Wapping () is a district in East London in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. Wapping's position, on the north bank of the River Thames, has given it a strong maritime character, which it retains through its riverside public houses and steps, such as the Prospect of Whitby and Wapping Stairs. It also has a Royal Navy shore establishment base on the riverfront called HMS President and home to Tobacco Dock and King Edward Memorial Park.

Many of the original buildings were demolished during the construction of the London Docks and Wapping was further seriously damaged during the Blitz. As the London Docklands declined after the Second World War, the area became run down, with the great warehouses left empty. The area's fortunes were transformed during the 1980s by the London Docklands Development Corporation when the warehouses started to be converted into luxury flats.

Rupert Murdoch moved his News International printing and publishing works into Wapping in 1986, resulting in a trade union dispute that became known as the "Battle of Wapping".

History

Origins

Formerly, it was believed that the name Wapping recorded an Anglo-Saxon settlement linked to a personal name Waeppa ("the settlement of Waeppa's people"). More recent scholarship discounts that theory: much of the area was marshland, where early settlement was unlikely, and no such personal name has ever been found.  It is now thought that the name may derive from wapol, a marsh.

Wapping was historically part of the Manor and Parish of Stepney. By the 17th century, it formed two autonomous Hamlets, a Hamlet in this context refers to an autonomous area of a parish rather than a small village. The northern Hamlet was known as Wapping-Stepney, as it was the part of Wapping within Stepney, the riverside part was known as Wapping-Whitechapel as it was the part within the parish of Whitechapel, a parish which was previously also a part of the parish of Stepney.

These Hamlets later became independent parishes, with Wapping-Stepney becoming known as St-George-in-the-East (in 1729) and Wapping-Whitechapel known as St John of Wapping (in 1694). The latter occupied a very narrow strip along nearly all of Wapping's riverside.

The Wapping parishes were part of the historic (or ancient) county of Middlesex, but military and most (or all) civil county functions were managed more locally, by the Tower Division (also known as the Tower Hamlets).

The role of the Tower Division ended when Wapping became part of the new County of London in 1889. The County of London was replaced by Greater London in 1965.

Riverside development

The draining of Wapping Marsh, and the consolidation of a river wall along which houses were built, were finally achieved by 1600 after previous attempts had failed. (See Embanking of the tidal Thames). The settlement developed along that river wall, hemmed in by the river to the south and the now-drained Wapping Marsh to the north This gave it a peculiarly narrow and constricted shape, consisting of little more than the axis of Wapping High Street and some north–south side streets. John Stow, the 16th-century historian, described it as a "continual street, or a filthy strait passage, with alleys of small tenements or cottages, built, inhabited by sailors' victuallers". A chapel to St. John the Baptist was built in 1617, and it was here that Thomas Rainsborough was buried. Wapping was constituted as a parish in 1694.

Wapping's proximity to the river gave it a strong maritime character for centuries, well into the 20th century. It was inhabited by sailors, mastmakers, boatbuilders, blockmakers, instrument-makers, victuallers and representatives of all the other trades that supported the seafarer. Wapping was also the site of 'Execution Dock', where pirates and other water-borne criminals faced execution by hanging from a gibbet constructed close to the low water mark. Their bodies would be left dangling until they had been submerged three times by the tide.

The Bell Inn, by the execution dock, was run by Samuel Batts, whose daughter, Elizabeth, married James Cook at St Margaret's Church, Barking, Essex on 21 December 1762, after the Royal Navy captain had stayed at the Inn. The couple initially settled in Shadwell, attending St Paul's church, but later moved to Mile End. Although they had six children together, much of their married life was spent apart, with Cook absent on his voyages and, after his murder in 1779 at Kealakekua Bay, she survived until 1835.

Said to be England's first, the Marine Police Force was formed in 1798 by magistrate Patrick Colquhoun and a Master Mariner, John Harriott, to tackle theft and looting from ships anchored in the Pool of London and the lower reaches of the river. Its base was (and remains) in Wapping High Street and it is now known as the Marine Support Unit. The Thames Police Museum, dedicated to the history of the Marine Police Force, is currently housed within the headquarters of the Marine Support Unit, and is open to the public by appointment.

In 1811, the Ratcliff Highway murders took place nearby at The Highway and Wapping Lane.

London Docks
The area's strong maritime associations changed radically in the 19th century when the London Docks were built to the north and west of the High Street. Wapping's population plummeted by nearly 60% during that century, with many houses destroyed by the construction of the docks and giant warehouses along the riverfront. Squeezed between the high walls of the docks and warehouses, the riverside area became isolated from the rest of London, although some relief was provided by Brunel's Thames Tunnel to Rotherhithe. The opening of Wapping tube station on the East London line in 1869 provided a direct rail link to the rest of London.

Migration
Wapping's position by the Thames has meant it has long attracted people from around the world. In the 15th century, the population of the area included a number of foreigners, in particular seamen from the Low Countries.

In 1702, a French-speaking church established at Milk Alley, next to St Johns Church, close to the shore in western Wapping. The church was established to support a community of French speaking seafarers originating in Jersey and Guernsey who had been joined by Huguenot refugees from France. There seems to have been a good relationship with the rest of the population as it received financial support from the Rector of St Johns, when it was in financial difficulty, and its long term future was settled by an intervention from Queen Anne who provided it with an allowance.

By 1736, there was a large Irish population in the area, and possibly under their influence a stretch of Cable Street was called Knock Fergus. The Gaelic name of Knock Fergus is recorded in Stepney parish rolls going back as far as the early 1600's, this might indicate a much earlier Irish or perhaps Highland Scots presence.

There appears to have been a considerable black presence in late 18th century Wapping, on account of the many black and mulatto (mixed race) people, often seamen, being baptised at the two parish churches of St John's and in particular St George in the East. Their appears to also have been a sizeable black poulation in the areas to the west, the parish of St Botolph without Aldgate (both the Portsoken and East Smithfield areas of the parish, as well as in St Katharine's Precinct, a densely populated little district that was swept away to build St Katharine Docks.

Modern times

Wapping was devastated by German bombing in the Second World War and by the post-war closure of the docks. It remained a run-down and derelict area into the 1980s, when the area was transferred to the management of the London Docklands Development Corporation, a government quango with the task of redeveloping the Docklands. The London Docks were largely filled in and redeveloped with a variety of commercial, light industrial and residential properties.

St John's Church, Wapping (1756) was located on what is now Scandrett Street. Only the tower and shell survived wartime bombing, and have now been converted to housing.

Wapping dispute

The "Wapping dispute" or "Battle of Wapping" was, along with the miners' strike of 1984–85, a significant turning point in the history of the trade union movement and of UK industrial relations. It started on 24 January 1986 when some 6,000 newspaper workers went on strike after protracted negotiation with their employer, News International (parent of Times Newspapers and News Group Newspapers, and chaired by Rupert Murdoch). News International had built and clandestinely equipped a new printing plant for all its titles in Wapping, and when the print unions announced a strike it activated this new plant with the assistance of the Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications and Plumbing Union (EETPU).

The plant was nicknamed "Fortress Wapping" when the sacked print workers effectively besieged it, mounting round-the-clock pickets and blockades in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to thwart the move. In 2005, News International announced the intention to move the print works to regional presses based in Broxbourne (the world's largest printing plant, opened March 2008), Liverpool and Glasgow. The editorial staff were to remain, however, and there was talk of redeveloping the sizeable plot that makes up the printing works.

Landmarks

Perhaps Wapping's greatest attraction is the Thames foreshore itself and the venerable public houses that face onto it. A number of the 'watermen's stairs', such as Wapping Old Stairs and Pelican Stairs (by the Prospect of Whitby), give public access to a littoral zone (for the Thames is tidal at this point) littered with flotsam, jetsam and fragments of old dock installations. The area is popular with amateur archaeologists and treasure hunters. This activity is known as mudlarking; the term for a shore scavenger in the 18th and 19th centuries was a mudlark.

St George in the East, on Cannon Street Road, is one of six Hawksmoor churches in London, built from 1714 to 1729, with funding from the Commission for Building Fifty New Churches. The church was hit by a bomb during the Blitz and the original interior was destroyed by the fire, but the walls and distinctive pepper-pot towers remained intact.  In 1964, a modern church interior was constructed inside the existing walls for the active congregation and a new flat built under each corner tower. Behind the church lies St George's Gardens, the original cemetery, which was passed to Stepney Council to maintain as a public park in mid-Victorian times. At the outbreak of the Second World War, the crypt of the church was used as a public air raid shelter and was fully occupied when the aforementioned bomb struck; there were no casualties and everyone was evacuated safely, thanks to the air raid wardens and fire brigade.

St John's Church, Wapping, the oldest church in Wapping, built in 1756 by Joel Johnson, was also hit by a bomb during WWII. The distinctive lead-topped tower remains and the former churchyard is a public park. Adjoining the church is St John's Old School, founded c.1695 for the new parish and rebuilt together with the church in 1756.

The Execution Dock was located on the Thames. It was used by the Admiralty for over 400 years (as late as 1830) to hang pirates that had been convicted and sentenced to death by the Admiralty court. The Admiralty only had jurisdiction over crimes on the sea, so the dock was located within their jurisdiction by being located far enough offshore as to be beyond the low-tide mark. It was used to kill the notorious Captain Kidd. Many prisoners would be executed together as a public event in front of a crowd of onlookers after being paraded from the Marshalsea Prison across London Bridge and past the Tower of London to the dock.

Tobacco Dock is a Grade I listed warehouse, adjacent to The Highway. It was constructed in approximately 1811 and served primarily as a store for imported tobacco. In 1990, it was converted into a shopping centre at a development cost of £47 million with the intention to create the "Covent Garden of the East End"; the scheme was unsuccessful though and went into administration. Since the mid-1990s, the building has been almost entirely unoccupied; it is now occasionally used for filming, and for large corporate and commercial events.

Three venerable public houses are located near the Stairs. By Pelican Stairs is the Prospect of Whitby, formerly the Devil's Tavern, which has a much-disputed claim to be the oldest Thames-side public house still in existence. Be that as it may, there has been an inn on the site since the reign of Henry VIII and it is certainly one of the most famous public houses in London. It is named after a then-famous collier that used to dock regularly at Wapping. A replica of the old Execution Dock gibbet is maintained on the adjacent foreshore, although the actual site of Execution Dock was nearer to the Town of Ramsgate. This also is on the site of a 16th-century inn and is located next to Wapping Old Stairs to the west of the Prospect; by Wapping Pier Head – the former local headquarters of the Customs and Excise.

Situated halfway between the two is the Captain Kidd, named after the Scottish privateer William Kidd. He was hanged on the Wapping foreshore in 1701 after being found guilty of murder and piracy. Although the pub occupies a 17th-century building, it was only established in the 1980s.

Education

Transport

Railway

The local station is Wapping on the London Overground's East London line; it is in Travelcard Zone 2. There are regular direct services to , Highbury & Islington, West Croydon, ,  and .

The narrowness of the platforms means that the station does not fully meet the safety standards for an underground station, but is permitted to operate under a derogation from His Majesty's Railway Inspectorate.

Formerly on the London Underground, the Metropolitan and the District Railways were the first lines to serve the station on 1 October 1884, but the station was last served by District trains on 31 July 1905. The East London line closed as an Underground route on 22 December 2007; it was rebranded and reopened on 27 April 2010 when it became part of the Overground system.

Buses
London bus services are operated by London Central and Stagecoach London. Routes include the 100, D3 and night bus N551; these connect Wapping with East and Central London.

Roads
Wapping is connected to the National Road Network by The Highway A1203 east–west, which passes to the north of the area.

Cycling, walking and waterways
The Thames Path passes west–east through Wapping for cyclists and walkers.

Thames River Services operate a sightseeing boat route between Westminster and Greenwich, which call at Wapping.

The Ornamental Canal runs through the area, mostly in the centre, to Shadwell Basin.

Notable people
People who were born in Wapping include:

 John Newton, Anglican clergyman and author of many hymns including Amazing Grace
 Walter Kennedy, a notorious early 18th century pirate
 Godscall Paleologue, last heir of the Eastern Roman Empire, born in Wapping and baptised at St Dunstan's, Stepney in 1694.
 Arthur Orton, the Tichborne Claimant
 Les Reed, football coach and former manager of Charlton Athletic

People who lived in Wapping:

 Theodorious Paleologus, Barbados born privateer, and heir to the Eastern Roman Empire, lived in Wapping.
 The American painter James McNeill Whistler, well known for his Thames views, painted Wapping (1860–1864) after returning to London from Paris in May 1859. Whistler took lodgings in Wapping where he explored the Thames to the east of the City of London. The painting is permanently displayed at the National Gallery of Art Washington.
 During the 1990s, Wapping was home to American singer and actress Cher.
 TV presenter Graham Norton.
 Actress Helen Mirren lives in Wapping.

In popular culture

Wapping has been used as the setting for a number of works of fiction, including:

 The Long Good Friday;
 The Doctor Who episode "The Talons of Weng-Chiang";
 The Ruby in the Smoke novel in the Sally Lockhart series by Phillip Pullman;
 The BBC sitcom Till Death Us Do Part, in which the central character, Alf Garnett, shares his name with Garnet Street in Wapping;
 Season 4, episode 23 of Friends, "The One with Ross's Wedding", which features St John's Church, Wapping
 The brothel in The Threepenny Opera, in which Mack the Knife is betrayed by Jenny Diver.
 The Darlings of Wapping Wharf Launderette is a compilation album by East End group the Small Faces.
 The plot of Alfred Hitchcock's 1934 film The Man Who Knew Too Much included the gangsters' hideout, which was set in Wapping.
 A house left standing after the London Blitz, the nearby River Thames and a notional priory house (which was used as a temporary prison) feature prominently in Jack Higgins' sequel to The Eagle Has Landed titled The Eagle Has Flown.
 The 1967 film To Sir, with Love was shot in Wapping.
 In the Monty Python skit "The Gumby Cherry Orchard," the narrator informs us that "Mr. L.N. Gumby is now appearing in the Thames near Wapping Steps."

See also
 Stepney Historical Trust
 Tobacco Dock
 Wapping Hockey Club
 Wapping Hydraulic Power Station

References

Bibliography
Madge Darby, Waeppa's People: History of Wapping, Connor & Butler (Dec 1988),
Martha Leigh, Memories of Wapping 1900–1960: Couldn't Afford the Eels, The History Press Ltd (4 July 2008),
National Council for Civil Liberties, No Way in Wapping: Effect of the Policing of the News International Dispute on Wapping Residents, Civil Liberties Trust (May 1986),

External links

Local government site
ExploringEastLondon – Wapping
Thames Police Museum website
What's in Wapping – Local community website

Areas of London
Districts of London on the River Thames
Districts of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Port of London

Wapping


Voyage To The Bottom Of The Sea was an American classic television series, which run from 1964 to 1968, starring Richard Basehart as Admiral Harriman Nelson, and David Hedison as captain Lee Crane. It was on American Broadcasting Company. It was created, produced and directed by Irwin Allen. Its final episode "No Way Back" was on air on the 31st of March, 1968.

Other websites

1964 television series debuts
1968 television series endings
American television series
English-language television programs

Voyage To The Bottom Of The Sea


Nooksack Salmon Enhancement Association (NSEA) was formed in 1990 as a non-profit organization with an overall goal of seeing an increase in returning natural spawning salmon to the over 1,600 km of rivers and streams in Whatcom County, Washington in the United States.  The association was formed as part of Washington State's Regional Fisheries Enhancement Groups Program established by the Washington State Legislature in 1990 to involve local communities, citizen volunteers, and landowners in the state's salmon recovery efforts.  NSEA is one of 14 groups in Washington State each with the common goal of restoring salmonid populations and habitat within their region.

Whatcom County is home to the five species of Pacific salmon (chinook, chum, coho, pink, sockeye and kokanee, a lake resident sockeye), along with several other salmonids (bull trout, Dolly Varden, both sea-run and resident coastal cutthroat, and steelhead and rainbow trout) which rely heavily on the return of salmon each year.

The main focus of the NSEA is to restore lowland riparian areas. These areas are commonly impacted by human activities such as urban development, agriculture, and timber harvest. Riparian areas slow runoff, filter chemicals and excess nutrients caused by agriculture, shade the water, and slow the process of erosion to riverbanks. The NSEA deals with the issue of riparian destruction by leading many volunteer projects each year. The aim of these projects are to replant native trees and shrubs along stream banks, construct fences to keep livestock out, do an array of in-stream habitat improvement projects including adding large woody debris or gravel to streams, and stabilize eroding or undercut banks. Along with habitat restoration, the NSEA gives many free educational seminars to the local area, along with local schools, on how they can help with salmon management. The current executive director of NSEA is Rachel Vasak.

See also

 Conservation biology
 Conservation ethic
 Conservation movement
 Ecology
 Ecology movement
 Environmentalism
 Environmental movement
 Environmental protection
 Habitat conservation
 List of environmental organizations
 Natural environment
 Natural capital
 Natural resource
 Renewable resource
 Sustainable development
 Sustainability

References

External links
Whatcom Salmon Recovery.

1990 establishments in Washington (state)
Nature conservation organizations based in the United States
Nooksack
Environmental organizations based in Washington (state)
Whatcom County, Washington

Nooksack Salmon Enhancement Association


The Esperanto jubilee symbol () is a cultural symbol that was created in 1987 to mark the 100th anniversary of Esperanto. Because of its shape, the symbol is sometimes informally called the melon (), egg () or rugby ball ().

With a Latin E on one side and a Cyrillic Э (for ) on the other, it can be interpreted as being inclusive of East and West. At the time, the Cold War was being waged between the United States and the Soviet Union, and they represented the largest enemies in the world.

The desire for a more modern-looking symbol for Esperanto arose when many Esperantists felt that the Esperanto flag was too sectarian. Currently, many people use the Jubilee Symbol to represent international Esperanto culture as a whole. For example, the Universal Esperanto Association and Esperanto-USA use it as their symbol.

Variations of the symbol involve the addition of a green star, the addition of the text "ESPERANTO", a national or local symbol, or a combination of the three. For example, the official logo of the Esperanto Association of Britain includes the green star and the word Esperanto.

See also
Esperanto symbols

Esperanto culture
Symbols introduced in 1987

Esperanto jubilee symbol


Invented by Byzantines, Greek fire was a fearsome weapon. It had the ability to keep burning while on water. As such, it was often used in naval battles. The creation of it was a closely guarded secret and has now been lost. It was very similar to modern napalm, though it was weaker. Byzantine ships attached it to their fronts as a medival sort of flamethrower. After several accidents of the fire burning its own ship, it was no longer used.

The term "Greek fire" is normally used in English. However, most other languages use other terms such as "sea fire" (Greek: πῦρ θαλάσσιον), "Roman fire" (πῦρ ῥωμαϊκόν), "war fire" (πολεμικὸν πῦρ), "liquid fire" (ὑγρὸν πῦρ), or "processed fire" (πῦρ σκευαστόν).

Incendiary weapons

Greek fire


The Molson family of Montreal, Quebec, Canada,  was founded by John Molson, who immigrated to Canada in 1782 from his home in Lincolnshire, England. They are considered to be one of Canada's most prominent business families with a combined net worth of C$1.75 billion.

History
John Molson's success saw him and his offspring build Canada's largest brewery (Molson Brewery), finance its first steamboat and build the first railroad. His sons established Molson's Bank, which printed its own currency, and in the city of Montreal, which was overwhelmingly Catholic, they financed the construction of a Protestant church.

The three Molson family mausoleums, built by Irish-born architect George Browne, are among  Mount Royal Cemetery's most prestigious funerary monuments.

Hartland Molson, a businessman and statesman, expanded the family's brewing operations nationwide, co-purchased the Canadian Arena, which included the Montreal Forum and the Montreal Canadiens ice hockey club (1957–1964), and co-sponsored Hockey Night in Canada with his brother, Thomas Henry Pentland Molson. He also served as a Governor of McGill University, and he was a senator for 38 years.

Philanthropy
As major contributors to the economy, Hartland Molson and his brother Thomas Henry Pentland Molson gave back by creating the Molson Foundation in 1958, which awarded annual grants for outstanding achievement in the arts by Canadian citizens (renamed the Molson Family Foundation in 1981). The Thomas Henry Pentland Molson Prize for the Arts is awarded by The Canada Council for the Arts annually to distinguished individuals in the arts and the social sciences and humanities, and is intended to encourage continuing contribution to the cultural and intellectual heritage of Canada. The Thomas Henry Pentland Prize for general excellence is awarded annually at Selwyn House School, which he attended in 1911. The Thomas Henry Pentland Molson Family Scholarship is awarded annually by the Lester B. Pearson United World College of the Pacific.

William, Thomas and John Molson Jr. provided McGill University's first endowed chair, the Molson Chair in English Language and Literature, currently held by Maggie Kilgour. In addition, in 1860, William Molson donated Molson Hall, the west wing of the university's Arts Building. Later generations of the Molson family provided funds to expand the university's medical buildings, as well as a gift of land for the Redpath Library. The university's Percival Molson Memorial Stadium is named in honour of Percival Molson, who was killed during World War I and left $75,000 in his will to help pay most of the total costs of constructing the stadium.

In 2005, the Molson Family Foundation donated the Hartland Molson Hall at Bishop's College School and the building is named for Senator Hartland Molson, where many Molson family members attended school.

The Molson Family Foundation, together with several members of the family, contributed the major part of the funds required for the construction of the Molson Fine Arts Building at Bishop's University. The building bears witness to the interest of members of the Molson family in the welfare of Bishop's University, over a period of more than 60 years:
Walter Molson, Trustee 1928–1951,
John H. Molson, President of Corporation 1947–1966,
J. David Molson, Trustee 1965–1968,
William M. Molson, Trustee 1968–1976,
Eric H. Molson, Trustee 1976–1984.

Notable members of the Molson family

 John Molson (1763–1836)
John Molson Jr. (1787–1860)
Thomas Molson (1791–1863)
Martha Molson (1824–1900)
John Henry Robinson Molson (1826–1897)
Mary Anne Molson (1826–1922)
Harriet Molson (1830–1913)
Markland Molson
Frances Molson (1835–1841)
John Thomas Molson (1837–1910)
Lillias Savage Molson (1866–1919)
Herbert Molson (1875–1938)
Thomas Henry Pentland Molson (1901–1978)
Eric Molson (b. 1937)
Andrew Molson (b. 1967)
Justin Molson (b. 1969)
Geoff Molson (b. 1971), CEO and President of the Montreal Canadiens and former VP with Molson
Mary Dorothy Molson MacDougall (1904–1992)
Naomi Elizabeth Molson Mather (1906–1992)
Hartland Molson (1907–2002)
Kenneth Molson (1877–1932)
Mabel Molson (1879–1973)
Percival Molson (1880–1917)
Walter Molson (1883–1953)
William Molson (1793–1875)
William Markland Molson (1833–1913)
Harry Markland Molson (1856–1912)
Samuel Elsdale Molson
John Elsdale Molson (1863–1925)
Arthur Hugh Molson, Baron Molson (1903–1991)
William Alexander Molson
William Hobart Molson (1888–1951), only son of Dr. William Alexander Molson
John Henry Molson
J. David Molson (1928–2017), son of John Henry Molson

References

 Molson family gifts at McGill University website

Canadian business families
Canadian brewers
Business families
National Hockey League owners

Molson family


Cake is a fairm o breid or breid-lik fuid. In its modren fairms, it is teepically a sweet baked dessert. In its auldest forms, cakes wur normally fried breads or cheesecakes, an normally haed a disk shape.  Determinin whether a gien fuid should be clessifee'd as breid, cake, or pastry can be difficult.

Modren cake, especially layer cakes, normally contain a combination o floor, succar, eggs, an butter or ile, wi some varieties an aa requirin liquid (teepically milk or watter) an leavenin agents (sic as baurm or bakin powder). Flavorful ingredients lik fruit purées, nits, dried or candied fruit, or extracts are eften addit, an numerous substitutions for the primary ingredients are possible. Cakes are eften filled wi fruit preserves or dessert sauces (lik pastry cream), iced wi buttercream or ether icins, an decoratit wi marzipan, piped borders or candied fruit.

Cake is eften the dessert o choice for meals at ceremonial occasions, parteecularly weddins, anniversaries, an birthdays. Thare are coontless cake recipes; some are breid-lik, some rich an elaborate, an mony are centuries auld. Cake makin is na langer a complicatit procedure; while at ane time considerable labor went intae cake makin (parteecularly the whiskin o egg foams), bakin equipment an directions hae been simplified sae that even the maist amateur cuik mey bake a cake.

See also
 Leet o cakes
 Pie
 Torte
 Turnower

 Embossin mat

References

Freemit airtins

Warld cuisine
European cuisine

Cake


The 2001 Canada Masters and the Rogers AT&T Cup were tennis tournaments played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 112th edition of the Canada Masters and was part of the Tennis Masters Series of the 2001 ATP Tour and of Tier I of the 2001 WTA Tour. The men's event took place at the du Maurier Stadium in Montreal in Canada from July 30 through August 5, 2001 and the women's event at the National Tennis Centre in Toronto in Canada from August 13 through August 19, 2001.

The men's draw was headlined by World No. 1, Monte Carlo, Rome and French Open champion Gustavo Kuerten, ATP No. 3 and reigning US Open champion Marat Safin and Indian Wells, Miami and Australian Open champion Andre Agassi. Other top seeds were Rome finalist Juan Carlos Ferrero, Queen's Club and 's-Hertogenbosch champion Lleyton Hewitt, Yevgeny Kafelnikov, Tim Henman and Àlex Corretja.

The women's draw featured WTA No. 2, Australian Open and French Open champion Jennifer Capriati, 's-Hertogenbosch winner and Wimbledon runner-up Justine Henin and Berlin champion Amélie Mauresmo. Also competing were Indian Wells champion Serena Williams, former World No. 1 Monica Seles, Elena Dementieva, Amanda Coetzer and Magdalena Maleeva.

Finals

Men's singles

 Andrei Pavel defeated  Patrick Rafter 7–6(7–3), 2–6, 6–3
 It was Pavel's only title of the year and the 4th of his career. It was his 1st career Masters title.

Women's singles

 Serena Williams defeated  Jennifer Capriati 6–4, 6–7(7–9), 6–3
 It was Williams' 3rd title of the year and the 20th of her career. It was her 2nd Tier I title of the year and her 3rd overall.

Men's doubles

 Jiří Novák /  David Rikl defeated  Donald Johnson /  Jared Palmer 6–4, 3–6, 6–3
 It was Novák's 4th title of the year and the 19th of his career. It was Rikl's 3rd title of the year and the 22nd of his career.

Women's doubles

 Kimberly Po-Messerli /  Nicole Pratt defeated  Tina Križan /  Katarina Srebotnik 6–3, 6–1
 It was Po-Messerli's 2nd title of the year and the 5th of her career. It was Pratt's only title of the year and the 3rd of her career.

References

External links
 Official website
 ATP tournament profile
 WTA tournament profile

Canada Masters
Rogers ATandT Cup
Canada Masters and the Rogers ATandT Cup
Canadian Open (tennis)
2001 in Toronto
2000s in Montreal
2001 in Quebec
July 2001 sports events in Canada
August 2001 sports events in Canada


Mervyn Oliver Haisman (15 March 1928 – 29 October 2010)  was a British screenwriter of film and television.  Prior to this career he worked as an actor and managed a theatre company as well as working in insurance.

Biography
Haisman was born in 1928 in London. An early television credit was an episode of Dr. Finlay's Casebook (1967) called The Forgotten Enemy.  At about the same time he formed a writing partnership with Henry Lincoln, and together they were the authors of three 1960s Doctor Who stories during the Patrick Troughton years: The Abominable Snowmen, The Web of Fear and The Dominators. The latter script was their last contribution to the programme and, after disagreements with the production office, it was cut by an episode and credited to the pseudonym Norman Ashby. Haisman and Lincoln also worked together on episodes of Emergency Ward 10, but their writing partnership ended in the mid 1970s.

Haisman also wrote for many British television shows including The Onedin Line (on which he also worked as script editor), Howards' Way, and Swallows and Amazons Forever!; and on the horror movie Curse of the Crimson Altar, also known as The Crimson Cult (1968), again with Henry Lincoln.

Mervyn provided script for the popular BBC series Jane (1982), starring Glynis Barber as the wartime comic strip pin up. He was to also write the second series Jane in the Desert (1984). The success of the TV series lead to Haisman writing for the movie Jane and the Lost City (1987), this time featuring Kirsten Hughes in the lead role.

Death
Although Haisman died at the end of October 2010, his death was not reported by media until 9 December. He died in Valencia, Spain.

References

External links

Obituary in The Guardian by Anthony Hayward

1928 births
2010 deaths
20th-century English male writers
British science fiction writers
English television writers
English screenwriters
English male screenwriters
British male television writers
Writers of Doctor Who novels

Mervyn Haisman


Kota Biawak Busuk, literally means "Fort of Smelly Monitor Lizard" in Malay is a historic site believed to be located near the site of another historic site the Kota Buruk, most possibly nearby or at today's Kampung Tanjung Selabu, Jorak, Sungai Terap, Bukit Pasir, Pagoh, Muar, Johor, Malaysia. The site of Kota Buruk is being preserved by the government and is open to the public for visit.

Biawak Busuk is a location unable to be exactly and specifically determined in the modern days but it was a place mentioned in the history of Malacca sultanate which Parameswara said to open after encountering many monitor lizards exposing a disgusting smell in large quantity. There are few version of history records as follow i.e.:
 João de Barros ("Decades of Asia"), (1553): João de Barros who wrote in 1553 in his 2nd Décadas da Ásia ("Decades of Asia"), a history of the Portuguese in India and Asia stated that Parameswara (Paramicura) who were driven away from Temasik after he killed the representative of the King of Siam, Temagi; had escaped in exile and stopped in Muar and built in rural areas of Muar called Pagoh.
 Tun Sri Lanang (Sejarah Melayu or Malay Annals) Shellabear version: In the Sejarah Melayu or Malay Annals states that Temasik during the reign of Parameswara (Sultan Iskandar Shah) was defeated by Majapahit Kingdom. But he and his family including his father and followers had fled to Pagoh, Muar and opened 2 areas on the banks of the Muar River; the Biawak Busuk and another fort called Kota Buruk before moved to Malacca and opened up Malacca. In 1488, Malacca's Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah (1477–1488) has died and buried in Pagoh, Ulu Muar.
 Tomé Pires (Suma Oriental): This source highlighted the emergence of Parameswara replacing his father, Raja Sam Agi as the ruler of Palembang who had opened Malacca later. He was attacked by the king of Majapahit of Java, King Batara Tamavill for declaring himself as 'Mjeura' (those who dare) and fled to Temasik (Singapore). After killing Siamese King of Ayutthaya representative, Temagi there, he secretly ruled Temasik for 5 years. But fearing the revenge attacked by the King of Ayutthaya, he fled to Pagoh, Muar with his 1,000 followers and lived there for 6 years when the Seletar peoples were still occupying Malacca.

References

External links
 Makam Kota Buruk Di Sungai Muar|aidiel's FotoPage|By: aidiel rizal|Wednesday, 1 November 2006

Muar District
History of Muar
History of Johor
Buildings and structures in Johor

Biawak Busuk


The American is a novel by Henry James, originally published as a serial in The Atlantic Monthly in 1876–77 and then as a book in 1877.

The novel is an uneasy combination of social comedy and melodrama concerning the adventures and misadventures of Christopher Newman, an essentially good-hearted but rather gauche American businessman on his first tour of Europe. Newman is looking for a world different from the simple, harsh realities of 19th-century American business. He encounters both the beauty and the ugliness of Europe, and learns not to take either for granted.  The core of the novel concerns Newman's courtship of a young widow from an aristocratic Parisian family.

Plot

In 1868, Christopher Newman, an American businessman, visits Europe on a Grand Tour. Having worked for a living since age ten (interrupted by service in the Union Army during the American Civil War), he has made a large fortune and retired in his thirties, and is now looking to settle down and get married.

At the Louvre in Paris, he watches a painter named Noémie; he offers to buy the copy she is making and meets her father, M. Nioche. About the same time a mutual friend introduces Newman to Claire de Cintré, a young widow. Newman hires M. Nioche to teach him French and the two become friendly; Newman, learning that M. Nioche worries about his daughter's future since he is poor, says that he will buy enough paintings from Noémie to give her a respectable dowry. Meeting Newman at the Louvre the next day, though, Noémie frankly tells him that she has no talent and her paintings are worthless. She scorns the men she could marry even with a dowry, and hints that she would prefer a more exciting life. Newman either doesn't understand the hint or ignores it, and he leaves her to her work. He pays a visit to the Bellegarde estate, where he meets Claire's two brothers: the cheerful Valentin and the aloof Marquis de Bellegarde, who coldly rebuffs him.

Newman and Valentin become good friends, and eventually he tells Valentin that he wishes to marry Claire; Valentin tells Newman that he has his support but he will find it hard going against the class prejudices of the Marquis and his mother,  royalist supporters of the  Bourbons. Newman proposes to Claire; after hesitating, because her first husband was abusive, Claire says she will consider it.

Newman and Valentin visit the Louvre and find Noémie at work in a gallery. Noémie tells Newman she has finished none of the work she was to do for him, and in irritation she slashes a large red cross over her painting, obliterating it. Afterwards Valentin tells Newman that Noémie is certain to become the mistress of some rich man, though Newman objects that her respectable father would never allow it.

Claire's mother tells Newman his "commercial" background makes him unfit, but when he tells her how rich he is, she reluctantly agrees not to oppose him. After some months Claire agrees to marry him, and the Bellegardes have a party in honor of the engagement. Newman hears town gossip that Noémie has become a courtesan; he goes to see M. Nioche, and finds him drinking in misery.

While Newman is occupied with arranging the upcoming wedding, Valentin becomes involved with Noémie. At a theater he exchanges insults with a rival and they agree to a duel; he leaves for Switzerland to fight the duel despite Newman's exasperated attempt to talk him out of it. The next day the Bellegardes tell Newman that the engagement is off, and Claire has been ordered to leave for the family's estate in Poitiers. He hardly has time to digest this when he gets a telegram telling him that Valentin, wounded in his duel, is dying. Newman hurries to Geneva where he sits by Valentin's deathbed. Valentin, ashamed of his family's behavior, tells Newman that the Bellegardes have a terrible secret, which he can discover in Poitiers and use against them. Newman goes to Poitiers to attend Valentin's funeral, and afterwards urges Claire  to disobey her family and marry him. Claire cannot stand against her mother and intends to become a  Carmelite nun.

Newman discovers the family secret: Claire's mother indirectly murdered the old Marquis, Claire's father, by throwing out his medicine during his illness and keeping doctors away from him until he died. At first, he plans to use the secret against the family but soon decides that that would be beneath him, and he leaves Paris. Walking in Hyde Park in London he sees Noémie, now a successful woman of fashion, flirting with wealthy men as M. Nioche sits forlornly nearby, and he walks away from them in disgust. After restlessly traveling to New York and San Francisco, he hears that Claire has become a nun; he returns to Paris to look at the walls of the convent from the street and then leaves Paris for good, resolving never to think of the Bellegarde family again.

Major themes
The American was popular as one of the first international novels contrasting the rising and forceful New World and the cultured but sinful Old World. James originally conceived the novel as a reply to Alexandre Dumas, fils' play L'Étrangère, which presents Americans as crude and disreputable. While Newman is occasionally too forward or cocksure, his honesty and optimism offer a much more favourable view of America's potential.

Literary significance and criticism
At the time of the novel's serialization in The Atlantic, James rebuffed suggestions from his editor William Dean Howells to give the novel a happy ending with the marriage of Newman and Mme de Cintré. He wrote to Howells that:

When James came to revise the book in 1907 for inclusion in the New York Edition of his fiction, he realised how fanciful much of the plot was. He made enormous revisions in the book to try to make all the goings-on more believable, but he was still forced to confess in his preface that The American remained more of a traditional romance rather than a realistic novel.

Most critics have regretted the New York Edition revisions as unfortunate marrings of the novel's original exuberance and charm. The earlier version of the book has normally been used in modern editions. Critics generally concede that the second half of the novel suffers from improbability but still find the book a vivid and attractive example of James's early style. More recently, some have taken the French characters to task for being obnoxious and imperialistic Europeans. But James' New World hero still finds many supporters, among critics and readers in general.

The American generally flows well and is easily accessible to today's reader, more so than some of James's later novels. Newman's friendship with Valentin de Bellegarde is particularly well drawn, and the descriptions of upper-class Parisian life are vivid.

Theatrical and TV adaptations
Always yearning for success in the theatre, James converted The American to a play in the early 1890s for the British actor-manager Edward Compton. This dramatic version altered the original novel severely, and even ended happily to please theatre-goers. The play was produced in London and other English cities, and enjoyed moderate success.

The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) produced a television film version of The American in 1998, directed by Paul Unwin and starring Matthew Modine as Christopher Newman, Diana Rigg as Madame de Bellegarde, and Aisling O'Sullivan as Claire De Cintré. Michael Hastings wrote the script, which deviates significantly from James's text, including sexual scenes between Newman and Noémie and between Valentin and Noémie.

References

Sources
 The American: an Authoritative Text, Backgrounds and Sources, Criticism edited by James Tuttleton (New York: W.W. Norton & Company 1978)
 The Complete Plays of Henry James edited by Leon Edel (New York: Oxford University Press 1990)
 Henry James Letters Vol. II: 1875-1883 edited by Leon Edel (Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1975)

External links

 Original magazine text of The American (1876–77)
 Project Gutenberg text of The American (1877 book version)

 Note on the various texts of The American at the Library of America web site
 IMDb page on the PBS version of The American

1877 American novels
1877 British novels
Novels by Henry James
Novels first published in serial form
Works originally published in The Atlantic (magazine)
Novels set in Paris
Fiction set in 1868
American novels adapted into films
British novels adapted into films

The American (novel)


Passos is a Brazilian municipality located in the southwest of the state of Minas Gerais. Its population as of 2020 was 115,337 people living in a total area of 1,339 km2. The city belongs to the meso-region of Sul e Sudoeste de Minas and to the micro-region of Passos. It became a municipality in 1858.

The name is derived from the patron saint Décio Velho Martins Cançado.

Geography

Location
The city center of Passos is located at an elevation of 830 meters in a fertile region between the state boundary of São Paulo and the great reservoir of Furnas. Neighboring municipalities are: Delfinópolis (N), São João Batista do Glória and São José da Barra (E), Alpinópolis (SE), Jacuí (S), Fortaleza de Minas (SW), and Itaú de Minas and Cássia (W).

Statistical Micro-region
Passos is a statistical micro-region consisting of 14 municipalities: Alpinópolis, Bom Jesus da Penha, Capetinga, Capitólio, Cássia, Claraval, Delfinópolis, Fortaleza de Minas, Ibiraci, Itaú de Minas, Passos, Pratápolis, São João Batista do Glória, and São José da Barra. In 2000 the population was 207,525 inhabitants living in a total area of 7,127.40 km2.

Distances
 Belo Horizonte: 343 km east on MG-050
 São Sebastião do Paraíso: 52 km southwest on MG-050
 Divinópolis: 216 km northeast on MG-050
 Uberaba: 214 km northwest
 Ribeirão Preto: 205 km

Airport
 The airport is located 5 km from the city on highway MG 050, in the direction Passos/Itaú de Minas. It is adequate for daytime flights of light and medium-sized aircraft. The runway is tarmacked and measures 1500 m by 30 m. There is a departure lounge and modest facilities.

Economy
Industry is the main economic activity of the municipality and is mainly centered in the production of sugar, yeast, milk byproducts and poultry. It has been expanding in other areas like heavy vehicle parts, cement, shoes and clothing. In 2005 520 transformation industries employing 5,719 workers. Other sectors were the retail sector employing 7,144 workers, public administration employing 1,141, and health services employing 1,276 workers. The GDP in 2005 was approximately R$874 million, with 523 million reais from services, 168 million reais from industry, and 104 million reais from agriculture. There were 1,196 rural producers on 87,000 hectares of land. Approximately 8,000 persons were occupied in agriculture. The main crops are coffee, sugarcane, rice, beans, and corn. There were 113,000 head of cattle, of which 34,000 were milk cows (2006).

There are 10 banks (2007): Banco ABN AMRO Real, Banco do Brasil, Bradesco, Banco Crediacip, Banco HSBC, Banco Itaú (3 branches), Banco Mercantil do Brasil, Banco Santander Brasil, and Banco Unibanco.

In the vehicle fleet there were 21,046 automobiles, 1,588 trucks, 2,075 pickup trucks, 304 buses, and 10,944 motorcycles (2007).

Health and education
In the health sector there were 58 health establishments, which included 29 public health clinics and 3 hospitals with 416 beds (2005). Educational needs of 20,500 students were met by 38 primary schools, 15 middle schools, and 23 pre-primary schools. In higher education there was one school:
Fundação de Ensino Superior de Passos.

 Municipal Human Development Index: 0.797 (2000)
 State ranking: 47 out of 853 municipalities as of 2000
 National ranking: 624 out of 5,138 municipalities as of 2000
 Literacy rate: 91%
 Life expectancy: 72 (average of males and females)

In 2000 the per capita monthly income of R$310.00 was above the state average of R$276.00 and below the national average of R$297.00. Poços de Caldas had the highest per capita monthly income in 2000 with R$435.00. The lowest was Setubinha with R$73.00.

Famous people from Passos: N. Jabur (Politician), Sebastiao Maia (Farmer), Monsenhor Matias (Religion), Dr. Manuel Patti (Spiritualism), Julio Garavello (Basketball Player) and the Brothers musicians  Edinho & Tacilinho (Santa Cruz).

The highest ranking municipality in Minas Gerais in 2000 was Poços de Caldas with 0.841, while the lowest was Setubinha with 0.568. Nationally the highest was São Caetano do Sul in São Paulo with 0.919, while the lowest was Setubinha. In more recent statistics (considering 5,507 municipalities) Manari in the state of Pernambuco has the lowest rating in the country—0,467—putting it in last place.

See also
 List of municipalities in Minas Gerais

References

Municipalities in Minas Gerais

Passos, Minas Gerais


The Andong Kim clan (Hangul: 안동 김씨, Hanja: 安東 金氏) refers to two Korean clans of Elder Andong Kim Clan (구 안동 김씨) and the New Andong Kim Clan (신 안동 김씨). They were prominent noble family / yangban families during Korea's Joseon Dynasty originating from Andong, North Gyeongsang province, during the Goryeo Dynasty. The clans produced many individuals who passed the gwageo, and 3 Queen Consorts during the Joseon Dynasty, Queen Sunwon, Queen Hyohyeon, and Queen Cheorin. Both clans derive from the Gyeongju Kim clan.

Type

Andong Kim clan (Elder)
The Elder Andong Kim clan (구 안동 김씨, 舊 安東 金氏) was founded during the Shillah Dynasty period by prince Kim Seuk-Seung (김숙승(金叔承) as the progenitor of the clan, who was the son of Gyeongsun of Silla, the last king of Shilla. Due to this, they were often referred to as the 'rebels' of the Korean noble family during the Goryeo Dynasty period and were also known as the Sangrak Kim clan (상락 김씨, 上洛 金氏). During this period, general Kim Bang-gyeong (김방경, 金方慶; 1212 —1300) who was a legendary swordsman of Goryeo dynasty later made as Kim Seuk-Seung's new ascendant and the newest sijo (중시조) of the family, raised the clan back to its former prestige.

When the Mongols invaded during the reign of King Gojong of the Goryeo Dynasty, Kim Bang-gyeong entered Wido in 1248 as a Byeongma Pangwan in Seobuk-myeon, where he fought against his former comrades and mercenaries who turned rogue against the kingdom during the 'Rebellion of Sambeyolcho (삼별초의 난)'. He was then ordered to aid the Mongol invasions of Japan in reluctance. Despite being Kublai Khan's most trusted and respected swordsman - being the first foreigner to receive the 2nd rank of noble as a warrior (문무 2품 文武) in 1276, which was a higher rank than the emperor of nánsòng - he only showed loyalty to King Gojong, which in turn, made Kublai Khan respect him as a warrior even more so. During the Mongolian Invasion of Japan in 1273, he led the wars of Tsushima to victory in only 6 hours, and destroyed the 30 km length army barricades set of Fukuoka city by the shogunate army. This led to the defeat of the shogunate army and the Shimazu clan, and forced them to retreat to Dazaifu's Water Castle (水城). However, during this period, he was yet again framed by his political rivals during 1278. Due to the pressure from his loyal court, king of the Goryeo dynasty reluctantly ordered to torture him at his age of 66 and ordered exile against his sons, almost ending the clan. According to the official records of Goryeo Sajulyeo, people of Kim Bang-geyong's territory cried and begged for his release during February 1278, trying to stop the carriage that was transporting him by throwing rocks at the soldiers and ordering his release. This led Kublai Khan to order Kim Bang-gyeong's release himself, and he was released in 1280 at the age of 68. Although he later tried to resign from his rank as a military officer, due to injuries and disability made during his torture, the king refused his resignation and insisted him to stay. Historains assert that this was most likely due to king's attempt to conceive political checks and balances against the increasing Mongolian influence within the Goryeo Dynasty's loyal court, as Kim Bang-geyong was the only loyal Korean imperialist general of his court. He was listed as a member of the Central Book of Records, and died in 1300 at the age of 88.

His 12th successor, Kim Si-min (Kim Shimin, 김시민), followed the clan's footstep as a noble scholar and a swordsman, and was appointed as the military official of the North, where he fought against the Nitange's rebellion during 1583. However, due to the corruption within Joseon Dynasty's military at the time, he resigned after publicly criticizing the king and his military order at the time. Although he was later reinstated as the aiding general of Jinju in 1591, his commander and comrades soon fled Jinju city upon hearing about the upcoming invasion heading to the city, leaving the citizens to die and only him to defend the city. Thus, he took control of the 1,000 swordsman of the Jinju castle, and began acting very proactive against the attacks. Despite the sheer outnumbered factions against the Japanese armies, who were now armed with Dutch firearms and guns due to their trades with the West, Kim Shimin led his army to multiple victories by recapturing the lost cities of Geochang County, Goseong County, South Gyeongsang, Changwon, Jinhae-gu, and Sacheon with only 1000 men. Due to these incredulous and almost inhumane accomplishments, the Japanese army feared him, and dubbed him as a monster / ghost / phantasm named 'Mokuso Sokahn (木曽判官 もくそかん / 蝦蟇の妖術使い)'. This myth was only solidified during the siege of Jinju castle, where Ukita Hideie and samurai Hosokawa Tadaoki led a siege against 3,800 soldiers of Jinju city with 30,000 Japanese armies. However, the Japanese samurais lost within 7 days siege, with 16,000 casualties whereas Jinju army only suffered 150 casualties in total. Although a bullet wound that Shimin received during this siege took his life 11 days after the siege ended, his myth was further solidified by the 18th century kabuki 'The Legend of Tenjiku Tokubei (天竺徳兵衛韓噺)', which depicts Tenjuku Tokubei as the son of Kim Shimin, who teaches him evil Christian magic and orders him to terrorize Japan. The census in 2020 found the number of members to be 1,005,500.

Andong Kim clan (New)
Kim Seub-don (김습돈, 金習敦) made his ascendant, Kim Seon-pyeong (김선평, 金宣平), the founder of New Andong Kim clan (신 안동 김씨, 新 安東 金氏). Kim Seon-pyeong was one of the founding contributors of the Goryeo Dynasty. He was originally a castellan of Andong province. Later, he received a new surname from Taejo of Goryeo thanks to his contribution to the founding of the new dynasty. In 2020, the number of members of the New Andong Kim clan amounted to 30,300 individuals. It is the most prestigious family in Korea. The largest number of nobles was born in the entire history of Joseon.

Prominent individuals from the Elder Andong Kim clan
Crown Princess Hwi
 Kim Si-min
 Kim Ja-jeom
 Kim Gu
Kim Jil

Prominent individuals from the New Andong Kim clan
Kim Jo-sun
Queen Sunwon
Kim Jwa-geun
Queen Hyohyeon
Queen Cheorin
Kim Ok-gyun
Kim Chwa-chin

Head House of the New Andong Kim Clan
This is the head house of the family of Kim Yeong-su (1446-1502, pen name: Yangseodang), a civil official of the Joseon period (1392-1910). A head house is a residence passed down among the male successors of a family lineage. Sosan-ri Village, where the house is located, has been a clan village of the Andong Kim clan ever since Kim Yeong-su's grandfather Kim Sam-geun (1390-1465) moved there in the 15th century.

Kim Yeong-su demonstrated skill in martial arts at an early age. In recognition of his ancestor's merits, he was given an official post without taking the state examination. His great-great-grandson Kim Sang-heon (1570-1652) served as minister of rites. The clan eventually became one of the most influential families during the late Joseon period.

The house faces southwest and has no main gate. All the buildings have tiled roofs. The residential area of the house consists of a men's quarters, gate quarters, and a women's quarters, which together form a square layout with a courtyard in the center. There is also a shrine at the back to the right of the women's quarters. The women's quarters features a wooden-floored hall in the center with an underfloor-heated room on either side. The main room on the left has a narrow wooden veranda in front of it. The men's quarters consists of an underfloor-heated room to the left and a wooden-floored hall to the right, which are separated by liftable doors and can be joined into a single space when necessary.

References

Andong Kim clan


Livia Drusilla (30 January 59 BC – AD 29) was Roman empress from 27 BC to AD 14 as the wife of emperor Augustus. She was known as Julia Augusta after her formal adoption into the Julian family in AD 14.

Livia was the daughter of senator Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus and his wife Alfidia. She married Tiberius Claudius Nero around 43 BC, and they had two sons, Tiberius and Drusus. In 38 BC, she divorced Tiberius Claudius Nero and married the political leader Octavian. The Senate granted Octavian the title Augustus in 27 BC, effectively making him emperor. Livia then became the Roman empress. In this role, she served as an influential confidant of her husband and was rumored to have been responsible for the deaths of a number of Augustus' relatives, including his grandson Agrippa Postumus.

After Augustus died in AD 14, Tiberius became emperor. Livia continued to exert political influence as the mother of the emperor. She died in AD 29. She was the grandmother of the emperor Claudius, great-grandmother of the emperor Caligula, and the great-great-grandmother of the emperor Nero. In AD 42, Livia was deified by Claudius, who acknowledged her title of Augusta.

Birth and first marriage to Tiberius Claudius Nero

Livia Drusilla was born on 30 January 59 BC as the daughter of Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus by his wife Alfidia. The diminutive Drusilla often found in her name suggests that she was not her father's first daughter. She may have had a brother named Gaius Livius Drusus who had a daughter named Livia Pulchra. Her father also adopted Marcus Livius Drusus Libo.

She was married around 43 BC. Her father married her to Tiberius Claudius Nero, her cousin of patrician status who was fighting with him on the side of Julius Caesar's assassins against Octavian. Her father committed suicide in the Battle of Philippi, along with Gaius Cassius Longinus and Marcus Junius Brutus, but her husband continued fighting against Octavian, now on behalf of Mark Antony and his brother Lucius Antonius. Her first child, the future emperor Tiberius, was born in 42 BC. In 40 BC, the family was forced to flee Italy in order to avoid the recriminations of Octavian in the aftermath of the siege of Perusia. They joined with Sextus Pompeius, a son of Pompey Magnus, who opposed the Second Triumvirate from his base in Sicily. Later, Livia, her husband Tiberius Nero and their two-year-old son, Tiberius, moved on to Greece.

Wife to Augustus

After peace was established between the Triumvirate and the followers of Sextus Pompeius, a general amnesty was announced, and Livia returned to Rome, where she was personally introduced to Octavian in 39 BC. At this time, Livia already had a son, the future emperor Tiberius, and was pregnant with the second, Nero Claudius Drusus (also known as Drusus the Elder). Legend said that Octavian fell immediately in love with her, despite the fact that he was still married to Scribonia. Octavian divorced Scribonia on 30 October 39 BC, the very day that she gave birth to his daughter Julia the Elder. Seemingly around that time, when Livia was six months pregnant, Tiberius Claudius Nero was persuaded or forced by Octavian to divorce Livia. On 14 January, the child was born.  After Octavian received a supposed omen of an eagle dropping a pregnant hen with a laurel branch in her mouth into Livia's lap. This omen was an indication towards Livia's fertility as she had two sons in her short two years of marriage to Nero.  This was ironic as after her first pregnancy by Augustus (which ended in a stillbirth), she was unable to conceive another child. Augustus and Livia married on 17 January, waiving the traditional waiting period. Tiberius Claudius Nero was present at the wedding, giving her in marriage "just as a father would." The importance of the patrician Claudii to Octavian's cause, and the political survival of the Claudii Nerones are probably more rational explanations for the tempestuous union. Nevertheless, Livia and Augustus remained married for the next 51 years, despite the fact that they had no children apart from a single miscarriage. She always enjoyed the status of privileged counselor to her husband, petitioning him on the behalf of others and influencing his policies, an unusual role for a Roman wife in a culture dominated by the pater familias.

After Mark Antony's suicide following the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, Octavian returned to Rome triumphant; on 16 January 27 BC, the Senate bestowed upon him the honorary title of Augustus ("honorable" or "revered one"). Augustus rejected monarchical titles, instead choosing to refer to himself as Princeps Civitatis ("First Citizen of the State") or Princeps Senatus ("First among the Senate"). He and Livia formed the role model for Roman households. Despite their wealth and power, Augustus' family continued to live modestly in their house on the Palatine Hill. Livia would set the pattern for the noble Roman matrona. She wore neither excessive jewelry nor pretentious costumes; she took care of the household and her husband (often making his clothes herself), always faithful and dedicated. In 35 BC, Octavian gave Livia the unprecedented honor of ruling her own finances and dedicated a public statue to her. She owned and effectively administered copper mines in Gaul, estates of palm groves in Judea, and dozens of papyrus marshes in Egypt. She had her own circle of clients and pushed many protégés into political offices, including the grandfathers of the later emperors Galba and Otho.

With Augustus being the father of only one daughter (Julia by Scribonia), Livia revealed herself to be an ambitious mother and soon started to push her own sons Tiberius and Drusus into power. Drusus was a trusted general and married Augustus' favorite niece, Antonia Minor, having three children: the popular general Germanicus, Livilla, and the future emperor Claudius. Drusus was killed only a few years later, dying in 9 BC. This was also the same year in which Livia was honored by the dedication of the Ara Pacis Augustae as a birthday present. Tiberius married Augustus' daughter Julia in 11 BC and was ultimately adopted as Augustus' heir in AD 4.

Rumor had it that Livia was behind the death of Augustus' nephew Marcellus in 23 BC. After Julia's two elder sons by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, whom Augustus had adopted as sons and successors, had died, the one remaining son, Agrippa Postumus, was adopted at the same time as Tiberius, but later Agrippa Postumus was sent into exile and finally killed. Tacitus charges that Livia was not altogether innocent of these deaths and Cassius Dio also mentions such rumours. There are also rumors mentioned by Tacitus and Cassius Dio that Livia brought about Augustus' death by poisoning fresh figs, although modern historians view this as unlikely. Augustus' granddaughter was Julia the Younger. Sometime between AD 1 and 14, her husband Lucius Aemilius Paullus was executed as a conspirator in a revolt. Modern historians theorize that Julia's exile was not actually for adultery but for involvement in Paullus' revolt.  Tacitius alleged that Livia had plotted against her stepdaughter's family and ruined them. Julia died in AD 29 on the same island where she had been sent in exile twenty years earlier.

Life after Augustus, death, and aftermath

Augustus died on 19 August AD 14, being deified by the senate shortly afterwards. In his will, he left one third of his property to Livia, and the other two thirds to Tiberius. In the will, he also adopted her into the Julian family and granted her the honorific title of Augusta. These dispositions permitted Livia to maintain her status and power after her husband's death, under the new name of Julia Augusta. Tacitus and Cassius Dio wrote that rumours persisted that Augustus was poisoned by Livia, but these are mainly dismissed as malicious fabrications spread by political enemies of the dynasty. The most famous of these rumors was that Livia, unable to poison his food in the kitchens because Augustus insisted on only eating figs picked fresh from his garden, smeared each fruit with poison while still on the tree to pre-empt him. In Imperial times, a variety of fig cultivated in Roman gardens was called the Liviana, perhaps because of her reputed horticultural abilities, or as a tongue-in-cheek reference to this rumor.

For some time, Livia and her son Tiberius, the new emperor, appeared to get along with each other. Speaking against her became treason in AD 20, and in AD 24 he granted his mother a theater seat among the Vestal Virgins. Livia exercised unofficial but very real power in Rome. Eventually, Tiberius became resentful of his mother's political status, particularly against the idea that it was she who had given him the throne. At the beginning of his reign Tiberius vetoed the unprecedented title Mater Patriae ("Mother of the Fatherland") that the Senate wished to bestow upon her, in the same manner in which Augustus had been named Pater Patriae ("Father of the Fatherland") (Tiberius also consistently refused the title of Pater Patriae for himself).

The historians Tacitus and Cassius Dio depict an overweening, even domineering dowager, ready to interfere in Tiberius' decisions. The most notable instances were the cases of Urgulania, grandmother of Claudius's first wife Plautia Urgulanilla, who correctly assumed that her friendship with the empress placed her above the law; and Munatia Plancina, suspected of murdering Germanicus and saved at Livia's entreaty. (Plancina committed suicide in AD 33 after being accused again of murder after Livia's death.) A notice from AD 22 records that Julia Augusta (Livia) dedicated a statue to Augustus in the center of Rome, placing her own name even before that of Tiberius.

Ancient historians give as a reason for Tiberius' retirement to Capri his inability to endure his mother any longer. Until AD 22 there had, according to Tacitus, been "a genuine harmony between mother and son, or a hatred well concealed;" Dio tells us that at the time of his accession already Tiberius heartily loathed her. In AD 22 she had fallen ill, and Tiberius hastened back to Rome in order to be with her. But in AD 29 when she finally fell ill and died, he remained on Capri, pleading pressure of work and sending Caligula to deliver the funeral oration. Suetonius adds the macabre detail that "when she died... after a delay of several days, during which he held out hope of his coming, [she was at last] buried because the condition of the corpse made it necessary...". Divine honors he also vetoed, stating that this was in accord with her own instructions. Later he vetoed all the honors the Senate had granted her after her death and cancelled the fulfillment of her will.

It was not until 13 years later, in AD 42 during the reign of her grandson Claudius, that all her honors were restored and her deification finally completed. She was named  Diva Augusta (The Divine Augusta), and an elephant-drawn chariot conveyed her image to all public games. A statue of her was set up in the Temple of Augustus along with her husband's, races were held in her honor, and women were to invoke her name in their sacred oaths.  Her and Augustus' tomb was later sacked at an unknown date.

Her Villa ad Gallinas Albas north of Rome is currently being excavated; its famous frescoes of imaginary garden views may be seen at the National Roman Museum. One of the most famous statues of Augustus (the Augustus of Prima Porta) came from the grounds of the villa.

Personality
While reporting various unsavory hearsay, the ancient sources generally portray Livia as a woman of proud and queenly attributes, faithful to her imperial husband, for whom she was a worthy consort, forever poised and dignified. With consummate skill she acted out the roles of consort, mother, widow, and dowager. Dio records two of her utterances: "Once, when some naked men met her and were to be put to death in consequence, she saved their lives by saying that to a chaste woman such men are in no way different from statues. When someone asked her how she had gained respect from Augustus, she answered that it was by being scrupulously chaste herself, doing gladly whatever pleased him, not meddling with any of his affairs, and, in particular, by pretending neither to hear nor to notice the favourites of his passion."

With the passage of time, however, some thought that with widowhood a haughtiness and an overt craving for power and the outward trappings of status came increasingly to the fore. Livia had always been a principal beneficiary of the climate of adulation that Augustus had done so much to create, and which Tiberius despised ("a strong contempt for honours", Tacitus, Annals 4.37). In AD 24, whenever she attended the theatre, a seat among the Vestals was typically reserved for her (Annals 4.16), but this may have been intended more as an honor for the Vestals than for her (cf. Ovid, Tristia, 4.2.13f, Epist. ex Ponto 4.13.29f).

Livia played a vital role in the formation of her children Tiberius and Drusus. Attention focuses on her part in the divorce of her first husband, father of Tiberius, in 39/38 BC. Her role in this is unknown, as well as in Tiberius's divorce of Vipsania Agrippina in 12 BC at Augustus's insistence: whether it was merely neutral or passive, or whether she actively colluded in Caesar's wishes. The first divorce left Tiberius a foster child at the house of Octavian; the second left Tiberius with a lasting emotional scar, since he had been forced for dynastic considerations to abandon the woman he loved.

Legacy
The Roman tribe Livia was named in her honor.

In literature and popular culture

In ancient literature

The ancient sources all agree that Livia was Augustus' best confidant and counselor, but the extent of her influence remained disputed due to the numerous attempts by her political enemies to defame her dynasty. According to Suetonius, who had access to imperial records, Augustus would write down lists of items to be discussed with Livia, and then take careful notes of her replies to be consulted again later.

In Tacitus' Annals, meanwhile, Livia is famously depicted as having great influence, to the extent where she "had the aged Augustus firmly under control—so much so that he exiled his only surviving grandson to the island of Planasia"; Tacitus goes on to call her "a real catastrophe to the nation as a mother, and to the house of the Caesars as a stepmother" and "a compliant wife, but an overbearing mother".

Livia's image appears in ancient visual media such as coins and portraits. She was the first woman to appear on provincial coins in 16 BC and her portrait images can be chronologically identified partially from the progression of her hair designs, which represented more than keeping up with the fashions of the time as her depiction with such contemporary details translated into a political statement of representing the ideal Roman woman. Livia's image evolves with different styles of portraiture that trace her effect on imperial propaganda that helped bridge the gap between her role as wife to the emperor Augustus, to mother of the emperor Tiberius. Becoming more than the "beautiful woman" she is described as in ancient texts, Livia serves as a public image for the idealization of Roman feminine qualities, a motherly figure, and eventually a goddesslike representation that alludes to her virtue. Livia's power in symbolizing the renewal of the Republic with the female virtues Pietas and Concordia in public displays had a dramatic effect on the visual representation of future imperial women as ideal, honorable mothers and wives of Rome. Livia also restored the temple of the Bona Dea.

Livia is mentioned by Pliny the Elder, who describes the vines of the Pulcino wine ("Vinum Pucinum" - today at best "Prosecco"). This then special and rare wine from the sunny slopes northeast of Barcola in the direction of the place Prosecco or Duino (near the historic place Castellum Pucinum) was according to Pliny the favorite wine of the Empress Livia. She is said to have loved this Vinum Pucinum for its medicinal properties and at the end of her long life (she was 87) she attributed her old age to its consumption and commended it to everyone as an "elixir for a long life".

In modern literature
In the popular fictional work I, Claudius by Robert Graves—based on Tacitus' innuendo—Livia is portrayed as a thoroughly Machiavellian, scheming political mastermind.  Determined never to allow republican governance to flower again, as she felt they led to corruption and civil war, and devoted to bringing Tiberius to power and then maintaining him there, she is involved in nearly every death or disgrace in the Julio-Claudian family up to the time of her death.  On her deathbed she only fears divine punishment for all she had done, and secures the promise of future deification by her grandson Claudius, an act which, she believes, will guarantee her a blissful afterlife. However, this portrait of her is balanced by her intense devotion to the well-being of the Empire as a whole, and her machinations are justified as a necessarily cruel means to what she firmly considers a noble aspiration: the common good of the Romans, achievable only under strict imperial rule.
In John Maddox Roberts's short story "The King of Sacrifices," set in his SPQR series, Livia hires Decius Metellus to investigate the murder of one of Julia the Elder's lovers.
In Antony and Cleopatra by Colleen McCullough, Livia is portrayed as a cunning and effective advisor to her husband, whom she loves passionately.
Luke Devenish's "Empress of Rome" novels, Den of Wolves (2008) and Nest of Vipers (2010), have Livia as a central character in a fictionalized account of her life and times.
Livia plays an important role in two Marcus Corvinus mysteries by David Wishart, Ovid (1995) and Germanicus (1997). She is mentioned posthumously in Sejanus (1998).

On television and film
 In the 1968 ITV television series The Caesars, Livia was played by Sonia Dresdel.
 In the 1976 BBC television series I, Claudius based on the book, Livia was played by Siân Phillips. Phillips won a BAFTA for her portrayal of the role.
 In the 2003 television film Imperium: Augustus, (one of a series), Livia was portrayed by Charlotte Rampling.
 In the 2007 HBO/BBC television series Rome, Livia was dramatized by Alice Henley.

The 2021 Sky Atlantic series Domina relates the rise of the Roman Principate with a focus on Livia's role and relationships. She is portrayed as having sworn a sacred oath to her father's shade to restore the Republic and to be playing a long con to that effect in concert with Gn. Calpurnius Piso. The child Livia is played by Meadow Nobrega, the adolescent and young adult Livia by Nadia Parkes, and the adult Livia by Kasia Smutniak.

Descendants
Her marriage with Augustus produced only one pregnancy, which miscarried. However, through her sons by her first husband, Tiberius and Drusus, she was a direct ancestor of all of the Julio-Claudian emperors as well as most of the extended Julio-Claudian imperial family.
1. Tiberius Claudius Nero (Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus), 42 BC – AD 37, had two children
A. Drusus Julius Caesar, 14 BC – AD 23, had three children
I. Julia Livia, before AD 14– AD 43, had four children
a. Gaius Rubellius Plautus, 33–62, had several children
b. Gaius Rubellius Blandus
c. Rubellius Drusus
II. Tiberius Julius Caesar Nero (Tiberius Gemellus), 19 – 37 or 38, died without issue
III. Germanicus Gemellus, 19–23, died young
B. Tiberillus, died young
2. Nero Claudius Drusus 38–9 BC, had three children
A. Germanicus Julius Caesar, 15 BC – AD 19, had six children
I. Nero Julius Caesar Germanicus, 6–30/31, died without issue
II.  Drusus Julius Caesar Germanicus, 8–33, died without issue
III. Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (Caligula), 12–41, had one child
a. Julia Drusilla, 39–41, died young
IV. Julia Agrippina (Agrippina the Younger), 15–59, had one child
a. Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus), 37–68, had one child
i. Claudia Augusta, January–April 63, died young
V. Julia Drusilla, 16–38, died without issue
VI. Julia Livilla, 18–42, died without issue
B. Claudia Livia (Livilla), 13 BC – AD 31, had three children
I. see children of Drusus Julius Caesar listed above
C.  Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, 10 BC – AD 54, had four children
I. Tiberius Claudius Drusus, died young
II. Claudia Antonia, c. 30–66, had one child
a. a son, died young
III. Claudia Octavia, 39 or 40 – 62, died without issue
IV. Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, 41–55, died without issue

See also
 Julio-Claudian family tree
 List of Roman and Byzantine empresses

Notes

Further reading

External links

 As goddess and priestess of Demeter
 Portraits of Livia
 Livia: Love and Politics (in spanish)

59 BC births
29 deaths
Livii Drusi
Julii Caesares
Wives of Augustus
Deified Roman empresses
1st-century BC Roman women
1st-century BC Romans
1st-century Roman empresses
Augustae
Burials at the Mausoleum of Augustus
Ancient Roman adoptees
Family of Tiberius

Livia


Magico Vento () is the character of an Italian comic book Western of the same name, issued monthly by Sergio Bonelli Editore. Magico Vento's true name is Ned Ellis, a former member of the US Army who had become an Indian shaman. Graphically inspired to Irish actor Daniel Day-Lewis, Ellis is usually accompanied by Willy Richards, a journalist nicknamed Poe for his resemblance with the famous American writer.

The series was created in July 1997 by writer Gianfranco Manfredi. Horror and supernatural themes, often related to Indian legends and mythology, are also present.

The story is set in the United States, in the years after 1865, and is strongly connected to the American history of the period. Magico Vento, who had gained a strong reputation among the Sioux (Dakota) tribe who had housed him, often meets historical characters like George Armstrong Custer, Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull. He also took active part to notable events like the Battle of Little Big Horn.

Artists who worked on the series include José Ortiz, Ivo Milazzo, Eugenio Sicomoro, Corrado Roi, Darko Perović and Corrado Mastantuono.

External links
Official webpage
Series description

Italian comics titles
Western (genre) comics
Western (genre) comics characters
Western (genre) heroes and heroines

Magico Vento


Michael Messer (born 28 February 1956) is an English singer, songwriter, slide guitarist, recording artist, producer, guitar designer/manufacturer. He is noteworthy for his ability to combine acoustic and electric National slide and lap steel guitar into his playing style. The American magazine Spirit listed Messer as one of the greatest slide guitarists alongside Duane Allman and Ry Cooder.

Messer is included in the Virgin Encyclopaedia of the Blues. He also appeared in his own 'blues' episode of the BBC Television show, ZingZillas.

Life and career
Messer was born in Middlesex, England. In his formative years, Messer played rock and roll, both with his two brothers and in a succession of local bands. He moved to the United States while in his early twenties and in Nashville, Tennessee, both met and heard the country music performances of Roy Acuff, Hank Snow and Johnny Cash. After returning to England, he purchased his own National steel guitar in 1979 and taught himself to play in a delta blues style. He performed solo and in several line-ups, before meeting Ed Genis in 1983. A working relationship with Genis was formed that has lasted to the present day. Through Genis and the blues circuit, Messer met the singer Mike Cooper, and the two of them provided studio work on Ian A. Anderson's 1984 album, The Continuous Preaching Blues.

He formed the Michael Messer Band in 1985, and this initially included Messer (guitar and vocals), Ed Genis (guitar and vocals), Andy Crowdy (bass and vocals) and Jeffro Robertson (drums). Their debut album was Diving Duck (1988). In 1989, Messer's band played on Ted Hawkins album, I Love You Too. Messer's second album, Slidedance, was released in 1990 and one year later, he won the UK Acoustic Blues Artist of the Year Award, sponsored by the BBC. He began to gain a reputation for incorporating different musical genres, as well as the blues, into his work. These included elements of Hawaiian slide guitar, reggae, jazz and King Sunny Adé's style of world music. Messer noted at that time that "If you look at what was happening in this country, and also what I was doing at that time, there's a big world music influence, which we were all very into – I was also, at that time, producing tracks with S.E. Rogie and with Ted Hawkins ... I intentionally made the album so it wasn't a blues album". A similar fusion was adopted on the follow-up, 1993's, Rhythm Oil.  This was a joint collaboration between Messer, Terry Clarke and Jesse Taylor. The album's liner notes were written by Johnny Cash, an honour only shared with Bob Dylan (Nashville Skyline) and Kris Kristofferson. The Austin, Texas based music press named the collection, Import Album of the Year. The accompanying tour saw further experiment and innovation including the use of house and reggae styles, set against a more traditional cover version of Big Maceo Merriweather's "Worried Life Blues".

In 1995, Messer's next release, this time under his own name, MOONbeat, featured another amalgam of world music and blues, as well as DJ Louie Genis (the son of rhythm guitarist Ed) scratching old blues vinyl. In 1999, Messer travelled to Alberta to work with the Canadian guitarist and songwriter Doug Cox. One of Cox's songs, "Cold When I'm Dead", featuring Messer playing the electric slide guitar was used in Terry Gilliam's film, Tideland. Following Messer signing to Catfish Records in 2001, they released a compilation album of Messer's work entitled, King Guitar. The album received critical acclaim on both sides of the Atlantic, and reached number one in the US Living Blues chart. Second Mind (2002), his second album on Catfish, saw a guest appearance by Ruby Turner on backing vocals, with Genis junior again providing scratched overdubs. The album was named Best Blues Guitar Album at the 2003 International Guitar Federation Awards, and was warmly welcomed by the critics.

In 2005, Messer signed a new recording contract with Cooking Vinyl, who released Lucky Charms the following February. His live show with the Second Mind Band gained worldwide recognition. The National Debt CD, From the Horse's Mouth, to which Messer contributed was featured by Mark Lamarr on his BBC Radio 2 show. In November 2007, Messer and B. J. Cole performed their joint steel and slide guitar show at the International Festival of Guitar in Lancashire. The following year saw Messer and Ed Genis mark their 25th anniversary of performing as a duo, with a joint sell-out UK tour. In addition, Messer's own brand of resonator guitars were launched that August. In April and May 2009, Messer toured in the UK with Louisiana Red. In February 2013, Messer held a workshop on the Mississippi Delta and Chicago-style blues slide guitar at the Mahindra Blues Festival in India.

Messer has retained a global fan base for his virtuoso guitar playing, enjoying a thirty-year recording career. His most recent live band, known as Michael Messer's Mitra, fuses country blues with Hindustani classical music. The line-up includes the mohan veena player Manish Pingle, and the tabla player Gurdain Rayatt. Their debut album, Call of the Blues, was issued in February 2016. As well as his line of guitars, Messer has issued a series of slide and steel guitar instructional DVDs.

Discography

Albums

See also
List of electric blues musicians

References

External links
Official website
Partial discography @ Discogs.com
2014 interview with Messer

1956 births
Living people
20th-century English singers
21st-century English singers
English blues singers
English blues guitarists
English male guitarists
Slide guitarists
Steel guitarists
English male songwriters
Musicians from Watford
20th-century American guitarists
21st-century American guitarists
American male guitarists
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century British male singers
20th-century British male singers

Michael Messer


The Lugomir (Serbian Cyrillic: Лугомир) is a river in central Serbia, a 57 km-long right tributary to the Velika Morava river. It flows through many villages including Majur.

Origin

The Lugomir originates from two headstreams, the Dulenska reka and the Županjevačka reka.

The shorter headstream of Županjevačka reka (Cyrillic: Жупањевачка река) originates from the mountain of Gledićke planine in southern Šumadija region of central Serbia. Its spring is just some 500 m away from the source of Lugomir's another headstream, the Dulenska reka. The river first flows to the east, next to the villages of Nadrlje, Županjevac, Dragovo and Belušić. At this point, the Županjevačka reka reaches the Juhor mountain, turns north along the Juhor's western slopes, and after the village of Beočić meets the Dulenska reka.

The longer headstream of Dulenska reka (37,5 km; Cyrillic: Дуленска река) also originates from the mountain of Gledićke planine at an altitude of 793 m (Gomila peak), but flows northward. At the village of Dulene the river is dammed by the temporary (but still functioning) 7-meter high filled dam in 1964. The artificial lake Dulene (Dulensko jezero; Cyrillic: Дуленско језеро) is created, with an altitude of 435 m, a tunnel was dug through the Gledićke planine and pipeline with pumps set to take water out into another artificial lake of Grošnica which is used for the supplying of the city of Kragujevac with water.

The river turns east, receives the Pčelička reka from the left at the village of Velike Pčelice and flows through the small town and municipal seat of Rekovac where it turns south. At the villages of Tečić, Vukmanovac and Loćika, the Dulenska reka forms a small arc and turns northward in the narrow valley on the western slopes of the Juhor mountain, where it meets the Županjevačka reka at the village of Dragoševac.

Length and Location

The Lugomir proper is 19,5 km long. The river continues the northeast direction of the Dulenska reka, along the western side of the Juhor, and enters the region of Veliko Pomoravlje. It flows through the villages of Kolare, Bresje and Majur and the southern outskirts of the town of Jagodina. After it is crossed by the Belgrade-Niš highway, the Lugomir empties into the Velika Morava near the village of Ribari.

The Lugomir drains an area of 446 km², belongs to the Black Sea drainage basin and is not navigable.

References

Rivers of Serbia
Šumadija

Lugomir


The Tucson Citizen was a daily newspaper in Tucson, Arizona. It was founded by Richard C. McCormick with John Wasson as publisher and editor on October 15, 1870, as the Arizona Citizen.

When it ceased printing on May 16, 2009, the daily circulation was approximately 17,000, down from a high of 60,000 in the 1960s. The Citizen published as Tucson's afternoon paper, six days per week (except Sunday, when only the Arizona Daily Star (Tucson's morning paper during the week) was published as part of the two papers' joint operating agreement).

The Tucson Citizen was the oldest continuously published newspaper in Arizona at the time it ceased publication.

History
Founder Richard C. McCormick had originally been the owner of the Arizonan. However, when the editor of the Arizonan refused to support McCormick's re-election as congressional delegate for the territory of Arizona, McCormick took the press and started the Arizona Citizen with Wasson. During the mid-1880s, the newspaper was known as the Tucson Weekly Citizen. Allan Brown Jaynes was owner, manager and editor of the Tucson Citizen between 1901 and 1920. He was very involved in the statehood of Arizona and is in the Arizona Newspaper Hall of Fame. William A. Small, his wife, and William H. Johnson invested in the newspaper in the late 1930s after the death of owner Frank Harris Hitchcock. Johnson sold his share to Small in 1964, and Small turned control over to his son, William A. Small Jr. in 1966 when he retired.

In 1976, the Citizen was sold to Gannett Company, Inc.

Editor and Publisher Michael Chihak retired from the Citizen and Gannett on July 3, 2008. Senior Editor Jennifer Boice and Editorial Editor Mark Kimble co-filled the position in the interim, until the end of publication.
In January 2009, the Gannett Company, owner of the paper since the mid-1970s, announced it would close the Citizen by March 21 if a buyer were not found, though on March 17, 2009, Gannett announced the paper would remain open past that closing date because it was in negotiations with two potential buyers. However, those negotiations did not bear fruit, and on May 15, 2009, Gannett announced that the final print edition would appear the following day, and that the Citizen would thereafter be an Internet publication. The last print edition was delivered on May 16, 2009.

Gannett's attempted sale and closure of the Citizen was the subject of an investigation by the U.S. Justice Department and court action by Arizona Attorney General Terry Goddard.

Online publication

The successor site, TucsonCitizen.com, edited by the paper's former assistant city editor, Mark B. Evans, described itself as "a compendium of blogs . . . written by Tucsonans for Tucsonans. The bloggers and citizen journalists here provide news, information, opinion, commentary and perspective on the issues, interests and events that affect daily life in the Old Pueblo." It was a division of Gannett Company, Inc., and a partner of Tucson Newspapers. The site closed on January 31, 2014.

Several former Citizen staffers founded TucsonSentinel.com, a nonprofit online news site, after the newspaper was closed.

References

External links
Arizona Citizen on the Arizona Memory Project
Arizona Daily Citizen on the Arizona Memory Project
Arizona Weekly Citizen on the Arizona Memory Project
Weekly Arizona Citizen on the Arizona Memory Project

TucsonCitizen.com

Gannett publications
Mass media in Tucson, Arizona
Newspapers published in Arizona
Newspapers established in 1870
Online newspapers with defunct print editions
Publications disestablished in 2009
Defunct newspapers published in Arizona
1870 establishments in Arizona Territory
2014 disestablishments in Arizona

Tucson Citizen


Juan Bautista Borja (born 3 February 1970) is a former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer from Spain.

Having won the FCIM 125cc European championship in 1992, he first raced on the world stage at the 1993 FIM motorcycle Grand Prix at the Circuito del Jarama, Madrid, but retired on lap 19 in the 250cc class riding a privateer Honda. For 1994, he gained a series of one-off privateer rides in the 250cc class, starting with an Aprilia at the 1994 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix, and finishing the season on a Honda, placing him 30th in the championship.

Moving to the 500cc class for 1995, he rode out the season placing twelfth on the ROC-Yamaha. He then spent two seasons on the ELF 500 ROC sponsored by Pepsi and then Shell, placing 14th in 1996 and 17th in 1997 on an under-developed and hence unreliable bike. For 1998 he moved to the well backed Movistar Honda Pons riding the Honda NSR500, but unreliability meant he finished the season in 32nd. Improved factory support in 1999 meant that he finished 12th.

Without a ride for the 2000 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, after the crash of Carl Fogarty which ended his racing career, from race six onwards in 2000 he moved to World Superbikes, replacing Ben Bostrom in the works Ducati-Infostrada, finishing the season in 12th. Replaced by younger compatriate Rubén Xaus for the 2001 season, Borja moved to Spanish privateer team Panavto Yamaha riding the Yamaha YZF-R7, but a lack of funds and unreliability meant that he finished the season 32nd. For 2002 season he returned to riding a Ducati 998RS for Spanish privateer team Spaziotel Racing, finishing 12th. With the same team but now under the DFX Racing banner, he finished 13th in the 2003 season.

In light of their sponsorship from Sterilgarda for the 2004 season, the DFX team choose Italian rider Marco Borciani. Unable to find a team or sponsorship, Borja was forced to retire at the age of 34.

References

1970 births
Living people
People from Marina Baixa
Sportspeople from the Province of Alicante
Spanish motorcycle racers
250cc World Championship riders
500cc World Championship riders
Superbike World Championship riders

Juan Borja (motorcyclist)


Breakfast television in Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, and United Kingdom or a morning show in Canada and the United States, is a television block after the overnight graveyard slot and before daytime television. It runs from 6:00 to 10:00 a.m. in most countries. Shows include CBS This Morning on CBS, Good Morning America on ABC, Today on NBC, AMHQ on The Weather Channel, BBC Breakfast on BBC, and Today on Nine Network.

Television genres

Breakfast television


Xenodiagnosis is a diagnostic method used to document the presence of infectious disease microorganisms or pathogens by exposing possibly infected tissue to a vector and then examining the vector for the presence of the microorganisms or pathogens it may have ingested.

Uses

Xenodiagnosis has not been commonly used in diagnosing Lyme disease because in vitro cell culturing now serves the purpose, however the process is commonly used to diagnose infections involving microorganisms such as trypanosomiasis.

Study

Émile Brumpt introduced the xenodiagnosis technique into parasitological research and extensively studied such diseases as bilharzia, Chagas disease, onchocerciasis and leishmaniasis.

Medical professionals primarily use xenodiagnosis in determining the presence of a chronic infection of Trypanosoma cruzi (the flagellate that causes Chagas disease).  Directly and definitively demonstrating the presence of this causative agent in a patient proves difficult.  Therefore, the doctor allows a triatominae, a vector of the flagellate, to take a blood meal from the patient.  The doctor later inspects the gut of the triatominae for growth of Trypanosoma cruzi.

Medical professionals historically successfully identified babesiosis with xenodiagnosis, both in hamsters for Babesia microti and in gerbils for Babesia divergens.  They now use faster diagnostic measures.

Xenodiagnosis for filariasis is now obsolete.

References

External links

Diagnosis codes

Xenodiagnosis


Sunscreen (also known as sunblock, or sun cream) is a photo-protective topical product that helps prevent skin damage from ultraviolet (UV) radiation emitted by the sun. It reduces sunburn and other skin damage, with the goal lowering your risk of skin cancer.

The most effective sunscreens protect against both UVB (ultraviolet radiation with wavelength between 290 and 320 nanometres), which can cause sunburn, and UVA (between 320 and 400 nanometres), which damages the skin with more long-term effects, such as premature skin aging. Most sunscreens work by containing either a petrochemical compound that absorbs ultraviolet light (such as oxybenzone) or minerals that reflects light (such as titanium dioxide, zinc oxide), or a combination of both.

Sunscreen is regulated as an OTC product by the FDA. Most sunscreens are not considered reef safe as they use petrochemicals. As such the use of  petrochemical based sunscreen has been banned in ecological and progressive area's, such as, Mexico's Marine Reserves, the State of Hawaii, Aruba, Thailand's National Park areas, the Marshal Islands.

Care

Sunscreen