The Northeast Snowfall Impact Scale (NESIS) was created to measure snowstorms in the U.S. Northeast in much the same way the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale records hurricane intensity and the Enhanced Fujita Scale with tornadoes.

The Scale

NESIS was created by Paul Kocin of The Weather Channel and Louis Uccellini of the National Weather Service, classifies storms in one of five ways that range from Notable (the weakest designation) to Significant, Major, Crippling, and Extreme. This helps to measure storms have on the economy and transportation throughout the major cities in the Northeastern United States as well as the country as a whole.

The variables measured on the scale include area, amount of snowfall, and the number of people living in the path of the storm. These numbers are calculated into a raw data number ranging from "1" for an insignificant fall to over "10" for a massive snowstorm. Based on these raw numbers, the storm is placed into one of the five categories. The largest NESIS values result from storms producing heavy snowfall over large areas that include major metropolitan areas. Only three historical storms—the 1993 Storm of the Century, the North American blizzard of 1996, and the January 2016 United States blizzard—are in the Category 5, with a NESIS value higher than 10.

The northeast is the first region in the U.S. to use a system that measures the impact of snowfall because it is so densely populated. The scale also allows for meteorologists to predict how long airport delays caused snowstorms will last and when things will become normal afterward. According to Uccellini, NESIS will be used to reevaluate recent snowstorms and measure their impact and not as forecasts such as the ones that are created for hurricanes.

Example

By using an example of the area from Washington D.C. to Boston, a Notable Category 1 snowfall would have to drop anywhere from 4 to 10 inches of snow to fall in the category. A Category 2 would affect same area but more people with more than 10 inches of snow on Mid Atlantic Seaboard. A Category 3 would bring about 10-20 inches of snow and affect millions of people in the process.

Gaps in effectivity

NESIS only takes into account the raw snow totals and impacted population. It does not account for any of the following hazards associated with winter storms:

Blizzard conditions, blowing snow, and reduced visibility in general.
Gale-force, storm-force, or even hurricane-force winds and accompanying dangerously low windchill temperatures, causing wind damage and frostbite
Freezing rain up to and including ice storm conditions
Sleet, which behaves like a thin layer of quicksand on the road. Cars sink in it or drive across the surface and then slide over the slick individual pellets when attempting to brake. Sleet is very difficult to remove from roads. Due to its self-distributive properties and high weight relative to snow, most snow removal equipment is not suited to the task of removing sleet. Sleet has been referred to as "winter's sand" because when walking across it, kicking it, or picking it up and letting it drop or slide through your fingers, it feels and behaves like sand.
Thundersnow, which, as shown by Chicago's Groundhog Day blizzard of 2011, can produce small hail and/or combine with destructive blizzard winds to meet the criteria for severe thunderstorms (however, due to public confusion issues related to the connotation of the term "severe thunderstorm", typically associated with heavy rain, very few of these actually prompt a severe thunderstorm warning from the U.S. National Weather Service)
Storm surge caused by the aforementioned winds on lakes and on the coast and accompanying wave action

A theoretical blizzard may only impact enough people with enough snow to rate a category 2 on NESIS, but bring winds of over 70 MPH, paralyzing the region for days as 5–10 foot drifts and windblown debris are removed. Also, NESIS specifically provides for the storm's impact to the entire population of the affected area. This makes it unusable when trying to describe local conditions caused by a storm.

See also

List of Northeast Snowfall Impact Scale winter storms
Regional Snowfall Index

References

External links
 Overview
 Northeast Snowfall Impact Scale
 ScienceDaily Ranking Winter Storms: Meteorologists' New Scale Will Help in Emergency Planning January 1, 2007 (accessed 11 Nov 2007)

Weather prediction
Hazard scales
Snow

Northeast Snowfall Impact Scale


The word Mahārāja is Sanskrit for "great king" or "high king". Many languages have borrowed the word 'Maharaja', these languages include Punjabi, Bengali, Hindi and Gujarati. Its use is mainly for important rulers. A female ruler is known as Maharani (or Mahārāni) which means great queen. She can be the wife of a Maharaja or a ruler herself.

British India contained more than 600 princely states each with its own ruler. Some states called the ruler Thakur (if the ruler were Hindu) or Nawab (if he was Muslim); there were many other titles as well. Many Muslim rulers also had the title of Raja, one of the most famous being the Raja of Rajouri who was a Muslim raja. Originally only rulers of large empires such as the ancient Maurya Empire and Gupta Empire were Maharajas but in later centuries even rulers of small kingdoms used the title. In 1971, the government of Indira Gandhi abolished the titles and money for all Indian rulers. However some people still claim such titles.

Monarchy
Titles
British India

Maharaja


A creator is a person who creates something.

In some religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam) God (or Allah meaning the God in Arabic) is the most important and original creator of the whole universe - including Man who is made "in his image" (see Genesis) to observe it and control it like God. The idea that anything that a person is creating, like an idea, can be owned as property comes from the ethical traditions and legal codes that came from these religions.

In other traditions (Buddhism, Native American mythology) anyone has this potential for creating, and can become part of the greater creating of the universe. Stewardship of home, land and all of Earth is a test for participating in this, or just good sense.

Related pages
Creation myth

Theology

Creator


The country-western dance (also country dance or cowboy) is dancing that is performed mostly to country music. It is also called kicker dancing in Texas. There are several forms of it.

The western couple dance is social dancing that involves several people. Other dances include line dance and square dancing.

Other versions of the dance include:

The East Coast Swing
The West Coast Swing

The dance dates back to the late 18th century.

Dances

Country-western dance


William Samuel Steele (July 14, 1923 – September 19, 1989) was an American athlete who competed mainly in the long jump. Steele won the gold medal in the long jump at the 1948 London Olympics.  A two-time USA Outdoor champion, Steele was the 1948 Olympic Trials champion and a two-time NCAA long jump champion. He was considered the world's best long jumper in 1942 and 1946, and was world ranked #1 by Track & Field News their first two years of producing worldwide rankings, 1947 and 1948.

Career

Steele was born in El Centro, California on July 14, 1923.  At age 4 his family moved to San Diego where he graduated from Herbert Hoover High School in 1940.

Steele initially competed for San Jose State College, coached by Bud Winter in the early 1940s, In 1942 the 18-year-old Willie Steele won the AAU Junior long jump and had a best mark of 25-7 (7.80) which topped the world rankings that year.

His college and track career was interrupted by World War II when he  enlisted in the Army. He served in Italy and the Philippines, and he was decorated for his service.[1

After the war, Steele returned to college at San Diego State College (now San Diego State University) where he played basketball, football, and as a track star won two NCAA and one AAU broad jump championships.  He had personal bests in the 100 yard dash of 9.7 (1948) and 26'6' in the long jump (1947), a mere 2.25 inches behind Jesse Owens' world record of 1935 that stood for some 25 years.  His long jump remains the school record at San Diego State, not even surpassed by 1976 Olympic Gold medalist Arnie Robinson.

In his crowning achievement, he won the gold medal in the long jump in the 1948 London Summer Olympics. Prior to the event, Steele had suffered an ankle injury. He was able to take only two jumps, but  won the gold medal, despite the injury,  with his first leap of 25 feet 8 inches.

After his track career, Steele signed a contract to play halfback for the Los Angeles Rams but only performed in some exhibition games before being cut from the team.

Soft-spoken and unpretentious, Steele was the epitome of the student-athlete and he was a popular speaker at social and civic functions.    Steele spent most of his working career in Oakland, California as a director in the city's Parks and Recreation Department.  He raised a family in Oakland.  A year after he retired, Steele died of cancer on September 19, 1989 at age 66.

In 2009, Willie Steele was inducted into the National Track and Field Hall of Fame.[2] He was also inducted into the Hall of Champions in San Diego's Balboa Park.

Championships
1948 Olympic Games: Long Jump - 7.82 m (1st)
1948 Olympic Trials: Long Jump - 7.98 m (1st)
1946 AAU Outdoors: Long Jump - 7.32 m (1st)
1947 AAU Outdoors: Long Jump - 7.55 m (1st)
1948 NCAA Outdoors: Long Jump - 7.60 m (1st)
1947 NCAA Outdoors: Long Jump - 8.08 m (1st)
.

References

External links
Obituary. San Diego Union (24 September 1989), A-30; Robert Fikes Jr. The Black in Crimson and Black: A History and Profiles of African Americans at SDSU (San Diego: SDSU Library and Information Access, 2004). , http://www.legacy.usatf.org/halloffame/TF/showBio.asp?HOFIDs=237

1923 births
1989 deaths
American male long jumpers
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in track and field
Athletes (track and field) at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Track and field athletes from San Diego
People from El Centro, California
Sportspeople from Imperial County, California
San Jose State University alumni
Medalists at the 1948 Summer Olympics
San Diego State Aztecs men's track and field athletes
United States Army personnel of World War II
Deaths from cancer in California

Willie Steele


Nashotah House is an Anglican seminary in Nashotah, Wisconsin. The seminary opened in 1842 and received its official charter in 1847. The institution is independent and generally regarded as one of the more theologically conservative seminaries in the Episcopal Church (United States). It is also officially recognized by the Anglican Church in North America. Its campus was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017.

History
Nashotah House was founded by three young deacons of the Episcopal Church: James Lloyd Breck, William Adams, and John Henry Hobart, Jr., who were all recent graduates of the General Theological Seminary in New York City, at the bidding of Bishop Jackson Kemper. Gustaf Unonius was the first graduate.

Nashotah House was, from the beginning, a center for High Church thought and discipline. Breck, the first dean, was highly committed to the principles of the Oxford Movement. Later, noted professors such as James DeKoven would bring Anglo-Catholic worship and practice to the seminary. This began with the daily celebration of the Eucharist as well as the use of vestments, candles, and incense.

Nashotah House considers itself to be within the orthodox Anglo-Catholic tradition. Overall, the faculty support traditional theology and conceptions of Christian doctrine in opposition to liberal theologies. Graduates themselves come from a variety of jurisdictions both inside and outside of the Episcopal Church. Nashotah House sees its mission to form priests and church leaders from all over the Anglican Communion.

In February 2014, Bishop Edward L. Salmon, Jr. invited Bishop Katharine Jefferts Schori, the Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church, to preach at the school. The decision was condemned by the seminary's largely conservative supporters who cited Schori's tactics of suing parishes that left the ECUSA over doctrinal matters, as well as what they considered her heretical views. In response, two bishops who were members of the Nashotah House Board of Trustees resigned or distanced themselves from the school.

Academics
Nashotah House offers degree and certificate programs aimed at training clergy and lay leaders for ministries in the Anglican Communion:

Doctor of Ministry (DMin)
Master of Sacred Theology (STM)
Master of Divinity (MDiv)
Master of Pastoral Ministry (MPM)
Master of Theological Studies (MTS)
Master of Ministry (MM)
Master of Sacred Music (MSM)

It also offers a one-year certificate program in Anglican studies, geared toward students who have received an M.Div. from a non-Anglican institution and wish to be ordained within the Anglican tradition. The Master of Pastoral Ministry and the Master of Ministry degree may be earned through a combination of residential and online study.

The DMin, STM, MDiv, MPM, MTS, MM and MSM degrees are accredited by the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada.

Campus

The property of the Nashotah House Theological Seminary covers 365 acres (148 ha) of land.

The main buildings of the seminary include, from oldest:
Chapel of St. Mary the Virgin, designed by James Douglas in Gothic Revival style and built in 1862.
Webb Hall (faculty and guest housing, the Chapel of Saints Peter and Paul), Gothic Revival style, built 1865 and added to in 1926 and 1950.
Shelton Hall (student housing), Gothic Revival style, built in 1869. Photo in box above.
Sabine Hall (faculty offices, student housing), designed by Alexander Eschweiler in Gothic Revival style, built in 1892, and expanded in 1910.
Lewis Hall (administration and faculty offices, the Saint Francis Oratory), designed by Eschweiler in Gothic Revival style and built in 1892.
Frances Donaldson Memorial Library, designed by John B. Sutcliffe in Collegiate Gothic style, built in 1911, and expanded in 1982.
Kemper Hall (classrooms, student housing, gymnasium), designed by Eschweiler & Eschweiler in Neogothic Revival style and built in 1956.
James Lloyd Breck Refectory, designed by Eschweiler & Eschweiler and built in 1965.

There are also apartments for both single and married students, and several houses for the dean and other faculty, as well as maintenance facilities.

Construction has been completed on a substantial addition to the refectory. The newly dubbed Adams Hall includes a large meeting hall and additional classrooms.

Student life

Nashotah began as a community inspired by traditional monastic life of prayer, work, and study. James Lloyd Breck's vision was to create a center for Christian formation in the (then) wilderness that would also be movement to propagate other communities for the purpose of evangelizing the frontier. Today, much of this vision remains intact and students still live a Benedictine cycle of prayer, work, and study. The life of the Seminary seeks to form the character of priests and leaders into the image of Christ. Various students have been involved in mission work around the Anglican Communion as well.

"Seminarians are invited to participate in an ascetic, disciplined, prayerful season of spiritual growth in Christ" in which they "practice the Benedictine Rule of daily prayer, labor, and study." All students have work crew assignments - cleaning bathrooms, mowing lawns, sweeping floors and taking other chores. Daily routine includes Morning Prayer, Mass, breakfast, classes, lunch, and Solemn Evensong. Always anticipated on the campus is the annual
St. Laurence Cup, a flag football game played against students from Sacred Heart School of Theology and St. Francis Seminary (Wisconsin). The formerly annual Lavabo Bowl game was played against Seabury-Western Theological Seminary which stopped granting residential Master of Divinity degrees in 2010 after ceasing to accept new M.Div. seminarians in 2008

Nashotah House is the only seminary affiliated with the Episcopal Church that does not admit students who have entered into same-sex marriages.

Notable alumni

Keith Ackerman (born 1946), Bishop of Quincy
Robert Duncan (born 1948), archbishop, Anglican Church in North America; honorary doctorate
Louis Falk (born 1935), bishop, Anglican Church in America
Richard F. Grein (born 1934) bishop of Kansas and New York
Daniel W. Herzog (born 1941), Bishop of Albany
William Wallace Horstick (1902-1973), Bishop of Eau Claire
Benjamin Franklin Price Ivins (1884-1962), Bishop of Milwaukee
Russell Jacobus (born 1944), Bishop of Fond du Lac
Charles Jenkins (1951–2021), Bishop of Louisiana
Hiram Kano (1889-1989), Japanese American priest
Greg Kerr-Wilson, archbishop of the Diocese of Calgary, metropolitan of the Ecclesiastical Province of Rupert's Land, Anglican Church of Canada
Christopher Kovacevich (1928–2010), metropolitan of Chicago, Serbian Orthodox Church
William Jay Lambert III (born 1948), bishop of Eau Claire
Jeffrey Lee, bishop of Chicago
Charles Wesley Leffingwell (1840-1928), editor of The Living Church
Edwin M. Leidel, Jr. (1938-2022), provisional bishop of Eau Claire
William H. Love (born 1957), bishop of Albany
Taylor Marshall, Catholic convert, spiritual writer
Esau McCaulley, African American biblical scholar at Wheaton College (Illinois)
John McKim (1852-1936), bishop of North Tokyo
Don Moon (born 1936), physicist, president of Shimer College
James Orin Mote (1922-2006), bishop in the Anglican Catholic Church
C. Wallis Ohl, Jr. (born 1943), provisional bishop of Fort Worth
Alan M. Olson (born 1939), philosopher
Mark Pae (born 1926), bishop of Taejong
Scott Seely (born 1981), bishop suffragan of All Nations
William C. R. Sheridan (1917–2005), bishop of Northern Indiana
Dabney Tyler Smith (born 1953), bishop
Harwood Sturtevant (1888-1977), bishop of Fond du Lac
Gustaf Unonius (1810-1902), priest, author
Reginald Heber Weller (1857-1935), bishop of Fond du Lac
Keith Bernard Whitmore (born 1945), bishop of Eau Claire
Gary Wilde (born 1952), priest, author
Arthur E. Woolley (1931-2021), priest, activist

Notable faculty

Hans Boersma (born 1961), Chair to the Order of St. Benedict Servants of Christ Endowed Professorship in Ascetical Theology
Richard Fish Cadle (1796-1857), first superior of Nashotah House
James DeKoven (1831-1879), faculty member
Walter C. Klein, (1904-1980) Dean-President 1959-63, Bishop of Northern Indiana
Donald J. Parsons, (1922-2016), Professor, Dean-President 1950-1973, Bishop of Quincy
Harry Boone Porter (1923–1999), professor, editor of The Living Church
Michael Ramsey (1904-1988), Archbishop of Canterbury, adjunct professor
Edward L. Salmon, Jr. (1934-2016) Dean-President 2011-15, bishop of South Carolina
Arthur Anton Vogel (1924-2012), professor, bishop of West Missouri
William C. Wantland (born 1934), faculty member, bishop of Eau Claire
William Walter Webb (1857-1933), professor, president, bishop of Milwaukee
Louis Weil (1935-2022), professor of liturgics
Royden Yerkes (1881-1964)

References

External links
Official website
Historical resources on Nashotah House from Project Canterbury

Anglo-Catholic educational establishments
Episcopal Church (United States)
Seminaries and theological colleges in Wisconsin
Anglican Church in North America
Anglican seminaries and theological colleges
Education in Waukesha County, Wisconsin
Episcopal Church in Wisconsin
Educational institutions established in 1842
Buildings and structures in Waukesha County, Wisconsin
1842 establishments in Wisconsin Territory
National Register of Historic Places in Waukesha County, Wisconsin

Nashotah House


The Marines Fly High is a 1940 action film, starring Richard Dix, Chester Morris and Lucille Ball and directed by George Nicholls, Jr. and Benjamin Stoloff from a story by A.C. Edington.

Plot
In 1940, the Central American cocoa plantation owned by American Joan Grant (Lucille Ball) needs protection from bandits led by El Vengador (John Eldredge). She asks the Marines stationed nearby under the command of Colonel Hill (Paul Harvey) for help. Lieutenants Danny Darrick (Richard Dix) and Jim Malone (Chester Morris) fly a mission to seek out the outlaws. Although they have orders to protect her, both men vie for Joan's affection.

John Henderson, the plantation foreman, is really El Vengador. He kidnaps Joan and sets a trap for the Marines he knows will try to rescue her. The two rivals eventually realize that to defeat the enemy, they will have to work together. When Malone is heading for an ambush, Derrick flies to his aid and rescues Joan.

Cast

 Richard Dix as Lt. Danny Darrick
 Chester Morris as Lt. Jim Malone
 Lucille Ball as Joan Grant
 Steffi Duna as Teresa
 John Eldredge as John Henderson / El Vengador
 Paul Harvey as Col. Hill
 Horace McMahon as Sgt. Monk O'Hara
 Dick Hogan as Cpl. Ted Haines
 Kirby Grant as Lt. Bob Hobbes (as Robert Stanton)
 Ann Shoemaker as Mrs. Hill
 Nestor Paiva as Pedro Fernandez

Production
Principal photography for The Marines Fly High took place from late October to December 2, 1939, on RKO sound stages. The backlots served as the locale for many of RKO's features set in more exotic locations. The use of U.S. Marine aircraft and the ability of both Dix and Morris to look comfortable as pilots led an air of authenticity to the programmer.

Reception
The Marines Fly High was a typical B movie whose action scenes received good notices from critics with Frank S. Nugent of The New York Times in a contemporary review, noting the film was "... a comfortably agile adventure story." A more recent appraisal by reviewer Frank Miller likewise described the film as "crammed" with action.

Film historian Richard Jewell in The RKO Story (1982), characterized the screenplay in The Marines Fly High by Jerry Cady and Lieutenant Commander A.J. Bolton as "dull" and "lacklustre".

Aviation film historian James H. Farmer in Celluloid Wings: The Impact of Movies on Aviation (1984) noted The Marines Fly High was punctuated by "the quick-paced roar of machine guns, rifles and airplane engines in this low-budget effort (that) fortunately leaves little time for a careful look at the lackluster plot."

See also
 List of American films of 1940

Notes

References

Bibliography

 Farmer, James H. Celluloid Wings: The Impact of Movies on Aviation. Blue Ridge Summit, Pennsylvania: Tab Books Inc., 1984. .
 Jewell, Richard B. The RKO Story. New Rochelle, New York: Arlington House, 1982. .
 Wynne, H. Hugh. The Motion Picture Stunt Pilots and Hollywood's Classic Aviation Movies. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Co., 1987. .

External links

American action adventure films
American aviation films
Films set in Central America
Films about the United States Marine Corps
American black-and-white films
Films directed by George Nicholls Jr.
Films directed by Benjamin Stoloff
RKO Pictures films
1940s action adventure films
1940s English-language films
1940s American films

The Marines Fly High


The Saint Thomas Christians are a very old community in Kerala, India also called as  Syrian Christians of India, Nasrani or Malabar Nasrani or Malankara Nasrani or Nasrani Mappila, are an ethno-religious community of Indian Christians from the state of Kerala, who follow the East Syriac Rite, West Syriac Rite and the liturgical rites of Syriac Christianity. They trace their origins to the evangelistic or missionariy activity of Thomas the Apostle in the 1st century. Nasrani is an Arabic word for "Christian" that came from the Greek word Nazōraioi, Nazarene in English. The Saint Thomas Christians are now divided into different Churches like Eastern Catholic, Oriental Orthodox, Protestant, and independent bodies, each with their own liturgies and traditions. They are Malayali people and speak the Malayalam language

Saint Thomas Christians are a community with different ethnicities or different origins.Their culture is largely from East Syriac, West Syriac, Hindu, Jewish, and Latin Rite influences, blended with local customs and later elements derived from indigenous Indian and European colonial contacts. Their language is Malayalam, the language of Kerala, and Syriac is used for prayers.

The Saint Thomas Christians have also been nicknamed such due to their reverence for Saint Thomas the Apostle, who is said to have brought Christianity to India. The name dates back to the period of Portuguese colonisation. They are also known, especially locally, as Nasrani or Nasrani Mappila. The former means Christian; it appears to have been derived from the Hebrew word Netzer or the Aramaic Nasraya from Isaiah 11:1. Mappila is an honorific applied to members of non-Indian faiths and descendants of immigrants from the middle east who had intermarried with the local population, including Muslims (Jonaka Mappila) and Jews (Yuda Mappila). Some Syrian Christians of Travancore continue to attach this honorific title to their names. The Government of India designates members of the community as Syrian Christians, a term originating with the Dutch colonial authority that distinguishes the Saint Thomas Christians, who used Syriac (within East Syriac Rite or West Syriac Rite) as their liturgical language, from newly evangelised Christians who followed the Roman Rite.The terms Syrian or Syriac relate not to their ethnicity but to their historical, religious and liturgical connection to the Church of the East, or East Syriac Church.

History

According to tradition, Thomas the Apostle came to Muziris on the Kerala coast in AD 52 and converted many Nambudiri Brahmins to christianity and established the Ezharapallikal. The most prominent families amongst the many are Pakalomattam, Sankarapuri, Kalli, Kalliyankal, Nedumpally, Kunnappilly, Payyippilly, Vazhappilly, Maliekkal, Panakkamattom and Thayil.

The Cochin Jews are known to have existed in Kerala in the 1st century AD, and it was possible for an Aramaic-speaking Jew, such as St. Thomas from Galilee, to make a trip to Kerala then.The earliest known source connecting the Apostle to India is the Acts of Thomas, likely written in the early 3rd century, perhaps in Edessa.

A number of 3rd and 4th century Roman writers also mention Thomas' trip to India, including Ambrose of Milan, Gregory of Nazianzus, Jerome, and Ephrem the Syrian, while Eusebius of Caesarea records that St. Clement of Alexandria's teacher Pantaenus from Alexandria visited a Christian community in India using the Gospel of Matthew in Hebrew language in the 2nd century.

The tradition of origin of the Christians in Kerala is found in a version of the Songs of Thomas or Thomma Parvam, written in 1601 and believed to be a summary of a larger and older work.Thomas is described as arriving in or around Maliankara and founding Seven Churches, or Ezharapallikal: Kodungallur, Kollam, Niranam, Nilackal (Chayal), Gokkamangalam, Kottakkavu , Palayoor and Thiruvithamcode Arappally (a "half church"). The Thomma Parvam also narrates the conversion of Jews, natives, and the local King at Kodungallur by St Thomas. The Thomma Parvam further narrates St Thomas's mission in the rest of South India and his martyrdom at Mylapore in present-day Chennai, Tamil Nadu.

There is evidence that  members of the St Thomas Christian community observed Brahmin customs in the Middle Ages, such as the wearing of the sacred thread and having a kudumi. The medieval historian Pius Malekandathil believes these were customs adopted and privileges won during the beginning of the Brahmin dominance of medieval Kerala. He argues that the Syrian Christians in Kerala, integrated with Persian Christian migrant merchants, in the 9th century to become a powerful trading community and were granted the privileges by the local rulers to promote revenue generation and to undermine Buddhist and Jain traders who rivaled the Brahmins for religious and political hegemony in Kerala at the time.

Christian denominations
Ethnic groups in India
Malayali people

Saint Thomas Christians


Samuel Taylor (1748/49 – 1811) was the British inventor of a widely used system of stenography.

He began working on his own method of stenography in 1773, based on earlier efforts. In 1786, he published An Essay Intended to Establish a Standard for an Universal System of Stenography, or Short Hand Writing..., the first shorthand system to be used all over the English-speaking world. His stenographic method consisted in cutting out the superfluous consonants as well as the vowels in polysyllabic words. It used an alphabet composed of 19 letters of simplified shapes.

He taught stenography at Oxford as well as the universities of Scotland and Ireland for many years.

His system was adopted for several other languages, including French, German, Spanish, Italian, and Swedish. His book was translated and published in France by Théodore-Pierre Bertin in 1792 under the title Système universel et complet de Stenographie ou Manière abrégée d'écrire applicable à tous les idiomes.

He also published a book on angling in 1800, titled Angling in All Its Branches.

See also
Taylor shorthand

Notes

References
 Butler, E. H. The Story of British Shorthand. Lontoo: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd., 1951.
 Melin, Olof Werling. Stenografiens historia. 1. osa. Tukholma: Nordiska Bokhandeln, 1927.

This article is based on a translation of the corresponding article from the French Wikipedia and the Finnish Wikipedia.

1748 births
1811 deaths
Creators of writing systems

Samuel Taylor (stenographer)


Orlando Cole (August 16, 1908 – January 25, 2010) was an American cello teacher who taught two generations of soloists, chamber musicians, and first cellists in a dozen leading orchestras, including David Cole, Lynn Harrell, Jonah Kim, Ronald Leonard, Lorne Munroe, Peter Stumpf and Marcy Rosen.

Early life
Born and raised in Philadelphia, the son of Lucius Cole, a violinist in the Philadelphia Orchestra, he entered the first class of the Curtis Institute of Music in 1924 as a pupil of Felix Salmond and graduated in 1934. He was a founding member in 1927 of what was then known as the Swastika Quartet. In 1932, shortly before Adolf Hitler's election and adoption of this symbol (albeit rotated), the fledgling quartet renamed itself as the Curtis String Quartet after the school's founder, Mary Louise Curtis.

Collaboration with Samuel Barber

During this time, Cole was a classmate and friend of the composer Samuel Barber, who dedicated his Cello Sonata, op. 6 to Cole.  Mr. Cole and the composer collaborated closely on its composition, reading a page at a time as it was written, until they gave the work its premiere in New York's Town Hall in 1933.  Barber wrote also wrote his Quartet, op. 11, with its famous adagio, for the Curtis Quartet.

The ensemble played this work from manuscript for several years, and it was only when the time of publication arrived that Barber chose to make major changes: the first movement was shortened significantly, with its coda ultimately becoming the finale of what is now the third movement, and the original contrapuntal third movement was abandoned entirely in favor of a reprise of the first movement's basic thematic material.

In the years since, several ensembles have sought to perform this original version, but Barber's longtime companion, Gian Carlo Menotti, the holder of his copyrights, forbade it.  Barber acknowledged to Cole in a letter accompanying the manuscript score sent from Rome attesting to the composer's great confidence in the slow movement.  The quartet's first performance of the work in Curtis Hall is testament to the same - so rapturous was the audience's response following the adagio that the ensemble was compelled to encore it right away before continuing on to the finale. Samuel Barber also composed for the Curtis String Quartet his work for voice and string quartet, Dover Beach, set to the lyric verse of the same name by Matthew Arnold.  The vocal line was originally sung by Rose Bampton in its premiere in Curtis Hall and recorded in this form, but as the composer was dissatisfied with the work's dramatic impact given the male personage of the text, Samuel Barber chose to sing it himself for its recording in 1935.  An earlier piece, the Serenade, was also written for the Curtis String Quartet, though it fell quickly from the composer's favor and is rarely played today.

The Curtis Quartet
The Curtis String Quartet was a pioneer in its time and earned great acclaim: as the foremost string quartet in America during the prewar years; the first touring quartet to be trained entirely in the United States; and as the first American quartet to tour Europe, including a command performance before Mary of Teck, Queen Consort of George V of the United Kingdom.  The ensemble undertook two extensive and triumphant tours of the United Kingdom and the European continent during the seasons 1936-37 and 1937–38, and were scheduled to continue the same until the outbreak of World War II.

At a time when gramophone recordings were still a rarity and chamber music had not yet taken hold in the United States, the Curtis String Quartet served as ambassadors, giving over 5000 concerts in its career and often presenting the first quartet performances heard by the communities in which they played. Before disbanding in 1981 due to the death of Max Aronoff, the founding nucleus of Brodsky, Aronoff, and Cole remained intact. The quartet was formalized in 1932 with members Jascha Brodsky, Benjamin Sharlip, Max Aronoff, and Cole, but shortly after, Sharlip resigned and they engaged Charles Jaffe as their second violinist; it was with him that they achieved many of the aforementioned milestones.

Cole's primary instrument, the 1739 'Sleeping Beauty' by Domenico Montagnana, was a gift to him which had been purchased for $17,000 in 1952. It was with this instrument that the Curtis String Quartet's best known recordings for Westminster Records were made, among them Dvořák's American Quartet and Smetana's Quartet in E Minor From My Life; Mendelssohn quartets, opp. 12 and 44, no. 1; Schumann quartets, op. 41, nos. 1 and 3; Debussy and Ravel quartets; the Franck Piano Quintet; and two works of Ernő Dohnányi, the Quartet in Db-Major, and the Piano Quintet No. 2.  In the two works with piano, the Curtis String Quartet was joined by their longtime friend and collaborator, the pianist Vladimir Sokoloff.

Teaching career

Cole taught at the Curtis Institute of Music for seventy-five years, first as Salmond's assistant while still a student and then in succession of his own teacher. There was a brief gap in his tenure at the school, however, during the years following World War II. The members of the quartet had grown dissatisfied with certain of the objectives and policies of the school and decided to found their own institution for the training of chamber and orchestral musicians, called the New School of Music which was located just a few blocks from Curtis and, for more than thirty years, served as an important training center.

After returning to their duties at Curtis in 1953, Cole and the members of the quartet taught concurrently at both schools. After the 1981 death of the ensemble's violist, Max Aronoff, who was also director of the New School, the school was absorbed into Temple University where Cole and Brodsky continued to teach.

Cole gave master-classes all over the world.  In 2005 he was appointed to the emeritus faculty of the Curtis Institute.  He died on January 25, 2010, aged 101.

Honors
In 1986, Cole received an honorary "Doctor of Music" from the Curtis Institute of Music of Philadelphia, and in 1990 was honored by the American String Teachers Association as "Teacher of the Year". Mr. Cole was also honored by the Philadelphia Art Alliance and the venerable Musical Fund Society of Philadelphia. In 1999 he was given the first award by the Curtis alumni.

Cole helped to found the Encore School for Strings in Hudson, Ohio, along with David Cerone, who had left his position as violin teacher at Curtis to assume the directorship of the Cleveland Institute of Music.

References

1908 births
2010 deaths
American centenarians
American classical cellists
American music educators
Men centenarians
Musicians from Philadelphia
Curtis Institute of Music alumni
Educators from Pennsylvania
Classical musicians from Pennsylvania
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century cellists

Orlando Cole


Moominpappa (Muminpappan, i.e. "The Moomin Dad") - is a character in the Moomin series of books by Finnish author Tove Jansson.

Moominpappa was an orphan. He left the orphanage to see the world. But now he has settled down. Moominpappa wants to be a responsible father to his family: his wife Moominmamma and their son Moomintroll. He attracted to the sea but does not know why. He is almost always wearing his black top hat. Inside the hat is painted: "M.P. from your M.M." to make it different from all the other top hats in the world. Moominpappa also lived on a ship with three Hattifatteners for a few days. He wanted to watch their behaviour.

According to his family, he writes down all of his adventures in a book called "Memoirs". He once said that because so many adventures happen to him, he might never finish the book.

According to Moomintroll, he can fix anything if he is able to get around to it.

References

Characters in written fiction

Moominpappa


Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (V&R) is a scholarly publishing house based in Göttingen, Germany. It was founded in 1735 by  (1700-1750) in connection with the establishment of the Georg-August-Universität in the same city.

After Abraham Vandenhoeck's death in 1750, his English-born widow, Anna Vandenhoeck, née Parry (d. 1787)  successfully continued the business together with Carl Friedrich Günther Ruprecht (born 1730), who had entered the business as an eighteen-year-old apprentice in 1748. At the death of Anna Vandenhoeck in 1787, Ruprecht took over the business which he led until his death in 1816, when he was succeeded by his 25-year-old son Carl August Adolf Ruprecht (1791-1861). The management of the company remained in the hands of the Ruprecht family for seven generations.

The traditional core areas of the publications of V&R are Theology and Religion, History, Ancient History, Philosophy and Philology. Current production also includes schoolbooks and non-academic publications.

In 1935, the Göttingen Academy of Sciences gave Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht responsibility for its publications. These include the Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, the Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, and the Göttingische Gelehrte Anzeigen, the last of which is the oldest academic journal in the German-language area.

During the Nazi period, V&R published the journal Junge Kirche ("Young Church"), the mouthpiece of the anti-Nazi Protestant movement Confessing Church. The periodical was shut down by the authorities in 1941; for the rest of World War II, the company was forced to limit its publishing to philology, natural sciences and text books for school teaching. After the war, it returned to its earlier ambitions to be a comprehensive academic press.

References
 [Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht]: 225 Jahre Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht in Göttingen, Göttingen 1960.
 Wilhelm Ruprecht: Väter und Söhne: zwei Jahrhunderte Buchhändler in einer deutschen Universitätsstadt, Göttingen 1935.
 Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht in Göttingen: 1735–1985 Im Selbstverlag (Broschüre, 17 Seiten), 1985.
 Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 1735–1985. Jubiläumskalender: für das Jahr 1985 mit Kupferstichen aus Büchern d. 18. Jh. Im Selbstverlag, 1985.

External links

Book publishing companies of Germany
Mass media in Göttingen
Publishing companies of Germany
1735 establishments in Europe

Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht


Nephthys was a goddess with wide power and capacity, and she was often referred to as "The Excellent Goddess."
She could also be dangerous, able to kill the enemies of the king with her fiery breath. In this capacity, she was considered a protector of the king. .
Nephthys has a central role in the popular myths of Osiris; it is her magical powers that helps to resurrect his body, as well as to protect and nurture Horus while he is a child.
She is in some contexts presented as a protector of the dead, in other as protecting the baboon-headed Hapi, one of the 4 canopic jars.
In the Late Period, she became linked with the goddess, Anuket.

Family
According to myth, Nephthys had four siblings. Her parents were Geb the god of the earth and Nut the goddess of the sky. She was the sister of Isis, Osiris, Horus, and sister/twin and consort of Seth. Nephthys was also the mother of Anubis, the jackal-headed one with black skin.

Cult
In the 19th Dynasty of the Ramesside Pharaohs, a temple of Nephthys called the "House of Nephthys of Ramesses-Meriamun" was built in the town of Sepermeru, midway between Oxyrhynchos and Herakleopolis, on the outskirts of the Fayyum and quite near to the modern site of Deshasheh.

References
Relmer, Pat Egyptian Mythology A to Z
Fisher, Leonard The Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt
Barett, Clive The Egyptian Gods and Goddesses

Other websites
 ancientegypt.co.uk
 touregypt.net
 pantheon.org
 http://www.Touregypt.net/godsofegypt/Nephthys2.htm
 http://www.aelives.com/gods.htm
 http://www.philae.nu/Akhet/Netjurun.html

Egyptian gods and goddesses

Nephthys


A Revelation is a source of information that is given to some people and meant to share with others from a government, influential people or a supernatural deity. In monotheistic literature, a revelation is given by God to a prophet or someone God wants to make a prophet and it is supposed to be told to others. In this page, I will explain John's Revelation from God that is also the last book in the Bible also coincdidently called Revelation.

In Catholicism and other Christian denominations, John is also called Saint John and was Jesus Christ's 3rd/4th called disciple. John wrote a Gospel called The Gospel according to John. He also wrote 1st, 2nd and 3rd John. The most famous verse in the Bible was written by him in John 3:16 during Christ's conversation with the pharisee Nicodemus. John wrote the Book of Revelation and I will explain it now.

In the beginning of Revelation, it is important to know that John was currently in exile in the island of Patmos, an island in the Aegean Sea and part of Greece's territory now, because he refused to look at Emperor Domitian as Lord and God. John explains this and he also says he saw the Heavens, so we can suggest that he was writing what he saw while having his revelation or vision —whichever you choose to call it.

I'm not going to explain every little detail, just an overview. Jesus tells him to send a message to 7 churches in Asia Minor, that is Turkey. These are Ephesus, Symrna, Pergammum, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia and Laodicea. He explains He knows the suffering and He is watching over them.

A few chapters in and we see Apocalyptic literature. This was very common in the writing of Jews and Christians during the great persecution of Early Christians in the Roman Empire before Emperor Constantine made Christianity the state religion. You see a lot of beasts and creatures and then the greatly feared Antichrist.

I think now I should explain the 2 witnesses and the Antichrist. The 2 witnesses will be 2 prophets who God will raise from the dead and they will preach for three and a half years when the Antichrist will come and kill them both. Then because they have been slaughtered people from all around the world will drink and exchange gifts out of merriness and joyfulness because those 2 witnesses have died and nobody can shine the light of their sins. For three and a half days, they will not be allowed to be given their final dignity and put into graves. Then after 3 and a half days, God will raise them up from the dead and everyone will be shocked (imaginable) also will be ascending into Heaven.

The Antichrist is prominent in Revelation and is spoken a lot about. Christian and Jewish elders believe it will be an influential government that will trick everyone. But for everyone else its probably this tall, well-built man who will slaughter the Jews just when he has gained their trust.

That's all I have now and I will come back soon with Revelation PART 2 soon. Have a great day! and I hoped you enjoyed reading this

Theology

Revelation


In thermodynamics, an isobaric process is a process, where the pressure stays constant. To get an ideal gas to a different temperature, more heat is needed, because some  heat will be used to expand the gas. This is different in an isochoric process, where the volume of the gas does not change.

Thermodynamics

Isobaric process


The 150th (Carabiniers Mont Royal) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War.  Based in Montreal, Quebec, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in that city and the surrounding district.  After sailing to England in September 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 14th, 22nd, 24th, and 87th Battalions, CEF, and the 5th Canadian Mounted Rifles.  The unit officially ceased to exist as of February 15, 1918.  The 150th (Carabiniers Mont Royal) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. Hercule Barre.

References

Meek, John F. Over the Top! The Canadian Infantry in the First World War. Orangeville, Ont.: The Author, 1971.

Battalions of the Canadian Expeditionary Force
Military units and formations established in 1915
Military units and formations disestablished in 1918
1915 establishments in Quebec
Fusiliers Mont-Royal

150th Battalion (Carabiniers Mont-Royal), CEF


Joseph Fiévée (9 April 1767 - 9 May 1839) was a French journalist, novelist, essayist, playwright, civil servant (haut fonctionnaire) and secret agent.  He also lived in an openly gay relationship with the writer Théodore Leclercq (1777-1851), with whom he was buried after his death.

Career

Fiévée was born and died in Paris.  The son of a restaurant owner, he became a publisher during the French Revolution, most notably editing La Chronique de Paris, a newspaper; it was here that he started his career as journalist, but unfortunately incurred the suspicion of authorities who had him imprisoned during the Reign of Terror.  He was a member of the royalist network around the Abbey de Montesquiou, and was forced to go into hiding during the Directoire.  While in hiding, he wrote his novel on changing times and mores, La Dot de Suzette, which was a great literary success.

From 1800 to 1803, he wrote a column for the Gazette de France.  He was again imprisoned in the Temple (Paris) by order of Joseph Fouché, but he was freed at the request of Bonaparte.  He became a kind of secret agent for Napoleon, informing him of political affairs in France and England.

From 1804 to 1807, he was editor in chief of the  Journal des débats, which became Journal de l'Empire.  He was ennobled by the Emperor;  was named "maître des requêtes" to the Conseil d'État in 1810; then "Préfet" of the Nièvre department from 1813 to 1815.

A supporter of Louis XVIII of France during the initial Restoration, he was banished during the Hundred Days.  Having become one of the intellectuals of the "ultra" party and writer for the papers La Quotidienne and the Conservateur, he eventually became more politically liberal after 1818. A strong supporter of the freedom of the press, he was sentenced to three months of prison in the Conciergerie where Casimir Perier visited him.

He became a contributor to the journals Temps in 1829 and National in 1831.

Private life
Joseph Fiévée married in 1790 (his brother-in-law was Charles Frédéric Perlet), but his wife died giving birth, leaving him one child.  At the end of the 1790s, he met the writer Théodore Leclercq who became his life companion, and the two would live and raise Fiévée's son together.  When becoming Préfet, Fiévée and Leclercq moved to the Nièvre department, and their open relationship greatly shocked some locals.  The two men were received together in the salons of the Restoration.

Both men are buried in the same tomb at Père Lachaise Cemetery.

Works
Novels :
La Dot de Suzette (1798) (BNF 1)
Frédéric (1799) (BNF 2)

Letters :
Lettres sur l'Angleterre (1803)
, Ed. Le Normant (1816)
Lettres sur le projet d'organisation municipale (présentées à la Chambre des Députés le 21 février 1821), Le Normant (1821)
, en 3 volumes, Ed. Desrez et Beauvais (1836)

Essays :
De la religion considérée dans ses rapports avec le but de toute législation (1795)
Du dix-huit brumaire opposé au système de la Terreur (1802) (BNF 3)
Réflexions sur la philosophie du XVIIIe siècle, Ed. Perlet-Desenne (1802)
Conseils à Napoléon 1802-1803
Des opinions et des intérêts pendant la Révolution (1809)
Histoire de la session de 1815, Ed. L'Huillier-Delaunay (1816)
Histoire de la session de 1816, Le Normant (1817)
Histoire de la session de 1817, Le Normant (1818)
Examen des discussions relatives à la loi des élections pendant la session de 1819, Le Normant (1820)
Histoire de la session de 1820, Le Normant (1821)
Ce que tout le monde pense, ce que personne ne dit, Le Normant (1821)
De l'Espagne et des conséquences de l'intervention armée (1823)
Causes et conséquences du mois de juillet 1830 (1830)

Short Stories:
Le divorce, le faux révolutionnaire et l'héroïsme des femmes, Ed. A. Duleau (1802)

Theatre :
La maison à vendre (1789)
Le badinage dangereux (1789)
Les rigueurs du cloître (1790)

Honors
Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur (1812)

References
 Cavalier, Auguste.  1902.
 Martin, Jean-Clément. Conservatisme, journalisme, et opinion publique sous la Restauration : le paradoxe du succès de Joseph Fiévée. Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2001.
 Popkin, Jeremy D. Joseph Fiévée, imprimeur, écrivain, journaliste: une carrière dans le monde du livre pendant la Révolution. 1988.
 Tulard, Jean. Joseph Fiévée, conseiller secret de Napoléon.  Collection: Les Inconnus de l'histoire.  Paris: Fayard, 1985. Contains the "Petit dictionnaire fiévéien".
 Thuillier, Guy. Témoins de l'administration (Joseph Fiévée et l'administration impériale). Ed. Berger-Levrault, 1967.

External links

1767 births
1839 deaths
18th-century French dramatists and playwrights
French journalists
18th-century French novelists
19th-century French novelists
18th-century LGBT people
19th-century French LGBT people
French gay writers
French LGBT journalists
Writers from Paris
French LGBT dramatists and playwrights
French LGBT novelists
French male essayists
French male dramatists and playwrights
French male novelists
19th-century French male writers
18th-century French essayists
19th-century French essayists
18th-century French male writers

Joseph Fiévée


Passenger Protect, commonly referred to as the Canadian no-fly list, is the Canadian government initiative to identify individuals who may be an "immediate threat to aviation security" and prevent them from boarding a flight.

The program consists of two main components: a "Specified Persons List" which includes the name, birth date, and gender of individuals believed to pose a security threat, and a set of "Identity Screening Regulations" requiring all passengers who appear to be 18 years of age or older to present valid government-issued ID before they are allowed to board a flight. The list itself contains 1250 ± 750 names.  Individuals who are denied boarding because their name appears on the list can submit an appeal to the Office of Reconsideration, which is a part of Transport Canada.

The Passenger Protect Program's implementation date was June 18, 2007 for Canadian domestic flights and international flights to and from Canada.

How the program works

Airlines compare the names of individuals intending to board flights with the names on the specified persons list, and verify with the individual's government-issued identification when there is a name match. Identification is verified in person at the airport check-in counter. Transport Canada works with air carriers to provide training for agents and staff who are involved in implementing the ID verification requirement, and establish procedures that respect the rights of passengers. When the airline verifies that an individual matches in name, date of birth and gender with someone on the list, the airline is required to inform Transport Canada.

A Transport Canada officer is on duty 24 hours a day, every day, to receive calls from airlines when they have a potential match with a specified person on the list. The Transport Canada officer verifies information with the airline and makes a decision based on all the information whether to issue an emergency direction that the individual poses an immediate threat to aviation security and should not be permitted to board the flight.

Controversy

A number of civil society organizations have raised objections to the Passenger Protect program, citing concerns about civil liberties, privacy, racial profiling, and the perceived failure of the US no-fly list.  In addition, Canada's official federal and provincial privacy commissioners have criticized various aspects of the program.

Lawyer Faisal Kutty filed submissions against the initiative on behalf of more than two dozen groups titled "Too Guilty to Fly, Too Innocent to Charge?" He also wrote an op-ed about the ineffectiveness of the no-fly list.

See also
 Canadian Air Carrier Protection Program
 No Fly List Kids, an organization for parents whose kids have been falsely flagged by the Passenger Protect system

References

External links
 Passenger Protect official home page

Aviation in Canada
Transport Canada

Passenger Protect


Harley Baldwin (April 17, 1945 – January 23, 2005) was an American developer and art dealer who divided his time between residences in Aspen, Colorado, and New York City. He was best known for his successes in the former community, where the upscale boutiques and exclusive nightclub that opened in two historic buildings he renovated eventually lent the ski-resort community the nickname "Glitter Gulch" . While this was controversial in a community that had long prided itself on its lack of pretension, he was generally seen positively in Aspen

Early life

Born in Chicago to an Air Force colonel in 1945, he grew up a military brat on bases all over the United States. He earned a degree in international relations from Syracuse University and initially worked in New York City as a welfare caseworker and promotions director for Show magazine. After a year, still under a draft deferment, he left the city and drove west with a family fortune of $1,200. At a turn in the road he decided to go to Aspen.

Career

Soon after arriving in Aspen, he rented a trailer to live in. He bought some pans and groceries and started selling crêpes from the red Popcorn Wagon, which is still used for that purpose in Aspen today. This earned him enough money to buy the trailer. and, four months later, a ranch. This was the beginning of a career in real estate. With a partner, he bought land on the shores of Ruedi Reservoir outside nearby Basalt, recently created by damming the Fryingpan River, and subdivided it into Ruedi Shores.

In 1971, he persuaded Robert Orville Anderson, then chairman of Atlantic Richfield, to lend him $170,000 ($ in contemporary dollars) to buy the aging Brand Building in downtown Aspen, across from Aspen City Hall. Built in 1891, near the end of the Colorado Silver Boom that had spurred the city's initial growth, it had been used as a gas station for much of the 20th century and was slated for demolition. After the purchase, Baldwin restored it.

Also that year, Baldwin married Lee Webster. The following year, 1972, feeling local opposition to some of his other projects was too great to overcome, he and Webster moved to New York to pursue opportunities there. They maintained their properties and residence in Aspen, and continued to look after those investments. The couple divorced in 1977.

In New York, he was primarily involved in developing Bridgemarket, a food store under the Manhattan approach to the Queensboro Bridge. The process took longer than Baldwin anticipated, and during it the plans were changed considerably from Baldwin's original vision. It finally opened in 1999, with other developers involved.

His apartment in The Dakota became the subject of a lawsuit in 1992. Earlier that year, Michelle Pfeiffer had agreed to sublet it from him while she filmed The Age of Innocence. When her movers arrived the day before principal photography began, they were refused entrance, ostensibly because the service entrance was closed for the day. She later discovered, she claimed, that Baldwin had not had obtained the permission of the Dakota's co-op board before subletting the apartment, as he was required to, and that he was about to default on the mortgage. Baldwin tried to persuade her to move in again, but refused to return her money when she decided to abandon the sublet. She moved into a hotel instead for the duration of the film, and later won a default judgement against him.

Back in Aspen in 1988, he bought the Brand's neighbor, the Collins Block, another historic building from the city's boom years. He used them to join with other developers to effect a transformation of Aspen's image. Where a funeral parlor  and hardware store had once been, luxury boutiques like Louis Vuitton, Dior and Bulgari are now located. In the basement of the Collins he opened the Caribou Club, a members-only nightspot. The second floor of the Brand was given over to high-end hotel and apartment space. Similarly, he renovated the upper floor of the Collins into a  penthouse for himself and his companion Richard Edwards that Architectural Digest featured in 1996.

The emergence of the Caribou and the boutiques disturbed some Aspenites, who saw it as a challenge to the egalitarian mentality that had long predominated locally despite the area's many rich and famous residents. The buildings were referred to as "Glitter Gulch", a nickname later applied to Aspen itself  . Baldwin saw it as inevitable and logical. "Aspen is for the most successful people in the world." he said in a 2001 Vanity Fair article. "It so happens that they like to wear Gucci. Where's the problem?" George Hamilton, a friend, defended him as "what Aspen is all about ... He understands classic good taste and at the same time is irreverent about it."

He started more businesses, bringing the total he owned in Aspen to 12. One sold silver belt buckles he had designed himself. The other was an art gallery, a conscious attempt on his part to raise the cultural profile of his adopted hometown, already known in the classical music community for the annual Aspen Music Festival and School, to which he contributed money and sat on the board. Very quickly, the Baldwin Gallery, in the Brand's South Galena Street frontage, had the effect he had hoped, selling work by internationally prominent contemporary artists like Jennifer Bartlett and Ross Bleckner.

Death

In 2004 Baldwin became ill with kidney cancer. He and Edwards began spending more time in Manhattan. On January 23, 2005, he died at Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center.

See also
List of Syracuse University people

References

1945 births
2005 deaths
American art dealers
Philanthropists from Illinois
Philanthropists from New York (state)
American LGBT businesspeople
Syracuse University alumni
Deaths from kidney cancer
Businesspeople from Chicago
People from Aspen, Colorado
People from the Upper West Side
20th-century American philanthropists
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American LGBT people

Harley Baldwin


The Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA) is a scientific research institution at Colorado State University (CSU) that operates under a cooperative agreement with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR) and the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS). Atmospheric research at CIRA focuses on augmenting operational meteorology with advanced techniques in satellite observations and retrievals, numerical modeling and computational techniques, and data analysis, visualization, and storage. Along with NOAA, CIRA also partners with the National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Park Service (NPS), and the Department of Defense (DoD).

It is one of 16 NOAA Cooperative Institutes (CIs).

Specific research themes at CIRA include:
 Satellite algorithm development, training and education
 Regional to global scale modeling systems
 Data assimilation
 Climate-weather processes
 Data distribution
 Societal and economic impacts of weather and climate
 Education and public outreach on climate systems

The CIRA campus is located on the Foothills Campus of Colorado State University, in Fort Collins.

References

External links
 Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA)

Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research
Research institutes in Colorado
Meteorological research institutes
Colorado State University


The battle of Ðiện Biên Phủ was a 1954 battle between Vietnamese and French forces. Vietnam won, which made the French give up in the First Indochina War. The independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was secured, and Vietnam was divided into into North Vietnam and South Vietnam.

With the launch of Operation Castor, French soldiers were dropped from the Red River Delta by air, deep into the northwestern hills of Vietnam, into Việt Minh territory. They established a well-fortified garrison at Ðiện Biên Phủ, alongside an airstrip to supply their troops. That was an attempt to lure the Vietnamese guerrilla fighters, commanded by General Võ Nguyên Giáp, into an all-out firefight to inflict devastating losses in which the French would use their heavy artillery and superior firepower.

However, the Việt Minh did not take the bait but brought Chinese-funded heavy artillery into this difficult area, much to French surprise. The Việt Minh also used its superior numbers in human wave tactics to overwhelm the French. Next, the Việt Minh dug deep trenches and used its artillery to shoot down any French air planes, destroy the French airstrip, and bombard the French troops into submission. The French surrendered the in May 1954, after two months of fighting. The number of French soldiers at the garrison had increased from 12,000 to over 15,000. After years of fighting and this defeat, the French no longer wanted to continue fighting.

It was the first time an Asian colonial army defeated the army of a European power by military might. That was considered to be a surprise disaster for the French and a blow to the Western world. The French no longer wanted to maintain French Indochina and so they negotiated and later withdrew from Indochina. The Second Indochinese War later was fought between both Vietnams

French colonies in Africa also revolted, most famously during the Algerian War. By 1967, most of the French colonial empire had been gone.

References

1954 in Asia
20th century in Vietnam
Dien Bien Phu

Battle of Ðiện Biên Phủ


Gareth Charles Walter Morris (13 May 192014 February 2007) was a British flautist.  He was the principal flautist of a number of London orchestras including the Boyd Neel Orchestra before joining the Philharmonia Orchestra.  He was the principal flautist of this orchestra for 24 years and Professor of the Flute at the Royal Academy of Music from 1945 to 1985. Morris was known for using a wooden flute, at a time when most other players had switched to using metal flutes.

Gareth Morris was born in Clevedon, Somerset, England and was educated at Bristol Cathedral Choir School.  He began to play the flute when he was aged 12, and subsequently studied privately with Robert Murchie. At 18 he won a scholarship to the Royal Academy of Music where his main teacher was Charles Stainer.  At the Academy he met Dennis Brain and became his lifelong friend. Morris was best man for Brain's wedding. Morris's Wigmore Hall debut was in 1939 and he played in chamber music groups, including the Dennis Brain Wind Ensemble and the London Wind Quintet.  During the Second World War he joined the Royal Air Force and was principal flute in the RAF Symphony Orchestra.

Morris succeeded Arthur Gleghorn as principal flute in the Philharmonia Orchestra in 1948.
He played at Queen Elizabeth II's Coronation in 1953. The Philharmonia Orchestra had been founded by Walter Legge in 1945 but in 1964 Legge announced that he intended to disband it.  However the members dissented from this and agreed that the orchestra should continue, that it should be self-governing, and that it should be renamed the New Philharmonia Orchestra.  In 1966 Morris became chairman of this orchestra with Otto Klemperer as the principal conductor.  Morris had a close and deeply respectful relationship with Klemperer, but his relationship with Karajan has been described as "at best cordial, but he respected the conductor's talent".

Klemperer retired in 1971 when he was aged 87, and was succeeded by Lorin Maazel followed by Riccardo Muti.  Morris retired shortly afterwards from the orchestra.  The press release at the time spoke of "irreconcilable artistic differences" which had contributed to his resignation.  However, there was another, possibly more important, factor.  While on tour with the orchestra in New York City, Morris was mugged and seriously injured.  Amongst these injuries, a nerve in his mouth had been damaged and as a result, he had to completely give up playing the flute.

Morris's flute was originally a Rudall-Carte with open G-sharp and vented D, and later in his career he performed on an instrument bequeathed to him by Robert Murchie.  His style was of the English school, with a tight embouchure and he produced a very solid and powerful tone which was also capable of incredible delicacy. He eschewed the use of excessive vibrato. He was said to be "at the forefront of English flute playing for more than half a century".  Many composers wrote works for him, including Gordon Jacob and Alan Rawsthorne.  During his career he gave the first British performance of Poulenc's Flute Sonata in 1958.

Morris married first, in 1954, Joy Hazelrigg of Kentucky and they had a daughter, Emily.  Following a divorce, in 1975 he married Patricia Murray, with whom he had three children, Thomas, Mary and Catharine.

Morris retired to Bristol and there continued to teach.  In 1991 he published a tutorial entitled Flute Technique.  His other activities included being an adjudicator, an orchestral coach and a lecturer.  He frequently taught at the Dartington Summer School.  His siblings are Christopher, a music publisher at the Oxford University Press, and Jan Morris, the travel writer.  A photographic portrait taken in 1968 by Godfrey Argent is held by the National Portrait Gallery.

References

British flautists
1920 births
2007 deaths
Academics of the Royal Academy of Music
Place of death missing
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Music
People from Clevedon
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
20th-century flautists

Gareth Morris


"Let's keep the Goan tradition and culture alive, worldwide"

Aitrach' Y Aum-um Missa' Votalim

I used to go to Mass on Sundays

Type: Mando

Source: Pereira, José/ Martins, Micael.

Lyrics and Music: Inácio Fernandes (1872-1927)

Date: Composed about 1904

Musical form: Descriptive

Literary form: Monologue

Translated by José Pereira

Aitrach'y aum-um missa' votalim,

I (female) used to go to Mass on Sundays,

Soglem misso convers martalim.

And talk during the whole Mass.

Manual vatsun lok' dakoitalim,

I made people believe I was reading the missal,

Anchan-tinchan pajnam portitalim.

And turned the pages this way and that.

Ai cacadam marnum misso y aikotam,

Hey! I hear Mass amid pearls of laughter,

Bairi sornum cumprimentar kortam.

And on leaving church greet everybody outside.

Sodanch y amim banha' votaliym,

We used to go bathing always,

Manencheri kenso galtalim.

I letting my hair stream over my neck.

Garantule sintmento ditalim,

I used to tell people of the things that went on at home,

Bagery vosun sopttunum porhtalim.

And on going home, used to throw myself on the bed.

Ai, kainchi moga bieunaka,

You must not worry about this, love,

Osoly' sintment zaite zatai maka.

I often get such moods.

Kallizacha muja rê gondda,

Oh Love/ The bud of my heart!

Kitem tum chintita,

What is in your thoughts now?

Gortso y amig consolaro korta,

My friend at home consoles me,

Kainchi tum bieunaka muntta.

And tells me not to let anything upset me.

Ai mogatso y abras ditolim tuka,

Oh, dear one, I will embrace you fondly,

Sangilolem keleary tunvem maka.

If you do to me what I tell you to.

Do si rê si la sol.

Do, si, re, la, sol,

Lisaum[4] geun vegim maka sorhy.

Let me off from the lesson quickly.

Convers marum' foxi asa maka tsorhy.

I am very eager to talk with you.

The Mando

The mando is a dance song from Goa in Konkani. Although it is popular among all the social stratas of the Konkani-speaking peoples and many of the composers have remained anonymous, it should not be classified as a folk song. It is an art song composed for particular occasions. There have been many attempts to explain the origin of the word mando. One of them refers to the mand which was traditionally an open space of about 100 sq.m. where religious ceremonies were held and folk dances were performed. The text form of the mando is based on that of the traditional Konkani song ovi, which was usually sung at weddings

Most of the the traditional mandos, which gained the term "classical", were composed in the 19th century. The polka and the valsavina (Vienna Waltz) with its three-four rhythm seem to have found their way to Goa. The mando was originally composed and danced by the Brahmin aristocracy of Goa, mainly of Salcete, whose spacious mansions had a big hall for festive occasions. A memorable moment in the history of the family was the
bridal mando. The mando reflects the tranquil and leisurely character of this aristocracy. The Goan woman in the mando reflects the ideals and virtues then ascribed to her, namely self-sacrifice, piety and motherhood.

As a dance the mando is a square type (double file), men facing the women. When the partners come face to face in the centre, they retreat to the starting point, then move forward again crossing to the opposite side. The men then flick their handkerchiefs while the women open their fans. All in all, it is a stately and leisurely dance. The melody of the mando is slow in movement, with a soft and languishing atmosphere.

Polleiat

Goemche Mandde

Sondorbh

Konknni
Mandde
Romi panam

Aitrach'y Aum-um Missa' Votalim - Mando


The Magellanic Clouds are two irregular, dwarf galaxies. They do not have a regular shape, and only have a few billion stars. The Magellanic Clouds can only be seen from the southern hemisphere. They orbit the Milky Way galaxy.  They, along with the Milky Way and Andromeda Galaxy, are part of the Local Group of over 50 galaxies.  The two clouds are known as the:

Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC)
Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC)

History
The first written record of the Magellanic Clouds was by the Persian astronomer Al Sufi. In 964 he wrote the Book of Fixed Stars. He called the Large Magellanic Cloud al-Bakr (the Sheep) "of the southern Arabs". He wrote that the Cloud could not be seen from northern Arabia and Baghdad, but could be seen at the strait of Bab el Mandeb (12°15' N). This is the southernmost point of Arabia.

The first Europeans to see the Clouds were Italian explorers Peter Martyr d'Anghiera and Andrea Corsali at the end of the 15th century.  Antonio Pigafetta also saw them, when he went with Ferdinand Magellan on his circumnavigation of the  world in 1519-1522. However, naming the clouds after Magellan did not become widespread until much later. In Bayer's 1661 book, Uranometria, they are called nubecula major and nubecula minor.  In the 1756 star map by French astronomer Lacaille, they are called le Grand Nuage and le Petit Nuage ("the Large Cloud" and "the Small Cloud").

Characteristics

The Clouds can be easily seen without the use of a telescope. They look like separate pieces of the Milky Way. About 21° apart in the night sky, the real distance between them is about 75,000 light-years. They were long thought to be the closest galaxies to the Milky Way. The Canis Major Galaxy, discovered in 2003, is now thought to be our closest galaxy.

The LMC is about 160,000 light years away, while the SMC is about 200,000. The LMC is about 14,000 light years in diameter, and  the SMC about 7,000. For comparison, the Milky Way is about 170,000-200,000 light years across.

Scientists believe that the irregular galaxy shape of Magellanic Clouds is caused by tidal interaction with the Milky Way as they travel close to it. Streams of neutral hydrogen connect them to the Milky Way and to each other. Both Clouds look like they were once spiral in shape.  Their gravity has affected the Milky Way as well, distorting the outer parts of the galaxy's disc shape.

They have a different structure and lower mass than our galaxy. There are two other big differences.  First, they are gas-rich; they have more hydrogen and helium compared to the Milky Way.  They are also more metal-poor than the Milky Way. The youngest stars in the LMC and SMC have less than half the amount of other elements.  Both are noted for their nebulae and larger numbers of young stars. Like our own Galaxy their stars range from the very young to the very old, which shows the Clouds have a long history.

A supernova, SN 1987A, in the Large Magellanic Cloud was the brightest object seen from Earth in over four centuries.

In 2010, a French scientist said that the clouds may have been ejected from a collision that formed the Andromeda Galaxy six billion years ago. However most astronomers believe the Magellanic Clouds were made in the same process that formed our Milky Way Galaxy.

Mini Magellanic Cloud (MMC)
New research suggests that the SMC may in fact be split in two. A smaller part may hidden about 30,000 light years behind the SMC. This could have happened with the LMC splitting the SMC, and that the two sections are still moving apart. This smaller section is being called the Mini Magellanic Cloud.

References

Sources
Eric Chaisson and Steve McMillan, Astronomy Today (Englewood Cliffs:  Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1993), p. 550.
Michael Zeilik, Conceptual Astronomy (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1993), pp. 357–8.

Other websites
Magellanic Clouds Working Group

Local galaxies
Dwarf galaxies

Magellanic Clouds


Tholen, Zeelandic: Tole, is a small city and municipality of the province of Zeeland, the Netherlands. In 2016 the municipality had about 25,000 people.

The municipality of Tholen consists of the (former) island of Tholen and the (former) island of Sint Philipsland.

It borders the province of North Brabant.

Other websites

Tholen


Webster's Dictionary is any of the English language dictionaries edited in the early 19th century by American lexicographer Noah Webster. "Webster's" has since become a well known name in the United States for English dictionaries, and is mainly used in dictionary titles.

References

Dictionaries

Webster's Dictionary


The Old World rats and mice (called Murinae) is a subfamily in the family Muridae. It has about 560 species.  This subfamily is larger than all mammal families except the Cricetidae. It is also larger than most mammal orders.

Description
The Murinae are native to Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australia.  They are the only terrestrial placental mammals native to Australia.  They have also been introduced to all continents except Antarctica. They are serious pest animals.  This is particularly true in islands where they have  endangered and caused the extinction extinction of many native animals.

The brown rat and the house mouse are both used for medical tests. They are among the animals whose genome has been sequenced.

The murines have a distinctive molar pattern that involves three rows of cusps instead of two, the primitive pattern seen most frequently in muroid rodents.

Fossils
The first known appearance of the Murinae in the fossil record is about 14 million years ago with the fossil genus Antemus.  Progonomys is thought to be the ancestor of Mus and relatives, while Karnimata is thought to lead to Rattus and relatives.  All of these fossils are found in the well-preserved and easily dated Siwalik fossil beds of Pakistan.

The genera Uranomys, Lophuromys, and Acomys were once thought to be murines. Later, it was discovered (by molecular phylogenetics that they were more closely related to gerbils. They have been assigned a new subfamily status, the Deomyinae.

Sources and further reading
Chevret P. et al 1993. Molecular evidence that the spiny mouse (Acomys) is more closely related to gerbils (Gerbillinae) than to the true mice (Murinae). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 90:3433-3436.
Jacobs L.L. 1978. Fossil rodents (Rhizomyidae and Muridae) from Neogene Siwalik deposits, Pakistan.  Bulletin of the Museum of Northern Arizona, 52: 1-103.
Jansa S.A. and M. Weksler. Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:256-276.
Michaux J. A. Reyes and F. Catzeflis 2001. Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 17:280-293.
Nowak, R.M. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, vol. 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, London.
Steppan S.J; R.A. Adkins and J. Anderson 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology, 53:533-553.

Murinae


Langham (English: Langholm ), kent as "The Muckle Toun" an aw, is a burgh the historical coonty o Dumfriesshire in Dumfries an Gallowa in soothwast Scotland. Langham lies atween fower hills in the dale o the River Esk in the Soothren Uplands. It is the tradeetional seat o Clan Armstrong wi its maist famous descendant bein Neil Armstrong, the first man tae walk on the muin. In 1972 he acceptit in person bein bestowed the first Freeman an Honorary Burgess o the burgh o Langham. On acceptin the honour he said "The most difficult  place to be recognised is in one's home town. And I consider this now to be my home town."

Location an geography

Langham sits 8 mile north o the Scots-English mairch on the A7 road rinnin atween Edinburgh in in east central Scotland an Cairl in nor'wast England. Edinburgh is 73 mile til the north, Copshaw Howm is aroond 10 mile til the east, an Cairl is 19 mile til the sooth.

Langham is immediate surroondit bi fower hills in the River Esk dale within Scotland's wider Soothren Uplands. The hie-est o the fower hills is the 984 fit Whita hilltat that an obelisk (kent local as "The Moniment" staunds on. The Moniment commemorates the life an achievements o Sir John Malcolm (1769-1833), an umwhile sodger, statesman, an historian. The ither three hills is Warblaw (in Langhown it's pronoonce't Warbla), Meiklehowmhill (a knowe that is kent there as 'Tinpin', an the Castle Hill.

History

Langham is the tradeetional seat o Clan Armstrong that is praisent representit aroond the warld bi the offeecial Clan Armstrong Trust. Hame o the Clan Armstrong is Gilnockie Tour 4.5 mile sooth o Langham an 1.4 mile north o Canonbie. The Episcopalian kirk on Castle Howm gae intae disuse afore convertin intil the Clan Armstrong Museum.

The toun wis an important centre for the Border reivers. The town later growed around the claith industry.

Governance

Langham is in the UK pairlamentary constituency o Dumfriesshire, Clydesdale an Tweeddale. David Mundell is the praisent Scots Conservative Pairty Member o Pairlament.

The toun is pairt o the Sooth Scotland region in the Scots Pairlament, bein int he constituency o Dumfriesshire. Oliver Mundell o the Scots Conservative Pairty is the MSP.

Langham is represented on Dumfries an Galloway Cooncil by three cooncillors for Annandale East an Eskdale: Archie Dryburgh o the Scots Labour Pairty, Denis Male o the independents an Karen Carruthers o the Scots Conservative Pairty. The neist election will tak place in 2027.

Afore Brexit for the European Pairlament its residenters votit tae elect MEPs for the Scotland constituency.

Namely veesitors an residenters

Neil Armstrong

In 1972, astronaut Neil Armstrong wis walcomed  an mae the first freeman an burgess o the burgh. The depute toun clark at the time later said, "The town council had made the approach because this is Armstrong country and we thought it would be appropriate. It turned out that he was coming to Edinburgh to deliver the Mountbatten lecture so he coul accept and come to Langholm."

The ceremony teuk place at Langham's lairgest biggin o the time, the pairish kirk. Wi his mainer o cannie deegnity he statit:
"The most difficult place to be recognised is in one's home town. And I consider this now my home town."

He commentit an aw:

"My pleasure is not only that this is the land of Johnnie Armstrong, rather that my pleasure is in knowing that this is my home town and in the genuine feeling that I have among these hills among these people."

He syne walkit for his denner at Buccleuch Hall. His veesit is capturt in a online video. In kiverage bi the international press, the Chicago Tribune'''s front page story includit a map o the Breetish Isles merkin anely Lunnon an Langham. Armstrong universal kent for his hummleness is myndit as haein no interest on his veesit o blowstin o his achievements. Insteid he wis resorbit in findin oot mair o his Armstrong heirskip an makkin a connection with the aurie.

Ither fowk

Thomas Telford wis born nearby an wrocht in Langham as a prentice early in his career.

Christopher Murray Grieve (better kent as Hugh MacDiarmid wis born in Langham. The Scots poet wis a leadin licht in the Scots Renaissance o the 20t century. Unusual for a communist, he wis a commitit Scots nationalist an wrate in baith English an leeterar Scots. The toun is hame til a moniment in his honour made o watherin steel that taks the form o a lairge appen beuk depictin eemages fae his writins.

The first female corporate member o the Institution o Ceevil Ingineers, Dorothy Donaldson Buchanan, wis born an reart in Langham, the dochter o Rev James Donalson Buchanan, the langtime meenister in Langham Pairish.

David Thomas Richardson, a linguist an an officer in the Bengal Airmy wis born in Langham.

Economy

Edinburgh Woollen Mill wis foondit in Langham in 1946 bi Drew Stevenson, houiver thay recent announce't plants tae muive thair heidquarters fae Langham tae Cairl.

Transport

Bus

The X95 cross-mairch bus service (that is operatit bi Borders Buses rins throu Langham, the service maistly follaes the route o the A7 road atween Edinburgh an Cairl via Haaick in The Mairches.

Rail

Langholm railwey station appent in 1964, bit closed 100 year later. The last raiglar passenger train wis on 13 Juin 1964, awthou a speicial train ran in Mairch 1967, complete wi a restaurant caur; the fraucht service conteenaed until September 1967.

The nearest operational railwey stations is at Cairl in England an Lockerbie in Scotland.

Local media

Newspaper

The local newspaper is the Eskdale an Liddesdale Advertiser sted in Langham High Street. The Advertiser'' is awnt bi the CN Group. The newpaper kivers news fae Langham an its surroondin auries (namely Canonbie an Copshaw Howm an is common refert tae locally as "The Squeak". Estaiblisht in 1848, the newspaper wis the first penny newspaper in Scotland.

Radio

Ootby o the nationwide services a body can receive transmissions by:

 BBC Radio Cumbria
 BBC Radio Scotland
 Radio Borders
 Radio WestSound

Eddication

Langholm Academy is a combine't primary an seicontary schuil.

Sport

In 1858 Langholm Cricket Club wis foondit. The club play thair matches on the picturesque Castleholm Ground. They praisently play thair matches in the Border League, finishin mid-table for the 2009 saison. The 2010 saison stairtit again Gallae at hame on 24 Apryle.

In 1871, Langholm RFC wis foondit, bein the auldest Rugby club in the Mairches. Langholm RFC play in the Scots National League (rugby union) (Diveesion 1) an in the Border League.

Langham haes an aw a minor fitbaw team, Langholm Legion, that play an aw on the Castleholm.

The toun haes an aw a karate club, Langholm Shotokan Karate club, that is pairt o the JKS Scotland.

Airts an leisur

Forby the Scots Episcopal Kirk noo uised as the Clan Armstrong Museum, the Roman Catholic kirk o St Francis o Assisi closed in 2010, an is noo a fine airt gailerie.

The Buccleuch Centre is a weel-plenisht venue, providin a raiglar programme o muisic an theatre.

The toun is hame til a muisic an airts fest, a fuid fest, an the Langham walks. Ilka year mony veesitors come for the annual Common Ridin that taks place on the last Friday o Julie.

Langham has a pipe baund an a bress baund (kent as "the Town Band" or colloquial "the Toun Baund", that is leged tae be the auldest survivin bress baund in Scotland.

The toun is hame an aw til the Eskdale and Liddesdale Aruchaeological Society.

The're an acteeve Archive Group an aw wi a steidy increasin collection o information, muckle o it is noo on-line.

Industry

Industry for a lang time wis sted on claith wi at ae time 22 mills in the toun. There haes been a muckle o consolidation an closur syne that peak. The High Street retail brand Edinburgh Woollen Mill wis stairtit in Langham and haes yet a praisence in the toun.

Langholm Project

The "Langholm Project" or "Langholm Study" is a reference til the Joint Raptor Study, a scienteefic study unnerteuk in the 1990s on Langham Muir intil the effects o birds-o-prey on reid groose populations. This wis a lairge-schale project involvin inrowin a range o organisations includin the Game Conservancy Trust, the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (or (ITE as thay wis than kent), an the Buccleuch Estates.  The project wis follaed bi a twa-year study on the effects o supplementary feedin o harriers that endit in 1999. The findins o the study an the effect on the muir hae been the subject o a muckle o commune. In 2007 the Scots Govrenment annoonce't a forder 10-year project wi the follaein aims:

 aim tae estaiblish a commercial viable driven groose muir. Within the time frame o the project, it is the ettlin tae sell driven groose days producin an annual income in a superplus o £100,000

 aim tae replenish an important site for naitur conservation til a fauvourable condeetion

 seek tae demonstrate whether the needs o an economical viabe groose muir can be met alangside the conservation needs o protectit birds-o-prey, espeicially the hen harrier.

This mair-recent study is teetelt offeecial The Langholm Moor Demonstration Project, bit like its predecessor it is kent general as the "Langholm Project". The praisent project is a jynt ventur atween the Buccleuch Estates, the Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust, the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds , an the Natural England public body.

Reference

External links

 Langham Online
 Video o Langham fae the air
 The Langham Walks an Walkin Fest
 Rake the local paper archive
 The Buccleuch Centre
 The Eskdale & Liddesdale Advertiser
 2007 Press release regardin new Raptor an Grouse project
 The Langholm Page
 Langholm Cricket Club
 The Langholm Project
 Centre Stage Youth Theatre

Touns in Dumfries an Gallowa
Dumfries an Gallowa
Places o Scotland

Langham, Dumfries an Gallowa


In finance, subordinated debt (also known as subordinated loan, subordinated bond, subordinated debenture or junior debt) is debt which ranks after other debts if a company falls into liquidation or bankruptcy.

Such debt is referred to as 'subordinate', because the debt providers (the lenders) have subordinate status in relationship to the normal debt.

Subordinated debt has a lower priority than other bonds of the issuer in case of liquidation during bankruptcy, and ranks below: the liquidator, government tax authorities and senior debt holders in the hierarchy of creditors. Debt instruments with the lowest seniority are known as subordinated debt instruments.

Because subordinated debts are only repayable after other debts have been paid, they are more risky for the lender of the money. The debts may be secured or unsecured. Subordinated loans typically have a lower credit rating, and, therefore, a higher yield than senior debt.

A typical example for this would be when a promoter of a company invests money in the form of debt rather than in the form of stock. In the case of liquidation (e.g. the company winds up its affairs and dissolves), the promoter would be paid just before stockholders — assuming there are assets to distribute after all other liabilities and debts have been paid.

While subordinated debt may be issued in a public offering, major shareholders and parent companies are more frequent buyers of subordinated loans.  These entities may prefer to inject capital in the form of debt, but, due to the close relationship to the issuing company, they may be more willing to accept a lower rate of return on subordinated debt than general investors would.

Examples
A particularly important example of subordinated bonds can be found in bonds issued by banks.  Before the 2007–2008 financial crisis, subordinated debt was issued periodically by most large banking corporations in the U.S.  Subsequently the private credit middle-market increased debt issuance.  Subordinated debt can be expected to be especially risk-sensitive because subordinated debt holders have claims on bank assets only after senior debtholders and they lack the upside gain enjoyed by shareholders.

This status of subordinated debt makes it perfect for experimenting with the significance of market discipline, via the signaling effect of secondary market prices of subordinated debt (and, where relevant, the issue price of these bonds initially in the primary markets).

From the perspective of policy-makers and regulators, the potential benefit from having banks issue subordinated debt is that the markets and their information-generating capabilities are enrolled in the "supervision" of the financial condition of the banks.  This, hopefully, creates both an early-warning system, like the so-called "canary in the mine", and, also hopefully, an incentive for bank management to act prudently, thus helping to offset the moral hazard that can otherwise exist, especially in a circumstance where banks have limited equity and deposits are insured.

This role of subordinated debt has attracted increasing attention from policy analysts in recent years.

For a second example of subordinated debt, consider asset-backed securities. These are often issued in tranches. The senior tranches get paid back first; the subordinated tranches later.

A third example is mezzanine debt.

Use

Subordinated bonds are regularly issued (as mentioned earlier) as part of the securitization of debt, such as in the issue of asset-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations or collateralized debt obligations. Corporate issuers tend to prefer not to issue subordinated bonds because of the higher interest rate required to compensate for the higher risk, but may be forced to do so if indentures on earlier issues mandate their status as senior bonds.

Also, subordinated debt may be combined with preferred stock to create so-called monthly income preferred stock, a hybrid security paying dividends for the lender and funded as interest expense by the issuer.

See also

 Tier 2 capital
 Basel II
 Bank condition
 Banking regulation
 CAMELS rating
 Perpetual subordinated debt
 Structural subordination

References

External links
 Federal Register
 Freddie Mac
 FINRA

Credit
Bonds (finance)
Debt

Subordinated debt


Per Almar Aas (11 June 1929 – 18 May 2014) was a Norwegian politician. He was for the Christian Democratic Party. He was born in Ballangen.

He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Troms in 1973, and was re-elected on three occasions. He had previously served as a deputy representative during the term 1969–1973.

On the local level he was a member of Harstad municipal council from 1967 to 1971. From 1971 to 1975 he was a member of Troms county council. He chaired the county party chapter from 1970 to 1973, and was a member of the national party board from 1970 to 1973 and 1985 to 1999.

Outside of politics he started his career as a manual laborer in Ballangen (1945–1950), Snåsa (1951), Ørsta (1951–1952) and Volda (1952–1953). In 1969 he settled in Harstad to become a school teacher.

Aas died in Oslo, Norway, aged 84.

References

1929 births
2014 deaths
Norwegian politicians

Per Almar Aas