The Werner Brothers, Michel and Eugene, were of French nationality but were originally from Russia.  They started to experiment with motorized bicycles (Moto Bicyclette) in 1896 and are credited with the first use of the word "Motocyclette" in 1897.

History

The attempt to use a De Dion-Bouton engine in a bicycle frame in 1896 resulted in failure.  But in 1897 they succeeded in creating a moto bicycle called the Motocyclette with the engine mounted on the front steering head that achieved some success.

The most significant success in moto bicycle design came in 1900 with the New Werner which used a patented frame design in which the engine is mounted at the bottom of the frame.  By this time the company was also making their own engines rather than buying them from De Dion-Bouton as had been the case previously.

Werner was also the first or one of the first to produce a moto bicycle with a two-cylinder vertical twin engine in 1903 with a capacity of 500 cc.

Werner licensed Motor Manufacturing Company in England to sell their line of motorcycles.

When both brothers died, Michel in 1905 and Eugene in 1908 the company failed.

On 13 September 1902, Alfred Nipper of Prospect Place, Weston Super Mare, was riding his 1898 Werner Motorcycle on Bristol Road, Worle, Somerset when he was reported for the following offence as written on the summons.

"Then being the driver of a certain carriage (to wit a motorcycle) on a certain highway there situate called Bristol Road unlawfully did ride the same furiously thereon so as then to endanger the lives and limbs of passengers on the said highway"

This is believed to be the first summons issued in Somerset for a motoring offence. Mr Nipper was fined seven shillings and Six pence. The summons is now in the possession of Mr Nippers great nephew Laurie Hatchard of Kingsley Cheshire.

Alfred Nipper was a photographer, but he also assisted Marconi with his radio transmissions from Weston Super Mare.

See also
FN Four
List of motorcycles of 1900 to 1909

References

External links

Motorcycle manufacturers of France
Motorcycles powered by straight-twin engines

Werner Motors


Theodore Guy Buckner (December 14, 1913, St. Louis, Missouri - April 12, 1976, Detroit, Michigan) was an American jazz saxophonist. He was the brother of Milt Buckner.

Buckner was raised in Detroit, where he played very early in his career before joining McKinney's Cotton Pickers. He was best known for his time spent in the orchestra of Jimmie Lunceford, where he remained from 1937 to 1943. After working with Lunceford, Buckner primarily played locally in Detroit, where he worked into the 1970s. His activities included small jazz combos, work in the Motown studios, and co-leading a big band with Jimmy Wilkins, Ernie Wilkins's brother. He toured Europe in 1975, and also appeared in the New McKinney's Cotton Pickers that decade.

References
Peter Vacher, "Ted Buckner". The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz.
[ Ted Buckner] at Allmusic

Further reading
John Chilton, Who's Who of Jazz.

1913 births
1976 deaths
American jazz saxophonists
American male saxophonists
20th-century American saxophonists
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians

Ted Buckner


Coleton Fishacre is a property consisting of a  garden and a house in the Arts and Crafts style, near Kingswear in Devon, England. The property has been in the ownership of the National Trust since 1982.

The House
The house at Coleton Fishacre was built as a country home for Rupert D'Oyly Carte and his wife, Lady Dorothy Carte, between 1923 and 1926. The architect was Oswald Milne, a former assistant to Edwin Lutyens, who designed the house with the principles of the Arts and Crafts Movement in mind: simplicity of design and quality of craftsmanship. The influence of this older movement notwithstanding, the house is influenced by its own time, especially in its Art Deco interior. The structure is built of local slate rubble with a Delabole slate roof. The design has been twice featured in Country Life magazine: 31 May 1930 and 25 October 2007, the latter of which shows full colour photos of the house (exterior and interior) and the gardens. The property runs down to the sea, where there are some outbuildings.

Although built as a country home, Lady Dorothy lived in the house as her primary residence by the later 1920s. After the Cartes' divorce in 1941, their daughter, Bridget D'Oyly Carte, took over the house, which her father, who lived in London, would visit for long weekends. She sold the house in 1949, after his death, to Rowland Smith, owner of the Palace Hotel in Torquay. Smith and his wife Freda kept up the property until his death in 1979. The house is a Grade II listed building.

The Garden

The garden at Coleton Fishacre runs down a narrow combe from the house to the sea at Pudcombe Cove. It was originally planted by Lady Dorothy and features rare and exotic plants, some of which are unusual in their ability to grow outside a tropical climate due to the proximity of the Gulf Stream to this part of the coast of Devon. Lady Dorothy was noted for retrieving exotic plant species for the garden during her journeys abroad. The Cartes employed a staff of six to maintain the garden, compared with a staff of four to run the house. The garden is Grade II* listed in the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.

National Trust
Coleton Fishacre was acquired by the National Trust in 1982 as part of its Project Neptune, with an eye to completing the South West Coast Path in that area. The garden was opened to the public immediately, while the house was let to tenants. The Trust finally opened the house to the public in 1999.

See also
 D'Oyly Carte Opera Company
 Gilbert and Sullivan

References

External links

 Coleton Fishacre information at the National Trust

Arts and Crafts architecture in England
Country houses in Devon
Grade II* listed parks and gardens in Devon
Grade II listed buildings in Devon
National Trust properties in Devon
Historic house museums in Devon
Grade II listed houses

Coleton Fishacre


The Montana valley and foothill grasslands are an ecoregion of northwestern North America in the northern United States and southern Canada.

Setting
This area consists of rolling grassy hills and river valleys of the Rocky Mountains foothills in the US state of Montana and the Canadian province of Alberta. The area largely consists of the Rocky Mountain Front, where the Great Plains rise to meet the Rockies, and is thus near the Continental Divide. The foothills are drained by the upper Missouri River and the Clark Fork/Bitterroot River systems among others. The ecoregion also contains outlying disconnected areas of similar habitat such as valleys of the Bow River in Alberta. The area has a moderate climate, warmed by the Chinook wind which brings dry, warm summers (average 14 °C) and winters that are mild for this latitude (ave. -8 °C).

Flora
While the dominant vegetation are grasses such as rough fescue with Parry's oatgrass and Koeleria (June grasses) the foothills are rich in plant life with, for example, 487 species of plant counted in southwest Montana's Centennial Valley. The ecoregion also contains sagebrush country in the higher and drier valleys in the rain shadow of the Rockies such as the upper Madison, Ruby and Red Rock Rivers, which are a similar habitat to the neighbouring Snake-Columbia shrub steppe ecoregion. Finally the ecoregion contains parts of the Prairie Pothole Region, large areas of wetland and rich grass on the Rocky Mountain Front steppe. Traditionally the grassland was reduced and then renewed by a combination of heavy grazing by bison and other ungulates and regular fires.

Fauna
The traditional wildlife of this area of included the large herds American bison, elk and bighorn sheep observed during the Lewis and Clark Expedition in the early 19th century but which now remain in small numbers only. Another iconic mammal found here are the grizzly bears, which come down from the mountainsides to forage in the rich habitats of rivers and grasslands. This is the last remaining area in the United States where grizzlies come down to the Great Plains. Other mammals of the valleys include White-tailed deer, wolves, mountain lions, mule deer, pronghorn and ground squirrels. Birds spotted in the Centennial Valley for example include grouse, sandhill crane and trumpeter swan.

Threats and preservation
About 25% of the original grassland remains (less than 10% in Canada) and continues to decrease due to the rapid growth of the Rockies' population. Expansion of cities in both Montana and Alberta is removing habitat and blocking the movements of native species including grizzly bears, elk, mule deer and others. Growth is most intense in southwestern Montana, specifically in the Bitterroot Valley around Missoula and the area just north of Yellowstone National Park along the Gallatin River, namely in Bozeman and the resort town of Big Sky, and the Yellowstone River in Paradise Valley.

The area contains the largest and most expensive Superfund toxic waste site in the United States. The Clark Fork River Superfund Complex consists of three major sites along a  stretch of the Clark Fork River. It includes the Berkeley Pit, a former copper mine  across that now holds heavily acidic (pH = 2.5) water  in depth.

Areas of relatively intact grassland and wetland on the Rocky Mountain Front include the Pine Butte Swamp Preserve near Choteau, Montana, parts of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation, and a number of other hills and valleys of southwestern Montana including the Centennial Mountains, the Big Hole River and parts of the Madison River valleys. Protected areas include Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge in Centennial Valley, Pine Butte Swamp, the CSKT Bison Range in western Montana and a number of Bureau of Land Management wilderness study areas.

See also
 List of ecoregions in Canada (WWF)
 List of ecoregions in the United States (WWF)

References

External links
 Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks - Intermountain Grassland

Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands in the United States
Grasslands of Canada
Ecoregions of the United States
Ecozones and ecoregions of Alberta

Grasslands of Montana
Nearctic ecoregions

Montana valley and foothill grasslands


Ron Fassler (born March 4, 1957 in New York City) is an American film and television actor and author. He is best known for his role as Bryan Grazer, the LAPD captain in the Fox Network cult science fiction TV series Alien Nation. The series was canceled after a short run, but Fox brought it back in 1994 in a series of five TV movies. Fassler reprised his role as Captain Grazer in Alien Nation: Dark Horizon (1994), Alien Nation: Body and Soul (1995), Alien Nation: Millennium (1996), Alien Nation: The Enemy Within (1996), and Alien Nation: The Udara Legacy (1997).

His first TV role was in the 1981 TV movie Senior Trip, which also starred "Alien Nation" co-star Jeff Marcus.
Seen as Ted Koppel in  2009'sWatchmen, Fassler's first feature film appearance was in the 1990 comedy move Gremlins 2: The New Batch (1990). Other recent films include Charlie Wilson's War (2008), Hancock (2008), Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story (2007), For Your Consideration (2006) and Flags of Our Fathers (2006).
Fassler has made many guest appearances on TV shows ranging from NYPD Blue to The Facts of Life, Matlock, 7th Heaven and Star Trek: Voyager, along with recurring roles on Sisters and the recent critically acclaimed Side Order of Life. He even did multiple episodes of The Young and the Restless as Justin Johns.
As a writer, Fassler co-wrote the Lifetime TV movie, How I Married My High School Crush (2007) and also wrote for the sitcom Murphy Brown.

More recently, Fassler had a recurring role on the Disney XD sitcom Zeke and Luther where he played reporter Dale Davis. This role has also carried over to other Disney XD sitcoms including Kickin' It and Pair of Kings. Fassler also appeared in the 2015 movie Trumbo.

In recent years, Fassler has been directing shows at Priscilla Beach Theatre.

His book "Up in the Cheap Seats: A Historical Memoir of Broadway" which chronicles Fassler's years as a teenage theatregoer, and includes interviews with more than 100 Broadway theatre artists, was published in February, 2017.

Film

Television

External links

1957 births
American male film actors
American male television actors
Male actors from New York City
Living people

Ron Fassler


Judaism (Hebrew: יהדות) is the world's oldest Abrahamic monotheistic religion. It is almost 4,000 years old and originated in Israel. It is centered around the Torah. There are about 15 million followers. They are called Jews or Jewish people.  It is the oldest monotheistic religion. The Torah is the most important holy book of Judaism. The laws and teachings of Judaism come from the Torah, the first five books of the Hebrew Bible and oral traditions. Some of these were first oral traditions and later written in the Mishnah, the Talmud, and other works.

Both Christianity and Islam are related to Judaism. These religions accept the belief in one God and the moral teachings of the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament), which includes the Torah or "תורה."

Basic beliefs

The three main beliefs at the center of Judaism are Monotheism, Identity, and covenant (an agreement between God and God's people).

The most important teaching of Judaism is that there is one God, who wants people to do what is just and compassionate. Judaism teaches that a person serves God by learning the holy books and doing what they teach. These teachings include both ritual actions and ethics. Judaism teaches that all people are made in the image of God and deserve to be treated with dignity and respect.

One God

The main teachings of Judaism are about God, that there is only one God. According to Judaism, only God created the universe and only God controls it. Jewish people refer to God by many names. The most holy name for God in Judaism is "Yahweh", though most Jews avoid saying this name aloud due to how holy it is. Judaism also teaches that God is spiritual and not physical.

Jews believe that God is one – a unity: God is one whole, complete being. God cannot be divided into parts and people cannot say how God looks in words; they can only say how God is and what God does.

Jews believe that all goodness and morality is from God. God is interested in what people do and that God watches what they do.

Judaism teaches that all people are made in the image of God. This is why people must be treated with dignity and respect. A person serves God by being like God. This means that they must do what is fair and just, show mercy, and behave with kindness and love for people.

Judaism says that God exists forever, that God is everywhere, and that God knows everything. God is above nature ("supernatural") but God is in the world and  hears those who pray to God and will answer them. God is the main power in the universe.

Judaism teaches that God allows people to choose what to do – this is called "free will." Free will is the freedom to do whatever a person wants, but that they must be responsible for their own actions. People are responsible for their actions. God rewards people who do good, and will punish those who do wrong. God gives a person a reward or a punishment in this world, but God gives the final reward or punishment to the soul of the person after their death.

Jews
Jews believe that God made an agreement called a "covenant" with Abraham, the ancestor of the Jewish people. The Bible says that God promised to bless Abraham and his descendants if they worshipped God and were faithful to God. God made this covenant with Abraham's son, Isaac, and with Isaac's son, Jacob. God gave Jacob another name, Israel. This is how Jacob's descendants got the name the "Children of Israel" or "Israelites." God later gave the Torah to the Israelites through their leader, Moses. The Torah told the Israelites how to live and build their community. God gave the Israelites the Ten Commandments and other laws in the Torah (613 in total).

The Jews are sometimes called the "Chosen People". This is because the Bible says God told them, "You will be to Me a kingdom of priests and a holy nation" (Exodus 19:6) and "For you are a holy people to the Lord your God, and the Lord chose you to be God's own special nation out of all peoples on the earth" (Deuteronomy 14:2). Jews understand that this means they have special duties and responsibilities commanded by God. For example, Jews must build a just society and serve only God. Jews believe that this covenant works in two ways: if they follow God's laws, God will give them God's love and protection, but they are also responsible for their sins – bad actions – and disobeying what God told them. Jews believe that they must teach other people that God exists and that God wants all people to do good actions. Jews believe that their job in the world is to be "a light to the nations" (Isiah 49:6) by showing the people of the world ways to make the world a better place.

Jews believe that God has given them a special job which is to repair the world. Their job is to make the world a better place with more good in it. They must use the things in the world to increase good and come closer to God. They call this "tikkun olam" – repairing the world. Jews see themselves and all people as partners with God. People must repair the world in any way they can – to find ways to lessen suffering of people and animals, to make more peace, bring respect between people and protect the earth's environment from destruction.

Jews do not try to convince other people to believe in Judaism. Jews believe they have a special job to show the world that God exists, but people do not have to be Jewish to follow God. All people can serve God by following the Seven Commandments (rules) given to Noah. But, Judaism accepts people who choose to change their religion to Judaism.

Torah and Mitzvot
Jews believe that God tells them in the Torah the way of life that they must follow. The Torah says God wants the people of Israel to walk in God's ways, to love God, and to serve God, and to keep God's commandments (Deut. 10:12–13). Actions are more important than beliefs and beliefs must be made into actions.

These actions are called "mitzvot" in Hebrew (singular: a mitzvah מִצְוָה). Sometimes they are called "laws," "rules" or "commandments". Many people think of a mitzvah as "a good act," or "a good thing to do." There are 613 mitzvot in the Torah. Jews believe that the Torah gives mitzvot for all people; all people must keep seven laws that were taught to Noah and his children after the flood. The Jews must keep 613 mitzvot, which are listed in the Torah. The rabbis counted 365 mitzvot that Jews must not do (negative mitzvot), and 248 mitzvot that Jews must do (positive mitzvot). Some mitzvot are for everyday life, and some are only for special times, such as Jewish holidays. Many of the 613 mitzvot are about the Holy Temple in Jerusalem and cannot be done now, since the Temple was destroyed.

Some of the mitzvot are about how people must act to other people. For example, they must give charity to a poor person, or help a person who is in danger. They must not steal or lie. These are ethical and moral mitzvot.

Some mitzvot are about how people must act towards God. For example, they must respect God's name, or not work on the Sabbath. These are religious or ritual mitzvot. Jews believe that God tells them to do both ethical and religious acts.

Jews see mitzvot as acts that sanctify – bring holiness – to the world and bring people and the world closer to God. Jews do the mitzvot to sanctify the physical world and the things in it, such as food and drink, clothing, and natural activities such as sex, work, or seeing beautiful sights. Before doing many acts, such as eating, Jews say a blessing – a short prayer – that God makes and gives a person the things that they need for life. In Judaism, life is most holy and important. A Jew must stop doing other mitzvot of the Torah to help save another person's life.

Jews believe that they must do the mitzvot with happiness and joy because the Bible says "Serve God with joy; come before God with singing" (Psalms 100:2). Doing a mitzvah helps a person come close to God and that makes the person happy. A group of Jews called the Hasidim say this is the best way to live. They say that worrying takes people away from joy and they will not see the beauty and good in the world.

Many mitzvot in the Torah are about the Land of Israel. The Talmud and later books call these mitzvot "commandments connected to the Land" because Jews can only do them in the Land of Israel. For example, Jews give gifts to the poor or the priests from their fields every year, and before the Temple was destroyed, take fruit or animals to the Temple in Jerusalem, and must stop working on the land every seven years (the "shmittah" – sabbatical year).

The Land of Israel

The Land of Israel is holy in Judaism. A Jewish belief is that God created the Earth from Mount Moriah in Jerusalem in the Land of Israel, and God is always closest to this land. Jews believe that this land is where God told the Jewish people to build a society to serve God, and many mitzvot (commandments) in the Torah are about the Land of Israel.

The Jewish people believe their history as a nation begins with Abraham. The story of Abraham in the Torah begins when God tells Abraham to leave his country. God promises Abraham and his descendants a new home in the land of Canaan. This is now known as the Land of Israel. It is named after Abraham's grandson, Jacob, who was also called Israel and who was the father of the twelve tribes. This is where the name "Land of Israel" comes from. The land is also called "the Promised Land" because in the Torah, God promises to give the land to the children of Abraham (, , , ).

The rabbis of the Talmud understood from the Torah () that it is a "mitzvah" for Jews to live in the land of Israel. They saw living outside of Israel as not natural for a Jew. Jews often called the land outside of Israel "galut." This is usually translated as "diaspora" (a place where people are scattered), but the word more closely means "exile".

The Messiah and Saving The World
The story of leaving Egypt, called the Exodus, is very important in the way the Jewish people understand the world. The Torah tells how God took a group of slaves, the Israelites, from slavery, and tells them how to be God's partner to build the world. Jews see this story as a model for the whole world. In the future, the whole world will change, and all the people of the world will serve the one God. This will be God's kingdom on Earth. They believe the whole of Jewish history, and world history, is part of this process.

The prophets taught that God would send a person to the world who would help all the people of the world see that God is the maker, ruler of the world and has supreme power. This person is called the Messiah. The word Messiah comes from the Hebrew word mashiah, which means "the anointed one". The Book of Isaiah says the Messiah will be a just king who will unite the Jewish people and lead them in God's way. The Messiah will also unite all the people of the world to serve God. People will act with justice and kindness, and the whole world will be filled with peace.

Jews still wait for the Messiah to come. They believe that this will be a person. Other Jews believe in a future time when justice and peace will come through the cooperation of all people and the help of God.

Writings

Jews believe that to know what God wants them to do, they must study the books of Torah and its laws and do what they teach. These include both laws about how to behave to other people and how to serve God.

The two most important groups of books in Judaism are the Bible and the Talmud. The beliefs and actions of Judaism come from these books. Jewish teachers and scholars wrote more books, called commentaries. They explain and say more about what is written in the Bible and Talmud.

The Torah
The Torah is the most important of all Jewish writings. The first five books of the Hebrew Bible (known to Christians as the "Old Testament") make up the Torah. The Torah contains the basic laws of Judaism and describes the history of the Jews until the death of Moses. Jewish tradition says that God told Moses what to write in the Torah, which is also called the Five Books of Moses. Religious Jews believe that Moses brought the Ten Commandments and the Torah down from Mount Sinai.  The Ten Commandments are special because they were heard by all of the Jewish people at Mount Sinai.  However, in traditional Judaism, all of the 613 mitzvot in the Torah are equally important.

Jews divide the Hebrew Bible into three parts and call it the Tanakh. The three parts are the Torah, which is the first five books; the Nevi'im, which are the books of the prophets; and the Ketuvim, meaning the Writings, which are other books of history and moral teachings.

Talmud
Rabbinic Jews also believe that there is another part of the Torah besides the five books of Moses. It is called the Mishnah, also called the Oral Torah or Oral Law.  It explains how to follow the laws written in the 5 books.  There is a commentary (explanation) of the Mishnah, called the Gemara.  Together, the Mishna and the Gemara make up the Talmud. But Karaite Jews believe that there is no additional Torah besides the five books of Moses.

Traditional Jews believe that God gave the written Torah and the oral Torah to Moses and that Moses told it to the Jewish people, and that it is the same today as it was back then. Traditional Jews also believe that all of the commandments must still be followed today.

Liberal Jews believe that the Torah was inspired by God but written by human beings. Liberal Jews believe that all of the ethical laws in the Torah must still be followed, but many ritual laws do not need to be followed today.

It is considered good in Judaism to talk about the commandments and to try to understand how to follow them.  The Talmud has many stories about Rabbis who argued about the commandments.  Over time, some opinions have become the rule for everyone.  Some rules are still being argued about. Jews praise logical argument and looking for truth.

There is no single leader of Judaism who can decide how to follow the commandments or what to believe.  Even though Jews believe different things and they disagree about the rules, they are still one religion and one people.

Daily way of life

Kashrut: Jewish food laws
Jews who follow the religious rules called "kashrut" only eat some types of food that are prepared by special rules. Food that a Jew can eat is called kosher food.

Traditional Jews are very careful about kashrut.  They usually cannot eat many foods in non-kosher restaurants or in the home of someone who does not keep kosher.  Sometimes, this makes it hard to visit people or to do business.  People help avoid this problem by choosing to dine with Traditional Jews in a kosher restaurant or serve them kosher food in their home.

Liberal Jews are not so careful about kosher, although some of them may keep some rules.

Kosher foods
 Jews can eat any fresh fruit or vegetables that do not have any insects on or in them.
 Jews can eat any fish that has scales and fins. This includes fish like salmon and tuna.  They cannot eat seafood like shrimp, lobster, or mussels.
Jews can eat meat of any animal that chews its cud (food which has already been partly digested), and has split hooves.  For example, cows, sheep, deer, and goats. However, the meat must be slaughtered and prepared in a specific way to be kosher.
 Jews can eat many common birds such as chickens and turkeys and duck. The birds must also be slaughtered and prepared in a specific way. Jews can't eat birds of prey, like vultures.
 Foods sold in stores or restaurants must be checked by a Jew who is an expert in Kashrut. The name for this person is "mashgiach," or kosher overseer. He makes sure that the kosher rules were kept. Foods bought at the store often have a symbol called a hechsher on them to tell the customer that the food have been checked. Many everyday foods have a hechsher.
 Honey is an insect product made by bees, but it is kosher.
 It is a well-known myth that kosher food must be blessed by a rabbi, a rabbi cannot bless a food and make it Kosher.

Non-kosher foods
 Some call non-kosher foods "Treifah," meaning "torn."  This is because the Torah says not to eat an animal that has been killed or torn by another animal.
 Jews cannot eat animals that do not have split hooves or animals that do not chew their cud. Unlike cows and sheep, pigs have split hooves, but do not chew their cud and are therefore not kosher.
 Jews cannot eat rodents, reptiles or amphibians.
 Jews cannot eat any sea animal that does not have scales and fins.  For example, sharks, eels, crabs, shrimp and lobsters are not kosher.
 Jews cannot eat birds that eat meat like vultures, which are mentioned in a list in the Torah.
 Jews cannot eat any insects, except for a few types of crickets or locusts.

Other kosher rules
There are other rules for kosher food as well.
 Animals must be killed in a certain way, including using a fast strike across the neck with a very sharp blade which makes sure that the animal dies quickly.
 All the blood must be removed from an animal before the meat is eaten. This is done by soaking and salting the meat.
 A Jew cannot eat a meal that has both meat and milk in it. This comes from the rule (in the Torah) that a Jew must not cook a young goat in its mother's milk. Because of this, Jews use separate dishes and utensils for foods that have meat in it, and foods that have milk in it.
 After eating meat, many Jews do not drink milk products before a time period between 1 to 6 hours has passed.
 Kosher food must be cooked in a kitchen for actual kosher food.  If the kitchen has been used to cook non-kosher food, such as rabbit and pig then the kitchen must be cleaned in a special way before it can be used to cook kosher food.

Holidays

Shabbat

One of the commandments is to keep the Jewish Sabbath, or Shabbat. Shabbat starts every Friday at sunset and ends on Saturday at nightfall. Shabbat is a day of rest to thank God for making the universe.

The tradition of resting on Shabbat comes from the Torah. According to the Torah, God created the world in six days and on the seventh day, Shabbat, He rested. Many Jews go to their temple or synagogue to pray on Shabbat.

Religious Jews follow special rules on Shabbat. These rules require Jews not to do creative work on Shabbat.  One reason for this is to give people a break from all the things that make them busy during the week. This helps them focus more on appreciating God, their family, and the rest of creation. Also it reminds people that God is the creator and ruler of the world; and no matter how great a person's creative power is, it cannot compare with God's creation of the universe and everything in it. Many of these categories of creative work include actions that people might not think of as work. For instance, on Shabbat a Jew cannot:

 Use electrical machines like phones, computers, or a TV
 Buy or sell things
 Put on or off a fire or a light
 Drive a car or ride a bicycle
 Cook
 Write
 Build or fix things

Traditional Jews are very careful about Shabbat. It is a special day. They clean their houses and prepare special food for Shabbat. They dress in their nicest clothes. They sing songs and say extra prayers in the synagogue. They have dinner and lunch with their families. Many families also invite guests for dinner and for lunch. They eat special food, and sing together traditional Shabbat songs. On Shabbat afternoon people study Judaism together or just visit friends.

Liberal Jews do not follow those rules.  Some do go to synagogue, visit friends, or have special meals.  But they may also talk on the phone, drive cars, and go shopping.

Important points in a Jewish life
Birth
 Brit Milah (for boys) a circumcision ceremony when a boy is 8 days old. It includes naming the baby. Some non-Orthodox Jews practice Brit Shalom, a baby naming ceremony for Jewish boys without circumcision.
 Pidyon haben (for boys) is when a father does a special ceremony to redeem his wife's first son from the Temple, as originally all firstborn boys were sent to serve in the Temple.  Levites (a tribe of Israel) and Cohanim (priests) do not do this ritual.
 Bat Mitzvah (for girls) a 'coming of age' ceremony when a girl turns 12 (13 for some Jews). Bat Mitzvah means "daughter of the mitvah" or "daughter of the commandments" in Hebrew. Once a girl turns 12 (or 13), she is considered a woman and is expected to follow Jewish law. A ceremony is not required. Bat Mitzvah not only refers to the ceremony, but also to the girl herself.
 Bar Mitzvah (for boys) a 'coming of age' ceremony when a boy turns 13. It includes reading the Torah and special prayers. Bar Mitzvah means "son of the mitzvah" or "son of the commandments" in Hebrew. Once a boy turns 13, he is considered a man and is expected to follow Jewish law. A ceremony is not required. Bar Mitzvah not only refers to the ceremony, but also to the boy himself.
 Marriage
 Having Children
 Death

Kinds of Judaism

For a very long time, most Jews in Europe believed the same basic things about Judaism. Jews in other lands had different beliefs and customs than European Jews.  About 200 years ago, a small group of Jews in Germany decided to stop believing in many parts of Judaism and try to become more "modern" and more like Germans. Those Jews were called Reform Jews.

Today there are three main kinds of Judaism: Reform, Conservative, and Orthodox Judaism. There are also kinds with a smaller number of people, such as Reconstructionist Judaism, and Karaite Judaism. Each group has its own practices according to how it understands the Jewish laws. For example, Reform (also called Liberal or Progressive) Judaism encourages people to choose the ways to be Jewish that mean the most to them based on the traditions. Reform Judaism teaches Jews to focus on the ethical laws of Judaism. Conservative Judaism developed after Reform Judaism. The leaders of Conservative Judaism felt that Reform Judaism was too radical. They wanted to conserve (protect) Jewish tradition instead of reforming (changing) it. Orthodox Jews do not believe that Reform or Conservative Judaism are correct because they believe that the laws given by God are timeless, and can't be changed.

In the most recent survey of Jews in the United States in 2000-2001, it was found that 35% of American Jews say they are Reform, 27% say they are Conservative, 10% say they are Orthodox, 2% say they are Reconstructionist and 25% do not say what type they are.

In Israel, almost all Jews go to Orthodox synagogues.  There are very few Reform or Conservative synagogues, but there has been a steady increase since 2009.  In Israel, Jews do not call themselves Reform, Conservative, or Orthodox.  Instead, they mostly call themselves "Haredi" (completely religious) "Dati" (basically religious), "Masorati" (traditional/conservative) or "Chiloni" (secular).  Surveys suggest about 20% of Israelis say they are secular, 25% say they are Dati or Haredi and 55% say they are traditional.

Names of God

Names are very important in Judaism. Many Jews believe that a name not only tells you who someone is, but also tells you something about them. Names of God are very special in Judaism, so Jews do not write them or speak them fully but use other words instead. That is why some Jews write G-d, with a "-" instead of an "o."

HaShem Means "The Name". It is the word Jews use most often when not praying to talk about God.

Adonai means "My Lord."  This name tells Jews about God's position.  God is the King of the World, and his name Adonai lets us know that.

Elohim means "one who is strong enough to do everything."  This name is used when talking about God's power to create or God's justice.  This tells us that God is the creator and that God rules the world with just laws.

The two names above are so special that traditional Jews use these names only when they pray and read the Torah. When they are not praying or reading the Torah, they say "Hashem" (The Name) or "Elokim".

God -  Some Jews write "God" by replacing the "o" with a dash, like this: "G-d". They do this because God's name is very holy so they are not allowed to throw away a piece of paper with "God" written on it. However, if by accident "God" is written, then the paper can be disposed of in a special way and buried in a special place.  Others say that "God" is just an English word, not Hebrew, and so it is not holy.

YHWH ("Yehovah"/"Yahweh") is the most sacred name of God in Hebrew, and is not pronounced by most Jews.  No one knows where the name came from, or what exactly it means.  It looks like the Hebrew word "hayah," which is the verb "to be." (According to Hebrew scripture, when Moses asked God who God was, God told Moses I am that I am/I am who I am.) Jews believe that the name YHWH shows that God is endless.  Instead of trying to say it, most Jews say "haShem", which means "The Name."  Some people pronounce this name as Yahweh, or Jehovah.  Scholars of religion sometimes refer to "YHWH" as the Tetragrammaton, from an old Greek word that means "four letters".

References

Other websites

 Chabad. Large website from the Hassidic group.
 The Jewish History Resource Center Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
 Judaism article from the 1901-1906 Jewish Encyclopedia
 The Jewish Virtual Library
 Orthodox Judaism - The Orthodox Union: Official website
 The United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism: Official website
 Union for Reform Judaism: Official website
 Jewish Reconstructionist Federation: Official website
 Askmoses.com: Orthodox Judaism site that explains a lot of the basics of Judaism.
 The Judaica Press Complete Tanach with Rashi in English
 Torah.org. (also known as Project Genesis) Contains Torah commentaries and studies of Tanakh, along with Jewish ethics, philosophy, holidays and other classes.
 The complete formatted Talmud online. Interpretative videos for each page from an Orthodox viewpoint are provided in French, English, Yiddish and Hebrew.
 Religious Tolerance- Judaism

Judaism


The Chesapeake Bay Bridge (called the Bay Bridge by locals) is a bridge that crosses Chesapeake Bay, on the eastern coast of the United States. The bridge is  long. It serves as a connecting route between the eastern and western shores of Maryland. The bridge was named after William Preston Lane Jr., the governor at the time that the building of the bridge was ordered.

Tolls and fees
A toll of six dollars is charged on the one-way toll side of the bridge (the side opposite of the Eastern Shore). Although for taxi services the fee is anywhere from 25 to 30 dollars.

Construction
The bridge was first proposed for building in 1938. Building did not begin until 1947 because of the United States' involvement in World War II. The bridge was finally opened to traffic on July 30, 1952. Later in 1967, because traffic on the bridge was increasing, another side for the bridge was proposed. The proposal was agreed to, and funded by the state of Maryland. Building began once again in 1969 and was completed in 1973.

Incidents
Today the Bridge is considered one of the most dangerous bridges in the world because of the accidents that have happened on it.
On August 10, 2008 a tractor trailer was involved in a head on collision, which worried people about the structure of the Bridge. Afterwards, the Maryland Transportation Comity ruled out any possibility of the accident being caused by the bridge itself.
 On August 28, 2012 the bridge was seen making unusual vertical movements that were later found to be caused by two construction tarps that had been installed for a construction project, catching wind causing the bridge to slightly move. In result to the incident, traffic that day backed up almost seven miles, a record for traffic on the bridge.
On July 18, 2013 a tractor trailer was hit from behind, forcing it over the edge of the bridge, falling a total of 27 feet into the water, where the driver then was able to open the door and swim to the Eastern Shore and receive help.

References
Roads to the Future Website
Chesapeake Bay Bridge Fundamental
Official PDF for Bridge Finances

Bridges in the United States
1952 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Maryland

Chesapeake Bay Bridge


Argos Corner (also referred to as Argo Corners) is an unincorporated community in Sussex County, Delaware, United States.

Argos Corner is located along Delaware Route 1 (DE 1) southeast of Milford. It is a neighborhood consisting of one main road (Argos Corner Road), which used to be old DE 14. Argos Corner Road is perpendicular to Slaughter Beach Road.

There are two businesses on Argos Corner Road: Taylor Marine Center (a boating store and repair center), and War Relics (a store specializing in the sale of military relics and paraphernalia). Former Delaware Governor Ruth Ann Minner once lived in Argos Corner.

History
Argo's population was 31 in 1900.

References

Unincorporated communities in Sussex County, Delaware
Unincorporated communities in Delaware

Argos Corner, Delaware


Cluster headaches are a type of headache.  They are the least common type of headache.

Cluster headaches are very painful.  They usually cause very strong pain on one side of the head, behind the eye and temple.  The headaches can last anywhere from 15–180 minutes.  People with severe cases may have cluster headaches many times a day.

Cluster headaches may also cause other symptoms.  Most people get restless or agitated during an attack.  Some people get a runny or stuffy nose.  The eye on the side of the head that hurts can also get red or start tearing up.

They are called "cluster headaches" because they usually come and go.  For a while, person may have many attacks of cluster headaches.  Sometimes, they may then have no cluster headaches for a while.  If a person has no cluster headaches for a while, this is called a remission period.  No one knows why remission periods happen.  Some people with cluster headaches never have a remission period.

Cluster headaches can be genetic (passed down through families).  However, when they are, a person may never have a cluster headache unless they have a bad head injury.

In people who do not carry a gene for cluster headaches, nobody knows what causes them.

Other websites

 The International Headache Society (IHS): 2nd Edition of The International Headache Classification (ICHD-2) - 3.1 Cluster Headache
 Diagnosis and treatment  from National Guideline Clearinghouse (DHHS)
 A. May, M. Leone, J. Áfra, M. Linde, P. S. Sándor, S. Evers, P. J. Goadsby: EFNS guidelines on the treatment of cluster headache and other trigeminalautonomic cephalalgias. European Journal of Neurology. 2006; 13: 1066–1077. PMID 16987158. Free full text (PDF)
 Leroux E, Ducros A: Cluster headache. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2008 Jul 23;3:20. PMID 18651939
 Organization for Understanding Cluster Headaches (O.U.C.H.)

Diseases

Cluster headache


Mother (, Mat) is a 1926 Soviet drama film directed by Vsevolod Pudovkin. It depicts the radicalization of a mother, during the Russian Revolution of 1905, after her husband is killed and her son is imprisoned. Based on the 1906 novel The Mother by Maxim Gorky, it is the first installment in Pudovkin's "revolutionary trilogy", alongside The End of St. Petersburg (1927) and Storm Over Asia (aka The Heir to Genghis Khan) (1928).

The film was banned in the United Kingdom in 1930 after the Masses Stage and Film Guild applied for permission to screen it in London.

The film was voted number 8 on the prestigious Brussels 12 list at the 1958 World Expo.

In 1968, Mother underwent a restoration at Mosfilm, adding a soundtrack by Tikhon Khrennikov.

Plot summary

Russia, 1905. Vlasov is a pipefitter at a factory, an alcoholic, and an abusive husband and father. His long-suffering wife, Pelageya, is protected by their adult son, Pavel. Pavel later agrees to hide a small cache of handguns for local revolutionary socialists under the floorboards of the family home. His mother secretly observes this. Vlasov — a large, hulking man — is plied with vodka by agents of the Black Hundred, a reactionary group, who plan to use him as a thug against the instigators of a planned workers' strike at the factory. During the mayhem of the failed strike, Vlasov is accidentally shot to death by a revolutionary. Pelageya is devastated and pleads with her son to cooperate with the Tsarist police and army who are pressing his case. He refuses. Naively thinking that revealing her son's hidden cache will redeem him, Pelageya betrays her son's secret to the authorities. He is, nevertheless, arrested and tried for sedition under the cool gaze of a bust of Nicholas II and the contemptuous glare of local bourgeois society. His judges are bored with the proceedings and his defense council is incompetent. He receives a sentence of heavy labor for life. Pelageya now makes common cause with the revolutionaries who are planning to foment a prison break during a May Day protest. In the prison yard, the inmates overwhelm the guards and escape. Pavel escapes separately and makes a daring flight across the river on ice floes while under fire. Pavel and his mother are briefly reunited, but he is shot dead by Tsarist troops in the very act of embracing her. Now thoroughly radicalized, Pelageya becomes a defiant standard-bearer holding aloft the socialist flag and is gloriously trampled to death under the hooves of a cavalry charge. A final montage presents images of fortresses, churches, factories and, lastly, the battlements and towers of the Kremlin with the same flag waving triumphantly on top.

Cast
 Vera Baranovskaya as Pelageya Nilovna Vlasova, the Mother
 Nikolai Batalov as Pavel Vlasov, the Son
 Aleksandr Chistyakov as Vlasov, the Father
 Anna Zemtsova as Anna, a Revolutionary Girl
 Ivan Koval-Samborsky as Vessovchtchnikov, Pavel's Friend
 Vsevolod Pudovkin as Police Officer
 V. Savitsky as Isaik Gorbov, the Foreman
 N. Vidonov as Misha, a Worker
 F. Ivanov as Prison Warden (uncredited)
 Ivan Bobrov as Young Prisoner (uncredited)
 Vladimir Uralsky as Student (uncredited)
 Aleksandr Gromov as Revolutionary (uncredited)

Style
Pudovkin wrote in his book Film technique and Film acting that "In my earlier film, Mother, I tried to affect the spectators, not by the psychological performances of an actor, but by plastic synthesis through editing."

Grigori Roshal praised Pudovkin for his innovative style; "Being the first to introduce the idea of creating characterizations by means of montage in films, he has done in the cinema what Dickens did in novels."

References

External links

1926 films
Soviet revolutionary propaganda films
Gorky Film Studio films
Soviet black-and-white films
Soviet silent feature films
Films based on works by Maxim Gorky
Films directed by Vsevolod Pudovkin
Soviet drama films
1926 drama films
Silent drama films
1920s Russian-language films

Mother (1926 film)


Incursion is a science fiction roleplaying game created by Richard Tucholka and published by Tri Tac Games in 1992.

Overview
The player characters are humans abducted by alien slave traders. Together, with other extraterrestrial slaves, they turn on their captors and kill them during the fight, destroying the vital navigational records. Left with possession of one of the fastest and most powerful spaceships, the Anshani space tug Ardanna Nuu, they do not know how to reach their homeworlds, since they all come from non-spacefaring planets in the backwaters of the galaxy that do not turn up in other spacefarers' logs.

Incursion is technically set in the same universe as Bureau 13: Stalking the Night Fantastic, but places the player characters adrift in a complex society, rife with politics and people after them for their ship.

Reviews
Review in Shadis #17

References

Games about extraterrestrial life
Role-playing games introduced in 1992
Science fiction role-playing games
Tri Tac Games games

Incursion


Combined statistical area (CSA) is a term for a combination of nearby metropolitan (MSA) and micropolitan statistical areas (µSA) across the 50 US states and the territory of Puerto Rico that can demonstrate economic or social links. The OMB defines a CSA as consisting of various combinations of adjacent metropolitan and micropolitan areas with economic ties measured by commuting patterns. These areas that combine retain their own designations as metropolitan or micropolitan statistical areas within the larger combined statistical area.

Geography of the United States

Combined Statistical Area


A grounding kit  (or earthing kit) can be described as a kind of lightning protector which avoids lightning punctures on cables. It is used for grounding /earthing coaxial cables of copper or aluminium on antenna installations for telecommunication (mobile communications).

Construction

Grounding kits / Earthing kits are composed of two main components, a clamp and a cable. The clamp will be screwed on a coaxial cable and in case of lightning strokes in the antenna installation, the voltage will be diverted over a ripple in the clamp with the combined cable and will be earthed / grounded by this way.

The clamps of the grounding kits / earthing kits are composed of an ozone- and UV-resistant rubber coat with a device where the ripple can be lodged. The tin-plated ripple with a special alloying enables the bridging over big tolerances between kit and coaxial cable which is important for a best possible voltage transmission. The ripple to the skinned coaxial cable has a low contact resistance between 0.10 and 0.15 mΩ. It also enables a better length compensation as well as even and low contact pressures, which avoids damages on the coaxial cable. These characteristics  are known as relaxation behaviour.

Assembly
For assembling a grounding kit / earthing kit with integrated cable lug the coaxial cable is skinned, the grounding kit / earthing kit is set and tightened by a screw.

References
 Wiesinger, Johannes; Blitzforschung und Blitzschutz (Lightning Research and Lightning Protection) / Johannes Wiesinger. - München [u.a.] : Oldenbourg [u.a.], 1972. - 87 S. : Ill., graph. Darst. - (Abhandlungen und Berichte / Deutsches Museum ; 1972,1/2)
 Hasse, Peter; Wiesinger, Johannes; Handbuch für Blitzschutz und Erdung (Handbook for Lighting Protection and Earthing) (4.Auflage, 4 Edition): Pflaum Verlag, 1993
 Hasse, Peter; Wiesinger, Johannes; EMV Blitzschutzzonenkonzept (EMC Concept for Lighting Protection Areas) : Pflaum Verlag, 1994

Telecommunications infrastructure

Grounding kit


Sir David Pieter de Villiers Graaff, 1st Baronet (30 March 1859 – 13 April 1931) was a South African cold storage magnate and politician. Graaff revolutionized the cold storage industry in Africa.  He founded the Imperial Cold Storage and Supply Company in 1899, and aggressively ran it until he left to serve in government.  Graaff grew the company into one of the largest in Africa. Graaff's wealth soared, at the turn of the century.  During World War I he personally part financed the South African war effort and for this he was knighted as well as for services at the Paris Peace Conference 1919.

Early life

David Graaff was the fourth child of Petrus Novbertus Graaff and Anna Elisabeth.  He was born in the small town of Villiersdorp, named after his maternal grandfather, Pieter Hendrik de Villiers, who founded the town in 1841.  Little is known of his early childhood other than that his family was very poor.  In 1870, at the age of eleven, he went to work in his great-uncle's butchery, Combrinck & CO., in Cape Town, while being privately educated. His great-uncle, Jacobus Arnoldus Combrinck, hoped that Graaff would take over his successful butchery so that he could enter colony politics.

Graaff arrived in Cape Town during a time of rapid economic and population growth.  Three years earlier one of the largest deposits of diamonds in history had been discovered in the interior of the county.  By the time the Cullinan Diamond was discovered in 1869 the city was flooded with prospectors and investors hoping to capitalise on the discovery.  At the time Cape Town was the largest and best developed settlement in southern Africa and served as a major logistics center for prospectors.

In 1881, eleven years after arriving in Cape Town, he and his younger brother Jacobus Arnoldus Graaff took over the business.  At the time the business was worth GB£47,000 (£24,300,000 in 2010 pounds). One year later, in 1882, the first commercially successful shipment of refrigerated meat arrived in London from Australia on board the Dunedin.  Graaff, realizing the importance of this technological innovation for his butchery business, spent much of the 1880s extensively traveling around the world.  Learning all he could about the meat markets and abattoirs of the United Kingdom as well as the meat packing plants of Chicago and the rest of United States.  He spent much of the rest of the 1880s and 1890s implementing the techniques and technologies he learned from these trips in his businesses in addition to serving in government.

Public service and political career (1882–1897)

Graaff was also active in public affairs.  He was a volunteer soldier, and commanded the Cape Garrison Artillery for a few years.  He was a Cape Town city councillor from 1882, and served as mayor in 1891–1892 when he was 32 years old making him the city's youngest mayor.  He presented the city with its mayoral chain, which is still in use, and took the lead in introducing electricity into the city.  Building the city's first power station which still stands today next to the Molteno Dam. He also played a large role in the construction of many new reservoirs to supply the city with water. Graaff was also a member of parliament from 1891 to 1897.

In 1895, in Cape Town itself the Graaff Electric Lighting Works had begun to operate when a power station was erected near the Molteno reservoir on Table Mountain. The Graaff part of the name refers to David Pieter de Villers-Graaff (created Sir in 1911) who was between 1891 and 1892 Mayor of Cape Town and convinced that the future of electricity was a very "bright" one. The demand for "light" continued and in 1907 the Municipality of Kalk Bay and Muizenberg to supply their customers, built a power station near the beach. A year or so later in 1908 the Woodstock Municipality received their electricity supply from the Dock Road Power Station. Then in 1912 the Cape Town City Council bought the assets of the Claremont Electric Light Works and became the suppliers of both the city and the suburbs.

Boer War years
Graaff left office to focus growing his business and in 1899 he and his brother founded the Imperial Cold Storage and Supply Company.  The company grew into one of the largest meat processing and distribution companies in the world and was responsible for generating much of Graaff's fortune.  They concentrated on supplying ships, and in conjunction with the Union and Castle shipping lines, they developed the first cold-storage enterprise in South Africa.

It was during this time that Graaff, together with Ernest Oppenheimer, eventually succeeded in bringing all German mining interests together to form the Consolidated Diamond Mines of South-West Africa, under the general control of the Anglo American Corporation. C.D.M. is now the largest producer of gem diamonds in the world, and even though in those days the rich beach terraces stretching north from the Orange River had not been discovered, it was a large-scale producer and as a result of this transaction Anglo American's position as an important factor in the diamond industry had been firmly established.

During the Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902), Graaff obtained lucrative contracts to supply the British Army in the field, but he also made substantial donations towards alleviating the suffering of Boer prisoners of war, and providing medical supplies to Boer women and children held in British Army concentration camps.

When the meat market slumped after the war, Graaff invested in property in and around Cape Town.  He bought the farm De Grendel in Plattekloof, outside Cape Town, where he built up a Friesland cattle stud as well as his beloved Arabian horses.

Political career (1908–1919)

Graaff was a member of parliament again from 1908 to 1920. He was Minister without Portfolio in the Cape Colony's last cabinet (1908–1910).  A close friend and confidant of Gen Louis Botha, the first prime minister of the Union of South Africa, he was created a baronet in 1911 and served as Minister of Public Works and of Posts and Telegraphs (1911–1912), Minister without Portfolio (1912–1913), High Commissioner in London for Union of South Africa (1914) and Minister of Finance (1915–1916).  He was a Member of House of Assembly for the Union of South Africa from 1910 to 1920.

He accompanied Botha to the Versailles peace conference in 1919.  He was also a close confidant of Gen Jan Smuts and Winston Churchill. He was a member of the National Liberal Club.

Legacy

Graaff and his brother financed the building of the De Villiers Graaff High School in Villiersdorp in 1907, establishing a GB£100 000 (equivalent to £41,100,000 or R471,195,167 in 2010) endowment fund for the school.

When Sir David died in 1931, his estate was consolidated into one company, Graaff's Trust, one of the largest land owners in South Africa.

Apart from his political career his most notable achievements were the construction of the Table Mountain Aerial Cableway, which the family still part own today, as well as large mining and later property interests and investments. His trademark mansions are still scattered around Cape Town today. His beach house Zonnekus on Woodbridge Island, was built by Italian artisans and the material was shipped to South Africa during the great depression. Previously he had built De Grendel, an 8000 hectare stud farm where he bred prized Arab horses.

He was succeeded as baronet by his eldest son De Villiers.  He was also survived by his youngest son, Johannes, a noted Welfare Economist.

See also
 Graaff Baronets
 Imperial Cold Storage and Supply Company
 Meat packing industry

References

Other References
 Dictionary of South African Biography Volume II.
 Barnard, Prof L. and Kriek, Prof D. (Eds) (1990).  Sir De Villiers Graaff.  Digma, Pretoria.
 Graaff, De Villiers. (1993) "Div Looks Back: The memoirs of Sir De Villiers Graaff". Human & Rousseau, Cape Town.
 Simons, Phillida Brooke. (2000) "Ice cold in Africa: The history of the Imperial Cold Storage & Supply Company Limited". Fernwood Press, Cape Town.

External links

Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Mayors of Cape Town
Finance ministers of South Africa
1859 births
1931 deaths
People from the Western Cape
Afrikaner people
Cape Colony army officers
Members of the House of Assembly (South Africa)
David
People from Cape Town
South African philanthropists
High Commissioners of South Africa to the United Kingdom

Sir David Graaff, 1st Baronet


Le grand show des enfants (meaning The great show of children in French) is a French television show broadcast live on French television channel TF1 and presented by Liane Foly1. During the live show, the viewers hear a number of important song by French and international artists of the last 50 years as interpreted children, and they vote solely for the best song rather than on the quality of the performances.

Two shows have been broadcast thus far, the first on 30 October 2010 that was followed by  4,863,000 viewers. The sponsors for the show were Corinne Touzet, Grégoire and Dove Attia. The winning song was "Mon Vieux" a song by Daniel Guichard and was interpreted by Arthur.

The second show was broadcast on 30 April 2011, exactly six months from the premier. The sponsors were Jean-Luc Reichmann, Hélène Ségara and Matt Pokora. The winning song was "Memory, a song by Barbra Streisand and was interpreted by Madeleine.

Show 1: 30 October 2010
Sponsors
Corinne Touzet
Grégoire
Dove Attia
Songs
(in order of appearance. Winner in bold)
"Quelques mots d'amour" from Michel Berger interpreted by Léo et Marina
"La java de Broadway" from Michel Sardou interpreted by Clément, Hugo, Sébastien and Léo
"Requiem pour un fou" from Johnny Hallyday interpreted by Vincent and Marjolaine
"Mon Vieux" from Daniel Guichard interpreted by Arthur
"I'll Be There" from The Jackson 5 interpreted by Marina
"Toi+Moi" from Grégoire interpreted by Juliette and Clément
"Le temps qui court" from Alain Chamfort interpreted by Léo and all the group
"All by Myself" from Céline Dion interpreted by ...
"L'aziza" from Daniel Balavoine interpreted by Clément
"Quand on arrive en ville" from Starmania interpreted by Léo, Damien and Jérémy
"Mamma Mia" from ABBA interpreted by girls in the group
"La vie en rose" from Edith Piaf interpreted by Madeleine

Show 2: 30 April 2011
Sponsors
Jean-Luc Reichmann
Hélène Ségara
Matt Pokora

Songs
(in order of appearance. Winner in bold)
"Comme d'habitude"" from Claude François interpreted by Léo and Inès
"Si j'étais président" from Gérard Lenorman interpreted by Clément, Hugo, Vincent and Paul
"Memory" from Barbra Streisand interpreted by Madeleine
"Le Coup de soleil" from Richard Cocciante interpreted by Arthur
"Le mal aimé" from Claude François interpreted by Clément
"The Show Must Go On" from Queen interpreted by Vincent
"Mes emmerdes" from Charles Aznavour interpreted by Léo, Hugo and Clément
"Là-bas" from Jean-Jacques Goldman interpreted by Marie and Sébastien
"La déclaration d'amour" from France Gall interpreted by Léo and Juliette
"Proud Mary" from Tina Turner interpreted by girls in the group
"True Colors" from Cyndi Lauper interpreted by Léo and Sonia

External links
Official page on TF1 website

1970s French television series
1971 French television series debuts
French game shows
French music television series

Le grand show des enfants


The Hinckaert knot, a type of decorative unknot, is a heraldic knot used primarily in Dutch heraldry. It is most notable for its appearance on the Hinckaert family heraldic badge, where a semi-angular form is used as canting arms, a common practice with heraldic badges.

The name "Hinckaert" is delineated as a derivation of hincken, "to limp", in the badge. Hence the center crutch, and the buckle on the knot, implying that it is a strap used to attach the crutch to the leg. The dexter "P" and sinister "G" are traditionally translated as standing for Philip (Hinckaert), with whom the knot originated, and his wife, née Gasparine.

References

Decorative knots
Heraldic charges
Heraldic knots

Hinckaert knot


The London Assembly is an elected body and part of the Greater London Authority that verifies the activities of the Mayor of London. It has the power, with a two-thirds majority, to amend the Mayor's annual budget. The Assembly was established in 2000 and is headquartered at City Hall on the south side of the River Thames. The Assembly is also able to investigate other issues of importance to Londoners, publish its findings and recommendations, and make proposals to the Mayor.

The assembly is elected using proportional representation voting.

Local government in London
2000 establishments in England

London Assembly


George Streisinger (December 27, 1927 – August 11, 1984) was an American molecular biologist and co-founder of the Institute of Molecular Biology at the University of Oregon. He was the first person to clone a vertebrate, cloning zebrafish in his University of Oregon laboratory. He also pioneered work in the genetics of the T-even bacterial viruses. In 1972, along with William Franklin Dove he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship award, and in 1975 he was selected as a member of the National Academy of Sciences, making him the second Oregonian to receive the distinction. The University of Oregon's Institute of Molecular Biology named their main building "Streisinger Hall" in his honor.

Personal History
George Streisinger was born in Budapest, Hungary, on December 27, 1927. Because they were Jewish, in 1937, his family left Budapest for New York to escape Nazi persecution. Streisinger attended New York public schools and graduated from the Bronx High School of Science in 1944. He obtained a B.S. degree from Cornell University in 1950, and a Ph.D. from the University of Illinois in 1953. He completed postdoctoral studies at the California Institute of Technology from 1953 to 1956. He married Lotte Sielman in 1949. Streisinger accepted a post at the University of Oregon Institute of Molecular Biology in Eugene in 1960.Streisinger was well known as an innovative professor in and out of the classroom, conscripting a dance class to illustrate protein synthesis, and often requested beginning and non-major biology students. He was very politically active, organizing grass-roots resistance to the Vietnam war and legislative opposition to John Kennedy's civil defense program. He testified to successfully ban mutagenic herbicides in Douglas fir reforestation, and led and won a battle to exclude secret war department research from the University of Oregon campus.

His wife, Lotte, was a noted artist and community activist, and the founder of the Eugene Saturday Market, the inspiration for the Portland Oregon Saturday Market.

Research
Following his graduation from Cornell, George under- took graduate studies in the genetics of T-even coliphage with S. E. Luria in the Bacteriology Department of the University of Illinois.  His studies revealed phenotypic mixing, in which a phage with a host-range genotype of one phage type was found in a particle who was phenotypically dissimilar. When published in 1956, these studies had profound impact on the study of viral biology.
During his postdoc at Caltech, with Jean Weigle, he undertook further studies on T2 × T4 hybrids, which led to the discovery of DNA modification (by glucosylation).
At the University of Oregon, Streisinger pioneered the study of zebrafish in his lab. Zebrafish can be genetically modified easily, and researchers can modify them to mimic the traits of certain diseases. In analyzing these created diseases, scientists seek solutions to diseases which affect humans. Over 9,000 researchers in 1,551 labs throughout 31 countries study zebrafish, and many of them received their initial training at the University of Oregon.

References

Cornell University alumni
Jewish American scientists
Jewish scientists
American people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
1927 births
1984 deaths
American molecular biologists
Cloning
20th-century American Jews

George Streisinger


Sir Thomas William Holderness, 1st Baronet,  (11 June 1849 – 16 September 1924) was the first former member of the Indian Civil Service to be appointed to the post of Permanent Under-Secretary of State for India (although Sir George Russell Clerk had previously been a member of the East India Company Civil Service).

Early life and education
Holderness came from a wealthy Hull family, but was born in Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada, where his parents, John William Holderness and his wife Mary Ann (née Macleod), were then settled. The family returned to England shortly after his birth. Although the premature death of his father in 1865 left the family in straitened circumstances, he managed to pay for his education at Cheltenham College by winning several scholarships and prizes, and in 1879 went up to University College, Oxford, again with a scholarship. He passed the entrance exam for the Indian Civil Service in 1870, one of only about forty who passed every year, with high enough marks to be allowed to choose which province he served in. He received a second in classical mods in 1871 and a second in law and modern history in 1872, leaving for India after his graduation.

Career in the Indian Civil Service
Holderness chose to enter civil service in the North-Western Provinces and served from 1873 to 1876 as a district officer in the small towns of Bijnor, Fatehpur, and Muzaffarnagar. He also wrote articles for the press, and his writings and administrative ability brought him to the notice of Lieutenant-Governor Sir John Strachey, who called him to the provincial capital, Allahabad, in 1876 to take up a post in the provincial government offices.

In 1881, he was appointed under-secretary to the Revenue Department of the Government of India in Calcutta. In 1885, he became head of Pilibhit district, and in 1888 he was appointed director of land records and agriculture of the North-Western Provinces. Later he became secretary to the Government of the North-West Provinces. In 1898, he was appointed secretary to the Revenue and Agricultural Department of the Government of India.

On retirement from the ICS in 1901, he joined the India Office in Whitehall as Secretary of the Revenue, Statistics and Commerce Department. On the death of Sir Richmond Ritchie in 1912, he became the permanent under-secretary, the professional head of the India Office, continuing to occupy the post until his retirement in 1919. Although he reached the usual retirement age of 65 in June 1914, he was granted an extension, which was extended still further after the outbreak of the First World War, in which his long experience of Indian administration was invaluable.

Awards and honours
Holderness was appointed Companion of the Order of the Star of India (CSI) in 1898, awarded the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal in Gold in 1901, and appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India (KCSI) in 1907. He was then appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in the 1914 Birthday Honours and Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) in the 1917 Birthday Honours, and was created a baronet, of Tadworth, in the County of Surrey, in the 1920 New Year Honours. He was offered a peerage, but refused on financial grounds.

Family and later life
On 14 March 1885, Holderness married Lucy Shepherd Elsmie, daughter of George Robert Elsmie, a fellow member of the ICS. They had a daughter and a son. He died suddenly while walking on the golf links at Walton-on-the-Hill near his home in Tadworth, Surrey. He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his son, Ernest, a British international golfer.

Writings
 Narrative of the Indian Famine, 1897
 Editor, 4th edition of Sir John Strachey's India, 1911
 People and Problems of India, 1912

Footnotes

References
Biography, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
Obituary, The Times, 17 September 1924

1849 births
1924 deaths
People from Saint John, New Brunswick
People educated at Cheltenham College
Alumni of University College, Oxford
Indian Civil Service (British India) officers
Permanent Under-Secretaries of State for India
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India
Recipients of the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal

Thomas Holderness


The Pentium F00F bug is a hardware bug (design flaw) found in most original Pentium computer processors (but not in Pentium II, III, or 4). The bug allows a malicious program running as an unprivileged (non-root) user to crash the computer by running the instructions (in hexadecimal) F00FC7C8. In assembly language, this represents "lock cmpxchg8b eax". If the system has crashed because of this bug, the only way to fix it is to reboot the computer, usually by unplugging it and plugging it back in. It does no permanent damage to the computer, but it may cause data loss. The bug was discovered in November 1997. Many operating systems made since 1997 have protection against this bug.

References

Computers

Pentium F00F bug


The Gulf of Asinara is a sea sector included between the Asinara Island, Cape Falcone and the town of Castelsardo, in northern Sardinia, Italy. The communes facing its coast include also Stintino, Porto Torres, Sassari, Sorso, Valledoria and Badesi.

The littoral features several beaches, some kilometers long, such as La Pelosa, le Saline Ezzi Mannu and Fiume Santo, those near Porto Torres, Platamona, the beaches of Castelsardo, Valledoria, Badesi, Trinità d'Agultu, Vignola and Isola Rossa.

Landforms of Sardinia
Asinara

Gulf of Asinara


The Desperate Dan books, featuring the comic book character Desperate Dan, were published in 1954, 1978, 1990, 1991 and 1992. Since they were traditionally released in the autumn and in time for Christmas, all bar the first (which had no date) had the date of the following year on the cover.

Although not a Desperate Dan Annual, a book celebrating his 60th birthday was released in 1997 called The Legend of Desperate Dan (60 years of classic cartoon art). It featured a history of the strip, and reprints of strips from 1937 to 1967.

Covers
The Dandy's Desperate Dan featured Dan's face in the middle, surrounded by four pictures of him doing things like bending a lamppost.
The Desperate Dan Book 1979 featured Dan shaving his stubble with a blowtorch and meat cleaver.
The Desperate Dan Book 1991 (from The Dandy) featured Dan wearing 4 costumes- a cowboy costume, an Indian chief costume, a gambler costume and an outlaw costume. Underneath was an envelope featuring a normally dressed Dan on the stamp, saying "If you want me on a Cactusville stamp, it's got to be the real me!"
The Desperate Dan Book 1992 featured Dan eating cow pie, surrounded by small aliens. Speaking to the aliens, he was saying "Ain't seen you around Cactusville before-care for a piece of cow-pie?"
The Desperate Dan Book 1993 featured 4 pictures of Dan posing on a bearskin. The first was from when he was 6 months old, the second from when he was 2 years old, the third from when he was 4 years old, and the fourth from today. In the fourth picture, the bearskin is saying "You're a mite heavy for posin' on me now, Dan!"
The Legend of Desperate Dan (60 years of classic cartoon art) featured Dan looking into a mirror while shaving his stubble with a blowtorch.

See also
List of DC Thomson publications

DC Thomson Comics titles
British comics
The Dandy

The Desperate Dan Book


Philip Nicholas Furbank FRSL (; 23 May 1920 – 27 June 2014) was an English biographer, critic and academic. His most significant biography was the well-received life of his friend E. M. Forster.

Career
After Reigate Grammar School, Furbank entered Emmanuel College, Cambridge. After graduating with a First in English, he served in the army. He became a corporal in the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers and was in Italy in 1945.  He returned to Emmanuel as a teaching Fellow in 1947. While in Cambridge Furbank became a close friend of the novelist  E. M. Forster, and also of the mathematician Alan Turing, whose literary executor he would become.

Furbank moved to  London in 1953 and worked as an editor and librarian. He contributed reviews to The Listener. In 1972 he became a professor of the Open University

In 1960 in London he married the poet and critic Patricia Beer. The marriage was dissolved by 1964 when she remarried.

Works
Furbank's best known work was his sympathetic and widely acclaimed biography E. M. Forster: A Life. Forster had recognised that a biography was inevitable and had originally asked the novelist William Plomer to write one. Plomer found it impossible to describe Forster's sexuality and Furbank was asked instead. Forster's old college, King's College, made Furbank a fellow for the two years before Forster's death in 1970 to support the writing and the biography was published in two parts in 1977 and 1978.

Furbank won a Truman Capote Award for Literary Criticism for his Diderot: A Critical Biography (1992).  He also edited the works of Daniel Defoe and made major contributions to the question of attributions to Defoe in A Critical Bibliography of Daniel Defoe, The Canonisation of Daniel Defoe, and A Political Biography of Daniel Defoe all co-written with W. R. Owens. Furbank also helped oversee the publication of Alan Turing's collected works.

Furbank's other books include ones on the poet Mallarmé and the painter Poussin, Italo Svevo: The Man and the Writer (1966) and Behalf (1999) on political thought.

References
Faber & Faber page

Notes

External links
 List of works by Furbank on worldcat.org  Retrieved on 6 January 2011
Misreading Gulliver's Travels

English literary critics
English biographers
1920 births
2014 deaths
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
Academics of the Open University
Alan Turing
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
20th-century British biographers
The New York Review of Books people
British Army personnel of World War II
Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers soldiers

P. N. Furbank


Gaussian optics is a technique in geometrical optics that describes the behaviour of light rays in optical systems by using the paraxial approximation, in which only rays which make small angles with the optical axis of the system are considered. In this approximation, trigonometric functions can be expressed as linear functions of the angles. Gaussian optics applies to systems in which all the optical surfaces are either flat or are portions of a sphere. In this case, simple explicit formulae can be given for parameters of an imaging system such as focal length, magnification and brightness, in terms of the geometrical shapes and material properties of the constituent elements.

Gaussian optics is named after mathematician and physicist Carl Friedrich Gauss, who showed that an optical system can be characterized by a series of cardinal points, which allow one to calculate its optical properties.

References

Geometrical optics

Gaussian optics


Henry A. Smith (1830 – August 16, 1915) was a physician, poet, legislator and early settler of Seattle, best known today for his flowery translation of a speech by Chief Seattle (or Sealth or Si'ahl) that is still in print.

In 1852, Smith traveled from Wooster, Ohio to Portland, Oregon Territory in a wagon train with his mother (Abigail Teaff Smith, b. 1792) and sister. In 1853, he settled at the north end of Elliott Bay, at what came to be known as "Smith's Cove" (later Smith Cove), deciding that it was a likely spot for docks and that the flat area was a terminus for the perennially rumored transcontinental railroad. His mother staked the next claim north. Smith built a cabin and, the next year, an infirmary at what is today Grand Boulevard (Dravus Street) and 15th Avenue W.

Seattle was at the time hilly and heavily forested; the only route to the main settlement was by small boat or canoe until Smith cut a trail through the woods. He is said to have known the local Indians well and had some command of local language. At the time of the Battle of Seattle (1856), the Smith Cove settlers fled for the safety of Seattle's block house. Their homes were burned and stock taken, except, according to some accounts, for Smith's cabin, apparently a result of his friendship with the locals.

Smith joined the Territorial Legislature as a Republican, and lobbied for a railroad. He farmed, invested in a general store, logging camps, and fruit orchards, and developed in land as far north as Smith Island, at the mouth of the Snohomish River. He made house calls throughout most of the Puget Sound area, often by canoe, and was appointed official physician for the Tulalip Indian Reservation.

In 1862, Smith married Mary Phelan; they had seven children. She died in 1880.

In 1887, with the arrival of the Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway Company, Smith sold most of his land, including about  near Queen Anne Hill, and invested in buildings such as the London Hotel at the foot of Pike Street, and the Smith block (the 1900 block of 1st Avenue; not to be confused with Seattle's Smith Tower). He also served as the first superintendent of King County public schools.

In the 1890s, Smith's railroad dreams bore fruit when the Great Northern Railway built a depot at Smith's Cove. Seattle's Pier 91 and related facilities now cover Smith's Cove. Wealth from this and other ventures made Smith at one time King County's largest taxpayer.

He died in 1915, in the company of his five surviving daughters.

The Speech Controversy

There is a controversy about a speech whose purported text Smith printed.

The date and location of the speech has been disputed, but the most common version is that on March 11, 1854, Seattle gave a speech at a large outdoor gathering in Seattle. The meeting had been called by Governor Isaac Ingalls Stevens to discuss the surrender or sale of native land to white settlers. No-one alive today knows what Seattle said; he spoke in the Lushootseed language, someone translated his words into Chinook Indian trade language, and a third person translated that into English.

About thirty years later, the Seattle Sunday Star published Smith's rendition of the speech, based on notes he took at the time. In flowery language, Seattle purportedly thanked the white people for their generosity, demanded that any treaty guarantee access to Native burial grounds, and made a contrast between the God of the white people and that of his own. Smith noted that he had recorded "...but a fragment of his Chief Seattle's speech".

In 1891, Frederick James Grant's History of Seattle, Washington reprinted Smith's version. In 1929, Clarence B. Bagley's History of King County, Washington reprinted Grant's version with some additions. In 1931, John M. Rich reprinted the Bagley version in "Chief Seattle's Unanswered Challenge". The speech forms the basis of a popular children's book, "Brother Eagle, Sister Sky: A Message from Chief Seattle".

Notes

References
 BOLA Architecture + Planning & Northwest Archaeological Associates, Inc., Port of Seattle North Bay Project DEIS: Historic and Cultural Resources, Port of Seattle, April 5, 2005. Accessed online 25 July 2008. Especially p. 11 (p. 13 of the PDF).

History of Seattle
Politicians from Seattle
1830 births
1915 deaths

Henry A. Smith


Günter Bialas (19 July 1907 – 8 July 1995) was a German composer.

Life
Bialas was born in Bielschowitz (today Bielszowice, a subdivision of Ruda Śląska) in Prussian Silesia. His father was the business manager of a German theatre, and his musical aesthetic was influenced by the personal experiences and connections he made while spending time at that theatre in his youth. The adolescent Bialas received lessons in piano and music theory from Fritz Lubrich, a former student of Max Reger, in Kattowitz (Katowice) between 1922 and 1925. After graduating from the German Minority-Gymnasium in Kattowitz in 1926, he studied musicology, Germanistics, and history at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Breslau from 1927 to 1931. He then proceeded to study music at the Prussian Academy of Arts in Berlin and subsequently taught at the Ursulines Girls' School in Breslau-Karlowitz from 1934 to 1937. He pursued further studies in composition with Max Trapp in Berlin. Through some of his Romanian friends, he made the acquaintance of Sergiu Celibidache and prepared for the entrance examination to the Berlin University of the Arts.

In 1939, he became a lecturer in music theory and composition at the Institute for Music Education at Breslau University. After his German military service and Allied captivity from 1941 to 1945, he and his wife, the singer Gerda Specht, had to flee Silesia. They settled in Bavaria in 1946 and Bialas found work conducting the Munich Bach-Verein. From 1947 to 1959, he taught composition at the Nordwestdeutschen Musikakademie, now the Hochschule für Musik Detmold. He transferred to become a professor at the State Academy of Music in Munich in 1959, where he remained until his retirement in 1972.

For his compositions, Bialas was recognized with many prizes and honors, including the Großer Preis für Musik des Landes NRW (1954), the Münchner Musikpreis (1962), the Johann-Wenzel-Stamitz-Preis (1964), the Musikpreis der Bayerische Akademie der Schönen Künste (1967, elected to the Akademie in 1971), the Plöner Musikpreis (1988), and the Bayerischer Maximiliansorden für Wissenschaft und Kunst (1991).

After his death in 1995, a street in his adopted hometown of Glonn was named Bialas-Straße in his honor and marked with a sign bearing his biographical details.

Bialas is considered to have been one of the most influential composition instructors in postwar Germany. The legacy of his open, liberal, and undoctrinaire attitudes to teaching may be appreciated in the stylistic variety of those who were his students or mentorees, including Nicolaus A. Huber, Peter Michael Hamel, Wilfried Hiller, Heinz Winbeck, Ulrich Stranz, Michael Denhoff, , and Gerd Zacher.

Selected works
Opera
 Hero und Leander (premiered 1966, Mannheim)
 Die Geschichte von Aucassin und Nicolette (premiered 1969, Munich)
 Der Gestiefelte Kater (premiered 1976, Schlosstheater Schwetzingen)
 Aus der Matratzengruft (premiered 1992, Kiel)

Ballet
 Meyerbeer-Paraphrasen (premiered 1974, Hamburg)

Oratorio
 Im Anfang (1961), interpretation of Genesis based on text by Martin Buber, for three echoic voices, choir, and orchestra
 Lamento di Orlando (1983–85) for baritone, mixed choir, and orchestra

Cantata
 Indianische Kantate (1949), based on the composer's original poems, for baritone, chamber choir, 8 instruments, and drums
 Preisungen (1964), based on text by Martin Buber, for baritone and orchestra

Orchestra
 Romanzero (1955)
 Seranata (1955)
 Sinfonia Piccola (1960)
 Waldmusik (1977)
 Der Weg nach Eisenstadt (1980), fantasies on Haydn
 Marsch-Fantasie (1987)
 Ländler-Fantasie (1989)

Concertante
 Concerto Lirico (1967) for piano and orchestra
 Introitus - Exodus (1976) for organ and orchestra
 Music for Piano and Orchestra (1990)
 Cello Concerto No. 2 (1992)
 Trauermusik (Funeral Music) for viola and orchestra (1994)

Chamber music
 Music for Eleven Strings (1970)
 5 String Quartets (1935, 1949, 1968, 1986, 1991)
 Harp Quintet (1983)
 2 Saxophone Quartets (Six Bagatelles, 1986; Kunst des Kanons, 1991)
 Piano Trio (1981)
 Herbstzeit (1982) for string trio and piano
 Nine Bagatelles (1984) for wind trio, string trio, and piano
 Fünf Duette (5 Duets) for viola and cello (1988)

Piano
 Lamento, vier Intermezzi und Marsch (1986)

References

 Komponisten in Bayern, Band 5: Günter Bialas.  Verlag Schneider-Tutzing, 1984. .
 Kein Ton zuviel – Günter Bialas in Selbstzeugnissen und im Spiegel seiner Zeit.  Bärenreiter-Verlag, 1997. .
 Meyer, Gabriel E. Günter Bialas Werkverzeichnis. Bärenreiter-Verlag, 2003. .

External links
 Biography and work list (Bärenreiter-Verlag)
Denhoff, Michael. "Günter Bialas zum 80. Geburtstag" ("Günter Bialas on his 80th birthday"; 1987).

1907 births
1995 deaths
Musicians from the Province of Silesia
People from Ruda Śląska
20th-century classical composers
German classical composers
German classical pianists
Male classical pianists
German male conductors (music)
German music educators
University of Breslau alumni
Academic staff of the University of Breslau
German prisoners of war in World War II
Academic staff of the Hochschule für Musik Detmold
20th-century German conductors (music)
20th-century classical pianists
German male classical composers
20th-century German composers
German male pianists
20th-century German male musicians
German military personnel of World War II

Günter Bialas


The dynatoi (, sing. Δυνατός, Dynatos "the powerful") was a legal term in the Byzantine Empire, denoting the senior levels of civil, military and ecclesiastic (including monastic) officialdom, who usually, but not always, also commanded considerable fortunes and landed estates. Although such positions were not usually hereditary, by the late 10th and early 11th centuries they had started to become monopolized by a limited number of families who by the mid-11th century formed a hereditary aristocracy.

Although the exact composition of the dynatoi class has been the subject of considerable scholarly debate (cf. Lemerle), in economic terms, it encompassed the wealthy land-owners as opposed to the middling and small landowners, the penetes (πένητες). The former were usually members of military families, who had been able to use their influence to grab up the extensive lands that had been abandoned, especially in Asia Minor, as the result of the invasions of the 7th and 8th centuries. As the Empire's military position recovered from the 9th century on, these lands became profitable again, and major provincial magnate families began to appear. Among the main examples are the Phokades and the Maleinoi, who almost monopolized the senior administrative and military posts in Asia Minor in the early and middle 10th century. The dynatoi were able to use their political and financial strength to enrich themselves at the expense of the penetes, who had hitherto formed the main pillar of Byzantine society and economy. Consequently, several emperors from Romanos I Lekapenos (reigned 920–944) to Basil II (r. 976–1025) enacted agrarian legislation to combat the activities of the dynatoi, and to prevent their acquisition of the stratiotika ktemata, the military lands allocated to the maintenance of the thematic armies. Basil II in particular showed care to check the dynatoi through the imposition of the allelengyon ("mutual guarantee") tax, making them liable to pay the taxes of their poorer neighbours.

In the event, these efforts failed due to the rise of the provincial aristocracy, represented by the Komnenos dynasty, to power: in the 12th century, large latifundia spread throughout the countryside at the expense of smaller communities. The influence of the dynatoi reached its apogee in the Palaiologan period (1261–1453), and was marked by a concomitant decline in the authority of the central state government.

Notes

Bibliography

, esp. pp. 1074–82, 1087–1091

Economy of the Byzantine Empire
Greek words and phrases
Society of the Byzantine Empire

Dynatoi


Samuel Amory (1784–1857) was an English lawyer and one of the founding partners of the law firm now known as Travers Smith.

London-born Amory married Ann Heathcoat, the daughter of the well-known and highly successful industrialist John Heathcoat (born 1783), known for inventing lace-making machinery in Nottingham.

Amory qualified as a lawyer in London in 1810, and went into partnership with John Coles, which lasted until 1839 when John became ill, and he was paid out his capital in installments. A short partnership with Isaac Sewell and Samuel Moores lasted only for eleven years.

Samuel and Ann had two children, John (1829-1914) and Ann (1827–69). John, who took the surname Heathcoat-Amory, became a very eminent landowner in Somerset and the owner of a rather splendid estate in Devon known as Knighthayes. He was made a baronet in 1876.

Ann married John Travers, a member of the most famous produce family in the City of London, which remained a client of her father's legal practice for over fifty years. Following marriage into the Smith family, Joseph Travers Smith joined Amory's practice in 1851, later becoming the senior partner and giving his name to the firm, which is still practicing today.

Samuel Amory died in 1857.

External links
Travers Smith

Lawyers from London
Place of death missing
1784 births
1857 deaths
19th-century English lawyers

Samuel Amory


Ribalonga (from the Gallician riba - 'climb' and longa - 'long') is a Portuguese parish in the north of the Municipality of Alijó, in 'Trás-dos-montes' ('behind the hills'). It has a population of 231 (2011) and an area of 9,15 km2 (density : 25,2/km2). Its patron saint is Saint Anna, mother of Saint Mary and therefore, grandmother of Jesus.

History
The Castle of Ribalonga was a fortress that probably began to be inhabited on the Iron Age and continued on the Ancient Rome.
Ribalonga belonged on the 13th century to the parish of Vila Chã, on 1839 to Vila Real, on 1852 to Vilar de Maçada and on 1872 to Alijó.

Legends

Legend of the red cross
The legend tells that in the year 2000, a man of the family Sampaio, whose descendants still live in the village, coming from the fair of Vilar de Maçada, brought with him some meat. Suddenly, he was followed by a pack of wolves and he became very scared, because he realized that the wolves were very hungry. When he arrived near the village, the wolves began to close the circle. When he saw himself lost, he got off his horse and knelt and asked the Lord of the Afflicted to save him from the wolves. At this moment, the dogs in the house of Mr. Sampaio began barking anxiously and the wife of the man let them go. They ran fast to the place where the man was and drove the wolves away. In recognition, he built a cross where he asked the Lord to help. A few days later, one of the dogs appeared, all hurt.
This cross can be seen today, a little bit degraded, on the place that has the name Red Cross and that is in the South of Ribalonga.

Legend of St. Ana
There is another legend of Ribalonga, referring to its place of St. Ana. There is a huge rock, rectangular, with three grooves at the top, the head, the torso and the limbs of a person.
The voice of the people, that same voice that describes the legends word by word, says that these signs were left there by St. Ana when she was on pilgrimage to holy places.
The legend tells that St. Ana, very tired and seeing no other place to lie down, took this rock to rest.  And so the stone became soft for her to be comfortable and cosy, taking the shape of her body. And the next day, at dawn, her forces restored, she continued her journey. After that, people began to pass the rock to go to work and, noticing the furrows, they were amazed. Nobody knows how they came to the conclusion that it was St. Ana. Was it because they were devotees? No one can answer, the fact is that currently the village patron saint is St. Ana and  the hills and the land around the place where the famous rock is, are known as Santa Ana.

Geography
Ribalonga borders to Rapadoura, Vila Verde, Popúlo, Vilar de Maçada, Vila Chã and to the region of Douro. It has a lot of mountains, hills, pines and it's very stony.

Culture
The cuisine of Ribalonga is based on meat. There are a lot of different specialities like cozido à portuguesa ('Portuguese stew'), feijoada à transmontana (rice and black beans), alheiras or linguiças (both sausages). There are a lot of fields and vineyards too.

Gallery

Parishes
Geography of Portugal
13th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Portugal

Ribalonga


Find the Light (() literally Hero-Sword-Youth) is a 2003 TVB historical costume drama, set in the Qing dynasty. Consisting of 20 episodes, it was broadcast from September 8, 2003, to October 3, 2003, in the prime 8:00 to 9:00 pm weekday slot. The theme song was sung by Francis Yip.

The series uses dramatic irony in its telling, the two main protagonists being based on historical figures.

Plot
Following its humiliation in the First and Second Opium Wars Qing China attempts to modernise its military, part of this modernisation being the belated creation of a modern military academy. Despite secretly being a revolutionary Chan Do Yeung (Damian Lau) is chosen to be principal of the academy and agrees, on the proviso that he be allowed to admit Han students.

Among the first intake of students are a scion of a noble family Tam Chi Tung (Bosco Wong) and  a commoner Wong Ng (Ron Ng), despite their differences the two become bosom friends. Also amongst the students is Cheuk Lan (Shirley Yeung), a princess belonging to a cadet branch of the ruling family. Cheuk Lan's father is Sok Yi Suen (Lau Kong) with ultimate responsibility for the academy, believing that the Empire is a Manchu one, he orders his followers in the academy to make things as hard as possible for the Han students with the aim of failing them. Chan Do Yeung however takes an interest in Wong, who is the son of a deceased friend, and accepts him as a formal disciple, he stumbles though with Wong's training, for although possessing great strength Wong finds it impossible to use his strength in combat.

Initially at odds with one another Wong and Cheuk Lan fall in love, however he is unable to graduate from the academy, and instead becomes a caravan guard.

Chan Do Yeung's secret is discovered, although willing to serve the sinicized Manchu to defend China against a common enemy, the Manchu have him ambushed and killed. Finally having found a weapon to suit his great strength, the dadao, Wong Ng arrives to late too save his master but is able to avenge him.

Cast

External links
Official website

TVB dramas
2003 Hong Kong television series debuts
2003 Hong Kong television series endings

Find the Light