Raymond Ernest Nitschke (December 29, 1936 – March 8, 1998) was an American professional football player who spent his entire 15-year career as a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) with the Green Bay Packers. Enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame in , he was the anchor of the defense for head coach Vince Lombardi in the 1960s, leading the Packers to five NFL championships and victories in the first two Super Bowls.

Early life
Nitschke was born in Elmwood Park, Illinois, the youngest of three sons to Robert and Anna Nitschke. His father was killed in a car accident in 1940, and his mother died of a blood clot when Ray was 13. Older brothers Robert Jr. (age 21) and Richard (age 17) decided they would raise Ray on their own.

Proviso Township High School
Nitschke entered Proviso Township High School in Maywood shortly before his mother's death. The loss of both parents enraged Nitschke, and the lack of a parental disciplinarian to quell his rage caused him to engage in fights with other kids in the neighborhood. During his freshman year at Proviso, he played fullback on one of the school's three football teams. He was a poor student and his grades eventually caught up with him as he was declared academically ineligible to play sports his sophomore year. He would lament this embarrassment for the rest of his life.

He succeeded in raising his grades enough in his sophomore year to allow him to play sports his junior year, when he had grown significantly (to six feet tall). He starred on the varsity football team, playing quarterback on offense and safety on defense for coach Andy Puplis. He played varsity basketball and was a pitcher and left fielder for the varsity baseball team. His baseball skills brought him an offer from the professional St. Louis Browns with a $3,000 signing bonus. Nitschke was also offered scholarships from college football programs around the country. Puplis advised him to accept a football scholarship. Wanting to play at a Big Ten university, with a chance to appear in the Rose Bowl, he accepted a football scholarship to the University of Illinois in 1954.

University of Illinois
While at Illinois, Nitschke smoked, drank heavily, and fought at the drop of a hat. Never a good student in high school, his grades suffered at college. In his sophomore year in 1955, due to a depletion of players in the offensive backfield, Illini head coach Ray Eliot moved Nitschke from quarterback to fullback, shattering his childhood dream of quarterbacking a team to a victory in the Rose Bowl. At this time, college football had reverted to primarily single-platoon football, meaning those players that were on offense had to switch to defense, and vice versa, when ball possession changed. On defense, Nitschke played linebacker. He proved to be a very skilled player and tackler as a linebacker, so much so that, by his senior year, Paul Brown considered him the best linebacker in college football.

In his junior year in 1956 Nitschke lost his four front teeth on the opening kick-off against Ohio State. Nitschke never wore a face mask and one of the Buckeye's player's helmets hit him in the mouth knocking out two teeth initially; the other two were hanging by the roots. He played the rest of the game.

NFL career
Growing up in the outskirts of Chicago, Nitschke had idolized the Bears and he hoped to be chosen by them in the 1958 NFL Draft, held on December 2, 1957. However, he was chosen by the Green Bay Packers late in the third round (36th overall) of what is considered the greatest draft in the franchise's history. It included three other significant Packers of the 1960s, linebacker Dan Currie of Michigan State (3rd overall), fullback Jim Taylor of LSU (15th overall) and right guard Jerry Kramer of Idaho (39th overall). Their rookie season in 1958 under first-year head coach Ray "Scooter" McLean was dismal, with just one win and one tie for the worst record in the 12-team league. Nitschke wore number 33 in 1958 and 66 the rest of his career with the Packers.

A month after the 1958 season ended, Vince Lombardi was hired as head coach. Nitschke became a full-time starter in 1962, the anchor of a disciplined defense that helped win five NFL titles and the first two Super Bowls in the 1960s. He was the MVP of the 1962 NFL Championship Game, accepting the prize of a 1963 Chevrolet Corvette. In the game, Nitschke recovered two fumbles and deflected a pass that was intercepted. The Packers won  and finished the season with a  In Super Bowl I, Nitschke contributed six tackles and a sack. In Super Bowl II, Nitschke led Green Bay's defense with nine tackles.

Nitschke remained a starter through the 1970 season, but in 1971 he was benched by new coach Dan Devine and became a reserve to Jim Carter.  At the end of the 1972 season, the  Packers traveled to New Orleans to play the  Saints on December 17 at Tulane Stadium, which turned out to be Nitschke's last regular season game. He recorded the only pass reception of his career, a 34-yard gain after a blocked Packer field goal attempt, and they won  to finish , their best regular season record  Green Bay had clinched the NFC Central division title the week before at Minnesota for their first playoff berth in  In the divisional round of the playoffs on Christmas Eve, Green Bay lost   Nitschke returned for a 16th training camp in 1973, then retired in

Nitschke was known for his strength and toughness, exhibited prior to his third season in 1960. On the Packers' practice field on September 1, a  steel coaching tower was blown over by a strong gust of wind, on top
(It was erroneously first reported as  Lombardi ran over to see what had happened, but when told it had fallen on Nitschke, said, "He'll be fine. Get back to work!" According to Nitschke's biography, a spike was driven into his helmet, but did not injure him. The helmet (with the hole) is currently on display in the Packer Hall of Fame in Green Bay. Although Nitschke was known for his hard hitting, he was an athletic all-around linebacker who also intercepted 25 passes over his career.

Personal life
Nitschke was married on June 26, 1961, to Jackie Forchette. Jackie was unable to have children, so they adopted three: John in 1963, Richard in 1966, and Amy in 1972. Ray and Jackie had a winter home in Naples, Florida. Lombardi gave partial credit for Nitschke's success to Nitschke's wife, whose calming influence helped Ray focus on his career. Nitschke remained popular in Green Bay after retiring, even having his phone number and home address published in the Green Bay phone book.

In 1973, Mean on Sunday: The Autobiography of Ray Nitschke ("as told to Robert W. Wells") was published by Doubleday. The review in Kirkus Reviews concluded, "This lacks the wider appeal of, say, an Instant Replay and it's antithetical to the juicy Ball Four genre. But Packer fans and others around the league who admired Nitschke's professional skills might pick this up as a reminder of the man beneath the armor."

In the late 1980s, Nitschke owned an automobile dealership in Green Bay. He performed several of his own TV commercials in which he brought out his dog, "Butkus", named in honor of his Chicago Bears nemesis, Dick Butkus (who like Nitschke, grew up in the Chicago area and played for the Illinois Fighting Illini). He appeared in the comic film Head, starring The Monkees, as a footballer who repeatedly tackles Peter Tork in a mock war movie sequence. His character is listed in the credits as "Private One" because his jersey is emblazoned with the number "1". Nitschke also appeared in the 1974 football comedy The Longest Yard as Guard Bogdanski.

Nitschke died of a heart attack in Venice, Florida at the age of 61 in 1998. He had been driving to the home of a family friend, according to his daughter, Amy Klaas, who was with him when he was stricken. He was pronounced dead at Venice Hospital.

Honors

His No. 66 was retired in 1983, the fourth of six numbers retired by the Packers. The only other Lombardi-era player to have his number retired is quarterback Bart Starr, whose number 15 was retired in 1973. Also, the team has named one of its two outdoor practice fields "Ray Nitschke Field". Prior to its retirement, number 66 had remained in circulation and was last worn in 1983 by offensive lineman Lawrence Pfohl, who would go on to fame as a professional wrestler under the ring name Lex Luger.

In 1969, he was named the NFL's all-time top Linebacker by the NFL in honor of the NFL's 50th Anniversary. Thus he is the only linebacker to have made both the NFL's 50th and 75th Anniversary Teams.

He was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1978. Every year, the Pro Football Hall of Fame has a luncheon the day before its induction ceremony, attended by most of the living members and honoring the new inductees. Nitschke always spoke at this luncheon, telling the new inductees what a great honor they were receiving, and that they were now members of the greatest team of them all. Following his death, the Hall named the luncheon after him. He was elected to the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame in 1981.

Upon the election of former teammate Henry Jordan to the Pro Football Hall of Fame on the eve of Super Bowl XXIX in Miami Gardens, Florida, Nitschke flew down to Florida to participate in the game's coin-toss ceremonies, joining three other 75th Anniversary Team representatives--Otto Graham (1950s), Mean Joe Greene (1970s) and Gale Sayers (1960s), all three of whom had been announced as representatives of their respective decades in the ceremony months prior to the PFHOF election—as well as three of Jordan's fellow Class of 1995 newcomers, all of whom represented the 1980s: Kellen Winslow, Lee Roy Selmon, and then-U.S. Congressman Steve Largent, who ended the pregame ceremonies by flipping the coin.

In 1999, he was ranked number 18 on The Sporting News''' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players, making him the highest-ranked player coached by Vince Lombardi, second among Packers behind Don Hutson, and third among linebackers behind Lawrence Taylor and Dick Butkus.

 Legacy

The Ray Nitschke Memorial Bridge, a twin-leaf bascule bridge over the Fox River on Main Street (US 141) in Green Bay, was named in honor of Nitschke. The bridge was constructed in 1998 to replace the former Main Street Bridge built in 1923.

References

 Gruver, Edward (2002), Nitschke. Lanham:Taylor Trade Publishing.

Further reading
 Kaplan, Richard (1970), Great Linebackers of the NFL'',

External links

1936 births
1998 deaths
People from Elmwood Park, Illinois
Players of American football from Cook County, Illinois
American football middle linebackers
Illinois Fighting Illini football players
Green Bay Packers players
Western Conference Pro Bowl players
National Football League players with retired numbers
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame

Ray Nitschke


Oscar Joseph "Ossie" Vitt (January 4, 1890 – January 31, 1963) was a Major League Baseball third baseman and manager in the American League for the Detroit Tigers (1912–1918) and Boston Red Sox (1919–1921). Vitt later became manager of the  Cleveland Indians (1938–1940), where he sometimes clashed with his players.

Playing career

Ossie Vitt was a product of the sandlots of San Francisco. He broke into the Pacific Coast League as third baseman for the San Francisco Seals in 1911. He later advanced to the majors as a utility infielder for the Detroit Tigers. Through his major league career, Vitt played 833 games at 3rd base and 161 games at 2nd base.  As the Tigers' regular third baseman from 1915 through 1917, he never batted higher than .254. But he was described as a smart, scrappy baseball man.

Vitt had a career batting average of .238, and was a talented third baseman with range and a good throwing arm. His .960 fielding average in 10 years at 3rd base was 20 points higher than the Major League average for 3rd basemen of his era.  He led all American League third basemen in consecutive years (1915 and 1916) in putouts, assists and fielding percentage.  He had career highs at third base of 208 putouts (team record at 3B), 385 assists, and 32 double plays in 1916.  His range factor of 3.93 in 1916 was 70 points higher than the league average for third basemen.

While not a good hitter for average, Vitt was a good contact hitter and one of the best bunters of the era—a valuable talent on a Detroit squad that included Ty Cobb, Sam Crawford, and Bobby Veach.  His career total of 259 sacrifice hits (in a relatively short career) ranks 32nd best in major league history.

Vitt was also one of the toughest players to strike out in MLB history.  For his career, he struck out an average of once every 26.6 at bats, 35th best in MLB history.  In 1918, his at bat per strikeout ratio was 44.5, 2nd best in the AL.

On August 10, 1915, Vitt was hit in the head by a Walter Johnson fastball.  After being knocked unconscious for five minutes' Vitt left the game with a concussion.  Ty Cobb' observing Johnson's fear of hitting a batter' crowded the plate on Johnson from that point forward.  Cobb hit .435 against Johnson after the Vitt incident.

On July 30, 1917, Cobb' Veach' and Vitt followed each other in the lineup' with each going 5-for-5.

On January 17, 1919, Vitt was traded by the Tigers to the Boston Red Sox for Eddie Ainsmith, Chick Shorten, and Slim Love.

Managerial Career and the "Cleveland Crybabies"

After playing in the majors for 10 years, Vitt was recommended to Oakland Oaks' owner Victor Devincinzi by the Yankees' management to manage the Oaks in 1935. His style was described as both abrasive and motivational, pushing the Oaks to a third-place finish.

Vitt moved on in the Yankees' organization the next year, managing their farm team in Newark. He was then hired by the Cleveland Indians in 1938 to replace Steve O'Neil as manager and instill new life into their team.

Vitt's role in the 1940 Cleveland Indians team known as the "Cleveland Crybabies" has become a baseball legend.  "I don't want any lazy players on my club," said Vitt when he was hired. "If the boys won't hustle, out they go."  Vitt's players felt they were being accused.  In Vitt's first two seasons in Cleveland, the Indians finished third. Yet, there were frequent clashes between Vitt and his players, and the discontent festered.

On June 11, 1940, matters came to a head when he went to the mound to remove Mel Harder. "When are you going to start earning your salary?" asked Vitt of Harder, who had won at least 15 games for eight consecutive seasons, including two 20-win seasons.  The team revolted, and many players signed a petition to have Vitt removed.  After the incident with Harder, a dozen Indians met with owner Alva Bradley to state their grievances against Vitt, whom they described as a "wild man."  They made it clear they hoped he would be fired.  In the closed-door meeting between Indians players and owner, Harder told Bradley: "We think we have a good chance to win the pennant, but we'll never win it with Vitt as manager. If we can get rid of him, we can win. We feel sure about that."  Bradley sought to keep the controversy quiet, but the story quickly got out, and newspaper headlines all over the nation referred gleefully to the Indians as the "Cleveland Crybabies."

Despite the hullabaloo and ridicule, the Indians, with Vitt hanging on to his job, battled the Detroit Tigers for the pennant to the last day of the 1940 season. Through June, the Indians were 42–25.  After June, with the "Crybabies" harangue clanging in the papers and from the stands, they went 47–40, not a collapse, but not good enough to stay ahead of the Tigers who won the pennant by a single game over the Tribe. Bob Feller, a 27-game winner that year, lost the decisive game 2–0.

Managerial record

PCL Hall of Fame

Vitt was among those in the first class of inductees in 1943 in the Pacific Coast League Hall of Fame.

See also
1915 Detroit Tigers season

Notes and references

External links
 Baseball-Reference.com
 Ossie Vitt - Baseballbiography.com
 Article on 1940 Pennant Race
 Oakland Oaks biography on Vitt

1890 births
1963 deaths
Baseball coaches from California
Baseball players from San Francisco
Boston Red Sox players
Detroit Tigers players
Cleveland Indians managers
Hollywood Stars managers
Hollywood Stars players
Major League Baseball second basemen
Major League Baseball third basemen
Oakland Oaks (baseball) managers
Portland Beavers managers
Salt Lake City Bees players
San Francisco Seals (baseball) players

Ossie Vitt


Chevrolet Chevette was a car. It was made from 1975 to 1987 in the United States. It was also made in South America till almost 1999. The vehicle was a subcompact car. It was a good selling vehicle in the United States and Canada.

The production for Chevette ended December 23, 1986. GM replaced this car with a badge engineered version of the Suzuki Cultus, selling it under various names such as Chevrolet Sprint/Sprint Metro, Geo/Chevrolet Metro, Pontiac Fireflty, Holden Barina. The next subcompact vehicle GM made for North America was the Chevrolet Aveo in 2004. The Aveo was later rebranded as the Sonic in 2012.

Chevette
1980s automobiles

Chevrolet Chevette


Viva Piñata is an animated television series. Released in 2006. based on the Xbox video game of the same name.

Main Characters
Hudson Horstachio, a horse piñata with a green teal body.
Franklin Flizzybear, a brown bear.
Fergy Fudgehog, a green hedgehog.
Paulie Pretzetail, a red fox with a pretzel-tail.
                                                                                2006 television series debuts

Viva Piñata


Tim Long (born June 14, 1969) is a comedy writer born in Brandon, Manitoba, Canada. Long calls Exeter, Ontario, his home town and has written for The Simpsons, Politically Incorrect, Spy magazine and the  Late Show with David Letterman. Currently credited as a consulting producer on The Simpsons, Long was - until Season 20 - credited as an executive producer.  His work has also recently appeared in The New York Times and The New Yorker. He also wrote the episode "Mr Roboto" for YTV's Mr. Young.

Long was also a consulting writer on The Simpsons Movie.

He attended high school at South Huron District High School in Exeter, Ontario, Canada.

Long graduated from University College at the University of Toronto with a major in English Literature and pursued graduate studies in English at Columbia University. He was an intern at Spy magazine under E. Graydon Carter before joining the staff of The David Letterman Show, where he wrote for three years, including one year as Head Writer.  In 2008, Long developed and wrote a pilot for the Showtime network entitled "Kevin and the Chart of Destiny". He is currently developing an HBO series for Molly Shannon, and was also hired by producers Richard Donner and Lauren Shuler Donner to adapt The Goonies into a Broadway musical.  He has won five Emmy awards, and been nominated for eight others.

Writing credits

The Simpsons episodes
Long has written the following episodes:

"Simpsons Bible Stories" (with Matt Selman and Larry Doyle) (1999)
"Treehouse of Horror X" (Desperately Xeeking Xena) (1999)
"Saddlesore Galactica" (2000)
"Behind the Laughter" (with George Meyer, Matt Selman, and Mike Scully) (2000)
"Skinner's Sense of Snow" (2000)
"New Kids on the Blecch" (2001)
"Half-Decent Proposal" (2002)
"Bart vs. Lisa vs. the Third Grade" (2002)
"Brake My Wife, Please" (2003)
"She Used to Be My Girl" (2004)
"Homer and Ned's Hail Mary Pass" (2005)
"Mobile Homer" (2005)
"Million Dollar Abie" (2006)
"You Kent Always Say What You Want" (2007)
"Homer and Lisa Exchange Cross Words" (2008)
"The Devil Wears Nada" (2009)
"Elementary School Musical" (2010)
"MoneyBART" (2010)
"Bart Stops to Smell the Roosevelts" (2011)
"Moe Goes from Rags to Riches" (2012)
"Lisa Goes Gaga" (2012)
"Moonshine River" (2012)
"Love is a Many-Splintered Thing" (2013)
"The Kid Is All Right" (2013)
"Married to the Blob" (2014)
"Bull-E" (2015)
"Springfield Splendor" (with Miranda Thompson) (2017)
"Haw-Haw Land" (with Miranda Thompson) (2018)
 "D'oh Canada" (with Miranda Thompson) (2019)
 "Todd, Todd, Why Hast Thou Forsaken Me?" (with Miranda Thompson) (2019)
 "Panic in the Streets of Springfield" (2021)
 "Poorhouse Rock" (2022)
 "Homer's Adventure Through the Windshield Glass" (2023)

External links

 Long, Hot Summer The New Yorker July 2010
 Thanksgiving With the Far-Flung Mulligans The New York Times, November 2009
 Our True North The New York Times, July 2009
Mark Polishuk, S-M-R-T writer Tim Long talks some Simpsons University of Western Ontario Gazette, October 28, 2004.
Simpsons writer wows hometown crowd: Grand Bend Strip, December 12, 2007.
American Migraine: The Democrats' Year of Victory 236.com, January 30, 2008

1969 births
Living people
Canadian male television writers
University of Toronto alumni
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Writers from Brandon, Manitoba
Annie Award winners

Tim Long


VIB is a research institute located in Flanders, Belgium. It was founded by the Flemish government in 1995, and became a full-fledged institute on 1 January 1996. The main objective of VIB is to strengthen the excellence of Flemish life sciences research and to turn the results into new economic growth. VIB spends almost 80% of its budget on research activities, while almost 12% is spent on technology transfer activities and stimulating the creation of new businesses, in addition VIB spends approximately 2% on socio-economic activities. VIB is member of EU-LIFE, an alliance of leading life sciences research centres in Europe.

The institute is led by Christine Durinx and Jérôme Van Biervliet. Ajit Shetty is chairman of the board of directors.

Goals
VIB's mission is to conduct frontline biomolecular research in life sciences for the benefit of scientific progress and the benefit of society. The strategic goals of the VIB are:
 Strategic basic research
 Technology transfer policy to transfer the inventions to consumers and patients
 Scientific information for the general public

Research Centers
The VIB scientist works on the normal and abnormal or pathological processes occurring in a cell, an organ and an organism (humans, plants, micro organisms). Instead of relocating scientists to a new campus, the VIB researchers work in research departments on six Flemish campuses: Ghent University, KU Leuven, University of Antwerp, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, IMEC and Hasselt University.

Ghent University:
VIB Inflammation Research Center, UGent (Bart Lambrecht)
VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, UGent (Dirk Inzé)
VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, UGent (Nico Callewaert)
Institute of Plant Biotechnology Outreach (IPBO), UGent (Marc Van Montagu)
KU Leuven:
VIB Center for Cancer Biology, KU Leuven (Scientific directors: Diether Lambrechts and Chris Marine)
VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven (Scientific directors: Patrik Verstreken and Joris de Wit)
VIB Center for Microbiology, KU Leuven (Scientific director: Kevin Verstrepen)
IMEC Campus
NERF, a joint research initiative between IMEC, VIB and KU Leuven
University of Antwerp:
VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp (Rosa Rademakers)
VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp
Vrije Universiteit Brussel:
VIB Structural Biology Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (Jan Steyaert)
VIB Laboratory Myeloid Cell Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (Jo Van Ginderachter)
VIB Nanobody Service Facility, Vrije Universiteit Brussel
Hasselt University Campus
[http://www.vib.be/en/research/scientists/Pages/Markus-Kleinewietfeld-Lab.aspx VIB Laboratory of

Service facilities
VIB has established several core facilities focused on advanced technologies, which make high through-flow technologies available to academic and industrial researchers in Flanders.

 VIB BioInformatics Training and Service facility
 VIB Compound Screening service Facility, UGent
 VIB Genetic Service Facility, University of Antwerp
 VIB Nucleomics Core, KU Leuven
 VIB Nanobody Service Facility, Vrije Universiteit Brussel
 VIB Protein Service Facility, UGent
 VIB Proteomics Expertise Center, UGent
 VIB Bio Imaging Core, UGent and KU Leuven
 VIB Metabolomics Core, UGent

Spin-offs
VIB was involved in the creation of spin-offs from academic research groups, such as for Ablynx, DevGen, CropDesign, ActoGeniX, Pronota (formerly Peakadilly), Agrosavfe, Multiplicom, Q-biologicals, SoluCel, Aphea.Bio and Aelin Therapeutics.

See also

 Belgian Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
 BIO.be
 BIOMED (University of Hasselt)
 EMBL
 Flanders Investment and Trade
 FlandersBio
 Flemish institute for technological research
 GIMV
 Herman Van Den Berghe
 Institute for the promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology (IWT)
 Jozef Schell
 Lisbon Strategy
 Marc Van Montagu
 Participatiemaatschappij Vlaanderen
 Raymond Hamers
 Science and technology in Flanders
 Walter Fiers
 Wellcome Trust

References

Sources
 J. Comijn, P. Raeymaekers, A. Van Gysel, M. Veugelers, Today = Tomorrow : a tribute to life sciences research and innovation : 10 years of VIB, Snoeck, 2006,
 Biotechnology industry in Belgium

External links
 Official website

Bioinformatics organizations
Biological research institutes
Biology societies
Education in Belgium
Educational organisations based in Belgium
Flanders
Genetics organizations
Gene banks
Information technology organizations based in Europe
International research institutes
International scientific organizations based in Europe
Medical and health organisations based in Belgium
Molecular biology institutes
Molecular biology organizations
Scientific organisations based in Belgium
Research institutes
Research institutes in Belgium
Science and technology in Belgium
Science and technology in Europe
Systems science institutes
Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie


"Put on Your White Sombrero" is a song by the Swedish pop group ABBA, recorded during sessions for the band's 1980 album Super Trouper. It had the working titles "Spansk II", "Pig Party On Mallorca" and "Padre". Although recorded in Polar Studios in September 1980, the song did not make it to the final track list of the album.

Despite having completed the track, the group's two songwriters Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, believing that it would not make a strong single, decided to shelve it in favour of the album's title track. As a result, "Put on Your White Sombrero" would remain unreleased until 1994 when it debuted on the box set Thank You for the Music. It has subsequently been included as a bonus track on most CD reissues of the Super Trouper album since 1997.

The track's arrangement was re-used in the song "Cassandra", which was recorded for ABBA's next intended studio album (following 1981's The Visitors) in the summer of 1982. This project was later abandoned, and the group would instead release a compilation album called The Singles: The First Ten Years in November 1982. "Cassandra" was used as the B-side to the single "The Day Before You Came". "Cassandra" has later surfaced, by popular demand, on ABBA compilation albums and on remastered versions of The Visitors album as a bonus track.

"Put on Your White Sombrero" also appeared as one of the tracks on a limited edition bonus single with the ABBA Gold hits package in 1996.

Cover versions
 Belgian singer Dana Winner recorded an English-language cover of the song for her 1999 album Geef Me Je Droom. She also recorded the song in Dutch as 'Zwoele zomer'.
 Dutch singer Benny Neyman also recorded a Dutch-language cover, called "Kind van de wind".

References

1996 singles
ABBA songs
Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus
PolyGram singles
Universal Music Group singles
1994 songs

Put on Your White Sombrero


In economics, an aggregate is a summary measure. It replaces a vector that is composed of many real numbers by a single real number, or a scalar. Consequently, there occur various problems that are inherent in the formulations that use aggregated variables.

The aggregation problem is the difficult problem of finding a valid way to treat an empirical or theoretical aggregate as if it reacted like a less-aggregated measure, say, about behavior of an individual agent as described in general microeconomic theory (see Representative agent, heterogeneity in economics).

The second meaning of "aggregation problem" is the theoretical difficulty in using and treating laws and theorems that include aggregate variables. A typical example is the aggregate production function. Another famous problem is Sonnenschein-Mantel-Debreu theorem. Most of macroeconomic statements comprise this problem.

Examples of aggregates in micro- and macroeconomics relative to less aggregated counterparts are:
 Food vs. apples
 Price level and real GDP vs. the price and quantity of apples
 Capital stock vs. the value of computers of a certain type and the value of steam shovels
 Money supply vs. paper currency
 General unemployment rate vs. the unemployment rate of civil engineers
Standard theory uses simple assumptions to derive general, and commonly accepted, results such as the law of demand to explain market behavior. An example is the abstraction of a composite good. It considers the price of one good changing proportionately to the composite good, that is, all other goods. If this assumption is violated and the agents are subject to aggregated utility functions, restrictions on the latter are necessary to yield the law of demand. The aggregation problem emphasizes:
 How broad such restrictions are in microeconomics
 Use of broad factor inputs ("labor" and "capital"), real "output", and "investment", as if there was only a single such aggregate is without a solid foundation for rigorously deriving analytical results.
Franklin Fisher notes that this has not dissuaded macroeconomists from continuing to use such concepts.

Aggregate consumer demand curve
The aggregate consumer demand curve is the summation of the individual consumer demand curves. The aggregation process preserves only two characteristics of individual consumer preference theory—continuity and homogeneity. Aggregation introduces three additional non-price determinants of demand:
 Number of consumers
 Distribution of tastes among the consumers
 Distribution of incomes among consumers of different taste
Thus if the population of consumers increases, ceteris paribus the demand curve will shift out; if the proportion of consumers with a strong preference for a good increases, ceteris paribus the demand for that good will change. Finally, if the distribution of income changes in favor of consumers who prefer the good in question, the demand will shift out. It is important to remember that factors that affect individual demand can also affect aggregate demand. However, net effects must be considered. The most important problem for micro- and macro-economics is the Sonnenschein–Mantel–Debreu theorem, which shows that almost no properties of the individual preference are inherited to the aggregate demand functions.

Difficulties with aggregation

Sonnenschein-Mantel-Debreu theorem
Sonnenschein-Mantel-Debreu theorem (SMD theorem) is a theorem for exchange economy that can be expressed in the following way:
for a function that is continuous, homogeneous of degree zero, and in accord with Walras's law,there is an economy with at least as many agents as goods such that, for prices bounded away from zero, the function is the aggregate demand
function for this economy.

Independence assumption

First, to sum the demand functions without other strong assumptions it must be assumed that they are independent – that is, that one consumer's demand decisions are not influenced by the decisions of another consumer. For example, A is asked how many pairs of shoes he would buy at a certain price. A says at that price I would be willing and able to buy two pairs of shoes. B is asked the same question and says four pairs. Questioner goes back to A and says B is willing to buy four pairs of shoes, what do you think about that? A says if B has any interest in those shoes then I have none. Or A, not to be outdone by B, says "then I'll buy five pairs". And on and on. This problem can be eliminated by assuming that the consumers' tastes are fixed in the short run. This assumption can be expressed as assuming that each consumer is an independent idiosyncratic decision maker.

No interesting properties
This second problem is more serious. As David M. Kreps notes, "total demand will shift about as a function of how individual incomes are distributed even holding total (societal) income fixed. So it makes no sense to speak of aggregate demand as a function of price and societal income". Since any change in relative price brings about a redistribution of real income, there is a separate demand curve for every relative price. Kreps continues, "So what can we say about aggregate demand based on the hypothesis that individuals are preference/utility maximizers? Unless we are able to make strong assumptions about the distribution of preferences or income throughout the economy (everyone has the same homothetic preferences for example) there is little we can say". The strong assumptions are that everyone has the same tastes and that each person's tastes remain the same as income changes so additional income is spent in exactly the same way as before.

Microeconomist Hal Varian reached a more muted conclusion: "The aggregate demand function will in general possess no interesting properties". However, Varian continued: "the neoclassical theory of the consumer places no restriction on aggregate behavior in general". This means the preference conditions (with the possible exception of continuity) simply do not apply to the aggregate function.

See also

 Aggregate demand
 Aggregate supply
 Aggregate production function
 Cambridge capital controversy
 Ecological fallacy
 Price index
 Representative agent
 Methodological individualism
 Social choice theory

Notes

References
 Franklin M. Fisher (1987).  "aggregation problem," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 1, pp. 53–55.
 Jesus Felipe and  Franklin M. Fisher (2008).  "aggregation (production)," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract.
 John R. Hicks (1939, 2nd ed. 1946). Value and Capital.
 Werner Hildenbrand (2008). "aggregation (theory),"   The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition.  Abstract.
 Thomas M. Stoker (2008).  "aggregation (econometrics)," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition.  Abstract.
 Douglas W. Blackburn and Andrey D. Ukhov (2008) "Individual vs. Aggregate Preferences: The Case of a Small Fish in a Big Pond," Abstract.

Macroeconomic aggregates
Microeconomics

Aggregation problem


The Comper Streak was a single-engined, single-seat racing monoplane built in the UK in the mid-1930s. It was not successful as a racer and only one was produced.

Development

The Comper Aircraft Company's first product, the high wing single-seat Comper Swift sold quite well and had some race success.  Their second, the low wing three-seat Mouse was a lone aircraft that won no races.  Nicholas Comper had always hoped for wins in prestigious air races and the low wing, single-seat Streak was built to that end.  It had a fuselage based on the Swift and its wings were scaled down versions of those of the Mouse.

Originally the Streak was intended to compete in the Portsmouth International Races of 1933 but, owing to political and economic problems of the time, these were not held.  So, instead, the Streak was entered into the 1934 competition for the Deutsch de la Muerthe Cup. This determined the choice of engine, as the competition rules set a limiting capacity of 8 litres, though supercharging was allowed.  Comper's choice for the Streak was a special high-compression 146 hp (109 kW) de Havilland Gipsy Major, a 6.1 litre, normally aspirated engine which left the Streak short of power compared with his competitors from France.  He got through the first round at an average speed of about 187 mph (300 km/h), but was forced to drop out with undercarriage retraction problems; but the winner averaged 244 mph (393 km/h), so the Streak, the only non-French entry, was outclassed.

The wings of the Streak were built up around a pair of spruce and plywood box section spars, carrying three-ply and spruce ribs and skinned with stressed three-ply sheet.  They were gently tapering in plan with rounded tips. There was 5° dihedral outboard, but none on the centre section.  Mass balanced ailerons filled more than half of the trailing edge. The mass balances, not fitted for the initial flights, were conspicuously mounted on extended upward arms from near the aileron root. The tailplane and split elevators were also of spruce and plywood, but fabric covered.  The rounded fin and rudder, though fabric covered had a steel tube structure.  Like the elevators, the rudder was not horn balanced; it extended to the bottom of the fuselage, operating in a cut-out between the elevators.

The rectangular cross-section fuselage consisted of four spruce Warren girders, fabric covered behind the engine.  The cockpit was at the trailing edge of the wing and behind there was a deep, rounded fabric covered decking.  In front of the cockpit the decking was continued in aluminium, enclosing the fuel tank. Forward of this and beyond a firewall, the inverted in-line engine was mounted on a frame of square section steel members.  It drove a two bladed metal propeller.  Comper was an early adopter of retractable undercarriages for light aircraft at a time when the balance of advantage between drag loss and weight penalty was not obvious. The main wheels of the Streak were mounted at the end of the wing centre section, each between pairs of compression legs. Pairs of cross braced struts, joining the legs a little way above the axle and hinged at top and bottom, rotated to retract the wheels rearwards.  In common with many aircraft of the time, the retracted undercarriage left a part of the wheel exposed, to give some protection in a wheels up landing.  The wheels, which had brakes, were retracted manually via a heavily geared down, bicycle chain drive.  At the rear there was a simple, sprung tailskid.

The Streak first flew on 12 April 1934 with Comper at the controls. Apart from aileron flutter at speed, cured by installing the mass balances, the sole Streak, registered G-ACNC flew well enough, but made no impression in the King's Cup races of 1934 and 1935. On both occasions the Streak had to retire early.  Its average speed in these races was about 175 mph (280 km/h).  Comper Aircraft ceased trading in August 1934 and by the time of the 1935 race their affairs were in the hands of the Heston Aircraft Company, who had their own designs.  The Streak was scrapped at Heston in 1937.

Specifications

Notes

Citations

Cited sources

1930s British aircraft
Racing aircraft
Streak
Aircraft first flown in 1934
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft

Comper Streak


Margot Taulé (August 30, 1920 - 11 July 2008) was an architect-engineer and the first woman to become a registered professional engineer and architect in the Dominican Republic.

Life and education
Rose Marguerite Taulé Casso was born on 30 August 1920 in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.

She was one of two daughters of French immigrants.

She studied in the Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture in the former Universidad de Santo Domingo (now the Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo) from 1940 to 1944, and was awarded her bachelor's degree in Engineering and Architecture in 1948.

Works
She was responsible for the structural design of the building that houses the Dominican National Congress. This structure was commissioned by the dictator Rafael Leónidas Trujillo in the 1960s and is still in use today. She also worked as a structural engineer alongside other great Dominican architects such as Henry Gazón, Guillermo Gonzales, Leo Pou and José A. Caro.

Academia
Margot Taulé also made very significant and lasting contributions to the academic development of the engineering and architecture profession in Dominican Republic. In 1956 she earned by opposition the title of Full Professor in the University of Santo Domingo. She held the position until 1964 when the university changed its name to Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo.

In 1966 a group of professors and distinguished intellectuals frustrated with the situation in the Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo founded the Universidad Nacional Pedro Henriquez Urena (UNPHU). Margot Taule was one of the founding professors and a member of the main steering committee. In UNPHU she worked as professor in the civil engineering, architecture and mathematics department. At various times she also held the position Dean of Architecture, Dean of Engineering and in 2003 was elected by the board of trustees as President of the university, a position she held until 2005. In 1985 she received the title of Distinguished Professor by UNPHU citing her contributions to education in engineering and architecture.

Margot Taulé died July 11, 2008, in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.

References

1920 births
2008 deaths
Structural engineers
Dominican Republic architects
Dominican Republic women architects
Dominican Republic women engineers
Women engineers

Margot Taulé


Bobby's World is an American animated television series. It ran from 1990 to 1998 on FOX Kids. It was set in 1979 in California. It was about the life of Bobby Generic ( ) and his imagination on how he sees the world. The show was made by Canadian actor-comedian Howie Mandel. Mandel also provided the voice of both Bobby and his father Howard Generic, who looks like a cartoon version of Mandel. It was made by Film Roman for Alevy Productions and Fox Kids, and later NBC Universal. The theme song for Bobby's World was made by John Tesh and Michael Hanna.

History
The character of "Bobby" can be traced back to Mandel's stand-up comedy performances; Mandel would commonly have the same voice as Bobby, often talking with an unseen "parent".

The voices of Kelly Generic (Bobby's sister) and Martha Generic (Bobby's mom) are based on two characters Gail Matthius played when she was a member on Saturday Night Live in 1980. Martha is based on the character Roweena, a chain smoking hair stylist with a Upper Midwestern accent who gets into arguments with her best customer Nadine (Denny Dillon), while Kelly Generic is based on the character Vicky, a valley girl who annoys others with her shallow questions and rambling stories and often is seen with her friend Debbie (also Dillon).

In the US, during the show's final season on-air, the show was open-captioned; this was intended as an aid to help younger children learn to read.

In an April 2006 online interview, Mandel expressed his desire for a possible re-launch of the series. Episodes can be seen in syndication, or on some websites.

According to a video posted on YouTube.com, Mandel mentions that they are working on new episodes.

On February 12, 2007, the character Bobby made a surprise appearance on an episode of Deal or No Deal.

Show format
Episodes often consist of a short live-action segment either before or after the main story (and sometimes both before and after). The segment would include Mandel describing some aspect of the story and often relating it back to his personal childhood.

Sometimes during these segments, the character of Bobby would appear in animated form and converse with Mandel. Other times, a live action child would appear and exchange words with Mandel. Endings of the show also featured Mandel breaking the proverbial "fourth wall" by talking to viewers about the preceding episode. In some part of the episode, Bobby will break the fourth wall by telling the audience his perspective on life.

Characters
Bobby Generic - 4-year-old boy (voiced by Mandel)
Howard Generic - Bobby's father (voiced by Mandel using his regular voice)
Martha Generic - Bobby's mother, who speaks with a heavy North Central American English accent and often says things like "Fer cryin' in the mud", "gee golly", "gosh darn" and "don't 'cha know". (voiced by Gail Matthius)
Kelly Generic - Bobby's 14-year-old sister, has a shag haircut, purple eye shadow and a valley girl accent (voiced by Charity James)
Derek Generic - Bobby's 10-year-old brother, with a rat-tail hairdo and a sarcastic manner. (voiced by Kevin Smets seasons 1-5 and Pamela Segall season 6-7)
The Generic Twins - Introduced in Season 4 but mentioned in Seasons 2 and 3 as Martha was pregnant with them, Bobby's infant brothers
Aunt Ruth - Bobby's aunt and Martha's sister (voice of Edie McClurg)
Uncle Ted - Bobby's uncle and Martha's brother. He loves to give noogies to Bobby and collects things, one of which is a novelty item called Socks In A Can. (voice of Tino Insana)
Roger - the Generic family dog (voiced by Frank Welker)
Jackie - Bobby's cute and kind girlfriend next door neighbor/classmate with the floor-length pigtails who has a crush on Bobby and always kisses him. She also had the ability to fly with her pigtails. (voiced by Debi Derryberry)
Charlotte - Charlotte was the fun-loving adventurous girl who was famous for her dislike of chocolate and her ability to tease Bobby incessantly over small things he does.

Seasons

DVD releases
 Classic Scratch 'n' Sniff Episodes and The Signature Episodes were both issued on DVD in North America by Anchor Bay Entertainment.

Video game
The Super Nintendo Entertainment System and Sega Game Gear made a video game from Bobby's World, which was built by RSP and published by Hi Tech Entertainment. In the game, Bobby's mother tells him to clean his room. As he is cleaning his room Bobby starts daydreaming about a toy. After you beat a level, Bobby has another daydream about another toy that he puts away.

References

Other websites
 BobbysWorld.net

 Bobby's World at TV.com
 Toon Tracker Audio File - The Bobby's World Theme
 Bobby's World at Don Markstein's Toonopedia
 Bobby's World on Kabillion.com

Children's television series
English-language television programs

Bobby's World


George Elwes Corrie (28 April 1793 – 20 September 1885) was an English churchman and academic, Master of Jesus College, Cambridge from 1849.

Life
He was born at Colsterworth, Lincolnshire, on 28 April 1793, where his father John Corrie, who became vicar of Morcott, was then curate; his mother was Anne MacNab. He was the youngest of three sons, the eldest being Daniel Corrie, and the second Richard Corrie, M.D., who became rector of Kettering. They were all educated by their father. In October 1813 Corrie entered Catharine Hall, Cambridge. He graduated B.A. in 1817, and took orders. In 1817 he became assistant tutor of his college, and on the resignation of Thomas Turton, succeeded to the tutorship, which he held till 1849.

In 1838 Corrie was appointed Norrisian professor of divinity. In 1854 he had to resign his professorship, on attaining the age of 60. He was a leader of the conservative party at Cambridge. In 1845 Turton, on becoming bishop of Ely, made Corrie his examining chaplain (a post he held till 1864), and in 1849 presented him to the mastership of Jesus College. He was vice-chancellor of the university in 1850. In 1851 Turton presented him to the rectory of Newton-in-the-Isle, where he resided when not engaged in university work. He was an active parish priest, and for many years rural dean. As master of Jesus, Corrie improved the college's reputation, and took a major part in the management of its estates.

Corrie was one of the founders and for several years president of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society. He died 20 September 1885.

Works
Corrie wrote Historical Notices of the Interference of the Crown with the English Universities, A Concise History of the Church and State of England in conflict with the Papacy (1874); and a series of five letters in the British Magazine criticising Thomas Moore's History of Ireland, dealing mainly with the doctrines of the Irish church on Pelagianism.

Corrie edited the Homilies, Charles Wheatly's work on the Book of Common Prayer, and Roger Twysden's Historical Vindication of the Church of England for the Cambridge University Press; and Alexander Nowell's Catechism and Hugh Latimer's Sermons and Remains for the Parker Society. He published an abridgment of Gilbert Burnet's History of the Reformation, and, with Hugh James Rose, wrote "Outlines of Theology' for the Encyclopædia Metropolitana. With his brother Richard he edited the Life and Letters of Bishop Daniel Corrie.

Notes

Attribution

1793 births
1885 deaths
19th-century English Anglican priests
Masters of Jesus College, Cambridge
19th-century English historians
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Cambridge
Alumni of St Catharine's College, Cambridge
Norrisian Professors of Divinity
19th-century Anglican theologians

George Corrie (priest)


A grapheme is a written mark which corresponds to a spoken sound, or a bit of written language (orthography). It roughly corresponds to a phoneme in speech.

Graphemes include alphabetic letters, typographic ligatures, Chinese characters, numerical digits, punctuation marks, and other individual symbols of any of the world's writing systems. The separate items on a keyboard all produce graphemes when writing in the appropriate software.

A grapheme may or may not carry meaning by itself, and may or may not correspond to a single phoneme.

A grapheme is an abstract concept. A glyph is a specific shape that represents that grapheme, in a specific typeface. For example, the abstract concept of "the Arabic numeral one" is a grapheme which has different glyphs in different typefaces.

Notes

Typography
Writing

Grapheme


The Annunciation with St. Margaret and St. Ansanus  is a painting by the Italian Gothic artists Simone Martini and Lippo Memmi, now housed in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy. It is a wooden triptych painted in tempera and gold, with a central panel having double size. Considered Martini's masterwork and one of the most outstanding works of Gothic painting, the work was originally painted for a side altar in the Siena Cathedral.

History
The painting originally decorated the altar of St. Ansanus in the Cathedral of Siena, and had been commissioned as part of a cycle of four altarpieces dedicated to the city's patrons saints (St. Ansanus, St. Sabinus of Spoleto, St. Crescentius and St. Victor) during 1330–1350. These included the Presentation at the Temple by Ambrogio Lorenzetti (altar of St. Crescentius, 1342), the Nativity of the Virgin by Pietro Lorenzetti (1342, Altar of St. Sabinus), and a Nativity, now disassembled, attributed to Bartolomeo Bulgarini from 1351 (altar of St. Victor). All the paintings should represent stories of the Life of the Madonna, and were crowned by Duccio di Buoninsegna's Maestà. The artists' use of expensive lacquer, extensive gold leafing and the difficult to obtain lapis lazuli in the painting demonstrates the communal prestige of the commission.

The date of the painting is specified in a fragment of the original frame, now embedded in the 19th-century renovation. It lists the name of Simone Martini and his brother-in-law Lippo Memmi (), although it is unknown which parts they executed. A hypothesis is that Martini painted the central panel, while Memmi was responsible for the side saints and the tondoes with prophets in the upper part.

The work, in both size and style, has no similarities with any other contemporary painting in Italy. It can be compared instead to French illuminated manuscripts of that time, as well as to paintings from Germany or England. His "northern European" style granted Martini a call from the papal court in Avignon, where there were Italian but no Florentine painters, as the Giottesque classical manner was met with little interest by the Gothic culture of the area.

The painting remained in the cathedral until 1799, when Grand Duke Peter Leopold had it moved to Florence in exchange of two canvasses by Luca Giordano. The original frame, carved by Paolo di Camporegio and gilt by Memmi, was renovated in 1420 and replaced by a modern one in the 19th century.

Description
The work is composed of a large central panel depicting the Annunciation, and two side panels with St. Ansanus (left), and female saint, generarally identified with St. Maxima or St. Margaret, in the right, and four tondos in the cusps: Jeremiah, Ezechiel, Isiah and Daniel.

The Annunciation shows the archangel Gabriel entering the house of the Virgin Mary to tell her that she will soon bear the child Jesus, whose name means "savior". Gabriel holds an olive branch in his hand, a traditional symbol of peace, while pointing at the Holy Ghost's dove with the other. The dove is descending from heaven, from the center of the mandorla of eight angels above, about to enter the Virgin's right ear. In fact, along the path of the dove, viewers see Gabriel's utterance:  ("Hail, full of grace, the Lord is with thee."). The angel's mantle shows a detailed "tartar cloth" pattern and fine gilt feathers.

Mary, sitting on a throne, is portrayed at the moment that she is startled out of her reading, reacting with a graceful and composed reluctance, looking with surprise at the celestial messenger. Her dress has an arabesque-like pattern.

At the sides, the two patrons saints of the cathedral are separated by the central scene by two decorate twisting columns. The background, completely gilt, has a vase of lilies, an allegory of purity often associated to the Virgin Mary.

The use of a Gothic line, plus such realistic elements as the book, the vase, the throne, the pavement in perspective, the realistic action of the two figures and their subtle nuances of character are a substantial detachment from the bi-dimensionality typical of Byzantine art.

See also
 Presentation at the Temple by Ambrogio Lorenzetti

References

Notes

General references

External links

 High resolution image via the Google Art Project

Paintings depicting the Annunciation
Triptychs
1330s paintings
Paintings in the Uffizi
 Paintings on gold backgrounds
Paintings of Margaret the Virgin


Ascorbic acid is a sugar acid. It is white to light-yellow in colour, and comes in the form of crystals or powder. It is water-soluble. Ascorbic acid is one form of vitamin C, and was historically the first chemical compound to be synthesized, and identified, as vitamin C. The name is derived from a- (meaning "no") and scorbutus (scurvy), the disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin C.

Vitamins
Acids
Organic compounds

Ascorbic acid


Naltrexone is an opioid receptor antagonist. It is often used to help alcohol dependence and opioid dependence. It is different from the drug naloxone. Naloxone is used in emergency cases of overdose. Naltrexone is for longer-term control of dependence. Naltrexone can help with overdose, but naloxone is more helpful in those cases.

References

Drugs
Addiction
Organonitrogen compounds

Naltrexone


The 2010 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXI Olympic Winter Games, were the Winter Olympics that were held in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in 2010. Both the Olympic and Paralympic Games were organized by the Vancouver Organizing Committee (VANOC). The XXI Olympic Winter Games were held from February 14 2010 to February 28 2010. Many of the 2010 events were held in the nearby resort community called Whistler, about an hour's drive north of Vancouver.

The 2010 Winter Olympics is the third Olympics hosted by Canada, and the first by the province of British Columbia. Previously, Canada was home to the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal and the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary. The villages of Whistler and Garibaldi bid for the games in 1976 but failed to win.

Participating nations
82 National Olympic Committees had teams in the 2010 Winter Olympics. Cayman Islands, Colombia, Ghana, Montenegro, Pakistan, Peru and Serbia were in their  first winter Olympics. Also Jamaica, Mexico and Morocco came back to the Games after missing the Turin Games.

 Albania(1)
 Algeria(1)
 Andorra(6)
 Argentina(7)
 Armenia(4)
 Australia (40)
 Austria(81)
 Azerbaijan(2)
 Belarus(50)
 Belgium(9)
 Bermuda(1}
 Bosnia and Herzegovina(5)
 Brazil(5)
 Bulgaria(19)

 Cayman Islands(1)
 Chile(3)

 Colombia(1)
 Croatia(19)
 Cyprus(2)
 Czech Republic(92)
 Denmark(18)
 Estonia(30)
 Ethiopia(1)
 Finland(95)
 France(108)
 Georgia(8)

 Ghana(1)
 Great Britain(52)

 Hong Kong(1)
 Hungary(16)
 Iceland(4)
 India(3)
 Iran(4)
 Ireland(7)
 Israel(3)
 Italy(109)
 Jamaica(1)
 Japan(94)
 Kazakhstan(38)
 North Korea(2)
 South Korea(46)
 Kyrgyzstan(2)
 Latvia(59)
 Lebanon(3)
 Liechtenstein(7)
 Lithuania(8)
 Macedonia(4)
 Mexico(1)
 Moldova(7)
 Monaco(6)
 Mongolia(2)

 Montenegro(1)
 Morocco(1)
 Nepal(1)
 Netherlands(34)
 New Zealand(16)
 Norway(99)
 Pakistan(1)
 Peru(3)
 Poland(50)
 Portugal(1)
 Romania(29)
 Russia(177)
 San Marino(1)
 Senegal(1)
 Serbia(11)
 Slovakia(73)
 Slovenia(50)
 South Africa(2)

 Sweden(106)
 Switzerland(146)
 Chinese Taipei(1)
 Tajikistan(1)
 Turkey(5)
 Ukraine(47)

 Uzbekistan(3)

Costa Rica, Kenya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Thailand, United States Virgin Islands and Venezuela did not join the 2010 Winter Olympics.

Sports
Fifteen winter sports events were in the 2010 Winter Olympics. The eight sports grouped as ice sports were: bobsled, luge, skeleton, ice hockey, figure skating, speed skating, short track speed skating and curling. The three sports grouped as alpine skiing and snowboarding events were: alpine skiing, freestyle skiing and snowboarding. The four sports grouped as Nordic events were: biathlon, cross-country skiing, ski jumping and Nordic combined.

Numbers in parentheses show the number of medal events for each sport.

  Alpine skiing (10)
  Biathlon (10)
  Bobsleigh (3)
  Cross-country skiing (12)
  Curling (2)

  Figure skating (4)
  Freestyle skiing (6)
  Ice hockey (2)
  Luge (3)
  Nordic combined (3)

  Short track speed skating (8)
  Skeleton (2)
  Ski jumping (3)
  Snowboarding (6)
  Speed skating (12)

The opening and closing ceremonies and the events grouped as ice sports (excluding bobsleigh, luge and skeleton) were held in Vancouver and Richmond. The sports grouped as "Nordic events" were held in the Callaghan Valley near Whistler. All alpine skiing events were held on Whistler Mountain (Creekside) and sliding events (bobsleigh, luge and skeleton) were held on Blackcomb Mountain.  Cypress Mountain was the place for the freestyle skiing (aerials, moguls and ski cross), and all snowboard events (half-pipe, parallel giant slalom, snowboard cross).

Vancouver 2010 was the first winter Olympics that both men's and women's hockey were played on a narrower, NHL-sized ice rink, measuring 200 ft × 85 ft (61 m × 26 m), instead of the international size of 200 ft × 98.5 ft (61 m × 30 m). The games were played at General Motors Place, home of the NHL's Vancouver Canucks, which was temporarily renamed Canada Hockey Place for the time of the Olympics. This change saved $10 million in construction costs and allowed an additional 35,000 spectators to attend Olympic hockey games. However, some European countries felt this would give North American players an advantage since they grew up playing on the smaller NHL-sized rinks.

Medal table

Here is the top of the medal table at the end of the games.

Medal numbers shown in bold are the highest in their section. Canada, the host nation is highlighted in lavender.

References

Other websites
 Vancouver 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games, official website
 The lighting ceremony in Olympia for the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Winter Games.
 Government of Canada 2010 Federal Secretariat
 Road to the Games | Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympic Games | CBC B.C. Feature
 CTV Television network Official website
 City of Vancouver, official Host City page
 The official Whistler website of the Vancouver 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Game
 Vancouver 2010 Schedule - Venue Information and Maps
 Winter Olympics Vancouver 2010  - News, Tickets, Venues, Sport events, Schedules

February 2010 events

2010 Winter Olympics


Gerhard Kubik (born 10 December 1934) is an Austrian music ethnologist from Vienna. He studied ethnology, musicology and African languages at the University of Vienna.  He published his doctoral dissertation in 1971 and achieved habilitation in 1980.

Biography
Kubik has been carrying out research in Africa for every year since 1958. Since then, he has published over 300 articles and books on Africa and African-Americans, based on his field work in fifteen African countries, in Venezuela and Brazil. Kubik's topics are music and dance, oral traditions and traditional systems of education, the extension of African culture to the Americas (especially Brazil) and the linguistics of the Bantu languages of central Africa. Moreover, Kubik has compiled the largest collection of African traditional music worldwide, with over 25,000 recordings, mostly archived at the Phonogrammarchiv Wien in Vienna.

Kubik also performs as a clarinettist with a neo-traditional kwela Jazz Band from Malawi that has been performing throughout Europe and Brazil.

References
 Kubik, Gerhard, Theory of African Music 1994
 Kubik, Gerhard, Zum Verstehen Afrikanischer Musik, Aufsätze, Reihe: Ethnologie: Forschung und Wissenschaft, Bd. 7, 2., aktualisierte und ergänzte Auflage, 2004, 448 S.  (in German language)
 Simon, Artur (Ed.), "Musik in Afrika", (Staatliche Museen) Berlin 1983 (in German language)
 A. Schmidhofer / D. Schüller (Hrsg.) For Gerhard Kubik Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main 1994

External links
 Africa and The Blues: An Interview with Gerhard Kubik , Afropop Worldwide
 List of publications (until 1994)

Austrian ethnomusicologists
Living people
1934 births

Gerhard Kubik


James Pederson (born July 12, 1942), is an American businessman, co-founder of the commercial development firm The Pederson Group, and was the Chairman of the Arizona Democratic Party from 2001 to 2005. In 2006, he ran for a seat in the United States Senate, losing to incumbent Jon Kyl.

Life and career
Pederson was born and raised in Casa Grande, Arizona, the oldest of six brothers. Pederson's father, Ed Pederson, was the City Manager of Casa Grande for 25 years, and his mother, Lillian Pederson, was a registered nurse who stayed home to raise her sons. After high school in Casa Grande, Pederson went to the University of Arizona where he earned a bachelor's degree in political science and a master's in public administration.

After college, Pederson took a job with the Research and Budget Division for the city of Phoenix, and later worked as administrative assistant to Phoenix Mayor Milt Graham. When Graham left office, Pederson entered the commercial-development business working for Grossman Company Properties and Westcor and eventually formed The Pederson Group with his brother Gary. The Pederson Group has since developed over 25 retail projects across Arizona.

Pederson has been married to Roberta Pederson for 33 years. They have 3 children and 6 grandchildren.

Chairman of the Arizona Democratic Party
In 2001, Pederson was elected chairman of the Arizona Democratic Party, which was then in need of funds and new infrastructure. Pederson was able to bring both.  He is credited with recruiting two top-notch candidates for statewide office 2002: then-Arizona Attorney General Janet Napolitano for Governor and former Phoenix mayor and gubernatorial candidate Terry Goddard for Attorney General. Both won, and credit is often given to Pederson for his funding, his fundraising ability, and his leadership in rebuilding the Democratic party infrastructure.

Pederson's work, however, did not carry the state for Democratic candidate John Kerry in the 2004 U.S. presidential election, and none of the much-publicized campaigns by Democratic challengers in Arizona for the 2004 United States House of Representatives elections were successful in unseating Republican incumbents. Though the party didn't fare well in the 2004 federal elections, the Democratic Party increased its ranks in the Arizona State House of Representatives and lost only one Arizona State Senate seat, while George W. Bush carried Arizona by more percentage points in 2004 than he did in the 2000 election.

2006 United States Senate candidacy

On September 14, 2005, Pederson formally announced his intention to run, in his home town of Casa Grande, Arizona. Pederson faced Jon Kyl, an incumbent who ran for a third term in the Senate. Early head-to-head polls showed Kyl significantly ahead of Pederson. In addition, a poll released on September 19, 2006, by SurveyUSA indicated that Kyl was still in the lead, although by a narrower margin: Kyl led Pederson by 48% to 43% with 7% undecided.

The race was one of the most expensive in Arizona history. As of May 7, Kyl's campaign had raised over $9 million primarily from private donations and large fundraising dinners. Pederson's campaign raised over $5 million primarily through a dinner event with former U.S. President Bill Clinton and a $2 million donation from Pederson himself.

In the general election on November 7, 2006, Pederson attained 44% of the popular vote (506,759 votes) compared to 53% of the vote for winner Jon Kyl.

References

External links

Arizona Democratic Party
Official  Jim Pederson Myspace.com page

1942 births
Living people
Arizona Democratic Party chairs
Arizona Democrats
University of Arizona alumni
People from Casa Grande, Arizona
Candidates in the 2006 United States elections

Jim Pederson (businessman and politician)


The 185th Tunnelling Company was one of the tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers created by the British Army during World War I. The tunnelling units were occupied in offensive and defensive mining involving the placing and maintaining of mines under enemy lines, as well as other underground work such as the construction of deep dugouts for troop accommodation, the digging of subways, saps (a narrow trench dug to approach enemy trenches), cable trenches and underground chambers for signals and medical services.

Background

By January 1915 it had become evident to the BEF at the Western Front that the Germans were mining to a planned system. As the British had failed to develop suitable counter-tactics or underground  listening devices before the war, field marshals French and Kitchener agreed to investigate the suitability of forming  British mining units. Following consultations between the Engineer-in-Chief of the BEF, Brigadier George Fowke, and the mining specialist John Norton-Griffiths, the War Office formally approved the tunnelling company scheme on 19 February 1915.

Norton-Griffiths ensured that tunnelling companies numbers 170 to 177 were ready for deployment in mid-February 1915. In the spring of that year, there was constant underground fighting in the Ypres Salient at Hooge, Hill 60, Railway Wood, Sanctuary Wood, St Eloi and The Bluff which required the deployment of new drafts of tunnellers for several months after the formation of the first eight companies. The lack of suitably experienced men led to some tunnelling companies starting work later than others. The number of units available to the BEF was also restricted by the need to provide effective counter-measures to the German mining activities. To make the tunnels safer and quicker to deploy, the British Army enlisted experienced coal miners, many outside their nominal recruitment policy. The first nine companies, numbers 170 to 178, were each commanded by a regular Royal Engineers officer. These companies each comprised 5 officers and 269 sappers; they were aided by additional infantrymen who were temporarily attached to the tunnellers as required, which almost doubled their numbers.  The success of the first tunnelling companies formed under Norton-Griffiths' command led to mining being made a separate branch of the  Engineer-in-Chief's office under Major-General S.R. Rice, and the appointment of an 'Inspector of Mines' at the GHQ Saint-Omer office of the Engineer-in-Chief. A second group of tunnelling companies were formed from Welsh miners from the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the Monmouthshire Regiment, who were attached to the 1st Northumberland Field Company of the Royal Engineers, which was a Territorial unit. The formation of twelve new tunnelling companies, between July and October 1915, helped to bring more men into action in other parts of the Western Front.

Most tunnelling companies were formed under Norton-Griffiths' leadership during 1915, and one more was added in 1916. On 10 September 1915, the British government sent an appeal to Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to raise tunnelling companies in the Dominions of the British Empire. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company arrived at Plymouth on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France. A Canadian unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus two other companies trained in Canada and then shipped to France. Three Australian tunnelling companies were formed by March 1916, resulting in 30 tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers being available by the summer of 1916.

Unit history

Somme 1915/16

185th Tunnelling Company was formed in Rouen in October 1915, moved immediately to the Somme area, for work at La Boisselle. From its formation until the end of the war the company served under First Army.

In the Somme sector of the Western Front, local but very fierce underground fighting had taken place in the winter of 1914 and spring of 1915 at La Boisselle, Fricourt, Bois Français and Carnoy. Fowke moved the 174th and 183rd Tunnelling Companies there to relieve the French engineers, but the British did not have enough miners to take over the large number of French shafts and the French agreed to leave their engineers at work for several weeks. To provide the tunnellers needed, the British formed the 178th and 179th Tunnelling Companies in August 1915, followed by the 185th and 252nd Tunnelling Companies in October. The 181st Tunnelling Company was also present on the Somme.

Early attempts at mining by the British on the Western Front had commenced in late 1914 in the soft clay and sandy soils of Flanders. Mining at La Boisselle was in chalk, much harder and requiring different techniques. The German advance had been halted at La Boisselle by French troops on 28 September 1914. There was bitter fighting for possession of the village cemetery, and for farm buildings on the south-western edge of the village, known as "L'îlot de La Boisselle" to the French, as "Granathof" (German: "shell farm") to the Germans and as "Glory Hole" to the British.  In December 1914, French engineers had begun tunnelling beneath the ruins. With the war on the surface at stalemate, both sides continued to probe beneath the opponent's trenches and detonate ever-greater explosive charges. In August 1915, the French and Germans were working at a depth of ; the size of their charges had reached . The British extended and deepened the system, first to  and ultimately . Above ground the infantry occupied trenches just  apart. Around La Boisselle, the Germans had dug defensive transversal tunnels at a depth of about 80 feet (24 metres), parallel to the front line.

As Allied preparations for the Battle of the Somme (1 July – 18 November 1916) were begun, the tunnelling companies were to make two major contributions by placing 19 large and small mines beneath the German positions along the front line and by preparing a series of shallow Russian saps from the British front line into no man's land, which would be opened at zero hour and allow the infantry to attack the German positions from a comparatively short distance. Four mines were planned at La Boisselle: Two  charges (known as No 2 straight and No 5 right) were planted at , intended to wreck German tunnels and create crater lips to block enfilade fire along no man's land. To assist the attack on the village, two further mines, known as Y Sap and Lochnagar after the trenches from which they were dug, were laid to the north-east and the south-east of La Boisselle on either side of the German salient – see map. 185th Tunnelling Company started work on the Lochnagar mine on 11 November 1915, and eventually handed the tunnels over to 179th Tunnelling Company in March 1916, which finished and fired it. A month before the handover, eighteen men of the 185th Tunnelling Company (2 officers, 16 sappers) died to a German camouflet at La Boisselle on 4 February 1916.

Vimy 1916/17

185th Tunnelling Company next moved to the "Labyrinth" sector near Vimy in March 1916. The German "Labyrinth" stronghold was located near Neuville-Saint-Vaast, between Arras and Vimy and not far from Notre Dame de Lorette.  185th Tunnelling Company seems to have shared this sector with the 176th Tunnelling Company, which had moved to Neuville-Saint-Vaast in April 1916 and remained there for a considerable time, and the 172nd Tunnelling Company, which was relieved in this area by the 2nd Australian Tunnelling Company in May 1916.

The front sectors at Vimy and Arras, where extremely heavy fighting between the French and the Germans had taken place during 1915, had been taken over by the British in March 1916. Vimy, in particular, was an area of busy underground activity. British tunnellers progressively took over military mining in the area from the French between February and May 1916. Other units active around Vimy were 175th, 182nd, 184th and 255th Tunnelling Companies. From spring 1916, the British had deployed five tunnelling companies along the Vimy Ridge, and  during the first two months of their tenure in the area, 70 mines were fired, mostly by the Germans. Between October 1915 and April 1917 an estimated 150 French, British and German charges were fired in this  sector of the Western Front.

On 29 March 1916, the 185th Tunnelling Company was relieved at Roclincourt-Chantecler by the New Zealand Tunnelling Company. During summer and much of autumn 1916, the unit further developed and expanded its mining to create an effective underground defence at Roclincourt-Chantecler. In May 1916, a German infantry attack at Vimy, which forced the British back , was aimed at neutralising British mining activity by capturing the shaft entrances. From June 1916, however, the Germans withdrew many miners to work on the Hindenburg Line and also for work in coal mines in Germany. In the second half of 1916 the British constructed strong defensive underground positions, and from August 1916, the  Royal Engineers developed a mining scheme to support a large-scale infantry attack on the Vimy Ridge proposed for autumn 1916, although this was subsequently postponed. After September 1916, when the Royal Engineers had completed their network of defensive galleries along most of the front line, offensive mining largely ceased although activities continued until 1917. The British gallery network beneath Vimy Ridge eventually grew to a length of .

The Canadian Corps was posted to the northern part of Vimy Ridge in October 1916 and preparations for an attack were revived in February 1917. 185th Tunnelling Company then dug subways near Neuville-Saint-Vaast in early 1917. Prior to the Battle of Vimy Ridge (9 – 12 April 1917), the British tunnelling companies secretly laid a series of explosive charges under German positions in an effort to destroy surface fortifications before the assault.  The original plan had called for 17 mines and 9 Wombat charges to support the infantry attack, of which 13 (possibly 14) mines and 8 Wombat charges were eventually laid. At the same time, 19 crater groups existed along this section of the Western Front, each with several large craters. In order to assess the consequences of infantry having to advance across cratered ground after a mining attack, officers from the Canadian Corps visited La Boisselle and Fricourt where the mines on the first day of the Somme had been blown. Their reports and the experience of the Canadians at St Eloi in April 1916 – where mines had so altered and damaged the landscape as to render occupation of the mine craters by the infantry all but impossible –, led to the decision to remove offensive mining from the central sector allocated to the Canadian Corps at Vimy Ridge. Further British mines in the area were vetoed following the blowing by the Germans on 23 March 1917 of nine craters along no man's land as it was probable that the Germans were aiming to restrict an Allied attack to predictable points. The three mines already laid by 172nd Tunnelling Company were also dropped from the British plans. They were left in place after the assault and were only removed in the 1990s. Another mine, prepared by 176th Tunnelling Company against the German strongpoint known as the Pimple, was not completed in time for the attack. The gallery had been pushed silently through the clay, avoiding the sandy and chalky layers of the Vimy Ridge, but by 9 April 1917 was still  short of its target. In the end, two mines were blown before the attack, while three mines and two Wombat charges were fired to support the attack, including those forming a northern flank.

Douai 1918
Units of 185th Tunnelling Company were the first British troops to enter Douai, on 17 October 1918, during the great advance to victory.

See also
 Mine warfare

References

Bibliography

Further reading

 Arthur Stockwin (ed.), Thirty-odd Feet Below Belgium: An Affair of Letters in the Great War 1915-1916, Parapress (2005),  (online).
 Graham E. Watson & Richard A. Rinaldi, The Corps of Royal Engineers: Organization and Units 1889–2018, Tiger Lily Books, 2018, .

External links
 List of tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers, with short unit histories
 'Men of 179th and 185th Tunnelling Companies' Paper by Simon Jones.
 Simon Jones, The Lochnagar Mine

Military units and formations of the British Army in World War I
Tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers
Tunnel warfare in World War I

185th Tunnelling Company


Channapatna toys are a particular form of wooden toys (and dolls) that are manufactured in the town of Channapatnain the Ramanagara district of Karnataka state, India. This traditional craft is protected as a geographical indication (GI) under the World Trade Organization, administered by the Government of Karnataka. As a result of the popularity of these toys, Channapatna is known as Gombegala Ooru (toy-town) of Karnataka. Traditionally, the work involved lacquering the wood of the Wrightia tinctoria tree, colloquially called Aale mara (ivory-wood). and for for toys is majorly manifactured in channapatna taluk in neelsandra village.
Toys
Karnataka

Channapatna


Gun Lake, often spelled Gunn Lake and also known as Big Gun Lake, is a lake and unincorporated community in the Bridge River Country of the West-Central Interior of British Columbia, Canada, located 5 miles northwest of the community of Gold Bridge. It is approximately 6 km in length and is roughly pistol-shaped when seen from above, and drains via a short connecting creek to Gun Creek, which is an important tributary of the Bridge River, joining it via Carpenter Lake. Lajoie Lake, which is just southwest, is also known as Little Gun Lake and is also a small community.  The two together are generally referred to as the Gun Lakes.

"Big Gun" has a summer population around 100 and has a full-time population of approx 20 people and constitutes one of the main communities of the Bridge River Valley, the others being Gold Bridge and the mining ghost town of Bralorne, and a smaller recreational community in the area of Tyaughton Lake and Gun Creek Road, which runs west from that lake on the north flank of Gun Creek.

According to a newspaper article from 1941 written by an early prospector and currently posted in an old mining cabin in Bralorne, Gun Lake and Gun Creek were named because a prospector once lost his Gun in Gun Creek.

See also
Gunn (disambiguation)
Gunn Valley

References

Lakes of British Columbia
Bridge River Country
Unincorporated settlements in British Columbia
Populated places in the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District

Gun Lake (British Columbia)


A regular army is the official army of a state or country (the official armed forces), contrasting with irregular forces, such as volunteer irregular militias, private armies, mercenaries, etc. A regular army usually has the following:
 a standing army, the permanent force of the regular army that is maintained under arms during peacetime.
 a military reserve force that can be mobilized when needed to expand the effectiveness of the regular army by complementing the standing army.

A regular army may be:
 a conscript army, including professionals, volunteers and also conscripts (presence of enforced conscription, including recruits for the standing army and also a compulsory reserve).
 a professional army, with no conscripts (absence of compulsory service, and presence of a voluntary reserve), is not exactly the same as a standing army, as there are standing armies both in the conscript and the professional models.

In the United Kingdom and the United States, the term Regular Army means the professional standing active duty army, as different from the reserve component: the Army Reserve (formerly the Territorial Army) in the United Kingdom and the U.S. Army Reserve and the Army National Guard in the United States.

Bibliography
 Woodward, David. Armies of the world, 1854–1914. London: Sidgwick & Jackson, cop. 1978.

Types of military forces

Regular army


An antioxidant is a molecule that can slow or stop the oxidation, or electron transfer, of other molecules.

Antioxidants can be found in food.

Antioxidants are molecules that relieve oxidative stress by preventing the formation and oxidation of free radicals. Antioxidants donate one of their electrons or hydrogen to free radicals, stopping their chain reaction. Found in our diet (for example, in vitamins) or formed inside our body (like enzymes), antioxidants can protect us from the damaging effects of free radicals.

The best way to combat free radicals is to have a diet of fresh fruits and vegetables, red wine, and green tea. These functional foods are rich in phytochemicals with antioxidant properties. Health supplements enriched with antioxidants are also now widely available.

References
Afzal, M., Armstrong, D. (2002). "Fractionation of herbal medicine for identifying antioxidant activity". In: Armstrong, D. (Ed.) Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 186: Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Antioxidant Protocols, Humana Press Inc.
Halliwell, B., Aeschbach, R., Loliger, J., Aruoma, O.I. (1995). "The characterization of antioxidant". Food and Chemical Toxicology 33(7): 601–617.
Kaur, C., Kapoor, H. (2001). "Review: antioxidants in fruits and vegetables – the millennium's health". International Journal of Food Science and Technology 36: 703–725.
Percival, M. (1998). "Antioxidants". Clinical Nutrition Insights 1/96 Rev. 10/98. http://acudoc.com/Antioxidants.PDF

Chemical processes
Diets

Antioxidant


Andy Adams (May 3, 1859 – September 26, 1935) was an American writer of western fiction.

Life and career
Andy Adams was born in Thorncreek Township, Indiana, the son of Andrew Adams, who was of Irish descent, and Elizabeth Elliott, who was of Scottish descent. As a boy, he helped with the cattle and horses on the family farm. During the early 1880s, he went to Texas, where he stayed for 10 years, spending much of that time driving cattle on the western trails. In 1890, he tried working as a businessman, but the venture failed, so he tried gold-mining in Colorado and Nevada. In 1894, he settled in Colorado Springs, where he lived until his death.

He began writing at the age of 43, publishing his most successful book, The Log of a Cowboy, in 1903. His other works include A Texas Matchmaker (1904), The Outlet (1905), Cattle Brands (1906), Reed Anthony, Cowman: An Autobiography (1907), Wells Brothers (1911), and The Ranch on the Beaver (1927).

The Log of a Cowboy is an account of a five-month drive of 3,000 cattle from Brownsville, Texas, to Montana during 1882 along the Great Western Cattle Trail. Although the book is fiction, it is based on Adams's own experiences, and it is considered by many to be literature's best account of cowboy life. Adams was disgusted by the unrealistic cowboy fiction being published in his time; The Log of a Cowboy was his response. It is still in print, and even modern reviewers consider it compelling. The Chicago Herald said: "As a narrative of cowboy life, Andy Adams' book is clearly the real thing. It carries its own certificate of authentic first-hand experience on every page."

Works
1903:  The Log of a Cowboy.
1904:  A Texas Matchmaker.
1905:  The Outlet.
1906:  Cattle Brands: A Collection of Western Camp-fire Stories - contains 14 short stories.
1907:  Reed Anthony, Cowman: An Autobiography - Adams breathes life into the story of a Texas cowboy who becomes a wealthy and influential cattleman.
1911:  The Wells Brothers: The Young Cattle Kings - Tells the tale of two orphaned boys who, against all odds and in the face of numerous calamities, establish their own cattle ranch. It was followed by a sequel, The Ranch on the Beaver (1927).
1927:  The Ranch on the Beaver: A Sequel to Wells Brothers.

References

Further reading
 Carter, Harvey L.  "Retracing a Cattle Drive: Andy Adams's 'The Log of a Cowboy, Arizona & the West (1981) 23#4 pp 355–378.
 Molen, Dayle H. "Andy Adams: Classic Novelist of the Trail", Montana: The Magazine of Western History (1969) 19#1 pp 24–35.

External links

Works by Andy Adams, in HTML at Classic Reader
Review of Log of a Cowboy

1859 births
1935 deaths
Novelists from Colorado
Cowboys
Western (genre) writers
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American male writers
American male novelists
Novelists from Indiana
Writers from Colorado Springs, Colorado

Andy Adams (writer)


.tt is the internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet for Trinidad and Tobago.

The Trinidad and Tobago Network Information Centre (TTNIC) allows registrations under  for second-level domains, and for third-level domains under the following domains: , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,  and . Registration under the above domains is unrestricted and the registry does not require applicants to have a physical presence in Trinidad and Tobago. However, registrants with a foreign address are charged double.

In addition, there is , restricted to entities in the Military of Trinidad and Tobago,  is a registry for educational institutions in Trinidad and Tobago, and  reserved for agencies of the government.

Domain hacks using  include ,  and , URL shorteners used for Dropbox, IFTTT and the 2012 U.S. presidential campaign of Mitt Romney, respectively.

See also
Internet in Trinidad and Tobago

References

External links
 IANA .tt whois information

Country code top-level domains
Communications in Trinidad and Tobago
Computer-related introductions in 1991

sv:Toppdomän#T

.tt