London.

Gerald Graham served as Rhodes Professor for 29-years until his retirement at the age of 67 in 1970, when he was appointed professor emeritus.  While in that academic post, Graham specialised in teaching the history of the British Empire in the period 1880–1932 and in British colonial history.  He travelled and lectured widely through the Commonwealth.

In addition to his teaching, he worked closely with the Royal Commonwealth Society, to which he had initially been elected in 1928, later becoming a Life Fellow and Vice-President.  He was a member of its Library Committee from 1948 to 1955, its Imperial Studies Committee in 1952–57, and chairman of its Academic Committee, which awarded the Walter Frewen Lord Prize for the best postgraduate essay in imperial history.  In addition, revived the Society's monograph series, Imperial Studies, and he edited volumes XXII (1961) through XXIX (1970) of the series.  Similarly in working with the Oxford University Press, Graham served as general editor of its West African History series, most of which became the standard works on this field.

In 1963–64, Queen's University, Belfast honoured Graham by inviting him to deliver the Wiles Lectures, which were published the next year by Cambridge University Press as The Politics of Naval Supremacy.  In 1967, Graham delivered the Reid Lectures at Acadia University, which were published as Tides of Empire: Discursions on the Expansion of Britain Overseas.

Immediately after Graham's retirement in London, he returned to Canada for two years as to serve as visiting professor of military and strategic studies at the University of Western Ontario in 1970–1972.  After this appointment, Graham returned to his permanent home in England at St Leonards-on-Sea, where he died at the age of 85 in 1988.

Published works
A complete bibliography of Graham's historical writings for the years 1930 to 1972 was compiled by George Metcalf and published in Graham's festschrift: Flint and Williams, eds., Perspectives of Empire (1973). The list included the following books:

 British Policy and Canada: a study in 18th century trade policy (1930)
 Sea power and British North America, 1783–1820: a study in British colonial policy (1941)
  Britain and Canada (1943)
 Canada: a short history (1950)
 Empire of the North Atlantic : the maritime struggle for North America (1950, 1958)
 The Walker Expedition to Quebec, 1711, Publications of the Navy Records Society and of the Champlain Society, (1953)
 The Navy and South America, 1807–1823 : correspondence of the commanders-in-chief on the South American station, Navy Records Society (1962)
 The politics of naval supremacy : studies in British maritime ascendancy (1965)
 Great Britain in the Indian Ocean: a study of maritime enterprise 1810–1850 (1967)
 The secular abyss: an interpretation of history by Gerald S. Graham and John Alexander  (1967)
 A concise history of Canada (1968)
 A concise history of the British Empire (1970)
 Tides of empire: discursions on the expansion of Britain overseas (1972)
 The Royal Navy in the War of American Independence (1976)
 The China station: war and diplomacy 1830–1860 (1978)

References

Sources
 K.O. Dike, 'Gerald S. Graham: teacher and historian', in J.E. Flint and Glyndwyr Williams, eds., Perspectives of Empire: Essays presented to Gerald S. Graham (1973), pp. 1–8.
 John Flint, 'Graham, Gerald Sandford (1903–1988)' in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2006).

1903 births
1988 deaths
20th-century Canadian historians
Writers from Greater Sudbury
Canadian naval historians
Canadian male non-fiction writers
Queen's University at Kingston alumni
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Harvard University alumni
Harvard University faculty
Academics of King's College London
Academic staff of Queen's University at Kingston
Academics of Birkbeck, University of London
Canadian military personnel of World War II
Academic staff of the University of Western Ontario
20th-century British historians
British naval historians
Canadian expatriates in the United States
Canadian emigrants to the United Kingdom

Gerald S. Graham


Human skin color is one of the most easily seen features of a person. It ranges in variety from the darkest brown to the lightest pinkish-white. Skin color is inherited and is the result of natural selection.

Skin pigmentation in human beings evolved mainly to control the amount of ultraviolet radiation penetrating the skin, thus reducing its effects.

The single most important substance deciding human skin color is the pigment melanin. Melanin is produced within the skin by cells called melanocytes. The red color underlying the skin becomes more visible in white skin, especially in the face.

In physical exercise or the stimulation of the nervous system (anger, fear), blood vessels expand.

There is a direct relationship between UV radiation (UVR) and the distribution of indigenous skin pigmentation around the world. Areas that have more UVR also have darker-skinned populations. Areas that are far from the tropics and closer to the poles have lower concentration of UVR, and lighter-skinned populations. Human populations have changed from dark-skinned to light-skinned as they left Africa about 100,000 years ago, and some have changed back to darker skin as they returned to higher UV zones.

Natural skin color can also darken as a result of tanning due to exposure to sunlight. The leading theory is that skin color adapts to intense sunlight to provide partial protection against the ultraviolet fraction which damages DNA of the skin cells and so produces mutations.

It is easy to see why dark skin is an advantage in the tropics as a partial defense against skin cancer. It is much less easy to see why a white skin is an advantage in colder climates. Researchers have suggested two reasons, and both probably play a part. The first is that, at a given temperature, a white skin radiates less heat than a black skin. The second is that in weaker sunlight the body tends to produce less vitamin D. There is a hypothesis that the selection for lighter skin is due to the need for higher vitamin D production. The change started as soon as populations moved north out of Africa.

In addition, adult human females are usually lighter in skin pigmentation than males. Females need more calcium during pregnancy and lactation. The body synthesizes vitamin D from the action of sunlight on the skin. Vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium. Females evolved to have lighter skin so their bodies absorb more calcium.

The social significance of differences in skin color has varied across cultures and over time, as demonstrated with regard to social status and discrimination.

References

Skin
Human body
Race

Human skin colour


Joseph Aloysius "Red" Dunn (June 21, 1901 – January 15, 1957) was a professional American football player who played running back and was an exceptional punter for eight seasons for the Milwaukee Badgers, Chicago Cardinals, and Green Bay Packers.  He was inducted into the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame in 1976. He is the grandfather of former quarterback Jason Gesser.

Nicknamed "Red" for the color of his hair, Dunn possessed an equally colorful personality. He earned five letters competing in football, basketball and baseball at Marquette Academy. Dunn later attended Marquette University, earning All-America honors while leading the Golden Avalanche in 1922 and 1923 to a 17–0–1 record. While a Packer, he served as Curly Lambeau's "field general" for the 1929, 1930, and 1931 NFL Champions.

After this playing days Dunn moved to coaching, assisting Frank Murray and Paddy Driscoll at Marquette from 1932 to 1940. Dunn is a member of the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame and the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame.

References

1901 births
1957 deaths
American football quarterbacks
Chicago Cardinals players
Green Bay Packers players
Milwaukee Badgers players
Marquette Golden Avalanche football coaches
Marquette Golden Avalanche football players
Sportspeople from Milwaukee
Players of American football from Milwaukee
Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame

Red Dunn


The American robin (Turdus migratorius) is a migratory songbird. Also known as the North American robin, it belongs in the thrush family, Turdidae. It was named after the European robin. This is because the European robin has a bright orange-red face and breast. The two species are not closely related. The American robin has seven subspecies. T. m. confinis is the most different subspecies.

The American robin lives throughout North America. It is a rare vagrant to western Europe (a vagrant is a bird that is found outside its normal species' range). It has also been a vagrant to Greenland, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and Belize. The American robin can be found in many different kinds of habitats. It likes open areas of ground to feed and areas with trees or shrubs to breed and sleep. Because it has a large range, the IUCN Red List says that the American robin will not decline, and is listed as of least concern.

The American robin begins to breed shortly after returning to northern North America after spending the winter in the south. The female will choose where to build the nest. She will make the nest with grass, sticks, paper, feathers, rootlets, and moss. Once the nest is built, she will lay 3 to 5 eggs. After the chicks leave the nest, both parents will continue to take care of them, until they can live on their own.

American robin eggs and juveniles are eaten by squirrels, snakes, blue jays, common grackles, American crows, and common ravens. The adults are eaten by hawks, cats, and larger snakes. Sometimes, the brown-headed cowbird lays its eggs in the Robin's nest. This is called brood parasitism. However, the robin usually rejects the cowbird eggs.

Etymology
This species was first described in 1766 by Linnaeus. It was described in the twelfth edition of his Systema naturae. He called it Turdus migratorius.

Description

The American robin is large songbird. It has a round body. Its legs are long. It has a long tail. It has a long, yellow bill. It is dark gray-brown on its head, back, wings, and tail. It has an orange-red breast. There is a white patch on the underside of the belly, near the tail. This can be seen when it is flying. American robins that live in western North America are very pale (pale means light in color). American robins that live in eastern Canada are very bright. They have a white throat. It has black stripes in it. Females have lighter gray-brown heads than males. They also have lighter orange-red breasts. A young American robin (called a juvenile) is also lighter than the male. It has dark spots on its breast. Both sexes are 20–28 cm (7.9–11 in) long. They have a wingspan of 31–40 cm (12.2–15.7 in). American robins that live in western North America are very pale. American robins that live in eastern Canada are very bright.

The American robin was named after the European robin. This is because the European robin has a bright orange-red face and breast. The two species are not closely related.

The American robin has seven subspecies. They are very hard to tell apart and they do breed with each other.

Range and distribution
The American robin can be found all over North America. It is found from Alaska and Canada south to Mexico. Most American robins winter in Florida and the Gulf States to Mexico to the Pacific Coast. They will sometimes winter in southern Canada and the northern United States.

The American robin is a rare vagrant to western Europe. Most of the American robins have been found in Britain. The most recent sighting of an American robin in Britain was in January 2007. It has also been a vagrant to Greenland, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and Belize.

Habitat
American robins are found in many different kinds of habitats. Some of them are gardens, parks, yards, fields, pastures, tundra, woodlands, pine forests, and shrublands. They like open areas of ground to feed. They like areas with trees or shrubs to breed and sleep.

Status
The American robin has a large range. It is estimated that its range is 16 million square kilometers (6 million square miles). It is also estimated that there are about 320 million individual American robins. The IUCN Red List says that the species is not believed to reach the threat of decline. It is therefore considered Least Concern.

American robins used to be killed for their meat. They were killed in the southern states. The meat was thought as a very good food. The American robin is now protected in the United State by the Migratory Bird Act.

Behavior

The American robin is most active during the day. During the winter, it groups together in large flocks at night. They sleep together in thick vegetation. During the day, these large winter flocks break up into smaller flocks. They feed in these smaller flocks. During the summer, American robins are less social. This is because they are defending their breeding territories.

Juvenile robins spend their first four months of life near their nesting place. They then flock together with other American Robins before they migrate to their wintering places.

Diet

The American robin eats invertebrates. In the spring, they like to eat earthworms and snails. Some other invertebrates that American robins eat are beetles, grubs, and caterpillars. It will also eat fruits and berries. Some kinds of berries that they like to eat are chokecherries, hawthorn berries, dogwood berries, sumac fruits, and juniper berries.

Breeding

The American robin begins to breed shortly after returning to northern North America after spending the winter in the south. It is one of the first North American birds to lay eggs. It has two to three broods (a brood is a group of offspring) each breeding season. The breeding season starts in April and ends in July. It is one of the first birds to sing at dawn. Its song is made up of several small groups of sounds that are repeated.

Nest
The female chooses where to make the nest. She will usually make the nest on one or many branches that are hidden in leaves. In the west, the female will make the nest on the ground or in thickets. In Alaska, the female will make the nest on a cliff. The female makes the nest. She starts with the inside. She uses grass and sticks to make a cup-shaped center. Other things that the female will use are paper, feathers, rootlets, and moss. After the center is done, she uses mud on the outside of the nest to make it stronger. She then puts soft grass in the cup. The nest is usually 15.2 to 20.3 cm (6 to 8 in) long. It is 7.6 to 15.2 cm high (3 to 6 in).

Eggs and young
The female will lay 3 to 5 eggs in the nest. They are blue or blue-green. They are 2.8 to 3 cm (1.1 to 1.2 in) long. They are 2.1 cm (0.8 in) wide. Only the female incubates the eggs (incubate means that the adult will sit on the eggs and keep them warm and help the babies inside grow). It takes 12 to 14 days for the eggs to hatch.

For the first few days, the chicks have no feathers and their eyes are closed. The young live in the nest for about 13 days. As the chicks grow older, the female will protect them only at night and during bad weather. After the juveniles leave the nest, they will follow their parents around and beg them for food.

Both parents help feed and protect the fledged (fledged means a young bird that has just learned how to fly) juveniles until they can live on their own. The adults will give an alarm call to warn the juveniles that there is a predator near by. The parents will then attack the predator. Some of the predators they will attack are cats and dogs. They will even go after humans if the human gets close to their young. Fledged juveniles are only able to fly short distances. The coloring of the juveniles helps them hide better in bushes or trees. This kind of coloring is called camouflage.

Bird banders have found that only 25% of juvenile American robins live through their first year. The average life of an American Robin lasts about 2 years. The longest known lifespan of a wild American Robin is 14 years.

Threats

Predators
Eggs and juvenile robins that still live in the nest are eaten by squirrels and snakes. Some birds also eat eggs and juvenile robins. When feeding together in flocks, American robins will watch each other for signs of predators. If a predator is seen, they will make a warning call. Sometimes, the Brown-headed Cowbird lays its eggs in the robin's nest. This is called brood parasitism. The robin usually rejects the cowbird eggs. Because of this, brood parasitism by the cowbird is rare.

Disease
The American robin is known to carry a disease called the West Nile Virus. This disease comes from mosquitoes. Crows and jays are the first to die from this disease. The American robin is more responsible for the transmission of the disease to humans. This is because it lives longer with the disease than the crows and jays. This allows it to spread the disease to more mosquitoes which then spread the disease to humans and other animals.

In culture
The American robin is the state bird of Connecticut, Michigan, and Wisconsin. It was also shown on a 1986 Canadian $2 note, but it is no longer on the bill.

There is color named after the American robin's eggs. It is called robin's egg blue.

The robin is considered a symbol of spring. A good example is a poem by Emily Dickinson. It is called I Dreaded That First Robin So. There are other poems about the first robin of spring. One of them is The First Robin by Dr. William H. Drummond. According to the author's wife, it is based on a Quebec false belief. The belief says that whoever sees the first robin of spring will have good luck.

References

Birds of North America
Thrushes

American robin


Yank Barry (born 29 January 1948 as Gerald Barry Falovitch) is a Canadian businessman and musician. He is the founder and CEO of VitaPro Foods, a company that makes textured vegetable protein for use as a meat substitute and an apple pectin product called ProPectin, and is the founder of the Global Village Champions Foundation. He is a musician, songwriter, and music producer who had a stint as the lead singer of the garage rock band The Kingsmen in the 1960s.

Early life
Barry was born in Montreal, Canada, in 1948 to Arthur Falovitch and Ruth (née Reznick) Falovitch-Pickholtz. He grew up in the Jewish community of Montreal and had five siblings.

Musical career
Barry was singer and bass player of a band called The Footprints during 1966–1968. The band released three singles through Columbia and Capitol Records before breaking up.

During 1968–1969, while the main band lineup was on hiatus, Barry was the lead singer of the garage rock band The Kingsmen (a band most well known for their 1963 raucous hit rendition of Richard Berry's "Louie Louie").

In 1971, he recorded a rock opera entitled The Diary of Mr. Gray.

In 1972, Barry ran a record company.

Barry wrote the song "Christmas Time Again" that was performed by Engelbert Humperdinck on his 1977 album Christmas Tyme.

In 1979, he produced performances of the 1974 sexually explicit musical play Let My People Come, in Montreal.

VitaPro
Barry is the CEO of VitaPro Foods Inc. It sells textured vegetable protein soy-based meat substitutes, primarily to prisons and other institutional feeding operations.

According to an investigative report by the Montreal Gazette from October 1998, Global Village Market (GVM) was a venture owned by Barry through which he sold VitaPro. According to an article published by UPI, GVM's shares were listed on the World Investors' Stock Exchange, which was part of an investment fraud carried out by the Caribbean-based First International Bank of Grenada.

Barry developed VitaPro in 1989 or 1990. It was originally a South African venture. According to the VitaPro website, the company now operates from Belize and Bulgaria.

When asked about VitaPro earnings, Barry said: "My company is terribly private in a bunch of countries. I'm a resident of the Bahamas. I don't pay tax. I'm not American. Let's say we do over a billion dollars in business. How much I earn is up to me. I give it to kids. I made a deal with God that whatever I save in tax, I give to kids."

Barry also owns another venture called ProPectin, a Bulgarian company he purchased in 2009 that manufactures a pharmaceutical-grade apple pectin, which Barry credits for having cured his Type II diabetes.

Global Village Champions Foundation

Barry founded and heads the Global Village Champions Foundation. The foundation is a registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit in the United States, with self-reported net assets for 2016 of about 7,000 and gross receipts of about 3,000. The foundation was especially active in 2013, for which it reported net assets of about 226,000 and gross receipts of about 835,000. The foundation, which is funded by the profits from his VitaPro food business, said it had supplied 772 million meals to the needy worldwide by April 2012 and had spent more than 1 million feeding and housing Syrian refugees in Bulgaria during 2012–2013. The foundation said it had supplied more than 1 billion meals to the needy by early 2015, based on its shipping documents and estimated portion sizes.

He has befriended several boxing champions who have supported his charitable work. Retired champion boxer Evander Holyfield became Global Village Champions's "Goodwill Ambassador" in 2013. Retired boxer Muhammad Ali has also been his personal friend and has worked with Barry on his humanitarian projects. After Barry's involvement in disaster relief in the Philippines, his foundation work has also received support from Filipino boxer Manny Pacquiao.

In an interview with The Jerusalem Post via Skype in July 2014, Barry said  that he has provided lodging in Bulgaria for 782 refugees from the Middle East, mostly  from Syria, in two hotels he secured for 3 million.

Degas bronzes
In 2010, Barry obtained a set of 74 bronzes for the Global Village Champions Foundation that were created from plaster casts attributed to Edgar Degas. The legitimacy of the plasters, which were reportedly discovered in a foundry (Fonderie Valsuani) outside of Paris, has been questioned by experts, and some have intentionally omitted them in their published description of Degas's body of work. Barry said he paid between 7 million and 20 million for the bronzes, although a dispute later broke out in which the seller said he had only actually received a payment 400,000 and that further payments had not been delivered.  (The dispute was later settled under undisclosed terms.) Conditioned on the presumption that the bronzes were fully authenticated and made from Degas's own plasters, the bronzes were estimated as being worth 37 million by a New York dealer in an appraisal Barry obtained in 2011 which the appraiser said was intended for Barry's private use only. In 2010, Barry initially offered 50 of the sculptures as prizes in a raffle to raise money for the foundation, but later withdrew the plan to hold the raffle and shut down the web sites on which it was hosted. Barry said the decision to cancel the raffle was in part based on seeing publications that questioned the legitimacy of the bronzes and that he had returned the money that had been raised in the raffle offering up to that point.

Court cases
In 1982, Barry was convicted of extortion from and conspiracy against John Royden McConnell, the man who financed the record company that he was running, and Barry served 10 months of a 6-year prison term on the charges.

In a 1982 civil case, a separate court ruled that Barry had extorted money from McConnell, requiring a financial award of C$285,000. In 1987 he declared bankruptcy, voiding the award. Barry said in an October 2013 Larry King interview that he had been a cocaine-addicted, twenty-something rocker at the time and credited the extortion conviction for changing his personal life.

In 1998, Barry was indicted on corruption charges related to a VitaPro contract worth 34 million with the Texas prisons. In 1999, the Texas Supreme Court ruled the VitaPro contract with the Texas prisons was invalid. After a trial in 2001, he was initially declared guilty, but the verdict was thrown out by a US district court judge and a new trial was ordered in 2007. He was then acquitted in 2008 after a bench retrial. Barry said the charges were politically motivated.

In 2014, Barry filed  a defamation lawsuit against four Wikipedia editors, and then withdrew it after about a month.

Personal life
Barry is married to Yvette Barry, formerly an appraiser at an art gallery in Sarasota, Florida. He is a resident of the Bahamas, and a part-time resident of the Sarasota area.
He was previously married to Daveda M. Kert, with whom he had a daughter, Lelanea Anne Barry, who died suddenly in 2004 at the age of 35.

References

External links

 Yank Barry official website
 Global Village Champions official website
 VitaPro website

1948 births
Living people
Anglophone Quebec people
Businesspeople from Montreal
Canadian art collectors
Canadian expatriates in the Bahamas
Canadian male composers
Jewish Canadian musicians
Canadian humanitarians
21st-century Canadian philanthropists
Canadian record producers
Canadian male songwriters
Musicians from Montreal
Writers from Montreal
The Kingsmen members
Jewish Canadian writers

Yank Barry


The cuisine of Philadelphia was shaped largely by the city's mixture of ethnicities, available foodstuffs and history. Certain foods have become associated with the city.

Invented in Philadelphia in the 1930s, the cheesesteak is the most well known, and soft pretzels have long been a major part of Philadelphia culture.

The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the creation of two Philadelphia landmarks offering an array of food options, the Reading Terminal Market and the Italian Market. After a dismal restaurant scene during the post-war era of the 20th century, the 1970s brought a restaurant renaissance that has continued into the 21st century.

Many foods and drinks associated with Philadelphia can also commonly be linked with Pennsylvania Dutch cuisine and Italian-American cuisine.

Innovations

Philadelphia's large immigrant population has contributed to a large mixture of tastes to mingle and develop. Many types of foods have been created in or near Philadelphia or have strong associations with the city. In the 20th century, Philadelphia's foods included cheesesteak, stromboli, hoagie, soft pretzel, water ice and soda.

The cheesesteak is a sandwich traditionally made with sliced beef and melted cheese on an Italian roll. In the 1930s, the phenomenon as a steak sandwich began when hot dog vendor brothers Pat Olivieri and Harry Olivieri put grilled beef on a hot dog bun and gave it to a taxi driver. Later, after Pat and Harry had started selling the sandwich on Italian rolls, the cheesesteak was affixed in the local culture when one of their cooks put melted cheese on the sandwich.

Originally, the cheese was melted in a separate container to accommodate their large clientele who followed kosher rules, thereby not mixing dairy and meat. Today, cheese choices in Philadelphia eateries are virtually limited to American, Provolone, or Cheez Whiz. The latter is especially popular in those places that prominently carry it.

The hoagie is another sandwich that is said to have been invented in Philadelphia, undoubtedly of origin in Italian-American cuisine. It has been asserted that Italians working at the World War I era shipyard in Philadelphia, known as Hog Island where emergency shipping was produced for the war effort, introduced the sandwich, by putting various sliced meats, cheeses, and lettuce between two slices of Italian bread. This became known as the "Hog Island" sandwich; hence, the "hoagie".

Declared the official sandwich of Philadelphia in 1992, the hoagie is a sandwich made of meat and cheese with lettuce, tomatoes, and onions on an Italian roll.

Another Italian roll sandwich popularized in Philadelphia by Italian immigrants is the roast pork Italian, or Italian roast pork sandwich, a variation of the Italian street food dish known as porchetta. The sandwich consists of sliced roast pork with broccoli rabe or spinach and provolone cheese.

Philadelphia Pepper Pot, a soup of tripe, meat, and vegetables, is claimed to have been created during the American Revolutionary War and named after the home city of its creator.

Snapper soup, a thick brown turtle soup served with sherry, is a Philadelphia delicacy, generally found in area bars and seafood restaurants. In many places, it is served with oyster crackers (such as OTC Crackers, OTC being an abbreviation for "Original Trenton Cracker") and horseradish.

The snack item commonly associated with Philadelphia, but not invented there, is the soft pretzel. The soft pretzel dates back to 7th-century France and was brought over to the Philadelphia area by the Pennsylvania Dutch. Pretzels were sold in Philadelphia by numerous vendors on street corners. Federal Pretzel Baking Company defined the soft pretzel for most Philadelphians during the 1900s by first applying mass production and distribution to a distinctive baked flavored family recipe.

Another snack associated with Philadelphia is Irish potato candy. The candies have a coconut cream inside (generally made from some blend of coconut, confectioner's sugar, vanilla, and cream or cream cheese) and are rolled in cinnamon on the outside, resulting in an appearance reminiscent of small potatoes. The treats are about the size of a large marble and are especially popular around St. Patrick's Day.

Oh Ryan's of Boothwyn, Pennsylvania, claims to be the largest distributor of Irish Potatoes, shipping about 80,000 pounds to major chains and smaller candy stores, mostly in the Philadelphia area.

Water ice, known as Italian ice in other Northeastern US cities, is similarly associated with Philadelphia, and was brought to Philadelphia by Italian immigrants. Water ice likely derives from semi-frozen desserts originating in Italy, specifically granita, and has been described as a "variation on the more broadly-accepted Italian ice." Certain stands like South Philadelphia's "Pop's" or "Italiano's" became popular for their "water ice", and Philadelphia water ice was later franchised into new markets with the spread of "Rita's Water Ice".

Philadelphia has its own regional variant of hot dog known as the Texas Tommy, originating right outside Philadelphia in Pottstown, Pennsylvania before spreading throughout the Delaware Valley region and South Jersey. The Texas Tommy hot dog is defined by its use of cheese (usually cheddar cheese) and bacon as toppings.

Some variations of the Texas Tommy use other forms of cheese, replacing the cheddar with the Cheez-Whiz found on cheesesteaks. The bacon and cheese are often wrapped around the hot dog, and the hot dog may be cooked using a variety of methods, such as deep frying, barbecuing, or grilling. Condiments such as mustard, ketchup, or relish may be used in addition to the bacon and cheese.

Chili is also sometimes added to the Texas Tommy, making the dish resemble more closely a Texas Wiener or chili dog with bacon and cheese.

Some types of soda that rose to popularity in Philadelphia include Hires Root Beer, Franks Beverages' unique Black Cherry Wishniak or Vanilla Cream, and Levis Champ Cherry.

Restaurants and markets
In early Philadelphia history the city's eating scene was dominated by taverns. By 1752, Philadelphia had 120 licensed taverns and numerous illegal taverns. The taverns ranged for all types of people and class from illegal grog shops on the waterfront that sailors frequented to the upper class taverns that members of the city government enjoyed.
Taverns such as the London Coffee House, the Blue Anchor, Tun Tavern and John Biddle's Indian King were regular meeting places for the political and business leaders of the city. The City Tavern is a replica of a historic 18th-century building located at 138 South 2nd Street and is part of the Independence National Historical Park. The tavern offers authentic 18th-century recipes, served in seven period dining rooms, three wine cellar rooms and an outdoor garden.

McGillin's Olde Ale House, located on Drury Street in Center City, is the oldest continuously operated tavern in the city, and has become a well-known place for celebrity-spotting.

Popular restaurants during the early 19th century included the United States Hotel and Parkinson's on Chestnut Street and Joseph Head Mansion's House on Spruce Street. One of the most significant restaurateurs and caterers at this time was M. Latouche, an expert in French cuisine, whose restaurant offered expensive food and a choice wine.

Toward the end of the 19th century, the large number of Italian immigrants in South Philadelphia led to the creation of the Italian Market. The market, which runs along part of south 9th Street, includes numerous types of food vendors along with other shops.

Another market, the Reading Terminal Market, opened in 1892. Created to replace the markets displaced by the construction of the Reading Terminal on Market Street in Center City, Reading Terminal Market has over 80 merchants and is a popular tourist attraction. In 1902, Joseph Horn and Frank Hardart opened the first automat in the U.S. at 818 Chestnut Street, now a retail store. The original Automat is now part of the Smithsonian Institution.

In the 1950s and 1960s, the restaurant scene was in decline. The city saw a large emigration into the suburbs, and fine dining could be found mainly in private clubs and dinner parties. But as the city started to rebound in the 1970s, Philadelphia saw a restaurant renaissance. For instance, in 1970 Georges Perrier and Peter Von Starck founded the French restaurant Le Panetiere. After a year, the two split, with Von Starck taking the Panetiere name to a different location. Perrier opened Le Bec-Fin at 13th & Spruce Street, then later at 1523 Walnut Street, which quickly became one of Philadelphia's most renowned restaurants. Another popular example is H.A Winston & Co., which evolved into a chain of restaurants located throughout the region.

The years following saw many new fine dining places open, including Four Seasons' Fountain Restaurant in 1983. Along with the up-scale restaurants, numerous ethnic and fast-food restaurants opened throughout the city.

The 1970s also saw the rise of street vendors. The vendors, building off the well-established tradition of chestnut and pretzel vendors, began selling numerous foods, especially hot dogs, cheesesteaks, and breakfast sandwiches. By taking up sidewalk space and possibly business, the vendors annoyed established stores which eventually led to numerous legal battles over ordinances which placed restrictions on vendors. The issue was surrounded by race and class overtones, but vendors have since become commonplace and even nationally renowned for serving quality food.

A wide variety of eateries now thrive in Philadelphia. The city has a growing reputation for culinary excellence, and many of the city's chefs have been honored with nominations for James Beard Awards.

Prolific local restaurateurs like Stephen Starr's STARR Restaurants and Iron Chef Jose Garces's Garces Restaurant Group operate restaurants that coexist with small chef-owned BYOBs. Major dining locations include Rittenhouse Square, Old City, Chinatown, Manayunk, East Passyunk Avenue and Fishtown.

A variety of cuisine popular with Philadelphians today include Italian, Mediterranean, Chinese, Japanese, steakhouses, French, gastropub fare, tapas, diners, delis, and pizzerias.

In September 2006, a smoking ban went into effect for Philadelphia bars and restaurants. The ban, which exempts private clubs, hotels, specialty smoking shops, and waiver-eligible bars that serve little food, had a troubled start and went unenforced until January 2007.

Just a month later Philadelphia City Council passed a ban on trans fat in restaurants, effective September 2, 2007. Other health reforms have been introduced by the Get Healthy Philly Initiative.

Other foods with Philadelphia historical roots
 Cheese sauce—gooey, orange, dairy condiment carried by many street vendors. In general, Philadelphians often add cheese sauce to inexpensive food items, such as French fries and pretzels. The vast majority of cheese sauce served on Philadelphia foods is the national brand Cheez Whiz.
 Funnel cake—associated with the Pennsylvania Dutch, made by pouring batter into hot cooking oil in a circular pattern and deep frying the overlapping mass until golden-brown; extremely popular in the Philadelphia area.
 German butter cake—very rich type of pound cake with a buttery, pudding-like center, not to be confused with the traditional butter cake or the St. Louis version. Also called Philadelphia Butter Cake.
 Good & Plenty—popular licorice pastille candy created in 1893.
 Herr's—Philadelphia-area snack brand, noted for potato chips and other snack foods
 Peanut Chews—popular candy produced in Philadelphia since 1917
 Pork roll—although developed and mostly produced in Trenton (on the border between the Philadelphia and New York spheres of influence) and mostly associated with New Jersey culinary traditions, pork roll is widely available in the Philadelphia area and well-incorporated into Philadelphian cuisine.
 Roast pork sandwich—usually served on an Italian roll and often with broccoli rabe instead of spinach and most traditionally with sharp provolone; a staple of South Philadelphia cuisine.
 Scrapple—processed meat loaf made of pork scraps and trimmings combined with cornmeal and flour, is a Pennsylvanian breakfast food.
 Soda—in the early 19th century, Dr. Philip Syng Physick and John Hart of Philadelphia invented carbonated water in an attempt to simulate water from natural springs. In 1807, Philadelphian pharmacist Townsend Speakman sold fruit juice and carbonated water, inventing the first soft drink. In 1875, Charles Elmer Hires invented root beer by mixing sarsaparilla, sassafras, wild cherry, wintergreen, ginger, and alcohol. He sold it at his drug store in Philadelphia.
Whoopie pie—also associated with the Pennsylvania Dutch, it is made of two round mound-shaped pieces of chocolate cake, or sometimes pumpkin or gingerbread cake, with a sweet, creamy filling or frosting sandwiched between them. Also popular in New England.
 Spiced wafers—type of cookie traditionally sold in the autumn.
 Stromboli—reported to have originated in 1950 in Essington, just outside Philadelphia. It is a type of turnover made with Italian bread dough filled with various kinds of cheese, Italian charcuterie or vegetables. Panzarotti is a trademark for a type of deep-fried stromboli, particularly associated with Philadelphia's South Jersey suburbs.
 Tastykake—most well-known snack brand native to Philadelphia. Since 1914, the Tasty Baking Company has provided the region with its line of pre-packaged baked goods; best-known varieties include Krimpets, cupcakes, Kandy Kakes (wafer-sized chocolate and peanut butter cakes), and Tasty Pies.
 Tomato pie—essentially a cheeseless pizza two-feet by three-feet in size, with extra oregano. Tomato pie is normally served cold or at room temperature. It is more often found in the Northeast section of Philadelphia and at bakeries in South Philadelphia with variations found in Trenton, New Jersey and other suburban localities.
Texas Tommy—grilled, split hot dog with bacon and cheese; a common hot dog dish in Philadelphia.
 Water ice—a version of Italian ice that is popular in Philadelphia and the Delaware Valley. It is sold to order at specific shops and pre-packaged in grocery stores.

Alcoholic beverages
Beer was brewed by English colonial inhabitants of Philadelphia since the city's founding in 1682, and later by German immigrants that settled the city's countryside. Because of this, the city is strongly identified with both English-style beer (particularly porter, a variety that was virtually synonymous with Philadelphia during the American Revolutionary period) and German-style beer (such as lager), which eclipsed the English style near the end of the 19th century.

In the industry's heyday before Prohibition, more than 90 breweries operated in city limits, with another 100 located in the greater metropolitan area. A neighborhood in the city is still called Brewerytown, owing to the concentration of breweries in the area during this time. The last of the city's most successful brewers, such as the Henry F. Ortlieb Brewing Company and the Christian Schmidt Brewing Company, shut down in the 1980s.

The beer most associated with Philadelphia is Yuengling lager, brewed in nearby Pottsville, Pennsylvania and often referred to as simply "Lager" by Philadelphians and people in the Delaware Valley and South Jersey.

Recently, however, a number of highly regarded micro-breweries and brewpubs appeared in and around the city in the 1990s and 2000s, such as Victory, Yards and PBC, reviving the city's dormant brewing industry. (For more information, see Breweries in Philadelphia.) In 2011, Philadelphia was ranked as one of the 14 best beer cities in the world by Frommer's, and the city's annual beer week is among its most popular food-centric civic events.

Other notable Delaware Valley microbreweries and brewpubs include Iron Hill Breweries and the award-winning Sly Fox Brewery.

The distillation of spirits in Philadelphia has a long history, but the industry has sat idle for several decades.

One of the largest manufacturing complexes in the city, spanning 40 acres, was owned by Publicker Industries, which produced chemicals, industrial alcohols and spirits in South Philadelphia. Its Continental Distilling Company arm produced Old Hickory bourbon, Inver House Scotch and Skol vodka, among many other liquors, before the company abandoned the site in 1986.

The oldest producer of cordials and liqueurs in the U.S., Charles Jacquin et Cie, remains in operation in the city's Kensington neighborhood; the company is best known for its Pravda vodka, Jacquin's family of liqueurs and Original Bartenders Cocktails brand, well as its introduction of Chambord (sold to Brown-Forman in 2006), Creme Yvette, St-Germain and Domaine de Canton to the U.S. market.

More recently, Philadelphia Distilling opened in 2005 in the city's Fishtown neighborhood; it is the first craft distillery to open in Pennsylvania since before Prohibition, and produces Bluecoat American Dry Gin, Vieux Carré Absinthe Supérieure, Penn 1681 vodka, XXX Shine corn whiskey and The Bay, a vodka seasoned with Chesapeake Bay seasoning.

See also
 Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch
 Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies
 Cuisine of New Jersey
 Cuisine of Allentown, Pennsylvania

References

Cuisine of Philadelphia


Write the Future is an advert made by Nike football for the 2010 World Cup and directed by Mexican filmmaker Alejandro González Iñárritu for the UK based production company, Independent Films Limited. The full version is over three minutes in length and features football players Didier Drogba, Fabio Cannavaro, Wayne Rooney, Franck Ribéry, Ronaldinho, and Cristiano Ronaldo as its main players. All of the players play in a scenario during a World Cup match and after significant events occur, the players usually see a significant ripple effect outside the world of football. The advert aired during the 2010 FIFA World Cup. It features the song "Hocus Pocus", by progressive rock band Focus. It was created by Wieden+Kennedy and written by Mark Bernath, Eric Quennoy, Stuart Harkness and Freddie Powell. The Sound design and mix was done by Raja Sehgal working out of Grand Central Recording Studios in London. The advertisement won the Film Grand Prix at the 2011 Cannes Lions festival.

Plot
Didier Drogba is seen making a run towards goal against Italy, with Fabio Cannavaro in hot pursuit. As Drogba moves and shoots for goal, the scene shifts to broadcasters both at the stadium and in studios across Africa, beaming his efforts back to Cote d'Ivoire, where a massive street party is erupting ahead of his assumed goal. However, Cannavaro makes an impressive goal-line clearance: cut to him being the guest of honor on a Mediaset-style Italian variety program, where dancers wearing sequined variations of his #6 shirt re-enact the clearance while suspended on wires, while crooner Bobby Solo sings a song with the lyrics "C'è Cannavaro! C'è capitano!"

The ball then comes to Wayne Rooney, who (with time running out) is looking to make a move versus France, attempting to pick out Theo Walcott with a pass while thousands of English fans, both in the ground and watching at home, urge him forward. Rooney makes the pass: however, it is intercepted by Franck Ribéry, and the resulting reaction from the British public is shown: riots in the streets, a plunge in the stock market, young fans tearing down posters of Rooney from their bedroom walls, a tabloid headline reading "ENGLAND IN ROO-INS!" (read, with approval, by Tim Howard and Landon Donovan), and Rooney's eventual plunge into obscurity, bearded and overweight, working as a groundsman at a small football club and living in a caravan underneath a billboard of Ribéry (mimicking a previous ad for Nike, seen earlier in the commercial, where Rooney was painted to look like the St George's Cross). Having seen his "future", we cut back to present-day Rooney, sprinting after Ribéry and making a clean tackle. As the crowd chants his name, the reactions to this are shown: he is knighted, a tabloid shows his face carved into the Cliffs of Dover with the headline "JUST ROO IT!" (read and thrown away by Andrés Iniesta, Gerard Piqué and Cesc Fàbregas), the stock market reaches record highs, scores of babies are named "Wayne", and he even beats Roger Federer in a game of table tennis.

The ball then comes to Brazilian defender Thiago Silva, who springs Ronaldinho into the corner. Faced by a defender, he then executes a number of step-overs, which become a viral video re-enacted and shared millions of times: the step-over even becomes a basis of an exercise video called "RON'S SAMBA-ROBICS" and Kobe Bryant celebrates a late 3-point basket by doing the step-over.

Ronaldinho's eventual cross is chested down by Cristiano Ronaldo, who sprints upfield with the ball past Holland. We are shown scenes of Ronaldo's celebrity: him cutting the ribbon on the "Estádio Cristiano Ronaldo", a cameo on The Simpsons where he appears on the doorstep of 742 Evergreen Terrace and nutmegs Homer Simpson (who reacts with a characteristic "Ronal-D'OH!"), the premiere of Ronaldo: The Movie starring Gael García Bernal as Ronaldo...until he is grabbed and taken down by a Dutch defender. As he sets up the free-kick, scenes of Ronaldo preparing to strike the ball are intercut with his potential "future": the unveiling of a giant statue of Ronaldo in a Portuguese square.

Notable stars
Notable people seen in the advert, in order of appearance:

 Didier Drogba
 Fabio Cannavaro
 Bobby Solo
 Wayne Rooney
 Lassana Diarra
 Theo Walcott
 Patrice Evra
 Franck Ribéry
 Tim Howard
 Landon Donovan
 Jérémy Toulalan
 Cesc Fàbregas
 Andrés Iniesta
 Gerard Piqué
 Roger Federer
 Thiago Silva
 Luís Fabiano
 Ronaldinho
 Alejandro González Iñárritu
 Kobe Bryant
 Cristiano Ronaldo
 Homer Simpson
 Gael García Bernal
 André Ooijer

References

External links
Advert on YouTube
Independent Films production company

2010 FIFA World Cup
2010 works
Nike, Inc. advertising
American television commercials
2010s television commercials
Winners of the Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival Film Grand Prix
Wieden+Kennedy
Advertising campaigns

Write the Future


The Convair R3Y Tradewind is a US military flying boat. It was first flown in 1954. The R3Y was used by Squadron VR-2 of the US Navy. It has four turboprop engines. The front of the R3Y-2 would open for loading and it had a high cockpit. It was intended to be taxied (moved in the water) to a beach like a landing craft. But pilots found it too hard to control.

References

United States Navy aircraft

Convair R3Y Tradewind


Henry Reginald Holland Hall MBE, FBA, FSA (30 September 1873 – 13 October 1930) was an English Egyptologist and historian.  In life, he was normally referred to as Harry Reginald Hall.

Early life
Henry R.H. Hall was the son of Sir Sydney Hall, MVO, MA, a portrait painter and illustrator for The Graphic newspaper, and his wife Hannah Holland. He went to Merchant Taylors' School, London and showed an interest in history and ancient Egypt from an early age. By the age of 11 he wrote a history of Persia, and by 16 he had gained some knowledge of the ancient Egyptian language.

Hall studied classics at St John's College, Oxford, as well as Egyptian history and language under the tutelage of Egyptologist Francis Llewellyn Griffith, gaining a BA in 1895, his MA in 1897 and later his D.Litt in 1920.

Career
In 1896 he started work at the British Museum as an assistant to E. A. Wallis Budge, becoming Assistant Keeper, Department of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities in 1919. On Budge's retirement in 1924, Hall became Keeper of the Department of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities, a post he held until his death in 1930.

He worked with Édouard Naville and Edward R. Ayrton in the excavations at Deir el-Bahri, Egypt, from 1903 to 1907, and also dug at Abydos with the Egypt Exploration Society expeditions of 1910 and 1925.

During the First World War he was attached to the military section of the press bureau, and in 1916 moved into Intelligence and was later attached to the Political Service in Mesopotamia with the rank of captain. He was twice mentioned in dispatches, and was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire.

Combining in an unusual manner a knowledge of Egyptology and Assyriology in almost equal degrees, he was indefatigable in the service of the joint departments in the British Museum. While in his later years he had not the opportunity to take part in excavating expeditions sent out by the Museum, he was of great assistance in organising the expeditions of Campbell Thompson at Nineveh and Guy Brunton in Upper Egypt. He was, despite an initial and boyish brusqueness of manner, a charming colleague and tactful in the division of the spoils of excavation when these had been acquired jointly with other bodies. On the art of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia he was perhaps the pre-eminent authority, and it was one of his first tasks as Keeper to rearrange many of the galleries so as to stress the artistic and historical side of archaeology and less the predominantly religious emphasis which previously existed. Of the collections in the British Museum Hall published a work on the Coptic and Greek texts of the Christian period, one volume of a catalogue of scarabs, and six volumes on the hieroglyphic texts.

Hall's interests were not confined to Egyptology; after the war he directed the British Museum excavations at Ur and Tell Ubaid, in Mesopotamia. He travelled in Greece and western Asia, and published a variety of works on the history of these regions; he even cultivated an interest in Chinese antiquities.

Personal
He was a forceful speaker with an encyclopaedic knowledge of his subject, and had great success in presenting archaeological discoveries to the general public. He was a frequent contributor of short articles and communications, submitting more than 100 of these to various academic journals, including the Journal of Egyptian Archaeology and the British Museum Quarterly. He also contributed chapters to Cambridge Ancient History as well as articles for Encyclopædia Britannica and Dictionary of National Biography.
With later art, especially that of the last four centuries, he was well acquainted, collecting Dutch paintings of ships, and presenting to the National Portrait Gallery in the present year a remarkable collection of political and other portrait sketches made by his father. Among other interests outside his main field, he was devoted to the history of the Army and Navy and his acquaintance with the various types of German military buttons was of unexpected national service in the War.

In 1920 Hall was made honorary D.Litt. at Oxford and an honorary Fellow of his college in 1929. He was a Fellow of the British Academy, chairman of the Palestine Exploration Fund in 1922, and a member of Council of both the Hellenic Society and the Royal Asiatic Society.

On returning from an Egyptological seminar in Brussels, Hall caught a cold from which he did not recover, dying of pneumonia in London on 13 October 1930, at the age of 57. His service was at St Mary the Virgin, Primrose Hill, and afterwards at Golders Green Crematorium on 15 October.

Further reading
 Morris L. Bierbrier, ed., "Who was Who in Egyptology", , 1995, London, p. 186-7.

Selected bibliography
 Henry R.H. Hall, "The Oldest Civilization of Greece", 1901.
 Henry R.H. Hall, "Coptic and Greek Texts of the Christian Period in the British Museum", 1905, London.
 Henry R.H. Hall and L.W. King, "Egypt and Western Asia in the light of Recent Discoveries", 1907.
 Édouard Naville, Henry R.H. Hall, et al., "The Eleventh Dynasty Temple at Deir el Bahari", 3 vols., 1907–13.
 Henry R.H. Hall, "Hieroglyphic Texts in the British Museum", vols ii–vii, 1912–25, London.
 Henry R.H. Hall, "Ancient History of the Near East from the earliest Times to the Battle of Salamis", 1913.
 Henry R.H. Hall, with Édouard Naville and T.E. Peet, "Cemeteries of Abydos", vol i, 1914.
 Henry R.H. Hall, "Aegean Archaeology", 1915.
 Henry R.H. Hall, C.L. Woolley, et al., "Al 'Ubaid", 1927.
 Henry R.H. Hall, "A General Introductory Guide to the Egyptian Collections in the British Museum", 1930, London.
 Henry R.H. Hall, "Ur excavations", 1934

References

External links

1873 births
1930 deaths
English archaeologists
English Egyptologists
Employees of the British Museum
Fellows of the British Academy
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
Alumni of St John's College, Oxford
Fellows of St John's College, Oxford
People educated at Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood
Members of the Order of the British Empire
19th-century British archaeologists
20th-century British archaeologists
20th-century English non-fiction writers

Henry Hall (Egyptologist)


The San Diego Space Society (SD Space)  is a chapter of the National Space Society based in San Diego and founded in 2008.

The group's goal is to raise awareness of the benefits of space exploration and San Diego's role in space development by promoting space education in local schools and events such as the San Diego Science Festival.

SD Space organized the first SpaceUp, an unconference about space, at the San Diego Air & Space Museum in 2010. The 2-day event was covered by Spacevidcast and attended by representatives from NASA, Google Lunar X Prize, Masten Space Systems, and Quicklaunch.

SD Space operates the Space Travelers Emporium, a combination of retail store, library, and clubhouse in South Park, San Diego. The Emporium plans to sell tickets for sub-orbital spaceflight through companies such as Virgin Galactic. To coincide with the 41st anniversary of the Apollo 11 launch, the Emporium screened Moon Beat, a documentary film by director Kevin Stirling told from the perspective of journalists who covered the U.S. Space Program at the time of the Moon landing.

References

Space organizations
Space advocacy organizations
Scientific organizations established in 2008

San Diego Space Society


A telephonoscope was an early concept of videophone and television, conceptualized in the late 1870s through the 1890s.  It was mentioned in various early science fiction works such as Le Vingtième siècle. La vie électrique (The Twentieth Century: The Electrical Life) and other works written by Albert Robida.  It was also sketched in various cartoons by George du Maurier as a fictional invention by Thomas Edison including one made on December 9, 1878 in Punch magazine.

Robida also forecast the era of television broadcasts, with concept art drawn of a televised opera performance, and of a live battlefield report.

See also

 Telectroscope

References

Television technology
History of telecommunications
Videotelephony

Telephonoscope


Arakanese is a nationality in Myanmar; they  form the majority along the coastal region of present-day Rakhine State or Arakan State. They possibly constitute 5.53% or more of Myanmar's total population but no accurate census figures exist. Arakanese or Rakhine people also live in the southeastern parts of Bangladesh, especially in Chittagong and Barisal Divisions. A group of Arakanese descendants, living in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh at least since the 16th century, are known as the Marma people. These Arakanese descendants have been living in that area since the Arakanese kingdom's control of the Chittagong region.

Arakanese descendants spread as far north as Tripura state in India, where their presence dates back to the ascent of the Arakanese kingdom when Tripura was ruled by Arakanese kings. In northeast India, these Arakanese people are referred to as the Mog, while in Bengali, the Marma (the ethnic Arakanese descendants in Bangladesh) and other Arakanese people are referred to as the Magh people.

Ethnic groups in Asia

Arakanese people


The Caine Mutiny is a 1951 Pulitzer Prize winning war novel by American Jewish author Herman Wouk.

In 1953, Herman Wouk wrote a play called The Caine Mutiny Court Martial based on the trial from the book and in which Henry Fonda played Greenwald.  In 1954, there was a movie based on the book, in which Humphrey Bogart played Queeg.

Synopsis

Willis Seward Keith has graduated Princeton University studying literature. Willie's mother wants him to continue his studies and get a masters degree.  Willie plays piano and wants to go into show business. As a result, Willie meets and starts dating a singer whose stage name is May Wynn.  Then the Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor and Willie is afraid he'll have to be sent to the army. So that that doesn't happen, Willie joins the Navy.  Willie is assigned to a ship called the USS Caine.  He hates the captain for being too laidback and easygoing and sarcastic and not caring about how things look.  The captain is then replaced by a new captain named Queeg. Queeg is mean, gets very angry is almost paranoid and always wants everything to be done his way.  Queeg makes everyone on the Caine miserable.  Tom Keefer, who is trying to write a novel about how horrible the navy is can't get any work on his book done so he tries to convince Steve Maryk, who is Queeg's second in command, that Queeg is insane and cannot command a ship in a time of war.  Maryk doesn't want to believe Keefer but then the ship ends up in the middle of a typhoon.  Since there is no written rule about how to get out of a typhoon, Queeg tries to get out by following the rule to avoid getting into a typhoon.  Since it doesn't seem to be working Maryk decides Queeg is insane and takes over as captain with Willie's help.  Queeg has them put on trial for mutiny as soon as they get back to the United States.  A Jewish lawyer named Lieutenant Barney Greenwald agrees to defend them because no one else will.  When the trial begins, Willie realizes that the reason he helped Maryk wasn't because he thought Queeg was crazy but because he hated Queeg.  He still admits to what he's done in the trial.  Keefer, on the other hand, lies to the jury and says he knew nothing about the mutiny until after it happened.  Greenwald still wins the trial by getting Queeg to get angry and act like he is completely crazy.  Greenwald then goes to Maryk, Keefer, and Willie and tells them that they are guilty and that if there were anyone else willing to defend them he would have been the one to prosecute them. Greenwald says Queeg was actually a hero because while Willie was at Princeton and Keefer was writing his books and Greenwald was defending the Cherokee, Queeg was risking his own life to protect the country so that Greenwald's mother didn't get melted down into a bar of soap by the Nazis.  Greenwald calls Keefer a coward for having convinced Maryk to mutiny and then betrayed Maryk during the trial.  Greenwald then throws wine at Keefer's face and says he'll be waiting in the lobby if Keefer wants revenge and that since they are both drunk it will be a fair fight.  Maryk is fired from the Navy and Keefer becomes captain.  A Japanese kamikaze crashes his plane into the ship, so Keefer jumps and abandons the crew to save his own life.  Willie stays on board and actually risks his own life to save everyone else and actually manages to do that.  Willie then starts thinking about what is important and decides that he should marry May Wynn and have kids with her.  When he comes back to America, she is using her real name and working for a soon to be divorced man who wants to have sex with her though they have not yet since she is not going to have sex with someone to whom she is not married.  Willie then meets the man and he realizes that he reminds him of Keefer. Willie then knows that he can and will win her back.

1951 books
20th-century American novels

The Caine Mutiny


John Ross Macduff (23 May 1818 – 30 April 1895) was a Scottish divine and a prolific author of religious essays. He published many practical and devotional works which attained a wide circulation.

Born on his father's estate of Bonhard, Scone, Perthshire, Macduff was the second of the six sons of Captain Alexander Macduff of Bonhard and Springfield and Margaret Catherine Ross, youngest daughter of John Ross of Balgersho.  Macduff was educated at the High School of Edinburgh and the University of Edinburgh, and was ordained as minister of Kettins, a parish in Forfarshire close to his maternal grandfather's estate, in 1843. He was transmitted to St Madoes, a parish in Perthshire centred around the Pitfour estate owned by his mother's cousin, Sir John Stewart-Richardson, in 1849.

He left St Madoes to take charge of Sandyford, a new church in the affluent west end of Glasgow in 1855. He was married in 1844 to Anne Joan Seton, who died in 1846, and in 1849 to Louisa Stephen, who died in 1888.  By Anne Seton, he had a son, Alexander Ross Macduff (1845–1857) and by Louisa Stephen he had a daughter, Anne Seton Macduff (1850–1929), who edited his later works, including his autobiography, "The Author of Morning and Night Watches".

He preached at Sandyford for fifteen years (until 1870), and then went to live in Chislehurst, Kent, in order to focus entirely on writing. His best-known books were "The Prophet of Fire", "Memories of Bethany", "Memories of Gennesaret", "The Shepherd and His Flock", "Sunset on the Hebrew Mountains", "Comfort Ye", "The Golden Gospel", "Morning and Night Watches", "The Bow in the Cloud", "The Story of a Dewdrop", and "The Story of a Shell."

In 1857, whilst in Glasgow, he was appointed by the General Assembly a member of their Hymnal Committee. His 31 hymns appeared in his Altar Stones, 1853, and were also included with his later poems in his The Gates of Praise, 1876. His hymn, "Christ is Coming, let Creation" is still included in the Church of Scotland's Church Hymnary 4.

Macduff died at his home, Ravensbrook, Chislehurst in 1895.

Works

 Evening Incense  (1856)
 The Mind of Jesus (1860)
 The Words of Jesus (1854)
 The Faithful Promiser (1858)
 Memories of Bethany (1861)
 Memories of Olivet (1868)
 Memories of Patmos; or, Some of the Great Words and Visions of the Apocalypse (1871)
 The Story of a Dewdrop (1881)
 The Little Child's Book of Divinity or Grandmamma's Stories about Bible Doctrines
 The Cities of Refuge: or, The Name of Jesus, A Sunday book for the young
 The Hart and the Water-Brooks; a practical exposition of the forty-second psalm.

References

External links

1818 births
1895 deaths
Religious writers

John Ross Macduff


Apple Developer (formerly Apple Developer Connection) is Apple Inc.'s website for software development tools, application programming interfaces (APIs), and technical resources. It contains resources to help software developers write software for the macOS, iOS, iPadOS, watchOS, and tvOS platforms.

The applications are created in Xcode, or sometimes using other supported 3rd party programs. The apps can then be submitted to App Store Connect (formerly iTunes Connect), another one of Apple's website for approval the internal review team. Once approved, they can be distributed publicly via the respective app stores, i.e. App Store (iOS) for iOS and iPadOS apps, iMessage app store for Messages apps and Sticker pack apps, App Store (tvOS) for Apple TV apps, watchOS app store for Apple Watch apps with watchOS 6 and later, and via App Store (iOS) for earlier versions of watchOS. macOS apps are a notable exception to this, as they can be distributed similarly via Apple's Mac App Store or independently on the World Wide Web.

Programs

Mac
The Mac developer program is a way for developers of Apple's macOS operating system to distribute their apps through the Mac App Store. It costs US$99/year. Unlike iOS, developers are not required to sign up for the program in order to distribute their applications. Mac applications can freely be distributed via the developer's website and/or any other method of distribution excluding the Mac App Store. The Mac Developer Program also provides developers with resources to help them distribute their Mac applications.

Software leaks
There have been several leaks of secret Apple software through the prerelease program, most notably the Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger leaks, in which Apple sued three men who allegedly obtained advance copies of Mac OS X 10.4 prerelease builds from the site and leaked it to BitTorrent.

Attempted hacks
On July 18, 2013, an intruder attempted to access sensitive personal information on Apple's developer servers. The information was encrypted, but Apple could not guarantee that some information about developers may have been accessed. The Developer website was taken down for "maintenance" that Thursday, and was said to be undergoing maintenance through Sunday, when Apple posted a notice on the site notifying users of the attempted hack. They have stated that they will be rebuilding their servers and the developer system to prevent this from happening in the future.

Developer tutorials and tools
Apple provides free tutorials and guide support for their developer program.

In the beginning of July 2023, Apple finished construction on their Developer Center in Cupertino, California. During special events, developers are able to visit the center for one-on-one's with Apple employees, demos of upcoming software, and more.

See also
 Apple ID

References

External links
Apple Developer website
GeeksforGeeks
MacDevelopers

Apple Inc. services
Macintosh operating systems development

Software developer communities

Apple Developer