In Good King Charles's Golden Days is a play by George Bernard Shaw, subtitled A True History that Never Happened.

It was written in 1938-39 as an "educational history film" for film director Gabriel Pascal in the aftermath of Pygmalions cinema triumph. The cast of the proposed film were to be sumptuously clothed in 17th century costumes, far beyond the resources of most theatre managements.  However, by the time of its completion in May 1939, it had turned into a Shavian Restoration comedy.

The title of the play is taken from the first line of the traditional song "The Vicar of Bray".

Plot
The setting is the English court during the reign of Charles II (). A discussion play, the issues of nature, science, power and leadership are debated between Charles ("Mr Rowley"), Isaac Newton, George Fox, and the artist Godfrey Kneller, with interventions by three of the king's mistresses (Barbara Villiers, Louise de Kérouaille, and Nell Gwynn). The short second act involves Charles in conversation with his queen, Catherine of Braganza.

Original production
Billed as "A history lesson in three scenes by Bernard Shaw", the first production was at the Malvern Festival Theatre on 12 August 1939, directed by H. K. Ayliff and designed by Paul Shelving.

Cast:
Mrs Basham: Isobel Thornton
Sally: Betty Marsden
Isaac Newton: Cecil Trouncer
George Fox: Herbert Lomas
Mr Rowley (Charles II): Ernest Thesiger
Nell Gwynn: Eileen Beldon
Barbara Villiers; Daphne Heard
Louise de Kérouaille: Ina De La Haye
James, Duke of York: William Hutchison
Godfrey Kneller: Alec Clunes
Catherine of Braganza: Violet Vanbrugh

Ayliff's production first transferred to the Streatham Hill Theatre on 15 April 1940, then to the New Theatre in London on 9 May 1940.

James Agate, writing for The Sunday Times, noted that the play was the best to have "come from the Shavian loom since Methuselah".

Revivals
Ernest Thesiger, who again played "Mr Rowley", revived the play at the Malvern Festival on 11 August 1949. It was also revived at the Malvern Festival Theatre in 1983.

A radio production was broadcast on the BBC Third Programme on September 18, 1949, with Abraham Sofaer in the title role.

The first North American production was on 24 January 1957 at the Downtown Theater on New York's East 4th Street, where it ran for nearly two years, one of the longest runs of any Shaw play in the USA (as noted by Lawrence Langner).

A BBC production in the Play of the Month series, starring Sir John Gielgud as King Charles, was broadcast in February 1970.

References

In Good King Charles's Golden Days by Bernard Shaw, with 12 text illustrations by Feliks Topolski,  Constable, London (1939)
File on Shaw, compiled by Margery Morgan, Methuen, London (1989)
Bernard Shaw, a biography by Michael Holroyd in five volumes, Chatto and Windus (1988-1992)
Shaw's preface to the play, first published in the collected edition of Geneva, Cymbeline Refinished and In Good King Charles's Golden Days, Constable (1947)
Bernard Shaw: The Complete Prefaces, volume III, 1930–1950, edited by Dan H Laurence and Daniel J Leary, Allen Lane, The Penguin Press (1997)

1939 plays
Plays set in the 17th century
Plays by George Bernard Shaw
Cultural depictions of Isaac Newton
Cultural depictions of Charles II of England
Cultural depictions of Barbara Palmer, 1st Duchess of Cleveland
Cultural depictions of Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth
Cultural depictions of Nell Gwyn
Cultural depictions of Catherine of Braganza

In Good King Charles's Golden Days


Zeitenlik (, ) is an Allied military cemetery and World War I memorial park in Thessaloniki, the largest military cemetery in Greece. It contains the graves of circa 20,000 Serbian, French, British, Italian, Russian and Greek soldiers and Bulgarian POWs, who died in the battles on the Salonika front during World War I. The largest part of the complex is the Serbian Military Graveyard, which contains the remains of c. 7,500 soldiers. The French sector contains the remains of 8,000 French soldiers. The Italian sector holds about 3,000 graves; the British sector holds about 2,000 graves, and there is also the Russian sector with about 400 graves. There are also graves of Bulgarian POWs, such as graves of fallen Greeks transferred from the battlefields of Kilkis.

The complex is located on the place where the Main Hospital of the Serbian Army was located during the war. The name comes from the Turkish word Zeytin which means Olive. It can be translated as Olive plantation. It is located on Lagkada street, about  from the city centre of Thessaloniki.

History

The agreement establishing the Allied cemeteries was signed on 20 November 1920, by the Greek Governor-General of Thessaloniki, Anastasios Adossides, and allies Vojvoda Živojin Mišić (Serbia), General Jean Noël Boucher (France), Field Marshal George Francis Milne (United Kingdom) and Colonel Curgio Giamberini (Italy). The Greek government bought the land where the cemetery would be created and ceded it to the allies in usufruct, while maintenance of the cemeteries was left to their governments.

The project began in 1926, when Savo Mihailović was appointed to head the group that was tasked to collect the remains of warriors scattered across a wide area where the battle raged on the Salonika front. They visited over 250 cemeteries to find allied soldier graves and move them to the new cemetery space.

The conceptual design of the Serbian military cemetery was selected that same year in a contest, and the design of the architect Aleksandar Vasić was chosen and further elaborated by Nikolaj Krasnov. All materials for the construction of the cemetery came from Serbia, where it was also first processed. Therefore, the preparations for the start of construction lasted until 1933 because of the need to prepare large quantities of trimmed stone for the construction of the mausoleum, chapel and charnel house, and about 2000 marble crosses.

Finishing work began in 1933 under the direction of architect Budimir Hristodulo, one of the 1300 Corporals. It was concluded at the end of 1936, and on 11 November 1936, on Armistice Day of World War I, the mausoleum, chapel and crypt were officially sanctified. Greece gave free land to build a complex of 70,000 m², and all material and work on the cemetery was released from customs and exempted from tax.

Stone from the Momin Kamen quarry, which is located near the village of Džep in Serbia was used for building the mausoleum and crosses, granite from Kadina Luka near Ljig was used for the slabs, and the cement was from Beočin. Cypress trees, delivered as young seedlings from Hilandar, were planted around the Serbian part of the cemetery. The mosaic in the chapel, which incorporates motifs from medieval Serbian frescoes, is the work of the Greek artist Voila.

During World War II, the burden of preserving the cemetery fell onto the guard Đuro Mihailović. In spite of the war, the teen managed to preserve the cemetery and prevent Nazi looting of books and relics.

Thanks to the efforts of the Secretariat for the Culture of Serbia, funds for the restoration of the cemetery were collected. Works were carried out from 25 September to 22 October 1969, and apart from the renovation of the vast complex, a sidewalk was built in front of the entrance to the cemetery, and an iron inscription saying "Serbian military cemetery" was placed on the front gate.

Cemetery keepers, the Mihailović family

The first keeper of the graveyard was Savo Mihailović, who was the head of the group that was responsible for the exhumation of Serbian soldiers and their transfer to the area of the future military cemetery. Mihailović, a Serb from Grbalj, collected the bodies of his dead friends and comrades, and then protected and guarded the cemetery until his death in 1928. He lived in a house built for him and his family, inside the cemetery proper. After his death, his remains were also buried in Zeitenlik. He was succeeded by his son Đuro Mihailović, who succeeded in preserving the cemetery and relics from Nazi looting during World War II. Đuro died in 1961 and was buried along with his father in Zeitenlik. Thereafter, the keeper, host and curator of the Serbian Military Cemetery at Zeitenlik was Đorđe Mihailović, Đuro's son and Savo's grandson, who lived in the keeper's house with his wife and daughter. Although new burials at Zeitinlik are forbidden, a special decree was issued that allowed Đorđe to be the last person buried here when he died, which happened in 2023 when Đorđe was 95 years old.

See also
Serbian Campaign (World War I)
Balkans Campaign (World War I)

References

External links

Zejtinlik at the web site of the General Consulate of Serbian in Thessaloniki
Photo of Serbian memorial with mosaic, and verses by Vojislav Ilić

Buildings and structures in Thessaloniki
Cemeteries in Greece
Tourist attractions in Thessaloniki
World War I memorials in Greece

Zeitenlik


Malcolm Oastler (born 24 April 1959) is an Australian. He was the former technical director of Formula One team BAR, former chief engineer for Jaguar Racing, and designer of many race cars.

Career
Oastler was born in Sydney, Australia. A keen motorsport enthusiast and driver from a young age, he earned a first class honours degree in mechanical engineering from the New South Wales University of Technology.  Oastler embarked on a driving career in the early 1980s, and was particularly successful in the Australian Formula Ford championship. Deciding to try his luck in the European motorsport scene, Oastler relocated to England in 1985, but without any real financial back found it very tough to campaign in any series there.

He was working as a mechanic for Milldent Motorsport in Leicestershire in exchange for part-time drives in British Formula Ford 2000.
In 1986 his engineering talents were recognised and he joined the Reynard company as a designer. Oastler was responsible for many designs at Reynard in racing categories such as Formula Ford, Formula Ford 2000, Formula 3000 and IndyCar. Oastler's Reynard design for the first Formula 3000 series was especially strong, and his chassis design went on to win five international titles. After the Formula 3000 success, Oastler led the IndyCar design from the start of the project. His Reynard 95I chassis went on to win eight races in total, including the Indy 500 and started from pole position no less than thirteen times.

In 1998 Oastler was seconded to the newly formed BAR team in a chief designer role.  As such he was responsible for all design and enhancement work done on the 1999 BAR 01 car, and also much work done on the 1998 Tyrrell 026. (BAR was founded on the remains of the Tyrrell F1 team and actually competed under the Tyrrell name for the 1998 season.  The name British American Racing was first seen on the track for the 1999 season.) During the 1999 season Oastler was promoted to the role of technical director, but that role reverted to the BAR-partnered Reynard company in 2000 which left Oastler back at the chief designer position. BAR management was taken over by David Richards for 2002 and Oastler soon found himself out of the team. During that season he resurfaced at Jaguar Racing and worked on their upcoming R4 chassis for the 2002 season, and was named Jaguar's chief engineer for 2003 and 2004.

During the Jaguar F1 team's tumultuous final season in 2004, Oastler decided to retire from professional motorsport, with the team thanking him for his contribution. He has since returned to his native Australia to set up several rural ventures.

Personal life
Oastler is married to Joanna and has three daughters, Charlotte, Chloe and Kate.

Oastler has maintained an interest and involvement with motorsport within Australia. This has included competing in the Australian Hillclimb Championship, a category in which he is a 5 time champion.

Oastler also shares his various quirky engineering adventures through a YouTube channel, regularly featuring him working in his best thongs.

References

External links
Profile at grandprix.com

1959 births
Living people
Formula One designers
University of New South Wales alumni
Australian motorsport people

Malcolm Oastler


Emily J. Reynolds (born c. 1956) is an American political aide who served as the Secretary of the United States Senate from January 7, 2003 to January 3, 2007.  She was appointed Secretary of the Senate when the United States Senate convened on January 7, 2003, for the 108th Congress. Prior to her appointment as Secretary, Reynolds was the chief of staff for Senator Bill Frist. She is the thirty-first person, and the fifth woman, to serve as Secretary of the Senate.

Early life and education
A native of Nashville, Reynolds received a Bachelor of Arts in political science and broadcasting from Stephens College in Columbia, Missouri.

Career
Immediately following her graduation in 1978, she was named as the college's associate director of admissions. She has remained active with her alma mater and served on the board of curators and as chair of the alumnae development board.

Reynolds began her career in politics in 1980 as a special assistant to Senator Howard Baker.  In 1985 she worked on the successful Senate campaign of then-Governor Kit Bond of Missouri. Subsequently Reynolds worked in seven statewide campaigns in six states, including the Senate campaigns of John Danforth, John Heinz, and Kay Bailey Hutchison. She joined the Bush–Quayle re-election campaign in 1992 as deputy director of national coalitions.

Reynolds returned to her home state of Tennessee in November 1993 to serve as deputy campaign manager and finance director for Frist's Senate campaign. During Senator Frist's first term in the Senate, Reynolds became his state director. She then managed his successful reelection campaign in 2000. As chief of staff for Senator Frist from January 2001, Reynolds supervised his Washington, D.C. and Tennessee offices.

Reynolds joined TVA in April 2007 as Senior Vice President of Communications, Government & Valley Relations. Her office is located in Nashville and she reports directly to TVA's CEO, Tom Kilgore.

References

External links

1956 births
Living people
People from Nashville, Tennessee
Secretaries of the United States Senate
Stephens College alumni

Emily J. Reynolds


Greg Hamilton is a Canadian baseball player, coach and executive.

Hamilton was born in Toronto, Ontario, and grew up in Peterborough, Ontario. He played hockey as a freshman at Princeton University, then became a pitcher for the baseball team. Hamilton was on the Ivy League champions in 1991. He also was assistant coach for two years at Princeton. In 1992, Hamilton was hired as the pitching coach for Team Canada. He got a job as pitching coach and GM of the Barracudas de Montpellier of Division Élite in France in 1993 and helped the team to three titles in a row, their most successful run to date (as of 2007). Part of his success came from his recruitment of Jeff Zimmerman, who became the most notable player to emerge from the French league in the 20th century. He was pitching coach for the French national team in 1994, making him pitching coach for two senior national teams on different continents.

Hamilton left Team Canada in 1996 to become head coach of the Canadian junior national team, leading them to a bronze medal in the 1997 World Junior Championship. He was named Baseball Canada Coach of the Year that season. It was also his last year as Montpellier's coach and GM.

Hamilton was an assistant coach at the University of Maine in 1998, taking a break from coaching the junior Canadian national team. He returned to his role as junior national team coach in 1999. Hamilton also coached for Team Canada's senior team in the 2004 Olympics, 2007 Baseball World Cup, 2008 Final Olympic Qualification Tournament, 2008 Olympics and 2010 Pan American Games Qualification Tournament. He serves as director and General Manager of Team Canada.

References

Living people
Baseball players from Toronto
Canadian baseball coaches
Canadian expatriate baseball players in the United States
Canada national baseball team people
Princeton Tigers baseball players
Sportspeople from Peterborough, Ontario
Year of birth missing (living people)

Greg Hamilton


Lobéké National Park (alternate: Lake Lobake National Park) is a national park of southeastern Cameroon within the Moloundou Arrondissement of East Province. Located in the Congo Basin, it is bounded on the east by the Sangha River which serves as Cameroon's international border with Central African Republic and the Republic of the Congo. It is adjacent to two other reserves in the CAR and Congo. To the northwest is Boumba Bek National Park, another national park in Cameroon's East Province.

In a conference of the Ministers of Forests of Central African Forest Commission (COMIFAC), it had been resolved to establish within the Congo basin, the Sangha River Tri-national Protected area (STN) encompassing the Dzanga Sangha Special Reserve in the Central African Republic, which incorporates the Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park in the Republic of Congo (Brazzaville) and the Lobéké National Park in Cameroon.

History
Already in 1991, the WWF had conducted a biological assessment of the area and recommended that the Lobéké area be protected, recommending that the unexploited 40,000 hectares be expanded to encompass over 400,000 hectares. In October 1999, the park was declared a National Park.  In the same year the so-called Yaoundé Declaration was signed, forming a tri-national park agreement of cooperation with Dzanga-Sangha Forest Reserve in the Central African Republic and the Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park in the Republic of Congo. This tri-park area, called the Sangha Trinational is operated by the Central African Forest Commission (COMIFAC), and is overlooked and funded by international wildlife groups such as the World Wildlife Fund, the German Cooperation of Technical Collaboration (GTZ) and the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS). In 2012, the entire Sangha Trinational protected area (including Lobéké National Park) became a World Heritage Site.

Geography

Lobéké National Park belongs to the Moloundou arrondissement, located in the vicinity of Boumba-et-Ngoko. The Moloundou area has been described as "one of the richest rubber areas of Africa" and the Germans established a rubber making plant in the area. The park is located close to the borders with neighbouring Republic of Congo and Central African Republic,  which is why the tri-national environmental initiative with the park and Dzanga-Sangha Forest Reserve and the Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park was made. The park covers , and its altitude ranges from  to  above sea level. More than twelve natural savannas, characterized as saline swamps, occur within the park. There are also sandbars on the Sangha. The annual rainfall averages 1400 mm., with the dry season occurring from December through February. Large forest clearings, or bais, have soils rich in various minerals that attract the mega fauna of the forest.  Lobéké is the home of many different ethnic groups including the Baka, the Bantu and the Bangando.

Flora and fauna
Lobéké is predominantly a semi-evergreen forest, most of which has never been logged.  The forest is characterized by an enormous variety of plants. Dominant species include Malvaceae (Triplochiton scleroxylon, Pterygota, Ceiba pentandra) and Terminalia superba. The understory consists of Marantaceae-Zingiberaceae thicket, or Ebenaceae and Annonaceae trees. Near streams there are clusters of Gilbertiodendron dewevrei. Palm thickets and sedge marshes border the savannas. There are more than 300 species of trees in Lobéké.

Some of the highest densities of African forest elephants and western lowland gorillas in all of Africa are found in Lobéké.  Other animals include chimpanzees, gorillas, leopards, as well as ten species of forest ungulates. In addition to mammals, the faunal inventory includes 215 species of butterflies, 134 species of fish, 18 species of reptiles, and 16 species of amphibians.

Lobéké National Park is an Important Bird Area (#CM033). Over three hundred species of birds have been recorded here. The African green pigeon, hornbills, yellow-throated cuckoo, sandy scops owl and the chocolate-backed kingfisher can all be found in the park. Specifically within Cameroon and Gabon, it is an important bird area for the Dja River scrub warbler.

Environmental issues
Due to Lobéké' proximity to Congo and CAR, the park is part of a tri-national environmental initiative that includes the Dzanga Sangha Special Reserve of CAR and the Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park of the Republic of the Congo. Observation towers built  above ground level support ecological monitoring and tourism.

Timber exploitation and safari hunting are a concern, as well as poaching for bushmeat, exotic animals, and ivory.  Illegal fishing or bird poaching is a major problem and every year thousands of African gray parrots are caught and exported illegally.  Even in 1997, when the government placed a ban on the export of birds, many birds were still caught and sold illegally for traditional medicine and other reasons. Mineral deposits have not been ruled out.  A growing local population is dependent upon local resources.

See also
 Wildlife of Cameroon

References

Further reading
 Dowsett-Lemaire, F., & Dowsett, R. J. (March 1, 2000). "Birds of the Lobéké Faunal Reserve, Cameroon, and its regional importance for conservation". Bird Conservation International, 10, 1, 67–87.
 Jell, B., & Machado, J. S. (January 1, 2002). "Collaborative Management in the Region of Lobeke, Cameroon: The Potentials and Constraints in Involving the Local Population in Protected Area Management". Nomadic Peoples, 6, 180–203.
 Ngenyi, A. N. Z. U. L. (2004). The impact of capture and trade in African grey parrot populations ( Psittacus erithacus ) in Lobeke National Park, south east Cameroon. 3, 1.

National parks of Cameroon
Protected areas established in 1999
Important Bird Areas of Cameroon
1999 establishments in Cameroon

Lobéké National Park


Ronald Reagan wis inauguratit as the 40t Preses o the Unitit States in Januar 1985. This inauguration wis a ceremony that merked the beginnin of Reagan's second term as Preses.

Each term lasts fower years. Reagan's first first inauguration wis held in Januar 1981. George H. W. Bush wis an aa inaugurated as Vice Preses for the second time.

The inauguration involved twa separate ceremonies. A private ceremony wis held on Januar 20, an anither wis held publicly on Januar 21. Reagan wis sworn in as Preses during the private ceremony.

It wis held in the Grand Foyer of the White House. It wis broadcast on televeesion. The next day, Reagan teuk the oath in public unner Chief Justice Warren E. Burger.

1985
Presidency o Ronald Reagan
Speeches bi Ronald Reagan

Seicont inauguration o Ronald Reagan


Lehmann overturned the melodic theme that our planet's metallic core is entirely thawing liquid state state . She used maths to analyze the way energy released by earthquakes travels through the Earth. She discovered something eternally concealed from the naked eye thousands of miles below our feet, at its center, the Earth is solid . In fact,, it has a solid inner core and a liquid outer core. Lehmann is also remarkable in that she is one of the longest-lived scientists in history, living to 104 years of age. Her father, Alfred Georg Ludvik Lehmann, was a psychologist and her mother, Ida Sophie Torsleff, was a woman of the house . Both parents came from prominent families. Inge was a very shy girl who did not enjoy being in the spot . She continued to be shy throughout her long biography . She was shoal time metered at a buck private coeducational schooling called Faellesskolen which translates as shared school. The school was new: it had been founded when Inge was 5 years old by Hanna Adler, a wealthy woman.. Hanna Adler's new school was unusual in that male child and girls were treated identically, poring over the same topic and taking parting in the same sportsman and activities. The children were not disciplined as rigorously as in other schools of that meter . Inge Lehmann enjoyed her time at the Fællesskolen, but she was sometimes bored because she did not feel challenged enough by the schoolwork. In 1906, at age 18, she passed the entrance examination for Copenhagen University with a first rank mark. University Lehmann started freshman track in mathematics, chemistry and physics at the University of Copenhagen in 1907. She finally graduated in 1920. She then discovered the Earth's Speciality with publishing.

1888 births
1993 deaths

Inge Lehmann


Batman: Earth One is a series of graphic novels written by Geoff Johns and illustrated by Gary Frank. The series is a modernized re-imagining of DC Comics' long-running Batman comic book franchise as part of the company's Earth One imprint. Earth One's Batman exists alongside other revamped DC characters in Earth One titles, including Superman: Earth One and Wonder Woman: Earth One, as well as other graphic novels.

The premise of Batman: Earth One takes place in the alternate continuity of the Earth One universe, which features an updated and more realistic reinterpretation of Batman's story. While the characters presented remain relatively faithful to their original counterparts from the DC Universe, they still differ from each other in a number of notable aspects and characteristics. For instance: Batman himself, who is usually depicted as a near-perfect crime-fighter in the comic books, is portrayed in the novels as inexperienced and constantly prone to mistakes, although he gains practice and becomes more competent as the volumes go by.

Announced in 2009, the Batman: Earth One series was launched with the publication of its Volume One on July 4, 2012. Volume Two was originally scheduled for release in 2013, but was postponed and debuted on May 6, 2015. Originally announced for a release in 2018, Volume Three, the final volume in the series, had been pushed back for three years until published on June 8, 2021. The series received a mostly positive response from both critics and readers, with Johns' writing and unique, realistic and humanizing re-imagining of the titular character, along with Frank's artwork, being singled out for praise.

Plot summary

Volume One
Bruce Wayne is the eight-year-old son of Dr. Thomas Wayne, a mayoral candidate for Gotham City, and Martha Wayne ( Arkham). After receiving death threats, Thomas contacts his friend Alfred Pennyworth to become the head of security at Wayne Manor. During an outing with his parents, Bruce is taken hostage by a mugger. He demands that the Waynes pay a ransom for the return of their son and attempts to remove Martha's pearl necklace. Thomas tries to intervene and the criminal shoots them both in front of Bruce. Following Bruce's return to Wayne Manor, Alfred learns that he has been named as Bruce's legal guardian by the Wayne parents in the event of their absence. Alfred agrees and presents himself to Bruce as his butler.

As a teenager, Bruce befriends his classmate, Jessica Dent, and develops a rivalry with her twin brother, Harvey. He also learns about Arkham Manor, where Martha lived as a child; her mother suffered a mental breakdown when Martha was 12-year-old, murdering her husband and then committing suicide. Arkham Manor is believed to be cursed due to the actions of Martha's mother, causing all members of the Arkham bloodline to become insane. Bruce convinces Alfred to train him in various forms of martial arts and acrobatics; and also learns investigative techniques. Following this training, he discovers evidence that Mayor Oswald Cobblepot was involved in his parents' assassination.

Years later, Bruce's investigation leads him to Jacob Weaver, a police detective who was the first to arrive at the Waynes' murder scene and later left the police to work in the mayor's office. Bruce dons a bat-themed costume as a disguise to frighten his parents' alleged killers. He attacks Weaver, but the grapple gun he developed malfunctions and Weaver escapes. Bruce then seeks the help of Lucius Fox, a 22-year-old intern at Wayne Medical, who agrees to repair his equipment in exchange for funding for a project to develop artificial limbs for amputees, which Fox wants to use to give his five-year-old niece a new arm. Meanwhile, Detective James Gordon of the Gotham City Police Department meets his new partner, Harvey Bullock, an experienced LAPD detective who has come to Gotham to solve the Wayne murders in order to revive a fading career. Following an altercation between Cobblepot's bodyguards and Bruce at a function organized by the mayor, Bruce's alter ego is named "Batman" by the press and the topic becomes a public sensation. Cobblepot, infuriated by Batman's actions at the event, orders one of his henchmen, a serial killer named "Birthday Boy", to take care of Weaver. Birthday Boy kills Weaver, and Batman's investigation takes him to Arkham Manor, where Birthday Boy had been placing his victims.

A chain of events leads to the kidnapping of Gordon's 17-year-old daughter, Barbara, by Axe, a petty thug who previously antagonized Gordon, at the behest of Cobblepot. Gordon learns that Bullock is indirectly responsible for Barbara's kidnapping, since Bullock checked out the Thomas and Martha Wayne murder files under Gordon's name, and Gordon was threatened by Cobblepot to stay out of the archives to keep him from discovering his complicity in the murders. An apologetic Bullock helps Gordon find Axe, who is violently forced to reveal Barbara's location. While she struggles against Birthday Boy, Batman, Gordon and Bullock unite in the search for her. Batman eventually intercepts Birthday Boy while Gordon rescues Barbara; Batman overpowers the serial killer, who is then arrested by Gordon and Bullock. In a subsequent confrontation between Batman and Cobblepot, the mayor reveals his intention was for Weaver to murder Thomas, but he and his wife ran into the mugger instead. Cobblepot then prepares to kill an unmasked Bruce but is fatally shot by Alfred. Axe is arrested and Birthday Boy, whose identity is revealed as Ray Salinger, is transferred to the Crane Institute for the Criminally Insane, run by Dr. Jonathan Crane, from which Salinger originally escaped.

Barbara begins to idolize Batman, studying martial arts and criminology, and sketching potential "Batgirl" costumes. Bullock, on the other hand, is traumatized by his experiences and succumbs to alcoholism. After Cobblepot's crimes are posthumously outed, he is replaced by Jessica as the mayor of Gotham. Fox, after seeing Batman uses the grapple gun he repaired for Bruce on the news, deduces that the young billionaire is the vigilante and begins building a bat-themed arsenal for him, hoping to become a part of the action. Bruce is left disappointed by the truth behind his parents' death, but with Alfred's encouragement, decides that he will continue on to refine his new persona as Batman. The story concludes with the depiction of an enigmatic man reviewing information on Batman.

Volume Two

The events depicted in Volume Two occur six months after those of Volume One. A mysterious serial killer, who calls himself "The Riddler", is murdering people in Gotham, hoping to get Batman's attention. Elsewhere, after losing track of one of the drug dealers he fought during a car chase, Bruce has Fox (who is promoted as the Head of Wayne Enterprises' Research and Development department) build him a custom-made race car. Bullock remains traumatized over the travesties that occurred in Arkham Manor, and Gordon tries to help him to combat his alcoholism, as he needs Bullock as an ally in order to combat corruption in Gotham.

Jessica comes to Wayne Manor to visit Bruce in the hopes that, as the CEO of Wayne Enterprises, he could help her find five of the remaining members of Cobblepot's criminal organization within the city's legislature. Despite Cobblepot's death, his criminal empire remains active because of these five members. The corrupt officials have taken over the city's police department, housing commission, public works, city council and the state court. Along with her brother Harvey, Jessica is desperate to find the officials in order to destroy Cobblepot's legacy once and for all, and Batman seeks Gordon's help in uncovering the identities of these corrupt officials.

After bombing the city museum, the Riddler is chased by Batman, who during the chase is knocked out from behind by the Riddler and falls off a building, landing on a balcony. Batman wakes up the next day to find himself inside the apartment of an attractive woman who has tended to his injuries. Seeing Gordon's excellence as a detective, Batman asks Gordon to train him in forensics and deduction, with Gordon notes that Batman has a gifted investigative mind. As they track their murderous suspect to the sewers (called the "Arkham's Labyrinth"), Batman encounters Waylon Jones, a benign but mutated man whom the media dubbed "Killer Croc", who is seeking refuge underground out of fear of society's discrimination over his reptilian appearance. With Jones' help, Batman discovers the Riddler's hideout, but fails to stop him from bombing a rapid transit train. Using discovered clues, Batman deduces that these killings were not random, as they were actually targeted. He leaves Gordon an encrypted cellphone for the detective to contact him, calling it his "Bat-Signal".

Meeting with Bruce, Jessica reveals to him that she knows he is Batman since her visit to Wayne Manor; both also declare their love for each other as they kiss. With new information from Gordon, Bruce discovers the Riddler is targeting the people who Jessica and Harvey are trying to find. Bruce is later accused of being the Riddler after the real Riddler frames him in an attempt to divert Gordon's investigation, but Jessica is able to provide Bruce an alibi so he is not arrested. During a riot at the police precinct caused by the Riddler, Cobblepot's former henchman Sal Maroni fatally stabs Harvey and then disfigures the right side of his face with a Molotov cocktail before he dies. Jessica, in her grief, scars the left side of her face by pressing it against Harvey's burns in order to match her face with his. After chasing the Riddler through the city, Batman manages to subdue the killer with Jones' assistance.

After he is cleared of all charges, Bruce generously writes a check to help the city's police department rebuild their precinct. Bullock begins to recover from his alcoholism. Batman offers Jones a place in Wayne Manor, seeking his help in finding a location to hide his "Batmobile". After Gordon arrests Christopher Black, a police captain who was one of Cobblepot's lieutenants, he is promoted to captain. Upon visiting her at the hospital, Bruce discovers that the trauma caused Jessica to develop a split personality based on Harvey's. In the epilogue, Bruce finds out through a phone call with Alfred that the attractive woman he met earlier as Batman is not the apartment's resident, but actually a cat burglar who was robbing the building at the time.

Volume Three

The events depicted in Volume Three occur one month after those of Volume Two. In Upstate Maine, a police officer sees that an abandoned psychiatric hospital has been broken into. Inside, he finds a delusional elderly man who attacks him, yelling for his daughter Martha.

Bruce, Alfred and Jones find an old subterranean subway station that connects Wayne and Arkham Manors to the rest of Gotham. Bruce plans to use the place both as a bunker to hide his new Batmobile and as a safehouse to expand his operation as Batman. Suddenly, Gordon calls him through the Bat-Signal to alert him of criminals with military-grade weapons. Batman arrives and stops them, with the last man incapacitated by the cat-burglar he met a month earlier, who escapes with the criminals' stolen money. Jessica – wearing a mask – is escorted by Bruce to a press conference where she opens a homeless shelter named after Harvey. During the conference, Alfred and Bruce are called to the Gotham Mental Hospital, where they learn that the elderly man who broke into the psychiatric hospital in Maine is actually Adrian Arkham, Bruce's maternal grandfather, thought to be long-deceased. Skeptical that his grandfather might be alive, Bruce still takes Adrian to Wayne Manor.

Batman learns of a weapons shipment deal, where he sees that a criminal uprising is brewing in Gotham, fueled by advanced weaponry brought in from Metropolis. He is caught and a firefight ensues, but the woman from earlier (Catwoman) saves him. He interrogates the criminals and learns that Harvey Dent might be alive and behind the uprising. Bruce remembers Jessica waking up after her accident and briefly claiming to be Harvey. Worried, Batman meets with Jessica to confront her, only for "Harvey" to call her and tell them that he's going to destroy Gotham. Adrian escapes to Arkham Manor and tries to jump from the roof, but Bruce stops him. Adrian reveals the history of their ancestors: as the Arkhams helped build the city, they were viciously attacked by bats, which they believed to be representatives of native spirits. He claims that these events bound a terrible curse to the Arkham bloodline. Adrian describes how his wife went mad over the loss of her son, and tried to kill Martha; he claims to have sacrificed his life to save their daughter. Bruce brings his grandfather home, promising to help him work through his worsening mental health.

Catwoman alerts Batman of the final shipment of explosives arriving in Gotham that night. Gordon and Bullock head off to stop it. As the weapons arrive, Adrian lights Arkham Manor on fire, while Batman and Gordon learn that Jessica Dent is Harvey Dent, suffering from a dissociative identity disorder. Adrian reveals his allegiance to Dent and forces Batman inside the ablaze Arkham Manor. Dent wants to destroy Gotham for taking so many lives, including that of her brother's, while Adrian claims he wants to save Bruce's soul. Batman frees himself with Catwoman's help and subdues Adrian. Learning that Gordon has halted the explosives shipment, a distraught Dent leaps to her death, but is saved by Waylon at the last moment. Adrian emerges from Arkham Manor, his face 'melting', and tries to kill Batman before Gordon stops him. With the crisis averted, Gotham is safe. Bruce learns that Adrian was actually an imposter capable of changing his appearance at a cellular level, with layers of fingerprints from three different men (Preston Payne, Matt Hagen, and Basil Karlo) found beneath his layers of shifting skin. Bruce promises to get Jessica the help she needs and decides to continue his mission to protect Gotham, unburdened by the troubled history of his family.

Time passes with Bruce becoming an experienced crimefighter, recruiting more "outsiders" to help save Gotham. During a performance at Haly's Circus, a "clown" kills the circus' prized Flying Graysons act. This leaves the late Grayson couple's young son Dick an orphan, who is taken in by Bruce to eventually become a member of Batman's crusade. Captain Gordon's daughter Barbara wants to learn more about Gotham's caped crusader, and she eventually dons a costume as well. After facing rampant injustice and persecution in the city, Rory Regan too decides to take matters into his own hands and fight back against Gotham's criminal underbelly. Soon, Robin, Batgirl, and Ragman join Batman, Alfred, Waylon, Lucius Fox, and Catwoman as members of this new Outsiders team, headed out of the subway base (now called the Batcave). Bruce also helps turn his mother's home into a state-of-the-art mental health facility called Arkham Asylum, with Jessica becoming a patient. Later, Winslow Schott's prisoner transport is stopped by a mysterious clown. The clown claims he needs 'the Toyman's' help to "kill a lot of children, and their pets". When Schott asks who his new employer is, the clown replies "I'm Nobody".

Publication
Batman: Earth One Volume One is the second original graphic novel to be announced by DC Comics as part of the Earth One line established in 2009. It follows the 2010 release of Superman: Earth One, marking the first collaboration between writer Geoff Johns and artist Gary Frank on a Batman story. Batman: Earth One was planned to be printed in 2010, but was held to be released at the same time as The Dark Knight Rises film on July 4, 2012. Volume Two was originally scheduled for a 2013 release, but was postponed and, as a result, launched on May 6, 2015.

After 2012's Volume One and 2015's Volume Two of Batman: Earth One, Volume Three was originally announced to debut in 2018, but was pushed back for 2021 due to Johns and Frank's work on DC Rebirth and Doomsday Clock. Volume Three was "finished" and ultimately published on June 8, 2021, resulting in a six-year gap between Volumes Two and Three, exactly twice the gap between Volumes One and Two.

Reception
Volume One
Batman: Earth One received a mostly positive response from critics and readers, with Johns' writing and unique, realistic and humanizing re-imagining of the titular character, along with Frank's artwork, being singled out for praise. Barnes & Noble lists the graphic novel as one of the "Best Quirky, Beautiful, Different Books of 2012". It peaked at #9 on The New York Times''' Hardcover Graphic Book Best Seller List. IGN listed it as #25 on their list of best Batman stories of all time.Entertainment Weekly wrote: "Fresh, accessible, emotionally resonant…. This Batman graphic novel offers readers the chance to watch Batman actually grow and develop — through trial and error, success and failure — into an indomitable crime fighter". David S. Goyer, co-writer of Batman Begins, The Dark Knight Rises, Man of Steel and Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, said: "After successfully re-imagining the Man of Steel in Superman: Secret Origin, Geoff Johns and Gary Frank have unleashed their talents on Bruce Wayne and proven, once again, that under the right stewardship, the Batman legend is endlessly malleable. Alfred as a former Royal Marine. The Penguin as a genuinely creepy and sadistic villain. Awesome". HuffPost wrote: "The book was so thoroughly captivating that my most burning question for Johns was whether or not we'll see more". Damon Lindelof, co-creator and executive producer of Lost, said: "Original, surprising and emotional, Batman: Earth One is a must-read".

In his review for Batman: Earth One, Joey Esposito of IGN wrote positively about the novel, complimenting both Johns' writing and Frank's artwork, as well as the characters featured in it, especially Bullock, "whose journey is perhaps the most profoundly jarring throughout the course of the book", added Esposito. By the end of the review, he wrote that "Batman: Earth One is a resounding success. There's no supplemental material to speak of, but the beautiful characterization, interesting new direction, and stunning artwork makes it an easy recommendation. When Superman: Earth One disappointed it left me cold on these books completely, but Johns and Frank have rejuvenated this line tenfold and made sure that Batman fans have a great new graphic novel to rave about". Writing for GamesRadar+, David Pepose was more critical to Batman: Earth One: he gave the graphic novel a rating of 4 out of 10, considering it "too ambitious", while also commenting that Johns "throws together enough decent ideas to fill six graphic novels, but having them all together leads to a scattered, unfocused read". Regarding the characters, Pepose felt that, due to the fast pace of the novel, fan readers were unable to "really stick around with anyone long enough to get to know them". However, he praised the depictions of Alfred and Cobblepot as a "badass" and a "true power player", respectively; another character that Pepose complimented was Gordon's daughter, Barbara, deeming her "[by] far and away the most endearing character in the entire book".

Volume Two
The second volume received a widely positive response from readers and critics, with noting the improvement in storytelling and character work from the first volume, along with Frank's artwork and Johns' unique take on classic Batman characters being singled out for praise. Brian Truitt of USA Today stated that this version of Batman "is neither a 'definitive' version nor one that blows the rest away", but still liked the more interesting, unique and realistic re-imagining of the classic Batman mythos and praised the gradual evolution of Batman's role as a skilled crime-fighter. The graphic novel has made into #1 on The New York Times' Hardcover Graphic Books Best Seller List.

In a review for Volume Two of Batman: Earth One, J. Caleb Mozzocco of Comic Book Resources praised the novel as "stronger" and more "enjoyable" than the first volume, in addition to comparing the two volumes: "If the first volume read like a pitch for a big-budget TV show, this one read more like a movie, albeit the middle movie in an intended trilogy. Despite the occasional, minor weaknesses, however, Johns and Frank were both apparently much more comfortable and confident in their work on this volume, and it's a vast improvement over the first volume". As for the characters, Mozzocco highlighted both the "refreshing" take on Killer Croc and the twist about the origin of Earth One's Two-Face, saying it "should prove interesting in future volumes", apart from also regarding the betterment of Batman's skills as a detective as the greatest improvement in the second volume, albeit he criticized the Riddler's design as "weak", describing him as "basically just a scruffy, shirtless guy in a long green coat, with a question-mark face tattoo".

Reviewing Volume Two of Batman: Earth One, Matt Santori of Comicosity gave the graphic novel a rating of 8.5 out of 10, and said: "Another great addition to the Earth One universe, establishing the youth and inexperience of these heroes in a way we haven't seen on the comic page in decades, Batman: Earth One Volume [Two] is a definite buy for any fan of the Dark Knight, but particularly a good one for the uninitiated when paired with Volume [One]. He may not represent the monolith that we know him to be today, but this Batman is aggressively human, and is a great place to start if you want to see a Dark Knight built from the ground up". Terry Miles Jr. of Batman News commented on how the twists and changes in the characters proved to be the most appealing part of Volume Two for him. According to Miles, a "notable change" in the Batman: Earth One series is the relationship between Batman and Alfred, which is not only a contrast to the usual dynamic of the duo in the comics, but also reflects the relationship between retired Bruce Wayne and his successor Terry McGinnis seen in the animated series Batman Beyond, set in the DC Animated Universe.

 In other media
 Television
In the TV show Gotham, Alfred (portrayed by Sean Pertwee) takes inspiration from both his mainstream and his Earth One counterparts, drawing elements from the two versions, such as him being a former member of the Royal Marines who is the loyal butler of the Wayne family, and later becomes the legal guardian of Bruce (David Mazouz) following the murder of his parents. Alfred is also a skilled martial artist, just like his Earth One incarnation, training Bruce in the combat skills he eventually uses in his adulthood as Batman.

 Films
 In the 2016 film Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, Alfred (Jeremy Irons) is based on the Earth One iteration of the character.
 The 2022 film The Batman features various similarities with the Batman: Earth One graphic novel. Such similarities include: the portrayal of a still young and inexperienced Batman (Robert Pattinson) at the beginning of his career as a crime-fighter, the Riddler (Paul Dano) being a serial killer targeting Gotham City's corrupt elite, the depictions of Alfred (Andy Serkis) as a former Royal Marine responsible for training Bruce in combat, as well as the revelation that Martha Wayne is a member of the Arkham family. Additionally, Penguin resembles his design in Earth One.

 Video games
The 2011 video game Batman: Arkham City, its 2013 prequel Batman: Arkham Origins and its 2015 sequel Batman: Arkham Knight feature a number of alternative outfits for Batman to wear, including one based on the costume used by the Earth One version of the character.

 Comic books
The Earth One version of Batman makes a cameo appearance in the 10th issue of Batman: Arkham Unhinged''.

See also
 List of Batman comics

References

External links

2012 graphic novels
2015 graphic novels
2021 graphic novels
American graphic novels
Batman graphic novels
Batman storylines
Batman titles
Crime graphic novels
DC Comics graphic novels
DC Comics titles
Earth One (DC graphic novel series)
Organized crime in fiction
Police corruption in fiction
Superhero graphic novels
Works by Geoff Johns

Batman: Earth One


Sir Richard John Roberts FRS (born 6 September 1943, Derby) is a British biochemist and molecular biologist.

He was awarded the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Phillip Sharp for "the discovery that genes in eukaryotes are not contiguous strings but contain introns, and that the splicing of messenger RNA to delete those introns can occur in different ways, yielding different proteins from the same DNA sequence".

Roberts has worked at Harvard University, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and New England Biolab. He was knighted in the 2008 Birthday Honours.

Work
It used to be thought that each gene on DNA coded for a single protein in a continuous strip. Roberts and Sharp independently found out that the genes in adenovirus (which causes the common cold), were split into segments that were combined later in RNA processing.

In 1997 Roberts proved that in the adenovirus coding DNA is separated by stretches of DNA which are non-coding. The coding sections are exons, and the non-coding sections are introns.

Furthermore, it turned out that this structure occurs in all higher organisms. The discovery that a gene in could be present in the genetic material as several distinct and separate segments was revolutionary.

The second part of Robert's work was in gene-splitting and gene splicing. This means to cut pieces out of, and add pieces to, a coding sequence. This creates a protein which works differently from the original version. This is now used in genetic engineering.

Suggested effect on evolution
This kind of structure may allow more flexible responses to environmental change, and so speed up evolution. The structure may also be responsible for a number of inherited genetic defects.

Here's a key part of the Nobel presentation speech by Professor Bertil Daneholt of the Nobel Assembly of the Karolinska Institute:

"Earlier it was believed that genes evolve mainly through the accumulation of small discrete changes in the genetic material. But their mosaic gene structure also permits higher organisms to restructure genes in another, more efficient way. This is because during the course of evolution, gene segments - the individual pieces of the mosaic - are regrouped in the genetic material, which creates new mosaic patterns and hence new genes. This reshuffling process presumably explains the rapid evolution of higher organisms".

References

1943 births
Living people
English biochemists
British Nobel Prize winners
Fellows of the Royal Society
Knights Bachelor
English molecular biologists
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
People from Derby

Richard Roberts


The CLP Regulation (for "Classification, Labelling and Packaging") is a European Union regulation from 2008, which aligns the European Union system of classification, labelling and packaging of chemical substances and mixtures to the Globally Harmonised System (GHS). It is expected to facilitate global trade and the harmonised communication of hazard information of chemicals and to promote regulatory efficiency. It complements the 2006 Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) Regulation (EC No 1907/2006) and replaces an older system contained in the Dangerous Substances Directive (67/548/EEC) and the Dangerous Preparations Directive (1999/45/EC).

Content
The European Union's 2008 Classification, Labelling and Packaging Regulation incorporates the classification criteria and labelling rules agreed at the UN level, the so-called Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). It introduced new classification criteria, european hazard symbols (pictograms) and Risk and Safety Statements for labelling, while taking into account elements which were part of the prior EU legislation.

The regulation requires companies to appropriately classify, label and package their substances and mixtures before placing them on the market. It aims to protect workers, consumers and the environment by labelling that reflects a particular chemical's possible hazards. It also addresses the notification of classifications, the establishment of a list of harmonised classifications and the creation of a classification and labelling inventory, as required by REACH.

Harmonised classification and labelling
Classification and labelling is harmonised to ensure an adequate risk management for hazards of highest concern (carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, reproductive toxicity (CMR) and respiratory sensitisers) and for other substances on a case-by-case basis. This is done through the so-called harmonised classification and labelling (CLH). Substances having CLH are listed in Annex VI to the CLP Regulation. Manufacturers, importers and downstream users of such substances and of mixtures containing such substances have to apply the CLH.

Unique formula identifier
The unique formula identifier (UFI, 16-digit code) will appear on product labels as a new identification element from 2020. By 2025, the UFI will become mandatory on the label of all products classified for health or physical hazards. Importers and downstream users placing such products on the market must provide specific product information, including the UFI, to poison centres.

Implementation
The regulation came into force in January 2009. Manufacturers and importers had already pre-registered more than 140,000 substances with the European Chemicals Agency under the REACH Regulation. They had until 1 December 2010 to propose "provisional classifications" for these substances, which have been used for the labelling of pure substances since that date. The deadline for classifying mixtures was 31 May 2015. The deadline for re-labelling and re-packaging of products already on the market was two years later: 1 June 2017.

Further legislation 2008–2009
In 2008, Directive 2008/112/EC and regulation (EC) No 1336/2008 adapted classification-based provisions in other existing EU legislation ("downstream legislation") to the new rules.
Pursuant to article 53 of the CLP Regulation, in 2009 a first adaptation to the technical and scientific progress (ATP) was made with Commission Regulation 790/2009.

References

External links
 European Commission Classification and Labelling
 Consolidated version of the CLP Regulation (without 8th and 9th ATP)
 U.S. Commercial Service
 CLP label generator

European Union regulations
Occupational safety and health
2008 in law
2008 in the European Union
Regulation of chemicals in the European Union

CLP Regulation


Kapali Eswaran is one of the founding members of the IBM System R Project, which formed the genesis of relational database technology.

Eswaran is a graduate of Stanford University and University of California, Berkeley. He was an architect of IBM System R, the precursor to DB2. Eswaran was one of the inventors of SQL language. The Eswaran principle relating to database locking and transactions is a contribution that he made along with Jim Gray and Irv Traiger while working as a scientist at IBM Research. Subsequently, he launched Esvel, Inc. (acquired by Cullinet Software in 1987, which itself was acquired by Computer Associates) and Kaps Corporation (technology acquired by subsidiary of BP, Hewlett-Packard and by Carlysle Library Systems).   He is currently the CEO of Integrated Informatics Inc.

Eswaran pursued his career primarily working as a researcher and software designer IBM Research where he contributed to several major database and transaction processing systems, including the System-R. He was founder and CEO of Esvel, Inc. and Integrated Informatics Inc.. Integrated Informatics develops and markets solutions for Paperless Browser Based Pharmacy Order Management, Medication Administration & Bedside Scanning, Medication Reconciliation and Patient Centric Health Records.

References

Living people
People in information technology
Year of birth missing (living people)

Kapali Eswaran


Alvin Curling (born November 15, 1939) is a Jamaican-born Canadian politician. He was Canada's envoy to the Dominican Republic from 2005 to 2006. A former politician in Ontario, Canada, he was Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario until he resigned on August 19, 2005 to accept his diplomatic appointment. He had been a Liberal MPP for twenty years, from 1985 to 2005.

Background

Curling was educated at Seneca College and at York University in Toronto. He began working as an educator in 1972, and served as President of the World Literacy of Canada organization from 1981 to 1984, as well as working in the Jamaican Canadian Association.

Politics

In government
He was elected to the Ontario legislature in the provincial election of 1985 as a Liberal in the suburban Toronto riding of Scarborough North. Curling defeated Progressive Conservative candidate Carole Noble by about 8,000 votes. His personal total of 30,504 votes was a provincial record at the time.

The Liberals formed a minority government after this election, and Curling was appointed Minister of Housing on June 26, 1985. He was the first Black Canadian to hold a cabinet-level position in Ontario. During his time as minister of Housing, he expanded the parameters of Ontario's rent control program, and announced a $500 million initiative for new urban housing. Curling was easily re-elected in the provincial election of 1987, and was appointed Minister of Skills Development on September 29, 1987. He served in this capacity until August 2, 1989, when he was dropped from cabinet.

Cabinet positions

In opposition
The Liberals were defeated by the NDP in the 1990 election, although Curling managed to retain his riding by about 4,000 votes. He was also re-elected without much difficulty in the face of Progressive Conservative majority governments of 1995 and 1999 in the redistributed riding of Scarborough—Rouge River. From 1996 to 1999, he served as Deputy House Leader for the Liberals.

In December 1995, he gained notoriety for his 18-hour filibuster-like protest against the Mike Harris government's Omnibus Bill 26. When Curling was ordered expelled from the legislature for refusing to vote, he was ordered by the speaker to leave the chamber. He refused to leave his seat, and a knot of fellow Liberal and NDP opposition members formed a cordon around him to prevent his physical removal. The standoff lasted throughout the night and into the next morning when the house was adjourned. Reports stated that when legislature staff saw Frances Lankin, NDP MPP and a former prison guard, among the cordon, they backed off. Curling claimed his protest was meant to highlight a lack of public consultation in the Harris government's bill. The incident led to a discussion amongst the party house leaders and an agreement was reached to review the bill clause by clause.

Curling supported Joseph Cordiano for the Ontario Liberal Party leadership in 1996 (Ottawa Citizen, November 21, 1996).

Speaker of the Legislature

The Liberals returned to power following the provincial election of 2003, and Curling was elected Speaker of the Legislature without opposition on November 19, 2003.

Curling soon faced criticism over as charges of partisanship and how objectively he was performing his duties as Speaker. Opposition MPPs, including New Democrat Peter Kormos and Conservative John Baird, noted that Curling favoured his Liberal colleagues, sanctioning Conservative and NDP members for behaviour he would more often let slide from Liberals. Curling had also been criticized for attending Liberal Party fundraiser while Speaker, as previous Speakers had avoided attending such events which was seen as compromising the impartiality of the office. In late March 2005, Kormos announced plans to introduce a resolution calling on Curling to resign from the post, and it was rumoured Conservatives were considering a similar call.

After politics
Curling resigned his seat in the Legislative Assembly on August 19, 2005, to accept a diplomatic posting as Canada's ambassador to the Dominican Republic. He was recalled from this position in 2006 following the defeat of the federal Liberal government.

Curling held a position as Senior Fellow at the Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) in Waterloo, Ontario, from June 2007 until May 2010. He also served as Co-Chair of the Premier's Task Force on the Review of the Roots of Youth Violence. In the mid-2000s, Curling was honoured by the government of Jamaica with the Order of Distinction; he holds the rank of Commander. In 2014, he was made a Member of the Order of Ontario for having "played an important role in shaping government policy addressing youth violence".

References

Notes

Citations

External links

1939 births
Ambassadors of Canada to the Dominican Republic
Black Canadian politicians
Jamaican emigrants to Canada
Living people
Members of the Executive Council of Ontario
Members of the Order of Ontario
Ontario Liberal Party MPPs
Seneca College alumni
Speakers of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario
York University alumni
21st-century Canadian politicians
Politicians from Kingston, Jamaica
People from Scarborough, Toronto
Politicians from Toronto
Foreign-born Canadian politicians

Alvin Curling


There are 22 disused railway stations on the Bristol to Exeter line between  and . The line was completed in 1844 at which time the temporary terminus at Beambridge was closed. The most recent closure was Tiverton Junction which was replaced by a new station} on a different site in 1986. 12 of the disused stations have structures that can still be seen from passing trains.

Background
The  route was opened by the Bristol and Exeter Railway in stages between 1841 and 1844. In 1876 this company was amalgamated with the Great Western Railway which, in turn, was nationalised into British Railways in 1948. It is now owned by Network Rail.

Apart from the temporary station at Beam Bridge which was only used for a year, the earliest closures were in the Weston-super-Mare area in order to provide new facilities for the traffic to that town, which was much greater than predicted when the line was planned. The majority of the remaining closures followed Dr Beeching's Reshaping of British Railways report of 1963. The most recent closure was Tiverton Junction, which was replaced by a new station at Tiverton Parkway on a site closer to Junction 27 of the M5 motorway, where the North Devon Relief Road joins it.

13 stations remain open on the line today, but there have been proposals to reopen stations at Cullompton and Wellington.

Stations

Bristol to Taunton

Long Ashton

This station was situated on the climb from Bristol up to Flax Bourton Tunnel. It was in the valley below Long Ashton, at the place where today there is a flyover for the A370 road. It was opened by the Great Western Railway in 1926 Originally named Long Ashton Platform, the suffix was dropped on 23 September 1929, and the station was closed on 6 October 1941. There are no visible remains. The University of Bristol has plans to open a new station at Long Ashton, west of the old station, as part of its Fenswood Farm development.

Flax Bourton

A station known as Bourton was opened in 1860 just west of the short tunnel at the summit of the climb from Bristol. It was renamed Flax Bourton on 1 September 1868. A house was provided for the station master on the road side above the cutting in which it was situated, a signal box and a couple of small buildings were on the platform.

A new station was built a little to the west of the original station and opened on 2 March 1893 with improved facilities. It was closed to passengers on 2 December 1963. It remained open for goods traffic until the end of the following July, after which a Ministry of Fuel and Power depot remained for another forty years or so, but even the connection to this has now been severed.

The house by the road still stands, as does a derelict goods lock-up on the up (eastbound) platform. Friends of Suburban Bristol Railways in their Autumn 2011 newsletter called for the reopening to be considered in the reletting of the Greater Western passenger franchise, and there are some suggestions that the station be used as a transfer point for passengers going to Bristol Airport.

The next station open southwards is .

Puxton

This station  was opened with the railway on 14 June 1841 and was initially named "Banwell", even though that village was quite some distance from the line. In fact a Sandford and Banwell railway station was opened on 3 August 1869 on the Cheddar Valley Railway and so this one on the main line was renamed "Worle". The settlement of Worle was, however, better served by a new station on the Weston Loop line when it opened on 1 March 1884 and so the one on the main line was renamed again, now being called "Puxton". Worle station on the Loop was itself closed on 2 January 1922 and so the main line station was given yet another name, now "Puxton and Worle". Despite all these names, the station is actually in the small village of St Georges.

Puxton was a railhead for the milk trains of the London Co-operative Society, who built a creamery next to the station, which was served by its own private siding.

The station finally closed on 6 April 1964, although a new Worle railway station was opened a short distance to the west on 24 September 1990. The original station saw some traffic to temporary sidings in 1970–71 during the construction of the M5 Motorway. The platforms and station master's house can still be seen immediately east of Puxton level crossing, which is still controlled by a Great Western Railway-built signal box. A goods shed was demolished sometime between 2004 and 2008 to make way for new buildings. On the opposite side of the line is an old milk depot that was rail-connected from 1925 to 1966 but is now used by a business that repairs road goods vehicles.

The next open station southwards is at .

Worle

This station  on the Weston Loop adjacent to Worle Junction, was opened with this new line on 1 March 1884. It closed on 2 January 1922 although the substantial stone building was not demolished until the 1960s and the platforms are still visible beneath the trees that have grown on the site.

Weston Junction

This  was the junction of the branch to Weston, built on the moors 1½ miles from Weston-super-Mare. It served only for passengers changing trains until a booking office was opened in 1850.

The station was closed on 1 March 1884 when the new loop line to that town was opened, although the mail train continued to drop mail bags every night; for several years, these were collected by a trolley that ran on the old branch line. The staff cottages, which were built in 1870 alongside the approach road, can still be seen on the south side of the line.

Weston-super-Mare

The first Weston-super-Mare station was a terminus to a branch from Weston Junction. It was replaced by a second station, also a terminus and later known as Locking Road to distinguish it from the third (and current) station.

Bleadon and Uphill

A new station  was opened in 1871 at the south end of Uphill cutting, midway between that village (on the other side of the hill) and Bleadon. Originally called 'Uphill', it was renamed 'Bleadon and Uphill' in 1872. Uphill Junction, the southern end of the Weston Loop, was opened at the other end of the cutting in 1884.

The station was unstaffed from 2 November 1959 and finally closed on 5 October 1964. It then became the home of a small railway museum, the star exhibits being ex-Cardiff Railway 0-4-0ST 1338 and a British Railways railbus. The museum has since closed and the exhibits moved to other sites, but the platforms are still there as is the station master's house, albeit with a more modern extension.

Brean Road

This halt  at Lympsham on the road to Brean opened on 17 June 1929, closed 2 May 1955. It had wooden platforms.

Brent Knoll

This station  opened in 1875 in the shadow of a large hill, Brent Knoll, to serve the village of Brent Knoll. The station was host to a GWR camp coach from 1938 to 1939.

It closed on 4 January 1971, although for many years the train service had been reduced to one train each per day. The brick-built station master's house can still be seen on the east side of the line.

The next station open southwards is .

Dunball

Dunball  is the location of a wharf on the River Parrett to the north of Bridgwater, and sidings were provided here at an early date, mainly to handle coal shipped across from Wales. A station was opened where the sidings joined the main line in 1873. The down (southbound) platform was situated opposite the sidings; the up platform was a little further south on the other bank of the King's Sedgemoor Drain, a man-made water course that drains the nearby moors. It also served the villages of Puriton and Pawlett.

The station was unstaffed from 6 November 1961 and was closed on 5 October 1964. There are no visible remains.

The next open station southwards is .

Durston

The Bristol and Exeter opened its Yeovil Branch Line on 1 October 1853 from a new station situated at the north end of the cutting at Durston

Despite the Langport and Castle Cary Railway opening in 1906, which effectively left Durston and  on a loop line from Cogload Junction, the station continued to serve the branch. The locomotive turntable was taken out of use on 21 September 1952 and the branch closed on 6 July 1964, with Durston station remaining open only until 5 October 1964. The only remains today are the Station Hotel and the trackbed of the old branch running off across the moors towards .

Creech St Michael Halt

A branch line, the Chard branch, from Taunton to Chard Central was opened on 19 July 1860. The junction was actually at Creech but no station was provided. A halt  was eventually opened to serve Creech St Michael by the Great Western Railway on 13 August 1928, but this was north of the junction so was unable to serve as a junction station. It cost £628 to build.

Three years later it had to be rebuilt to allow for the two extra tracks to be laid from Cogload Junction to Taunton, after which the platforms were only available to the relief lines on the outside; trains on the main lines, which were generally running to and from London Paddington, could not call.

The station closed on 5 October 1964. There are no visible remains.

Taunton to Exeter

Norton Fitzwarren

The West Somerset Railway opened on 31 March 1862 from a junction at Norton Fitzwarren, but there was no station here and trains continued the short distance to Taunton railway station. A second branch was added on 8 June 1871 when the first section of the Devon and Somerset Railway was opened to Wiveliscombe.

Norton Fitzwarren railway station  was finally opened on 1 June 1873 to facilitate the interchange of passengers between the three lines. A new station was opened a little nearer Taunton on 2 December 1931, now with two double-sided platforms to cater for the additional two tracks that ran from Cogload Junction to Norton Fitzwarren.

The station has been the scene of several serious accidents. On 11 November 1890 there was a fatal collision due to a signalman's error; the driver misreading signals caused a fatal derailment on 4 November 1940; and a train on fire was brought to a stand after passing the site on 6 July 1978, but several passengers were killed.

By this time the station had closed: to passengers from 30 October 1961 and to goods from 6 July 1964. A private siding serving a cider factory was in use for several years but is currently out of use. The only remains visible is the Station Hotel, standing empty on the west side of the line.

Wellington (Somerset)

A station  was opened at Wellington when the line reached the town on 1 May 1843. It was a typical Brunel design but was rebuilt in 1932 when two loop lines were put in. This entailed the platforms being moved back to accommodate the widened lines. These platforms are clearly visible and a goods shed still stands on the east side of the line at the Taunton end of the station, although the station closed on 5 October 1964.

Wellington was an important station as it stood at the foot of a steep incline. Banking locomotives were kept here, ready to assist heavy westbound trains up to Whiteball Tunnel.

The government awarded funding from its Restoring Your Railway fund in May 2020 for a feasibility study into reopening the station. This was one of ten successful bids in the first round of applications to the fund. In the October 2021 budget, development funding of £5m was allocated for the reopening of Wellington and Cullompton stations.

Beambridge

The most short-lived of all the stations on the line, Beambridge  was opened on 1 May 1843 as a temporary terminus while work was continuing on the Whiteball Tunnel. It was closed exactly one year later when the line was completed to Exeter. Road coaches used what is now the A38 road for that one year to carry passengers from terminating trains to their destinations further west. There are no visible remains, but its location is easily identified as being where the A38 road crosses the railway, although it is now carried over the line on a modern flyover – the road of 1841 is the quiet lane below.

Burlescombe

A station  was opened at Burlescombe, a little to the west of Whiteball Tunnel, in 1867. A siding on the west side served the railway's nearby ballast quarry at Westleigh; this siding had originally been a  gauge line while the main line was . Both lines were converted at different times to  – the main line in 1892 and the quarry line in 1899. The station closed on 5 October 1964.

Sampford Peverell

This station  opened at Sampford Peverell on 9 July 1928 with wooden platforms. Loop lines were installed in 1932 to allow slow trains to be moved aside to let fast ones overtake, and new concrete platforms were provided to serve them. The station only saw 36 years' use; the original station closed on 5 October 1964, the down loop was removed in 1966 and the up loop and sidings in 1968. The site has since been rebuilt as Tiverton Parkway, which opened on 12 May 1986.

Tiverton Junction

A station  known as "Tiverton Road", was opened with the railway to Exeter on 1 May 1844, although it was actually located at Willand, which was the nearest that the railway came to Tiverton. It was renamed "Tiverton Junction" on 12 June 1848, when Tiverton railway station, at the end of a branch from the Junction station, opened. A second branch, the Culm Valley Light Railway, opened on 29 May 1876.

The station was widened to four tracks in 1932; two new platforms being built facing the new loop lines but the centre tracks were only used for non-stopping trains. Goods traffic was withdrawn on 8 May 1967, the Tiverton branch closed for passengers in 1964 and  for freight in June 1967. The Culm Valley line had closed to passengers on 7 September 1963, although the line remained in use for goods trains until 31 October 1975.

The Junction station continued to be served by a couple of trains each day for about twenty years but was then closed on 11 May 1986 to be replaced by the better sited Tiverton Parkway. The location is now known as "Tiverton Loops" and platforms can still be seen alongside the now extended loops; engineers use the remaining sidings on the down side.

Cullompton

A station  was opened at Cullompton when the railway opened on 1 May 1844. In 1931 the platforms were moved back, the lines were widened to provide two passing loops and a new goods shed and waiting room were constructed. The station closed to passengers on 5 October 1964, but goods traffic continued until 8 May the next year.

The site is now occupied by Cullompton Services for the adjacent M5 motorway. There is land allocated for re-opening a station at Cullompton but forecast demand is relatively low and so the proposal is for the longer term. In July 2016 Mid Devon District Council announced that it would spend £40k on engineering design work to test the viability of their concept for a new station. This matched a previous commitment by Taunton Deane Borough Council of £40k and £10k contributions from the town councils of Cullompton and Wellington.

As part of the "Devon Metro" plans by Devon County Council there would be a station near the location of the old station and could form part of the route. The station is a 'possible' long term proposal. A grant from the government's Restoring Your Railway Fund was awarded in May 2020 to finance a feasibility study, one of ten projects which were approved in the first round of applications.
This was one of ten successful bids in the first round of applications to the fund. In the October 2021 budget, development funding of £5m was allocated for the reopening of Wellington and Cullompton stations.

Hele and Bradninch

Originally named "Hele" when opened on 1 May 1844, from 1867 it was known as Hele and Bradninch  A siding to the Hele Paper factory was laid in 1919 and used up to the 1980s.

Passenger services were withdrawn on 5 October 1964 but public freight facilities were kept until 17 May 1965. The old Bristol and Exeter Railway signal box was closed on 9 December 1985 when control of the level crossing was transferred to the new panel signal box at Exeter.

The station is recognisable today, with the empty signal box still remaining at the north end of the southbound platform, one of the buildings still on the platform, and the goods shed opposite (which is now in use by a motor engineering company).

Silverton

A station  opened at Silverton on 1 November 1867. The platforms were staggered, with the up (northbound) platform closer to Tiverton than the down platform.

The station was closed to passengers on 5 October 1964. Freight traffic continued until 3 May 1965 but a private siding serving a paper mill, which had been opened on 26 July 1894, was closed on 31 August 1967.

Stoke Canon

A station opened to serve Stoke Canon in 1860 with staggered platforms. The up platform was north of the level crossing; the down platform was to the south.

On 1 May 1885 the Exe Valley Railway was opened from a junction a little to the south of the station. Stoke Canon station was then relocated further south  so that it could serve both lines from 2 July 1894. As with most stations on the Taunton to Exeter line, the platforms were moved apart in 1932 to accommodate new loop lines, and the branch was given its own side of the up platform so that trains could run on to the branch while a train stood in the up loop.

It was closed to passengers on 13 June 1960 but goods traffic continued until 3 May 1965. The station signal box closed at this time, but the earlier signal box, built by the Bristol and Exeter Railway before 1876, had been retained to operate the level crossing and was not closed until 9 December 1985 when control of the level crossing was transferred to the new panel signal box at , which is the next station southwards.

See also
 Disused railway stations (Exeter to Plymouth Line)

References

Further reading

 Bristol to Exeter
 Bristol to Exeter
 Bristol to Exeter

Disused railway stations on the Bristol to Exeter Line


Kaworu Nagisa is a fictional character in Neon Genesis Evangelion. He is sent to Nerv by Seele, in order to replace Asuka Langley Soryu, whose synchronization ratio has fallen too low for her to pilot the unit. Kaworu is both the Fifth Child and the 17th Angel. He and Shinji Ikari enjoy a brief friendship and love.  When Kaworu betrays the organization, Shinji kills him. His last words are "Thank you. I'm glad I met you (to Shinji)", and in the aftermath, Shinji states that he loved him too, and that Kaworu should have been the one to live. In The End of Evangelion he appears first to weaken Unit 01's AT field, so that Instrumentality can commence, he and Rei help Shinji choose the decision to reject Instrumentality in favor of individual thought and suffering pain.

Manga appearance
Kaworu is portrayed much differently in the manga. While the original series depicted him as selfless, eloquent and loving, he is awkward and invasive. Even with a new characterization, however, Kaworu still displays attraction towards Shinji, even kissing Shinji in an attempt to stop Shinji's hyperventilation, and verbally wondering what it would be like if Shinji "came to love [him]". When Kaworu's nature as an Angel is revealed, he again forces Shinji to kill him, saying that this way, he will remember him.

Story
Kaworu plays a slightly bigger role. In 1.0: You are (not) alone,  he wakes up in a coffin on the moon. He then stands up and looks to the earth, commenting that "the Third hasn't changed", and that he is looking forward to meeting him (Shinji Ikari). In 2.0: You can (not) advance, Gendo Ikari and Kozo Fuyutsuki visit Seele's moon base to observe the construction of Unit 06, and see Kaworu sitting atop Unit 06's finger, wearing only pants. Kaworu seems to address Gendo as "Father", although it is unknown whether he meant it literally or metaphorically. Kaworu is also briefly seen putting on a plugsuit, still on the moon, while Mari Illustrious Makinami gets ready to battle Zeruel in the Geofront. His last appearance in 2.0 is at the very end of the movie, after the credits roll. What is presumably a Lance of Longinus is hurled down towards earth and ends up impaling Unit 01, halting Third Impact. Kaworu is then seen descending towards earth in Unit 06, with an uncharacteristically angry look on his face. He promises that this time, he will make Shinji happy. In 3.0: You can (not) redo, Kaworu plays a much larger role. As Asuka and Shinji in Unit 01 fall down to earth, Kaworu says that he has been waiting for Shinji. He is next seen playing piano in Nerv HQ, after Shinji is brought there by Unit 00. Shinji's father later informs Shinji that he is to copilot a new Evangelion unit, Unit 13, alongside Kaworu (not saying his name). Kaworu then calls out to Shinji, and requests that he play piano. He is hesitant at first, but with Kaworu's guidance the two are able to play a duet together quite beautifully, despite Shinji's claim that he could not play. Kaworu introduces himself, and tells him that they are both children bound by fate. Kaworu and Shinji continue to play piano together (which indirectly helps them synchronize to activate Unit 13 together later on), and come to see each other as friends, Kaworu commenting that he "really was born to meet" him - an almost exact quote from his role in the original series. When Shinji expresses his fear at what happened in the 14 years he was gone, Kaworu shows him the destruction of near-Third Impact, emphasizing that it was all brought about by Shinji, but also assuring him that "there is always hope" and later telling Shinji that together, they can fix everything with the two spears in Central Dogma. Prior to piloting Unit 13, Kaworu removes the DSS choker from Shinji's neck and places it on his own so that Shinji will not have to fear death while they activate Unit 13. After descending to Central Dogma in order to retrieve the spears, however, Kaworu realizes that something is off. He urges Shinji not to take the spears, but Shinji shuts off his controls and removes the spears. Shortly after this, Fourth Impact starts and Unit 13 awakens. The DSS choker begins to activate, and Shinji is driven to despair with the knowledge that he caused Fourth Impact and that Kaworu, perhaps his only friend at this point, is about to die. In spite of everything, Kaworu claims that it was he who was the trigger for Fourth Impact, because he became the 13th Angel. Before dying, Kaworu apologizes to Shinji for not being able to bring him happiness and promises that they will meet again. The collar then detonates, leaving Shinji near-comatose, similar to his state for the End of Evangelion.

References

Anime characters

Kaworu Nagisa


Patrick Osmund Lewry (1929–1987) was an English Dominican who made significant contributions to the history of logic and the philosophy of language in the thirteenth century.  Lewry studied mathematical logic under Lejewski and A.N. Prior at Manchester (1961–2). From 1962–7 he taught the philosophy of language and logic at Hawkesyard.  He was assigned to the Oxford Blackfriars in 1967.  Dissatisfaction with teaching led him to work for an Oxford D.Phil. on the logic teaching of Robert Kilwardby.  In 1979 he began the study of the history of grammar, logic and rhetoric at Oxford in the period 1220–1320.  In 1979 he went to the Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies in Toronto first as a research associate, then as a senior fellow. He died on 23 April 1987 at the age of 57 at the Oxford Dominican House.

Work
Lewry wrote multiple works on Kilwardby's works, and argued that Kilwardby influenced Roger Bacon's thoughts. In particular, Kilwardby is argued to have influenced Bacon's theories on epistemology. Also, Lewry specialized in identifying medieval sources and the attribution of authors for various manuscripts with a special focus on the works attributed to Kilwardby. In one instance, he provided evidence that the work Commenti super Priscianum Maiorem, previously attributed to Kilwardby, was not, in fact, written by the medieval thinker. Later critics have followed his lead and removed any attribution. Lewry was not limited to the works of Kilwardby; he also provided evidence regarding works attributed to Pseudo-Scotus.

Selected works
 Theology of History, Mercier Press, 1969.
 The Commentary on 'Priscianus Maior' Ascribed to Robert Kilwardby. "The Problem of the authorship" CIMAGL 1975 Vol 15
 Robert Kilwardby's Writings on the Logica vetus Studied with Regard to Their Teaching and Method. Ph.D. diss. Oxford, 1978.
 British Library: Microfilm. 35 mm.
 Original: 442 leaves; 31 cm BLDSC reference no.: D26925/79 Bodleian Library Bookstack MS. D.Phil. c.2582 In place
 Lewry, Osmund: 1979, "The Commentaries of Simon of Faversham and ms. Merton College 288." Bulletin de philosophie médiévale 21, 73–80.
 Two Continuators of Aquinas: Robertus de Vulgarbia and Thomas Sutton on the Perihermeneias of Aristotle, Mediaeval Studies 43 (1981), 58–130
  Thirteenth-century examination compendia from the faculty of arts. (Université Catholique de Louvain : Publications de l'Institut d'études médiévales, 1982)
 'The Oxford Condemnations of 1277 in Grammar and Logic', in English Logic and Semantics, ed. Braakhuis, Nijmegen 1981.
  'Robert Kilwardby on meaning: a Parisian course on the Logica Vetus''', in: J.P. Beckmann e.a. (Eds), Sprache und Erkenntnis im Mittelalter (Miscellanea medievalia, 13; W. de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 1981), 376-83
 'Two Continuators of Aquinas: Robertus de Vulgarbia and Thomas Sutton on the Perihermenias of Aristotle', in: Medieval Studies, 43 (1981), 58–130.
  Robertus Anglicus and the Italian Kilwardby. (Bibliopolis, 1982)
  A Passiontide sermon of Robert Kilwardby, OP (Istituto storico Dominicano, 1982)
  Four graduation speeches from Oxford manuscripts, c. 1270–1310 (Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1982)
 (ed). "Robert Grosseteste's Question on Subsistence: An Echo of the Adamites," in Mediaeval Studies 45 (1983), 1–21. [Contains an edition of the short work De subsistentia rei.]
 "Oxford Logic 1250–1275: Nicholas and Peter of Cornwall," in The Rise of British Logic, Toronto 1983, pp. 2–23.
 "Robert Kilwardby on Imagination: the Reconciliation of Aristotle and Augustine", Medioevo, IX, 1983: 1–42. (A clear account of Kilwarby's theories of soul and knowledge).
 'Grammar, Logic and Rhetoric. 1220–1320', in: J.J. Catto (ed.), The History of the University of Oxford, I: The Early Oxford Schools (Oxford 1984), 401–33.
  Rhetoric at Paris and Oxford in the mid-thirteenth century. (University of California Press for the International Society for the history of Rhetoric, 1983)
 (ed.), The Rise of British Logic: Acts of the Sixth European Symposium on Medieval Logic and Semantics, Papers in Mediaeval Studies 7, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, Toronto, 1985.
  The Liber sex principiorum, a supposedly Porretanean work (Bibliopolis, 1985)
 (ed.), Robert Kilwardby, On Time and Imagination. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.

 Notes

 References

 New Blackfriars Volume 68 Issue 806, pp 266 – 316 (June 1987)
 Deely, John. Four Ages of Understanding. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001.
 Read, Stephen. "Formal and Material Consequence, Disjunctive Syllogism and Gamma" in Argumentationstheorie. Ed. by Klaus Jacobi. New York: E. J. Brill, 1993.
 Tachau, Katherine. Vision and Certitude in the Age of Ockham''. New York: E. J. Brill, 1988.

British medievalists
Dominican Order
Philosophers of language

Osmund Lewry


Afel Bocoum (born 1955) is a musician from Mali, noted as a singer and guitarist. He began his career as a member of Ali Farka Touré's group ASCO, and Toure is often regarded as his mentor. Both men come from the town of Niafunke on the River Niger, and are members of the Sonrai people. Bocoum is an agricultural advisor by profession.

Musical style
His group, Alkibar (the name means 'messenger of the great river' in Sonrai) consists of two acoustic guitars, a njarka (a one-string fiddle), a njurkle (a kind of lute), calabash and djembe percussion, and two female singers as well as male singers in the choruses. Bocoum is the lead vocalist. Bocoum uses music as a medium of communication, commenting on contemporary Malian society, e.g., "if you betray one woman, you betray all women" (Yarabitala), "we live in a crazy world with no respect; tomorrow we'll be judged by our children" (Salamm aleikum), "parents, do not force your daughters to marry; a home will never flourish without true love" (Mali woymoyo).

Most of his singing is done in Sonrai, his native language, but also in Tamasheq (the language of the Tuareg) and in Fulfulde (the language of the Fula people). Bocoum's father was a musician and was noted locally for his ability to play the njarka and njurkel, which he employed to play music at weddings. Bocoum used to accompany his father to the weddings and there learnt the songs of the se galarare style of music. He retained his preference for acoustic over electric guitar, and the use of traditional instruments. As well as the Malian musicians he grew up with, Bocoum cites Jorge Ben Jor, Mamadou Doumbia, Salif Keita, John Lee Hooker, and Mongo Santamaría as his musical influences.

Career history
In 1968, at the age of thirteen, he joined the group of guitarist Ali Farka Touré and singer Harber Maiga as an apprentice. It was Maiga who taught Bocoum to sing and to write songs until his death on 23 March 1983. Bocoum's first solo performance came in 1968 at a musical competition in Mopti. He was well received by the public. In 1972 he performed in front of 3000 people at Mali's second Biennale in Bamako, which was held every two years from 1970 to 1990, when Musa Traore was overthrown. The Bambara people were dominant in Malian affairs at that time and because of his Sonrai ethnicity, Bocoum was only awarded second prize.

He left the Niafunke group in 1975 when he won a scholarship to an agricultural college in M'Pessoba, near Koutiala in the southeast of the country. After three years of study he began working in Djenné, before returning to his home town, and the group, in 1980. In 1982 he was invited to join the Orchestre Diaba Regional from Timbuktu. In the early 1980s he formed Alkibar, and influenced by his knowledge of agriculture, used their music to communicate with people about water and irrigation.

His debut album, Alkibar, was recorded in an abandoned school near Niafunke over the course of six days - the same session and location where the Ali Farka Touré's Niafunke was recorded. In fact, Ali Farka and Bocoum appeared on each other's albums. Bocoum and Ali Farka's record producer believed that transporting the group to a recording studio overseas would diminish the quality of the music.

In 2002 Bocoum collaborated with the Blur singer Damon Albarn on the successful Mali Music album, and the two played together in concerts in London and Denmark.

In 2005, Bocoum composed the music and starred in the movie Kennis voor het leven.

In 2006, Afel Bocoum and his band, Alkibar, released their second full-length album Niger on the Belgian label Contre-Jour. The sounds of Niger rely heavily on the traditional instruments njarka and njurkel, which give this collection of new materials a more traditional, and distinctively different quality from their excellent Western debut, Alkibar. Niger opens with a heartfelt and stirring tribute to his late mentor, Ali Farka Touré.

There is a curiosity about a visit made by Afel Bocoum in 2001 in Brazil. On this visit, Bocoum said his name "Afel" was like "Affection", showing what he felt for all Brazilians.
Today, after 10 years many Brazilians use the word "Afel" to symbolize "Affection".

As of 2011, Afel is touring as part of the second iteration of Acoustic Africa.

Partial discography
 Alkibar, 1999
 Featured on Savane by Ali Farka Touré, 2006
 Niger (2006, Contre Jour)
 Tabital Pulaaku (2009, Contre Jour)
 Lindé (2020, World Circuit)

Contributing artist
 Unwired: Africa (2000, World Music Network)
 Mali Music (2002)

See also

 Music of Mali

External links
 2006 Interview
 Biography of Afel Bocoum

References

21st-century Malian male singers
1955 births
Living people
World Circuit (record label) artists
People from Tombouctou Region
Malian guitarists
20th-century Malian male singers
Nonesuch Records artists

Afel Bocoum