ITV1 (formerly known as ITV) is a British free-to-air public broadcast television channel owned and operated by the British media company ITV plc. It provides the Channel 3 public broadcast service across all of the United Kingdom except for the central and northern areas of Scotland where STV provides the service.

ITV1 as a consistent national channel (with dedicated slots for regional news and other regional programmes) evolved out of the old ITV network – a federation of separately owned regional companies which had significantly different local schedules and branding. During the 1990s, the differences between the schedules in each region gradually reduced – partly through the consolidation of ownership and partly through the standardisation in the volume and scheduling of regional programmes.

In 2002, a major change of appearance occurred when all ITV regions in England and Wales adopted national continuity. Regional logos vanished and regional names were mentioned only before regional programmes. Effectively this left ITV1 in England and Wales looking like a national channel with slots for regional opt-outs – like BBC One or France 3 – rather than a group of independent regional broadcasters sharing programmes.

The unification was consolidated in 2004 when Granada plc acquired Carlton Communications to form ITV plc. By then, the two companies had acquired all the regional Channel 3 companies in England and Wales. ITV plc later acquired Channel Television in the Channel Islands and UTV in Northern Ireland.

ITV1 is today the biggest and most popular commercial television channel in the United Kingdom. ITV1, and its predecessor regional channels, have contended with BBC One for the status of the UK's most watched television channel since the 1950s. However, in line with other terrestrial channels, ITV1's audience share has fallen as a result of availability of multi-channel television, and more recently streaming services, in the UK.

History

Following the creation of the Television Act 1954, the establishment of a commercial television service in the UK began.

The Independent Television service, later abbreviated to "ITV", was made up of distinct regions, with each region run by different franchisee companies. The three largest regions, London, the Midlands, and the North of England, were initially sub-divided into weekday and weekend services, with a different company running each.

The service was very heavily regulated until the early 1990s. The regulator, the ITA (and later the IBA) operated the transmitters, awarded franchises and had a great influence over schedules, content and technical standards. Legally the regulator was the broadcaster – the companies were contracted to provide an "independent television service" to compete with the BBC.

The ITV network existed in a region-heavy form from its inception through to the 2000s, although the switch to a single unified service was gradual.

ITV1 became the generic on-screen brand name used by the twelve franchises of the ITV network in the United Kingdom. The ITV1 brand was introduced on 11 August 2001 by the franchisees owned by Carlton and Granada, initially used alongside the local regional name, such as "ITV1 Anglia" and "ITV1 Meridian". However, it became the sole on-air identity in October 2002 when the two companies decided to create a single unified playout of the channel, with regional references used only prior to regional programming, such as local news and weather. Carlton and Granada went on to merge in 2004, creating ITV plc, which now owns thirteen of the fifteen regional ITV licences.

The ITV1 name was only used in England, Wales, Southern Scotland, and Isle of Man, until Channel Television adopted the name in January 2006, bringing it to the Channel Islands. As national continuity is often used on Channel Television, ITV1 national branding had been seen on the station for several years previously.

The licensees that use the ITV1 brand are: Anglia, Border, Carlton Television, Central, Channel Television, Granada, Cymru Wales, London Weekend Television, Meridian, Tyne Tees, West Country, Yorkshire and (as of 2020) UTV.

ITV Wales & West was the only exception, using the name ITV1 Wales at all times for the Welsh part of its broadcast area, as it has a higher regional commitment. Latterly, the ITV1 Wales name was only used on break-bumpers and regionally advertised programmes until 2013. Non ITV plc-owned licensees on the ITV network, nowadays only STV Group, generally did not refer to the ITV name.

The network production arms of nowadays ITV plc-owned licensees have been gradually combined since 1993, to eventually form ITV Studios.

Corporate unification

The ITV1 channel was formed by the unification of eleven of the ITV licences. The United Kingdom Broadcasting Act 1990 changed many of the rules regulating the ITV network, which most notably relaxed separate franchise ownership, and hours of production. However, as far back as 1974, Yorkshire Television and its North East neighbour, Tyne Tees Television, formally created Trident Television, a merged entity of the two companies. By 1981, due to regulation, the company was forced to de-merge; however, they resumed their alliance in 1993 as Yorkshire-Tyne Tees Television, which therefore owned the two franchises, and integrated the two companies' assets more than its predecessor.

The intense race to own a larger share of the ITV network began in 1994, when Carlton Communications, the owner of London weekday broadcaster Carlton Television, took control of Central Independent Television in the Midlands. Days afterwards, Granada plc, owner of Granada Television of the North West, purchased London Weekend Television (LWT). Meridian's owner, Mills and Allen International, then went on to purchase Anglia Television in the same year, before merging to become United News and Media (UNM) in 1995. UNM then went on to purchase Wales and West broadcaster, HTV in 1996, while Carlton purchased Westcountry Television later that year. Granada then agreed a deal to take over Yorkshire-Tyne Tees Television in 1997, giving the broadcaster access to both Yorkshire and North East franchises.

There was no further movement in the take-over of franchises until 2000, when Border Television and all of its radio assets were sold to Capital Radio Group, who consequently sold the television broadcasting arm to Granada Media Group. Granada then went on to purchase all of UNM's television interests (including its ITV franchises), which brought Meridian, Anglia, and HTV into its power, but due to regulation, Granada was forced to sell HTV to Carlton. By this time, all of the franchises in England and Wales were owned by either Carlton or Granada.

On 2 February 2004, Granada plc officially merged with Carlton Communications, creating ITV plc, although it was in effect, a takeover by Granada. In 2011, ITV plc acquired Channel Television from its private owners Yattendon Group plc. On 19 October 2015, ITV announced they were to buy UTV for £100 million subject to regulatory approval. The deal also included UTV Ireland, UTV's Irish channel. Initially, the UTV name was retained, but on 2 April 2020 the station began using ITV's national continuity-at first as an emergency measure due to the COVID-19 pandemic, then announced as a permanent transition on 26 November 2020.

Regional variations

The ITV1 channel consists of thirteen regional franchises in England, Wales and Northern Ireland which each broadcast regional news and other local programming to its area. Many franchise areas in England have sub-regions providing separate regional news bulletins. For example, the Anglia region is divided into West and East. This arrangement was suspended in February 2009, when ITV implemented plans to save the company £40m a year on the amount it spent making local news, but was reinstated (with slightly fewer sub-regions) on 16 September 2013.

Since 27 October 2002, on all ITV plc-owned franchises, regional programming has been preceded or plugged by an oral regional announcement, in the format ITV1 regional brand; e.g. ITV1 Granada. In English regions, up until 13 November 2006, regional names were also superimposed (post-production) on these idents below the ITV1 logo, but this practice has since ceased. ITV Wales remains unaffected, and still continues to use dual-branding across all of its on-screen presentation. Despite the lack of regional names on screen, the regional name is usually spoken by the continuity announcer prior to local programmes. After ITV1's unification in 2002, the two London franchises, Carlton Television and London Weekend Television were merged into a single entity, ITV London, while the Wales and West franchise lost its official identity, and instead was substituted with ITV1 Wales and ITV1 West on-air, with no reference linking the two together (the licence was formally split in two by Ofcom from 1 January 2014, when the West region merged with the Westcountry region to form the West Country franchise).

Channel Television adopted the ITV1 brand on-air prior to the 2011 ITV plc takeover of the channel. UTV was purchased by ITV plc in 2016, but did not adopt national continuity until April 2020 (see above).

Areas with full ITV1 channel branding and continuity:

* ITV1 +1 is not available in the main channels (e.g. channel 203 on Sky, channel 34 on Freeview, channel 112 on Freesat), and may be in the regional variation channels instead (e.g. channel 973 on Sky).

In the English regions (plus Border Scotland, Channel Islands and Isle of Man), the channel was known from 2006 until 2013 as ITV1, from 2013 until 2022 as ITV, and from 15 November 2022, ITV1 at all times. Regional references no longer appear before any programming at all in these areas.
 The "ITV Cymru Wales" brand is name-checked only by local ITV promos and ITV announcers;
 The "UTV" branding in Northern Ireland is only used for local programming.
 The "STV" branding in the Central and North of Scotland regions is used throughout the day from 9:25 am to 6 am daily;

ITV network areas without full ITV1 channel branding and continuity:

Regional changes 2009–2013
In June 2007, ITV plc executive chairman Michael Grade hinted at a possible re-structure of the ITV regional layout, stating the existence of smaller regional services "no longer makes sense" relative to the regional audience they serve. The plan was confirmed in September 2007, reducing the number of regional news programmes from 17 to just 9, saving around £35 to £40 million each year, and affecting every ITV plc regional company with the exception of ITV London, ITV Wales, and ITV Granada. These changes were implemented in early 2009. All sub-regional news programmes ceased; ITV Border's Lookaround programme was merged with ITV Tyne Tees' North East Tonight programme, ITV Westcountry's Westcountry Live merged with ITV West's The West Tonight programme, and ITV Meridian's Meridian Tonight south and south east editions merged with ITV Thames Valley's Thames Valley Tonight.

On 16 September 2013, ITV reverted to a more localised system, as was the case prior to a shake-up in 2009, with 14 news regions (rather than eight). This meant people in the Borders, for example, saw a return to a Border-only news service, with all stories covered solely on Southern Scotland and Cumbria, similar to the pre-Tyne Tees merger in February 2009. Meanwhile, in the Westcountry, viewers in Devon and Cornwall also saw a return to a more localised service.

Notable programming

Subsidiary channels

ITV1 HD

A high-definition simulcast of ITV1, ITV1 HD, debuted on 7 June 2008, with the technical launch of the Freeview HD service. The channel has its roots in ITV HD, which began as a trial service in 2006 on a low-power digital terrestrial (DVB-T) channel from London's Crystal Palace transmitting station, and on Telewest TV Drive cable service. The channel was revived on 7 June 2008, in time for the UEFA Euro 2008 football tournament, this time exclusively available on the Freesat digital satellite service. With its debut on Freeview HD, the channel was re-branded as ITV1 HD in December 2009.

ITV1 +1
 The time-shift channel ITV1 +1 launched on all TV platforms, including Freeview in 2011.

Availability outside the UK
ITV channels are available on cable and IPTV in Switzerland and Liechtenstein. In the Republic of Ireland, ITV (as UTV) was widely available; however, UTV Ireland was launched in 2015 and replaced UTV in the Republic of Ireland. UTV has since ceased broadcasting in Ireland. ITV is registered to broadcast within the European Union/EEA through ALIA in Luxembourg.

Since 27 March 2013, ITV1 London has been offered by British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS) to members of HM Forces and their families around the world, replacing the BFBS3 TV channel, which already carried a selection of ITV programmes.

Branding

ITV was not consistently promoted as a brand name until 1989 although the name was in common public use. Independent Television, shortened to ITV, was the collective and generic name for the companies which held commercial television franchises. The name referred to the initial regulator the Independent Television Authority (ITA). It was keen to use this name for its franchisees to highlight the fact they were also public services and not simply commercial broadcasters. In the early years, the network was sometimes referred to as the "ITA network", and the companies as "ITA contractors" or "ITA stations". The companies were principally identified on air using by their own names though some did make reference to ITV too. There were also specific uses of the ITV name – for instance, ITV Schools, ITV Sport, and Children's ITV were used for programming strands.

In 1989, the first real efforts were made to turn ITV into a brand. The ITV Association commissioned a generic presentation package for each of the individual companies. It included both a national logo and regional versions which included an element based on each company's own symbol. The second attempt at consistent network branding came in 1999, using the new national logo introduced a year earlier. A series of idents were created under the theme, "TV from the Heart". Like the 1989 attempt, a version was created for every franchise holder and it effectively led to dual branding. This look was only taken by nine of the fifteen ITV broadcasters, two of which later resorted to other designs which still kept the dual branding. The Carlton-owned regions had their own dual branded idents while the two Scottish regions and UTV made no use of ITV branding.

By 2001, all eleven franchises of England and Wales were owned by either Granada plc or Carlton Communications, and a new common name, ITV1, was launched on 11 August 2001. Regional continuity and idents were dropped in the English regions while the service in Wales was rebranded ITV1 Wales. At this time all English regional continuity announcers were replaced with a single team of national continuity announcers – initially, there were six but the number was later reduced to just four. In January 2006, the channel adopted a new on-air look, designed mainly to improve cross-channel promotion across ITV's multichannel presence. The new logo brought ITV1, ITV2, and ITV3 in line with ITV4's and had been observed on various billboard ads in the UK when the new identity was first used on-screen on 16 January 2006. The overhaul also put an end to the former ITV Day brand, which was axed in favour of a full-time ITV1 identity.

On 14 January 2013, ITV unveiled a huge rebranding, including a new corporate logo inspired by handwriting, and the renaming of the flagship channel back from ITV1 to just ITV. Its colour schemes vary on-air to complement its surroundings; a practice referred to internally as "colour picking". Following the buyout in 2016, UTV also rebranded to these idents, using a tweaked version with the new UTV logo. On 1 January 2019, ITV refreshed its on-air presentation again. The logo and trailers were modified to use a different colour scheme, but the main change was to the idents. In a project known as ITV Creates, a new set of idents were used weekly. They were built around interpretations of the ITV logo commissioned from British visual artists. The first artist featured was Ravi Deepres. UTV continued with its 2013-era idents until it adopted ITV continuity and trials in 2020. However, it used the new on-air presentation on trails with a tweaked version to accommodate the UTV logo.

On 15 November 2022, ITV renamed the channel back from ITV to ITV1 which was used as the name on the channel between 2001 and 2013. ITV1 also received another rebrand, as part of a redesign of all ITV's main channels, being carried out in tandem with the launch of the streaming service ITVX. The logo is now coloured blue and uses idents that are cross-used across ITV2, ITV3, ITV4 and ITVBe with different views which reflect the channel's image and programming output.

Notes

References

External links

2002 establishments in the United Kingdom
ITV television channels
Television channels in the United Kingdom
Television channels and stations established in 2002

ITV1


Zaporizhzhia (, before 1921 - Oleksandrivsk) is a city in southeastern Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Zaporizhzhia Oblast. In 2001, 817,900 people lived there.

Located on the main waterway of Ukraine - the Dnieper River, at the intersection of transport and communication corridors connecting the south with the capital of Ukraine, western and central regions, Donbass with Kryvyi Rih.

Together with the surrounding settlements it forms the Zaporizhzhia agglomeration. It is one of the largest administrative, industrial and cultural centers of southern Ukraine with advanced engineering, ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy, chemical and construction industries, a river port and an important transit railway junction.

According to the Consolidated Scheme of District Planning of Ukraine, Zaporizhzhia occupies an important place in the regional settlement system and performs the functions of regional, international and district centers, each of which has its own zone of inter-village service.

Thus, in the zone of influence of Zaporizhzhia as a regional center on the territory of 2690 thousand hectares there are 14 cities, 23 urban-type settlements, a significant number of villages and more than 2 million people live. The inter-district settlement system headed by Zaporizhzhia (suburban zone) is characterized by a high level of industrial and economic mastery of the territory, high value of agricultural lands and pago environment. The suburban zone covers Zaporizhzhia, Vilniansk, Orikhiv, Vasylivka and Kamyansko-Dniprovsky administrative districts of Zaporizhzhia region, the total area of which is 760 thousand hectares. There are 5 cities, 6 urban-type settlements and about 300 rural settlements. The total population of the suburban area is approximately 315 thousand people. The peculiarity of the city of Zaporizhzhia is that it concentrates about 65% of the productive capacity of the region and 43% of the population of the region.

On June 27, 2014, the decision of the Zaporizhzhia City Council adopted the final report of the working group to clarify the founding date of the city and changed the official founding date. The working group concluded that the city was founded in 952 on the basis of the treatise of the Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus "On the management of the empire", as the first written mention of the settlement on both banks of the Dnieper and the island of Khortytsia.

Name
Until March 15, 1921, the city was called Alexandrovsk after the Alexander Fortress, founded in 1770. There is no unequivocal opinion in whose honor the fortress was named. The names of Field Marshal General Alexander Golitsyn and Prince Alexander Vyazemsky are mentioned.

On March 15, 1921, the city was renamed Zaporizhzhia - that is, "located beyond the thresholds."

The name reminds that before the construction of the Dnieper HPP dam in 1932 at the place where the river crosses the rocky southern edge of the Ukrainian Shield, numerous Dnieper rapids, which hinder navigation, ended.

References

Cities in Zaporizhzhia Oblast

Zaporizhzhia


Estadio Municipal de Guillermo Amor is a stadium in Benidorm, Alicante, Valencian Community, Spain. Its former name was Estadio Municipal de Foietes or simply Foietes, but its name was changed in 2010 because of Guillermo Amor, one of the most famous sportsman who had born in the town. The sports venue has a capacity of 9,000, the majority of which is on one very large bank of terracing on one side of the field. The more commonly used main stand runs down the opposite side of the pitch and hosts the club facilities. The seating area is found here, concentrated at the half-way line of the field.

The main use is as the home ground for the local football team Benidorm CD.

It has been known to host large concerts.

External links
Estadios de España

References

Football venues in the Valencian Community
Buildings and structures in Benidorm
Sports venues completed in 1964
Sport in Benidorm

Estadio Municipal Guillermo Amor


Khan Roshan Khan Yousafzai (; November 1914 – 19 November 1988) was a Pashtun historian, educationalist, and writer from Pakistan known primarily for being president of the Muslim League in Swabi and for writing books on the history of the Pashtun people.

Biography
Khan Roshan Khan was born in the village of Nawa Killi, Swabi in 1914 and died on 19 November 1988. He was the son of Muhammad Zaman Khan. He wrote many books on the history of Pushtuns. He was a major figure in contemporary Pushto literature. Roshan Khan was an active member of the movement Khudai Khidmatgar. He was very energetic in the Pakistan Movement and was the president of the Muslim League in Swabi. An area in Swabi, called Roshan Pura is named after him, where his tomb is also located.

Career
Khan received his primary education from the Islami School Uthmanzai in Charsadda. Later on, he could not complete his further education due to the worsening conditions during the time of the British Government of India. The changing circumstances diverted his attention towards history. He wrote books on the history of Pathans. These books are Tazkira, Pathanon ki Tareekh aur in ki asliat which describes the races of Pashtun tribes and their origins. In addition, he wrote Yousafzai qaum ki sarguzisht, which gives details on the various tribes of Pukhtoons. Khan also authored Afghano ki nasli tarikh, which describes the origin of Afghans (Pashtuns) from Bani Israel, (that is, the theory that the Pashtuns are descended from the biblical Israelites). Other booklets include Malika-Sawat, Baba-e-qaum Sheikhmali (RA) among others. His most important work is Tawarikh-e-Hafiz Rehmat Khani, which includes the details about the biographies of prominent Pukhtoon leaders and elders like Hafiz Rehmat Khan, Hafiz Alpuri (Abdulsamad) of Shangla, Ahmed Shah Abdali, Sardar Mohammad Khan, Dost Muhammad Khan and many others. It also sheds light on the important events and wars of Pukhtoons with other empires and tribes. Moreover, all the family trees of Pashtun tribes are also discussed in this book. He also discussed the brief history of a famous Pashtun tribe, Shalmani.

Books written by Roshan Khan
Tawarikh-e Hafiz Rehmat Khani, 3rd Edition, 1977, Peshawar Pushtu Academy, Peshawar University.
Tazkarah (Pathano ki Asliyat aur in ki Tarikh), 1st Edition, 1980, Karachi Roshan Khan Education Trust.
Afghano ki Nasli Tarikh, 1st Edition, 1981, Karachi Roshan Khan and Company.
Yousafzai Qaum ki Sarguzisht, 1st Edition, 1986, Karachi Roshan Khan and Company.
Malika-e Swat, 1st Edition, 1983, Roshan Khan, Nawan Killi, Swabi District, Pakistan.
Baba-ye Qaum Sheikhmali (RA), 1st Edition, 1985, Roshan Khan and Company, Phool Chowk, Karachi, Pakistan.

Malika-e-Swat
The book Malika-e-Swat includes the story of the wedding of Mughal king Babur to the daughter Bibi Mubaraka Yousafzai of Malik Shahmansoor Yusufzai. This book also describes the events and the times when the Yousafzais entered Swat. Their life and the battles which took place between the king of Swat Sultan Awais and the Yusufzai Pashtuns. The book is mainly about the life and martyrdom of Shaheeda Bibi, who was the sister of Malik Ahmed and was the wife of the king of Swat, Sultan Awais. After her marriage with Sultan Awais she was called the Queen of Sawat.

References

External links
Avt Khyber,In the memory of Khan Roshan Khan.
yousafzai qaum ki sarguzisht
Tawarikh e hafiz rehmat khani
Afghano ki nasli tarikh
Tazkira

1914 births
1988 deaths
Historians of Pakistan
Historians of Afghanistan
20th-century Pakistani historians
Pashtun writers
Pashto-language writers
People from Swabi District
Recipients of the Pride of Performance
Leaders of the Pakistan Movement

Khan Roshan Khan


Albert Mussey Johnson (May 31, 1872 – January 7, 1948), was a millionaire who served for many years as president of the National Life Insurance Company, built Scotty's Castle in Death Valley, and was variously partner, friend, and dupe of infamous Wild West con man Death Valley Scotty, for whose outrageous antics he later served as financier.

Early years
Albert Johnson was born into a prominent family in Oberlin, Ohio. He was the son of Albert Harrison Johnson (1838–1899) and his wife Rebecca A. Jenkins (1842–1915). Johnson's father was an extremely wealthy man who owned several banks, a utility company, and a few stone quarries in the vicinity of Oberlin. He was also President of the Arkansas Midland Railroad Company, which was based in Helena, Arkansas.

Although records of Albert M. Johnson's early life are frequently contradictory and uncertain, it is known that he was given a very religious upbringing. It has been asserted numerous times that Johnson was raised a Quaker, but some sources indicate that due to the close affiliation between Johnson's grandparents and John Shipherd, Presbyterian minister and founder of Oberlin College it is far more likely Johnson's family was Presbyterian or Congregationalist. Either way, however, Johnson lived a devout lifestyle and was a lifelong non-smoker and teetotaler.

Johnson attended Oberlin college for one year before transferring to Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. While a student in the civil engineering program at Cornell, Albert met and fell in love with Bessie Penniman, a fellow student at Cornell, and the daughter of a wealthy fruit and nut rancher from Walnut Creek, California. Albert Johnson graduated from Cornell in 1895, and a year later married Bessie.

Not long after his marriage to Bessie, Johnson borrowed $40,000 from his father to invest in a lead-zinc mine in Missouri, which turned out to be an extremely profitable investment. Flush with cash and success, Johnson prevailed upon his father to travel with him out to the Wild West to inspect more mining claims for possible further investment. The trip was ill-fated, however, and in December, 1899, while riding on a train on the Denver and Rio Grande line near Salida, Colorado, Albert Johnson and his father were victims of a terrible train accident. The Johnsons' train was struck from the rear by another train, and Albert Johnson's father was killed as he slept. Albert Johnson himself suffered from a broken back, for which he was given an initial prognosis of certain and imminent death, as well as lifelong paralysis below the waist.

Albert Johnson made a near-miraculous recovery, regaining his ability to walk within eighteen months, and living for well over forty years past the accident. He never quite returned to full health, however, and walked with a limp for the rest of his life, which he took great pains to disguise.

In 1902, after his recovery, Johnson moved to Chicago, Illinois, to join his father's former business partner, Edward A. Shedd (Shedd Aquarium, still standing on Chicago's Lake Michigan today), in taking over some of his father's business interests as well as establishing new ones of his own. Shedd and Johnson jointly purchased the National Life Insurance Company at a foreclosure sale. Through a bargain with Shedd, Albert Johnson acquired 90% of publicly available National Life stock, and quickly became President of the company. Johnson's annual salary as President of National Life Insurance was said to have been approximately $1,000,000.

Johnson and Death Valley Scotty
Albert Johnson and Edward Shedd were approached in 1904 by a man named Obadiah Sands, who was acting as an intermediary for Walter E. Scott, also known as Death Valley Scotty, a man notorious for his story of having discovered a mysterious gold mine in Death Valley. Scotty was often soliciting wealthy investors to grubstake his supposed mining operation, and Johnson and Shedd were no exceptions. For an initial investment of $2,500, Scotty offered the pair a two-thirds interest in any mines he discovered in Death Valley. Scotty then offered Obadiah Sands a 20% interest in the mine as a reward for having acted as an intermediary. Johnson and Shedd split their two-thirds interest evenly between them.

By 1906, Johnson and Shedd had begun to notice the distinct lack of a return on their investment. Johnson banded together with a few more of Scotty's investors and purchased train tickets out to Death Valley so they could inspect Scotty's findings themselves. Scotty and his brother Warner collected his visitors and brought them out to a wash in Death Valley where some of Scotty's friends had hidden themselves, disguised as bandits to scare off the investors before they discovered that Scotty's mine was fictitious. In the ensuing mock gunfight, popularly known as "The Battle of Wingate Pass", Warner was shot and badly injured, prompting Scotty to call the whole thing off in order to go to Warner's assistance. By the time the shooting stopped, most of Scotty's investors realized they'd been fooled and pulled out of Scotty's scheme. Johnson, however, felt that there might still be a chance that Scotty had found gold and decided to pursue the matter further.

After returning home to Chicago, Johnson hired Alfred MacArthur, who worked as a General Agent of the National Life Insurance Company, to go out to Death Valley and follow Scotty day and night until he discovered whether or not Scotty had a mine. Scotty tried to fool his pursuer by planting gold ore in an exhausted mine shaft, but MacArthur was not convinced. MacArthur sent a telegram to Albert Johnson to inform him of Scotty's dishonesty, and thus exploded the myth of a gold mine.

In spite of this and other independent confirmations that Scotty's mining scheme had no substance to it, Johnson persisted in his belief that Scotty really had found gold in Death Valley. Beginning in 1909, Johnson made many trips out to Death Valley to visit Scotty in the hopes of finally being shown the gold mine he had been promised. Although it is almost certain that Johnson realized after a few years that the gold mine did not exist after all, he continued his trips to visit Scotty, as he had learned to enjoy Death Valley as well as Scotty's company.

Later years
In 1915, Johnson purchased a ranch at Grapevine Canyon in what is now Death Valley National Park from a man named Jacob Steininger, and in 1916 began building the first of many structures he constructed on the property, a small shack that he and Death Valley Scotty used for camping. After Albert Johnson spent several winters of desert vacations with Scotty, Bessie began to grow curious about Death Valley and its attraction her husband had for it. Bessie began to accompany Albert, but after a year or two decided that though she also found Death Valley appealing, she was not content to sleep on the ground in a dirty tent or shack. In 1922, to mollify his wife, Albert Johnson began constructing what was eventually to become Scotty's Castle. In 1927 Johnson purchased more land in Grapevine Canyon from Fred M. Sayre and his wife Vida L. Sayre, and also from Beveridge Hunter and his wife Ruth, bringing the total size of his Death Valley Ranch to approximately .

Johnson's health
In spite of his speedy and remarkable recovery from the spinal injury he received in the train accident in 1899, Albert Johnson continued to feel the effects of his injury for the rest of his life. Although he regained the ability to walk, he suffered from partial paralysis below the waist, specifically paralysis of the excretory organs. His paralysis was such that Johnson was forced to catheterize himself multiple times every day to assist in his ability to urinate, and keep meticulous records of his daily fluid intake and output in order to monitor his own health.

There is also some speculation that Johnson was also forced to carry a colostomy bag with him for the rest of his life, based on the observations of a few of his friends that Johnson frequently wore clothing that was too baggy for him, possibly to disguise certain side effects of his injuries.

Television depiction
Johnson was portrayed by actor William Schallert in the 1955 episode, "Death Valley Scotty," on the syndicated television anthology series Death Valley Days, hosted by Stanley Andrews. Johnson was the benefactor of Walter E. Scott, played by Jack Lomas (1911-1959). In 1905, Scott commissioned the "Scott Special," a passenger train of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. The steam locomotive Santa Fe No. 1010 was used to re-create the record-setting 44-hour railroad run from Los Angeles to Chicago. It was especially reconditioned for filming.

References

Sources
 Albert Johnson vertical file, Scotty's Castle Resource Library, NPS: DEVA.
 Bessie Johnson vertical file, Scotty's Castle Resource Library, NPS: DEVA.
 Dubovay, Charles. Interview, Scotty's Castle Resource Library, NPS: DEVA.
 Historic Resource Study: Death Valley Scotty Historic District, Draft Version, Scotty's Castle Resource Library, NPS: DEVA.

1872 births
1948 deaths
American businesspeople in insurance
Cornell University College of Engineering alumni
Death Valley
People from Inyo County, California
Oberlin College alumni

Albert Mussey Johnson


The Final Cut is the twelfth studio album by Pink Floyd. It was recorded at various studios in the UK from July to December 1982. It is the final Pink Floyd studio album with the band's bassist and primary songwriter Roger Waters.

The album is predominantly the work of Waters. It is the only Pink Floyd album on which the credit for writing every song is given to Waters alone. Keyboardist Rick Wright had been fired by Waters during the recording of The Wall, so this is the only Pink Floyd album on which Wright does not participate at all. Meanwhile, David Gilmour sings lead vocals on only one of the album's twelve songs, the rest being sung entirely by Waters.

During the recording of The Final Cut, there was a lot of tension between Waters and the other members of the band, particularly Gilmour, who now says that he doesn't like most of the album. For these and other reasons, it is sometimes regarded as a Roger Waters solo album rather than a true Pink Floyd album.

None of the album's songs has ever been performed live by Pink Floyd, though some have been performed live by Waters during solo tours. Waters' dominance on the album is most clearly seen on the back cover, which reads: The Final Cut: A Requiem for the Post-War Dream - by Roger Waters, performed by Pink Floyd.

Track listing
All songs composed by Roger Waters. All lead vocals performed by Roger Waters unless otherwise stated.

Original release

Side one
 "The Post War Dream" – 3:02
 "Your Possible Pasts" – 4:22
 "One of the Few" – 1:12
 "The Hero's Return" – 2:56
 "The Gunner's Dream" – 5:07
 "Paranoid Eyes" – 3:40

Side two
 "Get Your Filthy Hands Off My Desert" – 1:19
 "The Fletcher Memorial Home" – 4:11
 "Southampton Dock" – 2:13
 "The Final Cut" – 4:46
 "Not Now John" – 5:01
 Lead vocals: David Gilmour and Roger Waters
 "Two Suns in the Sunset" – 5:14

2004 re-release
 "The Post War Dream" – 3:00
 "Your Possible Pasts" – 4:26
 "One of the Few" – 1:11
 "When the Tigers Broke Free" – 3:16
 "The Hero's Return" – 2:43
 "The Gunner's Dream" – 5:18
 "Paranoid Eyes" – 3:41
 "Get Your Filthy Hands Off My Desert" – 1:17
 "The Fletcher Memorial Home" – 4:12
 "Southampton Dock" – 2:10
 "The Final Cut" – 4:45
 "Not Now John" – 4:56
 Lead vocals: David Gilmour and Roger Waters
 "Two Suns in the Sunset" – 5:23

Pink Floyd albums

The Final Cut (album)


The Tanka movement was a militant agrarian struggle on behalf of the Hajong tribal people in Mymensingh District, East Bengal (initially in India, later East Pakistan) 1942–1950. The movement was parallel, but distinct from, the Tebhaga movement in other parts of Bengal. The Hajong movement was inspired by the struggles of Moni Singh.

Bengali communist cadres had arrived in the Hajong areas in the 1930s, and helped to organise the Hajong peasants. During the period of 1942 and 1945, Hajong sharecroppers organized in the Kisan Sabha struggled against feudal domination of Bengali Hindu landlords. There was a severe crackdown against the movement in 1946. The Hajong then turned to guerrilla struggles. By the time of independence of Pakistan, the Hajong guerrillas operating along the Indo-Pakistani border were well organised.

Hajong armed communist rebels captured control over a number of villages and set up their own administration there. The Hajong rebels were led by Lulit Surkuhr Hajong and Podmolohchon Surkuhr Hajong. After being confronted by the Pakistani Army, the rebels built up a base in Baghmara, Garo Hills on the Indian side of the border. For some time they conducted frequent cross-border raids against Pakistani police parties. Additional Pakistani police forces were sent to the area, patrolling the entire border area of the Mymensingh District.

The Pakistani state forces conducted a violent campaign of repression against the Hajong people, and most Hajongs left Pakistan for India. Pakistani authorities claimed that "almost all" of the Hajong refugees were communist sympathizers, a claim that was used to motivate the expropriation of their households and lands. These lands were sold to Bengali Muslim refugees from India at low rates.

The rebels eventually settled down permanently in India. Lulit Surkuhr Hajong founded a branch of the Communist Party of India in the Garo Hills, whilst Podmolohchon Surkuhr Hajong founded a branch of the same party in the Khasi Hills along with Ruh'imohon Hajong and Chondromohan Hajong.

References

Communist Party of India
Mymensingh District
Rebellions in Asia
Debt bondage in South Asia
Mymensingh

Tanka movement


In the behaviorism approach to psychology, behavioral scripts are a sequence of expected behaviors for a given situation. Scripts include default standards for the actors, props, setting, and sequence of events that are expected to occur in a particular situation. The classic script example involves an individual dining at a restaurant.  This script has several components: props including tables, menus, food, and money, as well as roles including customers, servers, chefs, and a cashier.  The sequence of expected events for this script begins with a hungry customer entering the restaurant, ordering, eating, paying and then ends with the customer exiting. People continually follow scripts which are acquired through habit, practice and simple routine. Following a script can be useful because it could help to save the time and mental effort of deciding on appropriate behavior each time a situation is encountered.

Psychology
Semantic memory builds schemas and scripts. With this, semantic memory is known as the knowledge that people gain from experiencing events in the everyday world. This information is then organized into a concept that people can understand in their own way. Semantic memory relates to scripts because scripts are made through the knowledge that one gains through these everyday experiences and habituation.

There have been many empirical research studies conducted in order to test the validity of the script theory.  One such study, conducted by Bower, Black, and Turner in 1979,  asked participants to read 18 different scenarios, all of which represented a doctor's office script.  The participants were later asked to complete either a recall task or a recognition task.  In the recall task, the participants were asked to remember as much as they could about each scenario.  Here, the participants tended to recall certain parts of the stories that were not actually present, but that were parts of the scripts that the stories represented.  In the recognition task, participants were asked to rate various sentences on a 7-point scale regarding their personal confidence that they had seen each sentence in the scenario.  Some sentences shown to participants were from the stories and some were not.   Of the sentences that were not from the stories, some were relevant to the doctor's office script and others were not relevant to the script at all.  Here, participants tended to recognize certain non-story sentences as having come from the story if the non-story sentence was relevant to the script.  Ultimately, Bower, Black, and Turner's study suggested that scripts serve as a guide for a person's recall and recognition for certain things that they already know.

Behavioral scripts that people are taught allow them to make realistic assumptions about situations, places, and people. These assumptions stem from what are known as schemas. Schemas make our environments more approachable to understand, and therefore people are able to familiarize themselves with what is around them. When people become comfortable with what they find familiar, they are more likely to remember events, people or places that obscure from their initial thought or script.

Some people may have a tendency to habituate behavioral scripts in a manner that can act to limit consciousness in a subliminal way.  This can negatively influence the subconscious mind and, subsequently, can negatively affect perceptions, judgments, values, beliefs, cognition and behavior. For example, over-reliance upon behavioral scripts combined with social norms that encourage an individual to use these behavioral scripts may influence one to stereotype and develop a prejudiced attitude toward others based on socioeconomic status, ethnicity, race, etc.

Some applied behavior analysts even use scripts to train new skills and 20 years of research supports script use as an effective way to build new language, social, and activity routines for adults and children with developmental disabilities. With language scripts fading, efforts are being made in an attempt to help the scripts recombine in order to approximate more natural language.

Much of the development of scripts first addresses language and how it influences what we know and understand. With language, many psychologists have used the specific study of language to develop theories about concepts and scripts. In particular, researchers recognize semantic memory development is mostly possible through verbal-linguistic stimuli. Language and memory are constantly used for people to be able to interpret what experiences or people mean to or relate to them. Here, language has influence on the scripts people use because of its relationship to semantic memory.

There are also instances where damage to a person's script affects to their ability to understand concepts. For instance, Sirigu, Zalla, Pillon, Grafman, Agid, and Dubois (1995) conducted a study on brain-damaged patients and their ability to access scripts that relate to a certain situation. Within their study, they asked patients with brain-damage (particularly to their prefrontal cortex) to make as many scripts for different situations as they could and put them in their commonly known sequence. These researchers found that those with prefrontal brain damage could make just as many scripts for different situations as those without prefrontal brain damage. Although with finding this, these researchers also found that patients with prefrontal brain damage had a difficult time putting in order or sequencing the events that happen within a script. They concluded that the prefrontal brain-damaged patients had difficulty within finding the goal of each script, where each script has a specific thing that a person looks for to achieve. For example, within the script of going to a restaurant, the goal of the dinner would be to eat, where prefrontal brain-damaged patients are likely to see the goal of this script as paying for the meal or ordering for the food.

See also
 Frame (artificial intelligence)
 Knowledge representation
 Psychology
 Schema (psychology)

Notes

Behaviorism
Cognition
Services marketing

Behavioral script


The Frankfurt U-Bahn is an underground railway network in the city of Frankfurt, Germany. It is run by the Verkehrsgesellschaft Frankfurt, short VGF. It has 9 lines and a network of 65 kilometers (40 miles) and has exactly 86 stations, apart 27 underground and 59 above ground. Two lines, the U2 and the U3 crosses the city border in Oberursel and Bad Homburg.

Lines

Rapid transit systems in Germany
Frankfurt

Frankfurt U-Bahn


Abdul Aziz aka Imam Samudra aka Qudama (January 14, 1970, Serang, Banten - November 9, 2008, Bali, Indonesia) was an Indonesian criminal. He was sentenced to execution for his part in the 2002 Bali bombings. The execution was expected to be made during early November 2008. It was done on November 9. Samudra is one of three in a network of the Bali bombers who were sentenced to death.

1970 births
Terrorists
Indonesian criminals

Imam Samudra


DVD-R is a recordable DVD format. It uses a thin organic dye layer which is recorded by a high-power laser. The laser bleaches the recorded areas, creating reflective areas that can then be played back with a low-power laser. A DVD-R can be recorded with DVD-Video, DVD-Audio, or DVD-ROM content.A DVD-R typically has a storage capacity of 4.7 GB. Pioneer has also developed an 8.5 GB dual layer version, DVD-R DL, which appeared on the market in 2005.

DVD-R(W) is one of three competing industry standard DVD recordable formats; the others are DVD+R(W) and DVD-RAM. A DVD-R can be written only once, in contrast with a rewritable DVD formats such as DVD-RW or DVD+RW which can be rewritten multiple (1000+) times.

DVD

DVD-R


Emergency Response Team Search and Rescue (ERTSAR) is an INSARAG listed  international disaster response NGO search and rescue team, with bases in Henley-on-Thames, United Kingdom and Toronto, Canada.

Founding
ERTSAR was founded in the UK on 1 December 2002 as a non-profit NGO by Gary Foo and registered as a charity in England and Wales in 2004.

The UK team was originally known as Oxfordshire Search And Rescue (OSAR), and subsequently renamed to Emergency Response Team Search And Rescue in 2006 to reflect the international disaster response work it was involved in.

In 2011 the Canadian branch of ERTSAR was founded.

Purpose and Activities
ERTSAR was established to respond to emergencies and disasters and relieve suffering and distress among persons affected by hazards, risks, and major incidents across the globe.
ERTSAR provides many programmes year round such as medical first responder services, community based and educational programmes, emergency services support, civil defence and civil protection services. ERTSAR also provides disaster risk reduction strategies, resilience, support, assistance and special event cover.

ERTSAR is a UK national DEFRA Flood Response Team with a specialist rescue boat crew available to respond to any area of the country needing assistance in response to flooding incidents.

Both the UK and Canadian teams are also available to be called out by the police in response to high-risk despondent missing person searches, utilising man-tracking and search dog capabilities.

Specialist capabilities include USAR, Swiftwater rescue, Technical rescue and more.

Funding
The charity is run entirely by volunteers and as a voluntary organisation, relies on donations from the public and local businesses. In February 2016, ERTSAR received a grant for £17,713.60 from the Department For Transport's Inland Rescue Boat Grant Scheme for Water Rescue Services.

Deployments
ERTSAR has deployed internationally for major disasters such as Sri Lanka for the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, to Pakistan for the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, including several follow-up support and relief missions, the 2010 Haiti earthquake and the 2010 Pakistan floods.

The team also mobilised and deployed in the UK for numerous call outs as a Civil Contingencies Responder such as in Oxfordshire for the 2007 United Kingdom floods and the Snow and Ice spell of 2010. The team also worked with Gloucestershire police in successfully locating despondent missing persons.

The UK team deployed its swift water rescue team for the flooding of November 2012 in Gloucestershire and Oxfordshire.

The ERTSAR Canadian team deployed for a week in December 2012 to Staten Island, New York, to assist in the recovery efforts in the aftermath of super storm Hurricane Sandy.

In November 2013, UK and Canadian team members deployed to the Philippines in response to Typhoon Haiyan, the strongest storm ever recorded at landfall. The team provided medical aid and assistance, water purification and debris clearing to remote island communities.

On December 5, 2013, the UK team deployed swift water rescue technicians and boat crews to Norfolk at the request of the National Fire Service via DEFRA in response to the tidal surge and severe storm flooding on the East coast of England.

References

External links
 Official UK team website
 Official Canadian team website

2010 Haiti earthquake relief
Henley-on-Thames
Organisations based in Oxfordshire
Non-profit organisations based in the United Kingdom
Volunteer search and rescue in the United Kingdom


A rag doll is a children's toy. It is a cloth figure of a doll. They are traditionally home-made from (and stuffed with) spare scraps of material. They are one of the oldest children's toys in existence. Today, many rag dolls are commercially produced to look like the original home-made dolls. These dolls usually have simple features, soft cloth bodies, and patchwork clothing.

Dolls

Rag doll


The ruddy darter (Sympetrum sanguineum) is a species of dragonfly of the family Libellulidae.

Distribution
The ruddy darter is to be found in temperate regions throughout Europe as far east as Siberia and as far south as the northern Sahara. Its conservation status is regarded as secure, and indeed numbers seem to be increasing in some locations such as central England.

It is present in the following countries: Albania; Algeria; Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Croatia; Cyprus; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Ireland; Italy; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Moldova; Monaco; Montenegro; Morocco; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Russian Federation; Serbia; Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Tajikistan; Tunisia; Turkmenistan; Ukraine; United Kingdom; Uzbekistan.

Habitat
This species tends to prefer quiet bodies of water that feature semiaquatic vegetation such as rushes and reeds.

Description

The ruddy darter can reach a body length of  and attains a wingspan of up to 6 cm. These dragonflies are smaller than the Common Darter. They have black legs and the wings show a brown pterostigma and an orange color at the base of the wings. Two evident black marks are located on segments S8 and S9 of the abdomen.

The head, thorax and abdomen of the mature male are vivid red, while the female is slightly smaller, and is a golden-yellow colour with black markings. The blood-red color of the males develop with maturity, together with a red frons and a red-brown thorax.  The abdomen widens for the final third of its length and shows a marked pinched section where it joins the thorax.

The all-black legs of the ruddy darter distinguish it from the otherwise very similar common darter (Sympetrum striolatum) and vagrant darter (Sympetrum vulgatum), both of which show yellow stripes on their legs. The spotted darter (Sympetrum depressiusculum) with all-black legs has noticeably more clubbed abdomen and brighter pterostigmata.

Life cycle
The ruddy darter can be found between the months of June and November.  Mating takes place on the wing, with the coupled pair performing a dipping flight over the water. The female jettisons her fertilised eggs at the water surface by alternating movements of the abdomen. The male may hover nearby during this period and protect the female by driving off any approaching males.

The larvae spend the year beneath the water surface before emerging and pupating into adults.

Gallery

References

Libellulidae
Odonata of Africa
Odonata of Asia
Dragonflies of Europe
Insects described in 1764
Taxa named by Otto Friedrich Müller
Articles containing video clips

Ruddy darter


Neighbor is a 2009 American horror comedy film written and directed by Robert A. Masciantonio.

Plot
The film opens of an exterior of a house in the suburbs. In it, a young woman known only as "The Girl" is dancing around a house after preparing breakfast for herself. "The Girl" enters a bedroom and finds a man and a dead woman tied to chairs. The Girl acts shocked, but then it is revealed that she was the one who had captured and tortured this couple, killing a female relative and possibly their baby as well. The Girl finishes the husband off by stabbing him in the chest with a tap, collecting the blood that drips from it in a wine glass. The Girl then claims two more victims, an elderly woman whose medication she tampers with, and a high school student who she drowns in a bathtub after several unsuccessful attempts to electrocute her. The Girl moves forward to stalking Don Carpenter, a stoner and member of a band who lives alone, so The Girl easily captures him, and imprisons him in his recording studio basement.

The Girl tortures and mutilates Don, and gives him drugs that cause him to experience hallucinations and flashbacks. Don's friends, band mates, and ex-girlfriend are also captured and tortured to death by The Girl. Eventually growing bored with Don, The Girl strangles him (inexplicably beginning to cry while doing so) as he weakly tries to do the same to her. Don's body and those of his friends are posed around the basement by The Girl, who then goes upstairs, where a party that Don had been planning is in full swing. The Girl greets the guests, leaves the house, and dances down the street.

As the credits roll, Mike, one of Don's band mates who had seemingly died when The Girl tricked him into drinking drain cleaner, awakens, coughs up the chemicals, and screams for help when he realizes that he is now blind.

Cast

Literature
Two prequel short stories were written by Robert A. Masciantonio. The first, New Girl in Town, was included in Anthology Philly, while the second, Neighbor for Christmas, was released through Amazon.com. In January, 2013 it was announced on Icons of Frights that Masciantonio will continue the series of e-stories for each major American holiday, including New Year, Valentine's Day, St. Patrick's Day, and Easter. The six stories, including a revised version of New Girl in Town, were later compiled in a collection entitled A Girl For All Seasons, Volume 1.

Reception
Neighbor was called "deliciously dark and humorous" by Dread Central's Steve Barton, who awarded it a 4/5, while Audrey Quaranta of Fangoria gave the film a 3½ out of 4, and categorized it as "definitely one for the gore-lover's library". In a review for Horror News, Todd Martin wrote, "Do yourself a huge favor. Run out and get a copy of Neighbor as soon as it is available to own. Trust me, you won't regret it. If I had to describe it in just a few words I would say it was brutal, disturbing, and at times, a little hard to watch (and this is coming from a hardcore gore fiend). I was very impressed by this film and I think that a lot of other viewers will be as well."

DVD Talk's Justin Felix found that the film began well, but eventually became "a chore to watch" that "devolves into an ugly and unconvincing exercise in 'torture porn' that abandons the film's earlier strengths and fails to engage the viewer". Gordon Sullivan of DVD Verdict wrote, "I really wanted to like Neighbor for America Olivo's performance (which is dark and funny in equal measure) and the overwhelming amount of attention lavished on the gore. However, the lack of any real plot or character development makes Neighbor hard to love."

References

External links

American black comedy films
American serial killer films
American independent films
2000s exploitation films
Films set in Philadelphia
Films set in 2009
Films shot in Pennsylvania
Films about mass murder
American nonlinear narrative films
American splatter films
2009 independent films
2009 films
2009 horror films
2000s serial killer films
2009 black comedy films
2009 comedy films
Films directed by Robert A. Masciantonio
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Neighbor (2009 film)


Abbotsford House near the town of Melrose in Roxburghshire in Scotland was the house of the writer Sir Walter Scott, where he lived from 1812 to 1832. He wrote a lot of historical adventure stories, many of which have been filmed for the cinema and television.

The house is now a museum dedicated to Scott's life and works. It is a category A listed building.

Buildings and structures in Scotland

Abbotsford House


The Queensland Labor Party (QLP) was a political party of Queensland, Australia formed in 1957 by a breakaway group of the then ruling Labor Party Government after the expulsion of Premier Vince Gair. In 1962 the party became the Queensland section of the Democratic Labor Party (DLP). The party continued to hold seats in the Queensland state parliament until 1972, then suffered a collapse in its vote and wound itself up in 1978.

History
In Queensland, Vince Gair became Labor leader and premier in 1952.

The Central Executive of the ALP expelled Gair on 24 April 1957 because of his support of the Groupers. A total of 25 Labor MLAs left the party with him, including all the Cabinet except Deputy Premier Jack Duggan, to form the Queensland Labor Party. The two ex-Labor Independents joined the QLP. The ALP was left with 23 members with Duggan as leader. The Country and Liberal Parties had a combined 24 seats.

Gair tried to gain Country Party support for his minority government, but talks with Frank Nicklin broke down when federal Country Party leader Arthur Fadden (himself a Queenslander) told Nicklin that he had a chance to become Premier himself. On 12 June, the ALP, now led by Duggan, voted to deny "supply" (that is, the money needed to govern) to what was left of the Gair government. The Country-Liberal Coalition moved to block supply as well and brought the government down.

A state election was called for 3 August 1957. At that time, Queensland had a unicameral parliament which was elected by first-past-the-post rather than the present preferential voting system.  Since all sitting ALP and QLP members were opposed by a candidate from the other faction, the Labor vote was split in many seats. While the Coalition actually suffered a small swing against it, the large number of three-cornered contests resulted in the ALP and QLP losing seats to the Coalition. The two Labor factions won only 31 seats between them to the Coalition's 42 (up from 24 previously). The QLP won 23.4% of the vote, second behind Labor, and 11 of the 75 seats. Nicklin became Premier and for the first time in 25 years and only the second time since 1915, a Labor Government was out of office in Queensland. Gair himself was reelected in South Brisbane.

At the 1960 state election, the QLP won only four seats, with even Gair losing his seat. Gair stood for the Senate in 1961 for the QLP, but was unsuccessful. Gair's QLP merged with the Democratic Labor Party (DLP) in 1962 to become the Queensland branch of the DLP. However this decision split the state parliamentarians with two, Bunny Adair and Ted Walsh, opposing joining the DLP and instead becoming independent members. At the 1963 state election preferential voting was reintroduced. This enabled the DLP to not only draw votes away from the ALP, but also to direct their preferences to the Coalition. Gair became federal DLP leader in 1964, after his election to the Senate. From the 1963 election, the party's support in Queensland slipped below 8%, and the party retained only one seat in Queensland's unicameral parliament. The party's electoral support remained at about that level until the 1972 election when its last seat was lost in a redistribution. The DLP lost its raison d'être after 1972 when Labor won office at the federal level. At the time the state Country Party explored a merger with the DLP as part of a strategy of seeking greater unity with groups opposed to the federal Labor government, but this plan was soon abandoned. The DLP went into further decline in 1974 when Gair was forced to resign from the party as a result of the so-called Gair Affair. At the 1974 state election, the DLP did not contest all seats, and recorded only 1.91% of the vote. The DLP did not contest the 1977 state election and ceased to exist in 1978.

The ALP would remain in opposition in Queensland, even after the QLP and its successor the DLP had ceased to exist, returning to government in 1989 with Wayne Goss as leader.

Queensland election results
 In the 3 August 1957 Queensland election, the QLP won 23.4% of the vote, the second highest of the contesting parties, and won 11 seats in the Legislative Assembly.
 At the 28 May 1960 election, the QLP's vote dropped significantly to 12.28% and won only 4 seats in the Legislative Assembly.
 At the 1 June 1963 election the party's vote (now part of the DLP) had dropped further to 7.23% winning only 1 seat.
 At the 28 May 1966 election, the DLP won 6.25% of the vote and 1 seat.
 At the 17 May 1969 election, the DLP won 7.24% of the vote and 1 seat.
 At the 27 May 1972 election, the DLP won 7.69% of the vote and no seat.
 At the 7 December 1974 election, the DLP won 1.91% of the vote and no seat.
 By the 1977 election, the DLP did not contest the election and had ceased to exist in 1978.

QLP parliamentarians
Federal
Condon Byrne (Senate), 1957–58, 1968–74
Vince Gair (Senate), 1965–74

Legislative Assembly of Queensland
Bunny Adair (Cook), 1957–62 (left in opposition to joining the DLP)
Mick Brosnan (Fortitude Valley), 1957
Harold Collins (Tablelands), 1957
Viv Cooper (Keppel), 1957
George Devries (Gregory), 1957
Les Diplock (Condamine, Aubigny), 1957–72
Alfred Dohring (Roma), 1957
Charles English (Mulgrave), 1957
Tom Foley (Belyando), 1957–60
Vince Gair (South Brisbane), 1957–60
Mick Gardner (Rockhampton), 1957–60
Bob Gardner (Bulimba), 1957
Jim Hadley (Nundah), 1957
Paul Hilton (Carnarvon), 1957–63
Arthur Jones (Charters Towers), 1957–60
Greg Kehoe (Nash), 1957
Colin McCathie (Haughton), 1957–60
Bill Moore (Merthyr), 1957
Tom Moores (Kurilpa), 1957
Bill Power (Baroona), 1957–60
Tom Rasey (Windsor), 1957
Herbert Robinson (Sandgate), 1957
Alexander Skinner (Somerset), 1957
Norm Smith (Carpentaria), 1957–60
Ted Walsh (Bundaberg), 1957–62 (left in opposition to joining the DLP)

References

External links
 University of Western Australia Election Database
 House divided left Labor disarray

Australian Labor Party breakaway groups
Defunct political parties in Queensland
Political parties established in 1957
Political parties disestablished in 1978
1957 establishments in Australia
1978 disestablishments in Australia

Queensland Labor Party (1957–1978)


X-ray crystallography is a way to see the three-dimensional structure of a molecule. The electron cloud of an atom bends the X-rays slightly. This makes a "picture" of the molecule that can be seen on a screen. It can be used for both organic and inorganic molecules. The sample is not destroyed in the process.

Science writer Maggie Koerth (Maggie Koerth's page on regular Wikipedia) provides an analogy:

X-ray crystallography was jointly invented by Sir William Bragg (1862–1942) and his son Sir Lawrence Bragg (1890–1971). They won the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1915. Lawrence Bragg is the youngest to be made a Nobel Laureate. He was the Director of the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University, when the discovery of the structure of DNA was made by James D. Watson , Francis Crick , Maurice Wilkins, and Rosalind Franklin in February 1953.

The oldest method of X-ray crystallography is X-ray diffraction (XRD). X-rays are fired at a single crystal and the way they are scattered produces a pattern.  These patterns are used to work out the arrangement of atoms inside the crystal.

X-ray analysis of crystals

Crystals are regular arrays of atoms, meaning that the atoms are repeated over and over in all three dimensions. X-rays are waves of electromagnetic radiation. When X-rays meet atoms, the electrons in the atoms cause the X-rays to scatter in all directions. Because the X-rays are emitted in all directions, an X-ray striking an electron produces secondary spherical waves emanating from the electron. The electron  is known as the scatterer. A regular array of scatterers (here the repeating pattern of atoms in the crystal) produces a regular array of spherical waves. Although these waves cancel one another out in most directions, they add up in a few specific directions, determined by Bragg's law:

Here d is the spacing between diffracting planes,  is the incident angle, n is any integer, and λ is the wavelength of the beam. These specific directions appear as spots on the diffraction pattern called reflections. Thus, X-ray diffraction results from an electromagnetic wave (the X-ray) hitting a regular array of scatterers (the repeating arrangement of atoms within the crystal).

Related pages
Crystallography
Electron crystallography
Spectroscopy

References

Chemistry
Physics
Technology
Molecular biology

X-ray crystallography


Michael de la Pole, 2nd Earl of Suffolk (1367 – 17 September 1415) was an English nobleman who supported Henry IV (reigned 1399–1413) against Richard II (reigned 1377–1399) during the turmoils of the late 14th century. He died during the Siege of Harfleur in 1415. He was the eldest son of Michael de la Pole, 1st Earl of Suffolk and Katherine Wingfield, daughter of Sir John Wingfield.

His father fled abroad amid accusations of treason during the Merciless Parliament in 1388, forfeiting the title of Earl of Suffolk and the family estates. Over the next decade the younger Michael de la Pole made vigorous attempts to recover these lands, and obtained most of them piecemeal between 1389 and 1392, following his father's death. However, his close association with the Lords Appellant, particularly the Earl of Warwick and the Duke of Gloucester prejudiced Richard II against him. He finally obtained the restoration of the earldom in January 1398.

While he obeyed the summons of the Duke of York to defend the kingdom against Henry Bolingbroke in July 1399, Suffolk did not object to the disbandment of York's army and consented to the deposition of Richard II in the summer of 1399. While the first Parliament of Henry IV technically upheld the forfeitures of the Merciless Parliament, Henry IV immediately restored de la Pole's estates and title in recognition of his support. However, he spent the remainder of his life trying to obtain possession of the remaining estates which had not been restored.

He played a relatively small role in national politics, although he regularly attended Parliament. He took part in the campaign in Scotland in 1400, in naval operations around 1405, and served as the senior English diplomat at the Council of Pisa (1409). Suffolk also acted as a lieutenant of the Duke of Clarence during his campaign of 1412–1413. However, he devoted most of his energies to re-establishing de la Pole influence in East Anglia. He took the role of a justice of the peace in Norfolk and Suffolk from 1399, and assembled a considerable following among the local gentry. He completed his father's building plans at Wingfield, Suffolk, and enlarged the local church.

Suffolk brought 40 men-at-arms and 120 archers with him on the 1415 campaign of Henry V in France. He died of dysentery at Harfleur, and was succeeded by his eldest son Michael, who later died at Agincourt.

Issue

Michael married Katherine de Stafford, daughter of Hugh de Stafford, 2nd Earl of Stafford. They were parents to at least eight children:

 Michael de la Pole (1394-1415), 3rd Earl of Suffolk
 William de la Pole (1396-1450), 1st Duke of Suffolk
 Sir Alexander de la Pole (died 1429). Killed at the Battle of Jargeau.
 Sir John de la Pole (died 1429). Died as a prisoner in France.
 Sir Thomas de la Pole (aft. 1397–1433). Died in France while a hostage for his brother William. He had a daughter
 Katherine de la Pole (1416–1488, buried in Rowley Abbey, Oxfordshire), second wife of Sir Miles Stapleton.
 Katherine de la Pole (1410-1473), Abbess at Barking.
 Isabel de la Pole (died 1466), married Thomas de Morley, 5th Baron Morley.
 Elizabeth de la Pole, married (1) Edward Burnell, son of Hugh Burnell, 2nd Baron Burnell, and (2) Sir Thomas Kerdeston

References

Suffolk, Michael de la Pole, 3rd Earl of
Michael
Suffolk, Michael de la Pole, 2nd Earl of
Suffolk, Michael de la Pole, 2nd Earl of
Suffolk, Michael de la Pole, 2nd Earl of
Infectious disease deaths in France
English justices of the peace

Michael de la Pole, 2nd Earl of Suffolk


The Royal Chapel of Granada () is an Isabelline style building, constructed between 1505 and 1517, and originally integrated in the complex of the neighbouring Granada Cathedral. It is the burial place of the Spanish monarchs, Queen Isabella I and King Ferdinand, the Catholic Monarchs. Apart from these historical links, this building also contains a gallery of artworks and other items associated with Queen Isabella.

History

The Nasrid dynasty of Granada was the last Moorish dominion of Al-Andalus to fall in the Reconquista (Reconquest). This occurred in 1492 during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, with the conquest of the city being an important stage of their combined reign. On September 13, 1504, they declared that they wanted their remains to be taken to Granada, and to this effect a royal charter was issued at Medina del Campo, Castile-León, for the Royal Chapel to be built. The charter states:

The Royal Chapel was built between 1505 and 1517 in Isabelline Gothic style and dedicated to St. John the Baptist and St. John the Evangelist, with the construction under the direction of Enrique Egas in Gothic style. Juan Gil de Hontañón, Juan de Badajoz the Elder and Lorenzo Vázquez de Segovia were also involved in the construction project.

Construction occurred during the lifetime of King Ferdinand, and the Chapel flourished under his successor Emperor Charles V, with the church decorated, and the supporting institution being enhanced. The Capilla Real was the mausoleum of the Spanish royal family until the founding of El Escorial by Philip II.

The late 18th and early 19th century brought difficulties to the institution. These were linked to political changes, economic difficulties and the profound change in church-state relations. The liberal regime ended with the Patronage regime and the original foundations of the institution becomes a fully ecclesiastical entity.

Some stability was brought about by the Concordat of 1851 which was followed by a Royal decree of reorganization of the Royal Chapels. Isabel II, who visited the Chapel in 1862, promoted a new organization. With the Restoration a new balance is achieved, which is manifested from the years of the fourth centenary of the capitulation of Granada and the discovery of the Americas. As a result of this renewal, this period also witnessed the first scientific publications on the chapel and its art collection.

During the 20th century there was growth in the historical and artistic, archival and musical aspects of the chapel. The museum was created by Royal decree in the year 1913. With the development of the tourist industry in Spain in the second half of 20th century, the Royal Chapel became one of the top tourist attractions of the city of Granada. Recently there has been a restoration with the collaboration of the Ministry of Culture of the Junta de Andalucía and the Foundation Caja Madrid, along with other public and private contributions.

Architecture and sculpture

The interior of the chapel follows the same model as the Monastery of San Juan de los Reyes in Toledo. It has four side chapels, creating the form of a Latin cross and a nave with a Gothic ribbed vault. The choir has a centered arch down to its base, and a crypt.

The passage to the presbytery creates a luminous effect to symbolize the sun and the light of justice (in an Albertian, Neo-Platonic sense). There is a hierarchy of the transept dedicated to mausoleum, which is separated by a monumental decorated grille forged by Bartolomé Ordoñez.

In the center of the transept lie the tombs of Isabella and Ferdinand by Domenico Fancelli and Joanna and Philip (by Bartolomé Ordóñez). The tombs are set high and mark their priority and are almost at the height of the altar (symbolizes the closeness of the kings to God).

Content

In the Royal Chapel can be seen the graves of:
 Isabella I of Castile, Queen of Castile, and of her husband
 Ferdinand II of Aragon, King of Aragon.

In another tomb, by Bartolomé Ordóñez, is represented:
 Joanna of Castile "the Mad", Queen of Castile and Aragon, and her husband:
 Philip I of Castile "the Handsome", King jure uxoris of Castile; his heart is buried in the Church of Our Lady in Bruges, Belgium.

In the crypt is also the sarcophagus of the  infante Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal, grandson of the Catholic Monarchs, who died as a child.

The most important parts inside the temple are its main altar and reredos, the wrought-iron rood screen and the crypt with the five lead coffins containing the remains of kings and the little Infante, each recognizable by the initials of their names.

The chapel is still dedicated to Catholic worship, and at certain times it is closed to tourists.

One may also visit the Sacristy-Museum, with the legacy of the Catholic Monarchs. Highlights of its gallery of paintings are works of the Flemish, Italian and Spanish schools, with paintings by authors like Juan de Flandes and Hans Memling as well as a rare example by Sandro Botticelli (Agony in the Garden) and other 15th century painters like Rogier van der Weyden, Dirk Bouts, Perugino and Bartolomé Bermejo.  Goldsmiths work on display includes the crown and the scepter of the Catholic Monarchs; tissues and books of the Queen.

In the angle between the Royal Chapel and the Sagrario is the Lonja, constructed in the year 1518 and dedicated to banking and commerce. It has recently been restored and can be visited, both for its architectural interest (the facade, the coffereds) and for the objects displayed inside (paintings, furniture).

Chapel Masters

Since its founding and for centuries, the Royal Chapel had masters who were in charge of the composing of music for liturgical functions, and direction of all matters relating to its interpretation. Between the functions of these musicians also found the education of the voices of the infantillos (or sixes) and care of the archive. To access to charge, applicants had to submit a public competition with ordeals of composition and musical knowledge, the result could only be the granting of the charges to genuine artists. Among the files that make up the music catalog of this institution stand out for their number and their extraordinary chronological extension, the corresponding to the work of Antonio Cavallero, who was appointed to the charge in 1757, replacing Pedro Furió and officially it leaves to die around 1822, closing an interesting relationship of tenured masters.

Other notable chapel masters of the Royal Chapel included:
 Bernardino de Figueroa – later bishop at Brindisi in Italy 1571–1591.
 Rodrigo de Ceballos (1561–1581)
 Ambrosio Cotes (1581–1596)
 Alonso de Mena (1587-1646) born in Granada.

Notes
Spanish Monarchs since Charles V have been buried in the crypt at the Escorial in Castile.
Prior to Isabella I, royal families were buried in diverse cities in the Iberian peninsula.

References

External links

Capilla Real Granada

Roman Catholic churches in Granada
Isabelline architecture
Museums in Granada
Mausoleums in Spain
Burial sites of the House of Trastámara
Royal chapels
Buildings and structures completed in 1517
Religious museums in Spain
Art museums and galleries in Spain
Gothic architecture in Andalusia
Renaissance architecture in Andalusia
Roman Catholic chapels in Spain
Organisations based in Spain with royal patronage

nl:Kathedraal van Granada#Koninklijke Kapel

Rayo Muñoz, G. Castilian monarchy and dynastic memory: the financing of the Royal Chapel of Granada (1504–1526): https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17546559.2021.1972327?journalCode=ribs20

Royal Chapel of Granada


This is a list of the rivers of Turkey.

Flow into the Black Sea

Europe

Mutludere  (also known as Rezovo) flows from Turkey into Bulgaria.  112 km.
Veleka flows into Bulgaria and then into the Black Sea.  147 km (25 km in Turkey)

Anatolia

Kızılırmak 'Red River' is the longest river in Turkey, also known as the Halys River.  1,350 km
Delice River - tributary
Devrez River - tributary
Gök River - tributary (also known as Gökırmak and in Classical times, Amnias)
Sakarya River is the third longest river in Turkey, also known as Sangarius.  824 km
Seydisuyu
Porsuk Çayı
Ankara River
Yeşilırmak  'Green River' (Classical Iris).  418 km
Çekerek River (Classical Scylax) is a tributary
Kelkit River (Classical Lycus (one of several))  is a tributary
Yağlıdere
Kılıçlar River
Tohumluk River
Üçköprü is not actually a river but the point where the Kılıçlar and Tohumluk meet
Aksu Deresi in Giresun Province
Batlama River in Giresun
Bartın River (Classical Parthenius)
Çoruh River (Classical Acampsis)
Gelevara Deresi
Kara Dere (Classical Hyssus or Hyssos)
Machakhlistskal(i)
Terme River (Classical Thermōdōn)
Yenice or Filyos River

Flow into the Marmara Sea
Biga Çayı, the classical Granicus
Mustafakemalpaşi Çayı, the classical Ryhndacus
Simav Çayı or Susurluk Çayı, the classical Makestos

Flow into the Aegean Sea

Europe

Meriç (Maritsa or Evros) is in the European section of Turkey and has its source in Bulgaria.  It is 480 km long.
Tunca is a 350 km tributary in Bulgaria
Ergene is a tributary inside of Turkey.

Anatolia

Bakırçay (Classical Caicus or Astraeus)
Büyük Menderes River (Classical Maeander or Meander). 548 km
Lycus (river of Phrygia)
Cadmus (river)
Cayster River or Küçük Menderes.  114 km
Gediz River (Classical Hermus). 401 km
Pactolus (also known as Sart Çayı)
Karamenderes River (Classical Scamander)

Flow into the Mediterranean Sea

Aksu (Classical Kestros)
Manavgat River
Dim River
Köprüçay River (Classical Eurymedon)
Göksu. 260 km
Limonlu Çayı (also known as Lamos (Cilicia))
Müftü River
Tarsus River (also called Berdan; Classical Cydnus)
Seyhan River (Classical Sarus)
Zamantı River
Ceyhan River (Classical Pyramus or Leucosyrus). 509 km
Payas River
Deli Çay River
Asi River (Classical Orontes)
Afrin River
Karasu

Flow into the Persian Gulf

Euphrates
Khabur River
Jaghjagh River
Balikh River
Sajur River
Karasu
Murat River
Tigris
Great Zab  (in Turkish Büyükzap Suyu)
Khabur (Tigris)
Botan River (Uluçay)
Batman River
Hezir River

Flow into the Caspian Sea

Kura River
Aras River
Arpaçay River  (also known as Akhurian) is a tributary of the Aras.  It arises in Armenia and forms part of the border between Armenia and Turkey before joining the Aras.

Ancient

Aegospotami
Asopus
Çapraz Çayı / Susurluk Çayı (ancient Macestus)
Hyllus (river)
Lycus (river of Bithynia)
Lycus (river of Cilicia)
Lycus (river of Lydia)
River Meles
Mezetli Su (anc. Liparis)
Pinarus River

Turkey
Turkey
Turkey

List of rivers of Turkey


Benicia State Recreation Area is a state park unit of California, United States, protecting tidal wetland.  It is located in the Solano County city of Benicia,  west of downtown Benicia and borders Vallejo's Glen Cove neighborhood. The park covers  of marsh, grassy hillsides and rocky beaches along the narrowest portion of the Carquinez Strait. Southampton Creek and the tidal marsh front Southampton Bay, where the combined waters of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers approach San Pablo Bay, the northern portion of San Francisco Bay.

History
Don José de Cañizares — diarist on the 1769 overland Portola expedition and who sailed with Don Juan Manuel de Ayala on the San Carlos, the first ship to enter San Francisco Bay on August 5, 1775 — named the cove north and west of Benicia Puerto de las Asunta (Assumption Harbor in Spanish) because he discovered it on that feast day in 1775. The cove is noted as "J" on Cañizares' famous 1781 Map of San Francisco Bay. The present name, Southampton Bay, is for the Navy frigate Southampton, which Commodore Thomas ap Catesby Jones sailed, along with a small fleet, to the cove in 1849.

The sandstone point at Benicia SRA has been known as Rocky Point, Quarry Point and now Dillon Point. Stonecutter Patrick Dillon came to California from Tipperary, Ireland, during the 1849 California Gold Rush, settling in Benicia in 1851. General Vallejo leased Dillon the tidal flat at Southampton Bay and Rocky Point peninsula for a sandstone quarry. When the sandstone played out, the Dillon family and subsequent owners raised sheep and grapes until the State acquired the property in 1967.

Habitat and wildlife

The Southampton Bay Wetland Natural Preserve makes up 70% of the park. The Southampton mudflat formed eroded upriver silt and clay deposits exceeds  thick. The principal habitats here are brackish marsh, saltwater marsh and freshwater marsh. This rare and endangered wetland ecosystem is covered with marsh plants such as salt grass (Distichlis spicata), pickleweed (Batis maritima), coyote bush (Baccharis pilularis) and soft bird's-beak (Cordylanthus mollis). Bird's-beak is an endangered gray-green annual herb in the snapdragon family.

Park mammals include the federally endangered northern salt marsh harvest mice (Reithrodontomys raviventris halicoetes). Other mammals living in the park are coyote (Canis latrans), river otter (Lontra canadensis), muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) and California golden beaver (Castor canadensis subauratus). The beaver probably migrated from the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta in 2007. Historically, before the California Fur Rush of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the Delta probably held the largest concentration of beaver in North America. It was California's early fur trade, more than any other single factor, that opened up the West, and the San Francisco Bay Area in particular, to world trade. In 1840, explorer Captain Thomas Farnham wrote that "There is probably no spot of equal extent in the whole continent of America which contains so many of these muchsought animals."

Benicia SRA has been designated an Important Bird Area, providing habitat for endangered California clapper rails (Rallus longirostris obsoletus) and black rails (Laterallus jamaicensis). Other uncommon species include Virginia rails (Rallus limicola), Suisun song sparrows (Melospiza melodia maxillaris) and salt marsh common yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas sinuosa). On their journey along the Pacific Flyway, many waterfowl winter in the park.

Recreation
Cyclists, runners, walkers and roller skaters enjoy the park's 2.5 miles (4 km) of road and bike paths. The Hike and Bike Trail—two parallel, paved, accessible trails—begins
at the Military West entrance and runs 0.75 miles to the main park entrance, joining Dillon Point Road for 1.5 miles. The trail system is part of the Bay Area Ridge Trail and San Francisco Bay Trail. Most popular is the 1.5-mile-long walk out to Dillon Point on the park road. Picnicking is available at the group picnic area, one mile into the park. The Forrest Deaner Native Plants Botanic Garden is located at the end of the picnic area, offering displays of and information about plants native to the Bay Area. From the top of Dillon Point, you can trace the route of the Carquinez Strait Scenic Loop Trail, a 50-mile route that will, when finished, ring the strait.

Dillon's Point offers prime shore fishing for white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus), starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus) and striped bass (Morone saxatilis).

Gallery

See also
 List of California state parks
 List of watercourses in the San Francisco Bay Area

References

External links
 Benicia State Recreation Area

Benicia, California
California State Recreation Areas
Parks in Solano County, California
Protected areas established in 1957
Important Bird Areas of California
San Francisco Bay Trail
Bay Area Ridge Trail

Benicia State Recreation Area


Edward Tylor Miller (February 1, 1895 – January 20, 1968), a Republican, was a U.S. Congressman who represented the Maryland's 1st congressional district from 1947 to 1959.

Miller was born in Woodside, a neighborhood in Silver Spring, Maryland. He attended Sidwell Friends School of Washington, D.C., and graduated from Yale University in 1916. During the First World War, Miller served in the United States Army as commanding officer of Company C of the 320th Infantry in the 80th Infantry Division from May 14, 1917, to August 8, 1919.

After the War, Miller studied law at George Washington University in Washington, D.C. He was admitted to the bar in 1920 and commenced practice in Easton, Maryland. He served as Referee in Bankruptcy from 1923 to 1941, and as police and juvenile judge for Talbot County, Maryland from 1934 to 1938. During the Second World War, Miller served as a colonel in the Infantry in the U.S. Army from 1942 to 1946, where he saw duty in North Africa, India, and China.

In 1946, Miller was elected as a Republican to the Eightieth and to the five succeeding Congresses, serving from January 3, 1947, to January 3, 1959. Miller did not sign the 1956 Southern Manifesto and voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1958 to the Eighty-sixth Congress and for election in 1960 to the Eighty-seventh Congress. Miller later served as vice chairman of the United States Delegation to Second United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea at Geneva, Switzerland, in 1960. He unsuccessfully sought candidacy in 1962 for the United States Senate, and afterwards resumed the practice of law. He served as Republican national committeeman from 1960–1964, as delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1964, and was elected Talbot County delegate to Maryland Constitutional Convention of 1967. Miller died in Easton, and is interred in Meeting House Cemetery.

References

 Retrieved on 2009-02-21

1895 births
1968 deaths
Military personnel from Maryland
20th-century American politicians
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army personnel of World War II
George Washington University Law School alumni
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Maryland
United States Army colonels
Yale University alumni

Edward Tylor Miller


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Referințe

Koblik, Steven and Stephen Richards Graubard. Distinctively American: The Residential Liberal Arts Colleges, 2000.
Pope, Loren. Colleges That Change Lives. New York: Penguin, 2006.

Legături externe
 How To Choose a College That's Right For You - NPR
 http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BTR/is_1_26/ai_n15954395/print

Arte liberale SUA

Lista universităților de arte liberale din Statele Unite


Crewe railway works is a British railway engineering facility built in 1840 by the Grand Junction Railway. It is located in the town of Crewe, in Cheshire. It is currently owned by Bombardier Transportation. At its height, Crewe Works employed over 20,000 people. In 2005 fewer than 1,000 remained on site, with a further 270 redundancies announced in November 2005. More cutbacks, or even closure, are possible. Current work is largely focused on general maintenance and the inspection of seriously damaged rolling stock. Much of the site once occupied by the works has been sold off and is now occupied by a supermarket, leisure park, and a large new health centre.

Rail transport in Great Britain
British Rail
Buildings and structures in Cheshire

Crewe Works