Stormwrack is a supplemental source-book for the 3.5 edition of the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game.

Contents
The book has detailed information and descriptions on various types of both realistic and fantastical watery environments, including underwater, the open ocean, ships, coral reefs, grottos, swamps and such. Watery hazards such as waves, storms, exposure, rain and the like are deeply explored.

Several new sea-affiliated races, the darfellan, the aventi are introduced. Old races, such as the hadozee (a yazarian-like race from the Spelljammer setting) and Sea elves are detailed for use as player characters.

There are new prestige classes, new magic items, new spells, new monsters, and various other rules additions. Finally, a few pre-made adventures are included at the end, set in aquatic/coastal environments, for players to test the new content on.

Publication history
Stormwrack was written by Richard Baker, Joseph D. Carriker Jr., and Jennifer Clarke Wilkes, and published in 2005. Cover art was by Jeremy Jarvis, with interior art by Chris Appel, Drew Baker, Wayne England, David Griffith, Fred Hooper, Lee Moyer, Jim Nelson, Michael Phillippi, Eric Polak, Joel Thomas, Franz Vohwinkel, and Sam Wood.

It is one in a series of five source-books for the game which deal with particular environments, as to give adventures set in such environments more depth. Sandstorm and Frostburn dealt with desert/waste and arctic environments, Cityscape and Dungeonscape dealt with city/dungeon environments, while Stormwrack deals with ocean/sea/water/aquatic environments.

Stephen Schubert explains what weaponry pirates might outfit their ships with: "Piracy on the high seas is more a way of life than a choice of explosives. Stormwrack does not describe massive cannons and twenty-four-gun ships, but a number of ships in its pages could be outfitted with bombards -- an early form of cannon. Still other ships might be equipped with catapults, ballistae, or even the flame-throwing firespout."

Reception

References

External links
 http://www.rpg.net/reviews/archive/11/11472.phtml
 http://www.rpg.net/reviews/archive/11/11984.phtml
 http://www.rpg.net/reviews/archive/11/11618.phtml

Dungeons & Dragons sourcebooks
Role-playing game supplements introduced in 2005

Stormwrack


7-Zip is a free and open-source file archiver, a special software used to put files in shrunken-down containers called "archives". It is developed by Igor Pavlov and was first released in 1999. 7-Zip uses its own 7z format, but can read and write several other archive formats. The program can be used from a command-line interface as the command p7zip, or through a graphical user interface that also works with the shell. Most of the 7-Zip source code is under the GNU LGPL license; the unRAR code, however, is under the GNU LGPL with an "unRAR restriction", which states that developers are not allowed to use the code to reverse-engineer the RAR compression format.

Files
Archives

7-Zip


Věra Čáslavská (3 May 1942 – 30 August 2016) was a Czechoslovakian artistic gymnast and Czech sportswoman. She was very attractive, cheerful and popular with the general public. Věra Čáslavská won 22 international titles between 1959 and 1968, including seven Olympic gold medals, four World titles and eleven European championship. Čáslavská and Soviet Larisa Latynina, they are only two female gymnasts, who win the all-around gold medal at two consecutive Olympics. In years 1964 - 1968 she wasn't never lose out in big competition in multicontest.

Life
She was born in Prague. She did ballet and figure skating when she was small. In 2015 she met Eva Bosáková and with her they started to do gymnastics.

Shortly after the 1968 Olympics, Čáslavská was married with runner Josef Odložil. He was a silver medalist at the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo. They had ceremony at the Mexico City Cathedral.

In 1969 was born her daughter Radka and in 1974 son Martin. The couple divorced in 1987.

She became a president Václav Havel's counselor for social issues and sport in January 1990 and since 1991 she worked as his assistant.

In next ten years she was alone and she don't associate with anyone.  Čáslavská lived in a nursing home. She was treated with depression in mental home in Bohnice and added addiction on pharmaceuticals. Fortunately in 2007 she came back with great enthusiasm and she began helping Czech athletes. But in summer 2015 she was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, which next year has worsened. In her final days she was taken to a hospital in Prague on 30 August, where she died at the age of 74. Her funeral took place in the narrow family circle on 8 September in 2016 and her remains were cremated at the crematorium Šumperk.

Filmography
Věra 68 - it's a feature movie, overhead Olga Sommerová.

Interest
After Věra Čáslavská is named asteroid (26986) Čáslavská (improvised name 1997 VC5).

1942 births
2016 deaths
Czechoslovak Olympic gold medalists
Czechoslovak gymnasts
Sportspeople from Prague

Věra Čáslavská


Plot Naruto adalah kisah dari siri Naruto sepanjang 238 bab pertama dalam edisi manga dan kesemua 220 episod dalam edisi anime. Di dalam manga, sebelum plot bertukar ke Plot II yang kemudiannya dikenali sebagai Naruto: Shippūden, satu kisah bertajuk "Kakashi Gaiden" telah dipaparkan kepada para pembaca.

Babak Pengenalan
Babak Pengenalan adalah sebahagian babak dalam Plot I siri Naruto. Ia merangkumi bab 1 hingga 8 dalam siri manga dan episod 1 hingga 5 dalam siri anime. Watak utama siri ini diperkenalkan ketika babak ini bermula.

Ringkasan babak
Di Akademi Ninja, reputasi Naruto sebagai kanak-kanak nakal dan penggemar ramen menjadi tumpuan para guru dan pelatih-pelatih di akademi Ninja. Hanya dua ninja sahaja iaitu Iruka dan Hokage Ketiga yang memberikan reaksi positif kepada Naruto. Naruto pernah gagal menamatkan latihan di akademi sebanyak dua kali kerana dia gagal melakukan Teknik Klon dengan sempurna.

Seorang lagi pengajar di akademi; Mizuki, telah memperdayakan Naruto untuk mencuri "Skrol Rahsia", suatu skrol tersimpan di bilik Hokage yang penuh dengan jutsu-jutsu larangan dengan menyatakan kepada Naruto bahawa dia mampu lulus di dalam ujian dengan mudah sekiranya mempelajari teknik yang terdapat di dalam skrol tersebut. Hokage Ketiga kemudiannya sedar akan kehilangan skrol tersebut dan telah mengarahkan ramai ninja-ninja Konoha untuk mencarinya. Ketika pasukan pencari berkejar mencari Naruto, Iruka turut keluar bersendirian dan merupakan orang pertama yang berjaya bertemu dengan Naruto.

Naruto telah berlatih di dalam hutan sepanjang masa skrol tersebut berada di tangannya. Tanpa mengetahui apa yang dilakukannya, dia mengulangi semula kata-kata yang disampaikan oleh Mizuki kepada Iruka. Iruka menyedari apa yang dimahukan oleh Mizuki setelah dia dengan tiba-tiba telah memunculkan dirinya dan menyerang mereka berdua. Mizuki kemudiannya cuba membunuh Naruto dengan menggunakan shuriken terbang besar namun telah ditahan oleh Iruka dengan tubuhnya sendiri, menyelamatkan nyawa Naruto. Mizuki kemudiannya cuba memujuk Naruto agar menyerahkan skrol tersebut kepadanya sedangkan Iruka melarangnya berbuat sedemikian. Perbalahan mereka membuatkan Mizuki memberitahu Naruto bahawa dia sebenarnya adalah bekas kepada Musang Syaitan Berekor Sembilan yang telah memusnahkan Konoha dan membunuh ibubapa Iruka pada dua belas tahun yang lalu.

Mengetahui kenyataan itu, Naruto melarikan diri bersama skrol tersebut dan meninggalkan Iruka bersama Mizuki bertarung sesama sendiri. Naruto kemudiannya mengintai mereka dari jarak jauh dan mendapati kebenaran sebenar yang dimahukan oleh Mizuki dan kepercayaan yang ditunjukkan oleh Iruka kepadanya. Sejurus sebelum Mizuki berjaya membunuh Iruka, Naruto memunculkan diri dan menyerang Mizuki menggunakan teknik yang baru dipelajarinya iaitu Teknik Klon Bayangan Berganda. Kagum dengan kebolehan Naruto mempelajari suatu teknik yang sukar dalam masa yang singkat, Iruka membenarkan Naruto menamatkan latihan di akademi dan menjadi ninja Genin; secara tidak langsung memenuhi "janji kosong" yang diberikan oleh Mizuki kepada Naruto.

Latihan Genin
Untuk mendapatkan pengesahan secara rasmi menjadi ninja berpangkat Genin, pelatih akademi dikehendaki menjalani ujian penilaian di medan pertarungan oleh ninja Jōnin berpangkat tinggi yang kemudiannya akan menjadi ketua pasukan sekiranya mereka lulus. Pelatih diagihkan ke sebuah kumpulan kecil terdiri daripada tiga ninja Genin dan seorang guru dari ninja Jōnin.

Pasukan dipilih berdasarkan keseimbangan di antara skil dan keupayaan. Sebagai contoh, Naruto Uzumaki yang merupakan pelatih paling teruk di akademi telah disatukan dengan Sakura Haruno dan Sasuke Uchiha di dalam Pasukan 7. Sasuke merupakan pelatih yang lulus dari akademi dengan status pelatih paling cemerlang secara keseluruhan manakala Sakura pula pelatih yang lulus dalam kuiz dan ujian bertulis dengan paling cemerlang. Pada mulanya, keserasian mereka adalah sangat teruk: Naruto sangat meminati Sakura dan membenci Sasuke; Sakura pula meminati Sasuke tetapi membenci Naruto; manakala Sasuke pula membenci mereka berdua. Akan tetapi, nasib mereka begitu malang kerana guru Jōnin mereka iaitu Hatake Kakashi merupakan seorang ninja yang mementing semangat berpasukan mengatasi segala-galanya.

Ujian medan pertarungan oleh Kakashi merupakan yang paling tegas di antara ujian yang ada. Namun begitu, ujian tersebut sangatlah mudah namun sukar dilaksanakan; pada hakikatnya tidak ada kumpulan pun yang pernah lulus sejak dia menjadi Jōnin. Apa yang perlu dilakukan oleh ninja-ninja Genin tersebut adalah untuk merampas loceng kecil yang dipegang oleh Kakashi menggunakan apa cara sekali pun sebelum waktu tengahari. Selain daripada fakta tiga ninja Genin bertarung dengan ninja Jōnin (mudah bagi Jōnin menewaskan Genin), Kakashi hanya memiliki dua loceng sahaja di tangannya, ini bermakna seorang akan gagal dalam ujian tersebut. Selain itu, mereka juga telah terpedaya oleh nasihat Kakashi agar mereka dilarang mengambil sarapan pagi sebelum ujian bermula. Barang sesiapa yang dapat merampas loceng akan dibenarkan makan ketika rehat tengahari, manakala yang gagal akan dipaksa memerhatikan ninja yang berdua menikmati makanan. Tujuan utama ujian tersebut bukanlah untuk menguji kemampuan mereka, tetapi semata-mata mahu menguji kerjasama mereka.

Persembahan Pasukan 7 ketika ujian adalah sangat teruk. Naruto terpedaya oleh semua perangkap yang disediakan oleh Kakashi. Sakura pula tidak mahu menolong Naruto kerana dia lebih berminat untuk mengetahui keselamatan Sasuke sehinggakan dia diperdaya oleh Kakashi dengan teknik genjutsu Teknik Ilusi: Ilusi Neraka. Sasuke pula tidak berminat untuk membantu sama ada Naruto mahu pun Sasuke, malahan melakukan serangan secara bersendirian dan beranggapan bahawa mereka berdua hanya akan melambatkan tindakannya. Pada akhirnya, mereka bertiga gagal mendapatkan loceng tersebut.

Selepas kegagalan mereka, Kakashi telah mengkritik mereka bertiga kerana tidak mempunyai kerjasama. Kakashi turut menerangkan kepada mereka tujuan sebenar ujian tersebut dan membenarkan mereka makan sebelum memulakan ujian buat kali kedua. Naruto yang tertangkap ketika cuba mencuri makan makanan yang disediakan oleh Kakashi telah didenda dan diikat pada sebatang tiang kayu. Setelah pemergian Kakashi, Sasuke dan Sakura menyedari bahawa mereka memerlukan Naruto berada dalam keadaan terbaik untuk membolehkan mereka merampas loceng tersebut dan bercadang memberikan sedikit makanan mereka kepada Naruto tanpa pengetahuan Kakashi. Bagaimanapun, Kakashi kemudiannya memunculkan diri secara mengejut dan menonjolkan wajah yang bengis. Ketiga-tiga ninja Genin tersebut mengaku bahawa mereka merupakan satu kumpulan dan perlu bekerjasama. Mendengar apa yang dikatakan oleh mereka, perangai Kakashi pun mula berubah dan telah meluluskan mereka dalam ujian tersebut kerana mereka sudah memahami tujuan sebenar ujian tersebut dijalankan. Kakashi turut menyatakan mesej yang cuba disampaikan, bahawa: "Ninja mesti mematuhi peraturan dan janji mereka." Dia juga menambah dan menyatakan bahawa: "Di dalam dunia ninja, sesiapa yang tidak mematuhi peraturan dianggap sebagai orang yang tidak berguna, tetapi mereka meninggalkan rakan mereka adalah lebih teruk daripada orang yang tidak berguna."

Episod berkaitan

Babak Negara Ombak
Babak Negara Ombak, and spans from chapters 9 to 33 of the manga and episodes 6 to 19 of the Naruto anime. It is the first major arc of the series.

Ringkasan babak
While Genin are normally assigned D-Rank missions, Naruto insisted on doing something more exciting. The Third Hokage agreed to send them on a C-Rank mission to escort Tazuna, a master bridge-builder. During their mission, the team was attacked by two enemy Chūnin, something that did not usually happen on C-Rank missions, and Naruto froze in fear. Sasuke, however, dealt with the attackers quite efficiently, and rubbed it in Naruto's face afterwards by calling him a "scaredy-cat".
After the attack, Naruto bled out the poison he received by stabbing his wound with a kunai. Afterwards, he swore upon his pain that he would never freeze up and leave his friends to fend for themselves again.
Kakashi then told Naruto that, despite it being a very honorable action, if he lost any more blood then he would die. Naruto started to panic, but Kakashi told Naruto to let him take a look at it. Kakashi was about to treat the wound when he saw that it was already healing. Kakashi then theorized that this could be a power given to Naruto by the Nine-Tailed Fox.
Tazuna then explained the real mission: the Land of Waves had been taken over by a shipping magnate called "Gatō", and the only way to revitalize the economy was by building a bridge to the mainland that could bypass Gatō's shipping monopoly. However, Gatō did not want that to happen, and used shinobi gangs to get what he wanted. Also, Tazuna did not have enough money to pay Konoha for a mission that would usually be A-Rank or S-Rank. Team 7 decided to support and protect the bridge-building efforts that had been thwarted thus far.
Next, the team was challenged by Zabuza Momochi, who was one of the Seven Swordsman of the Mist from Kirigakure. Soon after the battle began, Kakashi was trapped in Zabuza's Water Prison Technique, and was therefore unable to continue fighting. Left to fend for himself, Naruto attempted to run away, but felt the pain in his left hand and remembered his earlier vow. In another defining point in Naruto and Team 7's development, Naruto conceived a plan with Sasuke to release Kakashi, with little apparent communication between the two, and executed it perfectly. Kakashi, free again, demonstrated the abilities of the Sharingan, defeating Zabuza with both physical and psychological attacks. Although Zabuza should have been killed by Kakashi, he was saved by Haku, who was so skilled with needles that he made it seem as though Zabuza had died, and posed as an assassin sent to kill Zabuza.
Once they had reached the Land of Waves, Team 7 underwent chakra training. This became another point of rivalry between Naruto and Sasuke, as they constantly challenged themselves to try to outdo the other, but instead ended up helping and motivating each other to succeed.
Meanwhile, in Tazuna's house, Tazuna explained about his grandson, Inari. Inari's father had died before he knew him, but he had met a travelling fisherman named Kaiza who had become a father figure for him. Kaiza taught Inari what it was like to become a man, trying to protect someone who was precious to him. Kaiza showed this to Inari when he tried to save the country from becoming flooded. When Gatō came in to take over the country, he had killed Kaiza, the country's hero, to break the spirit of the country. Ever since then, Inari had become a sad and angry boy, who had little optimism. He even derided Naruto for winning against Gatō's men, until he learned that Naruto had had to put up with the same sort of tragic past, but had finally learned how to deal with it.
Eventually, Zabuza and Haku returned to make a do or die battle on the unfinished bridge, with some idea of how they should handle the Konoha ninjas. Back at Tazuna's house, Inari and his mother, Tsunami, were attacked by Gatō's men. That was when Inari followed the lesson Kaiza had taught him to protect his precious people. With the help of Naruto, Inari defeated Gatō's men. Back at the bridge, Haku revealed his Demonic Ice Mirrors jutsu, and completely overpowered Sasuke. Naruto joined the fight and, through his own ignorance and impulsiveness, got himself trapped in Haku's jutsu, and was immediately placed at Haku's mercy.
During the course of the fight, Sasuke awakened his Sharingan, and saved Naruto by sacrificing himself. Naruto asked him why he had done it, to Sasuke simply replied, "How should I know? My body just moved by itself.". But it was rather clear that he was ready to give his life up in order to save Naruto. Sasuke then appeared to die, with three needles in his neck. Meanwhile, Zabuza was focused on finding a way to kill Kakashi, despite his Sharingan.
Naruto's "hidden power" was revealed after he believed Haku had killed Sasuke. Naruto lost control, and was consumed by the demon fox's chakra. Its power was so immense that the chakra was visible. All of Naruto's wounds healed near-instantaneously, and Naruto's appearance changed; his eyes became red and slitted like a fox, his "whiskers" deepened, his fingernails grew long like claws and his canine teeth became sharper. He completely overwhelmed his enemy with his new-found power and speed.
With the demon fox power that Naruto used, he proved to be too powerful for Haku. Seeing that he was unable to help Zabuza, Haku asked Naruto to kill him. Naruto protested and initially refused, but then decided to honor his request. However, Haku then noticed that Zabuza was in danger from Kakashi, so he stopped Naruto's attack and ran away to save Zabuza. Zabuza was being dominated by Kakashi, who used a Summoning Technique to immobilize him using his tracking dogs. As Kakashi was about to stab Zabuza with his Lightning Blade, Haku realized that Zabuza was in mortal danger, and ran to save Zabuza by standing between Kakashi and him. Thus Kakashi stabbed Haku, Kakashi's hand completely impaling through Haku's heart. Everyone realized that Haku was dead. At first, Zabuza had no change in emotion, and praised Haku as a good tool.
As the battle drew to an end, however, Gatō arrived with his gang of hired thugs. He told Zabuza that he had never intended to pay him, even if Zabuza had finished the mission. Gatō then kicked Haku's dead body. This infuriated Naruto as he wept for Haku's death, and told Zabuza that Haku had really cared about him, and that he would die for him (which he had done). Moved by Naruto's words, Zabuza confessed that he had cared deeply about Haku, and he began to cry. With this realization, Zabuza asked Naruto if he could borrow one of his kunai. Naruto tossed one to him, and, with the memories of Haku fresh in his mind, Zabuza grabbed the kunai in his mouth (his arms broken by Kakashi's dogs) and rushed to kill Gatō. Gatō ran behind his miniature army, but Zabuza rushed past all of them, killing many on the way, and eventually reached Gatō. The Demon of the Hidden Mist then decapitated him. Zabuza then stood still and was stabbed in the back by the remaining henchmen. After a brief moment, Sasuke woke up from the temporary-death state Haku had put him in. The shinobi gangs were then chased away by Naruto and Kakashi producing many shadow clones, and with the help of the villagers led by Inari, finally standing up for themselves. Zabuza's last request to Kakashi was to be laid next to Haku. After Naruto witnessed what had happened to Haku and Zabuza, he decided to become a ninja through his own way, and to defy the belief that ninja are merely tools of their villages. After the team departed, Tazuna decided to name the newly completed bridge the "Great Naruto Bridge".

Episod berkaitan

Babak Peperiksaan Chūnin
The Chūnin Exams arc is from Part I of the series, and spans from chapters 34 to 114 of the manga and episodes 20 to 67 of the Naruto anime. It introduces many of the secondary characters of the series, as well as the first major villain, Orochimaru.

Ringkasan babak
Team 7 returned to Konoha to continue with their lives as regular Genin. One day, whilst playing with Konohamaru, Udon, and Moegi, Naruto met two of the three Genin from Sunagakure, the Hidden Village in the Sand - Gaara, Kankurō, and Temari - and learned that they were in Konoha to participate in the Chūnin Selection Exams. Meanwhile, Kakashi, Asuma and Kurenai all volunteered their teams for the exam as well. Naruto was thrilled at the possibility of becoming a Chūnin.

Fasa pertama
The first part of the exam is written, but it is not a test of knowledge as much as a test of information-gathering and willpower. The first nine questions were supposed to be obtained by cheating, where the Genin must use any techniques to find out the correct answer without being caught. Naruto, who did not realize this, went into a traumatic state in which he felt that he would cause his entire team to be eliminated, as he did not know the answer to any of the questions. Sasuke realized that he, too, did not know the answers, but immediately activated his Sharingan to copy someone else's answers. Sakura, as a testament to her incredible intellect, answered all of the questions quickly (a feat which the examiner later said could not be accomplished at Genin level). The last question was a do or die question: don't answer and your entire team failed the Chūnin Exams, answer and get it wrong and you would stay a Genin forever. Naruto showed that he was not a quitter when he burst out that he didn't care if he stayed a Genin forever, he would still become Hokage. The Genin who stayed behind all passed the first part of the Chūnin Exams (including Naruto, who didn't answer a single question on the exam).

Fasa kedua
The second part of the exam is a survival exam in the The 44th Battle Training Zone, aka "The Forest of Death". During this part, Naruto found himself in a desperate situation against Orochimaru, an S-Class missing-nin from Konoha so powerful that the Third Hokage later mentioned that there was nobody in Konoha that could fight him equally. It turned out that Orochimaru used to be one of the Third Hokage's pupils, also known as the Sannin. Naruto and Sasuke's reactions to the situation were a complete reversal of what had happened in the Wave Country mission – Sasuke was frozen with fear while Naruto fought on fearlessly, at one point stopping Orochimaru's huge summoned snake in its tracks on his own (with the help of some demon fox chakra), and muttering to Sasuke, in a moment of glorious retribution that marked another milestone in their rivalry, "You're not hurt, are you ... scaredy-cat?"
Naruto eventually snapped Sasuke out of his panic. However, Orochimaru used the Five Elements Seal on Naruto, disrupting the flow of the demon fox's chakra, as well as Naruto's own.
However, Orochimaru was too much for Sasuke as well. In the end, Orochimaru put a Cursed Seal of Heaven onto Sasuke's neck, saying that Sasuke would eventually come to him for the power he needed to kill his brother, Itachi Uchiha. Orochimaru then left, sending his three Genin, Team Dosu from Otogakure, to go after Sasuke.
While both Naruto and Sasuke were unconscious from the fight against Orochimaru, Sakura had to take care of them. It was there that Sakura's personality reached a turning point. As Kin Tsuchi of Team Dosu trapped her by roughly holding her by her hair, Sakura realized how pathetic her behavior was, always criticizing others, when she was the one who hadn't improved at all. She reflected on herself, thinking how she was always telling Naruto that she was better than him, when he had been the one who was consistently improving, and telling Sasuke she loved him when she couldn't even muster up enough strength to protect him as a teammate, before she symbolically freed herself by cutting off her long hair with a kunai, which she had initially kept long because Sasuke supposedly liked girls with long hair. She also had to fight against the Sound Genin, and resolved to no longer be dependent on her teammates. The three Sound Genin were pushed back, with the aid of Team 10 and Rock Lee, whose efforts seemed to be worthless before Neji Hyūga and Tenten showed up. Dosu Kinuta, the leader of Team Dosu, mentioned that Neji could "see through them", but before Neji could attack, an awakened Sasuke intervened.
The Cursed Seal Sasuke now had started to take effect, as, in a state of insanity and murderous intent, Sasuke defeated Zaku Abumi of Team Dosu, going as far as to dislocate his shoulders for no other reason than to cause him pain. Before he could do any more damage to anyone else, however, Sakura hugged Sasuke, crying and begging him to stop, allowing Sasuke to regain control of the Seal. Dosu left with his teammates, wondering why Orochimaru had sent him to kill Sasuke if he knew Sasuke had the Cursed Seal. Team 7 still managed to make it past the second stage by defeating Oboro and his team with a little help from Kabuto, a fellow ninja from Konoha.

Pusingan kelayakan
Seven teams managed to pass, which was twice as many as had been expected. To cut down the prevailing Genin from the second exam, a preliminary round was staged before the third and final stage of the Chūnin Exam. The twenty-one people (twenty after Kabuto quit) were to be matched up with each other, in a fight that lasted until somebody gave in or was unable to continue fighting. The proctor of the third exam, Hayate Gekkō, did reserve the right to step in and stop the fight when he felt that there was a clear winner. Sakura at first attempted to tell the examiners that the Cursed Seal that Orochimaru had placed on Sasuke was seriously debilitating him, but Sasuke stopped her, and told her to mind her own business. At that point, Naruto stepped in to stand up for Sakura, but was swiftly silenced by Sasuke, who acknowledged Naruto by declaring that he was one of the people he wanted to fight. Later on, Naruto would return the sentiment.
The first match up was Sasuke Uchiha against a member of Kabuto's team, Yoroi Akadō. Before the fight started, Kakashi warned Sasuke that, if his Curse Mark got out of control, he would have to intervene and stop the match to control the Mark, which barred Sasuke from using any jutsu at all just so he could fight. The match started with Yoroi stealing Sasuke's chakra through his hands. The match seemed hopeless for Sasuke, until he heard Naruto's taunts. Next to him was Rock Lee, which gave Sasuke an idea. He used Lion's Barrage, a copy of Rock Lee's Primary Lotus move, which had been captured by Sasuke's Sharingan. Yoroi was knocked unconscious, and Sasuke advanced to the next round. After the fight, Kakashi took him away to seal the Cursed Seal.
Up next were Zaku Abumi and Shino Aburame. Zaku only had one arm he was able to move, but he bet that he could win. Down below, the Curse Mark was sealed by Kakashi, but then Orochimaru showed up for Sasuke. He said that all the Genin he currently had at his command were all disposable. As Kakashi readied his Chidori, Shino commanded a multitude of bugs to attack, leaving Zaku with a choice: to go for him or the bugs. Zaku then revealed he could use both arms, but it was too late. The bugs had blocked Zaku's chakra and had built it up in his arms, making them explode and thus ending the fight. Orochimaru left, saying that Sasuke would be his someday.
The match with Misumi Tsurugi against Kankurō began. It seemed like Misumi would win, until it was revealed that the Kankurō Misumi was fighting was just a puppet. The real Kankurō was disguised, controlling the puppet with his chakra. He used the puppet to defeat Misumi.
The fourth match, Sakura versus Ino, was particularly meaningful, as the two were rivals. The match dragged on for almost an hour before they hit each other at the exact same time, thus rendering each other unconscious. Hayate declared that neither of them would move on to the next round.
The fifth match was Tenten against Temari. The match was over quickly, and Temari won easily. Rock Lee jumped down to avenge Temari's treatment of Tenten, but Might Guy stopped what would have turned into a fight.
The sixth match of Shikamaru Nara against Kin Tsuchi of Team Dosu was next, with Shikamaru aware that he was at a disadvantage, since Kin had seen him use his jutsu in the Forest of Death without showing her own fighting style. Kin started by dodging the Shadow Possession Technique and firing needles with and without bells. She managed to divert his attention by ringing the bells with strings to mock him, then she struck him with silent needles. Shikamaru managed to get his shadow across to her using the strings to perform the jutsu. They both drew out shuriken and flung them at each other. When it came time for them to duck, Shikamaru ducked successfully, but Kin knocked her head against the wall and knocked herself out, which turned out to be the true nature of Shikamaru's battle strategy. Shikamaru emerged as the winner.
Naruto was matched up with Kiba in the seventh match. The fight went poorly for Naruto at first, especially after Kiba's dog, Akamaru, joined the fight and transformed into Kiba for the Beast Human Clone jutsu. Naruto made a comeback by transforming into Kiba and tricked him by transforming into Akamaru before his transformation reversed, leading to Kiba attacking the other "Kiba", thinking that he was Naruto, which resulted in him knocking out Akamaru by mistake. Kiba then focused on attacking intensively to keep Naruto from counterattacking, until Naruto accidentally blew off, which stunned Kiba, whose sense of smell was magnified a thousand times at the time. Naruto then beat Kiba by using shadow clones to perform a new technique, Uzumaki Naruto Combo.
The eighth match brought a family rivalry to the forefront, as Hinata and Neji battled. Kiba, being escorted away on a stretcher, urged Hinata to forfeit. Hinata, however, after being inspired by Naruto's courage, still wanted to fight to prove that she could be brave. They both fought in the Hyūga Gentle Fist style, enabling them to cut off each other's chakra flow. They both also had the Byakugan eyes; a trait which Kakashi said surpasses the Sharingan eye. With the Byakugan, Neji exploited Hinata's fears with the intention of killing her, and it was only by the exam proctor's intervention that stopped him from doing that. Hinata's bravery still managed to inspire Naruto, as he vowed to battle and win against Neji in the third exam.
The ninth match had Rock Lee against Gaara. Rock Lee used his remarkable taijutsu abilities, but barely managed to scratch Gaara. He then opened five of the inner chakra gates, the result being that Lee's strength was multiplied immensely for a short time, but also severely injured him. Gaara was beaten badly. Rock Lee used his Reverse Lotus technique to attempt to break through Gaara's sand armor, at the expense of great pain and injury to himself. When Gaara was falling, however, he dispersed his gourd into sand as a cushion to break his fall. Gaara used Sand Binding Coffin to crush Rock Lee's left arm and leg. Might Guy jumped down to defend Lee, regretting having taught Lee how to open the inner gates, after learning from the medical ninja that Lee could no longer be a ninja due to his intense injuries. Gaara won the match.
The last match was Choji Akimichi versus Dosu Kinuta. Chōji was reluctant to battle, instead wanting to forfeit, but tried after being promised food by Asuma if he won. Chōji entered the battle with prior knowledge of Dosu's abilities, and quickly used Human Bullet Tank to hide his ears from the Sound ninja's attacks. Dosu managed to overcome this by transmitting his Vibrating Sound Drill through Chōji's flesh, quickly defeating him.

Pusingan akhir
After the preliminary match-ups, there was a one-month period in which the remaining Genin could prepare themselves. Various dignitaries were also invited to watch the main matches. During this month, Naruto met Jiraiya, another Sannin, for the first time. Jiraiya agreed to be his sensei, and was the one who taught him most of the advanced techniques he learned during that time.
Under Jiraiya, Naruto improved his chakra control by practicing walking on water, learned how to call upon the demon fox's energy at will after Jiraiya used a counter seal to cancel Orochimaru's sealing technique, and how to use a summoning technique to call the giant toad, Gamabunta, to his aid, but was exhausted after completing his training, and Gamabunta carried him to the hospital.
Also, during the month of training, Dosu who was trying to sneak up on, and kill Gaara was ripped to shreds by him. Hayate Gekkō (the third exam proctor) was murdered by Baki, the Jōnin of Gaara's squad, Team Baki, after he overheard Baki talking with Kabuto about their plans to invade Konoha. Gaara also attempted to assassinate Rock Lee in the hospital on the day before the finals, but was stopped by Naruto and Shikamaru. Gaara revealed his past, which led to Naruto realizing that they had similar histories of prejudice, before Guy stepped in and forced Gaara to leave.
Naruto's fight with Neji a month later in the first match of the finals was a very dramatic one. During the fight, Neji lectured Naruto much as he had done with Hinata during the preliminaries, telling Naruto that dropouts remain dropouts and that this cannot change. Naruto eventually won the battle through a combination of the demon fox's power sealed within him and sheer belief in victory. In the process, he changed Neji's outlook on life, and inspired him to create his own fate, thus forming another important bond. Naruto was able to make Neji understand that destiny can be changed, and they became good friends from that point on.
The second match, which featured Sasuke versus Gaara, was moved to be the last, as Sasuke hadn't shown up yet. Normally he would have been disqualified on the spot, but his match had been highly anticipated – in fact, some of the crowd commented they had mostly come just to see him fight, forcing the Third Hokage to give into the Kazekage's request to postpone the match.
The third match, which featured Shino versus Kankurō, was given to Shino on default, since Kankurō forfeited to "keep his techniques a secret" before the invasion plan was launched.
The fourth match was Temari versus Shikamaru. Both Temari and Shikamaru were excellent strategists, but Shikamaru was better. Although it appeared throughout the match that Shikamaru was using pointless attacks, he was actually five steps ahead, and managed to skillfully manipulate Temari into a position where he could attack from behind, using the tunnel which Naruto had dug during his match with Neji to stealthily extend his Shadow Imitation Technique. This took control over Temari's body, and forced her to imitate every one of Shikamaru's movements. Although Shikamaru could have won, he quit instead, saying that he was too low on chakra. His real reason for quitting, however, seems to be because he is incredibly lazy and saw no point in winning, which would only lead to having to fight in further matches. He also didn't want to hurt a girl.
Gaara versus Sasuke came around again. This was the battle that the crowd had been looking forward to. Sasuke arrived late, but the waiting time was extended again because of the importance of the match. Sasuke demonstrated that his speed had vastly increased, to the point where the sand guarding Gaara could not keep up. Sasuke also demonstrated the Chidori, a technique he had learned from Kakashi, which also happened to be Kakashi's only original jutsu, to injure Gaara. Before the match could finish, however, a smoke bomb was set off in the Hokage's box. Kabuto, who was actually working for Orochimaru, used a Genjutsu to put almost everybody in the crowd to sleep, and the Invasion of Konoha commenced.

Episod berkaitan

Babak anime sahaja
In the anime, a number of additional episodes are added to the story to allow the manga a chance to get ahead. Some take place after the Search for Tsunade arc, but most occur after the Sasuke Retrieval arc.

In total, these additional episodes last for almost two years. All feature Naruto Uzumaki assisting members of the Konoha 11 with a mission. The "arcs" that last two or more episodes are listed below:

Episodes 102—-106: Naruto and Team 7 go to the Land of Tea to help Idate Morino win a race.
Episodes 136-—141: Naruto, Sakura, and Jiraiya, while investigating Orochimaru's whereabouts, encounters the Fūma clan.
Episodes 142—-147: Naruto helps Iruka catch the escaped convict, Mizuki.
Episodes 148—-151: Naruto and Team 8 look for the Bikochu Beetle in the hopes that it will lead them to Sasuke Uchiha.
Episodes 152—-157: Naruto and Team Guy deal with Raiga Kurosuki and his Kurosuki family.
Episodes 159—-160: Naruto, Kiba, and Hinata help Sazanami clear his name.
Episodes 162—-167: Naruto, Neji, and Tenten go to the Land of Birds to deal with a mysterious ghost.
Episodes 169—-173: Anko Mitarashi takes Naruto, Ino, and Shino to the Land of the Sea to find information on Orochimaru.
Episodes 175—-176: Naruto is again paired up with Kiba and Hinata in order to improve their teamwork.
Episodes 178—-183: Naruto and Team Guy go to Hoshigakure to help the villagers preserve their way of life.
Episodes 187—-191: Naruto, Hinata, and Chōji go to the Land of Vegetables to protect some peddlers from the Criminal Brothers.
Episodes 195—-196: Guy is forced to deal with Yagura's apparent attempts at revenge.
Episodes 197—-201: The Konoha 11 stop Gennō from destroying Konoha.
Episodes 203—-207: Kurenai temporarily leaves Team 8 to take care of some old business with Yakumo Kurama.
Episodes 209—-212: Naruto, Lee, and Sakura help transfer a member of the Shinobazu to prison.
Episodes 213—-215: Naruto helps Menma regain his memory.
Episodes 216—-220: The Konoha 11 go to Sunagakure to help rescue Matsuri from the Four Celestial Symbols Men.

Kematian

Lihat juga
Naruto the Movie: Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow
Naruto the Movie 2: Legend of the Stone of Gelel
Naruto the Movie 3: Guardians of the Crescent Moon Kingdom
Naruto: Shippūden the Movie
Naruto Shippūden 2: Bonds
Naruto Shippūden 3: Inheritors of the Will of Fire

Naruto

Plot Naruto I


Crysis is a first person shooter computer game involving science fiction. In the game, humans must survive an invasion by aliens. This is the first game to use all of the features of DirectX 10.  It's a free-to-explore game. This game takes place in 2020 on an island south of China that is hit by a meteor. Both the North Korean and American army gets involved, but the North Korean Army gets there first. Both armies later find out that the meteor is an alien ship. At that time an alien invasion threatens the whole world. Meanwhile, the American forces attack the island to take control from the Koreans.

Main features

Time of lighting: The game represents a true time of the day.
Real Time Ambient (means surroundings) Maps: CryENGINE 2 pre-calculates the amount of ambient light in indoor surfaces, improving the quality of lighting when applying new light sources and shadows.  This means current light position and color can be dynamically added to light intensity (means strength or density of lights) applied in interiors.
Dynamic Soft Shadows: natural looking shadows.
Light Beams: Like ones you will find between the leaves of trees.
Long Range View Distance: of about 8 kilometers range.
Parallax Occlusion Mapping: for greater sense of depth. In other words, to let the hero concentrate on an attractive thing. Such as an explosion.
3D Ocean Technology: to create a realistic ocean depends on wind and wave variables.
Facial Animation: to let the faces in the game look realistic as they react with the environment.
Object Motion Blur: this feature will help to blur things when they move fast.
Depth of Field: like of the camera's.
Breakable Buildings: So someone can break anything in the game.
Breakable Vegetation System: Even the jungles can be affected by weapons.
Advanced Rope Physics: These ropes can even be affected even by the rain.
Component Vehicle Damage: Every thing in a car, plane, boat etc. is breakable.
Next-Gen Physics System: allows game developers to make a full-of-life game.

Story
You play a soldier called Nomad. You and three soldiers look for missing people on an island. You find that Koreans attacked the island. America attacks the island. In the middle of the fighting, aliens come out of a mountain. Aliens then make a cold sphere (ball shape) on the island. America shoots a nuke at the sphere. The sphere becomes bigger, because it took the energy from the explosion. You then fight a big alien on a big ship.

Game information
The publisher is EA Games and it is developed by Crytek. It was released on November 16 2007. A sequel, Crysis 2, was released in March 2011.

Other websites
Technical support
Official Site
Recent news

Shooter video games
2007 video games
Electronic Arts video games

Crysis (video game)


The Great Northern Telegraph Building (), also known as the Telegraph Building (电报大楼), is a historical building on the Bund, Shanghai, China.

Location and history
The building is situated at No. 7 on the Bund and was built by for Danish Great Northern Telegraph Company. This piece of land of size 724 square metres was originally the property of Russell & Company. On August 15 1881, the Great Northern Telegraph Company rented the original building on the site. The company set up first telephone switch in Shanghai within the building in 1882.

With original building deteriorating, the company decided to build a new one on its site, designed by the architectural firm Atkinson & Dallas. However, a large fire in October 1905 atop the offices under construction and took over two hours to extinguish. The roof collapsed and the entire third floor and attic had to be rebuilt. This delayed the completion of the building for a whole year. The building, which eventually opened in January 1908, also housed the offices of the British owned Eastern Extension and the American owned Commercial Cable telegraph companies. The building housed some state-of-the art equipment at the time of its completion, including a pneumatic tube system to handle the telegrams and a lift made by Smith & Stevens of London. There were public telephones in the ground floor hall.

Originally there were three Bund entrances leading to the respective company offices. The Great Northern Telegraph Company occupied the ground floor until 1921, when it moved to its newly completed building at 4 Avenue Edward VII (currently 34 East Yan'an Road), behind the Asia Building. In 1945, the Commercial Bank of China, which was previously next door at No. 6, moved into the building. The building was later used by the Yangtze River Shipping Company. Since 1995, the building is largely used by the Bangkok Bank Public Company Limited. The Royal Thai Consulate-General also occupied parts of the building until 2008.

References

Buildings and structures completed in 1908
Buildings and structures in Shanghai
1908 establishments in China
The Bund

Great Northern Telegraph Building


Nathan Heald (New Ipswich, New Hampshire September 24, 1775 – O'Fallon, Missouri April 27, 1832) was an officer in the U.S. Army, during the War of 1812.  He was in command of Fort Dearborn in Chicago during the Battle of Fort Dearborn.

Heald was a captain stationed in Fort Wayne, Indiana, prior to his appointment at Fort Dearborn, where he relieved the fort's first commander, John Whistler, in 1810.  The following year, Heald traveled back to Fort Wayne to marry Rebecca Wells, and returned to the fort with his bride.

On August 9, 1812, Heald received orders from General William Hull to evacuate the troops from Fort Dearborn, leaving behind all the supplies at the fort. This meant that the Potawatomi would take the supplies and sell them to the British. Heald decided, therefore, not to leave the fort. On August 15, a group of Miami Indians led by his wife's father, Captain William Wells, arrived from Fort Wayne to provide assistance. A band of Potawatomi attacked the column, killing many civilians and soldiers. The ones they did not kill were held for ransom and sold to the British, who then set them free. Heald and his wife were both wounded, Heald being shot through the hips.

The Healds made their way across Lake Michigan and eventually arrived at Fort Detroit, then in British hands, where they surrendered. The British transported them to Buffalo, New York, where they were ransomed back to the Americans. Heald was promoted to major shortly after his release, and was given a disability discharge in 1814. His wife and he returned to Fort Wayne.

In 1817, Heald moved to O'Fallon, Missouri, and purchased the former Fort Zumwalt. His wife and he had three children, Mary, Darius, and Margaret.

Heald Square in Chicago is named after Heald.

References

1775 births
1832 deaths
People from New Ipswich, New Hampshire
United States Army personnel of the War of 1812
Military personnel from Chicago
People from O'Fallon, Missouri
United States Army officers

Nathan Heald


The word oil is used for many different kinds of liquids. Oil usually does not mix with water.

Vegetable oils are made from plants. Many are used in foods and for cooking. Some kinds of plant oils that people use are palm oil, maize (corn), olive, peanut, soy, and sunflower.

Other kinds of oil are made from crude oil (petroleum), which comes from under the ground. People use large oil wells to bring the oil up to the surface. The oil is sent in special ships called tankers or in pipelines to factories called refineries where it is distilled into LPG, gasoline (petrol), diesel fuel, and fuel oil. Plastics are among the petrochemicals made from crude oil or natural gas. Oils from crude oil are also used as fuels for engines or as lubricants to make the parts of machines work together without sticking or stopping.

Different kinds of oils are also used for many other things, for example, to make cosmetics, medicines, paints, and detergents, like washing up liquids. Soap(s) are similar to detergents, but they are generally made from animal fat(s) rather than oils.

Oil is also made for various purposes, including synthetic fuel and lubricant.

See Thomas Gold for the idea that oils come from space.

Basic English 850 words

Hydrocarbons

Oil


Ramesh Shotham (born May 7, 1948 in Madras, Tamil Nadu, India) is a percussionist and drummer.

Life
Ramesh Shotham was born in Madras, South India. He graduated with a degree in zoology from Loyola College, University of Madras. He began his musical career as a self-taught drummer, co-leading a rock band called Human Bondage established in 1970 in Bombay and Bangalore then hitting the road gigging in clubs all over the subcontinent. Musical influences at this stage were The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Jimi Hendrix, Led Zeppelin, and others. It took a live Ravi Shankar concert in Delhi, and a chance meeting with a tourist, who was heading back West and wanted to hock his albums, amongst them 'Birds of Fire' by the Mahavishnu Orchestra, for Shotham to begin discovering his own musical roots: the vast ocean of Indian music.

During the mid-seventies Shotham returned to Madras to take up study of the thavil (a traditional temple music drum), under Vidwan K.P.Ramu.
Since then, he has lived and worked in Europe. Shotam is recognized as one of the most successful percussionists around. He has performed not only with leading European and American Jazz and Rock musicians, but also with artistes from Africa, Australia, China, Korea and several Arabic countries. During the last 20-odd years, Shotham has recorded over 250 LPs and CDs and has worked for almost all the leading TV and Radio stations in Germany and Europe.
Mid-2000, he and his wife Alexandra established an independent record company called Permission Music Productions.

In 1987 Shotham was responsible for introducing the late mridangam artist TAS Mani and his Karnataka College of Percussion (KCP) to the German rock group Embryo, paving the way for Mani's popularity in Europe.

His current solo project, Madras Special, features Christian Zurner on electric bass, Zoltan Lantos on violin and Sandhya Sanjana on vocals.

Discography
 Open Hand (Keytone, 1993/97)
 Madras Special (Permission Music, 2002)
 Urban Folklore (Double Moon, 2006)

As guest musician

 Embryo : La Blama Sparozzi ( Schneeball Rec., 1982)
 Embryo : Turn Peace (Schneeball Rec., 1989)
 Rabih Abou Khalil: Between Dusk and Dawn (MMP, 1987; Enja Records, 1993)
 Rabih Abou Khalil: Bukra (MMP, 1988; Enja Records, 1994)
 Rabih Abou Khalil: Al-Jadida (Enja Records, 1990)
 Rabih Abou Khalil: Blue Camel (Enja Records, 1992)
 Rabih Abou Khalil: Tarab (Enja Records, 1993)
 Aziza Mustafa Zadeh: Seventh Truth (Columbia, 1996)
 Charlie Mariano: Nassim (1998)
 Nicolas Simion: Balkan Jazz (Intuition Music, 2001)
 Various Artists: Karma Culture: 21 Asian Pearl CD (Cop International, 2003)
 Abaji: Music of a Nomad (Network, 2005)
 Mariano,Schenk,Shotham : The Tamarind Tree (2007)
 Omri Hason: Shati (Double Moon, 2008)
 Hermann Kock: Two Trios (2008)
 Embryo: 40 (Trikont,2010)

Notes

References
 http://www.shotham.org/
 http://www.cduniverse.com/sresult.asp?artistid=0&HT_Search=artist&HT_Search_Info=Ramesh+Shotham&cart=783970310&seeall=1

External links

The Official Website
Discography at CD universe

Living people
Indian jazz musicians
Indian percussionists
1948 births

Ramesh Shotham


Robert Walden (born Robert Wolkowitz; September 25, 1943) is an American television and motion picture actor. He is best known for his role as Joe Rossi on Lou Grant, which earned him three nominations for Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series; for his role as Joe Waters on Brothers; and as Glenn Newman on Happily Divorced. Walden is also well known for his roles in the films  Blue Sunshine, The Hospital, All the President's Men, Audrey Rose, and Capricorn One.

Life and career
Walden was born in New York City, the son of Hilda (née Winokur) and Max Wolkowitz. His nephew is director Howard Deutch, the son of his sister; and his grand-nieces are actresses Zoey Deutch and Madelyn Deutch. Walden first became interested in acting while attending City College of New York, and shortly thereafter became a member of the Actors Studio.

Walden's film career began in 1970, in Bloody Mama for Roger Corman. After that, and for the first several years of his career, he often played young doctors, such as in the television series The New Doctors (one of the rotating elements of NBC's The Bold Ones) as Dr. Cohen, after the departure of John Saxon prior to the final season; and notably in films Blue Sunshine and Paddy Chayefsky's The Hospital. His breakthrough role was in the television series Lou Grant, on which he played journalist Joe Rossi. He was a cast member on Lou Grant during its entire run (1977–1982), and received three Emmy Award nominations (in 1979, 1980 and 1981) for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for the role. Walden has played several historical characters, including Donald Segretti in the 1976 film All the President's Men, and J. Robert Oppenheimer in the 1980 TV movie Enola Gay: The Men, the Mission, the Atomic Bomb. From 1984 until 1989, he starred in the groundbreaking Showtime sitcom Brothers as the middle of three brothers, the owner of a bar/restaurant who was a retired NFL placekicker. His youngest brother, played by Paul Regina, was gay and the series dealt with issues regarding homosexuality. Walden also made a cameo appearance as a sound engineer in the 1994 film Radioland Murders.

In 2011, Walden made a return to series television in the TV Land sitcom Happily Divorced, playing Glenn Newman, the father of the lead character played by series creator and writer Fran Drescher, with Rita Moreno co-starring as his wife. As on his previous series Brothers, Happily Divorced is also predominantly gay-themed, as the plot is based on Drescher's divorce from series co-creator Peter Marc Jacobson, who later revealed he was gay and remained friends with Drescher. The series was cancelled in 2013 after two seasons.

Other work
He was a member of the Doo Wop group Bobby & The Chord-A-Roys in 1960.

Walden is a distinguished teacher of acting at The New School for Drama, division of the New York City university The New School. In August, 2006 he appeared in the Herbert Berghof Playwrights Foundation (HB Studio) production of Arthur Miller's The American Clock under the direction of Austin Pendleton. Walden also appeared in the movie Capricorn One (1978) as Elliot Whitter.

Selected filmography

Television series

References

External links

1943 births
Living people
20th-century American Jews
American male film actors
Actors Studio alumni
American male television actors
City College of New York alumni
Male actors from New York City
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
21st-century American Jews

Robert Walden


The Sturt Street Gardens is a central reservation running along Sturt Street, one of the main thoroughfares of Ballarat, (Victoria, Australia).  The formal gardens span 13 city blocks from Grenville Street in the east to Pleasant Street in the west, are  wide and cover an area of  running east–west.

The historic gardens are the main gardens of Ballarat's Central Business District and significant for their heritage features including significant statues, bandstands, memorials and trees.   Three of the reserve's monuments are listed on the Victorian Heritage Register and the entire gardens are listed as a heritage precinct by the City of Ballarat. The gardens are important to the culture of Ballarat.

Several blocks along the gardens have individual names based on their history and features such as Queen Victoria Square and Alexandra Square.

History
Sturt Street, the main boulevarde of Ballarat, was created by the first survey of the town in 1851 by WS Urquhart.  In the 1860s a dual carriageway with central median strip was created.

Victorian Heritage Register Sites

Titanic Memorial Bandstand

The SS Titanic Memorial Bandstand is an excellent and unusual example of creative bandstand design of the Edwardian period, a picturesque composition with dominant roofs of oriental character, it is an exotic and important element of the streetscape of Sturt Street.

Constructed in 1915, it is one of the few remaining examples of what was once a building type found commonly in the parks and gardens of many municipalities. It serves as a tangible reminder of a highly popular form of entertainment, prominent on the community agenda for many years. The construction of the bandstand and its survival until now also reflects the place of music in Ballarat's cultural identity and the continuing prominence of music in the community.

It is a memorial to the sinking of the , a disaster still recalled today, and principally to her heroic musicians who played as they went down with their ship.

The bandstand and its construction is indicative of Ballarat's self-image and patriotic fervour.

Queen Alexandra Bandstand
The Alexandra Bandstand is a typical and well resolved example of creative bandstand design; it polygonal form surmounted by a 'Moorish' onion dome is representative of bandstands of this period. The bandstand has particularly fine wrought iron detailing incorporating musical motifs and is an important and exotic element of the streetscape of Sturt Street.

Built in 1908 during the heyday of the band movement, it is now one of the few remaining examples of bandstands in Victoria. It serves as a tangible reminder of a highly popular form of entertainment, prominent on the community agenda for many years. The construction of the bandstand and its survival until now also reflects the prominence of music in Ballarat's cultural and civic identity.

Statues
The City of Ballarat has a walk of the statues within the Sturt Street Gardens.

The main statues in order from West to East are:
 Peterson Fountain 1923
 George Treloar Memorial 2019 Sculptor: Lis Johnson
 Mother Earth 1952 Sculptor: George H. Allen
 Peter Lalor 1893 Sculptor: Nelson McLean
 Sir Albert Coates 2000 Sculptor: Louis Laumen
 King George V Monument 1938 Sculptor: Victor Greenhalgh
 Ruth 1899 Sculptor: Charles F. Summers
 Hebe 1899 Sculptor: B. Raggi
 Thomas Moore 1889 Sculptor: George Grant
 Queen Victoria Memorial Fountain 1902, Sculptor: F. W. Commons
 Queen Victoria 1900 Sculptor Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal
 Robert Burns 1867 Sculptor: John Udny
 Point to Sky 2002 Sculptor: Akio Makigawa

Memorials and monuments
 Gordon Memorial 1969, Sculptor: Raymond B. Ewers
 Cenotaph 1949, Architect: John P. Shimmin
 Eternal Flame 1995, Sculptor: Peter Blizzard
 Korean, Borneo, Malayan, Vietnam War Memorial 2000
 William Dunstan Victoria Cross Memorial 2000
 King George V Monument 1938, Sculptor: Victor Greenhalgh
 Phoenix Foundry Plaque
 Queen Victoria Memorial Fountain 1902, Sculptor: F. W. Commons
 Boer War Memorial 1906, Sculptor: James White
 Burke & Wills Fountain 1867
 SS Titanic Memorial Bandstand 1915, Architect: G.W. Clegg
 Pioneer Miners Monument 1951
 James Galloway Monument 1880

Gallery

References

External links

Sculpture gardens, trails and parks in Australia
Gardens in Victoria (state)
Tourist attractions in Victoria (state)
Ballarat
Victorian Heritage Register Grampians (region)
RMS Titanic memorials

Sturt Street Gardens


Darya Khan is a town and tehsil of Bhakkar District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. The tehsil of Darya Khan is subdivided into 8 Union Councils of Pakistan, two of which form the town of Darya Khan itself.
One of Town Union Council name is Union Council Bangyal Abdad.
Population of Darya Khan city is near about 50000.

Tehsils of Punjab (Pakistan)
Bhakkar District

Darya Khan Tehsil


Martha Craven Nussbaum (born May 6, 1947 in New York City) is an American feminist philosopher. She is a professor at the University of Chicago and has written books on ethics, feminism and religion and has a particular interest in India.

She studied at New York University and Harvard University.

In 2008 she officially converted to Judaism.

Other websites
 Page on University of Chicago website

1947 births
Living people
20th-century American philosophers
21st-century American philosophers
American feminist writers
Converts to Judaism
Harvard University alumni
Jewish American academics
Jewish American writers
Jewish feminists
Jewish philosophers
New York University alumni
Scientists from New York City
Writers from New York City
University of Chicago faculty

Martha Nussbaum


Longitude by chronometer is a method, in navigation, of determining longitude using a marine chronometer, which was developed by John Harrison during the first half of the eighteenth century. It is an astronomical method of calculating the longitude at which a position line, drawn from a sight by sextant of any celestial body, crosses the observer's assumed latitude. In order to calculate the position line, the time of the sight must be known so that the celestial position i.e. the Greenwich Hour Angle (Celestial Longitude - measured in a westerly direction from Greenwich) and Declination (Celestial Latitude - measured north or south of the equational or celestial equator), of the observed celestial body is known. All that can be derived from a single sight is a single position line, which can be achieved at any time during daylight when both the sea horizon and the sun are visible. To achieve a fix, more than one celestial body and the sea horizon must be visible. This is usually only possible at dawn and dusk.

The angle between the sea horizon and the celestial body is measured with a sextant and the time noted. The Sextant reading is known as the 'Sextant Altitude'. This is corrected by use of tables to a 'True Altitude'. The actual declination and hour angle of the celestial body are found from astronomical tables for the time of the measurement and together with the 'True Altitude' are put into a formula with the assumed latitude. This formula calculates the 'True Hour Angle' which is compared to the assumed longitude providing a correction to the assumed longitude. This correction is applied to the assumed position so that a position line can be drawn through the assumed latitude at the corrected longitude at 90° to the azimuth (bearing) on the celestial body. The observer's position is somewhere along the position line, not necessarily at the found longitude at the assumed latitude. If two or more sights or measurements are taken within a few minutes of each other a 'fix' can be obtained and the observer's position determined as the point where the position lines cross.

The azimuth (bearing) of the celestial body is also determined by use of astronomical tables and for which the time must also be known.

From this, it can be seen that a navigator will need to know the time very accurately so that the position of the observed celestial body is known just as accurately. The position of the sun is given in degrees and minutes north or south of the equational or celestial equator and east or west of Greenwich, established by the English as the Prime Meridian.

The desperate need for an accurate chronometer was finally met in the mid 18th century when an Englishman, John Harrison, produced a series of chronometers that culminated in his celebrated model H-4 that satisfied the requirements for a shipboard standard time-keeper.

Many nations, such as France, have proposed their own reference longitudes as a standard, although the world's navigators have generally come to accept the reference longitudes tabulated by the British. The reference longitude adopted by the British became known as the Prime Meridian and is now accepted by most nations as the starting point for all longitude measurements. The Prime Meridian of zero degrees longitude runs along the meridian passing through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England. Longitude is measured east and west from the Prime Meridian. To determine "longitude by chronometer," a navigator requires a chronometer set to the local time at the Prime Meridian. Local time at the Prime Meridian has historically been called Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), but now, due to international sensitivities, has been renamed as Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), and is known colloquially as "zulu time".

Noon sight for Longitude

Noon sights obtain the observer's Latitude. It is impossible to determine longitude with an accuracy better than  by means of a noon sight. A noon sight is called a Meridian Altitude. While it is very easy to determine the observer's latitude at noon without knowing the exact time, longitude cannot accurately be measured at noon. At noon the sun's change of altitude is very slow, so determining the exact time that the sun is at its highest by direct observation is impossible, and therefore it is impossible to obtain an accurate longitude at the moment of culmination. However, it is possible to determine the time of culmination for longitude with a useful accuracy by performing a mean time of observation when the sun is on its ascent and descent prior to and following its moment of culmination. By taking a sextant reading within 15 to 30 minutes prior to local noon (culmination) and noting the time, then leaving the sextant set to the same angle and subsequently observing the moment in time at which the sun passes through the sight tube on its descent from its highest altitude between a half-hour and hour later, the two times can be averaged to obtain a longitude sufficiently accurate for navigation (within ).

Corrections to the process
Unfortunately, the Earth does not make a perfect circular orbit around the Sun. Due to the elliptical nature of the Earth's orbit around the Sun, the speed of the Sun's apparent orbit around the Earth varies throughout the year and that causes it to appear to speed up and slow down very slightly. Consequently, noon at the Prime Meridian is rarely if ever exactly at 12:00 UTC, but rather it occurs some minutes and seconds before or after that time each day. This slight daily variation has been calculated and is listed for each day of the year in the Nautical almanac under the title of Equation of time. This variation must be added to or subtracted from the UTC of local apparent noon to improve the accuracy of the calculation. Even with that, other factors, including the difficulty of determining the exact moment of local apparent noon due to the flattening of the Sun's arc across the sky at its highest point, diminish the accuracy of determining longitude by chronometer as a method of celestial navigation.  Accuracies of less than  error in position are difficult to achieve using the "longitude by chronometer" method.  Other celestial navigation methods involving more extensive use of both the Nautical almanac and sight reduction tables are used by navigators to achieve accuracies of  or less.

Time sight
 This only calculates a longitude at the assumed latitude, though a position line can be drawn. The observer is somewhere along the position line.
Time sight is a general method for determining longitude by celestial observations using a chronometer; these observations are reduced by solving the navigational triangle for meridian angle and require known values for altitude, latitude, and declination; the meridian angle is converted to local hour angle and compared with Greenwich hour angle.

If δ is the declination of the observed celestial body and Ho is its observed altitude, the local hour angle, LHA, is obtained for a known latitude B by:

The time sight was a complement to the noon sight or latitude by Polaris in order to obtain a fix.

See also
 Celestial navigation
 Navigation
 Latitude
 Longitude
 Haversine formula
 Intercept method
 Meridian altitude
 Lunar distance
 Navigational algorithms
 Sight reduction

References

Sailing Alone Around the World, by Joshua Slocum
Sextant Instructions on Use, by Davis Instruments Corp, Hayward, Ca.
The Nautical Almanac 2009, published by Government Printing Office, Washington D.C.
Longitude: The True Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest Scientific Problem of His Time, by Dava Sobel

External links
 Navigational Algorithms  http://sites.google.com/site/navigationalalgorithms/
Navigation Spreadsheets: Noon shots.
 See also .

Navigation

Longitude by chronometer


The Bentley Mark V was Rolls-Royce's second Bentley model. Intended for announcement at the Earl's Court Motor Show set down for late October 1939 it had much in common with its predecessor. War was declared on 3 September 1939 and a few days later Bentley announced it had ceased production of civilian items.

The Mark V was sold only as a bare chassis to be fitted with a body from an owner's own choice of coachbuilder. It proved to be the last Derby Bentley; after the war production moved to Crewe.

Chassis
It was a new design with very deep side rails to reduce flexing and to cope with the changed loads resulting from a totally redesigned independent front suspension in place of the beam axle.

Engine
Essentially the same as the Bentley 4¼ which it replaced, but with the number of timing gears reduced.
See:  The Rolls-Royce Motor-Car, Anthony Bird and Ian Hallows, B. T. Batsford, London 1972 page 282.
Without a beam axle the engine could be mounted further forward and particular care was taken to mount it so as to minimise noise and vibration to the passengers.
The engine displaced 4¼-litres (4257 cc/259 in³) with an 88.9 mm (3.5 in) bore and 114.3 mm (4.5 in) stroke.

Gearbox
Synchromesh was provided on all ratios but first and reverse. Previously it had been provided on just third and fourth speeds. This proved a very welcome refinement adding greatly to the pleasure of driving the car. The gear change lever was moved backwards closer to the driver by the seat squab, cutting back on the chances of finding cold steel up the trouser leg as the driver tried to get in or out. The clutch employed an improved design. A new divided transmission shaft eased potential vibration problems.

Suspension
This was the first Bentley to dispense with a leaf-sprung front beam axle. It followed Rolls-Royce's lead from 1938 and instead used a new design of independent front suspension in its completely new chassis. Low rate open coil springs sat within pairs of triangulated wishbones holding the front wheels at their outer point.  The upper wishbones acted on a piston-type hydraulic damper, the arms at the bottom were set wide apart so that the rearward one could act as a torque member under braking. These assemblies on each side were linked by a strong anti-roll bar.

Brakes
By Girling using Rolls-Royce's mechanical servo assistance. 57% of the effort was now applied to the  front of the car.

Production
Thirty five  MK V Chassis were manufactured numbered B-2-AW through to B-70-AW with even numbers only being used. Eighteen chassis were scrapped.

 Mark V: seventeen cars completed (seven cars remain).
 Corniche MK V: One car completed. The chassis number given was 14-BV. A lighter gauge steel was used to save weight.

Designation Mark V
Some consider Marks I, II and III to have been Rolls-Royce development vehicles and therefore Mark IV the first Derby 3½-litre and 4¼-litre Bentleys. Mark V follows naturally from that but Mark VI became the last.

Experimental department
A lightweight and aerodynamic Corniche model was planned, but the outbreak of World War II halted development work and the concept finally emerged more than a decade later as the Bentley Continental in 1952.  Weight was critical, tyre designs of the day could not safely support bigger cars at the continuous high speeds then becoming achievable on the Continent's new motorways. This first 4-door sports saloon had a body designed by Georges Paulin and built by Vanvooren of Paris.  While in France it was seriously damaged when rolled-over. Left on the quayside at Dieppe it is believed it was destroyed by bombing though the chassis may have returned to Derby. A copy of this car is currently being recreated by the Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust in Derby. A special streamlined mascot was designed by Georges Paulin after being commissioned by Alex Harvey Bailey. A photograph of the original car may be seen through an external link -see below.

Gallery

References

The Rolls-Royce Motor-Car, Anthony Bird and Ian Hallows, B. T. Batsford, London 1972 page 282.

External links
 B-24-AW starting up after a period of nearly 40 years
 Bentley Corniche prototype coachwork by Vanvooren 1939

Mark 5
1940s cars
Cars introduced in 1939

Bentley Mark V


A sound level meter (or sound meter) is a device used to measure sound pressure levels. It is often used to study and measure different kinds of noise, especially industrial and transport noise. The display indicates sound level in decibel units.

Sound
Measuring tools

Sound level meter


Terri Hollowell (born July 2, 1956 in Jeffersonville, Indiana),  is an American singer.  She had five nationally charted singles between 1978 and 1980, has toured internationally, and has appeared on numerous nationally televised programs.

Career
Hollowell became interested in a full-time career in music during her high school days in her hometown of Jeffersonville, Indiana. She signed with Con Brio Records in May 1978 and in the following two years she had five nationally charted singles.  Her release of "May I" broke her into the national country Top 40 in mid 1979,. and  "It's Too Soon To Say Goodbye" yielded her first ASCAP Award for chart longevity in October 1979.  She recorded a remake of "Strawberry Fields Forever" by The Beatles. This release hit the national Billboard charts seven days after its release and remained for eight weeks.  She performed on national television in three continents; namely, the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom and her first album entitled Just You And Me was well received by critics in all three regions. The album had also been released in Canada and several Scandinavian countries.  She made five trips to England between 1978 and 1980 and appeared in the Wembley Festival (  |   ), toured with country singer Don Williams in a national sell-out tour, co-hosted four BBC TV Specials, headlined her own club tour, and appeared with such artists as Johnny Cash and Glen Campbell on the Portsmouth Festival in 1979.

In 1980, she retired to spend time with her family.

In 2007 GMV Nashville released several albums on Hollowell, including songs that never released.

Albums

Singles

References

1956 births
Living people
American women country singers
American country singer-songwriters
Country musicians from Indiana
21st-century American women
Singer-songwriters from Indiana

Terri Hollowell


Otto Christian Astrup Bastiansen (5 September 1918 – 2 October 1995) was a Norwegian chemist and physical chemist.

He was the son of priest Alf Bjørnskau Bastiansen and brother of jurist Peter Bastiansen. He took the dr.philos. degree in 1949, and was hired as a lecturer at the University of Oslo in 1954. Already in 1955 he became professor of theoretical chemistry at the Norwegian Institute of Technology. He returned to the University of Oslo in 1962, and switched from theoretical chemistry to physical chemistry in 1964. From 1965 to 1969 he chaired the research council NAVF. He was then vice rector from 1970 to 1973 and rector from 1973 to 1976 at the University of Oslo. He was also a visiting scholar, both in the United States and at the University of Moscow.

Otto Bastiansen was a member of the first anti-nuclear organization in Norway, together with John Engh, Johan Bernitz Hygen and Odd Hølaas, among others.

References

1918 births
1995 deaths
Norwegian physical chemists
Norwegian chemists
Academic staff of the Norwegian Institute of Technology
Academic staff of the University of Oslo
Rectors of the University of Oslo
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

Otto Bastiansen


DPK may refer to:

 Democratic Party of Korea
 Democratic Party of Kosovo (Albanian: Partia Demokratike e Kosovës), a political party in Kosovo.
 Democratic Political Turning Point (), a political party in the Netherlands.
 Deutsche Patentklassifikation, the German Patent Classification system.
 Difa-e-Pakistan Council, an umbrella coalition of several Islamic oriented parties in Pakistani politics
 Dipropyl ketone, also known as 4-heptanone

DPK


Jean-Athanase Sicard (23 June 1872 – 28 January 1929) was a French neurologist and radiologist born in Marseille.

He studied medicine in Marseille and Paris, where he studied with Charles Emile Troisier (1844-1919), Édouard Brissaud (1852-1909), Henri-Alexandre Danlos (1844-1912), Fulgence Raymond (1844-1910) and Georges-Fernand-Isidore Widal (1862-1929). With Widal he performed serodiagnostic studies in immunology. In 1899 he obtained his medical doctorate, and in 1910 was appointed chef de service at the Hôpital Necker. In 1923 he became a professor of internal pathology.

With Jacques Forestier (1890-1978), he introduced lipiodol (radio-opaque iodized poppyseed oil) for use in radiological investigations. Lipiodol was injected into a patients' cerebrospinal fluid for myelographic diagnosis and localization of intraspinal cysts and tumors. Sicard is also credited for introducing injections of sodium salicylate for treatment of varicose veins, as well as alcohol injections for relief of trigeminal neuralgia. In addition, he was one of the first physicians to become interested in the possibilities of a procedure known as pneumoencephalography.

Along with Frédéric Justin Collet (1870-1966), Sicard is credited with identifying Collet-Sicard syndrome, a disorder in which neck trauma such as a Jefferson fracture causes damage to the cranial nerves.

Written works
 Le liquide céphalo-rachidien. Paris, 1902.
 La névralgie faciale essentielle et son traitement par les injections locales neurologiques. Paris, 1911.
 Méthode radiographique d'exploration de la cavité épidurale par la lipiodol; Written with Jacques Forestier (1890-1978). Revue neurologique, Paris, 1921, 28: 1264-1266. Lipide (iodised oil) first used in radiology. Positive contrast myelography with iodised oil (lipiodol).
 Traitement des varices par les injections phlébo-sclérosantes du salicylate de soude. Written with J. Paraf and J. Lermoyez. Gazette des hôpitaux, Paris, 1922, 95: 1573-1575.
 L'exploration radiologique des cavités broncho-pulmonaires par les injections intra-trachéales d'huile iodée. With Jacques Forestier. J méd Franç, 1924, 13: 3-9.
 Le traitement des varices par la méthode sclérosante. With L. Gaugier. Paris, 1927; 3rd edition, 1931.

References
 Jean-Athanase Sicard @ Who Named It

French neurologists
French radiologists
1872 births
1929 deaths
Physicians from Marseille
Academic staff of the University of Paris

Jean-Athanase Sicard


Kōji (麹 or こうじ) is a fermented food.

A mold called Aspergillus oryzae is added to rice, barley, or soy beans. This mold turns starch into sugar. Kōji is an ingredient in making many Japanese foods and drinks such as: sake, mirin, miso, vinegar, pickles, soy sauce, shōchū, and awamori.

Japanese food

Kōji


Dental avulsion is the complete displacement of a tooth from its socket in alveolar bone owing to trauma. Normally, a tooth is connected to the socket by the periodontal ligament. When a tooth is knocked out, the ligament is torn.

Avulsed permanent teeth may be replanted, i.e., returned to the socket. Deciduous teeth are not replanted because of  the risk of damaging the permanent tooth germ. Immediate replantation is considered ideal, but this may not be possible if the patient suffered other serious injuries. If properly preserved, teeth may be replanted up to one hour after avulsion. The success of delayed replantation depends on the survival of the cells remaining on the root surface. Storage in an environment similar to the tooth socket can protect these cells until the operation.

Prevention

Contact sports carry a significant risk of dental injury, which can be reduced by wearing a mouthguard or helmet. Mouthguards are often less effective if not fitted properly to the wearer.

Despite their wide availability, the use of mouthguards is relatively uncommon. Many people do not use them even in situations that carry a high risk of dental injury, or when their use is mandated. In addition, mouthguards may be dislodged from the wearer's mouth, leaving the teeth unprotected.

Certain occlusal traits, such as class II malocclusions and increased overjet, are associated with a higher incidence of dental trauma. These traits can be corrected by an orthodontist.

Risk factors

 Post-normal occlusion
 An over-jet exceeding 4 mm
 Short upper lip
 Incompetent lips
 Mouth breathing

Management

Dental avulsion is a real dental emergency in which prompt management (within 20–40 minutes of injury) affects the prognosis of the tooth. The avulsed permanent tooth should be gently but well rinsed with saline, with care taken not to damage the surface of the root which may have living periodontal fiber and cells. Once the tooth and mouth are clean an attempt can be made to re-plant in its original socket within the alveolar bone and later splinted by a dentist for several weeks. Failure to re-plant the avulsed tooth within the first 40 minutes after the injury may result in a less favorable prognosis for the tooth. If the tooth cannot be immediately replaced in its socket, follow the directions for Treatment of knocked-out (avulsed) teeth and cold milk or saliva and take it to an emergency room or a dentist. If the mouth is sore or injured, cleansing of the wound may be necessary, along with stitches, local anesthesia, and an update of tetanus immunization if the mouth was contaminated with soil. Management of injured primary teeth differs from management of permanent teeth; avulsed primary tooth should not be re-planted (to avoid damage to the permanent dental crypt).

Although some dentists advise that the best treatment for an avulsed tooth is immediate replantation, for a variety of reasons this can be difficult for the non-professional person. The teeth are often covered with debris. This debris must be washed off with a physiological solution and not scrubbed. Often multiple teeth are knocked-out and the person will not know which socket an individual tooth belongs to. The injured victim may have other more serious injuries that require more immediate attention or injuries such as a severely lacerated bleeding lip or gum that prevent easy visualization of the socket. Pain may be severe, and the person may resist replantation of the teeth. People may, in light of infectious diseases (e.g., HIV), fear handling the teeth or touching the blood associated with them. If immediate replantation is not possible, the teeth should be placed in an appropriate storage solution and brought to a dentist who can then replant them. The dentist will clean the socket, wash the teeth if necessary, and replant them into their sockets. He will splint them to non-knocked-out teeth for a maximum of two weeks for teeth with normal alveolar process and bone support. Properly handled, even replantation of periodontally compromised permanent teeth in older patients under good maintenance have been reported, with splinting extending for over 4 weeks due to the reduced support structure for the root due to periodontal disease.  One week to ten days after the replantation, the dental pulps of the replanted teeth should be removed and a root canal treatment completed within two months.

In addition, as recommended in all dental traumas good oral hygiene with 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash, a soft and cold diet, and avoidance of smoking for several days may provide a favorable condition for periodontal ligaments regeneration.

Initial assessment
When a patient arrives at the dentist they should be seen quickly and with urgency. If the tooth has not been placed in a suitable storage medium, the dentist should do this immediately. A thorough extra-oral and intra-oral examination should be performed. The clinician should consider the age of the patient, the history of the injury, and whether it is in line with clinical findings. If there is concern about non-accidental injury, then safeguarding procedures should be followed.

Re-implantation
Prior to the beginning of the procedure, a local anesthetic should be administered to both the palatal/lingual tissues to minimize discomfort. Gentle Irrigation with a saline solution should be performed as this removes any clots within the socket, which could prevent the proper re-positioning of the tooth into its original position. The tooth should always be handled via the enamel on the crown, not the root. Wash the root surface with saline, be careful not to scrub the root surface, as this may crush the delicate cells. Any stubborn debris can be removed by 'gently dabbing with gauze soaked in saline'. The tooth may then be gently placed back into the socket.

Soaking is the practice of soaking the tooth in an active medicament before re-implantation. It has been shown that soaking the avulsed tooth in an immune-modulating drug prior to re-implantation can increase periodontal healing and tooth survival, compared to a saline control.

Biologic basis for success of replantation following avulsion
Every tooth is connected to its surrounding bone by the periodontal ligament. The tooth receives its nourishment through this ligament. When a tooth is knocked out, this ligament is stretched and splits in half, half stays on the tooth root and half stays on the socket wall. If these two halves can be kept alive, the tooth can be replanted, and the halves of the ligament will reattach, and the tooth will remain vital. The half that stays on the socket wall, since it remains connected to the bone blood supply, is naturally kept alive. However, the ligament cells that remain on the tooth root lose their blood and nutrition supply and must be artificially maintained. They must be protected from two potentially destructive processes: cell crushing and loss of normal cell metabolism. All treatment between the time of the accident and the ultimate replantation must be focused on preventing these two possibilities.

Prevention of cell crushing
When teeth are knocked out, they end up on an artificial surface: the floor, the ground or material such as carpeting. If the surface is hard, the tooth root cells will be traumatized. Since the cells remaining on the tooth root are very delicate, additional trauma to the tooth root cells must be avoided so as to avoid more tooth root cell crushing. This damage can occur while picking the tooth up and/or during transportation to the dentist.

When a tooth is picked up, it should always be grasped by the enamel on the crown. Finger pressure on the tooth root cells will cause cell crushing. Any attempt to clean off any debris should be avoided. Debris should always be washed off gently with, at the very least, a physiologic saline. Even with the use of a physiologic saline, the "scrubbing" of the tooth root to remove debris must be avoided. When placed in a physiologic solution, the tooth should be gently agitated to permit the cleansing of the tooth root. At the same time that this agitation occurs, the bumping of the tooth root against a hard surface such as glass, plastic or even cardboard must also be avoided. For the same reasons, the method in which the knocked-out teeth are transported must be carefully selected. Placing the knocked-out teeth in transporting vehicles such as tissues and handkerchiefs can be damaging and transporting them in glass or cardboard containers can also be potentially damaging to the cells. In addition to the potential damage that the hard surface can cause, glass containers have the added possibility of breakage or leakage of the physiologic storage fluid. If the glass container does not have a tightly fitting top, then during the transportation, the physiologic storage solution can spill out and the teeth can fall, once again, on the floor and, at the same time, be out of a physiologic environment.

Maintenance of normal cell metabolism
Normally metabolizing tooth root cells have an internal cell pressure (osmolality) of 280–300 mOs and a pH of 7.2. When there is an uninterrupted blood supply, all of the metabolites (calcium, phosphate, potassium) and glucose that the cells require are provided. When the tooth is knocked out, this normal blood supply is cut off and within 15 minutes most of the stored metabolites have been depleted and the cells will begin to die. Within one to two hours, enough cells will die that rejection of the tooth by the body at a later time is the usual outcome. The method by which the body rejects the replanted tooth is a process called "replacement root resorption". During this process, the tooth root cells become necrotic (dead) and will activate the immunologic mechanism of the body to attempt to remove this necrotic layer and literally eats away the tooth root. This is called "root resorption". It is a slow, but non-painful, process that is sometimes not observed by x-rays for years. Once this process starts, it is irreversible, and the tooth will eventually fall out. In growing children, this can cause bone development problems because the replacement resorption (also termed ankylosis) attaches the tooth firmly to the jawbone and stops normal tooth eruption and impedes normal jaw growth.

Research has shown that the critical factor for reduction of the death of the tooth root cells and the subsequent root replacement resorption following reimplantation of knocked-out teeth is maintenance of normal cell physiology and metabolism of the cells left on the tooth root while the tooth is out of the socket. In order to maintain this normalcy, the environment in which the teeth are stored must supply the optimum internal cell pressure, cell nutrients and pH.

Storage media
There are many storage media available for knocked-out tooth storage. The most often recommended are: saliva, physiologic saline, milk and pH balanced cell preserving fluids. Water and ice have been shown to damage the tooth root cells, and as such, avulsed teeth should never be stored in them. The osmolality and pH of water and ice is very low (7–17 mOs) compared to normal cell pressure (280 mOs). When a knocked-out tooth is placed in water, the cells attempt to equalize with the surrounding environment, the cell fluid tries to move to the outside pressure environment and burst. Water with table salt in it is damaging to the knocked-out teeth.

Saliva, that is placing the tooth under the accident victim's tongue or in the cheek, has been recommended. Saliva, as a storage media, causes twice damage as water. Its osmolality is very low, causing bursting of the tooth root cells, but additionally, because saliva is filled with its normal flora of microorganisms, it will severely infect the tooth root cells. When the tooth is replanted, not only will the cells be necrotic, but they will also infect the bone socket.
Physiologic saline has a fairly compatible osmolality and will not cause cell swelling, but it lacks the metabolites and glucose necessary for maintenance of normal cell metabolism.

Milk has been also recommended as a storage medium for avulsed teeth. Its advantage is the high availability of fresh whole milk. Only whole milk can be used for tooth preservation. Skim milk and heavy cream do not have the correct fluid pressure and will cause damage to the root cells. Milk has no observed regenerative properties for cells on knocked out teeth.

It was discovered 30 years ago that milk was less damaging to knocked out teeth than water or saliva. It was recommended because it has a compatible osmolality (fluid pressure) to tooth root cells, and it is thought to be readily available. However, like physiologic saline, milk lacks the necessary metabolites and glucose necessary to maintain normal cell metabolism of the tooth root cells. The cells on knocked-out tooth roots in milk do not die immediately but are unable to replicate (mitosis) and so are less able to reform new cells when replanted.

The most optimum storage media that are available have been shown to be pH balanced cell preserving solutions. The best known and most extensively tested is called Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS). It has all of the metabolites such as Ca, phosphate ions, K+ and glucose that are necessary to maintain normal cell metabolism for long periods of time. HBSS has been extensively tested in dental and medical research for the past twenty years. This research has shown that 90% of cells stored in HBSS for 24 hours maintain their normal viability and after four days, still have 70% viable. In research studies, extracted dog's teeth that have been placed in HBSS for four days can still be replanted with little signs of resorption.

HBSS also has been shown to be capable of replacing lost cell metabolites. Since a cell that has been cut off from its blood supply depletes its stored metabolites after fifteen minutes, a tooth that has been extra-oral for one hour has less vital cells to reconnect with the bone ligament cells.

Some studies in dental research have shown that knocked out teeth that have been dry for up to one hour will have less resorption if they are soaked in a HBSS for 30 minutes prior to replantation. In these studies, dog's teeth were extracted and left dry for 30, 45 and 60 minutes and then soaked in HBSS for 30 minutes and then reimplanted. These teeth showed 50% less replacement resorption following reimplantation. It has also been shown that keeping the teeth cold while in the HBSS does not affect success.

Many other types of storage liquids have been tested such as powdered milk, Enfamil, Gatorade, and contact lens solution. All of them have been shown to either be ineffective or damaging to avulsed tooth.

Prognosis
Despite the treatment provided, dental avulsion carries one of the poorest outcomes with 73–96% of the replanted teeth eventually being lost. There are three main factors which significantly influence the prognosis of the tooth. These include:

 The extent of damage to the periodontal ligament (PDL) at the time of injury
 The storage conditions of the avulsed tooth
 The duration prior to replantation

Dental trauma varies widely in complexity and usually there is little that lay people or professionals (excluding dentists) can do. However, avulsion is the one type of traumatic dental injury where lay people can play a critical role in determining the prognosis of the tooth. The tooth has the best prognosis if it is replanted within 15 minutes of the accident but also has an excellent prognosis if it has been stored in an optimal storage medium within one hour of the accident.

PDL healing is the primary outcome measure when assessing interventions for tooth avulsion. When the healing of the PDL is unfavorable it means that there is no longer protection for the root from the surrounding alveolar bone. The bone that surrounds the tooth is continually undergoing physiological remodeling. Over time, the root is gradually replaced by bone, which leads to the loss of tooth root and so the crown of the tooth fractures.

The results of replanting permanent incisor teeth can be divided into short, medium and long-term survival of the tooth. If the tooth is replanted it acts in the short term to maintain space, maintain bone and provide good to excellent aesthetics. If unfavorable healing has occurred, the tooth can last into the medium term on 2-10+ years depending on the speed of bone turnover. Long-term survival of the tooth only happens when favorable healing of the periodontal ligament has occurred. If this happens the tooth can be estimated to survive as long as any other tooth

Epidemiology
Research has shown that more than five million teeth are knocked-out each year in the United States.  Dental avulsion is a type of dental trauma, and the prevalence of dental trauma is estimated at 17.5% and can vary due to the geographical area. Although dental trauma is relatively low, dental avulsion is the fourth most prevalent type of dental trauma.

Dental avulsion is more prevalent in males than females. Males are three times more likely to suffer from dental avulsion than females.

Up to 25% of school-aged children and military trainees and fighters experience some kind of dental trauma each year. The incidence of dental avulsion in school aged children ranges from 0.5 to 16% of all dental trauma. Many of these teeth are knocked-out during school activities or sporting events such as contact sports, football, basketball, and hockey. It is important for anyone whom is related, working, or witnessing sports that they be educated on this subject matter. Being educated could aid in minimizing injuries that could do further harm to the victim. Being informed and spreading awareness of dental avulsion in the state of knowledge, treatment, and prevention could make an impact.

History
The first reported cases of knocked-out teeth being replanted was by Pare in 1593. In 1706, Pierre Fauchard also reported replanting knocked out teeth. Wigoper in 1933 used a cast gold splint to hold reimplanted teeth in place. In 1959, Lenstrup and Skieller declared that the success rate of replanted knocked out teeth should be considered a temporary procedure because the success rate of less than 10% was so poor. In 1966 in a retrospective study, Andresen theorized that 90% of avulsed teeth could be successfully retained if they were replanted within the first 30 minutes of the accident. In 1974, Cvek showed that removal of the dental pulp following reimplantation was necessary to prevent resorption of the tooth root. In 1974, Cvek showed that storage of knocked out teeth in saline could improve the success of replanted teeth. In 1977, Lindskog et al. showed that the key to retention of the knocked-out teeth was to maintain the vitality of the periodontal ligament. In 1980, Blomlof showed that storing the periodontal ligament cells in a biocompatible medium could extend the extra oral time to four hours or more. He found that the best storage medium was a medical research fluid called Hank's Balanced Solution. In this study, it was serendipitously discovered that milk could also maintain cell viability for two hours. In 1981, Andreasen showed that crushing of cells on the tooth root could cause death of the cells and lead to resorption and reduction in prognosis. In 1983, Matsson et al. showed that soaking in Hank's Balanced Solution for thirty minutes prior to reimplantation could revitalize extracted dog's teeth that were dry for 60 minutes. In 1989, a systematic storage device was developed to optimally store and preserve knocked out teeth. In 1992, Trope et al. showed that extracted dog's teeth could be stored in Hank's Balanced Solution for up to 96 hours and still maintain significant vitality. In this study, milk was only able to maintain vitality for two hours.

Archaeology
In ancient times, ritual dental avulsion was widespread among different cultures around the world. For example, it was common during the Early Holocene (from around 11,500 BP up to 5,000 BP) in North Africa and was occasionally observed in the Natufian culture (14,000 to 11,500 BP).

Such tooth avulsion was the intentional removal of one or more teeth, which was done for ritual or aesthetic reasons. It was also used to denote group affiliation. Typically, the maxillary incisors were the teeth most often selected for removal. This practice is still common in parts of Africa.

See also

 Dental emergency
 Dental trauma

References

External links

Acquired tooth disorders
Dentistry

Dental avulsion