Nancy Harkness Love (February 14, 1914 – October 22, 1976), born Hannah Lincoln Harkness, was an American pilot and airplane commander during World War II. She earned her pilot's license at age 16.  She worked as a test pilot and air racer in the 1930s.  During World War II she convinced Colonel William H. Tunner of the U.S. Army Air Forces to look to set up a group of female pilots to ferry aircraft from factories to air bases.  This proposal was eventually approved as the Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron.  Love commanded this unit and later all ferrying operations in the newly formed Women Airforce Service Pilots.  She was awarded the Air Medal for her work during the war and was appointed lieutenant colonel in the US Air Force Reserve in 1948.

Early life
Born in Houghton, Michigan on February 14, 1914, as the daughter of a wealthy physician, Harkness developed an intense interest in aviation at an early age. At 16, she took her first flight and earned her pilot's license within a month. Although she went to all the right schools, including Milton Academy in Massachusetts and Vassar in New York, she was restless and adventurous. In 1932, by the end of her freshman year, dubbed, "The Flying Freshman!", she earned her commercial license and received national attention.  At Vassar, she earned extra money taking students for rides in an aircraft she rented from a nearby airport.

Pre-war
In 1936, Harkness married Robert M. Love, an Air Corps Reserve major. They built their own successful Boston-based aviation company, Inter City Aviation, for which Nancy was a pilot. She also flew for the Bureau of Air Commerce.  Love entered air races in 1936 and 1937, competing In the National Air Races in Los Angeles and Detroit. After finishing second in the Detroit race, she stopped competing.  In 1937 and 1938, Love worked as a test pilot, alongside famous air racer Frank Hawks, for the Gwinn Air Car Company, performing tests on various aircraft modifications and innovations. In one project, she served as a test pilot on the new tricycle landing gear, which subsequently became standard on most aircraft. In another project, she helped mark water towers with town names as a navigational aid for pilots.

In May 1940, after World War II broke out in Europe, Love wrote to Lt. Col. Robert Olds, then in the Plans Division of US Air Corps Headquarters but, who a year later, would be in charge of establishing the Air Corps Ferrying Command, that she had found 49 excellent women pilots. This group called "the originals" each had more than 1,000 flying hours. She proposed that the women could help transport aircraft from factories to bases. Olds submitted a plan for integrating civilian female pilots in the Ferrying Command to Gen. Hap Arnold, commanding general of the United States Army Air Forces, who turned it down after Jacqueline Cochran extracted a promise from him not to act on any proposal regarding women pilots that did not make them commissioned officers commanded by women.

World War II

In early 1942, her husband Robert Love was called to active duty in the Munitions Building, Washington, D. C. as the deputy chief of staff of the Ferrying Command. Love accompanied him to Washington and on March 11, took a civil service position in Baltimore, Maryland with the Operations Office of the Ferrying Command's Northeast Sector (soon redesignated 2nd Ferrying Group), Domestic Division. The Domestic Division, commanded by Col. William H. Tunner, was designated Ferrying Division, Air Transport Command (ATC) a few months later.

Love piloted her own aircraft on her daily commute from the couple's home in Washington, D. C. The offices of Major Love and Col. Tunner were near each other, and during a conversation between them, her piloting skills caught the attention of Tunner, who was scouring the country for skilled pilots to deliver aircraft from factories to fields. Major Love suggested Tunner speak to his wife directly.

Love convinced Tunner that the idea of using experienced women pilots to supplement the existing pilot force was a good one. He then asked her to write up a proposal for a women's ferrying division. When his recommendation that she (and the other female pilots) be commissioned into the Women's Army Corps (WAAC) was denied, he appointed her to his staff as Executive of Women's Pilots. Within a few months, she had recruited 30 experienced female pilots to join the newly created Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron (WAFS); 28 graduated from training.  Love became their commander. In September 1942, the women pilots began flying from New Castle Army Air Field, Wilmington, Delaware, under the auspices of the 2nd Ferrying Group.

By June 1943, Love was commanding four different squadrons of WAFS at Love Field, Texas; New Castle, Delaware; Romulus, Michigan and Long Beach, California. The WAFS' number had greatly increased because of the addition of graduates of the Women's Flying Training Detachment (WFTD) at Avenger Field, Sweetwater, Texas, an organization championed and headed by Jacqueline Cochran.

On August 5, 1943, the WAFS merged with the WFTD and became a single entity: the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP). Love was named the executive for all WASP ferrying operations. Under her command, female pilots flew almost every type military aircraft then in the Army Air Forces' inventory, and their record of achievement proved remarkable. Love was certified in 19 military aircraft, becoming the first woman to be certified to fly the latest military aircraft, including the Douglas C-54 Skymaster, North American B-25 Mitchell, and along with Betty Gillies, the first to fly the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress. In Dallas, Love was also checked out on the North American P-51 Mustang, the USAAF's "hottest" fighter.

In 1944, after the WASPs were disbanded, Love continued to work on reports detailing the work of the Air Transport Command.

Post-war
At the end of the war, Love and her husband had the unique distinction of being decorated simultaneously. He received the Distinguished Service Medal, and she the Air Medal for her "Operational leadership in the successful training and assignment of over 300 qualified women fliers in the flying of advanced military aircraft."

After the war, Love had three daughters, but she continued as an aviation industry leader, as well as a champion for recognition as military veterans for the women who had served as WASPs.  In 1948, after the creation of the United States Air Force, she was given the rank of lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Air Force Reserve.

Love died of cancer at the age of 62 in 1976, so she did not live to see the WASPs being accorded military recognition three years later.

Legacy

Love was posthumously inducted into the Airlift/Tanker Association in 1996, the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame in 1997, and the National Aviation Hall of Fame in Dayton, Ohio in 2005. A statue dedicated to Nancy Harkness Love is at the New Castle County Airport in Delaware.

See also
 Women Airforce Service Pilots Badge
 Women's Auxiliary Air Force (WAAF – British)
 Air Transport Auxiliary (British military aircraft ferry service, had many female pilots)
 Women's Army Corps (WAC)
 WAVES
 SPARS
 Ladies Courageous

References

Bibliography

 Haynsworth, Leslie and David Toomey. Amelia Earhart's Daughters. New York: William Morrow and Company, 1998. .
 Koppes, Clayton R. and Gregory D. Black. Hollywood Goes to War: How Politics, Profits and Propaganda Shaped World War II Movies. New York: The Free Press, 1987. .
 Merryman Molly. Clipped Wings: The Rise and Fall of the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPS) of World War II. New York: New York University Press, 2001. .
 Orriss, Bruce. When Hollywood Ruled the Skies: The Aviation Film Classics of World War II. Hawthorne, California: Aero Associates Inc., 1984. .
Rickman, Sarah Byrn. Nancy Love and the WASP Ferry Pilots of World War II. Denton, Texas: University of North Texas Press, 2008. .
 Stewart-Smith, Lt. Col. Natalie J. The Women Airforce Service Pilots of World War II: Perspectives on the Work of America's First Military Women Aviators. Pullman, Washington: Washington State University, 1981.

External links
Fact Sheets: Nancy Harkness Love, U.S. Air Force Biography
PBS American Experience: Nancy Harkness Love Bio
Texas Woman's University Biography of Nancy Harkness Love
Michigan Women's Hall of Fame Historical Center & Hall of Fame
Nancy Harkness Love Summary
Rickman, Sarah Byrn (2008).  Nancy Love and the WASP Ferry Pilots of World War II. University of North Texas Press, TX.

1914 births
1976 deaths
People from Houghton, Michigan
Aviators from Michigan
Military personnel from Michigan
Recipients of the Air Medal
Milton Academy alumni
Vassar College alumni
Women Airforce Service Pilots personnel
National Aviation Hall of Fame inductees
American test pilots
American air racers
American women commercial aviators
Female United States Air Force personnel
United States Air Force colonels
United States Air Force reservists

Nancy Harkness Love


George Proctor Kane (August 4, 1817 – June 23, 1878) was an American politician and policeman. He is best known for his role as Marshal of Police during the Baltimore riot of 1861 and his subsequent imprisonment at Fort McHenry and Fort Warren without the benefit of habeas corpus. His position as Marshal of Police and his southern sympathies were two of many factors in Abraham Lincoln's decision in February 1861 to pass through Baltimore surreptitiously on his way to Washington to be inaugurated, in order to avoid  a possible assassination attempt. Despite his politics, Kane was instrumental in providing protection and an escort for Mary Todd Lincoln on her arrival in Baltimore in February 1861 on her way to the inauguration of her husband, who had preceded her.

Biography

Early life
Kane was born in Baltimore in 1817, into an Irish immigrant family, and at an early age entered the grain and grocery business. He was commissioned an ensign in the Independent Grays, a military organization, and afterward commanded the Eagle Artillery and the Montgomery Guards. He was later colonel of the First Maryland Regiment of Artillery.

Mrs. Kane was Miss Anna Griffith, daughter of Capt. John Griffith, of Dorchester County, Maryland.

Kane was originally an adherent of the Whig Party and an active and enthusiastic supporter of Henry Clay, as shown by the fact that he was Grand Marshal of the parade of the Whig Young Men's National Convention held at Baltimore May 1, 1844, which ratified the nomination of Mr. Clay for the Presidency of the United States.  In 1847, during the famine in Ireland, he was active in relief work as president of the Hibernian Society.  With several others, Mr. Kane purchased the old 'H'-shaped, domed "Merchants' Exchange" (designed by Benjamin Henry Latrobe, built 1816–1820, the largest building in America at the time, also known as the "Baltimore Exchange", later site of the present US Customs House, built 1903–05) on South Gay Street between Water and East Lombard Streets and sold the property to the United States Government itself, which, upon remodeling the buildings, which had always housed Federal courts, customs, post office and a branch of the First Bank of the United States along with other city hall/municipal offices in one wing (until "Old City Hall"—the previous Peale Museum on Holliday Street was acquired in 1830 and occupied to 1875)  and also included those of lawyers, brokers, shipping companies and other maritime businesses in another wing. They now continued to use them for years exclusively as the US Customs House and Post-office (until a new US Courthouse was constructed at the northwestern corner of East Fayette Street and North Street (now Guilford Avenue) in 1859–60, dedicated by 15th President, James Buchanan.  Later supplemented by a larger central Post Office/US Courthouse of Italian Renaissance Revival architecture with eight small towers and large central clock tower) was constructed in 1889 on the east side of Battle Monument Square, facing North Calvert Street.  He was also active in the old volunteer "Baltimore City Unified Fire Department" "confederation" system (organized in the 1830s to 1859) and president of the Old Independent Volunteer Fire Company.  Historians credit Colonel Kane with suggesting and campaigning for a "paid", professional steam-powered  fire department system which was later finally organized in the city in 1858–1859, as a definite expansion of municipal governmental functions with advanced improvements.

Involvement in politics

In 1849 he was appointed Collector of the Port of Baltimore.

In the 1850s, Baltimore was a city mired in political corruption and mob violence with occasional riots between rival gangs known as "Plug-Uglies" and others. The new Baltimore City Police Department had just been organized a few years before in 1857 along with the Baltimore City Fire Department also just the year before in 1859 to eliminate some of the violent clashes between competing rival volunteer fire companies which had served since the 1770s. As a result, the Maryland General Assembly embarked upon a reform movement, which included finding a strong new "Marshal of Police" (chief). Kane filled the bill, becoming Marshal of Police in 1860, under newly elected reformist Mayor George William Brown. According to famous city historian J. Thomas Scharf, "It is impossible to overrate the change that the organization of an efficient police force wrought in the condition of the city." Mayor Brown later wrote that the entire police force "had been raised to a high degree of discipline and efficiency under the command of Marshal Kane."

The Baltimore Plot

In February 1861, Detective Allan Pinkerton, (1819–1884), working on behalf of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, uncovered what he believed to be a plot to assassinate President-elect Abraham Lincoln as he journeyed through Baltimore on his way to Washington to begin his first term. Pinkerton presented his findings to Lincoln, which included his belief that Kane, recently appointed Marshal of Police in Baltimore by newly elected reformist Mayor George William Brown, was a "rabid rebel" who could not be trusted to provide security to Mr. Lincoln while in Baltimore. Pinkerton believed that Kane could participate in the plot merely by under-performing in his duties, thereby giving others ample opportunity to carry out their plans, and claimed to have overheard a conversation in a Baltimore hotel in which Kane indicated that he had no intention of providing a police escort for Lincoln. Baltimore at this time was a hotbed of pro-Southern sympathies. Unlike other cities on the President-elect's itinerary, including New York, Philadelphia and Harrisburg, Baltimore had planned no official welcome for Lincoln. Pinkerton's information regarding Kane, along with other information discovered by him, his operatives and others,  led to the President-elect's decision to follow the detective's advice, changing his travel plans and passing through Baltimore surreptitiously nine hours ahead of his published schedule.

In 1868, in response to stories then circulating in the press about the Baltimore plot, Kane wrote a lengthy account of his view of the events of February 21–23, 1861. He believed the President and his family would arrive in Baltimore as planned on the Northern Central Railroad at its Calvert Street Station  (later after 1950, the site of the Baltimore Sun's offices and printing plant, by Bath Street and the overhead Orleans Street Viaduct) at 12:30 p.m. on February 23, and depart on a 3 p.m. train from the Camden Street Station on the southwest side of town. That left two and a half hours to fill in a City in which the President got only about 1000 votes, and most of those, according to Kane, from "the very scum of the city." In other words, there were no sizable numbers of upper crust Lincoln supporters who might be counted on to rally around the President in a public display, and entertain him, as had continually happened on the President's previous stops coming East in New York, Harrisburg, and Philadelphia on his triumphal parade through the North from his home in Springfield, Illinois. Kane came up with a plan, which he implemented, in which John S. Gittings, who owned the Northern Central Railroad, would travel to the village of Maryland Line (on the Mason–Dixon line, border between Maryland and Pennsylvania), get on the President's train, and accompany him to Baltimore. Once in Baltimore, the train would make an unscheduled stop at North Charles and Bolton Streets, where Kane would meet it with carriages that would carry the new President and his family to Gittings' mansion on Mt. Vernon Place. There a sumptuous meal would be served. This plan avoided the Calvert Street Station altogether and kept the President-elect largely out of view of possible "rabble rousers". According to his own account, Kane carried out his plan exactly, with the only exception being that the new President was not aboard the train. In actuality, President-elect Lincoln having possibly already anticipated the possible plot through the information secured by and presented to him by the noted new detective Allan Pinkerton and Samuel Morse Felton Sr., President of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, and confirmed by some other sources.  So after leaving his party in Harrisburg, Lincoln boarded a night express back to Philadelphia with Ward Hill Lamon, his trusted aide, and traveled that evening back east and had his car attached to the end of a last evening P.W. & B. train running southwest to Baltimore arriving at the east-side President Street Station at 3 a.m.  With his lonely night car pulled slightly west along Pratt Street to the Camden Street Station, where it was held for a short while then placed at the end of a Baltimore & Ohio Railroad train to Washington where the sleepy President-elect and his bodyguard (and possibly another armed man) arrived at the B. & O. Station in the Nation's Capital at 6 a.m. taking up residence in the noted Willard's Hotel on Pennsylvania Avenue three blocks from the White House of out-going 15th President James Buchanan. Newspaper accounts variously described Mrs. Lincoln and the boys being met by an unruly crowd in the Calvert Street Station disappointed in not seeing the new President were reported in various ways. They later also followed on the B. & O. later that day. Kane, in his memoirs of the Plot and 1861, claimed this was erroneous and that Mrs. Lincoln was not jostled by the crowd, but that she had already alighted and left the station before they assembled.

Riot of 1861

On April 18, 1861, two companies of US Artillery and four companies of militia arrived from Harrisburg at the Bolton Station, in the northern part of Baltimore. A large crowd assembled at the station, subjecting the militia to abuse and threats. According to the mayor at the time, "An attack would certainly have been made but for the vigilance and determination of the police, under the command of Marshal Kane."

Kane and others in Baltimore, knowing the fever pitch of the city, sought to learn about plans for other troops to pass through town, but their telegrams north asking for information were largely ignored, probably at least partly because of Kane's well-known Southern sympathies. So it was on the next day, April 19, that Baltimore authorities had no warning that troops were arriving from Massachusetts and Pennsylvania. The first of the troops had arrived at the President Street Station, on the east side of town, and had successfully traveled the one-mile distance along East Pratt Street via horse drawn rail cars, to the Camden Street Station (now near modern "Camden Yards"/Oriole Park baseball stadium) the west side, to continue to Washington. There a disturbance ensued that soon brought the attention of Marshal Kane. His police, (according to Mayor Brown's later memoirs), prevented a large and angry crowd "from committing any serious breach of the peace."  Upon hearing reports that the mobs would attempt to tear up the rails leading toward Washington, Kane dispatched some of his men to protect the tracks.

Meanwhile, the balance of northern troops encountered greater difficulty traversing Pratt Street. Obstructions were placed on the tracks by the crowd and some cars were forced back toward the President Street station. The soldiers attempted to march the distance along Pratt Street, and according to Mayor Brown were met with "shouts and stones, and I think, an occasional pistol shot."

The soldiers fired back, and the scene was one of general mayhem. Marshall Kane soon appeared with a group of policemen from the direction of the Camden Street Station, "and throwing themselves in the rear of the troops, they formed a line in front of the mob, and with drawn revolvers kept it back. ... Marshal Kane's voice shouted, "Keep back, men, or I shoot!" This movement, which I saw myself, was gallantly executed, and was perfectly successful. The mob recoiled like water from a rock." By the time it was over, four soldiers and twelve civilians were dead. These were the first casualties of the American Civil War.

Even though Kane appears to have executed his duties faithfully during these events, and wrote an official account defending his actions (Public record defense by Marshall George P. Kane of his actions on April 19, 1861, in dealing with the riot in Baltimore that "shed the first blood of the Civil War"), there is no question that he was very pronounced in his Southern sympathies. After the riot, Marshal Kane telegraphed to Bradley T. Johnson in Frederick, MD. as follows:

Streets red with Maryland blood; send expresses over the mountains of Maryland and Virginia for the riflemen to come without delay. Fresh hordes will be down on us tomorrow. We will fight them and whip them, or die.

This startling telegram produced immediate results. Mr. Johnson, afterwards served as a general in the Confederate States Army, commanding the Maryland regiments came with volunteers from Frederick by special train that night and other county military organizations began to arrive. Virginians were reported hastening to Baltimore.

Kane's arrest

However, after days of excitement and suspense, the upheaval subsided, and soon General Benjamin Butler, commander of the Massachusetts state militia, with a strong Federal force of the 6th Massachusetts and several other regiments from other states, took possession of Baltimore's Federal Hill by night during a driving rainstorm, May 10, 1861, where he erected extensive fortifications. For the rest of the period of the war Baltimore was closely guarded by Northern troops. Within the year, the city was surrounded by a dozen or more heavily fortified earthen embankment forts making the city, the second-most heavily fortified city in the world at that time, next to Washington, D.C., the Nation's Capital.

Marshal Kane remained in office as head of the Baltimore City police until June 27, 1861, when he was arrested in the dead of night at his house on St. Paul Street by a detachment of Federal soldiers and taken to Fort McHenry. From there he was sent to Fort Lafayette in New York. From there he wrote a letter to President Lincoln in September, 1861, describing the fever from malaria he contracted at Fort McHenry, and the inhumane conditions at Fort Lafayette. "Whilst suffering great agony from the promptings of nature and effects of my debility I am frequently kept for a long time at the door of my cell waiting for permission to go to the water-closet owing to the utter indifference of some of my keepers to the ordinary demands of humanity." Later he was moved to Fort Warren in Boston. In all he was confined for 14 months. He was released in 1862 and went to Montreal.

Kane in the Civil War
As the Civil War was beginning, Kane was moved from Fort McHenry to Fort Lafayette, and then to Fort Columbus, New York. From there he wrote to Secretary of State William H. Seward in October 1861 asking for a speedy trial and complaining that the conditions at Lafayette had been so bad that he required medical care for "an affection of the heart which I attribute to the nature of my confinement at Lafayette." This heart condition may have precluded his service later on the field of battle for the Confederacy.  Eventually Kane was released and went to Montreal.

According to a very erroneous (unusual) "The New York Times" obituary of him on June 23, 1878, (then edited by founder Henry Raymond), Kane received a commission on General Robert E. Lee's staff, and was with Lee at Gettysburg. This seems unlikely (according to modern research and scholarship); as a letter he supposedly wrote to Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States was on July 17, 1863, just two weeks after the Battle of Gettysburg, and is from Canada, where Kane supposedly offers his services in organizing an expedition against Chicago, Milwaukee, and Detroit. His plan was to destroy all shipping, thus "paralyzing the lake commerce." By November, he writes Davis again from Montreal to report on the failure of a plan to rescue Confederate prisoners at Sandusky Bay in Ohio. In Canada in 1864,  Lincoln assassin John Wilkes Booth, (1838–1865), presented to Confederate officials—including Kane—his plan to kidnap President Lincoln.

In February 1864, Kane ran the Federal blockade and was soon in Richmond. In 1864, he published a broadside in which he exhorted Marylanders in the Confederate States Army to form their own Maryland militias, rather than serve under the flags of other states. On July 20, 1864, he is reported by the "Charleston Mercury" to be "about to cooperate with our forces then near Baltimore, with 15,000 Maryland recruits." On October 8, 1864, he writes again to Davis, offering to recruit Marylanders to form a corps of heavy artillery, a suggestion that was politely declined. In March 1865, he is reported to have been instrumental in acquiring fresh uniforms for Marylanders in the Confederate Army. In the closing days of the war, he is still writing to Jefferson Davis to report on the movement of troops around Danville, Virginia.

Later life
Kane entered the tobacco manufacturing business at Danville, Virginia, in late 1865.  Returning to Baltimore he was appointed to the "Jones Falls Commission" and was elected Sheriff of Baltimore City by the state Democratic Party in the 1873 election.

On October 27, 1877, Kane was elected Mayor of the City of Baltimore having won the Democratic nomination over Ferdinand C. Latrobe..

Kane was Mayor of Baltimore City but a short time (his then two-year term would have ended November 3, 1879). City Council ordinances receiving his signed approval were not numerous. One appropriated money for repairs to the former Old City Hall on Holliday Street near East Saratoga Street, used 1830–1875, (former Peale Museum built and operated 1813–1830 by the famed Rembrandt Peale), and transferred this historic building to the City's Board of School Commissioners for the Baltimore City Public Schools system to be used for school purposes. It soon became the site of Baltimore's first African American (then referred to as "Colored"/"Negro") in the new racially  segregated "Colored Schools" established a few years before to the BCPS in 1865.  Another Kane-signed ordinance was to give  "Authority to condemn and open Wolfe Street from East Monument Street to North Avenue and Patterson Park Avenue from Oliver Street to North Avenue" and was granted.  A Council resolution to appoint a committee to visit and urge upon the United States Congress the necessity of constructing a new post-office was approved by Mayor Kane and also an ordinance to accept Homewood Park (a part of the present site of Johns Hopkins University—near Homewood Mansion, a Georgian–Federal style of architecture, constructed 1801–1808, formerly of the Carroll family and later William Wyman's "Wyman Villa" estates) which was signed April 8, 1878. This ordinance, however, was not carried into effect at that time, as JHU did not move from its newly established "temporary" downtown campus on North Howard Street near Little Ross, West Centre and West Monument Streets until after the turn of the century.

Colonel George Proctor Kane died, while serving as the Mayor of his home city, on June 23, 1878.  His former opponent, Ferdinand C. Latrobe was elected to serve his unexpired term (and began his own long and honored public service career, being elected to seven terms of office and dominating the political life of Baltimore for a quarter-century). Kane was buried at New Cathedral Cemetery in Baltimore.

Notes

References
 Maryland State Archives online biography, MSA SC 3520-12478,
 Evitts, William J., "A Matter of Allegiances – Maryland from 1850 to 1861" (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974).
 Coyle, Wilbur F., "The Mayors of Baltimore" (Reprinted from The Baltimore Municipal Journal, 1919) pp. 139–151.
 Cuthbert, Norma, "Lincoln and the Baltimore Plot 1861", The Huntington Library, San Marino, CA, 1949.
 Brown, George William, "Baltimore and the Nineteenth of April 1861", reprinted by Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1961.
 Davis, Jefferson, "The Papers of Jefferson Davis", edited by Lynda Crist, Louisiana University Press, Baton Rouge, 1999

American people of Irish descent
1820 births
1878 deaths
Mayors of Baltimore
19th-century American politicians
Baltimore Plot

George Proctor Kane


Lázaro Ros (May 11, 1925 – February 8, 2005) was an Afro-Cuban singer. His music borrowed much from Africa, as he performed music of the  Lucumí culture, of the Yoruba people from modern-day Nigeria, and of the Arará culture of the Dahomeyan people from modern-day Benin. Ros was largely self-taught, and first learned to sing by learning the chants associated with Santería, a religion based in the Lucumí and Arará cultures.

Life
Ros was born in the Santos Suárez district of Havana, Cuba. He began to work at the age of 11 distributing milk. At the age of 13 he began to sing at religious festivities, or fiesta de santo. His first major employment as a musician was in 1949, where he sang on Sunday afternoons for the radio station, RHC-Cadena Azul. After the 1959 revolution, he received international acclaim with the Conjunto Folklórico Nacional de Cuba (or National Folkloric Ensemble of Cuba) which allowed him to travel to Mexico, France, Spain, and the United States. He also worked at the Cuban Institute of Ethnology and Folklore. He is recognized as a founder of Afro-Cuban rock due to his work with the Síntesis and their album, Ancestros (Ancestors). He also recorded with a group called Olorun. In the year of his death, he was awarded the Orden Félix Varela First Degree, Cuba's highest cultural honour.

Ros's orisha in the yoruba religion was Oggun. He would later become the Akpwon Mayor, and an Oriate.

Discography
Contributing artist
 The Rough Guide to the Music of Cuba (1998, World Music Network)
The Rough Guide To Voodoo (2013, World Music Network)

References

Mario López-Goicoechea Obituary: Lázaro Ros. The Guardian. Wednesday March 16, 2005  (accessed March 3, 2007)

1925 births
2005 deaths
20th-century Cuban male singers
Cuban Santeríans
Yoruba-language singers

Lázaro Ros


Mike O'Brien is the former president and co-founder of ArenaNet and executive producer of its games Guild Wars and Guild Wars 2. He led the design and content creation teams of the original Guild Wars.

Before co-founding ArenaNet, he worked as a company director and a lead programmer at Blizzard Entertainment where he developed the 3D rendering engine of Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos and led the development of Battle.net. He also worked on Warcraft II: Tides of Darkness, Diablo and StarCraft, where he, among other things, designed and created the MPQ archives used in all Blizzard games after Diablo. Mike O'Brien was featured as one of the most influential people in the video game industry on PC Gamer's September 1999 cover story "Game Gods".

O'Brien also previously developed an Apple II emulator for Windows, AppleWin, and old DOS ASCII game, Pyro 2.

In early October 2019, through the official Guild Wars 2 news page, O'Brien announced his departure from ArenaNet and his intention to start a new development studio. He is currently working as a programmer at the studio "ManaWorks".

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Video game programmers
Video game designers
Place of birth missing (living people)

Mike O'Brien (game developer)


Internal security is the act of keeping peace within the borders of a sovereign state or other self-governing territories, generally by upholding the national law and defending against internal security threats. Responsibility for internal security may range from police to paramilitary forces, and in exceptional circumstances, the military itself.

Threats to internal security
Threats to the general peace may range from minor civil unrest, large scale violence, or even an armed insurgency. Threats to internal security may be directed at either the state's citizens, or the organs and infrastructure of the state itself, and may range from petty crime, serious organized crime, political or industrial unrest, or even domestic terrorism. Foreign powers may also act as a threat to internal security, by either committing or sponsoring terrorism or rebellion, without actually declaring war.

Governmental responsibility for internal security will generally rest with an interior ministry, as opposed to a defence ministry. Depending on the state, a state's internal security will be maintained by either the ordinary police or more militarised security forces (known as Gendarmerie or, literally, the Internal Troops.). Other specialized internal security agencies may exist to augment these main forces, such as border guards, special police units, or aspects of the state's intelligence agencies. In some states, internal security may be the primary responsibility of a secret police force.

The level of authorized force used by agencies and forces responsible for maintaining internal security might range from unarmed police to fully armed paramilitary organizations, or employ some level of less-lethal weaponry in between. For violent situations, internal security forces may contain some element of military type equipment such as non-military armored vehicles.

Justice aspects
Depending on the organization of the state, internal security forces may have jurisdiction on national or federal levels. As the concept of internal security refers to the entity of the state and its citizens, persons who are threats to internal security may be designated as an enemy of the state or enemy of the people.

Persons detained by internal security forces may either be dealt with by the normal criminal justice system, or for more serious crimes against internal security such as treason, they may face special measures such as secret trials. In times of extreme unrest, internal security actions may include measures such as internment (detention without trial).

Relationship with the military
Depending on the nature of the specific state's form of government, enforcing internal security will generally not be carried out by a country's military forces, whose primary role is external defense, except in times of extreme unrest or other state of emergency, short of civil war. Often, military involvement in internal security is restricted to authorized military aid to the civil power as part of the principle of civilian control of the military. Military special forces units may in some cases be put under the temporary command of civilian powers, for special internal security situations such as counter terrorism operations.

See also
 Homeland security
 National security
 Private security
 McCarran Internal Security Act of 1950 (US)

External links
Meanings of Internal security at insightsonindia.com

Government
Gendarmerie
Law enforcement
Paramilitary

Internal security


Ludvig Holm-Olsen (9 June 1914 – 10 June 1990) was a Norwegian philologist.

He was born in Tromøy as a son of shipmaster and accident investigator Peter Olsen (1866–1950) and Louise Holm (1885–1969). He was a nephew of Magnus Olsen. Since 1941 he was married to Elsa Dorothea Triseth.

He finished his secondary education at Frogner School in 1932, studied at the University of Oslo and graduated in 1940 with the cand.philol. degree. His master's thesis Den gammelnorske oversettelse av Pamphilus was published in the same year. Holm-Olsen specialized in Old Norse philology and was a research fellow from 1945 and docent from 1949, both at the University of Oslo. He took the dr.philos. degree at the University of Copenhagen in 1952 with the thesis ''Håndskriftene av Konungs skuggsjá. En undersøkelse av deres tekstkritiske verdi, about Konungs skuggsjá. He was then a professor of Norse philology at the University of Bergen from 1953 to his retirement in 1981. There, he served as dean from 1956 to 1958 and rector from 1960 to 1965.

He co-edited the journal Maal og Minne from 1951 to 1984 and the journal Arkiv för nordisk filologi from 1963 to 1990. Important publications other than his theses include Studier i Sverres saga (1952). He also contributed to Norges litteraturhistorie and released more popular books such as Lys over norrøn kultur (1981) and Med fjærpenn og pergament (1990).

He was a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters from 1953, and was decorated as a Knight First Class of the Order of St. Olav in 1967 and a Grand Knight of the Order of the Falcon.

References

1914 births
1990 deaths
People from Arendal
Norwegian philologists
Old Norse studies scholars
University of Oslo alumni
Academic staff of the University of Bergen
Rectors of the University of Bergen
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
Grand Knights of the Order of the Falcon
20th-century Norwegian translators
20th-century Norwegian writers
20th-century philologists
Maal og Minne editors

Ludvig Holm-Olsen


Edward "Eddie F" Ferrell is an American producer, DJ, songwriter, executive and entrepreneur. He has produced, written, and collaborated with several notable and highly successful artists including 2Pac, Mary J Blige, Donell Jones, Erick Sermon, Taral Hicks, LA Reid, Miss Jones, Usher, GUY, LL Cool J, Angie Stone, Jay Z, & Al B Sure!

Credited with originating the first modern "production camp," his company featured multi-platinum production and writing architects, including Eddie F himself, Pete Rock, Dave Hall, Kenny Greene, Mary Brown, Kenny Smoove and Donell Jones, who produced, wrote, and/or remixed songs for recording artists such as TLC, Mariah Carey, Mary J. Blige, LL Cool J, Will Smith, Jodeci, Destiny's Child, Jaheim, Heavy D, Luther Vandross, and Run DMC.

A pioneer in the sampling hip hop & r&b revolution, Eddie F and his Untouchables team are also credited with creating the first "featured artist remix" whereby a track was musically reworked and replaced by an entirely new track (remixed) and a "featured" rap artist that was not on the original song added a totally new rap and artist performance on the newly remixed track. The project that first originated this "featured rap remix" concept was the 1990 remix of Johnny Gill's "Rub U The Right Way" remix "featuring" CL Smooth

Early career
By the early 90s, Eddie had discovered and executive produced gold certified projects for rap duo Pete Rock & CL Smooth and R&B trio INTRO. During this year, Eddie also created the theme song music for the popular Fox television series In Living Color starring then up and coming comedians Jamie Foxx, Jim Carrey, The Wayans Brothers and "fly girl" Jennifer Lopez.

Eddie F's early professional career began as co-founder and partner of the rap group Heavy D & the Boyz. He is also known for his various work and projects serving as the founder and owner of Untouchables Entertainment Group, Untouchables Records, numerous major label clients and their artists

The Mount Vernon, New York native made his initial entry into production in the late 80s as co-writer of the first two debut singles from the legendary Uptown Records, "Uptown Is Kicking It" and also on the gold certified Heavy D & the Boyz debut Living Large with "Mr Big Stuff". Eddie continued to show his production prowess on the Heavy D & The Boyz' follow-up platinum releases, Big Tyme and Peaceful Journey, creating such classics as "Somebody For Me" and "You Ain't Heard Nothin' Yet", to name a few.

Dating back to the late 80s and 90s, he has been largely responsible and instrumental in partnering with, delivering, or developing much of the talent coming out of the Mt. Vernon, NY area such as Heavy D, Al B. Sure!, Pete Rock & CL Smooth, Dave Hall, Kenny Smoove, and even Diddy who lived with Eddie in his home studio loft for a while during the early stages of his Uptown Records, A&R career.

In the late 80s, Eddie created Untouchables Entertainment in order to bolster the careers of promising young producers, writers and artists. One of his many skills is a dynamic knack for identifying, coaching, and launching talent as he has done time and time again.

Some of the notable musical talents he has developed and guided include Pete Rock (Public Enemy, RunDMC, House Of Pain), Kenny Greene (Mary J Blige, INTRO), Dave Hall (Mariah Carey, Mary J Blige, Brownstone), Mary Brown (Destiny's Child, Wyclef Jean, Jaheim), Kenny Kornegay (Case, Changing Faces), Donell Jones (Usher, 702), Mario Winans, Chico DeBarge, The Tony Rich Project and several others - all under his Untouchables umbrella or as a senior A&R executive….

By the mid-90s, he had also added the title of Vice President of A&R for LaFace Records to his repertoire, reporting to co-owner and founder, LA Reid and was responsible for assisting Reid in managing its talent roster including Usher, OutKast, TLC, Goodie Mob, Organized Noize, and Toni Braxton. He would also serve as A&R for the Grammy winning album of The Tony Rich Project, Words.

During this year, Eddie simultaneously released Eddie F. and the Untouchables: Let's Get It On - album on Motown Records. Spotlighting the works of the Untouchables camp, the compilation featured the only known in-studio collaboration of two then up-and-coming hip-hop MC's at the time, 2Pac and The Notorious B.I.G., on the title track "Let's Get It On" - which also featured Heavy D and Grand Puba.

He later segued to Motown Records as the Executive Vice President of A&R - managing a superstar roster including Queen Latifah, Stevie Wonder, Diana Ross, The Temptations, and Boyz II Men, as well as newcomers 98 Degrees, 702, Taral Hicks, and his personal signing of Mario Winans. This was also around the time that he discovered a then unknown Chicago singer named Donell Jones.

Eddie quickly invested in Jones by making him a part of the Untouchables family. He then secured a distribution outlet for Jones and further developed his relationship with LA Reid and LaFace Records spawning the hit single "U Know What's Up" featuring Left Eye of TLC which was also produced by him.

Some of the notable albums and "Greatest Hits" projects he has served as A&R and/or Executive Producer include Pete Rock & CL Smooth - Mecca and the Soul Brother, INTRO - Intro, Donell Jones - Where I Wanna Be & Story of My Heart, The Tony Rich Project - Words, Stevie Wonder - Song Review: A Greatest Hits Collection, and RUN DMC - RUN DMC''.

Current projects
As of recent, Gentle (JeJe) is the newest release from veteran producer, executive, and talent finder, Eddie F via his new showcasing platform - "Eddie F Presents". This new fire tune is an AfroBeat selection with the sexy melody and mood that fits right along with today's top AfroBeat artists...

The "Eddie F Presents" showcasing platform promises to continually deliver new quality music from legendary classic artists as well as fresh and new young emerging talent.

Collaborating with industry veteran Andrew "Sugar Dice" Ramdhanny, Eddie F is also excited to unveil the establishment of a new label, Afro America Unlimited. This venture is a testament to Eddie F and Sugar Dice's commitment to fostering innovation within the AfroBeat genre. With decades of combined experience, the duo aims to provide a platform for emerging talents while also contributing to the continued growth of the genre.

Inspired by a diverse range of artists such as Bruno Mars, Rick Ross, Mariah Carey, Cardi B, Lil Baby, Migos, Teddy Riley, Mary J Blige, Jodeci, Diddy, Doja Cat, Marley Marl, Drake, and the incomparable Jackson family, Eddie F's musical taste embodies a fusion of influences, resulting in a unique and captivating sound that appeals to audiences worldwide.

As he continues to discover and develop new talent as a producer/executive and also dubbed as "Uptown Records only official DJ", he still follows his original passion of spinning and DJing for private and corporate events, always enjoying the spread of positive, uplifting, musical energy along with delivering the ever continuing soundtrack of our lives…

See also
:Category:Albums produced by Eddie F

References

External links
 Instagram official
 Twitter official
 Facebook official
 Interview, HitQuarters

1968 births
African-American male rappers
American male rappers
American hip hop record producers
Living people
Musicians from Mount Vernon, New York
Rappers from New York (state)
21st-century American rappers
Record producers from New York (state)
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century African-American musicians
20th-century African-American people

Eddie F


Ian Ritchie Redpath (born 11 May 1941) is a former Australian international cricketer who played in 66 Test matches and five One Day Internationals between 1964 and 1976. Greg Chappell said he was one of only two players he knew who would kill to get into the Australian Test team, the other being Rod Marsh.

Career
Educated at Geelong College, Redpath played first-class cricket for Victoria in 92 matches scoring 6,103 runs with a highest score of 261 made in only his tenth first-class innings, scored in February 1962 against a Queensland attack including Wes Hall.

He made his test debut on New Year's Day at Melbourne in the second test of the 1963–64 series against South Africa. Opening the batting with Bill Lawry, the pair added 219 before Redpath was bowled on 97. Redpath was the last Australian Test cricketer to play as an amateur. He declined the match fee in his early Tests in order not to jeopardise his amateur football career.

With his lean, gangly body and long neck, Redpath attracted the early nickname "Gandhi" among his teammates. However, when some concerns about this were expressed by local fans on the Australian tour of India in 1964–65, his colleagues permanently reverted to the simpler "Redders". Originally a sweet striker of the ball, Redpath turned into something of a stonewaller, with impressive powers of concentration and a sound technique. He matured late. It would not be until the Sydney test of February 1969 against the West Indies that he reached his maiden test century. In that same series, at Adelaide, he was infamously run out backing up at the bowler's end by Charlie Griffith, without the customary warning from the bowler.

Having broken through with a big score, Redpath flourished and proceeded to score seven Test centuries in the second half of his career, including five in his final 15 Tests, and three in his final test series in 1975–76 whilst opening the batting against a vaunted West Indian fast bowling attack featuring Michael Holding and Andy Roberts. It was not until his penultimate test that he struck his first six, advancing down the wicket to loft Lance Gibbs over the fence. Having done so, he promptly hit another six in the same innings. Considered the most correct batsman in the world by Trevor Goddard in 1966–67, in his maturity, he was a fine player of spin bowling.

Vice-captaincy
He was Australian vice captain to Ian Chappell in 1974–75, and to Greg Chappell in 1975–76. He was batting when the young Greg Chappell made a century on debut against England in 1970–71, who later wrote
My first innings in Test cricket was, as you might expect, a trying experience, but proved to be one of the best cricket lessons of my career, thanks to Ian Redpath. I came to the wicket with Australia reeling at 5/107 to join "Redders", who had watched three quick wickets fall at the other end. Illingworth and Snow, sensing that one more wicket would see them through our batting line up, stepped up their attack on the senior member of our partnership. "Snowy" concentrated his attack short of a length on "Redders" off-stump, with a liberal sprinkling of shorter pitched balls for good measure. Ian made a point of not playing at anything he didn't have to and ducked or swayed away from the shorter deliveries. Each time he swayed or ducked he came back to the upright position and sneered at "Snowy". It may not have looked all that pretty, but it was pretty effective as both Illingworth and Snow became more and more frustrated. Ian's example at the other end made me feel that if it meant that much to him to keep his wicket intact then I had better make sure I try just as hard at my end to keep mine intact. Fortunately we both succeeded and our partnership put us into a sound position, but from my point of view I had received an invaluable lesson in what Test match batting was all about from one of the most courageous batsmen ever to play for Australia.

Redpath made his highest Test score of 171 before he was caught and bowled by Ray Illingworth.  He and the younger Chappell put on 219 for the sixth wicket. Redpath made 497 runs (49.70) in the series and the England fast bowler John Snow wrote "I liked bowling to him least of all" and added that he was "a real nuisance batsman".

At Auckland in 1973–74, he carried his bat for 159* out of a total of 346 against New Zealand. Redpath shared a first-wicket century stand in Tests with four different partners – Bill Lawry, Keith Stackpole, Rick McCosker and Alan Turner.

Redpath was widely regarded as an affable individual. However, during player payment negotiations in 1974–75, despite record takings at the gate, the Australian Cricket Board refused any thought of a player pay rise. When Australian Cricket Board administrator Alan Barnes told a dressing room of Australian cricketers that there were 50,000 others who would be prepared to play for Australia for nothing, the normally mild mannered Redpath reacted. According to Ian Chappell, Redpath grabbed Barnes around the throat and had him up against a wall, saying "You bloody idiot. Of course there are 500,000 out there who would play for nothing. But how bloody good would the Australian team be?"

Previously, when then captain Bill Lawry drafted a stinging letter to the board critical of the arrangements that players had been forced to endure on the combined tours of India and South Africa in 1969–70, Redpath proposed that all the players should sign it. Lawry demurred, signing it only in his own name. This sealed the fate of Lawry's career. Redpath was one of the few to survive that disastrous tour of South Africa with a reputation intact, averaging 47.17 in the four Tests. During an innings on tour of 152 against Orange Free State at Bloemfontein, he scored 32 runs off a six-ball over, which remains a record for any Australian in first class cricket.

An outstanding fieldsman in the slips or at short leg, Redpath took 83 Test catches. His bowling was undistinguished; he was once called for throwing against Glamorgan in 1964.

World Series Cricket
Redpath retired from Test cricket in order to devote himself full-time to proprietorship of an antique business in Geelong. He had already declined the 1975 Ashes tour to tend to this neglected enterprise. However his absence from top cricket was brief. After a season out of the game, he signed for World Series Cricket, lured by a personal visit to Geelong by Kerry Packer's lieutenant Austin Robertson, and despite Packer's initial reluctance to contract the Victorian. As with many of his colleagues, the personal costs of supporting the rebel entrepreneur were significant; after two decades of service to the South Melbourne Cricket Club, Redpath was made persona non-grata. In an early world series match at Kardinia Park, Geelong in 1977–78, Redpath snapped his Achilles tendon, an injury that ruled him out for the season. Packer declared that Redpath would be paid for the duration. The Victorian repaid the loyalty by returning again for 1978–79, playing mainly in World Series country cup games. He was recalled for international duties once more, playing two supertests at the age of 37. At Sydney, against the by then fearsome West Indies XI attack, he took blow after blow on the body, holding out for 143 minutes to make 9, and adding 71 critical runs with David Hookes which contributed to an improbable 10 wicket victory for the Australian XI.

He remains among Victoria's top ten run-makers of all time. Years after his WSC days, Redpath was accepted back into the Victorian fold and appointed as the coach of Victoria.

Later life
He was awarded an MBE in 1975. He wrote his cricketing memoirs, Always Reddy, with Neill Phillipson in 1976. After retiring from playing, he coached Victoria.

He is now retired from the antique business, but remains active at the Geelong Cricket Club.

References

External links

Victorian Premier Cricket Legends

1941 births
Living people
Australia One Day International cricketers
Australia Test cricketers
Australian cricket coaches
Australian cricketers
Cricketers from Geelong
People educated at Geelong College
South Melbourne cricketers
Victoria cricketers
World Series Cricket players

Ian Redpath


John Hassell ( – 1825) was an English watercolour landscape painter, engraver, illustrator, writer, publisher and drawing-master. He wrote a biography of fellow artist George Morland.

Hassell first appeared as an exhibitor at the Royal Academy, in London, in 1789 with a 'View of Stonehenge on Salisbury Plain.' He drew many views of local scenery, which he engraved himself in aquatint, most of them coloured. They were published in various topographical works. He had a large practice as a  drawing-master, and published some books on water-colour painting and drawing. Hassell was a friend of George Morland and wrote his biography (published in 1800); he also engraved Morland's drawing of 'Conway Castle' in aquatint.

His son Edward Hassell (d. 1852) was also a watercolourist, and exhibited for a number of years at the Society of British Artists, of which he became a member in 1841, and was also secretary. He occasionally exhibited at the Royal Academy and British Institution.

Published works
Hassell published the following works, all illustrated with engravings in aquatint by the artist himself:
A Tour of the Isle of Wight (1790 - 2 vols).
A Picturesque Guide to Bath, Bristol Hot-Wells, the River Avon and the Adjacent Country (1793). Co-authored with J C Ibbetson & John Laporte (1761–1839).
Views of Noblemen's and Gentlemen's Seats [...] in the Counties Adjoining London (1804).
Beauties of Antiquity (1806).
Memoirs of the life of the late George Morland (London: J. Cunee, 1806).
The Speculum or Art of Drawing in Water-colours (1809).
Calcographia, or the Art of Multiplying Drawings (1811)
Aqua Pictura; Illustrated by a Series of Original Specimens from the Works of Messrs. Payne, Munn, Francis, and Others (1813).
Picturesque Rides and Walks, with Excursions by Water, Thirty Miles Round the British Metropolis (1818; 2 vols.).
Tour of the Grand Junction Canal (1819)
Rides and Walks Round London (1820; 2 vols)
The Camera; or Art of Drawing in Water-colours (1823).
Excursions of Pleasure and Sports on the Thames (1823)
Graphic Delineation: a Practical Treatise on the Art of Etching (1830).

References

Also written by John Hassell: The Young Artist's Assistant or a familiar Introduction to the Art of Drawing with directions for colouring, and a series of PASSIONS, as expressed by the celebrated Le Brun, published in London, 1810

External links

John Hassell online (ArtCyclopedia)
Works by John Hassell (Bridgemean Art Library)
John Hassell Surrey Collection

18th-century English painters
English male painters
19th-century English painters
English illustrators
Landscape artists
English watercolourists
English engravers
1825 deaths
1767 births
19th-century English male artists
18th-century English male artists

John Hassell


Andrew Jackson Hunter (December 17, 1831 – January 12, 1913) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois.

Born in Greencastle, Indiana, Hunter moved with his parents to Paris, Illinois, in 1832. He attended the common schools and Edgar Academy. He worked as a civil engineer from 1852 to 1856. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1856, and commenced practice in Paris. He served as member of the Illinois Senate 1864–1868, and was also a member of the board of investigation of State institutions. He was an unsuccessful candidate in 1870 to the Forty-second Congress and again, in 1882, to the Forty-eighth Congress. He served as judge of the Edgar County court 1886–1892.

Hunter was elected as a Democrat to the Fifty-third Congress (March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1895). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1894 to the Fifty-fourth Congress.

Hunter was elected to the Fifty-fifth Congress (March 4, 1897 – March 4, 1899). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1898 to the Fifty-sixth Congress. He served as delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1908. He died in Paris, Illinois, January 12, 1913.  He was interred in Edgar Cemetery.

References

1831 births
1913 deaths
American civil engineers
Illinois lawyers
Illinois state court judges
Democratic Party Illinois state senators
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois
People from Greencastle, Indiana
People from Paris, Illinois
19th-century American politicians
Engineers from Illinois
19th-century American judges
19th-century American lawyers

Andrew J. Hunter


9tail Fox is a 2005 novel by Jon Courtenay Grimwood.

Plot summary

The plot centres on Bobby Zha, a Sergeant at the fictional SFPD Chinatown station in San Francisco.  The claimed shooting of a burglar by eleven-year-old Natalie Persikov conflicts with Zha's intuition on the matter, but before he has a real chance to investigate he is shot himself.

After meeting the Jinwei hu (the nine-tailed fox of the title) while dead, Bobby wakes up in a hospital. However, there are a few surprises for him on waking; not least that apparently he isn't Bobby Zha anymore.  The doctors tell him he's in New York, not San Francisco; he was never shot; and that he's Robert Van Berg, sole survivor of a car crash that killed both his parents and put him into a coma since he was seven.  Now adult and sole inheritor of his family's considerable fortune, Bobby wastes no time in getting back to the West Coast to investigate.

In between looking into the case of his own murder, finding out what really happened at the Persikov's house and following up the leads from his contacts among the homeless of San Francisco, Bobby becomes increasingly concerned over his own identity.  Changing identities at a whim — an FBI agent, a CIA investigator, a special forces agent direct from the White House — he questions his old acquaintances about Sergeant Zha, finding out more about himself than he ever knew.

The novel is set "a few years in the future", and frequently references Soviet author Mikhail Bulgakov.  Grimwood notes in the Acknowledgments that "the choice of Persikov for Dr Misha's surname is entirely intentional."

Literary significance and reception
Booklist described the story in 9tail Fox as a "typical revenge story transformed into a story of personal redemption—and a darn good one at that." Publishers Weekly said that "Grimwood does sustain interest with a premise that could have fallen flat in lesser hands."

Footnotes

2005 British novels
2005 speculative fiction novels
Novels set in San Francisco
Fictional portrayals of the San Francisco Police Department
Victor Gollancz Ltd books

9tail Fox


The Recording Industry Association of America or RIAA is a organization that wis creatit an paid for bi lairge record companies. It seembolizes the entire recordin industry o the Unitit States. The RIAA pairticipates in the collection, management an distribution o muisic licenses an ryalties an aw.

The association is responsible for certifyin gowd an platinum albums an singles in the U.S. Its goals are:
tae protect intellectual property richts warldwide an the First Amendment richts o airtists;
tae perform research aboot the muisic industry;
tae watch ower an review laws, regulations an rules that apply tae the muisic industry.

Members
The members o the RIAA are maistly record companies in the U.S.

History
The RIAA wis creatit in 1952 tae create technical staundarts for vinyl records so ony record coud play on ony record player athoot difficulty. In the day's times, the RIAA's goals is tae prevent piracy o records. The RIAA says that the muisic industry luises nearly 4.2 billion U.S. dollars a year acause o this.

References

Muisic industry associations


Daryoush Pirniakan (Persian: داریوش پیرنیاکان) (b. 1955 in East Azerbaijan) is an Iranian musician, tar and setar player, and music researcher.

Biography
Daryoush Pirniakan, a musician and composer of Persian classical genre, learned tar and setar under the supervision of Mohammad Hasan Ozari, maestro Ali-Akbar Shahnazi, Dr. Daryoush Safvat, Yousef Foroutan, Saeed Hormozi, and Mahmoud Karimi. While being a student of late maestro Ali Akbar khan Shahnazi, he had the honor to study radif of Mirza Hossein-gholi (Persian: میرزا حسینقلی) and Shahnazi's advanced level repertoire (radif).

After graduating from the Faculty of Fine Arts in Tehran University (دانشگاه تهران), he started to work and teach at the Center for Preservation and Propagation of Persian Classical Music. He has had long term collaboration with Grammy Award nominee, maestro Mohammad Reza Shajarian since 1979. This collaboration lead to more than 220 concerts in Iran, USA, Canada, Great Britain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Netherlands, Italy, and UAE. He also had been one of the members of Aref Ensemble, directed by late maestro Parviz Meshkatian.

He has been a music professor at Tehran University, the deputy chairman of Faculty of Dramatic Arts in Tehran University, as well as spokesman of Iran Music House. As the founder of Shahnazi Ensemble, he has also had several collaborations with Hamid Reza Nourbakhsh as singer.

Awards and Recognitions
 A first degree art medal by the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance (2001)
 Honorary doctorate from the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology (2004).

Discography
 "Aseman-e Eshqh", on Tar, accompanying Mohammad Reza Shajarian
 "Sarv-e Chaman", on Setar, accompanying Mohammad Reza Shajarian
 "Payam-e Nasim", on Tar, accompanying Mohammad Reza Shajarian
 "Del-e Majnoon", on Setar, accompanying Mohammad Reza Shajarian
 "Yad-e Ayyam", on Tar, accompanying Mohammad Reza Shajarian
 "Rosva-ye Del", on Tar, accompanying Mohammad Reza Shajarian
 "Aram-e Jan", on Tar, accompanying Mohammad Reza Shajarian
 "Jan-e Oshshagh", on Tar, accompanying Mohammad Reza Shajarian
 "Mahour and Segah", on Tar (dedicated to the memory of Ostad Shahnazi)
 "Shur Dasht", on Tar, accompanying Sadiq Tarif
 "Sokhan-e Tazeh", accompanying Shahram Nazeri
 "Aseman", accompanying Hamid Reza Nourbakhsh and Shahnazi Ensemble

References

External links
 Official Website of Dariush Pirniakan

1955 births
Living people
People from East Azerbaijan Province
Iranian setar players
Iranian tar players
University of Tehran alumni

Dariush Pirniakan


Doug Shapiro (born September 15, 1959) is a former American professional cyclist who became a bicycle accident consultant. He was a member of two American Olympic teams and was only the third ever American to compete in and finish the Tour de France.  For over the last twenty years, he has served as a consultant and expert witness to attorneys who represent parties involved in bicycle accident litigation.

Shapiro began his competitive cycling career at the age of thirteen.  During his career as both a top amateur and professional racer, Shapiro competed in many countries throughout the world.  Shapiro was a member of the American Olympic Team in 1980, but was not able to participate due to United States participation in the 1980 Summer Olympics boycott.  He was a member of the 1984 American Olympic team. In 1980, he received a Congressional Gold Medal at the White House due to the 1980 Olympic Boycott.

The Congressional Gold Medal is the highest civilian honor bestowed by Congress, and its first recipient was George Washington, who was so honored on March 25, 1776.

In 1984 Shapiro won American's top cycling stage race, the Coors Classic - riding for the 7-Eleven racing team.  The following year, in 1985, Doug Shapiro became just the third American to compete in and finish the Tour de France (achieving 74th place), in addition to finishing third in the 1985 Coors Classic. In 1997, Shapiro was inducted into the Cycling Hall of Fame as part of the 7-Eleven Cycling Team that competed in the 1986 Tour de France. In 1999 he was inducted into the Jewish Sports Hall of Fame.

From 1985 to 1989, Shapiro competed on professional cycling teams.  In 1985, Shapiro rode with Jan Raas and Joop Zoetemelk on the Kwantum Hallen Team.

Shapiro built his reputation as a hill climber and sprinter and earned the nickname "Bullet." After breaking his hip and being advised to retire, Shapiro had an additional successful season before retiring in 1989.

In 1990, Shapiro acted as the technical advisor and technical writer for the video "Cycling for Success," produced by the 7-Eleven Bike team.  The video was the first of its kind to offer cycling safety tips and techniques.  It was created for all levels of cyclists, from the serious racer to amateur enthusiast.

Today, Shapiro owns and operates Shapiro & Associates. The Company provides bicycle expert witness services to personal injury attorneys, municipalities, government agencies, manufacturers, and insurance companies that are involved in bicycle accident litigation.

Major results

1980
New York State Champion
1984
1st Coors Classic
1st stage 1 Settimana Bergamasca Italy
1st stage 1 Tour De Ardennes France
1985
1st stage 12 Coors Classic
1989
1st stage 6 Tour of Texas
1988
1st National Capital Open
1st Las Vegas Sports Festival

References

External links

See also
List of Congressional Gold Medal recipients

Living people
American male cyclists
Jewish American sportspeople
1959 births
21st-century American Jews

Doug Shapiro


Chinese postal romanization was the old way of spelling Chinese place names in the Roman alphabet until the 1980s, when Hanyu Pinyin became the standard way for writing Chinese in the Roman alphabet worldwide. While mainland China uses only Hanyu Pinyin for almost all Chinese place names, Taiwan still uses Chinese postal romanization to spell their cities' names, like Taipei, Taichung, and Kaohsiung. In this system, there are no apostrophes, dashes, or tone markers.

Romanization of Chinese

Chinese postal romanization


The Essex & Herts Leopards were an English semi-professional basketball club, based in Brentwood, Essex and St Albans, Hertfordshire. The Leopards competed in Division 1 of the English Basketball League. The team was established in 1997 as Ware Fire, but following the demise and eventual closure of the former British Basketball League franchise Essex Leopards in 2003, a supporters group known as 'Leopards Alive' merged with the Ware-based club and rebranded the team as Essex & Herts Leopards in 2004.

Franchise history
Basketball in Ware
For much of the 1990s the town of Ware in Hertfordshire was home to National League (NBL) basketball following the arrival of the original Rebels franchise, who moved from Watford in 1991. The Rebels team consistently finished in the top three of NBL Division 1 and were crowned Champions in 1997, after finishing two points ahead of Plymouth Raiders with an overall record of 21 wins and 5 losses. Following their most successful season, the team was uprooted and moved to Stevenage to become the Stevenage Rebels, though the success didn't follow and the franchise would eventually relocate again in 1999 to become Worthing Rebels.

Following the Rebels' move to Stevenage, a brand-new team, Ware Fire, was established and admitted to NBL Division 3 for the 1997–98 season. In their rookie season they finished 7th out of 11 teams with an amicable 9–17 record. A mild improvement to 6th place in the 1998–99 season was followed with a successful campaign in 1999–00, finishing in 4th place (16–8) and earning promotion to Division 2 (though with the "clean-sheet" League restructuring that followed that season, Division 2 became the third tier division). After destroying Birmingham University 117–71 in Play-off Quarter-finals, Ware were comfortably beaten in their first Semi-final appearance, losing 84–72 away to Division champions Doncaster Eagles.

The 2000–01 season saw the club compete in Division 2 for the first time and also brought a new name for the club with the return of the Rebels name following the original club's rebranding from Worthing Rebels to Worthing Thunder in the same year. The reincarnated Ware Rebels went on to have their most successful season to date, finishing third in the Division with 17 wins and 7 losses and earning promotion to Division 1. The post-season Play-off's saw a rematch of the previous season's Semi-final match-up against Doncaster, though the new and improved Ware swept them aside with a 92–54 home victory in the Quarter-final. The Semi-finals again proved to be the stumbling block though as Ware were defeated 86–75 to eventual winners Ealing Tornadoes.

Rebels continued their rise through the League in the 2001–02 season, competing for the first time in Division 1. Another 3rd-place finish in the League with a 16–6 record and another promotion followed. The post-season Play-off's saw Rebels sweep aside Westminster Warriors 109–96 in the Quarter-finals before being matched up with familiar foes Ealing, who knocked out the Rebels for the second consecutive year with a 99–88 defeat, in the Semi-final. Ware's first appearance in the new NBL Conference for the 2002–03 season saw them pitted against much tougher opponents in the second-tier league and unsurprisingly Rebels successes of the previous season's were not replicated. Finishing 10th out of the 12 teams competing, Ware could only put together 4 victories out of 22 games, whilst missing out on the Play-off's for the first time in the club's history.

The 2003–04 season would see Rebels fare much better in the newly rebranded English Basketball League (EBL) Division 1, following a change in administration from the now defunct National Basketball League. In the 12-team competition, Ware managed to finish in 8th place with 9 wins and 13 defeats. The season saw the start of a new partnership with the University of Hertfordshire, which saw the first team use the venue facilities of the brand-new Hertfordshire Sports Village as well as their traditional Wodson Park home. However the season will be best remembered for three records broken by the Rebels, thanks in-part to the three-point shooting abilities of American-import Michael Williamson. In Rebels' 117–87 National Cup first round win over Northampton Neptunes, Williamson scored a National Cup record 13 three-pointers, scoring two within the first 10 seconds of the game, whilst the team broke the record for a team effort, scoring a 20 three-pointers in total. Two months later, Williamson along with teammates Hayden Herrin and Ben Wallis, combined to score 21 three-pointers in a 116–105 defeat to Worthing Thunder, setting a new NBL/EBL record.

Merger with Leopards Alive
In the summer of 2003 it was announced that British Basketball League (BBL) team, and twice former League champions, Essex Leopards would be dropping out of the League as a buyer for the struggling franchise could not be found. A supporters group called "Leopards Alive" was set up in September 2003, aiming to resurrect the Leopards franchise and bring professional basketball back to their base in Brentwood. Initially seeking to enter a team into the BBL, the supporters group opted for the English Basketball League due to the expected costs of running the team. It was formally announced in May 2004 that Leopards Alive and the Ware Rebels were merging for the 2004–05 season, and would be re-branded as the Essex & Herts Leopards, taking the names of both counties (Essex and Hertfordshire) they would be representing.

Jon Burnell, coach of the Ware Rebels in their final season, was given the Head Coach job for the new-look Leopards. The 2004–05 season was business as normal on-court as the team finished 8th for the second consecutive season, totalling 9 wins and 13 defeats. An early exit in the National Cup came at the hands of Nottingham Knights after a 58–62 defeat at Wodson Park in the 3rd round, whilst they didn't fare much better in the post-season Play-offs, exiting in the Quarter-final after a 103–72 defeat at the hands of Division Champions Sheffield Arrows.

It was announced in the summer of 2005, after just one season of splitting home games between both Ware's venue, Wodson Park, and Essex's Brentwood Centre, that the club would drop Wodson Park in favour of the Goresbrook Centre in Dagenham. On-court, the Leopards went from strength to strength and the 2005–06 season would prove to be one of their strongest yet. The club competed for the first time in the BBL Trophy as an invitee, though they lost all four games to Birmingham Bullets, Leicester Riders, Milton Keynes Lions and Leopards' old BBL rival London Towers . In the National Cup, Leopards fared much better and after early round victories over Colchester and London United, a 101–75 win over Solent Stars in the Quarter-final and an 84–51 Semi-final victory against Worcester Wolves, Leopards had qualified for their first National Final in the franchise's history. In front of a packed National Indoor Arena in Birmingham the Leopards defeated Reading Rockets 79–75 and claim the club's first-ever piece of silverware. In Division 1, the team finished in 6th place, the highest placing the club has achieved to date, with a 17–9 record. In the Play-offs, they were matched up with Sheffield Arrows for the second consecutive season and again for the second time were knocked out in the Quarter-final after losing 69–93.

Return of the London Leopards
The 2006–07 season saw another major rebranding for the franchise as the club was renamed as London Leopards in an effort to attract a bigger fanbase from Britain's capital city, whilst following a disagreement with the new owners of the club's home venue, the Brentwood Centre, the Leopards would play all home games between Wodson Park and the Goresbrook Centre. The newly renamed side underperformed in all three knockout competitions, with a 3rd round exit in the National Cup after an 85–123 defeat to London Capital, and 1st round exits in the National Trophy and the BBL Trophy, to which Leopards competed as invitees again. In Division 1, the team recorded a 4th-place finish, the club's highest ever league placing and secured home-court advantage in the Division 1 Play-offs for the first time, however they couldn't use this to their advantage, losing 70–80 to local rival London Capital in the Quarter-final.

A full-time move back to the club's original home at Wodson Park in Ware greeted the 2007–08 season and a poor showing in the Trophy started off the season with the Leopards team failing to progress from the group stage. The Leopards reached the Quarter-final in the National Cup, but were narrowly beaten by Worthing Thunder in a close 77–79 home defeat. In a condensed Division 1, the team finished with a 50% record, tallying 9 wins and 9 losses and narrowly missed out on a 4th-place finish and home court advantage in the Play-offs, after losing the last three regular season games. The Leopards lost in the Quarter-finals of the Play-off away to Bristol Flyers with a 96–105 loss.

The franchise returned to the Brentwood Centre in 2008 after a two-year absence, whilst still using Wodson Park as a secondary venue. The 2008–09 season opened with five consecutive victories in the Trophy and National Cup, however the team were eventually knocked out of the Trophy by Manchester Magic in a close 81–89 Semi-final defeat, whilst in the National Cup a narrow 72–75 loss meant a Quarter-final exit at the hands of familiar foes Reading. Leopards still fared better than previous seasons and their form was much improved in the League, finishing the season with an all-time high third place (12–6) behind Reading and Manchester. Croatian player Hrvoje Pervan's 22.1 points-per-game proved instrumental in the season's success which continued through to the Play-offs. A 74–71 win at home to Coventry Crusaders meant that for the first time in the club's history, they had won a Play-off game and advanced to the Semi-finals and the Final Four's weekend at the Amaechi Centre in Manchester. However, after being pitted against the hosts, Manchester Magic, in the Semi-finals, the occasion proved too much and Leopards fell to 92–76 defeat with Manchester's Stefan Gill posting a game-high 35 points, driving the hosts into the Final.

Leopards couldn't capitalize on their successes of the previous season and so the 2009–10 campaign saw a disappointing 9th-place finish (out of 12 teams) with a 6–16 record, meaning that the London team didn't qualify for the post-season Play-offs for the first time since the Rebels-Leopards merger. An early exit in the Trophy in a group that contained Reading and London Mets was quickly forgotten after a promising run of results in the National Cup. Victories against Milton Keynes Lions II, Hackney White Heat, London Westside and Brixton TopCats saw Leopards earn a place in the Semi-finals for only the second time in the franchise's history, but in a repeat of Leopards' Play-off Semi-final clash last season, the London side were defeated by Manchester 69–77.

In April 2010, the club announced a merger with Barking Abbey Basketball Academy, one of the country's leading basketball academy's. As a result, the senior men's Division 1 team was renamed as the BA London Leopards, whilst the women's team and the men's second team were rebranded as Barking Abbey Leopards to reflect the new partnership. Due to the new partnership, the senior team was made up mainly of Barking Abbey recruits, with American import-player Josh Sharlow brought in to add experience to the team. The new-look team enjoyed their best season yet in the League and also another encouraging run in the Trophy, after overcoming the group stage including wins over Brixton and London Capital (after the team failed to fulfil a fixture), Leopards progressed through the 1st Knockout Round with a comfortable 78–56 away win over Bristol to progress to the Semi-final. The London side were edged out narrowly though by their traditional Cup rivals Reading in a close 62–60 defeat, whilst Reading went on to win the competition, beating Leeds Carnegie in the Final. The addition of American forward Ousman Krubally, from Georgia State, in December brought extra firepower to the team and helped propel the team to second-place finish in Division 1, with a 14–4 record, beating the previous best from last season's campaign. Krubally finished the season averaging 22.1 points-per-game, the second highest in the Division. The Leopards overcame Durham Wildcats in the Play-off Quarter-finals with a 77–68 victory at the Brentwood Centre, in a game that Leopards always held the lead. Unfortunately poor free-throw shooting contributed to a disappointing Semi-final exit at the hands of Reading at the Amaechi Centre in Manchester. Reading ran out winners with a 69–80 scoreline, meaning Leopards failed to reach yet another major Final.

Following the end of season, Coach Mark Clark stepped down from his position to concentrate on his work with the Academy, with his replacement coming in the form of Slovenian Dejan Mihevc, a former Coach of various Slovenia international youth teams. Mihevc's first move as new Head Coach was to resign last season's MVP Ousman Krubally, whilst bringing-in Lithuanian Vilius Šumskis and former young star Lukas Volskis. Following the late withdrawal of Essex Pirates from the BBL, Leopards accepted an invite to compete in the BBL Trophy in their place, pitting them in a group with Leicester Riders and Milton Keynes Lions.

In November 2011 the Leopards organisation announced that they were intending to apply for a British Basketball League franchise, bidding to return to the top flight as soon as the 2012–13 season. The bid was later deferred for two seasons
The 2011/12 season proved to be the most successful in the club's history as they won the EBL Division One regular season title, the play-offs and the National Cup. The Big  Cats lost four of their first five league games but then reeled off 19 straight victories, winning the Division One title at Reading with two games to spare. Bristol Academy Flyers had already been beaten in a thrilling National Cup final at Ponds Forge, Sheffield, and the treble was completed as Medway Park Crusaders, Leicester Warriors and Derby Trailblazers were beaten on the way to play-off success. American point guard Vernon Teel won the MVP award in both finals and completed a hat-trick by taking the Division honour, while teammate Krubally was runner-up for the second straight season.
The Leopards also began playing some home games at Basildon Sporting Village, starting with a home victory against Brixton Topcats in January 2012.
Barking Abbey dissolved the agreement with Leopards in the summer of 2012, announcing that they were forming their own professional BBL Club East London Royals (though they never played a game), and Robert Youngblood – captain of the original Leopards when they won the BBL – was appointed as the club's first player-coach.
Younblood's opening game in charge saw the Big Cats slip to a controversial defeat at Tees Valley Mohawks in the National Trophy pool game, but his side recovered to finish second behind the Mohawks and qualify for the knockout stages. Derby Trailblazers were hammered in the quarter-final before a fine performance from American guard Simon Cummings saw Leopards win at Hemel Storm in the semi-final. Mohawks where the opponents in the final at Leicester, and after trailing by nine at half-time, Youngblood stepped up with his biggest game of the season to take the game into overtime and Leopards then took control to win 99–91 and win the one piece of silverware that had eluded them the previous year. American big man Greg Hernandez   took home the MVP award after recording 26 points and ten rebounds while Cummings had 23 points, seven rebounds and six assists.
With Hernandez and former England international Taner Adu suffering early season injuries, Leopards' defence of the Division One title never really got going, but they slowly moved up the table and a pair of victories in the north east over the final weekend of the season saw them grab and improbable fourth-place finish and home court advantage in the play-offs. Mohawks were beaten for the second successive Saturday in front of a big Brentwood Centre crowd, and the 90–75 victory sent the Big Cats into the Final Four at Manchester where champions Reading Rockets edged home 75–70 in overtime to end their season.

The Leopards completed the 2014–15 season as Division 1 Champions. The Big Cats secured the Division One title after beating the only remaining challengers Team Northumbria 84–72 in a must-win game at Brentwood Centre. The Leopards claimed their 18th win of the season to build an unassailable lead at the top of the standings with just one regular season game remaining. Robert Youngblood's side were beaten just once at home going into the title showdown and a strong finish wrapped up their first D1 Championship since the 2011–12 season.

During a turbulent 2016–17 season, the Leopards were relegated to Division 1 for the first time in 13 years. Relegation was confirmed in the penultimate game against Lancashire Spinners where a final second shot saw them go down 83–82.

Home arenas
Brentwood Centre (2008–present)
Oaklands College (2019-present)

Players

Final squad

Notable former players

  Tanner Adu
  David Attewell
  Rico Alderson

Season-by-season records

References

External links

Basketball teams established in 1997
Basketball teams in England
Sport in Hertfordshire
Sports clubs and teams in Essex
1997 establishments in England
Basketball teams disestablished in 2020
Ware, Hertfordshire
St Albans
Brentwood (Essex town)

Essex Leopards


Alfred Balfour (7 September 1885 – 26 January 1963) was a British railwayman and politician. He worked his way up from being a baker's message boy to serve as a member of parliament for fourteen years. He was marked by his loyalty to party and near silence in the House of Commons where he waited eight years after being elected before making his maiden and only speech.

Youth
Balfour was the son of a shoemaker, and was born in Aberdeen. He went only to elementary school, before beginning work as a baker's message boy. He later worked in a sawmill, in a tannery, and as a carter before joining the railways at the age of 19. In his youth he was a keen amateur boxer, and was for a time the amateur bantamweight boxing champion of the North of Scotland.

Railways
In 1913 he married Margaret Grant; they had three daughters. Balfour continued his education in evening classes including through the Workers' Educational Association and the National Council of Labour Colleges, and he also became an active member of the National Union of Railwaymen. He was Secretary of the Aberdeen branch of the NUR for twenty years, and represented railwaymen on Aberdeen Trades Council. For many years, Balfour was a member of the NUR Executive. His job was eventually to be parcels foreman at Aberdeen railway station, and he was chairman of the employees' side of the sectional council of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway for twelve years.

Politics
Through his union activities, Balfour became active in the Labour Party, being made a delegate to the Labour Party annual conference, and he served on Aberdeen Town Council from 1941 until he stood down in 1942. It was his prominence in the railway union which led to his selection as Labour candidate for West Stirlingshire at the 1945 general election. He followed Thomas Johnston, who was Secretary of State for Scotland in the war-time Coalition.

Parliamentary activity
Balfour won the seat, but his election was unusual as he had a reduced majority compared to the 1935 general election; the election as a whole showed a strong movement to the Labour Party. In Parliament Balfour became a very low-profile Member. He made no speeches at all, and asked only a handful of questions in the first two years before contributing nothing in the last three sessions.

His silence was accompanied by invariable loyalty to the party whip. In a free vote in December 1947 he supported a motion to cut the proposed additional allowance paid to Princess Elizabeth after her marriage.

In the 1950 general election Balfour was re-elected with a majority increased to over 4,000, and in the 1951 election it increased again; both were against the national trend.

Belated maiden speech
On 14 July 1953, Balfour finally broke eight years' silence in the chamber to make his maiden speech in a debate on industry in Scotland. As he began speaking, he explained that he had tried to get in to speak in other debates but found it so difficult that it was hardly worthwhile. He then observed "People get up here from time to time and keep us here for hours on end, and I have said 'What's the use of inflicting another torture upon the House?'" In the main body of his speech he opposed the policy of building new towns when old towns, including those in his constituency, were becoming derelict.

His activity in the remainder of the Parliament was confined to asking several written Parliamentary Questions. In May 1954 he asked a written question about the cost of refurbishing the flat of the Secretary to the Lord Great Chamberlain on the Parliamentary Estate.

Retirement
Re-elected with a reduced majority in the 1955 general election, Balfour did not make any further speeches or ask any questions (either oral or written) before announcing in 1958 that he would not be a candidate for re-election.

In his last months in the House of Commons, Balfour at first signed a motion put down by Malcolm Macmillan opposing the transfer of some NATO-assigned United States Air Force nuclear bombers from France to United Kingdom bases. When party leader Hugh Gaitskell called on Labour members to withdraw their names, Balfour complied.

References

External links

1885 births
1963 deaths
Scottish Labour councillors
Scottish Labour MPs
Politicians from Aberdeen
London, Midland and Scottish Railway people
National Union of Railwaymen-sponsored MPs
UK MPs 1945–1950
UK MPs 1950–1951
UK MPs 1951–1955
UK MPs 1955–1959
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Stirling constituencies
Councillors in Aberdeen

Alfred Balfour


The palladium-hydrogen electrode (abbreviation: Pd/H2) is one of the common reference electrodes used in electrochemical study. Most of its characteristics are similar to the standard hydrogen electrode (with platinum). But palladium has one significant feature—the capability to absorb (dissolve into itself) molecular hydrogen.

Electrode operation
Two phases can coexist in palladium when hydrogen is absorbed:
alpha-phase at hydrogen concentration less than 0.025 atoms per atom of palladium
beta-phase at hydrogen concentration corresponding to the non-stoichiometric formula PdH0.6

The electrochemical behaviour of a palladium electrode in equilibrium with H3O+ ions in solution parallels the behaviour of palladium with molecular hydrogen

Thus the equilibrium is controlled in one case by the partial pressure or fugacity of molecular hydrogen and in other case—by activity of H+-ions in solution.

When palladium is electrochemically charged by hydrogen, the existence of two phases is manifested by a constant potential of approximately +50 mV compared to the reversible hydrogen electrode. This potential is independent of the amount of hydrogen absorbed over a wide range. This property has been utilized in the construction of a palladium/hydrogen reference electrode. The main feature of such electrode is an absence of non-stop bubbling of molecular hydrogen through the solution as it is absolutely necessary for the standard hydrogen electrode.

See also
Dynamic hydrogen electrode
Reversible hydrogen electrode

References

External links
Electrochimica Acta

Electrodes
Palladium
Hydrogen technologies

Palladium-hydrogen electrode


John Martin (1947 – February 23, 2006) was a Canadian broadcaster, credited with "almost single-handedly" creating music television in Canada.

Early life and career
Born in Manchester, England, Martin left school at 16 and moved to London, where he worked as a rock drummer and freelance writer. At 20, he moved to Canada, finding work as a researcher for CBC Radio, then CBC Television. On the radio side, he was the first Canadian to break the story of the use of Agent Orange in the Vietnam War; on the television, he produced segments for series like Weekend and Peter Gzowski's 90 Minutes Live. (Filling in once on the current affairs series Viewpoint, he hired the Cambridge University Choir to sing the Canada Elections Act in harmony.)

The New Music and MuchMusic
After the cancellation of 90 Minutes Live, Martin found himself driving a taxicab and pitching a new concept to Canadian TV broadcasters: "rock and talk," bringing a sensibility like those of Rolling Stone and the New Musical Express to bear presenting and interpreting musical culture in a documentary television newsmagazine.

The idea didn't sell to Canadian television networks of the day – at the CBC, it was caught between the departments of variety and current affairs – but Moses Znaimer, the impresario of Toronto independent station CITY-TV, took on Martin's plan, and The NewMusic launched in 1979. It was a great success, becoming Canada's most popular syndicated television series.

Martin then began to plan an entire station devoted to music, and the result, MuchMusic launched in 1984 under Znaimer, Martin and CITY's corporate parent CHUM Limited. "We were a bunch of loonies," Martin later recalled. "My gig was to sort of mould the anarchy. It was a bunch of absolutely crazy people reinventing their lives every day. It was fun." Much went on to great success in its own right, inspired spin-off, joint venture and licensed sister networks and programs, within Canada and internationally, and underwrote the music video arts foundation VideoFACT.

After Much
After leaving Much and CHUM in 1993 – "His mercurial temperament and guerilla management style," CITY's news website would recall after his death, had started "to clash with others in the industry" – he worked on specials, directing The Genius of Lenny Breau (1999), which explores the short and tragic life of Canadian guitar legend Lenny Breau, and also directing Hank & Jimmie: A Story of Country (2000), a portrait of the troubled lives and relationship of Hank Snow and his only child, singer-turned-preacher Jimmie Rodgers Snow. Martin was also program director for the Canadian dance music specialty channel bpm:tv.

He died in 2006, of esophageal cancer.

References

External links
Music Man Mourned (Pulse 24, February 23, 2006)
MuchMusic Pioneer John Martin dies (CBC, February 24, 2006)

I'm With the Band (Ryerson Review of Journalism, Summer 1997)
MuchMusic (Museum of Broadcast Communications)
Hank & Jimmie: A Story of Country, distributor's catalogue page

Canadian documentary film directors
Canadian television directors
Canadian television executives
Canadian television journalists
English emigrants to Canada
Mass media people from Manchester
Journalists from Toronto
Deaths from esophageal cancer
1947 births
2006 deaths

John Martin (Canadian broadcaster)


Shanghai Disneyland Resort is an amusement park in Shanghai, China. It is in the Chuansha New Town neighborhood of Pudong New Area. It was finished in 2016 and was the sixth Disneyland park to be built. It covers 390 hectares.
The park includes Mickey Avenue, the Gardens of Imagination, Fantasyland, Treasure Cove, Adventure Isle, Tomorrowland, and Toy Story Land.
It is open from 8a.m. to 10p.m. every day.
The nearest subway station is Disneyland Resort Station on Line 11 of the Shanghai Metro.

Theme parks in Asia
Disney theme parks
Shanghai

Shanghai Disneyland Park


The Peruvian Democratic Party (Spanish: Partido Demócrata Peruano, PDP) is a Peruvian political party founded on 26 June 2006 by former Union for Peru (UPP) members following differences within the party.

Elected Congress members Carlos Torres Caro, Gustavo Espinoza and Rocío González left UPP after the defeat of the party's presidential ticket, led by Ollanta Humala and featuring Torres Caro as a candidate to Second Vice-President, in the Second Round (runoff) of the 2006 national election. The rift arose when Humala called on radical left groups to join a "People's Democratic and Nationalist Front" ("Frente Nacionalista Democrático y Popular"), to be led by UPP and Humala's own Peruvian Nationalist Party.

Torres Caro is the party's leader and most prominent member, having not only been on UPP's presidential ticket, but also having obtained the most individual votes from UPP's congressional candidates.

Political parties established in 2006
Political parties in Peru

Peruvian Democratic Party