Stephen James Strasburg (; born July 20, 1988) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Washington Nationals of Major League Baseball (MLB). Strasburg was selected by Washington with the first overall pick in the 2009 Major League Baseball draft. He made his major league debut in 2010 and is a three-time All-Star.

A talented but unpolished high school baseball player at West Hills High School, Strasburg played college baseball for the San Diego State Aztecs. There, he became one of the best collegiate pitchers in the country. Strasburg pitched for the United States national baseball team at the 2008 Summer Olympics, winning the bronze medal. Two years later, he was called the "most-hyped pick in draft history" by ESPN and the "most hyped and closely watched pitching prospect in the history of baseball" by Sports Illustrated. Strasburg's major league debut in June 2010 produced a franchise-record 14 strikeouts.

Several months into his major league career, Strasburg tore a ligament in his pitching elbow. The injury required Tommy John surgery and a year of rehabilitation. He rejoined the Nationals on September 6, 2011, but was only able to pitch 24 innings that year. Strasburg's 2012 season marked a successful return to form; he was selected to play in the 2012 MLB All-Star Game. Strasburg led the National League (NL) in strikeouts in 2014, pitching an average fastball of 94.8 miles per hour that year. In the 2019 postseason, he recorded five wins, tying the record for most victories in a single postseason, shared by Randy Johnson and Francisco Rodríguez and becoming the first pitcher in MLB history to achieve a 5–0 postseason record. Strasburg was awarded the  World Series MVP award, as he helped lead the Nationals to victory over the Houston Astros.

Early life
Strasburg attended West Hills High School in Santee, California. At first, he struggled on the school's baseball team, posting a 1–10 win–loss record in his junior year. A twelve-strikeout game against El Capitan High School in his senior year, in which Strasburg allowed just one hit, drew attention from scouts. He finished his senior year with a 1.68 earned run average (ERA) and 74 strikeouts in  innings pitched, with seven complete games. He finished with three varsity letters, set school records in ERA and shutouts, and was named his school's 2006 Scholar-Athlete of the Year. He was also named second-team all-league and his team's MVP. Despite these achievements, he was not selected in that year's Major League Baseball draft.

College career
Strasburg had hoped to attend Stanford University but was not accepted there. Although recruited by a number of schools across the country, he enrolled at San Diego State University, where both of his parents attended school. He played college baseball for the San Diego State Aztecs, coached by Baseball Hall of Fame player Tony Gwynn. When he first arrived, Strasburg was an unlikely candidate to pitch collegiate baseball at all; he was quite overweight and out of shape. His conditioning coach nicknamed him "Slothburg" and encouraged him to quit baseball. He also had a difficult time adjusting to college life, moving out of his dormitory and in with his mother after five days. He acknowledged, "I wasn't the most mature guy out of high school. … The dorm was an overload, too much, too soon." Strasburg responded with an intense workout regimen, losing  in the process. He also worked to improve his mental toughness. Coaches tested him by placing him in high-pressure situations and telling him he needed to get strikeouts.

San Diego State used Strasburg as a relief pitcher in his freshman year; he began the season pitching in middle relief before becoming the Aztecs' closer. He held opponents to a .141 batting average against and was named Co-Freshman of the Year for the Mountain West Conference. In the summer of 2007, Strasburg also played for the Torrington Twisters of the collegiate summer baseball New England Collegiate Baseball League (NECBL). He was named to the NECBL First Team as a closer, and was also chosen as the Top Pro Prospect and Top Relief Pitcher in the NECBL.

In 2008, as a sophomore, Strasburg was converted to a full-time starting pitcher. He went 8–3 with a 1.58 ERA and 134 strikeouts in  innings. Four of his thirteen starts in 2008 were complete games, two of which were shutouts. On April 11 of that year, he struck out a Mountain West Conference record 23 batters in a game versus the University of Utah. He also gained eight miles per hour on his fastball, regularly working in the upper 90s and touching 100 mph.

Strasburg finished his junior year, the 2009 season, 13–1 with a 1.32 ERA, 59 hits allowed, 16 earned runs, 19 walks, and 195 strikeouts in 109 innings pitched. In his final home start on May 8, 2009, Strasburg threw his first career no-hitter while striking out 17 Air Force Falcons batters. His lone loss came against the Virginia Cavaliers in the NCAA Regionals as Virginia advanced toward the College World Series, but he still struck out 15 in seven innings during the loss. He won the Dick Howser Trophy and the National Pitcher of the Year Award.

International play

Strasburg was named to the United States national baseball team on June 24, 2008. In that role, he appeared in the 2008 World University Baseball Championship, held in late July. The United States won the gold medal in the competition.

Strasburg was the lone collegiate player selected for the United States national team at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. In his first start at the Olympics, Strasburg one-hit the Netherlands over seven innings, striking out five of the first six batters he faced and eleven overall. The lone hit Strasburg allowed was a seventh-inning single by Sharnol Adriana.

With the United States having already secured a spot in the semifinals medal round, manager Davey Johnson held Strasburg from what would have been his second start on August 20 in order to start him on August 22 in the first round of the semifinals against Norge Luis Vera of the Cuba national baseball team. Vera outdueled Strasburg, pitching six innings and allowing only two runs, one earned. Strasburg, meanwhile, lasted only four innings while giving up three runs, two earned. Cuba won the game 10–2.

Strasburg ended up with a 1–1 record, a 1.67 ERA, and a bronze medal for the Olympics, as the United States won its following contest against Japan 8–4. He won the USA Baseball Richard W. "Dick" Case Player of the Year Award in 2008.

Professional career

Draft and minor leagues
On June 9, 2009, Strasburg was drafted number one overall in the 2009 Major League Baseball draft by the Washington Nationals. On August 17, 2009, he signed a record-breaking four-year, $15.1 million contract with the Nationals, just 77 seconds before the deadline, shattering a dollar-amount record previously held by Mark Prior, who signed for $10.5 million in 2001. Strasburg is represented by agent Scott Boras.

Strasburg made his professional debut on October 16, 2009, starting for the Phoenix Desert Dogs in the Arizona Fall League at Phoenix Municipal Stadium. He was selected to play in the league's Rising Stars Showcase, but was unable to participate due to a minor neck injury. He also won Pitcher of the Week honors for the week of November 2, 2009 and led the AFL with four wins. Before the 2010 season started, Baseball America named Strasburg as the top pitching prospect, and the second-best overall prospect behind Jason Heyward.

Strasburg was assigned to the Harrisburg Senators of the Class AA Eastern League for the start of the 2010 season. There was so much anticipation and hype surrounding Strasburg that there were about 70 credentialed media members in attendance at his April 11, 2010 debut, and ESPN nationally broadcast portions of the game. He won his Senators debut against the Altoona Curve, allowing four hits and four runs (one earned), while striking out eight batters in five innings. During his first home start on April 16, he yielded two hits and an unearned run with three strikeouts in  innings in a loss to the New Britain Rock Cats, one where his innings were limited due to a rain delay. Harrisburg set an attendance record in Strasburg's home debut with 7,895 fans. He completed his Class AA stint with a 1.64 ERA while striking out 27 and walking six in 22 innings.

On May 4, 2010, he was promoted to the Syracuse Chiefs of the Class AAA International League. In his first game with the Chiefs, he pitched six scoreless innings, striking out six batters while allowing one hit and one walk. That game drew 13,766 fans—the highest attendance in the 135-year history of baseball in Syracuse. In his second start, Strasburg was removed after pitching six no-hit innings. He finished his minor league stint with an overall record of 7–2, an ERA of 1.30, 65 strikeouts and 13 walks in  innings, and a walks plus hits per inning pitched (WHIP) ratio of 0.80.

Washington Nationals (2010–present)
Strasburg made his major-league debut on June 8, 2010, against the Pittsburgh Pirates. A Sports Illustrated columnist termed it "the most hyped pitching debut the game has ever seen". An ESPN article revealed the colloquial name for Strasburg's celebrated debut as "Strasmas". Strasburg picked up the win in his debut, pitching seven innings, allowing two earned runs and no walks and 14 strikeouts, setting a new team strikeout record that was previously held by John Patterson (13, twice). Also, he was the first pitcher in history to strike out at least eleven batters without issuing any walks in his pro debut, while falling just one strikeout short of the all-time record for a pitcher's debut—Karl Spooner (1954) and J. R. Richard (1971) both struck out 15, but each took nine innings to do it, and each walked three. (Bob Feller also struck out 15 in his first start, although it wasn't his big league debut). He struck out every batter in the Pirates' lineup at least once and struck out the last seven batters he faced—also a Nationals record. He threw 34 of his 94 pitches at  or faster, including two that reached .

In Strasburg's second and third major league starts he struck out another eight and ten batters, respectively, setting a major league record for the most strikeouts in a pitcher's first three starts with 32. The previous record holder had been Richard, who struck out 29 in his first three starts in 1971.

Strasburg was also featured in the cover story of Sports Illustrated following his second start. His #37 jersey was the top-selling jersey in all of baseball for the month of June and became the best-selling Nationals jersey of all time in that span.

In the 2010 season Strasburg pitched in 12 games, all starts, throwing 68 innings, 92 strikeouts and compiling a 2.91 ERA. He was named a pitcher on the 2010 Topps Major League Rookie All-Star Team.

Injuries and rehab

Strasburg was placed on the disabled list with an inflamed right shoulder in July 2010. He returned to action on August 10, but in his third game back, on August 21, he was removed with an apparent injury. On August 27, the Nationals announced that Strasburg had a torn ulnar collateral ligament, requiring Tommy John surgery, and about 12 to 18 months of rehabilitation.

Strasburg made his first rehab start on August 7, 2011 for the Hagerstown Suns. Strasburg made six rehab starts during the 2011 minor league season throwing a total of  innings, with 29 strikeouts, compiling a 3.49 ERA and a 1–1 record. He then made five starts during the 2011 major league season, his first coming against the Los Angeles Dodgers on September6. That year he threw for 24 innings, struck out 24, compiled a 1.50 ERA and a 1–1 record.

2012 season

In April 2012, Strasburg accumulated an NL-best 34 strikeouts and second-best 1.13 ERA. He totaled six walks and did not give up a home run. Consequently, he was named NL Pitcher of the Month. On May 20, Strasburg went 2-for-2 as a hitter in a game against the Baltimore Orioles and hit his first career home run, a solo shot off of Wei-Yin Chen. In his June 13 start against the Toronto Blue Jays, Strasburg became the first pitcher of the year to strike out 100 batters. On July 1, Strasburg was elected to his first All-Star Game, alongside teammates Gio González, Ian Desmond, and Bryce Harper.

As part of Strasburg's rehabilitation from his Tommy John surgery, and as a precaution due to his low innings total in 2011, the Nationals decided to limit the number of innings Strasburg would throw in the 2012 season. Although the number was never official, rumors started that Strasburg's limit would be between 160 and 180 innings. It was also decided that Strasburg's shutdown would be final; he would not pitch in the playoffs. Dr. Lewis Yocum, the surgeon who operated on Strasburg's elbow, agreed in 2011 that Strasburg's 2012 innings total should be limited, although he did not consult with Nationals General Manager Mike Rizzo or Strasburg during the season. Teammate Jordan Zimmermann underwent a similar process the year before.

Strasburg's high profile and the success of the Nationals in the 2012 season made the innings limit a topic of national conversation. In addition to baseball writers, a number of other figures made their views on the topic known, including football broadcasters Troy Aikman and Terry Bradshaw, basketball reporter Stephen A. Smith, and even prominent politicians such as Rudy Giuliani and Mitch McConnell. Rizzo defended the decision to shut down Strasburg and criticized the buzz surrounding it: "It's a good conversational piece, it's a good debatable subject. But most of the people that have weighed in on this know probably 10 percent of the information that we know, and that we've made our opinion based upon."

The Nationals announced that Strasburg would be scheduled to make his final start on September 12 and would be replaced by John Lannan in the Nationals' starting rotation. However, after a rough outing on September 8, Davey Johnson announced that Strasburg was finished for the 2012 season. Strasburg was left off the postseason roster as the Nationals lost the 2012 NLDS to the St. Louis Cardinals in five games. He ended the season 15–6 with a 3.16 ERA, 1.15 WHIP and 197 strikeouts in  innings pitched. Strasburg hit .277 with a home run, seven RBIs, and three walks, earning himself a Silver Slugger Award.

2013 season

Strasburg pitched Opening Day for the Nationals at Nationals Park in Washington, D.C., on April 1, 2013. He went seven innings, giving up no runs and three hits and recording three strikeouts. Following the first batter of the game, Juan Pierre, he retired nineteen straight batters. Strasburg earned the decision, a win, with a final score of 2–0.

Strasburg served a brief stint on the disabled list with a mild lateral strain in June and was re-activated on June 16.

Strasburg achieved milestones in longevity in 2013. He pitched into the 8th inning for the first time in his big-league career on May 16, in a win against his hometown San Diego Padres, and in subsequent starts on May 26 and July 24. On August 11, 2013, Strasburg pitched his first career complete game, throwing a 6–0 shutout over the Philadelphia Phillies with 10 strikeouts and 4 hits.

He was ejected for the first time in his MLB career on August 17, 2013 by umpire Marvin Hudson for intentionally pitching at Braves batter Andrelton Simmons in the second inning of a Nationals-Braves game. Prior to the ejection, Hudson warned both teams after Strasburg hit Justin Upton with a first-pitch fastball following a Braves home run.

Strasburg finished the year with a 3.00 ERA, 1.05 WHIP, eight wins, nine losses, and 191 strikeouts over 183 innings pitched.

2014 season

Strasburg led the league in strikeouts along with Johnny Cueto and finishing 9th in the Cy Young award balloting. He posted career-bests in starts (34), innings pitched (215) and strikeouts (242). His won-loss was 14-11.

2015 season

Injuries limited Strasburg to  innings, his lowest output since 2011. He recorded a 3.46 ERA and won 11 games, good for third-most on the Nationals' pitching staff. Career W/L reached 54-37.

2016 season

Strasburg signed a 7-year, $175 million extension to remain with the Nationals. With the extension, Strasburg became the first National to receive an opt-out clause in his contract, which allowed him to elect free agency after the 2019 or 2020 seasons if he desired. On June 26, 2016, he was placed on the 15-day disabled list due to an upper back strain. He returned on July3 against the Cincinnati Reds, where he took a no-hitter through 6.2 innings until being lifted from the game after throwing 109 pitches. The no-hitter was broken up in the 8th inning, but the Nationals still won 12–1. On July 8, Strasburg became the first pitcher since 1912 to start 12–0. His streak of consecutive wins ran to 16, including 13 decisions in the 2016 season, before it was snapped by the Los Angeles Dodgers on July 21. On August 22, Strasburg was again placed on the 15-day disabled list due to right elbow soreness.  W/L was 15-4.

2017 season

In a May 27, 2017 game versus the San Diego Padres, Strasburg struck out a career-high 15 batters in a 3−0 win. It was tied for fourth-most in Nationals franchise history.

Strasburg set a franchise record on September 10 for consecutive innings pitched without allowing a run with 34 innings, including a nine-inning complete game shutout performance on August 30 in which he hit a home run to break the scoreless tie against Miami Marlins starter Adam Conley. For the 2017 season he was 15–4 with a 2.52 ERA, and led the majors in lowest home runs per nine innings (0.67).

2018 season

In 2018 he was 10–7 with a 3.74 ERA in 22 starts, in which he struck out 156 batters in 130 innings.

2019 season: World Series MVP

On April 21, Strasburg pitched eight scoreless innings against the Miami Marlins to become the career leader in innings pitched by a Washington Nationals player. On July 3, he pitched an immaculate (top of the 4th) inning against Marlins Garrett Cooper, Neil Walker, and Starlin Castrothe fourth immaculate inning in Nationals history. On July 19, he went 3-for-3 with five RBIs, including a 420-foot three-run homerun against the Atlanta Braves.

In 2019, Strasburg was 18–6 with a 3.32 ERA. He finished the regular season leading the National League in wins (18), and he finished second in strikeouts (251) behind Jacob deGrom; both were career highs.

In the Wild Card Game against the Milwaukee Brewers, Strasburg pitched three scoreless innings in relief of Max Scherzer, earning the win as the Nationals came back to beat the Brewers 4–3. In Game 2 of the 2019 National League Division Series, Strasburg allowed one run and struck out ten batters, earning the win. Strasburg pitched in the deciding Game 5 of the NLDS going six innings and allowing three runs in a no-decision. The Nationals went on to win by a score of 7–3. In Game 6 of the 2019 World Series, Strasburg allowed two runs in the first inning, but pitched into the ninth inning, earning the win. He won the World Series Most Valuable Player Award for his two wins in two appearances (first former #1 draft pick to win the award), including pitching  innings while striking out 14 batters and only giving up a total of 12 hits. Strasburg finished the playoffs 5–0 with a 1.98 ERA, 0.94 WHIP, and 47 strikeouts and he and teammate Juan Soto were named co-winners of the Babe Ruth Award as the overall postseason MVPs.

After winning the World Series, Strasburg opted out of the remaining four years on his contract and became a free agent for the first time in his career. On December 9, 2019, Strasburg agreed to a seven-year, $245 million contract to return to the Nationals. In the contract, Strasburg has a specific request that Nationals Park stays open every day in the off-season so that he could continue to work out. The $35 million annual average value of the contract was at the time the largest amount received by a pitcher in MLB history.

2020 season
Strasburg began the 2020 shortened season on the injured list (IL); he made his 2020 debut on August 9, 2020. On August 14, Strasburg left the second game he started, after facing only three batters. The following day, Strasburg went back to the IL with a nerve issue in his pitching hand. Strasburg would miss the remainder of the year with the two games being his only appearances on the year.

2021 season
Strasburg made two starts for the Nationals in 2021 before landing on the injured list on April 18 with right shoulder inflammation. Strasburg was activated and made three more starts before returning to the IL on June 2 with a neck strain. On July 27, it was announced that Strasburg would undergo surgery to alleviate neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome, ending his 2021 season. In his 5 starts, Strasburg posted a 1–2 record and 4.57 ERA with 21 strikeouts in  innings of work.

2022 season
Strasburg was activated from the IL on June 9, 2022, and made one start (in which he gave up seven earned runs in  innings of work) before returning to the IL five days later with a stress reaction in the ribs.  On July 14, Strasburg was transferred to the 60-day IL, where he remained for the rest of the season.

2023 season
On February 15, 2023, Strasburg did not report to spring training as scheduled due to a nerve-related setback in his recovery from thoracic outlet syndrome. On June 3, Strasburg was shut down from all physical activity due to "severe" nerve damage. Strasburg had a rib and two neck muscles removed in an effort to address his injury. On August 24, media reports stated that Strasburg planned to retire. While various media had reported, citing anonymous "sources", that Strasburg would announce his retirement at a press conference before the Nationals' September 9 game, on September 8 team management released a statement noting that no press conference had ever been confirmed or announced and that none would take place on September 9.

Pitching style

Pitch repertoire and approach

Strasburg's repertoire featured five pitches: a four-seam fastball, his primary pitch at , which was recorded as high as 100 mph early in his career, and for which in the 2010 season was one of only three starting pitchers to have pitches of over 100 mph, and all did so at least 21 times (Justin Verlander and Ubaldo Jimenez); a two-seam fastball at ; a curveball that Strasburg himself refers to as a slurve at ; a changeup at . and a hybrid pitch he began using regularly in the 2016 season that his catcher Wilson Ramos described as a "slider-cutter", which moves laterally at . Strasburg throws a mix of all his pitches to left-handed hitters, but he mostly eliminates the changeup when facing right-handed hitters. He is liable to throw his four-seamer or slurve to right-handers with two strikes, and adds the changeup in those counts against lefties.

His velocity was not significantly affected by his Tommy John surgery in 2010. He had the fastest four-seam fastball among starting pitchers in the 2012 season, averaging . However, in seven seasons after Tommy John surgery he only had one pitch surpass 100 mph.

Strasburg has a high strikeout rate of 11.2 per 9 innings through his first  MLB innings. This corresponds with high swing-and-miss rates across all of his pitches, including 54% on his changeup—the highest whiff rate among all starting pitchers' changeups since PITCHf/x began tracking pitches. Through the 2012 season, Strasburg's career strikeout-to-walk ratio of 4.67 would rank second all-time if he had enough innings to qualify. Strasburg maintains that his high strikeout rate is not intentional, and in fact is a hindrance to maintaining low pitch counts.

Mechanics

Strasburg's pitching mechanics drew concern early in his career from scouts and coaches. The sequence of Strasburg's delivery was believed to place a great deal of stress on his arm, placing him at greater risk of elbow and shoulder injuries. Indeed, "several pitching coaches quietly predicted Strasburg was at risk" before the rupture of his elbow ligament. Independent scout Paul Reddick compared his mechanics unfavorably with those of pitching legend Greg Maddux, saying Strasburg's motion was inefficient and badly synchronized.

During the 2014 season, analysts noted a slight adjustment in Strasburg's pitching mechanics, as he moved his back foot to rest against rather than partially atop the pitching rubber when going into his throwing motion. Strasburg explained that he had been reluctant to make the change but had come to believe it would improve his development. "I didn't feel comfortable at first. Working at in between starts, it's just become second nature," he told The Washington Post. Strasburg said he had noticed an improvement in his balance and timing as a result of the new foot placement.

Personal life

Strasburg was born in San Diego, California, to Jim Strasburg, a real estate developer, and Kathleen Swett Strasburg, a dietician. He grew up a San Diego Padres fan.

Strasburg credits his maternal grandmother with helping him develop his baseball skills as a child. She would frequently play catch and even work on pitching with him. He labels her as one of his biggest inspirations.

On January 9, 2010, he married Rachel Lackey. They met as students at San Diego State. As of 2019, the couple has two daughters. The Strasburgs relocated full-time to Washington, D.C., in 2018 and live a short drive from Nationals Park, according to The Washington Post.

On June 24, 2014, Strasburg stated in an interview that he was going to stop chewing tobacco in the wake of his college coach Tony Gwynn's death, although he admitted to The Washington Post two years later that he had not yet completely kicked the addiction.

See also

 List of Olympic medalists in baseball
 List of San Diego State University people
 List of Washington Nationals team records
 List of World Series starting pitchers

References

External links

Washington Post Archives
Stephen Strasburg 5K Walk and Fun Run

1988 births
Living people
All-American college baseball players
Baseball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Baseball players from San Diego
Fredericksburg Nationals players
Hagerstown Suns players
Harrisburg Senators players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
National League All-Stars
National League strikeout champions
National League wins champions
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in baseball
People from Santee, California
Phoenix Desert Dogs players
Potomac Nationals players
Rochester Red Wings players
San Diego State Aztecs baseball players
Silver Slugger Award winners
Syracuse Chiefs players
Washington Nationals players
World Series Most Valuable Player Award winners

Stephen Strasburg


Jackpot is an American musical with music by Vernon Duke, lyrics by Howard Dietz, and a musical book by Guy Bolton, Sidney Sheldon, and Ben Roberts. The musical premiered on Broadway at the Alvin Theatre on January 13, 1944. It closed on March 11, 1944 after a total of 69 performances. Directed by Roy Hargrave, the production starred Nanette Fabray as Sally Madison, Betty Garrett as Sgt. Maguire, Allan Jones as Hank Trimble, and, in the small role of Edna, future novelist Jacqueline Susann (Valley of the Dolls). Choreographer Flower Hujer danced in the production. A wartime musical designed to boost morale in the U.S. during World War II, Jackpot failed to garner a following among critics and audiences. A few songs from the show were published: I've Got A One Track Mind, Sugarfoot, There Are Yanks (From the Banks of the Wabash), and What Happened?.

Sources
The Theatre: New Musical in Manhattan, Time, January 24, 1944
Show tunes: the songs, shows, and careers of Broadway's major composers by Steven Suskin, page 165

External links

Musicals by Vernon Duke
1944 musicals
Broadway musicals
Original musicals
Musicals by Howard Dietz

Jackpot (musical)


Separatist movements are groups of people wanting to start a new country that is separate from a large existing country.

In India, some groups want separate countries for groups that have ethnic or language differences. Some groups call for a separate state, others for regional autonomy while some extreme groups demand complete full independence from India.

Arunachal Pradesh
Part of Arunachal Pradesh is belong to the disputed territory of Southern Tibet.

 Proposed autonomous area: Teola country
 Militant organisation: Arunachal Dragon Force or East India Liberation Front
 Proposed autonomous area: Hajong Chakma Homeland
 Political organisation: All Hajong Chakma Homeland Movement

The Arunachal Dragon Force (ADF), also known as the East India Liberation Front, is a violent secessionist movement in the eastern Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. The ADF seeks to create a state resembling the pre-British Teola Country consisting of area currently in Arunachal Pradesh as well as neighboring Assam.

Assam

 Proposed state: Assam  Bodoland
 Militant organisation: United Liberation Front of Assam, National Democratic Front of Bodoland

Geographically and culturally, the region now called north-east India is between the two traditions of Indic Asia and Mongoloid Asia and is regarded as part of Southeast Asia. This geographical-cultural condition of "in-betweenness" is an important factor in the area's crisis of identity. The leaders of the present-day "underground outfits" continue to struggle for independence, as the political integration of the northeast to India was brought about without the approval of its people. The people of northeast India, who are culturally Mongoloid, refuse to accept the caste-ridden social system advocated by 'Indian' culture. Similar struggles for independence are also going on in other northeastern subdivisions or sister regions, such as Assam, Manipur, Mizoram, Meghalaya and Nagaland. Assam has been the hotbed of militancy for a number of years due to its porous borders with Bangladesh and Bhutan. The main causes of the friction include the anti-foreigner agitation in the 1980s and the simmering Assam-Bodo tensions. The insurgency status in Assam is classified as very active. The government of Bangladesh has arrested and extradited senior leaders of ULFA or the United Liberation Front of Asom was formed in April 1979 to establish a sovereign state of Assam through an armed struggle. In recent times the organisation has lost out its middle rung leaders after most of them were arrested. The National Democratic Front of Bodoland was formed in 1989 as the Bodo Security Force, aims to set up an autonomous region Bodoland. Problems in Meghalaya arise from the divide between tribals and non tribal settlers, identity issues and growing corruption besides the fear of being reduced to minority by native tribals. The activity status is classified as active.

Nagaland

 Proposed state: Nagalim or People's Republic of Nagaland
 Government-in-exile: Government of the People's Republic of Nagaland
 Militant organisation: National Socialist Council of Nagaland

Nagaland was created in 1963 as the 16th State of Indian Union, before which it was a district of Assam. Insurgent groups classified as active, mainly demand full independence. The Naga National Council led by Phizo was the first group to dissent in 1947 and in 1956 they went underground.

Jammu and Kashmir (India)

Note that the disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir is not recognised by Pakistan and China

 Proposed state: Independent United States of Kashmir
 Political organisations: All Parties Hurriyat Conference, Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front
 Militant organisations: Lashkar-e-Toiba, Harkat-ul-mujahideen, Jaish-e-Mohammad
Both India and Pakistan say that Kashmir is a part of their nation.  At one time, they were both a single country. India was divided based on which Party(Congress or Muslim league was more popular in each state.  They fought wars over which country should get Kashmir.  Separatists say that Kashmir should be a country that is separate from both India and Pakistan.

Punjab (India)

 Proposed state: Khalistan
 see Khalistan Movement

Andhra pradesh (India)
 Proposed state: Andhra

Telangana (India)
 Proposed state: Telangana

References

Separatist movements of India


Iman Mohamed Abdulmajid (Somali: Iimaan Maxamed Cabdulmajiid, born Zara Mohamed Abdulmajid, 25 July 1955), known mononymously as Iman, is a Somali–American model and actress. A muse of the designers Gianni Versace, Thierry Mugler, Calvin Klein, Donna Karan, and Yves Saint Laurent, she is also noted for her philanthropic work. She was married to rock musician David Bowie from 1992 until his death in 2016.

Early life
Iman was born Zara Mohamed Abdulmajid (Somali: Zara Maxamed Cabdulmajiid) in Mogadishu, Somalia and raised as a Muslim. She was later renamed Iman, meaning "faith" in Arabic at her grandfather's urging, who believed she would "prosper" with a masculine name. Iman is the daughter of Mariam and Mohamed Abdulmajid. Her father, a diplomat, was the Somali ambassador to Saudi Arabia, and her mother was a gynecologist. She has four siblings: two brothers and two sisters, and was the first girl in her family in six generations of sons.

Iman lived with her grandparents during her formative years. At age four she was sent to boarding school in Egypt, where she spent most of her childhood and adolescence. Following political unrest in Somalia, Iman's father moved the family back to the country. At his behest, she and her mother and siblings subsequently traveled to Kenya and were later joined by her father and younger sister. She briefly studied political science at the University of Nairobi in 1975.

Career

Modeling
While she was at university, Iman was discovered by American photographer Peter Beard, and moved to the United States to begin a modeling career. Her first modeling assignment was for Vogue a year later in 1976. She soon appeared on the cover of some of the world's most prestigious magazines, establishing herself as a supermodel.

With her long neck, slender figure, fine features, and copper-toned skin, Iman was an instant success in the fashion world, though she herself insists that her looks are merely typically Somali. She became a muse to many prominent designers, including Halston, Gianni Versace, Calvin Klein, Issey Miyake and Donna Karan. She was a favourite of Yves Saint-Laurent, who once described her as his "dream woman". Iman has worked with photographers including Helmut Newton, Richard Avedon, Irving Penn, and Annie Leibovitz.

Iman credits the nurturing she received from various designers with having given her the confidence to succeed in an era when individuality was valued and model-muses were often an integral part of the creative process. She is represented by TESS Management in London.

Business

Iman Cosmetics
After almost two decades of modeling, Iman started her own cosmetics firm in 1994, focusing on difficult-to-find shades for women. Based on her years of experience mixing her own formulations for make-up artists to use on her, she was closely involved with the final product and also acted as the commercial face of the company. Iman Cosmetics was a $25-million-a-year business by 2010. It is centered on $14.99 foundations in four formulations and 14 shades, and is among the top-selling foundation brands on Walgreens website.

In early 2012, Iman signed fellow Somali designers Ayaan and Idyl Mohallim, founders of the Mataano fashion company, as brand ambassadors for her cosmetics line. In late 2021, Iman released her signature fragrance, "Love Memoir". The color of the amber bottle is a nod to the sunsets she and her husband enjoyed. The shape of the bottle is a mimic of two stones, which references to a spiritual ritual where you place flat stones to guide people who come after you. The tradition is also connected to healing from grief. Iman has done this ritual around her and David's property.

Global Chic
Due to her marketability and high profile, Iman was approached in 2007 by the CEO of the Home Shopping Network (HSN) to create a clothing design line. Inspired by her childhood in Egypt and modeling time with Halston, Iman's first collection introduced embroidered, one-size-fits-all caftans. Her collection on HSN is called Global Chic.

Television

Iman appeared in two episodes of Miami Vice, playing Dakotah in Back in the World (1985) and Lois Blyth in Love at First Sight (1988). She also had a guest role as Mrs. Montgomery on The Cosby Show (1985). In 1988, she appeared as Marie Babineaux in an episode of In the Heat of the Night.

In the mid-2000s, Iman spent two years as the host of Bravo TV's fashion-themed show, Project Runway Canada. In November 2010, along with her friend and colleague, designer Isaac Mizrahi, Iman also began hosting the second season of The Fashion Show. Bravo started the series to replace its former hit Project Runway that has now moved to the Lifetime network.

Film
Iman first featured in the 1979 British film The Human Factor, and had a bit part in the 1985 Oscar-winning film Out of Africa starring Robert Redford and Meryl Streep. She then portrayed Nina Beka in the 1987 thriller No Way Out with Kevin Costner, and Hedy in the Michael Caine comedy Surrender the same year.

During her first year in Hollywood, in 1991, she worked on several film productions. Among them were the Tim Hunter-directed Lies of the Twins and Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country, where she played a shapeshifting alien. In 1991, she appeared in The Linguini Incident opposite her then-fiancé David Bowie. She had a smaller part in the 1991 comedy House Party 2 and in the 1994 comedy/romance film Exit to Eden.

Video games
Iman made a cameo appearance alongside her husband David Bowie in the 1999 Windows 9x and Dreamcast 3D adventure game, Omikron: The Nomad Soul, developed by the video game company, Quantic Dream. In the game, she appears as one of the numerous Omikronian citizens the player can "reincarnate" into.

Philanthropy
In addition to running her global beauty company, Iman is also actively involved in a number of charitable endeavors. Since September 2019, Iman has held the role of CARE's first-ever Global Advocate, where she works alongside CARE to support its mission to create a world where poverty has been overcome and all people live with dignity and security. She is also currently a spokesperson for the Keep a Child Alive program, and works closely with the Children's Defense Fund. She also serves as an Ambassador for Save the Children, and has been active in raising awareness of their relief services in the greater East Africa region. Additionally, Iman works with the Enough Project to end the global trade in conflict minerals. She played a key part in the public campaign against blood diamonds through her termination of her contract with the diamonds conglomerate De Beers over a conflict of ethics.

Awards
Over the course of her long modeling and philanthropic career, Iman has received many awards. On 7 June 2010, she received a Fashion Icon lifetime achievement award from the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA), a special prize reserved for "an individual whose signature style has had a profound influence on fashion". Iman selected her friend, actress and former model Isabella Rossellini, to present the award. Wearing a gown designed by Giambattista Valli with four giant diamond bracelets on each arm, Iman thanked her parents "for giving me a neck longer than any other girl on any go-see anywhere in the world".

Personal life

Iman is a Muslim. She has credited her faith with helping her through dark times. She is fluent in five languages: Somali, Arabic, Italian, French, and English. She also obtained American citizenship when she was in her twenties.

Iman was first married at age 18 to Hassan, a young Somali entrepreneur and Hilton hotel executive. The marriage ended a few years later when she moved to the United States to pursue a modeling career. In 1977, Iman dated the American actor Warren Beatty. Later that year, she became engaged to the American basketball player Spencer Haywood, and they married soon after. Their daughter, Zulekha Haywood, was born in 1978; in February 1987, the couple divorced.

In 1990, Iman met the English musician David Bowie on a surprise blind date set up by a friend in Los Angeles. The friend was hairdresser Teddy Antolin, who invited Iman to a party.  When she arrived at the restaurant, there were only four attendees: Antolin, Antolin's boyfriend, Iman, and Bowie. At the end of the evening, Bowie offered to drive her home, and she said: "No, I'm going to drive my car."  He invited her to tea the next day and Iman learned he did not drink tea. They went to a nearby coffee shop. Bowie named his 1991 instrumental piece "Abdulmajid" after her, which was later converted into a symphony by Philip Glass.

On 24 April 1992, Iman married Bowie in a private ceremony in Lausanne, Switzerland. The wedding was solemnized in Florence, Italy on 6 June. Their daughter, Alexandria Zahra Jones, was born 15 August 2000 at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City. Iman is also stepmother to Bowie's son from a previous marriage, Duncan Jones. Both children bear Bowie's legal surname. Iman and her family resided primarily in Manhattan and London. When Bowie died on 10 January 2016, she wrote in tribute to him that "the struggle is real, but so is God".

Bibliography
 I Am Iman (2001)
 The Beauty of Color (2005)

Filmography

References

External links

  – official site

 Iman Cosmetics

1955 births
Living people
Ethnic Somali people
American cosmetics businesspeople
American fashion businesspeople
American film actresses
Participants in American reality television series
People from Mogadishu
Somalian actresses
Somalian emigrants to the United States
Somalian expatriates in the United Kingdom
Somalian fashion designers
Somalian female models
Somalian Muslims
Muslim models
Women fashion designers
20th-century African-American women
21st-century African-American women
African-American actresses
21st-century American philanthropists
21st-century women philanthropists
American women philanthropists
21st-century African-American businesspeople
21st-century American businesspeople
21st-century American businesswomen
African-American women in business
African-American female models

Iman (model)


Master of Corporate Communication (MCC), or Master of Science in Corporate Communication (MSc.CC), is a post-graduate master's degree designed to prepare communication professionals who in time will function as Corporate Communication Officer (CCO) at a strategic level in the organization. The MCC program structure and admissions are similar to that of the Master of Business Administration and Master of Science in Management degrees. The equivalent of MCC at some universities is Master's in Communication, Master  (of Arts) in Public Relations, Master (of Science) in Communication Management.

Admission
B-school MCC Admission Committees normally evaluate applicants based on resume, letters of recommendation, work experiences, as well as by a candidate's bachelor's degree GPA and GPA of graduate studies if applicable.

Based on these indicators, the committee decides if the applicant can handle the academic rigor of the program and demonstrate considerable leadership potential. The committee also looks for applicants that can improve diversity in the classroom as well as contribute positively to the student body as a whole.

Programme structure
The MCC structure varies from program to program, but typically resembles one of the five major types of MBAs (distance-learning, part-time, accelerated, two-year, or executive).

The MCC program for professionals often resembles one of a distance-learning, part-time, accelerated, or two-year MBA program.  Most programs begin with a set of required courses and then offer more specialized courses two thirds of the way through the program.

Courses
Depending on the each university, the general management courses may include, but are not limited to the following courses:
 Strategic Marketing
 Reputation Management
 Issues Management
 Corporate Strategy
 Organizational Behavior
 Industrial Organization
 Accounting
 Data Analysis

Some of the more subject-oriented topics (electives) in an MCC program include:
 Corporate Branding
 Integrated Marketing Communication
 Business and Marketing Strategy
 Business, Marketing, Advertising and Media Planning
 Crisis Communication
 Internal Communication and Change Management
 Stakeholder Relations and Communication
 Organizational Identity
 Corporate Social Responsibility / Corporate Shared Value
 Organizational Reputation Management
 Sponsoring and Partnerships
 Commercial Communication Law
 Corporate Communication and Market Research Methods
 KPIs and Performance Analytics
 Public Affairs
 and Issues Management

Graduation requirements

Graduation requirements are different for full-time MCC program from that for executive professionals. Total number of credits required for graduation in regular MCC program may differ from one university to another. However, usually the required number of credits for master program in countries practicing the Bologna system of education is no less than 120 ECTS. The number of credits for executive master programs  is usually not less than 60 ECTS, depending on the university.

Europe
In 1997 the Corporate Communication Centre, an entity of the Rotterdam School of Management of the Erasmus University Rotterdam started with the Master of Corporate Communication program, developed by prof.dr. Cees van Riel. On a worldwide basis, it was the first program of its kind offered on a university level. Since then at least four other European universities have started offering MCC program. At present MCC is offered also at Aarhus University, IE Business School in Madrid, Spain (who also offers an Executive Masters of Corporate Communication degree), Sorbonne University, Universität Leipzig, University of Navarra, Rome Business School in Rome, Italy and Università della Svizzera Italiana.

In 2008 the Master of Corporate Communication Program at the Rotterdam School of Management was accredited by the NVAO, the Accreditation Organisation of the Netherlands and Flanders, to hold the Master of Science in Corporate Communication (MSc. CC) title.

External links
Master of Corporate Communication, Rotterdam School of Management
RSM on Financial Times Top 10 Masters in Management Rankings 2008
 University of Paris, Communication des entreprises et des institutions
 University of Lugano, MCC
Master in Corporate Communication, IE School of Communication, IE University
Master in Corporate Communication, TRACOR, The Communication Arts Institute
Master's Program in Corporate Communication, Aalto University School of Business

References

Business schools in the Netherlands
Erasmus University Rotterdam
Master's degrees

Master of Corporate Communication


The Manitoba Liberal Party is a political party in Manitoba, Canada. The party developed in the 1880s from the Provincial Rights Party. The Liberal party won the 1915 general elections winning 40 seats out of 57 in the Legislative Assembly. This was the largest victory in Manitoba history. However, in the 1922 general elections, the Liberals lost power to the United Farmers of Manitoba. Support for the Liberal party declined in the decades after this election. From 1932 to 1961, the party merged with the Progressive Party of Manitoba as the Liberal-Progressive Party. In 1961 it changed its name back to the Liberal Party.

In the 1981 general elections, the party failed to win any seats at all for the first time in its history.

Liberal

Manitoba Liberal Party


Coralie Denise Simmons (born March 1, 1977) is an American water polo player, who won the silver medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics. In 2001, she won the Peter J. Cutino Award, presented annually to the top American collegiate water polo player.  Simmons is currently in her third season as the women's water polo coach at the University of California, Berkeley, after nine seasons as the head coach at Sonoma State University. She was born in Hemet, California.

Simmons joined other UCLA Bruins, Natalie Golda (2005), Kelly Rulon (2007), and Courtney Mathewson (2008), as the school's four woman Peter J. Cutino Award winners, all coached by Adam Krikorian. She was also named as an assistant coach to the USA Water Polo Women's Senior National Team for the 2009 FINA World Championships.

National

At Hemet High School, Simmons was girls' water polo team captain and Outstanding Defensive Player for her senior year in 1994. She also lettered four years in varsity swimming, received four-time team MVP and two-time league champions. In 1995, Simmons set a California Interscholastic Federation (CIF) record in 100 breaststroke and 100 freestyle, and was recognized as CIF Outstanding Female Swimmer. Coralie Simmons played three years in soccer under coach and mother Debbie Simmons.

Coralie Simmons was a two-time National Player of the Year at UCLA. In her final season with the Bruins in 2001, UCLA captured its fourth national title in the inaugural NCAA Women's Water Polo Championship. Simmons scored with just 1:28 remaining in the final period to give the Bruins a 5-4 win, and was named the tournament MVP. She owns three of UCLA's four offensive records in women's water polo, including career and season goals.

In June 2001, Simmons graduated from UCLA with a degree in geography and environmental studies. She was voted into the UCLA Athletics Hall of Fame in 2012.

UCLA Career Scoring
 (*school record)

Olympics and international
While still in high school, Simmons was chosen to join the U.S. Senior National team. She redshirted the 1999 and 2000 seasons at UCLA to play on the U.S. Women's National Team, helping the team qualify for the Olympic Games in the qualification tournament in Sicily by scoring a team-leading eight goals.  The US women won silver medals at both the Pan-American Games in 1999 and then the Olympics in Sydney in 2000, where Simmons tied for the team lead in scoring with nine goals. In 2001, she took home silver at the 2001 FINA World Water Polo Cup and led the team in scoring.

From 2001–2005, Simmons played for two different professional water polo teams in Athens, Greece. Her squads won three Greek Championships and one European Cup. In 2005, Coralie Simmons began her first year as an assistant coach on the University of Hawaii water polo staff.

See also
 List of Olympic medalists in water polo (women)

References

External links

 UCLA Team bio
 Hawaii coach bio

Water polo players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in water polo
American water polo coaches
UCLA Bruins women's water polo players
People from Hemet, California
Sportspeople from Riverside County, California
1977 births
Living people
American female water polo players
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics

Coralie Simmons


Murat Saygıner (28 Şubat 1989, Prag), sanat fotoğrafçısı, film yönetmeni ve müzik bestecisidir. Genç yaşta kendisini fotoğraf sanatına adamış olan Saygıner, yaşamını Ankara'da sürdürmektedir.

Ödüller
2018 Mexico International Film Festival, Mexico
Winner of the Golden Palm award in Animation Competition
2017 Open World Animation Festival, USA
Winner of the award for Best Experimental Film
2017 ATF Animated Film Festival, Iran
Appreciated Film in Experimental and Newmedia Section
2016 5th Hak-İş International Short Film Festival, Turkey
Winner of the award for Best Original Score
2015 Davis International Film Festival, USA
Winner of the award for Best Animation
PreFoto International Photography Competition 2011
Winner of the 1st prize
Fokus International Competition of Artistic Photography 2011
Winner of the 3rd prize
WPGA Annual Pollux Awards 2010
Emerging Talent of the Year
Pilsner Urquell International Photography Awards 2009
3rd place - Editorial - Personality
3rd place - Fine Art - Collage
PX3 Prix de la Photographie Paris 2009
First Prize - Advertising - Music
Third Prize - Fine Art - Digitally Enhanced
Trierenberg Super Circuit 2009
Goldmedal - Painted With Light - Special Themes
Pilsner Urquell International Photography Awards 2008
1st place - Editorial - Personality
1st place - Advertising - Music
3rd place - Advertising - Other
3rd place - Special - Digitally Enhanced

Sergiler
2018 - "FILE 2018 - Electronic Language International Festival", Fiesp Cultural Center, São Paulo, Brazil
2017 - "Celebration of the Arts – Art in Motion", Fort Worth, Texas, United States
2014 - "Colors of Life - Young Men with Big Dreams", Pepco Edison Gallery, Washington DC, United States
2012 - "6th Arte Laguna Prize Finalist Artists Exhibition", Palazzo Correr, Romanian Cultural Institute, Venice, Italy
2012 'Worldwide Photography Biennial Exhibition', The Borges Cultural Center, Buenos Aires, Argentina
2011 'PreFoto', Cultural Center "Abdullah Krashnica", Preševo, Serbia
2011 'Exposition Focus', Gallery of Art, Fier, Albania
2011 'COLORS OF LIFE', Art Works, Richmond, VA
2011 'COLORS OF LIFE', Capital One Corporate Gallery, Richmond, VA
2010 'COLORS OF LIFE', Embassy of Guatemala, Washington DC
2008 'IPA BEST OF SHOW', SOHO Gallery, New York

Gösterimler
 16th Akbank Short Film Festival 2020, İstanbul, Turkey
 Alchemy Film and Moving Image Festival 2020, Hawick, United Kingdom
 15th Athens ANIMFEST 2020, Athens, Greece
 Athens Digital Arts Festival 2019, Athens, Greece
 Festival Internazionale Segni Della Notte 2019, Urbino, Italy
 7th Canlandıranlar Film Festival 2019, Istanbul, Turkey
 15th Festival Transterritorial de Cine Underground 2019, Buenos Aires, Argentina
 Animation Marathon 2019, Athens, Greece
 Festival International Signes de Nuit 2019, Paris, France
 Animest International Animation Film Festival 2019, Bucharest, Romania
 International Microm Film Festival 2019, Athens, Greece
 Tuzla Film Festival 2019, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
 North Bellarine Film Festival 2019, Victoria, Australia
 Unseen Festival 2019, Denver, CO, United States
 Open World Animation Festival 2019, Allentown, PA, United States
 Overmountain Animation Festival 2019, Johnson City, TN, United States
 10th Kinolikbez 2019, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
 31st Society for Animation Studies Conference 2019, Lisbon, Portugal
 The Katalyst Film Event 2019, London, United Kingdom
 International Fine Arts Students Congress 2019, Istanbul, Turkey
 13th River Film Festival 2019, Padova, Italy
 LTUE Film Festival 2019, Provo, United States
 3rd Chaniartoon 2019, Chania, Greece
 29th Istanbul International Short Film Festival 2018, Istanbul, Turkey
 6th Canlandıranlar Film Festival 2018, Istanbul, Turkey
 Lucid Dream Fantastic Film Festival 2018, Toscana, Italy
 Melrose Film Festival 2018, Orlando, United States
 Punto y Raya Festival 2018, Wroclaw, Poland
 Tripoteca Psychedelic Film Festival 2018, Worldwide
 ANNY Animation Nights 2018, New York, United States
 Shenandoah Seasonal Film Series 2018, Strasburg, VA, United States
 North Bellarine Film Festival 2018, Victoria, Australia
 VIFF Vienna Independent Film Festival 2018, Vienna, Austria
 Mexico International Film Festival 2018, Baja, Mexico
 Der Phantastische Trashfilm 2018, Kassel, Germany
 The Quarantine Film Festival 2018, Varna, Bulgaria
 Philadelphia Independent Film Festival 2018, Philadelphia, United States
 The Mosaic Film Festival 2018, Clarkston, United States
 Athens International Film and Video Festival 2018, Athens, United States
 Ecozine Film Festival 2018, Zaragoza, Spain
 Boomtown Film and Music Festival 2018, Beaumont, United States
 ANNY Animation Nights 2018, New York, United States
 Athens Animfest 2018, Athens, Greece
 Tallahassee Film Festival 2018, Tallahassee, United States
 The Wayward Festival 2018, Los Angeles, United States
 Trenton Film Festival 2018, Trenton, United States
 Fargo Film Festival 2018, Fargo, United States
 Artfools Video Festival 2018, Larissa, Greece
 Ouchy Film Awards 2018, Lausanne, Switzerland
 1st Chania Cartoon & Animation Festival 2017, Chania, Greece
 Fantastic Planet: Sydney Sci-Fi and Fantasy Film Festival 2017, Sydney, Australia
 Fake Flesh Film Fest 2017, Kamloops, Canada
 Animation Marathon 2017, Athens, Greece
 CutOut Fest International Animation and Digital Art Festival 2017, Queretaro, Mexico
 Berlin Sci-Fi Filmfest 2017, Berlin, Germany
 Swedenborg Film Festival 2017, London, United Kingdom
 ICARO Festival Internacional de Cine 2017, Guatemala City, Guatemala
 Crystal Palace International Film Festival 2017, London, United Kingdom
 Celtic Animation Film Competition 2017, Liverpool, United Kingdom
 Planet 9 Film Festival 2017, Los Angeles, United States
 Conway Film Festival 2017, Conway, United States
 PSIAF Palm Springs International Animation Festival 2017, Palm Springs, United States
 Multivision Festival 2017, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
 Fest Anca International Animation Festival 2017, Bratislava, Slovakia
 Tri-Cities International Film Festival 2017, Washington, United States
 3rd Marmaris International Short Film Festival 2017, Marmaris, Turkey
 Cut it Short Film Festival 2017, Istanbul, Turkey
 BlackBox Shortfilm Festival 2017, Aarau, Switzerland
 Roselle Park Shorts Film Festival 2017, New Jersey, United States
 Fargo Fantastic Film Festival 2017, Fargo, United States
 Largo Film Awards 2017, Switzerland
 Atlanta Underground Film Festival 2017, Atlanta, United States
 FilmQuest 2017, Provo, United States
 Montreal International Animation Film Festival - ANIMAZE 2017, Montreal, Canada
 My Film Festival 2017, Toronto, Canada
 Short to the Point 2017, Bucharest, Romania
 Seattle Transmedia & Independent Film Festival 2017, Seattle, United States
 Short Film Breaks 2017, Bucharest, Romania
 Tulsa Overground Film Festival 2017, Tulsa, United States
 Athens Animfest 2017, Athens, Greece
 Open World Animation Festival 2017, Allentown, United States
 ATF Animated Film Festival 2017, Tehran, Iran
 Chhatrapati Shivaji International Film Festival 2016, Pune, India
 5th Hak-İş International Short Film Festival 2016, Ankara, Turkey
 47th Kraf International Short Film Festival 2016, Rijeka, Croatia
 17th International Izmir Short Film Festival 2016, Izmir, Turkey
 Dracula Film Festival 2016, Brasov, Romania
 Cut it Short Film Festival 2016, Istanbul, Turkey
 Nightpiece Film Festival 2016, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
 Medway Visions Film Festival 2016, Kent, United Kingdom
 Hackney Attic Film Festival 2016, London, United Kingdom
 Cartoon Club 2016, Rimini, Italy
 Karakoy Short Film Days 2016, Istanbul, Turkey
 39th Elche International Independent Film Festival 2016, Elche, Spain
 Cavo Fest 2016, Trani, Italy
 Rabbitfest 2016, Perugia, Italy
 Love Horror Short Film Festival 2016, California, United States
 Heartearth Festival 2016, Berlin, Germany
 Comicpalooza Film Festival 2016, Texas, United States
 The Quarantine Film Festival 2016, Varna, Bulgaria
 Backup Festival 2016, Weimar, Germany
 Bloody Week-end Film Festival 2016, Franche-Comté, France
 Transmission Video Art Festival 2016, Karlsruhe, Germany - Athens, Greece
 AniFest 2016, Connecticut, United States
 International Second Hand Film Festival 2016, Ankara, Turkey
 Chippewa Valley Film Festival 2016, Wisconsin, United States
 Ouarzazate International Film Festival 2016, Morocco, Africa
 Drunken Zombie Film Festival 2016, Illinois, United States
 Third Culture Film Festival 2016, Hong Kong, China
 NukhuFest 2016, New York, United States
 Chennai International Short Film Festival 2016, Chennai, India
 Goldensun Short Film Festival 2015, Malta
 Anilogue International Animation Festival 2015, Budapest, Hungary
 I.N.S.A.N.E Animation Film Festival 2015, Malmo, Sweden
 Davis International Film Festival 2015, California, United States
 Visionaria Film Festival 2015, Siena, Italy
 Multivision Festival 2015, St.Petersburg, Russia
 Nottingham International Microfilm Festival 2015, Nottingham, England
 Festival Film Front 2015, Novi Sad, Serbia
 Vasteras Film Festival 2015, Vasteras, Sweden
 FilmOneFest 2015, New Jersey, United States
 Pause Festival 2015, Melbourne, Australia
 Tripoteca Psychedelic Film Festival 2015, Worldwide
 File Anima+ 2014, São Paulo, Brazil

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
Web Sitesi
Instagram Sayfası
Facebook Sayfası
Vimeo Sayfası
IMDb Sayfası

1989 doğumlular
Türk fotoğrafçılar
Ödüllü fotoğrafçılar
Yaşayan insanlar
Prag doğumlu sanatçılar
Dijital sanatçılar

Murat Saygıner


Muraglitazar (proposed tradename Pargluva) is a dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist with affinity to PPARα and PPARγ.

The drug had completed phase III clinical trials, however in May 2006 Bristol-Myers Squibb announced that it had discontinued further development.

Data on muraglitazar is relatively sparse due to the brief introduction and subsequent abandonment of this agent. One double-blind randomized clinical trial comparing muraglitazar and pioglitazone found that the effects of the former were favourable in terms of HDL-C increase, decrease in total cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, triglycerides and a greater reduction in HbA1c (p <0.0001 for all comparisons). However, the muraglitazar group had a higher all-cause mortality, greater incidence of edema and heart failure and more weight gain compared to the pioglitazone group. A meta-analysis of the phase II and III clinical trials of muraglitazar revealed that it was associated with a greater incidence of myocardial infarction, stroke, transient ischemic attacks and congestive heart failure (CHF) when compared to placebo or pioglitazone.

By calling attention to adverse events made public through the FDA advisory committee process, Dr Nissen came upon a mechanism to steer FDA from the outside. This mechanism came to fruition with rosiglitazone (Avandia) and led to FDA requiring demonstration of cardiac safety for new drugs to treat type 2 diabetes. This process is described by Dr Robert Misbin in INSULIN-History from an FDA Insider, published June 1, 2020 on Amazon.

References

Abandoned drugs
Oxazoles
Carbamates
Phenol ethers
PPAR agonists

Muraglitazar


Howe and Hummel was a New York City law firm, celebrated in the latter half of the nineteenth century and principally renowned for its active involvement in the world of crime and corruption.

The partners
The senior partner in the firm was William F. Howe (1828 – September 2, 1902), a corpulent UK-born and later naturalized American trial lawyer who had served 18 months in jail in Britain for false representation, and who was strongly suspected of possessing a more extensive criminal background. Prosecuted in 1874 by a pair of white slavers, William and Adelaide Beaumont, "who maintained that they had in some fashion been cheated by the partners",

In 1869, Howe made a partner of Abraham Hummel (July 27, 1850 – January 21, 1926), his former clerk and physical opposite, a runtish, rake-thin genius renowned for his ability to spot loopholes in the law.

Criminal and civil practice
Howe handled most of the firm's criminal work, participating in more than 600 murder trials in the course of his fifty-year career and winning a large but unstated proportion of them. He was noted for his extravagant dress, favoring bright waistcoats and large jeweled rings—although he steadily dressed down as a capital trial progressed, invariably ending it in a funereal suit and black tie.  He had a markedly florid rhetorical style, on one occasion delivering an entire summing-up, two hours, while on his knees before the jury box. One of his most remarked upon talents was an apparent ability to weep at will, although legal historian Sadakat Kadri notes that his frequent opponent Francis L. Wellman "suspected that he used an onion-scented handkerchief to get in the mood".  The less extrovert but more intelligent Hummel specialized in civil law and ran the firm's thriving blackmail racket, representing chorus girls and thwarted lovers, threatening married men with exposure and well-off young bachelors with suits for breach of promise of marriage.

At its peak, operating from offices just across the road from NYPD headquarters on Centre Street, Howe and Hummel received fat retainers from a significant proportion of the criminals, brothel-keepers, and abortion care providers of New York. All 74 madams rounded up during a purity drive in 1884 named Howe and Hummel as their counsel, and at one time the firm represented 23 out of the 25 prisoners awaiting trial for murder in the city's Tombs prison and had an undeclared interest in the twenty-fourth.

Bill Howe's persuasive abilities were the stuff of legend. Perhaps his most notable achievement was to get a client, Ella Nelson, acquitted on a charge of willful murder. Howe admitted that the girl had been armed with a revolver, but successfully persuaded a jury that her trigger finger had accidentally slipped not just once, but four times in the course of an argument with her married lover.

Another of Howe's most spectacular defenses, according to the New York Tribune of 2 September 1902:

One of Howe's most notorious cases, however, may have been that of John Dolan, convicted in the murder of merchant James H. Noe. Despite a desperate legal battle to save his life, Dolan went to the gallows on April 21, 1875. New York Times coverage of the case, which riveted New York for several months, identifies one William F. Howe as Dolan's attorney. In a noticeable omission, it does not mention Dolan in its obituary for Howe.

Among Abe Hummel's most celebrated achievements was the discovery of an error in procedure that led to the release of 240 of the 300 prisoners on Blackwell's Island in a single day. On another occasion, the partners invoked a technicality that, had it been allowed, would have set free every prisoner awaiting trial, or recently convicted, of first degree murder in the State of New York, and made it impossible for the authorities to obtain further capital convictions for murder for a period of several months.

Collapse of the firm
The final collapse of the firm came in 1907, five years after Howe's death, when Hummel was convicted in New York of suborning perjury, disbarred, and sentenced to a year in jail. After his release, Hummel left the United States and lived chiefly in Paris.

Howe and Hummel kept no records (the partners reportedly met at the end of each day and emptied their respective pockets onto the table and evenly divided the total pile), actively courted publicity (despite bar rules against lawyers advertising (which did not begin to be relaxed until the late 1960s), they maintained a full-sized billboard atop their offices), and were much discussed in their day among the members of the legal profession. As such, many of the stories told about them have the aura of tall tales. Nevertheless, their decades of effective practice suggest that the partners were among the most effective and innovative attorneys to practice in the United States during the nineteenth century.

Although nobody can deny a strong element of "sharp practice", including using suspect surprise witnesses in some trials, or suppressing adverse witness testimony by sending them out of state, all expenses paid, until the trial was over, there was genuine talent in the team, especially in the abilities of William Howe in court.  A recent study of the 1897 murder of Willie Guldensuppe, and the 1898 trial of his killer Martin Thorne, gives clear proof of Howe's mastery of cross-examination.  At the first trial of Thorne, his co-conspirator, Mrs. Augusta Nack, testified against Thorne. Howe's simple and direct cross-examination ripped her testimony apart on the stand, which led to the prosecution deciding not to use her again in a retrial. Nonetheless, even with Howe's efforts and skill, in the second trial Thorne was convicted and sentenced to be executed. Despite Howe's courtroom skills and Hummel's mastery of legal intricacies, it was ultimately the (mis)use of their talents that ultimately brought down the firm.

Citations

General bibliography

Books
 Collins, Paul (2011). The Murder of the Century: The Gilded Age Crime that Scandalized a City & Sparked the Tabloid Wars. New York: Crown Publishers.
 Kadri, Sadakat (2005). The Trial: A History, from Socrates to O.J. Simpson. New York: Random House.
 Morton, James (2001). Gangland: The Lawyers. London: Virgin.
 Murphy, Cait (2011). Scoundrels in Law: The Trials of Howe and Hummel, Lawyers to the Gangsters, Cops, Starlets, and Rakes Who Made the Gilded Age. New York: Harper.
 Rovere, Richard H. (1948). Howe and Hummel: Their True and Scandalous History. London: Michael Joseph.
 Train, Arthur (1908). True Stories of Crime From the District Attorney's Office. New York: Charles Scribner%27s Sons.
 Wellman, Francis L. (1924). Gentlemen of the Jury. New York: Macmillan.

Articles
 "William F. Howe, Dean of Criminal Bar, Dead". The New York Times September 3, 1902, p. 9.
 "Decadence of New York's Criminal Bar". The New York Times, September 7, 1902, p. 34.
 [Accounts of Ella Nelson trial]. New York Herald, June 19, 1891, p. 3 & June 20, p. 4.

Further reading
 True Stories of Crime from the District Attorney's Office by Arthur Cheney Train: Chapter X "Flight into Texas"—Detail of the firm's collapse

External links

Law firms disestablished in 1907
Defunct companies based in New York (state)
Defunct law firms of the United States
Law firms based in New York City
Law firms established in 1869

Howe and Hummel


Helga Zepp-LaRouche (born 25 August 1948) is a German political activist. She is the widow of American political activist Lyndon LaRouche, and the founder of the LaRouche movement's Schiller Institute and the German Bürgerrechtsbewegung Solidarität party  (BüSo) (Civil Rights Movement Solidarity).

She has run for political office several times in Germany, representing small parties founded by the LaRouche movement, but has never been elected. She is the editor of Das Hitler-Buch (1984), published by the Schiller Institute, a collection of historical investigations into the origins of Nazism.

Biography
Lyndon LaRouche wrote in The Power of Reason (first edition) that his wife was an orphan. According to the Schiller Institute and Bürgerrechtsbewegung Solidarität websites, she left high school in 1968 to work as an unpaid journalist in Hamburg and Hannover, later becoming a freelancer. In 1971, the websites continue, she traveled through China as one of the first European journalists there, just after the highpoint of the Cultural Revolution. When she returned to Germany, she studied political science, history and philosophy at the Otto Suhr Institute of the Free University of Berlin and at Frankfurt am Main.

On 29 December 1977, Helga Zepp and Lyndon LaRouche were married in Wiesbaden. According to her official biography on the Schiller Institute website, she traveled with her husband to promote his proposals for monetary reform and large-scale infrastructural development, and met with former Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi and former Mexican president José López Portillo. She returned to Mexico in 1998, and participated as mistress of ceremonies at a conference held at the Academy of Economics of the Mexican Society of Geography, during which Lopez Portillo greeted her once again, according to the LaRouche movement's Executive Intelligence Review. Earlier that year, Lopez Portillo, along with former Ugandan President Godfrey Binaisa, former Algerian Prime Minister Abdelhamid Brahimi and other politicians, had added his signature to a call issued by Zepp-LaRouche for a "new just world economic order."

Activism

Zepp-LaRouche is the editor of Das Hitler-Buch, published by the Schiller Institute, Campaigner Publications Deutschland, Wiesbaden 1984.  (translated as The Hitler Book, 1984. ) She founded the Schiller Institute in the same year, saying: "We need a movement that can finally free Germany from the control of the Versailles and Yalta treaties, thanks to which we have staggered from one catastrophe to another for an entire century."

In Dancing on My Grave (1986), ballerina Gelsey Kirkland describes her encounter with Zepp-LaRouche's ideas, as the former was battling her drug addiction: "In spite of her extreme point of view, her unyielding radicalism, this woman provided a crucial turning point for me. Her zealous devotion to the classics and her political war against drugs emboldened me to act, yet in my own way."

She is an opponent of the clash of civilizations doctrine of Samuel P. Huntington. Following the September 11 attacks, she campaigned against the idea that there is a fundamental antagonism between U.S. and Europe on the one side, and Islam or Asian culture on the other. She has called for a "Dialogue of Cultures" as opposed to a "Clash of Civilizations."

In June 2001, Zepp-LaRouche spoke before the Russian State Duma hearings on Measures to Ensure the Development of Russia's Economy under Conditions of Global Financial Destabilization. Her theme was the assertion that Wilhelm Lautenbach's program for productive employment, had it been adopted in 1931, could have ended the depression and prevented the Nazis' rise to power, and that the adoption of her husband's Eurasian Land-Bridge proposal today can avert a similar disaster. Zepp-LaRouche's presentation was later published in 2007 in the Russian magazine Forum International, in an issue devoted to the "Megaprojects of Russia's East" conference on the Bering Strait crossing.

Zepp-LaRouche has launched campaigns in various countries on other issues, including opposition to globalization and support for her husband's "New Bretton Woods" proposal, and a proposal to dissolve the World Trade Organization and double world food production. This latter proposal was described by the Egyptian daily Al-Ahram as "among the notable visions, worthy of respect, which are consistent with the vision put forward by President Mubarak in Davos."

In 2012, she was a featured speaker at the 10th annual "Dialogue of Civilizations" conference in Rhodes, sponsored by the World Public Forum. She said that the accelerating collapse of the transatlantic system is driving the danger of a new world war, and that US and European liquidity expansion measures have led to a hyper-inflationary printing of money, with its "life-shortening effect" upon millions of people in Greece, Italy, Spain and Portugal.

In August 2015, Zepp-LaRouche wrote an article describing climate change as a "Satanic swindle". In her opinion, it "supplies the argumentation to establish a global eco-dictatorship whose results, and whose declared intention is to eliminate six billion human beings". Zepp-LaRouche argued that preparations are under-way for the establishment of "a fascist world government which would exceed Hitler's most audacious dreams". Zepp-LaRouche suggested the origin of the "swindle" is the British monarchy.

In July 2016, Zepp-LaRouche spoke at the first panel on the Think 20 Summit, which was organised by three Chinese academies and institutes: the Institute of World Economics and Politics at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the Shanghai Institute for International Studies, and the Chongyang Institute for Financial Studies at the Renmin University of China.

On 24 February 2021, Zepp-LaRouche denounced the LaRouche Political Action Committee (LPAC) and its treasurer, Barbara Boyd, for going "in a direction which I consider contrary to the central policies that my husband stood for. [...] [S]ince he passed away in February 2019, Mrs. Boyd and her associates [...] have embarked on a path that I believe misrepresents both my and Mr. LaRouche's positions." and has stated that LPAC and Boyd do not represent the LaRouche movement.

References

External links
Schiller Institute biography of Helga Zepp-LaRouche
Bürgerrechtsbewegung Solidarität biography

1948 births
Living people
People from Trier
Anti-globalization activists
German conspiracy theorists
21st-century German women politicians
LaRouche movement

Helga Zepp-LaRouche


The Prinzipalmarkt is the historic principal marketplace of Münster, Germany. It is shaped by historic buildings with picturesque pediments attached to one another. It extends from St. Lambert's Church (Lambertikirche) in the north to the Townhouse Tower (Stadthausturm) in the south and is home to luxurious shops and cafés. The centre of the eastern side, opposite the south-eastern entrance to Cathedral Square (Domplatz), is dominated by the Historical City Hall of Münster.

Having been largely destroyed during World War II, the Prinzipalmarkt was reconstructed from 1947 to 1958, most buildings true to the original.

Literature
 Karl-Heinz Kirchhoff: Der Prinzipalmarkt mit Michaelisplatz, Gruetgasse, Syndikatgasse und Syndikatplatz. Münster : Aschendorff, 2001,

External links

official website (in German)
panorama picture of the Prinzipalmarkt
360°-panorama picture of the Prinzipalmarkt im Kulturatlas Westfalen (Flash-Player needed)

Münster
Retail markets in Germany
Streets in Germany

Prinzipalmarkt


Lucy Barnes Brown (née Lucy Nevins Barnes) (March 16, 1859 – September 30, 1921) was an early American amateur golfer, known for winning the inaugural U.S. Women's Amateur in 1895.

Barnes was born in New York City. She married Charles Stelle Brown in 1880 and competed in the 1895 tournament as Mrs. Charles S. Brown representing Shinnecock Hills Golf Club. Shinnecock Hills at the time had club members named Barnes, and the United States Golf Association (USGA) speculates that Mrs. Brown was their daughter.

The USGA had just been formed in late 1894, and earlier in 1895 had held the inaugural U.S. Amateur and U.S. Open. On November 9, 1895, they held the first U.S. Women's Amateur championship at the Meadow Brook Club in the Town of Hempstead, New York. The tournament that year was an 18-hole stroke play event (match play, used today, started the following year). Thirteen women competed, and Mrs. Brown won the tournament with a score of 132, defeating Nellie C. Sargent by two strokes. The score of 132 was the women's course record at the time. Mrs. Brown did not compete in the Women's Amateur again.

Her husband, Charles S. Brown, founded a real estate company in 1873 which is still active today as Brown Harris Stevens LLC. One of their children, Archibald M. Brown, was later president of Shinnecock Hills Golf Club. The couple was still living in Manhattan in 1920.

References

External links
1895 Women's Amateur results (including a New York Sun article)
USGA 1895 tournament page
Photo of Lucy Brown (playing at The Country Club in 1902)

American female golfers
Amateur golfers
Winners of ladies' major amateur golf championships
Golfers from New York (state)
Golfers from New York City
1859 births
1921 deaths

Lucy Barnes Brown


Arthur Allen Lumsdaine (1913–1989) was an American applied psychologist who researched the use of media and programmed learning. Art Lumsdaine served as a soldier in the U.S. Army in World War II. He returned to take a PhD in psychology at Stanford University (awarded 1949).

Service in the Army showed him the crucial role played by training in any large army conscripted from the general population. Lumsdaine's main work was on the effectiveness of media for training and education. He also worked on the experimental investigation of attitude change.
He played a leading part in the post-World War II wave of experimental psychologists who worked on the principles of education and training. Lumsdaine saw the potential of teaching machines and programmed instruction and helped their development.
Art was a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, as well as of the American Psychological Association (APA). He served as a member of the APA's Board of Scientific Affairs (1967–1970), was President of the Division of Educational Psychology (1968–1969), and was an Associate Editor of Contemporary Psychology for eight years.

Main works
Lumsdaine A.A. 1947. Experimental research and the improvement of teaching films. Educational Screen 26, 254/5.
Lumsdaine A.A. 1949. Ease of learning with pictorial and verbal symbols. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Stanford University.
Hovland C.I; Lumsdaine A.A. & Sheffield F.D. 1949. Experiments on mass communication. Princeton University Press.
Lumsdaine A.A. 1953. Audio-visual research in the U.S. Air Force. AV Communication Review 1, 76–90.
May M.A. & Lumsdaine A.A.  1958. Learning from films. Yale University Press.
Lumsdaine A.A. 1959. Partial and more complete automation of teaching in group and individual learning situations.  In E.H. Galanter (ed) Automated teaching: the state of the art. New York: Wiley, 147–166.
Lumsdaine A.A. 1959. Teaching machines and self-instructional materials. AV Communication Review 7, 163–181.
Lumsdaine A.A. & Glaser R. (eds) 1960. Teaching machines and programmed learning: a source book. Washington DC: National Education Association.
Lumsdaine A.A. 1961. Some differences in approach to the programming of instruction. In Lysaught J.P. (ed) Programmed learning: evolving principles and industrial applications. Ann Arbor: Foundation for Research on Human Behavior, 37–52.
Lumsdaine A.A. (ed) 1961. Student response in programmed instruction: a symposium. Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, publication #943.
Lumsdaine A.A. & Roshal S.M. 1962. Experimental research on educational media. University of California Press.
Lumsdaine A.A. 1962, published 1965. Experimental research on instructional devices and materials. In Glaser R. (ed) Training research and education. New York: Wiley, 247–294.
Lumsdaine A.A. 1963. Instruments and media of instruction. In Gage N.L. (ed) Handbook of research on teaching. A project of the American Educational Research Association. Chicago: Rand McNally, 583–682.
Lumsdaine A.A. 1965. Assessing the effectiveness of instructional programs. In Glaser R. (ed) Teaching machines and programmed learning II: data and directions. Washington DC: National Education Association, 267–320.
Wittrock M.C. & Lumsdaine A.A. 1977. Instructional psychology. In Rosenzweig M.R. & Porter L.W. (eds) Annual review of psychology, 28. Palo Alto: Annual Reviews.

References

1913 births
1989 deaths
American military personnel of World War II
American psychologists
Stanford University alumni

Arthur A. Lumsdaine


Planetizen is a planning-related news website and e-learning platform based in Los Angeles, California. It features user-submitted and editor-evaluated news and weekly user-contributed op-eds about urban planning and several related fields. The website also publishes an annual list of the top 10 books in the field published during the current year, and a directory and ranking of graduate-level education in the field of urban planning.

The name of the website is a concatenation of Plan, as in the word, planning, and Netizen, a portmanteau of Internet and citizen. The website self-reports that it is visited by 1.5 million unique visitors each year.

In 2006, the website also started publishing books, including the first urban planning book for children, Where Things Are, From Near to Far, published in 2008 by Planetizen Press. This book was reviewed by The New York Times. Their 2007 book Planetizen's Contemporary Debates in Urban Planning, a collection of brief essays published by Island Press, received positive reviews.

Contributions
Planetizen introduced a much-needed broader perspective on city planning in the US, which very often extends into international practice as well. Coming out of the very formal car-oriented planning philosophy and practice following the Second World War, American urbanism risked becoming a dinosaur as it missed all the exciting New Urbanist practices being implemented. The great value of Planetizen was to juxtapose ALL planning practice and let readers judge the effectiveness of each idea. Coming as it did in the internet age, it provided, and continues to provide, an extremely useful central location for urbanists and planners to follow what is happening around the world. More than any other site, Planetizen is a clearing house of planning ideas, and its inclusivity without any ideological prejudice is both refreshing and invaluable.

Innovations and debates

Suburban sprawl
The major problem in developed economies is urban sprawl and its energy-devouring urban morphology. Planetizen has broadly championed the New Urbanist solutions while juxtaposing a variety of alternatives and criticisms. This interplay lays the groundwork for facing a difficult problem. Debate on Planetizen juxtaposes practical concerns of developers and government entities with the need for more sustainable urban fabric. Developers who build Sprawl are being educated towards new strategies for a more livable suburbia.

Informal settlements
In the Developing World, the major problem facing both economies and governments lies in owner-built settlements, favelas, villas miserias, gecekondu, or slums by any other name. Here the debate is more difficult to access, because for a long time, the problems and solutions found in informal settlements have been either ignored or misinterpreted by mainstream planners. Solutions to this exponentially growing problem are not obvious. Planetizen has commendably brought attention to this other side of urbanism, so often ignored by the urban planning schools. For example, it sponsored a discussion on the Bombay slum Dharavi, which brought the topic of slum clearance versus upgrading to worldwide attention.

Skyscrapers/tall buildings
World economies and major construction companies are driven in part by building megaprojects, the most prominent component of which is one or more skyscrapers. Planetizen has opened up the debate on skyscrapers more than once. A city has to balance the drive to build high, using high-tech, with the theoretical objections that skyscrapers drain the resources and energy from the region in which they are implanted. New skyscrapers are claimed to be eco-sustainable, but those claims have as many critics as they have proponents. Again, there is a need for a broad debate, and Planetizen contains many different and dissenting viewpoints on the question of skyscrapers as a viable building typology.

Planning Graduate Program Rankings

Planetizen has ranked planning graduate programs in the United States through six editions of its Guide to Urban Planning Graduate Programs, and has published the top 10 ranks on its website.

Criticism
Planetizen is often criticized for running news stories or user-contributed op-eds that are critical of current urban planning practices. Planetizen is also criticized by some urban planning educators in higher education for ranking graduate-level urban planning programs in the Guide to Graduate Urban Planning Education.

Timeline
 February 2000 - Planetizen is created
 August 2000 - First contributed op-ed, by Anthony Downs
 February 2001 - Site recognized with an award for use of technology by the American Planning Association
 September 2001 - James Howard Kunstler and Nikos A. Salingaros call for the end of skyscrapers in response to September 11 attacks, in an article on Planetizen, The End of Tall Buildings
 November 2002 - First annual review of top 10 books in the field of urban planning
 February 2005 - Planetizen moves to the Drupal web publishing platform and documents the migration in an article for Linux Journal.
 March 2006 - Planetizen associate editor Nate Berg begins weekly podcast about weekly urban planning issues
 June 2006 - Planetizen Press publishes first ranking of graduate-level urban planning programs
 May 2008 - Planetizen Press publishes second ranking of graduate-level urban planning programs
 October 2009 - Planetizen publishes a list of the top 100 urban thinkers, as voted on by visitors to the website
 April 2011 - Planetizen publishes a list of the top 25 thinkers in urban planning and technology
 May 2011 - Planetizen publishes 2012 ranking of graduate-level urban planning] programs
 October 2014 - Planetizen publishes 2015 ranking of graduate-level urban planning programs
 February 2015 - Planetizen launches the first video courses focused on educating urban planners
 June 2017 - Planetizen publishes 4th Edition ranking of graduate-level urban planning programs
 October 2017 - Planetizen publishes a list of the 100  most influential urbanists.
 May 2018 - Planetizen publishes Urban Design for Planners by Emily Talen.

Editors
The site was created in February 2000 by co-editors in chief Abhijeet Chavan and Chris Steins. In 2005 David Gest was appointed the first managing editor. Subsequent managing editors have included Christian Peralta Madera (2006), Timothy Halbur (2008), Jonathan Nettler, AICP (2012) and James Brasuell (2014).

Planetizen Press
Planetizen Press is the publishing arm of Planetizen, and has published several print books.

Planetizen Guide to Graduate Urban Planning Programs, 4th Edition. Published by Planetizen Press (2014).
Unsprawl: Remixing Spaces as Places. Published by Planetizen Press (2013).
Planetizen 2012 Guide to Graduate Urban Planning Programs. Published by Planetizen Press (May, 2011).
Insider's Guide to Careers in Urban Planning. Published by Planetizen Press (November, 2009).
Where Things Are, from Near to Far: A Children's book about urban planning. Published by Planetizen Press (December, 2008).
Planetizen 2009 Guide to Graduate Urban Planning Programs. Published by Planetizen Press (May, 2008).
Planetizen 2007 Guide to Graduate Urban Planning Programs. Published by Planetizen Press (June, 2006).

References

External links
 Planetizen front page

American news websites
Internet properties established in 2000
Academic works about urban studies and planning
Sustainable transport pioneers
New Urbanism
Transport websites

Planetizen


A microcredit (sometimes called a micro-loan, or microloan) is a special kind of loan given to poor business people, mostly in developing countries. Microcredits were created to support entrepreneurship, and to lessen poverty. Very often, people getting a microcredit are illiterate: they cannot fill out forms to apply for a regular loan. Microcredits also work differently: the interest ot be paid is usually much higher than with a regular loan, often it is over 20%. The interest usually also has to be paid more often. Microcredits have been criticized, because people taking them often end up in a situation where they cannot repay their debt.

Microcredits are given by special banks or cooperatives like Oikocredit, making this investments to help society.

Finance

Microcredit


Chiang Mai is the biggest city in northern Thailand and the second biggest city in Thailand. The city's name is Thai for "new city" because it replaced Chiang Rai, meaning "old city", as the capital of the Lan Na Kingdom. It is the capital of Chiang Mai Province, the second-biggest province of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are (from northeast to northwest) Chiang Rai, Lampang, Lamphun, Tak, and Mae Hong Son. In the north it is next to Shan State of Myanmar.

Cities in Thailand

Chiang Mai


József Dudás (22 September 1912 – 19 January 1957), was a Hungarian politician and resistance fighter.

Early life

Dudás was born in Marosvásárhely (in Romanian: Târgu Mureş) in Austria-Hungary (today in Transylvania, Romania). As a very young man, he joined the illegal Communist Party in Transylvania. In 1933 he was arrested and sentenced to nine years in prison. When Northern Transylvania was transferred to Hungary as part of the Second Vienna Award in 1940, he was released and he moved to Budapest.

World War II

During World War II, he worked within the anti-fascist movement acting as a liaison between groups. When the war ended, Dudás was a member of an unofficial ceasefire delegation that visited Moscow, and he was a founding member of the Liberation Committee of the Hungarian National Uprising. In late 1945 he joined the Independent Smallholders' Party and was elected to the Budapest government. As the communists mounted their campaign to take over Hungary, Dudás was arrested and detained until he was handed over to Romanian state security in 1951. Released in 1954, he returned to Hungary.

Hungarian revolution and execution

Working as an engineer when the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 broke out, he took to addressing crowds and on 29 October, established the Second District National Committee, with a 25-point program demanding, a coalition government, a multi-party system and neutrality. He also started a newspaper (Magyar Függetlenség—Hungarian Independence), which headlined, 'We do not recognize the present government!' At this same time the so-called "Dudás Group" consisting of about 400 armed men was formed.

Dudás soon acquired a bad reputation among the revolutionary forces, as he started  negotiations with Colonel Yevgeny Malashenko, acting chief of staff of the Soviet Special Forces, with the aim of being recognized by the Soviets as the main seat of political and military power in Hungary, instead of Imre Nagy. The Dudás group also became known for the campaign of terror it unleashed against members of Hungary's AVH Secret Police, lynching or otherwise executing offenders on sight.  The activities of the group went to such an extreme that other revolutionaries began arresting AVH officers for their own protection. He continued publishing his newspaper criticizing the Nagy government until his own armed men dismissed him on 3 November, and he was arrested by government forces for acts attributed to him, or rumors of such acts (an attack on the Foreign Ministry; looting of the National Bank).

On 4 November he was wounded and taken to a hospital. On 21 November he was tricked into entering the Parliament building and was arrested by the Soviets. He was charged with leadership of a conspiracy and on 14 January 1957 he was sentenced to death, which was carried out on 19 January 1957.

References

1912 births
1957 deaths
People from Târgu Mureș
Romanian people of Hungarian descent
Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party politicians
Hungarian revolutionaries
People of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956
Romanian people executed abroad
People executed by Hungary by hanging
Executed revolutionaries

József Dudás