Ann Mandrella is a French actress, born in Besançon, France on the 3rd of August. She has performed in theatre productions throughout Europe and in New York City.

Biography
Ann's family moved to the town of Koblenz in Germany when Ann was a young child. From the beginning, Ann showed an interest in the performing arts. Her family encouraged her talent and she was enrolled in dancing and singing classes outside of school (the school she attended did not offer an arts program) and she participated in the local children's community theatre productions. After completing her secondary school education, Ann attended the Folkwang Hochschule in Essen, Germany for three years. There, she obtained a degree in musical theatre performance. After she graduated, she moved to Vienna, Austria to pursue further studies in the performing arts at the Gesangsstudio Theater. During her time in school, Ann supported herself through modeling work and by doing ballet/dance for local television shows.

Just before she completed her studies in Gesangsstudio, Ann was cast as Cha Cha in Grease (Vienna production), and she performed on the original cast album for the show. After her successful run in Grease, other roles would follow, including Babette in Beauty and the Beast, Anita in West Side Story, Roxie in Chicago, and Queenie in The Wild Party. She performed in several cities and countries throughout Europe, including Vienna (Austria), Amstetten (Austria), Stuttgart (Germany), Berlin (Germany), and Bern (Switzerland). Though she traveled often in order to perform, Ann's primary city of residence remained Vienna, where she maintains an apartment to this day.

During her time working in Europe, Ann met and married Drew Sarich, an American musical theatre actor and musician. In late 2005, Drew's career brought him to San Francisco. Ann, who was working on Show Boat in Switzerland, joined her husband in New York in February 2006. In September of that year, Ann made her American stage debut in the critically acclaimed Off-Broadway revival of Jacques Brel is Alive and Well and Living in Paris, which also starred her husband. In 2007, she made her Broadway debut as Babette in the Broadway production of Beauty and the Beast and was the final actress to play the role.1 Ann later moved back to Austria, where she currently resides with her husband and children. In 2009, she played the title role in the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical Evita in the Dortmund Theater in Germany, as well as Gitta in the European premiere of the Gershwin musical Pardon My English at the Staatsoperette Dresden.

Stage Work
Grease - Cha-Cha (1994–1995)
Die Schöne und Das Biest (Vienna) - Babette (1995–1997)
Cole Porter Revue - Juliet (1996–1997)
West Side Story - Anita (1997)
City of Angels (Krefeld) - Gabby/Bobby (1997)
Die Schöne und Das Biest (Stuttgart) - Babette (1997–1998)
City of Angels (Amstetten) - Gabby/Bobby (1998)
Chicago (Vienna) - June (u/s Roxie)  (1998–1999)
Chicago (Berlin) - Roxie  (2000)
Chicago (Switzerland) - Roxie  (2000–2001)
Time Out! - Maxine (2001)
Chicago (Düsseldorf) - Roxie  (2001–2002)
What A Feeling - Aylin (2002)
Wake Up - Lydia (2002–2004)
Lapdog and Wildcat (2003)
The Wild Party (Amstetten) - Queenie (2003)
The Wild Party (Klagenfurt) - Queenie (2004–2005)
Show Boat - Ellie (2005–2006)
Jacques Brel is Alive and Well and Living in Paris - u/s Woman #1 (2006)
Beauty and the Beast (Broadway) - Babette (2007)
Evita (Dortmund) - Eva Perón (2009)
Pardon My English (Dresden) - Gitta (2009)
Ich war noch niemals in New York (Vienna) - Lisa Wartberg (2010)
Hello, Dolly! (Lehar festival, Bad-Ischl) - Dolly Levi (2013)

Discography

Cast Recordings

What A Feeling (Original Bonn Cast)
Wake Up (Original Wien Cast)
Die Schöne und Das Biest (Original Stuttgart Cast)
Chicago (Original Wien Cast)
Die Schöne und Das Biest (Original Wien Cast)
Grease (Original Wien Cast)

Miscellaneous
Musical Christmas In Vienna (2003 Concert Cast)

References

1. Ann Mandrella Biography. annmandrella.com Retrieved 30 Jan 2007

External links
Ann Mandrella Official Site

1971 births
Living people
Actors from Besançon
French stage actresses
French musical theatre actresses

Ann Mandrella


Tapout was an American reality television series that focuses on the world of mixed martial arts. The series premiered on Versus, which is now NBC Sports Network, on June 3, 2007, before moving to its regular Wednesday night timeslot beginning June 6. The series follows Charles Lewis, Jr. - "Mask", Dan Caldwell - "Punkass", and Tim Katz "SkySkrape" of the Tapout clothing and gear line, as they travel around the country in search of promising MMA fighters to develop and possibly sponsor. Each episode follows the training and development of one fighter, culminating in a fight at a professional MMA event.

As the series progressed the focus broadened to encompass not just the scouting of new talent but also the efforts of the Tapout crew to build their business, including day-to-day operations and the inter-relationships between the crew members and other Tapout employees.

On March 11, 2009, Charles "Mask" Lewis was killed in an automobile accident in Newport Beach, California. A female companion was ejected from the car and taken for medical treatment but Lewis was pronounced dead at the scene. The driver of a second car, believed to have been traveling alongside Lewis's car, was arrested on charges of gross vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated.

Season 1

Season 2

References

External links
 Official NBC Sports MMA website

2000s American reality television series
2007 American television series debuts
NBC Sports
Mixed martial arts television shows

Tapout (TV series)


Joseph Škoda (10 December 1805 – 13 June 1881) was an Austrian physician, medical professor and dermatologist. Together with Carl Freiherr von Rokitansky, he was the founder of the Modern Medical School of Vienna.

Life

Škoda was born in Pilsen, Kingdom of Bohemia, Austrian Empire, as the second son of a locksmith. He attended the gymnasium at Pilsen, entered the University of Vienna in 1825, and received the degree of Doctor of Medicine on 10 July 1831.

He first served in Bohemia as physician during the outbreak of cholera, was assistant physician in the General Hospital of Vienna, 1832–38, in 1839 city physician of Vienna for the poor, and on 13 February 1840, on the recommendation of Dr. Ludwig Freiherr von Türkheim, chairman of the Imperial Committee of Education, was appointed to the unpaid position of chief physician of the department for tuberculosis just opened in the general hospital.

In 1846, thanks to the energetic measures of Carl von Rokitansky, professor of pathological anatomy, he was appointed professor of the medical clinic against the wishes of the rest of the medical faculty. In 1848 he began to lecture in German instead of Latin, being the first professor to do so. On 17 July 1848, he was elected an active member of the mathematico-physical section of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. In Vienna in 1851 Škoda treated Petar II Petrovic Njegos who was suffering from pulmonary consumption, what we call today tuberculosis.

Early in 1871, he retired from his professorship; the occasion was celebrated by the students and the population of Vienna by a great torchlight procession in his honour. He died in Vienna. Rokitansky called him "a light for those who study, a model for those who strive, and a rock for those who despair". Škoda's benevolent disposition is best shown by the fact that, notwithstanding his large income and the known simplicity of his lifestyle, he left a comparatively small fortune, and in his will, bequeathed legacies to a number of benevolent institutions.

Joseph Škoda was an uncle to the industrialist Emil Škoda.

Works

Škoda's great merit lies in his development of the methods of physical investigation for diagnosis in medicine. The discovery of the method of percussion diagnosis made in 1761 by the Viennese physician, Leopold Auenbrugger (1722–1809), had been forgotten, and the knowledge of it was first revived in 1808 by the Frenchman  Jean-Nicolas Corvisart (1755–1821), court physician to Napoleon I. René Laennec (1787–1826) and his pupils Pierre Adolphe Piorry (1794–1879) and Jean-Baptiste Bouillaud (1796–1881) added auscultation to this method. Škoda began his clinical studies in close connexion with pathological anatomy while assistant physician of the hospital, but his superiors failed to understand his course, and in 1837, by way of punishment, transferred him to the ward for the insane, as it was claimed that the patients were annoyed by his investigations, especially by the method of percussion.

His first publication, "Über die Perkussion" (About Percussion) in the "Medizinische Jahrbücher des k.k. österreichen Kaiserstaates", IX (1836), attracted little attention. This paper was followed by: "Über den Herzstoss und die durch die Herzbewegungen verursachten Töne und über die Anwendung der Perkussion bei Untersuchung der Organe des Unterleibes" (About the Percussion of the Heart and the Sounds Originated by Heart Movements, and Its Application to the Investigation of Organs of the Abdomen), in the same periodical, vols XIII, XIV (1837); "Über Abdominaltyphus und dessen Behandlung mit Alumen crudum" (About Abdominal Typhus and Its Treatment with Alumen), also in the same periodical, vol. XV (1838); "Untersuchungsmethode zur Bestimmung des Zustandes des Herzens" (Methods of Investigation of the Conditions of the Heart), vol. XVIII (1839); "Über Pericarditis in pathologisch-anatomischer und diagnostischer Beziehung" (About Pericarditis in Pathological Anatomic and Diagnostic Relationships), XIX (1839); "Über Piorrys Semiotik und Diagnostik" (About Piorry's Semiotic and Diagnostics), vol. XVIII (1839); "Über die Diagnose der Herzklappenfehler" (About the Diagnosis of Defects of Heart Valves), vol. XXI (1840).

His small, but for many years afterwards, unsurpassed chief work, "Abhandlung über die Perkussion und Auskultation" (Vienna, 1839), was repeatedly published and translated into foreign languages and established his universal renown as a diagnostician.

In 1841, after a journey for research to Paris, he made a separate division in his department for skin diseases and thus gave the first impulse towards the reorganization of dermatology by Ferdinand von Hebra. In 1848 at the request of the Ministry of Education he drew up a memorial on the reorganization of medical education, and encouraged later by his advice the founding of the present higher administration of the Medical School of Vienna. As regards therapeutics the accusation was often made against him that he held to the "nihilism" of the Vienna School. As a matter of fact his therapeutics were exceedingly simple in contrast to the great variety of remedial agents used at that time, which he regarded as useless, as in his experience many ailments were cured without medicines, merely by suitable medical supervision and proper diet.

His high sense of duty as a teacher, the large amount of work he performed as a physician, and the early appearance of heart disease are probably the reasons that from 1848 he published less and less. The few papers which he wrote from 1850 are to be found in the transactions of the Academy of Sciences and the periodical of the Society of Physicians of Vienna of which he was the honorary president.

Bibliography
 A Sakula. Joseph Skoda 1805–81: a centenary tribute to a pioneer of thoracic medicine. Thorax, London, June 1981, 36 (6): 404–411.

References

External links

 Joseph Škoda. WhoNamedIt

Sources

Dermatologists from Austria-Hungary
University of Vienna alumni
Nobility from the Austrian Empire
Academic staff of the University of Vienna
Physicians from Austria-Hungary
1805 births
1881 deaths
Physicians from the Austrian Empire

Joseph Škoda


The glass harmonica (also called the armonica) is a musical instrument. It was invented by Benjamin Franklin. It is made up of a spinning stick with glass bowls around it. The player rubs their fingers on the glass bowls as the instrument spins to make music. Different sizes of bowl make different sounds.

Musical instruments

Glass harmonica


The Danish Prosecution Service comprises the Director of Public Prosecutions (Rigsadvokaten), the regional prosecutors (Statsadvokaterne) and on the lowest level the chief police constables (Politimestrene).

Purpose
It is the duty of the Prosecution Service to attend to cases as quickly as possible. The Prosecution Service must make sure that offenders are called to account in accordance with the law, but must also ensure that innocent persons are not prosecuted.

Structure

Director of Public Prosecutions
The Director of Public Prosecutions is head of the Prosecution Service, and he conducts prosecutions in criminal cases before the Supreme Court.

Regional Public Prosecutors
Regional public prosecutors attend to criminal cases before the High Courts and superintend the chief constables. It is also regional public prosecutors who deal with complaints against the police and cases concerning compensation for decisions made by chief constables in criminal prosecutions. The Public Prosecutor for Serious Economic Crime attends to cases involving serious financial crime, on a national basis. The Special International Crimes Office attends to crimes committed by foreigners outside Denmark.

Police Districts
Chief constables are prosecutors in the district courts in their respective districts. As they are, at the same time, head of the police district, they are also responsible for police investigations of breaches of the law in the district. The local prosecution service is, in practice, attended to by the attorneys and police officials of the police district.

Law enforcement agencies of Denmark

Danish Prosecution Service


Vindolanda was a Roman fort at Chesterholm, just south of Hadrian's Wall in northern England. Near the modern border with Scotland, it guarded the Stanegate, the Roman road from the River Tyne to the Solway Firth. It is noted for the Vindolanda tablets, one of the most important find of military and private correspondence (written on wooden tablets) found anywhere in the Roman Empire.

The Vindolanda tablets
The Vindolanda tablets are fragments of wooden leaf-tablets with writing in carbon-based ink. They were found at Vindolanda in northern England. The tablets date from the first and second centuries AD, which makes them roughly contemporary with Hadrian's Wall, which is near Vindolanda. The tablets contain messages to and from members of the garrison of Vindolanda, their families, and their slaves. Similar records on papyrus were known from elsewhere in the Roman Empire, but wooden tablets had not been recovered until archaeologist Robin Birley discovered them at Vindolanda in 1973. Pages have since been found at Carlisle in Cumbria, and continue to be found at Vindolanda.

Contents
Most of the tablets are official military documents. However, the best-known document is perhaps Tablet 291, written around 100 AD from Claudia Severa, the wife of the commander of a nearby fort, to Sulpicia Lepidina, wife of the commandant of Vindolanda, inviting her to a birthday party. The invitation is one of the earliest known examples of writing in Latin by a woman. It has even been claimed that this is the earliest surviving letter known to be written by a woman in any language.
"On 11 September, sister, for the day of the celebration of my birthday, I give you a warm invitation to make sure that you come to us, to make the day more enjoyable for me by your arrival... Give my greetings to your Cerialis. My Aelius and my little son send him their greetings. I shall expect you sister. Farewell, sister my dearest soul, as I hope to prosper, and hail".

The tablets are written in Roman cursive script (joined-up writing). One of the tablets confirms that Roman soldiers wore underpants (subligaria), and also testifies to a high degree of literacy in the Roman army.

The tablets do not throw much light on the native Celts, but there are references. Until the discovery of the tablets, historians could only speculate on whether the Romans had a nickname for the Britons. Brittunculi ('little Britons') found on one of the Vindolanda tablets, is now known to be a derogatory, or patronizing, term used by the Roman garrisons to describe the locals.

The tablets are on display in the British Museum. They are regarded by the Museum as one of its 'top ten British treasures'.

The garrison
The garrison were auxiliaries, Roman infantry or cavalry units, not parts of Roman legions. From the early third  century AD onwards, this was the Fourth Cohort of Gauls. An inscription found in recent excavations suggests that native Gauls were in the regiment, and that they liked to distinguish themselves from British soldiers. The inscription reads:
CIVES GALLIDE GALLIAECONCORDESQUE BRITANNI

A free translation would be "The troops from Gaul dedicate this statue to the goddess Gallia with the full support of the British-born troops".

Vindolanda Trust
In 1970, the Vindolanda Trust, a registered charity, was founded by Anthony Birley to administer the site and its museum. In 1997, the Trust took over the running of the Roman Army Museum at Carvoran, another Hadrian's Wall fort, which it had acquired in 1972.

References

Writing
Archaeological sites in England
Roman buildings and structures
Buildings and structures in Northumberland
1st-century buildings and structures

Vindolanda


Saint Cucuphas (also Cucufas or Qaqophas, , , , , , ) is a martyr of Spain.  His feast day is 25 July but in some areas it is celebrated on 27 July to avoid conflict with the important feast day of Santiago, the patron saint of Spain.  His name is said to be of Phoenician origin with the meaning of "he who jokes, he who likes to joke."

Life
Cucuphas was born into a noble Christian family in Scillis (Africa Proconsularis). He and Saint Felix, later martyred at Girona, were said to have been deacons of the Catholic Church in Carthage who arrived at Barcelona to evangelize the area. According to his legend, he functioned as a merchant in Barcelona while preaching the Christian faith, baptizing converts, and aiding the Christian community there. According to Christian accounts of his life, he was generous with the poor and a worker of miracles.

He was martyred near Barcelona during the persecution of Diocletian. Under the Roman governor, he suffered many torments and was imprisoned somewhere near Barcelona, along the twenty-mile stretch between ancient Barcino (Barcelona) and Egara (Terrassa). His throat was finally cut in 304.  Tradition holds that two Christian women from Illuro (Mataró), Juliana and Semproniana, buried his body and were consequently martyred as well.

The Benedictine abbey of Sant Cugat del Vallès is considered to be situated on the site of his martyrdom, which was once the Roman site of Castrum Octavianum.

The legendary details of his martyrdom state that he was handed over to twelve strong soldiers, who were ordered to whip him and tear his skin with iron nails and scorpions. Cucuphas was then roasted alive after being covered in vinegar and pepper, though heavenly intervention saved him from death and injury. A great bonfire also failed to kill the saint and instead killed his would-be executioners. His jailers were then subsequently converted to Christianity after they found Cucuphas in his cell illuminated with heavenly light.  The next day, he was flagellated with iron whips. By means of heavenly intervention, the prefect Maximianus was killed when his carriage caught on fire. Rufus, the new prefect, prudently decided not to practice torture of any kind on the saint and instead ordered his immediate execution by sword.

Textual references
The poet Prudentius honored him in a hymn.  Cucuphas is mentioned in the Hieronymian Martyrology; the Prayer Book of Verona (7th century AD); in a hymn called Barcino laeto Cucufate vernans (7th century, recorded in manuscripts in Toledo and Silos, 10th-11th centuries), which has been attributed to Quiricus of Barcelona; the Liber Sacramentorum (Toledo, 9th century, Mozarabic mass dedicated to Cucuphas); Martyrology of Ado; Martyrology of Usuard (9th century); and the Martyrology of Saint Peter of Cardeña (10th century, presumed copy of 7th-century manuscript).

The early medieval hymn Barcino laeto Cucufate vernans runs as follows:

Barchinon laeto Cucufate vernans,

corporis sancti tumulum honorans,

et locum sacri venerans sepulchri,

sparge ligustris.

("Barcino bursts into the vernal joy,of Saint Cucuphas, honoring his remains,and spreads privet branches on the burialmound and on the tomb".)

Relics
When the first Benedictine community gathered at Sant Cugat in the 9th century, the monastery dedicated itself to the pre-existing veneration of Cucuphas.  Since the eighth century, Sant Cugat has claimed Cucuphas' relics.  In the eighth century, Saint Fulrad took a relic of Cucuphas from Sant Cugat to Saint-Denis.  The relics of Cucuphas occupy a place of honor in the apse to the right of Saint Denis to this day.

From the 14th century onwards, Sant Cugat kept the martyr's remains in a small chest, decorated with scenes of the saint's life.  This chest was taken to the parish of Sant Cugat del Rec (or "del Forn") in Barcelona after the monasteries were freed from mortmain.

In 1950, Sant Cugat commemorated a relic proceeding from this chest of Sant Cugat del Rec.  The relics are now in the crypt of the basilica of Santa Maria del Mar.

Many churches in Europe, from the Middle Ages onwards, claimed his relics, including Reichenau; the cathedrals of Braga, Oviedo; and Lièpvre, whose monastery had been founded by Fulrad, who had already brought some of the saint's relics to Saint-Denis.

The twelfth-century Historia Compostelana contains an account of the relics of Cucuphas being taken secretly from Braga to Santiago de Compostela by Diego Gelmírez, where they were placed in the cathedral.

Veneration in France
The saint is venerated at Paris, with some of his relics enshrined at the church of Saint-Denis, in the Chapelle Saint-Cucuphas. Near Rueil-Malmaison, a forest is named Bois de St-Cucufa, and a tiny lake carries the saint's name.  Property of the state since 1871, the forest was called Bois Béranger (Nemus/Boscus Berengerii) until the Benedictines built a chapel dedicated to the saint in the 13th century.  Pilgrimages to the shrine of "Saint Quiquenfat" were practiced until the eighteenth century.

Other place-names that may point to Cucuphas' cult in France include Guinelat, Conat, and Coplian.

Veneration in Spain
The diocese of Girona has several parochial churches dedicated to him.

San Cucao de Llanera is situated in the municipality of Llanera, Asturias.

Concern amongst Catalan devotees of the saint was raised when it was discovered in 2001 that the name of Saint Cucuphas had been removed from the latest version of the Roman Martyrology.  However, the saint had been included –under his Latin (and English) name of "Cucuphas" rather than "Cugat."  In the martyrology, he was described as a "martyr of the persecution of Diocletian, killed with a sword.  Fourth century.  African."

Saints Juliana and Semproniana are still venerated at Mataró on 27 July.  They appear with Cucuphas in the façade of the church of Santa Maria de Mataró.

In the folklore and tradition people pray to this saint when they lose things and are not able to find their belongings again.
Some knots are made in a handkerchief with a cord, an allegory that represents tying the testicles of the saint.
Then a prayer is performed as follows:"San Cucufato, San Cucufato los cojones te ato y hasta que no encuentres mi (objeto perdido) no te los desato".

Which means:"Saint Cucuphas, Saint Cucuphas your testicles I tie, and until you find my (lost belonging) I will not untie them".

Patronage
He is not generally associated with any special patronage, although Ángel Rodríguez Vilagrán writes that Joan Amades' Costumari Català'' mentions that anciently, hunchbacks venerated Cucuphas as their patron saint, as well as those who committed petty thefts. The origins of this patronage are not known.

Gallery

See also
Casket of Saint Cugat

Notes

External links

 San Cucufate
 ¿Existió San Cucufate?
Catholic Online: Cucuphas
End Panel of a Reliquary Casket with St Cucuphas
PDF (972 KB download)
 Le Bois de St Cucufa
 San Cucufate
 San Cucufate (Cugat)

304 deaths
Saints from Roman Africa (province)
Saints from Hispania
History of Barcelona
4th-century Christian martyrs
4th-century Romans
269 births

Cucuphas


The sport of Athletics started in the early days of the colony and was in most part instigated the formation of the Fiji Amateur Sport Association. The sport started in Levuka, the old capital of Fiji where it was associated with betting. After the formation of the Suva Amateur Sports Club in 1936 competitions were held in Suva and Levuka. New Zealand service men stationed in Fiji(Laucala - now USP) during the war in the early 1940s fueled interest in the sport through regular competitions at Buckhurst Park. In 1947 the Fiji Amateur Athletics Association was formed. The sport of Athletics at that time were mostly run by expariates who were working in Fiji who were often amazed at the natural talent of local athletes.In 1950 Fiji sent a team to the Commonwealth Games in New Zealand where they won a number of medals in the mens shot, discus and javelin.

Athletics me Fiji ke Hindustani logan jaada kar ke long distance running me part le hae. Kuchh jaane maane Hindustani athletes rahin:
 Shri Chand (Mushroom) - long distance aur marathon
 Atma Maharaj - walking

A
F
athletics

Fiji me athletics


Blue Light is a science fiction novel by American writer Walter Mosley, published in 1998 by Little Brown & Co.

Plot summary
In 1965, a mysterious beam of blue light came down from space and overlooked Northern California. This light had extraterrestrial powers that caused whomever the beam touched to die, go mad, or acquire a special unique power. This power is defined as full actualization of humankind, with strengths, understandings and communication abilities that exceed our normal capabilities. The people touched by the light in the novel were soon referred to as "Blues" and were segregated from society because of their new and improved super human powers. Soon after this discovery, they came together to try to find their purpose in the universe. As they look for their calling in life, an evil force, the "Gray Man", emerges, setting the stage for a battle later on in the novel between good and evil. The Gray Man is Horace LaFontaine, a character in the novel who was struck by the light at the moment of his death.  He was revivified as a demon sent to kill all of the "blues". Once the "blues" discover this nemesis, they take refuge in the forest outside of Northern California. Soon, the Gray Man finds out where they are hiding from inside sources and the "blues" come to a consensus in which they are going to confront their enemy and declare war with the Gray Man. This epic battle takes place at the ending of the novel and has an extraordinary finish. The "blues" all use their powers that they were given to destroy the Gray Man. They soon reside in the small cities of Northern California and live normal lives with the people of California.

Main characters
Chance: narrates the story, also a "Blue" that has the power of vision
Claudia: A female "Blue" that has the power to make men lust after her
Winch Fargo: A murderer who is only partially struck by the light
Orde: leader and teacher of the "blues"
Horace LaFontaine: dies from cancer at the moment he is struck by light, becomes the embodiment of death.
Juan Thrombone: a figure reminiscent of Carlos Castaneda's Native American mystic Don Juan

Reception
Blue Light received mostly positive reviews and it was described as a good read. While many of the reviews were written by science fiction fans, there was one favorable review from The New York Times, which stated that "The fuel that energizes the novel is not its characters but its plot...", which means that the novel has a good background and it is an enjoyable read.  SF Signal refers to the novel as "an excellent, well-told, page-turning horror/fantasy hybrid".  The reviews also compared this novel to his other famous books the Devil in a Blue Dress and Futureland: Nine Stories of an Imminent World.  Many critics point out that the story resembles racism and how the "blues" overcome what African Americans have overcome today.  Only one critic felt that the racism was a negative aspect of the novel saying "...the racism in the novel isn't needed...".

Critics have viewed this novel differently over the years but they seem to be consistent when they rate the novel.  The reviews give the book anywhere from three to five stars with only one critic giving the novel a two out of five.

Awards
Blue Light won The New York Times Notable Book of 1998.
Finalist for the NAACP Award in Fiction
1996 - Black Caucus of the American Library Association's Literary Award for RL's Dream
1996 - O. Henry Award for a Socrates Fortlow story.
2002- Grammy Award for "Best Liner Notes" for a Richard Pryor box set
2006 - First recipient of the Carl Brandon Society Parallax Award for his young adult novel 47.
Mosley was awarded an honorary doctorate from the City College of New York.

References

External links
 Official Walter Mosley website
 Walter Mosley: A Seat at the Table Excerpts from the interview on Locus Magazine (December 2001)
 Primary Color on The New York Times by MEL WATKINS (1998)
 Books To Look For by Charles de Lint, Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction (1999)
 'Blue Light' Shines by Transcending Novelty by Tom Janulewicz, Space.com (1999)
 Review (2003)
 Review in The Observer by Nicholas Blincoe (1999)

Novels by Walter Mosley
1998 American novels
1998 science fiction novels
Novels set in California
Little, Brown and Company books

Blue Light (novel)


Created on December 15, 1791, the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution is a part of the United States Bill of Rights. This amendment establishes a number of legal rights that apply to both civil and criminal proceedings. It contains several clauses: It guarantees the right to a grand jury. It forbids double jeopardy (being tried again for the same crime after an acquittal). It protects a person against self-incrimination (being a witness against himself). This is often called "Pleading the Fifth". The Fifth Amendment requires due process in any case where a citizen may be deprived of "life, liberty, or property". Any time the government takes private property for public use, the owner must be compensated.

Text
The language of the Fifth Amendment is:

Clauses

Grand Juries
The Fifth Amendment requires the use of grand juries by the federal legal system for all capital and "infamous crimes" (cases involving treason, certain felonies or gross moral turpitude). Grand juries trace their roots back to the Assize of Clarendon, an enactment by Henry II of England in 1166.  The United States is one of the few remaining countries that uses the grand jury.

Double Jeopardy

The Double Jeopardy clause in the Fifth Amendment forbids a defendant from being tried again on the same (or similar) charges in the same case following a legitimate acquittal or conviction. In common law countries, a defendant may enter a peremptory plea of autrefois acquit or autrefois convict (autrefois means "in the past" in French). It means if the defendant has been acquitted or convicted of the same offence and cannot be retried under the principle of double jeopardy. The original intent of the clause is to prevent an individual to go through a number of prosecutions for the same act until the prosecutor gets a conviction.

Self-Incrimination
In a criminal prosecution, under the Fifth Amendment, a person has the right to refuse to incriminate himself (or herself). No person is required to give information that could be used against him. This is also called "taking the Fifth" or more commonly "pleading the Fifth." The intent of this clause is to prevent the government from making a person confess under oath. A person may not refuse to answer any relevant question under oath unless the answer would incriminate him. If the answer to a question on the witness stand could be used to convict that person of a crime, he can assert his Fifth Amendment rights.

The authors of the Fifth Amendment intended the provisions in it apply only to the federal government. Since 1925, under the incorporation doctrine, most provisions of the Bill of Rights now also apply to the state and local governments. Since the landmark decision Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), when they arrest someone, police are required to include the "right to remain silent" as part of the legal Miranda warning (the wording may vary).

Due process
The due process clause guarantees every person a fair, just and orderly legal proceeding. The Fifth Amendment applies to the federal government. The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, among other provisions, forbids states from denying anyone their life, their liberty or their property without due process of law So the Fourteenth Amendment expands the Due Process clause of the Fifth Amendment to apply to the states. Due process means the government must follow the law and not violate any parts of it. An example of violating due process is when a judge shows bias against the defendant in a trial. Another example is when the prosecution fails to disclose information to the defense that would show the defendant is not guilty of the crime.

Takings
The Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment states "private property [shall not] be taken for public use, without just compensation." The Fifth Amendment restricts only the federal government. The Fourteenth Amendment extended this clause to include actions taken by State and local governments. Whenever the government wants to buy property for public use, they make an offer to the owner. If the owner does not want to sell the property, the government can take them to court and exercise a power called eminent domain. The name comes from the Latin term dominium eminens (meaning supreme lordship). The court then condemns the property (meaning say it can no longer be occupied by people). This allows the government to take over the property, but must pay "just compensation" to the owner. In other words, the government body must pay what the property is worth.

A case heard before the U.S. Supreme Court, Kelo v. City of New London, 545 U.S. 469 (2005), was decided in favor of allowing the use of eminent domain to transfer land from one private owner to another private owner. The court upheld the city of New London, Connecticut's proposed use of the petitioner's private property qualifies as a "public use" fell within the meaning of the Takings Clause. The city felt the property was in poor condition and the new owner would improve it. This extension of the Takings Clause has been very controversal.

Notes

References

United States Bill of Rights
05


"O Holy Night" is a Christmas oriented song. It was created to celebrate the renovation of the church organ in the town of Roquemaure, France. Placide Cappeau, a French wine merchant and poet, wrote a poem in 1843. He called it Minuit, chrétiens ("Midnight, Christians"). The poem reflects the birth of Jesus and tells about the redemption of mankind. The music was made by Adolphe Adam around 1847. Notable singers of the song include, although are not limited to, Mariah Carey, Celine Dion and others.

Christmas carols
Mariah Carey songs
Richard Marx songs
Celine Dion songs
LeAnn Rimes songs
Crystal Gayle songs
1840s songs

O Holy Night


An electron shell, or main energy level, is the part of an atom where electrons are found orbiting the atom's nucleus.

In chemistry and atomic physics, an electron shell may be thought of as an orbit followed by electrons around an atom's nucleus. All atoms have one or more electron shell(s), all of which have varying numbers of electrons.

Each electron shell has one or more electron sub-shells, or sub-levels. Electron shells make up the electron configuration of an atom. The number of electrons that can be in a certain shell is equal to , where  is the number of a shell.

The name for electron shells came from the Bohr model, which states that electrons orbit the nucleus at certain distances so that their orbits form "shells". This term was presented by Niels Henrik David Bohr.

Valence shell
The valence shell is the outermost shell of an atom in its neutral state. The valence shell contains the electrons most likely to be involved in reactions.

In a noble gas, an atom tends to have eight electrons in its outer shell (except helium, which is only able to fill its shell with two electrons). Noble gases serve as the model for the octet rule, which states that atoms tend to form bonds or create ions so that they can have eight electrons in their outermost shell. This is mostly applicable to the main-group elements of the second and third periods.

For coordination complexes containing transition metals, the valence shell consists of 18 electrons. This is referred to as the eighteen electron rule.

Sub-shells

Electron sub-shells are identified by the letters s, p, d, f, g, h, i, etc., corresponding to the azimuth quantum numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, etc. Each shell is able to hold 2, 6, 10, 14, and 18 electrons respectively.

References

 Tipler, Paul & Ralph Llewellyn (2003).  Modern Physics (4th ed.).  New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.

Physics
Quantum mechanics
Chemical bonding

Electron shell


Pyynikki Summer Theatre () is an open-air theatre operating in Tampere, Finland, known especially for its revolving auditorium. It is one of the largest summer theatres in Finland and has been running uninterrupted longer than any other open-air theatre in the country.

The theatre was founded in 1948 and was originally named Tampereen kesäteatteri (Tampere Summer Theatre). It started operating in Joselininniemi, on the shore of the lake Pyhäjärvi, where the performances continue to be held until today. In 1955 the name of the theatre was changed to Pyynikin kesäteatteri.

The theatre increased its popularity throughout the latter half of the 1950s. The construction of the rotating auditorium, designed by the architect Reijo Ojanen and holding 800 seats, was completed in 1959. The real breakthrough for Pyynikki Summer Theatre came in the 1960s with the play Tuntematon sotilas (The Unknown Soldier). This stage adaptation of the novel by Väinö Linna became hugely popular and remained in the repertoire for nearly a decade.

The revolving auditorium was fully renovated in the mid-1990s, when the number of seats was increased to 836. Since January 2001, the theatre has been run by Pyynikin Kesäteatterisäätiö (Pyynikki Summer Theatre Foundation). In 2005 a roof for the auditorium was completed, thus lengthening the usability of the theatre in spring and autumn in the Nordic weather conditions.

Tampereen Teatterikerho, which managed the theatre before the foundation was formed, has been an important influence in the cultural life of Tampere, because its support enabled the founding of Tampere Theatre Festival (Tampereen Teatterikesä) in 1969 and Teatteri 2000 in 1985.

Repertoire
The repertoire of Pyynikki Summer Theatre has from the beginning consisted mainly of Finnish drama and comedy. Among others, works by Aleksis Kivi, Minna Canth, Johannes Linnankoski, Joel Lehtonen, Maiju Lassila, Maria Jotuni, Jalmari Finne, Väinö Linna, Kalle Päätalo and Hella Wuolijoki have been adapted for the Pyynikki stage. Of international classics, plays by William Shakespeare have been the most often performed.

The best-known and most successful play in Pyynikki Summer Theatre has been Tuntematon sotilas by Väinö Linna, directed by Edvin Laine. It premiered in 1961 and continued to be performed for nine summers. A total of 348,854 people saw the play. In the 1970s the most viewed productions were Ihmisiä kairassa by Kalle Päätalo, directed by Edvin Laine (1977) and Ihmisiä suviyössä by F.E. Sillanpää, directed by Rauli Lehtonen (1978). The biggest box office successes of the 1980s in Pyynikki were A Midsummer Night's Dream by William Shakespeare, directed by Jiří Menzel, and Kätkäläinen by Simo Hämäläinen, directed by Markku Onttonen. The latter made Pyynikin Kesäteatteri the 7th biggest theatre in Finland.

The repertoire of the 1990s was structured around Akseli ja Elina and Täällä Pohjantähden alla (Under the North Star), both based on novels by Väinö Linna, as well as a new version of Tuntematon sotilas. These were all directed by Kalle Holmberg. In the 2000s, the emphasis has been on comedy and plays featuring plenty of Finnish popular music.

Plays performed in Pyynikki Summer Theatre 1990-2007
1990  Hugo Raudsepp: Puolimatka pulassa
1991  Maiju Lassila: Kilpakosijat
1992  Tauno Yliruusu: Kesäillan valssi
1993–94  Väinö Linna: Akseli ja Elina
1995–96  Väinö Linna: Täällä Pohjantähden alla (Under the North Star)
1997  Väinö Linna: Tuntematon sotilas (The Unknown Soldier)
1998  Laila Hietamies: Maan kämmenellä
1999  Lars Hulden & Sven Sid: Kesäpäivä Kangasalla
2000  Kalle Päätalo: Pohjalta ponnistaen
2001  Agapetus: Aatamin puvussa ja vähän Eevankin
2002  Heikki Luoma: Vain muutaman huijarin tähden
2003  Heikki Vihinen: Hopeinen kuu
2004  Jukka Virtanen: Albatrossi ja Heiskanen
2005  Johannes Linnankoski: Tulipunakukka
2006  Veikko Huovinen: Lampaansyöjät (The Sheep Eaters)
2007  Heikki Luoma: Mooseksen perintö
2008  Timo Kahilainen ja Heikki Vihinen: Kalliolle kukkulalle
2009  Hella Wuolijoki & Bertolt Brecht: Iso-Heikkilän isäntä ja hänen renkinsä Kalle
2010  Anna-Leena Härkönen: Häräntappoase (How to Kill a Bull)
2011  Paavo Haavikko: Rauta-aika
2012  Suokas-Syrjä-Vihinen: Kuuma kesä '85
2013  Suokas-Syrjä-Vihinen: Kuuma kesä '85
2014  Heikki Luoma: Pirunpelto
2015  Veera Nieminen: Avioliittosimulaattori

Further reading
 Rauli Lehtonen & Heikki Haukka: Pyörivä kansanjuhla. Tampereen Teatterikerho, 1997.

External links
Official website for Pyynikki Summer Theatre

Theatres in Finland
Buildings and structures in Tampere
Tourist attractions in Tampere
Pyynikki

Pyynikki Summer Theatre


Theodotus of Ancyra (Greek: Θεόδοτος) was a fifth-century bishop of Ancyra (modern Ankara). He was a theologian who attended the Council of Ephesus in 431, during the reign of Byzantine Emperor Theodosius II. Although he had earlier supported the Nestorian theology of Nestorius, bishop of Constantinople, Theodotus at the council supported Patriarch Cyril of Alexandria in condemning Nestorius. Theodotus was condemned in turn by the Nestorians at their 432 Synod of Tarsus.

External links
"Theodotus of Ancyra", Britannica  (Retrieved April 2, 2009)

5th-century Byzantine bishops
5th-century Christian theologians
Bishops of Ancyra

Theodotus of Ancyra (bishop)


Francis Murphy (24 April 1836 – 30 June 1907) was an American temperance evangelist.

Biography
Murphy was born in Tagoat, County Wexford, Ireland on 24 April 1836. He immigrated to the U.S. when he was 16 years old. He served in the Federal army during the Civil War. Beginning in 1870 at Portsmouth, N. H., he started temperance reform clubs throughout that state and was their first president. His headquarters were in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and after his first address there in 1876, 65,000 people signed the pledge he wrote: "With malice toward none, with charity for all, I hereby pledge my sacred honor that, God helping me, I will abstain from the use of all intoxicating liquors as a beverage, and that I will encourage others to abstain." This is where he adopted the blue ribbon badge, inspired by a line from The Bible.

He labored also in Britain and was a chaplain in the Spanish–American War. In 1900, he went to Honolulu and held a series of meetings. From there he went to Australia, where he obtained a great many more signatures. In 1901 he returned to California to tour there and then established himself in Los Angeles, where he lived the rest of his life.

During the course of his temperance labors in America and abroad, Murphy is said to have induced 16 million to sign the pledge.

References

Sources
 Talks by Francis Murphy, Lenore H. King, 1907, Southern California Blue Book Publishing Company
 Harper's Encyclopædia of United States History from 458 A.D. to 1902, 1901, Harper Bros.
 Grappling with the Monster: The Curse and the Cure of Strong Drink by T. S. Arthur, 2006, Dodo Press

External links
 Picture History
 Google Books: "blue ribbon badge"
 The New York Times

1836 births
1907 deaths
American temperance activists
Christian clergy from County Wexford
Religious leaders from Pittsburgh
Irish emigrants to the United States
Union Army soldiers
People of the Spanish–American War

Francis Murphy (evangelist)


The Cowan Pottery Studio was founded by R. Guy Cowan in Lakewood, Ohio, United States, in 1912. It moved to Rocky River, Ohio, in 1920, and operated until 1931, when the financial stress of the Great Depression resulted in its bankruptcy. Cowan Pottery produced both artistic and commercial work in a variety of styles influenced by the Arts and Crafts Movement, Art Deco, Chinese ceramics, and modern sculpture.

During its two decades of operation, a number of well-known Cleveland School artists worked with Cowan at the studio: Elizabeth Anderson, Arthur Eugene Baggs, Alexander Blazys, Paul Bogatay, Edris Eckhardt, Waylande Gregory, A. Drexler Jacobson, Raoul Josset, Paul Manship, José Martin, Herman Matzen, F. Luis Mora, Elmer L. Novotny, Margaret Postgate, Stephen Rebeck, Guy L. Rixford, Viktor Schreckengost, Elsa Vick Shaw, Walter Sinz, Frank N. Wilcox, H. Edward Winter, and Thelma Frazier Winter. With the exception of Guy Cowan, himself, Waylande Gregory designed more pieces for the pottery than anyone else. Among Cowan's finest pieces were three limited edition figures relating to dance, including "Salome" (1928), "The Nautch Dancer," (1930), and "The Burlesque Dancer," (1930). For the last two, Gregory made sketches from the side of the stage of the well-known Ziegfeld Follies star, Gilda Grey, when she was performing in Cleveland.

References

2. Folk, Tom, "Uncommon Cowan Pottery Designs by Waylande Gregory," Journal of the American Art Pottery Association, vol. 30, no. 2 (spring 2014), pp. 14– 20. https://web.archive.org/web/20140519093011/http://aapa.info/2014/05/19/cowan-waylande-gregory/

External links
 Cowan Pottery Museum Associates
 Rocky River Public Library & Cowan Pottery Museum

Art Deco
Companies based in Ohio
Design companies established in 1912
Cuyahoga County, Ohio
American art pottery
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1931
1912 establishments in Ohio
Cleveland School (arts community)
Manufacturing companies established in 1912
Design companies disestablished in 1931
1931 disestablishments in Ohio

Cowan Pottery


Gayatri Mantra, Hindu logan ke khatir ek khaas mantar hae. Ii Rig Veda se aais hae.  Gayatri Mantr hae:

Aum Bhur Bhuva Svah
Tat Savitur Varenyam
Bhargo Devasya Dhimahi
Dhiyo Yo Naha Prachodayat

English me iske malab
O God ! Giver of life, Remover of all pain and sorrows, Bestower of happiness, the Creator of the Universe, Thou art most luminous, adorable and destroyer of sins. We meditate upon thee. May thou inspire, enlighten and guide our intellect in the right direction."

Notes

References
 L.A. Ravi Varma, "Rituals of worship", The Cultural Heritage of India, Vol. 4, The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture, Calcutta, 1956, pp. 445–463
 J. Gonda, "The Indian mantra", Oriens, Vol. 16, (Dec. 31, 1963), pp. 244–297
 A.B. Keith, The Veda of the Black Yajus School entitled Taittiriya Sanhita, Harvard Oriental Series Vols 18-19, Harvard, 1914

Hindu
Arya Samaj

Gayatri Mantra


Daniel F. Muzyka is a Professor Emeritus of Management as well as a Dean Emeritus at The University of British Columbia's Sauder School of Business. He is the former President and Chief Executive Officer of The Conference Board of Canada.

He is also former Chair of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC).
He was previously the Dean and the RBC Financial Group Professor of Entrepreneurship at the University of British Columbia's Sauder School of Business. Prior to 1999, Muzyka taught and held senior administrative positions at a number of universities and institutions, including the Harvard Business School, INSEAD, Babson College, Northeastern University, Wharton School (University of Pennsylvania) and Williams College.

Muzyka has extensive experience in academics, business, and public policy and has participated on a number of boards of companies, venture capital funds, as well as not-for-profit and government organizations and committees. He worked in industry with General Electric  in finance and strategy and was a strategy consultant with Braxton Associates. In addition, he has been a board member and consultant to several other business and not-for-profit organizations, including Vice Chair and a public director of the Investment Industry Regulatory Organization of Canada (IIROC), the Vancouver Board of Trade (Past Chair), Graduate Management Admissions Council (GMAC), New Ventures B.C., and the European Venture Capital Association. Muzyka chaired NSERC's Expert Advisory Committee on Partnerships and Innovation.

Muzyka currently serves or has served on various government councils, including task forces in Europe and North America. In British Columbia, he has served on the B.C. Competition Council, and the B.C. Premier's Technology Council, among others.

Muzyka holds a Doctorate of Business Administration from Harvard University, an MBA with concentration in Strategic Planning from the University of Pennsylvania, and a BA with Honours in Physics and Astronomy from Williams College. He has been awarded the National Order of Merit (Chevalier de l'Ordre National du Mérite) by the Government of France.

In 2021, as Acting CEO of the Royal British Columbia Museum, Muzyka made the controversial decision to close the third floor galleries of the museum to the public with the stated aim of removing some of the permanent exhibits, offering 'decolonization' as the justification.  The move has since been panned by many critics, as having been made without consulting the public and as an act of historical censorship, along with the hiding and erasure of history.

References

Academic staff of the University of British Columbia
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Williams College alumni
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni
Harvard Business School alumni

Daniel Muzyka


Awards and decorations of the United States Army are those military awards including decorations which are issued to members of the United States Army under the authority of the Secretary of the Army.  Together with military badges such awards provide an outward display of a service member's accomplishments.

The first recognized medals of the U.S. Army appeared during the American Civil War and were generally issued by local commanders on an unofficial basis.  The Medal of Honor was the first award to be established in regulations as a permanent Army decoration, complete with benefits.  The Medal of Honor is the only Civil War era award which has survived as a decoration into the modern age.

Furthermore, the U.S. Army mandates that all unit awards will be worn separate from individual awards on the opposite side of a military uniform.  The Army is the only service to require this separation between unit and individual decorations.  All Army unit awards are worn enclosed in a gold frame.

History
The Spanish–American War was the first widespread award of campaign medals, both for service in the actual conflict and for participation in subsequent garrison and occupation duty. After the Spanish–American War, however, medals in the U.S. Army fell into disuse and, apart from a few peacetime Medal of Honor decorations, two medals for service in Mexico, or on the border, during the period 1911–17, plus the Civil War Campaign Medal and the Indian Campaign Medal, both finally authorized in 1907, there were no further Army decorations created until the First World War.

World War I saw the first widespread distribution of medals for combat, as the Medal of Honor returned awarded for bravery in battle against an enemy force. The Distinguished Service Cross was also created for those soldiers who had performed feats of bravery but not to the level required of the Medal of Honor. The only other medals of World War I were the World War I Victory Medal, accompanied by a confusing array of battle clasps to denote combat participation, and the very belated Army of Occupation of Germany Medal.

In the 1920s and 1930s, the U.S. Army issued very few decorations and it was often common for a service member to spend an entire career without receiving a single medal. As World War II loomed, however, an American Defense Service Medal was created for those on duty, and a Good Conduct Medal began to be issued to enlisted personnel. With the outbreak of the war, the Army began the largest expansion of medals since the Spanish–American War as well as the first wide scale issuance of inter-service awards and decorations. In addition, several World War II campaign medals were created for various theaters and a World War II Victory Medal was established at the end of the conflict as well as an occupation medal.

In the 1950s and 1960s, the Army expanded both its number of medals and ribbons, as well as having its service members eligible for several new inter-service campaign and service medals (such as the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal and the National Defense Service Medal).

In the modern age, members of other military branches serving under an Army command are also eligible to receive Army decorations. All Army service members may receive inter-service awards and decorations, international decorations, and authorized foreign medals. The Department of the Army also awards a limited number of civilian awards.

The current active decorations of the United States Army as follows (the Medal of Honor, the highest military award, is not shown as it covers all of the military services):

United States Army decorations

Good Conduct Medals

Unit Awards

The Joint Meritorious Unit Award is also a unit award for the US Army

Service Ribbons

Marksmanship Competition Awards

Other awards
In order of precedence
Department of the Army Civilian Service Decorations
  Department of the Army Distinguished Civilian Service Award
  Secretary of the Army Award for Valor
  Superior Civilian Service Award
  Meritorious Civilian Service Award
  Department of the Army Civilian Service Commendation Medal
  Department of the Army Civilian Service Achievement Medal
 Secretary of the Army's Award for Outstanding Achievement in Materiel Acquisition

Department of the Army Civilian Service Medals
  Civilian Award for Humanitarian Service
  Secretary of Defense Medal for the Global War on Terrorism
  Armed Forces Civilian Service Medal

Department of the Army Public Service Decorations
  Distinguished Public Service Medal
  Superior Public Service Medal
  Meritorious Public Service Medal
  Public Service Commendation Medal
 Patriotic Public Service Lapel Button
 Certificate of Appreciation for Patriotic Civilian Service

Awards of unique achievement
 Brigadier General Jeremiah P. Holland Award - awarded to the most outstanding military police unit, company size or smaller, each fiscal year.
 Secretary of the Army Awards for Program/Project Management
 Zachary and Elizabeth Fisher Distinguished Civilian Humanitarian Award

Regimental association awards

 The Order of Molly Pitcher - Air Defense Artillery
 MG Horatio Gates Award - Adjutant General
 The Order of Saint George, The Order of St. Joan D'Arc - Armor & Cavalry
 The Order of Saint Michael - Aviation
 The Order of Martin of Tours - Chaplain Corps
 The Order of the Dragon - Chemical Corps
 The Order of Thor - Cyber Corps
 The  Order of De Fleury - Engineers
 The Order of Saint Barbara - Field Artillery
 The Order of Saint Maurice - Infantry
 The Order of Military Medical Merit (O2M3)- Medical
 Knowlton Award, The Order of the Spinx - Military Intelligence
 The Order of the Marechaussee - Military Police
 The Order of Samuel Sharpe - Ordnance Corps
 The Order of Saint Gabriel - Public Affairs
 The Order of Saint Martin - Quartermaster Corps
 The Order of Mercury - Signal Corps
 The Order of Saint Philip Neri - Special Forces
 The Order of Saint Christopher - Transportation Corps
 The Order of Saint Dominic - Army Space Cadre

See also
 Awards and decorations of the United States Armed Forces
 List of military decorations

References

 U.S. Department of Defense Awards Manual 1348.33, Vol. 3, dated 23 November 2010
 U.S. Army Regulation 600-8-22, Military Awards, dated 5 March 2019

Awards and decorations of the United States Department of the Army


Aardman Animations Ltd., also known as Aardman, is a British-American stop-motion clay animation studio in Bristol, England. It is known for using techniques with the characters Wallace and Gromit modelled in plasticine. It successfully entered the computer animation market with Flushed Away (2006).

Their stop-motion films are among the highest-grossing stop-motion films of all time. Their debut, Chicken Run (2000), is their top-grossing film. It is the highest-grossing stop-motion film of all time.

In 1991, Park's short, Creature Comforts, was the first Aardman production to win an Academy Award.

History

1972–1996
Aardman was founded in 1972 as a low-budget project by Peter Lord and David Sproxton, who wanted to realise their dream of producing an animated motion picture. The partnership provided animated sequences for the BBC series for deaf children Vision On. The company name originates from the name of their nerdish Superman character in that sequence. The process of using clay animation to produce a segment called "Greeblies" (1975) became the inspiration for creating Morph, a simple clay character. Around the same time, Lord and Sproxton made their first foray into adult animation with the shorts Down and Out and Confessions of a Foyer Girl, entries in the BBC's Animated Conversations series using real-life conversations as soundtracks. Aardman also created the title sequence for The Great Egg Race and supplied animation for the multiple award-winning music video of Peter Gabriel's song "Sledgehammer". They produced the music video for the song "My Baby Just Cares For Me" by Nina Simone in 1987. Also in the 1980s, they created the trombone-playing character "Douglas" in a television commercial for Lurpak butter.

Later Aardman produced a number of shorts for Channel 4, including the Conversation Pieces series. These five shorts worked in the same area as the Animated Conversations pieces, but were more sophisticated. Lord and Sproxton began hiring more animators at this point; three of the newcomers made their directorial debut at Aardman with the Lip Synch series. Of the five Lip Synch shorts, two were directed by Lord, one by Barry Purves, one by Richard Goleszowski and one by Nick Park.

In 1991, Park's short, Creature Comforts, was the first Aardman production to win an Academy Award. Park also developed the clay modelled shorts featuring the adventures of Wallace and Gromit, a comical pair of friends: Wallace being a naive English inventor with a love of cheese, and Gromit his best friend, the intelligent but silent dog. These films include A Grand Day Out (1989), The Wrong Trousers (1993) and A Close Shave (1995), the latter two winning Academy Awards.

1997–2007
In December 1997, Aardman and DreamWorks (later DreamWorks Animation) announced that their companies were teaming up to co-finance and distribute Chicken Run, Aardman's first feature film, which had already been in pre-production for a year. On 27 October 1999, Aardman and DreamWorks signed a $250 million deal to make an additional four films that were estimated to be completed during the next 12 years. Along with the deal their first project was announced, titled The Tortoise and the Hare. Intended to be based on Aesop's fable and directed by Richard Goleszowski, it was paused two years later because of the script problems. On 23 June 2000, Chicken Run was released to a great critical and financial success. In 2005, after ten years of absence, Wallace and Gromit returned in Academy Award-winning The Curse of the Were-Rabbit. The following year Flushed Away, Aardman's first computer-animated feature, was released.
Logo used from 1998 until 2022
On 1 October 2006, right before the release of Flushed Away, The New York Times reported that due to creative differences DreamWorks Animation and Aardman would not be extending their contract. The deal was officially terminated on 30 January 2007. According to an Aardman spokesperson: "The business model of DreamWorks no longer suits Aardman and vice versa. But the split couldn't have been more amicable." Unofficial reasons for departure were weak performances of the last two movies, for which DreamWorks had to take writedowns, and citing the article, "Aardman executives chafed at the creative control DreamWorks tried to exert, particularly with Flushed Away..." The studio had another film in development, Crood Awakening (eventually The Croods), which had been announced in 2005, with John Cleese co-writing the screenplay. With the end of the partnership, the film's rights reverted to DreamWorks.

On 10 October 2005, a serious fire at a storage facility used by Aardman and other Bristol-based companies destroyed over 30 years of props, models, and scenery often built by the Bristol-based Cod Steaks. This warehouse was used for storage of past projects and so did not prevent the production of their current projects at the time. In addition, the company's library of finished films was stored elsewhere and was undamaged. An electrical fault was determined to be the cause of the blaze. Referring to the 2004 South Asia earthquake and tsunami, Park was quoted as saying, "Even though it is a precious and nostalgic collection and valuable to the company, in light of other tragedies, today isn't a big deal."

From 2006 to 2007, the Ghibli Museum in Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan, had an exhibit featuring the works of Aardman Studios. Sproxton and Lord visited the exhibit in May 2006 and met with animator Hayao Miyazaki during the visit. Miyazaki has long been a fan of Aardman Animations' works.

2007–present
In April 2007, Aardman signed and in 2010 renewed a three-year deal with Sony Pictures to finance, co-produce, and distribute feature films. The next year, Aardman released a new Wallace and Gromit short film, called A Matter of Loaf and Death. The first film made in partnership with Sony was the computer-animated Arthur Christmas (2011), which is Aardman's first 3D feature film. 2012 saw the release of The Pirates! In an Adventure with Scientists! (known internationally as The Pirates! Band of Misfits), Aardman's first 3D stop-motion film and Peter Lord's first film as a director since Chicken Run. Two additional films were announced in June 2007: The Cat Burglars, a stop-motion animated heist comedy film directed by Steve Box, about cat burglars that steal milk, and their plans to pull off 'the great milk float robbery'; and an untitled Nick Park project (which would later become Early Man).

The studio is also known to provide generous resources and training to young animators by providing awards at various animation festivals. For example, The Aardman Award at the UK's Animex Festival in Teesside provides story consultation to a promising young animator for their next film.

In 2008, Aardman joined with Channel 4 and Lupus Films to launch a user-generated content animation portal called 4mations. They also designed the BBC One Christmas Idents for that year, which featured Wallace and Gromit to tie in with the showing of the new Wallace and Gromit film called A Matter of Loaf and Death on Christmas Day at 8:30pm. In April 2008, Aardman launched the Aardman YouTube channel, which is a YouTube Partner channel featuring the entire Creature Comforts TV series, the Morph series, Cracking Contraptions and clips from the Wallace and Gromit films. From December 2008, Aardman also started posting various flash games on Newgrounds, the majority of which are based on Wallace and Gromit and Shaun the Sheep.

In 2009, Nintendo announced that Aardman would make twelve short films using only Flipnote Studio. The films were posted on Flipnote's Hatena web service provider. The first film was called The Sandwich Twins and was released on 16 September 2009. The remaining eleven films were released on a weekly basis until Christmas, and can also be downloaded using Hatena. In the same year, the headquarters of the studio moved into a new building, designed by Alec French architects, in Gas Ferry Road, Bristol, although work needing large-scale sets is still carried out in sheds in Aztec West and Bedminster. In April 2009, Aardman Animations edited the existing Watch identity by UKTV to make the inflatable eyeball (called "Blinky") in the idents blink.

In October 2013, Peter Lord (co-founder of Aardman Animations) created a fundraising project on the crowdfunding site Kickstarter. The campaign has a target of £75,000 which will be used to fund 12 new one-minute episodes of Morph. Lord was hoping to start production in January 2014 using the original stop-frame animation. Backers of the project will receive a variety of rewards, including early access to the new animations and a small box of clay used in the production, depending on the individual's level of funding.

In 2015, the studio bought a majority share in New York-based animation studio Nathan Love, announcing the merger with a short film called Introducing: Aardman Nathan Love on 25 September of the same year of that being that the British stop-motion animated series Digby Dragon debuted on Nick Jr. UK in 2016.

In advance of Aardman's fortieth anniversary, BBC One aired the one-hour television documentary A Grand Night In: The Story of Aardman, first broadcast in December 2015. Narrated by Julie Walters, this career retrospective includes commentary by the company's founders and staff, as well as various friends, fans and colleagues including Terry Gilliam, John Lasseter, and Matt Groening.

From 29 June 2017 to 29 October 2017, an exhibition entitled "Wallace and Gromit and Friends" was shown at the Australian Centre for the Moving Image (ACMI) in Melbourne. A report on this exhibition was shown on Australian ABC News Breakfast on Wednesday, 28 June, featuring an 8-minute interview with producers Peter Lord and David Sproxton. The exhibition revealed that in Nick Park's very early sketches, Gromit was originally a cat, but Park soon changed him into a dog, since it was generally agreed that a dog was clearly more suitable as a loyal pet/companion than a cat and also because a dog would be easier to make and animate in Plasticine. Embedded in the ABC News article is a video interview with Lord and Sproxton, which gives information not only on Wallace and Gromit, but also Shaun the Sheep and others.

On 9 November 2018, Aardman Animations announced that Peter Lord and David Sproxton would be transferring majority ownership of the company to its employees in order to keep the studio independent. In January 2019, Lord and Sproxton released a book detailing the history of the studio, called A Grand Success! The Aardman Journey, One Frame at a Time.

In December 2020, Netflix announced an Aardman Christmas musical special entitled Robin Robin. The 30-minute short, starring Bronte Carmichael, Richard E. Grant, Gillian Anderson and Adeel Akhtar, was released on the platform on November 24, 2021.

On 20 January 2022, Netflix announced a sequel to Chicken Run entitled Chicken Run: Dawn of the Nugget. The film, starring Thandiwe Newton and Zachary Levi, is slated to premiere on the platform in 2023. A new, untitled Wallace and Gromit film was also confirmed to be 'in the works', and is currently slated for a 2024 release, as well as a logo change after over 23 years.

Company name
The company name is taken from one of its early characters, a superhero created for Vision On in 1972. Unlike the claymation productions that the company are famous for, Aardman was cel-animated. Peter Lord has stated that the most interesting thing about the company name is that it "means nothing" and is only a joke that two teenagers found funny. He has stated that the name came from a combination of "Aardvark" and "Superman" for the reason that they found aardvark to be a particularly funny word. Aardman Animations became their company name when the BBC asked them to whom they should make their first cheque out. Co-founder David Sproxton has claimed that the name was a result of being unable to "find another word with more A's in it than 'aardvark'" as a schoolboy.

Non-Aardman productions by Aardman directors
A number of Aardman directors have worked at other studios, taking the distinctive Aardman style with them.

Aardman's Steve Box directed the animated music video for the Spice Girls' final single as a five-piece, "Viva Forever". Widely regarded as the Spice Girls' most critically acclaimed song,[citation needed] the video took over five months to produce, considerably longer than the group's box office hit movie, Spice World. He is also the co-creator of the Finnish-British animated series Moominvalley, based on the Moomins books.

Barry Purves, director of the Aardman short Next, also directed Hamilton Mattress for Harvest Films. The film, a half-hour special that premiered on Christmas Day 2001, was produced by Chris Moll, producer of the Wallace and Gromit short film The Wrong Trousers. The models were provided by Mackinnon & Saunders, a firm that did the same for Bob the Builder and Corpse Bride.

Similarly, Robbie the Reindeer in Hooves of Fire, a BBC Bristol/Comic Relief production, was directed by Richard Goleszowski, creator of Rex the Runt. Its sequel, Robbie the Reindeer in Legend of the Lost Tribe, was directed by Peter Peake, whose directorial credits for Aardman include Pib and Pog and Humdrum.

Aardman alumni also produced many of the claymation shorts used in the 1986–1990 American television series Pee-wee's Playhouse.

Filmography
Aardman Animation has produced a number of animated features, shorts, videos and TV series, as well as adverts.

Short movies

 Animated Conversations
 Down and Out (1977)
 Confessions of a Foyer Girl (1978)
 Conversation Pieces
 On Probation (1983)
 Sales Pitch (1983)
 Sweet Disaster: Babylon (1986)
 Sledgehammer (1986)
 My Baby Just Cares For Me (1987)
 [[Barefootin' (1897)|Barefootin''']] (1987)
 Lip Synch Going Equipped (1987)
 Creature Comforts (1989)
 War Story (1989)
 Ident (1989)
 Next (1989)
 Wallace & Gromit: A Grand Day Out (1989)
 Adam (1991)
 Not Without My Handbag (1993)
 Wallace & Gromit: The Wrong Trousers (1993)
 Pib and Pog (1993)
 Wat's Pig (1993)
 The Morph Files (1995)
 Wallace & Gromit: A Close Shave (1995)
 Ozwat (1997)
 Stage Fright (1997)
 Humdrum (1998)
 Al Dente (1998)
 Viva Forever (1998)
 Minotaur and Little Nerkin (1999)
 Angry Kid (1999)
 The Pearce Sisters (2007)
 Wallace & Gromit: A Matter of Loaf and Death (2008)
 Dot (2010)
 Gulp (2011)
 Wallace & Gromit's Jubilee Bunt-a-thon (2012)
 A Pig's Tail (2012)
 The Pirates! So You Want to Be a Pirate! (2012)
 Darkside trailer (2013)
 Sphere (2013)
 Shaun the Sheep: The Farmer's Llamas (2015)
 Robin Robin'' (2021)

Television Series/Series of Shorts

Feature movies

Released movies

Note: Rights to the Aardman films produced with DreamWorks Animation are now owned by Universal Pictures, following NBCUniversal's purchase of DreamWorks in 2016.

Franchises

Associated Studios
 Pathé
 DreamWorks Animation
 Sony Pictures Animation
 StudioCanal

Creative people
The leading members of the company have got recognition from the British award system. They are (alphabetical order):

Peter Lord CBE
Nick Park CBE
Barry Purves CBE
David Sproxton CBE

Other websites

 Aardman Animations at Newgrounds

References

1975 establishments in the United Kingdom
Academy Award winners
British animation studios

Aardman Animations


Roborough is a village in the South Hams of Devon, England. Former home of Plymouth City Airport (and formerly to RAF Roborough), Roborough lies just outside the northern boundary of the city of Plymouth on the main road to Tavistock, and is a popular dormitory village.

The Lopes family, descendants of Jamaican-born Tory Member of Parliament and Baronet of Sephardic-Jewish Portuguese origin Sir Manasseh Masseh Lopes, 1st Baronet, lived in Roborough and acquired the title Baron Roborough in the twentieth century, after moving from nearby Maristow House on the River Tavy and before relocating to Gnaton, a smaller mansion on the coast near Noss Mayo. The very old village pub, which stands on the main street (long since bypassed by a modern dual carriageway) is called the Lopes Arms.

One important son of Roborough is shoemaker and early trade unionist George Odger. After travelling to London in search of work, George became the first trades-unionist to stand for Parliament, the leader of the London Trades Council and the president of the First International Workingmen's Association, an historically important organisation of socialist, communist, anarchist and working-class activists in which Karl Marx played a prominent role.

The Plymouth Argaum Rugby Club grounds are just east of the village.

Roborough Down is the name given to the long stretch of undulating moorland over which the road to Yelverton and Tavistock passes. It lies within Dartmoor National Park, but is owned by Lord Roborough's Maristow Estate. The down has a rich array of wildlife such as ravens, buzzards, foxes, deer and semi-wild ponies and its vegetation consists of pasture, gorse and bracken with frequent stands of hawthorn, oak and birch. However, the down's unique wildlife and environment is threatened by increasing deforestation and grazing pressure.

References

External links

Villages in South Hams
Bickleigh, South Hams

Roborough, South Hams


The Kansas Air National Guard (KS ANG) is the aerial militia of the State of Kansas, United States of America. It is, along with the Kansas Army National Guard, an element of the Kansas National Guard.

As state militia units, the units in the Kansas Air National Guard are not in the normal United States Air Force chain of command. They are under the jurisdiction of the Governor of Kansas through the office of the Adjutant General of Kansas unless they are federalized by order of the President of the United States.  The Kansas Air National Guard is headquartered in Topeka, and its commander is  Brigadier General Bradley S. Link.

Overview
Under the "Total Force" concept, Kansas Air National Guard units are considered to be Air Reserve Components (ARC) of the United States Air Force (USAF).   Kansas ANG units are trained and equipped by the Air Force and are operationally gained by a Major Command of the USAF if federalized.  In addition, the Kansas Air National Guard forces are assigned to Air Expeditionary Forces and are subject to deployment tasking orders along with their active duty and Air Force Reserve counterparts in their assigned cycle deployment window.

Along with their federal reserve obligations, as state militia units the elements of the Kansas ANG are subject to being activated by order of the Governor to provide protection of life and property, and preserve peace, order and public safety. State missions include disaster relief in times of earthquakes, hurricanes, floods and forest fires, search and rescue, protection of vital public services, and support to civil defense.

Components
The Kansas Air National Guard consists of the following major units:
 190th Air Refueling Wing
 Established 23 February 1957 (as: 117th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron); operates: KC-135R Stratotanker
 Stationed at: Forbes Field Air National Guard Base, Topeka
 Gained by: Air Mobility Command
 The 190th ARW provides worldwide air refueling support to major commands of the United States Air Force, as well as other U.S. military forces and the military forces of allied nations flying the KC-135 Stratotanker.

 184th Intelligence Wing
 Established 4 Aug 1941 (as: 127th Observation Squadron)
 Stationed at: McConnell Air Force Base, Wichita
 Gained by: Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency
 The 184th IW  provides wartime support in the form of collecting and analyzing intelligence. Some unit members deploy overseas to augment active duty forces.

History
The Militia Act of 1903 established the present National Guard system, units raised by the states but paid for by the Federal Government, liable for immediate state service. If federalized by Presidential order, they fall under the regular military chain of command. On 1 June 1920, the Militia Bureau issued Circular No.1 on organization of National Guard air units.

The Kansas Air National Guard origins date to 4 August 1941 with the establishment of the 127th Observation Squadron. It is oldest unit of the Kansas Air National Guard.   It is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II. Initially the squadron had 115 men in its ranks. It was, however, still short of officers since it only had nine officers but was authorized a total of thirty-one. Moved to Sherman Field at Fort Leavenworth, by November 1941 the squadron had one BE-1, one O-47A, one O-38E and several L-1's. All of the aircraft were single engine observation/liaison planes.   The 127th Observation Squadron was ordered into active service on 6 October 1941 as part of the buildup of the Army Air Corps.

In 1946, the United States Army Air Forces, in response to dramatic postwar military budget cuts, imposed by President Harry S. Truman, allocated inactive unit designations to the National Guard Bureau for the formation of an Air Force National Guard. These unit designations were allotted and transferred to various State Air National Guard bureaus to provide them unit designations to re-establish them as Air National Guard units.

The modern Kansas Air National Guard received federal recognition on 7 September 1946 as the 127th Fighter Squadron at Wichita Municipal Airport, Wichita.  It was equipped with F-51D Mustangs and its mission was the air defense of the state.  18 September 1947, however, is considered the Kansas Air National Guard's official birth concurrent with the establishment of the United States Air Force as a separate branch of the United States military under the National Security Act  On 23 February 1957, the 117th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, was federally recognized at Hutchinson Air National Guard Base, Hutchinson, equipped with F-80C Shooting Star jet interceptors.

On 1 October 1962 the 127th Tactical Fighter Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 184th Tactical Fighter Group was allotted by the National Guard Bureau, extended federal recognition and activated.  That same year, the 117th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron was expanded on 15 October and the 190th Tactical Reconnaissance Group was federally recognized.

Today the 184th Intelligence Wing (IW) at McConnell Air Force Base provide wartime support in the form of collecting and analyzing intelligence.  The 190th Air Refueling Wing (ARW) at Forbes Field AGB, Topeka, provides global reach for the United States Air Force through the in-flight refueling of fighters, bombers and other aircraft using the KC-135 Stratotankers.

After the September 11th, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States, elements of every Air National Guard unit in Kansas have been activated in support of the Global War on Terrorism. Flight crews, aircraft maintenance personnel, communications technicians, air controllers and air security personnel were engaged in Operation Noble Eagle air defense overflights of major United States cities.  Also, Kansas ANG units have been deployed overseas as part of Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan and Operation Iraqi Freedom in Iraq as well as other locations as directed.

See also

Kansas State Guard
Kansas Wing Civil Air Patrol

References

 Gross, Charles J (1996), The Air National Guard and the American Military Tradition, United States Dept. of Defense,
 Kansas Adjutant General website

External links

Military in Kansas
United States Air National Guard
Military units and formations established in 1947
1947 establishments in Kansas

Kansas Air National Guard


Santiago del Teide is a town and a municipality in the western part of the island Tenerife, Canary Islands, and part of the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife. The area of the municipality is 52.21 km², the population is 12,634 (2013). Beach resort towns in the municipality are Los Gigantes, Puerto de Santiago and Playa de la Arena. The steep cliffs Acantilados de Los Gigantes are situated on the coast of the municipality.

References

External links

Municipalities in Tenerife

Santiago del Teide


Rory Calhoun (born Francis Timothy McCown, August 8, 1922April 28, 1999) was an American film and television actor. He starred in numerous Westerns in the 1950s and 1960s, and appeared in supporting roles in films such as How to Marry a Millionaire (1953).

Life and career

1922–1943: Troubled early life
Francis Timothy McCown was born in Los Angeles, California, the son of Elizabeth Cuthbert and Floyd Conley McCown, a professional gambler. He spent his early years in Santa Cruz, California. He was of Irish ancestry. At age 13, he stole a revolver, for which he was sent to the California Youth Authority's Preston School of Industry reformatory at Ione, California. He escaped while in the adjustment center (jail within the jail).

He left home at 17 to escape beatings from his stepfather and began hot-wiring cars.

After robbing several jewelry stores, he stole a car and drove it across state lines. This was a federal offense, so when he was recaptured, he was sentenced to three years in prison. He served his sentence at the United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield, Missouri. He remained there until he was paroled shortly before his 21st birthday.

Calhoun worked at a number of odd jobs, including as a mechanic, logger in California's redwoods, hard-rock miner in Nevada, cowboy in Arizona, fisherman, truck driver, crane operator, and forest firefighter.

1944–1945: Early acting credits as Frank McCown
In January 1944, he met actor Alan Ladd while riding horseback in the Hollywood Hills. Impressed with Calhoun's physique, Ladd introduced him to his wife Sue Carol, who was a talent agent. She arranged for him to have a screen test at 20th Century Fox, and he was cast in uncredited roles for Something for the Boys (1944) and Sunday Dinner for a Soldier (1944). He had a one-line role in a Laurel and Hardy comedy, The Bullfighters (1945), credited under the name Frank McCown.

He also appeared in Where Do We Go from Here? (1945), The Great John L. (1945) (as Gentleman Jim Corbett), and Nob Hill (1945).

"I liked the money it brought in", said Calhoun. "And I felt it would be nice to go back to forestry with a neat bank roll when these fellows found me out. I never had any feeling I'd make good."

1945–1949: Change to Rory Calhoun and partnership with David O. Selznick
Shortly afterward, the Ladds hosted a party attended by David O. Selznick employee Henry Willson, an agent who was known for representing young actors. Willson signed McCown to a contract with Selznick's company Vanguard and his name was soon changed to Rory Calhoun. According to Calhoun, Selznick told him his first name should be "Rory... because you're a Leo, Leos are lions and lions roar." Selznick suggested either Donahue, Calhoun, or Callahan as a surname, and he picked Calhoun. (In another account of the story, Selznick named him "Rory" because he helped put out roaring fire blazes when a firefighter and "Calhoun" because it sounded Irish.)

Calhoun was under contract with Selznick's company Vanguard, being used to do screen tests and make public appearances. His first public appearance in the film capital was as Lana Turner's escort to the premiere of Alfred Hitchcock's Spellbound (1945), a Selznick production. The glamorous blonde and her handsome companion attracted the paparazzi, and photos appeared in newspapers and fan magazines.

In 1945, Calhoun returned to prison after punching a detective.

Calhoun did not appear in a film for a year before being lent to producer Sol Lesser for The Red House (1947) with Edward G. Robinson. He was then loaned to Paramount to play the lead in Adventure Island (1947) with fellow Selznick contractee Rhonda Fleming.

Calhoun was announced for a film called Jet Pilot with Fleming, Guy Madison, and other Selznick contract players, but it was not made. Instead, he was third lead in That Hagen Girl (1947) with Ronald Reagan and Shirley Temple.

Sam Newfield, who used Calhoun in Adventure Island, cast him again in Miraculous Journey (1948). For Monogram, Guy Madison and he were in Massacre River (1949). At Fox, Calhoun played a second lead in Sand (1949)

In February 1949, Selznick did a deal with Warner Bros., lending them seven of his stars, including Calhoun; they took over half his pictures for the rest of his contract with Selznick. He played the villain in Return of the Frontiersman (1950) and was hero of Monogram's County Fair (1950).

1950–1954: 20th Century Fox and stardom
In August 1950, Calhoun signed a seven-year contract with 20th Century Fox. He had made no films for Selznick. "I didn't worry about it because it was like a long vacation with pay", he said later.

During Calhoun's contract with 20th Century Fox, he was in A Ticket to Tomahawk (1950) and was second male lead in I'd Climb the Highest Mountain (1951) with Susan Hayward and Meet Me After the Show (1951) with Betty Grable.

He went to Ventura to star in a Western Rogue River (1951).

He was promoted to co-star for With a Song in My Heart (1952) with Hayward and Way of a Gaucho (1952) with Gene Tierney, directed by Jacques Tourneur.

Calhoun was promoted to star in the Westerns The Silver Whip (1953) with Dale Robertson and Robert Wagner and Powder River (1953) with Corinne Calvet. He was in How to Marry a Millionaire (1953) as  Betty Grable's love interest, then was back to second male leads in River of No Return (1954) as Marilyn Monroe's boyfriend, who loses her to Robert Mitchum. Both films were big hits. Calhoun then left Fox.

1954–1956: Freelancing and Universal Studios
Calhoun starred in a Western, The Yellow Tomahawk (1954). He went to Columbia for A Bullet Is Waiting (1954).

Calhoun went to Universal for which he made a Western, Four Guns to the Border (1954). He stayed there to star in the musical Ain't Misbehavin' (1955). Also in 1955, Calhoun and Julie Adams co-starred in the film The Looters. He then co-starred with Jeff Chandler in The Spoilers (1955). While filming The Spoilers, Calhoun's conviction history became public when his mugshot appeared on the May 1955 cover of Confidential magazine. When the news came out, he received an offer to play The Champion on Climax! and RKO asked him to be in The Treasure of Pancho Villa (1955). Ultimately, the disclosure had no negative effect on Calhoun's career and only served to solidify his "bad boy" image.

In 1956, he appeared on the TV show Zane Grey Theatre. At Universal, he was in Red Sundown (1956) and Raw Edge (1956).
He wrote the story for the film Shotgun (1955) made by Allied Artists and tried to star in it, but Universal would not lend him.
In late 1956, he arranged to pull out of his contract with Universal and said his fee was $75,000 per film.

1957–1959: Producer and The Texan

In 1957, Calhoun formed Rorvic Productions, a production company, with his partner, Victor Orsatti.

He helped produce and starred in Flight to Hong Kong (1956), The Hired Gun (1957), Domino Kid (1957), and Apache Territory (1958).

He made Utah Blaine (1957) for Sam Katzman and The Big Caper (1957) for Pine-Thomas. For Kirk Douglas' company, he appeared in Ride Out for Revenge (1958), and he returned to Universal for The Saga of Hemp Brown (1958).

In 1958, on the recommendation of studio boss Desi Arnaz, Calhoun co-produced and starred in the television series The Texan, which aired on Monday evenings until 1960. He said in a 1959 article that the only two good films he made were With a Song in My Heart and How to Marry a Millionaire, with the rest being "terrible".

Calhoun produced and wrote screenplays throughout his career. The Texan could have filmed a third year, but Calhoun wanted to concentrate on films. On March 26, 1959, he appeared as himself in the episode "Rory Calhoun, The Texan" on the sitcom December Bride, starring Spring Byington.

1960s
After The Texan ended, Calhoun starred in Thunder in Carolina (1960). He appeared on TV shows such as Gunsmoke, Death Valley Days, and Bonanza.

Calhoun went to Spain for The Colossus of Rhodes (1961) directed by Sergio Leone. (He was robbed during filming.) He did The Treasure of Monte Cristo (1961) in Britain, then did Marco Polo (1962) in Italy.

He returned to the U.S. to make several films for producer A.C. Lyles, such as The Young and The Brave (1963), Young Fury (1965), and Apache Uprising (1965), as well as other films such as Face in the Rain (1963).

Calhoun was considered for the lead of James West in the 1965–1969 CBS series The Wild Wild West, but the producers were not impressed with his screen test and instead chose Robert Conrad. He returned to Europe to make Our Men in Bagdad (1966) and The Emerald of Artatama (1969).

Later career
Calhoun continued to appear in both television and film throughout the 1970s and 1980s, including Thunder in Carolina, Rawhide, Gilligan's Island, Hawaii Five-O, Alias Smith and Jones and Starsky and Hutch.
He also wrote the novels The Man From Padera (1979) and Cerrado (1980).

In 1982, Calhoun had a regular role on the soap opera Capitol, having been persuaded to accept the role by his family after his regret over turning down a part on CBS's Dallas. He stayed with the series until 1987.

Calhoun became known to a new generation for several roles in cult films such as Night of the Lepus (1972), Motel Hell (1980), Angel (1984), and its sequel Avenging Angel (1985), as well as Hell Comes to Frogtown (1987).

His final role was that of grizzled family patriarch and rancher Ernest Tucker in the film Pure Country (1992).

Personal life
Calhoun was married three times, once to his first wife and twice to his second wife. He had three daughters with first wife Lita Baron (m. 1948–1970). When Baron sued Calhoun for divorce, she named Betty Grable as one of 79 women with whom he had adulterous relationships. Calhoun replied to her charge: "Heck, she didn't even include half of them". Calhoun had one daughter with actress Vitina Marcus, and one daughter with second wife (m. 1971–1979; 1982–1999, his death), journalist Sue Rhodes.

Political views
Calhoun supported Barry Goldwater in the 1964 United States presidential election.

Death
Calhoun died on April 28, 1999, at Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center in Burbank, California, of emphysema and diabetes. He was aged 76.

Legacy
For his contributions to the film and television industries, Calhoun was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame with two stars in 1960. His motion-picture star is located at 7007 Hollywood Boulevard, and his television star is at 1752 Vine Street.

In The Simpsons episode "Two Dozen and One Greyhounds", Calhoun is mentioned in an apparent non sequitur when some dogs, and Bart and Lisa, are said by Monty Burns to resemble Rory Calhoun, so he cannot harm them. Speaking of the inclusion, writer Josh Weinstein advised this was because writers believed "Rory Calhoun" to be a "perfect name for a '50s heartthrob".

Filmography

Something for the Boys (1944) as Soldier (uncredited)
Sunday Dinner for a Soldier (1944) as Soldier in Truck (uncredited)
The Bullfighters (1945, billed as Frank McCown) as El Brillante – Disgusted Matador (uncredited)
Where Do We Go From Here? (1945) as Soldier Leaving Canteen (uncredited)
The Great John L. (1945) as James J. 'Gentleman Jim' Corbett
Nob Hill (1945) as Jose – Boxer Sparring with Tony (uncredited)
The Red House (1947) as Teller
Adventure Island (1947) as Mr. Herrick
That Hagen Girl (1947) as Ken Freneau
Miraculous Journey (1948) as Larry Burke
Massacre River (1949) as Phil Acton
Sand (1949) as Chick Palmer
A Ticket to Tomahawk (1950) as Dakota
Return of the Frontiersman (1950) as Larrabee
County Fair (1950) as Peter Brennan
 Rogue River (1951) as Ownie Rogers
I'd Climb the Highest Mountain (1951) as Jack Stark
Meet Me After the Show (1951) as David Hemingway
With a Song in My Heart (1952) as John Burn
Way of a Gaucho (1952) as Martin Penalosa
The Silver Whip (1953) as Sheriff Tom Davisson
Powder River (1953) as Chino Bullock
How to Marry a Millionaire (1953) as Eben
River of No Return (1954) as Harry Weston
The Yellow Tomahawk (1954) as Adam Reed
Dawn at Socorro (1954) as Brett Wade
A Bullet Is Waiting (1954) as Ed Stone
Four Guns to the Border (1954) as Cully
Ain't Misbehavin' (1955) as Jesse Hill
The Looters (1955) as Kenneth Post
The Treasure of Pancho Villa (1955) as Tom Bryan
The Spoilers (1955) as Alex McNamara
Red Sundown (1956) as Alec Longmire
Raw Edge (1956) as Tex Kirby
Flight to Hong Kong (1956) as Tony Dumont
Utah Blaine (1957) as Utah Blaine
The Big Caper (1957) as Frank Harper
The Hired Gun (1957) as Gil McCord
Domino Kid (1957) as Domino
Ride Out for Revenge (1957) as Tate
The Saga of Hemp Brown (1958) as Hemp Brown
Apache Territory (1958)
Thunder in Carolina (1960) as Mitch Cooper
The Colossus of Rhodes (1961) as Dario
The Treasure of Monte Cristo (1961) as Captain Adam Corbett
Marco Polo (1962) as Marco Polo
The Young and The Brave (1963) as MSgt. Ed Brent (escaped POW)
The Gun Hawk (1963) as Blaine Madden
Face in the Rain (1963) as Rand
Young Fury (1964) as Clint McCoy
Finger on the Trigger (1965) as Larry Winton
Black Spurs (1965) as Santee
Apache Uprising (1966) as Jim Walker
Our Men in Bagdad (1966) as Alex
Operation Delilah (1967) as Rory
Operation Cross Eagles (1968) as Sgt. Sean McAfee
The Emerald of Artatama (1969) as Jack Cooper
Las Virgenes de la nueva ola (1969)
Night of the Lepus (1972) as Cole Hillman
Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood (1976) as Philip Hart
Mission to Glory: A True Story (1977) as Capt. Juan Monje
Love and the Midnight Auto Supply (1977) as Len Thompson
Mule Feathers (1977) as Bonaparte Shelby
Flatbed Annie and Sweetie Pie: Lady Truckers (1979) as Farmer
Revenge of Bigfoot (1979) as Bob Spence
The Rebels (1979) as Breen
Bitter Heritage (1979) as Manuel
Runnin' Hot (1980)
Motel Hell (1980) as Vincent Smith
Smokey and the Judge (1980) as Matt Polsky
Angel (1984) as Kit Carson
Avenging Angel (1985) as Kit Carson
Hell Comes to Frogtown (1988) as Looney Tunes
Roller Blade Warriors: Taken by Force (1989) as Old Turkel
Bad Jim (1990) as Sam Harper
Pure Country (1992) as Ernest Tucker

Television

Wagon Train (2 episodes), (1961) as Artie Matthewson, (1965 S8 E26) as Jarbo Pierce
Death Valley Days (2 episodes, 1963, as the Arizona Ranger Burt Mossman, who captures the notorious outlaw Augustine Chacon, played by Michael Pate; 1966, as William A. Richardson a pioneer entrepreneur of the future San Francisco, California) as William Richardson / Capt. Burt Mossman
The Texan (78 episodes, 1958–1960) as Bill Longley
Bonanza (Episode: "Thanks for Everything, Friend", 1964) as Tom Wilson
The Virginian (Episode: "A Father for Toby", 1964) as Jim Shea / Jim Hansen
Gunsmoke (1 episode, 1965) as Ben Stack
Rawhide  (1 episode, 1965) as Joseph Denner
I Spy (1 episode, 1966) as Dimitri
Gilligan's Island (1 episode, 1967) as Jonathan Kincaid
Custer (1 episode, 1967) as Zebediah Jackson
Lancer (1 episode, 1970) as Buck Addison
The Doris Day Show (1 episode, 1972) as Matt Lawrence
Owen Marshall: Counselor at Law (1 episode, 1972) as Bwana Bill
Hec Ramsey (1 episode, 1973) as Jim Patton
Circle of Fear (1973, TV series )1 episode, DEATH'S HEAD as Larry
Police Story (1 episode, 1973) as Pete Eastman
Petrocelli (1 episode, 1974) as Edgar Richardson
Police Woman (1 episode, 1974) as Lou Gerard
Movin' On (1 episode, 1975) as J.C. Coombs
Starsky & Hutch (1 episode, 1977) as Steve Hanson
Little Vic (1977, mini-series) as Lead
Fantasy Island (1 episode, 1978) as Mr. Watson
The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo (1 episode, 1981) as Mr. Hobbes
Hart to Hart (1 episode, 1982) as Jim Bailey
The Blue and the Gray (miniseries, 1982) as Gen. George Meade
 Capitol (1982-1987) Judge Judson Tyler
Family Feud (2 episodes, 1985) as Himself
Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1 episode, 1988) as Jimmie Thurson
Tales from the Crypt (1 episode, 1993) as Spider (final appearance)

Producer
The Hired Gun (1957)
Domino Kid (1957)
Apache Territory (1958)
The Texan
Fists of Steel (1991)

Writer
Shotgun (1955)
Domino Kid (1957)

References

External links

Interview with Rory Patricia Calhoun

1922 births
1999 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
Deaths from diabetes
Deaths from emphysema
Film producers from California
Male Western (genre) film actors
Male actors from Los Angeles
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government
Western (genre) television actors

Rory Calhoun