Joseph David Sinzheim (1745 – November 11, 1812 in Paris) was the chief rabbi of Strasbourg. He was son of Rabbi Isaac Sinzheim of Treves, and brother-in-law of Herz Cerfbeer.

Biography
Sinzheim was the most learned and prominent member of the Assembly of Notables convened by Napoleon on May 30, 1806. The task of answering the questions laid before the assembly by the imperial commissioner was entrusted to Sinzheim, who fulfilled his duties (July 30-August 3, 1806) to the satisfaction of the assembly as well as of the commissioner and even of Napoleon himself. The German sermon which he delivered in the synagogue of Paris in honor of the emperor's birthday, on August 15, also strengthened Napoleon's favorable opinion of the Jews, who received the imperial promise that their rights as French citizens should not be withdrawn.

On February 9, 1807, four days after the Assembly of Notables was dissolved, the Grand Sanhedrin was convened; its chairman ("nasi"), appointed by the minister of the interior, was Sinzheim, who had probably suggested the assembly, having been frequently consulted by the imperial commissioner. The consistorial constitution, provided by the decree of March 17, 1808, opened a new field of activity for Sinzheim, who was elected chairman of the Central Consistory of France. He was regarded as the foremost French Talmudist of his time, and was the author of the Yad David, which has recently been printed in its entirety by Machon Yerushalayim.

References
Biographical notes in the Yad Dawid
Eliakim Carmoly, Revue Orientale, ii. 340;
Heinrich Graetz, Gesch. xi. 277 et seq., 286 et seq., 297, 309

External links
Source

1745 births
1812 deaths
French Orthodox rabbis
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
18th-century French rabbis
19th-century French rabbis
Chief rabbis of France

Joseph David Sinzheim


Arbogastes or Arbogast (died 8 September 394) was a Roman army officer of Frankish origin.

Early career

Arbogastes, or simply Arbogast, was the nephew of the great Frankish general Flavius Richomeres and  a native of Galatia Minor until he was expelled in the later 370s. Some modern scholars discount the claim by some ancient historians that he was the son of Bauto, Valentinian II's former magister militum and protector before Arbogast, while others accept it. John of Antioch fragment 187 is the source for Arbogast being Bauto's son, but no other ancient authority, who mentions these two, mentions that fact.

His Germanic name, Arbogastiz, is also otherwise attested; it is composed of the elements *arbija- 'inheritance' and *gastiz 'guest'.
After leaving Galatia, he took service in the army of the Western Roman Empire under Gratian, son of Valentinian I and elder brother to Valentinian II. Arbogast soon made a name for himself as an extremely efficient and loyal field-commander.  In 380 Gratian sent Arbogast, along with his magister militum Bauto, to aid Theodosius I against the Goths who had pillaged areas of Macedonia and Thessaly that year and the year before. The combined Western and Eastern armies defeated the Gothic leader Fritigern, pushing his forces out of Macedonia and Thessaly towards Thrace in lower Moesia where the raids had begun, and ultimately established a peace treaty with the Visigoths in 382. Arbogast came to be considered Gratian's principal officer, along with Mellobaudes, king of the Franks.

Threat and execution of Maximus

Magnus Maximus deposed and killed Gratian in 383,  and gained control of the Western Roman Empire after convincing Theodosius I to accept him as co-Augustus. Arbogast, apparently out of his attachment to the deceased, refused to serve under the usurper, but deserted to Theodosius, rising in his service to a position of distinction.
Four years after his rebellion (387) Maximus invaded Italy, demonstrating his ambitions of supremacy in the whole empire, which prompted the Eastern Emperor Theodosius I to gather his available armies, including the Goths, Huns, and Alans, along with his trusted commanders Arbogast and Richomeres, to quash the growing power of an aspiring rival.  The campaign against Maximus came to an end only a year later in 388 when Maximus, defeated at Poetovio by the armies of Theodosius I, fled precipitately to Aquileia where, however, he did not find safety.  The garrison was disaffected by Maximus' defeat, and he was delivered by his own soldiers to Theodosius I and executed on 28 August 388, with his head then making a tour of the provinces.  After the execution of Maximus, Arbogast, who at this time had the title of magister peditum in the West, was dispatched to Trier by Theodosius I in order to assassinate Victor, the son of Maximus and heir to the throne in the West.  This was done with ease on behalf of Arbogast and with the disposal of both Maximus and Victor, Theodosius I was able to give control over the West to Valentinian II, the younger son of Valentinian I.  At the time, however, Valentinian II was too young to rule the Western Empire from Italy on his own, so Theodosius I stayed in Italy to conduct civil and political affairs from the beginning of Valentinian II's reign in 388 until 391, when he left for Constantinople, at which time Arbogast was promoted to magister militum and left to keep an eye on the young Emperor after they were moved to Vienne.

Arbogast and Valentinian II

The controversy involving Arbogast began during the regency of Valentinian II, who soon after his recognition as Emperor by Theodosius I became a figurehead for the wiles and ambitions of Arbogast.  After being proclaimed as the only Magister Militum in Praesenti, or commander of the armies in attendance on the emperor in the Western Empire by Theodosius I, Arbogast's authority throughout the Western Provinces, mainly Gaul, Spain and Britain, seemed to be absolute, with him answering only to Theodosius I himself.  However, Arbogast was unable to claim control over those territories under his own name and had to do so in the name of Valentinian II instead because he was a barbarian by birth.  By 391, Valentinian II had already been isolated in Vienne, his status essentially reduced to that of a private citizen, and the control of the Western armies now belonged to Frankish mercenaries loyal to Arbogast. Furthermore, Valentinian's Court was also overrun by those loyal to Arbogast after Arbogast placed them in favorable positions.  During this period, Arbogast became increasingly violent towards Valentinian II and his councilors, so much so, in fact, that Arbogast is described as killing the councilor Harmonius, a friend of the Emperor who had been accused of taking bribes, at the feet of Valentinian II in 391.  At this point, Valentinian II began recognizing the extent to which Arbogast's authority had reached, and with Arbogast seemingly expressing his authority over him at will, Valentinian II began sending secret messages to both Theodosius I and Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, pleading for them to come to his aid, even so much as asking Ambrose for a baptism in fear that his death might come sooner than expected at the hands of Arbogast.

Death of Valentinian II

Tension between Arbogast and Valentinian II reached its height in 392 when Valentinian II dismissed Arbogast from his seat of power.  According to Zosimus, after receiving the order of dismissal from Valentinian II, Arbogast states "You have neither given me my command nor will you be able to take it away," and promptly threw the order to the ground and walked out.  Soon after this encounter, Arbogast and Valentinian II met again in the palace of the Emperor and began a discussion which soon escalated into a confrontation between the two, ultimately resulting in Valentinian's attempt to stab Arbogast with a sword belonging to the man-at-arms beside him, which was prevented by the latter.  Whether or not the account of Philostorgius is true, shortly afterward on May 15, 392, Valentinian II was found hanged in his sleeping quarters with suicide claimed as the cause of death by Arbogast.  According to Ambrose of Milan, the body of Valentinian II was sent by Arbogast to Milan for a proper funeral, and four months later in August 392, Arbogast nominated Eugenius, a Roman teacher of rhetoric, as the next emperor in the West.

Debate about the death of Valentinian II

Although the ancient historians were unanimous in stating Arbogast's claimed innocence about the death of Valentinian II, some of them could not agree on whether or not his claim was true.  Historians such as Zosimus, Philostorgius, Socrates Scholasticus, and Paulus Orosius, all believed Valentinian II was murdered, one way or the other, by Arbogast.  On the other hand, more contemporary scholars, such as Edward Gibbon, thought the death of Valentinian II was a plotted conspiracy so Arbogast could remain at the seat of command in the West through another puppet emperor, while John Frederick Matthews, and Brian Croke argue that the death of Valentinian II was a result of suicide.  Croke, for example, argues that given the period of four months time between the death of Valentinian II and the promotion of Eugenius was sufficient enough for him to appear innocent, implying that if Arbogast had plotted an assassination, Arbogast would have installed a replacement for Valentinian II almost immediately.

Furthermore, Gerard Friell describes Valentinian II as being humiliated after his authority was devalued by Arbogast on multiple occasions and seemingly cites depression as the main cause of suicide for Valentinian II. Bishop Ambrose, on the other hand, claims that the death of Valentinian II was a result over a dispute between him and Arbogast involving diplomacy and who would lead the armies into Italy in an attempt to defend it from invading forces from the Balkans. Additionally, it has also been suggested that Arbogast, a man with pagan influences, was attempting to revive the paganism efforts in Rome by electing Eugenius, who is believed to have been sympathetic towards Paganism, although himself a Christian.  However, the nearest historical source available regarding the death of Valentinian II, Rufinus of Aquileia, states in his ecclesiastical history that nobody was really sure what exactly happened to Valentinian II.  Because this is the case, any opinions about the event are most likely to have been fabricated by those telling the story, with new evidence seemingly unattainable.

Arbogast and Eugenius

Whether or not the rumors surrounding the death of Valentinian II are true, Eugenius nonetheless was elected as the next Emperor of the Western Roman Empire in August, 392, after a regime change that was considered "legitimate, legal, Roman, and civilized." Afterward, one of the first acts by Arbogast was to travel across the Rhine frontier in 393 CE to take revenge against his own Franks and their kinglets Sunno and Marcomer who had plundered the regions north of the Rhine during the previous year while the West was still under the rule of Valentinian II.  In launching this campaign, which was met with little opposition, Arbogast was successful in restoring the fortress city of Cologne, returning to the city its protection as a strategic location, which, at this time in 393, was the last time the Roman army would occupy the eastern bank of the Rhine River.  Furthermore, Arbogast was able to conclude a peace treaty with the Franks that provided the Roman military with fresh Frankish recruits, something that was considered a great accomplishment by Arbogast.

However, trouble for both Arbogast and Eugenius arose as the Pagan revitalization movement began during the reign of Eugenius, which may or may not have been intended by either one of them, although some, such as Zosimus, would differ.  After appealing to both Theodosius I and Ambrose as a Christian, which is perhaps the reason why the nomination of Eugenius was approved by Theodosius I in the first place, the pagan influences of Arbogast seemed to have made their way through Eugenius, as many of the pagan temples, which had previously been closed under the emperors Gratian and Valentinian II, were now opened and restored to working condition.  This, coupled with Theodosius I elevating the status of his youngest son Honorius to full Augustus in 393 effectively reduced the legitimacy of Eugenius and pushed the two camps, those of Arbogast and Eugenius and Theodosius I and Ambrose, further apart from one another.  Furthermore, with the lines of communication being fractured at best between the Eastern half of the empire and the West as a result of the promotion of Rufinus to Praetorian Prefect in the East after the death of Valentinian II, Rufinus was able to inform Theodosius I about whatever he believed to be worthy of the Emperor's attention. At this point, eager to regain their legitimacy, both Arbogast and Eugenius set off to claim Italy in support of their cause in April 393, and even so much as to threaten to turn the basilica at Milan into a stable for their horses in 394.  Eventually the influences of both Arbogast and Eugenius, along with the reappointment of Nicomachus Flavianus as the Praetorian Prefect of Italy, led to the full, and last, revival of paganism as Eugenius, albeit reluctantly due to his diminishing, yet still present Christian roots, allowed for the Altar of Victory and other pagan symbols in Italy to be restored.

Shortly after these events, Emperor Theodosius I, perhaps realizing the situation between East and West was becoming problematic at the least, began to prepare his foederati, including Germanic troops, those from the Visigothic treaty in 382 led by Alaric, as well as a contingency of Alans and Huns, for war against Arbogast and Eugenius in 394.  Given that Arbogast and Eugenius had begun openly celebrating paganism again, Theodosius I saw fit to justify his actions against Arbogast and Eugenius as a Holy War, and set off through the Julian Alps with his armies to eliminate both of his adversaries from their respective commands at the Battle of the Frigidus in 394.

Battle of the Frigidus

As the threat of war between Arbogast and Eugenius and Theodosius I became more imminent, Arbogast and Eugenius moved their collective force towards the defenses of the Julian Alps, where they made camp in Milan and were joined by Nicomachus Flavianus, who had consulted the Pagan entrails and proclaimed a future victory for the Pagan cause under the names of Eugenius and Arbogastes. Hoping to use the Julian Alps to their advantage, Arbogast and Eugenius planned to use them as the location for their series of ambushes that would, in theory, lead to the encirclement of Theodosius I and his troops. As this was being planned by his enemies, Theodosius I set off from Constantinople for war in the middle of May, reaching Adrianople on 20 June 394. However, upon arriving at Sirmium, Theodosius I took time to reinforce his troops, causing a delay in the expected arrival time of Theodosius, something Arbogast and Eugenius had been counting on for their ambush tactics.  Because of the delay, Arbogast thought as though Theodosius I was planning to outflank them by use of an amphibious assault to their south that would have come from behind the heavily defended Adriatic coast. In thinking this, Arbogast dispatched a substantial portion of his forces to the south, which proved to be a costly maneuver by Arbogast.

By the time Theodosius I reached Arbogast's location in September, after passing through the Julian Alps, he was able to see the forces of Arbogast and Eugenius in the plain below with their backs turned to the river Frigidus, firmly entrenched and ready for the battle.  Theodosius I quickly realized that the strategic elevated positions were already occupied by some of Arbogast's forces, and given that Arbogast moved a portion of his forces to the south, thus making the possibility of out-flanking Arbogast a difficult one.  With this in mind, on 5 September 394, Theodosius led his force on a frontal assault of Arbogast and his troops, with many Visigoths serving in the vanguard.  The brutal fighting lasted the entire day with Theodosius I unable to break the lines of Arbogast's forces while taking heavy losses to his barbarian troops in the process. With defeat getting near, Theodosius and his armies retreated towards the protection of the Julian Alps where Theodosius prayed to God asking him for help against his enemies. Meanwhile, at the camp of Arbogast and Eugenius, the men were celebrating what they believed to be a victory over Theodosius. At this time, Arbogast sent a considerable portion of his army to attack Theodosius I from the rear in the Alps. This did not go according to Arbogast's plan, however, and as soon as his troops came upon the camp of Theodosius I, he offered them substantial portions of money, which they agreed to relatively easily.

Theodosius, now having a greater number or troops than the previous night when they retreated, was ready to lead another attack upon the armies of Arbogast and Eugenius the following day on 6 September 394. If the substantial loss of his own troops on behalf of bribery by Theodosius I wasn't enough of an insult to Arbogast, the fate that awaited him on the second day of battle was surely enough to bring him to defeat. While Theodosius I led his troops through a narrow road leading to the valley in which the previous day's battle took place, Arbogast, Eugenius and their men attempted to ambush Theodosius I but were unsuccessful due in large part to a phenomenon known as the "Bora" that occurs in that region of the Julian Alps, resulting in a pressure effect on the cold air making its way over the mountains which produces cyclonic winds that can gust up to 60 mph.  This extreme wind, which is said to have blown in the face of Arbogast and his troops, caused them to shield their eyes from dust and also caused their projectiles to turn back whence they came, effectively minimizing the attack force of Arbogast and his troops, resulting in their defeat on behalf of Theodosius I.

Deaths of Arbogast and Eugenius

After the camp of Arbogast and Eugenius was overrun by Theodosius I, Eugenius was captured in person and pleaded to be spared. This did not come to be, however, as Eugenius met his end by means of a beheading, and was toured around the provinces much in the same way that Maximus was in 388. Arbogast, on the other hand, was able to escape the clutches of Theodosius I and fled into the Alps where he is said to have wandered alone for a couple of days before realizing how hopeless he had become and killed himself a few days after 6 September 394 in the noble Roman fashion.

Symbolism of the battle

Christian writers such as Theodoretus and Saint Augustine saw the divine presence supposedly working in events surrounding the battle. The great winds of the "Bora," and a "solar eclipse" appear prominently in Christian accounts but a modern scholar doesn't see spiritual intervention at work but rather the significant role of the barbarian troops, the first large scale use of such troops during the reign of Theodosius.

Legacy
"Flavius Arbogastes...was a first-class military commander with a fine record, very popular with the army and wholly loyal to the houses of Valentinian and Theodosius."

"Arbogast, the flame-like Frank, was [...] no mere intriguer like Maximus, but a brave and well-trained soldier, probably the best General in the Roman Empire..."

Of Bauto and Arbogast:
"Both men were Franks by birth, exceedingly well-disposed to the Romans, completely immune to bribes, and outstanding as regards to warfare in brain and brawn."

On succeeding Bauto:
"To the soldiers under his command he seemed like a suitable successor, for he was brave and experienced in warfare and contemptuous of money.  And so he came to great power, such that even in the Emperor's presence he spoke quite freely, and he vetoed those actions which he thought were wrong or unbecoming...for Arbogastes was supported by the good will of all the soldiers."

See also
Battle of the Frigidus
Valentinian II
Theodosius I
Eugenius
Stilicho
Magnus Maximus

References

Sources

Rufinus. Historia Ecclesiastica. Edited by T. Mommsen. Berlin, 1903–1908.

Socrates. Historia Ecclesiastica. With introduction by W.Bright. Oxford, 1878.
Zosimus. Historia Nova, The Decline of Rome.  Translated by James Buchanan and Harold Davis.  Trinity University Press. Texas, 1967.
Burns, Thomas S. Barbarians Within the Gates of Rome: A Study of Roman Military Policy and the Barbarians, ca. 375–425 A.D. Indiana University Press, 1994.
Croke, Brian. "Arbogast and the Death of Valentinian II." Historia 25 (1976): 235–244.

Salzman, Michele Renee.  Ambrose and the Usurpation of Arbogastes and Eugenius: Reflections on Pagan-Christian Conflict Narratives.  Journal of Early Christian Studies – Volume 18, Number 2, Summer 2010, pp. 191–223.  The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Wolfram, Herwig and Dunlap, Thomas. History of the Goths. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.

Further reading

Potter, David. From the Tetrarch To the Theodosians: Later Roman History and Culture 284–450 CE

394 deaths
4th-century Frankish people
4th-century Romans
Ancient Roman military personnel who died by suicide
Frankish warriors
Magistri militum
Year of birth unknown

Arbogast (magister militum)


Black Saturday was a 1903 disaster which left 12 spectators dead and injured 232 when a section of balcony collapsed during a baseball game between the Boston Braves and Philadelphia Phillies.  It was the worst disaster in the history of American sports spectating.

National League Park
National League Park (also known as Baker Bowl), was built in 1895 using novel construction techniques, prominently featuring a cantilever design to support the roof and upper decks.  The modernized building also heavily utilized fire resistant materials like steel and brick, in order to avoid destructive fires like the one that had ravaged the Phillies' previous stadium, the mainly wood-constructed Philadelphia Base Ball Park, in 1894.

The disaster
On August 8, 1903, during a double-header between the Phillies and the Braves, two drunken men walking along 15th street adjacent to the park were being teased by a group of children.  One of the men allegedly grabbed by the hair a thirteen-year-old girl named Maggie Barry from the group of children, and after a brief struggle, fell on top of her.  Accounts of the incident say that cries for help from the girl and her friends drew attention from spectators in the stadium above, and approximately 300 people crowded the balcony above the street to get a view of the commotion.  Under the weight of the curious onlookers, the overloaded balcony's supports apparently became detached from their connections at the wall, and plunged approximately  to the street below.

References

1903 industrial disasters
1903 disasters in the United States
1903 in sports in Pennsylvania
Stadium disasters
August 1903 events

Black Saturday (1903)


Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney is a visual novel/adventure game developed and published by Capcom. The game was originally a Japan-only Game Boy Advance title called Gyakuten Saiban. However, the Nintendo DS remake Gyakuten Saiban Yomigaeru Gyakuten was translated and released in 2005 outside of Japan. The DS remake features a bonus case called Rise From The Ashes which was not in the original GBA version.

Characters

Phoenix Wright
Phoenix Wright is the main protagonist of the game. He is a defense attorney who must prove that his falsely-accused clients are not guilty.

Mia Fey
Mia Fey is Phoenix's boss and mentor. She is killed in the second case. However, her spirit can be channelled by Maya and sometimes she reappears to give Phoenix help or advice.

Maya Fey
Maya is Mia's little sister. She is Phoenix's assistant. She is also a spirit medium and can sometimes channel Mia's spirit.

Miles Edgeworth
Miles Edgeworth is a prosecutor, and Phoenix Wright's rival. He is the prosecutor in every case in the game except for The First Turnabout and Turnabout Goodbyes.

Larry Butz
Larry Butz is Phoenix's client in the first case of the game, where he is accused of murder. He is also a witness in the fourth case.

Winston Payne
Winston Payne is the prosecutor of the first case. He has appeared in every Ace Attorney game except Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney - Dual Destinies. He is normally the prosecutor of the Tutorial cases of each game.

Dick Gumshoe
Dick Gumshoe is a detective who is usually in charge of investigating the cases that Phoenix takes on.

Manfred von Karma
Manfred von Karma is the prosecutor in case 4 of the game, and is Edgeworth's mentor.

Plot
The game features 5 cases.

The First Turnabout
Phoenix defends Larry Butz, who is accused of murdering his girlfriend.

Turnabout Sisters
Phoenix's mentor, Mia Fey, is killed. Phoenix defends her sister, Maya Fey, who is accused of murdering her.

Turnabout Samurai
Will Powers, an actor who portrays the Steel Samurai, is accused of murdering Jack Hammer. Phoenix defends him in court.

Turnabout Goodbyes
A man is killed on a boat at Gourd Lake, and Miles Edgeworth is accused of the murder. Phoenix defends him.

Rise from the Ashes
Lana Skye is accused of the murder of Bruce Goodman. Her sister, Ema Skye, convinces Phoenix Wright to take her case.

Game System
The game is split into 2 segments, Investigation segments and Trial segments.

Investigation
During Investigation sections Phoenix visits the crime scene, looks for evidence that might be useful in the trial, and talks to witnesses.

Trial
Phoenix has to defend his client, and Cross Examine witness testimonies.

2001 video games
2005 video games
Ace Attorney
Game Boy Advance games
Nintendo DS games
Video game remakes
Windows games
Visual novels

ja:逆転裁判#蘇る逆転

Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney


Atumo-Ede (Yoruba-English): ₦

Ṣá, Adj. faded, stale, fallow. Aṣọ yìí sá (This cloth faded)

Ṣá, Ṣá lọ́gbẹ́, v.t. to wound with catlass sword, etc. Ó sá a lọ́gbẹ́ (He wounded him with cutlass)

Ṣà, v.t. to pick up one by one. Ó ṣà wọ́n nílẹ̀ (He picked them up one by one from the ground)

Ṣá, adv. merely, only. Mo fèsì kan sá (I made merely one reply)

Sábá, n. chain bracelet.

Ṣábaṣàba, adv. clumsily, messy, badly. Ó ń ṣe ṣábaṣàba. (He is behaving badly)

Ṣá bolẹ̀ v.t. to strike to the ground wounded. Ó ṣá a bolẹ̀  (He struck him to the ground wounded)

Ṣàbùkù, adj. disgraceful, to disgrace. Ó ṣàbùkù ara rẹ̀ (He disgraced himself)

Ṣàbùkù sí, v.t. to disgrace, to despise, to disrespect, to disparage. Ó ṣàbùkù sí araa rẹ̀ (He disgraced himself)

Ṣàbùlà, Sàdàlù, v.t. to adulterate, to dilute. Ó ṣàbùlà ọtí náà  (He diluted the liquor)

Ṣàdéhùn, v.t. to make an agreement. Wọ́n ṣàdéhùn (They made an agreement)

Ṣàfarawé v.t. to imitate. Ó ṣàfarawé rẹ̀ (He imitated him)

Ṣafẹ́, Gbafẹ́, v.i. to be foppish, to look stylish. Ó gbafẹ́ (He looks stylish)

Ṣàfẹnusí, v.t. to have voice in a matter, to vote for. Ó ṣàfẹnusí sí ọ̀rọ̀ náà (He has a voice in the matter)

Ṣàfẹ́rí v.t. to seek, to enguire after, to be longing for. Ó ń ṣàfẹ́rí rẹ (He is longing for you)

Ṣàfiyèsí. Ṣàkíyèsí, v.t. to observe, to take notice of. Ó ṣàkíyèsí rẹ̀ (He took notice of him)

ṣàfojúdi, Ṣàfojúdi sí, v.t. to be insolent to, to be impudent, to be impertinent to. Ó ṣòfojúdi sí mi (He was impertinent to me)

Ṣàfọwọ́rá, v.i. to steal, to pilfer. Ó ṣàfọwọrá ìwé mi (He stole my book)

Ṣàgàbàgebè, v.i. to play the hypocrite. Ó ṣàgàbàgebè (He played the hypocrite)

Ṣàgálámàṣa, v.i. to play underhand trickes. Ó ń ṣàgálámàṣà (He is playing the underhand tricks)

Ṣagídí, v.i to be obstinate, to be self-willed, to behave stubbornly. Ó ń ṣagídí (He is behaving stubbornly)

Ṣágo, n. demijohn

Ṣàgunlá, v.i. to be indifferent to, not to care about. Ó ṣàgunlá sí ni (He did not care about me)

Ṣàgbà, v.i. to play the part of older person in anything, to be older them.. Ó ṣàgbà mi (He is older than me)

Ṣàgbàfọ̀, v.t. to send clothes to the laundry, to be a washerman. Ó ń ṣàgbàfọ̀ (He is a washerman)

Ṣàgbàgún, v.t. to pund grains as a job. Ó ń ṣàgbàgún (He pounds grains as a job)

Ṣàgbàkà, v.t. to be engaged in counting (cowries) as a job. Ó ń ṣàgbàka (He is engaged in counting cowvied as a job)

Ṣàgbákò, v.t. to meet by chance, to come across as a misfortune or an unfortunate circumstance, to be befallen by ill fortune, to be unlucky. Ó ṣàgbákò (Ill-fortune befell him)

Ṣàgbàkọ, v.t. to till another's farm for him on hive. Ó ṣàgbàkọ oko mi (He tilled my farm for me on hire)

Ṣàgbàlọ̀, v.t. to grind (corn) for pay. Ó ṣàgbàlọ̀ àgbàdo fún mi (He ground corn for me for a fee)

Ṣàgbàlu, v.t. to give cloth to be beaten and made smooth, to beat and make cloth smooth for a fee. Ó ń ṣàgbàlù (He beats and makes cloth smooth for a fee)

Ṣàgbàmọ, v.t. to take contract for building mud-houses. Ó ń ṣàgbàmọ (He takes contract for building mud-house)

Ṣàgbàro,  v.t. to take contract for tilling another's farm. Ó ń ṣàgbàro. (He takes contract for tilling another person's farm)

Ṣàgbàsọ, v.t. to interprete. Ó ń ṣàgbàsọ (He is an interpreter)

Ṣàgbàṣọ́, v.t. to act as a watch-man. Ó ń ṣàgbàṣọ́ (He is a watch-man)

Ṣàgbàtà, v.t. to hawk goods about for another. Ó ń ṣàgbàtà (He is hawking goods about for another person)

Ṣàgbàtọ́ v.t. to act as a nurse for another. Ó ń ṣàgbàtọ́ (He is acting as a nurse for another person)

Ṣagbáwo, v.i. to be a steward. Ó ń ṣagbáwo (He is a steward)

Ṣàgbàwò, v.t. to put a sick person in the hands of a doctor, to accept to take as a patient. Oníṣèègùn náà ṣàgbàwò rẹ̀ (The doctor accepted to take him as his patient)

Ṣàgbàwọ̀, v.i. to lodge about, not to have one's own abode, to be in the act of hiring clothing. Ó ń ṣàgbàwọ̀  (He is in the habit of hiring clothing)

Ṣagbe, v.i. to beg for alms. Ó ń ṣagbe (He is begging for alms)

Ṣàgbèrè, v.i. to commit fornication or adultery, to be a fornicator or adulterer. Ó ṣàgbèrè (He commited adultery)

Ṣàgbéré, v.i. to go to excess either in saying or doing something, to insult. Ó ṣàgbéré sí mi (He insulted me)

Ṣàgbẹ̀dẹ, v.i. to take to the blacksmith's trade. Ó ń ṣàgbẹ̀dẹ (He is a blacksmith)

Ṣahun, Láhun, v.i. to be close-fisted, to be miserly, to behave in a miserly way. Ó ṣahun (He behaved in a miserly way)

Ṣái, interj. an expression of defiance.

Ṣàì,  adv. not, having the same force in Yorùbá as the English prefix, 'un', mostly used with 'Ma'= not. Ó ṣàìkọrin (He did not sing)

Ṣàìbọláfún, Ṣàìbọ̀wọ̀fún, v.t. to disrespect, to dishonour. Má ṣàìbọ̀wọ̀ fún un (Don't disrespect him)

Ṣàìdọ́gba, adj. unequal. Wọn kò ṣàìdọ́gba (They are not unequal)

Ṣàìfà,  v.t. not to draw or pull. Kò ṣàìfà á (He did not fail to pull it.)

Ṣàìfẹ́, v.t. to have, to be unwilling. Kò ṣàìfẹ́ ẹ (He did not hate him)

Ṣàìgbàgbọ́, v.i. to be credulous, to disbelieve. N kò ṣàìgbà á gbọ́ (I did not disbelieve him)

Ṣàìgbèfún, v.i. to be unfavourable, to be unpropitious. Àwọn òfin náà kò ṣàìgbèfún iṣẹ́ àgbẹ̀ ṣíṣe (The regulations are not unfavourable for agricultural production)

Ṣàìgbẹ́kẹ̀lé,  v.t. to distrust. N kò ṣàìgbẹ́kẹ̀lé  e (I did not distrust him)

Ṣàìgbọràn, v.i. to be disobedient. Kì í ṣọmọ tó ń ṣàìgbọràn (He is not a disobedient chind)

Ṣàìjẹ́wọ́ v.i. to refuse to confess. Kò le ṣàìjẹ́wọ́  (He can not refuse to confess)

Ṣàìkíyèsí, v.t. not to heed or observe. Ó ṣàìkíyèsí i (He did not observe it)

Ṣàìkúnná, adj. coarse, rough. Kò ṣàìkúnná (It is not coarse)

Ṣàìlera, adj. sick, ill, weak. Ó ṣàìlera fún ara (The sody is weak)

Ṣàìléso, Sàìsèso  unfruitful, barren. Kò ṣàìléso (She is not barren)

Ṣàìlẹ́gbẹ́, adj. of its own kind, singular, sui generic. Kò ṣàìlẹ́gbẹ́ (It is not the only one of its own kind)

Ṣàìlẹ́wà, adj. ugly, uncouth. Kò ṣàìlẹ́wà. (He is not ugly)

Ṣàìlọ́lá, adj. dishonourable, disreputable, without honour. Kò ṣàìlọ́lá (He is not without honour)

Ṣàìlọ́ra, adj. quick, smart. Wọ́n ṣàìlọ́ra láti kọ́wèé (They were quick  to learn)

Ṣàìmọ́, adj. unclean. Àwọn bàtà náà kò ṣàìmọ́ (The shoes are not unclean)

Ṣàìmọ̀, adj. ignorant of, unaware of. Kò ṣàìmọ̀ nípa ọ̀rọ̀ náà. (He is not unaware of the matter)

Ṣàìmú, v.t. not to take. Kò ṣàìmú un dání lọ sílé (He did not  fail to take it along whicle going home)

Ṣàìní, v.i. to be destitute of. Wọ́n kò ṣàìní ìfẹ́ ènìyàn lọ́kàn (They are not destitute of human feelings)

Ṣàìgbàgbọ́, v.t. not to have confidence in, to disbelieve, to discredit. Kò ṣàìgbà á gbọ́ (He does not disbelieve him)

Ṣàìpẹ́, adj. quick, punctual, soon, before long. Ó lè ṣàìpẹ́ wá mú un (He may come and take it before long)

Ṣàìpò, adj. unmingled, unmixed. Wọn kò ṣàìpò ó (It was not unmixed)

Ṣàìpọ̀, adj. few, Kò lè ṣàìpọ̀ (It can not be few)

Ṣàìrẹ̀, v.i. unwearied, not tired, Ko lè ṣàìrẹ̀ ẹ́ (He cannot be unwearied)

Ṣàìsàn, v.i to be ill, to be sick. Ó ṣàìsàn (He is ill)

Ṣàìsùn, v.i. to keep awake, to pass a sleepless night. Ó ṣàìsùn lánàá (He passed a sleepless night yesterday)

Ṣàìṣe déédéé, adj. unequal. Àwọn igi méjèèjì kò ṣàìṣe déédéé ara won. (The two sticks are not unequal)

Ṣàìsóòótọ́, adj. unture. Kò lè ṣàìsóòótọ́ nínú ẹ̀sùn tí wọ́n fi kàn án. (All his accusations against him cannot all be untrue)

Ṣàìsòótọ́, v.i. to be unfair, to be unjust. Kò lè ṣàìsòótọ́ nínú ẹ̀sùn tí ó fi kàn án (He cannot be unfair in his accusation against him)

Ṣàìtà, adj. unsold. Wọn kò lè ṣàìta àwọn ilé yẹn (The houses cannot remain unsold)

Ṣàìtàsé, v.i. not to miss the mark. Ọfà rẹ̀ kò lè ṣàìtàsé ẹranko náà (His arrow cannot but miss the animal)

Ṣàìtẹ́rùn, adj unsatisfactory. Kò lè ṣàìté ẹ lọ́rùn (It cannot be unsatisfactory to him)

Ṣàìtó, adj. not enough. Kò lè ṣàìtí  (It can not but be enough)

Ṣàìtọ́, v.i. to behave ill towards one. Ó ṣàìtọ́ sí i (He behaved ill towards him)

Ṣàìtọ́, adj. not straight, crooked. Igi tí o máa gé kò gbọdọ̀ ṣàìtọ́ o (Do not cut a crooked  tree)

Ṣàìwá, Ṣàìsí, v.i to be absent. Kò ṣàìwá sí ìpàdé náà (He was not absent from the meeting)

Ṣàìwẹ̀, adj. unwashed. Má ṣàìwẹ̀ fún àwọn ọmọ yẹn láàárọ̀ yí o (Don't leave the children unwashed this morning)

Ṣàìwí, v.i. not to speak. O kò gbọdọ ṣàìwí fún un nípa ọ̀rọ̀ náà (You should not but speak to him about the matter)

Ṣàìwò, v.i. not to look, Kò lè ṣàìwò ó (He can not but look at it)

Ṣàìwọ̀, adj. disagreeable. Bí owó ojà yẹn bá ṣàìwọ̀ fún ọ, fi sílẹ̀ (If the price of the good is bdisagreeable to you, leave it)

Ṣàìwọ̀, v.i. not to enter. Máà jẹ́ kó ṣàìwọ ilé (Don't allow him not to enter the house)

Ṣayé, v.i. to manage the affairs of a country or the world. Báwo ni wọ́n ṣe ń ṣayé sí? (How are they managing the affairs of the world?)

Ṣàìyẹ, adj. unworthy, unfit, unsuitable. Ko gbọdọ̀ ṣàìyẹ fún iṣẹ́ náà (He should not be unsuitable for the job)

Ṣàjàpá, v.i. to hawk goods about for sale. Ó ń ṣàjàpá (She is hawking goods about for sale)

Ṣàjèjì,  adj. strange, new, uncommon. Ohun tí ó ṣàjèjì kan ṣẹlẹ̀ láàárọ̀ yìí (A strange thing happened this morning)

Ṣàjẹ́, v.i. to practice witchery. Ó ń ṣàjẹ́ (He is practicing witchery)

Ṣájẹ, v.t. to cut to pieces for the purpose of eating, to give a good handshake. Ó ṣá a jẹ (He gave him a good handshake)

Ṣaájò, v.t. to be concerned about the safely of some one, to take care of, to be solicitous. Ó ṣaájò ọmọ náà (She took care of the child)

Ṣàjọ, v.t. to collect, to gather together, to hold a council. Ó ṣà wọ́n jọ (He gathered them together)

Ṣàjọmọ, v.t. to have a mutual understanding of any matter, to agree together. Wọ́n ṣàjọmọ̀ ọ̀rọ̀ náà (They have a mutual understanding of the matter)

Ṣáájú, prep. before, in front of, ahead of. Ó ṣáájú wa (He is ahead of us)

Ṣáká, adv. quite. Ó mọ́ ṣáká (It is quite cleam)

Ṣàkàjúwe, v.t. to describe. Ó ṣàkàjúwe rẹ̀ (He described it)

Ṣákálá, adj. profane, commonplace. Má sọ̀rọ̀ ṣákálá ní ilé Ọlọ́run (Don't use a profance language in the church)

Ṣákálá, adv. merely, in vain. Ó ṣàlàyé rẹ̀ ṣákálá (He merely explained it)

Ṣàkàṣàkà,  adv. clearly, plainly. Ó ń sọ̀rọ̀ ṣàkàṣàkà (He is talking plainly)

Ṣákaṣàka, adv. messy, rough. Ó rí ṣákaṣàka. (It is rough)

Ṣakaṣìkì, n. iron fetters. Wọ́n fi ṣakasìkì sí i lẹ́sẹ̀  (They put iron fetters round his feet)

Ṣàkàwé, v.t. to compare, to illustrate. Ṣàkàwé àwọn ilé méjèèjì (Compare the two houses)

Ṣálìí, v.i. to prove abortive or disappointing, to miscarry, to refuse to five. Ìbọn yìí ṣákìí  (They gun refused to fire)

Ṣákiṣàki, adj. rough, regged, shaggy. Ó rí ṣákiṣàki (It is rough)

Ṣàkíyèsí, v.t. to notice, to observe. Ó ṣàkíyèsí mi (He noticed me)

Ṣ''ako, v.i. to stray, to wander. Ọmọ náà ṣáko lọ (The child wandered away)

Ṣáàkókò, v.i. to be opportune. Ó bọ́ ṣáàkókò (It came at an opportune moment)

Ṣáko lọ, v.i. the same as 'Ṣáko'.

Ṣàkóso, v.t. to govern, to rule, to control. Wọ́n ń ṣàkóso wa (They govern us)

Ṣaláàápàdé, v.t. to meet bychance. Ó ṣaláàápàdé rè (He met him by chance)

Ṣaládásí, v.i. to be officious

Ṣaládúgbò, v.i. to be a neigbour. Ó fẹ́ ṣaládúgbò wa. (He wants to be out neighbour)

Ṣalágbàfọ̀, v.i. to act as a laundres. Ó fẹ́ ṣalágbàfọ̀ (He wants to act as a laundress)

Ṣalágbàsọ, v.i. to be an advocate. Ẹgbẹ́ náà kò ṣalágbàsọ fún ìlò ipá (The group does not advocate the use of violence)

Ṣaláìmọ́, adj. unclean. Omi náà kò lè ṣaláìmọ́ (The water can not be unclean)

Ṣaláìmọ̀, adj. ignorant. Kò lè ṣaláìmọ àwọn nǹ̀̀kan ìgbàlódé (He cannot be ignorant technology)

Ṣaláìyíhùn, v.i. to be positive, to be insistent, not to go back on promise. Máà ṣsláìyíhùn pade lórí owó ọja náà (Don't be insistent on the price of the good)

Ṣaláìlágbára, adj. weak. Kò lè ṣaláìlágbára. (He cannot be weak)

Ṣaláìlera, adj. weak, ill. Kò lè ṣaláìlera (He cannot be ill)

Ṣaláìlówó, adj. poor. Kò lè ṣaláìlówó (He cannot be poor)

Ṣaláìlọ́kàn, adj. timid, coward. Ọmọ-ọba kò lè ṣláìlọkan (A prince cannot be a coward)

Ṣaláìlọ́mọ, adj. childless. Àdúrà wa nip é kí a má ṣaláìlọmọ. Our prayer is that we should not be childless)

Ṣaláìyìn, v.t. not to praise. Aláìmoore lè ṣaláìyin Ọlọ́run (An ungrateful person may not praise God)

Ṣálaporẹ́, n. a kind of small fish.

Ṣálọ́gbẹ́, v.t. to waund with knife, sword, cutlass, etc. Ó ṣá a lọ́gbẹ́ (He wounded him with a cutlass)

Ṣamí, v.t. to spy, to be a spy. Ó ṣamí fún wọn (He spied for them)

Ṣamọ̀nà, v.t. to lead, to guide. Òun ló ń ṣamọ̀nà wa (He leads us)

Ṣán, v.t. to eat àgìdí or any kindred food without sauce, to plaster, to cut down bush or forest. Ó ṣán igbó náà (He cut the bust)

Ṣàn, v.i. to flow (as a river) to be watery (as soup), to be too thin, to rinse (Clothes, etc.) Wọ́n ṣan àwọn aṣọ náà (They rinse the clothes)

Ṣáná, v.t. to ignite a match. Ó ṣáná (He ignited the match)

Ṣàna, v.i. to pay respect to any member of the family of one's wife, to give dowry, to perform the customary duties to the members of the family of one's wife. Ó ṣàna. (He performed the customary duties to the members of the family of his wife)

Ṣàn bò, v.t. overflow. Omi náà ṣàn bo bèbè rẹ̀ (The river overflowed its bank)

Ṣanbọnna, adv. straight, upright.  Máa lọ ṣanbọnna fún máìlì kan (Keep straight on for one mile)

Ṣàǹfààní, adj. advantageous, useful profitable. Ó ṣàǹfààní fún àwa méjèèjì. (It was advantageous to the two of us)

Ṣánjà, v.t. to make a mud ceiling. Ó ṣánjà. (He made a mud ceiling)

Ṣánkú, v.t. to die prematurely. Ó ṣánkú (He died prematurely)

Ṣánkùúta, fisánkùúta, v.t. to dash against the stone. Ó fi orí ṣánkùúta (He dashed his head against the stone)

Ṣánlé, Rẹ́lẹ́, v.t. to plaster a house. Ó ṣánlé rẹ̀ (He plastered his house)

Ṣánlẹ̀, v.t. to cut overgrown grass, to clean a bush or forest for planting. Ó ṣánlè (He cut the overgrown grass)

Ṣánpá, v.i. to swing the arm. Ó ṣánpá rẹ̀ (He swung his arm(

Ṣansẹ̀, v.i. to wash the feet. Ó ṣansẹ̀ rẹ̀ (He washed his feet)

Ṣanṣan, adv. straight. Ó dúró ṣánṣán (He stood straight)

Ṣàánú, v.t. to be merciful towards, to have mercy or pity on. Ṣàánú mi (Have mercy on me)

Ṣanúrò, v.i. to think. Ó ń ṣanúrò nípa rẹ̀ (He is thinking about it)

Ṣánwọ́, v.i. to be empty-handed, to swing the hand. Ó ṣánwọ́ rẹ̀ (He swung his hand)

Ṣápa, v.t. to hack to death. Ó ṣa a pa  (He hacked him to death)

Ṣapá kan, v.t. to do a portion of a thing.. Ó ṣapá kan iṣẹ́ náà. (He did a portion of the work).

Ṣápaṣàpa, adv. roughly, filthily. Ògiri tí wọ́n ṣán ṣápaṣàpa ni (It was a roughly plastered wall)

Ṣápẹ́, Ṣátẹ́, v.i. to clap hands together, to applaud. Ó ṣápẹ́ (He clapped his hands together)

Ṣàpẹẹrẹ, v.i. to illustrate, to signify, to signify, to maek a sign. Ó fi àwòrán ṣàpẹẹrẹ ìdánilẹ́kọ̀ọ́ rẹ̀ (His lecture was illustrated with diagrams)

Ṣápọn, v.i. to be diligent, to be industrious. Akẹ́kọ̀ọ́ tó ń ṣaápọn in (He is a diligent student)

Ṣàrà, v.i. to be singular, to be strange.

Ṣárán, v.i. to speak incoherently (through old age) to be a dotard. Ó ń ṣárán (He is speaking incoherently)

Ṣàrékérekè, v.i. to be treacherous, to be adouble dealer. Ó ń ṣàrékérekè (He is treacherous)

Ṣàárẹ̀, v.i. to be weary. Ó ń ṣàárẹ̀ (He felt weary)

Ṣàrò, v.t. to think upon, to meditate upon, thing over. Wọ́n ṣ ọ̀rọ̀ náà rò (They thought over the matter)

Ṣàròyé, v.i. to be talkative, to quarrel, to talk at great length. Wọ́n ń ṣàròyé lórí ọ̀rọ̀ náà  (They talked at great length on the matter)

Ṣáṣá, adv. clearly, completely, thoroughly. Ó ń sọ̀rọ̀ ṣáṣá (He is speaking clearly)

Ṣàṣá, n. small-pox marks. Ṣàṣá ṣá a lójú (He has small-pox marks on his face)

Ṣàṣà, adj. few, not many. Ṣàṣà ènìyàn níí fẹ́ ni lẹ́yìn: tájá tẹran níí fẹ́ni loju ẹni (Few speak well of a person behing his back-all praise him in his presence

Ṣaṣara-ọwọ̀, n. a worn-out broom, tip of a broom. Ó fi ṣaṣara-ọwọ̀  tọ́ mi (He tounched me with the tip of a broom)

Ṣááṣààṣá, adv. here bad there, at various point. Ó tá ṣáásààṣá (He touched various points)

Ṣàṣàrò, v.i. to meditate, to give much thought to. Wọ́n ń ṣàṣàrò lórí ọ̀rọ̀ náà (They are giving much thought to the matter)

Ṣàṣegba, v.t. to do in turn, to take turns to do something. Wọ́n ń ṣàṣegbà (They are taking turns to do it)

Ṣàṣejù, v.t. to overdo a thing. Ó ṣàṣejù (He overdid it)

Ṣàṣelékè, Ṣàṣerégèé, v.t. to go to extremes in anything. Ó ṣàṣerégèé lórí ọ̀rọ̀ náà (He went to the extremes on the matter)

Ṣàṣeṣá, v.t. Same with 'Ṣàṣejù.'

Ṣáátá, v.t. to slander, to disparage, to malign. Ó ṣáátá mi (He disparaged me)

Ṣà tán, v.t. to pick up entirely. Ó ṣà wọ́n tán (He picked them up entirely)

Ṣàtìpó, v.i. to sojourn in a place, to dwell temporarily in a place. Ó Ṣàtìpó ní ìbàdàn (He sojourned at Ìbàdàn)

Ṣàtúnṣe, v.t. to mediate. Ó to ṣàtúnṣe láàrin ẹgbẹ́ méjèèjì tí wọ́n ń ṣe ìpórógan (He ha mediated between the two groups who were in dispute)

Ṣáwá, n. a kind of small fishes

Ṣàwàdà, v.i. to jest, to indulge in jesting, to mock. Ó fi i ṣàwàdà (He mocked him)

ṣàwárí, v.t. to search and find out. Wọ́n fi i ṣàwárí (They searched for it and found it out)

ṣàwáwí, v.t. to make excuses. Má ṣàwáwí kankan (Don't make any excuse)

ṣawo v.i. to be initiated into a secret cult. Ó ti ń ṣawo (He has been initiated into a secret cult)

Ṣaworo, n. small brass bell, jingle

Ṣawòró, v.i. to be too close-fisted. Ó ń ṣawòró (He is too close-fisted)

Ṣàwòtán, v.t. to heal thoroughly, to effect a complete cure. Ó ṣàwòtán egbò náà (He healed the wound  thoroughly)

Ṣawun, Ṣahun, Láhun, adj. niggarely, stingy. Máà ṣahun pẹ̀lú súgà yẹn (Don't be stingy with the suger)

Ṣàyàn, v.t. to select, to choose. Ó ṣa ìwé náà yàn (He selected the book)

Ṣàyíká, v.t. to encircle, to surrounded. Wọ́n ṣàyíká wa (They surrounded us)

Ṣe, as a particle is often contracted to 'Ṣ' – e.g. ṣe àfiyèsí= Ṣàfiyèsí; Ṣe àìlera= Ṣàìlera; Ṣe àṣàrò = Ṣàṣàrò.

Ṣe, v.i. to do, to act, to make, to cause, to be. Ó ṣe é (He did it)

Ṣebí, v.i. to think, to suppose. Mo ṣebí o lọ síbẹ̀ (I thought you went there)

Ṣèdájọ́, v.t. to judge, to pass sentence, to decide a case. Ó ṣedájọ́ fún un (He judged his case)

Atúmọ̀-Èdè (Yorùbá-Gẹ̀ẹ́sì): SH


The Back-up Plan is a 2010 American romantic comedy movie. It is about relationships and pregnancy. Melissa McCarthy and Jennifer Lopez are among the cast. This movie was released in April 2010. It got mixed reviews by critics. However, its box office intake was over $77 million.

2010 romantic comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
2010s English-language movies
Pregnancy movies

The Back-up Plan


Kirill "Kirka" Babitzin (22 September 1950 - 31 January 2007) was a Finnish singer. Kirka's most famous songs include "Hengaillaan", "Leijat" (Kites) and "Varrella virran" (Down by the River)". Kirill Babitzin was born in Helsinki in 1950. His parents were Russian emigrants. He first got into music at the age of five when his grandmother gave him an accordion. He won an accordion competition when he was ten years old. He was soon attracted to rock and roll music. His first band was 'The Creatures', which he joined in 1964 assuming stage name Kirka.

Other websites
 website

Finnish singers
1950 births
2007 deaths

Kirka


Dead Ernest is a novel that was published in 1944 by Phoebe Atwood Taylor writing as Alice Tilton. It is the seventh of the eight Leonidas Witherall mysteries.

Plot summary

Leonidas Witherall, "the man who looks like Shakespeare", is writing the final words of the latest adventure of Lieutenant Hazeltine when his housekeeper Mrs. Mullet interrupts to offer her "candied opinion".  The next interruption is two men who deliver an unwanted deep freeze and leave, followed by a blonde in an evening gown and an orchid corsage who mistakenly serenades him with "Happy Birthday".  The deep freeze proves to contain the dead body of Ernest Finger, the French teacher at Meredith's Academy, which Witherall has recently inherited.  Witherall musters an unlikely gang of associates, including Sonia Mullet, her boyfriend and half the Finger family, to trace the trail of the moving Finger corpse and identify the murderer.

Literary significance and criticism
This is the seventh Leonidas Witherall mystery novel and it parallels the tone which was maintained in the other seven.  A murder occurs under embarrassing circumstances, and Leonidas forms a motley crew of assistants together in order to track down clues, chase around the town, and solve the mystery.  There is a strong vein of humor and the plot is fast-moving.

The adventures of Leonidas Witherall were a short-lived radio series at about the time of this novel. In the novels, Witherall is also the author of a radio series and novels about the adventures of stalwart Lieutenant Hazeltine. Some supporting characters continue between novels; there is always a beautiful girl, a handsome former student, and an intrepid housewife.

References

1944 American novels
Novels by Phoebe Atwood Taylor
W. W. Norton & Company books

Dead Ernest (novel)


Mark Victor Rosenker (December 8, 1946 – September 26, 2020) was an American aviation official who served as the 11th chairman of the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) from August 2006 through August 2008. He was nominated by President George W. Bush and unanimously confirmed by the U.S. Senate. Chairman Rosenker was renominated by President Bush for a second term as chair and was going through the Senate confirmation process, which basically ended when President Obama was elected in November 2008.
He served as acting chair starting in March 2005 to August 2006 and then again from August 2008 until his resignation from the board in August 2009, when he returned to private life. He died on September 26, 2020, from brain cancer at the age of 73.

Military service

Rosenker was a retired Air Force Reserve Major General. During his 37-year active duty and reserve career, Rosenker received numerous awards and decorations including the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal with One Oak Leaf Cluster and the Legion of Merit.

He was commissioned a 2nd Lieutenant in the USAF in June 1969 via the University of Maryland ROTC program. He began his active duty Air Force career in July 1969.  He served five years as a civilian member of the Board of Visitors of the Community College of the Air Force.  Rosenker graduated from the Air Command and Staff College and the Air War College.

Government work
Rosenker was appointed by the president a board member of the NTSB beginning March 2003 after unanimous confirmation by the United States Senate and was designated vice chairman the following month by the president. He began a second 5-year term as a board member in January 2005 after another unanimous confirmation. In October 2017 Virginia Governor Terry McAuliffe appointed Rosenker to a 2-year term representing Virginia as a commissioner of the new Washington Metrorail Safety Commission. He was elected vice chairman of the commission on March 27, 2018.

From January 20, 2001, to November 2002 when President Bush nominated him for the NTSB, Rosenker served as deputy assistant to the President of the United States and director of the White House Military Office. Rosenker was traveling with President George W. Bush on September 11, 2001.

Rosenker has served in the Department of the Interior, the Federal Trade Commission, and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission as well as a brief assignment in the US Department of Transportation. Rosenker was appointed by President George H. W. Bush to serve on the American Battle Monuments Commission.   During his career in civilian Federal service Mr. Rosenker received eight presidential appointments, three of which required Senate confirmation.

Piedmont Airlines Flight 22 investigation
As NTSB chairman, Rosenker ordered the 2006/2007 re-opening of the controversial 1967 investigation of Piedmont Airlines Flight 22. In the official petition for reconsideration, Paul Houle (an amateur historian who asked for the investigation to be reopened) suggested that numerous important facts were missing from the original investigation, as well as apparent potential conflicts of interest that should have been found at the time. Despite the cockpit voice recorder conflicting with the original NTSB report, the NTSB's Office of Aviation Safety found no compelling reason to make any changes to the report.  Rosenker subsequently wrote to Houle, sharing the Board's findings upholding the probable cause and contributing factors as presented in the original NTSB report.

Civilian work
Rosenker was Managing Director of the Washington, D.C. office for the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) from Oct 1999 to January 2001 when he joined the White House Staff. Prior to working for UNOS, Rosenker was the Vice President, Public Affairs for the Electronic Industries Association for 23 years.

In April 2012, Rosenker was appointed by the Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA) to be a member of a special "Panel of Experts" to provide, advice, evaluation and assessment of potential new safety measures and best practices for improved cruise ship operations.

He was a member of the board of directors of the FLYHT Aerospace Corporation and Guest Services Inc. Rosenker was named to the Sequa Corporation Board of Directors (a Carlyle Group portfolio company) in August 2009 and stepped down from that board in February 2016. He also served on the board of governors of the Aerospace Industries Association for several years.

Rosenker was the transportation safety analyst for the CBS television and radio networks. Prior to that was a contributor to NBC News in the same role.  Since retiring from the NTSB, he has appeared as a keynote speaker at numerous aviation and other transportation industry events.  He has been a senior adviser to a number of industry sponsored coalitions advocating for safer roads.

Prior to his death, Rosenker was the president of the Transportation Safety Group LLC, a specialized consulting firm focused on transportation issues in the US and around the world.

He famously blamed the pilot and airlines safety standards in the Boeing 737 Max Lion Air crash and said "Certainly in the United States they understand how to operate this aircraft".

References

External links
Image
 "The Crash of Piedmont Airlines Flight 22," by Paul D. Houle

Chairman of the National Transportation Safety Board
Living people
Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Air Force generals
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
1946 births
George W. Bush administration personnel
Obama administration personnel

Mark Rosenker


Adolf Friedrich, Graf von Schack (2 August 181514 April 1894) was a German poet, historian of literature, and art collector.

Background
Schack was born at Brüsewitz near Schwerin. Having studied jurisprudence (1834–1838) at the universities of Bonn, Heidelberg and Berlin, he entered the Mecklenburg state service and was subsequently attached to the Kammergericht in Berlin. Tiring of official work, he resigned his appointment, and after travelling in Italy, Egypt, and Spain, was attached to the court of the grand duke of Oldenburg, whom he accompanied on a journey to the East. On his return, he entered the Oldenburg government service, and in 1849 was sent as envoy to Berlin. In 1852, he retired from his diplomatic post, resided for a while on his estates in Mecklenburg and then travelled in Spain, where he studied Moorish history.

In 1855, he settled at Munich, where he was made member of the academy of sciences, and here collected a splendid gallery of pictures, containing masterpieces of Bonaventura Genelli, Anselm Feuerbach, Moritz von Schwind, Arnold Böcklin, Franz von Lenbach, etc., and which, though bequeathed by him to the Emperor William II, still remains at Munich and is one of the noted galleries in that city. He died at Rome in April 1894, aged 78.

His museum opened in 1848 and remains open as a public art museum, the Schackgalerie.

Works

Novels and poems

Lyric poems

Gedichte (1867, 6th ed., 1888).
Heimkehr (1885)

Novels in verse

Durch alle Wetter (1870, 3rd ed., 1875) and Ebenbürtig (1876).

Dramatic poems

Helidor (1878).

Tragedies

Die Pisaner (1872) and Walpurga and Der Johanniter (1887).

Political comedies

Der Kaiserbote and Cancan (1873).

Other aspects

Art and literature history

Geschichte der dramatischen Literatur and Kunst in Spanien (3 vols. 1845–1846, 2nd ed. 1854), Poesie and Kunst der Araber in Spanien and Sicilien (1865, 2nd ed. 1877), which are valuable contributions to literary history.

Translations

Spanisches Theater (1845), Heldensagen des Firdusi (1851) and Stimmen vom Ganges (1857, 2nd ed. 1877).

Catalogue and history of personal picture gallery

Meine Gemaldesammlung (7th ed., 1894).

Collected works

Gesammelte Werke, were published in six volumes (1883, 3rd ed. in to vols. 1897-1899). Nachgelassene Dichtungen were edited by G. Winkler (1896).

Other information

See his autobiography, Ein halbes Jahrhundert, Erinnerungen and Aufzeichnungen (3 vols. 1887, 3rd ed. 1894). Cf. further the accounts of Schack by F. W. Rogge (1883), E. Zabel (1885), E. Brenning (1885), W. J. Mannsen (from the Dutch, 1889), and also L. Berg, Zwischen zwei Jahrhunderten (1896).

References

External links

German Hispanists
Spanish–German translators
1815 births
German Arabists
German art collectors
Museum founders
19th-century art collectors
1894 deaths
19th-century translators
19th-century German writers
19th-century German male writers
German male non-fiction writers

Adolf Friedrich von Schack


Kung Fu Killers is a 1974 Australian documentary directed by Brian Trenchard-Smith.

Plot
Australian stuntman Grant Page travels to Hong Kong to find Bruce Lee's successor and looks at the cultural phenomenon that Asian martial arts has become in the West. He talks to actors such as Angela Mao, Stuart Whitman and George Lazenby – who were all making movies in Hong Kong at the time – and fights Carter Wong twice.

Production
Brian Trenchard Smith had made a popular one hour documentary World of Kung Fu (1973) for Channel Seven, which enabled him to sell this sequel to Channel Nine. Earlier he also had made a documentary The Stuntmen with Grant Page and become his manager; Page was given the lead.

Kung Fu Killers was shot in Hong Kong and featured clips from Golden Harvest movies. This developed contacts that Trenchard Smith later used to make The Man from Hong Kong (1975). He sold the film to Channel Nine for $18,000. Trenchard-Smith later commented that his intentions with the film "were simple":
Commence the process of launching Grant Page to local audiences as an Australian personality with an unique gift. Have him trigger a lot of Asian action sequences, which were really entertaining. Come in on budget. Turn a profit... Viewed 35 years later, KFK is a long trailer for Asian Cinema masquerading as a Documentary Special. Somewhat scrappy and heavy-handed in places too. But now, with the advantage of 20/20 hindsight, it is a really interesting time capsule. Grant is engaging as ever, and the kung fu combats are lively. Nine made a spectacular promo, and were rewarded with ratings and repeats for a while, particularly in Adelaide, Grant's home town. Mission accomplished.

References

External links

Kung Fu Killers at Letterbox DVD
 Kung Fu Killers at Oz Movies

Australian documentary films
1974 films
Films directed by Brian Trenchard-Smith
1970s English-language films

Kung Fu Killers


Enon is an unincorporated community in eastern Yadkin County, North Carolina, United States. The community, which is centered on Enon Baptist Church, is in the Forbush Township and in the East Bend ZIP code zone (27018). It is a Piedmont Triad community.

The community is bordered by the Yadkin River and Forsyth County to the east,  Huntsville and Forbush and Logan creeks to the south, Flint Hill to the north and Looney Creek to the west.

History

Pre-history
Native Americans were living along the Yadkin River at Enon going back to at least the early Woodland period (500 B.C.-100 A.D.), according to a 1998 archeological survey. A v-shaped stone fish weir, built and used by Native Americans to trap spawning fish, was identified north of the Old U.S. 421 Bridge in Enon.

Founding of community
The fertile river bottoms began to draw a few European settlers who followed the Great Wagon Road in the mid-18th century. By 1850, the area included large plantations along the Yadkin River, which were dependent on slave labor, as well as a few smaller farms.

The area was first known as Red Plains, likely for the red soil in the area. A school and post office were located there. Because there was no road nearby, only paths through the woods led to the school. A post office called Mana was at one time located in the area.

Enon Baptist Church was founded in 1858. Members first met at the Red Plains School, near the home of Tyre Glen. The name Enon was chosen because of its proximity of the Yadkin River. Enon is an alternate spelling for Ænon, a Greek word for spring. The church began with eight members, including John, a slave of Tyre Glen.  The first church building included a balcony for slave members.

Civil War period
Tyre Glen or Tyree Glenn (1800–1875) built one of the largest plantations in western North Carolina, in Enon. The estate, known as Glenwood, once had 360 slaves and . The 15-room house, with its Doric columns, was completed in 1837. The soapstone foundation for the house came from Glen's own quarry. Recently, it was restored and is a privately owned residence.  Glen's property included a dam, gristmill and a ferry at the Yadkin River.

Glen spent his early career as a slave trader and land broker, helping set up plantations in Mississippi. Glen's papers are available through Duke University Libraries and have been cited in recent books on the Civil War period. Among the records, is a price table from the early 1850s that values slaves based on their ages. Glenwood was a center for culture in the area. Prominent visitors included Nathan Rudolphus., the son of Sen. Stephen A. Douglas; North Carolina Gov. Zebulon Vance; and North Carolina Chief Justice Richard M. Pearson.

In 1863, a company of 50 uninvited Confederate troops of the 8th Battalion Georgia Infantry descended on Glenwood. In April 1863, Glen's rants against secession angered the officers, who  instigated a plot to lure him from Glenwood and hang him as a traitor. The officers' plot was stopped by heavy rains that washed away the bridge at Deep Creek, and Glen returned to his home.

In July 1864, William Alexander Conrad, a founding member of Enon Baptist Church and member of the Home Guard, was shot at Glenn's Ferry, trying to catch what he thought were three deserters who were crossing the river in a small boat. Conrad died several months later. Years after the war, it was learned that the men were Union soldiers who had escaped from prison and were on their way to Ohio.

Glenwood was raided several times during the close of the Civil War. After the last raid, in April 1865, most of the slaves had fled, and there was neither a horse nor a head of cattle left. As the Confederate army disbanded, troops marched along the ferry road that ran through the estate. For weeks, long tables were erected at each side of the house and family members and the few remaining freedmen gave food to all who stopped.

A partner in the slave trade with Glen, Isaac Jarratt (1812–1875), also settled in the Enon area. Jarratt, who served as a drummer boy during  the War of 1812, bought the Davis Durrett plantation in 1835. Many of the Jarratt family papers, including letters and slave receipts, are located in the library at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. During the Civil War, Isaac Jarratt was captain of the Yadkin County Home Guard.

The Jarratt family is also tied to the families of Thomas Lanier Clingman and through marriage to Richard Clauselle Puryear of nearby Huntsville. The Durrett-Jarratt House, on Old U.S. Highway 421, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Later development
The community remained isolated after the Civil War. In 1913, the first bridge across the Yadkin River at Enon was authorized by the North Carolina Legislature. The steel bridge was completed a short time before a sand-clay road was built in 1915. The road, which linked Winston-Salem to Yadkinville, was paved in 1925 and became part of U.S. Highway 421. The highway gave the area easier access to Winston-Salem, which is less than  east.

At least four country stores and a roller mill opened along the highway, offering gas and other conveniences to locals and travelers along the highway. However, the stores began closing in the 1960s after a new four-lane U.S. 421 was built a few miles south of the community. The former U.S. highway is now called Old U.S. 421.

In 1936, High Point began an ill-fated plan to build an  deep lake and hydroelectric dam in an area that included portions the community. High Point bought up more than  along the Yadkin River for the Styers Ferry dam project  and had spent about $1 million before it was stopped by the courts. Local farmers and Duke Power mobilized to fight the plan. The dam project went before the state Supreme Court seven times. Finally, the federal government ended the project during World War II because generators were needed for the war effort.

Growth and development
Until recently, many Enon residents lived on family farms, and the area remained primarily rural. However, the community's proximity to Winston-Salem has made it more attractive as a bedroom community. Development in the western suburbs of Winston-Salem, especially in nearby Lewisville, has begun to move into the community. Land that for decades had been used for farming is being converted into housing developments.

Most residents work in nearby Winston-Salem. However, there are a few home-grown businesses that employ area residents. The largest is Johnson's Modern Electric, which has a home office near the Yadkin River on Old U.S. Highway 421.

Education
Most children in the area attend Forbush Elementary School, a kindergarten through eighth-grade community school at Bloomtown Road and Old U.S. 421. The school, which first opened in 1935, is a source of pride in the community. The school's hunter's safety team has won the National Junior Youth Hunter Education Challenge, a National Rifle Association sponsored event, six times: 1989, 1990, 2005, 2006, 2007,2008 and 2009. The 2007 team  compiled a score of 7,580, 792 points over the second-place team from Utah, and took honors in all events.

Forbush Elementary, one of five feeder schools for Forbush High School, was rebuilt after a 1986 countywide bond referendum. In 2002, a tower was built in front of the school to house the old bell that was used at Enon School, a three-teacher school built in 1908. The bell was moved to the school when Enon School closed.

Recreation
Old U.S. 421 River Park is located just across the Yadkin River from Enon. The  park allows convenient access to the Yadkin River for fishing or canoeing. It is part of the Forsyth County park system.

References

External links
 Yadkin County Chamber of Commerce official site
 Wake Forest University archeological survey of Yadkin River at Enon
 NOAA Yadkin River forecast
 Forbush Elementary School

Unincorporated communities in Yadkin County, North Carolina
Unincorporated communities in North Carolina

Enon, North Carolina


San Salvatore (or Santa Giulia) is a former monastery in Brescia, Lombardy, northern Italy, now turned into a museum. The monastic complex is famous for the diversity of its architecture which includes Roman remains and significant pre-Romanesque, Romanesque and Renaissance buildings.

In 2011, it became a UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of a group of seven inscribed as Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568-774 A.D.).

The monastery is traditionally considered the place where Desiderata, wife of Charlemagne and daughter of the Lombard King Desiderius, spent her exile after the annulment of her marriage in 771.

History
San Salvatore was founded in 753 by Desiderius, future king of the Lombards, and his wife Ansa, as a female monastery, his daughter Anselperga becoming the first abbess. After the Lombard defeat by Charlemagne, San Salvatore maintained its privileges as a royal institution and enlarged its possessions.

Alfred the Great visited this monastery when he went to Rome in the 850s. He later founded his own monastery for nuns at Shaftesbury Abbey in Dorset, putting his own daughter in charge; although there is no clear evidence, it is possible he took this monastery as his inspiration.

In the 12th century most of the edifices were rebuilt or restored in the Romanesque style, and the oratory of Santa Maria in Solario was erected. In the 15th century, all the structures were again restored and a dormitory was added. In 1599 the church of Santa Giulia was finished.

The monastery was suppressed in 1798 after the French invasion of Lombardy and turned into barracks. It remained in poor condition until 1882, when it became a Museum of the Christian Age; the decay was however not totally halted before 1966, with a general restoration and the creation of a new Museum of Santa Giulia.

Overview
The monastery complex includes:
The Basilica of San Salvatore, dating from around the 9th century. It has a nave and two apses and is located over a pre-existing church, which had a single nave and three apses, and in turn was built over a Roman edifice dating from the 1st century BC, destroyed in the 5th century AD. The bell tower, rebuilt in the 13th-14th century, has frescoes by Romanino. The interior of the basilica houses frescoes by Paolo da Cailina the Younger, as well as others from the Carolingian age. The presbytery (converted in the 16th century) is a former nuns' choir built in 1466.
The Oratory of Santa Maria in Solario, added in the 12th century. It has a square plan with an octagonal lantern and small arched loggia. The second floor is decorated with scenes of the life of Jesus.
The 16th-century church of Santa Giulia.
The museum holds ancient finds dating from the Bronze Age to Roman times. Among them are the 4th-century ivory Brescia Casket, a "Winged Victory" statue and the Diptych of Boethius. There is also a plan probably showing the appearance of the Roman centre of Brixia at the time of Emperor Vespasian. The medieval section of the museum houses a crucifix alleged to have belonged to Desiderius. There are also architectural remnants from local buildings now destroyed, such as frescoes from the city's Broletto, a statue of St. Faustine and a fresco cycle by Moretto da Brescia.

Also visible in the complex are some Roman houses (domus), excavated beneath the former nuns' orchard.

Gallery

San Salvatore complex

Santa Giulia Museum

Exterior

References

External links

Museum of Santa Giulia

World Heritage Sites in Italy
Salvatore
Monasteries in Lombardy
Museums in Brescia
Romanesque architecture in Brescia
History museums in Italy
Archaeological museums in Italy
Religious museums in Italy
750s establishments
8th-century establishments in Italy

San Salvatore, Brescia


Black Sabbath were an English heavy metal band. They are considered to be the inventors of heavy metal. They helped start the genre in the late 1960s and early 1970s. They have sold over 70 million albums worldwide.
The original lineup for the band was Ozzy Osbourne (vocals), Tony Iommi (guitar), Terence "Geezer" Butler (bass) and Bill Ward (drums).

History
Black Sabbath formed in 1968. The band was originally named Polka Tulk Blues Band. After that it was shortened to Polka Tulk. They decided after that to name themselves Earth which Osbourne hated. They played blues-rock music. Tony Iommi had a work accident that cut off the tips of his middle and ring finger on his right hand. He started tuning his guitar lower to make its strings looser. This made it easier for him to play the guitar. Because of this, his guitar had a darker, deeper sound. The band thought this made their music sound dark and scary. Their music also had unusual key changes and time signatures (metre). They released their first album, Black Sabbath, in 1970. Their most successful single, named "Paranoid" came from their second album of the same name, which was supposed to be named War Pigs. It was produced by Rodger Bain and released in 1970. After that album, they got a huge suitcase full of money so they could buy more drugs and they got more studio time.

Their third album was named Master of Reality. It was released in 1971. The album sounded even more doomy than the first two albums. Their fourth album in 1972 was meant to be named Snowblind, but their record label did not want to release an album named after a song that references cocaine. The record label named it Black Sabbath Vol. 4 instead. Their fifth album, Sabbath Bloody Sabbath, came out in 1973. It was the first of their albums to get good reviews from critics, although their opinion of the first four albums also changed to become much more positive over time.

In 1975, Sabbath released Sabotage, which featured some longer more progressive songs, and had a less doomy sound. This change in sound continued with 1976's Technical Ecstasy, which received mixed reviews. Osbourne lost interest in the band and left for a short time. After that ex-Fleetwood Mac singer Dave Walker was the lead vocalist. Osbourne decided to rejoin in time their eighth album titled Never Say Die!. It got ok reviews.

Ozzy was fired from the band in 1979 because of his drug and alcohol addiction. Ronnie James Dio had just left Rainbow (band) and met Sharon Osbourne at a bar. He ended up replacing him. The band recorded two studio albums and one live album with him. The first studio album of the two, Heaven And Hell, was considered a return to success and musical form. drummer Bill Ward left midway through the Heaven & Hell tour due to alcohol addiction. Carmine Appice almost replaced him, but decided to let his younger brother Vinny Appice join instead as he was a huge fan of Sabbath. Carmine later joined Ozzy's solo band replacing drummer Tommy Aldridge. Appice stayed for another album and tour. Dio and Appice got upset with the other members of the band due to the mixing of Live Evil. Dio and Appice left Black Sabbath in 1982 and formed Dio. Ward rejoined for next album, Born Again. He did not tour with the band for the supporting tour of the album. The drummer hired for the tour was ex-Electric Light Orchestra drummer Bev Bevan. The band hired ex-Deep Purple singer Ian Gillan for Born Again. Gillan reunited with Deep Purple, effectively ending this lineup of Sabbath

In 1984, Butler left the band for a solo project. Iommi put sabbath on hiatus while into the studio to record a solo album. It was meant to be an all star album with multiple singers. He ended up using Glenn Hughes on the whole album. He hired many bassists to replace original bassist Butler. He hired many drummers to replace original drummer Ward. Seventh Star was not meant to be released as Black Sabbath. It was going to be his debut solo album. However, Iommi ended up being his debut it was released in 2000. Tony Iommi wanted it to be his debut solo album, but his Warner Bros/Vertigo refused to do so, stating that the Black Sabbath name would make more money. Iommi wouldn't do that, and Sabbath was not selling good at the time so it made more sense to mark it as a solo record. They came up with a solution. It ended up being released under Black Sabbath featuring Tony Iommi.

In 1987, The Eternal Idol was released with the same lineup but with vocalist Tony Martin on vocals. This lineup lasted for another album, than Dio rejoined. This lineup than would last till Cross Purposes with original bassist Butler on bass. Iommi reunited the Tyr lineup for Forbidden.

In 1992, Ronnie James Dio and Vinny Appice rejoined the band for another album and tour. After that, Tony Iommi reunited the Tyr lineup for another album but with original bassist Butler. In 1994, Butler left the band during the production of Forbidden. In 1997, the original line up reformed and continued to perform occasionally until 2006, when the band went to go do a greatest hits album with Dio. That ended up with a reunion tour and a new album and supporting tour.

In 2005, Black Sabbath were inducted into the "UK Music Hall of Fame". In 2006 the band were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

In 2011, the original line up announced they were getting back together to tour and record a new album. However, in February 2012, Ward announced he wouldn't tour and record with them unless he received a good contract for him. He never ended up getting his contract. They went on the road with Tommy Clutefos and for the studio used Rage Against the Machine Drummer Brad Wilk. They were ready to go tour when Tony Iommi got diagnosed with lymphoma. They cancelled all the dates on the reunion tour but one. That tour got replaced by Ozzy and Friends. After Tony Iommi recovered, they went out on a reunion tour. After that ended,they went on a supporting tour for their recently released album, 13. In 2016 they announced that they would embark on a farewell tour called The End tour. It lasted from 2016 to 2017.The band retired after the tour ended. It ended after the last show in Birmingham. They reunited for a one-off show at the Commonwealth games in Birmingham with touring drummer, Clutefos, keyboardist Adam Wakeman, original lead vocalist Osbourne, and lead guitarist Iommi.

Discography
Studio albums
 Black Sabbath (1970)
 Paranoid (1970)
 Master of Reality (1971)
 Vol. 4 (1972)
 Sabbath Bloody Sabbath (1973)
 Sabotage (1975)
 Technical Ecstasy (1976)
 Never Say Die! (1978)
 Heaven and Hell (1980)
 Mob Rules (1981)
 Born Again (1983)
 Seventh Star (1986)
 The Eternal Idol (1987)
 Headless Cross (1989)
 Tyr (1990)
 Dehumanizer (1992)
 Cross Purposes (1994)
 Forbidden (1995)
 13 (2013)

References

English heavy metal bands
Doom metal bands
Musical groups from Birmingham
English rock bands
1968 establishments in the United Kingdom
2017 disestablishments in Europe
1960s music groups
1970s music groups
1980s music groups
1990s music groups
2000s music groups
2010s music groups

Black Sabbath


English-Yorùbá: A

A
1.	Absorb: v. (i) 'fa' the cloth absorbed all the water in the bowl; Aṣọ náà fa gbogbo omi inú abọ́ náà (ii) 'mọ̀' I have not absorbed all their rules; N kò tíì mọ gbogbo òfin wọn.

2.	Abundant: v. 'pọ̀'  Maize was abundant last year; Àgbàdo pọ̀ ní ọdún tí ó kọjá).

3.	Abuse: v. 'bú' He abused me; Ó bú mi.

4.	Accept: v. (i) 'dà' The sacrifice has been accepted; Ẹbọ náà ti dà  (ii) 'fin' The sacrifice would be accepted by the deities; Ẹbọ náà yóò fín (iii) 'gbọ́' He accepts what I say; Ó gbọ́ ọ̀rọ̀ mi (iv) 'gbà' He accepted the money; Ó gba owó náà (v) 'yàn' The kolanuts have been accepted by the deity; Obì náà ti yàn.

5.	Accommodate: v. 'gbà' Our house can accommodate four people; Ilé wa lè gbà ènìyàn mẹ́rin.

6.	Accompany: v. (i) 'sìn' He accompanied him there; Ò sìn ín lọ sí ibẹ̀ (ii) 'bá' He accompanied Olú to the doctor; Ó bá Olú lọ sọ́dọ̀ dókítà.

7.	Accurate: v. 'pé' It is accurate; Ó pé.

8.	Achieve: v. 'gbà' He achieved high marks in the examination; Ó gba máàkì tó ga nínú ìdánwò.

9.	Acknowledge: v. 'gbà' Do you acknowledge that you are wrong?; Ṣé o gbà pé o jẹ̀bi?.

10.	Add: v. 'rò' He added three to four to make seven; Ó ro ẹẹ́ta mọ́ ẹẹ́rin láti di eéje.

Atúmọ̀-Èdè (Gẹ̀ẹ́sì-Yorùbá): A1


Helmut Oswald Maucher (9 December 1927 – 5 March 2018) was a German businessman. He served as the CEO of Nestlé from June 1990 to June 1997.  He joined the company at a young age, completing an apprenticeship at the Nestlé SA factory in Eisenharz, Germany just after finishing high school. He served as honorary chairman of Nestlé SA, Vevey, Switzerland, having been elected to that position by the board after relinquishing its chairmanship in May 2000.

Early life
Helmut Maucher was born on 9 December 1927 in Eisenharz (Allgäu), Germany. When he was 19 Nestlé AG bought the milk production company in Eisenharz in the Western Allgau in which he and his father were employed. After finishing his A levels, he was then doing a business apprenticeship in the same company. He then changed to Nestlé Frankfurt, where he was studying business administration at Frankfurt University while working and finished his study with a Master in Business/Commerce.

Career
Between 1964 and 1980 he occupied different management positions at Nestlé Frankfurt, in 1975 he became General Director of the Nestlé Group Germany. On 1 October 1980 he was asked to change to Switzerland to become General Director of the whole Nestlé Group and member of the executive committee.

In November 1981 he became delegate of the supervisory administration board of Nestlé AG in Vevey. Between 1990 and 1997 he was both, president and delegate of the supervisory administration board. In this time he expanded the company to the largest food company worldwide with 260,000 employees. After stepping down from his position as delegate in 1997 he continued to be president of the supervisory administration board until 2000 which is when he was given the position of honorary president. He was the first non-Swiss ever to be given such an honour and position in a major Swiss company.

Maucher served on the board of trustees of the Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies.

Controversy
In a 1997 interview, Maucher stated: "There is a certain percentage of prosperity waste () in our society; people who are either unmotivated, semi-invalid, tired or who just take advantage of the system." Maucher was alluding to the highly developed German welfare system, which in his opinion removed the necessity to take an employment. He was subsequently criticized for the usage of the term "waste" as a description for human beings, which culminated in Wohlstandsmüll having been chosen as the German Un-Word of the Year 1997 by a jury of linguistic scholars.

Honours and distinctions
 Gold Medal - Fortune Magazine, 1984
 Grand Merit Cross of the Federal Republic of Germany (Grosses Verdienstkreuz) - 1988
 Doctor honoris causa, University of Guadalajara, Mexico- June 1989
 Order of the Aztec Eagle - Mexico, April 1993
 Grand Gold Medal with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria - August 1993
 Leadership Award for Corporate Statesmanship, International Institute for Management Development (IMD) – October 1993
 IMD, Maucher Nestlé Chair, November 1993
 Appeal of Conscience Foundation Award, New York – October 1995
 INTERNORGA prize, Hamburg - March 1996
 Doctor honoris causa, European Business School Oestrich Winkel – Feb 1997
 Business Hall of Fame, Manager Magazine - May 1997
 Grand Cross of Merit with Star of the Federal Republic of Germany - September 1997
 Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg - 1998
 Doctor honoris causa, University of California - March 1998
 Doctor honoris causa, Technical University Munich – March 1998
 Scopus Award, Hebrew University of Jerusalem – May 1998
 Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class – August 1999
 Dr. Jelle Zijlstra Award, Swiss Chamber of Commerce in The Netherlands – January 2018

Death
Maucher died in his home in Bad Homburg, Germany on March 5, 2018.

Bibliography
 La stratégie Nestlé, French translation by Monique Thiollet, Maxima Ed., Paris, 1995,

References

External links
German
 Literature of and about Helmut Maucher (http:/d-nb.info/gnd/11906412x) in the catalogue of German National Library
 Marc Brost and Arne Storn "one needs backbone" – interview in Die Zeit Nr.49 on 01.12.2005

1927 births
2018 deaths
Chairmen of Nestlé
Businesspeople from Baden-Württemberg
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Grand Decoration with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria
Recipients of the Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg
Recipients of the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class

Helmut Maucher


The Goejanverwellesluis is a lock in Hekendorp, Netherlands.  The 'Goejannen' - the men from the surrounding polders who went to sea - said their last farewells by this channel.

According to the tradition, Wilhelmina of Prussia, wife of stadholder William V was captured here on 28 June 1787 by the Patriots from Gouda. In reality, her entourage were arrested at Bonrepas on the river Vlist, on the way to Schoonhoven near Haastrecht. Wilhelmina was at a farm overhanging the Goejanverwellesluis, where Cornelis Johan de Lange, commander of the free corps of Gouda, had been billeted. Informed of her plans by the gentleman Martinus van Toulon, former bailiff of Gouda, the Commission of Defense stopped her from driving on to Gouda that night.  The princess left the very same evening after 10pm in the direction of Schoonhoven and turned back to her spouse stadholder William V at Nijmegen. This event formed the main reason for the Prussians' raid into Holland, with Frederick William II of Prussia coming to his sister Wilhelmina's aid and so making possible William's return to the Hague. This raid led to an exodus of the Patriots from the United Republic of the Seven Netherlands in 1787.

A foot ferry at Goejanverwellesluis was replaced by the Wilhelmina van Pruisen Bridge in 1992.

Literature
Wildschut, A., Goejanverwellesluis; de strijd tussen patriotten en prinsgezinden, 1780-1787 (2005; )
Smit, dr.mr.J., Een regentendagboek uit de achttiende eeuw, Oudheidkundige kring "Die Goude", 1957
Meddens-van Borselen, Drs. A., "Ik zal dit in uwe ogen doen druipen". Holland,  page 197-206 (1987; ISSN 0166-2511)
Meddens-van Borselen, Drs. A., National Archive of the Netherlands, No. 3.01.48, The archive of  De Commissie van Defensie te Woerden, 1787

Patriottentijd
Buildings and structures in Utrecht (province)
History of South Holland
Locks of the Netherlands
Oudewater

Goejanverwellesluis


Formaldehyde (or Methanal) is a chemical compound.

It is a colorless gas with a strong smell. Like other aldehydes, it is flammable and toxic.

It is the simplest aldehyde. Its main application is as a disinfectant. It is a biocide, this means it can kill most bacteria and fungi. It is also used to make dyes, to make textiles, wrinkle-free preservatives, explosives, and certain polymers. About 23 million tonnes (50 billion pounds) of formaldehyde was made worldwide in 2005. On May 21, 2002, a worker in a explosive making factory dropped a lighter and the flame immediately spread to the formaldehyde, which in turn caused to fire to blaze abnormally. This caused 17 known deaths and 39 known injuries. These days, the chemical is used less frequently.

References

Organic compounds

Formaldehyde


Djelimady Tounkara is a Malian musician and one of the foremost guitarists in Africa.

Life and career
Born in the culturally rich town of Kita, west of the Malian capital, Bamako, Djelimady grew up surrounded with traditional music played by members of his family, griots, musicians and historians by birth. Djelimady played djembe drum and ngoni, a banjo-like lute, as a boy. When he moved to Mali's capital, Bamako, during the 1960s, he had actually planned to work as a tailor. But music proved a stronger calling. He started playing guitar in a large, government-sponsored neighborhood band, Orchestre Misira. Voted the best guitarist in the band, Djelimady was selected to join the Orchestre National as rhythm guitarist, a great honor for the young player.

All his adult life, Djelimady has worked to transform his ancestral traditions into dance pop. But at the same time, he has continued to work in more traditional contexts, backing the great griot singers of Mali on records, in concerts and at the day-long wedding and baptism celebrations that are the modern griot's life blood. In recent years, Djelimady has performed in an acoustic trio called Bajourou, accompanied by another masterful griot guitarist, Bouba Sacko, and by singer Lafia Diabate, a veteran of the Rail Band.

In 2001, he has won the BBC Radio 3 music award in World Music - "Africa" category for his album titled Sigui.

In 2002, Djelimady collaborated on a track with rapper Common for the Red Hot Organization's compilation album Red Hot and Riot in tribute to the Nigerian afropop innovator, Fela Kuti. He also features on Béla Fleck's album Tales from the Acoustic Planet, Vol. 3: Africa Sessions (also known as Throw Down Your Heart). Tounkara plays a prominent role in the book In Griot Time by American musician and author Banning Eyre.

See also
 African fingerstyle guitar

References

External links
 Tounkara biography at BBC Radio 3

Living people
Malian musicians
Year of birth missing (living people)
People from Kita, Mali
Label Bleu artists
21st-century Malian people

Djelimady Tounkara


Jorge Villamil Cordovez (June 6, 1929 – February 28, 2010) was a Colombian composer and songwriter born in El Cedral, a large coffee plantation near Neiva (Huila).  He was one of the most prolific and important composers of Colombia and South America.  Villamil's talent was evident when he learned to play Colombian tiple at 4 years of age. He was the youngest and only male of a family of 7.

Biography

Villamil's parents were Jorge Villamil Ortega and Leonor Cordovez Pizarro (Panama).  He grew up in a large farm in the country side of Colombia this was a critical factor on his future musical works; some of them describe the social struggles of Colombian history and the colorful life of the country side. Jorge Villamil studied elemental school in Garzón (a small town in Huila Department) and graduated  from high school in Bogotá (Colombia).  In 1958, Jorge Augusto Villamil received his doctorate in medicine with a specialization in orthopedic surgery from Pontificia Universidad Javeriana.

On November 11, 1965, he married Olga Lucia Ospina (daughter of Mariano Ospina Navia  and Beatriz Serrano de Ospina). They had two children Jorge and Ana Maria Villamil Ospina. One year later, the couple moved to Mexico D.F. to study on Centro Cuauthémoc. There he came in contact with many famous artists who influenced his career such as José Alfredo Jiménez, Pedro Vargas, Mario Moreno Cantinflas, Los Panchos, Armando Manzanero, Marco Antonio Muñiz, Consuelo Velásquez, Lola Beltrán, Amalia Mendoza La Tariácuri, Estela Núñez, Antonio Aguilar and Vicente Fernández. During his stay in Mexico, he created more than 20 songs including El Barcino, Entre cadenas, Ocasos, Oropel, Penas al viento, Sólo recuerdos, Soñar contigo and Soy Cobarde.

In the '70s, Jorge Villamil was living between his medicine practice in the Instituto de Seguros Sociales, his family and music. During 1976, in one of the hardest decisions of his life, Jorge Villamil retired from a promissory medicine career and started officially a career in arts as a composer.

He separated from his wife Olga Lucia (1974), who died 4 years later at the age of 33.

Interpreters

Jorge Villamil has written more than 190 songs. His country geographical richness and beauty as well as a constant admiration for the human nature are depicted on his musical work.  His songs are part of Colombian history and have been interpreted by many famous international and Colombian artists. From Mexico, Javier Solis, Marco Antonio Muñiz, Alejandro Fernández, Vicente Fernández,  Felipe Arriaga; other international artists are  Soraya (musician), Juan Erasmo Mochi (Spain), Julio Jaramillo (Ecuador), Jerónimo (Alberto Pedro Gonzales, Argentina), Leo Marini (Argentina), Olga Guillot (Cuba), Hamid Saab (France), Salvatore Castagnada (Italy), Lindomar Castilho (Brazil), Los Chalchaleros (Argentina) and Franck Pourcel (Francia), among others.  In Colombia, musical groups like Silva y Villalba, Garzon y Collazos, Emeterio y Felipe, Los Hermanos Martinez, Carlos Julio Ramirez, Victor Hugo Ayala, Jaime Mora, Billy Pontoni, Jesus David Quintana, Alci Acosta, Carmenza Duque, Isadora, Helenita Vargas, Carmina Gallo, Lyda Zamora, Jaime Llano Gonzalez, among others.

He has been the recipient of numerous national and international awards. Internationally, The Association of Latin Entertainment Critics ACE – Composer of the Year (1978), Hollywood Gold Palm (1969), Carnegie Hall – Latin Recognition (1977), Human Values Award by the Organization of American States, United Nation Recognition (1985), Gallo de Oro (Brazil), Distinguished Guest by URSS. From Colombia, different Presidential, Congressional and cultural awards.

Death
Jorge Villamil died at his residence in Bogotá at 10 pm (UTC-5) on February 28, 2010, of diabetes-related complications.

Songs

Some if his songs are:

 Espumas (1962)
 Llamarada (1970)
 Llorando por amor (1961)
 Los Remansos (1964)
 Los Guaduales (1965)
 Me llevarás en Ti (1966)
 El Barcino (1969)
 Oropel (1969)
 Adiós al Huila (1951)
 Garza Morena (1962)
 Luna Roja (1976)
 Vieja Hacienda del Cedral (1958)
 Brumas (1971)
 Campanas de Navidad (1957)
 Cruz sin nombre (1982)
 Desesperanzas (1960),
 Canaguaro (1978)
 El caballo Colombiano (1976)
 El canalete (1970)
 El caracoli (1958)
 El Embajador (1962)
 El Gualanday (1965)
 El Peregrino (1997)
 Fantasia Sabanera (1994)
 La Chimenea (1975)
 La Cicatriz (1968)
 La Mestiza (1984)
 La Mortaja (1958)
 La Trapichera (1958)
 La Vaqueria (1960)
 Llano Grande (1963)
 Matambo (1961)
 Mirando al Valle del Cauca (1964)
 Al Sur (1967)
 Noche de Azahares (1962)
 Noches de la Plata (1960)
 Painima (1964)
 Tepeyac (1998)

References

 Ministerio de Cultura (Ministry of Culture). Republica de Colombia "http://www.mincultura.gov.co/?idcategoria=24112"
 www.sayco.org, January 2003 (Spanish) www.colarte.com; Jorge Villamil Retrieved from "http://www.colarte.arts.co/recuentos/Compositores/VillamilJorge/recuento.htm?"
 Luis Angel Arango Library. Bogotá. Colombia (Spanish) www.lablaa.org; Jorge Villamil retrieve from "http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/biografias/villamil.htm"
 (Spanish) Silva, Vicente. Las Huellas de Villamil. Edit. Municipio de Neiva (2002)

1929 births
2010 deaths
Colombian composers
Male composers
Colombian musicians
Bambuco musicians
Deaths from diabetes
Colombian songwriters
Colombian male songwriters
People from Huila Department

Jorge Villamil


A stateless protocol is a communication protocol in which the receiver must not retain session state from previous requests. The sender transfers relevant session state to the receiver in such a way that every request can be understood in isolation, that is without reference to session state from previous requests retained by the receiver.

In contrast, a stateful protocol is a communication protocol in which the receiver may retain session state from previous requests.

In computer networks, examples of stateless protocols include the Internet Protocol (IP), which is the foundation for the Internet, and the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which is the foundation of the World Wide Web. Examples of stateful protocols include the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the File Transfer Protocol (FTP).

Stateless protocols improve the properties of visibility, reliability, and scalability. Visibility is improved because a monitoring system does not have to look beyond a single request in order to determine its full nature. Reliability is improved because it eases the task of recovering from partial failures. Scalability is improved because not having to store session state between requests allows the server to quickly free resources and further simplifies implementation.

The disadvantage of stateless protocols is that they may decrease network performance by increasing the repetitive data sent in a series of requests, since that data cannot be left on the server and reused.

Examples
An HTTP server can understand each request in isolation.

Contrast this with a traditional FTP server that conducts an interactive session with the user. During the session, a user is provided a means to be authenticated and set various variables (working directory, transfer mode), all stored on the server as part of the session state.

Stacking of stateless and stateful protocol layers
There can be complex interactions between stateful and stateless protocols among different protocol layers. For example, HTTP, a stateless protocol, is layered on top of TCP, a stateful protocol, which is layered on top of IP, another stateless protocol, which is routed on a network that employs BGP, another stateful protocol, to direct the IP packets riding on the network.

This stacking of layers continues even above HTTP. As a workaround for the lack of a retained session state, HTTP servers implement various session management methods, typically utilizing a session identifier in an HTTP cookie referencing a session state stored on the server, effectively creating a stateful protocol on top of HTTP. HTTP cookies violate the REST architectural style because even without referencing a session state stored on the server, they are independent of session state (they affect previous pages of the same website in the browser history) and they have no defined semantics.

See also
 Representational state transfer
 Soft state

References

Servers (computing)
Network protocols

Stateless protocol


The Lamoka site, or simply Lamoka, is an archaeological site near Tyrone, in Schuyler County, New York that was named a National Historic Landmark in 1961.  According to the National Park Service, "This site provided the first clear evidence of an Archaic hunting and gathering culture in the Northeastern United States (c.3500 BC)".

More properly known as the Lamoka Lake Site, after the lake of the same name located nearby, this archaeological site, occupied by Late Archaic hunter-gatherers approximately 4,500 years before present, is one of the most important Archaic Period sites in North America due to  its seminal role in the identification and naming of a hunting and gathering culture subsequent to Paleo-Indian culture and preceding pottery-using Woodland cultures. As such, the Lamoka Lake site is often considered the type site of the Archaic Period of North American prehistory.

The first professional excavations at the site were conducted between 1925 and 1928 by the Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences, now the Rochester Museum and Science Center. Additional excavations at the Lamoka Lake site were conducted by the New York State Museum in 1958 and 1962, by the Buffalo Museum of Science in the 1980s, by Utica College in the 1990s, and by Rutgers University in 2000. Part of the archaeological site is protected in the Waneta-Lamoka Wildlife Management Area. In 2006, the remaining portion of the site was purchased for preservation by The Archaeological Conservancy.

Archaeological excavations at the Lamoka Lake site have recovered large numbers of projectile points – primarily Lamoka points; stone netsinkers, groundstone and polished stone tools – including beveled adzes, hammerstones, pestles, mullers, mortars, and metates; bone tools – including awls, knives, and fish hooks; lithic debitage; and animal bones – primarily white-tailed deer, tree squirrel, and passenger pigeon; and human burials. Numerous archaeological features, including pits, postmolds, hearths, firebeds and ash layers, have also been identified. The majority of artifacts and features date to the Late Archaic Period, although later Woodland Period artifacts have also been recovered from the site.

References

External links
 "Lamoka Lake Site" article in The Preservationist, a publication of the NYS Office of Parks, Recreation and Preservation
 Press release, October 20, 2006, including in Schuyler County an item of a $10,000 grant to Archaeological Conservancy for purchase of a 20 acre parcel to protect an archaeology site

Archaeological type sites
National Historic Landmarks in New York (state)
Geography of Schuyler County, New York
Archaeological sites in New York (state)

Lamoka site