Carlos Valdés Galán (November 4, 1926 – December 4, 2007), better known as Patato, was a Cuban conga player. In 1954, he emigrated from La Habana to New York City where he continued his prolific career as a sideman for several jazz and Latin music ensembles, and occasionally as a bandleader. He contributed to the development of the tunable conga drum which revolutionized the use of the instrument in the US. His experimental descarga albums recorded for Latin Percussion are considered the counterpart to the commercial salsa boom of the 1970s. Tito Puente once called him "the greatest conguero alive today".

Nicknames
Like most Cuban musicians, Carlos Valdés had several nicknames throughout his artistic career. Early on he was known as "El Toro" (The Bull) as a young dancer and boxer. In school he was known as "Patato" (Potato) due to his short stature; more disrespectfully he was known as "Remache" and "Tampón de bañera" around his neighbourhood. While playing alongside Armando Peraza in Havana's Zombie Club, he was known as "El Zombie", "Zombito" or "Pequeño Zombie" (Little Zombie). Due to his dancing style he was known as "Pingüino" (Penguin). Nonetheless, "Patato" was the name that stuck and he carried this pseudonym to the US, where he was often miscredited as "Potato Valdez".

Life

Early life and career
Carlos Valdés Galán was born in the neighbourhood of Los Sitios in La Habana on November 4, 1926. His father, Carlos Valdés Brito, was a tres player who was part of the seminal coro de clave Los Apaches, and author of the son "Maldita timidez" recorded by Sexteto Habanero. The rest of his family included many other musicians and santeros; his cousin was the singer Francisco Fellove aka "El Gran Fellove". Carlos soon followed his father footsteps, learning to play the tres and a wide variety of percussion instruments, including the marímbula, the botija, the shekere, the tambourine, the cajón and the double bass. He became a member of the comparsa Las sultanas in which he played the congas (tumbadoras). He became a master of the instrument at a young age, playing alongside other greats such as Mongo Santamaría, Cándido Camero, Julito Collazo and Armando Peraza. The latter was his neighbour and partner in the Conjunto Kubavana led by Alberto Ruiz. He was only 18 years old when he joined this band in 1944. He left the group in 1947 to join the well-known Sonora Matancera, where he stayed for a year. From 1949 to 1954 he played for the Conjunto Casino, one of the most popular bands in La Habana at the time. In 1952, they toured New York City, where fellow drummer Cándido Camero decided to stay. Patato would make the same decision two years later.

Exile
Attracted by New York's thriving jazz scene, Patato left Cuba indefinitely on October 5, 1954. His first full-length recording as a sideman was the notorious LP Afro-Cuban by Kenny Dorham. He went on to perform live alongside Mongo Santamaría and Tito Puente in Harlem. He then joined several ensembles, including those led by Willie Bobo, Machito and Charlie Palmieri. He recorded with jazz drummers Art Blakey, Art Taylor and Max Roach. By the early 1960s, Patato was amongst the most sought-after conga drummers in New York. His association with flautist and bandleader Herbie Mann would last over fifteen years. In 1959, the United States Department of State funded a trip for bandleader Herbie Mann to visit Africa, after they heard his version of "African Suite." The grueling 14-week tour took place between 12/31/1959 to 4/5/1960 featuring Mann (bandleader, flute and saxophone), Johnny Rae (vibraphone and arrangements), Don Payne (bass), Doc Cheatham (trumpet), Jimmy Knepper (trombone), Carlos "Patato" Valdés (congas) and José Mangual, Sr. (bongos). They toured Sierra Leone, Liberia, Nigeria, Mozambique, Rhodesia, Tanganyika, Kenya, Ethiopia, Sudan, Morocco and Tunisia.

Patato accompanied Dizzy Gillespie and Quincy Jones on extended tours throughout Europe. He acted in and composed the title song of The Bill Cosby Show. In 1977 he took part in the recording of Cachao's comeback albums. In 1991, he contributed to the movie soundtrack for The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love. Patato was the leader of his own band, Afrojazzia, which toured Europe in the spring of 1994. In 1995 he recorded the album "Ritmo y candela" with fellow percussionists Changuito and Orestes Vilató. Similarly, together with Giovanni Hidalgo and Candido Camero he released an album in 2000 entitled The Conga Kings. That year he appeared in the documentary Calle 54. In 2001, Patato was inducted into the International Latin Music Hall of Fame.

Death
A lifetime smoker, Patato had emphysema and died of respiratory failure in Cleveland, Ohio on December 4, 2007.

Style and craft
For over 60 years Carlos "Patato" Valdés demonstrated how a musician could combine technical skill with superb showmanship. His conga playing demonstrated the fusion of melody and rhythm. It also reflected his keen understanding of rhythm as a biological constant that is rooted, quite literally, in the human heartbeat. During his performances, Patato even mastered the art of playing his congas while dancing on top of them, to the delight of the audience.

Valdés dazzled audiences well into his seventies with his rumba moves. He is also the man who gave Brigitte Bardot a mambo lesson in the film And God Created Woman. Valdés also expressed his understanding of melody through bass and tres.

Together with Armando Peraza, Valdés would sometimes play a multi-conga and drum setup dubbed the "bongófono" at the Zombie Club in Havana. During the late 1940s, he helped develop the first tunable congas, as earlier models were tuned by the unwieldy method of heating them with a sterno can. His interest in design, as well as his friendship with LP Founder Martin Cohen, led to the development of the LP Patato Model Congas, one of the top-selling conga drums of all time.

Personal life
Valdés was the father of Carlos Hernández, better known as Chick Hernández, a sports anchor/reporter for Comcast SportsNet/NBC sports.

Discography

As leader
1967: Patato & Totico (Verve) (also reissued as Nuestro barrio) - with Eugenio "Totico" Arango
1976: Authority (Latin Percussion Ventures)
1976: Ready for Freddy (Latin Percussion Ventures)
1980: Batá y rumba (Latin Percussion Ventures)
1993: Masterpiece (Messidor)
1995: Ritmo y candela (Tonga) - with Changuito and Orestes Vilató
1996: Ritmo y candela II (Round World)
1997: Único y diferente (Connector Music)
2000: The Conga Kings (Chesky) - with Giovanni Hidalgo and Cándido Camero
2001: Jazz descargas (Chesky) - with Giovanni Hidalgo and Cándido Camero
2004: El hombre (Mambo Maniacs)
2006: Live at the Canal Room (USA Records)

As sideman
With Art Blakey
Orgy in Rhythm (Blue Note, 1957)

With Willie Bobo
Uno Dos Tres 1•2•3 (Verve, 1966)

With Alberto Beltrán & Conjunto Casino
El negrito del batey (Panart, 1955)

With Cachao
Descarga '77 (Salsoul, 1977)
Dos (Salsoul, 1977)

With Rafael Cortijo
Patato y Cortijo – Guaguancó (Teca, c. 1970)

With Antonio "Chocolate" Díaz Mena
Eso es Latin Jazz ...Man! (Audio Fidelity, 1963)

With Dizzy Gillespie
The Ebullient Mr. Gillespie (Verve, 1959)
Have Trumpet, Will Excite! (Verve, 1959)
Portrait of Jenny (Perception, 1970)

With Benny Golson
Remembering Clifford (Milestone, 1998)

With Johnny Griffin & Matthew Gee
Soul Groove (Atlantic, 1963)

With Quincy Jones
Quincy Plays for Pussycats (Mercury, 1959-65 [1965])

With the Latin Percussion Jazz Ensemble
Just Like Magic (Latin Percussion Ventures, 1979)
Live at Montreux (Latin Percussion Ventures, 1980)

With Johnny Lytle
Swingin' at the Gate (Pacific Jazz, 1967)

With Machito
Kenya (Roulette, 1958)

With Herbie Mann
Flautista! (Verve, 1959)
Herbie Mann's African Suite (United Artists, 1959)
Right Now (Atlantic, 1962)
Brazil, Bossa Nova & Blues (UA Jazz, 1962)
Herbie Mann Live at Newport (Atlantic, 1963)
My Kinda Groove (Atlantic, 1965)
Herbie Mann Plays The Roar of the Greasepaint – The Smell of the Crowd (Atlantic, 1965)
Monday Night at the Village Gate (Atlantic, 1965 [1966])
Latin Mann (Columbia, 1965)
Standing Ovation at Newport (Atlantic, 1965)
Today! (Atlantic, 1966)
Our Mann Flute (Atlantic, 1966)
New Mann at Newport (Atlantic, 1967)
Impressions of the Middle East (Atlantic, 1967)
A Mann & A Woman (Atlantic, 1966) with Tamiko Jones
The Beat Goes On (Atlantic, 1967)
The Herbie Mann String Album (Atlantic, 1967)
Mississippi Gambler (Atlantic, 1972)
First Light (Atlantic, 1974)
Reggae II (Atlantic, 1973 [1976])

With Johnny Pacheco
His Flute and Latin Jam (Fania, 1965)

With Charlie Palmieri and His Charanga "La Duboney"
Pachanga at the Caravana Club (Alegre, 1961)

With Duke Pearson
The Phantom (Blue Note, 1969)

With Dave Pike
Manhattan Latin (Decca, 1964)

With Tito Puente
Puente in Percussion (Tico, 1956)
Top Percussion (RCA Victor, 1958)
Tambó (RCA Victor, 1960)

With Kenny Dorham
Afro-Cuban (Blue Note, 1955)

With Don Ellis
Shock Treatment (Columbia, 1968)

With Stan Free
Piano a la Percussion (Old Town, 1961)

With Mike Longo
Matrix (Mainstream, 1972)
Funkia (Groove Merchant, 1974)

With Johnny Richards
The Rites of Diablo (Roulette, 1958)

With Al Jazzbo Collins
Presents Swinging At The Opera (Everest, 1960)

With Grant Green
The Latin Bit (Blue Note, 1963)

With Charlie Rouse
Bossa Nova Bacchanal (Blue Note, 1963)

With Max Roach
Percussion Bitter Sweet (Impulse!, 1961)

With Jorge Dalto
Rendez-Vous (Eastworld, 1983)
Urban Oasis (Concord Jazz Picante, 1985)

 With Orchestre Keur Samba
Une soirée a Keur Samba (BAM, 1961)

With Elvin Jones
Mr. Jones (Blue Note, 1973)

With Ben Tucker
Baby, You Should Know It (Ava, 1963)

With José Mangual, Sr.
Buyú (Turnstyle, 1977)
Authority (LP Records, 1977)

With Alfredo Rodríguez
Alfredo Rodríguez (Espérance, 1983)

With Onelio Scull
Santería cubana (Santero)
Fiesta santera (Santero, 1983)

With Sonny Stitt
Stitt Goes Latin (Roost, 1963)

With Art Taylor
A.T.'s Delight (Blue Note, 1961)

With Cal Tjader
Soul Burst (Verve, 1966)

With Bebo Valdés
Bebo Rides Again (Messidor, 1995)
El arte del sabor (Blue Note, 2001)

Compilations
The Legend of Cuban Percussion (Six Degrees, 2000)

Contributing artist
Afro-Cuba: The Jazz Roots of Cuban Rhythm (Nascente, 1995)
Nu Yorica 2! (Soul Jazz, 1997)
The Rough Guide to Salsa (World Music Network, 1997)
Diggin' the Crates for Afro-Cuban Funk (Empire Musicwerks, 2001)

References

External links

Cantrell, David & Sánchez Coll, Israel. El legado de Carlos Patato Valdés, Herencia Latina.
Carlos "Patato" Valdez, Donald's Encyclopedia of Popular Music.
Carlos "Patato" Valdés, AllMusic.
Carlos "Patato" Valdés, Discogs.
Carlos "Patato" Valdés, Rate Your Music.

1926 births
2007 deaths
American entertainers of Cuban descent
Conga players
Cuban emigrants to the United States
Cuban percussionists
Jazz percussionists
Deaths from respiratory failure
Chesky Records artists

Carlos "Patato" Valdes


The Hemichordata is a phylum of worm-shaped  marine deuterostome animals, generally considered the sister group of the echinoderms. They date back to the Lower or Middle Cambrian and include an important class of fossils called graptolites, most of which became extinct in the Carboniferous.

Living hemichordates are a phylum with two living classes: the enteropneusts and the pterobranchs. Since the hemichordates are the closest living relatives  to the chordates, they are of great interest to those studying the origins of chordate development.

Structure
The bodies of Hemichordates are divided into three parts, proboscis, collar and trunk. They have open circulatory systems and a complete digestive tract but the musculature in their gut is very poorly developed, and food is mostly transported through it by using the cilia that cover its inside surface.

A hollow neural tube exists among some species (at least in early life), probably a primitive trait they share with the common ancestor of chordata and the rest of the deuterostomes.

Development
Hemichordates are known to develop in two ways: either directly or indirectly. The enteropneusts have both types of development. The indirect development has a long pelagic larval stage. These species have a larval stage which feeds on plankton before turning into an adult worm. Those species which develop directly bypass this prolonged larval stage and develop straight into an adult worm.

Graptolites

Graptolites are common fossils from the Palaeozoic. They are colonial animals known chiefly from the Upper Cambrian to the Lower Carboniferous (Mississippian).  A possible early graptolite, Chaunograptus, is known from the Middle Cambrian.

The name graptolite comes from the Greek graptos, meaning 'written', and lithos, meaning 'rock'. Many graptolite fossils resemble hieroglyphs written on the rock. Linnaeus originally regarded them as "pictures resembling fossils rather than true fossils". More recent work places them near the pterobranchs, possibly within.

Graptolite morphology
Each graptolite colony is known as a rhabdosome and has a variable number of branches (called stipes) coming from an initial individual. Each subsequent zooid is housed within a tubular or cup-like structure (called a theca). In some colonies, there are two sizes of theca, and it has been suggested that this difference is due to sexual dimorphism.
The number of branches and the arrangement of the thecae are important features in the identification of graptolite fossils. Their general shape has been compared with that of a hacksaw blade.

Most of the tree-like forms are classified as dendroid graptolites (order Dendroidea). They appear earlier in the fossil record (in the Cambrian), and were benthic animals attached to the sea-floor by a root-like base. Graptolites with relatively few branches were derived from the dendroid graptolites at the beginning of the Ordovician period. This latter type (order Graptoloidea) were pelagic, drifting freely on the surface of ancient seas or attached to floating seaweed by means of a slender thread. They were a successful and prolific group, being the most important animal members of the plankton until they died out in the early part of the Devonian period. The dendroid graptolites survived until the Carboniferous period.

Acorn worms
The Acorn worms or Enteropneusta are a Hemichordate class of invertebrates, closely related to the chordates. There are about 70 species of acorn worm in the world, the main species for research being Saccoglossus kowalevskii.

All species are benthic, and either deposit feeders or suspension feeders. Some of these worms may grow to be very long; one particular species may reach a length of 2.5 meters (almost eight feet), although most acorn worms are much smaller. One genus, Balanoglossus, is also known as the tongue worm.

Pterobranchs
Pterobranchia is a clade of small, worm-shaped animals. They belong to the Hemichordata, and live in secreted tubes on the ocean floor. Pterobranchia feed by filtering plankton  out of the water with the help of cilia attached to tentacles. There are about 30 known living species in the group.

The class Pterobranchia was established by E. Ray Lankester in 1877. It contained, at that time, the single genus Rhabdopleura. The publication of the Challenger Report (Cephalodiscus) in 1887, showed that Cephalodiscus, the second genus now included in the order, had affinities in the direction of the Enteropneusta.

Studies under an electron microscope have suggested that pterobranchs belong to the same clade as the extinct graptolites.

References

Hemichordata


Desmoche (played in Nicaragua as conquién, with slight variations) is a popular rummy card game usually played for small stakes which closely resembles other games in the rummy family, like Conquian and gin rummy, more than poker. It was probably devised in Nicaragua in the first half of the 20th century.

Rules

Object
The object of desmoche is to play, in either runs or sets, exactly ten cards on the table.
The game is played by 2, 3 or 4 players with a standard deck of 52 playing cards.

Deal
Any player may start out as the dealer, which then rotates from round to round in a counterclockwise fashion. The player on the dealer's right may cut the deck before the dealer deals the cards face-down starting with the player on the right and continuing until each player receives nine cards. Cards that are not dealt remain in the deck, which is placed in the middle of the table and used throughout the remainder of the game.

Play
After players are dealt nine cards each, but before play begins, each player chooses one card from their hand and passes it face down to the player on their right. The "Cambio" (also known as "exchange", "pass" or "trade") can be a crucial factor in deciding one's hand.

If any of the "automatic win" specifications (available below) have been met either before or after the Cambio, the player with the winning hand must declare they have won and place their cards face up on the table for the other players to confirm the automatic win.

Otherwise, normal play begins.

The player to the right of the dealer begins play by drawing a card from the deck, being careful not to place that card into the cards already in their hand. If the player can make use of the card to create a meld, they do so by placing the card on the table in front of them and adding the cards from their hand to finalize the meld, all cards in the meld must be face up. If the card cannot be immediately used, it is placed face up in the discard pile. If any other player can use that card to create a meld, they can then play it face up on the table in front of them. If more than one player can use the card, the first player in counter-clockwise order from the player who discarded it gets to take it.

If no one can use the first card drawn, a second card is then drawn by the same player to the right of the dealer. Each player only draws one card before the next person's turn for the remainder of the game.

Each player is to always maintains nine cards in their possession. This includes both the cards in the player's hand and the cards which have been played face up on the table. If a player uses a card from either the deck or the discard pile, in order to maintain a count of nine cards the player must "pay" for this card by discarding a card from their own hand. Once a player discards a card that no one can use, play continues to that player's right, regardless of whether any other player's turns seemed to have been skipped.

The only time a player will have more than nine cards is when they have won, at which time they will have exactly ten cards.

If no player has played ten cards face up on the table by the time the final card has been discarded from the deck, there is no winner and, if playing for money, the bet for the next game is added to the current pot.

Whether there is a winner or not, the player to the right of the previous dealer is now the dealer, and play continues.

Much like Poker, game play ends when a player is out of money or simply no longer wishes to continue playing.

Melds
Melds in desmoche must contain a minimum of three cards. They can be runs of the same suit (i.e. ) containing three to ten cards, or sets of three or four cards of identical rank (i.e. ).  After a player has played a meld on the table, it can be added to by cards in that player's hand or by any cards that are discarded by a player that will continue the meld.

The highest run allowed is J Q K, a meld of Q K A is not allowed. A 2 3 is the smallest run allowed, but is often considered the highest valued run (see Bonuses below).

Sometimes players enforce strict rules for laying down melds, in which a player is disqualified if their cards are not arranged in the correct order. Runs must be placed in ascending order, like  and not . Sets must be played with suit color alternating, i.e.  not .

A player performs a desmoche, which the game is named for, by taking a card from any of their face up melds to use in another meld, but only as long as all melds that remain on the table are still valid melds (i.e:   can be used to desmoche an  to create a new meld of  because  is still a valid meld).

Winning
All automatic wins MUST be declared before the first card is drawn for game play, otherwise the win is forfeited and the game continues as normal. All automatic wins are valid if the terms are met either before or after the "Cambio". Ace is always considered the highest card for deciding upon multiple automatic wins.

 "Peladilla": A player's hand contains no matching sets of 2 cards or higher, and no matching runs of 2 cards or higher of the same suit, i.e. . If 2 or more players have Peladilla, the player with the highest ranking card in their hand wins (i.e:   beats  because  is the highest card of the two hands.)
 "Cuatro Cuerpos": A player's hand contains four cards of identical ranks (i.e: ). If 2 or more players have Cuatro Cuerpos at the same time, the player with the highest ranking set of four identical rank cards wins.
 "Color": A player's hand contains only cards of the same color. (This rule is not always agreed upon, check with the players before game play if they accept Color as an instant win, sometimes Color is only accepted if all cards are the same color and same suit.)

If the players are "playing everything" as stated in the bonuses section below, all losing players must pay a bonus to the winner because they are all "Arriba del Palo".

In the Honduran variation Conquién there is not automatic wins.

Variations
When a card is discarded and more than one person can make use of the card, the person closest in the counter-clockwise rotation to the player who discarded the card gets first priority. This means that, if the person on the far left of the circle wants to use the card, and, the person in the first order of the rotation wants to use it as well, the player in the first rotation gets to have that card. Often players signify in order when a card does not "serve" them by knocking on the table.

If a card placed on the discard pile can be added to any meld currently on the table it can be forced onto the meld and the player will have to "pay" for the card by discarding from their hand. If the player discarding the card is the same person with the meld, the card can be forced back to them, but if another player wants the card, they can take it (this is sometimes debated). If the card can be added to another player's meld, and the card is not taken by a player who is earlier in the rotation, then the card is automatically added to the meld and the player is forced to "pay" for that card. For example, if a player has  on the table and the card being discarded is , the card is automatically placed on that sequence if no player earlier in the rotation claims it, and the player has to pay for that card. However, this rule is not always followed.

Betting
The betting in desmoche takes place before the cards have been dealt. Every player bets the same amount for each hand, which is determined before playing. The bet can only change before cards are dealt, if all players agree upon the new bet. The bet does not get raised during the play of a hand. If a game ends without a winner, each player adds the same bet as the previous game to the pot for the next game. (This is called "Doble", "Triple", "Quadruple", etc.)

Passing
When a player realizes they cannot win and can confirm there are no cards left in the deck that can be placed on their melds already face up on the table, they are allowed to pass their turn for the remainder of the hand, at which time they can place their melds face down to prevent the other players from seeing them. (i.e: If a player's face up cards include:  and , no more cards can be added to their melds because they already have their own .)

Bonuses
If the players decide "to play everything" or "jugar todo" there are possible bonuses involved with winning, the bonus is equal to the amount of the bet at the start of the hand.

 "Mico": If the winner has a run of A 2 3, each losing player must pay a bonus. (Multiple bonuses of this type are allowed.)
 "Arriba del Palo": If a player has not played any of their cards face up on the table before another player wins, they are considered "up the tree" and they must pay a bonus to the winner.
 "Color": If a player wins with all cards of the same suit (i.e:  or  /  / ), each losing player pays a bonus.

These bonuses are allowed to be stacked. For example, if a player wins with  they are due a bonus for "Color" and for "Mico" from each player, and if any players are "Arriba del Palo" they must pay the winner for that as well.

In the Conquién game there is not bonuses.

Side games
Players can also bet on side games with separate pots of money. These games must be started before the cards are dealt. Players of the main game are not required to join the side games.

The following is a list of the side game names followed by their requirement to win.

 "oro" (or "rombo"): Highest diamond(♦) card.
 "corazon": Highest heart(♥) card.
 "flor": Highest club(♣) card.
 "corazon negro": Highest spade(♠) card.
 "par rojo": Highest red pair.
 "par negro": Highest black pair.
 "dos par rojo": Highest set of two red pairs.
 "dos par negro": Highest set of two black pairs.
 "tres cuerpos": Highest three-of-a-kind (i.e: ).
 "escalera": Highest run of three or more cards of the same suit (i.e: ).

To win a side game, the winning card(s) must be received on the deal and not on the "Cambio". If a player has a possible winner in their hand, they must announce that they have it before the "Cambio" and they must show it when the cards are played or discarded, or at the end of the game if it is still in their hand after someone else has won. For these side games, Ace is considered the highest card, and 2 is considered the lowest card. For "escalera" A 2 3 is often considered a higher run than J Q K, but this is sometimes debated.

In Honduras the only side game that is used to be played, is "oro".

Disqualification
If a player is disqualified, their cards are removed from game play and they must wait until the next hand to continue playing.

Reasons for disqualification include:
 The dealer has dealt an incorrect number of cards to any player. (Any extra cards dealt must be returned to the deck, the dealer's cards are put aside and are not played.)
 Any player is caught physically moving cards in the discard pile to check for cards that have already passed.
 A player places a card into the cards in their hand, either from the deck or the discard pile.
 A player plays melds on the table in an incorrect order (as described in the melds section above).

Enforcement of these rules depends on the players. It is not uncommon for these offenses to be immediately forgiven, with play continuing as normal without any disqualification.

See also
Rummy
Continental

References

Rummy
Central American card games

Desmoche


A wombat is a marsupial in the family Vombatidae. It lives in the Australian eucalypt forests. There are two genera with three living wombat species; the common wombat and the hairy-nosed wombats.

It is a medium-sized animal that makes a burrow by digging holes in the ground. Wombats are usually around a metre (40 in) long when they are fully grown.  It is a kind of animal known as a marsupial because it has a pouch on its belly that holds its young, although it faces back instead of forward like most marsupials.  Having the pouch face backwards prevents dirt from building up in the pouch and hitting the offspring in the face when digging.  When its young are born they spend some time growing in their mother's pouch before going into the world.  Wombats are herbivores. They eat plants, roots, and grasses.  They are nocturnal which means they sleep in the day and come out at night. Some wombats have thick brown fur and very small ears. They can weigh from 20 to 35 kilograms (45 to 80 lb). They can live up to 7 years.

Wombats are commonly known and recognised by their waste products. They are the only known mammals that excrete feces in cubic shape. This lets people easily know when wombat habitats are nearby. It also tells simply what the wombat may have eaten by examining the feces thoroughly.

Taxonomy
 Family Vombatidae: Wombats
 Common wombat (Vombatus ursinus)
 Southern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons)
 Northern hairy-nosed wombat or yaminon (Lasiorhinus krefftii)

References

Other websites

Wombania's Wombat Information Index
Russell The Wombat's Burrow

Diprotodonts
Marsupials of Australia

Wombat


The siege of Fushimi was a crucial battle in the series leading up to the decisive Battle of Sekigahara which ended Japan's Sengoku period. Fushimi Castle was defended by a force loyal to Tokugawa Ieyasu's Eastern army, led by Torii Mototada. Knowing of his inevitable defeat, Torii's sacrifice diverted Ishida Mitsunari's attention, and part of his Western army, away from his Nakasendō fortresses, which were attacked by Tokugawa during the siege of Fushimi. Ultimately, the castle fell, but served a crucial role in allowing for greater strategic victories by Tokugawa.

Background
Fushimi was originally built several years earlier, as a luxurious palace for Toyotomi Hideyoshi, but was destroyed by an earthquake in 1596. Tokugawa Ieyasu rebuilt it and placed it under the care of Torii Mototada. As war with Ishida approached, Tokugawa saw that this would be a prime target for his enemies, as it stood quite close to Kyoto and guarded many of the approaches to, and past, the city. Visiting the castle, he discussed his fears with Torii, who assured his lord that he would be willing to sacrifice himself, and the castle, for the greater strategic gain of his lord. It is said he even suggested reducing the garrison, in order to free up warriors who could serve better purposes in other locations; knowing the castle would fall anyway, he saw no need for the entire garrison to be sacrificed.

Siege
Ishida's army began their assault on 27 August, but made little progress for ten days. At one point, one of the towers was even lit on fire, but was soon put out by a member of the garrison, who lost his life in the process. Ultimately, a message was sent into the castle tied to an arrow, explaining that the besieging army had taken the wife and children of one of the defenders hostage, and would crucify them unless he betrayed his compatriots. Thus, on 8 September, one of the towers was set aflame from within the castle, and a number of Ishida's men broke through. Matsudaira Ietada was killed fighting against Ishida Mitsunari. The central keep was then lit aflame, but Torii Mototada and his garrison continued to fight until all but ten had been killed.

Aftermath
Torii and his family then committed suicide, his selfless sacrifice coming to be known later as a great example of samurai loyalty and honor.

The castle would be regained by Tokugawa soon afterwards, following his victory at Sekigahara. The wooden floors from Fushimi Castle were moved to a Buddhist temple, Hōsen-in, also in Kyoto, where they were made into a ceiling. The bloodstained ceiling is still visible in the temple, and records from the period identify Torii's body/stains as well as those of his retainers.

See also
 Hōsen-in in the Japanese Wikipedia (in Japanese)

References

 Turnbull, Stephen (1998). The Samurai Sourcebook. London: Cassell & Co.

1600 in Japan
Fushimi
Conflicts in 1600
Fushimi
History of Kyoto

Siege of Fushimi Castle


1654 was a common year.

Events
 April 5 – Signing of the Treaty of Westminster, ending the First Anglo-Dutch War.
 June 3 – Louis XIV of France crowned at Rheims
 June 6 – Charles X succeeds his cousin Christina to the Swedish throne. After her abdication on June 5, Christina now the former reigning queen of a Protestant nation, secretly converts to Catholicism.
 September 3 – In the Rump Parliament, the republican party questions Cromwell's pre-eminence
 September 12 – Oliver Cromwell orders the exclusion of the members of Parliament who are hostile to him.
 October 12 – Carel Fabritius, the most promising student of Rembrandt, dies aged 32 in an explosion at the arsenal at Delft. The Delft Explosion devastates the city in the Netherlands, killing more than 100.
 October 31 – Ferdinand Maria, elector of Bavaria is crowned. His absolutistic style of leadership becomes a benchmark for the rest of Germany
 November 23 – French mathematician, scientist, and religious philosopher Blaise Pascal experiences an intense mystical vision that marks him for life.
 Death of An Calbhach mac Aodha O Conchobhair Donn, last inaugurated King of Connacht (inaugurated 1643
 Twenty-three Jewish refugees from Brazil settle in New Amsterdam, forming the nucleus of what would be the largest urban Jewish community in history, the Jewish community of New York City.
The Ukrainian Bogdan Chmielnicki renounces Ukrainian independence and swears allegiance to Tsar Alexis of Russia
The Russian Army seizes Smolensk, and war starts between Russia and Poland over Ukraine
 Otto von Guericke proves the existence of atmospheric pressure

1654


In archaeology, geography, and history, a human settlement is a place where people live, either permanently (all the time) or temporarily (only some of the time). When people go to an area to live there, it is called settling an area. When they come from far away it is sometimes called a colony. The term may include hamlets, villages, suburbs, towns and cities. Nomadic people do not settle.

Population

Human settlement


Diogo Piçarra (born 19 October 1990) is a Portuguese singer. He won the fifth season of the Portuguese version of Pop Idol in 2012.

Biography
Diogo Piçarra was born in Faro. As a 17-year-old, he formed the band "Fora da Bóia". While studying at the University of Algarve, he took a semester abroad to pursue his studies at Palacký University in the Czech Republic.

In 2009, Piçarra competed on season three of Ídolos, Portugal's version of Pop Idol. He got to the piano phase of the competition and was eliminated. In 2010, he participated in the music TV contest Operação Triunfo, but did not get through to the first round. In 2012, he tried for the third time and won season five of Ídolos. As a prize, he won a car and a scholarship to a music course in London.

He released his first album, Espelho, in March 2015, which debuted at number one on the Portuguese music charts. In the end of March 2017, he released his second album, do=s, collaborating with artists such as Valas on "Ponto de Partida" and April Ivy on "Não Sou Eu".

In 2017, he tattooed the face of the late Chester Bennington from Linkin Park on his leg to pay homage to him, stating that this was one of his childhood heroes.

In January 2018, it was announced that Piçarra would participate in Festival da Canção 2018, singing a song that he composed, called "Canção do Fim". This was his first attempt at this competition, which allows the winner to participate in Eurovision Song Contest 2018 in Lisbon. Days before the Grand Final of Festival da Canção 2018, and after winning the second semi-final with the maximum score, he decided to leave the competition, due to accusations that he had plagiarised "Open Your Eyes", a 1976 song performed by the Maranatha Singers.

In 2019, it was announced Diogo would be a coach on The Voice Portugal  alongside Aurea, Marisa Liz & Antonio Zambujo.

Discography

Albums

Singles

As lead artist

As featured artist

References

Living people
1990 births
21st-century Portuguese male singers
Idols (TV series) winners
Portuguese male singer-songwriters
Portuguese singer-songwriters
Portuguese pop singers
People from Faro, Portugal
University of Algarve alumni

Diogo Piçarra


Israr Ahmad (19 December 1940 – 2 April 2010) was an Indian theoretical nuclear physicist and professor at Aligarh Muslim University since 1961. He was known for his work in quantum scattering theory.

He was an associate member of the International Center for Theoretical Physics located in Trieste (Italy), a member of the New York Academy of Sciences, and the Indian Physics Association. He was Founding Director of the Center for Promotion of Science at the Aligarh Muslim University from its inception in 1985 to 1991, and Chairman of its Department of Physics  from 1988 to 1991. He was editor of the monthly Urdu journal Tahzibul Akhlaq of Aligarh Muslim University from June 1986 to 1990. In addition, he had served as professor at King Abdul Aziz University in Saudi Arabia. He was married to Mahe Laka (daughter of Dr. Qammrudeen).

Personal life and education
Israr was born in village Mahuwara of District Azamgarh in a Zamindara family. He graduated from Shibli National Degree College, Azamgarh in 1959 receiving his Intermediate and B.Sc. degree. He was awarded Gold Medal by the Gorakhpur University in 1959 for standing first in his B.Sc. examination. He received his M.Sc. degree in Physics at AMU, in 1961 and was awarded the F.D. Murad Medal for standing first. He started his Ph.D. in the department of Physics, AMU, under supervision of Prof. Mohd. Zillur Rahman Khan but submitted it as a Teacher candidate in 1969.

Centre for Promotion of Science (CPS)
Apart from his scientific work, Ahmad was keen in spreading the message of Islamic reformer Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. He was one of the strong supporters of the Aligarh Movement and revived the mission of Sir Syed to promote modern education, especially science, among oriental students and seminaries. To achieve this, with the support of Dr. Abdus Salam, he established the Centre for Promotion of Science (CPS) at AMU Aligarh in 1985, and was appointed as Founder Director of the center.

The center played a key role as a bridge between the Madrasah and a modern institution. It organized several refresher courses, seminars, series of lectures for Madrasah students and seminaries. In these, Ahmad organized a number of conferences on 'Religious Seminaries and Science Education', and conducted several introductory science courses for the teachers of Muslim religious seminaries. He established an independent office of CPS next to the Department of Physics and Dean Faculty of Science. He served CPS until 1991 and handed over his post to his student Professor. Abdul Qaiyum.

Tahzibul Akhlaq
In 1864 Sir Syed Ahmed Khan started the Urdu journal Tahzibul Akhlaq to spread awareness of contemporary socio-economic and educational developments in the Muslim community. Tahzibul Akhlaq was discontinued in 1881, but 100 years later, his ardent supporter, the then Vice-Chancellor Syed Hamid, revived it in 1981.  Ahmad took an interest in the project and its promotion and was appointed its editor in June 1986, taking over this position from Prof. Noorul Hasan Naqvi. He played a key role in making Tahzibul Akhlaq a viable journal. As a science fiction writer in Hindi, Urdu, and English, Ahmad wrote several articles in different journals. He served as the editor of Tahzibul Akhlaq until 1990, when he handed over the post to Prof. Kabir Ahmad Jaisi.

Death
Ahmad died on 2 April 2010 at Holy Family Hospital in New Delhi. His body was brought to Aligarh and was buried at the Aligarh Muslim University graveyard.  He left behind his wife, sons Shahid Israr and Khalid Israr, and daughters Sabiha Alvi and Sobia Wahid.

See also
 List of physicists
 List of theoretical physicists
 String Theory
 Theory of everything
 Unified Field Theory

References

Academic staff of Aligarh Muslim University
20th-century Indian physicists
Scientists from Uttar Pradesh
20th-century Indian Muslims
2010 deaths
1940 births
People from Azamgarh district
Indian theoretical physicists

Israr Ahmad


The Milwaukee Brewers are a Major League Baseball team in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. They play in the Central Division of the National League.

The team first played in Seattle, Washington, for one season (1969). They were called the Seattle Pilots. In 1970, they moved to Milwaukee and were renamed the Milwaukee Brewers. The team is named "Brewers" because the city of Milwaukee is famous for making beer. The old minor league baseball team in Milwaukee had also been called the Brewers.

The team played in the American League from 1969 to 1997, and they won the American League championship in 1982. They started playing in the National League in 1998.

The name of the stadium where they play baseball is American Family Field, which was built in 2001 and was known as Miller Park until 2021. Before American Family Field was built, the team played in Milwaukee County Stadium, which was next to the place where American Family Field was built.

References

Other websites

 The team's web page
 The team's statistics from Baseball-Reference

1969 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Wisconsin

Milwaukee Brewers


Ambient intelligence is an idea from computer science to create an environment of machines that meaningfully interact with people. The idea is that these machines help people solve the problems they have, and that people can interact with the machines in a natural way. An example would be a camera that recognizes the owner of a house or apartment, and that is able to turn off the alarm, and unlock the door. The systems that control the camera, the alarm system and the door lock are all connected to each other. When the camera sees the person, it works with the other systems to make the person's life easier.

Requirements
In order for the idea to work well:
Computer hardware should be small
Different networks of computers and home appliances need to be connected so they can communicate with each other
Computer networks are easy to control and program. New devices in the networks should configure themselves automatically, or their configuration should be easy to do, without the need to understand how they all work.
The interfaces to control the devices focus on the user and are easy to use
The system should be forgiving with errors. It should be secure and work as long as possible, even with errors

In fiction
Ambient intelligence has also be shown in fiction. The movie Minority Report shows how advertising changes for each user. the book The Hitchiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams shows intelligent doors that have emotions, which they show when people use them.

References

Computer science

Ambient intelligence


The Hereditary Peerage Association is a British representative body for hereditary peers in the United Kingdom formed in 2002 in the wake of the House of Lords Act 1999.

Aims
It aims to provide a representative voice for hereditary peers thus attempting to clarify the rights of the remaining  peers, and to protect the remaining rights and dignities of the hereditary peerage of the United Kingdom, and those peers whose titles derived from the former Peerages of Great Britain, and of Ireland, and to provide a forum for communication and debate of matters of common concern for members of the peerage.  It seeks to maintain a common bond between hereditary peers through its active social events, and to protect and promote the  heritage which they collectively represent in  a "somewhat unlikely trade union."

In November 2003, the Hereditary Peerage Association responded to the white paper Constitutional Reform: next steps for the House of Lords, expressing opposition to the proposed removal of the then 92 remaining hereditary peers. On 13 March 2007 Flora Fraser, 21st Lady Saltoun suggested that the Hereditary Peerage Association could give advice on candidate selection in Peers' elections.

Membership
Membership is open to all hereditary peers, with associate membership open to their heirs.

The Joint Chairmen are Viscount Torrington and Lord Newall, the committee being composed of Lord Newall as well as Lord Kilmaine, Lord St. Oswald, the Earl of Erroll, Viscount Trenchard and Lord Glanusk.

Events
The HPA is active through an array of social events, including a monthly luncheon. On 28 February 2006 Windsor Herald William Hunt spoke on the subject of the Roll of the Peerage before an HPA luncheon.

References

External links
 hereditarypeers.com
 College of Arms
 Whatever happened to ... hereditary peers?. Article on The Guardian.

2002 establishments in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 2002
House of Lords
Peers of the United Kingdom

Hereditary Peerage Association


The Academy of San Carlos () is located at 22 Academia Street in just northeast of the main plaza of Mexico City. It was the first major art academy and the first art museum in the Americas. It was founded in 1781 as the School of Engraving and moved to the Academia Street location about 10 years later. It emphasized classical European training until the early 20th century, when it shifted to a more modern perspective. At this time, it also integrated with the National Autonomous University of Mexico, eventually becoming the Faculty of Arts and Design, which is based in Xochimilco. Currently, only graduate courses of the modern school are given in the original academy building.

History

The Academy of San Carlos was founded in 1783, being the first arts academy established in America in 1783, with European teachers, and bright students. In 1540 the building was built in order to create the first hospital for people with syphilis. Its name was "Hospital del Amor de Dios", and was closed in 1783 in order to fuse itself with the hospital of San Andrés in the old college of Jesuits on Tacuba street.

, a famous engraver, established in 1778 an engraving school by the order of King Carlos VI. It was so successful that with his partner, Fernando José Mangino, decided to create a new academy that teaches painting, sculpture and architecture. Finally, in 1781 classes started on the Real Casa de Moneda thanks to the donations of rich people, churches, the Tribunal of Trade and the states of Veracruz, Querétaro, Guanajuato, Cordoba and Orizaba.

The school's first director, Italian Jeronimo Antonio Gil, was appointed by Carlos III and gathered prominent artists of the day including José de Alcíbar, Santiago Sandoval, Juan Sáenz, Manuel Tolsá and Rafael Ximeno y Planes. Tolsá and Ximeno would later stay on to become directors of the school. The new school began to promote Neoclassicism, focusing on Greek and Roman art and architecture, advocating European-style training of its artists. To this end, plaster casts of classic Greek and Roman statues were brought to Mexico from Europe for students to study.

The Royal Card of establishment was issued on December 25 of 1783. It was asked by the viceroy Martín de Mayorga to the King Carlos III. They choose San Carlos as patron saint.

On November 4 of 1785, courses were officially started in the Academy of the Noble Arts of San Carlos of the New Spain. In 1788, the Academy of San Fernando in Spain sent some teachers like the famous Manuel Tolsá who was in charge of architecture and sculpture.
Aspirations of growing up were so big, that they even tried to afford the building that Tolsá was designing on Nilpantongo Street, but it was way too expensive and it was paid by the Royal Seminar of Mining.
Without a building of their own, the academy asked for the forsaken one of the Hospital Amor de Dios and finally in 1787 they started classes there.
Since its founding, it attracted the country's best artists, and was a force behind the abandonment of the Baroque style in Mexico, which had already gone out-of-fashion in Europe.

In the early 19th century, the academy was closed for a short time due to the Mexican War of Independence. When it reopened, it was renamed the National Academy of San Carlos and enjoyed the new government's preference for Neoclassicism, as it considered the Baroque reminiscent of colonialism. Despite the school's association with the independent Mexican government, Emperor Maximilian I (installed in Mexico by the French) protected the school during his reign, although foreign artists were shunned there. When Benito Juárez ousted the emperor and regained the presidency of Mexico, he was reluctant to support the school and its European influence, which he considered to be a vestige of colonialism.

The academy continued to advocate classic, European-style training of its artists until 1913. In that year, a student and teacher strike advocating a more modern approach ousted director Antonio Rivas Mercado. It was also partially integrated into University of Mexico (now UNAM) at that time, although it initially kept a large degree of autonomy. In 1929, the architecture program was separated from the rest of the academy, and in 1953, this department was moved to the newly built campus of UNAM in the south of the city. The remaining programs in painting, sculpture and engraving were renamed National School of Expressive Arts Escuela Nacional de Artes Plásticas. Later, the undergraduate fine arts programs were moved to a facility in Xochimilco, leaving only some graduate programs in the original Academy of San Carlos building.

Alumni and associated artists

Some of its most famous first teachers included Miguel Constanzó in architecture, José Joaquín Fabregat in metal engraving, Rafael Ximeno y Planes in painting and Manuel Tolsá in sculpture. Another notable teacher here was Pelegrí Clavé, who was noted for his expertise in creating portraits of heroes and biblical figures.

Catalan Antonio Fabres was a dominant force at the academy during the early 20th century. He would mentor later Mexican artists such as Saturnino Herrán, Roberto Montenegro, Diego Rivera and José Clemente Orozco.

José María Velasco is considered the greatest artist associated with the academy, famous for his landscapes of the Valley of Mexico and a mentor of Diego Rivera. Other artists linked to the academy are Manuel Rodríguez Lozano, Alfredo Zalce, Andrés José López, José Chávez Morado, Francisco Moreno Capdevila, Luis Sahagún Cortés, Gabriel Fernández Ledesma, Roberto de la Selva and Jorge Figueroa Acosta. Matusha Corkidi studied at the academy after emigrating from Egypt.

Mexican muralist Elena Huerta Muzquiz and her daughter Electa Arenal, both attended the school.

Architects

A number of important nineteenth-century architects studied at the academy, including Juan (b. 1825) and Ramón Agea (b. 1828), who were sent to Rome by the academy to study with Cippolla. They sent back sketches of Roman monuments that served as models for Academy students. They went on to be professors at the academy as well as working architects in Mexico City. They completed the Monument to Cuauhtémoc on Paseo de la Reforma after the death of the engineer in charge. Another notable graduate (1863) is architect Manuel Francisco Álvarez, who was also a civil engineer. Álvarez was a city counsellor (regidor) of the capital, president of the Asociación de Ingenieros y Arquitectos, a founding member of the Asociación Francesa para el Desarrollo de la Enseñanza Técnica, Industrial y Comercial; director of the Escuela Nacional de Artes y Oficios; and a member of the Academy of France, and author of many books on architecture.

Building

The building originally was as the Amor de Dios Hospital, which had closed by the time the School of Engraving decided to move there from the mint building. Founding director Gerónimo Antonio Gil took charge of the restoration and remodeling work. Artist Javier Cavallari created the academy's Neoclassic facade, which is embellished with six medallions. Four of these represent the academy's founders: Carlos III, Carlos IV, Gerónimo Antonio Gil and Fernando José Manguino, and the other two are of Michelangelo and Raphael. Cavallari also finished the patio, the conference room and the painting and sculpture galleries. The painting gallery contains portraits by Ramon Sagredo and the sculpture room contains works by José Obregón and Manuel Ocaranza.

A number of plaster casts of classic statues from the San Fernando Fine Arts Academy in Spain were brought here for teaching purposes. These casts still exist and can be seen on display in the academy's central patio. Some of these statues include casts of statues from the Medici tombs, Moses by Michelangelo, the Winged Victory of Samothrace and Venus de Milo.

Gallery
The academy once had a very large collection of art in the Gallery of the San Carlos Academy, considered the first museum of art in the Americas. Its art collection began with plaster casts of original Greek, Roman and European works used as teaching aids. It also gained other European works such as engravings from the 16th to 19th centuries from Spain, France, England, Italy, Germany, and Holland. The school also collected works from students and teachers from its founding to beginning of the 20th century. However, the collection outgrew the original academy building as it received donations from private sources and purchases made by the Mexican government after independence. The collection was divided, some going to the Museo Universitario de la Academia, also in the historic center of town, some going to the National Museum of San Carlos, northeast of the historic center and the other part remaining in the original building.

See also
List of colonial non-religious buildings in Mexico City
Architecture of Mexico
Mexican art

References

Further reading
Charlot, Jean. Mexican Art and the Academy of San Carlos, 1785-1915. Austin: University of Texas Press 1962

External links

Museums in Mexico City
Contemporary art galleries in Mexico
Historic center of Mexico City
Buildings and structures in Mexico City
Universities in Mexico City
Landmarks in Mexico City
National Monuments of Mexico
Defunct hospitals in Mexico
Mexican art
Mexican culture
Plaster cast collections
1781 establishments in New Spain
1780s establishments in Mexico
Art museums established in 1781
18th century in Mexico
19th century in Mexico
Colonial Mexico
Neoclassical architecture in Mexico
1540s establishments in Mexico
Hospitals established in the 16th century
Hospitals disestablished in 1783

Academy of San Carlos


Metropolitan Leo (or Lev, , secular name Nikolay Lvovich Tserpitsky, ; born April 13, 1946) is the current Metropolitan of Novgorod and Staraya Russa. He was named Bishop of Novgorod the Great and Staraya Russa on July 20, 1990, and elevated to the archiepiscopal dignity on February 25, 1995, and to the metropolitan dignity in January 2012.

Biography
He was born in the village of Zaluzhye in Stowbtsy District of Minsk Region in Belarus on April 13, 1946. He is the grandson of a priest.

After his service in the Soviet Army in 1966–1969, Lev entered the Leningrad Spiritual Academy, graduating in 1975 and successfully defending a candidate's dissertation entitled "Decrees of the Second Vatican Council's 'Constitution on the Divine Liturgy'" («Постановление II Ватиканского Собора "Конституция о богослужении"»). He studied at the Papal Gregorian University from 1975 to 1978.

On 28 March 1971, he was shorn a monk by Metropolitan Nikodim (Rotov) of Leningrad and Novgorod; he was consecrated a hierodeacon in April of that same year and was consecrated a hieromonk in April 1975. From 1972 to 1975, he was personal secretary to Metropolitan Nikodim. In 1978, he was elevated to the rank of archimandrite and was part of the Russian Orthodox Church's delegation at the funeral of Pope Paul VI and the inauguration of John Paul I; he was with the Metropolitan when Nikodim collapsed and died during an audience with the Pope.

He was consecrated Bishop of Tashkent on November 1, 1987.

Since becoming Bishop (since 1995 - Archbishop) of Novgorod and Staraya Russa, Leo has overseen the rebuilding of the church in the eparchy in the aftermath of the Soviet collapse. He concelebrated the rededication of the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom after it was returned to the Russian Orthodox Church in 1991, reestablished a library in the upper gallery of the cathedral, oversaw the reopening of a number of churches in the eparchy (the Church of St. Philip was the only Orthodox church that remained open in Novgorod during the Soviet period), established a festival in honor of Metropolitan Arsenius (Stadnitsky) of Novgorod (d. 1936), returned the relics of Bishop Nikita (d. 1108) to the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom (in the early Soviet period, they had been kept in a paper bag in the Novgorod Museum; after 1957, they were in the Church of St. Philip), and has patronized other efforts to rebuild the church and church culture in the eparchy.

The Holy Synod on December 28, 2011, appointed him head of the Metropoly of Novgorod (including the diocese of Novgorod and diocese of Borovichi).  He was elevated to the rank of metropolitan on January 8, 2012, in the Dormition Cathedral of Moscow Kremlin by Patriarch of Russia, Kirill I.

Awards and honors
Lev has been the recipient of several secular and ecclesiastical awards.  In 1992, he was made an honorary citizen of Novgorod the Great. On March 30, 2006, President Vladimir Putin awarded him the Order For Merit to the Fatherland, 4th class (За заслуги перед Отечеством» IV степени). He has also received the Order of Honour (Знак Почёта), the Order of Sergius of Radonezh, 4th class (Орден преподобного Сергия Радонежского III степени), and the Order of St. Prince Daniel of Moscow (Орден св. блгв. кн. Даниила Московского). In 2004, he was a recipient of the Yaroslav the Wise Medal, 1st class (Медалью Ярослава Мудрого I степени) awarded by Novgorod State University.

References

External links

 Archbishop Lev's biography
 Archbishop Lev's biography on website of the Moscow Patriarchate

1946 births
Living people
People from Stowbtsy District
Archbishops and Metropolitans of Novgorod
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Belarus
Pontifical Gregorian University alumni
Recipients of the Order of Holy Prince Daniel of Moscow
Recipients of the Order of Honour (Russia)

Leo (Tserpitsky)


Franciszek Kleeberg (1 February 1888, in Tarnopol – 5 April 1941, near Dresden) was a Polish general. He served in the Austro-Hungarian Army before joining the Polish Legions in World War I and following the Polish Independence later the Polish Army. During the German Invasion of Poland he commanded Independent Operational Group Polesie (). He never lost a battle in the Invasion of Poland, although he was eventually forced to surrender after his forces ran out of ammunition. Imprisoned in Oflag IV-B Koenigstein, he died in hospital in Dresden on 5 April 1941 and was buried there.

Early life
General Franciszek Kleeberg was born on 1 February 1888 in Tarnopol (then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, next Tarnopol in interwar Poland again, now Ternopil Ukraine). He was of German and Swedish ancestry on his paternal side. His father, an officer of the Austrian Dragoons, took part in the Polish uprising of 1863/64. After the fall of the uprising he returned home, and according to the family legend said: "Now the country, Poland, will need good soldiers. 'Franek' will be a soldier." After graduation from the military vocational school at Hranice (Mährisch Weißkirchen) in Moravia, Kleeberg continued studies at military academy in Mödling, Lower Austria. Promoted to the 2nd Lieutenant in artillery, he served in the capital Vienna, where he completed studies at the Academy of the General Staff (k.u.k. Kriegsschule).

War experience
He took part in the First World War, first in the Austro-Hungarian army, and after May 1915 as an officer in the Polish Legion. He commanded a regiment in the Polish–Soviet War of 1919-21. In 1925 he completed studies at a French military school in Paris and became the commander of the Supreme Military School in Warsaw. After Jozef Pilsudski's coup d'état, he was dismissed from that post in 1927 and sent to command an infantry division in Grodno.

World War II
At the time of the outbreak of World War II he was the commander of the IX Army Corps in Brzesc in the rear operational zone.  Yet soon the situation changed in view of massive enemy air raids and rapid advance of its armoured and mechanized troops. On 11 September 1939 his corps were transformed into the Operation Group Polesie, but were lacking in heavy equipment, and by 14 September were already in combat with the most advanced German troops. General Kleeberg managed to organize a defence by withdrawing dispersed units from under the strike of the German forces, but found many of his units also attacked by the Red army. He also managed to gather remnants of the Polish forces destroyed in the east to Vistula and south-east to Narew into a new grouping, with which he tried to break through towards besieged Warsaw. After hearing of Warsaw's capitulation, he dug his troops in, resulting in the battle of Kock. On 5 October 1939 General Kleeberg decided to surrender, as his forces were out of ammunition and food.

Death
General Kleeberg was imprisoned in Oflag IV-B Koenigstein, where he lost his sight and became unable to walk. He died aged 53 in the camp hospital and was buried in Dresden. In 1969, his remains were exhumed, brought to Poland and re-buried in Kock among the fallen soldiers of the Operation Group Polesie.

Promotions
 podporucznik (lieutenant) – August 1908
 porucznik (first lieutenant) – May 1913
 kapitan (captain) – November 1915
 major (major) – August 1917
 podpułkownik (lieutenant colonel) – December 1918
 pułkownik (colonel) – April 1920
 generał brygady (brigadier general) – January 1928
 generał dywizji (major general) – January 1943 (post-mortem)

Military awards
 Virtuti Militari, Commander's Cross, (previously awarded Knight's Cross, Golden Cross and Silver Cross)
 Polonia Restituta, Grand Cross awarded posthumously on 4 October 2009; (previously awarded Commander's Cross and Officer's Cross)
 Cross of Valour 4 times
 Military Merit Medal (Signum Laudis) (Austria-Hungary)
 Commander of the Légion d'honneur (France)
 Iron Cross of 1914, 2nd Class (Germany)
 Order of Lāčplēsis, 3rd Class (Latvia)
 Gold Cross of Merit (1937)

See also
 Battle of Kock

References
 Stanley S. Seidner, Marshal Edward Śmigły-Rydz Rydz and the Defense of Poland, New York, 1978.

External links
 Bohater "Polesia" at Rzeczpospolita Weekend, 1 February 2013.
 Important dates in career

1888 births
1941 deaths
People from Ternopil
Clergy from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
Polish people of German descent
Polish people of Swedish descent
Polish generals
Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
Polish legionnaires (World War I)
Polish people of the Polish–Ukrainian War
People of the Polish May Coup (pro-government side)
Polish military personnel of World War II
Polish prisoners of war
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany
Commanders of the Legion of Honour
Commanders of the Virtuti Militari
Grand Crosses of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Recipients of the Cross of Valour (Poland)
Recipients of the Order of Lāčplēsis, 3rd class
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class
Recipients of the Gold Cross of Merit (Poland)

Franciszek Kleeberg


Professor Benjamin Wan-Sang Wah () is the Wei Lun Professor of Computer Science and Engineering at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, as well as the former provost of this university. He was elected President of IEEE Computer Society in 2001.

Education
Wah was born in Hong Kong and graduated from Queen Elizabeth School, Hong Kong. He received his BS and MS in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from Columbia University, USA, then furthered his studies at the University of California, Berkeley, obtaining an MS in Computer Science and a PhD in Databases. Wah began his teaching career in Purdue University in 1979. He later joined the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, in 1985, which he served until his retirement at the end of 2011.

Career
In 1985-2011, he was the Franklin W. Woeltge Endowed Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA. In 2008-2009, he also served as Director of the Advanced Digital Sciences Center in Singapore, a US$50 million research center established by the University of Illinois in Singapore in collaboration with the Singapore government's Agency for Science, Technology and Research. In 1998–1999, Wah was Chair Professor of Computer Science and Engineering at The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), and in that year received an Exemplary Teaching Award. From 1999 to 2003, he served as Adjunct Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at CUHK.

Research
Wah is an expert on non-linear programming, multimedia signal processing and artificial intelligence. He has published numerous research articles in top professional journals, such as Artificial Intelligence, IEEE Trans. in Computers, IEEE Trans. on Knowledge and Data Engineering, IEEE Trans. on Multimedia, IEEE Trans. on Parallel and Distributed Technology, IEEE Trans. on Software Engineering, Journal of Global Optimization, Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research. He is also the author of two books, and Editor-in-Chief of Wiley's Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Engineering (published in 2008), and has contributed to many edited books and book chapters. He has served on many journal editorial boards.

He also holds many Endowed Professorships and Honorary Professorships in leading universities in the United States of America and in Asia. Professor Wah was elected President of IEEE Computer Society in 2001. He was a member of the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong between 2005 and 2009 and Chairman of its Engineering Panel between 2006 and 2009.  He has been a member of the HK Research Grants Council since 2011.

Awards
Professor Wah has received numerous honors and awards for his distinguished academic and professional achievements, including the Tsutomu Kanai Award, the W. Wallace McDowell Award, and the Richard E. Merwin Distinguished Service Award, all from the IEEE Computer Society, the Pan Wen Yuan Foundation Outstanding Research Award, and the IEEE Third Millennium Medal. In 2011, he received the Distinguished Alumni Award in computer science from the University of California, Berkeley. He has been elected:
Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science,
Fellow of IEEE,
Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery.

References

press release by CUHK
Personal page, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Wiley Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Engineering, 2009
Richard E. Merwin Distinguished Service Award, IEEE Computer Society

Fellow Members of the IEEE
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
Chinese electrical engineers
Living people
UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)

Benjamin Wah


Tarn Hows is an area of the Lake District National Park in North West England, It contains a picturesque tarn, approximately  northeast of Coniston and about  northwest of Hawkshead. It is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the area with over half a million visitors per year in the 1970s and is managed by the National Trust.

Tarn Hows is fed at its northern end by a series of valley and basin mires and is drained by Tom Gill which cascades down over several small waterfalls to Glen Mary bridge: named by John Ruskin who felt that Tom Gill required a more picturesque name and so gave the area the title 'Glen Mary'.

The area features in the map of the open world racing game Forza Horizon 4.

History

The Tarn Hows area originally contained three much smaller tarns, Low Tarn, Middle Tarn and High Tarn.

Wordsworth's Guide Through the District of the Lakes (1835 edition) recommends walkers to come this way but passes the tarns without mention.

Until 1862 much of the Tarn Hows area was part of the open common grazing of Hawkshead parish. The remaining enclosed land and many of the local farms and quarries were owned by the Marshall family of Monk Coniston Hall (known as Waterhead House at the time). James Garth Marshall (1802–1873) who was the Member of Parliament for Leeds (1847–1852) and third son of the industrialist John Marshall, gained full possession of all of the land after an enclosure act of 1862 and embarked on a series of landscape improvements in the area including expanding the spruce, larch and pine plantations around the tarns; demolition of the Water Head Inn at Coniston; and the construction of a dam at Low Tarn that created the larger tarn that is there today.

By 1899 Tarn Hows was already an important beauty spot. H.S. Cowper mentions "Tarn Hows, beloved by skaters in winter and picnic parties in summer. Here comes every day at least one charabanc load of sightseers from Ambleside or Windermere". A wooden boat house that was still standing in the 1950s at the south east corner of the tarn probably dated from this period. In 1913 G.D. Abraham said "Tarn Hows is set wildly among larches and heather slopes, more like a highland lake than the other waters in Lakeland... more suitable for pedestrians than motorists".

Beatrix Potter
In 1930 the Marshall family wanted to sell their  Monk Coniston estate. Beatrix Potter's husband, William Heelis of Sawrey, was solicitor for the Marshall family and so was aware of the possibility early on. One of the farms within the estate had previously been owned by Potter's great grandfather and so Beatrix was interested in buying the estate as a whole rather than allowing it to be sold off piecemeal for tourist development; however, she could not afford the whole £15,000–£18,000 asking price without selling other properties that she wanted to keep. Neither the National Trust nor the Forestry Commission could obtain the whole sum quickly enough and Potter's mother would not lend her the money. Potter wrote that 'Tarn Hows is such a favourite walk that on the face of it you might think it was a case for public subscription; but it would not work. My mother is known to be so wealthy that nobody would subscribe to help me!'

Potter and Heelis negotiated to buy the whole estate for £15,000, relying on the National Trust to be able to appeal to the public to raise enough to buy back 2,090 acres from her. During the period when Potter and Heelis owned the whole estate it was successfully managed by the two of them. The National Trust's appeal had raised nearly enough before the summer of 1930 and they bought most of the land from Potter – she donated the last part anonymously. When the Trust took over in September it asked Potter to carry on managing the land on its behalf. Bruce Thompson, the National Trust agent for its properties in the north of England, wrote in The Lake District and the National Trust in 1936 that "The Tarns and its setting were given to the nation by Sir S. H. Scott in 1930 as part of the Trust's general scheme for securing a large part of the Monk Coniston estate. The gift was made in memory of Sir James and Lady Scott." Presumably he donated the funds to the appeal to buy this portion of the estate.
The remaining half of the Monk Coniston estate was bequeathed by Potter in her will to the National Trust.

National Trust era
Tarn Hows was designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1965.

The National Trust have made a number of more recent changes to the area including moving the car parks to a less obtrusive place in the 1960s and general footpath and road improvements to minimize the damage caused by the visitors.  In May 2008 a building designed to harmonise with the landscape was opened, providing toilets and an information display under a sedum green roof.

Etymology
" 'The hills by the pool(s)'; 'tjǫrn/tarn', 'haugr/how(e).' There are five or six low hills, most of which form an intake. The pools, now amalgamated through damming, used to be separated by Tarn Moss and called 'The Tarns (High, Middle and Low Tarn)."'Tjǫrn' and 'haugr' are ON (Old Norse), 'tarn' is dialect;

Gallery

Notes

References

External links

The National Trust's Coniston & Tarn Hows
Tarn Hows, Guide to the Lake District
Tarn Hows Walk - Lake District Walks

Lakes of the Lake District
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Cumbria
National Trust properties in the Lake District
South Lakeland District

Tarn Hows


Arezzo is an old city in central Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Arezzo, in the region of Tuscany. Arezzo is about 80 km (50 mi) south-east of Florence. It is at an elevation of 296 m above sea level. In 2001 the population was about 91,600 people.

Geography
Arezzo is placed on the floodplain of the Arno. In the upper part of the town are the cathedral and the squares.

History
Arezzo may have been one of the twelve most important Etruscan cities, that was also called Dodecapolis.
Conquered by the Romans in 311 BC, Arretium became a military station on the via Cassia, the road to expansion by republican Rome into the basin of the Po. In the 3rd to 4th century, Arezzo became an episcopal place: it is one of the few cities whose succession of bishops are known by name without interruption to the present day, in part because they were the feudal lords of the city in the Middle Ages.

Until 1384, Arezzo was an independent city-state, generally Ghibelline in tendency, thus opposing Guelph Florence. In 1252 the city founded its university, the Studium. Arezzo in 1384 was under  Florentine domination. During this period Piero della Francesca worked in the church of San Francesco di Arezzo producing the splendid frescoes.

In the 18th century the neighbouring marshes of the Val di Chiana, south of Arezzo, were drained and the region became less malarial. At the end of the century French troops led by Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Arezzo, but the city soon turned into the hands of the resistance against the invaders with the movement of "Viva Maria": this gained the city the role of provincial capital. In 1860 Arezzo became part of the Kingdom of Italy.

Squares

The Piazza Grande is the most noteworthy medieval square in the city, it is currently the site of the Giostra del Saracino ("Joust of the Saracin").
 The Palace of the Lay Fraternity (Fraternita dei Laici): 14th-15th century palazzo, with a Gothic style.
 The Vasari Loggia.
 Episcopal Palace,
 Palazzo Cofani-Brizzolari, with the Torre Faggiolana.

Churches
 the Gothic Cathedral of Saint Donatus (13th-early 16th centuries).
 Basilica of San Francesco (13th-14th centuries), in Tuscan-Gothic style.
 Romanesque church of Santa Maria della Pieve.
 Basilica of San Domenico (founded in 1275 and completed in the early 14th century).
 Church of San Michele,
 Santa Maria in Gradi is a medieval church from the 11th or the 12th century, but was rebuilt in the late 16th century by Bartolomeo Ammannati.
 Church of St. Augustine, founded in 1257,
 Badia di SS. Flora e Lucilla (12th century). Built by Benedictine monks in the 12th century, it was totally restored in the 16th century under the direction of Giorgio Vasari.
 San Lorenzo,
 Santa Maria delle Grazie, a late Gothic sanctuary with a Renaissance portal by Benedetto da Maiano (1490).
 Santa Maria a Gradi (1591), a monastery existing already in 1043.
 Church of Santissima Trinità. Built in 1348,
 Santa Maria Maddalena, built in 1561.
 Pieve di San Paolo, in San Paolo, erected as Palaeo-Christian baptismal church,
 Pieve di Sant'Eugenia al Bagnoro,
 Pieve di San Donnino a Maiano, at Palazzo del Pero (6th-9th centuries).

Others places

 Roman amphitheatre and museum.
 Palazzo dei Priori, erected in 1333, has been the seat of the city's magistratures until today. The edifice was numerous times restored and renovated; the interior has a court from the 16th century, a stone statue portraying a Madonna with Child (1339), frescoes, busts of illustrious Aretines, two paintings by Giorgio Vasari. The square tower is from 1337.
 Medici Fortress (Fortezza Medicea), designed by Antonio da Sangallo the Younger and completed in 1538-1560. It was partly dismantled by the French in the early 19th century.
 Palazzo Camaiani-Albergotti (14th century, renovated in the 16th century), with the Torre della Bigazza.
 Palazzo Bruni-Ciocchi, Renaissance edifice attributed to Bernardo Rossellino.
 Palazzo Pretorio.
 House of Petrarch (Casa del Petrarca).
 Casa Vasari (in Via XX Settembre) an older house rebuilt in 1547 by Giorgio Vasari
 Ivan Bruschi House and Museum (Casa-Museo "Ivan Bruschi").
 Gaio Cilnio Mecenate Archeological Museum.
 Civic Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art.

Festivals
 Arezzo is home to an annual international competition of International Guido d'Arezzo Polyphonic Contest
 Arezzo is home to an annual medieval festival called the Saracen Joust (Giostra del Saracino). In this, "knights" on horseback must attack,the "Saracen king" and score points according to accuracy.
 Arezzo is also home to an annual popular music and culture festival, in July, called Arezzo Wave.

Notable people from Arezzo
 Guido d'Arezzo, the most notable music theorist of the Middle Ages and inventor of modern music notation, was born there around the year 991.
 Piero della Francesca, the painter, was born in the province of Arezzo and spent most of his life in the city.
 Petrarch, the poet.
 Giorgio Vasari, the painter, architect, and biographer.
 Francesco Redi, a 17th century physician.
 In addition, Poggio Bracciolini and Michelangelo were born near the town.
 Dylan and Cole Sprouse were born in Arezzo. They are actors on the Disney Channel Original series The Suite Life of Zack and Cody playing the lead roles of Zack and Cody Martin.
 Roberto Benigni, a great producer and actor born in Arezzo.

Sport clubs
 Associazione Calcio Arezzo (A.C. Arezzo)
 Vasari Rugby Arezzo
 Club sommozzatori Calypso - Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee - Sez. Terr. Arezzo (diving)

Twin cities
  Bedford, United Kingdom
  Montenars, Italy, since 1977
  Saint-Priest, France, since 1981
  Eger, Hungary, since 1989

References

Other websites

 Official Website
 Informations about Arezzo and province

Cities in Tuscany
Capital cities in Italy
Settlements in Arezzo

Arezzo


The Lincoln, sometimes called the Lincoln Longwool, is a breed of sheep from England. The Lincoln is the largest British sheep, developed specifically to produce the heaviest, longest and most lustrous fleece of any breed in the world. Great numbers were exported to many countries to improve the size and wool quality of their native breeds. The versatile fleece is in great demand for spinning, weaving and many other crafts.

It is now one of Britain's rarer breeds,  categorized as "at risk" by the Rare Breeds Survival Trust since there are fewer than 1500 registered breeding females in the United Kingdom.

Characteristics
Mature rams weigh from , and mature ewes will range in weight from . Fleece of the Lincoln is carried in heavy locks that are often twisted into a spiral near the end. The staple length in Lincolns is among the longest of all the breeds, ranging from  with a yield of 65 to 80%.  Lincolns produce the heaviest and coarsest fleeces of the long-wooled sheep with ewe fleeces weighing from . The fleece has a numeric count of 36's - 46's and ranges from 41.0 to 33.5 microns in diameter. Although coarse and somewhat hair-like, the fleece does have considerable luster.

References

External links

 U.K. Lincoln breeders association

History of Lincolnshire
Sheep breeds
Sheep breeds originating in England

Lincoln sheep


Friday the 13th Part III (also known as Friday the 13th Part 3: 3D) is a 1982 American slasher movie directed by Steve Miner and produced by Frank Mancuso Jr.. It is the third installment in the Friday the 13th movie series.

It stars Dana Kimmell, Richard Brooker, Paul Kratka, Larry Zerner, and Tracie Savage. The plot is about a teenage girl and her friends on vacation at a house on Crystal Lake, where a wounded Jason Voorhees is waiting to kill them.

The movie marks the first time Jason Voorhees is wearing his signature hockey mask.

It was released on August 13, 1982, grossing over $36.6 million at the US box office on a budget of $2.3 million. The movie was the first to remove E.T.: The Extra Terrestrial from the number-one box office spot and became the second highest-grossing horror movie of 1982.

References

1982 horror movies
Friday the 13th movies

Friday the 13th Part III


The Parable of the Prodigal Son is one of the parables of Jesus. It is found only in the Gospel of Luke at 15:11-32.  The parable is about a son who wastes his share of his father's estate. He loses all his money and gets work feeding pigs—one of the lowest jobs a person can do according to the Jewish religion.  He repents and returns to his father's house. He is welcomed and a feast is held.  His older, dutiful brother who has worked without reward for his father resents the fuss made over the prodigal son. His father reminds him that all he has is his. He says they should still celebrate the return of the younger boy because he has come back to them. In the Western Catholic church, this parable is usually read on the third Sunday of Lent. In the Eastern Orthodox Church it is read on the Sunday of the Prodigal Son. The parable is the subject of much art, music, literature, and stage works.

This is the last of three parables about loss and redemption. It follows the Parable of the Lost Sheep and the Parable of the Lost Coin. Jesus tells this parable after the Pharisees and religious leaders accuse him of welcoming and eating with "sinners." The father's joy described in the parable reflects divine love, the "boundless mercy of God," and "God's refusal to limit the measure of his grace."

References

Prodigal Son

Parable of the Prodigal Son


A word processor is a computer program (often a text editor) or a special computer intended to edit texts with colours and different font sizes and styles, or texts which will be printed.

Most such programs now have helpful instruments (tools) to make good texts. Important instruments include spelling & grammar checker, word count (this also counts letters and lines). Moreover, with such programs one can make attractive documents, add pictures into documents, make webpages, graphs etc. Also, they show synonyms (similar words) of words and some can read the text aloud. Many word processors, similar to many new programs, have configurable printing facilities. Some of the more versatile ones are called Desktop publishing programs.

Examples include:
 Microsoft Word, one of the few commonly sold in shops
 LibreOffice Writer
 iWork Pages for macOS
 TextEdit for macOS
 WordPad is among the simplest and most widespread
 OpenOffice Writer, usually downloaded with OpenOffice

Word processor


Leonard E. Nathan, (November 8 1924 – June 3, 2007) was an American poet, critic, and professor emeritus of rhetoric at the University of California, Berkeley where he retired in 1991.

Born in El Monte, California, Nathan earned a bachelor's degree in English at UC Berkeley in 1950, a master's degree in English in 1952 and a Ph.D. in 1961. He was then hired as a lecturer in UC Berkeley's Department of Speech, and was promoted to associate professor in 1965 and to professor in 1968.

Among other honors, he received the National Institute of Arts and Letters prize for poetry, a Guggenheim Fellowship, the Phelan Award for Narrative Poetry, and three silver medals from the Commonwealth Club of California, including one for The Potato Eaters. His poems were also published in The New Yorker, The Atlantic, New England Review and The Georgia Review, among other publications.

Overview
The author of 17 volumes of poetry, Nathan has been described as "a fixture for 50 years in literary circles both on and off the UC Berkeley campus." Ted Kooser, a recent U.S. poet laureate and an English professor at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, counted Nathan among his mentors, particularly for his "economy of words."

"He was among the finest poets of his generation and will be missed by all of us who practice the art", said Kooser, who struck up a correspondence with Nathan in the 1970s after complimenting Nathan on a poem he had seen in a magazine.

Nathan's first book of poems, Western Reaches, brims with images of the California landscape. After a year in India, he published a book about his experiences there titled, The Likeness: Poems out of India. That same year, Princeton University Press published Nathan's Returning Your Call, which was nominated for a National Book Award.

His prose included Diary of a Left-Handed Bird Watcher and The Poet's Work, an Introduction to Czesław Miłosz. He also collaborated on a number of translations, most notably with Milosz on the poems of Anna Swir and Aleksander Wat.

Nathan died in Marin, California in 2007.

Bibliography
 Western Reaches (Talisman Press, 1958)
 Glad and Sorry Seasons (Random House, 1964)
 The Tragic Drama of William Butler Yeats: Figures in a Dance (Columbia University Press, 1965)
 The Matchmaker's Lament (Gehenna Press, 1967)
 The Day the Perfect Speakers Left (Wesleyan University Press, 1969)
 Flight Plan (Cedar Hill Press, 1971)
 First Person, Second Person, A Selection from the Work of "Agyeya" (translation with Sachchidananda) (University of California, 1971)

 The Likeness: Poems out of India (Thorpe Springs Press, 1975)
 Returning Your Call (Princeton University Press, 1975)
 Teachings of Grandfather Fox (Serendipity Books Distribution, 1976)
 The Transport of Love: Kālidāsa's The Mēghadūa (University of California Press, 1977)

 Dear Blood (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1980)
 Holding Patterns (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1982)
 Songs of Something Else: Poems of Gunnar Eklöf (translation with James Larson) (Princeton University Press, 1982)
 Carrying On: New and Selected Poems (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1985)
 With the Skin: Poems of Aleksander Wat (translation with Czesław Miłosz) (Ecco, 1989)
 The Poet's Work, an Introduction to Czesław Miłosz (Harvard University Press, 1991)
 Talking to My Body: Poems of Anna Swir (translation with Czesław Miłosz) (Copper Canyon Press, 1996)
 Diary of a Left-Handed Birdwatcher (Graywolf Press, 1996)
 Captain of the Butterflies: Poems by Cees Nooteboom (translation with Herlinde Spahr) (Sun and Moon Press, 1997)
 The Potato Eaters (Orchises Press, 1998)
 Grace and Mercy in Her Wild Hair: Poems of Rāmprasād Sen (translation with Clinton Seely) (Hohm Press, 1999)
 Tears of the Old Magician (Orchises Press, 2003)
 Restarting the World (Orchises Press, 2006)
 Ragged Sonnets (Orchises Press, 2008)

Notes

American male poets
20th-century American educators
American translators
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Polish–English translators
Bengali–English translators
Sanskrit–English translators
Deaths from dementia in California
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
1924 births
2007 deaths
People from El Monte, California
20th-century American poets
20th-century translators
20th-century American male writers
Translators of Kalidasa

Leonard Nathan


The Siddeley-Deasy Sinaia, also known as the Armstrong Whitworth Sinaia was a twin-engined biplane day bomber with gunners in rearwards extensions of the engine nacelles.  Two examples were ordered by the Air Ministry but only one was completed.

Development
The Sinaia was the third and last aircraft design produced by the team led by John Lloyd and F. M. Green at Siddeley-Deasy before they were rebadged by merger as the Sir W. G. Armstrong Aircraft Company. Indeed, by the time it flew in 1921 this change had taken effect.  It was designed to meet an Air Ministry requirement for a day bomber.  A large twin-engined biplane, its most interesting feature was the arrangement of the defensive armament.  The Sinaia's engines were in nacelles mounted on the top of the lower wings and these nacelles were extended rearwards and upwards.  Each extension housed a gunner's cockpit at its extremity, fitted with a gun ring.  From these positions the gunners would have been able to defend both sides of the bomber independently.

The Sinaia was a three bay (with struts to the upper wings from the engine nacelles) biplane.  The wings carried no stagger and were of equal span, though the lower wing was narrower. There were horn balanced ailerons on all wings.  The empennage was of biplane configuration with a balanced elevator on the upper plane and containing three balanced rudders.  The square section fuselage placed the pilot's cockpit well forward of the engines and a third gunner's position in the extreme, slanted nose.  A two-wheeled main undercarriage unit was mounted under each engine.

The Sinaia was powered by two 500 hp Siddeley Tiger water-cooled engines, a new V-12 design produced by combining two straight-6 Siddeley Pumas onto a single crankshaft. Unsurprisingly this little-tested powerplant proved unreliable and frequent problems with it interrupted the flight trials of the Sinaia, which flew for the first time on 25 June 1921.  By October the airframe was showing signs of structural problems and the only Sinaia ever built was taken out of use.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

1920s British military aircraft
Siddeley-Deasy aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1921
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft

Siddeley-Deasy Sinaia


Handshaking is the connection between the computer and a device. Handshaking is required in order to allow both the computer and device to send protocols to each other.  During a handshake, the two devices make sure that they know certain connection requirements of each other. For instance, they will need to find out a suitable bit rate and latency for each other.

Examples of devices that use this method include a modem or another computer. Normally, handshaking happens between two devices. Although, a TCP three-way handshake is a special type of handshake that involves sending a connection from one computer to another, just done three times.

Examples

TCP three-way handshake
This method is used to connect two hosts on a computer network together, each host known as the client (the main host) and the server (a distant host), respectively. Once the client wants to make a connection to the server, the client can start a TCP three-way handshake with the server. This will allow the client computer (the main device) to send and receive messages to and from the server (a distant device) once the process is complete. Starting a normal TCP connection requires three separate steps:

 The first host (Alice) sends the second host (Bob) a "synchronize" (SYN) message with its own sequence number . Bob will then receives Alice's sequence number.
 Bob replies with a synchronize-acknowledgment (SYN-ACK) message with its own sequence number  and acknowledgement number . Alice will then receive Bob's message, which contains both his sequence number and his modified acknowledgement number.
 Alice replies with an acknowledgment (ACK) message with acknowledgement number . Bob will receive this message, but at this stage he doesn't need to reply.
In this setup, a synchronize message will request a server to make a connection with each other, while the acknowledgement messages return to the requesting server to let it know the message was received. Letting both hosts send synchronize messages to each other will allow the two hosts to connect with each other in both directions. Each acknowledgement message sent to each other ensures they are still connected with each other.

Telecommunications
Computer networking

Handshaking


Tuoba Yilu (; died 316) was the chieftain of the western Tuoba territory from 295 to 307, supreme chieftain of the Tuoba from 307 to 316, Duke of Dai from 310 to 315, and first ruler of the Dai kingdom from 315 to 316. He was the son of Tuoba Shamohan (拓跋沙漠汗) and the brother of Tuoba Yituo and Tuoba Fu.

In 295, Tuoba Luguan the chieftain of the Tuoba (a branch of the Xianbei) divided the territory under Tuoba control into three areas: a vast tract of land extending west from White Mountain (northeast of Zhangjiakou), to Dai (Datong, Shanxi); an area from Shengle (south of Hohhot) and beyond; and a central area, which included north Shanxi and the region to its north. Tuoba Yilu would be named chieftain of the western area. As chieftain of the western Tuoba territory, Tuoba Yilu defeated the Xiongnu and Wuhuan to the west, gaining in this way the support of various ethnically Han and Wuhuan people, in addition to his own Xianbei people. In 304, Tuoba Yilu, along with Tuoba Yituo, joined forces with the Jin armies and defeated Liu Yuan. In 305, Tuoba Yituo died, and in 307, Tuoba Luguan died, following which Tuoba Yilu became the supreme chieftain of the Tuoba.

The name Dai itself originated when Tuoba Yilu was created Duke of Dai (代公) and rewarded with five commanderies by the Western Jin in 310 as a reward for his helping Liu Kun (劉琨), the Governor of Bingzhou (并州) (modern Shanxi province), to fight the Xiongnu Han state. This fief was later raised from a duchy to a principality by the Western Jin court in 315. In 312, Tuoba Yilu assisted Liu Kun in the recapturing of Jinyang (晉陽, in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi) from the Han general Liu Yao. When Tuoba Yilu designated his youngest son Tuoba Biyan (拓跋比延) as his heir apparent instead of his eldest son Tuoba Liuxiu (拓跋六修), this led to a dispute between him and his son Tuoba Liuxiu. He was succeeded by Tuoba Pugen in 316, after his own son Tuoba Liuxiu killed him a succession dispute.

References

3rd-century births
316 deaths
3rd-century Chinese people
Jin dynasty (266–420) generals
Princes of Dai (Sixteen Kingdoms)
Northern Wei people
Year of birth unknown
People from North China
Chieftains of the Tuoba clan
Founding monarchs

Tuoba Yilu


The Treaty of Novgorod (; ) was signed on 3 June 1326 in Novgorod and marked the end of decades of the Norwegian-Novgorodian border skirmishes in the far-northern region of Finnmark. The terms were an armistice for 10 years. A few years earlier in 1323, the Republic of Novgorod had settled its conflict with Sweden in the Treaty of Nöteborg.

The treaty did not delineate the border but rather stipulated which part of the Sami people would pay tribute to Norway and which to Novgorod, creating a kind of buffer zone in between the countries. The treaty remained in effect until the 19th century and was never abrogated by any of the powers. It eventually led into a situation where Sami people were freely exploited, some of them forced to pay taxes to all surrounding powers at the same time, including to the Birkarls from Swedish Finland.

References

Novgorod
1326 in Europe
14th century in Norway
Novgorod
Treaties of the Novgorod Republic
Treaties of Norway
14th century in Russia

Treaty of Novgorod (1326)


The Laccadive Sea or Lakshadweep Sea is a body of water bordering India (including its Lakshadweep islands), the Maldives, and Sri Lanka. It is located to the southwest of Karnataka, to the west of Kerala and to the south of Tamil Nadu. This warm sea has a stable water temperature through the year and is rich in marine life, the Gulf of Mannar alone hosting about 3,600 species. Mangaluru, Kannur, Kozhikode, Ponnani, Kochi, Alappuzha, Kollam, Thiruvananthapuram, Tuticorin, Colombo, and Malé are the major cities on the shore of the Laccadive Sea. Kanyakumari, the southernmost tip of peninsular India, also borders this sea.

Seas of the Indian Ocean
Bodies of water of Asia
Geography of India
Geography of the Maldives
Geography of Sri Lanka

Laccadive Sea