The Transportation Act, 1920, commonly known as the Esch–Cummins Act,  was a United States federal law that returned railroads to private operation after World War I, with much regulation. It also officially encouraged private consolidation of railroads and mandated that the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) ensure their profitability. The act was named after Rep. John J. Esch and Sen. Albert B. Cummins.

Background
The United States had entered World War I in April 1917, and the government found that the nation's railroads were not prepared to serve the war effort. On December 26, 1917, President Woodrow Wilson had ordered that U.S. railroads be nationalized in the public interest. This order was implemented through the creation of the United States Railroad Administration. Congress ratified the order in the Railway Administration Act of 1918.

Major provisions
 Terminated federal control of railroads from March 1, 1920.
 Authorized the government to make settlements with railroad carriers for matters caused by nationalization, such as compensation and other expenses.
 Directed the ICC to prepare and adopt a plan for the consolidation of the railway properties of the United States into a limited number of systems. See Ripley Plan to consolidate railroads into regional systems.
 Granted authority to the ICC to set minimum shipping rates, oversee railroads' financial operations, and regulate acquisitions and mergers.
 Established procedures for settling labor disputes between railroads and employees. A Railroad Labor Board was created to regulate wages and settle disputes.

Subsequent legislation
Title III of the Esch–Cummins Act, which pertained to labor disputes, was repealed in 1926 by the Railway Labor Act.

See also
 Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
 Elkins Act of 1903
 Mann-Elkins Act of 1910
 Railway Labor Act of 1926
 History of rail transport in the United States

Footnotes

Further reading

 E.G. Buckland, "Three Years of the Transportation Act," Yale Law Journal, vol. 32, no. 7 (May 1923), pp. 658–675. In JSTOR.
 A.B. Cummins, The Transportation Act, 1920. n.c.: n.p., October 1922.
 Colin J. Davis, Power at Odds: The 1922 National Railroad Shopmen's Strike. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997.
 W.N. Doak, "Labor Policies of the Transportation Act from the Point of View of Railroad Employees," Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science in the City of New York, vol. 10, no. 1 (July 1922), pp. 39–48. In JSTOR.
 Frank H. Dixon, "Functions and Policies of the Railroad Labor Board," Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science in the City of New York, vol. 10, no. 1 (July 1922), pp. 19–28. In JSTOR.
 Ben W. Hooper, "Labor, Railroads and the Public," American Bar Association Journal, vol. 9, no. 1 (Jan. 1923), pp. 15–18. In JSTOR.
 Rogers MacVeagh, The Transportation Act, 1920: Its Sources, History, and Text, Together with Its Amendments to the Interstate Commerce Act... New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1923.
 Edgar J. Rich, "The Transportation Act of 1920," American Economic Review, vol. 10, no. 3 (Sept. 1920), pp. 507–527. In JSTOR.
 Henry R. Seager, "Railroad Labor and the Labor Problem," Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science in the City of New York, vol. 10, no. 1 (July 1922), pp. 15–18. In JSTOR.
 T. W. van Metre, "Railroad Regulation under the Transportation Act," Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science in the City of New York, vol. 10, no. 1 (July 1922), pp. 3–12. In JSTOR.
 Harry D. Wolf, The Railroad Labor Board. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1927.
 H.D. Wolf, "Criticisms of the Railroad Labor Board and an Evaluation of Its Work," University Journal of Business, vol. 5, no. 1 (Jan. 1927), pp. 1–34. In JSTOR.

United States railroad regulation
1920 in American law
United States federal transportation legislation
1920 in rail transport
66th United States Congress

Esch–Cummins Act


Nikolay Ivanovich Zherikhov (died October 5, 1916, in Moscow) was a Russian Art Nouveau architect, active in Moscow in 1902–1914. A prolific author of apartment buildings financed by Broido, Wilner and Zaichenko real estate firms, Zherikhov stood out among contemporary architects for his use of decorative sculpture. Zherikhov's buildings are adorned with rows of life-sized figurative sculptures, including one extant case of explicit erotic art at no. 4, Plotnikov Lane.

Biography

Early life, career

Nikolay Zherikhov was born in a poor peasant family in Mahilyow area; exact date of his birth (1870s) and his education (probably Stroganov Institute) remain unknown. In 1897–1900 Zherikhov worked as drawing and writing teacher in Moscow schools; his first architectural work was made in 1902 for the Broidos, a Jewish family of real estate developers. His two brothers graduated from Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture; they collaborated with Nikolay but did not leave a notable contribution of their own.

Zherikhov himself never participated in public professional disputes; his name and works were neglected by the press. His road to success remains a mystery; Zherikhov, once an ordinary teacher, instantly became a fashionable architect and authored over 50 buildings in affluent districts of Moscow in twelve years of his short career. A prolific author of apartment buildings financed by Broido, Wilner and Zaichenko real estate firms, Zherikhov stood out among contemporary architects for his use of decorative sculpture.

Style, works

His use of sculpture has been linked to the legacy of Stroganov Institute school that focused on elaborate facade decorations. However, none of contemporary architects used sculpture so frequently and on such scale as Zherikhov. His best known work, a small 4-story apartment building on the corner of Plotnikov and Maly Mogiltsevsky Lane, completed in 1907, features a band of 40 life-sized figures arranged in groups of two or three in explicitly erotic settings. Three of the satyrs resemble Leo Tolstoy, Alexander Pushkin and Nikolay Gogol. The name of the sculptor has been lost; perhaps it was Leeb Sinayev, author of Pushkin Museum friezes, or one of his disciples. Tourist guides say that the building once housed a high-class brothel, but the statement is refuted by historians as an urban legend.

Zherikhov, like contemporary Gesamtkunstwerk architects, practiced application of the exterior style to building interiors, including individual apartment units. Around 1910, following the trend of the time, he switched to Russian neoclassical revival; his best known example of the period is the Flyorov School, now a college of Moscow Conservatory, in Merzlyakovsky Lane. Here the sculpture follows the classical Roman canon. Like many Art Nouveau architects of his period he also practised earlier Victorian architecture, evident in his 1914 Solovyov Clinic on present-day New Arbat Street.

Death
The architect died in his forties, in 1916, and was buried at Vagankovo Cemetery.

Gallery

Notes

References

Art Nouveau architects
1870s births
1916 deaths
Russian architects
20th century in Moscow
Burials at Vagankovo Cemetery
Stroganov Moscow State Academy of Arts and Industry alumni

Nikolay Zherikhov


Ireland's Call es l'imne cantat a la debuta d'una partida internationala de rugbi per Irlanda.
I.	Come the day and come the hour
Come the power and the glory
We have come to answer
Our country's call

''Refranh :
From the four proud provinces of Ireland
Ireland, Ireland
Together standing tall
Shoulder to shoulder
We'll answer Ireland's call

II.	From the mighty Glens of Antrim
From the rugged hills of Galway
From the walls of Limerick
And Dublin Bay
(al refranh)

III.	Hearts of steel
And heads unbowing
Vowing never to be broken
We will fight, until
We can fight no more
(al refranh)

IV.	Ireland! Ireland!
Forever Ireland!

Ireland's Call

Ireland's Call


Philip William Turner (3 December 1925 – 7 January 2006) was an English writer best known for his children's books set in the fictional town of Darnley Mills (1964–1977). Under the pen name Stephen Chance he is known for the Reverend Septimus Treloar mystery fiction series (1971–1979).

For his second novel and second Darnley Mills book, The Grange at High Force, he won the 1965 Carnegie Medal from the Library Association, recognising the year's best children's book by a British subject.

Life
Born in Rossland, British Columbia, Canada on 3 December 1925 to English parents from Peterborough, Cambridgeshire, Philip Turner was brought to England in 1926. He was educated at Hinckley Grammar School in Leicestershire and spent many school holidays exploring the East Anglian fens whilst staying with his grandparents. He served his national service from 1943 to 1946 as a Sub-Lieutenant Mechanical Engineer in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, mostly during World War II. He then resumed his education at Worcester College, Oxford, whence he graduated in 1949. He married Margaret Diana Samson in 1950 with whom he had two sons and a daughter.

After being trained for ordination at Ripon Hall, Turner was ordained deacon in 1951 and priest in 1952 and served in parishes in Armley, Crawley and Northampton. In the late 1960s he became the Head of Religious Broadcasting for the Midland Region and subsequently became a teacher at Droitwich Spa High School, chaplain of Eton College and a part-time teacher at Malvern College, Worcestershire.

He began writing religious pieces in the mid-1950s and the first of his children's novels was published by Oxford in 1964. Set in the fictional town of Darnley Mills in North East England, Colonel Sheperton's Clock involves a schoolboy mystery woven into an account of a boy's surgery to heal a disabled leg. Four sequels told more stories of the three heroes of the first book and another four created Darnley Mills local history from the nineteenth century to the Second World War.

He also wrote several books for young adults under the name Stephen Chance. The first Septimus book, The Danedyke Mystery (1971), was adapted for television in 1979.

Philip and Margaret lived in West Malvern for 30 years until his death there from cancer in January 2006 aged 80. He is buried at St. Mathias Church, Malvern Link.

Works

Septimus Treloar mysteries (as Stephen Chance)
 (as Stephen Chance) Septimus and the Danedyke Mystery (The Bodley Head, 1971)
 (as Stephen Chance) Septimus and the Minster Ghost (Bodley Head, 1972)
 (as Stephen Chance) Septimus and the Stone of Offering (Bodley Head, 1976)
 (as Stephen Chance) Septimus and the Spy Ring (Bodley Head, 1979)

Others
 Christ in the Concrete City (Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1956) —a play
 Cry Dawn in Dark Babylon (S.P.C.K., 1959) —a dramatic meditation
 Tell it with Trumpets: Three experiments in drama and evangelism, (S.P.C.K., 1959)
 Casey: A dramatic meditation on the Passion (S.P.C.K., 1962)
 The Christmas Story: A carol service for children (London: Church Information Office, 1964)
 Colonel Sheperton's Clock (Oxford, 1964); U.S. title, The Mystery of the Colonel's Clock ‡
 Peter Was His Nickname (London: Waltham Forest Books, 1965) —about the apostle Saint Peter
 The Grange at High Force (Oxford, 1965); U.S. title, The Adventure at High Force ‡
 Sea Peril (Oxford, 1966) ‡
 Steam on the Line (Oxford, 1968) ‡
 War on the Darnel (Oxford, 1969) ‡
 Wigwig and Homer (Oxford, 1969), illus. Graham Humphreys; for younger children;
 Devil's Nob (Hamish Hamilton, 1970) ‡
 Powder Quay (Hamilton, 1971) ‡
 Dunkirk Summer (Hamilton, 1973) ‡
 Skull Island (J. M. Dent & Sons, 1977) ‡
 Rookoo and Bree (Dent, 1979), illus. Terry Riley; for younger children
 Decision in the Dark: Tales of Mystery (Dent, 1978)
 The Good Shepherd (1986), illus. Bunshu Iguchi
 Three One-Act Plays (Religious Drama Society of Great Britain, 1987) —including one play by Turner
 The Bible Story (Oxford (US), 1987), illus. Brian Wildsmith —48 stories retold for young children
 The Candlemass Treasure (Lutterworth Press, 1988)

 (‡) Darnley Mills series (1964 to 1977)

See also

References

External links

 Stephen Chance at LC Authorities, with 5 records

English children's writers
English mystery writers
English religious writers
Carnegie Medal in Literature winners
Writers from British Columbia
English people of Canadian descent
People associated with Malvern, Worcestershire
Alumni of Worcester College, Oxford
Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II
1925 births
2006 deaths
Royal Navy officers of World War II

Philip Turner (writer)


The Mamertines (, "sons of Mars", ) were mercenaries of Italian origin who had been hired from their home in Campania by Agathocles (361–289 BC), Tyrant of Syracuse and self-proclaimed King of Sicily. After Syracuse lost the Seventh Sicilian War, the city of Messina was ceded to Carthage in 307 BC. When Agathocles died in 289 BC he left many of his mercenaries idle and unemployed in Sicily. Most of them returned home but some, liking the climate and the prospect of adventure on a foreign island, remained. They played a major role in the lead-up to the First Punic War.

In 280 BC, the Syracusans appealed to King Pyrrhus of Epirus for help against the Mamertines.

Capture of Messina

The then-small band of desperados came across the walled Greek settlement of Messina built on a strategic location on the north-eastern tip of Sicily on the strait between Sicily and Italy. Together with the fort Rhegium on the toe of Italy, it was the crossing point between Italy and Sicily. Being a peaceful people, the inhabitants allowed the travelling mercenaries into their homes. After a time, the mercenaries became restless and plotted to capture the town. One night, the mercenaries betrayed their hosts and killed most of the population, who were unprepared. In this way, they claimed Messina for themselves in 288 BC. The surviving Messinians were thrown out and the property and women divided. After their victory, the mercenaries named themselves the Mamertines after the Oscan war-god Mamers.

Dominion over northeastern Sicily

The Mamertines held the town of Messina for over 20 years. They changed it from a bustling town of farmers and traders to a raiding base. The Mamertines became pirates on land and sea. Taking advantage of the war-weary Sicilians, they looted the nearby settlements and captured trade ships on the strait, carrying their plunder back to their base. They captured prisoners and demanded tribute. During this period, they struck coins featuring their name and images of their gods and goddesses. Their exploits made them rich and powerful. They began travelling further inland, even as far as Gela, and demanding tribute.

Decline

The Mamertine presence did not go unchallenged forever. In around 270 BC, the Mamertine exploits came to the attention of Syracuse, by word of the refugees from the settlements. Hiero II, tyrant of Syracuse, began to gather an army of citizens with which to rid the land of the destroyers of the peace and rescue his Greek kinsmen. Hiero met with the Mamertines when they were nearing Syracuse. Marching out his troops, he first sent his unruly mercenaries forward and allowed them to be butchered by the Mamertines. The faithless part of his army disposed of, Hiero marched his citizen soldiers back to the city where he drilled them to a better fighting condition. Leading his confident army north, he found the Mamertines again at the Longanus River on the plain of Mylae where he easily defeated them, and proclaimed himself king. The Mamertines were not accustomed to large pitched battles and had become reckless after beating Hiero's mercenaries. In the battle, Hiero captured the Mamertine leaders and the remnants fled back to the safety of Messina. Hiero had restricted the Mamertine activity and placed them in a dire situation.

When Hiero returned to besiege their base at Messina in 265 BC, the Mamertines called for help from a nearby fleet from Carthage, which occupied the harbour of Messina. Seeing this, the Syracuse forces retired, not wishing to confront Carthaginian forces. Uncomfortable under the Carthaginian "protection," the Mamertines now appealed to Rome to be allowed into the protection of the Roman people. At first, the Romans did not wish to come to the aid of soldiers who had unjustly stolen a city from its rightful possessors. However, unwilling to see Carthaginian power spread further over Sicily and get too close to Italy, Rome responded by entering into an alliance with the Mamertines. In response, Syracuse allied itself with Carthage, imploring their protection. With Rome and Carthage brought into conflict, the Syracuse/Mamertine conflict escalated into the First Punic War.

Legacy

Once the scale of the conflict had escalated beyond them, the Mamertines were lost to the historical record and their fate is lost, swallowed up in the larger events of the Punic wars. After the First Punic War, however, their name was not quite forgotten in the ancient world since "Mamertine wine" from the vineyards of north-eastern tip of Sicily was still known and enjoyed in the 1st century. It was the favourite of Julius Caesar and it was he who made it popular after serving it at a feast to celebrate his third consulship.

Even centuries after the Mamertine occupation, the inhabitants of Messina were still called Mamertines.

In his novel Salammbô, Gustave Flaubert  writes of the Greeks singing the 'old song of the Mamertines': "With my lance and sword I plough and reap; I am master of the house! The disarmed man falls at my feet and calls me Lord and Great King."

See also

 Punic Wars
 Sicilian Wars

Notes

External links
Jona Lendering – Mamertines
Mamertine Coins

Ancient mercenaries
Italian mercenaries
Magna Graecia
Mercenary units and formations of antiquity
Military units and formations of antiquity
Military units and formations of ancient Greece
Pyrrhic War
Roman Republic

Mamertines


A windowing system is a computing term. It refers to a way a computer operating system (OS) displays computer programs on a computer screen. It is a type of graphical user interface (GUI) using windows, menus, and a pointer. Microsoft Windows is a popular OS that uses a windowing system. Each window is an independent part of the screen and typically holds a program or dialog box.

References

Operating systems

Windowing system


Windows Phone 7 is the first release of the Windows Phone mobile client operating system, released on November 8, 2010, worldwide was released on October 21, 2010. It runs on Windows CE 6.0 kernel.

They have similar to Windows 7 but received updates from Microsoft, the last being is Windows Phone 7.8, which was released on March 13, 2013. After few features backported for Windows Phone 8, such as a more customizable start screen. The succeeded is Windows Phone 8, released in 2012.

History
Microsoft officially unveiled the new operating system is Windows Phone 7 Series, at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona on February 15, 2010, and revealed additional MIX 2010. The final SDK is have made available on September 16, 2010. In original names and ''wordy'', the names is Windows Phone 7 shortened on April 2, 2010.

On October 11, 2010. The CEO Steve Ballmer announced the 10 launch device for Windows Phone 7, made by HTC, Samsung, Dell, and LG, with the sale was beginning on October 21, 2010, for Europe and Australia, the Windows Phone 7 was released on November 8, 2010, for the United States.

Upon the device were made on 60 carriers in 30 countries, another device will be launched in 2011. The released Windows Phone 7 ''Mango'' in CEO Steve Ballmer used beginning on November 11, 2010. More is ZTE Microsoft website, was beginning support for Windows Phone 7.

Windows Phone has through Windows Phone Store in 35 countries and regions, Windows Mobile was extended support on July 15, 2011. Support additional language from Windows Phone Store brought features the Mango and Tango updates to the OS respectively.

Features

Core
Windows Phone 7 is the only version for Windows Phone that features is the kernel for Windows CE 6.0 was based on Windows Embedded Compact 7 version for Windows Embedded CE, which also the Pocket PC system and Windows Mobile.

User interface

Windows Phone 7 features a user interface based on a designed system codename and commonly referred to as Metro. The home screen, called ''Start screen'', is made up the ''Live Tiles'' for Windows Phone 7, Tiles are link features and functions, (such as contact and web). Users can add and remove tiles, dynamic, and updates in real-time, its example, the tiles for an email account would display the number message but live updates are weathers.

Several key features for Windows Phone 7 are organized into ''hubs'', which combine local and online via Windows Phone popular social such a Facebook, Windows Live, and Twitter. The pictures hub shows photo captures, multi-touch technology.

Removed features
While Windows Phone was hiding removed Adobe Flash, which ended on December 31, 2020, which based system is Google, and Windows Live.

Awards
Windows Phone 7 was presented with a total of three awards in 2011, extended support for Windows Phone 7 was ended on September 9, 2014. Awards for Windows Phone 7 has two awards on September 5, 2014, after the end of support four days later. Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer and Chairman Microsoft Bill Gates have four awards for hardware Windows Phone 7 was released on August 15, 2014.

On September 10, 2014, Microsoft choose the operating system Windows Phone has succeeded in Windows Phone 8, awards have ended in the four-day end of support for Windows Phone 7, Microsoft reaches the device for Windows Phone 7 can upgrade to Windows Phone 8, the Windows Live web, Google and Twitter end of support for Windows Phone 7 least on September 13, 2014.

Hardware

Windows Phone 7 device can launched to Samsung, HTC, Dell and LG, the Dell phone launch Windows Phone 7 buy sales from hardware, the none 32-bit ARM architectures, vine mobiles being ''tough, but fair.''. All Windows Phone 7 device has no choice unlike Windows 7, must be were required to 256MB.

Windows Phone 7 device mockup by 512MB of RAM, also for ''Mango'' and Tango update, the requirements were revised to allow for chipsets with slower processors, and for devices to have a minimum of 256 MB of RAM. Certain features of the operating system, and the ability to install certain resource-intensive apps. The 512MB of RAM is the device for Tango updates, live everything new for Live Tiles in the device.

Version history

Windows Phone 7.5
Windows Phone 7.5 is the version for Windows Phone 7 was released in 2011, at the Campaign Shop in the United States, the logo can similar to the red color button, Live Tiles app everything for version Mango, the first release Mango was leaked on January 2011, the support version has chosen from Microsoft official version as Tango.

Windows Phone 7.8
Windows Phone 7.8 is the version for Windows Phone 7 that was released on March 13, 2013. From Microsoft, Windows Phone 7.8 was leaked update on March 15, 2013. In the stages, Microsoft launched three device support for Windows Phone 7 is Samsung, Dell, and HTC, reach supported was ended on September 9, 2014. Features since August 29, 2014. But it's 256MB of RAM in devices, have a choice in Microsoft, support mainstream has ended on September 8, 2013.

Features subsequently implemented in Windows Phone 8.0 and 8.1

Features subsequently implemented in Windows Phone 8

 Removable SD cards
 USB mass-storage
 Bluetooth file transfers
 Connecting to Wi-Fi (wireless) access points with both a hidden SSID and WPA protection
 Sideloading for corporate apps
 VoIP and IP Video calling integrated into the Phone app
 Support for Office documents with security permissions
 On-device encryption
 Strong passwords
 Full Exchange support
 Native applications
 Full background multitasking

Features subsequently implemented in Windows Phone 8.1

 IPsec security (VPN)
 System-wide file manager
 The 'Weekly' view in the Calendar app
 Universal search
 UMTS/LTE Video calling

New features
Microsoft's hardware requirements stipulate that every device running Windows Phone 7 must have a dedicated Search button on the front of the device that performs different actions. Pressing the search button while an application is open allows users to search within applications that take advantage of this feature; for example, pressing Search in the People hub lets users search their contact list for specific people. This has been changed in Windows Phone 7.5 however – as the search button is reserved for Bing – so applications that previously used this feature (such as the Marketplace) now include soft search buttons.

In other cases, pressing the Search button will allow the user to perform a search of websites, news, and map locations using the Bing application.

Windows Phone also has a voice recognition function, powered by TellMe, which allows the user to perform a Bing search, call contacts, or launch applications simply by speaking. This can be activated by pressing and holding the phone's Start button.

Bing is the default search engine on Windows Phone handsets due to its deep integration of functions into the OS (which also includes the utilization of its map service for location-based searches and queries). However, Microsoft has stated that other search engine applications can be used.

Zune software is used to manage and sync content on Windows Phone 7 devices with PCs. Windows Phone 7 can wirelessly sync with the software. In addition to accessing Windows Phone devices, Zune software can also access the Zune Marketplace to purchase music, videos, and apps for Windows Phone and Zune products. While music and videos are both stored locally on the PC and the phone, apps are only stored on the phone even if purchased from the Zune software. Zune software is also used to deliver software updates to all Windows Phone 7 devices.

The Zune software is unavailable for Mac OS X, but Microsoft has released Windows Phone Connector, which allows Windows Phone devices to sync with iTunes and iPhoto. This has since been succeeded by the Windows Phone App, which is designed for Windows Phone 8 but can sync with Windows Phone 7 devices as well.

Music Video
The "Music + Videos hub" allows the user to access music, videos, and podcasts stored on the device, and links directly to the "Xbox Music Store" to buy music, or rent with the Xbox Music Pass subscription service. When browsing the music by a particular artist, users can view artist biographies and photos, provided by Xbox Music. This hub integrates with many other apps that provide video and music services, including, but not limited to, iHeartRadio, YouTube, and Vevo. This hub also includes Smart DJ which compiles a playlist of songs stored on the phone similar to the song or artist selected. Purchased movies and other videos can be played through Xbox Video.

The "Pictures hub" displays the user's Facebook and SkyDrive (now OneDrive) photo albums, as well as photos taken with the phone's built-in camera. Users can also upload photos to social networks, comment on other's photos, and tag photos on social networks. Multi-touch gestures permit zooming in and out of photos.

Office app
The "Office hub" organizes all Microsoft Office apps and documents. Microsoft Office Mobile provides interoperability between Windows Phone and the desktop version of Microsoft Office. Word Mobile, Excel Mobile, PowerPoint Mobile, OneNote Mobile, and SharePoint Workspace Mobile allow most Microsoft Office file formats to be viewed and edited directly on a Windows Phone device.

Microsoft Office can also open files from SkyDrive and Office 365, as well as files stored locally on the phone. Office files on Windows Phone 7 are sorted by tiles: Word documents (blue tile), Excel spreadsheets (green tile), PowerPoint presentations (red tile), and OneNote documents (purple tile).

Media
Windows Phone 7 supports WAV, MP3, WMA, AMR, AAC/MP4/M4A/M4B, and 3GP/3G2 standards. The video file formats supported include WMV, AVI, MP4/M4V, 3GP/3G2, and MOV (QuickTime) standards. These supported audio and video formats would be dependent on the codecs contained inside them. It has also been previously reported that the DivX and Xvid codecs within AVI are also playable on the system. Unlike the previous Windows Mobile operating system, there are currently no third-party applications for handling other video formats. The image file formats that are supported include JPG/JPEG, PNG, GIF, TIF, and Bitmap (BMP).

After the "Mango" update, Windows Phone 7 added the ability for users to have custom ringtones. Ringtone audio files must be under 1MB and less than 40 seconds long. Custom ringtones still cannot be used for text messages, IMs, or emails.

Contact Online
Contacts are organized via the "People hub", and can be manually entered into contacts or imported from Facebook, Windows Live Contacts, Twitter, LinkedIn, and Gmail. Contacts may be manually imported from Outlook using Windows Live Contacts or Gmail. A "What's New" section shows the news feed and a "Pictures" section show pictures from those social networks made by the contacts. A "Me" section shows the phone user's own social network status and wall, allow the user to update his status and check into Bing and Facebook Places. Contacts can be added to the home screen by pinning them to the start. The contact's "Live Tile" displays his social network status and profile picture on the home screen and the contact's hub displays his Facebook wall as well as all of the rest of his contact information and information from his other social networks.

If a contact has information stored on multiple networks, users can link the two separate contact accounts, allowing the information to be viewed and accessed from a single card. As of Windows Phone 7.5, contacts can also be sorted into "Groups". Here, information from each of the contacts is combined into a single page which can be accessed directly from the Hub or pinned to the Start screen.

Interface

Windows Phone 7 features a user interface based on a design system codenamed and commonly referred to as Metro. The home screen, called "Start screen", is made up of "Live Tiles". Tiles are links to applications, features, functions, and individual items (such as contacts, web pages, applications, or media items). Users can add, rearrange, or remove tiles. Tiles are dynamic and update in real-time – for example, the tile for an email account would display the number of unread messages or a tile could display a live update of the weather.

Several key features of Windows Phone 7 are organized into "hubs", which combine local and online content via Windows Phone's integration with popular social networks such as Facebook, Windows Live, and Twitter. For example, the Pictures hub shows photos captured with the device's camera and the user's Facebook photo albums, and the People hub shows contacts aggregated from multiple sources including Windows Live, Facebook, and Gmail. From the Hub, users can directly comment and 'like' on social network updates. The other built-in hubs are Xbox Music and Video, Xbox Live Games, Windows Phone Store, and Microsoft Office. Due to Facebook Connect service changes, Facebook support is disabled in all bundled apps effective June 8, 2015.

Windows Phone uses multi-touch technology. The default Windows Phone user interface has a dark theme that prolongs battery life on OLED screens as fully black pixels do not emit light. The user may choose a light theme instead, and can also choose from several accent colors. User interface elements such as tiles are shown in the user's chosen accent color. Third-party applications can be automatically themed with these colors.

Reception
What Engadget and Gizmodo felt were notable omissions in a modern smartphone OS[citation needed] have largely been addressed in the Mango update.[citation needed] ZDNet praised the OS's virtual keyboard and noted the excellent touch precision as well as powerful auto-correct and revision software. The touch responsiveness of the OS has also been universally praised by all three sites with reviewers noting the smoothness of scrolling and gestures like pinch to zoom in web browsing. PCWorld ran an article called "Windows Phone 7: Microsoft's Disaster" citing what they call a "lack of security, shockingly bad Office apps, an interface not backed up under the hood and abandonment of the full Microsoft customer base."

The reception to the "Metro" UI (also called Modern-Style UI) and the overall interface of the OS has also been highly praised for its style, with ZDNet noting its originality and fresh clean look. Engadget and ZDNet applauded the integration of Facebook into the People Hub as well as other built-in capabilities, such as Windows Live, etc.

Sync

 Windows Phone does not support USB sync with Microsoft Outlook's Calendar, Contacts, Tasks, and Notes as opposed to older versions of Windows Mobile with Desktop ActiveSync. Syncing Contacts and Appointments is done via cloud-based services (Windows Live, Google, or Exchange Server), and no method to sync this information directly with a PC is provided. Third-party software, such as Akruto Sync, provides some of this functionality. A petition to Microsoft was filed to reinstate USB sync for Outlook.

Related pages
 Windows Phone
 Windows Phone 8
 Windows 7

Other websites
 https://microsoft.com/windowsphone7
 https://www.windowsphone.com

Microsoft operating systems
Smartphones

Windows Phone 7


William Johnson Kerr (1787 – April 23, 1845) was a political figure in Upper Canada.

He was born in 1787, the son of Robert Kerr and grandson of Sir William Johnson. He was a captain in the Indian Department and with John Brant and John Norton, he led a group of Six Nations warriors at the Battle of Queenston Heights. He was also involved in the Battle of Beaver Dams and other battles during the War of 1812. He was captured by the Americans at the Battle of Lundy's Lane and was released after the war. He was named justice of the peace in the Niagara District in 1817 and in the Gore District in 1828. In 1818, he participated in meetings organized by Robert Gourlay and presented a list of grievances to Lieutenant Governor Sir Peregrine Maitland. He represented the 2nd riding of Lincoln in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada from 1820 to 1824. He served as superintendent for the Burlington Bay Canal project, alongside Michael Tipson. In 1832, no longer sympathetic to the reform cause, he took part in an assault on William Lyon Mackenzie in Hamilton and was charged and fined.

He had married Elizabeth Brant, the daughter of Joseph Brant (Thayendanegea), and, on John Brant's death in 1832, his son William Simcoe was chosen as Brant's successor. Kerr also led members of the Six Nations during the Upper Canada Rebellion.

He died at Wellington Square (Burlington) in 1845.

External links
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

1787 births
1845 deaths
British Indian Department
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada
Canadian people of the War of 1812

William Johnson Kerr


Djurgårdsandan (literally translated as 'the Djurgården spirit') is a corporate social responsibility (CSR) commitment. It was founded in 2006 by the Djurgården football association with other organizations related to Djurgården. This programme actively works with adolescents through a variety of social projects that range from health issues, ethnic integration and to crime reduction. In addition, other highly notable aims of Djurgårdsandan are a promotion of the values of the association and a positive 'supporter culture'.

Djurgårdsandan's deals primarily with:

An active engagement with society
Work surrounding core values
Work in favour of a positive supporter culture

During the 2013 season of the elite and professional Swedish league (Allsvenskan), Djurgården's kit will feature the logo of Djurgårdsandan.

Other websites
Djurgårdsandan
Djurgårdsandan sport center

2006 establishments in Europe
Non-profit organizations of Sweden
2000s establishments in Sweden

Djurgårdsandan


Major-General Ranjit Lal Jetley, FIE, FIQA (10 March 1923 – 30 March 2018) was an Indian soldier and scientist. He served in World War II and the 1947 Indo-Pakistani War, becoming an artillery regiment commander. He went on to work in armaments research and development, his innovations including an Indian 10mm light field gun and upgunning of the Sherman tanks. He also contributed to set up two major laboratories. Jetley retired in 1979 and moved to the United Kingdom.

Early life
Jetley was born in Rawalpindi to a military Punjabi-Brahmin family. His grandfather, Subedar Maya Das Jetley, held the Indian Distinguished Service Medal (IDSM), having served on the North Western frontier and in World War I; his father, Lt. Col Kundan Lal Jetley, MBE, participated with the British Expeditionary Forces in Burma and Shanghai, China during peace time, and served in World War II. Jetley's uncles, Major Mangal Sain Jetley, Major Inder Sen Jetley, also served in World War II.

Jetley's mother, Kaushaliya Rani, was the daughter of High Court advocate Shivram Jhingan. Jetley was educated at Quetta, Lansdowne and Dehra Dun, followed by higher education at the Gordon Mission College, Rawalpindi.

Wartime career
Jetley was commissioned on 5 July 1942 and served in Arakan, Burma. He took part in the Battle of Ramree Island and the Allied landings at Letpan, mainland Burma, where, as naval Forward Observation Officer for a field artillery regiment, he called in the naval bombardment. From 1945 to 1946, he served with an Indian anti-tank regiment in Sumatra, Indonesia as a part of the British occupation.

In 1946, Jetley became a captain in the regular army and travelled to Britain for training at the Royal School of Artillery, Larkhill, along with Om Prakash Malhotra (later General Chief of Army Staff) and J. F. R. Jacob (later Lt General, Governor Punjab). In 1948, he took part in the Jammu & Kashmir Operations of the Indo-Pakistani War, involving the re-capture of Jhangar, capture of Rajouri and the Punch linkup.

Peacetime artillery service
From 1950, he served with the Technical Development Establishments at Jabalpur, Cossipore and later Kanpur and raised Inspectorates for the two major Ordnance Factories. At Kanpur he was credited for contributing to the manufacture of the first 25 Pounder Ordnance and the first Bren Gun in India. The occasion was celebrated by the Ordnance factory by firing of the first Bren Gun in the presence of Shri Rajendra Prasad, first President of India.

In 1952, he commanded an anti-tank regiment artillery. From 1953 to 1958, he commanded one of the then only two Medium Artillery Regiments and later raised the third Medium Regiment Artillery. With this newly raised unit, he earned a name in exercise 'Doaba' by taking his medium guns across the river Sutlej by dismantling, which was commended by the Corps Commander Lt. Gen. J. N. Chaudhari and Lt. Gen. Kulwant Singh, the chief Umpire and General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Western Command. It was here that he also conceived the idea of up-gunning the Sherman Tank for better firepower and put up a paper to the General Staff. This was to have a salutary effect on the outcome of the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War.

Scientific career

During his second tenure (from 1958 onwards) with TDEs and the Defence Research and Development Organisation, he had a distinguished career in various capacities. As Superintendent, Proof and Experiment Establishment, he conceived, planned and modernised the previous ranges to enable enhancement of indigenous production and evaluation of foreign manufacturer's claims.

In addition to the normal call of duties, he had been personally responsible for projecting new ideas which led to the improvement in the performance of various service equipments. A few outstanding examples showing his ingenuity and skill were:-
 Mounting of 75 mm High Velocity French Gun on the Sherman tank.
 Conversion of 4.7" Naval Gun mounting to take 4.5" Naval gun.
 Modification of 25 Pdr carriage for high angle fire.
 Universal slave carriage/mounting for proof of any calibre gun and ammunition (Railway Open Wagon on broad gauge rails).

It is estimated that he saved over 1 billion of assets in the form of saving old tanks from disposal. Due to his efforts, the production of 4.5" ammunition in the country could begin at least one year earlier than by waiting for such facility to be provided by a foreign supplier. The facility was inaugurated by demonstrating proof of first lot of indigenous naval 4.5" ammunition in the presence of Admiral Katari, then Chief of the Naval Staff of India.

Later Jetley was assigned to the special Weapon Design Team. During this period his contribution for planning and organisation along with others resulted in establishing the Defence Research and Development Laboratories for rockets and missile.

Jetley's contribution was also admired in the raising of the Terminal Ballistic Research Laboratory for research in the field of transient phenomenon involving detonation of explosives.

Thus reasonable amount of credit for setting up of these two major laboratories equipped with most modern instrumentation goes to him.

He exhibited the first uncontrolled flight of a short range missile to the Defence Minister at Tuglakabad ranges in 1961 as desired by the Scientific Adviser Bhagwantam. This success had great contribution from Wing Commander Sethna and Bensal.

In 1968, he was assigned to the Directorate General of Inspection, a quality assurance organisation, where, as Senior Inspector of Armaments and Gauges, he further excelled his performance and was responsible for improving the quality of inspection of 40 mm anti-aircraft guns. He was also instrumental in enhancing the production of Mountain guns at Heavy Engineering Corporation at Ranchi and Gun Carriage Factory Jabalpur for which he was commended by the Secretary Defence Production and DGOF. He was hence sent for training to Sweden in Air Defence Systems with BOFORS and became a member of the Technical Committee for the Indian collaboration.

In 1971, he raised the Controllerate of Inspection (Weapons) which was a great bonus during the 1971 War for inspection of imported weapons. After war he contributed by making an assessment of the effect of Pakistani weapons which was a good guide for future improvements and defect investigations. From 1973 as Director of Inspection (Armaments), he was personally responsible for increasing the pace of indigenisation in the private sector. Later he helped in establishing the production of an anti-tank ammunition by revising acceptance criteria, after his return from the Jefferson Proving Grounds in the USA.

He encouraged the export of armaments as Director of Inspection (Armaments) and he was later nominated by the Defence Secretary to go to FFV Sweden to inspect the first 84 mm Carl Gustaf Rocket Launcher consignment.

He was assigned in 1976 to develop a Light Field Gun of 105 mm for the Army. In a very short period from the date of his take over, he produced the first proto-type involving induction of most modern materials (three new varieties of steel were developed at Durgapur steel plant) and sophisticated technology in the field of gun development resulting in a light carriage of half weight and India's first Ordnance design. Simultaneously, he developed a time fuze for the carrier shells of long range guns by modifying an existing time fuze. The development of Smoke and HESH ammunition for this light gun IFG Mark II and IFG Mark I had his contribution.

Awards and recognition
For the exemplary work with his new ideas, he received under heading Honours and Awards in the Army Orders two commendation cards from the Chief of the Army Staff, one was on the recommendation of the Chief of the Naval Staff. Also, two of the first cash awards given by the Ministry of Defence, when introduced, went to him for his inventions. In view of his excellent allround performance in the field of engineering and applied technology, he was made a Fellow of Institution of Engineers (India) and Fellow of the Institution of Quality Assurance (UK).

Besides all other achievements to his credit for making an investigation of national importance of an armament store he was awarded the commendation card of the Secretary (Defense Production) in 1977.

Jetley rendered 37 years service and retired on 9 July 1979 after two extensions in the Service interest.

Publications
Jetley has written a number of technical papers on the improvement in the performance of Army equipment, including a proposal to convert Stuart tanks to APCs. He has also published two books, one restricted for artillery officers promotion examination and one for the open market Rockets, Satellites and Guided Missiles.

His National Defence College paper on Future pattern of Weapons System (1970), led to him represent the course at the Parliamentarians' meeting on Atom Bomb considerations. This paper was later published in the USI magazine.

Teaching
During his four years as Director of Studies (Army) at the Institute of Armament Technology, Jetley revised the Technical Staff Officers' Course by introducing studies for future armament needs, which resulted in an exercise to up-gun the T55 Tank with the British 105 mm Tank Gun. This was later adapted by the Army. He also introduced the Scientific Orientation Courses for Army Officers and compiled the Indian Army instructional pamphlet (Science) for the Army.

His critical innovation
Credit for the availability of the up-gunned World War II vintage Shermans in 1965 to successfully combat the American supplied M48 Pattons goes to Jetley and to the General Staff of the Army, who provided him with a Sherman Tank to experiment for what was then a radical idea. The result is described in extract of two newspaper articles below. For this innovation he was paid merely  2000 as a cash award to kill the dream of Field Marshal Ayub Khan to capture Delhi.

Extract from The Economic Times New Delhi Wednesday 6 September 1995 page 7 an article by Global Watch/K Subrahmanyam titled "The First War with Pak"

"Third, the Pakistanis has secretly raised a second armoured division while India had only one then...The Pakistani armoured division which was to break through at Khem Karan was totally destroyed by an Indian armoured brigade consisting of one Centurion regiment, one regiment of Sherman Mark IV tanks and another with up-gunned Shermans. The Sherman tanks were of World War II vintage. This happened because of the superior tactical skills of officer and men of the Indian Army. That battle was crucial in the sense if India had lost it the fate of the subcontinent would have changed...The country has to be overly grateful to the officers and men of that armoured brigade."

Extract from The Indian Express New Delhi Friday 19 December 2003 Page 9 "Last Salute to the lion of 1965" (Lt. Gen Joginder Singh Dhillon; 1914–2003, Obituary) describes the result of Maj Gen Jetley's endeavours in the unglamourous field of defence research and development,

Personal life

Jetley was the founder member of Chartered Quality Institute. He died in March 2018 at the age of 95.

See also
 Burma Campaign

References

1923 births
2018 deaths
20th-century Indian engineers
Engineers from Punjab, India
Defence Research and Development Organisation
Indian generals
Indian military engineers
Military personnel from Punjab, India
Pahari Pothwari people
People from Rawalpindi District
Punjabi people
Punjabi Hindus

Ranjit Lal Jetley


In physics, the Young–Laplace equation () is a nonlinear partial differential equation that describes the capillary pressure difference across the interface between two static fluids, such as water and air. This difference is  due to the phenomenon of surface tension or wall tension. Wall tension can only be used for very thin walls. The Young–Laplace equation relates the pressure difference to the shape of the surface or wall. It is very important in the study of static capillary surfaces.

In physiology it is known as Laplace's law. It is used to describe the pressure inside hollow organs.

The equation is named after Thomas Young, who developed the qualitative theory of surface tension in 1805, and Pierre-Simon Laplace who completed the mathematical description in the following year. It is sometimes also called the Young–Laplace–Gauss equation: Carl Friedrich Gauss unified the work of Young and Laplace in 1830. Gauss derived both the differential equation and boundary conditions using Johann Bernoulli's virtual work principles.

References

Equations of physics

Young–Laplace equation


A 2-6-8-0 steam locomotive, in the Whyte notation for describing locomotive wheel arrangements, has two leading wheels, a set of six driving wheels, a set of eight driving wheels, and no trailing wheels. These locomotives usually employ the Mallet principle of articulation, with a swinging front engine and a rigidly attached rear engine.

Equivalent classifications
Other equivalent classifications are:
UIC classification: 1CD (also known as German classification and Italian classification)
French classification: 130+040
Turkish classification: 34+44
Swiss classification: 3/4+4/4

The UIC classification is refined to (1'C)D for Mallet locomotives.

Examples
This type of articulated locomotive is unusual in having different numbers of driving axles in each set, and was only found in the United States of America and Germany. The Great Northern Railway and the Alabama Great Southern, a predecessor of the Southern Railway, both in the United States, were the sole long-term users of this type of locomotive.

Great Northern received 35 from Baldwin in 1910, numbered 1950–1984, designated class M-1. The M1s were rebuilt to use simple expansion In 1926 and 1927 and were redesignated class M-2. Most of the M-2s did not last long, being converted to class O-7 2-8-2s between 1929 and 1931; the thirteen exceptions remained in service until 1949–1954. The AGS had a single example in this wheel arrangement, number 300. It went to the Southern Railway and was later joined by two other 2-6-8-0 types numbered 4002 and 4003.

This unusual wheel arrangement was the subject of some experimentation.  The Erie Railroad briefly had a locomotive of this type numbered 2900, but it was rebuilt to a 2-8-0 in 1916 after only six years.  The Baldwin Locomotive Works marketed a front end "kit" whereby conventional 2-8-0 locomotives could be converted to 2-6-8-0 types. None of this type locomotive have been preserved.

Baltimore & Ohio Railroad had some 2-6-8-0 steam locomotives in their KL-1 class.

In Germany, during World War II, Deutsche Reichsbahn started work on a condensing 2-6-8-0 mallet locomotive built by Borsig. These were to have dual smoke stacks and had smoke deflectors to help with the driver's visibility while driving the locomotive. The locomotive would have been the largest on the German rail network, but as it was nearing completion in Borsig Werke it was destroyed in a RAF bombing raid.

References

External links
 Alabama Great Southern / Southern Other Articulated Locomotives
 Great Northern Other Articulated Locomotives
GN Steam Locos
Erie Condensed Steam Locomotive Roster
Alabama Great Southern 300

68,2-6-8-0
Great Northern Railway (United States) locomotives
Steam locomotives of Southern Railway (U.S.)

2-6-8-0


Loreto Convent is an English-medium girls' primary and secondary school located in Chauk Bazar, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. It is run by Loreto Education Society of Darjeeling. The school is affiliated to the ICSE and ISC boards of Delhi.

History
The Loreto Sisters came to India in 1841 at the invitation of the then Archbishop of Calcutta, Dr. Carew. The school was established during the British Raj by a group of Sisters of Loreto at 1846 to begin their work of 'quality education'. with the assistance of some lay gentlemen the land arrangements were made. Two choir sisters and a lay Sister with their chaplain came to start on 2 October 1846, Loreto House Branch Boarding and Day School. The party consisted of Mother Teresa Mons, Superioress, Mother Mary de Chantel Kelly with two novices. They were accompanied by Fr. John Me Girr.

The Sisters began with two students, Miss Ryves and Miss Emma Moran.  The sisters moved from their first residence "Snowy View" to the new Convent building on 1 May 1847 and the school building was added in 1853 which had particularly large playgrounds.

The sisters continued their work of education under Bishop Carew but in 1848 they were brought under the Vicariate of Patna and Bishop Hartman. The Capuchin Ecclesiastical Superior paid his visit to the convent in April 1848. This brought Loreto Convent to a new phase where it ceased to be connected with the parent house in Calcutta- this state of things lasted till 1881. The girls were getting quality education and were proficient in English, French and had a good taste for music and drawing. The numbers went up slowly, in 1852 there were 19 pupils and in 1855 there were 30 pupils. By 1875, there were 107 and by the Golden Jubilee year, there were 173 pupils.

The convent also had a small orphanage for mainly soldiers' children which existed till 1887 when the orphans were transferred to Calcutta, i.e., Entally. In 1903, a new concert hall was built. In the same year, a new Novitiate was canonically erected and the novices came from Asansol in 1904. Mother Antoinette played a major role in the lives of the soldiers' and nurses during the World War II as they were housed in the Novitiate building.

To keep in step with the educational developments, the Cambridge examinations were introduced in Darjeeling (1905) and the first three candidates presented were successful. From the turn of the century, the number of boarders grew and by 1917, there were 211 students out of which 117 were boarders.

By 1926, Mr. Arthur Forbes of Purnea had set up a line of fine buildings as the children began to grow in numbers. The dining room, dressing rooms, the skating rink and the Lytton hospital were completed. the school expanded and developed and provided holistic education. The hostel was the home of children for many South-Asian children and those from Calcutta, Purnea and other places.

In 1988, the school hostel had to close due to the threats of agitation. Loreto is presently a neighborhood school with 1600 pupils from every strata of society with the same benefits of 'all round education'.

Notable alumni
 Sri Aurobindo (1872–1950), Indian nationalist, scholar, poet, mystic, evolutionary philosopher, yogi and guru
 Vivien Leigh (1913–1967), British two-time Oscar-winning film and stage actress
 Leila Seth (1930–2017), first female Chief Justice of an Indian state
 Princess Shanti Singh of Nepal (1941–2001)
 Princess Sharada Shah of Nepal (1943–2001)
 Princess Shobha Shahi of Nepal (born 1949)
 Princess Jayanti Shah of Nepal (1946–2001)
 Jetsun Pema (born 1940), activist, sister of the 14th Dalai Lama

References

External links
 Official Website

Darjeeling
Catholic secondary schools in India
Catholic boarding schools in India
Schools in Colonial India
Christian schools in West Bengal
Boarding schools in West Bengal
Primary schools in West Bengal
High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal
Girls' schools in West Bengal
Schools in Darjeeling district
Education in Darjeeling
Educational institutions established in 1846
1846 establishments in British India

Loreto Convent, Darjeeling


Greenacre Park is a privately owned, publicly accessible vest-pocket park located on East 51st Street between Second and Third Avenues in the Turtle Bay neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, designed by Hideo Sasaki, former chairman of Harvard's Dept. of Landscape Arch., in consultation with architect Harmon Goldstone. The park, which is owned by Greenacre Foundation, was a 1971 gift from Abby Rockefeller Mauzé, the philanthropist, the daughter of John D. Rockefeller Jr. and the granddaughter of John D Rockefeller.

The  park was assembled from three lots, which had previously been occupied by a store, a garage, and part of a synagogue.  It features a  waterfall, a trellis with heat lamps for chilly days, chairs and tables, as well as honey locust trees, azaleas, and pansies, which together attract an average of 700 visitors a day.

In 1980, when a planned building would have blocked the park's sunlight, a campaign was launched to block the construction of the building. Then, in May 2017, a city rezoning plan, which would allow the building of taller buildings nearby the park, caused a controversy when the Greenacre Foundation claimed that the taller buildings would put the park in shadow a great deal of time.  A city shadow study indicated that the park would not be adversely affected by the rezoning, but a study commissioned by the Foundation claimed that buildings on six particular sites could put the park completely in the dark; because of this the Foundation called for height limitations on those sites.  , their "Fight for Light" campaign is supported by the Municipal Art Society, Manhattan Borough President Gale Brewer, New Yorkers for Parks, and Daniel R. Garodnick, the city councilman in whose district the park is located.

In 2018, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

See also

List of privately owned public spaces in New York City
National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets

References

External links

Parks in Manhattan
Turtle Bay, Manhattan
Parks on the National Register of Historic Places in New York City
National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan
Institutions founded by the Rockefeller family
Privately owned public spaces
1971 establishments in New York City

Greenacre Park


Ambulocetus ("walking whale") was an early amphibious cetacean. It could walk as well as swim. Ambulocetus natans lived from the early Eocene (50 to 48 million years ago). Its fossils have been found in Pakistan. When the animal was alive, Pakistan was a coastal region of India, which was then a large island in the Indian Ocean.

Description

It looked like a 3-meter (10-foot) long mammalian crocodile. It was clearly amphibious: its back legs are better adapted for swimming than for walking on land, and it probably swam by undulating its back vertically, as otters and whales do.

Ambulocetids may have hunted like crocodiles, lurking in the shallows to snatch unsuspecting prey. Chemical analysis of its teeth shows that it was able to move between salt and fresh water. Ambulocetus did not have external ears. To detect prey on land, they may have lowered their heads to the ground and felt for vibrations.

Scientists consider Ambulocetus to be an early whale because it shares underwater adaptations with them. It had an adaptation in the nose that enabled it to swallow underwater, and its periotic bones had a structure like those of whales, enabling it to hear well underwater. In addition, its teeth are similar to those of early cetaceans.

One mostly complete specimen and several partial skeletons have been found in Pakistan.

Related pages
Pakicetus

References

Fossils
Cetaceans

Ambulocetus


Sticky rice mortar was invented in ancient China utilizing organic materials in inorganic mortar. Hydraulic mortar was not available in ancient China, possibly due to a lack of volcanic ash.

Around 500 CE, sticky rice soup was mixed with slaked lime to make an inorganic−organic composite mortar that had more strength and water resistance than lime mortar. Sticky rice played a major role in maintaining the durability of the  Great Wall, as well as tombs, pagodas, and city walls. Sticky rice mortar had high adhesive strength, sturdiness, waterproofing capability, and prevented weeds from growing as crude mortar made of sticky rice and burnt lime created a seal between bricks that would rival modern cement in strength.

During the Ming dynasty (1368–1644 AD), brick-making techniques improved significantly in terms of quantity and quality of production. Since then, Great Wall sections were widely built with bricks, with lime mortar and sticky rice used to reinforce the bricks strongly enough to resist earthquakes and modern bulldozers while keeping the building intact.

Modern chemists, through their research, identified amylopectin, a type of polysaccharide, or complex carbohydrate, found in rice and other starchy foods to appear to be responsible for the sticky rice mortar's strength and durability.

References

Bricks
Building materials
Cement
Chinese inventions
Concrete
Great Wall of China
Rice
Traditional East Asian Architecture

Sticky rice mortar


In French Caribbean culture, especially of the Lesser Antilles, the term kwadril is a Creole term referring to a folk dance derived from the quadrille.

Saint Lucia quadrille

On the island of Saint Lucia, kwadrils are social occasions held in private homes; Lucian kwadrils were formerly viewed as old-fashioned, but are increasingly being adopted as a symbol of Lucian culture. These kwadrils are very formalized, and are accompanied by a cuatro, rattle, chak-chak, violin, banjo and bones (zo).

It consists of five separate dances: the pwémyé fidji, dézyèm fidji, twazyèm fidji, katwiyèm fidji (also avantwa or lanmen dwèt) and gwan won (also grande rond). The musicians may also use a lakonmèt (mazurka), schottische or polka; the lakonmèt, also called the mazouk, is especially popular and is the only closed couple dance which originated in Saint Lucia.

Dominica quadrille

The Dominican quadrille generally has four different figures, the pastouwèl, lapoul, lété and latrinitez. Some regions of Dominica, such as Petite Savanne, are home to local variants such as the caristo. Many quadrilles are found across Dominica under a wide variety of names. In addition to the standard quadrille, the lancer is also an important Dominican dance.

Accompaniment for the quadrille is provided by a four instrument ensemble called a jing ping band.

Guadeloupe balakadri

Balakadri (called balkadri or kadri) is a traditional quadrille music that was performed for balls on the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe. Kwadril dances are in sets consisting of proper quadrilles, plus creolized versions of 19th-century couple dances: biguines, mazouks and valses Créoles.

Instrumentation consists of variable combinations of accordion, guitar, violin, tanbou dibas, chacha (either a single metal cylinder as in Martinique, or a spherical calabash without a handle, held in both hands), malakach (maracas), triangle, bwa (tibwa) and syak, a bamboo rasp one metre long, grooved on both top and bottom, held with one end on the belly and the other on a door or wall and scraped with both hands. A konmandé completes the ensemble.

See also

Music of Dominica
Music of Guadeloupe
Music of Martinique
Music of Saint Lucia

References

Dominica music
Guadeloupean music
Martinican music
Saint Lucian music
Caribbean music genres
French styles of music
Caribbean
Country dance

Kwadril


Carl Bridenbaugh (August 10, 1903 – January 6, 1992) was an American historian of Colonial America.  He had an illustrious career, writing fourteen books and editing or co-editing five more, and he was acclaimed as a historian and teacher.

Career
Born in Philadelphia and raised in its rural suburbs, he received his bachelor's degree from Dartmouth College in 1925, studied at the University of Pennsylvania for two years, and completed his master's and doctoral degrees at Harvard University in 1930 and 1936, respectively.  At Harvard he worked closely with urban historian Arthur M. Schlesinger, Sr. He taught at MIT from 1927–1938, Harvard in 1929–1930, and Brown University from 1938–1942 before leaving for wartime service in the Navy.

In 1938, the American Historical Association awarded Bridenbaugh's Cities in the Wilderness the Justin Winsor Prize for the best book by a young scholar on the history of the Americas, and the book quickly became a classic among historians.  He was an organizer and the first director (1945–1950) of the Institute of Early American History and Culture, which he moved to Williamsburg, Virginia for five years to oversee.  He was a fellow of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (1956–1958) and a Guggenheim fellow (1958–1962).  He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1958. He later taught at the University of California, Berkeley 1950–1962 and again at Brown from 1962 until his retirement in 1969. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1963. He was also president of the American Historical Association in 1962.

Scholarship
Bridenbaugh is best known for his two major books on colonial cities: Cities in the Wilderness-The First Century of Urban Life in America 1625–1742 (1938) and Cities in Revolt: Urban Life in America, 1743–1776 (1955).  In them he examined in depth five key cities: Boston (population 16,000 in 1760), Newport Rhode Island (population 7500), New York City (population 18,000), Philadelphia (population 23,000), and Charles Town (Charlestown, South Carolina), (population 8000). He argues they grew from small villages to take major leadership roles in promoting trade, land speculation, immigration, and prosperity, and in disseminating the ideas of the Enlightenment, and new methods in medicine and technology. Furthermore, they sponsored a consumer taste for English amenities, developed a distinctly American educational system, and began systems for care of people meeting welfare.  The cities were not remarkable by European standards, but they did display certain distinctly American characteristics, according to Bridenbaugh. There was no aristocracy or established church, there was no long tradition of powerful guilds. The colonial governments were much less powerful and intrusive and corresponding national governments in Europe. They experimented with new methods to raise revenue, build infrastructure and to solve urban problems. They were more democratic than European cities, in that a large fraction of the men could vote, and class lines were more fluid.  Contrasted to Europe, printers (especially as newspaper editors) had a much larger role in shaping public opinion, and lawyers moved easily back and forth between politics and their profession. Bridenbaugh argues that by the mid-18th century, the middle-class businessmen, professionals, and skilled artisans dominated the cities. He characterizes them as "sensible, shrewd, frugal, ostentatiously moral, generally honest," public spirited, and upwardly mobile, and argues their economic strivings led to "democratic yearnings" for political power.

Personal life
Bridenbaugh married twice, first in 1931 to Jessica Hill, who died in 1943, and then a short time later to Roberta Haines Herriott (1902–1996). He died of cancer in Rhode Island Hospital, Providence.

He was a member of the Massachusetts Historical Society.

Works
Cities in the Wilderness: The First Century of Urban Life in America, 1625–1742 (1938) [ online] edition
Rebels and Gentlemen: Philadelphia in the Age of Franklin (1942)
Peter Harrison: First American Architect (1949)
Seat of Empire (1950)
Myths and Realities: Societies of the Colonial South (1952)
Cities in Revolt: Urban Life in America, 1743–1776 (1955)
Mitre and Sceptre: Transatlantic Faith, Ideas, Personalities, and Politics (1962) [ online] edition free
Vexed and Troubled Englishmen, 1590–1642: The Beginnings of the American People (1968)
No Peace Beyond the Line (1971)
Fat Mutton and Liberty of Conscience: Society in Rhode Island, 1636–1690 (1974)
The Spirit of '76': The Growth of American Patriotism Before Independence' (1975)Jamestown 1544–1699 (1980)Early Americans (1981)The Colonial Craftsman'' (1990)

References

1903 births
1992 deaths
Brown University faculty
Dartmouth College alumni
Harvard University alumni
Historians of the Thirteen Colonies
Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
Writers from Philadelphia
Writers from Providence, Rhode Island
Presidents of the American Historical Association
University of Pennsylvania alumni
20th-century American historians
20th-century American male writers
Historians from Pennsylvania
American male non-fiction writers
Members of the American Philosophical Society

Carl Bridenbaugh


Christiane Charlotte of Nassau-Ottweiler (2 September 1685 – 6 November 1761) was a Countess of Nassau-Ottweiler by birth and by marriage successively Countess of Nassau-Saarbrücken and countess of Hesse-Homburg.

Life

Christiane Charlotte was a daughter of the Count Frederick Louis of Nassau-Ottweiler (1651–1728) from his first marriage with Countess Christiane of Ahlefeldt (1659–1695).

She married her first husband, Count Charles Louis of Nassau-Saarbrücken, on 22 April 1713 in Saarbrücken:

She closed her second marriage on 17 October 1728 in Saarbrücken with Landgrave Frederick III of Hesse-Homburg.  This marriage came into existence after mediation by Frederick's brother, Landgrave Ernest Louis of Hesse-Darmstadt.  This marriage should consolidate the ailing finances of Hesse-Homburg.  An imperial debit commission had found only two silver spoons at the court.  Frederick III had raised concerns and proposed to inform his bride-to-be, who demanded a proper dower, about his financial situation.  Ernest Louis then wrote to Frederick : "Write brother, write, as long as you have time, you can do so."

Issue
From her first marriage, Christiane Charlotte had two sons, who, however, both died in infancy:
 Charles Frederick (1718–1719)
 Louis Charles (1720–1721)

References
 Carl Eduard Vehse: Geschichte der deutschen Höfe seit der Reformation, p. 453.

Countesses of Nassau
House of Nassau
Landgravines of Hesse-Darmstadt
1685 births
1761 deaths
18th-century German people
Daughters of monarchs
Remarried royal consorts


Bhaskara's Lemma is an identity used as a lemma during the chakravala method. It states that:

for integers  and non-zero integer .

Proof
The proof follows from simple algebraic manipulations as follows:  multiply both sides of the equation by , add , factor, and divide by .

So long as neither  nor  are zero, the implication goes in both directions.  (The lemma holds for real or complex numbers as well as integers.)

References
C. O. Selenius, "Rationale of the chakravala process of Jayadeva and Bhaskara II", Historia Mathematica, 2 (1975), 167-184.
C. O. Selenius, Kettenbruch theoretische Erklarung der zyklischen Methode zur Losung der Bhaskara-Pell-Gleichung, Acta Acad. Abo. Math. Phys. 23 (10) (1963).
George Gheverghese Joseph, The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics (1975).

External links
Introduction to chakravala

Diophantine equations
Number theoretic algorithms
Lemmas in algebra
Indian mathematics
Articles containing proofs

Bhaskara's lemma


Ann's Diner (now known as Pat's Diner) is a historic diner at 11 Bridge Road (US Route 1) in Salisbury, Massachusetts, United States.

The diner was built in 1950 as #824 by the Worcester Lunch Car Company, as a custom job for James and Ann Evans.  They had opened their first diner in Haverhill, also called Ann's Diner, in 1948, and moved it to the present site later that year.  The business was successful enough that they ordered the present diner as a replacement.  It was specifically designed to accommodate a separate dining room, and was opened in April 1950.  The Evanses owned the business until 1960, after which it went through a succession of owners.  From 1976 to 1987 it was owned by Norman Brockelbank  and known as Norm's Place.  The diner was closed between 1997 and 1999.  In 1999 it was acquired by Pat Archambault, who restored it and reopened it as Pat's Diner.

The diner is a classic barrel-roof diner, nine window bays long and three deep.  The original entrances to the diner were at its ends, but the left one has been repurposed as a site for heating and ventilation equipment.  The right side door retains its original steel door with sunburst motif, and the middle bay window on the front facade has been replaced by an entrance that projects from the diner's body.  The barrel roof is covered by a rubber membrane, and extends to porches that covered the entrances at the ends.

Behind the diner body is a wood frame single story structure, which houses the kitchen and restrooms.  Unlike many New England diners, this structure has a gable roof.  The diner's interior is unusual for its custom configuration.  The right six bays have a typical interior setup, with four booths and fourteen counter stools, while the left three bays have a dining room arrangement.  This area is separated from the counter area by a pocket door, and has six booths, three each lining the front and back walls.

The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 10, 2003.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, Massachusetts

References

Diners on the National Register of Historic Places
Diners in Massachusetts
Commercial buildings completed in 1950
Restaurants on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Essex County, Massachusetts
Tourist attractions in Essex County, Massachusetts
Restaurants established in 1950
National Register of Historic Places in Essex County, Massachusetts
1950 establishments in Massachusetts

Ann's Diner


Holding "Belavtodor" is a group of construction and industrial companies in Belarus, which occupies a leading position in the market of complex construction, reconstruction and overhaul of transport infrastructure facilities. It also manufactures road construction equipment, road construction materials, reinforced concrete, steel and other products for road and bridge construction.

The Belavtodor holding includes 13 road-building, bridge-building, industrial and transport companies.

History
In 2001, after the liquidation of the Committee for Roads of the Ministry of Transport and Communications, the "Belavtodor" department was created. The main tasks of the company are the development and implementation of a road policy aimed at the rational development and improvement of the technical condition of the public road network, meeting the needs of the economy and the population in road services, creating conditions for the development of road traffic.

In July 2013, the Belavtodor holding was established. The holding united companies in the field of road construction and transport facilities.

In October 2015, the Belavtodor holding was transferred from the subordination of the Ministry of Transport and Communications to the subordination of the State Committee for Property of the Republic of Belarus.

In January 2017, OJSC "Management company of the Belavtodor holding" was established by transforming the republican unitary enterprise "Management company of the Belavtodor holding".

In 2020, Belavtodar became the first company with a state share in the authorized capital, whose shares were admitted to trading on the Belarusian Currency and Stock Exchange.

References

2001 establishments in Europe

Belavtodor


Robert Kane (né Kahn ; October 24, 1915 – November 3, 1998) was an American comic book writer, animator and artist who co-created Batman (with Bill Finger) and most early related characters for DC Comics. He was inducted into the comic book industry's Jack Kirby Hall of Fame in 1993 and into the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 1996.

Early life and work
Robert Kahn was born in New York City, New York. His parents, Augusta and Herman Kahn, an engraver, were of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. A high school friend of fellow cartoonist and future Spirit creator Will Eisner, Robert Kahn graduated from DeWitt Clinton High School and then legally changed his name to Robert Kane. He studied art at Cooper Union before "joining the Max Fleischer Studio as a trainee animator in the year of 1934".

Comics
He entered the comics field two years later, in 1936, freelancing original material to editor Jerry Iger's comic book Wow, What a Magazine!, including his first pencil and ink work on the serial Hiram Hick. The following year, Kane began to work at Iger's subsequent studio, Eisner & Iger, which was one of the first comic book "packagers" that produced comics on demand for publishers entering the new medium during its late-1930s and 1940s Golden Age. Among his work there was the talking animal feature "Peter Pupp"—which belied its look with overtones of "mystery and menace"—published in the U.K. comic magazine Wags and reprinted in Fiction House's Jumbo Comics. Kane also produced work through Eisner & Iger for two of the companies that would later merge to form DC Comics, including the humor features "Ginger Snap" in More Fun Comics, "Oscar the Gumshoe" for Detective Comics, and "Professor Doolittle" for Adventure Comics. For that last title he went on to do his first adventure strip, "Rusty and his Pals".

Batman

In early 1939, DC's success with the seminal superhero Superman in Action Comics prompted editors to scramble for more such heroes. In response, Bob Kane conceived "the Bat-Man." Kane said his influences for the character included actor Douglas Fairbanks's film portrayal of the swashbuckler Zorro; Leonardo da Vinci's diagram of the ornithopter, a flying machine with huge bat-like wings; and the 1930 film The Bat Whispers, based on Mary Rinehart's mystery novel The Circular Staircase (1908).
Bill Finger joined Bob Kane's nascent studio in 1938. An aspiring writer and part-time shoe salesperson, he had met Kane at a party, and Kane later offered him a job ghost writing the strips Rusty and Clip Carson. He recalled that Kane

Finger said he offered such suggestions as giving the character a cowl and scalloped cape instead of wings; adding gloves; leaving the mask's eyeholes blank to connote mystery; and removing the bright red sections of the original costume, suggesting instead a gray-and-black color scheme. Finger additionally said his suggestions were influenced by Lee Falk's The Phantom, a syndicated newspaper comic strip character with which Kane was familiar as well. Finger, who said he also devised the character's civilian name, Bruce Wayne, wrote the first Batman story, while Kane provided art. Kane, who had already submitted the proposal for Batman at DC and held a contract, is the only person given an official company credit for Batman's creation. Comics historian Ron Goulart, in Comic Book Encyclopedia, refers to Batman as the "creation of artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger".

According to Kane, "Bill Finger was a contributing force on Batman right from the beginning. He wrote most of the great stories and was influential in setting the style and genre other writers would emulate ... I made Batman a superhero-vigilante when I first created him. Bill turned him into a scientific detective.

The character debuted in Detective Comics #27 (May 1939) and proved a breakout hit. Within a year, Kane hired art assistants Jerry Robinson (initially as an inker) and George Roussos (backgrounds artist and letterer). Though Robinson and Roussos worked out of Kane's art studio in The New York Times building, Kane himself did all his drawing at home. Shortly afterward, when DC wanted more Batman stories than Kane's studio could deliver, the company assigned Dick Sprang and other in-house pencilers as "ghost artists", drawing uncredited under Kane's supervision. Future Justice League writer Gardner Fox wrote some early scripts, including the two-part story "The Monk" that introduced some of The Batman's first "Bat-" equipment.

In 1943, Kane left the Batman comic books to focus on penciling the daily Batman newspaper comic strip. DC Comics artists ghosting the comic-book stories now included Jack Burnley and Win Mortimer, with Robinson moving up as penciler and Fred Ray contributing some covers. After the strip finished in 1946, Kane returned to the comic books but, unknown to DC, had hired his own personal ghosts, including Lew Schwartz and Sheldon Moldoff from 1953 to 1967.

Robin
Bill Finger recalled that

Kane, who had previously created a sidekick for Peter Pupp, proposed adding a boy named Mercury who would have worn a "super-costume". Robinson suggested a normal human, along with the name "Robin", after Robin Hood books he had read during boyhood, and noting in a 2005 interview he had been inspired by one book's N. C. Wyeth illustrations.

 The new character, an orphaned circus performer named Dick Grayson, came to live with Bruce Wayne as his young ward in Detective Comics #38 (April 1940) and would inspire many similar sidekicks throughout the Golden Age of comic books.

The Joker
Batman's nemesis the Joker was introduced near that same time, in Batman #1 (Spring 1940). Credit for that character's creation is disputed. Kane's position is that

Robinson, whose original Joker playing card was on public display in the exhibition "Masters of American Comics" at the Jewish Museum in New York City, New York, from September 16, 2006 to January 28, 2007, and the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum in Atlanta, Georgia from October 24, 2004 to August 28, 2005, has countered that:

Robinson added, however, "If you read the Batman historian [E. Nelson] Bridwell, he had one interview where he interviewed Bill Finger and he said no, the Joker was created by me—an acknowledgement. He can be credited and Bob himself, we all played a role in it. ... He wrote the script of that, so he really was co-creator, and Bob and I did the visuals, so Bob was also."

Other characters
According to comics historian Les Daniels, "nearly everyone seems to agree that Two-Face was Kane's brainchild exclusively". Catwoman, originally introduced by Kane with no costume as "the Cat", was partially inspired by his cousin, Ruth Steel. Kane, a frequent moviegoer, mentioned that Jean Harlow was a model for the design and added that "I always felt that women were feline". Kane created the Scarecrow and drew his first appearance, which was scripted by Finger. Kane also created the original incarnation of Clayface. According to Kane, he drew the Penguin after being inspired by the then advertising mascot of Kool cigarettes—a penguin with a top hat and cane. Finger, however, claimed that he created the villain as a caricature of the aristocratic type, because "stuffy English gentlemen" reminded him of emperor penguins.

Later life and career

In 1966, Kane retired from DC Comics, choosing to focus on fine art. As Kane's comic-book work tapered off in the 1960s, he parlayed his Batman status into minor celebrity. He enjoyed a post-comics career in television animation, creating the characters Courageous Cat and Cool McCool, and as a painter showed his work in art galleries, although some of these paintings were produced by ghost artists. DC Comics named Kane in 1985 as one of the honorees in the company's 50th anniversary publication Fifty Who Made DC Great. In 1989, Kane published the autobiography Batman and Me, with an updated edition Batman and Me: The Saga Continues, in 1996.

Kane worked as a consultant on the 1989 film Batman and its three sequels with directors Tim Burton and Joel Schumacher.

Stan Lee interviewed Kane in the documentary series The Comic Book Greats.

Personal life
Kane married his first wife, Beverly, in the 1940s, and the two divorced in 1957. They had a daughter, Deborah. Kane married his second wife, actress Elizabeth Sanders Kane, in 1987.

Kane died November 3, 1998, at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, at age 83. He is buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in the Hollywood Hills of Los Angeles, California.

Awards and honors
Kane was a recipient of the Inkpot Award in 1977, was inducted into the Jack Kirby Hall of Fame in 1994 and the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 1996. He was added to the National Comics Awards' Roll of Honour in 1999.

On October 21, 2015, for his work in motion pictures, he posthumously received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at 6764 Hollywood Boulevard.

Kane's work is housed in collections in New York City's Museum of Modern Art, Whitney Museum of American Art, and St. John's University.

References

Further reading
 Goulart, Ron, Over 50 Years of American Comic Books (BDD Promotional Books Company, 1991), ;

External links

 Comic Book Artist #3 (Winter 1999): "The Bob Kane Letter" (September 14, 1965 open letter by Bob Kane)

1915 births
1998 deaths
20th-century American artists
20th-century American writers
American autobiographers
American comics artists
American comics writers
American people of European descent
Artists from New York City
Batman
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
Cooper Union alumni
DeWitt Clinton High School alumni
Golden Age comics creators
People involved in plagiarism controversies
Inkpot Award winners
Jewish American artists
Jewish American writers
Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame inductees
Writers from New York City
DC Comics people
Fleischer Studios people

Bob Kane


The Quill Award was an American literary award that ran for three years, from 2005 to 2007. It was a "consumer-driven award created to inspire reading while promoting literacy".

The Quills Foundation, the organization behind the award, was supported by a number of notable media corporations, including Reed Business Information, then parent of Publishers Weekly, and NBC Universal Television Stations, along with Parade Magazine, Borders, Barnes & Noble, and the American Booksellers Association.

History
In February 2008, Reed Business Information announced plans to dissolve the awards program and distribute the remaining Foundation funds to non-profit organizations First Book and Literacy Partners. Reed declined to give reasons for the suspension, but the awards had produced little effect on book sales, and the televised ceremonies were criticized for being too long and poorly planned.

Selection process
Winners were selected through a two-part process involving nomination by industry experts and final selection by consumer votes. To be eligible for nomination, a book had to be published in English during the previous year and be included in at least one industry or sponsor listing.

Readers selected the winners from among the five nominees selected by the board for each category. For the 2007 edition, however, the choice by public vote was restricted to book of the year, and winners in other categories were chosen by retailers and librarians.

2007 Quill Award winners
Book of the year: Angels Fall, Nora Roberts
Debut author of the year: Diane Setterfield, The Thirteenth Tale
Audio book: To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee (read by Sissy Spacek)
Children's illustrated book: Flotsam, David Wiesner
Children's chapter book/middle grade: The Invention of Hugo Cabret, Brian Selznick
Young adult/teen: Sold, Patricia McCormick
General fiction: The Road, Cormac McCarthy
Graphic novel: Making Comics: Storytelling Secrets of Comics, Manga and Graphic Novels, Volume 7, Scott McCloud
Mystery/suspense/thriller: What the Dead Know, Laura Lippman
Poetry: For the Confederate Dead, Kevin Young
Romance: Angels Fall, Nora Roberts
Science fiction/fantasy/horror: The Name of the Wind, Patrick Rothfuss
Religion/spirituality: Religious Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know - And Doesn't, Stephen Prothero
Biography/memoir: Einstein: His Life and Universe, Walter Isaacson
Business: The No Asshole Rule: Building a Civilized Workplace and Surviving One That Isn't, Robert I. Sutton
Cooking: Joy of Cooking: 75th Anniversary Edition, Irma S. Rombauer, Marion Rombauer Becker, and Ethan Becker
Health/self-improvement: How Doctors Think, Jerome Groopman, M.D.
History/current events/politics: The Assault on Reason, Al Gore
Humor: I Like You: Hospitality Under the Influence, Amy Sedaris
Sports: The Kings of New York: A Year Among the Geeks, Oddballs and Geniuses Who Make Up America's Top High-School Chess Team, Michael Weinreb

 2006 Quill Award winners
Book of the Year: Don't Make a Black Woman Take off Her Earrings: Madea's Uninhibited Commentaries on Love and Life, Tyler Perry
Debut Author of the Year: Julie Powell for work in Julie & Julia: 365 Days, 524 Recipes, 1 Tiny Apartment KitchenAudio Book: Marley & Me: Life and Love with the World's Worst Dog, John Grogan
Children's Illustrated Book: If You Give a Pig a Party, Laura Joffe Numeroff
Children's Chapter Book/Middle Grade: The Penultimate Peril, Lemony Snicket
Young Adult/Teen: Eldest, Christopher Paolini
General Fiction: A Dirty Job: A Novel, Christopher Moore
Graphic Novel: Naruto, Volume 7, Masashi Kishimoto
Mystery/Suspense/Thriller: Twelve Sharp, Janet Evanovich
Poetry: Amazing Peace: A Christmas Poem, Maya Angelou
Romance: Blue Smoke, Nora Roberts
Science Fiction/Fantasy/Horror: A Breath of Snow and Ashes, Diana Gabaldon
Religion/Spirituality: Mama Made the Difference, T. D. Jakes
Biography/Memoir: Marley & Me: Life and Love with the World's Worst Dog, John Grogan
Business: The Girl's Guide to Being a Boss (Without Being a Bitch): Valuable Lessons, Smart Suggestions, and True Stories for Succeeding as the Chick-in-Charge, Caitlin Friedman and Kimberly Yorio
Cooking: Rachael Ray 365: No Repeats: A Year of Deliciously Different Dinners, Rachael Ray
Health/Self Improvement: It's Not Easy Being Green: And Other Things to Consider, Jim Henson
History/Current Events/Politics: An Inconvenient Truth, Al Gore
Humor: Don't Make a Black Woman Take off Her Earrings: Madea's Uninhibited Commentaries on Love and Life, Tyler Perry
Sports: Get Your Own Damn Beer, I'm Watching the Game!: A Woman's Guide to Loving Pro Football, Holly Robinson Peete
Variety Blockbuster Book to Film: The Devil Wears Prada and its film adaptation, author Lauren Weisberger and director David Frankel

2005 Quill Award winners

Book of the Year: Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, J.K. Rowling, Mary GrandPré (Illustrator)
Debut Author of the Year: Elizabeth Kostova for The Historian
Audio Book: The Daily Show with Jon Stewart Presents America: A Citizen's Guide to Democracy Inaction, Jon Stewart and the Writers of the Daily Show
Children's Illustrated Book: Runny Babbit: A Billy Sook, Shel Silverstein
Children's Chapter Book/Middle Grade: Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, J.K. Rowling, Mary GrandPré (Illustrator)
Young Adult/Teen: Girls in Pants: The Third Summer of the Sisterhood, Ann Brashares
General Fiction: The Mermaid Chair, Sue Monk Kidd
Graphic Novel: Marvel 1602 Volume I, Neil Gaiman, Andy Kubert and Richard Isanove
Mystery/Suspense/Thriller: Eleven on Top, Janet Evanovich
Poetry: Let America Be America Again: And Other Poems, Langston Hughes
Romance: 44 Cranberry Point, Debbie Macomber
Science Fiction/Fantasy/Horror: The Stupidest Angel: A Heartwarming Tale of Christmas Terror, Christopher Moore
Religion and Spirituality: Peace is the Way: Bringing War and Violence to an End, Deepak Chopra
Biography/Memoir: Chronicles, Vol. 1, Bob Dylan
Business: Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything, Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner
Cooking: Rachael Ray's 30-Minute Get Real Meals: Eat Healthy Without Going to Extremes, Rachael Ray
Health and Self-Improvement: He's Just Not That Into You: The No-Excuses Truth to Understanding Guys, Greg Behrendt and Liz Tuccillo
History/Current Events/Politics: 1776, David McCullough
Humor: The Daily Show with Jon Stewart Presents America: A Citizen's Guide to Democracy Inaction, Jon Stewart and the Writers of the Daily Show
Sports: Faithful: Two Diehard Boston Red Sox Fans Chronicle the Historic 2004 Season, Stewart O'Nan and Stephen King

The foundation awarded a Quills Corporate Literacy Award to Verizon for its support of literacy programs in the United States.

See also

References

Bibliography

External links

Awards established in 2005
Awards disestablished in 2008
American literary awards
2005 establishments in the United States
2008 disestablishments in the United States

Quill Award


CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) is an index of English-language and selected other-language journal articles about nursing, allied health, biomedicine and healthcare.

Ella Crandall, Mildred Grandbois, and Mollie Sitner began a card index of articles from nursing journals in the 1940s. The index was first published as Cumulative Index to Nursing Literature (CINL) in 1961. The title changed to Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature in 1977 when its scope was expanded to include allied health journals. The index first went online in 1984.

The publisher, Cinahl Information Systems, was acquired by EBSCO Publishing in 2003.

CINAHL has been provided on the Web by EBSCO Publishing, Ovid Technologies and ProQuest, in addition to Cinahl Information Systems, and also provided online by DataStar from Dialog. In 2006, EBSCO announced its intention to not renew the distribution agreements with the other providers and to make CINAHL available exclusively on the EBSCOhost platform.

See also
List of academic databases and search engines

References

External links
 CINAHL at EBSCO Publishing

EBSCO Industries
Bibliographic databases and indexes
Nursing journals

CINAHL