The Battle of Auldearn was an engagement of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. It took place on 9 May 1645, in and around the village of Auldearn in Nairnshire. It resulted in a victory for the royalists, led by the Marquess of Montrose and Alasdair MacColla, over Sir John Urry and an army raised by the Covenanter-dominated Scottish government.

The pibroch Blár Allt Earrann commemorates the battle. The battlefield has been included in the Inventory of Historic Battlefields in Scotland and is protected by Historic Scotland under the Historic Environment (Amendment) Act 2011.

Background
In mid-1644, after the  Scottish Committee of Estates took the decision to intervene   in the First English Civil War on the Parliamentarian side, Montrose had been given a commission by King Charles I to command his forces in Scotland. After initial setbacks, he was able to raise an army consisting partly of Highlanders and partly of professional troops sent by Confederate Ireland at the instigation of the Marquess of Antrim. Most of the Covenanter army had been sent into England, and Montrose began to threaten Covenanter control over the Highlands.

On 2 February 1645, Montrose won a complete victory over the pro-Covenanter Clan Campbell and its leader, the Earl of Argyll, at the Battle of Inverlochy. He then attempted to attack the Covenanter forces in the Lowlands, but found that many of his Highlanders were drifting home with plunder and the Covenanters were too strong. He fell back to the northeast, hoping to recruit more forces. In particular, he needed the support of Clan Gordon, who could provide at least some cavalry.

The Covenanters divided their forces. While Lieutenant General William Baillie remained based in Perth, he sent a detachment commanded by Sir John Urry to the north. Urry was an experienced soldier who had deserted the English Parliamentarians to join the Royalists in 1643, but had changed sides once again to join the Covenanters after their success at the Battle of Marston Moor in 1644.

Montrose, meanwhile, had made a couple of feints towards the Lowlands, but was unable to challenge Baillie's large army. On 18 April, he heard that Urry's army was threatening the Gordon lands. Montrose marched north to Skene, where he was rejoined on 30 April by Alasdair MacColla, who had been recruiting fresh forces in the western Highlands, and several contingents of Gordons. From Skene, Montrose advanced against Urry, who was near Elgin.

Battle
As the area about Elgin was Covenanter in sympathy, Urry had plenty of information about Montrose's approach. He withdrew westwards, hoping to lure Montrose into a position where he could launch a surprise counter-attack. His army consisted of four regiments of foot commanded by Colonels Loudoun, Lothian, Buchanan and Sir Mungo Campbell of Lawers, the Mackenzies under the Earl of Seaforth, the levies of the Earl of Sutherland, 800 other local levies and 400 cavalry.

Hearing late on 8 May that Montrose had encamped at Auldearn, which was then a small hamlet, Urry advanced, hoping to catch the Royalists unawares at dawn. In his attempt to achieve surprise, he left his artillery some distance behind. Unfortunately for Urry, some of his men discharged their muskets to clear damp powder charges, thereby alerting the Royalists. Thus warned, Montrose hastily deployed his forces to counter-attack Urry.

On Montrose's right flank, Alastair MacColla commanded one Irish regiment and some Gordon infantry totalling about 500 men. They were deployed in some enclosures in front of Auldearn, and the Royal Standard was prominently displayed among them to convince Urry that the entire Royalist force was in this position. Montrose's main force was concealed in a hollow on MacColla's left flank. There were two Irish regiments and some Gordons fighting on foot (totalling about 800 musketeers and clansmen), and 200 Gordon horsemen led by Lord Aboyne and his younger brother, Lord Lewis Gordon.

Urry's four regular regiments of infantry advanced against the obvious position defended by Alasdair MacColla, while a small body of 50 cavalry attempted to outflank what they believed to be the Royalist left. The various levies and Urry's remaining cavalry remained in reserve. The impatient MacColla led an advance against the Covenanters but was forced back. Montrose rode up to the Gordon cavalry, who could hear the noise of battle but could not see what was going on, and claimed that the Macdonalds were driving all before them and were likely to claim all the glory. The Gordon horsemen charged out of the hollow. The small body of Covenanter cavalry trying to outflank MacColla was taken by surprise while trying to negotiate a bog and fled. Montrose's infantry followed his cavalry and advanced against the right flank of Urry's four infantry regiments, which broke under attack from all sides. Urry's three bodies of levies and his remaining cavalry fled the field.

The only part of Urry's army to make a stand was Clan MacLennan, styled the "Bannermen of Kintail", who, as standard bearers to Seaforth, chief of Clan Mackenzie, remained isolated during the Covenanters' flight. They refused to retreat and stood their ground in the face of the Royalist onslaught, refusing to give up the standard of the Mackenzies, the "Cabar Feidh." Offered no quarter by the Gordon cavalry, Ruairidh Mac Gille Fhinnein, chief of his name, and his clansmen, together with some MacRaes and Mathesons, were all cut down.

As with most of Montrose's victories, many of the casualties were inflicted after the Covenanter army broke and fled, in a merciless pursuit which was continued for .

Aftermath
Montrose had destroyed half the Covenanter forces arrayed against him. Urry later turned his coat once again and joined Montrose.

A pub/restaurant, previously named "The Covenanter" and now the "1645" in commemoration of the battle, stands on part of the old battlefield at the end of Auldearn.

The battle and the Royalist campaign of 1644–1645 in general feature in the 1937 novel And No Quarter by Irish writer Maurice Walsh, told from the perspective of two members of O'Cahan's Regiment.

Citations

References

General references
 Buchan, J. Montrose, 1938.
 Cowan, E. J., Montrose. For Covenant and King, 1995.
 MacDonald, John, Orian Iain Lom. Songs of John MacDonald, Bard of Keppoch, ed. and trans. A. M. Mackenzie, 1964.
 Macleod, R. H., The Battle of Auldearn, 9 May 1645, in The Seventeenth Century in the Highlands, Inverness Field Club, 1986 .
 O'Danachair, C. O., Montrose's Irish Regiments, in Irish Sword, 1959–60.
 Reid, S., The Campaigns of Montrose, 1990.
 Ruthven, Patrick Gordon of, A Short Abridgement of Britane's Distemper, 1844.
 Stevenson, D., Alasdair MacColla and the Highland Problem in the Seventeenth Century, 1980.
 Wishart, George, The Memoirs of James Marquis of Montrose, trans. A. D. Murdoch and H. F. Moorland-Simpson, 1893.

External links

Battles involving Scotland
Battles of the Scottish Civil War
1645 in Scotland
Clan Fraser
Conflicts in 1645
Auldearn
History of the Scottish Highlands

Battle of Auldearn


1825 was a common year.

Events
January 4 – King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies dies and is succeeded by his son Francis I of the Two Sicilies.
 February 12 – The Creek cede the last of their lands in Georgia to the United States government, and migrate west
March 4 – John Quincy Adams officially succeeds James Monroe as President of the United States.
 July 6 – The Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sønderborg-Beck gains possession of Glücksburg and changes his title to Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg. The line of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg later became the Royal House of Greece, Denmark and Norway.
 July 30 – Malden Island (an uninhabited island in the central Pacific Ocean) discovered.
 August 6 – Bolivia gains independence from Peru as a republic with the instigation of Simón Bolívar
 August 25 – Uruguay declares independence from Brazil (See Uruguay's independence)
 September 27 – The world's first modern railway, the Stockton and Darlington Railway opens in England.
 October 26 – The Erie Canal opens – passage from Albany, New York to Lake Erie
 December 1 – Nicholas I of Russia succeeds his older brother Alexander I.
 Decembrist Revolt in Russia.
 The first horse-drawn omnibuses established in London
 First roller skates
 Aluminium discovered
 City of Brisbane founded – see History of Brisbane
 The electromagnet was invented by William Sturgeon

Deaths
 May 2 – Michail Leontievich Bulatov, Russian military

1825


The Subaru Leone is a compact car produced by the Japanese car manufacturer Subaru from 1971 to 1994. The word leone is Italian for lion.

It was released as a replacement for the Subaru 1000 and was the predecessor of the Subaru Impreza. All Leones were powered by the Subaru EA boxer engine. Most cars were equipped with optional four-wheel drive. At the time of its introduction, the Leone was Subaru's top model until 1989, when the larger Legacy was introduced.

Although released in Japan and some export markets as the Leone, for many years, this was the only vehicle sold internationally by Subaru where the smaller kei cars Rex, Vivio, R-2, 360, and Sambar were not commonly sold. As a result, in major markets such as Australia, Europe and North America, it was instead identified with a trim level designation, some of which included: DL, GL, GLF, GLF5, GL-10, and RX. The car is thus often referred to simply as the Subaru GL or the Subaru L series.

First Generation (A21/22/62/64/65)

The first generation Leone was released on October 7, 1971, as a front-wheel drive coupé, with trim levels DL, GL and GSR. April 1972 saw the introduction of the two- and four-door sedans with trim levels DL, GL and in Japan, the Super Touring. At its introduction, the Leone was Subaru's largest car, and was the top level vehicle above the kei car Subaru Rex.

In September 1972 the four-wheel drive (4WD) station wagon (A67) was released, however it did not appear in the United States until 1974 as a 1975 model. The Leone was introduced before the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo to emphasize its durability in adverse weather conditions. Up until this time four-wheel drive had been limited mainly to off-road vehicles, although the very expensive Jensen FF had been built in limited numbers.

Subaru broke this pattern by introducing a mass-produced four-wheel drive passenger car, after having tested the waters by building a limited series of four-wheel drive FF-1 1300G wagons in 1971. Four-wheel drive was Subaru's most notable feature during the 1970s and 1980s, leading to particularly strong sales in places like Switzerland and Colorado. The Leone competed with the Toyota Corolla, Nissan Sunny, Honda Civic, Mazda Familia, Isuzu Gemini, and the Mitsubishi Lancer. The Leone introduced a Subaru tradition of frameless side windows for all models.

In August 1968, Subaru entered into an alliance with Nissan Motors. The appearance of the new Leone was influenced by the design efforts from Nissan, especially the long hood and short trunk appearance that Nissan was using at that time for their own products. The 1400 RX coupé, based on the previously introduced GSR, was one of the first Japanese automobiles to be equipped with four-wheel disc brakes, a sport-tuned suspension and a 5-speed manual transmission. A two-door hardtop coupé, with different bodywork than the two-door sedan or two-door coupé, was introduced in June 1973. The hardtop coupé received model names containing the letter F for "Formal" (FL, GF, GFT). A 4WD version with the sedan bodywork (model code A27) appeared in 1975. In the Japanese market, the sedan had to be equipped with the SEEC-T desmogged EA71 engine producing , whereas the station wagon was classified as a commercial vehicle and thus received a  version of the same engine.

The Leone was originally equipped with a 1.2- or a 1.4-litre flat-four, carbureted, OHV engine. The 1,100 cc engine from the earlier FF-1 G was carried over for the Leone 1100 van in the Japanese domestic market, but was only available in the first few years. In September 1975, as a response to tightening emissions regulations, the 1.2 was removed from the sedan lineup (although it continued to be available as a van-wagon version in the Japanese domestic market). To be able to offer as much power as the pre-smog 1.4 a bigger, 1.6-litre version was added for 1976.

The Leone was available with a four-speed manual transmission, a five-speed manual transmission, and also a three-speed automatic transmission beginning in 1975. Some early models had duo-servo drum brakes at the front, however, later models were equipped with disc brakes. All models originally had rear drum brakes except the RX coupés. Unusually, the handbrake or emergency brake operated on the front wheels.

In March 1977 an updated Leone range was released. All body panels were altered slightly and the overall look was 'smoother' and more contemporary in appearance. A completely new dashboard with altered interior were also part of the update. Despite these changes the overall effect was similar to the earlier version and it was mechanically identical, with the exception of the rear track which was widened by . The chassis codes were changed, with sedans now in the 30 series and estates in the 60 series. The little 1.2 continued to be available in the lowliest standard van model, with . In November 1977 a new top model arrived, the Leone Grand Am-T, which adopted the federalized safety bumpers and had an interior "inspired by American tastes."

The Leone entered Australia and New Zealand in 1973, with cars imported fully assembled from Japan. The 4WD Wagon entered the Australian market in 1975, and remained the only vehicle in its class until the early 1980s. Many versions - sedan, wagon and Brumby (BRAT) coupe utility, were also assembled from CKD kits, from 1978, in New Zealand by then-importer Motor Holdings' Waitara plant near New Plymouth. Local assembly ceased when the Legacy range replaced the Leone in 1993.

North America

The Leone was first introduced to the United States in 1972. In 1976 the EA63 engine was replaced with the 1.6 liter EA71 engine. The EA71 engine was originally installed in cars equipped with automatic transmission but eventually supplanted the EA63 across the entire range of vehicles in the US and Australia. Using Subaru's new SEEC-T technology meant that a catalytic converter was not necessary, lowering cost and enabling the use of leaded fuel. Power in 49-state (US) trim was  at 5200 rpm (two horsepower less in California), although drivability and gas mileage suffered distinctly from the emissions equipment. The Wagon was also available with four-wheel drive, beginning with the 1977 model year.

A print ad for the 1973 Subaru GL coupé referred to the engine as "quadrozontal" The large bumpers required in the United States sat on hydraulic units; these were not a part of the original design and thus intruded considerably into the luggage compartment.

Late in 1977 saw the introduction of the Subaru BRAT as a 1978 model. This was a two-seater body with a pickup truck bed, with two seats welded into the bed to evade the so-called chicken tax on light commercial vehicles. It brought the U.S. lineup to eight models in three trim levels. Most were in the volume DL trim except a base two-door, and the GF hardtop and 4WD models which shared a higher specification. For 1979, a decontented DL 4WD wagon and Brat were added along with fancier GL four-door sedan and 2WD wagon models bringing the total to twelve, the original fully equipped 4WDs also getting the DL designation. The original Brat was updated for 1981 with a dual-range 4WD transmission and the 1.8-litre EA81 engine. This was sold alongside the second generation Leone (introduced in 1979) until the 1982 model year.

Refer to linked page for more info on the BRAT ...

Second Generation (AB/AM/AF/AJ)

In June 1979 the Leone saw its first complete model update. This generation was released with a two-door hardtop coupé, four-door sedan, station wagon and a three-door hatchback. Export sales began in the fall with the 1980 model year. The earlier two-door sedan was replaced by a three-door hatchback design ("Swingback" in Japan), as an alternative to contemporary hatchback competitors. The Swingback, however, differed from its competitors in offering the option of four-wheel-drive.

New for this generation was a dual-range four-speed 4WD transmission with both hi/lo range gearing and manual ride height adjustment on the 4WD models. In November 1981 Subaru introduced Japan's first all-wheel-drive vehicle with an automatic transmission, utilizing the world's first "wet hydraulic multi-plate clutch". This allowed the driver to engage 4WD with a simple push of a button rather than shifting a lever as in the manual models. The electric switch activated a solenoid that pushed the clutch plates together, thereby engaging the driveshaft to the rear wheels.

A new 1.8 L EA81 engine was added to the lineup from the beginning. In November 1983, a turbocharger with optional multi-port fuel injection was also added to the BRAT and Turbo Wagon models. They were only available with an automatic transmission and 3.70:1 gearing. In Japan the top-spec 1800 GTS sedan was the first Subaru to offer air conditioning, power windows, and power steering. The installation of a turbocharger was to provide better fuel economy by reducing emissions and burning fuel more effectively as opposed to providing a performance oriented product, due to taxes levied by the Japanese Government on a graduated scale based on the emissions emitted from the car.

Export markets
This generation of hatchback and BRAT were made alongside the third-generation offerings until 1987 for the BRAT in the United States (1993 in some markets and 1994 in Latin America) and 1989 for the hatchback. All other second generation models were discontinued by 1985.

United States
In the United States, the trim level of a vehicle could be identified by the headlights – early GLs had square while others had round; later GLs had quad square headlights and lower series had single squares, with 1982 being a transition year (2WD GL=quad square, 4WD GL=single square with third light, all DLs=single square, STD hatchback=single round). 1980–1982 models also featured an optional third headlight hidden behind the grille logo, using a similar approach used by Chrysler in the late 1960s called the Super-Lite. The logo moved up and out of the way when the driver activated a switch on the dash, revealing the extra headlight and activating it when the high-beams were illuminated.

Australia
Australian buyers originally only received the option of a  1.6-liter engine coupled with a four-speed manual transmission. It was available as a four-door sedan or as a 4WD wagon.

Third Generation (AA/AL/AG)

On July 16, 1984, the Leone saw its second major redesign utilizing what was called "folded paper" appearance. This generation was released with a three-door hatchback, four-door sedan and a continuation of the popular station wagon body style. This generation Leone made its way to the United States in 1985. The liftback coupé was hamstrung by a very high rear cargo lip, but did receive a split folding rear seat.

In Europe, the range was 1.3 DL, 1.6 DL, 1.6 GL, 1.8 DL, and 1.8 GL 4WD. There were also Turbo versions, with  in catalyzed specifications. Not all versions were offered in all countries.

In North America, the 1.6-liter engine was dropped completely from the lineup, due to its lack of power. The  1.3 was only available in select markets. For 1987, the Leone received a facelift with a smoothed out appearance.

A new 1.8-liter SOHC engine, EA82 was offered instead of the OHV 1.8-liter flat-four engine. The engine was available with a carburetor, single point fuel injection, multi-port fuel injection, or multi-port fuel injection with a turbocharger.

From 1988 this generation saw the availability of a full-time 4WD manual transmission or a full-time 4WD four-speed electronically controlled automatic transmission.

Other options found in the third generation Leone were a full digital instrument panel; self diagnostic computer, travel computer, cruise control and pneumatic suspension with selectable height,(previous generations 4WD models had manual height adjustment).

The performance oriented  sedan was introduced in 1985,  and reusing a trim package designation RX first introduced in 1968. It was installed with the EA82T turbo engine mated to a five speed manual transmission with synchronized dual-range and a manually-locking center differential. It had a 3.70:1 rear Limited Slip Differential, rally tuned suspension, four wheel disc brakes, power windows, A/C, central locking differential, adjustable seats and steering wheel, split fold-down rear seats, and hill holder. Weight was . The RX coupe was introduced in 1987, and the automatic transmission  version was introduced in 1989, its final year of production. Only 2,600 coupes were made, 1,500 sedans were sold in the first year, and was replaced by the Subaru WRX.

From September 1988 until July 1993, the van version was also provided to Isuzu as the "Geminett II" under an OEM deal.

By 1990 the Leone name continued to be used in Japan but was now known as the Loyale in Chile, the United States and Canada; the L-Series in Europe and Australia, and as the Omega in New Zealand where the third generation was the last to be assembled locally by Motor Holdings at Waitara. The popularity of the Leone wagon was ceded to the new, larger, Legacy wagon in 1989 and was ultimately replaced by the Impreza in 1994. In 1990 Subaru have made a Legacy Outback gl10 2.0l DOCH twin turbo with real 4WD. The engine rated 276 bhp (206 kW) (265 bhp (198 kW) for automatic with manual mode). Full digital instrument panel; self diagnostic computer, travel computer, cruise control and pneumatic suspension with selectable height. This results in a 0–60 mph time of 5.2 seconds for the manual and 5.8 seconds for the automatic. The Impreza was introduced with a 'hatch like' wagon which was reminiscent of the first and second generation Leone wagons.

There were no third generation BRAT/Brumby/MV pickup as the range was discontinued after 1987. There was however a concept for a Subaru Suiren and the next generation Subaru Baja

Motorsport

World Rally Championship
Subaru Rally Team Japan led by Noriyuki Koseki (founder of Subaru Tecnica International STI) ran Subaru Leone coupé, sedan DL and RX Turbo in the World Rally Championship between 1980 and 1989 a few rallies per season. Drivers for individual rallies included Ari Vatanen, Per Eklund, Shekhar Mehta, Mike Kirkland, Possum Bourne, Frank Tundo, Harald Demut and Chilean driver Jose Antonio Celsi. Mike Kirkland finished 6th overall and won the A Group at the 1986 Safari Rally. That year Subaru was one of the only manufacturers combining 4WD and turbo. Jose Antonio Celsi finished eight in the 1986 Marlboro Rally Argentina and fifth in the 1988 Marlboro Rally Argentina. During 1989 Subaru entry two works RX Turbo for Jose Antonio Celsi and Possum Bourne. Celsi finished fourth, but retired on the final road section and Bourne retired during the first stage. Subaru changed the rally model to Legacy RS for the 1990–1992 period and took part in the first complete season in the World Rally Championship with the same model in 1993.

Private Enterprise
There have been multiple endeavors that have used Leone models in motor sport events :
 2000 - 1988 "Drag Brumby"
 2022 - 1983 GL Wagon "Family Huckster"

Leone Delivery Van
Introduced in August 1994, the Subaru Leone Van was a badge engineered version of the Nissan AD van for light commercial uses. The Leone's successor Legacy and Impreza did not compete in this segment. It was sold in two generations until the 2001 model year. In March 2001, sales of the Leone Van ended. The Sambar, which had grown larger due to changes in mini vehicle standards, was beginning to compete with the Leone Van. The name of "Leone" ended after three decades. At the same time, it meant Subaru's withdrawal from the small truck market.

Notes

External links

 Faber Rally Team
 Subaru RX Fans at Cardomain
 Subaru Global History
 Everything Subaru Research Archive
 'Before the STi...' (Subaru Leone Article) from AutoSpeed.com
 Assembly (history of New Zealand car assembly industry) by Mark Webber

Leone
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Cars powered by boxer engines
Cars introduced in 1971
1980s cars
1990s cars
Compact cars
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
Rally cars
Station wagons

Subaru Leone


A pressure vacuum breaker (PVB) is a type of backflow prevention device, used to keep non-potable (or contaminated) water from entering the water supply. A PVB is similar to an atmospheric vacuum breaker (AVB), except that the PVB contains a spring-loaded poppet.  This makes it acceptable for applications that are high hazard or where valves are downstream.  Pressure vacuum breakers must be protected from freezing when installed outdoors.  PVBs usually have test cocks, to which specially-calibrated gauges are attached, in order to ensure that they are functioning properly.

Backflow prevention devices such as PVBs are regulated by the Uniform Plumbing Code, but may also be required by government regulations.

See also
 Air gap
 Atmospheric vacuum breaker
 Chemigation valve
 Double check valve
 Hydrostatic loop
 Reduced Pressure Principle BFP

Plumbing valves
Irrigation
Backflow

Pressure vacuum breaker


The European Revolutions of 1848 were a series of revolts in Europe. In some places they are called Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution.

These revolutions started in January with a Palermo republican uprising. The larger French Revolution of 1848 in February was followed in March by several other revolutions amongst them the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states. In Ireland, the rebellions began because of famine conditions in their country.

People in the various countries tried to take over their governments.

References

1848 in Europe

Revolutions of 1848


John Barret (1631–1713) was an English Presbyterian cleric and religious writer prominent in the controversies of his time. He became a leading figure in Nottingham Presbyterianism.

Training
Barret was born in Nottingham in 1631 and admitted in 1646 to Clare College, Cambridge, where he graduated BA in 1650. He went on to be ordained at Wymeswold, Leicestershire by the Wirksworth classis in 1652. He was installed as incumbent of St Peter's Church, Nottingham in October 1656, but appears not to have used the title "rector".

Ministry
Barret became a leading member of the Presbyterian assembly in Nottingham, joining its classis in 1656 and becoming its moderator the following year. The classis usually met at his house and the surviving minutes in Nottingham University Library are probably in his handwriting. He remained at St Peter's for two years after the Restoration (1660), but was then removed in the Great Ejection, under the terms of the Act of Uniformity 1662, which forbade Presbyterianism within the Church of England. Barret and his old associate John Whitlock of St Mary's Church, Nottingham were summoned by the archdeacon and ordered to use the Book of Common Prayer and wear a surplice, which they refused to do.

Thereafter Barret, Whitlock and William Reynolds preached in various buildings in Nottingham. After preaching in some malt rooms in Long Row, Nottingham, he escaped arrest only by borrowing the clothes of a "Mr Bartley, a gentleman, one of his hearers, who was very like him in stature and features." According to the Nonconformist's Memorial, it was "a special providence" that ensured that he was not imprisoned as Whitlock and Reynolds were on occasions. There were limited possibilities for opening conventicles after 1664, although the Five Mile Act of 1665 may have been the reason why he moved to Sandiacre, Derbyshire when he was married in that year to Elizabeth, whose family background is not known. They had two or possibly more children. The literary "remains" of one of them, Joseph Barret, who died in 1699, were printed in 1700 with a memorial by his father. In 1672, Barret was licensed as a Presbyterian teacher to preach in his Sandiacre house or in Nottingham, where he set up meeting houses in Bridlesmith Gate and Middle Pavement (in the parish of St Peter's). This led to the foundation of High Pavement Chapel in 1690, in conjunction with Whitlock and Reynolds. He continued to preach until his death on 30 October 1713 at the age of 82. He was buried in the churchyard of St Peter's.

Writings
Barret was a prolific writer. Many of his books were about leading a Christian life, examples being The Christian Temper, or, A Discourse Concerning the Nature and Properties of the Graces of Sanctification (1678), and The Evil and Remedy of Scandal, a Practical Discourse on Psalm Cxix.Clxv (1711). The latter called at length for full and proper obedience to God's law, but underlined that penitents should be received back into fellowship wholeheartedly.

As a believer in infant baptism, Barret entered into a controversy with Thomas Grantham (1634–1692), which resulted in Fifty Queries Seriously Propounded to those that Question or Deny Infants Right to Baptism (1675) and Much in a little, or, An abstract of Mr. Baxters plain scripture-proof for infants church-membership or baptism: with a few notes upon the anti-queries of T[homas] G[rantham] (1678). He saw infant baptism as the child's birthright. Other polemical works sometimes attributed to him may have been written by Vincent Alsop. Other works by Barret included Good Will towards Men, or a treatise of the covenants, viz., of works and of grace, old and new. By a lover of truth and peace (1675), Away with the Fashion of this World. Come, Lord Jesus. Being a small legacy of a dying minister to a beloved people (1713) and Reliquiæ Barretteanæ, or select sermons on sundry practical subjects (Nottingham, 1714).

References

1631 births
1713 deaths
17th-century English clergy
17th-century Presbyterian ministers
18th-century English clergy
18th-century Presbyterian ministers
English Presbyterian ministers of the Interregnum (England)
English religious writers
17th-century English writers
17th-century English male writers
18th-century English non-fiction writers
18th-century English male writers
18th-century English writers
Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge
English male non-fiction writers
People from Nottingham
People from Sandiacre

John Barret (divine)


George Richard Hill Jr. (April 10, 1884 – August 13, 1971) was an American educational administrator and was the seventh general superintendent of the Sunday School organization of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1949 to 1966. Hill was a member of the general superintendency of the LDS Church Sunday School from 1934 to 1966.

Biography
Hill was born in Ogden, Utah Territory, and was raised on a farm in Springville, Utah. Hill obtained a B.S. degree from Brigham Young University in 1907, a B.S.A. degree from the Utah State Agricultural College in 1908, and a Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1912. After his graduation from Cornell, Hill became the director of the School of Agriculture at Utah State University.

From 1926 to 1935, he was a member of the general board of the LDS Church's Young Men's Mutual Improvement Association. He had also become a member of the general board of the Deseret Sunday School Union in 1925. In 1934, he became the second assistant to George D. Pyper, the general superintendent of the Deseret Sunday School Union. In 1943, when Milton Bennion succeeded Pyper, Hill became Bennion's first assistant. In 1949, Hill succeeded Bennion and became the seventh general superintendent of the Deseret Sunday School Union, a position he held until 1966, when he was succeeded by David Lawrence McKay.

Hill was married to Elizabeth Odette McKay, the sister of LDS Church president David O. McKay. Hill's oldest son, George R. Hill III, was a general authority of the church between 1987 and 1992. Hill died in Salt Lake City, Utah.

See also
A. Hamer Reiser

References
 Arnold K. Garr, Donald Q. Cannon & Richard O. Cowan (eds.) (2000).  Encyclopedia of Latter-day Saint History (Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book)

1884 births
1971 deaths
American leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Brigham Young University alumni
Cornell University alumni
General Presidents of the Sunday School (LDS Church)
McKay family
People from Ogden, Utah
Utah State University alumni
Utah State University faculty
Counselors in the General Presidency of the Sunday School (LDS Church)
Young Men (organization) people
Latter Day Saints from Utah

George R. Hill


The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas is a novel written by John Boyne. Bruno's father is a commandant in World War II and the family moves house to Out-With so that he can work closer to concentration camps under the Fury's orders. After staying there for some time, Bruno makes friends with a Jewish boy named Shmuel on the other side of the fence. They meet up on their side of the fence whenever they can. On the day where Bruno is meant to move back to Berlin, he accidentally enters a gas chamber while attempting to look for Shmuel's father and dies while holding hands with the Jewish boy.

There is a movie of the same name based on it on August 28, 2008.

2004 books
Fiction set in the past
Germany
Irish novels
World War II

The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas


The Daily News of Kingsport, Tennessee is the city's only locally owned newspaper, publishing regularly since 1971 as a daily. The newspaper changed to two combined issues (Monday through Wednesday) and (Thursday through Sunday) in late 2012 to better accommodate its fast-growing readership throughout the Kingsport, Johnson City, and Scott County, Virginia areas.

History
The newspaper has served the Kingsport area since its beginnings as a weekly called The Post in 1963. After being a paid newspaper for nearly 40 years, the Daily News elected to become the Tri-Cities' only free daily newspaper a few years ago. While the larger paid newspapers across the country continue to struggle with declining circulation, the Daily News readership has increased dramatically as a free newspaper.

External links
 Daily News Online

Kingsport, Tennessee
Newspapers published in Tennessee
Newspapers established in 1963
1963 establishments in Tennessee

Daily News (Kingsport)


Service level measures the performance of a system. Certain goals are defined and the service level gives the percentage to which those goals should be achieved. Fill rate is different from service level.

Examples of service level:
 Percentage of calls answered in a call center.
 Percentage of customers waiting less than a given fixed time.
 Percentage of customers that do not experience a stockout.
 Percentage of all parts of an order being fulfilled completely
(Explanation) if one component part of an order is not filled the Service Level for that order is Zero, If all the component parts of an order are delivered except one is filled at 51%, the service level for that order is 51% (This system is often used in supply chain delivery to manufacturing), This is a very different from a simple order fill measurement which does not consider line items on the order.

Service level
Service level is used in supply-chain management and in inventory management to measure the performance of inventory replenishment policies. Under consideration, from the optimal solution of such a model also the optimal size of back orders can be derived.

Unfortunately, this optimization approach requires that the planner knows the optimal value of the back order costs. As these costs are difficult to quantify in practice, the logistical performance of an inventory node in a supply network is measured with the help of technical performance measures. The target values of these measures are set by the decision maker.

Several definitions of service levels are used in the literature as well as in practice. These may differ not only with respect to their scope and to the number of considered products but also with respect to the time interval they are related to. These performance measures are the key performance indicators (KPI) of an inventory node which must be regularly monitored. If the controlling of the performance of an inventory node is neglected, the decision maker will not be able to optimize the processes within a supply chain.

α service level (type 1)
The α service level is an event-oriented performance criterion. It measures the probability that
all customer orders arriving within a given time interval will be completely delivered from stock on hand, i.e. without delay.

Two versions are discussed in the literature differing with respect to the time interval within which the customers arrive.
With reference to a demand period, α denotes the probability that an arbitrarily arriving customer order will be completely served from stock on hand, i.e. without an inventory-related waiting time (period  service level):

.

In order to determine the safety stock that guarantees a target  service
level, the stationary probability distribution of the inventory on hand must be known. This version of α is also called ready rate.

If an order cycle is considered as the standard period of reference, then α denotes the probability of no stockout within an order cycle which is equal to the proportion of all order cycles with no stockouts (cycle  service level):

This second definition, which is often used in operations management textbooks, is based on the idea of not running out of stock during the time between re-ordering and order arrival (the leadtime).  That is, the probability of demand during that leadtime being less than or equal to the amount of stock you had left when you ordered.  It assumes your reorder point is positive, that orders are in unit increments and inventory is monitored continuously so you cannot stock out prior to reordering.

β service level (type 2)
The β service level is a quantity-oriented performance measure describing the
proportion of total demand within a reference period which is delivered without delay from stock on hand:

This is equal to the probability that an arbitrary demand unit is delivered without delay. This approach usually involves calculating a loss integral, whose values are tabulated for the normal distribution.

Because, contrary to the variations of the  service level, the
 service level does not only reflect the stockout event but also the
amount backordered, it is widely used in industrial practice.

Also, by the definitions, comparing service levels we have  whenever the probability of zero demand equals 0.

γ service level
The γ service level, a time- and quantity-related performance criterion, serves to reflect not only the amount of backorders but also the waiting times of the demands backordered. The γ service level is defined as follows:

The γ service level is rarely used in industrial practice.

Service rate
In business, service rate is a performance metric used to measure the customer service in a supply organization. One example of a service rate measures the number of units filled as a percentage of the total ordered and is known as fill rate. If customer orders total 1000 units, and you can only meet 900 units of that order, your fill rate is 90%.
In statistics, notably in queuing theory, service rate denotes the rate at which customers are being served in a system. It is the reciprocal of the service time. For example, a supermarket cash desk with an average service time of 30 seconds per customer would have an average service rate of 2 per minute. In statistics the Greek letter  is used for the service rate.

Terminology
The term "Service Level Agreement" (SLA) is frequently used for all aspects of a service level, but in more precise use one may distinguish:
 Service Level Indicator (SLI): measures of service level, like availability (uptime);
 Service Level Objective (SLO): objectives based on these indicators, like 99.95% availability;
 Service Level Agreement (SLA): contract based on these objectives; a sample clause may be "if availability is 99% to 99.95% in a given month, the customer gets 10% off their monthly bill".

SLIs form the basis of SLOs, which in turn form the basis of SLAs. If an SLO is missed, customers will typically receive a credit or rebate, as stipulated by the SLA. A missed SLO is sometimes casually referred to as an SLA violation, but this is actually within the scope of the SLA; if an SLA itself is violated (e.g., by not giving a rebate for a missed SLO), it is instead likely to result in a court case for breach of contract.

See also
Inventory
Service level agreement (SLA)
Service level indicator (SLI)
Service level objective (SLO)
Service level requirement (SLR)
Stockout

References

Further reading
 Tempelmeier, Horst, Inventory Management in Supply Networks, Norderstedt (Books on Demand) 2006,

Inventory
Customer service

Service level


Lieutenant-General Sir Noel Monson de la Poer Beresford-Peirse KBE, CB, DSO (22 December 1887 – 14 January 1953) was a British Army officer.

Family background
Beresford-Peirse was the son of Colonel William John de la Poer Beresford-Peirse and Mary, daughter of Thomas Chambers of Aberfoyle, County Londonderry. He was educated at Wellington College, Berkshire and at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich and commissioned into the Royal Artillery. Beresford-Peirse was great-grandson to Adm. John Beresford, and a cousin to the Beresford-Peirse baronets.

He was married three times. The first marriage (in 1912) was to Hazel Marjorie, daughter of J.A. Cochrane, Riverina, Australia. The marriage ended in divorce in 1924. The second marriage (in 1925) was to Jean, only child of Surgeon-Captain R.D. Jameson, CMG, RN. Jean died in 1926. In 1929 he married Katharine Camilla, daughter of Colonel James Morris Colquhoun Colvin, VC. All three marriages were childless.

Military career
Beresford-Peirse was commissioned into the Royal Artillery in 1907. He served in the First World War in, briefly, Egypt in 1914 then Mesopotamia back to Egypt and finally France and Belgium. He was Mentioned in Dispatches and awarded the Distinguished Service Order in 1918. After the First World War and after attendance at the Staff College, Camberley from 1924 to 1925, until 1929, he performed a number of roles in the Royal Artillery in France and Britain. There were then staff and administrative posts in the UK until 1935. In 1937, Beresford-Peirse was posted to India for "special duties" and subsequently he served two years as an instructor at the Senior Officers' School, Belgaum in India. He was Brigadier in the Royal Artillery, Southern India Command during 1939 and 1940 and Aide-de-Camp to King George VI in 1939 and 1940.

At the beginning of the Second World War Beresford-Peirse was the Commander of Artillery for the Indian 4th Infantry Division, which at the time was based in Egypt. He was promoted to command the division in August 1940 and led it in North Africa (Operation Compass) and Sudan (the East African Campaign).

In March 1941 he was knighted via Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) and on 14 April 1941 he was given command of the Western Desert Force (later redesignated XIII Corps). He commanded the British forces in Sudan from October 1941 to April 1942 when he was put in command of the Indian XV Corps and then, from June 1942, the Southern Army in India until 31 March 1945.

Beresford-Peirse was Welfare General of the India Command between April 1945 and 1946. He retired on 13 June 1947, joining the Regular Army Reserve of Officers, and died in 1953.

Notes

References

External links
The Peerage Web Site
British Army Officers 1939–1945
Generals of World War II

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1887 births
1953 deaths
British Army lieutenant generals
Irish officers in the British Army
Royal Artillery officers
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
British Army personnel of World War I
British Army generals of World War II
People educated at Wellington College, Berkshire
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
Sudan Defence Force officers
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
20th-century Anglo-Irish people
Noel
Military personnel from Derry (city)

Noel Beresford-Peirse


Pierre-Luc Gagnon, sometimes known as PLG for short (born May 2, 1980 in Boucherville, Montreal) is a Canadian professional skateboarder. He is currently sponsored by Osiris, Darkstar, Electric, RDS, Skullcandy, Capix, Boost Mobile and Monster Energy Drink. He has competed in five X Games where he won fifteen medals, four of them being gold.

At 32 years old, Pierre-Luc Gagnon is a successful skateboarder and well-known in his discipline. He has won eight gold medals at the X-Games competition.

Gagnon found his passion at the age of nine years old. He asked his father to buy his first skateboard. When he got it, he started to visit the local planchodrome intensively. But during the winter in Quebec, it is harder to find a place to practice this sport. With a group, they decided to rent a localation where they put some ramps.

In 1992, his father, who is a physical education teacher, convinced the city of Boucherville to open an indoor skate park. After this, he practiced his sport each day after school for six years and gained skills.

In 1996, he tries his luck during a competition (Vans Amateur series) which accompanies a musical tour everywhere in North America. The winner of each city is allowed to go to Los Angeles for the big final. Gagnon won the whole competition and had his first contract with Vans. He started his professional career by doing demonstration with the team and competition.

But in 2000, He decided to move to California where the sport is more important and he could do it all year long. There is also more competition in California. Since he moved there, he has competed in Brazil, China and Switzerland. For him, skateboarding is not just a sport; it is a kind of art. It is a way of expressing himself, being original and unique. It is not a traditional sport where everybody executes the same tricks. A skateboarder needs to develop a unique style almost like an artist.

Pierre-Luc Gagnon said that skateboarding helps kids to use their imagination for trying new things. He fell in love with skateboarding when he started and he never stops.  He started to go to the skate park each day after school at the age of nine, and now he practices it six days a week three hours by day.

References

Other websites
Pierre-Luc Gagnon's Official website
Roller Skating vs Skateboarding at theathlima

Skateboarders
Sportspeople from Montreal
1980 births
Living people

Pierre-Luc Gagnon


John Forrest Kelly (March 28, 1859, in the vicinity of Carrick-on-Suir, Ireland – 1922) was an American electrical engineer who made early advances in alternating current equipment.

Early life
Kelly was the son of two Fenian schoolteachers, Jeremiah and Kate Forrest Kelly, who had eleven other children; he emigrated to America in 1873. He was educated in Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, received the degree of B. L. in 1878 and that of Ph.D. in 1881. His sister was the activist and surgeon Dr. Gertrude Kelly.

Career
His first occupation was as assistant to Thomas A. Edison, in the Menlo Park laboratory, his work then principally relating to the chemistry of  rare earths. Late in 1879 Mr. Kelly became electrical engineer of the New York branch of the Western Electric Company. This was the time when the telephone was being generally introduced, and when dynamos were being first applied to telegraphic purposes. In 1882 he became laboratory assistant to Edward Weston, then chief electrician of the United States Electric Lighting Company, and, with the exception of a year which he spent in connection with the Remingtons, Mr. Kelly continued his association with Mr. Weston (Westinghouse Electric Company) until July, 1886. Some of the most important work, such as the research which ended in the discovery of high resistance alloys of very low or even negative temperature co-efficients, were substantially carried out by Mr. Kelly under general directions from Mr. Weston, whom Mr. Kelly succeeded as chief electrician of the United States Electric Lighting Company, which, in 1889, passed to the Westinghouse interests; but Mr. Kelly retained his position as chief electrician until January, 1892, when he resigned to join William Stanley in experimental work. With William Stanley and Cummings C. Chesney, he was a partner in the Stanley Electric Manufacturing Company, which became the General Electric transformer plant in Pittsfield, Massachusetts.

The work done by Mr. Kelly, in this connection, gave a great impetus to the alternating current business. The art of building transformers and generators of alternating currents was revolutionized, and Mr. Kelly and his colleagues were the first to put polyphase motors into actual commercial service. That success naturally led to long-distance transmission work, and the first long-distance transmission plants in California (indeed the first in the world), were undertaken on Mr. Kelly's recommendation and advice. He was the first to make a hysteretically stable steel, a matter of vastly more importance than
the comparatively spectacular transmission work. He served as a consulting engineer to the Stanley Electric Manufacturing Company in Pittsfield and the Stanley Instrument Company in Great Barrington until 1905, then helped found the Telelectric Piano Company in 1905, serving as president until 1910. He experimented in electrical transmission, distribution and measuring procedures and equipment: with Chesney and Stanley, he developed the SKC transformer.

After accumulating over seventy patents, and commercializing an electric player piano and a food dehydration system, he spent his later life supporting the cause of Irish nationalism, primarily by writing anonymous articles and editorials for the Irish World.  Mr. Kelly was a thorough and unswerving Irish Nationalist, and his splendid generosity to the cause was well known. In the 1880s he was an individualist anarchist writer, in Liberty, Alarm and Lucifer. From 1916-18, he was the president of the Mass. State Council, Friends of Irish Freedom. From 1920-21, he wrote a third of the Irish World's anonymous political commentary. From July to December, 1921, he promoted a nationwide boycott of British goods. He married Miss Helen Fischer, in New York City, in 1892, and they had two children - Eoghan and Domnall. He died October 15, 1922, in Pittsfield, Massachusetts.

References

1859 births
1922 deaths
American electrical engineers
19th-century American inventors
Irish emigrants to the United States

John Forrest Kelly


David Hall (January 4, 1752 – September 18, 1817) was an American lawyer and politician from Lewes, in Sussex County, Delaware. He was an officer in the Continental Army during the American Revolution, and member of the Democratic-Republican Party, who served as Governor of Delaware.

Early life and family
Hall was born in Lewes, Delaware, son of David and Mary Kollock Hall. His grandfather was Nathaniel Hall, who known as "the Indian Fighter." He came to Delaware from Connecticut in 1700. His father, David Hall, Sr. was a well known farmer from around Lewes, who was a Justice of the Peace and a frequent member of the Colonial Assembly from 1753 until the American Revolution. In 1776, David Jr. married Catherine Tingley, daughter of Samuel Tingley, the Rector of St. Peter's Episcopal Church. They had six children: Elizabeth, Mary, Jane, Catherine, Lydia, and Martha. In time he built a home at 107 Kings Highway, across the road from the Zwaanendael Museum. They were members of the Lewes Presbyterian Church.

Military career
Hall studied law and was admitted to the bar in New Castle, Delaware, in 1773. Already a member of the Sussex County militia under General Dagworthy, he joined the 1st Delaware Regiment at the beginning of the War of Independence and served as captain under Colonel John Haslet at the battles of Long Island and White Plains. Following Haslet's death at Princeton in January 1777, he became the leader of the regiment, and was promoted to colonel in April 1777. He led the regiment at the Battle of Brandywine and again at the Battle of Germantown where he was wounded on October 4, 1777. The following year he spent recovering, recruiting new soldiers in Wilmington and serving on Courts Martial. He returned to active service in June 1779 at the Middlebrook encampment, spent the inactive summer with the regiment, but returned home in October 1779, complaining of his wound and lack of provisioning. When the Delaware Regiment went to South Carolina in April 1780, Hall did not go. Responding to his continuing requests, the General Assembly authorized some payment, but it was never enough, and finally, in April 1782, Hall resigned his commission.

Hall was an original member of the Society of the Cincinnati.

Political career
Meanwhile, Hall pursued his law practice in Lewes and entered politics. He was a Jeffersonian Democrat-Republican, like most Presbyterians, but in Anglican Lewes, he was in the minority. He was badly beaten by Federalist Richard Bassett when he ran for governor in 1798. He ran again in 1801 against Episcopalian Nathaniel Mitchell, a professed "Deist," and a person openly critical of Methodists. Hall emphasized his Presbyterian faith, and in spite of losing Kent and Sussex Counties again badly, he won Presbyterians in New Castle County by such a large margin that he carried the state by 18 votes. The Federalists considered using the recently passed Alien and Sedition Acts to try to nullify some of the recent immigrant New Castle County vote, but with their continued control of the General Assembly, they grudgingly "allowed" him to take office.

Hall served as governor from January 19, 1802 until January 15, 1805. During this time Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours bought the old Jacob Broom cotton mills on Brandywine Creek and began his gunpowder business. This was also the point of the greatest abolitionist sentiment in Delaware, when the General Assembly failed by one vote to enact a gradual emancipation bill.

He was an unsuccessful candidate for the U.S. House in 1805 against James M. Broom; and again in 1812 for the seat won by the Federalist candidate, Thomas Cooper. The next year he was named a judge of the Sussex County Court of Common Pleas.

Death and legacy
Hall died at Lewes, and is buried there in the Lewes Presbyterian Church cemetery.

The Col. David Hall House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

Almanac
Elections were held the first Tuesday of October. The governor takes office the third Tuesday of January and had a three-year term. Judges of the Courts of Common Pleas were selected by the General Assembly for the life of the person appointed.

References

External links
Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States
Delaware's Governors

The Political Graveyard
Website of the Delaware Historical Society
Library website of the University of Delaware

 Society of the Cincinnati
 American Revolution Institute

1752 births
1817 deaths
American Presbyterians
People from Lewes, Delaware
Continental Army officers from Delaware
Delaware lawyers
Delaware Democratic-Republicans
Governors of Delaware
Delaware Court of Common Pleas judges
Burials in Sussex County, Delaware
Democratic-Republican Party state governors of the United States
People of colonial Delaware
County officials in Delaware
19th-century American lawyers

David Hall (Delaware governor)


The City in History: Its Origins, Its Transformations, and Its Prospects is a 1961 National Book Award winner by American historian Lewis Mumford.

It was first published by Harcourt, Brace & World (New York).

Synopsis

Mumford argues for a world not in which technology rules, but rather in which it achieves a balance with nature. His ideal vision is what can be described as an "organic city," where culture is not usurped by technological innovation but rather thrives with it. Mumford contrasts these cities with those constructed around wars, tyrants, poverty, etc. However, the book is not an attack on the city, but rather an evaluation of its growth, how it came to be, and where it is heading, as evidenced by the final chapter "Retrospect and Prospect."

Mumford notes apologetically in his preface that his "method demands personal experience and observation," and that therefore he has "confined [him]self as far as possible to cities and regions [he is] acquainted with at first hand."

Style

Mumford's florid writing style is also "organic" compared to the cold, mechanical style of many history texts.  Stylistically, his works are full of metaphors and similes, as well as quotations from famous novelists, giving his prose shades of poetry.  He refers to such texts as Great Expectations and Hard Times, sometimes using citations to illustrate to the reader what life was like during the industrial era and the city in which Dickens lived.

Articles have been written on Mumford's use of metaphors and how his works can often be read as "fiction," in the sense that they have narrative flow.  That is evident in this book, in which, instead of a human protagonist on which the story centers, we have the city and its growth in a quasi-bildungsroman fashion.

Editions
Hardcover, MJF Books (August 1997)
Paperback, Harvest Books (October 1968)

References

1961 non-fiction books
Books about urbanism
Books by Lewis Mumford
History books about cities

The City in History


Hobson is a village in County Durham, in England. It is situated to the south of Burnopfield, north of Stanley and Annfield Plain.

Hobson was a pit village, the colliery was named Burnopfield Colliery and was sunk in 1742 and closed in 1968.

Among the village's attractions are the Hobson Hotel, Hobson Industrial Estate and Hobson Golf Club.

Villages in County Durham

Hobson, County Durham


Wrong Eye/Scope is a 7" vinyl single by Coil released by the record company Shock.

Release history
This vinyl was pressed in black, with covers of four different colors. 1,000 copies included green covers. 1,000 copies included yellow covers. 974 copies included white covers. 26 copies included pink covers, with a sticker. The pink ones were signed and lettered A-Z. The first three editions came hand numbered; it is unknown if the pink edition was numbered or merely lettered.

The proper speed to play this release is 33 rpm as listed on the back, rather than 45 rpm as listed on the label.

"Both of the tracks appear on The Portable Altamont compilation CD and the anthology release Unnatural History III along with "Meaning What Exactly?", another track recorded around the same time." -Brainwashed.com

The vinyl is etched as follows:
Side A: WRONG IS RIGHT
Side AA: SHOOT TO LIVE

According to Brainwashed.com: "Wrong Eye" is described by Coil as being a "rough sketch" of the track "Windowpane." Coil has also stated that speculation about "Scope" being an early version of "Her Friends The Wolves" (from Stolen and Contaminated Songs) is false, and that the track was actually a "studio jam" fueled by "experimenting with MDMA".

Track listing
Side A:
 "Wrong Eye" – 5:59
Side B:
 "Scope" – 6:41

References

External links

 Wrong Eye/Scope at Brainwashed

1990 singles
Coil (band) songs
1990 songs

Wrong Eye/Scope


Acromegaly is a medical condition that happens when the anterior (rear) pituitary gland makes too much growth hormone (GH), after a person has passed puberty. If this happens before puberty it causes a condition known as gigantism. A number of medical conditions may cause the pituitary gland to make too much growth hormone, but the most common cause is a tumor on the pituitary gland called a pituitary adenoma'

Acromegaly is most commonly diagnosed in middle aged adults, and can result in severe disfigurement, serious complicating conditions, and early death if not treated. Acromegaly is hard to diagnose when it is just beginning. It is usually not found  until 10–12 years after it starts. This is when it causes changes in the way a person looks, especially their face.

Signs and symptoms
Headaches
Vision problems
Hirsutism (in women): the growth of hair on the face.
Frontal bossing: the bone underneath the forehead becomes bigger than normal.
Prognathism: part of the face sticks out more than normal usually the lower jaw.
Fatigue: the person is often tired.
High blood pressure
Skin tags: Small wart-like growth on the skin which is not cancerous.
Hyperhidrosis: when a person sweats too much.
Bromhidrosis: Body odor
Hepatomegaly
Enlargement of hands and feet
Cardiomyopathy
Colonic cancer

References

Growth disorders
Neuroendocrinology

Acromegaly


A clone is any cell or individual which is identical to another.

In biology, cloning is the process of producing one or more genetically identical individuals. With whole individuals, it usually means the deliberate production of an identical copy. This was first achieved in mammals with the famous Dolly the sheep. Human identical twins are natural clones. So are the offspring of asexual reproduction, and any parthenogenetic reproduction which does not involve meiosis.

Cloning is natural to some animals, but rare in mammals. An exception is the nine-banded armadillo, which normally gives birth to identical quadruplets.

In genetics and cell biology, cloning refers especially to the DNA sequence, and by implication all the other macromolecules.

Clones in cell lines occur, but there are some obvious provisos. Changes to the DNA in any shape or form means the daughter cells are not identical with the mother cells. Typically during development genes are switched on and off, and the daughter cells gradually become differentiated into mature tissue cells. These are not identical with the original stem cells, so they are clones only in the sense of being derived from the same mother cell.

The laboratory copying of a molecule to produce exact copies is also called cloning.

Not quite so identical
Although clones start off identical, they may not stay that way. Identical twins always have slightly different phenotypes.

Although monozygotic twins are genetically almost identical, a 2012 study of 92 pairs of monozygotic twins found that monozygotic twins acquire several hundred genetic differences early in foetal development. This is caused by mutations (or copy errors) taking place in the DNA of each twin after the splitting of the embryo. It is estimated that, on average, a set of monozygotic twins will have about 360 genetic differences that occurred early in foetal development. However, these changes may have little practical effect. In practice, identical twins look and act in a very similar way.

Another cause of difference between monozygotic twins is epigenetic modification. These are caused by differing environmental influences throughout their lives, which affects which genes are switched on or off. A study of 80 pairs of monozygotic twins ranging in age from three to 74 showed that the youngest twins have relatively few epigenetic differences. The number of epigenetic differences increases with age. Fifty-year-old twins had over three times the epigenetic difference of three-year-old twins. Twins who had spent their lives apart (such as those adopted by two different sets of parents at birth) had the greatest difference. However, certain characteristics become more alike as twins age, such as IQ and personality. This phenomenon illustrates the influence of genetics in many aspects of human characteristics and behaviour.

Species cloned
 Carp: (1963) In China, embryologist Tong Dizhou produced the world's first cloned fish by inserting the DNA from a cell of a male carp into an egg from a female carp. He published the findings in a Chinese science journal.
 Mice: (1986) A mouse was the first mammal successfully cloned from an early embryonic cell. Soviet scientists Chaylakhyan, Veprencev, Sviridova, and Nikitin had the mouse "Masha" cloned. Research was published in the journal "Biofizika" volume ХХХII, issue 5 of 1987.
 Sheep: (1996) From early embryonic cells by Steen Willadsen. Megan and Morag[19] cloned from differentiated embryonic cells in June 1995 and Dolly the sheep from a somatic cell in 1997.
 Monkey: (2000) Tetra, from embryo splitting.
 Gaur: (2001) was the first endangered species cloned.
 Cattle: Alpha and Beta males 2001 and 2005, Brazil.
 Cat: CopyCat "CC" (female, late 2001), Little Nicky, 2004, was the first cat cloned for commercial reasons.
 Dog: (2005) Snuppy, a male Afghan hound was the first cloned dog.
 Rat: (2003) Ralph, the first cloned rat.
 Mule: (2003) Idaho Gem, a john mule, was the first horse-family clone.
 Horse: (2003) Prometea, a Haflinger female, was the first horse clone.
 Water Buffalo: (2009) Samrupa was the first cloned water buffalo. It was born at India's Karnal National Diary Research Institute but died five days later of a lung infection.
 Camel: (2009) The first cloned camel.
 Crab-eating macaque: (2018) The first time scientists cloned any ape or monkey using cells from a donor older than an embryo.

References

Genetics
Cell biology
Developmental biology
Biological reproduction

Clone


The burbot (Lota lota), also known as bubbot, mariah, loche, cusk, freshwater cod, freshwater ling, freshwater cusk, the lawyer, coney-fish, lingcod, or eelpout, is a species of coldwater ray-finned fish native to the subarctic regions of the Northern hemisphere. It is the only member of the genus Lota, and is the only freshwater species of the order Gadiformes. The species is closely related to marine fish such as the common ling and cusk, all which belonging to the family Lotidae (rocklings).

Etymology
The name burbot comes from the Latin word barba, meaning beard, referring to its single chin whisker, or barbel. Its generic and specific names, Lota lota, comes from the old French lotte fish, which is also named "barbot" in Old French.

Description

With an appearance like a cross between a catfish and an eel, the burbot has a serpent-like body, but is easily distinguished by a single barbel on the chin. The body is elongated and laterally compressed, with a flattened head and single, tube-like projection for each nostril. The mouth is wide, with both upper and lower jaws having many small teeth. Burbot have two soft dorsal fins, with the first being low and short, and the second being much longer. The anal fin is low and almost as long as the dorsal fin. The caudal fin is rounded, the pectoral fins are fan-shaped, and pelvic fins are narrow with an elongated second fin ray. Having such small fins relative to body size indicates a benthic lifestyle with low swimming endurance, unable to withstand strong currents.

Geographic distribution
Burbot have circumpolar distribution above 40° N. Populations are continuous from France across Europe and Asia to the Bering Strait. In North America, burbot range from the Seward Peninsula in Alaska to New Brunswick along the Atlantic Coast. Burbot are most common in streams and lakes of North America and Europe. They are fairly common in Lake Erie, but are also found in the other Great Lakes. An anadromous population also lives in the brackish waters of the Baltic Sea. Recent genetic analysis suggests the geographic pattern of burbot may indicate multiple species or subspecies, making this single taxon somewhat misleading.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, the burbot is possibly extinct.  The last recorded capture was a specimen weighing , in July 1970, by Stephen Mackinder, from the Cut-off Channel or the Great Ouse Relief Channel, at Denver, Norfolk. In October 1970, it was described in the Guinness Book of Records as the "rarest British fish" which was "almost extinct", so it had been "agreed that no record for this species should be published, at least until 1974, in the interests of conservation". The burbot may still survive in the UK.  The counties of Cambridgeshire, Norfolk and Yorkshire (particularly the River Derwent or Yorkshire Ouse) seem to be the strongest candidates for areas in which the species might yet survive.  Plans to reintroduce this freshwater member of the cod family back into British waters are under investigation.

Ecology

Habitat
Burbot live in large, cold rivers, lakes, and reservoirs, primarily preferring freshwater habitats, but able to thrive in brackish environments for spawning. For some time of the year, the burbot lives under ice, and it requires frigid temperatures to breed. During the summer, they are typically found in the colder water below the thermocline. In Lake Superior, burbot can live at depths below . As benthic fish, they tolerate an array of substrate types, including mud, sand, rubble, boulder, silt, and gravel, for feeding. Adults construct extensive burrows in the substrate for shelter during the day. Burbot are active crepuscular hunters. Burbot populations are adfluvial during the winter, and they migrate to near-shore reefs and shoals to spawn, preferring spawning grounds of sand or gravel.

Life history
Burbot reach sexual maturity at between four and seven years of age. Spawning season typically occurs between December and March, often under ice at extremely low temperatures ranging between 1 and 4 °C. During a relatively short season lasting from two to three weeks, burbot spawn multiple times, but not every year.

As broadcast spawners, burbot do not have an explicit nesting site, but rather release eggs and sperm into the water column to drift and settle.  When spawning, many male burbot gather around one or two females, forming a spawning ball. Writhing in the open water, males and females simultaneously release sperm and eggs. Depending on water temperatures, the incubation period of the eggs lasts from 30 to 128 days.  Fertilized eggs then drift until they settle into cracks and voids in the substrate.

Depending on body size, female burbot fecundity ranges from 63,000 to 3,478,000 eggs for each clutch. Rate of growth, longevity, and age of sexual maturity of burbot are strongly correlated with water temperature; large, older individuals produce more eggs than small, younger individuals. Eggs are round with a large oil globule, about  in diameter and have an optimal incubation range between 1 and 7 °C (34 and 45 °F).

Newly hatched burbot larvae are pelagic, passively drifting in the open water. Habitats near 4 °C (39 °F) are optimal for burbot and they prefer water temperatures of 12 °C (54 °F) and lower. By night, juveniles are active, taking shelter during the day under rocks and other debris. Growing rapidly in their first year, burbot reach between  in total length by late fall. During their second year of life, burbot on average grow another .

Burbot transition from pelagic habitats to benthic environments as they reach adulthood, around five years old.  Average length of burbot by maturity is about , with slight sexual dimorphism. Maximum lengths range between , and weights range from .

Diet and predators
At the larval stage, month-old burbot begin exogenous feeding, consuming food through the mouth and digesting in the intestines. Burbot at the larval stage and into the juvenile stage feed on invertebrates based on size. Under , burbot eat copepods and cladocerans, and above , zooplankton and amphipods. As adults, they are primarily piscivores, preying on lamprey, whitefish, grayling, young northern pike, suckers, stickleback, trout, and perch. At times, burbot also eat insects and other macroinvertebrates, and have been known to eat frogs, snakes, and birds. Having such a wide diet is also correlated to their tendency to bite lures, making them very easy to catch. Burbot are preyed upon by northern pike, muskellunge, and some lamprey species.

Commercial significance

A book written in 1590 in England notes that burbot were so common that they were used to feed hogs.

The burbot is edible. In Finland, its roe and liver are highly regarded as delicacies, as is the fish itself. An annual spearfishing tournament is held near Roblin, Manitoba. One of the highlights of the tournament is the fish fry, where the day's catch is served deep-fried. When cooked, burbot meat tastes very similar to American lobster, leading to the burbot's nickname of "poor man's lobster".

In the 1920s, Minnesota druggist Theodore "Ted" H. Rowell and his father, Joseph Rowell, a commercial fisherman on Lake of the Woods, were using the burbot as feed for the foxes on Joe's blue fox farm.  They discovered the burbot contained something that improved the quality of the foxes' furs; this was confirmed by the fur buyers, who commented that these furs were superior to other furs they were seeing. Ted Rowell felt it was something in the burbot, so he extracted some oil and sent it away to be assayed.  The result of the assay was that the liver of the burbot has three to four times the potency in vitamin D, and four to 10 times in vitamin A, than "good grades" of cod-liver oil.  Their vitamin content varies from lake to lake, where their diets may have some variation.  Additionally, liver makes up about 10% of the fish's total body weight, and its liver is six times the size of those of freshwater fish of comparable size.  The oil is lower in viscosity, and more rapidly digested and assimilated than most other fish-liver oils.  Rowell went on to found the Burbot Liver Products Company, which later became Rowell Laboratories, Inc.

Angling

The IGFA recognizes the world-record burbot as caught on Lake Diefenbaker, Saskatchewan, Canada, by Sean Konrad on 27 March 2010.  The fish weighed .

The burbot is a tenacious predator, which sometimes attacks other fish of almost the same size, and as such, can be a nuisance fish in waters where it is not native. Recent discoveries of burbot in the Green River at Flaming Gorge Reservoir in Utah have concerned wildlife biologists, who fear the burbot could decimate the sport-fish population in what is recognized as one of the world's top brown trout fisheries, because it often feeds on the eggs of other fish in the lake, such as sockeye salmon. The Utah Division of Fish and Game has instituted a "no release" "catch and kill" regulation for the burbot in Utah waterways. However, the regulations have been found to be largely unenforceable.

The town of Walker, Minnesota, holds an International Eelpout Festival every winter on Leech Lake. The festival received national attention on 4 March 2011, when a correspondent from The Tonight Show with Jay Leno did a segment on the event.

Conservation status
Burbot populations are difficult to study, due to their deep habitats and reproduction under ice. Although burbot global distribution is widespread and abundant, many populations have been threatened or extirpated. Ichthyologists and taxonomists are strongly advising to look into the old taxonomical due to new genetic insights there are two species of burbot: the European burbot (Lota lota) and the North-American burbot (Lota maculosa).
As the burbot lacks popularity in commercial fishing, many regions do not even consider management plans.  Pollution and habitat change, such as river damming, appear to be the primary causes for riverine burbot population declines, while pollution and the adverse effects of invasive species have the greatest influence on lacustrine populations. Management of burbot is on low priority, being nonexistent in some regions.

References

External links

 Experts to discuss reintroduction of Burbot to UK, Matt Clarke, Practical Fishkeeping magazine
 Record Burbot Comes from Lake Michigan Waters (10 December 2020) Chicago Sun Times

Lotidae
Fauna of the Plains-Midwest (United States)
Freshwater fish of the Arctic
Freshwater fish of Europe
Freshwater fish of the United States
Fish of the Great Lakes
Fish described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Lota
Holarctic fauna

Burbot


Shams-ud-din Iltutmish (died 1236) was the third Muslim sultan of the Delhi Sultanate who reigned from 1211 till his death in 1236. He was the third ruler of the Mamluk dynasty (or Slave dynasty). He was married to the daughter of Qutb-ud-din Aibak. He became the ruler after fighting against Qutb-ud-din's son. He is said to be the greatest ruler of the slave kings. He was a member of the Ilebar tribe. The first thing he did after becoming a sultan was make his kingdom larger. He also shifted his capital from Lahore to Delhi. He had to defend his empire against Mongol invasions. He also had to deal with Rajputs and conquered Rajasthan and Gujarat. He started a fast process of Islamization in Punjab and Haryana. Iltutmish stopped the Mongol attack in 1221 A.D led by Chenghiz Khan. He completed the Qutb Minar which was started by Qutb-ud-din Aibak. He also built the Quwat-ul-Islam mosque in Delhi.He died in 1236 A.D. He did not think his sons would be good rulers. He was succeeded by his daughter, Razia Sultan (also called Radiyya or Raziyya), as the next ruler of Delhi.

References

12th-century births
1236 deaths
Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)

Shams-ud-din Iltutmish


The 5.45×39mm cartridge is the main bullet made for short- and medium-range guns for the later Soviet and Russian militaries. It is used for guns like the AK-74, the RPK-74, the AN-94, the AK-100 series of rifles, and the AK-12. It is a Small Caliber High Velocity (SCHV) bullet, which means it is very small, but it has a high muzzle velocity and effective range.

After hearing about the success of NATO's new SCHV bullet, the 5.56×45mm NATO, in the Vietnam War, the Soviet Union believed they needed to make their own to be able to fight off NATO. They hired Mikhail Kalashnikov, the creator of the AK-47, to make an SCHV assault rifle. Kalashnikov disliked the idea because he felt the Soviet Union needed to outdo NATO weapons, not copy their ideas. Nonetheless, he made the AK-74, the first gun to fire the 5.45×39mm.

Pistol and rifle cartridges
Military cartridges

5.45×39mm


The NAFTA superhighway is a term sometimes used informally to refer to certain existing and proposed highways intended to link  Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Although the term has not been used publicly by governments in an official policy context, there are some dissident beliefs about this appellation that are associated with nationalist conspiracy theories regarding alleged secret plans to undermine U.S. sovereignty.  Development of these routes is supported by the North American SuperCorridor Coalition as part of a NASCO Corridor.  These include Interstate 35 from Laredo, Texas to the Canadian border that downgrades to a non-freeway route ending at Thunder Bay, Ontario, and Interstate 29, a spur that also downgrades to a regular highway at the border and continues to Winnipeg, Manitoba.

The term is also sometimes used to describe some additional partly-built or proposed highways and supercorridors which are intended to connect the road systems of the three nations of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) trade bloc. Interstate 69, which runs from Port Huron, Michigan, near the US-Canada border, to western Kentucky, is one among them. Ontario Highway 402 and other motorways in the Windsor-Quebec City Corridor in Canada might be viewed as an extension of this NAFTA superhighway to the northeast. There is now not a single motorway that has been finished in the southwest, from western Kentucky to the Mexican border. While I-69 is being built, the main routes to Mexico currently consist of portions of US Routes 45 and 51 from Kentucky to western Tennessee, I-155 from Tennessee to Missouri, portions of Interstates 55 and 40 from Missouri to Arkansas, and I-30 from Arkansas to the Texas portion of I-35, the original Nafta Superhighway that runs south to the Mexican border at Laredo, Texas. The uncompleted section of I-69 south of Kentucky is expected to eventually continue southwestward to the Texas Gulf Coast. It will have a spur linking to the original Pan-American Highway route through Mexico to Laredo, and additional branches extending to the Mexican spurs that cross the border at Pharr, Texas, and Brownsville, Texas.

The CANAMEX Corridor is another major route that links the three NAFTA countries.  It includes Mexican Federal Highway 15, American I-19 and I-15, and Alberta highway 2. The route is sometimes referenced as part of the NAFTA superhighway concept, but it already has a name of its own.  In addition to the major north–south corridors that link the Canadian and Mexican borders, Interstate 94 is an important east–west inland freeway (not coast-to-coast like most of the other major east–west interstates) that directly or indirectly links the corridors.  I-94 starts near the CANAMEX Corridor in Montana (Interstate 90 bridges the gap thereby providing an indirect link) then follows a northerly route just south of the Canadian border to intersect fully with the I-29 and I-35 routes of the "NAFTA Superhighway".  Further east, it links Chicago and the Windsor-Quebec City Corridor that has its western terminus at the Port Huron border crossing.  The Canadian corridor is a de facto continuation of I-94 and I-96 to and from eastern Canada. It is also linked by I-94 to the Chicago-Kansas City Expressway that follows a more southerly route to and from I-35. The importance of the Port Huron border crossing is enhanced by the fact that I-69 connects to the Windsor-Quebec City Corridor at the same bridge as I-94.

See also
 North American Union
 Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America
 Free Trade Area of the Americas

References

Foreign trade of Canada
Economy of Mexico
Economy of the United States
Trilateral relations of Canada, Mexico, and the United States
Conspiracy theories in the United States
North American Free Trade Agreement
Transport in Canada

NAFTA superhighway


Behaghel's Laws describe the basic principles of the position of words and phrases in a sentence.   They were formulated by the linguist Otto Behaghel in the last volume of his four volume work Deutsche Syntax: Eine geschichtliche Darstellung (published 1923–1932).

They include the following cross-language principles:

 Elements that belong close together intellectually will also be placed close together (Behaghel's First Law)
 That which is less important (or already known to the listener) is placed before that which is important. (Behaghel's Second Law)
 The distinguishing phrase precedes that which is distinguished.
 Given two phrases, when possible, the shorter precedes the longer. (Law of Increasing Terms (or Constituents))

It is thus ensured that the utterances that the speaker finds important will remain in the thoughts of the listener, in that they are at the end of the sentence. From Behaghel's Laws evolved the later Theme-rheme.  They serve together with other of his topics as suggestions for research in Quantitative Linguistics.

Behaghel's law of increasing terms is also known as "Panini's Law" after the Sanskrit grammarian. This name was introduced by William Cooper and John Ross (1975)  in their study of English set phrases.
English examples include "free and easy", "lock, stock and barrel", "kit and (ca)boodle",  etc.
Michael O'Connor (1978) has observed a similar statistical preference in the case of Biblical Hebrew poetry.

Literature
Otto Behaghel: Beziehungen zwischen Umfang und Reihenfolge von Satzgliedern. In: Indogermanische Forschungen 25, 1909, 110–142.
Karl-Heinz Best: Otto Behaghel (1854-1936). In: Glottometrics 14, 2007, 80-86 (PDF ram-verlag.eu).

References

Syntax
Quantitative linguistics

Behaghel's laws


The Piedmontese language is a Gallo-Romance language spoken in Piedmont. The Council of Europe officially recognised it as a minority language in the 1980s. It is classified as an endangered language. In 2019, there were between 700,000 and 2 million speakers.

History
Piedmontese has been in use since the 12th century. There are poems and literature, starting from the 16th century. In the 15th or 16th century, local authorities switched to the Italian language, which is based on the dialects of Tuscany. When the Italian state was founded in 1861, Italian was chosen as a national language. With urbanization, and mass media, Piedmontese was a loser again, Italian was more popular, and could reach more people.

Languages of Italy
Romance languages
Piedmont
Endangered languages

Piedmontese language


Bronisław Malinowski (April 7, 1884 - May 16, 1942) was a well known British sociocultural anthropologist. He is most famous for his work on the Trobriand Islands, creating a formal ethnographic process, and for coming up with the idea of functionalism.

Early life
Malinowski was born in Kraków, Poland on April 7th, 1884. He was raised in an aristocratic family. His father, Lucjan, was a professor of philosophy at a Polish university and a linguist who worked on Polish folklore. His mother, Jozefa, was also a linguist. Most of Malinowksi's early education was learned at home. He traveled around the Mediterranean region with his mother when he was a teenager.

Academic career
In 1908, Malinowski received his PhD in physics and mathematics from the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland. In 1910, Malinowski moved to England to study anthropology at the London School of Economics (LSE). At LSE, Malinowski was taught by Charles Seligman, a British physician and ethnologist who did fieldwork in New Guinea. He was also taught by Edward Westermarck, a Finnish philosopher and sociologist who studied exogamy and the incest taboo. In 1916, Malinowski received a D.Sc. in anthropology from the University of London.

Fieldwork
Malinowski began his fieldwork in 1914, when he traveled to New Guinea to study the Mailu. His first ethnographic report on this fieldwork, The Native of the Mailu, was written in 1915. Malinowski had trouble working with the Mailu because he could not speak their language and did not live with them, which limited his understanding of their culture. Because of this, Malinowski started new fieldwork in the Trobriand Islands in 1915.

From 1915-1916 and 1917-1918, Malinowski did intense fieldwork on the Trobriand Islands, which helped him collect enough information to write multiple ethnographic reports. His most famous work about the Trobriand Islands, written in 1922, was Argonauts of the Western Pacific. In this book, Malinowksi wrote about the Trobriand Kula Ring, a trade ring that enforced life-long relationships between neighboring groups.

Works
Malinowksi wrote many works about his fieldwork in the Western Pacific. These works include:

 The Ethnography of Malinowski: The Trobriand Islands 1915-18
 Argonauts of the Western Pacific (1922)
 Magic, Science, and Religion (1925)
 Crime and Custom in Savage Society (1926)
 The Father in Primitive Psychology (1927)
 Sex and Repression in Savage Society (1927)
 The Sexual Life of Savages in Northwestern Melanesia (1929)
 Coral Gardens and Their Magic (1935)

Later career
Malinowski retired from fieldwork in 1918. He lectured on ethnology at the London School of Economics (LSE) from 1921-1923 and was offered a full time position at the university in 1923. In 1927, Malinowksi was made the Chair of Social Anthropology. During his time at LSE, Malinowksi taught many students who would later become well-known anthropologists themselves. These students included E.E. Evans-Pritchard, Ashley Montagu, Eslanda Goode Robeson, Godfrey Wilson, and Audrey Richards. Malinowski continued to work at LSE until 1938, when he moved to the United States. While living in the United States, Malinowksi worked as a professor at Yale University until his death in 1942.

Contributions to anthropology
Malinowksi made two major contributions to the field of anthropology. The first was his theory of functionalism. Malinowksi claimed that culture groups needed to meet the individual needs of their people in order to function properly. These individual needs can range anywhere from food and shelter to the need for security and happiness. The Kula Ring is great example of the concept of functionalism. It uses gift-giving as a way to fulfill the need for political organization among the Trobriand people. People who received the best Kula gifts, red-shelled necklaces or white-shelled armbands, were given a higher social rank in Trobriand society.

His second major contribution was creating a formal ethnographic process. Malinowski believed that an anthropologist needed to live with the people that they were studying. He placed a strong emphasis on participant observation because it allowed anthropologists to learn local languages and customs, which would be helpful when writing up ethnographic reports.

References

Academics of the University of London
Ethnography
British ethnologists
1884 births
1942 deaths
Yale University faculty

Bronisław Malinowski


"Lies" is the fifteenth single from British pop rock band, McFly, released on 15 September 2008. "Lies" did not feature on the promotional 10-track copy of the album Radio:Active which was given away in The Mail on Sunday in July 2008, however it features as one of the four additional tracks on the retail edition of the album, which was released on 22 September 2008. The lead vocals for the song are split between band members Danny Jones and Tom Fletcher, with vocal contributions from bassist Dougie Poynter. Upon release, the song reached No. 4 on the UK Singles Chart and No. 1 on the Scottish Singles Chart.

Background
"Lyrically, Lies is definitely the darkest song we've ever written," says Tom Fletcher, who shares vocals on the track with Danny Jones. "It's about a real bitch of a girl who is out for herself and doesn't care who she uses to get what she wants. We did have a girl in mind when we wrote it, but really it's an amalgam of several girls we have met along the way. We hope she burns in hell at the end. A real good time tune then!" On 17 September 2008 the song was added to both BBC Radio 1 and BBC Radio 2's A-Lists.

Chart performance
"Lies" debuted at number No. 4, it sold 26,071 on the UK Singles Chart in its first week on sale. It peaked at No. 1 on the Scottish Singles Chart, giving McFly their ninth number-one single there. "Lies" has received a Platinum sales status certification for sales of over 170,000 copies in the Brazil. The song appears on the international soundtrack to the Brazilian telenovela Caminho das Índias.

Music video
The full music video is just over 6 minutes long, and received its premiere on Channel 4's teen strand, T4 on 23 August 2008, and Brazil its premiere on MTV Brasil on 7 October 2008. The video, directed by the duo Chris Hopewell and Ben Foley.

The music video takes place in an apocalyptic world where water is scarce and therefore a source of power.

The opening monologue of the video.

"Now We have only the memories, of a green and pleasant land that lies below the countless fathoms. The lifeless seas, filthy and reeking, crept up on mankind, inch by inch. Slowly his clever water powered world ground to a halt. Brother fought Brother, Nation fought Nation. But there are those who flourish in this blight of times, they cleanse the water. Make it pure again. For a Price. Only the strong and the quick survive, living off their animal cunning, always mobile in the endless search of the life bringing water. In their cities of fire and steel, these all powerful water barons, now run the world. Holding all to ransom in a firestorm of fear."

In the start of the video, it starts with a monologue as the band are in a water powered van in the vast and lonely landscape.
However the van grinds to a halt as the water cells that power the van have stopped working as they ran out of water. They then push their van towards the closest civilization they can find. However being watched by one of the water barons.

As they then reach the city, they are met with some of the security and guides to bring them around the city to get what they are looking for however throughout the path, they encounter different people and surroundings as they get pushed along towards to where they need to get the cleaned water. Once they get to where they are needed they get stopped by the Water baron of the city and they get sent off to be at the stage as a way of "payment". Then the boys are on a stage performing as everything is made from loads of scrap objects. They then had enough of performing and then get into a fight with some of the members of the Barons gang. Initially they beat them away only leaving Tom and the baroness to fight it off. It seemed the baron would have won however Tom defeats the baroness. In the light of a celebration however, a big chainsaw wielding thug comes out. The boys then decide it's best to leave as they take whatever they can and fuel up. They then leave in their van, however by the end of the video the van breaks down on their escape.

The video ends as the baroness and the chainsaw thug go after them as the screen quickly blacks out. Unsure if the boys have escaped. The baroness is played by Jo-Emma Larvin.

Track listing
UK CD1
 "Lies" (Album Version) - 3:46
 "Winner Takes It All" (Acoustic) - 4:17

UK CD2
 "Lies" (Album Version) - 3:46
 "Going Through The Motions" (Live) - 3:49
 "The End" (Acoustic) - 3:42
 "Interview" - 11:26

UK DVD single
 "Lies" (Full-Length Video) - 6:06
 "Behind the Scenes Documentary - The "Lies" Video Shoot"
 "Lies" (Audio) - 3:49
 "Additional McFly Footage"

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Release history

References

2008 singles
McFly songs
Songs written by Danny Jones
Songs written by Dougie Poynter
Songs written by Tom Fletcher
2008 songs
EMI Records singles
Number-one singles in Scotland

Lies (McFly song)


John Biddle or Bidle (14 January 1615 – 22 September 1662) was an influential English nontrinitarian, and Unitarian. He is often called "the Father of English Unitarianism".

Life
Biddle was born at Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire. He studied at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, taking an M. A. in 1641. At the age of 26, he became headmaster of the Crypt Grammar School, Gloucester. The school had links to Gloucester Cathedral, and since he was obliged to teach his pupils according to the Catechism of the Church of England, he immersed himself in the study of the Bible. He concluded from his studies that the doctrine of the Trinity was not supported by the Bible, and set about publishing his own views on the nature of God.

He was imprisoned in Gloucester in 1645 for his views, but released on bail. He was imprisoned again by Parliament in 1646 and, in 1647, while he was still a prisoner, his tract Twelve Arguments Drawn Out of Scripture was published. Henry Vane defended Biddle in the House of Commons, and he was released on bail in 1648. After a short while he was again imprisoned, in Newgate, where he remained until amnestied by the 1662 Act of Oblivion. Biddle and the MP John Fry, who had tried to aid him, were supported by the 1649 Leveller pamphlet Englands New Chaines Discovered. Biddle was strongly attacked by John Owen, in his massive work Vindiciae Evangelicae; or, The Mystery of the Gospel Vindicated and Socinianism Examined.

He was again in trouble with the Parliament of 1654–55, which ordered his book A Two-fold Catechism seized. Motions were made against Biddle as a part of the Commons' debate on the Instrument of Government's provisions for religious liberty. They marked the moment when the house's attempts to suppress sectarian radicalism faltered. Parliament was dissolved in January 1655, which ended the proceedings against Biddle, and he was released in May of that year. Biddle found himself in trouble only weeks later when the City Presbyterians decided to prosecute him using the Blasphemy Ordinance of 1648. This scared the sects (especially the Baptists) who, seeing a worrying precedent that could lead to them also being prosecuted, then rallied to his side. Oliver Cromwell exiled him to the Scilly Isles, out of the jurisdiction of any hostile English Parliaments. By exiling Biddle, Cromwell avoided a test case that could have put significant numbers of the sects at risk of prosecution. He was released in 1658. He was imprisoned once more, and became ill, leading to his death. His body was "conveyed to the burial place joyning to Old Bedlam in Moorfields near London, was there deposited by the Brethren, who soon after took care that an altar monument of stone should be erected over his grave with an inscription thereon."

A biography of Biddle by Joshua Toulmin was published in 1789.

Works
A Two-fold Catechism

He is believed to have translated the Polish Racovian Catechism into English.

Views
He denounced original sin, denied eternal punishment, and translated a mortalist tract. He condemned the Ranters. He affirmed that the Bible was the Word of God and his Christology appears to be Socinian, denying the pre-existence of Christ but accepting the virgin birth. Biddle's denial of the pre-existence of Christ was the main target of works including Puritan theologian John Owen's A Brief Declaration and Vindication of the Doctrine of the Trinity (1669).

Legacy
Biddle's appeal for conscience was one of the major milestones of the establishment of religious freedom in England. More recently Biddle's combination of Socinian Christology and millennialism has led to a rediscovery of his work among Christadelphians and other non-Trinitarian groups in the 1970s and 1980s.

Explanatory notes

References

External links
Schaff article
Biography, Allon Maxwell taken from a Biblical Unitarian source.
John Biddles TWOFOLD SCRIPTURE CATECHISM

1615 births
1662 deaths
People from Wotton-under-Edge
English Unitarian ministers
Schoolteachers from Gloucestershire
Alumni of Magdalen Hall, Oxford

John Biddle (Unitarian)