Static Line was an email-based ASCII Ezine that focused on the PC demoscene.  It was a monthly publication with strong roots in the music aspect of the demoscene.  It ran for 52 issues starting in July 1998 and finishing in March 2004.

Static Line was created in an effort to fill the void left by the closing of the DemoNews E-Zine (closing February 1998) and the TraxWeekly E-Zine (closing April 1996).  In most regards it succeeded and followed a similar format: an ASCII text-based magazine that was distributed via e-mail. While never reaching the large subscription rates that TraxWeekly boasted, it had a successful run and highlighted many aspects of the developing demoscene.

History of Static Line
Prior to the existence of Static Line, its creator, D. Travis North (aka: Coplan), wrote a music review column for an e-mag known as TraxWeekly.  After TraxWeekly stopped publication in 1996, Coplan wrote a few articles which were published under different magazines or individually over the course of the next two years.  Having already earned a reputation as a music reviewer, many demosceners were submitting songs for review, even though the magazine had long since dried up.

In February 1998, DemoNews, another major demoscene e-mag, stopped publication.  This left a major void in the demoscene, and it put a damper on Coplan's plans as he had planned to bring his column to the DemoNews publication.  Having nowhere to publish his column, he began to draw up ideas to form a new e-mag to fill the void left by the defunct TraxWeekly and DemoNews.

Static Line came to fruition early in 1998.  The invitation to join the mailing list was posted on the Hornet Archive in April 1998.  The official first issue of the e-mag was sent out via an e-mail mailing list in July 1998.  The first 24 issues of Static Line were released using a majordomo mailing list through the Kosmic Free Music Foundation server.  Starting at issue 25 in September 2000, the e-mag had grown in popularity and it had developed its own website which would later become known as SceneSpot.  Its distribution and online archives were now managed by this new server.

In mid-2003, Coplan offered up his editing position, for personal reasons, to anyone who was willing to carry out the management of the Static Line magazine.  The position was taken by Ciaran Hamilton and Ben Collver.  The first issue that was released under these new editors was issue #45 in June 2003.  In November of the same year, Issue #50 was the last issue released with Collver as co-editor.

As the website model of demoscene news and articles grew more advanced, the ASCII e-zine format decreased in popularity amongst those involved in the demoscene.  Newer contributors to the demoscene were not attracted to the format that Static Line was known for, and article contributions decreased in volume.  As such, it was never able to maintain the monthly release rate that it had in previous years.  The magazine continued for 2 more issues and then closed as Ciaran himself no longer had the time to maintain the magazine, and no person was willing to take over the editor's chair.

Issue #52, release March 2004, was the official  last issue of Static Line.

SceneSpot
As Static Line grew in popularity, it grew apparent that it would not maintain its success if it were an email-only publication. Late in 1999, the concept model for a demoscene web portal was developed by Coplan and Ranger Rick (Benjamin Reed, USA).  Originally, the intent of SceneSpot was to be a front-end for Static Line, with links to the archives and subscription pages.  It grew into a news center and discussion forums for many who participated in the North American Demoscene.  It was the discussion home for the Pilgrimage demo party for its first years.

SceneSpot never grew to the popularity that its magazine held.  After difficulties getting the portal off the ground, SceneSpot closed its doors early in 2006.

References

External links
 Archive of Static Line issues
 Static Line files at scene.org

Defunct computer magazines published in the United States
Demoscene
Magazines established in 1998
Magazines disestablished in 2004

Static Line (magazine)


Porphyria is the name for certain medical conditions or diseases, which have been known since the days of Hippocrates. Those who suffer from the disease can not make certain substances in the blood. They have disorders of certain enzymes which normally work in the production of porphyrins and heme.

The condition is usually caused by a genetic deficiency, but chemicals which affect metabolism may also cause it. Arsenic is an example. It can be triggered by various drugs or by some environmental conditions. The disease causes skin problems, or some diseases of the nervous system, or both. Severe pain is often present. Drugs are available that can at least treat the symptoms. This disease is most common in European countries and often affects the skin. When someone is affected by porphyria they will start to lose their hair about two weeks after having an attack. There is no cure for the hair loss. However, there is medication available to help prevent attacks.

Genetic disorders

Porphyria


John Corwin Rule, (2 March 1929 Warren, Indiana – 12 January 2013 Columbus, Ohio) was a widely respected historian of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century French history at Ohio State University from 1958 to 1995.

Early life and education
The son of Corwin Rule and Elaine Rule, John Rule attended Broad Ripple High School in Indianapolis, Indiana and went on to graduate from Stanford University with a bachelor's degree and a master's degree in history in 1952 with a thesis on "Nicolas de Lamoignon de Basville and the Protestants of the Languedoc, 1685-1702." He went on to Harvard University, where he completed his doctorate in history in 1958 with a thesis on "The preliminary negotiations leading to the Peace of Utrecht, 1709-1712".

Academic career
In his final year of graduate study at Harvard in 1957–58, Rule taught history at Northeastern University in Boston, Massachusetts, then joined the faculty at Ohio State University, where he retired as professor emeritus in 1995. He served as associate editor of the journal French Historical Studies and was awarded research grants from the American Philosophical Society, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Folger Library, and the Huntington Library.

His last book, A World of Paper (co-written with Ben S. Trotter) won the American Historical Association's Leo Gershoy Award in 2015.

The Ohio State University Foundation established in his memory the Elaine S. and John C. Rule Study Abroad Fund for graduate student travel.

Published works
Books
 A select bibliography for students of history, edited by John C. Rule, et al. (1957).
 Bibliography of works in the philosophy of history, 1945-1957, edited by John C. Rule, et al. (1961).
  The character of Philip II: the problem of moral judgments in history (1963).
 Louis XIV and the craft  of kingship (1969).
 Louis XIV (1973)
 Observations from the Hague and Utrecht: William Harrison's letters to Henry Watkins, 1711-1712, edited by Linda Frey, Marsha Frey, and John C. Rule. (1979)
 A World of Paper: Louis XIV, Colbert de Torcy, and the Rise of the Information State, by John C. Rule and Ben S. Trotter (2014)

Contributions
 "The Old Regime in America: A Review of Recent Interpretations of France in America" in The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol. 19, No. 4, (1962).
 "Paul Vaucher: Historian" in French Historical Studies, Vol. 5, No. 1, (Spring 1967).
 "William F. Church, 1912-1977" by A. Lloyd Moote and John C. Rule in French Historical Studies, Vol. 10, No. 3, (Spring 1978).
 "France caught between two balances: the dilemma of 1688" in The Revolution of 1688-1689: changing perspectives, edited by Lois G. Schwoerer (1992).
 "A Career in the Making: The Education of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Marquis de Torcy" in French Historical Studies, Vol. 19, No. 4, (Autumn 1996).
 "The king in his council: Louis XIV and the Conseil d'en haut" in Royal and republican sovereignty in early modern Europe: essays in memory of Ragnhild Hatton, edited by Robert Oresko, G.C. Gibbs, and H.M. Scott (1997).

References

1929 births
2013 deaths
Fellows of the Royal Historical Society
Harvard University alumni
Historians from Massachusetts
Northeastern University faculty
Ohio State University faculty
People from Huntington County, Indiana
Stanford University alumni
Writers from Boston
Writers from Columbus, Ohio
Writers from Indianapolis
Historians from Indiana
Historians from Ohio

John C. Rule


Kwenda Mission High School is an 'O' and 'A' Level boarding school in Mashonaland East Province in Zimbabwe.

The school is situated about 150 km south of the capital city Harare. Located in the Chikomba Area, Kwenda Mission High School offers "O" and "A" Level education for both girls and boys. The mission was opened in 1892 by Methodist (Wesley) Missionaries.  Mr Manhera is the current headmaster and Rev Dr Muwanzi is the current principal as well as chief administrator of the institution.

It is one of the seven mission schools run by the Methodist Church in Zimbabwe. Its sister schools are Waddilove High School in Marondera, Chemhanza High School in Wedza, Tekwane Mission in Matebeleland, which was among the first mission stations opened by the missionaries in the 19th century, Sandringham High School in Norton, Pakame High School in Shurugwi and Moleli High School in Makwiro.

References

Boarding schools in Zimbabwe
Educational institutions with year of establishment missing
Education in Mashonaland East Province

Kwenda Mission


A lawsuit occurs when two people or organizations ask a court or judge to solve a disagreement or argument.  The two (or more) participants in a lawsuit are called the parties.  Each party is usually represented by a lawyer.  That means that the lawyer will talk to the judge for the party.

The party that starts the lawsuit is called the plaintiff because they are complaining about something the other side has done. This is also called "suing", or to "sue".  The other party is called the defendant because it must defend what it has done.  Both sides or parties will show evidence or proof that they are right and the other side or party is wrong.  The parties may also ask witnesses questions about what the argument or disagreement is about.

After both parties have shown evidence and asked witnesses questions, the judge or jury will decide which party is right.  Then the court will do something to make the winning party happy again.  The court might make the losing party pay the winner money, or it might make the losing party stop doing something that made the winner unhappy.

The conduct of a lawsuit is called litigation. The plaintiffs and defendants are called litigants and the attorneys representing them are called litigators. The term litigation may also refer to criminal trial.

References

Law

Lawsuit


Elisabeth Auguste of Neuburg (Elisabeth Auguste Sofie; 1693–1728) was the only surviving child of Charles III Philip, Elector Palatine. The Palatinate-Neuburg line became extinct with her father and was succeeded by the Palatinate-Sulzbach line. Her sons with Count Palatine Joseph Charles of Sulzbach would have been the indisputable heirs to the Electorate of the Palatinate, but they all died in infancy. She was the Hereditary Princess of Sulzbach by marriage.

Life

Of Charles Philip's six children (five daughters and one stillborn son), Elisabeth Auguste was the only one to reach adulthood. She was the third daughter of Charles III Philip, then Count Palatine of Neuburg, and his first wife, Ludwika Karolina Radziwiłł. One of her sisters, Maria Anna, died before Elisabeth Auguste was born, aged one or two, and her sister Leopoldine died the year she was born, aged three. Her mother died on 25 March 1695, when Elisabeth Auguste was about two years old, and her father remarried when she was about eight years old to Princess Teresa Lubomirska. Her two half-sisters from her father's second marriage both died before turning three.

In 1716, her father succeeded his brother Johann Wilhelm as the Elector of the Palatinate. By then it was evident that the Palatinate-Neuburg line (established by two grandsons of Duke George of Bavaria, Otto Henry and Philip) would become extinct, as Charles III Philip and his brothers had all failed to produce a legitimate male heir. It was also obvious that the related Palatinate-Sulzbach line would succeed them. Joseph Charles, the eldest son of the Count Palatine of Sulzbach, was the clear heir. On 2 May 1717, Elisabeth Auguste married Joseph Charles in a move that united the two lines. The sons of the union would be the indisputable heirs of the Electorate of the Palatinate, preventing another succession war. However, all their sons died in infancy and only three daughters survived.

Elisabeth Auguste died in childbirth in 1728. Her husband died the following year in Oggersheim. The inheritance of the Electorate of the Palatinate passed to her husband's brother, John Christian Joseph's family. Upon her father's death in 1742, her husband's nephew, Charles Theodore, became Elector. Their daughter, also named Elizabeth Augusta, married Charles Theodore and became Electress.

Children
She was married in Innsbruck in 1717 to Count Palatine Joseph Charles Emanuel August of Sulzbach, son of Theodore Eustace of Sulzbach and Maria Eleonore of Hesse-Rotenburg. They had the following children:

 Charles Philip (1718–1724)
 Innocenza Maria (1719–1719)
 Elisabeth Auguste (1721–1794); married Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria
 Maria Anna (1722–1790); married Clement, Duke of Bavaria and Count Palatine
 Maria Francisca (1724–1794); married Frederick Michael, second son of Christian III, Duke of Zweibrücken
 Charles Philip August (1725–1728)
 a son, Pfalzgraf von der Pfalz (1728–1728)

Through her daughter Maria Francisca, she was a grandmother of Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria. He succeeded Charles Theodore as Elector Palatine in 1799.

Sources
Geneanet

1693 births
1728 deaths
Deaths in childbirth
House of Wittelsbach
Countesses Palatine of Sulzbach
Countesses Palatine of Neuburg
Burials at St. Michael's Church, Munich
Daughters of monarchs

Countess Palatine Elisabeth Auguste Sofie of Neuburg


Absalom Jones (November 7, 1746February 13, 1818) was an African-American abolitionist and clergyman who became prominent in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Disappointed at the racial discrimination he experienced in a local Methodist church, he founded the Free African Society with Richard Allen in 1787, a mutual aid society for African Americans in the city. The Free African Society included many people newly freed from slavery after the American Revolutionary War.

In 1794, Jones founded the first black Episcopal congregation, and in 1802, he was the first African American to be ordained as a priest in the Episcopal Church of the United States. He is listed on the Episcopal calendar of saints. He is remembered liturgically on the date of his death, February 13, in the 1979 Book of Common Prayer as "Absalom Jones, Priest, 1818".

Early life
Absalom Jones was born into slavery in Sussex County, Delaware, in 1746. When he was sixteen, his owner sold him along with his mother and siblings to a neighboring farmer. That year the farmer  kept Absalom, but sold his mother and siblings, and moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he became a merchant. Absalom was allowed to attend Anthony Benezet's School where he learned to read and write. While still enslaved by Mr. Wynkop (who was a vestryman of Christ Church and later St. Peter's), Absalom married Mary King (an enslaved woman owned by S. King, a neighbor to the Wynkoops), on January 4, 1770. Rev. Jacob Duché performed the wedding ceremony.

By 1778, Absalom had purchased his wife's freedom so that their children would be free; he asked for aid by donations and loans. (According to colonial law, children took the status of their mother, so children born to slave women were enslaved at birth.) Absalom also wrote to his master seeking his own freedom, but was initially denied. In 1784, however, Wynkoop manumitted him, inspired by revolutionary ideals. Absalom took the surname "Jones" as an indication of his American identity.

Later, Jones applied for his freedom for the second time  and he was released from slavery on October 1, 1784. After being released from slavery, Absalom was ordained in September in 1804. This made him the first black person to be ordained in America by a well-known religion.

Methodist Church
Around 1780, a Methodist movement was sweeping through the colonies as part of the Second Great Awakening. It came at a time of revolutionary ferment in the closing period of the American Revolutionary War. The movement was especially popular in New York, Baltimore, and Philadelphia. Methodists had developed in Great Britain as evangelicals within the Church of England. In December 1784, Thomas Coke and Francis Asbury established the Methodist Episcopal Church as a new denomination, separate from the Church of England.

Ministerial career
Pennsylvania abolished slavery and became a free state in the new United States. Jones became a lay minister of the interracial congregation of St. George's Methodist Episcopal Church in Philadelphia. The Methodist church admitted persons of all races and allowed African Americans to preach. Together with Richard Allen, Jones was one of the first African Americans licensed to preach by the Methodist Episcopal Church.

But members of the church still practiced racial discrimination. In 1792, while at St. George's Methodist Episcopal Church, Absalom Jones and other African American members were told that they could not join the rest of the congregation in seating and kneeling on the first floor and instead had to be segregated first sitting against the wall and then in the gallery or balcony. After completing their prayer, Jones and most of the church's African American members got up and walked out.

Jones and Allen founded the Free African Society (FAS), first conceived as a non-denominational mutual aid society, to help newly freed people in Philadelphia. Jones and Allen later separated, as their religious lives took different directions after 1794 as discussed below. They remained lifelong friends and collaborators.

As 1791 began, Jones started holding religious services at FAS, which the following year became the core of his African Church in Philadelphia. Jones wanted to establish an African American congregation independent of Caucasian control, while remaining part of the Episcopal Church. After a successful petition, the African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas, the first black church in Philadelphia, opened its doors on July 17, 1794. Jones was ordained as a deacon in 1795 and as a priest in 1802, became the first African-American priest in the Episcopal Church.

A month after St. Thomas church opened, the Founders and Trustees published "The Causes and Motives for Establishing St. Thomas's African Church of Philadelphia," saying their intent was, "to arise out of the dust and shake ourselves, and throw off that servile fear, that the habit of oppression and bondage trained us up in."

Famous for his oratory, Jones helped establish the tradition of anti-slavery sermons on New Year's Day. His sermon for January 1, 1808, the date on which the U.S. Constitution mandated the end of the African slave trade, was called "A Thanksgiving Sermon" and published in pamphlet form. It became famous. Rumors persisted that Jones had supernatural abilities to influence the minds of assembled congregations. Caucasian observers failed to recognize his oratory skills, perhaps because they believed rhetoric to be beyond the capabilities of people of African descent. Numerous other African-American leaders were similarly said to have supernatural abilities.

Fugitive Slave Act of 1793

In 1775, the state of North Carolina had made it illegal to free slaves unless approved by a county court, a provision largely ignored by members of the Society of Friends (Quakers). They not only continued to free their own slaves, but in some cases bought slaves from other men in order to free them. In 1788 the North Carolina legislature passed a law allowing the capture and sale of any former slave who had been freed without court approval, with twenty percent of the sale price going as reward to the person who reported the illegal manumission. Many freed African Americans fled the state to avoid being captured and sold back into slavery.

After becoming the first black and freedman to be ordained as a priest, and as the Constitution's deadline for abolition of the slave trade passed, Jones took part in the first group of African Americans to petition the U.S. Congress. Their petition related to the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793, which they criticized for encouraging cruelty and brutality, as well as supporting the continuing criminal practice of kidnapping free blacks and selling them into slavery.  Jones drafted a petition on behalf of four freed slaves and asked Congress to adopt "some remedy for an evil of such magnitude."

The petition was presented on 30 January 1797 by U.S. Representative John Swanwick of Pennsylvania.  Jones used moral suasion: trying to convince whites that slavery was immoral, offensive to God, and contrary to the nation's ideal. Although U.S. Representative George Thatcher of Massachusetts argued that the petition should be accepted and referred to the Committee on the Fugitive Law, but the House of Representatives declined to accept the petition by a vote of 50 to 33.  Jones submitted a similar petition two years later, which was also declined.

African Methodist Episcopal Church

On a parallel path, Richard Allen (1760–1831), founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), the first independent black church within the Methodist tradition. He and his followers converted a building and opened on July 29, 1794, as Bethel AME Church. In 1799, Allen was ordained as the first black minister in the Methodist Church by Bishop Francis Asbury. In 1816, Allen gathered other black congregations in the region to create a new and fully independent denomination,  the African Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1816, Allen was elected as the AME's first bishop.

Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793

Yellow fever repeatedly struck Philadelphia and other coastal cities in the 1790s, until sanitary improvements advocated by Dr. Benjamin Rush were adopted and completed. In the meantime, Allen and Jones assisted Rush in helping people afflicted by the plague, for people of African descent initially were rumored to be immune. Many Caucasians (including most doctors except for Rush and his assistants, some of whom died) fled the city hoping to escape infection. Allen and Jones' corps of African American Philadelphians, helped nurse the sick, as well as bury the dead. Jones in particular sometimes worked through the night. However, Rush's reliance on bleeding and purging as a medical treatment proved misplaced.

When Mathew Carey published a popular pamphlet accusing African Americans of profiting from nursing sick Caucasian citizens, Jones and Allen published a protest pamphlet in response. They described sacrifices that they and members of the Free African Society made for the health of the city. Philadelphia Mayor Matthew Clarkson, who had called upon them for help, publicly recognized that Jones and Allen acted upon their desires to improve the entire community. Jones' responses to the overall crisis strengthened ties between 'free' African Americans and many progressive Caucasians, aiding him later on when he established St. Thomas' Episcopal Church. Almost twenty times more black people helped the plague-struck than did whites, which proved crucial in helping St. Thomas Church to gain social acceptance.

Death and legacy

Jones died on February 13, 1818, in Philadelphia.   He was originally interred in the St. Thomas Churchyard in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.  His body was relocated to Lebanon Cemetery and then to Eden Cemetery.  In 1991, his remains were exhumed, cremated and placed in a reliquary in the Absalom Jones altar of the current African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas (now located at 6361 Lancaster Avenue in Philadelphia).  The chapel is named in his honor, as is the church's rectory.

The national Episcopal Church remembers his life and service annually with a Lesser Feast on the anniversary of his death, February 13.

The Diocese of Pennsylvania honors his memory with an annual celebration and award.

See also

 List of slaves

Further reading
 "Leadership Gallery: The Reverend Absalom Jones, 1746–1818", Episcopal Church Archives
 Lewis, Harold T., The Reverend Canon, "Absalom Jones: A Model for Self-Determination", sermon, Christ Church Cathedral, Hartford, Connecticut, Sunday February 10, 1991.
 Absalom Jones. "Free Black Petition to Congress, 1797"  (Volume 1, 2013)
 "1774-1779: The U.S. Constitution" by Donna Brazile in Four Hundred Souls: A Community History of African America, 1619–2019 edited by Ibram X. Kendi and Keisha N. Blain. New York: One World. 2021. Pages 153-157.

References

External links

 Thomas F. Ulle, A History of St. Thomas' African Episcopal Church, 1794–1865, Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania
 "A Thanksgiving Sermon" (1808), Antislavery Literature Project
 "The African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas", Information at the Official Web site of the Episcopal Church
 African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas, Official Website
 Official Web site of the Diocese of Pennsylvania
 Absalom Jones birthplace in Milford, Delaware, is at coordinates

1746 births
1818 deaths
People from Milford, Delaware
Clergy from Philadelphia
African-American abolitionists
African-American Methodists
African Methodist Episcopal Church clergy
American Episcopal priests
18th-century American slaves
Methodist abolitionists
Activists from Philadelphia
People of colonial Delaware
People of colonial Pennsylvania
Literate American slaves
Anglican saints
Burials at Eden Cemetery (Collingdale, Pennsylvania)
Burials at Lebanon Cemetery
African-American upper class

Absalom Jones


Knap of Howar is a neolithic settlement on Papa Westray (one of the Orkney Islands) in Scotland. The farm was occupied from about 3700 to 2800 BC. The farm consists of two buildings: One has been interpreted as house where people lived, the other as a workshop of sorts.The houses have no windows, both entries face the sea. It is believed that the houses where lit by fires.

Settlements in Scotland

Knap of Howar


ITV Anglia, previously known as Anglia Television, is the ITV franchise holder for the East of England. The station is based at Anglia House in Norwich, with regional news bureaux in Cambridge and Northampton. ITV Anglia is owned and operated by ITV plc under the licence name of ITV Broadcasting Limited.

ITV Anglia broadcasts to Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Cambridgeshire, Northamptonshire, Bedfordshire, northern Hertfordshire, northern Buckinghamshire and the southeastern fringes of Lincolnshire. Its principal programme nowadays is ITV News Anglia which is split into two regional editions, both airing at 18:00 on weekdays and various times at weekends.

History

Anglia Television launched on 27 October 1959 as an independent company serving the East of England, the eleventh ITA station to go on air. At its launch, Anglia broadcast from the Mendlesham Transmitter and was soon joined by Sandy Heath and then Belmont. Under the chairmanship of Aubrey Buxton the station soon established a reputation for producing excellent drama, through a deal with the then-franchise holder for London, Associated-Rediffusion. Anglia also established the long-running nature documentary series Survival. During the early 1960s, it looked towards the unserved portion of south-east England, which was to be served by a transmitter at Dover, as a logical extension to its eastern bailiwick – however, the ITA decided to hand this part of the country to Southern Television instead.

In 1973, the IBA planned to transfer the Belmont transmitter, which served Lincolnshire, north Norfolk and parts of the East Midlands, away from Anglia to Yorkshire Television. The public protested against such a move, especially in parts of north Norfolk. Anglia decided not to publicly fight the IBA plans, after a board member had agreed to produce a film for the IBA explaining why Anglia should be allowed to keep hold of the Belmont transmitter. On 30 July 1974, the transmitter was transferred; due to this change, Anglia's profits were reduced from £2.2 million to £1.29 million. However, by 1976 Anglia had managed to improve its operations, posting results of £1.47 million. Anglia described the improvement as "satisfactory", and its prospects were considered "encouraging".

In 1975, the technicians' union (ACTT) criticised Anglia over the amount of regional programming being produced at the station, stating it had been dramatically decreasing since 1970 to just five hours per week. The concerns were raised to the IBA, who they believed would be able to construe the rapid decline in programming as the failure of Anglia to not fully commit to its obligations for the franchise area.

In December 1976, Anglia dropped the Thames children's series Pauline's Quirkes as it believed it was insufficiently entertaining for its young audience. The company denied the move was due to the high volume of complaints about the content of the series. Thames said it was "surprised" at the decision, as the programme had rated well.

In the autumn of 1977, a commercial Dutch television company was recording Anglia television signals and transmitting its English programmes, including Granada's Coronation Street and its own Survival, to its viewers in Amsterdam. The Dutch government did not believe it was a violation of Dutch copyright law – EBU legal advisers held discussions about to how resolve the matter.

In 1979, a survey carried out by the IBA highlighted Anglia as one of the best known ITV companies – Anglia claimed that this was a testament to the strength of its commitment to a prominent local and national identity.

1980s
In 1980, Anglia successfully retained the franchise after defeating a challenge from East of England TV, who wished to operate from Cambridge. In addition, the IBA bowed to public pressure from 70,000 viewers in northern parts of Norfolk who were served by Yorkshire Television via the Belmont Transmitter; many of the viewers had gone to "considerable trouble and expense" to receive Anglia Television. Three new low powered relay stations were built, allowing easier access to Anglia transmissions.

Anglia was one of the first ITV companies to begin 24-hour transmission, launching a full overnight service in August 1987.

1990s to present
On 9 July 1990, About Anglia was replaced by a new dual news service, with both editions of Anglia News broadcast from Norwich (long before this became standard practice in other ITV regions). Journalists were also based at seven regional newsrooms and a Westminster bureau. Anglia began providing separate news services for the East and West of the Anglia region. The two services were replaced with a single pan-regional service in February 2009 as part of major cutbacks to ITV's regional news output, but have latterly been restored as ITV News Anglia.

In 1993, Anglia forged a partnership with American pay-TV network HBO, owned by Time Warner (now Warner Bros. Discovery). Under this arrangement, Anglia acquired half-ownership in Citadel, an HBO production subsidiary; Time Warner subsequently acquired 50 percent of Itel, Anglia's distribution unit. In addition, a new company was formed: Anglia Television Entertainment, 51% owned by Anglia and 49% owned by HBO. In 1993, the station took over the cartoon studio Cosgrove Hall, when it was sold off by its original owners, Thames Television, though it remained based in Manchester.

In early 1994, Anglia Television was bought by MAI (owners of Meridian Broadcasting), who merged with United Newspapers to form United News and Media. They were joined by HTV in 1996. In 2000, following United's aborted merger attempt with Carlton Communications, Granada plc bought Anglia and Meridian, whilst selling off HTV (not including its studios) to Carlton. In 2004, Granada finally merged with Carlton to form ITV plc, which ended Anglia Television's existence as a separate brand. During its period of UBM ownership, a 'youth' channel was launched to cable and satellite from Anglia Television's facilities, Rapture TV; some productions for the ITV network were also shared with Rapture, which was retained by UBM after the sale to Granada, but later closed down and its assets sold. Many early programmes for the newly launched Channel 5 were made at Anglia Television, as UBM also owned a stake in the channel (later sold to RTL Group).

Anglia Television no longer makes a significant content contribution to ITV nationally (the last major programme being Trisha, before it moved to Channel 5) and the semi-independent Anglia Factual brand, which supplied content for Discovery Channel in the USA, Channel 4 and Channel 5 in the UK and other broadcasters worldwide, was closed in January 2012 with any returning series re-allocated to either the London or Manchester factual departments. Notable series included Animal Precinct and Animal Cops for Animal Planet, Monkey Kingdom for Channel 5 and Real Crime and Survival with Ray Mears for ITV (credited as ITV Studios). Commercial Breaks, the now-defunct commercial production agency owned by ITV's sales division, was also based in Norwich.

In 2006, ITV plc swapped subsidiaries, which involved renaming Anglia Television Limited as ITV Broadcasting Limited and vice versa. However, due to Ofcom licensing regulation, the new Anglia Television Limited could not take up the franchise, which meant that the East Anglia franchise was effectively transferred to ITV Broadcasting Limited. All other franchises then owned by ITV plc were transferred to ITV Broadcasting Limited in December 2008. Thus, technically the former Anglia Television Limited (as ITV Broadcasting Limited) now holds all eleven regional ITV licences in England, Wales and southern Scotland; the other three ITV plc-owned licensees, Channel Television Limited, ITV Breakfast Broadcasting Limited and UTV Limited, were acquired after 2008. Currently Anglia Television Limited is listed on www.companieshouse.gov.uk as a private owned company.

Studios

Throughout Anglia's existence, the company has retained its headquarters at Anglia House in Norwich, which contains four studios and offices for the company. As Anglia's production grew the company also expanded, buying a former bowling alley in Magdalen Street in the late 1970s and creating a further studio, referred to as 'Studio E'. While larger productions moved here, as did the news service in 1999, some smaller productions (such as regional programmes) continued at Anglia House.

In recent years though, and especially since the formation of ITV plc, the need for studio space has become unnecessary. In 2006, Anglia sold its Magdalen Street studio complex (which included its newsroom and twin news studios) to Norfolk County Council, which, with the help of the East of England Development Agency, created EPIC – the East of England Production Innovation Centre. Intended as an "incubator" for small creative and media enterprises, Studio E (formerly home to Trisha) is now available for hire as an independent facility. One of the first tenants of EPIC was Televirtual, a company formed out of Broadsword Productions which made Anglia's popular children's show Knightmare. A major education partner at EPIC is the Norwich School of Art and Design, which has based its Foundation Degree in Film and Video at the centre since September 2007. As a consequence of the sale, Anglia News moved back to a new state-of-the-art facility at Anglia House.

Identity

Anglia's original ident was a silver statue of a knight on horseback. At the end, the camera zoomed in on the pennon atop the knight's lance, which showed the station's name. An arrangement by Malcolm Sargent, of Handel's Water Music was played over the film. The Anglia knight logo became so closely identified with the station that when Anglia produced a book to mark its fortieth anniversary in 1999, it was entitled A Knight On The Box. Before the ident, the channel's start-up music was Ralph Vaughan Williams' Sea Songs, which was used from 1959 until the early 1980s. With the introduction of colour television on ITV in November 1969 (although not in the Anglia region until October 1970), the ident was remade with constant lighting, and the knight
constantly rotating on a turntable – a longer version of the ident was used at the start of the day's transmission until the mid 1980s.

On Monday 21 March 1988, the knight was replaced by a new identity a quasi-heraldic stylised 'A' made of triangles, designed by Robinson Lambie-Nairn at a cost of £500,000. The ident was accompanied by a deep sombre jingle composed by Nic Rowley and remained in use until 8 November 1999, when (along with most other ITV companies), Anglia took the Hearts idents, which featured the stylised "A" – though in a square rather than a flag – and were used until 2002.

On 28 October 2002, Anglia lost its on screen identity in favour of the ITV1 brand, with regional idents only before regional programming. This regional ident featured the Anglia name below the ITV1 logo against a blue background covering half of the screen, with a celebrity covering the other half. The Anglia logo could still be seen on screen as part of the news service and on the purple end boards used by the Granada companies introduced in 2001. In 2004, with all English and Welsh-based companies now owned by ITV plc, the station lost its separate identity. The station was officially branded as ITV Anglia, and the stylised 'A' logo was dropped as the company logo, with the on screen name used less and less, and dropped entirely by 2006.

Programmes
Much of Anglia's back catalogue is now held and preserved at the East Anglian Film Archive. A number of Anglia Television's productions including The Way We Were, Bygones and Anglia At War have been released on DVD. A compilation of the first years of Anglia TV's local news, Here Was the News was also released in 2009.

Some of Anglia's best known programmes were:

 Survival (1961–2001)
 Bygones (1967–89)
 Sale of the Century (1971–83)
 Gambit (1975–85, 1995)
 Backs to the Land (1977–78)
 Tales of the Unexpected (1979–88)
 Birthday Club (1980–2002)
 Ten adaptations of the Adam Dalgliesh novels of P. D. James (1983–98)
 The Zodiac Game (1984–85)
 A Killing on the Exchange (1987)
 Cause Célèbre (1987)
 Knightmare (1987–94)
 Menace Unseen (1988)
 Lucky Ladders (1988–1993)
 Anything More Would Be Greedy (1989)
 The Chief (1990–95)
 Jumble (1991–92)
 Chimera (1991)
 Growing Rich (1992)
 Jilly Cooper's Riders (1993)
 My Good Friend (1995–96)
 Jilly Cooper's The Man Who Made Husbands Jealous (1997)
 Bring Me the Head of Light Entertainment (1997–2000)
 Where the Heart Is (1997–2001)
 Touching Evil (1997–99)
 Trisha (1998–2004)
 Animal Cops (2002–2018)

See also
 ITV (TV channel)
 ITV plc
 ITV London
 ITV Central
 ITV Yorkshire
 East Anglia

Further information
 A Knight On The Box,

References

External links

ITV franchisees
Mass media companies of the United Kingdom
Television in England
Television channels and stations established in 1959
Companies based in Norwich
Mass media in Norwich
1959 establishments in England

ITV Anglia


Benjamin Bwalya Jnr (30 August 1961 – 9 February 1999) was a Zambian footballer and coach. Bwalya was the son of soccer administrator Benjamin Bwalya Snr and the elder brother of celebrated former Zambian player Kalusha Bwalya. The youngest brother Joel Bwalya was also a footballer.

He played his club football for Mufulira Blackpool, Mufulira Wanderers and Nchanga Rangers, and after retirement he became Konkola Blades' coach.

Early life
Bwalya was born in Mufulira to Benjamin Bwalya Sr and Elidah Bwalya and when the family moved to Ndola he went to Kansenshi Primary School from 1968 to 1974. He did his secondary school education at Mufulira Secondary from 1975 and upon completion, went for the compulsory national service training camp in 1981. In 1978, his father travelled to Madagascar with Wanderers and bought Bwalya his first pair of Adidas boots, a pair which he treasured and swore to keep and hang in his house for his children to see.

Playing career
Bwalya joined Mufulira Blackpool in 1978 where it was quite a challenge playing alongside names like John Lengwe, Simon Kaushi and the player he admired the most, Alex Chola. His young brother Kalusha would follow to watch him play and he eventually joined Blackpool as well. Bwalya could play all forward positions but featured mainly as a right winger, in contrast to his left-footed younger brother who was solely a left winger. In 1981 they moved to the mine-sponsored giants Wanderers at the behest of their father, who felt they were better off playing for the club that was sponsored by the company he worked for.

That same year, he travelled to Lubumbashi with Wanderers and they took part in two friendlies against St. Louis Lupopo and TP Mazembe. It was during this tour that he earned the nickname 'Boga' after which he admitted that he did not bother to find out what it meant but the name spread like wildfire in Mufulira.

The hugely talented Bwalya left Wanderers in 1984 for Chingola-based Premier League rivals Nchanga Rangers who he would play for until 1991 after which he retired from playing and coached briefly as one of the assistants at Rangers before joining Konkola Blades in 1992 as coach.

National team
Bwalya made a single appearance for Zambia in a friendly against Malawi in 1985 in Ndola which ended in a 1-1 draw.

Although he was often called to the national team, he never featured for Zambia again. In January 1987, he was dropped from the national team, prompting him to question the national team selectors. "You must have full-backs to stay in the national team ... some of the players in the so-called national team are not talented at all."

Coaching career
Upon retirement, Bwalya took up coaching and briefly worked as one of the assistants at Nchanga Stadium before moving to neighbouring Konkola Blades as head coach. Under him, Blades developed into a strong team and won the 1998 Mosi Cup after beating Zanaco FC 2-1 in Lusaka. He also served as coach for the U-17 and U-20 national teams and worked as one of the assistant coaches to Roald Poulsen at the senior national team. He was also appointed assistant coach to Ben Bamfuchile in 1998.

Death
In January 1999, Bwalya travelled with the national team to Madagascar for a CAN qualifier. On the day of the match, he fell ill and missed the game which Zambia won 2-1. When the team returned, he was admitted to Malcolm Watson Hospital with suspected cerebral malaria on January 27. Bwalya died in hospital on the night of 9 February 1999. The passing of the young coach who was just coming into his own was described as a terrible loss to the football fraternity.

References

1961 births
Zambian men's footballers
Zambia men's international footballers
Zambian football managers
1999 deaths
Men's association football forwards
People from Mufulira

Benjamin Bwalya


Immanuel Gottlob Friedrich Faisst (13 October 1823 in Esslingen am Neckar – 5 June 1894 in Stuttgart) was a German composer and co-founder of the Stuttgart Music School, whose director he was, until his death. His compositions include works for organ, and some exercises on double fugue for piano, lieders, choruses, motets, cantatas, etc. Finally, along with Sigmund Lebert and Hans von Bülow, he published in 1881 the famous Cotta edition of the Beethoven Sonatas.

Life
He was sent to the seminary at Schönthal in 1836, and in 1840 to Tübingen, in order to study theology; but bis musical talents, which had previously shown themselves in the direction of great proficiency on the organ, were too strong, and, although he received no direct musical instruction worth mentioning, he had made such progress in composition by 1844 that when he went to Berlin and showed his productions to Mendelssohn, that master advised him to work by himself rather than attach himself to any teacher.

In 1846 he appeared in public as an organ player in many German towns, and finally took up his abode in Stuttgart. Here in 1847 he founded an organ school and a society for the study of church music. He undertook the direction of several choral societies, and in 1857 took a prominent part in the foundation of the Conservatorium, to the management of which he was appointed two years later. Some time before this the University of Tübingen bestowed upon him the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in recognition of the value of his 'Beträge zum Geschichte der Claviersonate,' an important contribution to the musical periodical Cäcilia (1846), and the title of Professor was given him a few years afterwards. In 1865 he was appointed organist of the Stiftskirche, and received a prize for his choral work 'Gesang im Grünen' at the choral festival in Dresden. His setting of Schiller's 'Macht des Gesanges' was equally successful in the following year with the Schlesische Sängerbund, and a cantata 'Des Sängers Wiederkehr' has been frequently performed. His compositions are almost entirely confined to church music and choral compositions. Several quartets for male voices, and organ pieces were published collectively, and the Lebert and Stark 'Pianoforteschule' contains a double fugue by him. With the latter he published in 1880 an 'Elementar- und Chorgesangschule,' which has considerable value. He undertook the editing of the great edition of Beethoven's pianoforte sonatas with Lebert, for the firm of Cotta, for which edition Von Bülow edited the sonatas from op. 53 onwards. Faisst died at Stuttgart, June 5, 1894.

References

1823 births
1894 deaths
German Romantic composers
German classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Academic staff of the State University of Music and Performing Arts Stuttgart
19th-century classical composers
German male classical composers
19th-century classical pianists
19th-century German composers
German pianists
German male pianists
19th-century German male musicians

Immanuel Faisst


Warkari (Marathi: वारकरी; Pronunciation: [ʋaːɾkəɾiː]; Meaning: 'The one who performs the Wari') is a sampradaya (religious movement) within the bhakti spiritual tradition of Hinduism, geographically associated with the Indian state of Maharashtra. Warkaris worship Vitthal (also known as Vithoba), the presiding deity of Pandharpur, regarded as a form of Vishnu. Saints and gurus of the bhakti movement associated with the Warkaris include Dnyaneshwar, Namdev, Chokhamela, Eknath, and Tukaram all of whom are accorded the title of Sant. Recent research has suggested that the Varkaris were historically the followers of Krishna.

Influence
The Warkari tradition has been part of Hindu culture in Maharashtra since the thirteenth-century CE, when it formed as a panth (community of people with shared spiritual beliefs and practices) during the Bhakti movement. Warkaris recognise around fifty poet-saints (sants) whose works over a period of 500 years were documented in an eighteenth-century hagiography by Mahipati. The Warkari tradition regards these sants to have a common spiritual line of descent.

Practices
The Warkari movement includes the worship of Vithoba and a duty-based approach towards life emphasising moral behavior and strict avoidance of alcohol and tobacco, the adoption of sattvic diet, a modified  lacto-vegetarian diet that excludes onion and garlic and fasting on Ekadashi day (twice a month), self-restraint (celibacy) during student life, equality and humanity for all rejecting discrimination based on the caste system or wealth, the reading of Hindu texts, the recitation of the Haripath every day and the regular practice of bhajan and kirtan.
The Warkaris wear tulashi-mala, a rosary made from the wood of the sacred Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum L.) plant. The Warkari men may be known by their three upright brow lines, a black between two white gopichandan or white clay and sandal-paste lines which is also popular with other Vaishnavaite devotees.
Varkaris look upon God as the Ultimate Truth and ascertained grades of values in social life but accept ultimate equality among men. Varkaris bow in front of each other because "everybody is Brahma" and stressed individual sacrifice, forgiveness, simplicity, peaceful co-existence, compassion, non-violence, love and humility in social life.
The Warkari poet-saints are known for their devotional lyrics, the abhang, dedicated to Vithoba and composed in Marathi. Other devotional literature includes the Kannada hymns of the Haridasa, and Marathi versions of the generic aarti songs associated with rituals of offering light to the deity. Notable saints and gurus of the Warkaris include Jñāneśvar, Namdev, Chokhamela, Eknath, and Tukaram, all of whom are accorded the title of Sant.

Pilgrimages
Warkari people undertake an annual pilgrimage called wari, to Pandharpur, gathering there on Ekadashi (the 11th day) of the Hindu lunar calendar month of Ashadha, corresponding to a date falling sometime between late June to July in the Gregorian calendar. Pilgrims carry Palkhi of the saints from their places of Samadhi (Enlightenment or "spiritual birth"). The tradition of carrying the paduka (sandals) of the sants in a Palkhi was started by the youngest son of Tukaram, Narayan Maharaj, in 1685. Further changes were brought to the pilgrimage by descendants of Tukaram in the 1820s and by Haibatravbaba, a courtier of the Scindias and devotee of Dnyaneshwar.

Devotees of Vitthal were holding pilgrimages prior to the 14th century. In the present day, about 40 palkhis and their devotees from all over Maharashtra do so. Another pilgrimage is celebrated on the Ekadashi of the month of Kartika, which falls in November of the Gregorian Calendar.

Events such as Ringan and Dhava are held during the pilgrimage. During the Ringan, an unmounted sacred horse called Maulincha Ashva, who is believed to be the soul of the saint whose idol is being carried in the litter, runs through the rows of pilgrims, who try catching the dust particles kicked off and smear their head with the same. Dhava is another kind of race where everyone wins and it is held to commemorate the manner in which Tukaram first saw the temple at Pandharpur and started running in sheer exhilaration.

References

Further reading

Turner, Victor. "The Center out There: Pilgrim's Goal." History of Religions, vol. 12, no. 3, 1973, pp. 191–230. JSTOR, . Accessed 23 Oct. 2022.

13th-century establishments in India
Anti-caste movements
Bhakti-era Hindu sects
Hinduism in Maharashtra
Krishnaite Vaishnava denominations
Religions that require vegetarianism
Sant Mat
Vaishnava sects

Warkari


Marsupial moles (Notoryctidae) is a family of marsupials of the order Notoryctemorphia. There are only two extant species:

 Notoryctes typhlops (Southern Marsupial Mole)
 Notoryctes caurinus (Northern Marsupial Mole)

Description
The two species of marsupial moles are rare and poorly understood burrowing mammals of the deserts of Western Australia.

Marsupial moles spend most of their time underground, coming to the surface only occasionally, probably mostly after rains. They are blind, their eyes having become reduced to vestigial lenses under the skin, and they have no external ears, just a pair of tiny holes hidden under thick hair. They do not dig permanent burrows, filling the tunnel in behind them as they move.

Marsupials of Australia

Marsupial mole


On 14 May 1607, just over one hundred men settled in what is now Jamestown, Virginia to become the first permanent English colony in the New World. In 1619 the first women and slaves
arrived, and the colonists elected some of their number to the House of Burgesses, the first representative legislature in the Americas. The colony was chartered on 10 April 1606, one year back.

To mark the 350th anniversary of the founding of Jamestown Settlement, in 1957 a large festival park opened with much ballyhoo: Queen Elizabeth II of England made an official appearance and loaned a copy of the Magna Carta for the exhibition. There is now a working reconstruction of the settlement -- and of the three ships that brought the colonists: the Godspeed, the Discovery, and the Susan Constant (or Sarah Constant) -- that is very popular with tourists, especially school groups. Recent archeological work at the site is still expanding our knowledge of what happened at Jamestown in its earliest days.

History of Virginia
1607

Jamestown Settlement


Human resources is all the people working for a company or organization. Sometimes, human capital is used as well. This is because employees (the people that work) are a good thing for a business because they add value to it.

The economist John Commons used the term "human resource" in his 1893 book, The Distribution of Wealth, but did not develop it further. The concept of "human resources" was in use during the 1910s and 20s in the sense that workers were perceived as a type of capital asset. For the first time in the modern sense, the concept of "human resource" was used by economist Edward Bakke in his report in 1958.

Examples are teachers, etc.

It is important that human resources in a company are the best possible, because it is the workers that can make the difference. There are many factors to think about when talking of human resources:
Demographics, which is things like the age and sex of the people. It is important that there are both new young people starting and old people with lots of knowledge around a business.
Diversity, so that all type of people are represented equally.
Skills and qualifications: it is important that only people with the right skills do a job. Otherwise, it will be a loss of time and money.

Human resources management is the group of people within a company that takes care of human resources. They make sure every employee is happy with what they are doing. They also do recruitment (finding new people for a job).

References

Business

Human resources


Rob Barraco is an American keyboardist.  Born and raised on Long Island, NY, he has played with Phil Lesh and Friends, The Dead, Dark Star Orchestra, Chris Robinson & New Earth Mud, the Zen Tricksters, Red Flannel Hash, and The Dragonflys.  He was the permanent keyboardist for Phil Lesh and Friends from 2000 to 2003 and has been in the band's line-up at other times.  He also played keyboards (alongside Jeff Chimenti) when ex-members of The Grateful Dead reformed as The Other Ones (in 2002), and then as The Dead (in 2003).

Rob has played music on both keyboard and guitar since the age of 6 and has been a professional musician all his adult life. For over ten years in the 1980s and early 1990s he was keyboardist for the popular The Cosby Show and its spin-off, A Different World. Rob toured with R&B performer Freddie Jackson in the late 1980s before joining The Zen Tricksters. Rob spent eleven years touring and recording with The Tricksters, turning out two studio albums and playing live shows across the US and Canada. Their second album, A Love Surreal, brought the band to the attention of Grateful Dead bassist Phil Lesh, who summoned Rob and Trickster guitarist Jeff Mattson to play a series of shows in San Francisco and then on to tour the country double billing with Bob Dylan. That band included drummer  John Molo and Allman Brothers Band guitarists Derek Trucks and Warren Haynes. The following year Barraco became a member of the Phil Lesh Quintet, including Lesh, Barraco, Molo, Haynes, and guitarist Jimmy Herring. Known by fans as "The Q", the Quintet went on to tour the United States for three years and put out one studio album, There and Back Again. In 2002, Barraco joined with the original members of the Grateful Dead for two shows at the Alpine Valley Music Theater, and then toured with them as The Other Ones in 2002 and 2003. In 2004, he joined Chris Robinson's New Earth Mud. In 2005, Barraco toured with Dark Star Orchestra after the death of keyboardist Scott Larned and continues to play with them at the present time, although he also played sporadically with Phil Lesh and Friends in 2005 and continuously through 2006. Rob has also collaborated with Grateful Dead lyricist Robert Hunter on seven songs recorded on his 2007 solo release, When We All Come Home.

Discography

The Zen Tricksters
The Holy Fool, 1997
A Love Surreal, 1999
For Rex: The Black Tie Dye Ball -  The Zen Tricksters w/ Donna Godchaux, Mickey Hart, Tom Constanten, David Nelson, Michael Falzarano, Rob Barraco, 2006

Phil Lesh and Friends
There And Back Again, 2002
Live at the Warfield, 2006
Instant Live Summer Tour, 2006

The Dead
Summer Getaway, 2003

Gov't Mule
The Deep End, Vol. 2, 2002

Rob Barraco
When We All Come Home, 2007

References

External links
Dark Star Orchestra
 Phil Lesh and Friends
 The Dead
 The Zen Tricksters
 Gov't Mule

American rock keyboardists
Living people
The Other Ones members
21st-century American keyboardists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Dark Star Orchestra members

Rob Barraco


Ivan Soll (born Albert Ivan Soll; born March 1938) is an American philosopher who is a Professor Emeritus in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in the United States.  He taught at UW from 1965 until his retirement in May 2011.  His teaching and research focused on the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche, German philosophy in general, existentialism, aesthetics, and various figures of continental philosophy.

Background
Soll was a student of Nietzsche scholar and translator Walter Kaufmann while at Princeton University.  Soll completed his A.B. at Princeton University in 1960 with a senior thesis titled "Futility, Freedom and Freud: A Critical Triptych on the Philosophy of Jean-Paul Sartre".  He then pursued graduate studies in philosophy at Harvard University, the University of Munich, and Princeton University, where he received his Ph.D. in 1966 with a dissertation titled "Hegel's Search For Absolute Knowledge".

Soll taught the majority of his academic career at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.  He came to UW-Madison as an instructor in philosophy in 1964, and taught there until his retirement in May 2011.  He was promoted to assistant professor in 1966, promoted again to associate professor with tenure in 1969, and to full professor in 1973.  He has also held visiting professorships at Justus-Liebig University (Germany), the University of Auckland, and the Bosphorus University, Istanbul.  His philosophical interests include continental philosophy - especially German philosophy, Friedrich Nietzsche, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Arthur Schopenhauer, Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus, and existentialism generally.  He also focused on the intersections of philosophy and literature, the history of philosophy, aesthetics, philosophical psychology, and philosophy of life.

He has published widely in aesthetics, and complements his academic knowledge with expert proficiency in the manufacture of fine art books.  Ivan has exhibited his hand-crafted art books in many galleries around the world, and he has integrated the experience in doing so with his academic work.  In the area of German philosophy, he has written the influential Introduction to Hegel's Metaphysics, has authored more than 50 scholarly articles, and has given nearly 130 talks at various national and international venues.

Soll has been the recipient of NEH, ACLS, and UW-Madison IRH fellowships, as well as a Bellagio fellowship from the Rockefeller Foundation and a German D.A.A.D award.  He has frequently been the lead professor at UW-Madison study abroad programs: in London (twice), Florence (five times) and Budapest (twice).

Ideas, Activities and Contributions
Soll established his reputation among Nietzsche scholars with his 1973 essay "Reflections on Recurrence: A Re-Examination of Nietzsche's Doctrine" which puts forth a novel interpretation of Nietzsche's idea of the eternal recurrence.  Soll's interpretation states that the literal possibility of the eternal recurrence is not as important as taking on the idea for what its consequences imply.  He argues that the implications of this idea force the individual to evaluate past, current, and future life choices.

Documented in the book Genius In Their Own Words: The Intellectual Journeys of Seven Great 20th-Century Thinkers edited by David Ramsay Steele (foreword by Arthur Danto) a mediated series of questions posed by Soll were presented to the famed French existentialist philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre on various aspects of Sartre's philosophy with Sartre providing his answers to Soll's questions.

Soll contributed three introductions to Walter Kaufmann's Discovering the Mind series of books which were some of the last published works from Kaufmann.  Soll has also authored several encyclopedia entries on different topics of philosophy.  He continues to be discussed by younger Nietzsche scholars like Bernard Reginster who engaged with his ideas in the 2006 book The Affirmation of Life: Nietzsche on Overcoming Nihilism.

Soll's courses on Nietzsche and Existentialism at the University of Wisconsin–Madison continue to be popular courses in the Wisconsin Philosophy Department.  He regularly teaches Introduction to Philosophy thereby introducing the discipline to many new students.

Soll and his wife, Marta Gomez, have produced original artists' books collaboratively at their Tiramisu Press in Madison, Wisconsin.

Soll was a participant in the Peter Sloterdijk lecture series seminar and conference workshop, May 19 to 23, 2008 at the  University of Warwick where he discussed the relationship between the philosophies of Sloterdijk and Nietzsche.

Soll completed an essay on Charles Darwin's influence on German philosophy for a volume on Darwin to be published in Turkey, and an essay on Nietzsche's anti-moralism for a conference in Britain in 2010.  For the 2010 Summer he taught in Istanbul.

In 2010 he gave the lead-off lecture at a conference in England on Nietzsche's Postmoralism and the keynote address in German, titled Lob der Illusion (In Praise of Illusion), at a conference in Germany.

Ph.D. Students
Soll served as Ph.D. Dissertation Advisor to these students:
Maudemarie Clark (Ph.D. 1976) - Nietzsche's Attack On Morality
Robert Good (Ph.D. 1978) - Sartre's Theory Of The Other
Steven Weiss (Ph.D. 1989) - Human, All-Too-Human: Nietzsche's Early Genealogical Method
Judith Norman (Ph.D. 1995) - The Idea Of Intellectual Intuition From Kant To Hegel
Robert Horton (Ph.D. 1996) - Overcoming Kant's Legacy: Schopenhauer's Theories Of Action, Will And Reason
Theodore Kinnaman (Ph.D. 1996) - The Origins Of Kant's Critique Of Judgment
Gil Shepard (Ph.D. 1999) - Schopenhauer's Metaphysics Of The Will

Partial bibliography

Original works
Introduction to Hegel's Metaphysics (University of Chicago Press, October 1969)

Articles, book chapters, and introductions
"Reflections on Recurrence: A Re-Examination of Nietzsche's Doctrine, die Ewige Wiederkehr des Gleichen" Nietzsche: A Collection of Critical Essays By Robert C. Solomon (Garden City, N.Y. : Anchor Press, 1973)
"Sartre's Rejection of the Freudian Unconscious," in Paul A. Schilpp, ed., The Philosophy of Jean-Paul Sartre, Vol.XVI (La Salle, Ill.: The Library of Living Philosophers, 1981) pp. 582–604.
Goethe, Kant, and Hegel: Discovering the Mind, Vol. 1 by Walter Kaufmann (Editor), Ivan Soll (Introduction)
Nietzsche, Heidegger, and Buber: Discovering the Mind, Vol. 2 by Walter Kaufmann (Editor), Ivan Soll (Introduction)
Freud, Adler, and Jung: Discovering the Mind, Vol. 3 by Walter Kaufmann (Editor), Ivan Soll (Introduction)
"Pessimism and the Tragic View of Life: Reconsiderations of Nietzsche's Birth of Tragedy," Reading Nietzsche By Robert C. Solomon, Kathleen M. Higgins (Oxford University Press, 1990)
"Nietzsche on Cruelty, Asceticism, and the Failure of Hedonism," Nietzsche, Genealogy, Morality: Essays on Nietzsche's Genealogy of Morals By Richard Schacht (University of California Press, 1994)
"Schopenhauer, Nietzsche and the Redemption of Life Through Art," Willing and Nothingness: Schopenhauer as Nietzsche's Educator By Christopher Janaway (Oxford University Press, 1998)
"Nietzsche on the Illusions of Everyday Experience," Nietzsche's Postmoralism: Essays on Nietzsche's Prelude to Philosophy's Future By Richard Schacht (Cambridge University Press, 2001)
"Attitudes toward Life: the Existential Project of Nietzsche's Philosophy," International Studies in Philosophy (2002)
"On the Death of the Author: A Premature, Postmodern Postmortem," The Dialogue, Yearbook of Philosophical Hermeneutics (2002)

References

American philosophers
20th-century American philosophers
Living people
Harvard University alumni
Princeton University alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
1938 births
Existentialists
American historians of philosophy
Nietzsche scholars

Ivan Soll


Jamie Moyer (born November 18, 1962) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. Over his 25-year career in Major League Baseball (MLB), Moyer pitched for the Chicago Cubs, Texas Rangers, St. Louis Cardinals, Baltimore Orioles, Boston Red Sox, Seattle Mariners, Philadelphia Phillies, and Colorado Rockies. He was inducted into the Mariners Hall of Fame in 2015.

At the time of his final game, he was the oldest player in the major leagues and had the most wins, losses, and strikeouts of any active MLB pitcher. He was likened to Phil Niekro due to his long career and relatively old age upon retirement. On April 17, 2012, Moyer became the oldest pitcher in MLB history to win a game. On May 16, 2012, he broke his own winning-pitcher record and also set the record for the oldest MLB player to record a run batted in (RBI). Moyer made the All-Star team in 2003, while with the Mariners. Moyer has received numerous awards for philanthropy and community service, including the 2003 Roberto Clemente Award, the 2003 Lou Gehrig Memorial Award, the 2003 Hutch Award, and the 2004 Branch Rickey Award. Moyer is one of only 29 players in baseball history to date to have appeared in MLB games in four decades. At the time of his retirement, Moyer had faced 8.9% of all MLB hitters ever.

1962 births
American League All-Stars
American Roman Catholics
American baseball players
Baltimore Orioles players
Boston Red Sox players
Chicago Cubs players
Colorado Rockies players
Living people
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Philadelphia Phillies players
Seattle Mariners players
Sportspeople from Pennsylvania
St. Louis Cardinals players
Texas Rangers players

Jamie Moyer


Specific impulse (often shortened to Isp) is a way to describe how well a rocket performs. It is also used to describe how well a jet engine performs. It can be used to compare rockets of different sizes. It is a way to know how much force a given engine makes for each bit of fuel. To do this, one needs to know how much fuel is in the engine. A high specific impulse means that a rocket needs less fuel to perform as well. If the specific impulse is lower, it means that the rocket needs more fuel to perform as well.

Specific impulse is a useful value to compare rocket or jet engines. It is used much like miles per gallon or litres per 100 kilometres is used to compare cars.  An engine with a higher specific impulse uses fuel better. This means that the same amount of fuel lets the rocket go faster after all fuel is depleted.

A rocket engine with a higher specific impulse doesn't mean it's 'more powerful'. That is, it will not make the rocket accelerate harder. In fact, the designs for engines with the highest specific impulse, like ion engines, are the 'weakest' of all types of engines. They accelerate the rocket slowly but steadily over a long period of time using only a tiny amount of fuel. In a race between two rockets with the same amount of fuel and two different engines the one with the more powerful engine will take an early lead, but when it burns down all its fuel, the rocket with higher specific impulse will still have some fuel left and will continue to accelerate. Eventually it will overtake its counterpart and will win the race if the distance is big enough for it to use its long-term advantage.

Measurements
There are two ways people find the number for specific impulse.  To find the specific impulse, one divides the impulse by the amount of fuel. Impulse is a measurement of how much force a rocket motor makes and for how long. A motor that makes a low force for a long time can sometimes have a higher impulse than a motor that makes a high force for a short time. Impulse is measured in Newtons times seconds (N*s).

The amount of fuel used to find specific impulse can be measured in different ways. It is sometimes measured in mass and sometimes in weight. When the amount of fuel is measured in mass, the specific impulse is expressed as a speed. This is usually in meters per second. When specific impulse is measured as a speed, it has another name. It is also called the effective exhaust velocity. The other way to measure the amount of fuel is weight. If weight is used, the specific impulse is in units of time, usually in seconds. These two ways are both common. They both compare the performance of engines.

When the specific impulse is higher, less fuel is needed to make the rocket perform at a certain level. So, a fuel is more efficient if the specific impulse is higher.

Be careful not to confuse thrust and specific impulse. Thrust is only the force made by a rocket at one point in time. Specific impulse is a measure of the force based on how much fuel there is.

When people find specific impulse, the only fuel counted is in the rocket before it gets fired. This includes the fuel and the oxidizer (the part of the fuel that helps the fuel burn).   The oxidizer is sometimes oxygen, or often something else (see Rocket engine#Liquids, solids and hybrids).

Examples

Jet (airplane) engines use fuel better than rocket engines. This is because the gases do not escape as fast. Because they do not escape as fast, the exhaust does not carry away as much energy. This means that the jet engine uses a lot less energy to push the jet.  It is also because the air that goes through the engine as the jet flies through the air helps the fuel to burn faster.

Model rocketry
Specific impulse is also used to describe how well model rocket motors work. In the table below are some of Estes' claimed values for specific impulses for several of their rocket motors: Estes Industries is a large, well known American seller of model rockets and rocket parts. The specific impulse for model rocket motors is much lower than for many other rocket motors because the black powder is used as a fuel. Black powder is used in model rocket motors because it costs less.

Larger Rocket Engines
Here are some example numbers for larger rocket engines:

Units

The most common way to measure specific impulse today uses seconds. This is used both in the SI (metric system) world as well as where English units are used. This way the units are identical everywhere. This means specific impulse can be used to compare engine performance in any country. Most companies that make rocket motors or jet engines use seconds to advertise their product's performance.

The other common way to measure specific impulse is in meters per second (m/s), which is also called effective exhaust velocity. For many engines the effective exhaust velocity is different from the speed that the gases actually come out of the nozzle.

Related pages
Jet engine
Impulse (physics) - the change in momentum

References

Other websites
RPA - Design Tool for Liquid Rocket Engine Analysis
List of Specific Impulses of various rocket fuels

Spaceflight
Mechanics

Specific impulse


An air mail facility is an installation for airmails of the United States.

History
With the establishment of the first air-mail route in 1918, and the later additional routes, plus the accepted use of premium-priced air mail by the public, it was only natural that the Railway Mail Service (RMS), being in charge of transit mail, was assigned the task of establishing air mail field (AMF) postal facilities at the major airports.  Only outgoing air mail was distributed at these workrooms, channeled there by both the post offices and railway post office (RPO) routes.  This mail was distributed and dispatched to other AMFs via the different flight connections.  Incoming mail from other AMFs was distributed by general scheme and pouched to outgoing RPOs and necessary post offices.  The Motor Vehicle Service provided frequent trips between the city post office and the AMF for air mail ground transportation.  In 1951, there were 1200 clerks manning forty AMFs.

Air mail center
AMF continue to exist within the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) and are now called air mail centers (AMC).

References

United States Postal Service

Air mail facility


Samizdat was the underground literature of the Soviet Union. Since many authors were banned, and could not publish their works, people used typescripts to circulate their work. Penalties for being caught with copies of banned works was severe. Owning a printing press required permission, and all forms of printing required a licence. However, typewriters were common and, with the aid of carbon paper, many copies of the best works were produced and circulated.

Once samizdats were in circulation, they sometimes got into the West. Several important works were published from samizdat and translated, before they were published in the Soviet Union.

Notable books first published via samizdat
Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago
Bulgakov's The Master and Margarita (partly)
Solzhenitsyn's Gulag Archipelago

European literature
Censorship
Soviet culture

Samizdat


Lieutenant-Colonel Cecil Bisshopp (25 June 1783 – c. 16 July 1813) was a British army officer and onetime Member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom who came to Canada in 1812 and died in the War of 1812.

He was heir to his father Sir Cecil Bisshopp the 8th Baronet Bishopp, of Parham Park in the county of Sussex, England (later from 1815 the 12th Baron Zouche of Hayngworth).  If he had survived his father, he would have become the 9th Baronet Bisshopp and eventually the 13th Baron Zouche. His mother was Harriet Anne Southwell.

He was Cornet in the Sussex Yeomanry 1797-99 before entering the First Foot Guards as an Ensign, the most junior commissioned rank, in 1799.  He was subsequently promoted Lieutenant and Captain in 1800, and Major in 1812.

He unsuccessfully contested New Shoreham in Sussex in 1807, then served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Newport, Isle of Wight from 1811 to 1812, not seeking re-election due to his military service in Canada.

Bisshopp was designated the inspecting field officer for the militia of Upper Canada. This carried the local rank of lieutenant-colonel. He would play an important role in the early war against the Americans in the War of 1812.

Bisshopp's final action in the war was to lead an attack on Black Rock, New York (now in Buffalo) from Fort George, Ontario. The raid was successful but their departure was delayed and he was injured in a counterattack. He died from his injuries a few days later. Bishopp is buried in the Lundy's Lane Battlefield Cemetery in Niagara Falls, Ontario.

His father Baron Zouche died on 11 November 1828 at age 74 at Parham Park, West Sussex, without surviving male issue.  His younger brother Charles-Cecil, Royal Navy, had also died before his father, and was unmarried at his death in Jamaica in 1808 of yellow fever after the frigate HMS Muros was wrecked whilst endeavouring to destroy some batteries near Havana, Cuba. His father was succeeded in the Baronetcy by a cousin, while the Barony of Zouche fell into abeyance between Colonel Bisshopp's two sisters Hon. Harriet Anne Curzon and Katherine Annabella, Lady Brooke-Pechell.

References

British Army personnel of the War of 1812
Grenadier Guards officers
British military personnel killed in the War of 1812
1783 births
1813 deaths
98th Regiment of Foot officers
People from Horsham District
Sussex Yeomanry officers
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
UK MPs 1807–1812
Younger sons of baronets

Cecil Bisshopp


The Adams County Courthouse is located at 110 West Main Street in West Union, Ohio, United States.

History
Adams County was formed in 1797 as the fourth county of the Northwest Territory which would soon form the state of Ohio. The first county seat was in Manchester but no courthouse was ever built at that location.  The first official county seat of the territory was Adamsville and the county officials met in various locations, as, like Manchester, no courthouse was constructed.

The Ohio General Assembly moved the county seat to West Union, the current county seat, and plans for a courthouse were drafted. This first courthouse was a simple log structure of oak, poplar, walnut and blue ash. The courthouse stood two stories high and had a footprint of 30 feet by 24 feet. This structure was replaced in 1811 by a stone and brick building. This building also stood two stories high with a pitched roof resting on an unadorned entablature. A cupola rose from the roof line and could be seen around the town. The building remained until 1876 when a new courthouse was constructed. It was around this time that Manchester unsuccessfully petitioned to be named the county seat.

The present courthouse replaced the courthouse of 1876 after a fire wiped out the structure and all of the court records. Constructed from 1910 to 1911 by architect T.S. Murray, the building was built from a bond passed that raised $50,000.

Exterior
The building was built with yellow bricks with unadorned rectangular windows. The entrances were lined with red brick pilasters supporting a pediment roof. The roof was flat with a balustrade. A rectangular tower rises from the center of the building and is crowned with four arches supporting a dome. The dome is relatively unadorned and houses a four-faced clock.

Renovation in 1975 saw a northern addition containing a courtroom, jail, office space, and the county sheriff's living quarters (which was formally retired in the late 1990s). The front portico was also added and includes four bottom pilasters supporting a balcony, with four pilasters supporting the pediment above.

Interior
The main entrance contains a unique decoration, a mounted head of the white-tailed deer commonly found throughout Ohio. The 27-point buck was found frozen in a creek by local boys Steven & Donnie Swayne and Tommy Dryden, who then carried the head of the deer back to town. The find caused much debate, as the wildlife officer for Adams County claimed the buck was found dead and did not belong to anyone. After much debate and petitions, the head made its way to the courthouse in 1976 and has been proudly displayed in the courthouse ever since.

Gallery

References

Further reading
Thrane, Susan W.; County Courthouses of Ohio, Indiana University Press; Indianapolis, Indiana 2000
Marzulli, Lawrence J.; The Development of Ohio's Counties and Their Historic Courthouses; Gray Printing Company; Fostoria, Ohio 1983
Stebbins, Clair; Ohio's Court Houses; Ohio State Bar Association; Columbus, Ohio 1980

External links
Description of courthouse
Picture of courthouse before portico addition circa 1930

Buildings and structures in Adams County, Ohio
County courthouses in Ohio
Georgian architecture in Ohio
Government buildings completed in 1911
Clock towers in Ohio
1911 establishments in Ohio

Adams County Courthouse (Ohio)


Eugène Espérance Oudin (24 February 1858 – 4 November 1894) was an American baritone, composer and translator of the Victorian era.

Life and career

Early years
Oudin was one of six brothers born in New York City to French parents, Lucien and Sophie Agnus Oudin.  He sang as a boy soprano in the choir of Dr. Tyng's church in New York City and studied music under Moderati.  Oudin showed talent and was eventually entrusted with the baritone solos at St. Stephen's Roman Catholic Church.  He studied Law at Yale University and was admitted to the Bar in 1879, joining the offices of his stepfather's legal firm Evart, Southmayd and Choate.

In 1881 he set up in legal practice for himself and continued this work for three years, until he accepted an offer to join the American Opera Company, singing for them several times in the western United States.

Travelling to Europe in May 1886, Oudin met fellow New Yorker Lady Randolph Churchill in London, who set him up as a salon singer, during which period he appeared before British aristocracy, including The Prince of Wales.

Opera and concert years
Oudin made his operatic stage debut in New York as Montosol in Josephine Sold by Her Sisters at Wallack's Theatre in August 1886 under the direction of John A. McCaull who brought Oudin over from  Great Britain to appear with his McCaull Comic Opera Company.  During this production he met his future wife, the soprano Louise Parker, who was his leading lady in the operetta.

In 1887, he starred as Count Erminio in Gasparone by Karl Millöcker in New York City at the Standard Theatre, together with Lillian Russell and J. H. Ryley.  The New York Times wrote that his singing was an "especial feature" of the piece, and that "This artist has lost much of the self-consciousness that marked his early efforts, and his acting is now quite animated."  Franz von Suppé's opera Die Jagd nach dem Glück was a failure in Vienna but was popular abroad and ran at Palmer's Theatre in New York as Clover from 8 May 1889 with Oudin and DeWolf Hopper in the cast.  He also appeared in Dorothy in New York with Lillian Russell.

Later in 1889, Oudin was again singing in concerts in London, and in 1891 he sang the part of the Templar Brian de Bois Guilbert in Sir Arthur Sullivan's grand opera, Ivanhoe, at the Royal English Opera House.  The Times had reported the year before that "the music for [the] part [was] being specially composed for [Oudin]". Richard D'Oyly Carte intended to follow Ivanhoe with a production of Richard Wagner's The Flying Dutchman, with Oudin in the title role.  Sir Henry Wood, then répétiteur at the Royal English Opera House, later recalled in his memoirs, "I was already preparing The Flying Dutchman with Eugène Oudin in the name part. He would have been superb. However, plans were altered and the Dutchman was shelved."  On 17 October 1892, Oudin was the first to sing in English the title role in Tschaikovsky's Eugene Onegin at the Olympic Theatre in London, conducted by Wood. Tschaikovsky was attached to Oudin both as an artist and a man and persuaded him to take part in Symphony Concerts in Moscow and Saint Petersburg in Russia during 1893.

Returning to England in January 1894, Oudin took part in concert performances of Cavalleria Rusticana and Pagliacci on 20 January 1894 at the Queen's Hall in London. Later that year he made a great success in Schumann's oratorio, Scenes from Goethe's Faust.  From 2 to 5 October 1894, Oudin took part in the Birmingham Triennial Musical Festival.  After taking part in a performance of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony on 20 October 1894 at The Queen's Hall in London, Oudin was so caught up by the audience's enthusiasm that, while visiting the conductor Hans Richter in the artist's room, he was struck down by a stroke, from which he died two weeks later at age 36.

Translator and songwriter
During the last few years of his life, Oudin also translated the lyrics of French songs and arias into English and also wrote the words and music of several songs.  Oudin died at his London home in 1894 aged 36.  He was buried in Brompton Cemetery, and Sir Arthur Sullivan was present at the funeral, having sent flowers "in the shape of a large Templar cross", recalling Oudin's greatest role in a work of Sullivan's. A benefit concert was held for his widow and children in London in 1895, which raised £1,000.

References

External links
Obituary of Oudin in the New York Times
Oudin on Grande Musica

1858 births
1894 deaths
American opera singers
People associated with Gilbert and Sullivan
Singers from New York City
Burials at Brompton Cemetery
19th-century American singers
Classical musicians from New York (state)

Eugène Oudin


The McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research is a research institute of the University of Cambridge in England.

History
The institute was established in 1990 through a benefaction from the late Dr Daniel McLean McDonald, a successful industrialist: the endowment totalled approximately £11 million. McDonald (1905 – 1991) was founder and chairman of the BSR Group, manufacturers of record turntables and record changers. The benefaction enabled the university to construct purpose-built premises for the Institute which include research rooms and laboratories, together with storage space, a seminar room and a modest library.

Mission and purpose
The Institute provides support for Cambridge-based researchers in the various branches of archaeology, with a particular interest in the archaeology of early human cognition. The Institute emphasises the value of archaeological science, and contains laboratories for geoarchaeology, archaeozoology, archaeobotany, and artefact analysis. The extensive faunal remains collection of the Department of Archaeology is now based within the McDonald Institute and a corresponding reference collection of plant remains is being assembled. There are also research rooms for post-excavation work on major field projects.

The institute is primarily a centre for post-doctoral research though it does provide facilities for a number of PhD students whose research fits within existing McDonald Institute themes.  In addition to providing space for projects and researchers, the McDonald Institute also has an annual programme of grants for Cambridge-based projects, and an active publications division which produces the McDonald Institute Monograph series and the twice-yearly Cambridge Archaeological Journal.

Notable people
 Roger Bland, Senior Fellow since 2015
 Cyprian Broodbank, Director since October 2014
 Norman Hammond, Senior Fellow
 Mei Jianjun, Fellow
 David Oates, Fellow from 1997 to 2004
 Joan Oates, Senior Research Fellow since 1995
 Colin Renfrew, Director from 1990 to 2004, Senior Fellow since 2004
 Jane Renfrew, Senior Fellow
 Chris Scarre, deputy director from 1990 to 2005
 Anthony Snodgrass, Senior Fellow
 Simon Stoddart, Acting Deputy Director from 2014 to 2017

References

External links
 McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research website

Archaeological Research, McDonald Institute for
Archaeological research institutes in the United Kingdom
Research institutes in Cambridge
Research institutes established in 1990
1990 establishments in the United Kingdom


Michael Antranig Goorjian (born February 4, 1971) is an American actor, filmmaker, and writer. Goorjian won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Special for his role as David Goodson in the television movie David's Mother (1994). He is also known for his role as Justin, Neve Campbell's love interest on the Golden Globe-winning series Party of Five (1994–2000), as well as Heroin Bob in the movie SLC Punk! (1998) and its sequel, Punk's Dead (2016). As a director, Goorjian achieved recognition for his first major independent movie, Illusion (2004), which he wrote, directed and starred in alongside Hollywood legend Kirk Douglas.

Other websites

1971 births
Living people
American movie actors
Actors from Oakland, California
American movie directors
American screenwriters
Emmy Award winners

Michael A. Goorjian


An engagement party, also known as a betrothal party or fort, is a party held to celebrate a couple's recent engagement and to help future wedding guests to get to know one another. Traditionally, the bride's parents host the engagement party, but many modern couples host their own celebration.

History

Originally, engagement parties had the appearance of normal parties at which the father of the bride-to-be made a surprise announcement of the engagement to his guests, which was ecclesiastically solemnized in a rite of betrothal at a church, according to Christian customs. The engagement party had the purpose of sharing the engagement news with family members and friends. Therefore, it was not a traditional gift-giving occasion, as none of the guests were supposed to be aware of the engagement until after their arrival.

In ancient Greece, an engagement party was a commercial transaction. It was an oral contract, between the man who gave the woman in marriage, generally the father and the groom. The bride was not present.

A Jewish engagement party is known as a vort (). Breaking a ceramic plate at a vort is customary, symbolizing the permanence of marriage and mirroring the breaking of a glass at a Jewish wedding.

In the Scottish Gaelic tradition, a rèiteach was a betrothal ritual which typically ended in a dance party for the whole community.

Modern times

In modern times, an engagement party may celebrate a previously publicized engagement. It is a party like any other, except that usually toasts or speeches are made to announce the upcoming wedding. While it varies, an engagement party takes place at the beginning of the process of planning a wedding. It is often thrown at the couple's home or at the home of a close friend or relative of the couple, or at the couple's church hall. Gifts are never obligatory, and if one is brought, it should be small and less expensive than a typical wedding gift.

A Christian betrothal ceremony, which is often followed with an engagement party, is normative in certain parts of the world, as with the Christians of India and Pakistan.

In the United States, engagement parties are currently a more common practice in the Northeast. In most other parts of the country relatively few couples have them. Unlike publishing the banns of marriage, an engagement party has never been required.

In Africa, what is now known as an engagement party may in fact be the last remnant of the traditional, pre-colonial marriage ceremony itself. Such is the case with the Yoruba people and their bride-price rites and the Nguni people and their lobola practices.

See also

 Bachelor party
 Bachelorette party
 Bridal shower
 Stag and doe

References

Engagement
Parties

Engagement party


South Hams is a district on the south coast of Devon, England, with its headquarters in the town of Totnes. The largest town in the district is Ivybridge. Part of Dartmoor National Park is in the district.

During World War II, part of South Hams was used by the Allies as training for the Normandy invasion.

1974 establishments in England

South Hams


Anton Weidinger (June 9, 1766 in Vienna – September 20, 1852 in Vienna) was an Austrian trumpet virtuoso in the classical era, and a "k. k. Hof-Trompeter" (Imperial and Royal Court trumpeter). He was friends with Haydn,  Mozart, Beethoven and Hummel.

Basing his ideas on earlier designs, in 1792, Weidinger experimented with a 7-keyed trumpet, a version of the instrument on which a full chromatic scale became possible, albeit with alleged loss of the instrument's usual power. It remained fashionable until well into the 19th century, when it was superseded by the valve trumpet.

In 1799 Weidinger became a member of the Imperial and Royal Court Trumpeter Corps.

In 1796 Joseph Haydn composed his Concerto in E Flat Major for Trumpet and Orchestra for Weidinger, the first piece by Haydn developed for a trumpet solo. The first performance took place in Vienna at the Old Burgtheater (now demolished) on 28 March 1800. Johann Nepomuk Hummel, who was Haydn's successor as Kapellmeister to the Esterházy family, also composed a Trumpet Concerto for Weidinger; this was originally written in the key of E major, but it is often played in the key of E flat major. Hummel also wrote a Trio for trumpet, piano and violin for Weidinger; this is now lost. Other composers known to have written for Weidinger include Leopold Kozeluh and Joseph Weigl (1766–1846).

External links
 Michael Lorenz: "Six More Unknown Godchildren of Joseph Haydn" (Vienna, 2015)

References

18th-century Austrian people
19th-century Austrian people
Austrian trumpeters
Male trumpeters
Musicians from Vienna
1766 births
1852 deaths
18th-century Austrian musicians
18th-century Austrian male musicians
19th-century Austrian musicians
19th-century Austrian male musicians

Anton Weidinger


The largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) is a freshwater game fish in the sunfish family, a species of black bass native to North America. It is also known by a variety of regional names, such as the brown bass, widemouth bass, bigmouth bass, black bass, bucketmouth, Potter's fish, Florida bass, Florida largemouth, green bass, green trout, gilsdorf bass, linesides, Oswego bass, southern largemouth and northern largemouth. But, it is not a member of the bass family but actually a member of the Sunfish family. The largemouth bass is the state fish of Alabama (official freshwater fish), Georgia, Mississippi, Florida (state freshwater fish), and Tennessee (official sport fish).

Physical description

The largemouth is an olive green fish, marked by a series of dark, sometimes black, blotches forming a jagged horizontal stripe along each side. The upper jaw (maxilla) of a largemouth bass extends beyond the rear margin of the eye. In comparison to age, a female bass is larger than a male. The largemouth is the largest of the black basses. The largest reached a maximum recorded overall length of  and a maximum unofficial weight of . The fish lives 16 years on average.

Forage

The juvenile largemouth bass eats mostly small bait fish, scuds, small shrimp, and insects. At about a year of age they become cannibalistic, eating other largemouths their size or smaller. As they mature they no longer consume their own kind. Adults consume smaller fish such as gizzard shad, fathead minnows and bluegills. These are swallowed head first. crustaceans such as crayfish are swallowed tail first. Largemouths can consume other fish up to 50% of their own length. sunfish and crustacean they eat tend to be no more than 35% of their own length. They will eat almost anything they can find in the water—snakes, mice, young waterfowl, birds and shrimp.

In larger lakes and reservoirs, adult bass occupy deeper water than younger fish. They shift to a diet consisting almost entirely of smaller fish like shad, yellow perch, ciscoes, shiners, and sunfish. Largemouth also consume younger members of larger fish species, such as pike, catfish, trout, walleye, white bass, and striped bass. The largemouth bass uses its senses of hearing, sight, vibration, and smell to attack and seize its prey. Adult largemouth are generally apex predators within their habitat, but they are preyed upon by many animals while young.

Angling

Largemouth bass are widely sought after by anglers and are noted for the excitement of their fight. The fish will often jump out of the water in their effort to throw the Fishing hook. Anglers most often fish for largemouth bass with lures such as plastic worms (and other plastic baits), jigs, crankbaits and spinnerbaits. A recent trend is the use of large swimbaits to target trophy bass. Live bait, such as nightcrawlers, minnows, frogs, or crawfish can also be productive. Many bass anglers practice catch and release, especially the larger specimens. This is because larger specimens are usually breeding females that contribute heavily to future sport fishing stocks.  Largemouth bass, if handled with care, respond well to catch and release.

The world all-tackle record largemouth bass was caught by George Perry in Montgomery Lake in Georgia in 1932. It weighed 22 pounds and 4 ounces. In 2009 a 22-pound, 4.97 ounce largemouth was caught in Japan by Manabu Kurita. By International Game Fish Association (IFGA) rules, a record fish of under 25 pounds must beat the previous record by 2 ounces or more to be a new record. The IFGA considers the two fish to share the current world record. However, the largemouth caught by George Perry in 1932 still holds the Georgia state record.

References

Centrarchidae
Freshwater fish
Edible fish

Largemouth bass


Mary-Jane Watson is a fictional character from Marvel Comics. She was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. Mary-Jane Watson is a friend of Peter Parker and later becomes his girlfriend. Peter then decides to stop dating her since he is secretly the superhero Spider-Man and she'll be in danger if she's his girlfriend because of that.  She later finds out that he is Spider-Man and they go back to dating. They eventually get married.

Mary-Jane Watson in Film

Mary-Jane Watson is played by Kirsten Dunst in the 2002 movie Spider-Man. She and Peter Parker's best friend Harry Osborn are the only two students at their high school who are nice to Peter Parker. Mary-Jane dates Flash Thompson and doesn't like it when he bullies Peter Parker. When Peter gets bitten by a genetically engineered super-spider and no longer needs his glasses, Mary-Jane compliments him. Flash Thompson then attacks Peter Parker in front of a locker and Peter beats him up.  Mary-Jane then breaks up with Flash. She then starts dating Harry Osborne. Harry's father Norman insults her and tells him all she really cares about is his money. Harry defends her.  Mary-Jane, who overheard what was said calls Norman Osborne "a creep". Harry defends his father and Mary-Jane breaks up with him. Mary-Jane falls in love with Spider-Man after he rescues her. Harry later sees her talking to Peter and realizes that they are in love.  Harry's father finds out and as the supervillain the Green Goblin kidnaps her to get to Peter who he knows is Spider-Man. Spider-Man rescues her by killing the Green Goblin. Mary-Jane later tells Peter she is in love with him and Peter says he will always be her friend but can never be anything else to her. In the 2004 movie Spider-Man 2, she accidentally unmasks Spider-Man after he rescues her from Dr. Octopus. They then start dating. In the 2007 movie Spider-Man 3, Mary-Jane breaks up with Peter after he starts being mean to people.  In the end, Peter goes back to being a good guy and he and Mary-Jane get back together.

Comics characters
Fictional American people
Characters created by Stan Lee
Fictional characters introduced in the 1960s
Spider-Man movie characters
Marvel Comics supporting characters
Movie characters
Spider-Man

Mary-Jane Watson