Erich Przywara  (12 October 1889, Katowice28 September 1972, Hagen near Murnau)  was a Jesuit priest, philosopher, and theologian of German-Polish origin, who was one of the first Catholics to engage in dialogue with modern philosophers, especially those of the phenomenological tradition. He is best known for synthesizing the thought of prominent thinkers around the notion of the analogy of being, the tension between divine immanence and divine transcendence, a "unity-in-tension".

Life
Przywara (pron. pshih-VA-ra) was born in 1889 to a Polish father and a German mother in the upper Silesian (Prussian) town of Kattowitz, today Katowice in Poland.  Due to anti-Jesuit laws still in effect in Germany, in 1908 he entered the novitiate of the Society of Jesus in Exaten, Netherlands, concluding his philosophical and theological studies at nearby Ignatius College in Valkenburg. From 1913 to 1917 Przywara taught at Stella Matutina, in Feldkirch, Austria, where he also served as the prefect of music. In 1920 he was ordained and in 1922 he moved to Munich, where from 1922-1941 he was part of the editorial team of the journal  Stimmen der Zeit.

During this period, Przywara held hundreds of lectures all over central Europe, most famously at the Davos seminar in 1928 and 1929.  He was also extremely prolific, authoring between 1922 and 1932 as many as 17 books and 230 articles and reviews (and eventually over 40 books and 800 articles and reviews).  During this time he also engaged in ecumenical dialogue with the Protestant theologian Karl Barth, who considered Przywara to be his most serious opponent, indeed "the giant Goliath incarnate," inviting Przywara to his seminars in 1929 (in Münster) and 1931 (in Bonn).

On the political front Przywara preached against the Nazis, viewing the Nazi regime as a "distortion of the Christian imperium of the past." For example, in 1933 on the eve of the seizure of power, he argued in a significant public lecture in Berlin that Christianity and Nazism, with their competing understandings of "Reich," are ultimately incompatible.  In 1934, in the spirit of the Barmen declaration, he published an article in which he repudiated the notion of a "people's church" or Volkskirche, writing that Christians belong ultimately not to any particular people, German or otherwise, but to Christ. In 1935, during a public lecture in Munich, he was interrupted, jeered, and egged by the Hitler Youth for challenging their understanding of "heroism."  From that point on it appears that the Gestapo began to keep tabs on Przywara, leading to an anxious condition from which he never fully recovered.  Przywara's anxieties turned out to be well founded.  From December 1935 to March 1936, the Gestapo suppressed his editorial office in the Veterinärstrasse; it continued to be under surveillance  until it was shut down permanently in 1941.

In 1938 Przywara published Deus Semper Maior, a massive three-volume commentary on the Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola which is well known in the Jesuits.

In 1942, his friend and philosophical colleague Edith Stein was killed in Auschwitz. In 1945, his fellow Jesuit and colleague at Stimmen der Zeit Alfred Delp was executed for treason, as was his friend Karl Barth's student Dietrich Bonhoeffer.  In the words of Thomas O'Meara, "The priest who had appeared to possess energy without limits became anxious, incapable of work, and erratic, a condition only heightened by the opinions of others that it was partly psycho-somatic, exaggerated, or easily remedied."

Though ousted from his familiar position and unable to write and publish, he continued to be active, as he was commissioned by Cardinal Faulhaber with the pastoral care of elderly academics in Munich. He also gave regular lectures in the old Bürgersaalkirche and conducted small seminars in private residences on such topics as Hölderlin, Nietzsche, and Rilke. His health, though, continued to decline, leading to multiple interventions by his erstwhile student and lifelong friend Hans Urs von Balthasar, who in 1947 brought him to Switzerland for the purposes of convalescence.   Balthasar's long term plans to work with and care for his teacher in Switzerland ultimately failed, however.  Przywara returned to Munich and in 1950 retired from community religious life to live in the country in a little village called Hagen, near Murnau. Between 1949 and 1955 he briefly returned to the public spotlight, giving a series of radio talks for the Südwestrundfunk Rundfunk, some of which were later published. During this time he also published some of his wartime manuscripts and lectures, and in the last years of his life he authored a number of new works. He died in 1972 and was interred at the Jesuit cemetery in Pullach.

Early theological inspiration
While the concept of the analogy of being is not original to Przywara (having originated in the schools of the Catholic orders), with Przywara the concept undergoes a dramatic enrichment that is fed, on the one hand, by his love of "music as form" and by his early readings of Augustine, Dionysius the Areopagite, Thomas Aquinas, and John Henry Newman.

From his early musical training he came to appreciate the contrapuntal theme of a unity and rhythmic interplay of opposites. On the basis of his reading of Augustine, who speaks of God as both interior and superior to the soul, Przywara presented the Catholic concept of God in terms a mysterious simultaneity and interplay of divine immanence and transcendence. From Dionysius he came to emphasize God's "dazzling darkness", thereby giving his doctrine of analogy a final, apophatic stress. From Aquinas, beginning with his study of Thomas's De ente et essentia, he appropriated the fundamental ontological distinction between essence and existence and the equally important distinction between primary and secondary causality (secondary causation). Finally, from Newman he appropriated the idea of "opposite virtues", as seen, for example, in the complementarity of "loving fear" and a "fearing love," to which one must add his reading of Goethe, the Romantic philosophy of Franz von Baader, the Jewish sociologist Georg Simmel, and the Protestant theologian Ernst Troeltsch. All of these influences helped him to formulate his doctrine of analogy in more dynamic terms as a "dynamic polarity" – a polarity that registers both the creaturely tension between essence and existence as well as the tension between divine immanence and divine transcendence. Thus for Przywara the term "analogy" came to be more or less synonymous with what he also calls "unity-in-tension".

Various engagements
As a synthesizer of Catholic tradition, Przywara was one of the first Catholic theologians to engage creatively and critically with the modern world, defending Catholicism on two main fronts: one philosophical, the other theological (and ecumenical).  On the philosophical front, he was one of the first Catholic thinkers to engage modern phenomenology, in particular the philosophies of Edmund Husserl, Max Scheler, and Martin Heidegger. On the theological front, he was one of the first Catholic theologians to engage in dialogue with Karl Barth, opposing Barth's early theology with the analogy of being as the Catholic answer to Protestant dialectics.  He was, moreover, one of the first Catholic theologians to engage in dialogue with Jewish rabbis in Essen and Frankfurt, corresponding both before and after the war with the chief Berlin rabbi, Leo Baeck.
However, his early attempts at constructive engagement with some of the rising fascist and nationalist ideas of the 30s are more problematic.

Doctrine of analogy
Przywara's understanding of the analogy of being is set forth principally in his 1932 work, Analogia Entis. For Przywara, following the teaching of Thomas Aquinas, the distinction between essence and existence runs through the whole of created reality, indeed, it defines created reality in its difference from God, the creator, whose essence is to be; and therein, for Przywara, lies the ground of the analogy of being. Its theological expression, however, he found best summarized in the teaching of the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215, according to which "between Creator and creature no similitude can be expressed without implying an even greater dissimilitude". It was in this sense, Przywara maintained, that the analogia entis remains a formal principle of Catholic theology.

Late works
Przywara's later work was both a refinement and radicalization of themes within his earlier theology. In Humanitas (1952), for instance, Przywara continued his analysis of modern theology and philosophy, in this case focusing on anthropology in particular. Just like his earlier Himmelreich (1922/23), Przywara also continued writing exegetical works. He planned to write commentaries on the Gospels, but in the end, only published a commentary on the Gospel of John (Christentum gemäß Johannes; 1954) while his writings on Matthew remain unpublished. Equally, Alter und Neuer Bund (1956), whose initial form was a series of talks given in Berlin, Vienna, and Munich during World War II, explores the relationship between the Old and New Testament. Przywara offers a theological diagnosis of the times through his Mariological, ecclesiological, and Christological readings of the Old Testament. In this work Przywara calls the cross of Christ the 'energetic' which powers the transition between the old and the new covenant.

The late Przywara, particularly in his Logos, Abendland, Reich, Commercium (1964), also developed a theology of the commercium, or "wondrous exchange." The idea of the commercium comes from the O admirabile commercium sung at the Vigil of Epiphany. The commercium stands as a summary of all the "exchanges" within the New Testament: that in Jesus Christ the free, righteous, and blessed God becomes a servant, sin, and suffers death so that an enslaved, sinful, and suffering humanity might be freed, made righteous, and inherit eternal life. Equally important, however, is the connubium, or the nuptial union between Christ and believers.

Influence and reception
Przywara was an important influence upon Karl Rahner, who gave the laudatio for Przywara in 1967, and especially upon Hans Urs von Balthasar, who regarded him as an "unforgettable guide and master." Indeed, he considered the "breadth and profundity of his thought" to be "without comparison in our time." He was at the same time an esteemed teacher of the Catholic philosopher Josef Pieper and a friend and mentor to the now canonized philosopher Edith Stein. While Przywara's reception in modern Catholic theology was generally positive, and his importance to Hans Urs von Balthasar enduring, his doctrine of the analogy of being was fiercely challenged by Karl Barth, who saw in it a kind of natural theology and therefore rejected it, calling it the "invention of Antichrist" and the "chief reason for not becoming Catholic."  This issue continues to define the ecumenical debate between Reformed and Catholic Christians.

Professor Graham Macaleer has written that Pope Benedict XVI's Regensburg Address is a commentary on the book Analogia Entis, and that "no single work by a Catholic in the 20th century rivals Analogia Entis in scope or insight."  Pope Francis quoted his book Idee Europa during his acceptance speech for the Charlemagne Prize. Pope John Paul II commended Przywara as one of the great theologians of the Catholic tradition, in such company as Albert the Great.

References

Selected major works
Eucharistie und Arbeit (1917)
Einführung in Newmans Wesen und Werk (1922)
Religionsbegründung. Max Scheler—J.H. Newman (1923)
Gottgeheimnis der Welt (1923)
Gott (1926)
Religionsphilosophie katholischer Theologie (1926; translated into English as Polarity, 1935)
Ringen der Gegenwart, 2 vols. (1929)
Analogia entis: Metaphysik (1932)
Augustinus. Die Gestalt als Gefüge (1934)
Deus semper maior. Theologie der Exerzitien, 3 vols. (1938)
Crucis mysterium. Das christliche Heute (1939)
Humanitas. Der Mensch gestern und morgen (1952)
Christentum gemäß Johannes (1954)
In und Gegen. Stellungnahmen zur Zeit (1955)
Alter und Neuer Bund. Theologie der Stunde (1956)
Logos, Abendland, Reich, Commercium (1964)

Bibliography
Hans Urs von Balthasar,  "Analogie und Dialektik.  Zur Klärung der Prinzipienlehre Karl Barths."  In Divus Thomas 22 (1944), 171-216.
Hans Urs von Balthasar, "Analogie und Natur.  Zur Klärung der theologischen Prinzipienlehre Karl Barths."  In Divus Thomas 23 (1945), 3-56.
Hans Urs von Balthasar, "Die Metaphysik Erich Przywaras."  In Schweizerische Rundschau 33 (1933/34), 489-499.
Hans Urs von Balthasar, "Erich Przywara."  In Erich Przywara.  Sein Schrifttum 1912-1962, ed. Leo Zimny.  Einsiedeln:  Johannes Verlag, 1963, 5-18.
Siegfried Behn, ed, Der beständige Aufbruch.  Festschrift für Erich Przywara.  Nürnberg:  Glock und Lutz, 1959.
John Betz, "Translator's Introduction," in Erich Przywara, Analogia Entis: Metaphysics: Original Structure and Universal Rhythm, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, 2014, pp. 1–116.
Julio César Terán Dutari, Christentum und Metaphysik: Das Verhaltnis beider nach der Analogielehre Erich Przywaras (1889–1972) (Munich: Berchmanskolleg Verlag, 1973).
Julio César Terán Dutari, "Erich Przywaras Deutung des religionphilosophischen Anliegens Newmans," Newman Studien VII (Nurnberg: Glock und Lutz, 1952).
Eva-Maria Faber., "Deus semper maior.  Erich Przywaras Theologie der Exerzitien."  In Geist und Leben 66 (1993), 208-227.
Eva-Maria Faber, Kirche zwischen Identität und Differenz.  Die ekklesiologischen Entwürfe von Romano Guardini und Erich Przywara."  Würzburg:  Echter, 1993.
Eva-Maria Faber, "Künder der lebendigen Nähe des unbegreiflichen Gottes.  Hans Urs von Balthasar und sein 'Mentor' Erich Przywara."  In Die Kunst Gottes verstehen.  Hans Urs von Balthasars theologische Provokationen.  Freiburg:  Herder, 2005, 384-409.
Eva-Maria Faber, "Skandal und Torheit.  Die katholische Kreuzestheologie Erich Przywaras."  In Geist und Leben 69 (1996), 338-353.
Bernhard Gertz, Glaubenswelt als Analogie.  Die theologische Analogielehre Erich Przywaras und ihr Ort in der Auseinandersetzung um die analogia fidei.  Düsseldorf:  Patmos, 1969.
Bernhard Gertz, "Kreuz-Struktur:  Zur theologischen Methode Erich Przywaras."  In Theologie und Philosophie 45 (1970), 555-561.
Philip John Paul Gonzales, Reimagining the Analogia Entis: The Future of Erich Przywara's Christian Vision (Grand Rapids, Mich.: W.B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2019). Foreword by Cyril O'Regan.
Eberhard Mechels, Analogie bei Erich Przywara und Karl Barth.  Das Verhältnis von Offenbarungstheologie und Metaphysik.  Neukirchen-Vluyn:  Neukirchener Verlag, 1974.
Erich Naab, Zur Begründung der analogia entis bei Erich Przywara.  Eine Eröterung.  Regensburg:  Pustet, 1987.
Stephen Nieborak,  "Homo analogia."  Zur philosophisch-theologischen Bedeutung der "analogia entis" im Rahmen der existentiellen Frage bei Erich Przywara S. J. (1889-1972).  Frankfurt:  Peter Lang, 1994.
Kenneth Oakes, "The Cross and the analogia entis in Erich Przywara," in Thomas Joseph White (ed)., The Analogy of Being: Wisdom of God or Invention of the Antichrist?, (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2011), pp. 147–71.
Kenneth Oakes, "Three Themes in Przywara's Early Theology", The Thomist 74:2 (2010), pp. 283–310.
Thomas F. O'Meara,O.P. "Paul Tillich and Erich Przywara at Davos," in Gregorianum 87 (2006), pp. 227–238.
Thomas F., O'Meara, O.P.  Erich Przywara, S.J.  His Theology and His World.  Notre Dame, IN:  University of Notre Dame Press, 2002.
Paul Silas Peterson, "Erich Przywara on Sieg-Katholizismus, bolshevism, the Jews, Volk, Reich and the analogia entis in the 1920s and 1930s," in Journal for the History of Modern Theology 19 (2012), pp. 104–140.
Aaron Pidel, "Erich Przywara and 'Catholic Fascism':  A Reply to Paul Paul Silas Peterson." Journal for the History of Modern Theology 23 (2016): 27-55.
Rahner, Karl, Gnade als Freiheit.  Freiburg:  Herder, 1968, 266-273.
Thomas Schumacher,  "In-Über":  Analogie als Grundbestimmung von Theologie, im Ausgang von Erich Przywara.  München:  Inst. z.F.d. Glaubenslehre, 1993.
Karl Gerhard Steck, "Über das ekklesiologische Gespräch zwischen Karl Barth und Erich Przywara 1927/29."  In Antwort.  Karl Barth zum 70. Geburtstag.  Zurich:  Evangelischer Verlag, 1956, 249-265.
Gustav Wilhelmy, "Vita Erich Przywara."  In Erich Przywara 1889-1869.  Eine Festgabe, ed. Wilhelmy.  Düsseldorf:  Patmos, 1969.
Friedrich Wulf, "Christliches Denken.  Eine Einführung in das theologisch-religiöse Werk von Erich Przywara SJ (1889-1972)."  In Gottes Nähe.  Religiöse Erfahrung in Mystik und Offenbarung.  Festschrift für Josef Sudbrack SJ zum 65. Geburtstag.  Würzburg:  Echter, 1990, 353-366.
Martha Zechmeister, Gottes-Nacht.  Erich Przywaras Weg negativer Theologie.  Münster:  LIT, 1997.
James V. Zeitz, Spirituality and Analogia Entis According to Erich Pryzwara, S.J.: Metaphysics and Religious Experience, the Ignatian Exercises, the Balance in Rhythm in 'Similarity' and 'Greater Dissimilarity' According to Lateran IV (Washington D. C.: The University Press of America, 1982).
Leo Zimny, Erich Przywara.  Sein Schrifttum (1912-1962).  Einsiedeln:  Johannes Verlag, 1963

1889 births
1973 deaths
German anti-fascists
Polish anti-fascists
20th-century German Jesuits
German male non-fiction writers
People from Katowice
German people of Polish descent
Jesuit philosophers
Jesuit theologians
20th-century German Catholic theologians
20th-century Polish philosophers

Erich Przywara


Kosbach is a village on the outskirts of Erlangen, Germany. The village is known locally for its own Kirchweih festival, the Kosbacher Karpfen Kirchweih, which is a celebration at which carp is consumed en masse. The village is surrounded by carp ponds. The ponds are lined with nets, a month or so before the festival the nets are raised so the fish are off the bottom and the muddiness is rinsed away. In 1985 there were a disproportionate number of teenagers in the town, by far outnumbering the adults.

Erlangen
Villages in Bavaria

Kosbach


Red List Building Materials contain chemicals that have been designated as harmful to living creatures, including humans, or the environment. The Living Building Challenge Red List is maintained by the International Living Future Institute, and is the only organization that uses the term 'Red List'.

Living Building Challenge Red List
The International Living Future Institute (ILFI) has developed the following red list of chemicals that may not be included in materials used in construction that seeks to meet the criteria of the Living Building Challenge (LBC). According to ILFI, the list is composed of materials that should be phased out of production due to health concerns. The list is updated as new science emerges. The most recent update came in April 2022.

The LBC red list is shown directly below. This list includes both chemicals and chemical groups. In 2014, ILFI published a spreadsheet that represents the full list of chemicals, as this spreadsheet expands these chemical groups into the individual chemicals of which they are composed. As of May 2014, this spreadsheet contained 815 individual chemicals.

 Alkylphenols
 Asbestos
 Bisphenol A
 Cadmium
 Chlorinated polyethylene and chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE); HDPE and LDPE are excluded from the Red List.
 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
 Chlorobenzenes
 Chloroprene (neoprene)
 Chromium VI
 Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride
 Formaldehyde (added)
 Halogenated flame retardants (HFRs)
 Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
 Lead (added)
 Mercury
 Polychlorinated biphenyls
 Perfluorinated compound
 Phthalates
 Polyvinyl chloride
 Polyvinylidene chloride
 Short Chain Chlorinated paraffins
 Wood treatments containing creosote, arsenic or pentachlorophenol
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in wet applied products

In addition to this red list, LBC criteria mandate that petrochemical fertilizers and pesticides cannot be used during the certification period or be used in operations and maintenance.

The Red List and the Living Building Challenge

The Living Building Challenge includes seven performance categories, titled as petals. The red list falls under the materials petal. A building project may not contain any of the Red List chemicals or chemical groups. There is an exception for small components in complex products. Each of these exceptions must include a written explanation. These exceptions will only be approved with a copy of the letter sent to the manufacturer stating that the product purchase does not ensure an endorsement. In addition, the final documentation must include a statement that asks the manufacturer to stop using the red list material or chemical. There are also temporary red list exceptions for numerous red list items for which viable alternatives are not yet commercially available.

Declare Product Label

Declare is a product labeling program that relies on the LBC Red List as its primary basis for material evaluation. In creating a Declare label for a product, a manufacturer must disclose all of that product's intentionally added constituent chemicals to the designated 100 parts per million (ppm) reporting threshold. Additionally, the manufacturer must report the extent to which that product is compliant with the Red List. The three compliance levels are: (1) LBC Red List free, which means that the product is free of all red list ingredients; (2) LBC compliant, which means that the product contains some chemicals that ILFI has designated as temporary red list exceptions; or (3) declared, which means that the product is not compliant with the Red List or its temporary exceptions.

Products with Declare labels are included in the ILFI's Declare Product Database.

A project compliant with the Living Building Challenge must include at least one Declare product for every 500 m2 (5382 ft2) of gross building area and must send Declare program information to at least 10 manufacturers not yet using Declare.

Other Building Industry Toxic Chemical Lists
Several other entities in the building industry have developed lists that operate in a similar manner to the LBC Red List. Three of them are described below.

Cradle to Cradle Banned Chemicals List

The Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute (C2CPII) is a non-profit group that develops and administers the  Cradle-to-Cradle Certified Product Standard. This multi-attribute standard evaluates a product's performance in five impact categories: material health, material reutilization, renewable energy and carbon management, water stewardship, and social fairness. In this product standard, the material health evaluation criteria include compliance with a  banned chemical list for bronze level certification. Certified products may not contain listed chemicals as intentionally added ingredients above 1000 ppm. According to C2CPII, chemicals are selected for inclusion on the list due to their tendency to accumulate in the biosphere and lead to irreversible negative human health effects. Additionally, several substances were selected due to the hazards associated with their manufacture, use, and disposal.

Perkins and Will Transparency List

The Perkins and Will Transparency List includes substances commonly found in the built environment that regulatory entities have classified as being harmful to human and/or environmental health. Because these regulatory designations are constantly evolving, the list is updated as new information is published. The tool is fundamentally grounded in the concept of the Precautionary Principle.

LEED Pilot Credit 11: Chemical Avoidance in Building Materials

In 2011, the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) piloted a credit for its Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system that intended to reduce the quantity of indoor contaminants that are harmful to the comfort and well-being of installers and occupants. This pilot credit, which was not included in LEED Version 4, required that specific interior building materials and products not contain listed chemicals for all applicable materials. The list includes halogenated flame retardants and phthalates.

References

External links
Living Building Challenge (LBC) Red List
Declare: The Nutrition Label for Products
Cradle to Cradle Product Innovation Institute
Perkins and Will Transparency Portal
Listmania: LBC Red List and others
BuildingGreen: The Problem with Red Lists

Building materials

Red List building materials


Special effects are used in movies to create images that do not exist. There are many different types of special effects, for example, making little models or using computer animation.

Action movies often use special effects to create images that would be dangerous or cost a lot of money. For example, if an action movie shows a very big battleship blowing up, it would be expensive to buy a battleship and dangerous to blow it up. Most action movies use special effects if they want to show something blow up. It is cheaper and safer to make a little model of a battleship and blow that up.

Science fiction, fantasy, horror, and history movies also often use special effects. They usually tell imaginary stories, often set in imaginary places, that would be impossible to film. For example, in a science fiction movie about a world with three suns, artists could create a computer image of three suns which would appear in the background.

Using a computer to create special effects is called "computer generated imagery" (CGI) or "computer animation". Most science fiction, fantasy, and horror movies, and some history movies and some documentaries from the 2000s use a lot of CGI.

Movie production
Television
Arts
Technology

Special effect


A chartophylax (, from χάρτα, "document" and φύλαξ, "guard, keeper"), sometimes also referred to as a chartoularios, was an ecclesiastical officer in charge of official documents and records in the Greek Orthodox Church in Byzantine times.

The post existed in Constantinople as well as the provincial dioceses, and holders of the post were responsible for the archives and chancery. Some monasteries also included a chartophylax or, for the women's convents, a chartophylakissa, in charge of their records. Gradually, by virtue of his office's importance, the chartophylax of the Patriarch of Constantinople rose to become one of the most important officials in the clergy, despite his nominally low rank. Codinus calls the Grand Chartophylax the judge of all causes, and the patriarch's right arm. He adds that this officer was the depository or keeper of all the charters relating to the ecclesiastical rights stored in the chartophylakeion (Archives). In addition, the chartophylax presided over matrimonial causes, and was the main intermediary between the clergy and the patriarch, controlling his correspondence and access to him. He drew up all sentences and decisions of the patriarch, who signed and sealed them; he presided in the synods in the patriarch's absence and took cognizance of all ecclesiastical and civil matters and causes, whether among the clergy, the monks, or the people. The chartophylax took precedence over all the bishops, though he was only a deacon. On occasion, he discharged the functions of the priests: he had twelve notaries under him. The chartophylax of Constantinople was analogous to the chartulary of the See of Rome, but far more powerful.

References
"Chartophylax". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Second Edition 1989.

Wehmeyer, Jeffrey M. "The Chartophylax: Archivist and Librarian to the Patriarch in Constantinople". Libraries and Cultures, 1997.

Byzantine ecclesiastical titles and offices
Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople

Chartophylax


Henry Poole MacKeen, SM, CD, QC (June 17, 1892 – April 20, 1971) was a Canadian lawyer and the 23rd Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia from 1963 to 1968.

Born in Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, the son of former Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia David MacKeen, he served during World War I as an artillery officer, reaching the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and was wounded in 1916. After the war, he received his LL.B in 1921 from Dalhousie University. He was a practicing lawyer and served during World War II as the commanding officer of the Halifax Rifles 2nd Battalion from 1945 to 1946. He was also the Honorary Lieutenant Colonel from 1948 to 1960. He helped to defend Kurt Meyer, Canada's only jailed war criminal. In 1933 he was appointed a King's Council by the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia.

He was appointed lieutenant governor in 1963 and served until 1968. After, he became the first chancellor of Acadia University.

In 1969, he was awarded the Medal of Service of the Order of Canada,. The Medal of Service of the Order  was converted to the Officer level of the Order of Canada in 1972, however as MacKeen died in 1971 his Medal of Service was never converted to an OC. MacKeen's papers are held by the Nova Scotia Archives.

A portrait of MacKeen by Brenda Bury hangs at Government House Halifax. Another portrait of MacKeen hangs in the Halifax office of law firm Stewart McKelvey which is the successor firm to Stewart MacKeen & Covert where MacKeen practised law.

In 1928, he married Alice Richardson Tilley, the daughter of Leonard Percy de Wolfe Tilley. They had two children: Judith Tilley MacKeen and Henry David MacKeen.

Awards and recognition

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References

1892 births
1971 deaths
Schulich School of Law alumni
Acadia University alumni
Canadian military personnel of World War I
Canadian military personnel of World War II
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Lieutenant Governors of Nova Scotia
Recipients of the Medal of Service of the Order of Canada
People from Glace Bay

Henry Poole MacKeen


In Conservative Judaism, Jewish values can be divided into ethical and ritual laws - the ethical laws do not change, while the ritual laws are used in different customs. Because oftentimes Jews have to be a part of the society they live in, some of the ritual laws must be adapted to it. Such adaptations also allow modern lifestyles.

Another belief in conservative Judaism is that the texts that are the basis of Judaism should not be read literally, and that they can be analyzed and criticized like any other text. In Conservative Judaism, women are seen as equal to men and are allowed to sit with the men when attending synagogue, whereas in Orthodox Judaism for example, women are expected to sit in a different area. Women are also allowed to not wear head coverings when attending synagogue.

Other websites
 The Core Principles of Conservative Judaism , by Ismar Schorsch on behalf of the Jewish Theological Seminary
 Conservative Jews in Israel : Official Masorti Movement website
 Standards for Congregational Practice  by the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism
 Formulating Jewish Law For Our Time , by Dr. Rabbi Elliot N. Dorff, for the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism
 A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice:Official work on Jewish law, by Isaac Klein, 1992
 Emet Ve'emunah: Statement of Principles of Conservative Judaism
 Research and articles on Conservative Judaism on the Berman Jewish Policy Archive @ NYU Wagner
 Conservative Judaism on My Jewish Learning
 An intro to Conservative Judaism  on Soc.Culture.Jewish Newsgroups

Jewish denominations

Conservative Judaism


The Pyrenees is a wine-producing region centred on the Pyrenees ranges located in Victoria, Australia near the town of Avoca.

The Pyrenees Ranges are at the southern end of The Great Dividing Range with altitudes ranging from 300 to over 750 m (approximately 980–2460 ft). Main peaks in the range include Mount Avoca (747 m) and Mount Warrenmang (537 m).

Exploration

The explorer and surveyor Thomas Mitchell was the first European recorded to have travelled through the district on his 1836 journey of exploration.  The ranges reminded him of the Pyrenees in Europe where he had served as an army officer, hence the name he gave them. He found the area more temperate in climate and better watered than inland New South Wales, and he encouraged settlers to take up land in the region he described as "Australia Felix".

Wine
Vines were first planted in the region in 1858.  Several wine growers produced and sold wine in the region in the late 1800s and early part of the twentieth century.  The pioneer of the region Edwin Horatio Mackereth had his vineyard sold to a dairy farmer in 1929 by his descendants. Another early producer Kofoeds survived until 1947.  The 1960s saw the re-establishment of vineyards in the area by Nathan & Wyeth in conjunction with the French Cognac producer Rémy Martin planting grapes in 1963. The official planting ceremony on 1 June 1963 included Victorian Government Minister for Lands, The Minister of State Development and Avoca Shire President.  Since the 1970s the region has been a significant producer of full-bodied red wines based on Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon grape varieties.

The original eight wineries of the region in the 1970s and 1980s included:
Chateau Rémy (now known as Blue Pyrenees Estate), Dalwhinnie Vineyard, Mount Avoca Vineyard, Mountain Creek, Summerfield Vineyards, Redbank Winery (now known as Sally's Paddock), Taltarni Vineyards and Warrenmang Vineyard. Warrenmang bought Mountain Creek in the 1990s and the wineries of the region now number almost thirty with a second wave of plantings and investment in the 1990s. The original vineyards and wineries planted in the 1970 centred around the towns of Moonambel and Avoca. while the 1990s saw large vineyards planted in the Landsborough valley between Landsborough and Elmhurst. Plantings now extend from near Waubra in the south to St Arnaud in the north. The main white varieties planted include Sauvignon blanc, Chardonnay and Viognier with smaller plantings of Semillon and Pinot Grigio, while the main varieties of Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon are well supported by a range of other varieties from France such as Merlot, Cabernet Franc and Grenache, Italy for Sangiovese, Nebbiolo and Lagrein and Spain for Tempranillo.

Tourism is a very important part of the region's economy, with many wineries offering cellar-door tastings.  Accommodation and dining are available at several of the wineries as the region continues to develop tourism infrastructure.  Exports are also significant for many wineries with sales into China, the US and Scandinavia.

List of wineries (2017)

Amherst
Berrys Bridge
Bigibila
Blue Pyrenees Estate
M. Chapoutier
Dalwhinnie
Dogrock
Equus at Moonambel
Forest Gate Estate
Glenlofty
Grape Farm Winery
Gwynnyth Vineyard
Kara Kara
Kenred
Lamplough Estate
Mitchell Harris
Mount Avoca
Peerick Vineyard
Pyren Vineyard
Quartz Hill
Quoin Hill
Sally's Paddock
Summerfield
Taltarni
Warrenmang Vineyard & Resort
Wimmera Hills

See also
Australian wine
Victorian wine

References

External links

 Thomas Mitchell Three Expeditions into the Interior of Eastern Australia, Volume 2
Wineries of the Pyrenees official website
Pyrenees Gold Field  Victoria Geol. Survey, 1904, WM Bradford; discusses Geology of Pyrenees area and Gold Field.

Wine regions of Victoria (state)
Mountain ranges of Victoria (state)
Regions of Victoria (state)

Pyrenees (Victoria)


The Second New England School or New England Classicists (sometimes specifically the Boston Six) is a name given by music historians to a group of classical-music composers who lived during the late-19th and early-20th centuries in New England. More specifically, they were based in and around Boston, Massachusetts, then an emerging musical center. The Second New England School is viewed by musicologists as pivotal in the development of an American classical idiom that stands apart from its European ancestors.

Origin of the name
The Boston Classicists were first referred to as a "school" in the second edition of Gilbert Chase's America's Music (1966).
We must attempt to define the prevailing New England attitude toward musical art, that is to say, the attitude that dominated the musical thinking of those New England composers who, in the final decade of the nineteenth century and the first of the twentieth, succeeded in forming a rather impressive school variously known as the "Boston Classicists" or the "New England Academicians." It might be denied that they formed a "school" in the strictest sense of the term.... I think it can be shown that it stemmed from a fairly homogeneous cultural and aesthetical background.
The full-fledged term "Second New England School" Was used by H. Wiley Hitchcock soon afterwards, in 1969. generating the term "First New England School" as a by-product.

No actual organization or conscious association of composers existed in the Second New England School, though some male members of the group did gather socially, so its "membership" can only be approximated by musicologists who draw aesthetic and philosophical links between composers.

Members
The specific "Boston Six" are named as John Knowles Paine (1839–1906), Arthur Foote (1853–1937), George Chadwick (1854–1931), Amy Beach (1867–1944), Edward MacDowell (1861–1908), and Horatio Parker (1863–1919). Other composers associated with the group include Edgar Stillman Kelley (1857–1944), George Whiting (1861–1944), and Arthur Batelle Whiting (1861–1936). These composers were greatly influenced by German Romantic tradition, either through direct study with Germans or by association with German-trained musicians in America. Their works were published by Arthur P. Schmidt, the most important music publisher of that time.

Origins in the First New England School

Chamber music of the Second New England School is considered the first successful body of American repertoire. While there was no official "First New England School," many independent composers heavily influenced the development and success of The Second New England School. The first influential figure was William Billings (1746–1800), a native of Boston, who was a self-taught amateur musician and a tanner. William Billings was part of the colonial working class and lacked the benefit of much formal education, let alone the chance of attending college (which remained a privilege of the genteel class). Billings gave expression to a provincial, American culture instead of aspiring to the cosmopolitan ideal of British culture. At the age of twenty-three Billings had already composed more than one hundred original pieces of sacred music, and in 1770 he published his first tunebook, The New England Psalm Singer. Only a dozen or so American-composed tunes had previously been published. Collecting more than 120 new compositions, The New England Psalm Singer was the first published compilation of entirely American music and the first tunebook composed by one American composer. Perhaps even more significant as a sign of both Billings's intentions and the times in which he lived, he advertised the work as "never before published" and stressed that it was composed by "a native of Boston"—made in America by an American. Published by Benjamin Edes and John Gill, who also published The Boston Gazette and Country Journal, a major Patriot newspaper, and including an engraving by Paul Revere, the book suggested that Billings was strongly aligned with the Rebels. His tunebook is striking for the manner in which it boldly signals these nationalist sentiments. For example, Billings's best-known tune, "Chester,"declares:

Let tyrant shake their iron rod

And slav'ry Clank her galling Chains

We fear them not we trust in God

New Englands God for ever reigns.

His most significant contribution to the history of American music was the publication of his two tune-books. The first one, the New England Psalm-Singer, was published in 1770, and the second and more popular collection, the Singing Master's Assistant, was published in 1778. It includes a paraphrase of Psalm 137 that refers to the occupation of Boston in 1775–1776. These selections captured the mood of confident defiance with which New England patriots entered the new era.

Influence of Lowell Mason
The second influential figure was Lowell Mason (1792–1872) born in Medfield, Massachusetts. His family education was rooted in the New England singing school tradition handed down by his grandfather. In 1822 he published The Handel and Haydn Society's Collection of Church Music. The first edition was published without attribution, but later editions acknowledged the Mason as editor. Mason returned to Boston in 1827, having negotiated a position as music director at three Boston churches. Between 1829 and 1869 he published about 20 further collections of hymns. Those collections favored adaptations of tunes by prominent European composers rather than the traditional rural hymn tunes. He expertly adapted the melodies of instrumental works from European masters such as Haydn, Beethoven, Mozart, and Schubert into his collections of sacred music and published them. By simplifying their musical content and harmonic language he introduced them to the American public. His compositions include the hymn tunes for "From Greenland's Icy Mountains", "Nearer, My God, to Thee", and "My Faith Looks Up to Thee". Mason devoted his life to music as a composer, a publisher and, most significantly, a music educator. In 1832 he founded the Boston Academy of Music. In 1838, because of his insistence that singing should not be absent from children's education, the Boston School Committee added introductory music to the primary and secondary school curriculum, appointing Mason to lead the program.

The Boston Six
American musicians such as William Billings and Lowell Mason educated and enriched aspiring musicians of their time such as George Chadwick and Horatio Parker. Amy Beach, George Chadwick, Arthur Foote, Edward MacDowell, John Knowles Paine and Horatio Parker collaborated and eventually became known as the Boston Six. In 1815, the Handel and Haydn Society was formed, followed by the Boston Academy of Music. In 1867, The New England Conservatory was founded. It is not surprising then, that Boston should have nurtured a tradition of musical composition and a group of composers who are often considered together a "school."

Many of the New England composers had academic affiliations and were among the pioneers of academic music education in the United States. John Knowles Paine, who served as the first Professor of Music at Harvard University, was considered as the leading compositional authority during his lifetime and, unofficially, the leader of this group. Paine held seniority in age and experience over most of his colleagues. Horatio Parker became Professor of Music at Yale University, and Edward MacDowell at Columbia University.

Music education in relation to Europe
During the Second New England School's years of prominence, American musical education was still in its infancy. Americans often learned music theory and composition in Europe or from European musicians who had emigrated to the United States. As a result, large portions of American classical music written at the time reflect European influences, especially from Germany. Although America lagged in composition, in the second half of the 20th century the country developed permanent and robust opera and symphonic organizations and exceeded Europe in the quality of piano manufacture and piano ownership per capita.

Influence on subsequent composers
The composers of the Second New England School are considered the artistic ancestors of later "academic" and "conservative" U.S. composers such as Walter Piston, Howard Hanson, Douglas Moore, and Carlisle Floyd. The Americanist nationalist school of Aaron Copland and Roy Harris has no direct connection except nationality. Some composers who were students of the Boston Classicists, such as Henry F. Gilbert (student of MacDowell) and Charles Ives (student of Parker), rejected much of their masters' styles and embarked in radical new vernacular directions.

See also
Boston School (music)

References

Further reading
Tawa, Nicholas E. The Coming of Age of American Art Music: New England's Classical Romanticists. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1991.

Composition schools
Education in Boston
History of Boston
Music organizations based in the United States
Music of Massachusetts

Second New England School


Silvanus was a Roman soldier and probably praetorian prefect during the third century who came briefly to the notice of history in the reign of Valerian and his co-Emperor Gallienus. He is generally assumed to have been the commander of the praetorians under Gallienus.

However, the sources only tell us that he was made the guardian of the Caesar Saloninus by Saloninus's father, the Emperor Gallienus. This seems likely to mean that he exercised a guiding influence over his young protégé as he represented the Imperial Dynasty in the government of the Gallic provinces. In this respect Silvanus may be compared with Ingenuus who seems to have exercised a similar function, in loco parentis, in the command of the Danubian provinces by Saloninus's elder brother, the Caesar Valeriannus, earlier in the 250s. He would not have been given this office had he not been a seasoned soldier and administrator, but this does not mean that he was Gallienus's Praetorian Prefect.

It was Parker who supposed that Silvanus must have held that office. This suggestion has since been generally accepted without question by academic opinion. However, while his command was clearly above that of a provincial governor, there is no proof that this was the case. Being Praetorian Prefect was not a necessary condition of being made the guardian of a Licinian Dynasty Caesar: it has never been seriously suggested that Ingenuus, who seems to have been similarly in loco parentis in respect of Saloninus's brother, the Caesar Valerian in the Danubian provinces, was so honoured.

Praetorian Prefect or not, in 260 Silvanus fell into dispute with Postumus over the disposition of loot which the latter had seized from a group of German raiders in Gaul. Postumus's army, infuriated, then proclaimed their man Emperor and attacked Silvanus and the young Caesar in Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium (modernday Cologne). The pair were eventually given up by the citizens and killed by Postumus's men.

References

3rd-century Romans
Praetorian prefects

Silvanus (praetorian prefect)


Jo Ann Campbell (born July 20, 1938 in Jacksonville, Florida) is an American singer who was one of the pioneers of rockabilly.

Campbell began attending music school at the age of four, and won many honors as a drum majorette at Fletcher High School. In 1954 she travelled Europe as a dancer, then moved to New York, where she joined the Johnny Conrad Dancers and made several television appearances on shows such as The Milton Berle Show and The Colgate Comedy Hour.

In 1956, Campbell decided to quit dancing and become a singer. She received her first recording contract with RKO-Point Records in New York and released her debut single "Where Ever You Go" / "I'm Coming Home Late Tonight" with them in 1956. It was unsuccessful and she then signed a recording contract with Eldorado Records after performing at Harlem's Apollo Theater. She wrote and released her second single, "Come On Baby" in 1957. Later that year she released "Wait a Minute", and appeared at the Brooklyn Paramount and on Dick Clark's American Bandstand show.

Campbell appeared in two films: Go, Johnny, Go (1959) and Hey, Let's Twist! (1962), while continuing to release records. In June 1961 she reached No. 41 in the UK Singles Chart with "Motorcycle Michael". She had her biggest hit in August 1962 with "I'm the Girl from Wolverton Mountain", an answer song to Claude King's "Wolverton Mountain". Some pressings showed the title as "(I'm the Girl on) Wolverton Mountain". The song reached No. 38 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. In April 1963, she followed up with "Mother, Please! (I'd Rather Do It Myself)", a take-off on an Anacin television commercial of the day, but this reached No. 88.

After marrying Atlantic Records record producer Troy Seals in 1964, Campbell left the music industry.

References

External links
[ Billboard pages about Campbell]
[ Allmusic]

1938 births
American women rock singers
Rockabilly musicians
Living people
Musicians from Jacksonville, Florida
Duncan U. Fletcher High School alumni
21st-century American women

Jo Ann Campbell


Allan Gurganus is an American novelist, short story writer, and essayist whose work, which includes Oldest Living Confederate Widow Tells All and Local Souls, is often influenced by and set in his native North Carolina.

Biography
Gurganus was born in Rocky Mount, North Carolina. He first trained as a painter, studying at the University of Pennsylvania and the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. He served three years as a message decoder with the United States Navy during the Vietnam War, as a punishment for draft evasion, and began writing during his time on the USS Yorktown. He achieved the rank petty officer second class. Following military service, he graduated from Sarah Lawrence College where he studied with Grace Paley. He studied with John Cheever, John Irving and Stanley Elkin at the University of Iowa in the Iowa Writers' Workshop.  Cheever sold Gurganus's short story "Minor Heroism" to The New Yorker without telling Gurganus beforehand.  It was the first story The New Yorker had ever published about a gay character (the magazine's founder Harold Ross had instructed his staff that there was no such thing as a homosexual). Gurganus himself is a gay man.

In addition to later teaching at both Sarah Lawrence and the Iowa Writers' Workshop, he has also taught at Stanford and Duke Universities.

His best known work is his 1989 debut novel, Oldest Living Confederate Widow Tells All, which was on the New York Times Best Seller list for eight months. It won the Sue Kaufman Prize from The American Academy of Arts and Letters, was a main selection of the Book-of-the-Month Club, and sold over four million copies. It was made into a CBS television play, with Cicely Tyson winning one of its four Emmy Awards as best supporting actress in the role of the freed slave Castalia. The novel was also adapted for a one-woman Broadway play, starring Ellen Burstyn, in 2003.

Gurganus's other works include White People, a collection of short stories and novellas; Plays Well with Others, a novel; and The Practical Heart, a collection of four novellas, which won a 2001 Lambda Literary Award in the Gay Men's Fiction category. His shorter fiction has been published in The New Yorker, The Atlantic Monthly, and The Paris Review, in addition to being included in the O. Henry Prize Collection and the Norton Anthology of Short Fiction.

After living in New York City for a number of years, Gurganus returned to North Carolina, where he co-founded the political group Writers Against Jesse Helms and, as a result, appeared as himself in Tim Kirkman's 1998 documentary Dear Jesse. Gurganus has also taken a position against the Iraq War, most notably by citing his Vietnam War experience in an essay published in The New York Times Magazine, "The War at Home", published April 6, 2003, a few weeks after the invasion. Gurganus was also the inaugural guest editor of New Stories From the South, an annual collection of notable fiction by Southern writers published by Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, in 2006.

He is the recipient of an Ingram Merrill Award and a 2006 Guggenheim fellowship.

Bibliography

Novels
 Oldest Living Confederate Widow Tells All (1989)
 Plays Well with Others (1997)
 The Erotic History of a Southern Baptist Church (forthcoming)

Novella
 Blessed Assurance: A Moral Tale (1990)

Story collections
 White People (1991)
 The Practical Heart (1993 [limited edition], 2001 [trade edition])
 Local Souls (2013)
 The Uncollected Stories of Allan Gurganus (2021)

Online short stories
 The Wish for a Good Young Country Doctor - published in The New Yorker on April 27, 2020

See also

Oldest Living Confederate Widow Tells All (film)

References

External links
Allan Gurganus's website
Audio: Allan Gurganus at the Key West Literary Seminar, 2009: "A Still Small Voice Under the Cannonade"
 Radio Interview with Allan Gurganus  on "Read First, Ask Later" (Ep. 22)

1947 births
Living people
20th-century American novelists
American male novelists
University of Iowa alumni
Sarah Lawrence College alumni
Duke University faculty
American gay writers
Lambda Literary Award for Gay Fiction winners
LGBT people from North Carolina
Novelists from North Carolina
Stanford University faculty
Sarah Lawrence College faculty
Iowa Writers' Workshop alumni
American LGBT novelists
American male short story writers
20th-century American short story writers
Writers of American Southern literature
PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction winners
Novelists from New York (state)
United States Navy sailors
Writers from North Carolina
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American LGBT people
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters

Allan Gurganus


(English)

Norwegian, stylized as Norwegian Air Shuttle, is the Norwegian flag carrier headquartered in Fornebu, (south of Oslo). It is a subsidiary of the IAG Group and a founding member of the Airlines for Europe alliance. As of 2018 Norwegian operates worldwide scheduled passenger and cargo services to 163 destinations and also carried 33,000,000 passengers in 2018.

(Sesotho)

Norwegian, e entsoeng ka setaele e le Norwegian Air Shuttle, ke mosireletsi oa folakha ea Norway e ntlo-kholo e leng Fornebu, (ka boroa ho Oslo). Ke karolo e ka tlase ho Sehlopha sa IAG hape ke setho sa mothehi oa Airlines for Europe alliance. Ho tloha ka 2018 Norwegian e sebetsa lits'ebeletso tsa bapalami le thepa e reriloeng lefatšeng ka bophara ho ea libakeng tse 163 hape e nkile bapalami ba 33,000,000 ka selemo sa 2018.

Mafofane

Norwegian


"No Boundaries" is a song originally written for season 8 American Idol winner Kris Allen. The song was covered by Allen in 2009 for the finale and winning of season 8. The song was officially released by Kris Allen on May 20, 2009.

The song was written by Kara DioGuardi, Cathy Dennis, and Mitch Allen. Kris Allen's version of this single was produced by independent producer Emanuel Kiriakou.

Adam Lambert, runner-up of American Idol's 8th season, covered the song in late May. He released it as his own on June 9, 2009. Lambert's version was going to be featured on his first studio album, but it was replaced by his soon to be released single "Time for Miracles".

2009 songs
Adam Lambert songs

No Boundaries (song)


The One-Million-Liter Test Sphere—also known as the Test Sphere, the Horton Test Sphere, the Cloud Study Chamber, Building 527, and the "Eight Ball" (or "8-ball")—is a decommissioned biological warfare (BW) chamber and testing facility located on Fort Detrick, Maryland, US. It was constructed and utilized by the U.S. Army Biological Warfare Laboratories as part of its BW research program from 1951 to 1969. It is the largest aerobiology chamber ever constructed and was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.

The structure
The stainless steel test sphere, a cloud chamber used to study static microbial aerosols, is a four-story high, 131-ton structure. Its , carbon steel hull was designed to withstand the internal detonation of "hot" biological bombs without risk to outsiders. It was originally contained within a cubical brick building.

Its purpose was the study of infectious agent aerosols and testing of pathogen-filled munitions.  The device was designed to allow exposure of animals and humans to carefully controlled numbers of organisms by an aerosol (inhalational) route. Live, tethered animals were inserted into the chamber along with BW bombs for exposure tests. Human volunteers breathed metered aerosols of Q fever or tularemia organisms through ports along the perimeter of the sphere.

History (1947–1969)

Herbert G. Tanner, the head of Camp (now Fort) Detrick's Munitions Division, had envisioned an enclosed environment where biological tests could be conducted on site, rather than at remote places like Dugway Proving Ground, Utah and Horn Island, Mississippi.

The facility was constructed during 1947 and 1948 and became operational at Camp Detrick in 1950.

The test sphere was utilized during the Operation Whitecoat studies (1954–73), the first exposure taking place on January 25, 1955.

History (1969-present day)

The test sphere has not been used since 1969, when the US offensive BW program was disestablished by President Nixon. The brick building housing the test sphere was destroyed by fire in 1974. However, the chamber itself was placed on the National Register of Historic Places  in 1977.

See also
Aerobiology
United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
United States biological weapons program
Building 470

References

External links
Photos of the "Eight Ball"
, including photo from 2001, at Maryland Historical Trust

Closed medical research facilities of the United States Army
Buildings and structures in Frederick County, Maryland
Military facilities on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
Government buildings completed in 1950
Biological warfare facilities
Fort Detrick
National Register of Historic Places in Frederick County, Maryland
United States biological weapons program

One-Million-Liter Test Sphere


Kona Bikes is a bicycle company based in the Pacific Northwest. The company was founded in 1988 by Dan Gerhard and Jacob Heilbron in Vancouver, BC. Their world headquarters are in Ferndale, Washington, with Canadian distribution offices in Vancouver, and European distribution offices in Monaco.

Gerhard and Heilbron worked initially with Mountain Bike Hall of Fame rider Joe Murray to create a range of custom steel hardtails. Kona was the first brand to produce a complete range of sloping top tube design mountain bike frames.
Paul Brodie collaborated with the TBG and was likely instrumental in implementing the sloping top tube design from previous work with Rocky Mountain and with his own company.
The Canadian headquarters are located near the famous North Shore Mountains of Vancouver, leading Kona to develop a range of Freeride mountain bikes in 1998 known for durability as well as for their ability to handle extremely technical downhill terrain.

Kona has gone on to develop a complete range of road, commuter, cyclo-cross in addition to a complete range of mountain bikes. Using a range of materials including  carbon fiber, titanium, aluminum and steel, Kona's bikes are sold in over 60 countries worldwide.

On January 19, 2022, the founders announced the sale of the company to diversified outdoor equipment maker Kent Outdoors.

Kona Factory Team

Kona has a long-standing tradition in the support of bicycle racing, beginning with their first product designer Joe Murray who was also a two-time US National mountain bike champion. Many elite riders have been part of the Kona Team including 2012 Giro D'Italia winner Ryder Hesjedal (CAN),Two time World Champion cross country mountain biker 2001,2002 Roland Green (Can), World Downhill Champions Steve Peat (UK) and Greg Minnaar (RSA), 2004/2005 World Downhill Champion Fabien Barel (FR), World Cup Downhill Champion Tracy Moseley (UK), and US National Mountain Bike and Cyclo-Cross champions Ryan Trebon and Anne Knapp. Over 200 National and World Champions have been won by Kona riders. The current Kona Factory team competes in National and International events and includes riders from Canada, the UK, Australia, France and the US.

Cory Wallace

After finishing 4th in the World Solo 24HR Championships in 2015, and 2nd in 2016, Kona Factory Team rider Cory Wallace won the event 3 consecutive years, from 2017 to 2019. Due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, the event was unable to proceed in 2020 and 2021, however in 2022 Wallace once again defended his world title.
Wallace won all four championships while riding a Kona Hei Hei CRDL.

Advocacy
Kona has been an International Mountain Biking Association corporate supporter since 1994, and has developed fundraising projects including the Kona Buck-A-Bike program, the Kona Bro Deal program, the Interbike bowling tourney and Kona/IMBA Freeriding grants.

The Kona/IMBA bowling party, held at Interbike from 1998 until 2007, raised money for NEMBA, a New England IMBA-related advocacy group.  Its purpose was to help purchase a large area for mountain biking by funding the KONA/IMBA freeride grants. The Kona/IMBA Freeride grants helped clubs throughout the US and Canada including:Rapid City, South Dakota; Grand Junction, Colorado; Hood River, Oregon; Coquitlam, British Columbia; St. Charles, Missouri; Surrey, British Columbia; Anderson, Indiana, and East Burke, Vermont. The grants helped build freeride features on trails, as well as building dirt jump parks in parks.

For 2008, Kona sponsored the IMBA Epic Rides program, helping fund four new rides throughout the United States and Canada. The trails set aside as Epic rides for 2008 were the Mid Mountain Epic in Park City, Utah; Comfortably Numb in Whistler, British Columbia; the trails sponsored by PAMBA outside of Peoria, Illinois, and the Loon Lake Epic in Tamarack, Idaho.

Kona Africabike

In 2006, Kona began its largest advocacy effort to date - BikeTown Africa. The Kona Africabike was a bike built in partnership with Bristol-Myers Squibb and Bicycling Magazine. The Kona Africabike was designed specifically to assist health care workers treating HIV and AIDS patients with the delivery of home health aids and other services in African Cities, starting with Bobonong, Botswana and Gaborone, Botswana. More recent projects have included Delft and Stellenbosch.

For 2008, Kona pledged to donate 1,000 Africabikes for the project and due to the overwhelming customer support of this project, Kona set up a non-profit/humanitarian organization from their European HQ in Geneva, Switzerland called Kona Basic Needs. This organisation's aim is to continue to raise more funds and awareness of the Kona Africabike program and to continue the donation of these bikes. .

External links

 Kona's Vimeo page
 About Jacob Heilbron Founder
 Classic Kona, a collection of past Kona bikes online

References

Cycle manufacturers of Canada
Mountain bike manufacturers
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1988

Kona Bicycle Company


Railroad Pass, 1385 m (4544 ft), usually known locally as Railway Pass, is a mountain pass in the Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains in southwestern British Columbia, Canada.  Traversed by a seasonal dirt road known as the Hurley Main and sometimes also referred to therefore as Hurley Pass, the pass connects the Pemberton Meadows area of the upper valley of the Lillooet River, via Railroad Creek, to the uppermost reaches of the Hurley River, the main south fork of the Bridge River which the Hurley joins at the settlement of Gold Bridge.

Railroad Pass gets its name from its potential as a possible route for a railway through the Coast Mountains although no formal record of such a survey exists. The Canadian Pacific Survey went through this area, but records only exist of survey parties attempting Ring Pass, at the head of the Lillooet River, and the divide between Meager Creek and Toba Inlet, as well as the southerly route since used by the Pacific Great Eastern, now a part of the Canadian National Railway conglomerate.

Railroad Pass was investigated in the 1980s as a possible extension route for BC Highway 99 as a "back door" for the Whistler resort in case of geotechnical emergencies that would isolate the resort (a more southerly route used by Cayoosh Pass was chosen).

A group of peaks on the north side of the pass is called the Railroad Group and includes summit-names like Locomotive Mountain, Tender, Caboose, and Handcar Peak.

References

National Resources Canada Mapping Services

Mountain passes of British Columbia
Bridge River Country
Pemberton Valley
Pacific Ranges

Railroad Pass (British Columbia)


The Universe in a Single Atom is a book by Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama and published in 2005 by Morgan Road Books. In this book Dalai Lama engages in several scientific areas. He explores the topics of quantum physics, cosmology, consciousness and genetics in relation to Buddhism.

Rationale

Tenzin Gyatso, at the age of 6, was chosen as the 14th Dalai Lama. He is believed to be the reincarnation of his predecessors.  At an early age, Gyatso showed interest in science and the scientific method. In this book, "The Universe in a Single Atom", Tenzin Gyatso explores the commonality and difference between Buddhism and scientific argumentation.

Beginnings in Science

In this book, "The Universe in a Single Atom," The Dalai Lama exhibits humble beginnings in science, including finding a brass telescope from the thirteenth Dalai Lama. With the telescope, he was able to find "the rabbit on the moon," a Tibetan saying for a landform on the moon. Utilizing other apparatuses such as cars and watches, the Dalai Lama took interest in the mechanical operations of the objects.

Commonality between Buddhism and Science

In the book, The Dalai Lama creates exigency for the peaceful relationship between Buddhism and science. The goal is to mitigate human suffering from both Buddhist philosophy and science.   Scientists and Buddhists acknowledge that Buddhists use sensory perceptions and introspective thinking requiring cooperation of the body.   In the 1980s, The Dalai Lama sought scientific advice from Francisco Varela. A product of the meeting was Varela's realization  that the act of meditation through introspective thinking could complement science.

Quantum Physics and Buddhism

Buddhist teachings prove everything is changing and transitory. Essentially, thoughts come into our minds, then move on. Buddhists believe this is what causes suffering. The Dalai Lama believes in justifying the concept of micro-matter through the definition of inconsistent flow. The nature of a paradoxical reality mirrors the Buddhist philosophy of emptiness. Quantum physics debates the sustainability of having the notion of reality, as defined by Buddhist philosophy.

Cosmology and Buddhism

One way Buddhists and scientists agree is their understanding of the Buddha's lack of explanation for the formation of the universe. However, Buddhist cosmologists have created the notion of a universe that has a form, expands, and then is destructive. Both sides, science, and Buddhist cosmologists, do not immediately resort to creating a Godly being as the origin of all matter. Moreover, in Buddhism, the universe is depicted as infinite and beginningless. The Dalai Lama wishes, in the book, to venture beyond the big bang and process thoughts about the possible structures and activity before the big bang.

Consciousness and Buddhism

According to Dr. Hugh Murdoch of The Theosophical Society Australia, the concept of consciousness has been insignificantly proven through scientific study. The Dalai Lama asks the question for scientists, what about the direct observation of consciousness itself? The concept of consciousness was discussed by the Buddha who said the mind is paramount above all things. Buddhists believe in the concept of matter, mind, and mental states. The Dalai Lama wishes for scientists to quit questioning if consciousness is favored in dualism, or materialism and study through the first-person perspective.

Genetics and Buddhism

Buddhists believe the primary purpose of life is to eliminate suffering. The Dalai Lama has no objection to cloning, only if it is based on altruistic motivation. The Dalai Lama supports the human genome project because it shows the difference between different ethnicities is minimal at best.

Critical reception

After closely analyzing The Universe in a Single Atom, Michael Shermer, publisher of Skeptic Magazine,  concludes, " So I would caution both Christians and Buddhists alike: be careful what you wish for in this endeavor to unify science and religion-you may not like what you find."
Arthur Zajonc, president of the Mind and Life Institute states, "The Universe in a Single Atom is an open-minded engagement between intellectual traditions, an engagement that enriches our shrinking planet."  Critic Lisa Liquori states,"Though the Dalai Lama aims to reach a wide audience and offers a fair, nicely written, and thoughtful treatise, the subject matter will primarily appeal to spiritual types and to altruistic, ethical physicists and biologists.

References

2005 non-fiction books
Books by the 14th Dalai Lama
Buddhist literature
Buddhist philosophy

The Universe in a Single Atom


Steepletop, also known as the Edna St. Vincent Millay House, was the farmhouse home of Pulitzer Prize-winning poet Edna St. Vincent Millay and her husband Eugen Jan Boissevain, in Austerlitz, New York, United States. Her former home and gardens are maintained by the Edna St. Vincent Millay Society, a nonprofit organization that also holds the rights to the poet's intellectual property. Steepletop was declared a National Historic Landmark on November 11, 1971.

The Millay Colony for the Arts, founded by Norma Millay Ellis, sister of the poet and heir to her estate, is located on an adjacent plot of land. In 1973, it was established as a separate nonprofit organization from the Edna St. Vincent Millay society (aka, "Millay Society").

The name Steepletop comes from a pink, conical wildflower that grows there known as Steeplebush or Spiraea tomentosa. The Society opened the house for tours in 2010.

Property

Steepletop is a  estate on a hilly, wooded area in the northeastern corner of the town near the Massachusetts state line.  Although located within the range of the Taconic Mountains, the area is adjacent to the Berkshire Hills and is considered part of the cultural region of the Berkshires, known for its rich diversity in music, arts and recreation. The property is abutted on some areas by Beebe Hill and Harvey Mountain State Forest. It can be reached by taking partially paved East Hill Road to the main complex from the NY 22 state highway in the narrow valley to its west.

East Hill leads through the Steepletop property, on a rolling section of cleared land in the middle of the woods. Its most visible building is the guest house on the east side of the road, currently used as the Millay Society's offices. It is a two-story building, sided in shingles with a gabled roof and two exterior brick chimneys. To its southeast is a stable now used as a garage, with a second floor studio. A barn with curved roof is located on the northeast.

Just north of it, across the road, is the main house, Millay's primary home during her years of residence. It is a two-story white clapboard-sided house with a steep gabled roof and central chimney, built into ground that rises up from the short unpaved driveway on the west. A one-and-a-half-story wing projects from the north.

The four-bay west (front) facade has a single-bay, single-story gabled porch sheltering the main entrance, a doorway with sidelights and transom. The north wing has three shed-roofed dormer windows, an interior chimney and a single-bay, single-story projection on its west just north of the main entrance. Its north end has a double door and single window in the gable field. On the wing's east side is a screened porch with a single shed dormer above.

Behind the main door is a small full-length hallway with stone floor. It is decorated with photographs of Millay and art objects collected by her and Boissevain, including a bust of Sappho and a desk made for Millay. An adjacent parlor has a wide brick mantelpiece and paintings of and by Norma Ellis and her husband Charles, who lived in the house after her sister's death. At the east end of the hall is the dining room.

To its north is the kitchen, as remodeled by Ladies' Home Journal in 1947 for a feature story, by their friend and an editor at the magazine, Alice Blinn. Its pantry is to the west, with a small room containing a wood stove on the north. Beyond that is a large storage room with concrete floor, bathroom and closet. It contains file cabinets with recordings of readings of Millay's work.

A stairway leads up to the second floor, with the library on the south. All its walls have shelves of Millay's books. At the northeast corner is her bedroom, which still has furniture she bought and dresses she wore to poetry readings. A newer bedroom, used by her sister and her husband, is to the west.

Northwest of the house is a small one-story wooden cabin, used by Millay as a writing studio. It has a door at the west end, one window on the north face and two on the south. Within are a stove, chaise longue, bureau, desk and chair, and a table with magazines from 1949, all as Millay left it.

Farther away from the house are two more buildings and Millay's grave. A gabled icehouse is to the north; the Ellises converted it into a workroom and storage space. West of the driveway is a swimming pool complex, with a roofed terrace Millay referred to as "the bar" and lawn she called "the dingle". Her gravesite is off a dirt road that branches off to the west from East Hill a thousand feet (305 m) north of the main house.

History

The guest house is believed to have been built in the late 18th century, considerably predating the main house, which is believed to have been built around 1870. Millay and Boissevain bought the property, which had been a  blueberry farm and moved in in 1925, after the period in which critics and scholars generally believe she had done her best work. She continued to write since the rural setting provided sufficient distance from the outside world, and the couple lived there except for periods of travel.

The couple built the barn shortly after moving in, from a kit they bought from Sears. Millay grew her own vegetables in a small garden near the icehouse, and had the writing cabin built. The couple also had a tennis court built.

After World War II, in the late 1940s, she left Steepletop less frequently. Boissevain died in 1949, making her even more reclusive in the year before she was found dead at the foot of the stairway in the main house. The fall was the proximate cause of death, but what led to it is unknown.

Her sister Norma and her husband, painter Charles Ellis, moved in afterwards. In 1973, they established Millay Colony for the Arts on the seven acres (2.8 ha) around the guest house and barn. After her husband's death in 1976, Norma continued to manage the colony program until her death in 1986. During that time, in 1980, she renovated the barn into housing for visiting artists. In 1997, a disabled-accessible main building was built on colony property. The colony continues to offer one-month residencies to writers, visual artists and composers from the U.S. and other countries.

In 2006, the state of New York paid $1.69 million to acquire  of Steepletop, to add the land to a nearby state forest preserve. The proceeds of the sale were used by the Edna St. Vincent Millay Society to restore the farmhouse and grounds and turn it into a museum. The museum opened to the public in the summer of 2010, and guided tours of Steepletop and Millay's gardens were available from the end of May through the middle of October. Effective November 2018, Steepletop closed to the public due to financial challenges and restoration needs. Fundraising efforts continue as do considerations for the future of this museum house. Parts of the grounds of Steepletop, including the Millay Poetry Trail that leads to her grave, are now open for occasional scheduled events.

The Edna St. Vincent Millay Society remains in charge of the main house, the outbuildings around it and the grounds as a whole. It operates the property as a historic house museum dedicated to Millay and has spent much effort on restoring the house and grounds. In 2003, the Friends of the Millay Society built the Millay Poetry Trail along the dirt road leading to her grave and those of several family members.  The trail is open to the public and posted with her nature poetry along the shaded route.

See also

List of National Historic Landmarks in New York
National Register of Historic Places listings in Columbia County, New York

References

External links

 Official Site
 Places Where Women Made History: Steepletop, at the National Park Service

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Historic house museums in New York (state)
National Historic Landmarks in New York (state)
Houses completed in 1870
Biographical museums in New York (state)
Museums in Columbia County, New York
Women's museums in New York (state)
Literary museums in the United States
Houses in Columbia County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Columbia County, New York
Homes of American writers

Steepletop


Pepsin is an enzyme. It acts on proteins in the stomach, which has a low pH because of the Hydrochloric acid. It works best at a pH of about 1.5. It will not work at a pH above 6.

It was the first animal enzyme to be discovered. Theodor Schwann discovered it in 1836.

Pepsin is used to make cheese.

References

Metabolism
Enzymes

Pepsin


When there is a war or some other armed conflict in a country, many people will try to flee (run away) from that country. They will go to other countries, around the country where there is no war. Because they fled, they are called refugees.

If there are just a few refugees coming into a country it is generally no problem to get housing for them somewhere. However, if there are many (or if the government of a country expects many) refugees, it may build what is called a refugee camp. This is usually done by putting many tents, and a few toilets and showers on an unused plot (stretch) of land. This is usually land where no one wants to live.

Usually the governments hope that conflicts get resolved soon, and that those camps are only temporary.

This has not been the case for the refugee camps in the Gaza Strip, for example. Those camps have existed since the mid-1970s.

Related pages
 Tent city
 Burj el-Barajneh refugee camp in the Lebanon
 Transitional shelter
 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
 United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East

Other websites

 Camp Management Toolkit  published by Norwegian Refugee Council
 Shelter Library  Resource for organisations responding to the transitional settlement and shelter needs of displaced populations
 U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants' Campaign to End Refugee Warehousing  in refugee camps around the world, people are confined to their settlement and denied their basic rights.

Forced migration
War

Refugee camp


Tahir Alauddin al-Gilani (السيد طاهر علاؤ الدين الجيلاني البغدادي) (11 July 1932 – 7 June 1991) formally referred to as His Holiness, Qudwatul Awliya Naqeeb ul Ashraaf Hazoor Pir Syedna Tahir Alauddin al-Gilani al-Qadri al-Baghdadi, was a Sufi Saint who lived in the twentieth century and was the head of the Qadiriyya Baghdadia Spiritual Tariqa. He was the custodian of the Shrine of Ghaus e Azam Abdul Qadir al-Gilani and has been accepted by many as a reformer of Sufism. Born in Baghdad on 18 June 1932, he traced his lineage by seventeen steps to Abdul-Qadir Gilani and 28 steps to the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

In 1956, Al-Gilani left Baghdad and migrated to Pakistan, where he settled permanently in Quetta. He stayed in Pakistan until the end of his life. He went to Germany for medical treatment in May 1991, and died the following month. He was buried in Lahore, Pakistan. He had three sons, Syed Mahmood Mohyuddin al-Gilani al-Qadri, Syed Abdul Qadir Jamaluddin al-Gilani A
al-Qadri and Syed Muhammad Ziauddin al-Gillani al-Qadri, who propagate the teachings of Silsilah e Qadiriyya Tahiria.

Background and education
Al-Gillani came from an Iraqi family who are the custodians of the mausoleum of Abdul-Qadir Gilani. He is the youngest of the six sons of Naqeeb-ul-Ashraaf  Mahmood Hussamuddin al-Gillani al-Qadri. His grandfather, Naqeeb-ul-Ashraaf Abd Al-Rahman Al-Gillani, was the first Prime Minister of Iraq (11 November 1920 – 20 November 1922) following the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire. The current Custodian of the Shrine of Abdul-Qadir Gilani is his elder-brother, Naqib ul Ashraaf AlSyed Ahmed Zafar Al-Gillani, who also served as the ambassador of Iraq in Pakistan from 1978 until 1992.

As a child, Al-Gillani would spend the entire night alone in seclusion at the shrine of his ancestor Shaykh Abdul Qadir Gilani. He received his spiritual training and mentoring directly from his father Naqeeb-ul-Ashraaf Alsyed Mahmood Hussamuddin AlGillani Al-Qadri, who was a Sufi and the custodian of the mausoleum of Abdul-Qadir Gilani. Al-Gillani completed his other traditional religious studies at the  Madrassa of Syed Sultan Ali in Baghdad, where he studied under scholars of Iraq including Syed Ali Afridi, Qasim alQaise, Khalil ar-Ravee and the Grand Mufti of Iraq.

Migration
In 1956, Al-Gillani left the city of Baghdad and migrated to Pakistan after receiving spiritual orders from Abdul Qadir Gilani. Al-Gillani first completed 40 days of seclusion (Chilla) at the Shrine of the Sufi saint Data Ganj Baksh Ali Hujwiri in Lahore. He then settled in Quetta, where he established the Darbar-e-Ghousia religious school. In honour of Al-Gilani's presence, the government of Balochistan renamed the road to Al-Gillani Road. Darbar-e-Ghousia became the official headquarters of Tariqa Qadiria in the sub-continent and is still run by the sons of Al-Gillani.

He received a personal visit from President General Ayub Khan, to welcome him to Pakistan. General Ayub Khan pledged Baith (Oath of Allegiance) in the Qadiriyya Tariqa at the hands of Al-Gillani. Al-Gillani was visited by presidents, politicians, tribal leaders and religious scholars for his prayers, advice and guidance. Pakistani President Zia ul Haq is also known to have had both pledged Baith on Al-Gillani's hands, whilst leaders such as President Saddam Hussein, the Sultan of Brunei, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Mian Nawaz Shareef, would visit him or stay in contact.

Life sketch

Following in the footsteps of his ancestor Abdul Qadir Gilani, Al-Gillani spent the majority of his life in spiritual retreat (khalwah) and undertaking spiritual exercises (mujāhidah). There is little known about Al-Gillani's life as he would strictly forbid his followers from writing about him. Al-Gillani was very strict in adherence to the laws of Shariah and Tariqah, and until he died he worked tirelessly at propagating the teachings of his ancestor Abdul Qadir Gilani and the other Mashaikh of the Qadiriyya path. He encouraged Islamic Unity and would often speak out against acts which were considered bad innovations and rituals that had crept inside Tassawuf

Since a young age, he began touring across the world for propagating Islam and the teachings of Tariqa Qadiria. His visits included Saudi Arabia, India, Bangladesh, United Kingdom, Germany, Egypt, Canada, Indonesia, Singapore, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Sri Lanka and the Persian Gulf countries. During Al-Gillani's visit of Ceylon in 1958, he established a care-home in Ceylon for needy and orphaned children.

When Al-Gillani visited India in 1952, he visited the city of Bareilly on the invitation of Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri, the Grand Mufti of India. When Al-Gillani reached Bareilly, his car was lifted by the hundreds of thousands of devotees and carried to the residence of Mufti Mustafa Raza Khan. It is reported that Mufti Mustafa Raza Khan was so respectful of Al-Gillani that he remained barefoot for the duration of his stay and would stand to serve him. On this occasion, Maulana Mustafa Raza Khan also made several of his family members pledge Baith on the hands of Al-Gillani including the later Grand Mufti of India Mufti Akhtar Raza Khan. During this visit to India, Al-Gillani  was visited by the heads of major Sufi Tariqas situated here, including Abdul Qadeer Badayuni Qadri and Muhammad Abdul Qadeer Siddiqi Qadri.

In the 1960s, Al-Gillani was invited to the city of Faisalabad by the grand scholar of Pakistan Muhadith e Azam e Pakistan Maulana Sardar Ahmed Qadri to attend the opening ceremony of Jamia Amjadia Rizvia. To welcome Al-Gillani and for his protocol, Maulana Sardar Ahmed Qadri arranged for rolls of white silk to be spread the entire journey from his madrasah to the Railway Station. It is reported that a small spot had been left uncovered near the door of the madrasah and Maulana Sardar Ahmed Qadri kneeled down and used his own beard to sweep this area clean.

After a three-storey stage was erected, Al-Gillani was seated at the top and covered in rose petals, and Maulana Sardar Ahmed Qadri and other sheikhs sat beneath his feet on the second storey and Maulana Sardar Ahmed placed his own sons and students on the last level. At the conclusion of the gathering, the crowds were uncontrollable as they rushed in the hope of meeting or touching Al-Gilani so Maulana Sardar Ahmed ordered for a side wall had to be demolished so Al-Gillani could leave safely.

Al-Gillani would be invited as main guest to conferences and events, being held both nationally and internationally. These include the International Khatm e Nabuwat Conference held at Minar e Pakistan, the inauguration of Minhaj-ul-Quran International held at Lahore in 1984, the International Minhaj-ul-Quran Conference held at Lahore in 1987, the Al-Hejaz Conference held in London and the historic International Minhaj ul Quran Conference held at Wembley Arena, London in 1988

Marriage and children
Al-Gillani married the Princess of Kalat Princess Munawar Sultan – the daughter of Khan-e-Azzam Mir Ahmad Yaar Khan of Kalat. From this marriage, Tahir Allauddin Al-Qadri Al-Gillani has three Sons and Three Daughters.
 Syed Mahmood Mohyuddin al-Gilani(born 14 July 1968)
 Syed Abdul Qadir Jamaluddin al-Gilani(born on 4 June 1969)
 Syed Muhammad Ziyauddin al-Gilani(born on 28 May 1976)

Children
The three sons follow in the footsteps of their father and ancestors and have devoted their lives for the propagation of Tariqa e Qadiriah. For this purpose, they visit places across Pakistan and beyond and administer Baith in Silsilah e Qadiria Tahiria.
 The eldest son, AlSyed Mahmood Mohyuddin Al-Gillani was born on 14 July 1968. He has three sons; AlSyed Tahir Hussamuddin Al-Gillani, AlSyed Abdur Rehman Saifuddin Al-Gillani and AlSyed Ahmed Nooruddin Al-Gillani. AlSyed Mahmood Mohyuddin Al-Gillani has devoted his time to the spiritual training and welfare of his followers. He has a circle of tens of thousands of followers across the world and annually on occasions such as Laylatul Qadar, thousands of people visit the shrine of Al-Gillani in Lahore to pledge baith on his hands.
 The middle son, AlSyed Abdul Qadir Jamaluddin Al-Gillani was born on 4 June 1969. He has one son, Yahya Shamsuddin Al-Gillani who was born on 22 February 2010. He completed his M.A in English and Foreign Affairs and is a Minister of the National Assembly (MNA). He travels across Pakistan and the rest of the world for propagating the teachings of Tariqa Qadiria. AlSyed Abdul Qadir Jamaluddin Al-Gillani has a circle of followers across the world, who visit him for his prayers, help and guidance. People from all walks of life flock to the official family residence in Karachi (Al-Gilani House), to see him and pledge baith at his hands.
 The youngest son, AlSyed Muhammad Ziauddin A-Gillani was born on 28 May 1976. He has one son, AlSyed Tahir Allauddin Al-Gillani who was born on 12 June 2008. He has completed his M.A in Pakistani Studies in addition to gaining a LLB. AlSyed Muhammad Ziauddin Al-Gillani spends most of his time in Khalwa (Spiritual Seclusion) at Quetta, but from time to time tours overseas for the propagation of Tariqa e Qadiria. He also has a large circle of devotees across the world.

Spiritual deputies
In 2007, Tahir Alauddin's Son Syed Muhammad Ziauddin al-Qadri al-Gilani inaugurated Darbar-e-Ghousia Qadiria Tahiria in Bradford, England. This Darbar is run under the guidance of Syed Khalid Ali Tahiri Qadri (Sajjada Nasheen Darbar-e-Ghousia Qadiria Tahiria UK) after receiving approval from all three sons of Al-Gillani. Syed Khalid Ali Tahiri Qadri is one of the closest students of Al-Gilani and has received his spiritual training and authorisation directly from him. He began serving al-Gilani at a young age, and was appointed as personal tutor to Syed Muhammad Ziauddin al-Qadri al-Gilani during his childhood. Syed Khalid Tahiri is the only representative of al-Gillani in the United Kingdom, Europe, and the United States.

In 2011, Syed Muhammad Ziauddin al-Qadri al-Gilani visited Bradford for a second occasion, where he presided over a conference that has been held annually by Syed Khalid Ali Tahiri to commemorate the death anniversary of his Shaykh Syed Tahir Alauddin al-Qadri al-Gilani During this visit, he also visited Darbar-e-Ghousia Qadiria Tahiria UK and the residence of Syed Khalid Ali Tahiri.

Works
Al-Gillani authored books during his stay in Pakistan. Some of his books are:
 Mahboob Subhani
 Tuhfa Al-Tahiria Aowrad Al-Qadria
 Ghous Al Azam (English)
 Shajrah
 Ziaraat Muqamaat Muqadassa
 Tazkarah-e-Qadriah  (Urdu and Pushto)
 Wazaif-e-Qadriah (Urdu)
 Nimaz Book (Urdu)

See also
Abdul-Qadir Gilani
Abd Al-Rahman Al-Gillani
Islamic scholars

References

External links
Official website of Silsilah Qadria Baghdad

Islamic philosophers
Muslim reformers
Sufi poets
1932 births
1991 deaths
Iraqi Sufis
Pakistani Sufis
People from Baghdad
Iraqi emigrants to Pakistan
People from Quetta
20th-century Islamic religious leaders
20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam
20th-century Pakistani poets
20th-century Pakistani philosophers

Tahir Allauddin Al-Qadri Al-Gillani


A harbinger is a forerunner or forewarning, but may also refer to:

Companies
 Harbinger Corp., an Internet-oriented business
 Harbinger Capital, a hedge fund
 Harbinger Knowledge Products, an eLearning products and content services company

Fiction
 Harbinger (DC Comics), a character in Crisis on Infinite Earths
 Harbinger (Valiant Comics series), a comic book published by Valiant Comics
 Harbingers (comics), fictional characters in Valiant Comics
 Harbinger (Star Trek novel), a 2005 novel in the Star Trek: Vanguard series by David Mack
 "Harbinger" (Star Trek: Enterprise), a 2004 third-season episode of Star Trek: Enterprise
 The Harbinger (novel), a 2011 novel by Jonathan Cahn
 Harbingers (novel), a 2006 novel by F. Paul Wilson
 Harbinger, Earl a character in the Monster Hunter series by Larry Correia
 Harbinger (film), a 2016 American eco-thriller film

Games
 Harbinger (video game)
 Star Trek: Deep Space Nine: Harbinger, computer game
 Harbinger, product in the Dungeons & Dragons Miniatures Game series
 Harbinger, a starship in the game Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic 2
 Harbinger, a playable character in the game Bloodline Champions
 Harbinger, a sentient starship in the Mass Effect series
 Harbinger, a soul of the mage class in the game Rift (video game)
 Harbinger, an allied support bomber aeroplan in the game Red Alert 3: Uprising Project Harbinger, a top-secret research program in the game series F.E.A.R.
 The Harbingers, an Australian video board game

 Music
 Harbinger (band), 1997 musical group formed in Berkeley, California
 The Harbinger (album), a 2009 album by Molotov Solution
 Harbinger (Paula Cole album)
 Harbinger (Dan Seals album)
 "Harbinger", a track on the album Music of the Spheres by Mike Oldfield
 "Harbinger", a track on the album Nocturne by The Human Abstract
 "Harbinger", a track on the album Lowborn by Anberlin
 "Harbinger", a track on the album Pacific Myth by Protest the Hero
 "Harbinger", a track on the album Fatalism by Polaris

 Periodicals
 Harbinger (zine), a philosophical publication
 The Harbinger, the Algonquin Regional High School newspaper
 The Harbinger, a 19th-century activist journal also known as The Phalanx

Places
 Montes Harbinger, a cluster of mountains on the Moon
 Harbinger, North Carolina, an unincorporated community
 Harbinger, a former commune, now Harbin Hot Springs, a non-profit hot spring retreat and workshop center in Northern California

Other uses
 Harbinger'', original name of , a ship involved in early colonial Australia (1801-1802)
 Harbinger (horse), thoroughbred racehorse
 Czerwiński-Shenstone Harbinger, a British sailplane, of which two were built

Harbinger


Dawson's Creek is an American primetime television drama which aired from January 20, 1998, to May 14, 2003, on The WB Television Network. The lead production company was Sony Pictures Television. Reruns of the show are currently seen in the US in syndication on TBS and on The N. with Katie Holmes in one of the leading roles. It is set in Massachusetts.

Other websites

1998 American television series debuts
2003 American television series endings
1990s American drama television series
1990s teen television series
2000s American drama television series
2000s teen television series
American teen drama television series
Television series set in Massachusetts
WB network shows
English-language television programs
The WB original programming

Dawson's Creek


Ikoli kamus  was a Nigerian hunter, nationalist and pioneering journalist; he was the first editor of the Daily Times. He was the president of the Nigerian Youth Movement and in 1942, represented Lagos in the Legislative Council.

Early life and career
He was born in Nembe in present-day Bayelsa State and educated at Bonny Government School, Rivers State and King's College, Lagos. After completing his studies at King's College, he became a tutor at the school - a post which he left to pursue a career in journalism. He is remembered today as one of the pacesetters of Nigerian journalism and the independence struggle. For a period he worked at the Lagos Weekly Record, a paper that has since disappeared.
He was the first editor of the Daily Times of Nigeria, which was launched in June 1926 with Adeyemo Alakija as chairman of the board.
He later became publisher of the now defunct African Messenger. In the 1930s he was one of the founders of the Nigerian Youth Movement and was once the movement's president. During this period, the movement was engaged in an intense power struggle with Herbert Macaulay's NNDP. His tenure in the print media business had a vast impact on Nigeria's road to independence from colonial rule. The media was one of the best ways that Nigerian nationalists could communicate with their colonial rulers at the time.

Nigerian Youth Movement
He started the Nigerian Youth Movement with other prominent Nigerians like Hezekiah Oladipo Davies, James Churchill Vaughan and Oba Samuel Akisanya (aka General Saki). The movement originally started as the Lagos youth movement, it was partly formed to voice concerns about the lackluster colonial higher education policy. The movement was largely Lagos based but as varied members entered the organization, it metamorphosed to become the Nigerian Youth Movement; a political action group with a nationalistic flavor and outlook. Nnamdi Azikiwe,joined the group in 1936.

In 1941 Kofo Abayomi, a Lagos leader of the movement, resigned his position at the Legislative Council, forcing a by-election. A primary election was held among NYM members to select a candidate to contest the seat, in which Samuel Akisanya collated the most votes, with Ikoli in second place. However, with the support of H.O. Davis, Obafemi Awolowo, Akintola and a few others, the party's central committee, which had the right to review the results, chose him as the movement's candidate. Although Akisanya immediately congratulated him, he later reneged and contested the seat as an independent candidate with the support of his primary backer, Nnamdi Azikiwe, although he lost to Ikoli. The loss of Akisanya in the election led to his exit from the movement, Azikiwe also left the movement, both took away most of their supporters.
The resulting feud is seen by some analysts as a contributing catalyst to the enmity that exist between the Igbo, Hausa, and Yoruba ethnic groups in the country and also as a major focal point of electoral disputes and the ominous role they played in destabilizing the country.

Although he lost his seat in another by-election in 1946, the result was overturned following a lawsuit and Ikoli regained his membership of the Legislative Council. He ran in the general elections the following year, but withdrew his candidacy shortly before the elections.

In 1951, Ikoli, along with Awolowo and their allies formed the Action Group, which was dedicated to promoting Yoruba interests in the wake of Nigerian Independence. During this time he edited The Daily Service, which voiced the party's agenda. This publication had a moderate leftist bent, which proved unpopular for Western readers, and distracted from the nationalistic message that he was trying to pursue.

While his legacy remains slightly tarnished due to the tribalism that emerged from Nigerian Independence. It is important to note his role in achieving that independence. His vast print media career and political acumen helped transform Nigeria from a British colony, into an independent state.

See also
Isaac Adaka Boro

References

1893 births
1960 deaths
People from Bayelsa State
Nigerian Youth Movement politicians
Members of the House of Representatives (Nigeria)
Nigerian newspaper publishers (people)
20th-century Nigerian politicians
King's College, Lagos alumni
Members of the Legislative Council of Nigeria
Nigerian nationalists
People from colonial Nigeria

Ernest Ikoli


The Volcano Number (also Volcano Reference File Number, Volcano Numbering System, or VNUM) is a hierarchical geographical system to uniquely identify and tag volcanoes and volcanic features on Earth. The numbers consist of four numerals, a hyphen, then two or three more numerals. The first two numerals identify the region, the next two the subregion, and the last two or three the individual volcano.

The VNUM was developed by the Catalogue of the Active Volcanoes of the World project of the International Association of Volcanology, now the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI), in the late 1930s. It is currently administered by the Global Volcanism Program at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. (USA), in cooperation with the IAVCEI, and the World Organization of Volcano Observatories (WOVO), a commission of IAVCEI.

The number system was used in both editions of the book Volcanoes of the World in 1981 and 1994.

In September 2013, the Global Volcanism Program announced a new format for Volcano Number. The new format is a 6-digit number, and no longer includes non-numeric characters.

References

External links
 Smithsonian / IAVCEI Volcano Numbers

1930s establishments
1930s introductions
Volcanology
Volcanoes

Volcano Number