Sir Arthur Aston (died 1627) was appointed Proprietary Governor of Avalon in 1625 by Sir George Calvert (1579-1632), former Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs to King James I of England (and earlier James VI of Scotland), (later titled first Baron and Lord Baltimore in Ireland and received charter from King Charles I of the Kingdom of England in 1632 just before his death to found colonial Province of Maryland further south along Chesapeake Bay in future United States of America, carried out in 1634 by his eldest son/heir Cecilius Calvert, second Baron and Lord Baltimore (1605-1675) and his nephew, Leonard Calvert (1606-1647), the first provincial Governor of Maryland.

Aston was a devout Roman Catholic and was recommended by Father Stout to govern the Catholic colony. Aston arrived in Ferryland, Avalon's capital, around 1626 but returned to England the next year to resign his position and join the forces of the George Villiers, first Duke of Buckingham in France, where he died the same year.

External links
Government House The Governorship of Newfoundland and Labrador

1627 deaths
Knights Bachelor
Governors of Newfoundland Colony
Year of birth unknown
Canadian Roman Catholics

Arthur Aston (governor)


is a video game developed by Epoch and published by Sunsoft.

Summary
This video game was released exclusively in Japan on December 18, 1992 for the Nintendo Family Computer. As the title suggests, it is a video game where players use a Barcode Battler II (a card-scanning handheld) together with a Nintendo-licensed Famicom-Barcode Battler interface that came packaged with the game and not sold separately. A special set of Barcode Battler cards with barcodes imprinted on them were also required to play the game including the "White Card" that enabled players to scan any barcode (especially ones found on consumer products).

Barcode World includes barcode cards that feature characters from many Sunsoft series, most notably Hebereke and Gimmick!, but using the White Card included with the game, players were also given the ability to scan a wide range of consumer products. Released during a period of great interest in barcode-swiping games in Japan, the game dates itself as directly from the early 1990s, but the game still functions today exactly as it did then and modern products may also be scanned in order to generate new content for the game (RPG-style stats and attributes, etc.).

Legacy
The use of the Barcode Battler unit in conjunction with the Famicom was made possible using the Famicom-Barcode Battler interface – a connector cable that came with the Barcode World cassette. In this way, the Famicom was given the capacity to scan external barcodes to expand gameplay for the game to include all manner of household consumer products. Soon books were released by third parties that listed in detail which consumer products had the strongest barcodes. Today, the setup has been seen as a precursor to the 2001 Nintendo e-Reader for the Game Boy Advance. The two devices are very similar in that they serve the same purpose: to scan specially designed cards with barcodes imprinted on them as the primary means of using the device. The game continues to be played today often in emulated form, and modern emulators like FCEUX feature support specifically for the unusual Barcode World setup.

See also
 Nintendo e-Reader
 Sunsoft
 List of Famicom games

References

External links
 Atari HQ

1992 video games
Crossover video games
Epoch Co. games
Japan-exclusive video games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Nintendo Entertainment System-only games
Strategy video games
Sunsoft games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games using barcodes

Barcode World


Albert II, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (died 17 July 1362) was a German prince of the House of Ascania and ruler of the principality of Anhalt-Zerbst.

He was the third son of Albert I, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, but the eldest child born to his second wife Agnes, daughter of Conrad, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal.

Life
Still a minor when his father died in 1316, Albert and his younger brother and co-ruler Waldemar I were put under the custody of their maternal uncle, Waldemar, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal. When both brothers were proclaimed adults, they decided to ruled jointly without a territorial division of their inheritance, but with separated residences: Waldemar I decided to live in Dessau and Albert in Zerbst or Köthen.

Together, the brothers acquired full sovereignty over Zerbst, the Margraviate of Landsberg, and the Palatine County of Saxony after the extinction of the Ascanian line of Brandenburg (Frankfurt-am-Main, 27 September 1320), but the Margraviate of Brandenburg was taken by the Emperor Louis IV on behalf of his son. Three years later, in 1323, Albert was granted the title "Princeps Ascaniae" (Prince of Ascania).

Marriages and Issue
On 2 September 1324 Albert married Agnes (d. bef. 25 January 1337), daughter of Vitslav III, Prince of Rügen. The union was childless.

In ca. 1337 Albert married for a second time to Beatrix (d. aft. 26 February 1345), daughter of Rudolf I, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg. Her paternal grandmother Agnes of Habsburg was a daughter of Rudolph I, Holy Roman Emperor. The spouses were second cousins once removed: Beatrix's great-grandfather Albert I, Duke of Saxony, was a brother of Henry I, Count of Anhalt, Albert's great-great-grandfather. They had five children:
A daughter (d. ca. 1353), who married Albert VII, Count of Barby-Mühlingen.
Judith (d. 23 February 1381), married on 11 March 1358 to Burkhard XII, Burggrave of Magdeburg, Count of Retz, and Lord of Kaya.
Albert III, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (d. ca. 1 August 1359).
Rudolph (II) (d. 3 September 1365), Bishop of Schwerin (1365).
John II, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (d. 11 April 1382).

Princes of Anhalt-Zerbst
1362 deaths
Year of birth unknown

Albert II, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst


Napoleon is a fictional character and the main antagonist of George Orwell's 1945 novel Animal Farm.  While he is at first a common farm pig, he exiles Snowball, another pig, who is his rival for power, and then takes advantage of the animals' uprising against their masters to eventually become the tyrannical "President" of Animal Farm, which he turns into a dictatorship. Napoleon's greatest crime, however, is his complete transformation into Mr. Jones (original owner of Animal Farm).

Napoleon in the allegory

Napoleon was based on Joseph Stalin, who ruled the Soviet Union from 1924 to 1953. He is presumed to be named after the French emperor Napoleon. Napoleon and Snowball mirror the relationship between Stalin and Leon Trotsky. Trotsky supported Permanent Revolution (just as Snowball advocated overthrowing other farm owners), while Stalin supported socialism in one country (similar to Napoleon's idea of teaching the animals to use firearms, instead). When it seems Snowball will win the election for his plans, Napoleon calls in the dogs he has raised to chase Snowball from the farm. This is the first time the dogs have been seen since Napoleon took them in and raised them to act as his secret police.

Later on, after ostracising Snowball, Napoleon orders the construction of the windmill, which had been designed by Snowball and which Napoleon had opposed vigorously (just as Stalin opposed Trotsky's push for large scale industrialisation, then adopted it as a policy when Trotsky was in exile), so as to show the animals that he could be just as inventive as Snowball. The other animals are told it was Napoleon's ideas and that Snowball had stolen it. When the primitive windmill collapses after a storm, due to Napoleon's poor planning (a reference to Stalin's backward approach to the Five-Year Plans), Napoleon blames Snowball and starts a wave of terror (a reference to the Great Purge). During this period, he orders the execution of several of the animals after coercing their "confessions" of wrongdoing. He then commands the building of a second, stronger windmill, while severely cutting rations of the animals, except those of the pigs and dogs.

Napoleon later makes a deal with Frederick (similar to the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact shortly before World War II). Frederick tricks Napoleon by paying him for a load of timber with counterfeit money and then invading the farm (much as Germany broke its pact and invaded the Soviet Union). During the Battle of the Windmill, the windmill is destroyed; although the animals win, they pay a high price. Napoleon attempts to cover the losses by stating it was a grand victory for the animals.

Although Napoleon exhorts the other animals to fight and die for the good of the farm, he himself is a coward and a lazy one at that, in contrast to Snowball, who was more concerned with the welfare of his animal friends than his power. Napoleon uses corrupt historical revisionism to portray himself as a hero, claiming responsibility for the animals' victory in the Battle of the Cowshed, when in reality it was Snowball who had performed heroic acts in this battle. Snowball's acts are denigrated through bald-faced lies about him collaborating with Jones all along and openly supporting Jones during the battle. Snowball was wounded in the back by buckshot, but it is claimed Napoleon inflicted the wounds with his teeth. Napoleon spends most of his time inside, giving his orders through other pigs, like the cunning orator Squealer, who helps spread support for him and changes the commandments. Napoleon declares the farm a republic, and a president is elected; as the only candidate, Napoleon is elected unanimously.

During his time in power he also, through Squealer, secretly changes the Seven Commandments' prohibition against killing, drinking, and sleeping in beds, allowing his followers and him to break the original commandments, because the other animals (except for Benjamin, the cynical donkey) are not clever enough to notice, or they blame their own memories if they think they have noticed.

Ultimately, Napoleon becomes an oppressive dictator and begins to adopt many aspects of human behaviour. The pigs start walking on their hind legs, drinking alcohol, wearing clothes, and carrying whips near the end of the book. The commandments are changed to say, famously, "All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others." The maxim, "Four legs good, two legs bad." is changed to "Four legs good, two legs better."

The novel ends with Napoleon meeting with Pilkington of Foxwood Farm and other farmers, who claim the animals here work longer for less food than on other farms they have seen. Napoleon tells the other farmers that he has decided to abolish the use of "comrade" and declares that the farm shall revert to its original name of Manor Farm. Pilkington and he, just after declaring their similarities, fight after they both draw an ace of spades at a card game. The pigs have become so much like humans, both in behaviour and appearance, that the animals watching through a window from the outside cannot tell man and pig apart.

References

Animal Farm characters
Cultural depictions of Joseph Stalin
Fictional dictators
Fictional farmers
Fictional mass murderers
Fictional pigs
Fictional politicians
Fictional presidents
Fictional revolutionaries
Male literary villains
Pigs in literature
Male characters in literature
Literary characters introduced in 1945
Fictional characters based on real people

Napoleon (Animal Farm)


Artemus Ward "Nick" Allen (September 14, 1888 – October 16, 1939) was a catcher in Major League Baseball. He played for the Buffalo Buffeds/Blues, Chicago Cubs, and Cincinnati Reds. Allen became a minor league baseball manager after his playing career was over and earned the nickname "Roarin' Nick" for his altercations with umpires. He stood at 6' 0" and weighed 180 lbs.

Career
Allen was born in Norton, Kansas. He started his professional baseball career in 1910 in the Kansas State League. He batted .188 in 105 games that year and then moved on to the Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League, American Association, and Northern League, each for just one season.

In February 1914, Allen signed with the Federal League's Buffalo Buffeds. He made his major league debut on May 1, 1914 but various injuries shortened his rookie season. In 1915, he returned and played in an MLB career-high 84 games. He committed 21 errors and batted .205.

The Federal League folded after 1915, and Allen was sold to the Chicago Cubs. He played 5 games for Chicago, going 1 for 16 at the plate. He then returned to the minors for 1916 and 1917. The Cincinnati Reds bought his contract in 1917, and he was a backup catcher on the major league squad from 1918 to 1920. In 1919, he batted .320 (in 15 games), and the Reds won the National League pennant and World Series.

Allen was traded to the American Association's St. Paul Saints before the 1921 season. He batted .317 in 128 games during his first campaign in St. Paul. He then served as the team's manager from 1924 to 1928, winning one pennant. In mid-1929, he took over as manager for the Tulsa Oilers of the Western League and guided that team to a pennant, as well.

Allen was a manager and scout for various teams in the 1930s. Known as "Roarin' Nick" because of his "umpire baiting" on the field, Allen claimed that his actions were done solely to increase attendance at the ballpark.

Allen was hospitalized in February 1939 for cancer, and he died on October 16, 1939.

References

External links

Retrosheet
 SABR BioProject Biography

1888 births
1939 deaths
Baseball players from Kansas
Brooklyn Dodgers scouts
Buffalo Blues players
Buffalo Buffeds players
Chicago Cubs players
Cincinnati Reds players
Dubuque Hustlers players
Major League Baseball catchers
Milwaukee Brewers (AA) players
Minneapolis Millers (baseball) players
Minor league baseball managers
New York Yankees scouts
Newton Railroaders players
Baseball players from Cook County, Illinois
People from Norton, Kansas
Providence Grays (minor league) players
St. Paul Saints (AA) managers
St. Paul Saints (AA) players
Topeka Savages players

Nick Allen (catcher)


Words for Battle (also known by its original title In England Now) is a British propaganda film produced by the Ministry of Information's Crown Film Unit in 1941. It was written and directed by Humphrey Jennings, and features seven sequences, each containing images of rural and urban Britain at war overlaid with audio commentary by Laurence Olivier, reciting passages from different English literary works and speeches.

Synopsis
In 1941 England is an idyllic and bountiful place as depicted by Philemon Holland's translation of William Camden's Britannia. A recitation of part of John Milton's tract Areopagitica, accompanies images of Westminster Abbey, Royal Air Force recruits in flight training and Adolf Hitler speaking with Nazi officers. The words from William Blake's poem Jerusalem punctuates a scene of children being evacuated from London. Images of Royal Navy destroyers at sea are backed by Robert Browning's Home-thoughts, from the Sea.

Firemen and police officers searching through the remains of damaged houses during the Blitz are accompanied by a recitation of Rudyard Kipling's ' The Beginnings. Winston Churchill inspecting a parade of soldiers has his 1940 speech, We shall fight on the beaches in the background. Post-Blitz, as Churchill's speech continues, rebuilding of homes and businesses is taking place. An extract from Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address coincides with footage of tanks passing the statue of Lincoln in Parliament Square with the chimes of Big Ben punctuating civilians travelling to work.

Production
Words for Battle was produced with the purpose of raising morale and is an example of compilation documentary, in which various film extracts are assembled into a coherent whole, accompanied by a commentary to explain the intended message and powerfully associates these passages with music by Handel and Beethoven. This form of documentary was used for other British wartime propaganda films, such as Britain at Bay (1940).

Reception
The director Humphrey Jennings described Words for Battle as being about "the Lincoln statue in Parliament Square". On this basis, film historian Michael Bartlett has emphasised the final sequence, stating that it "underlines Jennings' belief in the ordinary man and woman as both the nation's driving force and the rightful beneficiaries of victory in war", as underlined by the words of the address about "the government of the people, by the people, and for the people". Historians Anthony Aldgate and Jeffrey Richards in Britain Can Take It: British Cinema in the Second World War, have pointed to the importance of the image of St Paul's Cathedral during the Blitz, juxtaposed with Churchill's words "we shall never surrender", as one of many examples of the use of the undamaged landmark as an artistic symbol for British defiance.

Words for Battle was heavily criticised by the Documentary News Letter, a publication produced by documentary film-makers who favoured realism over poetry. It was described as:
...an illustrated lantern-slide lecture...the effect of which on morale is quite incalculable. The man who must feel most out of place is poor old Handel. As he stood on his gaily coloured barge conducting the Water Music that was to bring him back into royal favour he can hardly have guessed that it would come to this.

DVD release
Words for Battle is available in the BFI DVD boxset, Land of Promise: The British Documentary Movement 1930-1950 (2008) and the Complete Humphrey Jennings: Volume 2, Fires were Started (2012). The Imperial War Museum has also released it on DVD as part of a collection of nine propaganda films, under the title: Words for Battle.

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Aldgate, Anthony and Jeffrey Richards. Britain Can Take It: British Cinema in the Second World War. London: I.B. Tauris, 2007. .

External links

 Words for Battle at Screenonline

British World War II propaganda shorts
Films directed by Humphrey Jennings
Battle of Britain films
British aviation films
Films produced by Ian Dalrymple
Crown Film Unit films
British black-and-white films
1940s war films
British war films
1940s English-language films

Words for Battle


Erin Pac (born May 30, 1980) is a former American bobsledder who competed from 2002 to 2010. She won two medals in the mixed bobsled-skeleton team event at the FIBT World Championships with a silver in 2007 and a bronze in 2008.

A native of Farmington, Connecticut and now living in Milford, Connecticut, Pac earned a degree in rehabilitation and disabilities studies with a concentration in rehabilitation counseling from Springfield College in Massachusetts.

It was announced on 16 January 2010 that she made the US team for the 2010 Winter Olympics. Pac and brake-woman Elana Meyers won the bronze medal in the Two-Woman Bobsled Event on February 24, 2010. Their first run had a time of 53.28.  They ran 53.05 in the second run. Their third and fourth run timed in at 53.29 and 53.78 respectively for a total of 3:33.40, 1.12 off the gold medal pace.

In November 2010, she announced her retirement from competitive sports.

References

External links
 16 January 2010 US Bobsled and Skeleton Federation announcement of the US Olympic women's bobsled team. - accessed 18 January 2010.

 Mixed bobsled-skeleton world championship medalists since 2007
 Official website
 US Bobsled and Skeleton Federation profile

1980 births
Living people
People from Farmington, Connecticut
Sportspeople from Hartford County, Connecticut
American female bobsledders
Bobsledders at the 2010 Winter Olympics
People from Milford, Connecticut
Sportspeople from New Haven County, Connecticut
Springfield College alumni
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in bobsleigh
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
21st-century American women

Erin Pac


Fair Antigua, we salute thee es l'imne nacional d'Antigua e Barbuda.

Fair Antigua, we salute thee!
Proudly we this anthem raise
To thy glory and thy beauty,mochtchee
Joyfully we sing the praise
Of the virtues, all bestowed
On thy sons and daughters free;
Ever striving, ever seeking,
Dwell in love and unity.

Raise the standard! Raise it boldly!
Answer now to duty's call
To the service of thy country,
Sparing nothing, giving all;
Gird your loins and join the battle
'Gainst fear, hate and poverty,
Each endeavouring, all achieving,
Live in peace where man is free.

God of nations, let Thy blessings
Fall upon this land of ours;
Rain and sunshine ever sending,
Fill her fields with crops and flowers;
We her children do implore Thee,
Give us strength, faith, loyalty,
Never failing, all enduring
To defend her liberty.

Imne nacional

Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee


The flag of Japan shows a red sun (rising sun) in the middle of a white field. It is called "Nisshoki" (日章旗) formally in Japan. But Japanese people usually call it "Hinomaru" (日の丸) which means "circle of the sun".
The Japanese navy uses the other flag; the sun has rays.
This flag represents the heat of the sun. Its colours are red and white.

Japan, Flag of
National symbols of Japan

Flag of Japan


Henry Moses Pollard (June 14, 1836 – February 24, 1904) was a U.S. Representative from Missouri.

Born in Plymouth, Vermont, Pollard attended the common schools. He graduated from Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire, in 1857. He moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1861. He returned to Vermont and served during the Civil War in the Union Army as major in the Eighth Regiment, Vermont Volunteers. He moved to Chillicothe, Missouri, in 1865 and commenced the practice of law. He served as mayor in 1874. County attorney in 1876.

Pollard was elected as a Republican to the Forty-fifth Congress (March 4, 1877 – March 3, 1879). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the Forty-sixth Congress. He moved to St. Louis, Missouri, in 1879 and continued the practice of law in that city until his death on February 24, 1904. He was interred in Edgewood Cemetery, Chillicothe, Missouri.

References

1836 births
1904 deaths
Dartmouth College alumni
Union Army officers
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Missouri
19th-century American politicians
People from Chillicothe, Missouri
People from Plymouth, Vermont
Mayors of places in Missouri

Henry Moses Pollard


Rempeyek or peyek is a deep-fried savoury Indonesian-Javanese cracker made from flour (usually rice flour) with other ingredients, bound or coated by crispy flour batter. The most common type of rempeyek is peyek kacang ("peanut peyek"); however, other ingredients can be used instead, such as teri (dried anchovies), rebon (small shrimp), or ebi (dried shrimp). Today, rempeyek is commonly found in Indonesia and Malaysia, as well as in countries with considerable Indonesian migrant populations, such as The Netherlands and Suriname.

Coconut milk, salt, and spices such as ground candlenut and coriander are often mixed within the flour batter. Some recipes also add a chopped citrus leaf. The spiced batter, mixed or sprinkled with the granule ingredients, is deep fried in hot coconut oil. The flour batter acts as a binding agent for the granules (peanuts, anchovy, shrimp, etc.). It hardens upon frying and turns into a golden brown and crispy cracker.

In Indonesia, rempeyek making is traditionally a small-scale home industry, yet today some rempeyek producers have reached a larger production scale and distribute widely with a rempeyek-brand trading value reaching 25 million Rupiah (around US$2,100) monthly. In Malaysia, rempeyek now is widely made using machines.

Etymology and origin

Rempeyek is derived from the Javanese onomatopoeia peyek, depicting the sound of a crisp cracker breaking.

Rempeyek is often associated with Javanese cuisine, served to accompany pecel (vegetables in peanut sauce) or other meals, or as a stand-alone snack. Today, it is common throughout Indonesia, and is also popular in Malaysia following the migration of Javanese immigrants in the early 19th century.

Variants

The most common and widely distributed type of rempeyek is rempeyek kacang (peanut rempeyek); however, anchovy, small shrimp, dried shrimp, spinach (rempeyek bayam), and beans such as mung beans and soybeans are also common types. Rempeyek kacang is especially common in the Banyumas region of Central Java, while rempeyek rebon (small shrimp) is common in the Javanese port town of Cirebon. Rempeyek made with larger shrimp are commonly found in Padang restaurants.

The recent spicy food popularity saw the use of sliced cabai rawit (bird's eye chili pepper) as rempeyek. There is also regional speciality of rempeyek yutuk (mole crab), can be found especially in Central Java southern coast towns such as in Cilacap. More niche variants with insect ingredients, such as crickets and termites, also exist.

In popular culture
A popular Javanese song, Iwak Peyek, by female dangdut group Trio Macan, describes rempeyek as a commoners' dish. It served as the rallying song for supporters of Persebaya football club from Surabaya, East Java.

External links
 Making that peanut and anchovy cracker – Rempeyek Yahoo! Entertainment
 Rempeyek Kacang Recipe Kompas.com (in Indonesian)

See also

 Peanut brittle
 Krupuk
 Rengginang

References

Indonesian snack foods
Malaysian snack foods
Deep fried foods
Flour

Rempeyek


Wexford Harbour () in County Wexford, Ireland is the natural harbour at the mouth of the River Slaney. In earlier times, the area occupied by the harbour was considerably larger than it is today,  up to ten miles (16 km) wide at its widest point, with large mud flats on both sides. These were known as the North Slob and the South Slob from the Irish word slab, meaning mud. It contained several islands, among which the large island of Beggerin was known to be a safe refuge for early Christian settlements.

History

Early history
Vikings arrived from Norway in 819 AD and founded the city of Wexford calling it Waes Fjord, meaning 'inlet of the mudflats', and the modern name has evolved from this. Over the course of about 300 years, the Norse settled in Wexford, intermarried with the local population and gradually converted to Christianity. They forged temporary alliances with Irish kings, sometimes fighting with other Norse towns; at other times, such as in 933 and 1161 they were attacked by the Irish. The Norse remained in control until 1169 AD when Wexford was attacked by a superior force of Norman and Irish soldiers. There was a short battle after which the Hiberno-Norse withdrew within the walls leaving their ships unprotected. These were set on fire by the attackers - this may have been the origin of the Wexford Town crest, the three burning ships.

The 17th century
Wexford became a major maritime port exporting fish, cloth, wool and hides. It was Ireland's leading fishing port in the 15th and 16th century exporting mainly to ports along the west coast of England and Wales. In 1642, the Dublin government in a dispatch from London described Wexford as "a place plentiful in ships and seamen, and where the rebels have set up Spanish colours on their walls in defiance of the kings and kingdom of England, and have gotten in from foreign parts great stores of arms and ammunition". This was only one year after the Irish Rebellion of 1641 when Flemish mariners were encouraged to use Wexford Harbour to attack British ships passing along the Irish Sea from ports Whitehaven to Bristol and even in the English Channel. Wexford Harbour was a marvellous base for operations; it was strategically located at the junction of the Irish Sea, the Western Approaches of the English Channel and the Atlantic Ocean. The difficult navigation of the harbour gave security to the locals, as larger attacking ships could not enter. The sandbanks and narrow channels did not present much difficulty to the Dunkirk frigates or the local shallow draft cargo ships.

Cromwell
By the mid-1640s, the privateering community of Irish, Flemish and French based in Wexford had a fleet of 200 cargo ships and 21 frigates whose purpose was to attack English ships between Biscay and the Baltic. Within a few years this fleet had doubled. However, it could not last. In 1649, a parliamentary army under Oliver Cromwell landed in Dublin and after some months set out to conquer Wexford. An army of 7,000 foot soldiers and 2,000 cavalry camped north of the town and sent a detachment to capture Rosslare fort at the mouth of the harbour. This enabled Cromwell's fleet to enter the harbour unopposed. The army moved to south of the town and bombarded Wexford Castle. Initially, Cromwell issued a summons to surrender, offering lenient terms in the hope that he could secure Wexford intact and use it as winter quarters for his troops. The mayor, aldermen and many citizens of Wexford were prepared to surrender but the military commander played for time. Cromwell lost patience and talks broke down. The bombardment continued and after a week or so Cromwell's troops breached the defences when the commander of the castle surrendered. The castle guns were turned on the town and Cromwell's troops launched an immediate attack on the town's defenders.

Irish troops made a stand in the market square, but they were quickly overwhelmed. Cromwell and his officers made no attempt to restrain their soldiers, who slaughtered the Wexford defenders and plundered the town. Hundreds of civilians were shot or drowned as they tried to escape the carnage by fleeing across the River Slaney. The Irish privateering fleet was finally broken up. Afterwards, Cromwell expressed no remorse for the massacre of civilians at Wexford in his subsequent report to Parliament. He regarded it as a further judgement upon the perpetrators of the Catholic uprising of 1641 and also upon the pirates who had operated out of Wexford harbour. His principal regret was that the town was so badly damaged during the sack that it was no longer suitable as winter quarters.

Act of Union
In 1764 the historian Amyas Griffith wrote that Wexford's chief export was corn (2 million barrels per year), herrings, beer, beef, hides, tallow, butter etc. and they trade to all parts of the globe but in particular to Liverpool, Barbados, Dublin, Norway and Bordeaux. The town continued to experience expansion and economic growth and in 1772 two important bodies were set up - the Quay Corporation with full responsibility for shipping, quays and harbour and the Bridge Corporation to build two bridges across the Slaney at Wexford and Ferrycarrig. By 1788, Wexford, with 44 cargo ships and 200 herring boats was the sixth busiest port in Ireland. However the dangerous state of the harbour was a major impediment to trade. A new body - The Corporation for the Improvement of the Bar, Town & Harbour of Wexford was set up to improve and enhance the channel and to build quays, wharves and docks.

The Irish Rebellion of 1798 resulted in the hurried passing of the Act of Union in 1800. This created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and Ireland was ruled solely through the British Parliament at Westminster. From then until Ireland achieved independence, all major decisions regarding Wexford Harbour were taken by Westminster. Unfortunately, this did not work to the advantage of the harbour and the improvement of its navigation. The pity was that those interested in improving the harbour, linked their proposed improvements with land reclamation; a linkage that would ultimately help to destroy access to Wexford by all but shallow draft vessels.

In 1832, the Ballast Bank was constructed to facilitate the loading and unloading of ballast from ships visiting the harbour. It is now a protected structure.

Destruction of the harbour by drainage works

In the 19th century, dykes were built and pumping systems installed to drain the slobs, producing fine agricultural land below sea level in polders similar to those in the Netherlands. The size of the harbour was reduced considerably. What was left was mostly shallow and up to today suffers from serious silt problems. The tides and currents of the river frequently shift mud and sand in the harbour. Islands of sand can appear and then disappear over the course of a few weeks, particularly at the mouth of the harbour. As a result, the harbour is not suitable for large ships and is used mainly by mussel dredgers and pleasure craft.

World War I

During World War I the US Navy operated a naval air station, known as U.S. Naval Air Station Wexford, at Ferrybank on the eastern side of the harbour.

Sailing directions
Entry for sailors unfamiliar with the harbour is not straightforward. It is best within two hours either side of high water and safest for boats drawing less than 1.5 metres (5 feet). In strong winds between SE and NE direction, the sea breaks on the bar. Entry is then hazardous and should not be attempted.

See also
List of RNLI stations

References

Sources

 Nicholas Furlong, Land Reclamation in Wexford Harbour, 1969, Wex.Hist.Soc, 53-77

External links
 History of Wexford Harbour

Special Protection Areas in the Republic of Ireland
Transport in County Wexford
Ports and harbours of the Republic of Ireland
Geography of County Wexford
Wexford, County Wexford

Wexford Harbour


John D. Hawke Jr. (June 29, 1933 – January 3, 2022) was an American lawyer who served as the United States Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance from 1995 to 1998, and was the United States Comptroller of the Currency from 1998 to 2004.

Personal history
John D. Hawke Jr. was born in New York City on June 26, 1933. He was graduated from Yale University in 1954 with a B.A. in English. From 1955 to 1957 he served on active duty with the U.S. Air Force. After graduating in 1960 from Columbia University School of Law, Hawke was a law clerk for Judge E. Barrett Prettyman on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. From 1961 to 1962 he served as counsel to the Select Subcommittee on Education in the U.S. House of Representatives. Hawke joined the Washington, D.C., law firm of Arnold & Porter as an associate in 1962 and later became a senior partner. In 1975 he left the firm to serve as general counsel to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, returning in 1978. From 1987 to 1995 he served as chairman of the firm.

From 1970 to 1987 Hawke taught courses on federal regulation of banking at the Georgetown University Law Center. He has also taught courses on bank acquisitions and financial regulation and served as the chairman of the Board of Advisors of the Morin Center for Banking Law Studies. In 1987 Hawke served as a member of a committee of inquiry appointed by the Chicago Mercantile Exchange to study the role of futures markets in connection with the stock market crash in October of that year.

He was a founding member of the Shadow Financial Regulatory Committee and served on the committee until joining the Treasury Department in April 1995. Hawke served for 3½ years as Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance. In that capacity he oversaw the development of policy and legislation in the areas of financial institutions, debt management, and capital markets. After serving as Comptroller of the Currency, 1998–2004, Hawke returned to private practice with the well-connected Washington, D.C. law firm of Arnold & Porter.

Hawke died from cancer in Washington, D.C., on January 3, 2022, at the age of 88.

Comptroller of the Currency, 1998–2004
Hawke was sworn in as the 28th Comptroller of the Currency on December 8, 1998. After serving for 10 months under a recess appointment, he was sworn in for a full five-year term as Comptroller on October 13, 1999.

During his term as Comptroller, Hawke has stressed the importance of the safety and soundness of national banks through such supervisory initiatives as Project Canary (an "early warning" system) and the "Supervision in the Future", which makes extensive use of technology.

He has introduced management and budget reforms in the internal operations of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency as well as programs designed to increase workplace diversity.

Supervisory structure
The disparity between the supervisory fees that state and national banks pay has been a priority during Hawke's tenure, and he has emphasized reducing regulation on national banks. His community bank initiative stresses streamlined supervision and increased outreach.

Publications
Hawke has written extensively on matters relating to the regulation of financial institutions and is the author of Commentaries on Banking Regulation, published in 1985.

References
John D. Hawke, Jr. Comptroller of the Currency 1998 – 2004

External links

1933 births
2022 deaths
Columbia Law School alumni
Yale University alumni
United States Comptrollers of the Currency
Comptrollers in the United States
Arnold & Porter people
Clinton administration personnel
George W. Bush administration personnel
Lawyers from New York City

John D. Hawke Jr.


The Gielgud Theatre is a West End theatre, located on Shaftesbury Avenue, at the corner of Rupert Street, in the City of Westminster, London.  The house currently has 986 seats on three levels.

The theatre was designed by W. G. R. Sprague and opened on 27 December 1906 as the Hicks Theatre, named after Seymour Hicks, for whom it was built. The first play at the theatre was a hit musical called The Beauty of Bath co-written by Hicks.  Another big success was A Waltz Dream in 1908.  In 1909, the American impresario Charles Frohman became manager of the theatre and renamed the house the Globe Theatre, a name that it retained for 85 years.  Call It a Day opened in 1935 and ran for 509 performances, a long run for the slow inter-war years.  There's a Girl in My Soup, opening in 1966, ran for almost three years, a record for the theatre that was not surpassed until Daisy Pulls It Off opened in April 1983 to run for 1,180 performances.

Refurbished in 1987, the theatre has since presented several Alan Ayckbourn premieres, including Man of the Moment (1990), as well as a notable revival of An Ideal Husband in 1992.  During reconstruction of Shakespeare's Globe theatre on the South Bank, in 1994 the theatre was renamed the Gielgud Theatre in honour of John Gielgud.  Another refurbishment was completed in 2008.

The Globe's theatre cat, Beerbohm, became famous enough to receive a front-page obituary in the theatrical publication The Stage in 1995.

History

Early years

The theatre opened on 27 December 1906 as the Hicks Theatre in honour of actor, manager and playwright Seymour Hicks, for whom it was built.  Designed by W.G.R. Sprague in Louis XVI style, the theatre originally had 970 seats, but over the years boxes and other seats have been removed.  The theatre is a pair with the Queen's Theatre, which opened in 1907 on the adjacent street corner.

The first play at the theatre was a musical called The Beauty of Bath by Hicks and Cosmo Hamilton.  My Darling, another Hicks musical, followed in 1907, followed by the original London production of Brewster's Millions, and the next year, the long-running London premiere production of the Straus operetta, A Waltz Dream .  An astonishing event occurred midway through the run of the theatre's next major work, a musical titled The Dashing Little Duke (1909), which was produced by Hicks.  Hicks' wife, Ellaline Terriss, played the title role (a woman playing a man).  When she missed several performances due to illness, Hicks stepped into the role – possibly the only case in the history of musical theatre where a husband succeeded to his wife's role.

In 1909, the American impresario Charles Frohman became sole manager of the theatre and renamed the house Globe Theatre (the "Globe Theatre" on Newcastle Street had been demolished in 1902, making the name available). The reopening production was His Borrowed Plumes, written by Lady Randolph Churchill, Winston Churchill's mother.  During the First World War, the musical Peg O' My Heart was a success at the theatre.  Noël Coward debuted his Fallen Angels here in 1925.  Call It a Day by Dodie Smith opened in 1935 and ran for 509 performances, an unusually long run for the slow inter-war years.  Shakespeare and classic plays, as well as musicals, were seen at the theatre in the decades that followed.  In 1939, actor John Gielgud directed and starred in a revival of The Importance of Being Earnest that was "regarded at the time as the definitive production of the 20th century."

After World War II
Gielgud took his production of The Lady's Not for Burning, by Christopher Fry, to the Globe Theatre in 1949 for a successful West End premiere. Likewise, in 1960, A Man For All Seasons had its stage premiere here.  Terence Frisby's There's a Girl in My Soup, opening in 1966, ran for 1,064 performances at the theatre, a record that was not surpassed until Andrew Lloyd Webber's production of the Olivier Award-winning comedy Daisy Pulls It Off by Denise Deegan opened in April 1983 to run until February 1986 for 1,180 performances, the theatre's longest run. In 1987 Peter Shaffer's play Lettice and Lovage had a hit London premiere, starring Maggie Smith and Margaret Tyzack, and running for two years.  One of several Coward revivals in recent decades, Design for Living, starring Rachel Weisz, transferred to the theatre in 1995.  When Lloyd Webber rewrote Tell Me on a Sunday, he relaunched it at the theatre to good notices.

The Globe was the home of a resident theatre cat named Beerbohm, after actor Herbert Beerbohm Tree.  The tabby's portrait still hangs in the corridor near the stalls.  Beerbohm appeared on stage at least once in every production, forcing the actors to improvise.  He always chose to occupy certain actors' dressing rooms while they were at the theatre, including Peter Bowles, Michael Gambon and Penelope Keith.  Beerbohm was mentioned several times on Desert Island Discs, and he was the only cat to have received a front-page obituary in the theatrical publication, The Stage. He died in March 1995 at the age of 20.

Refurbished in 1987, with extensive work on the gold leaf in the auditorium, the theatre is particularly notable for its beautiful circular Regency staircase, oval gallery and tower.  The theatre has presented several Alan Ayckbourn premieres, including Man of the Moment (1990).  Oscar Wilde's classic comedy, An Ideal Husband (1992) and One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (2004) saw notable revivals, and the Royal Shakespeare Company and others have brought several Shakespeare and classic play revivals to the theatre in recent decades.  The 2007 production of Equus attracted considerable press for the nude appearance of 17-year-old Daniel Radcliffe, who was still filming the Harry Potter films.  The production was successful enough to transfer to Broadway and ran to 2009 there. Musicals returned in 2009 with a transfer of Avenue Q, and then a transfer from Broadway of Hair the next year, followed by the West End premiere of the stage version of Yes, Prime Minister before it went on tour.

In 1994, in anticipation of the 1997 opening of the reconstruction of Shakespeare's Globe Theatre on the South Bank, to avoid public confusion, the theatre was renamed the Gielgud Theatre in honour of John Gielgud.  The Globe's theatre cat, named Beerbohm, became famous enough to receive a front-page obituary in the theatrical publication The Stage in 1995.  In 2003, Cameron Mackintosh announced plans to refurbish the Gielgud, including a joint entrance foyer with the adjacent Queen's Theatre, facing on to Shaftesbury Avenue. Mackintosh's Delfont Mackintosh Theatres took over operational control of the Gielgud from Andrew Lloyd Webber's Really Useful Theatres in 2006.

Work on the facade of the theatre started in March 2007 and the interior restoration, including reinstating the boxes at the back of the dress circle, was completed in January 2008.  The theatre is one of the 40 theatres featured in the 2012 DVD documentary series Great West End Theatres, presented by Donald Sinden.

Notable productions

1906: The Beauty of Bath, by Seymour Hicks and Cosmo Hamilton
1907: Brewster's Millions by Winchell Smith & Byron Ongley
1908: A Waltz Dream an operetta by Oscar Straus
1914: Kismet, a revival of Edward Knoblock's play, with Henry Daniell in his London debut.
1916: Peg O' My Heart by John Hartley Manners
1920: Fédora, a revival of the 1882 play by Victorien Sardou, with Basil Rathbone as Loris Ipanoff
1925: Fallen Angels by Noël Coward, starring Tallulah Bankhead
1929: Canaries Sometimes Sing by Frederick Lonsdale, starring Yvonne Arnaud
1931: The Improper Duchess by James B. Fagan, starring Yvonne Arnaud and Frank Cellier.
1935: Call it a Day by Dodie Smith
1939: The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde, with John Gielgud starring as well as directing
1942: The Petrified Forest by Robert E. Sherwood
1949: The Lady's Not for Burning by Christopher Fry, with Richard Burton in a supporting role
1960: A Man For All Seasons by Robert Bolt, starring Paul Scofield
1966: There's a Girl in My Soup by Terence Frisby
1966: The Matchgirls by Bill Owen
1976: A season of Barry Humphries as Dame Edna Everage
1978: The Rear Column by Simon Gray, starring Jeremy Irons, Barry Foster, Simon Ward and Clive Francis
1982: Design for Living by Noël Coward, starring Vanessa Redgrave
1983: Daisy Pulls It Off by Denise Deegan
1987: Lettice and Lovage by Peter Shaffer, starring Maggie Smith and Margaret Tyzack
1990: Man of the Moment by Alan Ayckbourn premiere
1992: An Ideal Husband by Oscar Wilde
1995: Design for Living, starring Rachel Weisz

Recent and present productions

2003: Tell Me on a Sunday by Andrew Lloyd Webber, starring Denise Van Outen
2004: The RSC's All's Well That Ends Well, starring Judi Dench
2004: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, starring Christian Slater, Frances Barber and Mackenzie Crook
2005: Don Carlos by Friedrich Schiller, starring Derek Jacobi
2005: Some Girls by Neil LaBute, starring David Schwimmer and Catherine Tate
2005: And Then There Were None by Agatha Christie, starring Tara Fitzgerald
2006: The RSC's The Crucible and The Canterbury Tales
2006: Frost/Nixon by Peter Morgan, starring Michael Sheen and Frank Langella
2007: Equus by Peter Shaffer, starring Daniel Radcliffe and Richard Griffiths
2007: Macbeth by William Shakespeare, starring Patrick Stewart
2007: Nicholas Nickleby
2008: Carl Rosa Opera presented a Gilbert and Sullivan season
2008: God of Carnage by Yasmina Reza, starring Ralph Fiennes and Tamsin Greig
2008: Six Characters in Search of an Author by Luigi Pirandello, starring Ian McDiarmid
2008: Bill Bailey's Tinselworm
2009: Enjoy by Alan Bennett, starring Alison Steadman
2009: Avenue Q by Robert Lopez and Jeff Marx
2010: Hair
2010: Yes, Prime Minister by Antony Jay and Jonathan Lynn, starring David Haig and Henry Goodman
2011: The Umbrellas of Cherbourg
2011: Lend Me a Tenor
2011: The Ladykillers
2012: Chariots of Fire
2013: The Audience by Peter Morgan, starring Helen Mirren
2013: Private Lives by Noël Coward, starring Toby Stephens and Anna Chancellor
2013: Strangers on a Train by Craig Warner, starring Jack Huston, Laurence Fox and Imogen Stubbs
2014: Blithe Spirit by Noël Coward, starring Angela Lansbury
2014: The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time (re-opening after Apollo Theatre ceiling collapse)
2017: The Ferryman by Jez Butterworth
2018: Imperium, based on the Cicero novels by Robert Harris and adapted by Mike Poulton starring Richard McCabe and Joseph Kloska
2018: Company, starring Rosalie Craig, Mel Giedroyc, Patti LuPone, Ben Lewis and Jonathan Bailey
2019: Les Misérables – The Staged Concert, starring Michael Ball, Alfie Boe, Carrie Hope Fletcher, Matt Lucas, Bradley Jaden and Earl Carpenter
2019: Girl from the North Country
2020: The Upstart Crow, starring David Mitchell
2021: The Mirror and the Light
2022: To Kill a Mockingbird by Aaron Sorkin, adapted from the novel by Harper Lee
2023: The Crucible by Arthur Miller, starring Fisayo Akinade, Milly Alcock, and Brian Gleeson (transfer from the National Theatre)
2023: Stephen Sondheim's Old Friends, starring Bernadette Peters, Lea Salonga, Christine Allado, Claire Burt, Janie Dee, Damian Humbley, Bradley Jaden, Bonnie Langford, Gavin Lee, Jason Pennycooke, Joanna Riding, and Richard Dempsy

Notes

References
History of the theatre
History and photos of the theatre and other images
Profile of theatre with list of productions
Another profile of the theatre

Further reading
 Guide to British Theatres 1750–1950, John Earl and Michael Sell pp. 112 (Theatres Trust, 2000)
 Who's Who in the Theatre, edited by John Parker, tenth edition, revised, London, 1947, pp. 477–478 and 1183.
 Bergan, Ronald, The Great Theatres of London. An Illustrated Companion (Prion, 1990) ().
 Berry, Patricia Dee, Theatrical London (Britain in Old Photographs series) (Alan Sutton, 1995) ().

External links

Gielgud Theatre from the London Theatre Guide, a website of the Society of London Theatre
Profile of Seymour Hicks original namesake of this theatre
Information about Daisy Pulls It Off, Gielgud Theatre's record for longest running production

West End theatres
Theatres completed in 1906
Theatres in the City of Westminster
Grade II listed buildings in the City of Westminster
1906 establishments in England

Gielgud Theatre


The yellow spot or macula is an oval yellow spot near the centre of the retina of the human eye. It has a size of 1.5 millimeters.

It is specialized for seeing things with highest clearness or visual acuity.

It is the area of best vision where maximum amount of cone cells are present.It is also known as fovea centralis and Macula Lutea.
Most of the sensory cells are present at this spot. It is another name for the macula. It is subdivided into the umbo, foveola, foveal avascular zone, fovea, parafovea and perifovea areas. It has a diameter of 5.5mm in humans. They contain the pigment Iodopsin and respond to bright light and colour, because of which we can see stuff clearly around us. It lies at the back of the eye almost center of the horizontal axis of the eyeball.

It is responsible for the central, high-resolution, colour vision that is possible in good light; and this kind of vision is impaired if it is damaged. It is about 6mm in diameter. The yellow spot is the most sensitive spot on the retina, the sharpest image of the object forms only here.

Eye anatomy

 It is the place where light is absorbed maximum
It is also called Macula lutea
It is the depression of retina
It is the place where large image is formed

Yellow spot


John Arthur Roebuck (28 December 1802 – 30 November 1879), British politician, was born at Madras, in India. He was raised in Canada, and moved to England in 1824, and became intimate with the leading radical and utilitarian reformers. He was Member of Parliament (MP) for Bath from 1832 to 1847, and MP for the Sheffield constituency from 1849. He took up the general attitude of hostility to the government of the day, whatever it was, which he retained throughout his life. He twice came to public prominence: in 1838, when, although at the time without a seat in parliament, he appeared at the bar of the Commons to protest, in the name of the Canadian Assembly, against the suspension of the Canadian constitution; and in 1855, when, having overthrown Lord Aberdeen's ministry by carrying a resolution for the appointment of a committee of inquiry into the mismanagement in the Crimean War, he presided over its proceedings.

Life
John Arthur Roebuck was born at Madras in 1801, was fifth son of Ebenezer Roebuck, a civil servant in India, and a grandson of the inventor John Roebuck. He was taken to England in 1807 following the death of his father. His mother remarried and he was taken to Canada, where he was educated. He returned to England in 1824, and was entered at the Inner Temple, and called to the bar in 1831. In 1834, he married, Henrietta Falconer, a daughter of Thomas Falconer. In 1835 he became the agent in England for the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada during the dispute between the executive government and the House of Assembly. In 1838, when, although at the time without a seat in parliament, he appeared at the bar of the Commons to protest, in the name of the Canadian Assembly, against the suspension of the Canadian constitution. In 1843 he was appointed Queen's Counsel, and was elected a bencher of his inn.

Political career
He was elected as a member of parliament for Bath in 1832, declaring himself "an independent member of that house". A disciple of Jeremy Bentham and a friend of John Stuart Mill, Roebuck professed advanced political opinions, which he resolved to uphold in the House of Commons. In general, he took up an attitude of hostility to the government of the day, whatever it was, which he retained throughout his life. He attacked everyone who differed from him with such vehemence as to earn the nickname of "Tear 'em." He was never sympathetic with the Whigs, and never let an opportunity go to exhibit his contempt for them. In 1852, he wrote "The whigs, have ever been an exclusive and aristocratic faction, though at times employing democratic principles and phrases as weapons of offence against their opponents. ... When out of office they are demagogues; in power they become exclusive oligarchs".

He opposed the use of coercion in Ireland; advocated the abolition of sinecures; and proposed withdrawing the veto from the House of Lords. In 1835 he collected in a volume a series of Pamphlets for the People in support of his political views. In one of his pamphlets Roebuck denounced newspapers and everybody connected with them. As a result, John Black, the then editor of The Morning Chronicle, challenged him to a duel which was fought on 19 November 1835. Neither party was injured. He failed to be re-elected for Bath in 1837, but he regained the seat in 1841.

In 1843, he proposed a motion in favour of secular education, which was rejected. In the debate on the Irish Colleges Bill, he taunted the Irish supporters of the bill with such bitterness that John Patrick Somers, MP for Sligo, threatened to challenge him to a duel. In April 1844 Roebuck defended the Home Secretary Sir James Graham from various charges, and was denounced by George Smythe, 7th Viscount Strangford, as the "Diogenes of Bath," whose actions were always contradictory. Roebuck's reply to this led to Smythe demanding a duel or a retraction.

Roebuck lost his seat in the general election of 1847. He spent some of his time in writing A Plan for Governing our English Colonies, which was published in 1849. He was returned to parliament for the Sheffield constituency in a by-election in 1849.

Roebuck championed a vigorous foreign policy. In 1850 he moved a strongly worded vote of confidence in Lord Palmerston's recent foreign policy, following the Don Pacifico affair. In 1854 he defended the Crimean War; but the inefficiency which soon became apparent in carrying it on excited his disgust. In 1855, when, having overthrown Lord Aberdeen's ministry by carrying a resolution for the appointment of a committee of inquiry into the mismanagement in the Crimean War, he presided over its proceedings.

In his latter years his political opinions became greatly modified. A speech at Salisbury in 1862, in which he alleged that working men were spendthrifts and wife-beaters, made him unpopular for a time. He strongly denounced the trade unionist Sheffield Outrages of 1867. During the American Civil War he firmly championed the slave-holders of the South, boasting that Lord Palmerston had confessed to him that he was on the same side. In June 1863 Roebuck moved a resolution in the House of Commons calling for the Government to "enter into negotiations with the Great Powers of Europe, for the purpose of obtaining their co-operation in the recognition of the independence of the Confederate States of North America." During the debate on the motion Roebuck claimed to have recently received an audience with the Emperor of the French who he said had assured him that France stood ready to recognise the Confederacy if the United Kingdom would do likewise. Roebuck later dropped the motion under pressure from the Government. Roebuck also defended Austrian rule in Italy. These uncompromising attitudes led to Roebuck's rejection by Sheffield voters at the election of 1868. He regained the seat in 1874. In 1878 he was made a privy councillor by the Tory government. He died at Westminster, in 1879. He was survived by his wife and a daughter.

Works
 Remarks on the Proposed Union of the Canadas, 1822
 Debate in the House of Commons, on 15 April 1834, on Mr. Roebuck's Motion for "a Select Committee to inquire the means of remedying the evils which exist in the form of the governments now existing in Upper and Lower Canada", 1834
 The Canadas and Their Grievances, 1835
 Existing Difficulties in the Government of the Canadas, 1836
 The Colonies of England : A Plan for the Government of Portion of Our Colonial Possessions, 1849
 History of the Whig Ministry of 1830, to the Passing of the Reform Bill, 1852

References

Further reading
 Briggs, Asa. "John Arthur Roebuck and the Crimean War" in Briggs, Victorian People (1955) pp. 52–86. online

External links

 Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

 Life and Letters of John Arthur Roebuck, P.C., Q.C., M.P.: With Chapters of Autobiography, London: E. Arnold, 1897, 392 p. (online)

1802 births
1879 deaths
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
History of Sheffield
UK MPs 1832–1835
UK MPs 1835–1837
UK MPs 1841–1847
UK MPs 1847–1852
UK MPs 1852–1857
UK MPs 1857–1859
UK MPs 1859–1865
UK MPs 1865–1868
UK MPs 1874–1880
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom

John Arthur Roebuck


Jad-bal-ja, the Golden Lion is a fictional character in Edgar Rice Burroughs's Tarzan novels, and in adaptations of the saga to other media, particularly comics.

Character
Jad-bal-ja serves as a companion to Tarzan, to whom he is attached as a dog is to its master, sometimes hunting for him and at other times fighting by his side, rescuing him from peril, or protecting his friends or allies from danger. He is portrayed as especially close to Nkima, the monkey who served as Tarzan's other primary animal companion.

In the Tarzan novels
Jad-bal-ja first appears in the ninth Tarzan novel, Tarzan and the Golden Lion (1922 serial, 1923 novel), in which the ape-man discovers him as an orphaned cub and raises and trains him. He is named for the color of his coat, Jad-bal-ja meaning "the golden lion" in the language of Pal-ul-don, a prehistoric lost land visited by Tarzan in the previous novel, Tarzan the Terrible (1921).

Jad-bal-ja goes on to play a prominent part in the novel in which he is introduced, and re-appears in the tenth Tarzan novel (1924's Tarzan and the Ant Men); the eleventh (1927's Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle); the fourteenth (1930's  Tarzan the Invincible); the sixteenth (1932's Tarzan and the City of Gold, in which he saves Tarzan from certain death at the jaws of another lion); the seventeenth (1938's Tarzan and the Lion Man, in which he finds a mate); and the twenty-sixth (1995's Tarzan: the Lost Adventure). Jad-bal-ja is also featured in the 1936 children's story, "Tarzan and the Tarzan Twins, with Jad-bal-ja, the Golden Lion".

In other media
The character of Jad-bal-ja also appears in the Tarzan comic strip and comic books, both in adaptations of the original novels and in stories newly written for the medium. He has had one film appearance, in the 1927 silent movie Tarzan and the Golden Lion, an adaptation of the novel. He also appears as a recurring character in Filmation's animated series Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle (1976–1981).

References
 Brady, Clark A. The Burroughs Cyclopǣdia. McFarland & Company, Jefferson, NC, c1996, pp. 156–157.
 Ullery, David A. The Tarzan Novels of Edgar Rice Burroughs: An Illustrated Reader's Guide. McFarland & Company, Jefferson, NC, 2001, pp. 170–172.

Lions in literature
Fictional lions
Orphan characters in literature
Tarzan characters
Characters in fantasy literature
Characters in American novels of the 20th century
Literary characters introduced in 1922

Jad-bal-ja


Ioannis Gklavakis (Greek: Ιωάννης Γκλαβάκης) (born 10 October 1949, in Thessaloniki)
is a Greek politician. From 2004 to 2009 he was Member of the European Parliament (MEP) with the New Democracy, part of the European People's Party and sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development and its Committee on Fisheries.

He was also a vice-chair of the Delegation to the EU-Mexico Joint Parliamentary Committee.

Education
 1973: Graduate of Agronomy Faculty of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

Career
 from 1976: Nursery owner
 since 2003: Sole representative for Greece of the Italian Horticultural Research Centre (C.R.P.V.)
 1984–2003: Board member of the Pan-Hellenic Confederation of Agricultural Cooperative Associations (PASEGES)
 2002–2003: PASEGES Board Chairman (1990) and Vice-Chairman
 1997–2004: Member of the New Democracy Central Committee
 1990–1994: Member of the Aridaiai Municipal Council
 1994–2000: Member of the Pella Prefectural Council
 1981–2003: Chairman of the Pella Association of Nursery Gardeners
 1990–1993: Member of Greek Nurseries Technical Committee (1983–2004) Board Member of the Thessaloniki International Exhibition
 2003–2004: Board Member of the Greek Agricultural Research Institute (2001–2004), Vice-Chairman of the Greek Market Garden Society

See also
 2004 European Parliament election in Greece

External links

 Media appearance of Gklavakis in the news regarding Turkish potatoes

1949 births
Living people
Politicians from Thessaloniki
New Democracy (Greece) MEPs
MEPs for Greece 2004–2009
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki alumni

Ioannis Gklavakis


Sir Landon Ronald (born Landon Ronald Russell) (7 June 1873 – 14 August 1938) was an English conductor, composer, pianist, teacher and administrator.

In his early career he gained work as an accompanist and répétiteur, but struggled to make his way as a conductor. In the absence of operatic or symphonic work he made his living as a conductor and composer in West End shows in the late 19th and early 20th century. With the foundation of the London Symphony Orchestra in 1904 his career began to flourish, and by 1908 he was well-enough established to be chosen to succeed Thomas Beecham as conductor of the New Symphony Orchestra in London.

Ronald was an early enthusiast for recording, and was associated with the Gramophone Company (later part of EMI) from 1900 for the rest of his life.

From 1910 until shortly before his death, Ronald was principal of the Guildhall School of Music in London. He modernised the curriculum and raised its standards to compete with the leading musical training establishments the Royal Academy of Music and the Royal College of Music.

Life and career

Early years
Ronald was born in Kensington, London, the illegitimate son of Henry Russell, singer, songwriter and merchant, and his partner Hannah de Lara, a painter. He was the younger brother of the impresario Henry Russell and half-brother of the novelist William Clark Russell. He was educated at St Marylebone Grammar School and a boarding school in Margate, and took private music lessons from the violinist Henry Holmes and the composer Kate Loder. Between 1884 and 1890 he was enrolled at the Royal College of Music, where he studied under Hubert Parry and Charles Villiers Stanford.

In 1891 Ronald was appointed "maestro al piano" (accompanist and répétiteur) at the Royal Opera House; this was valuable experience, bringing him into contact with leading singers and with the scores of the opera repertoire. In her memoirs, Nellie Melba told how Ronald coached her in Manon, playing the accompaniment from memory, having learned the piece from scratch overnight. The following year he became conductor of Augustus Harris's touring opera company. In 1894, he toured the United States as accompanist for Melba. He composed piano music and songs, some of which were well received. He first conducted at Covent Garden in July 1896, for a production of Faust, starring Melba, Charles Bonnard and Pol Plançon. In August 1897 he married Mimi Ettlinger (1873–1932), daughter of a Frankfurt cloth merchant; they had one son.

Operatic and concert work was in short supply for young English conductors at the time; Ronald was obliged to seek employment in musical comedy in the late 1890s and early 1900s. Among those for whom he conducted and composed were Harry Graham, Lionel Brough, Kate Cutler, Evie Greene and John Le Hay. Neither this employment nor his engagement from 1898 as conductor of the Winter Gardens concerts in Blackpool helped his professional advancement in the snobbish atmosphere of fin de siècle England.

Ronald continued to compose serious music; a song-cycle, "Summertime", was written for the tenor Ben Davies, who premiered it in 1901. The music critic of The Manchester Guardian called the songs "melodious", but added that they "impressed by their graceful lyrical character rather than by evidence of any inventive fancy."

HMV and orchestral appointments
In 1900 Ronald was approached by Fred Gaisberg of the recording firm the Gramophone Company, a predecessor of EMI. He accepted the post of musical adviser, and was the pianist on many of the company's early song recordings. Gaisberg calculated that Ronald's varied musical contacts would help the new company recruit the distinguished performers it needed. Ronald helped the company to sign up Melba and other leading singers including Adelina Patti, Charles Santley and Enrico Caruso. He remained closely connected with HMV for the rest of his career, becoming a director in 1930 and a founder-director of Electrical and Musical Industries (EMI) formed by the merger of HMV with its rival, the Columbia Graphophone Company in 1931.

In 1901 Ronald was conductor of London's Queen's Hall concerts and in the same year he was contracted by Blackpool's Winter Gardens as conductor of summer Sunday concerts until  where Adelina Patti, Nellie Melba and Caruso performed. He held this position until the First World War. Ronald began to make progress as a conductor after the foundation of the London Symphony Orchestra (LSO) in 1904. He was a frequent guest conductor of the LSO, and in 1905 he was appointed director of the Birmingham Promenade Concerts. When Thomas Beecham parted company from the New Symphony Orchestra in 1908, Ronald succeeded him as its conductor. The orchestra was later known as the Royal Albert Hall orchestra; Ronald remained with it until 1928, when it disbanded. He and the orchestra began recording for HMV in 1909. Their recorded repertoire comprised mostly overtures and short orchestral pieces, mainly by Tchaikovsky and Wagner, but also longer works including the Peer Gynt Suite and Schubert's Unfinished Symphony. Ronald also worked with the Scottish Orchestra, and in continental European countries.

Landon Ronald conducted over four hundred times at the Royal Albert Hall, London between 1898 and 1936, mainly with the Royal Albert Hall Orchestra. His last performance at the Hall was on 4 February 1936 for the 'Memorial Concert in Commemoration of His Late Most Gracious Majesty King George V', where he conducted and played the piano.

Ronald was also closely associated with the music of Elgar. In later life he recalled Parry's "smacking me on the back and saying 'I heard yesterday Richter perform the Enigma Variations by a Mr. Elgar, which is the finest thing I have listened to for years. Look out for this man's music'." He was the pianist in the first performance of Elgar's Violin Sonata in E minor in 1919, with W H Reed the violinist, and was the dedicatee of Falstaff, a work regarded by some as Elgar's masterpiece, though Ronald admitted privately, "Never could make head or tail of the piece". He recorded little of Elgar's music, because HMV signed the composer up to record his own works; Ronald recorded the Coronation Ode, and the "Coronation March" in March 1935, a year after Elgar's death.

As a conductor Ronald was especially noted as a concerto accompanist; the critic Robert Elkin described Arthur Nikisch as "the finest accompanist until Landon Ronald". His repertoire was limited. Unlike Adrian Boult he did not feel it his duty to present difficult modern works. Elgar and Richard Strauss were the only contemporary composers with whose music he was much associated. He retired from conducting in 1929.

Later years

In 1910 Ronald succeeded W H Cummings as principal of the Guildhall School of Music, a post he held until 1938. He overhauled the curriculum and the administration of the school. According to his biographer, Raymond Holden, "By modernizing teaching methods, and increasing the morale of those working and studying at the institution, he raised the status of the school." He also formed a professors' club to bring a more collegiate spirit into the school. Under Ronald the standard of teaching was brought into line with that of the Royal Academy of Music and the Royal College of Music. In his later years he laid great emphasis on the importance of live music, and worried that broadcasting and the gramophone were making music so ubiquitous and casually accessible that it was no longer special.

Among Ronald's output as a composer are more than 200 songs. They include "Serenade espagnole" recorded by Caruso. The critic Michael Kennedy writes, "His compositions include a symphonic poem, an overture, a ballet, Britannia's Realm, composed for the coronation of Edward VII in 1902, and incidental music to Robert Hichens's The Garden of Allah (1921, Drury Lane), but it is his song Down in the Forest that has survived."

Ronald was knighted in 1922, and published a volume of memoirs, Variations on a Personal Theme in the same year. He published a second volume, Myself and Others, in 1931. Landon was also the editor of the first edition of Who's Who in Music in 1935. In 1932 Ronald's wife died by suicide; he married Mary Callison b. 1895, (Aunt of Lady Bridget Faulks, née Bodley b.1921), of Manchester shortly afterwards.

Ronald died in London at the age of 65 after two years of declining health.

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

1873 births
1938 deaths
20th-century classical composers
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
Composers awarded knighthoods
Conductors (music) awarded knighthoods
English classical pianists
Male classical pianists
English classical composers
English conductors (music)
British male conductors (music)
English Jews
Jewish classical composers
Knights Bachelor
Musicians awarded knighthoods
People educated at St Marylebone Grammar School
English male classical composers
20th-century English composers
British male pianists
20th-century British conductors (music)
20th-century British male musicians
Presidents of the Independent Society of Musicians

Landon Ronald


Snowball is a fictional character in The Simpsons. Snowball is the Simpson family's pet cat. She first appeared in the episode, I, (Annoyed Grunt)-Bot. There have been five cats in the Simpson's family and the current cat is named Snowball V (later renamed Snowball II). The first version of Snowball was killed when it was run over by a Chrysler. The second version of Snowball named Snowball II was killed by Dr. Hibbert's Mercedes-Benz G500. The third version of Snowball was a male cat named Snowball III and was killed when he drowned after he tried to catch a goldfish in the aquarium while Lisa was in the kitchen preparing his cat food for the first time. The fourth cat was named Coltrane and was also known as Snowball IV, she was killed when she jumped out the window after being scared by Lisa's saxophone. Snowball doesn't know basic addition. The cats were not all the same color; some were white, some were black, another one looked like Bart. They all died except for Snowball 5, the newest cat, which was given to Lisa by the crazy cat lady.

The Simpsons characters
Fictional cats
Fictional characters introduced in 2004

Snowball (The Simpsons)


Sir Uvedale Price, 1st Baronet (baptised 14 April 1747 – 14 September 1829), author of the Essay on the Picturesque, As Compared with the Sublime and The Beautiful (1794), was a Herefordshire landowner who was at the heart of the 'Picturesque debate' of the 1790s.

His life

Uvedale Price was the eldest son of Robert Price, an amateur artist, by his wife the Hon. Sarah Barrington, daughter of John Shute Barrington, 1st Viscount Barrington. Educated at Eton and at Christ Church, Oxford, Price inherited the family estate of Foxley (in Yazor in Herefordshire) when he came of age in 1768, a few years after the death of his father in 1761 and of his grandfather (Uvedale Tomkins Price) in 1764. As a young man Price was a figure on London's social scene, and was once described as the "macaroni of his age," but with his inheritance and his marriage to Lady Caroline Carpenter, youngest daughter of George Carpenter, 1st Earl of Tyrconnel, he settled down at Foxley to tend to the estate and develop his theories on landscape, as well as equally controversial work on the pronunciation of the Classical languages. He served as High Sheriff of Herefordshire in 1793, and was created a baronet on 12 February 1828.

During his life, Price was befriended by Sir George Beaumont and his wife Margaret Beaumont, with whom he corresponded extensively. He was also a lifetime friend of the statesman Charles James Fox as well as being acquainted with William Wordsworth, and in later life, a correspondent of Elizabeth Barrett Browning. He died in 1829 aged 82, having finally printed his work on Greek and Latin pronunciation. His only son Robert succeeded as 2nd (and last) baronet.

The Picturesque and Landscape theory
Price developed his ideas with his close neighbour Richard Payne Knight, whose poem 'The Landscape' was published the same year as Price's Essay delineating his theories on "The Picturesque" as a mode of landscape.

Well before Price's Essay or Knight's poem, however, the term  was used in early 18th century France to refer to a property of being "in the style of a painter". Pope, in his "Letter to Caryll", brought the word into English as "picturesque" in 1712. The term was used by various English authors throughout the 18th century (cf. Oxford English Dictionary 'picturesque') before being described by Bagehot in Literary Studies (1879) as "a quality distinct from that of beauty, or sublimity, or grandeur."

For Price, the Picturesque was more specifically defined as being located between the Beautiful and the Sublime. In practical application this meant that his preferred mode of landscaping was to retain old trees, rutted paths, and textured slopes, rather than to sweep all these away in the style that had been practised by Lancelot "Capability" Brown. Price contested, for example, the obsession of "The Beautiful" with Classical and natural symmetry, arguing instead for a less formal and more asymmetrical interpretation of nature.

Price's ideas led to much debate in artistic and literary circles: they were parodied, for example, by Jane Austen in Northanger Abbey. Price republished the Essay several times, with additional material, and entered into a public debate with Humphry Repton over the latter's approach to landscape design. He similarly fell out with Payne Knight, whose theories of landscape betrayed a more esoteric attitude.

References

Notes

1747 births
1829 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
English landscape architects
High Sheriffs of Herefordshire
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom

Sir Uvedale Price, 1st Baronet


This article concerns poetry in Spain.

Medieval Spain

The Medieval period covers 400 years of different poetry texts and can be broken up into five categories.

Primitive lyrics
Since the findings of the Kharjas, which are mainly two, three, or four verses, Spanish lyrics, which are written in Mozarabic dialect, are perhaps the oldest of Romance Europe. The Mozarabic dialect has Latin origins with a combination of Arabic and Hebrew fonts.

The epic
Many parts of Cantar de Mio Cid, Cantar de Roncesvalles, and Mocedades de Rodrigo are part of the epic. The exact portion of each of these works is disputed among scholars. The Minstrels, over the course of the 12th to the 14th centuries, were driving force of this movement. The Spanish epic likely emanated from France. There are also indications of Arabic and Visigoth. It is usually written in series of seven to eight syllables within rhyming verse.

Mester de clerecía
The cuaderna vía is the most distinctive verse written in Alexandrine verse, consisting of 12 syllables. Works during the 13th century include religious, epics, historical, advice or knowledge, and adventure themes. Examples of such themes include The Miracles of the Virgin Mary, Poema de Fernán González, Book of Alexander, Cato's Examples, and Book of Apolonio, respectively. Some works vary and are not necessarily mester de clerecía, but are reflective of it. Such poems are of a discussion nature, such as Elena y María and Reason to Love. Hagiographic poems include Life of St. María Egipciaca and Book of the Three Wise Men. Mature works, like The Book of Good Love and Rhyming Book of the Palace, were not included in the genre until the 14th century.

Collection of verse (Cancionero)
During this movement, language use went from Galician-Portuguese to Castilian. Octosyllable, twelve syllables, and verse of arte mayor were becoming the footing of verses. Main themes derive from Provençal poetry. This form of poetry was generally compilations of verses formed into books, also known as cancioneros. Main works include Cancionero de Baena, Cancionero de Estuniga, and Cancionero General. Other important works from this era include parts of Dance of Death, Dialogue Between Love and an Old Man, verses of Mingo Revulgo, and verses of the Baker Woman.

Spanish ballads
The romanceros have no set number of octosyllables, but these poems are only parallel in this form. Romancero Viejo consists of the oldest poems in these epochs, which are anonymous. The largest amount of romances comes from the 16th century, although early works were from the 14th century. Many musicians of Spain used these poems in their pieces throughout the Renaissance. Cut offs, archaic speech, and recurrent dialogue are common characteristics among these poems; however the type and focus were diverse. Lyrical romances are also a sizeable part of this era. During the 17th century, they were recycled and renewed. Some authors still stayed consistent with the original format. By the 20th century, the tradition still continued.

Notable Spanish poets

Early Middle Ages

 Mozarab Jarchas, the first expression of Spanish poetry, in Mozárabe dialect
Mester de Juglaría
 Cantar de Mio Cid
Mester de Clerecía
 Juan Ruiz, Arcipreste de Hita
 Gonzalo de Berceo
Troubadours
Xohán de Cangas
Palla (troubadour)
Paio Soares de Taveirós

Later Middle Ages

Macías
Pero Ferrus
Juan Rodríguez de la Cámara
Alfonso Martínez de Toledo, Arcipreste de Talavera
Jorge Manrique
 Íñigo López de Mendoza, 1st Marquess of Santillana
 Juan de Mena

Arabic and Hebrew poetry during the Moorish period

During the time when Spain was occupied by the Arabs after the early 8th century, the Iberian Peninsula was influenced by the Arabic language in both the central and southern regions. Latin still prevailed in the north.
The Jewish culture had its own Golden Age through the span of the 10th to 12th centuries in Spain. Hebrew poetry was usually in the style of Piyyut; however, under Muslim rule in Spain, the style changed. These poets began to write again in what was the "pure language of the Bible". Beforehand, poems were written in Midrash. This change was a result of the commitment the Arabs had to the Koran. Tempos and secular topics were now prevalent in Hebrew poetry. However, these poems were only reflections of events seen by the Jews and not of ones practiced themselves.

The Alhambra Poets:
 Ibn al-Yayyab
 Ibn Zamrak
 Ibn al-Khatib
 Ibn Sahl of Sevilla
 Ibn Hazm of Córdoba
 Ibn Gabirol
 Moses ibn Ezra
 Abraham ibn Ezra
 Ibn Quzman
 Ibn Arabi

After 1492

Anonymous writers of the Romancero
 Juan Boscán
 Gutierre de Cetina
 Alonso de Ercilla
 Santa Teresa de Jesús
 San Juan de la Cruz
 Fernando de Herrera
 Garcilaso de la Vega
 Juan del Encina
 Fray Luis de León
 Diego Hurtado de Mendoza
 Lope de Rueda
 Ausiàs March (in Valencian)

The Golden Age (El Siglo de Oro)

This epoch includes the Renaissance of the 16th century and the Baroque of the 17th century. During the Renaissance, poetry became partitioned into culteranismo and conceptismo, which essentially became rivals.

Culteranismo used bleak language and hyperbaton. These works largely included neologisms and mythological topics. Such characteristics made this form of poetry highly complex, making comprehension difficult.

Conceptismo was a trend using new components and resources. An example of this new extension was the Germanias. Works included comparative and complex sentences. This movement derived from Petrarchanism.

During the Baroque period, Satire, Neostoicism, and Mythological themes were also prevalent.

Satire tended to be directed to the elites, criticizing the defects of the society. This form of poetry often resulted in severe punishments being administered to the poets.
Neostoicism became a movement of philosophical poetry. Ideas from the medieval period resurfaced.
Mythological themes were more common in culteranismo. Not until the Generation of 1927 did these poems gain more importance. La Fábula de Polifemo y Galatea and Las Soledades are two key works.

 Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra
 Francisco de Quevedo y Villegas
 Luis de Góngora y Argote established culteranismo.
 Félix Lope de Vega Carpio
 Pedro Calderón de la Barca
 Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz

Romanticism

Germany and England were the large forces in this movement. Over the course of the late 18th century to the late 19th century, Romanticism spread philosophy and art through Western societies of the world. The earlier part of this movement overlapped with the Age of Revolutions. The idea of the creative imagination was rising above the idea of reason. Minute elements of nature, such as bugs and pebbles, were considered divine. There were many variations of the perception of nature in these works. Instead of allegory, this era moved towards myths and symbols. The power of human emotion emerged during this period.
 Manuel José Quintana
 José Zorrilla
 Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer
 Rosalía de Castro (in Galician and Spanish)
 José de Espronceda

1898 until 1926

Spain went through drastic changes after the demise of Spain's colonial empire. French and German inspiration along with Modernism greatly improved the culture of Spain with the works of the Generation of 1898, which were mostly novelists but some were poets.

 Rubén Darío
 César Vallejo
 Pablo Neruda
 Miguel de Unamuno
 Antonio Machado
 Manuel Machado
Ultraism

1927 until 1936

The Generation of 1927 were mostly poets. Many were also involved with the production of music and theatre plays.

 Rafael Alberti
 Vicente Aleixandre
 Dámaso Alonso
 Manuel Altolaguirre
 Luis Cernuda
 Gerardo Diego
 Manuel de Falla; influential on poets, for his vision of Moorish Spain
 Juan Ramón Jiménez
 Federico García Lorca
 Jorge Guillen
 Emilio Prados
 Pedro Salinas

1939 until 1975

Poets during the World War II and under General Franco in peacetime:

 Juan Ramón Jiménez received the Nobel Prize in Literature 1956, "For his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity." Was the last survivor of Generation of 1898. During the mid-20th century, works steadily moved back to literary and political aspects.
 Gabriela Mistral
 Nicanor Parra
 Alejandra Pizarnik
 Luis Buñuel
 Ángel Crespo
 Jaime Gil de Biedma
 Carlos Edmundo de Ory
 León Felipe
 Ángel González Muñiz
 Miguel Hernández
 José Hierro
 Lluis Llach
 Leopoldo Panero
 José María Pemán

1975 until present
These works became experimental, using themes, styles and characteristics of traditional poetry throughout Spain's time and combining them with current movements. Some poets remain more traditional, while others more contemporary.

Post-Franco and Contemporary Spanish Poets:

Blanca Andreu
Miguel Argaya
María Victoria Atencia
Felipe Benítez Reyes
Carlos Bousoño
Giannina Braschi
Francisco Brines
José Manuel Caballero Bonald
Matilde Camus
Luisa Castro
Antonio Colinas
Isla Correyero
Aurora de Albornoz
Luis Alberto de Cuenca
Francisco Domene
Rafael Pérez Estrada
José María Fonollosa
Gloria Fuertes
Vicente Gallego
Antonio Gamoneda
Enrique García-Máiquez
José Agustín Goytisolo
Félix Grande
Clara Janés
Diego Jesús Jiménez
Chantal Maillard
Antonio Martínez Sarrión
Carlos Marzal
Bruno Mesa
Juan Carlos Mestre
Luis García Montero
Luis Javier Moreno
Lorenzo Oliván
Leopoldo María Panero
Francisco Pino
Juan Vicente Nuevo Piqueras
Claudio Rodríguez
Ana Rossetti
Ángel Rupérez
Elvira Sastre
Jaime Siles
Jenaro Talens
Andrés Trapiello
José Miguel Ullán
José Ángel Valente
Álvaro Valverde

See also
List of Spanish language poets
Latin American poetry
Arabic poetry
List of Catalan language poets

References

Further reading

 D. Gareth Walters. The Cambridge Introduction to Spanish Poetry: Spain & Spanish America. (2002).
 Linda Fish Compton. Andalusian Lyric poetry and Old Spanish Love Songs (1976) (includes translations of some of the medieval anthology of love poems, compiled by Ibn Sana al-Mulk, the Dar al-tiraz).
 Emilio Garcia Gomez. (Ed.) In Praise of Boys: Moorish Poems from Al-Andalus (1975).
 F. J. Gea Izquierdo. Antología esencial de la poesía española, Independently published. Alicante (2021).
 Paul Halsall has a bibliography online, listing journal articles in English on medieval poetry in Spain.
 Carmi, T. (Ed.) The Penguin Book of Hebrew Verse. New York: Penguin Books (1981).  (includes translations of Judah Al-Harizi, Nahmanides, Todros Abulafia and other Jewish poets from Spain).
 A. Robert Lauer, University of Oklahoma, on Spanish Metrification: the common structures of Spanish verse

Spanish literature
Poetry by country

Spanish poetry


Gebregziabher Gebremariam (Amharic: ገብረግዚኣብሄር ገብረማርያም; born September 10, 1984, in Tigray) is a retired Ethiopian long-distance runner. He established himself at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships, winning the junior title in 2002 and two silver medals in the senior races in 2004. He represented Ethiopia over 5000 metres at the 2004 Summer Olympics, taking fourth place, and over 10000 metres at the 2012 Summer Olympics. He was the 2009 World Champion in cross country.

He made his marathon debut at the 2010 New York City Marathon and won the race in a time of 2:08:14. He was third at the Boston Marathon in 2011 with a personal best of 2:04:53 hours (downhill). He is married to long-distance runner Werknesh Kidane.

Career
At the 2002 World Junior Championships Gebregziabher Gebremariam won the 10,000 metres and finished third in the 5000 metres race. He also won the World Junior Championships in cross country running.  The following year he made his first impact on the international scene by finishing third at the 1st IAAF World Athletics Final and second at the All-Africa Games.

In March 2004 Gebremariam showed that he had fully progressed from the junior ranks by winning two silver medals at the World Cross Country Championships, one over the short course and one over the long course; in essence, were it not for his countryman Kenenisa Bekele, he would be one of only two men ever to have claimed short and long course victories at the same Championships. He was selected for the Ethiopian Summer Olympic 5000 metres team along with Kenenisa Bekele and Dejene Berhanu, where he finished fourth, 0.25 seconds behind bronze medalist Eliud Kipchoge of Kenya.

Gebremariam finished sixth in the 10,000 metres at the 2007 World Championships in Osaka. In October 2008 he made his debut in the half marathon, finishing 2nd in the 2008 Bupa Great North Run behind Tsegaye Kebede. He won gold at the 2009 IAAF World Cross Country Championships.

Gebremariam began the 2009–10 IAAF cross country season with a win at the opening meeting – the Oeiras International Cross Country, and also took victory at the Cross de Atapuerca, Cross Internacional de Soria and Cross Internacional de Alcobendas meetings. He finished tenth in the senior race at the 2010 IAAF World Cross Country Championships.

Heading out onto the summer athletics circuit, he ran a course record of 27:42 at the UAE Healthy Kidney 10K in Central Park in May, knocking six seconds off Tadese Tola's record and beating Peter Kamais to the line. He was victorious at the Peachtree Road Race in June, just pipping Peter Kirui at the finish, and then won the Beach to Beacon 10K in August. He scored his second road win of the month at the Falmouth Road Race, beating Wilson Kwambai Chebet just at the finish. Former world junior silver medallist Matthew Kisorio bested him at the Philadelphia Half Marathon, however, as the Ethiopian's time of 1:00:25 was ten seconds short of the victor.

He won the 2010 New York City Marathon on his debut over the distance with a time of 2:08:14. Among his competitors was Haile Gebrselassie, who dropped out mid-race and later announced his retirement. Gebremariam had encouraged his compatriot to stay in the race but the veteran responded "I can't, Gebre, you have to go on". He paid his respects to the world record holder after the race, saying "Haile is a good guy, he is king. I have learned so many things from him".

He entered the New York City Half Marathon the following March and was narrowly beaten at the line by Mo Farah. In April 2011, he finished third in the 2011 Boston Marathon with a time of 2:04:53 hours. This was among the fastest ever times for the marathon, but it was recorded on a downhill circuit. He ran at Boston's first B.A.A. 10K race in June and finished second behind Geoffrey Mutai, a finish which he and Mutai repeated at the Giro di Castelbuono a month later. He returned to defend his title at the 2011 New York City Marathon, but was again beaten by Mutai and ended the race in fourth place.

At the 2012 Boston Marathon he faltered in warm temperatures and ended the race in 14th place with a time of 2:22:56 hours. He qualified to represent Ethiopia at the 2012 London Olympics and finished eighth in the Olympic 10,000 metres final. He was runner-up to Mo Farah, the winner of the Olympic race, at the Rock 'n' Roll Mardi Gras Half Marathon in February 2013.

Personal bests

(*) Downhill and point-to-point course
All information taken from IAAF profile.

References

External links

Official Facebook Fanpage

1984 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Tigray Region
Ethiopian male long-distance runners
Ethiopian male marathon runners
Ethiopian male cross country runners
Olympic male long-distance runners
Olympic athletes for Ethiopia
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
African Games silver medalists for Ethiopia
African Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 2003 All-Africa Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2007 All-Africa Games
World Athletics Championships athletes for Ethiopia
World Athletics Cross Country Championships winners
New York City Marathon male winners
20th-century Ethiopian people
21st-century Ethiopian people

Gebregziabher Gebremariam


The Kaisei Academy is a preparatory boys private secondary school located in Arakawa ward, Japan.

Overview
Founded in 1871, the Kaisei Academy has produced a large number of noted alumni. Every year three hundred students are admitted to its junior high school, and one hundred students to its high school. The school's primary policy is 質実剛健 (Shitsu-jitsu-gou-ken), which means strong, simple, or spartan. The school policy is well represented in its school events such as an athletic meeting, marathon, swimming summer school, annual boat race with Senior High School at Otsuka, University of Tsukuba.

History
The school, which has produced many notable alumni, was founded in 1871. At first, it was established as a Kyōryū Gakkō of the prepschool to Senior school such as First High School. After WWⅡ, this school was integrated into the University of Tokyo.) Its motto is "The pen is mightier than the sword", and is often known by the Japanese abbreviation "pen-ken" (pen-sword).

Notable alumni
 Okada Keisuke, (1868 – 1952) Prime Minister from 1934-36 / Temporary on the register In the prepschool age
 Ikeda Kikunae, (1864 – 1936) who identified the flavour umami / In the prepschool age
 Physicist Nagaoka Hantarō, (1865 – 1950),  who developed the Saturnian model of the atom / In the prepschool age
 Poet Masaoka Shiki, one of the "four great masters" of the haiku / In the prepschool age
 Poet and author Shimazaki Tōson (1872-1943), leading figure in the Meiji Romantic movement. / In the prepschool age
 Admiral Akiyama Saneyuki (1868-1918), planner of the Japanese strategy at the Battle of Tsushima / In the prepschool age
 Vice Admiral Yamaguchi Tamon (1892 - June 4, 1942), commander of the aircraft carrier Hiryū at the Battle of Midway

Other websites
Kaisei Academy

1871 establishments in Japan
Education in Tokyo

Kaisei Academy