is a 2007 Japanese CGI anime film, written, directed, and edited by Fumihiko Sori, and features the voices of Meisa Kuroki, Yasuko Matsuyuki, and Shosuke Tanihara.

At the 60th Locarno International Film Festival, where Vexille made its world premiere, the film was sold to 75 countries, including the United States-based distributor, Funimation Entertainment; however since that time the number increased to 129 countries.

Plot
By the 2060s, robotics technology has become extremely advanced, including cybernetics. World opinion begins to turn against robotics, leading to the U.N. declaring a unilateral ban on further research in 2067. Japan, being home to robotics pioneer Daiwa Heavy Industries, strongly protests this ban, but is unable to prevent its passage. In protest, Japan withdraws from international politics. All foreigners are deported, and further immigration is prohibited. In addition, the R.A.C.E. network is constructed — 270 off-shore installations that cover Japan with an energy field, nullifying all communication with the outside world and making satellite surveillance impossible. Trade and diplomacy continues, but Japan vanishes from the world scene.

Ten years later, the United States Navy special warfare unit "SWORD" is trying to trap a Japanese informant for Daiwa in Colorado. The instigator, Saito, escapes by cutting off his own leg. Analysis shows the leg is made of bio-metal. SWORD suspects that Japan has concealed extensive development of banned technologies. They embark on an unapproved scheme to infiltrate Japan and to find out the frequency of the R.A.C.E. network, enabling SWORD to gather intelligence on the country. Although the agents successfully enter Japan, they are detected by security forces before they can transmit their data. Vexille is the sole SWORD agent to evade capture, and only her lover Leon survives to be taken to Daiwa's headquarters. Vexille awakens to find Tokyo is now a shanty town ruled by Daiwa. A small resistance movement opposes the company, and uses Vexille's transmitter to successfully transmit the distortion frequency.

Maria, the head of the resistance, details the 10 years of secrecy while SWORD studies Japan in shocked horror — the islands are a lifeless wasteland. In 2067, an unknown disease struck Japan and was countered by an experimental vaccine. In actuality, the disease was created by Daiwa and the "vaccine" was used as an excuse for Daiwa to begin testing experimental nanotechnology. Every Japanese citizen was converted into a form of synthetic life. But there were unforeseen side effects; the conversion was imperfect, resulting in the infected humans losing their free will and becoming just lifelike machines. Some of the nanotech went amok, creating the "Jags", giant whirling constructs of semisentient metal that prowl the wilderness. The Jags destroyed all of Japan, save Tokyo which is protected by an inedible wall of ceramic.

The Resistance plans to draw the Jags along a service bridge to Daiwa's corporate headquarters, which now stands in the middle of Tokyo Bay. Vexille volunteers her assistance (and that of her flight-capable armor). However, though Vexille and Maria succeed in drawing the Jags to the end of the service bridge, the bridge has been detached from the headquarters, the Jags fall into the sea, and Vexille and Maria are captured. They are taken to Kisaragi, the master of Daiwa, who boasts that his research is nearly complete. And as he needs more test subjects, he is going to invade America. Vexille attacks him with a hidden knife, revealing that his blood is still human — he has not used the process himself. Saito then strangles him. The town council forces the ceramic gates open, destroying Tokyo and enabling the Jags to enter Daiwa's headquarters. Kisaragi, having somehow survived, shoots Saito and escapes with his research. The underling then releases Vexille and Maria before succumbing to his wounds.

Vexille pursues Kisaragi while Maria frees Leon, who shows concern for Vexille, angering Maria. Thus when Vexille prevents Kisaragi's escape in a helicopter, Maria grabs him and holds them together as a Jag devours them. Vexille and Leon are rescued by a SWORD helicopter just as Daiwa headquarters collapses into the bay, along with every Jag in Japan. As Vexille and Leon are flown from a now completely lifeless Japan, Vexille comments that humanity's spirit can never be taken away.

Cast
Japanese
Meisa Kuroki as Lt. Cdr. Vexille Serra
Shosuke Tanihara as Cdr. Leon Fayden
Yasuko Matsuyuki as Maria
Takaya Kuroda as Zack
Akio Ōtsuka as Saito
Romi Park as Takashi
Takahiro Sakurai as Ryo
Toshiyuki Morikawa as Kisaragi
Tetsuya Kakihara as Taro
Takayuki Sugo as Captain Borg
Kenji Takahashi as Saga
Jiro Saito as Chairman Itakura
English
Colleen Clinkenbeard as Lt. Cdr. Vexille Serra
Travis Willingham as Cdr. Leon Fayden
Christine Auten as Maria
Christopher Sabat as Zack
Jason Douglas as Saito
Luci Christian as Takashi
Illich Guardiola as Ryo
J. Michael Tatum as Kisaragi
Todd Haberkorn as Taro
John Swasey as Captain Borg
Phil Parsons as Saga
Kent Williams as Chairman Itakura

Music
The original soundtrack and music to the series features an electronic, techno, urumee melam and trance theme, and features Basement Jaxx, Boom Boom Satellites, Asian Dub Foundation, Dead Can Dance, Carl Craig, The Prodigy, DJ Shadow, M.I.A, with singer Mink providing the theme song Together again and Paul Oakenfold handling the music score production, which was co-written with Ian Green and Michael J McEvoy. McEvoy also orchestrated and programmed the score.

Reception
This movie has been said to have a Resident Evil-like plotline and has drawn many comparisons to the movie. A review of the DVD on website IGN gave this film 6 out of 10, finding it difficult to follow and riddled with plot holes. They also found fault with the soundtrack, particularly Paul Oakenfold's score: "A couple of tracks manage to rise to the occasion, but for the most part, Vexille's tunes feel limp and repetitive." Hyper comments on the film for "retreading of familiar territory already covered effectively by Ghost in the Shell". It commends the visuals for its "cel-shading and rotoscoping, leading to some incredibly impressive looking set pieces". However, it criticises the action scenes which "aren't nearly as exciting as they should be — most of the action scenes boil down to rather mundane gun fights or chases, and while they look great there's no real energy in them." It currently has a 60% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes.

Releases
For the Region 1 release Vexille was first released in a 1 disc format on May 20, 2008, followed by a 2 Disc special edition on November 4, 2008. Both versions include the original Japanese soundtrack as well as the English dub, with optional subtitles.

A Blu-ray Disc version was released on the same day as the 2 Disc special edition and includes exactly the same features as its DVD counterpart.

Region 2 DVD was released on September 1, 2008, in a limited edition steelbook 2 Disc set, featuring only the original Japanese soundtrack with English subtitles without English Dub. That version has since gone out of print and has been replaced by a standard 1 disc set with no extra features.

A Blu-ray Disc version is yet to be released on Region B.

Live-action film
Universal Studios has acquired the rights to the film to produce a live-action remake. Beau Flynn and Tripp Vinson have signed on as producers, Lisa Zambri as executive producer and Evan Spiliotopoulos as screenwriter.

See also
Appleseed

References

External links

Twitch Vexille review
Variety.com Vexille review
The Japan Times Vexille review

2007 anime films
2007 science fiction action films
2007 films
Anime with original screenplays
2007 computer-animated films
Science fiction anime and manga
Films directed by Fumihiko Sori
Funimation
Japanese computer-animated films
Japanese science fiction action films
Films set in 2067
Films set in 2077
Films set in the 2060s
Animated films set in the 2070s
Animated films set in the future
Animated films set in the 21st century

Vexille


Shallow Grave is a 1994 British crime thriller movie set in Edinburgh. It was written by John Hodge, produced by Andrew Macdonald and directed by Danny Boyle. It stars Ewan McGregor as journalist Alex, Kerry Fox as doctor Juliet and Christopher Eccleston as accountant David. The three are friends who share a flat. They interview people who want to become their fourth flatmate and choose Hugo (played by Keith Allen). Alex, Juliet and David find him dead in his room and a suitcase full of money in the room. They decide to keep his death secret, cut up and dispose of the dead body in a shallow grave and keep the money.

Other websites

1994 crime thriller movies
BAFTA Award winning movies
British crime thriller movies
1990s English-language movies
Movies set in Edinburgh
Movies directed by Danny Boyle

Shallow Grave


Rubutu was a city, or city-state located in ancient northern Israel, between the city of Gazru-(modern Gezer), and Jerusalem during the time of the Amarna letters correspondence, a 15-20 year period at about 1350-1335 BC. Some scholars place Rubutu near present-day Arrabah in the northern West Bank.

The Amarna letters were mostly written to the pharaoh of Ancient Egypt, and three mayors of Gazru: Abimilku, Milkilu, and Yapahu authored 20 letters of the 382–letter, Amarna letters corpus. The reference to Rubutu is found in 2 letters of Abdi-Heba of Jerusalem, EA 289, and 290, (EA for 'el Amarna'). They mention the war of various cities, the Habiru, and of: "the seizure of Rubutu".

The 2 letters of city--Rubutu

EA 289, title: "A reckoning demanded"
EA 289 is letter no. 5 of 6 to the Pharaoh, by Abdi-Heba of Jerusalem. See: Egyptian official: Pawura.

EA 290, title: "Three against one"
Letter no. 6 of 6 by Abdi-Heba of Urusalim:
"[Sa]y [t]o the king-(i.e. pharaoh), my lord: Message of ['Abdi]-Heba, your servant. I fall at the feet [of the kin]g, my lord, 7 times and 7 times. Here is the deed against the land that Milkilu and Šuardatu did: against the land of the king, my lord, they ordered troops from Gazru, troops from Gimtu, and troops from Qiltu-(Keilah). They seized Rubutu. The land of the king deserted to the Hapiru. And now, besides this, a town belonging to Jerusalem-(called Urusalim),  Bit-dNIN.URTA by name, a city of the king, has gone over to the side of the men of Qiltu. May the king give heed to Abdi-Heba, your servant, and send archers to restore the land of the king to the king. If there are no archers, the land of the king will desert to the Hapiru. This deed against the land was [a]t the order of Milki[lu and a]t the order of [Šuard]atu, [together w]ith Gint[i] -(i.e. the city). So may the king provide for [his] land."  -EA 290, lines 1-30 (complete)

The city "Bit-dNIN.URTA" is linked to cuneiform as: city: "Home of God–Ninurta", (Bit-dNIN.URTA).

See also
Milkilu, mayor of Gazru
Šuwardata, mayor
Amarna letters
Amarna letters–localities and their rulers

Notes

References
Moran, William L. The Amarna Letters. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. (softcover, )

External links
The name of Rubutu/Aruboth
Topographic Map (Geography of Israel), showing the valley from Jerusalem to the Mediterranean. Gezer is halfway to the Mediterranean, and Rubutu is between Gezer and Jerusalem. (Click on Map to Enlarge)
Map of Canaan, Shows Gazru/(Gezer) and Jerusalem
Ta'anach Letter: by Guli-Adad, mentioning City-state-city: Rubutu
Article-Letter transliteration, line-by-line

Amarna letters locations
Canaanite cities
Former populated places in Southwest Asia

Rubutu


Michael J. Matthews (January 7, 1934 – January 2, 2014) was an American politician who was the mayor of Atlantic City, New Jersey from 1982 to 1984. A member of the Democratic Party, he was mayor for 21 months before he was recalled and sent to prison for extortion committed during his time in office.

Biography
Matthews was born on January 7, 1934, in Upland, Pennsylvania and graduated from Atlantic City High School. He received a degree in business administration from American University in 1966.

He was elected to the Linwood, New Jersey City Council in 1969 and served on the Atlantic County Board of Chosen Freeholders from 1972 to 1974. He represented the 2nd Legislative District in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1978 to 1984.

Matthews, whose mother was Italian, had the support of the city's Jewish, Irish and Italian voters. Matthews, who beat James Usry, a former school administrator spent a fortune to get elected and then ran up enormous legal bills in a court battle over a recount.

In the early 1980s, Matthews approached Atlantic City resident Phillip Leonetti, nephew of Italian American mafia crime boss Nicodemo Scarfo and a lieutenant in the Scarfo organized crime organization, for assistance with campaign funding. Shapiro often talked to Leonetti about Matthews' campaign. Shapiro told Leonetti about the campaign expenses that he was paying for, such as advertising, signs, handouts, bands, as well as personal and entertainment costs for Matthews. Shapiro complained more than once about how much money it was costing him and that Matthews was wasting money on personal expenses. Matthews was elected mayor of Atlantic City a couple of months before Scarfo went to federal prison in August 1982 on his firearms conviction. Shortly after Matthews was elected, Shapiro told Leonetti that he had funneled about $150,000 into Matthews' campaign. Nicky Scarfo and Phil Leonetti had funneled money into Matthews' campaign to get zoning and planning approvals, variances and contracts for Scarfo, Inc. cement contracting company that was run by Phil Leonetti. After moving into Atlantic City, he was elected to the City Commission in 1980, serving as director of Revenue and Finance.

Mayoralty
After voters changed the form of government to directly elect mayors in 1981, Matthews was elected mayor on June 15, 1982, over James L. Usry. Leonetti and Matthews met privately on several occasions, usually at the apartment of Kenny Shapiro, a Philadelphia wheeler-dealer who was speculating in Atlantic City real estate and would be described by the New Jersey SCI as a Scarfo mob 'financier'.

Both the New Jersey State Police and the FBI set up surveillance of his Seatex office on Atlantic Avenue in Ventnor City, a chemical blending and packaging company that operated around the block, from Scarf Inc. Frank Lentino, a former Teamster who had become a labor organizer for Bartenders Local 54 and Leonetti's conduit for Matthews, introduced him to James Biaco. Lentino and Biaco worked with Matthews to arrange the sale of a city-owned land zoned for casino development. Matthews was offered a hidden interest in the casino development that would follow his approval. Several different locations were used to meet with Matthews, including Shapiro's condominium at the Island House on Atlantic Avenue in Margate, New Jersey. Leonetti met with Matthews and others at Shapiro's condominium at least two different times. On one of those occasions, Leonetti met with Matthews, Shapiro, lawyer Robert Simone and Stanley Branche. Simone was an associate of the Scarfo Family and an attorney who represented Scarfo and Leonetti. Branche was a Philadelphia businessman who was friendly with Simone.  Branche was at the meeting to obtain Matthews' support for a grand prix auto race in Atlantic City. Leonetti was there to get Matthews to push for the sale of some city-owned property that Leonetti thought, at the time, might financially benefit him, Scarfo and members and associates of the Scarfo Family. As it turned out, the city-owned property was related to an FBI investigation that later resulted in the conviction of Matthews and Scarfo Family associate Frank Lentino.

On another occasion, Leonetti met with Matthews, Shapiro and a Scarfo Family associate named Arthur "Artie" Pelullo. Leonetti arranged for the meeting because he wanted Pelullo to apologize to Matthews for threatening him. During 1982 or 1983, when the Scarfo Family was involved with Matthews, Pelullo asked Matthews to help him get some type of license so that his limousine company could operate in Atlantic City. When Pelullo was having trouble getting the license, he threatened to kill Matthews, who contacted Leonetti for help. Leonetti set up a meeting at Shapiro's condominium to settle the matter and made Pelullo apologize to Matthews. Leonetti also met Matthews at the Mars Restaurant, a bar and restaurant owned by Pelullo on South Street in Philadelphia.

Voters recalled him in a March 13, 1984, referendum, shortly before he was indicted March 27, 1984, on federal extortion charges of using his office to extort bribes from businessmen to benefit himself and organized crime associates.

In the indictment, released by United States Attorney W. Hunt Dumont, Matthews was accused of having close dealings with Nicodemo "Little Nicky" Scarfo for years, dating to before he was mayor. Scarfo was an American mafioso member of the U.S. Cosa Nostra and head of the Philadelphia crime family that also controlled organized crime in South Jersey. Matthews allegedly turned a blind eye to the actions of his primary supporters Scarfo and Phillip "Crazy Phil" Leonetti, joining them in shaking down others and concentrating on extorting money from city officials. In late 1983, a month or two before Scarfo was released from prison in January 1984, Leonetti found out that the FBI was investigating the illegal activities between the Scarfo Family and Matthews.  Leonetti learned about the investigation a day or two before it made the news. At first, Matthews decided to help the FBI and gave them a confession, but shortly thereafter decided against cooperating.

Matthews was charged with the attempted extortion of $668,000 from two businesses set up by the Federal Bureau of Investigation and with taking $14,000 in bribes from an undercover F.B.I. agent posing as a representative of the companies. Matthews pleaded guilty to one count of extortion on November 27, 1984, four weeks after the trial started. By admitting to accepting a $10,000 bribe from an FBI agent posing as a businessman who wanted his help in buying a parcel of city-owned land zoned for casinos on favorable terms, government dropped seven other counts. The dropped counts alleged further extortion, bribery and conspiracy, including one alleging that Matthews had conspired with organized crime figures to use his office for their benefit in return for campaign financing. Matthews was sentenced in 1985 to 15 years in federal prison, and was paroled in June 1990.

Frank Lentino, an associate of the Scarfo crime family and business agent for UNITE HERE Local 54 of the Bartenders and Hotel Workers' Union in Atlantic City and Teamsters Local 158 in Philadelphia even after his retirement, admitted to conspiring with Matthews and reputed organized crime leaders in return for the Mayor's aid in getting a city contract and in favorably purchasing city-owned land zoned for casinos.

Thomas Russo, then the city's director of the Department of Planning and Development, was acquitted April 13, 1985, on charges of conspiracy, extortion and attempted extortion in connection with allegations he accepted $8,000 in payoffs in connection with proposed land sales.

Usry succeeded Matthews as mayor after the recall election.

References

1934 births
2014 deaths
Politicians convicted of extortion under color of official right
Kogod School of Business alumni
Atlantic City High School alumni
Politicians from Delaware County, Pennsylvania
New Jersey city council members
Mayors of Atlantic City, New Jersey
Democratic Party members of the New Jersey General Assembly
County commissioners in New Jersey
Recalled American mayors
New Jersey politicians convicted of crimes

Michael J. Matthews


The joule per mole (symbol: J·mole−1 or J/mol) is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material. Energy is measured in joules, and the amount of material is measured in moles. In other words, joule per mole is a unit for how much energy is in a certain amount of matter.

SI derived units

Joule per mole


For the Australian professional golfer, see Wayne Grady.

Wayne Grady (born 1948 in Windsor, Ontario) is a Canadian writer, editor, and translator. He is the author of fourteen books of nonfiction, the translator of more than a dozen novels from the French, and the editor of many literary anthologies of fiction and nonfiction. He currently teaches creative writing in the MFA program at the University of British Columbia.

As a translator, Grady has won the 1989 Governor General's Award for French to English translation for On the Eighth Day, his translation of Antonine Maillet's novel Le Huitième jour, and the John Glassco Translation Prize for Christopher Cartier of Hazelnut, his translation of Maillet's Christophe Cartier de la Noisette dit Nounours. As a writer, he won the 2008 National Outdoor Book Award (Nature and the Environment category) for The Great Lakes: The Natural History of a Changing Region.

His book Bringing Back the Dodo (2006) is a collection of intuitive and humbling essays on our history with the natural world, extinction, and our effects on the planet.

His first novel, Emancipation Day, deals with the marriage, during the Second World War, of a black man who is passing for white, and a white woman who knows nothing of her husband's past; the novel was inspired by Grady's discovery, while doing genealogical research, that his own great-grandfather was an African American emigrant from the United States. Emancipation Day was named a longlisted nominee for the 2013 Scotiabank Giller Prize. October 1970, his English translation of Louis Hamelin's 2010 novel La Constellation du Lynx, was also a longlisted nominee for the Giller in the same year. On April 29, 2014, Emancipation Day was named the winner of the 2013 Amazon.ca First Novel Award.

Grady is married to writer Merilyn Simonds.

Works
The Dinosaur Project: The Story of the Greatest Dinosaur Expedition Ever Mounted (1993)
Toronto the Wild: Field Notes of an Urban Naturalist (1995)
Vulture: Nature's Ghastly Gourmet (1997)
The Quiet Limit of the World: A Journey to the North Pole to Investigate Global Warming (1997)
Chasing the Chinook: On the Trail of Canadian Words and Culture (1998)
Tree: A Life Story (2004, co-authored with David Suzuki)
Bringing Back the Dodo (2006)
The Great Lakes: A Natural History of a Changing Region (2007)
Breakfast at the Exit Cafe: A Journey Through America (2010, co-authored with Merilyn Simonds)
Emancipation Day (2013)

References

1948 births
Living people
Canadian magazine editors
Canadian non-fiction writers
Governor General's Award-winning translators
Canadian male novelists
21st-century Canadian novelists
Writers from Windsor, Ontario
Canadian people of African-American descent
21st-century Canadian translators
21st-century Canadian male writers
Canadian male non-fiction writers
Amazon.ca First Novel Award winners

Wayne Grady (author)


Up the River is a 1930 American pre-Code comedy film directed by John Ford, and starring Claire Luce, Spencer Tracy and Humphrey Bogart. The plot concerns escaped convicts, as well as a female convict. It was the feature film debut role of both Tracy and Bogart. Despite Bogart being billed fourth (under top-billed Tracy, Claire Luce and Warren Hymer), Tracy's and Bogart's roles were almost equally large, and this is the only film in which they appeared together. Up the River is also Bogart's only film directed by John Ford.  Bogart's image is featured with Luce on some of the film's posters rather than Tracy's since Bogart was the romantic lead with Luce. Fox remade the film in 1938 starring Preston Foster and Tony Martin playing their roles.

Plot
Two convicts, St. Louis and Dannemora Dan, befriend another convict named Steve, who is in love with woman's-prison inmate Judy. Steve is paroled, promising Judy that he will wait for her release five months later. He returns to his hometown in New England and his mother's home.

He is followed there by Judy's former "employer", the scam artist Frosby. Frosby threatens to expose Steve's prison record if the latter refuses to go along with a scheme to defraud his neighbors. Steve goes along with it until Frosby defrauds his mother. At this moment St. Louis and Dannemora Dan break out of prison and come to Steve's aid, taking away a gun he planned to use on the fraudster, instead stealing back bonds stolen by Frosby. They return to prison in time for its annual baseball game against a rival penitentiary. The film closes with St. Louis on the pitcher's mound with his catcher, Dannemora Dan, presumably ready to lead their team to victory.

Cast
 Spencer Tracy as Saint Louis
 Claire Luce as Judy Fields
 Warren Hymer as Dannemora Dan
 Humphrey Bogart as Steve Jordan
 Morgan Wallace as Frosby (Uncredited)
 William Collier, Sr. as Pop
 Joan Lawes as Jean
 Bob Burns as Slim - Bazooka Player (Uncredited and in blackface)
 Edythe Chapman as Mrs. Jordan (Uncredited)
 Ward Bond as Inmate Socked by Saint Louis (Uncredited)
 Steve Pendleton as Morris (Uncredited)

Production

Tracy had previously starred in two Warner Bros. shorts earlier the same year and Bogart had been an unbilled extra in a silent film, as well as starring in two shorts. Up the River is the first credited feature film for both actors, and is the only film that Tracy and Bogart ever appeared in together. Both had been cast in  The Desperate Hours in 1955, but neither would consent to second billing, so the role intended for Tracy went to Fredric March instead. Bogart is listed fourth after top-billed Tracy in Up the River but his role is equally large and his likeness is featured prominently on posters that did not include Tracy's image. This is the only film Bogart made with director John Ford. Nearly three decades later, Ford directed Tracy again in The Last Hurrah (1958).

After Up the River, Fox gave Spencer Tracy a contract as a leading man for the studio. Although Tracy's Fox films are highly regarded and considered classics ninety years later, very few made money when initially released so Tracy was eventually fired by Fox, then quickly snapped up by producer Irving Thalberg at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, where he became an extremely successful star.

See also
 List of baseball films

References

Bibliography

External links

1930 films
1930 comedy films
American black-and-white films
American comedy films
Blackface minstrel shows and films
Films directed by John Ford
Films produced by William Fox
Fox Film films
1930s English-language films
1930s American films
English-language comedy films

Up the River


A fossil is the remains or trace of an ancient living thing.

Fossils of animals, plants, or protists occur in sedimentary rock.

In a typical fossil, the body form is retained, but the original molecules that made up the body have been replaced by some inorganic material, such as calcium carbonate (CaCO3) or silica (SiO2). The fossil feels like, and is, made of rock. It has been mineralised or petrified (literally, turned into rock).

A fossil may also be an imprint or impression of a living thing remaining in the fossilised mud of a long-gone age.

Some organisms fossilise well, others do not. The most common fossils are those left behind by organisms that produce hard materials. The hard, calcitic shells of molluscs (such as clams and snails) and of now-rare brachiopods (also known as lampshells) are examples. These sea-dwelling shellfish have produced many fossiliferous (that is, fossil-bearing) chalky layers of limestone in the earth.

Soft-bodied organisms can fossilise in special circumstances: the Ediacaran biota is a good example.

The best-known fossils for the general public are those of the giant, prehistoric dinosaurs. The fossilized bones and fossilized tracks of these huge, ancient reptiles can be seen in many museums of natural history and earth science.

The study of fossils by geologists and biologists is known as paleontology. If the study puts living things in their ecological context it is called paleobiology.

Examples of fossils include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved in amber, hair, petrified wood, oil, coal, and DNA remnants.

Human uses

People have found many uses for fossils. Some fossils are found and sold. Other fossils like those in the Tamiami formation are used in the construction of roads. In some places fossils are used as a mulch- material used to cover soil. Some fossils are used as a marker to determine formation .

Some fossils are used as a source of fuel, these fossils are referred to as a fossil fuel.

Places of special preservation
There are some sites where fossils have been found with remarkable details, or in large numbers. Palaeontologists call these sites by the German term Lagerstätten. The La Brea tar pits in Los Angeles, California, is such a place. So are the Solnhofen limestone quarries in Bavaria.

In the Earth's structure a very important place for fossils is the Burgess Shale. It is known for its many important fossil discoveries.

Types of fossils
Microscopic, or very tiny'', fossils are called "microfossils". Larger, macroscopic fossils — such as those of seashells and mammals — are called "macrofossils". Sometimes natural stones look like fossilized organisms, but they are not fossils at all. Rather, they are called "pseudofossils".

Although most fossils are formed from the hard parts of organisms, there are also indirect signs of prehistoric life. Examples such as a worm's trail or an animal's footprint are quite common. These are known as  trace fossils. Fossilized excrement, faeces or dung is known as a coprolite. A chemical trace of prehistoric organisms is called a chemofossil. Objects made by prehistoric people are called artifacts but these are not fossils.

Even when the remains of soft-bodied animals are gone, there may be impressions, molds or carbon traces which remain permanently. So, in special cases, we can see fossils of even small, soft invertebrate animals.

Sometimes a fossil is produced because of dryness (desiccation), freezing, or pine resin. Mummified animals, ice-covered wooly mammoths, and insect-filled amber are examples of such fossils.

Living fossils, however, are not'' fossils at all. Instead, they are modern-day organisms which look like their prehistoric ancestors of many millions of years ago. The ginkgo tree, the coelacanth and the horseshoe crab are good examples.

Early notice taken of fossils
Many pre-scientific peoples noticed fossils, but not all thought they were the remains of living things. Perhaps the first to leave a record of his thought was the Ancient Greek philosopher Xenophanes (about 570BC–470BC).p. 387 His ideas were reported by later writers:
"Shells [are] found in the midst of the land, and on mountains. In the quarries of Syracuse the impressions of a fish and seaweed have been found; on Paros the impression of a bay-leaf in the depth of a stone, and on Malta the flattened shape of sea-creatures [have been found]. These, he says, were formed when everything, long ago, was covered in mud, and the impression dried out in the mud". Guthrie p. 387

These ideas were rediscovered in the 17th century in Europe. Nicolas Steno in the Netherlands and Robert Hooke at the Royal Society in London both wrote and gave lectures about fossils. In the 18th century fossil-collecting began, and serious thinking on geology began to make progress. In the 19th century geology became a modern science, and fossils played a part in the theory of evolution.

Related pages
 Extinction
 Evolution
 Palaeontology
 Earth history
 List of extinction events
 Lagerstätten

Other websites

 Fossil – Citizendium

References

More reading
 </ref>

Paleontology

Fossil


The Rapscallions, formed in 1980 by four Bowling Green State University (Ohio) students, won the 1984 international quartet championship in St. Louis, Missouri.

The quartet placed in the top ten internationally each of the three years they competed: ninth place in 1982, sixth in 1983, and first in 1984.

Tenor Dave Smotzer, lead David Wallace, baritone Tim Frye, and bass Jeff Oxley formed the quartet in 1980 while working summer jobs in Cedar Point, Ohio, to earn money to return to the university.

All were members of the A Cappella Choir and the Men's Chorus at the school and had other musical training. Oxley had sung lead roles in campus productions of Man of La Mancha and The Marriage of Figaro and was studying for an operatic career. Frye was a music education major, and Smotzer was a music theatre major. David Wallace was a composition major and the first undergraduate director of an accredited university ensemble, "The Collegiates".

Leaving school in 1982, most of the foursome had moved on to their careers by the time they won the gold. Both Smotzer and Wallace were in business. Smotzer was directing Cincinnati's Southern Gateway Chorus, and Wallace was directing Sweet Adelines International's City of Flags Chorus in Canton, Ohio. Frye was a school teacher and a music director in Wayne County, Ohio, while Oxley was continuing his musical training. He would go on to become an accomplished music director of the Masters of Harmony from 1998-1999 and winning a chorus golf, winning two more quartet gold medals with Acoustix in 1990 and with Max Q in 2007.

Discography
 Premiere LP, cassette

External links
 Discography from  Mike Barkley's Monster list
 AIC entry

Barbershop quartets
Barbershop Harmony Society

The Rapscallions


Alternative giving is a form of gift giving in which the giver makes a donation to a charitable organization on the gift recipient's behalf, rather than giving them an item. The idea of giving something to one person by paying another was applied by Benjamin Franklin as a "trick ... for doing a deal of good with a little money", which came to be known as "pay it forward". This form of giving is often used as an alternative to consumerism and to mitigate the impact of gift-giving on the environment.

Charities that promote this type of donating will normally provide a card or certificate describing the donation, often with an example of how the donation will be used (such as one day's worth of food for a hungry person) or a symbolic denomination, called "ownership" or "adoption" (of an animal or a tree for example). Some charities promote alternative giving at weddings in place of wedding favors, normally providing several cards to be left on tables at the reception letting guests know a donation has been made rather than individual cards for each guest. In 2011, Kate Middleton and Prince William made the decision to "pay it forward" with their wedding gifts, asking that the money to be used for gifts be given to charities and good causes.

The concept was spoofed in the 1997 Seinfeld episode "The Strike". George Costanza, angry at having received a donation to charity instead of an actual gift, made up his own non-existent charity and handed out fake donations to save money on gifts and cheques.

References

Giving

Alternative giving


Richard Rock (1690? – November 1777) was a well-known doctor in eighteenth-century London. Originally from Hamburg, he was depicted by William Hogarth in the fifth scene of his 1731/2 satirical and moralistic series, A Harlot's Progress, where he stands in dispute with notable French doctor John Misaubin beside the dying body of their patient, Moll Hackabout. The contrast between Rock (German, short and fat) and Misaubin (French, tall and gaunt) is intentional. Misaubin is easily recognised by his notably tall and thin appearance, but the second doctor was harder to identify with certainty, so Hogarth added his name on a slip of paper on the stool to the lower right of the scene in later printings.

Hogarth also included Rock in his 1738 engraving Morning, the first of series entitled The Four Times of the Day, selling his medicines in Covent Garden. Rock was known for selling a pill for venereal disease.

Oliver Goldsmith discusses Rock and his physical appearance in Letter LXVIII of his 1760 work The Citizen of the World.

References
Finley Foster, "William Hogarth and the Doctors", Bull Med Libr Assoc. 32(3): 356–368 (July 1944) (PDF)

1690s births
1777 deaths
18th-century English medical doctors
Physicians from Hamburg
German expatriates in England
18th-century German physicians

Richard Rock


Jason Matthew Patrick Moran (22 September 1967 – 21 June 2003) was an Australian criminal from Melbourne, and one of the leaders of the Moran family, notable for their involvement in the Melbourne gangland killings. He sported a 12 cm scar on the side of his face.

Early life
Moran was the son of Lewis Moran and Judy Moran. Mark Moran was his half-brother. Moran attended Penleigh and Essendon Grammar School. He met his future wife, Trisha Kane, at 15 years of age.  She is the daughter of Les Kane, a Melbourne painter and docker and reputed criminal who was murdered in his family home on 19 October 1978.

During the 1990s Moran emerged as one of Melbourne's main dealers in "party" drugs.  During this time he had a team of up-and-coming western suburbs gangsters led by Bluey Watkins who has been missing since 1995.

Moran was reported to have shot Carl Williams in the stomach during an argument in Gladstone Park on 13 October 1999, giving rise to lengthy violent turf wars known as the Melbourne gangland killings.
 Jason Moran had attended the funeral of another slain mobster, Victor Peirce.

Alphonse Gangitano and Moran, along with associate Mark John McNamara, were charged over an attack in the Sports Bar nightclub in King Street, Melbourne, on 19 December 1995, for which Moran received a term of imprisonment.

Moran was considered by many to be a "dead man walking" and when paroled from prison in September 2001 was allowed to leave Australia due to fears for his life. He later returned to give evidence in the inquest into the death of Gangitano on 20 November which began on 14 January 2002. Moran was suspected in Gangitano's murder. Gangitano was found dead in the laundry of his Templestowe house by his wife in 1998.
 A coroner found that Jason Moran and Graham Kinniburgh were present during Gangitano's murder in January 1998.
According to former Moran associate Bertie Wrout, however, it was Kinniburgh who killed Gangitano and it was Mark—not Jason—Moran who was his accomplice.

Murder
Pasquale Barbaro and Moran were gunned down on 21 June 2003 at Cross Keys Reserve in Essendon, where they had been watching Moran's young children play football. On returning to their motor vehicle they were shot dead by a lone gunman. Security footage from a neighbouring hotel showed the van they had driven to the football grounds and a figure running away from the vehicle. Police feared that the murders would lead to further violence in the Melbourne underworld war. Father Joe Giaccobe, a friend of the Moran family officiated at Moran's funeral.
During the service, another priest, Father John Martin, said:

"Any funeral presents a challenge. Obviously, the church does not make judgements about the person. They need the prayers and whatever the church can do for them...They have to answer to God. We will not deny them."

Moran's father, Lewis Moran, was unable to attend the service due to incarceration at Port Phillip Correctional Centre. Authorities refused his request, for security reasons, to be released from prison to attend the service. Lewis Moran was later murdered while drinking in a Brunswick bar.

On 28 February 2007, Carl Williams pleaded guilty in the Supreme Court of Victoria to the murder of Moran (but not of Barbaro).  The actual shooting was done by a killer often known as the "Runner" with Williams having organised the killing. Williams was sentenced to life imprisonment, with a minimum of 35 years, on 7 May 2007. He was later murdered while incarcerated at Barwon prison on 19 April 2010.

References in popular culture
In the drama series Underbelly Jason Moran was played by Les Hill. Hill later reprised that role in the 2014 series Fat Tony & Co..

References

External links
 "Lest we forget: Jason Moran was a drug-dealing killer"
 The Murder of Jason Moran Melbourne Underworld (an online reference guide from the Crime Writers Association of Australia)

1967 births
2003 deaths
Australian gangsters
Australian murder victims
Australian people of Irish descent
Criminals from Melbourne
Deaths by firearm in Victoria (state)
Jason
People murdered in Victoria (state)
Victims of the Melbourne gangland killings
Australian drug traffickers
People educated at Penleigh and Essendon Grammar School

Jason Moran (criminal)


Trinity Hall is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It is often just called Tit Hall by the students. It was created in 1350 and it is the fifth oldest college. It takes its name from the Holy Trinity.

The money to build the college was given by William Bateman, the Bishop of Norwich. He wanted to build a new centre for studying canon law and civil science. This was because the Black Death had killed many priests. Today, it has about 600 students. The college is found next to the river Cam. In 1999, the Jerwood Library was built. It became quite famous in Cambridge because it is a beautiful building by the river.

Many important people have studied at Trinity Hall, for example:
Stephen Hawking, physicist and cosmologist
J. B. Priestley, author
Rachel Weisz, an actress who won an Academy Award

There also many British rowers that have studied at Trinity Hall and won medals at the Olympics. This is because the college has a very good boat club, where students can play this sport.

Other websites

Official website

Colleges of the University of Cambridge
1350 establishments
1350s establishments in Europe
14th-century establishments in England

Trinity Hall, Cambridge


The Black Swallowtail (Papilio polyxenes) is a species of butterfly. It is also called the American Swallowtail or Parsnip Swallowtail. It is found throughout much of North America.

Description

The Black Swallowtail has a wingspan of 6.7 to 10 cm (2.7 to 4 in). The upper side of the male's wings is black. There are two rows of yellow spots along the edges of both wings. There is a small area of blue on the bottom wing between the two rows of yellow spots.On the bottom edge of the bottom wing, there is a red spot with a small black dot in the center. The upper side of the female's wings is black. There are two rows of light yellow spots along the edges of both wings. These spots are smaller than the male's. There is a large area of blue on the bottom wing between these two rows. The female also has the same red and black spot on the bottom wing as the male. The female mimics the Pipevine Swallowtail (Battus philenor). The underside of the wings is the same in both sexes. The top wing is black with two rows of yellow-orange spots. The bottom wing has two rows of orange spots with a blue area between them.

Taxonomy
The Ozark Swallowtail (Papilio joanae) and the Black Swallowtail were once thought to be the same species. Felix Sperling did an analysis of the Ozark Swallowtail's DNA. He suggested that even though the Ozark Swallowtail looks exactly like the Black Swallowtail, it is actually more closely related to the Old World Swallowtail (Papilio machaon).

In North Dakota and southern Manitoba, the Black Swallowtail is thought to breed with the Old World Swallowtail. These hybrids are called Kahli Swallowtails. Kahli Swallowtails are either thought to be a separate species or a subspecies of the Black Swallowtail.

The Desert Black Swallowtail (P. p. coloro) is a subspecies of the Black Swallowtail. It is found in southeastern California, southern Nevada, and western Arizona. It is similar to the male Black Swallowtail, but it has more yellow and the sexes look the same.

Similar species

There are many similar species in the Black Swallowtails range.

The Pipevine Swallowtail is similar to the female Black Swallowtail. On the upper side of its wings it does not have any yellow spots. The bottom wing is a shiny, dark blue. It has one row of whitish spots in the middle of the bottom wing. The underside of the bottom wing has only one row of orange spots.

The Spicebush Swallowtail (Papilio troilus) is similar to the female Black Swallowtail. It is usually larger. The upper side of its wings is black with one row of light greenish-blue spots along the edges of both wings.

The Ozark Swallowtail looks exactly like the Black Swallowtail. It can only be separated by habitat and host plant choices (the host plant is the plant that the caterpillar feeds on). It is found in woodlands. The host plants are Meadow Parsnip (Thaspium barbinode) and Yellow Pimpernal (Taenidia intregerrima).

The Old World Swallowtail has many different forms. The form brucei is very similar to both sexes of the Black Swallowtail. Form brucei is usually smaller. The black dot in the red spot on the bottom wing is not centered.

Range and distribution
The Black Swallowtail ranges from southern Canada south to Florida and Costa Rica west to the Rocky Mountains and eastern Arizona south to Mexico and Peru.

Habitat
The Black Swallowtail likes open habitats. It is found from sea level to high mountains. It is found in fields, meadows, deserts, marshes, near lakes and streams, farms, lawns, near cities, near roads, and gardens. It is rarely (unusually) found in forests or woodlands.

Humans have greatly helped the Black Swallowtail. They brought non-native carrot species from Europe to North America. The Black Swallowtail uses these plants as host plants. Before humans cut down forests, Black Swallowtail were rare. They were only found in small prairies, wetlands, and openings in forests. However, in the northeast, people are not farming as much as they used to. This is making the Black Swallowtail become less common in this part of its range.

Flight period
The Black Swallowtail is seen from May to June in Canada. It is seen from June to August in the Colorado Mountains. In the eastern part of its range, it is seen from April to October and from February to October in Florida. In Arizona, it is seen from February to November. It has one brood (one group of offspring) in Canada and the Colorado Mountains. It has 2 to 3 broods in the rest of its range.

Behavior
The Black Swallowtail flies very fast. Its flight is much quicker than other swallowtails. The Black Swallowtail flies closer to the ground than other swallowtails do. In cold weather, they will hold their abdomens above their wings. This keeps them warm. Usually, Black Swallowtails live about 10 to 12 days. Some however, can live up to 35 to 40 days.

Adult food sources
Here is a list of food sources for the Black Swallowtail:

 Asclepias incarnata – Swamp Milkweed
 Asclepias syriaca – Common Milkweed
 Asclepias tuberosa – Butterfly Weed
 Barbarea vulgaris – Winter Cress
 Cirsium discolor – Thistle
 Dipsacus sylvestris – Teasel
 Echinacea purpurea – Purple Coneflower
 Medicago sativa – Alfalfa
 Syringa sp. – lilac
 Trifolium pratense – Red Clover
 Vernonia sp. – ironweed
 Zinnia sp. – zinnia

Males will also come to damp soil and mud to feed on minerals and moisture. This is called puddling.

Life cycle
The Black Swallowtail goes through complete metamorphosis.

Mating
The male forms a territory. The territory is usually on the top of a hill. The male will sit on high branches or other vegetation on the hill. He will defend his territory from other male Black Swallowtails. If other males come too close, he will chase them away. The female will fly to the top of the hill to look for a mate. A successful courtship lasts for about 40 seconds. An unsuccessful one lasts for about 100 seconds. Mating lasts for about 45 minutes. Females that do not want to mate will try to escape from males by flying high in the air and then quickly flying downward.

Egg
Female Black Swallowtails fly close to the ground to look for host plants. Females lay one egg per host plant. The eggs are laid on the leaves and flowers. The egg is yellow. It later forms a red ring around the center. It will also form a red top. It will turn dark gray just before hatching. It takes about 10 days to hatch. In a lab test, females laid a total of about 200 to 430 eggs. They laid about 35 to 50 each day.

Caterpillar
The caterpillar will eat the leaves and flowers of the host plant. It makes no nests. The young caterpillar is black. It has a white spot in the middle of its body. This spot is called a saddle. It mimics a bird dropping. The older caterpillar is green. It has black bands with orange spots in each of the bands. The caterpillar has a special organ called an osmeterium. It is an orange, bad-smelling organ. It is shaped like a snake's tongue. It is kept behind the inside of the head. The caterpillar releases it to scare predators away. The caterpillar will reach a length of 5 cm (2 in). The Ozark Swallowtail caterpillar is similar to the Black Swallowtail caterpillar. It is usually greener, and the black bands are usually thinner.

Chrysalis
The chrysalis hangs upright. There is a silk thread around the upper part of the chrysalis. This thread is called a girdle. The chrysalis is either brown or green. The Black Swallowtail will hibernate as a chrysalis.

Host plants
Here is a list of host plants that the Black Swallowtail caterpillar feeds on:

 Anethum graveolens – Dill
 Apium graveolens – Celery
 Berula erecta – Water Parsnip
 Cyclospermum leptophyllum – Slender Celery
 Daucus carota – Queen Anne's Lace
 Daucus pusillus – American Wild Carrot
 Foeniculum vulgare – Anise (also called Fennel)
 Pastinaca sativa – Parsnip
 Petroselinum crispum – Parsley
 Thamnosma montana – Turpentine Broom (used by the Desert Black Swallowtail only)

References

Papilionidae

Black Swallowtail


Alejandro Heredia (1788 – 12 November 1838) was an Argentine soldier and politician.  He fought in the war of independence, and in the subsequent civil war.
He was governor and caudillo of Tucumán Province.

Early career

Alejandro Heredia was born in San Miguel de Tucumán in 1788, and was educated at the College of Our Lady of Loreto in Córdoba.
He studied at the National University of Córdoba, gaining a Doctorate in Law.
A well-educated man, he studied classical literature and later taught Latin to his protege, Juan Bautista Alberdi.

After the May Revolution of 1810, when Buenos Aires declared independence from Spain, Heredia joined the Army of the North.
General Manuel Belgrano dispatched him on a diplomatic mission to talk with the royalist general José Manuel de Goyeneche.
As a soldier, he distinguished himself as a lieutenant in the Battle of Tucumán (1812), then fought in the Battle of Salta (1813) and the Battle of Sipe-Sipe (1815).
He reached the rank of colonel in the Army of the North, and was among the leaders of the historic Arequito Revolt (1820),
where a group of army officers refused to fight in the civil war against the Federalists.

After this event, Heredia  was sent to Salta Province, to be under the command of Martín Miguel de Güemes, Governor of Salta.
In 1824 he represented Tucumán at the National Constitution Congress in Buenos Aires and in 1826 represented Salta.
At the congress sessions he was noted for his Federalist views.

Governor of Tucumán

In 1832, after the defeat of Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid by Facundo Quiroga, Heredia was elected governor of Tucumán, and the province joined the Argentina Confederation that emerged from the Federal Pact of January 1831.
Heredia succeeded José Frias.  Under the constitutional code he was granted extraordinary powers.
He put an end to various abuses that Quiroga had introduced.

In 1834, during the provisional national government of Manuel Vicente Maza, civil war broke out between Heredia and Governor Pablo de Latorre of Salta.
Maza consulted with Juan Manuel de Rosas, then sent Quiroga, former caudillo of La Rioja, to mediate.
Before Quiroga could complete his mission, he learned that Latorre had been defeated and killed.
On January 23, 1836 General Francisco Javier López invaded Tucumán Province with a force of troops from Salta.
Heredia attacked and defeated López on the banks of the Rio Famaillá.
Two days later Javier López and his secretary Angel López were shot.
Colonel Juan Balmaceda was allowed to live, but was deported to Santiago del Estero.

On 28 January, Alejandro Heredia concluded a pact with Catamarca Province, signed by Napoleón Boneti for Catamarca and Juan Bautista Paz for Tucumán.
Heredia now became the central figure in the north, giving the governorship of Salta to his brother Felipe Heredia.
On 18 April 1836 the Tucumán House of Representatives re-elected Heredia as governor.
During Heredia's rule as governor, an office achieved by popular vote, he was a man of progress and order.
According to Manuel Borda Lizondo he was the most cultured and progressive of the governors of Tucumán  between 1810 and 1853,
and his government ranked highest among all its neighbors.  He believed in the possibility of fusing the Federalist and Unitarian parties in his province,
but this proved unrealistic.

War with Bolivia

In 1837, Juan Manuel de Rosas's government declared war on the Peru–Bolivian Confederation under the command of Andrés de Santa Cruz.
In May 1837 Alejandro Heredia was appointed commanding general of the Argentine army operations.
Rosas was concerned about the growing power of the Confederation in the north, and also wanted to crush anti-Federalist exiles in Bolivia.
Heredia launched an invasion of Bolivia with his own forces and reinforcements sent by Rosas, but his army was defeated at the Battle of Montenegro.

Death

Alejandro Heredia was killed on 12 November 1838, at a place called Los Lules, three leagues from San Miguel de Tucumán,
when travelling in a carriage with his son to his country house.
He was attacked by an armed party headed by Commander Gabino Robles, Vicente Neirot, Lucio Casas and Gregorio Uriarte.
Heredia was shot in his head by a pistol.
The murderers took the carriage and left the body of Heredia, who was still breathing, with his son.
The Governor's body remained there two days, during which time it was mutilated by birds.

The Unitarian Marco Avellaneda, one of Heredia's protégés, was among the conspirators. He was taken for trial in San José de Metán in 1841.
In his implausible defense, Avellaneda said he had hired the horses to the conspirators without knowing their intention,
and was at the scene of the crime scene by chance since he had ridden to Lules to visit a relative, whom he did not identify.
He explained that he went to Tucumán with the murderers shouting "the tyrant is dead!" because he was forced to follow,
and he was pressured by the murderers to join the meeting of the Legislature that night to elect a new governor.
Marco Avellaneda was convicted and sentenced to death as the instigator and main culprit of Heredia's death.
His head was displayed on a pike in the Plaza de Tucumán.

References
Notes

Citations

Sources

1788 births
1838 deaths
Governors of Tucumán Province
Federales (Argentina)
Argentine generals

Alejandro Heredia


Inhumans vs. X-Men, also stylized IvX or IVX, is a 2016 American comic book limited series published by Marvel Comics. The series ran for seven issues, beginning with a prologue issue #0 in November 2016 before officially beginning in December 2016 and ending in March 2017. The series was written by Charles Soule and Jeff Lemire with art by Leinil Francis Yu, Kenneth Rocafort, and Javi Garron. The series features a battle over a biological substance named the Terrigen Mists, which the Inhumans need to gain superpowers but is deadly to the mutant X-Men and other mutant individuals.

Publication history
Inhumans vs. X-Men was announced by Marvel's Chief Creative Officer Joe Quesada on July 23, 2016 during his "Cup o' Joe" panel at the San Diego Comic-Con. This story closes the story arcs established at the end of 2015's Secret Wars event. Prior to releasing Inhumans vs. X-Men, Marvel released the four-part bimonthly series Death of X to serve as a prequel that would lead into the events of Inhumans vs. X-Men. In a Comic-Con interview, Lemire discussed the broader, real-world implications of the event: "X-Men stories have always been very allegorical and very symbolic for real world events. I think there is a permeating sense of fear and mistrust that is driving a lot of world events at the moment, and a lot of hatred and violence. So it's not hard to see the mutant/Inhuman conflict as a metaphor for much of what's going on around us." Marvel editor Sana Amanat announced after the series' second issue that following the event, Marvel would release "a whole new line of X-Men and Inhumans titles." The ending of Inhumans vs. X-Men served as a lead-in for the announced ResurrXion event, which saw the titles referenced by Amanat released. These original titles and continuations of past titles include Inhumans Prime, Royals, Black Bolt, Secret Warriors, X-Men Prime, X-Men Gold, X-Men Blue, Generation X, Weapon X, Jean Grey, Cable, and Iceman. The series was released in trade paperback form on July 18, 2017.

Plot
Beast works with Iso to discover any potential cures to the Terrigen cloud that has been toxic to Mutants. At the same time, Emma Frost begins to face Black Bolt in order to avenge Cyclops. Beast soon overhears Medusa telling the rest of the Inhuman Royal Family to be prepared for the possibility of war against the X-Men as he discovers that the Terrigen cloud is becoming more saturated.

Beast calls a meeting with representatives from each major mutant team. After updating them on the Terrigen cloud and suggesting they leave earth for good, Emma and Magneto hint at the possibility of war. Storm initiates a vote that ends in favor of destroying the Terrigen Cloud instead of leaving the planet. Wanting to avoid any conflict, Beast attempts to return to New Attilan, but Storm reluctantly attacks him from behind and reveals that she supported Emma and Magneto's plans from the beginning.

Several of the X-Men work to get all of the heavy-hitters from the Inhuman Royal Family out of the way as the rest of the X-Men attack New Attilan. Medusa sends Iso and Inferno to find out what happened to Black Bolt and Crystal as she prepares for battle. It is revealed that all of the captured Inhumans along with Human Torch are sent to Limbo. Iso and Inferno are pursued by Wolverine and the time-displaced Angel. They manage to escape through a portal just before Wolverine can harm them. On the other side of the portal, they find Old Man Logan waiting for them.

While Inferno distracts Logan, Iso discovers Forge nearby with a device that the X-Men are planning to use to alter the structure of the Terrigen Cloud so they can incinerate it. Iso and Inferno manage to defeat Logan and take Forge as their prisoner. In Limbo, Medusa and the rest of the Royal Family start planning their escape. It is revealed that the X-Men have Black Bolt hidden away in a specially-made prison.

Mosaic arrives at Muir Island to find out any information that he can about what the X-Men are planning. He manages to enter Magneto's mind while his helmet is off and sees everything that took place from the X-Men's point of view leading up to the war. Magneto discovers Mosaic and begins to fight back until Mosaic leaves and escapes. Mosaic possesses the time-displaced Cyclops and manages to escape to find the rest of his team and tells them what he's learned, prompting his team to switch sides.

Karnak fights Fantomex and Jean and escapes when Lockjaw appears to him. Inside Forge's lab, Havok guards Black Bolt's cell. Havok relents and lets them take Black Bolt. Karnak arrives with Lockjaw and helps the Royal Family escape Limbo. The young Inhumans, along with Forge and young Cyclops, decide to help the mutants destroy the cloud. They track the cloud to Iceland where the rest of the X-Men ambush them, assuming that the Inhumans kidnapped Cyclops and Forge.

The Royal Family finally arrives in Iceland and joins the battle, making Emma determined to kill all of the Inhumans. The X-Men begin to notice Emma's uncharacteristic bloodlust as she and the Stepford Cuckoos begin mind-controlling several of the Inhumans in order to turn them against each other. Forge arrives with Moon Girl, Ahura, and the Ennilux with a new device to destroy the Terrigen Cloud. Iso and Moon Girl explain to Medusa why they need to destroy the cloud. Now fully understanding the gravity of the situation, Medusa destroys the cloud herself, voluntarily ending the war. Still craving vengeance, Emma releases an army of hidden Sentinels reprogrammed to kill Inhumans and begins massacring the Ennilux. Cyclops exposes Emma's lies and reveals that she faked the older Cyclops' death in order to trigger this war, prompting the X-Men and Inhumans to unite against her. Medusa attempts to calm her down and reason with her, but Havok intervenes and captures Emma and disappears with her. Now wanted by both the Inhumans and the X-Men, Emma goes deep into hiding. Medusa abdicates the throne and gives all leadership duties to Iso, knowing that her people won't understand why she destroyed the remaining Terrigen Cloud. Now free of the burdens of being a queen, Medusa happily reunites with Black Bolt in the Quiet Room.

Aftermath

The ending of Inhumans vs. X-Men served as a lead-in for the announced RessurXion event, which would feature brand new titles for Inhumans and X-Men. New titles and new volumes of past titles include Inhumans Prime, Royals, Black Bolt, Secret Warriors, X-Men Prime, X-Men Gold, X-Men Blue, Generation X, Weapon X, Jean Grey, Cable, and Iceman.

Maximus tries to enact a failed attempt to turn the remaining Inhumans against each other, leading to his arrest and Medusa using her final act as queen to sentence him to solitude. Before his sentence, Maximus reveals a disturbing secret to Black Bolt. The Inhumans try to cope with the fact that they might be the final generation of Inhumans due to Medusa sacrificing the Terrigen cloud so the mutants could survive on Earth. Iso's first act as queen is to make the Inhuman government a democracy of elected officials so everyone has a voice instead of relying upon only royal blood to rule, and decrees that Inhumans work more closely alongside the humans and their governments now that there are to be no more new Inhumans. Marvel Boy approaches Crystal and informs her about a potential way to create new Terrigen, prompting the Royal Family to travel to space to learn new information on Terrigenesis that they never knew before.

The X-Men try to move forward with their lives and come out of hiding now that the threat of extinction is finally gone. Magneto's team of X-Men disbands and Psylocke kills him for taking part in Emma's deceptions that led to the war. Unbeknownst to her, Magneto was prepared for her to kill him so he had Exodus and Elixir find him and revive him so they could continue with their agenda. Storm's team of X-Men vacates Limbo and the mutant refugees return home now that the Terrigen is no longer a threat to them. No-Girl manages to track Cerebra's whereabouts and they're able to upload her consciousness from her damaged-beyond-repair body into a new mechanism. Feeling guilty for having led the X-Men to war instead of looking for a diplomatic solution, Storm steps down as leader of the X-Men and recruits Kitty Pryde to take over leadership duties and attempts to quit the X-Men. Kitty has Storm stay, however Storm spends much time questioning her own morality. Kitty relocates the X-Men from Limbo to Central Park in hopes of helping the X-Men reestablish themselves as heroes instead of hiding in fear all the time even though the general populace fears mutants even more due to their war against the Inhumans.

Issue list

Main series
 IVX #0–6

Tie-ins
 All-New X-Men (vol. 2) #17–18
 Deadpool & the Mercs for Money (vol. 2) #7–8
 Extraordinary X-Men #17–19
 Uncanny Inhumans #18–20
 Uncanny X-Men (vol. 4) #16–18

Collected editions

Reception
The series holds a score of 7.3 out of 10 on comic book review aggregator Comic Book Roundup, indicating mixed reviews. The prologue and first two issues received favorable reviews, but the later issues received increasingly lower scores. Of the early issues, critics complemented the build-up from Soule, saying he did "incredible work capitalizing on the potential he has always had," and referring to Rocafort's art as "amazing." Of the later issues, critics remarked that the storyline had largely fallen flat. Newsarama critic Joe Edsall, who had initially written favorably of the series, gave the series ending a five out of ten: "The biggest positive is that Lenil Francis Lu manages to deliver a consistent stream of vivid panels ground otherwise chaotic scenes. The sense of an arc down the line with supervillain Emma Frost gives the finale a powerful sense of foreboding, but it makes this feels more like a set-up for the Inhumans and X-Men Prime books, which is a shame. IvX started out as something really special, but the finale doesn't quite stick the landing." Kabooooom critic Marcus Hammond noted that "[w]ith Lemire, Soule, and Yu at the helm, this should have been one of the best issues on the stand [this week]. Unfortunately, the numerous small problems with characterization and the lack of tension in the visuals force readers to question the direction ResurrXion will lead these two critically important teams."

Sales
Data taken from the Diamond Comics Distributors website, ICv2, and Comichron.

References

Marvel Comics storylines
X-Men storylines
Inhumans
X-Men

Inhumans vs. X-Men


The Lepsius XXIV Pyramid is an Egyptian pyramid, which was probably built for a wife of King Nyuserre Ini. The largely destroyed 5th Dynasty structure is located in the pyramid field of Abusir, east of the Pyramid of Neferefre and south of the Pyramid of Khentkaus II.

Exploration
On his  (1842-1845), the German archaeologist Karl Richard Lepsius identified a small pyramid site and gave it the number XXIV (24) in his list of pyramids. Ludwig Borchardt, who explored the necropolis of Abusir six years later, considered the ruins to be a mastaba or double mastaba and did not investigate it further.

A Czech team led by Miroslav Verner undertook exploratory excavations in 1980-81, 1987 and 1990, as well as a full excavation in 1994 and identified the complex as a pyramid with a cult pyramid and a mortuary temple, which they assigned to the time of the 5th dynasty King Nyuserre.

Identification
The inhabitant of the pyramid can not yet be identified, since no direct evidence, like inscriptions, remain. It is probable, however, that Nyuserre had the pyramid built for one of his wives, perhaps Reptynub.

Pyramid
With a base measuring 31.5 m x 31.5 m and a slope of 60°15′, the Lepsius XXIV Pyramid originally had a height of 27.3 m. The core structure of the pyramid was built in three layers, according to recent research. The masonry of the first layer consists of a stone casing, with the interior filled with sand, rubble and debris. A ramp structure oriented north–south and extending into the core structure was probably used for the erection of this layer. The second layer again consists of an outer stone casing with several partition walls at oblique angles, made up of irregularly shaped stone fragments. The space between was also filled with loose debris in the same way as the first layer. The third layer no longer exists. According to Verner, the mixed technique increased stability. A cladding of fine limestone appears to have been attached later, since the masonry of the mortuary temple touches the first core layer directly.

The masonry of the pyramid displays a large amount of construction graffiti. These graffiti regularly mention the Vizier Ptahshepses, who organised all royal construction under Nyuserre, which indicates that the pyramid was built during his reign.

Substructure

The substructure was laid out as an open grave, which was eventually covered over by the pyramid. The entranceway ran from the north and led to a burial chamber on an east–west orientation. The passageway has been largely been quarried away.

The burial chamber contained fragments of a pink granite sarcophagus, parts of the grave goods and the damaged mummy of a woman aged about 23, whose identity is unknown. She was probably the owner of the pyramid, but it is also possible that she is an intrusive burial from a later period, since the remains of the mummy show traces of the removal of the brains, a mummification practice which is only attested from the beginning of the Middle Kingdom. An accurate dating of the mummy by Radiocarbon dating is not yet available. The name of the tomb's occupant is not attested.

In addition, the area of the burial chamber contains fragments of grave goods, like alabaster vessels, copper tools for the opening of the mouth ceremony and canopic jars.

Complex
In the pyramid complex ruins, a small cult pyramid and a funerary temple can be identified. The whole complex was surrounded by a wall.

Cult pyramid
In the south corner of the complex is a small cult pyramid with a base of about 10 x 10 metres, which has largely been destroyed by extensive spoliation. Only some fine limestone cladding from the northwest corner and the west side remain intact. The orientation of these structures differs a little from the north–south orientation of the main structure.

Mortuary temple
The mortuary temple is located in the usual position on the east side of the pyramid and seems to have had a simple structure. Except for a false door on the side facing the pyramid, it seems unlikely that the temple was decorated with reliefs, since no fragments of relief were found at all.

The structure was largely destroyed by spoliation in the New Kingdom and the Saite Period, especially on the south side, and as a result a reconstruction is no longer possible.

See also
 List of Egyptian pyramids

References

Bibliography
 Miroslav Verner: Die Pyramiden. Rowohlt, Hamburg 1998, , pp. 355 ff.: Die Pyramide «Lepsius Nr. XXIV».

External links

 Czech Institute of Egyptology: Pyramid "Lepsius no. XXIV"
 New Archaeological Discoveries in the Abusir Pyramid Field – by Miroslav Verner, Praga
 Egyptphoto: website with some photo of the pyramid.

Buildings and structures completed in the 24th century BC
Pyramids of the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt
Buildings and structures in Giza Governorate
Abusir
3rd-millennium BC establishments in Egypt
1840s archaeological discoveries

Lepsius XXIV


H. Cooper Black Jr. Memorial Field Trial and Recreation Area is a state park located near the town of Cheraw in Chesterfield County, South Carolina. It is the only South Carolina state park available for field trials and retriever competitions. The park was created on land originally part of Sand Hills State Forest in memory of Dr. H. Cooper Black, Jr, of Columbia after his death in 1993.

Activities and amenities

Activities available at the park include picnicking, fishing, camping and hunting in-season.

Amenities include a meeting hall, waterfowl pond and a picnic shelter. Two fields are available for rent for the use of retriever training.

Equestrian facilities including stables, kennels, corrals, a show ring and arenas along with 20 miles of equestrian trails and sand roads can also be found at the park.

Unlike other state parks, this one can be closed to the general public during special events and one should contact the park before planning a trip to ensure it is open.

References

External links
Official Website

State parks of South Carolina
Protected areas of Chesterfield County, South Carolina
Protected areas established in 1994
1994 establishments in South Carolina


Craig Foss is a New Zealand politeecian, an a member o the kintra's pairlament in Wellington, representin the Naitional Pairty.  He is a consteetuency member unner the proportional representation seestem, representin Tukituki.

1963 births
Livin fowk
New Zealand Naitional Party MPs
Fowk frae Lower Hutt
Victoria Varsity o Wellington alumni
Unsuccessfu candidates in the New Zealand general election, 2002
Members o the New Zealand Hoose o Representatives
New Zealand MPs for North Island electorates
21st-century New Zealand politeecians

Craig Foss


Brent Thomas Bourgeois (born June 16, 1958) is an American rock musician, songwriter, and producer. He was co-leader of the band Bourgeois Tagg with Larry Tagg, and has released several solo albums. His later work has been classified in the genres pop and contemporary Christian music.

Early life
Born in New Orleans, Louisiana, Bourgeois grew up in New Jersey and Dallas, Texas. He moved with Tagg to California's Bay Area after high school, and in the late 1970s they played in a Sacramento band named Uncle Rainbow, which included members from Texas and other parts of the South of the United States.

Music career

Bourgeois Tagg
In 1984, Bourgeois and Tagg moved to Sacramento and formed Bourgeois Tagg with guitarist Lyle Workman, drummer Michael Urbano, and keyboardist Scott Moon. Bourgeois played keyboards, Tagg played bass, and both shared lead vocal duties.

The eponymous album Bourgeois Tagg was produced by David J. Holman and spawned two singles. "Mutual Surrender (What a Wonderful World)" performed well, if briefly, at college radio and received some dance/club play, but its follow-up "The Perfect Life" didn't fare as well. Promotional videos were produced for both singles, but received limited play. "Mutual Surrender (What a Wonderful World)" peaked at No. 62 on the Billboard Hot 100.

In 1987, Bourgeois Tagg recorded Yoyo with producer Todd Rundgren. It was released in autumn, and the band had what would prove to be their biggest hit with its first single "I Don't Mind at All", which peaked at No. 38 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 35 in the UK Chart. Although the single just briefly made the Top 40 in the United States, it was a Top Five hit on the Adult Contemporary chart, and a major hit worldwide. Its success was fueled by an innovative video directed by David Fincher that received heavy airplay on MTV and other music video outlets. The follow-up single "Waiting for the Worm to Turn" (the first single with a lead vocal by Tagg) failed to chart in the U.S.

Solo career
After Bourgeois Tagg split up, Bourgeois signed a solo recording deal with Virgin imprint Charisma Records. His self-titled album was released in 1990. Five songs on the album were co-produced by rock veteran Danny Kortchmar and five co-produced by David J. Holman. Brent Bourgeois featured guest appearances by Christine McVie and Rick Vito of Fleetwood Mac, and Randy Jackson, among others. The track "Can't Feel the Pain" was co-written with former bandmate Lyle Workman, who also plays guitar on that song. The album also featured a cover version of the Zombies' "Time of the Season". The first single "Dare to Fall in Love", in spite of a video that received a moderate amount of play—especially on VH1—became only a minor hit, and the album did not sell well.

1992 saw the release of A Matter of Feel. Virtually ignored by all radio and video outlets, the album fell on deaf ears and sold even less than its predecessor. The track "I'm Down with You" was co-written with Robert Palmer. Bourgeois parted ways with Charisma shortly thereafter.

In 1994 he returned with another solo album, Come Join the Living World (produced by Charlie Peacock)—this time on Reunion Records, a Contemporary Christian label—and a renewed, more literal focus on Christian themes, which he has maintained throughout his career ever since. The album spawned four No. 1 songs on Christian radio.

On June 2, 2014, Bourgeois released Don't Look Back, his first album in twenty years, and his first pop outing since A Matter of Feel. Guest artists included Julian Lennon, Todd Rundgren, and the album even served as an unofficial reunion for Bourgeois Tagg, who played on the song "Psycho."

Production and management
Between 1994 and 2002, Bourgeois worked in the contemporary Christian music world performing both songwriting and production work for acts such as Michael W. Smith, Jars of Clay, 4Him, Anointed, Jaci Velasquez, Michelle Tumes, and Cindy Morgan. He was the vice-president of A&R at Word Records in Nashville from 1997–2001, signing Nicole C. Mullen and Rachael Lampa.

Personal life
Bourgeois is married, has four children and resides in Elk Grove, California.

References

External links
 Brent Bourgeois interview  BlogTalkRadio

1958 births
Living people
Record producers from Texas
American rock singers
American performers of Christian music
Skyline High School (Dallas) alumni
Musicians from Dallas
Musicians from New Orleans
People from Elk Grove, California
Singers from Louisiana
Record producers from California

Brent Bourgeois


Andrew George Scott (1842 — January 20, 1880) was a famous Australian bushranger, known as Captain Moonlite, sometimes spelt "Moonlight". He lived in Victoria and was different from other bushrangers. There are a lot of stories and legends told about Captain Moonlight.

Early life
Scott was born in Rathfriland, County Down, Ireland, in 1842. His father was an Anglican clergyman. Scott had a good education, good manners, and had read the Bible. He left Ireland and went to London.

After hearing about the gold rushes in Australia he made his way to Victoria. He went to New Zealand and took part in the Maori Wars in 1861. He was speared in the leg, which left him with a limp. At the end of the war, he went back to Melbourne and began to train as a clergyman in the Church of England.

Preacher
He began work with the church in the Bacchus Marsh area. He lived at the small town of Mount Egerton. From there he went travelled around, visiting people, and doing church work.

At 1.00 am, Andrew came to the bank with his face covered, and armed with a gun, went into the house of the Mount Egerton bank manager, Mr. Brunn. The robber forced Brunn to walk down to the school and write a note, which said, "Captain Moonlite has stuck me up and robbed the bank." They went back to the bank where Moonlight tied Brunn up before taking all the money.

In the morning, the teacher, Mr. Simpson, found the note. He ran to the bank and untied Brunn. Brunn told the police that the man was the preacher, Andrew Scott. Scott said it was a lie, and told the police it was a plan by Brunn and Simpson to steal money from the bank. Everyone believed the preacher, and the police arrested Brunn and Simpson for robbing the bank.

Leaving town
Scott left Mount Egerton and told people he was going to go to the South Pacific. He was the main witness in the bank robbery. When he left, the police had to drop the charges against Brunn and Simpson. He bought a boat, the Swallow, and sailed out of Sydney with a group of rich young men. He just passed through the Sydney Heads when a police steam launch caught up with him and made him go back. He had paid for the boat with a bad cheque. He was sent to gaol (jail) for 18 months...,

Convict
As soon as he was let out of gaol in Sydney, he was arrested for the Mount Egerton robbery. The police put him in the new Ballarat Gaol to wait for his trial. He was able to make a hole into the next cell. With help from another prisoner, Dermoodie, they overpowered the guard and locked him in the cell. They let all the other prisoners out of their cells. They stood on each other's backs and shoulders to get to the top of the gaol wall.

Using a rope made from blankets tied together, the prisoners climbed the wall and escaped. Within one week, the police got back all the prisoners. The court gave Scott ten years in gaol for the bank robbery and one year for escaping from Ballarat. He was locked up in Pentridge Gaol. Scott behaved in gaol. After he was let out of gaol, he spoke at meetings about prison reform.

Bushranger

On November 18, 1879, a group of bushrangers led by Captain Moonlight, held up the Wantabadgery station (farm), east of Wagga Wagga. They stayed there for three days and held up all the people travelling along the road. They held about 30 people prisoner. One person was able to escape and tell the police. Two groups of police from Wagga Wagga and Gundagai went to the farm.

After a lot of shooting, the bushrangers left and the police chased them through the bush. A bushranger, Gus Wernicke, aged 15, was shot and died in great pain. A policeman, Constable Bowen was badly hurt, and died a few days later. Captain Moonlight gave himself up to the police. The police captured the rest of the gang a few days later.

The police charged the bushrangers with the murder of Bowen. In court at Darlinghurst, Sydney, Scott tried to take the blame for the crime. He wanted the lives of his friends saved. Captain Moonlight, and gang member, Rogan, were hanged on January 20, 1880. In a letter from prison, Scott asked to buried next to his friend, James Nesbitt. In 1995 he was reburied at Gundagai next to gang members Gus Wernicke and James Nesbitt. A death mask was made of Scott by Walter McGill. This mask is now in the Justice and Police Museum, New South Wales.

Moonlite in arts, music and books
The State Library of Victoria has a drawing of Scott made in November, 1879, in its collection. This can be seen on line. Artist Patrick William Marony painted a picture in 1894 of the gang (Scott, Bennett, Rogan, Nesbit and Williams), which he called The Moonliters. It is kept in the National Library of Australia and can be seen online.

References

1845 births
1880 deaths
Bushrangers

Captain Moonlite


Melozzo da Forlì (c. 1438 – 8 November 1494) was an Italian Renaissance painter and architect. His fresco paintings are notable for the use of foreshortening. He was the most important member of the Forlì painting school.

Biography

Melozzo was supposedly from a wealthy family named Ambrosi from Forlì. Nothing is known about his early years.  It is only a hypothesis that he was formed by the Forlivese school of art, then dominated by Ansuino da Forlì; both were influenced by Andrea Mantegna. It has been said, also without confirmation, that he became a journeyman and color-grinder to master painters. His presence was first mentioned in his birthplace in 1460 and again in 1464. Around this period, and together with Antoniazzo Romano, he painted frescoes in the Bessarione chapel in the Basilica dei Santi Apostoli in Rome. Melozzo then moved to Urbino, probably between 1465 and 1474.  There he met Piero della Francesca, who profoundly influenced Melozzo's style and use of perspective. He would have also studied architecture by Bramante and the work of Flemish painters then working for duke Federico da Montefeltro. Melozzo may have worked with Justus of Ghent and Pedro Berruguete to decorate the studiolo of the city's famous Ducal Palace.

Around 1472-74, Melozzo transferred to Rome, although some authorities claim his presence in Rome five or ten years earlier for work in the Basilica di San Marco. In 1477 he finished his first major work in the new seat, a fresco now transferred to canvas and placed in the Pinacoteca Vaticana, representing Sixtus IV Appointing Platina as Librarian of the Vatican Library. In the same year Girolamo Riario built his palace in Rome, now known as Palazzo Altemps, with designs by Melozzo. In 1478 he was one of the original members of the Academy of St Luke, founded by Sixtus IV to unite the chief painters working in the city.

In about 1472-74, Melozzo was commissioned by Pietro Riario to paint the vault of the apse in the basilica dei Santi Apostoli in Rome, his subject being the Ascension of Christ. In this work,  Christ is boldly and effectively foreshortened. This fresco was taken down in 1711.  The figure of Christ is now in the Quirinal Palace; some of the other portions, which influenced Raphael, are in the sacristy of St Peter's.  A hall in the Vatican Museums, with designs of angels and apostles by Melozzo, was taken from the same fresco. Another work of the Roman period is an Annunciation that can still be seen in the Pantheon.

Melozzo's last work in Rome was a chapel, now destroyed, in the church of Santa Maria in Trastevere. After the death of Sixtus IV in 1484, Melozzo moved from Rome to Loreto. There he painted the fresco in the cupola of the sacristy of San Marco in the Basilica della Santa Casa, commissioned by cardinal Girolamo Basso della Rovere. It is one of the first examples of a cupola decorated both with architecture and figures; it greatly influenced the Camera degli Sposi by Mantegna.

In 1489 Melozzo returned to Rome. During this period he probably drew some cartoons for the mosaics of Jesus blessing in the Chapel of St Helena of the basilica of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme.

Melozzo also painted the cupola of the Capuchin church at Forlì, which was destroyed in 1651.  It has been said that he executed at Urbino some of the portraits of great men (Plato, Dante, Sixtus IV, et al) which are now divided between the Barberini Palace and the Campana collection in Paris. In 1493 he worked on some ceilings, now lost, of the Palazzo Comunale of Ancona. Eventually Melozzo returned to Forlì, where, together with his pupil Marco Palmezzano, he decorated the Feo Chapel in the church of San Biagio, which was destroyed during World War II. The Pinacoteca of Forlì houses a fresco by Melozzo, known as the "Pestapepe," or Pepper-grinder, now much damaged.  Originally painted as a grocer's sign, it is an energetic example of rather coarse realism and is Melozzo's only secular subject.

Melozzo died in November 1494 in Forlì and is buried in the Church of the Santissima Trinita (Most Holy Trinity).

Legacy
While few of Melozzo's works are still preserved, critics agree that he contributed to the progress of pictorial art.  Without being remarkable as a colorist, he painted with care and finish, creating fine and dignified figures.  His use of perspective influenced other painters. Melozzo's works bear a certain resemblance to those of his contemporary Andrea Mantegna. Marco Palmezzano was a pupil of Melozzo. The signature "Marcus de Melotius" on some of Palmezzano's works, along with a general affinity of style, has led to their being ascribed to Melozzo and to the latter being incorrectly named "Marco Melozzo". The paintings of Melozzo strongly influenced Michelangelo, Raphael and Donato Bramante.

References

Sources

1494 deaths
15th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Italian Renaissance painters
People from Forlì
Year of birth uncertain
1430s births
Fresco painters

Melozzo da Forlì


The United Arab Republic (UAR) was a country in the Middle East. The UAR was a political union between Syria and Egypt from 1958 till 1961. It came into being on the first of February 1958. It was the first step towards a pan-Arabic state. Over 33 million people lived in the UAR. The capital of the UAR was Cairo, which was also its biggest city. Other big cities in the UAR include: Aleppo, Damascus, Alexandria and Giza. The flag contains three stripes: red, white and black. Which stand for (in aforementioned order): The Hashemite dynasty which represents the bloody fight for freedom, the Umayyad dynasty which represents a bright and peaceful future and the Abbasid dynasty, which represents strong rule. The green stars represent the Fatimid dynasty which represents Egypt and Syria together.

UAR's history

Origins
In 1952, after the creation of the Republic of Egypt, Gamal Abdel Nasser pursued the unification of all Arab nations, Pan-Arabism. Another keypoint of this ideology was to rid the Arab world from Western influences. From 1952-1952 he served as Egypt's prime-minister and from 1954-1970 he served as Egypt's president. Syria´s and Egypt's relations improved in 1955 when they signed their first military agreement. In 1958 the Syrian government proposed a union with Egypt. The Syrian government feared a communist take-over and they felt intimidated by the Baghdad pact which included neighboring Jordan and Iraq. There was also the threat of war with Turkey after skirmishes at the border. In Syria the worker's unions and the socialist party thought that a union with the socialistic Egypt of Nasser would help speed up the process of Syria's 'conversion' to socialism. Also the landowning elites and the bourgeoisie thought the union with Egypt would improve the economic situation in Syria. For Nasser it was an opportunity to make the first step in his dream of creating a Pan-Arab nation. On the first of February of 1958 the union was formed.

Political history
In contrast to the expectations of Nasser's Syrian supporters (mostly advocates of the Syrian Ba'ath Party), Nasser was not aiming at an equal control of power between the two countries. This governmental structure (announced on March 6, 1958) consisted of twenty Egyptian ministers and fourteen Syrian ministers. Only Egyptians got the highest positions in the government and this unbalanced division of power caused a disruption in the trust of Syria in Egypt. In October 1958, Sabri al-Asali, a Syrian vice-president, was compelled to resign due to his involvement in interventions for an Iraqi-Syrian union. This was followed by a reconstruction of the central cabinet which then consisted of fourteen Egyptian ministers and seven Syrian ministers. This was the starting point of a system wherein the central cabinet was in charge of the general policymaking and the regional cabinet controlled the day-by-day administration.

In the winter and spring to 1959-1960, Ba'th ministers removed themselves from the cabinet and simultaneously the Syrian resistance to the UAR grew. While the Syrian region of the UAR experienced frequent political changes, the Egyptian area experienced a stability. The Syrian instability was a result of the constant replacement of resigning ministers and ministers that got removed from the cabinet.

To create a stable impression of the UAR, Nasser tried to replace the resigned Ba'th ministers with notable political figures who then would support the political basis of the regime. Furthermore, right-wing politicians got approached by Nasser. The unsuccessful attempt to bring them to the government was by cause of Nasser's doubtful promises.

Collapse
The decline of support in the union between Syria and Egypt, the fading popularity of the president and the instability of the government formed the first fractions in the UAR. Nasser's economic reforms in 1960 failed in aligning Syria's economy with that of Egypt. Instead, Nasser, for example, nationalized banks, revised textbooks to strengthen Egypt's Arab identity, and curtailed the land limit. This new UAR identity was embodied by the new flag that was announced in 1958.

The nationalized UAR opposed Egyptian on a weakened Syria. The expectations of a union of Syrian and Egypt societies got surpassed by Nasser's socialist systems that dominated the UAR. Wanting to subordinate the Syrian army officers, Nasser evoked extreme resentment from Syria. The constant diminishes of Syrian influence led to the Syrian coup d'état in September 1961, ending the UAR.

The United Arab States, the UAR's affiliation with Yemen, was disbanded shortly afterwards. Egypt tried to save the union, but they were unsuccessful. Even after Nasser's death in 1970, Egypt was still referred to as "the United Arab Republic".

References

1957 establishments
1961 disestablishments
Former countries in Africa
Former countries in the Middle East
20th century in Egypt
20th century in Syria

United Arab Republic


Mihailo Đurić (Serbian Cyrillic: Михаило Ђурић; 22 August 1925 – 25 November 2011) was one of Serbia's most prominent philosophers, a professor at the University of Belgrade's Law School, and a member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

Birth, education and academic career
Mihailo Đurić was born in Šabac, Kingdom of Yugoslavia to Stevan (a judge) and Milica (nee Despotović, a schoolteacher). After finishing gymnasuim he studied law, philosophy, and classical philology at Belgrade University. He earned his PhD in law at Belgrade University in 1954.

Đurić began teaching at the Law School of Belgrade University in 1954 and received tenure in 1969. At the Law School he taught History of politics theories, General sociology, and Social science methodology classes. He lost his tenure at the University and was jailed in 1973 because of his public speech, given on March 18. 1971. From 1974. to 1989. he worked as a scholar at the Social Science Institute in Belgrade. In the same period he was a visiting philosophy professor at West Berlin, Augsburg University.

Along with professor Jozef Simon and as a philosopher, Đurić was head of the Nietsche philosophy international seminars from 1981. to 1991. at the Dubrovnik Inter-university Center, Dubrovnik Yugoslavia.

Đurić, for contribution to the philosophical and legal sciences, won the international Prize "Prof. Luigi Tartufari" from the prominent National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Italy, in 2009.

References

1925 births
2011 deaths
20th-century philosophers
21st-century philosophers
Political scientists
Serbian scientists
Social scientists

Mihailo Đurić