ប៉ែន-សុវណ្ណ (កើតនៅថ្ងៃ១៥ មេសា ១៩៣៦ នៅ ភូមិចានទាប ឃុំសំរោង ស្រុកត្រាំប្រាក់ ខេត្តតាកែវ កម្ពុជា)  គឺជាអតីតនាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រីទីមួយ នៃរបបសាធារណរដ្ឋប្រជាមានិតកម្ពុជាដែលបង្កើតឡើងដោយក្រុងហាណូយ។ លោកបានបម្រើការចាប់ពី ថ្ងៃ ២៧ មិថុនា ១៩៨១ រហូតដល់ថ្ងៃ ៥ ធ្នូ ១៩៨១។  ហើយលោកធ្លាប់ជាលេខានៃបក្សបដិវត្តន៍ប្រជាជនកម្ពុជា (ប.ប.ប.ក.) ចាប់ពីឆ្នាំ១៩៧៩ ដល់ ថ្ងៃ ៥ ធ្នូ ១៩៨១។ បបបកគឺដើមឡើយជាបក្សម៉ាក្ស-លេនីននិយម។
ក្បត់យួន

ជីវប្រវត្តិ

Pen Sovan was born into an ethnic Vietnamese family in Takeo. He first joined the Khmer Issarak at the age of 13 in 1949 and fought against the French. Two years later, Sovan joined the Indochinese Communist Party where he first met Ta Mok. Sovan supported the Khmer Rouge during the 1970-1973 civil war against the Khmer Republic and he worked along with Chan Si under Khieu Thirith, in charge of the Voice of the United National Front of Kampuchea. From 1973 to 1979, Sovan lived in exile in Hanoi.

Sovan was a founding leader of Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation (KUFNS or FUNSK) on November 25, 1978. He served as Secretary-General of the Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party from January 5, 1979  to 1 December 1981, when he was replaced by Heng Samrin following his removal from office by the Vietnamese.

Sovan was arrested on December 2, 1981 for irritating Le Duc Tho, chief Vietnamese advisor to the Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation (FUNSK) and the People's Republic of Kampuchea (PRK). He was released from Vietnam's prison on January 25, 1992, after he served over 10 years. Sovan explained his long ordeal in prison: "When I wanted to create our own army of five regiments, the Vietnamese didn't agree and Le Duc Tho went to the USSR to complain."

មើលផងដែរ
 បញ្ជីរាយនាម នាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រីកម្ពុជា
Communist Party of Kampuchea
Autobiography of Pen Sovann and the Fundamental Reason of Cambodia

ឯកសារយោង

Bibliography

 Scalapino, Robert A.; Wanadi, Jusuf; Economic, political, and security issues in Southeast Asia in the 1980s, Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, 1982, ISBN 0912966521

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នាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រីកម្ពុជា
អ្នកល្បីឈ្មោះរបស់ខ្មែរ
អ្នកនយោបាយខ្មែរ
អ្នកមានកេរ្តិ៍ឈ្មោះរបស់ខ្មែរ

ប៉ែន សុវណ្ណ


The Grand Army of the Republic Hall is an historic building located at 23 East Downer Place on Stolp Island in Aurora, Illinois, in the United States.

History
The Soldier's Monument Association formed in Aurora in 1869 with the intent of raising funds to construct a monument to veterans of the U.S. Civil War. The group was very successful, and secretary Fred O. White proposed that a building should be erected in honor of the soldiers instead. White was inspired by a recent visit to Memorial Hall in Foxborough, Massachusetts, and noted that that structure was a useful meeting place and library. The Aurora building was intended to be almost identical to the Foxborough building, though the builders decided not to replicate the granite roof and stained glass. Joseph Mulvey was hired to design the building; no other Mulvey-designed structures have yet been identified.

The building was constructed on Stolp Island, a small piece of land considered to be "neutral territory" between the east and west sides of Aurora. Stolp Island was a popular spot for public buildings due to increasingly strained relations between the two sides of the river. The GAR Hall was the only public library in Aurora until a Carnegie library opened across the street in 1903. The hall was the meeting place of the Aurora G.A.R. Post No. 20, which was one of 779 posts in the Department of Illinois. Any honorably discharged Union veteran of the war could join the group. The group was formally recognized until the death of its last member, Daniel Augustus Wedge, in 1947.

The Grand Army of the Republic Hall was slated for demolition in the 1960s. Public outcry forced the city to change its plans, and a 1963 fundraising campaign provided financial support to rehabilitate the building. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 and was part of the Stolp Island Historic District when it was separately listed in 1986. Renovations were partially completed in 2016, and the hall was opened to the public as "The Grand Army of the Republic Memorial Museum." The G.A.R. Memorial Museum is open every Saturday afternoon, Noon to 4 p.m.

The octagonally-shaped building was built with locally quarried limestone. The standing Gothic Revival structure is one and a half stories and features a small lot outside of the building with an 1851 cannon, a bench, and a flagpole. An addition was constructed in 1884 on the south wing, but was demolished during the 1963 restoration.

See also
 Grand Army of the Republic
 Grand Army of the Republic Hall (disambiguation)
 List of Registered Historic Places in Illinois
 Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War

References
National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: GAR Memorial Hall

External links

 National Register listings for Kane County, Illinois
 David L. Pierce Art and History Center
 Library of Congress list of GAR posts by state

Cultural infrastructure completed in 1877
Illinois
Buildings and structures in Aurora, Illinois
Museums in Kane County, Illinois
Art museums and galleries in Illinois
National Register of Historic Places in Kane County, Illinois
Tourist attractions in Aurora, Illinois
Clubhouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Illinois
Illinois in the American Civil War
1877 establishments in Illinois
Buildings and structures completed in 1877

Grand Army of the Republic Hall (Aurora, Illinois)


McDade Park is a community park located in Scranton in Lackawanna County, in northeastern Pennsylvania. It is named after former U.S. Representative Joseph M. McDade. The park is located on  of land, containing an outdoor pool, a fishing pond as well as a more isolated pond, basketball courts, hiking trails, tennis courts and two picnic pavilions. The park also contains an arboretum and numerous natural gardens. In addition, the park has a children's playground area, a creek, two baseball fields and numerous hills which are ideal for sledding during northeastern Pennsylvania's winter season. The park has free admission for all activities.

Coal mine tour
The Lackawanna Coal Mine Tour is located in the heart of the park.  The hour-long tour takes you to a mine that was originally part of the Continental Coal Mine which was once an active anthracite coal mine. Visitors take a mine car  underground into the shaft and then walk the tour, totaling about a quarter of a mile. The mine temperature is often significant different than the outside temperature (approximately , year round). Tour dates are seven days a week from April 1 to November 30, closing only for Thanksgiving Day and Easter Sunday. Admission is charged for the tour.

Anthracite museum
The Pennsylvania Anthracite Heritage Museum is also located in the park and tells the story of the people who came from Europe to work in the anthracite coal mines and the textile industry.  Through exhibits and attractions the museum provides insight into the industrial history of the area. The museum is open year round Monday through Saturday 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. and Sundays 12:00 P.M. to 5:00 P.M., with the exception of New Year's Day, Dr. Martin Luther King Day, Presidents' Day, Columbus Day, Veterans' Day, Thanksgiving Day, the day following Thanksgiving, and Christmas Day. Admission is charged for the museum.

References

Arboreta in Pennsylvania
Parks in Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania
Tourist attractions in Scranton, Pennsylvania

McDade Park


Anti-revisionism is  opposition to attempts to modify or reject the fundamentals of communist revolutionary theory and practice. Reformism is seen as a concession to communism's adversaries.

Revisionism comes from within the Party, towards whatever is the standard policy of the Party. After Stalin's death, Krushchev's style and policies were thought by Stalinists to be revisionist. The  People's Republic of China under Mao Zedong and the People's Republic of Albania under Enver Hoxha proclaimed themselves to be taking an anti-revisionist line and denounced Khrushchev's policies.

Communism

Anti-revisionism


Fadil Hoxha (; 15 March 1916 – 22 April 2001) was a Yugoslavian ethnic-Albanian communist revolutionary and politician from Kosovo. He was a member of the Communist Party and fought in the Yugoslav Partisans during World War II. After the war, he was the first President of the Executive Council of the Autonomous Region of Kosovo and Metohija (1945–1963) and later member of the Presidency of Yugoslavia (1974–1984).

Early life
As a young man, Hoxha migrated from his home town of Gjakova to attend secondary school in Albania, since secondary education in the Albanian language was unavailable in Yugoslavia. He continued his education in the town of Shkodër and later in Elbasan. In Albania he joined a communist cell which provided him with his first exposure to the ideas of Marxism-Leninism. In 1939, during fascist Italy's invasion of Albania, Hoxha became active in the emerging resistance movement against the Italian occupation among Albanian youth.

Hoxha returned to Kosovo in 1941, where he worked as a teacher. In the same year he abandoned his post to become one of the founders of the communist partisan movement in Kosovo. Within a short time Hoxha rose through the partisan ranks to become commander, leading battalions which had in their ranks Kosovo Albanians and Serbs who fought against Fascism and Nazism and the Italian and later German occupation of Kosovo.

Hoxha was instrumental in the Kosovo communist movement's efforts at adopting a resolution at the Bujan Conference of 1943, which expressed the wish of Kosovo for national self-determination and unification with Albania. However, under Serbian pressure, the Communist Party of Yugoslavia annulled the resolution, which resulted in Hoxha's marginalization in the party after the end of the war in 1945 and Kosovo's reinstitution into Serbia with a limited degree of autonomy.

Politics
Hoxha's political influence in the Communist Party of Yugoslavia grew during the 1960s, especially after the removal from the upper echelons of the party of Serb hardliner Aleksandar Ranković by Josip Broz Tito. As interior minister, Ranković had pursued a notorious policy of repression against Albanians, which was later criticized by the party. Hoxha led efforts to advance Kosovo's constitutional status in a series of constitutional reforms that took place in Yugoslavia. The efforts were consecrated by the Yugoslav constitution of 1974, which granted Kosovo an equal republican status in all but name.

Hoxha also fought for the expansion of federal aid and development programs in Kosovo, which led to Kosovo's rapid industrialization throughout the 1960s and 1970s. Hoxha also led or otherwise supported political battles for the expansion of cultural and educational institutions in the Albanian language, leading to the virtual eradication of illiteracy among the Albanian population and the establishment of the Albanian-language University of Pristina in 1970, as well as a Kosovo Academy of Arts and Sciences.

During his political career in socialist Yugoslavia, Hoxha subscribed to the principles of Yugoslav policy of "brotherhood and unity", believing in the need to achieve national equality between Albanians, Serbs, and other national groups within Kosovo and Yugoslavia. In practice, given the grave cultural and economic backwardness which previous regimes had left Albanians in Kosovo, Hoxha believed that overcoming the disadvantages faced by Albanians required special affirmative measures both within Kosovo and at the federal level. Kosovo had inherited the highest illiteracy rates in all of Yugoslavia and was also its poorest region. Hoxha consistently initiated or supported policies which would address these problems, including expanding the educational opportunities of Albanians, expanding Yugoslav programs supporting industrial development in Kosovo, and policies addressing the relative inequality of Albanians in employment, who had disproportionately high unemployment rates.

Hoxha held a number of high posts in Kosovo and Yugoslavia. He served as president of the Assembly of the Kosovo Autonomous Province. He also received the title of People's Hero of Yugoslavia. In 1967 he was appointed to the Yugoslav Communist Party Presidium and in 1974 became a member of the Federal Presidency. In 1978-79 he held the rotating post of Vice President of the Federal Presidency, the highest leadership post in Yugoslavia under Tito.

In 1981, Hoxha faced harsh criticism from radical Kosovo Albanian nationalist movements because of his opposition to the massive demonstrations that occurred in the spring of that year, which demanded republican status for Kosovo. Hoxha and the Kosovar provincial leaders also faced criticism by the Yugoslav party leadership for failures in curtailing the rise of Albanian nationalism in Kosovo.

After the rise of Slobodan Milošević in Serbia, Hoxha, though retired, became subject to a number of political attacks labelling him a nationalist and supporter of secessionism. Hoxha was expelled from the League of Communists of Yugoslavia and in 1991 the Milošević government tried him for treason.

After his retirement in 1986, Hoxha had withdrawn from public life and was notorious for refusing to grant interviews to the press. However, he continued to throw his support behind popular movements in Kosovo. In 1989, Hoxha supported the 1989 Kosovo miners' strike at the Trepça/Trepča Mines protesting against political attacks from Serbia aiming at the erosion of Kosovo's self-government. In 1990, Hoxha became a supporter of the Democratic League of Kosovo and its leader Ibrahim Rugova, in its struggle for an independent Kosovo. In 1998, Hoxha, together with other members of the Association of Veterans of the Anti-Fascist National Liberation War, threw their support behind the armed struggle of the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA). In a 1998 meeting with the political representative of the KLA in Pristina, Adem Demaçi, Hoxha declared that if he were a young man, he would not wait a minute to join the KLA. He supported the NATO intervention during the Kosovo War.

Though in old age, Hoxha survived the 1999 Kosovo War and remained in hiding in Kosovo. He died of natural causes in 2001, and was buried with high honours in his home town of Gjakova.

Hoxha has published his wartime diary Kur pranvera vonohet [When Spring is Late] (Prishtina: Rilindja, 1980) and a three-volume collection of speeches and articles in Jemi në shtëpinë tonë [This is our Home] (Prishtina: Rilindja, 1986), both published in Serbian (Kad proleće kasni : iz partizanske beležnice) and Turkish editions in addition to the original Albanian. In 2010, an autobiography based on interviews with Fadil Hoxha by Veton Surroi and his father Rexhai Surroi was published under the title "Fadil Hoxha në vetën e parë" [Fadil Hoxha, in the first person] (Prishtina: Koha, 2010). In November 2011, his former associate Ekrem Murtezai published a book called "Fadil Hoxha, siç e njoha une" [Fadil Hoxha, as I knew him]. In 2007, the Association of Veterans of the Anti-Fascist National Liberation War published a collected volume, "Fadil Hoxha - një jetë në shërbim të atdheut" containing documents and memoirs on Hoxha's role during and after World War II.

Succession

References

1916 births
2001 deaths
Politicians from Gjakova
League of Communists of Kosovo politicians
Members of the Presidency of the 8th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Members of the Presidency of the 9th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Members of the Presidency of the 10th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Members of the Presidency of the 11th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Members of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Members of the Central Committee of the 8th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Members of the Central Committee of the 10th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Members of the Central Committee of the 11th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Members of the Central Committee of the 12th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Yugoslav Albanians
Recipients of the Order of the Hero of Socialist Labour

Fadil Hoxha


An obstetric fistula is an unwanted hole in a woman's body that was caused by having a baby.  It can happen when having the baby is difficult, especially if the mother does not receive good medical care.  The hole can go from the vagina to the bladder or from the vagina to the bowel.  A surgeon can fix the hole with surgery.

Pregnancy and childbirth

Obstetric fistula


When talking about geography the elevation of a certain point is how high it is compared to some reference point. Very often, the reference point is mean sea level, the level of the ocean midway between high and low tide on an average day. Most land has a positive elevation, which means it is above sea level. A few desert places are below sea level, thus have negative elevation.

Sometimes elevation is measured against the center of the earth. The problem there is that the geoid, the shape of the earth, does not really look like a ball, it is slightly squashed (an oblate spheroid). This means, that while still at mean sea level (at the equator), some points are farther away from the center of the earth than others. That way the peak of Chimborazo, a volcano in Ecuador is farther away from the center of the earth than the peak of Mount Everest. Yet, Mount Everest is higher above sea level.

Related pages
 Altitude

Physical geography

Elevation


Nellya Baughman (August 21, 1935 – May 11, 2008) was an American professional wrestler who was best known by her ring name Judy Grable. She was an active wrestler during the 1950s and 1960s. In addition to her nickname "The Barefoot Contessa" due to her preference for wrestling barefoot, she was also known as "the acrobatic blonde with the educated flying feet".

Professional wrestling career
Grable trained for her professional wrestling career with The Fabulous Moolah in her school in Columbia, South Carolina. She debuted in 1953 using the name Peaches Grable. Moolah's female trainees worked in Boston under promoter Paul Bowser, and in Boston, Grable and Moolah were involved in a feud.

She wrestled in the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) territories through the 1950s and the 1960s. In September 1956, a battle royal was held to determine the new NWA World Women's Champion, but Grable lost to long-time rival The Fabulous Moolah. On September 20, 1959, Grable made an appearance as a contestant on the popular television show What's My Line? The episode became famous in part because of the highly risque banter from guest panelist Groucho Marx and consequent malapropisms by regular panelist Dorothy Kilgallen and host John Daly.

Even though she retired in the late 1960s, Grable's last in-ring work occurred in Superstar Wrestling in 1974.

On March 31, 2017, Grable was posthumously inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame as a part of the Legacy wing.

Personal life
Grable was the youngest of six children, including four brothers and one sister. She was a tomboy who liked fishing, hunting, and sports. She also wrestled at Grand Junction High School. Her family later moved to Florida, where Grable became interested in the circus. She was employed at Ringling Brothers Circus as an acrobat for six months, deciding she would rather wrestle after falling off a high wire.

In the late 1960s, Grable retired from wrestling after marrying a serviceman and returned to school, graduating in 1978. She was then employed as a nurse's assistant in a home for veterans. One of her daughters works as a wrestler under the name Debbie Grable.

Grable died on May 11, 2008, after living with diabetes, strokes, and Alzheimer's.

Championships and accomplishments
Cauliflower Alley Club
Other honoree (2002)

Georgia Championship Wrestling
NWA Southern Women's Championship (Georgia version) (2 times)

Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum
Women's wrestler (2011)
 WWE
WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2017)

Notes

References

External links

1935 births
2008 deaths
American female professional wrestlers
Place of death missing
People from Bremerton, Washington
Professional wrestlers from Washington (state)
Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum
WWE Hall of Fame Legacy inductees
Stampede Wrestling alumni
20th-century American women
20th-century female professional wrestlers
21st-century American women

Judy Grable


Qumis (; Middle Persian 𐭪𐭥𐭬𐭩𐭮 Kōmis), also known as Hecatompylos (, in , Saddarvazeh) was an ancient city which was the capital of the Arsacid dynasty by 200 BCE. The Greek name Hekatompylos means "one hundred gates" and the Persian term has the same meaning. The title was commonly used for cities which had more than the traditional four gates. It may be understood better as the "Many Gated". Most scholars locate it at Sahr -e Qumis, in the Qumis region in west Khurasan, Iran.

Alexander the Great stopped here in the summer of 330 BCE and it became part of the Seleucid Empire after his death. The Parni tribe took the city around 237 BCE and made it one of the first capitals of their Parthian Empire. It was mentioned as the royal city of the Parthians by a number of classical writers including Strabo, Pliny, and Ptolemy, although the Parthians seemed to have used a number of cities as their "capital" at different periods.

Qumis was destroyed by an earthquake in 856 AD, and it was probably abandoned afterwards. The site of this ancient city is now called Šahr-e Qumis (), between Semnan and Damqan in the Semnan Province.

In 2011 plans for an "International Project of Tourism & Recreational City" were published, using the name of Hecatompylos. The project envisions using an area of  close to the city of Damghan, which would place the resort at about  northeast of the historic site.

Citations

References
 De Quincey, Thomas (1821). Confessions of an English Opium-Eater. Penguin Books. 1979.
 Frye, Richard N. (1962). The Heritage of Persia. Toronto. Mentor Books. 1966.
 Goodarzi, P., Dehpahlavan, M., Sołtysiak, A. (2018). "Human remains from Shahr-i Qumis, Iran, 1967-1978", Bioarchaeology of the Near East 12:89-94.
 Hansman, J. (1968). "The Problems of Qūmis". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1968), pp. 111–139.
 Hansman, John and Stronach, David (1974). "Excavations at Shahr-i Qūmis, 1971". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1974), pp. 8–22.
 Hirth, Friedrich (1875). China and the Roman Orient. Shanghai and Hong Kong. Unchanged reprint. Chicago, Ares Publishers, 1975.
 Tarn, William Woodthorpe (1984). The Greeks in Bactria and India. First published in 1938; 2nd Updated Edition, 1951. 3rd Edition, updated with a Preface and a new bibliography by Frank Lee Holt. Ares Publishers, Inc., Chicago. 1984.

External links
Magiran.com, a magazine named Qumis
Livius.org, a brief history plus photos

Populated places along the Silk Road
Former populated places in Iran
Former capitals of Iran
Parthian cities
Sasanian cities
Geography of Semnan Province
History of Semnan Province
Populated places destroyed by earthquakes
Qumis (region)

Qumis, Iran


Acacius () was a Byzantine proconsul of Armenia Prima (First Armenia), c. 536–539 in the reign of Justinian I (r. 527–565). The main source about him is Procopius.

Biography

Procopius considers Acacius and his son Adolius to have been natives of Roman Armenia:  "Adolius, the son of Acacius ... This Adolius was an Armenian by birth, and he always served the emperor while in the palace as privy counsellor (those who enjoy this honour are called by the Romans "silentiarii"), but at that time he was commander of some Armenians. And these men did as directed."

Acacius is first mentioned when he brought forth accusations of treason against his friend Amazaspes. Justinian I arranged for Acacius to kill Amazaspes. Procopius reports that Justinian "gave over the villages to Amazaspes, the nephew of Symeon, and appointed him ruler over the Armenians. This Amazaspes, as time went on, was denounced to the Emperor Justinian by one of his friends, Acacius by name, on the ground that he was abusing the Armenians and wished to give over to the Persians Theodosiopolis and certain other fortresses. After telling this, Acacius, by the emperor's will, slew Amazaspes treacherously, and himself secured the command over the Armenians by the gift of the emperor."

On 18 March 536, a law of Justinian reformed the administration of Armenia. Acacius was already governor of Armenia Interior/Armenia Magna; his title was probably consularis of Armenia Magna. The reorganization named him governor of the new province of Armenia Prima (First Armenia) and gave him the title of proconsul. Further legal documents of 536 mention Acacius. He is called in "Latin" "proconsul Armeniae Primae" and in Greek as anthypatos of Armenia (). One of these legal documents clarifies that the women of Armenia share the same rights of inheritance as the rest of the Roman (Byzantine) women.

Acacius proved highly unpopular with the population of his province, gaining a reputation for cruelty and greed. He was assassinated in 538/539. Procopius reports about him: "And being base by nature, he [Acacius] gained the opportunity of displaying his inward character, and he proved to be the most cruel of all men toward his subjects. For he plundered their property without excuse and ordained that they should pay an unheard-of tax of four centenaria. But the Armenians, unable to bear him any longer, conspired together and slew Acacius and fled for refuge to Pharangium." Another passage of Procopius names Artabanes as the killer.

References

Sources

Year of birth unknown
530s deaths
6th-century Byzantine people
Byzantine people of Armenian descent
Assassinated Byzantine people

Acacius (proconsul)


Wood and Walters is a British television comedy sketch show starring Julie Walters and Victoria Wood for Granada Television and written entirely by Wood. The show was short-lived, with one pilot in 1981 and a series of seven shows in 1982.

Background
Both women had first met at Manchester Polytechnic in 1970, Wood was hoping to enroll, and Walters was coming to the end of her course. They met again in 1978 when they both appeared in the same revue In at the Death at The Bush Theatre in London.

Wood had been initially spotted by Granada's head of drama, Peter Eckersley, performing in her self-written play Talent at Sheffield's Crucible Theatre, who asked her to recreate it for television (his widow is actress Anne Reid, who would appear as Jean in Wood's 1998 sitcom dinnerladies). The TV version of Talent and its sequel Nearly a Happy Ending, would also co-star Walters.

Pilot – Wood and Walters: Two Creatures Great and Small
 Broadcast 1 January 1981
After she had turned down the female role in the satirical sketch show Not the Nine O'Clock News in 1979, Eckersley offered Wood a sketch show of her own in 1980. However, Wood agreed only on the understanding that Walters received equal billing, not feeling confident enough as yet to go it alone. Wood had in fact only ever written one sketch three years earlier before being given her own show. She fell back on songs, which she felt was her strength, the pilot contained four in 30 minutes. The sketches concerned themselves with Marriage Guidance Council, keep fit classes, DIY and gossip. Wood hated the finished result, so was very surprised that the show was nominated for a BAFTA for Best Light Entertainment Programme alongside The Two Ronnies, The Kenny Everett Video Show and The Stanley Baxter Series (which won).

Series
 Broadcast 1 January 1982 – 21 February 1982
For the series a year later, the 'Two Creatures Great and Small' adjunct had been dropped, as critics commenting on Wood's weight had been beginning to get to her (though she did also say later she was delighted that she was once described as "dominating the stage like a witty tank").

The show was not a happy experience as, in the intervening time since the pilot, the show's producer (and Wood's mentor) Peter Eckersley had died of cancer. It was a terrible blow to Wood who said "he had lots of ideas for the series…but he never told me what they were. His value to me was inestimable. He had a marvellous eye for what was unnecessary and great attention to detail. He had liked the first material for the series but never saw any of the other stuff." Wood was not impressed by his replacement for the series, Brian Armstrong, and was of the opinion that he had hired several unsuitable actors.

The studio audience was generally filled with pensioners who often had difficulty understanding Wood's refined humour. Before one sketch, the warm up man had to explain to them what a boutique was. Wood said she heard one disgusted audience member say to her friend: "You realise we're missing Brideshead for this".

Sketches for Wood and Walters included
 The Woman With 740 Children, in which Wood played a woman who overdosed on a fertility drug. Much to her surprise, Granada hired 70 babies to appear in the sketch.
 'Girl Talking' was an expert parody of social realist documentaries, and
 'Northerners' was a song parodying stereotypes of the North of England.

A regular character on the show was Dotty. The items entitled "Dotty's Slot" featured Walters as Dotty, who performed a witty monologue by a middle-class housewife discussing all matters national and trivial, such as in the sketch 'Dotty on Women's Lib'. As a character, she shares many similarities with a later Wood creation 'Kitty' (as played by Patricia Routledge).

Rik Mayall also appeared in a one-off monologue as a chauvinistic feminist called Mitch, filling a similar guest slot as he had with Kevin Turvey in the sketch show A Kick Up the Eighties. Another alternative comedy innovator to appear on the show was John Dowie, who had already toured with Wood in 1978.

Wood's view of the series was "Some bits of it were good, some deadly".

Around this time, Wood made a weekly musical appearance in the BBC Radio 2 show The Little and Large Party, narrated an Arts Council film on the pantomime dame, and was profiled in the schools programme Scene. Walters would also appear with Michael Angelis in 1982 as his wife in Alan Bleasdale's Boys from the Blackstuff.

Wood and Walters place in British comedy history can be seen as that of a dry run for the more popular and acclaimed Victoria Wood: As Seen on TV which aired on BBC television between 1985 and 1987, which shared some of the same elements such as pseudo-documentaries, songs, sketches, as well as co-starring Walters and Preston.

Although consisting of seven episodes, the seventh in the series was a compilation of sketches and songs pulled from the earlier six parts and the pilot.

Home media
The series was released on DVD by Network on 18 October 2010. The release included all seven episodes and the original "Two Creatures Great and Small" pilot episode on a single disc.

References

External links
BBC Comedy Guide to Wood And Walters
Screenonline on Wood And Walters

1981 British television series debuts
1982 British television series endings
ITV sketch shows
ITV comedy
Television series by ITV Studios
English-language television shows
Television shows produced by Granada Television
1980s British television sketch shows

Wood and Walters


Computer vision is the subfield of Computer Science that studies how a computer processes visual information to have them interpret what they see.  Unlike Computer Graphics which generates images using computers, Computer Vision takes visual information from the real world and uses algorithms to make predictions and explain what is in the image.

Applications
Computer Vision originally focused on computer systems understanding images well enough to describe what they see, but has grown to systems that give detailed environmental context with more advancements in Machine Learning. Improved Pattern Recognition and Convolutional Neural Networks methods have given way to new methods for processing images that has application in multiple fields.

Optical Character Recognition

Google Books used scanned images of pages of books to convert those pages to a text format. This allowed users to search the text in the book without needing to read it page by page.

Medical Imaging
Computer systems use the X-Ray and MRI imaging of hospital patients to make a diagnosis as to whether or not they have cancer. In some instances, the computers have outperformed the doctors who make diagnoses on the same patient.https://www.bbc.com/news/health-50857759

Self Driving Cars
Autonomous Cars use a combination of Computer Vision and LiDAR to detect pedestrians and Stop Signs when driving passengers.

References

Computer science

Computer vision


Joaquim Miranda (7 September 1950 – 17 June 2006) was a Portuguese economist and politician, a former member of the Portuguese Parliament and of the European Parliament. He was born in Portalegre, in the southern region of Alentejo.

Joaquim Miranda was a member of the Portuguese Communist Party since the 1970s, and was elected to several political jobs. Between 1979 and 1985, he was an alderman in the Municipal Chamber of his hometown, Portalegre. Between 1980 and 1986, he was also a member of the Portuguese Parliament.

Inside the Portuguese Communist Party, Miranda was a member of the Central Committee and of the Regional Committee of Portalegre. In his last years, he left the Central Committee and became a member of the reformist group Renovação Comunista, which criticizes the Party's political orientation.

Tasks in the European Parliament

When Portugal joined the European Union, in 1986, the Communist Party included his name in the list of the Portuguese representatives in the European Parliament. In July of the next year, the first Portuguese European Parliament election was held and Miranda was among the three MEPs elected by the Unitary Democratic Coalition, where the Portuguese Communist Party was included. He continued to be elected in the subsequent elections, and was a member of the European Parliament until 2004, when he resigned due to health problems. There, Miranda was a vice-chairman of the European United Left–Nordic Green Left group, and the chairman of the Committee on Development and Cooperation between 1999 and 2004.

External links
 Personal information at the official website of the European Parliament
 Obituary in the online edition of Público

1950 births
2006 deaths
Portuguese Communist Party politicians
MEPs for Portugal 1987–1989
MEPs for Portugal 1989–1994
MEPs for Portugal 1994–1999
MEPs for Portugal 1999–2004
Portuguese Communist Party MEPs
People from Portalegre, Portugal
Members of the Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)

Joaquim Miranda


Pauline Moran (born 26 August 1947) is an English actress, presenter, and astrologer, best known for her role as Miss Felicity Lemon in the British television series Agatha Christie's Poirot.

She trained at several schools, including the National Youth Theatre and the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. She has also been a professional astrologer since 1987. Although primarily a stage actress, Moran has appeared in films such as The Good Soldier (1981), The Woman in Black (1989), Byron (2003) and A Little Chaos (2014), as well as the 1983 television series The Cleopatras. From 1965 to about 1970, she played bass guitar in the all-female band The She Trinity.

References

External links

20th-century English actresses
21st-century English actresses
Alumni of RADA
English film actresses
English bass guitarists
English stage actresses
English television actresses
English astrologers
20th-century astrologers
21st-century astrologers
Women bass guitarists
Actors from Blackpool
Living people
1947 births
Musicians from Lancashire
Actresses from Lancashire
National Youth Theatre members

Pauline Moran


Video detection and ranging (VIDAR) is a technique to measure the speed or other information of a distant vehicle using advanced stereoscopic imaging techniques. VIDAR technology has application in remote sensing, traffic enforcement.

Applications

Military and law enforcement
One situation where VIDAR has notable non-scientific application is in traffic speed enforcement, for vehicle speed measurement, as a technology alternative to radar guns and LIDAR. The technology for this application can be mounted in a gantry or roadside pole.

Unlike RADAR which relies on doppler shifts to directly measure speed or LIDAR which relies on the principle of time-of-flight to calculate speed, VIDAR measures the speed of vehicles by means of tracking an object through vision cameras. High precision speed measurement can be achieved if stereoscopic vision techniques are used.

See also
 LIDAR detector
 Radar
 ANPR
Stereoscopy

References

Video

Video detection and ranging


The 1999 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting was the 16th Meeting of the Heads of Government of the Commonwealth of Nations.  It was held in Durban, South Africa, between 12 November and 14 November 1999, and hosted by President Thabo Mbeki.

Durban was the largest and best-attended CHOGM ever held.  All fifty-two eligible countries sent delegations (Pakistan, which was suspended, and Tuvalu, a special member, were not invited), forty-seven of whom sent their head of state or head of government (Malaysia, the Maldives, New Zealand, Saint Lucia, and Sri Lanka being the ones represented by lesser government ministers).  Despite the size of the CHOGM, it was the shortest held, due to the diffusion of powers to other organs that met separately, and had a markedly lower profile than other CHOGMs.

The role of the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group (CMAG) was questioned, in the light of the previous month's military coup in Pakistan, which necessitated Pakistan's suspension from the Commonwealth (hence its non-attendance).  However, the competences of CMAG were unchanged by the CHOGM, and its remit was renewed for another two years.  Pakistan itself was also not subject to any head of government ministerial action, and decision was postponed until a later date, once the fall-out from the coup could finally be assessed.

Secretary-General
A new Commonwealth Secretary-General was elected to replace the outgoing Chief Emeka Anyaoku.  There were two candidates: Don McKinnon, Minister of Foreign Affairs of New Zealand; and Farooq Sobhan, Foreign Minister of Bangladesh.  In line with criticism of the role of CMAG from other parties, Sobhan ran on a platform of reforming the role of CMAG to cover not just democratic infringements, but economic and environmental ones, too.  On the first day of the CHOGM, McKinnon was announced as the new Secretary-General-elect.  The result of the vote (which remains secret) is reputed to have been thirty six votes for McKinnon to sixteen for Sobhan, but it was declared as 'unanimous' by chair Thabo Mbeki, in line with the formula established in 1989.

The CHOGM saw the creation of the position of Chairperson-in-Office, which was intended to give inter-governmental continuity between CHOGMs.  Thabo Mbeki became the first Chairperson-in-Office, although he did little in the following two and a half years in the role.

Footnotes

External links
 Commonwealth Secretariat webpage on CHOGM 1999

1999
Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting
Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting
History of Durban
Diplomatic conferences in South Africa
20th-century diplomatic conferences
Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting
Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting
South Africa and the Commonwealth of Nations
Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting
Events in Durban


The Fouga CM-170 Magister is a French military aircraft. Designed and built as a training aircraft, it was also a light atack aircraft. It was built under licence in Belgium, Finland and Germany. The Fouga CM-170 Magister was used by many air forces in the world: Algeria, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Biafra, Brazil, Cambodia, Cameroon, El Salvador, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ireland, Israel, Katanga, Khmer Republic, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Nicaragua, Rwanda, Senegal, Togo, and Uganda.

It was the major aircraft of the Patrouille de France from 1964 to 1981. In 2013 many CM-170 Magisters fly on air meeting around the world.

Related pages
 Fouga CM-175 Zéphyr.

French military aircraft

Fouga CM-170 Magister


The 22nd Cannes Film Festival was held from 8 to 23 May 1969.  At this festival a new non-competitive section called Directors' Fortnight was added, in response to the cancellation of the 1968 festival.

The Grand Prix du Festival International du Film went to If.... by Lindsay Anderson. The festival opened with Sweet Charity, directed by Bob Fosse.

Jury
The following people were appointed as the Jury of the 1969 film competition:

Feature films
Luchino Visconti (Italy) (president)
Chinghiz Aitmatov (Soviet Union)
Marie Bell (France)
Jaroslav Boček (Czechoslovakia)
Veljko Bulajić (Yugoslavia)
Stanley Donen (USA)
Jerzy Glucksman (Sweden) (student)
Robert Kanters (France) (critic)
Sam Spiegel (USA)
Short films
Charles Duvanel (Switzerland)
Mihnea Gheorghiu (Romania)
Claude Soulé (France) (CST official)

Official selection

In competition - Feature film
The following feature films competed for the Grand Prix du Festival International du Film:

Ådalen 31 by Bo Widerberg
All My Compatriots by Vojtěch Jasný
The Appointment by Sidney Lumet
Calcutta by Louis Malle
Dillinger Is Dead by Marco Ferreri
Don't Let the Angels Fall by George Kaczender
Antonio das Mortes by Glauber Rocha
Easy Rider by Dennis Hopper
End of a Priest by Evald Schorm
Flashback by Raffaele Andreassi
The Great Love by Pierre Étaix
Hunting Flies by Andrzej Wajda
Hymn to a Tired Man by Masaki Kobayashi
If.... by Lindsay Anderson
Isadora by Karel Reisz
It Rains in My Village by Aleksandar Petrović
Machine Gun McCain by Giuliano Montaldo
Man on Horseback by Volker Schlöndorff
The Man Who Thought Life by Jens Ravn
Matzor by Gilberto Tofano
Metti una sera a cena by Giuseppe Patroni Griffi
My Night at Maud's by Éric Rohmer
The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie by Ronald Neame
Slaves by Herbert Biberman
Spain Again by Jaime Camino
Z by Costa Gavras

Films out of competition
The following films were selected to be screened out of competition:

 Andrei Rublev by Andrei Tarkovsky
 Arthur Rubinstein - The Love of Life (L'amour de la vie) by François Reichenbach
 The Deserter and the Nomads (Zbehovia a pútnici) by Juraj Jakubisko
 Frozen Flashes (Et L'Angleterre Sera Détruite) by János Veiczi
 Sweet Charity by Bob Fosse
 That Cold Day in the Park by Robert Altman

Short film competition
The following short films competed for the Grand Prix International du Festival:

Le Ballet des Jacungos by Jean Manzon
Cîntecele Renasterii by Mirel Ilieşiu
Goldframe by Raoul Servais
L'Homme aux chats by Henri Glaeser
Moc osudu by Jiří Brdečka
Niebieska kula by Mirosław Kijowicz
La Pince à ongles by Jean-Claude Carrière
Red Arrows by John Edwards
Short Seven by Jonne Severijn
Su sambene non est aba by Luigi Gonzo & Manfredo Manfredi
Toccata by Herman van der Horst
El Triunfo de la muerte by José María Gutiérrez
Das Verräterische Herz by Paul Anczykowski
World of Man by Albert Fischer & Michael Collyer

Parallel sections

International Critics' Week
The following feature films were screened for the 8th International Critics' Week (8e Semaine de la Critique):

 Cabascabo by Oumarou Ganda (Niger)
 Charles mort ou vif by Alain Tanner (Switzerland)
 Sziget a szárazföldön by Judit Elek (Hungary)
 The Hour of the Furnaces (La Hora de los hornos) by Fernando Solanas (Argentina)
 King, Murray by David Hoffman (United States)
 More by Barbet Schroeder (Luxembourg)
 My Girlfriend's Wedding by Jim McBride (United States)
 Pagine chiuse by Gianni da Campo (Italy)
 La Rosière de Pessac by Jean Eustache (France)
 La Voie by Mohamed Slimane Riad (Algeria)
 In the Year of the Pig by Emile de Antonio (United States)
 Hunting Scenes from Bavaria (Jagdszenen aus Niederbayern) by Peter Fleischmann (West Germany)
 Paris n'existe pas by Robert Benayoun (France)

Directors' Fortnight
The following films were screened for the 1969 Directors' Fortnight (Quinzaine des Réalizateurs):

 Acéphale by Patrick Deval (France)
 Adam 2 by Jan Lenica (West Germany)
 Ballade pour un chien by René Allio, Gérard Vergez (France)
 Barravento by Glauber Rocha (Brazil)
 Between Salt and Sweet Water (Entre la mer et l'eau douce) by Michel Brault (Canada)
 Brandy in the Wilderness by Stanton Kaye (United States)
 O Bravo Guerreiro by Gustavo Dahl (Brazil)
 Brazil Year 2000 (Brasil Ano 2000) by Walter Lima Jr (Brazil)
 Calcutta (doc.) by Louis Malle (France)
 Capitu by Paulo César Saraceni (Brazil)
 Capricci by Carmelo Bene (Italy)
 Christopher's Movie Matinée by Mort Ransen (Canada)
 Le Cinématographe by Michel Baulez (France)
 De mère en fille (doc.) by Anne-Claire Poirier (Canada)
 Death by Hanging (Kōshikei) by Nagisa Oshima (Japan)
 Diary of a Shinjuku Thief (Shinjuku Dorobō Nikki) by Nagisa Oshima (Japan)
 Drôle de jeu by Pierre Kast (France)
 Duett för kannibaler by Susan Sontag (Sweden)
 The Ernie Game by Don Owen (Canada)
 L'été by Marcel Hanoun (France)
 Face To Face (Cara a cara) by Júlio Bressane (Brazil)
 La primera carga al machete by Manuel Octavio Gomez (Cuba)
 Five Girls Around the Neck (Pět holek na krku) by Evald Schorm (Czechoslovakia)
 Fuoco! by Gian Vittorio Baldi (Italy)
 A Gentle Woman (Une femme douce) by Robert Bresson (France)
 Les Gommes by Francis Deroisy (Belgium)
 Head by Bob Rafelson (United States)
 Het compromis by Philo Bregstein (Netherlands)
 The Illiac Passion by Gregory Markopoulos (France)
 Image, Flesh and Voice by Ed Emshwiller (United States)
 Invasión by Hugo Santiago (Argentina)
 Jardim de guerra by Neville dAlmeida (Brazil)
 Le Joujou Chéri by Gabriel Axel (Denmark)
 Kid Sentiment by Jacques Godbout (Canada)
 Le lit de la Vierge by Philippe Garrel (France)
 Lucía by Humberto Solas (Cuba)
 Mai 68, la belle ouvrage (doc.) by Jean-Luc Magneron (France)
 Marie by Marta Meszaros (Hungary)
 Marketa Lazarová by František Vláčil (Czechoslovakia)
 A Matrimony (Eine Ehe) by Hans Rolf Strobel, Heinrich Tichawsky (West Germany)
 Money, Money by José Varela (France)
 The Most Beautiful Age by Jaroslav Papoušek (Czechoslovakia)
 Mumbo-Jumbo by Jean-Luc Magneron (France)
 Nocturne 29 by Pere Portabella (Spain)
 Nous n'irons plus au bois by Georges Dumoulin (France)
 Our Lady of the Turks (Nostra Signora dei Turchi) by Carmelo Bene (Italy)
 Partner by Bernardo Bertolucci (Italy)
 Paul by Diourka Medveczky (France)
 Paulina Is Leaving (Paulina s'en va) by André Téchiné (France)
 La Poupée Rouge by Francis Leroi (France)
 The Rape of a Sweet Young Girl (Le viol d'une jeune fille douce) by Gilles Carle (Canada)
 Rhodesia Countdown by Michael Raeburn (Southern Rhodesia)
 Scratch Harry by Alex Matter (United States)
 Sirocco (Sirokkó) by Miklos Jancso (Hungary)
 The Smugglers (Les contrebandières) by Luc Moullet (France)
 Soliloquy by Stephen Dwoskin (United Kingdom)
 Straight to the Heart (Jusqu'au cœur) by Jean Pierre Lefebvre (Canada)
 Terry Withmore For an Example by Bill Brodie (Sweden)
 Three by James Salter (United States)
 A Time of Roses (Ruusujen aika) by Risto Jarva (Finland)
 The Trip by Roger Corman (United States)
 Tu imagines Robinson by Jean-Daniel Pollet (France)
 Vie provisoire by Mauricio Gomez Leite (Brazil)
 Les vieilles lunes by David Fahri (Switzerland)
 Vive la mort by Francis Reusser (Switzerland)
 Le Voyage by Fernando Cony Campos (Brazil)
 Wheel of Ashes by Peter Goldman (United States)
 Yvon, Yvonne by Claude Champion (Switzerland)

Short films

 5/7/35 by Jean Mazeas (France)
 Adrien s'éloigne by Claude Guillemot (France)
 Arrabal by Jacques Poitrenaud (France)
 Athènes, ville sourire by Lambros Liaropoulos (Greece)
 Black Movie by Adrian (filmmaker) (France)
 Chinese Chekers by Stephen Dwoskin (United Kingdom)
 Einer Mädchenhaut by Klaus Schönherr (France)
 Erin Ereinté by Jean-Paul Aubert (France)
 Flash-Parc by Frank Cassenti (France)
 Fuses by Carolee Schneemann (United States)
 Galaxie by Gregory Markopoulos (France)
 Gedanken beim Befühlen by Klaus Schönherr (France)
 Hemingway by Fausto Canel (Cuba)
 Jeanne et la moto by Diourka Medveczky (France)
 Journal de séjour a Marseille by C. Lindenmeyer, Gérard Levy-Clerc (France)
 La page dévoilée by Jim Hodgetts et Mike Marshall (France)
 La poursuite impitoyable by J.J. Schakmundes, R. Guillon (France)
 Le mariage de Clovis by Daniel Duval (France)
 Le Sursitaire by Serge Huet (France)
 Les Stabiles by Christian Lara (France)
 Libi by Otto Muehl (France)
 Marie et le Curé by Diourka Medveczky (France)
 Miss Paris et le Majordome by Georges Dumoulin (France)
 Monsieur Jean-Claude Vaucherin by Pascal Aubier (France)
 N.O.T.H.I.N.G. by Paul Sharits (France)
 Naissant by Stephen Dwoskin (United Kingdom)
 On the Every Day of the Eyes of Death by Robert Beavers (France)
 Paris des Négritudes by Jean Schmidt (France)
 Permanence by Busioc Ionesco (Romania)
 Que s'est-il passé en Mai? by Jean-Pierre Savignac (France)
 Rohfilm by G. Hein (France)
 S. Macht am Sonntag-Nachmittag keinen Film by Dieter Meier (France)
 Scenes from Under Childhood by Stan Brakhage (France)
 Souvenir de la nuit du 4 by Patrice Gauthier, Henry Lange (France)
 Speak by John Latham (United Kingdom)
 The Mysteries by Gregory Markopoulos (France)
 Twice A Man by Gregory Markopoulos (France)
 Untebrochene Flugverbindungen by Dieter Meier (France)
 Versucht mit Synth. Ton by Kurt Kren (France)
 Winged Dialogue by Robert Beavers (France)

Awards

Official awards
The following films and people received the 1969 Official selection awards:
Grand Prix du Festival International du Film: If.... by Lindsay Anderson
Grand Prix Spécial du Jury: Ådalen 31 by Bo Widerberg
Best Director:
Glauber Rocha for Antonio das Mortes
Vojtěch Jasný for All My Compatriots (Všichni dobří rodáci)
Best Actress: Vanessa Redgrave for Isadora
Best Actor: Jean-Louis Trintignant for Z
Jury Prize: Z by Costa Gavras (Unanimously)
Best First Work: Easy Rider by Dennis Hopper
Short films
Grand Prix International du Festival: Cîntecele Renasterii by Mirel Ilieşiu
Prix spécial du Jury: La Pince à ongles by Jean-Claude Carrière

Independent awards
FIPRESCI
FIPRESCI Prize: Andrei Rublev by Andrei Tarkovsky
Commission Supérieure Technique
Technical Grand Prize - Special Mention: All My Compatriots (Všichni dobří rodáci) by Vojtěch Jasný
Short film - Special Mention: Cîntecele Renasterii by Mirel Ilieşiu & Toccata by Herman van der Horst

References

Media
INA: Opening of the 1969 Festival (commentary in French)
INA: Closing ceremony Cannes 1969 (commentary in French)

External links
1969 Cannes Film Festival (web.archive)
Official website Retrospective 1969
Cannes Film Festival Awards for 1969 at Internet Movie Database

Cannes Film Festival, 1969
Cannes Film Festival, 1969
Cannes Film Festival

1969 Cannes Film Festival


is a 1998 Japanese original video animation (OVA) series. It is the fourth and last arc of the Future GPX Cyber Formula 2 OVA series. The story focuses on Bleed Kaga as he struggles to settle the score with Hayato Kazami.

Synopsis
Hayato Kazami and his exclusive race machine, Asurada, finished the Cyber Formula World Grand Prix XVI in 2021 successfully by defending his champion title. After the end of the Grand Prix, Kazami's racing team, Sugo Grand Prix, announces the contract of sponsorship with GIO Motors Inc., thus becoming Sugo GIO Grand Prix.

Meanwhile, Aoi ZIP Formula prepares its return to the Grand Prix after a year of a disgraceful super license suspension. However, Kyoko Aoi, the re-instated owner of Aoi ZIP Formula, receives a grim news from the executive officers of Aoi Motors that they would allow the team to join the Grand Prix with the outdated machine, Ex-Superion Z/A 10, and that the team will disband after the 2022 season unless a champion title is secured, as the officers fear that the rival group GIO's success in CF would greatly damage the already ruined reputation of the company. Bleed Kaga, not knowing this desperate situation coming towards him, returns to Japan to prepare for a test run and waited for the moment to challenge his arch-rival, Hayato Kazami.

After the end of the Grand Prix, Kaga retired from CF and sent his farewell messages to both Nagumo, who congratulated him for winning the race and thanking him on behalf of his brother and Kyoko, who resigned the ownership of the team and hopes to find the great driver who can replace him, respectively. Along with Grey and Phill, Kaga left Japan and headed back to the United States, he discarded his name of Bleed and assumed his real name, Jotaro.

References

External links
 Future GPX Cyber Formula SIN at official Future GPX Cyber Formula website

1998 anime OVAs
Fiction set in 2022
Medialink
Sunrise (company)

Future GPX Cyber Formula SIN


The Rupert River is one of the largest rivers in Quebec, Canada. From its headwaters in Lake Mistassini, the largest natural lake in Quebec, it flows  west into Rupert Bay on James Bay. The Rupert drains an area of .

There is some extremely large whitewater on the river, but paddlers can avoid much of it by portage routes on the side. The most impressive falls, which cannot be avoided except by portaging, are the "Oatmeal Rapids" right at the James Bay Road (a set of cascades dropping ) and "The Fours" near the end of the river (a  drop).

The Rupert has long been an important river for the Cree of the area. Every year, a group of Cree youth from the village of Waskaganish, at the mouth of the Rupert, travel up the river to Lake Nemiscau.

Major tributaries of the Rupert are (in downstream order):
 Natastan River (Rivière Natastan)
 Lemare River (Rivière Lemare) -  subbasin
 Marten River (Rivière à la Marte) -  subbasin
 Nemiscau River (Rivière Nemiscau) -  subbasin

History
In 1668, an expedition led by Médard des Groseilliers came to the mouth of the Rupert River in order to bypass French controlled areas along the St. Lawrence River and in doing so, trying to break the French hold on the fur trade. They named the river after the sponsor of the expedition, Prince Rupert. A fort (originally called Fort Charles) was established at the mouth of the river, which later became the trading post Rupert House, the oldest trading post of the Hudson's Bay Company. From then on, the Rupert River played a vital role in supplying inland trading posts (such as Nemiscau and Mistissini) with regular canoe brigades, right until the beginning of the twentieth century when supplies started to come from the south via rail and later road.

While having lost its importance as a trade route, the Rupert River has long been a popular destination for recreational canoe camping and whitewater canoeing.

Hydroelectric development

The Rupert, together with the Nottaway and Broadback rivers, was initially considered to be dammed and diverted as part of the James Bay Project. But in 1972, hydro-electric development began on the more northerly La Grande and Eastmain rivers, and the NBR Project was shelved.

The plan to divert the Rupert's headwaters into the La Grande hydroelectric complex was revived in 2002 when a landmark agreement between the Government of Quebec and the Grand Council of the Crees was signed. In this agreement, known as La Paix des braves (literally "Peace of the Braves"), the two parties agreed to authorize the completion of a long-delayed hydroelectric project on the Eastmain River, just to the north of the Rupert River. A subsequent agreement in April 2004 put an end to all litigation between the two parties and opening the way to the joint environmental assessment of the diversion of about 50% of the total water flow of the Rupert River (and 70% at the diversion point) northwards to the Eastmain River and into the La Grande hydroelectric watershed. The Grand Chief of the Crees, Matthew Mukash , elected in late 2005, opposed the Rupert diversion project, preferring the development of wind turbines in the region.

After completion of the joint environmental assessments by the Cree, Quebec and Canadian authorities, the governments of Quebec and Canada authorized the diversion and construction of hydroelectric installations on the Rupert River in late 2006. The diversion of water from the river began in November, 2009.  or 68% of its basin will be diverted through a  long transfer tunnel from the Rupert Forebay to the Rupert Tailbay in the Nemiscau basin and then onward to the Eastmain 1 Reservoir. The remaining work was complete in 2012.

Image gallery

See also
 List of longest rivers of Canada
 Royal eponyms in Canada
 List of rivers of Quebec

References

External links

The Rupert River website
The James Bay Road website - the James Bay region of Quebec
Save the Rupert
Rupert Reverence
The Rupert Hydroelectric Diversion (Hydro-Québec)
Environmental assessment process and documents (Ministry of the Environment of Québec) (fr)
Environmental assessment process and documents (Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency)
"Hydro-Electric Project to Reshape Wilderness" July 14, 2008 NPR radio report
Rezmutt's Flickr.com Rupert River Archive
The Rupert River (YouTube Video)

Rivers of Nord-du-Québec
James Bay Project
Tributaries of James Bay
Eeyou Istchee (territory)

Rupert River


Josef Henselmann (16 August 1898 in Sigmaringen – 19 January 1987) was a German sculptor and professor.

Henselmann was born in Sigmaringen, Province of Hohenzollern. After studying at the Gymnasium he completed an apprenticeship to be a wood sculptor. After the First World War he was a student at the Munich Academy. He taught at the Münchner Staatsschule für angewandte Kunst (Munich School for applied arts) and from 1946 was a professor at the Munich Academy, where he served an extensive period of time as Academy President. Henselmann died in Munich.

He was married to the painter Marianne Henselmann, née Euler (born 1903 in Aschaffenburg; died 2002 in Munich), with whom he had two children.

Selection of works
 High Altar in the St. Stephan's Cathedral in Passau
 Chorbogencruzifix in the Munich Frauenkirche
 Rindermarktbrunnen in Munich
 Vierjahreszeitenbrunnen in Sigmaringen
 Christophorus in der Prinzregentenstraße in Munich
 Trumpeter of Säckingen
as well as numerous other works in the Bavarian and Upper Swabian region.

 Hygieia in the foyer of Jodquellen AG in Bad Tölz

Selection of awards
 Großer Preussischer Staatspreis (Grand Prussian State Prize)
 Bayerischer Verdienstorden (Bavarian Order of Merit)
 Bayerischer Maximiliansorden für Wissenschaft und Kunst (Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art)
 Förderpreis im Bereich Bildende Kunst der Landeshauptstadt München (Translates as "Munich Fellowship of the Fine Arts") (1957)

1898 births
1987 deaths
People from Sigmaringen
People from the Province of Hohenzollern
Academic staff of the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni
20th-century German sculptors
20th-century German male artists
German male sculptors

Josef Henselmann


John Stewart Bell (28 June 1928 – 1 October 1990) was a Northern Irish physicist who made great contributions to quantum physics, and especially to the question of what Heisenberg's uncertainty principle really tells us about the world.

Born: Belfast, Northern Ireland
B.S.: Queen's University of Belfast, 1948
Ph.D.: University of Birmingham, 1956

Paper entitled "On the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox" introduced Bell's theorem, 1964 (Direct download from:
http://www.ffn.ub.es/luisnavarro/nuevo_maletin/Bell%20(1964)_Bell%27s%20theorem.pdf
"On the Problem of Hidden Variables in Quantum Mechanics" discussed the supposed existence of hidden variables, 1966. (Direct download from http://www.mugur-schachter.net/docsupload/autresPublications/autresPublications_doc2.pdf)

Quantum mechanics

John Stewart Bell


The Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies. It governed the colonies before and during the American Revolution and met three times from 1774 to 1789.

First congress
In the First Continental Congress, delegates from twelve colonies (all but Georgia) met in September 1774 because of the Coercive Acts imposed by the British Parliament on Massachusetts to answer the Boston Tea Party and other resistance to new taxes. The following men served as the president of the First Continental Congress:

 Peyton Randolph (September 5, 1774 – October 21, 1774)
 Henry Middleton (October 22, 1774 – October 26, 1774)

Second congress
The Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania starting in May of 1775. It was made up of representatives from all 13 colonies. On July 4, 1776 the Congress approved the United States Declaration of Independence, which was mostly written by Thomas Jefferson. The Second Continental Congress was formed partly to manage the colonial troops fighting the Revolutionary War. Troops fighting for the colonies were known as the militia army led by George Washington.

The following men served as president of the Second Continental Congress:

 Peyton Randolph (May 10, 1775 – May 23, 1775)
 John Hancock (May 24, 1775 – October 31, 1777)
 Henry Laurens (November 1, 1777 – December 9, 1778)
 John Jay (December 10, 1778 – September 27, 1779)
 Samuel Huntington (September 28, 1779 – March 1, 1781)

18th century in Philadelphia
Unicameral legislatures
1770s in Pennsylvania
Legislative branch of the United States government

Continental Congress


The Italian constitution referendum 2016 wis on on the 4t o December. It wis anent reformin whit the constitution says anent the Senate, in parteecular meanin the govrenment isnae accountable tae the Senate ony mair, an the definition o whit competence is o the region an whit is o the central govrenment. The ootcome wis agin the reforms, wi 41% votin for the reforms.

Pairty poseetions
The pairty in pouer, the Democrat pairty o Italy, Union o the Centre an New Centre-Richt wis for it. The 5 starn muivement, Northren League, Strang Italy an the Italian Left wis agin it.

2016
Italy
Elections

Italian constitution referendum, 2016


Dan P. McAdams (born February 7, 1954) is personality psychologist and the Henry Wade Rogers Professor in the Department of Psychology at Northwestern University.

He was raised in Gary, Indiana, where he attended nearby Valparaiso University. In 1979 he was awarded a Ph.D. from the Harvard Department of Social Relations.

McAdams is the author of The Person: An Introduction to the Science of Personality Psychology, a classroom textbook. He co-edited, with Amia Lieblich and Ruthellen Josselson, the eleven-book series "The Narrative Study of Lives". He is a member of The Human Capital and Economic Opportunity Working Group at the Becker Friedman Institute for Research in Economics.

Three Levels of Personality
McAdams' three level model of personality was used in Jonathan Haidt's The Happiness Hypothesis The three levels are :
  Dispositional traits, a person's general tendencies. For example, the Big Five personality traits lists: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.
  Characteristic adaptations, a person's desires, beliefs, concerns, and coping mechanisms.
  Life stories, the stories that give a life a sense of unity, meaning, and purpose. This is known as narrative identity.

Publication

Bibliography
Selected publications:
 McAdams, D. P. (2015). "The art and science of personality development" New York: The Guilford Press
 McAdams, D. P.  (2011). "George W. Bush and the redemptive dream: A psychological portrait." New York: Oxford University Press.
 McAdams, D. P., & Olson, B.  (2010). "Personality development:  Continuity and change over the life course." In S. Fiske, D. Schacter, and R. Sternberg (Eds.), Annual Review of Psychology (Vol. 61, pp. 517–542).  Palo Alto, CA:  Annual Reviews, Inc.
 Bauer, J. J., & McAdams, D. P.  (2010). "Eudaimonic growth:  Narrative growth goals predict increases in ego development and subjective well-being 3 years later." Developmental Psychology, 46, 761–772.
 McAdams, D. P.  (2009). "The person:  An introduction to the science of personality psychology" (5th Ed.).  New York: Wiley.
 McAdams, Dan P. (2008). Foreword to Explorations in Personality, by Henry A. Murray. New York: Oxford University Press.
 McAdams, D. P., Albaugh, M., Farber, E., Daniels, J., Logan, R. L., & Olson, B.  (2008).  "Family metaphors and moral intuitions:  How conservatives and liberals narrate their lives." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 978–990.
 McAdams, D. P., & Pals, J. L.  (2006). "A new Big Five: Fundamental principles for an integrative science of personality." American Psychologist, 61, 204–217.
 McAdams, D. P.  (2006). "The redemptive self: Stories Americans live by." New York: Oxford University Press.
 McAdams, D. P., Josselson, R. & Lieblich, A. (2001). "Turns in the road : narrative studies of lives in transition" Washington, DC : American Psychological Association.

Articles and essays
 McAdams, D. P., & Guo, J.  (2015).  Narrating the generative life.  Psychological Science, 26, 475–483.
 Manczak, E., Zapata-Gietl, C., & McAdams, D. P.  (2014).  Regulatory focus in the life story:  Prevention and promotion as expressed in three layers of personality.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106, 169–181.
 McAdams, D. P.  (2013).  The psychological self as actor, agent, and author.  Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8, 272–295.
 McAdams, D.P. (1995). What do we know when we know a person? Journal of Personality. 63:3, 365 - 396. Duke University Press.

References

21st-century American psychologists
1954 births
Living people
Harvard University alumni
Personality psychologists
Valparaiso University alumni
20th-century American psychologists

Dan P. McAdams


Orchard MRT Station (NS22/TE14) is a rapid transit station in Singapore. It is an underground station on the North South Line of the Mass Rapid Transit. The station is located along Orchard Road, on the boundary of Orchard and River Valley planning areas, Singapore. Its platform livery is maroon, but it is mostly clad with black marble.

This station serves the western part of Orchard Road.

The original name for Orchard was Orchard Boulevard.

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations

Orchard MRT station


Barilium is a genus of iguanodontian dinosaur which was first described as a species of Iguanodon (I. dawsoni) by Richard Lydekker in 1888, the specific epithet honouring the discoverer Charles Dawson.

In 2010 it was reclassified as a separate genus by David Norman. The generic name Barilium is derived from Greek barys, "heavy", and Latin ilium. Later in 2010, Kenneth Carpenter and Yusuke Ishida independently assigned it to the new genus Torilion, which is thus a junior objective synonym of Barilium. It is known from two partial skeletons found near St Leonards-on-Sea in East Sussex, England, from the middle Valanginian-age Lower Cretaceous Wadhurst Clay. Lydekker based the species on the syntype series BMNH R798, 798a, 803-805, 806, 798b, 802, 802a and 799-801. Norman chose NHMUK R 798 and R802, a dorsal vertebra and a left ilium, as the lectotype.

A contemporary of Hypselospinus (also once thought to be a species of Iguanodon), Barilium was a robust iguanodontian estimated at  long.

Barilium is separated from Hypselospinus on the basis of vertebral and pelvic characters, size, and build. For example, Barilium was more robust than Hypselospinus, with large Camptosaurus-like vertebrae featuring short neural spines, whereas Hypselospinus is known for its "long, narrow, and steeply inclined neural spines".

References

Iguanodonts
Valanginian life
Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Europe
Cretaceous England
Fossils of England
Fossil taxa described in 2010
Taxa named by David B. Norman
Ornithischian genera

Barilium


Strategy guides are instruction books that contain hints or complete solutions to specific video games.  The line between strategy guides and walkthroughs is somewhat blurred, with the former often containing or being written around the latter. Strategy guides are often published in print, both in book form and also as articles within video game magazines. In cases of exceptionally popular game titles, guides may be sold through more mainstream publication channels, such as bookstores or even newsstands. Some publishers also sell E-Book versions on their websites.

Strategy guides marketed as "official" are written by game distributors themselves or licensed to a specialty publishing house; Prima Games and Piggyback Interactive specialise in writing official guides for various companies. There are also a number of publishers who make unlicensed, "unofficial" strategy guides, and many of today's mainstream publishers began by making such guides.

Typical contents
The contents of a strategy guide varies between game genres. Typically, the guides contain:
 Detailed gameplay information, for example, maneuvers that are not detailed in the manual.
 Complete maps of the game, which show the placement of all items (including hidden and hard-to-find ones).
 Detailed instructions for specific locations on how to proceed from there.
 Explanations of puzzles.
 Details of enemies, including techniques on defeating individual enemies (especially bosses), the segment for minor enemies is commonly referred to as a bestiary.
 Checklist of collectible items.
 Cheats and game editing, although this has been less common in official guides.
 Walkthroughs to help the player complete levels.
 Advice on tactics and strategies for use in multi-player (games with multi-player only)

Publishing before game release
In order to be released at the same time as the game, commercial strategy guides are often based on a pre-release version of the game, rather than the final retail version; BradyGames' guide for Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas included misplaced item locations and a slightly different map, which made some directions impossible to follow. BradyGames rectified such mistakes by offering free errata pages for download from their website.

Strategy guides are sometimes published before the game itself is published. This can be risky because there is always the chance that a game will end up not being released. For example, in January 2001, Prima published a guide () for the Dreamcast version of Half-Life, which was canceled late in development when Sega discontinued the console.

Online guides

Online strategy guides and FAQs are hosted at sites such as GameFAQs and IGN FAQs, though much of this content is user generated and not published by the company.  A number of other sites contain strategy guides, and videos in a number of niche areas, such as Role Playing Games or First Person Shooters. These sites may attract a more limited set of viewers, but can include more depth of content. Video-sharing sites such as YouTube have given rise to video walkthroughs using programs such as Fraps, which allows players to more easily mirror the strategies being described. These videos are re-posted to a number of sites.

Video game wikis are used as both strategy guides and documentation. Content is generated and edited completely by users. Wikis allow for information to updated if a developer introduced a new patch to the game. Wiki farms such as Fandom and Gamepedia host a large number of unofficial video game wikis while wikis can be integrated into the overall site such as IGN Wikis. While most wikis are considered unofficial and not supported by the developer, some developers may choose to do so for various reasons. These reasons may include resolving copyright issues and real world trading that may be found on unofficial wikis. For example, ArenaNet hosts an official wiki for Guild Wars and Guild Wars 2, citing that "it's often more complete and useful than the documentation that ArenaNet generates internally." Information on the wiki is integrated into the game, allowing players to access information from in game. Although the wiki is hosted by ArenaNet, the site is run and moderated by the community and contributions are released under GNU Free Document License (GDFL) similar to sites such as Wikipedia.

Aside from the quality of the content, the community aspect of fan walkthroughs is significant. One perspective argues that walkthroughs are shared stories for gamers and game fans.  In creating walkthroughs, gamers actively create meaning for the games.  This is similar to activities of traditional media such as books, films and television (e.g., Fan Fiction).

The increasing availability of free online FAQs and walkthroughs has taken away some of the demand for commercial strategy guides, although there is still a large market for them. Print guides often feature extensive picture-by-picture walkthroughs, maps, and game art, none of which is possible in the plain-text works hosted by prominent sites such as GameFAQs. Some newer sites allow strategy guides to be hosted in formats that allow pictures and videos, which further undercuts the advantages of print strategy guides.

Some publishers have tried combining their printed books with the Internet. In 2000, the Final Fantasy IX Official Strategy Guide was published by BradyGames, but much of the information was contained on Square's PlayOnline website. This seemed like a good way to promote PlayOnline, while creating a guide that would have updatable content, but it was widely panned. Players saw no need of buying a book if a significant part of the content was online; and there was no point paying for online content from one site, if it was available for free on another site. As a result, Square abandoned the online strategy guide concept and released traditional printed guides for future games.

Source mistakes
Some companies make mistakes in the book about the game itself, such as stating that "Character A" has a relationship with "Character B", despite there being no relationship. In a strategy guide for Diddy Kong Racing they referred to characters with terms such as "The Dinosaur" and "The Octopus" instead of their names.

Games journalist and guide writer Alan Emrich has severely criticized recent strategy guides for:
Containing only facts which should have been in the game manual, e.g. about the user interface.
Failing to teach users how to improve their play.
Failing to provide information which helps them to make decisions, e.g. about the capabilities and costs of units and buildings.
Being inaccurate, often because the developers have tweaked the game during the publication lead time.

The faults, he says, are mainly caused by the game publishers' and guide publishers' haste to get their products on to the market; "[previously] strategy guides were published after a game was released so that they could be accurate, even to the point of including information changes from late game 'patch' releases. The Master of Orion official strategy guide that Tom Hughes and I wrote is just that kind of book."

Lists

Best-selling guide books

Best-selling guide series

See also
Golden age of video arcade games
Video game walkthrough

References

Works about video games
Handbooks and manuals
Video game terminology

Strategy guide


Adaptation is the evolutionary process where an organism becomes better suited to its habitat. This process takes place over many generations. It is one of the basic phenomena of biology.

When people speak about adaptation, they often mean a 'feature' (a trait) which helps an animal or plant survive. An example is the adaptation of horses' teeth to grinding grass. Grass is their usual food; it wears the teeth down, but horses' teeth continue to grow during life. Horses also have adapted to run fast, which helps them to escape their predators, such as lions. These features are the product of the process of adaptation.

The illustration of bird beaks shows an obvious sign of their different ways of life. However, eating a different food also means having a different digestive system, gut, claws, wings and above all, different inherited behaviour. For the major adaptations, what changes is not a single trait, but a whole group of features.

Adaptation occurs because the better adapted animals are the most likely to survive, and to reproduce successfully. This process is known as natural selection; it is the basic cause of evolutionary change.

General principles
Adaptation is, first of all, a process, rather than a physical part of a body.
Adaptation... could no longer be considered a static condition, a product of a creative past, and became instead a continuing dynamic process. Ernst Mayr.p483

An internal parasite (such as a fluke) is a good example: it has a very simple bodily structure, but still the organism is highly adapted to its particular environment. From this we see that adaptation is not just a matter of visible traits: in such parasites critical adaptations take place in the life cycle, which is often quite complex.

However, as a practical term, adaptation is often used for the product: those features of a species which result from the process. Many aspects of an animal or plant can be correctly called adaptations, though there are always some features whose function is in doubt. By using the term adaptation for the evolutionary process, and adaptive trait for the bodily part or function (the product), the two senses of the word may be distinguished.

Adaptation is one of the two main processes that explain the diverse species we see in biology. The other is speciation (species-splitting or cladogenesis).p562 A favourite example used today to study the interplay of adaptation and speciation is the evolution of cichlid fish in African lakes.

An organism must be viable at all stages of its development and at all stages of its evolution. This places constraints on the evolution of development, behaviour and structure of organisms.

The general idea is that each genetic and phenotypic change during evolution should be relatively small, because developmental systems are so complex and interlinked. But polyploidy in plants is a fairly common large genetic change. The origin of the eukaryota by the symbiosis of micro-organisms is a more exotic example.

Ecological niches
All adaptations help organisms survive in their ecological niches. This implies an increase in biological fitness.

These adaptive traits may be structural, behavioural or physiological. Structural adaptations are physical features of an organism (shape, body covering, armament; and also the internal organization).

Behavioural adaptations are composed of inherited behaviour chains and/or the ability to learn: behaviours may be inherited in detail (instincts), or a tendency for learning may be inherited (see neuropsychology). Examples: searching for food, sex, vocalizations.

Physiological adaptations permit the organism to perform special functions (for instance, making venom, secreting slime, phototropism); but also more general functions such as growth and development, temperature regulation, ionic balance and other aspects of homeostasis. Adaptation, then, affects all aspects of the life of an organism.

Suits of adaptations
Important adaptations do not come singly. They come in groups, which work together to make the animal or plant successful in its particular niche or life-style.

Woodpeckers

Woodpecker adaptations are a good example of how a whole suite of features are needed for a successful way of life.
The bill: its tip is chisel-like, and self-sharpening by the pecking on wood. The bird uses it to get at grubs under the bark, to widen a hole to make a nest and to signal its territory by drumming. Many of the foraging, breeding and signalling behaviours of woodpeckers involve drumming and hammering using the bill.
Long sticky tongues grab insect grubs which live under bark.
The millisecond before contact with wood a thickened nictitating membrane closes, protecting the eye from flying debris. The nostrils are also protected; they are often slit-like and have special feathers to cover them.
To prevent brain damage from the rapid and repeated decelerations, woodpeckers have evolved a number of adaptations which protect the brain. These include
small brain size
the position of the brain spreads the area of contact between the brain and the skull
the short duration of contact
the unequal length of the upper and lower parts of their beaks (the lower is longer). This steers the impact force downwards, away from the brain.
the woodpecker's brain is held in a skull with uneven, spongy plates that absorb shock.
woodpeckers have a special hyoid bone, which reaches from their beak, loops over top of the skull to completely surround their brains. This acts to keep the brain in place. It is the movement of the brain inside the skull during impact, more than the blow itself, that causes concussions. If the brain is held in place, injury risks are greatly reduced.
Woodpeckers have zygodactyl feet. These feet have four toes, the first and the fourth face backward, and the second and third face forward. This foot arrangement is good for grasping the limbs and trunks of trees. Members of this family can walk vertically up a tree trunk. In addition to the strong claws and feet, woodpeckers have short strong legs. This is typical of birds that forage on trunks.
The tails of woodpeckers are stiffened, and when the bird perches on vertical surfaces, the tail and feet work together to support it.
The whole system is helped by changes in the brain, nervous system, muscles and ligaments from what was usual in their ancestors.

Ancestral woodpeckers, which switched to climbing on tree trunks, had ancestral foot and tail structure. This suggests that a change in behaviour, perhaps to get at a better food source, was one of the first things that happened in the chain of events. The way evolutionary novelties start is an important topic.

Functions of adaptations

Traits with no function
Not all features of an organism are adaptations. It may need field investigations or experiments to find out whether it has a function in the life of the species.

Adaptations tend to reflect the past life of a species. If a species has recently changed its life style, a once valuable adaptation may become a dwindling vestige. Animals which live in dark caves often lose, over a long period, their colours and eyesight.

The reasons for this may vary. The loss of structure and function may be a positive adaptation which saves energy and materials. But it may be simply a by-product of genes selected for other functions (pleiotropy). Or the structure may be linked in development, and affected by selection for some other structure.

It is a general rule that any adaptations which are no longer useful either become vestigial organs (see vermiform appendix), or may be selected and adapted to other functions (see ear ossicles).

Adaptations with multiple functions
Many adaptations serve more than one function. This is often the reason some traits become so noticeable that they almost define the species concerned. The legs of a horse are also a main defence: a horse's kick is very destructive. The antlers of male deer serve a sexual function as well as a defence against predators. Man's large brain serves not only for language, but also for thinking and problem-solving. Bird feathers are not just used to fly; they are the basis of its heat conservation, temperature regulation and signalling

Compromise and conflict between adaptations
It is a profound truth that Nature does not know best; that genetical evolution... is a story of waste, makeshift, compromise and blunder. Peter Medawar.

Adaptations are never perfect. There are always tradeoffs between the various functions and structures in a body. It is the organism as a whole which lives and reproduces, therefore it is the complete set of adaptations which gets passed on to future generations.

All adaptations have a downside: horse legs are great for running on grass, but they cannot scratch their backs; mammals' hair helps temperature regulation, but offers a niche for ectoparasites. Compromise and make-shift occur widely, not perfection. Selection pressures pull in different directions, and the adaptation that results is some kind of compromise.

Since the phenotype as a whole is the target of selection, it is impossible to improve simultaneously all aspects of the phenotype to the same degree. Ernst Mayr.p589

Peacocks

Camouflage to avoid detection is destroyed when vivid colours are displayed at mating time. Here the risk to life is counterbalanced by the need for reproduction. The peacock's ornamental train (grown anew in time for each mating season) is a famous adaptation. It must reduce his maneuverability and flight, and is hugely conspicuous; also, its growth costs food resources.

Darwin's explanation of its advantage was in terms of sexual selection: "it depends on the advantage which certain individuals have over other individuals of the same sex and species, in relation to reproduction". The kind of sexual selection represented by the peacock is called 'mate choice', meaning the process selects the more fit over the less fit, and so has survival value. In practice, the blue peafowl Pavo cristatus is a pretty successful species, with a big natural range in India, so the overall outcome of their mating system is quite viable.

Human birth
The size of the human foetal brain at birth means the brain of a newborn child is quite immature. The newborn's brain cannot be larger than about 400ccs, else it will not get through the mother's pelvis. Yet the size needed for an adult brain is about 1400ccs.

The most vital things in human life (locomotion, speech) just have to wait while the brain grows and matures. That is the result of the birth compromise. Much of the problem comes from our upright bipedal stance, without which our pelvis could be shaped more suitably for birth. Neanderthals had a similar problem.

Change of function over time
The function of a trait can, and often does, change over time. Several terms have been used to describe this: preadaptation, exaptation, cooption. 'Preadaptation' is the most common term used when a preexisting structure or trait inherited from an ancestor evolves a different function. It was the term used by Julian Huxley and Ernst Mayr. The term 'pre-' does not mean any foresight, it just means the adaptation was already available, serving some older function. 'Exaptation' was Stephen J. Gould's word.

One example of preadaptation is in dinosaurs, which evolved feathers with the function of thermo-insulation and display long before they were used for flight by early birds. Sweat glands in mammals were later transformed into mammary glands. Another example is the long journey of the mammalian ear ossicles, which started in the gill covers of ancient fish, then became part of the lower jaw of reptiles, and then became part of the inner ear of mammals. Another example is the wings of penguins. Once used for flying, they are now used for 'flying' under water.

Change of function in organs and structures is extremely common in evolution. Many of the features of tetrapods (land vertebrates) evolved from features with different functions in the ancestral lobe-finned fish (Sarcopterygii).

Definitions
The following definitions are mainly due to Theodosius Dobzhansky.
 Adaptation is the evolutionary process whereby an organism becomes better able to live in its habitat or habitats.
 Adaptedness is the state of being adapted: the degree to which an organism is able to live and reproduce in a given set of habitats.
 An adaptive trait is an aspect of the developmental pattern of the organism which improves the probability of that organism surviving and reproducing.

Related pages
Evolution
Adaptive radiation
Natural selection
Fitness
Speciation
Mimicry

References

Evolutionary biology

Adaptation


The 6 Hours of Zhuhai is a sports car endurance race held at the Zhuhai International Circuit in Zhuhai, Guangdong, China.  The race was first held in 1994 on a street circuit as a round of the BPR Global GT Series.  It was held 7 times in 14 years in BPR and the FIA GT Championship, and revived in 2010 under the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup.

Results

External links
Racing Sports Cars: Zhuhai archive

Recurring sporting events established in 1994

6 Hours of Zhuhai


Hollnseth is a municipality in the district of Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

Hollnseth belonged to the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, established in 1180. In 1648 the Prince-Archbishopric was transformed into the Duchy of Bremen, which was first ruled in personal union by the Swedish Crown - interrupted by a Danish occupation (1712-1715) - and from 1715 on by the Hanoverian Crown. In 1807 the ephemeric Kingdom of Westphalia annexed the Duchy, before France annexed it in 1810. In 1813 the Duchy was restored to the Electorate of Hanover, which - after its upgrade to the Kingdom of Hanover in 1814 - incorporated the Duchy in a real union and the Ducal territory, including Hollnseth, became part of the new Stade Region, established in 1823.

References

Hollnseth


TabletKiosk is a manufacturer of enterprise-grade Tablet PCs and UMPCs located in Torrance, California, United States. All mobile computers produced by TabletKiosk fall into the slate category, featuring touchscreen or pen (active digitizer) input, in lieu of integrated or convertible keyboards. Current products include the Sahara Slate PC i500 series, designed in-house at TabletKiosk's Taiwan R&D facility. Early generations of the eo brand of UMPC (Ultra-Mobile PC) were designed in collaboration with outside designers and the TabletKiosk team, while the fourth generation of this brand, the eo a7400 is designed exclusively in-house.

TabletKiosk is a wholly owned subsidiary of Sand Dune Ventures, based in Torrance, California.

In 2006, TabletKiosk delayed shipment of its "eo" brand tablet after discovering problems with the device's fan.

SoftBrands announced in 2007 that it would use TabletKiosk's Sahara Slate PC line to distribute SoftBrands software to hotel companies.

Parkland Memorial Hospital in Dallas, Texas, United States, has patients visiting its emergency department fill in their details using a TabletKiosk machine.,

In 2013, Healthcare Global named the Sahara Slate PC i500 as One of the Top 10 Mobile Tablets For Healthcare Professionals.

References

External links
 Company website

Computer hardware companies
Companies established in 2003
Microsoft Tablet PC
Tablet computers

TabletKiosk


Abanotubani (, literally "bath district") is the ancient district of Tbilisi, Georgia, known for its sulphuric baths.

Located at the eastern bank of the Mtkvari River at the foot of Narikala fort across Metekhisubani, Abanotubani is an important historic part of the city: it is where according to a legend the King of Iberia, Vakhtang Gorgasali's falcon fell, leading to a discovery of the hot springs and, subsequently, to founding of a new capital.

References

Neighborhoods of Tbilisi

Abanotubani


Dissection means  to cut open the animal in order to ascertain the structure of it parts. Dissection is a standard laboratory technique in biology and pathology. To dissect is to cut up a body so as to reveal its structure. The body could be that of a human, an animal, or a plant. Dissections are regularly done in autopsies to help determine the cause of death. They are done by zoologists to find out the internal structure of animal bodies. The comparative anatomy of animals, revealed by dissections, gives clues as to their evolutionary relationships.

Pathology
Zoology

de:Dissektion

Dissection


, formally identified as , is a Buddhist temple in northern Kyoto, first founded in 1382 by Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, with the existing temple complex having undergone several periods of extensive reconstruction and rebuilding in the succeeding eras.

History
Shōkoku-ji was founded in the middle Muromachi period.  Initial construction of the central temple structures was begun in 1383, and the entire temple complex was initially dedicated in 1392. In the eighth month of the third year of Meitoku, Yoshimitsu organized a great banquet attended by all the great officers of the Imperial court and the military leaders of that time.  The pomp and ceremony of the affair was said to have equaled an Imperial event.

In 1383, the Zen master  (1311–1388) was designated by Yoshimitsu as founding abbot, however, Myōha insisted that the official honor be posthumously accorded to his own teacher, Musō Soseki.  The formal decision to grant this posthumous honor was proclaimed in 1385.

The entire temple complex was destroyed by fire in 1394; but reconstruction financed by Yoshimitsu followed soon after. The temple complex has been rebuilt many times over the centuries, notably during the Onin War.

After the Muromachi period, Shōkoku-ji was supported by several national leaders such as Toyotomi Hideyoshi, his son Toyotomi Hideyori, and Tokugawa Ieyasu, all of whom helped finance the temple's various reconstruction projects.
 Hideyori financed the 1605 reconstruction of the Hattō (Dharma Hall); and this structure, designated as an Important Cultural Property, is presently the oldest building of its type in Japan.
 Ieyasu donated the Sanmon (Mountain Gate) in 1609.
 Emperor Go-Mizunoo donated an imperial palace building to serve as the Kaisando  (Founder's Hall).
Other buildings were reconstructed during this period, but, with the notable exception of the 17th-century hatto, the temple complex was largely devastated during the conflagration of 1788. Some structures, including the Hojo and the Kuri, were later rebuilt in the 19th century.

Dragon

The Hattō hall  (法堂) has on its slightly domed ceiling a large painting of a dragon. The painting was done by Kanō Mitsunobu (1565–1608). The dragon symbolises the rain of Buddhist teachings. When clapping the hands together, the sound reverberates between the slightly domed ceiling and the paved stone floor, echoing throughout the hall as if it was the thunder of the dragon.

The main hall of Kennin-ji in Kyoto also has a large dragon on its ceiling.

Buddhist center
Shōkoku-ji is considered to be one of the so-called Kyoto Gozan or "five great Zen temples of Kyoto". It was ranked the second of the Kyoto during the medieval period.  For a short time in 1392, Shōkoku-ji was considered first amongst the Gozan.

Shōkoku-ji is one of fourteen autonomous branches of the Rinzai school of Japanese Zen.  Today the temple is headquarters for the Shōkoku-ji branch of Rinzai Zen, with  over ninety affiliated temples, including the famous Golden Pavilion and the Silver Pavilion temples in Kyoto.

The Jotenkaku Museum is located in the premises of the temple.

See also
List of National Treasures of Japan (crafts-others)
List of National Treasures of Japan (writings)
Itō Jakuchū
 Hōkō-ji, today a sub-temple
 List of Buddhist temples in Kyoto
 List of tallest structures built before the 20th century
 For an explanation of terms concerning Japanese Buddhism, Buddhist art, and Buddhist temple architecture, see the Glossary of Japanese Buddhism.

Notes

References
 Baroni, Helen Josephine. (2002).  The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism. New York: Rosen Publishing Group. ;  OCLC 42680558
 Dumoulin, Heinrich. (2005)   Zen Buddhism: a History. Bloomington, Indiana: World Wisdom.  (paper)
 Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1956). Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794-1869. Kyoto: The Ponsonby Memorial Society.
 Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652], Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou,  Annales des empereurs du Japon.  Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.
 Snyder, Gary. (1969).   Earth House Hold: Technical Notes & Queries to Fellow Dharma Revolutionaries. New York :New Directions Publishing. ;

External links

 Shōkoku-ji official web site
  Kyoto Prefectural Tourism Guide:  Shōkoku-ji
  Joint Council for Japanese Rinzai and Obaku Zen:  Shōkoku-ji

1382 establishments in Asia
Buddhist temples in Kyoto

Shokoku-ji temples
Important Cultural Properties of Japan
1380s establishments in Japan

Shōkoku-ji


Fabio Viale (Cuneo, September 19, 1975) is an Italian sculptor.

Viale's sculptures have been exhibited in Italy, Russia, Germany and the United States.  Two of his sculptures were full-sized marble boats that were actually launched into water.

Early life and work
After his studies at the artistic high school and at the Accademia Albertina in Turin, Italy, Viale started to work professionally as a sculptor.

Career
In 2002 Viale presented Ahgalla, a marble boat able to float and to transport people using an outboard motor. It was launched in Carrara, Turin, Rome, Milan, Venice, Triest, Saint Petersburg, and Moscow. In 2009, Viale made a solo exhibition at the Loft Project Etagi of Saint Petersburg (Russia) that had more than 30,000 visitors. There, he launched Ahgalla 2, an improved version of Ahgalla, on the Neva River.

In 2010 Viale sculpted 'Cavour', a monument dedicated to Camillo Benso in Quirinale Palace (Rome, Italy). In 2011, Fabio exhibited his sculptures at an exhibition at the Garage Museum of Contemporary Art in Moscow, Russia. The next year, the 'Museo del Novecento' in Milan (Italy) exhibited his most representative artworks, and acquired a sculpture for its permanent collection. In 2012, the Henreaux Foundation in Querceta, Italy gave him an award.

In 2013 Viale ran a solo exhibition at the Sperone Westwater Gallery in New York. In 2014 he won the 15th Cairo Prize, Italy. In 2017 Viale received 52nd international prize Le Muse at the Salone del Cinquecento at Palazzo Vecchio in Florence, Italy. In January 2018 he presented the exhibition Lucky Ehi- a version of 'La Pietà' by Michelangelo, but without the Christ in Milan (Italy) at 'Poggiali Gallery'. After a few months it was moved through Lampedusa's sea (Italy). In July of the same year he opened a solo exhibition at the Glyptothek in Munich (Germany) where he exhibited 11 sculptures, most of them large. Meanwhile, his monumental Laocoonte (white marble tattooed), was shown for the first time in Königsplatz in Munich. In 2019 he participated at the 58th edition of the Biennale in Venice, Italy.

References

1975 births
Living people
21st-century Italian sculptors
21st-century male artists
People from Cuneo
Italian contemporary artists

Fabio Viale