Werner Krenn (born 21 September 1943 in Vienna) is an Austrian tenor.

Krenn received his first musical training as a member of the boys' choir Wiener Sängerknaben. He later studied bassoon and was principal bassoonist of the Wiener Symphoniker from 1962 to 1966. His singing talents were recognized, embarked upon voice lessons with Elisabeth Rado. Krenn made his operatic debut in The Fairy Queen at the Berlin Deutsche Oper. He made a number of notable recordings of Schubert in the late 1960s. He was a regular performer with the Vienna State Opera in the 1970s. Krenn performed in Salzburg in Beethoven's Missa Solemnis, conducted by Herbert von Karajan. The Musical Times said of him in 1971, "Werner Krenn's voice is sweet and true and earnest". He has performed with the Scottish Opera and the BBC International Concert at the Royal Festival Hall. He is married to soprano Helga Dernesch.

References

External links

GOLDEN OPERETTA review in Gramophone 1978

Austrian operatic tenors
1943 births
Living people
Musicians from Vienna
20th-century Austrian male  opera singers

Werner Krenn


Bernhard VIII, Count of Lippe (6 December 1527 in Detmold – 15 April 1563 in Detmold) was from 1547 until his death in 1563 ruling the County of Lippe.

Life
Bernard's father, the reigning Count Simon V of Lippe, died in 1536, when Bernard was eight years old.  Since he was too young take over at this age, the country was ruled by a regency council consisting of Landgrave Philip I of Hesse, Count Adolph of Schaumburg and Count Jobst II of Hoya.  Bernhard was raised in the Lutheran faith.

In 1546 he joined the government of the county of Lippe. During his reign, he tried especially to strengthen the Lutheran faith in his county.  This met with the disapproval of the Emperor Charles V, whose troops occupied Lippe in the course of the Schmalkaldic War (1546–1547) and, after the defeat of the Protestant side in 1548, began implementing the Augsburg Interim.  As a result, Lippe became an imperial fief.

In 1555, Bernard visited the Diet of Augsburg in person, and in 1556, he convened a meeting of the Protestant clergy in his county.  In 1556, he declared war on Count John II of Rietberg.  Bernard besieged John's court in 1557.  In 1559, Bernhard gave Sternberg Castle to his brother Herman Simon as a Paréage.  This triggered an inheritance dispute with the County of Schaumburg.

Marriage and issue
His marriage to Catherine (1524–1583), daughter of the Count Philip III of Waldeck-Eisenberg produced the following children:
 Anna (1551–1614)
 married in 1576 to Count Wolfgang II of Everstein-Massow (1528-1592)
 Magdalene (1552–1587)
 married in 1572 to Landgrave George I of Hesse-Darmstadt (1547–1596)
 Simon VI of Lippe-Brake (1554–1613).
 married in 1578, to Countess Armgard of Rietberg-Arnsberg (1551–1584)
 married in 1585, to Countess Elisabeth of Holstein-Schauenburg (1566-1638)
 Bernhardine (1563–1628)
 married in 1578 to Count Louis of Leiningen-Leiningen (1577-1622)

References

Counts of Lippe
House of Lippe
1527 births
1563 deaths
16th-century German people

Bernhard VIII, Count of Lippe


Casey Mitchell is a fictional character from the Australian Channel Seven soap opera Home and Away, played by Rebecca Croft. Casey made her first on-screen appearance on 10 July 1996 and departed on 14 November 1997.

Casey's storylines focus on the breakdown of her parents' marriage, her mother Margaret's (Robyn Gibbes) religious extremism and subsequent mental breakdown and her love of music. She makes friends with Liam Tanner (Peter Scarf), Joey Rainbow (Alex O'Han) and Stephanie Mboto (Fleur Beaupert). Casey's takes a romantic interest in Liam but he is in a relationship with Stephanie. She has a short relationship with Curtis Reed (Shane Ammann).

Her final stories see her reluctantly reconcile with her father, Stuart (Mark Lee) and fall out of favour with Donald Fisher (Norman Coburn) and her peers.

Development
Casey is the daughter of Stuart (Mark Lee) and Margaret Mitchell (Robyn Gibbes). Stuart leaves the family and moves to the United States. This ruined their relationship because Casey believes that he has abandoned her. Margaret becomes convinced that Casey is possessed by the devil. Casey has an aggressive attitude that causes her burn bridges with her friends. But Donald Fisher (Norman Coburn) helps her and she settles at Summer Bay High. As a reporter from Inside Soap explained, Stuart is a conductor and he "immersed her in music" from a young age. Casey began playing the piano and became an accomplished pianist taking part in competitions. One such competition was used in a storyline in which Casey's talent begins to take over her life. Determined to win over her rival Judith Montgomery (Kimbali Harding), she becomes obsessed with practicing and experience nightmares, sleepless and stress. Donald warns Casey that hers practicing is ruining her academic studies. But Casey believes that losing the competition will ruin her dreams of becoming a professional pianist. They added that the story becomes more complicated when Stuart returns to support Casey, who does not want him around.

Aside from a relationship with Curtis Reed (Shane Ammann), which is ruined by the arrival of Jenna Evans (Claudia Buttazonni) – Casey's other romance stories have featured Liam Tanner (Peter Scarf) and Joey Rainbow (Alex O'Han). Casey, Liam and Joey are joined by Stephanie Mboto (Fleur Beaupert) forming a friendship group. She becomes romantically involved with Liam, when they save a wild dog she celebrates by kissing Liam. But when her attentions turn to Joey, his former love interest Tiegan Brook (Sally Marrett) returns to Summer Bay. The two females both decide they want to be with Joey. Casey becomes jealous of Tiegan spending time with Joey. Stephen Murphy from Inside Soap noted that they literally "sharpen their claws" and battle for Joey.

In July 1997, Jason Herbison from Inside Soap reported that Casey had been axed from the show. Croft's contract was due to expire in October 1997, but producers informed her that it would not be renewed. A spokesperson for the show stated "everyone will be really sorry to see Rebecca go, but it's just one of those things. The show's producers want to make way for some new people."

Storylines
Casey is first seen alongside classmates Joey and Liam. Joey is attracted to Casey but she prefers Liam. Casey is quick to let Liam know she likes him but his girlfriend Stephanie returns to Summer Bay. However, the four of them soon become good friends. Casey's home life is turbulent as her father Stuart has walked out on her and her mother Margaret and she becomes increasingly unstable. Margaret is convinced Casey is dead and a demon has assumed her form. Stephanie persuades Travis Nash (Nic Testoni) and Kelly Watson (Katrina Hobbs) to let Casey move in with them. Casey tries to help her mother but Margaret and her friend George Neville (Craig Ashley) try to exorcise Casey by trying to get her to drink a strange liquid. Joey rescues her and she is grateful and kisses him. Stuart returns and Casey tries one final attempt to reconcile the family but Margaret suffers a complete breakdown in the diner and is committed as a result.

Casey forms a bond with her music teacher Rebecca Fisher (Belinda Emmett), despite the fact Rebecca previously had an affair with Stuart and partly contributed to Margaret's breakdown, and discovers realises Rebecca has feelings for Travis. Rebecca and Marilyn Fisher (Emily Symons) convince Donald to let Casey move in with them on a permanent basis. Donald's decision is influenced by Casey's skill on the piano but regrets his decision when she intentionally plays badly when she enters in the school concert. After seemingly placing a curse on Donald with Joey's help, he collapses, much to their shock. Casey later collapses too and it is soon revealed that Donald's ex-wife Barbara Stewart (Rona McLeod) is responsible for a murder attempt.

Casey dates Curtis and the pair frequently get into trouble. One occasion, Casey and Curtis are believed dead in an accident but they turn up at the diner alive and well and another couple who stole Curtis' motorcycle were killed. Jenna arrives in town and bears a strong resemblance to Curtis' late girlfriend Laura Bonnetti (also played by Buttazonni) who died two years earlier. Curtis dumps Casey and gets together with Jenna. On the rebound, Casey kisses Liam, who has recently split from Stephanie but it goes no further and Liam reconciles with Stephanie. Stephanie later dies after falling down a cliff while on a bushwalk and Liam and Casey grow closer. However, Liam leaves Summer bay with his mother Frances (Anne Grigg) to live in Peru leaving Casey devastated.

Tiegan arrives and makes her interest in Joey clear, Casey is jealous, despite rejecting him in the past. The girls fight and receive detention as a result. Casey then decides to step aside and let Joey and Tiegan be a couple. Aaron Welles (Ritchie Gudgeon) arrives and Casey begins dating him. Donald tries to evict Casey but Aaron's sister, Justine (Bree Desborough) tells her that he needs to give her two months' notice. She takes revenge on Donald by convincing him he is going senile by sabotaging the kitchen light but it backfires when Rebecca tries changing the bulb and falls hitting her head, leaving her temporarily deaf. Casey is horrified when Aaron buys a knife for protection, following a mugging. However, he gets rid of it.

Stuart returns and asks Casey to join him in New York and she accepts his offer. On her last day at school, she takes the blame for the class superglueing student teacher Brett Egan (Emmanuel Marshall) to his chair but Donald refuses to and gives the class a week's detention every time she tries to accept sole responsibility. He tells her she is getting her classmates a punishment and that no-one wants her there and orders her to leave the school immediately. Casey then leaves for America.

Reception
Dave Lanning writing for The People said that Casey's exit was an "historic moment" because she lived in Summer Bay without having "a single bonk". He quipped that the character had set "a virgin record". A critic from Inside Soap magazine observed that "for all her ups and downs, there has always been one constant in her life - a true love for music."

References

Home and Away characters
Television characters introduced in 1996
Female characters in television

Casey Mitchell (Home and Away)


The North Side is one of the neighborhoods of Chicago. It extends north of Central−Downtown Chicago, the West Side districts, and the Chicago River to the city's northern and northwestern borders.

It is the most densely populated residential section of the city, and has a large middle and upper-class demographic.  It has many public parklands (such as the huge Lincoln Park) and miles of beaches along Lake Michigan to the city's northern limits.

Residential highrises line the waterfront in the eastern North Side. The district includes Eastern European, Puerto Rican, and other ethnic enclaves. It is the home of the Chicago Cubs at Wrigley Field.

References

Neighborhoods in Chicago

North Side, Chicago


Oregon Centennial Tokens were a type of trade token (also known as a "So-Called Dollar") issued during the 1959 Oregon Centennial. Many localities sold them as a fundraiser to finance their Centennial celebrations.

Design
The Northwest Specialty Sales Co. created several prototypes and induced 38 localities to purchase the tokens. Each locality had the option of using the standard obverse and a customizable standard reverse. The standard reverse also had room for two logos around the outer rim. Each locality determined the logos that were displayed on the reverse upper and lower curvatures. The standard obverse was the official emblem of the Oregon Centennial.

The standard reverse had a center with the phrase: "Good For 50¢ in trade At any cooperative Business or Redeemable At face value at the (locality) (location) until 3 P.M. Friday Sept. 1959." There existed variations of the standard reverse phrasing between localities but this one was the most common.

Physical attributes
The tokens range in size from 32 to 40 millimeters in diameter. Different metal compositions were used by the manufacturer of the tokens. Each locality had the option of which type or types of metal composition to use in production. Some localities created limited versions using different metals than their standard versions. These different versions were used as awards, gifts, or special mementos for dignitaries.

References

Token coins
History of Oregon
1959 establishments in Oregon

Oregon Centennial Tokens


Jeremy Jack Thomas, CBE (born 26 July 1949) is a British film producer, founder and chairman of Recorded Picture Company. He produced Bernardo Bertolucci's The Last Emperor, which won the 1988 Academy Award for Best Picture. In 2006 he received a European Film Award for Outstanding European Achievement in World Cinema. His father was director Ralph Thomas (director of many of the Doctor films), while his uncle Gerald Thomas directed all of the films in the Carry On franchise.

Life and career
Thomas was born in London, England into a filmmaking family with his father, Ralph Philip Thomas, and uncle, Gerald, both being directors. His childhood ambition was to work in cinema. As soon as he left school, he went to work in various positions, ending up in the cutting rooms working on films such as The Harder They Come, Family Life and The Golden Voyage of Sinbad, and worked through the ranks to become a film editor for Ken Loach on A Misfortune.

After editing Philippe Mora's Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?, he produced his first film Mad Dog Morgan in 1974 in Australia. He then returned to England to produce Jerzy Skolimowski's The Shout, which won the Grand Prix de Jury at the Cannes Film Festival.

Thomas' films are all highly individual and his independence of spirit has paid off both artistically and commercially. His extensive output of over forty films includes three films directed by Nicolas Roeg: Bad Timing, Eureka and Insignificance, Julien Temple's The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle, Nagisa Oshima's Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence, and The Hit directed by Stephen Frears.

In 1986, Thomas produced Bernardo Bertolucci's epic, The Last Emperor, an independently financed project that was three years in the making. A commercial and critical triumph, the film swept the board at the 1987 Academy Awards, garnering nine Oscars, including Best Picture.

Thomas has since completed many films, including Karel Reisz's film of Arthur Miller's screenplay Everybody Wins, Bertolucci's film of Paul Bowles' The Sheltering Sky, Little Buddha and Stealing Beauty, David Cronenberg's films of William S. Burroughs' Naked Lunch, J. G. Ballard's Crash and Christopher Hampton's A Dangerous Method (based on Hampton's The Talking Cure). In 1997, Thomas directed All the Little Animals, starring John Hurt and Christian Bale, which was in Official Selection at Cannes. Notable recent credits include Jonathan Glazer's debut film Sexy Beast, Takeshi Kitano's Brother, Khyentse Norbu's The Cup, Phillip Noyce's Rabbit-Proof Fence, David Mackenzie's film of Alexander Trocchi's Young Adam, Bernardo Bertolucci's The Dreamers, Terry Gilliam's Tideland, Wim Wenders' Don't Come Knocking, Richard Linklater's Fast Food Nation and Gerald McMorrow's Franklyn, starring Eva Green, Sam Riley and Ryan Phillippe. His film, Jon Amiel's Creation, about the life of Charles Darwin, with Paul Bettany and Jennifer Connelly in the leads, was the Opening Gala of the 2009 Toronto International Film Festival.

In 2010, Thomas premiered Jerzy Skolimowski's Essential Killing and Takashi Miike's 13 Assassins at the Venice Film Festival, both of which he executive-produced. Essential Killing went on to win the Jury Prize and two others, a triple win unprecedented in the Festival's history. Thomas also executive-produced Wim Wenders' 3D dance film Pina, which premiered at the 2011 Berlinale. At Cannes 2011, Thomas premiered Takashi Miike's new film, Hara-Kiri: Death of a Samurai, the first 3D film to show in Competition.

Thomas' recent releases include David Cronenberg's A Dangerous Method, written by Christopher Hampton and starring Keira Knightley, Viggo Mortensen, Michael Fassbender and Vincent Cassel, which premiered at Venice and Toronto Film Festivals 2011. In 2012, Thomas launched the epic Kon-Tiki, the true story of Thor Heyerdahl's legendary raft adventure directed by Joachim Roenning and Espen Sandberg, which was nominated for a Golden Globe and Academy Award for Best Foreign Film. In 2014, Thomas released Jim Jarmusch's vampire opus Only Lovers Left Alive starring Tilda Swinton, Tom Hiddleston, Mia Wasikowska and John Hurt, and Richard Shepard's black comedy Dom Hemingway starring Jude Law, Richard E. Grant, Demián Bichir and Emilia Clarke.

Recent releases include an adaptation of J. G. Ballard's 1970s dystopian novel High-Rise, written by Amy Jump and directed by Ben Wheatley, starring Tom Hiddleston, Jeremy Irons, Sienna Miller, Luke Evans and Elisabeth Moss, and Tale of Tales directed by Matteo Garrone starring Salma Hayek, Vincent Cassel, John C. Reilly and Toby Jones.

Thomas has said of his ethos:

In 1998, Thomas founded his international sales arm, HanWay Films, to service his own productions. HanWay has since expanded to sell third party projects, as well as handling the libraries of many of the world's best-known filmmakers.

Thomas was Chairman of the British Film Institute from August 1992 until December 1997, and has been the recipient of many awards throughout the world, including the Michael Balcon Award for Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema from BAFTA, and the European Film Award for Outstanding European Achievement in World Cinema. He has been President of the Jury at Tokyo Film Festival, San Sebastian Film Festival, Berlin Film Festival and Cannes Film Festival (Un Certain Regard) and has also served on the main jury at Cannes. He was made a Life Fellow of the British Film Institute in 2000.

Thomas was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2009 New Year Honours. He was also made Honorary Associate of London Film School.

Filmography

References

External links

 HanWay Films

1949 births
BAFTA Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema Award
European Film Awards winners (people)
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English film producers
Filmmakers who won the Best Film BAFTA Award
Producers who won the Best Picture Academy Award
Living people
Businesspeople from London
Golden Globe Award-winning producers
Producers of Best Picture Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners

Jeremy Thomas


William Henry Quilliam (Apryle 10, 1856 – 1932), who changed his name tae Abdullah Quilliam, wis a 19t century convert frae Christianity tae Islam, noted for foondin Ingland's first mosque an Islamic centre.

Backgrund
William Quilliam wis born in Liverpool tae a wealthy Manx faimily in 1856. His faither, Robert Quilliam, wis a watch manufacturer. William wis educated at the Liverpool Institute an King William's College on the Isle o Man.  He began work as a solicitor in 1878.

Conversion tae Islam
Quilliam wis brocht up a Christian but learned aboot Islam an converted, aither while visitin southren France in 1882 an crossing ower tae Algerie an Tunisie, or efter visitin Morocco in 1887. Returning tae Liverpool, he began tae promote Islam in Breetain as Abdullah Quilliam.

Quilliam established the Liverpool Muslim Institute at 8 Brougham Terrace, West Derby Street, Liverpool in 1889, openin on Christmas day. This wis Ingland's first mosque, accommodating aroond a hunder Muslims, This wis followed bi a Muslim college, headed bi Haschem Wilde an Nasrullah Warren, which offered courses for baith Muslims an non-Muslims. A weekly Debatin an Leeterar Society within the college attracted non-Muslims.

Quilliam influenced the paths o ither converts, includin his formerly Methodist mither, his sons, an scientists an intellectuals an his ensaumple lead tae the conversion o ower 150 Inglismen tae Islam.  Quilliam wis influential in advancin knowledge o Islam within the Unitit Kinrick, an gained ither converts throu his leeterar wirks an the charitable institutions he foondit.

An active writer an essayist, he produced a weekly paper, The Crescent, frae 1893 until 1908.
He published three editions o his The Faith o Islam, which wis translated intae thirteen leids, gainin him fame across the Islamic warld. He haed extensive contact wi Englis-spikin Wast African Muslims an toured the region's coastal ceeties on his wey tae Lagos tae attend the festivities surroonding the consecration o the Shitta Bey Mosque in 1894.

He received mony honours frae the leaders o the Islamic warld. He wis appyntit Sheikh al-Islam bi the Ottoman Sultan, Abdul Hamid II in 1894 an Persie Consul tae Liverpool bi the Shah. He an aa received money frae the Emir o Afghanistan tae fund the Islamic Institute in Liverpool.

Quilliam's wirk in Liverpool stopped when he left Ingland in 1908 an the Muslim community thare dispersed.

He dee'd in 1932, in Lunnon, an wis buried in Brookwood Seemetry, near Woking. He wis buried near Abdullah Yusuf Ali, Muhammad Marmaduke Pickthall (who each translated the Qur'an), an Lord Headley.

Wastren Muslims, parteecularly converts tae Islam, see him as a pioneer o the path thay hae taken. His legacy is maintained bi the Abdullah Quilliam Society which wis formed in 1996. The Society is raisin funds tae restore  8-10 Brougham Terrace tae re-open the historic mosque an establish an educational centre.

The Quilliam Foundation, a thinktank aimed at challengin extremist islamist ideologies, wis launched in 2008.

Notes and references

External links
 Abdullah Quilliam Society
 Abdullah Quilliam: The History of British Muslims
 Quilliam Foundation
 Forgotten champion of Islam: One man and his mosque The Independent newspaper, 2 August 2007
 Special BBC feature on Abdullah Quilliam and his Mosque, including audio testimonials from his grand-daughter and admirers
 The Muslim Council of Britain's special biography and profile on Quilliam's life
 The Riddle of Life, poem by Abdullah Quilliam
 Quilliam mentioned in early Ahmadiyya sources and his connection with the Woking Muslim Mission under the name Professor H.M. Leon
 A brief look at Muslims in Britain from yesteryear

Sources

 (Includes poems bi Abdullah William Henry Quilliam, Yehya-en-Nasr Parkinson, W. Obeid-Ullah Cunliffe, Ameenah Lincoln, Amherst D. Tyssen, Valfrid Hedman, Henry Yute Jones Taylor, an others)

1856 births
1932 daiths
Converts tae Islam
Inglis Muslims
Inglis releegious writers
Muslim writers
Buirials at Brookwood Seemetry
Inglis fowk o Manx strynd
Fowk frae Liverpuil
Alumni o King William's College

William Abdullah Quilliam


Kintetsu is the abbreviation of , or Kintetsu Railway, a Japanese railway corporation.

It may also refer to:

Companies
 Kintetsu Group Holdings, the holding corporation of the Kintetsu Railway
 Kintetsu Bus, a bus company and a subsidiary of Kintetsu Group Holdings
 Kintetsu Department Store, a department store chain and a subsidiary of Kintetsu Group Holdings
 Kintetsu World Express, a logistics service provider and a subsidiary of Kintetsu Group Holdings

Sports organizations
 Kintetsu Liners, a rugby union football team belonging to the Top League in Japan
 Osaka Kintetsu Buffaloes, a former professional baseball team belonging to the Pacific League of Nippon Professional Baseball
 Kintetsu Buffaloes, the previous name of Osaka Kintetsu Buffaloes
 Kintetsu Pearls, the previous name of Osaka Buffaloes

Train types
 Kintetsu 6820 series
 Kintetsu 7000 series
 Kintetsu 7020 series
 Kintetsu 9020 series
 Kintetsu 9820 series
 Kintetsu 15400 series
 Kintetsu 16600 series
 Kintetsu 22000 series
 Kintetsu 22600 series
 Kintetsu 23000 series
 Kintetsu 50000 series

Kintetsu


Charles Sherwood Stratton (January 4, 1838 – July 15, 1883), better known by his stage name "General Tom Thumb", was an American with Dwarfism who achieved great fame as a performer under circus pioneer P. T. Barnum.

Childhood and early life

Born January 4, 1838, in Bridgeport, Connecticut, Stratton was the son of a carpenter named Sherwood Edward Stratton, who in turn was the son of Seth Sherwood Stratton and Amy Sharpe. Sherwood married his first cousin Cynthia Thompson, daughter of Joseph Thompson and Mary Ann Sharpe. Charles Stratton's maternal and paternal grandmothers, Amy and Mary Ann Sharpe, were stated to be small twin girls born on July 11, 1781 (or 1783) in Oxford, New Haven, Connecticut.

Born in Bridgeport to parents who were of medium height, Charles was a relatively large baby, weighing  at birth.  He developed and grew normally for the first six months of his life, at which point he was  tall and weighed . Then he suddenly stopped growing. His parents became concerned when, after his first birthday, they noticed he had not grown at all in the previous six months. They showed him to their doctor, who said there was little chance Charles would ever reach normal height.

By late 1842 (at almost five years old), Stratton had grown only  from when he was six months old and had not gained any weight. Apart from this, he was a completely normal, healthy child, with several siblings who were of average size. His body was proportionate and functional.

Adoption by Barnum

Phineas T. Barnum heard about Stratton, and after contacting his parents, taught the boy how to sing, dance, mime, and impersonate famous people. Barnum also went into business with Stratton's father, who died in 1855. Stratton made his first tour of America at the age of five, with routines that included impersonating characters such as Cupid and Napoleon Bonaparte, as well as singing, dancing, and comical banter with another performer who acted as a straight man. To market the act, Barnum gave Stratton the name General Tom Thumb, naming him after the popular English fairy tale. The tour was a huge success and soon expanded.

A year later, Barnum took young Stratton on a tour of Europe, making him an international celebrity. Along with Barnum, Stratton appeared before Queen Victoria.  He also met the three-year-old future King Edward VII, at that time the Prince of Wales. In 1845, he triumphed at the Théâtre du Vaudeville (France) in the play Le petit Poucet of Dumanoir and Clairville. The tour was a huge success, with crowds mobbing him wherever he went. After his three-year tour in Europe, Stratton began his rise to stardom in the United States. Stratton's fame grew at an astonishing rate, and his popularity and celebrity surpassed that of any actor within his lifetime.

On his return home from his second tour in 1847, aboard the SS Cambria, he attracted the attention of the explorer John Palliser who "was not a little surprised, on entering the state-cabin, to hear the most unnatural shrill little pipe exclaiming, 'Waiter! bring me a Welsh rabbit'." During the voyage, General Tom Thumb contributed to a collection for the relief of famine victims in Ireland.

Stratton's first performances in New York marked a turning point in the history of freak show entertainment. Before Stratton's debut, the presentation of "human curiosities" for entertainment was deemed dishonorable and seen as an unpleasing carnival attraction. However, after viewers were introduced to Stratton and performances, he was able to change the perception people held toward freak shows. Stratton's lively and entertaining performances made these types of carnival shows one of the most favored forms of theatrical entertainment in the United States.

From the age of seven, Stratton performed in grand full-length fairytale melodramas under the management of P.T. Barnum. A few of the melodramas that Stratton performed were Hop o' My Thumb and the Seven League Boots. In these melodramas, Stratton was assigned the title role, which he played on multiple occasions. While Barnum sought to capitalize on Stratton's small stature, he also aimed to highlight and showcase his many true gifts as a performer. For example, Stratton was noted to be clever in his acts. In addition, he was a talented actor, singer, dancer, and comedian. As a result, certain dramatic critics did not compare his skills to those of the freak show community of which he was a member, but preferred to judge him on his merits as a professional entertainer.

On his 13th birthday Stratton stood exactly  tall. On his 18th birthday, he was measured at  tall. On his 21st birthday, he was  tall. Stratton became a Freemason on October 3, 1862. Stratton, by now  tall, was initiated to be a Freemason alongside a man who was .

Marriage and later life

His marriage in 1863, to Lavinia Warren, also a little person, became front-page news. The wedding took place at Grace Episcopal Church, and the wedding reception was held at New York City's Metropolitan Hotel. The couple stood atop a grand piano at the reception to greet some 10,000 guests. The best man at the wedding was George Washington Morrison ("Commodore") Nutt, another dwarf performer in Barnum's employ. The maid of honor was Minnie Warren, Lavinia's sister. Following the wedding, the couple was received by President Lincoln at the White House. Stratton and his wife toured together in Europe as well as British India, in particular the area that would later become Bangladesh.

Under Barnum's management, Stratton became a wealthy man. He owned a house in the fashionable part of New York and a steam yacht, and he had a wardrobe of fine clothes. He also owned a specially adapted home on one of Connecticut's Thimble Islands. When Barnum got into financial difficulty, Stratton bailed him out. Later, they became business partners. Stratton made his final appearance in England in 1878.

In January 1883, Stratton was staying at John F. Antisdel's Newhall House in Milwaukee when a fire broke out, which Milwaukee historian John Gurda would call "one of the worst hotel fires in American history". More than 71 people died, but Tom and Lavinia were saved by their manager, Sylvester Bleeker.

Death and legacy

Six months after surviving the Newhall House fire, Stratton died unexpectedly of a stroke. He was 45 years old. Over 20,000 people attended the funeral. P. T. Barnum purchased a life-sized statue of Tom Thumb and placed it as a gravestone at Mountain Grove Cemetery in Bridgeport, Connecticut. When she died, more than 35 years later, Lavinia Warren was interred next to him, with a simple gravestone that read "His Wife".

In 1959, vandals smashed the statue of Tom Thumb. It was restored by the Barnum Festival Society and Mountain Grove Cemetery Association with funds raised by public subscription.

The cause of Stratton's extreme shortness, then unknown, is referred to today as pituitary dwarfism. X-rays were not discovered until 1895, 12 years after Stratton's death, and the medical techniques of the day were unable to ascertain the pathology (if any) underlying his diminutive size at the time.

He was buried with Masonic honors by Saint John's Lodge. He became Master Mason in St. John's Lodge No. 3 at Bridgeport, Connecticut on October 8, 1862. He received the Commandery degrees (Masonic Knight Templar) in Hamilton Commandery No. 5 (Bridgeport, Connecticut), in 1863.

Screen portrayals
 George Brasno portrayed General Tom Thumb in the 1934 film The Mighty Barnum.
 Jimmy Clitheroe portrayed General Tom Thumb in the 1967 film Jules Verne's Rocket to the Moon.
 Paul Miller portrayed General Tom Thumb in the 1986 TV film Barnum!
 Sandor Raski portrayed General Tom Thumb in the 1986 TV film Barnum.
 Ed Gale portrayed General Tom Thumb in the 1995 TV film Tad.
 Josh Ryan Evans portrayed General Tom Thumb in the 1999 TV film P.T. Barnum.
 Sam Humphrey portrayed General Tom Thumb in the 2017 musical film The Greatest Showman.

See also

 Stamford Museum, where a suit of his clothes is displayed for comparison with those of Daniel Lambert.
 Tom Thumb House (Middleborough, Massachusetts), his summer house.
 Middleborough Historical Museum, which exhibits a large collection of Tom Thumb memorabilia.

References

Further reading
Lehman, Eric D. Becoming Tom Thumb: Charles Stratton, P.T. Barnum, and the Dawn of American Celebrity (Wesleyan University Press, distributed by University Press of New England; 2013) 276 pages; scholarly biography
American Sideshow: An Encyclopedia of History's Most Wondrous and Curiously Strange Performers (Tarcher/Penguin 2005), by Marc Hartzman.

External links

"Sideshow Ephemera Gallery: General Tom Thumb" by James G. Mundie – biographical essay with photos
Harper's portrait and report on General Tom Thumb's Wedding
Details of a museum in Middleboro, MA. A town where they made their home. – Link points to RoadsideAmerica.com
"Tom Thumb" at the Disability History Museum
The South Dakota Music Museum where a violin given to him, purported by P.T. Barnum to be a Stradivarius, rests in the Everist Gallery.

American circus performers
People from Bridgeport, Connecticut
Tom Thumb
Entertainers with dwarfism
American people with disabilities
Sideshow performers
Burials at Mountain Grove Cemetery, Bridgeport
1838 births
1883 deaths

General Tom Thumb


Farrah Fawcett (February 2, 1947 – June 25, 2009) was an American actress. A multiple Golden Globe and Emmy Award nominee, Fawcett rose to international fame when she first appeared as private investigator Jill Munroe in the TV series Charlie's Angels in 1976. Fawcett later appeared off-Broadway to the approval of critics and in highly rated television movies in roles often challenging (The Burning Bed, Nazi Hunter: The Beate Klarsfeld Story, Poor Little Rich Girl: The Barbara Hutton Story, Margaret Bourke-White) and sometimes unsympathetic (Small Sacrifices). Farrah played Marjorie in the movie named Extremities (where Marjorie got abused by the abusive man).

Fawcett was a pop culture figure whose hairstyle was emulated by millions of young women and whose poster sales broke records, making her an international sex symbol in the 1970s and 1980s. While her impact was particularly strong on the teens of the 1970s, her appeal spreads over multiple generations.

Fawcett married Lee Majors in 1973. They couple separated in 1979 and divorced in 1982. She had a relationship with Ryan O'Neal from 1979 until 1997. She had a relationship with movie producer James Orr, who deliberately injured her, for which he was convicted of assault. In 2001, she resumed her relationship with O'Neal. Fawcett's son Redmond O'Neal was born in January 1985. She died of anal cancer aged 62 in June 2009.

References

Actors from Corpus Christi, Texas
American crime victims
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Cancer deaths in California
1947 births
2009 deaths
Deaths from anal cancer

Farrah Fawcett


The Redondo Beach pier is located in Redondo Beach, California and stretches out into the Pacific Ocean. The pier has been rebuilt and altered by storms and redevelopments. Its official name is "Municipal Pier," and it has also been called the "Endless Pier".

The pier started out as a disjointed group of wharves near the end of the 19th century but evolved into an interconnected structure after a series of storms and demolitions throughout the 20th century.  The pier area used to be heavily crowded with tourists and locals during the 1970s, but began to decline after the nearby Seaport Village project failed and went into bankruptcy in 1982.

In 1988, the pier was severely battered by two winter storms, and on May 27 it burned to the waterline due to an electrical short circuit (the fire was so large that a SigAlert was announced for the San Diego Freeway several miles away). The pier's modern reinforced concrete version was completed in 1995 and has brought back the appeal to Redondo Beach's business district ever since.

History

1800s
 1889–1915, iron and wood "Wharf No. 1" built approximately where the current pier stands near Emerald Street to facilitate timber delivery from ships to trains; destroyed by a storm
 1895–1920, Y-shaped wooden pier called "Wharf No. 2" with railroad tracks on one prong, the other for fishermen and tourists; built south of Wharf #1 near Ainsworth Court in front of the Hotel Redondo; severely damaged by a storm in 1919, subsequently open only to fishermen, but demolished for safety reasons

Early 1900s

 1903–1926, wooden "Wharf No. 3" built south of Wharf #2 near Sapphire and Topaz Streets; actively used by lumber industry until 1923 when Pacific Electric's lease expired, which was not renewed, and the pier was manually demolished after a few years as the lumber industry phased out
 1916–1928, reinforced concrete "Endless/Pleasure Pier" built by George W. Harding; its  long northern leg stood in the spot previously occupied by Wharf #1, with a 160x200-foot platform at its western terminus, with another  southern leg returning to the shore to form an overall V-shape; damaged by a 1919 storm; condemned for safety reasons in 1928
 1925–today, wooden "Monstad Pier" built by Captain Hans C. Monstad for fishing/pleasure boat landings; originally  long, extended to  in 1937, and  wide in 1938
 1929–1988, wooden "Horseshoe Pier" built after demolition of the Endless/Pleasure Pier; destroyed by a fire

Late 1900s
In 1983, the western end of the Monstad Pier was connected to the central platform of the Horseshoe Pier.

From 1988–1995, the southern Y-shaped remnant of the Horseshoe pier that survived the fire remained open to the public.  A smaller portion of the northern end remained closed to the public for safety reasons, and was eventually removed completely when the new, concrete version was built.

The City of Redondo Beach hosted a formal "Launching" ceremony to announce the pier's reconstruction on July 29, 1993. The 1993 plans initially allowed for a carousel, wax museum, aquarium, and at least three new restaurants; however, only one new restaurant was added to the deck, and the rest has remained open to pedestrian traffic.

A formal City of Redondo Beach ceremony opened the new-restored Redondo Beach Pier, on February 11, 1995. Dogs are not allowed on the pier.

1995 description

The following "Pier Facts" were listed in the February 11, 1995, souvenir brochures distributed at the Redondo Beach ceremony opened the new-restored Redondo Beach Pier:
 The Redondo Beach Pier is  in size
 Sits  above the water
 Has over  of 6,000 P.S.I. concrete decking
 Has 202 concrete piles, the longest being  in length
 Required 5 years to commence construction and 18 months to complete
 Required over 150,000 man-hours of labor
 Is the largest "endless" pier on the California Coast
 Is the seventh Municipal Pier to be constructed on the shores of Redondo Beach

Filming location
The Redondo Beach Pier was used as a primary filming location for the popular TV series, The O.C..

The Redondo Beach Pier was also used as a filming location for the popular TV series, Riptide from 1984–1986.

The Redondo Beach Pier was also used as a filming location in Big Momma's House 2.

The Redondo Beach Pier was also used as a filming location in the remake of the show 90210 with Trevor Donovan.

References

 "Redondo Beach:  A Centennial Tribute, 1892-1992" edited by John F. Elliot, 1993
 "Redondo Pier Rebuild Finally Under Way" by Daniel Blackburn, Easy Reader, 29 July 1993 p. 14
 "Pier Pressure" by Thomas Curwen, Los Angeles Reader, 3 September 1993, pp. 8–11
 "Redondo Pier Transformation" by Rick Becker, Redondo Beach Historical Society Newsletter vol. VI #1, pp. 1, 3-4

Piers in Los Angeles County, California
History of Los Angeles County, California
Redondo Beach, California

Redondo Beach pier


居禮-外斯定律為居里定律的修正公式,用來補足該公式的不足。當一物質的溫度大於居里溫度()時,其磁化率與溫度的關係式為:

其中:
是該物質的居禮常數
是絕對溫度,單位為
是該物質的居禮溫度,單位為

根據該定律,當時,磁化率為無窮大。而當低於此溫度時,鐵磁性物質將會自發磁化。

基本概念

一個磁性物質的磁化向量(或稱磁化強度)代表單位體積該物質的磁矩強度。而磁矩可能由原子內的電子運動或者是自旋所產生。而淨磁化向量可能由外加磁場誘導產生,甚至可能不需要施加外加磁場也能產生磁化向量(例如足夠低溫狀態下的鐵),其中後者被稱之為自發磁化。

而其他與鐵擁有同樣性質的物質,如鎳與磁鐵礦,被稱之為鐵磁性物質。鐵磁性物質在足夠低的溫度下將會不須施加外部磁場也會產生磁性,而該臨界溫度稱之為居禮溫度。

局限性

有许多材料的磁化特性在居里点附近显现出明显的敏感性,而由于居里-韦斯定律基于平均场近似而无法描述这种现象。

In many materials the Curie–Weiss law fails to describe the susceptibility in the immediate vicinity of the Curie point, since it is based on a mean-field approximation. Instead, there is a critical behavior of the form

with the critical exponent . However, at temperatures  the expression of the Curie–Weiss law still holds true, but with  replaced by a temperature  that is somewhat higher than the actual Curie temperature. Some authors call  the Weiss constant to distinguish it from the temperature of the actual Curie point.

Classical approaches to magnetic susceptibility and Bohr–van Leeuwen theorem

According to Bohr–van Leeuwen theorem when statistical mechanics and classical mechanics are applied consistently, the thermal average of the magnetization is always zero. Magnetism cannot be explained without quantum mechanics. However we list some classical approaches to it as they are easy to understand and relate to even though they are incorrect.

The magnetic moment of a free atom is due to the orbital angular momentum and spin of its electrons and nucleus. When the atoms are such that their shells are completely filled they do not have any net magnetic dipole moment in the absence of external magnetic field. When present, such field distorts the trajectories (classical concept) of the electrons so that the applied field could be opposed as predicted by the Lenz's law. In other words the net magnetic dipole induced by the external field is in the opposite direction and such materials are repelled by it. These are called diamagnetic materials.

Sometimes an atom has a net magnetic dipole moment even in the absence of an external magnetic field. The contributions of the individual electrons and nucleus to the total angular momentum do not cancel each other. This happens when the shells of the atoms are not fully filled up (Hund's Rule). A collection of such atoms however may not have any net magnetic moment as these dipoles are not aligned. An external magnetic field may serve to align them to some extent and develop a net magnetic moment per volume. Such alignment is temperature dependent as thermal agitation acts to disorient the dipoles. Such materials are called paramagnetic.

In some materials, the atoms (with net magnetic dipole moments) can interact with each other to align themselves even in the absence of any external magnetic field when the thermal agitation is low enough. Alignment could be parallel (ferromagnetism) or anti-parallel. In case of anti-parallel, the dipole moments may or may not cancel each other (antiferromagnetism, ferrimagnetism).

Density matrix approach to magnetic susceptibility

We take a very simple situation in which each atom can be approximated as a two state system. The thermal energy is so low that the atom is in ground state. In this ground state the atom is assumed to have no net orbital angular momentum but only one unpaired electron to give it a spin of half. In the presence of an external magnetic field the ground state will split into two states having energy difference proportional to the applied field. The spin of the unpaired electron is parallel to the field in the higher energy state and anti-parallel in the lower one.

A density matrix, , is a matrix that describes a quantum system in a mixed state, a statistical ensemble of several quantum states (here several similar 2-state atoms). This should be contrasted with a single state vector that describes a quantum system in a pure state. The expectation value of a measurement, , over the ensemble is . In terms of a complete set of states, , one can write

Von Neumann's equation tells us how the density matrix evolves with time.

In equilibrium,
one has , and the allowed density matrices are
.
The canonical ensemble has

where
.

For the 2-state system, we can write
.
Here  is the gyromagnetic ratio.
Hence , and

From which

Explanation of para and diamagnetism using perturbation theory

In the presence of a uniform external magnetic field  along the z-direction, the Hamiltonian of the atom changes by

where  are positive real numbers which are independent of which atom we are looking at but depends on the mass and the charge of the electron.  corresponds to individual electrons of the atom.

We apply second order perturbation theory to this situation. This is justified by the fact that even for highest presently attainable field strengths, the shifts in the energy level due to  is quite small w.r.t. atomic excitation energies. Degeneracy of the original Hamiltonian is handled by choosing a basis which diagonalizes  in the degenerate subspaces. Let  be such a basis for the state of the atom (rather the electrons in the atom). Let  be the change in energy in . So we get

In our case we can ignore  and higher order terms. We get

In case of diamagnetic material, the first two terms are absent as they don't have any angular momentum in their ground state. In case of paramagnetic material all the three terms contribute.

Adding spin-spin interaction in the Hamiltonian: Ising model

So far we have assumed that the atoms do not interact with each other. Even though this is a reasonable assumption in case of diamagnetic and paramagnetic substances, this assumption fails in case of ferromagnetism where the spins of the atom try to align with each other to the extent permitted by the thermal agitation. In this case we have to consider the Hamiltonian of the ensemble of the atom. Such a Hamiltonian will contain all the terms described above for individual atoms and terms corresponding to the interaction among the pairs of atom. Ising model is one of the simplest approximation of such pairwise interaction.

Here the two atoms of a pair are at . Their interaction  is determined by their distance vector . In order to simplify calculation it is often assumed that interaction happens between neighboring atoms only and  is a constant. The effect of such interaction is often approximated as a mean field and in our case the Weiss field.

Modification of Curie Law due to Weiss field

The Curie-Weiss Law is an adapted version of Curie's Law, which for a paramagnetic material may be written in SI units as

Here µ0 is the permeability of free space;  M the magnetization (magnetic moment per unit volume),  is the magnetic field, and C the material-specific Curie constant:

where  is Boltzmann's constant,  the number of magnetic atoms (or molecules) per unit volume,  the Landé g-factor,  the Bohr magneton,   the angular momentum quantum number.

For the Curie-Weiss Law the total magnetic field is  where  is the Weiss molecular field constant and then

 →

which can be rearranged to get

which is the Curie-Weiss Law

where the Curie Temperature  is

参见
Curie's law
Paramagnetism
Pierre Curie
Pierre-Ernest Weiss
Exchange interaction

注释

参考资料

http://theory.tifr.res.in/~sgupta/courses/qm2013/hand5.pdf

磁序
皮埃尔·居里

居里-外斯定律


A rank correlation is any statistic that measures the relationship between rankings. A "ranking" is the assignment of "first", "second", "third", etc. to different observations of a variable. A rank correlation coefficient measures the degree of similarity between two rankings.

One might test for do colleges with a higher-ranked basketball program tend to have a higher-ranked football program? A quite important question is do people with higher-ranked education tend to get higher levels of income?

Some of the most used rank correlation statistics are
 Spearman's ρ
 Kendall's τ
 Goodman and Kruskal's γ

An increasing rank correlation coefficient implies increasing agreement between rankings. The coefficient is inside the interval [−1, 1] and assumes the value:

 1 if the agreement between the two rankings is perfect; the two rankings are the same.
 0 if the rankings are completely independent.
 −1 if the disagreement between the two rankings is perfect; one ranking is the reverse of the other.

Kerby simple difference formula
Dave Kerby recommended the rank-biserial as the measure to introduce students to rank correlation, because the general logic can be explained at an introductory level.

Kerby showed that this rank correlation can be expressed in terms of two figures: the percent of data that support a stated hypothesis, and the percent of data that do not support it. The Kerby simple difference formula states that the rank correlation can be expressed as the difference between the proportion of favorable evidence (f) minus the proportion of unfavorable evidence (u).

An illustration
Suppose a coach trains long-distance runners for one month using two methods.  Group A has 5 runners, and Group B has 4 runners.  The hypothesis is that method A produces faster runners.  The race to assess the results finds that the runners from Group A do indeed run faster, with the following ranks: 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6.  The slower runners from Group B thus have ranks of 5, 7, 8, and 9.

The analysis is done on pairs, a member of one group compared to a member of the other group. For example, the fastest runner in the study is a member of four pairs: (1,5), (1,7), (1,8), and (1,9).  All four of these pairs support the hypothesis, because in each pair the runner from Group A is faster than the runner from Group B.  There are a total of 20 pairs, and 19 pairs support the hypothesis.  The only pair which does not support the hypothesis are the two runners with ranks 5 and 6, because in this pair, the runner from Group B had the faster time.  By the Kerby simple difference formula, 95% of the data support the hypothesis (19 of 20 pairs), and 5% do not support (1 of 20 pairs), so the rank correlation is r = .95 - .05 = .90.

The maximum value for the correlation is r = 1, which means that 100% of the pairs favor the hypothesis.  A correlation of r = 0 indicates that half the pairs favor the hypothesis and half do not.  An effect size of r = 0 describes no relationship between group membership and the members' ranks.

References

Statistics

Rank correlation


The Order of battle for the American airborne landings in Normandy is a list of the units immediately available for combat on the Cotentin Peninsula between June 6, 1944, and June 15, 1944, during the American airborne landings in Normandy during World War II.

American forces
Allied chain of command

Supreme Allied Commander:   Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower

21st Army Group:   Gen. Sir Bernard Montgomery

U.S. First Army:   Lt. Gen. Omar Bradley

U.S. VII Corps:    Maj. Gen. J. Lawton Collins

VII Corps

82nd Airborne Division

 82nd Airborne Division:   Major General Matthew Ridgway
 325th Glider Infantry Regiment:  Col. Harry L. Lewis
 1st Battalion:  Lt Col. R. Klemm Boyd
 2nd Battalion:  Lt Col. John H. Swenson (WIA 11 June 44), Maj. Osmund Leahy, Maj. Roscoe Roy (KIA 15 June 44), Maj. Charles T. Major
 2nd Battalion, 401st Glider Infantry Regiment:  Lt Col. Charles A. Carrell (Relieved 9 June 44), Maj. Arthur W. Gardner (KIA 14 June 44); Maj. Osmund Leahy
 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment:  Col. William E. Ekman
 1st Battalion:  Maj. Frederick C. A. Kellam (KIA 6 June 44), Lt Col. Mark J. Alexander
 2nd Battalion:  Lt Col. Benjamin H. Vandervoort
 3rd Battalion:  Lt Col. Edward C. Krause
 507th Parachute Infantry Regiment:  Col. George V. Millet (POW 8 June 44), Lt Col Arthur A. Maloney, Col. Edson Raff
 1st Battalion:  Lt Col. Edwin J. Ostberg
 2nd Battalion:  Lt Col. Charles J. Timmes
 3rd Battalion:  Lt Col. Arthur A. Maloney
 508th Parachute Infantry Regiment:  Col. Roy E. Lindquist
 1st Battalion:  Lt Col. Herbert F. Batcheller (KIA 7 June 44), Maj. Shields Warren
 2nd Battalion:  Lt Col. Thomas J. B. Shanley
 3rd Battalion:  Lt Col. Louis G. Mendez
 319th Glider Field Artillery Battalion:  Lt Col. James C. Todd
 320th Glider Field Artillery Battalion:  Lt Col. Paul E. Wright
 376th Parachute Field Artillery Battalion:  Lt Col. Wilbur N. Griffith
 456th Parachute Field Artillery Battalion:  Lt Col. Wagner J. d'Alessio
 80th Airborne Antiaircraft Battalion:  Lt Col. Raymond E. Singleton
 307th Airborne Engineer Battalion:  Lt Col. Robert S. Palmer (POW 6 June 44), Maj. Edwin A. Bedell
 Pathfinder Group: Maj. Neal L. Roberts
 Attached:
 87th Armored Field Artillery Battalion:  Lt Col. George F. Barber
 746th Tank Battalion:  Lt Col. Clarence G. Hupfer
 899th Tank Destroyer Battalion:

101st Airborne Division

 101st Airborne Division: Major General Maxwell D. Taylor
 327th Glider Infantry Regiment:  Col. George S. Wear (relieved 9 June 44) Col. Joseph H. Harper
 1st Battalion:  Lt Col. Hartford T. Salee (WIA 10 June 44)
 2nd Battalion:  Lt Col. Thomas J. Rouzie
 1st Battalion, 401st Glider Infantry Regiment:  Lt Col. Ray C. Allen
 501st Parachute Infantry Regiment:  Col. Howard R. Johnson
 1st Battalion:  Lt Col. Robert C. Carroll (KIA 6 June 44), Lt Col. Harry W. O. Kinnard
 2nd Battalion:  Lt Col. Robert A. Ballard
 3rd Battalion:  Lt Col. Julian J. Ewell
 502nd Parachute Infantry Regiment:  Col. George Van Horn Moseley, Jr. (WIA 6 June 44), Lt Col. John H. Michaelis
 1st Battalion:  Lt Col. Patrick F. Cassidy
 2nd Battalion:  Lt Col. Steven A. Chapuis
 3rd Battalion:  Lt Col. Robert G. Cole
 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment:  Col. Robert Sink
 1st Battalion:  Lt Col. William L. Turner (KIA 7 June 44), Lt Col. James L. LaPrade
 2nd Battalion:  Lt Col. Robert L. Strayer
 3rd Battalion:  Lt. Col. Robert Lee Wolverton (KIA 6 June 44), Maj. Oliver M. Horton
 321st Glider Field Artillery Battalion: Lt Col. Edward L. Carmichael
 377th Parachute Field Artillery Battalion:  Lt Col. Benjamin Weisberg
 907th Glider Field Artillery Battalion:  Lt Col. Clarence F. Nelson
 81st Airborne Antiaircraft Battalion:  Maj. X. B. Cox, Jr.
 326th Airborne Engineer Battalion:  Lt Col. John C. Pappas (KIA 13 June 44)
 101st Pathfinder Company (Provisional):  Capt. Frank L. Lillyman
 Attached:
 65th Armored Field Artillery Battalion:  Lt Col. Edward A. Bailey
 70th Tank Battalion:  Lt Col. John C. Welborn

IX Troop Carrier Command
Maj. Gen. Paul L. Williams   (Grantham, Lincs)
 Command Pathfinder School:  Lt.Col. Joel E. Crouch, commandant  (RAF North Witham)
 1st Pathfinder Group (Provisional)

50th Troop Carrier Wing

Brig. Gen. Julian M. Chappell at RAF Exeter
 439th Troop Carrier Group:  Lt Col. Charles H. Young  (RAF Upottery)
 91st TCS:  Maj. Howard U. Morton
 92nd TCS:  Maj. Cecil E. Petty
 93rd TCS:  Maj. Robert A. Barrere
 94th TCS:  Maj. Joseph A. Beck II
 440th Troop Carrier Group:  Lt Col. Frank X. Krebs  (RAF Exeter)
 95th TCS:  Maj. Irvin G. Anderson
 96th TCS:  Capt. William R. Cooper
 97th TCS:  Maj. Jack S. Southard
 98th TCS:  Maj. Bascome L. Neal
 441st Troop Carrier Group:  Lt Col. Theodore G. Kershaw  (RAF Merryfield)
 99th TCS:  Lt Col. Walter T. Fletcher
 100th TCS:  Capt. James T. Cousin
 301st TCS:  Capt. Lloyd G. Neblett
 302nd TCS:  Lt. Col. Frederick Funston, Jr.

52nd Troop Carrier Wing
Brig. Gen. Harold L. Clark  at RAF Cottesmore
 61st Troop Carrier Group:  Col. Willis W. Mitchell  (RAF Barkston Heath)
 14th TCS:  Maj. Lewis S. Frederick, Jr.
 15th TCS:  Maj. Lawrence C. McMurtry
 53rd TCS:  Maj. Howard M. Betts
 59th TCS:  Maj. Marcus O. Owens, Jr.
 313th Troop Carrier Group:  Col. James J. Roberts, Jr.  (RAF Folkingham)
 29th TCS:  Lt Col. Quinn M. Corley
 47th TCS:  Maj. Paul W. Stephens
 48th TCS:  Maj. Edgar F. Stovall, Jr.
 49th TCS:  Lt Col. Frank J. Lumsden
 314th Troop Carrier Group:  Col. Clayton Stiles  (RAF Saltby)
 32nd TCS:  Maj. Halac G. Wilson
 50th TCS:  Maj. Joseph H. McClure
 61st TCS:  Maj. Campbell N. Smith
 62nd TCS:  Maj. Arthur E. Tappan
 315th Troop Carrier Group:  Col. Hamish McLelland  (RAF Spanhoe)
 34th TCS:  Lt Col. Donald G. Dekin
 43rd TCS:  Lt Col. Otto H. Peterson
 309th TCS:  Lt Col. Smylie C. Stark
 310th TCS:  Lt Col. Henry G. Hamby, Jr.
 316th Troop Carrier Group:  Col. Harvey A. Berger  (RAF Cottesmore)
 36th TCS:  Maj. James R. Roberts
 37th TCS:  Maj. Leonard C. Fletcher
 44th TCS:  Maj. Benjamin F. Kendig
 45th TCS:  Maj. Mars Lewis
 442d Troop Carrier Group:  Lt Col. Charles M. Smith  (RAF Fulbeck, attached from 50th TCW)
 303rd TCS:  Maj. Robert O. Whittington
 304th TCS:  Maj. Kenneth L. Glassburn
 305th TCS:  Maj. John A. Crandell
 306th TCS:  Maj. Royal S. Thompson

53rd Troop Carrier Wing
Brig. Gen. Maurice M. Beach at RAF Greenham Common
 434th Troop Carrier Group:  Col. William B. Whitacre  (RAF Aldermaston)
 71st TCS:  Maj. Glenn E. W. Mann, Jr.
 72nd TCS:  Maj. Frank W. Hansley
 73rd TCS:  Maj. Terry G. Hutton
 74th TCS:  Maj. Ralph L. Strean, Jr.
 435th Troop Carrier Group:  Col. Frank J. McNeese  (RAF Welford)
 75th TCS:  Maj. Lewis A. Curtis
 76th TCS:  Lt Col. Robert C. Lewis
 77th TCS:  Lt Col. Henry H. Osmer
 78th TCS:  Lt Col. Bertil E. Hanson
 436th Troop Carrier Group:  Lt Col. Adriel N. Williams  (RAF Membury)
 79th TCS:  Maj. John D. Kreyssler
 80th TCS:  Maj. Clarence L. Schmid
 81st TCS:  Maj. David W. Brack
 82nd TCS:  Capt. Robert G. Johns
 85th TCS:  Capt. Lester L. Ferguson (temporary attachment from 437 TCG)
 437th Troop Carrier Group:  Col. Cedric E. Hudgens  (RAF Ramsbury)
 83rd TCS:  Capt. John White
 84th TCS:  Capt. John M. Campbell
 86th TCS:  Maj. Ralph E. Lehr
 438th Troop Carrier Group:  Lt Col. John M. Donalson  (RAF Greenham Common)
 87th TCS:  Lt Col. David E. Daniel
 88th TCS:  Maj. Robert W. Gates
 89th TCS:  Maj. Clement G. Richardson
 90th TCS:  Maj. Howard I. Pawlowski

German forces
German chain of command

Supreme Command West:   Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt

Army Group B:   Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel

Seventh Army:   Generaloberst Friedrich Dollman (died 28 June)

LXXXIV Corps:   General der Artillerie Erich Marcks (KIA 12 June)

German 7th Army

ArmeeReserve
 91st Air Landing Division:   Generalleutnant Wilhelm Falley
 1057 Grenadier-Regiment:  Oberst Sylvester von Saldern (La Haye-du-Puits)
 1058 Grenadier-Regiment:  Oberst Kurt Beigang (Saint-Cyr)
 191 Artillerie-Regiment:  Oberstlautnant Heinrich Kiewitt (Les Carrières)
 91 Fusilier Battalion
 191 Mountain Flak Battalion
 191 Panzerjäger Company
 6th Parachute Regiment:   Oberstleutnant Friedrich von der Heydte (L'Hotellerie)
 1./6:  Hauptmann Emil Priekschat (Mont-Castre)
 2./6:  Hauptmann Rolf Mager (Lessay)
 3./6:  Hauptmann Horst Trebes (Rougeval)

LXXXIV Corps
 243rd Infantry Division:   Genlt. Heinz Hellmich (KIA 17 June)
 920 Grenadier-Regiment:  Oberst Bernhard Klosterkemper (Etoupeville)
 921 Grenadier-Regiment:  Oberstleutnant Jacob Simon (Mauger)
 922 Grenadier-Regiment:  Oberstleutnant Franz Müller (Haquets)
 243 Artillerie-Regiment:  Oberst Eduard Hellwig (Le Vrétot)
 561 Ost Battalion (Russian):  (Flamanville)
 206 Panzer Battalion:  Major Ernst Wenk (Audenville)
 243 Panzerjäger Company:  (La Commanderie)
 709th Infantry Division:   Genlt. Karl W. von Schlieben
 729 Grenadier-Regiment:  Oberst Helmuth Rohrbach (Le Vicel)
 739 Grenadier-Regiment:  Oberst Walter Köhn (Querqueville)
 919 Grenadier-Regiment:  Oberstleutnant Günther Keil (Montebourg)
 1709 Artillerie-Regiment:  Oberst Robert Reiter (Equeurdreville)
 649 Ost Battalion (Russian):  (La Brasserie)
 795 Ost Battalion (Georgian):  Hauptmann Stiller (Turqueville)
 709 Panzerjager Company:  Hauptmann Willi Hümmerich (Le Catelet)
 752 Grenadier-Regiment (zbV):  Oberst Kessler (Gavray)
 635 Ost Battalion (Russian):  (Donville-les-Bains)
 797 Ost Battalion (Georgian):  hauptmann Peter Massberg (Gouville)
 Attached independent units:
 Sturm Battalion AOK 7:    Major Hugo Messerschmidt (Le Vicel)
 100th Panzer Replacement Battalion (100.Panzer Ersatz und Ausbildungs Abteilung):  Major Bardtenschlager (Francquetot)
 101st Stellungswerfer Regiment:  Major Rasner (Vasteville)

External links
 German battalion dispositions in Normandy, 5 June 1944
 506-PIR in Normandy - European Center of Military History

References

 Warren, Dr. John C. USAF Historical Study 97: Airborne Operations in World War II, European Theater (1956). Air University.

 Panzer Ersatz und Ausbildungs Abteilung 100
 German Order of Battle well-documented site on OB, strengths, and casualties by Niklas Zetterling.
 U.S. Airborne in Cotentin Peninsula
 "The Airborne Assault" - Utah to Cherbourg, United States Army Center of Military History.
 Zaloga, Steven J. D-Day 1944 (2): Utah Beach & the US Airborne Landings (2004). Osprey Publishing.
 Laugier, Didier Les Panzer Abteilungen Indépendantes de l'AOK 7: Beutepanzer en Normandy (2004) 39-45 Magazine #213 p30-37. This French article includes the official "Gliederungen" of 206.Pz.Abt. and 100.Pz.Ers.u.Ausb.Abt.

World War II orders of battle


Barry R. Campbell (born June 15, 1950) is a Canadian lawyer, lobbyist and former politician. He served in the House of Commons of Canada from 1993 to 1997 as a member of the Liberal Party of Canada.

Life and career
Campbell was born in Montreal, Quebec. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from McGill University in 1971, a Bachelor of Laws from McGill Law School in 1975, and a Master of Laws from Harvard Law School in 1977.  He was an articling student and Associate with McCarthy & McCarthy from 1971 to 1981, a legal counselor for the International Monetary Fund in Washington, D.C. in 1981-82, foreign consultant with Arnold & Porter in 1982-83, and associate and partner with McCarthy & McCarthy from 1983 to 1987.  He served as president of Tricaster Management Inc. from 1987 to 1990, and was a special partner with Tory, Tory, DesLauriers & Binnington from 1990 to 1993.  He is a member of the Law Society of Ontario, and has done work for the Canadian Jewish Congress.  Campbell has also been active in supporting AIDS research and non-profit housing in Toronto (Financial Post, 27 October 1992).

Campbell was involved with the Liberal Party for many years before running for office himself, and volunteered for Pierre Elliott Trudeau's campaign in his youth (Financial Post, 1 January 1993).  He was recruited by the party leadership in 1992, and won the Liberal nomination for St. Paul's late in the year (Financial Post, 31 December 1992).  Many regarded him as a "future star" for the party (Financial Post, 23 June 1992), and there was some speculation even before the 1993 election that he could be given a cabinet position (Toronto Star, 23 October 1993).

Campbell defeated star Progressive Conservative candidate Isabel Bassett by a significant margin in the election, as the Liberals won a majority government nationally.  He was not appointed to cabinet by Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, and served as a government backbencher.  He was named as vice-chairman of the House of Commons Finance Committee (Financial Post, 3 May 1994), co-chaired the party's 1994 national convention (Globe and Mail, 26 March 1994), and was chosen as chair of the Metro-Toronto Liberal caucus (Globe and Mail, 26 September 1994).  On February 23, 1996, he was promoted to parliamentary secretary to Finance Minister Paul Martin.

In early 1997, he announced that he would not seek re-election in the next federal election (Toronto Star, 2 March 1997).  There was subsequently media speculation that he would be chosen as the next president of the Liberal Party, but nothing came of this (The Globe and Mail, 13 December 1997).

Campbell became a professional lobbyist after leaving political life.  His clients in 1998 included the Bank of Nova Scotia, Newcourt Capital and J.P. Morgan (Toronto Star, 30 May 1998).  He also served as chair of APCO Worldwide's Canadian office and later became a senior counsellor for APCO Worldwide, as well as running his own Barry R. Campbell Strategies Inc. (Canada NewsWire, 14 March 2002).

In one of Campbell's lobbying situations, at and around the same time he was lobbying the federal Department of Finance, he was organizing a fundraising event that raised about $70,000 for then-junior federal minister of finance Jim Peterson.  A decade later, in March 2009, the Federal Court of Appeal considered Rule 8 in  and, making no findings against Campbell or Peterson, stated generally that, "A lobbyist's stock in trade is his or her ability to gain access to decision makers, so as to attempt to influence them directly by persuasion and facts.  Where the lobbyist's effectiveness depends upon the decision maker's personal sense of obligation to the lobbyist, or on some other private interest created or facilitated by the lobbyist, the line between legitimate lobbying and illegitimate lobbying has been crossed."   This ruling led to a new enforcement standard under the federal Canadian Lobbyists' Code of Conduct which prohibits lobbyists from giving things or doing things for politicians they are lobbying.

He supported John Tory's bid to become Mayor of Toronto in 2003, and was one of 29 co-chairs in the Tory campaign (Canada NewsWire, 23 March 2003).  Campbell also worked as a Toronto fundraiser in Paul Martin's bid to lead the Liberal Party in 2003 (Toronto Star, 14 November 2003).

References

External links

 Official website.

1950 births
Anglophone Quebec people
Harvard Law School alumni
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Living people
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Politicians from Montreal
Arnold & Porter people
McGill University Faculty of Law alumni

Barry Campbell


Baidak (, , ) was a wooden sailing ship, similar to a cog. It had a  flush-laid flat bottom approximately 3–4 metres wide, which narrowed to tapered ends, and one 5 metre mast. Measuring approximately 15–20 (or 36–60) metres in length, a baidak could carry a load of approximately 200 tons. It could be operated by oars or sail.

Baidaky were in use from the 16th–19th centuries in the territory of present-day Ukraine, primarily for cargo delivery on the Dnipro and Don rivers, however, they were also frequently used by the Zaporizhian Cossacks for their military campaigns to the Black Sea.

References

See also
 Chaika (boat)

Merchant sailing ship types
Naval ships of Ukraine
Zaporozhian Host
Cossack culture

Baidak


Lynn Etheridge Davis (born 1943) was United States Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs from 1993 to 1997.

Biography

Education
Lynn E. Davis was educated at Duke University, receiving a B.A. in political science.  She then received an M.A. and a Ph.D. in political science from Columbia University.

Career
After graduate school, Davis split her time between academia and government service.  She taught political science at Columbia and national security policy at the National War College.  She also worked on the staff of the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and then the United States National Security Council.  During the Carter administration, she served as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Policy Plans.

In 1985, Davis became Director of Studies of the International Institute of Strategic Studies in London.  She held this position until 1989, when she joined the RAND Corporation at its headquarters in Santa Monica, California.

In February 1993, President of the United States Bill Clinton nominated Davis to be Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs.  After Senate confirmation, she subsequently held this office from April 1, 1993, until August 8, 1997.

After her time in the United States Department of State, Davis returned to the RAND Corporation.

Works by Lynn E. Davis

The Cold War Begins: Soviet/American Conflict Over Eastern Europe (Princeton University Press, 1974)
Limited Nuclear Options: Deterrence and the New American Doctrine (Adelphi Paper No. 121, International Institute of Strategic Studies, 1975–76)
with Harold Brown, Nuclear Arms Control Choices (Johns Hopkins, 1984)
Assuring Peace in a Changing World: Critical Choices for the West's Strategic and Arms Control Policies (Foreign Policy Institute, 1990)
An Arms Control Strategy for the New Europe (RAND, 1993)
Peacekeeping and Peacemaking After the Cold War (RAND, 1993)
with Jeremy Shapiro, The U.S. Army and the New National Security Strategy (RAND, 2003)
Individual Preparedness and Response to Terrorism: Chemical, Radiological, Nuclear, and Biological Attacks: A Quick Guide (RAND, 2003)
with John V. Parachini and Timothy Liston, Homeland Security: A Compendium of Public and Private Organizations' Policy Recommendations (RAND, 2003)
Army Forces for Homeland Security (RAND, 2004)
Stretched Thin: Army Forces for Sustained Operations (RAND, 2005)
Hurricane Katrina: Lessons for Army Planning and Operations (RAND, 2007)
with Melanie W. Sisson, A Strategic Planning Approach: Defining Alternative Counterterrorism Strategies as an Illustration (RAND, 2009)

Sources
Archived State Dept. Biography
Profile from the RAND Corporation

References

External links

1943 births
Living people
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
United States Under Secretaries of State
American women diplomats
American diplomats
21st-century American women

Lynn E. Davis


Lawson Oyekan (born in London, England 1961), is a British Nigerian contemporary ceramic sculptor and the first recipient of the Grand Prix Award for the 1st World Ceramic Biennale 2001 in Korea.

Overview
Lawson Oyedokun Oyekan was born in 1961 in Stockwell, England and grew up in Ibadan, son of a Nigerian high court Judge, attended Loyola College, Ibadan, Nigeria, West Africa, returning to England in 1983 to study art where he attended the art foundation course in East Ham. Initially learning the practice of throwing with porcelain, Oyekan created diaphragm-like artworks with a lifted centre. He then moved on to making hand-built larger, monolithic forms. Both of these constructions include his experiences as a Londoner, as well as an African. His pieces are adorned with piercings and sometimes include text in English or his native language, Yoruba. There is a presence in Oyekan's forms that speak of his experiences and his upbringing.

"My intent is to express human endurance and deliver a message of reassurance: that human suffering can be healed." prnewswire.com

Beginning his studies in Nigeria with applied Chemistry and later studied a diploma in general art at The Ibadan Polytechnic, Ibadan.  Lawson then returned to England in 1983 to pursue art. First studying at Central School of Art and Design in 1985 on a degree course, he then went on to study at the Royal College of Art in London from 1988-1990 where he was lectured by the likes of Eduardo Paolozzi. During his studies, he received the Darwin Scholarship Award in 1989 and is most notable for receiving the Grand Prize Award in the 2001 Korean Biennale for his piece "HEALING BEING," from his Coming up for Air series. As a contemporary sculptor currently making work, he shows and exhibits work all over the world in Europe, Korea, Japan, and the United States.

Work description and Style

One of Oyekan's best-known works is the "HEALING BEING" piece from his Coming Up for Air series. This piece is a monolithic, terracotta sculpture, closed, measuring 6 feet and 7 inches in height. Lawson's work is characterized by surfaces often left dry and unglazed, while other works include a variety of coloured slips. A recent exhibition in Minnesota in 2006, Solstice Lip Series, includes a combination of steady stoneware ceramic vessels including a variety of whistling adjacent perforations on congruent monoliths.  The passage of light as well as the ability for the pieces to "breathe" is a concern in portraying a life in his work through these vessels.

The development of Lawson's work comes from his training in England in porcelain wheel throwing to the development of his own techniques through hand building, providing his experiences that come from these two locations and lifestyles. Currently Lawson is living in London, England while also working in a studio in Denmark. He also has plans to open a studio in Nigeria in combination with an education facility.

References

Sources
Pamela Johnson. "Dimensions of Light," The Decorative and Applied Arts Magazine, CRAFT. January/February 1994.
Ulysses Grant Dietz, Great Pots Contemporary Ceramics from Function to Fantasy. The Newark Museum Association 2003 p. 171, figure 152, and p. 169.
Maryland Institute College of Art, Baltimore, Maryland. "Lawson Oyekan, and the Spirit of Nature" 2005. February 3 to March 20, p. 6.
Pamela Johnson. "Dimensions of Light," The Decorative and Applied Arts Magazine, CRAFT. January/February 1994.

External links

Lawson Oyekan, at Northern
http://www.artlyst.com/events/lawson-oyekan-global-working-canary-wharf
http://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/02/arts/art-in-review-lawson-oyekan.html
http://www.ceramicstoday.com/articles/062501.htm
https://www.kocef.org/eng/n02_biennale/02.asp

1961 births
Living people
Alumni of the Central School of Art and Design
Alumni of the Royal College of Art
English ceramicists
English people of Nigerian descent
English male sculptors
English people of Yoruba descent
Yoruba artists
Loyola College, Ibadan alumni
Sculptors from London
People from Ibadan
The Polytechnic, Ibadan alumni
Nigerian ceramicists

Lawson Oyekan


Mind Assault is a Sooth African melodic daith metal baund frae Somerset Wast, Wastren Cape formed in late 2004. Their leerics are inspired bi social issues an frustration.

History
In October 2004 , Mind Assault made their first public appearance. The foondin members of the band were: Jacques Fourie (ex- Deaf Division); Francois Pretorius (ex- Deaf Division); Patrick Davidson; an Donovan Tose (ex- Fudge). At the end o 2006 Andries Smit (ex- Decay of Angels) completit the line-up an haes remained wi the baund since.

Mind Assault haed recordit an released a demo EP in 2005 cawed Social Engineering, played a number o lairger "alternative" concerts/festivals, an initiatit a fresh concept o organizin lairge "pairty buses" tae select performances, which in itself became an event that attractit a lot o additional fans.

Bi early 2006 , Mind Assault haed an aa played their first big cross-genre muisic festival tae vera receptive audiences, an completed their first naitional tour (DESTRUCTOUR'06) in pairtnership wi Sooth Africae's maist legendary metal act, SacriFist (begun in 1993!). The success o the tour haed ensured the baunds progress on a naitional level. Throughoot that year, the baund continued the ravagin o their hame province, an ayont, gatherin material for the planned hame DVD release which wis tae follae.

2007 saw the release o Mind Assault's feature length DVD, "F*k Voort En Suip Baie" (the first o its kynd in Sooth Africae). They concludit the year wi headlinin slots at festivals such as "METAL4AFRICA ", "EMPYREAN FEST", an "WHIPLASH".

2008 proved tae be even mair excitin for Mind Assault, but haes an aa been the maist challengin in their careeer. In Februar, Mind Assault released their debut full length album Stigma at "METAL4AFRICA Summerfest", smashin attendance records in the region for an aw-African, aw-metal event. 2008 includit a headlinin slot at "RAMFEST" , which is bi far the home provinces lairgest annual cross-genre muisic festival. an aa, they toured ayont the Sooth African border intae Namibie, acquirin whole new legions o fans. Bi half way through 2008, Mind Assault haed awready been buikt tae play alangside internaitional visitors: DevilDriver (USA), Carcass (UK), an Nile (USA) for later that year, as well as tae headline yet anither "METAL4AFRICA " an "WHIPLASH". Incidentally, Mind Assault are the ae baund iver tae hae been invitit tae play "WHIPLASH" five years in a row!.  Consequently, neither Nile nor Devil Driver reached African shores.

The baund an aa initiatit anither roond o the kintra wi auld friends, SacriFist for DESTRUCTOUR '08., but settled doun towards the end o that year in licht o economic doun-turn.  In 2009 they maintained a slowed pace unner the public eye, but continued wirk on new material an wirkt on deliverin some o the maist entertainin performances seen in African metal.

Muisical Style an Direction
The band's muisic combines brutality wi melody tae create a pouerful mixture. Guttural vocals is a mix o Inglish an Afrikaans (ane o the native leids in Sooth Africae). They wur the first baund tae uise Afrikaans on a regular basis in extreme metal.

"This band has a very brutal side that reminds me a bit of old Sepultura crossed with Divine Heresy as well as a speedy technical side that brings Dragonforce to mind"

"...powerful guttural vocals, strong riffs and aggressive drumming..."

The baund's leerics focuses on social issues an frustration, but an aa upliftment in the metal scene.

Baund members

Current members
 Jacques Fourie - vocals (2004–present)
 Francois Pretorius - lead guitar (2004–present)
 Patrick Davidson - rhythm guitar (2004–present)
 Donovan Tose - bass guitar (2004–present)
 Andries Smit - drums (2007–present)

Umwhile Members
 Stephan Lenhoff - drums (2004–2007)

Discography

Albums
 Stigma (2008) Metal Archives Review Lords of Metal Review

Ep's
 Social Engineering (2005)

Compilations
 Fear the Noise (2006)
 Innocent Blood (2006)
 Hammer The Masses (2007)

DVD's
 F*k Voort en Suip Baie DVD (2007) Review

References

Freemit airtins
 Offeecial Wabsteid
 Mind Assault MySpace
 Mind Assault Facebook
 The District Mail - 28 August 2009 02:10 PM - (SA)

Sooth African melodic daith metal muisical groups

Mind Assault


The Weakest Link is Computer Cable television quiz show, broadcast on TV from November 21, 2001 to December 22, 2002. It was devised by Fintan Coyle and Cathy Dunning, and developed for television by the BBC Entertainment Department. It has since been replicated around the world. It was hosted by Craig Charles (2001–2002) and Claudia Winkleman (2002) and narrated by Chris Goldwell. The series features a team of contestants who take turns answering general knowledge questions. The object of each round is to create a chain of consecutive correct answers to earn an increasing amount of money for a communal pot within a specific time limit. The number of "links" in a chain are equal to the number of the contestants at the start of the show. An incorrect answer breaks the chain and loses all the money accumulated up to that point; however, a contestant can say "bank" prior to their question being asked, the accumulated money is stored, and the chain resets to zero. Six contestants competed to win a top amount of 50,000 (2001–2002) and 100,000 (2002) by playing a quiz/elimination contest. At the end of each round, each player is voted off as The Weakest Link.

Format
The original format features a team of six contestants who take turns answering general knowledge questions. The object of each round is to create a chain of six consecutive correct answers and earn an increasing amount for a single communal pot within a certain time limit. An incorrect answer breaks the chain and loses any money earned in that chain. However, before their question is asked, a contestant can choose to bank the current amount of money earned in a chain to a safe pot, after which the chain starts afresh. A contestant's decision not to bank, in anticipation that they will be able to correctly answer the upcoming question allows the money to grow, as each successive correct answer earns proportionally more money.

When the allotted time for each round ends, any money not banked is lost, and if the host is in the middle of asking a question, or has asked a question but the contestant has yet to answer, the question is abandoned. Occasionally, the host gives the correct answer whether the contestant is able to answer the question correctly or not. The round automatically ends if the team successfully reaches the maximum amount for the round before the allotted time expires, and the next person says "Bank". Each round thereafter is reduced by 10 seconds as players are eliminated. The remaining two players have 90 seconds on the clock for the triple stakes round.

The first person to be asked a question in the first round is the player whose name is the first alphabetically in the original version. Every subsequent round starts with the "strongest link"—the player with the most correct answers—from the previous round, unless that person has been voted off, in which case the second strongest answers first.

Money tree

The money tree was as follows:

2001–2002
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,250
1,000
500
100

2002
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,500
3,000
2,000
500

Voting and elimination
At the end of each round, contestants must vote one player out of the game. Until the beginning of the next round, only the television audience knows exactly who the strongest and weakest links are statistically due to Goldwell's narration. While the contestants work as a team when answering questions, they are at this point encouraged to be ruthless with one another. Players often decide to vote off weaker rivals, but occasionally opt to eliminate stronger players as well. After the revealing of the votes, the host will interrogate the players on their choice of voting, the reasons behind their choice, as well as about their background and their interests. After interrogation, the player with the most votes is given a stern "You are the weakest link. Goodbye!" and must walk off the stage in what is called the "Walk of shame." In the event of a tie, the strongest link has the final decision about who is eliminated. If they voted for a tied player, they have the option of sticking with their vote or changing it. The strongest link usually sticks with their original choice, unless another player in the tie has voted for them. Occasionally, the strongest link has voted for someone who is not in the tie, and so is forced to change their decision one way or the other.

End of the game

Final round
The final two contestants work together in a final round identical to the previous ones; however, all money banked at the end of this round is tripled and added to the current money pool, forming the final total for the game. At the end of this round, there is no elimination, with the game instead moving to a head to head round.

Head to head
For the head to head round, the remaining two players are each required to answer five questions each in a penalty shootout format. The strongest link from the previous round chooses who goes first. Whoever has the most correct answers at the end of the round wins the game. In the event of a tie, the game goes to "sudden death". Each player continues to be asked questions as usual, until one person answers a question correctly and the other incorrectly.

The winner of the game takes home all of the money accumulated in the prize pool for the game, and the loser leaves with nothing, like all previous eliminated players. From 2001–2002, the maximum is 50,000 and In 2002, the maximum cash jackpot is 100,000.

Reception
The Weakest Link won the CableACE Award in 2002 for Best Excellence.

Other websites

 (Australian)
 (American)

Television game shows

The Weakest Link


Richard Guy Hightower (August 3, 1930 – December 5, 2007) was an American football player.  He played college football at the center position for the SMU Mustangs from 1949 to 1951.  He was a consensus first-teamselection on the 1951 College Football All-America Team. He also received All-Southwest Conference honors in both 1950 and 1951.

Hightower was drafted by the Washington Redskins in the fourth round (43rd overall pick) of the 1952 NFL Draft, but he did not appear in any regular season games in the National Football League.
He was inducted into the Southern Methodist University Hall of Fame in 1982.

Hightower died in 2007 at Ozona, Texas, while on a hunting trip with friends.

References

1930 births
2007 deaths
American football centers
SMU Mustangs football players
All-American college football players
Players of American football from Texas

Dick Hightower


Vivarini is the surname of a family of painters from Murano (Venice), who produced a great quantity of work in Venice and its neighborhood in the 15th century, leading on to that phase of the school which is represented by Carpaccio and the Bellini family.

Antonio Vivarini (Antonio of Murano) was probably the earliest of this family. He came from the school of Andrea da Murano, and his works show the influence of Gentile da Fabriano. The earliest known date of a picture of his, an altarpiece in the Venetian academy, is 1440; the latest, in the Lateran museum, 1464, but he appears to have been alive in 1470. He worked in company with a certain "Joannes de Alemania",  who has been (with considerable doubt) regarded as a brother (Giovanni of Murano), but no trace of this painter exists of a date later than 1447. After 1447 Antonio painted either alone or in combination with his younger brother Bartolomeo. The works of Antonio are well drawn for their epoch, with a certain noticeable degree of softness, and with good flesh and other tints. Three of his principal paintings are the Virgin Enthroned with the Four Doctors of the Church,  the Coronation of the Virgin  and SS Peter and Jerome.  The first two (in which Giovanni cooperated) are in the Venetian Accademia, the third in the National Gallery, London. This gallery contains also specimens of the two following painters.
Bartolomeo Vivarini is known to have worked from 1450 to 1499. He learned oil painting from Antonello da Messina, and is said to have produced, in 1473, the first oil picture done in Venice. This is in the church of San Giovanni e Paolo, a large altarpiece in nine divisions, representing Augustine and other saints. Most of his works, however, including one in the National Gallery, are in tempera. His outline is always hard, and his color good; the figures have much dignified and devout expression. As vivarino means in Italian a goldfinch, he sometimes drew a goldfinch as the signature of his pictures.
Luigi or Alvise Vivarini, born c. 1446, painted from 1475 until his death in 1502. It has sometimes been supposed that, besides the Luigi who was the latest of this pictorial family, there had also been another Luigi who was the earliest, this supposition being founded on the fact that one picture is signed with the name, with the date 1414. There is good ground, however, for considering this date to be a forgery of a later time. The works of Luigi show an advance on those of his predecessors, and some of them are productions of high attainment; one of the best was executed for the Scuola di San Girolamo in Venice, representing the saint caressing his lion, and some monks decamping in terror.  Other works by him are in Treviso and in Milan. He painted some remarkable portraits. Marco Basaiti was one of his pupils.

Notes

15th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Painters from Venice
People from Murano

Vivarini


Nuclear espionage is sharing a country's secrets about nuclear weapons to other countries without permission. Since nuclear weapons have been invented, there have been many cases of known nuclear espionage, and also many cases where it has thought to have happened, but has not been proven. Because nuclear weapons are usually considered the most important of state secrets, all nations with nuclear weapons have strict rules against sharing information about how nuclear weapons are designed, where they are kept, and other things about them. There are also rules that keep countries who have signed non-proliferation agreements (which are meant to stop the spread of nuclear weapons) from sharing information about such weapons with the public.

Manhattan Project

During the Manhattan Project, which was when the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada worked together during World War II to make the first nuclear weapons, there was much nuclear espionage in which scientists or technicians working for the project sent information about bomb development and designs to the Soviet Union. These people are often called the Atomic Spies, and their work continued into the early Cold War. There has been much disagreement over the exact details of these cases, though some of this was settled when VENONA Project transcripts were made public. These were secret messages between Soviet agents and the Soviet government that were discovered and decoded. Some issues remain unsettled, however.

Some of the most well known of these were :
Klaus Fuchs – A physicist who had escaped Germany and who worked with the British at Los Alamos during the Manhattan Project. He was eventually discovered. He confessed, and was sentenced to jail in Britain. He was later released, and he moved  to East Germany. Because of his close connection to many parts of the project, and his deep technical knowledge, he is considered to have been the most valuable of the "Atomic Spies" in terms of the information he gave to the Soviet Union about the American fission bomb program. He also gave early information about the American hydrogen bomb program but since he was not there at the time that the successful Teller-Ulam design was discovered, his information on this is not thought to have been of much value.
Theodore Hall – a young American physicist at Los Alamos, whose spying was not revealed until very late in the twentieth century. He was never arrested because of his spying, and never completely admitted it.
David Greenglass – an American machine worker at Los Alamos National Laboratory during the Manhattan Project. Greenglass confessed that he gave rough diagrams of lab experiments to the Soviet Union during World War II. Some parts of his testimony against his sister and brother-in-law (the Rosenbergs, see below) are now thought to have been made up to try to keep his own wife out of trouble. Greenglass admitted spying and was given a long prison term.
George Koval – The American born son of a family that was from Belarus. He moved to the Soviet Union where he joined the Red Army and the GRU intelligence service.  He found his way into the US Army, and became a radiation health officer. He got information about the Urchin detonator used on the plutonium bomb that was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan.  His work was not known to the United States until 2007, when he was recognized after his death as a hero of the Russian Federation by Vladimir Putin.
Ethel and Julius Rosenberg – Americans who were supposedly involved in coordinating and recruiting an episonage network which included David Greenglass. While most scholars believe that Julius was likely involved in some sort of network, whether or not Ethel was involved or aware of the activities remains a matter of dispute. Julius and Ethel refused to confess to any charges, and were convicted and executed at Sing-Sing Prison.
Harry Gold – American, admitted working for Greenglass and Fuchs.

The Soviet Union tested its first atomic bomb in 1949. There is disagreement over whether this spying helped the Soviet Union make an atomic bomb faster. While some of the information given, such as information given by Klaus Fuchs, could probably have been very helpful, the way the people in charge of the Soviet bomb project actually used the information has led later scholars to think it did not actually speed up the Soviet Union's process of making bombs much. According to this account, the information was mostly used as a "check" against the Soviet Union's own scientists' work, and little of it was actually shared with the Soviet scientists because neither their scientists nor spies were trusted much. Later scholarship has also shown that the biggest problem with the Soviets' early development was not problems designing the weapons, but rather problems getting the materials.

Israel

In 1986, Mordechai Vanunu, who had worked at a nuclear facility in Israel, gave  information about Israel's nuclear weapons program to the British press. People had thought before that Israel had an advanced and secretive nuclear weapons program and collection, but now they knew for sure. Israel has never said that it does or does not have a nuclear weapons program, and Vanunu was kidnapped and smuggled to Israel, where he was convicted of treason and espionage.

Whether Vanunu was technically involved in espionage is debated: Vanunu and his supporters say that he should be called a whistle-blower (someone who was exposing something secret and illegal), while his opponents think that he is a traitor and that what he did helped enemies of Israel. After Vanunu left Israel, he did not give his information right away. He travelled for about a year before doing so.

People's Republic of China
In a 1999 report of the United States House of Representatives Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China, chaired by Rep. Christopher Cox (called the Cox Report), it was revealed that U.S. security agencies thought there was nuclear espionage going on by the People's Republic of China (PRC) at American nuclear weapons design laboratories. The report said that China had "stolen classified information on all of the United States' most advanced thermonuclear warheads" since the 1970s, including the design of advanced warheads, the neutron bomb, and "weapons codes" which allow for computer simulations of nuclear testing (and allow China to advance their weapon development without doing its own tests). The United States apparently did not know of this until 1995.

The investigations described in the report eventually led to the arrest of Wen Ho Lee, a scientist at Los Alamos, who was at first accused of giving weapons information to China. The case against Lee eventually fell apart, however, and he was eventually charged only with mishandling of data. Other people and groups arrested or fined were scientist Peter Lee (not related to Wen Ho Lee), who was arrested for allegedly giving submarine radar secrets to China, and Loral Space & Communications and Hughes Electronics, who gave China missile secrets. No other arrests from the theft of the nuclear designs have been made.

Pakistan

In January 2004, Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, a Pakistani nuclear scientist, admitted selling restricted nuclear weapons technology to Libya, Iran, and North Korea. According to his testimony and reports from intelligence agencies, Khan sold designs for centrifuges used to enrich uranium and Chinese designs for a nuclear warhead, and sold centrifuges themselves to these three countries. Khan had previously been said to have taken gas centrifuge designs from a uranium enrichment company in the Netherlands (URENCO) which he used to help Pakistan's own nuclear weapons program get started. On February 5, 2004, the president of Pakistan, General Pervez Musharraf, said that he had pardoned Khan. Pakistan's government says that they had no part in the espionage, but refuses to turn Khan over for questioning by the International Atomic Energy Agency.

References

Manhattan Project
Rhodes, Richard. Dark Sun: The Making of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.

Israel
Cohen, Avner. Israel and the Bomb. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998.

People's Republic of China
Cox, Christopher, chairman (1999). Report of the United States House of Representatives Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China., esp. Ch. 2, "PRC Theft of U.S. Thermonuclear Warhead Design Information". Available online at http://www.house.gov/coxreport/ .
Stober, Dan, and Ian Hoffman. A convenient spy: Wen Ho Lee and the politics of nuclear espionage. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001.

Pakistan
Powell, Bill, and Tim McGirk. "The Man Who Sold the Bomb; How Pakistan's A.Q. Khan outwitted Western intelligence to build a global nuclear-smuggling ring that made the world a more dangerous place", Time Magazine (14 February 2005): 22.

Nuclear weapons
Espionage

Nuclear espionage


Yobe Desert Stars Football Club is a Nigerian football (soccer) club based in the city of Damaturu. Starting in 2018 they will play in the Nigerian Premier League after consecutive promotions.

History
They started as an Amateur club and eventually were promoted to the Second Division in 2000. After winning promotion to the top level in 2001, they spent just one season in the NPL before being relegated with just 11 wins in 34 games. They also made it to the final of the 2002 Nigerian FA Cup where they lost 3–0 to Julius Berger FC.
They were relegated to the Amateur League in 2007.

2017 season
After being promoted from the Nigeria Nationwide League in 2016, the Desert Stars won promotion to the NPFL on the last day of the National League season when they beat Adamawa United 2–0, returning to the top-flight for the first time in 15 years. They finished the season with twelve wins, four draws and seven losses.

Current squad

As of January 2018

Coach: Mohammed Baba Ganaru

References

Association football clubs established in 1991
Football clubs in Nigeria
Yobe State
Sports clubs and teams in Nigeria

Yobe Desert Stars F.C.