Norwest Corporation was a banking and financial services company based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. In 1998, it merged with Wells Fargo & Co. and since that time has operated under the Wells Fargo name.

History

Early formation
The earliest roots of the company are with the Northwestern National Bank established in Minneapolis in 1872. Early Minneapolis business and political leaders Dorilus Morrison and Henry T. Welles were the bank's first two presidents. Initially the bank was heavily supported by the Northern Pacific Railroad, but as the city and region grew the bank's deposits and assets grew in kind. Between 1872 and 1892 the bank's deposits increased from $50,000 to $3 million. Between 1892 and 1902 deposits more than tripled to more than $10 million.

Great Depression and Banco
During the generally prosperous 1920s, the nation's agricultural sector did not share in the good times. Many smaller banks that had overextended credit to farmers ran into serious trouble. In the Upper Midwest alone, 1,500 banks became insolvent from 1920 to 1929. It was with this backdrop that in early 1929, just months before the stock market crash, two banking associations were formed in the Twin Cities of Minnesota: Northwest Bancorporation and the First Bank Stock Corporation (later known as First Bank System and then U.S. Bancorp).

Northwest, known more simply as "Banco", was a banking cooperative anchored by Northwestern National Bank in Minneapolis.  Banco acquired stock in the affiliated banks and served as a mutual protection association. Another 90 banks joined Banco in its first year of operation, and by 1932 there were 139 affiliates.

During the Great Depression, numerous additional banks failed.  In 1932, 700 Upper Midwestern banks failed.  None of the Banco members went under – and no depositor lost any savings – because the group was able to move liquidity around the system and in some cases, inject new capital into troubled banks. The number of members did decline, however, as some units in the group merged while others were sold off. Membership fell to 83 by 1940, then to 70 by 1952.

One of Banco's strategic advantages in the long run was its ability to operate in multiple states. The McFadden Act of 1927 had prohibited banks from operating branches across state lines. Banco was one of three major banks (the others being First Bank System and First Interstate Bancorp) that was allowed to conduct interstate banking under a grandfather clause in the 1927 act. This advantage was tempered somewhat by the emergence of bank holding companies in the late 1960s, but under the holding company arrangement, a subsidiary bank in one state was a separate entity from a subsidiary bank in another state.

1970s
Prior to the 1970s, Banco's affiliated members were largely autonomous. But during that decade, Banco began adopting a more unified structure in terms of systemwide planning, marketing, data processing, funds management, and loan syndication. By the end of the decade, Banco consisted of 85 affiliates in seven states: Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, and Montana. Total assets had reached $11 billion, ranking Banco as the 20th largest banking company in the United States. Banco was also active on the international banking scene through its lead bank, Northwestern National, which controlled Canadian American Bank, a merchant bank with offices in Winnipeg, London, Nassau, and Luxembourg.

1980s, and restructuring into Norwest
Banco was beset by a series of major setbacks in the early 1980s. The troubles actually began in late 1979 when Richard H. Vaughan, the president and CEO, was electrocuted by a wire that had fallen during a storm. This set off a management crisis. Chester Lind stepped in as a caretaker leader until a more permanent successor could be found. In October 1981 John W. Morrison was named chairman and CEO.

The new leader began centralizing the still loosely knit confederation into a more traditional bank holding company. In 1982 the 80-odd affiliates began to be grouped into eight regions reporting to a corporate vice-chairman. Plans were also laid to unify all the affiliates and Banco itself under a new name. The change occurred in 1983, when Northwest Bancorporation became Norwest Corporation. Tellingly, the new name did not include 'bank' or some variant thereof because Morrison aimed to reposition Norwest as a diversified financial services company.  He'd taken steps in this direction a year earlier, when he engineered the acquisition of Dial Corporation (not to be confused with the consumer products company of the same name) in September 1982 for $252 million. Based in Des Moines, Iowa, Dial had more than 460 offices in 38 states offering consumer loans for everything from cars to sailboats. It was considered one of the top consumer finance firms in the country and had a $1 billion consumer loan operation. Dial was renamed Norwest Financial Services Inc. in 1983.

While these restructuring initiatives were being carried out, the bank suffered another blow during the 1982 Thanksgiving weekend when a Thanksgiving Day fire destroyed the downtown Minneapolis headquarters. Norwest immediately announced plans to build a modern 774-foot tower, the Norwest Center, as its replacement.  However, until the Norwest Center opened in 1988, corporate staff was scattered around 26 different sites in the city, leading to numerous logistical difficulties.

Meanwhile, with the farm economy going into a tailspin starting in 1981, Norwest began feeling the effects of its heavy farm loan portfolio--$1.2 billion, or seven percent of its overall loan portfolio. Norwest had another $1.2 billion in loans in foreign markets, which caused additional problems in the early 1980s as Norwest, like most U.S. banks, had made many bad loans overseas. As a result, Norwest saw its non-performing loans increase 500 percent from 1983 to 1984, to more than $500 million. Further trouble came from the bank's mortgage unit, Norwest Mortgage Inc., which had been quickly built into the second largest holder of mortgages in the United States. In the summer of 1984, Norwest Mortgage lost nearly $100 million from an unsuccessful effort to hedge its mounting interest-rate risk on adjustable-rate mortgages. The loan losses and the mortgage debacle led to a drop in net income from $125.2 million in 1983 to $69.5 million in 1984.

In August 1984 the head of Norwest Mortgage was fired because of the hedging losses. By early 1995 substantial portions of Norwest Mortgage were divested, including operations involved in servicing mortgages and buying mortgages from other lenders for resale. The unit now focused strictly on originating mortgages. In the wake of Norwest's poor performance in 1984, Morrison resigned and was replaced by Lloyd P. Johnson, former vice-chairman of Security Pacific Corp. Johnson soon brought on board Richard M. Kovacevich, who was hired away from Citicorp to become vice-chairman and CEO of Norwest's banking group in early 1986 (he was named to the additional posts of president and COO of Norwest Corp. in January 1989). The new managers began slashing away at Norwest's bloated bureaucracy. They drastically curtailed the bank's agricultural and international loan portfolios, the former being reduced to $400 million by early 1989, the latter to $10 million. By December 1988, the nonperforming loan total stood at just $150 million. To help prevent future calamities, Norwest instituted tighter lending criteria.

On the banking side, Kovacevich continued the process of standardizing the operating methods of the various Norwest banks, increased marketing efforts, and expanded the services offered. He also began seeking acquisitions, particularly aiming to bolster Norwest's presence in key cities; in 1986, for example, Norwest acquired Toy National Bank of Sioux City, Iowa, which had assets of $145 million. At the same time came the pruning of some rural operations, including eight banks in southern Minnesota and seven branches in South Dakota. Later in the decade, opportunities to expand outside the group's traditional seven-state banking region began to arise as the barriers to interstate banking began to be dismantled. In 1988 Norwest entered rapidly growing Arizona for the first time through the purchase of a small bank near Phoenix. Norwest ended the 1980s fully recovered from its early-decade travails and ranking as one of the nation's most profitable regional banking companies and the 30th largest bank overall, with assets in excess of $25 billion. Net income stood at $237 million for 1989.

1990s
Acquisitions continued in the early 1990s. By early 1991 Norwest had 291 bank branches in 11 states, having moved into Indiana, Illinois, and Wyoming. In April 1990 Norwest paid $173 million for Sheboygan-based First Interstate of Wisconsin (formerly Citizen's Bank of Sheboygan), a $2 billion concern. Also acquired was a troubled "savings and loan" in Norwest's home state, First Minnesota Savings Bank. The largest purchase yet came in 1992 when Norwest paid about $420 million in stock for United Banks of Colorado Inc., a bank based in Denver with total assets of $6.3 billion. Norwest Financial grew through acquisition as well, with the 1992 purchase of Trans Canada Credit, the second largest consumer finance firm in Canada. By the end of 1992 Norwest had total assets of $44.56 billion, more than double the figure of 1988. At the beginning of 1993, Johnson handed over his CEO position to Kovacevich.

Expansion of the banking operation into New Mexico and Texas came in 1993 through the acquisition of First United Bank Group Inc. of Albuquerque for about $490 million. First United had assets of $3.8 billion. Also in 1993, Norwest became the 4th-largest bank in Arizona by acquiring the Arizona operations of Citicorp (formerly United Bank of Arizona and Great Western Bank & Trust). Between January 1994 and June 1995, Norwest made an additional 25 acquisitions, including several in Texas, making it the most active acquirer among bank holding companies. In 1995 Norwest Mortgage became the nation's leading originator of home mortgages following the acquisition of Directors Mortgage Loan Corp., a Riverside, California-based lender with a residential mortgage portfolio of $13.1 billion.

The following year Norwest Mortgage became the biggest home-mortgage servicer as well through the $600 million purchase of the bulk of the mortgage unit of the Prudential Insurance Co. of America, otherwise known as Prudential Home Mortgage. Prudential's high-quality loan portfolio and technology was key to this acquisition.

Meanwhile, in May 1996, Norwest Financial completed the purchase of $1 billion-asset ITT Island Finance, a consumer finance company based in San Juan, Puerto Rico. About one-quarter of Norwest Corp.'s earnings were generated by Norwest Financial in the mid-1990s, with another 12 percent coming from Norwest Mortgage. The traditional community banking operations—which extended to 16 states by 1995—counted for only about 37 percent of the total. By year-end 1995, Norwest had total assets of $72.13 billion, making it the 13th largest bank holding company in the nation. Net income, which was nearing the $1 billion mark, had grown at a compounded annual rate of 25 percent over the previous eight years.

One of the keys to Norwest's success in the retail banking sector following the arrival of Kovacevich was the emphasis on relationship banking. His focus was on smaller customers, checking account depositors and small businesses, and he aimed to build relationships with them that would lead to cross-selling of other financial services – an auto loan, a mortgage, insurance, a mutual fund, and so on. To do so required the maintenance of an extensive network of bank branches staffed by well-trained tellers and bankers.

This ran counter to the mid-1990s trend in the industry away from expensive branch banking and toward impersonal ATMs and Internet banking – the latter of course making cross-selling difficult. It was also in this cross-selling that the main units of Norwest – the retail bank, the finance company, and the mortgage company – fit and worked together. Another key to Norwest's success was its focus on these three key areas; although it did have other operations, such as a successful venture capital unit, the bank was not moving into such areas as investment banking, unlike numerous other banks, and it was not attempting to compete with large New York City securities firms.

Acquisition of Wells Fargo
By the end of 1994, Norwest had become the 11th largest bank in the United States with total assets of $88.54 billion. With a branch network covering 16 states, Norwest had the largest contiguous bank franchise in the nation. Its strongest markets were in Minnesota, Texas, Colorado, and Iowa. Having only entered Texas in 1993, Norwest had built up a $10 billion presence there by buying 33 banks. Norwest Mortgage was national in scope, while Norwest Financial covered 49 states, along with additional operations in Guam, Saipan, Canada, the Caribbean, and Central America. Net income had reached $1.35 billion by 1994. Norwest had grown into this position of strength without completing any of the blockbuster mergers that shook up the banking industry in the 1990s, but in June 1998 the bank announced the pending merger with San Francisco-based Wells Fargo & Company in a stock swap worth $34 billion. Although Norwest was the nominal survivor, the merged company took the better-known Wells Fargo name and moved its headquarters to San Francisco. Norwest Bank, NA merged into Wells Fargo Bank, NA as the merged bank's legal banking entity. The merged company claims legacy Wells Fargo's history (dating to 1852) as its own, and also adopted legacy Wells Fargo's ticker symbol, WFC. However, it retains Norwest's pre-1998 stock price history and corporate structure, and all pre-1998 SEC filings are under Norwest, not Wells Fargo. former Wells Fargo stockholders held 52.5 percent of the newly combined company and former Norwest stockholders held 47.5 percent. Paul Hazen, chairman and CEO of Wells Fargo, become chairman of the merged bank, while Richard M. Kovacevich, chairman and CEO of Norwest, become president and CEO of the new organization. The merger was completed in November 1998.

Weatherball

In 1949, Northwestern National Bank constructed a 157-foot high weatherball, designed by Douglas Leigh, atop its headquarters building in downtown Minneapolis. The NNB weatherball became such an icon that the bank even incorporated it into its advertising and logo for a time.  After the 1982 Minneapolis Thanksgiving Day Fire and before the building was demolished, the bank's weatherball was dismantled and stored at the Minnesota State Fairgrounds. The weatherball was never restored and, in 2000, it was scrapped.

The Northwestern National Bank Weatherball jingle:

"When the Weatherball is glowing red, warmer weather's just ahead.

When the Weatherball is shining white, colder weather is in sight.

When the Weatherball is wearing green, no weather changes are foreseen.

Colors blinking by night and day say, precipitation's on the way."

References

External links

American companies established in 1929
Banks established in 1929
Banks disestablished in 1998
Wells Fargo legacy banks
Banks based in Minnesota
Defunct banks of the United States
Defunct companies based in Minneapolis
1929 establishments in Minnesota
1998 disestablishments in Minnesota
1998 mergers and acquisitions

Norwest Corporation


Heathrow Connect was a train service in London that ran between Paddington station and Heathrow Airport. It was provided by the Heathrow Express company together with First Great Western. The first train ran on 12 June 2005.

The Heathrow Connect service ran every half-hour throughout the day and evening from Monday to Saturday and every hour on Sunday. It followed the same route as the Heathrow Express service, but while Heathrow Express ran non-stop between Paddington and the airport, Heathrow Connect stopped at some stations in between. Altogether, there were eight stations at which Heathrow Connect trains stopped, so the train could connect places in west London with each other, the airport, and Central London. The trains used on the line were five Class 360s made by Siemens.

On 20 May 2018 TfL Rail took over operation of the Heathrow Connect service.

Rail transport in London
British train operating companies

Heathrow Connect


Eminent Victorians is a book by Lytton Strachey (one of the older members of the Bloomsbury Group), first published in 1918, and consisting of biographies of four leading figures from the Victorian era. Its fame rests on the irreverence and wit Strachey brought to bear on three men and a woman who had, until then, been regarded as heroes: Cardinal Manning, Florence Nightingale, Thomas Arnold and General Charles Gordon. While Nightingale is actually praised and her reputation enhanced, the book shows its other subjects in a less-than-flattering light, for instance, the intrigues of Cardinal Manning against Cardinal Newman.

The book made Strachey's name and placed him firmly in the top rank of biographers.

Background
Strachey developed the idea for Eminent Victorians in 1912, when he was living on occasional journalism and writing dilettante plays and verse for his Bloomsbury friends.  He went to live in the country at East Ilsley and started work on a book then called Victorian Silhouettes, containing miniature biographies of a dozen notable Victorian personalities. In November 1912, he wrote to Virginia Woolf that their Victorian predecessors "seem to me a set of mouth bungled hypocrites". After his research into the life of Cardinal Manning, he realised he would have difficulty managing twelve lives. In the following year he moved to Wiltshire, where he stayed until 1915, by which time he had completed half the book. One of the subjects he considered but rejected was Isabella Beeton. He chose not to write about her because he could not find sufficient relevant material.

By then it was wartime, and Strachey's anti-war and anti-conscription activities were taking up his time. He hardened his views and concluded that the Victorian worthies had not just been hypocrites, but that they had bequeathed to his generation the "profoundly evil" system, "by which it is sought to settle international disputes by force".

By 1917, the work was ready for publication and Strachey was put in touch with Geoffrey Whitworth at Chatto & Windus. The critic Frank Arthur Swinnerton was taken with the work and it was published on 9 May 1918, with almost uniformly enthusiastic reviews.

Summary
Each of the lives is very different from the others, although there are common threads, for example, the recurrent appearance of William Ewart Gladstone and Arthur Hugh Clough. Each story is set against a specific background.

In Cardinal Manning's story, the background is the creation of the Oxford Movement and the defection of an influential group of Church of England clergy to the Catholic Church. That is covered in depth to explain the Movement and its main protagonists, particularly Manning's hostile relationship with John Henry Newman. Strachey is critical of Manning's underhand manipulations in attempting to prevent Newman being made a Cardinal.

The background features of Florence Nightingale's story are the machinations of the War Office, and the obtuseness of the military and politicians. Influenced by Sigmund Freud, Strachey depicts Florence Nightingale as an intense, driven woman who is both personally intolerable and admirable in her achievements.

Dr Arnold is hailed as an exemplar who established the Public School system. Strachey describes that as an education based on chapel and the classics, with a prefectorial system to maintain order. He points out that it was not Arnold who was responsible for the obsession with sport, but does make it clear that Arnold was at fault in ignoring the sciences. Although Arnold was revered at the time, Strachey sees his approach as very damaging in retrospect. Strachey also mocks Arnold's efforts at moral improvement of the general public, for example his unsuccessful weekly newspaper.

The story of Gordon is that of a maverick soldier and adventurer, whose original military achievements in China would have been forgotten. He was a mercenary who got into and out of conflicts on behalf of various dubious governments, but much of his experience was in the Sudan. The final disaster was when the Egyptian occupation of Sudan was almost completely overthrown by fundamentalist rebels, and someone was needed to retrieve the situation in Khartoum. The job fell to Gordon, whose instincts were to do anything but withdraw, and he became embroiled in a siege. The British government was put in an almost impossible dilemma, and when eventually they did send a relief expedition it arrived just two days too late. Strachey based Gordon's story on his diaries and letters to give an account of a strong individual almost at odds with the world.

Critical reception
On 21 May 1918, Bertrand Russell wrote to Gladys Rinder from Brixton Prison, in which he was imprisoned for his anti-war campaigning:
It is brilliant, delicious, exquisitely civilized. I enjoyed as much as any the Gordon, which alone was quite new to me. I often laughed out loud in my cell while I was reading the book. The warder came to my cell to remind me that prison was a place of punishment.

The American critic Edmund Wilson wrote in the New Republic of 21 September 1932, not long after Strachey's death: "Lytton Strachey's chief mission, of course, was to take down once and for all the pretensions of the Victorian age to moral superiority ... neither the Americans nor the English have ever, since Eminent Victorians appeared, been able to feel quite the same about the legends that had dominated their pasts. Something had been punctured for good."

Significance
With the publication of Eminent Victorians, Lytton Strachey set out to breathe life into the Victorian era for future generations to read. Up until that point, as Strachey remarked in the preface, Victorian biographies had been "as familiar as the cortège of the undertaker, and wear the same air of slow, funereal barbarism." Strachey defied the tradition of "two fat volumes ... of undigested masses of material", and took aim at the four venerated figures.

British Labour politician Roy Hattersley wrote: "Lytton Strachey's elegant, energetic character assassinations destroyed for ever the pretensions of the Victorian age to moral supremacy.".

References

Further reading

External links

 Various imprints and editions of the book at archive.org
 Lincoln Allison (Reader in Politics, University of Warwick) Colourful Eminence – Lytton Strachey's Eminent Victorians: a Retrospective Review Social Affairs Unit Web Review, July 2005

1918 non-fiction books
British biographies
English-language books
Chatto & Windus books
Bloomsbury Group publications

Eminent Victorians


The Royal School, Hampstead, was an independent girls' day and boarding school located in Hampstead, London, England. The school was founded in 1855 by Queen Victoria and for 157 years educated girls aged 3–18. The school had 2 longstanding royal patrons: the first was Queen Victoria for 70 years, and the second Princess Alexandra who retired in 2005 after 50 years of service. The succeeding patron was Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall. In 2011, the school merged with North Bridge House School at the end of the academic year (2011/12) under the management of Cognita.

The GCSE pass rate, in 2008, was 99%, with 89% of pupils gaining A* to C grades and a third achieving either A* or A grades.

The school site is now used as a senior campus of North Bridge House School.

History

The Royal School was founded in 1855 by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert as the Soldiers' Infant Home before becoming the Royal Soldiers' Daughters' School. It was the first school established "to nurse, board, clothe and educate the female children, orphans or not, of soldiers in Her Majesty's Army killed in the Crimean War". The school has a memorial site in the Hampstead Cemetery on Holly Walk to the daughters family members who were lost in the war. The school site was redeveloped in the 1970s after a fire destroyed much of the beautiful architecture. The land was divided and sold to refund the rebuild of the school - into the modern complex seen today on Vane Close. The last patron of the school was Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall. The Duchess visited the school, on 25 February 2009, to thank them for their fund raising activities for her charity, the National Osteoporosis Society.

Notable alumnae

Harriet Dart, tennis player
Tulip Siddiq, Labour MP for Hampstead and Kilburn

References

External links
 Official site

Further reading
 The Story Of The Royal School, Hampstead: 1855 to 2012 by Sarah Harper Rasmussen

Defunct schools in the London Borough of Camden
Educational institutions established in 1855
Organisations based in London with royal patronage
1855 establishments in England
Educational institutions disestablished in 2012
2012 disestablishments in England
Schools in Hampstead
Buildings and structures in Hampstead

The Royal School, Hampstead


The rotifers are a phylum of tiny animals which are common in freshwater environments, such as ponds and puddles. Some rotifers are free swimming, others move by inching along, and some are fixed. A few species live in colonies.

History and taxonomy
Rotifers were first described when early microscopes became available, around 1700AD. They are an important part of the freshwater zooplankton. Also, many species help decompose organic matter in soil. Rotifers eat fish waste, dead bacteria, and algae. They eat particles up to 10 micrometres in size. A rotifer filters 100,000 times its own volume of water per hour. They are used in fish tanks to help clean the water, to prevent clouds of waste matter.

About 2200 species of rotifers have been described. They are placed in the phylum Rotifera. This phylum is subdivided into three classes, Monogononta, Bdelloidea, and Seisonidea. The largest group is the Monogononta, with about 1500 species, followed by the Bdelloidea, with about 350 species. There are only two known species of Seisonidea.

Fossils of the species Habrotrocha angusticollis have been found in 6000 year old Pleistocene peat deposits. The oldest known fossil rotifers have been found in Eocene Dominican amber.

Appearance

The front has a ring of cilia circling the mouth. This gave the rotifers their old name of "wheel animalules". There is a protective lorica round its body, and a foot. Inside the lorica are the usual organs in miniturised form: a brain, an eye-spot, jaws, stomach, kidneys, urinary bladder.

Rotifers have a number of unusual features. Biologists suppose that these peculiarities are adaptations to their small size and the transient (fast changing) nature of its habitats.

Resisting drought
Rotifers are specialists at living in habitats where water dries up regularly.

The Monogononta, which have males, produce fertilised 'resting eggs' which can resist desiccation (drought) for long periods.

The Bdelloids, who have no males, contract into an inert form and lose almost all body water, a process known as cryptobiosis. Bdelloids can also survive the dry state for long periods: the longest well-documented dormancy is nine years. After they have dried, they may be revived by adding water. In this, and several other ways, they are a unique group of animals.

Cell number

Rotifers are hatched with a standard number of cell nuclei, exactly the same number for every rotifer in a species. This is called eutely. No cell division whatsoever takes place during adult life. Not only that, but the number of nuclei in each tissue is constant. Furthermore, most of the nuclei do not have cell walls: rotifer tissue is largely or wholly a syncytium.

Resisting radiation
The absence of cell division is probably one reason they are extraordinarily resistant to ionising radiation. Also, repairing DNA is one of the things they are known to do after desiccation.

Bdelloid rotifers

Parthenogenesis
In one of the classes, the freshwater Bdelloid rotifers, no males have ever been seen. It is the largest group of wholly parthenogenetic species in the Animalia.

The females in this group produce eggs by parthenogenesis (virgin birth). In some species these eggs develop into small juveniles before they are released from their parent. The offspring are clones of their mother.

Cytological and molecular genetic studies show that bdelloids evolved from a common ancestor which lost sexual recombination (meiosis and fertilisation) about 100 million years ago. Research has also been done on the implications of parthenogenesis for speciation.

Genetics
Bdelloid rotifer genomes contain two or more non-identical copies of each gene. This suggests their asexual reproduction is of long standing. For example, there are four copies of gene hsp82. Each is different and on a different chromosome. This cannot be explaned by normal gene duplication, which produces two or more near-identical genes next to each other. By contrast, in a monogont rotifer, most genes were single-copy.

There are genes in bdelloid rotifers that seem to have come from bacteria, fungi, and plants. This suggests they arrived by horizontal gene transfer (HGT). The capture and use of exogenous (~foreign)  genes seems to be important in bdelloid evolution. The team led by Matthew S. Meselson at Harvard University showed that, despite the lack of sexual reproduction, bdelloid rotifers do engage in genetic (DNA) transfer within a species or clade. The method used is not known at present. Bdelloid rotifers currently hold the 'record' for HGT in animals with ~8% of their genes from bacterial origins.

The Acanthocephala
The Acanthocephala, a group of parasitic worms previously considered to be a separate phylum, have been shown to be modified rotifers. The exact relationship to the normal, freeliving, members of the phylum is not resolved.

Rotifer web sites
 Microscopy UK Gallery of Rotifers
 Live birth
 Micrographia.com Rotifer guide
 Wheelbase

References

Extremophiles
Horizontal gene transfer

Rotifer


The Madonna and Child or The Virgin and Child is often the name of a work of art which shows the Virgin Mary and the Child Jesus. The word Madonna means "My Lady" in Italian. Artworks of the Christ Child and his mother Mary are part of the Roman Catholic tradition in many parts of the world including Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, South America, Switzerland, and the Philippines. Paintings known as icons are also an important tradition of the Orthodox Church and often show the Mary and the Christ Child. They are found particularly in Eastern Europe, Russia, Egypt, the Middle East and India.

Types of art work

Paintings
Works of art which show the Madonna and Child can be paintings or sculptures. Some paintings are very large and show the Madonna on a throne, with saints standing around it. These paintings are altarpieces; they are designed to go above the altar in a church.

In some churches, particularly in Italy and in Eastern Orthodox Churches, there are many wall paintings and mosaics of the Madonna and Child.

Most Madonna and Child paintings are small. They have been painted for private owners and would usually have been kept in houses. They might be hung on the wall above a table where flowers and candles could be placed to honour the Virgin Mary. Most of the famous ones are now in art galleries.

Sculpture
Many Catholic churches have statues of the Virgin Mary with the Christ Child, These are sometimes life-sized and are painted, with real hair and glass eyes so that they look lifelike.

Other statues of the Madonna and Child are very small. In the Middle Ages small statues were carved from ivory. These precious statues are often very beautifully and delicately made. They can often be seen in museums.

In Florence in the early 1400s, an artist called Luca della Robbia began making terracotta statues and sculptured altarpieces from clay, which were fired and glazed with colours, most often blue and white, but also purple, green and yellow. This family business lasted for 120 years.

Many statues of the Madonna and Child may be factory-made and sold as souvenirs. This tradition of small statues has been around for hundreds of years. Many of them were made in artist's workshops in the Early Renaissance

Icons
In the Orthodox Church, there is also a long tradition of painting images of the Virgin Mary with the Christ Child. These pictures, which are often quite small and are painted on wooden panels, are often very careful copies of particular famous icons. This tradition continues to the present day.

Famous images of the Madonna and Child

Large altarpieces

 The Trinita Madonna, by Cimabue, 1280
 The Rucellai Madonna, by Duccio, 1285
 The Maesta, the Madonna in Majesty by Duccio, c.1308. Duomo Museo, Siena, Italy.
 The Ognissanti Madonna, by Giotto, 1310
These three famous paintings are all together in one room of the Uffizi Gallery in Florence. Two of these paintings are from the Middle Ages, but Giotto's painting is an Early Renaissance painting, as can be seen in the natural, solid look of the figures which seem to be three dimensional.
 The Frari Madonna, by Giovanni Bellini c. 1470 in the Church of Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari in Venice
 The Madonna of the Rocks by Leonardo da Vinci. There are two paintings. One is in the National Gallery, London, the other one is in the Louvre, Paris.
 The family by Giambattista Pittoni
 The Ansidei Madonna, by Raphael, National Gallery, London
 The Sistine Madonna by Raphael, in the Vatican Museum Art Gallery.

Wall paintings
 The Madonna of the Sunset by Piero Lorenzetti 1280, Assisi

Small paintings

 The Wilton Diptych. This very rare painting from the Middle Ages was probably done in England and is in the National Gallery, London.
 The Madonna of the Magnificat, by Botticelli, Uffizi.
 The Doni Tondo, by Michelangelo, 1505, Uffizi.
 Raphael did many of these small paintings. They can be seen at the National Gallery, London, the Uffizi, the Louvre and many other art galleries.

Statues
Many churches contain famous statues of the Madonna and Child, particularly old churches.
 The Virgin of Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris. This Madonna is carved of stone.
 The Moorish Madonna of Sant' Antonio's Basilica, Padua. This Madonna has dark brown eyes and olive skin.
 Many carved wooden Madonnas of the Middle Ages and many terracotta Madonnas by the dell Robbia family can be seen in museums.

Icons
 The Virgin of Vladimir. 1131. This famous icon from Constantinople (modern Istanbul) is kept at the Tretyakov Gallery Moscow. There are many copies of it.
 The Virgin of Chilandari, c.1360. Mount Athos, Greece. This painting which is very badly damaged, is famous for its beauty.

References
 Helen Gardner, Art through the Ages, Harcourt, Brace and World Inc.
 Ilan Rachum, The Renaissance, an Illustrated Encyclopedia, Octopus Books,
 Rene Huyghe, ed., Larousse Encyclopedia of Byzantine and Medieval Art, Paul Hamlyn, 1968
 Fujio Matsumoto, Takeshi Kosugi, Iconographia mariana , (text in Japanese, but many plates)2008

Christian art
Depictions of Mary, mother of Jesus

Madonna and Child


Keith Truesdell is an American television director and producer. He is best known for directing a number of stand-up comedy television specials for the likes Chris Rock, Adam Sandler, Kathy Griffin, Janeane Garofalo, Joan Rivers and others as well as episodic television series. He is co-owner of Production Partners, Inc. a Los Angeles bases television production company.

He has received two Primetime Emmy Award nominations for directing Chris Rock: Bigger & Blacker in 2000 and Kathy Griffin: Straight to Hell in 2008.

His other television credits include With Bob and David, Curb Your Enthusiasm, All That, Kenan & Kel, Grounded for Life, The Tracy Morgan Show, The Bernie Mac Show, Everybody Hates Chris, My Boys, Girlfriends, Jimmy Kimmel Live, Real Time with Bill Maher, 7th Heaven, Fat Actress, The Secret Life of the American Teenager.

References

External links

 http://keithtruesdelldirector.com
 http://productionpartners.com

American television directors
American television producers
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)

Keith Truesdell


Franklin Lyle "Frank" Bettger (1888–1981) was an American self-help author and the father of longtime actor Lyle Bettger.

Life and career

Baseball
Bettger played Major League Baseball with the St. Louis Cardinals in 1910 under the name Frank Betcher. He started out his career playing for Johnstown, Pennsylvania in the Tri-State League, making US$175 a month in 1907 (). While there, he was demoted.  Disappointed, he asked the manager why he was demoted.  The manager responded that he lacked enthusiasm.  Bettger told the manager: "I'm just trying to hide my nervousness." The manager advised: "Try something else. That's not working."

From that moment on, he played with vigorous enthusiasm. Starting with a D League team in 1908 at just US$25 a month (), it wasn't long before he proved himself, and he signed with the Connecticut State League for US$185 a month (). Two years later, in 1910, he had worked his way up to the majors with St. Louis, but his baseball career was cut short by an arm injury.

Business career
After his brief baseball career, Bettger returned to his native Philadelphia, where he started collecting accounts for a furniture store on a bike. He then started selling life insurance for the Fidelity Mutual Life Insurance Co. of Pennsylvania but was not initially successful, and considered quitting after 10 months. During a moment of reflection, he remembered what his baseball manager told him about his lack of enthusiasm. So he made a commitment to himself to start acting enthusiastically in his insurance presentations.

He also met a successful salesman and took his advice to read the Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. A light went on in his mind when he realized that Franklin's Socratic method of asking "key" questions might work with selling policies. He tried it, it worked, and Bettger began to perfect his technique with great enthusiasm.

Writer and lecturer
After succeeding in life insurance sales and becoming Top Salesman for 20 years with Fidelity Mutual, he met Dale Carnegie.  Carnegie encouraged Bettger to write his first best-selling books: How I Raised Myself from Failure to Success in Selling and How I Multiplied My Income and Happiness in Selling. How I Raised Myself... was translated into over a dozen languages, including British English, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, German Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Spanish, and Swedish. Bettger also gave a series of lectures to Jaycees organizations nationwide with Dale Carnegie.

Frank Bettger wrote a last book, entitled How I Learned the Secrets of Success in Selling, in 1960. The book focused on his life and  lessons he learned during his short baseball career, and reflected how those lessons learned at an early age helped mold him into the success he became.

Later life
Bettger held insurance policies that would have benefited his wife after he died, but he lived into his 90s.  Consequently, he and his wife outlived their assets. Members of the National Speakers Association contributed to help the couple meet their financial needs. After Frank died, Mrs. Bettger repaid the money from insurance proceeds. The money was then put into a fund dedicated to others in need, thus providing the original funding for the Professional Speakers Benefit Fund (PSBF). The mission of the PSBF is to help other members who may be indigent, face catastrophic health emergencies or losses, or outlive their assets.

In popular culture
In the Mad Men season 6 episode "A Tale of Two Cities" (2013, S06E10), enthusiastic account man Bob Benson is shown listening to a recording of Bettger's first book and later taking actions that earn him increased responsibilities.

The book is also referenced in Whit Stillman's Barcelona as one of the books utilized by one of the main characters, a salesman.

References

External links
Baseball Reference for Frank Bettger's baseball career
Photo of cover of 'How I Raised Myself from Failure to Success in Selling'

1888 births
1981 deaths
American self-help writers
St. Louis Cardinals players
Major League Baseball shortstops
Johnstown Johnnies players
New Haven Blues players
Greenville Spinners players
Montreal Royals players
Galveston Pirates players
Baseball players from Pennsylvania
Burials at West Laurel Hill Cemetery

Frank Bettger


Wei Jingsheng (魏京生, born 20 May 1950, Beijing) is a Chinese human rights activist. He is the main leader of the Democracy Wall Movement in 1979. Wei was sentenced to prison because he criticized the former Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping and he has spent more than 18 years in prison.

Wei was awarded the Olof Palme Prize in 1994,  the Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Human Rights Award in 1996, the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought in 1996 and  the National Endowment for Democracy Award in 1997. Wei Jingsheng has been nominated seven times for Nobel Peace Prize since 1993.

Wei is also the Chairman of the Overseas Chinese Democracy Coalition and the Chairman of the Wei Jingsheng Foundation. Now Wei lives in Washington, D.C.

Related pages
List of Chinese dissidents
1950 births
Chinese human rights activists
Living people

Wei Jingsheng


The Neave Baronetcy, of Dagnam Park in the County of Essex, is a title in the Baronetage of Great Britain. It was created on 13 May 1795 for Richard Neave, Governor of the Bank of England from 1783 to 1785. Dorina Neave (1880–1955), wife of Sir Thomas (died 1940), was the author of three books about Turkey. She settled with her husband at Dagnam Park and was the last of the family to live there before its requisition in the winter of 1940 and eventual demolition in 1950.

The soldier and Conservative politician Airey Neave was the son of Sheffield Airey Neave, grandson of Sheffield Neave, third son of the second Baronet. After his assassination in 1979 his widow Diana Neave was created a life peer as Baroness Airey of Abingdon in his honour.

Neave baronets, of Dagnam Park (1795)
Sir Richard Neave, 1st Baronet (1731–1814)
Sir Thomas Neave, 2nd Baronet (1761–1848)
Sir Richard Digby Neave, 3rd Baronet (1793–1868)
Sir Arundell Neave, 4th Baronet (1829–1877)
Sir Thomas Lewis Hughes Neave, 5th Baronet (1874–1940), wife Dorina Neave (1880–1955)
Sir Arundell Thomas Clifton Neave, 6th Baronet (1916–1992)
Sir Paul Arundell Neave, 7th Baronet (born 1948)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Frederick Paul Kinahan Neave (born 1981).

External links
Guide to Dagnam Park
Stained glass window in church of St Mary the Virgin, Prittlewell, Essex – dedicated to Sir Arundell Neave by his wife

References

Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.

Neave
1795 establishments in Great Britain

Neave baronets


Louis-Ovide Brunet (10 March 1826 – 2 October 1876) was a French-Canadian botanist and Roman Catholic priest, and is considered one of the founding fathers of Canadian botany.

Brunet was born in Quebec City on 10 March 1826, the son of Jean-Olivier Brunet, a merchant, and Cécile Lagueux. From 1844, he was educated at the Séminaire de Québec, and was ordained on 10 October 1848. He was for the next ten years employed variously as a missionary, a curate, and parish priest. Upon the departure of his former mentor, the Abbé Edward John Horan, he was in 1858 appointed teacher of science at his alma mater, which had become Université Laval in 1852 following a grant of a Royal Charter by Queen Victoria. Following the resignation of mineralogist Thomas Sterry Hunt, Brunet succeeded him as the Chair of Natural History. His expertise as a botanist developed following field work in Ontario and Quebec, as well as two years spent in visiting European herbaria and a course of lectures at the Sorbonne, the Jardin des Plantes, and the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle in Paris, France. He corresponded with noted American botanist Asa Gray who encouraged him to undertake a survey of Canadian flora. This work, commenced in 1860 and encompassing more than 582 pages, was never published, partly as the result of its anticipation in 1862 upon the publication of Flore canadienne by his competitor Léon Provancher. In 1870 he published his first major botanical work, Éléments de botanique et de physiologie végétale, suivis d'une petite flore simple et facile pour aider à découvrir les noms des plantes les plus communes au Canada. Nevertheless, success eluded him, and with his health failing, he retired at age 44 to the home of his mother and sister. He died in Quebec City on 2 October 1876.

See also

List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics

References

 Biography at the Canadian Encyclopedia
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

1826 births
1876 deaths
Botanists active in North America
19th-century Canadian botanists
French Quebecers
Academic staff of the University of Paris
Academics in Quebec
19th-century Canadian Roman Catholic priests
Catholic clergy scientists
Pre-Confederation Quebec people
Canadian writers in French
Academic staff of Université Laval
Missionary botanists

Louis-Ovide Brunet


Mihály Erdélyi (28 May 1895 – 27 January 1979) was a Hungarian composer, lyricist, actor, and producer, particularly prolific in the interwar period. Erdélyi was born in Szeged in 1895 and began a career as an actor then a stage producer, but became most famous for his operettas, including Csókos regiment (1932), Fehérvári huszárok (1933), A csavargólány (1936), Sárgapitykés közlegény (1937), A zimberi-zombori szépasszony (1939), Sárgarigófészek (1940), Vedd le a kalapod a honvéd előtt (1942), and A két kapitány (1943).  Many of his songs have entered the Hungarian musical canon as folk music, often without an awareness of the original composer.

A dorozsmai szélmalom brought Erdélyi the most lasting fame, and the title piece of the operetta was the subject of many covers and arrangements by popular musicians of the time, including Georges Boulanger, Barnabás von Géczy, Zarah Leander, Will Glahé, Ilja Livschakoff and Karsten Troyke. The piece was usually arranged as a slow foxtrot under the titles of Puszta fox or Le Moulin de Dorozsmà. It gained popularity in South America under the title of Amor en Budapest and in Yiddish as just Budapesht.

Many of Erdélyi's works were patriotic or focused on members of the military. As the communist government took power after the war, Erdélyi was blacklisted. He briefly returned to the stage as an actor from 1955 to 1958, but this represented his only theatre-related work after the war. He died in Budapest in 1979 at the age of 83.

External links
Magyar Elektronikus Könyvtár biography

References

1895 births
1979 deaths
20th-century classical composers
Hungarian classical composers
Hungarian opera composers
Hungarian male classical composers
Male opera composers
20th-century Hungarian male musicians

Mihály Erdélyi


Adam Neuser (c. 153012 October 1576) was a Protestant pastor of Heidelberg who held Antitrinitarian views.

Neuser was born in Gunzenhausen and was a popular pastor and theologian in Heidelberg in the 1560s, serving at the Peterskirche and later the Heiliggeistkirche. During the controversy over church discipline that developed in the late 1560s, Neuser became a leading member of the Antidisciplinist, and thus anti-Calvinist, faction led by Thomas Erastus. His disaffection with the ecclesiastical regime perhaps played some role in his doubts concerning orthodox Christian dogma. He wrote letters sternly attacking the doctrine of the trinity. He wrote to the Ottoman Sultan assuring Sultan that he would receive support in Germany if his conquests push him that far. Neuser along with another Antitrinitarian, Johann Sylvan, sought to dialog with the Turks.  Neuser was accused of denying divinity to Jesus Christ and was consequently imprisoned.  His associate, Johann Sylvan, was tortured and beheaded.  Neuser confessed but managed to break out of prison.  He later converted to Islam and traveled to Istanbul where he served the Ottoman Sultan.

It is included in "Antiquities Palatine" which is now in the Archives at Heidelberg. "I, Adam Neuser, a Christian born in Germany and advanced to the dignity of Preacher to the people in Heidelberg, a city where the most learned men at this day in Germany are to be found, do fly for refuge to your majesty with a profound submission conjuring you for the love of God and your Prophet, on whom be peace of God, to receive me into the number of your subjects and those of your people that believe in God. For by the grace of the Omnipotent God, I see, I know, and I believe with my whole that your Doctrine and your Religion are pure, clear and acceptable to God. I am firmly persuaded that my retreat from among the idolatrous Christians will engage many persons of consideration to embrace your belief and your religion, especially since many of the most learned and most considerable amongst them are herein of the same sentiments with me as I shall inform your majesty by word of mouth....Being promoted to the dignity of Preacher in the famous University of Heidelberg by the Elector Palatine who next to the Emperor is the most powerful prince in Germany, I began to weigh maturely within myself the divers dissensions  and divisions of our Christian religion: for so many persons as there are amongst us there are so many opinions and sentiments. I began with abstracting from all the Doctors and interpreters of the Scriptures who have wrote and taught since the days of the Prophet Jesus Christ. I tied myself only to the commandments of Moses and to the Gospel. Then I called upon God inwardly with the a most religious application and prayed him to show me the right way that I may not be in the danger to mislead myself and my hearers. Then it pleased God to reveal to me the "Articles of Invocation of the One only true God", upon which Article I composed a book in which I prove the Doctrine of Jesus Christ did not consist in asserting that he was himself a God as the Christians falsely allege: but that there is only one God who has no son con-substantial with him....."

See also
Matthias Vehe

References

Further reading
Burchill, Christopher J. (1989) The Heidelberg Antitrinitarians. Bibliotheca Dissidentium 11, ed. André Séguenny. Baden-Baden: Editions Valentin Koerner.
Gunnoe, Charles D. (2011) Thomas Erastus and the Palatinate: A Renaissance Physician in the Second Reformation. Leiden: Brill.
 (treated in the article with Sylvan)

1530 births
1576 deaths
People from Gunzenhausen
Converts to Islam from Protestantism
Antitrinitarians
German Protestant clergy
German defectors
German Muslims
German former Christians
German emigrants to the Ottoman Empire

Adam Neuser


A panorama portrait in photography and painting is the use of panoramic photography or imaging to convey a portrait of a person. It intends to be a bi-dimensional record of a 3D reality (experiences and  events related to the subject) where the whole environment is important, and therefore must be shown.

Panoramic photography is mostly used on landscapes. The approach to panorama portraits started when wanting to satisfy the needs depicting the whole surroundings of the artist and the subject, enhancing realism and placing the observer in a unique position of participation. A good example of it are paintings of El Greco like The Burial of the Count of Orgaz, The Parmigianino: Self-portrait in a convex Mirror, some of the engravings of M. C. Escher in the style of Fisheye Lens Portraits, or his Curvilinear Perspectives.

Information
The possibility to build the image in segments, as in segmented panoramic pictures, could bring the 4th dimension of time into a still image, as it takes time to record the amount of pictures needed to compose the whole work. Changes in weather, mood and even position of a model would create this effect. Some example of it is the work of the artist Michael Silvers, exhibited in the Bronx Latin American Art Biennial in New York in 2008.

Another completely different approach to panorama portrait is the Wraparound Face Texture Map, used commonly by 3D artists to provide a realistic texture and elements to be placed on 3D face models to create a highly realistic 3D virtual head.

External links
Charleston Art Gallery
Personal Artworks Website
"Workspaces" - a series of panorama-portraits by Mark-Steffen Goewecke

Portrait art
Panorama photography

Panorama portrait


Superman Returns is a 2006 superhero movie. It is based on the DC Comics superhero Superman and his archenemy Lex Luthor. The movie was directed by Bryan Singer. It was produced by Bryan Singer, Gilbert Adler, and Jon Peters.

The movie stars include Brandon Routh, Kevin Spacey, Kate Bosworth, James Marsden, Parker Posey, Frank Langella, Sam Huntington, Eva Marie Saint, Kal Penn, and James Karen (deleted scenes).

It also includes a computer-generated image scene of Marlon Brando, who died in 2004. Superman Returns was released on June 28, 2006. The movie used John Williams' original score from the original movie.

2006 movies
Superman movies
English-language movies
Movies composed by John Ottman
Movies directed by Bryan Singer
Warner Bros. movies

Superman Returns


Peter Drake Rocca (born July 27, 1957) is an American former competition swimmer, Olympic medalist, and former world record-holder.

Rocca broke onto the international swimming scene winning two gold medals in the men's backstroke events (100-meter backstroke, 4×100-meter medley relay) at the 1975 Pan American Games in Mexico City.  Peter participated at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, where he claimed two silver medals in the men's backstroke events (100 and 200-meter), and a gold medal swimming in the preliminaries of the men's 4 x 100 Medley relay.  Rocca continued to swim after the Montreal Olympics—two years later he won the silver medal in the men's 100-meter backstroke event at the 1978 World Aquatics Championships in Berlin, Germany.  The next year, he again represented the United States at the 1979 Pan American Games in San Juan, Puerto Rico, winning the 200-meter backstroke.  In 1980, Rocca qualified for the Olympic team in both the 100-meter and 200-meter backstroke events and was elected team captain, only to have his culminating performances dashed by the United States-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow.

Rocca competed for the California Golden Bears swimming and diving team while attending the University of California, Berkeley.  He was one of the top backstrokers in the world from 1975 through 1980, and competed in the eras of Roland Matthes and John Naber, finishing second to Naber in both backstroke events at the 1976 Olympics and beating Mathes in the 100-meter.  In college competition, Rocca led a resurgence of the Golden Bears men's swim program, captaining and winning individual and the team titles his senior year in 1979.  Additionally, he won seven USS titles; five individual and two relays.

At the age of 27, and after three years out of the water, Rocca made an Olympic comeback effort in 1984.  At the 1984 U.S. Olympic Trials, he fell short of qualifying for the 1984 U.S. team, finishing fourth in the 200-meter and third in the 100-meter backstroke races.

See also

 List of Olympic medalists in swimming (men)
 List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming (men)
 World record progression 4 × 100 metres medley relay

References

1957 births
Living people
American male backstroke swimmers
California Golden Bears men's swimmers
World record setters in swimming
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in swimming
Sportspeople from Oakland, California
Swimmers at the 1975 Pan American Games
Swimmers at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1979 Pan American Games
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in swimming
Pan American Games medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 1975 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1979 Pan American Games
20th-century American people
21st-century American people

Peter Rocca


The State House, located in Roseau, is the official residence of the president of Dominica. Previously it was used as the official residence of the colonial governors of Dominica.

The residence of the British governors of the island, and for a time the French, is situated on a low hill to the south of the commercial center of Roseau. Written accounts from the 1790s make mention of various plants and an avenue of trees in the grounds of Government House. The gardens here have suffered periodically from hurricanes. Many fine trees were destroyed by the main storms of the 20th century in 1916, 1930 and 1979.

Sir William Young was sworn in as governor of Dominica on 14 November 1770. He was responsible for among other things, directing the construction of the first Government House which he built near the Fort Young.

Once the official residence of the Queen's representative, the building has been the home to the president of Dominica since independence in 1978.

See also
Government Houses of the British Empire

References

Official residences in Dominica
Presidential residences
Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth
Roseau
Dominica–United Kingdom relations

Government House, Dominica


The Children's Newspaper was a long-running newspaper published by the Amalgamated Press (later Fleetway Publications) aimed at pre-teenage children founded by Arthur Mee in 1919. It ran for 2,397 weekly issues before being merged with Look and Learn in 1965.

Background
Following the successful publication of The Children's Encyclopædia as a part-work between 1908 and 1910, the title was immediately relaunched as The New Children's Encyclopædia. This new edition, published in monthly parts from March 1910, added a supplement in September 1910 entitled The Little Paper which carried news stories of interest to children. This idea was expanded by Mee into the 12-page, tabloid-sized Children's Newspaper which debuted on 22 March 1919, priced 1½d.

Subtitled The Story of the World Today for the Men and Women of Tomorrow, the paper epitomised Mee's values and reflected the editor's twin faiths of Christian ethics and the British Empire. Mee believed that children could be guided to better, more creative lives through education. His aim for the Encyclopaedia was to give the nation's children a firm grasp of subjects such as history and geography and practical. The Children's Newspaper was designed to keep young people up to date with the latest in world news and science.

At its peak, The Children's Newspaper sold 500,000 copies a week. Following Mee's death in 1943, Hugo Tyerman took over the editorial reins. Sales began to fall after the Second World War as rival publications, notably the Eagle, Junior Mirror and Junior Express, began to appear. It was not until the mid-1950s that The Children's Newspaper began to modernise, adding features on television and sports and including interviews with popular sporting personalities.

In January 1962, Fleetway Publications launched the educational weekly entitled Look and Learn. The black and white Children's Newspaper suffered by comparison and despite attempts to attract a teenage audience by adding a column for girls and a 'Pop Spot' featuring photos of popular singers and groups, sales continued to slip. The Children's Newspaper came to an end on 1 May 1965 after 2,397 issues.

In November 2004, the rights to the magazine were purchased by Look and Learn Magazine Ltd. who began posting issues for viewing or downloading on their website in April 2007.

References

External links
 History of The Children's Newspaper

Children's magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1919
Magazines disestablished in 1965
Defunct magazines published in the United Kingdom
1919 establishments in the United Kingdom
1965 disestablishments in the United Kingdom

The Children's Newspaper


Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason is a 1999 novel by Helen Fielding, a sequel to her popular Bridget Jones' Diary. It chronicles Bridget Jones's adventures after she begins to suspect that her boyfriend, Mark Darcy, is falling for a rich young solicitor who works in the same firm as him, a woman called Rebecca. The comic novel follows the characteristic ups and downs of the self-proclaimed singleton's first real relationship in several years. It also involves many misunderstandings, a few work mishaps, and an adventure in Southeast Asia involving planted drugs and Madonna songs.

In 2004, a film adaptation was released.

Fielding has said that the first Bridget Jones story was based on the Jane Austen novel Pride and Prejudice. There are parallels between The Edge of Reason and the Austen novel Persuasion, in which the main character is persuaded by her friends to break off her relationship with her "true love".  Again, Fielding borrows a name from Austen, this time a Giles Benwick, after Captain Benwick.  She also reworks several scenes in Persuasion: for example, Rebecca, Bridget's rival for Mark's affection, dives into a shallow river and hurts her foot, a mirror of the incident in Persuasion when Louisa, Anne's rival, falls on her head at Lyme. In both cases, the protagonist (Anne/Bridget) first overhears Darcy praising Rebecca/Louisa for being "resolute" - praise of the very trait that contributes to the accident. Then, when Bridget attends her goddaughter Constance's birthday party, Mark Darcy rescues her from a young male child who is determined to climb onto her back; in Persuasion, Captain Wentworth (Anne's lost love) does precisely the same thing, in the same manner, for Anne.  At Bridget's mother's Book Club poetry reading, Mark overhears Bridget commenting that women remain fixated on men who have forgotten them, and is moved to write her a secret note expressing his continuing regard (which he then fails to give to her due to a mix-up).  This, with a happier immediate outcome, also happens in Persuasion, when Wentworth overhears Anne making a similar observation about "women's constancy" to Captain Harville, and writes her a proposal which he gets to her by stealth.  Later in the Fielding novel, when Giles and Rebecca become romantically involved, Fielding parodies Austen's description of Captain Benwick and Louisa having fallen in love over poetry, commenting that Giles and Rebecca "fell in love over self-help books".

Much is made of Bridget's fascination with the BBC television adaptation of Pride and Prejudice and Colin Firth, the actor who played Mr. Darcy. Bridget even meets Colin Firth and interviews him for a newspaper article. As a self-referential in-joke, Colin Firth plays Mark Darcy in both Bridget Jones movies.

Tracie Bennett won an Audie Award for Comedy Best Actress for her audiobook narrations of both this and its predecessor.

Development
Sandra Gregory stated that the scenes involving the Thai prison probably received inspiration from her incident since Helen Fielding knew the next door neighbors of her parents and presumably would have talked to them.

References

External links

 Bridget Jones Online Archive

Bridget Jones
1999 British novels
British comedy novels
Chick lit novels
Novels by Helen Fielding
British novels adapted into films
Fictional diaries
Picador (imprint) books

Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (novel)


Bizarra is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Bizarra first appeared in DC Comics Presents #71 (July 1984), in a story written by E. Nelson Bridwell with art by Curt Swan. The character is a distorted version of the superhero Wonder Woman, based on the Superman villain Bizarro. She is a very simple-minded being, has reversed character traits, believes women are inferior to men, and speaks in reverse of what her true meaning is.

Fictional character biography

Pre-Crisis
Bizarro-Wonder Woman is first shown as a member of the Bizarro Justice League team of social misfit heroes that inhabit Bizarro World. Their home base is an abandoned submarine at the bottom of the sea. The team consists of Bizarro, Bizarro Wonder Woman, Bizarro Yellow Lantern, Bizarro Aquaman, and Bizarro Hawkman. Batzarro had left the team to form the superhero group "The Insiders", a Bizarro version of the Outsiders team.

In the story, Bizarro is bored being able to defeat his fellow Justice League members so he creates a Bizarro version of the villain Amazo. Amazo steals the powers of the Justice League, including Wonder Woman, and helpfully gives them to ordinary citizens of Bizarro World. After realizing the folly of his actions, Bizarro convinces Bizarro Amazo to return the powers to the proper persons.

Post-Crisis
In 1985, DC Comics introduced a storyline titled Crisis on Infinite Earths. That company-wide story arc erased the established history of almost all DC Comic's characters. Bizarra was then re-introduced as part of an all new Bizarro Justice League team (which included Bizarro, Batzarro, Bizarro Flash, Bizarro Hawkgirl, and Bizarro Yellow Lantern). They live on the cube-shaped planet Htrae which is populated entirely with Bizarro-type humans. At one point, Bizarro Hawkgirl tied up Bizarra (in that story referred to as "Wonder Woman") with her own lasso. It was explained that Bizarra's lasso had the ability to force anyone tied by it to tell only lies. Bizarra seemed to be romantically interested in Bizarro but the feeling was not shared as Bizarro was in love with his world's version of Lois Lane only. During the storyline, it was shown that due to exposure to Htrae's blue sun, Bizarro gained the ability to create new Bizarro life-forms. Whether Bizarra was created by Bizarro or was a pre-existing character is unclear.

Bizarra is later shown to be working for the villain Monarch. She, along with several other variant super-heroes, torture Tracer mercilessly. Bizarra ends the battle by hanging Tracer with her lasso from a fire escape by his neck.

Abilities

Powers and skills
Bizarra is depicted as having all the abilities of Wonder Woman, although in some incarnations several of these traits have been reversed, such as:
 "Lasso of Lies", a lasso that forces anyone tied by it to lie, instead of Lasso of Truth.

Other versions

All-Star Superman
In 2005, DC Comics released the All-Star line of comics. This line is not in continuity with the other comic book titles released through DC Comics so its storylines have no impact on Wonder Woman's generally established comic book history. In the title All-Star Superman, a Bizarro Wonder Woman is introduced. Generally she is a 4- to 5-foot-tall () statue carried around by Bizarro on various Bizarro Justice League missions. Bizarro explains that Bizarro Wonder Woman started out as a beautiful baby who turned into an ugly cheap clay statue. Thus she has the opposite life of the traditional Wonder Woman who started out as a clay statue of a child who was transformed into a flesh and blood woman. Despite being an inanimate statue, Bizarro insists that Bizarro Wonder Woman is a good team player.

In other media

Television
 Bizarra appears in The Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians episode "The Bizarro Super Powers Team", voiced by B.J. Ward. This version was created by Bizarro using a duplicator ray, as he decided that his world of Bizarros needed more heroes than just Bizarro Supermen.

Film
 Bizarra appears in Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League vs. Bizarro League, voiced by Kari Wahlgren. This version was created by Bizarro using a duplicator ray.

Video games
 Bizarra appears in Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham.

References

Clone characters in comics
Comics characters introduced in 1984
DC Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
DC Comics characters with accelerated healing
DC Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
DC Comics characters with superhuman strength
DC Comics female supervillains
DC Comics female superheroes
DC Comics demons
DC Comics Amazons
Characters created by Curt Swan
Fictional rope fighters
Wonder Woman characters

Bizarra


The Santali Wikipedia (Incubator) community is coming together to organize their first workshop on March 11. The event will have a hands-on workshop for the new contributors, and a meet up for the existing ones.

Venue and time
 North Odisha University, Baripada, Odisha, India
 March 11, 2018 at 10 AM

Background
The Santali Wikipedia has been in the Incubator for over years. Today, there exist  articles out of 260 are written in Ol chiki, the standard writing system for the language which is also used in the Indian states of Odisha and West Bengal for text book and other publications. As the community is growing bigger day by day, a workshop is being planned to organize to discuss how more people can be educated about the project who can eventually bring it to a live Wikipedia.

Organizers
 Ramjit Tudu
 R Ashwani Banjan Murmu
 Subhashish Panigrahi, Odia Wikimedians User Group
 Jnanaranjan Sahu, Odia Wikimedians User Group
 Sailesh Patnaik, CIS-A2K
 Ansuman, Odia Wikimedians User Group

Participants
 Prof Jateendra Nath Beshra. HOD(Head Of The Department)Santali Language, North Odisha University. India
 Prof. Hima Bindu Maringanti, HOD( MCA Department) North Odisha University.India
 Sanjay Kumar Hembram . Lecture Dept. of Santali, M.P.C Autonomous College , Baripada, India
 Dukhu Marndi. Lecture, Dept. of Santali, M.P.C Autonomous College , Baripada, India
 Thakura Chandra Marndi. Lecture Dept. of Santali, M.P.C Autonomous College , Baripada, India
 Fagu Baskey. Editor Santali Wikipedia
 Biram Soren. Editor Santali Wikipeida
 Biswamitra Kisku. Editor Santali Wikipedia
 Durga Marndi
 Panamani Soren
 Basanti Soren
 Parbati Hembram
 Hiramani Hembram
 Sarati Murmu
 Mansa Mohan Hembram
 Mamata Murmu
 Jamuna Tudu
 Raj Laxmi Kisku
 Siniga Marndi
 Samai Marndi
 Fulamani Soren
 Dillip Kumar Majhi
 Purnamee Majhi
 Mithun Majhi
 Supriya Marndi
 Phulamani Hembram
 Raghunath Murmu
 Sriram Tudu
 Gobinda Chandra Soren
 Mahesh Marndi
 Phulaswari Hansdah
 Hiramani Hansdah
 Lasa Hembram
 Kshirod Kisku
 Rama Majhi
 Jitendra Hansdah
 Dasmat Majhi
 Pratima Hansdah
 Chuda Soren
 Khetramani Hembram
 Lilly Marndi
 Sitamani Murmu
 Shalha Tudu
 Durga Soren

Report

Some of the contributors of the Santali Wikipedia, which is currently in the Incubator, reached out to us seeking help in organizing a workshop. Three editors including two administrators worked with three active Santali Wikipedians from Odisha, and organized a workshop at the North Odisha University, Baripada, Mayurbhanj, Odisha. With support from CIS-A2K this workshop brought together nearly 30 new contributors. Though it was challenging—to teach all the new editors about the input tools, and basics of Wikipedia—all in one session, there was quite some productive engagement. The community that is currently spread across India, Bangladesh and Nepal are sharing resources with each other, to reach out to more people, and bring the project out of Incubator. Odia Wikimedians User Group was fortunate to contribute a little part in enabling this.

Resources
 Presentation for the workshop
 Digital assets for printing and other such purposes
 Tutorial for new editors

ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱥᱟᱲᱟ ᱑ (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ)/en


Florence Kopleff (May 2, 1924 – July 24, 2012)  was an American contralto.

She was born in New York City, and died in Atlanta, GA of complications of diabetes.

She began her career in 1941 when she was in her senior year of high school. In 1954 the New York Times termed her performance at New York's Town Hall "a debut recital of considerable distinction," and further stated that "Her voice is a large, powerful instrument with a wonderful ringing sonority, evenly produced over a wide range."  She was very active as a concert and oratorio singer, appearing and recording with many of the great conductors of her era, particularly as a soloist with the Robert Shaw Chorale. She was also a frequent soloist with the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, of which Robert Shaw was the conductor. Time magazine once called her the "greatest living alto."

She taught at Georgia State University starting in 1968, when she became a professor and the school's first artist-in-residence. The GSU School of Music's recital hall is named for her.

Sources

This article is based on interviews with Florence Kopleff.

Recordings
Bach: Mass in B minor with Robert Shaw, RCA Victor, Grammy winner, 1961
Beethoven: 9th Symphony with Fritz Reiner, RCA Victor
Berlioz: L'Enfance du Christ, with Charles Münch, RCA Victor (now available in a multi-album reissue set Munch Conducts Berlioz) A 1966 video of a live performance, also conducted by Munch, has been issued as Video Artists Int'l DVD, Catalog #4303.
Mahler: Symphony No. 2 with Maurice Abravanel, Vanguard
Handel: Messiah with Robert Shaw, RCA Victor, Grammy winner, 1967
[Handel] Israel in Egypt (oratorio), with Musica Aeterna, cond. Frederic Waldman

References

Biography on Bach Cantata Web site

American women singers
Operatic contraltos
1924 births
2012 deaths
21st-century American women

Florence Kopleff


30 Days in Sydney is a book written by Australian novelist Peter Carey. It was published in 2001 and is subtitled A Wildly Distorted Account.

Superficially a piece of travel writing, 30 Days in Sydney is perhaps more of a view into the psyche of Carey, an Australian returning home after a seventeen-year absence, his motley crew of friends, and Sydneysiders in general.

Plot overview

The book takes the form of an impressionistic, possibly somewhat fictionalised, account of Carey's brief stay, and of his attempts to gather his required material. During his time in Sydney, around the 2000 Olympic Games, he badgered his friends with a battered tape recorder, to get them to give their own stories and impressions of the city. Carey wishes to structure the book around the elements of earth, wind, fire and water, and his friends, sometimes reluctantly, oblige. One tells of his attempts to rescue his home from a bushfire, and another of  a near death experience during the disastrous 1998 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race.

Meanwhile, Carey's own narrative digresses into history and anecdote, touching on Sydney's uneasy race relations and a horrific recurring dream involving the Harbour Bridge, and culminating in a dramatic late night incident in a rooftop squat.

Carey finishes the book by stating "A metropolis is, by definition, inexhaustible, and by the time I departed, thirty days later, Sydney was as unknowable to me as it had been on that clear April morning when I arrived."

References

2001 non-fiction books
Australian non-fiction books
Australian travel books
Books by Peter Carey (novelist)
Bloomsbury Publishing books

30 Days in Sydney


In logic and math, contraposition is the right way to reverse "if-then" statements. For example, the contrapositive of the sentence "If it is raining, then I wear my coat" is the sentence "If I don't wear my coat, then it isn't raining." If the original sentence is correct, the contrapositive is always correct.

It is easier to see how contraposition is the right way to reverse an if-then statement by looking at two other reversals that can sometimes look similar, but are bad logic:

Inversion

"If it is not raining, then I don't wear my coat." This is wrong as one can wear a coat for other reasons (eg. It is snowing). In this statement, we have made both the "if" and the "then" statements negative.

Conversion

"If I wear my coat, then it is raining." This is wrong as wearing a coat doesn't cause it to rain. In this statement we have switched the "if" and "then" statements.

In technical writing: the contrapositive of  is . The "" means "if-then" (If P then Q), and the "" means "not P" (eg. "it is not raining").

Logic
Mathematics

Contraposition


Sangria  (, ) is a kind of mixed drink on the basis of red wine. The name is protected. Under EU regulations, Sangria may only be produced in Spain and Portugal. Citrus fruit and red berries are commonly added. Some recipes also add spirits to boost the amount of alcohol.  Sangria is usually served cold. According to the EU regulation, Sangria contains between 4.5 and 12% alcohol by volume.

Variations
Depending on the location, cider is used instead of red wine. Sometimes, sparkling wine, mostly Cava, is used instead. Other kinds of white wine have also been used. To make the drink suitable for children, the red wine can be replaced with fruit juice or a soft drink. The resulting drink then contains no alcohol.

Common ingredients
Sangria commonly contains the following:

 Red wine is the base ingredient, and gives the color. Usually, young wines are used. Recipes with white wine are called 'sangría a secas' or simply 'while sangria'. In Catalonia, Cava, a kind of sparkling wine is commonly used. In Asturias, cider is common.
 Sugar
 Lemons and oranges
 Other fruit: whatever is available at the time. peach, apricot, pear, apple, and banana are common.
 Spices: cinnamon
 Carbon dioxide
 Spirits: Red Vermouth, Brandy or other liquor (for example Triple sec).

Alcoholic drinks

Sangria


"What Am I Gonna Do About You" is a song written by Jim Allison, Doug Gilmore, and Bob Simon. It was first recorded by American country music artist Con Hunley in 1986 on the Capitol Records label and later by Reba McEntire for her 1986 studio album of the same name. Produced by Jimmy Bowen and McEntire, it was a number one single on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.

It debuted at #54 on the Hot Country Single's chart for the week of October 11, 1986 and peaked at #1 for the week of January 17, 1987.

Background
"What Am I Gonna Do About You" was recorded by Con Hunley in 1985 on the Capitol Records label with "Lord, She Sure Looks Good Tonight" on the B-side. His version was released on the Capitol #5525, spending 15 weeks on the country charts and peaking at #48.

It was recorded by Reba McEntire in 1986 at the Sound Stage Studio in Nashville, Tennessee.

Content
The song is characterized as a slow ballad, which describes how a woman tries to recover from a love affair, saying throughout the song, "what am I gonna do about you." The song's chorus is also repeated throughout the song:

What in the world am I gonna do about you
Oh your memory keeps coming back from out of the blue
Oh well I try and I try, but I still can't believe that we're through
So tell me what in the world am I gonna do about you
What am I gonna do about you

Critical reception
Upon its release and many years afterward, "What Am I Gonna Do About You" gained positive reviews. Although William Ruhlmann of Allmusic found the song not to have the characteristics of her previous releases, he received the song well. Ruhlmann found it to be nearly similar to that of her number one single, "Whoever's in New England," stating, "the title song had something of the feel of "Whoever's in New England" in its portrayal of a woman trying to recover from a painfully ended love affair."

Release and reception
"What Am I Gonna Do About You" was released as McEntire's final single of the year September 15, 1986. The song became a preface of her 1986 album of the same name (her second studio album of the year) and became a major hit in the United States and Canada. In the United States, the song reached number one on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks the following year on January 17, 1987, becoming her seventh song to top the charts. The song's success helped the album certify "Gold" (and eventually "Platinum") by the Recording Industry Association of America. It also became McEntire's first single to top the Canadian RPM Country Tracks charts, reaching number one January 24.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

1985 singles
1987 singles
1985 songs
Reba McEntire songs
Con Hunley songs
Song recordings produced by Jimmy Bowen
MCA Records singles

What Am I Gonna Do About You (song)


Anton Schübirz or Anton Schubirz von Chobinin (21 December 1748 – 11 June 1801) fought for Habsburg Austria against Ottoman Turkey and the French First Republic. He participated in several noteworthy actions during the French Revolutionary Wars. As a newly promoted general officer in Italy, he led a brigade in an all-night action against the French at Codogno, part of the Battle of Fombio in May 1796. In the sparring before the Battle of Castiglione, he showed initiative in bringing his troops to the assistance of a fellow general. He also fought at Fontaniva, Caldiero, and Arcole in the autumn of 1796. This was the theater of war where a young French general named Napoleon Bonaparte earned his fame. Schübirz retired from the army in 1798 and died three years later.

Early career
On 21 December 1748, Schübirz was born at Olomouc (Olmütz), a fortress town in the province of Moravia in Habsburg Austria. Today, the city is part of the Czech Republic. Upon leaving the Vienna Neustadt Academy, he became a junior Leutnant in the Batthyanyi Dragoon Regiment Nr. 7 on 23 December 1768. He was promoted Leutnant on 1 January 1722,  Rittmeister (captain) on 10 April 1773, and Major on 21 March 1786. Schübirz performed notable service against the Ottoman Turks at Dubica on 25 April 1788 during the Austro-Turkish War (1787–91). On 16 January 1790 he was appointed Oberstleutnant of the Stabs Dragoon Regiment. That October he transferred back to the Batthyanyi Dragoons and was made Oberst (Colonel) of the regiment on 30 November. He became Oberst of the newly created Mészáros Uhlan Regiment Nr. 1 on 1 November 1791.

Another source states that Schübirz was elevated to Major in the Josef Kinsky Dragoon Regiment Nr. 12 (the successor to the Batthyanyi Regiment) on 30 May 1788, to  Oberstleutnant in 1789, and to Oberst of the Mészáros Uhlans in 1790. In 1795, he led a cavalry brigade in Lombardy.

1796

Montenotte Campaign
On 4 March 1796, Schübirz found himself elevated to the rank of General-major in Johann Peter Beaulieu's Austrian army of Italy. That spring he was assigned to command 10 squadrons of the Archduke Joseph Hussar Regiment Nr. 2 at Pavia and several squadrons of the Mészáros Uhlans near Lodi. He led these troops during the Montenotte Campaign in April.

During the campaign, Bonaparte's army badly defeated the Sardinian army and forced the Kingdom of Sardinia to sue for peace. The small Austrian Auxiliary Corps, which fought under Sardinian command, was placed in a tight spot when its allies laid down their arms. Since its previous commander, Giovanni Marchese di Provera had been captured at the Battle of Millesimo, Beaulieu appointed Schübirz to bring the Corps to safety. In this he was successful, though he had to make a circuitous march in order to get away.

Fombio and Codogno

As Beaulieu fell back into the Duchy of Milan, Schübirz's troops reached a position at Lomello on the Agogna River on 2 May. By the 7th, his retreating troops joined those of Philipp Pittoni von Dannenfeld, forming a body of seven battalions and 12 squadrons. By dawn on the following day, Bonaparte managed to slip Claude Dallemagne's 5,000-strong advance guard across the Po River behind Beaulieu's strategic left flank. The 6,500 men of Amédée Emmanuel François Laharpe's division soon followed. During the day, the rapidly moving French defeated Anton Lipthay de Kisfalud at the Battle of Fombio and pressed forward to occupy the town of Codogno.

As Beaulieu tried to retreat east beyond the Adda River, he found that the French were already across the southernmost roads. Hoping to cut his way through in the morning, the Austrian commander sent Schübirz toward Codogno with two battalions of the Reisky Infantry Regiment Nr. 13 and four squadrons of Uhlans, about 1,000 foot soldiers and 580 cavalrymen. Arriving at Codogno in the dark, Schübirz decided on his own initiative to capture the place. At around 10:00 PM, his troops routed the French pickets and infiltrated much of the town. Soon, Laharpe and his staff received reports of the Austrian incursion and went out to find out what was going on. It so happened that the French 51st Line Infantry Demi-Brigade was marching through the center of town. As the troops reached the town square, they were ambushed by soldiers of the Reisky Regiment and soon both sides were firing blindly into the darkness. After the French rounded up a number of Austrian prisoners, they found Laharpe shot dead, possibly by friendly fire.

With the division commander down, Bonaparte's chief of staff Louis-Alexandre Berthier arrived to direct the fighting. In the wee hours, 75th Line and the 17th Light Infantry Demi-Brigades added their weight to the battle. By dawn, convinced that the odds against him were increasing, Schübirz withdrew. Given some breathing room by his lieutenant's all-night combat, on 9 May Beaulieu directed his troops to cross the Adda farther north at Lodi. The Battle of Lodi occurred on 10 May, though Schübirz missed it, having been ordered to march four battalions and four squadrons to Crema.

By 16 May, the Austrian army pulled back behind the Mincio River, covered on its right rear by Schübirz. After the Battle of Borghetto on 30 May, Beaulieu withdrew north into the Tyrol. At this time an English observer, Thomas Graham noted that Schübirz was one of the few generals still with the army.

Castiglione
Though his name does not appear in the Castiglione 1796 Campaign Order of Battle, he nevertheless served with the army. At 3:00 AM on 2 August 1796, the army of Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser, having relieved Mantua, began to move on Goito. An advance guard led by Lipthay, plus a body of troops commanded by Schübirz crossed the Mincio at Goito. Wanting to prevent Wurmser from attacking his rear while he disposed of Peter Quasdanovich's column, Bonaparte ordered Pierre Augereau to attack the Austrian advance guard at Castiglione delle Stiviere.

Accordingly, on 3 August, Augereau fell on Lipthay's 4,000-strong brigade with 11,000 men. Though driven back, the Austrians put up a spirited fight. Schübirz made the soldierly decision to march at once for the sound of the guns. Once he arrived on the field, he launched an effective attack that saved the village of Solferino from capture and helped halt the French advance. On 5 August at the Battle of Castiglione, Schübirz and Anton Ferdinand Mittrowsky held the Austrian right flank at Solferino. Helped by late-arriving reinforcements, the right wing got away in good order. Schübirz led the rear guard of three squadrons of hussars, which were the last Austrians to cross the Mincio at the Borghetto bridge.

Arcole

On 16 August after the Castglione campaign, Schübirz was ordered to march two battalions of the Deutschmeister Infantry Regiment Nr. 4 and two squadrons of the Erdödy Hussar Regiment Nr. 11 to hold Pontebba, a strategic point in northeastern Italy. The trek took two weeks but as soon as he arrived there, he was recalled to Bassano del Grappa. This march took an additional two weeks, but by this time the Battle of Bassano was fought on 8 September.

In late October 1796, Schübirz commanded a brigade in the Friaul Corps, which was accompanied by the army commander József Alvinczi. He was present in the Second Battle of Bassano on 6 November, where his troops were called upon to reinforce Lipthay's roughly handled brigade near Fontaniva. The French suffered 3,000 killed, wounded, and missing, while 508 soldiers and one howitzer were captured. The victorious Austrians did not escape heavy losses. Quasdanovich's right wing at Bassano lost 1,633 men and two guns, while Provera's left wing at Fontaniva lost 1,190, including 208 killed, 873 wounded, and 109 captured.

At the Battle of Caldiero on 12 November, Prince Friedrich Franz Xaver of Hohenzollern-Hechingen held off Bonaparte's initial attacks. Schübirz brought up his brigade sometime after 3:00 PM, and together with other reinforcements, the Austrians repulsed the French and forced them back into Verona. The Austrians inflicted 1,800 casualties on their enemies for a loss of about 1,300 men.

On the second day of the Battle of Arcole, Schübirz's brigade was sent to reinforce Mittrowsky at the village of Arcole. The orders for the morning of 16 November were to attack the French and drive them into the Adige River. At first, the attack met with success. But when the Austrian right wing gave way at Belfiore, the soldiers lost heart and fell back to Arcole. By holding both banks of the Alpone River in strength, Mittrowsky defeated all French attacks on the 16th. The following day saw bitter fighting and until 4:00 PM it looked as though the Austrians might prevail. But another collapse of Austrian resistance at Belfiore allowed Bonaparte to concentrate against Arcole and the village finally fell at 5:00 PM on the 17th. That evening, the French tried to cut the main east–west highway but, at Alvinczi's direction, Schübirz drove them back. This final action of the day allowed the Austrian right wing to get away.

Schübirz retired from the military in 1798 and died at Graz on 11 June 1801. Another source gives his retirement date as 1800.

Notes

References
 Bouvier, F. Bonaparte en Italie, 1796. Paris, 1899.
 Boycott-Brown, Martin. The Road to Rivoli. London: Cassell & Co., 2001.
 Chandler, David. The Campaigns of Napoleon. New York: Macmillan, 1966.
 Smith, Digby. The Napoleonic Wars Data Book. London: Greenhill Books, 1998.
 Smith, Digby & Kudrna, Leopold (compiler). napoleon-series.org Austrian Generals 1792-1815: Anton Schubirz von Chobinin
 findagrave.com Anton Freiherr Schubirz von Chobinie

External links
The following source provides the Bouvier citation listed above.
 Boycott-Brown, Martin. historydata.com Anton Schübirz von Kubinye
This source traces the ancestry of Austrian cavalry regiments.
 Liste der Kavallerieregimenter der kaiserlich-habsburgischen Armee der Frühen Neuzeit

People from Olomouc
Austrian soldiers
Austrian generals
Austrian untitled nobility
Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
Austrian Empire military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
1748 births
1801 deaths

Anton Schübirz von Chobinin


Lonicera morrowii, the Morrow's honeysuckle, is a deciduous honeysuckle in the family Caprifoliaceae, native to Japan, Korea, and Northeast China. It is a shrub, reaching a height of 2–2.5 m, with oblong leaves 4–6 cm long. It leafs out quite early in the spring, and in North America is commonly the first deciduous shrub with foliage in March. The flowers are white to pale yellow, and the fruit is a dark red berry 7–8 mm diameter containing numerous seeds.  The berries, while eaten frequently by birds, are considered poisonous to humans.  It is colloquially called "bush honeysuckle" in the United States, and is considered an invasive species.

In cultivation, Lonicera morrowii has hybridized with other shrubby species of Lonicera. Crossed with L. tatarica, it forms the invasive hybrid L. × bella. It can also hybridize with L. ruprechtiana.

As an invasive species
Morrow's honeysuckle is confirmed as a highly invasive species over the northeastern third of the United States. Morrow's honeysuckle thrives at the edges of forests, roads, or other natural or man-made barriers, but is not limited to them, and is found in both mature and disturbed forests. In some areas, Morrow's honeysuckle is the dominant plant species, especially in areas of disturbed ecological succession. It is suspected that Lonicera morrowii is allelopathic, and may capitalize on disturbed ecological succession by establishing itself and then preventing the growth of plants underneath it. With a sufficiently established thicket of honeysuckle, even other shade-tolerant, invasive species, such as fortune's spindle have difficulty growing underneath it, whether due to its suspected allelopathic activity or through soil depletion.

Effects on flora and fauna

Due to its early leafing, Morrow's honeysuckle is particularly harmful to spring ephemerals, flowers that evolved to bloom briefly in the spring before other plants leafed out.

Many cedar waxwings' wax spots in the eastern United States have taken on an unusual orange hue in the last 35 years, a phenomenon that has been attributed to Lonicera morrowii. The chemical involved in this color change is rhodoxanthin, a red dye found in the berries of Morrow's honeysuckle.

References

External links

Morrow's honeysuckle
Connecticut Wildflowers
EFG Biodiversity Image Gallery
Flora of Japan

morrowii
Flora of Northeast Asia
Garden plants of Asia

Lonicera morrowii