Carl Johannes Edwards (originally Kiviaho) (1914 – 1985) was an English stained glass designer. He trained at Whitefriars Glass, taking over as its chief designer following the death of James Hogan. He later established his own studio, first at the Apothecaries Hall, then at Fulham Glass House. Edwards' designs were mainly for church windows, in particular for Liverpool Cathedral.

Biography
Carl Edwards was born in Marylebone, London, to Finnish parents. He joined Whitefriars Glass at the age of 14 to work in the office, and in the evenings studied architecture at Regent Street Polytechnic. Although he was a fine pianist with aspirations to make this his career, he decided instead to train as assistant to James Hogan, the chief designer at Whitefriars. In the Second World War he enlisted with the Royal Engineers, and changed his name to Edwards. After the war he returned to Whitefriars, becoming its chief designer after the death of Hogan. In 1952 Edwards went into partnership with Hugh Powell, establishing a studio in the Apothecaries Hall in London. The partnership did not last long, but Edwards continued to work at the Apothecaries' Hall until he moved to Fulham Glass House in 1972, taking over the firm of Lowndes and Drury. Edwards died in 1985.

Works
During the Second World War the stained glass in the Lady Chapel of Liverpool Cathedral was damaged by bombing, and James Hogan was appointed to replace it. When he died in 1948, the work was taken over by Edwards, using the original iconography for some windows and redesigning others. He later designed other windows in the cathedral, including five of the six nave windows and, his major work in the cathedral, the Benedicite window at the west end, which covers an area of .

Elsewhere, Edwards designed the central east window in the Temple Church, London, and 40 heraldic windows for the debating chamber of the House of Lords. Most of his designs were for church windows in England and Wales, although he also carried out commissions for works in the US, Australia, and New Zealand.

References
Citations

Sources

1914 births
1985 deaths
20th-century English artists
Artists from London
British stained glass artists and manufacturers
English people of Finnish descent
Artists from Marylebone
20th-century English male artists

Carl Johannes Edwards


A medalist (or medallist) is an artist who designs medals, plaquettes, badges, metal medallions, coins and similar small works in relief in metal. Historically, medalists were typically also involved in producing their designs, and were usually either sculptors or goldsmiths by background. In modern times, medalists are mostly primarily sculptors of larger works, but in the past the number of medals and coins produced were sufficient to support specialists who spent most of their career producing them. From the 19th century, the education of a medalist often began with time as an engraver, or a formal education in an academy, particularly modeling and portraiture. On coins, a mark or symbol signifying the medalist as the original designer was often included in a hidden location and is not to be mistaken for the symbol of the mint master. Artistic medals and plaquettes are often signed prominently by the artist.

Background

Artistic medals have been produced since the late Renaissance period, and, after some classical precedents and Late Medieval revivals, the form was essentially invented by Pisanello, who is credited with the first portrait medal, which has remained a very popular type.  He cast them like bronze sculptures, rather than minting them like coins.

Medalists are also often confusingly referred to as "engravers" in reference works, referring to the "engraving" of dies, although this is often in fact not the technique used; however many also worked in engraving, the technique in printmaking.

The production of coins is accomplished through the use of either a die for minting coins by hammering or, in modern times, milling or, mostly in prehistoric times and also in Asia, a mold for casting the desired object.  Artistic medals and plaquettes have mostly been produced by lost wax casting.

The design for the coin faces were originally engraved into the coin dies.  It was necessary to use a burin to engrave the designs directly into the die inverted (i.e. raised areas of finished coin were hollowed out on the die) and as a mirror image so that the finished coin appeared correct.  This resulted in the early medalists being called steel-chiselers.  Medalists who were contracted by the state to produce the coins and medallions for the mint were often given official state titles.  In addition to their state contracts, medalists were also allowed to earn income through private commissions for medals.

See also
List of medallists

References

External links

Numismatics
Exonumia

Medalist


Russell W. Freeburg (born March 4, 1923) is a former managing editor and Washington bureau chief for the Chicago Tribune. He is the co-author of a book on the role of oil in World War II.

Biography

Of Swedish descent, he is a native of Galesburg, Illinois. He served as a staff sergeant with the 8th armored division in World War II in the Ardennes, Rhineland, and Central Europe campaigns. He was awarded the Bronze Star Medal for advancing alone under enemy fire to persuade a German gun emplacement to surrender. He was graduated from Washington University in St. Louis in 1948.  He also attended Knox College in Galesburg, where he met and married Sally Woodford of Chicago. They had three children, Jon, Hollis and Allison.

Journalism career

Mr. Freeburg began his journalism career in 1948 at the City News Bureau of Chicago as a police and criminal courts reporter. He joined the Chicago Tribune in 1950 and in the next seven years covered news ranging from gangland slayings to the grain pits of the Chicago Board of Trade. After covering Chicago's western suburbs for two years, he was assigned to the financial news section in 1952 and transferred to the city room in 1957. A year later, he was moved to Washington, where through the next decade he covered the economics beat, the Justice Department, the White House and presidential political campaigns. He was named executive director of the Tribune's Washington bureau in 1966 and two years later he became the bureau chief. He became the paper's managing editor in 1971, resigning a year later to return to Washington. Mr. Freeburg also has been a Meet the Press panelist. In 1974/1975, Mr. Freeburg was White House coordinator to President Gerald Ford's Citizens' Action Committee to Fight Inflation.

Author

 Inside The Front Page published in 2019 by Ampersand, Inc. A memoir about Freeburg's life in the newspaper business in Chicago and Washington, DC in the aftermath of WWII and into the political turmoil of the mid-20th century.
 Oil & War with co-author Robert Goralski of NBC News, was published in 1987 by William Morrow and Company. The book told about the deadly struggle for oil in the years before and during World War II and how control of it eventually meant victory or defeat. It was part of a public television series in 1993 on oil.
 There Ought to Be a Place - A history of the Congregational Summer Assembly, published in 2001, on the occasion of the organization's centennial anniversary.

References

Chicago Tribune people
1923 births
Journalists from Illinois
Washington University in St. Louis alumni
Knox College (Illinois) alumni
United States Army personnel of World War II
American newspaper reporters and correspondents
Living people
Ford administration personnel
United States Army non-commissioned officers
American people of Swedish descent

Russell Freeburg


The Oude Maas (; ) is a distributary of the river Rhine, and a former distributary of the river Maas, in the Dutch province of South Holland. It begins at the city of Dordrecht where the Beneden Merwede river splits into the Noord and the Oude Maas. It ends when it joins the Nieuwe Maas to form Het Scheur.

Geography
The Oude Maas forms the southern boundary of the IJsselmonde island. Soon after Dordrecht the Dordtsche Kil forks off and after that the Oude Maas forms the northern boundary of the Hoeksche Waard island, flowing west until the Spui river forks off at the town of Oud-Beijerland. The Oude Maas then heads northwest between the towns/cities of Spijkenisse and Hoogvliet and joins the river Nieuwe Maas opposite the city of Vlaardingen. The combined river is known as Het Scheur and flows to the North Sea.

The river is tidal and has nature and recreation areas.

History
During the early Middle Ages the main flow of the Maas followed the current Oude Maas. During the later Middle Ages, a flooding event caused the Oude Maas to connect to the Merwede rivers. From that moment on, the Oude Maas was fed by both the Maas and the Rhine. However, after the St. Elizabeth's floods the Merwede found a new and shorter path to the sea (the current Hollands Diep). As a result, the Oude Maas was devoid from much of the inflow of fresh water and changed into a brackish estuary. When the flow of the Merwede was better distributed among its lower branches (due to artificial means), the Oude Maas was once again a major distributary branch of both the Maas and Rhine.

In the late 19th century the connection between the Maas and Rhine was closed off entirely (the current Afgedamde Maas) and the Maas was given a new, artificial mouth - the Bergse Maas. The resulting separation of the rivers Rhine and Maas reduced the risk of flooding and is considered to be the greatest achievement in Dutch hydraulic engineering before the completion of the Zuiderzee Works and Delta Works. From that moment on, the Oude Maas is only fed by the Rhine.

Transport
Connections from the IJsselmonde island on the north:

with Dordrecht island:
 road bridge
 road tunnel
 railway bridge
with Hoeksche Waard island:
 1st and 2nd Heinenoordtunnel (motor vehicles, cyclists)
with Voorne-Putten island:
 Spijkenisser Bridge (motor vehicles, cyclists, pedestrians)
 metro tunnel

References

Distributaries of Europe
Rivers of the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta
Rivers of the Netherlands
Rivers of South Holland
Drechtsteden
Hoeksche Waard
IJsselmonde (island)
Voorne-Putten

Oude Maas


All Saints' Church is a redundant Anglican church in the village of Icklingham, Suffolk, England.  It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building, and is under the care of the Churches Conservation Trust.  The church stands in the highest point in the village, adjacent to the A1101 road between Mildenhall and Bury St Edmunds.  This was formerly the ancient trackway of Icknield Way, and Icklingham is close to an important junction on this trackway.

History
A Roman Christian graveyard exists in Icklingham, and a baptismal font was found on the same site. The Icklingham font is made of lead, and is visible in the British Museum.

Some of the fabric in the nave is Norman dating from the 11th or 12th century.  The church was almost completely rebuilt in the 14th century, a time of great prosperity in the area.  A south porch was added in the 15th century.  The church has been unused for over 100 years, and its benefice has been united with that of St James, the other church in the village.  It was declared redundant in the 1970s.  Since passing into the care of the Churches Conservation Trust, its roof has been re-thatched in the traditional manner.

Architecture

Exterior
The church is constructed in flint rubble with freestone dressings.  The roof is thatched.  Its plan consists of a four-bay nave with a south aisle and a south porch, a chancel, and a southwest tower.  The tower is in three stages with a plain parapet and gargoyles, and has diagonal buttresses.  In the lowest stage is a simple blocked doorway with a lancet window above it.  In the middle stage is a circular window on the west side.  The top stage contains large bell openings with Y-tracery on each side.  The north nave wall contains the Norman fabric, which includes large areas of coursed flint walling and two blocked lancet windows.  It also contains a doorway and 14th-century windows, and there are similar windows on the north and south walls of the chancel.  The north wall of the chancel contains a doorway, and the east window has three lights.  The east window of the south aisle  has five lights, flanked by canopied niches.  The niches show traces of colour, suggesting that they were originally painted.  Its south wall contains a three-light window, and under the eaves is a cornice decorated with ball flowers.  The porch has a pilastered doorway and two-light windows on each side.  The south doorway into the church dates from the 14th century.

Interior
The south arcade has four bays carried on octagonal piers with moulded capitals. On the north and south walls is a cornice carved with a frieze containing a variety of motifs.   There is a trefoil-headed piscina in the south wall of the aisle, and another in the south wall of the chancel.  Also in the chancel is a double aumbry.  The chancel also contains many 14th-century mosaic tiles with line-impressed decorations, dating from the 14th century.  The rood screen is still partly present, and there is a door and stairs to the previous rood loft.  The limestone font dates from the 14th century.  It is carried on five columns, and its octagonal bowl is carved with different tracery on each face. The pulpit is also octagonal; it dates from the 17th century.  Some of the stained glass dates from the 14th century.  The pews are carved with poppyheads and date from between the 15th and the 17th centuries.  There is a ring of three bells.  Two of these were cast between 1424 and 1513 by Brasyers of Norwich, and the other in 1608 by John Draper of Thetford.

See also
List of churches preserved by the Churches Conservation Trust in the East of England

References

External links
Photograph of the stained glass in the south window of the south aisle

14th-century church buildings in England
15th-century church buildings in England
Grade I listed churches in Suffolk
Church of England church buildings in Suffolk
English churches with Norman architecture
English Gothic architecture in Suffolk
Thatched buildings in Suffolk
Churches preserved by the Churches Conservation Trust

All Saints' Church, Icklingham


Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), is an analysis tool widely used in materials sciences, thermochemistry, drug purity  and food quality testing. Its speed and ease of operation give instant information about the thermodynamic characteristics that play an important role in understanding complex processes during the formation of substances; for instance, polymer cross-linking, heat exchange due to folding and unfolding of proteins or formation mechanism of single or double stranded DNA.  The DSC was firstly invented in 1962 by E.S. Watson and M.J. O'Neil and made available to the market in 1963 at the Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy conference held in Pittsburgh.

Physical Structure

The two most common types of differential scanning calorimeter, are heat flux DSC, which operates by keeping the heat supply to the system as constant and power-compensated DSC, which works by maintaining the power supplied to the calorimeter as constant. In general, a DSC calculates heat changes by measuring the temperature difference between the sample and reference holder. The typical design of the heat flux DSC can be seen from  Figure 1. It contains the sample holder, where the material of interest is placed, and the reference holder, which is generally kept empty. Both of these are placed on a support, which is in good contact with the walls of calorimeter. The heating resistor is attached to the boundary walls that enables one to obtain a furnace generating and keeping the required heat amount inside the enclosure. The thermocouple connected to both sample and reference holder is a measuring device that gives the temperature to be used in the analysis. Heat supplied by the heating resistor flows further into the sample and the reference materials chambers.

Theory

The simplest theoretical approach to understand the working mechanism of DSC's is called the simplified linear model and makes use of the following assumptions:
 The heat flow rate is constant,
 	No interaction between the sample and reference,
 	Only heat capacities of sample and reference are considered,
 	The temperature being measured to be the current temperature of sample,
 	The system is isolated from surrounding, that is no heat exchange with outside.

The Fourier's law of heat conduction, which is the fundamental law explaining how the heat is transferred through materials can be used to see the relationship between the temperature and the heat flow in the system. This law states that the amount of heat energy passing through a small portion of an area (A) of a material, which is called heat flux density and denoted by  is equivalent to thermal conductivity (k) multiplied by the change in the temperature with respect to position, which can be denoted as  . This relationship in an equation form can be written as,

Generally, in DSC a computer is used to supply heat at specific rate into both the reference and sample holders. When the sample holder contains a substance while the reference kept empty leads to either increase or decrease in temperature of sample holder denoted by   depending on the following processes:
 If the process is heat-consuming, that is external heat is needed for the event to take place, which is also called endothermic then the temperature in the sample holder decreases.
 If the process is heat-releasing, that is extra heat is produced, which is also called exothermic then the temperature in the sample holder increases.

Then, the resulting change in the heat flow due to these temperature variations can be found by using the Fourier's law as the following,

or

Hence, based on this simple model it turns out that there is a direct proportionality(K) between the heat flow and the temperature variations of the sample. This proportionality constant is dependent on the distance from the wall to the sample shown as (Δx), the cross section area of the support (A) and the thermal conductivity (k). Generally, the main results of the DSC experiment is an output signal of heat flow rate as a function of temperature, which are called DSC curves . Analysis of these curves plays an important role in determination of heat of transformation, heat of reactions or any changes in heat capacity due to temperature variations, for instance, the enthalpy of exothermic and endothermic processes can be determined by finding the area under the DSC curve using a mathematical technique called integral calculus.

Applications

Thermal denaturation of proteins
One of the most important applications of DCS is related to the thermal unfolding of the proteins, a process called denaturation.The DCS's role in this process is used to determine the temperature range over which proteins exhibit structural changes. In addition to that, when the protein solution is treated under constant heat rate and constant pressure, DSC can determine apparent heat capacities of the proteins. In fact, the denatured proteins turn out to have higher heat capacities and proper detection of changes on them over time can help to find out the extent of unfolding.

Evaluation of lipids and fats
Food quality control is one of the most important issues for human health care and well-being.  There has been reported many unlawful practices with regard to food products, specifically adulteration of some highly priced vegetable oils and fats. Adulteration is an action of mixing low quality and sometimes harmful ingredients with food products intended to be sold. In this field, DSC is used to analyze the thermal behaviour of lipids mainly by two processes, the cooling process, which reports information about the crystallisation and the heating process, which gives information on the melting behaviour of the building blocks of lipids. The adulteration in fats or oils changes the DSC cooling and heating curves. For example, new peaks appear and existing peaks undergo changes. Hence, analysis of DSC data can be used in estimation of adulteration process on nutrients.

Drug purity
DSC has gained quite a lot interest in drug purity investigation because it requires samples with low quantity (1–2 mg) and is considerably fast in terms of analysis time. For instance, by monitoring the effects of foreign substances, it can be found to what extent a drug is pure. It turns out that impurities decrease the melting temperature  of the drug. In addition, melting temperature can also be used to estimate the thermal stability of drugs, because the higher the  the more stable is the protein. Therefore, DSC allows instant monitoring of this temperature leading to much easier and faster way of controlling the drug quality.

References

Sources
 Thomas Engel, Philip Reid, Physical Chemistry (3rd Edition), Prentice Hall (2013)
 Dr. G. W. H. Höhne, Dr. W. F. Hemminger, Dr. H.-J. Flammersheim, Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Springer (2003)
 J. L. McNaughton, C. T Mortimer, Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Perkin-Elmer Corp, CRC (1975). Edited by Emma Chiavaro.
 Julian M. Sturtevant, Biochemical Applications of Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 1987. 38: 463-88.
 Michael H. Chiu, Elmar J. Prenner, Differential scanning calorimetry: An invaluable tool for a detailed thermodynamic characterization of macromolecules and their interactions. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2011 Jan-Mar; 3(1): 39–59.
 Ilian Jelesarov, Hans Rudolf Bosshard, Isothermal titration calorimetry and differential scanning calorimetry as complementary tools to investigate the energetics of biomolecular recognition. J. Mol. Recognit. 1999;12:3–18
 McElhaney RN, The use of differential scanning calorimetry and differential thermal analysis in studies of model and biological membranes. Chem Phys Lipids. 1982;30:229–59.
 Bruylants G, Wouters J, Michaux C. Differential scanning calorimetry in life science: Thermodynamics, Stability, Molecular recognition and application in drug design.Curr Med Chem. 2005;12:2011–20.

Materials science

Differential scanning calorimeter


1,3-Propanedithiol is the chemical compound with the formula HSCH2CH2CH2SH.  This dithiol is a useful reagent in organic synthesis.  This liquid, which is readily available commercially, has an intense stench.

Use in organic synthesis
1,3-Propanedithiol is mainly used for the protection of aldehydes and ketones via their reversible formation of dithianes. A prototypical reaction is its  formation of 1,3-dithiane from formaldehyde. The reactivity of this dithiane illustrates the concept of umpolung.  Alkylation gives thioethers, e.g. 1,5-dithiacyclooctane.

The unpleasant odour of 1,3-propanedithiol has encouraged the development of alternative reagents that generate similar derivatives.

1,3-Propanedithiol is used in the synthesis of tiapamil.

Use in inorganic synthesis
1,3-Propanedithiol reacts with metal ions to form chelate rings.  Illustrative is the synthesis of the derivative diiron propanedithiolate hexacarbonyl upon reaction with triiron dodecacarbonyl:
Fe3(CO)12 +  C3H6(SH)2  →   Fe2(S2C3H6)(CO)6  +  H2  +  Fe(CO)5  +  CO

Safety
The stench of 1,3-propanedithiol can be neutralized with bleach.

See also
1,2-Propanedithiol

References

Reagents for organic chemistry
Thiols
Foul-smelling chemicals

Propane-1,3-dithiol


John Binder (August 11, 1902 – March 6, 1986) was a Golden Age comics creator and art packager. A fine artist by education, Binder had a prolific comics career that lasted primarily from 1937 to 1953, through his most concentrated work was through 1946. He was the creator of the original comic book Daredevil, for Lev Gleason Publications. Binder is credited with coining the term zero gravity as part of a 1938 article in Thrilling Wonder Stories. Binder's younger brothers were Earl and Otto Binder, collectively known as Eando Binder when writing science fiction.

Biography
Born into a German-Lutheran family in Austria-Hungary, Binder emigrated to America in 1910, where he settled with his parents and five siblings in Chicago.

Six months after the debut of Thrilling Wonder Stories, its June 1937 issue contained a picture feature by Jack Binder entitled If---!. Binder's earlier training as a fine artist helped him create detailed renderings of space ships, lost cities, future cities, landscapes, indigenous peoples, and even ancient Atlantis. If---!'''s pen and ink drawings are hand-lettered and rendered in black and white. These one-to-two page studies presented readers with possible outcomes to early 20th-century scientific quandaries.
In the October 1938 issue of the pulp magazine, Binder's article "If Science Reached the Earth's Core" is the first attested use of the phrase "zero gravity".

Moving to New York City, Binder worked for three years for the Harry "A" Chesler studio, one of the early comic-book "packagers" that supplied complete comics on demand for publishers entering the new medium. Binder left the Chesler studio in 1940 as the firm's art director.

In the early 1940s Binder drew for Fawcett Comics, Lev Gleason Publications, and Timely Comics; during this period he created the Golden Age character Daredevil (not to be confused with the Marvel character of the same name) for an eight-page backup feature in Lev Gleason Publications' Silver Streak #6 (September 1940), and along with Stan Lee, co-created the Destroyer in Timely's Mystic Comics #6 (October 1941).

Jack Binder Studio
By 1942 Binder had formed his own studio, with over 50 artists, in a Fifth Avenue loft in Manhattan. Later, Binder moved his studio to Englewood, New Jersey, to the upstairs loft of a barn, where it produced material for publishers like Fawcett, Nedor Comics, and Lev Gleason Publications. Features the studio worked on included the Fighting Yank, Mister Scarlet and Pinky, Bulletman, Ibis the Invincible, Captain Battle, the Black Owl, and the adapted pulp magazine features Doc Savage and The Shadow. In addition to running the studio, Binder drew layouts for Fawcett Comics stories which other artists finished for him.

Artists employed by Jack Binder Studios included Ken Bald, Carmine Infantino, Gil Kane, Pete Riss, Kurt Schaffenberger, and Bill Ward. Bald eventually became the studio art director. As Kane recalled, "Binder had a loft on Fifth Avenue and it just looked like an internment camp. There must have been 50 or 60 guys up there, all at drawing tables. You had to account for the paper that you took."

After closing his studio in 1946, Binder continued to work casually in the industry until he fully retired in 1953 and returned to fine and commercial art. He lived in Chestertown, New York, at the time of his death.

Erroneous Pseudonym
Some reference works erroneously state Charles Maxwell Plaisted was a pseudonym for Binder when in fact Plaisted was a real person.

References

External links

 Kyle, Richard. "A Real-Life 'Marvel Family': A 1973 Talk with Golden Age Artisans Jack & Otto Binder," Alter Ego'' #55 (Dec. 2005) pp. 58–67.

1902 births
1986 deaths
American comics artists
American people of German descent
Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to the United States
Golden Age comics creators
Pulp fiction artists

Jack Binder (artist)


The Canadian Albums Chart is the official album sales chart in Canada.  It is compiled every Wednesday by U.S.-based music sales tracking company Nielsen Soundscan, and published every Thursday by Jam! Canoe, along with its sister charts the Canadian Singles Chart and the Canadian BDS Airplay Chart.

The chart has 200 positions, however, Jam! only publishes the top 100 for the public. Unlike the case with its CD single equivalent (the Canadian Singles Chart), album sales are not declining as rapidly in Canada as CD singles are, and the Canadian Albums Chart remains the most reliable source for the most popular albums in Canada.

References
Nielsen Soundscan
Jam! Canoe

Other websites
Top 100 Albums In Canada

Record charts

Canadian Albums Chart


Canadian Club (also commonly known as just C.C.) is a Canadian brand of whisky. Canadian Club was created by Gooderham and Worts. It is currently being produced by Beam Suntory.

History
Canadian Club started being made in 1858. The first distillery was created in Walkerville, Ontario. They decided to create the distillery in Walkerville because of the good quality of the local grains that were there.

The whisky was popular in the late 19th century in gentlemen's clubs of Canada and the United States. It was known as "Club Whisky" because of this. After it became very popular, American distillers decided to petition to include the word "Canada" on the bottle to identify it from their competing whiskies. By doing this, they thought that it would stop the popularity of the whisky. However, this made the whisky even more exclusive. In 1889, Walker changed the label and added the word "Canadian" to the top of the label. In 1890, the label was changed again, with "Canadian" being moved down from the top of the label and incorporated into the name of the whisky.

During the Prohibition years, one of Canadian Club's most important clients was gangster Al Capone. He would smuggle thousands of cases of Canadian Club through a route from Windsor to Detroit.

The whisky has received royal warrants from Queen Victoria, Edward VII, George V, George VI, and Elizabeth II. Hiram Walker & Sons were the only North American distiller to receive a royal warrant.

References

Other websites
Official website

Whisky

Canadian Club


The  is held at the beginning of November every year in Saga Prefecture, Japan. In 2014 it took place between October 30 and November 3.

The fiesta is held just outside Saga City, along the Kase River. It has grown from a gathering of 5 hot air balloons to a competition where over 3500 people volunteer, and has gained a reputation as one of the top ballooning competitions in the world. It is also a popular time for tourists as the Karatsu Kunchi Festival is held at the same time in Karatsu. Since 1980 the launch site has been visited by over 10 million spectators.

For the duration of the event, a temporary JR station (Balloon Saga Station) ferries passengers between Saga City and Kubota.

History
The fiesta started in 1978 in Amagi City, Fukuoka Prefecture, as a smaller ballooning event, the Balloon Fiesta in Kyushu. In 1980 the Fiesta was moved to the outskirts of Saga City, where there is more room. In 1984 it became an international competition and was given its present name; in the same year the first Japanese National Hot Air Balloon Championship was held, and balloonists from all over Japan came to the grounds.

Since 1984 there have been approximately 640 balloons from overseas participants (nearly 3000 crew and pilots). In 1990 the first Pacific Championship was held in Saga. Between 1990 and 1996 women from around the world gathered to participate in the Ladies World Cup. Saga was the first place to have a competition of this kind.

Beginning in 1992 a category for special shaped balloons, called Balloon Fantasia was created. Also started at this time was the La Montgolfier Nocturne (The Night of Hot Air Balloons); tethered inflated balloons light their burners in a choreographed manner, illuminating their unique shapes.  This is a highlight of the fiesta.

In November 1997 the 13th Hot Air Balloon World Championships were again held in Saga. With numbers rarely seen outside of the United States, this event was attended by over 38 countries and territories. There were 112 balloons present for the World Championship and together with the balloons that were competing in the Honda Grand Prix Final Battle, Balloon Fantasia, and official balloons there were 170 balloons flying through the skies of Saga.

In 1997, special days during the Fiesta were established for people to experience the balloons. These include Heartful Day, a day geared toward handicapped members of the community; and Kids Day, a hot air balloon classroom for children.

The fiesta was canceled for 2020, with the 2021 event taking place without spectators, and the 2022 event having spectators.

See also
 List of hot air balloon festivals

External links

  Official website
  Official website

Saga (city)
Festivals in Saga Prefecture
Hot air balloon festivals
Sports festivals in Japan

Saga International Balloon Fiesta


Class 93 is the traction classification assigned to the electric locomotives that were to enter service as part of British Rail's InterCity 250 project on the West Coast Main Line. They would have been derived from the Class 91 locomotives that entered service on the East Coast Main Line in 1989. The locomotive would have been used along with a train of up to nine Mark 5 coaches and a DVT, similar to the InterCity 225 sets. The locomotives would have been capable of up to 155 mph. Tenders to construct the locomotives and rolling stock were issued in March 1991, with an expected in service date of 1995; it was envisaged that up to 30 complete trains would be initially required, with a total cost estimated at £380 million. However, the InterCity 250 project was canceled in 1992, so the rolling stock orders were never made.  Here  is a picture of what the cab may have looked like.

93

British Rail Class 93


The colon is a part of the large intestine. It is between the cecum and the rectum. The colon takes water from the feces that goes through it. The colon in mammals can be divided into four sections:
 the ascending colon
 the transverse colon
 the descending colon
 the sigmoid colon

Ascending colon
This part of the colon goes from the cecum (where the small intestine  ends) up the right hand side of the abdomen.

Transverse colon
This part of the colon goes across the from the ascending colon. It goes underneath the stomach and the pancreas and joins the descending colon near the spleen.

Descending colon
This part of the intestine is about 30 cm in length. It travels down the left side of the abdomen. It is possible to have medical problems with the descending colon including ulcers, cancer and Crohn's disease.

Sigmoid colon
This is the small "S" shaped part of the colon, about 40 cm in length, which goes from the bottom of the descending colon into the centre of the pelvis to the rectum. It gets its name from the Greek letter "s", sigma.

References

Other websites
 Overview and diagrams at seer.cancer.gov
 Video: What is Colorectal Cancer?

Anatomy of the digestive system

Colon (anatomy)


Zdenko Blažeković (23 September 1915 – 12 January 1947) was a Croatian fascist official who held several posts in the World War II genocidal Ustaše regime in the Independent State of Croatia (NDH). He was the student commissar at the Ustaše University Centre (USS), leader of the male Ustaše Youth organisation and a sports commissioner in the NDH.

Born in the town of Bihać, he graduated from high school in Osijek before applying to join a polytechnic college in Zagreb with the intention of becoming a builder. He was a member of various Croatian cultural and athletic organizations during his youth, and even played as goalkeeper for Hajduk Osijek and HAŠK football clubs.

Briefly a member of the conservative Croatian Peasant Party (HSS), Blažeković was imprisoned several times by the Yugoslav authorities because of his involvement with various Croatian youth organizations which saw him often involved in clashes with left-wing students. He joined the far-right Ustaše in 1939, and following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia and the establishment of the Ustaše-led NDH in April 1941, went on to be appointed to the newly formed Ustaše supervisory committee by Slavko Kvaternik. That same month he also became the leader of the Ustaše University Headquarters and the Ustaše Youth, charged with organizing student bodies at the University of Zagreb and promoting Ustaše's policy of preventing all non-Croats from attending universities in the country.

In 1942, he was involved in the formation of the 13th Ustaše Assault Company, and by 1943 had attained a seat in the Croatian Parliament. Between 1942 and 1943 he was involved in recruiting students to join Ante Pavelić's personal bodyguard and was promoted to the rank of major. He held the position of head of the Ustaše University Headquarters and Ustaše Youth until January 1945, when he was appointed Commissioner for Physical Education and Sport. Blažeković fled Zagreb from the advancing Yugoslav Partisans in May 1945 and ended up in a refugee camp in Salzburg, Austria. In August, he was arrested by American forces who extradited him to Yugoslavia on 12 February 1946. He was tried in Zagreb on 12 January 1947, sentenced to death, and executed the same day.

Early life and family

Zdenko Blažeković was born on 23 September 1915 in the town of Bihać, the son of local politician Emilijan "Milan" Blažeković. Ethnically Croat, the Blažeković family was descended from  15th century tribesmen in the town of Livno.

Blažeković finished high school in Osijek and later applied to join a polytechnic college in Zagreb with the intention of becoming a builder. In 1935, he became a member of the "Croatian Academic Society August Šenoa" (, HADAŠ) and by 1936 he became its vice-president. A versatile athlete, he played as goalkeeper for the football clubs Hajduk in Osijek and HAŠK in Zagreb. He also played tennis and was one of the founders of the Drava rowing club in Osijek. For a short period of time, Blažeković was a member of the Croatian Peasant Party (, HSS). After leaving the party, he became involved in various Croatian youth organizations and was imprisoned several times in Zagreb and Osijek as a result. During this time, he was also involved in numerous violent confrontations with Communist students.

After attending a public celebration of HSS leader Vladko Maček's birthday on 20 June 1935, Blažeković was imprisoned by Yugoslav authorities and tortured for twelve days in prison on the island of Korčula. He was subsequently taken to Dubrovnik and charged with conspiring against the Yugoslav state but was not convicted. In 1939, he joined the Ustaše, a Croatian fascist organization which advocated armed struggle in achieving Croatia's independence from the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. During this period, he came into contact with the fascist leader Slavko Kvaternik. From late 1940 to early 1941, Blažeković was pursued by Yugoslav authorities because of his association with the Ustaše and hid in Zagreb to avoid capture.

World War II

Invasion of Yugoslavia

On 6 April 1941 Axis forces invaded Yugoslavia. Poorly equipped and poorly trained, the Royal Yugoslav Army was quickly defeated. The country was then dismembered by the occupying forces and the extreme nationalist and fascist Croat leader of the Ustaše Ante Pavelić – who had been in exile in Benito Mussolini's Italy – was appointed Poglavnik (leader) of a newly established Ustaše-led Croatian state, the Independent State of Croatia ( or NDH). The NDH combined almost all of present-day countries of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as parts of Serbia, into what was described as an "Italian-German quasi-protectorate". Under the Ustaše regime, genocidal policies were implemented and directed against the Serb, Jewish and Romani populations living within the country.

Command of the Ustaše University Centre and Ustaše Youth

On 11 April, Kvaternik named Blažeković to the newly formed Ustaše supervisory committee. On 23 April, Blažeković led a crowd of more than 1,100 Croatian students as they gathered in the courtyard of the University of Zagreb before going to St. Mark's Square in central Zagreb to watch Pavelić give a speech. Here, Blažeković and the students swore loyalty to the Poglavnik and the NDH. In a speech of his own, Blažeković told Pavelić that he and the students were ready to follow him "in life and death". When the Ustaše supervisory committee was disbanded on 9 May, Blažeković was named a commissioner in the main headquarters of the NDH. That same month, he was named the commander of the Ustaše University Headquarters (, USS). Although this organization technically required all students in the NDH to become members, most kept away from membership. Increasingly, the USS became a wing of the NDH's student elite with strict rules of membership and privileges, with members attending rallies at which Pavelić spoke and wearing Ustaše uniform.

In an interview with Novi list, Blažeković stated that all work at the University of Zagreb would be "in harmony with the new Ustaša spirit ... with which youth had been imbued for years in the decades when the university was the "battleground" of the Croatian struggle for liberation." He went on to say that the first priority of the USS was to be the social welfare of students and the expansion of student dining rooms and residential halls. He declared that the structure of the university would change to conform with Ustaše principles – each faculty would have its own camp, consisting of a camp leader and seven adjutants responsible for military training, socio-economic welfare, contacts, sports, professional training, education and journals. Blažeković explained that for the first year of academic study, the university would employ "veteran warriors" as teachers who were to be replaced by fully trained "younger forces" who had spent the previous year preparing for their new roles. Furthermore, he stated that student volunteers would collaborate in the creation and popularization of the USS and other Ustaše organizations, which, once they had established themselves in university life, were to establish a professional, non-ideological student organization meant to incorporate all Croatian students. When asked if Serbs and Jews were to be permitted to attend universities in the NDH, Blažeković replied: "In the coming academic year, the university will be swept clean of foreigners hostile to Croatians and the Ustaše movement, and in this way our endeavours at the university will be made easier." Later, while dining with the wife of a Swedish diplomat, Blažeković boasted of the large number of Serbs he had killed, claiming that he placed the ears of murdered Serbs on a necklace worn over his smoking jacket.

At the same time that he was appointed the leader of the USS, Blažeković was also named commander of the male Ustaše Youth organisation. In its first months, many young Croats joined the movement, with recruitment being fuelled  mostly by extreme Croatian nationalism. In addition, many were motivated to join because the Youth provided athletic, intellectual and artistic training for "the next generation of Ustaše leaders." For others, membership gave "a sense of meaning to their lives" and was appealing because it represented "a youthful rebellion against the Yugoslav state." By May, some Ustaše Youth camps publicly announced their refusal to accept new members as they lacked the capacity to do so. Although it is unclear how many young Croats joined the movement, Blažeković claimed a figure of half a million members. He defined the Ustaše Youth as a "secular movement" meant to promote "brotherly cooperation and mutual life" of peasant, working-class and intellectual youths in the NDH.

In late 1941, Blažeković's father was appointed mayor of Osijek, holding this position until 1942. That year, the younger Blažeković became involved in the formation of the 13th Ustaše Assault Company, using his position as commander of the Ustaše Youth to convince many young Croats to join. In February 1942, he became a member of the Croatian Parliament. Between 1942 and 1943 he participated in recruiting many students for Ante Pavelić's personal bodyguards (Poglavnikov Tjelesni Zdrug, PTZ) He was later promoted to the rank of army major. In 1944, he wrote a book titled The Youth and the State ().

Commissioner for Physical Education and Sport

Blažeković held the post of commander of the USS and commander of the Ustaše Youth until January 1945, when he was named Commissioner at the State Directorate for Physical Education and Sports (, DVTOŠ) in the NDH. Upon taking this position, he introduced strict new sports laws that emphasized discipline during football matches and criminalised monetary and material rewards for athletes. Blažeković justified the new laws by saying: "Croatian sport is an amateur sport, and as such it will remain". Attempting to tackle the problem of unruly crowds, he introduced new laws banning disorderly spectators from ever entering football stadiums. Warnings by Blažeković and the DVTOŠ were regularly printed in daily party newspapers, calling for citizens and athletes to abide by the new laws.

Capture and execution

As Allied forces descended on Zagreb, Blažeković left the city on 6 May 1945 and fled from Slovenia into Austria. He was subsequently placed in a refugee camp in Salzburg. On 28 August, American forces arrested him and sent him to a detainment camp before having him extradited to Yugoslavia on 12 February 1946. Blažeković was tried in Zagreb on 12 January 1947, sentenced to death, and executed the same day.

Notes

References

1915 births
1947 deaths
Men's association football goalkeepers
Croatian collaborators with Fascist Italy
Croatian men's footballers
Croatian nationalists
Croatian Peasant Party politicians
Croatian people convicted of war crimes
Croat politicians from Bosnia and Herzegovina
Executed Croatian collaborators with Nazi Germany
Executed mass murderers
Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia perpetrators
HAŠK players
People extradited to Yugoslavia
People from the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Politicians from Bihać
Ustaše
World War II prisoners of war held by the United States

Zdenko Blažeković


Robert Barclay (1774–1811) was a lieutenant-colonel.

Barclay entered the army as an ensign in the 38th Regiment on 28 October 1789, and embarked with his regiment for the East Indies, where he signalised himself in most of the actions fought there in 1793. He was so distinguished by his talents and courage that he was promoted to a lieutenancy on 31 May 1793, and to a company on 8 April 1795, and on both occasions out of his turn. Having been taken prisoner by the enemy, he suffered much in captivity, and in the year following his promotion he returned to England. Though entitled to six months' leave, he hastened to rejoin his regiment, then in the West Indies.

His distinguished qualities having become known to Lieutenant-general Sir John Moore, he was promoted to a majority in the 52nd on 17 September 1803, and on 29 May 1806 to a lieutenant-colonelcy. In 1808 he accompanied Sir John Moore in the expedition to Sweden, and afterwards to Portugal. He was mentioned in despatches for his distinguished conduct during the Battle of the Côa on 24 June 1810. He afterwards commanded a brigade, at the head of which, when charging the French on the heights of Busaco, he received a wound below the left knee. For his conduct at Busaco he was again honourably mentioned in despatches. His wound obliged him to leave the service, and he died from the effects of it on 11 May 1811.

References

1774 births
1811 deaths
18th-century English soldiers
19th-century English people
British Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
British Army personnel of the Peninsular War
British military personnel killed in action in the Napoleonic Wars

Robert Barclay (British Army officer)


The Audi A3 is a subcompact executive/small family car (C-segment) manufactured and marketed by the German automaker Audi AG since September 1996,  currently in its fourth generation.

The first two generations of the Audi A3 were based on the Volkswagen Group A platform, while the third and fourth generations use the Volkswagen Group MQB platform.

First generation (Typ 8L; 1996)

The original A3 (or Type 8L) was announced back in June 1995, but introduced first in the European market for more than year in September 1996, marking Audi's return to the production of smaller cars following the demise of the Audi 50 in 1978. This was the first Volkswagen Group model to use the "PQ34" or "A4" platform, bearing a close resemblance to the contemporary Volkswagen Golf Mk4, which arrived a year later. Within three years, this platform was used for total of seven cars.

The A3 was initially available only with a three-door hatchback body, to present a more sporty image than the Golf, in both front and four-wheel drive. The inline four-cylinder engines were transversely mounted. The Audi A3 was the eighth model in the Audi lineup to use five valves per cylinder. The dashboard was also used by the first generation SEAT León and second generation SEAT Toledo.

The United Kingdom market first received the Audi A3 in November 1996.

In 1999 Audi expanded the range with the introduction of more powerful versions: a 1.8 turbo rated , and a 1.9 TDI diesel engine with unit injector "Pumpe Düse" (PD) technology and variable geometry turbocharger. The four-wheel-drive A3 1.8T quattro used either the  or  engine, and the same Haldex Traction-based four-wheel-drive system as the Audi S3 and the Audi TT. Also in 1999, Audi also introduced a five-door body.

In late 2000 the A3 range was revised with new headlights and rear lamps, other minor cosmetic changes, an improved interior, and the introduction of a six-speed manual gearbox, on the  1.8 Turbo and the new  1.9 TDI.

Audi's electronic stability control, traction-control, and brake force distribution computer became standard equipment in some countries.

Although the first-generation Audi A3 was replaced in Europe in 2003, the first generation model continued to be sold in some markets. Production of the first generation model stopped in Brazil in 2006.

Safety

Euro NCAP rating of 4 out of 5 stars. Their evaluation concluded "the column lock, adjuster lever and bracket presented hazards in the knee impact area for the driver. These could cause high loads on his upper legs and damage to his knees." The A3 also provides almost no protection to pedestrians, giving it two stars out of a possible four.

S3 (1999–2003)

Audi released the A3-derived Audi S3 in 1999, only as a three-door hatchback. The inline-four 20v 1.8 L turbocharged petrol engine came in two versions:  and . Early models (1999–2001) had . Later models (2001–2003) had variable valve timing and . The engine had a maximum of  torque. This was the first time a small four-cylinder engine had been used in an Audi S-series car.

Although dubbed "quattro", the S3 uses a different four-wheel drive system. The Haldex Traction coupling adjusts the bias of torque distribution from the front to rear axle as grip requirements change – most of the time it operates as a front-wheel drive.

The S3 was sold in Europe, Japan, Mexico, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand.

The S3 was given a facelift in 2002, where it was given one-piece headlights/indicator units, different front wings, rear lights clusters, and some minor upgrades to interior trim.

Standard features include xenon HID headlamps with high pressure washers and auto levelers, front fog lamps, 17" "Avus" alloy wheels with 225/45R17 tyres, electrically adjustable Recaro leather seats, climate control, alarm and electronic stability control with traction control.

Options include a Bose sound system, boot/trunk or in-dash mounted 6-disc CD changer, metallic paint, 18-inch 9-spoke RSTT wheels, glass sunroof, centre arm rest, privacy glass (B-pillar backwards), auto-dimming rear-view mirror, parking assist, luggage net, heated front seats, cruise control, aluminium door mirror casings and part leather/Alcantara (blue/silver/yellow) combination seat coverings. These items are standard in some export markets.

Engines
The engines used are the same as those for many other cars in the Volkswagen Group.

Second generation (Typ 8P; 2003)

Initial release
At the 2003 Geneva Motor Show, Audi launched the second generation of the A3, the Typ 8P, designed by Gary Telaak during 2000 (however, the final design was frozen in 2001). Originally launched only as a three-door hatchback with four-cylinder engines, it featured a new automobile platform (the PQ35 platform), a redesigned and more spacious interior, new petrol engines with Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI), and standard six-speed manual gearboxes (except on the base 1.6 petrol and 1.9 diesel).

In mid-2003 the line was updated with two sports-oriented models, a 2.0 Turbo-FSI version rated , and a 3.2 L VR6 engine (for the first time) with . Haldex Traction-based quattro on-demand four-wheel drive, and the S-Tronic semi-auto gearbox were introduced as options (quattro is standard on the VR6) on models with engines over .

In 2005 the "S line" trim level, offering new decorative elements, became available and the three-door A3 received the same front-end styling features as the Sportback model. For the first time, the A3 became available in the North American market, exclusively with the Sportback body, with the base 2.0 inline-four FSI introduced in 2005 as a 2006 model, and the 3.2 VR6 Quattro following.

A3 Sportback (2004–2013)
The five-door "Sportback" model was introduced in June 2004. The A3 Sportback is  longer than the base three-door body, and includes improved rear cabin space and a larger luggage compartment (370 litres). It also received the new "single frame" front grille originally introduced in the A8 W12, which was later adopted across the whole A3 range.

S3 (2006–2013)

In August 2006, Audi introduced the second generation S3. Offered in three- and five-door body styles, the second generation—Typ 8P—S3 is powered by a modified and uprated Volkswagen Group-sourced 2.0-litre turbocharged FSI petrol engine, with a maximum output of . As with all Audi S models, the design was done in-house by quattro GmbH. The engine features uprated high-performance pistons, revised boost/fuel mapping, increased turbocharger size (KKK K04) and larger intercooler. The most powerful form of this engine, and quattro four-wheel drive, makes for a  time of 5.7 seconds, and an electronically limited top speed of . Audi offers both six-speed manual and six-speed S-Tronic automatic transmissions with the S3.

The spring ratings and dampers were revised, along with the body kit. Like its predecessor, although badged a "Quattro" model, the S3 does not employ a Torsen centre differential (as in other common Quattro models), but instead uses the Swedish Haldex Traction system in its on-demand four-wheel drive transmission, due to the transverse engine layout.

Safety

Euro NCAP tested a second-generation Audi A3 with front airbags, side airbags, seatbelt pretensioners, and load limiters as standard. Despite Audi increasing the protection inside the car for the driver and passengers, pedestrian safety actually got 33% worse compared to the first generation and Euro NCAP gave criticism for the car offering virtually no protection at all on the front end and scoring just one star from a possible four. "A poor result for a new car" was the verdict given for pedestrian safety after the test.

2008 facelift
Audi introduced a number of changes to the A3 and S3 in 2008. These include revised nose and tail styling, with a modified grille and daytime running lights, common rail 2.0 TDI engines, seven-speed S tronic dual clutch transmission availability for the smaller non-U.S. engines, and optional "magnetic ride" adaptive shock absorbers. In addition, the range now includes an S3 Sportback model.

Also, a cabriolet version was introduced. It was similar in dimensions to the 3-door version, with a two-box design.

Audi A3 TDI Clubsport quattro (2008)
Audi A3 TDI Clubsport quattro is a concept car unveiled in 2008. Based on the Audi A3 three-door, it is an approach by Audi to address both performance and the environment.

The engine in the concept car is a turbocharged 2.0-litre diesel producing  and . of torque. It produces  per litre while meeting Euro 5 Diesel emission standards. It uses the quattro drive system with a six-speed manual transmission.

The chassis has Audi's Magnetic Ride Suspension system, lowering the vehicle  from the base model. It also has ceramic front brakes, a four-link rear suspension and electro-mechanical servo assist for the rack and pinion steering.

Exterior modifications include the widening of the three-door's grill, modifying the odd, and enlarging air intakes. Bolt-on fender flares and a large rear spoiler have been added. The interior changes include sport seats and a flat-bottomed steering wheel.

Audi claims performance of  in 6.6 seconds with a top speed of . It is expected to get approximately .

RS 3 Sportback (2011–2012)

The Audi RS 3 is derivative of the A3 Sportback with a 5-cylinder,  turbocharged engine rated at  and , vermicular-graphite cast iron crankcase, seven-speed S tronic transmission with two automatic modes and one manual mode, Quattro on-demand four-wheel drive system, widened track to , MacPherson strut in aluminum, lowered body by , 19-inch cast aluminum wheels in machine-polished titanium styling (optional black with a red rim flange) with 235/35 front and 225/35 rear tires,  front and  ventilated brake discs, aluminum brake disk covers, four-piston fixed calipers in high-gloss black with RS logos, electronic stabilization program with Sport mode, flared front fenders made of carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP), prominent sill panels and exterior-mirror casings in matte aluminum, roof spoiler, high-gloss black diffuser insert, two elliptical exhaust tailpipes on the left, black interior, sports seats upholstered in Nappa leather with silver contrasting stitching, inlays in Piano black finish or Aluminum Race colour, flat-bottomed leather multifunction sports steering wheel, choice of 5 body colors are available with an unlimited selection of custom paint finishes. Its acceleration is quoted as  in 4.6 seconds, with an electronically limited top speed of . Optional features included front bucket seats, roof rails in matte aluminum look, styling packages in black or matte aluminum.

First deliveries started in early 2011.

A3 Cabriolet Sport and S line Final Edition (2013–)
The A3 Cabriolet Sport Final Edition is a version of the A3 Cabriolet Sport model for the UK market, commemorating the end of the A3 Cabriolet's production run. It included Vienna leather upholstery, front seat heating, rear parking sensors, automatic headlight and wiper activation, cruise control, a Bluetooth mobile phone interface.

S line Final Edition is based on the A3 Cabriolet Sport Final Edition model, with 18-inch S line alloy wheel with a new five-segment spoke design, full Vienna leather upholstery, S line safety and entertainment features with xenon plus headlights with LED daytime running lamps, DVD-based satellite-navigation, Audi Music Interface iPod connection, a BOSE sound system.

Engines
In January 2007, the naturally-aspirated 2.0 FSI was replaced by a new turbocharged 1.8 TFSI engine rated . It is available in front-wheel drive only.

In late 2007, Audi introduced a new  1.4 L TFSI engine for the A3, replacing the 1.6 L FSI engine, and a new diesel "e"-model. The "e"-model, Audi's equivalent of Volkswagen's BlueMotion, is available with the 1.9 L TDI engine, and offers a more ecological car, with a CO2 emission below 120 g/km.

Audi released two models of the A3 1.6 TDI for the European market. The first uses Audi's start/stop and energy recovery system, and produces . This engine achieves approximately . The second engine does not use the same efficiency systems and will produce  will get . They went on sale in June 2009.

In 2009, the 1.6 L eight-valve petrol engine was replaced by a turbocharged 1.2 TFSI engine already found in VW's Polo and Golf models. This engine is rated at  and , emitting 127 g/km of .

The A3 2.0 TDI clean diesel is a version of Audi's A3 2.0 TDI for the North American market, making it the second Audi TDI vehicle sold in North America, following the Audi Q7 TDI in 2008. It is a FWD vehicle with S-Tronic transmission with Hill-hold assist, Sirius satellite radio, Leather seats and steering wheel, Auxiliary audio input, Dual-zone climate control,  alloy wheels. The vehicle was unveiled at the 2009 North American International Auto Show. This US model would begin sale in the first quarter of 2010 as a 2010 model year vehicle.

In March 2011, the line-up was expanded with the introduction of a more powerful 2.0 TDI with .

The 2.0 TDI engine was included in the engines found by the United States Environmental Protection Agency to use software intentionally designed to turn off emission control systems except when undergoing emission testing. Models made from 2009 to 2015 were affected.

Third generation (Typ 8V; 2013)

The vehicle was unveiled at the 2012 Geneva Motor Show and went on sale in Europe in September 2012.

First vehicle using the flexible modular Volkswagen Group MQB platform, the third generation is available as a three-door hatchback, a five-door "Sportback", a four-door saloon to directly rival the Mercedes-Benz CLA-Class, and a two-door Cabriolet.

The front suspension is a MacPherson strut set-up while the rear utilizes torsion bar suspension (models with less than 150 PS) or multi-link rear suspension (models with 150 PS or more).

The features include:
Multi-collision brake: Emergency braking function stops the car after the first impact, to prevent secondary collisions
Multi Media Interface MMI entertainment system (Tegra 3 processor) with handwriting recognition
4G broadband internet
adaptive cruise control
Pre sense front/basic radar-guided collision avoidance system
active lane assist
side assist

Early German models include 1.4 TFSI (122 PS), 1.8 TFSI (180 PS), and 2.0 TDI (150 PS). 1.2 TFSI (105 PS), 1.4 TFSI (140 PS), 1.8 TFSI quattro (180 PS), 1.6 TDI (105 PS), and 2.0 TDI quattro (150 PS) were added in 2013.

A3 1.2 TFSI (105 PS) was added to the UK market in 2013, followed by A3 1.4 TFSI (140 PS) in 2013.

For the 2020 model year, the vehicle is exclusively built at the Ingolstadt plant, as opposed to previous model years where sedans and convertibles were built at the Győr plant.

A3 Sedan (2013–2020)

The A3 Sedan includes a body  wider and  lower than that of the A3 Sportback. Other features include 16- to 18-inch-wheels (optional 19-inch wheels via quattro GmbH) and electronic stabilization control with electronic differential lock.

The vehicle was unveiled at the 2013 New York Auto Show.

The German model went on sale in late summer 2013. Early models include 1.4 TFSI (140 PS), 1.8 TFSI (180 PS), and 2.0 TDI (150 PS).

Delivery of the UK models began in autumn of 2013. Early models include 1.4 TFSI (140 PS), 1.8 TFSI (180 PS), and 2.0 TDI (150 PS).

In international markets like Pakistan, Audi has introduced it with a 1.2 TFSI engine. This has allowed Audi to bypass high import duties on larger displacement engines, offer the car at a competitive price, and become a leader in the imported luxury car segment. In Malaysia, the Audi A3 was launched in 2014 and sold as two models - a 1.4-liter with 7-speed S-Tronic automatic transmission, and a 1.8-liter with 6-speed DSG and Quattro all-wheel drive. The facelifted version has yet to be launched. In Singapore, the Audi A3 sedan and Sportback are currently available as 1.0-liter turbo models only.

A3 Cabrio (2013–2020)

The A3 cabriolet model was offered starting in 2014. It has a three-box body style and a larger boot than the previous model (320 litres versus 260).

A3 Sportback (2013–2020)

The Audi A3 Sportback includes a wheelbase  over previous model,  longer than that of the A3 and a front axle shifted forward by  over the previous model. Other features include a choice of 13 body colours (three solid finishes, eight metallic finishes, and two pearl-effect finishes), an optional high-gloss package adding accents around the windows (standard with the Ambiente trim line), six-speed manual transmission (optional S-Tronic) for all engine models, 16 or 17-inch wheels depending on trim line (optional 18-inch wheels), Audi drive select (standard with Ambition) with optional S-Tronic, and optional electromagnetic damper control system.

German models went on sale in February 2013. Early models include 1.4 TFSI (122 PS), 1.8 TFSI (180 PS), 1.8 TFSI quattro (180 PS), and 1.6 TDI. 1.2 TFSI (105 PS), 1.4 TFSI (140 PS), 2.0 TDI (150 PS), 2.0 TDI quattro (150 PS), and 2.0 TDI (184 PS) were available in later date.

A3 Sportback g-tron (2013–2020)

It is a version of the A3 Sportback with 1.4 TFSI (110 PS) engine powered by compressed natural gas or Audi e-gas synthetic methane; gas tank made of gas-impermeable polyamide polymer, carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), glass fiber reinforced polymer; and an electronic gas pressure regulator. The synthetic methane was produced by waste product from a nearby Werlte biogas plant operated by power utility EWE.

A3 Sportback e-tron (2014–2018, 2020)

The plug-in hybrid concept car was unveiled at the 2013 Geneva Motor Show. In May 2013 Audi confirmed its decision to produce a plug-in hybrid version of the A3, the Audi A3 Sportback e-tron, which was scheduled for retail sales in Europe by late 2013, and by mid 2014 in the U.S. and the UK. The A3 e-tron shares the same plug-in hybrid powertrain used in both the Volkswagen Golf GTE and Passat GTE. To charge the A3 e-tron, the Audi four rings logo is pulled along to reveal a charging socket.

The A3 Sportback e-tron is powered by a 1.4 L TSI gasoline engine that delivers  and  of torque, coupled with a  electric motor, which is integrated into the car's six-speed dual-clutch automatic transmission, for a total combined output of  and  The plug-in hybrid has an 8.8 kWh battery pack that delivers an all-electric range of  on the NEDC, and a total of . The plug-in hybrid can reach a top speed of  and can accelerate from 0- in 7.6 seconds. According to Audi the car has an average fuel efficiency of 188 mpg equivalent and  emissions of 35 g/km.

After some delays, the A3 Sportback e-Tron went on sale across Europe in August 2014. The first 227 units were registered in Germany in August 2014. , global sales totaled 12,994 units, of which, 12,945 units were registered in Europe, and 49 units in the United States, where deliveries began in December 2015.

Audi discontinued the A3 PHEV Sportback e-tron in Europe in November 2018. However, the model was briefly re-introduced at the end of 2019 for MY20, now called A3 Sportback 40 e-tron under Audi's new naming scheme. The revised A3 e-tron in the UK featured a different level of specification, losing the previously standard LED headlights but gaining Audi's virtual cockpit as standard. The revised model featured the same battery and drivetrain as before, now rated at 22 miles of electric range under the new WLTP test.

S3 (2013–2020)

The third generation Audi S3 is powered by a  TFSI (turbo gasoline direct injection) inline-four engine, with an output of  at 5,500 rpm and  of torque at 1,800-5,500 rpm, with its redline at 6,800 rpm. It features new pistons with stronger bolts and new rings, as well as reinforced connecting rods with new mounts transferring the power to the crankshaft. The cylinder head is made of a new lightweight aluminium alloy designed with high strength and temperature resistance in mind. It has a combined fuel economy of  manual; and  with S tronic.

The engine weighs in at ,  lighter than the previous generation. The S3 is capable of 0– in 4.8-5.2 seconds and has an electronically limited top speed of .

RS 3 (2015–2020)

Details for the RS 3 Sportback were revealed in December 2014. It went on sale in the first quarter of 2015 and featured a  straight-5 engine with  and  of torque. The RS 3 Sportback is equipped with 7-speed dual clutch S tronic transmission and quattro all-wheel drive system. Scott Keogh of Audi of America said in April 2015 that he's "confident" we'll see the car come to the United States.

In 2017, the RS3 sedan or saloon was added to the line-up. The RS3 can be ordered with a fixed-suspension or an adjustable magnetic damper. Depending on the country, the RS3 can be purchased with different optional packages. For example, the Black Optic package includes high-gloss black 19-inch wheels, high-gloss black outside mirror covers, and a high-gloss black trunk lip spoiler, while the Dynamic package consists of titanium 19-inch wheels with summer performance tires, red brake calipers, and a sport exhaust system.

2016 facelift

After four years, the third-generation Audi A3 was given a facelift for the model year 2016, which also coincided with the 20th anniversary of the A3 name. The facelifted model was first unveiled through a set of official images in April 2016. The new A3 sedan was given significant cosmetic updates, which were inline with the automaker's new design philosophy. As a result, the 2017 Audi A3 featured the Matrix LED headlamps that were earlier seen in the A8 flagship sedan and the R8 supercar. The front grille was also given a refreshed treatment that made the A3 look like the A4. Changes on the sides and rear were minimal, with only the taillights getting optional LEDs. There were multiple updates on the interior as well, with a fully digital 12.3-inch instrument cluster screen placed behind a revised steering wheel available as an optional upgrade. Sold in Europe and released in the United States for the 2016 model year.

Safety

Euro NCAP tested a third-generation Audi A3, 3-door hatchback with front airbags, side airbags, seatbelt pretensioners and load limiters as standard and scored it accordingly:

Engines

Fourth generation (Typ 8Y; 2020)

The new A3 was unveiled online in 2020.

The new interior and exterior styling is heavily inspired by Lamborghini, LED headlights and taillights, with the option of Matrix and Laser LED headlights. It shares the MQB evo platform with other Audi models, and with the Volkswagen Golf Mk8, SEAT Leon Mk4, and Škoda Octavia Mk4.

It is 3 centimetres longer and wider when compared to the outgoing model while keeping the wheelbase length the same, trunk cargo space is 380 litres with the seats up, and 1200 litres with the seats folded down. It has a drag coefficient of 0.28, and is powered by 1.0-liter 3-cylinder gasoline turbocharged engine with 110 hp, 1.5-litre  with 150 hp, 2.0-liter TDI with 116 hp or 150 hp.

There is also a new 2.0-liter Quattro version in both gasoline and diesel variants. It produces  and  of torque (400 Nm for the diesel variant). It also has reduced cargo space (320 litres instead of the 380 litres in the other A3 variants) due to the Quattro four-wheel-drive system.

The S3 model has the same 2.0L petrol engine from the previous generation, producing  and  of torque, but this time is only available with an automatic gearbox. Similarly it has reduced cargo space due to the Quattro four-wheel-drive system.

Like the previous generation, the new S3 also comes as a saloon/sedan.

The new A3 Sedan was revealed on 21 April 2020, with the front fascia similar to that of the A3 Sportback. Compared with its predecessor, the new A3 Sedan is 4 cm longer (4.50 meters), 2 cm wider (1.82 meters), and 1 cm taller (1.43 meters). However, the wheelbase remains unchanged.

This generation of the A3 sedan is not expected to arrive in North America until late 2021, as a 2022 model.
North America will not get the Sportback e-Tron like before. In the countries that will receive The PHEV A3 will no longer be called The e-tron because this name is reserved for electric Audi cars. Instead, it is called The TFSIe. There are 2 version of the TFSIe, called the "40" and the "45". The former dispatches a 0- time of 7.8 sec, while the latter is based on the Golf GTE and is a second quicker to .

This generation of the A3 sportback is arriving in Thailand this November 2021, as a 2022 model.

Audi RS 3

The highest specification RS 3 model is fitted with a 2.5-litre 5-cylinder producing  and , and has 0- acceleration time of 3.8 seconds. It gets a seven-speed dual-clutch automatic, or an electric S-Tronic gearbox. It also gets the new MMI infotainment system, with a 10.25 or 12.3-inch digital instrument cluster, and a secondary screen of 10.1-inches. With the RS DynamiC package the speed limiter is removed, allowing the RS3 TO reach a top speed of . The US-market RS3 produces marginally more power than the European RS3, at a claimed .

In October 2022, the RS3 Performance Edition was introduced for European buyers. The boost was increased from , bringing power up to  and thus matching the peak power of the federalized version. Torque remained as before but across a slightly wider range. The (unlimited) top speed reaches , a first for an A3 based model. Production is limited to 300 examples.

Sales

Awards and accolades
 (2014) World Car of the Year
 (2013) What Car? Small Family Car of the Year
 (2013) What Car? Car of the Year
 (2006) South African Car of the Year
 (2000) Brazilian Car of the Year
 (1997, 1999, 2000) Auto motor und sport readers' poll Best Car award
 (1997) Autozeitung "Auto Trophy" award
 (1996) Bild am Sonntag "Golden Steering Wheel" award

Motorsport

Münnich Motorsport used an S3 in the FIA World Rallycross Championship and the FIA European Rallycross Championship.

Robb Holland used an S3 Saloon to compete in the 2014 British Touring Car Championship season under the NGTC regs. Currently AmD Tuning field two S3 Saloon's for Ant Whorton-Eales and Ollie Jackson.

Audi's motorsports brand, Audi Sport, produced an RS3 LMS beginning in 2017. The car is built to TCR International Series regulations.

After the release of 4th generation of Audi A3; the model of RS 3 LMS TCR is also changed, and it will firstly start to race in 2021 WTCR season.

References

 "A7, A5, and A3 Joins Even Numbers", an article in the "News" section on page thirty-eight of the June 2004 issue of Motor Trend
 Audi A3 Owner's Manual (English/UK edition) (2000 Audi AG)

External links

A3
Compact cars
Euro NCAP small family cars
Latin NCAP small family cars
Hatchbacks
Sedans
Station wagons
Convertibles
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Cars powered by VR engines
Touring cars
Plug-in hybrid vehicles
Cars introduced in 1996
2000s cars
2010s cars
2020s cars
Cars of Brazil

Audi A3


The Milan Decree was issued on 17 December 1807 by Napoleon I of France to enforce the 1806 Berlin Decree, which had initiated the Continental System, the basis for his plan to defeat the British by waging economic warfare.

The Milan Decree stated that no country in Europe was to trade with the United Kingdom.

Content
The decree authorised French warships and privateers to capture neutral ships sailing from any port in Britain or any country that was occupied by British forces. It also declared that any ships that submitted to search by the Royal Navy on the high seas were to be considered lawful prizes if they were captured by the French.

Text
(Translation)

At Our Royal Palace at Milan, December 17, 1807.

Napoleon, Emperor of the French, King of Italy, Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine;

In view of the measures adopted by the British government on the 11th of November last by which vessels belonging to powers which are neutral or are friendly and even allied with England are rendered liable to be searched by British cruisers, detained at certain stations in England, and subject to an arbitrary tax of a certain per cent upon their cargo to be regulated by English legislation;

Considering that by these acts the English government has denationalized the vessels of all the nations of Europe and that no government may compromise in any degree its independence or its rights—all the rulers of Europe being jointly responsible for the sovereignty and independence of their flags—and that, if through unpardonable weakness which would be regarded by posterity as an indelible stain, such tyranny should be admitted and become consecrated by custom, the English would take steps to give it the force of law, as they have already taken advantage of the toleration of the governments to establish the infamous principle that the flag does not cover the goods and to give the right of blockade an arbitrary extension which threatens the sovereignty of every state;

We have decreed and do decree as follows:

Article 1.
Every vessel of whatever nationality, which shall submit to be searched by an English vessel or shall consent to a voyage to England or shall pay any tax whatever to the English government, is ipso facto declared denationalized, loses the protection afforded by its flag, and becomes English property.

Article 2.
Should such vessels which are thus denationalized through the arbitrary measures of the English government enter our ports or those of our allies or fall into the hands of our ships of war or of our privateers, they shall be regarded as good and lawful prizes.

Article 3.
The British Isles are proclaimed to be in a state of blockade both by land and by sea. Every vessel of whatever nation or whatever may be its cargo that sails from the ports of England or from those of the English colonies or of countries occupied by English troops or is bound for England or for any of the English colonies or any country occupied by English troops becomes, by violating the present decree, a lawful prize and may be captured by our ships of war and adjudged to the captor.

Article 4.
These measures, which are only a just retaliation against the barbarous system adopted by the English government, which models its legislation upon that of Algiers, shall cease to have any effect in the case of those nations which shall force the English to respect their flags. They shall continue in force so long as that government shall refuse to accept the principles of international law which regulate the relations of civilized states in a state of war. The provisions of the present decree shall be ipso facto abrogated and void so soon as the English government shall abide again by the principles of the law of nations, which are at the same time those of justice and honor.

Article 5.
All our ministers are charged with the execution of the present decree, which shall be printed in the Bulletin des lois.

(Signed) Napoleon

References

1807 documents
First French Empire
Napoleonic Wars
War of 1812 legislation
1807 in France
Decrees
1807 in the Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)
19th century in Milan
December 1807 events

Milan Decree


Revenue (or revenues) is income that an organization receives from its normal business activities. In the case of a corporation this is usually from the sale of goods and services to customers. In the case of a government, revenue usually comes from various taxes. In addition to sale of goods and services, some companies also receive revenue from interest, dividends or royalties paid to them by other companies.

First and foremost, it's important to note that revenue isn't the same thing as profit. Profit represents what is left over after all expenses are subtracted from revenues (gross margin). It would be possible for a company to generate high levels of revenue without earning any profit at all. For example, if Company A makes $1 million in sales but incurs $2 million in costs, then Company A will have zero net profit (or alternatively negative net profits).

References

Income

Revenue


Johann Melchior Molter (10 February 1696 – 12 January 1765) was a German composer and violinist of the late Baroque period.

He was born at Tiefenort, near Eisenach, and was educated at the Gymnasium in Eisenach. By autumn 1717 he had left Eisenach and was working as a violinist in Karlsruhe. Here he married Maria Salome Rollwagen, with whom he had eight children.  From 1719 to 1721 he studied composition in Italy. From 1722 to 1733 he was court Kapellmeister at Karlsruhe. In 1734 he became Kapellmeister at the court of Duke Wilhelm Heinrich of Saxe-Eisenach.

Maria died in 1737; by 1742 Molter had married Maria Christina Wagner. In that year he returned to Karlsruhe and began teaching at the gymnasium there. From 1747 to his death Molter was employed by Margrave Carl Friedrich of Baden-Durlach, the son of his first employer. He died at Karlsruhe.

Molter's surviving works include an oratorio; several cantatas; over 140 symphonies, overtures, and other works for orchestra; many concertos, including some of the first clarinet concertos ever written; and many pieces of chamber music.

One of Molter's many Trumpet Concertos is the signature piece of C-SPAN's Washington Journal.

References

External links

Klaus Häfner. "Molter, Johann Melchior." Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (accessed December 1, 2006), grovemusic.com  (subscription access).

1696 births
1765 deaths
18th-century classical composers
18th-century German composers
18th-century German male musicians
German Classical-period composers
German Baroque composers
German male classical composers

Johann Melchior Molter


The Berca Mud Volcanoes () is a geological and botanical reservation located in Scorțoasa commune close to Berca in Buzău County in Romania. Its most spectacular feature is the mud volcanoes, small volcano-shaped structures typically a few metres high caused by the eruption of mud and natural gases.

The geological phenomenon

As the gases erupt from 3000 metters deep towards the surface, through the underground layers of clay and water, they push up underground salty water and mud, so that they overflow through the mouths of the volcanoes, while the gas emerges as bubbles. The mud dries off at the surface, creating a relatively solid conical structure resembling a real volcano. The mud expelled by them is cold, as it comes from inside the Earth's continental crust layers, and not from the mantle.

The reservation is unique in Romania. Elsewhere in Europe, similar phenomena can be observed in Italy (northern Apennines and Sicily), Ukraine (in the Kerch Peninsula), Russia (in the Taman Peninsula) as well as Azerbaijan.

Gases
There are several sites (the main tourist sites being Pâclele Mari and Pâclele Mici), and gas analysis shows that the composition varies from site to site, but is mainly methane, with approximately 2% carbon dioxide, and 2–15% nitrogen. More details are given in Etiope et al.

Flora

The mud volcanoes create a strange lunar landscape, due to the absence of vegetation around the cones. Vegetation is scarce because the soil is very salty, an environmental condition in which few plants can survive. However, this kind of environment is good for some rare species of plants, such as Nitraria schoberi and Obione verrucifera as these plants can survive the high salt levels in the soil.

Tourism
The phenomenon can be observed on two separate locations near the Berca commune, dubbed the Little Mud Volcanoes and The Big Mud Volcanoes. The volcanoes themselves are surrounded by 'badlands' of water-cut ravines. Admission fees are charged (4 RON/adult in 2017) and (since you're walking on a crust of dried mud that is not entirely solid yet and will most likely never be solid) access is only permitted on dry days to prevent destruction of the unique environment.

References

Gallery

See also
 Tourism in Romania

External links

 Environmental Hazards and Mud Volcanoes in Romania
 360° panoramic images from the Muddy Volcanoes
 Itinerary and map the Muddy Volcanoes
 Etiope et al. Gas flux to the atmosphere from mud volcanoes in eastern Romania
 Beautiful Mud Volcanoes: Photography – https://www.amazon.com/Beautiful-Mud-Volcanoes-Photography-Places/dp/154490911X

Geography of Buzău County
Mud volcanoes
Protected areas of Romania
Tourist attractions in Buzău County
Geology of Romania

Berca Mud Volcanoes


Super glue, or cyanoacrylate, is the common name for a group of fast-acting adhesives with industrial, medical and household uses. It normally comes in a small tube, and is often sold as "Super Glue" or "Krazy Glue". It is slightly toxic.

Cyanoacrylate is an extremely strong glue. However, the glue is not so good at keeping together against shear (sideways pushing).

There are other versions for medical and veterinary use, created to be non-toxic and less irritating to skin.

Cyanoacrylate adhesives are sometimes known as instant glues.

Safety
Super glue will stick to human skin instantly.  If this happens, it can be removed with acetone, commonly found in nail polish remover. Medical grade super glue is sometimes used to seal small cuts, scrapes, and mild wounds. Never use in deep or puncture wounds.

Super glue will burn if it comes in contact with cotton, including cotton clothing, cotton gloves, and cotton swabs. The severity of this reaction can range from a small amount of heat and smoke to starting a fire, depending on the amount of glue and/or cotton involved.

Chemical compounds
Adhesives

Super glue


Bart Simpson is a fictional character in The Simpsons. At the age of 10, he is the oldest child of three children to Marge and Homer Simpson. He is the brother of Lisa and Maggie. Bart is someone who does not like school. At the time when the Simpsons was launched T-shirts were released that had a picture of Bart saying "Underachiever. And proud of it". Nancy Cartwright is the voice of Bart. Bart had a 10 year old love interest named Niki/Nikki. He's a skateboarder.

He likes to ride on a skateboard and makes Prank phone calls to Moe's Tavern to annoy the owner, Moe Szyslak.

School
Bart goes to Springfield School along with his 8-year-old sister Lisa.  Bart often gets grade Fs in school, whereas Lisa gets A grades. At Springfield Elementary, Bart's best friend is Milhouse Van Houten. Bart has received detention multiple times, and during the start of the show he is seen writing things repeatedly on a blackboard as a form of punishment. He is a good pranker.

Name
The character of Bart is an anagram of brat. Matt Groening was going to name the character Matt, but he realized that would be a giveaway, so he decided to name him Bart.

Fictional characters introduced in 1987
The Simpsons characters
Animated human characters

Bart Simpson


Darren Farris, (born August 2, 1972), is an American singer-songwriter based out of Los Angeles, California.  As a musician he is most notable for the self-penned 2008 singles "Jenna" and "Save Me", from the album Psychopathic Issues. Just weeks after the 2008 release of Psychopathic Issues, Farris' father died. The death of his father sent Farris into social reclusion for several months, distancing himself from the music industry and his new-found fans. In the spring of 2009 Farris emerged from his hiatus and resumed promotion efforts for Psychopathic Issues with a deep space, broadcast transmission of his single "Save Me". The deep space transmission garnered Farris some press headlines and put him second only to The Beatles for similar deep space broadcasts.  However, despite several efforts Farris was unable to spawn another significant hit song from the album.

Early years

After being raised the first five years of his life in Chicago, Illinois, the Farris' family relocated to Tennessee. Darren was so influenced by the music being pumped out of the Memphis airwaves, that he would ditch school to hang out at Beale Street dives. Later he would relocate to Los Angeles and study acting under the Hollywood based acting coach Ellen Gerstein.

External links
 Official Darren Farris Website
 Official Darren Farris Facebook
 Official Darren Farris Twitter
 Darren Farris Lyrics at MTV

American male singer-songwriters
Singers from Los Angeles
1972 births
Living people
Singers from Chicago
Singer-songwriters from California
21st-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American male singers
Singer-songwriters from Illinois

simple:Rick Springfield

Darren Farris