Sanchar (, ) is a toun on the River Nith in Dumfries an Gallowa, Scotland. It lies north o Thornhill an wast o Moffat. It is an umwhile Ryal burgh.

Sanchar is kenspeckelt for its peerie post office, estaiblisht in 1712 an haudit tae be the auldest wirkin post office in the warld. It wis the place an aw whaur the Covenanters, that cried again the episcopalisation o the kirk, adheebitit the Sanchar Declaration, renuncin thair allegiance til the king, an event commemoratit bi a moniment in the main street.

The kirk o St Brides conteens a memorial tae James Crichton, a 16-century polymath. The ruins o Sanchar Castle staund nearby. Nithsdale Wanderers F.C., the local team, wis formt in 1897. In 1924-5, the Wanderers wan the Scots Fitbaa League Thrid Diveesion.

History

The names Sanquhar an Sanchar baith come fae the Scots Gaelic leid Seann Cathair, meanin "auld fort". The're a 15t-century castle ruin that looks ootower the toun, bit the name even predates this auncient fort. The antiquary, William Forbes Skene, conseedert it the like location o the dounset name't Corda in Ptolemy's Geographica. Wi this location alang the River Nith, Sanchar his been a major sheddins for centurys. Artifacts hae been fund here fae the Neolithic Age. The remeens o several prehistoric Breetish fors can be fund in the aurie as weel as hints o a Roman ootpost.

The auncient hill fort at Tynron Doun is locatit aboot 17.5 mile awa fae the toon. This fort is descrived in Archaeology of late Celtic Britain and Ireland bi LR Laing (1975) as "a weel-preserved multivallate hill fort" that mebbe begoud its existance in the Airn Age an conteenaed tae be uised ootthrou the Daurk Ages an intil the early Middle Ages. durin Roman times the fort wad hae been in Selgovae laund, efter the Romans depairtit it lay on the mairches o the Kinrick o Strathclyde an the Galwyddel. This place is associatit wi a local leegend o a "heidless horseman"  that is supposed hae ridden doun fae it as a warnin weird o deith, a story that mebbe his some oreegin in a Celtic heid cult. The Poetical Works o Sir Walter Scott (1822) attest that Robert the Bruce hidit in the forests aboot this hill efter he hid kilt ane o his rivals, John "the Reid" Comyn.

In the 9t an 10t centurys, waws o Gaelic sattlers cam til the aurie fae Ireland. These Scoto-Erse fowk replace't the native Breetons an becam the dominant woners for hunners o years. In the 12t century, Norman colonization o the Breetish Islands brang a feudal seestem o government an branglin barons an shirras rule't the laund for several centurys. Sanchar is in the coonty o Dumfriesshire that lies aside the English mairch. Thir border coonties wis constant in a state o strowe as groups reived ither athort the dividin lines.

Durin the Wars o Scots Unthirldom the English airmy teuk ower the auld castle at Sanchar. The Laird o the Castle, Sir William the Haurdy, Laird o Douglas, leart o this an cam up wi a cliver pack whaur ae man sneakit intil the castle an appent the yetts, allouin Laird Douglas tae seize it. The English begoud a conter-attack, bit William Wallace leart o the battle an cam tae rescue. As the English airmy retreatit, Wallace chase't them doun an kilt 500 o them. Wallace veesitit the castle on several occasions.

The Crichton faimily

It is beleived dthe Crichton faimily cam tae Breetain fae Hungary. Durin the ring o Robert the Bruce thay obteent the launds aroond Sanchar an rule't ower the aurie fae the mid-14t until the mid-17th centurys. Mary, Queen o Scots, (a cuisin o Queen Elizabeth I o England) cam tae Sanchar in Mey 1568 efter her defeat at the Battle o Langside. Laird Crichton o Sanchar wis leal tae Mary, an herbourt her until she escapit ower the River Nith. For this, he wis puinisht efter the Scots lairds beseiged an capturt the caste ance mair.

The end o the Crichton faimily pouer in the aurie wis the upshot o a lovitch pairty. In Julie 1616, the King o Great Breetain, James VI, Keeng o Scots (King James I o England), traivelt throu Scotland tae Glesga, an on his wey hame steyed at the castle in Sanchar. The Crichtons walcome't him wi a paraffle sae muckle that it bankruptit them. It is said that Laird Crichton convoyed the king tae his bed cairyin a lichtit torch made fae £30,000 in bond notes that the king wis awin tae Laird Crichton. Bi 1639, the Crichtons hid flittit tae Ayrshire, an selt thair haudins in Sanchar til the Yerl o Queensberry.

A joke in the region is that mony a young wumman that wrocht for the Crichtons wad "gang in the servand's ingang an come oot the faimily wey". Houiver, ae well-regardit member o the Crichton faimily was James Crichton, kent as "The Admirable Crichton".

Releegious upheavin

A new speal o disruption cam in the form o releegious rebellion. The Covenanters wis dedicatit Scots Presbyterians devotit tae mainteenin Presbyterianism as the anely form o kirk organisation in Scotland. Thay led Scotland intil England's ceevil wars o the speal conter Keeng Charles I an later Oliver Cromwell. Ootthrou the 17t century the war fechtin an persecution bi baith sides.

The year 1685 saw the seicont declaration, bi James Renwick that teuk an aw a lairge airmt pairty intae Sanchar, frichtenin aw the tounsfowk that thocht a battle wis comin. The Sanchar Declarations, as thay is kent, set furth the steid o releegious freedom in Scotland, Sanchar's location led an aw thaim that wis huntit and herrit tae pass throu o hide in the aurie.

In the Victorian era the toun's mercat cross wis transformt intil a moniment beirin the inscription: In commemoration of the two famous Sanquhar Declations which were published on this spot, where stood the ancient Cross of the Burgh; the one by the Rev. Richard Cameron, on 22 June 1680; the other by the Rev. James Renwick on 25 May 1685, the killing time. If you would know the nature of the their crime, then read the story of that killing time. 1864.

The end o the Covenantin speal in the early 18t century wisna the last releegioius upheavin for the aurie. The Kirk o Scotland wis torn bi several branglins ower the years. Ane o the major issues wis whether the local populations o the kirk heidquarters coud hire local meenisters. In the 1830s mony kirks seceded an in 1843 a lairge nummer or kirks brak awa tae form the Free Kirk o Scotland. The time wis kent as the "Great Disruption". In Sanchar the meenister wis leanin taewart the new splinder groups, maistly at the promuivin o his guidwife. Whan she dee'd he tyne't his nerves. The split cam an he steyed ahint, alang wi maist o his pairishioners. He keepit his job an his kirk hoose, but tyne't the respect o the community. The creaution o the Free Kirk in Sanchar, an the wauchlin o the meenister left mony haurd feelins in the toun. The war haurdly a family that wisna torn apairt bi the branglins. At this pynt the pairish records become a raivelment, an haurdly a birth o mairiage wis recordit until ceevil registration stairted in 1855.

Sanchar wis legal acknawledged bi the croun as early as the 15t century an wis made a ryal burgh in 1598. In maugre o politeecal wanrest in the aurie, agricultur begoud tae floorish in the early 18t century. Local industrys cam intae thair ain, particular coal minin. Coal hid been dug in the aurie for hunners o years, bit mair advance't methods helpit the industry tae growe. Ither industrys that lippent coal, sic as weavin, cairpet makkin, an smiddies begoud tae appear.

Robert Burns

In the 1780s, the Scots makkar Robert Burns wis a frequent veesitor tae Sanchar. Whan he wish renovatin a ferm in 1788, he aften passt throu on the wey back tae his guidwife, Jean, in Ayrshire. Efterhaund he becam a weel-kent face acause o his excise duties.  Burns cried the toun "Black Joan" in his ballad "Five Carlins that he representit the local burghs as chairacters in. He wad stey owernicht at the Queensberry Arms in the Heich Street, makkin freends wi the awner an cawin it "the anely tholeable inn in the place."

Post Office an the oo tred

Sanchar is kenspeckle for its peerie post office, estaiblisht in 1712 and haudit tae be the auldest wirkin post office in the warld.  The post office predates the seicont-auldest, in Stockholm, Swaden, by aicht year, while the third-auldest in Santiago, Chile appent in 1772. In November 2019 it wis pit up for sale at £275,000, includin a three-bedchaumer cot, a close, an some ootbiggins. A spokesman said: "The Post Office will be working with the local community to try to find a new postmaster to take on the branch and ensure it remains part of the Post Office network and Sanquhar's unique place is postal history is retained."

The oo tred hid been an imporatant wan in the coastal tredin touns o Dumfriesshire an Kirkcoubrieshire syne medieval times an bi the 18t century Sanchar hid developit as a landwart mercat centere. The Sanquhar Wool Fair, haudit in Julie, raadit the prices for the hale sooth o Scotland. A perqueer twa-colourt pattren o knittin that is widely kent as "Sanquhar knitting" taks its name fae this wee pairish. A traiveler's accoont early in the 18t centurs tells us: "Gloves they make better and cheaper than in England, for they send great quantities thither." Mony a puir fermin faimily uphaudit themsels wi extra income fae thir socht-efter knittit garments. While knittin dee'd oot as an industry, the presentation o tradeetional Sanquhar gloves is an important pairt o local celebrations even nouadays.

Durin the 18t century the life o a weaver wis enviable. Thay wan guid wages an wrocht at thair luims inby, aften at their ain hames. Thay coud wirk whitiver oors thay wantit, and coud take time aff in autumn tae help the fermers wi thair hairsts. It wis said that ony time the war a noise in the streets aw the weavers wad be the first wans tae drap thair wirk, rin oot, an begin claiverin aboot the maitter. Taewart the end o the 18t century, houiver, advances in technology made the hame shaps less profitable, an mony o Sanchar's weavers fund themsels leukin for ither wirk.

Crawick Veelage

Ither wirk cam in the form o a cairpet factory, alang the Crawick Watter. At first, it consistit o a wheen o separate luims, bit bi the 1830s, the war a lairge factory, blowstin 54 luims at its hicht. The cairpets made here wis warld-renount for thair lest an orders cam fae as faur awa as Sooth America. A feck o thair total production was shippit tae Valparaíso, Chile.

The location alang the Crawick Watter wis the hame an aw o John Rigg's smiddie. In the late 18t century he hid been perswaddit tae muive here fae Dalston in Cumbria tae purvey tuils for the coalfields. He makkit a damheid anent the veelage o Crawick an uised the watter tae pouer his factory. The watter separatit the pairishes o Sanchar an Kirkconnel, an awtho the smiddie wis on the Kirconnel side, Sanchar aye laid claim tae it. The smiddie produce't shuils an ither tuils intil the 20t century.

The veelage o Crawick hid ance been kent as a haven for witches. Ae story is that the pairish meenister's kye begoud makkin milk that wadna kirn. He sent ane o his servands tae tie a brainch fae a rowan tree ower the goit o the witch's hoose in Crawick, that endit the curse. For a lang time, a lairge rowan tree floorished in the front yaird o the kirk, mebbe pairtly tae keep thir frawart speerits awa. Life in Crawick wis descrived beautifu bi James Brown, in his History of Sanquhar:

"Crawick Mill was a clean tidy little hamlet pleasantly embosomed on the banks of the Crawick and sheltered from almost every wind that blew, and there was no happier colony of weavers to be found in any country district in Scotland. They were almost all natives, whose whole life associations were connected with the place. We have no pleasanter memory than that of the weavers playing quoits, of which they were very fond, on the summer evenings on the "Alley", a long strip of ground on the banks of the stream behind the Village, while their wives, with their clean "mutches" sat about or sauntered up and down chatting and gossiping, and the bairns were either scrambling along the wooded banks of the Crawick or "paidling" in its clear water, the pleasant babble of the stream as it rushed over the dam-head mingling with the voices of the men at their game and the joyous shouts and laughter of the children."

Atween 1885 an 1916, Crawick even hid its ain post office (kent as Crawick Bridge); it hid an aw gas-pouert streetlichts twa year after the lave o the toun o Sanchar. Aw o this cam tae a sad end whan ane o the awners o the factory dee'd, an the tither awners brangle't. Bi 1860, the factory wis shut doun. Mony o the weavers flittit tae lairger ceetys tae keep thair tred. The smiddie, and the nearby colliery, kept fowk emplooyed until the 20t century. Durin the speal after Warld War II mony fowk flittit awa, an the wee clachan wis aw bit desertit. Anely a wheen o hames staund here noo, the woners a bit awaur o the industries that ance thrived here.

Recent history

Sanchar itsel luckit weel throu the late 19t and early 20t centurys. The dwinnlin o tradeetional industrys in the middle o the 20t century hurtit the toun, bit noo new manufacturers is flittin in an the're a strang sense o community in the burgh. Sanchar hid a public schuil as early as 1793. William Adam, a famous Scots airchitect, designt the towebuith in the centre o the toun that is the anely survivin biggin o this type designt bi him. Built in 1731, much o the biggin materials for it wis taen fae the auld castle in Scanchar an it is nouadays uised as the toun museum, conteenin local artifacts an memorabilia. In 1800, the population o Sanchar wis 2,350. It growed tae 3,268 bi the year 1830, bit by 1991 hid foondert again tae 2,910. Nouadays it staunds at aboot 2,100.

The sport o curlin rins in the bluid o fowk fae Sanchar. The toun his the warld's auldest curlin society, formt in 1774 wi saxty members. James Brown, that wrate an important history o the toun, is creeditit an aw wi writin the rules uised universal for the sport. The witches o Crawick wis kent for castin spells ontil the tither teams. The war kemps whaur the prize wis a seck o grain. The winnin team wad get the fuuid an distreebute it til the puir an needfu in thair hametoun.

In the airts, the Sanquhar Pantomime Group performs a tradeetional Christenmas pantomime in aid o local chairitys. An annual occurence durin the 1990s, it noo alternates wi the local primary schuil.

Ilka year, on the Seturday closest tae 18t August, the Ryal Burgh o Sanchar hauds its annual Riding of the Marches. This week-lang even celebrates the Ryal Burgh, throu the selection o a "Queen" an her "wallies" fae fowert-year girls in the seicontary schuil, an a paraud o larries an horses, tae name anely a wheen o events. Mony o the taverns is busy durin this time - it his been notit that mony o the change-keepers begin tae have phrasins o grandur durin this speal.

The railwey line his remeent appen for fraucht an passenger traffeck, houiver Sanquhar railwey station wis closed an anely re-appent in recent years.

Cyclin history

In the late 1930s, Sanchar wis the hame tae the Crawick Wheelers, a gey successfu Cyclin Club that wis instrumental in the settin o a nummber o Scots time trial records. The Scott brithers wis birthy in settin thir records alang wi Jack Tudhope. The Scots wis predominant miners in the local collieries an wrocht an 11-day fortnicht finishin wirk on a Seturday mornin. They wad syne ride fae Sanchar tae Dundee or Perth an tak pairt in the Time Trial races afore retourin hame on the Sunday. After Warld War II, Jim Scott muived on fae the Crawick Wheelers an rade for Law Wheelers in Lanarkshire; the Crawick seems tae have fauldit aboot this time.

Neebourin hills

Sanchar sits in Nithsdale near interestin hills on baith sides, the Carsphairn an Scaur Hills til the wast an the Lowther Hills til the sootheast. Thir hills offer excellent possibeelitys for the ootby enthusiast. The Soothren Upland Wey passes throu the toun on its wey fae Portpaitrick on Scotland's wast coast tae Cockburnspaith on the east.

References

External links

 A photo walk aroond Sanchar
 Sanchar moniment
 The Sanquhar knittin pattrens
 video an commentary on the Gateside colliery bings.
 video an commentary on the Crawick Multiverse.
 video an commentary on the Euchan Mineral Spring.
 video ad commentary on the Queensberry Arms coaching inn.
 video an commentary on the Sanchar Cairn and Seann Cathair Fort.
 Narration an video footage o Minnock Veelage.

Touns in Dumfries an Gallowa
Pairishes in Dumfries an Gallowa
Dumfries an Gallowa
Places o Scotland

Sanchar


Muzzle Tough is a 1954 Warner Bros. Merrie Melodies animated cartoon directed by Friz Freleng. The short was released on June 26, 1954, and stars Tweety, Sylvester and Granny.

The title is a play on the Yiddish expression "mazel tov", which roughly translates to "good luck".

Plot
The story begins with Granny and two moving men in their truck (which reads "Checker Movers, It's Your Move") searching for her new house, which they soon find. The movers walk Granny's belongings past Sylvester as he is napping on top of the wall surrounding the house. Sylvester suddenly wakes up when the movers parade Tweety in his cage past him, and Tweety says: "I tawt I taw a puddytat!" Immediately, Sylvester starts to pursue Tweety atop the wall, but then crashes into a lamp post and falls off the wall. Sylvester climbs back up as Tweety is carried into the house, while another mover sets Hector's doghouse down on the ground. Sylvester steps down upon the roof of the doghouse as he comes down from the wall, and when Hector sees him, he likewise says: "I tawt I taw a puddytat!" Hector then bites Sylvester's tail and chases him back out to the street.

Plotting to get past Hector and finagle his way into the house, Sylvester disguises himself as a lamp, putting a shade on his head. After a mover carries him in and sets him on the table next to Tweety's cage, Tweety plugs Sylvester's tail into the outlet, giving Sylvester a massive electric jolt. Hector bites Sylvester and also gets zapped, then chases him out of the house and back to the street again.

Sylvester then tries posing as one of the movers...and gets Granny's piano loaded into his arms! Tweety guides Sylvester all the way up the stairs to the top floor and through a doorway, which sends Sylvester plummeting with the piano to the street below, prompting Tweety to remark: "Ooooh, dat wast step was a wuwu!"

Making another attempt, Sylvester hides under a bear rug to sneak up on Tweety and climbs up to his cage. Granny, frightened at the sight, thinks the bear had been "playing 'possum for twenty years" and fires several pistol shots at Sylvester (a partial reference to The Fair-Haired Hare) before Hector chases him out again.

Finally, Sylvester goes to the costume shop and dresses up full-body as a voluptuous female dog to lure Hector away from the front steps. As the instantly lovestruck Hector approaches, Sylvester is preparing to knock him out with a mallet, but before he does, a dog catcher captures Sylvester in his net and locks him in his truck. Outraged, Sylvester furiously pounds on the window, demanding the dog catcher to let him out, but the dog catcher isn't listening to a word. He then removes the rubber dog mask from his costume yelling, "I'm not a dog, I'm a cat! K-A-T!"—a fatal error, as all the dogs in the truck notice immediately and begin to attack him as the truck disappears down the street. Tweety then says: "Dere won't be no more puddytats awound to chase me now.", before he sees two cats in the room with lamp shades on their heads, to which he says: "Of tourse, I tould be wong."

Home media
VHS- Sylvester and Tweety's Tale Feathers
VHS- Looney Tunes Collectors Edition: Canine Corps

References

External links

Merrie Melodies short films
Warner Bros. Cartoons animated short films
Short films directed by Friz Freleng
1954 animated films
1954 short films
1950s Warner Bros. animated short films
Films scored by Carl Stalling
1954 films
Animated films about dogs
Tweety films
Sylvester the Cat films
1950s English-language films

Muzzle Tough


Nellis is an unincorporated community coal town in Boone County, West Virginia, United States on Brush Creek. The Nellis Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.  Nellis was named by mine owners Matthew Slush and T.E.B. Siler after Frank E. Nellis, editor of the "Mount Clemens Independent" in Michigan.

References

Unincorporated communities in Boone County, West Virginia
Coal towns in West Virginia

Nellis, West Virginia


Stephen Collins (born 21 July 1964) is an Irish former professional boxer who competed from 1986 to 1997. Known as the Celtic Warrior, Collins is the most successful male Irish boxer in recent professional boxing history, having held the WBO middleweight and super-middleweight titles simultaneously and never losing a fight as champion.

Collins' first nineteen professional fights all took place in the United States. In 1988 he won the Irish middleweight title, and the regional American USBA middleweight title the following year, defending the latter successfully in Atlantic City and Las Vegas. In his first two world championship challenges, both for the WBA middleweight title, Collins lost a close decision to Mike McCallum in 1990 and a majority decision to Reggie Johnson in 1992. He also challenged unsuccessfully for the European middleweight title later in 1992, losing a controversial decision to Sumbu Kalambay in Italy.

It was not until Collins reached his early 30s that he fulfilled his potential, becoming WBO middleweight champion in his third world title attempt with a fifth-round TKO victory over Chris Pyatt in 1994, before then moving up in weight to defeat the undefeated Chris Eubank and claim the WBO super-middleweight title in 1995. More success followed, as Collins successfully defended his title by winning the rematch against Eubank later in the year. Collins successfully defended his title another six times before pulling out of a proposed fight in October 1997 against rising Welsh star, Joe Calzaghe, and retiring from the sport, with Collins frustrated by his inability to get a fight against the pound for pound number one boxer of the time, Roy Jones Jr., who was then fighting in the light-heavyweight division.

Having competed against some of the best boxers on both sides of the Atlantic during his career, Collins tends to be linked more to an era in the UK and Ireland during which there was a notable rivalry between British boxers Chris Eubank and Nigel Benn, both of whom Collins fought close to the end of their careers and defeated twice.

Professional career

Early years in Boston
Steve Collins won 26 Irish titles as an amateur before turning professional in Boston, Massachusetts (USA) in October 1986. Collins worked out of Petronelli Brothers gym in Brockton, Massachusetts alongside Marvin Hagler. His debut fight was against Julio Mercado on the undercard of a bill that featured Irish Americans; his future trainer Freddie Roach and the future Fight of the Year winner Micky Ward. Collins beat Mercado by way of knockout in the third round.

In Boston, Massachusetts in 1988, he defeated former Olympian and British Super Middleweight champion  Sam Storey to win the Irish middleweight title, then defeated world No. 5, Kevin Watts to win the USBA middleweight title. After reaching 16–0, Collins stepped in as a substitute in a WBA middleweight title fight after Michael Watson was injured in training, and fought 12 rounds against Mike McCallum in Boston in 1990. Collins was supported by a large crowd of Irish Americans as he battled the champion McCallum, with the fight being close early on before McCallum started to tire as Collins gained momentum in the later stages to bring a close finish at the end of 12 exciting rounds. McCallum got the win by unanimous decision.

In 1992, Collins lost a majority decision to Reggie Johnson in a closely contested slugfest for the vacant WBA middleweight title (which had been stripped from McCallum because he signed to fight IBF champion James Toney). Collins then lost by split decision to Sumbu Kalambay for the European title in Italy, before beating Gerhard Botes of South Africa to win the WBA Penta-Continental middleweight title in 1993.

WBO middleweight champion
Collins then moved to Belfast under the management of Barney Eastwood before basing himself in England where he joined Barry Hearn's Matchroom Boxing. Alongside him was Paul "Silky" Jones, his sparring partner and good friend who later went on to become WBO light-middleweight title holder. Collins was trained by Freddie King in the Romford training camp.

In May 1994, Collins finally won a world title by defeating Chris Pyatt by stoppage in five rounds to become the WBO middleweight champion. Early in 1995, Collins relinquished this title without a defence as he was having difficulty making the 160lbs middleweight limit.

In March 1995, Chris Eubank (41-0-2) had been scheduled to have a third WBO super-middleweight title fight against Ray Close. Eubank and Close had two fights over the previous two years (their first fight a draw, and their second fight a narrow split decision win for Eubank), but Close was forced to withdraw from their scheduled third fight after failing an MRI brain scan. Collins then stepped into Close's place, moving up to super-middleweight to take on Eubank.

WBO super-middleweight champion
Collins defeated the then unbeaten long-reigning champion Chris Eubank in Millstreet, County Cork, Ireland, in March 1995, by unanimous decision (115–111, 116–114, 114–113), to win the WBO super-middleweight title. Collins had enlisted the help of a guru, and they led the press to believe that Collins would be hypnotised for the fight, which noticeably unsettled Eubank. True to form, Collins sat in his corner and did not move, listening to headphones during Eubank's ring entrance. Collins knocked Eubank down in the eighth round, and was well ahead on the scorecards at the end of Round 9, but Eubank finished the fight strongly as he tried to save his unbeaten record and knocked Collins down in the tenth round, coming close to a stoppage. Eubank was unable to finish the job, and Collins held on for victory.

In their September 1995 rematch in Cork, Collins performed brilliantly, changing his usual fighting style by adopting wild, brawling tactics throughout which Eubank really struggled to deal with. Despite most TV pundits and commentators giving Collins a wide points victory with scorecards in the region of 117–111 and 118–110, the three judges saw the fight very differently with Collins only winning by a close split decision, 115–113, 115–113 and 114–115. Collins successfully defended his WBO super-middleweight title seven times, including two fights against Nigel Benn in 1996.

In the summer of 1997, Collins reportedly stated in the press that he had no motivation left, as he had spent the best part of his career chasing Roy Jones Jr. for a fight that had been promised to him many times. Collins is reported to have stated in Boxing World that he had spent so long chasing Roy Jones Jr. that money was no longer important; that he would "fight him in a phone box in front of two men and a dog", but the bout never materialized. A WBO super-middleweight title fight against Joe Calzaghe was agreed for October 1997, but Collins got injured 10 days before the scheduled fight, with Collins then making a statement saying that fighting Calzaghe would do nothing to satisfy the desire he had for fighting Jones.

Collins then added he wanted to retire on a high note with a good pay day, "Joe is a good up-and-coming kid, but he wouldn't fill a parish church". As Collins couldn't get the fight with Jones, Collins decided to retire.

In 1999, Collins announced his decision to come out of retirement to fight Roy Jones Jr. Controversy surrounded the proposed fight, as WBC and WBA light heavyweight champion Jones decided to fight the IBF light heavyweight champion and old Collins foe Reggie Johnson (which Jones won by a shutout 120–106 on all three judges' scorecards), In training, Collins collapsed during a sparring session Although tests and a brain scan could not find any problems, Collins decided that it was a warning to make him stop boxing, and he retired for a second time.

Collins retired in 1997, with a record of 39 fights, 36 wins (21 knockouts) and 3 losses.

Retirement
Collins has not entirely faded from the spotlight since his retirement. In 1998 he appeared in the film Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels as a boxing gym bouncer. In 1999 he made a cameo appearance in "Sweetest Thing", a music video by U2. On 15 January 2013, at the age of 48, Collins announced plans to fight Roy Jones Jr. He went on to appear in a number of exhibition bouts in preparation for the proposed Jones fight.

In 2014, Collins joined the Army Reserve's, and in 2017, transferred to 253 Provost Company of the 4th Regiment Royal Military Police in London where he had been living for the previous 20 years. He gained promotion to Lance Corporal and qualified as an army boxing coach.

Personal life
His brother Roddy Collins is a former professional footballer and manager.

His brother Paschal was a professional boxer and now a leading professional boxing coach plus  manager.

His eldest son Stevie Jnr is a retired rugby player and a retired professional boxer who now coaches and manages boxers

His youngest son Luke is an active amateur boxer and qualified amateur boxing coach.

Professional boxing record

References

External links

1964 births
Living people
Boxers from Dublin (city)
Irish expatriate sportspeople in the United Kingdom
Irish male boxers
World Boxing Organization champions
World middleweight boxing champions
World super-middleweight boxing champions
People from Cabra, Dublin

Steve Collins


A threat is a type of communication. It is a warning. It is a behaviour which almost all advanced animals have. In humans it is often verbal (spoken). Dictionary definition:
"Any action, gesture or response that indicates an intention to attack, harm or intimidate another".

Threats evolved because actual fighting often damages an animal, and a damaged animal is at risk. On the other hand, animals compete for food, territory, mating and other important things.

Because humans have complicated brains, their use of threats may be deliberate, and may be spoofs or jokes. Humans make threats verbally, but words are not automatic. If I tread in your toe, you may say "Ow" by reflex. That's not a threat. But if I say "do that again, and I'll (whatever)", that's a threat.
In many cases the threat is not believed, or may even be a joke.  Like other communications, a threat has a context, and the context decides its meaning.

A child who says "I'll tell my dad" may learn from the sarcastic reply "I'm so scared!" that the threat is an idle threat. An idle threat is one that promises harm which cannot or will not happen.

A threat to do harm may be mixed with an offer to do good. This is called a conditional offer, or  throffer.  The threat part may be implied, but nevertheless effective.

Some countries, such as the United States, have a legal concept of true threat. A true threat is a threatening communication which can be prosecuted under the law.

A threat can describe a situation of danger: for example "a terrorist threat". Many countries have a system where the government can adjust its security by having official threat levels.

Related pages
 Nonverbal communication
 Threat display (in animals)

References

Communication
Psychology

Threat


Gao Lingwei (; Hepburn: Kō Ryōi); (1870–1940) was a Chinese politician during the late Qing dynasty and the early Republic of China.

A Tianjin native, he was appointed to Hubei where he held many offices relating to finance and education including a stint as superintendent of the provincial military academy. There he became a protégé of Zhang Zhidong in China's modernization effort and was appointed governor of Hunan. After the Xinhai Revolution, he returned to Tianjin and subsequently became a minister in many Warlord era cabinets. In 1923, he became the Acting President while Cao Kun "campaigned" for the presidency by bribing the National Assembly. Finally, he served briefly as Cao's first premier.

Biography

Early career
Gao Lingwei was born in Tianjin in 1868. He successfully passed the Imperial examinations and was afterwards assigned to the province of Hubei for official appointment. He was the sub-director of the high school attached to Chin Hsin College, and superintendent of the Military Academy in Hubei. Later, he became the director of the Hubei Government Mint. While holding the position of Viceroy of Hunan and Hubei, Zhang Zhidong ordered the establishment of an arsenal, industrial plants and copper and silver mints, and also encouraged the establishment of schools in his territory. Gao Lingwei participated in all these activities to the satisfaction of the Great Viceroy. In 1906, he was promoted to be the Commissioner of Education in Hubei. It was at a time when the Central Government tried to concentrate power in Beijing and local finances were consequently stringent and funds for education became very scant. Despite such circumstances Gao Lingwei found the necessary funds was able to increase the number of schools in that province by tenfold in a few months. In 1909 Gao Lingwei was promoted to be the Provincial Treasurer, a very high provincial appointment at that time. After serving in that important capacity for some time, one of his parents died, and according to the ancient custom, he had to retire from official duties for three years.

Warlord era politician
When the Xinhai Revolution came in 1911, Gao Lingwei went to Tianjin and continued living in retirement. During his retirement in Tianjin, at the request of his friends, he did all he could to direct the organization of banks along modern lines in different parts of the country. In August 1913 he was appointed the acting chief of the Financial Bureau of Zhili Province. In September 1913 he was ordered to act concurrently as Chief of the Preparation Bureau for the Collection of National Taxes in Zhili. He was relieved of these two posts in April 1914. In 1915 Gao Lingwei was the High Advisor to the Office of the Tuchun of the Three Eastern Provinces. In August 1917, he became a member of the Legislative Yuan from Zhili. In August 1920, he was appointed as the Vice-Minister of Agriculture and Commerce. In January 1921 he received the Second Class Tashou Chiaho. In July 1921 he was appointed as the Vice-President of the Bank of Agriculture and Commerce. In October 1921 he was appointed as the Minister of Finance and awarded the First Class Tashou Chiaho. In November 1921 he was ordered to become the concurrently Director General of the Currency Bureau and also the Director General of the Salt Administration. In December 1921, he was transferred to become the Minister of the Interior. In this capacity he served in January 1922 the following concurrent positions: Director-General of Famine Relief; Director General of the Metropolitan Municipal Administration; and President of the Yangtze River Commission. In March 1922 Gao Lingwei was awarded the First Class Wenfu. In May 1922 he was ordered to act concurrently as Minister of Communications. This acting post was only held by him for half a month. In June 1922 Gao Lingwei was relieved of the portfolio of the Interior Ministry. On the 18th of the same month he was appointed to be the Civil Governor of Zhili, but he did not assume office and on the 24th he was relieved of the post of governor. In August 1922 he was appointed as the Acting Minister of Finance, in September he was transferred to become the Acting Minister of Agriculture and Commerce. In October 1922 Gao Lingwei was awarded the First Class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho. In November 1922 he was transferred to be the Acting Minister of the Interior. In January 1923 he was appointed as the Minister of the Interior. In February he was ordered to hold concurrently the Presidency of the Yangtze River Commission.
In October 1923 Gao Lingwei was appointed Premier of China. He held this position was held until January 1924, when he was appointed to be the Director General of the Customs Administration to succeed Sun Baoqi, who had been appointed as the Premier. However, in October 1924, the armies of the warlord Feng Yuxiang overthrew President Cao Kun, and Gao Lingwei fled to Tianjin, and from there to Shanghai.

Later career
In 1926, Gao Lingwei returned from Shanghai to Tianjin, where he lived at the Japanese concession. He came into contact there with Duan Qirui, Wang Yitang and Zhang Yanqing, the future foreign minister of Manchukuo) and was active in promoting Sino-Japanese relations. He began cooperating with the Japanese secret services from 1930. In 1935, Gao Lingwei was made a member of the Hebei-Chahar Political Council. After the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, he joined the pro-Japanese Provisional Government of the Republic of China led by Wang Kemin, who appointed him acting Mayor of Tianjin. From December 17, 1937 he was appointed governor of Hebei province. However, he resigned his post in May 1938 and moved to Beijing, where he died of a heart attack in 1940.

References
 Dryburgh, Marjorie. North China and Japanese Expansion 1933-1937. Routledge (2013)
 Li, Chien Nung. The Political History of China, 1840-1928. Stanford University Press (1967)

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1870 births
1939 deaths
Republic of China politicians from Tianjin
Presidents of the Republic of China
Mayors of Tianjin
Premiers of the Republic of China
Chinese collaborators with Imperial Japan
20th-century Chinese heads of government

Gao Lingwei


Juan de Atienza (born at Tordehumos, near Valladolid, in Spain, in 1546) was a Spanish Jesuit missionary in South America.

Life

He was the eldest son of the royal Councillor of Castile, Bartolome de Atienza, a distinguished jurisconsult under Charles V of Spain. He studied law at the University of Salamanca, but in 1564 forsook the legal career in order to become a Jesuit.

While in Spain, he was Prefect of the College of Ávila, Procurator of the Province of his order, founder of the College of Villa Garcia, its rector and master of novices, and rector of the College of Valladolid. He learned of a call for fifty Jesuits, to be sent to Peru; he asked permission to become one of their number.

He reached Lima in 1581 and found there his appointment as rector of the College of San Pablo. In that capacity he was surrogate to the Provincial, Father Baltasar de Piñas, and founded, under the direction of the Company of Jesus, the College of San Martin, the first school of secular learning established at Lima. The foundation of that school was confirmed by Pope Sixtus V, in 1585, and Father Atienza became its first rector.

In 1580 he was made Provincial of the Jesuits in Peru. He fostered and extend the missions in Ecuador, the Gran Chaco, Tucuman and Paraguay. Out of these efforts the province of Paraguay was born in 1607. During that period a printing press was established by the Jesuits at the Indian village of . Jointly with Father Jose de Acosta, he directed the publication of catechisms and textbooks of Christian doctrine for the use of the Indians. These religious primers were printed between the years 1583 and 1590, at Lima. They are in Spanish, Quichua, and Aymará.

References

Attribution

1546 births
Spanish Roman Catholic missionaries
University of Salamanca alumni
16th-century Spanish Jesuits
Year of death unknown
Jesuit missionaries in Peru

Juan de Atienza


The Northern Indo-Aryan languages, also known as Pahāṛi languages, are a proposed group of Indo-Aryan languages spoken in the lower ranges of the Himalayas, from Nepal in the east, through the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab(not to be confused with the various other languages with that name) was coined by G. A. Grierson.

Classification
The Pahari languages fall into three groups.

Eastern Pahari
Nepali is spoken by an estimated 29,100,000 people in Nepal, 265,000 people in Bhutan, and 2,500,000 people in India.  It is an official language in Nepal and India.
Jumli is spoken by an estimated 40,000 people in the Karnali zone of Nepal.
Doteli spoken by an estimated 1 million people in far west Nepal. It is considered by many to be a dialect of Nepali, according to some scholars (e.g., Rahul Sankrityayan), a dialect of Kumaoni, but the Nepalese Language Commission considers it a separate language.

Central Pahari
Kumaoni is spoken by an estimated 2,360,000 people in the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand.
Garhwali is spoken by an estimated 2,900,000 people in Uttarakhand. Most of these are Garhwali people from the  Garhwal region of Uttarakhand.

Western Pahari

Jaunsari
Nuclear Himachali:
Hinduri
Pahari Kinnauri
Kullu Pahari
Mahasu Pahari
Sirmauri
Mandeali
Kangric-Chamealic-Bhattiyali:
Chamealic:
Bhadarwahi
Churahi
Bhattiyali
Bilaspuri
Chambeali
Gaddi
Pangwali
Kangri-Dogri:
Dogri
Kangri

Comparison

In Eastern and Central Pahari the verb substantive is formed from the root ach, as in both Rajasthani and Kashmiri. In Rajasthani its present tense, being derived from the Sanskrit present rcchami, I go, does not change for gender. But in Pahari and Kashmiri it must be derived from the rare Sanskrit particle *rcchitas, gone, for in these languages it is a participial tense and does change according to the gender of the subject. Thus, in the singular we have: – Here we have a relic of the old Khasa language, which, as has been said, seems to have been related to Kashmiri. Other relics of Khasa, again agreeing with north-western India, are the tendency to shorten long vowels, the practice of epenthesis, or the modification of a vowel by the one which follows in the next syllable, and the frequent occurrence of disaspiration. Thus, Khas siknu, Kumauni sikno, but Hindi sikhna, to learn; Kumauni yeso, plural yasa, of this kind.

Materials regarding Western Pahari are not so complete. The speakers are not brought into contact with Tibeto-Burman languages, and hence we find no trace of these. But the signs of the influence of north-western languages are, as might be expected, still more apparent than farther east. In some dialects epenthesis is in full swing, as in (Churahi) khata, eating, fern, khaiti. Very interesting is the mixed origin of the postpositions defining the various cases. Thus, while that of the genitive is generally the Rajasthani ro, that of the dative continually points to the west. Sometimes it is the Sindhi khë. At other times it is jo, where is here a locative of the base of the Sindhi genitive postposition jo. In all Indo-Aryan languages, the dative postposition is by origin the locative of some genitive one. In vocabulary, Western Pahari often employs, for the more common ideas, words which can most readily be connected with the north-western and Pisaca groups.

About
The Himalayas run along Nepal, India and Pakistan. The word 'Pahar' means a 'mountain' in most local languages such as Nepalese, Hindi (Parbat being a synonym) as well as Urdu (Koh being a synonym). Due to its mass prevalence and usage in the Himalayan Region, the language is also known as Himalayan. Like all other languages of the region, the Pahari languages are also from the Indo-European, and in particular Indo-Iranian branch of languages. As mountains have the tendency of isolating communities from change, dialects in the mountains tend to have their own characteristics with some similarity to others mountain dialects while remaining isolated from one another – there does seem to be a dialect continuum. All of these dialects are commonly referred to as the 'Pahari' languages, and most people from the Himalayan range are known as Paharis.

References

External links
 Himachali Pahari Language

Languages of India
Languages of Nepal

Northern Indo-Aryan languages


Charles William Wright (27 May 1863 – 10 January 1936) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Cambridge University between 1882 and 1885 and for Nottinghamshire between 1882 and 1899. Wright also played many first-class cricket games for the Marylebone Cricket Club. His Test match career was limited to three appearances for England against South Africa in 1895-96. Wright was an opening batsman and wicket-keeper.

Wright was educated at Charterhouse and Trinity College, Cambridge.

In total Wright went on four overseas tours, all of which were captained by Lord Hawke. These were to the United States and Canada in 1891 and 1894, to India in 1892-93, and then on the South African tour in which Wright played his Tests.

He is also notable for two other occurrences:

In 1890 he was the first captain to declare an innings closed. In a game against Kent at the Bat and Ball Ground in Gravesend, Wright declared Nottinghamshire's second innings closed on 157 for 5 to set Kent a target of 231 to win. However, the tactic did not come off as the game was drawn with Kent on 98 for 9 and Nottinghamshire requiring one more wicket to win.
In 1893 Wright became the fourth batsman to be given out handled the ball after he picked up a ball that had become lodged in his pads and returned it to a fielder.

Wright retired from the game after losing his eye in a shooting accident and later became a long-standing member of the Nottinghamshire Cricket Club's committee.

See also
Declaration and forfeiture
Handled the ball

Note
1 Cricinfo's page on Wright erroneously states that he was the second batsman to be given out handled the ball rather than the fourth. The first three cases were: J Grundy for the MCC against Kent in  1857, George "Farmer" Bennett for Kent against Sussex in 1872 and William Scotton for Smokers against Non smokers in 1886-7. This sequence is supported by, for example, page 285 of the 2003 Wisden Cricketers' Almanack

References

External links

CricketArchive page on Charles Wright
Scorecard of the game in which Wright became the first captain to declare and innings closed
Scorecard of the game in which Wright was out handled the ball
Cricinfo page on Charles Wright
Obituary of Charles Wright in the 1937 Wisden Cricketers' Almanack

1863 births
1936 deaths
People educated at Charterhouse School
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Cricketers from Leeds
English cricketers
Cambridge University cricketers
Nottinghamshire cricketers
England Test cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Gentlemen cricketers
North v South cricketers
East of England cricketers
Gentlemen of England cricketers
Oxford and Cambridge Universities cricketers
Lord Hawke's XI cricketers
C. I. Thornton's XI cricketers
A. J. Webbe's XI cricketers

Charles Wright (cricketer)


An Enterprise Information System (EIS) is any kind of information system which improves the functions of enterprise business processes by integration. This means typically offering high quality of service, dealing with large volumes of data and capable of supporting some large and possibly complex organization or enterprise. An EIS must be able to be used by all parts and all levels of an enterprise.

The word enterprise can have various connotations. Frequently the term is used only to refer to very large organizations such as multi-national companies or public-sector organizations. However, the term may be used to mean virtually anything, by virtue of it having become a corporate-speak buzzword.

Purpose
Enterprise information systems provide a technology platform that enables organizations to integrate and coordinate their business processes on a robust foundation. An EIS is currently used in conjunction with customer relationship management and supply chain management to automate business processes.  An enterprise information system provides a single system that is central to the organization that ensures information can be shared across all functional levels and management hierarchies.

An EIS can be used to increase business productivity and reduce service cycles, product development cycles and marketing life cycles.  It may be used to amalgamate existing applications. Other outcomes include higher operational efficiency and cost savings.

Financial value is not usually a direct outcome from the implementation of an enterprise information system.

Design stage
At the design stage the main characteristic of EIS efficiency evaluation is the probability of timely delivery of various messages such as command, service, etc.

Information systems

Enterprise systems create a standard data structure and are invaluable in eliminating the problem of information fragmentation caused by multiple information systems within an organization. An EIS differentiates itself from legacy systems in that it is self-transactional, self-helping and adaptable to general and specialist conditions. Unlike an enterprise information system, legacy systems are limited to department-wide communications.

A typical enterprise information system would be housed in one or more data centers, would run enterprise software, and could include applications that typically cross organizational borders such as content management systems.

See also

Executive information system
Management information system
Enterprise planning systems
Enterprise software

References

Data management
Enterprise architecture
Enterprise modelling
Website management

Enterprise information system


Grover Cleveland Loening (September 12, 1888 – February 29, 1976) was an American aircraft manufacturer.

Biography
Loening was born in Bremen, in what was then Imperial Germany, on September 12, 1888, while his American-born father was stationed there as U.S. Consul.  He graduated from Columbia University in New York City, where he was awarded the first-ever degree in Aeronautical Engineering.

Following graduation, he joined the Queen Aeroplane Company in New York, managed the Wright Company factory in Dayton, Ohio for Orville Wright in 1913 and 1914, published a book, Military Airplanes, and became Vice President of the Sturtevant Aeroplane Company and Chief engineer for the Army in San Diego.  In 1917 he formed the Loening Aeronautical Engineering Corporation; after it merged with Keystone Aircraft in 1928, he formed the Grover Loening Aircraft Company. His work on the Loening Flying Yacht won the 1921 Collier Trophy. His notoriety increasing in 1927, Loening dated Elizabeth Nast, a Vogue model twenty years his junior with an affinity for flying.  Loening would test fly his own aircraft. Among his employees were Leroy Grumman, William T. Schwendler, and Jake Swirbul who would go on to form Grumman. The company eventually closed in 1933.  During World War II he was chief consultant to the War Production Board, NACA, and Grumman.

When asked how to say his name, he told The Literary Digest: "The correct American pronunciation, used by me and universally in aviation, is one that ignores the e or the umlaut suggestion; viz., the low is pronounced as low to rhyme with doe, and accenting the first syllable—lo'ning." (Charles Earle Funk, What's the Name, Please?, Funk & Wagnalls, 1936.)

In 1965 Loening was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame for his innovation in seaplane technology and production. He is celebrated along with the other inductees in the Hall of Fame's portrait gallery within the San Diego Air and Space Museum.

In 1969, Leoning was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in Dayton, Ohio.

He is a 1976 recipient of the Langley Gold Medal from the Smithsonian Institution.

He died on February 29, 1976, in Coconut Grove, Florida.

References

Bibliography
 Loening, Grover. Our Wings Grow Faster: In These Personal Episodes of a Lifetime in Aviation May Be Found an Historical and Pictorial Record Showing How We So Quickly Stepped Into This Air Age - and Through What Kind of Difficulties and Developments We Had to Pass to Get There.  Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1935.
 Loening, Grover.  Takeoff Into Greatness: How American Aviation Grew So Big So Fast.  New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1968.
 Loening, Grover. Conquering Wing. Philadelphia: Chilton Book Company, 1970.
 Loening, Grover. Amphibian; The Story of the Loening Biplane. Greenwich, CT: New York Graphic Society, 1973.
Sprekelmeyer, Linda, editor. These We Honor: The International Aerospace Hall of Fame. Donning Co. Publishers, 2006. .

Wright brothers
American aerospace engineers
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
1888 births
1976 deaths
Collier Trophy recipients
Members of the Early Birds of Aviation
American expatriates in Germany

Grover Loening


Charles Mitten (17 January 1921 – 2 January 2002) was an English football player and manager who came through the junior ranks at Manchester United. Over his career, Mitten also played for Fulham, Mansfield Town and Altrincham in England, and for Independiente Santa Fe in Colombia, where he had a notable stint, and where he and a number of other players left to escape the maximum wage that was imposed for footballers in England at the time. After his playing career finished, he was involved in football management.

Playing career
Mitten signed with Manchester United in 1936, and was in the junior side with future colleagues Stan Pearson and Johnny Carey. However, due to the suspension of league football owing to the outbreak of war, his first professional appearance did not come until 1946.

During the war, Mitten served in the Royal Air Force, guesting for whatever club was nearest his station. He had two seasons playing for Chelsea and made 22 guest appearances for Southampton, scoring five goals.

After the war, Mitten rejoined Manchester United and proved himself as an excellent winger during the early years of Matt Busby's time at the club. He was part of a talented forward line alongside Jimmy Delaney, Stan Pearson, Jack Rowley and Johnny Morris, which became known as the 'Famous Five' of Old Trafford.

In his four years at United, he helped the club finish as runners-up in the league three times and in fourth place once. He also played in the 4–2 win over Blackpool in the 1948 FA Cup Final. Over the course of his United career, he made 152 appearances in total, scoring 61 goals.

The "Bogota Bandit"
In 1950, United went on a 12-game tour of America, where they played in front of massive, sell-out crowds. It was at this point that Mitten questioned the small amount of money footballers received – the maximum wage in Britain was £12 a week – compared to their evident global popularity. This point was underlined when two other British footballers, Neil Franklin and George Mountford signed for the same Independiente Santa Fe in Colombia, where the league had broken away from FIFA control, which meant that clubs did not have to pay transfer fees to foreign clubs, resulting in many top players from abroad playing in Colombia in a period nicknamed El Dorado. During the tour, Mitten was approached by a wealthy Colombian businessmen to play for Independiente Santa Fe in Bogotá. Mitten's signing-on fee was reputedly £5,000 plus a weekly wage of at least £40. For this, he was given the nickname "The Bogotá Bandit", which later became the title of his autobiography. He played in Colombia for a year, scoring
fifteen times in 34 games, and United's form suffered in his absence.

At the end of his first year Colombia joined FIFA and became subject to FIFA regulations. As Manchester United still held his registration, Mitten was unable to play for anyone but them and had to return to England. He was, however, offered a contract by Santiago Bernabéu, the manager of Real Madrid, who was in the process of forming the all-conquering team that would feature Alfredo Di Stéfano, Francisco Gento and Héctor Rial. He turned down this offer, and later stated his regret at not being able to be a part of the successful Real side.

Return to England
Upon his return, Mitten was subject to a ban by The Football Association, who fined him six months' wages and banned him from playing for the same period. He was also ostracised by Busby, who sold him to Fulham for £22,000 in December 1951. Now aged 31, Mitten made 16 appearances and scored six goals in his first season at Craven Cottage, but could not save the club from relegation to the Second Division. The next season, he played 40 times for another six goals, forming a pair with the young Johnny Haynes. During his time at Fulham, he was picked for the London XI in the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup.

International career
Mitten made one appearance for England in an unofficial charity match against Scotland in 1946.

Management
While still a player, Mitten was appointed player-coach of Mansfield Town. Mitten joined the club in February 1956 and remained there for over two years until June 1958. He played 100 league games, scoring 25 league goals. His reign was a success and Mitten's side was praised for their entertaining football. In the 1957–58 season, his side scored 100 goals in League. In his biography, Mitten stated: "The Mansfield job was the best I ever had in football". At Mansfield, he also gave a debut his 16-year-old son, John, who later went on to play for a number of clubs, including Coventry City.

In June 1958, Mitten left Mansfield and joined Newcastle United. Initially, he enjoyed success at the club and steered the club to a pair of solid mid-table finishes, despite an ongoing power struggle between chairman William McKeag (who had installed Mitten and gave him full control over the team) and director and former manager Stan Seymour (who felt the board should be able to veto Mitten's tactics and team selections). Newcastle gained a reputation for free-scoring football under Mitten, but they also proved to be defensively frail, and they ultimately paid the price for this in 1961, when they were relegated after a season in which they scored 86 goals but conceded 109. Mitten was allowed to remain in charge and attempt to steer the club back into the First Division, but instead they found themselves fighting relegation to the Third Division, eventually resulting in Mitten's dismissal a few months into the season. While at Newcastle, he was also involved in the George Eastham affair, which involved another player who challenged the authorities on player's rights.

Subsequent to this, he made a brief playing comeback, serving as player-manager at non-league Altrincham before retiring to the sport of greyhound racing, taking up the position of Assistant Racing Manager at White City Stadium in 1977.

Personal and family
Several of Mitten's brothers also played professional football, and many male members of his extended family, into the next generation or two, were at least semi-professional.

Mitten died in January 2002, shortly before his 81st birthday.

His nephew Albert Scanlon (1935–2009), signed for Manchester United soon after Mitten's departure in the early 1950s and remained with the club until 1960. He was a survivor of the Munich air disaster.

His great-nephew, Andy Mitten, is a football journalist and has been an editor of the Manchester United fanzine United We Stand since the late 1980s, while another great nephew, Sam Mitten, is on the books at Stockport County.

Career statistics

References

1921 births
2002 deaths
Sportspeople from Yangon
Men's association football forwards
English men's footballers
English expatriate men's footballers
Manchester United F.C. players
Independiente Santa Fe footballers
Fulham F.C. players
Mansfield Town F.C. players
English Football League players
London XI players
Southampton F.C. wartime guest players
Categoría Primera A players
Expatriate men's footballers in Colombia
English expatriate sportspeople in Colombia
English football managers
Mansfield Town F.C. managers
Newcastle United F.C. managers
Altrincham F.C. managers
People in greyhound racing
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
British expatriates in British Burma

Charlie Mitten


Milosh Radomir Vladimir Stankovic  (born December 1962) is a former British Army officer and author of the Bosnian war memoire Trusted Mole.

Early years
Stankovic was born in Southern Rhodesia. His father, a naturalised British, was a Royalist Yugoslav during WW2. His mother was British and served with the 8th Army at the battle of El Alamein in Egypt 1942–43, Italy 1944 and in Yugoslavia in 1945. The family returned to London from Rhodesia in 1963. Stankovic was educated at Plymouth College in Devon, England, where he studied classics and was Head of School and head of the Combined Cadet Force.

Military service
He joined the Parachute Regiment in 1981, went to Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in 1982 and was sent to University by the Army to study Russian at Manchester University and at the Minsk State Pedagogical Institute for Foreign Languages in the Soviet Union. He completed the Standard Graduate Course at Sandhurst in 1986 and subsequently served with the British Army in Belize, Northern Ireland and Southern Africa, and with the United Nations forces in Kuwait, Iraq and Bosnia. A fluent speaker of Serbo-Croatian and Russian, he specialised in psychological operations and post-Cold War arms control. He retired from the British Army in 2000 with the rank of major.

Bosnian War
Operating primarily as a Liaison Officer under the pseudonym 'Mike Stanley', he was the longest-serving British soldier with the United Nations Protection Force during the 1992-95 Bosnian War.  In the latter part of his service, he worked directly for General Sir Michael Rose and General Sir Rupert Smith, successive commanders of the United Nations Protection Force in Bosnia in 1994 and 1995. His functions mainly involved mediating, negotiating and troubleshooting ceasefires, hostage releases, and the 1995 Cessation of Hostilities Agreement with Bosnian Serb political and military leaders. Upon his return from Bosnia, Stankovic was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire for his mediation work.

"Your liaison function in particular between BH Command and Pale was wholly indispensable to the peace process, and I always felt that I knew better than my predecessors the innermost thoughts of the Serbs…it was essential that we had someone who could gain their trust and demonstrate that as peacekeepers we really were impartial.  All this came to a culminating point during the cessation of hostilities negotiations when you provided the 'telephone through the window!' Without this I doubt we would have got the necessary signatures." General Sir Michael Rose KCB CBE DSO QGM, Adjutant General.

"Major Stankovic has been mine and my predecessor's Liaison Officer with the Bosnian Serb Army since June 1994. He has worked for me for the past four months.  The relationships he has established with key figures, not least the Bosnian Serb Army commander, his knowledge of the language and the background to the war has been invaluable...He has been under considerable pressure, operating alone in isolated circumstances where the threat of hostile activity is ever present and occasionally occurs. Major Stankovic has performed excellently.  His mediation between the warring factions, his representation of me and his advice have all been of critical importance...As a character he is brave and enduring. He is calm and thoughtful under pressure. He is his own man walking his own path." General Sir Rupert Smith KCB DSO OBE QGM, Deputy Supreme Allied Commander in Europe.

"I have no doubts whatsoever. In Bosnia he played an absolute blinder." General Sir Mike Jackson KCB CBE DSO DL, Chief of the General Staff.

Spy Scandal
In October 1997, while at the Joint Services Command and Staff Course, Stankovic was arrested by the Ministry of Defence Police on suspicion of breaches under Section 2b of the 1989 Official Secrets Act. Although he was on police bail for over a year, during which time the MOD Police interviewed several hundred witnesses, no evidence of any wrongdoing was found with which to charge him. In April 1999 the Crown Prosecution Service concluded that there would be no further action against him for lack of evidence. Nonetheless, for a subsequent year, he was investigated by the Royal Military Police's Special Investigations Branch to determine whether violations to the Military Services had been made. In March 2000, the Army concluded that no violations had been found. Meanwhile, Stankovic had resigned from the Army in order to pursue his case against the Ministry of Defence in the Civil Courts (see Litigation below). The events of those years were recorded by Tim Slessor in his book about dissembling and deception in Whitehall, Lying in State, in a chapter entitled: A Soldier's Story. The Army Board reflected the lack of substance of the allegations and the failure of two investigations to find any evidence of wrongdoing in an unusual letter to Major Stankovic that is not normally written to officers retiring from the Services:

"On the occasion of your retirement from the Army, I am directed by the Army Board to thank you most sincerely for the loyal service you have given since you were commissioned. The Army Board recognises that, in carrying out your duties as an officer, you will have had to make many sacrifices, putting the interests of your Country, the Army and your soldiers before your own. This is very much appreciated and the Army Board wishes formally to express its gratitude for the service you have given and for the excellent contribution you have made." Major General Alistair Irvin, Military Secretary.

Litigation
In October 2007, ten years after his arrest, Stankovic's case against the Ministry of Defence Police finally came to trial in the Royal Courts of Justice.  There were only three torts in law upon which he could rest his claim: Unlawful arrest; trespass to property; and malfeasance in public office (abuse of power) – a tort that had been heard only ten times previously in civil courts and had failed on seven of those occasions. Although the trial judge, the Honourable Mr. Justice Saunders, found that the MOD Police had not abused their power during investigation and held reasonable grounds for suspicion leading to Stankovic's subsequent arrest, he did find that the trespass of Stankovic's property had been inordinate. Furthermore, the trial process revealed additional hitherto unseen disclosure, which finally named Stankovic's original accuser - a former British Army officer. In clearing Stankovic's name, The Honourable Mr. Justice Saunders summed up as follows on 9 November 2007:

"Looked at objectively, there is no doubt that what happened to the Claimant has been unfair and the consequences serious…he was an impressive and realistic witness. He did not overstate his case...He proved himself to be courageous and resourceful in Bosnia and suffered the effects of his time there more than most".

Writing
On 14th April 2000, Stankovic published his own account of his experiences as a Liaison Officer, mediator and negotiator in the Bosnian War – Trusted Mole, A Soldier's Journey into Bosnia's Heart of Darkness. Described by The Sunday Times as "By far the best book to have come out of the Balkan Wars" and critically acclaimed in the United States and Europe, this account of troubleshooting in the extreme environment of the Bosnian War informs the philosophical and methodological approach to the agile resolution of conflict and disputes.

Recent years
Consulting & Advisory.  Since leaving the British Army, Stankovic has worked in over eighty countries on five continents as a risk management consultant, and has specialised in business intelligence and new market entry in the Russian Federation. He has been honoured three times by the Emmy Awards in Los Angeles for his work with CBS TV and advised the BBC on developing proactive protection measures for BBC teams in Iraq. His expertise in psychological operations and mediation in cross-cultural environments have led to the development of innovative approaches in the fields of mediation and negotiation using agile and iterative processes for Conflict Resolution and Alternative Dispute Resolution. He uses his expertise both in security and Health & Safety consulting in the creative and media industries with a focus on hostile environments. He is the Principle High Risk Advisor at 1st Option Safety Group as well as being an Accredited Mediator with, and Member of, the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators, specialising in the use of archetypal application in the mediation process.

The Warrior & The Caregiver.  Stankovic's training in psychological warfare found extension and expression as a performance coach in civilian life combining his unusual experiences of overcoming adversity with depth psychology coaching systems such as the Pearson-Marr Archetype Indicator (PMAI). He trained as a coach in the US, principally in Hawaii, California, and Sedona, Arizona.  Between 2008 and 2014 he suspended his working life to care for his elderly mother until her death in August 2014.  He ascribes his transition from warrior to caregiver as the central experience that helped him to understand and cope with the unique psychological demands involved with caring for an elderly parent up to their death. Central to the psychological health of the carer are coping strategies for dealing with changes in personal core identity that occur when caregivers transition from their pre-caregiver identities into caregivers, and from that identity, once the care role has ceased, to a post-caring identity. The smoothness and duration of the transition into each phase is determined by psychological self-knowledge, which he believes plays a vital role in helping untrained family caregivers better understand themselves and their own reactions to the unique and challenging pressures that domestic caregiving creates. This issue becomes increasingly relevant as the population ages, the State is unable to fund care for the aged, and the duty of care falls to family members.

Campaign.  Having spent two-and-a-half years in bail custody, Stankovic supports the Justice Delayed Justice Denied campaign to restrict police bail durations.

Charity
The MCC Centre of Excellence, Sri Lanka.  In the wake of the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami, in 2005, Stankovic became the third person, and first solo person, to complete the Greystoke Mountain Marathon in under ten days. At 315 miles in length and incorporating 100,000' of ascent and descent, it is Britain's toughest mountain marathon taking in 202 fell tops over 2000' in height within the Lake District National Park. In completing the challenge, he raised sufficient funds to initiate the building of a centre of academic and sporting excellence for children and young people in Seenegama, Sri Lanka, funded for the most part by the Marylebone Cricket Club.

The Braveheart Programme Military Charity.  In 2009 he co-founded The Braveheart Programme, a British military charity that funds scientific research using the very latest neuro-imaging technology at Oxford University's Department of Neuro-Science to seek neurological markers for Combat Related Post Traumatic Stress disorder (PTSD) among the veteran population. It is ground-breaking research that promises not only to help further understanding of this age old wound of war, but will also have beneficial spin-offs to civilians suffering from PTSD. The Charity is currently funding a 60-month research project at Oxford University.

References

1962 births
Living people
People educated at Plymouth College
British Parachute Regiment officers
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst
British people of Serbian descent
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Date of birth missing (living people)

Milos Stankovic


Schänis Abbey () was founded in the 9th century. It was situated in the present town of Schänis in the canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland. It was a house of secular canonesses of the nobility () and was dissolved in 1811.

History
According to the report of a monk from Reichenau Abbey the founder was believed to be Count Hunfried of Chur-Rhaetia, who was said to have promised Charlemagne to make the foundation for the worthy safekeeping of a precious reliquary cross containing a fragments of the True Cross, as well as an onyx vessel containing some of the Blood of Christ. Such evidence as is available does indicate that the abbey was founded at about that time, possibly as a daughter foundation of St. Stephan's Abbey in Strasbourg, but the foundation at Schänis soon fell into obscurity.

After many years Ulrich I, Count of Lenzburg, restored the abbey to prosperity and a sound economic footing by numerous gifts of property. Also, by exchanges of land and rights of patronage he created a stable and unified ecclesiastical and parochial structure in the foundation's immediate vicinity. It was presumably at this time that the dedication was altered from the "Holy Cross" to Saint Sebastian.

In 1045 Emperor Henry III granted Schänis Abbey royal immunity and free election of its abbesses. Despite several attempts at reform Schänis remained a free secular canonry with relatively relaxed rules. In the 14th century it lost its estates in Vorarlberg and the Rhine valley.

The Vögte generally came from the greater aristocracy of the region. By inheritance from the Lenzburgs the Vogtei passed first to the counts of Kyburg, then later to the Habsburgs and the Counts of Toggenburg. By the transfer of the lordship of Windegg to the cantons of Glarus and Schwyz in 1438 the abbey passed, as part of the common overlordship of Windegg, to the Old Swiss Confederacy. Although the German Kaiser confirmed the abbey's rights in 1442, the connection to the Holy Roman Empire was broken; Glarus and Schwyz considered themselves from that point onwards as successors to the royal Vögte.

Nevertheless, the abbess continued to bear the title of Princess of the Holy Roman Empire. Despite further attempts to reform the abbey's monastic life, there was no compulsion to take vows and only women of the aristocracy were accepted as community members. Applicants were initially obliged to prove descent from four grandparents of the higher aristocracy, but later from 16 great-great-grandparents of the same rank. In this way Schänis became a place of care for the unmarried female offspring of the higher nobility of southern Germany.

During the Reformation the abbey was briefly suspended in 1529, but reinstated in 1531 after the re-Catholicisation of the Linthgebiet. In 1585 and again in 1610 it burnt down, with the destruction of all the ancient deeds and privileges. At the same time there were increasing conflicts with the protecting powers, Glarus and Schwyz, who felt the foundation to be an alien body and treated it accordingly.

In 1782 the community buildings and the church were refurbished in the Rococo style. After the end of the Old Swiss Confederacy in 1798 Schänis Abbey, by the operation of the Act of Mediation of 1803, lost all its feudal rights and was gradually forced to dispose of all possessions outside the canton of St. Gallen. In 1811 the Great Council of the canton dissolved the abbey. The community buildings were sold at auction and the church was taken over for the use of the parish.

References
 Bernhard Anderes: Die Kunstdenkmäler des Kantons St. Gallen. Bd. V. Der Bezirk Gaster. (Die Kunstdenkmäler der Schweiz). Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel 1970

External links

 Schänis municipal website

Christian monasteries in Switzerland
Christian monasteries established in the 9th century
Buildings and structures in the canton of St. Gallen

Schänis Abbey


Polleys v. Black River Improvement Co., 113 U.S. 81 (1885), was a writ of error in the circuit court of Wisconsin for La Crosse County, and a motion was made to dismiss it.

The first ground of the motion was that the writ should have been directed to the supreme court of the state instead of to the circuit court of the county. The circuit court denied the relief and dismissed the bill. On appeal, the supreme court of the state reversed this judgment and delivered an opinion that plaintiff was entitled to relief in the premises;

It was claimed that the writ of error was not brought within the statute of limitations, and although the writ of error was dated the tenth day of May 1884, and was noted by the clerk as having been filed on that day, it was also marked by the clerk of the circuit court of La Crosse county, as filed on the twenty-ninth day of that month. Since it was not disputed that this was the day it was filed in his office, it was held that this was the date on which the writ of error was brought.

The courts of Wisconsin kept a book called a judgment docket containing the names of plaintiffs who recovered judgment, the defendants against whom they are recovered, the amount of the principal judgment, the costs, and the date of the judgment itself. This record is kept for the convenience of parties who seek information as to liens on real estate or for other purposes.

This docket is made up after the main judgment is settled and entered in the order-book, or record of the court's proceedings, and it may be many days before this abstract of the judgment is made in the judgment docket, according to the convenience of the clerk.

This record of the court's proceedings constitutes the evidence of the judgment, and the statute of limitations begins to run from that date. The writ of error in this case was brought five days after the two years allowed by law had expired and was thus dismissed.

See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 113

References

External links

United States Supreme Court cases
1885 in United States case law
La Crosse County, Wisconsin
Statutes of limitations
United States Supreme Court cases of the Waite Court

Polleys v. Black River Improvement Co.


The TX Watch Company was launched in 2006 by the Timex Group, an international holding group and corporate parent of global watchmaking companies, including Timex Group USA, Inc., TMX Philippines, Inc., and Timex Group India Ltd.

Under the TX brand, Timex marketed a line of quartz watches — debuting in Europe in late 2006 and in the US in June 2007.  They were noted for a proprietary microprocessor-controlled, multi-motor, multi-hand technology that enabled a range of specialized complications atypical to non-digital, analog watches — an array of functions either not possible or highly impractical in a mechanical movement.

Marketed under the Technoluxury trademark, Timex discontinued the TX Watch Company and its brand in 2011 — migrating its multi-motor, multi-hand technology to the Timex Intelligent Quartz (IQ) sub-brand in 2012.

Technology

TX watches were engineered in Pforzheim, Germany over a five-year period, to six sigma standards. Movements were manufactured by the Timex Group in the Philippines and the watches were styled at the Timex Design Centre in Milan, Italy — formerly the Giorgio Galli Design Lab, which the Timex Group had purchased in 2007.

The TX technology used miniaturization and patented technology in a quartz movement — with digital sensors and microprocessors driving independent motors and dial hands, typically four independent motors and six hands.

The four motors operated independently with the primary motor operating four central hands (minutes, hours, seconds and a fourth function, which varied per watch model) and the other three bidirectional stepper motors enabling a range of possible complications.

The range of functions included world time for 24 global cities; regatta countdowns over five, three and one-minute durations; depth gauge; electronic compass with magnetic declination compensation; perpetual calendar; altimeter; tide; temperature and flyback chronograph (with the ability to stop the chronograph at each lap to note the lap time).

As an example, on the flyback chronograph, the movement's microprocessor could instruct the motor to regulate and position the hand for two distinct functions, with the upper sub-dial able to act as the hour gauge for the chronograph, as well as the hour indicator for the second time zone. The chronograph was capable of both 'per second' increments, and 1/5 second increments, the latter giving the illusion of the 'sweeping' movement of a mechanical movement.

Instead of conventional (metal) bearings, movements used plastic bearings, requiring neither oil nor grease lubricants for their internal operation. Where lubricants degrade and harden over time, damaging the movement, plastic bearings are designed to run "dry" — providing optimal internal operation without lubricants and without degradation or hardening. The microprocessor-controlled movements provide a maintenance-free operation, bench tested for over 87,000 hours (40 years) without interruption.

Marketing
TX timepieces were marketed under the Technoluxury tagline — as wrist instruments rather than watches — offering 'innovative technology and affordable luxury' and marketed primarily to a 25–45 years old male demographic.

Marketed globally, initially in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Germany and Poland, TX offered numerous models across fifteen numbered 'series' and more than seventy models (color and band variations) — with a price range in Europe of €245 to €545 in Europe and in the United States from $375 to $626 — at the time, "the highest price yet for a Timex-developed product," according to Herb Doscher, TX's U.S. brand manager.
 In the U.S., watches came with a two-year warranty.

Models
300 Series - Perpetual Calendar (2006, ten models)
310 series - Classic Perpetual Calendar (2010, _ models, Baselworld)
400 Series - Perpetual Weekly (2009, five models)
500 Series - World Time: (2006, nine models, 24 cities, winter/summer hand)
510 Series - World Time Continental (2009, four models, tonneau case)
530 Series - World Time Airport Lounge (2009, six models, globe-embossed dial)
550 Series - World Time Sport (2009, seven models)
600 Series - Pilot Flyback Chrono (2009, 2010, four+ models, titanium case, dual time zone)
610 Series - Classic Flyback Chronograph (2010, _ models, Baselworld)
650 Series - GT Fly-Back Chronograph (2010, Baselworld)
730 Series - Sport Flyback Chrono (2009 four models, bracelet, stopwatch, dual time zone compass)
770 Series - Flyback Chrono (2009, seven models, stopwatch, dual time zone compass)
800 Series - Linear Chronograph (2009, nine models, patented 30 minute linear hand)
810 Series - Classic Linear Chronograph (2010, Baselworld _models, double curve K1 hardened crystal)
830 Series - Linear Duo Chronograph (2009, three models, tonneau case)

TX perpetual calendar watches provide accurate day, month and date until 2100, account for short months and leap years, and require no adjustment on months with less than 31 days. They also feature retrograde dials, where a hand moves, for example, from day to day (of the week) and then back to the original position after Sunday.

TX chronographs feature a flyback function, a hand that moves (e.g., to indicate the time) along a segment of a circle, can be stopped independently and then springs backward to its starting position when it reaches the end of the scale. The flyback also has the ability to stop the chronograph at each lap to note the lap time. The chronograph continues to run and will "fly-back" to the proper current reading for the total time being measured.

Design features
Design features varied per model, including:
 Hands treated with super-luminova luminescent pigment for low-light legibility
 Flush or curved (per model) sapphire crystals with back-applied anti-reflective coating
 Stainless steel bracelets with solid end links (SELs); silicone or leather straps with deployment buckles
 Screw-down crown (e.g., (300, 500, 600 series)
 Signed, enameled or engraved crown with 'TX' logo
 Bidirectional rotating, ratcheted bezels
 E6B 'whiz wheel' circular slide rule
 Circumferential tachymeter
 Date window, or exposed date indicator
 Sculpted, three-dimensional dials
 Dial guilloché
 Engraved casebacks
 Premium case materials (e.g., 316L stainless steel, titanium) and finishes (e.g., PVD, ion plating 0.3 – 0.5 mic Tic).

Discontinuation
During the period in which The Timex Group fielded the TX Watch Company, it had expanded to include the design and manufacture of a range of watches (at the time: Vincent Berard, Versace, Versus, Valentino, Salvatore Ferragamo, Guess, Helix, Nautica, Mark Ecko, Avirex, Timex, TX, Acqua, and Carriage), and had expressed confidence in TX's potential. "TX not only demonstrates our commitment to technological and design leadership, it also shows our determination to penetrate new market segments within the industry," said a Timex representative. "This is just the beginning."

By 2011, Timex Group global chief operating officer Kapil Kapoor announced The Timex Group was terminating the brand — and moving its six-hand, four-motor technology to its Timex brand.

Intelligent Quartz (IQ)
When the Timex Group migrated the microprocessor-controlled, multi-motor, multi-hand technology to its Timex brand in 2012, it created a sub-collection marketed as Intelligent Quartz (IQ).  The line employed the same movements and capabilities from the TX brand, at a much lower price-point and without many of the distinguishing luxury features associated with the higher-end brand, e.g., the sapphire crystals and stainless steel or titanium casework.

The Intelligent Quartz line debuted at the BaselWorld international timepiece exposition in March 2011, for model year 2012.

References

External links
 Timex Group Corporate website
 Timex Brand website

Timex Group
Timex watches
Watch brands
Manufacturing companies established in 2006
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 2011
Products introduced in 2006

TX Watch Company


Berndt August Hjorth (1862 in Finland – 1937 in Stockholm) was a Swedish businessman, the founder of Bahco group.

Berndt August Hjorth came to Sweden in 1881. In 1889 he opened a tools and machinery shop in Stockholm, BA Hjorth & Co, incorporated as a shareholder company in 1916 and in 1954 renamed Bahco. The following year, he made an exclusive contract with Johan Petter Johansson to market his invention, an adjustable spanner.

In 1892, Hjorth acquired sole rights to another Swedish invention, the Primus stove, patented by Frans Wilhelm Lindqvist. In 1918, Hjorth acquired the Primus factory on Lilla Essingen island in western Stockholm.

In Stockholm, Hjorth lived at Villagatan 15 in Villastaden, a wealthy part of Östermalm.
In the early 1930s, he built his own "Villa Hjorth" in Diplomatstaden also in Östermalm.

References

Bahco lägger ned tillverkningen i Enköping, article in Ny Teknik on February 17, 2006.
Berndt August Hjort 1862-1937, presented by "Skiftnyckelns vänner", Vårgårda.

External links
Bahco group

Swedish businesspeople
Swedish people of Finnish descent
1862 births
1937 deaths
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Sweden

Berndt August Hjorth


Soil resilience refers to the ability of a soil to resist or recover their healthy state in response to destabilising influences. This is a subset of a notion of environmental resilience. Soil resistance, a related term refers to the ability of soil to resist changes or the extent to which a soil will recover from any cropping or management change. The term is distinct from Soil resilience as resistance is the inherent capacity to withstand disturbance, while resilience is the capacity to recover after disturbance.

Overview

Soil resilience should first be looked at in terms of soil formation and development (pedogenesis), a continuous process taking thousands of years – this puts into context the short time that humans have so extensively utilised, changed and depended directly on soil. Pedogenesis is the result of five factors: the first two are parent material and topography, which are passive and contribute to soil mass and position; the next two are climate and the biosphere, which are active and supply the energy in soil formation. Finally, there is time.

It is the active factors in soil formation that vary so as to constitute an environmental change or shock. Over time, variations have been significant:

Over millions of years the soil has endured varying atmospheric conditions including a complete absence of oxygen and associated behaviour of soil elements in a reducing environment, and the establishment of life – particularly of terrestrial vegetation 420 million years ago.
Over ten thousand years and following the last ice age, though average climate has remained relatively stable, the soil has faced periods of extended wet, dry and fire.

If soil were not resilient, then in the face of past influences it would not be in any condition to support the natural and commercial services that we expect of it currently. So what do we expect of soil resilience?

Constant or evolving state? – Do we expect that the soil to remain constant – to continue to provide the same environmental and commercial services as at present, or; that it will establish a new equilibrium?
How long will it take? – How long do we expect soils to 'hold out' or adjust, and are we realistic about pedological time?

Australian context

In Australia, the above questions are relevant given the strong dependence on the soil, yet the significant degradation of soils over little more than 200 years due to adoption of European styled agriculture. This is in the context of the real prospect of climate change, cyclical drought and other degrading affects.

It is in the interest of humans to sustain soils as this is the essence of our existence: the maintenance of fertile soil is "one of the most vital ecological services the living world performs"; the "mineral and organic contents of soil must be replenished constantly as plants consume soil elements and pass them up the food chain".

It is claimed by Watson (1992) that the ecosystems of Australia, which have evolved over millennia, have been decimated over the last 200 years. Our expectation has been one of ongoing environmental and commercial service, yet the practices applied have been unsustainable and have led to such soil related problems as salinity, acidity, nutrient decline, erosion and structure decline.

Barrow (1991) claims that despite decades of humans talking of an impending environmental crisis, including the breaking point of our soils' fertility, threats to the environment have continued to grow faster than the willingness to control them. Even with good intentions and best farming practices, still we are caught out by drought and wet periods, which cause unsustainable degradation.

The pressure that we impose on the soil in terms of biosphere (direct human impacts included) and climate constitute environmental change – the rate of this change compared to other changes over pedological time constitutes a shock. The resilience of the soil is limited by the rate and extent of change we impose compared with the time that soil requires to recover.

Conclusion
Soils are resilient to environmental changes and shocks – that is, they will recover from or adjust to change if sufficient 'pedological' time is allowed. The soil management practices that have been applied by humans in a short time frame are unsustainable – a declining soil health threatens human livelihood.  The resilience of the soil in terms of human expectations and time frames will depend on its ability to recover to an equilibrium state once improved practices have been extensively applied.

See also

References

Land management
Resilience
Soil science

Soil resilience