Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology (Thai: สถาบันเทคโนโลยีนานาชาติสิรินธร) (SIIT) is a semi-autonomous institute of technology established in 1992 within Thammasat University. It is located in Pathum Thani, Thailand. One of Thailand's research universities, it offers science, technology and engineering education, as well as related management programs. All are international programs, with English language as a medium of instruction. The institute is part of the Links to Asia by Organizing Traineeship and Student Exchange network, an international consortium of universities in Europe and Asia.

Although it is an academic unit of Thammasat University and its graduates receive Thammasat University degrees, the institute is self-administered and self-financed.

Since it is a research-focused academic institution, the academic year 2003 performance evaluation showed has the highest number of research publications (both in raw quantity and per graduate student heads) of any academic division in the university. In addition, a 2007 assessment of research publications by Thailand Research Fund put SIIT at the top of all engineering faculties in the kingdom in terms of equivalent international journal papers per faculty member and in terms of impact factor per faculty member.

History
During the ninth Japan-Thailand Joint Trade and Economic Committee Meeting held in Kobe, Japan in 1989, all the delegates from the Japan Federation of Economic Organizations (Keidanren) and the Federation of Thai Industries (FTI) realized that to enhance industrial development of Thailand, engineers with working knowledge of English are needed. Therefore, it was recommended that engineering programs, where all lecture and laboratory courses would be taught in English by highly qualified faculty members with doctoral degrees, be established.

A cooperation agreement among Keidanren, FTI, and Thammasat University was reached in 1992 to establish bachelor's degree programs in engineering at Thammasat University with initial funds provided by Keidanren and FTI. After two years of operation, the International Institute of Technology (IIT) was founded on 16 September 1994. Maha Chakri Sirindhorn presided over the cornerstone-laying ceremony of a new building at the Rangsit Center of Thammasat University using part of the initial fund. Then, on 28 June 1996, King Bhumibol Adulyadej granted the institute a new name: Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology (SIIT). On 2 October 1997, Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn presided over the inauguration ceremony of its name and building. In June 2001, former Prime Minister Anand Panyarachun inaugurated a new campus at Bangkadi Industrial Park.

Administrative independence
Although it is a unit of Thammasat University, SIIT is financially and administratively separate from the central university system. SIIT's policies and operations are guided and supervised by the Board of Trustees which consists of representatives from Thammasat University, FTI, Nippon Keidanren, and scholars appointed by the university. In addition, the Academic Review Committee (ARC) provides guidance and recommendations on academic and research matters. The institute, headed by the director, consists of four administrative divisions, a library, and information services center, and six academic schools, with 15 academic programs.

As the institute is an autonomous (semi-private) body of Thammasat University, it gets no funding from the state and needs to find and manage its own income and spending. To start its operation, the institute received initial funds from Keidanren and FTI. Parts of funding are research grants and scholarships from international organizations like Asian Development Bank, local ones like industries, and the Thailand Research Fund, and individual contributions. The rest of funding is from tuition fees.

Academics
All faculty members are doctoral degree holders, with strong research and/or industrial experiences. The institute is considered among academic peers as a research intensive engineering school. On average, each year each SIIT faculty member produces twice the highest value of national range for international journal publications (0.74 vs 0–0.41).

In 2007, the Thailand Research Fund assessed research outcomes of universities in Thailand, and SIIT ranked as "very good" for all three indicators, making it the only engineering school in the country to achieve this.

As few prospective students can afford considerably higher tuition fees, the institute initially faced difficulty recruiting undergraduate students with high test scores. While scholarships and special recruitment programs do help attract many bright students, its average admission scores are unacceptably low compared to other science and engineering programs in the country. Due to the lower admission scores, the school is comparatively easy to enroll in. The average admission score of admitted students is among the lowest among engineering students. However, most of the low-performance students will be disqualified. The unqualified or unsatisfied academic competency students will be expelled within a first or second year which occurred about 50% of entry students.

The undergraduate recruitment situation is improving, especially for its computer, IT, and management-related majors, which now have higher average admission scores. With its strong science and technology education, the institute has been selected, along with Mahidol University and Chulalongkorn University, by Thailand National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), as a destination of selected group of top students from Mahidol Wittayanusorn School and 12 Princess Chulaporn Schools for Science, the country's science schools for gifted students, in a program to mentor junior researchers for national science and technology development.

For its graduate levels, the institute attracts bright graduates, as the institute gains supports from many national and international bodies (and use that as scholarships for graduate students). SIIT is one of a very small number of universities that can secure numbers of Thailand Research Fund's Royal Golden Jubilee grants, considered to be the country's most prestigious research grants for PhD students, for every single year since the program began in 1998 — one of the only three that can secure engineering discipline grants that often.

Schools
A number of undergraduate and research-based graduate programs are offered from five schools and one department.
 School of Bio-Chemical Engineering and Technology  hosts Chemical Engineering programs
 School of Civil Engineering and Technology  hosts Civil Engineering  programs
 School of Information, Computer and Communication Technology  hosts Computer Engineering, Digital Engineering, Electrical Engineering, and Information Technology programs
 School of Management Technology hosts Engineering Management and Management Technology programs
 School of Manufacturing Systems and Mechanical Engineering  hosts Industrial Engineering and Logistics Systems, and Mechanical Engineering programs
 Department of Common and Graduate Studies

Cooperations
The institute enjoys a strong link with many universities, remarkably with its neighbor Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) and a group of Japanese universities and research centers, as well as a network of European universities such as DAAD International Quality Network (IQN) program and LAOTSE network. Locally, a remarkable collaborative network is the Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, a group of leading Thai universities in environmental and energy technology area.

The institute established faculty member and student exchange programs, as well as internship programs, with universities and organizations in Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America. These programs allow faculty members to collaborate with their counterparts in research projects, and students to have an opportunity to take engineering courses at these universities. Additionally, qualified foreign professors are regularly invited to visit and conduct courses at SIIT.

Because of their proximity, SIIT, Thammasat University, AIT, Thailand Science Park, and research centers of NSTDA, share some of their facilities, including libraries and laboratories, with each other. In 1998, the Thailand Graduate Institute of Science and Technology (TGIST) was established by NSTDA to further strengthen its collaboration with academics and industries; SIIT is among three major academic institutes in TGIST's "Thailand Science Park Collaboration".

In 2007, SIIT joined NSTDA, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, and Tokyo Institute of Technology as founding members in the establishment of Thailand Advanced Institute of Science and Technology. This joint graduate school will offer international postgraduate degrees, where faculty staffs will come from Tokyo Tech, NSTDA, and Thai universities.

Campuses
Operations of SIIT are carried out at two locations: Thammasat University's Rangsit Center and Bangkadi, both in Pathum Thani, surrounded by many national research centers, high-tech industrial parks, and universities, as well as Thailand Science Park and National Science Museum. The area is now known as the "Technology Cluster of North Bangkok".

Rangsit Campus
The Rangsit Campus is situated in the TU's Rangsit Center, approximately 42 kilometers north of Bangkok, just next to the Asian Institute of Technology and Thailand Science Park. The center served as the main host for the 13th Asian Games in 1998 and the World University Games in 2007.

Bangkadi Campus
Located in Bangkadi Industrial Park, the Bangkadi Campus is about 15 kilometers away southeast from the Rangsit Campus. The information technology program moved to this facility in June 2002. The management technology and the telecommunications programs moved to Bangkadi in May 2003. It houses all new ICT-related programs, for example, the computer science program. In June 2006, the new building Sirindhralai (Thai: สิรินธราลัย), the name graciously granted by Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn, was opened to accommodate the telecommunications, engineering management, and management technology programs.

Research Centers and Units
Currently, there are 2 research centers and 7 research units affiliated with SIIT

Research Centers
  Construction and Maintenance Technology Research Center (CONTEC)
The Construction and Maintenance Technology Research Center (CONTEC) is established mainly to carry out research and development projects on technologies required for solving problems and creating innovation in construction materials technologies and infrastructures.
 Transportation Research Center (TREC)
The Transportation Research Center (TREC) is a research and development center established on 18 December 2007 to conduct collaborative research among SIIT and related government organizations in the area of transportation and transportation, supporting technology.

Research units
 Biomedical Engineering Research Unit (BioMed SIIT)
Biomedical Engineering unit (BioMed SIIT) integrates fundamentals from engineering, computer science, medical science and mathematics to solve applied problems in medicine and biology.
 Computational Engineering and Science (CES) Research Unit
Nowadays, the advancement of computational theories and computing technologies allows complex physical problems that are inaccessible to analytical and experimental approaches to be solved by computers. The research unit for computational engineering and science (CES) conducts research related to this relatively new interdisciplinary field.
 Intelligent Informatics and Service Innovation Unit (IISI-U)
The IISI-U integrates fundamentals for solving advanced problems in engineering, science and social issues, and then provides those solutions as services. The IISI research unit contributes to advancement of intelligent informatics fields, such as artificial intelligence, data mining, and soft computing which leads to breakthrough solutions for issues that human factors are significantly involved. These innovations can be used as services to various societies and industries.
 Intelligent Infrastructure (INFRA) Research Unit
Throughout history infrastructures such as transportation systems, water supplies, electrical grids, telecommunication systems, etc. have had large scale impact on society and economy. Nowadays, challenges are how to apply advanced technologies in the digital age to planning, design, operation, and management of infrastructures in smart ways. This could provide in long term the economical, efficient, convenient, comfortable, and environmental friendly way of living.
 Logistics and Supply Chain Systems Engineering (LogEn) Research Unit
Logistics and Supply Chain Systems Engineering (LogEn) Research Unit address cutting-edge supply-chain problems and advanced research in the area of logistics, and supply chain system with the emphasis on optimization, production planning, scheduling simulation, inventory management, forecasting, quality management, lean management and operations management.
 Materials and Plasma Technology (MaP Tech) Research Unit
The Materials and Plasma Technology (MaP Tech) research unit aims to carry out wide areas of research in materials with emphasis on development, designs, computational analysis, manufacturing, testing, and applications of plastics, rubbers, and nanomaterials. The applications of plasma for use in various fields, especially agricultural and biomedical applications are also a main focus.
 Sustainable Energy and Low Carbon (SELC) Research Unit
Challenges of global climate change, energy insecurity and economic growth can only be solved with rapid development of low carbon technologies and management. There are a wide range of technologies at various stages of development that could contribute to energy and environmental goals. However, they are not being developed at the rate required due to a combination of technological, skill, financial, commercial and regulatory barriers.

Notable alumni
 Chananporn Rosjan, the Miss Universe Thailand 2005 winner
 Sapol Assawamunkong, actor
 Norraphat Vilaiphan, actor

See also
 Education in Thailand — List of universities in Thailand
 Thammasat University — Nihon Keidanren — Federation of Thai Industries
 Education and Technology in Pathum Thani province

Notes

References

 Nishino, Fumio and Taweep Chaisomphob, 1997, A New Challenge for the Establishment of Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology at Thammasat University, Thailand, Inauguration of the Institute's New Name 'Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology', Commemorative publication, pp. 18–24.
 10th Anniversary Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology
 Commemorative Publication: 10th Anniversary of the Name Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology

Thammasat University
Educational institutions established in 1992
1992 establishments in Thailand
Pathum Thani province


Haja Zainab Hawa Bangura (; born 18 December 1959) is a Sierra Leonean politician and social activist who has been serving as the Director-General of the United Nations Office at Nairobi (UNON) since 2018, appointed by United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres. She served as the second United Nations Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict with the rank of Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations from 2012 to 2017, in succession to the first holder of the post, Margot Wallström. In 2017 she was succeeded by Pramila Patten.

In 2007, Bangura became Sierra Leone's foreign minister in the government of President Ernest Bai Koroma of the All People's Congress (APC) Party. She was the second woman to serve in that post, following Shirley Gbujama who held that position from 1996 to 1997. She served as Minister of Health and Sanitation from 2010 to 2012.

Early life
The daughter of an imam, Zainab Hawa Bangura was born "Zainab Hawa Sesay" in the small rural town of Yonibana, Tonkolili District in the Northern Province of British Sierra Leone. She hails from the Temne ethnic group. She was born into a family of limited means, and she attended secondary school on a scholarship that was awarded to her by the Mathora Girls Secondary School near Magburaka. She later attended the Annie Walsh Girls Secondary School in the capital city of Freetown.

Then, after graduating from Sierra Leone's Fourah Bay College, Bangura moved to the United Kingdom for advanced diplomas in Insurance Management at the City University Business School of London and the University of Nottingham. While in her early 30s, she became vice-president of one of her country's largest insurance companies.

Bangura speaks three languages: Temne, Krio, and English.

Public life

Early activism
Bangura became a social activist during the difficult period when Sierra Leone was ruled by the NPRC military junta. She began with consciousness-raising efforts among urban market women, reminding her followers that her own mother was a market woman. In 1994 she founded Women Organized for a Morally Enlightened Nation (W.O.M.E.N.), the first non-partisan women's rights group in the country. The following year she co-founded the Campaign for Good Governance (CGG).  Then, using CGG as her platform, she campaigned for the holding of national elections that finally drove the NPRC from power in 1996 and restored democratic government. This was Sierra Leone's first democratic election in 25 years, and the Sierra Leonean media and the general public attributed that success largely to her efforts.

During Sierra Leone's civil war (1991–2002) Bangura spoke out forcefully against the atrocities committed against the civilian population by the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) and was targeted for assassination several times by that group. She also spoke against the corruption in the civilian government of President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah and the atrocities committed against civilians by government soldiers. In June 1997, as fighting engulfed the country, Bangura fled on a fishing boat to neighboring Guinea.

Political career
In the 2002 elections, Bangura ran against Kabbah for the presidency of Sierra Leone, departing for the first time from her accustomed role as a non-partisan civil society activist. She won less than one percent of the vote, and her Movement for Progress (MOP) party failed to gain any seats in Sierra Leone's parliament. Bangura claimed that her party's low vote count resulted from corruption in the voting system.

After the 2002 elections Bangura founded the National Accountability Group (NAG) whose mission was to fight against official corruption and to promote transparency and accountability in government. In 2006 she left Sierra Leone for neighbouring Liberia where she was appointed Director of the Civil Affairs Office in the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) and given responsibility for the reconstruction of 16 Liberian ministries and 30 government agencies following that country's devastating civil war.

Bangura returned to Sierra Leone in 2007 after Ernest Bai Koroma won the presidency in a hard-fought national election and was named foreign minister shortly thereafter. At the time, many Sierra Leoneans believed that the new president elevated this well known critic of government to such a high position to demonstrate his good faith in promising reform.

As a devoted Muslim, Bangura took time off politics in 2009 to travel to the Holy city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia to participate in the 2009 Hajj pilgrimage ceremony.

Career in international politics
In 2012, Bangura served on the United Nations Commission on Life-Saving Commodities, which was jointly chaired by Goodluck Jonathan and Jens Stoltenberg, and issued recommendations to increase access to and use of 13 essential commodities for women's and children's health.

Bangura subsequently assumed her next position as Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict at the level of Under-Secretary-General on 4 September 2012. In this capacity, she also chaired the interagency network UN Action Against Sexual Violence in Conflict. During her time in office, she helped launch an international protocol in 2014 for dealing with rape and sexual violence in conflict, providing guidelines on the investigation of sex crimes and the collection of evidence for future prosecutions. She notably negotiated a June 2015 deal with military commanders in Ivory Coast to prosecute soldiers accused of sexual violence. That same year, she visited Iraq and Syria and worked on an action plan to address the sexual violence being waged by Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS) fighters.

From 2018 until 2019, Bangura co-chaired (alongside Katherine Sierra) an Independent Commission on Sexual Misconduct, Accountability and Culture Change at Oxfam. In 2019, Guterres appointed her as Director-General of the United Nations Office at Nairobi, succeeding Maimunah Mohd Sharif.

Other activities
 International Gender Champions (IGC), Member
 Africa Group for Justice and Accountability, Member
 Interpeace, Member of the Governing Board
 United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), Member of the Division for Peace Advisory Board
 Women Political Leaders Global Forum (WPL), Member of the Global Advisory Board
 World Movement for Democracy, Chair of the Steering Committee

Recognition
Bangura has won several international awards for her promotion of democracy and human rights in Africa, including: the African International Award of Merit for Leadership (Nigeria, 1999); the Human Rights Award given by the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights (New York, 2000); the Bayard Rustin Humanitarian Award given by the A. Philip Randolph Institute (Washington, DC, ); and the Democracy Award given by the National Endowment for Democracy (Washington, DC, 2006).

In November 2013, Bangura received an award from Project 1808 Inc, an organisation in partnership with University of Wisconsin Madison African Studies, Division of International Studies. The award recognised Bangura for her effectiveness in bringing attention to the issues surrounding sexual violence throughout the world by engaging fellow world leaders, rebels, militants, victims and communities. In the same  year, she was also recognized as one of the BBC's 100 women.

See also

 United Nations Office at Nairobi
 Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict

References

Sources
 UN brief official biography
Profile of Zainab Bangura
 BBC television interview on "Hardtalk", May 10, 2013
 Letter from Zainab Bangura to Britain's Commission for Africa, ca. 2002
 Keynote Speech by Zainab Bangura, Durban, South Africa, 2004
 Profile of Zainab Bangura's Performance as Foreign Minister
 Article critical of Zainab Bangura and CGG

External links

1959 births
Living people
All People's Congress politicians
Alumni of the University of Nottingham
Annie Walsh Memorial School alumni
Female foreign ministers
Foreign Ministers of Sierra Leone
Health ministers of Sierra Leone
Fourah Bay College alumni
People from Tonkolili District
Sierra Leonean activists
Sierra Leonean women activists
Sierra Leonean women diplomats
Sierra Leonean Muslims
Women government ministers of Sierra Leone
Temne people
20th-century Sierra Leonean women politicians
20th-century Sierra Leonean politicians
21st-century Sierra Leonean women politicians
21st-century Sierra Leonean politicians
Special Representatives of the Secretary-General of the United Nations

Zainab Bangura


God Save the King, eða God Save the Queen, er þjóðsöngur Breta.

Texti ljóðsins
1. God save our gracious King,
Long live our noble King,
God save the King!
Send him victorious,
Happy and glorious,
Long to reign over us;
God save the King!

2. O Lord our God arise,
Scatter her enemies
And make them fall;
Confound their politics,
Frustrate their knavish tricks,
On Thee our hopes we fix,
God save us all!

3. Thy choicest gifts in store
On him be pleased to pour;
Long may he reign;
May he defend our laws,
And ever give us cause
To sing with heart and voice,
God save the King!

4. Not in this land alone,
But be God's mercies known,
From shore to shore!
Lord make the nations see,
That men should brothers be,
And form one family,
The wide world over.

5. From every latent foe,
From the assassins blow,
God save the King!
O'er him thine arm extend,
For Britain's sake defend,
Our father, prince, and friend,
God save the King!

Þjóðartákn Bretlands
Þjóðsöngvar

God Save the King


The Missa in Angustiis (Mass for troubled times) is one of fourteen masses written by Joseph Haydn. It is also called Nelson mass, because it was first performed after Lord Horatio Nelson won a battle against Napoleon Bonaparte. It was written in 1798. It is one of the six masses Haydn wrote towards the end of his life.

Masses (music)
Compositions by Joseph Haydn

Missa in angustiis


George Fleming (1800?1880?) was an African-American explorer and trader. A former slave, he accompanied David Livingstone in exploring northern Botswana and central Africa.

In 1849, Fleming served as cook on the expedition of Livingstone, William Oswell, Mungo Murray and Hubert Wilson to 'discover' Lake Ngami. In 1851, he travelled to the BaKololo with Livingstone and Oswell. Backed financially by Howson Rutherford, Fleming established himself as a trader in the interior. In 1853, he explored the Zambezi with Livingstone, and after separating from Livingstone may have been the first explorer to visit Victoria Falls. In 1856, he carried London Missionary Society supplies to Livingstone in Quelimane, Mozambique. Thereafter he disappears from the record, though he is said to have been living at the Cape in the 1870s.

References

1800s births
Year of birth uncertain
1880s deaths
Year of death uncertain
19th-century African-American people
American explorers

David Livingstone
American freedmen

George Fleming (explorer)


A movie release (or premiere) is when a completed movie is released for the public to see. It may be in theaters or for home viewing. A movie's release date can affect how much money the movie makes.

Marketing

A movie's release date and how it is released is a part of the marketing of the movie. Often a movie will be tested on selected audiences to see how they like it. This is called a limited release. A movie might also be shown first at a film festival to see how it does. If an audience does not like something, the moviemakers can make changes before it is released to the public.

Movie studios limit the number of major movies they release in a year. They also try not to release a major movie at the same time another studio does. The timing of when a movie is released can affect how much money it makes. When A Little Princess was released in 1995, the movie Pocahontas was released at the same time. Even worse (for revenues), both were aimed at the same target audience.

Movie calendar

There were traditional times of the year for releases of certain types of movies. Summer was the traditional time to release blockbuster movies. These are large budget movies with a great deal of publicity. Spring was the usual time for art films. Another major time of the year to release major movies is Christmas. Lately, however, the movie calendar has become very crowded with more new releases. This means that blockbuster movies now come out all during the year.

Prints and advertising

A print is a copy of the physical film itself. Each movie theater needs a print for showing. This becomes expensive and along with advertising they are called 'P&A'. Advertising can include parties for the stars of the movie. It can also mean arranging interviews on talk shows and placing movie clips on  video sharing websites like YouTube. This is to get people talking about the movie. The period of time for advertising a movie only a few weeks before it is released. After that time it is hoped word of mouth will advertise the movie.

The movie Four Weddings and a Funeral was released in the United States in 1994. The distributor, Polygram, had a limited P&A budget. They released the movie on a limited basis, in New York and Los Angeles. They spent heavily on advertising in these cities hoping the limited release would be a success. In this case it was and they used the profits to gradually release the movie all over the country. This is called a 'platform release'. It allows smaller movie studios to compete with the large P&A budgets of the big studios.

References

Other websites
 Seven Release Strategies That Can Make or Break Your Movie
 How Movie Marketing Works

Movie industry

Movie release


According to the Bible, Japhet or Japheth was the oldest son of Noah. His name means "increase". Many think Japhet is the ancestor of the peoples of Europe (like the Indo-European people) and North and Central Asia.

Sons
He had seven sons:
 Gomer, who populated Western Europe. Gomer had three sons named Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah.
 Magog, who populated Northern Asia
 Madai, who founded the Medes
 Javan, who founded the Greeks. Javan had four sons named Elishah (Greece), Tarshish (Spain), Kittim (Rome), and Rodanim (or Dodanim; Rhodes).
 Tubal and Meshech, who populated Russia. In Ezekiel 38, there is a prophecy that they (Russia) will invade Israel.
 Tiras, who populated Thrace

He also had a daughter, Keturah, who married Abraham after the death of his wife Sarah.

References

Old Testament people

Japhet


Ricardo Chambers (born 7 October 1984) is a Jamaican track and field athlete who specialises in the 400 metres.

Hailing from Trelawny Parish in Jamaica, he moved to the United States to study on a sports scholarship at Florida State University. Competing for the Florida State Seminoles, he won the silver medal over 400 m at the 2006 NCAA Championships, breaking the FSU record with a run of 44.71 seconds.

He enjoyed success at the NACAC Under-23 Championships later that year, setting a championship record of 45.09 seconds to win the 400 m and anchoring the Jamaican 4×400 metres relay team of Huntley Thomas, Leford Green and Bryan Steele to a second gold medal and record. He represented Jamaica at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games. He was fifth in the 400 m, easily beaten by Yeimer Lopez, but finished the competition on a high by winning the relay gold with Sanjay Ayre, Green and Steele, running a Games record of 3:01.78.

Chambers turned professional for the 2007 season and competed at the 2007 World Championships in Athletics. He made it to the semi-finals of the individual 400 m, but greater success came in the relay, as he took fourth place in the final for Jamaica. His next major competition was the 2008 Summer Olympics. He again was a semi-finalist in the men's 400 metres, but the Jamaican relay team performed poorly in the event final, failing to match their time from the heats and finishing in last place. He was the Jamaican champion the following year, but his third global appearance – at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics – held similar results; he finished third in his semi-final and was eliminated in the heats in the relay.

In the 2010 season he competed at the World Indoor Championships for the first time. He was a 400 m semifinalist but an injury to Ayre in the relay meant the Jamaican relay team did not finish. He improved his personal best to 44.54 seconds with a run at the Herculis meeting in Monaco, finishing second behind compatriot Jermaine Gonzales. He was selected to represent the Americas team over 400 m at the 2010 IAAF Continental Cup and he won his first medal at a global competition. He ran near his personal best, recording 44.59 seconds, to take the silver medal behind his teammate Jeremy Wariner. He closed the competition by running the anchor leg of the relay for the Americas team which won in a championship record of 2:59.00, breaking the USA's 29-year-old mark.

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Jamaican male sprinters
Olympic athletes for Jamaica
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Trelawny Parish
Florida State Seminoles men's track and field athletes
World Athletics Championships athletes for Jamaica
Athletes (track and field) at the 2015 Pan American Games
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Jamaica
Competitors at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games
IAAF Continental Cup winners
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in athletics
Pan American Games competitors for Jamaica

Ricardo Chambers


The Randolph Hotel or Hotel Randolph is a nine-story hotel located in Des Moines, Iowa, United States. This hotel was designed and built by the H.L. Stevens & Company in 1911.  It rents rooms for a weekly rate. Most guests are considered long term, meaning they stay for more than thirty consecutive days. The Randolph Hotel is located on the corner of Fourth Street and Court Avenue downtown, along the historic Court Avenue strip.

It is an eight-story hotel "constructed in 1912 as the first tall and only 'absolutely fireproof hotel' in the city" of Des Moines, Iowa. Ironically there was a fire on 2-19-2010. It is located at 200-204 4th Street in the downtown commercial district of Des Moines.

The property was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on June 11, 2009, and the listing was announced as the featured listing in the National Park Service's weekly list of June 19, 2009.

In 2008, rehabilitation of the building into low- and moderate-income rental housing, to be funded in part by federal and state historic preservation tax credits, was planned.

References

Buildings and structures in Des Moines, Iowa
Economy of Des Moines, Iowa
Hotel buildings completed in 1912
Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Des Moines, Iowa
1912 establishments in Iowa

Randolph Hotel (Des Moines, Iowa)


The Omaha Hotel is a former railroad hotel in Neillsville, Wisconsin, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was built in 1893, near a railroad depot to serve middle-income and business travelers. It continued to operate as a hotel until the 1940s, during which time it was renamed the Hotel Paulus and later the Hamilton Hotel.

History
Entrepreneurs Peter and Ed Weber saw an opportunity to cater to railroad travelers in Neilsville in the late 19th century. The Webers purchased a lot to the immediate south of the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railway, less than a block away from the Neilsville depot. The hotel was built by August Schoengarth; construction began with the foundation in November 1892 and finished in 1893. The Webers chose the name Omaha Hotel, which created the perception that it was affiliated with the railroad. The rear of the hotel was visible from the depot platform and used as a billboard to travelers, advertising its rate. The hotel operated on the European Plan, excluding meals from the room price. The hotel was not intended for luxury, instead catering to middle-income and business travelers.

In 1908, James Paulus purchased the hotel and renamed it the Hotel Paulus. "Hotel Paulus" was added to the west face of the hotel, the sign remains today. Beginning in the 1920s, the hotel was operated by Clarence Hamilton and known as the Hamilton Hotel. The hotel was vacant by the early 1940s. Furniture dealer and undertaker Herbert Lowe bought the building in July 1945; he converted the second floor into apartments and used the first floor to store furniture.

The 2003–2004 Neillsville Architectural Survey identified the hotel as possibly eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places. The building was listed on the Register on March 20, 2013. , the Omaha Hotel is one of two historic hotels that survive in Neillsville. The owners of the building intend to rehabilitate the structure and turn it into residential and retail space.

Design
The building is located at the western edge of the town's commercial district, at the northeast corner of the intersection of 7th Street and Clay Street. It is a two-story, late Victorian rectangular building measuring  with a  one-story wing along the east wall. The exterior consists of red clay bricks manufactured locally and laid in running bond. The foundation is stone with a full basement. The south and west walls face the street and are topped with a bracketed metal cornice. The north and east faces of the building are utilitarian in appearance. The property includes one "non-contributing" garage built circa 1970. A non-original one-story aluminum addition extends from the north wall of the wing flush to the north face of the building.

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Clark County, Wisconsin

References

Bibliography

Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin
Buildings and structures in Clark County, Wisconsin
Defunct hotels in the United States
Hotel buildings completed in 1893
1893 establishments in Wisconsin
National Register of Historic Places in Clark County, Wisconsin

Omaha Hotel


In rail transport, a locomotive is the part of a train that makes the train move. Normally, it is the first part of the train, and has an engine. Some trains do not have a separate locomotive; they have motors in the other parts of the train.

Diesel locomotive

A diesel locomotive is powered by a diesel engine. The diesel engine may drive the locomotive's wheels directly via a gearbox, shaft or chain (called mechanical transmission) or by using a hydraulic transmission system (diesel-hydraulic). Most of the locomotives in the world are diesel-electric, due to their ease of use and reliability. They generate electricity and use it to power the wheels. They can be more powerful than steam locomotives and do not need an expensive power grid like electric locomotives.

Steam locomotive

A steam locomotive uses wood, coal or oil (but mostly coal) as fuel to heat water in a boiler, which turns into steam which pushes pistons to power the train. Steam locomotives were invented in the early 19th century. They are not widely used any more due to their operational costs, especially the fuel costs; steam locomotives are now mostly only used on tourist railroads.

Electric locomotive

An electric locomotive runs on electricity as the name suggests. Electric locomotives cost the least to buy and operate. However, the railway electrification system is very expensive, so only tracks used by many trains per day are usually electrified. Thus, electrics are only the second next used type, behind diesel locomotives.

Locomotive


Ira Ingram (August 19, 1788 – September 22, 1837)  was a soldier, legislator, and a land owner.  He was a member of Stephen F. Austin's Old Three Hundred. Ingram is also noted for being the Republic of Texas's first Speaker of the House.

Early life
Ira Ingram was born in Brookfield, Vermont, the son of Philip and Rachael (Burton) Ingram.  Ingram then lived in Tennessee, where he stayed until he moved to New Orleans, Louisiana.  In New Orleans, he married Emily B. Holt of Tennessee on March 13, 1823.  They had one daughter.  Emily Ingram died in October 1824.

Texas
In January 1826, Ingram and his brother Seth moved to the Austin's Colony at his brother's recommendation.  In 1828, they were partners in a merchandising establishment in San Felipe de Austin (presently known as San Felipe, Texas).  Ira ran for mayor (alcalde) of San Felipe de Austin but lost to Thomas M. Duke.  However, that year he represented the Mina District at the Convention of 1832 and San Felipe in the Convention of 1833.  The next year, he was elected the first alcalde of Matagorda.

The Texas Revolution broke out on October 2, 1835.  On December 22, 1835, Ingram wrote the Goliad Declaration of Independence.  Ingram also played a key role in the Texas Revolution. After the war, he was the first Speaker of the House for the Republic of Texas.  He served during the First Congress of the Republic of Texas (1836–37).

See also
List of Convention of 1832 delegates

References

Republic of Texas politicians
1st Congress of the Republic of Texas
1788 births
1837 deaths
Convention of 1832 delegates
Politicians from Austin, Texas
People of the Texas Revolution
Members of the Texas House of Representatives
Speakers of the Republic of Texas House of Representatives
19th-century American politicians

Ira Ingram


Apple Maps is a mapping service. It is an app that comes with every iPhone, iPad, iPod touch, Mac, and Apple Watch, but not available on the web. It gives information about local businesses and their ratings, and reads driving directions as you are driving; or on an Apple Watch, it will vibrate when you need to turn. Apple Maps is also known for its 3D views of many major metro areas, which has been compared favorably to Google Earth.

It started in 2012, but when it started many users did not trust it and went back to using Google Maps. Apple has been busy fixing it so users can trust it, and nowadays Apple Maps is used 3.5 times as much as Google Maps on devices Apple Maps is supported. At first, Apple Maps was only on iOS, but Apple has made it so Apple Maps can also be used on Macs and Apple Watches.

Cartography
Apple software

Apple Maps


The Last Judgment () is a 1961 commedia all'italiana film by Italian director Vittorio De Sica. It was coproduced with France.

It has an all-star Italian and international cast, including Americans Jack Palance, Ernest Borgnine; Greek Melina Mercouri and French Fernandel, Anouk Aimée and Lino Ventura.

The film was a huge flop, massacred by critics and audiences when it was released. It was filmed in black and white, but the last sequence, the dance at theatre, is in color.

Plot
At the morning of a normal day of a Naples that begins to hear complex and not always positive effects of the economic boom, a stentorian voice (Nicola Rossi-Lemeni) which seems to come down from heaven announces that "At 18 begins the Last Judgement!".
The announcement is repeated with increasing insistence, first treated with disdain and then more and more frightening. The plot is fragmented into a series of scenarios and stories intertwined: the preparation of the great ball of the Duke to whom all Naples is requested, the struggle to get dressed up in the poorest districts, bored rich you are courting, a husband who accidentally discovers his wife with her lover, a cynical imagine that ekes out a living selling children in America, a young man of good company made the subject of sneers from fierce populace, the unlikely defense of a lobbyist by a wordy lawyer (the by De Sica), and the impact of the increasingly mysterious voice shaking innovation of this human variety. Those who repent too late, he who gives himself to the mad joy, who flaunts a false indifference.
Announced time, the city is impacted by a terrible flood (the mysterious voice that has already passed the stage of sanctions?) After which, with great solemnity, the Last Judgment begins and ends, however, as mysteriously as it is announced. The sun came out, people rushed to the ball of the Duke and soon everything is forgotten, the sound of an ironic "Lullaby", coined shortly before by a hypocritical and false slavery.

Cast
 Alberto Sordi - Merchant of children
 Vittorio Gassman - Cimino
 Anouk Aimée - Giorgio's wife Irene
 Fernandel - The widower
 Nino Manfredi - Waiter
 Silvana Mangano - Letizia Matteoni
 Paolo Stoppa - Giorgio
 Jaime de Mora y Aragón - Ambassador
 Renato Rascel - Coppola
 Melina Mercouri - Foreign lady
 Jack Palance - Matteoni
 Lino Ventura - Giovanna's father
Elisa Cegani - Giovanna's mother
 Vittorio De Sica - Defense lawyer
Ernest Borgnine - the pickpocket
Eleonora Brown - Giovanna
 Jimmy Durante - the big nose man
 Franco Franchi and Ciccio Ingrassia - the unemployed men
 Domenico Modugno - the singer
 Marisa Merlini - a mother
 Mike Bongiorno - himself
 Akim Tamiroff - the director
 Maria Pia Casilio - the waitress
 Alberto Bonucci - the guest in Matteoni's house
 Lamberto Maggiorani - a poor man

External links

1961 films
Films directed by Vittorio De Sica
1960s Italian-language films
Commedia all'italiana
Films set in Italy
Films set in Naples
1961 comedy films
Magic realism films
Films produced by Dino De Laurentiis
Films with screenplays by Cesare Zavattini
Apocalyptic films
Films scored by Alessandro Cicognini
1960s Italian films

The Last Judgment (1961 film)


In mathematics, the universe of discourse or domain of discourse is a set of all elements to which a function applies. A variable can take any of the values in its universe of discourse.

The term is also used informally.
"In every discourse, whether of the mind conversing with its own thoughts, or of the individual in his intercourse with others, there is an assumed or expressed limit within which the subjects of its operation are confined. The most unfettered discourse is that in which the words we use are understood in the widest possible application, and for them the limits of discourse are co-extensive with those of the universe itself. But more usually we confine ourselves to a less spacious field. Sometimes, in discoursing of men we imply (without expressing the limitation) that it is of men only under certain circumstances and conditions that we speak, as of civilized men, or of men in the vigour of life, or of men under some other condition or relation. Now, whatever may be the extent of the field within which all the objects of our discourse are found, that field may properly be termed the universe of discourse. Furthermore, this universe of discourse is in the strictest sense the ultimate subject of the discourse".

References

Mathematics
Communication

Universe of discourse


Ayuo Takahashi (born October 19, 1960) is a Japanese-born American composer, poet, lyricist, singer and performer of plucked string instruments including guitar, bouzouki, Irish harp, Chinese zheng, Japanese koto, and medieval European psaltery. He is adept at adapting the ancient music of Japan, China, Persia, Greece and medieval Europe to create a new and original music without abandoning their strict forms, while simultaneously making them relevant to contemporary music styles. He has composed for classical ensembles including string quartets, piano, various chamber ensembles and orchestra, as well as composed, produced and performed with rock, jazz and musicians of various traditional music from around the world. He has also composed many music theater pieces, some of which has been released on CD in the United States and Japan.

Biography

Ayuo Takahashi was born in Tokyo, and spent his early childhood traveling in Germany, Sweden and France with his parents. His father, Yuji Takahashi, is a composer of contemporary classical music and a pianist known for premiering works by Iannis Xenakis and John Cage. Ayuo and his parents settled in New York City in 1966. Ayuo grew up listening to both the new avant-garde experimental and contemporary music and the psychedelic rock music of the 1960s. He often went to museums, art galleries and cinemas to see exhibitions of contemporary art and the new cinema. At the same time, he also saw Japanese traditional Noh plays, and heard ancient and medieval music from Japan and Europe. All these were to become important influences in Ayuo's music and music-theater pieces. Ayuo's parents divorced in 1969, and Ayuo's mother married an American of Iranian descent, who came from a family that performed traditional Persian music in the courts of the Iranian Shah. This gave Ayuo the opportunity to hear Persian traditional music, which was also to leave a lasting influence on his music.

In 1975, Ayuo's mother and step-father separated, while Ayuo was visiting his father in Japan, forcing him to live there. His first studio recording was in 1976 with his father, Yuji Takahashi, Ryuichi Sakamoto, and Masahiko Togashi on the CD "Twilight" released on Columbia Records in Japan.

Adjusting to life in Japan as a teenager was difficult, and Ayuo would later make that the main theme on his CD "What We Look Like In The Picture" released in 2006 from Zipangu in Japan.
Ayuo spent his high school years writing poetry and appearing in poetry reading competitions.

Ayuo joined Keiji Haino's group "Fushitsusha" in 1979, and performed improvisation with many musicians in what was the final period of the "free music scene" in Japan of the 1970s.

Ayuo studied the traditional plucked string instrument, Biwa, with Kinshi Tsuruta. He studied contemporary music composition with Minao Shibata and Joji Yuasa.

His first solo record,"Carmina", was recorded in 1983 and released in 1984 from Epic-Sony. Since then, he has released over a dozen solo albums, collaborating with a diverse group of individuals, including Peter Hammill, Ryuichi Sakamoto, Danny Thompson, Maddy Prior,  Takehisa Kosugi, Carlos Alomar, John Zorn, Bill Laswell, Dave Mattacks, Yohji Yamamoto, Jadranka Stojaković, Hiromi Ōta, Yoko Ueno, Clive Deamer,  Mikigami Koichi,  Wataru Ohkuma, Aki Takahashi,  Mie Miki, Kazue Sawai and many Japanese traditional musicians. Three CDs of his music have been released in the United States from the TZADIK label in the 21st century.

Ayuo has composed music for films, ballet, contemporary dance, and theater. Border Line, directed by the Japanese film director Lee Sang-il in 2002, features music mostly performed alone by Ayuo.

Music

Ayuo has a unique distinctive style in his music. He can create music which balances on traditions of world music, improvisation, new age, psychedelic, avant-pop, electronica and classical composition, without losing his distinctive voice in the music he creates.
For the first Tzadik CD, he was introduced as the "one of the most enigmatic figures in Japan".

He has also made unique arrangements of compositions by Erik Satie, Claude Debussy, Richard Wagner, Maurice Ravel, Toru Takemitsu and other classical composers

Lyrics

Ayuo's lyrics are often about difficulties in human relationship, especially between different cultures, and between men and women. His lyrics often include scientific, literary or historical references. He often uses texts by philosophers from Japan, Middle East, and Europe, such as Dogen, Rumi, Kazantzakis, and others. Two of his music-theater compositions are based on a medieval Japanese Noh play by Zeami. Another music-theater composition is based on the story "Blue Eyes, Black Hair" by Marguerite Duras. There are also compositions based on mythic themes, such as the story of Pele and Hi'iaka from Hawaii, and story of the Sun god from ancient India. Ayuo often writes on the liner notes of his CDs that he was influenced by the scholar of world myths and comparative religion, Joseph Campbell.

Discography

Albums released in Japan

Carmina (1984)
Silent Film (1985)
Shizukani Okitegoran (1985)
Memory Theatre (1985)
Nova Carmina (1986)
Blue Eyes, Black Hair (1995)
Heavenly Garden Orchestra (1995)
Songs from a Eurasian Journey (1997)
Earth Guitar (2000)
Stoned (2002)
E No Naka No Sugata (What We Look Like In The Picture) (2006)
dna (2009)

Albums released in the US

Izutsu (2000)
Red Moon (2004)
AOI (2005)

Albums released in South Korea

Songs from a Eurasian Journey (1998)

Albums produced by Ayuo

Kazue Sawai/ Me to Me (Eye to Eye)(1988)

External links

 https://www.youtube.com/user/NovaCarmina?feature=mhee
 singersong.homestead.com
 www.psychemusic.org
 www.allmusic.com/artist/ayuo-q70718

1960 births
20th-century American composers
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century classical composers
20th-century Japanese composers
20th-century Japanese guitarists
20th-century Japanese male musicians
21st-century American composers
21st-century American guitarists
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century classical composers
21st-century Japanese composers
21st-century Japanese guitarists
21st-century Japanese male musicians
American classical composers
American classical guitarists
American experimental musicians
American film score composers
American lyricists
American male classical composers
American male film score composers
American male guitarists
American male singers
American male songwriters
American record producers
Artists from New York (state)
Classical musicians from New York (state)
Japanese classical composers
Japanese classical guitarists
Japanese experimental musicians
Japanese film score composers
Japanese lyricists
Japanese male classical composers
Japanese male film score composers
Japanese male singers
Japanese record producers
Japanese songwriters
Living people
Singers from Tokyo
Tzadik Records artists

Ayuo Takahashi


Duppas Hill (or Duppa's Hill) is a park, road and surrounding residential area in Waddon, near Croydon in Greater London (and historically in Surrey).

Duppas Hill has a long history of sport and recreation.  It is said that jousting took place there in medieval times and the story goes that Lord William de Warenne was treacherously slain there during a joust in 1286.

Cricket

Duppas Hill was used by Croydon Cricket Club for cricket matches in the 18th century. The earliest known match took place in 1707 when Croydon played the London Club. It is recorded frequently in the 1730s as the home venue of Croydon and sometimes by Surrey teams.

Workhouse
Duppas Hill was the site of the Croydon workhouse. In 1726 the Vestry of Croydon resolved to erect the town's first workhouse at a site on what was then called Dubber's or Duppa's hill, after Bishop Brian Duppa. The establishment was open by the end of the following year and governed by a committee of Trustees. In 1836 it became the Croydon Poor Law Union workhouse. The workhouse moved to a new building at Thornton Heath in 1866, but the infirmary remained in the Duppas Hill buildings until 1885 and the establishment of a new infirmary (later Mayday Hospital, and now Croydon University Hospital) close to the new workhouse.

Public recreation

There has been a public park at Duppas Hill since 1865, when the Croydon Board of Health bought land from the Ecclesiastical Commissioners for £2,000 to create Croydon's first recreation ground. It was laid out with paths, a bandstand, pavilion and an ornate drinking fountain. The Board of Health had to deal with cattle trespassing, drinking booths and other problems. The Board had proposed enclosing it with iron posts and railings intending to turn the area into a park rather than a recreation ground for all to enjoy sports and games freely, and in particular aimed to restrict horse-riding. Some of the Board wanted to ban horse-riding completely on the public open space, others to ban grooms exercising horses but not the general public riding for pleasure. Sir Francis Head, a famous soldier who lived at Duppas Hall overlooking the park, chaired a large public meeting to prevent the enclosure, wrote letters and memoranda to the press and headed a memorial of 3,500 people protesting against enclosure.  He argued that the horse riders protected defenceless ladies, but he was eventually satisfied with notices forbidding people from exercising their horses, with Duppas Hill becoming the space for recreation it still is today.

The ground was used for public celebrations and firework displays. On the eve of the 1926 General Strike, it was the venue of a mass rally of trade unionists and workers. In World War II it hosted a baseball match between American and Canadian soldiers.

Today the park is still a recreation ground, and football and cricket are still played there.  Part of the site was used as the Heath Clark school, later part of Croydon College, which has now been developed into housing.

Duppas Hill Road and Duppas Hill Lane

The road is a section of the Ewell to Orpington A232 road, preceded by Stafford Road to the west and succeeded by the Croydon Flyover to the east. It is a no-stopping Red Route for its entire length (except slip roads).

See also
List of Parks and Open Spaces in Croydon

References

Further reading

 (1997) Hidden History in Croydon's Parks, Croydon Council

External links
 History of Duppas Hill, Croydon Council

1707 establishments in England
Areas of London
Cricket grounds in Surrey
Cricket in Surrey
Defunct cricket grounds in England
Districts of the London Borough of Croydon
English cricket venues in the 18th century
History of Surrey
Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Croydon
Sport in the London Borough of Croydon
Sports venues completed in 1707
Sports venues in Surrey
Poor law infirmaries

Duppas Hill


In mathematics, the sign of a real number is its property of being either positive, negative, or 0.

In some contexts, it makes sense to consider a signed zero (such as floating-point representations of real numbers within computers).
Depending on local conventions, zero may be considered as being neither positive nor negative (having no sign or a unique third sign), or it may be considered both positive and negative (having both signs). Whenever not specifically mentioned, this article adheres to the first convention (zero having undefined sign).

In mathematics and physics, the phrase "change of sign" is associated with the generation of the additive inverse (negation, or multiplication by −1) of any object that allows for this construction, and is not restricted to real numbers. It applies among other objects to vectors, matrices, and complex numbers, which are not prescribed to be only either positive, negative, or zero.

The word "sign" is also often used to indicate other binary aspects of mathematical objects that resemble positivity and negativity, such as odd and even (sign of a permutation), sense of orientation or rotation (cw/ccw), one sided limits, and other concepts described in  below.

Sign of a number
Numbers from various number systems, like integers, rationals, complex numbers, quaternions, octonions, ... may have multiple attributes, that fix certain properties of a number. A number system that bears the structure of an ordered ring contains a unique number that when added with any number leaves the latter unchanged. This unique number is known as the system's additive identity element. For example, the integers has the structure of an ordered ring. This number is generally denoted as  Because of the total order in this ring, there are numbers greater than zero, called the positive numbers. Another property required for a ring to be ordered is that, for each positive number, there exists a unique corresponding number less than  whose sum with the original positive number is  These numbers less than  are called the negative numbers. The numbers in each such pair are their respective additive inverses. This attribute of a number, being exclusively either zero , positive , or negative , is called its sign, and is often encoded to the real numbers , , and , respectively (similar to the way the sign function is defined). Since rational and real numbers are also ordered rings (in fact ordered fields), the sign attribute also applies to these number systems.

When a minus sign is used in between two numbers, it represents the binary operation of subtraction. When a minus sign is written before a single number, it represents the unary operation of yielding the additive inverse (sometimes called negation) of the operand. Abstractly then, the difference of two number is the sum of the minuend with the additive inverse of the subtrahend. While  is its own additive inverse (), the additive inverse of a positive number is negative, and the additive inverse of a negative number is positive. A double application of this operation is written as . The plus sign is predominantly used in algebra to denote the binary operation of addition, and only rarely to emphasize the positivity of an expression.

In common numeral notation (used in arithmetic and elsewhere), the sign of a number is often made explicit by placing a plus or a minus sign before the number. For example,  denotes "positive three", and  denotes "negative three" (algebraically: the additive inverse of ). Without specific context (or when no explicit sign is given), a number is interpreted per default as positive. This notation establishes a strong association of the minus sign "" with negative numbers, and the plus sign "+" with positive numbers.

Sign of zero
Within the convention of zero being neither positive nor negative, a specific sign-value  may be assigned to the number value . This is exploited in the -function, as defined for real numbers. In arithmetic,  and  both denote the same number . There is generally no danger of confusing the value with its sign, although the convention of assigning both signs to  does not immediately allow for this discrimination.

In some contexts, especially in computing, it is useful to consider signed versions of zero, with signed zeros referring to different, discrete number representations (see signed number representations for more).

The symbols  and  rarely appear as substitutes for  and , used in calculus and mathematical analysis for one-sided limits (right-sided limit and left-sided limit, respectively). This notation refers to the behaviour of a function as its real input variable approaches  along positive (resp., negative) values; the two limits need not exist or agree.

Terminology for signs

When  is said to be neither positive nor negative, the following phrases may refer to the sign of a number:
 A number is positive if it is greater than zero.
 A number is negative if it is less than zero.
 A number is non-negative if it is greater than or equal to zero.
 A number is non-positive if it is less than or equal to zero.

When  is said to be both positive and negative , modified phrases are used to refer to the sign of a number:
 A number is strictly positive if it is greater than zero.
 A number is strictly negative if it is less than zero.
 A number is positive if it is greater than or equal to zero.
 A number is negative if it is less than or equal to zero.

For example, the absolute value of a real number is always "non-negative", but is not necessarily "positive" in the first interpretation, whereas in the second interpretation, it is called "positive"—though not necessarily "strictly positive".

The same terminology is sometimes used for functions that yield real or other signed values. For example, a function would be called a positive function if its values are positive for all arguments of its domain, or a non-negative function if all of its values are non-negative.

Complex numbers
Complex numbers are impossible to order, so they cannot carry the structure of an ordered ring, and, accordingly, cannot be partitioned into positive and negative complex numbers. They do, however, share an attribute with the reals, which is called absolute value or magnitude. Magnitudes are always non-negative real numbers, and to any non-zero number there belongs a positive real number, its absolute value.

For example, the absolute value of  and the absolute value of  are both equal to . This is written in symbols as  and .

In general, any arbitrary real value can be specified by its magnitude and its sign. Using the standard encoding, any real value is given by the product of the magnitude and the sign in standard encoding. This relation can be generalized to define a sign for complex numbers.

Since the real and complex numbers both form a field and contain the positive reals, they also contain the reciprocals of the magnitudes of all non-zero numbers. This means that any non-zero number may be multiplied with the reciprocal of its magnitude, that is, divided by its magnitude. It is immediate that the quotient of any non-zero real number by its magnitude yields exactly its sign. By analogy, the  can be defined as the quotient  and its  The sign of a complex number is the exponential of the product of its argument with the imaginary unit. represents in some sense its complex argument. This is to be compared to the sign of real numbers, except with  For the definition of a complex sign-function. see  below.

Sign functions

When dealing with numbers, it is often convenient to have their sign available as a number. This is accomplished by functions that extract the sign of any number, and map it to a predefined value before making it available for further calculations. For example, it might be advantageous to formulate an intricate algorithm for positive values only, and take care of the sign only afterwards.

Real sign function
The sign function or signum function extracts the sign of a real number, by mapping the set of real numbers to the set of the three reals  It can be defined as follows:

Thus  is 1 when  is positive, and  is −1 when  is negative. For non-zero values of , this function can also be defined by the formula

where  is the absolute value of .

Complex sign function
While a real number has a 1-dimensional direction, a complex number has a 2-dimensional direction. The complex sign function requires the magnitude of its argument , which can be calculated as

Analogous to above, the complex sign function extracts the complex sign of a complex number by mapping the set of non-zero complex numbers to the set of unimodular complex numbers, and  to :  It may be defined as follows:

Let  be also expressed by its magnitude and one of its arguments  as  then

This definition may also be recognized as a normalized vector, that is, a vector whose direction is unchanged, and whose length is fixed to unity. If the original value was R,θ in polar form, then sign(R, θ) is 1 θ. Extension of sign() or signum() to any number of dimensions is obvious, but this has already been defined as normalizing a vector.

Signs per convention

In situations where there are exactly two possibilities on equal footing for an attribute, these are often labelled by convention as plus and minus, respectively. In some contexts, the choice of this assignment (i.e., which range of values is considered positive and which negative) is natural, whereas in other contexts, the choice is arbitrary, making an explicit sign convention necessary, the only requirement being consistent use of the convention.

Sign of an angle

In many contexts, it is common to associate a sign with the measure of an angle, particularly an oriented angle or an angle of rotation. In such a situation, the sign indicates whether the angle is in the clockwise or counterclockwise direction. Though different conventions can be used, it is common in mathematics to have counterclockwise angles count as positive, and clockwise angles count as negative.

It is also possible to associate a sign to an angle of rotation in three dimensions, assuming that the axis of rotation has been oriented. Specifically, a right-handed rotation around an oriented axis typically counts as positive, while a left-handed rotation counts as negative.

An angle which is the negative of a given angle has an equal arc, but the opposite axis.

Sign of a change
When a quantity x changes over time, the change in the value of x is typically defined by the equation

Using this convention, an increase in x counts as positive change, while a decrease of x counts as negative change. In calculus, this same convention is used in the definition of the derivative. As a result, any increasing function has positive derivative, while any decreasing function has negative derivative.

Sign of a direction
When studying one-dimensional displacements and motions in analytic geometry and physics, it is common to label the two possible directions as positive and negative. Because the number line is usually drawn with positive numbers to the right, and negative numbers to the left, a common convention is for motions to the right to be given a positive sign, and for motions to the left to be given a negative sign.

On the Cartesian plane, the rightward and upward directions are usually thought of as positive, with rightward being the positive x-direction, and upward being the positive y-direction. If a displacement vector is separated into its vector components, then the horizontal part will be positive for motion to the right and negative for motion to the left, while the vertical part will be positive for motion upward and negative for motion downward.

Likewise, a negative speed (rate of change of displacement) implies a velocity in the opposite direction, i.e., receding instead of advancing; a special case is the radial speed.

In 3D space, notions related to sign can be found in the two normal orientations and orientability in general.

Signedness in computing

In computing, an integer value may be either signed or unsigned, depending on whether the computer is keeping track of a sign for the number. By restricting an integer variable to non-negative values only, one more bit can be used for storing the value of a number. Because of the way integer arithmetic is done within computers, signed number representations usually do not store the sign as a single independent bit, instead using e.g. two's complement.

In contrast, real numbers are stored and manipulated as floating point values. The floating point values are represented using three separate values, mantissa, exponent, and sign. Given this separate sign bit, it is possible to represent both positive and negative zero. Most programming languages normally treat positive zero and negative zero as equivalent values, albeit, they provide means by which the distinction can be detected.

Other meanings

In addition to the sign of a real number, the word sign is also used in various related ways throughout mathematics and other sciences:
 Words up to sign mean that, for a quantity , it is known that either  or  for certain . It is often expressed as . For real numbers, it means that only the absolute value  of the quantity is known. For complex numbers and vectors, a quantity known up to sign is a stronger condition than a quantity with known magnitude: aside  and , there are many other possible values of  such that .
 The sign of a permutation is defined to be positive if the permutation is even, and negative if the permutation is odd.
 In graph theory, a signed graph is a graph in which each edge has been marked with a positive or negative sign.
 In mathematical analysis, a signed measure is a generalization of the concept of measure in which the measure of a set may have positive or negative values.
 The concept of signed distance is used to convey side, inside or out.
 The ideas of signed area and signed volume are sometimes used when it is convenient for certain areas or volumes to count as negative. This is particularly true in the theory of determinants. In an (abstract) oriented vector space, each ordered basis for the vector space can be classified as either positively or negatively oriented.
 In a signed-digit representation, each digit of a number may have a positive or negative sign.
 In physics, any electric charge comes with a sign, either positive or negative. By convention, a positive charge is a charge with the same sign as that of a proton, and a negative charge is a charge with the same sign as that of an electron.

See also
 Plus–minus sign
 Positive element
 Signedness
 Symmetry in mathematics

References

Sign (mathematics)


The House of La Tour d'Auvergne was a French noble family. They had great power and wealth during the 17th and 18th century in France. The family claimed to rule the Duchy of Bouillon from the year of 1456. The duchy was later ceded to France on 26 October 1795. The family had apartments at the Palace of Versailles and a grand townhouse in Paris (now destroyed). The family were notoriously arrogant. They schemed to marry their children well. They tried to gain favour with the royal family of the time. The duchy came into the family through the marriage of Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne to Charlotte de La Marck who was a duchess in her own right. The family also claimed to be the sovereign rulers of the Principality of Sedan. The family used several lesser titles such as titles of Duke of Albret and Duke of Château-Thierry from 1651. They held the rank of "Foreign Princes" at Versailles. As such, they were entitled to use the style of "Highness".

Dukes of Bouillon

The dukes were usually addressed by the style of Serene Highness.

 Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne (1555-1623)
 Frédéric Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne (1605-1652)
 Godefroy Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne (1636-1721)
 Emmanuel-Théodose de La Tour d'Auvergne (1668-1730)
 Charles Godefroy de La Tour d'Auvergne (1706-1771)
 Godefroy Charles Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne (1728-1792)
 Jacques Léopold de La Tour d'Auvergne (1746-1802)

Jacques Léopold was the last Duke of Bouillon, and following the Napoleonic Wars the duchy was absorbed into the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.

Notable members and relations

Catherine de' Medici was the daughter of a La Tour d'Auvergne.
Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne (1611-1675), Marshal of France, younger brother of the second Duke of Bouillon.
Marie Charlotte de La Tour d'Auvergne the Princess of Beauvau by marriage and painted by Jean Marc Nattier.
Emmanuel Théodose de La Tour d'Auvergne  known as the Cardinal de Bouillon and a famous religious figure of his time.
Louis Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne known as the Count of Évreux, who also built the Hôtel d'Évreux in Paris the official residence of the President of the French Republic.

French nobility

La Tour d'Auvergne


Giovanni Bernardino Nanino (ca. 1560 – 1623) was an Italian composer, teacher and singing master of the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras, and a leading member of the Roman School of composers.  He was the younger brother of the somewhat more influential composer Giovanni Maria Nanino.

Life
Born in Vallerano, he was first a boy soprano in the local cathedral, just like his brother. His first post may have been as maestro di cappella at Santa Maria dei Monti in 1588, and he is known to have acquired the post of maestro di cappella at San Luigi dei Francesi in Rome in 1591, after his brother left to join the papal choir.  The two brothers, however, were living together at this time in a house owned by the church, and spent a good deal of their time teaching choirboys. Following the appointment at San Luigi dei Francesi, he was associated with Cardinal Montalto, a wealthy and influential patron of art and music, and may have served as teacher, composer, and archivist for the Cardinal at his church, San Lorenzo in Damaso.

Works
Nanino's music of the 1580s and 1590s is conservative in idiom, avoiding the experimental tendencies of his brother and Marenzio, preferring instead to incorporate the technique and expressive style of the earlier Roman composers such as Palestrina. After about 1610 he adopted the technique of basso continuo in his sacred works — hardly a conservative tendency — and, significantly, something his brother never did. Much of his earlier music is secular (such as madrigals), but he published several books of motets after 1610, after his brother's death. It is tempting to speculate that when he wrote music in the same format as his brother, he chose opposite stylistic means, and after his brother's death he quickly adopted the progressive style of the time, using it to write music in the same forms which his brother had used more conservatively.

Sources, further reading

External links

Roman school composers
1560s births
1623 deaths
Italian Baroque composers
Renaissance composers
Pupils of Giovanni Maria Nanino
People from the Province of Viterbo
Italian male classical composers
16th-century classical composers
17th-century Italian composers
16th-century Italian musicians
17th-century male musicians

Giovanni Bernardino Nanino


The Basilica Minore of Our Lady of Piat () is one of the twenty-one minor basilicas in the Philippines. It is located at Poblacion, Piat, in the province of Cagayan. The shrine is dubbed as the Pilgrimage Center of Northeast Luzon and is home to the centuries-old brown Madonna Our Lady of Piat.

History

The history of Our Lady of Piat dates back to 1604 when a black image of the Virgin Mary with the infant Jesus on her left arm was brought to the Philippines from Macau by the Dominican friars. It was originally called the Nuestra Señora del Santísimo Rosario (Our Lady of the Holy Rosary). A small sanctuary for the religious image was built in 1604 by the local Itawis. The image was brought to Lal-lo, Cagayan (then the Episcopal See of Nueva Segovia), to be known by the Cagayanos. The image was also brought to Piat, and Tuguegarao in 1622. During the visitation it was replaced by a more beautiful image from Manila, but the people demanded that the original image be returned to them, so it was brought back to Piat and was enthroned in the small sanctuary.

During the feast of St. Stephen on December 26, 1623, the image of Our Lady was solemnly brought to the Ermita from Piat with the people following in devout procession. The people of Tuao did likewise marching in procession towards the Ermita to welcome Our Lady with great rejoicing and happiness. The following day the Ermita was blessed and a very solemn Mass was officiated by the deacon with an attendance of more than 10,000 people ("") who came from all the neighboring towns. The priest noted that, it was amazing that such a large multitude would have gathered there, considering that the area was no thickly populated, and that the work of evangelization had been going on for only 25 years. The lady started the first Christians of Cagayan. According to the same historian, Fr. Aduarte, the crowd that attended the dedication of the new shrine of Our Lady of Piat was really impressive. Aduarte adds to this effect, by way of an explanation: "...So the holy Image moved the natives ('indians') to love, esteem and revere her." "An important woman from Piat ('belonging to the "principalia." Or local aristocracy as indicated by the honorific title of Doña') [Doña Ines Magui'abbun] took upon herself the responsibility of looking after the Ermita" and became the first camarera (caretaker) of Our Lady. For this purpose, she decided to open up a new field (sementera) and built a house near the shrine so she and her servants could visit the sacred place often. Besides, she placed a votive lamp, that kept always burning before the venerated image and thus became the first shrine of the Lady.

In the 1700s, the people built a more spacious church of more durable materials on a hill about a mile from the parish church of Sto. Domingo. A new sanctuary was built by Rev. Fr. Diego Pinero and later restored by Fr. Jose Gurumeta in 1875.

On June 22, 1999, the sanctuary was elevated as a basílica minore (minor basilica). It was the first basílica menor in the region and the fourth in the Philippines. The rites were officiated by Vatican representative Antonio María Cardinal Javierre Ortas. A santacruzan was also sponsored by the Department of Tourism in celebration of the basilica. Week-long special prayers and services were also held in 29 parishes in the province, a Marian choral contest at the St. Paul University Philippines in Tuguegarao, medical mission, grand procession of all the images of patron saints and the Our Lady and a cultural show on the documented miracles of the Virgin of Piat.

Location

The Basilica of Our Lady of Piat is located in the town of Piat,  northwest of Tuguegarao City or about 30 minutes by land transportation. This pilgrimage site attracts a large number of devotees especially from June 23 to June 39 when the Sambali Festival is celebrated and July 1 and 2 for the feast of Our Lady of Piat.

Architectural design
The Basilica of Our Lady of Piat features a unique entrance arch. It is located at the back of the church, and one has to go around from the entrance to see the church facade. On the arch is inscribed Basilica Minore Nuestra Senora De Piat (Minor Basilica of Our Lady of Piat). The basilica has a simple facade flanked to the left by a tall belfry. It is located on top of a hill to avoid flooding brought about by the seasonal overflowing of the Chico River. The church structure is mainly made of red bricks, which is noticeably common among churches in Cagayan Valley, in contrast to other old churches made of limestone and coral stone in other parts of the Philippines. The interiors have a curved ceiling made of wood with historical images and accounts at the top of the walls. Enshrined at the altar is the Blessed Virgin Mary covered in a glass case. There are also verandahs inside the church which makes the shrine elegant. At the back of the church is a staircase that leads to a window located behind the case of the Virgin Mary wherein devotees can touch the dress of Our Lady.

Adjacent to the basilica is the Piat Basilica Museum that holds several artifacts related to the Basilica or Our lady of Piat. Also surrounding the sanctuary are blessing sites for religious items, the parish convent and life-sized representations of the Stations of the Cross. Masses are offered every day, but thousands of devotees attend every Sunday.

References

External links
Official Website of Piat Basilica
Mahal na Birhen ng Piat Foundation Official Website

Roman Catholic churches in Cagayan
Basilica churches in the Philippines

Basilica of Our Lady of Piat


George K. Anderson, is a former major general in the United States Air Force.

Early life
Anderson was born in Providence, Rhode Island. In 1964, he graduated from high school in Izmir, Turkey. He later graduated from the University of Michigan Medical School and Tulane University.

Military career
From 1971 to 1972, Anderson was an intern at Wilford Hall Medical Center at Lackland Air Force Base. In 1973, he was stationed at Brooks Air Force Base. Two years later he assumed command of the hospital at Kunsan Air Base. Anderson later became chief of aeromedical services and assumed command of the hospital at Ramstein Air Base.

In 1979, Anderson returned to Brooks Air Force Base before attending the National War College from 1982 to 1983. Afterwards, he served as chief of the Medical Readiness Division and later deputy director of medical plans and resources in the Office of the Surgeon General of the United States Air Force. From 1987 to 1988, he was command surgeon of the Air Force Systems Command. After being stationed for a time at Norton Air Force Base, Anderson assumed command of the human systems division of the Air Force Systems Command.

From 1992 to 1994, Anderson was in command of the human systems center of Air Force Materiel Command. He was then assigned to The Pentagon as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Services Operations and Readiness before retiring.

Awards
Awards he received during his career include the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal, the Legion of Merit, the Defense Meritorious Service Medal and the Meritorious Service Medal with three oak leaf clusters.

References

Military personnel from Rhode Island
Military personnel from İzmir
United States Air Force generals
Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
University of Michigan Medical School alumni
Tulane University alumni
National War College alumni
Living people
American expatriates in Turkey
Year of birth missing (living people)

George K. Anderson


Luk Yu () is a tea house and dim sum restaurant located on Stanley Street, in the Central area of Hong Kong, established in 1933.

It is known for its colonial style, adherence to tradition and loyal long-time customers, for whom the entire first floor is unofficially reserved.

The tea house gets its name from the Tang Dynasty poet Lu Yu who wrote The Classic of Tea which describes the history and culture of Chinese tea. (Luk Yu is the Cantonese pronunciation of Lu Yu.)

Luk Yu also sells its branded Luk Yu tea bags in local stores and in the UK.

Murder of Harry Lam
On 30 November 2002, businessman Harry Lam Hon-lit was shot dead at point-blank range while eating breakfast at Luk Yu.  His murderer was Yang Wen, a hitman hired by a Hong Kong triad boss.

See also
 Cantonese restaurant

References

Tea houses
Chinese restaurants in Hong Kong
Central, Hong Kong
Cantonese restaurants
Triad (organized crime)

Luk Yu (restaurant)


John Vivian McVea (November 5, 1914 – December 27, 2000) was an American swing, blues, and rhythm and blues woodwind player and bandleader.  He played clarinet and tenor and baritone saxophone.

Career
Born in Los Angeles, California, his father was the noted banjoist Satchel McVea, and banjo was Jack McVea's first instrument.  He played jazz in Los Angeles for several years, and joined Lionel Hampton's orchestra in 1940. From 1944 on he mostly worked as a leader. He performed at the first Jazz at the Philharmonic concert in 1944.

Jack Mc Vea played at the famed Cavalcade of Jazz concert held at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles produced by Leon Hefflin Sr. on October 12, 1946. Lionel Hampton and his Orchestra, Slim Gaillard, T-Bone Walker, The Honeydrippers, Madaline Green, Winnie Brown, Reathis Stevens, Joan Benson and Louis Armstrong were all on the same program.

McVea was leader of the Black & White Records studio band and was responsible for coming up with the musical riff for the words "Open the Door, Richard". Ralph Bass persuaded him to record it in 1946 and it became immensely popular, entering the national charts the following year, and was recorded by many other artists.

From 1966 until his retirement in 1992, he led the Royal Street Bachelors, a group that played Dixieland jazz in New Orleans Square at Disneyland. The trio consisted of McVea on clarinet, Herb Gordy on string bass, Harold Grant and later Ernie McLean on guitar and banjo. According to McVea, he was not much of a clarinetist but learned overnight to play three songs to secure the job.

He is also known for his playing on T-Bone Walker's "Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just As Bad)". In 1945 he played tenor sax in a recording session for Slim Gaillard with Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie.

McVea died at home in Los Angeles in 2000.

Discography
As leader/co-leader
Most of Jack McVea's recordings are available on Blue Moon Records in Barcelona, Spain; Ace Records in London, England; and Delmark Records in Chicago. All are available in the U.S. Blue Moon covers the Black & White years (including "Open the Door, Richard"), Delmark covers his sessions on Apollo Records, and Ace covers his four years with Combo Records. Ace's Fortissimo! CD contains several alternate takes.

LP compilations
 Open The Door, Richard [rec. 1945–1947] (Jukebox Lil #607, 1984)
 Two Timin' Baby [rec. 1944–1947] (Jukebox Lil #612, 1986)
 New Deal [rec. 1944–1948] (Jukebox Lil #625, 1988)

CD compilations
 The Complete Recordings, Vol. 1 (1944–1945) (Blue Moon #6031, 2002)
 The Complete Recordings, Vol. 2 (1945–1946) (Blue Moon #6032, 2002)
 The Complete Recordings, Vol. 3 (1946–1947) (Blue Moon #6033, 2002)
 The Complete Recordings, Vol. 4 (1947–1952) (Blue Moon #6034, 2002)
 McVoutie's Central Avenue Blues [McVea's 1945 Apollo recordings] (Delmark #756, 2002)
 Honk! Honk! Honk! [contains 9 of McVea's Combo recordings from 1954 to 1957] (Ace #781, 2000)
 Fortissimo! The Combo Recordings (1954-1957) (Ace #1246, 2010)
 Rarely Was Honkin' Sax So Much Fun: Jack McVea with Alton Redd and George Vann (JSP #77159, 2012) 4-CD set

As sideman
With B.B. King
 Singin' the Blues (Crown, 1956)

References

External links
 "Jack McVea", obituary in The Guardian

1914 births
2000 deaths
Musicians from Los Angeles
American jazz saxophonists
American male saxophonists
American blues saxophonists
American jazz musicians
Swing musicians
Dixieland jazz musicians
Modern Records artists
Chess Records artists
Combo Records artists
20th-century American saxophonists
Jazz musicians from California
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians

Jack McVea


Rogier van der Heide (born 1970 in Bennebroek, the Netherlands) is a designer born in the Netherlands who lives in Liechtenstein. He is noted especially as a C-suite design executive and as a lighting designer of public and commercial projects all over the world.

Life
Van der Heide grew up in the village of Bennebroek, close to the beach in the Netherlands. During high school, he already created plays, musical, radio programs and movies. Van der Heide studied at the Institut Supérieur des Beaux-Arts "St. Luc" in Brussels, Belgium, and the Amsterdam School of the Arts, the Netherlands. He worked until 2003 as an independent designer before joining the design and consulting practice, Arup. In December 2007, Metropolis Magazine included a feature on him, describing him as "Arup's Brilliant Master of Light".

Besides his work as a designer, Rogier is co-founder and artistic director of the Amsterdam Light Festival

The early years: theatre design
In 1989, Rogier van der Heide started working as a theatre lighting designer in the Netherlands, designing the lighting for a number of Dutch theatre groups and the productions of author and director, Geert Kimpen. In 1990 he joined the Amsterdam-based design practice, Hans Wolff & Partners, who, at that time, specialized in architectural lighting design and theatre consulting. Most notably, Rogier van der Heide worked for HW&P on the renovation of the Royal Flemish Opera in Ghent, Belgium. In 1994, van der Heide left the practice and became a founding principal at the Hollands Licht Advanced Design, a practice that he would own, lead and direct for ten years.

1994–2003: architectural lighting design
The Hollands Licht practice completed projects in London, Tokyo, Amsterdam and other cities worldwide. Other international projects included: The UK's National Museum of Science and Industry's Welcome Wing (1999, architect Sir Richard MacCormac), the Mind Zone in the Millennium Dome (1999), Renzo Piano's Academy of Sciences in San Francisco (2002 and onwards) and Hani Rashid's Hydrapier Pavilion in the Netherlands (2002).

He received several awards during the Hollands Licht period including the Edison Award of Excellence (2000), and the Lighting Designer of the Year Award (1999) presented by the magazine, Lighting Dimensions, of New York City. The practice's most recently completed work, Sheikh Zayed Bridge in Abu Dhabi, was not finished until 2011, over ten years after the Abu Dhabi Municipality commissioned the lighting design.

2004–2010: Arup
Van der Heide joined the Arup practice in 2004, and subsequently worked on projects including Star Place in Taiwan and Galleria West in South Korea, both in collaboration with Ben van Berkel and the 2004 Architecture Biennale show in Venice in collaboration with Hani Rashid of Asymptote. He was a Director with Arup. He was also Arup's Global Leader of the lighting design business.

In 2005, van der Heide was the first European designer to receive International Association of Lighting Designer's Radiance Award, the most prestigious accolade in the industry. For his Louis Vuitton work, he received the International Lighting Design Award of Excellence in 2006.

Recent projects by van der Heide are the Al Raha Beach Tower in Abu Dhabi with architect Asymptote, Dubai Maritime City Landmark Tower with architect Nikken Sekkei, the YAS Marina Hotel in Abu Dhabi, work for the Tate Modern in London and work for various fashion retailers. During his time at Arup, most of Rogier's work was executed in close collaboration with his team in Amsterdam or Arup Lighting in London. The practice has got other lighting design teams in New York, San Francisco, Berlin, Melbourne, and Tokyo.

In 2008, together with his students of the Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, van der Heide created the light sculpture "Force Field" in London. In 2010, he developed one of the art installations for Swarovski at the Salone del Mobile in Milan, Italy.

2010-2014: member of the Philips Lighting leadership
From 1 March 2010 until 31 July 2014, Rogier van der Heide was vice president and chief design officer of Philips Lighting. The job of a chief design officer is to make design contribute maximum to the value of the business. Besides, Van der Heide continues to grow his portfolio of design projects:

 Costumes for the band Black Eyed Peas in 2011
 The design "Dream Cloud" for Swarovski in 2010
 Lighting for the cinematographic production "A Day in the Life of the Castle" with Peter Greenaway in 2012
 Lighting objects for the Conservatory of Music "Prins Claus" of Groningen, the Netherlands in 2014
 the exhibition "Lightopia with Vitra Design Museum in 2014
 The artistic direction of the Amsterdam Light Festival

Under the design leadership of Rogier van der Heide, Philips Lighting has received over 45 international design awards such as Red Dot and iF product design award. Though this is respectable, the key responsibility of a Chief Design Officer is not to gain recognition in the field of design, but to translate the technological advancements into meaningful applications that make sense in everyday life. To accomplish this, Rogier van der Heide follows an unconventional approach, that can be characterized as "disruptive" and "passionate" and is based on open innovation.

Recent Architectural Lighting Design
 2017 the Seoul Sky Garden or "Seoullo 7017" opened in Seoul, Korea. The architecture by MVRDV transforms an old highway that crosses the city into a botanical garden. Rogier van der Heide designed a deep blue lighting scheme that offers visitors a scenic experience at night. In collaboration with Nanam ALD.
 2013 the New Rijksmuseum in the Netherlands opened April 2013. Rogier van der Heide worked in total during 15 years on the lighting design of the museum. As of 2011, the lighting became a collaborative effort with Royal Philips where Rogier has been working as Chief Design Officer since 2010. The lighting design for the Rijksmuseum comprises nearly 4,000 LED luminaires that are individually, wirelessly controlled. It also includes the natural light design, that Rogier developed in collaboration with the team at Arup Lighting between 2006 and 2007.
 2012 the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam, one of the world's foremost museums of modern art, re-opened with a lighting design by Rogier van der Heide. The architects of the extension are Benthem Crouwel of Amsterdam.

2014–onwards: Zumtobel Group
15 September 2014 Zumtobel Group of Austria announced that Rogier van der Heide has been appointed at Chief Design Officer and Chief Marketing Officer as of 1 December 2014. Corporations such as Nike, Apple and many automotive manufacturers recognize the way design and marketing influence each other. Zumtobel Group, a supplier of architectural lighting, has decided to combine the two responsibilities in one position.

References

External links
 official website of Rogier van der Heide

1970 births
Living people

Amsterdam University of the Arts
Dutch designers
Dutch architects
Lighting designers
Lighting engineers
People from Bennebroek

Rogier van der Heide


Agglomerate (from the Latin agglomerare meaning "to form into a ball") is a coarse accumulation of large blocks of volcanic material that contains at least 75% bombs. Volcanic bombs differ from volcanic blocks in that their shape records fluidal surfaces:  they may, for example, have ropy, cauliform, scoriaceous, folded, spindle, spatter, ribbon, ragged, or amoeboid shapes.  Globular masses of lava may have been shot from the crater at a time when partly molten lava was exposed, and was frequently shattered by sudden outbursts of steam. These bombs were viscous at the moment of ejection and by rotation in the air acquired their shape. They are commonly  in diameter, but specimens as large as  have been observed. There is less variety in their composition at any one volcanic centre than in the case of the lithic blocks, and their composition indicates the type of magma being erupted.

Agglomerates are typically found near volcanic vents and within volcanic conduits, where they may be associated with pyroclastic or intrusive volcanic breccias. Older (pre-1970) publications, particularly in Scotland, referred to any coarse-grained volcaniclastic rock as 'agglomerate', which led to debris flow deposits, talus deposits and other types of breccia being mistaken for vents.  Agglomerates are typically poorly sorted, may contain a fine ash or tuff matrix and vary from matrix to clast support.  They may be monolithologic or heterolithic, and may contain some blocks of various igneous rocks. There are various differences between agglomerates and ordinary ash beds or tuffs. Agglomerates are coarser and less frequently well-bedded.  Agglomerates can be non-welded or welded, such as coarse basaltic 'spatter'.  They typically form proximally during Strombolian eruptions, and are common at strongly peralkaline volcanoes.  Some large agglomerate deposits are deposited from pyroclastic density currents during explosive caldera-forming eruptions, such as at Santorini, Taal, and Campi Flegrei.  They may be massive to crudely bedded, and can attain great thicknesses.

Crystalline masses of a different kind occur in some numbers in certain agglomerates. They consist of volcanic minerals very much the same as those formed in the lava, but exhibiting certain peculiarities which indicate that they have formed slowly under pressure at considerable depths. They bear a resemblance to plutonic igneous rocks, but are more correctly to be regarded as agglomerations of crystals formed within the liquid lava as it slowly rose towards the surface, and at a subsequent period cast out by violent steam explosions. The sanidinites of the Eifel belong to this group. At Vesuvius, Ascension, St Vincent and many other volcanoes, they form a considerable part of the coarser ash-beds. Their commonest minerals are olivine, anorthite, hornblende, augite, biotite and leucite.

References

Volcanic rocks
Igneous petrology

Agglomerate