Operation Sharp Edge was a non-combatant evacuation operation carried out by the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit (22nd MEU) and 26th MEU of the United States Marine Corps in Liberia in 1990 and 1991. The MEUs were supported by Amphibious Squadron Four (Task Force 61) composed of , , , , , , and Fleet Surgical Team TWO.

Background
The First Liberian Civil War broke out in December 1989. Increasing violence between political and ethnic factions, including in the capital of Monrovia, had made it impossible for American diplomats and civilians to make safe passage to the U.S. Embassy to exit the country.

Operation
The 22nd MEU was composed of Battalion Landing Team (BLT) 2nd Battalion 4th Marines (ground combat element), HMM-261 (REIN) (aviation combat element) and MSSG-22 (logistics combat element).

Company "E" of the 2nd Battalion, 4th Marines executed a pre-dawn vertical envelopment of the besieged U.S. Embassy, with 237 Marines inserted via medium and heavy lift Marine Sikorsky CH-53D Sea Stallion and CH-46 Sea Knight helicopters. The landing zones were under sporadic fire from light, medium and heavy weapons from belligerents. "Hotel" Company secured an extended perimeter around the U.S. Embassy and began evacuation of other allied embassies. Ground elements were supported by U.S. Marine AH-1T SuperCobra helicopters and Marine AV-8B Harrier II attack aircraft. Simultaneously, elements of BLT 2/4 secured landing zones in the surrounding areas, extracting U.S. and foreign nationals. Non-combatants were flown off to  and  for processing and ultimately Freetown, Sierra Leone. Although BLT 2/4 conducted the initial entry into the embassy, the Marines of BLT 3/8 with 26th MEU arrived on station and continued with the evacuation operations as the 22nd MEU began its retrograde and departure.

Following the initial 20 August 1990 evacuation by the 22nd MEU and her support elements, the MEU was relieved by the Company "K" and a detachment of Headquarters and Support (H&S) personnel of the 3rd Battalion, 8th Marine Regiment (designated as Battalion Landing Team 3/8), a part of the 26th MEU 26th Marine Expeditionary Unit embarked on . Also present were Assault Craft Unit 4 Detachment B, embarked service support group elements from the MEU command element, as well as , which was used to ferry evacuees out of Monrovia. Remaining on station for the next 121 days, the Marines and sailors of Whidbey Island evacuated over 1,000 civilian personnel from Monrovia, most of whom were subsequently transported to Freetown, Sierra Leone aboard the accompanying USS Barnstable County.  The 26th MEU was relieved by FAST Company 5th Platoon of the Marine Corps circa December, 1990, when Whidbey Island and her embarked troops steamed to the Mediterranean in anticipated support of the growing Operation Desert Shield. 26 MEU and 22 MEU evacuated a total of 2,439 people between the summer of 1990 and 9 January 1991.

References

 Operation Sharp Edge

1990 in Liberia
Conflicts in 1990
20th-century military history of the United States
Non-combat military operations involving the United States
United States Marine Corps in the 20th century
Liberia–United States relations
Non-combatant evacuation operations

Operation Sharp Edge


A Dyson–Harrop satellite is a hypothetical megastructure intended for power generation using the solar wind.  It is inspired by the Dyson sphere, but much harder to detect from another star system.

The concept for the so-called Dyson–Harrop satellite begins with a long metal wire loop pointed at the sun. This wire is charged to generate a cylindrical magnetic field that snags the electrons that make up half the solar wind. These electrons get funnelled into a metal spherical receiver to produce a current, which generates the wire's magnetic field – making the system self-sustaining. Any current not needed for the magnetic field powers an infrared laser trained on satellite dishes back on Earth, designed to collect the energy. Earth's air does not absorb infra-red light, so the system would be highly efficient. Back on the satellite, the current has been drained of its electrical energy by the laser – the electrons fall onto a ring-shaped sail, where incoming sunlight can excite them enough to keep the satellite in orbit around the sun.

A relatively small Dyson–Harrop satellite using a 1-centimetre-wide copper wire 300 metres long, a receiver 2 metres wide and a sail 10 metres in diameter, sitting at roughly the same distance from the sun as the Earth, could generate 1.7 megawatts of power – enough for about 1000 family homes in the US. Larger sizes could produce far greater amounts of power, even exceeding the current usage of Earth. Satellites could be placed anywhere in the solar system, and networks of satellites could combine to generate terawatts of power.

References

Megastructures
Hypothetical astronomical objects
Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
Exploratory engineering
Hypothetical technology
Energy development
Hypothetical spacecraft

Dyson–Harrop satellite


The 1952 Luqa Avro Lancaster crash was a military aviation accident that occurred in Malta on 30 December 1952 when an Avro Lancaster bomber crashed shortly after takeoff from RAF Luqa into a residential area in Luqa. Three of the four crew members on board the aircraft and a civilian on the ground were killed. The crash also caused extensive property damage. The cause of the crash was engine failure.

Background
The aircraft involved in the accident was an Avro Lancaster ASR.III Search and Rescue (SAR) aircraft, serial number SW344. The aircraft had been built during World War II, and after the conflict ended it was modified for maritime search and rescue. It was delivered to No. 37 Squadron RAF in April 1951. This type of aircraft were outdated by 1952, and the squadron was planning on replacing its Lancasters with Avro Shackletons in 1953.

The aircraft was crewed by pilot John C. E. Smith, co-pilot Charles Glanville, radio operator John Crawford Logan and flight engineer Wilfred Morris. It was Glanville's first flight as a captain.

Accident
On the day of the accident, the aircraft was to take part in a training flight. After routine checks were performed, the aircraft's engine was started up and it taxied to Runway 06 of RAF Luqa. At 11.40am, as it was making its takeoff run, the inboard port Rolls-Royce Merlin engine began to cut out intermittently, and the engine stopped working completely as the aircraft took off.

With three out of its four engines still working, Smith took over control of the aircraft and attempted to return to the airfield to make an emergency landing. However, the aircraft's speed was too slow, its altitude was too low and it was turning to starboard, and less than three minutes after takeoff it crashed into a residential area in the town of Luqa.

The aircraft hit a house and then crashed into St George Street, hitting three more houses in the process. The aircraft then caught fire, and some debris fell into New Street. The aircraft's tail landed in a building site where a war-damaged house was being rebuilt, while parts of the wings and engines landed on houses, in gardens or in the street. The crash left a trail of destruction of about , with a number of houses being severely damaged or destroyed.

Rescue and recovery efforts
The search and rescue operation was initially carried out by firefighters from RAF Luqa and the Malta police. Other rescuers arrived on the crash site soon afterwards, including teams from RAF Hal Far and RAF Ta Kali and from the Admiralty Dockyard. British paramedics and specialists as well as United States Navy personnel who had been based at Ħal Far also offered first aid to the victims.

Three of the four crew members on the Lancaster survived the initial crash but were badly injured. Two of them died in hospital within hours of the crash or the following day, leaving pilot Smith as the sole survivor. A civilian from Luqa suffered severe burns due to fire from fuel in one of the aircraft's wings which landed in her garden. She was taken to St Luke's Hospital, where she died on 1 January 1953. At least two other people suffered less serious burns and were also taken to hospital.

Aftermath
After the crash, New Year celebrations at RAF Luqa were cancelled to respect the victims. Two of the crew members were buried at the Imtarfa Military Cemetery on 2 January 1953, while the remains of radio operator Crawford Logan were flown to Scotland and were buried there. The civilian who died of her injuries was buried at the Luqa parish cemetery.

The crash resulted in extensive damage to a number of buildings, with 14 properties suffering some form of damage. A court-appointed architect and Public Works Department surveyed the damage to buildings and services respectively. One family whose house was severely damaged was given alternative accommodation in a building which had been constructed to house Luqa's police station. On the day of the crash, the commanding officer at RAF Luqa sent a £25 cheque from the AOC Benevolent Fund to the Luqa parish priest as initial relief for the victims. The RAF was later willing to pay ex gratia compensation, but not as much as was requested by those who had lost property in the crash. Labour Party leader Dom Mintoff campaigned for adequate compensation to be given, and eventually the Claims Commission made a report which awarded compensation based on court experts' evaluations.

One of the first responders at the crash site, RAF Luqa fire section chief Cecil F. Harrison, was awarded the British Empire Medal on 1 September 1953 for his deeds during the rescue. He had discovered two crew members who had been thrown out of the aircraft, and he comforted them amidst burning wreckage and shouted until further help arrived.

Investigation
An official inquest was held and it found that Flight Sergeant Smith was not responsible for causing the accident.

Legacy
Today, there is no memorial commemorating this accident.

See also
1946 Rabat Vickers Wellington crash
1975 Żabbar Avro Vulcan crash

Notes

References

Aviation accidents and incidents in Malta
Accidents and incidents involving Royal Air Force aircraft
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1952
Accidents and incidents involving the Avro Lancaster
1952 in Malta
December 1952 events in Europe
1952

1952 Luqa Avro Lancaster crash


Iron(III) nitrate, also known as ferric nitrate, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Fe(NO3)3. It contains iron in its +3 oxidation state. It also contains nitrate ions.

Properties
Iron(III) nitrate is a light purple solid. It dissolves easily in water. It is an oxidizing agent. It is acidic. It absorbs water easily to make a hydrate (chemical with water molecules attached to it).

Preparation
It is made by reacting iron or iron(III) oxide with nitric acid. The reaction of iron with nitric acid makes nitrogen dioxide. Nitrogen dioxide is a brown and toxic gas.

Uses
It is used to etch silver alloys. It is also used to make sodium amide. It acts as a catalyst in this reaction.

It can be mixed with clay to make an oxidant clay. This oxidant clay can be used to make organic molecules.

Safety
Iron(III) nitrate is oxidizing, so it can catch things on fire. It is also corrosive to metal and can burn skin.

Related pages
Iron(III) chloride
Iron(III) sulfate

Nitrogen compounds
Iron compounds

Iron(III) nitrate


The Nanjing City Wall is the city wall of Nanjing, China. Most of it was made during the early Ming Dynasty, when Nanjing was the capital of China.

The city wall has a Jingshiying Tianfu four city wall pattern. It consists of four walls: namely, the imperial city, the imperial city, the capital city, and the outer city. Now, the name mainly refers to the well-preserved capital city wall, which is the longest, largest, and best-preserved old city wall in the world, with a total preserved length of 25.1 km.

The city wall you see in Nanjing today was built in 1366 (Yuan to Zheng 26 years) and completed in 1393 (Ming Hongwu 26 years), 27 years in all. Building it used 1 ministry, 3 weis, 5 provinces, 28 prefectures, and 152 prefectures and counties. A total of 280,000 migrant workers made it using about 350 million urban bricks.

Its gates include the Gate of China, the Zhongshan Gate, and the Xuanwu Gate.

Walls
Buildings and structures in Nanjing
14th-century buildings and structures

Nanjing City Wall


Anthony R. Suarez (born 1967) is a New Jersey attorney and has served as Mayor of Ridgefield, New Jersey from 2004 to 2023.

Biography
Suarez was born in Englewood, New Jersey and was raised in Ridgefield. He graduated from Ridgefield Memorial High School in 1984. He then attended Saint Peter's College in Jersey City, graduating with a B.A. degree in 1988. He received a J.D. degree from Fordham University School of Law in 1993.

He was admitted to the New Jersey Bar in 1993 and the New York Bar in 1994. He is currently an attorney at the Fort Lee law firm Dario Yacker Suarez & Albert.

Suarez was elected to the Ridgefield Borough Council in 1998, and was reelected to the Council in 2001. He was elected mayor in 2003 and was reelected in 2007. He is the first elected Latino mayor in the history of Bergen County and the second Democratic mayor in the history of Ridgefield.

Operation Bid Rig
On July 23, 2009, Suarez was arrested as part of Operation Bid Rig, a joint operation of the FBI, IRS, and the U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of New Jersey into political corruption and money laundering. Suarez was charged with accepting a $10,000 cash bribe from an FBI informant through a middleman, Vincent Tabbachino, for assistance in arranging approvals to develop properties in Ridgefield.

Though the two other mayors implicated in the sting operation, Peter Cammarano of Hoboken and  Dennis Elwell of Secaucus, resigned following their arrests, Suarez rebuffed calls for his resignation, including from Governor Jon Corzine. On August 3, 2009, Corzine launched an investigation into whether the State of New Jersey should seize control of Ridgefield's finances. Targeting Ridgefield, Corzine also signed an Executive Order freezing development approvals in municipalities with chief executives facing corruption charges who have not resigned from office.

Suarez was acquitted on all charges on October 27, 2010.

References

External links
Suarez & Tabbachino criminal complaint, United States Department of Justice, July 23, 2009

1967 births
Living people
Lawyers from Englewood, New Jersey
Saint Peter's University alumni
Fordham University School of Law alumni
Mayors of Ridgefield, New Jersey
New Jersey Democrats
Operation Bid Rig
Hispanic and Latino American mayors in New Jersey
Ridgefield Memorial High School alumni

Anthony R. Suarez


Lahore Division () was a former division of the Punjab Province of Pakistan. In 2000 the government of Pakistan ended divisions.

History
Lahore Division was also an administrative division of Punjab Province of British India. It extended along the right bank of the Sutlej River from the Himalaya to Multan, and was made up of the six districts of Sialkot, Gujranwala, Montgomery, Lahore, Amritsar, and Gurdaspur. With the Partition of British India into the independent states of India and Pakistan in 1947, Lahore Division was divided among the two countries.

Divisions of British India

Lahore Division


Robert Lrod Dorough (December 12, 1923 – April 23, 2018) was an American bebop and cool jazz vocalist, pianist, composer, songwriter, arranger, and producer. Dorough became famous as the composer and performer of songs in the TV series Schoolhouse Rock!, as well as for his work with Miles Davis,  Blossom Dearie, and others.

Early life
Robert Lrod Dorough was born in Cherry Hill, Polk County, Arkansas and grew up in Plainview, Texas. During World War II, he participated in Army bands as pianist, clarinetist, saxophonist, and arranger. After that, he attended North Texas State University, where he studied composition and piano.

Career
From 1949 to 1952 Dorough was a graduate student at Columbia University in New York City, and on the side played piano at local jazz clubs. He was hired for a tour by boxer Sugar Ray Robinson, who had interrupted his boxing career to pursue music. In Paris from 1954 to 1955 he worked as a musician and musical director, recording with jazz vocalist Blossom Dearie.

When Dorough returned to the United States, he moved to Los Angeles, where he performed in various clubs, including a job between sets by comedian Lenny Bruce. His first album, Devil May Care, came out in 1956 and contained a version of Charlie Parker's "Yardbird Suite" with lyrics added by Dorough. Jazz trumpeter Miles Davis liked the album, and in 1962 when Columbia Records asked Davis to make a Christmas record, he sought out Dorough to provide lyrics and vocals. "Blue Xmas" appeared on the compilation album Jingle Bell Jazz. During that session Dorough recorded another song for Davis, "Nothing Like You," which appeared a few years later at the end of the Sorcerer album, making Dorough one of the few musicians with a vocal performance on a Miles Davis record.

In 1969, Dorough participated as arranger, choir vocalist, and pianist for beat poet Allen Ginsberg's 1970 LP Songs of Innocence and Experience, a musical adaptation of William Blake's poetry collection of the same name.

From 1972 to 1996, and for direct-to-video releases in 2002 and 2009, Dorough wrote and directed episodes of Schoolhouse Rock!, an educational animated series that appeared on TV. He got the job when advertiser David McCall asked him in 1969 to put the multiplication tables to music, with "Three Is a Magic Number" earning him the job as the series' musical director. Dorough wrote all the songs for Multiplication Rock, the first of six eventual subject areas (the others being Grammar Rock, America Rock, Science Rock, Money Rock and Earth Rock, to which he also contributed songs and performances).

With his friend Ben Tucker, Dorough wrote the song "Comin' Home Baby", which gave Mel Tormé a Top 40 hit and two Grammy Award nominations. He was a partner for many years with Stuart Scharf, producing two albums for the folk-pop band Spanky and Our Gang and adding jazz arrangements to their sound.  Spanky recorded Dorough's 1-3-5-8 (Pedagogical Round #2), a clever round where the lyrics indicate the notes.

Dorough was the vocalist for The 44th Street Portable Flower Factory, recording cover versions of popular music for Scholastic Records in the early 1970s.
Dorough remained with the show from 1973 to 1985.

Later career
From 1985 to 1993 he toured Europe several times with the saxophone player Michael Hornstein, bassist Bill Takas and drummer Fred Braceful.

Dorough worked with Nellie McKay on her 2007 album Obligatory Villagers as well as her 2009 release Normal as Blueberry Pie – A Tribute to Doris Day.

He continued to do occasional work intended for children. He wrote an illustrated book of Blue Xmas, published by Circumstantial Productions, and three songs to accompany Maureen Sullivan's books about Carlos the French bulldog: Ankle Soup, Custard and Mustard and Christmas Feet.

Death
Dorough died on April 23, 2018, at his home in Mount Bethel, Pennsylvania, at the age of 94.

Awards and honors
In 1974, Dorough received a Grammy nomination for Best Recording for Children.
In 1998, Dorough was inducted into the Arkansas Jazz Hall of Fame.
He received Artist of the Year at the 2002 Pennsylvania Governor's Awards for the Arts.
In December 2007, Dorough was honored by East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania with a Doctor of Fine Arts honorary degree.
In 2019, the Schoolhouse Rock! soundtrack was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
In 2019, he was recognized as a 2019 Jazz Master by the National Endowment for the Arts.

Discography

As leader
 Devil May Care (Bethlehem, 1956)
 Just About Everything (Focus, 1966)
 I'll Never Fall in Love Again (Music Minus One, 1970)
 A Taste of Honey (Music Minus One, 1972)
 Multiplication Rock (Capitol, 1973)
 Watch What Happens! (Music Minus One, 1974)
 Beginning to See the Light with Bill Takas (Laissez-Faire, 1976)
 An Excursion Through "Oliver!" (Music Minus One, 1963)
 Devil May Care (52e Rue Est, 1983)
 Hoagy's Children with Dick Sudhalter, Barbara Lea (Audiophile, 1983)
 Sing and Swing with Bill Takas (Red, 1984)
 Clankin' on Tin Pan Alley with Bill Takas (Bloomdido, 1986)
 Skabadabba (Pinnacle, 1987)
 Songs of Love (Orange Blue, 1988)
 This Is a Recording of Pop Art Songs (Laissez-Faire, 1991)
 Right On My Way Home (Blue Note, 1997)
 Too Much Coffee Man (Blue Note, 2000)
 Who's On First? with Dave Frishberg (Blue Note, 2000)
 To Communicate (Vivid Sound, 2004)
 Sunday at Iridium (Arbors, 2004)
 Complete Recordings with Sam Most (Lone Hill, 2004)
 Small Day Tomorrow (Candid, 2006)
 The Devils Best Tunes: The Beatnik Scat of Bob Dorough (Fingertips, 2011)
 Duets (COTAjazz, 2012)
 Eulalia (Merry Lane, 2014)
 But for Now (Enja, 2015)
 Live at the Deer Head Inn (Deer Head, 2016)

Singles
 "Ankle Soup" (2011)
 "Christmas Feet" (2011)
 "Custard and Mustard" (2011)
 "'P' is for the People" (2011)
 "Blue Xmas (To Whom It May Concern)"  Columbia Records/Blue Vinyl/Record Store Day 2014

As sideman or guest
 Sam Most: Bebop Revisited, Vol. 3 (Xanadu, 1953)
 Buddy Banks Quartet: Jazz in Paris – Buddy Banks/Bobby Jaspar – Jazz de Chambre (EmArcy, 1956)
 Sam Most: Sam Most Plays Bird, Bud, Monk and Miles (Bethlehem, 1957)
 Miles Davis: Facets (Columbia,1967)
 Miles Davis: Sorcerer (Columbia, 1967)
 Allen Ginsberg: Songs of Innocence and Experience (MGM, 1970)
 Various: That's The Way I Feel Now: A Tribute to Thelonious Monk (A&M, 1984)
 Harold Danko: Alone But Not Forgotten (Sunnyside, 1985/86)
 Naked City: Grand Guignol (Avant, 1992)
 Michael Hornstein: Innocent Gem (Enja, 1995)
 Hoagy's Children, Vol. 1 (Audiophile, 1994)
 Hoagy's Children, Vol. 2 (Audiophile, 1994)
 Various: Jazzmass (COTA, 1995)
 Blossom Dearie: I'm Hip (Columbia, 1998)
 Various: The Reasons for Christmas Project (PATH, 2003)
 Nellie McKay: Obligatory Villagers (Vanguard, 2007)
 Nellie McKay: Normal as Blueberry Pie: A Tribute to Doris Day (Verve Records, 2009)
 Various Artists: Jazz Canto Vol. 1 (an anthology of poetry and jazz) (Righteous, 2009)

References

External links

 Albin, Scott. Essential Bob Dorough Recordings at Jazz.com

1923 births
2018 deaths
20th-century American pianists
20th-century jazz composers
21st-century American pianists
21st-century jazz composers
American jazz composers
American male jazz composers
American jazz pianists
American male pianists
American male singers
American male songwriters
American music arrangers
Record producers from Arkansas
American rock songwriters
Bebop pianists
Blue Note Records artists
Cool jazz pianists
Jazz arrangers
Military personnel from Arkansas
People from Polk County, Arkansas
Red Records artists
Singers from Arkansas
Songwriters from Arkansas
University of North Texas College of Music alumni
Vocalese singers
Animation composers
Jazz musicians from Arkansas
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
Arbors Records artists
Candid Records artists
Enja Records artists

Bob Dorough


Luigi Fortis (February 26, 1748 – January 27, 1829) was an Italian Jesuit elected the twentieth Superior-General of the Society of Jesus.

Early life and formation
Fortis joined the Jesuits in 1762 after studying at the San Sebastian High School of Verona: he was only 14 years old.  He did his philosophical studies (1767–70) at Bologna and was busy teaching humanities at the University of Ferrara when the Society of Jesus was suppressed in 1773.

Ex-Jesuit
After the suppression Fortis returned to his home town of Verona where he got employment as a private Mathematics teacher. He pursued however his desire to become a priest and was ordained so in 1778. In 1784 he established contacts with the Jesuits of Russia but was advised to stay in Italy where there was greater need of his services.  In 1793 he passed into the Duchy of Parma where the Jesuits had obtained re-entry, and he renewed his vows as a Jesuit. For a few years he taught Physics and History at the College of the Nobles of Parma. With the invasion of Parma by the French army in 1804 he was again a refugee, this time in Naples where the Society had been restored. His teaching in the newly opened college of Naples (1805) did not last as, with the arrival of Joseph Bonaparte as king, the Jesuits were again expelled from Naples. Fortis went to Orvieto and then returned to his home town, Verona (1810). Wherever he could he was a teacher of Poetry, Mathematics, Philosophy and Logic.

Restoration
Soon after the universal restoration of the Society (1814) Fortis was made provincial of the Jesuits in the Italian peninsula (1815–1818) and representative of the Superior General, Tadeusz Brzozowski (1814–1819), as the latter was not allowed by the czar to leave Russia.

20th General Congregation
The 20th General Congregation (following the death of Father General Tadeusz Brzozowski) was held from October 9 to December 10, 1820.  The toll taken by the long years of suppression and exile was made all too evident by the intrigue and turbulence marring the Congregation.  The direct intervention of Pius VII was necessary to stop the quarrels over credentials and intrigues within the Roman Curia.  The Congregation finally elected Luigi Fortis as Superior General. Beside electing Fortis the Congregation's concern was to reassert without ambiguity that this was the same Society of Jesus as founded by St. Ignatius: it declared that not just the Constitutions, their Declarations, the various 'rules' but all the legislation of the previous congregations and letters of Generals of the old Society remained in effect.  The new Pope Leo XII granted Father Fortis this confirmation early in his papacy. There were around 1200 Jesuits, in 6 provinces, at that time.

Superior General
The new Superior General dedicated his short term of office to restoring the texture of Jesuit life as he had known it in the old Society. Fortis' letters to the whole Society describe in detail the customs which should regulate the life of the novitiates and scholasticates.  One can still find little booklets from his time containing extracts from the letters of the Generals of the old Society with lists of the occasions on which they should be read aloud during meals.  The principal achievement of Father Fortis and his generation of Jesuits lay in establishing beyond question the historical continuity of the restored Society with the Society founded by Ignatius that had existed until 1773.

Fortis reestablished also several provinces, including in the new world (Mexico), and three missions (Ireland, Maryland and Missouri) were depending directly on the General. Requests were coming from many places for the Jesuits to start anew the work they had been doing in the past, especially in the educational field. This prompted Fortis to initiate a revision of the Ratio Studiorum to adapt it to the thoroughly new socio-religious atmosphere of the 19th century.

In a sign of the new trust of the papacy towards the Society is the fact that Pope Leo XII returned to Jesuit management the Roman College, as well as the church of St. Ignatius, in Rome (1824).

Death
After being Superior General for eight years and three months he died in Rome on January 27, 1829. He was buried in the crypt of the Gesú. By then the Society had already 2100 members in 9 provinces.

References
BERETTA, G., De Vita Al. Fortis, Verona, 1833.
ROSA, E., I Gesuiti, Roma, 1957.

External links
Luigi Fortis in the Historical Archives of the Pontifical Gregorian University

Superiors General of the Society of Jesus
19th-century Italian Jesuits
18th-century Italian Jesuits
University of Bologna alumni
Academic staff of the University of Ferrara
1748 births
1829 deaths

Luigi Fortis


Tunak Tunak Tun is an Indian pop song released in 1998. It has become an internet meme. It was made because most of Daler Mehndi's other videos have women dancing. Some people said that was the only reason his music was popular. This one has just him but became a success anyway. It has used bluescreen technology.

References

1998 songs

Tunak Tunak Tun


Hand guards are devices worn by athletes in artistic gymnastics. Various types of hand guards are used by gymnasts:

 Grips are used on the uneven bars, high bar, still rings and parallel bars to enhance the gymnast's grip and, in the case of bar exercises, to reduce friction between the gymnast's hands and the bar.
 Hand braces do not offer the gymnast any performance advantage, but help to prevent injury by providing support and lessening impact on the wrists and hands.
 Wrist guards are usually worn by male gymnasts performing on the pommel horse, and sometimes by female gymnasts on the floor exercise or vault.

Gymnastics apparatus
Protective gear
Handwear

Hand guard


A chemist is a scientist who studies chemistry. In England can also mean a pharmacist (person who dispenses medicines that doctors prescribe for people).

Chemistry is the study of elements, atoms, molecules, and how they react together. Chemists research and test medicines, explosives, and a lot of other things. Chemistry is an important science. It helps industry and pharmacology.

Chemists are people who study compounds and find new ways to do chemical reactions. They make chemicals in order to find new ways to do things, like to make a better glue, or to make new medicines, or to make things clean, for example. They also use compounds to find out more about the laws of chemistry.

Science occupations

Chemist


ʿAbd al-Malik, originally called Sayf al-Dawla, later al-Muẓaffar (died 20 October 1008), was the second ʿĀmirid ruler of al-Andalus, ruling from 1002 until his death. Like his father and predecessor, al-Manṣūr, he was the actual power behind the Caliph of Córdoba. The seven-year government of al-Muẓaffar was a period of peace and prosperity. Later historians likened it to the sābiʿ al-arūs, the first seven days of marriage, and recalled it as a golden age before the Andalusian fitna (civil wars) began in 1009.

In 997, the Maghrāwa leader in Africa, Zīrī ibn ʿAṭīya, renounced his allegiance to Córdoba. In response, al-Manṣūr dispatched Wāḍiḥ al-Ṣiḳlabī, governor of the Central March, to Africa at the head of a large army. He then sent his son to reinforce Wadih. The two commanders defeated Zīrī, captured Fez and established Córdoban rule throughout all of Morocco and even into central North Africa. ʿAbd al-Malik was appointed governor of Africa.

The principal sources for al-Muzaffar's government are the Dhakhīra of Ibn Bassām, the Bayān of Ibn ʿIdhārī and the Aʿmāl al-aʿlām of Ibn al-Khaṭīb. On 10 August 1002, just days after his father's death, ʿAbd al-Malik was invested by the Caliph Hishām II with the office ḥājib. He reduced the taxes levied on the citizens of Córdoba by one sixth. He also removed ethnic Arab aristocrats from the administration. He was easily able to handle the several conspiracies mounted against him.

Militarily, ʿAbd al-Malik followed his father's policy exactly. He directed either a summer campaign (ṣāʾifa) or a winter campaign (shātiya) against one of the Christian powers lying beyond the marches (thughūr) in every year of his government. In 1003, he attacked southern Francia (today the Spanish provincia of Cataloniaz), devastating the countryside around Barcelona and razing 35 fortresses. In 1005, he attacked Castile. In 1006, he attacked Navarre, probably intending to take Pamplona, which he approached but did not capture. In 1007, he again attacked Castile in a campaign that was called the "victorious raid" (ghazāt al-naṣr). He took Clunia by force and carried off enormous booty. This feat earned him the honorific by which he is now known, "the victor" (al-muzaffar) replacing "sword of the dynasty" (sayf al-dawla). In the winter of 1007–1008, he captured a castle called San Martín. He died of angina while preparing his next campaign against Castile. He was succeeded by his brother, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Shanjwilo.

Notes
Explanatory footnotes

Citations

Sources

10th-century births
1008 deaths
11th-century Arab people
Year of birth unknown
11th-century people from al-Andalus
People of Arab descent
Al-Andalus military personnel

Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar


A Flower is a song for voice and closed piano by John Cage. It was composed in 1950, for a choreography by Louise Lippold, wife of sculptor Richard Lippold. There is no text; the singer vocalises a small number of phonemes such as "uh", "wah", etc., without vibrato. Instructions given in the score include, for some passages, "like a pigeon" and "like a wild duck". The entire vocal line is constructed of just four pitches, except for a single bar near the end where a fifth pitch is used. The pianist plays by hitting the piano lid in various ways - with his fingers, with his knuckles, etc. The composition is somewhat similar to the earlier work for voice and closed piano, The Wonderful Widow of Eighteen Springs.

Editions
 Edition Peters 6711. (c) 1960 by Henmar Press.

See also
 List of compositions by John Cage
 Nowth upon Nacht

Compositions by John Cage
1950 compositions

A Flower


Charles Howard Usher (2 March 1865 – 3 March 1942) was a Scottish ophthalmologist from Edinburgh. He studied medicine at St. Thomas Hospital in London, and after receiving his doctorate in 1891, he remained at St. Thomas, working under Edward Nettleship (1845–1913). Later he was an eye surgeon at the Aberdeen Hospital for Sick Children, and also worked in the Aberdeen Royal Infirmary.

Usher is known for the eponymous Usher Syndrome, which he described in a 1914 treatise titled On the inheritance of retinitis pigmentosa. He based his findings on a survey of 69 individuals who suffered from visual problems associated with deafness. Usher demonstrated that the disease was inherited, and that parents passed the condition onto their children. His discovery was a continuation of the work done by German ophthalmologists Albrecht von Graefe and Richard Liebreich, who did extensive research of retinitis pigmentosa and its link to deafness in the mid-19th century.

With Dr. Nettleship and Karl Pearson (1857–1936), Usher produced an important work on albinism called A Monograph on Albinism in Man.

References
 This article is based on a translation of an article from the German Wikipedia.

1865 births
1942 deaths
Medical doctors from Edinburgh
British ophthalmologists
19th-century Scottish medical doctors
20th-century Scottish medical doctors

Charles Usher


Lake Mission Viejo is a reservoir created for recreation in Mission Viejo, Orange County, California, United States. The reservoir is formed by an earthfill dam across the canyon of Oso Creek, which is part of the Trabuco Creek and San Juan Creek drainage basin. The lake is not fed by urban runoff; it is maintained so as to be safe for contact. The Lake Association owns and operates the Lake facilities which include approximately 124 surface acres of water and 50 acres of land, including Playa del Norte (North Beach) and Marina, Playa del Este (East Beach), parking facilities, Market on the Lake Dock and dam.
Recreational facilities available for Lake Association members include the Lake, two large beaches and picnic areas, clubhouse rental, boat launching facility and shoreline fishing area.

The Lake Mission Viejo Association, is a California Non-Profit corporation consisting of those residential property owners within the ultimate boundaries of the Mission Viejo planned community.  Association members have access to the Lake through the guard gates at both North and East beach.  Other portions of the shoreline have been developed as private residential projects and commercial village (Market on the Lake).  Smaller private beach facilities around the Lake are for the exclusive use of waterfront homeowners.  Costs and operations of any private facilities for lakefront developments will be paid for and are the responsibility of that lakefront owner.
Other amenities include, Fishing, recreation (boating and swimming) as well as Concerts, Movie Nights and Summer Camps during the summer months.  Lake Mission Viejo is a private recreational facility/ HOA that is for the use and enjoyment of members that  own or live in Lake Member Properties within the city of Mission Viejo.

About  south of Santiago Peak, a peak in the Santa Ana Mountains, the lake is surrounded by private residential (single-family and condominium) communities, and is a private membership for Mission Viejo residents. The primary marina is located in the northwestern arm of the lake. Upstream of Lake Mission Viejo is Upper Oso Reservoir, which spills downstream and into Mission Viejo in wet years.

Beaches
There are two main beaches, Playa del Norte and Playa del Este, with a few smaller, private beaches. The larger beaches are both protected by the Lake Mission Viejo Lifeguards. Both beaches contain playgrounds, barbecues and picnic areas, snack bar (North Beach Only) (East Beatch has an ice creams vending machine and will open a snack bar in Sumer 2023 and fishing areas.

Playa del Norte (or North Beach)
More commonly referred to as North Beach, is the largest beach at Lake Mission Viejo. It contains the largest sandy beach area, volleyball courts, a full basketball court (in the winter months), and a clubhouse available to rent. All of the administration buildings are located at the North Beach. All boat rentals and boat launching is located at the North Beach. North Beach is open all year round. Snack Bar services are provided by Tony's at Lake Mission Viejo  during the summer season as well as special menu for concert days and the Annual Jazz Fest/Taste of the Lake.

Playa del Este (or East Beach)
More commonly referred to as East Beach, Playa del Este is the second largest beach at Lake Mission Viejo. East beach also has picnic tables, barbeques, playground area, basketball courts and an upper picnic area overlooking the Lake which may be reserved for larger groups. East Beach is open daily during summer and on weekends from Memorial Day through Labor Day.

Swimmer's Itch
During spring and parts of the summer, swimmer's itch, also called cercarial dermatitis can appear. It is a microscopic pest that lives on hosts like birds and snails by biting into their skin.  Once it bites a human, it dies but leaves an irritated area or bump like a mosquito bite. The itching will be gone as well as the bump in a few days. Swimmer's itch can be prevented by showering thoroughly after swimming.  There have been no reports of swimmers itch at the Lake Mission Viejo since 2015.

Boating
There is a rental fleet which includes rowboats, available with electric motors, 14' Capri Sailboats, pedal boats, kayaks, and party (pontoon) boats.  All rental boats are available to Association members and their guests for a reasonable fee.

Fishing
The Lake is stocked with different kinds of fish including trout, catfish, tilapia, bass and sunfish.  Specially designed fish habitats have been built on the bottom of the lake to promote good fishing and spawning. In November 2014 an outbreak of Golden Algae decimated the LMVA fish populations, resulting in an unprecedented loss in fish stocks. Lake biologists were seen applying a chemical algae killer directly to the water in an effort to eradicate the Golden Algae, which seemed to not be effective. Since the die-off, unpopular tilapia were introduced and as of 2019, the Golden Algae issue hasn't been resolved. Subsequent stockings of trout have seen large volume die-offs over the years and no solution has been found. Lake Association members may fish at the designated shoreline area adjacent to the marina, or from a boat out on the lake.  Association members receive identification badges for eligible family members.  These badges entitle the member to free fishing privileges (guests must pay a fishing fee).
In order to protect the natural ecological balance of the Lake, only specified types of baits are permitted. Bait and other fishing equipment may be purchased at the Boat Rental Office.  Fishing club information is also available at the Boat Rental office.

Records

On April 1, 2006 George Coniglio caught a 19 lbs 12 oz largemouth bass. As of 2006, it ranked 13th largest catch all-time nationwide. The fish measured 28 inches long with a 26-inch girth. Mr. Coniglio also set a new IGFA "All-Tackle Length" Largemouth Bass was caught in Lake Mission Viejo on May 15, 2015. The Bass was 65 cm. long, (2 feet 1½inches), 4 cm. longer than the previous record.

History
Lake Mission Viejo construction cost was initially estimated around $10 million. Eyeing a possible 30 percent return on investment, the Philip Morris Co. bought the Mission Viejo Co. for $52 million in 1972. Under terms of the purchase agreement, the Mission Viejo Co. became a wholly owned subsidiary of Philip Morris but continued its role as Mission Viejo's master builder.

An earthen dam nearly 130 feet high and almost a mile long was built along what would become the southern end of the lake.
The hole for Lake Mission Viejo was completed by 1976.
In 1978, two years after efforts began to fill the lake, this finally was accomplished.

In March, 1977 the Mission Viejo Company dedicated Lake Mission Viejo to the Lake Association, a California Non-Profit corporation consisting of those residential property owners within the ultimate boundaries of the Mission Viejo planned community.

See also
List of lakes in California

References

External links

http://lakemissionviejo.org/

Mission Viejo
Mission Viejo, California
Mission Viejo
Mission Viejo

Lake Mission Viejo


Israel Lyons the Younger (1739–1775), mathematician and botanist, was born at Cambridge, the son of Israel Lyons the elder (died 1770). He was regarded as a prodigy, especially in mathematics, and Robert Smith, master of Trinity College, took him under his wing and paid for his attendance.

Biography
Due to his Ashkenazi Jewish origins, Lyons was not permitted to become an official member of the University of Cambridge. Nevertheless, his brilliance resulted in his publication Treatise on Fluxions at the age of 19, and his enthusiasm for botany resulted in a published survey of Cambridge flora a few years later. An Oxford undergraduate, Joseph Banks, paid Lyons to deliver a series of botany lectures at the University of Oxford. Lyons was selected by the Astronomer Royal to compute astronomical tables for the Nautical Almanac. Later, Banks secured Lyons a position as the astronomer for the 1773 North Pole voyage led by Constantine Phipps, 2nd Baron Mulgrave.

Lyons married, in March 1774, Phoebe Pearson, daughter of Newman Pearson of Over, Cambridgeshire, and settled in Rathbone Place, London. There he died of measles on 1 May 1775, at the age of only 36, while preparing a complete edition of Edmond Halley's works sponsored by the Royal Society.

See also
 European and American voyages of scientific exploration

References
 Lynn B. Glyn, "Israel Lyons: A Short but Starry Career. The Life of an Eighteenth-Century Jewish Botanist and Astronomer," Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 56, No. 3, 2002, pp. 275–305.

People associated with the University of Cambridge
18th-century English mathematicians
1739 births
1775 deaths
English botanical writers
Deaths from measles
18th-century British botanists
Jewish British scientists
Jewish biologists
English Ashkenazi Jews

Israel Lyons


The Westchester Hills Cemetery is at 400 Saw Mill River Road in Hastings-on-Hudson, Westchester County, New York, approximately 20 miles north of New York City.  It is a Jewish cemetery, and many well-known entertainers and performers are interred there. It was founded by the Stephen Wise Free Synagogue in 1919 when the synagogue acquired the northern portion of the Mount Hope Cemetery.

Notable interments
 Barricini family, boxed candy makers
 Harry Belafonte (1927-2023), Calypso singer and civil rights activist
 Charles E. Bloch (1927–2006), President Bloch Publishing Company
 Mischa Elman (1891–1967), violinist
 I. J. Fox (1888–1947), notable furrier
 Joyce Pinn Fox (1931–2020), banking executive
 Captain George Fried (1877–1949), won Navy Cross for rescue of ships Antinoe, and Florida
 Stanley P. Friedman (1925–2006), writer
 John Garfield (1913–1952), actor
 George Gershwin (1898–1937), composer
 Ira Gershwin (1896–1983), lyricist
 Jonah Goldman (1906–1980), baseball player
 Ben Grauer (1908–1977), television and radio personality
 Guggenheim family, founders of the Guggenheim Museum
 Sidney Hillman (1887–1946), first president of Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America
 Judy Holliday (1921–1965), actress
 Allyn King (1899–1930), Broadway actress and former Ziegfeld Follies performer
 Richard Lindner (1901–1976), German-American painter
 Lucille Lortel (1900–1999), actress and producer
 Arnold Newman (1918–2006), photographer
 Roberta Peters (1930–2017), opera singer
 Tony Randall (1920–2004), actor
 Max Reinhardt (1873–1943), producer and director
 Billy Rose (1899–1966), Broadway producer
 A. M. Rosenthal (1922–2006), Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist
 Robert Rossen (1908–1966), motion picture director and screenwriter
 Ron Silver (1946–2009), American actor, director, and producer
 Lee Strasberg (1901–1982), actor-teacher
 Paula Strasberg (1909–1966), actress-teacher
 Irving Sturm (1932–2010), founder of Iridium Jazz Club and Ellen's Stardust Diner
 Maxine Sullivan (1911–1987), American jazz vocalist and performer
 David Susskind (1920–1987), Emmy award-winning producer
 Laurence Tisch (1923–2003), head of CBS and co-founder of Loews, brother of Preston
 Preston Robert Tisch (1926–2005), financier and business magnate, brother of Laurence
 Rabbi Stephen Wise (1874–1949), religious leader
 Louise Waterman Wise (1874–1947), social worker and artist, wife of Stephen Wise
 Alexandra Pregel (1907–1984), Russian-American artist
 Boris Pregel (1893–1976), scientist-physicist

References

External links

1919 establishments in New York (state)
Cemeteries in Westchester County, New York
Jewish cemeteries in New York (state)

Westchester Hills Cemetery


is a traditional form of Japanese classical drama which started about 400 years ago. It is known for its very stylized acting and the elaborate makeup worn by the actors.

The word kabuki means "singing and dancing", and also means "to act strange and different, to be outside what is normal". The style of kabuki is not meant to look like real life.

People from around the world are now interested in kabuki. It was recognized by UNESCO in 2006 as an important part of Japan's cultural history.

History

16031629
Kabuki theater started during the Edo period (16031868). Kabuki was started by a woman, Izumo no Okuni, who performed in the dry river bed in Kyoto in 1603. It was very popular, especially because many of the stories and dance moves were about sex. Many of the women performers were probably prostitutes, and it was thought that kabuki disturbed discipline. This caused women to be banned from performing in kabuki plays in 1629. Beautiful young men replaced women in female roles, but in 1652 they were also banned, for the same reason. Kabuki was allowed to continue with adult men playing all the roles, and this style is the one today.

1673–1841
It developed into what we now know as kabuki during the Genroku period (16881704). During this period, the key aspects were formed, such as conventional character tropes. Kabuki and bunraku began to complement each other.

The popular playwright Chikamatsu Monzaemon produced several influential works during this time. His most significant work is The Love Suicides at Sonezaki. It was written for bunraku.

The development of mie pose was also developed during Genroku period.

After the Genroku era, kabuki became popular in Japanese cities, growing rapidly as proper theater with great authors and actors. Bunraku also influenced the stories, directions, content and style. Ballet and theater music, such as Nagauta, Tokiwadubushi and Kiyomotobushi were also influences on the development of kabuki.

1842–1868
In the 1840s, repeated drought led to a series of fires. It affected kabuki theaters made of wood. When the area of Nakamura-za was destroyed in 1841, the shōgun refused to allow the theatre to be rebuilt.

After the restoration of the Emperor in 1888, kabuki was influenced by foreign culture, stimulated by the rise of new drama.

Post-war to modern day kabuki
In the Shōwa period, from 1926 to 1989, performances began in other countries. The Empire Theater in Japan was reconstructed, and renamed the National Theater. In 1954, the East Side Theater was constructed, and kabuki was shown from it on TV. In 1965, kabuki was seen as an important cultural heritage. After World War II, the Japanese came to see that kabuki as an important part of their culture. Many actors became famous people in Japan.

Actors

Woman kabuki actors are rare though there was onnakabuki. The onnakabuki is woman's kabuki. Now the men play both male and female roles.

There are famous kabuki actors in Japan such as Danjuro Ichikawa, Ebizo Ichikawa and Koshiro Matsumoto. Danjuro Ichikawa is an especially famous kabuki actor. He started aragoto at the age of 14. The aragoto is a kabuki genre dealing with a brave warrior, a fierce god, or a demon. He also wrote kabuki plays under the name of Hyogo Mimasuya.

The name of a kabuki actor usually is passed on from one generation to the next. Therefore, the name of an actor is passes to the next generation. Kabuki actors do not perform only kabuki but also act in TV drama and movies. Koshiro Matsumoto often appeared on TV.

Theater design
Kabuki theaters are unique. In the Genroku era, kabuki was influenced by nou or kyougen which were the theater styles before kabuki. In this period there was no roof for audiences, so that if it rained, actors could not perform. In the Edo period, all seats were covered with a roof.

Mawari-butai, a revolving stage, began in the Kyōhō era (1716–1735). Scenes are built on the revolving stage and when a new scene is needed they simply rotate the stage; it makes progress of plays move quickly and easily. Foreign theaters have copied this kabuki invention.

Other unique system is hanamichi or "flower path". This is a walkway which crosses the auditorium at the same height as the stage. Actors can use this walkway to enter or leave the stage. During a play it can become many kinds of places. For example, it can be a river, a road, a corridor and so on.

The most famous theatre in Japan is the Kabuki-za. It was built in Tokyo in 1889. It was built as western-style theater. The interior decorations were Japanese style but the outside was brick walls and it was a three-storied theater at first. The interior decorations and outside changed many time. Kabuki theaters have long histories and they are unique.

Plays
Famous authors of kabuki plays include Chikamatsu Monzaemon (16531724), Tsuruya Nanmboku (1755–1829), and Kawatake Mokuami (1816–1893).

Kabuki plays can be put into three main groups Jidaimono, Sewamono and Shosagoto. The Jidaimono are plays which show the world of samurais or court nobles before the Edo period. The government banned performances that showed the history of the Edo period. Sewamono are plays about the lives of the town people in the Edo period. Shosagoto are plays that feature dance.

Gidayu kyogen or Maruhonmono are kabuki plays that were first written as puppet plays. They were turned into kabuki plays when they became famous. Shin kabuki are plays which were written by writers who did not normally write kabuki plays.

Stage makeup

Kabuki makeup helps audiences understand each character's role. It is special and emphasizes beauty of form. If an actor plays the role of a daughter or a man in love, he must apply makeup. First, he rubs grease, which is made of canola oil and perfume, into his face. Second, he paints out eyebrow with grease. Third, he rubs face powder on chest, neck, long hair and spreads powder with sponge. Next, he rubs face powder on face with sponge. Also, he puts rouge on nose, eyes cheek and the outer corner of the eye. He paints his eyebrow from red to black and he rubs lip with red lip stick and traces the outline clearly.

If the actor is playing a brave man, called Aragoto, he paints on rouge with red and black lines, Kumadori, to show brave feelings. Kumadori is a type of kabuki's make up. It was started in 1673 by Danjyurou Ichikawa. It shows the character's role, for example, Sujiguma is one of the kamadori showing a super hero.

Commonly used kabuki words
Modern Japanese has many words that came from kabuki words. For example, there are three famous words; the first is an ohako. Ohako means skillful things. Japanese often say the ohako is own good tune with karaoke. The ohako is derived from a word from Danjuro Ichikawa. He kept the kabuki plays of his good kabuki in a box. The ohako originated in there.

The second is a nimaime. The nimaime means a good-looking man. The nimaime was written secondarily from the right in the signboard of the kabuki. Therefore, it came to be said so.

The third is a sanmaime. The sanmaime means a comedian. The origin of this word is the same as nimaime, sanmaime was written third from the right in the signboard of the kabuki.

Today

In the 21st century, kabuki actors often perform for people who are not from Japan. The group Heisei Nakamuraza, directed by Nakamura Kanzaburou, have become famous for their performances in foreign countries. They were the first traditional kabuki group to perform in New York City in 2004, with actor Nakamura Kankuro V. They used a tent as a playhouse near the opera house. The audience sat on tatami (Japanese mats). They performed "The Summer Festival: A Mirror of Osaka" with Japanese actors. In July 2008, Heisei Nakamuraza again performed in New York and they played in English.

In Australia, the Za Kabuki group at the Australian National University began performing kabuki drama each year in 1976. This is the longest regular kabuki performance outside of Japan.

Other websites

 Short video of a kabuki performance
 Invitation to Kabuki

References

Entertainment in Japan
Drama

Kabuki


Björkö (Swedish for "Birch Island") may refer to:

Places
Sweden
 Björkö, Ekerö, a Lake Mälaren island in Ekerö Municipality, Stockholm County, the location for the World Heritage Site Birka
 Björkö, Öckerö, an island in Öckerö Municipality, Västra Götaland County
 Björkö, Haninge, an island in Haninge Municipality, Stockholm County
 Björkö, the southern part of Väddö island in northern Roslagen, Norrtälje Municipality, Stockholm County. (Also a former parish there.)
 Björkö, Västervik, an island in Västervik Municipality, Kalmar County

Finland
 Björkö, Houtskär, one of the main islands of the former municipality Houtskär in the Archipelago Sea
 Björkö (Korsholm), a Kvarken island in Korsholm Municipality, Ostrobothnia
 Björkö, Kumlinge, an island and a village in Kumlinge Municipality in the Åland Islands
 Björkö, Korpo, an island in the former municipality Korpo in the Archipelago Sea

Russia
 The Swedish name for Primorsk, Leningrad Oblast and the Beryozovye Islands in the Leningrad Oblast

History
 The Treaty of Björkö, signed by Nicholas II of Russia and William II of the German Empire in 1905 and named after Björkö (now the Beryozovye Islands)

Björkö


According to the policy of this Wikipedia, we only write in Zazaki. For communications in English (or any other questions other than in Zazaki), please on this page.

Administrative
Wikipediya Zazaki Adminstrative Meetings

Requests
Bot Flag Requests
Sysop Access Requests
Bureaucrat Access Requests

Discussions
Technical Issues
Other issues

Varyantê Zazaki
Varyantê Zazaki

Wikimania Scholarships
The call for applications for Wikimania Scholarships to attend Wikimania 2010 in Gdansk, Poland (July 9-11) is now open. The Wikimedia Foundation offers Scholarships to pay for selected individuals' round trip travel, accommodations, and registration at the conference.
To apply, visit the Wikimania 2010 scholarships information page, click the secure link available there, and fill out the form to apply.
For additional information, please visit the Scholarships information and FAQ pages:
 Scholarships
 Scholarships FAQ
Yours very truly,
Cary Bass
Volunteer Coordinator
Wikimedia Foundation

Fundraising 2010
Hello Wikimedians,

As many of you are aware, we are now two months away from the Fundraiser for the Wikimedia Foundation, 2010.  We have lofty goals, and we can meet them and exceed them!

The meta translators are already actively engaged in the annual drive to distribute our messages and we encourage you to do the same, but we would like to point everyone to the developments we've made in banner messages- from creation to commentary to the ones that will go live for test and for the drive itself in November.  It's one of our goals to make sure that all volunteers know that there is a place for them in the Fundraising drive.  We've started the setup on meta for both banner submission, statistical analysis, and grouping volunteers together that would like to find specific focus and work in that area.

This year the Wikimedia Foundation is taking a proactive stance in reaching out to each and every Wikimedia project and volunteer to find innovation, collaboration, and collation of ideas from the community driven process.  The staff working on this is comprised of long-time Wikimedians with as much care and concern for the success of this drive as the volunteers, and we want you to actively participate and have a voice.

Use the talk pages on meta, talk to your local communities, talk to others, talk to us.  Engagement is what we strive for, without each other we would never had made Wikimedia succeed.  Everyone is welcome to contact any of us on staff at any time with a timely response to follow.  We actively encourage focusing discussion on meta so we can all work together.

Please translate this message into your language if you can and post it below.

See you on the wiki! Keegan, WMF Fundraiser 2010 06:49, 11 Keşkelun 2010 (UTC)

Fundraising and your wiki

Greetings, please translate this message if you can.

Fundraising 2010 is preparing to start, and we want your project to be a part of the global movement to support free knowledge.  The Wikimedia Foundation is engaging with local communities that build the projects to play an active part in this year's fundraiser.  This year we will be working to best serve all the language communities by providing messages that are best suited for each location.

To do this, we need your help.  We are testing messages and we want to be sure that our messages will work with your language.  If it does not and your community can come up with your own banner in the spirit of supporting free knowledge, we invite you to submit your proposals and be active in this process.  Wikimedia is for you, join us in supporting free knowledge in your local community!  Keegan, WMF Fundraiser 2010 05:12, 15 Keşkelun 2010 (UTC)

Beat Jimmy
Please translate this message.

The Fundraising Committee is issuing all interested community members a challenge: we want you to beat Jimmy. The appeal from Jimmy Wales and the corresponding banner have been tested head-to-head with other successful banners, and the results are clear: it's our best performing message... by a lot. This year we have a lofty fundraising goal; we need all of our banners to bring in donations like the Jimmy Appeal, but no one wants to keep the Jimmy banner up for two months.  We want to run donor quotes, and other wonderful ideas, but we have to have banners that work as well as or better than the Jimmy appeal.

We've just released the highlights from a donor focus group, and the results of our donor survey. With one month to the launch of the fundraiser, the messages we test must be driven by data from our tests and surveys - we can no longer rely on instinct alone.

We've redesigned our fundraising meta pages with the Jimmy challenge; check out the survey results and propose/discuss banners that reflect these findings.  Add the banners you think will 'beat Jimmy' here to be tested Tuesday October 12 against Jimmy. Keegan, WMF Fundraiser 2010 03:08, 8 Tişrino Verên 2010 (UTC)

Invitation to Zazaki Wikipedians
I am not sure whether this is the Village pump, but anyway, it seems like. We have started a project in Turkish Wikipedia, about bringing Wikimania 2012 to Istanbul : . Azerbaijani Wikipedia is also supporting us. Since Zazaki is a language which is spoken in Turkey, we are looking forward to seeing Zazaki Wikipedians participating this project. If İstanbul hosts Wikimania, with paticipating Zazaki Wikipedians, that would be a great advertisement for Zazaki Wikipedia. --Seksen iki yüz kırk beş 15:03, 20 Tişrino Peyên 2010 (UTC)

Call for image filter referendum

The Wikimedia Foundation, at the direction of the Board of Trustees, will be holding a vote to determine whether members of the community support the creation and usage of an opt-in personal image filter, which would allow readers to voluntarily screen particular types of images strictly for their own account.

Further details and educational materials will be available shortly.  The referendum is scheduled for 12-27 August, 2011, and will be conducted on servers hosted by a neutral third party.  Referendum details, officials, voting requirements, and supporting materials will be posted at Meta:Image filter referendum shortly.

Sorry for delivering you a message in English. Please help translate the pages on the referendum on Meta and join the translators mailing list.

For the coordinating committee,
Philippe (WMF)
Cbrown1023
Risker
Mardetanha
PeterSymonds
Robert Harris

Terms of Use update

I apologize that you are receiving this message in English. Please help translate it.

Hello,

The Wikimedia Foundation is discussing changes to its Terms of Use.  The discussion can be found at Talk:Terms of use. Everyone is invited to join in. Because the new version of Terms of use is not in final form, we are not able to present official translations of it. Volunteers are welcome to translate it, as German volunteers have done at :m:Terms of use/de, but we ask that you note at the top that the translation is unofficial and may become outdated as the English version is changed. The translation request can be found at m:Translation requests/WMF/Terms of Use 2 -- Maggie Dennis, Community Liaison 00:39, 27 Tişrino Verên 2011 (UTC)

2011 Fundraising Is Almost Here
 Hello Wikipedians, my name is Alex and I am working for the Wikimedia Foundation during the 2011 Fundraiser. This year's fundraiser is intended to be a collaborative and global effort; we recognize that messages which may  perform well in the United States don't necessarily translate well, or appeal to international audiences.

I'm contacting you as I am currently looking for volunteers who are willing to contribute to this project by helping translate and localize messages into your local language, suggesting community appeals for us to use,  and to provide us with feedback on the Fundraising Meta Page. We've started the setup on meta for both translation, statistical analysis, and local discussion and testing. We actively encourage focusing discussion on meta so we can all work together. Use the talk pages on meta, talk to your local communities, talk to others, talk to us.  Engagement is what we strive for, without each other we would never had made Wikimedia succeed. The staff working on this fundraiser is comprised of long-time Wikimedians with as much care and concern for the success of this drive as the volunteers, and we want you to actively participate and have a voice. Everyone is welcome to contact any of us on staff at any time with a timely response to follow.  I look forward to working with you during this year's fundraiser.

If someone could translate this message I would really appreciate it so that everyone is able to understand our goals and contribute to this year's campaign.Azariv 23:28, 31 Tişrino Verên 2011 (UTC)

Open Call for 2012 Wikimedia Fellowship Applicants

I apologize that you are receiving this message in English. Please
help translate it.
Do you want to help attract new contributors to Wikimedia projects?
Do you want to improve retention of our existing editors?
Do you want to strengthen our community by diversifying its base and increasing the overall number of excellent participants around the world?
The Wikimedia Foundation is seeking Community Fellows and project ideas for the Community Fellowship Program. A Fellowship is a temporary position at the Wikimedia Foundation in order to work on a specific project or set of projects. Submissions for 2012 are encouraged to focus on the theme of improving editor retention and increasing participation in Wikimedia projects. If interested, please submit a project idea or apply to be a fellow by January 15, 2012. Please visit https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Fellowships for more information.

Thanks!

--Siko Bouterse, Head of Community Fellowships,
Wikimedia Foundation 12:54, 21 Kanun 2011 (UTC)

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Announcing Wikipedia 1.19 beta

Wikimedia Foundation is getting ready to push out 1.19 to all the WMF-hosted wikis.  As we finish wrapping up our code review, you can test the new version right now on beta.wmflabs.org.  For more information, please read the release notes or the start of the final announcement.

The following are the areas that you will probably be most interested in:
 Faster loading of javascript files makes dependency tracking more important.
 New common*.css files usable by skins instead of having to copy piles of generic styles from MonoBook or Vector's css.
 The default user signature now contains a talk link in addition to the user link.
 Searching blocked usernames in block log is now clearer.
 Better timezone recognition in user preferences.
 Improved diff readability for colorblind people.
 The interwiki links table can now be accessed also when the interwiki cache is used (used in the API and the Interwiki extension).
 More gender support (for instance in logs and user lists).
 Language converter improved, e.g. it now works depending on the page content language.
 Time and number-formatting magic words also now depend on the page content language.
 Bidirectional support further improved after 1.18.

Report any problems  on the labs beta wiki and we'll work to address them before they software is released to the production wikis.

Note that this cluster does have SUL but it is not integrated with SUL in production, so you'll need to create another account.  You should avoid using the same password as you use here.  — Global message delivery 00:04, 15 Çele 2012 (UTC)

MediaWiki 1.19

(Apologies if this message isn't in your language.) The Wikimedia Foundation is planning to upgrade MediaWiki (the software powering this wiki) to its latest version this month. You can help to test it before it is enabled, to avoid disruption and breakage. More information is available in the full announcement. Thank you for your understanding.

Guillaume Paumier, via the Global message delivery system (wrong page? You can fix it.). 14:56, 12 Şıbat 2012 (UTC)

Update on IPv6

(Apologies if this message isn't in your language. Please consider translating it, as well as the full version of this announcement on Meta)

The Wikimedia Foundation is planning to do limited testing of IPv6 on June 2-3. If there are not too many problems, we may fully enable IPv6 on World IPv6 day (June 6), and keep it enabled.

What this means for your project:

At least on June 2-3, 2012, you may see a small number of edits from IPv6 addresses, which are in the form "2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334". See e.g. w:en:IPv6 address. These addresses should behave like any other IP address: You can leave messages on their talk pages; you can track their contributions; you can block them. (See the full version of this announcement for notes on range blocks.)

In the mid term, some user scripts and tools will need to be adapted for IPv6.

We suspect that IPv6 usage is going to be very low initially, meaning that abuse should be manageable, and we will assist in the monitoring of the situation.

Read the full version of this announcement on how to test the behavior of IPv6 with various tools and how to leave bug reports, and to find a fuller analysis of the implications of the IPv6 migration.

--Erik Möller, VP of Engineering and Product Development, Wikimedia Foundation 00:52, 2 Hezirane 2012 (UTC)

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2011 Picture of the Year competition

 •  •

Dear Wikimedians,

Wikimedia Commons is happy to announce that the 2011 Picture of the Year competition is now open. We are interested in your opinion as to which images qualify to be the Picture of the Year 2011. Any user registered at Commons or a Wikimedia wiki SUL-related to Commons with more than 75 edits before 1 April 2012 (UTC) is welcome to vote and, of course everyone is welcome to view!

Detailed information about the contest can be found at the introductory page.

About 600 of the best of Wikimedia Common's photos, animations, movies and graphics were chosen –by the international Wikimedia Commons community– out of 12 million files during 2011 and are now called Featured Pictures.

From professional animal and plant shots to breathtaking panoramas and skylines, restorations of historically relevant images, images portraying the world's best architecture, maps, emblems, diagrams created with the most modern technology, and impressive human portraits, Commons Features Pictures of all flavors.

For your convenience, we have sorted the images into topic categories.

We regret that you receive this message in English; we intended to use banners to notify you in your native language but there was both, human and technical resistance.

See you on Commons!
--Picture of the Year 2011 Committee 18:11, 5 Hezirane 2012 (UTC)

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Help decide about more than $10 million of Wikimedia donations in the coming year

(Apologies if this message isn't in your language. Please consider translating it)

Hi,

As many of you are aware, the Wikimedia Board of Trustees recently initiated important changes in the way that money is being distributed within the Wikimedia movement. As part of this, a new community-led "Funds Dissemination Committee" (FDC) is currently being set up. Already in 2012-13, its recommendations will guide the decisions about the distribution of over 10 million US dollars among the Foundation, chapters and other eligible entities.

Now, seven capable, knowledgeable and trustworthy community members are sought to volunteer on the initial Funds Dissemination Committee. It is expected to take up its work in September. In addition, a community member is sought to be the Ombudsperson for the FDC process. If you are interested in joining the committee, read the call for volunteers. Nominations are planned to close on August 15.

--Anasuya Sengupta, Director of Global Learning and Grantmaking, Wikimedia Foundation 19:59, 19 Temuz 2012 (ŞWC)

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More opportunities for you to access free research databases

The quest to get editors free access to the sources they need is gaining momentum.
 Credo Reference provides full-text online versions of nearly 1200 published reference works from more than 70 publishers in every major subject, including general and subject dictionaries and encyclopedias.  There are 125 full Credo 350 accounts available, with access even to 100 more references works than in Credo's original donation.  All you need is a 1-year old account with 1000 edits.  Sign up here.
 HighBeam Research has access to over 80 million articles from 6,500 publications including newspapers, magazines, academic journals, newswires, trade magazines and encyclopedias.  Thousands of new articles are added daily, and archives date back over 25 years covering a wide range of subjects and industries.  There are 250 full access 1-year accounts available.  All you need is a 1-year old account with 1000 edits.  Sign up here.
 Questia  is an online research library for books and journal articles focusing on the humanities and social sciences. Questia has curated titles from over 300 trusted publishers including 77,000 full-text books and 4 million journal, magazine, and newspaper articles, as well as encyclopedia entries.  There will soon be 1000 full access 1-year accounts available.  All you need is a 1-year old account with 1000 edits.  Sign up here.
You might also be interested in the idea to create a central Wikipedia Library where approved editors would have access to all participating resource donors.  Add your feedback to the Community Fellowship proposal.  Apologies for the English message (translate here).  Go sign up :)  --Ocaasi (talk) 02:13, 16 Tebaxe 2012 (UTC)

Request for Comment: Legal Fees Assistance Program

I apologize for addressing you in English. I would be grateful if you could translate this message into your language.

The Wikimedia Foundation is conducting a request for comment on a proposed program that could provide legal assistance to users in specific support roles who are named in a legal complaint as a defendant because of those roles. We wanted to be sure that your community was aware of this discussion and would have a chance to participate in that discussion.

If this page is not the best place to publicize this request for comment, please help spread the word to those who may be interested in participating. (If you'd like to help translating the "request for comment", program policy or other pages into your language and don't know how the translation system works, please come by my user talk page at :m:User talk:Mdennis (WMF). I'll be happy to assist or to connect you with a volunteer who can assist.)

Thank you! --Mdennis (WMF)01:52, 6 Keşkelun 2012 (UTC)

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Wikidata is getting close to a first roll-out

(Apologies if this message isn't in your language.)

As some of you might already have heard Wikimedia Deutschland is working on a new Wikimedia project. It is called m:Wikidata. The goal of Wikidata is to become a central data repository for the Wikipedias, its sister projects and the world. In the future it will hold data like the number of inhabitants of a country, the date of birth of a famous person or the length of a river. These can then be used in all Wikimedia projects and outside of them.

The project is divided into three phases and "we are getting close to roll-out the first phase". The phases are:
 language links in the Wikipedias (making it possible to store the links between the language editions of an article just once in Wikidata instead of in each linked article)
 infoboxes (making it possible to store the data that is currently in infoboxes in one central place and share the data)
 lists (making it possible to create lists and similar things based on queries to Wikidata so they update automatically when new data is added or modified)

It'd be great if you could join us, test the demo version , provide feedback and take part in the development of Wikidata. You can find all the relevant information including an FAQ and sign-up links for our on-wiki newsletter on the Wikidata page on Meta.

For further discussions please use this talk page (if you are uncomfortable writing in English you can also write in your native language there) or point me to the place where your discussion is happening so I can answer there.

--Lydia Pintscher 13:13, 10 Keşkelun 2012 (UTC)

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Flag Of Zazaistan

I built it's SVG version. Please replace it, If you like.--محک (mesac) 12:31, 19 Keşkelun 2012 (UTC)

Portalê cemaeti

Wikipediya:Embassy/Arşiv 1b


This Is Your Life is a New Zealand television documentary show based on the American show of the same name, in which the host surprises guests with a show documenting their lives, with audience participation from their friends and family.

Thirty-nine New Zealanders have been honoured in the New Zealand version of the show, which has been broadcast on and off since 1984 on Television New Zealand's TVOne. It was originally hosted by Bob Parker (1984–1996), but more recent episodes have been presented by Paul Holmes (1996–2000) and Paul Henry (2007–2008). Most recently, racecar driver Scott Dixon was honoured, on 21 September 2008. Other recent recipients have included extreme sports pioneer, A. J. Hackett (who was profiled on 6 November 2007). Mark Inglis (who lost his legs on Mt Cook in 1982), the subject of an episode that was broadcast on 5 June 2007, and former All Blacks winger Jonah Lomu, who was honoured in a show that aired on 9 April 2007.

Prior to that, the last This Is Your Life programme in New Zealand was broadcast in September 2000. The subject of that episode was the runner Peter Snell.

Previous subjects of the show have included prominent figures in sports (such as John Walker, Sir Peter Blake, Mark Todd, Lance Cairns, Scott Dixon and Colin Meads), the arts (like Dame Kiri Te Kanawa, who also once appeared on the British edition of the show), Dame Malvina Major, Rob Guest, Rowena Jackson and Sir Howard Morrison), politics (e.g. Sonja Davies and Dame Catherine Tizard), broadcasting (like Sir Geoffrey Cox, Nola Luxford, Selwyn Toogood and Davina Whitehouse), literature (Barbara Ewing and A.K. Grant), science (Brian Harold Mason and William Pickering) and the military (Johnny Checketts and Charles Upham).

The show has also featured iconic New Zealanders such as mountaineer and explorer Sir Edmund Hillary, and Māori activist Dame Whina Cooper.

2010 revival

The show returned after two years' absence on 10 October 2010. Paul Henry was scheduled to appear as the host, but due to controversy surrounding occurrences on the TV show Breakfast, Henry was replaced with former host Paul Holmes. The book was presented to Sir Peter Leitch. Most recently, former All Black Zinzan Brooke was honoured on 17 October 2011.

References

External links
 Page on the TVNZ Web site about This Is Your Life, including a complete list of everyone (now updated to include the show about Jonah Lomu) featured on the show to date
Interview with Paul Henry, the former host of the NZ version, also on the TVNZ site

New Zealand documentary television series
1984 New Zealand television series debuts
1980s New Zealand television series
1990s New Zealand television series
2000s New Zealand television series
TVNZ original programming
1984 in New Zealand television
2010s New Zealand television series
New Zealand television series based on American television series

This Is Your Life (New Zealand TV series)


The Endocardium is the innermost layer of tissue which lines the inside of the heart. It plays a role in controlling the function of the myocardium, the heart muscle. The endocardium is made of simple epithelial cells similar to those which line blood vessels.

In addition to lining the inside of the heart, the endocardium also regulates heart contractions and aids cardiac embryo development.

Heart
Anatomy of the cardiovascular system

Endocardium


{|

|-
| Sunk:
| 1820
|-
| Raised:
| 6 March 1913
|-
| Restored:
| 1913, 1931–1943, 1963, 1988

|-
| 1813:

|-
| colspan = 2 | 1998:

{{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = NRHP
| designation1_offname = U.S.S. Niagara
| designation1_date = 11 April 1973
| designation1_number = 73001628
}}
|}

USS Niagara, commonly called the US Brig Niagara or the Flagship Niagara, is a wooden-hulled snow-brig that served as the relief flagship for Oliver Hazard Perry in the Battle of Lake Erie during the War of 1812. As the ship is certified for sail training by the United States Coast Guard, she is also designated SSV Niagara. Niagara is usually docked behind the Erie Maritime Museum in downtown Erie in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania as an outdoor exhibit for the museum. She also often travels the Great Lakes during the summer, serving as an ambassador of Pennsylvania when not docked. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 and was designated the official state ship of Pennsylvania by the Pennsylvania General Assembly in 1988.Niagara was constructed from 1812 to 1813 to protect the vulnerable American coastline on Lake Erie from the British and played a pivotal role in the battle for the lake. Along with most warships that served in the war, Niagara was sunk for preservation on Presque Isle in 1820. Raised in 1913, it was rebuilt for the centennial of the Battle of Lake Erie. After deteriorating, the restoration of Niagara was started again in the 1930s, but was hampered by the lack of funds caused by the Great Depression and remained uncompleted until 1963. A more extensive restoration was carried out in 1988 in which much of the original ship was largely destroyed. The incorporation of new materials and modern equipment makes it ambiguous as to whether it is or is not a replica.

 Naming
In 1907, President Theodore Roosevelt issued an executive order standardizing the prefix of all vessels of the United States Navy to be "USS". Prior to this, ship prefixes were used "haphazardly", but ships' names were often preceded by the abbreviation "US" and the type of vessel. A survey of documents contained in the National Archives and Records Administration that were sent to and from the Department of the Navy in that era found a number of inconsistencies. Of 55 correspondences that mentioned Niagara, 43.6 percent used the term "US Sloop Niagara", 32.7 percent used "US Brig Niagara" and 23.6 percent had "USS Niagara".

Because of its historical role as the flagship of Oliver Hazard Perry during the Battle of Lake Erie, the ship is commonly referred to as the Flagship Niagara. Niagara also carries the name of "SSV Niagara" due to its designation by the United States Coast Guard as a Sailing School Vessel.

 Construction
In the beginning of September 1812, Daniel Dobbins, a merchant on the Great Lakes, arrived in Washington, D.C., to warn the United States government of the vulnerability of the Lake Erie coastline to a British attack. Dobbins had been captured by the British after a surprise attack at Fort Mackinac in Michigan, but was able to negotiate his release. Dobbins was briefly detained again by the British in Detroit after the city was captured.
After several days of discussions with President James Madison and Secretary of the Navy Paul Hamilton, Dobbins convinced them that the safest place to build a fleet was in the sheltered bay formed by Presque Isle at Erie, Pennsylvania. On 15 September, Hamilton authorized Dobbins to construct four gunboats. Hamilton also granted $2,000 to be used for the construction and appointed Dobbins, a civilian, to the rank of sailing master in the United States Navy. On 31 December, Captain Isaac Chauncey, the commander of naval forces on Lake Ontario, arrived in Erie for a day, made some alterations to Dobbins' ship design and authorized him to build, additionally, two brigs. Oliver Hazard Perry was named chief naval officer in February 1813 and was given orders to report to Erie from Newport, Rhode Island. Perry arrived in Erie on 26 March, after being held up in Sackets Harbor, New York for two weeks by Chauncey in case of a possible attack by the British.

The construction of the fleet was largely supervised by Noah Brown, a shipwright brought in from New York City. The keels of two brigs were each constructed out of a single  black oak log. Due to a lack of iron, the timbers that made up the hulls were joined using wooden pins called treenails. In place of the oakum and pitch normally used to caulk ships, lead was used. The timbers used in the brigs were still green, as the builders did not have the luxury of time to allow the wood to dry properly. A total of 65 cannons were shipped to Erie to arm the fleet; Hamilton approved the production of 37 cannons by a foundry in Washington, D.C., and the rest were moved from Sackets Harbor.  and  were launched in April 1813,  in May, and the brig  on 25 June. Niagara was launched on 4 July along with .

One of the strategic advantages of building a fleet in Erie was that the bay formed by Presque Isle was cut off from the Lake Erie by a sandbar, which prevented British warships from being able to enter the bay. The brigs Niagara and Lawrence both had a draft of , which was too deep to cross the sandbar. On 4 August, Niagara was pulled onto the sandbar using its anchor in a technique called kedging and was lightened by removing its cannons and ballast. A pair of  barges, called "camels", were placed on either side of the ship. The camels were sunk and secured to Niagara. The water was pumped out of the camel, lifting the ship. By the following day, Niagara was safely over the sandbar and was rearmed; Lawrence was floated over the sandbar a couple of days before Niagara. During the construction, the area was usually under daily surveillance by the British. On the day Lawrence crossed the sandbar, a pair of British warships,  and , observed for an hour but failed to notice Perry's actions.

 War of 1812
On 6 August, Perry ordered a shakedown cruise of the fleet, now totaling ten after the inclusion of three merchant vessels—,   and —that were converted into warships and , which was captured from the British. Lieutenant Daniel Turner was placed in command of Niagara for the cruise, as the fleet was still seriously undermanned; Dobbins had even written a letter, directed to Secretary Hamilton, out of desperation back in December 1812. Word arrived on 8 August that Jesse Elliott was en route to Erie from Black Rock, New York with 89 men. Elliott was promoted to Master Commandant in July, and was given command of Niagara after arriving in Erie on 10 August.

On 17 August, Perry's fleet anchored off of Sandusky, Ohio, and dispatched a boat to inform General William Henry Harrison of their presence. Harrison and his staff met with Perry aboard the ships the next day and agreed to a rendezvous in Put-in-Bay. In Put-in-Bay, Harrison made available 100 "Kentucky and frontier riflemen" to serve on board as Marines. The British fleet, under the command of Commodore Robert Heriot Barclay, was based at Fort Amherstburg, Canada. While Perry's fleet was under construction, Barclay had ordered the construction of , which was to be a match for Niagara and Lawrence. Unbeknownst to Perry, supplies in Fort Amherstburg were running out, as his fleet had cut off shipments from Long Point. Fearing an uprising caused by a shortage of food, Barclay and his fleet set sail as soon as Detroit was complete.

 Battle of Lake Erie
thumb|Painting by William Henry Powell depicting Perry's transfer to Niagara during the Battle of Lake Erie.
On 10 September, both fleets got underway. Detroit fired the first shot around noon, while still out of range. Perry formed the fleet into a line, with the larger ships each being assigned a target: Lawrence to Detroit, Niagara to Queen Charlotte, and Caledonia to . As the line moved to engage, Niagara, under the command of Elliott, lagged behind the fleet. The cause of the failure of Niagara to maintain formation is unknown, either deliberate on the part of Elliott, or because it was becalmed. After a couple of hours, all of the cannons on Lawrence that were facing the British were out of commission and the brig could no longer be maneuvered. Perry lowered his battle flag, emblazoned with the last words of Captain James Lawrence, "Don't Give Up The Ship", and transferred to the still-intact Niagara via a small rowboat. Perry took command of Niagara and crossed the British line perpendicularly in a tactic called crossing the "T". Queen Charlotte, while attempting to prevent Niagara from breaking through the line, collided with Detroit and became entangled. Niagara opened fire with both broadsides: the starboard broadside hitting Queen Charlotte and Detroit, and the port into Lady Prevost. After several broadsides, Queen Charlotte surrendered, followed shortly after by Detroit and the rest of the British fleet.

After the battle, Niagara assisted in the transporting of Harrison's army to the mouth of the Detroit River in preparation for an invasion of southwest Ontario. On 25 April 1814, command of Niagara was transferred to Arthur Sinclair. After repairs, the fleet—consisting of Niagara, Lawrence, Caledonia, Scorpion and Tigress—departed Erie for Detroit. In Detroit, soldiers under the command of Colonel George Croghan embarked with the fleet, bound for Mackinac Island. The fleet arrived on 26 July and landed on 4 August. The battle was ultimately lost, with Croghan being forced to retreat back to his boats. On 13 August, the fleet arrived at the mouth of the Nottawasaga River where they attacked a blockhouse owned by the North West Company. The blockhouse was destroyed by the British, along with the schooner HMS Nancy, to prevent their supplies from being captured.

After the Treaty of Ghent was signed, ending the war, the majority of the surviving ships that participated in the Battle of Lake Erie were disposed of in 1815. Queen Charlotte, Detroit, and Lawrence were sunk for preservation in Misery Bay on Presque Isle, whereas Niagara was kept afloat and operated as a receiving ship. It was sunk in 1820 when the naval station at Presque Isle was closed. Benjamin H. Brown of Rochester, New York bought all four ships in 1825, but sold them in 1836 to George Miles of Erie. Miles raised the ships, planning on using them as merchant vessels. Lawrence and  Niagara, not having a large enough hold and being in poor condition, were allowed to sink again.

 Centennial

As part of celebrations for the centennial of the Battle of Lake Erie, Niagara was raised from Misery Bay in April 1913. Its keel was found to be in good enough condition for the brig to be rebuilt. Efforts to rebuild Niagara were hampered by the lack of original plans. The restored Niagara was launched on 7 June, complete with a new bowsprit, rigging and reproduction cannons supplied by the Boston Navy Yard. From mid-July to mid-September, Niagara was towed to various ports on the Great Lakes—including Milwaukee, Chicago, Detroit, Buffalo and Cleveland—by USS Wolverine, the Navy's first iron-hulled warship. Ownership of Niagara was transferred to the City of Erie in 1917, where it remained docked and deteriorating.

The City of Erie transferred ownership of Niagara to the newly formed "USS Niagara Foundation" in 1929, which was tasked with "acquiring and restoring the ship and making it the centerpiece of a museum." The onset of the Great Depression forced the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to take ownership, through the Flagship Niagara Commission, two years later. $50,000 was made available for another restoration in 1931, but by 1938 the state stopped its funding, leaving the restoration unfinished. Niagara was transferred to the Pennsylvania Historical Commission, predecessor of the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, and became a project for the Works Progress Administration. The Historical Commission contracted Howard I. Chapelle to draw up plans for another restoration of Niagara, based on other period ships that were built by Noah Brown, like . According to Chapelle, very little of the original Niagara remained, as parts of it had been sold as souvenirs, and the 1913 reconstruction was not accurate to the period. The hull of Niagara was launched in October 1943 without any masts, spars, or rigging. It was placed in a concrete cradle in 1951. Discovery of dry rot throughout every part of Niagara made it clear that a complete reconstruction would eventually be needed. Funds were appropriated by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission to make Niagara "presentable" for the sesquicentennial of the Battle of Lake Erie in 1963 with the addition of rigging and cannons. Niagara was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on 11 April 1973.

Museum ship

In 1981, the Flagship Niagara League was formed with intent of reconstructing Niagara so that it would be a working ship, instead of an "outdoor museum piece". The League was eventually incorporated as a non-profit organization associated with the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Melbourne Smith, builder of the schooner , was hired in 1986 by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission to head the reconstruction. The decay of Niagara was so bad that it was dismantled and ultimately destroyed, with various timbers salvaged and used in non-structural areas of the ship. The destruction of the old ship and use of new wood often leads Niagara to be considered a replica.  While the first Niagara was built hurriedly, the new Niagara was built out of properly seasoned and preserved yellow pine and Douglas fir. The new Niagara was launched on 10 September 1988, but was not completed until 18 July 1990 when its sea trials were held. The Pennsylvania General Assembly designated Niagara as the official flagship of Pennsylvania on 29 April 1988 and described its purpose as being a "sailing ambassador for Pennsylvania". In March 2008, the yellow pine mainmast was replaced with one of Douglas fir.

The United States Coast Guard certified Niagara as a Sailing School Vessel in August 2005. For safety reasons, Niagara was equipped with modern equipment such as auxiliary diesel engines, lifeboats, radar, LORAN and radio. In 2009, the Flagship Niagara League assumed day-to-day management of  Niagara after a decision by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission to cut $250,000 to fill a budget deficit. As part of the bicentennial of the Battle of Lake Erie, Niagara took part in a reenactment of the battle on 2 September 2013 in Put-In-Bay along with 16 other tall ships.

 In popular culture

In 1996, a commemorative Pennsylvania license plate was introduced depicting Niagara during the Battle of Lake Erie. Concerns by law enforcement about the plates' legibility led them to be no longer issued.

In 2010, Niagara was used to depict the whaleship  in an episode of the Public Broadcasting Service documentary series American Experience.

 See also

 List of Pennsylvania state symbols
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Erie County, Pennsylvania

 Notes

a. Niagara's captain's blog, Captain Heerssen explains the vessel's historical name, adding that "the US Coast Guard has designated her as the Sailing School Vessel Niagara due to the nature of service in which she is routinely engaged." Retrieved 22 July 2011.
b. Although commonly referred to as a brig, she is technically a snow, as her spanker is rigged to a small try-mast, a.k.a. snow-mast, stepped abaft her main.

 References

 Sources

 External links
 Flagship Niagara website
 Niagara (Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships'')

1813 ships
Great Lakes ships
Museum ships in Pennsylvania
Museums in Erie, Pennsylvania
Ships on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Ships built in Pennsylvania
Symbols of Pennsylvania
Tall ships of the United States
Brigs of the United States Navy
War of 1812 ships of the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Erie County, Pennsylvania
Scuttled vessels

USS Niagara (1813)


Caesar or Cæsar may mean:

Ancient Rome
 Caesar (title), a title used by Roman Emperors and also Ottoman Turkish Emperors, related as well to "Tsar" and "Kaiser"

Roman Gens Julia
 Gaius Julius Caesar (100 BC–44 BC) Roman general and dictator, hence
 Julius Caesar (play), a tragedy by William Shakespeare
 Julius Caesar (mini), a 2002 mini-series about Caesar, directed by Uli Edel
 Gaius Julius Caesar, father of the dictator
 Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, the first Roman Emperor, nephew and adoptive son of the dictator
 Other members of the Julii Caesares, the family from which the dictator came

Culture
 Caesars Casino, part of Harrah's Entertainment
 Caesars Palace, a number of hotel/casino resorts
 Caesars Windsor, a casino in Windsor Ontario, Canada

Food
 Caesar (cocktail), a cocktail made with vodka and Clamato that is popular primarily in Canada
 The Caesar salad, a salad named after Caesar Cardini
 Little Caesars, a pizza restaurant chain

Science
 Caesar cipher, an encryption technique used by the Roman dictator on military campaigns
 Caesarean section, a surgical procedure to deliver a baby when a normal birth is difficult.

Caesar


P.M. News is a daily newspaper published in Lagos, Nigeria, by the Independent Communications Network Limited (ICNL). The company also publishes the weekly TheNEWS magazine and Tempo, a tabloid.

The News was founded in 1993 by Bayo Onanuga, Babafemi Ojudu and other former staff from the African Concord who had resigned in protest over a request by M. K. O. Abiola, the publisher, to apologise to President Ibrahim Babangida over a critical story about the military regime. Ojudu was the first Managing Editor.
After harassment by the Babangida regime, there was a brief period of press freedom under General Sani Abacha during which P.M. News was launched in August 1994 as a breezy afternoon paper strongly oriented towards news but also covering fashions, sports and entertainment.

In the years that followed, P.M. News and TheNews were known for "guerrilla journalism".
They were subject to constant interference by the authorities, arrests and closures.

For example, in August 1996 Amnesty International reported that Editor-in-chief Bayo Onanuga was thought to be held by the State Security Service at their Lagos headquarters, and may have been ill-treated in custody.
Babafemi Ojudu had been released on 13 August 1996 and had required hospital treatment as a result of ill-treatment. The two men may have been arrested due to publishing articles critical to the government.
Onanuga fled from Nigeria in 1997 after hiding from state security forces for months. He returned home to resume work at ICNL in 1998, after the sudden death of Abacha and the start of the transition to democracy.

References

1994 establishments in Nigeria
Companies based in Lagos
Daily newspapers published in Nigeria
Newspapers published in Lagos
Newspapers established in 1994

P.M. News