For Ever Mozart is a 1996 feature film directed, written and edited by Jean-Luc Godard. The film's title is a bilingual pun intentionally meant to sound like "Faut rêver Mozart" ("Dream Mozart, dream" in French). The film was selected as the Swiss entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 70th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.

Plot
The film is divided into four parts, which Godard has subsequently given by name.

Theater
In the first part, Vicky Vitalis, an elderly film director, is casting a new project called "Fatal Bolero," assisted by his nephew, Jérôme. A group of actors lines up to audition, but Vicky is dissatisfied with each of their line readings. The director nevertheless manages to secure funding from a man called Baron Felix, who himself secures one of the actresses named Sabine, to the chagrin of Sabine's plaintive boyfriend. Later, Jérôme accompanies Vicky's daughter, Camille, a professor of philosophy, as she searches for a copy of The Game of Love and Chance, the play by Pierre de Marivaux. Her intention is to stage the play in war torn Sarajevo. However, unable to find a copy, she settles instead on the Alfred de Musset play One Must Not Trifle with Love, happily noting that she shares the same name as the play's heroine.  Jérôme, smitten with his cousin, decides to go to Sarajevo with her, to his mother Sylvie's dismay. Sylvie persuades her brother Vicky to accompany them, and the family's maid, Jamila, also decides to go. Camille and Jérôme decide to cast Jamila in the play as the character Rosette.

One Must Not Trifle with Love in Sarajevo
In the second part, the four take a train to Bosnia and rough it in the wild. Increasingly unable to share in his young charges' idealism, Vicky abandons them, filling the role of a West European who turns his back on the horrors of the Bosnian war. The spectre of tanks begins to appear in the forest, and not long after, Camille, Jérôme, and Jamila are captured by Serbian paramilitaries and taken to a derelict mansion the paramilitaries are using as a base. There, Camille and Jérôme metaphorically dig their own graves when they correct a Serbian commander on his account of Georges Danton's participation in the French Revolution. After being anally violated, they are forced to literally dig their own graves, and are killed in an ensuing attack on the base. Jamila, and a soldier having taken a liking to her, escape.

The Film of Disquiet
The third part sees Vicky working on "Fatal Bolero" by the seaside. Baron Felix, the film's financier, holds court at a nearby casino. There the former actress Sabine, now the Baron's dutiful assistant, transcribes the dialogue of an anally fixated porn film while the Baron doles out money for Vicky's film. On the beach, Vicky arranges an unnamed Actress and Actor on the sand in imitation of Camille's and Jérôme's deaths. Later, he relentlessly shoots take after take of the Actress as she tries to articulate her lines – statements once spoken by Camille – amid a torrent of wind and rain. The elderly director eventually instructs the young Actress to shout simply, "yes." The scene shifts to the film's debut at a small theater. The people lining up don't even make it inside. Realizing that it is an art film shot in black and white, depicting the horrors of war, and not the least bit prurient, they wander off in disgust to see something called "Terminator 4," while the theater owner hurriedly removes the posters for the film. Sabine's ex-boyfriend arrives and declares to Baron Felix that "justice has been served."

For Ever Mozart
In the fourth and final movement, a group of people files into an ornate hall to attend a Mozart piano concerto performed by a youth orchestra. The performance is unable to begin until the pianist, an effete young man in period garb, secures one of the set runners from "Fatal Bolero" as a page turner. As the performance commences, a fatigued Vicky keeps time to the music in the hallway, unable to make it past the top of the stairs. Inside, the music plays on, and the pages, showing Mozart's carefully crafted notation, keep turning.

Cast
 Vicky Messica: Metteur en scène
 Madeleine Assas: Camille
 Frédéric Pierrot : Jérôme
 Ghalia Lacroix : Jamila
 Bérangère Allaux : Actrice
 Michel Francini : Baron
 Sabine Bail : Amie du Baron
 Euryale Wynter M-Joseph Florian LEBRUN : Mozart

Background
The point of departure for the film was an article by Philippe Sollers in Le Monde about Susan Sontag's idea to stage a performance of Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot in Sarajevo. In the article, Sollers criticizes the plan, considering Beckett too depressing for the Bosnian War, and instead suggests Marivaux's The Game of Love and Chance. Godard himself could not find the play at the bookstore in his home town of Rolle, so he substituted the Musset play, as Camille does in the film.

Reception
For Ever Mozart has an approval rating of 45% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 11 reviews, and an average rating of 5.7/10.

Writing in Variety, David Stratton called the film "appallingly superficial and insensitive" for its "trivializ[ation of] the slaughter in Bosnia"; while Jonathan Rosenbaum declared the film Godard's "least-inspired feature since the late 60s." French critics were much more receptive. In the US, Amy Taubin, writing in the Village Voice, emphatically endorsed the film, saying, "In confronting the failure of art to change the course of history and the moral obligation of the artist to nevertheless bear witness to her/his time, For Ever Mozart treads on ground so familiar it can only be played as farce . . . In the age of unreason . . . beautiful image(s) . . . collide, fragment, and fly apart."

See also
 List of submissions to the 70th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
 List of Swiss submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film

References

External links

1996 films
French avant-garde and experimental films
Swiss avant-garde and experimental films
1990s French-language films
Films directed by Jean-Luc Godard
1990s avant-garde and experimental films
French-language Swiss films
1990s French films

For Ever Mozart


Robin Scott Wilson (September 19, 1928September 2013) was an American science fiction author and editor, and President of California State University, Chico from 1980 to 1993.

Life and career
Wilson was born in Columbus, Ohio and earned a BA degree from Ohio State University in 1949, before spending a year in the Merchant Marine.  He then went back to school, obtaining an MA at the University of Illinois.  He served in military intelligence in the United States Navy for several years, before finishing his PhD work at the University of Illinois in 1959.

Wilson worked for the CIA for several years in the 1960s before deciding to devote himself to teaching and writing.  He taught English and writing, and organized the original Clarion Writers Workshop, at Clarion State College, Pennsylvania 1968, followed by instruction at Tulane University, and Michigan State University.  He also wrote several science fiction novels, and served as a consulting editor for the Journal of Higher Education.  He had several short stories published in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction during the 1990s.    In many of his fiction works, he is credited as "Robin Scott".

In 1980, Wilson was appointed President of California State University, Chico.  In March 1987, the university was named the number one party school in the nation. This prompted Wilson to demand that the local police actively intervene in the parties, shutting them down by force. During the last week in April, police wearing riot gear marched into a crowd of pedestrians in a flying v formation, causing a police riot. The annual observation of Pioneer Days, ordinarily held on the first Saturday in May was suspended. The annual event has since been re-organized.  He also asked the ROTC to leave the campus, after a resolution passed by the school's faculty senate.

Wilson retired from his position with Cal State Chico in 1993, and moved on to California State University, Monterey Bay, where he served as a "trustee professor".

Bibliography

"Fair Test", Galaxy, April 1967
"Seconds' Chance", Galaxy, July 1968
"The Grift of the Magellanae", The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, March 1999
Clarion (editor) (this was a collection of short science fiction which was followed by Clarion 2 and Clarion 3)
Death by Degrees: A Mystery
Paragons: Twelve Master Science Fiction Writers Ply Their Craft  (editor)
Those Who Can: A Science Fiction Reader (editor)
Wondermakers: an anthology of classic science fiction (co-editor)

Sources
Official Cal State, Chico bio page

External links

1928 births
2013 deaths
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American short story writers
American male novelists
American male short story writers
American sailors
American science fiction writers
California State University, Chico
California State University, Monterey Bay faculty
Heads of universities and colleges in the United States
The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction people
Michigan State University faculty
Novelists from Louisiana
Novelists from Michigan
Novelists from Ohio
Tulane University faculty
Writers from Columbus, Ohio

Robin Wilson (author)


Accidental Lovers (Sydän kierroksella) is a Finnish interactive musical comedy series on television. Viewers can affect the love relationship between 61-year-old cabaret singer Juulia (Kristiina Elstelä) and 30-year-old pop star Roope () by sending mobile text messages to the show.

Depending on the nature of the messages the plot takes turns in real time. Either Juulia or Roope falls in love or they both fall in love, resulting in a relationship that has three different kinds of endings. Scenes between these climactic drama outcomes are chosen and organized semi-randomly according to the character's emotional state. Each voiceover thought on top of the scenes is chosen according to the keywords in the mobile text messages.

A total of twelve 28-minute episodes were broadcast during four nights. Every story starts from the same beginning but unfolds differently each time.

Text message effect

Based on keywords that are scanned from viewers' text messages other one of the main characters think a voiceover thought at the same time when the message appears on screen. Each message is also 'cold' or 'hot' causing the character's feelings to cool off or warm up. As this message information accumulates the plot changes it turns.

Production

Accidental Lovers was broadcast between late December 2006 and early January 2007 on Finnish YLE channel 1. It is a co-production of Crucible Studio in University of Art and Design Helsinki and YLE drama department. The new broadcast technology and production tools were developed in as part of the FP6 project New Millennium New Media (NM2).

 Directed by Mika Lumi Tuomola
 Original idea and written by Leena Saarinen and Mika Lumi Tuomola

References

External links
 Accidental Lovers (Crucible Studio)

Interactive television
2000s comedy television series
2000s Finnish television series
2000s music television series
2006 Finnish television series debuts
2007 Finnish television series endings
Finnish comedy television series
Finnish music television series
Musical television series
Yle original programming

Accidental Lovers


Paul Bacon (1 November 1907 – 6 December 1999) was a French politician.

Biography
Bacon was born in Paris. During World War II, he was active in the French Resistance. He was a member of Georges Bidault's National Liberation Movement, and distributed a manifesto about trade unionism in December 1940. Bacon was arrested by the Gestapo in 1943.

After the war, Bacon continued his political career. A member of the Christian Democratic Popular Republican Movement (MRP), he was Member of the two National Constituent Assemblies (1945–46) and then of the National Assembly from 1946 to 1958 representing the Seine Department. He was Secretary of state in the prime minister's office in 1959-1960, Minister of Labour and Social security (with some interruptions during the cabinets of Pinay and of Mendès France) from 1950 to 1956 and again in 1957-1959.

He was Minister of Labour in De Gaulle, Debré and Pompidou governments from 1958 to 1962. With the other MRP ministers, he resigned in protest after De Gaulle's press conference about European integration in May 1962. He sat in the Economic and Social Council from 1962 to 1964. Bacon was also a municipal councillor at Saint-Maur-des-Fossés.

A trade unionist and an adept of social harmony, Paul Bacon was one of the major figures who built French social security and was the father of the Interprofessional Guaranteed Minimum Wage (salaire minimum interprofessionnel garanti, or SMIG).

Books
Bacon wrote several books:
 La Naissance de la classe ouvrière
 Vers la réforme de l'entreprise capitaliste
 Vers la démocratie économique et sociale

References

1907 births
1999 deaths
Politicians from Paris
Popular Republican Movement politicians
Government ministers of France
Members of the Provisional Consultative Assembly
Members of the Constituent Assembly of France (1945)
Members of the Constituent Assembly of France (1946)
Deputies of the 1st National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
Deputies of the 2nd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
Deputies of the 3rd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
Members of Parliament for Seine
French Resistance members
French people of the Algerian War

Paul Bacon (politician)


Anne Haney (March 4, 1934 – May 26, 2001) was an American actress. She worked in some movies, but mostly on television shows. She acted as a social worker in Mrs. Doubtfire and as Alberta in the sitcom Mama's Family. She also guest starred on other television series, including Designing Women and Charmed.

Haney was born in Memphis, Tennessee. She died due to heart failure in Studio City, California at age sixty-seven.

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Memphis, Tennessee
1934 births
2001 deaths

Anne Haney


Claire House Children's Hospice is a children's hospice in Merseyside.

The hospice helps seriously and terminally ill children from 0–23 years by providing specialist nursing care and emotional support. It has provided care for children and young people across Merseyside, Cheshire and North Wales since it opened in 1998.

The organisation has two sites: a hospice in Bebington, the Wirral, and the Hub in West Derby, Liverpool, that offers day care. Support can be provided at Claire House or at home and can be for the child, young person or for family members.

The charity has featured on Children in Need in 2011, 2014 and 2016. It also has high-profile supporters including Steven Gerrard and Wayne Rooney.

As of 2017, the charity is providing care for over 200 babies, children and young people and supporting more than 200 bereaved families. In July 2015 Claire House was rated as 'Outstanding' by the Care Quality Commission.

Claire House, Wirral is open 24 hours a day, seven days a week and offers a range of services. Children can have fun in the multi-sensory room, art room, hydrotherapy pool and Jacuzzi. There is a separate wing complete with bar, sound system and Xbox for teenagers and young adults. Claire House also provides end of life care, ensuring that a child's last days are as comfortable and memorable as possible.

In 2016 the charity occupied a site in West Derby, Liverpool, that used to be a Carmelite Monastery. The Claire House Liverpool Hub opened in the summer of 2017, offering services such as counselling, holistic therapies and hospice to home support. Claire House hopes to one day open a new-state-of-the-art hospice on the site and reach out to more children in Merseyside.

References
https://www.icpcn.org/members-directory/2140/claire-house-childrens-hospice-3/

External links
  Care Quality Commission

Children's charities based in England
Hospices in England
Charities based in Merseyside
Medical and health organisations based in Merseyside
1998 establishments in England

Claire House Children's Hospice


Faust is the protagonist of a classic German legend based on the historical Johann Georg Faust ( 1480–1540).

The erudite Faust is highly successful yet dissatisfied with his life, which leads him to make a pact with the Devil at a crossroads, exchanging his soul for unlimited knowledge and worldly pleasures. The Faust legend has been the basis for many literary, artistic, cinematic, and musical works that have reinterpreted it through the ages. "Faust" and the adjective "Faustian" imply sacrificing spiritual values for power, knowledge, or material gain.

The Faust of early books—as well as the ballads, dramas, movies, and puppet-plays which grew out of them—is irrevocably damned because he prefers human knowledge over divine knowledge: "he laid the Holy Scriptures behind the door and under the bench, refused to be called doctor of theology, but preferred to be styled doctor of medicine". Plays and comic puppet theatre loosely based on this legend were popular throughout Germany in the 16th century, often reducing Faust and Mephistopheles to figures of vulgar fun. The story was popularised in England by Christopher Marlowe, who gave it a classic treatment in his play The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus (). In Goethe's reworking of the story over two hundred years later, Faust becomes a dissatisfied intellectual who yearns for "more than earthly meat and drink" in his life.

Summary of the story
Faust is unsatisfied with his life as a scholar and becomes depressed. After an attempt to take his own life, he calls on the Devil for further knowledge and magic powers with which to indulge all the pleasure and knowledge of the world. In response, the Devil's representative, Mephistopheles, appears. He makes a bargain with Faust: Mephistopheles will serve Faust with his magic powers for a set number of years, but at the end of the term, the Devil will claim Faust's soul, and Faust will be eternally enslaved.

During the term of the bargain, Faust makes use of Mephistopheles in various ways. In Goethe's drama, and many subsequent versions of the story, Mephistopheles helps Faust seduce a beautiful and innocent young woman, usually named Gretchen, whose life is ultimately destroyed when she gives birth to Faust's illegitimate son. Realizing this unholy act, she drowns the child and is held for murder. However, Gretchen's innocence saves her in the end, and she enters Heaven after execution. In Goethe's rendition, Faust is saved by God via his constant striving—in combination with Gretchen's pleadings with God in the form of the eternal feminine. However, in the early tales, Faust is irrevocably corrupted and believes his sins cannot be forgiven; when the term ends, the Devil carries him off to Hell.

Sources

The tale of Faust bears many similarities to the Theophilus legend recorded in the 13th century, writer Gautier de Coincy's Les Miracles de la Sainte Vierge. Here, a saintly figure makes a bargain with the keeper of the infernal world but is rescued from paying his debt to society through the mercy of the Blessed Virgin. A depiction of the scene in which he subordinates himself to the Devil appears on the north tympanum of the Cathedrale de Notre Dame de Paris.

The origin of Faust's name and persona remains unclear. In the Historia Brittonum, Faustus is the offspring of an incestuous marriage between king Vortigern and Vortigern's own daughter.

The character is ostensibly based on Johann Georg Faust (c. 1480–1540), a magician and alchemist probably from Knittlingen, Württemberg, who obtained a degree in divinity from Heidelberg University in 1509, but the legendary Faust has also been connected with Johann Fust (c. 1400–1466), Johann Gutenberg's business partner, which suggests that Fust is one of the multiple origins to the Faust story.
Scholars such as Frank Baron and Leo Ruickbie contest many of these previous assumptions.

The character in Polish folklore named Pan Twardowski (Sir Twardowski in English) presents similarities with Faust. The Polish story seems to have originated at roughly the same time as its German counterpart, yet it is unclear whether the two tales have a common origin or influenced each other. The historical Johann Georg Faust had studied in Kraków for a time and may have served as the inspiration for the character in the Polish legend.

The first known printed source of the legend of Faust is a small chapbook bearing the title Historia von D. Johann Fausten, published in 1587. The book was re-edited and borrowed from throughout the 16th century. Other similar books of that period include:
 Das Wagnerbuch (1593)
 Das Widmann'sche Faustbuch (1599)
 Dr. Fausts großer und gewaltiger Höllenzwang (Frankfurt 1609)
 Dr. Johannes Faust, Magia naturalis et innaturalis (Passau 1612)
 Das Pfitzer'sche Faustbuch (1674)
 Dr. Fausts großer und gewaltiger Meergeist (Amsterdam 1692)
 Das Wagnerbuch (1714)
 Faustbuch des Christlich Meynenden (1725)

The 1725 Faust chapbook was widely circulated and also read by the young Goethe.

Related tales about a pact between man and the Devil include the plays Mariken van Nieumeghen (Dutch, early 16th century, author unknown), Cenodoxus (German, early 17th century, by Jacob Bidermann) and The Countess Cathleen (Irish legend of unknown origin believed by some to be taken from the French play Les marchands d'âmes).

Locations linked to the story
Staufen, a town in the extreme southwest of Germany, claims to be where Faust died (); depictions appear on buildings, etc. The only historical source for this tradition is a passage in the Chronik der Grafen von Zimmern, which was written , 25 years after Faust's presumed death. These chronicles are generally considered reliable, and in the 16th century there were still family ties between the lords of Staufen and the counts of Zimmern in nearby Donaueschingen.

In Christopher Marlowe's original telling of the tale, Wittenburg—where Faust studied—was also written as Wertenberge. This has led to a measure of speculation as to precisely where his story is set. Some scholars suggest the Duchy of Württemberg; others suggest an allusion to Marlowe's own Cambridge (Gill, 2008, p. 5)

Literary adaptations

Marlowe's Doctor Faustus
The early Faust chapbook, while in circulation in northern Germany, found its way to England, where in 1592 an English translation was published, The Historie of the Damnable Life, and Deserved Death of Doctor Iohn Faustus credited to a certain "P. F., Gent[leman]". Christopher Marlowe used this work as the basis for his more ambitious play, The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus (published ). Marlowe also borrowed from John Foxe's Book of Martyrs, on the exchanges between Pope Adrian VI and a rival pope.

Goethe's Faust

Another important version of the legend is the play Faust, written by the German author Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. The first part, which is the one more closely connected to the earlier legend, was published in 1808, the second posthumously in 1832.

Goethe's Faust complicates the simple Christian moral of the original legend. A hybrid between a play and an extended poem, Goethe's two-part "closet drama" is epic in scope. It gathers together references from Christian, medieval, Roman, eastern, and Hellenic poetry, philosophy, and literature.

The composition and refinement of Goethe's own version of the legend occupied him, off and on, for over sixty years. The final version, published after his death, is recognized as a great work of German literature.

The story concerns the fate of Faust in his quest for the true essence of life (""). Frustrated with learning and the limits to his knowledge, power, and enjoyment of life, he attracts the attention of the Devil (represented by Mephistopheles), who makes a bet with Faust that he will be able to satisfy him. Faust is reluctant, believing this will never happen. This is a significant difference between Goethe's "Faust" and Marlowe's; Faust is not the one who suggests the wager.

In the first part, Mephistopheles leads Faust through experiences that culminate in a lustful relationship with Gretchen, an innocent young woman. Gretchen and her family are destroyed by Mephistopheles' deceptions and Faust's desires. Part one of the story ends in tragedy for Faust, as Gretchen is saved but Faust is left to grieve in shame.

The second part begins with the spirits of the earth forgiving Faust (and the rest of mankind) and progresses into allegorical poetry. Faust and his Devil pass through and manipulate the world of politics and the world of the classical gods, and meet with Helen of Troy (the personification of beauty). Finally, in anticipation of having tamed the forces of war and nature and created a place for a free people to live, Faust is happy and dies.

Mephistopheles tries to seize Faust's soul when he dies after this moment of happiness, but is frustrated and enraged when angels intervene due to God's grace. Though this grace is 'gratuitous' and does not condone Faust's frequent errors with Mephistopheles, the angels state that this grace can only occur because of Faust's unending striving and due to the intercession of the forgiving Gretchen. The final scene has Faust's soul carried to Heaven in the presence of God by the intercession of the "Virgin, Mother, Queen, ... Goddess kind forever... Eternal Womanhood. The woman is thus victorious over Mephistopheles, who had insisted at Faust's death that he would be consigned to "The Eternal Empty".

Mann's Doctor Faustus
Thomas Mann's 1947  adapts the Faust legend to a 20th-century context, documenting the life of fictional composer Adrian Leverkühn as analog and embodiment of the early 20th-century history of Germany and of Europe. The talented Leverkühn, after contracting venereal disease from a brothel visit, forms a pact with a Mephistophelean character to grant him 24 years of brilliance and success as a composer. He produces works of increasing beauty to universal acclaim, even while physical illness begins to corrupt his body. In 1930, when presenting his final masterwork (The Lamentation of Dr Faust), he confesses the pact he had made: madness and syphilis now overcome him, and he suffers a slow and total collapse until his death in 1940. Leverkühn's spiritual, mental, and physical collapse and degradation are mapped on to the period in which Nazism rose in Germany, and Leverkühn's fate is shown as that of the soul of Germany.

Benét's The Devil and Daniel Webster

Stephen Vincent Benét's short story "The Devil and Daniel Webster" published in 1937 is a retelling of the tale of Faust based on the short story "The Devil and Tom Walker", written by Washington Irving. Benet's version of the story centers on a New Hampshire farmer by the name of Jabez Stone who, plagued with unending bad luck, is approached by the devil under the name of Mr. Scratch who offers him seven years of prosperity in exchange for his soul. Jabez Stone is eventually defended by Daniel Webster, a fictional version of the famous lawyer and orator, in front of a judge and jury of the damned, and his case is won. It was adapted in 1941 as a movie,  The Devil and Daniel Webster, with Walter Huston as the devil, James Craig as Jabez and Edward Arnold as Webster. It was remade in 2007 as Shortcut to Happiness with Alec Baldwin as Jabez, Anthony Hopkins as Webster and Jennifer Love Hewitt as the Devil.

Selected additional dramatic works
 Faust (1836) by Nikolaus Lenau
 Faust (1839) Ludwig Hermann Wolfram
 Doctor Faust. Dance Poem (1851) by Heinrich Heine
 Faust: The Third Part of the Tragedy (1862) by Friedrich Theodor Vischer
 The Death of Doctor Faustus (1925) by Michel de Ghelderode
 Mephisto (1933) Klaus Mann
 Faust, a Subjective Tragedy (1934) by Fernando Pessoa
 Doctor Faustus Lights the Lights (1938) by Gertrude Stein
 My Faust (1940) by Paul Valéry
 Faust '67 (1969) by Tommaso Landolfi
 Doctor Faustus (1979) by Don Nigro
 Temptation (1985) by Václav Havel (Translated by Marie Winn)
 Faustus (2004) by David Mamet
 Wittenberg (2008) by David Davalos
 Faust (2009) by Edgar Brau
 Faust 3 (2016) by Peter Schumann, Bread and Puppet Theater
 Il Dottor Faust (2018) by Menotti Lerro

Selected additional novels, stories, poems, and comics
 The Devil and Tom Walker (1824) by Washington Irving
 Faust (1856) novella by Ivan Turgenev
 The Cobbler and the Devil (1863) by August Šenoa
 Fausto (1866) by Estanislao del Campo
 The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant (1954) by Douglass Wallop adapts the Faust theme to baseball
 The Recognitions (1955) by William Gaddis
 The Master and Margarita (1967) by Mikhail Bulgakov
 The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891) by Oscar Wilde
 Faust (manga) (1950) adaptation by Osamu Tezuka
 Faust (1980) by Robert Nye
 Mefisto (1986) by John Banville
 Faust (comics) (1987–2012) series of comic books by David Quinn & Tim Vigil
 Eric (1990) by Terry Pratchett
 Jack Faust (1997) by Michael Swanwick
 Frau Faust (2014–Present) by Kore Yamazaki
 Soul Cartel (2014–2017) by Haram and Youngji Kim
 Teeth in the Mist (2019) by Dawn Kurtagich
 The Master's Apprentice (2020) by Oliver Pötzsch
 The Devil's Pawn (2021) by Oliver Pötzsch

Cinematic adaptations

Early films
 Faust and Marguerite, a short copyrighted by Edison Manufacturing Co. in 1900
 Faust, an obscure (now lost) 1921 American silent film directed by Frederick A. Todd
 Faust, a 14-minute-long 1922 British silent film directed by Challis Sanderson
 Faust, a 1922 French silent film directed by Gérard Bourgeois, regarded as the first ever 3-D film

Murnau's Faust
F.W. Murnau, director of the classic Nosferatu, directed a silent version of Faust that premiered in 1926. Murnau's film featured special effects that were remarkable for the era. In one scene, Mephisto towers over a town, dark wings spread wide, as a fog rolls in bringing the plague. In another, an extended montage sequence shows Faust, mounted behind Mephisto, riding through the heavens, and the camera view, effectively swooping through quickly changing panoramic backgrounds, courses past snowy mountains, high promontories and cliffs, and waterfalls.

In the Murnau version of the tale, the aging bearded scholar and alchemist is disillusioned by the palpable failure of his supposed cure for a plague that has stricken his town. Faust renounces his many years of hard travail and studies in alchemy. In his despair, he hauls all his bound volumes by armloads onto a growing pyre, intending to burn them. However, a wind turns over a few cabalistic leaves, and one of the books' pages catches Faust's eye. Their words contain a prescription for how to invoke the dreadful dark forces.

Faust heeds these recipes and begins enacting the mystic protocols: on a hill, alone, summoning Mephisto, certain forces begin to convene, and Faust in a state of growing trepidation hesitates, and begins to withdraw; he flees along a winding, twisting pathway, returning to his study chambers. At pauses along this retreat, though, he meets a reappearing figure. Each time, it doffs its hat—in a greeting, that is Mephisto, confronting him. Mephisto overcomes Faust's reluctance to sign a long binding pact with the invitation that Faust may try on these powers, just for one day, and without obligation to longer terms. Upon the end of that day, the sands of twenty-four hours having run out, after Faust's having been restored to youth and, helped by his servant Mephisto to steal a beautiful woman from her wedding feast, Faust is tempted so much that he agrees to sign a pact for eternity (which is to say when, in due course, his time runs out). Eventually Faust becomes bored with the pursuit of pleasure and returns home, where he falls in love with the beautiful and innocent Gretchen. His corruption (enabled, or embodied, through the forms of Mephisto) ultimately ruins both their lives, though there is still a chance for redemption in the end.

Similarities to Goethe's Faust include the classic tale of a man who sold his soul to the Devil, the same Mephisto wagering with an angel to corrupt the soul of Faust, the plague sent by Mephisto on Faust's small town, and the familiar cliffhanger with Faust unable to find a cure for the Plague, and therefore turning to Mephisto, renouncing God, the angel, and science alike.

La Beauté du diable (The Beauty of the Devil)
Directed by René Clair, 1950  – An adaptation in which Michel Simon plays a dual role as Mephistopheles and the older Faust, with Gérard Philipe playing Faust as transformed into a youthful form.

Phantom of the Paradise
Directed by Brian DePalma, 1974 – A vain rock impresario, who has sold his soul to the Devil in exchange for eternal youth, corrupts and destroys a brilliant but unsuccessful songwriter and a beautiful ingenue.

Mephisto
Directed by István Szabó, 1981 – Portrays an actor in 1930s Germany who aligns himself with the Nazi party for prestige.

Lekce Faust (Faust)
Directed by Jan Švankmajer, 1994 – The source material of Švankmajer's film is the Faust legend; including traditional Czech puppet show versions, this film production uses a variety of cinematic formats, such as stop-motion photography animation and claymation.

Faust
Directed by Aleksandr Sokurov, 2011 – German-language film starring Johannes Zeiler, Anton Adasinsky, Isolda Dychauk.

American Satan
Directed by Ash Avildsen, 2017 – A rock and roll modern retelling of the Faust legend starring Andy Biersack as Johnny Faust.

The Last Faust
Directed by Philipp Humm, 2019 – a contemporary feature art film directly based on Goethe's Faust, Part One and Faust, Part Two. The film is the first filmed version of Faust, I and Faust, II as well as a part of Humm's Gesamtkunstwerk, an art project with over 150 different artworks such as paintings, photos, sculptures, drawings and an illustrated novella.

Audio adaptations
The Christopher Marlowe play has been broadcast on radio many times, including:
 On 29 June 1932, the BBC Regional Programme broadcast "A Tragical History of the Renaissance Arranged in ten Scenes for Broadcasting by Barbara Burnham", with Ion Swinley as Faustus and Robert Farquharson as Mephistophilis.
 On 13 April 1934, the Oxford University Dramatic Society performed The Tragicall Historie of Doctor Faustus on the BBC National Programme, with R.F. Felton as Faustus and P.B.P. Glenville as Mephistophilis.
 On 11 October 1946, the BBC Third Programme broadcast an adaptation, with Alec Guinness as Faustus and Laidman Browne as Mephistophilis.
 On 18 October 1949, the BBC Light Programme broadcast an adaptation adapted by E.J. King Bull, with Robert Harris as Faustus, Peter Ustinov as Mephistophilis, Rupert Davies as Lucifer, Richard Hurndall (of Doctor Who fame) as Frederick/Third Scholar and Donald Gray as The Emperor of Germany.
 On 1 June 1964, the BBC Home Service broadcast an adaptation, with Stephen Murray as Faustus and Esme Percy as Mephistophilis.
 On 24 December 1985, BBC Radio 3 broadcast an adaptation directed by Sue Wilson, directed by Sue Wilson with Stephen Moore as Faustus, Philip Voss as Mephistophilis, Maurice Denham as the Old Man, John Hollis as Lucifer and Barrie Rutter as Robin.
 The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation broadcast an adaptation of the Marlowe play in 2001, with Kenneth Welsh as Faustus and Eric Peterson as Mephistopheles/The Chorus/The Evil Angel.
 On September 2007, BBC Radio 3 broadcast an adaptation directed by Nadia Molinari, with Paterson Joseph as Faustus, Ray Fearon as Mephistopheles, Toby Jones as Wagner, Anton Lesser as The Emperor and Janet McTeer as The Evil Angel.
 On 19 September 2021, a third BBC Radio 3 adaptation of the Marlowe play, adapted and directed by Emma Harding, was broadcast, with John Heffernan as both Faustus and Mephistopheles, Pearl Mackie as Wagner and Frances Tomelty as The Good Angel.

A five-part adaptation by Martin Jenkins dramatized by Jonathan Holloway was broadcast as part of BBC Radio 4's 15-Minute Theatre 18–22 February 2008. The cast included Julian Rhind-Tutt as Faustus, Mark Gatiss as Mephistopheles, Thom Tuck as Wagner, Jasmine Guy as Gretchen/Demon and Pippa Haywood as Martha.

Musical adaptations

Operatic
The Faust legend has been the basis for several major operas: for a more complete list, visit Works based on Faust
 Mefistofele, the only completed opera by Arrigo Boito
 Doktor Faust, begun by Ferruccio Busoni and completed by his pupil Philipp Jarnach
 Faust, by Charles Gounod to a French libretto by Jules Barbier and Michel Carré from Carré's play Faust et Marguerite, in turn loosely based on Goethe's Faust, Part 1
 Faust (Spohr), one of the earliest operatic adaptations of the story, with separate versions premiering in 1816 and 1852 respectively
 Hector Berlioz's La Damnation de Faust (1846)
 Havergal Brian's Faust (1955–6), set on Part I and in German
 Alfred Schnittke's Historia von D. Johann Fausten, composed between 1983–1994, and premiered in 1995
 Rudolf Volz's Rock Opera Faust with original lyrics by Goethe (1997)

Symphonic
Faust has inspired major musical works in other forms:
 Faust Overture by Richard Wagner
 Scenes from Goethe's Faust by Robert Schumann
 Faust Symphony by Franz Liszt
 Symphony No. 8 by Gustav Mahler
 Histoire du soldat by Igor Stravinsky

Other adaptations
 Faust was the title and inspiration of Phantom Regiment Drum and Bugle Corps' 2006 show
 Faustian Echoes by American black metal band Agalloch.
 "Faust Arp" by English rock band Radiohead. From the album In Rainbows.
 "The Small Print" by English rock band Muse. From the album Absolution. Originally titled "Action Faust", it is an interpretation of the tale from the Devil's perspective.
 "Bohemian Rhapsody" by English rock band Queen. From the album A Night at the Opera.
 "Faust" by singer songwriter Paul Williams from the original soundtrack of The Phantom of the Paradise.
 "Faust" by English virtual band Gorillaz. From the album G-Sides.
 "Absinthe with Faust" by English extreme metal band Cradle of Filth. From the album Nymphetamine.
 "Urfaust", "The Calling", "The Oath", "Conjuring the Cull", and "The Harrowing" by American death metal band Misery Index. The first five tracks from the album The Killing Gods. A five-song, modern interpretation of Goethe's Faust.
 Epica and The Black Halo by international power metal band Kamelot. A two-album interpretation of the tale.
 "Faust" by American metalcore band The Human Abstract. From the album Digital Veil.
 "Faust" by horrorcore rapper SickTanicK feat. Texas Microphone Massacre. From the album Chapter 3: Awake (The Ministry of Hate).
 "Faust, Midas and Myself" by American alternative rock band Switchfoot. From the album Oh! Gravity.
 "The Faustian Alchemist" by Finnish black metal band Belzebubs. From the album Pantheon of the Nightside Gods.
 Randy Newman's Faust. A rock opera written and co-produced by Randy Newman with: Don Henley as Faust; Randy Newman as the devil; James Taylor as the Lord; Bonnie Raitt as Martha; and Linda Ronstadt as Margaret.
 Damn Yankees is a 1954 musical adaptation of the novel The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant, which set the Faust theme in the world of mid-20th century American baseball. The stage musical was adapted to film in 1958 and  for television in 1967.
 Crossroads, starring Ralph Macchio as the Daniel Webster-like savior of an elderly Blues harpist.
 Faust, a character from the video game franchise Guilty Gear.
Bård Guldvik "Faust" Eithun, Norwegian drummer and convicted murderer known primarily for his work for black metal band Emperor.
 Faust, a character in the 2023 video game Limbus Company created by South Korean studio Project Moon.

In psychotherapy
Psychodynamic therapy uses the idea of a Faustian bargain to explain defence mechanisms, usually rooted in childhood, that sacrifice elements of the self in favor of some form of psychological survival. For the neurotic, abandoning one's genuine feeling self in favour of a false self more amenable to caretakers may offer a viable form of life, but at the expense of one's true emotions and affects. For the psychotic, a Faustian bargain with an omnipotent self can offer the imaginary refuge of a psychic retreat at the price of living in unreality.

See also
Shinigami, an Edo period, rakugo work with a similar premise
 Jonathan Moulton, also known as the "Yankee Faust"
 Robert Johnson
 Puella Magi Madoka Magica, an anime franchise significantly inspired by Faust
 The Little Mermaid, the fairytale by Hans Christian Andersen, that has a similar plot and themes, and is often considered a child friendly retelling.

Notes

Sources
 Doctor Faustus by Christopher Marlowe, edited and with an introduction by Sylvan Barnet. Signet Classics, 1969.
 J. Scheible, Das Kloster (1840s).

Further reading
 The Faustian Century: German Literature and Culture in the Age of Luther and Faustus. Ed. J. M. van der Laan and Andrew Weeks. Camden House, 2013.
 A philosophical interpretation: Seung, T.K. Cultural Thematics: The Formation of the Faustian Ethos. Yale University Press. 1976.

External links
 Faust, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Juliette Wood, Osman Durrani & Rosemary Ashton (In Our Time, Dec. 23, 2004)

Fictional characters introduced in the 16th century
Characters in Goethe's Faust
Fictional characters who have made pacts with devils
Legendary German people

Faust


Lev Chernyi (; born Pavel Dimitrievich Turchaninov, ; died September 21, 1921) was a Russian individualist anarchist theorist, activist and poet, and a leading figure of the Third Russian Revolution. In 1917, Chernyi was released from his political imprisonment by the Imperial Russian regime, and swiftly became one of the leading figures in Russian anarchism. After strongly denouncing the new Bolshevik government in various anarchist publications and joining several underground resistance movements, Chernyi was arrested by the Cheka on a charge of counterfeiting and in 1921 was executed without trial.

Early life, philosophy and imprisonment
Chernyi was born Pavel Dimitrievich Turchaninov to an army colonel father. A "déclassé intellectual" whom anarchist historian Paul Avrich compares with Volin, Chernyi advocated a Nietzschean overthrow of the values of bourgeois Russian society, and rejected the voluntary communes of anarcho-communist Peter Kropotkin as a threat to the freedom of the individual. Chernyi advocated the "free association of independent individuals" in a book titled Associational Anarchism and published in 1907. Scholars including Avrich and Allan Antliff have interpreted this vision of society to have been greatly influenced by the individualist anarchists Max Stirner, and Benjamin Tucker. Subsequent to the book's publication, Chernyi was imprisoned in Siberia under the Russian Czarist regime for his revolutionary activities.

Return to Moscow and opposition to the Bolsheviks
On his return from Siberia in 1917, Chernyi enjoyed great popularity among Moscow workers as a lecturer, and was at this time one of Russia's leading individualist anarchists and one of anarchism's main ideologues. He was the Secretary and leading theorist of the Moscow Federation of Anarchist Groups, which was formed in March 1917 after the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and was primarily concerned with disseminating propaganda to Moscow's poorer classes.

A personal acquaintance of Lev Kamenev and other leading Bolsheviks, Chernyi denounced the nascent Russian Soviet Republic at a rally on March 5, 1918, declaring that for anarchists, the socialist state was as much an enemy as its bourgeois predecessor and promising to "paralyze the governmental mechanism". A vociferous advocate of seizing private homes, Chernyi agitated against the state in the pages of Anarkhiia, the anarchist weekly newspaper, proposing increasingly detailed means of decentralized production and "complete absence of internal power structures". In the spring of 1918, the anarchist groups within the Moscow Federation formed armed detachments in reaction to the growing repression of all resistance and free expression. These were the Black Guards, precursors to the anarchist Black Army which fought the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War. On the night of April 11, the Cheka (Soviet secret police) raided the House of Anarchy, a building occupied by the Moscow Federation, with the official aim of arresting and charging "robber bands" in the anarchist ranks. They were met with armed resistance by the Black Guards and in the ensuing battle, approximately forty anarchists were killed or wounded and about five hundred were imprisoned.

Arrest and execution

Having helped establish an underground group in 1918, Chernyi joined another group called the Underground Anarchists the following year. The organization, which had been founded by Kazimir Kovalevich and Piotr Sobalev, published two issues of an incendiary broadsheet denouncing the Communist dictatorship as the worst tyranny in human history. On September 25, 1919, together with a number of leftist social revolutionaries, the Underground Anarchists bombed the headquarters of the Moscow Committee of the Communist Party during a plenary meeting. Twelve Communists were killed and fifty-five others were wounded, including among the wounded the eminent Bolshevik theorist and Pravda editor Nikolai Bukharin. Chernyi was detained along with Fanya Baron on a counterfeiting charge. In August 1921, the Moscow Izvestia published an official report announcing that ten "anarchist bandits", among them Chernyi, had been shot without hearing or trial. However, historian of anarchism Paul Avrich contends that Chernyi was executed in September of that year rather than August. Although he was not personally involved in the bombing of the Communist Party headquarters, Chernyi was, because of his association with the Underground Anarchists, a likely candidate for a frameup. The Communists refused to turn over his body to his family for burial, and rumors persisted that he had in fact died of torture.

Bibliography
 Novoe napravlenie v anarkhizme: assotsiatsionnyi anarkhizm. 2nd edn, New York, 1923.
 O klassakh. Moscow, 1924.

Footnotes

References

See also
 Individualist anarchism in Europe
 List of anarchist poets
 One of the people who visited his lectures was Gerard Shelley

1921 deaths
Anarchist theorists
Individualist anarchists
Russian anarchists
Russian male poets
Soviet anarchists
Egoist anarchists
Year of birth unknown
Russian people executed by the Soviet Union
Executed anarchists

Lev Chernyi


Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies (, ; 27 April 1806 – 22 August 1878) was Queen of Spain from 1829 to 1833 and queen regent of the kingdom from 1833, when her daughter became queen at age two, to 1840. By virtue of her short marriage to King Ferdinand VII of Spain, she became a central character in Spanish history for nearly 50 years, thanks to introducing a bicameral model of government based on the Bourbon Restoration in France: the Spanish Royal Statute of 1834.

Early life
Born in Palermo, Sicily on 27 April 1806, she was the daughter of King  Francis I of the Two Sicilies by his second wife, Maria Isabella of Spain.

Queen of Spain
On 27 May 1829, Maria Josepha Amalia of Saxony, the third wife of King Ferdinand VII of Spain, died. Ferdinand VII, old and ill, had not sired a male heir, sparking a succession duel between the Infanta Maria Francisca and the Infante Carlos, and the Infanta Luisa Carlotta and the Infante Francisco de Paula. Ferdinand VII declared his intention to marry and assembled the Council of Castile, who tasked the King with remarriage. Following Luisa Carlotta's suggestion, Ferdinand VII sent for Maria Christina, his niece, who pleased the King's eyes. The two were wed on 12 December 1829 at the Basilica of Nuestra Señora de Atocha.

With her betrothal and then marriage to Ferdinand VII, Maria Christina became embroiled in the conflict between the Spanish Liberals and the Carlists. The former faction, and the Spanish people, greatly revered Maria Christina, and made her their champion; when she first arrived in Madrid in 1829, the blue of the cloak she wore became their official color. The latter were absolutists and highly conservative, and derived their name from the Carlos's, who they favored for the throne. Using King Philip V's enactment of Salic law, which banned women from taking the throne, Maria Francisca and Carlos pushed for the latter's claim. Ferdinand VII and Maria Christina produced two daughters, Isabella on 10 October 1830 and Luisa Fernanda a little over a year later on 30 January 1832. However, in a secret session of the Cortes in 1789, King Charles IV reversed this law with the Pragmatic Sanction. Seeking to secure the succession of an heir of his siring, no matter their gender, Ferdinand VII announced the Pragmatic Sanction in March 1830.

In July 1832, Maria Christina, Ferdinand VII, their daughters, Maria Francisca and Carlos, and Maria Teresa, Princess of Beira, set out for the Royal Palace of La Granja. On the trip to La Granja, Ferdinand VII was badly injured by a coach accident. He became ill and increasingly sick over the summer. At one point, Ferdinand VII was found unconscious at the palace chapel. Seeking counsel in the event of Ferdinand VII's death, Maria approached the Carlist Francisco Calomarde, who advised her that the Spanish people would rally behind Carlos. Acting on this, she coerced Ferdinand VII into signing a decree making her regent if he died, with Carlos as her chief adviser. Carlos refused, demanding total governance. Calomarde, with Maria Francisca and Maria Theresa, reissued his warning, coercing King and Queen into repealing the Pragmatic Sanction. When Ferdinand VII appeared to have died, the repealing was announced publicly, and Maria Christina deserted by her courtiers. Ferdinand VII was discovered to be alive, and news of this also spread. Luisa Carlotta, at that time in Andalusia, soon arrived at La Granja and speedily persuaded Ferdinand to re-enact the Pragmatic Sanction and orchestrated Calomarde's dismissal.

Regency

When Ferdinand died on 29 September 1833, Maria Christina became regent for their daughter Isabella. Isabella's claim to the throne was disputed by Carlos, who claimed that his brother Ferdinand had unlawfully changed the succession law to permit females to inherit the crown (see Carlism). Some supporters of Don Carlos went so far as to claim that Ferdinand had actually bequeathed the crown to his brother but that Maria Christina had suppressed that fact. It was further alleged that the Queen had signed her dead husband's name to a decree recognizing Isabella as heir.

Carlos' attempt to seize power resulted in the First Carlist War. Despite considerable support for Carlos from conservative elements in Spain, Cristina's side (also known as "Isabelinos") successfully retained the throne for her daughter.

Downfall
On 28 December 1833, shortly after the death of Ferdinand VII, Maria Christina secretly married an ex-sergeant from the royal guard, Agustín Fernando Muñoz (1808–1873). Maria Christina and Muñoz had several children together while trying to keep their marriage a secret.

 Maria de los Desamparados, Countess of Vista Alegre (17 November 1834 - 19 August 1864); married Prince Władysław Czartoryski (1828–1894).
 Maria de los Milagros, Marchioness of Castillejo (8 November 1835 – 9 July 1903); married  (1824–1913). Their fourth son Giovanni Battista was known as the Prince del Drago in New York society.
 Agustín Maria, 1st Duke of Tarancón (15 March 1837 - 15 July 1855)
 Fernando Maria, 2nd Duke of Riansares and Tarancon (27 April 1838 – 7 December 1910); married Eladia Bernaldo de Quirós y González de Cienfuegos (1839–1909).
 Maria Cristina, Marchioness of La Isabella (19 April 1840 – 19 December 1921).
 Juan Bautista, Count of Recuerdo (29 August 1841 – 2 April 1863)
 Antonio Muñoz y de Borbón (3 November 1842 – 1847)
 Jose Maria, Count of Gracia (21 December 1843 – 17 December 1863)

Muñoz enlisted in the royal bodyguard, and attracted the attention of Maria Christina. According to one account, he distinguished himself by stopping the runaway horses of her carriage; according to another, he only picked up her handkerchief; a third, scandalous explanation of his fortune has been given. Maria Christina's husband, King Ferdinand VII of Spain died on 29 September 1833, and on 28 December 1833 she and Muñoz were privately married.

If Maria Christina had officially made the marriage public, she would have forfeited the regency; but her relations with Muñoz were perfectly well known within the Spanish court. When on 13 August 1836 the soldiers on duty at the La Granja summer palace mutinied and forced the regent to grant a constitution, it was generally, though wrongly, believed that they overcame her reluctance by seizing Muñoz, whom they called her guapo, or fancy man, and threatening to shoot him.

Eventually, news of Maria Christina's marriage to this low-ranking soldier became public. That news made Maria Christina deeply unpopular. Her position was undermined by news of her remarriage and concerns that she was not actually supportive of her liberal ministers and their policies. Eventually, the army, which was the backbone of Isabella II's support, and the liberal leadership in the Cortes combined to demand that Maria Christina stand aside from the regency. In 1840 Maria Christina found her position intolerable; she renounced the regency and left Spain with Muñoz. The army commander, General Baldomero Espartero, replaced her as regent.

Exile

In 1842 Maria Christina purchased the Château de Malmaison as her residence. In 1843, on the overthrow of General Baldomero Espartero she returned to Spain with her husband. In 1844, Muñoz's stepdaughter Queen Isabella II was declared to be of age.  On 23 June 1844 Isabella gave to Muñoz the title Duque de Riánsares, to which was attached a Grandeza de España; the title came from the River Riánsares, near Muñoz's birthplace in Tarancón. On 12 October 1844 Isabella gave official consent to the marriage between her mother and Muñoz, and it was publicly performed. In 1846 Isabella made Muñoz a Knight of the Golden Fleece. On 30 May 1846 she gave Muñoz a second title, Marqués de San Agustín. Muñoz was made a Captain General, the highest rank in the Spanish Army.  In 1847 Louis Philippe, King of the French, gave Muñoz the title Duc de Montmorot; he also invested Muñoz with the Grand Cross of the Légion d'honneur. In 1854, Maria Christina left for France a second time. France remained her primary residence for the remainder of her life.

Death and burial
Maria Christina's illness returned and she suffered from serious coughing, fainting and fever. She died in Le Havre, France on 22 August 1878. As the mother of Isabella II and consort of Ferdinand VII, Maria Christina was buried in the royal crypt of El Escorial.

Ancestry

See also
 Monument to Maria Christina of Bourbon (Madrid)

Citation

References

 Encyclopædia Britannica

External links

|-

1806 births
1878 deaths
Regents of Spain
19th-century women rulers
Spanish royal consorts
Queen mothers
Nobility from Palermo
Princesses of Bourbon-Two Sicilies
Burials in the Pantheon of Kings at El Escorial
Italian Roman Catholics
Remarried royal consorts
Daughters of kings
19th-century regents
Female regents

Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies


Rödermark is a city in the Offenbach Rural District in the state of Hesse, Germany.

Geography

Rödermark is in the Rhine Main area  southeast of Frankfurt. The whole area of the town is  large and it is  above sea level. It is a plain area with nearly no hills.

About 20 to 35 million years ago in the age of tertiary, the whole region was lying under sea level. At that time it was covered by an ocean which was warm and not very deep. Lots of sediments sank to its bottom. Then the region rose again and the water left, leaving soil which is mostly sandy and poor.

The town consists out of the 2 former independent villages Ober-Roden and Urberach. On 1 January 1977 they were united and became the municipality of Rödermark. On 23 August 1980 the town privileges were given to the municipality.

The city has 5 urban districts. These are Ober-Roden, Urberach, Waldacker, Messenhausen and Buhlau.

The ending -roden is a hint to the former landscape. The German verb roden means cutting down trees to cultivate land.

The neighbours of Rödermark are:
 Dietzenbach (North)
 Rodgau (East)
 Eppertshausen and Messel (South)
 Dreieich (West)

Rödermark has 27,858 inhabitants (2008). 10.7% of the people living here are from foreign countries.

The climate of the town is mild. There is less rain than in other parts of Germany.

Some local people are speaking a regional type (dialect) of the German language with a certain tone and special words. It is a Hessian dialect (German: Hessisch). This language type is related to other dialects in the south of Germany. In former times mostly every village had its own special dialect, sometimes hard to understand for people of other parts of Germany. Today the dialect speakers are a minority and mostly it is no longer the dialect they speak but a kind of regular German with a certain pronunciation.

History

The first settlements were build in the 8th century. At that time their names were written down in documents.

Formerly the people in the Rödermark area were farmers and craftsmen but not tradesmen. Every family had land to grow their food. When the property was handed to the next generation it was divided within the children. Therefore most families had only small farms and were poor. With the industrial revolution the Rhine Main area got lots of factories and developed to a center for metal working and leather manufacturing, also chemical processing. Many men got workmen and found a job in the factories and earned money. This increased living conditions partly.

Twinned cities

  Tramin, Italy
  Saalfelden, Austria
  Bodajk, Hungary

References

Offenbach (district)

Rödermark


The Battle of Wilson's Creek, also called the "Bull Run of the West", was a battle of the American Civil War. It was the first battle that took place west of the Mississippi River. Nathaniel Lyon, the Union general, was the first general killed in the Civil war.

Prelude to the battle
During the summer of 1861, the Union and Confederate Armies were both trying to control Missouri. By the second week of July 1861, the Union Army of the West commanded by Brigadier general Nathaniel Lyon, camped at Springfield, Missouri. In total, he had about 5,400 soldiers in his command.

About 75 miles to the southwest of Springfield, the pro-Southern Missouri State Guard were camped. They were under the command of Major general Sterling Price. Price was joined by Confederate generals Benjamin McCulloch and Nicholas Bartlett Pearce. Combined their forces numbered about 12,000. In late July both forces started moving closer to together, each army trying to learn what they could about the other. There was a skirmish at Dug Springs, Missouri on August 2. This is near present-day Clever, Missouri. The Union forces won but this is when Lyon realized the Confederates had more than twice the forces he had. The Union forces retreated back to Springfield.

The battle

On August 9, 1861, Lyon marched his troops from Springfield to where the Confederates were now camped at Wilson Creek. His plan called for Colonel Franz Sigel to do a flanking maneuver on the Confederates and attack them from their rear. The rest of Lyon's forces would attack from the north.

On August 10, Sigel's flanking maneuver surprised the Confederate army. It allowed the Union army an early advantage. The two armies fought fiercely in the fields and hills around Wilson's Creek. After six hours of fighting and numerous casualties on both sides, the Union forces withdrew. Siegel's attack had at first proved very successful, but fell apart when he mistook the Confederate 3rd Louisiana for federal troops and allowed them to get too close without being challenged.

Three times the confederates attacked the Union line and failed to break through all three times. During the battle, Lyon was killed and Major Samuel D. Sturgis replaced him. Meanwhile, Sigel's mistake had cost him the advantage and his forces were routed. After the third attack at about 11:00 am, the Confederates withdrew. With his ammunition running low and his men exhausted he withdrew to Springfield. Too disorganized to follow, the Confederate army did not pursue. Technically, it was a victory for the Confederate Army since the Union Army left the field. However, it can be considered a victory for the Union since they still kept control of Missouri. The Confederate army called the battle of Wilson's Creek, the Battle of "Oak Hill(s)".

Medal of Honor recipients
Five Union Soldiers received the Medal of Honor for their parts in the battle. They were:
 Nicholas Boquet, Private, awarded 16 February 1897
 Lorenzo D. Immell, Corporal, awarded 19 July 1890
 John Schofield, Major, awarded 2 July 1892
 William M. Wherry, First Lieutenant, awarded 30 October 1895
 Henry C. Wood, First Lieutenant, awarded 28 October 1893

Notes

References

Other websites
 Missouri Legends - Wilson Creek and the Bloody Hill Ghosts

1861 in the United States
American Civil War battles
19th century in Missouri

Battle of Wilson's Creek


Joseph Williams (April 6, 1886 – February 25, 1951), nicknamed "Cyclone Joe" and "Smokey Joe", was an American right-handed pitcher in Negro league baseball.  He is considered one of the greatest pitchers of all-time and was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1999.

Baseball career
Williams was born in Seguin, Texas. One of his parents was African American, and the other was a Comanche Native American. Williams grew up to become an outstanding pitcher, but as his path to the major leagues was barred by the color line, he spent his entire 27-year career (1905–1932) pitching in the Negro leagues, Mexico, and the Caribbean.

Williams entered professional baseball in 1905 with the San Antonio Black Bronchos and was an immediate star, posting records of 28-4, 15-9, 20-8, 20-2, and 32-8. After that, the Chicago Giants, a team higher in the pecking order of black baseball, acquired him. In 1910, the Giants owner Frank Leland pronounced him the best pitcher in baseball, in any league.

In 1911, Williams joined the Lincoln Giants of New York, helping that club become one of the premier African-American teams of the era. In 1913, he took part in a "Championship Series" that matched up them against the team considered the best of the West in the Chicago American Giants. From July 18 to August 13, the two teams played fourteen games with each other. He had a decision in Games 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, winning five of the eight appearances as the Lincoln Giants won eight of fourteen games in the Series. In Game 5, he hit a home run.  When manager John Henry Lloyd departed in 1914, Williams took over as player-manager, a post he held through the 1923 season. After the Lincolns finished an ignominious fifth (out of six teams) in the Eastern Colored League's inaugural season, Williams was released in the spring of 1924.

Williams joined the Brooklyn Royal Giants for a season, then signed with the independent Homestead Grays, where, except for a brief turn with the Detroit Wolves in 1932, he spent the rest of his career in top-level black baseball. In 1929, playing for the Grays in the American Negro League at the age of 43, Williams won 12 games and lost seven.

On August 2, 1930, at age 44, Williams struck out 27 Kansas City Monarchs in a 1–0, 12-inning, one-hit night game victory.  His mound opponent, Chet Brewer, struck out 19 men. That same year, he beat a younger Negro league star who was just bursting into superstardom, Satchel Paige, also by 1–0, in their only meeting against each other. Williams retired from baseball two years later.

Although barred from the major leagues, Williams pitched many games against major league stars in postseason barnstorming exhibitions. He proved to be as tough against them as he was against the Negro leaguers, posting a 20–7 record in these games. Among his victims were Hall of Famers Grover Cleveland Alexander, Walter Johnson, Chief Bender, Rube Marquard, and Waite Hoyt. Three different times, he faced the eventual National League champions. He won two of those games and lost the third, 1-0 to the 1917 New York Giants despite throwing a no-hitter.

During Williams' years in New York, he acquired the nickname "Cyclone Joe", or simply "Cyclone", frequently being listed in box scores solely by that name.  After joining the Homestead Grays in the late 1920s, his nickname became "Smokey Joe", and the older "Cyclone" appellation was rarely used after that.

Williams played winter baseball with a Palm Beach, Florida team for more than 20 years during his active career.

Family
Williams married Beatrice A. Johnson on March 22, 1922, in New York City. Upon retiring from baseball in the late 1930s, Williams became a bartender and continued this until his death from a heart ailment. Beatrice Williams survived him.

Williams is interred at Lincoln Memorial Cemetery, a historic African American cemetery in Suitland, Maryland. He is buried in a grave shared with his wife's mother and step-father.

Legacy
In 1950, there was a "Smokey Joe Williams Day" at the Polo Grounds. The following year, Williams died at age 64 in New York City.

Considerable debate existed and still exists over whether Williams or Paige was the greatest of the Negro league pitchers. Most modern sources lean toward Paige, but in 1952, a poll taken by the Pittsburgh Courier named Williams the greatest pitcher in Negro league history.

In 1999, after extensive research on the early years of black baseball revealed his outstanding record, Williams was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame. In the 2001 book The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract, writer Bill James ranked Williams as the 52nd greatest player in baseball history, behind Sandy Koufax and ahead of Roy Campanella. This would rank Williams as the 12th greatest pitcher, behind Koufax and ahead of Bob Feller.

References

Further reading

External links

  and Baseball-Reference Black Baseball stats and Seamheads
  and Seamheads

1886 births
1951 deaths
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
Baseball pitchers
Bacharach Giants players
Brooklyn Royal Giants players
Chicago American Giants players
Chicago Giants players
Detroit Wolves players
Hilldale Club players
Homestead Grays players
Lincoln Giants players
San Antonio Black Bronchos players
Schenectady Mohawk Giants players
Club Fé players
Habana players
People from Seguin, Texas
Sportspeople from Greater San Antonio
Baseball players from San Antonio
American expatriate baseball players in Cuba

Smokey Joe Williams


The Citroën 7U was a car produced by the French Citroën company between 1935 and 1938.

With the introduction of the front-wheel drive Traction series, Citroën continued the rear-wheel drive production for potential customers who were apprehensive of the newcomer. The Rosalie 7U, along with the 11U were newly designed models using body shells from its predecessors, the Rosalie 8CV and 10/15CV, but incorporating an updated front-end style influenced by the "NH" Rosalie models and the Traction. The 1628 cc 4-cylinder engine was the same as used in the Traction 7 but was turned round to drive the rear axle.

Some 7,400 examples of this particular model were produced at the Paris factory from 1935 until 1938 when the model was ceased.

References
André Citroën -The man and the motor car. John Reynolds. Sutton Publishing, Gloucestershire, UK. 1996.

7U
Cars introduced in 1935

Citroën 7U


The Salem Witch Trials were a series of county court trials which accused people of being witches. The Salem Witch Trials involved two kinds of trials. First, court hearings were held before local magistrates; then trials were held in county court.  The witch trials were held in Essex, Suffolk and Middlesex  Counties of colonial Massachusetts, between February 1692 and May 1693.

In February 1692, two young girls in Salem Village, Betty Parris and Abigail Williams, began twisting themselves into strange shapes and saying words that made no sense.  Betty's father called a doctor, who said that witches had invaded Salem Village and were  bewitching the girls.  The girls accused people they didn't like of being witches.

During the Trials, over 150 people accused of witchcraft were arrested and put in jail. Even more people were accused, but were never formally charged by the authorities. Twenty-nine people were convicted (or found guilty) of witchcraft, which was a capital felony. Nineteen of these people - fourteen women and five men - were hanged on Gallows Hill in present-day Salem, Massachusetts. Another man, Giles Corey, refused to enter a plea of guilty or not guilty. Authorities tortured him to try to force him to confess or enter a plea. Corey was crushed to death under heavy stones. At least five more of the accused died in prison.

The trials were held in Salem. Accused witches from surrounding areas were brought to Salem to be tried for witchcraft. The best-known trials were held by the Court of Oyer and Terminer in 1692 in Salem Town. All twenty-six people who went to trial before this court were convicted. In 1693, there were also four sessions of the Superior Court of Judicature in Salem. During these court sessions, thirty-one accused witches were tried for practicing witchcraft, but only three were convicted.

A much later Ipswich Witch Trial was held in 1878, and was called the second Salem witch trial.

References

17th century in Massachusetts
1692
1693

Salem Witch Trials