Pilularia americana, the American pillwort, is an unusual species of fern.  The fronds essentially consist of the petioles only, any form of flattened laminae having been lost.  It is in the aquatic fern family Marsileaceae, and is related to the water clovers and also to Azolla and Salvinia.

Description
The pillwort, along with all other aquatic ferns in the order Salviniales, exhibits heterospory and forms hard, seed-like sporocarps, as do the other members of the order.  The sporocarps are distinctly different from the closely related genus Marsilea because they are globose in Pilularia, while they are flattened in Marsilea.  The ferns in the genus Pilularia also have lost their leaf blades, with only the grass-like stipe remaining.  However, this plant retains the circinate vernation characteristic of most ferns.

Distribution
The range of the American pillwort is well-established throughout much of California and south-central Oregon.  However, mostly only local occurrences have been found elsewhere in eastern North America.  It is uncertain whether this reflects a genuinely sporadic occurrence, or whether this is a reflection of the fact that this is a small, grasslike, extremely easily overlooked plant.  Close examination is often necessary to ascertain that this is a Pilularia.  The species also occurs through Central and South America, although scientific investigation may confirm those plants to be a separate species, P. mandoni A. Braun.

Recent research has determined that the North American plants normally assigned to P. americana are actually two different (cryptic) species. The plants in most of the United States range are true americana, while plants in southernmost California and Mexico are different, and are in fact very close genetically to the Australian and New Zealand species, Pilularia novae-hollandiae, and may possibly be eventually regarded as part of that species.

Cultivation
This plant is easily grown given a suitable habitat and kept uncrowded.
The pillwort also may die out for drier or colder parts of the season, regenerating the next year from the sporocarps.  While it is in the aquatic fern group, it prefers to be emergent (in shallow water, with fronds emerging into the air) or growing completely emersed (fronds completely out of water), though preferring to be rooted in wet mud.

References

Lellinger, David B. A Field Manual of the Ferns & Fern-Allies of the United States & Canada. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 1985.
Nagalingum, Nathalie S., Michael D. Nowak and Kathleen M. Pryer. "Assessing phylogenetic relationships in extant heterosporous ferns (Salviniales), with a focus on Pilularia and Salvinia." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 157(4): 673–685. 2008.

External links

Jepson Manual Treatment
USDA Plants Profile
Flora of North America
Photo gallery

Salviniales
Ferns of California
Ferns of the United States
Flora of Oregon
Flora of the West Coast of the United States
Garden plants of North America
Freshwater plants
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Pilularia americana


The Plantation of Ulster was the organised colonisation (plantation) of Ulster. Ulster is a province of Ireland. People from Scotland and England were sent by the English government to live there. This started at the beginning of the 17th century, from 1606. It was colonised to stop the people living in the area fighting against the English rule. Ulster had been the region most resistant to English control during the previous century.

All land owned by Irish chieftains of the O'Neill dynasty (Uí Néill in Gaelic) and O'Donnell dynasty (Uí Domhnaill in Gaelic) was taken from them, and used for the colonists. This land added up to an estimated half a million acres (2,000 km²) in the counties County Donegal (called Tyrconnell at the time), Tyrone, Fermanagh, Cavan, Coleraine and Armagh. Most of counties Antrim and Down were privately colonised.

The colonists were also called the "British tenants". They were mostly from Scotland and England. They had to be English-speaking and Protestant. The Scottish colonists were mostly Presbyterian and the English mostly members of the Church of England. The Plantation of Ulster was the biggest of the Plantations of Ireland.

Background

Hugh O'Donnell and Hugh O'Neill felt their position and the power of Ulster was under threat from the English intruders. There were many series of battles defeating small English groups, the rebellion known as the Nine Years' War. The following year they wrote to King Philip II of Spain for help. The Spanish aid came in but landed in Kinsale in October 1601 miles away from Ulster. O'Neill and O'Donnell gathered their army and met in Kinsale on Christmas Eve 1601. They were defeated by a strong English army of 20,000 men, led by Lord Deputy Mountjoy.  The Spaniards surrendered. Within two years, O'Neill and other leaders surrendered at the Treaty of Mellifont. At Mellifont, the Ulster chieftains agreed to accept English rule in their lands (sheriffs and judges). They also agreed to abandon Brehon Law, the Irish language and any further thoughts of rebellion.  With less support from their people and more English control over Ulster, O'Neill and almost one hundred leading members of Ulster's Irish families fled Ireland in an event known as the Flight of the Earls. They went to Spain, Italy and Rome.

Events
King James I was easily persuaded by England's officials in Ireland that the best way to ensure Ulster's future loyalty was through a plantation. First Antrim and Down were given to two Scottish noblemen. This brought over thousands of Scottish settlers as tenants to work on the land. By 1609, these planters were securely established. The area to be planted covered six counties- Donegal, Derry, Armagh, Fermanagh, Cavan and Tyrone. Lessons had been learned from previous plantations. No one was to be given more than 2000 acres and laws were stricter. There were different groups involved in the Ulster plantation.
Undertakers: their estates were usually 1,000 acres. Their annual rent rates were very low, about £5.33. All the undertakers' estates were close to each other. For protection, undertakers promised to build a strong court or stone house, depending on the size of their holdings, with a strong court or bawn (stone wall) around it. They undertook to have only English or Scottish tenants all within three years.
Servitors: they were called servitors as they had given service to the crown as officials or soldiers in the Nine Years' War. These were the largest group of planters. They were allowed to have some Irish tenants if they maintained strict control over them. Servitors had to pay an annual rent of £8.
Native Irish: This group of settlers were the native Irish themselves who had remained loyal during the Nine Years' War. They were located near servitors who pledged to keep an eye on them.

References

Other websites
"Plantation of Ulster", BBC History

History of Ireland

Plantation of Ulster


Krayem Maria Awad (born 1948) is a Vienna-based painter, sculptor and poet of Syrian origin.

He was born in Basir, and later moved to Austria, where he studied from 1968 telecommunications engineering at the Vienna Technical College, and was also enrolled at the Vienna School of Economics.

He also attended the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts.

In the 1970-1980s, he received international recognition for his numerous aquarelle work.

In the 1970s he participated in lectures as part of the creative movement "North-South Dialogue". He was a member of the editorial board of the magazine "Treffpunkte", and author of the manifesto "The Position of Women in European Civilization".

In 1977 he joined the art cooperative "Arbeitsgemeinschaft Kunst", offering courses in printing graphics and ceramics, and teaching at a summer art school in Vienna.

In the 1990s he worked with video installations, photography and computer graphics.

Since 1994, he has been involved in art-workshops and art courses in Switzerland.

Krayem uses mixed media when painting, mixing sand and ashes with oil-based pigments, and often supplements artwork with his own poetry.

Krayem often creates large format paintings, like the one titled "The whole", which measured 3x10 meters, and was on display at Vienna's Jugendstiltheater in September 2008 :de:Steinhof (Wien).

He is a member of the International Club of visual artists "Art/Diagonal" .

Krayem's art work has been shown, as part of one man shows, in many European countries, as well as in Japan, South Africa, and the United States of America. His paintings are in public and private collections.

Works
 1975 Mamma Eve
 1983 Wiener Kunsthefte 2/1983
 http://www.onb.ac.at/oe-literaturzeitschriften/
 1984 Österreichische Aquarellisten der Gegenwart. Facultas/Maudrich Verlag
 1985 Aquarelle und Aphorismen
 1990 Bewegung und Ursprung '
 1991 Strukturen und Strukturveränderung
 1991 Stilles Wasser
 1991 Temps de quietude
 1995 Krayem Objekte
 1996 Berührung: Bilder und Ge danken, Published by Emi-Kunstverl.
 2000 Toccare parola ed immagine. Emi Kunstverl.
 2000 Krayem Malerei
 2001 Krayem Paintings
 2001 KrayemSculptures 1
 2002 Krayem Raum und Körper
 2002 Krayem Defragmentierung /
 2002 Krayem Angels
 2003 Krayem Defragmentierung I1.
 2003 FACES
 2004 Weltenfenster
 2004 Zeit der Stille
 2007 Das Tor Europa
 2008 Doors
 2009 Malen in Büroräumen
 2011 Wege einer Leidenschaft
 2013 Gesicht der Erde CH
 2014 recovering I II III
 2015 vom Klang der Stille. Universitätszahnklinik Wien
 2016 Kunst und Heilkunst. Universitätszahnklinik Wien
 2018 Fenster zum Humanismus. Galerie Meier CH
 2019 Feminismus, luce dentro '

References

External links
 artist's website
 artist's website in German

 b&find_code=WRD&adjacent=N&request=krayem+awad&x=10&y=9 Krayem's publications in the Austrian National Library
 https://web.archive.org/web/20100521023252/http://www.swissart.ch/galerie_meier/06_Awad-Krayem.html
 German National Library ()
 http://www.schwyzkultur.ch/nachrichten/faszination-der-begegnungen-1092.html
 http://www.emikunstverlag.com
 https://web.archive.org/web/20110724090218/http://www.swissart.net/galerie_meier/krayem-2010.html
 https://web.archive.org/web/20111204175851/http://www.galerie-arrigoni.ch/html/kunst_13_krayem.html
 http://www.kunstnet.at/kunstverein-mistelbach/03_03_29_6.html
 http://aleph.univie.ac.at:80/F/7H9K4A3DHEXYU861LFPVH7BVNEBNPPTP8UMMHT2SIARY7XHBDK-09721?func=find-b&request=krayem+awad&find_code=WRD&x=0&y=0

'

1948 births
Living people
Writers from Vienna
Austrian performance artists
Postmodern artists
20th-century Austrian painters
20th-century Austrian male artists
Austrian male painters
21st-century Austrian painters
21st-century Austrian male artists
20th-century Syrian painters
20th-century Syrian male artists
TU Wien alumni
Austrian male poets
Syrian poets
Academy of Fine Arts Vienna alumni
21st-century Syrian male artists
Syrian emigrants to Austria
Austrian people of Syrian descent

Krayem Awad


was a Japanese industrial designer. is one of the most famous product designers in Japan. He played a role in Japanese modern design developed from after World War 2 to the high-growth period in the Japanese economy. He is both a representative of the wholly Japanese modern designer and a full-blown modernist who merged simplicity and practicality with elements of traditional Japanese crafts.

Early life
He was born in 1915 in Tokyo, Japan, as the son of Soetsu Yanagi, who founded the "mingei" movement which celebrated Japanese folk crafts and the beauty of everyday objects. Soetsu helped establish the Nihon Mingeikon, the Folk Crafts Museum of Japan. Sori entered Tokyo Art School in 1934, where he studied both art and architecture. He was influenced by Le Corbusier as well as by Charlotte Perriand when she worked in Japan in the early 1940s. So, his interests moved from painting to buildings to design and objects.

Designs
After World War II, he designed many products: furniture, three-wheeled vehicles, Olympic cauldrons, pedestrian overpasses, etc. One of the most famous pieces of furniture is his Butterfly Stool. Announced in 1956, its' 2-piece form has been compared to a butterfly's open wings. Alternately, the shape can be seen as the gateway of a Shinto shrine or even an antique samurai helmet. In effect, it is a form that is both modern and timeless, that has won critical acclaim and prizes, and is included in major collections such as the Museum of Modern Art New York and the Ruble Museum.

Most of Yanagi's designs are very simple and beautiful. His products illustrate his thinking: true beauty is not made, it is born naturally. When he created a new product, he made the first versions over and over by hand, seeking new forms that took shape from both new and old ideas..

Sori Yanagi died at the age of 96 in 2011 .

Honours
 Honorary Royal Designer for Industry (UK), 2008

References

People from Tokyo
Japanese designers
1915 births
2011 deaths

Sori Yanagi


The Multicore Communications API (MCAPI) is the first specification to be produced by the Multicore Association. MCAPI provides a standardized API for communication and synchronization between closely distributed (multiple cores on a chip and/or chips on a board) embedded systems.

Overview
MCAPI is a language-independent, processor and operating system agnostic communications protocol used to program multi-core devices. MCAPI provides three modes of communication: messages, packets, and scalars. MCAPI is a message-passing application programmer interface, together with protocol and semantic specifications for how its features must behave in any implementation. The primary goals for any MCAPI implementation are extremely high performance and low memory footprint.

MCAPI traces its heritage to communications APIs such as MPI and Berkeley sockets. Both MPI and sockets were developed primarily with inter-computer communication in mind, while MCAPI is targeted primarily towards inter-core communication in a multicore chip. Accordingly, a principal design goal of MCAPI was to serve as a low-latency interface leveraging efficient on-chip interconnect in a multicore chip. However, because of the more limited scope of multicore communications and its goal of low latency, MCAPI is less flexible than MPI or Sockets.

MCAPI Communication Modes
MCAPI provides three modes of communication:
 messages – connection-less datagrams. Messages are intended to be flexible with respect to payload, dynamically changing receivers and priorities and configuration effort, although at a slight performance penalty.
 packets – connection-oriented, arbitrary size, uni-directional, and FIFO streams. Packets are intended to be flexible with respect to payload, providing higher performance than messages at the expense of configuration effort.
 scalars – connection-oriented, fixed size, uni-directional, and FIFO streams. Scalars are intended to be the highest performance communications mode, albeit at the expense of payload flexibility and configuration effort.

MCAPI Compared to MPI
MCAPI is focused purely on embedded communications, and adds the ideas of messages, packets, and scalars + connected channels. This allows MCAPI to support various quality of service, where connected channels may exploit underlying embedded hardware. Furthermore MCAPI supports various kinds of priorities, messages can have a per message priority and channels can be treated as having different priorities as well, allowing implementations to map some or all channels to dedicated hardware. MCAPI can also support zero-copy via assigning attributes to connected channels.

Other big differences include:
MCAPI has no language binding for FORTRAN since this is not commonly found in embedded systems.
MCAPI does not support collective communications as in MPI. This allows MCAPIv to have a smaller implementation.
MCAPI does not have the concepts of groups.
MCAPI does not have any synchronization methods as in MPI, no barriers, no fences, no locks.
MCAPI has no file objects or any functions associated with them.
MCAPI has no model for creation or management of processes.

References

External links
Multicore Communications API
Poly-Messenger/MCAPI
Kactus2/MCAPI and IP-XACT
Free MCAPI specification download

Application programming interfaces

MCAPI


A herbaceous border is a collection of perennial herbaceous plants (plants that live for more than two years and are soft-stemmed and non-woody) arranged closely together, usually to create a dramatic effect through colour, shape or large scale.  The term herbaceous border is mostly in use in the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth. In North America, the term perennial border is normally used.

Herbaceous borders as they are known today were first popularly used in gardens in the Victorian era.  Hybridization and new imported plant species revolutionized the form of British gardens in the 18th and 19th centuries.  In addition, the works of Gertrude Jekyll, a British 20th-century garden designer and prolific writer, popularized the use of the herbaceous border through a revival of the British cottage garden.

Maintaining the herbaceous border is work-intensive, as the perennials have to be dug up every 3–4 years and divided to keep the bed clean-looking and prevent overgrowth of the plants.  In World War I this type of border became less popular in Britain as there was a shortage of labour to keep the gardens maintained. However, there are still some celebrated examples in British gardens.
According to the Guinness Book of Records, the world's longest herbaceous border, at 215 metres (705 ft), is at Dirleton Castle, East Lothian, Scotland.

References

Notes

Sources

Garden features
Garden plants

Herbaceous border


The Oregon Short Line Railroad  was a railroad in Wyoming, Idaho, Utah, Montana and Oregon in the United States. The line was organized as the Oregon Short Line Railway in 1881 as a subsidiary of the Union Pacific Railway. The Union Pacific intended the line to be the shortest route ("the short line") from Wyoming to Oregon and the Pacific Northwest. Construction was begun in 1881 at Granger, Wyoming, and completed in 1884 at Huntington, Oregon. In 1889 the line merged with the Utah & Northern Railway and a handful of smaller railroads to become the Oregon Short Line and Utah Northern Railway. Following the bankruptcy of Union Pacific in 1897, the line was taken into receivership and reorganized as the Oregon Short Line Railroad ("OSL"). The OSL became a part of the Union Pacific System in the Harriman reorganization of 1898.

Oregon Short Line Railway

The Oregon Short Line Railway was organized on April 14, 1881. The line started from the Union Pacific main line in Granger, Wyoming, and reached Montpelier, Idaho, on August 5, 1882, and then to McCammon, Idaho, in the Fall of 1882. Between McCammon and Pocatello, Idaho, the line was shared with fellow Union Pacific subsidiary Utah & Northern's grade by adding a third rail to the  narrow gauge track to accommodate the  cars. The line from Pocatello to Huntington, Oregon, was completed in late 1884. Access to Portland, Oregon, was on track leased from the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company.

The line was essential because the Union Pacific main line ended in Utah where it met the Central Pacific Railroad, which by that time was part of the Southern Pacific Railroad. The Southern Pacific had built tracks as far east as El Paso, Texas, and would, in 1883, become a transcontinental railroad in its own right. The Southern Pacific then started routing traffic to the southern line, cutting off the Union Pacific, which needed other access to the Pacific coast. The Oregon Short Line also was meant to halt the OR&N's continued eastward expansion at the Idaho-Oregon border.

Oregon Short Line and Utah Northern Railway

In 1889, the Oregon Short Line Railway merged with Utah & Northern Railway and 6 other smaller railroads to form the Oregon Short Line and Utah Northern Railway. In 1890 the company finished converting the original Utah & Northern line from  narrow gauge to , a process that U&N had started as early as 1885. On October 13, 1893, the OSL&UN went into receivership with the rest of the Union Pacific holdings. The Oregon Short Line Railroad was incorporated in February 1897 and purchased the property of the OSL&UN later that month. On March 15, the OSL took possession of the line and started operating.

The OSL was independent for a short period of time until October 1898 when the newly reformed Union Pacific Railroad took control of a majority of the board of directors. During the early part of the 20th century the railroad publicized tours of Yellowstone National Park by way of a spur constructed from Idaho Falls, Idaho, to West Yellowstone, Montana.

In 1938, Union Pacific began consolidating operations and leased for operation a number of its subsidiaries including the Oregon Short Line. The railroad operated under the lease until December 30, 1987, when the OSL was fully merged into the Union Pacific Railroad.

See also

 Oregon Short Line Railroad Depot, in Ontario, Oregon – listed on the National Register of Historic Places
 Layton Oregon Short Line Railroad Station, in Layton, Utah - listed on the National Register of Historic Places

References

Further reading

External links

 http://imnh.isu.edu/digitalatlas/main/idovrntr.htm
 http://imnh.isu.edu/digitalatlas/geog/rrt/part3/chp7/58.htm
 http://www.yellowstonehistoriccenter.org/trains.php

3 ft gauge railways in the United States
Former Class I railroads in the United States
Predecessors of the Union Pacific Railroad
Defunct Idaho railroads
Defunct Nevada railroads
Defunct Montana railroads
Defunct Oregon railroads
Defunct Utah railroads
Defunct Wyoming railroads
Railway companies established in 1897
Railway companies disestablished in 1987
1881 establishments in Oregon
American companies disestablished in 1987

Oregon Short Line Railroad


Lacombe, Alberta is a city in Alberta, Canada. It is in central Alberta between Red Deer and Edmonton.

It was named after Albert Lacombe, a Roman Catholic missionary. Settlers started arriving at the site in 1883. The Canadian Pacific Railway built tracks near the city in 1891.

According to the 2011 census, Lacombe had a population of 11,707. The Canadian University College, which is run by the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Canada, is located in the city.

Cities in Alberta

Lacombe, Alberta


The 31st Toronto International Film Festival ran from September 7 to September 16, 2006. Opening the festival was Zacharias Kunuk and Norman Cohn's The Journals of Knud Rasmussen, a film that "explores the history of the  through the eyes of a father and daughter."

In a press release dated June 27, 2006, twenty-six international film selections were announced which previously premiered at major film festivals worldwide. Of the films announced, twenty-five of them will receive their North American premiere.

Among the many anticipated films were Babel by Alejandro González Iñárritu, Volver by Pedro Almodóvar, Election 2 (a.k.a.  Triad Election) by Johnnie To, The Fountain by Darren Aronofsky and The Host by Bong Joon-ho.

Bella took top prize at the 2006 Toronto International Film Festival by winning the highly coveted "People's Choice Award", a distinction which puts them in the company of such Oscar-winning films as Chariots of Fire, American Beauty, Life Is Beautiful, Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon and Hotel Rwanda. Last year's winner of the "People's Choice" Award, Tsotsi, won an Oscar for best foreign-language film.

Bella marks the feature directorial debut for Alejandro Monteverde, who also co-wrote its original screenplay with Patrick Million. Bella features Manuel Perez, Angélica Aragón, Jaime Terelli and Ali Landry. Bella was produced by Sean Wolfington, Eduardo Verastegui, Leo Severino, Alejandro Monteverde and Denise Pinckley and executive produced by J. Eustace Wolfington, Ana Wolfington and Stephen McEveety. The film was financed by producers Sean Wolfingtonand Eustace Wolfington. McEveety (Braveheart, We Were Soldiers, Passion of the Christ) consulted on the script and signed on as an Executive Producer to help market the movie. Bella is McEveety's first release under his nascent Mpower Films moniker and marks his first feature since ankling Mel Gibson's Icon productions.

Awards
Awards presented during the film festival included:
 The People's Choice Award, presented to Alejandro Gomez Monteverde's Bella.
 The Diesel Discovery Award, presented to Joachim Trier's Reprise.
 The Fipresci Prize, presented to Gabriel Range's Death of a President.
 The Citytv Award for Best Canadian First Feature, presented to Noël Mitrani's On the Trail of Igor Rizzi (Sur la trace d'Igor Rizzi).
 The Toronto – City Award for Best Canadian Feature Film, presented to Jennifer Baichwal's documentary Manufactured Landscapes.
 The Short Cuts Canada Award, presented to Maxime Giroux for his short film Les Jours.
 The Swarovski Cultural Innovation Award, presented to Özer Kýzýltan's TAKVA - A Man's Fear of God.

Gala Presentations
 After the Wedding (Denmark/Sweden) Susanne Bier
 All the King's Men (USA) Steven Zaillian
 Amazing Grace (UK/USA) Michael Apted
 Away from Her (Canada) Sarah Polley
 Babel (USA) Alejandro González Iñárritu
 The Banquet (China) Feng Xiaogang
 Black Book (Netherlands) Paul Verhoeven
 Bobby (USA) Emilio Estevez
 Bonneville (USA) Christopher N. Rowley
 Breaking and Entering (USA) Anthony Minghella
 Dixie Chicks: Shut Up and Sing (USA) Barbara Kopple, Cecilia Peck
 For Your Consideration (USA) Christopher Guest
 A Good Year (UK) Ridley Scott
 Infamous (USA) Douglas McGrath
 The Journals of Knud Rasmussen (Canada/Denmark) Zacharias Kunuk, Norman Cohn
 Mon Meilleur Ami (France) Patrice Leconte
 Never Say Goodbye (India) Karan Johar
 Penelope (USA/UK/Germany) Mark Palansky
 Volver (Spain) Pedro Almodóvar
 The White Planet (Canada/France) Thierry Piantanida, Thierry Ragobert, Jean Lemire

Special Presentations
 10 Items or Less (USA) Brad Silberling
 Alatriste (Spain) Agustín Díaz Yanes
 Begone Dull Care (Canada) Norman McLaren, Evelyn Lambart
 Bernard and Doris (USA) Bob Balaban
 Blinkity Blank (Canada) Norman McLaren
 Brand Upon the Brain! (Canada/USA) Guy Maddin
 The Bubble (Israel) Eytan Fox
 Catch a Fire (United Kingdom/South Africa/USA) Phillip Noyce
 A Chairy Tale (Canada) Norman McLaren, Claude Jutra
 Congorama (Canada) Philippe Falardeau
 Das Leben der Anderen (Germany) Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck
 The Dog Problem (USA) Scott Caan
 El Cantante (USA) Leon Ichaso
 Exiled (Hong Kong) Johnnie To
 The Fall (India/UK/USA) Tarsem Singh
 Fay Grim (USA/Germany) Hal Hartley
 The Fountain (USA) Darren Aronofsky
 Golden Door (Italy/France) Emanuele Crialese
 Hana (Japan) Hirokazu Koreeda
 Hen Hop (Canada) Norman McLaren
 L'Homme De Sa Vie (France/Italy) Zabou Breitman
 Horizontal Lines (Canada) Norman McLaren, Evelyn Lambart
 Jindabyne (Australia) Ray Lawrence
 Kabul Express (India) Kabir Khan
 The Last King of Scotland (UK) Kevin Macdonald
 The Last Kiss (USA) Tony Goldwyn
 Little Children (USA) Todd Field
 Love and Other Disasters (France/UK) Alek Keshishian
 The Magic Flute (UK) Kenneth Branagh
 Manufactured Landscapes (Canada) Jennifer Baichwal
 Le Merle (Canada) Norman McLaren
 Mon Colonel (France/Algeria/Belgium) Laurent Herbiet
 The Namesake  (USA) Mira Nair
 Neighbours (Canada) Norman McLaren
 Nue Propriete (Belgium/France) Joachim Lafosse
 Opening Speech (Canada) Norman McLaren
 Pan's Labyrinth (Spain) Guillermo del Toro
 Paris, Je T'aime Bruno Podalydes, Gurinder Chadha, Gus Van Sant, Joel Coen, Ethan Coen, Walter Salles, Daniela Thomas, Christopher Doyle, Isabel Coixet, Nobuhiro Suwa, Sylvain Chomet, Alfonso Cuaron, Olivier Assayas, Oliver Schmitz, Richard LaGravenese, Vincenzo Natali, Wes Craven, Tom Tykwer, Frederic Auburtin, Gerard Depardieu, Alexander Payne
 Pas de Deux (Canada) Norman McLaren
 The Pleasure of Your Company (USA) Michael Ian Black
 The Postmodern Life of My Aunt (China) Ann Hui
 Quelques Jours en Septembre (France) Santiago Amigorena
 Seraphim Falls (USA) David Von Ancken
 Snow Cake (Canada/UK) Marc Evans
 Stars and Stripes (Canada) Norman McLaren
 Stranger Than Fiction (USA) Marc Forster
 Synchromy (Canada) Norman McLaren
 This Is England (UK) Shane Meadows
 A Crime (France) Manuel Pradal
 Venus (UK) Roger Michell
 Vince Vaughn's Wild West Comedy Show (USA) Ari Sandel
 Woman on the Beach (South Korea) Hong Sang-soo

Masters
 The Wind That Shakes the Barley (France/Ireland/UK/Italy/Spain/Germany) — Ken Loach
 The Caiman (Italy) — Nanni Moretti
 EMPz 4 Life (Canada) — Allan King
 Lights In The Dusk (Finland/Germany/France) — Aki Kaurismäki
 The Optimists (Serbia) — Goran Paskaljević

Real to Reel
 Blindsight (United Kingdom) Lucy Walker
 These Girls (Egypt) Tahani Rached
 Remembering Arthur (Canada) Martin Lavut
 Shame (Pakistan/USA) Mohammed Naqvi

Discovery
 Bliss (China) Sheng Zhimin
 Reprise (Norway) Joachim Trier
 Vanaja (India/USA) Rajnesh Domalpalli
 Out of the Blue (New Zealand) Robert Sarkies
 Sharkwater (Canada) Rob Stewart

Visions
 Flandres (France) Bruno Dumont
 Big Bang Love, Juvenile A (Japan) Takashi Miike
 Ten Canoes (Australia) Rolf de Heer
 Taxidermia (Hungary/Austria/France) György Pálfi
 Bamako (France/Mali/USA) Abderrahmane Sissako
 Time (South Korea) Kim Ki-duk

Contemporary World Cinema
 The Last Winter (USA/Iceland) Larry Fessenden
 Red Road (UK) Andrea Arnold
 12:08 East of Bucharest (Romania) Corneliu Porumboiu
 Invisible Waves (Thailand/Netherlands/Hong Kong) Pen-Ek Ratanaruang
 To Get to Heaven, First You Have to Die (France/Germany/Switzerland/Tajikistan) Djamshed Usmonov
 White Palms (Hungary) Szabolcs Hajdu
 Summer Palace (China/France) Lou Ye
 Summer '04 (Germany) Stefan Krohmer
 The Bothersome Man (Norway) Jens Lien
 Retrieval (Poland) Slawomir Fabicki
 Cronica De Una Fuga (Argentina) Israel Adrián Caetano
 Slumming (Austria/Switzerland) Michael Glawogger
 Shortbus (U.S.A.) John Cameron Mitchell
 Copying Beethoven (UK/Hungary) Agnieszka Holland
 Bella (U.S.A.) Alejandro Monteverde

Midnight Madness
 Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan (USA) Larry Charles
 Black Sheep (New Zealand) Jonathan King
 All The Boys Love Mandy Lane (USA) Jonathan Levine
 Trapped Ashes (USA/Japan/Canada) Cunningham/Dante/Gaeta/Hellman/Russell
 The Abandoned (Spain) Nacho Cerdà
 The Host (South Korea) Bong Joon-ho
 Severance (UK) Christopher Smith
 Princess (Denmark) Anders Morgenthaler
 S&Man (USA) JT Petty
 Sheitan (France) Kim Chapiron

Vanguard
 Macbeth (Australia) Geoffrey Wright
 Chacun Sa Nuit (France) Pascal Arnold/Jean-Marc Barr
 Jade Warrior (Finland/China/Estonia) Antti-Jussi Annila
 Bunny Chow (South Africa) John Barker
 Shortbus (USA) John Cameron Mitchell
 Renaissance (France/UK/Luxembourg) Christian Volckman
 Election (Hong Kong) Johnnie To
 Election 2 (Hong Kong) Johnnie To
 Drama/Mex (Mexico) Gerardo Naranjo
 2:37 (Australia) Murali K. Thalluri
 Suburban Mayhem (Australia) Paul Goldman
 Sleeping Dogs Lie (USA) Bobcat Goldthwait

Canada First!
 Acts of Imagination, Carolyn Combs
 Cheech, Patrice Sauvé
 La Coupure, Jean Châteauvert
 End of the Line, Maurice Devereaux
 Everything's Gone Green, Paul Fox
 Fido, Andrew Currie
 Mercy, Mazdak Taebi
 On the Trail of Igor Rizzi (Sur la trace d'Igor Rizzi), Noël Mitrani
 A Stone's Throw, Camelia Frieberg

Short Cuts
 À l'ombre, Simon Lavoie
 L'Air de rien, Frédérick Pelletier
 Aruba, Hubert Davis
 The Broken Hearted, Antoinette Karuna
 By the Hour, Bill Marchant
 Christ in Wood, Alexander Winfield
 Cloudbreaker, Adam Garnet Jones
 Couldn't Be Happier, Jackie May
 The Days (Les Jours), Maxime Giroux
 The Dead Water (Les Eaux mortes), Guy Édoin
 The Double Woman, Carla B. Guttmann
 Down Payment on a Dead Horse, Jason Britski
 The Ecstasy Note, Geoffrey Uloth
 Elizabeth, Deco Dawson
 The Eyes of Edward James, Rodrigo Gudiño
 If I See Randy Again Do You Want Me to Hit Him with the Axe?, Vivieno Caldinelli
 Intolerable, Alison Maclean
 The Last Bang, Emmanuel Shirinian
 A Life of Errors, Nicholas Pye and Sheila Pye
 Love Seat, Kris Elgstrand
 The Man Who Waited (L'Homme qui attendait), Theodore Ushev
 Ninth Street Chronicles, Megan Martin
 Nude Caboose, Guy Maddin
 Où est Maurice?, Alek Rzeszowski and Matthew Rankin
 Patterns 2, Jamie Travis
 Patterns 3, Jamie Travis
 Plume, Chelsea McMullan
 Pretty Broken, Cline Mayo
 The Runner, Robert Delaskie
 The Saddest Boy in the World, Jamie Travis
 Saskatchewan Part 3, Brian Stockton
 Screening, Anthony Green
 Starlight Tour, Evan Crowe
 Supposed To, Aleesa Cohene
 Suspect, Patricia Rozema
 Tell Me Everything, Brian D. Johnson
 La Tête haute, Ivan Grbovic
 The Tragic Story of Nling, Jeffrey St. Jules
 True Love, Adam Brodie and Dave Derewlany
 The Wait, Ann Verrall

Canada's Top Ten
TIFF's annual Canada's Top Ten list, its national critics and festival programmers poll of the ten best feature and short films of the year, was released in December 2006.

Away from Her — Sarah Polley
Congorama — Philippe Falardeau
The Journals of Knud Rasmussen — Zacharias Kunuk, Norman Cohn
Manufactured Landscapes — Jennifer Baichwal
Monkey Warfare — Reginald Harkema
On the Trail of Igor Rizzi (Sur la trace d'Igor Rizzi) — Noël Mitrani
Radiant City — Gary Burns, Jim Brown
Sharkwater — Rob Stewart
A Sunday in Kigali (Un dimanche à Kigali) — Robert Favreau
Trailer Park Boys: The Movie — Mike Clattenburg

References

External links

 Official website
 tiffreviews.com
 TIFF 2006 coverage at TheGATE.ca
 2006 Toronto International Film Festival at IMDb

2006
2006 film festivals
2006 in Toronto
2006 in Canadian cinema
2006 festivals in North America
September 2006 events in Canada


Kjetil Bjørklund (born 18 March 1967 in Lillehammer) is a Norwegian politician for the Socialist Left Party.

He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Oppland in 2001, but was not re-elected in 2005. During the second cabinet Stoltenberg, Bjørklund was appointed political advisor in the Ministry of the Environment, a post he left after three months.

On the local level Bjørklund was a deputy member of Nordre Land municipality council from 1991 to 2003. He chaired the local party chapter from 1999 to 2001.

He has been active in the Norwegian Society for the Conservation of Nature.

References

1967 births
Living people
Politicians from Lillehammer
Socialist Left Party (Norway) politicians
Members of the Storting
Oppland politicians
21st-century Norwegian politicians

Kjetil Bjørklund


The mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) is a member of the dove family (Columbidae). It has five subspecies. The number of mourning doves is about 475 million. They live in North America. Mourning doves are light grey and brown, and males and females look similar.

These birds usually have one partner at a time. Both parents sit on the eggs and care for their chicks. Adult mourning doves usually eat only seeds. The parents feed crop milk to the young.

People hunt mourning doves for sport and for meat. Up to 70 million birds are shot in the United States every year. Its name, "mourning," comes from its sad-sounding call. The bird is a strong flier, and can fly at up to 88 km/h (55 mph).

Distribution

Mourning doves have a large range of nearly 11 million square kilometers (6.8 million square miles). These birds live throughout the Greater Antilles, most of Mexico, the Continental United States, and southern Canada. In the summer, the birds are mostly in the Canadian prairies, and in southern Central America in the winter. The species is a vagrant in northern Canada, Alaska, and South America. It has been seen at least seven times in the Palearctic ecozone with records from the British Isles (five), the Azores (one) and Iceland (one). In 1963, the Mourning Dove was introduced to Hawaii, and in 1998 there was still a small population in North Kona, Hawaii.

Mourning doves live in many different habitats, such as farms, prairie, grassland, and woods. It does not live in swamps or thick forests. They also live in places where humans live, such as in cities or towns.

Description

The mourning dove is a medium-sized, slender dove. It weighs an average of . It has a small head and a long tail. Mourning doves have perching feet, with three toes facing forward and one facing backward. The legs are short and reddish color. The beak is small and dark, usually a mixture of brown and black.

Its feathers are generally light gray-brown and lighter and more pink below. The wings may have black spots, and the outer tail feathers are white. The eyes are dark, with light skin around them. The adult male has bright purple-pink patches on the sides of its neck, with light pink coloring up to the breast. Younger birds look more scaly and dark.

All five subspecies of the mourning dove look similar and cannot be told apart easily. The Western subspecies has longer wings, a longer beak, shorter toes, and is lighter in color. The Panama mourning dove has shorter wings and legs, a longer beak, and is grayer in color. The Clarion Island subspecies has larger feet, a larger beak, and is darker brown.

Sounds
This species' call is a cooOOoo-wooo-woo-woooo, which is used by males when attracting a mate. Other sounds include a nest call (cooOOoo) by paired males to attract their mates to the nests, a greeting call (a soft ork) by males upon joining their mates again, and an alarm call (a short roo-oo) by either male or female when in danger.
In flight, the wings make a fluttery whistling sound that is quiet and hard to hear, but is louder at take-off and landing.

Reproduction and ecology

The male begins courtship by flying noisily, and then in a graceful, circular glide with its wings outstretched and head down. After landing, the male will go to the female with a puffed out breast, bobbing head, and loud calls. Once the pair is mated, they will often spend time preening each other's feathers. The mourning dove does not easily leave its mate. Pairs may sometimes remain together throughout the winter. However, lone doves will find new partners if necessary.

After mating, the male shows the female all the possible nest sites, and lets the female choose one and build the nest. The male will fly about, get material, and bring it to her. The male stands on the female's back to give the material to the female, who builds it into the nest. The nest is made of twigs, conifer needles, or grass. Sometimes, mourning doves will take place of the unused nests of other mourning doves, birds, or mammals such as squirrels.

Most nests are in trees, but they can also be in shrubs, vines, or on buildings and hanging flower pots. When there is no good place to nest above, mourning doves will nest on the ground. The nest is almost always big enough for exactly two eggs. Sometimes, however, a female will lay her eggs in the nest of another pair, leading to three or four eggs in the nest. The eggs are small and white.

Both sexes incubate; the male from morning to afternoon, and the female the rest of the day and at night. Mourning doves rarely leave their nest alone. Incubation takes two weeks.

Both parents feed the chicks crop milk for the first 3–4 days of life. After that, they gradually begin to eat seeds. The feathers and wing muscles begin to develop for flight in about 11–15 days. This happens before the squabs are fully grown, but after they digest the adult food. They stay nearby to be fed by their father for up to two weeks after fledging.

Mourning doves breed quickly. In warmer areas, these birds may raise up to six broods in a season. This fast breeding is important because mourning birds die often. Each year, the mortality can reach 58% a year for adults and 69% for the young.

Feeding

Mourning doves eat mostly seeds. Seeds are at least 99% of their diet. Rarely, they will eat snails or insects. Mourning doves usually eat enough to fill their stomach and then fly away to digest while resting. They often swallow gravel or sand to help them digest. At bird feeders, mourning doves are attracted to corn, millet, and sunflower seeds. Mourning doves do not dig or scratch for seeds, but only eat what they can see. They will sometimes perch on plants and eat from them.

Mourning doves especially prefer pine nuts, sesame, and wheat. When they cannot find their  favorite foods, mourning doves will eat the seeds of other plants, including buckwheat and rye.

Predators and parasites
Mourning doves can be easily harmed by several different parasites and diseases, including tapeworms, nematodes, mites, and lice. The Trichomonas gallinae, a parasite which lives in the mouth, is especially severe. While the bird sometimes shows no ill effects, the parasite often causes a yellowish growth in the mouth and throat. This can make the bird starve to death.

The greatest predators of this species are birds of prey, such as falcons and hawks. Other times, during nesting, corvids, grackles, house cats or rat snakes will eat their eggs. Cowbirds rarely pass parasites mourning dove nests. Mourning doves reject slightly under a third of cowbird eggs in such nests, and the cowbirds cannot eat the Mourning Dove's vegetarian diet.

Behavior
Like other doves, the mourning dove drinks without lifting or tilting its head. They often gather at drinking spots around dawn and dusk.

Mourning doves wash themselves in the sun or rain. These birds can also take baths in shallow pools or bird baths. They may sometimes bathe themselves in the dust as well.

These birds are strong fliers and can fly up to 88 km/h (55 mph).

When they are not breeding, mourning doves roost in dense deciduous trees or in conifers. During sleep, the head rests between the shoulders, close to the body, and is not tucked under the shoulder feathers as most species do. Sometimes, roosting is delayed on colder days during the winter in Canada.

Conservation status

The mourning dove is of Least Concern to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The species is not at immediate risk. The population is about 475 million and they live across a wide area. However, around 40–70 million birds are shot as game every year.

Taxonomy
The mourning dove is closely related to the eared dove (Zenaida auriculata) and the Socorro dove (Zenaida graysoni). Sometimes these three birds are put in the separate genus Zenaidura. The Socorro dove was once thought to be the same species as the mourning dove. However, differences in behavior, call, and appearance separate them as two different species.

There are five subspecies of mourning dove:
 Eastern Z. m. carolinensis (Linnaeus, 1766)
 Clarion Island Z. m. clarionensis (C.H.Townsend, 1890)
 West Indian Z. m. macroura (Linnaeus, 1758)
 Western Z. m. marginella (Woodhouse, 1852)
 Panama Z. m. turturilla (Wetmore, 1956)

The West Indian subspecies lives throughout the Greater Antilles. It is also lives in the Florida Keys. The Eastern subspecies lives mainly in eastern North America, as well as Bermuda and the Bahamas. The Western subspecies lives in western North America and parts of Mexico. The Panamanian subspecies is in Central America. The Clarion Island subspecies lives near the Pacific coast of Mexico.

The mourning dove is sometimes called the American mourning dove, because it may be confused with the distantly related African mourning dove (Streptopelia decipiens). It also used to be called the Carolina turtledove or Carolina pigeon. French zoologist Charles L. Bonaparte gave this species' its scientific name in 1838. They name comes from his wife, Princess Zénaide. The "mourning" part of its name comes from its call.

Closest relative
The mourning dove is thought to be most closely related to the extinct passenger pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius).

As a symbol and in the arts
The Eastern mourning dove (Z. m. carolinensis) is Wisconsin's official symbol of peace. The bird is also Michigan's state bird of peace.

The mourning dove appears as the Carolina turtle-dove on plate 286 of Audubon's The Birds of America.

Mourning doves are referred to often in American literature. They are in some American and Canadian poetry such as in the works of Robert Bly, Jared Carter, Lorine Niedecker, and Charles Wright.

Notes

References

Other websites

 Mourning Doves on the Internet Bird Collection
 USGS page
 Information from Cornell Lab of Ornithology
 South Dakota Birds page
 Mourning Dove Movies (Tree of Life)
 28 Mourning Dove Photos
 Video of a Mourning Dove's Call
 Mourning Dove Bird Sound

Doves
Birds of North America
Birds of Pakistan

Mourning dove


George Washington Getty (October 2, 1819 – October 1, 1901) was a career military officer in the United States Army, most noted for his role as a division commander in the Army of the Potomac during the final full year of the American Civil War.

Early life
Getty was born in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. He was appointed to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, at the age of 16, and graduated 15th out of 42 graduates in the Class of 1840. Among his classmates were future Civil War generals William T. Sherman and George H. Thomas of the Union Army and Richard S. Ewell and Bushrod R. Johnson of the Confederate States Army. He was assigned to the artillery as a second lieutenant. During the Mexican–American War, he campaigned with Winfield Scott's army and received a brevet appointment as captain for gallantry at Contreras and Churubusco. He fought against the Seminole Indians in Florida in the last two Seminole Wars, seeing action in 1849–50 and again in 1856–57.

Civil War
At the beginning of the Civil War, Getty was a captain in the 4th U.S. Artillery. In September, 1861, he was appointed lieutenant colonel. He commanded a brigade of regular army artillery batteries in Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan's 1862 Peninsula Campaign and Seven Days Campaign. Named Chief of Artillery of Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside's IX Corps, he served at the battles of South Mountain and Antietam during the Maryland Campaign. On September 25, 1862, Getty was promoted to the rank of brigadier general of volunteers and assigned to the infantry. During the Battle of Fredericksburg in December, he commanded the 3rd Division of IX Corps. In March, 1863, Getty's division was sent to Suffolk, Virginia, where the Federal Army under Maj. Gen. John A. Dix successfully resisted Lt. Gen. James Longstreet's investment of the town, which guarded the southern approaches to Norfolk and Hampton Roads.

After subsequent engineering duty and command of a diversion to the South Anna River during the Gettysburg Campaign, Getty served as acting Inspector General of the Army of the Potomac. In early 1864, Getty was assigned to command 2nd Division, VI Corps and fought with great bravery and determination to hold a vital road intersection at the Battle of the Wilderness on May 5-6, 1864. He was wounded in the Battle of the Wilderness, but recovered to lead his troops during the lengthy Siege of Petersburg, and later in Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign. Getty became acting commander of VI Corps when Brig. Gen. James B. Ricketts was wounded leading the corps at the Battle of Cedar Creek. On December 12, 1864, President Abraham Lincoln nominated Getty for appointment to the brevet grade of major general of volunteers, to rank from August 1, 1864, confirmed by the U.S. Senate on February 14, 1865. Getty's division, including the famed Vermont Brigade, made the initial breakthrough at Petersburg on April 2, 1865, and took part in the final campaign of the Army of the Potomac, which concluded with the surrender of Robert E. Lee at Appomattox Court House. On July 17, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Getty for appointment to the brevet grade of major general, U.S. Army (Regular Army), to rank from March 13, 1865, which the U.S. Senate confirmed the appointment on July 23, 1866. Getty was mustered out of the volunteer force on October 9, 1866.

Postbellum career
Getty was in command of the District of Baltimore, Maryland., Aug. 9, 1865, to January, 29th, 1866.  Then he was in command of the District of the Rio Grande, February 19 to August 31, 1866.  During this time on July 28, 1866, Getty was appointed colonel of the 37th U.S. Infantry in the regular army.

He next served in command of the District of Texas, from August 31 to October 9, 1866, during which time he was mustered out of Volunteer Service, on September 1, 1866.  Following a leave of absence, awaiting orders, he was given command of the District of New Mexico, from April 11, 1867, to January 11, 1871.

He transferred to command the 3rd U.S. Infantry, March 15, 1869. Getty then transferred to the 3rd U.S. Artillery on December 31, 1870, and then commanded the Artillery School at Fortress Monroe, Virginia, for six years.  However, from June 24 to July 25, 1877, he was detached in command of troops along the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad during labor strikes.

Getty was a member of the Board of Conduct which exonerated former V Corps commander Maj. Gen. Fitz John Porter in 1879. He transferred to the 4th U.S. Artillery on July 17, 1882.

General Getty was a member of several military societies including the Aztec Club of 1847, the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States and the Military Order of Foreign Wars.

After he retired from the Army on October 2, 1883, Getty lived on a farm near Forest Glen, Maryland, until his death there on October 1, 1901. Getty was buried in Section 1 of Arlington National Cemetery.

General Getty Neighborhood Park, located near his farm in Forest Glen, is named after him.

Family
General Getty's son, Robert Nelson Getty (1855–1941), graduated from West Point in 1878 and served until he reached the mandatory retirement age of 64 in 1919. He was a veteran of the Indian Wars, the Spanish–American War, the Philippine Insurrection and the First World War, during which he was promoted to brigadier general.

Notes

References
 Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, .
 Warner, Ezra J., Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1964, .

External links

 Photo gallery of G.W. Getty
 Arlington National Cemetery webpage for G.W. Getty

1819 births
1901 deaths
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
Members of the Aztec Club of 1847
People from Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)
People of Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War
United States Military Academy alumni
United States Army generals
People from Forest Glen, Maryland

George W. Getty


The Bren is a light machine gun (LMG) that was used by the British military during World War II. The gun was based on a Czechoslovak gun, the ZB z/26. The name is a shortening of "Brno-Enfield". Brno was the city where the earlier z/26 was made, and Enfield was the company that made the Bren.

It was a simple but well-made LMG. It was well-known for using a curved, top-loading magazine, a carrying handle, and being light enough for one man to carry and use. It was so popular that even the Japanese made their own LMG based on the Bren, the Type-99 light machine gun.

It was so popular among British soldiers that it was used by the British Armed Forces from 1938 to the 1990s.

Light machine guns

Bren light machine gun


An ethical bank, also known as a social, alternative, civic, or sustainable bank, is a bank concerned with the social and environmental impacts of its investments and loans. The ethical banking movement includes: ethical investment, impact investment, socially responsible investment, corporate social responsibility, and is also related to such movements as the fair trade movement, ethical consumerism, and social enterprise.

Other areas of ethical consumerism, such as fair trade labelling, have comprehensive codes and regulations which must be adhered to in order to be certified. Ethical banking has not developed to this point; because of this it is difficult to create a concrete definition that distinguishes ethical banks from conventional banks. Ethical banks are regulated by the same authorities as traditional banks and have to abide by the same rules. While there are differences between ethical banks, they do share a desire to uphold principles in the projects they finance, the most frequent including: transparency and social and/or environmental values. Ethical banks sometimes work with narrower profit margins than traditional ones, and therefore they may have few offices and operate mostly by phone, Internet, or mail. Ethical banking is considered one of several forms of alternative banking.

History

In England, King Offa of Mercia in 791, then King Alfred the Great (849-899), as well as King Edward the Confessor (1042-1066), outlawed usurers.

Mainstream financial banks have had varying relationships with corporate social responsibility and ethical investment. However, a clearer movement has emerged since the 1990s. With changing social demands, and as more is known about the effects that banks can have through their lending policies, banks have begun to feel pressure from the general public, NGOs, governments, regulatory bodies and others to consider their social and environmental impact.

Environmentally and socially conscious business practices
In general, banks play an intermediary role in the economy; because of this, the possibility for banks to contribute to sustainable development is extensive. Banks have efficient and tested credit approval systems, which gives them a comparative advantage in knowledge (regarding sector-specific information, legislation and market developments). Banks are experienced and capable of weighing risks and attaching a price to these risks; because of this banks can fulfill an important role in reducing the information asymmetry between market parties and allow them to make better decisions. When depositors allow a bank to invest for them they may assume that the bank will attempt to select investments to maximize their returns. However, if clients are concerned with more than the simple monetary return and they, for instance, are interested in the costs to society and to the environment, then they may turn to an ethical bank which takes their ethics and morality into account when investing.

Some businesses externalize costs onto the environment and society. Aiming to create a more equitable distribution of costs in society, banks can raise interest rates or apply tariffs on loans given to clients and projects with high external costs. This would mean that companies would pay more if their business caused extensive environmental damage; taking some of the cost off of society as a whole and putting it on the company. This sort of tariff differentiation could stimulate the internalization of environmental costs in market prices. Through such price differentiation, banks have the potential to foster sustainability..

Banks may be able to support progress toward sustainability by society as a whole—for example, by adopting a 'carrot-and-stick' approach, where environmental and social front-runners would pay less interest than the market price for borrowing capital, while environmental laggards would pay a much higher interest rate. Banks can also develop more sustainable products, such as environmental, social, or ethical investment funds. By investing selectively based on values, ethical banks can promote socially/environmentally responsible companies and penalize those who do not conform to these standards. But there is a risk that banks could simply adopt certain practices that make them appear ethical (see greenwashing) while not adopting other practices that would have a greater impact.

Ethical initiatives
Numerous ethical banks (as well as some conventional banks) allow customers to contribute to organizations that have positive societal/environmental impacts either in the local community or in developing countries. Examples include an evaluation of the energy efficiency of a home and potential improvements in this; carbon-offsets; credit cards that benefit charities or lower interest rate loans for low emission cars.

Community involvement
Ethical banks excel in community involvement, as do other financial institutions such as credit unions. Community involvement is not limited to ethical banks as conventional banks also partake in such actions. The following are a few examples of community involvement done by ethical banks, credit unions, and conventional banks:
Affordable housing projects (ex. Vancity & Citizens bank)
Projects to improve financial literacy in the community
Give local scholarships & sponsorships.
Financially support community events (for ex. each year TD Canada trust donates to a local cause).

Environmental standards for lending
The environment is a key focus for ethical banks as well as for some conventional banks that believe adopting more environmentally ethical practices to be to their advantage. Banks operating in this field are often referred to as sustainable or green banks.

In general, bankers "consider themselves to be in a relatively environmentally friendly industry (in terms of emissions and pollution). However, given their potential exposure to risk, they have been surprisingly slow to examine the environmental performance of their clients. A stated reason for this is that such an examination would 'require interference' with a client's activities." While the desire not to interfere with the business of the client is valid, it could also be noted that banks are required to interfere in the business of their clients regularly to ensure that the clients' business plan is viable before issuing them a loan. The kind of analysis that all banks partake in is termed a single bottom line analysis (this analysis only considers financial performance). It is arguable whether or not performing a triple bottom line analysis (an analysis that takes into account environmental, social, and financial performance) would be any more intrusive.

Internal vs. external banking ethics
Conventional banks deal with mostly internal ethics, ethical banks add to internal concerns by applying external ethics.

Internal ethics: processes in banks
Internal ethics are concerned with the well being of employees, employee and customer satisfaction, benefits, wages, unionization, fair sex and race representation, and the banks environmental standing. Environmentally, the potential combined effect of banks switching to more environmentally friendly practices (i.e. less paper use, less electrical use, solar power, energy efficient light bulbs, more conscientious employee travel policies with concern to commuting and air travel) is huge. However, when compared with many other sectors of the economy banks do not incur the same burden of energy, water and paper use. Many times such energy efficient changes are not based on moral concern but on cost efficiency.

External ethics: products of the banks' relationships/products
External ethics are concerned with the wider ramifications of banks actions. External ethics looks at the impacts that their business practices, such as who they loan to or invest in, will have on society and the environment. In applying external ethics, one looks at how the products of banks can be used unethically, for example how borrowers use the money that is lent out by the bank.

Discussion
Banks are often reluctant to broaden the scope of their external ethical policies because of the significant nature of the changes. However, by incorporating ethics that account for societal costs in their practices, banks may improve their reputation.

Ethical banking is a relatively new sector and this relatively undeveloped nature causes some problems. These problems can be divided into two categories: the first concerns depositors, and the second concerns ethical banks.

In the first category lies the issue of understanding how ethical banks measure or qualify their ethical policies. For example, when Vancity/Citizen Bank states 'we seek to work with organizations that demonstrate a commitment to ethical business practices,' the depositor is unable to understand what 'seek' means. These claims do not reveal to potential depositors how the bank evaluates or uses these statements. Even when given the opportunity to view an accountability report, it is difficult to truly understand what their screening processes are. For example, the Van City Accountability Report for 2006/07 (for Van City credit union and Citizens Bank in Canada) states:

the Ethical Policy requires that all business accounts are screened at the time of account opening by the staff person dealing with the member. Social and environmental risks of larger business banking loans (non-credit-scored loans) are assessed at the time of the loan application, guided by the Ethical Policy and Lending Policies.

This statement does not give the reader the information they need to understand the criteria used in assessing clients. However, statistics, such as that given by the Cooperative Bank (UK), stating that in 2003 they reviewed 225 potentially problematic financial opportunities and of these 20% were found to be in conflict with their ethical statements and were subsequently denied further business, costing the bank 6,887,000 pounds, give the consumer the impression that the banks' proposed ethics, however ambiguous, are being taken seriously.

Another issue in this category is that of codes of conduct. Many ethical banks, as well as conventional banks, voluntarily join larger bodies that put forth certain regulations that, according to the rules set by the body, should be followed by members. Such outside bodies could act as overarching institutions that could guarantee a certain level of conformance with certain regulations. An example of this in the United States is the Food and Drug Administration. Depositors who use ethical banks do not have this assurance because there is no external regulatory body that sets minimum acceptable legal standards.

In the second category, ethical banks face obstacles such as losing business and consumer support to conventional banks, and having to regulate above and beyond the present international legal systems.

According to Cowton, C. J., and P. Thompson, "banks that had signed the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Statement, a voluntary industry code that promulgated environmental stewardship, transparency, and sustainable development, did not act significantly different than the non-signatories." They concluded that, for codes to be more effective; regulators, monitors, and methods of enforcement need to be in place. This problem is similar to the problems faced by the fair trade movement. Both the fair trade movement and ethical banks rely on people to pay extra for known ethical goods. There is a limit to how much more people will pay for that guarantee, after that point, further initiatives will undercut the banks income and therefore are likely to not be followed.

Losing business to banks that do not screen so strictly is a problem for ethical banks. Many times, ethical banks must work with much lower budgets because of this. Ethical banks exclusion of unethical borrowers often results in the borrowers going to other banks, this brings up the importance of industry wide regulations. One way of raising the industry wide regulations would be for citizens to apply pressure on banks. Without this rise, it is difficult to impede unethical businesses from finding a bank to finance their projects. A rise in regulations that deal with moral topics is not out of the question. The current industry wide codes, for example, prohibit the financing of illegal drug production. This reflects the prominent societal morals against such drugs.

Ethical banks cannot solely rely upon the legal system to determine whether or not a potential client has acted unethically or whether or not their future plans are unethical. This is because of the wide range of laws throughout the world. While a business may be lawful in the international setting, this does not mean that the laws were up to the moral standards in which the bank originates. For example, extensive pollution and labor laws that would not be considered lawful in many developed countries are allowed in many lesser-developed countries.

Bank regulations and the free market

One argument against regulating banks is that the regulations would violate the proper functioning of the free market economy. Severyn T. Bruyn suggested that the extreme disconnection between market actions and morals was never the intent of the market economy's founding thinkers, specifically Adam Smith and that putting standards and regulations in place that rest on the basic morals of society should not conflict with the free market, but are actually an important part of the proper functioning of the free market.

Rudolf Steiner suggested that capitalism has the task of funding economic initiatives; capital should be directed into directions productive for society. He proposed that rather than prices being set through either the total control of government regulation, or the total lack of control of a free market, each industry could have self-regulating associations of producers, wholesale and retail businesses, and consumers. These associations would determine prices fair to all three groups. The state would not interfere with purely economic decisions but would be responsible for protecting human rights (this could include a minimum wage and safety in the workplace) and equality of its citizens' rights. (See Steiner's Threefold Social Order.)

Differences from credit unions
Credit unions are not banks but they offer many of the same services as banks (e.g. investment opportunities, commercial and business loans, checking & savings accounts, etc.). Credit unions are member-owned rather than shareholder-owned. This gives each member equal vote in the decision-making process. When a credit union has surplus, the profits made will either be invested into the community or will go back to the members in the form of "patronage rebates" (i.e. cheques). Credit unions focus on the members because they are also the owners, and on the communities in which they are situated. Credit unions put a higher focus on local community development than banks do. Most credit unions lend strictly to people and businesses in the community where the union is located. This fact leads credit unions to affect communities more positively than regular banks.

However, credit unions do not necessarily have the same potential to cause widespread change in business practices as ethical banks do. This is because credit unions largely avoid the problem of funding unethical corporate/business activities by focusing on funding local businesses, which are easier to monitor and arguably less capable of generating wide-reaching social and environmental benefit.

Alliances and networks

Global Alliance for Banking on Values
The Global Alliance for Banking on Values (GABV) is a membership organization founded in March 2009 by BRAC Bank in Bangladesh, GLS Bank in Germany, ShoreBank in the US, and Triodos Bank in the Netherlands. It is currently made up of 27 of the world's leading sustainable banks, from Asia, Africa, Latin America to North America and Europe.

Fossil Free Banking Alliance
The Fossil Free Banking Alliance is an initiative launched by Bank.Green to identify and promote retail banks that refuse to do business with the fossil fuel industry. The alliance was established to fill the gap in the market for a centralized list of such banks. Currently the alliance is made up of retail banks such as: The Co-operative Bank, Beneficial State, Areti Bank and more. These banks have voluntarily undergone the Fossil Free Certified process, which involves submitting a signed declaration and evidence of their commitment to not financing fossil fuel companies or projects. The certification process is free of charge, and no bank can buy certification from the alliance. The Fossil Free Banking Alliance aims to help climate-conscious individuals discover the best bank for them, support banks in attracting like-minded employees, and raise awareness about the role of banks in financing the fossil fuel industry.

See also

 Bankers' bank
 Carbon Disclosure Project
 Climate ethics
 Corporate social responsibility
 Equator Principles
 Socially responsible investing
 Sustainable finance

References

Further reading
 Ben Cohen and Mal Warwick, Values-Driven Business,
 Christopher J. Cowton & Paul Thompson, "Do Codes Make a Difference? The Case of Bank Lending and the Environment", Journal of Business Ethics, v.24, n.2 (March 2000)
 Clark Schultz, "What is the Meaning of Green Banking", Green Bank Report
 Paul Thompson & Christopher J. Cowton, "Bringing the Environment into Bank Lending: Implications for Environmental Reporting", British Accounting Review, v.36, n.2, pp. 197–218 (June 2004).
 San-José, L. de al. (2011). Are ethical banks different? A comparative analysis using the radical affinity, Journal of Business Ethics

External links
 FEBEA, European Federation of Ethical and Alternative Banks
 INAISE, International Association of Investors in the Social Economy
 GABV, Global Alliance for Banking on Values
 "At Estonia's Bank Of Happiness, Kindness Is The Currency" National Public Radio, July 18, 2013.

Banks

Ethical banking


John Wootton (c.1686– 13 November 1764) was an English painter of sporting subjects, battle scenes and landscapes, and illustrator.

Life
Born in Snitterfield, Warwickshire (near Stratford-upon-Avon), he is best remembered as a pioneer in the painting of sporting subjects – together with Peter Tillemans and James Seymour – and was considered the finest practitioner of the genre in his day. As such, his paintings were very fashionable and were sought after by those among the highest strata of the British society.  These included figures such as George II of Great Britain, Frederick, Prince of Wales, and the Duke of Marlborough.

It is likely that he received artistic training from Jan Wyck before 1700. Wootton may have begun life as a page to the family of the Dukes of Beaufort. His earliest surviving dated work is the equine portrait Bonny Black (1711). He remained active until his death in 1764, based in the capital of English horse racing at Newmarket, and producing large numbers of portraits of horses and also conversation pieces with a hunting or riding setting. He acquired a classicising landscape style based on that of Gaspard Dughet, which he used in some pure landscape paintings, as well as views of country houses and equine subjects. This introduced an alternative to the various Dutch and Flemish artists who had previously set the prevailing landscape style in Britain, and through intermediary artists such as George Lambert, the first British painter to base a career on landscape subjects, was to greatly influence other British artists such as Gainsborough.

He is now somewhat eclipsed in the field of animal paintings by the later George Stubbs (1724–1806), who is considered technically superior.  John Wootton died in London on 13 November 1764.  Examples of his animal painting can be found in the Tate Gallery, London, the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond, the Yale Center for British Art, in the Elizabethan Great Hall at Longleat and in The Portland Collection at the Harley Gallery and Foundation.

See also

British art
English school of painting
List of British artists

Further reading

Arline J. Meyer, 'Wootton, John (1681/2–1764)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008

Notes

References

External links

1682 births
1764 deaths
17th-century English painters
English male painters
18th-century English painters
18th-century English male artists
English illustrators
Equine artists
Landscape artists
British war artists
People from Warwickshire (before 1974)

John Wootton


The third Handsworth riot occurred on 2 September 1991 in Handsworth, an inner-city area of Birmingham, when a power cut plunged the area into darkness and sparked a looting spree in local shops. 200 police officers in riot gear were called in to bring the unrest under control. Hundreds of shops and houses were looted and cars were stolen. This occurred around the same time as rioting in Oxford, Dudley, Tyneside and Cardiff.

This was the third time in a decade that Handsworth had been the scene of major rioting, following a riot in 1981 and the worst wave of rioting in 1985, in which two people were killed. A fourth riot took place 14 years later.

See also
1981 Handsworth riots
1985 Handsworth riots
2005 Birmingham riots

References

1991 in England
1991 riots
Crime in Birmingham, West Midlands
History of Birmingham, West Midlands
Riots and civil disorder in the West Midlands
1990s in Birmingham, West Midlands
September 1991 events in the United Kingdom

1991 Handsworth riots


Robin Hood is a folk hero from the Middle Ages in England. He is a legendary person, and people have told stories about him for centuries. There are also many books, plays, movies, and cartoons that tell stories about Robin Hood.

There are many different versions, but in most stories, Robin Hood is an outlawed nobleman who lives in Sherwood Forest near the town of Nottingham, England.  He has two powerful enemies.  The first is Prince John, who is acting as king while his brother, King Richard the Lionheart, is fighting the Crusades in the Middle East.  The second is the corrupt Sheriff of Nottingham.  They are Robin Hood's enemies because they abuse their powers and take money from poor people.   Using his intelligence and his archery skills, Robin Hood steals back this money and returns it to the poor.

In many stories, a group of faithful followers called The Merry Men accompanies Robin. In the earliest Robin Hood stories, The Merry Men were Little John, Much the Miller's Son, and Will Scarlet. Later stories added Friar Tuck, Alan-a-Dale, and Maid Marian.

In the media

There have been many movies about Robin Hood, including "The Adventures of Robin Hood" starring Errol Flynn. In the 1970s, Disney made a movie where the characters were shown to be animals. Robin and his lover (Marian) are foxes.

Robin Hood


Comdial Corporation was a telecommunications company based in Sarasota, Florida and was headquartered in a former Lockheed plant building shared with L3 Communications. Because of the history of manufacturing at the facility, the grounds surrounding the site has been the subject of claims of environmental contamination, namely underground toxic chemicals.

Comdial was founded in Oregon in 1977 as a telecommunications research firm. On October 1, 1982 it acquired the telephone manufacturing division of General Dynamics for $53.7 million, gaining the company a major product design and manufacturing operation located in Charlottesville, Virginia.

Comdial was a former manufacturer and designer of telecommunication systems. Some of Comdial's more popular discontinued products include the DSU and DSUII, the Concierge (marketed to hotel/motels), FXT/S, Unisyn, and the Comdial Digitech and Executech systems. Comdial sold most of their systems through wholesalers in the US such as Graybar Electric and Tech Data. Comdial also had a large network of Authorized Dealers that marketed the small telephone systems as well as the larger PBXs.

In the mid-1980s, Comdial supported an R&D facility in Bridgeport, Connecticut. Under the operating name of Scott Technologies, a large portion of the unused Remington Arms building complex was employed. ST developed LCR (Lowest Cost Routing) and station control hardware. Mainframe PBX computers were developed and a limited production facility produced Comdial telephones. The ST facility was closed in 1985-6 and several key engineering employees were offered positions at the Charlottesville, Virginia facility.

Throughout the 1990s Comdial was a large manufacturer of telecommunications equipment in the USA. After several mismanaged years when telecommunications services were in demand during the dot-com boom (1998–2001) and a brief frenetic attempt to sell directly to the consumer with a retail program in order to generate revenue, Comdial filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in May 2005. In September 2005, Comdial was acquired by Vertical Communications, which continued to sell the Comdial DX-120,
 FX II, and MP5000 systems under the name Vertical Comdial.

Refurbished Vertical MP5000 units (as of 2019) continue in the marketplace.

References

Telecommunications companies of the United States
Telecommunications companies established in 1977
Companies disestablished in 2005
Companies based in Sarasota, Florida
1977 establishments in Florida
2005 disestablishments in Florida

Comdial


Old Kyiv () is a historical neighborhood of Kyiv. Other names include Upper City, Old Town, and others. It is located at the far eastern portion of the Shevchenko Raion. Old Kyiv historically represents the city of Yaroslav the Wise before it was presumably destroyed by the Mongol invasion of Batu Khan in 1240.

Originated at the Old Kyiv Hill (Starokievsky Holm), it was created in contrast to the Lower City, Podil. Presumably it started out from the ancient settlement of Kyi sometime at the start of the 6th century. In the 9–10th centuries it covered only  mostly at the western portion of the Old Kyiv Hill. Today at that location stands the National Historical Museum of Ukraine.

The first fortifications supposedly were built during the reign of Volodymyr the Great, creating what is known as the city of Volodymyr that covered already . However already at times of Yaroslav the Wise in 1037 the area of the Upper City consisted of . The city of Yaroslav included monasteries such as the Sophia monastery, monasteries of Saint George and Saint Irina. It also included the city of Izyaslav around the Saint Michael's Golden Dome Monastery and the Kopyrev End.

After the Mongol devastation of the city, the Upper City lost its significance and the Kyiv city center was transferred to Podil. During the Polish-Russian War in the 17th century, the city was secured by Russia through financial compensation. During that time the Upper city was reinforced with a number of fortifications when Kyiv started to quarter a Russian garrison. However soon the garrison was transferred to Pechersk (Caves) and fortifications were decaying and getting ruined. In the 19th century the whole area came under complete reconstruction. It was then that the modern network of streets, squares, and parks was established.

Attractions
 St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery
 Saint Sophia's Cathedral
 St Andrew's Church
 Volodymyrska Hill
 National University of Theatre, Film and TV
 Golden Gates
 Building of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (location of former Saint Basil [Three-Saints] Church)
 Bohdan Khmelnytsky Monument

Gallery

External links
 Kyiv Encyclopedia. WEK.
 Old Towne. From the Church of Tithe to the Yaroslav's motte.

Neighborhoods in Kyiv
Shevchenkivskyi District, Kyiv
Hills of Kyiv
Historic sites in Kyiv

Old Kyiv


Battle Hospital was a National Health Service hospital in the town of Reading in the English county of Berkshire. The hospital was located on a large site between Oxford Road and Portman Road, in West Reading.

History
Battle Hospital began its life in 1867 as a workhouse, the Reading Union Workhouse. Between 1889 and 1892 an infirmary was added with 185 beds for vagrants. During the First World War it became the Reading War Hospital. In 1930 it became a municipal hospital, taking the name Battle Hospital for the first time. In 1948, by now with 384 beds, Battle Hospital became a general hospital under the new National Health Service.

In 1952 a new maternity unit, Thames Block, opened. In 1972 the new single storey Abbey block opened. By 1993, Battle Hospital had 280 beds, compared with 760 beds at Reading's other general hospital, the Royal Berkshire Hospital. Both hospitals were administered by the Royal Berkshire and Battle Hospitals NHS Trust.

In 2005 the hospital closed, with all its patients and services transferred to the Royal Berkshire Hospital. A new block at that hospital, built to accommodate the extra capacity required to support this move, was named the Battle Block.

The hospital has since been demolished. The western half of the site is now occupied by a large Tesco supermarket, with its supporting car parks and filling station. The eastern part of the site has been redeveloped as a housing estate.

References

External links

 Royal Berkshire and Battle Hospitals NHS Trust website

Residential buildings completed in 1867
Buildings and structures in Reading, Berkshire
Defunct hospitals in England
Poor law infirmaries

Battle Hospital


Bechuanaland was a federation of Tswana lands stretching from the territory of the Bangwato in present day Botswana to the Batlhaping area around present day Kimberley, South  Africa. The area included  large parts of what is now the North West and Northern Cape provinces of South Africa.

Bechuanaland was declared a British protectorate, in 1885, and subsequently divided the territory along the Molopo River.

The areas to the South of the Molopo became British Bechuanaland and would later be handed over to the Cape Colony, which in 1910 was part of the two British colonies, Cape Colony and Natal, which united with the Boer republic's Transvaal and Orange Free State to form the Union of South Africa.

The territory of modern-day Botswana, North of Molopo became Bechuanaland Protectorate until independence in 1966.

Great Britain offered protection against the Boer Republics after the Boers invaded Bechuanaland in the early 1880s establishing Stellaland and Goshen within Bechuanaland around present day Vryburg, South Africa.

The Christian missionary John MacKenzie of the London Missionary Society convinced Bangwato ruler Khama III and other Tswana rulers to seek Protectorate status and the Warren Expedition was dispatched from the Cape in 1885 to remove the Boers from Stellaland and Goshen and proclaim Bechuanaland a British Protectorate.

It had a territory of approximately .

After the British divided Bechuanaland into two, the capital of Bechuanaland Protectorate now fell outside its territory: It was the modern-day city of Mahikeng, then called Mafeking, in South Africa.

Former British colonies
History of South Africa
Former colonies in Africa

Bechuanaland


Elive is a Linux distribution based on Debian 10 Buster both for legacy (old) and new hardware. Elive uses the desktop environment Enlightenment. Elive is a Linux Distribution with a Live CD and Persistent USB Image that allows the user to try Elive before installing it on the system and not lose any work.

History
Elive was born in Belgium prior to 2005 as a private experiment by its founder to customize a Knoppix Live CD running the Enlightenment and with the designs based in the Evil Entity distro, it was called Tezcatlipotix, since the result was better than expected the desire to create a public version started.

Two months later the first public version with the name of Elive appeared publicly, appearing directly in Slashdot.

Description
Elive has access to online repositories of Debian (Buster for beta, Wheezy for old stable) and uses its own repositories with more than 2500 packages that includes own specific software for Elive, extra software, or packages that replaces the default ones provided by Debian, improving the overall system and integrity. Elive comes with a complete set of included software to fit any needs for example free programs as: LibreOffice, Chromium, Firefox, Thunderbird, VLC media player, GIMP, Inkscape, Blender, Skype, Virtual box, Shotwell,...

Elive old stable has 3D effects without need of an accelerated graphic card (though is suggested), thanks tot he integration between E17 and Compiz (Ecomorph). The Beta version supports the newest linux kernel and is available both for i686 and amd64 architectures, though it drops the support to E17 (not compatible with the latest Debian Stable release) in favor of E16, which, despite being older, is way more stable and well supported by modern distributions. It is fairly easy to upgrade to E23, which is considered the future Desktop Environment of this OS.

Releases
At the moment 3 supported releases are available:

 (old) stable, the version 3.0.3, which is based on Debian Wheezy and E17. It works with anything from i586 (Pentium) architecture and above. Despite the old software and repositories, this version is still widely used and appreciated due to the incredible 3d graphical effects that make using it a joy and a graphics experience.
 Beta, which is divided into a 32 and a 64 bit release. The 64 bit release brings all the perks of a 64 bits build, among theme better modern hardware support and better software experience (like Steam working perfectly). Apart from this, there is essentially no difference apart the ram consumption. The beta version uses the latest Linux Kernel and is based upon Debian 10 Buster. E17 is too old now so E16 is the new default environment. The basic configuration includes Cairo Dock and conky, plus a compositor allowing transparency.

All the old releases are available on the official website and shared through Torrent.

System requirements
The "minimum hardware requirements" for running Elive (32 bit) are:

300 MHz CPU (Pentium Pro and above, due to the limit of I686 architecture)
256 MB of RAM
At least 5 GB of disk space (for full installation and swap space)
VGA graphics card capable of 640x480 resolution
CD-ROM drive

The "minimum recommended hardware requirements" are:

1000 MHz (Athlon 1100 like)
512 Mb of RAM
At least 10 GB of disk space (for full installation and swap space)
VGA graphics card capable of hardware acceleration
CD-ROM drive

The basic setup to get a daily usable device could be a Pentium 4 HT (or equivalent), 2gb ram, 30gb 7200 rpm sata hard disk and a graphic acceleration capable graphics card; the previous recommended requirements would still give a snappy  system, but they would not meet modern web browsing requirements (so the experience with Firefox or Chromium may not be the best), which is out of the os control: for that reason Elive also ships some low resources browsers like Netsurf and Links2, though they are unable to visualize every website correctly.

References

Related pages
 List of Linux distributions
Enlightenment (window manager)

Other websites
 Elive home page
 Linux Magazine article on Elive
 DistroWatch.com Feature
 Softpedia.com Review
 Distrocenter.linux.com Review
 Tuxmachines.org Review

Linux distributions
Live CD
Debian-based Linux distributions

Elive


Zafer Hanım was the first Turkish novelist, writing one novel. Her birth and death dates are unknown. According to contemporaneous writer Mehmet Zihni, she was a member of Fuat Pasha's family. Her husband was Kabuli Pasha, who died before Zafer Hanım wrote her novel.

Zafer Hanım published her novel, named Aşk-ı Vatan (Love of Motherland), in 1877. It is about two slave girls () named Gülbeyaz and Refia, who were Spaniards. According to Mehmet Zihni, the literary form of the novel was narration rather than fiction. Probably it was a narration of the true life story of two girls living in Laz Ahmet Pasha's house.

Zafer Hanım's long forgotten novel was unearthed by Zehra Toska of Boğaziçi University, who published the novel in 1994 (Oğlak Yayınları Publishing Co.).

Until recently Fatma Aliye, who wrote her first novel 14 years later than Zafer Hanım, was considered to be the first Turkish woman novelist. Now the critics disagree on who should be considered the first woman novelist. Since Zafer Hanım wrote only one novel, some critics still give priority to Fatma Aliye.

References

Date of birth unknown
Date of death unknown
Turkish novelists
19th-century writers from the Ottoman Empire
Year of birth unknown
Writers from Istanbul
Turkish women novelists
19th-century women writers from the Ottoman Empire

Zafer Hanım


Philip Henslowe ( – 6 January 1616) was an Elizabethan theatrical entrepreneur and impresario. Henslowe's modern reputation rests on the survival of his diary, a primary source for information about the theatrical world of Renaissance London.

Life
Henslowe was born in Lindfield, Sussex, into a family with roots in Devon. His father, Edmund Henslowe, was appointed Master of the Game for Ashdown Forest, Sussex, from 1539 until his death in 1562. Before Edmund Henslowe's death, his daughter Margaret had married Ralf Hogge, an ironmaster.

By the 1570s, Henslowe had moved to London, becoming a member of the Dyers' Company. Henslowe is recorded working as assistant to Henry Woodward, reputed to be the bailiff for Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montagu, owner of Cowdray House and Battle Abbey in Sussex. Henslowe married Woodward's widow, Agnes, and from 1577 lived in Southwark, opposite the Clink prison. His elder brother Edmund, a merchant, also owned property in Southwark. It was at one time assumed that his wife's inheritance gave Henslowe his start in business, but there is no evidence.

His success in business appears to have brought him some social prominence. By the early-17th century, he was a vestryman, churchwarden and overseer of the poor in St Saviour's ward in Southwark. During the reign of Elizabeth I, he was a Groom of the Chamber. Under James I, he served as a Gentleman Sewer of the Chamber. Henslowe also served as a collector of the Lay Subsidy.

Henslowe died in 1616 in London, still actively involved in the theatre.

Business interests
Henslowe developed extensive business interests, including dyeing, starch-making, pawn-broking, money lending and trading in goat skins. He owned property in East Grinstead and Buxted, Sussex, where his brother-in-law, Ralf Hogge, lived. Between 1576 and 1586, Henslowe was involved in the trade in timber from Ashdown Forest. However, his main activity was as a landlord in Southwark. One of his authors, Henry Chettle, described him as being unscrupulously harsh with his poor tenants, even though Henslowe made many loans to Chettle and they seem to have been on friendly terms.

Theatrical interests
In 1584, Henslowe purchased a property known as The Little Rose, in Southwark, which contained rose gardens and, almost certainly, a brothel. In 1587, Henslowe and John Cholmley built The Rose, the third of the large, permanent playhouses in London, and the first in Bankside. From 1591, Henslowe partnered with the Admiral's Men after that company split with The Theatre's James Burbage over the division of receipts. Edward Alleyn, the Admiral's' lead actor, married Henslowe's stepdaughter Joan in 1592, and they worked in partnership.

In 1598 Burbage's company (by then, the Lord Chamberlain's Men) erected the new Globe Theatre in Bankside; Henslowe moved the Admiral's Men to the north-western corner of the city, into a venue he had financed, the Fortune Theatre. John Taylor, the "Water Poet", petitioned the King on behalf of the Watermen's Company, because of the expected loss of business transporting theatre patrons across the Thames.

He also had interests in the Newington Butts Theatre and The Swan Theatre in Southwark.

Animal shows
Henslowe and Alleyn also operated the Paris Garden, a venue for baitings; early in James's reign, they purchased the office of Keeper of the Royal Game, namely bulls, bears and mastiffs. In 1614, he and Jacob Meade built the Hope Theatre in Bankside; designed with a moveable stage for both plays and animal baiting, it was the last of the large open-roof theatres built before 1642. The animal shows ended up ascendant at this venue. The introduction to Ben Jonson's Bartholomew Fair, performed at the Hope in 1614, complains that the theatre is "as dirty as Smithfield, and as stinking every whit." The theatre did not have a regular theatrical tenant after 1617; Henslowe's share in it was willed to Alleyn.

Henslowe's diary
Henslowe's "diary" is a valuable source of information on the theatrical history of the period. It is a collection of memoranda and notes that record payments to writers, box office takings, and lists of money lent. Also of interest are records of the purchase of expensive costumes and of stage properties, such as the dragon in Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus, which provide insight into the staging of plays in Elizabethan theatre.

The diary is written on the reverse of pages of a book of accounts of his brother-in-law Ralf Hogge's ironworks, kept by his brother John Henslowe for the period 1576–1581. Hogge was the Queen's Gunstonemaker, and produced both iron cannon and shot for the Royal Armouries at the Tower of London. John Henslowe seems to have acted as his agent, and Philip prudently reused his old account book. These entries are a valuable source for the early iron-making industry.

The diary begins covering Henslowe's theatrical activities for 1592. Entries continue, with varying degrees of thoroughness (authors' names were not included before 1597), until 1609; in the years before his death, Henslowe appears to have run his theatrical interests from a greater distance. At some time after his death, his papers, including the diary, were transferred to Dulwich College, which Alleyn had founded.

Henslowe recorded payments to twenty-seven Elizabethan playwrights. He variously commissioned, bought and produced plays by, or made loans to Ben Jonson, Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Middleton, Robert Greene, Henry Chettle, George Chapman, Thomas Dekker, John Webster, Anthony Munday, Henry Porter, John Day, John Marston and Michael Drayton. The diary shows the varying partnerships between writers, in an age when many plays were collaborations. It also shows Henslowe to have been a careful man of business, obtaining security in the form of rights to his authors' works, and holding their manuscripts, while tying them to him with loans and advances. If a play was successful, Henslowe would commission a sequel.

Performances of works with titles similar to Shakespearean plays, such as a Hamlet, a Henry VI, Part 1, a Henry V, a Taming of the Shrew and a Titus Andronicus are mentioned in the diary with no author listed. Most of these plays were recorded when the Admiral's Men and the Lord Chamberlain's Men briefly joined forces when the playhouses were closed owing to the plague (June 1594).

In 1599, Henslowe paid Dekker and Henry Chettle for a play called Troilus and Cressida, which is probably the play currently known from British Library Add MS 10449 (the actors' names that appear in the plot connect it to the Admiral's Men and date it between March 1598 and July 1600).
There is no mention of William Shakespeare (or for that matter Richard Burbage) in Henslowe's diary (which prompted the forgeries of John Payne Collier); their absence is due to the fact that Shakespeare and Burbage were during most of their career not connected to Henslowe's theatre. Shakespeare's company, the Lord Chamberlain's Men, performed at The Theatre (starting in 1594) and later The Globe Theatre (starting in 1599).

Costumes and props
In 1598 Henslow made an inventory of his company's stage props; 'along with numerous weapons and crowns, there was a boar's head, a wooden leg, a golden fleece and the cauldron in which Marlowe's Jew of Malta is boiled to death.'

History
The papers first came to critical attention in 1780, when Edmond Malone requested them from the Dulwich College library; the papers had been misplaced and were not found until 1790. Malone made a transcript of the parts he viewed as relevant to his variorum edition of Shakespeare. The original was returned to Dulwich after Malone's death. (Malone's transcript was returned to the library around 1900.) The next scholar to examine the manuscripts was John Payne Collier.

In popular culture
Henslowe was portrayed by actor Geoffrey Rush in the Academy Award-winning film Shakespeare in Love.

Notes

References

 Bowsher. Julian M. C. and Pat Miller, The Rose and the Globe Playhouses of Shakespeare's Bankside, 1989-1991 (London: Museum of London Archaeology, 2009)
 Bromberg, Murray. "Shylock and Philip Henslowe." Notes and Queries 194 (1949), 422–3.
 Cesarano, S. P. "Philip Henslowe." Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
 Cerasano, S. P. "Philip Henslowe, Simon Forman, and the Theatrical Community of the 1590s." Shakespeare Quarterly 44 (1993), 145–58.
 Chambers, E. K. The Elizabethan Stage. Four volumes. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1923.
 Foakes, R. A., editor. Henslowe's Diary. 2nd edition; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
 Gurr, Andrew. The Shakespearean Stage. 1574-1642. 2nd edition; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
 Roy, Pinaki. "Dear Diary: Teaching Shakespeare through Henslowe's Entries". Theatre International: East-West Perspectives on Theatre (I.S.S.N. 2278–2036), 5, 2012: 166–75.
 Teesdale, Edmund, The Queen's Gunstonemaker, being an account of Ralph Hogge, Elizabethan Ironmaster & Gunfounder, Lindel Publishing, Seaford, 1984.

External links
 Rose Theatre
 Henslowe diary at Google books

1550s births
1616 deaths
16th-century English male writers
17th-century English male writers
16th-century English businesspeople
17th-century English businesspeople
16th-century English diarists
17th-century English diarists
Impresarios
People from Lindfield, West Sussex
Burials at Southwark Cathedral
Writers from Sussex

Philip Henslowe