Longueuil () is a city in the province of Quebec, Canada. It is the seat of the Montérégie administrative region and the central city of the urban agglomeration of Longueuil. It sits on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River directly across from Montreal. The population as of the Canada 2016 Census totalled 239,700, making it Montreal's second largest suburb, the fifth most populous city in Quebec and twentieth largest in Canada.

Charles Le Moyne founded Longueuil  as a seigneurie in 1657. It would become a parish in 1845, a village in 1848, a town in 1874 and a city in 1920. Between  1961 and 2002, Longueuil's borders grew three times, as it was amalgamated with surrounding municipalities; there was a strong de-amalgamation in 2006 (see 2000–2006 municipal reorganization in Quebec).

Longueuil is a residential, commercial and industrial city. It incorporates some urban features, but is essentially a suburb. Longueuil can be classified as a commuter town as a large portion of its residents commute to work in Montreal. Most buildings are single-family homes constructed in the post-war period. The city consists of three boroughs: Le Vieux-Longueuil, Saint-Hubert and Greenfield Park.

Longueuil is the seat of the judicial district of Longueuil. Residents of the city are called Longueuillois.

History

The territory of New France was divided into seigneuries in order to ensure the colony's defence. Longueuil was founded in 1657 by Charles Le Moyne, a merchant from Ville-Marie (present day Montreal), as a seigneurie. According to Abbé Faillon, Charles Le Moyne, lord of the area starting in 1657, named Longueuil after the village of Longueil (note slightly different spelling) which is today the seat of a canton in the district of Dieppe in his homeland of Normandy.

His son, Charles Le Moyne de Longueuil, built Fort Longueuil as his fortified residence. It was constructed of stone between 1685 and 1690 and had four towers.

Fort Longueuil was believed to be occupied by American troops during the American Revolutionary War. It was subsequently occupied by the British. It was demolished in  1810 due to its poor condition. The archaeological remains of Fort Longueuil were recognized as a National Historic Site of Canada on May 25, 1923.  The site extends beneath the present-day Saint-Antoine-de-Padoue Cathedral.

The seigneurial system ended in 1845 and Longueuil was turned into a parish municipality named Saint-Antoine-de-Longueuil. In 1848, a portion detached from the parish and officially established as the village of Longueuil. This same village became a town in 1874, and then a city in 1920. Musician Paul Pratt notably served as the city's mayor from 1935 to 1966.

Longueuil's city limits expanded for the first time in 1961 when it merged with Montréal-Sud, and again in 1969 when it merged with Ville Jacques-Cartier. In both cases,  Longueuil was chosen as the name of the new city.

On January 1, 2002, as part of the 2000–2006 municipal reorganization in Quebec, the provincial government amalgamated the former Longueuil with Boucherville, Brossard, Greenfield Park, LeMoyne, Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville, Saint-Hubert and Saint-Lambert. As with the 1960s, the name Longueuil was chosen for the new city.  However, after a change of government and a 2004 referendum, Boucherville, Brossard, Saint-Lambert and Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville were re-constituted as independent cities on January 1, 2006.  As such, the current city of Longueuil now includes only the former cities of Longueuil (1969-2002), Saint-Hubert, Greenfield Park and LeMoyne.

Geography

Longueuil occupies 115.59 square kilometres (44.6 sq mi) of land. The city is bordered by the cities of Saint-Lambert to the west, Brossard to the southwest, Boucherville  to the northeast, Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville to the east, and the Saint Lawrence River and Montreal to the northwest. The city of Longueuil is located approximately 7 kilometres (5 mi) east of Montreal on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River.

Longueuil is located in the Saint Lawrence River valley, and is a vast plain. Areas near the river were originally swamp land with mixed forest, and later prime agricultural land. Agricultural land still exists in the portions of the city furthest from the river.

The city of Longueuil also includes Île Charron, a small island in the Saint Lawrence River, and part of the Boucherville Islands.

Street addresses in Longueuil increase west and east from the Chemin de Chambly, with suffixes of "Ouest" and "Est" used on east–west streets that cross it, and south from the Saint Lawrence River. (As in Montreal, the local cardinal directions are skewed to align with the shore of the river, and local grid "north" is closer to geographic northwest.)

Climate
Like Montreal, Longueuil is classified as humid continental or hemiboreal (Köppen climate classification Dfb). Longueuil has long winters, lasting from November to March, short springs during April and May, average summers, lasting from June to August, and short autumns during September and October.

Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada,  Longueuil had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

Of the 132,570 workers in Longueuil, the median income was $26,537, which is above Quebec's provincial average of $25,464. Among the 69,990 full-time workers, the median income was $37,521 or slightly below the provincial average. Several of Montreal's most impoverished neighborhoods are located in Longueuil.

Language
As of the 2011 Canadian Census, French was the mother tongue language of 81.4% of Longueuil's residents  while English was the first language of 7.5%. Other languages were spoken by 13.6% of the population, with the most spoken being Spanish (3.0%), Arabic (2.1%), Haitian Creole (1.2%), Romanian (0.7%), Persian (0.7%), Chinese (0.6%), Italian (0.6%) and Portuguese (0.6%). These figures include multiple responses.

Ethnicity

People of European origins made up 87.6% of the population in 2006. The largest visible minority groups are Black (4.1%), Latin American (2%), Arab (1.6%), Chinese (1.2%), Southeast Asian (1%), and South Asian (0.7%).

Economy

Although a large portion of Longueuil's work force commutes to Montreal, the city nevertheless offers many jobs in a diverse range of industries. Above all, Longueuil benefits from having very low property value despite its close proximity to Montreal.

Longueuil is particularly strong in the aerospace industry. It is home to the headquarters of both Pratt & Whitney Canada and Héroux-Devtek. Pratt & Whitney Canada is Longueuil's top employer with 5,000 employees, while Héroux-Devtek has 550 employees.  Also located in Longueuil is the headquarters of the Canadian Space Agency (John H. Chapman Space Center), adjacent to Montréal/Saint-Hubert Airport. Pascan Aviation has its headquarters in Saint-Hubert, Longueuil. Other companies based in Longueuil include Agropur, Innergex Renewable Energy, and the Canadian subsidiary of Hasbro.

In 2002 Artemano Canada, a home furnishing company was founded, with warehouse & distribution centre located in Longueuil. In 2008, Canadian Business ranked Longueuil as the 30th best place to do business in Canada.

Arts and culture

The Longueuil International Percussion Festival, which features 500 musicians, takes place over six days in July in the neighbourhood of Old Longueuil, and draws 200,000 visitors per year.

Attractions

There are three nature parks in Longueuil, Parc Marie-Victorin and Parc Michel-Chartrand in Le Vieux-Longueuil and Parc de la Cité in Saint-Hubert. It is also home to a wildlife reserve, the Boisé du Tremblay, which is partially in Le Vieux-Longueuil and partially in Boucherville.

There are seven arenas: Cynthia Coull Arena in Greenfield Park; Aréna Émile-Butch-Bouchard, Aréna Jacques-Cartier, Aréna Olympia and Colisée Jean Béliveau in Le Vieux-Longueuil; and Centre sportif Gaétan-Boucher and Centre sportif Rosanne-Laflamme in Saint-Hubert.

Notable places of worship include the Roman Catholic Co-Cathedral of Saint-Antoine-de-Padoue, the Église Nouvelle vie evangelical church, , and the Montréal Québec Temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Sport

Government

Municipal

The mayor is Sylvie Parent, who was elected on Nov. 5, 2017. She is the fourth mayor of Longueuil since the 2002 merger. Businessman Jacques Olivier who once served as Minister of Labour served as mayor from 2002 until 2005. The second mayor of Longueuil was Claude Gladu, serving from 2006 to 2009. He also happened to be mayor of the former city of Longueuil from 1994 to 2002. Former member of the House of Commons of Canada, Caroline St-Hilaire was the third mayor from 2009 to 2017.

The city's three boroughs are Le Vieux-Longueuil, Greenfield Park and Saint-Hubert. In total there are 26 city councillors, including one borough president each. Greenfield Park has three councillors and its borough president is Mireille Carrière of Action Longueuil. Saint-Hubert has eight councillors and its borough president is Lorraine Guay-Boivin of Action Longueuil. Le Vieux-Longueuil has fifteen councillors and its borough president is Michel Desjardins of the Parti municipal de Longueuil.

Longueuil's city hall is located in the borough of Saint-Hubert, on the edge of the city.

Federal and provincial

Federally, Longueuil is part of three electoral districts. The riding of Longueuil—Charles-LeMoyne, is represented by Sherry Romanado. The riding of Longueuil-Saint-Hubert is represented by Pierre Nantel.  The riding of Montarville, is represented by Michel Picard (politician).

Provincially, Longueuil is represented in four electoral districts. The electoral district of Laporte includes the boroughs of Greenfield Park and Saint-Hubert, and is represented by Nicole Ménard of the Quebec Liberal Party. The electoral district of Marie-Victorin, which includes the western portion of Le Vieux-Longueuil, is represented by Catherine Fournier of the Parti Québécois (PQ). The electoral district of Taillon, which covers the eastern portion of Le Vieux-Longueuil is represented by Marie Malavoy of the PQ. The electoral district of Vachon, which covers the borough of Saint-Hubert, is represented by Martine Ouellet of the PQ.

Infrastructure

Commuting patterns

According to the 2006 Census, about 39,485 city residents (17.2% of the total population) commute to work in Montreal on a daily basis, while only 38,090 residents (16.6%) work in the city itself. A further 6,915 residents (3.0%) work in Boucherville every day, 4,775 (2.1%) work in Brossard, 2,795 (1.2%) in Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville, and 1,815 (0.8%) work in Saint-Lambert, the four other constituent cities of the Longueuil agglomeration.

By contrast only 8,845 people commute from Montreal to work in Longueuil every day, while 4,080 people commute from Brossard to work in Longueuil, 2,940 people commute from Boucherville, 2,090 from Sainte-Julie, 1,825 from Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville, 1,815 from Chambly, and 1,810 from Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu.

Roads

The Saint Lawrence River between the Island of Montreal and the south shore is traversed by only five automobile crossings. Two of these are in Longueuil, the Louis Hippolyte Lafontaine Tunnel (part of Autoroute 25) and the Jacques Cartier Bridge (part of Route 134).

Autoroute 20 is an important highway in Longueuil, bordering the Saint Lawrence River in the Le Vieux-Longueuil borough, where it co-exists with Autoroute René-Lévesque (Route 132), and finally heading eastward toward Boucherville. Autoroute 30 crosses the Saint-Hubert borough in the southern part of the city, between the cities of Brossard and Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville.

Route 116 is another major highway, with its western terminus located in LeMoyne, heading east through the borough of Saint-Hubert toward Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville. Route 112 co-exists with Route 116 from LeMoyne to Cousineau Boulevard in Saint-Hubert, where it heads southeast toward Carignan. Route 134 is a major artery, perhaps better known by its more common names: the Jacques Cartier Bridge on the portion crossing the Saint-Lawrence River, and Taschereau Boulevard which connects the bridge to all three boroughs of Longueuil, and southward toward the city of Brossard.

Public transportation

The Réseau de transport de Longueuil (RTL) provides bus service in Longueuil. There are 77 bus routes and 12 shared taxi routes serving 139,374 passengers per day, and 32,738,155 passengers in 2011. Almost all bus lines of the RTL terminate at the Longueuil Bus Terminus. Many buses terminating at the other main bus terminus, Brossard-Panama, cross the Champlain Bridge to arrive at the Terminus Centre-Ville in downtown Montreal (under the 1000 de la Gauchetière office tower, at Bonaventure Metro).

The city is also served by the Longueuil–Université-de-Sherbrooke Metro station, adjacent to the Longueuil bus terminus. The station connects to downtown Montreal via the Yellow Line of the Metro. The Réseau de transport métropolitain (RTM) runs the Mont-Saint-Hilaire commuter train line also serves the south shore. The only commuter train station in the city of Longueuil is Longueuil–Saint-Hubert station. Until the mid-1950s, Longueuil was served by interurban streetcars operated by the Montreal and Southern Counties Railway.

Longueuil also has a small airport, Saint-Hubert Airport. It is one of Canada's most important general aviation airports, ranked 12th busiest airport by aircraft movements.

A small marina, the Réal-Bouvier Marina is located on the Saint Lawrence River in the borough of Le Vieux-Longueuil. The Old Port of Montreal–Longueuil Ferry is a seasonal ferry service links the Réal-Bouvier Marina to the Jacques Cartier Pier in the Old Port of Montreal.

Hospitals

The city is served by two hospitals. The Charles-LeMoyne Hospital is a Université de Sherbrooke affiliated hospital in the borough of Greenfield Park. It is the main hospital for Longueuil, as well as the neighbouring cities of Saint-Lambert and Brossard. The Pierre-Boucher Hospital is a smaller hospital in the borough of Le Vieux-Longueuil which serves Le Vieux-Longueuil, Boucherville, Varennes, Sainte-Julie, Saint-Amable, Verchères, Calixa-Lavallée and Contrecœur.

Education

The city of Longueuil is served by several educational institutions. Both the Université de Sherbrooke and Université de Montréal  maintain campuses in the Borough of Le Vieux-Longueuil.

There is one CEGEP in Longueuil, Collège Édouard-Montpetit, located in Le Vieux-Longueuil. Collège Édouard-Montpetit has an aerotechnic school, École nationale d'aérotechnique located at a separate campus in the borough of Saint-Hubert near Saint-Hubert Airport.

There are two technical and professional colleges, both located in Le Vieux-Longueuil: these are the Pierre-Dupuy Professional Formation Centre and Collège Info-Technique.

Primary and secondary schools
Public anglophone schools are operated by the Riverside School Board. There are three secondary schools in Longueuil operated by the Riverside School Board: Centennial Regional High School in Greenfield Park, Heritage Regional High School in Saint-Hubert, and Saint-Lambert International High School in Saint-Lambert.

Public francophone schools are operated by the Commission scolaire Marie-Victorin. There are seven secondary schools in Longueuil operated by that district. École secondaire Internationale St-Edmond and École secondaire Participative l'Agora are in Greenfield Park. École secondaire André-Laurendeau and École secondaire Mgr-A.M.-Parent are in Saint-Hubert. École secondaire Gérard-Filion, École secondaire Jacques-Rousseau and École secondaire St-Jean-Baptiste are in Le Vieux-Longueuil.

Prior to 1998 the South Shore Protestant Regional School Board served the municipality.

There are also three private francophone secondary schools, all of which are in Le Vieux-Longueuil. They are Collège Charles-Lemoyne, Collège Français and Collège Notre-Dame-de-Lourdes.

Media
Longueuil and the other cities in the agglomeration are served by two free weekly French-language newspapers. Le Courrier du Sud, published by Quebecor Media, is the oldest, and contains inserts tailored to specific boroughs ("Le Journal de Saint-Hubert" for Saint-Hubert and "Le Magazine" for Greenfield Park, LeMoyne and the city of Saint-Lambert). Rive-Sud Express is a newer weekly, published by Transcontinental Media. Both "Le Courrier du Sud" and "Rive-Sud Express" are both home delivered as well as available in newspaper boxes. Point Sud is an independent monthly newspaper, also free of charge, that is carried on newspaper stands

Longueuil is also served by the CHAA-FM 103.3 radio station. Another radio station, CHMP-FM 98.5 is officially licensed to Longueuil, despite both the studio and transmitter being located in Montreal. Residents of Longueuil and adjacent communities are also served by a local cable television station, Télé Rive-Sud (TVRS), which is owned by Quebecor Media and is an affiliate of Canal Vox. It is available to Videotron cable subscribers only.

Twin towns – sister cities

Longueuil is twinned with:
 Lafayette, Louisiana, United States
 Whitby, Ontario, Canada

Notable people
 Micheline Beauchemin (1929 – 2009), textile artist and weaver
 Maxime Comtois, prospect of the Anaheim Ducks
 Jon Lajoie, comedian
 Anthony Mantha, ice hockey player for the Washington Capitals
 Émilien Néron, actor
 Lysianne Proulx, soccer player for Canada
 Judith Sainte-Marie, painter
 Abraham Toro, Major League Baseball infielder for the Milwaukee Brewers
 Zviane, graphic novelist

See also
 Michel Pratt, Michel Pratt, Longueuil 1657-2007 (French)
 Michel Pratt, Dictionnaire historique de Longueuil, version multimédia, Éditions histoire Québec
Baron de Longueuil
List of cities in Quebec

Notes

References

External links

Official site

Cities and towns in Quebec
Populated places established in 1657
Quebec populated places on the Saint Lawrence River
1657 establishments in the French colonial empire

Longueuil


Lieutenant General Robert Hamilton Warren (July 30, 1917 – January 9, 2010) was a U.S. Air Force General and was the fourth Superintendent of the United States Air Force Academy.

Biography
Warren was born in Yankton, South Dakota in 1917. He graduated from Yankton High School in 1934, attended Yankton College for two years, and then attended the United States Military Academy, graduating in 1940. In 1941 he graduated from flying school and received his pilot wings.

He next was assigned to the 29th Bombardment Group at MacDill Field, Florida as a B-18 Bolo pilot where he flew antisubmarine patrol duty from Newfoundland and Florida before and during the early days of World War II. In 1942 he moved to Boise, Idaho, with the 29th Group and participated in the B-17 crew and unit training program as a flight commander, squadron commander and then for a year as deputy commander of the 15th Bombardment Wing.

During 1944 and 1945 he flew combat with Fifteenth Air Force B-24 units in the European Theater of Operations as a squadron commander, 47th Wing operations officer, and as commander of the 376th Bombardment Group.

In 1945 he returned with the 376th Bombardment Group to Grand Island, Nebraska, where the group was reequipped and transitioned to B-29 aircraft.

General Warren was assigned to Headquarters Army Air Forces in Washington, D.C., in 1946. He went to the Air War College at Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama in August 1949 and upon graduation in June 1950, was assigned to Headquarters, Far East Air Forces where he served as director of operations, then assistant deputy for operations during the three years of the Korean War.

He returned to the United States in 1953 and again was assigned to Headquarters U.S. Air Force in Washington, D.C., where he served as executive assistant to the secretary of the Air Force, and for two years as military assistant to the deputy secretary of Defense.

In July 1959 he went to the Air Proving Ground Center at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, where he served as vice commander, then commander, except for a six-month period of duty in 1961 as senior member, Military Armistice Commission, United Nations Command, Korea.

He was named fourth superintendent of the U.S. Air Force Academy in July 1962 and served in this position until July 1965.

From August 1965 to April 1967, he served as chief of staff of the Air Force Systems Command at Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland. In April 1967 General Warren again returned to Headquarters U.S. Air Force and served as assistant deputy chief of staff, personnel.

In July 1968 General Warren became the director of military assistance in the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (International Security Affairs). Subsequently, in March 1969 with the assumption of the additional responsibility for International Logistics Negotiations, he became the deputy assistant secretary of defense (international security affairs) for military assistance and sales.

Awards and decorations
His military decorations include the Legion of Merit with three oak leaf clusters, Distinguished Flying Cross with oak leaf cluster, Air Medal with two oak leaf clusters, Army Commendation Medal with oak leaf cluster and the French Croix de Guerre with Palm. He was a command pilot. Warren retired from the Air Force July 31, 1971.

  Legion of Merit with three oak leaf clusters
  Distinguished Flying Cross with oak leaf cluster
  Air Medal with two oak leaf clusters
  Army Commendation Medal with oak leaf cluster
  French Croix de Guerre with Palm

References

United States Air Force generals
Superintendents of the United States Air Force Academy
United States Military Academy alumni
Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
1917 births
2010 deaths
People from Yankton, South Dakota
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)
Recipients of the Air Medal
United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
United States Army Air Forces officers

Robert H. Warren


Sweep the Leg Johnny was an American experimental rock band formed in 1996. The name is a reference to a line in the film The Karate Kid.

History
Alto saxophonist and vocalist Steve Sostak and guitarist Chris Daly met while attending the University of Notre Dame, where they played together in Check Engine between 1993 and 1994. The two relocated to Chicago after graduating, where they recruited drummer Scott Anna and bass guitarist Matt Alicea, forming Sweep the Leg Johnny.

Their first releases were a split single with Streganona and the "New Buffalo" single, released on Divot Records.

In 1997, the band released 126.96.36.199 on Divot Records.  Following this, Matt Alicea left and was replaced by John Brady, formerly of Spanakorzo and Swing Kids.  The band then signed to Southern Records for their second album Tomorrow We Will Run Faster, released in 1999. Tomorrow... was mastered at Abbey Road Studios in London. Stosak and Daly re-formed Check Engine in 2000 but returned to Sweep the Leg Johnny with their third album Sto Cazzo! (the title an obscenity in Italian) which followed later that year.  The band again went on hiatus as Stosak and Daly concentrated on Check Engine.

Guitarist Mitch Cheney of Rumah Sakit joined the band in 2001, appearing on their final album Going Down Swingin, released in 2002.<ref name="Reid">Reid, Brendan (2002) "[http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/7655-going-down-swingin/ Sweep the Leg Johnny Going Down Swingin''']", Pitchfork Media, October 23, 2002. Retrieved January 26, 2014</ref> The album featured re-recordings of older songs as well as new material. The debut Check Engine album, meanwhile, was released in January 2002. The band played over 725 shows during their original time together.

After the band split up, Steve Sostak and John Brady also played in the band ZZZZ, which released one album in 2005, Palm Reader.Sterzinger, Ann (2005) "ZZZZ", Chicago Reader, March 24, 2005. Retrieved January 26, 2014  Chris Daly joined a group with members of June of 44 and Hoover called Just A Fire, and currently plays in Haymarket Riot. Mitch Cheney is in a project called GREENESS.  Sweep the Leg Johnny also reformed for a benefit gig in Chicago near the end of 2005. Sostak subsequently relocated to Peru where he worked as a teacher.

Vocalist Steve Sostak died in February 2023, at the age of 49.

Musical style
Sweep the Leg Johnny combined elements of a number of styles and genres into a sound that was not easily categorized.Franklin, Greg (2000) "Sweep The Leg Johnny/The Casket Lottery/Proudentall", The Pitch, April 27, 2000. Retrieved January 26, 2014 Allmusic described their sound as a combination of "dissonant rock, progressive music, jazz, noise and punk", while the Chicago Tribune described the band as "art-punk", stating that the band "combines the complexity of art rock, the sledgehammer forcefulness of punk, brooding melodies and countless hours of toil into one of the city's most distinctive sounds", describing their music as "a roller-coaster ride of jarring guitar riffs and blaring free jazz saxophone, abruptly changing time signatures and dramatic, dynamic shifts".McKeough, Kevin (2001) "Sweep the Leg on a run", Chicago Tribune, August 31, 2001. Retrieved January 26, 2014 The Stranger described them as "the only band in America that can make a saxophone sound like it belongs in the middle of intimidating post-punk guitars and apocalyptic vocals". The Riverfront Times described the band's music as "a jazz-laden style of indie rock that featured plenty of mathy twists and turns". Reviewing Tomorrow We Will Run Faster, Allmusic writer Rick Anderson viewed their music as falling "somewhere between the dry, academic precision of 1980s King Crimson and the sprawling art-punk clamor of Mission of Burma".Dallas Observer writer Zac Crain summed up the difficulty in categorising the band: "In fact, there is no way to properly describe Sweep the Leg Johnny without completely missing the point, without chiseling away at the Chicago-based band until it neatly fits into a category that is comfortable and familiar. And wrong."

Discography
Albums18.104.22.168 (1997), DivotTomorrow We Will Run Faster (1999), SouthernSto Cazzo! (2000), SouthernLive September 9, 2000  (2000), Sickroom - live album split with Rumah SakitGoing Down Swingin (2002), Southern

Singles
"Similarities" (1995), The Estate - split 7-inch with Streganona
"New Buffalo" (1996), Divot - b/w "Insomnia Pays"/"In the Shade of the House"
"Mental Vehn Diagram" (1998), Choke/Divot - split 7-inch with Cowpers
"Walking Home On The Emergency Bed" (1998), Tree - split 7-inch with A Minor Forest
"Synchronicity I" (2002), Makoto Recordings - split 7-inch with Haymarket Riot
"Transit Must Suffer" on Quarters vol. 2'' (2002) - 7-inch EP also featuring Biddy Biddy Biddy, Casket Lottery, and Trocar

References

External links
Sweep the Leg Johnny on Myspace

Rock music groups from Illinois
Musical groups from Chicago
Musical groups established in 1996
Musical groups disestablished in 2002
The Karate Kid (franchise)

Sweep the Leg Johnny


The name Atom applies to a pair of related standards. The Atom Syndication Format is an XML language used for web feeds. The Atom Publishing Protocol (AtomPub or APP) is a simple HTTP-based system of rules for creating and updating web resources.

Internet

Atom (feed)


Kevin John Sefcik (born February 10, 1971) is a former Major League Baseball utility player. He was active for seven seasons, from  through .

The vast majority of Sefcik's major league service was with the Philadelphia Phillies. His lone appearance with another major league team was a single at-bat with Colorado in June, 2001.

During his career, Sefcik appeared in 425 games, amassing a total of 212 hits, six home runs, and 56 RBI. His career batting average was .275.

He currently lives in Palos Heights Illinois, and is the father of Zach Sefcik, Luke Sefcik, and Cal Sefcik. He is a baseball coach at Marist High School.He went absolutely nuts for the Alek Thomas home run in the 2023 NLDS series.

External links

1971 births
Batavia Clippers players
Clearwater Phillies players
Reading Phillies players
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
Altoona Curve players
Colorado Rockies players
Living people
Major League Baseball outfielders
Major League Baseball infielders
Baseball players from Illinois
Philadelphia Phillies players
People from Tinley Park, Illinois
Saint Xavier Cougars baseball players

he has 2 sons luke and zach

Kevin Sefcik


Katrina cottages are small houses designed and marketed in the United States in the wake of Hurricane Katrina (August 2005). They were designed as a response to the inadequacies of the trailers issued to flood victims by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The homes are designed to attempt to fulfill the needs of their occupants in a more permanent and weather-resistant manner, while addressing the challenges of building and protecting a home in the Gulf Coast region. Some of the homes are elevated, on stilts, particularly in southern Louisiana and Mississippi, where much of the land currently used is near sea level, protected by levees, or prone to flooding by nearby rivers or coastal storm surges or high tides.

Though designs differ somewhat, the main factor for appearance is that Katrina cottages look like traditional homes in the area, reduced in size to lower costs and ease construction so that multiple units can be built quickly as needed. The Katrina cottages are usually one-bedroom, shotgun-house designs, with a front porch that helps stabilize the house from strong winds. Hence, they tend to be smaller than many house trailers, which have 2 or 3 bedrooms (as in a double wide trailer); however, the cottages are constructed of heavier materials to resist winds that would buckle the light-weight walls of mobile homes.

The best-known of these designs are those by Marianne Cusato, whose original "Katrina Cottage" made the term popular and received in 2006 the first annual People's Design Award from the Cooper-Hewitt Museum of the U.S. Smithsonian Institution. As Cusato's design and others gained increasing media attention, the number of designs has increased.  The home-improvement retailer Lowe's offers pre-packaged Katrina Cottage kits, including plans and all materials needed for construction. A Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) pilot program accommodating 900 Mississippi coast families encountered some opposition from local government officials opposed to permanent small housing units, although Mississippi Governor Haley Barbour urged local officials to accept the cottages as safer than trailers, in high winds or moderate floods.

Other websites
 "The house that Katrina built", St. Petersburg Times, January 28, 2006.
 "The little house that roared", San Francisco Chronicle, March 4, 2006.
 "Lowe's Makes Katrina Cottages Available for Purchase", Architectural Record Digest, November 3, 2006.

Notes

Houses in the United States
Hurricane Katrina

Katrina cottage


Mayflower Theatre (formerly the Gaumont Theatre and originally The Empire Theatre) is a Grade II listed theatre in the city centre of Southampton, England, with a capacity of 2,300.  It features West End theatre shows when they tour the United Kingdom. In addition to this, one-off comedy shows and music events often take place at the theatre too.

History

The Empire Theatre (1928–1950)
The theatre opened on 22 December 1928 as The Empire Theatre, part of the Moss Empire theatre group. It was part of the company's expansion of the late 1920s which also saw theatres constructed in Edinburgh, Glasgow, Liverpool, Oxford and The Dominion, in London.

At the time of construction, it was the largest theatre in the south of England, a title it still holds. In the early days, many shows were transported by train. The theatre's proximity to Southampton Central railway station made its location ideal, but meant that many shows were not as spectacular as their London counterparts. The theatre suffered in early days, to the arrival of cinema, with sound or 'talkies'. This led to the 1933 installation of a projection box in the balcony and a screen, which could be raised and lowered at the front of the stage. By 1942, the theatre was mainly used as a cinema and was taken over by The Gaumont-British Picture Corporation.

Gaumont Theatre (1950–1986)
As part of the Rank Organisation, the theatre has hosted concerts by many famous artists, including Bill Haley & His Comets in 1957, The Beatles in 1963, The Rolling Stones in 1966, Jimi Hendrix and Cat Stevens 1967, Led Zeppelin in 1973, Queen in 1974, 1975 and 1977, The Police in 1979 and 1982, Rush in February 1978, Iron Maiden in 1980, 1981, and 1983, Kate Bush in 1979, AC/DC's last concert with Bon Scott in January 1980, and Ozzy Osbourne in October 1980. On the afternoon of their 1981 concert there, Slade filmed a music video for their single "Wheels Ain't Coming Down" at the theatre.

The building was still, however, mainly used as a cinema, which was in decline, due to the rise of television. This led to Rank investigating a change of use to, either dance hall or ten-pin bowling alley. This did not happen and many other acts appeared, until the end of the 1980s, when acts preferred larger concert halls and arenas.

The theatre was threatened, with a change of use, again, in 1970, when an application was made to convert it into a bingo hall. This also did not happen, but the owners were still not making money. In 1982, the Rank, again, applied to Southampton City Council, for a change of licence, to turn the building into a bingo hall. This was refused in 1983, the year the building also achieved grade II listed status. The council instead offered to buy the building, for £650,000 and a refurbishment of £3 million. This led to the 1989 setting up of a charitable trust, with the lease for a peppercorn rent, to stop the theatre from becoming a political tool.

Name change to the Mayflower Theatre (1987)
The theatre closed for major redevelopment in January 1986, with the entire stage area being improved and additional facilities, such as computerised box office, being added. The theatre opened, as The Mayflower, on 24 February 1987, with a production of Peter Pan starring Bonnie Langford, with the official opening gala, televised in May. Initial audiences proved disappointing and there was talk of the project being a white elephant. This changed, with the introduction of major pantomimes. These attracted huge audiences, peaking with 1994's Dick Whittington, starring Lesley Joseph and John Nettles, which attracted 126,256 theatregoers.

Musicals also made up a big part of the turnaround of the theatre. 1990 brought a full-scale version of the West End's 42nd Street, followed by Evita. These proved huge successes and, along with the pantomimes, ensured the continued success of the theatre. Cats arrived in 1994, bringing an audience of 125,000. This was followed by many other shows, including The Phantom of the Opera, which achieved the record attendance of 185,000 in 2000.

Refurbishment (2003)
In 2003, the theatre closed, again, for refurbishment. The main aspect, being the change of stage from a raked stage to a flat stage. Improvement for disabled access were also made, including the construction of a new lift. The theatre reopened, with the large scale production of Miss Saigon, which would not have previously been possible. The run of major musicals has continued with a five-week run of Starlight Express, in 2005 and shows, such as Saturday Night Fever, Miss Saigon, The Rocky Horror Show and Disney's Beauty and the Beast, in 2006. The tour of Chitty Chitty Bang Bang visited the Mayflower, for almost 3 months, in 2007. The 2007 Christmas show was Michael Rose and Chris Moreno's production of The Wizard of Oz, starring Russ Abbot, Gregor Fisher, Gary Wilmot and Matthew Kelly, as The Wicked Witch of the West. The 2008 season included Andrew Lloyd Webber's Aspects of Love and Cats and the new productions of Zorro and The Wedding Singer. In 2009, the traditional Christmas show was Cinderella, starring Christopher Biggins, Matthew Kelly, Craig McLachlan and Stefanie Powers.

Also in 2009, the Mayflower welcomed West Side Story, Calendar Girls and Evita, among other shows, before closing for three months, for massive development of the backstage areas, including a new scene dock and also refurbishment of the stalls and circle bar. The Season then continued, with LazyTown Live! The Pirate Adventure, followed by shows, including The Sound of Music and High School Musical 2. Shows in 2010 included a return of Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, the first national tour of Hairspray and the 25th anniversary tour of Les Misérables booking.

Foyer redevelopment (2013)
Around summer 2012, during an open day to celebrate twenty-five years of the Mayflower, an appeal was launched for plans of changing the main foyer, which no longer met the modern needs of the theatre. The key benefits were as follows:
 More space
 Bigger box office area
 Street-level wheelchair access
 Covered access to the Ovation restaurant
 Modernisation
 In keeping with Grade II status
After the last performance of the musical Strictly Confidential finished, work began on extending the foyer for over a couple of months. Along with the new branding and a new logo, the extended foyer of the theatre was opened on 30 August 2013, in time with the first performance of the Mayflower Theatre's first summer youth project's performance of Bugsy Malone. In 2014, the UK tours of the West End musicals The Lion King and Wicked visited the theatre. In 2015, the UK tour of Shrek The Musical visited the theatre, and in 2016, the UK tour of Mary Poppins the Musical visited the theatre.

Refurbishment (Summer 2018)

In the summer of 2018, the theatre closed for three months for refurbishment after a 4-week run of War Horse. The main focus of the works was within the auditorium. All of the seats in the stalls and circle were replaced completely, with the seats in the balcony being re-upholstered to match the new seats. The auditorium was also completely redecorated, a departure from the green colour scheme for which the theatre was well known, bringing a new royal red and gold colour scheme. In addition to this, many of the front of house areas were re-decorated to match the new auditorium look.

The main works completed during the closure were as follows:
 Repainting the entire auditorium, with a brand-new red and gold colour scheme
 Removing all of the seats in the stalls and circle and replacing with 1,659 brand-new (and wider) seats
 Re-upholstering all seats in the balcony
 Installing new environmentally-friendly LED lighting
 Increasing accessibility, with better facilities for people with disabilities
 Moving the orchestra pit to under the stage
 Renovating the plasterwork
 Redecorating the restaurant, bars and function rooms

The Mayflower Theatre reopened in September 2018 with a gala evening on 26 September, attended by the theatre's staff, executive members, contractors who had worked on the project and other invited guests.

References

External links

Theatres in Hampshire
Buildings and structures in Southampton
Grade II listed buildings in Hampshire
1928 establishments in England
Tourist attractions in Southampton

Mayflower Theatre


Grant William Roberts (born September 13, 1977) is a former pitcher in Major League Baseball. A right-handed relief pitcher, Roberts pitched for the New York Mets from  to . His career was derailed by injuries and a  violation of baseball's steroid policy.

Early life and career
Roberts graduated from Grossmont High School in El Cajon, California. He was selected by the Mets in the 11th round of the Major League Baseball Draft and the 17-year-old signed on June 1, . Roberts pitched mostly out of the bullpen in 1995, but was a starting pitcher in , posting a 9-1 record and 2.10 earned run average.

With the Single-A Capital City Bombers, Roberts again pitched well and played in the  South Atlantic League All-star game. After an 11-3 record, 2.36 ERA and 8.47 strikeouts per 9 innings pitched, Roberts was named the league's Most Outstanding Pitcher. In , Roberts' numbers declined with the St. Lucie Mets and he had elbow surgery in November. He returned from surgery with mediocre numbers in  for both the Double-A Binghamton Mets and Triple-A Norfolk Tides.

In 2000, Roberts' pitching improved for Norfolk and he was selected to the All-Star Futures Game. On July 27, 2000, with the Mets holding a slight lead in the National League wild card race, Roberts made his major league debut with a terrible start against the Montreal Expos, getting knocked out in the second inning. After what turned out to be the only start of his major league career, Roberts was sent back to the minors until September. When he returned, the Mets were comfortably in the wild card lead and Roberts was in the bullpen for three appearances, highlighted by a four-inning one-hit performance on the last day of the season. Roberts did not pitch in the postseason.

When  started, Roberts was back in Norfolk and back to pitching mostly in relief, despite having spent most of his minor league career as a starter. The Mets brought him back up for a very good relief appearance in June and Roberts spent all of August and September in the majors.

Highlight year interrupted
 was the highlight of Roberts' career. He made the majors out of spring training and did not give up a single run until his eighth game. He ended April with a 0.69 ERA including his most dominant game on April 15 when he struck out five of the seven batters he faced over two innings pitched. In early June, his ERA dipped to a league-low 0.59, but after surrendering 3 earned runs in one inning on June 8, he was placed on the disabled list with a rotator cuff problem. He returned a few weeks later, but was back on the disabled list with tendinitis after only five games.

Roberts was out of action for two months until mid-September. Shortly after, Newsday published a story that seven Mets players, including Roberts, had used marijuana during the season and included a 1998 photograph of Roberts smoking marijuana.  Roberts alleged that a former girlfriend made the photograph public after unsuccessfully trying to extort money from him. In 2003, the Queens district attorney decided not to press charges on the woman.

Continuing problems with his rotator cuff caused Roberts to start the  season on the disabled list. In May, he was moved to the 60-day disabled list and he did not pitch until August. After the season, the Mets cleared Roberts for surgery, but he declined. During spring training of 2004, Roberts was a leading candidate to be the fifth starter, but he began the season in the bullpen after a poor last start. In April 2004, Roberts had an ERA of 17.36 in four relief appearances before returning to the disabled list. In mid-May, Roberts was within minutes of having shoulder surgery when the Mets designated him for assignment cancelling the procedure.  The team relented later in the month and Roberts had surgery ending his season. Roberts was granted free agency after the season, but re-signed to a minor league contract with the Mets.

Roberts did not make the team after spring training  and was released on April 14. On April 22, Roberts and eight other players were suspended for violating baseball's minor league steroids policy. Among the players suspended, Roberts was the only one with major league experience. He was suspended for 15 days which was standard for a first offense at the time.

On May 26, 2005, Roberts was signed by the New York Yankees, but he was released on August 22 without pitching in the majors.

See also
List of sportspeople sanctioned for doping offences

References

External links

Living people
1977 births
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from El Cajon, California
Baseball players suspended for drug offenses
Norfolk Tides players
Trenton Thunder players
New York Mets players
American sportspeople in doping cases
Binghamton Mets players
Doping cases in baseball
St. Lucie Mets players
Kingsport Mets players
Capital City Bombers players
Gulf Coast Mets players
Grossmont High School alumni

Grant Roberts


Warren is a town in Bristol County, Rhode Island, United States. The population was 11,147 at the 2020 census.

History

Warren was the site of the Pokanoket Indian settlement of Sowams located on a peninsula within the Pokanoket region. The region consisted of over 60 settlements under the authority of Chief Massasoit (sometimes called Osamequin) who controlled the land from Plymouth to the eastern shores of Narragansett Bay. English colonists Edward Winslow and Stephen Hopkins from Plymouth Colony first visited there in July, 1621. Winslow and John Hampden saved Massasoit's life two years later and gained an important ally and lifelong friend. The colonists set up a trading post by 1632 on the banks of the Kickamuit River where they traded English goods for furs and other items. Roger Williams was banished from Salem, Massachusetts, in January, 1636, and fled to Sowams, becoming ill on the way. He was sheltered by Massasoit in Sowams until he recovered over the winter months; he later established Providence Plantations.

Permanent English settlement began east of the Indian village in 1653. Massasoit and his oldest son Wamsutta sold to Plymouth Colony settlers what is now Warren and parts of Barrington, Rhode Island, Swansea, Massachusetts, and Rehoboth, Massachusetts. The land was part of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and was first incorporated as part of Swansea. After the death of Massasoit, however, relations became strained between the Indians and the settlers, leading to King Philip's War in 1675 when the Indians destroyed the settlement at Sowams. In 1668, the township was officially incorporated with the name Sowams; in 1691, the Plymouth Colony merged with the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Warren was ceded to Rhode Island from Massachusetts in 1747 along with the Attleborough Gore (now Cumberland), Barrington, Bristol, Tiverton, and Little Compton, Rhode Island. The town was named "Warren" after British naval hero Admiral Sir Peter Warren after a victory at Louisburg in 1745. Barrington was unified with Warren at the time, until it was separated again in 1770.

Warren was the original home of Brown University, founded in 1764 as the College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. The school registered its first students in 1765 and was the Baptist answer to Congregationalist Yale and Harvard, Presbyterian Princeton, and Episcopalian Penn and Columbia. It was the only one of these schools that welcomed students of all religious persuasions, following the example of Roger Williams, who founded Rhode Island in 1636 on the same principle.

In the mid-18th century, the town was well known as a whaling port, and ship building became an important industry. The Revolutionary War seriously affected Warren's commercial prosperity, and the town suffered British raids in 1778 along with the rest of the region. Commerce revived within the decade after the Revolution until the middle of the 19th century, and Warren was famous for the fine vessels launched from its yards. These vessels were largely commanded and operated by Warren crews, and they engaged in whaling, merchant service, and the West India trade. Three notable ships were built in Warren by Chase & Davis: the 1853 clipper Lookout, the 1853 clipper bark Gem of the Sea, and the 1854 clipper bark Mary Ogden.

With the decline of the whaling industry and related seafaring commerce toward the middle of the 19th century, business attention turned to textile manufacturing. Warren's first cotton mill was erected by the Warren Manufacturing Company in 1847. Further mills and factories developed during and after the Civil War, attracting an immigrant work force. Today, Warren is home to several waterfront businesses such as Blount Marine, Blount Seafood, and Dyer Boats.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which  is land and  (28.90%) is water.  Warren is located on the east bank of the Warren River (opposite Barrington, Rhode Island).

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 11,360 people, 4,708 households, and 2,994 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 4,977 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 96.82% White, 0.83% African American, 0.23% Native American, 0.50% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.29% from other races, and 1.29% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.93% of the population.

There were 4,708 households, out of which 27.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.3% were married couples living together, 12.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.4% were non-families. Of all households, 30.8% were made up of individuals, and 11.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.96.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 21.6% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 30.0% from 25 to 44, 23.0% from 45 to 64, and 17.9% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.4 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.0 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $41,285, and the median income for a family was $52,824. Males had a median income of $35,472 versus $27,023 for females. The per capita income for the town was $22,448.  About 5.2% of families and 7.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.1% of those under age 18 and 10.4% of those age 65 or over.

Government

Warren is a part of the 10th District in the Rhode Island Senate and is currently represented by Democrat Walter Felag Jr. The town is a part of Rhode Island's 1st congressional district at the federal level and is presently represented by Democrat David Cicilline. It is a reliably Democratic stronghold in presidential elections, as no Republican has carried the town in over four decades.

Notable places
 East Bay Bike Path
 Warren United Methodist Church and Parsonage
 Warren Waterfront Historic District

Notable people

 Lou Abbruzzi, NFL football player
 Pat Abbruzzi, All-Star Canadian football player, RI football legend
 F. Nelson Blount, founder of the Blount Seafood Corporation and steam locomotive collector
 Luther Blount, started Blount Marine, American Canadian Caribbean Cruise Lines and Bay Queen Cruises
 Hezekiah Butterworth, an American writer of books for young people, and a poet
 Jo-Jo Morrissey, infielder for the Cincinnati Reds and Chicago White Sox
 Elizabeth "Lizzie" Murphy, "The Queen of Baseball"—the first woman to play professional baseball competing with male athletes

See also

References

 RI Preservation Survey – Warren

External links

 Town Web Page
 Discover Warren
 Town of Warren Official GIS Maps and Property Information
 George Hail Free Library—the town library

1668 establishments in Rhode Island
Providence metropolitan area
Towns in Bristol County, Rhode Island
Towns in Rhode Island

Warren, Rhode Island


Franz Heinrich Reusch (4 December 1825 – 3 March 1900) was an Old Catholic theologian.

He was born at Brilon, in Westphalia, studied general literature at Paderborn, and theology at Bonn, Tübingen and Munich. The friend and pupil of Döllinger, he took his degree of Doctor in Theology at Munich. He was ordained a priest in 1849, and was immediately made chaplain at Cologne. In 1854 he became Privatdozent in the exegesis of the Old Testament in the Catholic Theological Faculty at Bonn; in 1858 he was made extraordinary, and in 1861 ordinary, professor of theology in the same university. From 1866 to 1877 he was editor of the Bonner Theologisches Literaturblatt.

In the controversies on the infallibility of the Pope, Reusch belonged to Döllinger's party, and he and his colleagues Bernhard Josef Hilgers, Franz Peter Knoodt and Joseph Langen were interdicted by the Archbishop of Cologne in 1871 from pursuing their courses of lectures. In 1872 Reusch was excommunicated.  For many years after this he held the post of Old Catholic curé of Bonn, as well as the position of vicar-general to the Old Catholic Bishop Reinkens, but resigned both in 1878, when, with Döllinger, he disapproved of the permission to marry granted by the Old Catholic Church in Germany to its clergy.

He retired into lay communion, but continued to give lectures as usual in the Old Catholic Faculty of Theology in the University of Bonn, and to write on theological subjects. He was made rector of that university in 1873. In 1874 and 1875 he was the official reporter of the memorable Reunion Conferences held at Bonn in those years and attended by many distinguished theologians of the Oriental and Anglican communions.  Reusch was a profound scholar and an untiring worker. Among his many works were contributions to the Revue internationale de theologie, a review started at Bern at the instance of the Old Catholic Congress at Lucerne. He wrote also works on the Old Testament; a pamphlet on Die Deutschen Bischöfe und der Aberglaube; and another on the falsifications to be found in the treatise of Aquinas against the Greeks; as well as essays on the history of the Society of Jesus, and a book of prayers.

His fame mainly rests on the works which he and Döllinger published jointly. These consisted of a work on the Autobiography of Cardinal Bellarmine, the Geschichte der Moralstreitigkeiten in der Römisch-Katholischen Kirche seit dem XVI. Jahrhundert, and the Erörterungen über Leben und Schriften des hl. Liguori. During the last few years of his life he was stricken with paralysis. He died in Bonn leaving behind him in manuscript a collection of letters to Bunsen about Roman cardinals and prelates, which has since been published.

References

1825 births
1900 deaths
People from Brilon
People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
University of Bonn alumni
Academic staff of the University of Bonn
German Old Catholics
German Old Catholic theologians
19th-century German male writers
19th-century German theologians
19th-century German writers
German male non-fiction writers

Franz Heinrich Reusch


Pleading is usually the first step in a lawsuit. This is when parties formally submit their claims and defenses. A complaint is the first pleading filed by a plaintiff which starts the lawsuit. A complaint lists the  relevant allegations of fact which leads to one or more legal causes of action. It also has a prayer for relief and sometimes a statement of damages claimed. This is called an ad quod damnum clause.  In some situations, a complaint is called a petition. In this case the party filing a complaint is called the petitioner and the other party is the respondent.  In equity, sometimes called chancery, the initial pleading may be called either a petition or a bill of complaint in chancery.

Other terms
 When used in civil proceedings in England and Wales, the term "complaint" refers to how civil proceedings are started in the magistrates' court. The complaint may be either written or oral.

 A demurrer is a pleading (usually filed by a defendant). It objects to the legal sufficiency of the opponent's pleading and demands that the court rule immediately about whether the pleading is legally adequate. This is before the party must plead on the merits in response.  Since demurrer procedure required an immediate ruling like a motion, many common law jurisdictions therefore went to a narrower understanding of pleadings. They are seen as framing the issues in a case but not being motions in and of themselves. The demurrer is replaced with the motion to dismiss for failure to state a cause of action or the application to strike out particulars of claim.

 An answer is a pleading filed by a defendant. It admits or denies the specific allegations listed in a complaint. It also serves as a general appearance by a defendant.  In England and Wales, the equivalent pleading is called a defence.

 A defendant may also file a cross-complaint or third-party complaint. This is to bring other parties into a case by the process of impleader.

 A defendant may file a counter-claim. This raises a cause of action to defend, reduce or set off the claim of the plaintiff.

References

Law
Legal terms

Pleading


Ground vibrations is a technical term that is being used to describe mostly man-made vibrations of the ground, in contrast to natural vibrations of the Earth studied by seismology. For example, vibrations caused by explosions, construction works, railway and road transport, etc. - all belong to ground vibrations.

General information
Ground vibrations are associated with different types of elastic waves propagating through the ground. These are surface waves, mostly Rayleigh waves, and bulk longitudinal waves and transverse waves (or shear waves) propagating into the ground depth. Typical frequency range for environmental ground vibrations is 1 – 200 Hz. Waves of lower frequencies (below 1 Hz) are usually called microseisms, and they are normally associated with natural phenomenae, e.g. water waves in the oceans. Environmental ground vibrations generated by rail and road traffic may cause annoyance to residents of nearby buildings both directly and via generated structure-borne interior noise. Very strong ground vibrations, e.g. generated by heavy lorries on bumped roads, may even cause structural damage to very close buildings. Magnitudes of ground vibrations are usually described in terms of particle vibration velocity (in mm/s or m/s). Sometimes they are also described in decibels (relative to the reference particle velocity of 10−9 m/s). Typical values of ground vibration particle velocity associated with vehicles passing over traffic calming road humps are in the range of 0.1 – 2 mm/s. Magnitudes of ground vibrations that are considered to be able to cause structural damage to buildings are above 10–20 mm/s.

Ground vibrations from railways
The main sources of ground vibrations generated by railway trains are dynamic forces transmitted from tracks to the ground. These forces are associated with complex processes of interaction of moving train axles with railway tracks supported by the elastic ground. The magnitudes of these forces generally increase with the increase of train speeds. Therefore, the levels of generated ground vibrations may be substantial in the case of high-speed trains. If a train speed becomes larger than Rayleigh wave velocity in the ground, an additional very large increase in generated ground vibrations takes place. This phenomenon is termed ground vibration boom, and it is similar to sonic boom generated by supersonic aircraft.

Ground vibrations from road traffic
The main mechanism responsible for generation of ground vibrations by moving cars and lorries is the dynamic forces associated with vehicle passage over road irregularities, such as bumps, peats, etc. These forces, and hence generated ground vibrations, can be reduced by keeping road surfaces in good condition.

Ground vibrations at construction
The main sources of ground vibrations at construction are pile driving, dynamic compaction, blasting, and operation of heavy construction equipment. These vibrations may harmfully affect surrounding buildings, and their effect ranges from disturbance of residents to visible structural damage.

See also
 Love wave
 Shear wave

References

 Skipp, B.O. (ed), Ground Dynamics and Man-made Processes, The Institution of Civil Engineers, London, 1998.
 Krylov, V.V. (ed),  Noise and Vibration from High Speed Trains, Thomas Telford Publishing, London, 2001.
 Santos, J.A. (ed),  Application of Stress-Wave Theory to Piles: Science, Technology and Practice, IOS Press BV, Amsterdam, 2008.
 Bull, J.W. (ed),  Linear and Non-linear Numerical Analysis of Foundations, Taylor & Francis, New York, Abingdon, 2009.

External links
 Ground vibrations at construction
 Ground vibrations caused by blasting

Mechanical vibrations
Waves
Seismology

Ground vibrations


The L.A. Quartet is a sequence of four crime fiction novels by James Ellroy set in the late 1940s through the late 1950s in Los Angeles. They are:
 (1987) The Black Dahlia
 (1988) The Big Nowhere
 (1990) L.A. Confidential
 (1992) White Jazz

Elmore Leonard wrote that "reading The Black Dahlia aloud would shatter wine glasses". Several characters from the L.A. Quartet, most notably Dudley Smith, were introduced in Ellroy's 1982 novel Clandestine, which is set between 1951 and 1955 and makes reference to the Black Dahlia killing and Dudley Smith's investigation into it. The four novels, along with The Underworld U.S.A. Trilogy novels, were recently reprinted in 2019 into omnibus editions part of the Everyman's Library series.

Ellroy has also started writing The Second L.A. Quartet, which takes place before the events of The L.A. Quartet. It includes the real life and fictional characters from The L.A. Quartet and The Underworld U.S.A. Trilogy. Two novels of The Second L.A. Quartet have been released: Perfidia in 2014, and This Storm in 2019.

Summary
The Black Dahlia, the first novel in the series, follows a brutal murder in the late 1940s. On January 15, 1947, Elizabeth Short's body was discovered in a vacant lot. Officers Dwight "Bucky" Bleichert and Leland "Lee" Blanchard, partners and local celebrities from their boxing days, aid the investigation.

The next novel, The Big Nowhere, takes place in the early 1950s amidst the Red Scare in Hollywood. Former Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) detective Buzz Meeks, who now works as an enforcer for gangster Mickey Cohen and a pimp for Howard Hughes, gets caught up in a communist investigation that has ties to a series of homosexual murders that are being investigated by a sheriff's deputy named Danny Upshaw. The work of Meeks and Upshaw also crosses paths with the investigations of Mal Considine and Dudley Smith, who are working on a communist case of their own.

The third novel, L.A. Confidential, spans about eight years—from early 1950 to about April 1958. The story begins on February 21, 1950, when Buzz Meeks is found at an abandoned auto court where he is hiding out. Meeks is killed by Dudley Smith, and the 18 pounds of heroin Meeks stole from a Jack Dragna-Mickey Cohen truce meeting is subsequently retrieved by Smith. A year later, Bloody Christmas occurs: the beating of unarmed suspects by LAPD officers on Christmas Day. Ed Exley, Bud White, and Jack Vincennes are the main officers caught in the scandal. On April 16, 1953, the Nite Owl Massacre becomes the focus of the LAPD. The massacre involved the killing of civilians in an all-night restaurant. Three African Americans are the suspects. While resisting arrest, they are gunned down by Exley, who is proclaimed a hero. Years pass, and new evidence emerges that the African-American youths were innocent of the Nite Owl killings. The case is reopened. Ultimately, between Exley, White, and Vincennes, a criminal conspiracy involving Smith, Stensland, and Meeks is uncovered. It involved Mickey Cohen, the drug rackets, pornography, the stolen heroin from years back, a chemist trying to alter the chemical compound of the heroin to improve it, framing the African-American youths, and at the center of all of it, Dudley Smith. In the end, Smith escapes prosecution. The Nite Owl gunmen are killed, as well as other conspirators in Smith's scheme. Bud White ends up a cripple. Jack Vincennes is killed in the line of duty while trying to stop prisoners from escaping. Ed Exley, now chief of detectives, loses his father, who commits suicide. Although they despised each other at first, Exley and White become friends. Exley swears to White he will bring Dudley Smith down.

The final novel in the L.A. Quartet is White Jazz, told from corrupt LAPD officer Dave Klein's point of view. As a policeman, Klein has broken the law numerous times, beaten suspects, stolen, bribed, worked for the mob, and had people killed, as well as being a murderer himself. In late 1958, Klein, the commander of Administrative Vice, is assigned a burglary of the sanctioned drug-dealing family, the Kafesjians. Klein does not see the case as a priority, but Narcotics Division commander Dan Wilhite and Deputy Chief Ed Exley want the case solved. Klein takes a sideline job from Howard Hughes, who wants Klein to find evidence that would violate an actress's contract. Klein falls in love with his target, Glenda Bledsoe. While working the Kafesjian burglary, Klein discovers that Exley is still trying to bring down Dudley Smith. When he figures that out, Klein begins working with Exley, who tells him all about Dudley. When Klein meets an undercover officer, Johnny Duhamel, who is working Smith on behalf of Exley, Klein is shot up with drugs. Being coerced, Klein murders Duhamel with his Marine sword and is taped committing the murder. Klein is arrested by the FBI the following day for possession of heroin. He becomes a federal witness, and is given 48 hours before he is taken into custody. Klein and Exley discover other Dudley Smith sidelines, selling heroin to the South Los Angeles African-American population, keeping crime in that area "contained", gambling, and voyeuristic pornography tapes. Klein and Exley find the Kafesjians' burglar, Wylie Bullock.  Later that night, everything hits Klein: all his crimes and everything that is happening. He decides to meet Smith later that night, who offered Klein a deal earlier. Unbeknownst to Smith, Klein brings Wylie Bullock, who has a grudge against Smith. When the two meet, Bullock attacks Smith, ripping out his eye and slashing his face ear to ear. Klein shoots Bullock and runs off. An all-points bulletin is issued on Klein and he is caught. A custody battle ensues between the FBI and the LAPD for Klein, which the FBI wins. While in federal custody, Klein writes a full confession of everything he has done, and everything that has happened. He has copies sent to Hush-Hush, the Los Angeles Times, and the State Attorney General's Office. However, Klein escapes custody. He hides out with Pete Bondurant (a character who reappears in the Underworld USA Trilogy series' American Tabloid and The Cold Six Thousand). After his escape, Klein's confessions fall on deaf ears, with only Hush-Hush magazine willing to print it. However, they are silenced by legal action and prevented from printing the confession that would have "brought the LAPD to its knees." Howard Hughes feels betrayed by Dave Klein because of the Bledsoe job. He has Bondurant beat him up bad enough to require medical attention. Exley sends Klein a package in the hospital, which includes a blank passport and a gun. Exley says in his note that he considers Smith neutralized, but will allow Klein to kill Smith if he feels justice has not been absolute. Instead, Klein murders J. C. Kafesjian and Tommy Kafesjian. Klein spends one last night with Glenda Bledsoe, takes pictures of her to remember her by, and leaves for the airport. Around late January 1959, Klein leaves the United States. In the epilogue, set many years later (1976 at the earliest), Klein says he plans to return to Los Angeles, with the intentions of making gubernatorial candidate Exley confess to the manipulative deals he made, murder Dick Carlisle and Dudley Smith, and find his lover Glenda Bledsoe.

Characters

Dudley Liam Smith
Appearances: Clandestine, The Big Nowhere, L.A. Confidential, White Jazz, Perfidia, This Storm

Smith was born in Dublin, Ireland in 1905, and later immigrated to the United States and was raised in Los Angeles, where he joined the LAPD in 1928. In The Big Nowhere, Dudley Smith is described as tall, beefside broad, and red-faced, with brown hair and brown eyes, as well as having a tenor brogue and being Jesuit college-trained. His verbal style also indicates he is a lexophile. In L.A. Confidential, Jack Vincennes tells Bud White and Edmund Exley that Dudley worked in the OSS in Paraguay after World War II. Also, in White Jazz a newspaper story mentions he was a World War II OSS spymaster, has a wife and five daughters, and has killed eight men in the line of duty. Smith was the clandestine protector of two rival criminal families, the Herricks and the Kafesjians, in the 1930s. In 1942 he murdered José Diaz in the infamous Sleepy Lagoon murder case. He is first mentioned in Clandestine, which is set in 1951, and again in 1950 in The Big Nowhere, where he is recruited by Deputy D.A. Ellis Loew to investigate communist influence in Hollywood. He and his partner Mal Considine pursue this assignment with vigor. It was in this book that the extent of his personal corruption was revealed; as well as José Diaz, Dudley and his men were involved in other criminal activities, and in February 1950 Dudley personally tracked down and killed protagonist Buzz Meeks as is stated in the prologue to L.A. Confidential. By 1950 Dudley had reached the rank of Lieutenant, and he would remain there throughout the 1950s, until his promotion to Captain in 1958. By this time, his personal rivalry with fellow LAPD Captain Edmund Exley resulted in a power struggle between both men, which Edmund Exley won when Smith was attacked by a man named Wylie Bullock. This attack left him with brain damage that rendered him essentially semi-lucid, and only rarely lucid. Also in the attack, he lost an eye, and is paralyzed, and will probably never be able to walk again. It is unknown when Dudley died; however, he is apparently still alive—albeit confined to a nursing home—in 1976, as is revealed in the epilogue to White Jazz. He returns in Perfidia, set in 1941.

Smith was thoroughly unscrupulous, ruthless, and evil. He had a large list of crimes that he had committed, including theft, pornography distribution, murder, and most disturbingly, infanticide—Dudley personally strangled the two-day-old baby of the Herrick family in 1937. He was a hard line anti-communist, declaring that he hated the "Red filth worse than Satan". Dudley's racism was also well known, particularly in regards to Jews, and he was a notable proponent of "containment"; as he explained it, keeping the "nigger filth" in African-American areas.

Smith is portrayed by James Cromwell in the film adaptation of L.A. Confidential and portrayed in the 2003 television pilot of L.A. Confidential by Tom Nowicki. In a departure from the novel, Smith is killed by Exley at the end of a shootout.

Ed Exley
Appearances: L.A. Confidential, White Jazz

Edmund Jennings Exley is one of the three protagonists in L.A. Confidential, and a major supporting character in White Jazz. He is the son of Preston Exley, former cop turned construction tycoon, and Marguerite Exley,  Tibbetts. When he was seventeen his brother Thomas Exley, also a cop, was fatally gunned down by an unidentified purse snatcher (referred to as "Rollo Tomasi" in the film, and kills Preston Exley, instead of Thomas Exley, in the film). Ed is relentlessly ambitious, politically savvy, and highly intelligent, trying to surpass his father as a policeman and live out late Thomas's dreams. He is instilled with a belief in "absolute justice" from his father.

He has come from a family of cops, but also has a trust fund from his mother after she died of cancer 6 years earlier. Stated in the novel Exley men have been police since the formation of the Scotland Yard. A summa cum laude graduate of UCLA at nineteen in 1941, Exley joined the war effort shortly after joining the LAPD in 1943. He served in the Pacific Theater and toward the end of his tour of duty experienced the variable ways of manipulating the truth to one's benefit. Anticipating an attack, Exley volunteers for a scout run. As predicted, the Japanese forces assault with a bayonet charge. When Exley returns, his platoon is dead and a patrol is approaching. He hides under the bodies of his former brothers-in-arms. After the patrol passes he decides to head to battalion headquarters. On the way, he passes a Shinto shrine of soldiers who committed suicide over capture or death by disease. He finds weaponry and a flamethrower nearby. He lays the guns out around the dead. With the flamethrower, he torches the bodies, knowing his cowardice would be evident and would be rotated to another platoon if he didn't commit this act. Recon finds Exley having "fought off" twenty-nine enemies. He is awarded the Distinguished Service Cross and his story is published in the Examiner.

Exley's next brush with opportunity, chance and truth occurs on Christmas Eve during the Bloody Christmas Scandal of 1951. A rise in rank and glory come with his testimony against his brother officers, but not without the stigma of becoming a turncoat and pariah. A hate relationship develops with Bud White, due to his testifying and because White's partner, Dick Stensland, is incarcerated and, later, goes to the gas chamber. Exley was the arresting officer in the crimes which led to Stensland receiving the death penalty, and was in attendance (as was White) when Stensland was executed.

The Nite Owl slayings, however, bring him acceptance. Several patrons of an all-night coffee shop are brutally shotgunned to death. Although in custody, the suspects escape. Exley finds them and guns them down although they were unarmed. As the years pass, Exley is given captaincy over Internal Affairs. He also makes other numerous cases with a conviction rate in the upper ninety percent. When the Nite Owl case is reopened due to the circumstantial evidence of two witnesses, Exley and the rest of the LAPD must solve the case all over again before the Attorney General's Office takes over the investigation and makes the LAPD look incompetent. As the evidence emerges and connections are established between the suspects in a web of complex conspiracies (stretching back decades), it becomes clear that his father himself did not properly clear his own famous case, The Loren Atherton case. With the aid of Bud White and Jack Vincennes, the trio ultimately solve the Nite Owl Case. Following a botched raid on a prison break via train, White is critically wounded. Exley visits him and finds evidence White built for his own case against a serial killer of prostitutes. When Exley finds the evidence, he learns the true meaning of absolute justice: anonymous, humble, no rank or glory. While conventional justice is not meted out, with Exley entrusting the second murderer of the Loren Atherton case to a known doctor, Dr. Terry Lux, and the ultimate mastermind behind the Nite Owl and other crimes, Dudley Smith cannot be convicted due to lack of evidence, Exley vows he will take down Dudley Smith if it's the last thing he ever does.

In White Jazz Exley is a deputy chief as a result of solving the Nite Owl. He has become colder and more determined in achieving his goals. He unwillingly allows Dave Klein to keep his job, despite Klein's obvious corruption. Exley continues his crusade in attempting to take down Dudley Smith. He uses an undercover police cadet and Klein to attain this goal. During a burglary into Exley's house for monetary gain, Klein finds numerous photos of Dudley Smith. Klein calls the photos "Exley hate fuel". During an earlier meeting at Exley's house, Klein mentions that as evil as Dudley is, Exley is a hypocrite in the way he uses people like Dudley. White Jazz sees the end of the corrupt Narcotics Division and its sanctioned dealers, the Kafesjians. Due to severe brain damage and wounds, Dudley remains in hospital care his whole life and a special pension fund approved by Exley himself, since the revelations about the LAPD's blatant corruption would "bring the LAPD to its knees", as stated in Hush-Hush. With Klein a fugitive, Exley gets word to him in a package. It states he will not pursue Klein for his burglary because he used Klein to accomplish his mission. His package also includes a blank passport and a .38 revolver with a silencer in case Klein feels absolute justice has not been achieved regarding Dudley. He also states Dudley has cost him enough as it is.

According to White Jazz's epilogue told by Klein, Exley ascends to the rank of chief of police. He also develops a political career, from congressman, lieutenant governor and a candidate for governor. However, Klein plans to make Exley confess all his deals he has ever cut.

In the L.A. Confidential film adaptation, he is portrayed by Guy Pearce and in the 2003 television pilot of L.A. Confidential, he is portrayed by David Conrad.

Meyer Harris "Mickey" Cohen
Appearances: The Big Nowhere, L.A. Confidential, White Jazz, Perfidia

Mickey Cohen was a real-life gangster active in Los Angeles, but his exploits in Ellroy's novels are mostly fictional.  Cohen has a large supporting role in The Big Nowhere which includes his relations with Buzz Meeks, who was one of the protagonists of The Big Nowhere. He is portrayed briefly by Paul Guilfoyle in the L.A. Confidential film adaptation.

Wendell A. "Bud" White
Appearance: L.A. Confidential

Bud White was one of the major protagonists in L.A. Confidential. In the book he begins as an incredibly violent cop, who takes out his anger on wife beaters. This is shown to be because of his violent father who killed his mother in a drunken rage. Because of his quick temper and brutality Bud became the most feared cop on the force with nobody wishing to feel the brunt of his anger. However, he is shown to be sensitive with women and goes out of his way to help them. This is shown when he becomes obsessed with tracking down a serial killer targeting young prostitutes. During the course of the book Bud has a long-standing feud with Ed Exley, due to Exley informing the D.A. of Bud's involvement in the Bloody Christmas fiasco. This almost makes Bud lose his job until Dudley Smith recruits him into the homicide division, which Dudley operates. However, Bud's partner Dick Stensland is left as a scapegoat for the investigative D.A. and is imprisoned; this only fuels Bud's vendetta against Exley. Dudley recruited Bud because of his brutal strength and uses him as an enforcer. However, when it becomes clear that Dudley is corrupt and is using him for his own nefarious schemes, Bud drops his conflict with Exley and joins forces with him and Jack Vincennes to take Dudley Smith down. However, during the investigation he is gravely wounded and is forced to retire. Before he leaves, the newly promoted Ed Exley promises him that he won't let Dudley get away with his crimes. Russell Crowe portrayed Bud in the 1997 adaptation of L.A. Confidential and Josh Hopkins portrayed Bud in the 2003 television pilot of L.A. Confidential.

John "Trashcan Jack" Vincennes
Appearance: L.A. Confidential

Detective Sergeant Jack Vincennes (? – March 29, 1958) is one of the major characters in L.A. Confidential. Known for being flashy and colorful, as well as taking cases which get the most publicity. He famously arrested Bebop musician Charlie Parker and actor Robert Mitchum on two high-profile pot busts; from a tip off from Sid Hudgens. However, over the course of the book his actions cause an amount of guilt and throw his life into turmoil, such as the loss of his marriage. He allies himself with Bud White and Ed Exley in a way to redeem himself. However, he dies in the book's climax. He is portrayed by Kevin Spacey in the film, who received top billing, despite his secondary role. In the television pilot made in 2003, Vincennes is portrayed by Kiefer Sutherland.

Lynn Margaret Bracken
Appearance: L.A. Confidential

In the film adaptation of L.A. Confidential, Bracken is portrayed by Kim Basinger, and in the 2003 pilot, she is portrayed by Melissa George.

David Douglas "The Enforcer" Klein
Appearance: White Jazz

The protagonist of White Jazz. The novel is told through Dave Klein's stream of consciousness, as well as articles and newspaper headlines that accompany many of Ellroy's books. He is an immoral cop who moonlights as a hitman, enforcer, slumlord and lawyer, working for people such as Howard Hughes and the mob. He is portrayed as charismatic and cunning. However, over the course of the novel he begins to lose his edge. Various problems, such as Noonan trying to prosecute him and Exley blackmailing him, cause his life to fall apart.

Glenda Louise Bledsoe
Appearance: White Jazz

Russell A. Millard
Appearances: The Black Dahlia, L.A. Confidential

He is portrayed by Mike Starr in The Black Dahlia film.

Dwight W. "Bucky" Bleichert
Appearances: The Black Dahlia, Perfidia

The main protagonist of The Black Dahlia. An LAPD officer and former light-heavy boxer. The partner of Lee Blanchard, and eventual husband of Kay Lake. He, like his partner, becomes obsessed with the Elizabeth Short murder case. Bucky was portrayed by Josh Hartnett in the film adaptation.

Katherine Ann "Kay" Lake
Appearances: The Black Dahlia, Perfidia, This Storm

Kay Lake is portrayed by Scarlett Johansson in the film adaptation of The Black Dahlia.

Turner Prescott "Buzz" Meeks
Appearances: The Black Dahlia, The Big Nowhere, L.A. Confidential, Perfidia, This Storm

Buzz Meeks (April 1906 – February 21, 1950) was once a cop who was known for his extreme corruption and bad performance reports. This bad reputation would eventually cause his dismissal from the LAPD. He would later find work as an enforcer and bodyguard for various figures within L.A.'s underworld including Mickey Cohen as well as movie mogul and business icon Howard Robard Hughes. He was murdered by Dudley Smith in the prologue of the L.A. Confidential novel. In the L.A. Confidential film, Meeks's first name is changed to Leland and he is portrayed by Darrell Sandeen.

Ellis Loew
Appearances: The Black Dahlia, The Big Nowhere, L.A. Confidential, Perfidia

Ellis Loew is an ambitious and corrupt District Attorney in L.A Confidential whose rise from Deputy D.A. begins in The Black Dahlia. In the film The Black Dahlia he is played by Patrick Fischler. In the film L.A. Confidential he is played by Ron Rifkin.

Malcolm E. Considine
Appearance: The Big Nowhere

Lieutenant Mal Considine of the Los Angeles District Attorney's Criminal Investigation Bureau was an intelligent, well-intentioned cop, undone by ambition in The Big Nowhere. Bent on making the rank of Captain with the Bureau, he joined Ellis Loew and Dudley Smith on an investigation of Communists in Hollywood. In the course of that investigation, he recruited Danny Upshaw and became his handler while the latter did double-duty on investigations of Communists and a serial killer. His ambition and desire to impress the divorce court resulted in his death at the hands of the serial killer.

Daniel Thomas Upshaw
Appearance: The Big Nowhere

Detective Deputy Danny Upshaw (1922–1950) of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department was a brilliant cop who investigated a horrific string of mutilation murders in The Big Nowhere. When he stumbles upon evidence linking Dudley Smith with an old murder, Smith manipulates him psychologically until he kills himself, partly by threatening to reveal Upshaw's repressed homosexual tendencies. This allowed Smith to breathe free but the serial killer to remain at large.

"Rollo Tomasi"
Appearance: L.A. Confidential (film)

"Rollo Tomasi" is the made up name of the unknown purse snatcher who killed Ed Exley's father, Preston Exley in the film version of L.A. Confidential. In the novel for L.A. Confidential, the unknown purse snatcher kills Edmund's brother, Thomas Exley, and is not given a made-up name. The name was created and used only for the film.

His identity is unknown and never discovered in both novel and film, and in the film, Exley states to Jack Vincennes he gave the unknown purse snatcher the name for personality. This becomes a vital piece of information when as Jack Vincennes is dying, his last words are "Rollo Tomasi", the name that Exley shared with him. It will also give Exley a clue to his killer when Dudley Smith questions Exley about the name. Rollo Tomasi is also a metaphor for the criminal who gets away with the crime, like the purse snatcher. When Dudley is about to kill Exley, he asks who Rollo Tomasi is, and Exley says Dudley is, for the reasons mentioned before.

William Henry Parker III
Appearances: L.A. Confidential, White Jazz, Perfidia, This Storm

AKA "Whiskey Bill"

Howard Hughes
Appearances: The Big Nowhere, White Jazz, Blood is a rover

Sidney Hudgens
Appearances: L.A. Confidential, Perfidia, This Storm

Sid Hudgens (?–1953) was a journalist for the gossip magazine Hush-Hush (similar to the real life gossip magazine Confidential). He acts on tip offs from his many contacts within Los Angeles' so called elite and famous. He works closely with John "Trashcan Jack" Vincennes. The two work famously together and make large wads of money between them. Hudgens is killed under mysterious circumstances; but it is later revealed that Dudley Smith is responsible for Hudgens and Vincennes' deaths. In the film adaptation of L.A. Confidential, Hudgens is portrayed by Danny DeVito. In the 2003 pilot, he is portrayed by Pruitt Taylor Vince. In the film L.A. Confidential, Dudley Smith and another corrupt LAPD officer are seen killing Sid Hudgens in cold blood; whereas in the novel, Hudgens' body is just discovered.

Burt Arthur "Deuce" Perkins
Appearance: L.A. Confidential

He appears as a bass player of the band owned by Spade Cooley. He is shown as a drug addict and generally nasty character in the novel.
In the film, however, he appears as Mickey Cohen's drugs lieutenant who is killed by Dudley Smith's men, in order to take control of the L.A. Underworld.

John Charles "J.C." Kafesjian
Appearance: White Jazz

The LAPD's sanctioned drug dealer.

Wylie Davis Bullock
Appearance: White Jazz

Michael Breuning
Appearances: The Big Nowhere, L.A. Confidential, White Jazz, Perfidia, This Storm

Note: Also appears in "Clandestine"

In the film adaptation of L.A. Confidential, is portrayed by Tomas Arana.

Richard J. Carlisle
Appearances: L.A. Confidential, White Jazz, Perfidia

In the film adaptation of L.A. Confidential, Carlisle is portrayed by Michael McCleery.

Pete Bondurant
Appearance: White Jazz

Note: Also appears as a main character in the Underworld U.S.A. trilogy.

Raymond Dieterling
Appearance: L.A. Confidential

Known as the father of modern animation, Ray Dieterling is one of the main supporting characters in L.A. Confidential. Friend of Preston Exley and later Inez Soto, Dieterling created characters similar to Walt Disney's. Dierterling's characters like Moochie Mouse and Danny Duck are similar to Disney's Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck, respectively.

Inez Soto
Appearance: L.A. Confidential

In the film adaptation of L.A. Confidential, Soto is portrayed by Marisol Padilla Sánchez.

Domenico "Chick" Vecchio
Appearance: White Jazz

Salvatore "Touch" Vecchio
Appearance: White Jazz

Pierce Morehouse Patchett
Appearances: L.A. Confidential, Perfidia

Pierce Patchett (June 30, 1902 – March 27, 1958) is a procurer of prostitutes that resemble movies stars and one of the main antagonists in L.A. Confidential. In the film adaptation of L.A. Confidential, Patchett is portrayed by David Strathairn. In the 2003 pilot, he is portrayed by Eric Roberts.

George "Junior" Stemmons, Jr.
Appearance: White Jazz

Leland Charles "Lee" Blanchard
Appearances: The Black Dahlia, Perfidia, This Storm

Known as "Mr. Fire" in the boxing world for his fighting style and personality, Blanchard is an ex-boxer cop who becomes Dwight "Bucky" Bleichert's partner on Warrants after their publicity boxing match to rally support behind a pay increase bond for the police. The publicity and the match are enough for the voters to vote in favor of the bond. Both Blanchard and Bleichert benefit from this, they are rewarded with a prestigious assignment on Warrants, which involves serving high risk warrants, and finding fugitives, i. e. going after real bad guys. "Mr. Fire" and "Mr. Ice," Blanchard and Bleichert, respectively, become partners. They are highly effective team, known for catching many criminals. Blanchard also is involved with Kay Lake, someone he saved from the criminal underworld, and has a chaste love for. Blanchard, Bleichert, and Lake become best friends, referred to as a "fairy tale triangle." However, after the murder of Elizabeth Short, also known as the Black Dahlia, Blanchard heads into a downward spiral. Feeling compelled and obsessed to solve the case because his younger sister Laurie Blanchard went missing when he was young, and was most likely murdered, he has strong feelings of guilt and feels his solving his cases "chalk one up for Laurie Blanchard." As well as solving the case might atone for losing Laurie. Combined with that, his continuing use of Benzedrine, and the soon to be paroled Robert "Bobby" De Witt, a criminal he sent to prison, Blanchard becomes completely unhinged. Following a lead on Elizabeth Short and De Witt in Tijuana, Mexico, Blanchard heads there. After an extended period of time with no contact or information on Blanchard, Bleichert heads to Tijuana to find answers. However, Bleichert finds a decayed Blanchard in a body pit, with very few leads on who the murderers were. This leaves Bleichert and Kay to deal with the repercussions. In the 2006 film adaptation of The Black Dahlia, Lee Blanchard is portrayed by Aaron Eckhart.

John "Johnny" Stompanato
Appearances: The Big Nowhere, L.A. Confidential

Johnny Stompanato (October 10, 1925 – April 4, 1958) was a bodyguard and member of Mickey Cohen's gang. He was portrayed by Paolo Seganti in the film adaptation of L.A. Confidential.

Welles Noonan
Appearance: White Jazz

Robert Gallaudet
Appearances: L.A. Confidential, White Jazz

A former LAPD sergeant who acts as D.A. Ellis Loew's Bureau "whip" in the investigations into both "Bloody Christmas" and the Nite Owl slayings. Gallaudet eventually passes the bar and becomes a prosecutor, eventually rising to become D.A. after Ellis Loew resigns. He becomes an ally of Ed Exley during the Nite Owl investigation, and was also a law school classmate of Dave Klein. It laters turns out that he was working with Dudley Smith, who has Gallaudet killed to tie up loose ends.

Johnny Duhamel
Appearance: White Jazz

Dan Wilhite
Appearance: White Jazz

Dan Wilhite is the head of the LAPD's Narcotics division, in the final novel of Ellroy's L.A. Quartet, "White Jazz."  For many years he had overseen the tacit agreement between the LAPD and the Kafesjian family, the latter being sanctioned drug dealers in the southside area of LA. As the novel progresses Wilhite desperately attempts to contain the burglary investigation, headed by Klein at Exley's instigation to prevent years of police corruption from being revealed. He commits suicide.

Jack Woods
Appearance: White Jazz

Spade Cooley
Appearance: L.A. Confidential

Wino Will-o-the-Wisp
Appearances: White Jazz

Unknown serial killer murdering the homeless in White Jazz.

Jack Dragna
Appearance: The Big Nowhere

Jack Dragna is an organized crime boss and rival of Mickey Cohen.

Will Shipstad
Appearance: White Jazz

Lester Lake
Appearance: White Jazz

Frederick Turentine
Appearances: L.A. Confidential, White Jazz

Preston Exley
Appearances: L.A. Confidential, Perfidia

Father of Edmund Exley. In the 2003 pilot, he is portrayed by Robert Foxworth.

Arthur De Spain
Appearance: L.A. Confidential

Timmy Valburn
Appearance: L.A. Confidential

Lee Peter Vachss
Appearance: L.A. Confidential

Richard Alex Stensland
Appearance: L.A. Confidential

In the film adaptation of L.A. Confidential, Stensland is portrayed by Graham Beckel. And is one of the victims in the "Nite Owl Massacre"; which differs from the novel which has Stensland arrested for the Bloody Christmas scandal

Abraham Teitlebaum
Appearance: L.A. Confidential

Dot Rothstein
Appearances: L.A. Confidential, Perfidia, This Storm

Malcolm Robert Lunceford
Appearance: L.A. Confidential

Mal Lunceford (June 2, 1912 – April 16, 1953) was one of the victims in the infamous Nite Owl Massacre case.

Delbert Melvin "Duke" Cathcart
Appearance: L.A. Confidential.

Delbert Melvin "Duke" Cathcart (November 14, 1914 - April 19, 1953); a criminal character and victim of the famed "Nite Owl Massacre". He is a character that actually; although is dead, helps crack the case.

David Mertens
Appearance: L.A. Confidential

Jerry Marsalas
Appearance: L.A. Confidential

Terry Lux
Appearances: The Big Nowhere, L.A. Confidential, Perfidia, This Storm

Thad Green

Ray Pinker
Appearance: Perfidia, This Storm

Audrey Anders
Appearance: The Big Nowhere

Coleman Healy
Appearance: The Big Nowhere

Eugene Niles
Appearance: The Big Nowhere

Felix Gordean
Appearance: The Big Nowhere

Saul Lesnick
Appearances: The Big Nowhere, Perfidia, This Storm

Claire Katherine De Haven
Appearances: The Big Nowhere, Perfidia, This Storm

Reynolds Loftis
Appearances: The Big Nowhere, Perfidia

See also

 Noir fiction
 The Underworld U.S.A. Trilogy

Novel and film references
 Ellroy, James. The Black Dahlia, Warner Books, 2006,
 Ellroy, James. The Big Nowhere, Mysterious Press, 1998,
 Ellroy, James. L.A. Confidential, Warner Books, 1997,
 Ellroy, James. White Jazz, Vintage Books, 2001,
 The Black Dahlia (film)
 L.A. Confidential (film)
 Ellroy, James. The L.A. Quartet, Everyman's Library, 2019,  (US),  (UK)

Real life events
 Battle of Chavez Ravine
 The Black Dahlia murder
 Bloody Christmas
 Brenda Allen scandal
 Sleepy Lagoon murder
 Zoot Suit Riots

References

External links
 retrieved August 3, 2019

American novel series
Crime novel series
Novels by James Ellroy
Novels set in Los Angeles

L.A. Quartet


Tian Yumei (; born 28 December 1965) is a Chinese former track and field sprinter. Her personal best of 11.06 seconds for the 100 metres was set in 1997. She was a three-time Chinese champion in individual sprints.

She represented China in the 100 m at the Summer Olympics twice (1988, 1992) and also competed at the 1991 World Championships in Athletics. Her greatest achievements came at the regional level: she was a two-time gold medallist in the 100 m at the Asian Athletics Championships and the 100 m champion at the 1990 Asian Games. She also won a bronze medal in the event at the 1992 IAAF World Cup and the 200 metres bronze at 1990 Asian Games.

She enjoyed success with the Chinese 4×100 metres relay team from 1987 to 1993. She shared in the Asian title in 1987, 1991 and 1993, as well as the 1990 Asian Games title. The team competed at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics and took the gold medals at the IAAF World Cup the same year.

Career

Born in Guangxi, she won her first international medals at the 1987 Asian Athletics Championships. She placed third in the 100 metres behind the more established Lydia de Vega and P.T. Usha but took the gold with the Chinese 4×100 metres relay team. She won the 100 m title at the Chinese Athletics Championships the following year and gained selection for the 1988 Seoul Olympics, where she was a quarter-finalist. The 1990 season saw her win a 100/200 metres double at the Chinese Championships and she ran in both events at the 1990 Asian Games. Hosted in Beijing, Tian became the Asian Games champion in the 100 m individual and relay events, as well as taking the bronze medal over 200 m. She continued to succeed on the regional stage the following year as she won the 100 m gold and relay title at the 1991 Asian Athletics Championships – the team of Pei Fang, Tian, Chen Zhaojing and Xiao Yehua set a championship record of 43.41 seconds for the event. She was chosen to compete at the 1991 World Championships in Athletics, but again did not progress beyond the quarterfinals.

Tian made her second Olympic appearance at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics. She reached the quarterfinals of the 100 m for a second time and also ran in the heats of the relay competition, alongside Gao Han, Chen Zhaojing, and Xiao Yehua. The quartet regrouped for the 1992 IAAF World Cup held in Havana and they claimed the women's relay time with a time of 43.63 seconds. Tian also won the individual bronze medal, running 11.44 seconds for third place behind home favourite Liliana Allen. The 7th Chinese National Games in September 1993 saw Chinese sprinting reach new heights: Tian set a personal best of 11.24 seconds for the 100 m but was beaten into second place by Liu Xiaomei, who broke the Asian record for the event with her run of 11.02 seconds. Tian also helped Guangxi to the relay National Games title. Three months later Tian defeated Liu in the 100 m at the 1993 Asian Athletics Championships to retain her regional title in a time of 11.36 seconds. The pair teamed up to secure the 4×100 m relay title for China for a fourth consecutive title.

Tian did not appear on an international podium again after 1993. Her last outing at a major event was the 1997 Chinese National Games. She set a 100 m personal best of 11.06 seconds to place third behind Liu and Li Xuemei (the latter setting the current Asian record of 10.79 seconds). The games was seriously marred by doping – many champions were stripped of their titles and the overall level of performances remain questionable to international audiences. Tian was a relay silver medallist in the National Games with Guangxi and this proved to be her last major medal.

References

External links

Living people
1965 births
Chinese female sprinters
Olympic athletes for China
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Asian Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 1986 Asian Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1990 Asian Games
Runners from Guangxi
Asian Games gold medalists for China
Asian Games bronze medalists for China
Medalists at the 1990 Asian Games
Medalists at the 1986 Asian Games
Olympic female sprinters
Asian Athletics Championships winners
20th-century Chinese women

Tian Yumei