Clare Purcell (17 November 1884 – 8 February 1964) was an American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South and the Methodist Church, elected in 1938.

Birth and family
Clare was born 17 November 1884, the youngest of six children of William Henry and Mary Ellen (Callen) Purcell of Roanoke, Alabama. Clare's family was of a very old connection in North Carolina, described in the Lumber River Scots. His mother was descended from Skelton Smith, a 15-year-old soldier of the Revolutionary War. His father was in the 13th North Carolina Regiment of the Confederate States Army and served in battle. Clare married Ida West (whom he met in college) 28 December 1910 and they had three children: John Robert (b. 02 Jul 1915), William Wood Rowe (b. 19 Dec 1911) and Ida Claire (b. 05 Jan 1921).

Education
Clare was educated at Roanoke Normal College, graduating in 1903. After working for the Georgia Railroad in Roanoke and Birmingham, Alabama, and Columbus, Georgia, in 1906 he enrolled at Emory University. He was a member of Phi Delta Theta while at Emory. However, health problems prevented him from completing his degree.

In 1907 Rev. Purcell enrolled in the Bachelor of Divinity program at Vanderbilt University. He earned his B.D. degree in 1916. He also earned an A.B. degree from Birmingham College the same year.

Ordained ministry
Rev. Purcell was granted a Local Preacher's License in 1906 by the Lafayette District Conference of the M.E. Church, South. In November of that year he was admitted on trial to the North Alabama Annual Conference, serving a one-year appointment on the Wedowee Circuit. He was ordained deacon in 1911 and elder in 1913. Between 1911 and 1918 Rev. Purcell served the following appointments:  Madison Circuit, the Owenton Church (later renamed McCoy Memorial) in Birmingham, and First Methodist Church of Sylacauga.

In 1918 Rev. Purcell entered service as a chaplain in the 131st Infantry of the U.S. Army during World War I. He spent the winter of 1918 in Luxembourg. Upon his return from military service, Rev. Purcell was appointed to the First Methodist Church of Hartselle. In 1920 he was appointed to Talladega, and in 1924 to Tuscaloosa. In 1927 Rev. Purcell as appointed presiding elder of the Jasper District. In 1931 he became the pastor of the First Methodist Church of Gadsden, where he remained until 1938.

Rev. Purcell also served the greater Church as a member of the Commission on Methodist Unification (1934–38).

Episcopal ministry
The Rev. Clare Purcell was elected to the episcopacy 3 May 1938, by the General Conference of the M.E. Church, South, following a well-received speech in which he argued in favor of union with the Methodist Episcopal Church and the Methodist Protestant Church. Bishop Purcell was assigned to the Charlotte Episcopal Area (1938–48), and to the Birmingham Episcopal Area from 1948 until his retirement in 1956. He served as president of the Council of Bishops of The Methodist Church, 1955-56.

In retirement, Bishop Purcell remained in Birmingham, where he served as president of the board of directors of Carraway Methodist Hospital. Bishop Purcell died 8 February 1964.

See also
 List of bishops of the United Methodist Church

References
 Leete, Frederick DeLand, Methodist Bishops.  Nashville, The Methodist Publishing House, 1948.
 Clare Purcell Papers, MSS 319, Archives and Manuscripts Dept., Pitts Theology Library, Emory University.

External links
 Papers of Clare Purcell

Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South
World War I chaplains
American sermon writers
American letter writers
1884 births
1964 deaths
People from Roanoke, Alabama
20th-century Methodist bishops
Vanderbilt University alumni
United States Army chaplains

Clare Purcell


Mykola Danylovych Rudenko (; 19 December 1920, Yurivka, Donets Governorate, Ukrainian SSR – 1 April 2004, Kyiv) was a Ukrainian poet, writer, philosopher, Soviet dissident, human rights activist and World War II veteran. He was the founder of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group, and was twice arrested for his dissident activities.

Biography

Rudenko was seven years old when his father died in a mining accident.  With his mother and two siblings, he worked on the family farm until they were forced to give their land during the process of collectivization.  He was traumatized by the Holodomor, and remarked that it remained with him his entire life.  He began to write as a child, and had some of his poems published by the local newspapers.  His writing earned him a scholarship to Kyiv State University in 1939.  He only studied for two months until he was called into the Red Army.

During the war Rudenko sustained serious injuries.  On 4 October 1941 near Leningrad he was wounded by an exploding bullet, which shattered bones of the pelvis and entered his spine. He spent over a year in the hospital.  However, he was able to walk again.  He was awarded the Order of the Red Star, of the Great Patriotic War 1st class, and six other medals.

In 1946 Rudenko left the army, but did not return to university.  He continued to write, and his first collection of poems was published in 1947

Works
Upon publishing his first collection From the march in 1947, he was accepted into the Union of Writers of Ukraine. Rudenko was a member of the Communist party, and he worked a variety of jobs for various publishing companies. He wrote a wide variety of poetry and novels, some of his most famous being: The Last Sabre (1959), The Magic boomerang (1966), The Eagle's Ravine (1970), and the collection of poems about Holodomor The Cross in 1976.

He also wrote works of philosophy. In The Energy of Progress (1974) he argued against the works of Karl Marx. In 1972 his works stopped being published in the Soviet Union.

Dissident activity
Rudenko stopped his cooperation with the Party in the late 1940s.  He was convinced that De-Stalinization was not the answer, and that real problem was the Soviet ideology, not Joseph Stalin. Rudenko began to petition all levels of the Party about the need for reform, even sending a letter to Nikita Khrushchev in 1960. He was put under surveillance by the KGB, and he began to meet more and more other members of the dissident movement. In 1974 he was expelled from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union for his views on Marxism. He lost his job and had to take a position as a night watchman. In the 1970s he began to get involved with human rights. This led to his arrest on 18 April 1975 for Anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda, but was released on amnesty as a World War II veteran. In 1976 he was forced to take a psychiatric exam. On 9 November 1976 he announced the formation of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group. The group began publishing information about violations of human rights in Ukraine, including details about Holodomor and other repressions and atrocities.

Arrest
On 5 February 1977 he was once again arrested along with Oleksiy Tykhyi. His trial took place between 23 June and 1 July 1977, and he was sentenced to 7 years in a labor camp and 5 years exile for "anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda". In 1978, all of his 17 works were removed from circulation. Rudenko was first taken to a Mordovian prisoner camp, but then his wife was arrested and sent to the same camp. He was then transferred to a camp in the Perm region. As a disabled person, he was not forced to do work at first. But, he took part in prisoner strikes and was later forced to do labor despite his injuries from the German-Soviet War. On 5 March 1984 he was taken to the village of Mayma, in the present day Altai Republic, to serve his exile. Three years later, his wife Raisa Rudenko joined him, and they were released in 1987 due to public pressure. Their residence had been confiscated, so they left for Germany, and then the United States. He worked in the US for Radio Svoboda and Voice of America, while continuing work for the Ukrainian Helsinki Group. In 1988, he was stripped of his Soviet citizenship. He returned to Kyiv in September 1990, and his citizenship was reinstated and he was fully rehabilitated.

Honors and awards
Rudenko received various honors for his work.  In 1988, the Philadelphia Educational and Scientific Center named him "Ukrainian of the year" for defending the national rights of the Ukrainian people and their culture. In 1990 he was elected a member of the Ukrainian Free Academy of Sciences. In 1993 Rudenko was awarded the State Taras Shevchenko Prize for Literature. In 1998, his memoirs were published under the title "Найбільше диво - життя" (The Greatest Miracle is Life: Memoirs).
 Soviet Union

 Ukraine

Sources

Lesya Verba, Bohdan Yasen. The Human Rights Movement in Ukraine. Smoloskyp Publishers (1980)
Carynnyk, Marco.  Ukraine and the Helsinki Accords: Soviet Violations of Human Rights, 1975-1980. World Congress of Free Ukrainians (1980)
Monument of Dissident Movement
Biography
Subtelny, Orest.  Ukraine: A History University of Toronto Press (2000)
 Swoboda Victor. The Evolution of Mykola Rudenko's Philosophy in His Poetry // Studia Ucrainica. – 1988. – № 4. – P. 76-84.

1920 births
2004 deaths
People from Luhansk Oblast
People from Donetsk Governorate
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv alumni
Ukrainian science fiction writers
Ukrainian novelists
Ukrainian male poets
Soviet military personnel of World War II from Ukraine
Soviet dissidents
Ukrainian dissidents
Soviet human rights activists
Ukrainian human rights activists
Ukrainian Helsinki Group
Soviet prisoners and detainees
Expelled members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Soviet expellees
People denaturalized by the Soviet Union
Soviet emigrants to Germany
Soviet emigrants to the United States
Ukrainian radio personalities
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty people
Soviet rehabilitations
Recipients of the title of Hero of Ukraine
Recipients of the Order of Merit (Ukraine), 3rd class
Recipients of the Shevchenko National Prize
Burials at Baikove Cemetery
Soviet poets

Mykola Rudenko


In mathematics, the Riemann sum is a method of approximating the integral of a function over an interval. One representation of the integral, is the area under a curve in a graph.  The Riemann sum is calculated   by splitting the region into equal parts. In each part, the function is replaced by a shape. Shapes that are commonly used are rectangles, trapezoids, parabolas and cubics.The area of the similar shape can then be calculated. This method is often used when finding the closed form integral is difficult or impossible. The shapes used also influence how accurate the approximation is. More complex shapes give a higher accuracy, but this also means that calculating the approximation becomes more difficult.

Because the region filled by the small shapes is usually not exactly the same shape as the region being measured, the Riemann sum will differ from the area being measured. This error can be reduced by dividing up the region more finely, using smaller and smaller shapes. As the shapes get smaller and smaller, the sum approaches the Riemann integral.

The Riemann sum  may also be used to define the integration operation. The sum is named after a German mathematician who was called Bernhard Riemann.

Definition

You divide the horizontal length under the part of the function you want to evaluate into "n" equal pieces.  That is the n on top of the Σ (Greek letter sigma).  The (xi-xi-1) represents the size of one horizontal segment that is created from dividing the whole by the "n".  The f(yi) is a y value in an "n" segment.  Since the area of a rectangle is length × width, the multiplication of xi and f(yi) is the area of a rectangle for that part of the graph.  The Σ means we add up all of these small rectangles to get an approximation of the area under the segment of a function.

Other websites
A simulation showing the convergence of Riemann sums

Calculus

Riemann sum


Andorran nationality law is based primarily on the principle of jus sanguinis.

Eligibility for Andorran citizenship

By descent

Children born to recognised parents who were Andorran citizens at the time of birth (regardless of the place of birth) are eligible for Andorran citizenship.

By birth

Children born in Andorra under any one of the following conditions are eligible for Andorran citizenship:

 born to parents of whom either one (or both) was born in Andorra and was living permanently and principally in Andorra at the time of birth
 born to non-Andorran parents who were living permanently and principally in Andorra for at least 10 years at the time of birth

By naturalisation

Those seeking to become Andorran citizens via naturalisation are required to fulfill the following criteria:

 they must renounce existing foreign citizenships
 they must have resided in Andorra permanently for at least ten years if the applicant has spent all of their mandatory education in Andorra or for at least 20 years if they can prove their integration into Andorran society

Loss of citizenship

If an Andorran citizen serves in the armed forces or government of another country or takes up a foreign citizenship, they automatically forfeit their Andorran citizenship.

Former Andorran citizens may restore their former citizenship if their request to the government is successful.

Any Andorran may live in France without requesting a visa.

Dual nationality

Dual nationality is strictly forbidden by Andorran law. On the other hand, Spanish law recognizes dual nationality with Andorra.

See also
Andorran passport

References

External links
 Information page about Andorran nationality from the Andorran Embassy in Paris

Law of Andorra
Nationality law

Andorran nationality law


Innocent Blood is a horror-crime movie released in autumn 1992. Its cast members are Angela Bassett as Attorney Sinclair, Linnea Quigley as Nurse and Robert Loggia as Salvatore Macelli. The movie is set in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It is about vampires and Mafia activities. This movie was released in September 1992. It got mixed reviews, though it took in almost $5 million in the box office.

1992 horror movies
1992 crime movies
American horror movies
American crime movies
English-language movies
Warner Bros. movies
Movies directed by John Landis

Innocent Blood


A central bank (or reserve bank) manages a state's currency, money supply, and interest rates.  It may have custody of the country's sovereign wealth fund.

Central banks usually oversee the commercial banks of their country. It issues the national currency, the nation's money. It controls the overall supply of money. In contrast to a commercial bank, a central bank can increase or decrease the amount of money in the nation.

The oldest central bank is the Bank of England. The largest banks are now the European Central Bank (ECB) and the Federal Reserve of the United States.

Central banks usually also have supervisory powers. These powers are meant to prevent bank runs, and to stop commercial banks and other financial institutions doing reckless or fraudulent things. The relation between central banks and governments varies from country to country.

The chief executive of a central bank is normally known as the Governor, President or Chairman.

References

Government-related organizations

Central bank


The Killing of Sister George is a 1964 stage play and 1968 erotic drama movie. The story shows lesbian romances. Sister George is a character in the radio series Applehurst. The movie of 1968 was rated X by the MPAA because of a graphic lesbian sex scene. It put a limit on movie screenings and its ability to advertise in mainstream newspapers. In the United Kingdom, there were censorship issues. The movie was only passed under an X-rating in the United Kingdom after a part about lesbian sex was removed.

Movies based on plays
1968 romantic drama movies
1960s LGBT movies
1960s erotic movies
1960s English-language movies
Movies directed by Robert Aldrich
Movies about actors

The Killing of Sister George


Till Deaf Do Us Part is a 1981 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's tenth studio album. After the band's comeback at the 1980 Reading Festival, the band were now popular again amongst heavy metal fans. The band released a hard rock/heavy metal album to fit with this new success, and the album itself peaked at #68 in the UK.

The album featured the singles "Knuckle Sandwich Nancy", "Lock Up Your Daughters", Ruby Red" and "Rock and Roll Preacher".

Track listing
"Rock N Roll Preacher" (Holder/Lea)  DE #49
"Lock Up Your Daughters" (Holder/Lea) UK #29
"Till Deaf Do Us Part" (Holder/Lea)
"Ruby Red" (Holder/Lea) UK #51
"She Brings Out The Devil In Me" (Holder/Lea)
"A Night To Remember" (Holder/Lea)
"M'Hat, M'Coat" (Holder/Lea)
"Its Your Body Not Your Mind" (Holder/Lea)
"That Was No Lady, That Was M'Wife" (Holder/Lea)
"Knuckle Sandwich Nancy" (Holder/Lea)
"Till Deaf Do Us Part (Reprise)" (Holder/Lea)

1981 albums
Slade albums
Rock albums

Till Deaf Do Us Part


Roger Henri Charles Salengro (30 May 1890, in Lille – 18 November 1936, in Lille) was a French politician. He achieved fame as Minister of the Interior during the Popular Front government in 1936. He committed suicide a few months after taking office, after being hounded by a calumny campaign orchestrated by extreme right-wing newspapers.

Early years
In 1909, Salengro enrolled at the University of Lille to study literature. The same year, he joined the French Section of the Workers' International, a socialist party, and founded a left-wing students' organisation.

In 1914, he signed up to join the French military for the First World War, despite having spoken out as a pacifist in previous years. Captured by the Germans on 7 October 1915, he became a prisoner of war. He refused to work in a German factory, and was incarcerated. His treatment was harsh; he weighed only 42 kg when he was freed after the war.

In 1918, he became a journalist, and resumed his involvement in politics. In 1919, he was elected municipal councillor in Lille, and general councillor of the Lille-Sud-Ouest canton.

In 1925, Salengro was elected mayor of Lille. He was re-elected in 1929 and in 1935. In 1928, he was elected Member of Parliament, then re-elected in 1932 and in 1936.

Member of Cabinet, and suicide
The 1936 legislative election brought the Popular Front to power for the first time, led by Léon Blum. Blum appointed Salengro Minister of the Interior. The new government set about implementing social reforms, and one of its first achievements was the signing of the Matignon Agreements, which was publicly announced by Salengro.

The 1930s were marked by the activities of extreme right-wing groups violently opposed to the Popular Front. The government was opposed by right-wing extremist leagues such as the Croix-de-Feu, by the anti-Semitic, monarchist Action Française and by the fascist terrorist group La Cagoule. On 14 July, France's national day, celebrated with military ceremonies, the Action Française's newspaper published a libelous article claiming that Salengro had not been captured by German forces in 1915 but had instead deserted. The claim was relayed by other far-right movements, and reprinted repeatedly in far-right newspapers such as Gringoire, sparking the "Salengro Affair". It was echoed in the National Assembly by far-right Members of Parliament such as Henri Becquart. A military commission which looked into the claims refuted them categorically, but the calumny persisted. No shred of evidence was ever put forward to support the claim that Salengro's service during the war had been anything other than honourable. On 13 November, at Léon Blum's initiative, the Assembly voted to condemn the libelous campaign, by 427 votes out of 530.

During the night of 17–18 November, "exhausted and ill", Roger Salengro committed suicide at his home in Lille, where he lived alone. A million people attended his funeral on 22 November.

On 14 April 2009, France 2 broadcast a television film about the "Salengro Affair", entitled L'Affaire Salengro. Roger Salengro was played by actor Bernard-Pierre Donnadieu.

References
 Jacques Rouvière, L'Affaire Salengro ou Les bas-fonds de la politique, 1982 ()
 Roger Salengro's biography in brief on the website of the French Socialist Party

External links

1890 births
1936 deaths
Politicians from Lille
Politicians from Hauts-de-France
French Section of the Workers' International politicians
French interior ministers
Members of the 14th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 15th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 16th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Mayors of Lille
Human Rights League (France) members
French military personnel of World War I
French politicians who committed suicide

Roger Salengro


Article Five of the United States Constitution outlines how the Constitution can be changed. Changes to the Constitution are called Constitutional amendments.

Article Five also says that there are certain clauses, or parts, of Article One of the Constitution that could not be amended right away.  These clauses are explained in the "Protected clauses" section.

Text

Background

Before the Constitution was approved, the United States was covered by its first constitution, the Articles of Confederation.

Under the Articles of Confederation, amendments had to be approved by a unanimous vote in all 13 state legislatures.  Not only did every state legislature have to agree on the amendment.  If a single state Senator or Representative in the country disagreed with an amendment, the amendment would fail.  This made it basically impossible to get any amendments passed.

When the Founding Fathers wrote Article Five, they were trying to make sure changing the Constitution was not too hard, but not too easy either.  James Madison later explained that the amendment process in the Constitution "guards equally against that extreme facility which would render the Constitution too mutable; and that extreme difficulty which might perpetuate its discovered faults."

In Simple English, Madison meant that the amendment process protects equally against:
 The process being so easy that the Constitution would constantly be changing; and
 The process being so hard that problems in the Constitution could never be changed.

Step 1: Proposing an amendment

There are two steps in the process for changing the Constitution.  The first step is proposing (formally suggesting) an amendment.  Article Five of the Constitution allows this to be done in two different ways.

The first way is the most common way.  Any member of Congress can suggest an amendment.  However, two-thirds (67%) of both the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives have to agree that the amendment is needed.  If this happens, the proposed amendment moves to Step 2 in the process.

As of 2020, the second way has never been used.  However, it exists to protect the rights of the state legislatures.  If two-thirds of the state legislatures ask them to, Congress has to call a Constitutional Convention.  Delegates would come to the Convention from each state.  The Constitutional Convention could propose as many amendments as they wanted to.  All of the amendments they proposed would move to Step 2 in the process.

At first, when the Founding Fathers were writing the Constitution, they were only going to give Congress the power to propose amendments.  However, some of the Founders, like Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, worried that this gave Congress too much power.  Madison and Hamilton re-wrote Article Five to add the second option for proposing an amendment, and the rest of the Founders agreed.  Adding the second option helped make sure the states had power too  the power to propose amendments if enough of their legislatures agreed.

Step 2: Ratifying the amendment
Step 2 starts when an amendment has been proposed, either by Congress or by a Constitutional Convention.  The proposed amendment now has to be ratified.  Like with Step 1, Article Five gives two choices for how an amendment can be ratified.  Congress gets to choose which way to use.

Congress has almost always chosen the first way: letting the state legislatures ratify the amendment.  If three-fourths (75%) of the state legislatures ratify the amendment, it becomes part of the Constitution.

The second option is for Congress to ask each state to create a "ratifying convention."  This is a group of people  not members of the state legislature  who would decide whether or not to ratify the amendment.  If ratifying conventions in three-fourths of the states ratify the amendment, it becomes part of the Constitution.

Congress has only used the second option once: after it proposed the 21st Amendment.  (This amendment cancelled the 18th Amendment, which made alcohol illegal in the United States.  The 21st Amendment made alcohol legal again.)

At the time, Congress thought that this would be the more democratic option.  A large majority of the people in the United States wanted the 21st Amendment to pass.  However, Congress thought the state legislators would refuse to pass the amendment because of pressure from powerful groups that were against alcohol.  In other words, Congress did not think that the state legislatures would vote the way the people of the United States would want.  This example shows why the Founding Fathers included the "ratifying convention" option in the amendment process.  If the state legislatures get too powerful, or do not represent what the people who elected them want, the people have the power to pass amendments too.

Statistics
Between 1789 and December 16, 2014:
 Members of Congress have suggested about 11,539 amendments to the Constitution
 Congress has approved 33 (or 0.028%) of the suggested amendments, and sent them to the states for ratification
 The states have ratified 27 (or 81%) of the amendments sent to them, making them part of the Constitution

Protected clauses

Article Five protects two clauses in Article One from being amended until 1808.  These clauses are:
 Section 9, Clause 1, which said Congress could not make laws that would make it harder to import slaves
 Section 9, Clause 4, which said the amount of taxes a person paid would depend on the number of people in their state

Article Five also puts one absolute limit on Constitutional amendments.  It completely protects Section 3, Clause 1 of Article One.  This clause says that every state will have the same number of United States Senators.  It does not set a time limit on how long this clause is protected for.  It just says: "no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate."  As of 1808, when the protections on the other two clauses expired, this is the only limit that the Constitution puts on suggested amendments.  Any amendment, about anything else, could be suggested.

Separation of powers

Article Five gives all of the power for creating Constitutional amendments to the Legislative Branch: the United States Congress and the state legislatures.  The President of the United States cannot amend the Constitution.  He has no part in the process of changing the Constitution.  The United States Supreme Court confirmed this in a 1798 case called Hollingsworth v. Virginia.  In its decision, the Court wrote: "[T]he President ... has nothing to do with the proposition, or adoption, of amendments to the Constitution."  However, the Supreme Court cannot create an amendment either.

This is an example of the separation of powers (also called "checks and balances") that the Founding Fathers built into the new American government.  If the President or the Supreme Court could change the Constitution any time they wanted to, they would have too much power.  One person (or nine Supreme Court Justices) could make decisions that would affect every American.

Checks and balances in Article Five

Instead, the Founders gave the job of creating Constitutional amendments to the Legislative Branch.  By requiring that two-thirds of both Houses of Congress, and three-quarters of the states, approve of every Constitutional amendment, they made sure that there would have to be a lot of debate, compromise, and thought before an amendment was approved.  Also, because so many legislators have to approve every amendment, it is very difficult for small "special interest" groups (like people who only care about a certain part of the country, or a certain issue) cannot control the vote.

The Founders even put checks and balances on the Legislative Branch's powers.  If Congress gets too powerful, the states can make it call a Constitutional Convention.  If the states get too powerful, ordinary Americans can vote on a Constitutional amendment through ratifying conventions.  As a legal scholar wrote later: "The ratification of the Twenty-First Amendment [by ratifying conventions] might be called one of the most democratic moments in American history. ... Almost all voters in America had the unprecedented opportunity to [support] or condemn a federal constitutional amendment directly.  ... The conventions ratified the choices of the people without fail."pp. 27–28

Importance
Almost right away, the amendments process became very important.  North Carolina and Rhode Island refused to ratify the Constitution without a Bill of Rights.  This meant they would not be a part of the new United States Government.  In 1789, James Madison wrote the Bill of Rights.  They were ratified together, as the first ten amendments to the Constitution, in 1791.  Having a Bill of Rights convinced North Carolina and Rhode Island to ratify the Constitution.

The amendments process set out in Article Five has allowed for many other important amendments to be added to the Constitution.  For example, these amendments have included:
 The Thirteenth Amendment (1865), which made slavery illegal
 The Fourteenth Amendment (1868), which said that all people born in the United States are United States citizens (this included ex-slaves)
 The Fifteenth Amendment (1870), which gave men of all races the right to vote
 The Nineteenth Amendment (1920), which gave women the right to vote

If Article Five had made the Constitution too hard to change, African-American people might still be slaves, and women might still not have the right to vote.

References

United States Constitution


The Asian black bear, also called the Asiatic black bear, White-chested bear, Moon bear, or the Himalayan black bear, (Ursus thibetanus or Selenarctos thibetanus) is a medium-sized, sharp-clawed, black-colored bear with a distinctive white or cream "V" marking on its chest.

It is a close relative of the American black bear with which it is thought to share a European common ancestor. It is called 반달가슴곰 (bandalgaseumgom) in Korean.  Both American and Asiatic species are thought of as sister taxa. They are more closely related to one another than any other species of bear. Asian black bears are omnivores. They feed on fruit, grass, leaves, insects, rodents, rabbits, carrion, nuts, and even deer, buffalo, and wild boar. Their predators are humans, tigers, and brown bears, while leopards, wolves, lynxes, jackals, and dholes are predators of black bear cubs.

References

Bears
Mammals of Pakistan

Asian black bear


Juqu Mengxun (; 368–433) was a king of the Xiongnu-led Chinese Northern Liang dynasty, and the first from the Juqu clan. His cousin Juqu Nancheng () and he initially supported Duan Ye as prince of Northern Liang in 397 after rebelling against Later Liang, but in 401, Juqu Mengxun tricked Duan Ye into wrongly executing Juqu Nancheng, and then used that as an excuse to attack and kill Duan Ye, taking over the throne himself. While he maintained his own state, he also nominally served as a vassal of the Later Qin, Jin, and Northern Wei dynasties. He was considered a capable ruler when young, but in old age was considered cruel and arbitrary.

Under Later Liang and Duan Ye
Juqu Mengxun was born in 368, while the area that would later be his domain was under the rule of Former Liang, but little is known about his early years. He was of Xiongnu ancestry, and it was said that his ancestors served as the left Juqu (an office title of unclear responsibility) for Xiongnu Chanyus, and so they started using Juqu as the family name. Later, during Former Qin and Later Liang rule, Juqu Mengxun became known for broad knowledge in history and military tactics and thought to be both humorous and full of strategies, and became feared by the Former Qin governor Liang Xi () and the Later Liang emperor Lü Guang, and so he tried to divert attention from himself by drinking heavily and spending time on frivolous matters.

In 397, Lü Guang sent his brother Lü Yan () on an attack against Western Qin, but Lü Yan was killed in a trap set by the Western Qin prince Qifu Gangui. Juqu Mengxun's uncles Juqu Luochou () and Juqu Quzhou () were Lü Yan's assistants, and in light of Lü Yan's death, Lü Guang believed false accusations against them and executed them.  Juqu Mengxun escorted their caskets back to their home territory of Zhangye (modern Zhangye, Gansu) and then persuaded the various Xiongnu tribes to rise against Later Liang.  Initially, he was defeated by Lü Guang's son Lü Zuan and fled into the mountains, but he was soon joined in rebellion by his cousin Juqu Nancheng (), who sieged Jiankang (also in modern Zhangye) and persuaded Duan Ye the governor of Jiankang Commandery to accept leadership of the rebels, establishing Northern Liang. Soon, Lü Guang came under the greater threat of a rebellion by Guo Nen () and recalled Lü Zuan to face that threat, and Duan Ye's nascent state survived. Juqu Mengxun joined Duan Ye, and was made a major general of the state. In 398, Duan Ye sent him on an expedition against Lü Guang's nephew Lü Chun (), and Juqu Mengxun captured Lü Chun, causing all remaining Later Liang cities west of Zhangye to submit to Northern Liang, further enlarging Northern Liang territory. Duan Ye therefore created Juqu Mengxun the Marquess of Linchi. Lü Guang's son Lü Hong () soon abandoned Zhangye, and Duan Ye moved his capital to Zhangye, and tried to further pursue Lü Hong against Juqu Mengxun's advice. Lü Hong defeated him and nearly killed him, but Juqu Mengxun saved Duan Ye. In 399, when Duan Ye claimed the title of Prince of Liang, he made Juqu Mengxun one of his two prime ministers, sharing responsibilities with Liang Zhongyong (). Later that year, when Northern Liang was under attack by Lü Guang's crown prince Lü Shao and Lü Zuan, it was at Juqu Mengxun's suggestion that Duan Ye refused to engage, forcing Lü Shao and Lü Zuan to retreat when Southern Liang relief forces under Tufa Lilugu arrived. In 400, when the general Wang De () rebelled, Duan Ye sent Juqu Mengxun to attack him, and Juqu Mengxun defeated him and, while he fled, captured his wife and children.

By 401, however, Duan Ye was heavily apprehensive of Juqu Mengxun's strategies and abilities, and he considered sending Juqu Mengxun far away. Juqu Mengxun, knowing Duan Ye's suspicions, tried to hide his ambitions. However, at the same time, because he was often insulted by another official that Duan Ye heavily relied on, Ma Quan (), he falsely accused Ma of treason, and Duan Ye killed Ma. Juqu Mengxun then told Juqu Nancheng that he felt that Duan Ye lacked abilities and was an inappropriate ruler, trying to persuade Juqu Nancheng to rise against Duan Ye. When Juqu Nancheng refused, Juqu Mengxun requested to leave the capital to be the governor of Xi'an Commandery (also in modern Zhangye), and Duan Ye agreed. Juqu Mengxun then set a trap for both Juqu Nancheng and Duan Ye -- he made an appointment with Juqu Nancheng to offer sacrifices to the god of Lanmen Mountain (near Zhangye) on a vacation day, but submitting a false report through the official Xu Xian () that Juqu Nancheng was set to rebel and would start the rebellion on a day that he requested permission to sacrifice to the god of Lanmen Mountain. When Juqu Nancheng requested Duan Ye for such permission, Duan Ye arrested him and ordered him to commit suicide. Juqu Nancheng, who had realized Juqu Mengxun's plan by this point, told Duan Ye that this was a sign that Juqu Mengxun was about to rebel and that he should keep Juqu Nancheng alive, and then when Juqu Mengxun rebels he could counterattack. Duan Ye, not believing in Juqu Nancheng, executed him. Juqu Mengxun then cited Duan Ye's execution of Juqu Nancheng to ask his people to rise against Duan Ye, and the people indeed rose in rebellion, because of the high regard they had for Juqu Nancheng. The rebels quickly arrived at Zhangye, and it fell.  Despite Duan Ye's pleas, Juqu Mengxun executed him. The Northern Liang officials all endorsed Juqu Mengxun to take over the throne, and he took throne with the title Duke of Zhangye.

Early reign
Juqu Mengxun, having taken the ducal title, promoted a number of officials who were considered capable, and it was said that the people of his state were pleased. He also nominally submitted to the Later Qin emperor Yao Xing as a vassal, although remaining in reality independent.  However, he immediately faced the crisis that his Jiuquan (酒泉) and Liangning (涼寧) Commanderies (roughly modern Jiuquan, Gansu) rebelled against him and joined Western Liang.  He became fearful, and he sent his brother Juqu Ru (沮渠挐) the Marquess of Dugu and official Zhang Qian (張潜) to meet Yao Xing's uncle Yao Shuode (姚碩德), who had just recently sieged Later Liang's capital Guzang (姑臧, in modern Wuwei, Gansu) and forced the Later Liang emperor Lü Long to submit, offering to surrender his state to Later Qin.  Yao Shuode was pleased, but upon return to Northern Liang, while Zhang recommended such surrender, Juqu Ru argued against it, and Juqu Mengxun, while remaining nominally a Later Qin vassal, executed Zhang and never actually surrendered his state.  He also tried to make peace with Southern Liang's prince Tufa Lilugu, initially sending his son Juqu Xi'nian (沮渠奚念) as a hostage to Southern Liang, but Tufa Lilugu rejected Juqu Xi'nian, stating that he was too young to be a meaningful hostage and demanding Juqu Ru instead. After initially refusing, Juqu Mengxun gave in to Southern Liang demands after Tufa Lilugu defeated him in battle.

In 402, with Guzang under a severe famine, Juqu Mengxun attacked Later Liang, causing Lü Long to seek aid from Southern Liang, but before Southern Liang forces could arrive, Lü Long defeated Juqu Mengxun, and Juqu Mengxun made peace with Lü Long, offering him food for famine relief.

Around the new year 403, Liang Zhongyong, who continued to be a key official after Juqu Mengxun took over for Duan Ye, fled from his domain and joined Western Liang's prince Li Gao. Rather than killing Liang's wife and children as might be expected, Juqu Mengxun sent them to Liang, commenting, "I treated Liang like a brother, but he did not trust me. He did not betray me, but himself; I do not mind losing a man."

Later that year, because Juqu Mengxun and Tufa Lilugu were constantly attacking him and draining his state's resources, Lü Long felt he could not maintain his state any more, and he surrendered his state (now consisting of little more than Guzang) to Later Qin. He also persuaded the Later Qin general Qi Nan (齊難) to attack Juqu Mengxun, but Juqu Mengxun repelled Qi's attack and then made peace with Qi. Juqu Mengxun sent Juqu Ru (who must have somehow been returned from Southern Liang by this point) to the Later Qin capital Chang'an to declare his submission to Yao Xing.  Later that year, having received reports that his two uncles and generals Juqu Qinxin (沮渠親信) and Juqu Kongdu (沮渠孔篤) were corrupt and harmful to the people, he forced to commit suicide.  Meanwhile, he accepted the title that Yao Xing created him, the Marquess of Xihai, to show submission, despite his initial displeasure that Tufa Lilugu's brother and successor Tufa Rutan was created a duke while he was only created a marquess.

In 405, Li Gao moved his capital from Dunhuang (敦煌, in modern Dunhuang, Gansu) to Jiuquan, to be closer to Zhangye to exert pressure on Juqu Mengxun.

In spring 406, Tufa Rutan launched a major attack on Northern Liang, but Juqu Mengxun was able to hold Zhangye, forcing Tufa Rutan to withdraw. In fall 406, Juqu Mengxun made a surprise attack on Jiuquan, initially defeated Li Gao, but he could not successfully siege Jiuquan and was forced to withdraw.

In fall 407, Tufa Rutan made another attack on Northern Liang, but Juqu Mengxun was able to defeat him.

In 410, Tufa Rutan and his brother Tufa Juyan (禿髮俱延) launched successive attacks on Northern Liang, and Juqu Mengxun was not only able to repel them, but then proceeded to siege Guzang (where Tufa Rutan had moved his capital after receiving it as a bestowment from Yao Xing in 406). The people of Guzang, because Tufa Rutan had previously carried out massive executions after a failed rebellion, collapsed in fear, and more than 10,000 households surrendered to Northern Liang.  Tufa Rutan, apprehensive of both Juqu Mengxun and a rebellion by Zhequ Qizhen (折屈奇鎮) in the south, made peace with Juqu Mengxun and moved his capital back south to Ledu (樂都, in modern Haidong Prefecture, Qinghai). As soon as he left Guzang, however, Hou Chen (侯諶) and Jiao Lang (焦朗) seized control of Guzang and nominally submitted to Juqu Mengxun, although they held Guzang themselves. In fall 410, Juqu Mengxun attacked Western Liang and defeated Li Gao's heir apparent Li Xin and captured the Western Liang general Zhu Yuanhu (朱元虎), and he subsequently made peace with Li Gao when Li Gao ransomed Zhu with silver and gold.

In spring 411, with Jiao Lang still holding Guzang, Juqu Mengxun sieged Guzang and captured him, but pardoned him.  He left Juqu Ru in command at Guzang and then attacked Southern Liang, putting Ledu under siege, and only withdrew after Tufa Rutan sent his son Tufa Anzhou (禿髮安周) as a hostage. Tufa Rutan soon counterattacked, however, and initially was successful, but Juqu Mengxun trailed Tufa Rutan's forces and defeated him, again putting Ledu under siege and forcing Tufa Rutan to send another son, Tufa Ran'gan (禿髮染干) as a witness before withdrawing. In fall 411, Juqu Mengxun made a surprise attack on Western Liang, but was unsuccessful, and as he ran out of food supplies and withdrew, Li Gao sent Li Xin to attack him, defeating him.

In winter 412, Juqu Mengxun moved the capital from Zhangye to Guzang, and he claimed the greater title of Prince of Hexi.

Middle reign
In 413, Juqu Mengxun created his son Juqu Zhengde (沮渠政德) heir apparent. In the summer of that year, he repelled another attack from Tufa Rutan, and then again put Ledu under siege for 20 days, but could not capture it.  He renewed the attack when Tufa Rutan's general Tufa Wenzhi (禿髮文支) surrendered to him, forcing Tufa Rutan to send Tufa Juyan as a hostage to him.

Also in 413, while Juqu Mengxun was sleeping, his eunuch Wang Huaizu (王懷祖) tried to assassinate him, but only hurt his foot. Juqu Mengxun's wife Princess Meng arrested Wang and had him beheaded.  Also in 413, Juqu Mengxun's mother Lady Che died.

With Western Qin having destroyed Southern Liang in 414, Northern Liang and Western Qin began to have a series of wars, with Juqu Mengxun largely winning these battles against Western Qin's prince Qifu Chipan.  In 416, after an inconclusive battle, Northern Liang and Western Qin entered into peace.

In 417, Juqu Mengxun tried to lay a trap for Li Xin (who had succeeded Li Gao after Li Gao's death that year) by having his general Juqu Guangzong (沮渠廣宗) pretending to surrender to Western Liang, while Juqu Mengxun lay in wait.  However, Li Xin realized the trap and withdrew, and as Juqu Mengxun gave chase, Li Xin defeated him.

That year, Juqu Mengxun became fearful and angry when he heard that the Jin general Liu Yu had destroyed Later Qin and seized its territory, probably in fear that Liu Yu would next advance against his state.  When his official Liu Xiang (劉祥) was making a report to him with a smile, Juqu Mengxun angrily stated, "How do you dare to smile upon hearing that Liu Yu had entered Hangu Pass!" and beheaded Liu Xiang.  (This is despite Juqu Mengxun having made an overture in 415 agreeing to submit to Jin as a vassal.)  His fears appeared to subside after Liu Yu left former Later Qin territory late in 417, and dissipate completely when the Xia emperor Helian Bobo crushed troops under Liu Yu's son Liu Yizhen (劉義真) in 418.

In 418, Juqu Mengxun made an attack on Western Liang, but Li Xin refused to engage him, and he withdrew.  Later that year, he submitted to Jin as a vassal.

In 420, Juqu Mengxun set another trap for Li Xin.  He pretended to attack Western Qin's city Haomen (浩亹, in modern Haidong Prefecture, Qinghai), but once reaching Haomen, immediately withdrew and hid his army at Chuanyan (川巖, near Zhangye).  Li Xin, believing wrongly that Juqu Mengxun's defenses were down, decided to attack Zhangye, against the advice of Song Yao and Zhang Tishun, as well as his mother Princess Dowager Yin.  As he approached Zhangye, Juqu Mengxun intercepted him and defeated him.  His generals then advised him to quickly withdraw to Jiuquan, but Li Xin, stating that he had disobeyed his mother and would only be able to see her again after a victory, engaged Juqu Mengxun again, suffering an even greater defeat, and he was killed in battle.  Juqu Mengxun quickly captured Jiuquan and most of Western Liang territory.  He largely maintained a policy of trying to pacify the Western Liang people and incorporating capable Western Liang officials into his administration, including Li Gao's half-brother Song Yao (宋繇).  In winter 420, Li Xin's brother Li Xun seized Dunhuang and tried to reestablish Western Liang rule, and Juqu Mengxun initially sent Juqu Zhengde to siege Dunhuang.  In spring 421, he attacked Dunhuang himself, and when Li Xun tried to surrender, he refused.  Li Xun's official Song Cheng (宋承) rebelled and offered the city to him, and Li Xun committed suicide, ending Western Liang; contrary to the pacification policy he carried out at Jiuquan, Juqu Mengxun slaughtered the populace of Dunhuang.

With Western Liang destroyed, Juqu Mengxun renewed his attacks against Western Qin, and while his initial attacks were repelled, his attacks had a draining effect on Western Qin, whose strength began to be sapped.  At some point, he also encouraged Tufa Rutan's crown prince Tufa Hutai (禿髮虎台) to rebel against Western Qin, promising to lend him two commanderies and troops, but after Tufa Hutai's plot, which also included his sister Princess Tufa (Qifu Chipan's wife), was discovered, Qifu Chipan had Tufa Hutai and Princess Tufa executed.  Some members of the Tufa clan fled to Northern Liang.

In 421, the general Tang Qi (唐契), a former Western Liang general and brother-in-law to Li Xin, rebelled at his post of Jinchang (晉昌, in modern Jiuquan, Gansu), and not until 423 did Juqu Zhengde defeat Tang, but Tang and his brother Tang He (唐和) and nephew Li Bao (李寶, Li Xin's son) fled to Yiwu (伊吾, in modern Kumul Prefecture, Xinjiang) and held out there.

Also in 423, Juqu Mengxun sent tributes to Jin's successor state, Liu Song, which Liu Yu had established in 420.  Liu Yu's son Emperor Shao of Liu Song affirmed Juqu Mengxun's title of Prince of Hexi.  In fall of that year, when Rouran attacked Northern Liang, Juqu Mengxun sent Juqu Zhengde to fight Rouran, but Juqu Zhengde was defeated and killed.  Juqu Mengxun then created his next son Juqu Xingguo (沮渠興國) as heir apparent.

In 426, a decisive battle would largely end Western Qin as a threat to Northern Liang.  Qifu Chipan and his crown prince Qifu Mumo were launching a major attack on Northern Liang.  Juqu Mengxun sent messengers to persuade the Xia emperor Helian Chang (Helian Bobo's son and successor) to make a surprise attack on the Western Qin capital Fuhan (枹罕, in modern Linxia, Gansu).  Helian Chang, in response, sent his general Hulu Gu (呼盧古) to attack Wanchuan and Wei Fa (韋伐) to attack Nan'an (南安, in modern Dingxi, Gansu), and while Western Qin was able to hold Wanchuan, Nan'an fell, at great loss.  In winter 426, Xia forces commanded by Hulu and Wei attack Fuhan, forcing Qifu Gangui to move the capital to Dinglian (定連, also in Linxia), and Hulu and Wei then captured another important Western Qin city, Xiping (西平, in modern Xining, Qinghai), and while they then withdrew, Western Qin had been dealt a major blow.  Later that year, with Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei having in turn defeated Helian Chang in battle, capturing Chang'an and nearly capturing the Xia capital Tongwan (統萬, in modern Yulin, Shaanxi) as well, Juqu Mengxun sent messengers to Northern Wei offering to submit as a vassal.

In 428, when Qifu Chipan died and was succeeded by Qifu Mumo, Juqu Mengxun made a major attack on Western Qin.  Qifu Mumo sent back his general Juqu Chengdu (沮渠成都), whom Qifu Chipan captured in 422, to seek peace, and they entered into a peace agreement.  However, just several months later, Juqu Mengxun renewed his attacks on Western Qin.

Late reign
In 429, Juqu Mengxun launched another major attack on Western Qin, but during the campaign, Juqu Xingguo was captured, and Juqu Mengxun was forced to withdraw, after his forces, aligned also with Tuyuhun forces commanded by Murong Muliyan (慕容慕利延), the brother of the khan Murong Mugui (慕容慕璝). He soon sent a large amount of grain to Qifu Mumo, requesting to ransom Juqu Xingguo, but Qifu Mumo refused, so Juqu Mengxun created Juqu Xingguo's younger brother, by the same mother, Juqu Puti (沮渠菩提), to be heir apparent. Qifu Mumo kept Juqu Xingguo as an official and married a sister to him.

In 431, with Xia's emperor Helian Ding (Helian Chang's brother and successor after Helian Chang was captured by Northern Wei in 428) having first destroyed Western Qin and killed Qifu Mumo and then having been defeated and captured by Murong Mugui), Juqu Mengxun, now with his territory directly in contact with Northern Wei, sent his son Juqu Anzhou to Northern Wei as a hostage to show his loyalty.  In response, Northern Wei's Emperor Taiwu sent his official Li Shun (李順) to Northern Liang to bestow a number of high titles, including the title of Prince of Liang.

By 432, Juqu Mengxun, in his old age, was said to be arbitrary and cruel, with his subjects suffering the pain henceforth. When Li Shun again arrived in his territory, he initially refused to bow down to receive the Northern Wei emperor's edict, but upon Li Shun's warning that such disrespect will be punished, did so. In 433, he grew ill, and his nobles and officials believed Juqu Puti to be too young to succeed him, and so deposed Juqu Puti and replaced him as heir apparent with his older brother Juqu Mujian. Juqu Mengxun soon died, and Juqu Mujian succeeded him.

Personal information
 Mother
 Lady Che (d. 413)
 Wife
 Princess Meng
 Children
 Juqu Zhengde (沮渠政德), the Heir Apparent (created 413, killed in battle by Rouran forces 423)
 Juqu Xingguo (沮渠興國), the Heir Apparent (created 423), later captured and detained by Western Qin's prince Qifu Mumo 429 (d. 431)
 Juqu Puti (沮渠菩提), the Heir Apparent (created 429, deposed 433)
 Juqu Mujian (沮渠牧犍), the Heir Apparent (created 433), later prince
 Juqu Wuhui (沮渠無諱), later prince
 Juqu Anzhou (沮渠安周), later prince
 Juqu Yide (沮渠儀德)
 Juqu Bing (沮渠秉) (brothers forced by Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei to kill him 444)
 Juqu Donglai (沮渠董來)
 Princess Xingping, later consort to Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei (forced to commit suicide 447)
 Another daughter, older than Juqu Mujian

References

Northern Liang princes
368 births
433 deaths
Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms) people
Later Qin people
Jin dynasty (266–420) people
Northern Wei generals
People from Northwest China

Juqu Mengxun


Ian Carmichael (born 1 June 1960) is a Scottish sound engineer, born in Glasgow. He started his career working at the Irn Bru factory in Scotland before becoming a live sound engineer, before building his own recording studio called 'The Irn Bru Hit Factory' in Glasgow in 1986.   His most notable productions are for Glasgow indie band The Orchids, before he started his own band, One Dove, in 1991, with their highly influential album release, Morning Dove White in 1993. When One Dove split in 1995, Carmichael went on to work with Manchester band Lamb, with recording and mixing credits on both Fear of Fours and What Sound.  He also produced and remixed for iconic Glasgow indie band The Pastels on their albums Mobile Safari (1995), Illumination (1997), and Illuminati (1998), as well as Bis ("Detour" single), and Manchester garage band, Un-Cut. Currently, Carmichael teaches sound engineering and music production at SSR in Manchester, he has cited Irn Bru as his soft drink of choice during lectures and has recently reunited with The Orchids to remix tracks from their recent 2007 album, Good to Be a Stranger.

External links
 Morning Dove Web, an unofficial One Dove website

 , Ian's Homepage

Scottish audio engineers
Musicians from Glasgow
1960 births
Living people
Scottish record producers

Ian Carmichael (musician)


The Amelia Barr House, also known as Cherry Croft, is located on Mountain Road in Cornwall on Hudson, a village in Orange County, New York, United States. It is on the slopes of Storm King Mountain, near Storm King School. Barr, the most published American female writer born in the 19th century, lived here during the most prolific and successful period of her career.

Barr, an Englishwoman who came to the United States from Lancashire at the age of 19, moved to New York City in the early 1870s with her daughters from Galveston, Texas, after her husband and six of her nine children died of yellow fever. There she began to write fiction. In 1885, she and her daughters began spending summers at a boardinghouse in Cornwall. Her novels eventually became successful enough that, in 1891, she could afford to buy the cottage, previously rented by artist Abbot Handerson Thayer. After highly regarded local builders Mead and Taft renovated it extensively, she renamed it Cherry Croft, and accordingly most of her work from that time period came to be known as the Cherry Croft novels. She summered there until selling it in 1915, when she moved to White Plains to be cared for by her daughter Lilly.

Mead and White's renovations resulted in a 3,500-square foot (315 m2) three-storey home with six bedrooms, four bathrooms, library, living room and dining room. It has a 1,000-square foot (90 m2) wraparound porch. Barr had a turreted writing room added on upstairs for her use. The original fixtures and trim, including the window screens, are still in place. In 1982, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.

It has been repainted in white and black from the brown with red trim Barr favored. After continuous occupation since Barr's day, in April 2006 it became vacant, and remains so, although work is actively being done on the house .

References
Notes

Bibliography

English-American history
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Houses in Orange County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Orange County, New York
Houses completed in 1891
Cornwall, New York

Amelia Barr House


Earth is a small, rural city in Lamb County, West Texas, United States. As of the 2010 Census, the population was 1,065.

History
Earth was established by William E. Halsell, who laid out the townsite in 1924. Originally Halsell named the city Fairlawn, but in 1925 it was renamed Earth when it was learned that there was already a town in Texas by the name of Fairlawn. In order to find a new name the townspeople sent in suggestions, and the agreed-upon best name was chosen.  The name Earth was submitted by Ora Hume (O.H.) Reeves, who became the owner of the city hotel.  Mr. Reeves' son-in-law, Frank Wesley Hyatt, was the first postmaster in Earth.

Geography and Climate
Earth is located on the high plains of the Llano Estacado.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of .

Demographics

2020 census

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 901 people, 360 households, and 224 families residing in the city.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,109 people, 395 households, and 293 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 458 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 73.13% White, 2.89% African American, 0.81% Native American, 22.09% from other races, and 1.08% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 52.93% of the population.

There were 395 households, out of which 38.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.7% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.8% were non-families. 22.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.81 and the average family size was 3.33.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 31.0% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 23.5% from 25 to 44, 21.6% from 45 to 64, and 14.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $25,595, and the median income for a family was $29,688. Males had a median income of $27,396 versus $15,938 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,191. About 20.0% of families and 27.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 36.5% of those under age 18 and 20.8% of those age 65 or over.

Education
The City of Earth is served by the Springlake-Earth Independent School District and home to the Springlake-Earth High School Wolverines.

See also

Blackwater Draw
Plant X
Llano Estacado

References

External links
Handbook of Texas: Earth, TX

Cities in Texas
Cities in Lamb County, Texas

Earth, Texas


Something Is Out There is a 1988 American science fiction television miniseries that aired on NBC, and a weekly series that followed in the fall of 1988, which lasted from October to December 1988.

Plot summary
Jack Breslin (Joseph Cortese) is a police officer investigating brutal murders in which organs have been removed from the victims with (by human standards) surgically impossible speed. He learns that the crimes are being committed by a monstrous alien insectoid prisoner known as a xenomorph, possessing shape-shifting and physical possession abilities, who has escaped from an alien prison starship passing by the solar system, and he teams up with a beautiful medical officer from that ship, Ta'Ra (Maryam d'Abo), to track down the villain. Ta'Ra has assorted superhuman abilities, including telepathy and superhuman agility, which come in handy during the mission.

Cast
 Joe Cortese as Jack Breslin
 Maryam d'Abo as Ta'Ra
 George Dzundza as Frank Dileo
 Gregory Sierra as Victor Maldonado
 Kim Delaney as Mandy Estabrook
 John Putch as Wendle
 Robert Webber as Commissioner Estabrook
 Earl Billings as Coroner
 Michael DeLuise as Punk

Notes
The miniseries drew high ratings for NBC and critics noted the chemistry between Jack and Ta'Ra as one of its high points. One week after its ratings success, Brandon Tartikoff announced it would become a weekly series. 13 episodes were ordered.  Something Is Out There fared poorly opposite the very successful Dallas and the show was later moved to compete with Beauty and the Beast where ratings only worsened.  The series was canceled after only six one-hour episodes were broadcast, with two additional episodes produced but not broadcast at the time except in isolated cases in the US.

Due to its short run, the series is not often found in syndication, but the Sci-Fi Channel did include it as part of a rotation of short-lived series, including broadcasting the previously unaired episodes. An edited down version of the miniseries has aired as a syndicated television movie.

The one-hour episodes also appear occasionally at Crackle's website and on the app.

Development
Originally conceived by Frank Lupo in 1987 with the title Invader, NBC ordered a four-hour mini-series for broadcast on May 8, 1988 with a budget of $7.5 million.  Shooting took 41 days on locations in Los Angeles and Australia.

Producers John Ashley and Frank Lupo decided to alter the program's concept to cope with the comparatively smaller budget of the weekly series.  "Things definitely change fast when a mini-series or movie becomes a weekly series," said Ashley.  "It's great when you've got four hours, $7.5 million and the talents of Rick Baker and John Dykstra to play around with.  But what happens when you're suddenly cut to a million per episode budget, don't have the talents of Baker or Dykstra and have to take the mini-series concept to the next level while turning out an hour a week?  What happens is that you make changes."

It was decided to focus the show on the relationship between Jack and Ta'Ra, on Ta'Ra's special abilities and to reject a "monster of the week" approach.  Ta'Ra, who was later revealed to be from a distant planet called Zeton, chooses to stay on Earth posing as Jack's cousin.  The show strayed from its science-fiction origins with supernatural stories featuring telekinesis and telepathy.

"In the early episodes, we felt we had pulled our reins in too far. We discovered that many people were expecting an alien every week, because of the mini-series, and were being disappointed," said Ashley in an interview with Starlog during filming of the eighth episode. "What we were giving them just wasn't working. So, we took a step back and looked at what elements made the mini-series work and made the later episodes along the lines of where the show should have gone. We went back to basics. We brought the creature from the mini-series back for a two-part episode, gave Ta'Ra some additional powers and made the show more science fictional in nature."

The changes were not enough to draw audience members back however, and Something Is Out There was eventually cancelled.

Episodes
 Something Is Out There: (Two-part miniseries)  Air Date:5/8 and 5/9/88.
 Gladiator: An escaped criminal goes gunning for Jack, using armor and a gun stolen from Ta'Ra.Air date: 10/21/88.
 Don't Look Back: Jack and Ta'Ra try to help a child on the run from government agents and something darker.  Air Date:10/28/88.
 In His Own Image: A woman finds her missing brother's head as an exhibit in a wax museum.  Air Date:11/4/88.
 Night of the Visitors: Ta'Ra thinks she may have a way back home when she recognizes an author's description of his encounter with aliens. Air Date:11/25/88.
 A Message from Mr. Cool: A psychotic thinks he's getting messages from a ventriloquist's dummy. Air Date:12/2/88.
 Good Psychics Are Hard to Come By: Jack is assigned to work with a psychic on a kidnapping case, but is the man truly psychic or does his information come from a more criminal source? Air Date:12/9/88.
 A Hearse of Another Color: (Originally unaired) Jack's cousin begs the officer to help him track down a corpse missing from the mortuary he works at.
 The Keeper: (Originally unaired except in limited cases.) A seaside town becomes paralyzed by terror after one of its residents finds wreckage from Ta'Ra's spacecraft, creating a threat which could doom the Earth.

References

External links

NBC original programming
1980s American science fiction television series
1988 American television series debuts
1988 American television series endings
Television series by Sony Pictures Television
Television miniseries as pilots
Australian science fiction television series
1980s American television miniseries
Films directed by Richard A. Colla
Television series created by Frank Lupo

Something Is Out There


Funks Grove is a historic unincorporated community on U.S. Route 66 in McLean County, Illinois, United States, southwest of Bloomington.  The grove for which the settlement is named, Funk's Grove, is a National Natural Landmark.

Natural history

Illinois's Grand Prairie is spotted with groves, small patches of land where local terrain conditions discouraged prairie fires and allowed trees to reach maturity.  One of these spots is the lower drainage of Timber Creek, a prairie rivulet that forms a tributary of Sugar Creek.  All of these creeks eventually form part of the Sangamon River drainage of the Illinois River.

The banks of Timber Creek, in early historic times, were thickly forested with white oaks, bur oaks, and sugar maple trees.  The white oak became the state tree of Illinois, while the sugar maples were used by local Illini Native Americans to make springtime maple syrup and maple sugar.

Maple sweetening was highly prized among early Euro-American settlers, and as early as 1824 Isaac Funk settled here.  The Funk family began to sell sirup commercially in 1891, and the family continues to control and harvest much of the grove .

Funks Grove today
An  parcel within the largely privately owned grove was dedicated by the state of Illinois in 1985 as the Funk's Grove Nature Preserve.

Due to fire suppression, the makeup of tree life in Funk's Grove is changing from historic times, with the original oaks not reproducing themselves naturally.

Funks Grove continues to be a favorite landmark for users of historic U.S. Route 66, which is signed in McLean County as it passes through the grove.   In addition, a rest stop lies on the edge of the grove on Interstate 55 at Illinois Milepost 149.  The rest stop contains some memorabilia of the grove.

Sugar Grove Nature Center
Sugar Grove Nature Center opened in October 2004 and is run by a non-profit organization. It features interpretive environmental exhibits, sensory displays, live animals and a wildlife viewing area.  The center offers guided walks, after school workshops, family programs and programs for schools, preschools, homeschoolers and other groups.

References

External links

 Sugar Grove Nature Center
 Funks Grove, Illinois

National Natural Landmarks in Illinois
Nature centers in Illinois
Nature reserves in Illinois
Populated places established in 1824
Populated places in McLean County, Illinois
Protected areas of McLean County, Illinois
1824 establishments in Illinois

Funks Grove, Illinois


Ida Haendel,  (15 December 19281 July 2020) was a Polish-British-Canadian violinist. Haendel was a child prodigy, her career spanning over seven decades. She also became an influential teacher.

Early career
Born in 1928 to a Polish Jewish family in Chełm, Poland, her talents were evident when she picked up her sister's violin at the age of three. Major competition wins paved the way for success. Performing the Beethoven Violin Concerto, she won the Warsaw Conservatory's Gold Medal and the first Huberman Prize in 1933, at 5 years old. At the age of seven she competed against towering virtuosos such as David Oistrakh and Ginette Neveu to become a laureate of the first Henryk Wieniawski Violin Competition in 1935.

These accolades enabled her to study with the esteemed pedagogues Carl Flesch in London and George Enescu in Paris. During World War II she played in factories and for British and American troops and performed in Myra Hess's National Gallery concerts. In 1937 her London debut under the baton of Sir Henry Wood brought her worldwide critical acclaim, while the conductor linked her playing to his memories of Eugène Ysaÿe. Her lifelong association with the Proms resulted in 68 appearances.

Performing career
After performing the Sibelius concerto in Helsinki in 1949, she received a letter from the composer. "You played it masterfully in every respect," Sibelius wrote, adding: "I congratulate myself that my concerto has found an interpreter of your rare standard."
Haendel made annual tours of Europe, and also appeared regularly in South America and Asia.

Living in Montreal, Canada from 1952 to 1989, her collaborations with Canadian orchestras made her a key celebrity of Canadian musical life. As a British subject resident in Canada, she acquired Canadian citizenship.  Performing with the London Philharmonic in 1973, she was the first Western soloist invited to China following the Cultural Revolution. Although she worked particularly with Sergiu Celibidache, she was also associated with Sir Thomas Beecham, Sir Adrian Boult, Sir Eugene Goossens, Sir Malcolm Sargent, Charles Munch, Otto Klemperer, Sir Georg Solti, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Bernard Haitink, Rafael Kubelík, Lorin Maazel, Zubin Mehta and Sir Simon Rattle, with whom she recorded the Elgar and Sibelius violin concertos.

In 1993, she made her concert début with the Berliner Philharmoniker. In 2006 she performed for Pope Benedict XVI at the former Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz-Birkenau. Later engagements include a tribute concert at London's National Gallery in honour of Dame Myra Hess's War Memorial Concerts and an appearance at the Sagra Musicale Malatestiana Festival in 2010. Haendel's violin was a Stradivarius of 1699. Haendel had lived in Miami, Florida, for many years and was actively involved in the Miami International Piano Festival.

Recordings
Haendel's major label recordings have earned critical praise. The Sibelius Society awarded her the Sibelius Medal in 1982. She said she always had a passion for German music. Her recording career began on 10 September 1940 for Decca, initially of short solo pieces and chamber works. In April 1945, she recorded both the Tchaikovsky and Mendelssohn concertos followed in 1947 by the Dvořák concerto. Her recording career spanned nearly 70 years for major labels including EMI and Harmonia Mundi. In 1948–49 she recorded Beethoven's Violin Concerto, with Rafael Kubelik conducting the Philharmonia Orchestra. In 2014, Supraphon issued a 5-CD set of her live and studio recordings made in Prague between 1957 and 1965, including a famous one of Lalo's Symphonie espagnole conducted by Karel Ančerl.

Other acclaimed recordings are her renditions of the Brahms Violin Concerto (including one with the London Symphony Orchestra conducted by Sergiu Celibidache, his last studio recording), and Tchaikovsky's with the National Symphony Orchestra conducted by Basil Cameron. Geoffrey Norris, music critic for The Telegraph, praised her 1993 recording of the Sibelius concerto, later released by Testament Records, as "simply mind-blowing." Among her later recordings were the Sonatas and partitas for solo violin, BWV1001-1006 by J. S. Bach, recorded at Studio 1 Abbey Road, London, in 1995 recorded in analogue and issued by Testament.

She was equally passionate about the music of the 20th century, including Béla Bartók, Benjamin Britten and William Walton. Among her premiere performances were Luigi Dallapiccola's Tartiniana Seconda, and Allan Pettersson's Violin Concerto No. 2, which was dedicated to her. Paying tribute to her teacher George Enescu, her Decca recording of his Violin Sonata with Vladimir Ashkenazy in 2000 earned her a Diapason d'Or.

Teaching
Haendel's emotive performances have inspired a generation of new violinists, including Anne-Sophie Mutter, David Garrett and Maxim Vengerov.

In August 2012 she was honorary artist at the Cambridge International String Festival. She was a regular adjudicator for violin competitions, including the Sibelius, the Carl Flesch, the Benjamin Britten, and the International Violin Competition. She returned to her native Poland to judge the Henryk Wieniawski Violin Competition in Poznań on a number of occasions, and was honorary chairwoman in 2011.

Death
Haendel died at a nursing home in Pembroke Park, Florida on 1 July 2020, aged 91. According to her nephew, she had been suffering from kidney cancer at the time of her death.

Honours and awards
In 1991 she was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) by Queen Elizabeth II. She received honorary doctorates from the Royal College of Music, London, in 2000 and from McGill University in 2006.

Bibliography
Haendel published her autobiography, Woman With Violin, in 1970 (Gollancz; ).

Television
Her life has been the subject of several television documentaries, including Ida Haendel: A Voyage of Music (1988), I Am The Violin (2004), and Ida Haendel: This Is My Heritage (2011). In June 2009, she appeared on a Channel 4 television programme, The World's Greatest Musical Prodigies, in which she advised the then 16-year-old British composer Alex Prior on which children to choose to play his composition.

Notes

References

External links
 Patrons of Exceptional Artists
 Ida Haendel plays the Sibelius Violin Concerto

1928 births
2020 deaths
British emigrants to the United States
Deaths from kidney cancer
Deaths from cancer in Florida
Polish classical violinists
British classical violinists
Polish women violinists
British women violinists
Jewish classical violinists
Child classical musicians
Henryk Wieniawski Violin Competition prize-winners
Honorary Members of the Royal Academy of Music
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
20th-century Polish Jews
People from Chełm
Women classical violinists
21st-century classical violinists
21st-century women musicians

Ida Haendel


The Claretians, officially named the Congregation of Missionary Sons of the Immaculate Heart of the Blessed Virgin Mary (; abbreviated CMF), is a Catholic clerical religious congregation of Pontifical Right for men headquartered in Rome. It was founded on July 16, 1849, by Fr. Antonio María Claret y Clará, C.M.F. They are active as  missionaries worldwide, in 70 countries on five continents. The number of Claretian priests and brothers is at more than 3,000. The Congregation has a particular devotion to the Immaculate Heart of Mary and members have published extensively in Mariology.

History

The Congregation of the "Missionary Sons of the Immaculate Heart of Mary" was founded by Anthony Mary Claret on July 16, 1849, at the seminary in Vic, in the province of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.

Claret had been thinking for a long time about preparing priests to proclaim the Gospel and bring together a group of priests who shared his vision to accomplish the work he could not do alone. Through his missionary work in Catalonia and the Canary Islands he was convinced that people needed to be evangelized and there were not enough priests who were sufficiently prepared or zealous enough for this mission. Only 20 days after the CMF's founding, Claret received news of his appointment as Archbishop of Cuba, which he accepted despite his reluctance. The Congregation was left under the guidance of one of the co-founders, Esteban Sala, who died in 1858. Another co-founder, José Xifré, took over the directorship. Under his leadership the Congregation established its first mission in Equatorial Guinea.

With the coming of the Revolution of 1868, the Congregation was suppressed by the state and all the Missionaries had to seek refuge in France. Archbishop Claret also went into exile there.  He played a major role editing the Constitutions, which the Holy See approved on February 11, 1870, only a few months before his death.  At this time the institute had its first martyr, Francisco Crusats. Archbishop Claret, the founder, had the great satisfaction of seeing new foundations established throughout Spain, as well as in Africa (Argel), and in Latin America in México, Chile, and also, in the Philippines.

The missionaries often faced extreme hardships. Of the eleven that made up the first expedition to Cuba all but two died a few days after arriving on the island. During the Mexican Revolution, Andres Sola died a martyr; and in the Spanish Civil War, 270 missionary priests, brothers and students were killed. Among them are the "51 Blessed Martyrs of Barbastro", members of the Claretian community at the seminary in Barbastro, Spain who were executed in August 1936, including nine priests and five brothers. Two were spared as they were foreigners from Argentina. These 51 Claretian Martyrs were the companions of the 18 Benedictine Martyrs of El Pueyo, Barbastro. They were beatified by Pope John Paul II on 25 October 1992, and are commemorated on 25 October. The relics of all fifty-one martyrs are kept at their original seminary in Barbastro, which now functions as a museum and chapel.

From 1949 to 1952 the missionaries were banned in China. In 1973 through the instrumentality of Fr Christian Ihedoro, the Congregation came to Nigeria. In May 2000, Rhoel Gallardo was murdered by Islamic separatists in Mindanao.

Publications
The Congregation has an academic publishing company, Editiones Institutum Iuridicum Claretianum (Ediurcla), based in Rome.
Their  journal Commentarium pro Religiosis has been appearing since 1920, from 1935 as Commentarium pro Religiosis et Missionariis (abbreviated CRM, ISSN 1124-0172).

A number of Claretian publishing houses are united in the Claret Publishing Group,  including Misioneros Claretianos  (Sevilla), Editorial Claretiana (Buenos Aires), Misioneros Claretianos (Madrid), Claretian Communications Foundation Inc. (Quezon City, formerly Claretian Publications, established 1981) Claretian Publications (Bangalore) and Congregation Des Missionaires Claretians (Yaoundé). The Claretians of the United States and Canada also operate Claretian Publications and the U.S. Catholic magazine.

By location

ECLA - Europeans Claretians

United Kingdom

The community established the parish of the Immaculate Heart of Mary in Hayes in 1912 to offer services to Spanish speaking immigrants in the London area. The parish ministry continues to serve the different immigrant communities that pass through Hayes. Buckden Towers was left by a Mrs Edelston to the diocese of Northampton. It served as the Claretians Junior Seminary until 1965. Parish work was undertaken in the area, especially in the American Air bases at Chalveston, Alconbury and Molesworth. Then in 1969 the diocese of Northampton asked the Claretians to make Buckden Towers a parish under the title of St Hugh of Lincoln. The parish has grown in numbers and the Bishop of East Anglia asked the Claretians to take over the parish of St Neots as well in 2011.  In 1997 the Claretians took over the multi-ethnic and multi-lingual parish of St Josephs, Leyton, Brentwood diocese.

MICLA - Claretians Missionaries of America

United States

California

The Claretians came to Southern California by way of Mexico in the early 1900s, working in Los Angeles inner city missions. Since 1908 the Claretians have operated the historic La Iglesia de Nuestra Señora Reina de los Angeles in Pueblo de Los Angeles near Downtown Los Angeles, as well as Mission San Gabriel, one of the original Spanish missions in California.

One noted member of the Claretian community in the Los Angeles area was Aloysius Ellacuria, CMF, born in Spain, who arrived there in 1930. He spent nearly fifty years in various position of the congregation in the American Southwest, but mostly Los Angeles. He became known as a man of deep faith, who touched thousands in his ministry and is considered by many as a mystic. The cause for his canonization is under consideration by the congregation, after hundreds of requests prompted the Archdiocese of Los Angeles to refer the matter to them.

From 1952 to 1977 The Claretians also served from the Theological Seminary of Claretville and Immaculate Heart Claretian novitiate, on the former King Gillette Ranch in Calabasas, located in the Santa Monica Mountains of rural western Los Angeles County. The Thomas Aquinas College was also here from 1971 until moving to a permanent campus in Santa Paula, California in 1975. The land and structures are now part of Malibu Creek State Park.

The Claretians returned to their original Southern California location, the Dominguez Seminary near the Dominguez Rancho Adobe of Rancho San Pedro, in Rancho Dominguez, California near Long Beach.

National Shrine of St. Jude, Chicago

The national shrine of St. Jude was founded by James Tort, CMF, pastor of Our Lady of Guadalupe Church in Chicago, Illinois, United States. Many of Tort's parishioners were laborers in the nearby steel mills, which were drastically cutting back their work forces early in 1929. Tort was saddened to see that about 90% of his parishioners were without jobs and in difficult financial situations.

In an effort to lift the spirits of his parishioners, Tort began regular devotions to Saint Jude. The first novena honoring the saint was held on February 17, 1929. During the Depression of the 1930s and during World War II, thousands of men, women, and children attended novenas at the shrine and devotion to the patron saint of desperate causes spread throughout the country.

In South America
The Claretians divide their territorial presence in South America into provinces:
Province of Colombia-Venezuela.
Province of Colombia-Ecuador.
Province of Brasil (Brasil, Mozambique).
Province of Peru-Bolivia.
Province of San José del Sur (Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay).

ASCLA EAST- Asian Claretians East

In the Philippines
After the end of World War II, the Claretians arrived in the Philippines and took over Sta. Barbara Parish, Sta. Barbara, Pangasinan upon the invitation by the late Bishop Mariano Aspiras Madriaga, D.D. of the then Diocese of Lingayen-Dagupan. The first Claretian missionaries in the Philippines were Fr. Raymond Catalan, CMF, Fr. Arcadio Hortelano Martin, CMF and Fr. Thomas Mitchell, CMF. Through the years, the Claretians were able to establish different institutions like Claret Schools of Quezon City and Zamboanga, Claret College of Isabela, Claretian Publications Philippines (now Claretian Communications Foundation, Inc.). Likewise, they managed mission areas especially in Mindanao.

See also
 List of shrines#United States

References

External links

 Claretian Missionaries
 National Shrine of St. Jude
 Claretians Org.
 "The Pope thanks the Claretians for their missionary work", 11 September 2015, News.va
 Vallegas, Gabriel Campo. "Claretian Martyrs of Barbastro"
 http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2014/10/16/the-saint-who-was-stabbed-in-the-cheek/

Catholic orders and societies
Religious organizations established in 1849
Catholic missionary orders
1849 establishments in Spain
Catholic religious institutes established in the 19th century

Claretians


A fraction is a number that shows how many equal parts there are. When we write fractions, we show one number with a line above (or a slash next to) another number. For example, ,  and 1/4.are different ways of writing the same fraction (in this case a quarter). The top number tells us how many parts there are, and the bottom number tells us the total number of parts.

The top part of the fraction is called a numerator. The bottom part of the fraction is called a denominator. For example, for the fraction , the 1 is the numerator, and the 4 is the denominator.

Examples of fraction
A room where  of the people are girls, has 1 girl for every 4 people.
A cake can be thought of as being made up of 4 equal parts, where each is 1 part of 4. This can be written as , and is called a "quarter". Similarly, 2 parts of the cake (2 quarters) can be written , which is also equal to 1/2 (one-half).

Mathematical fractions
A fraction is a mathematical expression relating two quantities or numbers, where one divides the other. When the two quantities are whole numbers (or integers), this is called a rational number (such as the fraction ). When the two quantities are polynomials, this is called a rational function.

Mathematically, a fraction is a quotient of numbers, representing the number's value when the numerator (upper number) is divided by the denominator (lower number). Thus  means one divided by two, or, in decimals, 0.5.

To find  of , the denominators are multiplied, and because denominator 2 multiplied by 2 equals 4, we have that  x  = , or 0.5 x 0.5 = 0.25.

(In this case, " of" means "multiplication".)

To find  divided by , multiply  by the reciprocal of , which is 2. That answer is 1.

Multiplying
To multiply two fractions, the first numerator is multiplied by the other numerator, and the first denominator is multiplied by the other denominator. For example.  x  = . One can simplify this by dividing both numbers by a common factor. This would be  after the simplication.

Related pages

 Algebraic fraction
 Egyptian fraction
 Mixed number
 Ratio

References

Other websites
 Curricula for Creating Fractions
 Worksheets:Fractions
 Interactive and dynamic worksheets to visualize fractions
 Worksheets: Identifying Fractions
 Worksheets: Improper Fractions to Mixed Numbers
 Curricula for Teaching about Equivalent Fractions
 Free online quizzes about Fractions
 Printable fraction worksheets for elementary grades.

Fraction (mathematics)


Yoav Eshed  (born April 28, 1989) is a jazz guitarist and composer born in Israel, based in Brooklyn, NY.
Yoav started to play the piano at the age of 3 and displayed prodigious abilities playing Haydn, Bach and Mendelssohn. He picked up the guitar at the age of 13 and found his unique way to play the guitar with a pianist approach.

Biography

Early life
Born in Ramat Hasharon to a family of musicians including his great uncle who perished in the Holocaust and was a gifted musician and cantor. He began studying piano at the young age of 3 and picked up the guitar at the age of 13. Studied jazz with Amit Golan and guitar with Shai Chen. After he finished his four years army service, Yoav attended Rimon School of Jazz and Contemporary Music and won 1st place in Israel's annual jazz competition. He then received the presidential scholarship for his undergraduate studies at Berklee. In addition, Yoav won the America-Israel Cultural Foundation jazz study scholarships between 2008–2014.

Career in Israel
In 2012 Trio Millionaires led by Yoav Eshed received the support of the Ministry of Culture for an arranging project of a well-known Israeli children's songbook The 16th Sheep jazz, collaborating with singer and comedian Tomer Sharon. The trio recorded their debut album and released it digitally on Bandcamp

Career in United States
Nowadays Yoav is based in New York City and active in Europe and in the jazz scene of New York, playing for various bands and leading his band - Guitar Hearts

Awards and honors
 1st place prize at the international competition in Montana – 'Six String Theory' jazz category
 1st place prize at Rimon Jazz Annual Competition
 International Jazz Guitar Competition in Montreux Jazz Festival - the following year he was invited to play at the festival
 Guitar Achievement Award of Berklee
 1st place of Best Solo Performance of Made In NY Jazz Competition

Discography
As a Band Leader:
 Introducing Trio Millionaires (2013)
 Two Words (2018)
 August (2020)
 A Way Out (2021)
As Sideman:
 Clemens Grassman - Midnight Apple (2018)
 Fima Chupakin - Water (2019)
 Aaron Bahr Septet - Places (Real and Imagined) (2020)
 Steven Terry - Compositions (2020)
 Ari Hoenig - Golden Treasures (2022)

External links

1989 births
Living people
Avant-garde jazz musicians
Berklee College of Music alumni
Israeli emigrants to the United States

Yoav Eshed