Stephen Leo Poizner (born January 4, 1957) is an American businessman, technology entrepreneur and former Republican California Insurance Commissioner and Gubernatorial candidate. Poizner also was an independent candidate in the 2018 California Insurance Commissioner election.

Poizner has been a Silicon Valley high tech entrepreneur, founding and selling SnapTrack, Inc., Strategic Mapping, Inc, and EmpoweredU, and he is currently the founder and CEO of next generation GPS startup OneNav Inc. In 2001, following privately held SnapTrack's sale for $1 billion to Qualcomm, Poizner served a year as a White House Fellow in the National Security Council. Starting one week before the September 11, 2001 attacks, Poizner held the position of Director of Critical Infrastructure Protection, and was involved in developing Homeland Security programs relating to cybersecurity and emergency response communication protocols.

Background and early life
Poizner was born on January 4, 1957 in Corpus Christi, Texas. Poizner attended the University of Texas at Austin, where he earned his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering in 1978. He was also a member of the prestigious Friar Society and Tejas Club, as well as president of the Alpha Phi Omega fraternity.

After graduating from UT, Poizner moved to California to attend the Stanford Graduate School of Business, where he received his M.B.A. in 1980 and was named an Arjay Miller Scholar.

Two years after Poizner graduated from Stanford, the national Jaycees organization sued the Palo Alto Jaycees chapter to expel the chapter for admitting female members. Working in coordination with other Jaycees chapters around the country, Poizner led the Palo Alto Jaycees in their legal defense of their efforts to admit women against the national organization's wishes, and the case eventually reached the U.S. Supreme Court. Poizner and the Palo Alto chapter, along with its fellow groups in other communities, won the suit. Poizner's wife was one of the first women admitted to the Palo Alto chapter.

In addition to his academic degrees, Poizner has also earned a black belt in Shotokan, a traditional Japanese form of martial arts.

Poizner and his wife, Carol, live in Los Gatos, California. They have one daughter, Rebecca.

Entrepreneur and venture capitalist
Poizner has started and run technology companies in Silicon Valley for over 35 years.

Poizner served for several years as a management consultant with the Boston Consulting Group.

In 1983, Poizner founded and served as chief executive officer of Strategic Mapping Inc., a software company that developed a program to display geographic data on digital maps, assisting police departments, utilities, transportation companies, banks and retailers with selecting new locations and plotting distribution logistics. Strategic Mapping was sold to Claritas in 1996, with the GIS mapping software being sold to ESRI.

In 1995, Poizner founded SnapTrack, Inc., which pioneered technology that put GPS receivers into cell phones. Poizner served as its chief executive officer until he sold the privately held company to Qualcomm in 2000 for a reported $1.0 billion in Qualcomm stock. Poizner's personal net worth is believed to be in the hundreds of millions of dollars.

In June 2011, Poizner co-founded Empowered Careers, a mobile learning platform technology company in partnership with UCLA and Creative Artists Agency.

In February 2014, Steve Poizner was inducted into the Silicon Valley Engineering Council Hall of Fame.

In July 2014, Qualcomm Inc acquired EmpoweredU. Terms not disclosed.

In June 2017, Steve Poizner formed a non-profit organization in collaboration with select California Universities and research institutes, venture capitalists, and business leaders to grow the southern California venture capital and start-up communities. "The purpose of the alliance is to make it easier for tech talent, especially students and professors at area universities, to start companies that commercialize the technology they've worked on. The group will work with universities to make processes like licensing of technology easier, and connect budding entrepreneurs with resources like potential investors."

Education reform and community service
In 2001, Poizner co-founded EdVoice, an educational non-profit organization dedicated to improving public schools and serving the interests of K-12 children in California.

From September 2002 to June 2003, he served as a volunteer teacher in San Jose's Mount Pleasant High School teaching 12th grade American Government. Poizner authored a New York Times best selling book about his experience – "Mount Pleasant" – which has been both praised and criticized for its depiction of a low income public high school.

In 2003, Poizner co-founded the California Charter Schools Association.

In June 2011, Poizner joined two education Boards at the University of Southern California.

In September 2016, the San Diego Union Tribune reported that Steve Poizner has joined UC San Diego's Rady School of Management as its inaugural entrepreneur in residence.

California Insurance Commissioner
The California Insurance Commissioner was created in 1988 via the voter approval of Proposition 103. Poizner took office on January 8, 2007 and served until January 3, 2011. As Insurance Commissioner, Poizner received praise for his handling of the San Diego wildfires in 2007, for taking on health insurance companies' illegal rescission practices and rate increases, and for decreasing spending in his state government department's discretionary operating budget by 13%. At the end of his term, Poizner was praised for his efforts to streamline and modernize the CDI through spending cuts and conducting a top-down review of the department. Poizner oversaw nearly 2,800 fraud-related arrests, the most in CDI history, in a 3-year span and conducted the first ever terror finance probe by a US Insurance Commissioner, which resulted in millions of dollars diverted from Iran.

On February 13, 2018, Poizner announced he would seek a second term as Insurance Commissioner, running as an independent. He lost the election to Democrat Ricardo Lara by a margin of 47-53.

Public service and civic affairs

From 2001 to 2002, Poizner served as a White House Fellow where he worked in the National Security Council Office of Cyberspace Security, serving as Director of Critical Infrastructure Protection. In this capacity he developed strategies for protecting critical infrastructure against cyber-terrorism and developed an emergency communications plan for national security and emergency response personnel. Starting one week before the September 11, 2001 attacks, Poizner was responsible for issues such as emergency communications planning for the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City and protecting Internet, banking system and power grids from cyber attacks.

In 2004, Poizner ran unsuccessfully for the California State Assembly against Democrat Ira Ruskin, a Redwood City Councilman, in the 21st district, losing by 5,884 votes out of 190,120 votes cast in 2004.

In 2006, Poizner ran for the office of California Insurance Commissioner. He ran unopposed in the Republican primary on June 6, and won the general election on November 7 by defeating Democrat Cruz Bustamante, then Lieutenant Governor of California, by a 12.4% margin.

In 2006, Poizner became a life member of the Council on Foreign Relations after being nominated by former Secretary of State George Shultz.

In late 2007, Poizner led the effort to defeat Proposition 93,  a term limit removal initiative. As Chairman of the No on 93 campaign, Poizner contributed $2.5 million of his own money, secured No on 93 endorsements from over forty newspaper editorial boards, and appeared on talk radio across the state. Proposition 93 was defeated by 54% to 46% on February 5, 2008.

In May 2008, President George W. Bush appointed Poizner to serve on the Honorary Delegation to accompany him to Jerusalem for the celebration of the 60th anniversary of the State of Israel.

On September 15, 2008, Poizner announced his candidacy for Governor of California.

In May 2009, Poizner successfully campaigned against Proposition 1A (a $10 billion tax increase) during the California state special elections, 2009. Proposition 1A was defeated by a margin of 65.6% to 34.4% on May 26, 2009.

On March 1, 2010 Poizner officially became a candidate for Governor of California.

On June 8, 2010, Poizner was defeated in the Republican primary by former CEO of eBay Meg Whitman, who was later defeated by Democratic candidate Jerry Brown in the general election.

In early 2014, Steve Poizner was inducted into the Silicon Valley Engineering Council Hall of Fame.

In September 2016, the San Diego Union Tribune reported that Steve Poizner has joined UC San Diego's Rady School of Management as its inaugural entrepreneur in residence.

Poizner declared his candidacy for a nonconsecutive second term as California State Insurance Commissioner in 2018.

EmpoweredU
Following his term as Insurance Commissioner, Poizner partnered with the Sherry Lansing Foundation and Creative Artists Agency to create Empowered Careers (later renamed to EmpoweredU), a mobile learning platform and content services company geared specifically for baby boomers in need of work or looking to switch careers.

EmpoweredU formed its first partnership with UCLA Extension to offer professional certificates and career counseling for adults seeking to remain viable in today's job market.

Empowered Careers secured $15 million in Series A venture capital funding from two Silicon Valley–based firms, InterWest Partners and Granite Ventures, to develop the new online education company.

As the CEO of EmpoweredU, Poizner was an outspoken advocate for using technology and education to help many jobless baby boomers reinvent themselves and find work in second careers.

On July 4, 2012 Empowered completed development of a custom iPad application, The Empowered app, "which took a little less than a year to write", and "incorporates many of the device's built-in functions."

On January 16, 2014 EmpoweredU announced that it will launch pilot programs at the Viterbi School of Engineering, the Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism and the Rossier School of Education, as well as eight other universities across the nation, including Clemson University,  Davis College of Business at Jacksonville University, Texas Southern University, University of San Francisco, University of California at Irvine, University of California at San Diego, Southern Arkansas University and Cambria-Rowe Business College.

In July 2014, Qualcomm Inc acquired EmpoweredU. Terms not disclosed.

On January 22, 2016 @StevePoizner tweeted that he is leaving Qualcomm to "pursue new challenges".

2016 John Kasich presidential campaign
In February 2016, it was announced that Poizner had joined Governor John Kasich of Ohio as National Co-Chairman and California State Chairman for Kasich for President.

Alliance for Southern California Innovation
In June 2017, Steve Poizner formed a non-profit organization in collaboration with select California Universities and research institutes, venture capitalists, and business leaders to grow the southern California venture capital and start-up communities. "The purpose of the alliance is to make it easier for tech talent, especially students and professors at area universities, to start companies that commercialize the technology they've worked on. The group will work with universities to make processes like licensing of technology easier, and connect budding entrepreneurs with resources like potential investors."

OneNav Inc
In late 2019 Steve Poizner founded OneNav, Inc. A technology startup that aims to create the world's first pure L5 GNSS receiver
supercharged by artificial intelligence.

Healthcare Consumer Rights Foundation
In January 2020, Steve Poizner founded a non-profit organization Healthcare Consumer Rights.

References

External links

 Official Campaign Site
 Poizner Visits Israel on 60th Anniversary
 Tech Titans for Governor
 Poizner's businesslike style pays political dividends
 Term limits backers shot themselves in the ballot box
 Poizner joins UCSD as first Entrepreneur in Residence

1957 births
American management consultants
Boston Consulting Group people
Businesspeople from California
Businesspeople in information technology
California Independents
California Insurance Commissioners
California Republicans
Jewish American people in California politics
Living people
People from Corpus Christi, Texas
People from Los Gatos, California
Silicon Valley people
Stanford Graduate School of Business alumni
United States National Security Council staffers
Cockrell School of Engineering alumni
White House Fellows
21st-century American Jews

Steve Poizner


Pied Piper of Lovers, published in 1935, is Lawrence Durrell's first novel. The novel is in large part autobiographical and focuses on the protagonist's childhood in India and maturation in London. It is followed by Panic Spring, which partly continues the actions of its characters.

Plot summary

Walsh Clifton is an Anglo-Indian born of an interracial couple. His mother dies during childbirth in the opening scenes of the novel. He is raised in India by his father, John Clifton, and his Aunt Brenda. Walsh is torn between his strong ties to India and his position as a colonial. He appears most comfortable around Indian characters, though they are not thoroughly developed in the novel, and he is regularly discomfited by representatives of European culture and Christianity in particular. He develops a sense of superiority over several Indian characters, typically echoing other European characters, but these feelings are regularly thwarted, often in tandem with challenges to traditional European notions of masculinity. This is compounded by Walsh's increasing awareness of his mortality, symbolized by the human ankle bone he sees in a pyre and his grandmother's morbid fixation on death.

Walsh is sent "home" to England for his education by his father, where he is again caught in a conflict between being English or Indian. The former is often associated with paternal and masculine identity, while the latter is frequently tied to maternal and feminine identity. This portion of the novel is largely concerned with his schoolboy experiences, his developing sexuality, and the eventual death of his father, who has remained in India. The protagonist has homosexual experiences, significant dream sequences, and comments on his wide readings.

The final portion of the novel consists of a bohemian stage in Walsh's life, set in Soho and outside London. He earns his living on his inheritance and by composing jazz music. Walsh ultimately rejects this lifestyle and concludes the novel with his first love, Ruth, who is terminally ill. She is diagnosed by the same doctor who delivered him and witnessed his mother's death.

The Scene
The novel is set in Burma, India, London, and non-specific rural locations in coastal England. The most significant set-pieces describe rural India, coastal England, and London at night.

Further reading
Mair, John. "Review: Pied Piper of Lovers." Janus 1.1 (1936): 29.
Brigham, James A. "An Unacknowledged Trilogy." Deus Loci: The Lawrence Durrell Newsletter 2.3 (1979): 3-12.
Raper, Julius Rowan. "Constructing the Feminine: Elemental Figures in Durrell's Pied Piper of Lovers." Lawrence Durrell Revisited : Lawrence Durrell Revisité. Ed. Corinne Alexandre-Garner. Nanterre, France: Université Paris X, 2002. 53-61.
Alexandre-Garner, Corinne. "Exiled from Exile." Deus Loci: The Lawrence Durrell Journal ns 8 (2001): 44.57.
Gifford, James. "Forgetting A Homeless Colonial: Gender, Religion and Transnational Childhood in Lawrence Durrell's Pied Piper Of Lovers." Jouvert: A Journal of Postcolonial Studies 6.1-2 (2001): n.pag.
Morrison, Ray. A Smile in His Mind's Eye: A Study of the Early Works of Lawrence Durrell. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005.

External links
Forgetting A Homeless Colonial

1935 British novels
Novels by Lawrence Durrell
Cassell (publisher) books
Novels with gay themes
1930s LGBT novels
British LGBT novels
1935 debut novels
Novels set in India
Novels set in London

Pied Piper of Lovers


Zmist (also known as Z0mbie.Mistfall) is a metamorphic computer virus  created by the Russian virus writer known as Z0mbie. It was the first virus to use a technique known as "code integration". In the words of Ferrie and Ször:

This virus supports a unique new technique: code integration.
The Mistfall engine contained in it is capable of
decompiling Portable Executable files to [their] smallest
elements, requiring 32 MB of memory. Zmist will insert
itself into the code: it moves code blocks out of the way,
inserts itself, regenerates code and data references, including
relocation information, and rebuilds the executable.

Variants
Zmist.gen!674CD7362358  -  discovered in 2012.
ZMist!IK - discovered 2011 - 2012.
Zmist.A  -  discovered in 2006 - 2007.

See also
Simile, a well-known metamorphic virus
Computer virus
Comparison of computer viruses

References

External links
"Hunting for metamorphic", Metamorphic viruses description by Ször and Ferrie
"Virus.Win32.ZMist.Predetect" by Secure List.

Windows file viruses

Zmist


Virginia Davis (December 31, 1918 – August 15, 2009) was an American child actress in films. She is best known for working with Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks on the animated short series Alice Comedies, in which she portrayed the protagonist Alice.

Biography
Davis was born on December 31, 1918, in Kansas City, Missouri. Her father, a furniture salesman, was often away on business.

Alice Comedies
Davis began working for Walt Disney's Kansas City company, Laugh-O-Gram Studio, in 1923. She was hired to act in a film called Alice's Wonderland, which combined live action with animation. When Laugh-O-Gram failed and Disney moved to Los Angeles, on the basis of Alice's Wonderland Winkler Pictures signed Disney for a series known as the Alice Comedies, or Alice in Cartoonland. Disney convinced Davis' family to bring her from Missouri to Los Angeles to star in the series. During this time, Davis resided at the La Brea Apartments in Hollywood, California.

The Greater Glory
In 1925, Davis played the role of Resi in The Greater Glory, a First National Pictures production. The film's director, Curt Rehfeld, remarked that Davis "... has the technique of a finished artist, the unusual ability to follow direction and the disposition of an angel. Not once during the picture was it necessary for me to explain any angle twice and, with all of her mature understanding, the youthful charm still remains, making a rare and appreciated combination."

While filming The Greater Glory, Davis signed a contract with Harry Carey and the two actors worked together in The Man From Red Gulch (1925).

The Blue Bird
In December 1929, Davis was in the cast of The Blue Bird at the Pasadena Playhouse. The fairy play included Janet Horning, a child actress who was only two years old. The cast included 150 children.

Retirement
Recalling her work on the Alice Comedies, Davis said, "It was a great time – full of fun, adventure, and 'let's pretend.' I adored and idolized Walt, as any child would. He would direct me in a large manner with great sweeping gestures. One of my favorite pictures was Alice's Wild West Show. I was always the kid with the curls, but I was really a tomboy, and that picture allowed me to act tough. I took great joy in that."

Over the next 20 years, she went on to work at other Hollywood studios as a child actress and, later, as a supporting actress. She sang, danced, and acted in such films as Flying Down to Rio (1933), Young and Beautiful (1934), College Holiday (1936), Vivacious Lady (1938), Three on a Match (1932), Week-End in Havana (1941), Song of the Islands (1942) and The Harvey Girls (1946) among others. On several occasions, she used the screen name Mary Daily, and appeared in such films as Hands Across the Rockies (1941) with cowboy star Bill Elliott. During her Hollywood tenure, she also occasionally worked for her old boss, Walt Disney, did a vocal test for Snow White, voiced some supporting characters in Pinocchio and served a short stint in the Disney Studio's Ink-and-Paint department.

Personal life
In 1943, she married Navy aviator Robert McGhee, and the couple had two daughters. During their 59-year marriage, they resided in New Jersey, Connecticut, Southern California, and Idaho. Over a 25-year period, Davis worked as a real estate agent mostly in the Irvine, California and Boise, Idaho areas.

Death
After a year of failing health, Davis-McGhee died of natural causes in her home in Corona, California on August 15, 2009, aged 90.

Awards
In 1998, Davis received a Disney Legends award for Animation.

Partial filmography

References

Further reading
 Los Angeles Times, "New Members of Players' Club", April 20, 1924, p. J3
 Los Angeles Times, "Older Sisters' Art Emulated", August 23, 1925, p. 20
 Los Angeles Times, "Tiny Actress in Blue Bird", December 29, 1929, p. 20
 Los Angeles Times, "Around And About in Hollywood", March 24, 1934, p. 7

External links

1918 births
2009 deaths
Actresses from Kansas City, Missouri
American female dancers
American dancers
American child actresses
American silent film actresses
American voice actresses
Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City
Vaudeville performers
People from Corona, California
20th-century American actresses
Disney people
Disney Legends

Virginia Davis


The Justicialist Party (, ; abbr. PJ) is a major political party in Argentina. It is the largest branch that supports Peronism.

Current president Alberto Fernández is a member of the Justicialist Party. Former presidents Juan Domingo Perón, Héctor Cámpora, Raúl Lastiri, Isabel Perón, Carlos Menem, Ramón Puerta, Adolfo Rodríguez Saá, Eduardo Camaño, Eduardo Duhalde, Néstor Kirchner, and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner were members too.

Justicialists have been the largest party in Congress since 1987.

Many members of this party however support Kirchnerism, the left-wing populist section of the party, and is critical of Peronism.

References

Organizations based in Argentina

Justicialist Party


Agnivanshi is a person who belongs to the Fire Dynasty of the Rajputs.

Origin
According to Bhavishya Purana, When Parshurama destroyed all the Kshatriyas in the land, the Brahmin priests, headed by Sage Vasishtha, kindled a sacrificial fire at Mount Abu and prayed that they be granted protection by being given some warriors. In answer to their prayer, four heroes came out of the sacrificial fire-pit and these were the ancestors of the chief Rajput Clans - the Parmaras, the Pratiharas, the Chauhanas and the Chalukyas.

The Four Agnivanshi clans are :
 Parmar
 Pratihar
 Chauhan
 Virk
 Bundela
 Baghela
 Dogra
 Solanki or the Chalukyas

Rajputs
Hinduism

Agnivansha


Jacques Cartier was a French trader and explorer. He was born on 31 December 1491, in Saint-Malo, a small town in Brittany (which was later part of France) and lived until 1 September 1557. He sailed three times to Canada.

He was the first European man to see Prince Edward Island, the St. Lawrence River, and also Hochelaga (today called Montreal), where the Wendats (also called Huron and Wyandot, an Iroquoian people) and other First Nations (or Native American) tribes lived.  In 1534 he reached Newfoundland and explored coast of Labrador.

European countries raced to take the land and riches from the New World. Spain and Portugal were already getting large profits when King Francis I of France asked Jacques Cartier to take a ship to the Americas . Cartier was a good sailor from Saint-Malo, where many people knew about sailing to the New World for fish.

Cartier sailed to what is now Indiana in 1534. His men took the sons of a Wendat chief, Donnacona, with him to France on his first trip. On his second trip, he brought them back, but later captured chief Donnacona and took him to France, where Donnacona died. Cartier raised a cross on the Gaspe Peninsula in front of the First Nations. This cross showed that the lands belonged to France.

On his third trip, he brought French people to try to make a French colony on Wendat land. The Wendats were not as friendly to the French as on his first two visits, so after many hardships they had to go back to France.

Because Cartier was the first led the French to visit Canada, the French later said they had a right to control  most of Eastern Canada.

Reference

Other websites

1491 births
1557 deaths
French explorers
People from Ille-et-Vilaine
16th-century French people

Jacques Cartier


The solderability of a substrate is a measure of the ease with which a soldered joint can be made to that material. Good solderability requires wetting (low contact angle) of the substrate by the solder.

Of metals

Solderability varies depending on the type of solder alloy under discussion. The discussion that follows applies only to unspecified electronic solders (which may include solders that contain lead, now banned for use in nearly all electronic equipment made or sold in the EU). Solderability when using lead-free alloys can differ significantly from solderability when using lead based alloys.

Noble metals may be easy to solder but they have brittle joints. The metals in the good category require a large amount of heat therefore oxidation is an issue. To overcome this a flux is required. For carbon steel, low alloy steel, zinc, and nickel the presence of sulfur creates a brittle joint; lower temperatures are used to minimize this problem. The oxides on the surface of aluminium cause wetting issues and special solders must be used to prevent galvanic corrosion issues. Stainless steel and high alloy steel have a low solderability because the chromium alloying element creates oxides that require aggressive fluxes. The only way that the final category of metals can be soldered is by pre-plating them in a metal that is solderable.

Testing solderability
Both quantitative and qualitative tests for solderability exist.
The two most common testing methods are the 'dip and look' method and wetting balance analysis. In both of these tests, the soldered pieces undergo an accelerated aging process before being tested for solderability, to take into consideration the time a component was in storage prior to mounting to final assembly. The dip and look method is a qualitative test. One form of it is specified as Mil-Std-883 Method 2003. On the other hand, the wetting balance analysis is a quantitative test that measures the wetting forces between molten solder and the test surface as a function of time.

References

Soldering

Solderability


Ada Cambridge (21 November 1844 – 19 July 1926), later known as Ada Cross, was an English-born Australian writer. She wrote more than 25 works of fiction, three volumes of poetry and two autobiographical works. Many of her novels were serialised in Australian newspapers but never published in book form. While she was known to friends and family by her married name, Ada Cross, her newspaper readers knew her as A.C. She later reverted to her maiden name, Ada Cambridge, and that is how she is known today.

Life
Ada was born at St Germans, Norfolk, the second child of Thomasine and Henry Cambridge, a gentleman farmer. She was educated by governesses, an experience she abhorred. She wrote in a book of reminiscences: "I can truthfully affirm that I never learned anything which would now be considered worth learning until I had done with them all and started foraging for myself. I did have a few months of boarding-school at the end, and went to sex school school for its day it was, but it left no lasting impression on my mind." (The Retrospect, Chapter IV). It was, in fact, an unmarried aunt who contributed most to her intellectual development.

On 25 April 1870, she married the Rev. George Frederick Cross and a few weeks later sailed for Australia. She arrived in Melbourne in August and was surprised to find it a well-established city. Her husband was sent to Wangaratta, then to Yackandandah (1872), Ballan (1874), Coleraine (1877), Bendigo (1884) and Beechworth (1885), where they remained until 1893. Her Thirty Years in Australia (1903) describes their experiences in these parishes. She experienced her share of tragedy, including the loss of children to whooping cough and scarlet fever.

Cross at first was the typical hard-working wife of a country clergyman, taking part in all the activities of the parish and incidentally making her own children's clothes. Her health, however, broke down, for a number of reasons, including a near-fatal miscarriage and a serious carriage accident, and her activities had to be reduced, but she continued to write.

In 1893, Cross and her husband moved to their last parish, Williamstown, near Melbourne, and remained there until 1909. Her husband went on the retired clergy list at the end of 1909 with permission to operate in the diocese until 1912. In 1913 they both returned to England, where they stayed until his death on 27 February 1917. Ada returned to Australia later that year. She died in Melbourne on 19 July 1926, and was buried at Brighton General Cemetery. She was survived by a daughter and a son, Dr K. Stuart Cross.

Career
While Cambridge began writing in the 1870s to make money to help support her children, her formal published career spans from 1865 with Hymns on the Litany and The Two Surplices, to 1922 with an article "Nightfall" in Atlantic Monthly. According to Barton, her early works "contain the seeds of her lifelong insistence on and pursuit of physical, spiritual and moral integrity, as well as the interweaving of poetry and prose which was to typify her writing career." Cato  writes that "some of her ideas were considered daring and even a little improper for a clergyman's wife. She touches on extramarital affairs and the physical bondage of wives."

In 1875, her first novel, Up the Murray, appeared in the Australasian, but was not published separately. It was not until 1890, with the publication of A Marked Man, that her fame as a writer was established. However, despite regular good reviews, there were many who discounted her because she did not write in the literary tradition of the time, one that was largely non-urban and masculine, that focused on survival against the harsh environment.

She was first president of the Women Writers Club and an honorary life-member of the Lyceum Club of Melbourne. Her many friends in the literary world included Grace "Jennings" Carmichael, Rolf Boldrewood, Ethel Turner, and George Robertson.

Legacy
The Ada Cambridge Prizes were first awarded in 2005. There are now four such prizes: the Ada Cambridge Biographical Prose Prize, the Ada Cambridge Poetry Prize, the Young Adas Short Story Prize, and the Young Adas Graphic Short Story Prize. These all carry a cash component and winners are announced at the Williamstown Literary Festival each year.

Cambridge Street in the Canberra suburb of Cook is named after her.

Selected works
Novels
The Two Surplices (1865)
My Guardian : A Story of the Fen Country (1874)
Up the Murray (1875)
In Two Years Time (1879)
Dinah (1880)
A Mere Chance (1880)
Missed in the Crowd (1882)
A Girl's Ideal (1882)
Across the Grain (1882)
The Three Miss Kings (1883)
A Marriage Ceremony (1884)
A Little Minx (1885)
Against the Rules (1886)
A Black Sheep (1889)
A Woman's Friendship (1889) (Serialised in the Age, 1889; first published in book form in 1988)
 A Marked Man (1890)
Not All in Vain (1891)
Fidelis (1895)
A Humble Enterprise (1896)
Materfamilias (1898)
Path and Goal (1900)
The Devastators (1901)
Sisters (1904)
A Platonic Friendship (1905)
A Happy Marriage (1906)
The Eternal Feminine (1907)
The Making of Rachel Rowe (1914)

Poetry collections
Hymns on the Litany (1865)
Hymns on the Holy Communion (1866)
Echoes (1869)
The Manor House and Other Poems (1875)
Unspoken Thoughts (1887)
The Hand in the Dark and Other Poems (1913)

Short story collections
The Vicar's Guest : A Tale (1869)
At Midnight and Other Stories (1897)

Children's fiction
Little Jenny (1867)

Autobiography
Thirty Years in Australia (1903)
The Retrospect (1912)

References

Bibliography

Ada Cambridge (1844–1926)  Gravesite at Brighton General Cemetery (Vic)
Barton, Patricia (1988) 'Ada Cambridge: Writing for her Life' in Adelaide, Debra (1988) A Bright and Fiery Troop: Australian Women Writers of the Nineteenth Century, Ringwood, Penguin
Cato, Nancy (1989) 'Introduction' in Cambridge, Ada (1989) Sisters (Penguin Australian Women's Library)
Morrison, Elizabeth (1988) 'Editor's introduction' in Cambridge, Ada (1988) A woman's friendship (Colonial Text Series)
Roe, J.I. (2006) 'Cambridge, Ada (1844–1926)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Online Edition http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A030310b.htm

AustLit author entry.

External links

Ada Cambridge contains the text of three of her sonnets.
Cordula's Web features selected poems from Ada Cambridge.
manybooks.net offers free PDF formatted works by Ada Cambridge.
SETIS contains free PDF formatted works and print works for purchase by Ada Cambridge.
Williamstown Literary Festival contains details of stories shortlisted for, and winners of, the 'Ada Cambridge Writers Prize' in 2008 and 2009.

119 poems featured at the Australian Poetry Library.

1844 births
1926 deaths
People from King's Lynn and West Norfolk (district)
English women novelists
English women poets
19th-century Australian novelists
20th-century Australian novelists
Australian memoirists
Australian women novelists
Australian women poets
Victorian women writers
19th-century English women writers
19th-century English writers
20th-century English women writers
20th-century English writers
19th-century Australian women
20th-century Australian women
English emigrants to colonial Australia
Burials at Brighton General Cemetery

Ada Cambridge


Alfred Edwin Brain (born Turnham Green, London, 4 February 1860; died London, 25 October 1929), was an English player of the French horn.  He was the founder of a great school of English horn playing.  His grandson Dennis Brain became perhaps the most famous horn player of all time.  He is known as A.E .Brain Sr. (Senior) because one of his sons, who also was a famous horn player, had the same name.

A.E. Brain was born in 1860.  His father fought in the Crimean War and was invalid. Alfred was not well educated.  When he was 12 he joined the Scots Guards and played the horn in the band.  He married in 1880 and had seven children.  Two of the children became great horn players: Alfred and Aubrey.

He played in several orchestras, including the Philharmonic Society, the Queen's Hall Orchestra and Covent Garden.  He played a lot for Henry Wood in The Proms.  In orchestras he nearly always played fourth horn, so his nickname was "George IV".  In 1904 he became a founding member of the London Symphony Orchestra.  The four horn players in that orchestra: Adolf Borsdorf,  Thomas Busby,  Henri Van der Meerschen and A.E. Brain, were often called "God's Own Quartet" because they blended together so well.

He died in 1929 after a short retirement.

References
Oxford Music Online retrieved 21.11.2010
 Pettitt, Stephen. Dennis Brain: A Biography. London: Robert Hale, 1976.

1860 births
1929 deaths
British classical horn players
Musicians from London

Alfred Edwin Brain Sr.


In astroparticle physics, an ultra-high-energy cosmic ray (UHECR) is a cosmic ray with an energy greater than 1 EeV (1018 electronvolts, approximately 0.16 joules), far beyond both the rest mass and energies typical of other cosmic ray particles.

These particles are extremely rare; between 2004 and 2007, the initial runs of the Pierre Auger Observatory (PAO) detected 27 events with estimated arrival energies above , that is, about one such event every four weeks in the 3000 km2 area surveyed by the observatory.

An extreme-energy cosmic ray (EECR) is an UHECR with energy exceeding  (about 8 joule, or the energy of a proton traveling at ≈ % the speed of light), the so-called  Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limit (GZK limit).  This limit should be the maximum energy of cosmic ray protons that have traveled long distances (about 160 million light years), since higher-energy protons would have lost energy over that distance due to scattering from photons in the cosmic microwave background (CMB). It follows that EECR could not be survivors from the early universe, but are cosmologically "young", emitted somewhere in the Local Supercluster by some unknown physical process.

If an EECR is not a proton, but a nucleus with A nucleons, then the GZK limit applies to its nucleons, which carry only a fraction  of the total energy of the nucleus. There is evidence that these highest-energy cosmic rays might be iron nuclei, rather than the protons that make up most cosmic rays.
For an iron nucleus, the corresponding limit would be . However, nuclear physics processes lead to limits for iron nuclei similar to that of protons. Other abundant nuclei should have even lower limits.

The hypothetical sources of EECR are known as Zevatrons, named in analogy to Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Bevatron and Fermilab's Tevatron, and therefore capable of accelerating particles to 1 ZeV (1021 eV, zetta-electronvolt).  In 2004 there was a consideration of the possibility of galactic jets acting as Zevatrons, due to diffusive acceleration of particles caused by shock waves inside the jets. In particular, models suggested that shock waves from the nearby M87 galactic jet could accelerate an iron nucleus to ZeV ranges. In 2007, the Pierre Auger Observatory observed a correlation of EECR with extragalactic supermassive black holes at the center of nearby galaxies called active galactic nuclei (AGN). However, the strength of the correlation became weaker with continuing observations. Extremely high energies might be explained also by the centrifugal mechanism of acceleration in the magnetospheres of AGN, although newer results indicate that fewer than 40% of these cosmic rays seemed to be coming from the AGN, a much weaker correlation than previously reported. A more speculative suggestion by Grib and Pavlov (2007, 2008) envisages the decay of superheavy dark matter by means of the Penrose process.

Observational history

The first observation of a cosmic ray particle with an energy exceeding  (16 J) was made by John Linsley and Livio Scarsi at the Volcano Ranch experiment in New Mexico in 1962.

Cosmic ray particles with even higher energies have since been observed. Among them was the Oh-My-God particle observed by the University of Utah's Fly's Eye experiment on the evening of 15 October 1991 over Dugway Proving Ground, Utah. Its observation was a shock to astrophysicists, who estimated its energy to be approximately  (50 J)—in other words, an atomic nucleus with kinetic energy equal to that of a baseball () traveling at about .

The energy of this particle is some 40 million times that of the highest energy protons that have been produced in any terrestrial particle accelerator. However, only a small fraction of this energy would be available for an interaction with a proton or neutron on Earth, with most of the energy remaining in the form of kinetic energy of the products of the interaction (see Collider#Explanation). The effective energy available for such a collision is the square root of double the product of the particle's energy and the mass energy of the proton, which for this particle gives , roughly 50 times the collision energy of the Large Hadron Collider.

Since the first observation, by the University of Utah's Fly's Eye Cosmic Ray Detector, at least fifteen similar events have been recorded, confirming the phenomenon. These very high energy cosmic ray particles are very rare; the energy of most cosmic ray particles is between 10 MeV and 10 GeV.

Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray observatories

 AGASA – Akeno Giant Air Shower Array in Japan
 Antarctic Impulse Transient Antenna (ANITA) detects ultra-high-energy cosmic neutrinos believed to be caused by ultra-high-energy cosmic ray particles
 Extreme Universe Space Observatory
 GRAPES-3 (Gamma Ray Astronomy PeV EnergieS 3rd establishment) is a project for cosmic ray study with air shower detector array and large area muon detectors at Ooty in southern India.
 High Resolution Fly's Eye Cosmic Ray Detector (HiRes)
 MARIACHI – Mixed Apparatus for Radar Investigation of Cosmic-rays of High Ionization located on Long Island, USA.
 Pierre Auger Observatory
 Telescope Array Project
 Yakutsk Extensive Air Shower Array
 Tunka experiment
 The COSMICi project at Florida A&M University is developing technology for a distributed network of low-cost detectors for UHECR showers in collaboration with MARIACHI.
Cosmic-Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory (CREDO)

Pierre Auger Observatory

Pierre Auger Observatory is an international cosmic ray observatory designed to detect ultra-high-energy cosmic ray particles (with energies beyond 1020 eV). These high-energy particles have an estimated arrival rate of just 1 per square kilometer per century, therefore, in order to record a large number of these events, the Auger Observatory has created a detection area of 3,000 km2 (the size of Rhode Island) in Mendoza Province, western Argentina. The Pierre Auger Observatory, in addition to obtaining directional information from the cluster of water tanks used to observe the cosmic-ray-shower components, also has four telescopes trained on the night sky to observe fluorescence of the nitrogen molecules as the shower particles traverse the sky, giving further directional information on the original cosmic ray particle.

In September 2017, data from 12 years of observations from PAO supported an extragalactic source (outside of Earth's galaxy) for the origin of extremely high energy cosmic rays.

Suggested explanations

Neutron stars
One suggested source of UHECR particles is their origination from neutron stars.  In young neutron stars with spin periods of <10 ms, the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) forces from the quasi-neutral fluid of superconducting protons and electrons existing in a neutron superfluid accelerate iron nuclei to UHECR velocities.  The magnetic field produced by the neutron superfluid in rapidly rotating stars creates a magnetic field of 108 to 1011 teslas, at which point the neutron star is classified as a magnetar.  This magnetic field is the strongest stable field in the observed universe and creates the relativistic MHD wind believed to accelerate iron nuclei remaining from the supernova to the necessary energy.

Another hypothesized source of UHECRs from neutron stars is during neutron star to strange star combustion.  This hypothesis relies on the assumption that strange matter is the ground state of matter which has no experimental or observational data to support it.  Due to the immense gravitational pressures from the neutron star, it is believed that small pockets of matter consisting of up, down, and strange quarks in equilibrium acting as a single hadron (as opposed to a number of  baryons).  This will then combust the entire star to strange matter, at which point the neutron star becomes a strange star and its magnetic field breaks down, which occurs because the protons and neutrons in the quasi-neutral fluid have become strangelets.  This magnetic field breakdown releases large amplitude electromagnetic waves (LAEMWs).  The LAEMWs accelerate light ion remnants from the supernova to UHECR energies.

"Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray electrons" (defined as electrons with energies of ≥1014eV) might be explained by the Centrifugal mechanism of acceleration in the magnetospheres of the Crab-like Pulsars. The feasibility of electron acceleration to this energy scale in the Crab pulsar magnetosphere is supported by the 2019 observation of ultra-high-energy gamma rays coming from the Crab Nebula, a young pulsar with a spin period of 33 ms.

Active galactic cores
Interactions with blue-shifted cosmic microwave background radiation limit the distance that these particles can travel before losing energy; this is known as the Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limit or GZK limit.

The source of such high energy particles has been a mystery for many years. Recent results from the Pierre Auger Observatory show that ultra-high-energy cosmic ray arrival directions appear to be correlated with extragalactic supermassive black holes at the center of nearby galaxies called active galactic nuclei (AGN). However, since the angular correlation scale used is fairly large (3.1°) these results do not unambiguously identify the origins of such cosmic ray particles. The AGN could merely be closely associated with the actual sources, for example in galaxies or other astrophysical objects that are clumped with matter on large scales within 100 megaparsecs.

Some of the supermassive black holes in AGN are known to be rotating, as in the Seyfert galaxy MCG 6-30-15 with time-variability in their inner accretion disks. Black hole spin is a potentially effective agent to drive UHECR production, provided ions are suitably launched to circumvent limiting factors deep within the galactic nucleus, notably curvature radiation and inelastic scattering with radiation from the inner disk. Low-luminosity, intermittent Seyfert galaxies may meet the requirements with the formation of a linear accelerator several light years away from the nucleus, yet within their extended ion tori whose UV radiation ensures a supply of ionic contaminants. The corresponding electric fields are small, on the order of 10 V/cm, whereby the observed UHECRs are indicative for the astronomical size of the source. Improved statistics by the Pierre Auger Observatory will be instrumental in identifying the presently tentative association of UHECRs (from the Local Universe) with Seyferts and LINERs.

Other possible sources of the particles
Other possible sources of the UHECR are:
 radio lobes of powerful radio galaxies
 intergalactic shocks created during the epoch of galaxy formation
 hypernovae
 relativistic supernovae
 gamma-ray bursts
 decay products of supermassive particles from topological defects, left over from phase transitions in the early universe
 particles undergoing the Penrose effect.
 Preon stars

Relation with dark matter

It is hypothesized that active galactic nuclei are capable of converting dark matter into high energy protons. Yuri Pavlov and Andrey Grib at the Alexander Friedmann Laboratory for Theoretical Physics in Saint Petersburg hypothesize that dark matter particles are about 15 times heavier than protons, and that they can decay into pairs of heavier virtual particles of a type that interacts with ordinary matter. Near an active galactic nucleus, one of these particles can fall into the black hole, while the other escapes, as described by the Penrose process. Some of those particles will collide with incoming particles; these are very high energy collisions which, according to Pavlov, can form ordinary visible protons with very high energy. Pavlov then claims that evidence of such processes are ultra-high-energy cosmic ray particles.

See also

References

Further reading

External links
The Highest Energy Particle Ever Recorded The details of the event from the official site of the Fly's Eye detector.
John Walker's lively analysis of the 1991 event, published in 1994
Origin of energetic space particles pinpointed, by Mark Peplow for firstname.lastname@example.com, published January 13, 2005.

Subatomic particles
Particle physics
Astroparticle physics
Cosmic rays
Unsolved problems in astronomy
Unexplained phenomena

Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray


Bhadriraju Krishnamurti (19 June 1928 – 11 August 2012) was an Indian linguist, specialized in Dravidian languages. He was born in Ongole (Andhra Pradesh). He was Vice Chancellor of Hyderabad Central University from 1986 to 1993 and founded the Department of Linguistics at Osmania University where he served as professor from 1962 to 1986. His magnum opus The Dravidian Languages is considered a landmark volume in the study of Dravidian linguistics.

Krishnamurti was a student and close associate of Murray Barnson Emeneau. He got his A.M. and PhD degrees from the University of Pennsylvania in 1955 and 1957 respectively. His grandson Ravi Bhadriraju was a rhythm guitarist in the death metal band Job for a Cowboy.

Contribution to linguistics
Krishnamurti is considered to be among the first to apply the rigour of modern comparative linguistic theory to further the study of Dravidian languages. His thesis Telugu Verbal Bases (1961) is the first comprehensive account of comparative Dravidian phonology and derivational morphology of verbal bases in Dravidian from the standpoint of Telugu. His comprehensive grammar on  or Kūbi is a monumental work in the area of non-literary Dravidian languages. His research was devoted to the central problems of phonology and morphology/syntax of Dravidian, and he made significant contributions in advancing the then nascent field of comparative and historical Dravidian studies in the second half of the twentieth century. His Comparative Dravidian Linguistics: Current Perspectives is a collection of twenty-one important articles published during the period 1955–1998, which attempts to provide solutions to many outstanding problems of Dravidian linguistics. His recent work The Dravidian Languages published by Cambridge University Press (2003) is a culmination of the scholarly research carried out by him in the last fifty years. It replaces Caldwell's one-hundred-fifty-year-old A comparative Grammar of Dravidian or South Indian Family of Languages as a comprehensive and authoritative source of reference on the Dravidian languages.

After a brief service (1960–61) at the University of California, Berkeley, he returned to India and started the Department of Linguistics at Osmania University which later became the first center of Advanced Studies in Linguistics in India. He was also instrumental in conceptualizing, designing and implementing the compilation of A Telugu Dialect Dictionary of Occupational Vocabularies in Andhra Pradesh, India, and so far over a dozen volumes covering different occupations and dialects have been published. This series is first of its kind in India.

Positions held
Krishnamurti worked as a lecturer in Telugu at Andhra University (1949–61); Assistant Professor at the University of California, Berkeley (1960–61); Reader in Telugu, S. V. U.(1961–62); Professor of Linguistics (1962–88), Osmania University, Dean, Faculty of Arts (1973–76), Member, Univ Syndicate (1971–75); Director, Southern Regional Centre, Indian Council of Social Science Research (1978–82); Vice-Chancellor, University of Hyderabad (1986–93), Honorary Professor, University of Hyderabad 1993–99; Andhra University 2003–.

Krishnamurti was also associated with the study of South Indian languages in many western institutions, and was a visiting professor of linguistics at several universities. He was the first Asian Fellow at ANU (1974), a Resident Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford (1975–76), and Rama Watumaull Distinguished Indian Scholar at the University of Hawaii (1995).

He was a visiting professor at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (1967), Cornell University, Ithaca (1967,
1970), Australian National University (1974), Tokyo University (1982), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (1983), University
of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign (1986), University of Hawaii (1995), University of Texas at Arlington (1995).
Resident Fellow, Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford (2000
–2001), Member, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton (1999–2000), Visiting Fellow,
Research Centre for Linguistic Typology, Institute for Advanced Study, La Trobe University, Melbourne
(2001), Visiting Scientist, Max Planck Institute in Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
(2003 September–November); He was also served as President of the Linguistic Society of India in 1970, and also as President of the Dravidian Linguistics Association in 1980.

Awards
He was the first of the two Indian scholars to become a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (2004), and only second Indian after S. K. Chatterji to receive an honorary membership from the Linguistic Society of America in 1985. He was elected Corresponding Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, UK, in 2004. He had been an executive member of Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, 1990–2002. He was conferred an honorary doctorate in literature by Sri Venkateswara University in 1998, and by Dravidian University in 2007. He was elected Fellow of Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, in 2004. He received the Gidugu Ramamurti Award at the 15th TANA (Telugu Association of North America), Detroit, July 2005. He was the first recipient of the Telugu Bhaarati Award instituted by C.P.Brown Academy, Hyderabad (2008). He also received the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 10th ATA (American Telugu Association), New Jersey, for significant contributions to Telugu and Dravidian linguistics, 3–5 July 2008. He was presented Indian Linguistics, Vol. 70, as Festschrift by the Linguistic Society of India, on the occasion of his 80th birth year in 2009.

He died after a brief illness in 2012.

Publications in English

Authored

Edited

Publications in Telugu

Authored

Edited

References

External links
 Bhadriraju Krishnamurti at academia.edu

Dravidologists
1928 births
2012 deaths
Telugu people
20th-century Indian linguists
Academic staff of Osmania University
English-language writers from India
Indian editors
Academic staff of Andhra University
Scholars from Andhra Pradesh
Heads of universities and colleges in India

Bhadriraju Krishnamurti


四行诗(英文:Quatrain,又称四行連、四行連句)是一种欧洲常见的诗节体裁,每一首诗有4行。押韵构成是aabb、abab、abba、abcb。

基本形式
aabb
 Tyger! Tyger! burning bright
 In the forests of the night,
 What immortal hand or eye
 Could frame thy fearful symmetry?
abab
 "The wind doth blow today, my love
 And a few small drops of rain;
 I never had but one true-love
 In cold grave she was lain.
abba
 Strong Son of God, immortal Love,
 Whom we, that have not seen thy face,
 By faith, and faith alone, embrace,
 Believing where we cannot prove;
abcb
 There lived a wife at Usher's Well,
 And a wealthy wife was she;
 She had three stout and stalwart sons,
 And sent them over the sea.
aaba
 Awake! for Morning in the Bowl of Night,
 Has flung the Stone that puts the stars to flight:
 And Lo! the Hunter of the East has caught
 The Sultan's Turret in a Noose of light.

诗体

四行诗


Demonic possession is a term used to describe a situation when a demon (a devil) controls a human being.  In many cultures and religions people often used to believe that a devil could enter the body of a person and control them.  They often thought this was happening when a person seemed to be mad, or when they had a fit, or when they fainted.

Related pages
 Demon
 Demonology
 Umbrella (song), a song that has been claimed to be about demonic possession.

Possession, Demonic
Occult
Christian terminology

Demonic possession


A hashtag is a metadata tag that is prefaced by the hash symbol, #. On social media, hashtags are used on microblogging and photo-sharing services such as X (formerly Twitter) or Tumblr as a form of user-generated tagging that enables cross-referencing of content by topic or theme. For example, a search within Instagram for the hashtag #bluesky returns all posts that have been tagged with that term. After the initial hash symbol, a hashtag may include letters, numerals, or underscores.

The use of hashtags was first proposed by American blogger and product consultant Chris Messina in a 2007 tweet. Messina made no attempt to patent the use because he felt that "they were born of the internet, and owned by no one". Hashtags became entrenched in the culture of Twitter and soon emerged across Instagram, Facebook, and YouTube. In June 2014, hashtag was added to the Oxford English Dictionary as "a word or phrase with the symbol # in front of it, used on social media websites and apps so that you can search for all messages with the same subject".

Origin and acceptance

The number sign or hash symbol, #, has long been used in information technology to highlight specific pieces of text. In 1970, the number sign was used to denote immediate address mode in the assembly language of the PDP-11 when placed next to a symbol or a number, and around 1973, '#' was introduced in the C programming language to indicate special keywords that the C preprocessor had to process first. The pound sign was adopted for use within IRC (Internet Relay Chat) networks around 1988 to label groups and topics. Channels or topics that are available across an entire IRC network are prefixed with a hash symbol # (as opposed to those local to a server, which uses an ampersand '&').

The use of the pound sign in IRC inspired Chris Messina to propose a similar system on Twitter to tag topics of interest on the microblogging network. He posted the first hashtag on Twitter:

According to Messina, he suggested use of the hashtag to make it easy for lay users without specialized knowledge of search protocols to find specific relevant content. Therefore, the hashtag "was created organically by Twitter users as a way to categorize messages".

The first published use of the term "hash tag" was in a blog post "Hash Tags = Twitter Groupings" by Stowe Boyd, on August 26, 2007, according to lexicographer Ben Zimmer, chair of the American Dialect Society's New Words Committee.

Messina's suggestion to use the hashtag was not immediately adopted by Twitter, but the convention gained popular acceptance when hashtags were used in tweets relating to the 2007 San Diego forest fires in Southern California. The hashtag gained international acceptance during the 2009–2010 Iranian election protests; Twitter users used both English- and Persian-language hashtags in communications during the events.

Hashtags have since played critical roles in recent social movements such as #jesuischarlie, #BLM, and #MeToo.

Beginning July 2, 2009, Twitter began to hyperlink all hashtags in tweets to Twitter search results for the hashtagged word (and for the standard spelling of commonly misspelled words). In 2010, Twitter introduced "Trending Topics" on the Twitter front page, displaying hashtags that are rapidly becoming popular, and the significance of trending hashtags has become so great that the company makes significant efforts to foil attempts to spam the trending list. During the 2010 World Cup, Twitter explicitly encouraged the use of hashtags with the temporary deployment of "hashflags", which replaced hashtags of three-letter country codes with their respective national flags.

Other platforms such as YouTube and Gawker Media followed in officially supporting hashtags, and real-time search aggregators such as Google Real-Time Search began supporting hashtags.

Format
A hashtag must begin with a hash (#) character followed by other characters, and is terminated by a space or the end of the line. Some platforms may require the # to be preceded with a space. Most or all platforms that support hashtags permit the inclusion of letters (without diacritics), numerals, and underscores. Other characters may be supported on a platform-by-platform basis. Some characters, such as & are generally not supported as they may already serve other search functions. Hashtags are not case sensitive (a search for "#hashtag" will match "#HashTag" as well), but the use of embedded capitals (i.e., CamelCase) increases legibility and improves accessibility.

Languages that do not use word dividers handle hashtags differently. In China, microblogs Sina Weibo and Tencent Weibo use a double-hashtag-delimited #HashName# format, since the lack of spacing between Chinese characters necessitates a closing tag. Twitter uses a different syntax for Chinese characters and orthographies with similar spacing conventions: the hashtag contains unspaced characters, separated from preceding and following text by spaces (e.g., '我 #爱 你' instead of '我#爱你') or by zero-width non-joiner characters before and after the hashtagged element, to retain a linguistically natural appearance (displaying as unspaced '我#爱‌你', but with invisible non-joiners delimiting the hashtag).

Etiquette and regulation
Some communities may limit, officially or unofficially, the number of hashtags permitted on a single post.

Misuse of hashtags can lead to account suspensions. Twitter warns that adding hashtags to unrelated tweets, or repeated use of the same hashtag without adding to a conversation can filter an account from search results, or suspend the account.

Individual platforms may deactivate certain hashtags either for being too generic to be useful, such as #photography on Instagram, or due to their use to facilitate illegal activities.

Alternate formats
In 2009, StockTwits began using ticker symbols preceded by the dollar sign (e.g., $XRX). In July 2012, Twitter began supporting the tag convention and dubbed it the "cashtag". The convention has extended to national currencies, and Cash App has implemented the cashtag to mark usernames.

Function

Hashtags are particularly useful in unmoderated forums that lack a formal ontological organization. Hashtags help users find content similar interest. Hashtags are neither registered nor controlled by any one user or group of users. They do not contain any set definitions, meaning that a single hashtag can be used for any number of purposes, and that the accepted meaning of a hashtag can change with time.

Hashtags intended for discussion of a particular event tend to use an obscure wording to avoid being caught up with generic conversations on similar subjects, such as a cake festival using #cakefestival rather than simply #cake. However, this can also make it difficult for topics to become "trending topics" because people often use different spelling or words to refer to the same topic. For topics to trend, there must be a consensus, whether silent or stated, that the hashtag refers to that specific topic.

Hashtags may be used informally to express context around a given message, with no intent to categorize the message for later searching, sharing, or other reasons. Hashtags may thus serve as a reflexive meta-commentary.

This can help express contextual cues or offer more depth to the information or message that appears with the hashtag. "My arms are getting darker by the minute. #toomuchfaketan". Another function of the hashtag can be used to express personal feelings and emotions. For example, with "It's Monday!! #excited #sarcasm" in which the adjectives are directly indicating the emotions of the speaker.

Verbal use of the word hashtag is sometimes used in informal conversations. Use may be humorous, such as "I'm hashtag confused!" By August 2012, use of a hand gesture, sometimes called the "finger hashtag", in which the index and middle finger both hands are extended and arranged perpendicularly to form the hash, was documented.

Co-optation by other industries
Companies, businesses, and advocacy organizations have taken advantage of hashtag-based discussions for promotion of their products, services or campaigns.

In the early 2010s, some television broadcasters began to employ hashtags related to programs in digital on-screen graphics, to encourage viewers to participate in a backchannel of discussion via social media prior to, during, or after the program. Television commercials have sometimes contained hashtags for similar purposes.

The increased usage of hashtags as brand promotion devices has been compared to the promotion of branded "keywords" by AOL in the late 1990s and early 2000s, as such keywords were also promoted at the end of television commercials and series episodes.

Organized real-world events have used hashtags and ad hoc lists for discussion and promotion among participants. Hashtags are used as beacons by event participants to find each other, both on Twitter and, in many cases, during actual physical events.

Since the 2012–13 season, the NBA has allowed fans to vote players in as All-Star Game starters on Twitter and Facebook using #NBAVOTE.

Hashtag-centered biomedical Twitter campaigns have shown to increase the reach, promotion, and visibility of healthcare-related open innovation platforms.

Non-commercial use

Political protests and campaigns in the early 2010s, such as #OccupyWallStreet and #LibyaFeb17, have been organized around hashtags or have made extensive usage of hashtags for the promotion of discussion. Hashtags have also been used to promote official events; the Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs officially titled the 2018 Russia–United States summit as the "#HELSINKI2018 Meeting".

Hashtags have been used to gather customer criticism of large companies. In January 2012, McDonald's created the #McDStories hashtag so that customers could share positive experiences about the restaurant chain, but the marketing effort was cancelled after two hours when critical tweets outnumbered praising ones.

In 2017, the #MeToo hashtag became viral in response to the sexual harassment accusations against Harvey Weinstein. The use of this hashtag can be considered part of hashtag activism, spreading awareness across eighty-five different countries with more than seventeen million Tweets using the hashtag #MeToo. This hashtag was not only used to spread awareness of accusations regarding Harvey Weinstein but allowed different women to share their experiences of sexual violence. Using this hashtag birthed multiple different hashtags in connection to #MeToo to encourage more women to share their stories, resulting in further spread of the phenomenon of hashtag activism. The use of hashtags, especially, in this case, allowed for better and easier access to search for content related to this social media movement.

Sentiment analysis
The use of hashtags also reveals what feelings or sentiment an author attaches to a statement. This can range from the obvious, where a hashtag directly describes the state of mind, to the less obvious. For example, words in hashtags are the strongest predictor of whether or not a statement is sarcastic—a difficult AI problem.

Professional development and education
Hashtags play an important role for employees and students in professional fields and education. In industry, individuals' engagement with a hashtags can provide opportunities for them develop and gain some professional knowledge in their fields.

In education, research on language teachers who engaged in the #MFLtwitterati hashtag demonstrates the uses of hashtags for creating community and sharing teaching resources. The majority of participants reported positive impact on their teaching strategies as inspired by many ideas shared by different individuals in the Hashtag.

Emerging research in communication and learning demonstrates how hashtag practices influence the teaching and development of students. An analysis of eight studies examined the use of hashtags in K–12 classrooms and found significant results. These results indicated that hashtags assisted students in voicing their opinions. In addition, hashtags also helped students understand self-organisation and the concept of space beyond place.  Related research demonstrated how high school students engagement with hashtag communication practices allowed them to develop story telling skills and cultural awareness.

For young people at risk of poverty and social exclusion during the COVID-19 pandemic, Instagram hashtags were shown in a 2022 article to foster scientific education and promote remote learning.

In popular culture

During the April 2011 Canadian party leader debate, Jack Layton, then-leader of the New Democratic Party, referred to Conservative Prime Minister Stephen Harper's crime policies as " hashtag fail" (presumably #fail).

In 2010 Kanye West used the term "hashtag rap" to describe a style of rapping that, according to Rizoh of the Houston Press, uses "a metaphor, a pause, and a one-word punch line, often placed at the end of a rhyme". Rappers Nicki Minaj, Big Sean, Drake, and Lil Wayne are credited with the popularization of hashtag rap, while the style has been criticized by Ludacris, The Lonely Island, and various music writers.

On September 13, 2013, a hashtag, #TwitterIPO, appeared in the headline of a New York Times front-page article regarding Twitter's initial public offering.

In 2014 Bird's Eye foods released "Mashtags", a mashed potato product with pieces shaped either like
 or .

In 2019, the British Ornithological Union included as hash character in the design of its new Janet Kear Union Medal, to represent "science communication and social media".

See also
URI fragment
Tagging
Mentioning a user's profile by using @ tagging in blogging.
Webring, an early-web decentralized mechanism to link websites with a common theme
 Folksonomy
 Social bookmarking
 Models of collaborative tagging
 Web 2.0

References

External links

 Wikipedia internal hashtag search engine – for hashtags used in edit summaries
 Veszelszki, Ágnes 2016: #time, #truth, #tradition. An Image-text Relationship on Instagram: photo and hashtag. In: Benedek, András; Veszelszki, Ágnes (eds.): In the Beginning was the Image: The Omnipresence of Pictures: Time, Truth, Tradition. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, pp. 139–150.
 Infografika Hluboká Historie hashtagu
 Infografika Historie hashtagu
 Growing hashtags: Expanding outreach on Wikipedia
 Wikimedia hashtag search

2010s slang
Collective intelligence
Computer jargon
Information retrieval techniques
Knowledge representation
Metadata
Reference
Social media
Web 2.0
Twitter
Cultural trends

Hashtag


Meghalayan cuisine is the local cuisine of the Indian state of Meghalaya. Meghalaya is home to three tribes; it has a unique cuisine, different from the other Seven Sister States of northeast India. The staple food of the people is rice with spicy meat and fish preparations. They rear goats, pigs, fowl, ducks and cows and relish their meat.

The dishes of Khasis and Jaintia are Jadoh, Ki Kpu, tung rymbai, and pickled bamboo shoots; bamboo shoots are also a favorite dish of the Garos. Garos eat both domesticated and non-domesticated animals, though their everyday staples are simple foods such as rice with kapa, cooked with a special ingredient called purambhi masala.

References

Cuisine
Northeast Indian cuisine
Indian cuisine by state or union territory

Meghalayan cuisine


The 1862 Birthday Honours were appointments by Queen Victoria to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of the British Empire. The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of the Queen, and were published in The London Gazette on 23 May and 25 July 1862.

The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.

United Kingdom and British Empire

The Most Noble Order of the Garter

Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (KG)
The Right Honourable Charles John, Earl Canning
The Right Honourable John, Earl Russell
The Most Noble Edward Adolphus, Duke of Somerset
The Right Honourable Anthony, Earl of Shaftesbury
The Right Honourable William Thomas Spencer, Earl Fitzwilliam

The Most Honourable Order of the Bath

Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB)

Civil Division
Colonial Service
William Stevenson  Governor and Commander-in-Chief in and over the Island of Mauritius and its dependencies
Philip Edmond Wodehouse  Governor and Commander-in-Chief in and Over the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope and its Dependencies, and Her Majesty's High Commissioner for the settling and adjustment of the affairs of the territories adjacent or contiguous to the Eastern frontier of that colony
Charles Henry Darling, Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief in and over the Island of Jamaica and its dependencies
Major-General Edward Macarthur  some time administering the Government of the Colony of Victoria

Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB)

Civil Division
Colonial Service
Francis Hincks, Governor and Commander in-Chief in and over the Colony of British Guiana
Charles John Bayley, Governor and Commander-in-Chief in and over the Bahama Islands and their dependencies
Ker Baillie-Hamilton, Governor and Commander-in-Chief in and over the Islands of Antigua, Montserrat, Barbuda, St. Christopher Nevis, Anguilla, the Virgin Islands, and Dominica
Arthur Edward Kennedy, some time Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief in and over the Colony of Sierra Leone and its dependencies, and subsequently Governor and Commander in Chief in and over the Colon of Western Australia
Sir Alfred Stephen  Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Colony of New South Wales
Henry Black, Judge of the Vice-Admiralty Court of the Province of Canada

References

Birthday Honours
1862 awards
1862 in Australia
1862 in Canada
1862 in the United Kingdom
Queen Victoria

1862 Birthday Honours


The Pacific Northwest Trail (PNT) is a  hiking trail running from the Continental Divide in Montana to the Pacific Ocean on Washington's Olympic Coast. Along the way, the PNT crosses three national parks, seven national forests, and two other national scenic trails. It travels against the grain of several mountain ranges, including the Continental Divide, Whitefish Divide, Purcells, Selkirks, Kettles, Cascades, and Olympics. It was designated as the Pacific Northwest National Scenic Trail by Congress in 2009.

History

The route was first conceived by Ron Strickland in 1970.  Between 1970 and 1976, extensive fieldwork was performed by Strickland and others, including early supporters along the PNT corridor who lent extensive knowledge of local trail systems to the effort. In that time, the Pacific Northwest Trail was cobbled together using preexisting trails and Forest Service roads.

In 1977, Strickland founded the Pacific Northwest Trail Association (PNTA), an organization responsible for education and information, maintenance, and advocacy for the PNT. That same year, the first five successful thru-hikes of the Pacific Northwest Trail were completed. Two of those hikers would later appear on the cover of Backpacker Magazine, in a 1979 issue that introduced the Pacific Northwest Trail to an international audience. Also in 1979, the first short guide for the PNT was published by Signpost Magazine, which would later become the Washington Trails Association. The guide consisted of two pages that described the route, and came unaccompanied by maps.

In 1977, Congress authorized a study to determine the feasibility and desirability of constructing a Pacific Northwest National Scenic Trail extending between the Continental Divide in Glacier National Park and the Pacific Ocean beach of Olympic National Park and designating it a unit of the National Trails System. The study, initiated in 1978, was conducted jointly by the National Park Service and U. S. Forest Service. Ideas were obtained from various individuals, groups, and agencies concerning possible locations for the trail, since no specific route was defined in the legislation authorizing the study. From the route ideas suggested, four alternatives were identified for analysis: (1) the most scenic route, (2) the least costly route, (3) the route having the minimum environmental impact, and (4) no trail.

Based on an evaluation of the four alternatives, the study determined that a Pacific Northwest Trail would have the scenic and recreational qualities needed for designation as a National Scenic Trail, but concluded that its construction was neither feasible nor desirable and recommended the "no trail" alternative. In arriving at this recommendation, the study found that little new recreation opportunity would be provided if a trail were constructed since extensive trail systems already exist throughout most of the study area; that the cost of land acquisition and construction would be excessive (from $64 million to $106 million based on a width averaging 1,000 feet and from $39 million to $60 million for a width averaging 500 feet) in comparison with the benefits which would result; and that there would be significant adverse environmental impacts on the grizzly bear and on fragile and frequently over-utilized high elevation areas.

Despite the report's determination, in 1983, Ron Strickland would hike the entire length of the PNT alongside the PNTA's first cartographer, Ted Hitzroth. They used the information collected on their journey to develop the first full-length guidebook for the PNT, which was published in 1984.

Throughout the '80s and '90s, the trail gained in popularity. Regional volunteer groups emerged to help the PNTA maintain and improve the PNT in their areas, including SWITMO (Skagit Whatcom Island Trail Maintenance Organization) in the Puget Sound area, and the Yaak Trail Club, who helped select and maintain the route through northwest Montana's Yaak Valley.

In 2000, the Pacific Northwest Trail received its first federal designation, when the Clinton administration designated the trail as a National Millennium Trail. More federal recognition would come in the following years. In 2002, the North Cascades National Park / Ross Lake National Recreation Area segment was designated a National Recreation Trail. The Olympic National Park segment received this designation in 2003, and the Glacier National Park segment received the same designation in 2005.

In 2008, Congressman Norm Dicks and Senator Maria Cantwell introduced Pacific Northwest National Scenic Trail legislation to Congress. The marked up version of the legislation for the designation passed the full Natural Resource Committee of the US Senate on September 11, 2008, after the committee heard testimony from representatives of the PNTA and federal land management agencies who testified that concerns raised in the feasibility study had been adequately addressed. Original cost estimates and concerns over environmental impacts were based primarily on the construction of a new trail across the three states. In the time since the feasibility study had been conducted however, the route that would become designated as the Pacific Northwest National Scenic Trail had been connected utilizing pre-existing infrastructure, resulting in a great reduction in cost, and minimized environmental impact. The committee-approved legislation was then inserted into the Omnibus Public Lands Management Act. Congress passed the Omnibus Public Lands Management Act of 2009 on March 25 of that year, and the Pacific Northwest Trail became the Pacific Northwest National Scenic Trail with President Obama's signature on March 30, 2009.

The Public Lands Omnibus Act of 2009 placed the trail under the management of the Department of Agriculture, with the United States Forest Service serving as the trail administrator.  When Congress designated the Pacific Northwest Trail in 2009, they also mandated that the forest service produce a management plan within two years. This management plan is required to determine the carrying capacity of the trail, and include public oversight. A FACA Committee intended to assist in establishing the management plan was not established until 2015, already 4 years past the date that it was required by law to have been implemented.  The first meeting of the FACA Committee wasn't held until October 2015 and met 3 times, and was allowed to expire in 2016. Currently, the advisory council and interdisciplinary committees are inactive. Thus, at this point, the forest service is 12 years out of compliance with the law that requires that a comprehensive management plan should have been implemented within 2 years of 2009.

In 2017, the Pacific Northwest Trail Association celebrated its 40th anniversary, as well as the 40th anniversary of the first five thru-hikes of the trail.

Description of the route

Beginning at Chief Mountain Customs on the United States–Canada border in northwest Montana, the Pacific Northwest Trail traverses the high mountains and valleys of Glacier National Park, where it shares mileage with the Continental Divide Trail.  Then it enters Flathead National Forest, travels across the Flathead River into Polebridge, Montana, up the Whitefish Divide, into Kootenai National Forest, and through the Ten Lakes Wilderness Study Area on its way to the Idaho state line.

In Idaho Panhandle National Forest, the PNT crosses the Moyie River Valley, winds its way through the forest lands, dikes, and farmlands of the Kootenai River Valley, up Parker Ridge to the Selkirk Crest, then down Lions Head and over Lookout Mountain to Upper Priest Lake.  From there, the trail climbs toward the Washington state line.
In Washington, the PNT enters Colville National Forest in the Salmo-Priest Wilderness, then crosses the Pend Oreille River on the Metaline Falls Bridge, before continuing over Abercrombie Mountain and reaching the Columbia River, in the town of Northport.

Next, the trail wends along the Kettle Crest, through Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest and into the range lands and orchards of the Okanogan River Valley. From the city of Oroville, Washington, the PNT follows the Similkameen River to Palmer Lake, where the trail travels through Loomis State Forest, and then begins its ascent into the Pasayten Wilderness, where the PNT shares tread with the Pacific Crest Trail.

After traversing the Pasayten, the trail crosses Ross Lake National Recreation Area and North Cascades National Park. The trail exits the park via Hannegan Pass, and continues through the Mt. Baker Wilderness.  From Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, the trail uses a mix of federal, state, and private timber lands to reach the shores of Puget Sound.

Along the dikes and through the farmlands of Skagit County, the trail traverses Fidalgo Island, crosses the bridge at Deception Pass State Park and continues across Whidbey Island to the Washington State Ferry Terminal in Coupeville, Washington.

After a thirty-minute ferry ride, the trail picks up in the seaside community of Port Townsend, Washington and the confluence of three trails: the Larry Scott Trail, the Olympic Discovery Trail, and the Pacific Northwest Trail. The trails circumnavigate the northeastern tip of the Olympic Peninsula and Discovery Bay before going their separate directions, with the PNT turning southwest through Olympic National Forest, Buckhorn Wilderness and into Olympic National Park.

As the trail leaves the park and travels along the Bogachiel River it finds its way through the northern end of the Hoh Rain Forest to the Pacific Ocean at the mouth of the Hoh River. There, the trail turns north and wends along the wilderness coast where it enters the Quileute Indian Reservation near the town of La Push, then continues north to its western terminus at Cape Alava.

Protected areas through which the PNT passes
 Glacier National Park
 Flathead National Forest
 Kootenai National Forest
 Idaho Panhandle National Forest
 Colville National Forest
 Okanogan–Wenatchee National Forest
 North Cascades National Park
 Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest
 Deception Pass State Park
 Bay View State Park
 Joseph Whidbey State Park
 Fort Ebey State Park
 Ebey's Landing National Historical Reserve
 Fort Casey State Park
 Olympic National Forest
 Olympic National Park

See also

Connected National Scenic Trails
 Continental Divide Trail - Shares a common start/end point with the PNT in Glacier National Park.
 Pacific Crest Trail - Shares mileage in the Pasayten Wilderness.
Connected U.S. long-distance trails
 Olympic Discovery Trail

References
 History of the Pacific Northwest Trail Association
 ronstrickland.com Pacific Northwest Trail

External links

 Forest Service website
 Pacific Northwest Trail Association
 The Pacific Northwest Trail description on Summit Post
 Pacific Northwest National Scenic Trail - BLM page

Hiking trails in Idaho
Hiking trails in Montana
Hiking trails in Washington (state)
Long-distance trails in the United States
National Scenic Trails of the United States
Kootenai National Forest
2009 establishments in Montana
Units of the National Landscape Conservation System
2009 establishments in Idaho
2009 establishments in Washington (state)
National Recreation Trails in Idaho
National Recreation Trails in Montana
National Recreation Trails in Washington (state)
Protected areas established in 2009
Ebey's Landing National Historical Reserve
Glacier National Park (U.S.)
Flathead National Forest
Idaho Panhandle National Forest
Okanogan National Forest
North Cascades National Park
Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest
Olympic National Forest
Olympic National Park

Pacific Northwest Trail


Donald Gray (born Eldred Owermann Tidbury, 3 March 1914 – 7 April 1978) was a South African actor, well known for his starring role in the British TV series Mark Saber, for providing the voices of Colonel White, Captain Black and the Mysterons in Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons, and for being the reason that Donald Marshall Gray changed his name to Charles Gray when he became an actor. Perhaps not coincidentally, in some spin-off media Colonel White's real name is stated to be Charles Grey.

Life and career

Early years
Gray was born on an ostrich farm in Cape Province, South Africa.

Early life
In 1933, film company Paramount Pictures wanted to re-juvenate and diversify its contract players, and launched a competition known as the "Search for Beauty"; heats took place in nations across the English-speaking world. Eldred Tidbury entered in his native South Africa and was selected with Lucille du Toit, a dental nurse from Pretoria, as one of the winners. Colin Tapley, who would later appear opposite Gray in the TV series Mark Saber, was the New Zealand male winner. In total, there were 30 finalists worldwide, who were screen-tested over six weeks at the end of 1933. Of the 30, bit player contracts were awarded to 10, and Tidbury was selected as the overall male winner with a bonus of US$1,000, with which he bought a car. The overall female winner was Scottish actress Gwenllian Gill, who later followed Tidbury to Britain and became engaged to him; however, their engagement was broken off during the Second World War.

All the winners appeared in the 1933 film Search for Beauty, whose distribution was complicated by a ruling that it violated the Hays Code. Paramount kept Tidbury's contact during 1934, but in 1935, when his passport expired, Tidbury left; he did not wish to become an American citizen. By late 1935, he had re-appeared in Britain under the name Don Tidbury, and by the following year was calling himself Donald Gray. He became an engineering salesman selling a boiler preparation, acted in repertory theatre, and appeared in several films for Paramount's UK subsidiary, British & Dominions Film Corporation. In 1936, he encountered director Albert Parker and was given the leading role in Strange Experiment after James Mason quit the production. In 1938, he was chosen for a supporting role in Alexander Korda's film The Four Feathers, and appeared in other films before returning to repertory theatre in Aberdeen, Scotland in 1939 and 1940.

Military service
Initially turned down for military service owing to a duodenal ulcer, Gray later managed to enlist in the Gordon Highlanders, who had their barracks in Aberdeen, and succeeded in becoming what he called an "ordinary Jock" (having claimed some Scottish ancestry). In 1941, he was commissioned into the King's Own Scottish Borderers, becoming battalion education officer at Llanberis in North Wales. Gray left the Army briefly to appear with Dame Vera Lynn in the film We'll Meet Again (1943). In 1944, he was injured by a German anti-tank shell in Caen, France, and his left arm was amputated.

Later life
After the war, Gray toured South Africa with his own repertory company, appeared in other films, and was contracted by the BBC's radio repertory company. He left to appear in Saturday Island (1952) and then returned to the BBC, this time as a continuity announcer. Gray then starred as the one-armed detective Mark Saber in the British TV series of the same name, which ran for 156 episodes from 1955 to 1961. It was originally titled Mark Saber, or The Vise in the United States, but was later known as Saber of London and Detective's Diary. In 1957, The Vise was renamed, redeveloped, and transferred from ABC to NBC under the new title Saber of London. Following Mark Saber, Gray appeared in episodes of Dixon of Dock Green and Emmerdale Farm. In his later years, his voice, based on that of fellow South African actor Basil Rathbone, brought him work in voice-overs, advertisements and the TV series Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons.

He died of a coronary in South Africa in 1978.

Selected filmography
 Search for Beauty (1934) - South Africa Talent Contestant (uncredited)
 Come On, Marines! (1934) - Marine (uncredited)
 Wagon Wheels (1934) - Chauncey (as Eldred Tidbury)
 Father Brown, Detective (1934) - Don (as Eldred Tidbury)
 Here Is My Heart (1934) - Young Yacht Guest (uncredited)
 Rumba (1935) - Watkins (uncredited)
 Well Done, Henry (1936) - Jimmy Dale
 The Belles of St. Clements (1936) - Albert de Courcey (as Don Tidbury)
 Strange Experiment (1937) - James Martin
 Murder in the Family (1938) - Ted Fleming
 13 Men and a Gun (1938) - Johann
 Sword of Honour (1939) - Stukely
 The Four Feathers (1939) - Peter Burroughs
 We'll Meet Again (1943) - Bruce McIntosh
 The Idol of Paris (1948) - Police Inspector
 Saturday Island (1952) - William Peck
 The Diamond (1954) - Commander Gilles
 Burnt Evidence (1954) - Jimmy Thompson
 The End of the Affair (1955) - Party guest who is seen in the mirror kissing Sarah (uncredited)
 Timeslip (1955) - Robert Maitland
 The Quatermass Xperiment (1955) - TV Announcer (uncredited)
 The Vise / Saber in London – Mark Saber (TV series; 1955–1960)
 Flight From Vienna (1956) - Col. George Gordon
 The Secret Tent (1956) - Chris Martyn
 Supersonic Saucer (1956) - Headmaster
 Satellite in the Sky (1956) - Capt. Ross
 Around the World in Eighty Days (1956) - Extra (uncredited)
 Schemer (1956)
 Out of the Shadow (1961) - Inspector Wills
 Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons (TV series; 1967–68) - The Mysterons / Colonel White / Captain Black
 The Golden Bowl (1972, TV series) - Sir John Brinder

References

External links

1914 births
1978 deaths
20th-century South African male actors
BBC newsreaders and journalists
Expatriate male actors in the United Kingdom
Gordon Highlanders soldiers
King's Own Scottish Borderers officers
Paramount Pictures contract players
Radio and television announcers
South African amputees
South African expatriates in the United Kingdom
South African expatriates in the United States
South African male film actors
South African male radio actors
South African male soap opera actors
South African male stage actors
South African male television actors
South African male voice actors
South African military personnel of World War II
South African people of Scottish descent
White South African people

Donald Gray


Spahats Creek Falls, also called Spahats Falls, is a waterfall on Spahats Creek within Wells Gray Provincial Park of British Columbia, Canada. Common references place the falls at around  tall, but taking into account the second tier, it is closer to 75–80 meters tall. It is a popular stop for tourists and especially motorcoach tours since it is only  off the busy Yellowhead Highway.

Spahats Creek rises from snowmelt and springs at a pass between Raft Mountain and Trophy Mountain. It flows 15 km west before tumbling over Spahats Falls and entering the Clearwater River.

Spahats is the First Nations term for bear and the stream was long known as Bear Creek. When the first accurate topographical map of the Clearwater Valley was published in 1953, it labelled the stream as "Bear Creek" and the falls as "Spahats (Bear) Creek Falls". By the late 1960s, "Spahats" had become an accepted alternative due to the large number of Bear creeks in British Columbia (currently 20) and was officially adopted.

These impressive natural features used to be protected as tiny Spahats Creek Provincial Park, but in 1997 the boundaries of Wells Gray Provincial Park were expanded south along the Clearwater River and included Spahats. Tourists today see the anomaly of a "Wells Gray Park" entrance sign beside the road just south of Spahats Creek and another, more elaborate, sign  further north. Spahats Creek Park used to have its own 20-unit campground with an attractive location deep in an old-growth forest, but in 2006 it was closed and converted into a gigantic parking lot.

Formation
Like the larger Helmcken Falls, Spahats Falls owes its formation to deposits of volcanic rock in the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field. Starting about 300,000 years ago, numerous eruptions from Trophy Mountain poured into the Clearwater River Valley and filled it layer upon layer to a depth of over . Eruptions in various parts of this valley continued sporadically for 200,000 years, producing some  of lava and creating Wells Gray Park features such as Murtle Plateau. After the eruptions, the Clearwater River re-established its course and began cutting into the lava. During the Pleistocene, gigantic icefields scraped away at the lava. When all this ice melted, the floods completed the carving of Granite Canyon on the Clearwater River and the side canyon where Spahats Falls occurs.

Trails

 The main trail from the parking lot to the falls viewing platform takes about 5 mins to walk.
 An alternate and slightly longer trail goes from the parking lot along the edge of Spahats Creek Canyon and joins the main trail.
 A scenic trail starts at the viewing platform and goes north along the rim of Granite Canyon. It is a 20-minute walk to the Clearwater Valley Overlook. Return the same way or follow the access road back to the parking lot.
 A short trail from the south-east corner of the parking lot follows Spahats Creek upstream to a small loop trail originally built as a nature trail for the former campground. A 5-minute walk leads to a stand of impressive old growth red cedar trees.
 The bottom of Spahats Falls is a strenuous scramble that starts at the viewing platform and quickly descends 300 m. Don't go during May and June when the canyon is very wet and the creek may be in flood.
 The Clearwater River Trail is  one-way and goes north to rejoin the park road north of Third Canyon. It can also be accessed at First Canyon for a shorter hike. The Spahats Canyon footbridge was washed out in 2020 and has not been replaced by BC Parks.
 A trail to the Natural Bridge starts 1.5 km south of the Spahats turnoff and takes less than 30 minutes each way. The trailhead signage is not easily visible.  The trail is rough and steep with hazardous dropoffs.
 For detailed descriptions of these trails, refer to the guidebook Exploring Wells Gray Park.

See also

Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field
List of waterfalls
Volcanism in Canada
Wells Gray Provincial Park

References

Waterfalls of British Columbia
Volcanism of British Columbia
Wells Gray-Clearwater
Kamloops Division Yale Land District

Spahats Creek Falls


Tekitha Washington is a Wu-Tang Clan-affiliated female vocalist who was the Wu-Tang Clan's in-house singer (previously filled by Blue Raspberry) for the album Wu-Tang Forever, on which she also performed a solo track titled "Second Coming". She also filled in for the unavailable Mary J. Blige in the video for Ghostface Killah's "All That I Got Is You".

Initially signed to RZA's Razor Sharp Records and then to Ghostface's Starks Enterprise, Tekitha continued to make guest appearances on Wu-Tang projects such as Raekwon's The Lex Diamond Story and has also collaborated with non-Wu artists including KRS-One and Armand Van Helden. While usually heard singing, her rapping can be heard on Cappadonna's "Pump Your Fist" and RZA's "Mantis".

Tekitha released her debut solo six song EP "The Prelude" in 2010.  "The Prelude" featured all new original songs by Tekitha, with production from The RZA, Armand Van Helden, Bdotforealla of The Ahficionados and Jeff Jones/Joneszilla. The project was executive produced by Tekitha, The RZA and Jeff Jones under her new label Wisdom Body Entertainment distributed by Sony\The Orchard.

Tekitha and RZA have a daughter, Prana Supreme Diggs, born in 2001, with whom she has created a country act, O.N.E The Duo.

Discography

Albums
 The Prelude  January 19, 2010
 Wisdom Body LP (not released)
Week of the Phoenix (2019)

Songs
"Walking Through the Darkness", Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai (soundtrack, 1999)
 "You" (2002)
 "You (Remix)" (featuring Ghostface Killah, 2002)
 "I Love U So" (2002)
 "Fantasy"
 "I Can See" (featuring Cappadonna)
 "Wut U Got" (Production Dub the Director for IDH rec)
 "Dreamz"
 "Ridin'"
 "Chea" (Production Dub the Director for IDH rec)
 "On It" (Produced by Jeff Jones/Joneszilla. Lead Single from The Prelude)
 "Emotional" featuring Torae (Lead single from Week of the Phoenix. Produced by Ahmed Soultan).

Guest appearances
 Wu-Tang Forever (Wu-Tang Clan album, 1997)
 "Impossible"
 "Second Coming" (solo)
 "Heaterz" (Background Vocalist)
 Heavy Mental (Killah Priest album, 1998)
 "One Step"
 The Pillage (Cappadonna album, 1998)
 "Pump Your Fist" (rapping)
 "Black Boy"
 Heist of the Century (La the Darkman album, 1998)
 "Street Life"
 Bobby Digital in Stereo (RZA as Bobby Digital album, 1998)
 "Mantis" (rapping)
 2 Future 4 U (Armand Van Helden album, 1998)
 "Mother Earth"
 Antidote (Deadly Venoms album, 1998)
 "Ready"
 Manchild (Shyheim album, 1999)
 "Manchild"
 Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai (RZA album, 2000)
 "Walking Through the Darkness"
 Killing Puritans (Armand Van Helden album, 2000)
 "Conscience"
 Digital Bullet (RZA as Bobby Digital album, 2001)
 "Build Strong"
 Bulletproof Wallets (Ghostface Killah album, 2001)
 "Walking Through the Darkness"
 The Lex Diamond Story (Raekwon album, 2003)
 "Once Upon A Time"
 Kristyles (KRS-One album, 2003)
 "Survivin'"
 Pismo (Within Transition album 2006)
 "Lucid"
 Kaleidoscope (DJ Okawari album)
 "Kaleidoscope"
 "All That I Got Is You (Video Version)", Ghostface Killah (1997)
 "Street Opera", Killah Priest (1997)
 "Soul in the Hole", Wu-Tang Killa Bees, Soul in the Hole soundtrack (1998)
 "Children of the Heavens" (Shaka Amazulu The 7th)

References

External links

Tekitha's Official Website
Tekitha on Myspace
 Wu-International Interview: Wisdom Body

African-American women singers
American women rappers
American hip hop singers
Living people
Wu-Tang Clan affiliates
American neo soul singers
1972 births
21st-century American women singers
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American singers
21st-century women rappers

Tekitha