The clover mite (Bryobia praetiosa) is a species of mite.

Description
Clover mites are  long, oval shaped arachnids with a pair of long legs pointing forward often mistaken for antennae. They are reddish brown; the younger ones and the eggs are a bright red. They are extremely common in late spring in North America.

Ecology
Clover mites are polyphagous, feeding on a wide range of plants, including "lawn grasses, ornamental flowers, clover, dandelion, shepherd's purse, strawberry, daffodil, Salvia, Alyssum, and primrose". They are especially numerous in lawns with a heavy growth of succulent, well-fertilized grass. They do not cause any apparent harm to turf grass, but their feeding activity can turn the grass a silvery color and may stipple plants when heavy populations are present.

Clover mites reproduce their eggs do not need to be fertilized and are entirely female. Females lay about 70 eggs each.

They generally enter houses close to thick vegetation and can infiltrate houses in very large numbers through cracks and small openings around windows and doors. Whether indoors or outside, clover mites are found more commonly in sunny areas than in darker areas. If squashed, they leave a characteristic red stain caused by their pigmentation.

Clover mites are not harmful to humans, pets, or furniture.

References

External links

Trombidiformes
Animals described in 1835
Arachnids of South America

Bryobia praetiosa


Charles Sumner Woolworth (August 1, 1856 – January 7, 1947), was an American entrepreneur who went by the nickname of "Sum", opened and managed the world's first five-and-dime store in Scranton, Pennsylvania, and was founder of the "C. S. Woolworth & Co" chain of 5¢ & 10¢ stores. Sum's brother, Frank Winfield Woolworth, was first to venture into the retail business with his own store, and soon after, he asked Sum to join him. Frank founded "F. W. Woolworth & Co", which later merged with other Woolworth affiliate stores to be the F. W. Woolworth Company. After the death of his brother, Sum became the longest serving Chairman of the F. W. Woolworth Company. During the early years, Sum also partnered with a long-time friend, Fred Kirby, to open a "Woolworth and Kirby" store in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. When Fred bought out Sum's share, that store grew to become a "friendly rival" affiliate store, in close alliance with the two Woolworth brothers.

In 1904, Sum and Frank Woolworth were affiliated with six (6) chains. Frank developed the back office side of the business. Sum developed the front of the business, pioneering self-service methods, customer service, training new managers, brightly lit stores, and frequently-changed window displays to lure customers inside. In 1912 C. S. Woolworth & Co, with the other affiliated chains, merged 596 stores under the corporate name "F. W. Woolworth Company". After the death of his brother, Frank Winfield Woolworth, Charles Sumner Woolworth became the reluctant Chairman of the Board of F. W. Woolworth Company (now Foot Locker), for 25 years. As a philanthropist and business man, he was involved with several institutions and businesses in Scranton, Pennsylvania, and other areas.

Biography
Charles Sumner Woolworth, known by everyone as Sum, was born on August 1, 1856, in Rodman, New York, to John Hubbell Woolworth and Fanny McBrier. Growing up, he worked on his family's farm. When his brother Frank sought work and fortune as an apprentice in Augsbury and Moore dry goods store, in Watertown, New York, Sum became eager to follow. At 21, Sum joined Frank as an apprentice salesman in the same store, which had since become Moore and Smith. While Frank liked the back end of the business in accounting and purchasing, Sum liked the front end of the business, meeting customers and working on innovative ways to display merchandise.

With a loan from his former boss, William Moore, Frank opened a five-cent store in Utica, New York, on February 22, 1878. Though it initially appeared to be successful, business soon dropped off and the store failed in early May 1878, after Frank earned enough to pay back his debt to William Moore. Within days, Frank acted on a tip from a close friend and visited Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and quickly decided to re-locate there. He opened his first successful "Woolworth's Great Five Cent Store" on June 21, 1879, on North Queen Street, using the same sign from Utica. The idea of an entire store devoted to such low-priced items was unprecedented, anywhere. The Lancaster store was the first successful store of this type. At the end of the first day in Lancaster, Frank counted his profit, and with renewed enthusiasm, he invited his brother, Sum, to join him. Together, they opened a second store in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, called "5¢ Woolworth Bros Store", on July 19, 1879, with Sum as manager. During this time, Frank decided to test the possibility of 10¢ items, by devoting a table to the higher-priced items, inside his Lancaster and Harrisburg stores. The ten-cent items were a hit. The success of the Harrisburg store prompted the landlord to seek a higher rent from the Woolworth brothers. Due to the rent dispute, Frank and Sum closed the Harrisburg store and relocated to York, Pennsylvania, in March 1880. The York store closed three months later, on June 30, 1880. This fourth location is often missed, or the city misidentified, in some accounts of the early history of the Woolworth brothers.

Not to be deterred, based on a tip, they both agreed that Sum would scout out Scranton, Pennsylvania, for the next location. Sum liked what he saw in Scranton, and found a good location with a low rental price. He decided to take a chance to rent a space which was larger than needed, and planned to block off the unused portion of the space. This became a Woolworth brothers' pattern going forward, so they could expand the merchandise sales area without the need to move their location. The Scranton store was the first to formally be called a 5 & 10¢ store, opening on November 6, 1880, with the banner over the door which read, "5¢ & 10¢ Woolworth Bro's Store". Scranton was a huge success. Thus began the era of the "five-and-dime" store. As sales grew at a steady pace, in 1881 Frank suggested that Sum buy out Frank's share in the Scranton store, to begin his own affiliated store under his own name. The first affiliate, a franchise of sorts, of the Woolworth brothers was named, "C. S. Woolworth". Frank and Sum were very close brothers. They fully trusted and respected one another. Frank pushed Sum into this idea, because Frank had the vision of what many stores, owned by close friends or relatives, could become. Frank's view of the big picture, the central office perspective, was right. Sum grew his business from the front end, the customer and sales perspective. Sum's Scranton store, at 125 Penn Avenue, soon proved to be too small. His next location was a block away, at 319 Lackawanna Avenue. Again, business was booming and the sales floor soon required more space. Sum expanded the store by adding the next-door property at 317 Lackawanna Avenue.

Sum partnered with one of his long-time friends, Fred Kirby, in 1884, to open a store in Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania, near Scranton. Fred had experience at Augsbury and Moore of Watertown, New York, as head of wholesale operations. They each put up $600 for a store called "Woolworth and Kirby". The store did very well, and in 1887 Fred bought out Sum's share, in a mutual agreement, and began to expand to more stores.

Frank had incorporated his fast growing chain of stores as "F. W. Woolworth & Co" in 1905. The partner affiliates started to individually incorporate their businesses starting in 1905, following Frank's advice. Sum did not feel the need to do so, because he had a smaller number of stores. Clearly in photographs and on Woolworth postcards, he had incorporated at some point before 1911, as "C. S. Woolworth & Co". Both Frank and Sum invited close friends and relatives into the business over the years. They also sold stock only to relatives, friends and employees. The stock was not sold publicly during this period of growth. This was very much like an early version of a franchise.

Sum continued to develop the front end part of the business and expanded to more stores at a modest pace, while Frank developed his concepts for the back end for the business and aggressively expand to more stores. Sum expanded slower than the other affiliates, but his stores were very high profit stores. Sum liked working with customers and often personally served customers on the sales floor. He would solicit customers' thoughts and ideas, and often incorporated those ideas in the stores. Sum developed his stores with clean high-lustre wood floors, bright interiors, self-service display cases, mahogany counters, glass dividers and show cases, enticing window displays which changed regularly, and low prices for commonly sought-after merchandise. Sum's hands-on approach, carefully selecting managers, resulted in a higher net profit per square foot, for all of his stores versus those of the other affiliates. Frank, who trusted and relied on his brother, managed with a hands-off approach, leaning on his department and store managers. Seeing Sum's high store profits, Frank incorporated Sum's layout and methods in all of his stores, which also became a standard for all of their affiliated stores.

Sum had "C. S. Woolworth" stores in downtown Scranton, westside of Scranton, Pittston, Bradford, Carbondale, and Sunbury, Pennsylvania; Auburn, Elmira, Binghamton, Gloversville, and Glens Falls, New York; Haverhill, Massachusetts, and Portland, Bangor, and Augusta, Maine. Frank expanded his chain of stores rapidly to 337 stores, plus others in partnership with his cousin, Seymour H. Knox. Frank was aggressive. Some of his partners developed additional partners of their own. Seymour Knox, for instance, partnered with Earle Perry Charlton, who began their joint venture with a store in Fall River, Massachusetts. Charlton eventually went on his own. Frank continued to perfect his purchasing concepts for all of the affiliates, and convinced the affiliate partners to "club" together to maximize the lower cost of centralized inventory purchasing. Frank started to buy some factories for certain merchandise, so he could control product costs. He also encouraged the partner rivals to expand, as he aggressively expanded, as well. Woolworth's was so popular and successful, other stores in various cities complained. Some cities attempted to pass laws which would limit or shut out Woolworth stores. The Woolworth brothers' formula is still used by nearly all retail stores, large and small, today.

The Woolworth syndicate of affiliates grew at unprecedented speed for its time. Success did not come without competition. Several very competitive chains sprang up, in direct competition to Woolworth affiliates. Some of those were started by former Woolworth store managers. With competition and success there was a need for more innovation. Sum and Frank differentiated Woolworth's product range from competitors by buying directly from European factories. They developed personal contacts with European factory owners on buying trips to Great Britain and Germany, starting in 1890. Frank also purchased surplus items and sold them at cost, as well as selling teaser items below cost.

Earle Perry Charlton realized, if he continued his operation in New England, he would be in direct competition with Sum and Frank Woolworth, Seymour Knox, and Fred Kirby. He decided to look to Canada. To get capital, he sold nine of his twelve stores to Frank. Charlton's first Canadian stores were in Montreal on Catherine West & Lawrence Street, and St Joseph's Street, and in Ottawa on Sparks Street. He followed those with eight stores in Canada, west of the Rocky Mountains, followed by a return to the US with several store California, including one in South Broadway, Los Angeles, California. He opened stores in Tacoma, Washington, and Sherbrooke, Quebec, and then a very large store in Market Street, San Francisco, California, mere weeks before the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.

In 1912, each of the owners in the syndicate of Woolworth affiliated stores agreed to incorporate all 596 of their stores, as one entity, as "F. W. Woolworth Company". The merger generated more than $30 million in the stock flotation. Frank was elected President of the new combined corporation. The others, Sum Woolworth, Fred Kirby, Seymour Knox, Earle Charlton, and William Moore, became directors.

The Woolworth brothers' many trips to Europe opened their vision of new markets. Keeping with their pattern of bringing relatives and friends into the business, in 1909, Sum and Frank put their second cousin, Fred Moore Woolworth, in charge of opening a subsidiary in Great Britain, "F. W. Woolworth Co Ltd". Fred was joined by three established men in the Woolworth operation, Byron Miller, Samuel Balfour and Charles Hubbard, as well as an Englishman with whom they had dealings, William Lawrence Stephenson. Given wide leeway, the brand took hold rapidly through the UK, in spite of the breakout of war, growing to forty-four stores and exceeding £4 million in profits for 1914–1915.

Likewise, the Woolworth brothers began a significant operation in Germany by 1900, where products were collected and packed for shipping to New York City for re-distribution around the US. In 1914, European made merchandise accounted for 25% of all goods in Woolworth stores. When war broke out, and eventually transatlantic shipping ground to a halt, Frank Woolworth had US factories copy the best-selling products which had been imported from Europe. After the war, Woolworth's European operation grew with the increased demand for their products. The warehouse and shipping operation in Sonneberg was rebuilt and expanded, to include its own train station. A subsidiary in Germany was launched on November 2, 1926.

Sum Woolworth maintained his home base in Scranton. He did not like the political side of the business after the 1912 merger, while the other director partners sought to establish themselves. Sum concentrated on training up-and-coming managers at his Pennsylvania stores. These newly trained managers were dispersed across the entire company, maintaining and setting a style and tone for Woolworth stores worldwide. While keeping a low profile, and seldom mentioned in books and articles about the Woolworth chain, Sum's influence was remarkable and extensive through the entire life of Woolworth companies, as well as across all retailing, to this day.

  Frank aggressively grew the chain from the start, yet he always had a paternal approach to his earliest stores, in the US and in England. Similar to his pattern in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, where he built his first successful store, and later, his first "skyscraper" store, in 1910 Frank commissioned the design and construction of a new headquarters in New York City. The Woolworth Building was owned by the Woolworth company (aka Venator Group (1998 to 2001), aka Foot Locker, Inc (2001 to present)) for 85 years. The building was sold in 1998 to the Witkoff Group. The building was a pioneering achievement, designed by American architect Cass Gilbert, and completed in 1913. It was the tallest building in the world (roof height of 792 feet/57 floors), until 1930. It was also unique in that it was financed with cash, and never had a mortgage until recently. When opened on April 24, 1913, all interior lights and exterior flood lights were turned on, when President Woodrow Wilson pushed a button in the White House. Worldwide, people took notice of the Woolworth brothers, their formula and success. Many rivals began to appear on the scene. While Frank was outgoing and gregarious, openly flashing the brand, Sum worked one-on-one with people, improving the Woolworth store experience for customers. Between 1910 and 1920, they seemed unstoppable.

Recent news of the Woolworth Building: "In August 2012, The New York Times reported that an investment group led by Alchemy Properties, a New York developer, bought the top 30 floors of the landmark on July 31 for $68 million (~$ in ) from the Witkoff Group and Cammeby's International. The firm plans to renovate the space into luxury apartments and convert the penthouse into a five-level living-space. The lower 28 floors are still owned by the Witkoff Group and Cammeby International, who plans to lease them as office space."

When Frank died in 1919, Sum was chosen as the Chairman of the Board of F. W. Woolworth Company. Sum served as Chairman for 25 years, with a solid, steady approach on the board. Sum stepped down as Chairman, on February 9, 1944, due to ill health. He was 87 at the time, and remained Honorary Chairman, and a Director.

Death
Charles Sumner Woolworth died on January 7, 1947, in his sleep.

Legacy
During his lifetime, the chain grew from two stores in Pennsylvania, to over 3,000 stores worldwide. There were stores in the UK and Ireland (768), Germany (82), Cuba (8), and Canada (144).Eventually, the store in downtown Scranton relocated to 423-429 Lackawanna Ave, which also had an entrance on N. Washington Avenue. It was a prime location for foot traffic as a short cut between stores on those two streets. People often comment about the lunch counter, buying a large hamburger, an ice cream sundae or a milk shake (the type which is primarily ice cream blended with flavoring and a small amount of milk), and popping a balloon to find out the price of a banana split (a slip of paper with the price was inside the balloon). In later years, another store was opened in the Keyser Oak Shopping Center, in the north section of Scranton. This store had a sizable pet section. It was known for having the largest piranha in captivity (as stated by the sign on the aquarium tank). Woolworth's was popular for a family's first parakeet or turtle. As customers began to do more of their shopping in newly built shopping centers, with large parking lots, Woolworth's added new stores in the shopping centers.

 Sum's other extensive enterprises include: Serving as a Director of the United States Lumber Company (six million dollars in capital, and owning timber lands and mills in Mississippi, with offices in Scranton); A Director of the Mississippi Central Railroad (it ran from Halliesburg to Natchez, Mississippi, with one hundred and sixty miles of track); A Director of the Scranton Trust Company; Vice-President of the People's National Bank of Scranton; and served on boards of other Scranton businesses. He donated funds to help start the Women's Domestic Institute (WDI) in 1916, and open doors on a new building on September 29, 1921, at 1000 Wyoming Avenue, Scranton, Pennsylvania. The WDI was part of the International Correspondence Schools (ICS); both were subsidiaries of International Textbook Company (ITC), of which Sum was among the founders. ICS and ITC were also located in Scranton, Pennsylvania. The WDI building is now home to Scranton Preparatory School, a Jesuit, private, coeducational high school.

On March 1, 1933, during the movement to boycott Jewish businesses in Germany, Nazi troops sang in front of the Berlin Woolworth Company store. The Hitlerites believed that the Woolworth brothers were Jewish. Yet, they were in fact, Methodist. There is some evidence that Hitler was very fond of Woolworth's stores, as it was one of the few businesses which Hitler did not nationalize. In 1932, the Woolworth Board of Directors was very concerned about their very successful German subsidiary, as National Socialist Party nationalism and anti-American sentiment grew stronger. The directors were somewhat perplexed by the situation, because of the high level of Woolworth investment in Germany. Woolworth's had a sizable workforce at its large warehouse and shipping depot in Sonneberg, Germany. New laws were passed in Germany which prevented profits within Germany from leaving Germany. Essentially, the "F. W. Woolworth CO GMBH" became an entity on its own. The Woolworth Company took a $2 million financial hit to profits, yet the executives tried to stay optimistic that the situation would resolve itself. As war ensued, the twist of fate proved that Woolworth stores were not destroyed by Hitler, but rather, by Allied bombing (US, UK and Canadian Air Forces). Sixty-six stores, of a total of eighty-two, were destroyed. After the war, the German subsidiary recovered at extraordinary speed. While the German stores rebuilt and re-established business, they thrived, while stores in North America and the United Kingdom struggled.

The Woolworth UK subsidiary was sold off in 1982 for a quick cash to cover Woolco real estate debt as a result of deals made for quick expansion in the 1960s. Woolworth in North America (Venator Group) closed its remaining US and Canada Woolworth and Woolco stores on July 17, 1997. Woolworth GMBH in Germany was sold; with the new owner it continued and thrived for another decade. In 2009, Woolworth GMBH went into bankruptcy. In 2010, the Tingelmann Group bought 162 stores from Woolworth GMBH, and soon increased the number of stores to more than 200 by the close of 2011. Tingelmann announced plans to add another 300 stores.

Sum was a staunch Republican in politics. Sum was named after a well-known Massachusetts politician and senator of the time, Charles Sumner, who was a leader of the antislavery forces in Massachusetts and a leader of the Radical Republicans in the United States Senate during the American Civil War, and worked to control the ex-Confederates so as to guarantee equal rights to the Freedmen.

References

1856 births
1947 deaths
American businesspeople in retailing
American retail chief executives
Businesspeople from Pennsylvania
New York (state) Republicans
Pennsylvania Republicans
Charles Sumner

Charles Sumner Woolworth


Fetendo or Fetal Endoscopic surgery is a form of fetal intervention in the treatment of birth defects and other fetal problems. The procedure uses real-time video imagery from fetoscopy and ultrasonography to guide very small surgical instruments into the uterus in order to surgically help the fetus. The name Fetendo was adopted for the procedure because of how the video-based manipulation recalls a video game.

Overview
Fetendo intervention is less invasive than open fetal surgery. It can be often be achieved with just a small guided wire sent through a needle-puncture of the skin (percutaneous), though in some cases it may require that a small opening be made in the mother's abdomen.

The fact that it is less invasive reduces the mother's postoperative recovery and lessens the troubles with preterm labor.

Fetendo has proven to be very useful for some, but not all, fetal conditions. Some examples include:
 Twin-twin transfusion syndrome - laser ablation of vessels
 Fetal bladder obstructions
 Aortic or pulmonary valvuloplasty - opening the aortic or pulmonary fetal heart valves to allow blood flow
 Atrial septostomy - opening the inter-atrial septum of the fetal heart to allow unrestricted blood flow between the atria
 Congenital diaphragmatic hernia - balloon tracheal occlusion

See also
 Image-guided surgery
 Fetoscopy

References

Obstetric surgery

Fetendo


Peter de Ridder is a Dutch businessman and sailor. Born in The Hague on May 18, 1946, this amateur sailor has beaten the world's best sailors, such as New Zealand's Dean Barker or Russell Coutts.

Among the international titles Peter de Ridder has in his prize cabinet are:  Admiral's Cup 1999, One Ton European Championships 1988 and 1997, IMS European Championships 1997, Mumm 30 Champions in 2004 and 2005, 2nd runner-up in Farr 40 World Championships in 2005, 3rd place in the TP52 Global Championships 2007, and Winners of the Breitling MedCup 2006, both in the pro and amateur categories.

Peter de Ridder is also the founder and skipper of the Mean Machine team, and has been sailing at the helm of this successful team since 1985.

References
Yachting World (Spain): Oct 2007 - p. 24 "Mean Machine prepara su asalto a la clase Farr 40"

ABC Newspaper (Spain): 28/11/07 - Interview with Peter de Ridder "Cuanto más dura es la competición más dulce es la victoria"

Levante Mercantil Valenciano Newspaper (Spain): 28/04/07 "Palma disfruta la Hublot)

See also:
For MedCup results 2007:
For MedCup results 2006:
ISAF: International Sailing Federation article:
For Mumm 30 results Accura Miami Grand Prix 2007:

1946 births
Living people
Directors of the Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis
Dutch civil servants
Dutch male sailors (sport)
Sportspeople from The Hague
20th-century Dutch people

Peter de Ridder


Nils Alwall (October 7, 1904 – February 2, 1986) was a Swedish professor at Lund University, Sweden. He was a pioneer in hemodialysis and the inventor of one of the first practical dialysis machines. Alwall pioneered the technique of ultrafiltration and introduced the principle of hemofiltration. Alwall is referred to as the "father of extracorporeal blood treatment."

Artificial kidney

Willem Johan Kolff constructed the first artificial kidney; however, it was not very useful clinically because it did not allow for removal of excess fluid. Alwall modified a similar construction to the Kolff kidney by enclosing it inside a stainless steel canister. This allowed the removal of fluids, by applying a negative pressure to the outside canister, thus making it the first truly practical device for hemodialysis. On September 3, 1946, Alwall treated his first patient in acute kidney injury, who responded well to the treatment but died of pneumonia a short while after.

Alwall also was arguably the inventor of the arteriovenous shunt for dialysis. He reported this first in 1948, where he used such an arteriovenous shunt in rabbits. Subsequently, he used such shunts, made of glass, as well as his canister-enclosed dialyzer, to treat 1,500 people in kidney failure between 1946 and 1960, as reported to the First International Congress of Nephrology held in Evian in September 1960.

As of 2007, two patients for which kidney replacement therapy was initiated by Alwall in 1968 and 1971, respectively, have survived for over 35 years on hemodialysis. These patients represent two of the longest known survivors on hemodialysis worldwide.

Later life
Alwall was appointed to the newly created Chair of Nephrology at Lund University in 1957. Subsequently, he collaborated with Swedish businessman Holger Crafoord to found one of the key companies that would manufacture dialysis equipment for several decades, Gambro, Inc.

Nils Alwall Prize
In honor of Alwall's advancements and achievements, the Nils Alwall Prize is awarded every year for "Groundbreaking research in the field of kidney replacement therapy."

References

1904 births
1986 deaths
Swedish nephrologists
Academic staff of Lund University
People from Kristianstad Municipality
20th-century Swedish inventors

Nils Alwall


Mary Vesta Williams (December 1, 1957 – September 22, 2011) was an American singer-songwriter, who performed across genres such as soul, funk, R&B, quiet storm, jazz soul and Urban Contemporary. Originally credited as Vesta Williams, she was simply known as Vesta beginning in the 1990s. She was known for her four–octave vocal range. She once sang "The Star-Spangled Banner" for the Los Angeles Lakers game opener using all four of those octaves.

Although Williams never had any albums certified gold nor any Top 40 hits on the Billboard Hot 100, she scored six Top 10 hits on the United States Billboard R&B chart from the mid–1980s to the early–1990s that included "Once Bitten, Twice Shy"(1986), "Sweet Sweet Love" (1988), "Special" (1991), and her 1989 single and signature song, "Congratulations".

Biography
Born in Coshocton, Ohio, United States, Williams' father was a disc jockey. Her family moved from Ohio to Los Angeles in the 1960s. While there, Williams and her three sisters, Margaret, Marte and Marlena, appeared on the television show Jack and Jill as "The Williams Sisters". Later, she returned to Ohio but decided to go back to Los Angeles in order to launch a solo career. Former Fifth Dimension member Ron Townson put Williams in his band Wild Honey.

Following that stint, Williams found work as a backup singer, working with artists such as Chaka Khan, Gladys Knight, Sting, Stephanie Mills, Anita Baker and Gordon Lightfoot. Williams sang on the original version of Joe Sample's "The Survivor", and met producer David Crawford while working with his group Klique. After doing session work, she landed a recording contract with A&M Records and her debut album, Vesta, was released in 1986. The album featured her first Top 10 R&B hit "Once Bitten, Twice Shy", which became her only UK hit and performed modestly on the US R&B charts.

Her 1988 release, Vesta 4 U, produced the Top 10 R&B hits "Sweet Sweet Love", "4 U", and "Congratulations", with the latter peaking at #55 on the Hot 100 chart and #5 on the R&B chart. "Congratulations" was Vesta's only single to enter the Hot 100 chart. Her only album to appear on the US Billboard 200, peaking at No. 131. There were persistent rumors that the song was inspired by the dissolution of her long-time relationship with Bruce Willis and that Demi Moore was directly responsible for ending it. In 1991, Williams released her third album entitled Special, with the title track as a single. "Special" became her highest-charting song on the R&B chart at #2, but sales of the album were less than that of Vesta 4 U. Her next album, 1993's Everything-N-More, produced only a minor R&B hit, "Always".

In 1989, Polygram Records purchased A&M Records. Williams' 1998 album Relationships was released under the Polygram name, and it became a modest seller, appearing on the R&B charts. Following the release of Relationships, A&M/Polygram did not renew her contract. Williams continued to work as a session singer, landing spots on albums by such artists as Phil Perry, Howard Hewett, and George Duke. Her voice could be heard by radio listeners in jingles for advertisers that included McDonald's, Nike, Baskin-Robbins, Diet Coke, Revlon and Exxon. That same year, she performed the opening theme to the ABC miniseries, The Women of Brewster Place.

Williams portrayed a saloon singer in the 1993 film Posse, directed by Mario Van Peebles. During this time period she had a R&B minor hit "Always" in 1993. Williams had a recurring role as "Monica", Jackée Harry's best friend, in the television series Sister, Sister in the 1998–99 season. Her singing voice is featured in the theme song of UPN's Malcolm and Eddie.

In 2000, Polygram released a compilation album, featuring songs from Williams and former A&M artist CeCe Peniston. In 2007, Williams released an album of R&B songs on Shanachie Records entitled Distant Lover. Produced by Chris "Big Dog" Davis, Distant Lover was a cover album featuring songs originally recorded by Bill Withers, Stevie Wonder, Smokey Robinson, Marvin Gaye, Sade, and Deniece Williams.
Her last recording was the song "Dedicated," released on 7 December 2010 on Stimuli Music.

By 2002, Williams had become a radio personality, and was co-hosting a morning show on KRNB in Dallas/Fort Worth. In recent years, Williams had lost 100 pounds, going from size 26 to size 6. It was at this time that Williams became an advocate for the prevention of childhood obesity and juvenile diabetes.

Her final performance occurred on September 17, 2011, in Portsmouth, Virginia, at the Autumn Jazz Explosion, just five days before her death.

She was scheduled to perform at the 21st annual "DIVAS Simply Singing!" in Los Angeles on October 22, 2011. Shanice performed "Congratulations" during the show as a tribute to Williams. There was also a tribute to the late singer Teena Marie. Williams was taping an episode of TV One's Unsung at the time of her death. It aired January 2, 2012.

Death
On September 22, 2011, Williams was found dead in a hotel room in El Segundo, California, a suburb of Los Angeles. According to the Los Angeles County Coroner's Office, she was found dead at 6:15 p.m. (PDT), A spokesperson for the coroner's office stated that the autopsy did not say the cause of death. In late December 2011, the family released this statement through singer/producer Norwood Young, reporting her official cause of death: "Following three months of intensive coroner's autopsy and toxicology research, it has been definitively determined that the cause of death for our beloved Vesta was 'natural death' from 'hypertensive heart disease,'" adding: "An enlarged heart can remain undetected for many years."

Vesta Williams was laid to rest at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills) on October 4, 2011, following a memorial service at West Angeles Church of God in Christ in Los Angeles, California. Attendees included Wanda Dee, singer Peggi Blu, Freda Payne, Sheryl Lee Ralph, Loretta Devine, Kellita Smith, Norwood Young, Michael Collier, Miki Howard, Karel Bouley, Kiki Shepard, Jackée Harry, Luenell, and renowned blues singer Linda Hopkins. A private reception was held following the interment.

She is survived by her mother, daughter, three sisters, a brother, and three grandchildren.

Discography

Studio albums

Compilation albums
Winning Combinations (with CeCe Peniston) (2000, A&M/Universal)

Singles

Music videos
 Once Bitten Twice Shy
 Something About You
 Don't Blow a Good Thing
 Sweet Sweet Love
 4 U
 Congratulations
 How You Feel
 Special
 Do Ya
 Always
 Somebody for Me
 Dedicated

See also
A&M

References

External links

1957 births
2011 deaths
A&M Records artists
Actresses from Ohio
African-American actresses
American film actresses
American funk singers
American soul singers
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
People from Coshocton, Ohio
Singers from Ohio
Singers with a four-octave vocal range
American rhythm and blues singers
American disco singers
Ballad musicians
20th-century African-American women singers
21st-century African-American women singers

Vesta Williams


Pornography  (or porn) is the name for writing, pictures, and films which feature sex for the sole or primary purpose of arousing people sexually, either to help them masturbate, or to prepare them for sex with a partner.

When the purpose of these works is not arousal, but for example education, or art,  these works are not called pornographic. People instead speak about "erotica."

In the law of most countries, showing naked people is not called "pornography" unless the people are doing something sexual; even so, material that counts as pornographic may still be legal. When people consider photographs or movies to harm or to disrespect the people depicted or the viewers, or to violate the community's moral or religious standards, they condemn the material as "obscene."  Most countries have laws against obscenity. One type of pornography against the law in most countries is child pornography.

Pornography can be made in different media.  Some ways include photos, drawings, paintings, animations, and movies. Live shows (like sex shows or striptease) are usually not considered pornography. Pornography is made to entertain adults. Many people are involved in the industry of making, selling, or showing pornography.  People shown in pornographic movies are called pornographic actors (or actresses), and when they attain the popularity to appear in many films, they are called "porn stars."

Definition
The word "pornography" comes from the Greek words meaning "prostitute" and "writing". The word was first used for stories about sex, but is now also used for photographs, paintings, illustrations, cartoons, and movies that depict sex to arouse people to sexual activity.  It is also called "porn" or "porno" for short.

What is not pornography

There are different ideas about what is and what is not pornography. Diana Russell, a psychologist, says that there is a difference between pornography and erotica.  The word "erotica" is often used for pictures, movies or stories that focus on the beauty of sexuality.  There is not often a clear difference between "erotica" and "pornography." The dispute over what is or is not pornography can even go to the courts.

Some people believe that anything that shows a naked body is a type of pornography. The laws of the United States and many other countries do not support this. There can be all sorts of reasons for showing a naked or partly undressed body.  Some of these reasons include art work or a medical diagram.

Types of pornography

There are different kinds of pornography. The term "soft porn" is sometimes used for pictures that show people who may or may not be naked, but who are posed in a sexy manner. Pictures of women like this are sometimes called "cheesecake," and pictures of men are called "beefcake." Pornographic pictures or movies which show people having sex are sometimes called "hard porn."

The business of pornography
Businesses have been making pornography for many years. Until the 1970s, businesses making pornography were small since there were many laws against it. In the 1970s, pornographic magazines such as Penthouse became a huge and successful business. Pornographic movies also become popular at this time. In the 1980s, the creation of the video cassette recorder caused a rise in the pornography business. A number of companies began making pornographic videotapes in the United States. In the 1990s, as more people began using the Internet, businesses began selling pornographic pictures on the Internet. In the 2000s, the increased speed of computers allowed pornography companies to sell porn videos over the Internet. The pornography brand Mitchell Gaffney was the first website that contained such items.

Many different kinds of businesses make and sell pornography: magazines such as Playboy and Hustler, movie companies such as Vivid Video, and web sites, such as Pornhub, that make and sell porn. Since "pornography" is a word that many people consider being the name for something that is morally wrong or ugly, businesses do not say that they are in "the business of pornography," but rather in the "adult entertainment" business.

Pornography and the law
In the nations of Western Europe and the United States, the law permits people who have reached the legal age of adulthood (the age of majority) to own, buy, sell, make, or participate in pornography.  Laws about the public display of pornographic materials for sale may vary in the West: in The Netherlands the very liberal laws allow stores that sell pornography to display books, magazines, photographs, and the covers of videos openly, but in Canada and the United States the laws require that such stores keep pornographic material out of the sight of children. In some parts of Asia (Indonesia, Iran and Pakistan) making or owning pornography is a crime.

In the law of most countries, those people who have not reached the age of majority, or minors, may not buy, let alone sell, pornography of any sort.  More importantly, there are laws against showing minors naked in photographs or films meant to arouse others sexually or showing them engaged in sexual acts.  Such material is called "child pornography," and is considered not just illegal, but a serious crime.  The laws against child pornography (also called "child porn") are meant to protect children against people who "use" or "exploit" them. The laws also require those who make pornographic photos or films to keep records to prove that their models, actors, and actresses are over the age of legal majority.

Criticism of pornography

Since the 1970s, many women's groups and feminist writers have criticized pornography, especially hardcore pornography, arguing that such pornography degrades and humiliates women. Some psychologists who have talked with many people in jail for violent sex crimes believe that pornographic depictions of violent sex often make people less caring about other people's feelings, which might make them more likely to commit rape and other sex crimes. Many pedophiles, who sexually assault children, also have collections of child pornography.

Religious people believe that, because it depicts the sexual act without any relation to love and marriage, pornography is unholy. Most parents do not wish their children to see pornography because they believe that it will make them less capable of romantic love. Special computer programs can be installed on computers to block access to pornographic websites, or websites otherwise objectionable.

In the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell, pornography is described as a tool that is secretly pushed by some evil governments, who believe that the use of pornography makes the public less likely to care about injustice, let alone to rebel.

Other problems with pornography
Even though many countries have laws against child pornography, enforcement has become a problem because new computer technologies allow pornographers to make an adult in a photograph look like an adolescent, or in making a film can use actors and actresses who, although they have passed the age of majority, still look much younger. In addition, organized crime makes money from trafficking human beings; they force girls and women into prostitution, and sometimes force them to make pornography.

References

Obscenity

Pornography


Okinawan martial arts refers to the martial arts, such as karate, tegumi and Okinawan kobudō, which originated among the indigenous people of Okinawa Island. Due to its central location, Okinawa was influenced by various cultures with a long history of trade and cultural exchange, including Japan, China and Southeast Asia, that greatly influenced the development of martial arts on Okinawa.

History
In 1429, the three kingdoms on Okinawa unified to form the Kingdom of Ryukyu. When King Shō Shin came into power in 1477, he banned the practice of martial arts, due to fears of the widespread teaching of the art of deception. Tō-te and Ryukyu kobudō (deception) continued to be taught in secret. The ban was continued in 1609 after Okinawa was invaded by the Satsuma Domain of Japan. The bans contributed to the development of kobudō  which uses common household and farming implements as weaponry. The Okinawans combined Chinese martial arts with the existing local variants to form , sometimes called .

By the 18th century, different types of Te had developed in three different villages – Shuri, Naha and Tomari. The styles were named Shuri-te, Naha-te, and Tomari-te, respectively.

Well into the 20th century, the martial arts of Okinawa were generally referred to as te and tii 手 in Japanese and Okinawan for "hand". Te often varied from one town to another, so to distinguish among the various types of te, the word was often prefaced with its area of origin; for example, Naha-te, Shuri-te, or Tomari-te.

Shuri-te, Naha-te and Tomari-te belong to a family of martial arts that were collectively defined as Tode-jutsu or To-de.

Karate (Okinawa-te or Karate-jutsu) was systematically taught in Japan after the Taishō era (after 1926).

Shuri-te

 is a pre-World War II term for a type of indigenous martial art to the area around Shuri, the old capital city of the Ryukyu Kingdom.

Important Okinawan masters of Shuri-te:
 Sakukawa Kanga
 Matsumura Sōkon
 Itosu Ankō
 Asato Ankō
 Chōyū Motobu
 Motobu Chōki
 Yabu Kentsū
 Chōmo Hanashiro
 Funakoshi Gichin
 Kyan Chōtoku
 Chibana Chōshin
 Mabuni Kenwa
 Tōyama Kanken
 Tatsuo Shimabuku

Important kata:
 Naihanchi
 sanchin (shuri te)
 Pinan
 Kūsankū
 Passai
 Jion
 Jitte
 Rohai
 Chinto
 Gojushiho

The successor styles to Shuri-te include  Shotokan, Shitō-ryū, Shōrin-ryū, Shudokan, Shuri-ryū, Shōrinji-ryū, Shorei-Ryu, Gōjū-ryū, Isshin-ryū, Gensei-ryu and Motobu-ryū.

Tomari-te

 refers to a tradition of martial arts originating from the village of Tomari, Okinawa.

Important Okinawan masters of Tomari-te:
 Matsumora Kōsaku
 Oyadomari Kokan
 Motobu Chōki
 Kyan Chōtoku
 Nakasone Seiyu

Important kata:
 Naihanchi (Koshiki)
 Eunibu
 Rōhai
 Wanduan
 Passai (Tomari)
 Chintō
 Chinsu
 Chinpu
 Wankan
 Wanshū
 Seisan
 Jumu
 Nichin
 Juma
 Ananku
The successor styles to Tomari-te include Wado-ryu, Motobu-ryū, Matsubayashi-ryu and Shōrinji-ryū

Naha-te

 is a pre-World War II term for a type of martial art indigenous to the area around Naha, the old commercial city of the Ryukyu Kingdom and now the capital city of Okinawa Prefecture.

Important Okinawan masters of Naha-te:

 Arakaki Seishō
 Higaonna Kanryō
 Miyagi Chōjun
 Kyoda Jūhatsu
 Mabuni Kenwa
 Uechi Kanbun

Important kata:

 Sanchin
 Saifā
 Seiunchin
 Shisochin
 Seipai
 Seisan
 Sanseru
 Tensho
 Kururunfa
 Suparinpei

The successor styles to Naha-te include Shōrei-ryū (earliest school), Gōjū-ryū, Uechi-ryū, Ryūei-ryū, Shito-ryu  and Tōon-ryū.

See also
 Okinawa
 Karate
 Japanese martial arts
 Peichin

References

Ryukyu Kingdom
Japanese martial arts

Okinawan martial arts


Rodrigues Ottolengui (March 15, 1861 – July 11, 1937) was an American writer and dentist of Sephardic descent. Born in Charleston, South Carolina, he moved to New York City, where he would spend most of his adult life, in 1877.

Biography

One of three children, Ottolengui was a son of Daniel Ottolengui and Helen Rosalie Rodrigues Ottolengui; he had a sister, Helen, and a brother, Lee. He was cousins with Octavus Roy Cohen, who also wrote crime fiction.

He was the editor of Items of Interest: A Monthly Magazine of Dental Art, Science, and Literature for thirty-five years, which he continued to edit after retiring from dentistry; he compiled Table Talks on Dentistry, drawing from articles in Items of Interest. A dental pioneer, Ottolengui was one of the first to use X-rays and was a specialist in orthodontics and root canal therapy. He was also interested in entomology, taxidermy, and photography.

In addition to his work in dentistry, Ottolengui is remembered as an early exponent of detective fiction, with four novels and a short story collection published during the 1890s.  The short story volume, Final Proof, was recognized by Ellery Queen as one of Queen's Quorum—the most important collections of detective short stories.  Many years later a second series, Before the Fact, originally published in 1901, was discovered and published in book form edited and introduced by detective fiction scholar Douglas G. Greene.

His wife, May C. Hall Ottolengui, died on 10 July 1936; he died at his New York residence the next year of a heart ailment and a stroke caused by a long illness. His sister died on 22 July 1938.

Bibliography

Novels and short story collections
An Artist in Crime (1892)
A Conflict of Evidence (1893)
A Modern Wizard (1894)
The Crime of the Century (1896)
Final Proof; or, the Value of Evidence (short story collection; 1898)
The Ottolengui Portfolio (2005; an omnibus of the 4 novels and the short stories)
Before the Fact (2012; first book publication of a 1901 series of stories)

Stories
"The Azteck Opal"
"The Montezuma Emerald"
"The Nameless Man"
"A Novel Forgery"
"A Singular Abduction"

Non-fiction
Methods of Filling Teeth
Table Talks on Dentistry

References

 Greene, Douglas G. Classic Mystery Stories. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, 1999.

External links

 An Artist in Crime at manybooks.net
 "A Modern Wizard" and An Artist in Crime at Project Gutenberg

1861 births
1937 deaths
Writers from Charleston, South Carolina
19th-century American novelists
20th-century American novelists
American male novelists
American dentists
American male short story writers
19th-century American short story writers
19th-century American male writers
20th-century American short story writers
20th-century American male writers
Novelists from South Carolina
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers

Rodrigues Ottolengui


Ek Thhi Naayka is a 16 episode long Hindi-language Indian television horror thriller mini-series which premiered on 9 March 2013 on Life OK. Each episode of the series features a new female protagonist who fights against witches, devils and demonic entities, signifying the triumph of good over evil. The series was produced by Ekta Kapoor, the joint managing director of the Balaji Telefilms, to promote her then upcoming film, Ek Thi Daayan.

Plot
Episode 1 & 2 : Vishal visits his native along with his wife, Pragya. The driver suggests Vishal and Pragya to go to the temple outside the village, and perform a ritual so that they are protected from the evil spirits. But, Vishal ignores him. Vishal's sister-in-law, Malti informs Pragya that she is pregnant. Pragya has a nightmare in which some witches try to abduct her. Later, she sees that Malti has inverted feet. Pragya again has a nightmare in which a lot of witches have gathered around her with Malti. Pragya and Vishal visit the hospital for Pragya's check-up. The doctor informs Pragya that she is pregnant. After a series of happenings, Vishal and Pragya return to Mumbai. Later, Pragya gives birth to a girl in Kolhapur. Malti takes the child to make her a disciple of the evil lord. Pragya tries to rescue her baby. She becomes shocked to see Vishal working with Malti. Pragya and Vishal's mother manage to dispel the evil, and save the baby.

Episode 3 & 4 : Tanushree is a very famous theater artist from Kolkata. She conducts a play recreating her past with her mentor, Uma di. Uma di appears in Tanushrees's dream and blames her for her suicide. Laboni, a struggling actress, manages to get a role in Tanushree's play. During the play, Tanushree imagines Laboni to be Uma di and faints. She suspects Laboni to be Uma di's daughter and fears that she has come to avenge her death. Tanushree calls Konkona Sen and invites her for the Kali puja. Tanushree is suspicious about Laboni being a witch, as Laboni refuses to enter the temple. Konkona enlightens Tanushree about the powers of a witch, and also tells her that a witch could be killed if her hair is chopped. Tanushree confronts Laboni about being a witch. Laboni tells Tanushree that she is Uma Di herself, and has reincarnated to avenge her death. Later during the play Tanushree kills Laboni by chopping her hair

Episode 5 & 6 : Swati, a school teacher, does not believe in ghosts. She gets engaged to Mukesh, who is a single parent. After the engagement ceremony, a lady gestures Swati to follow her to the forest. Nayan and his brother save her from an animal trap. During the marriage rituals, she sees the lady again. She learns that the lady is Chhavi, Mukesh's first wife. Mukesh disbelieves her when she tells him about the same. They have a heated argument, during which Mukesh confesses to killing his first wife. Dr. Palit summons Chhavi's spirit in front of Swati. He gets possessed by the spirit. Chhavi's spirit narrates the incident about her murder. Saloni discusses with Parthiv about Chhavi's murder. Swati overhears the conversation and doubts their involvement in the murder. The family members are astonished to see Chhavi. Swati reveals that she and Chhavi together conspired to find the real murderer. Baa admits her misdeed. The police arrest Baa. Mukesh thanks Swati for reuniting him with Chhavi.

Episode 7 & 8 : Chandan and Juhi come to take pictures of a minister's daughter, Pari, on her birthday. Juhi sees a spirit of an old lady at the railway station. Moreover, Chandan becomes shocked to see Pari, as she looks like his sister. Rajjo's spirit takes possession of Pari's body and kills a couple of her father's men. Pari's father calls a black magician to help Pari get rid of the spirit. But, Chandan assumes that his sister has taken rebirth as Pari and does not let the magician operate on her. The black magician knows that Rajjo's spirit is going to kill Purohit using Pari, but still he fails to stop her from killing Purohit. Juhi learns from Chandan's friend that he did not have any sister. Juhi confronts Chandan, and learns that Pari's father and his men killed his mother and he is a demon. The black magician assigns Juhi to find Chandan's mother's skeleton to save Pari. Juhi finds Chandan's mother's skeleton and kills Chandan using his mother's bone, before he could kill Pari and his father.

Episode 9 & 10 : While Mousin and Razia go to visit a mosque, a girl comes in front of their car. They tend to her and bring her home. They allow her to stay with them and name her as Ghazal. Two pigeons die when Ghazal enters the house. As Minaaz starts hating Ghazal, Ghazal makes a pot to fall on her head. Ghazal's parents come to take her with them, but they meet with an accident. Ghazal returns to Razia's house. Mousin's mother learns that Ghazal is an evil soul. Ghazal kills her and vows to kill Razia. Ghazal attempts to kill Razia by making a chandelier fall on her, but fails. Mousin is delighted to know about Razia's pregnancy. Razia becomes suspicious of Ghazal and consults a shaman. She learns that Ghazal is an evil soul. Ghazal accompanies Mousin as he goes out to finalize a land deal. Mousin is shocked to learn that Ghazal is a spirit of Nazleen, his old lover, who died because of him. As Ghazal tries to kill Razia, she chants a sacred mantra and kills her.

Episode 11 & 12 : Veer and Aaniya throw a party for their house warming ceremony. Mahhi's hand gets stuck inside the refrigerator in the party. Veer lifts Aaniya and throws her out of the house. She goes to Chandni's house for shelter. When she returns home, she finds that the location of the furniture has changed. She notices a shadow while Veer washes his face. In the midnight, Veer plays damaru in the rain. Guru tries to help Aaniya, but dies in an accident. Aaniya learns that Chandni is using black magic to win Veer's love.  Aaniya panics on seeing Veer's health and requests Chandni to save him. On touching the hair of the dog, Chandini becomes anxious and falls down from the balcony. Veer recovers in a year but Chandni's spirit takes possession of his body. Aaniya informs Veer's mother about Chandni's spirit. Guru Maa instructs Aaniya to tie a thread on the door to lock Chandni's spirit inside the house. She asks her to burn Chandni's dead body. UD dies while saving Aaniya. Aaniya burns Chandni's dead body.

Episode 13 & 14 : Pooja, a producer, comes to a haveli in Jaipur for a shooting. The villagers beat two men when they accuse Pooja of asking for alcohol, the previous night. The next day, the two men prove to the village headmen and the villagers that they were telling the truth. Pooja becomes angry when the village headman confronts her about the same. The Raja of the haveli asks Sajjan Singh to make arrangements for a havan. The same night, Nikhil, Manasi and the crew witness Pooja behaving weirdly. Nikhil and Manasi bring Pooja to the hospital. The doctor suspects Pooja of suffering from Dissociative Identity Disorder, but the Sarpanch suspects that she is possessed by Padmini's spirit. Nikhil and Manasi learn that Raja Uday Veer Singh killed a witch, Padmini, to save the villagers. Pooja behaves weirdly in front of her crew. Raja Uday Veer Singh tries to dispel Padmini's spirit from Pooja's body. Padmini's spirit forces him to reveal how he killed her and her family, after molesting her.

Episode 15 & 16 : Veera is haunted by same nightmares. Santo gifts Veera a holiday package to Paris, on her birthday. She becomes sad after forbidding Veera from attending Rakesh's marriage. Santo becomes worried on seeing Veera at home. Rakesh informs her that he has requested Veera to come, and assures her that he will take care of Veera. Santo finally allows Veera to stay. Rakesh takes Veera and Mahi for dinner. Veera follows Mahi to an old mansion. She becomes shocked on seeing her hanging from the ceiling. Rakesh yells at Veera when she tells him that she has seen Mahi hanging from the ceiling in a mansion. A priest informs Veera about her family history. He becomes surprised when Veera chants the Shiva Stuti without having its knowledge. Veera asks her mother about their family's curse, but in vain. Mahi confesses that she had killed their family members. The shaman who was controlling Mahi desires to kill Veera and drink her blood to attain immortality. Finally, Veera defeats the Shaman.

Cast
 Huma Qureshi as Herself
 Sachin Shroff as Vishal
 Ankita Lokhande as Pragya
 Mihika Verma as Malti
 Mouli Ganguly as Tanushree Dheeraj Dasgupta
 Sudha Chandran as Uma Biswas
 Sumona Chakravarti as Laboni
 Smriti Irani as Swati
 Amar Upadhyay as Mukesh Mehta
 Jaya Bhattacharya  as Chhavi Mukesh Mehta
 Raj Singh Arora as Chandan
 Abigail Jain as Maahi
 Shweta Tiwari  as Juhi
 Jannat Zubair Rahmani  as Pari
 Bhanu Uday as Mohsin
 Aamna Sharif as Razia
 Neha Kaul as Nazneen
 Pooja Gaur  as Anya
 Vishal Gandhi as Veer
 Parvati Sehgal as Chandini
 Sakshi Tanwar as Pooja
 Deepak Qazir as Raja Sahab
 Manasi Varma as Mansi
 Yash Tonk as Dheeraj Dasgupta
 Sunny Goraya as Shoaib
 Saurabh Raj Jain as Yudi
 Surinder Kaur as Maaji
 Deepak Jethi as Sameer
 Kritika Kamra as Veera
 Rashad Aslam as Raj
 Rashid Zeema as Rajesh Verma
 Ekirah Zeema as Milli
 Amit Bhardwaj as Inspector
 Farzana Zeema as Milla
 Zarah Zeema as Apeka
 Akash Aeyma as Ranju
 Solena Mensin Hassan as Ukeraiyah Harmer

References

External links
Ek Thhi Naayka Official Site on Life OK

Balaji Telefilms television series
Life OK original programming
Indian horror fiction television series
2013 Indian television series debuts
2013 Indian television series endings
Indian drama television series
2010s Indian television miniseries

Ek Thhi Naayka


The János Bolyai Mathematical Society (Bolyai János Matematikai Társulat, BJMT) is the Hungarian mathematical society, named after János Bolyai, a 19th-century Hungarian mathematician, a co-discoverer of non-Euclidean geometry. It is the professional society of the Hungarian mathematicians, applied mathematicians, and mathematics teachers. It was founded in 1947, as one of the two successor societies of the Mathematical and Physical Society (Matematikai és Fizikai Társulat) founded in 1891. It is a member-society of the European Mathematical Society.

Presidents of the Society
 László Rédei (1947–1949)
 György Alexits (1949–1963)
 György Hajós (1963–1972)
 László Fejes Tóth (1972–1975)
 Pál Turán (1975–1976)
  (1976–1980)
 Ákos Császár (1980–1990)
 András Hajnal (1990–1996)
 Imre Csiszár (1996–2006)
 Gyula Katona (2006–2018)
 Péter Pál Pálfy (2018–)

Periodicals
The society publishes the following periodicals.
 Középiskolai Matematikai Lapok (KöMaL) monthly for highschool students (since 1894)
 Matematikai Lapok a journal containing expository articles and reports on the activities of the Society (since 1950)
 Periodica Mathematica Hungarica a general mathematics research journal (since 1971)
 Combinatorica, a journal publishing original research papers in combinatorics and computer science (since 1981)
 Colloquia Mathematica Societatis, Janos Bolyai

Awards
 Manó Beke Commemorative Prize, given to at most 7 mathematics teachers (since 1950)
 Géza Grünwald Commemorative Prize for young researchers (since 1953)
 Gyula Farkas Commemorative Prize to young researchers in applied mathematics (since 1973)
 Tibor Szele Commemorative Medal for major researchers who created scientific schools
 László Patai Commemorative Prize for supporting one student or young researcher (since 1994)

Competitions
 the József Kürschák Mathematical Competition for high school students (since 1891)
 the Miklós Schweitzer Competition

References

External links
 the Homepage of the society
 Ákos Császár: The Hungarian Mathematical Society, Newsletter of the European Mathematical Society, March 2006, issue 59.

Mathematical societies

János Bolyai Mathematical Society


Villy Sørensen (13 January 1929 – 16 December 2001) was a Danish short story writer, philosopher and literary critic of the Modernist tradition. His fiction was heavily influenced by his philosophical ideas, and he has been compared to Franz Kafka in this regard.

History
Born in Copenhagen, Sørensen graduated from the Vestre Borgerdydskole in 1947, and then attended the University of Copenhagen and the University of Freiburg studying philosophy. Although he did not graduate, he later received an honorary degree from the University of Copenhagen.

Sørensen published his first collection of short stories, Strange Stories in 1953, which many critics have identified as being the start of Danish literary Modernism. He published additional collections of short stories in 1955 and 1964, all winning various awards in Denmark. These stories generally explored the absurd and hidden parts of the human psyche.

Sørensen began editing the journal Vindrosen (with Klaus Rifbjerg) in 1959. Afterward, he became a member of the Danish Academy in 1965, subsequently editing several other Modernist journals and periodicals. Sørensen, though he continued to produce short fiction throughout his life, was also deeply engaged in philosophy, about which he wrote many essays and several books including Seneca: The Humanist at the Court of Nero and his response to Søren Kierkegaard's Either/Or, Hverken-eller (i.e. "Neither/Nor"). He also published books and essays about Nietzsche, Kafka, Marx, Schopenhauer and Kierkegaard, and was a notable translator of over 20 books. He was awarded the Grand Prize of the Danish Academy in 1962, The Nordic Council's Literature Prize in 1974, the Hans Christian Andersen Award in 1983, the inaugural Swedish Academy Nordic Prize in 1986, along with many other awards and recognitions. He died in Copenhagen in 2001.

Bibliography
 Sære historier, 1953 - Strange Stories / Tiger in the Kitchen and Other Strange Stories
 Ufarlige historier, 1955 - Harmless Tales
 Tiger in the Kitchen and Other Strange Stories, 1957
 Digtere og dæmoner: Fortolkninger og vurderinger, 1959
 ed.: Begrebet Angest by Søren Kierkegaard, 1960
 Hverken-eller: Kritiske betragtningen, 1961
 ed.: Økonomi og filosofi by Karl Marx, 1962
 Nietzsche, 1963
 Formynderfortællinger, 1964 - Tutelary Tales
 ed.: Haabløse Slægter by Herman Bang, 1965
 ed.: Eventyr og historier by H.C. Andersen, 1965
 ed.: Skuespil by William Shakespeare, 1966
 Kafkas digtning, 1968
 Schopenhauer, 1969
 Mellem fortid og fremtid, 1969
 Midler uden mål. 1971
 Uden mål - og med, moralske tanker, 1973
 Seneca, 1976 - Seneca: The Humanist at the Court of Nero
 translator: The Book by Martin A. Hansen, 1978 (with Anne Born)
 Oprør fra midten, 1978 (with Niels I Meyer and K. Helweg-Pedersen) - Revolt from the Center
 Den gyldne middelvej, og andre debatindlæg i 1970erne, 1979
 Vejrdage, betragtninger 1980
 translator: The Dream of the Woman by Knud Hjortø, 1980 (with Anne Born)
 Alladin, 1981 (with Errol le Cain)
 Ragnarok, en gudefortælling, 1982 - The Downfall of the Gods - Ragnarök, jumalten tuho
 Røret om oprøret, 1982 (with Niels I Meyer and K. Helweg-Pedersen)
 translator: The Mountains by H.C. Branner (with Anne Born)
 ed.: Kunsten og revolutionen by Richard Wagner, 1983
 En gudedrøm, ballet for Nyt Danske Danseteater, 1984
 translation: Skøn er krigen for den uerfarne (Dulce bellum inexpertis) by Erasmus Roterodamus, 1984
 De mange og De enkelte og andre småhistorier, 1986
 ed.: Tine by Herman Bang, 1986
 ed.: Tunge Melodier by Herman Bang, 1987
 ed.: Enten-Eller by Søren Kierkegaard, 1988
 Demokratiet og kunsten, 1988
 Tilløb: dagbog 1949-53, 1988
 Den berømte Odysseus, 1988 (with Andy Li Jørgensen)
 Apollons oprør: de udødeliges historie, 1989
 Another Metamorphosis & Other Fictions, 1990, translated by Tiina Nunnally & Steven T. Murray
 Forløb: dagbog 1953-61, 1990
 ed.: Demokratiske visioner by Walt Whitman, 1991
 Den frie vilje, 1992
 Jesus og Kristus, 1992
 Perioder: dagbog 1961-74, 1993
 Historien om Ødipus, 1995 (with Roald Als)
 translation: Grimms eventyr, 1995
 Blot en drengestreg, 1996 (with Pernille Kløvedal Helweg)
 translation: Drømme by Franz Kafka, 1998
 Jesus og Kristus, 1999
 På egne veje, 2000
 En ensom fugl, 2000

Sources

 "Sorensen, Villy." Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 31 October 2006.

1929 births
2001 deaths
Danish essayists
Danish literary critics
Danish male short story writers
Nordic Council Literature Prize winners
Writers from Copenhagen
Recipients of the Grand Prize of the Danish Academy
20th-century Danish writers
20th-century Danish short story writers
20th-century essayists
20th-century Danish male writers

Villy Sørensen


SJR can refer to:

Saint Joseph Regional High School, a private boys' school in Montvale, New Jersey.
Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, a city in Montérégie, Quebec.
Sally Jessy Raphael, American talk show host
SCImago Journal Rank, journal metric
Shin Megami Tensei: Strange Journey Redux, 3DS video game
St. John's-Ravenscourt School, a private school in Winnipeg, Manitoba.
St John Rigby College, a sixth form college in Wigan, Greater Manchester
State Journal-Register, a newspaper in Springfield, Illinois.

SJR


Domaakí - also known as Dumaki or Domaá - is a language spoken in the Northern Areas of Pakistan.

It is the traditional tongue of the Dóoma (sg. Dóom), a small ethnic group scattered in extended family units among larger host communities. In former times, Domaaki speakers traditionally worked as blacksmiths and musicians, but nowadays they are also engaged in a variety of other professions.

In almost all places of their present settlement the Dooma, who are all Muslims, have long since given up their original mother tongue in favour of the language of their respective host community. Only in the Nager and Hunza Valleys has Domaaki survived until the present day.

Following its geographic location, Domaaki can be divided into two dialects: Nager-Domaaki and Hunza-Domaaki. Although there are considerable differences between these two varieties, they are not so severe as to prevent mutual intelligibility.

Presently Domaaki counts less than 350 (mostly elderly) speakers – ca. 300
of them related to Hunza; around 40 related to Nager – and is thus to be considered a highly endangered language.

References
 Weinreich, Matthias. 2008. Two Varieties of Domaakí. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 158: 299-316.
 Domaaki. Retrieved June 13, 2006, from Ethnologue: Languages of the World, fifteenth edition. SIL International. Online version.

Languages of Gilgit-Baltistan
Dardic languages

Domaaki language


The Weather Channel is a cable and satellite television channel that is shown in the United States. The Weather Channel broadcasts weather newsshows and recorded weather-related documentaries 24 hours a day. The Weather Channel is most often filmed inside a studio near Atlanta, but some people working there sometimes go out to the place where the storm or weather is happening to film it. The Weather Channel also provides weather forecasts to over 700 radio stations, 50 newspapers, 30 websites, as well as mobile applications for smartphones and tablet computers. The Weather Channel is similar to a channel called The Weather Network in Canada.

History
Prior to the channel's launch, the original concept for providing continuous weather reports to the public over television stations stretched as far back as the late 1950s and early 1960s on the varying incarnations of CATV. Through those systems, which typically brought in up to a dozen stations to the viewer from across the region, twelve slots on a cable dial would often leave a few vacancies.

Early cable providers then devised a system where a single black and white camera, often one that was formerly used for local news production after an upgrade, would be placed on a rotating pedestal, capturing various dials and gauges on different stations to which it would pan automatically and remain in a given view for a few seconds before moving on. The different stations featured the time, temperature, barometer, wind speed, wind direction, and wind chill factor. Slides with the day's complete forecast, brief news headlines and community events often drawn up by the station's art department rounded out the package. This was the same system as that used by the early Devotional Channels and for the Stations of the Cross during the Christmas season.

The Weather Channel itself was the brainchild of veteran television meteorologist John Coleman (former chief meteorologist at WLS-TV in Chicago and Good Morning America forecaster), who took his idea to Frank Batten, the then-chief executive officer of Landmark Communications. A major part of the plan for the new network was that it would be able to provide localized weather information to its viewers. This would be done through the use of specialized computer units, known as WeatherStars ("STAR" being an acronym for "Satellite Transponder Addressable Receiver"), which would be installed at the headends of cable providers that agreed to carry the channel. These WeatherStars were able to insert current local conditions, forecasts and weather warnings over the national feed, with the weather data being received from the vertical blanking interval of the TWC video feed and via satellite, which is then transmitted to the WeatherStar unit; the WeatherStar systems would also be capable of adding or removing segments seen during each local forecast segment, and providing other forms of non-forecast data (primarily local contact and address information for businesses advertised on the channel's national feed, which the STAR unit overlaid on a static graphic seen after certain commercials). The Weather Channel, Inc. was founded in Atlanta, Georgia on July 18, 1980.

The Weather Channel launched on Sunday, May 2, 1982. Programming began with an introduction to the channel by Batten and Coleman, which led into an inauguration ceremony that launched the channel's first official broadcast at 8pm that evening, anchored by meteorologists Bruce Edwards and André Bernier. The bulk of TWC programming consisted of a local forecast segment 8-12 times hourly. The Weather Channel originally gathered its national and regional forecasts from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and its local forecasts were sourced from the various National Weather Service Weather Forecast Offices around the country. The first slogan was unveiled: "We Take the Weather Seriously, But Not Ourselves."

However, after only one year in the role, in 1983, John Coleman was forced out as the channel's president and CEO; at that time, he returned to his previous occupation as a television weathercaster, first becoming employed at WCBS-TV in New York City. Slogan was also updated to "The Cable Television Network for America's Lifestyle." This only stayed for a year, before moved to "Weatherproofing America."

The original Weather Star I model often interfered with the channel 2 signal at the cable headend; this issue was fixed with the upgrade to the Weather Star II in January 1984. The channel later rolled out Weather Star III, the third-generation STAR unit, to cable providers – which began upgrading to the system in early 1986; the Star III included additional hardware improvements, and also added several extra forecast and observation features.

In 3/1986, The Weather Channel launched its fourth slogan: "You Need Us for Everything you Do" and a campaign to promote this. It included a custom lyrical theme (which was remixed in 1989) – two versions of which were created: a full one-minute theme that was rarely seen on-air, and a more commonly seen 30-second version. In 1989, the channel introduced Prime Time Tonight, a 3-minute segment that appeared 8 times nightly from 7:57 to 11:27 p.m., which served as guide to programs airing on other cable channels and provided airtime information and video clips.

1990 saw the introduction of the first Weather Star 4000 models, which similar to the Weather Star III, originally generated only text-based products. Radar imagery was added to the units in June of that year, with graphical backgrounds being introduced in July, making the 4000 the first STAR to be capable of generating graphics and the first to incorporate the channel's logo in the forecast segments. Also in 1990, The Weather Channel began including snow condition reports at five minutes after the hour.

Largely considered the height of the classic TWC by enthusiasts, The Weather Channel underwent a major graphical revamp (with the introduction of a new slogan, "Weather You Can Always Turn To") on March 6, 1991. Graphic elements included heavy use of gradients and the Caxton typeface. On July 3, The Weather Channel Connection, a toll-free phone service providing weather information, was launched. Originally 1-900-288-8800, the phone number was reassigned in 1992 to 1-900-WEATHER (or 1-900-932-8437), a number was also used to promote the service in on-air and print advertisements. On November 1, The Weather Channel filed for a trademark on TWC, a common shortening of the name that was sometimes seen on-air.

By 1993, The Weather Channel was available to 90% of U.S. households with cable television service. On January 10, 1994, TWC placed an order to build 1,000 units for a new STAR model known as the Weather Star Jr, a budget model developed by Wegener Communications, which builds equipment for cable headends.

1995 brought a variety of changes to TWC, setting the stage for more changes that occurred the following year. Minor graphical tweaks were made, while local forecast segments began incorporating Short Term Forecasts issued by local National Weather Service offices as the "Local Update" (which in turn destabilized flavor lineups and caused the discontinuation of narration). The 30-Day Outlook was discontinued (which was required by National Weather Service). New programs included the introductions of WeatherScope (a half-hourly weather discussion) and a special on how weather affected the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7. That year also featured the premiere of Sky on Fire, a documentary on lightning. The music of Trammell Starks, used on Weatherscan and emergency cases since 2000, premiered at the end of the year with Starks' various other music pieces being used by the channel until early 2012.

From 1996 to 1998, The Weather Channel dramatically changed its on-air presentation. The first wave of change came in October 1996, with the introduction of a new slogan ("No Place on Earth Has Better Weather"), that was heralded with a trio of humorous spots (blizzard/breezy/flood) promoting the accuracy of TWC's weather coverage. Months later, The Weather Channel received its biggest graphical overhaul since 1991, the modernization of TWC's presentation included the introduction of a newer, flatter logo (although its previous logo remained in use on some segments, and some specialty segments retained narration by Dan Chandler and/or the previous TWC logo into late 1997), as well as a new graphics package featuring rotating globes and compass points for introductions, and new music. 1996 also saw the launch of The Weather Channel's website, weather.com. "Local on the 8s", a concept in which local forecasts aired in ten-minute intervals at times ending in "8," also made its debut.

On October 15, 1996, Landmark Communications purchased a building at 300 Interstate North (near the junction of Interstates 75 and 285 in Atlanta) to house The Weather Channel's operations. Landmark had been looking for new studio facilities for the channel, and requirements included 18-foot ceilings. Improvements were made to bring the building up to code before TWC moved into its new headquarters at the end of 1996 (but it did not begin broadcasting from the facility until early 1997). By 1996, The Weather Channel reached 63 million homes, with average ratings totaling at 130,000 viewers at that time.

On March 31, 1997, the channel revised its programming schedule with the introduction of a news wheel format. On August 25, the channel debuted a memorable advertising campaign, The Front, created by ad agency TBWA Chiat/Day. The promos (which used the slogan, "Weather Fans, You're Not Alone") were set in something akin to a sports bar, with the major difference being that weather was the central focus. That October, 1997 World Series became the first major event that TWC covered with live reporters. New title bars were introduced for national segments on January 6, 1998.

In March 1998, TWC introduced a graphical refresh, featuring heavy use of the Akzidenz-Grotesk typeface and footage of clouds at the core of the new identity. For the first time in the channel's history, there was no slogan or unifying theme. WeatherScope was replaced with Weather Center on March 10, a program which essentially comprised The Weather Channel's entire 24-hour daily programming schedule at the time in the form of three separate programs (Weather Center AM, a morning program (5 a.m.-noon) focusing primarily on business, commuter and leisure travel weather; Weather Center PM, an evening program (7 p.m.-5 a.m.) with a focus on forecasts for the day ahead; and an afternoon broadcast (12 p.m.-7 p.m.) simply using the Weather Center title, which focused on ongoing weather conditions). April 1998 saw updates to "The Front" image campaign; one of the new advertisements specifically mentioned the 36-hour text forecasts (which, at the time, were still supplied by the National Weather Service), but heralded new Local Forecast graphics. The machine that produced those graphics, the IRIX-based Weather Star XL, was released to cable providers later that year as the first new mainline STAR unit manufactured in eight years. The catalyst for a top-to-bottom modernization of the local forecast segment, the XL's graphical and technological capabilities were significantly more advanced than the 4000, with an animated, high-quality output consistent with TWC's national graphics and new scalable icons that would be used for eight years on TWC (these icons remain in use by Weather Star XLs still in service and on certain downloadable web widgets).

1999 brought the removal of the unpredictable-length Local Update product on the Weather Star 4000, which stabilized flavor lineups. Also in March 31 that year, The Weather Channel launched a spin-off network called Weatherscan Local, a channel offering continuous weather information 24/7, which exclusively provided local forecasts generated by specialized STAR units. Originally exclusive to Comcast systems, cable operators could add optional packages featuring expanded weather information or specialty forecasts (such as golf, boat and beach, or marine weather) to their Weatherscan STAR systems. The Weather Channel also appointed Decker Anstrom to serve as president of the network. By 1999, The Weather Channel reached 70 million homes, or 98% of all households that subscribe to cable television. It also provided weather forecasts to 52 newspapers and 250+ radio stations. Between 1999 and 2000, TWC aired weather observation reports from Mount Everest using battery-powered sensors.

In 2000, the channel's Weather Star XL systems introduced an audio function, Vocal Local, which assembles narration tracks heard during local forecast segments to introduce forecast products, and read descriptive forecasts and primary weather observations; while most cable operators added the Vocal Local feature, some did not employ it on their Weather Star XL units. The cycling of music playlist changes was increased from a quarterly to a monthly basis; as such, 2000 is considered to be the year the split between the "classic" TWC and "modern" TWC occurred by several websites. On August 23 of that year, the channel debuted Atmospheres, a weekly newsmagazine-style program hosted by Jim Cantore and Mishelle "Mish" Michaels. It aired Wednesdays at 8pm, Saturdays at 5pm, and Sundays at 8pm and 11pm. Encore editions were aired on Saturday and Sunday at reverse time.

On January 3, 2000, The Weather Channel began reducing Weather Center'''s broadcasting time. The first news program to be broadcast was titled Your Weather Today, airing weekdays from 5 a.m. to 7 a.m. Presenters were Heather Tesch and Marshall Seese.

On March 20, 2000, another weather news program was unveiled, titled First Outlook, airing for two hours right after Your Weather Today. On-air team was Rick Griffin and Cheryl Lemke, along with travel analyst Dennis Smith.

On April 21, 2001, Weekend Now was the first news programme to cut into the weekend timeslot of Weather Center. It aired from 7 a.m. to 11 a.m. Saturdays and Sundays, presented by two teams of meteorologists: one was Kelly Cass and Bill Keneely and the other team was Melissa Barrington and Bob Stokes. Any given hour of the program would be hosted by one team while a member of the other team provided special segments like Travel Forecast (other cities' forecasts) and Weather Maker (details behind the day's most important wearher system).

In June 2001, Weather Center's name no longer featured the "AM/PM" distinction.

On August 20, 2001, Evening Edition dropped the 9 p.m.-5 a.m. block of Weather Center. Because of long-form programs, Evening Edition aired its first hour, then long-form programs, then two hours, then long-form programs repeated from earlier, followed by the overnight hour, and finally this final hour was repeated twice. The show was presented by various meteorologists. In 2003, 4:30-7 a.m. weekend block now showed Weekend Outlook, which presented by Ray Stagich only. (In case of severe weather, the show would start from 3 a.m, and another meteorologist would join him). Also at this year, 7-11 a.m. weekend block had a new show: Weekend Planner, so Weekend Now moved to the 11 a.m.-2 p.m. block instead (this time, less special segments than before). As a result of these changes, Weather Center aired from 9 a.m.-9 p.m. weekdays and 2 p.m.-5 a.m. weekends.

In October 2002, Kim Cunningham left Evening Edition for First Outlook.

On September 29, 2003, PM Edition was launched, interrupted the block of Weather Center. It aired weekdays between 6 p.m. and 8 p.m., presented by Carl Parker and Kristina Abernathy. It was preceded by another all-new show, Afternoon Outlook from 4 p.m. to 6 p.m. At the same day, one more forecast program was launched, Day Planner from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. As a result, it could be known as weekday edition of Weekend Now, as both shows aired at the same timeslot.

On October 4, 2003, PM Edition Weekend'' was launched, airing at a late night time: 11 p.m.-2 a.m. Two presenters were Adam Berg and Betty Davis.

References

Other websites
Offical website

The Weather Channel


A hydroxysteroid is a molecule derived from a steroid with a hydrogen replaced with a hydroxy group. When the hydroxy group is specifically at the C3 position, hydroxysteroids are referred to as sterols, with an example being cholesterol.

See also
 Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
 Ketosteroid

External links

Alcohols
Steroids

Hydroxysteroid


Neal Zaslaw (born  June 28, 1939) is an American musicologist.

Life and career
Born in New York, Zaslaw graduated from Harvard in 1961 with a BA and obtained his master's from Juilliard in 1963. He played flute in the American Symphony Orchestra under Leopold Stokowski from 1962 to 1965. In 1970 he received his Ph.D from Columbia University; he also taught at CUNY, 1968-70. Since 1970 he has taught at Cornell University.

Zaslaw's early work dealt with performance practice, especially tempo and ornamentation with respect to French and Italian styles. Zaslaw has done extended work on the works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, including a landmark 1989 work on his symphonies. In 1993, he was named the principal editor of the revised Köchel catalogue.

Works
Zaslaw, Neal (1994) "Mozart as a working stiff," in James M. Morris, ed., On Mozart, Cambridge University Press.  An influential assertion of the practicality of Mozart's motivations in composition, attacking older conceptions as romanticized and unrealistic. Available on line:  .

Books
Materials for the Life and Works of Jean-Marie Leclair L'ainé (dissertation, Columbia U., 1970)
with M. Vinquist: Performance Practice: a Bibliography (New York, 1971)
(ed.) Man & Music:/Music in Society: The Classical Era (London, 1989)
Mozart's Symphonies: Context, Performance Practice, Reception (Oxford, 1989)
The Compleat Mozart: a Guide to the Musical Works (New York, 1990)
(ed. with F.M. Fein) The Mozart Repertory: a Guide for Musicians, Programmers, and Researchers (Ithaca, NY, 1991)
(ed.) Mozart's Piano Concertos: Text, Context, Interpretation (Ann Arbor, 1996)
with J. Spitzer: The birth of the orchestra: history of an institution, 1650 - 1815 (Oxford Univ. Press 2004)

Notable student

References
Paula Morgan. "Neal Zaslaw". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians online.
Liber amicorum
 Cliff Eisen (ed.): Coll' astuzia, col giudizio : essays in honor of Neal Zaslaw (Ann Arbor, Mich. : Steglein 2009)

American musicologists
Cornell University faculty
Columbia University alumni
Harvard University alumni
Mozart scholars
Living people
1939 births

Neal Zaslaw


Charles Edward Acker (born April 7, 1929) is an American businessman who served as CEO of Braniff Airways, Air Florida, and Pan American World Airways. He is currently a principal at Intrepid Equity Group.

Early years

Acker was born in Dallas, Texas, on April 7, 1929   His father was a railroad worker and farmer but his mother was vice president of one of the largest architectural firms in Dallas, Texas.  She served as National President of Women In Construction.  Acker has stated that they never tried to influence his career path or decisions.  He skipped second and eighth grades and attended North Texas State University (now the University of North Texas) during his Freshman year where he played basketball.  Acker is 6 foot 4 inches tall and weighs 215 lbs.  He transferred to and graduated from Southern Methodist University where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics and Psychology.

After graduation Acker went to work as a management trainee at U.S. Tire and Rubber, Co. where he was employed for two and a half years eventually being elevated to District Sales Manager.  Not wanting to be a tire salesman, he then took a position as a broker in Dallas with former SMU classmates who had formed a brokering firm. He was a broker for three years when investment counseling firm Lionel D. Edie, asked Acker to open a Dallas, Texas office. He was with Lionel D. Edie for seven years supervising sales and counseling.  He then accepted a position as Chief Financial Officer of the Greatamerica Corporation, who was a Lionel D. Edie client, and led Greatamerica's takeover of Braniff International Airways and National Car Rental in 1964.

Braniff International Airways

Acker traveled to Los Angeles, California in 1964 to discuss a possible merger between a revitalized Braniff under the administration of Greatamerica and Continental Airlines.  Acker met with Continental's legendary founder and Chairman Robert Six to discuss the possible merger which would put both companies under the Greatamerica umbrella.  It was here that Acker met Continental's dynamic Executive Vice President Harding Lawrence.  During the ten years that Lawrence had been at Continental he presided over an unprecedented 500 percent growth of the airline.  Lawrence was virtually running the entire airline as Six relinquished control of the airline to his trusted associate, Lawrence. Six was quoted as saying "the reason Continental merged with Pioneer Airlines of Houston, Texas, was to get Harding."

Acker knew little of the airline business not even knowing the basic measurements of airline performance such as RPM or revenue passenger mile. He requested that Braniff send someone over to teach Acker the ins and outs of running an airline as far flung as Braniff. He was tutored by Braniff Vice President Tom Robertson who was shocked to learn that he knew little about the complex airline business.  However, he picked up the jargon quickly and graduated from Tom Robertson's quick airline operations course.  However, he felt the task of running an airline like Braniff to be daunting.  Harding Lawrence had discussed with him at length exactly what Lawrence felt could be done with Braniff.

With this in mind, Acker recommended that Lawrence be selected as Braniff's new President and Acker would serve as Executive Vice President - Planning and Administration, and be charged with the areas of finance and administration. He would spend 60 percent of his time at Braniff and 40 percent at Greatamerica.  This would end in 1967 when LTV Ling Temco Vought bought Greatamerica and Braniff in 1967, when he would spend all of his time at Braniff.  In February 1967, he was promoted to Executive Vice President and General Manager in October 1968.

As second-in-command at Braniff, Acker negotiated with Pan Am CEO Juan Trippe to purchase routes to the west coast of South America (PANAGRA), and introduced a hub and spoke routing system in order to feed Braniff's Boeing 747 flight between Dallas and Honolulu. He was promoted to the Presidency of Braniff in 1970 while his close associate Harding Lawrence, was elevated to Chairman of the Texas-based air carrier.  It was at Braniff that he realized his like for the aviation industry.

Transway and Gulf United

Acker left Braniff in 1975 to accept the presidency of Transway International, a transportation conglomerate based in New York City. He remained with Transway for one year and then became President of Gulf United, Co.  Gulf United was formed when Dallas based LTV Ling Temco Vought decided to sell some of the assets of Braniff's former parent company Greatamerica, Corporation.  Gulf United entered into the broadcasting industry by opening television and radio stations across the country.  The insurance assets of Gulf United were sold to American General and Gulf Broadcasting was merged with Taft Broadcasting Corporation.

Air Florida

Shortly thereafter, Acker led a group of investors who purchased a controlling interest in Air Florida, a low-cost carrier which reminded Acker of his competition with Southwest in Texas. After airline deregulation in 1978, Acker led the rapid expansion of Air Florida to become a nationwide and international air carrier, which quickened in the early 1980s amid problems at its main East Coast competitors, Pan Am and Eastern Air Lines.

Air Florida's growth under Ed Acker was exemplary with the carrier only serving six routes in January, 1978, but by the end of 1978 the small carrier was flying 17 routes.  By January, 1981, Air Florida was flying to 32 destinations in the Continental United States, Latin America, the Caribbean and Europe.  Acker's recipe for success was centering the carrier's fleet around the highly efficient and successful Boeing 737 twin jet aircraft.  The airline purchase 21 of the efficient twin jets and adhered to a one fare pricing structure.  Acker was able to keep overhead costs low as the airline's 1800 employees were mostly not unionized.

However, Air Florida was forced to file for bankruptcy after the crash of Air Florida Flight 90 in 1982 and folded in 1984.

Pan American World Airways

Later in 1982, Acker was appointed chairman and CEO of Pan Am, where he quickly moved to expand the airline's route network after several years of contraction, and to lower the airline's ticket prices in order to compete with low-cost competitors such as Laker Airways. He received strong employee group support by stating that he would not accept any salary until Pan Am was profitable.  Employees proclaimed themselves "Acker Backers" that joined the C. Edward Acker Pan Am recovery bandwagon.  The airline temporarily made up for its lower revenue and higher operating costs by obtaining wage concessions from labor groups, but this eventually led to labor tensions culminating in a 1985 strike which crippled the airline. Acker kept the airline alive only by selling its transpacific routes to United Airlines for $750 million. He left Pan Am in 1988.

The Lockerbie Bombing of a Pan American 747-100 occurred in December 1988.  Pan American was ultimately found liable for negligent security practices directly contributing to the Lockerbie Bombing. The explosion of Pan Am Flight 103 at Lockerbie in December 1988 is widely regarded as the 'final straw' in the ability of Pan American to remain a going concern.  Pan Am was a pioneer of aviation, a premier American brand and was considered the de facto flag carrier of the United States before going out of business on December 4, 1991.

The Acker Group

After retiring from Pan Am, Acker formed The Acker Group which was primarily concerned with providing financial advisory and venture capital services.

Intrepid Equity Group

Acker later advised on the founding of Atlantic Coast Airlines a Delta Connection and United Express carrier.  He serves as Chairman of the Management of Martinaire Partners, LLC, a Dallas, Texas, based scheduled freight feeder airline serving UPS.

Acker has two sons and one daughter and is currently married to Sandy Acker.  His son Mitch is President of Martinaire Partner, LLC, of Dallas, Texas.

In Popular Culture

Acker was portrayed by Ned Beatty in the 1990 television movie, "The Tragedy of Flight 103: The Inside Story."

References

External links
 Braniff Flying Colors Historical Page

Living people
American airline chief executives
Pan Am people
Southern Methodist University alumni
1929 births
Braniff
University of North Texas alumni

Ed Acker


Hanan Aynor (October 20, 1916 – December 15, 1993) was an Israeli diplomat, who in 1960s-1980s served as Israel's ambassador to Senegal, Ethiopia, Mexico and Zaire.

Early life and education
Hanan Aynor was born Hans Sonneborn in 1916 to Hermann Sonneborn and Antonia Samuel Sonneborn in Frankfurt, Germany. Aynor fled Nazi Germany in 1932 and after a few years in France joined, and was among the founders of Kibbutz Ashdot Ya'akov in pre-state Israel.

Since Hanan fled Nazi Germany in the middle of high school at age 16, he was unable to complete formal studies, nor attend university. He was proud to be self-educated. Hanan married Yaffa Puterman and had a child Ayala Procaccia and then later married Sarah Aynor (Skorohod). Sarah and Hanan met while she was working in a displaced persons camp in France after the Second World War. They had two children, Amos Aynor and Yael Aynor.

Career
During World War II, Aynor served in the British Army behind enemy lines in occupied France. Following the war, Aynor joined the Aliyah Bet operations in Europe, aiding Holocaust survivors to reach Palestine. His roles were diverse, including serving as the official translator for the ship Exodus during the months that it was detained in the port of Marseille. Following the establishment of the State of Israel, Aynor joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Over the next four decades he served his country in Brazil, Canada, the United Nations, and twice, as head of the Ministry's African desk. He also served as ambassador to Mexico, Senegal, Gambia, Ethiopia and Zaire.

In 1958, Golda Meir, then Minister of Foreign Affairs, appointed Hanan Aynor as the Head of her newly established section for technical cooperation in her Ministry.  Aynor was responsible for its structure and activities.  In 1960, the section became an independent department called the Department for International Assistance and Cooperation, whose name was later changed to the Center for International Assistance and Cooperation - MASHAV. Under Aynor's leadership, Mashav's scope and work grew and developed into a multimillion shekel enterprise with far reaching ramifications. In 2008, MASHAV marked fifty years of activity as a division of the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs.  Since its establishment in 1958, under the initial guidance of Hanan Aynor, it has provided professional guidance for 230,000 course participants from 140 developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America, where it has sent thousands of experts to launch projects.

Israel's success in initiating contacts with Africa was not only due to the initiative of Israeli leadership.  It resulted in part by the support for Jews and Israel expressed by African thinkers at the beginning of the twentieth century, as well as by Heads of African countries that led their people to independence and believed they could profit from Israel's experience.
Aynor was the last Israeli ambassador to Ethiopia before Haile Selassie broke relations with Israel under Arab pressure triggered at the time of the 1973 Yom Kippur War.

Aynor headed the Israel-Africa Friendship League until his death. During the many years of his work in and on behalf of Africa, Aynor formed a strong attachment to Ethiopia and dreamed of bringing its Jews to Israel.
He died on December 15, 1993, in Jerusalem, Israel.

Foreign service postings

Hanan Aynor served a myriad of notable postings both within Israel and on behalf of the Israeli foreign service including:

 1950: Consular section assistant
 1950–1951: Assistant in the Western European Wing
 1951–1954: Vice consul in Montreal, Canada
 1954: Consular head in Montreal, Canada
 1955–1958: First secretary in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
 1958–1959: First assistant in the Communications and Public Relations Division – Department of Education/Public Relations
 1959–1960: Section director for international cooperation and assistance in the Communications and Public Relations Division – Department of Education/Public Relations (Mashav)
 1960: Director of the Department of Communications and Public Relations – Department of Education/Public Relations
 1960–1961: Israeli delegate to the Democratic Republic of Congo
 1961–1964: Delegate in Israeli delegation to the UN, New York - (United States)
 1964–1967: Ambassador to Dakar, Senegal.  Ambassador to Gambia
 1969–1971: African Department director
 1971–1973: Ambassador to Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
 1974–1977: Ambassador to Mexico City, Mexico
 1977–1980: Africa Department director
 1981–1982: Ambassador to Zaire

Publications
Notes from Africa - Hanan S. Aynor - Publisher, Praeger, 1969. Original from, the University of Michigan. Digitized, Sep 8, 2006. Length, 163 pages.
Relations between Israel and Asian and African states - Hanan S. Aynor, Shimon Avimor - Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Harry S. Truman Research Institute for the Advancement of Peace, Leonard Davis Institute for ...
Africa In Crisis – Patrice Lumumba's Congo, Mobutu Sese Seko's Zaire. Hanan Aynor

See also
 List of ambassadors of Israel to the Gambia

References
 "Fifty Years of MASHAV Activity", Jewish Political Studies Review 21:3-4, fall 2009.
 Lenhoff, Howard M. Black Jews, Jews, and Other Heroes: How Grassroots Activism Led to the Rescue of the Ethiopian Jews.  Geffen Publishing House, 2007.
 Mallet, Eleanor. Tevye's Grandchildren: Rediscovering a Jewish Identity.  Pilgrim Press, 2004.
 Peters, Joel.  Israel and Africa: The Problematic Friendship. The British Academic Press, 1992.

Israeli consuls
1916 births
1993 deaths
Ambassadors of Israel to Senegal
Ambassadors of Israel to Gambia
Ambassadors of Israel to Ethiopia
Ambassadors of Israel to Mexico
Ambassadors of Israel to Zaire
Israeli non-fiction writers
Israeli male writers
Israeli people of German-Jewish descent
20th-century non-fiction writers
Male non-fiction writers
German emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
Burials at Har HaMenuchot

Hanan Aynor