Guillaume Briçonnet (1445–1514) was a French cardinal and statesman.

Born at Tours, Guillaume Briçonnet was a younger son of Jean Briçonnet, Lord of Varennes, in Touraine, Secretary to the king and collector-general of Customs. Appointed Superintendent of Finances for the Province of Languedoc under Louis XI of France, Guillaume Briçonnet discharged the duties of his office with such integrity and efficiency, and showed himself so devoted to the interests of Louis that that monarch recommended him to his successor. Charles VIII of France made him Secretary of the Treasury, raised him to the first place in the Council of State, and, according to the historian Francesco Guicciardini, would undertake nothing in the government of his kingdom without the advice of Briçonnet.

Ludovico Sforza, called the Moor, wishing to dispossess his nephew of the Duchy of Milan, and finding himself opposed by Ferdinand I of Naples, sent an embassy under the  to Charles to induce the king of France to assert his claims to the Kingdom of Naples as heir to the house of Anjou. Sforza promised to place all his troops at the king's service. Briçonnet having shortly before this lost his wife, Raoulette de Beaune, by whom he had three sons, had entered the ecclesiastical state and been named Bishop of St.-Malo. To flatter his ambition the Milanese ambassadors assured him that the king's influence would raise him to the cardinalate. Briçonnet, thus won over to the Sforza interest, adroitly encouraged the warlike dispositions of his sovereign, triumphed over the opposition of the royal council, of the Duke of Bourbon, and of Anne of France, the Duke's wife, influenced Charles to sign a secret treaty with Sforza, and assured the king of his ability to raise the funds necessary to carry on the war both on land and sea.

Pope Alexander VI, alarmed at the apparent danger threatening Italy, promised the cardinal's hat to Briçonnet if he could prevail upon Charles to abandon his enterprise; but Briçonnet, realizing that he could not govern without flattering the king's passion for conquest, urged him on, and, notwithstanding the dilapidated state of the treasury, succeeded in meeting the expenses of the war. Accompanying Charles on his expedition, he provoked a mutiny in the French army, by his treachery in sacrificing the Pisans, allies of France, to their enemies, the Florentines, and had he not hidden himself from the fury of the soldiers they would have taken his life. Upon this occasion, as upon others, Briçonnet's ambition led him into conduct at variance with his motto: Ditat servata fides. Charles had entered Rome as a conqueror, greatly irritated with Alexander VI for having stirred up opposition to him; but the adroit Briçonnet reconciled his royal master with the pope, and for reward received the cardinal's hat. This honour was conferred in a special consistory held in the king's presence, 16 January 1495, the new cardinal taking the title of Cardinal of St.-Malo, from his episcopal see.

Briçonnet soon had cause to repent the advice he had given to invade Italy. A formidable league was formed for the purpose of cutting off the French retreat, and neither the diplomacy nor the entreaties of the French cardinal had any effect on the hostile generals. The prowess of Charles and the valour of his troops alone saved the French from defeat. With 8,000 men the king defeated, at Fornovo, an army of 40,000, and opened a road to France. Soon after this Briçonnet, induced by a tempting promise of preferment for one of his sons, tried to persuade Charles to break off the peace negotiations and support with an army the Duke of Orleans' claims to the Duchy of Milan. Charles, however, preferred the counsels of Philippe de Comines and sacrificed the interests of the duke, and the king's premature death put an end to the influence of Briçonnet, Louis XII giving his confidence to the Cardinal d'Amboise.

While serving his king and the State, the Cardinal of St.-Malo had not overlooked his own interests; he had obtained from Alexander VI the Bishopric of Nimes. His title being disputed by the nominee of the chapter, there arose a litigation which lasted until the year 1507, when Briçonnet was awarded the title. In 1497 he had received in commendam the Bishopric of Toulon, and in the same year succeeded his brother Robert Briçonnet in the archiepiscopal See of Reims. On 27 May 1498, he crowned Louis XII in his cathedral and followed the king to Paris. As a peer of France, he assisted at the session of the Council of State at which the marriage of Louis with Jeanne, the daughter of Louis XI, was annulled.

When he had ceased to be a minister of State, Briçonnet retired to Rome for two years. Louis then made use of his talents to check what he called the arrogance of the warrior pope, Julius II. By his king's direction Briçonnet took steps to assemble at Pisa a council of cardinals opposed to the policy of Julius, and bent on the reformation of the head and hierarchy of the Church. He left Rome suddenly and secretly with a group of cardinals whom he had won over, and opened his council at Pisa, but soon transferred it to Milan, and thence to Lyon. He was, however, summoned to appear before the pope, was deprived of the Roman purple and excommunicated. Louis, on his side, bestowed upon him in commendam the rich Abbey of St.-Germain-des-Prés and the government of Languedoc.

At the death of Julius II Briçonnet was absolved from all censures and excommunication in 1513, and restored by Pope Leo X to the Sacred College. He then retired to end his days at Narbonne, for which see he had exchanged Reims. He was buried in a superb mausoleum which he had built for himself in the church of Our Lady.

Whilst in power, Briçonnet showed himself a patron of men of letters; they dedicated their works to him and became his panegyrists. He was called oraculum regis and regni columna. His life was in fact swayed by ambition and occupied by intrigues. He composed a manual of Latin prayers, dedicated to Charles VIII. At Saint-Malo he issued several synodal instructions.

Notes

References

1445 births
1514 deaths
Bishops of Saint-Malo
Bishops of Toulon
Cardinal-bishops of Albano
Cardinal-bishops of Frascati
Cardinal-bishops of Palestrina
Cardinals created by Pope Alexander VI
People temporarily excommunicated by the Catholic Church
Year of birth unknown
Archbishops of Reims
Archbishops of Narbonne
15th-century French cardinals
16th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in France
15th-century peers of France
16th-century peers of France
16th-century French cardinals

Guillaume Briçonnet (cardinal)


Villa Carlos Paz () is a city in the center-north of the province of Córdoba, Argentina, in the south of the Punilla Valley, lying on the western slope of the Sierras Chicas. It has a population of about 56,000 as per the . The area of Punilla is a major tourist destination on the national level, and Villa Carlos Paz is in turn the most important city of Punilla, favoured by its closeness () to the populous Córdoba City, the capital of the province. Popular tourist activities include bathing in one of the
many rivers, fishing, evening shows, kite surfing, windsurfing, hiking and mountain biking.

Geography
Villa Carlos Paz is located on the southern shore of the San Roque Lake. It is crossed by the San Antonio River and the Los Chorrillos Stream. The city was founded by the rancher Carlos Nicandro Paz in 1913.

The Hang suspension bridges road was built in 1918 to link the town to the Valley Traslasierra. This was replaced in the 1950s by the Camino de las Altas Cumbres.

International relations

Twin towns — Sister cities
Villa Carlos Paz is twinned with:
  Tarija, Bolivia
  Termas de Río Hondo, Argentina
  San Bernardino, Paraguay
  Peschiera del Garda, Italy

Notable events
In 2012, an Argentinian dog named Capitán was reported to have sat every evening for six years on his owner's grave. This was compounded by the fact that the family had never brought the dog to the graveyard and the dog had managed to find it himself. The municipal cemetery's director, Héctor Baccega, said that the first time he saw the dog, he arrived at the cemetery alone. The dog then did a couple of laps around the place before finding his master's grave — all on his own.  He arrives each day at 6:00 p.m.

The town has been used many times as the base of the Rally Argentina, with the streets of the town being a super special stage in 2010. It was also a stage of the 2015 and 2016 Dakar Rally.

On October 11, 2023, the town was evacuated due to a wildfire threatening the city.

References

External links

 Complete Tourist Guide website
 Official website
 News
 Tourism Carlos Paz from abroad

Populated places in Córdoba Province, Argentina
Populated places established in 1914
Tourism in Argentina
Cities in Argentina
Populated lakeshore places in Argentina

Villa Carlos Paz


Jimmy Shine is a play with music. It was written by Murray Schisgal with music and lyrics by John Sebastian. The plot centers on its title character who is a struggling artist in Greenwich Village during the 1960s. Much of the story follows Jimmy's relationships with various women in his life and how he copes with love, sex, death, and rejection in relation to both himself and his art.

Production history
Jimmy Shine opened on Broadway on December 5, 1968, at the Brooks Atkinson Theatre, where it closed on April 26, 1969, after 161 performances. The production starred Dustin Hoffman in the title role, with Pamela Payton-Wright as Constance Fry, Susan Sullivan as Elizabeth Evans, Rose Gregorio as Rosie Pitkin, Charles Siebert as Michael Leon, Cleavon Little as Lee Haines, Rue McClanahan as Sally Weber, Barbara Cason as Miss Green, Eli Mintz as Mr. Lepke, Dorothy Emmerson as Rita, Gale Dixon as Millie, and Arnold Wilkerson  as Arnold. Hoffman won a Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Performance for his role in the production.

A production of the show was staged in 1969 in Chicago, with Jim Jacobs in the title role. Jacobs (later of Grease fame) was nominated for a Jeff Award for his work.

References

External links

1968 musicals
Broadway musicals
Musicals set in Manhattan

Jimmy Shine


Norman Allin CBE (19 November 1884 – 27 October 1973) was a British bass singer of the early and mid twentieth century, and later a teacher of voice.

Early studies
Allin was born in Ashton-under-Lyne in 1884.  He studied at the Royal Manchester College of Music under John Acton (singing) and Walter Carroll (theory). He married the teacher Edith Clegg in 1912 and went to London, where the conductor Sir Henry Wood heard him and planned to involve him in the 1914 Norwich Festival. The festival was interrupted by the outbreak of World War I. However, Allin did sing the Handel aria "O ruddier than the cherry", from Acis and Galatea, at a Promenade Concert for Wood during the war.

Operatic career
Sir Thomas Beecham auditioned him and at once offered him the title role in Mussorgsky's Boris Godunov, but Allin felt a less challenging debut was needed. So, his first appearance for Beecham was as the Old Hebrew in Samson et Dalila on 15 October 1916. With the Beecham Opera Company he appeared, too, in Verdi's Aida. He first sang at a Royal Philharmonic concert, again under Beecham's baton, in 1918. He later appeared as Boris, as Gurnemanz in Wagner's Parsifal, Hagen in Wagner's Götterdämmerung and Baron Ochs in Richard Strauss's Der Rosenkavalier at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. In 1921, he became a founder-member of the British National Opera Company.

Allin created the role of Sir John Falstaff in Holst's 1925 opera At the Boar's Head. In 1934, he appeared in the initial Glyndebourne Festival production under Fritz Busch and Carl Ebert of Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro.

Concert and oratorio
Allin was perhaps best known to contemporary music-goers as a concert recitalist and an oratorio singer. He appeared before the Royal Philharmonic Society in a Royal Choral Society Beethoven Missa Solemnis in 1927 under Sir Hugh Allen. In 1932, after giving his 270th performance of Handel's Messiah, at a Halle concert, he decided not to sing the part again.

He always gave the greatest satisfaction when he sang in music festivals, and Wood felt that he could trust him with anything. He was one of the soloists in the original line-up for Vaughan Williams's Serenade to Music on 5 October 1938. The words set for his solo are 'The motions of his spirit are dull as night, And his affections dark as Erebus,' the lowest-lying solo line of the work. He was also in the performance of the piece for the Royal Philharmonic Society, on behalf of the Musicians' Benevolent Fund, in February 1940.

Teaching career
In 1934 he took part in a seven-month operatic tour in Australia, appearing mainly in Melbourne and Sydney. On his return he was offered a professorship of singing at the Royal Academy of Music, and took it up in autumn 1935. Later he also accepted a similar appointment at the Royal Manchester College, which he held jointly with the other, only resigning the Manchester post in 1942 owing to pressure of work in London.

Recordings
Norman Allin recorded for Columbia Records. His recording career lasted from circa 1916 to circa 1940. Many of his titles were cut twice, first acoustically and then, after 1925, electrically.

Among the acoustic recordings was an early best-seller, the 10" record of Bruno Huhn's 'Invictus' (to words of W. E. Henley) coupled with Coningsby Clarke's 'The Blind Ploughman'. This was re-made electrically. Examples of his operatic and concert titles are:
 Handel: O Ruddier than the Cherry (Acis and Galatea)
 Handel: Honour and Arms (Samson)
 Handel: Aria from Partenope
 Handel: But Who may Abide?, The People that Walked in Darkness, The Trumpet Shall Sound, and Why do the Nations? (Messiah)
 Mozart: O Isis and Osiris, and Within These Hallowed Dwellings (The Magic Flute)
 Mozart: See the Way You Rogues (Il Seraglio)
 Halévy: Tho' Faithless men (Si la rigueur) (La Juive)
 Wagner: Wotan's farewell (Die Walküre)
 Wagner: Hagen's Watch, and Hagen's Call (Götterdämmerung)
 Tchaikovsky: To the Forest
 Loewe: Edward
 Gounod: items from Faust
 Gounod: Nazareth
 Gounod: Jésus de Nazareth (1932, w. BBC Chorus, cond. Stanford Robinson)
 Gounod: She Alone Charmeth my Sadness (La reine de Saba)
 Jean-Baptiste Faure: The Palms
 Richard Strauss: A Lied.
 Vaughan Williams: Serenade to Music (recorded immediately after the concert premiere in 1938).
 He recorded duets with Frank Mullings, Hubert Eisdell and Dora Labbette.

Allin died, aged 88, at Pontrilas.

Notes

Sources
 BBC Radio 3 broadcast written and presented by John Steane, 1988, for the 50th anniversary of the Serenade to Music.
 D. Brook, Singers of Today (Revised Edition – Rockliff, London 1958), 11–15.
 Arthur Eaglefield Hull, A Dictionary of Modern Music and Musicians (Dent, London 1924).
 R. Elkin, Royal Philharmonic (Ryder, London 1946).
 Harewood, Kobbé's Complete Opera Book (Putnam, London 1954).
 R. Pound, Sir Henry Wood, a biography (Cassell, London 1969).
 Rosenthal, Harold and John Warrack. (1979, 2nd ed.). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera. London, New York and Melbourne: Oxford University Press. p. 8. .
 Sadie, Stanley and Christina Bashford. (1992). The New Grove Dictionary of Opera. London: Macmillan Publishers Ltd. Vol. 1, p. 94. .
 Sadie, Stanley and John Tyrrell. (2001).The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. London: Macmillan Publishers Ltd. Vol. 1, p. 405. .
 H.J. Wood, My Life of Music (Cheap Edition, Gollancz, London 1946).

1884 births
1973 deaths
British basses
Operatic basses
People from Ashton-under-Lyne
20th-century British male opera singers
20th-century British educators

Norman Allin


ISO/IEC 27001 is an international standard to manage information security. The standard was originally published jointly by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in 2005, revised in 2013, and again most recently in 2022. There are also numerous recognized national variants of the standard.  It details requirements for establishing, implementing, maintaining and continually improving an information security management system (ISMS) – the aim of which is to help organizations make the information assets they hold more secure. Organizations that meet the standard's requirements can choose to be certified by an accredited certification body following successful completion of an audit. The effectiveness of the ISO/IEC 27001 certification process and the overall standard has been addressed in a large-scale study conducted in 2020.

How the standard works
Most organizations have a number of information security controls. However, without an information security management system (ISMS), controls tend to be somewhat disorganized and disjointed, having been implemented often as point solutions to specific situations or simply as a matter of convention. Security controls in operation typically address certain aspects of information technology (IT) or data security specifically; leaving non-IT information assets (such as paperwork and proprietary knowledge) less protected on the whole. Moreover, business continuity planning and physical security may be managed quite independently of IT or information security while Human Resources practices may make little reference to the need to define and assign information security roles and responsibilities throughout the organization.

ISO/IEC 27001 requires that management:
 Systematically examine the organization's information security risks, taking account of the threats, vulnerabilities, and impacts;
 Design and implement a coherent and comprehensive suite of information security controls and/or other forms of risk treatment (such as risk avoidance or risk transfer) to address those risks that are deemed unacceptable; and
 Adopt an overarching management process to ensure that the information security controls continue to meet the organization's information security needs on an ongoing basis.

What controls will be tested as part of certification to ISO/IEC 27001 is dependent on the certification auditor. This can include any controls that the organisation has deemed to be within the scope of the ISMS and this testing can be to any depth or extent as assessed by the auditor as needed to test that the control has been implemented and is operating effectively.

Management determines the scope of the ISMS for certification purposes and may limit it to, say, a single business unit or location. The ISO/IEC 27001 certificate does not necessarily mean the remainder of the organization, outside the scoped area, has an adequate approach to information security management.

Other standards in the ISO/IEC 27000 family of standards provide additional guidance on certain aspects of designing, implementing and operating an ISMS, for example on information security risk management (ISO/IEC 27005).

History of ISO/IEC 27001
BS 7799 was a standard originally published by BSI Group in 1995. It was written by the UK government's Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) and consisted of several parts.

The first part, containing the best practices for information security management, was revised in 1998; after a lengthy discussion in the worldwide standards bodies, it was eventually adopted by ISO as ISO/IEC 17799, "Information Technology - Code of practice for information security management." in 2000. ISO/IEC 17799 was then revised in June 2005 and finally incorporated in the ISO 27000 series of standards as ISO/IEC 27002 in July 2007.

The second part of BS7799 was first published by BSI in 1999, known as BS 7799 Part 2, titled "Information Security Management Systems - Specification with guidance for use." BS 7799-2 focused on how to implement an Information security management system (ISMS), referring to the information security management structure and controls identified in BS 7799-2. This later became ISO/IEC 27001:2005. BS 7799 Part 2 was adopted by ISO as ISO/IEC 27001 in November 2005.

BS 7799 Part 3 was published in 2005, covering risk analysis and management. It aligns with ISO/IEC 27001:2005.

Very little reference or use is made to any of the BS standards in connection with ISO/IEC 27001.

Key Principles of ISO/IEC 27001

The foundation of ISO/IEC 27001 is based on several key principles:

ISO/IEC 27001 emphasizes the importance of identifying and assessing information security risks. Organizations are required to implement risk management processes to identify potential threats, evaluate their impact, and develop appropriate mitigation strategies.

The standard outlines a comprehensive set of security controls in Annex A, categorized into 14 domains. These controls address various aspects of information security, such as access control, cryptography, physical security, and incident management.

ISO/IEC 27001 promotes a culture of continual improvement in information security practices. Regular monitoring, performance evaluation, and periodic reviews help organizations adapt to evolving threats and enhance their ISMS effectiveness.

ISO/IEC 27001 Certification Process

Obtaining ISO/IEC 27001 certification involves a series of well-defined steps:

Scoping: Organizations determine the scope of their ISMS, defining the boundaries and assets to be covered.

Risk Assessment: A risk assessment is conducted to identify and evaluate information security risks, ensuring that appropriate controls are implemented to manage these risks effectively.

Gap Analysis: A gap analysis compares the organization's existing information security practices against the requirements of ISO/IEC 27001 to identify areas for improvement.

ISMS Development: Based on the results of the risk assessment and gap analysis, the organization develops and implements its ISMS, incorporating the necessary security controls.

Internal Audits: Internal audits are conducted to assess the effectiveness and compliance of the implemented ISMS with the ISO/IEC 27001 standard.

Certification Audit: The organization undergoes an independent certification audit by an accredited certification body to assess its ISMS compliance with ISO/IEC 27001.

Certification Decision: If the audit demonstrates compliance, the organization is awarded the ISO/IEC 27001 certification.

Benefits of Becoming ISO/IEC 27001 Certified

Achieving ISO/IEC 27001 certification offers numerous benefits to organizations, including:

Enhanced Information Security Posture: ISO/IEC 27001 certification demonstrates a commitment to robust information security practices, bolstering the organization's ability to protect sensitive data and assets.

Building Trust with Customers and Stakeholders: Certification instils confidence in customers, partners, and stakeholders, assuring them that their information is handled with utmost care and security.

Meeting Regulatory and Legal Requirements: ISO/IEC 27001 certification aids in compliance with various data protection and privacy regulations, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the European Union.

Competitive Advantage: Organizations with ISO/IEC 27001 certification gain a competitive edge over rivals, especially when participating in tenders or bidding for projects that require stringent security measures.

Risk Mitigation: By implementing a risk-based approach to information security, organizations can proactively identify and mitigate potential threats, reducing the likelihood of security incidents.

Incident Response Preparedness: The standard's incident management controls ensure that organizations are well-prepared to handle security incidents promptly and efficiently, minimizing their impact.

ISO/IEC 27001 and Data Privacy

ISO/IEC 27001 complements data protection regulations, such as the GDPR. While ISO/IEC 27001 focuses on information security management, the GDPR primarily addresses data protection and privacy. The implementation of both frameworks enables organizations to address security and privacy concerns comprehensively.

Continuous Improvement and Maintenance

Obtaining ISO/IEC 27001 certification is not a one-time accomplishment; rather, it requires continuous improvement and maintenance. Organizations must periodically review and update their ISMS to adapt to changing risks, technology, and regulatory requirements. Regular internal audits and management reviews are essential to ensure the effectiveness and relevance of the ISMS.

Certification
An ISMS may be certified compliant with the ISO/IEC 27001 standard by a number of Accredited Registrars worldwide. Certification against any of the recognized national variants of ISO/IEC 27001 (e.g. JIS Q 27001, the Japanese version) by an accredited certification body is functionally equivalent to certification against ISO/IEC 27001 itself.

In some countries, the bodies that verify conformity of management systems to specified standards are called "certification bodies", while in others they are commonly referred to as "registration bodies", "assessment and registration bodies", "certification/ registration bodies", and sometimes "registrars".

The ISO/IEC 27001 certification, like other ISO management system certifications, usually involves a three-stage external audit process defined by ISO/IEC 17021 and ISO/IEC 27006 standards:
 Stage 1 is a preliminary, informal review of the ISMS.  For example there are checks for the existence and completeness of key documentation, such as the organization's information security policy, Statement of Applicability (SoA), and Risk Treatment Plan (RTP). This stage serves to familiarize the auditors with the organization and vice versa.
 Stage 2 is a more detailed and formal compliance audit, independently testing the ISMS against the requirements specified in ISO/IEC 27001. The auditors will seek evidence to confirm that the management system has been properly designed and implemented, and is in fact in operation (for example by confirming that a security committee or similar management body meets regularly to oversee the ISMS). Certification audits are usually conducted by ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Auditors. Passing this stage results in the ISMS being certified compliant with ISO/IEC 27001.
 Ongoing involves follow-up reviews or audits to confirm that the organization remains in compliance with the standard. Certification maintenance requires periodic re-assessment audits to confirm that the ISMS continues to operate as specified and intended. These should happen at least annually but (by agreement with management) are often conducted more frequently, particularly while the ISMS is still maturing.

See also
 ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 27 - IT Security techniques
 ISO/IEC 27000-series
 ISO 9001
 BS 7799
 Cybersecurity standards
 NIST Cybersecurity Framework
 International Organization for Standardization
 List of ISO standards

References

External links
 ISO/IEC 27001 - Information Security Management Systems

Information assurance standards
27001

ISO/IEC 27001


The Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) is a feline. It is similar to other versions of the genus Lynx. The Iberian lynx has almost no threats except man, but it is almost extinct. It is the most endangered cat species in the world.

Iberian lynx hunt rabbits. One of the strategies aimed at saving the species is to change the use of land in such a way that it becomes more attractive to rabbits, which can then be hunted by the lynx. This strategy also benefits other endangered species, such as the Spanish imperial eagle.

In 2014, the Iberian lynx is treated as a species inside the famly of lynx by many biologists, mainly because of its independent development on the Iberian peninsula. This has not always been the case: Beforehand, it was seen as a subspecies of the Eurasian Lynx.

Breeding programs

In 2002, the Jerez Zoo confirmed it had three females and was developing a plan for a captive breeding program. One of those females was Saliega, captured as a cub in April 2002. She became the first Iberian lynx to breed in captivity, giving birth to three healthy kittens on March 29, 2005 at the El Acebuche Breeding Center, in the Doñana Nature Park in Huelva, Spain. Over the following years, the number of births grew and additional breeding centers were opened. In March 2009, it was reported that 27 cubs had been born since the beginning of the program. In 2009, the Spanish government planned to build a €5.5 million breeding center in Zarza de Granadilla. Portugal established a breeding center in Silves.

There were 14 surviving cubs in 2008 and 15 in 2009. In 2010, intense rain and health issues resulted in lower reproductive success—14 born, 8 surviving—but the next year, breeding centers recorded 45 births with 26 surviving kittens. In 2012, breeding centers in Portugal and Spain reported a total of 44 survivors from 59 births, while 2013 saw a total of 44 survivors out of 53 born.

In March 2013, it was reported that Iberian lynx embryos and oocytes had been collected and preserved for the first time. They were collected from Saliega and another female—both sterilized and retired from the breeding program—by Berlin's Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research and stored in liquid nitrogen at the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales de Madrid (CSIC) for possible future breeding.

References

Other websites

Felines
Mammals of Europe

Iberian lynx


Fronteras is the seat of Fronteras Municipality in the northeastern part of the Mexican state of Sonora.  Frontera translates as Border. The elevation is 1,120 meters and neighboring municipalities are Agua Prieta, Nacozari and Bacoachi.  The area is 2839.62 km2, which represents 1.53% of the state total.

Fronteras was founded by the Jesuits as a mission in 1645.

Geography
Fronteras is located in a mountainous area on the west side of the Sierra Madre Occidental. The average annual temperature is 16.9 °C.  The rainy season is from July to August and the average annual rainfall is 427.5 millimeters.

Demographics
The municipal population was 7,081 (2.34 /km2) in 2000, although in a second counting in 2005 this had increased to 7,470. The most important settlement and the municipal seat had 874 inhabitants in 2000.

Economy
Industry is the most important economic activity together with agriculture and cattle raising. There was one maquiladora in 2000. The main agricultural crops were wheat, beans, corn and grasses for cattle fodder. The cattle herd was substantial with over 30,000 head counted in 2000. Almost all were for meat production.

History and landmarks
The Spanish explorer Juan Bautista de Anza (1735-1788) led the first Spanish overland expedition to the Las Californias Province of New Spain in 1769, previously only sighted and claimed for the Crown from the sea. He established the first Spanish settlement in present-day California, the Presidio of San Diego, and was the second European (after Francis Drake) to see the San Francisco Bay.

Visitors can explore the Misión de Cuquiárachi founded in 1645 by the Jesuit missionary Marcos del Río. It is one of the Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert. Two archaeological zones, of ancient Pima Indigenous people of the Americas settlement sites, are located near the village of Ojo de Agua.
Other points of interest are the Jacinto López reservoir, and the Cave of Presidio de Fronteras.

In the early 20th century, Fronteras gained fame as the home of Plutarco Elias Calles, recognized as the architect of modern Mexico and the country's 40th president. Although born in the coastal town of Guaymas, Sonora, Elias Calles became the prosperous owner of the Fronteras flour mill, and developed his political alliances in Fronteras.

In 2010, Fronteras again gained prominence with the discovery of a large deposit of dinosaur fossils, claimed by paleontologists as unique species previously unknown to science.

References

External links
 Fronteras, Ayuntamiento Digital (official website of Fronteras, Sonora)
 Gobierno de Sonora article on Fronteras
 Pueblos de Sonora article on Fronteras
 Enciclopedia de los Municipios de Mexico
 INEGI

Populated places in Sonora
Populated places established in 1645

Fronteras


Sooth is ane o the fower main airtins, or airts, on a compass. Sooth is for ordinar doun on the bottom o maist cairts. Australie is besooth Cheenae, Spain is besooth Fraunce, an Chile is besooth Peru. The Sooth Powl is the yondermaist sooth ye can gang.

The Sooth can mean Ingland forby.

Orientation

Sooth


Sing Again with The Chipmunks is Alvin and the Chipmunks' second album, released by Liberty Records in January 1960. The album follows the same format as their first album, and contains the group's fifth and sixth singles—"Alvin's Orchestra" and "Comin' 'Round the Mountain". Since its initial release, Sing Again with The Chipmunks has appeared twice on CD; both releases utilized the revised 1961 cover artwork, minus the song lyrics printed on the original back cover.

Commercial performance
Sing Again with The Chipmunks peaked at  on the Billboard pop albums chart.

Artwork
As with the debut album, the original issue depicted three realistic looking chipmunks on the cover sharing space with a photo of Ross Bagdasarian. When the album was reissued one year later, a new cover was substituted, that of an Alvin Show animation cel setup reenacting the poses the original chipmunks and Seville made.

Notes
This album has Alvin's first songwriting credit.

Track listing

Side one
"Sing Again with the Chipmunks" (Ross Bagdasarian, Sr.) – 0:53
"Comin' 'Round the Mountain" (Traditional, arr. Ross Bagdasarian, Sr.) – 2:14
"Home on the Range" (Brewster Higley and Daniel Kelley) – 2:53
"I Wish I Had a Horse" (Ross Bagdasarian Sr., Mark McIntyre) – 2:04
"Swanee River" (Stephen Foster) – 1:49
"When Johnny Comes Marching Home" (Patrick Sarsfield Gilmore) – 1:35

Side two
"Sing a Goofy Song" (Ross Bagdasarian Sr.) – 2:32
"Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" (Harry Thacker Burleigh) – 2:02
"Witch Doctor" (Ross Bagdasarian Sr.) — ("group" version) – 2:04
"Working on the Railroad" (Bill Balsham, var. Benny Goodman) – 1:56
"Row, Row, Row Your Boat" (Traditional, arr. by E. O. Lyte, Ross Bagdasarian Sr.) – 1:38
"Alvin's Orchestra" (Ross Bagdasarian Sr.) – 3:01

All songs except "Sing Again with the Chipmunks" were adapted as a musical segment for The Alvin Show in 1961.

Source: Answers.com CD Universe

Personnel
 David Seville – keyboards, conduction and commentary
 Alvin Chipmunk – lead vocals, guitars, and harmonica
 Simon Chipmunk – guitars, bass and background vocals
 Theodore Chipmunk – drums and background vocals

Production
 Ross Bagdasarian – Producer
 Ted Keep – Engineer
 Pate/Francis & Assoc. – cover design and actual artwork – [original pressing]
 Studio Five – animation artwork – [reissue pressing]

References

1960 albums
Alvin and the Chipmunks albums
Liberty Records albums
Albums produced by Ross Bagdasarian

Sing Again with The Chipmunks


Tryvann is a small lake in Nordmarka, the forest area just north of Oslo city, near the Holmenkollen ski jump. By the water lies a cabin called Tryvannstua, in which there is a café open regularly during both summer and winter. On a hill above the lake looms the television tower Tryvannstårnet ("The Tryvann tower"), visible from most of Oslo. Tryvann is the entry and beginning of Nordmarka. It is used all year around. The key purposes of this area in the winter are skiing and cross-country skiing, whereas in the summer it is more commonly used for walks in the forest and biking. When referring to Tryvann, it is mostly referred to as the Tryvann vinterpark.

Facts and infrastructure
Tryvann vinterpark is an alpine ski resort in the area around Tryvann. The first ski slope of Tryvann vinterpark, named "Tryvannskleiva", was created in 1931. Since then an enormous expansion has occurred, and today Tryvann vinterpark consists of 18 slopes and 11 lifts. The longest run (Wyllerløypa) is 1,400 metres, with a drop of 381 metres. All the slopes have floodlighting which covers over 9.6 km of terrain. The resort has a fairly large terrain park featuring edge rails, boxes, jib features and a full-scale halfpipe, regularly hosting some minor national skiing and snowboarding competitions.

Tryvann vinterpark is easily accessed by visitors with the metro system. The ride from Oslo city centre to the top of Tryvann takes approximately 25 minutes. This gives easy access and opportunities for over one million citizens in Oslo. Tryvann is Norway's fourth biggest ski resort in Norway, measured in ticket sales. In 2012 there were 205,000 visitors.

History of Tryvannstua
Tryvanstua was built in 1931. The cabin is constructed of windfall timber and was constructed unexpectedly after an immense storm in Nordmarka that occurred in November 1930. The storm damaged a radius close to 7000 m3, bringing down 3000 trees. As a result, Tryvannstua was constructed with the purpose of serving food for people travelling in the woods, and that was the beginning of Tryvann vinterpark. Tryvannstua was renovated and expanded in 1965–66. This increased the seating capacity to 175 people, and a fireplace was built for freezing alpinists. The renovation was an initiative mainly because of skiing in the 1966 World Cup.

External links
 Tryvann vinterpark - Tryvann Terrengpark (terrain park)
 Opening hours for cabins in Nordmarka
 Tryvannstårnet

Ski areas and resorts in Norway
Lakes of Oslo
Sport in Oslo

Tryvann


Rickard Johannes Sandler (29 January 1884 – 12 November 1964) was a Swedish Social Democratic politician. He served as minister without portfolio in the Swedish government from 10 March 1920 to 30 June 1920, minister for finance from 1 July 1920 to 27 October 1920, minister without portfolio from 13 October 1921 to 19 April 1923, minister of commerce and industry from 14 October 1924 to 24 January 1925, Prime Minister from 24 January 1925 to 7 June 1926, and as minister for foreign affairs from 24 September 1932 to 19 June 1936 and again from 28 September 1936 to 13 December 1939. Sandler is the only social democratic prime minister who did not also hold the post of party chairman. He is also the second-youngest prime minister of Sweden, aged 41 when he took office.

Early life and career
Rickard Sandler was born in Torsåker parish (now Kramfors Municipality), Västernorrland County. His father Johan Sandler was a headmaster at a folk high school and later a Member of Parliament. After receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree from Uppsala University, Rickard Sandler became a teacher at a folk high school in Kramfors (where his father was headmaster) and another in Brunnsvik. After joining the Swedish Social Democratic Youth League, Sandler's political career took off. He received a Licentiate of Arts degree in 1911 at the age of 26, after which he became a member of the board of the Social Democratic Party, and would remain a member until 1952. In 1917 he became editor-in-chief for Ny Tid, a social democratic newspaper in Gothenburg.

Rise in politics
In 1918, in the government of Prime Minister Nils Edén, Sandler became secretary of state to the minister for finance, Fredrik Thorsson. He continued in the same capacity when Hjalmar Branting became prime minister in 1920. In 1921 when Thorsson went on to start the new Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Sandler took his place as the minister of finance, a capacity he held until 1923. In Hjalmar Brantings second government (1921 – 1923), Sandler was a minister without portfolio, and in the third the minister of commerce and industry. He took the latter position after some persuasion, as he was intent to take up a job as the headmaster of the folk high school in Brunnsvik.

As Prime Minister
When Hjalmar Branting became ill and left office before his death in February 1925, and Fredrik Thorsson who was a likely candidate to replace Branting as prime minister also fell sick and died, Sandler was appointed to the post at the age of 41.

As Prime Minister, Sandler had to deal with the issue of reducing the Swedish military, as had been promised during the election campaign. He was supported by the Freeminded People's Party in what became the largest disarmament in Sweden. Following disarmament, the issue of unemployment came into focus when the government annulled a decision by the Unemployment Commission (arbetslöshetskommissionen) to deny payment to workers at the Stripa mine who were on strike. The liberal and conservative parties, who held the majority seats in the Riksdag (parliament), disagreed with the government, called for a vote of no confidence, and defeated the government. The 1928 elections saw Arvid Lindman of the conservative General Electoral League becoming the prime minister.

Foreign affairs

Sandler returned to the government in 1932 as minister of foreign affairs, a post he held (except for a brief period in 1936) until 1939. Sandler left the government over a disagreement with the prime minister about the Winter War. Sandler wanted Sweden to actively help Finland after the Soviet Union had attacked it on 30 November 1939, a stance the prime minister did not hold.

Now a deputy, Sandler continued to be influential in Swedish foreign policy. In 1940 he became a member of the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs (utrikesutskottet), and the chairman from 1946 to 1964. He was also a United Nations Delegate (1947 – 1960).

Other positions
Sandler was governor of Gävleborg County (1941 – 1952). He was chairman of several governmental inquiries, including the Socialization Committee (1920 – 1936), a commission appointed to audit the Swedish refugee policy during World War II, known as the Sandler Commission (1945 – 1947), and the Commission on the Constitution (1954 – 1963).

Sandler was one of the founders of The Workers' Enlightenment League (Arbetarnas Bildningsförbund ABF) in 1912. He was the main writer of the Marxist-oriented party program of the Social Democratic Party in 1920. He published the widely circulated statistical outline of social classes "The society as it is" (1911). Between 1926 and 1932 he was director of Statistics Sweden (Statistiska centralbyrån). Sandler translated Das Kapital by Karl Marx into Swedish, and in 1943 he authored a book on literary and historic secret writings called Cipher.

References

A major expansion of this article on 23 June 2006 was translated from the Swedish Wikipedia article, :sv:Rickard Sandler.

External links

Government Offices of Sweden

1884 births
1964 deaths
People from Kramfors Municipality
Members of the Riksdag from the Social Democrats
Prime Ministers of Sweden
Governors of Gävleborg County
Swedish Ministers for Finance
Swedish Ministers for Foreign Affairs
Uppsala University alumni
Permanent Representatives of Sweden to the United Nations
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

Rickard Sandler


Type of Transmission Control Protocol which is designed to provide much higher throughput and scalability.

Standard TCP recommendations as per RFC 2581 and RFC 5681 call for congestion window to be halved for each packet lost. Effectively, this process keeps halving the throughput until packet loss stops. Once the packet loss subsides, slow start kicks in to ramp the speed back up. When the window sizes are small, say 1 Mbit/s @ 200 ms round trip time and the window is about 20 packets, this recovery time is quite fast—on the order of a few seconds. But as transfer speeds approach 1 Gbit/s, the recovery time becomes half an hour and for 10 Gbit/s it's over 4 hours.

Procedure
Scalable TCP modifies the congestion control algorithm. Instead of halving the congestion window size, each packet loss decreases the congestion window by a small fraction (a factor of 1/8 instead of Standard TCP's 1/2) until packet loss stops. When packet loss stops, the rate is ramped up at a slow fixed rate (one packet is added for every one hundred successful acknowledgements) instead of the Standard TCP rate that's the inverse of the congestion window size (thus very large windows take a long time to recover). This helps reduce the recovery time on 10 Gbit/s links from 4+ hours (using Standard TCP) to less than 15 seconds when the round trip time is 200 milliseconds.

See also
 UDP-based Data Transfer Protocol

References

External links
Scalable TCP Details
CERN Paper About Scalable TCP
Downloadgram - Instagram Downloader

Internet protocols
TCP congestion control
Transport layer protocols

Scalable TCP


A lip strap is a piece of horse tack made of rolled leather or occasionally thin chain, used sometimes on some types of English-style curb and pelham bits. The lip strap runs between the bit shanks and passes through a special center ring on a curb chain sometimes called the "fly link". The lip strap attaches to rings at midpoint of the shanks and buckles on the near side.

The lip strap helps keep a "mouthy" horse from mouthing or "lipping" the shank.  It also helps prevent the curb chain from unfastening or otherwise moving too much.

In western riding, the "slobber bar" or "shank hobble" placed between the rein rings of a curb bit serves the same purpose as a lip strap.   The leather curb strap-like attachments that are sometimes used to connect the rings of snaffle bit on a western bridle are also occasionally known as lip straps, though "bit hobble" is the term more often used.

References

Bit accessories

Lip strap


Così fan tutte, ossia La scuola degli amanti (Women are like that, or The school for lovers) is an opera buffa with music by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and an Italian libretto by Lorenzo Da Ponte. Così was first performed at the Burgtheater in Vienna on 26 January 1790.

Legend says the opera was based on a real-life incident that occurred in Vienna. In the 19th century, the opera was considered somewhat naughty, and was rarely performed. Modern critics however believe that the music is some of Mozart's finest, and the opera is now frequently performed around the world.

Cast
 Fiordiligi (soprano), Dorabella's sister and Guglielmo's lover
 Dorabella (soprano), Fiordiligi's sister and Ferrando's lover
 Ferrando (tenor), a soldier and Dorabella's lover
 Guglielmo (bass), a soldier and Fiordiligi's lover
 Despina (soprano), maid to Fiordiligi and Dorabella
 Don Alfonso (bass), a cynical bachelor

Story
The opera is set in Naples in the 18th century. Don Alfonso wagers two young soldiers that their sweethearts will prove unfaithful if given the chance. The men accept the bet. They tell their sweethearts that they have been called to the front and leave Naples.

They return however as turban-clad, moustache-wearing "Albanians" to woo each other's sweetheart. With the conniving of Despina, the two sisters consent to marry the foreigners. At the last moment, the men remove their disguises, and rebuke their faithless sweethearts.

Operas by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
1790s operas

Così fan tutte


Scrubbirds are shy, secretive, ground-dwelling birds  of the family Atrichornithidae. There are just two species. The rufous scrubbird is rare and very restricted in its range, and the noisy scrubbird is so rare that until 1961 it was thought to be extinct. Both are native to Australia.

The scrubbird family is ancient and is understood to be most closely related to the lyrebirds, and probably also the bowerbirds and treecreepers. All four families originated with the great corvid radiation of the Australia-New Guinea region.

The population of the noisy scrubbird was estimated at 40 to 45 birds in 1962. Conservation efforts succeeded in increasing the population to around 400 birds by the mid-1980s, and they have subsequently been reintroduced to several sites, but remain endangered.  As of 2002, the population had recovered to around 1,200 birds.

Description
Birds of both species are about the same size as a common starling (roughly 20 cm long) and cryptically coloured in drab browns and blacks. They occupy dense undergrowth—the rufous scrubbird in temperate rain forests near the Queensland-New South Wales border, the noisy scrubbird in heaths and scrubby gullies in coastal Western Australia—and are adept at scuttling mouse-like under cover to avoid notice. They run fast, but their flight is feeble.

The males' calls, however, are powerful: ringing and metallic, with a ventriloquial quality, so loud as to be heard from a long distance in heavy scrub and almost painful at close range. Females build a domed nest close to the ground and take sole responsibility for raising the young.

Species of Atrichornithidae

References

.
.
Taxa named by Leonhard Stejneger
Higher-level bird taxa restricted to Australia

Scrubbird


A meso compound or meso isomer is an optically inactive isomer in a set of stereoisomers, at least two of which are optically active. This means that despite containing two or more stereocenters, the molecule is not chiral. A meso compound is superposable on its mirror image (not to be confused with superimposable, as any two objects can be superimposed over one another regardless of whether they are the same). Two objects can be superposed if all aspects of the objects coincide and it does not produce a "(+)" or "(-)" reading when analyzed with a polarimeter. The name is derived from the Greek mésos meaning "middle".

For example, tartaric acid can exist as any of three stereoisomers depicted below in a Fischer projection. Of the four colored pictures at the top of the diagram, the first two represent the meso compound (the 2R,3S and 2S,3R isomers are equivalent), followed by the optically active pair of levotartaric acid (L-(R,R)-(+)-tartaric acid) and dextrotartaric acid (D-(S,S)-(-)-tartaric acid). The meso compound is bisected by an internal plane of symmetry that is not present for the non-meso isomers (indicated by an X). That is, on reflecting the meso compound through a mirror plane perpendicular to the screen, the same stereochemistry is obtained; this is not the case for the non-meso tartaric acid, which generates the other enantiomer. The meso compound must not be confused with a 50:50 racemic mixture of the two optically-active compounds, although neither will rotate light in a polarimeter.

It is a requirement for two of the stereocenters in a meso compound to have at least two substituents in common (although having this characteristic does not necessarily mean that the compound is meso). For example, in 2,4-pentanediol, both the second and fourth carbon atoms, which are stereocenters, have all four substituents in common.

Since a meso isomer has a superposable mirror image, a compound with a total of n chiral centers cannot attain the theoretical maximum of 2n stereoisomers if one of the stereoisomers is meso.

A meso isomer need not have a mirror plane. It may have an inversion or a rotoreflexion symmetry such as S. For example, there are two meso isomers of 1,4-difluoro-2,5-dichlorocyclohexane but neither has a mirror plane, and there are two meso isomers of 1,2,3,4-tetrafluorospiropentane (see figure).

Cyclic meso compounds
1,2-substituted cyclopropane has a meso cis-isomer (molecule has a mirror plane) and two trans-enantiomers:

The two cis stereoisomers of 1,2-substituted cyclohexanes behave like meso compounds at room temperature in most cases. At room temperature, most 1,2-disubstituted cyclohexanes undergo rapid ring flipping (exceptions being rings with bulky substituents), and as a result, the two cis stereoisomers behave chemically identically with chiral reagents. At low temperatures, however, this is not the case, as the activation energy for the ring-flip cannot be overcome, and they therefore behave like enantiomers. Also noteworthy is the fact that when a cyclohexane undergoes a ring flip, the absolute configurations of the stereocenters do not change.

References

Stereochemistry

Meso compound


The headless tambourine is a percussion instrument of the family of idiophones, consisting of a frame, often of wood or plastic, with pairs of small metal jingles.  It differs from the standard tambourine by not having a drumhead.
It creates sound primarily by way of the instrument vibrating itself, without the use of strings or membranes. Headless tambourines come in different shapes with the most common being circular (called jingle ring). It is used in many forms of music, like gospel, pop and rock music. They are called "headless" because they lack the drumhead, that is, the skin stretched over one side of the ring in a traditional tambourine. Jazz, pop and rock drummers sometimes mount a headless tambourine in the drum kit.

References
 Virginia Tech Department of Music. "Modern Instruments and their Families: Symphonic Classifications in Western Music". Music Dictionary. Retrieved January 22, 2007.

Idiophones
Hand percussion

Headless tambourine


Masashi Tashiro (田代まさし, born August 31, 1956 in Saga Prefecture) is a former Japanese television performer and member of Japanese musical group Rats & Star. He was brought up in Shinjuku, Tokyo. On December 21, 2001, Tashiro was the first Japanese person chosen by the American magazine Time as "Person of the Year".

Tashiro was fired from the entertainment world in 2001 because of scandals.

1956 births
Living people

Japanese musicians
People from Saga Prefecture

Masashi Tashiro


Richard of Salerno ( 1060 – 1114), was a participant in the First Crusade and governor of the County of Edessa from 1104 to 1108. He was the cousin of Richard of Hauteville.

Biography
Richard was born around 1060, the third son of William of the Principate, a Norman count, and Maria, daughter of Guy, the Lombard duke of Sorrento. He was also one of the many nephews of Robert Guiscard and Roger I of Sicily and in his early life Richard participated with his two famous uncles to the conquest of Sicily.

In 1097, Richard joined his cousins, Bohemund of Taranto and Tancred, in their army on the First Crusade. Richard and Tancred were notable for being among the few Crusaders who could speak Arabic, an ability doubtlessly learned during the wars in Sicily, which had a strong Arab presence. Anna Komnene relates that when Richard crossed the Adriatic Sea, his ship was attacked and captured by the Byzantine fleet, who had mistaken him for a pirate. He was soon released and joined the main Crusader army marching through Bulgaria and Hungary. Along with Tancred, Richard refused to swear an oath of fidelity to the Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus, preferring to cross the Bosphorus in secret.

Richard was one of the commanders at the Battle of Dorylaeum in the summer of 1097.  Richard and Tancred joined Bohemund at the siege of Antioch. Richard was among those captured with Bohemund in 1100 when ambushed by the Danishmends at the Battle of Melitene. From there Richard was sent to the emperor Alexius, who imprisoned him in Constantinople before he was finally released in 1103. His cousin Tancred then appointed him governor of Edessa in the winter of 1104, a city which he ruled until 1108. He was bitterly hated by the citizens of Edessa for being ruthless and greedy. During this time, Richard also acted as a diplomat, traveling to France and Italy and arranging the marriage of Bohemund to the princess Constance of France. He was a witness of the 1108 Treaty of Devol. He also participated in the ultimately disastrous campaigns Bohemund waged against the emperor Alexius, but may have been secretly plotting with Alexius against Bohemund. After Bohemund's death in 1111, Richard retired to Marash, where he died in the great earthquake of November 29, 1114.

Family issue
By his wife Altrude, daughter of Emma of Hauteville and Odo the Good Marquis, he had a son
 Roger of Salerno, who was the regent of the Principality of Antioch.
His daughter
 Maria married Joscelin I, Count of Edessa.

Notes and references

Sources

Further reading

1040s births
1114 deaths
Norman warriors
Christians of the First Crusade
Italo-Normans

Richard of Salerno


William Paul Petersen (born September 23, 1945) is an American actor, singer, novelist, and activist.

Petersen first rose to prominence in the 1950s playing Jeff Stone on The Donna Reed Show, and transitioned to a singing career in the 1960s. In the early 1980s, he had a recurring role as a police officer on Matt Houston, and in the late 1990s, he played the author Paul Conway in the film Mommy's Day.

In 1990, Petersen established the organization A Minor Consideration to support child stars and other child laborers through legislation, family education, and personal intervention and counseling for those in crisis.

Career

Acting

Petersen began his show-business career at the age of 10 as a Mouseketeer on the Mickey Mouse Club. He appeared in the 1958 movie Houseboat with Sophia Loren and Cary Grant, but achieved stardom playing teenager Jeff Stone from 1958 to 1966 on the ABC family television sitcom The Donna Reed Show.  Throughout eight seasons and decades of reruns in syndication, The Donna Reed Show became part of American popular culture, and in 1997, Petersen was honored by the Young Artist Foundation with its Former Child Star "Lifetime Achievement" Award for his role on the series.

After The Donna Reed Show ended, Petersen had a small role as Tony Biddle in the 1967 musical film The Happiest Millionaire. He also appeared in many guest roles, including one as a military officer in the short-lived 1967 ABC Western series Custer, with Wayne Maunder in the title role. He also made a guest appearance on F Troop as "Johnny Eagle Eye" that aired on April 12, 1966.

Singing
With the fame he achieved on The Donna Reed Show, Petersen received recording offers and had hit record singles with the songs "She Can't Find Her Keys" (also introduced on The Donna Reed Show), "Amy", and "Lollipops and Roses". In 1962, the sentimental teen pop song "My Dad" was performed on The Donna Reed Show with Petersen singing the tune to his on-screen father, actor Carl Betz. Released as a single in the same year, it reached number six on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. He also recorded for Motown/Tamla throughout the 1960s releasing such singles as "Chained" and "A Little Bit For Sandy".

Writing
After his years as a child actor, Petersen attended university and obtained a degree in literature. He went on to write 16 adventure novels. Petersen's authorship began after he met David Oliphant, a New York City publisher visiting Los Angeles. His first novel concerned car racing. Thereafter, he created a Matt Helm-type hero, Eric Saveman, also known as "The Smuggler". In one year, Pocket Books published eight of his Smuggler novels, earning  $75,000 for Peterson. In 1977, Petersen's autobiography entitled Walt, Mickey and Me: Confessions of the First Ex-Mouseketeer was published.

Other ventures

He is a board member of the Donna Reed Foundation and works for the Donna Reed Festival, which takes place annually on the third week of June in Reed's hometown of Denison, Iowa. He also recently served on the board of directors of Screen Actors Guild-American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (SAG-AFTRA), a national media performers AFL-CIO union based in Los Angeles.

Activism
In 1990, following the suicide of former child star Rusty Hamer, Petersen founded a child-actor support group, A Minor Consideration, to improve working conditions for child actors and to assist in the transition between working as a child actor and adult life, whether in acting or in other professions.

Personal life

Petersen has been married three times. His first marriage was to actress Brenda Benet. They married in 1967 and divorced in 1970. In 1974, he married Hallie Litman with whom he had two children. They divorced in 1988. In December 1992, Petersen married Rana Jo Platz. In addition to his two children from his second marriage, Petersen also has a daughter from a previous relationship.

Discography

Studio albums
1962: Lollipops and Roses — Colpix CP-429/SCP-429
1963: Teenage Triangle — Colpix CP-444/SCP-444—No. 48, May 1963
Featuring four tracks each by Paul Petersen, Shelley Fabares, and James Darren
1963: My Dad — Colpix CP-442/SCP-442
1963: Bye Bye Birdie — Colpix CP-454/SCP-454
Songs from the movie sung by Petersen, The Marcels, James Darren, and Shelley Fabares
1964: More Teenage Triangle — Colpix CP-468/SCP-468
Second album featuring Petersen, Fabares, and Darren

Singles

Filmography

References

External links

 A Minor Consideration

 Paul Petersen at AllMusic

1945 births
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American male actors
Living people
Male actors from Glendale, California
American male television actors
American male child actors
American child singers
American trade union leaders
20th-century American memoirists
American male novelists
American male pop singers
Colpix Records artists
Motown artists
Mouseketeers
People from Greater Los Angeles
Writers from California
American male non-fiction writers
Latter Day Saints from California
20th-century American male writers

Paul Petersen


The Berks and Hants Railway comprised two railway lines built simultaneously by the Great Western Railway (GWR) south and west from  in an attempt to keep the London and South Western Railway (LSWR) out of the area that it considered to be its territory in England.

One line ran from Reading to  and was entirely in the county of Berkshire ("Berks"). A later Berks and Hants Extension Railway continued the Hungerford line to  in Wiltshire. Since 1906 part of this route has formed the direct Reading to Taunton Line used by trains to Devon and Cornwall. The term 'Berks and Hants Line' has been used intermittently by officials and passengers for the whole route from Reading to Taunton even though it does not enter Hampshire and most was never built by the Berks and Hants Railway.

The second line ran from Reading to  and terminated adjacent to the LSWR station there. Later the GWR station was closed and trains on the Reading to Basingstoke Line now use a platform of the rebuilt LSWR station.

History
In 1844, the GWR proposed a  broad gauge branch line from Pangbourne railway station to Newbury while the LSWR was promoting an alternative  branch from Basingstoke to Newbury and , the heart of GWR territory.  However, the following year saw an Act of Parliament passed to allow the construction of the GWR-backed Berks and Hants Railway from Reading to both Basingstoke and Hungerford.  The capital for this company was put forward in the names of GWR directors, and the following year a new Act of Parliament saw the Berks and Hants formally absorbed into the larger company.

The first section to open was that to Hungerford on 21 December 1847.  The line to Basingstoke left the Hungerford line at Southcote Junction on the outskirts of Reading, and was opened nearly a year later on 1 November 1848.

The Berks and Hants Extension Railway was opened from Hungerford to Devizes on 11 November 1862.  This was part of a GWR scheme to provide a more direct line from London to Exeter in Devon, however other elements of the route failed to materialise and the direct route to Exeter was built by the LSWR from Basingstoke through .

A third rail was laid along the Basingstoke branch on 22 December 1856.  This mixed gauge was to allow standard gauge goods trains to run through from the Midlands to ports on the South coast.  Broad gauge trains stopped running on this route from 1 April 1869.

On 27 June 1874, a special road coach service was instigated between Hungerford and Devizes while the engineers converted the single track on this section to standard gauge.  The remainder of the line from Hungerford to Southcote Junction at Reading was worked as a single line with trains in both directions using the normal eastbound line with a passing place kept at Newbury while the westbound line was converted.  The last broad gauge train ran on 30 June and the following day the trains started to use the new standard gauge westbound line and ran through to Devizes again.  Conversion of the eastbound line could then take place, and a normal service resumed on 4 July.

At Devizes the Extension Railway connected with a branch line from  on the Wilts, Somerset and Weymouth line which allowed through trains over the Berks and Hants to .  The Stert and Westbury Railway was opened on 29 July 1900, (1 October 1900 for passengers) from a new station called  to  which allowed a shorter journey via Hungerford to  from where passengers could sail to the Channel Islands.  From 2 July 1906 through passenger trains on the Reading to Taunton line started running over the Berks and Hants line following the completion of a new cut-off line from Castle Cary railway station to Cogload Junction near Taunton.

Relics
Most of the original Berks and Hants stations have been rebuilt; however, there are two early survivors.
Mortimer railway station on the Basingstoke line is a good example of Isambard Kingdom Brunel's "chalet" style station; the main building has eaves on all sides to give shelter to passengers and there is a small waiting shelter on the opposite platform in matching style.
Pewsey railway station on the Extension has a main building that shows the decorative brickwork that was a feature of the line's stations; the waiting room on the opposite platform is a modern reproduction. Original station name boards from Manningford Halt and Wootton Rivers Halt are at Pewsey Heritage Centre alongside other railway exhibits.

References

Great Western Railway constituents
7 ft gauge railways
Rail transport in Berkshire
Rail transport in Hampshire
Railway lines opened in 1862
1862 establishments in England

Berks and Hants Railway


Zannanza (died c. 1324 BC) was a Hittite prince, son of Suppiluliuma I, king of the Hittites. He is best known for almost becoming the Pharaoh of Egypt, and because his death caused a diplomatic incident between the Hittite and Egyptian Empires, resulting in warfare.

Biography
The Egyptian Queen Dakhamunzu, who could have been Meritaten or Nefertiti, but is most often identified as Ankhesenamun, asked Suppiluliuma I to send over a son during the late Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt because she had recently been widowed by the death of Nibhururia (possibly Akhenaten, but more likely Tutankhamun), and had borne no heir. Her letter reads,

My husband has died and I have no son. They say about you that you have many sons.  You might give me one of your sons to become my husband. I would not wish to take one of my subjects as a husband... I am afraid.

It was extraordinary that a consort from outside of Egypt would be sought, however, so Suppiluliuma was cautious. After sending an envoy to verify her claim, he obliged her. His son, Zannanza, was chosen and sent to Egypt to become the new pharaoh. This could have led to efforts to make Egypt part of the Hittite Empire. Zannanza never made it past the Egyptian border, though exactly what became of him and how he died is unknown.

His father accused the Egyptians of murdering him. The new king of Egypt, Ay, denied the murder, but acknowledged the death. Angry letters were passed between the two nations, but the matter ended inconclusively. Hittite forces subsequently attacked Egyptian settlements in Syria. Sick prisoners of war brought back to the Hittite Empire after these attacks caused a deadly epidemic that spread rapidly throughout the empire. As a result, Suppiluliuma I himself died from the epidemic.

In fiction

 Janet Morris wrote a detailed biographical novel, I, the Sun, whose subject was Suppiluliuma I.  Zannanza is an important figure in this novel.
In the historical fiction manga Red River, Zannanza appeared as a character. Like his inspiration, Zannanza was chosen to become the next Pharaoh after Ankhesenamun sent the letter after Tutankhamun died. While en route to Egypt, he and the rest of his party were ambushed and he was murdered. After the attack, the main character Yuri Suzuki is left alive. She then dissolved any disputes between the two nations whereas in history the Hittites attacked the Egyptian settlements in Syria.
In the historical fiction The Egyptian Zannansa is poisoned on his way to Egypt by the narrator Sinuhe who is sent by Horemheb and the priest Ay who want to prevent the Hittites taking over Egypt.

References

External links
Translations of Egyptian-Hittite correspondence regarding the "Zannanza Affair"
Translated account of Mursili II regarding the affair

People of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Hittite people
1320s BC deaths
Year of birth unknown
14th-century BC monarchs

Zannanza


For the composer born with this name, see Isidore de Lara

Isidore Cohen (December 16, 1922 in Brooklyn, New York – June 23, 2005 in Bronx, New York) was a renowned chamber musician and violinist and member, at different times, of both the Juilliard String Quartet and the Beaux Arts Trio.

Cohen began studying violin at age six, and graduated from the High School of Music and Art in Manhattan, although his intention was to become a doctor. His pre-med studies at Brooklyn College were interrupted by serving in Europe with the U.S. Army during World War II. From there on, his career focus changed as he decided he'd rather touch people's lives through music.

Upon returning to civilian life, he became a student of Ivan Galamian at Juilliard. Galamian had misgivings about accepting a 24-year-old student, but wanted to help a war veteran. From there, his life as a musician started to blossom, even drawing the attention of Igor Stravinsky with his performance of Stravinsky's L'Histoire du Soldat.
He became well known for his attention given to modern composers, and notably worked closely on many pieces with John Cage.

As of the 1950s, Cohen was serving as the concertmaster of the orchestras at the Casals festivals in France and Puerto Rico, in addition to several ensembles in New York City including the Colombia symphony orchestra. He was frequently concertmaster for Leonard Bernstein's televised "young people's concerts". His performance As concertmaster under Stravinsky's baton of "The rite of spring" is one of those preserved on the gold album carried by the voyager spacecraft.  In 1952 Alexander Schneider  invited Cohen to join  his quartet as second violinist. During Cohen's tenure, the Schneider quartet recorded the first complete set of Joseph Haydn's string quartets, a milestone noted in Time magazine.

Beginning in 1958, Cohen became second violinist of the Juilliard String Quartet, a post he held for nearly a decade. As a member of the quartet, Cohen also served on faculty at Juilliard from 1958 to 1966.

In 1968, following the retirement of violinist Daniel Guilet, he was persuaded to join the Beaux Arts Trio by pianist Menahem Pressler and cellist Bernard Greenhouse.  By the mid-1970s they were touring and recording as the world's best-known and busiest piano trio. During Cohen's time with the trio, dozens of recordings were released, including the complete piano trios of Ludwig van Beethoven, Haydn, Mozart, Dvořák, Brahms, as well as works by Chopin, Pyotr Tchaikovsky, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Charles Ives, and Dmitri Shostakovich. After twenty-three years with the group, he was succeeded as violinist by Ida Kavafian.

As a teacher, Cohen was on faculty at numerous institutions and festivals in addition to Juilliard, including the Aspen Music Festival the Curtis Institute of Music, Princeton University, SUNY at Stony Brook, and the Manhattan School of Music. His longest association was with the Marlboro Music Festival, where beginning in 1966 he taught for nearly forty years.

References

American music educators
American classical violinists
Male classical violinists
American male violinists
Aspen Music Festival and School faculty
Jewish classical violinists
Juilliard School faculty
1922 births
2005 deaths
Musicians from New York City
United States Army personnel of World War II
20th-century classical violinists
The High School of Music & Art alumni
Educators from New York City
Classical musicians from New York (state)
20th-century American male musicians
Juilliard String Quartet members
Beaux Arts Trio members
Brooklyn College alumni
Military personnel from New York City
20th-century American violinists

Isidore Cohen


Luis Francisco Cuéllar Carvajal (December 22, 1940 – December 22, 2009) was a Colombian politician, serving as Mayor of Morelia, Governor of the Caquetá Department from 2008 to 2009, and Deputy Governor of Caqueta from 2000 to 2003. He is known for being kidnapped and murdered by the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, and for being kidnapped and held for ransom four times.

Biography

Cuellar was born in Timaná, Huila, Colombia on December 22, 1940. Prior to his political career, he worked as a cattle rancher. He married Imelda Galindo de Cuéllar in 1968, and the couple stayed together until his death. Cuellar was a Roman Catholic.

Political career

Cuéllar served as deputy of the department of Caquetá from 2000 to 2003, and governor from January 1, 2008, until his murder on December 22, 2009. He also served as the Mayor of Morelia from 1996 to 1998. In 1997, he related his experiences as a hostage and met relatives of hostages being held by FARC. He was a member in the Indigenous Social Alliance Movement and the Colombian People's Party. During his term as governor, he established the Cuellar Public Health Laboratory in Florencia. He also ordered a variety internationally made sports facilities for Caqueta schools.

Kidnappings

Cuellar was kidnapped and held for ransom four times by the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) between 1987 and 1999:

1987

Cuellar was first kidnapped in 1987, when FARC rebels came to his farm and waited for him at the gate. He was released after the ransom was paid.

1990

In 1990, he was kidnapped along with his wife, but released after paying ransom. Two months later, his wife and brother, merchant Orlando Cuellar were kidnapped, but released days later.

1995

Cuellar was elected Mayor of Morelia in 1995, and was kidnapped while in office. He was kidnapped near the county seat of Morelia, along with his wife, her sister Agnes, and his driver. They spent seven months in captivity before being released after a ransom was paid.

1999

Cuellar was kidnapped near a church in 1999, but was released after a ransom was again paid to the FARC.

Death
Cuéllar was kidnapped by the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, on December 21, 2009. The Cuéllar family claims to have been under threat prior to the kidnapping. His home in Florencia was raided by 8 to 10 gunmen, who killed a police guard and used explosives to blow open the front door of the building, wounding two other police guards. The gunmen then entered the building and seized Cuéllar. Colombian authorities began a large-scale manhunt, deploying 2,000 soldiers and police officers into the jungle highlands surrounding Florencia to search for him. President Álvaro Uribe offered 1 billion pesos (approximately €340,000, US$490,000) to anyone providing information leading to his safe return. On December 22, 2009, his body was recovered by security forces near Florencia, after local villagers led troops to it. The burnt pickup truck used by the gunmen was discovered by police with nine explosive charges. Cuéllar's throat had been slit. Colombian authorities began an investigation into the murder, and offered 1 billion pesos for information leading to the killers.

Although no group immediately claimed responsibility for the kidnapping, President Uribe blamed the FARC. The FARC later claimed responsibility, but claimed that they had not intended to execute him, but wanted to subject him to a "political trial" for what they claimed was corruption. President Uribe sharply criticized the FARC for these statements, and called them an attempt to justify Cuellar's murder. His wife, Imelda, stated that "He didn't deserve that. He was a very generous man; he loved to be with humble people", and added that she and her husband had spent 41 "wonderful" years together. Human rights organization Amnesty International also condemned the murder. In January 2010, Henry Lopez Sarmiento, the FARC commander suspected of masterminding Cuellar's kidnapping, was detained by Colombian authorities, and was charged with Abduction and Murder.

References

1940 births
2009 deaths
Governors of Caquetá Department
Assassinated Colombian politicians
People murdered in Colombia
Mayors of places in Colombia
Indigenous Social Alliance Movement politicians
Colombian People's Party politicians
2000s assassinated politicians in South America

Luis Francisco Cuéllar


The London Symphony Orchestra (LSO) is a British orchestra. It is one of the most famous orchestras of the world. The orchestra is based in London's Barbican Centre. They often tour to many other countries. The LSO became the first British orchestra to play overseas when it went to Paris in 1906.

The LSO started in 1904. Most of the players had been members of Henry Wood's Queen's Hall orchestra. They left that orchestra when Wood made a rule that they were not allowed to send deputies to rehearsals or concerts. The LSO was set up as an organization that governed itself. This means that the members organize everything. They decide things such as how much they are paid and who can be a member of the orchestra.

The LSO gave its first concert on 9 June 1904. Hans Richter was the conductor. He was principal (main) conductor until 1911, when Edward Elgar took over for a year. Some of the most famous conductors in the world have conducted the orchestra.  Since January 2007, Valery Gergiev has been the LSO's Principal Conductor. André Previn is the Conductor Laureate (Honorary conductor). In 2006, Daniel Harding became the co-principal guest conductor with Michael Tilson Thomas. Richard Hickox is the Associate Guest Conductor of the LSO. The leader of the orchestra is Gordan Nikolitch.

The LSO players nearly died in 1912 as they were sail on the RMS Titanic for a concert in New York. They changed the booking at the last minute. They did tour the United States and Canada that year. They were the first British orchestra to do so.

In 1966, the London Symphony Chorus (LSC) was formed to join the LSO for works with choirs.

For many years, the LSO did not allow women to become members. They thought the sound would not be as good.

The LSO made their first gramophone recording in 1920. They have made many recordings since then.

Discography
Studio albums
 A Classic Case (1985)

Principal Conductors
The London Symphony Orchestra has had many principal conductors since it was created in 1904.

British orchestras
1904 establishments in the United Kingdom

London Symphony Orchestra


Moore County is a county located in the south central part of the U.S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2020 census, the population was 6,461, making it the third-least populous county in Tennessee. It forms a consolidated city-county government with its county seat of Lynchburg. At , it is the second-smallest county in Tennessee, behind only Trousdale. The county was created in 1871, during the Reconstruction era. Moore County is part of the Tullahoma-Manchester, TN Micropolitan Statistical Area.

History

Moore County was established in 1871 from parts of Lincoln, Bedford and Franklin counties, and named in honor of General William Moore, an early settler and long-time member of the state legislature.  The new county originally contained about 300 square miles, but Lincoln County sued and successfully reclaimed a portion of its land, reducing the new county's size.

Beginning in the 1820s, whiskey distilleries were developed in what is now Moore County. By 1875, fifteen distilleries were operating in the county. At the end of the 20th century, the Jack Daniel Distillery in Lynchburg was a major employer and the county's primary source of revenue.

Because of the small size of this county, in the late 20th century city and county officials began to discuss creating a consolidated government in order to lower costs and improve services. In 1988, the Metropolitan Government of Lynchburg, Moore County, Tennessee was voted into law as the governing body of Moore County, including Lynchburg.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  are land and  (0.9%) are water. It is the second-smallest county in Tennessee by area. The county is located partially on the rugged Highland Rim and partially in the flatter Nashville Basin.

Adjacent counties
Coffee County (northeast)
Franklin County (southeast)
Lincoln County (southwest)
Bedford County (northwest)

Protected area
Tims Ford Lake

Demographics

2020 census

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 6,461 people, 2,592 households, and 1,862 families residing in the county.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 6,362 people, 2,492 households, and 1,841 families residing in the county. There were 2,492 occupied housing units. The racial makeup of the county was 95.4% White, 2.3% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.5% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. 1.1% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 2,492 households, out of which 27% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.8% were married couples living together, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.1% were non-families. 22.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, male or female. The average household size was 2.51, and the average family size was 2.93.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.2% under the age of 20, 14.8% from 20 to 34, 20.5% from 35 to 49, 22.1% from 50 to 64, and 18.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43.3 years.

Per 2000 Census data, the median income for a household in the county was $36,591, and the median income for a family was $41,484. Males had a median income of $31,559 versus $20,987 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,040. 9.6% of the population, and 7.8% of families were below the poverty line. 11.7% were under the age of 18, and 12.1% were 65 or older.

Economy
Moore County is the location of the Jack Daniel Distillery, whose famous brand of Tennessee whiskey is marketed worldwide. Despite the distillery, Moore is a dry county. This status dates to the passage of state prohibition laws in the early 20th century.

While federal prohibition ended in 1933 with the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment, state prohibition laws remain in effect. All Tennessee counties are dry by default, though any county can become "wet" by passing a county-wide "local option" referendum. Moore County has yet to pass such a referendum.

Education
Schools in Moore County are a part of Moore County Schools, overseen by The Moore County Department of Education:
 Lynchburg Elementary School - grades PreK–6
 Moore County High School - grades 7–12

Motlow State Community College is located in northern part of Moore County.

Politics

Community

 Lynchburg

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Moore County, Tennessee

References

External links

 Moore County, TNGenWeb - free genealogy resources for the county

1871 establishments in Tennessee
Populated places established in 1871
Tullahoma, Tennessee micropolitan area
Middle Tennessee

Moore County, Tennessee


In the physiology of the kidney, free water clearance (CH2O) is the volume of blood plasma that is cleared of solute-free water per unit time. An example of its use is in the determination of an individual's state of hydration. Conceptually, free water clearance should be thought of relative to the production of isoosmotic urine, which would be equal to the osmolarity of the plasma. If an individual is producing urine more dilute than the plasma, there is a positive value for free water clearance, meaning pure water is lost in the urine in addition to a theoretical isoosmotic filtrate.  If the urine is more concentrated than the plasma, then free water is being extracted from the urine, giving a negative value for free water clearance. A negative value is typical for free water clearance, as the kidney usually produces concentrated urine except in the cases of volume overload by the individual.

Overview
At its simplest, the kidney produces urine composed of solute and pure (solute-free) water. How rapidly the kidney clears the blood plasma of a substance (be it water or solute) is the renal clearance, which is related to the rate of urine production. The rate at which plasma is cleared of solute is the osmolal clearance; the rate at which plasma is cleared of solute-free water is the free water clearance.

Calculation
Since urine flow is determined by the rate at which plasma is cleared of solutes and water (as discussed above), urine flow (V) is given as the sum of osmolar (Cosm) and free water clearance (CH2O):

Rearranging yields CH2O

Since osmolar clearance is given as the product of urine flow rate and the ratio of urine to plasma osmolality, this is commonly represented as

For example, for an individual with a urine osmolality of 140 mOsm/L, plasma osmolality of 280 mOsm/L, and a urine production of 4 ml/min, the free water clearance is 2 ml/min, obtained from

Interpretation
Free water clearance can be used as an indicator of how the body is regulating water. A free water clearance of zero means the kidney is producing urine isosmotic with respect to the plasma. Values greater than zero imply that the kidney is producing dilute urine through the excretion of solute-free water. Values less than zero imply that the kidney is conserving water (likely under the influence of antidiuretic hormone, ADH), resulting in the production of concentrated urine.

See also
 Renal clearance
 Renal physiology

External links
 Overview at mcg.edu
 Overview at mmi.mcgill.ca
 Formula at mmi.mcgill.ca

Renal physiology

Free water clearance


Alice Schofield or Alice Schofield Coates (3 May 1881 – 19 June 1975) was a British suffragette and politician. She campaigned for women to have the vote and later campaigned for the legislation to give women rights to equal pay.

Life
Schofield was born in Cleveland, but her family was poor and she was brought up by an uncle and aunt in Manchester. She was not religious and she was a vegetarian. She trained as a teacher with Teresa Billington who was also not religious. Schofield met Emmeline Pankhurst at a disciplinary hearing after Schofield refused to teach about religion. Other accounts say that she met Pankhurst at a speech. However Pankhurst was a member of the Manchester Education committee and she arranged for Schofield to start work at a Jewish school where religious instruction was not legally required.

She and Teresa Billington joined the Independent Labour Party and both went to join Pankhurst's Women's Social and Political Union. She met Eva Gore-Booth and Esther Roper and she was enthusiastic about women's suffrage but not about the WSPU. Like many members she was alarmed by the autocratic manner of Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst.

In 1907 the breakaway group of the Women's Freedom League was formed with more of a democratic approach. The new league included Charlotte Despard, Teresa Billington and Schofield. Schofield was employed as a full time official. The league was also militant, but it objected to the extreme measures encouraged by the Pankhursts WSPU which included arson. In 1909 she was based in Middlesbrough where a brother of another WFL member came to her rescue. He was Charles Coates and they married in February 1910. Coates had a good income from importing coal and they employed servants who taught and looked after their three children. Schofield was thus able to trave on speaking tours to South Shields or into Scotland on WFL business and she made frequent trips to London to attend WGL meetings where she was on the executive committee. She used the name Alice Schofield Coates. Coates and her husband operated a vegetarian restaurant on Linthorpe Road, Middlesbrough.

In 1919 Schofield stood as the first woman councillor in Middlesbrough. In 1924 her husband's business ceased to be profitable. Schofield continued to support the Labour Party and she became a Justice of the Peace.

At the end of her career she campaigned for women to have the right to equal pay. The legislation was passed in 1970. Schofield died in 1975.

References

1881 births
1975 deaths
British suffragists
British vegetarianism activists
People from Redcar and Cleveland

Alice Schofield


The Church of Saint Paraskevi (, tsarkva "Sveta Paraskeva", Byzantine Greek: Ναός Αγίας Παρασκευής) is a partially preserved medieval Eastern Orthodox church in Nesebar (medieval Mesembria), a town on the Black Sea coast of Burgas Province in eastern Bulgaria. It was most likely built in the 13th or 14th century and forms part of the Ancient Nesebar UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Church of Saint Paraskevi features a single nave and a pentagonal apse as well as rich exterior decoration. Its dome and the belfry surmounting the narthex have not been preserved today, and it is unknown which of the three saints named Paraskevi it was dedicated to.

History
The dating of the Church of Saint Paraskevi is disputed. While some researchers ascribe its original construction to the 10th century, it is generally held that it was built in the 13th–14th century. This estimate is based on its architectural similarities to churches of that period in the medieval Bulgarian capital Veliko Tarnovo. Rough Guides author Jonathan Bousfield attributes its construction to the reign of Tsar Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria (r. 1331–1371). However, during this period Nesebar changed hands multiple times between the Second Bulgarian Empire and Byzantium.

Along with other architectural sites in the old town of Nesebar, the church forms part of the Ancient City of Nesebar UNESCO World Heritage Site and the 100 Tourist Sites of Bulgaria. It was listed among Bulgaria's monuments of culture of national importance in 1964. It is not an active church today, though it remains in use and houses an art gallery.

It remains uncertain which of the saints known as Paraskevi the church was dedicated to. Early Christian martyrs Paraskevi of Rome and Paraskevi of Iconium were better known in the Byzantine Empire and particularly its capital Constantinople, though Paraskevi of Epibatos was more popular in Bulgaria and was recognised by Ivan Alexander as his personal patron. Scholar Bistra Nikolova believes the former two options to be more likely.

Architecture and decoration
The Church of Saint Paraskevi is a single-nave church, measuring ,  or  and built according to the Byzantine cross-in-square design. It features a narthex in its western part and a single wide pentagonal apse in its eastern section. The church was built out of bricks and smoothed stones and based on a pseudo-opus mixtum technique which also employed wooden beams. The nave was barrel-vaulted by two arches.

The church does not include a separate sanctuary in front of the altar, though semicircular niches to the sides of the apse serve as its prothesis and diaconicon. The plan of the church also includes several square niches which bear similarity to similar executions in churches in medieval Veliko Tarnovo. The entrance to the church is on the south wall. In the past, the church had a dome, and its present double-pitched roof was built in more recent times.

The narthex of the church was once topped by calotte and a bell tower, which has not been preserved today. The tower was accessible via a vaulted stone staircase on the west wall of the church. The belfry is a feature that the Church of Saint Paraskevi shares with other churches in Nesebar, such as the Church of the Holy Archangels Michael and Gabriel and the Church of Saint Theodore. Unlike the Church of the Holy Archangels, though, the staircase of the Church of Saint Paraskevi was on the outside, as in the Church of Christ Pantocrator.

Much like other churches in Nesebar dating to the same period, the Church of Saint Paraskevi was lavishly decorated on the outside. The design of the exterior walls includes two rows of richly ornamented blind arches. Two rows of eight narrow arches each decorate the north and south walls, with an additional three on the west wall and two on either side of the apse. The lower arcade was larger than the upper one, though both were decorated with archivolts composed of three rows of coloured ceramic rosettes. The lunettes were built out of stones and bricks in various shapes, including ornamental fish bones, suns, chequered and zigzag patterns.

References

Bulgarian Orthodox churches in Nesebar
13th-century Eastern Orthodox church buildings
14th-century Eastern Orthodox church buildings
Medieval Bulgarian Orthodox church buildings
Byzantine architecture in Bulgaria

Church of Saint Paraskevi, Nesebar


A interrogation scene is a shape o BDSM roleplay in whilk the participants act oot the pairts o torturer an veectim. As in real life tortur chambers throuoot the warld, the "torturer" uises threats, humiliation an pheesical pain tae extract whaever wittins he/she believes the "veectim" possesses.  The gemme is ower ance the victim haes brakken an divulged the secret.  The lenth an severity o the scene will vary accordin tae the temperament o the players. Dedicatit players attempt tae replicate the atmosphere o a real tortur session an, as in real life, the "victim" can expect tae be strippit nakit, tee'd up, mockit an abuisit.

Popular methods o play in interrogation scenes include tickle tortur, whaur the victim will be tee'd up an tickled continuously athoot relief (parteecularly in auries that are quite sensitive; sic as the belly, unnerarms, feet, taes, nipples, labia, an clitoris) till the victim submits an reveals the information.

Ane shape o tortur is orgasm control or erotic sexual denial, whaur the submissive victim is sexually stimulatit tae the brink o orgasm bi the torturer.  The torturer mey then reduce the stimulation an keep the victim in a state o extendit arousal for a lang period o time. Bi varyin the pace o the stimulation, the victim mey be forcit tae unnergo cycles o "up" an "doun" arousal bi the torturer. When satisfee'd wi the experience, the victim mey divulge the secret in order tae be brocht tae the desired orgasm bi the torturer.  The interrogation mey be continued past the orgasm, pairticularly if the victim orgasms athoot divulgin the secret. Generally, the clitoris becomes vera sensitive efter orgasm, an continued stimulation mey manifest mair as a extreme ticklin sensation. This can acome quite uncomfortable for the female victim, or aiblins even painful, providin her wi a incentive tae comply wi her torturer's demands.

In at least ane legal case, interrogation fantasies hae been raised as a defence tae a ceevil lawsuit.

References

Sex
BDSM

Interrogation scene


In baseball, on-deck refers to being next in line to bat. In a professional game, the batter who is on deck traditionally waits in a location in the foul territory called the on-deck circle.

Being on-deck only guarantees the batter will get a chance to bat in the inning if there are fewer than two outs, and the number of outs plus the number of baserunners (including the one at bat) adds up to fewer than three, because a double play or triple play could occur. Additionally, the manager reserves the right to pull the on-deck hitter for a substitute at his discretion.

The player next in line to bat following the on-deck batter is colloquially referred to as being in-the-hole.

On-deck circles

There are two on-deck circles in the field, one for each team, either circle can be used by either team, positioned in foul ground between home plate and the respective teams' benches. The on-deck circle is where the next scheduled batter, or "on-deck" batter, warms up while waiting for the current batter to finish his turn. The on-deck circle is either an area composed of bare dirt; a plain circle painted onto artificial turf; or often, especially at the professional level, made from artificial material, with a team or league logo painted onto it.

According to Major League Baseball rules and NCAA baseball rules, there are two on-deck circles (one near each team's dugout). Each circle is  in diameter, and the centers of the circles are  apart. A straight line drawn between the centers of the two on-deck circles should pass  behind home plate. In the Official Baseball Rules published by Major League Baseball, the on-deck circle is referred to as the "next batter's box".

Significance in save situations
A relief pitcher who comes in to pitch when his team is ahead can earn a save if the tying run is either on base, at bat, or on-deck, and the pitcher then finishes the game without giving up the lead.

References

External links

Baseball terminology
Baseball field

On-deck


is a Japanese consumer finance company, or sarakin. On September 28, 2010 it filed a petition for commencement of a corporate re-organisation under the Japanese Corporate Reorganisation Act.

Services
The Group's principal activity is the provision of consumer financial services, namely to the sub prime segment. This market was previously viewed as an area of money lenders and crime related activities. However, through a network of professional outlets, unmanned outlets, internet outlets and cash dispensers and ATMs, Takefuji claimed to revolutionise the market. The operations were carried out through the following divisions: Consumer Financing division deals with unsecured and non-guaranteed loans, internet financing, debt counseling services, credit cards and the Other Operations division which deals with other financing, parking lot operations, golf course operations, venture capital, Karaoke booth operations, re-insurance. As of 31-Mar-2005, the Group consisted of the parent company, five domestic consolidated subsidiaries and five overseas subsidiaries.

Scandal
Once Japan's most profitable consumer finance company, Takefuji's reputation has been tarnished since founder and former chairman Yasuo Takei pleaded guilty in 2004 to charges he ordered illegal wiretaps on journalists. Now he's looking for a buyer for part or all of his family's 50-plus percent share in the company. Tokyo Goldman Sachs Group and Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group are bidding for a controlling stake. Takefuji makes personal loans at some 530 branches across Japan, charging as much as 29% interest.

Sports
The company also owned Takefuji Bamboo, a professional women's volleyball team.

See also
 Loans in Japan

External links
 Takefuji Corporation
 Takefuji Corporation IR information

Financial services companies of Japan
Companies formerly listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange

Takefuji