Albert II of Brunswick-Lüneburg (–1358), a member of the House of Welf, was Prince-Bishop of Halberstadt from 1325 until his death. His regnal numbers indicate that he was the second Bishop Albert of Halberstadt. His reign can be characterized as an almost unbroken series of conflicts with the Pope, his cathedral chapter, the city of Halberstadt and various neighbouring Lords and Princes.

Life
Albert was a younger son of Duke Albert II of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1318) and his wife, Rixa of Werle (d. 1317). While his eldest brother Otto succeeded their father as Duke, Albert joined the clergy at an early age and in 1319, he was already canon in Halberstadt. Soon afterwards, he was appointed provost of the St. Alexander minster in Einbeck.

When Bishop Albert I of Halberstadt died on 14 September 1324, the cathedral chapter, on 6 October 1324, wrote a list of concessions his successor would have to agree to.  The list included provisions on the jurisdiction of the archdeacon and episcopal officials, about real estate held by the cathedral provost and mortgaging the chapter's real estate. In the subsequent election, the largest number of votes was cast for Louis of Steindorf; Albert of Brunswick received only five votes.  However, Archbishop Matthias of Mainz, who was the metropolitan bishop, opted for Albert II. Pope John XXII ignored the rights of the cathedral chapter and appointed Giseko of Holstein, who never came into actual possession of the bishopric, but continued to raise claims on it.

During the interregnum between the death of Albert I and the confirmation of Albert II, the cathedral chapter had a conflict with the Principality of Anhalt about the Aschersleben territory and, almost simultaneously, a feud broke out between the chapter and the Regenstein counts Albert II and Bernard, who were the patrons of the city of Quedlinburg.  Bishop Albert II captured Gunteken Castle, close to Quedlinburg, around Easter 1325, and as a result, the Halberstadt chapter became the new patrons of Quedlinburg on 14 April 1326.

After Albert had fought a more prominent feud against the Margraviate of Meissen, the old conflict against the comital House of Regenstein broke out again. Albert accused the counts of various acts of violence and interference with his right and of converting churches into fortified buildings. The parties agreed to have the conflict arbitrated by Albert's brother, Duke Otto of Brunswick. However, after the duke gave his verdict, the counts disagreed, took up arms and damaged Quedlinburg Abbey and City.  The struggle did not go well for the counts and they had to make several concessions to their opponents before Albert II was distracted by yet another conflict.

After some machinations by cathedral dean Jacob Snelhard, the cathedral chapter closed an alliance with the three collegiate convents in town to protect their freedoms and privileges against all interventions. This alliance was primarily directed against Bishop Albert II. Albert's brother, Duke Otto of Brunswick, mediated and on 17 July 1336, a compromise was reached.  Peace, however, did not last very long. Snelhard incited the citizens of Halberstadt against their bishop and they complained to his metropolitan, the Archbishop of Mainz, who sent master Albert of Gotha to investigate the complaints. After the investigation, the delegation from Mainz ruled against Snelhard and relieved him of his post.

Although Albert II had excommunicated members of the collegiate chapter, they continued to exercise their clerical tasks. Albert II ordered that Halberstadt Cathedral and the Church of Our Lady be closed.  A lower member of the clergy, who came to read Mass, was denied entrance.  An insurgence broke out in the city. Delegates sent by the bishop were killed and Albert had to flee.  The situation calmed down in 1338.  Albert lifted the ex-communications and the written agreements between the citizens and the cathedral chapter were handed over and destroyed in the presence of a large number of prelates and knights. Albert returned and solemnly entered the city, accompanied by his Welf brothers and cousins as well as other spiritual and temporal leaders, and the citizens paid him homage again.

In 1340, the feud between the Halberstadt convent and the Princes of Anhalt broke out again. The parties chose the Magdeburg archbishop, Otto of Hesse, as an arbitrator. He acknowledged that the Ascanian princes were entitled to Aschersleben and Emperor Louis IV enfeoffed Prince Bernhard III of Anhalt-Bernburg with the principality. Nevertheless, the Halberstadt convent retained possession of the Aschersleben estates.

Another bloody feud arose after Giseko of Holstein died and the Pope appointed Count Albert of Mansfeld as the new Bishop of Halberstadt. In his struggle against Albert of Mansfeld, Albert II was supported by his brothers and by the cities of Brunswick, Halberstadt, Quedlinburg and Aschersleben.

In the 1350s, there were further struggles with the pope.  Pope Innocent VI tried every means available to dislodge Albert from his see.  After Albert of Mansfeld died, the pope excommunicated Albert II and appointed the Wettin scion Louis of Meissen as his successor. Albert II resigned so that Louis could actually succeed him. On 13 May 1358, Albert sealed his resignation deed.

He seems to have died later that year and was buried in Brunswick Cathedral.

References
 , in the series , printed by Leibnitz, vol. II, p 148—152
 Budäus, Bischof Alberti II. von Halberstadt Leben, Wandel etc., Janicke, Halberstadt, 1624
 Karl Mehrmann: Bischof Albrecht II. von Halberstadt, Zeitschrift des Harzvereins für Geschichte und Alterthumskunde, vol. 26, 1893, p. 142-190, Online

14th-century German Roman Catholic bishops
Roman Catholic Prince-Bishops of Halberstadt
Old House of Brunswick

Sons of monarchs

1290s births

1358 deaths

Year of birth uncertain
Burials at Brunswick Cathedral

Albert II (bishop of Halberstadt)


Samaresh Jung (born 5 May 1970) is an Indian sport shooter. He is an air pistol specialist. At the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester, he won two gold medals, in the men's free pistol pairs and in the open event of 25 m standard pistol pairs, both in partnership with Jaspal Rana. He contested in the 10 m air pistol and 50 m pistol events at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, but failed to reach the finals in both events.

He received the Arjuna award in 2002. He is employed with the CISF and lives in New Delhi.

On 3 October 2010, he had the honour of bearing the Queen's Baton in its Opening Ceremony run in the stadium for the 2010 Commonwealth Games of Delhi.

Early life
Samresh Jung was born on 5 May 1970, in Haripur khol Nahan Himachal Pradesh. Son of a retired colonel of the Indian Army, Jung learnt the art of shooting from his grandfather, Sher Jung, who was a freedom fighter, besides being an ace shooter.

Jung completed his preliminary education from the Modern School in Delhi. Thereafter, he enrolled himself at the Osmania University in Hyderabad, from where he gained his graduation degree. Very few people know that he is a good player of chess too.

Career

2006 Commonwealth Games

At the 2006 Commonwealth Games, he was in contention for eight medals. Starting off with a silver, he finally won five Gold, one silver and one bronze. After winning the one silver and five Gold, nerves got the better of him in the 25m centrefire pistol individual event where he could manage only a bronze. In the standard fire pistol individual competition, his gun malfunctioned and he fell out of contention for a medal in that event. He was given the David Dixon Award at the closing ceremony, an award given to the "most outstanding athlete at the 18th Commonwealth Games". He was dubbed "Goldfinger" by the volunteers at the Games .

Awards and medals
2002
Arjuna Award
Commonwealth Games: 2 gold medals (men's free pistol pairs and open standard pistol pairs, each with Jaspal Rana) and 3 silver medals (air pistol individual, free pistol individual, and free pistol pairs, the last with Rana)
2004
SAF Games: 1 silver medal (25m standard pistol)
2005
Fifth Commonwealth Shooting Championship: 2 gold medals, 2 silver medals, and 1 bronze medal
Indian National Games: 1 gold medal (10m air pistol)
2006
Commonwealth Games: David Dixon Award (as best athlete of the Games); 5 gold medals (men's 50m pistol, men's 10m air pistol, men's 25m centre fire pistol pairs (with Rana), men's 10m air pistol pairs (with Vivek Singh, and men's 25m standard pistol pairs (with Ronak Pandit), 1 silver medal (men's 50m pistol pairs with Singh), and 1 bronze medal (men's 25m centre fire pistol)

Personal life
He married Anuja Jung.

References

General references
Samresh Jung's profile, images and news
News item about Jung's performance at 2006 Commonwealth Games
Samaresh Jung on Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports, Government of India website
5 December 2005 News Story in The Hindu about Samaresh Jung's defense in 2005 National Games.
2004 SAF Games report
, Melbourne
2006 Commonwealth Games

Citations

Indian male sport shooters
ISSF pistol shooters
1970 births
Living people
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India
Shooters at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
Shooters at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Olympic shooters for India
Shooters at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
People from Sirmaur district
Sport shooters from Himachal Pradesh
Asian Games medalists in shooting
Shooters at the 2002 Asian Games
Shooters at the 2006 Asian Games
Shooters at the 2010 Asian Games
Shooters at the 2014 Asian Games
Asian Games gold medalists for India
Asian Games silver medalists for India
Asian Games bronze medalists for India
Commonwealth Games medallists in shooting
Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games
Recipients of the Arjuna Award
21st-century Indian people
Medallists at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 2010 Commonwealth Games

Samaresh Jung


A Four-wheel drive (also called 4WD and 4x4) is a vehicle on which all four wheels get power from the engine to move forward. This is as opposed to a two-wheel drive vehicle. 4WDs are often used off road. Part-time and full-time four wheel drive vehicles uses a transfer case as part of the drivetrain to direct power to one or both axles. By having a transfer case the driver can shift the vehicle into either "two-wheel-drive" or "four-wheel-drive" mode (part-time systems). Many transfer cases also have a low power range that multiplies the engine power when in four-wheel drive (called four-wheel low gear).

Types

There are basically four types of four-wheel drive.

Part-time 4-wheel drive
Part-time systems are the most basic type. They are also still the most popular type for using off-road. The can be shifted (mechanically or electrically) from two-wheel drive to four-wheel drive. This gives them the versatility to operate both on and off-road. When the four-wheel drive system is engaged, the two axles turn at the same speed. There usually is no center differential. For that reason part-time four-wheel drive should not be used on dry pavement. If operated for any distance on dry pavement tire damage and drivetrain damage is very possible. Because it operates off-road, the vehicle typically has a higher Ride height. This is to go over obstacles on uneven ground without damage. Even when operated in two-wheel drive on-road, this system will not get the fuel economy of a comparable two-wheel drive vehicle. Locking hubs are available on some models. They help to get better fuel mileage by disengaging the front axle differential.

Full-time 4-wheel drive
This is the original four-wheel drive. It was and still is designed for serious off-roading. Common on full-time four-wheel drives are locking differentials. These prevent one wheel slipping on the same axle if the other has traction. These systems do not get good gas mileage due to their typical weight.

All-Wheel Drive
All-wheel drive (AWD) uses a center differential to direct a percentage of the power to both axles, depending on conditions. All wheel drive is not designed specifically to go off-road but is for traction in rain, snow or ice on the road. Body-on frame SUVs are typically designed for off-road use. Unibody crossovers are usually only equipped with the lighter-duty all-wheel drive. However the unibody built Grand Cherokee and newly designed Durango are available with four-wheel drive.

Part-Time All-Wheel Drive
Part-time All-wheel drive (AWD) operate as a front-wheel drive under normal conditions. When traction is lost for any reason, the system automatically sends a portion of the engine's power to the rear wheels. As soon as the system detects good traction, it disengages the rear wheels and shifts back to front drive. This is a less expensive system that adds less weight to the vehicle (usually a car). This makes it popular on compact vehicles. It typically gets better fuel economy than all-wheel drive vehicles. They do not have a low range or a transfer case.

References

Automotive technologies

Four-wheel drive


Nasopharynx cancer or nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the most common cancer which is formed in the nasopharynx, most commonly in the postero-lateral nasopharynx or pharyngeal recess or 'Fossa of Rosenmüller' accounting for 50% cases.

NPC happens in children and adults.  NPC differs significantly from other cancers of the head and neck in its occurrence, causes, clinical behavior, and treatment.

It is vastly more common in certain regions of East Asia and Africa than elsewhere, with viral, dietary and genetic factors implicated in its causation. It is most common in males. It is a squamous cell carcinoma or an undifferentiated type. Squamous epithelial cells are a flat type of cell found in the skin and the membranes that line some body cavities.

Differentiation means how different the cancer cells are from normal cells. Undifferentiated cells are cells that do not have their mature features or functions.

Other websites
Nasopharyngeal Cancer Or Sinus Infection
Cancer Management Handbook: Head and Neck Tumors
Clinically review

Cancer

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma


Henry Clyde Day (August 26, 1899 – March 21, 1934) was a champion Arkansas hog-caller and right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball who committed suicide after an unsuccessful operation to repair his throwing arm.

The "Hog-Calling Pitcher"
Born in Center, Missouri, Day grew up in Pea Ridge, Arkansas, which gave him his nickname. He was a colorful player who was known as the "hog calling pitcher" for his habit of making Arkansas hog calls while on the pitcher's mound – sounds that one newspaper described as "piercing yells."   Also known for his screwball pitch and his eccentric personality, Day was described in his obituary as "a care-free, fun-loving figure who gave the game one of its most widely known characters."

Early career (1921–1930)
Day began his pitching career playing in the minor leagues for Joplin, Fort Smith, Little Rock, and Muskogee from 1921 to 1924. He made his major league debut in September 1924 with the St. Louis Cardinals, starting three games and going 1–1 in 17-2/3 innings with a 4.58 earned run average. In 1925, he played in 17 games for the Cardinals, four as a starter, with a record of 2–4 and a 6.30 ERA.

The Cardinals sent him to the minor leagues in Syracuse, and from there he signed for the 1926 season with the Cincinnati Reds, where he appeared in four games and 7-1/3 innings with a 7.36 earned run average. After being released by the Reds, Day spent the next five years in the minor leagues with the Syracuse Chiefs, Los Angeles Angels, Wichita Larks, Omaha Crickets, Kansas City Blues, and Minneapolis Millers.

In 1929, Day was the ace for the Blues (111–56), considered one of the best minor league baseball teams of all time. Day went 12–5 for the Blues, and his 2.98 ERA was second-lowest in the American Association.  While playing for the Blues, Day was teammates with pitcher Max Thomas who went 18–11 that year and became friends with Day. Five years later, Day would visit Thomas in Kansas City, and Thomas would try unsuccessfully to save Pea Ridge's life.

Facing Babe Ruth
In 1931, Day got a second shot at the big leagues, playing in 22 games with the Brooklyn Robins—now known as the Los Angeles Dodgers. He went 2–2 with a career-low 4.55 ERA for the Robins. He played in his final major league game in September 1931 and spent the 1932 and 1933 seasons with minor league stints in Minneapolis and Baltimore.

Hall-of-Fame catcher Al López caught for Day in 1931. In an Associated Press interview, Lopez recounted a story about a 1931 exhibition game against the New York Yankees. "The fans had been reading about him being a champion hog caller, so they all started calling 'Yip, yip yeeee!' He strikes out the first hitter, puts the ball and glove down and lets out this call. He strikes out the next batter and does it again. Babe Ruth was on deck, and he gets a big kick out of it. He's laughing at this guy. Then he has Ruth with two strikes. It gets real quiet. The fans are hoping he'll strike out Ruth so he can yell again. On the third pitch, Ruth hits one a mile over the fence. Henry Clyde Day never did his hog call again."

Unsuccessful arm surgery
In 1932, Day pitched 145 innings for the Minneapolis Millers, going 9–8, but by 1933, Day's pitching arm was shot, and he was released by Baltimore in August 1933. Day reportedly "brooded almost continually" over the end of his pitching career. Desperate to revive his pitching career, Day went to the world-renowned Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota for a delicate and expensive operation to restore his arm. Day told his family that he had spent $10,000 on the arm (), and he was "crestfallen" when the surgery proved unsuccessful.

Suicide
Aside from the deterioration of his arm, Day's life had been riddled with problems. His brother Lemmie was also a promising pitcher who had his leg amputated in 1922 and later died from "blood poisoning." In 1929, Day's mother committed suicide by drinking poison, and his father died of a heart attack in 1932.

In early 1934, Day's wife of eleven years gave birth to a baby boy, but Day was despondent at the loss of his pitching arm. Day reportedly turned to alcohol and in March 1934, traveled to Kansas City, "seeking treatment for lapses of memory." On March 21, while staying in the apartment of former teammate Max Thomas, Day slit his throat with a hunting knife. Thomas tried to stop Day but was pushed aside. His funeral in Pea Ridge was attended by more than 500 people.

Day was buried at the Pea Ridge Cemetery in Pea Ridge, Arkansas.

Notes

External links

 Pea Ridge Day Obituaries
 This Day in Baseball Article on Pea Ridge Day
 MiLb Article
 Clyde "Pea Ridge" Day - Encyclopedia of Arkansas

1899 births
1934 suicides
1934 deaths
Brooklyn Robins players
Cincinnati Reds players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Missouri
St. Louis Cardinals players
Suicides in Missouri
Suicides by sharp instrument in the United States
Joplin Miners players
Muskogee Athletics players
Syracuse Stars (minor league baseball) players
Los Angeles Angels (minor league) players
Wichita Larks players
Omaha Crickets players
Kansas City Blues (baseball) players
Minneapolis Millers (baseball) players
Baltimore Orioles (International League) players
Burials in Arkansas

Pea Ridge Day


Tabley House is an English country house in Tabley Inferior (Nether Tabley), some  to the west of the town of Knutsford, Cheshire. The house is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building.  It was built between 1761 and 1769 for Sir Peter Byrne Leicester, to replace the nearby Tabley Old Hall, and was designed by John Carr. The Tabley House Collection exists as an exhibition showcased by the University of Manchester.

In the early part of the 19th century, three of Carr's rooms on the west side of the house were converted to form a single room, the gallery.  After Sir Peter's death, the house was re-orientated and the main entrance moved from the south to the north front.  The house and estate continued to be held by the Leicester family until the death of Lt. Col. John Leicester Warren in 1975.

Under the terms of his will the house, contents and estate were offered to the National Trust, which declined the offer. The house was then acquired under the terms of the will by the Victoria University of Manchester, and the house was used as a school.  Since 1988 its lease has been held by a healthcare company. The  estate surrounding the house was sold in 2007 to the Crown Estate.

The house is symmetrical and designed in Palladian style.  It is constructed in brick with stone dressings, with a large sandstone portico on the south front.  On the east and west sides of the main house are pavilion wings connected to the house by curved corridors.  To the west of the house is St Peter's Church, also listed Grade I, which was moved from a position adjacent to Tabley Old Hall to its present site in 1927.  In the grounds are other listed buildings, including the ruins of the Old Hall.

As of 2012 the ground and top floors of the main house, together with the adjacent wings, are used as accommodation for the elderly. The reception rooms of the first floor are open to the public at advertised times, and are entered by the original stairway on the south front; they contain paintings and furniture collected by the Leicester family. Some items in the collection had formerly been displayed on this floor, whilst others were moved from elsewhere in the house. The first floor may also be hired for weddings, meetings, and conferences. It is managed by a trust, which is supported by a group of Friends and by volunteers.

History

Old Hall

The original house was built on an island in Nether Tabley Mere, known as the Moat, in about 1380 by John de Leycester.  The house contained a Great Hall with a large central arch formed by two massive cruck beams, which were carved to imitate Gothic stonework. During the 16th century Adam de Leycester made alterations to the hall, and built a half-timbered gatehouse to the bridge crossing the mere.  Peter Leycester (1588–1647) installed an ornate chimneypiece dated 1619 in the Great Hall.

In 1671 his son, the  historian Sir Peter Leycester, 1st Baronet (1614–78), enlarged the house, adding a staircase and an upper storey.  He arranged for the exterior to be encased in brick in Jacobean style, with a mixture of mullioned and round windows, and a porch with statues of lions.  In 1674 Sir Peter replaced the chapel adjacent to the hall, designed in a mixture of Gothic and Jacobean styles, and a tower was added to the chapel in 1724.

After the new house was built in the 1760s, the Old Hall continued to be furnished, and the chapel was used for family worship.  But in 1927 part of the hall collapsed because of subsidence resulting from the extraction of brine nearby.  The building was abandoned, and is now a ruin.  The chapel (now known as St Peter's Church) was demolished and rebuilt near to the west front of the new house.  The ornate chimneypiece was moved and reinstalled in the Old Hall Room on the west side of the house.

Present house

The present house was built by Sir Peter Byrne Leicester.  He inherited the estate through his mother's line on the death of his grandfather in 1742, at which time he was aged 10.  At this time his name was Peter Byrne, and the name of Leicester was added by an Act of Parliament in 1744.  One of the requirements of his inheritance was to keep the Old Hall in good condition, but Sir Peter considered it to be "old and not commodious".  When he came of age in 1753 he decided to build a new house to replace the Old Hall.  The provisions of his grandfather's will made it difficult for him to build a new house outside the parish of Nether Tabley, therefore Sir Peter decided to build it nearby in the estate, higher on the ground sloping down to the Moat.  He appointed John Carr of York as architect; building began in 1761 and was completed in about 1769.

Carr designed the house in Palladian style, even though by the 1760s this style was becoming less fashionable.  His design consisted of a rectangular building in three storeys, with a projecting portico on the south front, and two pavilions on each side, which were set back and approached by curved corridors.  On each side of the portico was a curved stairway leading to the main middle floor, the piano nobile.  As the house was originally planned, it had a central staircase, with three rooms on the south front.  The middle of these rooms was the entrance hall, to the west of it was the drawing room, and to the east was the dining room.  Behind the drawing room was the library, and behind the dining room was a room known as the common parlour.  Across the back of the house, on this floor, there were two bedrooms and three dressing rooms.  The western pavilion contained the servants' bedrooms, and in the eastern pavilion was the kitchen.  The interior of the house contained craftsmanship of a high quality.  The plasterwork was created by Thomas Oliver of Warrington, the woodcarving of the doorcases and staircase was by Mathew Bertram, assisted by Daniel Shillito.  Much of the furniture was made by Gillow of Lancaster.  Sir Peter also commissioned a number of paintings, which included full-length portraits of himself and his wife by Francis Cotes, and landscapes of the grounds and the halls by J. M. W. Turner and Richard Wilson amongst others.

An interest in paintings continued in the family's next generation. Sir John Fleming Leicester, the 1st Lord de Tabley, built a collection of modern British art that was hung in a gallery in his London house at Hill Street, Berkeley Square. Sir John has been described as "the first important patron of British art". In 1823 he offered his collection to Lord Liverpool to form the basis of the planned National Gallery, but the offer was declined. After his death in 1827 the best works were sold by auction and the remainder moved to Tabley, where most of them are today.  Between 1808 and 1810 the three original rooms on the west side of the first floor of the house had been converted into a single tripartite room to form a picture gallery by Thomas Harrison.  Further work was carried out in the room following this; Peter Cannon Brookes, the author of the 1991 guide to the house, concludes that the final appearance of the room "dates almost entirely from 1840–45".

After Sir John's death the house was structurally reorganised for George Warren, 2nd Baron de Tabley by Robert Curzon, a family friend and an "amateur architect".  The house was re-orientated to move the front entrance to the north side of the house.  The architecture of the north front had previously been "simple and dignified", but it was enhanced to make its appearance more impressive.  The alterations included adding rustication to the bottom storey and around the central window, and quoins to the three projecting central bays.  The arms of the 2nd baron were added to the previously blank pediment, and in 1915 a small porch was built over the new entrance.  The south portico had become redundant, other than serving as an entrance to the garden.  The new entrance led by way of a small lobby to a new staircase up to a new entrance hall on the first floor.  A new dining room was created in the northeast corner.

The house and estate continued to be owned by the Leicester family until the death of Lt. Col. John Byrne Leicester Warren in 1975.  The first request in his will was that the estate should if possible be taken into the care of the National Trust, but this was declined by the Trust.  The executors then acted on Warren's second request, to pass the estate to a charitable institution, and thus it came into the care of the Victoria University of Manchester.  By the time of Warren's death the manor of Nether Tabley, comprising the estate and the halls, had been owned by the Byrne-Leicester family for almost exactly 700 years.  Col. Leicester-Warren used the house as a school from the late 1940s until 1984, after his death. In 1988 a 125-year lease of the house, the stables, and the associated buildings was sold by the university to Cygnet Health Care, on condition that the suite of rooms on the first floor of the house, and their contents, should be preserved.  Between 1988 and 1990 the health care company carried out structural repairs to deal with damage caused by dry rot and the death watch beetle.  The ground and top floors of the house, and the wings, have been converted into nursing accommodation, leaving the appearance of the exterior virtually unchanged.  In 1990 the first floor was opened to the public under the care of the Tabley House Collection Trust.  The original entrance by the stairway on the south front was re-instated for this purpose.

In 2007 the university sold the estate - but not the house - to the Crown Estate in a deal worth "over £35m". Its  included 18 tenanted farms, 18 farmland lettings, 52 residential properties and 13 commercial leases generating a total rent roll of £500,000.

Architecture

Tabley House was designated as a Grade I listed building on 5 March 1959.  Its architectural style is Palladian, the only 18th-century Palladian country house in Cheshire.  The house has three storeys; the bottom storey is constructed in rusticated stone, with the upper storeys in Flemish bond brick with stone dressings.  A Doric frieze runs around the whole building below the eaves.  The roofs are in green slate with lead flashings.  The south front has nine bays, the central three bays projecting forward.  On each side of the central projection is a semi-circular stairway leading to the middle floor.  The stairway is built in rusticated stone and it has a moulded balustrade.  From the top of the stairway a portico rises through the top two storeys.  It consists of four columns in Doric style constructed from red Runcorn sandstone.  Its tympanum contains the arms of Sir Peter Byrne Leicester and his wife, Catherine.  All the windows in the ground floor are sashes with 3×2 panes and over each window there are splayed voussoirs.  The central bay of the middle storey contains a doorway with an architrave and a segmental pediment carried on brackets.  On each side of the door is a window with similar architraves and segmental pediments, but not carried on brackets.  In the lateral three bays on each side are sash windows with 3×5 panes over which are architraves and triangular pediments.  The top floor windows are also sashes, these having 3×3 panes, and architraves with scrolls at the top and bottom.

The north front is also symmetrical and is in seven bays, with the central three projecting slightly forwards.  Over the bays is a pediment containing the arms of the 2nd Baron de Tabley and his wife Catherina.  In the centre of the ground floor is a porch, on either side of which are two 3×2 sash windows, plus a narrow two-pane window.  The middle floor has a central Venetian window surrounded by a rusticated stone arch.  All the other windows on this floor are 3×5 sashes; those on each side of the central window have triangular pediments, while those in the lateral bays have horizontal architraves.  The top storey has seven 3×3 sash windows; the central three have scrolls similar to those on the south front, while the surrounds to the lateral two windows on each side are plainer.

On each side elevation there are central canted bay windows.  The middle floor has arched windows on the west front, while the corresponding windows on the east front are blind.  On each side of the house are two-storey pavilion wings joined to the main block by quadrant (curved), single-storey corridors.  Each pavilion is symmetrical and identical, built in brick with stone dressings.  Each is in three bays, the central bay forming a canted bay window. Again, the windows are sashes.

To the east of the house, and linked to it by the Old Hall Room, is St Peter's Chapel.  Incorporated in the Old Hall Room (now used as the tea room) is the painted and gilded wooden chimney-piece from the Old Hall, which had been installed in the Old Hall by Sir Peter Leycester in 1619.  It includes carvings of caryatids, statues of Lucretia and Cleopatra in niches, and a female nude lying on a skull and holding an hourglass.  The windows in the Old Hall Room contain stained glass panels with various designs, including depictions of English monarchs from William II to George II.

Interior
The entrance to the first floor on the south front leads to a room now known as the Portico Room.  This was the original entrance hall to the house, but as a result of the 19th-century alterations it was converted into a billiard room.  It was later used as a drawing room, and during the time the house was used as a school, it was the school library.  From 1990 it has been restored as the entrance hall.  It contains a white chimney-piece and a cast iron grate.  The mahogany woodwork was carved by Daniel Shillito and Mathew Bertram and the plasterwork was by Thomas Oliver.  In the side walls are plaster figures of Isis and the Capitoline Flora in niches, and on the walls are plaster relief medallions representing the four seasons.  Much of the furniture in the room has been moved from elsewhere in the house.  The breakfast table carries the mark of the Lancaster firm of Gillow.  The lantern suspended from the middle of the ceiling was made by Ince and Mayhew in about 1770, and was restored by Plowden and Smith in 1998.

To the east of the Portico Room is the Drawing Room.  This was designed by Carr as the dining room, and contains a white marble chimneypiece designed by Carr.  The plasterwork is again by Oliver.  The furniture and paintings are original to the house.  The paintings include one of John, 1st Baron Byron by William Dobson, one of his wife as Saint Catherine by Peter Lely, and two paintings by John Opie.  The most important painting in the room is Tabley, the Seat of Sir J. F. Leicester, Bart: Windy Day, by J. M. W. Turner.  Also in the room are two still life paintings by Thomas Lister, 4th Baron Ribblesdale, a cousin of the Leicesters.

The room to the north of the Drawing Room was originally the common parlour, and is now known as the Octagon Room.  It provided a link between the public rooms on the south of the house and the more private rooms on the north side.  Again designed by Carr, its canted corners contain china cabinets. It also contains a set of five paintings of Tabley by Anthony Devis.  The ceiling has Rococo plasterwork by Oliver.  This room leads to the Dining Room on the north side of the house, which contains paintings of the Leicester family.  These include 3rd Lord Tabley by Frank Holl, Colonel Sir John Leicester, Bart., and the King's Cheshire Yeomanry Cavalry exercising on the Sands at Liverpool by George Jones, Portrait of 2nd Lord de Tabley by Margaret Carpenter, a full-length Portrait of 2nd Lord de Tabley as Colonel Commandant of the Earl of Chester's Yeomanry Cavalry by Francis Grant, Hilda, Mrs Cuthbert Leicester Warren by Simon Elwes, Lt. Colonel John Leicester Warren by Graham Rust, and Margaret Leicester Warren by Philip de László.  Also in the room is Extensive Picturesque Landscape, with Gypsies by Francis Bourgeois and, over the sideboard, is the Portrait of the Prince Regent, later George IV by Thomas Lawrence and his studio.  The fireplace in the Dining Room is made from Anglesey marble and was designed by George Bullock.

In the centre of the first floor is the Oak Hall, so-called because of the oaks formerly growing on the site of the new hall.  It contains a mahogany four-flight staircase.  The staircase has triple balusters, and was carved by Shillito.  Again the plasterwork is by Oliver.  More family portraits hang on its walls and the hall's contents include a hobby horse, a man trap, and an 18th-century sedan chair. Also in the hall is a memorial display for Tabley House School.
The other room on the north side of the house is known as the Marble Hall.  This was created from Carr's original rooms in the 19th-century alterations.  It contains five reliefs on its wall, one of which depicts the nine muses.

The west side of the first floor is occupied by the gallery, which has been described as "one of the great rooms of Cheshire".  It contains most of the finest furniture from the house.  The items include mirrors and marble tops attributed to the London workshops of Thomas Chippendale, and sofas attributed to George Bullock.  There is more furniture by Gillow, a "very rare" 17th-century English virginal signed "Phillip Jones", and an Italian spinet dating from about 1598.  Paintings in the gallery include the Portrait of Sir John Fleming Leicester, 1st Lord de Tabley, in Peer's Robes, started by Joshua Reynolds and completed by James Northcote, and Portrait of Georgiana Maria Lady Leicester by Lawrence.  There are more paintings by Northcote and Lawrence, and others by James Ward, Julius Caesar Ibbetson, William Hilton, Charles Robert Leslie, Francis Cotes, Henry Fuseli, Augustus Wall Callcott, and George Henry Harlow.

Grounds
The grounds cover an area of about  and are listed Grade II in the English Heritage Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England.  What remains of Tabley Old Hall consists of its shell in three storeys, constructed in red English garden wall bond brick with stone dressings. The ruin is listed at Grade II*, and its moated site and gatehouse are a scheduled monument.  To the north of the Old Hall is Moat Farm.  One of the farm buildings, dating from the mid-17th century, is listed at Grade II.  By Tabley Mere is a boathouse in brick with stone dressings, but lacking a roof, in Gothic style; it is listed at Grade II.  On an island in the mere is a folly tower, dating from about 1780, constructed in red brick.  It is a circular structure in three storeys, with machicolations and battlements at its summit.  The folly is also listed at Grade II.

To the north of Tabley House, off Chester Road, are two entrance lodges, each of which is listed at Grade II.  The White Lodge dates from about 1770 and was probably designed by John Carr.  It is constructed in whitewashed English garden wall bond brick with a slate roof.  The Red Lodge dates from the late 19th century; it is constructed in English garden wall bond brick with timber framing, and has a tiled roof. St Peter's Church to the west of the house is a Grade I listed building.  It is joined to the house by a linking building, constructed in 1927–29 in red Flemish bond brick with stone dressings and a stone slate roof.  The linking building is listed at Grade II.  To the south of the house is a sundial dating from the early 19th century constructed in stone with a copper dial and gnomon; it is listed at Grade II.  To the south of this is a parterre wall, about  high, constructed in red Flemish bond brick, with piers carrying stone balls.  It is also listed at Grade II.

To the north of the house is the former stable block dating from about 1760, designed by John Carr.  It was converted and extended in 1995–96.  The block is constructed in red brick with stone dressings and green slate roofs.  Although it has been altered since it was originally built, it has maintained its Grade II listing for its "group value", recognising "the importance of its massing and exterior character to the setting of Tabley House".  To the north of the stable block is a dovecote dating from about 1760.  It is an octagonal structure in two storeys built in red brick with a slate roof, and is listed at Grade II.  The grounds are promoted by the Campaign to Protect Rural England.

Present day
The ground and top floors of the main house, and the wings, are run as Tabley House Nursing Home by Cygnet Health Care, with a separate entrance.  The Tabley House Collection exists as an exhibition showcased by the University of Manchester. The rooms on the first floor, with their collection of paintings and furniture, have been open to the public since 1990.  These rooms are open at advertised times during the summer months, as is the tea room in the Old Hall Room.  The hall is licensed for civil weddings and is available to hire for conferences and meetings.  Occasional events are organised at the house.  Tabley House is managed by the Tabley House Collection Trust. It is supported by a group known as The Friends of Tabley, and by volunteers.

See also

Grade I listed buildings in Cheshire East
Listed buildings in Tabley Inferior
List of works by Thomas Harrison

References

Further reading
 Roper, Mavis "The Game Set", Cheshire Life September 2001, pp100–103. Four generations of the Hart family served as gamekeepers on the estate until the sale to the Crown.

External links

Medieval stained glass information, CVMA
Tabley House Nursing Home
Photographs and information about the Leicester family

Country houses in Cheshire
Tourist attractions in Cheshire
Buildings at the University of Manchester
Grade I listed buildings in Cheshire
Grade I listed houses
Parks and open spaces in Cheshire
Historic house museums in Cheshire
Art museums and galleries in Cheshire
Nursing homes in the United Kingdom
Palladian architecture

Tabley House


William I. Bertsche (1918–1998) was an American commercial translator. A speaker of English and German, he could sight-read Afrikaans, Danish, Dutch, French, Finnish, Icelandic, Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish and Swedish.

Bertsche was the son of Carl Bertsche and Herta Woelfler. In 1908 his mother had founded the Lawyers' and Merchants' Translation Bureau at 11 Broadway, New York (now a subsidiary of RWS Holdings). His father was a charter member of the American Translators Association (ATA). William obtained degrees in English and Chemical Engineering from Columbia University and in Law from Fordham (1943), being called to the New York bar. In 1944 and 1945 he served in the U.S. Counter-Intelligence Corps as a German translator and interpreter.

After the end of World War II, Bertsche joined the family business, and he became owner when his parents retired in 1966. He continued to run the bureau, one of the most prestigious translation agencies in the United States, until 1994.

Besides working as a technical translator and legal translator, Bertsche was also involved in translator training and professionalization. He taught German translation at New York University, and twice held the Presidency of the ATA, also serving as chair of its Ethics Committee, as Treasurer (computerizing the association's accounting system), and as Accreditation Chair.

In 1986 he was awarded the Alexander Gode medal for outstanding service to the translation and interpreting professions.

Bertsche lived in Croton-on-Hudson, and died of cancer at Calvary Hospital in the Bronx on July 11, 1998. His obituary in The New York Times said he "had been one of the nation's leading document translators for more than half a century".

References

Translators to English
20th-century American translators
1918 births
1998 deaths
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Fordham University School of Law alumni
People from Croton-on-Hudson, New York
Presidents of the American Translators Association

William I. Bertsche


Irene Mary Spry, OC (née Biss: Standerton, Transvaal Colony, August 28, 1907 – Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, December 16, 1998) was an economic historian and social democrat awarded two honorary doctorates and named to the Order of Canada for her contributions to Canadian intellectual and public life.

Profile

Early years
The daughter of Evan Ebenezer Biss, Inspector of Schools in the Colonial and Indian Service, and Amelia Bagshaw Johnstone.  She attended Bournemouth High School and was a member of their Old Girls association.

Education
Irene Biss, as she then was, first began her undergraduate training at the London School of Economics (1924–25) and later obtained a graduate degree in economics at Girton College (1925–28) of the University of Cambridge, England, where she had been a student of J.M. Keynes, A.C. Pigou, D.H. Robertson and M. Dobb. This was followed by further studies for a master's degree (1928–29) in Social Research and Social Work at Bryn Mawr College, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.

Career
Spry's formal career as an economic historian began when she joined the Department of Political Economy at the University of Toronto in 1929 where she collaborated with the late H.A. Innis and taught Canadian economic history. Her marriage in 1938 to the late Graham Spry, and subsequent births of their three children, Robin, Richard and Lib, interrupted her academic career. However, during World War II she did serve actively on the Wartime Prices and Trade Board and its later affiliate, the Commodity Prices Stabilization Corporation, in Ottawa and, during the early postwar years, went to England and co-founded Saskatchewan House with her husband, broadcast reformer Graham Spry, who was Agent-General for Saskatchewan in London from 1946 to 1967.

Spry's work in the women's movement blossomed during her time in London.  She represented the Federated Women's Institutes of Canada at the Associated Country Women of the World from 1954 to 1967, including service as the group's executive chair from 1959 to 1965.  Her formal academic career eventually resumed in 1967, first at the University of Saskatchewan and finally at the University of Ottawa in 1968, where she would remain for the rest of her life.

Though officially retiring in 1973, Spry continued to teach courses at Ottawa's Department of Economics until the early 1980s and, indeed, gave lectures in Canadian economic history as recently as 1995. Throughout her retirement years, she maintained a strong intellectual presence at the University of Ottawa, and could be seen regularly at the National Archives of Canada with a magnifying glass to compensate for her worsening eyesight. Spry met regularly with colleagues and friends who shared her interests in Canadian economic history and public policy and who espoused the social democratic principles that she had relentlessly defended throughout her adult life, beginning with her membership in the League for Social Reconstruction in the 1930s. Moreover, she had an exceptional knowledge of the economic and social problems of countries other than Canada, notably of Europe.

Research
Professor Emeritus Spry died in her Ottawa home peacefully on December 16, 1998, at the age of 91. Her most recent book on the early economic history of Western Canada, entitled From the Hunt to the Homestead, was at the time due to be co-published by the University of Alberta and University of Calgary Presses. This latter work would largely have completed a line of research on Western Canadian economic history that began with her first two major books on the Palliser Expedition, published respectively in 1963 and 1968, which were then followed by her research on the records of the Department of the Interior regarding Canada's western frontier of settlement, published in 1993.

In addition to Spry's authoritative work on the Palliser Expedition, her research on how the Canadian prairies transitioned from a commons to open access resources and, finally, to private property helped extend a branch of work often well-known even beyond the disciplines of economics and history, for instance in the prominence given Innis and the staples thesis in Canadian communications thought. Spry's comparison of the loss of the commons in England to the end of First Nations' communal rights, in particular, would echo much subsequent research on private intellectual property in contradistinction to  communal resources.

 Spry, Irene M. (1963) The Palliser Expedition: The Dramatic Story of Western Canadian Exploration, 1857-1860. Toronto: MacMillan.  Republished Toronto: Fifth House Publishers, 1995.  .
 Spry, Irene M., ed. (1968) The Papers of the Palliser Expedition, 1857-1860. Toronto: Champlain Society Press. .
 Crabbé, Philippe, and Irene M. Spry, eds. (1973) Natural Resource Development in Canada. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press. .
 Spry, Irene M., and Bennett McCardle. (1993) The Records of the Department of the Interior and Research Concerning Canada's Western Frontier of Settlement. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Center. .

Honours
Among many and varied honours, Irene Mary Spry received honorary doctorates from the University of Toronto (1971) and University of Ottawa (1985). The latter degree was conferred at the same time that a book in her honour entitled Explorations in Canadian Economic History was presented to her. The Governor General of Canada appointed her Officer of the Order of Canada in 1992 not only for her long and inspiring career as writer, teacher and scholar but also for her prominence in the Canadian and international women's movements.

Archives
There is an Irene Spry fonds at Library and Archives Canada. It is archival reference number R2268 and former archival reference number MG30-C249. The fonds consists of 12.68 metres of textual records, 3,497 photographs, 320 maps, and a small amount of other media.

Further reading
Babe, Robert. (2000) "Irene Spry" in Canadian Communications Thought: Ten Foundational Writers. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. .

Cameron, Duncan, ed. (1985) Explorations in Canadian Economic History: Essays in Honour of Irene M. Spry. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press. .

References

Girton College Register 1869-1946, University Press, Cambridge, 1948

1907 births
1998 deaths
People from Standerton
Transvaal Colony people
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Alumni of Girton College, Cambridge
Canadian women economists
Officers of the Order of Canada
South African emigrants to Canada
People educated at Talbot Heath School
20th-century  Canadian economists

Irene Spry


Victoria, Australia ke ek state hae. Ii Australia ke south-east corner me hae. Iske capital city aur sab se barraa city Melbourne hae.

Victoria ke population o5,110,500 (2006) hae.

State ke emblem hae:
- Floral:	Pink Heath
- Aquatic:	Weedy Seadragon
- Bird:	Helmeted honeyeater
- Faunal:	Leadbeater's Possum
- Colour:	Navy

References

Duusra websites
 Postcode Tool - Victoria
 Official Phillip Island Tourism Association site Accommodation and attractions on and around Phillip Island.
 Phillip Island Ferry Service
 Phillip Island Nature Park Web Site Includes Penguin Parade and Koala Conservation Center.
 Phillip Island Accommodation

Australia

Victoria (Australia)


In Physics, intensity can usually be understood as the strength of something like a beam of light while Intensity in general refers to the amount of light that is falling at a point. To figure out (i.e., compute) the exact intensity of a beam of light or a fire hose spraying water, we need to know how many units of light or water are coming to some area in some period of time. A factory might have an "intensity" of 100 cars per day delivered to the loading dock. A fire hose might have an intensity of 100 buckets of water per minute per open window of a certain size in a burning building.

Usually, when talking about intensity, you are talking about the amount of energy of particles or radiation per unit area. Since each particle spreads out from the source in a sphere, the area is measured as the surface area of this sphere, or , where  is the distance from the source to the observer.

Physical quantity

Intensity (physics)


The home page of a website is the document that a web server sends to another computer's web browser application when it has been contacted without a request for specific information. That is, when one enters only a domain name in the Address box without specifying a directory or a file, the home page is usually the first part of the website one would be taken to. The Home Page is also called the Main Page.

A properly written home page will tell a user about the information available on the website, and how to view different parts of the website.

The home page of simple.wikipedia.org can be found at this link.

Home Page was a popular computer application used for composing web pages.

In Linux servers
In Linux-based servers, the homepage is default.html, default.php, etc. This is a problem for website administrators to install website applications like MediaWiki. Mainly because most website applications are created with the homepage as index.php for PHP applications.

In Windows servers
Similarly, in Windows-based servers, the homepage is default.html, default.php, etc.

Websites
Web design

Home page


Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral is a Coptic church in Alexandria, Egypt. It is the historical seat of the Pope of Alexandria, the head of the Coptic Orthodox Church.

On Palm Sunday, 9 April 2017, an Islamic State operative detonated his suicide belt in the cathedral, killing 17 people and wounding 48.

Beginning
The cathedral is said to stand on the site of the church founded by St. Mark the Evangelist in AD 42.

St. Mark the Evangelist (author of the second Gospel) has been connected with the city of Alexandria since earliest Christian tradition. Coptic Christians believe he arrived in Alexandria around AD 42 and stayed for about seven years.

During this time, Mark converted many to Christianity and performed many miracles. He is considered the founder of the church in Alexandria and the first Bishop of Alexandria. According to tradition, St. Mark was arrested during a festival of Serapis in AD 68 and martyred by being dragged through the streets. He was buried under the church he had founded.

Relics of Saint Mark
In 828, relics believed to be the body of St. Mark were stolen from Alexandria by Venetian merchants and taken to Venice. Copts believe that the head of St. Mark remains in a church named after him in Alexandria, and parts of his relics are in St. Mark's Cairo's Cathedral. The rest of what are believed to be his relics are in the St Mark's Basilica in Venice, Italy. Every year, on the 30th day of the month of Paopi, the Coptic Orthodox Church celebrates the commemoration of the consecration of the church of St. Mark, and the appearance of the head of the saint in the city of Alexandria. This takes place inside St. Mark Coptic Orthodox Cathedral in Alexandria, where the saint's head is preserved.

The head of St. Mark was moved around a great deal over the centuries, and has been lost for over 250 years. Some of the relics from the body of St. Mark, however, were returned to Alexandria from Rome in 1968 during the papacy of Coptic Pope Cyril VI.

The present St. Mark's Coptic Cathedral is of recent date, but is said to stand on the site of church founded by St. Mark himself.

History

In AD 311, before the martyrdom of Pope Peter the Last of Martyrs, he prayed a last prayer on the grave of Saint Mark, the church was then a little chapel on the eastern coast, and it contained bodies said to be of Saint Mark and some of his holy successors.  The church was later enlarged in the days of Pope Achillas, the 18th Pope.

The church was greatly ruined in 641 when the Arabs invaded Egypt.  In 680 Pope John III rebuilt the church.  In 828, the body of Saint Mark was stolen by Italian sailors and was taken from Alexandria to Venice in Italy. However, Saint Mark's head remained in Alexandria.

The church was destroyed again in 1219, during the time of the crusades, then it was rebuilt once more. Sixteenth-century French explorer Pierre Belon mentions the founding of the church in 1547.

The church was pulled down during the French invasion of Alexandria in July 1798.  The church was rebuilt and opened in 1819 by Pope Peter El Gawly in the time of Mohammed Ali Pasha. The church was renewed in the time of Pope Demetrius II and by the supervision of Bishop Marcos of El Behira in 1870. Between the years 1950–1952, in the time of Pope Yusab II, the church building was pulled down and another, larger  building was built with reinforced concrete after the basilique style. The six marble pillars were transferred into the outer entrance of the church. The icon carrier was accurately cut into parts, each part given a number, and then it was cautiously returned to where it was originally. The two bell tower  were not pulled down as they were reinforced with concrete and were decorated with beautiful Coptic engravings. Two new bells – brought from Italy – were provided, one for each bell tower.

Between 1985 and 1990, the church was widened from the western side after the former style with great accuracy, keeping the two bell tower in their places, so the entire area of the church was doubled. The six pillars were transferred to the new western entrance of the church supervised by Pope Shenouda III.

See also
List of Coptic Orthodox churches in Egypt
Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral (Azbakeya)
Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral (Cairo)

References

External links

Saint Mark's Coptic orthodox Cathedral (Alexandria)

Coptic Orthodox churches in Egypt
Copts in Alexandria
Churches in Alexandria
Cathedrals in Egypt
Burial places of popes
Oriental Orthodox congregations established in the 7th century
Oriental Orthodox cathedrals in Egypt
Religious buildings and structures in Alexandria
1810s establishments in Egypt
19th-century Oriental Orthodox church buildings
19th-century churches in Egypt

Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral (Alexandria)


Edmund Glaise-Horstenau (also known as Edmund Glaise von Horstenau; 27 February 1882 – 20 July 1946) was an Austrian Nazi politician who became the last Vice-Chancellor of Austria, appointed by Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg under pressure from Adolf Hitler, shortly before the 1938 Anschluss.

During the Second World War Glaise-Horstenau became a general in the German Wehrmacht and served as Plenipotentiary General to the Independent State of Croatia. Dismayed by the atrocities committed by the Ustaše, he was involved in the Lorković-Vokić plot, with the purpose of overthrowing Ante Pavelić's regime and replacing it with a pro-Allied government.

Early life and career
Born in Braunau am Inn, the son of an officer, Glaise-Horstenau attended the Theresian Military Academy and served in World War I on the Austro-Hungarian General Staff of the Austro-Hungarian Army. From 1915, he headed the press department of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces.

After the war, he studied history at the University of Vienna, together with his employment at the Austrian War Archives (as director from 1925 to 1938). He also achieved the rank of a colonel at the Austrian Heeresnachrichtenamt in 1934.

Originally a monarchist, Glaise-Horstenau became the second man in the hierarchy of the banned Austrian Nazi Party in the mid-to-late 1930s behind its leader Josef Leopold. To improve relations with Nazi Germany, he was appointed a member of the Staatsrat of the Federal State of Austria from 1934 in the rank of a Minister Without Portfolio, and from 1936 to 1938, he served as Federal Minister of the Interior in the cabinet of Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg, after being appointed under pressure from Adolf Hitler following the Juliabkommen. At the meeting at the Berghof in Berchtesgaden on 12 February 1938 between Hitler and Schuschnigg, Germany demanded that Glaise-Horstenau be made Minister of War in a new pro-Nazi government and that he would establish close operational relations between the German and Austrian Armies, which would ultimately lead to the assimilation of the Austrian to the German system.

After Schuschnigg had to resign on 11 March, Glaise-Horstenau served as Vice-Chancellor of Austria under Arthur Seyß-Inquart for two days.

In Croatia

After the Anschluss, he entered the Wehrmacht and was appointed as Plenipotentiary General in the Independent State of Croatia on 14 April 1941. There, he was shocked by the atrocities of the Ustaše (Croatian fascist paramilitaries), which he repeatedly denounced and opposed. As early as 28 June 1941, he reported the following to the German High Command, the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW):

On 10 July, he added:

The lack of response from the OKW at Glaise-Horstenau's criticism of the Ustaše's methods increasingly frustrated him and caused deep tension with Ante Pavelić, the poglavnik, or head, of the Independent State of Croatia. By 1944, he had grown so dismayed at the atrocities that he had witnessed that he became deeply implicated in the Lorković-Vokić plot to overthrow Pavelić's regime and to replace it with a pro-Allied government.

The subsequent failure of that attempt turned Glaise-Horstenau into persona non grata for both the Croatians and the Nazis. In the first week of September, Pavelić and German ambassador Siegfried Kasche conspired together and effected his removal on 25 September. Glaise-Horstenau's withdrawal from the scene opened the door for the total politicalization of the Croatian armed forces, which occurred over the next several months.

Suicide
Glaise-Horstenau was then passed into Führer-Reserve and entrusted with the obscure task of Military Historian of the South East until his capture by the US Army on 5 May 1945. Fearing extradition to Yugoslavia or Austria, he committed suicide at Langwasser military camp near Nuremberg, Germany, on 20 July 1946.

Publications
The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire, translated by Ian F.D. Morrow, London, Toronto: J.M. Dent, 1930 (Die Katastrophe, Die Zertrümmerung Österreich-Ungarns und das Werden der Nachfolgestaaten, Amalthea Verlag, Zürich-Leipzig-Wien, 1929)
Edmund Glaise von Horstenau: Ein General im Zwielicht: die Erinnerungen Edmund Glaises von Horstenau, Volume 76, Böhlau, 1988,

Footnotes

References

 Peter Broucek (Eingel. und hrsg.): Ein General im Zwielicht. Die Erinnerungen Edmund Glaises von Horstenau. Böhlau, Wien u.a. 1980 ff.
 Band 1: K.u.k. Generalstabsoffizier und Historiker (= Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für Neuere Geschichte Österreichs. Bd. 67). 1980, .
 Band 2: Minister im Ständestaat und General im OKW (= Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für Neuere Geschichte Österreichs. Bd. 70). 1983, .
 Band 3: Deutscher Bevollmächtigter General in Kroatien und Zeuge des Untergangs des "Tausendjährigen Reiches" (= Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für Neuere Geschichte Österreichs. Bd. 76). 1988, .
 Österreichisches Staatsarchiv, Mitteilungen des österreichischen Staatsarchivs, Band 47, 1999

1882 births
1946 suicides
1946 deaths
Austrian military personnel of World War II
Austro-Hungarian Army officers
Vice-Chancellors of Austria
German Army generals of World War II
Generals of Infantry (Wehrmacht)
Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
Austrian people who died in prison custody
Historians of World War I
Nazis who died by suicide in prison custody
Prisoners who died in United States military detention
People from Braunau am Inn
Austrian military personnel who committed suicide
Members of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany
Nazis who committed suicide in Germany
Recipients of the Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross
World War II prisoners of war held by the United States

Edmund Glaise-Horstenau


A game bird is any of a number of species of wild birds which are hunted, killed and eaten by humans. Hunting game birds is a sport, and a way of getting food. Usually there are laws which govern the hunting. Usually, guns are used, and so there are gun laws. Also, regulations protect the birds' breeding season, so that another generation of birds will grow to replace the present generation.

Although the birds are wild, most of them are "managed" if they live on estates. Birds which migrate cannot be managed in the same way. Shooting game birds on Scottish estates is for them a major source of income. The managing consists of making sure there are enough birds for the next shooting season.

In the United Kingdom game is defined in law by the Game Act 1831. It is illegal to shoot game on Sundays or at night.  Other (non-game birds) that are hunted for food in the UK are specified under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) and the Forestry Commission have a big say in how the hunting is regulated.

UK law defines game as including:
Black grouse (No longer hunted due to decline in numbers)
Red grouse
Brown hare
Ptarmigan
Grey partridge and red-legged partridge
Common pheasant

Duck, including mallard, tufted duck, teal, pintail and pochard
Goose, including greylag goose, Canada goose, pink-footed goose and in England and Wales white-fronted goose
Wood pigeon
Woodcock
Snipe
Golden plover

Birds
Sports involving animals

Game bird


Anders Baasmo (born 29 January 1976) is a Norwegian actor originally from Hamar.

Baasmo graduated from the Norwegian Acting Academy in 2000. He started his professional career at the Trøndelag Teater in Trondheim, Norway. He later joined the Det Norske Teatret in Oslo.

Baasmo earned his breakthrough in 2003 when he received the Amanda award for his performance in the Norwegian picture Buddy. He won the TV award Gullruten in 2007 for his portrait of Henrik Ibsen in the TV-series An Immortal Man (En udødelig mann) on NRK.

Baasmo starred in the Swedish 2008 film Arn – The Kingdom at Road's End. That same year he won Norway's most prestigious actor's award, the Heddaprisen, for his interpretation of Hamlet. He then became the first actor to collect an Amanda, a Gullruten and a Hedda award.

He received the Shooting Stars Award, the annual acting award for up-and-coming actors by European Film Promotion, at the Berlin International Film Festival 2010.

Baasmo voiced Hans in the Norwegian dub of the Disney animated film Frozen and played Herman Watzinger in the 2012 adaptation of Thor Heyerdahl's Kon-Tiki. He also starred in the hit sitcom Dag between 2010 and 2015.

References

External links

 Anders Baasmo Christiansen at EFP - Shooting Stars

1976 births
People from Hamar
Norwegian male film actors
Norwegian male stage actors
Norwegian male television actors
Hamar Katedralskole alumni
Living people

Anders Baasmo Christiansen


Pierre Omidyar (born June 21, 1967) created and is now the chairman of eBay. He was born in Paris, France to a French-Iranian family. Born in Paris, France, brought up by Iranian parents, Omidyar moved to the United States at the age of six. He grew up in Washington D.C. and developed an interest in computing while still at St. Andrew's Episcopal School in Bethesda, Maryland. He graduated high school in 1984. In 1988 he graduated in computer science from Tufts University. He helped write MacDraw in 1989 for Claris, a part of Apple Computer. Two years later he co-founded Ink Development (later renamed eShop). He was 28 when he wrote the original computer code for what eventually became e-Bay. The site was launched on Labor Day, Monday, September 4 1995, under the more basic name "Auction Web."

References

1967 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Paris

Pierre Omidyar


Hugo Fredrik Salmson (7 July 1843 - 1 August 1894) was a Swedish painter; known for figures and genre scenes.

Biography
Salmson  was born in Stockholm, Sweden.  He was the son of Fredrik Ludvig Salmson, a wholesaler, and his wife Maria Perlberg. He initially studied business, but soon decided on an artistic career. In 1862, he began his studies at the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts where he was trained by Johan Christoffer Boklund. His painting of Sten Sture the Younger meeting Gustav Trolle in Uppsala Cathedral (1867) won him a Royal Medal and a travelling scholarship.

In 1868, he went to Paris, via Düsseldorf. The classes taught by Léon Bonnat and Alexandre Cabanel had no vacancies, so he took private lessons from Pierre-Charles Comte.

He had his début at the Salon in 1870 with a genre scene of a cottage in Dalarna titled Révélation. During the Franco-Prussian War, he lived and worked in Brussels. He maintained a studio in Paris until the early 1880s and often visited Picardy. From 1883, Salmson usually spent the summers at Dalby in Skåne.

Upon returning to Sweden, he became a member of the Royal Academy and gave lessons to Prince Eugen, but later joined a group opposed to the Academy's teaching methods (Opponenterna). In addition to the Paris Salon, he participated in a number of the Academy's exhibitions in Stockholm in (1886–1888), the World Exhibition in (1878), the Exposition Universelle (1889) in Paris, the Nordic Exhibition of 1888 in Copenhagen,  Forers exhibition at Charlottenborg Palace (1879), the Art Exhibition in Gothenburg (1881), as well as Swedish Association of Artists' (Konstnärsförbundet) exhibitions in Stockholm and Gothenburg in (1886).

During his last years, Salmson mainly painted portraits in oil or pastel. He was frequently reclusive, uncommunicative and suffered from depression.  He died in 1894 while staying at a hotel in Lund.

Salmson is represented at the Nationalmuseum in Stockholm,  Gothenburg Art Museum, Malmö Art Museum, Prince Eugens Waldemarsudde, Lund University, Musée de Picardie, Musée d'Orsay, Musée des Beaux-Arts in Nantes, Bergen City Museum and Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, D. C.

Selected paintings

References

External links

ArtNet: More works by Salmson.

1843 births
1894 deaths
19th-century Swedish painters
19th-century male artists
Swedish genre painters
Artists who died by suicide
Painters from Stockholm
1890s suicides

Hugo Salmson


Spore is a computer game made by Will Wright. He also made The Sims and SimCity. It consists of five phases of gameplay, the cell, creature, tribal, civilization and space phases. It is a game in which the player is able to create and evolve a species from a germ into a galactic superpower. It was released on September 7, 2008 in America, and September 5 in Europe.
Initially, it was going to be 6 different phases, but they merged the city and civilization phases, so it's only 5 phases now.

One of the biggest parts of the game is the different editors. Almost all things in the game can be made by the player, from buildings in the civilization phase to the creature in the creature phase. The player uses different parts that he can place as he wants. He can also change things like size and "stretch" the parts. All these things made by players can be uploaded as pictures to the "sporepedia". A picture has all the info needed for the game to make the thing, and is very small in size, usually less than 30 kilobytes. This means, that a player can find a picture of a car made in Spore that he likes, copy it, and put it in the Spore folder. Then they can play with it.

All the different phases of the game offer many choices. Roughly, the player can choose to be peaceful, aggressive, or both. For example, in the creature phase, there is a choice to eat other animals, just fruit, or both. And in the civilization phase, there is a choice to be military, religious, economic, or a little of all of them.

2008 video games
Nintendo DS games
Wii games

Spore (video game)


Hawaiian Punch is the name of a brand of sweetened fruit punch drinks owned by Dr Pepper/Seven Up, Inc. (DPSU). It was created in 1934 by A.W. Leo, Tom Yates, and Ralph Harrison as an ice cream topping, and customers later discovered that it was an appealing drink when mixed with water.

In 1962, the character of Punchy was introduced in a commercial for Hawaiian Punch, eventually becoming the product's mascot. His long-time saying is "Hey, how about a nice Hawaiian Punch!"

It currently comes in the following flavors:
 Fruit Juicy Red: the original flavor
 Green Berry Rush: strawberry and kiwifruit
 Mazin' Melon Mix: melon
 Bodacious Berry: berry
 Tropical Vibe: orange
 Wild Purple Smash: grape and berry

The drink has its name because some of original recipe's main ingredients come from Hawaii.

The Fruit Punch
The Fruit Punch is the name of a brand of sweetened fruit punch drinks owned by Dr Pepper/Seven Up, Inc. (DPSU). It was created in 1928 by Los Angeles, California, and Red Buttons as an ice cream topping, and customers later discovered that it was an appealing drink when mixed with water.

In 1988, the character of Peep was introduced in a commercial for The Fruit Punch, eventually becoming the product's mascot. His long-time saying is "Hey! How about a nice Fruit Punch!"

Cast
 Keith Scott - Peep
 Frank Gorshin - Quack

Soft drinks

Hawaiian Punch


Silver Bullet is a 1985 American horror thriller film based on the 1983 Stephen King novella Cycle of the Werewolf. It stars Gary Busey, Everett McGill, and Corey Haim, with Megan Follows, Terry O'Quinn, Lawrence Tierney, Bill Smitrovich, Kent Broadhurst, David Hart, and James Gammon in supporting roles. The film is directed by Dan Attias, written by King and produced by Martha De Laurentiis.

Plot
The rocky relationship between Jane Coslaw and her paraplegic younger brother Marty changes after a series of murders in their small rural town of Tarker's Mills, Maine, starting in the spring of 1976.

Railroad worker Arnie Westrum is decapitated by an unseen attacker, pregnant Stella Randolph prepares to kill herself but is brutally murdered in her own bedroom, an abusive father Milt Sturmfuller is killed in his greenhouse, and Marty's best friend, Brady Kincaid, is also killed. After Brady's death, citizens form a vigilante justice group.  Although local Sheriff Joe Haller attempts to stop the citizens, he relents after Brady's father Herb berates him. Reverend Lester Lowe fails to dissuade the townsfolk from causing further bloodshed.

While the vigilantes hunt for the killer in the nearby woods, three are attacked and killed. The survivorsespecially Andy Fairtonlater deny seeing anything unusual. Afterwards, Reverend Lowe dreams that he is presiding over a mass funeral when his congregationincluding the bodies in the casketsbegins to transform into werewolves before his eyes and attack him. He awakens screaming and asks God to "let it end."

Because of the mounting unsolved murders, curfews are put in place, canceling the town's Fourth of July celebration. The Coslaws decide to have their own backyard party and invite their mother Nan's alcoholic brother, Red. Red gives Marty a custom-built wheelchair/motorcycle, which he nicknames the "Silver Bullet," as well as a pile of fireworks so he can have his own celebration. Marty uses the Silver Bullet to go out in the middle of the night to a bridge where he lights the fireworks. The fireworks get the werewolf's attention, and it confronts him, but he escapes after launching a rocket into the creature's eye.

Marty enlists Jane's help to look for someone with a newly injured or missing eye. She discovers that Reverend Lowe is missing his left eye. Realizing that no adult would believe his story, Marty begins sending anonymous notes to Reverend Lowe telling him that he knows who he is, what he is, and that he should commit suicide in order to stop the killings. Lowe tries to run Marty off the road with his car. When Marty is trapped under a closed covered bridge, Lowe, whose condition has fractured his sanity, tries to rationalize the murders he has committed as doing God's work. Lowe apologizes and moves in for the kill until Marty calls for help from a passerby.

The siblings manage to convince Red that Lowe is connected to the murders and attempted to kill Marty. Red persuades Sheriff Haller to investigate. That night, Haller, still skeptical but desperate to find the killer, goes to Lowe's house and finds Lowe has locked himself in his garage to restrain himself from further killings. Before Haller can arrest him, Lowe transforms and bludgeons Haller to death with a baseball bat.

Knowing the werewolf is coming for them next, Marty and Jane convince Red to take Jane's silver cross and Marty's silver medallion to the gunsmith, who melts them down into a silver bullet.

On the night of the full moon, they wait for the werewolf, who cuts the power to the house and smashes its way inside, attacking Red. The bullet is nearly lost in the melee, but Marty is able to retrieve it and shoots the werewolf in the right eye. The corpse turns back into Lowe before dying. As the trio recover, Marty and Jane say they love each other and embrace, and Jane narrates that although she had not always been able to say it, she was able to say it from then on.

Cast
Gary Busey as Uncle Red
Everett McGill as Reverend Lowe
Corey Haim as Marty Coslaw
Megan Follows as Jane Coslaw
Terry O'Quinn as Sheriff Joe Haller
Bill Smitrovich as Andy Fairton
Robin Groves as Nan Coslaw
Leon Russom as Bob Coslaw
Lawrence Tierney as Owen Knopfler
Kent Broadhurst as Herb Kincaid
Heather Simmons as Tammy Sturmfuller
James A. Baffico as Milt Sturmfuller

In addition, Joe Wright plays Brady Kincaid, Marty's best friend, while Tovah Feldshuh provides the narration as the voice of the adult Jane.

Production

The film was shot around Wilmington, North Carolina. Filming began in October 1984 and took about  months to complete, finishing shortly before Christmas. In the novella, the werewolf was said to snarl in nearly human words and the werewolf was supposed to speak in the original screenplay, although this was eliminated after a rewrite. Gary Busey felt a certain kinship with the Uncle Red character and was allowed to ad lib all of his lines in certain takes of each scene in which he appeared.  Although he read the lines as scripted in most of the takes, Stephen King and Daniel Attias liked the ad lib scenes better and decided to include most of Busey's ad lib scenes in the final cut of the film.

King asked for the werewolf to be plain, and hard to see, in contrast to the hulking monsters seen in other werewolf films and books in the early to mid-1980s, with the end result being a creature which looked more like a black bear than anything else and did not really have any identifying characteristics.  After seeing Carlo Rambaldi's design, per King's request, producer Dino de Laurentiis was very unhappy and demanded a change, which both King and Rambaldi refused.  Eventually pre-production fell behind schedule and director Don Coscarelli opted to start filming the non-werewolf scenes without knowing what would happen with the werewolf suit.  After completing the non-werewolf scenes and not having any clear picture about what would happen with the film Coscarelli resigned as director and was replaced with Attias. When pressured to either cancel the film or accept the design de Laurentiis relented and allowed filming to continue with Rambaldi's werewolf suit. A modern dance actor was hired to perform the stunts inside the suit but de Laurentiis was also unhappy with his performance and demanded a change. As a result, Everett McGill, who played Reverend Lester Lowe in human form, wound up acting out most of the scenes in the werewolf suit and was credited with a dual role.

Release
Silver Bullet was released theatrically in the United States by Paramount Pictures in October 1985. It grossed $12,361,866 at the box office.

Home media
The film was released on DVD by Paramount Home Entertainment in 2002, on Blu-ray in Germany on September 14, 2017, under the name Der Werwolf von Tarker-Mills.
Then on Blu-ray in Australia on January 3, 2018 by Umbrella Entertainment, and on Blu-ray from Scream Factory on December 17, 2019.

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, Silver Bullet holds an approval rating of 45% based on 22 reviews, with an average rating of 5.20/10. Roger Ebert gave the film three stars out of four. Ebert admitted that he thought that the film was a parody of the novella and of King's work in general, but said that he enjoyed the film. Conversely, Vincent Canby of The New York Times dismissed the film as "very low-grade Stephen King fiction" and thought the werewolf "looks less like a wolf than Smokey Bear with a terrible hangover."  Variety wrote, "'Silver Bullet' is a Stephen King filmette from his scriptette from his novelette which may sell some tickettes but not without regrettes ... the kids have a silver bullet, the only known power that will stop a werewolf. Unfortunately, there's no known power that will stop films like this." Rick Kogan of the Chicago Tribune gave the film one star out of four and called it "a limp retelling of the werewolf legend that is about as frightening as a rubbery Richard Nixon mask." Michael Wilmington of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "The human drama gives 'Silver Bullet' an extra warmth—and Marty's handicap and ingenuity make him a more attractive hero. But, with the exception of one startling dream sequence (a church congregation in mass vulpine metamorphosis), 'Silver Bullet' never really surprises you." Paul Attanasio of The Washington Post remarked that the plot "is about as suspenseful as looking at your watch to see which minute will pop up next," but Gary Busey's lively performance "almost makes the movie bearable."

In a retrospective review, Felix Vasquez Jr. of Film Threat and Cinema Crazed wrote, "'Silver Bullet' features one of the best climaxes in a horror film thanks to director Daniel Attias, and garners a very entertaining and creepy story that develops beyond a typical werewolf movie. When I think of great horror films, when I think of great werewolf films, and when I think of a great King film, I think of this."

References

External links

1985 films
1985 directorial debut films
1985 horror films
1980s English-language films
1980s monster movies
1980s mystery films
1980s horror thriller films
American horror thriller films
American werewolf films
Films about dysfunctional families
Films about paraplegics or quadriplegics
Films based on American horror novels
Films based on works by Stephen King
Films directed by Dan Attias
Films produced by Martha De Laurentiis
Films scored by Jay Chattaway
Films set in 1976
Films set in Maine
Films shot in North Carolina
Films with screenplays by Stephen King
Paramount Pictures films
1980s American films
Religious horror films
American supernatural horror films

Silver Bullet (film)


Carlo Tresca (1879 - January 11, 1943, New York City) was an Italian-born American anarchist, newspaper editor, and labor agitator. Tresca was famous for the fight and the opposition to the fascism, stalinism, and the mafia. Tresca was part of the defense committee for accused murderers Sacco and Vanzetti, and frequently spoke in their defense at rallies and in articles. During the 1930s, Tresca became an outspoken opponent of Soviet Communists and Stalinism, particularly after the Soviet Union had engineered the destruction of the anarchist movement in Catalonia and Aragon during the Spanish Revolution. Before this, Tresca had supported the Bolsheviks, with the excuse of that a Communist state was preferable to a capitalist state. In early 1938 Tresca publicly accused the Soviets of kidnapping Juliet Poyntz to prevent her defection from the Communist Party USA. Tresca said that, before she had disappeared, Poyntz had talked to him about her disgust over Joseph Stalin's Great Terror.  In 1941 Tresca, in a revealing moment, admitted to Max Eastman that Nicola Sacco was guilty of the crime with which he was charged, though Vanzetti was innocent. In New York, Tresca also began a public campaign of criticism of the Mafia in his weekly newspaper, Il Martello. Tresca was killed probably by the mafia, with a gun shot. Others have thought that Tresca was eliminated by the NKVD because of the criticism of the Stalin regime of the Soviet Union.

Related pages
 Industrial Workers of the World
 List of anarchists

Other websites
Review of All the Right Enemies: The Life and Murder of Carlo Tresca from Washington Monthly

Industrial Workers of the World
American anarchists
Socialists
Italian people
American murder victims
1879 births
1943 deaths

Carlo Tresca


A subapical consonant is a consonant made by contact with the underside of the tip of the tongue. The only common subapical articulations are in the postalveolar to palatal region, which are called "retroflex".

Most so-called retroflex consonants are more properly called apical. True subapical retroflexes are found in the Dravidian languages of Southern India.

Occasionally, the term "sublaminal" is used for "subapical", which might be better used for sounds pronounced between the underside of the tongue and the floor of the mouth, such as sucking-teeth and the slapped clicks of Sandawe.

References
 Peter Ladefoged; Ian Maddieson. The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell 1996. .
 Sanford B. Steever (ed.). The Dravidian Languages. Routledge. New edition 2006. .

Retroflex consonants

Subapical consonant


Lonely Water (widely known as The Spirit of Dark and Lonely Water) is a 1973 British Public Information short film made for the Central Office of Information (COI).  The film aimed to warn children of the dangers of careless or foolhardy behaviour in the vicinity of water, and was shown regularly on TV for several years during breaks in children's programming.  Lonely Water is widely recalled as one of the most memorable and chilling of PIFs.  In a poll carried out by the BBC on the 60th anniversary of the COI in 2006, Lonely Water was chosen as the UK's fourth-favourite PIF of all time and the highest ranked one-off production.  Dozens of comments attested to the film's power and lasting impact on 1970s children.

Background
Lonely Water was directed by Jeff Grant and written and produced by Christine Hermon for Illustra Films, having been commissioned by the COI as a result of official concern over the high number of child fatalities in drowning accidents in the UK.  Other PIFs of the early 1970s to tackle the subject of water safety included an instalment of the Charley Says series and Learn to Swim featuring Rolf Harris, which were targeted at younger children and parents respectively.  Lonely Water however was aimed squarely at the 7–12 age group and was altogether darker in tone, featuring an eerie faceless black-robed and cowled figure and a voiceover by Donald Pleasence, whose echoing final words "I'll be back... back... back..." are often said semi-jokingly to have terrified an entire generation of British schoolchildren.  Writing for the British Film Institute, Katy McGahan says Lonely Water is "eerily redolent of Nicolas Roeg's Don't Look Now" and "plays like a distilled horror film, deploying the menacing tone and special effects normally the preserve of X-rated cinema shockers."

Synopsis
The camera pans across a mist-shrouded expanse of water clogged with fallen trees and branches, with a ghostly black-clad figure hovering hazily on the water's surface.  "I am the spirit of dark and lonely water: ready to trap the unwary, the showoff, the fool..." intones the voiceover, "...and this is the kind of place you'd expect to find me.  But no-one expects to find me here. It seems too ordinary", as the scene switches to a group of children playing on the muddy edge of a murky pool.  A boy is teetering on the steep, slippery bank attempting to retrieve a football from the pool with a stick.  "But that pool is deep. The boy is showing off...the bank is slippery," says the spirit, approaching from behind as the child slips into the water.

"The unwary ones are easier still," observes the spirit, as a boy is seen fishing in a duckpond, leaning out over the water as he holds onto a tree branch.  "This branch is weak, rotten; it'll never take his weight."  The branch gives way and the boy tumbles into the pond as the spirit appears among the reeds.

A "Danger - No Swimming" sign appears on screen.  "Only a fool would ignore this, but there's one born every minute."  The lakeside is littered with rusting junk, and the bed of the lake is also strewn with hidden traps.  A boy has gone swimming and got into trouble, waving his arms and floundering.  "It's the perfect place for an accident."  The struggling boy is spotted by a group of children who find a big stick with which to help him out of the water.  "Sensible children!" says the spirit as his robes collapse into a heap on the ground, "I have no power over them!"  The boy is rescued, shivering.  A girl is told to "go over and get that thing to wrap him in".  She picks up the robes, but throws them into the water in disgust (the girl's line, which baffled many viewers, is "Urgh...'orrible fing!" spoken in a strong London accent).  As the robes sink under the water, the spirit voices his famous echoing threat: "I'll be back!"

Production

The script for Lonely Water was written by Christine Hermon for the COI and passed to Jeff Grant for direction. Grant recalled the moment he received the script, "I read it and got a bit of a shock. Gone was the gentle cajoling of Rolf Harris, who had recently appeared in a public information film aimed at persuading children to learn to swim. This one plumbed the darkness; it set out to scare." It was posited that the COI were being "irresponsible" and "foolhardy" with such a frightening script, though Grant praised the creative latitude it gave him as director, "something you more often than not had to fight for".

Lonely Water was filmed over two days a few miles north of London. Initial difficulties with the filming included getting the smoke to drift in the right direction, constructing a wooden platform for the spirit to stand on, and the noise of aircraft flying overhead due to the shooting location being close to Heathrow Airport. Planes can be heard in the tracking shot of the rusted cars and cookers, which were brought in specially for the filming.

Reception

Many of its viewers took notice of its message by not swimming in dangerous waters for safety's sake, or because the film had scared them so much that they never wanted to go swimming again.

See also
AIDS: Don't Die of Ignorance: public information campaign with a similar horror movie aesthetic

References

External links

 Lonely Water available to view at The National Archives

1973 films
Public information films
British horror short films
1970s educational films
1973 short films
Films shot in England
1970s English-language films
British educational films

Lonely Water


The Saros cycle is an eclipse cycle of about 18 years 11 days 8 hours (about 6585⅓ days). A solar eclipse 18 years past will be similar with one 18 years in the future. This is because the Earth, Moon and Sun return to almost the same positions they were at 18 years ago. The first predictions of a solar eclipse using the Saros were made by Ancient Greek philosophers.

Eclipses
Ancient Greek astronomers

Saros cycle