Brandreth is a fell in the English Lake District. It stands between Great Gable and Haystacks in the Western Fells.

Topography
The Western Fells occupy a triangular sector of the Lake District, bordered by the River Cocker to the north-east and Wasdale to the south-east. Westwards the hills diminish toward the coastal plain of Cumberland. At the central hub of the high country are Great Gable and its satellites, while two principal ridges fan out on either flank of Ennerdale, the western fells in effect being a great horseshoe around this long wild valley. Brandreth is a near neighbour of Great Gable, forming part of the head of Ennerdale.

The spine of the range runs north from Great Gable via Green Gable to Brandreth, before curving north-west to form the watershed between Ennerdale and Buttermere. The fells along this section are Haystacks and the High Stile group. A lesser ridge also runs out north-east from Brandreth to Grey Knotts, bending around parallel to the main range to form the side valley of Warnscale. Fleetwith Pike encloses Warnscale on the other side.

As a consequence of its three connecting ridges, Brandreth assumes a triangular plan. The south-west face falls steeply, but relatively smoothly to Ennerdale, Brin Crag being the only prominent feature. To the east a rim of crags mark the drop into Gillercomb. This classic hanging valley lies between Brandreth and Base Brown, emptying around the latter into the wide strath of Borrowdale at Seathwaite. The northern slopes fall gently toward Warnscale, the workings of Dubs Quarry lying at the foot of the slope. Brandreth is thus the only fell to feed Ennerdale Water, Derwentwater and Buttermere.

The ridge connecting to Green Gable narrows to Gillercomb Head, complete with a number of small tarns, following the line of the ruined Ennerdale boundary fence. The connection to Grey Knotts is wider, but still a definite ridge, crossing the stony terrain where the transition from one fell to the other is hard to determine. North westward the topography is more complex, a sloping tableland gradually resolving into the ridge of Haystacks as the high ground is squeezed between Warnscale Beck and the River Liza. The rocky top of Great Round How marks the completion of the change.

Geology
The summit area composes the plagioclase-phyric andesite lavas of the Birker Fell Formation. A band of volcaniclastic sandstone passes near to the actual top. Further south are outcroppings of the Whorneyside Formation (bedded tuff and sandstone with some breccias, interspersed with andesite sills.) The lower slopes are covered by drift. Dubs Quarry at the foot of the northern slope is an extensive slate working, now abandoned.

Summit
The summit area is bleak and stony, marked by the remains of old fences. The top is identified by a cairn built around a boundary post where the three ridgeline fences meet. The view south is obstructed by the Gables, but in all other directions the high fells of Lakeland are laid out. Pillar, High Stile and the North Western Fells are particularly well seen, a view enhanced from lower down the western slope.

Ascents
The summit of Honister Pass provides a convenient high level start. There is a well marked and mainly stoned  path starting close to the youth hostel which leads directly to the summit by way of Grey Knotts. Another route  follows the remains of the inclined tramway to the Drum House and then contours around the western slopes of Grey Knotts. From Gatesgarth at the head of Buttermere, a path runs up the valley of Warnscale Beck. Passing around the crags of Haystacks it then crosses the plateau to pick up the Ennerdale fence, bound for Brandreth. If climbing from Borrowdale then the path alongside Sour Milk Gill into Gillercomb can be used, followed by a stiff pull up to Gillercomb Head. A long walk up Ennerdale can also be the prelude to an ascent of Brandreth. Many walkers will ascend the fell indirectly from one of its neighbours, or avoid the summit altogether as they follow the contouring path from Honister to Great Gable.

References

Fells of the Lake District
Hewitts of England
Nuttalls
Cumberland (unitary authority)
Borough of Copeland

Brandreth


Shang Yang (; c. 390 – 338 BC), also known as Wei Yang () and originally surnamed Gongsun, was a Chinese jurist, philosopher, and politician. Born in the Zhou vassal state of Wey during the Warring States period, he was a statesman, chancellor and reformer serving the State of Qin, where his policies laid the administrative, political and economic foundations that strengthened the Qin state and would eventually enable Qin to conquer the other six rival states, unifying China into a centralized rule for the first time in history under the Qin dynasty. Scholars consider it likely that both he and his followers contributed to The Book of Lord Shang, a foundational philosophical work for the school of Chinese legalism.

Biography
Shang Yang was born as the son of a concubine to the ruling family of the minor state Wey (衞). His surname (氏, lineage name) was Gongsun and his personal name Yang. As a member of the Wei family, he was also known as Wei Yang.

At a young age, Yang studied law and obtained a position under Prime Minister Shuzuo of Wei (魏, not the same as his birth state). With the support of Duke Xiao of Qin, Yang left his lowly position in Wei to become the chief adviser in Qin. His numerous reforms transformed the peripheral Qin state into a militarily powerful and strongly centralized kingdom. Changes to the state's legal system (which were said to have been built upon Li Kui's Canon of Laws) propelled the Qin to prosperity. Enhancing the administration through an emphasis on meritocracy, his policies weakened the power of the feudal lords.

In 341 BC, Qin attacked the state of Wei. Yang personally led the Qin army to defeat Wei, and eventually Wei ceded the land west of the Yellow River to Qin. For his role in the war, Yang received 15 cities in Shang as his personal fief and became known as the lord of Shang (Shang Jun) or Shang Yang. According to the Records of the Grand Historian, with his personal connections while serving in the court of Wei, Shang Yang invited Gongzi Ang, the Wei general, to negotiate a peace treaty. As soon as Ang arrived, he was taken prisoner, and the Qin army attacked, successfully defeating their opponents.

Mark Edward Lewis once identified his reorganization of the military as responsible for the orderly plan of roads and fields throughout north China. This might be far fetched, but Yang was as much a military reformer as a legal one. Yang oversaw the construction of Xianyang.

The Shang Yang school of thought was favoured by Emperor Wu of Han, and John Keay mentions that Tang figure Du You was drawn to Shang Yang.

Reforms
He is credited by Han Fei, often considered to be the greatest representative of Chinese Legalism (法家), with the creation of two theories;

"fixing the standards" ()
"equality before the law" ()

Believing in the rule of law and considering loyalty to the state above that of the family, Yang introduced two sets of changes to the State of Qin. The first, in 356 BC, were:
Li Kui's Book of Law was implemented, with the important addition of a rule providing punishment equal to that of the perpetrator for those aware of a crime but failing to inform the government.  He codified reforms into enforceable laws. The laws were stringent and multitudinous reformed by Yang and the punishments were strict.
Assigning land to soldiers based upon their military successes and stripping nobility unwilling to fight of their land rights. The army was separated into twenty military ranks, based upon battlefield achievements. The reform of military made Qin citizens willing to join the army and helped the Qin dynasty build the military power necessary to unify China.
As manpower was short in Qin, Yang encouraged the cultivation of unsettled lands and wastelands and immigration, favouring agriculture over luxury commerce (though also paying more recognition to especially successful merchants).

Yang introduced his second set of changes in 350 BC, which included a new standardized system of land allocation and reforms to taxation.

The vast majority of Yang's reforms were taken from policies instituted elsewhere, such as from Wu Qi of the State of Chu; however, Yang's reforms were more thorough and extreme than those of other states, and monopolized policy in the hands of the ruler. Under his tenure, Qin quickly caught up with and surpassed the reforms of other states.

Domestic policies
Yang introduced land reforms, privatized land, rewarded farmers who exceeded harvest quotas, enslaved farmers who failed to meet quotas, and used enslaved subjects as (state-owned) rewards for those who met government policies.

As manpower was short in Qin relative to the other states at the time, Yang enacted policies to increase its manpower. As Qin peasants were recruited into the military, he encouraged active migration of peasants from other states into Qin as a replacement workforce; this policy simultaneously increased the manpower of Qin and weakened the manpower of Qin's rivals. Yang made laws forcing citizens to marry at a young age and passed tax laws to encourage raising multiple children. He also enacted policies to free convicts who worked in opening wastelands for agriculture.

Yang partly abolished primogeniture (depending on the performance of the son) and created a double tax on households that had more than one son living in the household, to break up large clans into nuclear families.

Yang moved the capital from the city of Yueyang to Xianyang, in order to reduce the influence of nobles on the administration. Xianyang remained Qin's capital until its fall in 207 BC.

Death
Yang was deeply despised by the Qin nobility and became vulnerable after the death of Duke Xiao. The next ruler, King Huiwen, ordered the nine familial exterminations against Yang and his family, on the grounds of fomenting rebellion. Yang had previously humiliated the new duke "by causing him to be punished for an offense as though he were an ordinary citizen." According to Zhan Guo Ce, Yang went into hiding; at one point Yang was refused a room at an inn because one of his own laws prevented admission of a guest without proper identification.

Yang was executed by jūliè (: dismemberment by being fastened to five chariots, cattle or horses and being torn to pieces); his whole family was also executed. Despite his death, King Huiwen kept the reforms enacted by Yang.

A number of alternate versions of Yang's death have survived. According to Sima Qian in his Records of the Grand Historian, Yang first escaped to Wei. However, he was hated there for his earlier betrayal of Gongzi Ang and was expelled. Yang then fled to his fiefdom, where he raised a rebel army but was killed in battle. After the battle, King Hui of Qin had Yang's corpse torn apart by chariots as a warning to others.

Following the execution of Yang, King Huiwen turned away from the central valley south to conquer Sichuan (Shu and Ba) in what Steven Sage calls a "visionary reorientation of thinking" toward material interests in Qin's bid for universal rule.

Assessments
A. F. P. Hulsewé considered Shang Yang the "founder of the school of law", and considers his unification of punishments one of his most important contributions; that is, giving the penalty of death to any grade of person disobeying the king's orders. Shang Yang even expected the king, though the source of law (authorizing it), to follow it. This treatment is in contrast to ideas more typical of archaic society, more closely represented in the Rites of Zhou as giving different punishments to different strata of society.

Hulsewe points out that Sima Tan considered equal treatment the "school of law's" most salient point: "They do not distinguish between close and far relatives, nor do they disriminate between noble and humble, but in a uniform manner they decide on them in law." The Han dynasty adopted essentially the same denominations of crimes, and conception of equality, as Shang Yang set down for Qin, without collective punishment of the three sets of relatives.

Shang Yang appeared to act according to his own teachings, and translator Duvendak (1928) references him as being considered "like a bamboo‑frame which keeps a bow straight, and one could not get him out of his straightness", even if spoken of by some pre-modern Chinese in ill regard with the fall of Qin. Duvendak believed that Shang Yang should be of interest not just to Sinologists, but Western Jurists as well.

Despite traditional history's dim view, Sima Qian recounts the immediate effect of his policies as such: After [the ordinances] had been in effect for ten years, the commoners of Qin were delighted; no one picked up articles lost on the road, there were no bandits or thieves in the mountains, households were well provided for and the people were well off. The commoners were brave in the duke's battles but cowardly in private feuds and the townships and cities were in good order. (Sima Qian 1994a, 90)

In fiction and popular culture
 Portrayed by Shi Jingming in The Legend of Mi Yue (2015) as a guest appearance, depicting his execution.
 Portrayed by Wang Zhifei in the TV series The Qin Empire as a main character.

See also
Shizi

Notes

References
 Zhang, Guohua, "Shang Yang". Encyclopedia of China (Law Edition), 1st ed.
 Xie, Qingkui, "Shang Yang" . Encyclopedia of China (Political Science Edition), 1st ed.
国史概要 (第二版)
戰國策 (Zhan Guo Ce), 秦第一

Further reading
Li Yu-ning, ShangYang's Reforms (M.E. Sharpe Inc., 1977).
 Sterckx, Roel. Chinese Thought. From Confucius to Cook Ding. London: Penguin, 2019.

External links

390s BC births
338 BC deaths
Year of birth uncertain
4th-century BC Chinese people
4th-century BC executions
4th-century BC Chinese philosophers
Chinese legal scholars
Chinese legal writers
Chinese reformers
Chinese political philosophers
Executed people from Henan
Executed Qin dynasty people
Legalism (Chinese philosophy)
People executed by the Qin dynasty
Philosophers from Henan
Philosophers of law
Politicians from Puyang
Social philosophers
Theoretical historians
Victims of familial execution
Wey (state)
Year of birth unknown
Zhou dynasty philosophers
Zhou dynasty government officials
Qin state people

Shang Yang


Route 82, also known as the Mondawmin Shuttle Bug or Mondawmin Shuttle, is one of two neighborhood shuttle routes operated by the Maryland Transit Administration in Baltimore. It was the second and is so far the final in the series of shuttle bus routes to be introduced by MTA in the 2000s. The route serves Baltimore City Community College, Coppin State College, and various nearby streets, some served by regular bus routes, and some not. But the full route is within a close walk of one or more other MTA bus routes. The route operates at 25-minute intervals.

Unlike most MTA bus routes, the Mondawmin shuttle, having the "shuttle" status, operates via a circuitous route, and allows boarding for $1.00 as opposed to the regular $1.60 fare.

History
Route 82 began service under Route 97 in 2002.

In 2005, as part of the Greater Baltimore Bus Initiative, it was initially proposed that the shuttle's frequency would be reduced to one bus an hour, and riders were encouraged to use other regular bus routes that shared common routing. However, after community meetings, it was ultimately decided that the schedule would remain the same.

In 2006, MTA proposed that the route would be modified to serve Reservoir Hill in order to replace a portion of Route 5 that was at the time proposed for modification away from this area. But it was later decided that Route 5 would continue to serve Reservoir Hill.

June 2011
Revise route to operate via Elgin Avenue on the southern loop with existing frequency.

References

Maryland Transit Administration bus routes
2002 establishments in Maryland

LocalLink 82 (BaltimoreLink)


Morbid Visions is the debut album bi Brazilian hivy metal baund Sepultura, released in 1986 through Cogumelo Records.

While later albums hae a mair poleetical edge, Morbid Visions (alang wi the Bestial Devastation EP) is notable for "Satanic" themes. The baund said mony leerics wur fashioned efter those o Venom an Celtic Frost, as they coud no write in Inglis at the time; as late as 1987, Max Cavalera wis still translatin his leerics wird-for-wird, as evidencit bi the demo "The Past Reborns The Storms".

The album's soond is daith metal an the production is rather poor. In the liner notes o Roadrunner's reissue o the album (which includes the tracks frae the EP Bestial Devastation), Cavalera admits that the baund neglectit tae tune their guitars durin the sessions.  Nanetheless, the collection is fondly regardit bi fans for its unassumin introduction tae wha became an influential baund, an the inclusion o Sepultura's earliest signatur sang, "Troops of Doom".

The oreeginal vinyl pressins o Morbid Visions featured the first muivement o Carl Orff's Carmina Burana ("O Fortuna") as an unnamit introduction. This composition wis left off the CD re-release, probably acause o copyricht issues.

Trackleet
"Morbid Visions" - 3:23
"Mayhem" - 3:15
"Troops of Doom" - 3:21
"War" - 5:32
"Crucifixion" - 5:02
"Show Me the Wrath" - 3:52
"Funeral Rites" - 4:23
"Empire of the Damned" - 4:24
"The Curse" - 0:39
"Bestial Devastation" - 3:06
"Antichrist" - 3:46
"Necromancer" - 3:52
"Warriors of Death" - 4:07

Credits
Max Cavalera - vocal / rhythm guitar
Jairo Guedes - lead guitar
Paulo Jr. - bass guitar
Igor Cavalera - drums

Recordit an mixed in seiven days in August, 1986, on 16 tracks at Estudio Vice Versa, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Producit bi Sepultura
Ingineered, mixed an mastered bi Eduardo Santos an Ze Luiz
Remastered for the Roadrunner Records release bi Michael Sarsfield at Frankford/Wayne, New York, USA

References

Sepultura albums

Morbid Visions


A sorting algorithm is an algorithm that puts the elements of a collection into a certain order. Most commonly, numbers are sorted by their value, and words are sorted by their alphabetical order (as they would appear in a dictionary or phone book). Efficient sorting is important for other things: finding an element in a sorted collection is easier, and merging a new element may also be easier if the collection is sorted.

Note that not all sorting algorithms can be applied in all cases. An example might be that the records can only be read one after another (sequentially); they might be stored on a tape.

Searching and sorting algorithms

Sorting algorithm


Live! with Kelly and Ryan is a syndicated American television talk show, hosted by Kelly Ripa and Ryan Seacrest.

The show began in 1983 as a local New York City program called The Morning Show, hosted by Regis Philbin and Cyndy Garvey (then the wife of Major League Baseball player Steve Garvey). A year later, Garvey left the show and was replaced by Ann Abernathy. In 1985, after Abernathy married and moved to Los Angeles, Kathie Lee Gifford became Philbin's co-host. The show went into national syndication in 1988 as Live! with Regis and Kathie Lee. Gifford left the show in 2000; the show continued as Live! with Regis while Philbin and the show's producers teamed him with several potential co-hosts.

In 2001, Ripa was named as Philbin's co-host, with the show then being renamed Live! with Regis and Kelly. Philbin and Ripa remained a team until 2011; in January of that year, he announced he was leaving the show, with his last show airing on November 18. The show then became Live! with Kelly, with Ripa appearing with a wide array of guest co-hosts. Former New York Giants star defensive lineman Strahan became the new full-time co-host effective with the 2012–13 season premiere. At that point the show became Live! with Kelly and Michael.

Live!'s mixture of A-list guests and the interaction between co-hosts have made it one of daytime's most popular and venerable talk shows.

In 2016, Strahan announced he was leaving the show to join Good Morning America. Seacrest began hosting in 2017.

References

Other websites

American television talk shows
First run syndicated television programs
English-language television programs

Live! with Kelly


Allastair Malcolm Cluny McReady-Diarmid VC (21 March 1888 – 1 December 1917) was a British recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Details
He was 29 years old, and an Acting Captain in the 17th (S) Battalion, The Middlesex Regiment (Duke of Cambridge's Own), British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

On 30 November/1 December 1917 at the Moeuvres Sector, France, when the enemy penetrated into our position, and the situation was extremely critical, Captain McReady-Diarmid led his company through a heavy barrage and immediately engaged the enemy and drove them back at least 300 yards, causing numerous casualties and taking 27 prisoners. The following day the enemy again attacked and drove back another company which had lost all its officers. The captain called for volunteers, and leading the attack, again drove them back. It was entirely due to his throwing of bombs that the ground was regained, but he was eventually killed by a bomb.

He is commemorated on the Cambrai Memorial to the Missing.

Further information
As a boy, McReady-Diarmid went to Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School for Boys, Barnet, Hertfordshire. His Victoria Cross is displayed at the National Army Museum, Chelsea, England.

References

Bibliography

External links
The Middlesex Regiment 1755-1966 (detailed history of the original "Die Hards")

1888 births
1917 deaths
British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross
Middlesex Regiment officers
British Army personnel of World War I
British military personnel killed in World War I
People educated at Victoria College, Jersey
People from Southgate, London
People educated at Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School for Boys
British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross
Military personnel from London

Allastair McReady-Diarmid


Esteban Sánchez Herrero (26 April 1934 – 3 February 1997) was a Spanish pianist. Born in the town of Orellana la Vieja in Badajoz in the province of Extremadura, Sánchez studied with his grandfather, Joaquin Sánchez Ruiz, choirmaster in the cathedral. He went to the Real Conservatorio (Royal Conservatory) in Madrid and studied piano with Julia Parody. He perfected his technique under Carlo Zecchi in Rome and Alfred Cortot in Paris. Sánchez won numerous major international awards, including the Ferruccio Busoni in Bolzano, the Alfredo Casella in Naples, and the Dinu Lipatti Medal from the Harriet Cohen Foundation. In 1954, at the age of 20, he released "Impressions of Spain" by Joaquin Turina on Capitol Records. He returned home in 1978 to teach at the Badajoz Conservatoire.

Between 1968 and 1974 he made a series of recordings in Barcelona, with producer Antonio Armet, of Beethoven, Fauré, Albéniz, and Turina. In 1976 he recorded an album of solo piano music by Manuel de Falla at Abbey Road Studios in London. These recordings have been issued on CD by the Spanish label Ensayo, and the complete Albéniz recordings have been reissued in a budget box set by Brilliant Classics. The recording of Albéniz's Iberia has been critically acclaimed and has been favorably compared to the recordings of Alicia de Larrocha by professional reviewers.

Sánchez remains little known outside Spain, but Cortot called him "a musical genius," and Daniel Barenboim asked "How is this possible? How can Spain have hidden away a performer of this class?"

Sources
 Spanish Wikipedia
 Enrique Franco, "Esteban Sánchez: like a flame," liner notes, Albéniz recordings, Brilliant Classics
 ClassicsToday.com

References

1934 births
1997 deaths
Spanish classical pianists
Male classical pianists
People from Badajoz
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century Spanish musicians
20th-century Spanish male musicians

Esteban Sánchez


Wannanosaurus is the smallest known ornithischian dinosaur. Its length is estimated at just less than a metre. It lived in the Upper Cretaceous, about 80 million years ago, and was found in Anhui, China.

It is known from a single partial skeleton, including a partial skull roof and lower jaw, an upper leg and lower leg, part of a rib, and other fragments. It was herbivorous, but may also have eaten insects. Wannosaurus means Wanno lizard. It is one of several pachycephalosaurs with flat-topped skulls.

References

Pachycephalosauria
Cretaceous dinosaurs

Wannanosaurus


In history, politics and religion, a purge is a removal from a job or powerful position of people who are considered undesirable or dangerous by those in power from a government, another organization, their team leaders, or society as a whole. A group undertaking such an action is labeled as purging itself. Purging is a form of persecution.

Purges can be either nonviolent or violent; the nonviolent purges are often done by the simple removal of people from their jobs or a powerful position, and the violent purges are often done by the imprisonment, exile, or murder (either through execution through a show trial or through extrajudicial killing without a trial) of those who have been purged.

Related pages
 Reign of Terror
 Night of the Long Knives
 Great Purge
 McCarthyism
 Cultural Revolution
 2016 Turkish purges

Political movements
Mass murder

Purge


Mou Zongsan (; 1909–1995) was a Chinese philosopher and translator. He was born in Shandong province and graduated from Peking University. In 1949 he moved to Taiwan and later to Hong Kong, and he remained outside of mainland China for the rest of his life.  His thought was heavily influenced by Immanuel Kant, whose three Critiques he translated from English, possibly first, into Chinese, and above all by Tiantai Buddhist philosophy.

Over the last 40 years of his life, Mou wrote histories of "Neo-Daoist," Confucian, and Buddhist philosophy (totaling six volumes) a group of constructive philosophic treatises, culminating in his 1985 work, On the Summum Bonum (), in which he attempts to rectify the problems in Kant's system through a Confucian-based philosophy reworked with a set of concepts appropriated from Tiantai Buddhism.

In the People's Republic of China, Mou is especially famous for his cultural traditionalism and his defense of democracy as a traditional Chinese value.

Biography
Mou Zongsan was born into the family of an innkeeper in Qixia, Shandong. He went to Peking University for college prep (1927) and undergraduate courses (1929). During that time he became a follower of Xiong Shili, author of the New Treatise on Consciousness-only and soon to be the most eminent philosopher in China until supplanted by Mou himself. After graduating in 1933, Mou moved around the country working as a secondary school teacher and a faculty member at different universities. In 1949 he followed the Nationalist government to Taiwan. His student at Tunghai University was Tu Weiming. In 1960 he moved to Hong Kong and eventually took up a post at New Asia College in Hong Kong (now part of the Chinese University of Hong Kong) and helped found New Asia Middle School. During the last two decades of his life Mou was something of an intellectual celebrity. He lectured frequently on Confucian, Buddhist, Daoist, and Kantian philosophy at Hong Kong University, National Taiwan Normal University, and National Taiwan University. He died in Taipei in 1995, leaving dozens of disciples in top academic jobs in Taiwan and Hong Kong.

Works
Mou's complete works contains more than 30 volumes written over about 60 years. In religious studies and philosophy programs, attention is paid mostly to his production in his last 30 years. These can be divided into histories of Chinese philosophy and philosophic treatises.

Histories of philosophy
Physical Nature and Speculative Reason 才性與玄理 (1963). This is Mou's main treatise on "Neo-Daoism" or xuanxue 玄學. It is an analysis of intellectual developments of the Wei-Jin dynasties (220-420 AD), said to set the agenda for much of later Chinese philosophy and anticipate the developments in Buddhist philosophy later understood by Mou as a pattern underlying the main line of Song-Ming Confucianism.

Substance of Mind and Substance of Human Nature 心體與性體 (1968–1969). This is probably the most studied of Mou's books, and by far the most famous in the West. It is a three volume history of Confucianism in the Song (960-1279) and Ming (1368-1644) dynasties, often called "Neo-Confucianism" in the West. It challenges usual two-part division of Neo-Confucian thought into a "school of principle" (lixue 理學), the Cheng-Zhu school represented by Cheng Yi, Cheng Hao, and Zhu Xi, and a "school of mind" ( 心學) or  represented by Lu Xiangshan and Wang Yangming. Mou identifies a third lineage, whose main figures are Hu Hong (Hu Wufeng) and Liu Zongzhou (Liu Jishan), which best conveys the basic message of the classical sage Mencius. Mou's later book From Lu Xiangshan to Liu Jishan () (1979) is treated as the fourth volume of this book.

Buddha-Nature and Prajna 佛性與般若 (1977). This is Mou's main examination of Buddhist philosophy, written in two volumes. It upends usual Chinese recognition of Huayan school as most well-developed form of Buddhism and puts the Tiantai school in first place. Mou credits Tiantai with having the best concepts for understanding the authoritative Hong-Liu line of Confucianism.

Philosophical treatises
Intellectual Intuition and Chinese Philosophy 智的直覺與中國哲學 (1971). In this treatise, Mou applies the Kantian idea of 'intellectual intuition' to Chinese philosophy, which he believes affirms the idea that human beings can have such awareness. He expresses strong interest in the utility of Buddhist philosophy for Confucian purposes. This book is often thought of as an early version of Phenomenon and Thing-in-Itself.

Phenomenon and Thing-in-Itself 現象與物自身 (1975). This develops Mou's famous doctrine of "two-level ontology," patterned off of Kantian and Buddhist metaphysics.

Treatise on Summum Bonum () (1985). This is Mou's last major work. Mou did not intend it as his final book, but scholars generally treat it as the definitive summary of his thinking.  It attempts to use Tiantai ontological concepts as inspiration to find Confucian solution to Kant's problem of the highest good or summum bonum. It includes a chapter with Mou's commentary on Mencius and a more complete evaluation of the place of Daoist and Buddhist philosophy for the modern Confucian.

Philosophical work

Mou and Kant

Following his teacher Xiong Shili, Mou Zongsan sought to articulate and justify a moral metaphysics. A moral metaphysics asserts the interconnectedness of ontology and morality, implying the moral value of all objects including the self. Mou's philosophy attempts to demonstrate the limits of Kant, suggesting instead the ways in which Chinese thought may surpass Kantian morality. Several of Mou's titles directly reveal his engagement with Kant – Intellectual Intuition and Chinese Philosophy, Phenomenon and Thing-in-Itself, and Treatise of the Perfect Good – a commitment that is reflected in Mou's decision to express his philosophy in Kantian terms. For example, Mou's philosophy inherits the Kantian concepts of autonomy, intellectual intuition, and Thing-in-Itself, although Confucianism inspires Mou to transform these concepts. The reason behind this decision to use Kantian terms remains unknown, but some scholars argue that Mou's use of certain terminologies aims to facilitate a dialogue between the East and West, pointing to Mou's comparison of Mencius and Kant, whereby he demonstrates the compatibility of Chinese and Western philosophies.

Mou's philosophy develops as a critique and transformation of Kant's critical philosophy. Mou believes in the compatibility of Chinese thought and Kantian philosophy because both are backed by the Way, where the Way is essentially truth and different philosophies manifest different aspects it. Mou's analysis of Kant centers on Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. One of Mou's major criticisms of Kant involves Kant's regard for free will as theoretical. Herein lies one of Mou's fundamental beliefs, that morality and the moral life are, contrary to what Kant posits, really real. This presumption stems from Mou's belief in the metaphysical necessity of the capability of improving one's moral praxis, and thus Mou develops a moral metaphysics within the tenet of subjectivism. While Kant believes that intellectual intuition is only possible for God, Mou ascribes human beings equal capability of this intuition, which Mou finds superior to Heidegger's fundamental ontology. Mou rejects Heidegger because according to Kant, true metaphysics is transcendent. Mou further departs from Kant's philosophy, eventually transforming it into what is commonly referred to as New Confucianism or Mind Confucianism.

Mou and Heidegger

Mou's relation to Heidegger
Mou Zongsan's interest in Heidegger's philosophy arises from his critique and transformation of Kant's philosophy. Mou's interpretation of Kant is greatly influenced by Heidegger's elaboration of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason in his books Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics (Kantbuch) and Introduction to Metaphysics. Under the influence of Heidegger's philosophy, Mou change his interpretation of Kant's first critique from an epistemological approach to an ontological approach. In his treatise Intellectual Intuition and Chinese Philosophy (zhi de zhexue yu zhongguo zhexue) 智的直覺與中國哲學 (1971), Mou not only wrote his reflection on Heidegger's philosophy (and translated two chapters from Being and Time), but also criticized Heidegger's fundamental ontology with his moral metaphysics.  Actually, Mou may get influence from Heidegger even in his early major work Substance of Mind and Substance of Human Nature (xinti yu xingti) 心體與性體 (1968–1969). Mou's argument of the "Three modes" of Neo-Confucianism may be inspired by Heidegger's "Three ontological difference", which was introduced to Mou from Max Müller's works.

Mou Zongsan agrees to a certain extent with Heidegger's interpretation of Kant. Mou introduces a two-layer structure of understanding of the transcendental determination of the Kantian categories: a "logical" layer of understanding and an "ontological" layer of understanding. Mou believes the Kantian thesis that "objectivity is subjectivity" is not an "ontical proposition" but rather an "ontological proposition". He agrees with Heidegger's analysis of Transcendental Schematism, which indicates that the meaning of objectification presupposes a subjective horizon that enables the object to appear. Mou names the ontology of the phenomenal world as "attached ontology" (zhi de cunyoulun). Mou rejects Kant's declaration that human beings are incapable of producing any intuitive knowledge of thing-in-itself. He embraces Heidegger's affirmation of the "subjective" character of the Kantian transcendental distinction, which he learns from Kantbuch:

The distinction between the concept of thing in itself and that of appearance is not objective but merely subjective.The thing in itself is not another but another aspect (respectus) of the representation with regard to the same object.

Mou's critique
In general, Mou holds a critical attitude towards Heidegger's fundamental ontology in his treatise Intellectual Intuition and Chinese Philosophy:

Heidegger's descriptions could let us think of a disclosure of a "true mind" (zhen xin) for instance when he speaks about "call of consciousness"(Ruf, liangxin de huhuan), feeling of guilt ( jiuze zhi gan), dread (Sorge, jiaolü), determined being (Entschlossenheit, jueduan) or nothingness (Nichtigkeit, xuwu). Nevertheless, all these descriptions are still "floating" and he has not been able to pave the way for a "true mind."

According to Mou, Heidegger's descriptions are "floating" because Heidegger's thought does not recognize any transcendental reality (chaoyue de shiti) but focus on the immanent metaphysics (neizai xingershangxue) to develop his fundamental ontology. "True metaphysics" is "transcendent." In the eyes of Mou Zongsan, since the immanent metaphysics merely focuses on the problem of the meaning of phenomenal beings, it fails to deal with Kant's transcendental concepts of freedom, immortality, and God. Mou also thinks Heidegger's philosophy is too heroic and romantic and thereby fails to maintain an inherent calmness to approach to "true mind." Besides, Mou disagrees with Heidegger's "value-free," and in particular, "morally-neutral" approach. The lack of moral awareness indicates that Heidegger's fundamental ontology does not reach the realm of moral metaphysics, but merely offers an empty and inauthentic answer to the subject.

In short, Mou considers Heidegger only as a "commentator" or "usurper" of Kant. According to Mou, the reason why Heidegger's fundamental ontology fails to reach the realm of moral metaphysics is that Heidegger sticks to the Kantian thesis of the finitude of human being and fails to recognize the intellectual intuition (zhi de zhijue) of human beings.  Mou claims that although the study of Kant's philosophy helps him understand the relation between phenomenal world and metaphysical ontology, it is his teacher Xiong Shili who makes him realize the fundamental union of the two via the intellectual intuition. The idea of intellectual intuition is widely manifested in Confucianism, Neo-Confucianism, Daoism and Buddhism, especially in the thought of Wang Yangming, who assimilates moral learning with the course of action such as archery and calligraphy. According to Mou, intellectual intuition is not the central concept of a highly complex speculative system, but a form of knowledge acquired through our deeds (including emotions and intentions).

Mou's "misplacement"
Some scholars argue that Mou Zongsan's critique of Heidegger's fundamental ontology actually "misplaces (wuzhi)" Heidegger's transcendental metaphysics. It turns out that Mou may agree with Heidegger more than he believes. Heidegger's discussions of Being actually achieve a similar metaphysical level with Mou's discussions of transcendental concepts, such as God, freedom, ren or Dao. Instead of being "floating", Heidegger's fundamental ontology finds its root in the "transcendent metaphysics" in Being. Far away from "a way of being" in immanent metaphysics, Heidegger's Being actually serves as an ontological basis for beings in phenomenal world. Moreover, in Heidegger's theory, the unveiledness of the Being of beings ("beings" encompass the phenomenal world) is inseparable from the practical and ethical reason. This echoes with Mous' belief in unifying phenomenal world with metaphysical ontology through the intellectual intuition. They also share a similar interpretation of the "knowledge". Mou believes moral learning can pave a way to moral metaphysics, while Heidegger also believes that we can open ourselves to the Being in our daily lives.

Mou's "misplacement" of Heidegger's transcendental metaphysics may arise from his misconception of Heidegger's Time (Zeit, shijian).  Heidegger's concept of Time is different from the time as a priori knowledge for Kant, which is actually the temporality (Zeitlichkeit, shijian xing) of Dasein (the experience of being that is peculiar to human beings). Heidegger's Time serves not only as the fundamental character for Being, but also as the fundamental unveiledness of Being. Mou confuses Heidegger's Time (Zeit, shijian) with temporality (Zeitlichkeit, shijian xing) and thereby fails to see the transcendental nature in neither Time nor Being. The different understanding of the concept Time further causes Mou's disagreement with Heidegger's discussions of finitude of human beings. In fact, Heidegger's discussions of finitude are based on his interpretation of the temporality of Dasein. It is not the rejection of the transcendental ontology. Mou fails to recognize that Heidegger's Time represents the transcendental metaphysics that overcome the normal sense of time in phenomenal world. This failure limits Mou's understanding of Heidegger's philosophy only as the immanent metaphysics that stick to the attached (phenomenal) ontology.

Mou's moral metaphysics
Moral metaphysical systems have been proposed prior to Mou, most notably in the Platonic Form of the Good and the Confucian concept of dao. In one sense, Mou's philosophy attempts to reconcile these systems. Concurrently, Mou's philosophy was influenced by Yogacara Buddhism, which believes that no objectivity is possible aside from subjectivity. Mou's beliefs regarding the relationship between philosophy and culture and his view of the future of humanity dictate his construction of a philosophy that argues for the necessity to develop "Confucian Modernity". Akin to his view of intellectual intuition, Mou constructs a vertical philosophical system that emphasizes the relation between the subject and an ontological objective, as opposed to a horizontal system where one's relationship to the world functions through the subject-object dichotomy. Mou's ontological ultimate is benti, or ultimate reality. Mou's moral metaphysics, which includes the natural and ethical universe, attempts to validate morality through the notion of tiandao, the principle of the natural universe, which, for Mou, equates to the moral principle. Further, Mou believes that one's uncomfortable reaction to crime and degeneracy indicates the presence of moral consciousness, which Mou signifies as the inner essence of human beings. This belief, that the infinite within benti similarly exists within human beings, known as the doctrine of infinite mind, can be compared with Heidegger's acceptance of being-with-others as a feature of Dasein, Wittgenstein's rejection of a private language, and Husserl's discussion of the immediacy of our recognition of others and their mental states within the lived world.

Subsequently, Mou uses 良知 (liangzhi, or good consciousness) and 智的直觉 (zhi de zhijue, or intellectual intuition) to identify the substance in his system. Again, Mou chooses to translate his philosophy in Kantian terminology. Here, liangzhi refers to the foundation or essence of morality. Within Confucianism liangzhi also means the essence of human beings, explaining why Mou writes that, "the substance of human being is one and the same as that of the world, the world of value, but not the world of reality." For Mou, this substance is independent of social background. This idea reflects the human nature proposed by Mencius through the example of the apparent, innate reaction of an individual to seeing a child sitting precariously on a well (The Four Beginnings). Here, Mou departs from traditional Confucianism by defining the essence of an individual in terms of modern individualism. Thus with regards to Mencius' example, it is the very life of the child that evokes a reaction, and not the individual's relation to the child. Mou notes that the basic implications of this example – an individual's inherent benevolence – are consistent with the autonomy of a moral subject. This autonomy, the motivating force for morality according to Mou, exists within the transcendental and philosophical mind of the individual.

In accord with his notions of intellectual intuition, Mou is committed to the idea of moral transformation, whereby all individuals can transcend themselves to ultimately become sages. Mou borrows this conception of moral transformation from Confucianism, as well as the concept of summum bonum, in which there exists a connection between one's worthiness of happiness and the actual attainment of happiness.

Discussion and criticism of Mou's philosophy
Several consequences arise from Mou's moral metaphysics. Some scholars view Mou as a defender of Zen Buddhism over other critical Buddhisms, pointing to Mou's morality, which, similar to Zen Buddhism, maintains that the possibility of enlightenment is more important than actually attaining it. Additionally, ascribing human beings intellectual intuition ultimately assigns humans moral responsibility. However, this allows individuals access to Kant's noumenon. According to Mou, intellectual intuition for human beings is the foundation of all of Chinese thought. In Phenomena and Noumena Mou Zongsan writes that, "if it is true that human beings cannot have intellectual intuition, then the whole of Chinese philosophy must collapse completely". Despite the fact that this is Mou's claim, many scholars debate its validity, maintaining the legitimacy of Chinese philosophy and New Confucianism independent of intellectual intuition.

Some traditional Confucians reject Mou, citing his wholesale acceptance of Western liberty and democracy as problematic. Despite Mou's attempt at Confucian Modernity, critics claim that New Confucianism cannot handle modernity's interconnectedness and its inevitable negative consequences. Others argue that because Mou is not political, he should not even be considered a Confucian because much of Confucian doctrine advocates for the active pursuit of change. However, the limitations of speech in China during the time period when Mou philosophized may address this criticism.

Scholarship in English
Angle, Stephen C. "Sagehood: The Contemporary Significance of Neo-Confucian Philosophy." New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
Asakura, Tomomi. "On Buddhistic Ontology: A Comparative Study of Mou Zongsan and Kyoto School Philosophy." Philosophy East and West 61(4): 647–678.
Billioud, Sebastien. Thinking Through Confucian Modernity: A Study of Mou Zongsan's Moral Metaphysics. Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2011.
Chan, N. Serina. The Thought of Mou Zongsan. Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2011.
Chan, Wing-Cheuk. "Mou Zongsan's Transformation of Kant's Philosophy." Journal of Chinese Philosophy 33(1): 125–139.
 Clower, Jason, "Mou Zongsan (Mou Tsung-san) ," Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Clower, Jason T. The Unlikely Buddhologist: Tiantai Buddhism in the New Confucianism of Mou Zongsan. Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2010.
Clower, Jason (ed.). Late Works of Mou Zongsan: Selected Essays on Chinese Philosophy. Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2014.
Clower, Jason. "Chinese Ressentiment and Why New Confucians Stopped Caring about Yogācāra" in Transforming Consciousness: Yogacara Thought in Modern China, ed. John Makeham. New York: Oxford, 2014.
Kantor, Hans-Rudolf. "Ontological Indeterminacy and Its Soteriological Relevance: An Assessment of Mou Zongsan's (1909-1995) Interpretation of Zhiyi's (538-597) Tiantai Buddhism." Philosophy East and West 56(1): 16–68.
Lin Chen-kuo. "Dwelling in Nearness to the Gods: The Hermeneutical Turn from MOU Zongsan to TU Weiming." Dao 7: 381–392.
Lin Tongqi and Zhou Qin. "The Dynamism and Tension in the Anthropocosmic Vision of Mou Zongsan." Journal of Chinese Philosophy 22.
Liu, Shu-hsien. "Mou Tsung-san (Mou Zongsan)" in Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy, ed. A.S. Cua. New York: Routledge, 2003.
 Rošker, Jana S. The Ideological Foundations of Taiwanese Modernity: Mou Zongsan's New Moral Philosophy. Asian and African Studies, ISSN 1408-5429, Vol. 15, Issue two https://revije.ff.uni-lj.si/as/article/viewFile/2882/2871
 Rošker, Jana S. The Fusion of Modern Confucianism and Buddhism: Mou Zongsan's Journey from Double to Fundamental Ontology. Taiwan journal of East Asian studies, ISSN 1812-6243, 2016, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 57–76.
 Rošker, Jana S.. The Rebirth of the Moral Self: the Second Generation of Modern Confucians and their Modernization Discourses. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, cop. 2016
Stephan Schmidt. "Mou Zongsan, Hegel, and Kant: The Quest for Confucian Modernity." Philosophy East and West 61(2): 260–302.

Students

Cai Renhou 蔡仁厚
Dai Lianzhang 戴璉璋
Wang Bangxiong 王邦雄
Zeng Zhaoxu 曾昭旭
Lu Xuekun 盧雪崑
Huizhen You 尤惠貞
Chen Guimiao 陳癸淼

Wei Zhengtong 韋政通
He Shujing 何淑靜
Zhu Jianmin 朱建民
Fan Liangguang 范良光
Wang Caigui 王財貴
Lee Shui-chuen 李瑞全
Zhou Yangshan 周楊山

Yang Zuhan 楊祖漢
Yan Guoming 顏國明
Lin Yuehui 林月惠
Li Minghui 李明輝
Zhuang Yaolang 莊耀郎
Liu Jinxian 劉錦賢

Xie Daning 謝大寧
Lin Anwu 林安梧
Fan Kewei 樊克偉
Tu Weiming 杜維明
Wu Rujun (Ng Yu-kwan) 吳汝鈞
Chen Rongzhuo (Wing-cheuk Chan) 陳榮灼

References

External links
 Mou Zongsan, Nineteen Lectures  excerpted from Mou Zongsan, Nineteen Lectures on Chinese Philosophy translated by Julie Wei.

1909 births
1995 deaths
20th-century essayists
20th-century Chinese philosophers
20th-century translators
Chinese Confucianists
Academic staff of the Chinese Culture University
Chinese University of Hong Kong people
Educators from Shandong
Hong Kong philosophers
Academic staff of the National Taiwan University
Academic staff of the National Taiwan Normal University
New Confucian philosophers
20th-century Chinese essayists
20th-century Chinese translators
Philosophers from Shandong
Academic staff of Tunghai University
Taiwanese people from Shandong
Taiwanese philosophers
Translators to Chinese
Translators from German
University of Hong Kong
Writers from Yantai
Academic staff of Zhejiang University
National University of Peking alumni

Mou Zongsan


Joseph Marie Servan de Gerbey (14 February 1741 – 10 May 1808) was a French general. During the Revolution he served twice as Minister of War and briefly led the Army of the Western Pyrenees. His surname is one of the names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe, on Column 33.

Biography

Servan was born in the village of Romans in south-eastern France. His older brother was the lawyer and publicist Joseph Michel Antoine Servan.

He volunteered for the regiment of Guyenne on 20 December 1760. He rose to Engineering Officer, then Deputy Governor of the pages of King Louis XVI, then colonel, then brigadier general on 8 May 1792.

He was recommended as Minister of War by the Girondin leadership, and served a brief term from 9 May to 12 June 1792. Servan assumed the office in a time of war, the first year of the War of the First Coalition. Within days of his appointment he oversaw the dismissal of the royal Garde du Corps and the Swiss Guards; he also abolished corporal punishment in the army.

His most momentous action as minister, however, was his proposal to bring armed volunteers from the provinces to Paris. These citizen-soldiers, called fédérés, were intended to complement the grand festivities set for the anniversary of the fall of the Bastille. Servan also planned to give them military training before using them to supplement the army at the front. The scope and length of their stay in the capital was undefined, and the proposal was highly contentious: some, like the king, saw it as a plot to stack Paris full with anti-monarchists, while others, like Maximilien Robespierre, feared the outsiders might be used as a provincial counterweight to the radical Parisian sans-culottes.

King Louis used his constitutional prerogative to veto Servan's proposal. Amid much criticism for his use of the unpopular veto power, the king fought back and dismissed the entire Girondin ministry, including Servan. Radical agitators seized the issue, and the invitation to the fédérés ignited a storm of citywide unrest. Eventually thousands of the provincial volunteers arrived regardless of the king's disapproval, and they were given a warm welcome by members of the Assembly, including Robespierre himself. The fédérés issue helped lead to the insurrection of 10 August after which Servan was reappointed as Minister of War.

Another of Servan's ministerial initiatives was the deletion of the eighth verse of the anthem La Marseillaise in 1792. Servan claimed its references to God undermined the Republic.

Arrested during the Terror, he was released on 3 February 1795 and reinstated in the army. Under the Consulate, he was Chairman of Records as well as Commander of the Legion of Honor.

Servan retired on 3 May 1807, and died the following year in Paris at the age of 67. His name in inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe, on the west side.

References

Sources

Further reading
 "Joseph Servan" in Charles Muller, Biographies of famous military forces by land and sea from 1789 to 1850, 1852)
 Servan, Minister of War offers his resignation 25 September 1792
 Record in Biography of Dauphine, by Adolphe Rochas t. 2, 1860

1741 births
1808 deaths
People from Ain
Commanders of the Legion of Honour
French Ministers of War
18th-century French politicians
French generals
French Republican military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe

Joseph Marie Servan de Gerbey


Validated on December 5, 1933, the Twenty-first Amendment (Amendment XXI) to the United States Constitution canceled the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and ended the Prohibition Era in the United States. It is the only Amendment to repeal another amendment. It is also the only Amendment to have been ratified by state ratifying conventions rather than by state legislatures.

Text

Background
The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution had started a period in the US known as Prohibition. During this time the manufacture, distribution, and sale of alcoholic beverages was illegal. Passage of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1919 was the chief goal of the temperance movement. but it soon proved highly unpopular. Crime had soared under Prohibition as gangsters, such as Chicago's Al Capone, became rich from a very profitable black market for alcohol. The federal government was unable to enforce the Volstead Act. In 1932, wealthy industrialist John D. Rockefeller, Jr. stated in a letter: As more and more Americans opposed the Eighteenth Amendment, a political movement grew for its repeal. However, repeal was complicated by grassroots politics. Although the U.S. Constitution provides two methods for ratifying constitutional amendments, only one method had been used up until that time. This was ratification by the state legislatures of three-fourths of the states. However, the wisdom of the day was that the lawmakers of many states were either obligated to or simply afraid of the temperance lobby. For that reason, when Congress formally proposed the repeal of Prohibition on February 20, 1933, it chose the other ratification method established by Article V. That is by state conventions.

Implementation

State and local control
The second section bans the importation of alcohol in violation of state or territorial law. This has been interpreted to give states essentially absolute control over alcoholic beverages. Many U.S. states still remained "dry" (with state prohibition of alcohol) long after its ratification. Mississippi was the last, remaining dry until 1966. Kansas continued to prohibit public bars until 1987. Many states now delegate the authority over alcohol granted to them by this Amendment to their municipalities or counties (or both), which has led to many lawsuits over First Amendment rights when local governments have tried to revoke liquor licenses.

Court rulings
Section 2 has been the source of every Supreme Court ruling directly addressing Twenty-first Amendment issues. Early rulings suggested that Section 2 enabled states to legislate with exceptionally broad constitutional powers.

In State Board of Equalization v. Young's Market Co., (1936), the Supreme Court held that a state could require a license fee for importing beer from other states and also for manufacturing beer within the state. The court recognized that "Prior to the Twenty-first Amendment it would obviously have been unconstitutional" for a state to require a fee for such a privilege.

In Craig v. Boren (1976), the Supreme Court addressed the issue of proposed legislation with different ages for males and females regarding alcohol consumption in Oklahoma (age 18 for females, age 21 for males). The Court overturned the motion because of a presumed violation of the Equal Protection Clause in the Fourteenth Amendment.

In South Dakota v. Dole (1987), the Supreme Court upheld the withholding of some federal highway funds to states in which the legal drinking age is less than twenty-one years of age is lawful. The Court held that the limitations on spending power in the Twenty-First Amendment did not prohibit Congress to indirectly achieve federal objectives.

In 44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island (1996), Rhode Island passed a law that banned liquor advertising from places that did not sell liquor. The petitioners based their suit on their First Amendment right to free speech. In a unanimous decision the Court held that states cannot use the Twenty-first Amendment to abridge freedom of speech protections under the First Amendment. However, the Court acknowledged the state was empowered to regulate the sale of liquor under the Twenty-First Amendment.

Notes

References

Other websites
 National Archives: Twenty first Amendment
 CRS Annotated Constitution: Twenty first Amendment

21
December events
1933 in the United States

Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution


Creature is a 1998 American television miniseries starring Craig T. Nelson, Kim Cattrall and Matthew Carey. It is based on the 1994 novel White Shark (re-published as Creature in 1997 concurrent with the film) by Jaws author Peter Benchley. The miniseries is about an amphibious shark-like monster terrorizing an abandoned secret military base and the people who live on the island where it is located.

Plot
The miniseries starts with Richland (Feore), who was sent to visit a government facility on a remote Caribbean island. He follows Peniston (Esposito) into the facility. The head scientist Dr. Bishop (Reineke) shows them the projects he is working on, including a shark and Human hybrid with the ability to adapt to any environment, (the creature). It breaks free from its tank and kills Dr. Bishop. Richland orders Peniston to kill it, but Peniston instead traps the Creature in a containment unit and dumps it in the sea.

25 years later Dr. Chase (Nelson), a marine biologist working in the same island, and his assistant, Tall Man (Williams), find a pregnant female great white shark trapped in Ben Mediera's (Alyward) nets. Dr. Chase sets it free. Meanwhile, a local fisherman, Puckett (Burke), retrieves the containment unit and accidentally releases the creature. Mediera is later eaten by the creature. Dr. Chase and Tall Man meet Dr. Macy (Cattrall), her sea lion named Robin, and Dr. Chase's son, Max (Carey), at the airport. As Dr. Chase and Dr. Macy prepare to go out on the ocean, Max goes into town. He meets the native kids including Elizabeth (Echikunwoke), the chief's daughter. The local boys tell him he'll have to take the test of bravery and jump from a tall cliff.

Mediera's body is found and police Chief Gibson asks Dr. Chase to inspect the body. Chase says even though there is a great white out there it is not the culprit and tells the chief not to let people go after the innocent shark. Dr. Chase and Dr. Macy leave and prepare to go out and find the real culprit. Tall Man arrives, escorted by his girlfriend, Tauna (Michele). Peniston, who has gone crazy and is called "Werewolf" by the locals, sees the empty containment unit after Puckett brings it ashore. He realizes Mediera was not killed by a shark. Dr. Chase and Dr. Macy are unable to find the Creature and return to Dr. Chase's headquarters (formerly the research facility where the creature was born). Dr. Macy reveals Dr. Chase studies why sharks do not get cancer, which his brother Brian died from.
Meanwhile, the kids take turns jumping of the cliff, unaware the creature is lurking right below them. Max and another boy named Kimo jump in. The creature mauls Kimo to death, but Max escapes. When Kimo's body is found, the chief is furious and, no longer listening to Dr. Chase, orders all the fisherman to hunt for the great white. The islanders, including Puckett, accuse Chase and Macy of performing witchcraft on the shark. Dr. Chase, Dr. Macy, Max and Tall Man search for the Creature again; this time with success. The creature attacks their boat, but they escape. By this time, Puckett has retrieved the great white, which was previously attacked by the Creature. The islanders celebrate, believing the danger is past. Dr. Chase tells the chief that they are not safe and that he has seen the Creature. However, the chief refuses to believe him. They do research at Dr. Chase's headquarters, and are soon put into contact with Richland. Richland tells Dr. Chase not to do anything until he arrives. Dr. Chase argues that more people could die if they do not take action but Richland does not care. Richland and a troop of NAVY SEALs board a helicopter and set off for the island. Dr. Chase ignores Richland's warning and goes back out into his boat. Peniston uses a horn to attract the creature, which is attracted to noise. The creature swims towards him, but Dr. Chase and friends save him. They bring him back to their headquarters.

The next day Dr. Chase discovers claw marks on his boat (proof of his theory of the Great White's innocence). Later, Peniston shows them a secret tunnel leading to the actual research facility. Meanwhile, Richland and the SEALs approach the island in their helicopter. Dr. Chase and Dr. Macy go down the tunnel and discover it to be half flooded, most likely connected to the ocean. They also discover equipment and notes. They find some of Puckett's traps and wonder how they got there. By the time they realize who brought them, it is too late; the creature ambushes them. They run and the creature gives pursuit, but is only able to go so far until it can't catch up because its arms and legs are short and weak out of water. It stops and evolves its arms and legs until they are like that of a human. The creature resumes chase. The doctor and her friends manage to escape and reseal the tunnel blocking the creature. They leave the research facility by boat. The creature attacks them when they reach the dock. It is about to kill Max, but then lets him live.

Dr. Macy goes to the town doctor and says that she has claw wounds. Dr. Chase discusses the encounter with Chief Gibson, but he still refuses to believe. They decide to send Max back to the States. Elizabeth stops him and says that she can't find her cousin. Elizabeth claims the only place she could be is at the old rum factory (which is now used as a club and place for teenagers to go). They then leave to find it. Puckett goes diving and is killed by the creature. Dr. Chase, Dr. Macy, and Peniston return to headquarters only to be ambushed by Richland and his thugs. He sends a few of his cronies to explore the tunnels. Meanwhile, Max and Elizabeth find the old rum factory out in the swamp. They enter, but don't find her cousin, only Tauna. They head outside to look in the swamp when suddenly a man's head floats to the surface. Max recognizes it as Puckett's. They run away, but the creature jumps out of a tree and chases them.

Dr. Chase examines the stuff in the tunnel but Richland destroys it and threatens Chase. The kids make it to Tauna's house and hide and contact Dr. Chase. Before he can make it back, the creature attacks the house. When he arrives, he finds the house in ruins and believes the children are dead, but they come out of their hiding places. Chief Gibons soon arrives and Elizabeth tells him that the creature exists. He finally accepts the beast's existence. The Chief and Richland lead a hunt for the creature in the swamp. Dr. Chase goes with them and exposes Richland as one of the people present at the original event. He says how Richland's cover-up put people at risk. Richland threatens to kill him, but the Chief stops him. The creature attacks and kills Richland's men. The Chief falls into the water. But instead of saving him, Richland just watches hoping the creature will attack the Chief so he can kill it and finally settle his score. Dr. Chase rescues the Chief. The creature obliterates the bridge where Richland is standing. He falls into the water where the creature eats him. Dr. Chase and the Chief escape and make it back to town the next day.

There, the chief is reunited with Elizabeth and finally understands and accepts Dr. Chase as a good man. Dr. Chase, Tall Man, Max, and Dr. Macy return to headquarters where Peniston is waiting. Dr. Macy realizes he was there. She angrily asks him why he did not kill the creature, as she discovers from the recovered notes that the creature is capable of interbreeding with great whites and creating more of its kind. Peniston replies that it was because they used his blood to help create it and that the creature is a part of him. They use Robin with a camera attached to her back to locate the creature. It locates the beast's lair, but before they can retrieve her, the creature attacks and the camera goes blank. Tall Man and Peniston enter the tunnel shortly after. They see the creature eating Robin.  Tall Man shoots at the creature but Peniston interferes. The creature injures Tall Man.

Dr. Chase arrives and helps Tall Man escape, but are pursued by the creature. The creature quickly gains the upper hand and almost kills Chase. Max uses Peniston's sound device to distract the creature. It attacks him, but he uses a zipline to escape. Peniston takes the sound device and lures the creature into the pressure chamber. Dr. Chase urges Peniston not to stay in the pressure chamber with the creature, but Peniston refuses to leave saying he can't let the creature die alone. Dr. Chase locks them in and activates it, building greater and greater pressure. The creature kills Peniston. Chase allows the pressure to build up very high then smashes the window causing all the air to come out. This causes explosive decompression and the creature explodes, finally killing it. Later, the survivors walk into the sun set ready to board the boat, presumably to go back to town and never return to the island.

Cast and characters
Craig T. Nelson as Dr. Simon Chase. He is a scientist who studies sharks. He is the first person to realize the creature is not an average shark.
Kim Cattrall as Dr. Amanda Macy, the ex-wife/friend of Dr. Chase
Colm Feore as Adm. Anthony "Tony" Richland, a government agent who attempts to kill the creature, he was there when the creature escaped and was attacked. He has a personal vendetta against the creature.
Cress Williams as Tall Man, Dr. Chase's assistant and close friend.
Michael Reilly Burke as Adamowicz "Adam" Puckett, an ambitious fisherman, he had a rivalry with Dr. Chase. He found the containment unit and unknowingly released the creature.
Blu Mankuma as Chief Rollie Gibson, the chief of police on the island. He is Elizabeth's father and does not trust Dr. Chase.
Michael Michele as Tauna, Tall Man's girlfriend.
Matthew Carey as Max Chase, Chase' and Amanda's son.
Megalyn Echikunwoke as Elizabeth Gibson, the chief's daughter and Max's girlfriend.
John Aylward as Benjamin "Ben" Madiera, a mean fisherman on the island.
Giancarlo Esposito as Lt. Thomas Peniston, he was the assistant to Dr. Bishop, he did not kill the creature when he was supposed to. The guilt of letting it live and the fear of it returning, while he yet feels a connection to it, drives him insane and he calls himself "Werewolf".
Gary Reineke as Dr. Ernest Bishop, the man who created the creature. It eats him in the beginning of the film.
Brian Steele as the Creature.

Reception
Daryl H. Miller of the Los Angeles Times called the miniseries "toothless" and wrote that its point "is to speed from one cheap thrill to the next".

References

External links

1990s American horror television series
1990s American science fiction television series
1990s American television miniseries
1998 American television series debuts
1998 American television series endings
American Broadcasting Company original programming
English-language television shows
Shark attacks in fiction
Television shows based on American novels
American thriller television series
Films based on works by Peter Benchley
Mad scientist films

Creature (miniseries)


In team sports, a shutout (a clean sheet in association football) means that one team in a game prevented the other from scoring. They often happen in ice hockey and association foot, sometimes in baseball and American football, rarely in rugby, and although it is possible, it almost never occurs in basketball.

In association football, it is commonly known as a clean sheet.

Sports words

Shutout


Randy Starkman (1960 – April 16, 2012) was a Canadian sports journalist who reported on amateur sports and athletes for the Toronto Star newspaper.  He was twice awarded a National Newspaper Award, first in 1993 for his reportage of Ben Johnson's second positive test for steroids, and in 1994 for a series on concussions suffered by hockey players.  Starkman authored the book Let the Games Begin in 1994, and co-authored books with Eric Lindros and Currie Chapman. At the time of his death, he was working with Olympic athlete Clara Hughes on another book.  Starkman died at age 51 on April 16, 2012, after a brief illness.

Career
Born in 1960, Starkman began his career as a journalist working part-time for United Press Canada (UPC) while he attended Ryerson Polytechnical Institute in Toronto, Canada.  He left Ryerson when UPC offered him a full-time position.  He was assigned to cover the amateur sports circuit, stationed in Europe as part of UPC's Athlete Information Bureau from 1984 to 1988. It was during this posting to Europe that Starkman met his future wife, Mary Hynes, who was also working as an amateur sports journalist at that time.

In 1988, Starkman joined the sports staff of the Toronto Star, with a focus on amateur and Olympic sports. In 1993, he won the first of two National Newspaper Awards, for his article revealing that disgraced Canadian Olympic sprinter Ben Johnson had tested positive again for performance-enhancing drugs. He won his second National Newspaper Award the following year for his series on concussion injuries in hockey. He turned down opportunities to cover major Toronto sports teams, instead electing to focus on Olympic and amateur sport. During the course of his career, Starkman covered 12 Olympic games. Fellow Star journalist Rosie DiManno wrote that Starkman's reputation amongst Canadian athletes was such that during the media scrums that followed international competitions, athletes would always stop where Starkman stood waiting, and "would actually scan the throng looking for his swarthy face." His fellow journalists came to rely on his extensive knowledge about amateur sports and athletes, and peer John MacKinnon referred to him as "the gold standard for amateur sport reportage." At the same time, he gained the respect of amateur sports administrations.

Further recognition of Starkman's journalistic talents came in 2010 from Sports Media Canada, the Canadian branch of the Association Internationale de la Presse Sportive, for breaking the story that South Korean figure skater Yuna Kim had fired her coach Brian Orser.  He also received the 2012 Sports Journalist award from the Toronto Sports Council.

Starkman worked with former Canadian Women's Ski Team coach Currie Chapman to write On the Edge, a history of the team under Chapman's leadership; the book was released prior to the 1988 Olympics.  In 1991, he co-authored Fire and Ice with National Hockey League star Eric Lindros. He went on to write Let the Games Begin!, released prior to the 1994 Olympics, which was aimed at young readers. At the time of his death, he was working with Olympian Clara Hughes in preparation for writing a book about her athletic career.

In July 2012, the Canadian Olympic Committee honoured Starkman's journalistic contributions to Canadian amateur sport by naming their London 2012 Olympics media room the Randy Starkman Press Room. The 2015 Pan American Games organizers announced on July 2, 2015, that the press centre for the games, held in Starkman's home town of Toronto, Canada, would be named the Randy Starkman Media Centre.

Personal life
Starkman was married to fellow journalist Mary Hynes. They have one daughter, Ella.

Following an assignment covering a swim meet in Montreal in April 2012, Starkman became ill and was admitted to hospital in Toronto.  He died of pneumonia-related causes on April 16, 2012.

Bibliography
On the Edge. Currie Chapman and Randy Starkman. McGraw Hill Ryerson. 1988.
Fire and Ice. Eric Lindros with Randy Starkman. HarperCollins. 1991.
Let the Games Begin!. Randy Starkman. Scholastic. 1994.

References

1960 births
2012 deaths
Canadian sportswriters
Deaths from pneumonia in Ontario
Toronto Star people
Toronto Metropolitan University alumni
Writers from Toronto
Jewish Canadian journalists

Randy Starkman


Teleportation is the supposed movement of matter from one point to another without travelling across the physical space between them. This has been shown in science fiction movies to move objects and people quickly from one place to another. In the real world however, no one knows if and how such a move could ever be performed. Therefore it remains a purely fictional idea to date.

Physics
Science fiction
Transport

Teleportation


Earl Marshawn Washington (born 1962) is an American entrepreneur, printmaker, and  engraver.

Activities
Beginning in 1998, woodcut prints from Washington began appearing on eBay and elsewhere; Washington claiming variously that the woodcuts were originals by famous artists, that they had been made by a great-grandfather whom he identified as named "Earl Mack Washington" and as having lived from 1862 until 1952, or that this alleged great-grandfather had rescued the associated blocks from a fire-bombed Manhattan print shop in the 1880s.  E.M. Washington is an African American artist and reported his great-grandfather as such, which led to increased interest in the work.  It was estimated by September 2004 that as many as 60,000 prints had been sold, at prices ranging from $20 to a $350. (Washington himself has since admitted to "creating over 1700 wood engravings".)

Discovery
In 1999, not long after Washington's work began being sold, a Canadian collector and lawyer, Kenneth Martens, found that Washington had counterfeited work by Eric Gill.  Unable to get eBay or other authorities to act, Martens created a website, "Washington Unmasked", which began assembling and presenting evidence that Washington's work was counterfeit.  The M.C. Escher Co. found that Washington was forging the work of M. C. Escher, pressed eBay into promising that it would forbid listing of these, and filed a complaint of criminal fraud in California, as prints were being handled there by stripper Stacy Ortiz (who would later become Washington's wife).  Another collector was unable to find any census record for Earl Mack Washington; others failed to find corresponding Social Security records, or evidence in the records of artists with whom Earl Mack Washington had supposedly associated.  An expert in art deco identified one of the images, duplicating work by Rockwell Kent, as necessarily dated more than twenty years after the supposed death of the supposed Earl Mack Washington.

A special exhibition of the work, scheduled for October 2004 at the Mid America Council Conference in Lincoln, Nebraska, was cancelled by the Amity Art Foundation after Washington both failed to produce proof that the work was other than his own and was discovered using advertisement for the exhibition to persuade others of the legitimacy of the work.

A criminal complaint was filed in Kalamazoo County, Michigan, by the owners of Prairie Home Antiques, who had purchased 82 prints from Washington for $1,640 on 17 June 2004.

One of Washington's former girlfriends, hairdresser Terra Zavala, provided Martens with a signed statement that she had witnessed Washington creating some of the woodcuts, and that Earl Marshawn Washington had admitted to her not knowing even the name of his great-grandfather.

By 2004, Washington admitted to creating some of the images, but insisted that he had not invented Earl Mack Washington.  Some of Washington's more recent listings on eBay, however, declare
African American Artist Earl M. Washington gained worldwide recognition as a wood engraver by faking his death and creating over 1700 wood engravings and offering them to the art buying public at extremely affordable prices.

Virtually all of the images appear to be copies of the work of other artists, available from books or other reprints, traced onto blocks.  Some images have no significant modifications; in other cases the modifications result in absurdities, such as incongruous reflections and German words turned into nonsense. Many of Washington's M.C. Escher forgeries are strikingly similar to the originals but are the wrong size. These include the works Lute, Man with Cuboid, Six Birds, Thirteen Flying Fish, Letter H, Letter A, Spherical Self Portrait, Retreat, Candle, Frog, Dice, Scales, Anvil, Watering Can, Devil Vignette, and Fish and Frogs.

References

Further resources
 Washington Unmasked (as preserved at the Internet Archive)
 "'Original woodblock' prints by E.M. Washington: an art scam" from the Philadelphia Print Shop
 The Amity Art Foundation on the cancellation of an exhibit, at the Mid America Council Conference in October 2004, of prints by Earl M. Washington

1962 births
Living people
Art forgers
American publishers (people)
American printmakers
African-American printmakers
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American people

E. M. Washington


Sigmund Freud (6 Mey 1856 – 23 September 1939) wis an Austrian Jewish psychotherapist an the foonder o the psychoanalytic schuil o psychotherapy a group that popularised the theory that unconscious motives taks chairge the feck o behaviour. He becam interestit in hypnotism an whit wey it coud be uised for tae holp the mentally ill. Later on he drappit hypnotism in favour o free association an dream analysis in developin the traitment nou kent as "the talking cure." Thir elements becam the kernel o psychoanalysis. Freud wis byordinar interestit in hysteria as it wis cried at thon time—it is cried conversion syndrome the nou.

Freud's theories, an his traitment o patients, wis controversial in 19t century Vienna, an is steively debatit yet. Freud's conceits is aften talked ower an analeesed as warks o leeteratur, philosophy, an general cultur ower an abuin the ongaun debate anent them as scienteefic an medical traitises. The name Freud is maistlins pronoonced Froid in Inglis an Froit in German. He wis the faunder o psychoanalysis. Freud write The Interpretation of Dreams an Three Essays on The Theory of Sexuality. He died in Lunnon, Ingland.

Fremmit airtins (in Inglis an German)

 Freud Museum in London
 Sigmund Freud Life and Work
 Scientific Method in the Interpretation of Dreams
 Scientist or storyteller?
 Freud Chronologie (dt.) at www.lichtensteiger.de
 Freud's Philosophy
 Sigmund Freud Museum, Berggasse 19, Vienna
 One Hundred Years of Sigmund Freud
 Sigmund Freud Biography and Quotations
 Sigmund Freud's article on Psychoanalysis from the 1926 (Thirteenth) edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica
 Free etext Available at Project Gutenburg

1856 births
1939 daiths

Austrick atheists
Austrick Jews
Austrick psychoanalysts
Foreign Members o the Ryal Society
Jewish atheists
Jews that immigratit tae the Unitit Kinrick tae escape Nazism
Materialists
Academics an writers on narcissism
Fowk frae Příbor
Drog-relatit suicides in Ingland
History o psychiatry
Cremations at Golders Green Crematorium
19t-century Austrick writers
20t-century Austrick fowk
20t-century writers
Austrick writers

Sigmund Freud


Cannabis in Turkey is illegal for recreational use, but allowed for limited medical and scientific purposes. The Turkish term for cannabis is kenevir.

Medical use
In 2016, legislation was approved to allow the use of sublingual cannabinoid medications (such as Sativex) for use with a doctor's prescription. Use of whole-plant cannabis remains illegal.

Cultivation
The cultivation of marijuana is legal in 19 provinces in Turkey for medicinal and scientific purposes. However, with permission this can also be conducted in other provinces too.

In 2019, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan mentioned that Turkey might grow industrial hemp, in which he said: "I am calling out to my nation; let's start the process to cultivate industrial hemp. We will see that industrial hemp has many different benefits in many different areas."

Demographics
According to sewage surveys which examine drug metabolites in wastewater cannabis is the most popular illicit drug (being followed by heroin and cocaine) and third most used surveyed psychoactive substance after alcohol and nicotine in Istanbul. The low-income neighbourhoods have been noted to have higher rates of cannabis consumption. Compared to selected metropolitan areas in Europe, United States, Oceania and China, Istanbul had the second highest consumption rate of cannabis after Barcelona. Istanbul was followed by Adana, another city in Turkey, in terms of global cannabis consumption rate.

Enforcement
Consuming any drug (personal use or not) is illegal and requires juridical process. Possessing, purchasing or receiving any illegal drug, including Cannabis, is punishable by 1–2 years in prison; there is also the option of treatment and/or probation for up to three years. If users refuse treatment or do not comply with probation requirements, the courts can decide on sentencing.

Sale and supply is punishable by a prison term of 5–10 years, and production or trafficking by a minimum term of 10 years.

References

Medicinal use of cannabis

Cannabis in Turkey


Ernst Trygger (27 October 1857 – 23 September 1943) was a Swedish jurist, professor and conservative politician. He served as Prime Minister of Sweden from 1923 to 1924. He also served as Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1928 to 1930 in the government of Arvid Lindman. He was a member of the first chamber of the Swedish Riksdag from 1898 to 1937, and also leader of the conservatives in that chamber from 1913 to 1933.

Biography
Ernst Trygger was born on the island of Skeppsholmen in Stockholm, the Swedish capital. His father was military officer Alfred Trygger. Young Ernst made an astonishing career at Uppsala University, where he became Professor of Law in 1889.

In 1891, Ernst Trygger married Signe Söderström, with whom he went on to have three children. In 1914 they had a large private villa built in Diplomatstaden, Stockholm, now home to the Swedish Bar Association.

After being elected into the first chamber of the Riksdag, Trygger gained a reputation as a good debater with deeply conservative values. He was a member of the committee of 1895-98 that was formed to revise the terms of the union with Norway. In 1909, Trygger became leader of a conservative group in the first chamber. When the rightist wings joined together in 1913 to form the National party of the first chamber, Trygger became the leader of a united rightist force in Swedish politics and as such he opposed the new influences of democracy and parliamentarism in the 1910s. His rival as conservative leader was Arvid Lindman, the main character in the more moderately conservative rightist party of the second chamber of the Parliament of Sweden.

At the time of king Gustav V's last power demonstration during the "Courtyard Crisis" of 1914, Ernst Trygger was secretly a royal advisor. However, after the constitutional reforms leading to equal suffrage, (first applied in 1921) Trygger accepted the new, more democratic, political landscape.

Prime minister
When the cabinet of Hjalmar Branting, the world's first social democrat to be voted into power, resigned in 1923, king Gustav authorized (one of few remainders of real power still in royal hands) Trygger to head the government. Trygger had had a chance to reach this position already in 1920, but this was prevented by Lindman, who rather saw an unpolitical government before an upcoming election.

The major issue during Trygger's time in office was the question of defence and alignment. Leader of a minority cabinet, Trygger tried to reach a solution with broad acceptance through "intelligent adjustment" ("intelligent anpassning"). This failed due to lack of support from both the social democrats and the liberals. In the 1924 elections the support of the Right increased, nonetheless it was Branting who got to form cabinet, after even bigger electoral gains for the social democrats. Another reason in Branting's favour was the likelihood of a solution to the defence issue supported by both liberals and social democrats.

The confidence in Trygger's cabinet regarding international issues had also been somewhat damaged after an incident in the autumn of 1923. The Minister for Foreign Affairs, Carl Hederstierna, had openly during a speech before leading Swedish journalists declared his support for an defence alliance with Finland in the event of any Russo-Finnish dispute. This damaged Russo-Swedish relations at a sensitive point, when trade negotiations were about to be opened and fundamentally opposed the tacit principle of Swedish non-alignment. Hederstierna was swiftly replaced with count Erik Marks von Würtemberg.

Later life
After having served as Minister for Foreign Affairs in the cabinet of Lindman 1928–30, Trygger cut down on his political involvement and concentrated on his academic commissions. He renewed the education of Law at Uppsala university and was known as a brilliant lecturer.

Ernst Trygger died in 1943, at the age of 85, from complications after having broken his leg.

References

1857 births
1943 deaths
Politicians from Stockholm
Members of the Första kammaren
Prime Ministers of Sweden
Swedish Ministers for Foreign Affairs
Uppsala University alumni
Swedish monarchists

Ernst Trygger


Nicolaus Bruhns (also Nikolaus, Nicholas; late 1665 –  in Husum) was a Danish-German organist, violinist, and composer. He was one of the most prominent organists and composers of his generation.

Biography
Bruhns was born in Schwabstedt (Danish: Svavsted), a small settlement near Husum. He came from a family of musicians and composers. His grandfather, Paul Jakob Bruhns  (died 1655), worked as lutenist in Lübeck. His three sons all chose musical careers; Bruhns' father, also named Paul (1640–c. 1689), became organist at Schwabstedt, possibly after studying with Franz Tunder. Nicolaus was apparently a child prodigy: according to Ernst Ludwig Gerber, he could play the organ and compose competent works for keyboard and voice already at an early age. He probably received his first music lessons from his father.

At age sixteen, Bruhns, together with his younger brother Georg (1666-1742), was sent to Lübeck to live with their uncle Peter, who would teach Bruhns the violin and the viola da gamba. The two brothers also studied the organ and composition; Georg under Bernhard Olffen, organist of St. Aegidien, and Nicolaus under Dieterich Buxtehude. The latter, one of the best composers of his time, was so impressed with Bruhns' talents and progress that he considered him his best pupil and eventually recommended him for Copenhagen. There Bruhns worked as organist and violinist. On 29 March 1689 he competed for the position of organist of the Stadtkirche in Husum and was unanimously accepted. In a few months he was offered a position at Kiel, but declined when the authorities at Husum increased his salary. Bruhns remained in Husum until his untimely death in 1697, at the age of 31. His only son, Johan Paul, chose a career in theology. Bruhns was succeeded in Husum by his brother Georg.

Works
Bruhns' surviving oeuvre is unfortunately small: only 12 vocal and 5 organ pieces are extant. The vocal works include four sacred concertos that established a new level of virtuosity in the genre, and three sacred madrigal cantatas that represent a direct link with the next century and the work of Johann Sebastian Bach. Although the instrumental writing in most of these works suggests that Bruhns could only rely on musicians of average skill, there are movements, such as the opening sonatina of the solo cantata Mein Herz ist bereit, that feature highly developed, virtuosic textures. Bruhns almost certainly wrote chamber music, which may have been of the same high quality, but none of these works survive.

The organ works comprise four praeludia and a chorale fantasia on the hymn "Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland". The most significant of these pieces is the larger of the two E minor praeludia, which is usually cited as one of the greatest works of the North German organ tradition. Although Johann Sebastian Bach's son Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach claimed that his father admired and studied Bruhns' work, no direct influence has been traced by scholars.

List of works

Vocal
 Muss nicht der Mensch auf dieser Erden in stetem Streite sein
 O werter heil'ger Geist
 Hemmt eure Traenenflut
 Ich liege und schlafe
 Jauchzet dem Herren
 Wohl dem, der den Herren fürchtet
 De profundis
 Paratum cor meum
 Die Zeit meines Abschieds ist vorhanden
 Erstanden ist der heilige Christ
 Der Herr hat seinen Stuhl im Himmel bereitet
 Mein Herz ist bereit –  Example and sheet music

Instrumental

Organ works
 Großes Praeludium in E minor –  Example (info), sheet music
 Kleines Praeludium in E minor –  Example and sheet music
 Chorale Fantasy on "Nun Komm der Heiden Heiland"
 Praeludium in G major
 Fragment of Praeludiums in D major
 Praeludium in G minor (also attributed to Brunckhorst)

References

Other sources

 The most recent and concise summary of Bruhns' life and works available in English.
 Webber, Geoffrey. North German church music in the age of Buxtehude. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996. .
 Covers a wide variety of topics related to church music, with considerable space given to Bruhns.
 Snyder, Kerala J. Dieterich Buxtehude: Organist in Lübeck. New York: Schirmer Books, 1987. .
 This definitive biography of Buxtehude includes significant discussion of Bruhns' early life and context.
 Fosse, R.C. "Nicolaus Bruhns", pp. 92–107 in The Musical Heritage of the Lutheran Church, ed. T. Hoelty-Nickel. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1959.
 The first substantial consideration of Bruhns in English.
 Geck, Martin. Nicolaus Bruhns: Leben und Werk. Köln: Musikverlag H. Gerig, 1968.
 Somewhat dated, this remains the central study of Bruhns to date.
 Kölsch, Heinz. Nicolaus Bruhns. Kassel: Bärenreiter-Verlag, 1958. Issued in 1938 as thesis, Kiel.
 The first landmark study of Bruhns' life and works.
 Fructus, Michel. L'oeuvre d'orgue de Nicolaus Bruhns (1665-1697), Essai sur la persuasion musicale dans l'Allemagne baroque du XVIIe siècle, DEA de Musicologie, Lyon, 1999, 2 vol.
 Fructus, Michel. Les cantates de Nicolaus Bruhns (1665-1697), Thèse de Doctorat de Musicologie, Lyon, 2009, 3 vol.

External links

1665 births
1697 deaths
People from Nordfriesland
German Baroque composers
Danish classical composers
German male classical composers
German classical composers
German classical organists
Organists and composers in the North German tradition
German male organists
People from the Duchy of Schleswig
17th-century classical composers
Danish Baroque composers
17th-century Danish composers
17th-century male musicians
Male classical organists

Nicolaus Bruhns


Steninge Palace (also known as Steninge Manor) is a Baroque palace overlooking Lake Mälaren near Märsta outside of Stockholm, Sweden. Built 1694–1698 to the design of architect Nicodemus Tessin the Younger, the palace is directly inspired by Château de Vaux-le-Vicomte in France, and has a reputation in Sweden as one of the most elegant examples of Baroque mansions. Steninge Palace was completed in 1705.

The estate has a history dating back to the 13th century and has seen many owners, but two families have strongly influenced the premises: those of Carl Gyllenstierna (1649–1735) and Axel von Fersen. Today the palace is privately owned by a company which keeps it accessible for visitors: Steninge Palace Cultural Centre.

History
In the end of 1200 the first known settlement was established at Steninge. In 1667 Carl Gyllenstierna inherited the Steninge Estate. 1680-81 the well known Swedish architect Nicodemus Tessin was commissioned to design the palace and the two wings. In 1705 Steninge Palace was completed. In 1706 Carl Gyllenstierna married and gave Steninge Palace as a wedding gift to his bride, Anna Soop.

In 1735 the Fersen family bought Steninge. In 1747 Steninge was made a trust. In 1810 Axel von Fersen was murdered. A monument of Fersen was erected at Steninge in 1813. Steninge was inherited by his brother Fabian Reinhold von Fersen and then by his nephew Axel von Fersen (1798–1838). When Axel von Fersen died in 1838, the von Fersen family died out and Steninge was inherited by his sister Louise von Fersen and her spouse Carl August Gyldenstolpe, who lost it during their famous bankruptcy in 1867. In 1873 Baron von Otter bought Steninge and a stone barn was built west of the palace.

In 1970 G.B.A. Holm bought Steninge and employs the architect I.G. Clason to carry out a restoration work. In 1923, Hanna Lindmark bought Steninge Palace. In 1932 Steninge Palace was bought by Wolfgang Thomas, son of the US ambassador in Sweden. In 1969 Steninge Palace was declared a listed building. In 1976 a family with the common name Andersson bought Steninge. In 1979 the large stone barn was declared a listed building. In 1997 Linn and Atle Brynestad (CG Holding) bought Steninge. In 1999, the Steninge Palace Cultural centre opened. In 2009 Steninge Palace and the stone barn were bought by Gelba fastigheter.

Gallery

References

External links

Castles in Stockholm County
Tourist attractions in Stockholm County

Steninge Palace


Ángel Maria Herrera (born December 3, 1859 - May 2, 1948),  was an Panamanian educator.
Received her teaching degree in 1884 at the École Normale de Institutores and that same year was appointed Académico de the Boys' School of Saints, and a year later was reappointed Chief Academic School for Boys of St. Anne in Panama. He was the son of Don Braulio Herrera and Doña Luisa Tuñón. Herrera was named Preceptor in Penonome. A year later it was 1897 he was Director of the School of the College of the Isthmus. For several years he was inspector of public instruction in the province of Colon and Cocle province. In the District of Penonomé school there with your name. A few years ago the school suffered a serious fire in which spent $ 40,000 in losses..

References

1859 births
1948 deaths
Panamanian people

Ángel Maria Herrera


Bellatrix Lestrange (née Bellatrix Black) is a fictional character of the Harry Potter series and is the sister of Narcissa Malfoy, the wife of Lucius Malfoy, and Draco Malfoy's aunt. Her parents are Cygnus Black III and Druella Black (née Rosier) and the eldest of three sisters: Bellatrix, Andromeda and Narcissa. She is an enthusiastic Death Eater who believes that Lord Voldemort is the supreme and everyone should follow him. She marries Rodolphus Lestrange, but it was Voldemort that she truly loved. In the Harry Potter movies she was played by Helena Bonham Carter. She has been to Azkaban, the wizard prison, but Lord Voldemort helped her and the other Death Eaters in Azkaban escape. She is killed by Molly Weasley at the end of book 7 when she attempts to kill Ginny Weasley with the killing curse Avada Kedavra. But her infamous legacy lived on through her illegitimate daughter, Delphini, who was born due to Bellatrix's relationship with Lord Voldemort.
Her name literally means "female warrior" in Latin, which is a nod to her aggressive behavior. Her surname Lestrange is a French variant of "strange", a perfect description of her strange personality and her maiden name Black is also a telltale about her dark life, as the color itself doesn't absorb light at all.

Harry Potter characters
Fictional murderers
Fictional characters introduced in 2003

Bellatrix Lestrange