The First Unitarian Church of Philadelphia is a Unitarian Universalist congregation located at 2125 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. As a regional Community Center it sponsors cultural, educational, civic, wellness and spiritual activities.

On June 12, 1796, twenty of Philadelphia's intellectual leaders formed the First Unitarian Society of Philadelphia, becoming the first continuously functioning church in the country to name itself "Unitarian". The founders were directed and encouraged by the Unitarian minister Joseph Priestley, and its first settled minister was the Rev. Dr. William Henry Furness.

William Henry Furness
The small but growing congregation was lay-led until 1825, when Rev. Dr. William Henry Furness was persuaded to serve as the first minister at the age of 22. Starting in the 1830s, Furness became one of the few abolitionist ministers in the city, known for his anti-slave sermons and Underground Railroad activities. His speeches were so impassioned that both he and the congregation feared reprisals from Southern sympathizers, so several members of the church quietly armed themselves and watched over the pulpit on Sundays. His attacks on the Fugitive Slave Law drew discussion in one of President Buchanan's cabinet meetings of indicting the minister for treason. Furness served as minister for 50 years, and remained involved in the church until his death in 1898.

Architecture

First building (1813–1828)
The Octagon Building (begun March 1812, dedicated February 14, 1813): The first church building, located at the northeast corner of 10th & Locust, was designed by Robert Mills, thought to be the first architect born and trained in the United States. Its octagonal shape was unusual for Philadelphia, however it followed the pattern of Unitarian churches in England such as the Octagon Chapel, Norwich (1756, Thomas Ivory) and Octagon Chapel, Liverpool (1763). These typically used an octagonal design in a symbolic move away from the traditional cross-shaped floor plans of orthodox Christian churches. The construction cost was approximately $25,000 and the finished church seated 300 people.

Second building (1828–1885)

Desiring a larger and more elegant edifice to reflect the growth of the congregation, church members voted to construct a second building. Using the same location (10th & Locust), the cornerstone of the "Doric Building" was laid on March 24, 1828. Greek Revival architecture was then very popular. Designed by William Strickland, this building was described in contemporary books as one of the most outstanding churches in the city. Dedicated on November 5, 1828, this remained the congregation's worship space until moving to the present site at 2125 Chestnut Street in 1885.

Third building (1885–present)

Frank Furness, the architect of The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and son of the Church's first minister, designed the current church building. Begun in 1883, and dedicated in 1885, it was completed in 1886. The tall pyramidal tower/porte cochere at the church's southeast corner was removed in the early 20th century.

The sanctuary features a hammer-beam ceiling, painted rust red and stenciled with gold-leaf daffodils, which is complemented by blue walls. The church's stained glass windows are by Louis Tiffany & Co. and John La Farge. Later additions include a concert-grade Casavant pipe organ with 3 manuals and 50 ranks. In addition to the sanctuary, the building also contains a basement level housing Griffin Hall, which includes a stage and commercial-size kitchen. The rear portion of the building contains the Parish Room for meetings, and a smaller chapel. The mezzanine and 3rd floors contain a variety of offices, meeting rooms, storage, and daycare facilities.

Notable members
Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, the first woman of African descent to have her writings published in the United States, was a member of First Church from 1870 until her death in 1911. She is best known for her fiction and poetry, but was also a political activist and lecturer who promoted, civil rights, temperance, and women's rights.

Laura Matilda Towne, was one of the first Northern women to go south to work with freed slaves. Towne opened the Penn School, the first school for freedmen, while the Civil War was raging. Unlike most of those who went south at the time, Laura Towne made a life for herself on St. Helena Island, South Carolina, and ran the Penn School until her death in 1901.

Kevin Bacon was raised at the First Unitarian Church of Philadelphia and had his first acting debut in a holiday pageant.

Notable events

The day after John Brown was executed, his body came to Philadelphia for a private vigil attended by William Henry Furness, then was taken to North Elba, New York, and buried. National Archivist, V. Chapman-Smith writes, "A supporter of John Brown, who reached out to provide comfort and aid to Brown's wife, Furness was a prominent speaker at the Philadelphia "Martyr Day" (December 2, 1859) vigil at National Hall. Furness' zeal against the 1850 Fugitive Slave Law captured attention at one of President Buchanan's cabinet meetings, where consideration was given to indicting Furness for treason!"

When Martin Luther King Jr. was a seminary student in nearby Chester, Pennsylvania, he attended a lecture by Dr. Mordecai Johnson about how Mohandas K. Gandhi integrated Henry David Thoreau's theory of non-violent civil disobedience that inspired King's non-violent protests for civil rights. This lecture was reputed to have taken place at the First Unitarian Church in Philadelphia, but recent information uncovered by historian Patrick Duff in 2020 proved that this church was in fact the site of the lecture.  The lecture took place on November 19th of 1950 at 3:45 pm.  King was so moved by the speech that he followed Dr. Johnson back to the Fellowship House where they spoke into the night.

In April 2006, the church officially became a "Welcoming Congregation" to the bisexual, transgender, lesbian, and gay community. In 2007, Nathan C. Walker became its first openly gay minister.

In July 2010, executives from Monsanto visited the church to discuss the adoption of a code of ethics for the field of biotechnology, a sort of Hippocratic oath, akin to a doctor's pledge to "do no harm".

In February 2016, as part of a nationwide effort among UU congregations, the congregation unanimously adopted the following statement of support for the Black Lives Matter movement:

In line with our commitment to affirming the inherent worth and dignity of all people, we, the First Unitarian Church of Philadelphia, declare that black lives matter. We support the Black Lives Matter movement and pledge our congregation's dedication to participating in anti-racist, anti-oppression work within our own community; to acknowledging our denomination's and our congregation's checkered racial history; and to serving as allies, witnesses, and partners in our country's continued struggle for racial justice and equity.

A corresponding banner was installed on the church porch, facing out to Chestnut Street.

Settled ministers

Culture and civic life
First Unitarian is a regional community center that provides meeting space on a non-discriminatory basis for many different groups and activities: yoga and aerobics classes, meditation, Narcotics Anonymous meetings, forums by the Americans for Democratic Action and Common Cause, Black Women's Art Festival, Islamic Relief Day of Dignity, Philadelphia Fringe Festival events, and citywide vigils honoring victims of violence in Philadelphia.

First Unitarian is home to a concert-grade Casavant pipe organ. With its convenient Center City location, First Church is known as a prime entertainment venue for all ages: Music-for-Children classes, classical music concerts by Dolce Suono, and for young indie rock fans, alternative and punk rock concerts. Music and Arts at First Philadelphia are among the strongest and most diverse of the Center City Philadelphia Churches.

In November 2007, Rolling Stone magazine featured the church as one of the top alternative rock venues thanks to the success of the events organized by R5 Productions in the basement, chapel, and sanctuary.  Since the mid-90s, the church's basement, Griffin Hall, known colloquially as "The Church" or simply "First Unitarian" by show goers, has been a popular venue for small-scale independent music concerts in the city.  The concerts have featured mostly punk and indie rock artists in the past but have expanded to include other genres as well.

Children and daycare centers
First Church is the longtime home of two daycare centers: the Beacon Center and Little Miracles. Both centers boast long-tenured staff. Members of First Church founded the Beacon Center in the early 1980s to exemplify the values of the church.

First Unitarian also draws parents of young children and youth with religious education programs that promote value-based learning about one's responsibility to one another and to the Earth. The Neighboring Faiths program teaches teens about the importance of other religious traditions and thereby promotes open-mindedness and respect. Child dedications, conducted with a thornless rose, are a special rite of passage for Unitarian Universalist families.

External links

 First Unitarian Church of Philadelphia official website

References

Churches in Philadelphia
Properties of religious function on the National Register of Historic Places in Philadelphia
Unitarian Universalist churches in Pennsylvania
Frank Furness buildings
Gothic Revival church buildings in Pennsylvania
Churches completed in 1886
19th-century Unitarian Universalist church buildings
Religious organizations established in 1796
Music venues in Philadelphia
Robert Mills buildings
Rittenhouse Square, Philadelphia
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Furness family
1796 establishments in Pennsylvania

First Unitarian Church of Philadelphia


Ruthville is an unincorporated community in Charles City County, Virginia, United States. The community was the central point of the county's free African American population for many years, even before the Civil War (1861–1865). Following Emancipation, the crossroads community included the Mercantile Cooperative Company and Ruthville Training School. The United Sorghum Growers Club also met here. Earlier known by several other names, the name "Ruthville" recalls local resident Ruth Brown. Her name was selected when the Post Office was established there in 1880.

Unincorporated communities in Charles City County, Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Virginia

Ruthville, Virginia


Steven Schick (born May or June 1954) is a percussionist and conductor from the United States, specializing in contemporary classical music. He teaches at the University of California, San Diego and is currently the Music Director and Conductor of the La Jolla Symphony Orchestra. Schick was born in Iowa and raised in a farming family. For the past 40 years, he has championed contemporary percussion music as a performer and teacher, by commissioning and premiering more than 150 new works for percussion.

Schick is Distinguished Professor of Music at UCSD and was previously a Consulting Artist in Percussion at the Manhattan School of Music. He was the percussionist of the Bang on a Can All-Stars of New York City from 1992 to 2002, and from 2000 to 2004 served as Artistic Director of the Centre International de Percussion de Genève in Geneva, Switzerland. Schick is founder and Artistic Director of the percussion group red fish blue fish, and in 2007 assumed the post of music director and conductor of the La Jolla Symphony and Chorus.

Schick's book on solo percussion music, The Percussionist's Art: Same Bed, Different Dreams, was published by the University of Rochester Press. His recording of The Mathematics of Resonant Bodies by John Luther Adams was released by Cantaloupe Music. A 3-CD set of the complete percussion music of Iannis Xenakis, made in collaboration with red fish blue fish, was issued by Mode Records.

In February 2011, Schick was named director of the San Francisco Contemporary Music Players. He replaces Maestro David Milnes who stepped down in 2009.

In 2012, he became the first Artist-in-Residence with the International Contemporary Ensemble (ICE).

References

General
The Percussionist's Art - Same Bed, Different Dreams (May 2006; University of Rochester Press; )

External links
Info at UCSD
Info at Manhattan School of Music

Video: What creativity means

Living people
American male conductors (music)
University of California, San Diego faculty
American percussionists
1954 births
21st-century American conductors (music)
21st-century American male musicians

Steven Schick


St. Ephraim the Neomartyr, Ephraim the Martyr, or Ephraim of Mount Amomon (Greek: Άγιος Εφραίμ ο μάρτυρας / του Όρους των Αμώμων), believed to have lived from 1384 to 1426, is venerated as a martyr and miracle-working saint by Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople and Greek Orthodox Church. His status as a saint is controversial, as there are no sources testifying to his existence as an historical person. Believers regard him as a "newly revealed" ("νεοφανής") saint, whose existence is a matter of divine revelation rather than historical proof.

History

St. Ephraim's name and biography, complete with exact dates and details, is said to have been revealed to a hermit nun, Makaria Desipri, in a series of divinely inspired dreams in 1950. Following these dreams, a body believed to be that of the saint was found in the ground near the nun's hermitage, on the site of an abandoned medieval monastery on the slopes of Mount Amomon, near the today town of Nea Makri, in Attica, Greece. The saint, whose body was kept as a holy relic, quickly became the object of popular veneration, as he came to be known as a worker of miraculous healings. On the site of his supposed life and martyrdom a Monastery of the Annunciation of Our Lady (Ιερά Μονή Ευαγγελισμού της Θεοτόκου) was later erected. In  1998, St. Ephraim was officially declared a saint by the Synod of the Orthodox Church in Greece,  which was approved by the  Patriarch of Constantinople in 2011.

Biography

According to the dreams revealed to Makaria Desipri, St. Ephraim was born on 14 September 1384 in Trikala, Thessalia. His civil name was Konstantinos Morphes. He became a monk, took the monastic name of Ephraim and moved to Attica to live in what was then the Monastery of the Annunciation of Our Lady on Mount Amomon. In 1424 the monastery was destroyed by marauding Ottoman troops. Ephraim escaped and lived for another year as a hermit among the ruins of the monastery. On 14 September 1425 he was captured in another Turkish raid. He was held captive and tormented for more than eight months, until he was finally tortured to death on 5 May 1426. A mulberry tree, believed to be that on which the saint was hanged, is today shown as an object of veneration inside the re-erected monastery.

Veneration

St. Ephraim is portrayed in iconography as a slim, ascetic figure with black hair and beard, clad in the black robes of a monk. His feast days are 3 January (the anniversary of the discovery of his body), and 5 May (the anniversary of his martyrdom).

The monastery in Nea Makri, the centre of the saint's veneration and his miracle-working, is now a much-frequented place of pilgrimage attracting thousands of visitors, especially people praying for the healing of illnesses. The monastery was the object of a public scandal in 2005, as the nuns of the monastery and the bishop of Attica accused each other of embezzling money from pilgrims' donations.

References

 Antenna Radio: News in Greek, 14 May 1998 .
 Saint Ephraim page in Greek wikipedia referencing Patriarchal declaration
 BBC News in Greek, 31 May 2005 .
 Devotional website, including the saint's biography and history of the monastery. In Greek & English,

Greek saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church
East Attica
New Martyrs

Ephraim the Neomartyr


Origins of New Mexico Families: A Genealogy of the Spanish Colonial Period by Fray Angélico Chávez is an important work on the genealogy of Spanish New Mexican families. The first edition was published in 1954; a revised edition came out in 1992.

Description
In researching the history of the statue La Conquistadora, Chávez came across a number of old church documents. These documents included baptisms, marriages and other vital records detailing the lives of the early Spanish settlers of New Mexico. Chávez realized the value that these documents had to the descendants of these people and began collecting the information in order to create a genealogy about early Spanish New Mexicans. Origins of New Mexico Families is the culmination of this research.

The book itself is divided into two parts: the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Chávez himself admitted in his Introduction that the family histories in the book do not necessarily conform perfectly to these divisions. Chávez discovered two distinct Spanish colonizations of New Mexico. The first colonization occurred in 1598 under the leadership of don Juan de Oñate. In 1680 Pueblo Indians revolted against Spanish rule and the Spaniards were forced out of  New Mexico. In 1693 Diego de Vargas led a second group of families into New Mexico to re-colonize the province.

Both parts are further divided up into family surnames. Each surname section typically begins with that family's male progenitor and includes information on his wife (or wives), children and grandchildren. Some of the family genealogies from the first part continue on into the second part. There are a number of different surnames in the second part because there were new families that entered New Mexico in the eighteenth century and that certain families did not return to New Mexico after the Pueblo Revolt.

The book includes drawings, photocopies and charts. Two drawings by José Cisneros (artist) depict the "Oñate Entrada" of 1598 and the "Vargas Entrada" of 1693. The photocopies are of certain documents such as a pages from inquisition records, matrimonial investigations, and marriage registers. Charts within the book demonstrate specific lineages of Españoles-Mexicanos, French and north-south Spanish, and ordained clerics within the Ortiz family.

Throughout the book, Chávez linked many of the families to himself. In his introduction he acknowledged that this may look presumptive, but that his intention was actually to create a "graphic unifying medium" in order to lend direction to the compilation of  loose facts. He wanted to demonstrate that all New Mexicans were part of one large family and inter-related. Since early New Mexicans did not include any great nobles or major historical figures, Chávez wanted to show that there was a reason for New Mexicans to delve into their own genealogy.

Differences between the two editions
As mentioned before, the first edition only included a genealogy of families from the seventeen and eighteenth century. However, Chávez continued doing research on New Mexico families and in 1956 and 1957 he published a couple of articles in the magazine El Palacio. These articles expanded some of the family genealogies into the nineteenth century and included many names that were unique to that century. In 1992 the editor of the revised edition Thomas E. Chávez added these articles to the book.

Contents of the revised edition
 Foreword to revised edition
 Introduction
 Oñate Entrada by José Cisneros

Part One: The Seventeenth Century
Families alphabetically: Abendaño to Zamorano
Demonstration Chart (Chávez)
Page from Inquisition Records, 1626
Demonstration Chart (Robledo-Romero)

Part Two: The Eighteenth Century
Vargas Entrada by José Cisneros
Families Alphabetically: Abeyta to Zamora
Page from Matrimonial Investigation, 1716
Demonstration Charts I and II (Baca)
Page from Santa Fe Marriage Register, 1734
Page from Spanish Archives of New Mexico, 1712
Demonstration Chart (Españoles-Mexicanos)
Demonstration Chart (French and North-South Spanish)

Appendix
Additional Family Couples in Charts and Other Persons
Demonstration Chart (Ortiz Clerical)

Addenda to original 1954 edition
Families alphabetically: Abeyta to Zarate
New names in New Mexico, 1820-1850
Families alphabetically: Abilucia to Zepeda
Bibliography

See also
 Baca family of New Mexico
 Angelico Chavez

References
 Chávez, Fray Angélico, Origins of New Mexico Families: A Genealogy of the Spanish Colonial Period, Rev. Ed.  (Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press, 1992.)

External links
 Beyond Origins of New Mexico Families
 Hispanic Genealogical Research Center of New Mexico
 New Mexico Genealogy Society

1954 non-fiction books
Spanish-American culture in New Mexico

Origins of New Mexico Families


Knoxville Voice was a populist alternative newspaper in Knoxville, Tennessee. It was published every two weeks and available free of charge in more than 300 locations throughout Knox and Blount counties. The paper debuted on April 20, 2006 and ceased publication on January 8, 2009. The summer 2007 sale of Knoxville alternative weekly Metro Pulse to media conglomerate E.W. Scripps, owner of the daily Knoxville News Sentinel, left the Knoxville Voice as the only major, general-interest independent alternative newspaper in Knoxville until it ceased publication.

Origins and influences
The Knoxville Voice was originally an African American newspaper, also published in Knoxville and devoted to minority cultural and civil rights issues. The oldest surviving issue (dated November 19, 1949) "focused almost exclusively on national news stories pertinent to African Americans, with a greater emphasis on the work of the NAACP to obtain equal rights, providing a glimpse of the beginnings of the civil rights movement of the 1960s."

The paper continues an editorial tradition of alternative media that extends beyond Knoxville. The spectrum of influences runs from labor-run papers like the British Daily Herald to muckraking newsletters like I.F. Stone's Weekly. Like its local, national, and international predecessors, Knoxville Voice practiced advocacy journalism, covering stories as they affect the public at large and filling gaps in reporting left by mainstream media. With most mainstream media outlets owned by a handful of multinational corporations, polls regularly report that nearly half the U.S. public has little or no "trust and confidence" in the mass media. Knoxville Voice is a reflection of such public attitudes embodied in its reporting and approach to news coverage.

Knoxville Voice published bi-weekly with a focus on local news and cultural events.

Notable editorial features
Knoxville Voice regularly published opinion-editorial articles from notable local and national commentators, including the award-winning columnist Don Williams, local nuclear nonproliferation activist Ralph Hutchison, and scholar and activist Noam Chomsky. In early 2007, Don Williams left the News Sentinel, the Scripps-owned daily after 20 years and began writing a regular column and online blog for Knoxville Voice.

Knoxville Voice was the only local newspaper to publish an article critical of the controversial summer 2006 deal involving the long-term leasing of the Sunsphere, the iconic Knoxville structure built for the 1982 World's Fair.

Sources

External links
 Archives of Knoxville Voice web site
 New Millennium Writings journal edited and published by Don Williams
 Oak Ridge Environmental Peace Alliance

Further reading
 Ben H. Bagdikian, The New Media Monopoly (Beacon Press, 2004)
 Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media, (Pantheon, 2002)
 Robert W. McChesney, The Problem of the Media: U.S. Communication Politics in the Twenty-First Century (Monthly Review Press, 2004)
 James Curran, The British Press, a Manifesto (MacMillan, 1978)

Defunct newspapers published in Tennessee
Alternative weekly newspapers published in the United States
Mass media in Knoxville, Tennessee
Newspapers established in 2006
2006 establishments in Tennessee
2009 disestablishments in Tennessee
Publications disestablished in 2009

Knoxville Voice


Virgo may refer to:

Astronomy
 Virgo (astrology), an astrological sign
 Virgo Cluster, a cluster of galaxies in the constellation Virgo
 Virgo (constellation), a constellation
 Virgo Stellar Stream, remains of a dwarf galaxy
 Virgo Supercluster, a galactic supercluster

Surname
 Virgo (surname)
 Adam Virgo, a Scottish footballer
 Clement Virgo, a Canadian film and television director
 John Virgo, a snooker player
 Sean Virgo, Canadian poet
 Terry Virgo, Founder of newfrontiersfamily of churches

Art
 Virgo (comics), a Marvel Comics character
 An alias of musician Marshall Jefferson
 Virgos Merlot, an American rock band

Others
 Aqua Virgo, one of the 11 aqueducts supplied the city of ancient Rome
 Beata Maria Virgo, Latin title for Blessed Virgin Mary.
 Virgo 4, a text to speech (screen reader), text to Braille, and alternative computer-interface for the blind creator software.
 Virgo (mobile suit), a mobile suit from Mobile Suit Gundam Wing
 Virgo interferometer, a French-Italian project in physics
 SuperStar Virgo, a mega cruise ship operated and owned by Star Cruises
 USS Virgo (AKA-20), a United States Navy attack cargo ship

Virgo


Tizimín Municipality is one of the 106 municipalities of Yucatán with a municipal seat of the same name. The municipality is located in the north-east of the Mexican state of Yucatán, and it is the largest municipality in the state with a territory that is 11% of the total area of the state. As of 2005 it also has the second largest population of any municipality in the state, the largest being Mérida and the third largest being Valladolid.

The city of Tizimín is the municipal seat and is located at about 160 km east of Mérida, Yucatán, 200 km west of Cancún, Quintana Roo, and 42 km south of Río Lagartos, the city's traditional sea port on the Gulf of Mexico. The municipal seat's population of 42,283 is about 60% of the total population of the municipality.

The word "Tizimin" means "tapir" in the Maya language. With the Spanish conquest of Yucatán, Tizimín was established as a Spanish colonial town in 1544.

Boundaries
The Gulf of Mexico is its northern border and Quintana Roo is its eastern border. And the municipality borders the following municipalities:  to the south Temozón, Calotmul and Chemax; and to the west Sucilá, Panabá and Río Lagartos.

Communities
The municipality has 588 named communities, of which the most important are:
 Chan Cenote
 Colonia Yucatán
 Dzonot Carretero
 El Cuyo (small port located on the northeast of the town of Tizimin)
 Kikil
 Popolnáh
 Tixcancal
 Tizimin (municipal seat)

Economy

The city of Tizimín is the second most economically important city of Yucatán state, only after the municipality of Mérida. It has good diversification of commerce. The main activities take place in the agricultural, forestry, industry, fisheries and tourism. Its production of meat, milk and cheese serving a large percentage of the needs of the state of Yucatán and the adjacent territory upstate Quintana Roo, including a good part of the robust demand for Cancun, the town that is one of the main drivers of the economy in southeastern Mexico.

Supporting this active economic development, the municipality has a broad network of educational infrastructure, health facilities, highways and hotels.

Tourist attractions

Cenotes
 Paccha
 3 Bocas
 Azul

The former convent and parish of the Holy Kings built in the seventeenth century.

Ex convent and temple of San Francisco built in the sixteenth century.

Archaeological:
 Ake Dzonot
 El palmar
 Chunhuele
 Xlacab
 Panabá
 Haltunchen
 Xuencal

Annual agricultural and industrial exhibition.

Festivals
Tizimín is known for its festival in honor of the Three Kings. The festivities begin on December 29 and conclude on January 6 of the following year.

In Sucopo there is a festival honoring the Virgin of the Candelaria, from 28 to 31 January.

History

In the days before the Spanish conquest of Yucatán, Tizimin municipality was a part of the province of Cupules.

1542 The Spanish captain Sebastian Burgos, with his companion Francisco de Montejo (a Nephew), conquered the territory.

1543 The town of Valladolid is founded on the banks of the lagoon Chouac-Ha.  (it is important to note here that the Chouac-Ha lagoon, which was the original location of the now city of Valladolid, now belongs to the municipality of Tizimin. While Valladolid was founded in here, it was later abandoned as the residents had too many problems with mosquitoes and humidity. As the site is part of the municipality of Tizimin, the fact that this historical event that occurred in the municipality is highlighted as part of its history.

1549 Tizimin was a land parcel owned by Captain Sebastian de Burgos.

1824 The State Congress decrees the reestablishment of Indian republics. Tizimin was one of those republics.

1835 A conservative unitary system of government was instituted in Mexico (a centralized dictatorship unconstitutionally brought forth and held by the then-President: Santa Anna. Yucatán became a department, and authority was imposed from the center.

1838 Discontent increased and an insurrection erupted in Tizimín in May, advocating Yucatecan independence.

1870 This year the parish priest of the village of Tizimin, Manuel Luciano Perez, sends a rare manuscript that has been called Chilam Balam of Tizimin to the Bishop of Yucatán, Crescendo Carrillo y Ancona, with the remark that it has been in his possession for a number of years. It is now preserved in the National Museum of Anthropology and History in Mexico City.

1913 On November 30 the inauguration of the railway from Espita-Tizimin, on this day the first locomotive arrives at the station in Tizimin.

1943 On May 29 start of the fourth centenary celebrations of the founding of Valladolid, in the Chouac-Ha (in this place was founded the city of Valladolid on the site that belongs to the municipality of Tizimin).

1975 For the first time in the history of Yucatán, a European monarch comes to visit Tizimin and its people. On February 28 Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom of Great Britain formally inaugurated the zoo and botanical garden at Tizimin. Queen Elizabeth II also visited Uxmal and until recently the chain that was added so that she could climb the temple of the magician was still in place.

References

External links
 Tizimín on YucatanToday.com
 Three Kings Festival at Tizimín

Municipalities of Yucatán
Tourism in Mexico

Tizimín Municipality


The steric factor, usually denoted ρ, is a quantity used in collision theory.

Also called the probability factor, the steric factor is defined as the ratio between the  experimental  value of the rate constant and the one predicted by collision theory. It can also be defined as the ratio between the pre-exponential factor and the collision frequency, and it is most often less than unity.  Physically, the steric factor can be interpreted as the ratio of the cross section for reactive collisions to the total collision cross section.

Usually, the more complex the reactant molecules, the lower the steric factors. Nevertheless, some reactions exhibit steric factors greater than unity: the harpoon reactions, which involve atoms that exchange electrons, producing ions. The deviation from unity can have different causes: the molecules are not spherical, so different geometries are possible; not all the kinetic energy is delivered into the right spot; the presence of a solvent (when applied to solutions); and so on.

When collision theory is applied to reactions in solution, the solvent cage has an effect on the reactant molecules, as several collisions can take place in a single encounter, which leads to predicted preexponential factors being too large. ρ values greater than unity can be attributed to favorable entropic contributions.

Usually there is no simple way to accurately estimate steric factors without performing trajectory or scattering calculations. It is also more commonly known as the frequency factor.

Notes

Chemical kinetics
Physical chemistry

Steric factor


Southwestern University (Southwestern or SU) is a private liberal arts college in Georgetown, Texas. Formed in 1873 from a revival of collegiate charters granted in 1840, Southwestern is the oldest college or university in Texas. Southwestern offers 40 bachelor's degrees in the arts, sciences, fine arts, and music as well as interdisciplinary and pre-professional programs. It is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and the National Association of Schools of Music and historically affiliated with the United Methodist Church.

The institution is a member of the Annapolis Group, the Associated Colleges of the South, the Council of Independent Colleges, and is a signatory of the Talloires Declaration.

History

Prior to assuming its current form, charters had been granted by the Texas Legislature (Texas Congress 1836–1845) to establish four educational institutions: Rutersville College of Rutersville, Texas, Wesleyan College of San Augustine, Texas, McKenzie College of Clarksville, Texas, and Soule University of Chappell Hill, Texas.

In 1873, the union of these four institutions opened in Georgetown as Texas University. Intending to reserve that name for a proposed state university in Austin, the University of Texas, the Texas Legislature instead granted a charter in 1875 under the name Southwestern University as a continuation of the charters for Rutersville, Wesleyan, McKenzie, and Soule. The institution considers its founding date to be 1840 when Rutersville College opened. Southwestern thus claims to be the oldest university in Texas and the second oldest coeducational liberal arts college west of the Mississippi.

Southwestern was a charter member of the Southwest Conference in 1915. Southern Methodist University was Southwestern's main rival for several decades in remembrance of an unsuccessful attempt to relocate Southwestern to Dallas which instead resulted in the establishment of SMU. When SMU's student population became much larger, students at Southwestern began considering Trinity University and Austin College to be the school's main rivals. After World War II, Southwestern transformed itself into a small liberal arts institution, discontinuing its post-graduate degrees, disbanding the football team, and rebuilding much of the campus with a massive capital campaign. The endowment rose substantially.

Until 1965, no African-Americans were allowed to attend the institution. In 1965, Ernest Clark enrolled; he graduated in 1969.

Former president Edward B. Burger stepped down in January 2020 and assumed the role of president and CEO of St. David's Foundation. Southwestern trustee and former provost Dale T. Knobel assumed interim presidency of Southwestern until Laura Skandera Trombley began her term as president on July 1, 2020.

Academics
The institution offers 40 majors and 36 minors divided between the Brown College of Arts, Garey School of Natural Sciences, and the Sarofim School of Fine Arts. In addition to traditional academic majors, Southwestern offers interdisciplinary, independent, and paired majors as well as pre-professional programs in Engineering, Law, Medicine, and Theology. Its most popular majors, based on 2021 graduates, were:
Business/Commerce (53)
Psychology (38)
Speech Communication & Rhetoric (27)
Biology/Biological Sciences (23)
Exercise Science & Kinesiology (20)

In the 2013–2014 academic year, total student enrollment was at 1,536, with a gender distribution of about 60 percent female and 40 percent male. Of the entering first-year students in Fall 2013, 37 percent were in the top 10 percent of their high school graduating class with an average SAT score of 1166 (*writing section not included). While the majority of students come from Texas (89 percent),  the remaining 11 percent come from 23 other states and 6 countries. Minority students constitute 33 percent of the student body.

The student to faculty ratio is 11:1, with an average class size of 15 students. Ninety-nine percent of the tenured or tenure-track faculty hold a doctorate or highest degree in their fields. Collaborative research and publication with students is common.

Research
Southwestern hosts two interdisciplinary academic exhibitions each year to showcase research by students at Southwestern and researchers across the country. The Brown Symposium held in the early spring is an academic conference attracting guest lecturers and panelists. All Brown Symposium speakers present research that shares the symposium's theme for that year. The Creative Works Symposium held near the end of the spring semester offers undergraduate students an opportunity to display their own research as a formal oral presentation, panel discussion, poster presentation, art exhibit, or technology demonstration. These student presentations are often the culmination of senior capstone projects, independent studies, collaborations with a faculty member, or a requirement for receiving research grants.

Speaker series
Southwestern has a history of drawing prolific lecturers to campus, including William Jennings Bryan, Helen Keller, bell hooks, and alumnus J. Frank Dobie. Orators traveling by train often stopped off on their way to or from Austin, giving their lectures and catching the next train.

Speakers at the annual Brown Symposium have included Isaac Asimov (through a video conference) in the early 1980s and Nobel prize-winning economist Joseph Stiglitz in 2002. Since it began, the Shilling Lecture series has brought a variety of prominent figures, including presidential advisor Karen Hughes (2003), Archbishop Desmond Tutu (2004), former Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto (2005), former Governor of New Jersey Thomas Kean (2006), former Secretary of State James Baker (2007), former U.S. senator Bill Bradley (2008), Nobel Peace Prize winner Wangari Maathai (2009), senior fellow in the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Global Health Program William Foege (2010), founder of TOMs Shoes Blake Mycoskie (2011), and three-time Pulitzer Prize winner Thomas Friedman (2012).  In 2002, The Writer's Voice series presented Pulitzer Prize winning author Michael Chabon.  The Writer's Voice has also welcomed such authors as Joyce Carol Oates (2000), Margaret Atwood (2003), Amy Tan (2007), and Azar Nafisi (2008).

Awards and rankings

Loren Pope, former education editor for The New York Times, included Southwestern in his 1996 book, Colleges That Change Lives, and in a 2012 update to that book.

Campus
Southwestern University is located in Georgetown, Texas, about 30 miles (50 km) north of Austin. The campus comprises 700 acres (2.8 km²) mostly located north of University Avenue, although the eastern portion of these lands remains largely undeveloped with some portions serving as an EcoLab where faculty and students conduct research. The main campus is organized around a central academic mall formed by a semi-circular grassy area bounded by a pedestrian walkway and academic buildings. Residence halls and on-campus apartments are located to the east and northwest of the academic mall. Sports fields, support facilities, and parking are on the periphery of the main campus.

Notable buildings

The Hugh Roy and Lillie Cullen Building (formerly called the Administration Building) was built in 1898 in the Richardsonian Romanesque style and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Cullen Building currently houses the administration, business office, alumni relations, and classrooms. Throughout various times in its history, it has also housed the campus auditorium, gymnasium, chapel, and library. It is named in honor of Hugh Roy Cullen and his wife.

Mood-Bridwell Hall, originally a men's dormitory, was completed in 1908 and currently houses classrooms, faculty offices, a computer lab, the Debbie Ellis Writing Center, and an indoor atrium. Mood-Bridwell is included in the Cullen Building's listing on the National Register of Historic Places.

The A. Frank Smith Library Center opened in 1939 as the Cody Memorial Library and was built as part of a WPA project. It was expanded in 1966 and again in 1989, receiving the new name as a result of the second expansion. In addition to books and periodicals, the library houses a film and audio collection, 24-hour computer lab, maps, sheet music, and special collections for Texas history and culture, John Tower, J. Frank Dobie, Jessie Daniel Ames, Herman Melville, Aaron Burr, Edward Blake, Thomas Bewick, and Australia.

The Lois Perkins Chapel was built in 1950 and includes an Aeolian-Skinner pipe organ. Stained glass windows along the east and west sides depict Reformation leaders and Methodist leaders with seals for the educational institutions they were affiliated with.

The McCombs Campus Center opened in 1998, replacing the Bishops' Memorial Student Union Building and University Commons. It includes dining facilities, the campus bookstore, ballrooms, and student organization offices. It is named for billionaire entrepreneur and Southwestern alum Red McCombs.

The Fayez Sarofim School of Fine Arts is housed in the Alma Thomas Fine Arts Building, originally built in 1956 on the former property of the Texas rancher John Wesley Snyder, a Southwestern University benefactor. The Fine Arts Building (FAB) has been renovated multiple times, most recently in 1998 and 2008. The FAB houses the 700-seat Alma Thomas Theater, the smaller Jones Theater, the Caldwell-Carvey Foyer, numerous practice rooms, art studios, a black box theater, and an instrumental rehearsal hall.

The Wilhelmina Cullen Admission Center opened in 2009, moving the admissions office out of the Roy and Lillie Cullen Building. It is Southwestern's first "green" building and was designed to receive Gold LEED certification. Some of the building's features include a bamboo floor in the lobby area, skylights in the center of the building, solar-powered sink faucets and reflective roof shingles. Southwestern plans to turn the area in the original Cullen Building formerly occupied by the Admission Office into a museum. The Admissions Center was named after Wilhelmina Cullen, the daughter of Roy and Lillie Cullen.

Student activities and organizations

There are over 90 student organizations on campus. The school hosts chapters of 16 academic honor societies, including a chapter of Phi Beta Kappa, a chapter of Beta Beta Beta (TriBeta), and the founding chapter of the Alpha Chi honor society. The national co-ed service fraternity Alpha Phi Omega also has a chapter. Several groups on campus participate in social activism and awareness on campus and in the Austin area, including College Democrats, Students for Environmental Activism and Knowledge (SEAK), Latinos Unidos, EBONY, and Amnesty International. Religious groups on campus include the national Christian fraternity Kappa Upsilon Chi, Christian sorority Sigma Phi Lambda, Jewish Student Association, Muslims and Allies, and Buddhist Meditation Group. Other groups include Southwestern Breakaway, Mock Trial, Student Health Advisory Council (SHAC), Best Buddies, Cat Partners, Exercise is Medicine, Robotics Club, Business Club, and much more.

Student government
Student government is primarily handled by the Student Congress, with each member elected to represent students living in residence halls, Greek houses, and at-large for students living off-campus. The Student Congress is headed by a president elected through popular vote. An independent organization, Student Foundation, serves as a liaison between students, faculty, alumni, and the administration. A panel of students and faculty maintain the institution's honor code, replacing the Student Judiciary which previously adjudicated violations of the honor code.

Greek life

Southwestern hosts eight national social fraternities and sororities governed by the North-American Interfraternity Council (IFC) and the National Panhellenic Council (NPC). All fraternities occupy houses on the western side of the campus. The sororities do not have dedicated housing, although they maintain chapter rooms in the Lord Caskey Center. Southwestern has a deferred rush allowing incoming students to become familiar with the campus before formal recruitment begins in the early spring. About 1/3 of the student life is involved in Greek life.

IFC Fraternities/NPC Sororities

Southwestern also has the Alpha Tau chapter of Kappa Delta Chi sorority. The Alpha Tau chapter is also a member of Southwestern's umbrella organization the Coalition for Diversity and Social Justice.

Media
The Megaphone, established in 1907, is the official student newspaper of Southwestern University. Published online and biweekly in print, the newspaper focuses on the campus community, including sections on news, features, opinions/editorials, culture, and sports. Throughout its history, the Megaphone has changed formats several times, alternating between broadsheets and tabloid paper. The newspaper publishes an April Fool's Day edition every spring under the title The Megaphool.

Spyglass Literary Magazine is the student literary magazine. The magazine is the oldest publication on campus, established in 1882 as the Alamo and San Jacinto Monthly and renamed the Southwestern University Monthly in 1895, then the SU Literary Magazine, and finally The Spyglass in 2012. Currently published twice a year at the end of each semester, the magazine features student poetry, short stories, artwork, and photography.

SU Radio is an online radio station broadcasting music and student commentary in hour-long programming blocks.

Athletics

Southwestern is a member of the NCAA Division III Southern Collegiate Athletic Conference (SCAC). Southwestern competes in 20 varsity sports, including football, basketball, cross country, track & field, golf, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis, lacrosse, men's baseball, women's volleyball and women's softball. Intramural sports on campus include handball, rock climbing, and ultimate frisbee. The school mascot is the pirate.

The men's lacrosse team became a varsity sport in 2009 after offering lacrosse as a club sport for 25 years. The men's lacrosse team won the Lonestar Alliance Division II Championship for four consecutive years prior to becoming a varsity sport. The women's team is currently non-varsity and is affiliated with the Texas Women's Lacrosse League, although the university plans to field a varsity team in 2014. The women's team won a division championships in 2007.

In addition to lacrosse, Southwestern has a nationally ranked handball team that won the Division II National Collegiate Championship in 2007. In September 2016, Southwestern's volleyball team moved up to 3rd place in the AVCA coaches poll as well.

Southwestern reinstated football in 2013 after a 62-year hiatus. The institution previously fielded football teams from 1908 to 1951, reaching national prominence during World War II when the institution's participation in the Navy's V-12 College Training Program enlisted talented players from other schools. Southwestern was a founding member of the Southwest Conference and won the Sun Bowl in 1944 and 1945.

Southwestern University Women's Soccer team won its first-ever SCAC Championship in 2019, defeating Trinity University on penalty kicks.

Notable alumni

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Williamson County, Texas
 Liberal arts colleges in the United States

References

Further reading
 Jones, Ralph Wood (1973). Southwestern University 1840–1961. Austin: San Felipe Press.
 Jones, William B (2006). To Survive and Excel: The Story of Southwestern University, 1840–2000.

External links

 Southwestern University athletics website
 Southwestern University at the Handbook of Texas

Private universities and colleges in Texas
Educational institutions established in 1840
Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Education in Williamson County, Texas
Buildings and structures in Williamson County, Texas
Georgetown, Texas
1840 establishments in the Republic of Texas
Universities and colleges formed by merger in the United States

Southwestern University


Earl Cairns is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1878 for the prominent lawyer and Conservative politician Hugh Cairns, 1st Baron Cairns. He was Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain in 1868 and from 1874 to 1880. Cairns had already been created Baron Cairns, of Garmoyle in the County of Antrim, in 1867, and was made Viscount Garmoyle, in the County of Antrim, at the same time he was given the earldom. These titles are also in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

He was succeeded by his second but eldest surviving son, the second Earl. He died young without male issue and was succeeded by his younger brother, the third Earl. He never married and was succeeded by his younger brother, the fourth Earl. On his death the titles passed to his second but only surviving son, the fifth Earl. He was a Rear-Admiral in the Royal Navy. , the titles are held by his son, the sixth Earl, who succeeded in 1989.

Sir William Cairns, half-brother of the first Earl, served as Governor of Queensland from 1875 to 1877.

The family seat is Bolehyde Manor, near Chippenham, Wiltshire.

Baron Cairns (1867)
Hugh McCalmont Cairns, 1st Baron Cairns (1819–1885) (created Earl Cairns in 1878)

Earl Cairns (1878)
Hugh McCalmont Cairns, 1st Earl Cairns (1819–1885)
Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns (1861–1890)
Herbert John Cairns, 3rd Earl Cairns (1863–1905)
Wilfred Dallas Cairns, 4th Earl Cairns (1865–1946)
David Charles Cairns, 5th Earl Cairns (1909–1989)
Simon Dallas Cairns, 6th Earl Cairns (born 1939)

The heir apparent is the present holder's eldest son, Hugh Sebastian Frederick Cairns, Viscount Garmoyle (born 1965), whose heir is his son, Hon. Oliver David Andrew Cairns (born 1993).

Male-line family tree

Notes

References

Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

Earldoms in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1878
Noble titles created for UK MPs
Peerages created for lord high chancellors of Great Britain

Earl Cairns


Comte Gustave Auguste Bonnin de la Bonninière de Beaumont (1802 – 1866) was a French magistrate, prison reformer, and travel companion to the famed philosopher and politician Alexis de Tocqueville.  While he was very successful in his lifetime, he is often overlooked by historians, and his name is synonymous with Tocqueville's achievements.

Early life
Beaumont was born in 1802 in Beaumont-la-Chartre, Sarthe, to the count Jules de Beaumont and Rose Préau de la Baraudière. He was the youngest of four children.  Beaumont spent his early years in the chateau de La Borde in his birthplace.  Like Tocqueville, Beaumont came from nobility; he was a descendant of the Bonin de la Bonnière family.

Career in law
In 1826, Beaumont acquired the position of King's Prosecutor at the Tribunal de Première Instance at Versailles. It was during this tenure that he first met Alexis de Tocqueville, and they became friends.  Although Beaumont's eloquence and verve contrasted greatly with Tocqueville's bad rhetoric and asocial behavior, the two stayed close, even when Beaumont was appointed to Paris in 1829 and they were separated for a time.

Journey to America
After receiving a commission from King Louis-Phillipe to inspect American prison systems along with Tocqueville, Beaumont set sail to America on the ship Le Havre in 1831 as Tocqueville's travelling companion.  During their journey, their friendship grew and so did their intellectual involvement. At the conclusion of their 9-month study, they returned to France, and he and Tocqueville published their great political analysis Du système pénitentiare aux Etats-Unis, et de son application en France (two volumes, 1833).  When the first edition was published, Beaumont, sympathetic to social injustice, was working on another book, Marie, ou l'esclavage aux Etats-Unis (two volumes, 1835), which was a social critique and novel describing the separation of races in a moral society and the conditions of slaves in America. Although the 1833 writing was successful, Tocqueville was given intellectual recognition, which was not the case with Beaumont. This was the first step in Beaumont's having to live in his friend's shadow in fame. Beaumont also wrote L'Irlande, sociale, politique, et religieuse (two volumes, 1839–42).

Later life

Gustave de Beaumont married Clémentine de Lafayette (the granddaughter of the French general and nobleman) in 1836. Beaumont wrote a second book entitled Ireland about two journeys he had made to the area, one with Tocqueville in 1835, and another with his wife in 1837. Under the July Monarchy, Beaumont was elected deputy for Mamers in the Sarthe in December 1839. His friendship with Tocqueville was dwindling at this time due to political disagreements, and Beaumont's support of a newspaper called Le Siècle caused their differences to come to a head when he refused to accompany Tocqueville and some friends in the adventure of another daily paper. This rift did not destroy their friendship, but the two did not speak to each other for quite some time.

The Revolutions of 1848 reconciled them, and soon they were both in agreement in their beliefs on the republic. In August 1848, Beaumont was elected plenipotentiary minister to London, and at the presidential elections of 10 December, they gave their support to Cavaignac. His defeat resulted in Beaumont's resignation, but Beaumont returned to French political affairs by being elected second on the list for the department of La Sarthe in the Legislative assembly. Tocqueville's election to the post of Ministry of Foreign Affairs benefitted Beaumont, as he was elected French ambassador to Vienna. Cavaignac appointed him Ambassador to England. He and Tocqueville resigned together when the ministry fell, and they retained their views following the coup d'état of 2 December 1851 by withdrawing from public life and refusing to support the imperial regime. One of the opponents of the coup d'état, he was imprisoned for some time in the fortress of Mont Valérien.

Last years and death
Although Tocqueville and Beaumont remained close friends, Beaumont was forced financially to turn away from society and retire (along with his family) to his chateau de Beaumont-la-Chartre. Nevertheless, he did not forget his best friend. He oversaw the release of Tocqueville's last book The Old Regime and the Revolution in Paris, while Tocqueville was still grieving for the loss of his father. He was at Tocqueville's side when he died, at Cannes on 16 April 1859. Beaumont took it upon himself to oversee the posthumous publication of his friend's collected works, although he did not live to see the project finished. Gustave de Beaumont died on 30 March 1866 in Paris, the victim of an epidemic. His wife, Clémentine, completed the project a year after her husband's death.

See also
 The Alexis de Tocqueville Tour: Exploring Democracy in America

Sources
 De Tocqueville, Alexis, Democracy in America (1835, 1840). New York: Library of America, 2003. Trans. Arthur Goldhammer.
 De Beaumont, Gustave, Marie or Slavery in the United States. A Novel of Jacksonian America. Translated by Barbara Chapman. Introduction by Gerard Fergerson. Stanford University Press, 1958.
 Cossu-Beaumont, Laurence. Marie ou l'esclavage aux Etats-Unis by Gustave de Beaumont (1835). Paris: Forges de Vulcain, 2014.
 De Beaumont, Gustave. Ireland: Social, Political, and Religious, Introduction by Tom Garvin and Andreas Hess,  Harvard University Press, 2006.

External links

 Gustave de Beaumont : two "lives side by side"

 Yale Tocqueville Manuscripts. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.

1802 births
1866 deaths
People from Sarthe
Counts of France
Politicians from Pays de la Loire
Moderate Republicans (France)
Members of the 5th Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
Members of the 6th Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
Members of the 7th Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
Members of the 1848 Constituent Assembly
Members of the National Legislative Assembly of the French Second Republic
19th-century French diplomats
French political writers
Prison reformers
French male non-fiction writers

Gustave de Beaumont


The history of Azerbaijan goes back centuries before the USSR was formed. The population of Azerbaijan is a native to the Caucasus  area, which are of turk descent.

Middle Ages and the coming of Islam

In the 7th century, Islam was introduced with the Arab conquest, which was important in the formation of a single nation and language in Azerbaijan, when the population became Muslim. A common religion for both Turkic and non-Turkic ethnic groups brought about the formation of common traditions, and the integration between the different ethnic groups living on the territory of Azerbaijan. By the middle of the 9th century, the Turkic ethnic group, the Azerbaijani people became the major ethnic group.

The establishment of a single state in Azerbaijan happened between the 15th century and the 18th century. This period is very important in the history of Azerbaijan. The ruler Shah Ismail Khatai (1501-1524) who was of Azerbaijani origin, united all the territories of Azerbaijan under his control. He founded the Safavid dynasty with Tabriz as its capital. During the rule of the Safavis, the Azerbaijani language also became the only official language. After the Safavid dynasty ended, Nadir Shah Afshar (1736-1747), an Azerbaijani commander founded the Afsharid dynasty (1736-1796) named after himself,  and continued to rule over Azerbaijan's territories. He strengthened the borders and in 1739 invaded North India including Delhi. After Nadir Shah's death, his dynasty weakened and in the second part of the 18th century resulted in the formations of new smaller states.

In the late 18th century, then, the government of Iran passed to the Qajar dynasty (1796-1925), who were also of Azerbaijani origin. Their main policy was to unite all the territories once ruled by their ancestors. This gave the start to several long wars between the Qajars and Russia, with both parties aiming to occupy the South Caucasus which Azerbaijan is a part of. Azerbaijan was divided between the two empires. The northern part of Azerbaijan was annexed to Russia, while the south went to Iran. This is the origin of today's political division between "North Azerbaijan" which today has become the Republic of Azerbaijan, and "South Azerbaijan", which today is a part of Iran.

Russian and Soviet rule

Azerbaijan came under Russian rule after the Persian-Russian wars of 1804-1813.  The country gained independence for a short period, however, towards the end of the First World War.  After the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917, Azerbaijan, together with Armenia and Georgia formed the short-lived Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic.  When this republic ended in May 1918, Azerbaijan declared independence as the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan on May 28, 1918, as the first modern and secular parliamentary republic in the Muslim World.  However, the Red Army occupied the territory and annexed it to the newly formed Soviet Union and the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic was founded on April 28, 1920.

During the Second World War and after, the Azerbaijan SSR, as a petroleum producer, was important in the energy policy of the Soviet Union.  Following the politics of reforms called "glasnost", started by the leader of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev, riots and ethnic fighting grew in various regions of the Soviet Union, including Nagorno-Karabakh, a region of the Azerbaijan SSR.  The disturbances in Azerbaijan, in response to the Soviet government's lack of response to the already tense conflict between the Azerbaijanis and Armenians, resulted in calls for independence and secession, which resulted in the massacre known as "Black January" in the capital Baku in January 1990.  Azerbaijan eventually declared independence on October 18, 1991. The Soviet Union was ended on December 25, 1991.

Independence

When Azerbaijan became independent, the conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh turned into the Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1991-1994.

The politician Heydar Aliyev became the President of Azerbaijan in 1993 and successfully stabilized the country and a ceasefire between Azerbaijan and Armenia was signed in 1994, which paused the war. However, 20 % of Azerbaijan remained occupied by the Armenian military and the two countries were in a state of war, until November, 2020. Nevertheless, representatives of the governments of Armenia and Azerbaijan have since been holding peace talks organized by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) "Minsk Group" to solve the conflict and restore the territory to Azerbaijan. When Heydar Aliyev died in 2003, his son Ilham Aliyev became the President of Azerbaijan and is continuing his father's policies today. As an important producer of petroleum and natural gas, Azerbaijan's economy is increasing very rapidly every year, and has become rich as a result.

References

Further reading

 Altstadt, Audrey. The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity Under Russian Rule (Azerbaijan: Hoover Institution Press, 1992).
 Ashurbeyli, S. "History of Shirvanshahs" Elm 1983, 408 (in Azeri)
Goltz, Thomas. "Azerbaijan Diary: A Rogue Reporter`s Adventures in an Oil-Rich, War-Torn, Post-Soviet Republic".M.E. Sharpe (1998).
 Gasimov, Zaur: The Caucasus, European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2011, retrieved: November 18, 2011.
 Kalankatu, Moisey (Movses). The History of Caucasian Albanians. transl by C. Dowsett. London oriental series, vol 8, 1961 (School of Oriental and African Studies, Univ of London)
 At Tabari, Ibn al-Asir (trans by Z. Bunyadov), Baku, Elm, 1983?
 Jamil Hasanli. At the Dawn of the Cold War: The Soviet-American Crisis Over Iranian Azerbaijan, 1941–1946, (Rowman & Littlefield; 409 pages; $75). Discusses the Soviet-backed independence movement in the region and argues that the crisis in 1945–46 was the first event to bring the Soviet Union in conflict with the United States and Britain after the alliance of World War II
 Momen, M. An Introduction to Shii Islam, 1985, Yale University Press 400 p
 Shaffer, B. Borders and Brethren: Iran and the Challenge of Azerbaijani Identity (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2002).
 Swietochowski, Tadeusz. Russia and Azerbaijan: Borderland in Transition (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995).
 Van der Leew, Ch. Azerbaijan: A Quest for Identity: A Short History (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000).

Other websites

 Timeline starting in 1828 from BBC News
 A Country Study: Azerbaijan  March 1994 report from the U.S. Library of Congress
 List of rulers   from Rulers.org
 A Short Sketch of One Century of Azerbaijani Historical Writing by Zaur Gasimov from Caucasus Analytical Digest
 Afsharids from Iranica Encyclopedia

History of Azerbaijan


Maria Edgeworth was a novelist in the early nineteenth century.

Life
Edgeworth was born in Oxfordshire in 1767 or 1768. She was the daughter of Richard Lovell Edgeworth and Anna Maria Edgeworth. When her father married again to his second wife, she went with him to Ireland. There, she helped her father and managed her father's land. Because of this, she became friends with lots of fashionable people and with Irish peasants. This was very useful to her later in writing her novels. At first she used to write for children, but in 1800 she published her first adults' novel, Castle Rackrent. Lots of people liked Castle Rackrent, which was an immediate success.

In 1798 her father married his fourth wife. For fifty-one years Maria had a very good friend in her stepmother.

In 1802 their family traveled to other countries. First they went to Brussels, then to a part of France. There Maria met a man named Count Edelcrantz. Maria's stepmother wrote in the book Life and Letters, that Maria loved him very much. They came back home to Ireland in 1803 when the war began again, and Maria started writing again. Her father helped her with her writing, and corrected her books a lot. Maria published Castle Rackrent secretly.

Edgeworth helped Irish peasantry very much. She was short, and is said to be cheerful and lively. After she was ill for a few years she died at Edgeworthstone, in the arms of her stepmother, in 1849.

Other books written by Maria Edgeworth
 Belinda
 Castle Rackrent
 Leonora
 Helen

Other websites

Sources

Works by Maria Edgeworth at Internet Archive
Other
Biography on Revolutionary Players website
 Edgeworthstown From "Irish Pictures Drawn with Pen and Pencil" (1888)

1767 births
1849 deaths
Irish novelists

Maria Edgeworth


Cornet Mikhail Yakovlevich Korobeinikov () (c. 1893 —April 24, 1924, Harbin) was one of the leaders of the Yakut Revolt.

Little is known about his early years in the White movement. Mikhail Korobeinikov headed the Yakut Revolt in September, 1921. His detachment consisted of about 200 strong soldiers. Mikhail Korobeinikov proclaimed himself the Commander-in-Chief of the Yakut People's Army made up together with detachments of yesaul Bochkaryev and Ksenofontov. In March 1922 they established the Provisional Yakut Regional People's Government in Churapcha. The army existed from September 1921 to June, 1923. Mikhail Korobeinikov's troops besieged and took Yakutsk on March 27, 1922. In the end of July the Yakut People's Army was ousted from Yakutsk and fled to Okhotsk and Ayan.

On 30 August, the Pacific Ocean Flotilla, manned by about 750 volunteers under General Anatoly Pepelyayev, sailed from Vladivostok to assist the uprising. Three days later, this force disembarked in Ayan and moved upon Yakutsk. By the end of October, when Pepelyayev occupied the town of Nelkan, he learned that the Red Army had wrested Vladivostok from the White Army and the Civil War was over.  The remains of the White Army were defeated near Okhotsk on 6 June 1923 and near Ayan on 16 June 1923.

Mikhail Korobeinikov and the remains of his army fled to China. He lived and died in Harbin.

References
Russian history site

Date of birth unknown
People of the Russian Civil War
White Russian emigrants to China
Russian military leaders
1924 deaths
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to China

Mikhail Korobeinikov


Central Macedonia is one of the thirteen administrative regions of Greece. It covers the southern part of the geographic region Macedonia. Sometimes, the region is called South Macedonia. Its capital is Thessaloniki. Central Macedonia has borders with Albania, North Macedonia, and Bulgaria. About 2.8 million people live in Central Macedonia.

Peripheries of Greece

Central Macedonia


Eight Lectures on Yoga is a book by English occultist and teacher Aleister Crowley about the practice of Yoga. The book is number 4 of volume 3 of The Equinox, which was published by the Ordo Templi Orientis. The work is largely a demystified look at yoga, using little to no jargon or satirical humor. It is divided under two sections into eight parts, which are transcripts of eight one-hour lectures on the subject given by Crowley. The book was originally published in 1939.

Summary
Eight Lectures on Yoga is divided into two chapters: "Yoga for Yahoos" and "Yoga for Yellowbellies". In the book, Crowley instructs students on the steps needed to approach mysticism through yoga, and details the complications that arise along the path. One intent Crowley had in writing the book was to dispel the various myths surrounding Yoga in Europe at the time — most thought it to be an exotic, Eastern ritual of the ancient past.

Yoga for Yahoos
Lecture 1: Dissects the word "Yoga", as well as its various implications on the human mind.

Lecture 2: Lists the eight limbs of Yoga, and explains the first, Yama, which is defined as control.

Lecture 3: Details Niyama, the second limb of Yoga, and analogizes it to various planets.

Lecture 4: Concerning Asana and Pranayama, the third and fourth limbs of Yoga, and correct posture while practicing.

Yoga for Yellowbellies
In this section, Crowley covers, in detail, the philosophical, mathematical, and scientific aspects of Yoga. These are divided into the remaining four chapters.

Works by Aleister Crowley
1939 non-fiction books
Classic yoga books
Books of lectures

Eight Lectures on Yoga


Ecclesiastes is a book in the Old Testament of the Bible. It is described as "the words of the Philosopher, David's son, who was King in Jerusalem" (verse 1). This is probably Solomon.  The book talks about the meaning of life and the best way to live.

People disagree about what the Book of Ecclesiastes means.  Some people think the book is very pessimistic, saying "all is vain", "there is nothing new under the sun."(Chapter I), and "I looked again at all the injustice that goes on in this world. The oppressed were weeping but no one would help them. No one would help them, because their oppressors had power on their side. I envy those who are dead and gone; they are better off than those who are still alive. But better off than either are those who have never been born." (Chapter 4)  Other people think the book says that even though life is hard and we will all die someday, we should just enjoy God's gifts.

The book finishes by saying: ""Fear God, and keep his commandments; for that is the whole duty of everyone" (12:13).

Impact
Some of the sayings and ideas in Ecclesiastes have become important in British and American culture.  For example, the saying "there is nothing new under the sun" is often used in the United States.

During the American Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln used a quote from Ecclesiastes in a speech to Congress: "One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh: but the earth abideth for ever...."  ("One generation of people dies, and another generation is born, but the world will be here forever.")

President Joe Biden has also made a brief reference of Ecclesiastes during his winning speech after the 2020 Presidential Election: "To everything there is a season: a time to build, a time to reap, and a time to sow and a time to heal. This is the time to heal in America."

Famous American writer Thomas Wolfe once said: "Ecclesiastes is the greatest single piece of writing I have ever known, and the wisdom expressed in it the most lasting and profound."

One of the most famous parts of Ecclesiastes is verses 3:1 to 3:8:
"To every thing there is a season, and a time to every purpose under the heaven:
A time to be born, and a time to die; a time to plant, and a time to pluck up that which is planted;
A time to kill, and a time to heal; a time to break down, and a time to build up;
A time to weep, and a time to laugh; a time to mourn, and a time to dance;
A time to cast away stones, and a time to gather stones together; a time to embrace, and a time to refrain from embracing;
A time to get, and a time to lose; a time to keep, and a time to cast away;
A time to rend, and a time to sew; a time to keep silence, and a time to speak;
A time to love, and a time to hate; a time of war, and a time of peace."

Pete Seeger made a song named Turn, Turn, Turn! that included lines from these verses of Ecclesiastes. The Byrds had an international hit with their version of this song in 1965.

References

Old Testament books
Books of the Hebrew Bible
4th-century BC books

Ecclesiastes


The Neanderthal genome project is a project for the sequencing of the Neanderthal genome. The project was announced by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany and 454 Life Sciences in the United States in July 2006.

Other websites
 "Genetic algorithm model shows that modern humans out-competed the Neanderthal" Short summary of a peer review paper 2008
 "Last of the Neanderthals" National Geographic, October 2008
 MSNBC "Neanderthal genome project launches" 22 November 2006.
 BBC News Paul Rincon, "Neanderthal DNA secrets unlocked" 15 November 2006
 "Welcome to Neanderthal genomics" 17 November 2006
 "Neanderthal Genome Sequencing Yields Surprising Results and Opens a New Door to Future Studies"  15 November 2006

Genetics

Neanderthal genome project


Atri is a mythological Hindu sage. He is one of the seven Rishis. Hindu scriptures have named them as saptarishis, that is, the seven sages. The seven sages were Kashyapa, Atri, Vashitha, Vishvamitra, Gautam, Jamdagni, and Bharadvaja. According to Hindu mythology, these seven sages had become like divine beings. Ancient astrology of Hindus identified these seven sages with the stars of the sky, the Great Bear. Their wives formed the Pleiades.

Hindu mythology

Atri


Store Wars was originally a comic strip in the British comic Whizzer and Chips. During its run it was drawn by Doug Jensen, Jim Watson and Jimmy Hansen.

The story of the strip was of two shops. The first story told the story of how all of the shops in a terrace of shops closed up, one by one, leaving Bloggs & Son General Store, a popular small corner shop that seemingly sold anything and everything, owned by Mr. Bloggs, a kindly old man wearing the traditional white coat, and his son Ted.  Mr. Superstore, a bowler-hatted long-nosed man one day walked into Bloggs' shop and promptly decided to build a new superstore on the site of the demolished shops.

Each episode saw him try various nefarious methods to bring customers from the small shop to his store, but he would inevitably come to a sticky end.

One strip drawn by Jim Watson rewrote the origins.  Mr. Superstore brought a coachload of people in from a block of flats to visit the store - and then he showed them a postcard showing a terrace of houses adjacent to Bloggs' shop, whereupon the shoppers revealed themselves as the original inhabitants of the houses before he had them demolished and attacked him with their handbags - the last frame saw them all in Bloggs' shop, catching up.

Yet another saw Bloggs open 24 hours a day - and Mr. Bloggs introduced his twin brother in the last two frames, covering the night shift.  Others saw Mr. Superstore trying to keep up with Mr. Bloggs changing displays in a matter of minutes, and failing dismally - Mr. Bloggs always had a display ready to go whatever the weather, together with whitewash to write on the windows.

After Whizzer and Chips merged with Buster, the strip was continued in that comic, ending in March 1994. From 1997, after a reader request, the strip returned to Buster, but were reprints of earlier stories as opposed to new material. This continued until the comic's last issue at the beginning of 2000.

See also
 Store Wars: When Wal-Mart Comes to Town (2001)

British comic strips
Comic strips missing date information

Store Wars


The Hip Hop Honors is an annual event that airs on VH1. The television special honors old school and golden age hip hop rappers and contributors for their long-term influence and importance in the history of hip hop culture. It features live performances by most of the honorees along with new artists who have been influenced by them in tribute. The show is taped at the Hammerstein Ballroom in Manhattan, New York City.

Popular hip hop musicians are in attendance include Russell Simmons, Rick Rubin, MC Lyte, Chuck D, Beastie Boys, Common, KRS-One, Flavor Flav, Ice Cube, Dr. Dre, Ice-T, A Tribe Called Quest, Kanye West, Busta Rhymes, Snoop Dogg, Rev Run, Sean "Diddy" Combs, Doug E. Fresh, LL Cool J, Afrika Bambaataa, Wu-Tang Clan, and many more.

The award show is highly valued, above most hip hop award shows who base their honorees off of commercial value. Rather than for their historical significance.

The ceremony returned on July 11, 2016, in honor of the women of hip hop.

1st VH1 Hip Hop Honors (2004)
The first ceremony aired on October 12, 2004, and was hosted by Vivica A. Fox and MC Lyte.

Honorees
 DJ Hollywood
Kool Herc
KRS-One
Public Enemy
Run-DMC
Rock Steady Crew
Sugarhill Gang
2Pac
The Graffiti Movement

Presenters
Roselyn Sanchez
Debbie Harry
Tracy Morgan
Ice-T
Taye Diggs
P. Diddy
Wyclef Jean
Foxy Brown

Performances
Beastie Boys, Mix Master Mike and Doug E. Fresh – "Here We Go" and "Sucker M.C.'s"
Fat Joe and Terror Squad – "Lean Back"
Nas and Olu Dara – "Bridging the Gap"
Fat Joe – "South Bronx"
Doug E. Fresh, Kid Rock, Kid Capri and Grandmaster Flash – "DJ Medley"
Nas – "Keep Ya Head Up"
Beastie Boys – "Right Right Now Now"
Public Enemy, Beastie Boys, Anthrax – "Black Steel in the Hour of Chaos"/"Fight the Power"/"Bring the Noise"
MC Hammer – "Unconditional Love" (danced and read lyrics from this rap which was originally by 2pac but later given to Hammer as a gift from him that Hammer later did a remake of on his Family Affair album.)
Sugarhill Gang & Chic – "Rapper's Delight"/"Good Times"
Common – On The 88' Tip

2nd VH1 Hip Hop Honors (2005)

The second ceremony aired on September 26, 2005, hosted by Russell Simmons and Rev. Run.

Honorees
Big Daddy Kane
Boyz n the Hood
Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five
Ice-T
LL Cool J
The Notorious B.I.G.
Salt N Pepa

Presenters
Anthony Anderson
Jerry Ferrara
Spike Lee

Performances
Snoop Dogg – "Warning"
Ice-T – "OG Original Gangster"/"Colors"
Salt N Pepa featuring En Vogue – "Whatta Man"
Nelly featuring Ciara – "Doin It"
Nelly – "I'm Bad"
LL Cool J – "Mama Said Knock You Out"
Kanye West – "Gold Digger"
Faith Evans, Lil' Cease, Ludacris & Kanye West – "Juicy"/ "One More Chance"/ "Hypnotize"
Common, Black Thought & T.I. – "Raw", "Smooth Operator", & "Set It Off"
Big Daddy Kane – "Warm It Up, Kane"
Diddy & Faith Evans – "I'll Be Missing You"

3rd VH1 Hip Hop Honors (2006)

The third aired on October 17, 2006, with host Ice-T.

Honorees
Afrika Bambaataa
Beastie Boys
Eazy-E
Ice Cube
MC Lyte
Rakim
Russell Simmons
Wu-Tang Clan

Presenters
KRS-One & Outkast – Afrika Bambaataa
Tracy Morgan – Beastie Boys
Ice Cube & Ice-T- Eazy-E
Mike Epps & Fab 5 Freddy- Ice Cube
Regina King – MC Lyte
Common – Rakim
Diddy – Russell Simmons
Forest Whitaker – Wu-Tang Clan

Performances
Lil' Eazy-E, Young Jeezy, DJ Yella – "We Want Eazy"
Bone Thugs N Harmony – "Tha Crossroads"
Xzibit – "Check Yo Self"
WC – "It Was a Good Day"
Ice Cube – "Why We Thugs"/"Go to Church" w/ Lil Jon
Diddy, Fabolous and Q-Tip – "Hold It, Now Hit It"/"Paul Revere"
Beastie Boys – "So What'cha Want"/"The New Style"
Lil' Kim, Remy Ma, Da Brat, and Yo-Yo – "Cha Cha Cha"/"Kickin' 4 Brooklyn"/"Lyte as a Rock"
MC Lyte – "Paper Thin"/"Ruffneck"
Black Thought, Talib Kweli, Styles P., Raekwon – "Paid In Full"/"Eric B. For President"
Rakim – "Microphone Fiend"/"I Ain't No Joke"
Wu-Tang Clan – "C.R.E.A.M."/"Triumph"
Erykah Badu, George Clinton and the funkadelics
Rakim – It's Nothing

4th VH1 Hip Hop Honors (2007)

The fourth show aired October 8, 2007, and was hosted by Tracy Morgan.

Honorees
A Tribe Called Quest
Missy Elliott
Snoop Dogg
Whodini
Teddy Riley and Andre Harrell for new jack swing
Wild Style

Presenters
Kerry Washington – Missy Elliott
P. Diddy and Doug E. Fresh – Andre Harrell and Teddy Riley
LL Cool J – Wild Style
Chris Rock – Whodini
Harvey Keitel – Snoop Dogg
Tracy Morgan – A Tribe Called Quest

Performances
Tweet – "The Rain (Supa Dupa Fly)"
Timbaland & Eve – "Work It"
Eve and Keyshia Cole – "Hot Boyz"
Fatman Scoop and Ciara – "Lose Control"
Nelly Furtado – "Get Ur Freak On (Remix)"
Ne-Yo – "I Like"
T-Pain – "I Want Her"
Ne-Yo & Keyshia Cole – "Remember The Time"
Kool Moe Dee – "How Ya Like Me Now"
Teddy Riley – "No Diggity"/"Rump Shaker"
Nick Cannon – "Funky Beat"
Nelly – "One Love"
Jermaine Dupri – "Five Minutes of Funk"
Whodini – "Friends" and "Freaks Come Out at Night"
T.I. and B.G. – "Deep Cover"
Pharrell and Daz – "Nuthin' But a 'G' Thang"
Ice-T – "Gin and Juice"
Bow Wow – "Who Am I (What's My Name)"
Snoop Dogg and Pharrell – "Drop It Like It's Hot"
Busta Rhymes, Common, Lupe Fiasco, and Pharrell – "Bonita Applebum"/"Electric Relaxation"/"Scenario"
A Tribe Called Quest – "Check The Rhime"/"Award Tour"

5th Annual Hip Hop Honors (2008)

The fifth show aired October 6, 2008 and was hosted by Tracy Morgan.

Honorees
Cypress Hill
De La Soul
Naughty By Nature
Slick Rick
Too Short

Presenters
Freddy Rodriguez – Cypress Hill
Joy Bryant – De La Soul
Michael Strahan – Slick Rick
Luke Campbell – Too Short
Eve  – Naughty by Nature

Performances
Fat Joe – "The Phuncky Feel One"
Jim Jones – "I Ain't Goin' Out Like That"
Gym Class Heroes and Mack 10 – "Insane in the Brain"
Cypress Hill – "How I Could Just Kill a Man" / "(Rock) Superstar"
Q-Tip & Estelle – "A Roller Skating Jam Named "Saturdays""
Mos Def & Public Enemy – "Stakes Is High"
Cee-Lo – "Potholes in My Lawn"
EPMD – "Ego Trippin' (Part Two)"
De La Soul and Q-Tip – "Me Myself and I" / "Oooh." / "Buddy"
MC Lyte – "The Ruler's Back"
Busta Rhymes with Spliff Star – "The Show"
Ghostface Killah w/ Biz Markie – "La Di Da Di"
Fabolous and Dana Dane – "Hey Young World"
Eve – "Mona Lisa"
Slick Rick – "Children's Story"
Estelle w/ The Roots – "Ike's Mood 1"
Mos Def w/ The Roots – "Warning"
Scarface w/ The Roots – "Mind Playing Tricks on Me"
Public Enemy w/ The Roots – "Black Steel in the Hour of Chaos"
Kid Rock – "Life Is...Too Short"
Lil Jon – "Shake That Monkey"
Bun B – "Blow the Whistle"
Scarface – "The Ghetto"
Too Short – "Gettin' It" / "Money in the Ghetto"
Wyclef Jean and Juelz Santana – "Everything's Gonna Be Alright"
Big Boi w/ Wyclef Jean – "O.P.P."
Naughty by Nature – "Uptown Anthem" / "Hip Hop Hooray"

6th Annual Hip Hop Honors (2009)

The sixth show aired October 13, 2009 and was hosted by Tracy Morgan.

Honorees
Def Jam Recordings

Presenters
Tracy Morgan
Chris Rock
Anthony Anderson
Jimmy Fallon
Brett Ratner

Performances
Eminem, The Roots, and DJ Jazzy Jeff – "Rock the Bells"
Public Enemy with the Roots, Street Sweeper Social Club and DJ Jazzy Jeff – "Rebel Without a Pause"
Method Man & Redman – "Da Rockwilder"
DMX and Gym Class Heroes – "Party Up (Up in Here)"
Ludacris and Scarface – "Guess Who's Back/Southern Hospitality"
Mary J. Blige and Method Man – "I'll Be There for You/You're All I Need to Get By"
Rick Ross- "Hustlin'"
Warren G and Trey Songz – "Regulate"
Gym Class Heroes, Wale and KRS-One – "No Sleep till Brooklyn"
Ja Rule and Ashanti – "Down 4 U"/"Always on Time"
Onyx – "Slam"
Kid Rock – "I'm Bad"
EPMD – "Crossover"
Foxy Brown and Fabolous – "I'll Be"
Ghostface Killah and Chrisette Michele – "Back Like That"
Wale – "Touch the Sky"

7th VH1 Hip Hop Honors (2010)

The seventh Hip Hop Honors aired on June 7, 2010, hosted by Craig Robinson. The ceremony featured various artists from the 'Dirty South.'

Honorees
2 Live Crew
Luther Campbell
Mr. Mixx
Brother Marquis
Fresh Kid Ice
J. Prince
Jermaine Dupri
Master P
Organized Noise
Timbaland

Presenters
Jonah Hill
Donald Glover
Taraji P. Henson
T.I.
Lauren London
Kelly Rowland
Eddie Griffin
Kid Rock
David Banner
Rozonda "Chilli" Thomas

Performances
Uncle Luke Tribute with DJ Buddha, including a medley of the following songs and performers:
"It's Your Birthday"," featuring Luther Campbell
"Scarred"," featuring Luther Campbell, Trick Daddy and Pitbull
"I Wanna Rock (Doo Doo Brown)"," featuring Luther Campbell
J. Prince/Rap-a-Lot Tribute with DJ Domination, including a medley of the following songs and performers:
Mind Playing Tricks on Me," Game and Willie D
Po Pimp," featuring "A.K".
Nolia Clap," featuring Juvenile
Get Throwed," featuring Drake and Bun B
Jermaine Dupri Tribute with DJ Lil Jon, including a medley of the following songs and performers:
I Think They Like Me," featuring Jermaine Dupri, Dem Franchize Boyz, "Buddie (Gerald Tiller)", "Jizzal Man (Bernard Leverette)", "Parlae" and "Pimpin' (Jamal Willingham)"'
Money Ain't a Thang," featuring Jermaine Dupri
Jump," featuring Bow Wow, Jermaine Dupri and Lil Jon
Fresh Azimiz," featuring Bow Wow, Jermaine Dupri and Lil Jon
Welcome to Atlanta," featuring P. Diddy and Jermaine Dupri
Master P Tribute with DJ Kid Capri, including a medley of the following songs and performers:
I'm Bout It," featuring Romeo Miller, "Lil D", "Black Don" and "Valentino"
"That's Cool"," featuring Silkk the Shocker and Trina
I Miss My Homies," featuring Gucci Mane
Make 'Em Say Uhh!" featuring Mystikal
Atlanta Medley with DJ Drama, including the following songs and performers:
Wasted," featuring Gucci Mane
Never Scared," featuring Bone Crusher
Get Low (song)," featuring Lil Jon, Ying Yang Twins, "Kaine" and "D-Roc"
Timbaland Tribute with DJ Freestyle Steve, including a medley of the following songs and performers:
Big Pimpin," featuring Bun B
Make Me Better," featuring Fabolous
The Way I Are," featuring Keri Hilson, D.O.E. and Sebastian
Get Ur Freak On," featuring Missy Elliott
Work It," featuring Missy Elliott
Texas Medley with DJ Michael 5000 Watts, including the following songs and performers:
"Like a Boss"," featuring Slim Thug
Sittin' Sidewayz," featuring Paul Wall
Ridin'," featuring Chamillionaire
2 Live Crew Tribute with DJ Mixx, including a medley of the following songs and performers:
Me So Horny," featuring "Fresh Kid Ice" and "Marquis"
"Hoochie Mama"," featuring "Marquis" and "Fresh Kid Ice"
Banned in the U.S.A.," featuring Uncle Luke
Organized Noize Tribute with DJ Jelly, including a medley of the following songs and performers:
Player's Ball," featuring "Rico Wade"
Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik," featuring Nelly, Murphy Lee and "Rico Wade"
Cell Therapy," featuring Khujo and "Rico Wade"
"Dirty South"," featuring Khujo  and Cool Breeze
So Fresh, So Clean," featuring Cool Breeze, Sleepy Brown and "Rico Wade"
Saturday (Oooh! Ooooh!)," featuring Asher Roth, "Rico Wade" and Sleepy Brown
Miami Medley with DJ Khaled, including the following songs and performers:
"Million Dollar Girl"," featuring Trina
Low," featuring Flo Rida
I'm So Hood," featuring Rick Ross and "DJ Sam Sneed"
Super High," featuring Rick Ross and "DJ Sam Sneed"
I Know You Want Me," featuring Pitbull

8th VH1 Hip Hop Honors (2016)
The eighth Hip Hop Honors aired on July 11, 2016 hosted by Eve. This show honored the women of hip-hop.

Honorees
Missy Elliott
Queen Latifah
Salt-N-Pepa
Lil' Kim

Performances
Remy Ma & Fat Joe – All the Way Up
Fantasia, Monica & Tweet – Lady Marmalade
Remy Ma, Nelly Furtado & Trina – Work It
Queen Latifah, MC Lyte, Mia X, Nikki D, Da Brat & Rah Digga – U.N.I.T.Y.
Queen Latifah, Da Brat, Rah Digga, Lady of Rage & Yo-Yo – When You're Good to Mama

Queen Latifah Tribute by Naughty by Nature:
Naughty by Nature – Hip Hop Hooray

9th VH1 Hip Hop Honors (2017)
The ninth and final Hip Hop Honors aired on September 18, 2017 hosted by Regina Hall. This show honored the 90's Game Changers.

Honorees
Mariah Carey
Jermaine Dupri
Martin Lawrence
Master P
Hype Williams

Presenters

DJ Khaled and Asahd Khaled
Kelly Rowland
Keith Powers and Karrueche Tran
T.I.
Pharrell Williams
Tichina Arnold, Affion Crocket, and Lamorne Morris
Ice Cube

Performances

 Missy Elliott – She's A Bitch
 Mariah Carey, Jermaine Dupri, Da Brat, The Lox and Mase – Honey

Mobb Deep Tribute:

 Havoc, Lil' Kim and Fabolous – Quiet Storm

'90s Party Anthems Medley, including the following songs and performers:

Ty Dolla $ign – "This Is How We Do It"
Xscape's Kandi and Tiny – "No Scrubs"
Warren G and Ty Dolla $ign – "Regulate"
Fat Joe and Remy Ma – "Still Not A Player"

Jermaine Dupri & Master P Tribute, including a medley of the following songs and performers:

 Trick Daddy and Trina – "Nann"
 Romeo – "I Got the Hook-Up!"
 Silkk The Shocker and Romeo – "Make Em Say Uhh!"
 Xscape – "Just Kickin' It"

References

External links
Future Hip Hop Legends – listing of eligible hip hop artists

VH1 original programming
American television specials
2004 American television series debuts
2017 American television series endings
Music television specials
Hip hop awards

Hip Hop Honors


An ergastic substance is a non-protoplasm material that one can find in cells. These are usually products of metabolism.

Ergastic substances include crystals, oil drops, gums, tannins, resins and other compounds. Some of these substances help the organism function, keep up cell structure, or are just stored food material such as oil or fat.  During the life of a cell, they can appear and disappear. Ergastic substances may appear in the protoplasm, in vacuoles, or in the cell wall.

Ergastic substances are usually absent in tissue with dividing cells, such as meristem tissue in plants. Plant cells often store noxious substances in leaf cells as a kind of defence against herbivory. In animals storing noxious substances is done as defence against predation. Storing venom for use in biting or stings is common in some groups of animals.

In general, if animals need quantity of a liquid substance they produce it with special cells in a gland, and send the product to where it is needed or stored.

Cells
Tissues
Glands
Organic compounds

Ergastic substance


Carura or Karoura () was an ancient town of Asia Minor on the north-eastern border of ancient Caria.
Its position east of the range of Cadmus assigns it to Phrygia, under which country Strabo describes it. It was on the south side of the Maeander River, 20 miles west of Laodicea to Ephesus. The place is identified by hot springs approximately 12 miles northwest of Denizli, that have been described by the scholars Pococke and Chandler. Strabo observed that Carura contained many inns (), which is explained by the fact of its being on a line of great traffic, by which the wool and other products of the interior were transported to the coast.  He added that it has hot springs, some in the Maeander, and some on the banks of the river.

This tract of land is subject to earthquakes. In a story reported by Strabo, a brothel keeper was lodging in the inns with a great number of his women, they were all swallowed up one night by the earth opening. Henry William Chandler observed on the spot a jet of hot water, which sprung up several inches from the ground; and also the remains of an ancient bridge over the river. On the road between Carura and Laodicea was the temple of Men Carus, a Carian deity; and in the time of Strabo there was a noted Herophilean school of medicine here, under the presidency of Zeuxis, and then Alexander Philalethes.  Chandler discovered some remains on the road to Laodicea, which, he supposes, may be the traces of this temple; but he states nothing that confirms this conjecture.

Herodotus mentions a place called "Cydrara", to which Xerxes came on his road from Colossae to Sardes. It was the border between Lydia and Phrygia, and the Lydian king Croesus fixed a stele there with an inscription on it, which declared the boundary. Classical scholar William Martin Leake thought that the Cydrara of Herodotus may be Carura.  It could not be far off; but the boundary between Lydia and Phrygia should perhaps not be located south of the Maeander in this region.

Modern scholars locate Carura near Tekke, in Asiatic Turkey.

References

Populated places in ancient Caria
Populated places in ancient Lydia
Populated places in Phrygia
Former populated places in Turkey
History of Aydın Province

Carura


The Fiat 626 was an Italian medium truck that met specifications for the Italian army and air force for military operations prior to World War II. The Fiat 626 NLM operated in Italian North Africa (1940–1943), Italian East Africa (1940–1941), the Balkans (1940–1944), France (1940–1944), and Soviet Union (1941-1943/44).

In 1939, the 626 was the first FIAT truck with forward control and it replaced the  models 621 and 633.

The initial version of the 626 for civilian use was the 626N ("N" for Nafta, the Italian for diesel). This was followed by a slightly longer wheelbase version the 626NL (from Nafta Lungo - "diesel long").
The military version for the Italian Army and the Italian Air Force was the 626NLM (for Nafta Lungo Militare)

A reliable workhorse, the FIAT 626 became the standard Italian medium truck and operated on all fronts.

France ordered 1,650 trucks; 700 had been delivered by the time Italy declared war on June 10, 1940. After the Italian armistice with the Allies in September 1943, the FIAT 626 was used by German forces. By 31 January 1945 3,000 had been produced for German use. In 1941, 100 trucks were purchased by the Bulgarian army after Bulgaria became an ally of Germany and Italy. The Bulgarian Army still used the vehicles in 1944–1945, after the country signed an armistice with the Allies' and participated in the war against Germany.

Production finished in 1948, after 10,000 Fiat 626 had been produced at FIAT's Turin assembly lines.

References

626
World War II vehicles of Italy
Military trucks of Italy
Military vehicles introduced in the 1930s
Vehicles introduced in 1939

Fiat 626


St. Catherine's College is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford. It is commonly referred to as "Catz". The college was founded in 1962, but its origins are older. In 1862, a "Delegacy for Unattached Students" was formed in Oxford. Students could join the Delegacy to become members of the University without being members of a college. Many students could not afford the cost of belonging to a college. The Delegacy came to be called "St. Catharine's [sic.] Club" after the name of the building at which its members met. In 1931, the Delegacy was officially renamed "St. Catherine's Society".

The Society obtained authority to become a full college in 1956. It purchased land from Merton College and built a modernist campus designed by Danish architect Arne Jacobsen. The College opened in 1962. It first admitted women students in 1974.

References

Colleges of the University of Oxford
1962 establishments in England

St Catherine's College, Oxford


Lieutenant-General Henry Wray  (1 January 1826 – 6 April 1900) was a Royal Engineers officer who arrived in Fremantle on 12 December 1851 and was responsible for carrying out the construction plans for Fremantle Prison for Edmund Henderson.

Military career
Henry Wray was born in Demerara, now Guyana on 1 January 1826. The son of Charles Wray, Chief Justice of Demerara, Wray graduated from the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich as second lieutenant in 1843. Postings in Ireland and Gibraltar followed, and Wray's abilities as an engineer soon saw him promoted to first lieutenant in 1846. Married in 1848 to Mary Drinkwater, the daughter of eminent historian Thomas Drinkwater, Wray then moved back to Woolwich in 1850.

In 1851 he was selected to travel to Western Australia with the 20th Company of Royal Sappers and Miners. After arrival he was appointed as a magistrate to the colony, and given responsibility for the construction of the Convict Establishment (now Fremantle Prison), based upon designs by Edmund Henderson.

Wray personally designed many buildings, bridges and roads in the Perth area, and in April 1854 was promoted to rank of Second Captain. Around this time The Royal Engineers left to serve in the Crimean War, but Wray remained and was promoted to First Captain.

After Henderson's departure in 1856, Wray succeeded him as acting comptroller general of convicts. After serving in the position for two years, he was described in a letter from the governor of Western Australia Arthur Edward Kennedy as "a most exemplary and industrious officer who has for many months done the work of several".

Henry Wray left Australia on 2 January 1858 to return to England.  In 1860 he was commissioned to help determine the boundary between British Honduras (Belize) and Guatemala. This was a difficult undertaking that saw him injured several times by both nature and natives. By this time he had been promoted to the local rank of major. After the signing of the Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty, he was then posted to Japan with a company of sappers.

Wray returned to England in 1865 becoming chief royal engineer at Chatham. He published several works on engineering that were to reform teaching methods in the field. After several years he became chief royal engineer in Malta, and was involved in several military and civil engineering projects before moving to Ireland in 1879 for 7 years. Promoted to major-general in 1882, Wray became Lieutenant Governor of Jersey until his retirement in 1887. He died from pneumonia at Bournemouth on 6 April 1900, aged 74.

References

1826 births
1900 deaths
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
Convictism in Western Australia
British Army lieutenant generals
Governors of Jersey
Royal Engineers officers
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George

Henry Wray