A keytar is a musical instrument. It is shaped and held like a guitar, but has keys like a keyboard. Keytars are lightweight keyboards that have a strap that is put around the neck and shoulders. The instrument has a keyboard for playing musical notes and sounds. The earliest keytars were created around the 1970's. This picture of a keytar is one of the most popular keytars. Most popular keytars are seen with a red guitar neck and played in 1980 movies. first appeared in a magazine in 1980.

Keyboard instruments
Electronic musical instruments

Keytar


Jacob Otten Husly (16 November 1738 – 11 January 1796) was an 18th-century architect from the Northern Netherlands.

Biography
He was born in Doetinchem to Albert Otten and Anna Hendrica Huslij, and added his mother's surname to his name from 1760, probably because he was a pupil of her family members Hans Jacob Huslij and Hendrik Huslij. He made designs in the popular neoclassical style in the eighteenth century. He won prizes in various drawing competitions and in 1768 he wrote a pamphlet on competitions for the city drawing academy in Amsterdam.

He was the director of the drawing academy in Amsterdam called the Stadstekenacademie. In 1772–1776 he designed and built the City Hall, Weesp with his nephew Leendert Viervant the Younger. In 1775 he won a prize for the new City Hall to be built in Groningen. In 1787–1779 he won a prize for the new building called Felix Meritis in Amsterdam to house a new society of the arts and sciences there. In Haarlem he assisted his nephew Viervant with decorations for the Oval room, the first room of the Teylers Museum.  He died, aged 57, in Kampen.

References

18th-century Dutch architects
Neoclassical architects
1738 births
1796 deaths
People from Doetinchem
18th-century Dutch artists

Jacob Otten Husly


Pancake is an unincorporated community in Hampshire County in the U.S. state of West Virginia. Pancake is located on Pancake Road (County Route 8/2), once connecting to South Branch River Road (County Route 8) across the South Branch Potomac River. Pancake was once a stop along the South Branch Valley Railroad and is named for the Pancake family in the immediate area. The Pancake Post Office has been closed.

References

Unincorporated communities in Hampshire County, West Virginia
Populated places on the South Branch Potomac River
Unincorporated communities in West Virginia
South Branch Valley Railroad

Pancake, West Virginia


The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) is a public research university in Birmingham, Alabama. Founded in 1969 in the University of Alabama System, UAB has grown to be the state's largest single employer, with more than 24,200 faculty and staff and over 53,000 jobs at the university and in the health system. The university is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity".

UAB offers 140 programs of study in 12 academic divisions leading to bachelor's, master's, doctoral, and professional degrees in the liberal arts, humanities, mathematics, social, behavioral, natural and physical sciences, business, education, engineering, and health-related fields such as medicine, dentistry, optometry, nursing, and public health. In the fall of 2020, 22,563 students from more than 110 countries were enrolled.

The UAB Health System, one of the largest academic medical centers in the United States, is affiliated with the university. UAB Hospital sponsors residency programs in medical specialties, including internal medicine, neurology, physical medicine and rehabilitation, surgery, radiology, and anesthesiology.

History
In 1936, in response to the rapid growth of the Birmingham metropolitan area and the need for the population to have access to a university education, the University of Alabama established the Birmingham Extension Center. The center operated in an old house in downtown Birmingham at 2131 6th Avenue North and enrolled 116 students. In 1945, UA's newly established four-year School of Medicine moved from Tuscaloosa to Birmingham and took over management of Jefferson and Hillman hospitals. In 1957 enrollment at the extension center stood at 1,856. By 1959, research grants, training grants, and fellowships exceeded $1 million, and ground was broken for a new Children's Hospital.

By the 1960s, it grew apparent that the extension center was becoming a university in its own right. An engineering building was built close to the medical center in 1962. In September 1966, the Extension Center was renamed the College of General Studies and elevated to a full four-year program. That November, the College of General Studies and the School of Medicine were merged into the University of Alabama in Birmingham, with Dr. Joseph Volker as "Vice President for Birmingham Affairs"–reflecting that it was still treated as an offsite department of the main campus in Tuscaloosa. An Advisory Board for UAB was created in 1967. In 1969, the legislature created the University of Alabama System. UAB became one of three four-year institutions within the new system, which also included UA and the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH) in Huntsville. Volker became UAB's first president.

In the 1970s, the university began a period of rapid growth. Enrollment at the beginning of the decade stood at 6,629, including 2,724 women. To accommodate the growing student population, UAB acquired land in the Southside. UAB Mini Park (the predecessor to The UAB Green) was dedicated in 1977.

The university created an intercollegiate athletic program, joined the NCAA and began fielding teams beginning with golf in 1970 and men's basketball in 1978. The university's name was changed to the University of Alabama at Birmingham in 1984, simply exchanging the preposition "In" for "at."

Presidents of UAB
 Joseph F. Volker, 1966–1976 (titled as VP for Birmingham Affairs, 1966–1969)
 S. Richardson Hill Jr., 1977–1987
 Charles A. McCallum, 1987–1993
 J. Claude Bennett, 1993–1996
 Paul Hardin, 1997 (interim)
 W. Ann Reynolds, 1997–2002
 Carol Garrison, 2002–2012
 Ray L. Watts, 2013–present

Campus

UAB is located in the Southside neighborhood of downtown Birmingham. Occupying more than 100 city blocks, the roughly rectangular campus blends with the urban character of the Southside, stretching between 4th Ave S and 12th Ave S north to south and 8th St and 22nd St east to west. University Boulevard serves as the main axis of the rectangle and Campus Green sits approximately at the center.

The campus can be divided into three sections. The medical center occupies most of the campus east of Campus Green. The medical center is home to the health science schools and their teaching facilities, including the UAB Health System (UABHS). The medical center overlaps with the larger Birmingham Medical District where, in addition to UABHS, non-UAB affiliated hospitals such as the VA Medical Center Birmingham, Children's Hospital of Alabama and Cooper Green Mercy Hospital are located.

The academic heart of campus stretches from the Campus Green west and from University Boulevard south. Campus Green, developed between 2000 and 2007 as part of the move to convert the school from its previously commuter school feel into a more traditional residential campus, not only anchors the academic campus but serves as the centerpiece for the university as a whole. Most academics and arts buildings (excluding those associated with the medical center), residence halls, and student life facilities sit on or within two blocks of the Green.

Athletics facilities, including Bartow Arena and PNC Field are located on the far western side of campus.

Since 1969, UAB has undergone extensive growth and construction projects are common across campus. Projects that are in planning, recently completed, or under construction include:
 Collat School of Business and Bill L. Harbert Institute for Innovation and Entrepreneurship, ribbon cutting on August 28, 2019.
 Police and Public Safety Headquarters, ribbon cutting on August 9, 2018.
 School of Nursing, ribbon cutting on September 6, 2018.
 College of Arts & Sciences University Hall - the first LEED-certified building on UAB campus - ribbon cutting on September, 2019.

Organization and administration

UAB is an autonomous institution within the University of Alabama System, which is governed by the Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama and headed by Chancellor of the University of Alabama. The board is self-nominating and composed of 15 elected members and two ex officio members. The makeup of the board is dictated by the Constitution of the State of Alabama, and requires that the board be made up of three members from the congressional district that contains the Tuscaloosa campus, and two members from every other congressional district in Alabama. Board members are elected by the board and are confirmed by the Alabama State Senate. Board members may serve three consecutive six-year terms.

The president of the University of Alabama at Birmingham is the principal executive officer of the university and is appointed by the chancellor with approval of the board of trustees. The president reports directly to the chancellor, and is responsible for the daily operations of the university. The president also acts as chairman of the board of the UAB Health System. Richard Marchase was named interim president on August 21, 2012, after the retirement of former president Carol Garrison. In February 2013, Ray L. Watts became UAB's seventh president.

Colleges
UAB is composed of one college, nine schools and the Graduate School. Together, these divisions offer 56 bachelor's degree programs, 59 master's degree programs, and 40 doctoral programs.

Before 2010, the schools of Arts and Humanities, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Natural Science and Mathematics, and Education were separate, degree-granting units within the university. The schools were merged into a single college (the first at UAB): the College of Arts and Sciences, with Education retaining its identity as a distinct unit within the new college. University leaders cited efficiency, curricula, and more opportunity for interdisciplinary research and cooperation for the restructuring.

Endowment
UAB's endowment stood at $711.6 million in 2021. UAB received more than $715 million in research grants and extramural awards for FY 2022.

In 1999, the university launched a capital campaign with a goal of $250 million. When it ended in 2003, the UAB Capital Campaign had raised over $388.7 million.

The Campaign for UAB launched publicly in October 2013 with a goal of raising $1 billion. Prior to the public launch of the campaign, UAB had already received over $420 million in donations. In 2018, UAB exceeded the $1 billion goal of The Campaign for UAB, the most ambitious fundraising effort in the university's history. Putting the Campaign over its goal was the largest single gift ever made to UAB: $30 million from O'Neal Industries and its shareholders to name the O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center at UAB.

Academics

UAB is a large, four-year research university and is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". UAB has been accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools since 1970, according to the U.S. Department of Education. Undergraduates comprise a majority of the total university enrollment. Part-time and transfer student comprise a sizable portion of the undergraduate student body. The undergraduate instructional program provides a balance between professional programs of study and the liberal arts (meaning the number of degrees awarded in the two areas is similar), and there is a high level of co-existence between the graduate and undergraduate programs (meaning that the majority of undergraduate program have graduate degree program counterparts). The university has a high level of research activity and has a graduate instructional program emphasizing doctorates in STEM fields as well as professional programs in the health and veterinary sciences.

The academic calendar is based on the semester system, which divides the academic year, lasting from mid-August to early May, into two 15-week semesters (fall and spring) and the summer. The fall semester ends in early December and the spring term begins in early January. The summer, which lasts from mid-May to August, is divided into a number of sessions: a 12-week session, a 3-week "mini-semester" in May, a nine-week session in June and July, and two four-week sessions in June and July, respectively. The schools of medicine and dentistry follow an academic calendar beginning in July and ending in late May/early June.

In academic year 2016–2017, UAB awarded in a total 2,384 bachelor's degrees; 1,795 master's degrees, 33 educational specialist degrees; 125 research doctorates; and 391 professional doctorates.

Student profile
In fall semester 2018, the UAB student body consisted of 13,836 undergraduates, 6,933 graduate students and 1,154 professional doctoral students from all 67 Alabama counties, all 50 states and more than 110 foreign countries. In fall semester 2018, 5,737 students were enrolled in the College of Arts and Sciences, 3,432 in Business, 2,736 in Nursing, 2,431 in Health Professions, 1,775 in Education, 1,486 in Engineering, 752 in Public Health, 694 in Medicine, 324 in Joint Health Sciences, 271 in Dentistry, 217 in Optometry, and an additional 1,902 who were undecided.

Of the undergraduate student body, 33.2% are from Jefferson County, 14.4% are from other counties in the Birmingham metropolitan area, specifically Blount, Shelby, St. Clair and Walker counties. 29.4% come from the rest of Alabama, 18.2% from the rest of the United States, while international students comprise 4.8%. The male-to-female ratio among undergraduates is 2:3. Reflecting one of the core reasons for UAB's founding, a large percentage of undergraduates are from non-traditional demographics. 27.4% of undergraduates are part-time students, and 18.7% are above the age of 25. (The average undergraduate is 23 years old.)

The undergraduate student body was 56% non-Hispanic white, 26% Black/African-American, 6% Asian, 5% two or more races, 3% Hispanic, and 3% International.

Faculty and staff
UAB has 24,259 employees, 12,913 in the university, including 3,096 faculty, and 11,346 in the UAB Health System. 91.3% of the faculty at UAB hold an academic or professional doctorate. Eight faculty members from UAB have been elected to the National Institute of Medicine. The student-faculty ratio at UAB is 18:1.

Library
UAB has eight library locations: Mervyn H. Sterne Library, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences, Lister Hill Library at University Hospital, Reynolds-Finley Historical Library, Alabama Museum of the Health Sciences, UAB Archives, UAB Digital Collections, and the 801 Building.
Sterne Library holds 1.7 million print volumes while Lister Hill Library holds a little under 350,000.

Rankings

In the 2022 U.S. News & World Report rankings, UAB was tied for the 137th best national university and was ranked tied for the 64th best public university. The UAB Master of Science in Health Administration program is the top ranked Health Care Management program in the U.S. News & World Report rankings and the No. 1 program at UAB. Since 2015, the MSHA program has been the highest-ranking program at UAB. In 2023, Fortune ranked the UAB's in-person master's degree in cybersecurity offered by the Department of Computer Science as the No. 1 program in the country.

In 2018, UAB was named the Top Young University in the U.S. (50 years or younger) and among the top 10 globally in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings, which ranks effectiveness in areas such as teaching, research, citations, international outlooks and industry outcomes.

Student life

There are over 300 student organizations on the UAB campus.

The UAB Model Arab League team is among the best government model teams in the nation with over five years of expansion and award-winning achievement including multiple "outstanding delegation" awards. The UAB Mock Trial team is consistently among the nation's best as a perennial Top 25 program. The program enjoyed its greatest success in 2006, when the team won the national title in the Silver Division defeating the defending national champions of Harvard University.

Recreation Center

Opened in 2005, the UAB Recreation Center serves the students, faculty, and alumni of UAB as well as the Birmingham community. The  covers three floors: housing four basketball/volleyball courts, four racquetball courts (one of which can be converted to squash and four for wallyball), four aerobics studios,  of weight and cardio-fitness areas, game room, KidsZone, aquatics center with both lap and leisure components, CenterCourt gym used for indoor soccer, floor hockey and badminton, juice bar, indoor track, and a climbing wall. The center includes free weights, court sports, swimming pools, group fitness classes, nutrition education, fitness areas, and a climbing wall.

Greek life
About six percent of undergraduate men and eight percent of undergraduate women are active in UAB's Greek system. Twenty-two Greek Letter Organization (GLOs) are active on campus. Four governing bodies oversee the operations of university-sanctioned GLOs. These bodies act as umbrella organizations over the member GLOs. Among the differences between the governing bodies, the most important distinction are recruitment process and policies.

Student media
UAB Student Media is the home of the University of Alabama at Birmingham's student-run media outlets. They include Kaleidoscope, an award-winning weekly newspaper; BlazeRadio, a 24-hour online radio station live on the TuneIn app; Aura Literary Arts Review, a twice-yearly student magazine featuring fiction, creative non-fiction, art, photography, poetry and reviews; and UABTV, original, web-based video programming. UAB students operate all media. The articles, posts, newscasts and opinions are solely those of its student writers, producers, editors, deejays, etc. and do not reflect that of the university, its administrators or the Student Media advisors.

Intramurals
The school has an intramural program that runs year-round. Students and staff compete for league trophies in sports such as basketball, bowling, flag football, golf, soccer, softball, ultimate frisbee, and volleyball, or play in tournaments in billiards, racquetball, tennis, and other sports.

On August 29, 2018, UAB held a ribbon-cutting ceremony for an Intramural Complex, located at 1101 Fifth Ave. South, that is home for the university's intramural outdoor sports and club sports. The complex is a joint project between UAB Student Affairs and Campus Recreation through the UAB Facilities Division. Campus Recreation will oversee the fields, as well as program and schedule them. The space includes two full-size competition fields, two digital scoreboards, access to water and campus Wi-Fi, and a utility building that includes two all-gender restrooms, a storage space for sports equipment, and a utility room for lights and power.

Health system
The UAB Health System (UABHS) is a partnership between UAB and the University of Alabama Health Services Foundation (UAHSF), a private not-for-profit medical practice made up of the faculty of the UAB School of Medicine. UABHS is governed by a board of directors which has representatives of UAHSF, the University of Alabama Board of Trustees, and UAB administrators. The UAB president is the ex officio chairperson of the UAB Health System. The CEO of the UABHS reports directly to the UAB Health System board and is appointed by the chairman of the board.

UAB Hospital is the central institution of UABHS. It was formed as University Hospital in 1945 from the merger of Jefferson Hospital and Hillman Hospital, two private hospitals in the Southside of Birmingham acquired by the University of Alabama Board of Trustees. University Hospital was created to serve as the primary teaching hospital for the School of Medicine.

The other major institutions of UABHS include:
 The Kirklin Clinic of UAB Hospital, an outpatient clinic of UAB Hospital
 UAB Callahan Eye Hospital & Clinics, founded independently as the Eye Foundation Hospital in 1963 and merged into UABHS in 1973,
 UAB Medicine Women and Infants Center
 UAB Hospital-Highlands. Formerly HealthSouth's flagship medical center in the Southside, UABHS acquired it in 2006. Highlands now serves as an acute care hospital. In 2011, Highlands was merged completely into UAB Hospital.
 Spain Rehabilitation Center
 UAB Medicine Health Centers, clinics operated and staffed by UABHS located throughout central Alabama
 Viva Health, a health maintenance organization (HMO) which is a subsidiary of Triton Health Systems, a limited liability corporation based in Birmingham and owned by the UABHS

In addition UABHS manages, but does not operate, Medical West in Bessemer and Baptist Health in Montgomery. UABHS also has affiliations with the Birmingham VA Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Alabama, and Huntsville Hospital in Huntsville.

Athletics

UAB's athletic teams are known as the Blazers. The school athletic colors are forest green and old gold. The school currently participates in NCAA Division I, currently as one of the 11 member institutions of Conference USA (C-USA). UAB is one of six C-USA members set to move to the American Athletic Conference, most likely in 2023. The men's basketball team, coached by Andy Kennedy, plays in 8,508-seat Bartow Arena.

The school started its intercollegiate athletic program in 1978. The program was inaugurated with men's basketball by Gene Bartow, who was John Wooden's successor at UCLA. Bartow left UCLA after several exceptional seasons (52–9 over three seasons, including a berth in the Final Four in 1976) to head up the founding of the first UAB men's basketball team. He served as the school's first head basketball coach and athletic director for 18 years. Bartow led UAB to the NIT in the program's second year of existence and followed that with seven straight NCAA Tournament appearances, including trips to the Sweet 16 in 1981 and the Elite Eight in 1982. Bartow retired from coaching in 1996 and, in 1997, UAB renamed its basketball venue from UAB Arena to Bartow Arena in his honor. In 30 years, UAB has made 13 NCAA appearances, three Sweet Sixteen appearances, and an Elite Eight appearance, and has had 27 winning seasons, 19 of which were 20+ win seasons.

In addition to basketball, UAB has programs in men's sports for baseball, golf, soccer, and tennis. Women's sports programs include softball, basketball, golf, soccer, tennis, track and field (indoor and outdoor), cross country, rifle and volleyball. On November 11, 2010, UAB announced the addition of sand volleyball and bowling beginning with the 2011–2012 academic year.

Professional golfer Graeme McDowell (winner of the 2010 U.S. Open) played on the UAB golf team from 1998 to 2002.

In December 2014, the university announced that three sports were being eliminated at the end of the 2014–2015 academic year: football, bowling and rifle. This was the result of an external review commissioned by the university that cited the rapidly changing landscape of the NCAA and soaring operating costs. The football program became bowl-eligible for the first time in a decade following a win against Southern Miss two days before the announcement.
On June 1, 2015, Watts announced the reversal of the decision to end UAB football due to the large public opinion against the decision and the public fundraising of more than $27 million towards the program. The Blazers football program, rifle, and bowling programs were all reinstated with the former expected to resume play as early as 2016,. On June 4, 2015, Athletic Director Mark Ingram indicated that the 2017 season was a more reasonable timeline to field a football team for play. The football team resumed play for the 2017 NCAA Football season achieving an 8–5 record, the program's best since 1993, and earning an invitation to the 2017 Bahamas Bowl, the team's first bowl game since 2004. Blazer Football had a historic season in 2018, earning the program's first Conference USA championship, first bowl win and best-ever record of 11–3.

Notable alumni and faculty

Notes

References

External links

 UAB Athletics website

Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Educational institutions established in 1969
Landmarks in Alabama
Schools of public health in the United States
Buildings and structures in Birmingham, Alabama
Tourist attractions in Birmingham, Alabama
Optometry schools in the United States
1969 establishments in Alabama
University of Alabama at Birmingham
University of Alabama at Birmingham
BSL3 laboratories in the United States

University of Alabama at Birmingham


There Will Be Blood is the soundtrack to the 2007 film There Will Be Blood and features an original orchestral score by Radiohead guitarist Jonny Greenwood. The soundtrack was released on December 17, 2007 in the United Kingdom and on December 18, 2007 in the United States.

Although widely admired and thought of as a contender for the Academy Award for Best Original Score at the 2008 Academy Awards, it was ruled ineligible due to its use of pre-existing material. The score features elements from Greenwood's compositions 'Popcorn Superhet Receiver' and Bodysong (such as the track "Convergence", played atop the title track during the derrick fire sequence) and works from Arvo Pärt and the Violin Concerto in D by Johannes Brahms.

In December 2008, Greenwood's score was nominated for a Grammy in the category of "Best Score Soundtrack Album For Motion Picture, Television Or Other Visual Media" for the 51st Grammy Awards.

Nonesuch Records offers a digital download of three bonus tracks upon the purchase of the soundtrack from its web site.

Greenwood's wife, Israeli-born Sharona Katan, (credited as Shin Katan) is a visual artist whose work appears on the cover as well as the booklet. The images were made with liquid photographic emulsion and oil paint, using the original anamorphic camera negatives from the film.

Track listing

References

Jonny Greenwood albums
2007 soundtrack albums
Nonesuch Records soundtracks
Instrumental soundtracks
Drama film soundtracks

There Will Be Blood (soundtrack)


The Central Australian Aviation Museum is an aviation museum in Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia.

History
The current Museum Building was erected in 1940/41 and served as the main base of operations for Connellan Airways (later Connair) from 1939 to 1968. Due to the limitations of this Townsite Aerodrome for larger aircraft operations and the expansion of Alice Springs, the move to the present airport was eventually forced upon Connellan Airways. The larger Bellman Hangar, which occupied the site next to the present hangar was moved to the present airport and all operations ceased at Townsite by June 1968.

The Townsite Hangar was left derelict and the air strips disappeared under the rapid expansion of Alice Springs. The houses and road fronting the Museum are on the old main runway. By 1977 little trace could be found of the runways, and the Townsite Hangar was in a sad state of repair, having had no maintenance for 9 years. It had become a haven for those without ready accommodation and its interior and exterior had been a target for vandals.

The founding of the Central Australian Aviation Museum in 1977 soon changed this situation.

A very active voluntary committee was formed following the suicide flight at Alice Springs Airport in January 1977. It was not long before the Hangar was reclaimed and work commenced on its renovation. This early start could not have been made without the support of many people previously associated with Townsite. Many of these people joined the new Museum and willingly paid $50 membership without question or guarantee.

This immediate response allowed the Museum to rapidly find its feet and open its doors in May, 1979. Financial assistance from the Northern Territory Government was crucial in establishing the Museum.

Since 1979 many more exhibits have been acquired, such as aircraft, engines, components, historical photographs, papers, and videos.

In March 1984 the collection was officially handed over to the Northern Territory Museums and Arts Galleries Board who have accepted responsibility for its preservation, presentation and administration. It is now possible for people to visit the Museum free of charge and find out for themselves the story of 'Townsite Alice Springs' and the role it played in the development of Central Australia.

Collection

See also
 Araluen Cultural Precinct
 List of aerospace museums

References

External links

 Central Australian Aviation Museum – official site

Museums in Alice Springs
Aerospace museums in Australia

Central Australian Aviation Museum


Kathleen Mary 'Kay' Beauchamp (27 May 1899 – 25 January 1992) was a leading light in the Communist Party of Great Britain in the 1920s. She helped found The Daily Worker (later The Morning Star) and was a local councillor in Finsbury.

Biography

She was born to a farming family at Welton Manor Farm, Midsomer Norton, Somerset on 27 May 1899.  She was sister of Joan Beauchamp, later Joan Thompson, who became a prominent suffragette and associate of Sylvia Pankhurst.  The family was part of the Beauchamp family that dominated the Somerset coalfield, her father being the cousin of Sir Frank Beauchamp and Louis Beauchamp who owned coalmines in the area. Her mother died in 1904 when Kay was only four.

She completed a degree in history at University College, London in 1924.  In that year she married bookseller and bibliographer Graham Pollard, son of Professor Albert Pollard.

She joined the Communist Party, for which she served as International Secretary.  She was one of the eight Party members who produced the first ever edition of The Daily Worker (later The Morning Star), which appeared on 1 January 1930.  As its Managing Director she was jailed for contempt of court when the paper described the conviction of Wal Hannington, an unemployed workers' leader, as a "frame-up".

She worked as a teacher and was also involved with the Communist Party's Education Department. During the 1930s and 1940s, she worked closely with Harry Pollitt, organising hunger marches, solidarity work for the Spanish Civil War and the campaign for the Second Front in World War II.

After the war, she was elected a local Councillor in Finsbury.  She also served as International Secretary of the Communist Party.  In this role she made several visits to Africa.  She was involved in the Movement for Colonial Freedom (MCF), founded in 1954, and worked with Kwame Nkrumah, Jomo Kenyatta and other future leaders of emergent Africa.

In 1972 her first marriage was dissolved and she  married Tony Gilbert. She continued to be active in politics for the rest of her life.  She died on 25 January 1992.

Publications written by Kay Beauchamp

 Leninism ~ a syllabus (1940)
 Our Borough - an introductory discussion syllabus. On the government of the borough of Finsbury (1945)
 Canvassing (1945)
 Fascism and how to defeat it (1959)
 We can get those deep shelters (1961)
 Black citizens (1973)
 Report of Liberation Conference to isolate and defeat racism (1977)
 One race, the human race (1979)
 Ethiopia: An African Giant Awakens [with Tony Gilbert] (1985)
 Racism: A Threat to World Peace – [with Amanda Mensah] (1986)
 Ring Around the Carnival [with Maggie Chetty] (1986)

References

External links
 Interview of Kay Beauchamp for oral history project

1899 births
1992 deaths
Communist Party of Great Britain councillors
People from Midsomer Norton
British feminists
English communists
English pacifists
British suffragists
Left communists
Members of Finsbury Metropolitan Borough Council
English women writers
Communist women writers
English socialist feminists
Women councillors in England

Kay Beauchamp


David Kramer (born August 1, 1972 in Cupertino, California) is a retired American soccer goalkeeper who played professionally in the USISL and Major League Soccer.  He is currently Director of Soccer and Business Development for Real Colorado Edge Soccer Club.  He was the 1994 ISAA Goalkeeper of the Year.

Youth
Kramer grew up in Mountain View, California and attended Fresno State where he played on the men's soccer team.  In 1994, Kramer earned first team All American recognition and was honored as the ISAA Goalkeeper of the Year.

Professional
After graduating from college, Kramer signed with the Monterey Bay Jaguars of USISL.  In 1995, his rookie season, he was named the All Western Division goalkeeper of the year.  That season, the Jaguars went to the USISL semi-finals before falling 4-3 in overtime to the Minnesota Thunder.

In February 1996, the Los Angeles Galaxy of Major League Soccer (MLS) drafted Kramer in the second round (14th overall) of the first MLS draft.  He was the Galaxy's starting goalkeeper as the team ran to MLS Cup 1996 where they fell to D.C. United.  Kramer's second year with the team did not go as well as his first.  On June 2, 1997, the Galaxy waived Kramer after only nine games with the team sitting at 3-6.  He finished the season with the Colorado Foxes.

The San Jose Clash then signed Kramer and he played 12 games of the 1997 season with them.  He remained the team's starting goalie for most of the 1998 season (with backup goalie Andy Kirk starting a few games that year), but suffered a shoulder injury only eight games into the 1999 season.  Backup goalie Joe Cannon took the job and kept it even after Kramer's shoulder healed.  The Clash then traded Kramer to the Colorado Rapids at the end of the season.  Kramer remained with the Rapids through the end of 2002, but was replaced, once again, by Joe Cannon when Cannon moved to the Rapids.

Coach
In 2005 Kramer served as the goalkeeper coach at the Real Colorado youth club.  In June 2008, Kramer was named goalkeeper coach of his former team, the Colorado Rapids.  Kramer served as the goalkeeper coach until August 2012 when he left to join Real Colorado Edge Soccer Club, where he is currently Director of Soccer and Business Development.

References

External links

1972 births
Living people
American soccer coaches
American men's soccer players
Men's association football goalkeepers
Colorado Foxes players
Fresno State Bulldogs men's soccer players
A-League (1995–2004) players
California Jaguars players
LA Galaxy players
San Jose Earthquakes players
Colorado Rapids players
Major League Soccer players
People from Cupertino, California
Soccer players from Santa Clara County, California
Colorado Rapids non-playing staff
All-American college men's soccer players

David Kramer (soccer)


Bruce Earl Fairbairn (December 30, 1949 – May 17, 1999) was a Canadian musician and record producer. He was born in Vancouver, British Columbia.

Fairbairn was active as a producer from 1976 to 1999. His most successful productions are Slippery When Wet and New Jersey by Bon Jovi, Permanent Vacation, Pump, and Get a Grip by Aerosmith, The Razors Edge by AC/DC, and Balance by Van Halen, each of which sold at least five million copies. He was a trumpet player, then started a career as a record producer for the Canadian rock band Prism. He won the Canadian music industry Producer of the Year Juno Award three times. He produced albums for many well-known international artists such as Loverboy, Blue Öyster Cult, Bon Jovi, Poison, Aerosmith, AC/DC, Scorpions, Van Halen, Chicago, The Cranberries, INXS, Kiss and Yes.

Fairbairn died suddenly on May 17, 1999 due to unknown causes.

1949 births
1999 deaths
Record producers
Musicians from Vancouver

Bruce Fairbairn


Why I Am Not a Christian is an essay by the British philosopher Bertrand Russell. It describes the reasons why Russell does not believe in God and doubts religion.

History
At first, a talk given March 6, 1927 at Battersea Town Hall, at the South London Branch of the National Secular Society. It was published that year as a pamphlet and was later published, with other essays, in the book, Why I Am Not a Christian: And Other Essays on Religion and Related Subjects ().

Related works by other authors
Why I Am Not a Muslim, by Ibn Warraq, is also critical of the religion in which the author was brought up — in this case, Islam.  The author mentions Why I Am Not a Christian towards the end of the first chapter, stating that many of its arguments also apply to Islam.
Why I Am Not a Hindu, a 1996 book in a similar vein by Kancha Ilaiah, an activist opposed to the Indian caste system.
Why I Am Still a Christian is a book by Catholic theologian Hans Küng, published in 1987.

Other websites
 Complete text with annotations

British essays
1927 works

Why I Am Not a Christian


Nelson King (August 7, 1914 – March 16, 1974) was an American radio disc jockey (DJ) with a nationwide following. Credited by many historians as among the most influential country music DJs in the post-World War II era, the "King of the country deejays" was posthumously inducted into the Country Music DJ Hall of Fame in 1975.

Born Charles Schroeder in Portsmouth, Ohio, he graduated from Portsmouth High School in 1932. He worked at radio stations in various cities, as an announcer with "his resonant speaking voice", musical director, and host of Jam for Supper, a recorded music program, before joining WCKY in Cincinnati in January 1946.

It was at WCKY that he was asked to choose a radio name, which he picked from a telephone book. (He later legally changed his name to Nelson King.) He hosted several programs, but it was Hillbilly Jamboree which made him famous. Launched in 1946, the nightly show fueled the growing popularity of country music. The 4½ hour program garnered a national audience and was also heard in Canada, Mexico, and parts of South America. King was courted by record companies and stars such as Gene Autry and Eddy Arnold. He was the top DJ in Billboard magazine polls for eight consecutive years. He even recorded for King Records. Eventually, however, alcoholism ended his career at WCKY; he was fired in 1961 for going on the air while drunk. He found employment outside of radio, but returned to work as a morning DJ for Cincinnati's WCLU from 1968 to 1970.

Nelson King died of lung cancer in 1974.

References

1914 births
1974 deaths
American radio DJs
Deaths from lung cancer
20th-century American musicians
People from Portsmouth, Ohio

Nelson King


The Batboat is the fictional waterboat that Batman uses to travel to places on the sea or lakes. The boat was a product from Wayne Enterprises made by Lucius Fox. The boat holds many weapon buttons from Batman can push them to pull out a gadget and use it during and attack. The boat has enough space for two. The boat can also turn in a submarine.

The boat has appeared in Batman, Batman Returns, and in Batman Forever.

References

Batman

Batboat


The Nerbudda River (other spellings are "Narbudda" and "Narmada") is a river in western India. The source of the Nerbudda is in the east of the state of Madhya Pradesh. At Jabalpur it turns southwest and follows a course between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges. It then follows a more westerly course across Madhya Pradesh and then Gujarat. Finally the river flows into the Gulf of Khambhat through an estuary 13 miles wide.

Source
Narmada River' Encyclopædia Britannica

Rivers of India

Nerbudda River


The Organic Statute of the Kingdom of Poland () was a statute which replaced the Constitution of 1815 in the aftermath of the failed November Uprising in the Russian Partition of Poland. The Statute was pronounced in occupied Warsaw on March 13/25, 1832 by Marshal Ivan Fyodorovich Paskevich, appointed Namiestnik of the Kingdom of Poland. To commemorate the Tsar's crushing of the Cadet Revolution, Alexander Pushkin wrote "On the Taking of Warsaw", hailing the capitulation of Poland's capital as the "final triumph" of Mother Russia. Other writers joined in to celebrate.

The Statute, signed by Emperor Nicholas I, replaced the personal union between the Kingdom of Poland and the Russian Empire with the "eternal incorporation" of Poland into Russia (a point that had actually been stated in the first article of the 1815 Constitution). The Parliament () of the Kingdom was abolished, and its army merged with the Russian Army.

Remaining resemblances of autonomy left without change by the Statute included the Council of State, the Administrative Council, and the Bank of Poland. Out of five governmental commissions, two (military and religious/educational) were dissolved (leaving only treasury, justice and internal affairs). The power of the Namiestnik of Poland was increased.

Notes

References
 Tomasz Demidowicz, Statut Organiczny Królestwa Polskiego w latach 1832-1856 Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne, Vol LXII, 2010; Zeszyt 1. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
 "Dziennik Praw Królestwa Polskiego" 1832 Tom 14, nr 55, str. 160–249
 "Dziennik Powszechny" Nr 83 z 26 III 1832, s. 339-342

1832 documents
1832 in law
1832 in Poland
1832 in the Russian Empire
Legal history of Poland
Political history of Poland
Government of Congress Poland
Nicholas I of Russia


A baseball bat is a smooth wooden or metal rod used in the game of baseball to hit the ball after the ball is thrown by the pitcher.  It is not more than 2⅔ inches (70 mm) in diameter at the thickest part and not more than 42 inches (1067 mm) in length. It usually weighs no greater than four pounds (1.8 kg). The batter uses the bat to try to hit a pitched ball so that he may run around the bases and score points.

Bats are sometimes used as a weapon in fights or attacks. When a bat is used this way, it can be called a club.

Major League Baseball is using bats of pink color by players who agree during games played on Mother's Day as an event to support the pink ribbon campaign (breast cancer extermination movement).

Baseball equipment

Baseball bat


is an atmospheric ghost light told about in Kyushu. They are said to appear on days of the noon moon such the  (29th or 30th day) of the seventh month of the lunisolar Japanese calendar when the wind is weak, in the Yatsushiro Sea and the Ariake Sea. The phenomenon persists in the present day, with the strange lights having been determined to be an atmospheric optical phenomenon.

Summary
The phenomenon occurs several kilometers out from the shore in open water. First, one or two flames (called "oyabi" (親火, lit. "parent-fire")) will appear. These will split off to the left and right and multiply, eventually producing anywhere from several hundred to several thousand flames in a row. They are said to span four to eight kilometers. It is believed that the greatest number of shiranui can be seen at the lowest tide, within two hours of 3:00AM.

They are said to be invisible from the water's surface and visible up to ten meters above the surface. If one attempts to approach them, they will appear to get farther away. They were formerly believed to be the lamps of the Dragon God, and nearby fishing villages would prohibit fishing on days when shiranui were seen.

According to the Nihon Shoki, the Hizen no Kuni Fudoki, and the "Higo no Kuni Fudoki", when Emperor Keiko conquered Kumamoto in southern Kyushu, they advanced using the shiranui as a landmark. In his journey to expand the Yamato Ōken, he saw inexplicable spots of moving fire, shiranui, in the Ariake Sea and the Yatsushiro Sea (also called the Shiranui Sea). When he told local gozoku about these sightings, the gozoku replied that they did not know of this fire. It was thus named "shiranu hi" ("unknown fire," which eventually was slurred into "shiranui"), and the area was named , now known as Kumamoto Prefecture.

History
In 1835, Nakashima Hiroashi wrote a book entitled On the Shiranui:

From time immemorial, the Gulf of Shimabara, (near Ariake Sea), Japan, has been famed for Shiranui, the unknown fire, which appears from time to time. The phenomenon occurs twice a year, about 30 September and 24 February, from some time after midnight until the approach of dawn. Sometime the light is a large ball of fire rising from the surface of the sea to a height of 60 feet; sometimes it is a line of pale red, fiery globes drifting and down the tide.

Hypotheses
 Reflection of star lights
 Luminous jellyfish
 Fire from undersea active volcano
 Light of fishing boats

In the Taishō era, Shiranui attracted the attention of many people, including scholars and newspapermen, who attempted to explain the phenomenon scientifically, and have been explained as a type of mirage. There was a large scale investigation with two ships and more than 50 people in the Ariake Sea in 1916. However, they reported conflicting data and no scientific clarification was reached. According to one theory from the Shōwa era by Machika Miyanishi, professor of Kumamoto Higher Technical School and Hiroshima Higher Technical School, who made extensive scientific studies and wrote eight papers, including two English papers, the time when shiranui appear is the time when the temperature of the sea is the greatest in the year, and the tide would sink about 6 meters, resulting in a mudflat and sudden radiative cooling, and overlapping with the land formation at the Yatsushiro Sea and the Ariake Sea, the lights of the boats that would depart to get the fish of the tidelands would get refracted. This theory is seen as having merit even in the modern era, and Miyanishi Machika, of the high industries of Kumoto and a professor from the Hiroshima Higher Technical School, researched this as his specialty. According to him, the shiranui are fires for luring fish at night (isaribi), their flickering and their alliance and rupture, helped with optical illusions, results in it being seen as mysterious flames.

The meteorologist Sakuhei Fujiwhara wrote Atmospheric Light Phenomena in 1933, but in it, he wrote that he did not know the cause of shiranui, and due to some who profited from delighting sightseers, he pointed out the possibility that they are from noctiluca.

Tairi Yamashita, Professor at Kumamoto University, made extensive studies of Shiranui using modern instruments with the assistance of students. He concluded that "Shiranui is an optical phenomenon resulting from light going through the complicated distributions of clumps of air with different temperatures and getting refracted. Therefore, the source of these lights are fires from private houses and fires used for luring fish, and so on. When these conditions are met, the same kind of phenomenon can be seen in other places and days. For example, road mirages, mirages in general, and heat shimmer are the same type of phenomena. Also, Nobuyuki Marume, in the collection of essays, "Shiranui," published many photographs under the title "Changes of Shiranui with the Passage of Time from Shiranui Town towards the Direction of Amura."

Machika Miyanishi, professor of Kumamoto Higher Technical School and Hiroshima Higher Technical School, made extensive scientific studies and wrote eight papers, including two English papers. His conclusion was: the light source of Shiranui was that of fishing boats. Large tideland forms lumps of air of different temperatures on special days, and by the voltex movement of air lumps, the light appears as deformed fluctuation in images of light. Tairi Yamashita, Professor at Kumamoto University, made extensive studies of Shiranui using modern instruments with the assistance of students. He concluded that there is a very complex distribution of heated air lumps and cold air lumps which constantly change. Light from distant sources repeatedly fluctuates, and either increases or decreases or disappears. In some cases, light is split. These changes appear to the observer changing greatly and irregularly. Under the same conditions, Shiranui may appear in other seasons.

Nowadays, the tidal flats are all filled up, lightbulbs illuminate the darkness of the night, and the seawater has become polluted making it difficult to see these shiranui.

See also
 Hitodama
 Kitsunebi
 Will-o'-the-wisp

References

Sources
 A study of Shiranui. Miyanishi Machika. Dainippon Shuppan Kabushiki Kaisha. 1943.
 A collection of references on Shiranui. Shiranui reference collecting committee. 1993. Shiranui Town.
 Investigation on Shiranui I. Tairi Yamashita. Kumamoto University Department of Education Kiyo. Vo. 21 1972.
 Investigation on Shiranui II Tairi Yamashita. Kumamoto University Department of Education Kiyo. Vol. 33, 1984.
 Changes of Shiranui with the Passage of Time from Shiranui Town towards the Direction of Amura. Nobuyuki Marume. Photographs, 9th collection.
 A study of Shiranui. Tairi Yamashita. 1994. Ashi Shobou.
 A new study of Shiranui. Iwao Tateishi.1994. Tsukiji Shokan.

Atmospheric ghost lights
Atmospheric optical phenomena
History of Kumamoto Prefecture
Kumamoto Prefecture
Yōkai

Shiranui (optical phenomenon)


Coup de Torchon (also known as Clean Slate) is a 1981 French crime film directed by Bertrand Tavernier and adapted from Jim Thompson's 1964 novel Pop. 1280. The film changes the novel's setting from an American Southern town to a small town in French West Africa. The film had 2,199,309 admissions in France and was the 16th most attended film of the year. It received the Prix Méliès from the French Syndicate of Cinema Critics as the best French film of 1981.

Coup de Torchon was nominated for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 55th Academy Awards

Plot
In a little town in French West Africa in 1938, Lucien Cordier is the only policeman. Unable or unwilling to impose his authority, he is treated with scorn by everybody. His sexy wife Huguette has brought a lover, Nono, to live openly with them, claiming he is her brother. Cordier fancies the mischievous young bride Rose, but lets her brutal husband beat her in the street unchallenged. The head of the timber company, Vanderbrouck, daily insults him for all to see. And the bane of his life is a pair of slimy pimps, who flout the law and enjoy humiliating him.

It is the pimps that take him to the brink, so he gets on a train to consult his superior Chavasson, who tells him to act forcefully. On the train home is the attractive new teacher in town, Anne, to whom he warms immediately. Once back, he catches the two pimps alone and, after shooting both dead, throws the corpses in the river. When Chavasson learns of this, he rushes down to question Cordier, who says it was in effect Chavasson who killed them. Having outwitted his boss and removed his prime tormentors, Cordier starts on the others who have made his life a misery. Rose's husband, like the pimps, is shot dead and Vanderbrouck is dropped in a privy. When Rose's husband's servant brings his master's body back to the house, Cordier kills the servant as well.

Catching Nono peeping at Anne in the shower, he beats him up in the street. Then he steals the money which his wife had been saving up in order to leave him and goes off to see Rose. Huguette and Nono, reckoning that he is going to abscond with Rose and the money, storm round to Rose's and in self-defence Rose shoots both dead. Cordier gives her the money and tells her to get away fast. All he has left in life is Anne, to whom he confesses his general malaise and specific crimes. She is ready to accept him but he says he is now incapable of love. In the closing shot, he is alone under a tree caressing a revolver.

Cast

 Philippe Noiret as Lucien Cordier
 Isabelle Huppert as Rose
 Jean-Pierre Marielle as Le Peron and his brother
 Stéphane Audran as Huguette Cordier
 Eddy Mitchell as Nono
 Guy Marchand as Marcel Chavasson
 Irène Skobline as Anne, the teacher
 Michel Beaune as Vanderbrouck
 Jean Champion as Priest
 Victor Garrivier as Mercaillou
 Gérard Hernandez as Leonelli
 Abdoulaye Diop as Fête Nat
 Daniel Langlet as Paulo
 François Perrot as Colonel Tramichel
 Raymond Hermantier as Blind man
 Mamadou Dioumé as Mamadou
 Samba Mané as Vendredi

Reception

Box office
The film had 2,199,309 admissions in France and was the 16th most attended film of the year.

Critical response
It received mixed reviews from U.S. and U.K. critics. Coup de Torchon has an approval rating of 83% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 6 reviews, and an average rating of 7.5/10. The New York Times praised the performances and "the meticulousness and conviction on display here" but also added that the film "seems strangely lacking in overall momentum and direction." Roger Ebert called it "a cruel intellectual joke played on its characters" and said the film "left me cold, unmoved and uninvolved." Time Out said "this eccentric, darkly comic look at a series of bizarre murders is stylishly well-crafted, and thoroughly entertaining" and "embellished with black wit and an elegant visual sense." TV Guide called it a "stylish, twisted black comedy... with as dead-on an evocation of a torpid, seedy backwater as anyone has achieved on screen."

Awards and honors
French Syndicate of Cinema Critics (France)
Won: Best Film (tied with Garde à vue)
Academy Awards (USA)
Nominated: Best Foreign Language Film
César Awards (France)
Nominated: Best Actor – Leading Role (Philippe Noiret)
Nominated: Best Actor – Supporting Role (Jean-Pierre Marielle)
Nominated: Best Actor – Supporting Role (Eddy Mitchell)
Nominated: Best Actress – Leading Role (Isabelle Huppert)
Nominated: Best Actress – Supporting Role (Stéphane Audran)
Nominated: Best Director (Bertrand Tavernier)
Nominated: Best Editing (Armand Psenny)
Nominated: Best Film
Nominated: Best Production Design (Alexandre Trauner)
Nominated: Best Writing (Jean Aurenche and Bertrand Tavernier)

See also
 Isabelle Huppert on screen and stage
 List of submissions to the 55th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
 List of French submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film

References

External links

Coup de Torchon an essay by Michael Dare at the Criterion Collection

1981 films
1980s crime comedy-drama films
1980s satirical films
French crime comedy-drama films
1980s French-language films
French satirical films
Films based on American novels
Films directed by Bertrand Tavernier
Films scored by Philippe Sarde
Films set in 1938
Films set in Africa
Films set in the French colonial empire
Films shot in Senegal
Adultery in films
French films about revenge
Films based on Jim Thompson novels
Films with screenplays by Jean Aurenche
1980s French films
Foreign films set in the United States

Coup de Torchon


Hamitic theory is a theory that claims that so called  hamitic race is superior to the negroid races on the African continent. John Hanning Speke started the theory. Karl Richard Lepsius and Carl Meinhof extended the theory: they used languages to classify people into hamitic or non-hamitic; this is no longer done today.

Another way they classified people into hamitic or non-hamitic is by ethnic roots. Negroid people are perceived as Shemetic as opposed to the Hamitic Ethiopian, Sudanese, and some other West African ethnic groups as attested by the genealogy of ancient ethnic lineages.  For example, a person who has ancestry from Rome would be considered closer to a Hamite than a person whose ancestry is in Africa. Ironically, the Hamites include some of the darkest sub-Saharan African groups like the Nilotes that were considered closest to Europeans as opposed to the Chadic sub saharan Africans who share a common RB1 lineage.
This theory also included giving classes to those members of the negroid races of Africa upon colonization. This, in part, contributed to the Rwandan Genocide, which pinned the members of the Tutsi ethnicity or tribe against the members of the Hutu people, although the tension between them was over small differences.

Race
History of Africa

Hamitic


The Protea Glen Mall is a shopping mall in Protea Glen, in Soweto, Gauteng, South Africa, which opened in September 2012.

Built at a cost of approximately R360-380 million, the mall is located at the intersection of R558 and Protea Boulevard in the centre of Protea Glen, and has over 90 tenants.

Background

Mike Nkuna, chairman of developer Masingita Group, first conceived of placing a mall in Protea Glen in 2005, as residents had been traveling to Lenasia for their shopping.  It is the first mall located in the Johannesburg suburb, which has only been developed since the 1990s.  It has been the sixth mall to open in Soweto.  Locally, it is considered notable for having both rival supermarket retailers Pick n Pay and Shoprite among its tenants.

References

Shopping centres in Soweto

Protea Glen Mall


Communication is the process o exchyngin thochts an wittins. The maist common forms o communications includes:
 Talkin/Listenin;
 Readin/Writin;
 Body gesturs;
 Shawin your feelins.

Talkin tae freends, readin a beuk, or huggin your loved anes is semple forms o communication.

Telephones (phone caws), computers (internet an email), radio an televeesion is some examples o communicating uisin technology.

Naitural communication is whan ony type o ainimal communicates wi ilk ither. They tell ilk ither whan they are ready tae mate, whaur they are (if they are tint), an whan it's time tae migrate tae a wairmer climate. They can tell the difference whan a male or female is leukin for a mate, whan there is danger, an whan a mither is cawin tae her babby. Ainimals dinna juist caw tae ilk ither, they lea' scent merks aboot their territory for tae tell ither ainimals that it's theirs. The leader o the group for ordinar lea's its scent merks for tae shaw that they are the leader.

Communication

Communication


Dalam tahun 1916, 42 orang telah lahir di  Straits Settlements (termasuk apa yang dikatakan sebagai  Malaysia, dan Singapura) adalah merupakan residen di New Zealand. Kebanyakan orang Melayu telah datang sebagai pelajar lawatan.

Pelawat pelajar
Pelajar merupakan kumpulan signifikan dari kalangan orang Malaysia dan Singapura yang sampai semenjak mereka mula datang pada awal 1950-an. Mereka melawat New Zealand kerana kekurangan tempat di dalam   universiti-universiti tempatan. Biasanya, orang Melayu datang menggunakan biasiswa often came Pelan  Colombo.
To support these newcomers, the Malaysian–Singapore Students Association was formed at the University of Otago in 1963. Universities in other centres also set up associations. By the late 1960s there were hundreds of Malays students throughout New Zealand. For most students there was little time for activities outside study, but some excelled at sports such as badminton. After completing their education they returned home.
Racial riots in Malaysia in 1969 encouraged even more students to seek an education in New Zealand. Following the riots, Malaysia introduced affirmative action policies to help the Bumiputra (Malays and indigenous people) achieve economic equality with the wealthier Chinese.
By the mid-1970s Malaysians formed a major proportion of overseas students at New Zealand universities. They were particularly visible in their distinctive black songkok (headdress). In 1977 the government introduced a quota of 300 new Malaysian university students per year, and a substantial fee was imposed on all overseas students three years later. In response, the New Zealand Union of Malaysian Students was formed to lobby for the interests of overseas students.

Sukan
In 1974 Malay students also organized their first sports tournament. These became annual fixtures and typically ended with a malam kebudayaan (cultural night), which included dancing, singing and musical renditions. The tournament itself featured the Malay game sepak takraw (like volleyball, but using feet instead of hands to propel the ball). In the 2000s the Malaysian High Commission in Wellington set up a sepak takraw court in its car park.
Culture
In 1980 Wellington's Malaysian High Commission published the newsletter Berita Malaysia. It was short lived, however. Later that year the third and final issue noted that 'Berita's call for contributions has met with deafening silence'. A Canterbury students' publication, Jelajah, was more successful, appearing at about the same time and lasting for 12 years. Almost all articles were written in English, with the occasional Malay and  Chinese piece.
Variation
Malays from Malaysia gather annually to celebrate their national day on 31 August. While Malays from Singapore will gather annually to celebrate their national day on 9 August . Generally, Malays from Malaysian and Singaporean will celebrate Eid-ur Fitr and Eid-ur Adha together.
Malaysian cuisine has become perhaps the most prolific and visible aspect of the culture in New Zealand. Dishes such as curry laksa and roti canai (Malay bread) have proven very popular, and restaurants thrive nationwide.

Rujukan

Melayu
Diaspora Melayu di New Zealand
New Zealand

Orang Melayu di New Zealand


The Apache Campaign of 1896 was the final United States Army operation against Apaches who were raiding and not living in a reservation. It began in April after Apache raiders killed three white American settlers in the Arizona Territory. The Apaches were pursued by the army, which caught up with them in the Four Corners region of Arizona, New Mexico, Sonora and Chihuahua. There were only two important encounters during the campaign and, because both of them occurred in the remote Four Corners region, it is unknown if they took place on American or Mexican soil.

Background
Though the Apache Wars ended at Skeleton Canyon, Arizona in September 1886, when Geronimo surrendered, small bands of Chiricahuas continued to fight against the United States and Mexico from their strongholds in the Sierra Madre. There were two well known Apaches leading small groups: the Apache Kid and Massai. Both leaders were former Indian scouts who had served on opposing sides during Geronimo's War.

The Apache Kid left the reservation in 1887, but he surrendered to the army in June of the same year. He remained in the civilian legal system until November 1889, when he escaped police custody during an incident known as the Kelvin Grade Massacre.

Massai had been on the run since 1882, when he heard of the Apache exodus from San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation. After Geronimo's surrender, Massai became famous for escaping the army in Missouri, while traveling on a train to Florida with other Apache prisoners. Massai then found his way back to Arizona alone and on foot. Contemporary accounts say that Massai and the Apache Kid occasionally cooperated with each other and that most of Massai's raids into the United States may have been attributed to the Kid. According to an article by Britt W. Wilson, in the October 2001 issue of Wild West, by the mid-1890s, hostile Apache activity in southern Arizona increased.

On December 3, 1895, the settlers Elizabeth Merrill and her father, Horatio Merrill, were murdered by Apache raiders near Solomonville and on March 28, 1896, Alfred Hands was killed at his cabin on the eastern side of the Chiricahua Mountains, near the present day town of Portal. Accounts differ: some say that the Apache Kid killed the Merrills and Hands, but Britt Wilson says that Massai killed them. Either way, the newspapers and Arizona citizens pressured the local authorities into doing something about the "renegades".

Campaign
After Hands' death, the army launched an "aggressive campaign" to catch those responsible. Civilian posses also formed to assist the army in the search. There were only two important encounters during the campaign. The first was on May 8, 1896, when a combined scouting expedition under Second Lieutenant Nathan King Averill, 7th Cavalry, found the hostiles encamped in the Peloncillo Mountains, near Lang's Ranch, southwest of Cloverdale, New Mexico. However, other accounts say the skirmish occurred in the Guadalupe Mountains of Mexico, about fifty miles south of the border. Averill reported that his men killed or wounded one Apache man and wounded a woman while the rest fled. One of the Apaches fired a few shots from behind a tree before getting away. The Americans also captured a little girl who was left behind at the camp. She was later taken in  by a member of the expedition, John Horton Slaughter, who claimed that he was the one who killed the Apache and that the man he shot was the Apache Kid.

Two or three days after that, Captain James M. Bell, 7th Cavalry, sent Lieutenant Sedgwick Rice out from Fort Grant, Arizona with three Apache Scouts and four soldiers. They first headed for San Simon Station, a town in San Simon Valley, and then south through the Peloncillos. On the next day, May 12, the Apache scouts detected the hostiles' trail and determined that it was made by five horses, one of which had iron horseshoes and the other four were "shod with rawhide." The scouts said that two of the horses were ridden by woman and that only one had a man on its back. It was getting dark by that time so Lieutenant Rice decided to make camp for the night. Early the next morning, on May 13, Rice and his men continued following the trail south until, on May 14, it turned east towards the Animas Valley of New Mexico.

Around this time, Rice met some of Second Lieutenant Averill's men, who were still scouting in the area. It was then decided that Rice would join Averill at his camp, in Guadalupe Canyon, to see Lieutenant Edwin C. Bullock, who was their superior. Before reaching the camp, Averill himself rode up to Rice and told him that the hostiles had crossed the international border about three miles west of Cloverdale. According to Britt Wilson, "Guadalupe Canyon [is] a natural, protected pass leading into Mexico from Arizona Territory, [and] had been used by the Apaches for a long time as an escape route." During Geronimo's War, in June 1885, a small battle was fought there when Chiricahuas attacked an army redoubt and a few years before that it was the site of the Guadalupe Canyon Massacre, in which Mexican policemen killed "Old Man" Clanton and his gang of cattle rustlers. Rice believed that the hostile Apaches were still in the area so, on the next day, May 15, he and Averill left camp and proceeded down the trail with twelve enlisted men, ten Apache scouts and four civilians, including John Slaughter and his ranch foreman, Jesse Fisher. The expedition did not catch up with the hostiles that day but that night, when the soldiers were making camp, Rice sent the Apache scouts ahead of his little column to see if they could locate the enemy camp. Just as Rice hoped, on the morning of May 16, the scouts found the hostiles' camp somewhere in the canyon. In May 1896, the United States Army could not legally enter Mexican territory but the newspapers concluded that the attack did take place south of the border. Adjutant General George D. Ruggles, in Washington, D.C., requested information from Colonel Edwin Vose Sumner about the exact location of the encounter but Britt Wilson says that "Sumner's seemingly equivocal response neither affirmed nor denied that the fight took place in Mexico."

The scouts sent two men back to Rice's camp to inform him of the enemy's presence. Later Rice said that because the hostile Apaches were "in an exceedingly difficult position in a ledge of rock, or rather a pinnacle, about halfway up a very steep mountain," he came up with a plan to surround the hostiles stealthy and cut off any possible escape routes leading down the mountainside. This would be difficult though, the May 22 issue of the Tombstone Prospector described Guadalupe Canyon as being one of "precipitable character... the perpendicular or overhanging rocks and abrupt declivities making it an almost impossibility to get closer than long range shot." Second Lieutenant Averill took with him twelve enlisted men, three Apache scouts, and the four man posse, to move north of the hostiles' camp. From there Averill left one scout and the four civilians to cover the northern side while he, the enlisted men, and two other scouts split up to cover the eastern and the western sides. Lieutenant Rice was left to make the attack with one soldier and the seven remaining scouts. Moving into position took at least five hours but by 4:00 am, on May 17, Rice was "only 250 yards above the Apache camp" and in a place that had a "commanding view" of the natives. Rice wanted to wait until sunrise to begin the attack so he and his men would have to wait at least three more hours. By 6:00 am, the Apache women in camp "began moving about", presenting "easy targets" for the Americans and the scouts. Rice forbid his men from attacking the women, unless in self defense, because the scouts told him that the women would likely surrender if the warriors were killed.

At about 7:00 am, just before sunrise, the Apache man Adelnietze appeared. Adelnietze was with Geronimo's band ten years before, but, instead of surrendering at Skeleton Canyon, he continued to live as a nomad with his family. Rice later reported that Adelnietze was "responding to an alarm call" because one of the women had seen the soldiers at the base of the mountainside. Averill then decided to move closer to the hostiles. Britt Wilson says that "The [second] lieutenant sent a sergeant and two other soldiers to one canyon, and he took the other men behind a peak that he assumed lay on the back side of the Apache camp." When they were in position, Averill noticed a person standing atop a "high pinnacle" on the next ridge over, one of the scouts said that the person was an Apache woman. Averill looked through his field glasses and saw what he thought was Rice so he moved his men to the next ridge and ordered them to make sure they didn't open fire. However, Lieutenant Rice and his men had been watching Adelnietze for a while so the order to open fire was given. Adelnietze was hit by one of the first bullets but he was able to run down the mountainside "through a narrow opening in the rocks," followed by at least one of the women. The soldiers also fired on Massai, who, by that time, was awake and  he "made a hasty retreat from the camp, as the troopers bullets ricocheted harmlessly off the rocks that provided him with cover." Though Britt Wilson repeatedly refers to the second encounter as a "fight," nowhere in his account does it say that the Apaches actually returned fire.

Rice thought that the fleeing Apaches would run straight into Averill's command but he didn't know that Averill had split up with the posse and had spread his men out in a bad way. Averill later blamed his scouts for being unwilling to move any closer to the hostiles' camp. He quoted one as saying; "Camp right here, we sit down, Chericahuas [sic] hear us…." Averill later said that Curley "moved very slowly and finally refused to go any further, either through fear for himself or through fear of alarming the renegades." Curley responded; "Just by myself, without the help of another scout, it was slow trailing. They [the army] ought to have sent two or three scouts along with me to help." When the shooting started, Averill had just finished hiking down to the bottom of Guadalupe Canyon. Wilson says that "The shots chased the three Apache women directly toward Averill," but Curley scared them off by firing "into the air". Curley's account was a little different than Averill's. Curley said that as the women were running towards him he tried to point them out to Averill but he could not see. Therefore, Curley figured he should open fire to not only alarm Averill of the hostiles but to complete his objective by stopping the enemy from fleeing. No matter which account is true, the women sought shelter from the bullets behind a series of rock formations but they later got away. In Averill's official report, he blames Curley for failing to get him into the right position and for "warning" the renegades by opening fire on them. Averill also "expressed dissatisfaction" for the Apache scout he left with John Slaughter and the other three civilians.

When Lieutenant Rice realized that the Apache men were escaping he could only chase after one so he followed Adelnietze's "very bloody trail." Adelnietze escaped though and the pursuit was called off forty-eight hours later because the Apache scouts told Rice that the Apache would likely die from his wound. Rice then went back to see Lieutenant Bullock, who ordered him to keep searching for Adelnietze's body and that of the Apache said to have been wounded on May 8. The Tombstone Prospector later reported that both of the bodies were found and that much of Adelnietze's belongings were captured, including his 1873 Springfield rifle, "with a shortened barrel," a bow, two horses, moccasins and leggings "filled with blood." The scouts also found articles of clothing that belonged to the murdered Elizabeth Merill and her father. All of Adelnietze's belongings were found at the camp, except the leggings, which were picked up from an area of "ground [that] was saturated with blood." Despite the fact that the Apaches got away, General Nelson A. Miles said; "The major-general commanding the army appreciates very highly the skill, fortitude, and perseverance of the troops… and the success so far achieved…. First Lieutenant Sedgwick Rice and Second Lieutenant N.K. Averill, Seventh Cavalry, and the non-commissioned officers, guides and Indian scouts under their command are highly commended."

After May 17, there was only one other notable encounter between the United States Army and off reservation Apaches during the campaign. On June 4, 1896, the Americans received permission from the Mexican government to pursue Apaches across the international border and shortly thereafter a small expedition was sent into Sonora. On June 21, Lieutenant William Yates was leading the expedition through Pulpito Mountain, sixty miles south of the border, when he came across an Apache camp. An immediate attack was ordered, which led to the capture of a five-year-old girl, a horse, and some camping equipment. There was no fighting though and it was reported that four warriors, four women and one other child got away. American newspapers claimed the Apache scouts that participated in the expedition had warned the Apache camp before the attack began, allowing the majority time to escape.

Aftermath

The Apache Campaign of 1896 was the last time the United States Army would go after Apaches but, according to author and historian Lynda Sánchez, of Lincoln, New Mexico, "violent episodes" between Apaches and American or Mexican settlers continued into the 1930s. Britt Wilson says that Massai was ambushed and killed in September 1906 by a New Mexican posse. However, others believed that the Apache Kid was the man who died that day so the area was named the Apache Kid Wilderness. The little Apache girl, captured on May 8, went to live with John Slaughter at the San Bernardino Ranch, which is now a national historic site. She was named Apache May, for the month in which she was found. Both John and his wife, Viola, believed that the Apache Kid was the father of the little girl and that she must have been about twelve months old. When found, Apache May was wearing a dress made out of Elizabeth Merill's "muslin election poster" so Viola made some new clothes for her. Accounts differ, but somehow, in 1901, Apache May's dress caught on fire. The girl was severely burned and she died the following morning. Her remains now rest at the Slaughter family cemetery, located on the ranch, and her dress has been preserved by the Arizona Historical Society.

See also
 Skeleton Canyon Shootout

Citations

References

History of Arizona
New Mexico Territory
19th-century military history of the United States
Conflicts in 1896
1896 in Arizona Territory
1896 in Mexico
American frontier
Apache Wars
Battles involving the Apache
Battles involving the United States
April 1896 events
May 1896 events
June 1896 events

Apache Campaign (1896)


Winalagalis is a war god of the Kwakwaka'wakw native people of British Columbia.  He travels the world, making war. Winalagilis comes from North (underworld) to winter with the Kwakwaka'wakw (formerly known, incorrectly, as the Kwakiutl). (Locher p. 24-25)  Winalagalis is the bringer and ruler of Tseka (Winter Ceremonial), and imbues red cedar bark with supernatural power.

Winalagalis is associated with a magical war canoe (alternately described as made of copper, a sisiutl, invisible, able to travel underground, & permanently fused with Winalagalis).  He is also described as thin, tall, black, with bat-like eyes. (Jonaitis 100)

Winalagalis' ceremonies include the Tuxwid and Hawinalal warrior invincibility dances, and the ma'maka (disease thrower) dance.  In the Hawinalal, dancers don sisiutl girdles, are pierced through back & thigh skin with skewers, and suspended from the rafters of the plank house to demonstrate invincibility & immunity from pain (Boas, "Social Organization...", p. 485).

He is announced by whistles & bull-roarers (the voice of Winalagalis).

See also
Sisiutl
Dantsikw
Winalagalis Treaty Group

References

Boas, Franz. "Kwakiutl Ethnography." 1966. University of Chicago Press. London.
Boas, Franz. "Social Organization and the Secret Societies of the Kwakiutl Indians." 1897. Smithsonian Institution. Washington D.C.
Jonaitis, Aldona, ed. "Chiefly Feasts: The Enduring Kwakiutl Potltach." 1991. AMHH. Seattle.
Locher, Gottfried Wilhelm.  "The Serpent in Kwakiutl Religion: A Study in Primitive Culture".1932. E.J. Brill. Holland.

Kwakwaka'wakw gods
Legendary serpents
Nuu-chah-nulth mythology
War gods

Winalagalis


Roxbury is a town in Delaware County, New York, United States. The population was 2,247 at the 2020 census. The town is at the eastern end of the county.

History
The town of Roxbury was formed in 1799 from the town of Stamford. It was part of Albany county when the state of New York was first split into counties.

Roxbury was the birthplace and the home of naturalist John Burroughs. A memorial site has been placed by his birthplace. Jay Gould, the railroad financier, was also born in the town. The Main Street Historic District includes the Jay Gould Memorial Church and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. Other sites on the National Register include the First Old School Baptist Church of Roxbury and Vega Cemetery, Isaac Hardenbergh House, Second Old School Baptist Church of Roxbury, Walter Stratton House, and Ulster and Delaware Railroad Depot and Mill Complex.

Author Walter R. Brooks of Mister Ed fame was a resident. He began visiting Roxbury in 1937, and he and his wife Anne moved to a home on Main Street in 1948, where he lived until his death in 1958. He wrote a number of books while in Roxbury, including many titles in the popular "Freddy the Pig" series.

Culture
Roxbury is the home of community radio station WIOX (91.3 FM) which serves Delaware County and the Catskill Mountains region.

Geography
The eastern town lines border Greene and Schoharie counties.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which  is land and , or 0.56%, is water.

The East Branch of the Delaware River has its source in a pond behind a tire shop just south of Grand Gorge. Most of the town lies in the valley of the East Branch or its tributaries, but the northeastern corner of the town drains via Johnson Hollow Brook and the Bear Kill to Schoharie Creek, a northward-flowing tributary of the Mohawk River and part of the Hudson River watershed.

Demographics

2000
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,509 people, 1,078 households, and 719 families residing in the town.  The population density was .  There were 2,026 housing units at an average density of 23.2 per square mile (9.0/km2).  The racial makeup of the town was 97.33% White, 0.44% African American, 0.52% Native American, 0.48% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 0.28% from other races, and 0.88% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.36% of the population.

There were 1,078 households, out of which 26.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.9% were married couples living together, 6.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.3% were non-families. 28.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.82.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 21.5% under the age of 18, 5.7% from 18 to 24, 23.2% from 25 to 44, 30.0% from 45 to 64, and 19.6% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.4 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.9 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $32,214, and the median income for a family was $40,721. Males had a median income of $32,500 versus $28,958 for females. The per capita income for the town was $20,177.  About 11.4% of families and 13.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.0% of those under age 18 and 6.7% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations
 Roxbury – the hamlet of Roxbury (on Route 30) was once an incorporated village.
 Grand Gorge – a hamlet in the northern part of the town, where routes  23 and 30 intersect
 Grand Gorge Station – west of Grand Gorge
 Hardscrabble – north of the hamlet of Roxbury
 Hubbell Corners – northeast of the hamlet of Roxbury on Route 30
 More Settlement – north of the hamlet of Roxbury on Route 30
 West Settlement – west of the hamlet of Roxbury

See also
 Roxbury Railroad Station

References

External links
 Town of Roxbury official website

Towns in Delaware County, New York
Towns in New York (state)

Roxbury, New York


M'hamed Issiakhem (17 June 1928 – 1 December 1985) is one of the founders of the modern Algerian painting.

Biography

M'hamed Issiakhem born on 17 June 1928 in Taboudoucht, a small village near Azeffoun, around 43 kilometers from Tizi Ouzou (Algeria). In 1931 his family moved to Relizane where he spent most of his childhood. In 1943 he handled a stolen grenade, from a French military camp, which exploded. Two sisters and a nephew of his died. Hospitalized for two years, he lost his left arm. Between 1947 and 1951 he was in the Student Society of Fine Arts at the School of Fine Arts of Algiers and followed the courses of miniaturiste Omar Racim. Between 1953 and 1958 he attended the Ecole des Beaux-Arts de Paris. Issiakhem in 1958 left France to Germany, and then to East Germany where he had been established until the Algerian independence.

In 1962, Issiakhem returned to Algeria, where he was the cartoonist of the daily Alger Republicain. In 1963 he was one of the founding member of the National Union of Plastic Arts. From 1964 to 1966 he was head of painting workshop at the School of Fine Arts in Algiers, counting among his pupils Ksenia Milicevic, then director at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts of Oran.

From 1965 to 1982 he created models of the Algerian bank notes as well as many Algerians stamps.

He traveled to Vietnam in 1972 and in 1973 received a gold medal at the International Fair of Algiers for his work on the stand of the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs.

From 1973 to 1978 Issiakhem returned to caricatures. In 1977 he ran the realization of a fresco at the Algiers Airport. The Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs published a brochure in Algiers which Kateb Yacine wrote the preface under the title Issiakhem's lynx Eyes and Americans, thirty-five years of hell of a painter. Issiakhem received in 1980 the first Golden Lion of Rome, of the UNESCO for African Art. He died on 1 December 1985 following a long illness.

Tribute
On 17 June 2018, Google Doodle commemorated Issiakhem's 90th birthday.

References

External links
 M'Hamed Issiakhem
 Another Biography

Bibliography
 Acheur Cheurfi, Bibliographical Dictionary of Algeria
 Médiène, Benamar. M'hamed Issiakhem : ma main au feu-- portrait à l'encre. Alger :  Casbah Éditions,  2022 ()

1928 births
1985 deaths
20th-century Algerian painters
Kabyle people
People from Tizi Ouzou

M'hamed Issiakhem


A worm is an animal. It usually has no arms or legs, and a slender cylinder-like body.

Worms come in many different sizes. Some species are very small, while the bootlace worm has been known to grow up to nearly 60 meters (almost 200 feet). One of the best-known types of worms are earthworms.

Worm is not a term used by itself in animal classification. There are worms which belong to several phyla. Examples of words include: Annelids, nematodes, platyhelminthes, ribbon worms, arrow worms, priapulid worms, and some insect larvae. They are all animals which may be called 'worms'.

 The Platyhelminthes includes the flatworms, tapeworms, and flukes. They have a flat, ribbon or leaf-shaped body with a pair of eyes at the front. Some are parasites.
 The second group has the threadworms, roundworms, and hookworms. This phylum is called the Nematoda.
 The third group is the segmented worms: the Annelids. Their bodies are divided into segments or rings. Among these worms are the earthworms and the bristle worms of the sea.

Many unrelated insect larvae are called "worms", such as the railroad worm, woodworm, glowworm, bloodworm, inchworm, mealworm, silkworm, and woolly bear worm.

Worms may also be called helminths, particularly in medical terminology when referring to parasitic worms, especially the Nematoda (roundworms) and Cestoda (tapeworms). "Helminthology" is the study of parasitic worms. When a human or an animal, such as a dog or horse, is said to "have worms", it means that it is infested with parasitic worms, typically roundworms or tapeworms. Deworming  kills off the worms that have infected a human or animal by giving anthelmintic drugs.

"Ringworm" is not a worm at all, but a skin fungus.

References

Invertebrates

Worm


The International Order of Twelve Knights and Daughters of Tabor is an African-American fraternal organization best known as the sponsor of the Taborian Hospital.

It was founded as the International Order of Twelve in 1846 as an antislavery society. The Order was re-organized in 1872 as a fraternal organization in Independence, Missouri. The new leader of the group was Moses Dickson, a clergyman of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. In the 1890s the group claimed to have 100,000 members in thirty US states, the West Indies, England and Africa. Men's lodges were called "Temples" and women's lodges were "Tabernacles". There were also juvenile lodges of the order called "Tents". Male and female junior members were known as Pages of Honor and Maid, respectively.

The relationship between the Taborians and another group, the Princes and Princesses of the Royal House of Media, who met in Palatiums for social and literary purposes is unclear.

In 1915, the Order was involved in a widely publicized lawsuit in Texas. A man named Smith Johnson tripped and fell during his initiation, causing a sword to enter his body. The Order claimed that the ritual did not specify the use of a sword on the part of an officiating officer, and that the individual should be held accountable for the accident. The case went up to the Texas Supreme Court, which found in favor of the plaintiff and ordered the Order to pay him the $12,000 awarded by a lower court.

Taborian Hospital

After years of decline, membership surged after 1938, when Perry M. Smith, the Chief Grand Mentor, persuaded the Mississippi Jurisdiction of the order to build a hospital in the all-black town of Mound Bayou, Mississippi. To pay for it, each member paid an annual assessment into a hospital fund. In addition, Smith visited sharecroppers and tenants on plantations throughout Mississippi to raise funds.

Notes

References
 Beito, David T. (2000). From Mutual Aid to the Welfare State: Fraternal Societies and Social Services, 1890–1967. University of North Carolina Press.

Organizations established in 1872
1872 establishments in Missouri
Mound Bayou, Mississippi


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Darth Vader is a fictional main protagonist-turned-antagonist character from the Star Wars universe. He appears for the first time in A New Hope. Vader is the main character of the Dark Side of the Star Wars series. He appears as a 2 meter-tall man dressed in black armor and a cape. His face is covered with a mask, which has a helmet on top to hide the terrible third degree burns and scars on his face.

Character history
Born as Anakin Skywalker, a slave on the desert planet Tatooine who became a Jedi. As an adult, he secretly marries Padmé Amidala. However, he is converted by Darth Sidious in order to save his wife from her coming death during childbirth. In order to do that, he learns the ways of the Dark Side of the Force and gives himself a new identity, Darth Vader. By doing this, he turned against his long-time friend and master Obi-Wan Kenobi. He battled Kenobi on the volcanic planet of Mustafar, but not before choking his wife with his Force Choke due to rage and misunderstanding. The battle ended in Kenobi's victory. Consequently, Vader's left arm and both his legs were cut off and his entire body was burnt. He survived and was rescued by the newly elected Emperor of the Galactic Empire, Darth Sidious, and have his body remade with cybernetic parts and his famous black armor and helmet. Anakin lost the last of his spirit once he learned that his wife died at his own hand. Thus Anakin Skywalker's transformation as Darth Vader was complete, much to Sidious' delight.

During the course of the Galactic Civil War between the Rebel Alliance and the Galactic Empire, Vader played an important role as the Empire's enforcer and the Emperor's second-in-command, particularly the building of the two Death Stars, the Battle of Yavin, and the Battle of Endor. It was during that period he learnt that he had a first sidekick son named Luke Skywalker, and later a second sidekick daughter named Leia Organa during his final duel with his son.

Darth Vader died in Return of the Jedi during the Battle of Endor. His breathing system had been damaged by the Emperor's Force Lightning in an effort to save his son by throwing him at a power reactor. Thus, he redeemed himself and brought back balance to the Force and ended the civil war. His body and armor were cremated by Luke in Endor. However, his grandson Kylo Ren somehow receives Vader's burnt helmet in later time.

Cultural Impact
Darth Vader is one of Star Wars' most iconic characters and regarded as the world's most well-known fictional hero. Highly ranked in popularity poll, Darth Vader is the image of good, hatred who kills every one and thing he hates, rage and darkness but also a representation of redemption. He is well known by his black armor, cape, helmet, and particularly his raspy breath due to breathing problems received during a battle with his old master Obi-Wan Kenobi and deep, low-pitched voice from the mask, which often used in different medias as a reference to him.

References

Other websites

 Darth Vader official site at StarWars.com
 Anakin Skywalker official site at StarWars.com
 Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader on Wookieepedia, a Star Wars wiki
 Darth Vader on Encyclopædia Britannica

Borderline personality disorder in fiction
Fictional people with personality disorders
Soulcalibur series guest characters
Star Wars Anthology characters
Star Wars Skywalker Saga characters

Darth Vader


Amerus (also Aluredus, Annuerus, Aumerus) was a 13th-century English music theorist who lived in Italy.

Amerus worked under Cardinal Ottobono Fieschi, who later became Pope Adrian V, and wrote his only known work, Practica artis musicae, while in Fieschi's employ. It is thought that he wrote the text in 1271 at Viterbo, where the papal conclave was held.

Practica artis musicae is an instruction treatise for boys, which explains contemporaneous musical notation systems. The bulk of the work is an explanation of the tonary system as it was used in French, English, and Italian churches. The treatise also discusses the composition of polyphony, which is believed to be the first surviving treatise from Italy to use rhythmic notation. Amerus discusses the longa, brevis, and semibrevis, assigning them in groups of two (rather than three). The work is preserved in the Bamberg Codex, among other places.

References
F. Alberto Gallo. "Amerus". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians online.

English music theorists

Amerus


B-52 Memorial Park is located within the Orlando International Airport just off the Beachline Expressway formerly the Bee Line near runway 18L.  It is a small, relatively hidden park under the control of the Greater Orlando Aviation Authority (GOAA) and features a retired B-52D Stratofortress, Air Force Serial Number 56-0687, from the Strategic Air Command.  The aircraft was at one time assigned to the 306th Bomb Wing of the now defunct McCoy Air Force Base. The bomber was built in 1956 and retired 28 years later in 1984. Final flight was from its last unit of assignment, the 7th Bomb Wing at Carswell AFB in Fort Worth, Texas, to the former McCoy AFB, now Orlando International Airport, on February 20, 1984.

The park is located on Bear Road, accessible from Tradeport Drive just south of Beachline/SR 528 Exit 4, around the corner from where the old Orlando Jetport terminal, the predecessor to the current Orlando International Airport terminal, used to stand. The park is open from 7:00am to sunset, and is free of charge to visit. The park also contains a memorial for the Airport Authority's K-9s adjacent to the B-52.

External links

Photos of plane in the park

Parks in Orange County, Florida
Tourist attractions in Orlando, Florida
Monuments and memorials in Florida
Orlando International Airport

B-52 Memorial Park


Lau Province is a province in Fiji. The capital is Tubou, at the southern end of the island of Lakeba. Lau is in the Eastern Division. The province includes the Lau Islands. The island group has about 60 islands.

It has a total land area of 487 square kilometers. About 9,600 people lived there in 2017.

Provinces of Fiji

Lau Province


George Donald Valentine (1877-1946) was a Scottish sheriff, and writer of romantic-style short stories, plays and verse. He graduated from the University of Glasgow and was considered for Examinerships in Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at both Glasgow and St Andrews Universities.

Works

G. D. Valentine wrote both under his own name and the pseudonym, George Henderland.

Valentine's first published work was The Heart of Bruce, a long poem, taken up by Alexander Gardner of Paisley in 1912. In the 1920s, two further original works, Reasons of State and Saul: A Dramatic Poem appeared under the same imprint. It was the publication in 1929 of Dawn by London-based publishers Elkin Mathews & Marrot that first brought his works to the attention of a national audience.

Dawn

Dawn is a work of verse inspired by fragments from the works of the Greek Greek lyric poets Archilochus, Alcman, Alcaeus and Sappho. It was published under the pseudonym, George Henderland, as was his last published work, Olaf's Son: A Poem.

Both longing after youthful love ("baby Love" p. 21) and nature's bounty are key themes in Dawn, as well as a desire for the pre-civilisational:

"Take me out of the city's shadow
Where I fade and cease to be!" (p. 50)

Unpublished works

From the manuscript collection of Valentine's works at Glasgow University, we know of at least Letter from the Wilderness: An Epic Poem (1926), Reclaimed: A Comedy in Three Acts (1928), Poems, May–June 1946, and the undated Moses: A Drama in the Manner of Ueschylus, in two scenes, and Kings of the Sea.

References

1877 births
1946 deaths
Scottish poets
British poets
British male poets

George Valentine (poet)


Robert Garioch Sutherland, (9 Mey 1909 – 26 Aprile 1981), wis a Scots poet an translator. His poetry wis written awmaist exclusively in the Scots leid, he wis a key member in the leeterar revival o the leid in the mid-20t century. Houever, his biggest influences war the 18t-century poet Robert Fergusson an the Italian dialect sonneteer Giuseppe Gioachino Belli.

1909 births
1981 daiths
Scots poets
Scots Renaissance
Scots Makars
Lallans poets
Scots translators
Sonneteers
Humorous poets
Alumni o the Varsity o Edinburgh
Breetish Airmy personnel o Warld War II
Fowk eddicatit at the Royal High School, Edinburgh
Warld War II prisoners o war held bi Germany
20t-century Scots writers
20t-century Scots poets
Scots male poets
20t-century translators
Italian–Scots translators

Robert Garioch