Joe Randolph "J. R." Ackerley (4 November 1896 – 4 June 1967) was a British writer and editor. Starting with the BBC the year after its founding in 1927, he was promoted to literary editor of The Listener, its weekly magazine, where he served for more than two decades. He published many emerging poets and writers who became influential in Great Britain. He was openly homosexual, a rarity in his time when homosexual activity was forbidden by law and socially ostracised.

Ackerley's extramarital half-sister was Sally Grosvenor, Duchess of Westminster.

Family and education
Ackerley's memoir My Father and Myself begins: "I was born in 1896 and my parents were married in 1919." Registered at birth as Joe Ackerley, he later took the middle name Randolph after his uncle, Randolph Payne, first husband of his mother's sister Bunny. As an adult, he published under his first two initials and surname. His father, Roger Ackerley, was a successful fruit merchant known as the "Banana King" of London. Roger Ackerley was first married to a young Swiss woman of wealthy parentage named (Charlotte) Louise Burckhardt (1862-1892) who died probably of tuberculosis, before they had children. Louise was the subject of John Singer Sargent's painting, Lady with the Rose.

His mother was Janetta Aylward (known as Netta), an actress whom Roger met in Paris; the two returned to London together. They had an intermittent relationship, and three years later, in 1895, she gave birth to a son, Peter, then Joe a year later, and Nancy in 1899. According to Joe's maternal Aunt Bunny, Peter's birth, and likely all of them, were "accidents." She told him, "Your father happened to have run out of French letters that day," (when Peter was conceived). His father set up a household with his mother starting in 1903, after which the children saw him more regularly. His business did very well, and the family had a "butler, a gardener, and, evidently, a very good table."

Ackerley was educated at Rossall School, a public and preparatory school in Fleetwood, Lancashire. During this time, he discovered he was attracted to other boys. His striking good looks earned him the nickname "Girlie," but he was not very sexually active as a schoolboy. He described himself as
"a chaste, puritanical, priggish, rather narcissistic little boy, more repelled than attracted to sex, which seemed to me a furtive, guilty, soiling thing, exciting, yes, but nothing whatever to do with those feelings which I had not yet experienced but about which I was already writing a lot of dreadful sentimental verse, called romance and love." His father gave him a generous allowance and never insisted that he follow him into the business.

Failing his entrance examinations for Cambridge University, Ackerley applied for a commission in the Army and went off to the First World War. After the war, he attended Cambridge, though he never wrote much about it.

In October 1929, his father, Roger Ackerley died of tertiary syphilis. Shortly afterward Ackerley found a sealed note from his father addressed to him, which concluded:
"I am not going to make any excuses, old man. I have done my duty towards everybody as far as my nature would allow and I hope people generally will be kind to my memory. All my men pals know of my second family and of their mother, so you won't find it difficult to get on their track."

Ackerley thus discovered that his father had had a second family for more than 20 years. Roger used to visit his daughters three or four times a year when he was supposedly travelling on business, and sometimes when out to walk his first family's dog. His mistress, Muriel Perry, served as a nurse during the First World War and was busy with her career; she seldom saw their three daughters: Sally and Elizabeth, twins born in 1909, and Diana, born in 1912; all were cared for by a Miss Coutts. The birth of the youngest was never registered; but they were all given their mother's surname. Ackerley described the lives of his half-sisters in his 1968 memoir: "They had no parental care, no family life, no friends." For years the girls thought that their father was "Uncle Bodger", who occasionally brought them gifts and money. Ackerley looked after his father's second family without telling his mother, who died in 1946.

For years Ackerley was obsessed with his relationship with his father, both because of the tension of his covert homosexuality and what he described as his father's domineering personality. In his memoir, My Father and Myself (1969), which one reviewer termed the "mystery" of the son on the track of his father, Ackerley speculated that his father had had some homosexual experiences as a young Guardsman. In trying to understand his father's life he grappled with his own.

In 1975 Diana Perry, then Diana Petre, published a memoir, The Secret Orchard of Roger Ackerley. The term "secret orchard" was Roger's for his second family, used in one of his final notes to his son.

First World War
After the First World War broke out in August 1914, Ackerley was commissioned as a second lieutenant in September 1914. He was assigned to the 8th Battalion of the East Surrey Regiment, part of the 18th Division, then stationed in East Anglia. In June 1915, he was sent to France. On 1 July 1916, he was wounded at the Battle of the Somme.  He was shot in the arm and suffered shards of a whisky bottle becoming imbedded in his side from an explosion. After lying wounded in a shell-hole for six hours, he was rescued and sent home for sick-leave.

He soon volunteered to go back to the front. He was promoted to captain, when his elder brother Peter, also an officer in the East Surrey Regiment, arrived in France in December 1916.  At the time, Ackerley was his superior officer. He later wrote that the cheerful Peter saluted his brother "gladly and conscientiously." In February 1917, Peter was wounded in action on a dangerous assignment. Though Peter got back to the British lines, Ackerley never saw him again, as he was killed on 7 August 1918, two months before the end of the war. Peter's death haunted Ackerley all his life; he suffered from survivor's guilt.

In May 1917, Ackerley led an attack in the Arras region where he was wounded, this time in the buttock and thigh. While he was waiting for help, the Germans arrived and took him prisoner. As an officer, he was assigned to an internment camp in neutral Switzerland, which was relatively comfortable. Here he began his play, The Prisoners of War, which expresses the cabin fever of captivity and his frustrated longings for another English prisoner. Ackerley was not repatriated to England until after the war ended. Temporary Captain Ackerley relinquished his commission on completion of service, 24 April 1919.

Career
From the autumn of 1919, Ackerley attended Magdalene College, Cambridge. After graduation, he moved to London, where he enjoyed the cosmopolitan capital and continued to write. In 1923 his play The Prisoners of War was included in a collection of young British writers, so he began to receive some recognition.

He met E. M. Forster and other literary bright lights, but was lonely, despite numerous sexual partners. With his play having trouble finding a producer and feeling generally adrift and distant from his family, Ackerley turned to Forster for guidance. Forster, whom he knew from A Passage to India, arranged a position as secretary to the Maharaja of Chhatarpur.

Ackerley spent about five months in India, which was still under British rule. He developed a strong distaste for the several Anglo-Indians (British people living in India) he met. Ackerley's comic memoir Hindoo Holiday explores some of his experiences. The Maharaja was homosexual, and His Majesty's obsessions and dalliances, along with Ackerley's observations about Anglo-Indians, account for much of the humour of the work.

In England, Prisoners of War was finally produced in 1925, to some acclaim. Its run began at The Three Hundred Club on 5 July 1925, then transferred to the Playhouse Theatre on 31 August. Ackerley enjoyed his success, returning to London to carouse with its theatrical crowd. Through Cambridge friends, he met John Gielgud and other rising stars of the stage.

In 1928 Ackerley joined the staff of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). He worked in the Talks Department, which arranged radio lectures by prominent scholars and public figures. He helped to create the new department, which had an extensive influence on British literary and cultural life.

In 1935 Ackerley was appointed Literary Editor of the BBC's magazine The Listener. He served in this position until 1959, discovering and promoting many younger writers, including W. H. Auden, Christopher Isherwood, Philip Larkin, and Stephen Spender.

Ackerley was one of Francis King's two mentors (the other being C. H. B. Kitchin).

Later life and death

From 1943, Ackerley lived in a small flat at Putney overlooking the Thames. Almost all his significant work was produced during this period. He had a stable job at the BBC and ended the unsatisfying promiscuity of his younger years. What remained was his search for what he called an "Ideal Friend".

Ackerley took financial responsibility for his sister Nancy, who was unstable, and his aging Aunt Bunny. In 1946 (the year his mother died), he acquired an Alsatian dog named Queenie.  The dog became his primary companion for the next 15 years. During this time, he was most productive.  He revised Hindoo Holiday (1952), completed My Dog Tulip (1956) and We Think the World of You (1960), and worked on drafts of My Father and Myself.

Ackerley left the BBC in 1959. He visited Japan in 1960 to see his friend Francis King; he was very taken with the beauty of the scenery and even more with Japanese men.

On 30 October 1961 Queenie died. Ackerley, who had lost a brother and both parents, described it as "the saddest day of my life." He said: "I would have immolated myself as a suttee when Queenie died. For no human would I ever have done such a thing, but by my love for Queenie I would have been irresistibly compelled." In 1962, We Think the World of You won the W. H. Smith Literary Award, which came with a substantial cash prize, but this did little to stir him from his grief. (He thought Richard Hughes should have won, and also thought little of the award's previous recipients.)

In the years after Queenie's death Ackerley worked on his memoir about his father and drank too much. His sister Nancy found him dead in his bed on the morning of 4 June 1967. Ackerley's biographer Peter Parker gives the cause of death as coronary thrombosis.

Toward the end of his life Ackerley sold 1,075 letters from Forster, dating from 1922 onwards, for which he received £6,000.  He said that it was "a sum of money which will enable Nancy and me to drink ourselves carelessly into our graves". Ackerley did not live long enough to enjoy the money, but, together with the royalties from his existing works and posthumous works, it allowed Nancy to live in relative comfort until her death in 1979.

Sexuality
Ackerley was openly homosexual after his parents' deaths, having realised his homosexuality while he was interned in Switzerland during the First World War. Ackerley plumbed his sexuality in his writings. He belonged to a circle of notable literary homosexuals.  They flouted convention, specifically the homophobia that kept gay men in the closet or exposed openly gay men to legal prosecution.

While he never found the "Ideal Friend" he wrote of so often (at least in human form), he had many long-term relationships. Ackerley was a "twank", a term used by sailors and guardsmen to describe a man who paid for their sexual services. He described the ritual of picking up and entertaining a young guardsman, sailor or labourer. Forster warned him, "Joe, you must give up looking for gold in coal mines."

His memoir serves as a guide to the sexuality of a gay man of Ackerley's generation. W. H. Auden, in his review of My Father and Myself, speculates that Ackerley enjoyed the "brotherly" sexual act of mutual masturbation rather than penetration. Ackerley described himself as "quite impenetrable".
He encouraged Harry Daley to publish This Small Cloud, his account of his experiences as a gay police constable on the Bloomsbury beat (Daley was painted in his uniform by Duncan Grant).

Works
 The Prisoners of War (first performed 5 July 1925), a play about Captain Conrad's comfortable captivity in Switzerland during the First World War. Conrad suffers most from his longing for the attractive young Lieutenant Grayle. Ackerley claimed to prefer the title The Interned to The Prisoners of War.
 Escapers All (1932), 15 first-person accounts by men who had escaped from prisoner-of-war camps during the First World War, edited and introduced by Ackerley (published by The Bodley Head).
 Hindoo Holiday (1932, revised and expanded 1952), a memoir of Ackerley's brief engagement as secretary to an Indian Maharaja in the city of Chhatarpur, which he calls Chhokrapur (meaning "City of Boys") in the book.
 My Dog Tulip (1956), an account of living with his dog Queenie. Her companionship enabled him to give up seeking casual sex. The dog's name was changed to Tulip in the title when the editors of Commentary, who had purchased an excerpt, became concerned that using the name Queenie might encourage jokes about Ackerley's sexuality. The book was adapted as an animated feature released in 2009 and starring Christopher Plummer, Lynn Redgrave and Isabella Rossellini.
 We Think the World of You (1960), Ackerley's only novel; it explores a middle-class intellectual man (based closely on himself) and his working-class London family. It includes a fictionalised account of Ackerley's experience with his dog Queenie (called "Evie" in the book). It explores the frustrations of the relationship between the homosexual narrator and Evie's former owner, who was (mostly) heterosexual. The novel was adapted as a motion picture of the same title, which starred Alan Bates and Gary Oldman, and was released in 1988.

Works published posthumously:
 My Father and Myself (1968), a memoir of Ackerley's life and relationship with his father. Together with a 1975 memoir by his half-sister Diana Petre, it was the basis of the 1979 TV movie Secret Orchards, about their father's two sets of children.
E.M. Forster: A Portrait (1970), short biography of the writer.
Micheldever and Other Poems (1972), poetry volume.
The Ackerley Letters (1975), edited by Neville Braybrooke.
 My Sister and Myself (1982), selections from Ackerley's diary, edited by Francis King. Most material refers to Ackerley's relationship with his sister Nancy West (née Ackerley).
In the United States Ackerley's books have been reissued and are published solely by New York Review of Books Classics.

Legacy
In 1980 the BBC series Omnibus profiled Ackerley in a dramatised biography starring Benjamin Whitrow. Entitled We Think The World of You, it was not an adaptation of the novel as such, although included elements of it. Written by Tristram Powell and Paul Bailey, and directed by Powell, it won a BAFTA award in 1981.

Ackerley's sister Nancy endowed the annual J. R. Ackerley Prize for Autobiography, which was awarded beginning in 1982.

Quotations
 "If you look like a wild beast, you are expected to behave like one." (My Dog Tulip)
 "To speak the truth, I think that people ought to be upset, and if I had a paper I would upset them all the time; I think that life is so important and, in its workings, so upsetting that nobody should be spared." (Letter to Stephen Spender, December 1955.)
 "If there is good to be said of me, others must report that." (Notebook for My Father and Myself)
 "'The fair sex? And which sex is that?'" (Captain Conrad to Mme. Louis in The Prisoners of War)

Notes

Sources
 Petre, Diana. The Secret Orchard of Roger Ackerley. London, Hamish Hamilton, 1975
 Miller, Neil (1995). Out of the Past: Gay and Lesbian History from 1869 to the Present. New York, Vintage Books. .
 Murray, Stephen O. "Ackerley, Joseph Randolph", Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. Dynes, Wayne R. (ed.), Garland Publishing, 1990. p. 9
 Parker, Peter, Ackerley: The Life of J. R. Ackerley. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 1989.

Further reading
 Peter Parker: Ackerley: A Life of J. R. Ackerley, London: Constable, 1989,

Archival resources
J. R. (Joe Randolph) Ackerley Collection, 1924-1983 (187 items) is housed at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center of the University of Texas at Austin.
W.H. Auden and Chester Kallman Collection, 1929-1976 is housed at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center of the University of Texas at Austin.
Peter Burton papers, circa 1960-2008 are housed at the Cornell University Library.
Sir John Collings Squire Papers, 1910-1958 (15.5 linear ft.) are housed at the Charles E. Young Research Library at the University of California, Los Angeles.
Roy Broadbent Fuller Poetry manuscripts, 1965-1969 (ca. 50 items) are housed at the Columbia University Libraries.
E. M. Forster Collection, 1908-1971 is housed at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center of the University of Texas at Austin.

External links
J. R. Ackerley on glbtq.com
My Dog Tulip IMDb page
New York Review of Books Classics
Secret Orchards IMDb page
We Think the World of You IMDb page

1896 births
1967 deaths
20th-century English dramatists and playwrights
20th-century English LGBT people
20th-century English memoirists
20th-century English novelists
20th-century English poets
20th-century English male writers
British Army personnel of World War I
British World War I prisoners of war
East Surrey Regiment officers
English male journalists
Gay memoirists
Gay poets
Gay novelists
People educated at Rossall School
British literary editors
English gay writers
English LGBT poets
English LGBT novelists
English male poets
English male novelists
Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge
World War I prisoners of war held by Germany

J. R. Ackerley


The life-size ancient but much restored marble statue known as the Barberini Faun, Fauno Barberini or Drunken Satyr is now in the Glyptothek in Munich, Germany. A faun is the Roman equivalent of a Greek satyr. In Greek mythology, satyrs were human-like male woodland spirits with several animal features, often a goat-like tail, hooves, ears, or horns. Satyrs attended Dionysus.

History
The sculpture was either carved by an unknown Hellenistic sculptor of the Pergamene school, in the late third or early second century BC or is a Roman copy of high quality, though its present form was given it by a series of restorers in Rome, ending with Vincenzo Pacetti. The statue was found in the 1620s in the moat below the Castel Sant'Angelo, Rome, which in antiquity had been Hadrian's Mausoleum. Work on the fortification was undertaken by the Barberini Pope Urban VIII in 1624. The sculpture made its first documented appearance in a receipt for its restoration, 6 June 1628, when it already belonged to the Pope's nephew, Cardinal Francesco Barberini.  When discovered, the statue was heavily damaged; the right leg, parts of both hands, and parts of the head were missing. The historian Procopius recorded that during the siege of Rome in 537 the defenders had hurled down upon the Goths the statues adorning Hadrian's Mausoleum, and Johann Winckelmann speculated that the place of discovery and the statue's condition suggested that it had been such a projectile.

It was traditionally asserted that Cardinal Maffeo Barberini commissioned Gian Lorenzo Bernini to restore the statue, "but there is no evidence for the tradition that Bernini was in any way involved with the statue," Francis Haskell and Nicholas Penny observed in 1981, after reviewing the documentation and literature. Restorations, at first in stucco, were remade in 1679 by Giuseppe Giorgetti and Lorenzo Ottoni, who enabled the antique left leg to be reaffixed and provided the elaborate supporting structure that is illustrated in Paolo Alessandro Maffei's Raccolta di statue (1704); in the eighteenth century the right leg was again restored in marble, and once more by Pacetti in 1799. (The sculpture is shown today without the restored hanging left arm.)

These restorations of the Barberini Faun may have enhanced the sexual aspect of the statue. Because of this, the statue has acquired a reputation as an example of erotic art. Nudity in Greek art was nothing new; however, the blatant sexuality of this work makes it most interesting to twentieth-century eyes. His wantonly spread legs focus attention on his genitals. Not all viewers have found the Faun so indecorous: the Barberini Faun was reproduced on a Nymphenburg porcelain service in the 1830s.

The statue was housed in the Palazzo Barberini, Rome, until it was sold in 1799 to the sculptor and restorer Vincenzo Pacetti; Pacetti offered it to various English and French clients, including Lucien Bonaparte. The Barberini brought suit to annul the sale and eventually sold the Faun, after much public competition and a ban on its exportation, strongly supported by the antiquarian Carlo Fea and by Antonio Canova— to Ludwig, Crown Prince of Bavaria. Ludwig had planned a special room in the Glyptothek designed by the architect Leo von Klenze before the purchase was even finalized, and it was in place by 1827. The Glyptothek opened in 1830 to house Ludwig's sculpture collection.

Copies
A marble copy was sculpted by Edmé Bouchardon at the French Academy in Rome in 1726 (illustration, right). Cardinal Barberini desired a plaster cast of it to keep with the antique original. Bouchardon's Barberini Faun arrived in France in 1732, greatly admired. In 1775 the duc de Chartres bought it for his elaborate garden plan at Parc Monceau. It is now in the Louvre Museum.

A copy by sculptor Eugène-Louis Lequesne was given to France in 1846. It is now located in the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts.

A gilded copy is included among many other replicas of classical sculptures that adorn the grand cascade that descends from the back of Peter the Great's summer palace, Peterhof, outside of St. Petersburg, Russia.

See also
Portland Vase and Apollo Barberini, also collected by the Barberini
List of works by Gian Lorenzo Bernini

Notes

References
Francis Haskell and Nicholas Penny, 1991. Taste and the Antique: The Lure of Classical Sculpture 1500-1900 (Yale University Press). Cat. no. 33, pp 202–05.

External links

1620s archaeological discoveries
Faun
Pergamene sculpture
Roman copies of 3rd-century BC Greek sculptures
Ancient Greek erotic art
Archaeological discoveries in Italy
Nude sculptures
Pope Urban VIII
Hadrian
Fauns

Barberini Faun


The history of African Americans in The American Civil War includes the over four million slaves and approximately 500,000 free African Americans who were living in the United States at the beginning of the war. Altogether they made up 14% of the population of the country. Many served as soldiers in the Union Army.

Background
Slavery began in the English colony of Jamestown in 1619. It started with the purchase of 20 Africans—not as reported by John Rolfe from a Dutch ship—but rather from an English warship named the White Lyon. The Colonists in the Virginia Colony bought the contracts of the Africans as indentured servants. Not long after this it became a custom to hold slaves for life in the colonies. During the 17th and 18th centuries, slaves were used to raise crops of tobacco and food crops. After the invention of the cotton gin in 1793, cotton became the most important crop. At this point slavery became a critical part of the South's economy. With westward expansion, the question of slavery in the new territories became a subject of great debate. It polarized the nation between the interests of the Northern industrial economy and the South's agricultural economy.

This led to the American Civil War. Millions of slaves were brought to America between the 17th and 19th centuries. Slavery was one of the main issues that led to the outbreak of the Civil War.

Union forces

Union Navy

The United States Navy, during the Civil War termed the Union Navy, had separate traditions regarding African Americans. The Militia Acts of 1792 excluded black men from serving in the United States Army. This policy remained in place until the second year of the Civil War. The Navy, however, never had such a policy. In the 1840s they limited the number of blacks serving to 5 percent of the enlisted force. But before and after, black and white men served together often performing the same duties. Up to the start of the Civil War, several hundred black men were serving in the Navy. After Fort Sumter was captured by Confederates, a large number of men enlisted in the Navy. The percentage of black men in the Navy rapidly increased. In 1861, they made up about 6 percent of the force. By the summer of 1862 they made up about 15% of the enlisted men.

Many of the African Americans who joined the Navy were from the East Coast of the United States. Many were experienced sailors. Others had worked on the docks and in other related jobs in the shipping industry. The largest number came from Maryland and the Chesapeake Bay area. Also, a large number were transferred from the Army to the Navy in 1864.

African Americans fought in every major campaign and naval battle of the Civil War. They served in the blockading squadrons on the South and Gulf Coasts and in the brown-water navy in the tributaries in the South. African American women served also, most as nurses aboard the USS Red Rover (1859), a hospital ship on the Mississippi River. African Americans served in the Navy with great distinction and eight were awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor, the nation's highest honor.

Union Army
 Unfortunately, this was exactly what President Abraham Lincoln did not want at the time. He was afraid that if he armed African Americans, especially escaped or former slaves, the border states would secede. This would only make the situation worse for the Union than it already was. But after two years of war, Lincoln began to reconsider the idea. The war was not going well for the North and they badly needed soldiers.

The Militia Act of 1862 allowed the army to use African Americans as laborers and soldiers for the first time since 1792. It did not invite blacks to join the Army but it did cause some blacks to form private militia units. In New Orleans three all-black Louisiana Native Guard units were formed (they later became the 73rd, 74th and 75th U.S. Colored Infantry). In Kansas the First Kansas Colored Infantry was formed (later officially becoming the 79th U.S. Colored Infantry). They fought in a skirmish at Island Mound, Missouri in November 1862. The First South Carolina Infantry, African Descent, fought for the first time in November 1862 (later becoming the 33rd U.S. Colored Infantry). In January 1863, these unofficial units were allowed to become part of the Union Army.

Probably the most famous unit was the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment. In February 1863, Massachusetts governor John Albion Andrew, issued the first call for black soldiers in the North. Over 1,000 men joined, many from as far away as Canada and even the Caribbean. To lead them the governor chose Robert Gould Shaw, a young white officer. On July 18, 1863, they attacked Fort Wagner guarding the southern approach to Charleston Harbor. The 54th lost 600 men in the attack including Colonel Shaw—nearly half of the regiment. The fort was defended by 1,700 Confederates.

Pay and treatment
Black soldiers did not receive equal pay to the white soldiers. They also did not receive the same treatment. Their pay was $10 a month, less $3 for uniforms. White soldiers received $13 a month and had no deductions for uniforms. This was changed in June 1864 when Congress voted to grant black soldiers equal pay and made the change retroactive. While black soldiers were allowed to fight for their country, they were not treated as equals to white soldiers. Their units were racially segregated and were commanded by white officers. Some of their officers had very low opinions of black soldiers and did not train them well.

Captured black Union soldiers were a problem for the Confederacy. They could not treat them the same as captured white soldiers or they would be legitimizing them as being equal. It would also imply they accepted Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, which they did not. Three days before the Emancipation Proclamation was to take effect, Jefferson Davis stated: "All negro slaves captured in arms be at once delivered over to the executive authorities of the respective States to which they belong." The Congress of the Confederate States decided to take it a step further. They later adopted a resolution that any negroes taken in arms would be put on trial for "inciting servile insurrection" and would be punished by the death penalty.

Lincoln declared that "the law of nations … permit no distinction as to color in the treatment of prisoners of war." He stated that if the Confederacy executed any Union soldier, the Union would do the same to a Confederate soldier. If the Confederacy enslaved a Union soldier, a Confederate soldier would be put to hard labor. While Davis publicly denounced Lincoln's order, it did have the desired effect on black prisoners of war. No more were executed or sent into slavery. But, afterwards it depended on the commander of the Confederate units as to what to do about taking black prisoners. Many simply did not take prisoners of war but shot them as they were surrendering. This happened at the Battle of Poison Spring, the Battle of Fort Pillow and at the Siege of Petersburg.

Confederate forces
African Americans did serve with the Confederacy. Some went with their masters or were used as labor behind the front lines. They also worked as teamsters and cooks. But for most of the war black men were not allowed to serve as soldiers.

There are, however, nine known photographs of African American men dressed in Confederate uniforms. But the photos do not come with explanations. Of the men in the photos, four are known by name and were slaves who went with their masters to the front lines.

Near the end of the war the idea of using black soldiers was debated. In 1864, General Patrick Cleburne suggested enlisting black slaves into the army. The idea was considered, but it raised the question by at least one Southern politician: "What did we go to war for, if not to protect our property?" Another said: "If slaves will make good soldiers, our whole theory of slavery is wrong." General Robert E. Lee knew he needed soldiers. He stated: "We must decide whether slavery shall be extinguished by our enemies and the slaves be used against us, or use them ourselves." Lee suggested the slaves be freed in exchange for their service as soldiers. But that condition was not in the bill that was approved by the Confederate Congress on March 13, 1865. Only a few thousand blacks enlisted before the war ended. By that time over 200,000 African Americans had served with the Union army.

Notes

References

Other websites
 The Civil War in Four Minutes: Black Soldiers; YouTube
 Voices of the Civil War Episode 24:"African Americans in the Confederate Army"; YouTube

civil war
American Civil War

African Americans in the American Civil War


Socket M (mPGA478MT) is a CPU interface introduced by Intel in 2006 for the Intel Core line of mobile processors.

Technical specifications
Socket M is used in all Intel Core products, as well as the Core-derived Dual-Core Xeon codenamed Sossaman. It was also used in the first generation of the mobile version of Intel's Core 2 Duo, specifically, the T5x00 and T7x00 Merom lines (referred to as Napa Refresh), though that line switched to Socket P (Santa Rosa) in 2007. It typically uses the Intel 945PM/945GM chipsets which support up to 667 MHz FSB and the Intel PM965/GM965 which allows 800 MHz FSB support, though the Socket M, PM965/GM965 combination is less common. The "Sossaman" Xeons use the E7520 chipset.

Relation to other sockets
Socket M is pin-compatible with desktop socket mPGA478A but it is not electrically compatible. Socket M is not pin-compatible with the older desktop Socket 478 (mPGA478B) or the newer mobile Socket P (mPGA478MN) by location of one pin; it is also incompatible with most versions of the older mobile Socket 479. Pentium III-M processors designed for the first version of Socket 479 will physically fit into a Socket M, but are electrically incompatible with it. Although conflicting information has been published, no 45 nm Penryn processors have been released for Socket M.

See also
 List of Intel microprocessors

References

Intel CPU sockets

Socket M


Prussian districts were administrative units in the former Kingdom of Prussia.  They were part of the German Empire from 1871 to 1918, and its successor state, the Free State of Prussia.  They were similar to a county or a shire. They were made from 1815 to 1818 to be between the higher provinces and the lower municipal governments. They served as a model for the present-day districts of Germany

Districts of Germany
Prussia

Districts of Prussia


Sir Cary Lynn Cooper  (born 28 April 1940), is an American-born British psychologist and 50th Anniversary Professor of Organizational Psychology and Health at the Manchester Business School, University of Manchester.

Before moving to Manchester he was Distinguished Professor at Lancaster University. Cooper was Head of the Manchester School of Management (within UMIST) from the early 1980s. In 1995 he became Pro-Vice-Chancellor and then Deputy Vice-Chancellor of UMIST until 2002. From 1979 to 1980 he was chairman of the Management Education and Development Division of the Academy of Management and was elected as Founding President of the British Academy of Management. In June 2005 he was appointed head of the Sunningdale Institute, which, managed by the United Kingdom National School of Government, brings international academics and industry figures together to advise on issues facing UK public sector organisations. He was chair of the Academy of Social Sciences, a body representing over 88,000 social scientists and 46 learned societies in the social sciences (including the Royal Geographical Society, British Psychological Society, the Political Studies Association, and the Royal Statistical Society).  In 2010 he was chair of the Chronic Diseases and Mental Health Global Agenda Council of the World Economic Forum. He is immediate past president of Relate, Clinical Advisor to Anxiety UK, President of the Institute of Welfare, Past President of the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development 2016–2021, Chair of the National Forum for Health & Wellbeing at Work (2016-) and past president of the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy. Cooper was a director of well-being specialists and business psychologists at Robertson Cooper Limited, a university spin off company which he set up in 1999 with Ivan Robertson. He was the founding editor-in-chief of the Journal of Organizational Behavior,founding co-editor of the International Journal of Management Reviews, and past editor of the journal Stress and Health.

Cooper's parents were Jews from Romania and Ukraine who settled in West Hollywood. He became a British citizen in 1993.

Education
Cooper went to Fairfax High School and then obtained a BSc (UCLA), an M.B.A. (UCLA), and a PhD (Leeds University, UK).

Recognition
Cooper has received the following awards from professional and academic organizations:
 1994 Fellow of the British Academy of Management
 1994 Elected a Fellow of the (British) Institute of Management
 1997 Elected by the (American) Academy of Management as one of the first UK Fellows
 1997 Became a Companion of the Institute of Management (now the Chartered Management Institute)
 1998 Awarded the Distinguished Service Award by the (American) Academy of Management for services to the field of management
1998 Awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Letters from Heriot-Watt University (Edinburgh) for contributions to organizational psychology
1999 Awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Business Administration by Wolverhampton University
2002 Awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Science by Aston University
2003 Awarded an Honorary Doctorate by Middlesex University
2005 Cooper was elected as an Honorary Fellow of the Faculty of Occupational Medicine of the Royal College of Physicians
2006 Cooper was made Hon Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians
2008 Awarded Hon Fellow of the British Psychological Society
2008 Cooper was made an Hon Fellow of the Faculty of Occupational Medicine of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland
2008 Cooper was selected as chair of the Academy of Social Sciences (body of nearly 90,000 social scientists and 47 learned societies).
2009 Cooper was appointed chair of the Chronic Diseases Global Agenda Council of the World Economic Forum.
2010 Awarded the Lord Dearing Lifetime Achievement Award for Higher Education by THE
2011 Awarded an Honorary Doctor of Science by University of Sheffield
2012 Awarded Hon Fellowship of the Institution of Occupational Safety and Health
2014 Awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws by the University of Bath
2014 Elected as President of the British Academy of Management
2015 Elected as CIPD President
2017 Awarded an Honorary Doctor of Science by the University of Chester
2018 Awarded the WFPMA Petitpas Award for Distinguished Service to the Global HR Profession by the World Federation of People Management Associations, Chicago.
2019 Awarded the Chris Arygris Lifetime Achievement Award by the Academy of Management, Boston.
2019 Awarded an Honorary Doctor of Education by the University of Bolton
2020 Winner of the New York City Big Book Award for the Book of the Year in Marketing & PR for The Apology Impulse
2020 Winner of the American Book Fest Award for the Book of the Year in Communications/PR for the Apology Impulse
2021 Awarded Companion of the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development
2021 Awarded ISMA Federation International Medal for lifetime achievement, India
2022 Endowed Chair and Lecture Theatre named after Sir Cary Cooper at Woxsen University, India
2022 Patron, International Stress Management Association
2023 Awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award by the IOBC in Israel on January 3,2023.

Queen's Birthday Honours
Cooper was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2001 Birthday Honours for his contribution to occupational/organizational health and was Knighted in the 2014 Birthday Honours for services to social science.

Media work
Cooper has been described as the media's first choice for comment on workplace issues, and is often interviewed by the UK press (including BBC and ITV) for both news and current affairs.

See also
 Organizational Wellbeing
 Workplace stress
 Workplace bullying
 Women in the workforce
 Work-life balance
 Hours of work
 Gender pay gap
 4 day working week

Selected bibliography
"Psychology of Sustainability & Sustainable Development in Organizations" (with Annamaria Di Fabio, Routledge, 2023)
"Resilience in Modern Day Organizations" (with Ritsa Ventounots-Fotinatos & Alexandros-Stamotios Antonia, Routledge, 2023)
"Advances in Mergers & Acquisitions: Vol 22" (with Sydney Finkelstein, Emerald Publishers, 2023)
"The Cambridge Companion to Organizational Stress & Wellbeing"(with Laurent Lapierre, Cambridge University Press, 2023)
Law Enforcement, Leadership & Wellbeing: Creating Resilience" (with Ian Hesketh, Palgrave Macmillan,2023)
"Occupational Health & Wellbeing" (with Andrew Kinder & Rick Hughes, Routledge, 2023)
"Myths of Management: Dispel the Misconceptions" (with Stefan Stern, Kogan Page, 2023).
"Burnout While Working" (with Michael Leiter, Routledge, 2023)
"Organizational Stress:Ed2" (with Nerstad, Seljeseth, Richardsen, Dewe & O'Driscoll), Sage, 2023)
"Remote Workplace Culture" (with Sean O'Meara, Kogan Page, 2022)
"Organizational Stress Theories" (with Kimberly E. O'Brien, Edward Elgar, 2022)
"Managing Workplace Health & Wellbeing During a Crisis" (with Ian Hesketh, Kogan Page, 2022)
"The Healthy Workforce" (with Stephen Bevan, Emerald Publishers, 2022)
"A Research Agenda for Workplace Stress & Wellbeing" (with Kevin Kelloway, Routledge, 2021)
"The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Wellbeing" (with Tony Wall & Paula Brough, Sage, 2021)
"Psychological Insights for Understanding COVID-19 and Work" (Routledge, 2021)
"Organizational Stress Around the World: Research and Practice" (with Kajal Sharma & D.M. Pestonjee, Routledge, 2021)
"Brexit in the Workplace: A Psychology of Survival" (with Ashley Weinberg & Alexander-Stamatios Antoniou, Edward Elgar Pub, 2020)
"Flexible Work: Designing Our Healthier Future Lives" (with Sarah Norgate, Routledge, 2020)
"Navigating the Return to Work Experience for New Parents" (with Maria Karanika-Murray, Routledge, 2020)
"Work & Stress: A Research Overview" (with Philip Dewe,Routledge,2020)
"The Apology Impulse" (with Sean O'Meara, Kogan Page, 2019)
"Current Issues in Work & Organizational Psychology (Routledge, 2019)
"Handbook of Research on the Psychological Contract at Work" (with Yannick Griep, Edward Elgar Publ, 2019)
"Wellbeing at Work" (with Ian Hesketh, Kogan Page, 2019)
"Presenteeism" (with Luo Lu, Cambridge University Press, 2018)
"The Myths of Management" (with Stefan Stern, Kogan Page, 2018)
"21st Century Workforces and Workplaces" (with Bevan, Brinkley & Bajorek, Bloomsbury, 2018)
"Boards that Dare" (with Marc Stigter, Bloomsbury, 2018)
"Managing Health and Wellbeing in the Public Sector" (with Ian Hesketh, Routledge, 2017).
"The Spartan Worker" (with Kostas Perrotis, Routledge, 2017).
"Handbook of Stress and Health" (with James Quick, Wiley Blackwell, 2017).
"The Outstanding Middle Manager" (with Gordon Tinline, Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)
"Stress in the Construction Industry" (with Leung and Chan, Wiley Blackwell, 2015).
"Solving the Strategy Delusion" (with Marc Stigter, Palgrave Macmillan, 2015).
"Wellbeing: The Complete Reference Guide (6 volumes), Wiley Blackwell, 2014.
"Building Resilience for Success. (with Jill Flint-Taylor and Michael Pearn), Palgrave-Macmillan, 2013.
"High Engagement Work Culture: Balancing WE and ME. (with David Bowles), Palgrave-Macmillan, 2012.S
"Wellbeing: Productivity and Happiness at Work. (with Ivan Robertson), Palgrave-Macmillan, 2011.s
"The Science of Occupational Health". (with Ulf Lundberg), Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Employee Morale: Driving Performance in Challenging Times (with David Bowles), Palgrave-Macmillan October 2009
Mental Capital and Wellbeing (with Field, Goswami, Jenkins & Sahakian), Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
"Managing Executive Health" (with Quick, Gavin and Quick), Cambridge University Press, 2008.
"Happy Performing Managers" (with P. Hosie), Edward Elgar Publ, 2006.
"Business and the Beautiful Game" (with T. Theobald), Kogan Page 2005
 Leadership and Management in the 21st Century: Business Challenges of the Future, Oxford University Press 2004
 The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Management (Editor, with Associate Editors C Argyris and W H Starbuck), Blackwell 2004
 Stress: A Brief History (with P Dewe), Blackwell 2004
 International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Vols.1–19 (with I T Robertson), John Wiley and Sons, 1986–2004.
 "Managing the Emotions in Mergers and Acquisitions" (with Dr. V. Kusstascher), Edward Elgar Publ., 2005.
 Work Psychology: Understanding Human Behaviour in the Workplace (with I T Robertson, J Silvester, B Burnes, F Patterson and J Arnold), Financial Times Prentice Hall 2004
 Managing the Safety Risk of Workplace Stress (with S Clarke), Routledge 2003
 "Destressing Doctors" (with Dr. V. Sutherland), Butterworth Heinemann, 2003.

References

External links

British business theorists
Organizational psychologists
Systems psychology
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Bachelor
Academics of Lancaster University
American emigrants to England
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Academics of the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology
Academics and writers on bullying
Workplace harassment and bullying
1940 births
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
American people of Romanian-Jewish descent
English people of Romanian-Jewish descent
American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
English people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent

Cary Cooper


Rachel Christine Proctor (born August 11, 1974) is an American country music artist. Before signing to a record deal, she co-wrote Martina McBride's 2002 single "Where Would You Be". By 2003, Proctor had signed to BNA Records, releasing her debut single "Days Like This" that year. This song, which peaked at number 24 on the country charts, was the first of four singles from her 2004 debut album Where I Belong. Proctor's only album for the label, it also produced her highest-charting single in the number 18 "Me and Emily". Although she has not charted a single since 2004, she has written singles for Jessica Simpson and Jesse Lee. Proctor has also had songs recorded by Blake Shelton, Gary Allan, Jana Kramer, Lauren Alaina, and Kenny Loggins. In March 2013 Rachel signed an exclusive songwriting agreement with Big Tractor Music Publishing. Big Tractor is owned by producer Scott Hendricks.

Biography
Proctor was born in Charleston, West Virginia, daughter of Danny Proctor, a selfless man, known for his gracious heart and thoughtful donations of time and labor whenever he could help. When she was in grade school, she appeared in local productions of Annie and The Sound of Music. By the time she was in junior high school, she had signed with a New York management company that also managed New Kids on the Block. Proctor also competed on the television talent show Star Search, and by the time she was eighteen, she had begun writing songs and performing in local bands as well. (One band in which she performed also included a then-unknown Blake Shelton.)

Proctor moved to Nashville, Tennessee in the mid 1990s in pursuit of a record deal. By the late 1990s, The Lynns, Sonya Isaacs, and Kortney Kayle had all recorded some of her compositions. In 2002, Martina McBride released "Where Would You Be", another one of Proctor's compositions, which reached number 3 on the Billboard country charts. Proctor also sang backing vocals on Shelton's 2002 single "Ol' Red". Later that same year, Proctor signed to BNA Records, releasing her debut single "Days Like This" in 2003. The song, which served as the lead-off single to her debut album Where I Belong, reached 24 on the country charts. It was followed by the number 43 "Didn't I", and then in 2004 by her highest chart hit, the number 18 "Me and Emily". Finally, the album's title track was released as its fourth single, peaking at 37. Proctor left BNA records to return to songwriting full-time.  She has released two independent albums, "What Didn't Kill Me" and "Only Lonely Girl."
Proctor, along with Victoria Banks, co-wrote Jessica Simpson's 2008 singles "Come On Over" and "Remember That", the former of which was Simpson's first country single. She also co-wrote Jesse Lee's 2009 debut single "It's a Girl Thing" in collaboration with Banks, as well as Jennette McCurdy's 2010 single "Not That Far Away" and Lauren Alaina's 2012 single "Georgia Peaches".

Discography

Albums

Singles

Music videos

References

External links
Official Rachel Proctor Website

1974 births
American women country singers
American country singer-songwriters
Living people
Musicians from Charleston, West Virginia
BNA Records artists
Country musicians from West Virginia
21st-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American women singers
Singer-songwriters from West Virginia

Rachel Proctor


Common Brittonic (also called Common Brythonic, British, Old Brythonic, or Old Brittonic) was an ancient language spoken in Britain. It was the language of the Celtic people known as the Britons. By the 6th century it split into several Brittonic languages: Welsh, Cumbric, Cornish, and Breton.

Common Brittonic is descended from Proto-Celtic, a hypothetical parent language. By the first half of the first millennium BC it was already dividing into separate dialects or languages. There is some evidence that the Pictish language may have had close ties to Common Brittonic and might be a fifth branch.

Evidence from Welsh shows a great influence from Latin on Common Brittonic during the Roman period. This is particularly true of the Church and Christianity, which are nearly all Latin derivatives. Common Brittonic was replaced in most of Scotland by Gaelic. South of the Firth of Forth it was replaced by Old English (which later developed into Scots). Common Brittonic survived into the Middle Ages in Southern Scotland and Cumbria. Common Brittonic was gradually replaced by English throughout England. In the north of England, Cumbric disappeared as late as the 13th century. In the south, the Cornish was a dead language by the 19th century. There were some attempts to revitalize it, which have met with some success.

Notes

References

History of the United Kingdom
Celtic languages
6th-century disestablishments

Common Brittonic


A flow control structure is a device that alters the flow of water in a stream, drainage channel or pipe.  As a group these are passive structures since they operate without intervention under different amounts of water flow and their impact changes based on the quantity of water available. This includes weirs, flow splitters and proprietary-design devices that are used for stormwater management and in combined sewers.

Flow-control structures are known to have existed for thousands of years.  Some built by the Chinese have been in continuous use for over 2,000 years.  The Chinese used these structures to divert water to irrigate fields and to actually deposit silt in specific areas so that the channels were not blocked by silt build-up.  Structures like this required yearly maintenance to remove the accumulated silt.

More modern structures add to these basic principles.  In Hawaii, there are numerous flow-control structures that have been built to irrigate the pineapple and sugar cane fields.  The purpose of these structures is to divert water into the various canals and to keep them full.  When over full, they dump excess water back into either streams or other canals.  Among the simplest is a low dam across a shallow stream, forcing all of the water to one side to allow it to be easily collected in a canal.  This can keep a canal full even with very low flows in a stream.

Another simple device is a series of concrete piers installed in a spillway to slow down the descending water so that it does not cause damage at the bottom of the spillway.

Applications
 Low-impact development
 Sustainable drainage system
 Water-sensitive urban design

See also
 Valve

References

Hydraulic engineering
Infrastructure
Stormwater management

Flow control structure


Hermann Ebbinghaus (24 January 1850 – 26 February 1909) was a German psychologist. Today, he is mostly known for his work regarding learning and forgetting. He was the first to do experiments to explore how memory works. He first described the forgetting curve, the learning curve and the spacing effect. The Ebbinghaus illusion, which is named after him is related to the perception, not memory. His son was the philosopher Julius Ebbinghaus.

In 1896, he did a test on children in school: The pupils had to complete sentences, and their teacher had to rate each pupil, if the pupil was in the lowest, the middle or the highest third of all the people in the class. Ebbinghaus saw a relationship between the teacher's rating, and the result of the pupil, but he could not give a correlation (because he was lacking the tools to do so). This was possibly the first test of verbal intelligence in a group.

Many of his experimental methods to rate memory performance are still in use.

Ebbinghaus died of pneumonia, when he was 59 years old.

1850 births
1909 deaths
German psychologists
Deaths from pneumonia

Hermann Ebbinghaus


Reginald Scot (ca. 1538-1599) was an English writer. He was born in Kent, England. He studied law, and served as a justice of the peace. His first book is Perfect Platform of a Hop-Garden. This book is about growing hops.  His second book is The Discoverie of Witchcraft (1584). This book takes a skeptical look at witches and witchcraft. It also exposes the tricks used by charlatans and magicians to fool people.  Scot's purpose in writing the book was to prevent old, ill, and simple people from being charged with witchcraft. This book is important because it was one of the first to move away from medieval superstition in the Renaissance.

References
 Encyclopedia of British writers, 16th and 17th centuries. (2005). Book Builders LLC. p. 348.

English writers
1530s births
1599 deaths
People from Kent

Reginald Scot


Gretta Taslakian (born 16 August 1985) is a Lebanese sprinter of Armenian descent who specializes in the 200 metres. She is the first Lebanese woman to participate in two and three Olympic Games. Gretta is the current Lebanese national record holder in the outdoor 100 meters, 200 meters and 400 meters and indoor 60 meters and 200 meters. She was also a member of the record holding team in the outdoor 4x100 meter relay and 4x400 meter relay.

Biography
She was born in Ghadir, Lebanon, to Lebanese-Armenian parents.

Gretta came in second place at the 11th Asian Junior Athletic Championships in the 200 metres. She competed at the 2001 World Championships, the 2003 World Indoor Championships and the 2004 World Indoor Championships, where she set the indoor 200 meter Lebanese national record at 25.80. She set a new national record in the women's 200 metres at the 2004 Summer Olympics, but came in last in her preliminary heat and did not advance.

She competed at the 2006 Asian Games in the 200 meters but was eliminated in the first heat. Taslakian won two gold medals for Lebanon in the 2007 Pan Arab Games in Cairo, Egypt and achieved her personal best in the 200 metres is 23.56 seconds in the final of the 200 meters in November. She also competed at the 2007 World Championships without success.

She competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics representing Lebanon. At the first round of the 200 metres, Gretta came in last in her heat as she ran in a time of 25.32 seconds, which was her season best, but not enough to qualify to the next round.

She came in eighth place at the 2010 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships in the 60 meters. She also came in fourth place at the 2010 Asian Games in 200 meters and set a new national record in the 100 meters at 11.84.{ She also competed at the 2011 Pan Arab Games, winning a silver medal in the 100 metres and a gold medal in the 200 metres. Taslakian won a silver medal in the 200 metres at the 2011 Asian Athletics Championships.

At the 2012 Summer Olympics, she again came in last in her heat and did not qualify from her heat.

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Lebanese female sprinters
Olympic female sprinters
Olympic athletes for Lebanon
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Asian Games competitors for Lebanon
Athletes (track and field) at the 2002 Asian Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2006 Asian Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Asian Games
World Athletics Championships athletes for Lebanon
Lebanese people of Armenian descent

Gretta Taslakian


The Australian Hymn Book () was published in 1977, and was the culmination of almost ten years' work by an ecumenical committee, chaired by A. Harold Wood, intent on producing a new, contemporary and inclusive hymn book that could be used in worship by the varied Christian congregations across Australia. The first meetings were held in 1968 amongst representatives of the Anglican (Church of England), Congregational, Methodist and Presbyterian churches. A draft list of hymns was circulated in 1972, and in 1974, the Roman Catholic Church asked to be included and two versions of the hymn book were eventually published: the Australian Hymn Book (containing 579 items) and the Australian Hymn Book with Catholic Supplement (adding a further 25 items). The new hymn book was taken up widely, especially with the union of the Congregational, the Methodist and most of the Presbyterian parishes that created the Uniting Church in Australia in 1977. In its international edition, the hymn book is known as With One Voice (not to be confused with the 1995 work published by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America as a supplement to the Lutheran Book of Worship).

The hymn book contains indexes to first lines, tunes, composers, authors, subjects, scripture and the religious calendar. A companion book, Songs of the People of God, by Wesley Milgate, was released in 1982, and contains notes on the sources and history of each tune and hymn text, along with short biographies of all authors and composers.

After a survey conducted in 1990, it was decided that a new edition of the Australian Hymn Book was needed. Together in Song: Australian Hymn Book II was released in 1999. The major changes were the modernisation of the texts (particularly the use of inclusive language), the removal of hymns that had fallen out of use, and the addition of more modern musical settings, worship songs and psalm settings. A companion volume with notes on songs, lyrists and composers compiled by Rev. Dr. H. D'Arcy Wood is also available.

See also
List of English-language hymnals by denomination

External links

Protestant hymnals
Catholic hymnals
1977 books
1977 in Christianity
1977 in music
Christianity in Australia
Anglican liturgical books

Australian Hymn Book


Ablekuma West is one of the 275 constituencies represented in the Parliament of Ghana. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. Ablekuma West is located in the Accra Metropolis in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. The member elected at the 2012 general election was Ursula Owusu of the New Patriotic Party (NPP).

History and boundaries
Ablekuma West was one of 45 newly created constituencies for the 2012 general election. It covers the districts of Dansoman, Sahara, Gbegbeyise, Agege, Glefe, Opetekwe and Shiabu. Before the 2016 general election, incumbent MP Ursula Owusu was challenged in an NPP primary election by constituency chairman Theophilus Tettey Enyo and businessman Roni Nicole. The primary proved controversial, with disputes over voting registers used resulting in legal challenges by party members and Enyo's withdrawal. Owusu beat Nicole by 554 votes to 317, with up to 400 members reported to have boycotted the contest in protest.

Members of Parliament

Elections

References

Parliamentary constituencies in the Greater Accra Region
2012 establishments in Ghana
Constituencies established in 2012

Ablekuma West


The Tripurantaka Temple (also called Tripurantakesvara or Tripurantakeshwara) was built around c. 1070 CE by the Western Chalukyas. This temple, which is in a dilapidated state, is in the historically important town of Balligavi (also called Balagamve), modern Shivamogga district, Karnataka state, India. The exterior walls of the temple have erotic sculptures on friezes. These depictions are considered rare in Chalukyan art. Being miniature in size, these are visible only upon close examination. During medieval times, Balligavi was a seat of learning to multiple religious faiths and was home to many  monuments and structures built by the Chalukyas. More than 80 medieval inscriptions have been discovered in Balligavi and belong to the Shaiva, Vaishnava, Jain and Buddhist faiths. These inscriptions describe, among other things, the building of temples.

Other sculptures

This temple is noted for its decorative windows and screens which consist of very intricate perforated stone work. The two sides of the doorway to the shrine have a window panels, each filled entirely by three pairs of nāga figures (snake). The long intertwined and knotted bodies of these nagas create a virtual mesh to fill up the panels. Above the entrance to the shrine is a decorative architrave with sculptures of the Hindu Gods Brahma, Shiva and Vishnu, with Shiva being depicted in his Bhairava form. Other figures here are the dikpalas (the guardians). Some interesting larger sized figure sculptures exist, such as the sculpture of a Hoysala king slaying a lion. This piece of sculpture comes with its own inscription and depicts a hunting expedition in which the king, in the company of his hunting dogs, speared and killed a wild boar. Also depicted is the king on foot, fighting a lion which sprang out of the forest.

An interesting piece of sculpture near the temple in the town centre is the Ganda-Bherunda Stambha ("column of two-headed bird"). The column on which the sculpture stands is about  tall and the shaft is about  in diameter. The top of the column has an octagonal capital surmounted by a broad slab of stone. Upon this is mounted the statue of the mythical two-headed bird Ganda-Bherunda, which, according to legend was an enemy of elephants and fed on their flesh. The statue has the body of a human standing upright with two bird like heads, looking in opposite directions. In its hands, it holds the prey that it feeds on. An inscription at the base of the column describes its erection in 1047 CE by Chamundaraya Arasa of the Kadamba Dynasty of Banavasi. Legend has it that the column may have been erected to scare away marauding elephants from local plantations.

Notes

References

Buildings and structures completed in the 11th century
Western Chalukya Empire
Hindu temples in Shimoga district
11th-century Hindu temples

Tripurantaka Temple


Shirat HaYam (, lit. Song of the Sea) was an Israeli settlement established in 2001 on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea west of Neve Dekalim in the Gush Katif settlement bloc in the Gaza Strip until 2005.

Population
About fifteen families lived in trailers or abandoned houses that reportedly had been Egyptian Army officer's barracks from the period when Egypt occupied the Gaza Strip.

Evacuation

On 14 August 2005, immediately prior to the execution of the disengagement plan evacuation, , an Israeli military historian residing in Shirat HaYam, proclaimed independence as "The Independent Jewish Authority in Gaza Beach." He called himself The Temporary Chairman "until the election of the 2,500 citizens" in his new country. He followed through with his claim by sending an appeal for recognition to the United Nations and the Red Cross. Four days later, when the Israel Defense Forces and Israeli Police came to evacuate Shirat Hayam, he defended this self-proclaimed country alone with an M-16 after ascending the roof of his home. The event ended peacefully after a few hours, and the settlement was successfully evacuated.

While the standard policy adapted by the Israeli government was to destroy all residential property prior to the retreat from Gush Katif, the cement structures in this settlement were not touched until several weeks later.

The evicted residents of the village chose to remain together as a group and move to Maskiot in the Jordan River valley to build an agricultural settlement. Since the Maskiot site, a former military base, was not ready for settlement, the group moved to adjacent Hemdat.

References

Former Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip
Populated places established in 2001
Micronations
Villages depopulated during the Arab–Israeli conflict

Shirat HaYam


කේෂ විද්‍යාව (Trichology) යනු වෛද්‍ය විද්‍යාවෙහි ශාකාවකි. කේෂ විද්‍යාව deals with the scientific study of the health of කෙස් සහ scalp.  Trichologists themselves are not normally licensed healthcare workers, although members of the medical profession can undertake courses and/or careers within trichology. Trichology can be used in forensic studies of hairs to find suspects. Forensic trichology can determine the approximate age, body mass, race, and other important traits of the hair's owner.

Overview
Trichology වචනය originates from the ancient Greek word Trikhos meaning hair.
An interest in hair loss and hair care originated around 1860 in a London barbershop under a certain Professor Wheeler. Later in 1902, this interest in hair disorders became known as Trichology and the Institute of Trichologist was founded.

Educational & Governing Bodies

The Institute of Trichologists, at over 100 years old is the oldest professional association for trichologists in the world. Registered members of The Institute of Trichologists indicate this with the postnominal letters AIT, MIT or FIT after their names (designating, respectively, an Associate Member, Member or Fellow of the Institute).

The International Association of Trichologists (IAT), a non-profit corporation, offers a course developed at the University of Southern California in 1974, and trains most students from several countries. IAT presently has students in Australia, Botswana, Brazil, China, India, Japan, Kenya, Mauritius, New Zealand, Nigeria, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan and the West Indies.  The IAT course is also offered in India at the Mumbai Educational Trust (MET). Both the IAT and MET offer special condensed courses for medical doctors. Clinical training is offered in Australia, America, Brazil, Latvia and India.

An IAT International Conference is held annually. In 2008 it was held in Mumbai, India and, in 2009, Hobart, Australia. The "Ronald Salinger" Award is presented to those people who have made a major contribution to the furtherance of trichology, world-wide.

The Trichological Society was founded in September 1999 by an eclectic group of professionals with an interest in hair science, including Trichologists, Lawyers, Surgeons, Chemists, Pharmacists, Medical Practitioners and Academics. Their purpose, to represent hair scientists of the highest calibre worldwide and for the advancement in hair science education - unparalleled by any other organisational body.

The Society lists many of the world's reputable high profile professionals and scientists with a specialist interest in scalp and hair in health, disease and distress. Since 1999 it has attracted students worldwide, largely individuals already possessing higher degrees or PhD's. As the years pass there has been a steady progression of involvement with academic institutions worldwide, who perceive TTS as the most inspiring and academically superior body in the hair-sciences discipline. Countries inviting TTS involvement in building and educational faculty in pure-trichology include South Korea, India and Australia.

External links
 The Institute of Trichologists
 International Association of Trichologists
  The Trichological Society

References

කෙස්
වෛද්‍යවේදය

කේෂ විද්‍යාව


Ernest Martin Hopkins (November 6, 1877 – August 13, 1964) served as the 11th President of Dartmouth College from 1916 to 1945.

Dartmouth Presidency
At the dedication of the Hopkins Center for the Arts in 1962, the speaker, then-Governor of New York Nelson A. Rockefeller, turned to the man for whom the building was named and said, "I came to Dartmouth because of you."

As a young man growing up in New Hampshire, he worked in a granite quarry and decided to attend Dartmouth for his undergraduate education over the stern objections of his father, who had attended Harvard and wanted his son to also attend Harvard. However, after graduating from Worcester Academy in 1896, Hopkins matriculated to Dartmouth. So strong were the impressions he made in Hanover during his student years that then-President William Jewett Tucker employed him as a clerk and supported him with a scholarship during the depression of the 1890s.

A Dartmouth graduate himself (class of 1901), Ernest Martin Hopkins did not fit the typical mold of a college president when he was selected by the Trustees in 1916. He was not an academic, had never held a teaching position and had spent the bulk of his career in the business world. But any doubts about his leadership qualities were quickly dispelled and he showed himself to be a champion of academic freedom in an era when that basic tenet of scholarship was under attack.

The administration of Ernest Martin Hopkins spanned two world wars, and he was called to serve his country on several occasions. In World War I, he was named Assistant Secretary of War for Industrial Relations and served in the Office of Production and Management at the outset of World War II. President Hopkins was the recipient of at least 15 honorary degrees, and, while president of Dartmouth, declined an invitation to serve as president of the University of Chicago in order, according to a 1964 obituary in The New York Times, "to continue development of his ideas of what an undergraduate liberal arts education should encompass." The articulation of these ideas during the Hopkins administration has become an enduring legacy that continues at Dartmouth today.

References

External links

 President of Dartmouth College
 Dartmouth College
 Wheelock Succession

Worcester Academy alumni
Dartmouth College alumni
Presidents of Dartmouth College
1964 deaths
1877 births
People from Mount Desert Island
People from Dunbarton, New Hampshire

Ernest Martin Hopkins


Chitty Chitty Bang Bang is a 1968 British fantasy musical film, loosely based on Ian Fleming's novel Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang: The Magical Car.  The movie's script is by Roald Dahl and Ken Hughes. The songs are by the Sherman Brothers. The song "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang" was nominated for an Academy Award.

The film stars Dick Van Dyke as Caractacus Potts, Sally Ann Howes as Truly Scrumptious, Lionel Jeffries as Grandpa Potts, James Robertson Justice as Lord Scrumptious and Robert Helpmann as the Childcatcher. The film was directed by Ken Hughes. It was produced by Albert R. Broccoli (co-producer of the James Bond series of films, also based on Fleming's novels). John Stears supervised the special effects. Irwin Kostal supervised and conducted the music.  The musical numbers were staged by Marc Breaux and Dee Dee Wood.

Baron Bomburst is the main antagonist in the 1968 film Chitty Chitty Bang Bang. He is a cruel king and a pirate who will stop at nothing to get his hands on the enchanted car. In spite of being so cruel and tyrannical, it is clear that he is also incredibly childish, as shown by his selfish love of toys, his whiny nature, and his determination to get everything he wants. Incidentally, the book Chitty Chitty Bang Bang was written by James Bond's creator Ian Fleming, and both films were produced by Albert R . Broccoli.
He was portrayed by the late Gert Fröbe, who also played the titular villain Auric Goldfinger of the James Bond film.

Baroness Bomburst is a supporting antagonist and hero in the film Chitty Chitty Bang Bang and later the stage musical adaptation. The character was created by screenwriter Roald Dahl and did not appear in the original Ian Fleming novel.

In the 1968 film, she is played by Anna Quayle In the theatrical version in London, she was played by Nichola McAuliffe, Sandra Dickinson, and Louise Gold amongst others, and on Broadway, she was played by Jan Maxwell. On the UK National tour, she has been played by (amongst others) Louise Plowright, Jane Gurnett, Kim Ismay, Tamsin Carroll, Michelle Collins, and Claire Sweeney.

History
First appearing as a gentleman pirate when the Potts and Truly Scrumptious are picnicking on the beach, he reveals a cruel and greedy streak by attempting to steal the enchanted car, and then he orders his men to load cannons, and when The Car floats he wants it even more. But the car escapes much to his disappointment, and seeing that the car is able to float and move like a speedboat on the sea, he sabotages the Potts' home by air and kidnaps Grandfather Potts, mistaking him for the inventor of Chitty.

Later, when the Potts follow Bomburst's airship to his native Vulgaria, they discover how cruelly the Baron treats his subjects. Although it is stated that "the Baroness hates children" and that it is the Baroness who sends for the Child Catcher, it's obvious that the Baron himself hates children as well, and his greed is evident all the more when it is revealed that all the toys made by Vulgaria's toymaker are for him.

Baron Bomburst is last seen when a huge battle occurs in his castle by an ambush lead by Caractacus Potts, Bomburst's loyal servant The Toymaker, the children of the villagers, and Truly Scrumptious. He and his wife cowardly hide from the battle and see lots of children ambush his castle. Wondering where the children are coming from the Bomburst couple summons the Child Catcher but even the Child Catcher is ultimately defeated by the Children and is left hanging from a net in the air. Realizing the Child Catcher is defeated Baroness suggests escaping down a slide. Baron Bomburst at first doesn't like the idea, due to not wanting to get his clothes dirty, but the couple goes down anyway and gets trapped in the Child Catcher's cage-car and the Bomburst couple is defeated. The Villagers help battle the Cavalry and Bomburst gets defeated in the battle. With the Baron and Baroness defeated the Cavalry retreats the battle in terror. Though Vulgaria then becomes a free country, it is completely unknown what happened to the Bomburst couple afterward, but as they did not execute any kid, it is highly likely that they were not executed for their crimes and were either exiled or sent to the very dungeons

Jeremy and Jeremiah Potts got captured by the child catcher, who was disguised as an ice cream man They, along with their father, the toymaker and Truly Scrumptious finally capturing the Child Catcher. Who later appears in the advert or sequel as a minor character  who will later appear in the advert but they don't speak ready to take them back to the Baron Bomburst.

Cast
The cast includes:
 Dick Van Dyke as Caractacus Potts
 Sally Ann Howes as Truly Scrumptious
 Adrian Hall as Jeremy Potts
 Heather Ripley as Jemima Potts
 Lionel Jeffries as Grandpa Potts

Production

Locations
 Scrumptious Sweet Co. factory (exterior) – Kempton Waterworks, Snakey Lane, Hanworth, Middlesex, England. This location now includes a steam museum open to the public.
 Scrumptious Mansion – Heatherden Hall at Pinewood Studios in Iver Heath, Buckinghamshire, England.
 Windmill/Cottage – Cobstone Windmill in Ibstone, near Turville, Buckinghamshire, England.
 Duck Pond – Russell's Water, Oxfordshire, England.
 Train scene – The Longmoor Military Railway.
 Beach – Cap Taillat in St. Tropez, France.
 Bridge (river) where spies attempt to blow up Chitty – Iver Bridge, Iver, Buckinghamshire, England.
 Bridge (railway) where spies kidnap Lord Scrumptious – Ilmer Bridge, Ilmer, Buckinghamshire, England.
 White rock spires in the ocean and lighthouse – The Needles stacks, Isle of Wight, England.
 White cliffs – Beachy Head, East Sussex, England.
 Baron Bomburst's castle – Neuschwanstein Castle, Bavaria, Germany.
 Vulgarian village – Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Germany.

Reception

Box office
The film was the tenth most popular at the US box office in 1969.

Reviews
Film critic Roger Ebert reviewed the film (Chicago Sun-Times, 24 December 1968). He wrote: "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang contains about the best two-hour children's movie you could hope for, with a marvelous magical auto and lots of adventure and a nutty old grandpa and a mean Baron and some funny dances and a couple of [scary] moments."

Film critic and historian Leonard Maltin considered the picture "one big Edsel. He said the movie had a totally forgettable score and some of the shoddiest special effects ever." In 2008, Entertainment Weekly called Helpmann's depiction of the Child Catcher one of the "50 Most Vile Movie Villains."

As of March 2014, the film has a 65% "Fresh" rating (17 of 26 reviews) on Rotten Tomatoes.

List of tracks:

References

Other websites

1960s family movies
1968 fantasy movies
1960s musical movies
British family movies
British fantasy movies
British musical movies
American family movies
American fantasy movies
American musical movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Ken Hughes
Movies set in castles
Movies set in England
Movies set in Europe
Movies set in a fictional  country

Chitty Chitty Bang Bang


A photon sphere or photon circle is an area or region of space where gravity is so strong that photons are forced to travel in orbits, which is also sometimes called the last photon orbit. The radius of the photon sphere, which is also the lower bound for any stable orbit, is, for a Schwarzschild black hole,

where  is the gravitational constant,  is the mass of the black hole,  is the speed of light in vacuum, and  is the Schwarzschild radius (the radius of the event horizon); see below for a derivation of this result.

This equation entails that photon spheres can only exist in the space surrounding an extremely compact object (a black hole or possibly an "ultracompact" neutron star).

The photon sphere is located farther from the center of a black hole than the event horizon. Within a photon sphere, it is possible to imagine a photon that's emitted from the back of one's head, orbiting the black hole, only then to be intercepted by the person's eyes, allowing one to see the back of the head.
For non-rotating black holes, the photon sphere is a sphere of radius 3/2 rs. There are no stable free-fall orbits that exist within or cross the photon sphere. Any free-fall orbit that crosses it from the outside spirals into the black hole. Any orbit that crosses it from the inside escapes to infinity or falls back in and spirals into the black hole. No unaccelerated orbit with a semi-major axis less than this distance is possible, but within the photon sphere, a constant acceleration will allow a spacecraft or probe to hover above the event horizon.

Another property of the photon sphere is centrifugal force (note: not centripetal) reversal. Outside the photon sphere, the faster one orbits, the greater the outward force one feels. Centrifugal force falls to zero at the photon sphere, including non-freefall orbits at any speed, i.e. an object weighs the same no matter how fast it orbits, and becomes negative inside it. Inside the photon sphere, faster orbiting leads to greater weight or inward force. This has serious ramifications for the fluid dynamics of inward fluid flow.

A rotating black hole has two photon spheres. As a black hole rotates, it drags space with it. The photon sphere that is closer to the black hole is moving in the same direction as the rotation, whereas the photon sphere further away is moving against it. The greater the angular velocity of the rotation of a black hole, the greater the distance between the two photon spheres. Since the black hole has an axis of rotation, this only holds true if approaching the black hole in the direction of the equator. In a polar orbit, there is only one photon sphere. This is because when approaching at this angle, the possibility of traveling with or against the rotation does not exist. The rotation will instead cause the orbit to precess.

Derivation for a Schwarzschild black hole
Since a Schwarzschild black hole has spherical symmetry, all possible axes for a circular photon orbit are equivalent, and all circular orbits have the same radius.

This derivation involves using the Schwarzschild metric, given by

For a photon traveling at a constant radius r (i.e. in the φ-coordinate direction), . Since it is a photon,  (a "light-like interval"). We can always rotate the coordinate system such that  is constant,  (e.g., ).

Setting ds, dr and dθ to zero, we have

Re-arranging gives

To proceed, we need the relation . To find it, we use the radial geodesic equation

Non vanishing -connection coefficients are

where .

We treat photon radial geodesics with constant r and , therefore

Substituting it all into the radial geodesic equation (the geodesic equation with the radial coordinate as the dependent variable), we obtain

Comparing it with what was obtained previously, we have

where we have inserted  radians (imagine that the central mass, about which the photon is orbiting, is located at the centre of the coordinate axes. Then, as the photon is travelling along the -coordinate line, for the mass to be located directly in the centre of the photon's orbit, we must have  radians).

Hence, rearranging this final expression gives

which is the result we set out to prove.

Photon orbits around a Kerr black hole

In contrast to a Schwarzschild black hole, a Kerr (spinning) black hole does not have spherical symmetry, but only an axis of symmetry, which has profound consequences for the photon orbits, see e.g. Cramer for details and simulations of photon orbits and photon circles. There are two circular photon orbits in the equatorial plane (prograde and retrograde), with different Boyer–Lindquist radii:

where  is the angular momentum per unit mass of the black hole.
There exist other constant-radius orbits, but they have more complicated paths which oscillate in latitude about the equator.

References

External links
Step by Step into a Black Hole
Virtual Trips to Black Holes and Neutron Stars
Guide to Black Holes
Spherical Photon Orbits Around a Kerr Black Hole

General relativity
Black holes

Photon sphere


An auction is a method by which goods or services can be sold and bought. In an auction, the price of an item is not fixed in advance. People wanting to buy the item say how much they are willing to pay for it. This is called their bid. In each round, the bids are evaluated. If certain criteria are met, the auction is stopped and one bidder will buy the item at the specified price. Alternatively, the auction can continue for another round. If certain conditions are met, the auction will stop, and the item will not be sold. There are different kinds of auctions, with different rules.

Auctions usually happen within a given timeframe. When the time expires, the bid that best matches will win, or the item will not be sold.

There are companies that specialize in doing auctions. These companies will charge fees for doing the auction; they may also get a commission that depends on the price the item is sold at.

Auctions can be done online, or they can be done offline. Sometimes, bids are placed by telephone, or over the internet.

Most common kinds of auction
The most common kinds of auction are:
 English auction: the highest bidder wins. The auction starts at the lowest price the seller is willing to sell at, and the price goes up as long as someone is willing to pay a higher price.
 A Dutch auction goes the other way round: The auction starts at a high price, and goes down until someone is willing to buy. Before the auction, the seller sets the lowest price they'll sell the item for, and if the auction reaches that price without anyone buying, the auction is stopped without selling the item.
 Sealed first-bid auction: All the bids are submitted at the same time, without any of the bidders knowing each other's bids. The bidder with the highest bid wins.
 Vickrey auction (or sealed-bid second-price auction) : This kind of auction works the same as the sealed first-bid auction, but the bidder only pays the second-highest price. This kind of auction is very important in economic theory, but isn't used as much in real life.

The mechanisms why auctions work
Auctions work because of information asymmetry: The seller wants to sell at the highest possible price, and the buyers want to pay as little as possible.But the seller does not know the prices the buyers are willing to pay: Setting a price that is too hight means that there will be no sale, setting a price that is too low means that there will be less profit. Each buyer knows how much he is willing to pay, but does not know the price the other buyers are willing to pay. So buyers influence each other. The theory that models these phenomena is called auction theory. It is based on game theory and microeconomics.

Commerce

Auction


Hyperacusis is a hearing health problem where people become more sensitive to some sounds for certain frequencies and volumes. This can make everyday sounds such as a car, dishwasher or refrigerator sound very loud. It is usually very difficult to tolerate and can be uncomfortable or even painful for people experiencing it.

Symptoms
The increasing sensitivity of the ears caused by hyperacusis is usually painful for many people. Not only can it negatively effect the everyday lives of people experiencing it, it can for some make it very difficult and even not possible to do their everyday jobs and take care of their responsibilities. There are many symptoms experienced by those with hyperacusis.
Annoyance or pain caused by noise that sounds normal to other people. Often quiet sounds are not a problem whereas normal conversations can be too loud
Low sounds can still be too loud
Dizziness and nausea from loud sounds
Tinnitus affects a large portion - up to 89% - of those experiencing hyperacusis. Loud sounds can make tinnitus for these people worse

Causes
Similarly to other hearing problems, hyperacusis can occur suddenly or gradually over time and is a problem that can affect people of all different ages in one or both ears. Again, like other forms of hearing problems, there are a variety of possible causes ranging from exposure to noise and other diseases.
Extremely loud one-time sounds such as an explosion
Head injury or damage such as caused by a fall or slap
Long periods of exposure to loud sound
Ear surgery and other medical procedures
Diseases such as lyme disease and some medications

Although these are the main causes of hyeracusis and can be seen as causes related to most hearing problems, there are other less common, possible causes such as post-traumatic stress disorder.

Treatment
Hyperacusis cannot always be fully cured, but for most patients the symptoms get better with time and treatment. Patients will need to learn to use hearing protection against sounds which are very loud, but to not use these in everyday situations. Protecting the ears too much will make the symptoms worse instead of better.
Sound therapy is a popular form of treatment that is usually used to treat tinnitus. It involves using a noise-generator to put sound into the ears at a soft level for periods of time throughout the day in order to build tolerance to the pain caused by hyperacusis and to make the ears hear in a normal way again.
Wear hearing protection in spaces with loud sounds to avoid pain
Short term medication
Counseling to better understand Hyperacusis and to learn not to overprotect the ears.

Hearing problems

Hyperacusis


Hyperglycemia is high blood sugar levels at or beyond 200 mg/dl. It can be a serious and life threatening health problem that can be fatal if not properly treated in time.

In a healthy body, insulin helps glucose (sugar) get from the blood into the body's cells.  There, the cells can use the sugar to make energy.  However, when there is not enough insulin in the body, or if a person's body does not react to insulin normally (this is called insulin resistance), too much sugar stays in the blood.  This can cause serious health problems.

Extremely high blood sugar means diabetes mellitus, a condition that often causes very high blood sugar. Hyperglycemia that comes and goes may mean diabetes of any kind, or may be developing under low insulin levels or resistance to insulin.

Symptoms

Early Signs
Three of the early signs of hyperglycemia are "the 3 polys": polydipsia (feeling very thirsty), polyphagia (feeling very hungry), and polyuria (urinating a lot).  These things happen because:
 The body senses that its cells are not getting enough sugar.  The body triggers hunger, because eating is usually how people get sugar.  This causes polyphagia.
 The body senses that there is too much sugar in the blood, and tries to urinate out the extra sugar.  This causes polyuria.
 Because the person is urinating so much, they get dehydrated easily and get very thirsty (polydipsia).
Other early signs of high blood sugar include blurred vision, headache, and feeling tired.

Late Signs
If hyperglycemia gets worse or is not treated, it can cause toxic acids called ketones to build up in the blood and urine.  This is called diabetic ketoacidosis, which is a medical emergency.

Symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis can include:
 Confusion, seizures, or coma
 Difficulty breathing with fruity-smelling breath ("ketone breath" - caused by the body trying to blow off the toxic ketones through breathing out)
 Weakness
 Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain

References

Blood disorders

Hyperglycemia


Holism  is the idea that natural systems (physical, biological, chemical, social, economic, mental, linguistic, etc.) and their properties, should be viewed as wholes, not as collections of parts. This often includes the view that systems somehow function as wholes and that their functioning cannot be fully understood solely in terms of their component parts.

Reductionism is often viewed as the opposite of holism. Reductionism in science says that a complex system can be explained by reduction to its fundamental parts. For example, the processes of biology are reducible to chemistry and the laws of chemistry are explained by physics.

Social scientist and physician Nicholas A. Christakis explains that "for the last few centuries, the Cartesian project in science has been to break matter down into ever smaller bits, in the pursuit of understanding. And this works, to some extent...but putting things back together in order to understand them is harder, and typically comes later in the development of a scientist or in the development of science".

Related pages
Gestalt psychology
Interdisciplinarity
Theory of everything

References

Philosophical movements and positions

Holism


Edward Biberman (October 23, 1904 – January 27, 1986) was an American artist active in the mid-twentieth century. His work ranged from stylised portraits to history-inspired murals, and drew on the emerging urban landscapes of southern California, and on current events such as the Great Depression, the Second World War, and labour unrest.

Life and career

Biberman was born into a prosperous Philadelphia family of Russian Jewish immigrants, and studied economics at the Wharton School. His later studies at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, followed by three years in Paris, led to his decision to become a full-time artist. He lived in New York City from 1929 to 1936, where he came into contact with the Mexican muralists Diego Rivera, David Alfaro Siqueiros and José Clemente Orozco; thanks to their influence, Biberman became a champion of public murals. In 1930, he was named one of the "46 Under 35" younger artists featured in a Museum of Modern Art exhibition.

In 1931, he lived for the summer in a Navajo settlement at Monument Valley, where his work focused on both the Navajo people and on their desert surroundings. His experiences there inspired in him a love of the southwestern United States. Following his arrival in Los Angeles in 1936, the city which would inspire some of his best-known work, he decided to move there permanently. By 1940, the Spring Street lobby of the newly constructed U.S. Post Office and Courthouse in downtown Los Angeles featured the federally commissioned mural Los Angeles Prehistoric Spanish Colonial, by Biberman. In 1965, when the Post Office was moved and the Courthouse remodeled, all murals were removed and placed in storage. Fortunately, Los Angeles Prehistoric Spanish Colonial was returned to the building's Spring Street lobby in 2003.

Ironically, this is the same Courthouse in which The House Un-American Activities Committee held the first of the infamous Hollywood Blacklist hearings. As a result of refusing to cooperate with the committee, his brother, Herbert Biberman, a screenwriter and director, and nine others were accused of contempt of congress. They became known as the Hollywood Ten. Ultimately, both of the Biberman brothers, their wives, and other members of their circle were accused of being Communists during the course of the HUAC hearings. Though initially popular for the clean lines and crisp colours of his work, his career never recovered from the blow it received during this time. Despite this, he lived in Los Angeles for the rest of his life.

Preceding Biberman's move to California, the artist became intrigued by the allure of the Southwest desert. In the early 1930s he acquainted himself with Georgia O'Keeffe and John Marin. Like O'Keeffe, Biberman painters modified realist painting by applying a modernist aesthetic. After moving to Los Angeles, Biberman became an essential part of the mid-century Los Angeles art scene. He often painted the figure as a way of addressing issues of race, immigration, labor, and ensuing social inequality around the world. His painting of The Biafran Child has become a symbol for the future of our children lest we mend our ways and was under consideration for a commemorative stamp for the benefit of the homeless children of Haiti.

Biberman wrote two books about his paintings, The Best Untold and Time and Circumstance. From 1938 to 1950, he taught at the Art Center School in Los Angeles, California (now known as Art Center College of Design in Pasadena,) and lectured widely on art subjects for the University Extension of UCLA. In the 1960s, Biberman hosted television programs on art, including Dialogues in Art from 1967 to 1968.

Biberman was married for 51 years to Sonja Dahl Biberman (1910–2007), an artist in her own right. His great-nephew is Jeremy Strick, the director of the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles. Edward Biberman died of cancer in 1986.

Exhibitions and awards

Over the course of his career, Biberman exhibited his works at more than 35 solo exhibitions in Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Chicago, Paris, Berlin, and California. His works were also displayed at the American Artists' Congress (1936), the San Francisco Art Association (1937), the Golden Gate International Exposition (1939), the California Art Club (1943), and the Whitney Museum (1953). His never before seen painting entitled "The Biafran Child" is under consideration as a stamp for the benefit of the homeless children of Haiti and is to be housed at the original Hospital Albert Schweitzer, at Lambaréné in Gabon, Africa. The donation is to remain unnamed.
His paintings are now to be found in the permanent collections of the Museum of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, and the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Texas. His life-size portraits of singer Lena Horne and author Dashiell Hammett form part of the Smithsonian's National Portrait Gallery.  Among his awards are the Lambert Fund Purchase Prize.

References

External links
Edward Biberman Biography
DVD of Documentary about Edward Biberman: Brush with Life: The Art of Being Edward Biberman
Brush with Life: The Art of Being Edward Biberman on the Internet Movie Database
Locations of Biberman's works
Sonja and Edward (Interview with Biberman's wife)
Edward Biberman papers, 1929-1985 from the Smithsonian Archives of American Art
Oral history interview with Edward Biberman, 1964 Apr. 15 also from the Archives of American Art
Interview of Edward Biberman, part of Los Angeles Art Community - Group Portrait interview series, Center for Oral History Research, UCLA Library Special Collections, University of California, Los Angeles.

20th-century American painters
American male painters
Modern painters
Jewish American artists
Painters from Philadelphia
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
1904 births
1986 deaths
Art Center College of Design faculty
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts alumni
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni
American muralists
Painters from Los Angeles
Deaths from cancer in California
Section of Painting and Sculpture artists
20th-century American Jews
20th-century American male artists

Edward Biberman


Sturgeon Lake is a lake in the Kawartha Lakes region of Ontario, Canada. It is part of the Trent-Severn Waterway. The lake is Y shaped and has the communities of Fenelon Falls, Lindsay, Sturgeon Point and Bobcaygeon at the north-west, south, central and north-east points of the Y respectively. The lake is approximately  from the southern to the north-eastern extremes, the longer axis.

Inflow and Outflow

The Scugog River flows into the lake at the southern apex.  Cameron Lake also flows into this lake, via the Fenelon River at the north-western extreme. Emily Creek empties into the lake at the middle south.

The lake outflow is through the Big Bob and Little Bob channels of the Bobcaygeon River at the north-east of the lake.

Fish species

Game fish species include large and small mouth bass, muskie, and walleye.

See also
List of lakes in Ontario

Sources

Atlas of Canada topographic maps 31D7 and 31D10 retrieved 2007-11-06

Lakes of Kawartha Lakes

Sturgeon Lake (Ontario)


Dictionary of Women Artists is a two-volume dictionary of 600 women artists born before 1945, going back to the Middle Ages. It was edited by Delia Gaze with 23 advisors and over 100 contributors. Gaze is a writer for the Oxford DNB and wrote several biographies that were released in the 2004 edition of the ODNB.

The book is widely cited as a reference for Western women artists and has a disclaimer that it is biased towards Western artists because of the constraints imposed on the selection. The book includes a list of artists in alphabetical order and chronological order and a bibliography of sources. Preceding the biographies is a series of "introductory surveys", a product of a somewhat dated notion in gender studies that women can be grouped into categories. There are many women artists mentioned in the surveys whose biography was not included, because there was not enough documented material to fulfill the inclusion criteria. The work was meant as a follow-up to a previous reference work including 21,000 women painters, sculptors, printmakers, and illustrators by Chris Petteys, the Dictionary of Women Artists: An International Dictionary of Women Artists Born Before 1900, published in 1985. The problem with that work is that the more well-documented women were included with countless "one-liners".

In 2001 Gaze produced a new "Concise" edition with a smaller selection in a single volume.

References

External links
 Book review in Publishers Weekly

1990s books
Biographical dictionaries of women
Books about women
Art and architecture dictionaries
Art history books
Biographies about artists
Women artists

Dictionary of Women Artists