Maraimalai Adigal (15 July 1876 – 15 September 1950) was a Tamil orator and writer and father of Pure Tamil movement. He was a fervent Tamizh Saivite. He wrote more than 100 books, including works on original poems and dramas, but most famous are his books on his research into Tamil literature. Most of his literary works were on Saivism. He founded a Saivite institution called Podhunilaik Kazhagam. He was an exponent of the Pure Tamil movement and hence considered to be the father of Tamil linguistic purism. He advocated the use of Tamil devoid of Sanskrit words and hence changed his birth name Vedhachalam to Maraimalai.

Politically he was inclined towards non-Brahminism and hence he and his followers considered that the Self-respect movement was born out of his efforts. Though he was a scholar of Tamil he had good scholastic study over Sanskrit as well as English. The ideologies of Periyar E. V. Ramasamy were shunned by Maraimalai Adigal and caused years of differences between the two. Maraimalai Adigal spent most of his income on buying his books and after his death his collection were made into a library according to his will.

Early life
Maraimalai Adigal was born on 15 July 1876 to Cokkanata Pillai and Cinnammai. His birth name was Vedhachalam. He did his early schooling at Wesley Mission High School in Nagappattinam, but had to abandon his formal education with Fourth Form after his father's death.

Education in Tamil literature
Maraimalai Adigal in spite of discontinuing his formal education after 9th grade, continued learning Tamil from the Tamil scholar Narayana Pillai, who was making his livelihood by selling Tamil palm-leaf manuscripts. He learnt English through his own effort. He later authored several articles in Tamil monthly called Neelalochani. He later studied Saiva philosophy under Somasundara Naicker. With the help of Sundaram Pillai, author of Manonmaniam, he learned Tamil poetic dramas and thus acquired employment as a Tamil teacher in a school in Trivandrum.

Career
At the age of seventeen, he married Soundaravalli and soon after his marriage, he moved to Madras to work as a sub-editor to a journal Siddantha Deepikai. Later, in March 1898, he quit this job to work with V. G. Suryanarana Sastri as a teacher in Madras Christian College. In his time in Madras Christian College he toured throughout Tamil Nadu giving lectures on Saivam. At about the same time he started a society for Saivam called Saiva Siddhanta Maha Samajam. As a young teacher he was popular with his students who would visit his house to listen to his lectures.

In 1910 a decision was made by the Madras University to make the vernacular Tamil language optional for graduation in Arts subjects, leaving  English as a medium of education.  This decision caused many Tamil teachers to lose their jobs. Realising the vast knowledge and his great capacity as a teacher, Miller, the then Head of Christian College Madras, and other friends insisted that Adigal be given a job in the college. As the opportunity to teach Tamil was considerably reduced and few students opted to study it, the need for a full-time teacher was not a required. Adigal refused the offer and resigned to lead an ascetic life in a serene atmosphere outside the city and to study and do research in Tamil.

Works in Tamil literature
Apart from being a good orator, Adigal composed several Tamil poems. He authored more than 100 books. Other than essays and novels he wrote books dealing with literary criticism, philosophy and religion, history, psychology and politics. His collections of poems to the Hindu god Sri Murugan, which he composed during the times of illness were published as Thiruvotri Muruhar Mummanikkovai in 1900. He also wrote poems from recollections of his teacher Somasundara Naiker in 1901 as Somasundarak Kaanjiaakkam. This has been considered as one of his best works. He also released his research work on Tamil literature Mullaip Pattu Aaraichi for students of Tamil literature. He translated Kalidasa's 'Abhijñānaśākuntalam' into Tamil as Sakuntalai.

Some of his prominent works include:
Pattinapalaai Aaraaichi-yurai (1906)
Tamizhthaai (1933)
Sinthanaikatturaikal (1908)
Arivuraikkothu (1921)
Chiruvarkaana Senthamizh (1934)
Ilainarkaana Inramizh (1957 – posthumous  publication)
Arivuraikkovai (1971 – posthumous  publication)
Maraimalaiyatikal paamanaikkovai (1977 – posthumous  publication)

In 1911, he published his first novel, Kumuthavalli allathu Naahanaattarasi, an adaptation of English novel Leela by G. W. M. Reynolds.

He also wrote books on the subjects of self-improvement, self-help and personality development. These included Maranathin pin Manithar Nilai (Human Life stage After Death), Mesmerism and Hypnotism and Tholaivil unarthal (Telepathy).

As Swami Vedhachalam

After quitting his teaching job on 10 April 1911, Adigal moved to Pallavaram, a suburb of Madras. There he began to dress as a Sanyasin from 27 August 1911 and became known as Swami Vedhachalam. He became a devout follower of Saivam and started an institution named Podhunilaik Kazhagam. The motto of the institution was set at Ondre Kulam, Oruvanae Devan (Mankind is one, and God is one). The Kazhagam made efforts to make people of all castes, creeds and religions to worship Sri Siva together.
He started the Thiru Murugan Press (TM Press) in his residence at Pallavaram and published a number of books and magazines. He also started a monthly called Gnaana Saaharam (Ocean of Wisdom).

Pure Tamil movement Tanittamil Iyakkam

In the year 1916 he became an expert of pure Tamil movement advocating the use of Tamil language devoid of loan words from Sanskrit. Thus he changed the name of Gnaana Saaharam to Arivukkadal and his title of Swami Vedhachalam to Maraimalai Adigal (where Adigal is Tamil for Swami). Thus he is referred to as the "Father of Tamil Puritanism".

Maraimalai Adigal and Self-respect movement

Non-Brahminism
Apart from being called as the father of pure Tamil movement, Maraimalai Adigal is also considered to be the father of Non-Brahmin Tamil movements. Maraimalai Adigal himself claimed that the non-Brahmin stance of Self-respect movement was born out of his views and principles. Nevertheless, the atheist stance of Periyar E. V. Ramasamy, who was heading the Self-respect movement, was observed by Maraimalai Adigal and his followers as counter productive. On this issue, Ilavalaganar, a student of Maraimalai Adigal wrote:

Differences with Self-respect movement
Although initially a supporter of the Self-respect movement, which he saw as a non-Brahmin movement, he vehemently opposed the atheistic views of its leadership. At one stage he asked Ulaganatha Mudaliar, brother of Thiru. Vi. Kaliyanasundara Mudaliar (Thiru Vi. Ka as he was popularly known) and an eminent Saivite scholar himself, to arrange for a statewide tour to counter the propaganda of the Self-respect movement. Maraimalai Adigal looked upon the Self-respect movement as a handiwork of the Telugu Vaishnavites. On this Maraimalai Adigal wrote

Kalyanasundara Mudaliar, although a Saivite himself, disagreed with Maraimalai Adigal. Kalyanasundaram refused to publish Maraimalai Adigal's essay against Self-respect movement in his journal. The antipathy between Maraimalai Adigal and the members of Self-respect movement was also explicit with Kudiarasu, the political organ of Self-respect movement claiming that Maraimalai Adigal was calling for Periyar to be murdered.

Reconciliation
Eventually after years of disagreement, both Maraimalai Adigal and Periyar realised that the disagreement is harmful for their interest and worked towards a rapprochement. Periyar offered an unconditional apology to Maraimalai Adigal and in reply,  Maraimalai Adigal wrote a series on the Ramayana in Periyar's English language weekly Revolt. Although the apology and reconciliation were at a personal level between Periyar and Maraimalai Adigal, the difference in ideologies still made their followers to cross swords.

Maraimalai Adigal Library
Maraimalai Adigal spent most of his income on buying books. Research on the readership of his book collections show that between 20 April 1923 to 10 August 1930 a total of 1852 people had borrowed his books. The readership included people from Madras Presidency, Sri Lanka, Burma and Malaysia. Upon his death, on 15 September 1950, according to his will, the books were left for the people of Tamil Nadu and thus a library named after him was started in 1958 by the then MD, Padmashri V.Subbiah Pillai of South India Saiva Siddhanta Works Publishing Society Ltd. at Linghi Street, Chennai. by adding more no of rare collection of Tamil books The library was a repertoire of books and journals, some printed way back in 1779. In May 2008, the Tamil Nadu Government helped by allocating a space at Connemara Public Library but the library management is still with the present MD Rajagopal Muthukumaraswamy of South India Saiva Siddhanta Works Publishing Society.

Notes

References

1876 births
1950 deaths
Tamil language activists
Dravidian movement
Tamil-language writers
Hindu poets
20th-century Indian writers
People from Nagapattinam district
Indian Shaivites

Maraimalai Adigal


"Dead End" is episode 18 of season 2 in the television show Angel. Written by David Greenwalt and directed by James A. Contner, it was originally broadcast on April 24, 2001 on the WB television network. In "Dead End", Lindsey receives a new hand from Wolfram & Hart, which appears to have an evil agenda of its own. Angel and Lindsey independently discover that Wolfram & Hart forcefully removes limbs from people to obtain transplants, and work together to destroy the clinic responsible. Disillusioned, Lindsey leaves Los Angeles.

Plot
Lindsey McDonald wakes up and goes about his daily routine of getting washed, affixing his prosthetic hand and getting ready for work. As he removes a shirt with a pre-knotted tie from his wardrobe he cannot help but look at his guitar, now lonely and unplayed. Meanwhile, a man and his family go about their morning business before the wife and kids rush off to their destinations. The man follows moments later, picks up a large kitchen knife, and stabs it in his eye. After Cordelia gets a nasty vision about this; the team splits up to call hospitals, check out morgues and the streets for any information on the man from Cordelia's vision.

Lindsey and Lilah speak with their boss, Nathan Reed, about their upcoming reevaluation. Later, Nathan privately tells Lindsey that he made a surprise doctor's appointment for him. At the Fairfield Clinic, Lindsey learns from the doctor that Wolfram & Hart has arranged for him to get a new, live hand. During the procedure, a Pockla demon is brought in to perform a brief ritual and complete the attachment of the hand to Lindsey, leaving only a little scar. The next day, Lindsey wakes up, enjoying his new hand. While getting ready, he notices his guitar again, but this time picks it up and plays. Later at the office, Lilah notices Lindsey's new hand and grows very nervous about her job since Wolfram & Hart spent so much money on her "partner". During their meeting with a client, Lindsey impresses the client, but abruptly leaves the meeting when he looks down and notices his new hand has written "kill" on a legal pad several times.

At the office, Angel has a wide assortment of food delivered as he wanted to surprise Cordelia for lunch. She appreciates it, and, as she leaves, she remembers from her vision that the man was happy about his eye before he stabbed it, like it was "new". Wesley and Gunn discover the man, Joseph Kramer, was transferred overseas. Having reached a dead end, the gang is forced to go to Caritas. On stage, they are shocked and impressed to find Lindsey singing and playing guitar with the audience completely mesmerized by his musical ability. Lorne informs them that Lindsey and Angel need to work together to solve the case, much to both men's chagrin.

Based on the fact that Lindsey got a new hand and Kramer a new eye, it is concluded that somewhere body part transplants are being done. At Wolfram & Hart, Lindsey sneaks into Nathan's office to look up information on Fairfield Clinic, where he got the transplant. He later spots Lilah stealing files. Angel discovers information on Lindsey's hand, finding that it belonged to a Bradley Scott, a former employee of Wolfram & Hart who served time in prison and was recently paroled. Lindsey visits a parole officer for information about the clinic, but the man gets violent when Lindsey does not know the code. Before the man can shoot Lindsey in the head, Angel arrives and saves him. Holding the officer by a rope around his neck, Angel demands information.

Wesley and Gunn worry about Cordelia as she seems to be suffering from the visions for as long as the problem remains. Angel and Lindsey head for a building as Angel confirms their location with the parole officer tied up in the trunk. Angel and Lindsey take care of the security guards inside then they head downstairs through a trap door to the place where the body parts are harvested. Lindsey spots Bradley Scott, the former owner of Lindsey's new hand, muttering "kill". Lindsey asks who he wants him to kill, and Bradley responds with a simple "kill me". As Lindsey obliges the request, Angel saves those still fully intact and Lindsey kills the rest before the building is blown up.

At Wolfram & Hart, Lindsey takes full advantage of his new "evil" hand. He knows he was the one chosen to take over, but he suggests Lilah take the job as he has got other issues to deal with. Lindsey encounters Angel outside by his truck and reluctantly talks to him, telling Angel he is leaving Los Angeles to find himself. He also advises Angel to fight against Wolfram & Hart's control.

Production
Christian Kane recalls the scene in which he and Angel are driving to the Wolfram & Hart clinic as another of his favorite moments from his time on the series. "When we're driving in the car, it was five o'clock in the morning, the sun was getting ready to come up and it was the last shot of the day and it's colder than shit," he jokingly recalls. "We're in a convertible car and it was so easy. It's very easy to act with him and it's really not a big scene but it was just me and David. Five o'clock, very tired, very cold and we're driving in this car and we got it done. There was a lot of dialogue and there were a lot of emotions going on in that time and it was very simple."

"L.A. Song", the song Lindsey sings at Caritas, was written by actor Christian Kane and producer David Greenwalt. The guitar was recorded with Steve Carlson playing, but Kane is actually singing.

Arc significance
Lindsey has decided to "retire" from Wolfram & Hart, leading to Lilah's promotion and increased prominence for her on the show in seasons to come. Lindsey himself will not return until Season Five's "Destiny".
This episode marks the beginning of the visions starting to take a more serious toll on Cordelia's physical and mental health.  In fact, in the Season 3 episode "Birthday," the gang discovers that Cordelia has been having medical tests on her head for over a year.

Continuity/Music
"L.A. Song" is what Eve begins to sing for Lorne in "A Hole in the World". It is written by Christian Kane & David Greenwalt.

References

Further reading
Tamy Burnett, AmiJo Comeford, eds. Defining the Whedonverse Disability Narrative Ethic. In Blood, Body and Soul: Essays on Health, Wellness and Disability in Buffy, Angel, Firefly and Dollhouse, pp. 16–18, 21  (McFarland; 2022)
Tamy Burnett, AmiJo Comeford, eds. I've got these evil hand issues. In Blood, Body and Soul: Essays on Health, Wellness and Disability in Buffy, Angel, Firefly and Dollhouse, pp. 248–50   (McFarland; 2022)
John Kenneth Muir. The Encyclopedia of Superheroes on Film and Television (2nd edn), p. 62 (McFarland; 2008)
Catherine Pugh (Summer/Fall 2019). Made to Suffer: The Redemptive Power of Disability in Angel. Slayage 17 (2): 125–154

External links

Angel (season 2) episodes
2001 American television episodes
Television episodes written by David Greenwalt
Television episodes about human trafficking

Dead End (Angel)


Lee Archer was an American pilot for the United States Air Force. He flew from 1941 during World War II until the year of 1970. He rose until the rank of Lieutenant Colonel.

Life
Archer was born in Yonkers, New York, on September 6, 1919.

He studied at the New York University. After his study he joined the army having the hope to become a pilot. In that era he had to discover that it was not possible for him as an African-American, due to the Jim Crow laws. As a result, he was sent of to Georgia for a communication job. After the army changed its policy, he was accepted to the trainings program for African-American on Tuskegee Army Airfield in Alabama.

During World War II Archer flew on 169 combat missions for the 302nd Fighter Squadron above Europe, and brought down several hostile planes. During a mission in August 1944 he destroyed six German planes on the ground. On October 12, 1944, he 'landed' in a series of air combats above Hungary, which was occupied territory then by Nazi Germany. Flying a P-51 Mustang he brought down three German fighters.

When he came back in 1945 he discovered that nothing had changed in the American society. When he stepped out of his plane, the first sign he saw demanded ′Colored Troops to the Right, White Troops to the Left′. Archer stayed in the army until 1970. At that moment he was a Lieutenant Colonel.

He continued his career in civil society at General Foods in White Plains, New York, where he was one of the first African-American vice presidents of an American corporation. In 1987 he founded his own company in venture capital, called Archer Asset Management.

Archer died on January 27, 2010, in New York City. Television personality Bill Cosby held a speech for him at his funeral ceremony on February 4.

Honor
Archer was named Honorary Honoree of the American Fighter Aces Association. He received several military awards, like the Distinguished Flying Cross, the Air Medal, and a Presidential Unit Citation.

Furthermore, he was mentioned as an exemplary air force fighter at the presentation of the Freedom Medal as well as in the category of Freedom from fear of the Four Freedoms Awards. Furthermore, he and his fellow Tuskegee pilots were honored with a Congressional Gold Medal in 2007.

Businesspeople from New York (state)
People from Yonkers, New York
Military people from New York (state)
1919 births
2010 deaths

Lee Archer (pilot)


Ferdinando Baldelli (September 26, 1886 – September 20, 1963) was an Italian Catholic bishop. He  was President of the Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza (1944–1959) and President of Caritas (charity) Internationalis (1951–1962).

Biography
A native of Pergola, Ferdinando Baldelli was ordained as Catholic priest in 1909. In 1944 he suggested to Pope Pius XII the creation of a Papal Charity. Pascalina Lehnert credits Baldelli with the idea of a papal aid organization, which Pope Pius XII  supported enthusiastically until his death.  He founded Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza, sometimes called Pontificia Opera di Assistenza, together with Carlo Egger and Otto Faller. The Pope was personally involved, constantly asking Cardinals and Bishop from the United States Argentina, Brazil, Switzerland, Canada, Mexico, and other countries for help.  The commissione existed until 1959.

During the Holy Year of 1950, Pope Pius XII decided to link and internationalize Catholic charity work. Following a suggestion by Monsignor Giovanni Battista Montini, a study week, with participants from 22 countries, was held in Rome to examine the problems of Christian Caritas work. As a result, the decision was made to set up an international conference of Catholic charities.

In December 1951, upon approval of the statutes by the Holy See, the first constitutive General Assembly of Caritas (charity) took place.  Ferdinando Baldelli was elected as the first president. Founding members came from organisations in 13 countries: Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Holland, Italy, Luxembourg, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, and the United States. In 1957, the confederation changed its name to Caritas Internationalis.

Pope John XXIII appointed him to be president of the Curia and titular bishop of Aperlae. October 25, 1959, he was ordained.

Baldelli died September 20, 1963, in Rome.

Notes

Sources

1886 births
1963 deaths
People from Pergola, Marche
Participants in the Second Vatican Council
20th-century Italian Roman Catholic titular bishops
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

Ferdinando Baldelli


Russian-Armenian University (RAU) (, РАУ; ) is an intergovernmental university being under the joint authority of the Russian Federation and Armenia. The languages of instruction and communication at the university are Russian and Armenian.

There are Russian and Armenian education sectors operating at RAU. Upon graduation, students receive two state Diplomas: Armenian and Russian.

History

Russian-Armenian University was established following the inter-state agreement between Armenia and Russian Federation in 1997.

In 1999, Academician Levon Mkrtchyan, Doctor of Philology, became university's first Rector. The current rector is Armen Darbinyan.

The first students were enrolled in February 1999 in Law, Public and Municipal Administration and Journalism. Since then, the university has been constantly growing and encompassing new areas of education and research.

Starting from 2002, scientific centers, institutions and problem research groups have been developing within the university. In the same year RAU opened a post-graduate course.

In 2004 the reconstruction of the main building was finished, while in 2009 RAU opened its own Sports Complex.

On October 15, 2004, the Park of Gratitude was opened on the university premises as a symbol of the Russian-Armenian friendship. This very day has become the day of RAU.

On April 29, 2005 RAU was accredited by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.

Institutes and Departments

Institute of Law and Politics
 Department of Constitutional Law and Municipal Law
 Department of Political Science
 Department of International Law and European Law
 Department of Theory and History of Law and State
 Department of Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure Law
 Department of Civil Law and Civil Procedure Law
 Department of World Politics and International Relations
Institute of Mathematics and High Technology
 Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Modeling
 Department of System Programming
 Department of Mathematical Cybernetics
 Department of Quantum and Optical Electronics
 Department of General Physics and Quantum Nano-Structures
 Department of Materials Technology and Structure of Electronic Technique
 Department of Telecommunications
 Department of Bioengineering, Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology
 Department of General and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
 Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biotechnology
 Department of Microelectronic Schemes and Systems (jointly with "Synopsis Armenia" company)
Institute of Economics and Business
Department of Economic Theory and Challenges of Transition Economies
Department of Economics and Finance
Department of Management, Business and Tourism

Institute of Humanities
Department of Armenian Language and Literature
Department of Theory of Language and Cross-cultural Communication
Department of Psychology
Department of World History and Area Studies
Department of Philosophy
Department of Russian Language and Professional Communication
Department of World Literature and Culture

Institute of Media, Advertising and Film Production
Department of Journalism
Department of Creative Industries

University-wide Departments
 Department of Physical Education and Health

References

External links
 Official Website

Educational institutions established in 1997
1997 establishments in Armenia

Russian-Armenian University


The Southern Front (Polish Front Południowy) was one of two fronts of the Polish Army created during the Invasion of Poland of 1939 against the allied forces of Nazi Germany and Soviet Union. It was established on September 12 out of the Polish Armies Karpaty and Kraków, as well as several military units created behind the front-lines.

Its commander was Gen. Kazimierz Sosnkowski, who was ordered by the Commander in Chief Edward Rydz-Śmigły to organize the Polish defence in the area of Lesser Poland and Volhynia and to prepare a last stand for the Polish defence in the so-called Romanian Bridgehead. Created too late to be able to change the fate of the war, the front was never established as a single entity and the entry of the Soviet Union on the side of Nazi Germany to the war against Poland made the plans for the front's creation obsolete.

On September 13, 1939, Gen. Kazimierz Sosnkowski came by plane to the location of Karpaty Army, renamed into Malopolska Army, which had already been encircled by the Wehrmacht. Since German units had established several bridgeheads along eastern bank of the San river, Sosnkowski decided to break through enemy lines in order to reach Lwow. The general had no idea that on September 12, the Germans had destroyed 24th Infantry Division near Bircza, and 3rd Mountain Brigade near Sambor. In the north, German forces pushed 10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade to Jaworow, while 1st Mountain Division attacked Lwow (see Battle of Lwow (1939)).

On September 14 Przemysl fell to the Wehrmacht, and Sosnkowski's forces retreated to Sadowa Wisznia, where they concentrated and marched to Lwow. On September 15 and 16, Poles managed to repel German attacks in the forests of Jaworow, destroying among others, SS Germania Regiment. On September 17, Sosnkowski was ordered to march to the Romanian Bridgehead, but was unable to achieve this, due to German encirclement of his army. In the area of Grodek Jagiellonski, remains of what was Polish Southern Front were destroyed by the Wehrmacht. Several soldiers managed to escape to Hungary, but the front as such ceased to exist.

See also
 Polish army order of battle in 1939
 Polish contribution to World War II
 Polish Northern Front (1939)

Bibliography
 Tadeusz Jurga: U kresu II Rzeczypospolitej, Książka i Wiedza 1985,
 Tadeusz Jurga: Wojsko Polskie : krótki informator historyczny o Wojsku Polskim w latach II wojny światowej. 7, Regularne jednostki Wojska Polskiego w 1939 : organizacja, działania bojowe, uzbrojenie, metryki związków operacyjnych, dywizji i brygad. Warszawa : Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej 1975.

Invasion of Poland
Army units and formations of Poland

Polish Southern Front


Gabriel René Paul (March 22, 1813 – May 5, 1886) was a career officer in the United States Army most noted for his service during the Seminole Wars and the Mexican–American War and as a Union Army general in the American Civil War.

Birth and early years
Born in St. Louis, Missouri, Paul was the grandson of René Auguste Chouteau. He graduated in 1834 from the United States Military Academy, 18th of 36 cadets in his class. He served as an officer in the 7th U.S. Infantry during the Seminole Wars and the Mexican–American War. He was wounded at the Battle of Cerro Gordo, but recovered to serve in the campaign to capture Mexico City. He led an assault party that captured a Mexican flag during the storming of Chapultepec.

Military career
Paul began the Civil War as a Major in the 8th Infantry Regiment, and in December 1861 was appointed Colonel of the 4th New Mexico Volunteers at Fort Union in the New Mexico Territory. He led a brigade as a brigadier general in 1st Division, I Corps during the Battle of Chancellorsville. He was transferred to a brigade in 2nd Division, fighting at the Battle of Gettysburg, where he was seriously wounded in the left eye during the defense of Oak Ridge on the first day of the battle. His injuries left him totally blind and with severely impaired senses of hearing and smell. Unable to perform anything except some administrative duties, he was kept on the Army's roll until February 1865, when he was officially retired from the service.

Death and burial
Paul died in Washington, D.C., and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. His grave can be found in Section 1, Lot 16.

See also

 List of American Civil War generals (Union)

Notes

References
 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 Pfanz, Harry W. Gettysburg – The First Day. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001. .
 Service Profile

Union Army generals
United States Military Academy alumni
People of New Mexico in the American Civil War
People of Missouri in the American Civil War
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
American people of the Seminole Wars
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
1813 births
1886 deaths

Gabriel René Paul


"Let's keep the Goan tradition and culture alive, worldwide"

Alot, Dolot, Jelot Tem Ailem (Cheddum Forsugelem)

She came swaying from side to side (Francis's daughter)

Type: Dulpod

Source: F.X. Oliveira. Gitam Jhelo. Album 1, p. 26 - 27

Lyrics and Music: Dioginho D´Mello. Music arranged: Cruz-Noronha

Date: About 1971

Musical form: Binary

Literary form: Narrative

Translated by: Alfred Noronha, Panaji, Goa, 26.05.2005

Chusmo/ Refrain:

Alot, dolot jelot ailem,

She came swaying from side to side,

Kalliz hem bhuloilem.

This enchanted my heart.

Uddot, doddot, moddot tem ailem.

She came, jumping, bending and swaying.

"Kett" korun gelem.

And suddenly she went away.

Sodanch amger tem etalem,

She would always come to our place,

Maka polleun murgott´talem,

She would blush when she looked at me,

Ani kuch korun mozo beij gheun politalem.

And she would run off after a fleeting kiss.

Cheddum Forsugelem! (Chusmo/ Refrain)

Francis's daughter!

Maka polloun tem anstalem,

She would smile when she saw me,

Mojea gopant tem bostalem,

She would snuggle in my embrace,

Maka mogare sukha, dukha mhuntalem,

She would say "You are my life and my love"

Cheddum Forsugelem! (Chusmo/ Refrain)

Francis's daughter!

Janot neson tem bonvtalem,

She would go about well dressed,

Kumpas marun tem choltalem;

She had a rythmic walk;

Ani vaddeantleam cheddeank dolle moddtalem,

And she would wink at the boys in the village,

Cheddum Forsugele! (Chusmo/ Refrain)

Francis's daughter !

Cheddeank dektoch pisautalem,

She would go crazy when she saw boys,

Vengent dhorunk axetalem,

She would long to embrace them,

Ani Maim anv kaz´rachim zaleam mhunntalem,

She would tell her mother that she was ready for marriage

Cheddum Forsugelem! (Chusmo/ Refrain)

Francis's daughter!

Kazrak tem suskartalem,

She would sigh thinking of marriage,

Mogache ulas soddtalem,

She would sigh, sighs of love,

Novre sahir zaianam mhunn koplam foddtalem,

She would beat her brow when the prospective grooms did not agree,

Cheddum Forsugelem! (Chusmo/ Refrain)

Francis's daughter !

Zonelacher tem bostalem,

She would sit at the window,

Fantieo kensancheo ghaltalem,

She would pleat her hair,

Ani vattentleam cheddeank fiunnim martalem,

She would whistle at the boys passing by,

Cheddum Forsugelem! (Chusmo/ Refrain)

Francis's daughter!

Cheddvam lagim zogoddtalem,

She would quarrel with other girls,

Kensteank dhorun aloitalem,

She would shake them by the hair,

Novre tumkanch koxe-te bultat mhunntalem,

"Why should boys be attracted only to you" she would say,

Cheddum Forsugelem! (Chusmo/ Refrain)

Francis's daughter!

Cotrinanger tem vetalem,

She would go to Catherine's house,

Taka khobor tem sangtalem,

She would tell her the news,

Ani guddantlim tantiam chorun polltalem,

She would go off with the eggs from the hen coop,

Cheddum Forsugelem! (Chusmo/ Refrain)

Francis's daughter!

Polleiat

Dulpod Goenche

Sondorbh

Konknni
Dulpod
Romi panam

Alot, Dolot, Jelot Tem Ailem (Cheddum Forsugelem) - Dulpod


The Real Ghostbusters is an American animated television series based on the 1984 movie Ghostbusters. The series ran from 1986 to 1991, and was produced by Camme Animation Studios, DiC Entertainment and Coca-Cola Telecommunications. "The Real" was added to the title over a dispute with Filmation and its Ghost Busters properties. The series continues the adventures of paranormal investigators Dr. Peter Venkman, Dr. Egon Spengler, Winston Zeddemore, Dr. Ray Stantz, their secretary Janine Melnitz and their mascot ghost Slimer.

Cast
 Peter Venkman - Lorenzo Music (seasons 1-2), Dave Coulier (seasons 3-7)
 Egon Spengler - Maurice LaMarche
 Ray Stantz, Slimer - Frank Welker
 Winston Zeddemore - Arsenio Hall (seasons 1-3), Buster Jones (seasons 4-7) Winston's last name was alternately spelled "Zeddemore", as in the movies, and Zeddmore.
 Janine Melnitz - Laura Summer (seasons 1-2), Kath Soucie (seasons 3-7)
 Louis Tully - Rodger Bumpass (seasons 5-6)

Broadcast
The show originally aired on ABC for its full run, except for the third season which ran on syndication at the same time as the second season ran on ABC. Later, reruns of the show appeared on USA Network, Fox Family before moving to Nickelodeon from 1996 to 1999 and on Cartoon Network in 2002. Teletoon aired episodes of the series in the month of October beginning in 1998, but has not done so in recent years.

Spin-offs

Slimer!
At the start of the third season in 1988, with the series renaming, it was given an hour long time slot. In addition to the regular thirty-minute Real Ghostbusters episode, a half-hour Slimer sub-series was added that included 2-3 short animated segments focusing on the character Slimer. At the end of its six season run, 147 episodes had aired, including the syndicated episodes and 13 episodes of Slimer, with multiple episodes airing out of production order. The segments added several characters as friends of Slimer, including the character Professor Norman Dweeb—mad scientist accompanied by a poodle named Elizabeth who wanted to capture Slimer to experiment on him. The Professor Dweeb also made infrequent appearances in the main series. One of the ghosts from the Slimer cartoons, the Sleaze, also reappeared in The Real Ghostbusters to be captured a second time.

Extreme Ghostbusters
In 1997, a sequel cartoon entitled Extreme Ghostbusters, was created by Columbia TriStar Television and Adelaide Productions. It premiered on September 1, 1997 and ran for forty episodes until its conclusion on December 8, 1997. Set several years after the end of The Real Ghostbusters, the series opened by saying the team has disbanded due to a lack of supernatural activity. Only Egon remains in the firehouse, along with Slimer, to care for the containment system and teaching classes at a local university. When supernatural events begin occurring in New York, Egon recruits four of his university students as a new team of Ghostbusters, and Janine, also one of Egon's students, returns to manage the office. The original Ghostbusters return for the series two-episode finale to celebrate Egon's 40th birthday, leading to them reluctantly working together with the younger generation to solve one last case.

References

Animated television series
English-language television programs

The Real Ghostbusters


Robert W. Dowling (September 9, 1895 – August 28, 1973) was a real estate investor and philanthropist in the New York City area. Dowling College was named for him.

Biography
Robert Whittle Dowling was born in New York City.  His father Robert Emmett Dowling was president of the City Investing real estate firm. In 1915 he made the first recorded swim around Manhattan (in 13 hours 45 minutes). Following his father's death in 1943, he took over his father's company.

Although Dowling had no formal education beyond high school, his advice was sought for the design and establishment of the Parkchester, Stuyvesant Town, and Peter Cooper Village real estate ventures.  All three ventures marked a change in the classic New York City grid to create housing developments within a campus setting.
Dowling received a Special Tony Award in 1948 for his contribution to theatre as result of his ownership of the Fulton Theatre, Morosco Theatre and Coronet Theatre and Gaiety Theatre

In 1957, he was among the developers who transformed the Globe Movie Theatre into a legitimate Broadway theatre now called the Lunt-Fontaine Theatre.  He was among the producers of the original Sound of Music. Dowling, who was a friend of Adelphi University dean Allyn P. Robinson, provided a grant of $3 million in 1968, which allowed the Adelphi campus in Oakdale, New York to become independent and it became Dowling College. Dowling College closed in 2016.

References

1895 births
1973 deaths
Philanthropists from New York (state)
American theatre managers and producers
American real estate businesspeople
Special Tony Award recipients
20th-century American philanthropists
Manhattan Island swimmers

Robert W. Dowling


User interface design (UI) or user interface engineering is the design of our machines and software interface such as the interface of your computer, printer, phones, etc. It helps the user interact with the system in order to increase the user experience and enhance efficiency.

Good user interface never draws useless attention and always finish the tasks first. A good format can help the user perform right interactions and a good graphic design can help the user focus on the function in the system. During the design process, we must balance the functions and visual effects to create a stable, adaptable, and functional system for users.

Interface design is applied in many different areas such as computers, to cars, to planes. Even though most of these areas have similar human interactions, we still need special skills to accomplish the design goals. That is why designers are usually specialized in some areas than others in order to make the best efforts out of themselves.

Standards of user interface design have been developed in 1980s for defining the usability of software products.

References

Computers
Design

User interface design


Dr. Charles William Conn (January 20, 1920 – March 18, 2008) was an American influential figure in the Church of God (Cleveland) whose responsibilities spanned a wide spectrum of positions throughout his ministerial career.  He was a native of Riverside, Georgia, a suburb community of Atlanta, and the son of Albert Cason Conn and Belle Brimer Conn.  He was married for 56 years to Edna Minor, who died in 1997, and they had twelve children: Philip, Sara, Stephen, Paul, Sharon, Raymond, Camilla, Mark, Catherine, Bruce, Jeffrey and Melody. His son Paul became the 18th president of Lee University.

He was president emeritus of Lee University, after serving 12 years (1970–82) as president of Lee College. He was an ordained minister in the Church of God, entering the clergy in 1940. He was general overseer of the Church of God for four years (1966–70) ) and editor-in-chief of Pathway Press for 10 years (1952–62).

Early ministerial career
Conn accepted Christ on May 1, 1939, and united with the Riverside Church of God near Atlanta, where he was mentored by pastor G. R. Watson. He attended Lee University (then known as the Bible Training School in Sevierville, Tennessee) where he met Edna Minor, a student from Decatur, Alabama, whom he married on April 7, 1941.

Both felt a calling to full-time Christian ministry. After their marriage, they worked in numerous states in evangelism and youth ministry. Conn served as the Sunday school and youth director for the Church of God in Louisiana before moving to Missouri in 1942, where he and his wife served for six years as pastor of churches in St. Joseph and Leadwood. Conn authored 23 books, including Like a Mighty Army, Moves the Church of God, the official history of the Church of God, which was first published in 1955. This book has been revised and reissued three times since its initial release, as well as being published in several languages.

Early writing career
A gifted writer from an early age, Conn first gained widespread attention within the denomination for his writing. He moved to Cleveland, Tennessee in 1948 to become editor of The Lighted Pathway, a youth-oriented publication, and four years later became editor of the Church of God Evangel, which was at the time a weekly magazine serving as the official publication of the Church of God. During his period as editor, he was known for writing insightful and memorable editorials and columns, and developed a reputation throughout the denomination for his balanced and progressive leadership.

National influence
He was elected to serve on the church's highest administrative body, the Executive Committee, in 1962, where he began a four-year term as assistant general overseer. In 1966, the Church of God elected him to its top executive position. During the four-year tenure as general overseer which followed, he supervised the amalgamation into the denomination of the Bethel Church of Indonesia, which today accounts for 2.5 million members. He also directed the construction of a new headquarters building for the international church, moving its offices to the site at Keith and 25th Streets in Cleveland, Tennessee, which it occupies today. He also emphasized spiritual renewal and the creation of a general program of education to advance sound ministerial preparation, including the projection of a seminary, which was established in 1975. Conn helped foster within the Church of God an acceptance of educational pursuits and an acceptance of broader Christianity. He also emphasized the internationalization of the Church of God and visited each major area of the denomination during his tenure as general overseer. His ministry was characterized by his vision, integrity, and ability to connect with Church of God membership at the grassroots level.

His 12-year presidency of Lee College (now Lee University) was at that time the longest in the institution's history. During the years of his leadership, the school set new enrollment records, built a married students apartment complex, and an auditorium, which was named the Charles W. Conn Center by the college board of directors in 1978, and made huge strides toward a broad range of academic and civic goals. He would later reflect on his teaching and administrative roles at Lee College as his most enjoyable years in ministry.

Recognition
Among his numerous honors include being recognized by the denomination in 2002 with the inception of the Charles W. Conn Historical Writing Award, which biennially recognizes authors of outstanding books and articles related to the history and heritage of the Church of God. At that time, the denomination noted that "Charles W. Conn has symbolized the best of historical and literary writing in the Church of God for over 50 years.... [His] writings are the standard by which future historical writings will be judged." In 2003 Lee University established the Charles W. Conn Servant Leadership Scholarship to emphasize the importance of serving others and recognize students who demonstrate an outstanding commitment to service during their time at Lee. In addition, students who receive this scholarship give a portion of the proceeds to a charity of their choice. Each of these honors reflects the life and ministry of Dr. Conn and help continue his legacy among a new generation.

Conn's interests included classical music, literature, history, world travel, photography, and writing poetry.

Conn died Tuesday, March 18, 2008, in a Chattanooga, Tennessee hospital, following a heart attack which he suffered four days earlier.

Career in the Church of God
United as a member: Riverside Church of God near Atlanta, Georgia, 1939

First Licensed: September 16, 1940 - Ordained: March 28, 1946

Sunday School and Youth Director of Louisiana, 1940–1941

Pastorates: St. Joseph, Missouri (1942–1944)
Leadwood, Missouri (1944–1948)

Director of Sunday School and Youth Literature, 1948–1952

Editor of The Lighted Pathway, 1948–1952

Editor-In-Chief of Church of God Publications, 1952–1962

Executive Council, 1952–1960; 1962–1974; 1976–1980; 1982–1984; 1986–1990

General Executive Committee, 1952–1956; 1962–1970

Public Relations Director, 1960–1962

Radio and Television Board, 1962–1964

Executive Director of Ministry to the Military, 1962–1966

Assistant General Overseer, 1962–1966

National Laymen's Board, 1964–1966

General Overseer, 1966–1970

President of Lee College, 1970–1982

Overseer of Virginia, 1982–1984

Official Historian of the Church of God, 1977–2008

Centennial Commission, Chairman 1980-1986

Interdenominational career
Presidium, Pentecostal World Conference (now the Pentecostal World Fellowship), 1966–1970

Executive Committee, Pentecostal Fellowship of North America (now the Pentecostal-Charismatic Churches of North America), 1962–1970

Board of Directors, National Association of Evangelicals, 1966–1970

Books by Charles W. Conn
Like A Mighty Army, Moves the Church of God (1955)

Pillars of Pentecost (1956)

The Evangel Reader: Selections from the Church of God Evangel, 1910-1958 (1958)

Where The Saints Have Trod: A History of Church of God Missions (1959)

The Rudder and the Rock (1960)

The Bible: Book of Books (1961)

A Guide To The Pentateuch (1963)

Christ and the Gospels (1964)

A Certain Journey (1965)

Acts of the Apostles (1965)

Why Men Go Back: Studies in Defection and Devotion (1966)

A Survey of the Epistles (1969)

The Pointed Pen: The Maxims of Charles W. Conn (1973)

Highlights of Hebrew History (1975)

A Balanced Church (1975)

What is the Church? (1975)

The Relevant Record (1976)

Like A Mighty Army: A History of the Church of God, 1886-1976 (Revised Edition 1977)

Poets and Prophets of Israel (1981)

Cradle of Pentecost: North Cleveland Church of God (1981)

The Anatomy of Evil (1981)

Images of a People: An Album of Church of God History (1986)

Our First 100 Years, 1886-1986: A Retrospective (1986)

The Living Book: A Disciples Guide to Understanding the Bible (1989)

When Your Upright World Turns Upside Down: Coping with the Tragedies of Life (1990)

Like A Mighty Army: A History of the Church of God, 1886-1995 (Definitive Edition 1996)

References

1920 births
2008 deaths
American Pentecostal pastors
Lee University alumni
Presidents of Lee University
Writers from Atlanta
20th-century American clergy
20th-century American academics

Charles W. Conn


The New Americans is a seven-hour American documentary, produced by Kartemquin Films, which was originally broadcast on American television over three nights on the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) in late March 2004.

Description
The observational documentary, which includes minimal voice-over narration and very little direct interviewing of its subjects (and none in which the interviewer's voice is heard), follows the lives of a series of immigrants to the United States over the course of four years.  The series was filmed between 1998 and 2001, although not all of its subjects were filmed during that entire length of time.  The immigrants were filmed both in their countries of origin before immigrating as well as in the United States.  The filming during this period was extensive and occurred in the subjects' homes, at their places of work, in government offices, and in a number of other situations, many of them quite intimate. As a result, The New Americans offers an unusually personal and comprehensive look at the people it profiles.

Topics
The immigrants profiled and filmed in The New Americans include many immigrants from diverse backgrounds:
a group of baseball players from the Dominican Republic hoping to secure a career in Major League Baseball
a computer programmer from India and his wife
a family with six children from a farming community in the state of Guanajuato, Mexico
a family of Ogoni refugees from Nigeria
a woman from Palestine who moves to the United States to be with her new husband, a first-generation Palestinian-American who grew up in Chicago

The locations shown in the documentary include not only each of the immigrants' countries of origin, but also many places in the United States where the immigrants settled or traveled, including the locations of:
Chicago (Palestinian and Nigerian immigrants)
Silicon Valley, California (Indian immigrants)
Garden City, Kansas and Mecca, California (Mexican immigrants)
Florida, Georgia, and Montana (Dominican immigrants).

Production
The New Americans was executive produced by Steve James (who also produced the acclaimed 1994 documentary Hoop Dreams) and Gordon Quinn, both of Kartemquin Films.  It was broadcast on PBS as part of the series Independent Lens, in association with the Independent Television Service (ITVS). The program was also broadcast in the United Kingdom on the cable network BBC Four in early April 2004.

Steve James commented on the making of the New Americans, "From the beginning, we knew we wanted to tell multiple stories, because every immigrant I've met has a very rich and varied story to tell about where they come from. We also were excited about the idea of telling these people's stories before they left their countries so that we could begin to understand these people in their own country before they gave it all up to come here. They're all facing different problems different dreams, so there's that diversity too. They're a nice collection of stories because their differences and similarities."

Funding
Primary funding was provided by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB). Additional major funding was provided by The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the Annie E. Casey Foundation and PBS. Additional funding also came from the National Endowment of the Arts, BBC, Nick Fraser, SBS, TV Australia, and VPRO, The Netherlands. The New Americans is a presentation of ITVS in association with Latino Public Broadcasting (LPB) and Asian Women United/National Asian American Telecommunications Association (NAATA).

Awards
The New Americans won a variety of awards including: The Chicago Award for Best Chicago or Illinois Production, Chicago International Television Competition (2004); Gold Hugo for Best Overall Production, Chicago International Television Competition 2004]; Best Limited Series, Distinguished Documentary Achievement Awards, International Documentary Association (IDA) (2004); and the Christopher Award, TV/Cable Category, (2005).

External links
"The New Americans" website at Kartemquin.org
The New Americans website at PBS.org
"The New Americans Official Trailer

References

2000s American television series
American documentary films
PBS original programming
2004 television films
2004 films
Documentary films about immigration to the United States
Films directed by Steve James
Kartemquin Films films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

The New Americans


Franz Copeland Murray Alexander OD (2 November 1928 – 16 April 2011), known as Gerry Alexander, was a Jamaican cricketer who played 25 Test matches for the West Indies. He was a wicket-keeper who had 90 dismissals in his 25 Test appearances and, though his batting average was around 30 in both Test and first class cricket, his only first-class century came in a Test on the 1960–61 tour of Australia.

Alexander was the last white man to captain the West Indies cricket team. He led the West Indies against Pakistan at home in 1958, on the tour of India and Pakistan in 1958–59 and against England in 1960. He would not tolerate the indiscipline of Roy Gilchrist on the tour of India and sent him home before the team reached Pakistan.

Early life
He was educated at Wolmer's Boys' School, which was founded in 1729 and is one of the oldest schools in the West Indies. He then attended Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He played for the Cambridge cricket team in both 1952 and 1953, winning a Blue in both years for appearing in the University Match against Oxford. He also won a Blue at football, and went on to win an England amateur cap and an FA Amateur Cup winner's medal in 1953 playing for Pegasus. He played cricket for Cambridgeshire in 1954 and 1955.

He represented Great Britain at football in 1956 in a qualifying game versus Bulgaria on 12 May 1956 at Wembley. The match ended 3–3.

Test career
Having not played a first-class match since 1953, he appeared for Jamaica in two matches against the touring Duke of Norfolk's XI in March 1957. He also appeared in a trial match for the West Indies tour to England that summer, sharing a stand of 134 with Wes Hall. As a result, he was chosen as wicketkeeper for the touring team, though his selection was controversial.

He only appeared in the final two Tests of that series, Rohan Kanhai being preferred as a makeshift keeper for the first three. Alexander distinguished himself in neither match, scoring 0 not out, 11, 0 and 0 and not keeping well, and West Indies lost both matches by an innings.

After the series John Goddard, the captain, retired. For the first time it seemed possible that a black captain would be appointed as his replacement. However Frank Worrell declined the position because he was studying for a degree in economics at Manchester University, and the other senior players Everton Weekes and Clyde Walcott were apparently not considered suitable. Thus Alexander was offered the job and, as his Telegraph obituarist writes "through patience, skill and encouragement... succeeded in forging the array of talent in the West Indies side into a coherent and successful team."

In his first series as captain, in 1958, West Indies won at home by three matches to one against Pakistan. He also performed better both as batsman and keeper, including playing an important innings of 57 in the second innings of the second Test."

West Indies next toured India and Pakistan. For the first time since World War II they had to manage without any of the "three Ws" who had been the core of their batting: Worrell, Weekes and Walcott. Nevertheless, they won three Tests against India and drew the remaining two. On the only occasion that they were in difficulties, against the leg-spin of Subhash Gupte in the second Test, Alexander scored 70 to save the day."

Against North Zone in the last match of the Indian leg of the tour, Roy Gilchrist, who in earlier matches had already shown a tendency to bowl beamers when angry or frustrated, unleashed a barrage of such deliveries against Swaranjit Singh, whom Alexander had known at Cambridge. Gilchrist ignored his captain's instruction to cease this form of attack. During the lunch interval Alexander substituted Gilchrist. Subsequently Gilchrist was sent home, while the other players proceeded to Pakistan for the remainder of the tour. Alexander told Gilchrist: "You will leave by the next flight. Good afternoon." This was the end of Gilchrist's Test career. There were suggestions that he had pulled a knife on Alexander.

West Indies lost their first two Tests against Pakistan but won the third, Pakistan's first home defeat.

The following winter, West Indies lost by one Test to nil against England, with four matches drawn, under Alexander's captaincy. He had the consolation of finishing the series with 23 victims as wicketkeeper, equalling John Waite's world record. The West Indies lost heavily in the second Test in Trinidad, and the crowd rioted when they collapsed in their first innings. As a white man and a Jamaican, Alexander was an unpopular figure with the Trinidad crowd.

Frank Worrell's return to the West Indies team for that series encouraged CLR James, the editor of The Nation, to campaign for him to replace Alexander as captain, and Worrell was chosen to lead the tour to Australia the following winter. Alexander took the decision well, and was supportive of Worrell, who was a close friend. According to his obituarist: "The dismissed captain had taken over a side in total disarray and laid the foundations for future triumphs."

He had a remarkably successful tour of Australia with the bat, scoring 60, 5, 5, 72, 0, 108, 63, 87 not out, 11 and 73 in the Tests. His century at Sydney was an important factor in enabling West Indies to win, and was the only one of his first-class career. He also kept wicket well. At the end of the tour he retired from cricket.

Later life
After retiring as a cricketer he returned to the West Indies, where he pursued a career as a veterinary surgeon. He eventually became Chief Veterinary Officer.

In 1982 Jamaica awarded him the Order of Distinction for his contribution to sport. He died on 16 April 2011 at the age of 82 in Orange Grove, Jamaica. His wife Barbara had died only four weeks previously; they had two children.

References

External links

1928 births
2011 deaths
Cambridge University cricketers
Jamaican cricketers
Cricketers from Kingston, Jamaica
West Indies Test cricketers
West Indies Test cricket captains
Jamaica cricketers
Cambridgeshire cricketers
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Cambridge University A.F.C. players
England men's amateur international footballers
Recipients of the Order of Distinction
Men's association football fullbacks
English men's footballers
Wicket-keepers

Gerry Alexander


Seibert Quimby Duntley was an American physicist. He was born in Bushnell, Illinois on October 2, 1911.

Education
He received an SB in physics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1933. Duntley received an MS degree from California Institute of Technology in 1935 and an Sc.D. in physics from MIT in 1939.

Career
While at MIT, Duntley met and worked with Karl Taylor Compton, Harold Eugene Edgerton, and many other prominent physicists. Duntley's primary interest was in applied physics particularly the optics of turbid media.

He started the Visibility Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1939/40. It was the brainchild of Duntley and MIT physics chair Dr. Arthur C. Hardy.  It was focused on applying optics to such problems as camouflage, misdirection of aerial bombardment, target location, visibility of submerged objects at sea.  In 1952, Roger Revelle and Quimby Duntley agreed that the laboratory would become part of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in San Diego, and the U.S. Navy Bureau of Ships agreed to pay for the move. The work of the laboratory centered on the transmission of visible light through the atmosphere and water and the related problems of image formation and recognition. The nature of much of the research required measurements of the optical properties of the ocean or atmosphere for which no instruments existed. As a result of these requirements, many unique and very specialized instruments were developed by the laboratory, many of which were based on concepts or optical designs devised by Duntley.  He earned the academic rank of professor in 1966 and taught at Scripps Institution of Oceanography and at the Department of Applied Physics and Information Science (APIS) at UCSD until his retirement.

Institutional affiliations and awards
Duntley was an active member of many professional associations, particularly the Optical Society of America and Sigma Xi. He was president of the Optical Society of America in 1965. He was chairman of the Representatives of the Optical Society on the U.S. National Committee of the International Commission on Illumination. During the 1960s he was a member of the Armed Forces-National Research Council Committee on Vision. He was a participant in the 1971 JASON Laser Summer Study. He chaired the David Richardson Medal Committee of the Optical Society of America from 1972 to 1975.  He received many awards, including the Army-Navy Certificate of Appreciation and, in 1961, the Frederic Ives Medal, the highest award of the Optical Society of America, "recognizing overall distinction in optics." Quimby Duntley died in La Jolla on October 22, 1999.

References

External links
 Articles Published by early OSA Presidents Journal of the Optical Society of America

See also
Optical Society of America#Past Presidents of the OSA

Presidents of Optica (society)
20th-century American physicists
1911 births
1999 deaths
Optical physicists
People from McDonough County, Illinois

Seibert Q. Duntley


Pailhead was a short-lived side project of Al Jourgensen of Ministry that featured a Dischord Records founder and former Minor Threat frontman Ian MacKaye on vocals. The band's sound was a combination of industrial beats and hardcore punk, presaging what Ministry would later do with Jello Biafra in another side project, Lard.

Background
While Alain Jourgensen was living in London, he met Ian MacKaye. MacKaye had been in Washington D.C. punk bands The Teen Idles, Minor Threat, Skewbald/Grand Union, Egg Hunt and Embrace and was on the verge of forming Fugazi, while Jourgensen was taking his band Ministry into new territory—away from the more pop sound of With Sympathy and toward the harder sound of The Land of Rape and Honey. The two found common ground both musically and politically and decided to collaborate on a project that would fuse elements of industrial music with hardcore punk.

Pailhead released the single "I Will Refuse" / "No Bunny" (released in both 7" and 12" formats) in 1987 and the 4-song EP Trait in 1988, both on the Wax Trax! record label. The CD edition of Trait also incorporates both sides of the "I Will Refuse" / "No Bunny" single. The drummer for "No Bunny" was Eric Spicer of Naked Raygun. These tracks were later re-released on Ministry's odds-and-ends compilation Side Trax.

MacKaye stated on an episode of the Kreative Kontrol podcast that he has never played live with the band.

In popular culture
 Chris Connelly's first work with Jourgensen was to record vocals for the track that would later emerge as "I Will Refuse."  Connelly released this version, which he called "Stick" and attributed to the Revolting Cocks, on his Initials C.C. album.  In his memoirs, he says he was not offended when MacKaye rerecorded the vocals with new lyrics, saying "It was an honor to be erased by Ian."
 The song "I Will Refuse" was used in the Zero Skateboards video Misled Youth (1999).
 In the game Mat Hoffman's Pro BMX, songs were also featured in the Streets on Fire skateboard video (Santa Cruz Skateboards). These songs included "Man Should Surrender", and "Don't Stand in Line".
 The song "I Will Refuse" was used in the premiere episode of Cold Case's fourth season, "Rampage".
 "I Will Refuse" was covered by Soulfly and featured as a bonus track on the Japanese edition of their album, 3.
 Spinnerette's cover version of "I Will Refuse" was released with their song "All Babes Are Wolves".

Discography
 I Will Refuse" b/w "No Bunny 7" and 12" single (1987)
 "Man Should Surrender" b/w "Anthem" 7" single (1988)
 "Don't Stand in Line" b/w "Ballad" 7" single (1988)
 Trait 12" EP (comprising Pailhead's last two singles) and CD (made up of all 3 singles) (1988)

Members
 Ian MacKaye: vocals
 Al Jourgensen: guitar, backing vocals
 Paul Barker: bass
 Bill Rieflin: drums
 Eric Spicer: drums

References

Rock music supergroups
Musical groups established in 1987
Musical groups disestablished in 1988
American hardcore punk groups
American industrial rock musical groups
Wax Trax! Records artists

Pailhead


The year 1761 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.

Events
Robert Adam and Sir William Chambers are jointly appointed Architect of the King's Works to King George III of Great Britain.

Buildings and structures

Buildings completed

Aina Mahal in Bhuj, Gujarat, India, built by Rao Lakhpatji.
Christ Church (Cambridge, Massachusetts), designed by Peter Harrison, is completed.
St. George Church, Moldavia, with a 99-foot (30-m) high bell tower once gilded in 18-carat gold.
Penicuik House in Scotland built by Sir James Clerk, 3rd Baronet.
Dunmore Pineapple in Scotland built.
Église Saint-Georges de Châtenois completed

Births
June 7 – John Rennie the Elder, Scottish-born civil engineer (died 1821)
August 19 – Andreyan Zakharov, Russian architect of the "Empire" style (died 1811)
August 30 (bapt.) – Archibald Elliot, Scottish architect (died 1823)

Deaths
April 7 – Gabriele Valvassori, Italian architect (born 1683)
date unknown – Domenico Cachia, Maltese master builder (born c. 1690)

References

Architecture
Years in architecture
18th-century architecture

1761 in architecture


Oprah Radio was a talk radio channel programmed by Harpo Productions' radio division, and was signed exclusively for Sirius XM Satellite Radio. The channel left satellite radio on December 31, 2014.

Oprah Radio included regular programming on topics such as current events, self-improvement, health, nutrition, fitness, and home. Friends and contributors included: Gayle King, Dr. Mehmet Oz, Marianne Williamson, Bob Greene, and Nate Berkus.  On July 17, 2006, a preview loop of the channel began to air. The channel officially launched on September 25, 2006. In January 2008 it added Rabbi Shmuley Boteach to host a national daily radio show named "The Rabbi Shmuley Show".  The channel ceased operations January 1, 2015.

History
It was announced in June 2006 that former Clear Channel Communications regional VP John Gehron would act as general manager for Harpo Radio, Inc. On July 20, Laurie Cantillo was appointed program director of Harpo Radio. Cantillo had program director experience at stations including KFYI, KTAR, and KGME. A week later, more staff was hired for the channel, including Corny Koehl (director of development), John St. Augustine, Katherine Kelly, Scott Miller, and Rita Coburn Whack (producers).

In September 2007, Oprah and Friends was added to the DirecTV lineup on channel 807.  Following the Sirius/XM merger, Oprah & Friends was added to Sirius on September 30, 2008, as part of its "Best of XM" package, and broadcast on channel 195 (it moved to channel 204 on May 4, 2011).  On November 12, 2008, Oprah and Friends was removed from the DirecTV lineup.

In November 2008, John Gehron and Laurie Cantillo exited their positions at Oprah & Friends.  Corny Koehl was named Executive Producer of the channel in charge of the creative side, and Katherine Kelly was named Operations Manager handling the day-to-day workings of the channel.

On March 4, 2009, Oprah and Friends was renamed and rebranded as Oprah Radio. Listeners tuned in on January 1, 2015, to an announcement explaining that the channel had ceased broadcasts on SiriusXM.

References

Harpo Productions
News and talk radio stations in the United States
Radio
Radio stations established in 2006
Radio stations disestablished in 2015
Sirius Satellite Radio channels
XM Satellite Radio channels
Defunct radio stations in the United States

Oprah Radio


Monty Halls (born 5 November 1966) is a British TV broadcaster and marine biologist best known for his BBC Great Escape series Monty Halls' Great Escape, Monty Halls' Great Hebridean Escape and Monty Halls' Great Irish Escape, during which he lived and worked in remote parts of the UK and Ireland with his dog Reuben. Halls' other TV programmes include WWII's Great Escapes, Great Barrier Reef
and Lost Worlds
with Leo Houlding for Discovery Channel.

Halls is the founder and managing director of Seadog TV and Film Productions Ltd and Leaderbox.

Background and career

Born in Wakefield, Halls attended Bedstone College, where he was head boy, after which he was commissioned as a Royal Marines officer. His time in the Marines included a period in the British Military Assistance and Training Team in South Africa, where he assisted with the integration of former ANC guerrillas into the South African Army.

At 29, having left the Royal Marines, Halls studied Marine Biology at the University of Plymouth where he became involved with projects including the underwater filming of a rare species of crocodile in Belize in partnership with the Natural History Museum of London. He graduated with a First Class Honours Bachelor's degree in 1999.

Exploration

Halls has led a number of scuba diving expeditions and was an expedition leader for the marine conservation charity Coral Cay Conservation.
In 2002, Halls led a group of adventurers and scientists (from the Scientific Exploration Society) to the sunken city of Mahabalipuram off Tamil Nadu (India), and discovered six temples, which are still being explored. In 2015 he led the 'Shoals of Agulhas' expedition on behalf of Land Rover, following the route of the annual Sardine Run from Port Elizabeth to Durban. Halls is also a Steppes Travel tour leader.

Television work

In 2005, he presented a nine-part TV series called Great Ocean Adventures (co-produced by RDF Television and Channel Five). A second series was broadcast in 2007. Memorable moments include Halls diving among a large number of Giant Humboldt Squid.  In 2008 he co-hosted a National Geographic series, Perfect Weapon, looking at aspects of medieval weaponry. In 2008, Halls left his home in Bristol for Applecross on the west coast of Scotland for the first of the three BBC Great Escape series, Monty Halls' Great Escape, where he tried to recreate the life of crofters for six months. In 2009 Halls then left for the Outer Hebrides to live and work as a nature warden on North Uist for six months.  2010 saw Monty live for six months in Connemara working with Irish Whale & Dolphin Conservation Group (IWDG). All of these series featured his dog, Reuben.

In 2016 Halls formed Seadog TV and Film Productions and in 2017 produced and presented WWII's Great Escapes: The Freedom Trails, a four-part series in which Halls re-traced the journeys made by escaped prisoners of war out of Nazi occupied Europe. The series first broadcast on Channel 4 in September 2017.

In February 2018 Channel 4 announced a second series from Halls and Seadog TV and Film Productions, My Family and the Galapagos.

Speaking
Halls is a public and motivational speaker and has spoken at events such as The Adventure Travel Show, the Keswick Mountain Festival and the London 'Night of Adventure' event, hosted by fellow explorer and speaker Alastair Humphreys.

Leaderbox
In 2016 Halls founded Leaderbox, a universal leadership and team building tool designed to develop confidence, fosters teamwork, and generate key leadership skills in young people and professionals.

Charity work

With his background as a Royal Marine, Halls was deeply moved when his close friend and best man, Major Jason Ward RM was killed in a helicopter crash on 21 March 2003, the second day of the Iraq War (Operation Telic).  Halls supports military charities, in particular he is a patron of Help for Heroes, a charity committed to improving the facilities for injured servicemen and women. As a marine biologist he supports charities associated with the marine environment, and is also a patron of Shark Trust. In 2015 Halls became president of the Galapagos Conservation Trust after serving as Ambassador for many years.

Awards
In 2003, Halls was awarded the Bish Medal by the "Scientific Exploration Society" for his services to exploration. In December 2010, he was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Science Degree by Plymouth University., and in 2016 an 'Outstanding Contribution to Diving' award by Sport Diver magazine.

Personal life
Halls lives in Devon, England with his wife Tamsyn Smith and their daughters Isla and Molly.

Filmography
Television
Contestant and winner of Superhuman (2004) on Channel 4
Great Ocean Adventures (Season 1, nine episodes in 2005)
Great Ocean Adventures (Season 2, eight episodes 2007)
Perfect Weapon (Six episodes in 2008)
Monty Halls' Great Escape (BBC Two, from 1 March 2009; broadcast as Beachcomber Cottage in Australia and New Zealand)
Monty Halls' Great Hebridean Escape (BBC Two, from 21 April 2010; broadcast as Monty Halls' Island Escape in Australia from 28 December 2012)
Monty Halls' Great Irish Escape (BBC Two, from 11 August 2011)
Great Barrier Reef (BBC Two, 1–22 January 2012, 3 episodes)
The Fisherman's Apprentice (BBC Two, from 29 February 2012, 6 episodes)
Monty Halls' Dive Mysteries (Channel 5, from 30 November 2013, 4 episodes)
Lost Worlds (Discovery, from 2014, 4 episodes)
The Great Shark Chase (Discovery, June 2016)
WWII's Great Escapes: The Freedom Trails (Channel 4, September 2017, 4 episodes)
My Family and the Galapagos (Channel 4, July 2018, series 1, 3 episodes)
My Family and the Galapagos (Channel 4, Feb 2020, series 2, 3 episodes)

Bibliography
Dive: The Ultimate Guide – 60 of the World's Top Dive Locations (September 2004, Ultimate Sports Publications Ltd)
Scuba Diving (Eyewitness Companions) (August 2004, Dorling Kindersley)
Great Ocean Adventures (February 2007, Broadcast Books)
Go Scuba Dive (April 2007, Dorling Kindersley)
Dive: The Ultimate Guide – 70 of the World's Top Dive Locations (September 2008, Ultimate Sports Publications Ltd)
Monty Halls' Great Escape: Beachcomber Cottage (March 2009, BBC Books)
The Great Escape: Adventures on the Wild West Coast (February 2010, BBC Books)
Monty Halls' Great Irish Escape (April 2011, BBC Books)
The Fisherman's Apprentice (April 2012, BBC Books)
Escaping Hitler: Stories of Courage and Endurance on the Freedom Trails (September 2017, Pan Macmillan)
''My Family and the Galapagos (accompanying book to the Channel 4 series) (13th Feb 2020, Headline Publishing Group)

References

External links
 Monty Halls' website
 Seadog TV and Film Productions website
 Leaderbox website
 Monty Halls at The Underwater TV Channel
 Help for Heroes
 Shark Trust
 Scubazoo
 Talking about his 2013 series Mysteries of the Deep

1966 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Plymouth
English explorers
English marine biologists
Photographers from Devon
English television personalities
English underwater divers
Royal Marines officers
Underwater photographers

Monty Halls


The Triumph 20TS was a prototype sports car shown by Standard-Triumph in October 1952 at the London Motor Show. Extensive development of the 20TS led to the introduction of the Triumph TR2 in March 1953 at the Geneva Motor Show, after which the 20TS was unofficially referred to as the Triumph TR1. Only one example of this car was ever made by Triumph.

Concept and design
The 20TS was built using existing components: its engine came from the Standard Vanguard, its suspension from the Triumph Mayflower, and its chassis from the Standard 8 hp, itself based on the pre-war Standard Flying Nine. The body was designed to be built economically, with no panels requiring double-action presswork.  Economy of design was considered vital, as the company did not expect high sales figures and had targeted a price of £500 before sales tax. The rear of the car was short and curved and had the spare tyre bolted to it.

Earls Court, Ken Richardson, and the TR2
The 20TS was shown to the public in October 1952 at the London Motor Show at Earls Court. Reactions to the 20TS were mixed.  Criticisms included a tight interior and lack of boot space.

To get an opinion of the car's performance and handling at speed, Standard-Triumph chairman Sir John Black invited BRM development engineer and test driver Ken Richardson to drive it. Richardson had a low opinion of the 20TS's performance and handling, describing it as a "death-trap" with poor handling and a top speed of , short of Black's target of :

Upon hearing Richardson's assessment, Black asked him to help redesign the car. Richardson tuned and modified the engine and worked with Triumph engineers to increase the brake size, modify the front suspension, and experiment with rear springs and shocks. A stronger frame with improved torsional rigidity was designed.  Meanwhile, the stylists widened and lengthened the car for more interior room and boot space, mounting the spare wheel inside the boot.  The result was the Triumph TR2, introduced in March 1953 at the Geneva Motor Show.

Legacy
The 20TS was the origin of the Triumph TR sports car line, and was referred to unofficially as the TR1 after the introduction of the TR2.

It is unknown whether the 20TS exists today. According to Bill Piggott, the car might have been scrapped to provide parts for a TR2 prototype.

References

Further reading

TR1
1950s cars
Roadsters
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles

Triumph TR1 / 20TS


Data corruption is errors in computer data that happens while the computer is reading, writing, storing, transmitting or processing the data. Such errors introduce unintended changes to the original data.

If data corruption happens in a file, unexpected results will happen when accessed by the system or an application; such results may range from a minor loss of data to a system crash. For example, if a Microsoft Word file is corrupted, when a person tries to open that file with Microsoft Word, they may get an error message. That means that person will get either a file that cannot be opened or a file with a minor loss of data.

One of the ways this can happen is if a power shortage happens while saving the document, the computer cannot power down properly and the file becomes corrupted.

Hackers can also corrupt data, be it accidentally or on purpose.

Data input
Computer science

Data corruption


Oldcroft is a hamlet in Gloucestershire, England. The village of Yorkley is to the northwest, and the hamlet of Viney Hill is to the northeast.

History
Oldcroft is situated near the "Dean road", a medieval route that ran between Lydney and Mitcheldean. In the 17th century there were cabin dwellings in Oldcroft. Much of the early settlement was by squatters, and in 1782 there were thirteen cottages recorded at Deadman's Cross in Oldcroft. In 1834 Oldcroft contained around thirty-five scattered cottages. In the later 20th century several cottages were enlarged and some large houses were built, especially on the south-east side of the hamlet. There was once a pub in Oldcroft called the Loyal Forester – it closed before 1893.

The Primitive Methodists opened a chapel at Oldcroft in 1876. It closed, following storm damage, in 1929. It was later reopened as an independent church, but closed in the early 1960s, and from 1975 until 1991 the building was an electrical engineer's workshop. In 1958 the Assemblies of God also had a chapel at Oldcroft, demolished by 1975.

References

External links

Hamlets in Gloucestershire
Forest of Dean

Oldcroft


Herman Rudolf "Rudy" Kousbroek (1 November 1929 – 4 April 2010) was a Dutch poet, translator, writer and first of all essayist. He was a prominent figure in Dutch cultural life between 1950 and 2010 and one of the most outspoken atheists in the Netherlands. In 1975 he was awarded the P.C. Hooft Prize for his essays.

His principal work is the book Het Oostindisch kampsyndroom (The East Indian Camp Syndrome), a compilation of critical essays that are in one way or the other related to the Dutch East Indies and clearly show his admiration for Dutch Indo-Eurasian authors like E. du Perron, Tjalie Robinson, Beb Vuyk as well as Indonesian intellectual Sutan Sjahrir.

Life
Rudy Kousbroek was born in Pematang Siantar, on the isle of Sumatra, in the Dutch East Indies. The first sixteen years of his life he lived there. During the Japanese occupation he and his family were imprisoned in a Japanese concentration camp. After World War II his family repatriated to the Netherlands.

He studied mathematics and physics in Amsterdam and Japanese in Paris. He never finished his studies, but he had thoroughly absorbed the culture of both the sciences and the humanities, what C. P. Snow has called The Two Cultures. Scientific thinking and empiricism remained the core of his world view.

He lived in France for many years but returned to the Netherlands in the early 1970s. He became for some time the moving spirit of the Cultural Supplement of NRC Handelsblad. His range of interests was very broad: he wrote poetry for children, analysed with subtlety human emotions, such as: longing, nostalgia, sexuality, love for cars, love for animals. Indonesian and Indo Eurasian culture and literature as well as the aftermath of colonialism remained a lifelong interest. He has written quite a lot about the visual arts and photography. He advocated a more prominent role of the natural sciences in intellectual discourse and education.

In the 1950s Kousbroek became friends with Willem Frederik Hermans, a Dutch writer who is considered one of the best Dutch writers of the 20th century. They had many interests in common: the scientific worldview, cars, typewriters, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Karl Popper, surrealism, atheism, literature. The friendship ended in the 1970s with a quarrel about the reliability of Friedrich Weinreb's memoirs. The correspondence between Hermans, Kousbroek and Ethel Portnoy, who was Kousbroek's wife at the time, has been published under the title Machines en emoties (2009) (Machines and emotions).

Another renowned Dutch writer, Gerard Reve, has also been on friendly terms with Kousbroek. But there remained a gap between the rationalist Kousbroek and the Roman Catholic convert Reve. The latter mocked Kousbroek and his rationalism in his novel Het boek van violet en dood (1996) (The book of violet and death).

Kousbroek had been married to Ethel Portnoy. He later married the Irish writer Sarah Hart. He had three children, two with Ethel Portnoy and one with Sarah Hart. His daughter, Hepzibah Kousbroek (1954–2009) became a writer. His son Gabriël Kousbroek became a professional illustrator. Rudy Kousbroek died aged 80 in Leiden.

He sometimes used the pen names Leopold de Buch or Fred Coyett.

Work
Kousbroek started his literary career with two books of poetry: Tien variaties op het bestiale (1951) (Ten variations on things bestial) and De begrafenis van een keerkring (1953) (The burial of a tropic). He soon decided that writing essays was his real métier.

With Remco Campert, a school friend, he founded the magazine Braak in May 1950. The magazine lasted only for two years, but was important for the development of the 'Vijftigers' (Dutch poets of the fifties). In 1972 he was the first to deliver the annual Huizinga Lecture and its subject was Ethology and the Philosophy of Culture. In 1975 he won the P.C. Hooft Award, one of the most prestigious literary awards in the Netherlands. In 1994 he received an honorary degree in philosophy from the University of Groningen in the Netherlands.

Kousbroek's love for animals has inspired several of his books, from De aaibaarheidsfactor (1969) (Kousbroek coined the term, something like: 'caressability factor') to Medereizigers; over de liefde tussen mensen en dieren (2009) (Travel companions. On the love between humans and animals).

Kousbroek has translated Exercices de style by Raymond Queneau (Stijloefeningen, 1978) and wrote an introduction to the Dutch translation of Ombres chinoises by Simon Leys (Chinese schimmen, 1976; in English: Chinese shadows), a book that encouraged intellectuals in the Western world to revise their image of Mao Zedong and the Cultural Revolution.

Kousbroek's magnum opus is Het Oostindisch kampsyndroom (The East Indian Camp Syndrome). The book is primarily a polemic with the spokesmen of the (r)emigrated people from the Dutch East Indies after the end of the Dutch colonial period, most notably among them Jeroen Brouwers, who holds the view, mistakenly and implicitly racist according to Kousbroek, that the hardships of the Japanese concentration camps in the East Indies during World War II are of the same order of atrocity as the hardships of the German concentration camps in Europe. The book contains also reminiscences of Kousbroek's youth in the Dutch East Indies, essays on related literature, and reviews.

Publications
 1951 – Tien variaties op het bestiale (poetry)
 1953 – De begrafenis van een keerkring (poetry)
 1968 – Revolutie in een industriestaat (alias: Leopold de Buch)
 1969 – de aaibaarheidsfactor
 1969 – Anathema's 1
 1970 – Het avondrood der magiërs
 1970 – Anathema's 2
 1970 – Het gemaskerde woord. Anathema's 1, 2 en 3
 1971 – Een kuil om snikkend in te vallen
 1971 – Anathema's 3
 1973 – Ethologie en cultuurfilosofie
 1978 – Een passage naar Indië
 1978 – Stijloefeningen (translation of Exercices de style by Raymond Queneau)
 1978 – De Aaibaarheidsfactor, gevolgd door Die Wacht am IJskast (extended re-issue of 1969)
 1979 – Anathema's 4, De waanzin aan de macht
 1981 – Vincent en het geheim van zijn vaders lichaam (alias: Fred Coyett)
 1983 – Wat en Hoe in het Kats
 1984 – De logologische ruimte
 1984 – Anathema's 5. Het meer der herinnering
 1985 – Het rijk van Jabeer. Getransformeerde sprookjes
 1987 – Lief Java
 1987 – Nederland: een bewoond gordijn
 1988 – Een zuivere schim in een vervuilde schepping
 1988 – Dagelijkse wonderen
 1988 – Anathema's 7, De onmogelijke liefde
 1989 – Morgen spelen wij verder
 1989 – De archeologie van de auto
 1990 – Einsteins poppenhuis, Essays over filosofie 1
 1990 – Het Paleis in de verbeelding
 1990 – Lieve kinderen hoor mijn lied
 1992 – Anathema's 6, Het Oostindisch kampsyndroom
 1993 – Anathema's 8, De vrolijke wanhoop
 1993 – Varkensliedjes
 1995 – Terug naar Negri Pan Erkoms
 1997 – Hoger honing
 1998 – Verloren goeling
 2000 – In de tijdmachine door Japan
 2003 – Opgespoorde wonderen: fotosynthese
 2003 – Die Winterreise (audio-book)
 2003 – Dierentalen en andere gedichten (poetry)
 2005 – Verborgen verwantschappen: fotosynthese
 2005 – Het Oostindisch kampsyndroom (extended re-issue)
 2006 – De archeologie van de auto (extended re-issue)
 2007 – Het raadsel der herkenning: fotosynthese 3
 2009 – Medereizigers; over de liefde tussen mensen en dieren
 2009 – Machines en emoties correspondence Willem Frederik Hermans, Rudy Kousbroek and Ethel Portnoy between 1955 and 1978
 2010 – Anathema's 9, Restjes

Sources
File Rudy Kousbroek (DBNL)
Obituary Rudy Kousbroek in NRC-Handelsblad, 4 April 2010

Notes

1929 births
2010 deaths
People from Pematangsiantar
20th-century Dutch writers
21st-century Dutch writers
Dutch atheists
Dutch essayists
Dutch male poets
World War II civilian prisoners held by Japan
P. C. Hooft Award winners
Male essayists
20th-century essayists
21st-century essayists
20th-century Dutch male writers
21st-century Dutch male writers

Rudy Kousbroek


The Numicus was a river of ancient Latium which flowed into the sea between the towns of Lavinium and Ardea. According to the mythology of Livy, Aeneas lies buried on its banks (from the original:  'Situs est, quemcumque eum dici ius fasque est super Numicum flumen'). The river is also represented in ancient texts as a river-god Numicius (Greek: Νουμικίος, Numikíos). As described by Ovid, at the behest of Venus, Numicus cleans Aeneas of all of his mortal parts so that he might become a god, known as Indiges.

References

Rivers of Lazio
Former rivers
Rivers of Italy

Numicus


The Enemies of Reason is a two-part television documentary, written and presented by evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins, in which he seeks to expose "those areas of belief that exist without scientific proof, yet manage to hold the nation under their spell", including mediumship, acupuncture and psychokinesis.

The documentary was first broadcast on Channel 4 in the UK, styled as a loose successor to Dawkins' documentary of the previous year, The Root of All Evil?, as seen through the incorporation of brief clips from said documentary during the introduction of the first part by Dawkins. The first part aired 13 August 2007 and the second on 20 August 2007.

It includes interviews with Steve Fuller, Deepak Chopra, Satish Kumar, and Derren Brown.

Episode 1: Slaves to Superstition
Dawkins points to some of science's achievements and describes it as freeing most people from superstition and dogma. Picking up from his superstition-reason distinction in The Root of All Evil? (while recycling some footage from it), he then says reason is facing an "epidemic of superstition" that "impoverishes our culture" and introduces gurus that persuade us "to run away from reality". He calls the present day dangerous times. He returns to science's achievements, including the fact that, by extending people's lifespan, it helps them to take more advantage of life.
He turns his attention to astrology, which he criticizes for stereotyping without evidence. Having put astrology to the test and referred to larger-scale experiments, he then briefly describes the mechanics of astronomy, and then expresses frustration that 50% of the UK population – more than are members of one religion – believe in the paranormal.

He then visits a psychic medium, Simon Goodfellow, who makes statements Dawkins interprets as referring to retirement – which most people his age would soon be going in for but not Dawkins. Cornell then finds himself in contradiction over whether or not the "spirit G", who allegedly communicates with him, is Dawkins's family member. Cornell next tries suggesting this spirit was in the military – again, typical of deceased relatives of people Dawkins's age, but not of Dawkins. Cornell finishes with several explanations of why his powers might not always work, but Dawkins insists extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence, and then talks to the sceptical Derren Brown about cold reading, including misleading tricks it uses.

In another notable segment Dawkins visits a psychic for £50 who said she could hear or see his father "on the other side." Dawkins let the woman do the reading and at the end informed her that his father is alive, and he visits him frequently.

Dawkins now visits a spiritualist church, and makes several criticisms of the alleged evidence of communication with the dead by medium Craig Hamilton-Parker, and adds that many may become obsessed with such performances and find it difficult to get over the loss of loved ones, adding that most people present are regulars. Hamilton-Parker says his psychic powers have been "proven to me against my rationality". Dawkins ends his study of séances by noting the arguments are based on untestable, private, subjective anecdotes, and compares this to religion.

Dawkins now describes the history of scientific knowledge of echolocation, and points to the cumulative build-up of corroborating evidence for scientific explanations of the phenomena. He visits psychologist Chris French, who is performing a double-blind test of dowsing. None of the dowsers perform better, in a statistically significant sense, than is expectable by chance alone. While the dowsers are surprised, Dawkins and French note that their confidence is untouched, and they prefer explanations (French states some may call them excuses) that retain the hypothesis that they have paranormal dowsing powers. Dawkins next attempts his own explanation of belief in the paranormal in a combination of evolutionary and psychological terms, saying: "we don't want to believe things just happen", and he suggests superstition is just the sort of animal error committed by Skinner's pigeons.

Dawkins now interviews Satish Kumar about ideas such as 'treeness' and 'rockness'. Dawkins points out that it is all evidence-free assertion. He responds to the "science is bleak" argument by saying that the world is so wonderful that the word 'mundane' has a mismatched meaning and etymology. He then complains about the long-term fall in the number of students taking chemistry and physics at A-level. He suggests this is partly because of the UK education system encouraging students to value personal feeling over evidence and reason. He interviews the relativist Steve Fuller and criticises him for being "so close to being right but ... damn wrong". Fuller points out that different people can interpret the same evidence differently. Fuller also points out the benefits of the Internet, and Dawkins agrees, but then turns to the dangers it poses in causing the spread of fabricated statements. He also points to the fact that the MMR vaccine scandal involved an unsubstantiated conspiracy theory about the UK government. Dawkins concludes that reason "built the modern world. It is a precious but fragile thing".

Episode 2: The Irrational Health Service
Richard Dawkins examines the growing suspicion the public has for science-based medicine, despite its track record of successes like the germ theory of disease, vaccines, antibiotics and increased lifespan. He notes a fifth of British children are currently not immunised against measles, mumps and rubella, attributing it to fears arising from a highly controversial report linking the vaccine with autism.

Dawkins criticizes the growing field of alternative medicine which does not pass the same objective and statistical rigour as scientifically derived treatments using controlled double-blind studies. Without verifiable evidence, alternative therapies must rely on biased anecdotes and word of mouth to perpetuate. Dawkins observes these treatments have fanciful rationales and rituals behind them, with many alternative treatments employing pseudoscientific jargon such as "energy", "vibration" or "quantum theory" to give themselves greater credence to patients.

Homeopathy is singled out as an example of a mainstream alternative medicine that has public support and taxpayer funding through the National Health Service. Dawkins explains that the rationale behind it is unfounded and demonstrates that the magnitude of dilution required is so great the patient is practically imbibing pure water. This is illustrated by the typical homeopathic dilution of 30C (1:10030, that is thirty steps of dilution by 1% each time), which requires a drop of active ingredient dissolved in a body of water greater than the whole ocean. Dawkins cites a 2005 meta-analysis by The Lancet that concludes that homeopathy has no consistently demonstrable effect on health.

Dawkins hypothesises that practitioners of alternative medicine spend longer time than regular doctors on their patients when attending to them. An interview with Professor Nicholas Humphrey suggests that this empathic attention may cause a placebo effect in patients, but this is not a substitute for conventional science-based medicine.

The episode concludes with Dawkins making an appeal to skeptical, rational inquiry based on evidence, claiming "reason has liberated us from superstition and given us centuries of progress. We abandon it at our peril."

References

External links

In the media:

Times Online:
Richard Dawkins and the New Age fakers
The gullible age
The Daily Telegraph:
New age therapies cause 'retreat from reason'
Unreasonably superstitious – Michael Deacon talks to Richard Dawkins
Guardian Unlimited:
Screen Burn by Charlie Brooker

2007 British television series debuts
2007 British television series endings
2000s British documentary television series
Channel 4 documentaries
Works by Richard Dawkins
English-language television shows
Scientific skepticism mass media

The Enemies of Reason


Save Rock and Roll is a studio album released by Chicago punk rock group Fall Out Boy on April 12, 2013 under Island Records in the United States. The album was produced by American singer and songwriter Butch Walker. It is the band's fifth album and first album since the release of Folie à Deux in December 2008. The band went on an indefinite hiatus in late 2009, parting ways to endure in solo projects and super groups. In 2013, the band returned with the first single "My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light 'Em Up)", released on February 4, 2013, accompanied with a music video, peaking at number-twenty six on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The video featured rapper 2 Chainz. The band announced the Save Rock and Roll tour in May through June in support of the album. This fall, the band is set to go on their comeback Save Rock and Roll Fall Arena Tour in September with pop punk band Panic! at the Disco and rapper Big Sean.

On March 24, 2013, the band released the promotional single "The Phoenix", along with a music video. The song debuted and peaked at number-eighty on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. They followed it up with the release of the second promotional single, "Young Volcanoes" released on April 8, 2013, also accompanied with a music video, which premiered on April 18 on YouTube.

Background

In 2009, following two nationwide tours and the release of a greatest hits compilation, the members of Fall Out Boy decided to take a break. The band's decision stemmed from disillusionment with the music industry and the constant promotion of fourth record Folie à Deux. The band's, specifically bassist/lyricist Pete Wentz, every movement had become fodder for gossip in tabloids, and lead vocalist/guitarist Patrick Stump recalled that "We found ourselves running on fumes a little bit -- creatively and probably as people, too."

On February 4, 2013, the band called off the hiatus announcing a new single, new album, and a new tour.

Track listing
 "The Phoenix"
 "My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light 'Em Up)"
 "Alone Together"
 "Where Did the Party Go"
 "Just One Yesterday" (featuring vocals from Foxes)
 "The Mighty Fall" (featuring rapper Big Sean)
 "Miss Missing You"
 "Death Valley"
 "Young Volcanoes"
 "Rat a Tat" (featuring vocals from Courtney Love)
 "Save Rock and Roll" (featuring vocals from Elton John)

Bonus track
 "My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light 'Em Up)" (featuring 2 Chainz) (2 Chainz remix)

Arena tour

Fall Out Boy did a concert tour in support of the album. It consisted of 16 shows in September 2013. The opening acts were Big Sean, who assists on the track "The Mighty Fall" on the album, and Panic! at the Disco.

Other websites

2013 albums
Fall Out Boy albums

Save Rock and Roll


S/2006 S 3 is an unnamed moon of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on June 26, 2006, from observations taken between January and April 2006.

S/2006 S 3 is about 6 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 21,076,300 km in 1142.366 days, at an inclination of 150.8° to the ecliptic (128.8° to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.4710.

References
 Institute for Astronomy Saturn Satellite Data
 IAUC 8727: Satellites of Saturn 2006 June 30 (discovery)
 MPEC 2006-M45: Eight New Satellites of Saturn 2006 June 26 (discovery and ephemeris)

Saturn's moons

S/2006 S 3