Events from the year 1611 in Quebec.

Events
Charles de Bourbon, comte de Soissons is appointed Lieutenant General of New France by king Louis XIII.
Samuel de Champlain travels up the Saint Lawrence River and arrives on the island of Montreal. In 1535, Jacques Cartier had visited the island and discovered a large Iroquois settlement called Hochelaga. No trace of any settlement is found by de Champlain and his men.
A fur trading post is established by de Champlain on a place called La Place Royale, the site of contemporary Pointe-à-Callière museum in Old Montreal.
de Champlain returns to Quebec after a visit to France during which he fails to renew the fur trade monopoly on furs from North America. He manages, however, to secure the support of merchants in Rouen for the colony of New France.
de Champlain and his men make their way up the Lachine Rapids, home to the largest standing waves in the world.

Births

Deaths

References

1610s in Canada
1611 in New France
Years in Quebec

1611 in Quebec


Judith Florence Amoore-Pollock (born 25 June 1940) is an Australian former runner. She was born in Melbourne, Victoria.

At the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, she won a bronze medal in the first 400 metres race for females, only beaten by countrywoman Betty Cuthbert (gold) and Brit Ann Packer (silver). At the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Kingston, Jamaica, she won the 440 yards race, a silver medal over 880 yards, and was fourth in the 220 yards.

At the Australian championships in February 1964, she placed 3rd in 440 yards and 2nd in 880 yards. In 1966 she competed in 100 yards without reaching the final, but placed 3rd in 220 Yards, 1st in 440 yards and in 880 yards. In the state championships of Victoria, she won both 220, 440 and 880 yards races.

She set world records at 440 yards (1965), 800 metres (1967) and 880 yards (1967) before retiring due to pregnancy in 1968. She made a comeback in 1971, running some of her best times ever to make the team for the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. She was track and field team captain at Munich, but was unable to compete because of injuries and retired soon after the Games, again for family reasons.

In 1976, she made another comeback, now concentrating on 800 metres and 1500 metres events. The veteran was selected in her third Olympic team after winning the 1500 metres at the Australian National Championships and running second to Charlene Rendina over 800 metres.

At the age of 36, she became the oldest Australian female Olympian at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec. Running in the 800 metres, she just missed the final, clocking her fastest ever time of 1:59.93 for fifth in her semi-final. Despite setting another personal best time in the 1500 metres, she was run out of her heat.

She was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 1988.

References

External links

1940 births
Living people
Australian female sprinters
Australian female middle-distance runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Australia
Olympic bronze medalists for Australia
Sportswomen from Victoria (state)
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Australia
World record setters in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees
Athletes from Melbourne
Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
Olympic female sprinters
Medallists at the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games

Judy Amoore


A monorail is like a train. Trains have two sets of wheels that balance on a railway track, but monorails balance on one rail. Monorails are often transport people around cities. Some monorails and trains use magnets to hover on their rails. They are called maglev trains. This reduces friction between the train and the rail. The first monorail was invented in the 19th century. The monorail has a different wheel system than other trains. Instead of being on the rail, it goes beside the rails. Monorails are usually complicated and expensive, so most places do not have them.

Other websites
A Website About Monorails

Rail transport

Monorail


Phonemes are the units of sound (speech) which distinguish one word from another in a particular language. In most varieties (accents and dialects) of spoken English there are about 23 consonantal phonemes and 21 vowel phonemes (altogether 44 phonemes), but only 26 letters in writing. To see all the phonemes in English, the IPA, has a unique letter for every phoneme, unlike the English alphabet.

A good way to learn phonemes in a language is to learn minimal pairs. A minimal pair is a pair of different words that are different by only one sound. An example of this is "bit" and "bat". Even though only the vowel in each word is different, each word has a completely different meaning. Another example is "dip" and "tip", where both words have different meanings even though only the first consonant in each word is different.

References

Language

Phoneme


The Tsamai people (also spelled Tsemay, Tsamay, Tsemai, Tsamako, or Tsamakko) are an ethnic group of southwestern Ethiopia. They speak a Cushitic language called Tsamai, which is one of the Dullay languages, and thus related to the Bussa and Gawwada languages.

According to the 1998 Ethiopian census, the Tsamai number 9,702. The number of speakers of the Tsamai language is 8,621, with 5,298 monolinguals. Many Tsamai use the Konso language for trade purposes.

Most Tsamai live in the Bena Tsemay woreda of the Debub Omo Zone of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region, in the Lower Omo River Valley and just to the west of the Konso special woreda. Many Tsamai live in the town of Weyto, which is approximately 50 km from the town of Jinka, on the Konso-Jinka road.

Most Tsamai are agro-pastoralists, herding cattle as well as growing crops. Many Tsamai women wear clothing made from leather. Many Tsamai men carry small stools around with them, which they use in case they need to sit down.

They have a very low level of literacy: below 1% in their first language and 2.8% in their second language.

The Tsamai live in an area that is frequented by adventure tours, and thus are a frequently photographed people.

References

Ethnic groups in Ethiopia
Cushitic-speaking peoples

Tsamai people


Eazzy is the professional name of Mildred Ashong (born August 1, 1986), a Ghanaian singer, rapper, and songwriter.

Early life
Mildred Ashong attended St Anthony's Junior and JSS school, Mfantsiman Secondary, Institute of languages, University of Professional Studies, and Chartered Institute of Marketing UK. She graduated in Birmingham,England with a postgraduate in chartered marketing UK at the Symphony Hall in November 2008.

Career
After a year in the music industry, she released her debut album Twinkle in August 2010. It was supported by the three singles: "Bo Wonsem Ma Me", "Wengeze" and "One Gal". The songs earned her two nominations at the 2010 4Syte Music Video Awards, as well as five nominations at the 2011 Ghana Music Awards.

Her collaboration with Richie on the song "One Gal" earned her the award for Best Story Line Video of the Year at the 2011 4Syte Music Video Awards.

In 2012, Eazzy and Lynx Entertainment annulled their business contract and mutually parted ways. She signed with UK Africori Distribution in 2014.

Her second album Against All Odds was released on iTunes in 2014. It features the hit singles "Go Go Wind", "Scream" and "Bad to da Bone", the latter of which features vocals from Edem. She hosted the Ghana Music Awards in 2014 and 2015. She was an official judge for The Next Big Thing, a hip hop talent series. Moreover, she was a judge on seasons 4, 5 and 7 and 8 of MTN Hitmaker.

She has released "Kpakposhito", "Nana" featuring Stonebwoy, "Forever" featuring Mr Eazi, "Power" featuring Shatta Wale, as well as the solo Hiplife/Afrobeats single "Obaa Gbemi".

Discography
Wengeze
Twinkle (2010)
One Gal
Bo Wonsem Ma Me
Against All Odds (2014)
'' Solo Ep (2019)

Awards
 Best Story Line Video of the Year 2011 – 4Syte Music Video Awards
 Best Female Video of the Year 2016 – 4Syte Music Video Awards
 Best Fashion Icon Ghana Kids Choice Awards

References

1986 births
Living people
Ghanaian rappers
21st-century Ghanaian women singers
Ghanaian women rappers
Mfantsiman Girls' Secondary School alumni

Eazzy


Saginaw Township South was a census-designated place (CDP) in Saginaw County in the U.S. state of Michigan.  The CDP was defined for statistical purposes and had no legal status as an incorporated municipality. The population was 13,801 at the 2000 census. The community is located within Saginaw Charter Township and consists of the township south of State St., while Saginaw Township North is most of the area north of State St. This division is purely for statistical purposes and does not reflect any present or historical self-identification of the residents in these areas.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which  is land and  (1.99%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 13,801 people, 6,079 households, and 3,860 families residing in the CDP.  The population density was .  There were 6,327 housing units at an average density of .  The racial makeup of the CDP was 89.86% White, 5.36% Black or African American, 0.25% Native American, 1.96% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 1.26% from other races, and 1.30% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.41% of the population.

There were 6,079 households, out of which 26.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.7% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.5% were non-families. 32.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.88.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 21.8% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 25.0% from 25 to 44, 26.8% from 45 to 64, and 18.8% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.1 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.8 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $48,605, and the median income for a family was $64,137. Males had a median income of $49,977 versus $30,968 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $28,012.  About 4.8% of families and 6.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.6% of those under age 18 and 6.7% of those age 65 or over.

References

Former census-designated places in Michigan
Unincorporated communities in Saginaw County, Michigan
Unincorporated communities in Michigan

Saginaw Township South, Michigan


The korovai (,  before the  1956 reform), karavai (modern , , ), or kravai () is a traditional  Bulgarian,  Ukrainian, and  Russian bread, most often served at weddings, where it has great symbolic meaning. It has remained part of the wedding tradition in Belarus, Russia, Ukraine, as well as in the Russian and Ukrainian diasporas. Its use in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine dates back to hospitality and holiday customs in ancient Rus. A similar bread () is made in parts of eastern Poland.
A round korovai is a common element of the  bread-and-salt ceremony of welcome.

Origins and decoration of korovai
The bread has ancient origins, and comes from the pagan belief in the magical properties of grain.  Korovai was a large round braided bread, traditionally baked from wheat flour and decorated with symbolic flags and figurines, such as suns, moons, birds, animals, and pine cones.  Wheat stalks, herbs, nuts, flowers and fruit were used to embellish the korovai. The bread has no set design, and the style and ornamentation of the korovai varies by region, although colors red, gold and silver were most commonly employed in decoration.

The bread was traditionally prepared in the home of the bride by women who sang traditional songs to guide them through the making.  These women were called the korovainytsi, and were most often invited in odd numbers to do the job of making the bread, usually seven.

The embellishments served a symbolic function. Two birds, made out of dough, represent the couple, and other birds represent family and friends. The entire arrangement is surrounded by a wreath of periwinkle, a symbol of love and purity. The korovai receives blessings before it is placed in the oven for baking.

The bride and groom were given the korovai as a blessing before the wedding ceremony. The korovai was shared by all the wedding guests, and this was considered the culmination of the wedding. During times of hardship, when a wedding was impossible, the blessing and sharing of bread was often considered enough to constitute a marriage in the eyes of the community.

Dividing the korovai
The top part of the korovai symbolizes the Moon; it is divided in half and belongs to the marrying couple, the next slice goes to the mother and father of the bride, and so on.  In eastern Ukraine, the mother receives a pair of shoes made out of dough, while the father is given an owl, out of those decorating the korovai.

The bottom section of the korovai called the pidoshva can be shared with the guests and the band as a symbol of good luck and future prosperity.

See also
 Kolach (bread)

References

External links
 Korovai at Atlas Obscura, 2021

Belarusian cuisine
Russian cuisine
Soviet cuisine
Ukrainian cuisine
Wedding food
Yeast breads
Slavic cuisine
Bulgarian cuisine
Polish cuisine

Korovai


Moby-Dick is a novel written by Herman Melville. It was first published in 1851. The story is told by a seaman named Ishmael. He sails on a whaling ship called the Pequod. Ahab is the captain of the ship. He wants to kill a white whale called Moby Dick. The whale bit his leg off. The book received mixed reviews. It did not sell very well during its author's lifetime. Moby-Dick is now thought to be one of the greatest novels ever written.

Melville took 18 months to finish his book. He based it off of things he had seen while sailing, and also books on whaling he had read. It contains a lot of information on whale hunting, whale oil, and life aboard a whaling ship. It also explores social status, ideas about God, and revenge.

The book was first published in London in October 1851. It was published in three volumes and was called The Whale. It was published In New York a month later in November and, was in one complete volume. It was called its current title, Moby-Dick, or, The Whale.

Summary
Ishmael travels from Manhattan to New Bedford, Massachusetts because he wants to sail on a whaling ship. He finds out that he cannot leave because there are no ferries from New Bedford to the island of Nantucket late at night. Ishmael stays at an inn. The inn has lots of people, so he has to share a bed with a cannibal named Queequeg. They become friends. The next day, Ishmael and Queequeg attend a religious sermon about Jonah. After, they head for Nantucket. Ishmael chooses the whale ship Pequod to sail on. The Pequod'''s captain is named Ahab. Ahab is described as moody and odd. A man named Elijah tells Ishmael and Queequeg that bad things will happen on the ship. The Pequod leaves the harbor on Christmas.

Ishmael talks a lot about cetology throughout the novel. Some chapters talk only about whales and whaling, and not about characters.

At the end of the novel, the Pequod sees Moby Dick. They chase him for three days. Ahab is killed when the rope of his harpoon ties around him and pulls him out of his boat. The rest of the men are killed when Moby Dick destroys their ship. Ishmael is the only one who survives. This is because a coffin lifebuoy comes to the surface of the ocean beside him. The coffin was made for Queequeg when he was sick, but he got better. Ishmael stays on the coffin until the boat the Rachel rescues him.

 Characters

 Ishmael
Ishmael is the narrator of the novel. He is the only one to survive when the Pequod'' sinks. He likes whales and knows a lot of information about them and whaling. He likes to go on long tangents about this information. He does not do a lot to affect the story.

Ahab
Ahab is a captain who has only one leg because Moby Dick bit off one of them a long time ago. Ahab has sworn revenge on the whale. He is from Nantucket and has a wife and son. He is 58.

Starbuck
Starbuck is the first mate of the ship. He is from Nantucket, and also has a wife and son. His father and brother died at sea. He is wise, religious, and calm. He is around 30.

Stubb
Stubb is the second mate. He is from Cape Cod. He is happy and carefree. He is usually seen smoking a pipe. He is the one to abandon Pip when he falls into the sea.

Flask
Flask is the third mate. He is from Martha's Vineyard. He is short and does not like whales. He kills them for fun.

Pip
Pip is the Black cabin boy. He is from Alabama. It is implied he escaped from slavery. During a whale hunt, he gets scared and falls into the ocean. The crew cut the line and pull him back in. Stubb tells him that if he falls back in, he won't pull him back in again. This is because losing a whale means losing money. Pip falls again, and he is left in the ocean for a few hours. This causes him to become crazy and ramble a lot. Ahab is seen showing some kindness to Pip.

Queequeg
Queequeg is a cannibal from a made-up island called Rokovoko. He has lots of tattoos. He is Polynesian. He is one of the harpooners. He and Ishmael are close friends.

Tashtego
Tashtego is a Native American from Martha's Vineyard. He is another harpooner.

Daggoo
Daggoo is from Africa. He is another harpooner.

Fedallah
Fedallah is a Parsee. He is Ahab's harpooner. He appears on the ship without the other men (except for Ahab) knowing about it. He predicts Ahab's death, but says that he will die before Ahab.

References

 Chase, Richard Volney, ed. (1962). "Melville and Moby-Dick". Melville: a Collection of Critical Essays. Spectrum. pp. 56–61.

1851 books
American novels

Moby-Dick


Roy F. Bergengren (June 14, 1879 – November 11, 1955) was an American attorney and pioneer of the United States credit union movement. Hired by Edward Filene in July 1921 to head the Credit Union National Extension Bureau, Bergengren carried out an ambitious legislative agenda that resulted in the enactment of the Federal Credit Union Act, the creation of the Credit Union National Association (CUNA), and the foundation of thousands of credit unions across the United States.

Early career
Bergengren was trained as an attorney and in 1914 was elected the Commissioner of Finance in Lynn, Massachusetts. He participated in World War I and was largely unsatisfied with his poverty law practice prior to meeting Edward Filene, a successful Massachusetts businessman and champion of credit unions. In 1920, Bergengren was hired to manage the Massachusetts Credit Union Association where he promoted the development of credit unions. Massachusetts chartered 19 new credit unions in the following year. Filene found in Roy Bergengren the key organizer he needed to spearhead the credit union movement in the United States. Together with Filene, Bergengren founded the Credit Union National Extension Bureau in 1921 to work towards establishing credit union laws in all states and at the federal level. Filene poured more than $1 million of his own money into the project.

Credit Union National Extension Bureau

Many ordinary American workers did not have access to loans when they needed them and fell victim to usury and loan sharks.
Bergengren and Filene proposed credit unions as the solution. The Extension Bureau, of which Bergengren was the executive secretary, had four goals:

1. to bring about the laws needed for credit union development in the various states,
2. subsequently, to organize some credit unions in each state that could serve as examples to others,
3. to expand the number of credit unions to the point that they could create self-sustaining state federations, and
4. to combine the federations into a self-sustaining national association.

In June 1924, the Extension Bureau began publishing The Bridge, a precursor to Credit Union Magazine of which Bergengren was the editor. Bergengren travelled the country and attended the meetings of credit union organizers. Bergengren appeared before state legislators and recruited volunteer organizers. He was a gifted orator and gave passionate speeches.

The real job of a credit union is to prove, in modest measure, the practicality of the brotherhood of man.

Laws were passed and the Extension Bureau began to realize its goals. When Bergengren started what he referred to as his "crusade," there were only 199 credit unions in the U.S. By 1925, 15 states had passed credit union laws and 419 credit unions were serving 108,000 members.

The collaboration between Bergengren and Filene, and the work of the Extension Bureau, proved very effective. It brought state laws to fruition in 26 states and substantially revised flawed legal frameworks in 5 others. In 1934 the Roosevelt Administration passed the Federal Credit Union Act, making it possible to form a credit union anywhere in the United States.

The Extension Bureau has been a model for many projects related to international development and microfinance since. Foreshadowing debates that still rage however, the views of Filene and Bergengren diverged on two key issues.

First, Bergengren believed that the Extension Bureau should attempt to secure federal legislation first, rather than work state by state. Filene prevailed in this debate, maintaining that a national law should be based on a sound understanding of the diverse circumstances of people across America—from shrimp fishermen in Louisiana, to factory workers in Massachusetts or farmers in the mid-West. Only by developing many state laws first would such a sound national understanding be possible.

Second, as the Great Depression set in the Reconstruction Finance Corporation under President Hoover sought to stimulate the economy with soft loans targeted to banks, railways and large companies. Filene favoured asking for $100 million in reconstruction credits to be pumped into credit unions. Bergengren strongly opposed this position, and his view prevailed this time. "To him, it meant destroying the vital principle of the whole movement by converting a community enterprise into an agency of the government. To teach people how to help themselves was more important by far in times of depression than at any other time."

Credit Union National Association

With the work of the Bureau essentially completed, a national meeting of credit union leaders was called at Estes Park, Colorado. In a letter to Edward Filene, Bergengren wrote "I sincerely believe that what we are going to do at Estes Park will have extraordinary consequences." On August 11, 1934, the Credit Union National Association (CUNA) – a national federation funded by the nation's credit unions – was formed to replace the Bureau.

Bergengren was named managing director of the newly formed CUNA and by 1937, 6400 credit unions with 1.5 million members were active in 45 states.

Bergengren was forced to resign from CUNA in 1945 after a bitter internal struggle, and subsequently moved to Vermont, where he directed that state's League until his death. He was especially interested in international credit unions and, one year before his death, Bergengren convinced CUNA directors to establish a world extension department.

Legacy
Bergengren's tenacity and dedication resulted in the proliferation of credit unions across the United States. By the end of 2008, U.S. credit unions had 89 million members. This is the largest membership of any country in the world, and one of the highest levels of market penetration in the world. Bergengren was inducted to the Cooperative Hall of Fame in 1979. A credit union in Nova Scotia is named for him as is an award from the CUNA Mutual Group.

Bibliography
Credit Union, The Beekman Hill Press, 1931
We the People, The Stratford Company, 1932
CUNA Emerges, Credit Union National Association, 1935
Soul, The Cantwell Press, 1938
The War and After, Straus Printing Company, 1942
I Speak for Joe Doakes, Harper & Brothers, 1945
Crusade; The Fight for Economic Democracy in North America, 1921-1945, Exposition Press, 1952

References

See also
Credit unions in the United States
Edward Filene
History of credit unions
National Credit Union Administration

1879 births
1955 deaths
American financial businesspeople
Massachusetts lawyers
Philanthropists from Massachusetts
American cooperative organizers
Credit unions of the United States

Roy Bergengren


The European Union Youth Orchestra (EUYO) is an orchestra for young people from countries in the European Union. The orchestra is given money by the European Union and by a number of EU member states. It gives young players experience at working together with some of the world's best music teachers and conductors.

The orchestra was started in 1978. Some of the greatest conductors have worked with the EUYO, including Herbert von Karajan, Vladimir Ashkenazy and Claudio Abbado.

Other websites
 EUYO website

Youth orchestras

European Union Youth Orchestra


Ben Roy Mottelson (July 9, 1926 – May 13, 2022) was an American-born Danish nuclear physicist.  He won the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the non-spherical geometry of atomic nuclei.

Early life
Mottelson was born in Chicago, Illinois. He graduated from Lyons Township High School in LaGrange, Illinois. He received a Bachelor's degree from Purdue University in 1947, and a Ph.D. in nuclear physics from Harvard University in 1950.

Career
In 1950–51, James Rainwater (1917 – 1986) and Aage Bohr (1922 – 2009) had developed models of the atomic nucleus. It began learn the behaviour of the individual nucleons.  Mottelson worked with Aage Bohr to share the theoretical models with experimental data.

In three papers which were published in 1952–53, Bohr and Mottelson demonstrated close agreement between theory and experiment, for example showing that the energy levels of certain nuclei could be described by a rotation spectrum.  This work stimulated new theoretical and experimental studies.

Nobel Prize (1975)
Rainwater, Bohr and Mottelson were jointly awarded the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physics "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection".

Later career
Bohr and Mottelson continued to work together, publishing a two-volume monograph, Nuclear Structure. The first volume, Single-Particle Motion, appeared in 1969, and the second volume, Nuclear Deformations, in 1975.

Professor Mottelson was a member of the Board of Sponsors of The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.

He was a foreign fellow of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences and the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. In 1969, he won the Atoms for Peace Award.

Personal life
Mottelson had dual citizenship. He had both Danish and American citizenship. He lived in Copenhagen, Denmark.

Mottelson was married to Nancy Jane Reno from 1948 until her death in 1975. They had two sons and one daughter. Mottelson then married Britta Marger Siegumfeldt in 1983.

Mottelson died on May 13, 2022 in Copenhagen at the age of 95.

References

Other websites

 Nobel prize press release
 Autobiography from the Nobel foundation website
 Ben Roy Mottelson

1926 births
2022 deaths
American Nobel Prize winners
American physicists
Danish academics
Danish physicists
Harvard University alumni
Scientists from Chicago
Danish Nobel Prize winners
People from La Grange, Illinois

Ben Roy Mottelson


Yeshivat Aderet Eliyahu (ישיבת אדרת אליהו), commonly referred to as "Zilberman's," is a Haredi, Lithuanian educational facility located between the Jewish and Muslim quarters of the Old City of Jerusalem.

The yeshiva encompasses three buildings, including the main beis midrash (study hall) called "Galicia," as well as a yeshiva ketana (yeshiva high school), near the Armenian quarter, and an elementary school, also in the Old City.

Although in many ways a traditional Haredi yeshiva, it differs from most yeshivas in its commitment to following the teachings of the Vilna Gaon.  In addition, Zilberman's is well known for endorsing the newly found Techelet (blue dye extracted from sea snails and used to color fringes of tzitzit) as authentic and encouraging its students to wear tzitzit dyed with it.  Wearing tefillin (phylacteries) throughout the day is also encouraged, unlike most yeshivas where tefillin is only worn briefly for morning prayer. Zilberman's also features a simpler, more straightforward teaching method for Talmud and the Bible.  Returning to traditional teaching methods abandoned by the Yeshiva world, students of Zilberman's have a set study schedule including Torah, "Nach" (Prophets and Writings), Mishnah and Talmud; the method of Talmud study does not involve intense scrutiny of commentaries and has more focus on the text itself.

The yeshiva was founded in the 1970s by Rabbi Yitzhak Shlomo Zilberman. As he was orphaned as a teenager, he did not grow up with the guidance of any specific sect of Orthodoxy, and was able to search independently to find what he felt was the most accurate stream of Judaism.  Eventually he found the Vilna Gaon's teachings to be by far the most faithful to Judaism, and founded the yeshiva and yeshiva ketana.

Since then, many new schools have been established throughout Israel and in Jewish communities abroad based on the model of Zilberman's. Some of these schools do not share Zilberman's Haredi, ultra-orthodox character, and many are associated with the National Religious and Settler movements. Three of these schools were founded by students of Rabbi Zilberman; one in Beit El (dedicated to Rabbi Binyamin Kahane), one in Yitzhar and one in Hebron now administered by Baruch Marzel.  The largest, the Beit El yeshiva, has nearly 250 students (as of September 2007).

Despite its own strong right wing and nationalistic leanings (many of its younger students are affiliated with or sympathetic towards the Hill-top settler movement), Zilberman's is firmly Haredi/ultra-orthodox. Following Rabbi Avigdor Nevenzahl's ban on entering the Temple Mount, Zilberman's followed suit.

After Rabbi Zilberman's death in the late 1990s, his sons took over management and leadership of the yeshiva.

References

External links
 The four questions from archived Official Website
 Talmud Torah Aderes Eliyahu archived Official Website

1970s establishments in Asia
Haredi Judaism in Jerusalem
Haredi yeshivas
Orthodox yeshivas in Jerusalem
Lithuanian-Jewish culture in Jerusalem

Yeshivat Aderet Eliyahu


Falafel is a kind of vegetarian food. It is a deep-fried ball or patty made from ground chickpeas, fava beans, or both. Falafel is made from chickpeas or fava beans. Spices are added to these. Falafel is either made into a ball, or a disc, which is then fried. The dish originally came from Egypt. Today, it is a popular form of fast food in the Middle East, where it is also served as a mezze. In Israel it is served as street food.

Origin of the word
The word is pronounced  (fuh-lah-full);  .

In Egyptian and Sudanese Arabic it is called  Ta'amiyya.

The Arabic word "falafel" (falāfil) may be the plural of  () 'pepper'. More relevantly, it is an adjective for fluffy/crunchy things, as in  (), a kind of cooked rice, and  (), curly hair. Different spellings in English include felafel and filafil.

Different ways of serving falafel
Falafel is usually served in a pita-like bread called lafa, either inside the bread, which acts as a pocket, or wrapped in a flat bread. In many countries falafel is a popular street food or fast food. The falafel balls, whole or crushed, may be topped with salads, pickled vegetables and hot sauce, and drizzled with tahini-based sauces. Falafel balls may also be eaten alone as a snack or served as part of a mezze. During Ramadan, they are sometimes eaten as part of an iftar, the meal which breaks the daily fast after sunset.

History
Falafel was originally made with fava beans. When the dish was used more to the north, chickpeas were more common, so they were used instead. The chickpea was used as a food item in the Levant before 4000 BC.

According to Ynetnews, "A common theory suggests falafel was invented some 1000 years ago by the Egyptian Copts. They took it with them  when they moved to the rest of the Middle East. Another theory dates the invention of falafel as far as the 6th century AD, or even earlier, placing it on the subcontinent of India, which is known until today for making various chickpea-based dishes".

Ingredients

Falafel is made from fava beans or chickpeas or a combination of the two. In Egypt, fava beans are used exclusively. Other variations may contain only chickpeas. This is the case of Palestinians, Yemenite Jews in Jerusalem as well as in Syria and Lebanon. In the Levant, Falafel is generally made only with chickpeas. Unlike many other bean patties, in falafel the beans are not cooked before they are used. Instead they are soaked, possibly skinned, then ground, a small quantity of onions, parsley, spices (including cumin), and bicarbonate of soda are added. It is then deep fried at a high temperature. Sesame seeds may be added to the balls before they are fried; this is particularly common when falafel is served as a dish on its own rather than as a sandwich filling.

Recent culinary trends have seen the chickpea falafel have more success than fava bean falafel. Chickpea falafels are served across the Middle East, and have been popularized by expatriates of those countries living abroad. However, fava-bean falafel continue to predominate in Egypt and Sudan and their respective expatriate communities, and Egyptians are fond of deriding chickpea falafel as inferior.

In Israel small 2.5 cm spherical balls are made, while in Egypt and among Palestinians larger patties are shaped with a tablespoon or a special scoop with a lever to release them into the hot oil.

Variations

The kind of bread used for falafel may be different. Outside the Middle East, pita bread is often used as a pocket and stuffed with the different ingredients; in Arab countries a round khubz bread, 'eish' in Egypt, is halved, and the two resulting round pieces are used to create a cigar-shaped wrap. There, hummus (chickpeas pureed with tahini) is rarely used as a condiment, the usual sauce is tahini (sesame seed paste) thinned with water and lemon. The most common salad ingredients are tomato and parsley. In Lebanon, parsley is mixed with chopped mint leaves. It is also common in Syria and Lebanon to add pickles; the two canonical ones are pickled turnip, colored pink with beetroot, and pickled cucumber. Recently, there has been a new "filled" falafel, its center usually consisting of ground meat or minced onions or a boiled egg. These fillings are wrapped by the uncooked falafel mixture, and then deep fried.

The salads or the pita itself may be seasoned with salt or sumac, which is very commonly used in Syria; alternatively, these may be sprinkled on top.

Egyptian falafel (Ta'amiyya)
Egyptian falafel is made from Phaseolus vulgaris or fried Vicia faba grains.

Syrian falafel
Falafel made of bean beans with ground chickpeas and fried in a pretzel shape with a hole in the middle and coated with sesame.

References

Middle Eastern foods

Falafel


The Leonardo Permanent Multipurpose Module (PMM) is a module of the International Space Station. It was flown into space aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery on STS-133 on 24 February 2011 and installed on 1 March. Leonardo is primarily used for storage of spares, supplies and waste on the ISS, which was until then stored in many different places within the space station. It is also the personal hygiene area for the astronauts who live in the US Orbital Segment. The Leonardo PMM was a Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) before 2011, then was modified into its current configuration. It was formerly one of two MPLM used for bringing cargo to and from the ISS with the Space Shuttle. The module was named for Italian polymath Leonardo da Vinci.

Like the other Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules, it was constructed by the Italian Space Agency, who chose to name it after Leonardo da Vinci. Construction began in April 1996, and the module was delivered to NASA at the Kennedy Space Center in August 1998 by an Airbus Beluga aircraft.

Previous proposals
A European proposal suggested equipping the Donatello MPLM with enhanced micrometeoroid/orbital debris protection and cooling systems, and leaving it attached to the ISS after the Space Shuttle fleet was retired. Costs for such MPLM modifications were estimated at $20M to $40M per unit. The MPLM would then be called a Permanent Multipurpose Module (PMM), and it would house spare parts and supplies, allowing longer times between resupply missions. The proposal was rejected by NASA because it would require changes to existing plans and would entail additional costs. Internal discussions continued and managers considered the possibility of STS-133, which at that time was planned to be the last Shuttle flight, leaving its MPLM permanently attached. The United Launch Alliance also published a proposal for a system that could allow additional ISS modules to be launched on an EELV even after the retirement of the Shuttle.

On August 5, 2009 it was announced that STS-133 would indeed leave one MPLM permanently attached to the station. In October 2009, it was confirmed that Leonardo would be the MPLM converted to a PMM. It was launched on February 24, 2011. The PMM was transferred to the station using the Shuttle robotic arm and mated to the nadir (Earth) facing port of Unity.

On May 27, 2015, at 13:08 UTC, the PMM was relocated from the nadir port of the Unity module to the forward-facing port of the Tranquility module. This was done in order to allow Unity's nadir port to serve as a berthing port for resupply craft, which in turn frees up Harmonys zenith port for future U.S. Commercial Crew Development spacecraft.

After the re-location of Leonardo from the Unity module to the Tranquility module (which is where the toilet is located) in addition to its function as a storage module it is now the personal hygiene area for the ISS astronauts in the US Orbital Segment. Astronauts have much privacy in Leonardo and do sponge baths and change their clothes here.

Leonardo might also be used on Axiom Station after the ISS is decommissioned.

Modifications

After returning to Earth on April 20, 2010 at the end of the STS-131 mission, the Leonardo MPLM was moved to the  Space Station Processing Facility (SSPF) at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida to undergo modifications. To convert the Leonardo MPLM into the PMM, NASA made the following modifications: removal of +Y grapple fixture (Flight Releasable Grapple Fixture, or FRGF), removal of ROFU (Remotely Operated Fluid Umbilical) components, replacement of CBM seal, installation of new forward end cone MMOD shields, feed through seal replacement, and installation of visiting vehicle retro-reflectors.

In addition, the Multi-layer insulation (MLI)  blankets from the never-flown Donatello MPLM were cannibalized for use on Leonardo. The blankets were removed and returned to Italy where they were reinforced with Nextel/Kevlar to provide better protection against micro-meteorites. The upgraded blankets were then installed on about two-thirds of Leonardos surface area.

The Leonardo PMM mass is .

As an MPLM

The Leonardo MPLM, also known as MPLM-1, was one of three Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules which were operated by NASA to transfer supplies and equipment to and from the International Space Station. Leonardo was used for eight of the twelve MPLM flights to the space station, with Raffaello being used for the other four. It was the first MPLM to be launched, making its first flight in March 2001, aboard  on STS-102.

Flights

See also

 Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (smaller than Leonardo)
 List of International Space Station spacewalks
 List of spacewalks 2000–2014

References

External links
 Thales Alenia Space's PMM page
 NASA's Space Shuttle page

Components of the International Space Station
Spacecraft launched in 2011
MPLM-1

Leonardo (ISS module)


Art Nouveau  is an international art movement and style based on organic forms. It was seen in modern art, graphic design, architecture and applied arts such as decoration, jewellery, ceramics and glass.p7 It peaked in popularity at the fin de siècle of the late 19th century (1890–1905), and continued until the First World War.

A reaction to academic art of the 19th century, Art Nouveau is organic in style. It has floral and plant-inspired motifs, and stylized, flowing curvilinear forms.p3-36 Art Nouveau is an approach to design according to which artists should work on everything from architecture to furniture, making art part of everyday life.

The movement was strongly influenced by Czech artist Alphonse Mucha. Mucha produced a lithographed poster as an advertisement for the play Gismonda by Victorien Sardou, starring Sarah Bernhardt. The poster appeared on 1 January 1895 in the streets of Paris. It was an overnight sensation, and announced the new artistic style and its creator to the citizens of Paris. Initially called the Style Mucha, this soon became known as Art Nouveau.

Art Nouveau's fifteen-year life was most strongly felt throughout Europe—from Glasgow to Moscow to Madrid—but its influence was global. In France, Hector Guimard's Paris Metro entrances shaped the landscape of Paris and Emile Gallé was at the center of the school of thought in Nancy. Victor Horta had a decisive impact on architecture in Belgium.p37

Magazines like Jugend helped spread the style in Germany, especially as a graphic design form, while the Vienna Secessionists influenced art and architecture throughout Austria-Hungary. Art Nouveau was also a movement of distinct individuals such as Gustav Klimt, Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Alphonse Mucha, René Lalique, Antoni Gaudí and Louis Comfort Tiffany, each of whom interpreted it in their own individual manner.p34

Although Art Nouveau fell out of favour with the arrival of 20th-century modernist styles, it is seen today as an important bridge between Neoclassicism and modernism.

Art Nouveau monuments are now recognized by UNESCO on their World Heritage Sites list as significant contributions to cultural heritage. The historic center of Riga, Latvia, with "the finest collection of art nouveau buildings in Europe", was inscribed on the list in 1997 in part because of the "quality and the quantity of its Art Nouveau/Jugendstil architecture". Four Brussels town houses by Victor Horta were included in 2000 as "works of human creative genius" that are "outstanding examples of Art Nouveau architecture brilliantly illustrating the transition from the 19th to the 20th century in art, thought, and society".

References

Art movements
Architectural styles

Art Nouveau


The Rhodesia cricket team played first-class cricket and represented originally the British colony of Southern Rhodesia and later the unilaterally independent state of Rhodesia which became Zimbabwe. In 1980 the Rhodesia cricket team was renamed as the Zimbabwe-Rhodesia cricket team, and in 1981 it adopted its current name of the Zimbabwe national cricket team.

Honours
 Currie Cup (0) –
 Gillette/Nissan Cup (1) – 1977–78

Club history

The Rhodesian Cricket Union was formed in 1898 as the governing body of the game in the colony. Rhodesia competed in South Africa's Currie Cup championship from 1905, but its appearances were sporadic at first. Having lost their inaugural match to Transvaal by an innings and 170 runs, Rhodesia did not play in the Currie Cup again until 1929–30. They also played in 1931–32, winning four out of five matches, but losing the cup to Western Province under the points system then in use. The Rhodesian team then did not return until 1946–47, after which they at last played regularly. The Rhodesian team toured other areas of Africa. In 1951 they toured their northern neighbours East Africa.

Rhodesia was visited by a New Zealand team at the start of their tour of South Africa in October 1961. They played two three day first-class games against Rhodesia, the first in Bulawayo and the second in Sailsbury. Both matches ended in draws.

A total of 242 cricketers represented Rhodesia with noted Rhodesian players including Denis Tomlinson, Chris Duckworth, Tony Pithey, David Pithey, Jackie du Preez, Joe Partridge, Godfrey Lawrence and Colin Bland. These were the only Rhodesian born cricketers to represent South Africa, together with Shropshire-born Percy Mansell and the South Africans Paul Winslow, Mike Procter, Peter Carlstein and Egyptian-born John Traicos but the team never won the Currie Cup. The team played in 1979–80 as "Zimbabwe-Rhodesia" and left the competition for good at the close of that season, after Zimbabwe officially became independent.

Rhodesian players were eligible to represent South Africa in Test cricket until the country became Zimbabwe.

Venues
Rhodesian venues included:
 Queens Sports Club, Bulawayo (March 1910 – present):
 Salisbury Sports Club (March 1910 – present): Mashonaland venue since 1954
 Raylton Club, Bulawayo (occasional venue Dec 1924 – Feb. 1955)
 Old Hararians A Field, Salisbury (used once in March 1950)
 Bulawayo Athletic Club (used once in Nov 1951): a Matabeleland venue since 1994
 Police A Ground, Salisbury (Oct 1957 – Dec 1968)
 Police B Ground, Salisbury (Nov 1969 – Jan 1980)

Notes

References

 South African Cricket Annual – various editions
 Wisden Cricketers' Almanack – various editions

South African first-class cricket teams
Former Zimbabwean first-class cricket teams
National cricket teams
Rhodesian cricket from 1890–91 to 1979–80

Rhodesia cricket team


Fishermans Bay is a small suburb of the Port Stephens local government area in the Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia. It is located on the coast of the Tasman Sea adjacent to Anna Bay. A large part of the eastern portion of the suburb is occupied by Tomaree National Park and only a very small portion of the south western corner of the suburb is populated. The suburb is named after the adjacent bay.

Notes

References

Suburbs of Port Stephens Council
Bays of New South Wales

Fishermans Bay, New South Wales


The Rescue (1837–1850) is a large marble sculpture group which was assembled in front of the east façade of the United States Capitol building and exhibited there from 1853 until 1958, when it was removed and never restored. The sculptural ensemble was created by sculptor Horatio Greenough (1805–1852) who had previously been commissioned by the U.S. government to create a massive sculpture, George Washington (1832–1841) for the Capitol rotunda, also now removed from that site.

Description
The Rescue depicts a confrontation between a bellicose American Indian warrior and a pioneer family. At the left rear of the group, a crouching pioneer woman desperately clasps a small child. To the front, an outsized frontiersman forcibly prevents a tomahawk-wielding Indian from brutally murdering his family. The heroic rescuer, however, refrains from injuring his adversary and displays a total mastery of the situation as well as a certain compassion for his enemy. The vengeful Indian warrior is rendered impotent and childlike. (His posture is loosely based on the central figure of the ancient Laocoön sculpture group.) The frontiersman's helmet-like headgear is fashioned like a Renaissance cap. To the right, the family dog looks on.

The Rescue was displayed to the right of the large staircase of the east façade of the U.S. Capitol.  To the left of the staircase was another sculpture, Luigi Persico's Discovery of America (1837–1850) that depicts a triumphant Christopher Columbus and a cowering Indian maiden. The final composition for Discovery resembled James Buchanan's description: "Whilst he is thus standing upon the shore, a female savage, with awe and wonder depicted in her countenance, is gazing upon him."

History and meaning

Greenough wrote that The Rescue was meant to "commemorate the dangers & difficulty of peopling our continent, and which shall also serve as a memorial of the Indian race", but also "to convey the idea of the triumph of the whites over the savage tribes".  The group has also been seen as rationalizing Andrew Jackson's "Indian Removal" policy of the 1830s. Although Greenough did not name the rescuer, the public recognized him as Daniel Boone and the statuary was widely known as "Daniel Boone Protects His Family."

In 1939, a joint resolution submitted to—but not passed by—the U.S. House of Representatives recommended that The Rescue be "...ground into dust, and scattered to the four winds, that no more remembrance may be perpetuated of our barbaric past, and that it may not be a constant reminder to our American Indian citizens…" Several other protests, including by American Indian groups, were made in the intervening years and in 1958, both Discovery and Rescue were removed from the east façade in preparation for the building's extension. They were placed in storage and—without public discussion—never restored.

Fate

In 1976, a crane accidentally dropped The Rescue while moving it to a new Smithsonian storage area in Maryland, thus reducing it to several fragments.  Today they lie next to Discovery, also said to be in poor condition.

In a collaboration between the Middlebury College Museum of Art and the Office of the Architect of the Capitol, the pioneer's dog from The Rescue was exhibited during a temporary show, "Horatio Greenough: An American Sculptor's Drawings" in late 1999.

References

External links

1850 sculptures
1850s establishments in Washington, D.C.
Destroyed sculptures
Sculptures of dogs in the United States
Marble sculptures in Washington, D.C.
Outdoor sculptures in Washington, D.C.
Public art in Washington, D.C.
Relocated buildings and structures in Washington, D.C.
Sculptures by Horatio Greenough
Sculptures of men in Washington, D.C.
Sculptures of Native Americans in Washington, D.C.
Sculptures in the Smithsonian Institution
United States Capitol statues
Anti-Indigenous racism in Washington, D.C.
Native American-related controversies

The Rescue (sculpture)


Statistical surveys are collections of information about items in a population.

Surveys can be grouped into numerical and categorical types. A numerical survey is to get numbers as replies. For example:
How many minutes, on average, do you spend eating breakfast?

This survey question is used to generate numbers in minutes. An example of a categorical question is:

What is your favorite color?

The categories for this would be yellow, green, purple, etc... which are not numbers.

Surveys of human populations and institutions are common in political polling and government, health, social science and marketing research. A survey may concentrate on opinions or factual information depending on its purpose.

Other websites

American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR)
How to design a web-based statistical survey online.
Ajeebo: Web based survey software tools directory
Conducting Web-Based Surveys
Free resources for methods in social research  has links to resources for surveys and sampling.
Online Survey Best Practice
Short Courses in Survey Methodology, sponsored by the Joint Program in Survey Methodology (JPSM) - University of Maryland-College Park and University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
The EvaluationWiki  - The mission of EvaluationWiki is to make freely available a compendium of up-to-date information and resources to everyone involved in the science and practice of evaluation. The EvaluationWiki is presented by the non-profit Evaluation Resource Institute .

Marketing
Statistics

Statistical survey


The Salt Range is a hill system in the Punjab province of Pakistan, deriving its name from its extensive deposits of rock salt. The range extends from the Jhelum River to the Indus River, across the northern portion of the Punjab province. The Salt Range contains the great mines of Mayo, Khewra, Warcha and Kalabagh, which yield vast supplies of salt. Coal of a medium quality is also found.

Mountain ranges of Pakistan

Salt Range


Louis-Antoine Dornel (30 March 1680 in Presles, Val-d'Oise near (Beaumont-sur-Oise) – 22 July 1757) was a French composer, harpsichordist, organist and violinist.

Biography
Dornel was probably taught by the organist Nicolas Lebègue. He was appointed organist at the church of Sainte-Marie-Madeleine-en-la-Cité in 1706, where he took over from François d'Agincourt. He was runner-up in the competition for the post to Jean-Philippe Rameau, who eventually refused the terms set by the church authorities. He occupied several organist posts in Paris over a period from 1714 to 1748. In 1719 he was appointed to the abbey of Sainte-Geneviève, following the death of André Raison.

From 1725 to 1742, Dornel was appointed successor to du Boussetto as the music master of the Académie Française. He was required to compose a large-scale motet for choir and orchestra to be performed by the Académie each year on the feast of Saint Louis (August 25), but none survive. Dornel's works for harpsichord and for organ were well regarded at the time, the Mercure de France stating that they were "fort estimées et de très facile exécution" (well regarded and easy to play).

We know little more about the rest of his career, other than that his last surviving organ manuscript is dated 1756. A hand written inscription on the cover gives his birth and death date as 1691 and 1765.

As Dornel was not a salaried court musician, he had to respond to the tastes of the concert societies set up by the French aristocracy, and in particular to the popularity of the sonata form promoted by the Italian-educated Marc-Antoine Charpentier, as well as traditional suites of French dances.

Works
His surviving work includes:
four books of chamber music - Livre de simphonies contenant six suites en trio avec une sonate en quatuor (1709), Sonates à violon seul et suites pour la flûte traversière avec la basse (1711), Sonates en trio pour les flûtes allemandes, violons, hautbois (1713), and Concerts de simphonies (1723);
a collection of pieces for harpsichord (1731) filled with pieces of character - miniature movements with evocative titles beloved by the bourgeoisie as made popular by Couperin;
vocal music entitled airs sérieux, published by Ballard in 1706;
four cantatas, and a series of unpublished organ pieces.

He was also author of a book of music theory published 1745: Le tour du clavier sur tous les tons.

Dornel organ pieces
A series of unpublished organ pieces (c. 1756) survive in manuscript (Bibliothèque Ste-Geneviève, Paris), and were published by Norbert Dufourcq in 1965 (ed. Schola Cantorum, Paris).

See also
List of French harpsichordists
French organ school

External links

Dornel organ pieces (includes audio)

References

1680s births
1757 deaths
French male classical composers
French Baroque composers
French classical organists
French male organists
18th-century French male classical violinists
18th-century keyboardists
18th-century classical composers
French harpsichordists
18th-century French composers
17th-century male musicians
Male classical organists

Louis-Antoine Dornel


Hagop Baronian (pronounced in Eastern Armenian as Hakob Paronyan, traditional spelling: Յակոբ Պարոնեան, reformed spelling: Հակոբ Պարոնյան, ; 1843–1891) was an influential Ottoman Armenian writer, playwright, journalist, and educator in the 19th century.

Biography
Born in Adrianople, Baronian is widely acknowledged as the greatest Armenian satirist of all time, closely followed by Yervant Odian. Before going to Constantinople Baronian worked as a pharmacy assistant in his hometown Adrianople.

In 1868, finally Baronian left for Constantinople in prospect of finding a job. He first worked as a tutor, and gave private lessons to members of wealthy Armenian families. Afterwards, Baronian was appointed as a teacher in Armenian seminary in Scutari, where the notable Armenian poet Bedros Tourian was among his students. In 1872, Baronian entered journalism as an editor-in-chief of different satirical magazines in the Armenian language. He continued his work in journalism until 1888, when Ottoman authorities decided to ban many magazines in Armenian, including Baronian's.

In 1891, Baronian came down with a severe case of tuberculosis, resulting in his death on 27 May that year.

Baronian's most significant works include the satirical novel Honorable Beggars (1887) and the comedies Baghdasar Aghbar (1886) and Oriental Dentist (1868). In this works Baronian aimed to show the defects of Constantinople's society in a satirical way and with an incredible sense of humor.

Baronian was also known for his biting, sarcastic criticisms of leading figures in the Armenian social circles of Istanbul; some of these critical comments appear in his book Azkayin Chocher ("National Bigshots"). Baronian himself suffered the same fate as the characters in Medzabadiv Mouratsganner, and died penniless on the streets of Istanbul. He was buried in an Armenian cemetery in Istanbul, but the precise location of his grave has been lost.

Tributes
The Yerevan State Musical Comedy Theatre was named after Hagop Baronian ().

References

Parlakian, Nishan (2001). Modern Armenian Drama: An Anthology. New York: Columbia University Press, p. 61.

1843 births
1891 deaths
Armenian novelists
Armenian male novelists
Armenian educators
Armenians from the Ottoman Empire
19th-century writers from the Ottoman Empire
19th-century Armenian writers
People from Edirne
Armenian satirists
19th-century Armenian novelists
19th-century male writers

Hagop Baronian


Scouting was introduced in Bhutan in 1970. In July 1999, the Bhutan Scout Tshogpa, (Dzongkha: འབྲུག་ཨིསི་ཀའུཊ་ཚོགས་པ་) the coeducational Bhutan Scouts Association, was welcomed as a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement at the 35th World Scout Conference in Durban, South Africa. Membership stood at 18,170 as of 2011.

Since 1995, Unit Leader Training courses were organized by the World Scout Bureau-Asia-Pacific Region with the assistance of the Bharat Scouts and Guides, Bangladesh Scouts, Pakistan Boy Scouts Association, the Scout Association of Japan, and the Canadian Scout Brotherhood Fund.

Scouts from Bhutan participated in the 1998 World Jamboree in Chile, in the 20th World Scout Jamboree in Thailand and in the 21st World Scout Jamboree in the United Kingdom.

The remote kingdom hosted the Asia-Pacific Regional First South Asia Foundation-Scout Friendship Camp from February 21 to 26, 2002, in which hundreds of Scouts and Leaders in the districts of Thimphu, Punakha and Wangdue participated. "Regional Cooperation" was the theme of the camp, in which 550 girls and boys from all South Asian countries participated.

The first National Jamboree was held from January 31 to February 6, 2007.

In November 2008 the Scouts helped to prepare the Coronation Celebrations, cleaning the streets of the capital.

The membership badge of Bhutan Scout Tshogpa incorporates the color scheme of the flag of Bhutan, and the fleur-de-lis is wrapped in a khata, the traditional ceremonial scarf. The Scout Motto in Dzongkha is གྲ་འགྲིག་འབད་ གྲ་འགྲིག་འབད་,Dra drig Bay.

See also
World Buddhist Scout Brotherhood

References

http://scouts.elysiumgates.com/bhutan.html

World Organization of the Scout Movement member organizations
Scouting in Bhutan
Youth organizations established in 1970

Bhutan Scouts Association


The Dronacharya Award, officially known as Dronacharya Award for Outstanding Coaches in Sports and Games, is sports coaching honour of the Republic of India. The award is named after Drona, often referred as "Dronacharya" or "Guru Drona", a character from the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata of ancient India. He was master of advanced military warfare and was appointed as the royal preceptor to the Kaurava and the Pandava princes for their training in military arts and astras (Divine weapons). It is awarded annually by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports. Recipients are selected by a committee constituted by the Ministry and are honoured to have done "outstanding and meritorious work on a consistent basis and enabled sportspersons to excel in international events" over a period of four years. Two awards are designated for the lifetime contribution in coaching where the achievements in producing "outstanding sportspersons" over a period of 20 years or more are considered. , the award comprises a bronze statuette of Dronacharya, a certificate, ceremonial dress, and a cash prize of .

Instituted in 1985, the award is given only to the disciplines included in the events like Olympic Games, Paralympic Games, Asian Games, Commonwealth Games, World Championship and World Cup along with Cricket, Indigenous Games, and Parasports. The nominations for a given year are accepted till 30 April or last working day of April. A ten-member committee evaluates the nominations and later submits their recommendations to the Union Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports for further approval.

The first recipients of the award were Bhalchandra Bhaskar Bhagwat (Wrestling), Om Prakash Bhardwaj (Boxing), and O. M. Nambiar (Athletics), who were honoured in 1985. Usually conferred upon not more than five coaches in a year, a few exceptions have been made (2012 and 2016–2020) when more recipients were awarded in a year.

Nominations

The nominations for the award are received from all government recognised National Sports Federations, the Indian Olympic Association, the Sports Authority of India, the Sports Promotion and Control Boards, and the state and the union territory governments with not more than two eligible coaches nominated for each sports discipline. In case of cricket, the nominations are received from the Board of Control for Cricket in India as there is no National Sports Federation recognised by the Government. The Sports Authority of India (SAI) is authorised to submit the nominations on behalf of all the de-recognised or under suspension National Sports Federations. The previous award recipients of Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna, Arjuna Award, Dronacharya Award, and Dhyan Chand Award can also nominate one coach for the discipline for which they themselves were awarded. The Government can nominate up to two coaches in deserving cases where no such nominations have been received from the nominating authorities. The nominations for a given year are accepted till 30 April or last working day of April.

Selection process

All the received nominations are sent to SAI and concerned National Sports Federations for verification against the claimed achievements. The National Anti-Doping Agency is responsible for providing the doping clearance. Any coach associated with a sportsperson who is either penalised or being investigated for use of drugs or substances banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency is not eligible for the award along with the previous award recipients of Dhyan Chand Award. A committee consisting of the Joint Secretary and the Director/Deputy Secretary of Department of Sports, the Secretary and the Executive Director/Director (TEAMS) of SAI verify and validate the nominations.

The valid nominations are considered by a selection committee constituted by the Government. This eleven members committee consists of a Chairperson nominated by the Ministry, two members who are either Olympians or previous recipients of the Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna or the Arjuna Award, three previous recipients of the Dronacharya Award of different sports disciplines, two sports journalists/experts/commentators, one sports administrator, the Director General of SAI, and the Joint Secretary of Department of Sports, with not more than one sportsperson from any particular discipline being included in the committee. The medals won in various International championships and events in disciplines included in Summer and Winter Olympic and Paralympics Games, Asian Games, and Commonwealth Games are given 80% weightage. The remaining 20% weightage is given to the profile and standard of the events where their trainees have won the medals. For any other games not included in Olympic, Asian Games, and Commonwealth Games like cricket and indigenous games, individual performances are taken into consideration. Coach with maximum points is given 80 marks, while the remaining coaches are given marks in proportion to the maximum points. For team events, marks are given per the strength of the team. Following are the points defined for medals at the given events:

For a given discipline, not more than two coaches, one male and one female, are given highest marks. The committee may not recommend the award to the coach with the highest marks across disciplines but can only recommend the recipient of the highest aggregate marks in a particular sports discipline. The recommendations of the selection committee are submitted to the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports for further approval.

Recipients

Controversies

Some of the recipients have been accused of falsely claiming the achievements of the medalist under their names. Satpal Singh (2009), Ramphal (2011), and Yashvir Singh (2012) had mentioned two times Olympic medal winning wrestler Sushil Kumar (2008 and 2012) as their trainee. The award for year 2012 was bestowed upon para sports athletics coach Satyapal Singh. However, 2010 Arjuna Award winning para athlete Jagseer Singh accused Satyapal Singh for falsely mentioning him as their trainee for the award. Jagseer Singh mentioned that 2006 Dronacharya Award winner R. D. Singh was appointed as the main coach and Satyapal Singh was an assisting coach. Jagseer was informed about such claim via Right to Information Act, 2005 which had him mentioned as the primary trainee by Satyapal Singh. 2013 award winner Raj Singh also claimed Sushil Kumar and 2012 Summer Olympics medal winning wrestler Yogeshwar Dutt as their trainee. Following an announcement, in August 2015, a Public-Interest Litigation was filed in the Delhi High Court by Vinod Kumar. The petitioner, former chief wrestling coach, mentioned that he was the chief national coach of men's freestyle wrestling team from November 2010 to April 2015 and claimed that he had more points (420) than the recipient Anoop Singh Dahiya (375). The court directed the Ministry to confer the award on Kumar and provided one week to the Ministry to challenge the decision. However, the Ministry did not change their decision as the Wrestling Federation of India (WFI) had sacked Kumar in May 2015.

Explanatory notes

References

External links

Civil awards and decorations of India
Recipients of the Dronacharya Award
Indian sports coaches
Indian sports trophies and awards
Awards established in 1985
India sport-related lists
Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports
1985 establishments in India

Dronacharya Award


New Aibey is a veelage in the historical coonty o Kirkcoubrieshire in Dumfries an Gallowa, Scotland. It is aboot 6 mile sooth o Dumfries. The summit o the kenspeckle hill Criffel is 2.5 mile til the sooth.

The veelage haes a walth o history includin the ruint Cistercian aibey Sweetheart Aibey, foondit bi Dervorguilla o Gallowa in 1273 in memory o her guidman John I de Balliol. She keepit his embaumt hert close tae her for the lave o her life. The monks name't the aibey dulce cor ("sweet heart"). The veelage haes a wattermill, the New Aibey Corn Mill. Loch Kindar haes a crannog an the veelage his the remeens o Kindar Kirk (this wis the pairish kirk until juist efter 1633 whan it wis transfert til the refectory o the cried doun Sweetheart Aibey) on an island locatit located juist ootby the veelage.

The veelage haes a saw mill, a hottle, a veelage shap, a coffee shap, a primary schuil, a doctor's surgery, a boulin green, a fitbaw pairk (Maryfield Park - hame tae Abbey Vale F.C., an a Kirk o Scotland Kirk. A Roman Catholic kirk, St Mary's, designt bi the New Aibey born airchitect Walter Newall closed in 2013. It is noo the Thomas Bagnall Centre with occasional retreats an Mess said there.

Twa burns flowe throu the veelage; the New Aibey Pow that rins intil the mooth o the River Nith, an the Sheep Burn.

Namely fowk

 Dougie Sharpe (1926-1974) - international fitbawer, played for Queen of the South F.C.

 William Paterson (1658-1719) - foonder o the Bank of England, he wis buirit in the veelage

 Francis Cadell (1883-1937) - Scots colourist airtist

 James MacKenzie VC (1889-1914) - hauder o the Victoria Cross for his actions at Rouges Blancs, Fraunce

Leetit biggins in New Aibey

 Carse Farmhouse And Steading Range Adjoining To South West

 New Abbey Village New Abbey Mill

 Mossyard Cottage And Former Steading

 New Abbey Village The Square M J Carberry's Shop/Post Office, House And Warehouse

 Kinharvie House And Chapel

 New Abbey Village Kindar Lodge

 New Abbey Village New Abbey Parish Church

 New Abbey Village Abbey House

 New Abbey Village Abbey House Garden Walls

 6-11 (Inclusive Nos), The Square Including Old Smithy And Former Weigh- House

 New Abbey Village Sweetheart Abbey And Precinct Walls

 Glenharvie House Dovecot

 New Abbey Village New Abbey Parish Manse 28 Main Street

 West Shambellie Pottery (Former Bacon Factory)

 New Abbey Village Kindar House

 New Abbey Village Church House

 New Abbey Village St Mary's Rc Church And Presbytery

 New Abbey Village 21 Main Street Devorgilla Cottage And Outbuilding To West

 New Abbey Village Main Street Rosewall

 New Abbey Village The Old House

 New Abbey Village 5 Main Street Port House

 New Abbey Village New Abbey Bridge (A710 Over New Abbey Pow)

 New Abbey Village Kindar Cottages

 New Abbey Village 5 The Square

 Shambellie House

 Shambellie House Lodge And Gatepiers

 Beeswing Village Lochend Church

 Shambellie Grange Archway

 Glenharvie House, Screen Wall And Outbuildings

 Sweetheart Abbey Cemetery

 Waterloo Monument

 Shambellie House Walled Garden

 Shambellie House Hollinbush Cottage And Outbuildings (Formerly Shambellie Offices And Coachman's House)

References

External links

 Pairish of New Aibey on historical Kirkcoubrishire coonty wabsteid

Veelages in Dumfries an Gallowa
Dumfries an Gallowa
Places o Scotland

New Aibey


The Henotikon ( or  in English; Greek  henōtikón "act of union") was a christological document issued by Byzantine emperor Zeno in 482, in an unsuccessful attempt to reconcile the differences between the supporters of the Council of Chalcedon and the council's opponents (Non-Chalcedonian Christians). It was followed by the Acacian schism.

In 451, the Council of Chalcedon settled christological disputes by condemning both Monophysitism, held by Eutyches, and Nestorianism. However, large sections of the Eastern Roman Empire, especially in Egypt, but also in Palestine and Syria, held miaphysite views. In order to restore unity, the Patriarch of Constantinople, Acacius, devised an eirenic formula, which Emperor Zeno promulgated without the approval of a synod of bishops. The Henotikon endorsed the condemnations of Eutyches and Nestorius made at Chalcedon and explicitly approved the twelve anathemas of Cyril of Alexandria, but avoided any definitive statement on whether Christ had one or two natures, attempting to appease both sides of the dispute.

This act failed to satisfy either side. All sides took offence at the Emperor openly dictating church doctrine, although the Patriarch of Antioch was pressured into subscribing to the Henotikon. When Patriarch John I of Alexandria refused, the Emperor had him expelled and instead recognized the Miaphysite Peter Mongos, who accepted the Henotikon. However, other miaphysites abandoned him and were thenceforth called Akephaloi (headless ones), since they had lost their leader. After two years of prevarication and temporizing by Acacius, Pope Felix III of Rome condemned the act and excommunicated Acacius (484), although this was largely ignored in Constantinople, even after the death of Acacius in 489.

Zeno died in 491. His successor Anastasius I was sympathetic to the monophysites, and accepted the Henotikon. However, Anastasius's position was at odds with the predominantly Chalcedonian population of Constantinople, and Vitalian, a Chalcedonian general, attempted to overthrow him in 514. Anastasius then attempted to heal the schism with Pope Hormisdas, but this failed when Anastasius refused to recognize the excommunication of the now deceased Acacius. Vitalian tried to overthrow the emperor a second time, but he was defeated by loyal officers.

The schism caused by the Henotikon was officially settled in 519 when Emperor Justin I recognized the excommunication of Acacius and reunited the churches. However, the then-Patriarchs of Alexandria and Antioch still embraced miaphysitism, and their congregations came to be known in modern times as the Oriental Orthodox Churches. Meanwhile, the incident did nothing to mend the growing rift between the churches of Constantinople and Rome, which would lead in the centuries to come to the East-West Schism.

See also

Christology
Hypostatic union

References

Bibliography

External links
Catholic Encyclopedia: Henoticon
 Edward Walford, translator, The Ecclesiastical History of Evagrius: A History of the Church from AD 431 to AD 594, 1846. Reprinted 2008. Evolution Publishing  – contains a complete English translation of the Henotikon.
 The Henoticon (Instrument of Union) (tertullian.org)

Christianity in the Byzantine Empire
House of Leo
Oriental Orthodoxy
482
5th-century Christianity
Christian terminology
5th century in the Byzantine Empire

Henotikon


David Stubbs (born 13 September 1962 in London) is a British music journalist. He grew up in Leeds and in the early Eighties was a student at the University of Oxford where he was a close friend of Simon Reynolds. The two were part of the Oxford-based collective that in 1984 launched the pop journal Monitor and then in 1986 both joined Melody Maker as staff writers.

Stubbs remained at Melody Maker for a dozen years. He combined his serious writing career with writing the humorous "Talk Talk Talk" section, which featured the character of Mr Agreeable who would insult sacred cows with barrages of swear words (asterisked out to comply with IPC Media regulations).

Career
Stubbs has written for Vox magazine, the NME (late 1990s and early 2000s), and as editor of The Wire, Uncut, The Guardian, The Times and the football magazines Goal and When Saturday Comes, where in the guise of the "Wing Commander", Stubbs covered their ill-fated World Cup campaign, followed by their failure to qualify for Euro 2008; the reports were sufficiently popular for Stubbs to augment them with further characters. He has also contributed to many of the themed special editions of Uncut. He has written about musicians such as Jimi Hendrix and Eminem in the Stories Behind Every Song series.

In 2009, his book on 20th century avant-garde music was published, entitled Fear of Music: Why people get Rothko but don't get Stockhausen (Zero Books, Winchester: UK, 2009), which was the subject of an evening of lectures at the Tate Britain. The title may have been taken from the third studio album by Talking Heads, Fear of Music. He was among 42 who contributed essays to the bestselling  The Atheist's Guide To Christmas, which also featured Richard Dawkins, Derren Brown, David Baddiel and Charlie Brooker.

In 2014, Stubbs published a comprehensive critical history of German krautrock of the 1970s, Future Days: Krautrock and the Building of Modern Germany. This was followed in 2018 by a similarly large-scale study of electronic music, Mars by 1980.

Publications

 Cleaning Out My Closet: Eminem : the Stories Behind Every Song, Thunder's Mouth Press, 2003
 Fear of Music: Why People Get Rothko But Don't Get Stockhausen, Zero Books, 2009,
 Send Them Victorious: England's Path to Glory 2006-2010, Zero Books, 2010
 Future Days: Krautrock and the Building of Modern Germany, Faber and Faber, 2014
 1996 and the End of History, Repeater Books, 2016
 Mars by 1980, Faber and Faber, 2018
 Future Sounds: The Story of Electronic Music from Stockhausen to Skrillex, Faber and Faber, 2018

References

External links
David Stubbs [Mr Agreeable]

Profile at The Guardian

1962 births
Living people
British male journalists
British music journalists
British sportswriters
Melody Maker writers
The Guardian journalists
The Times people
Writers from Leeds
Alumni of the University of Oxford
People educated at Mount St Mary's Catholic High School, Leeds
The Wire (magazine) writers

David Stubbs


The Fiji Human Rights Commission (FHRC) was created by presidential decree in 2009, succeeding the entity of the same name established as an independent statutory body under the 1997 Constitution of the Republic of the Fiji Islands.

The 1997 Commission

The Constitution defined the Commission's purpose as to protect and promote human rights for the people of Fiji and to help build and strengthen a culture of human rights in Fiji.

The mandate of the Commission, set out in the Human Rights Commission Act 1999, was to educate the general public about human rights and to make recommendations to the government about matters affecting human rights. The Commission's complaints and legal divisions were empowered to receive complaints of alleged violations of human rights, investigate them, and seek to resolve the issues by conciliation or by referral to the Commission's legal division for court action. The Commission could refer complaints to the relevant ministry or department if the matter was not within the Commission's jurisdiction.

In 2007, the Fiji Human Rights Commission created controversy when its chairwoman Dr Shaista Shameem expressed support for the 2006 coup. Consequently, the FHRC was suspended from (and later resigned from) the regional network of human rights bodies, the Asia Pacific Forum, and from the International Co-ordinating Committee, the co-ordinating and accreditation body for national human rights institutions (NHRIs). A review by the ICC stated that the FHRC "lacked both credibility and independence". The interim Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama issued an assurance that his government was committed to upholding the law and protecting human rights as in the constitution.

The FHRC later commissioned an inquiry into the 2006 general election which had brought the subsequently deposed Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase to power. The Commission of Inquiry delivered a report which "identifie[d] deficiencies and anomalies at every stage of the election process", maintaining that the democratic legitimacy of Prime Minister Qarase's deposed government had been questionable.

In October 2007, Shameen criticised United Nations Human Rights Commissioner Louise Arbour for allegedly "only hearing one side of the story regarding what was happening in Fiji" – that is, for criticising Commodore Bainimarama's interim government.

During the 2009 Fijian constitutional crisis, the Fiji Human Rights Commission supported the then President, Ratu Josefa Iloilo, stating that "the President had no choice but to abrogate the 1997 Constitution after the Fiji Court of Appeal ruled that the interim government was illegal." Shameen also stated that the Commission would act as if the Bill of Rights part of the Constitution was still legally in effect. The Commission was closed by police for one day but then allowed to reopen.

The 2009 Commission

In May 2009, President Iliolo's Human Rights Commission Decree 2009 (No. 11) reconstituted the institution, considerably reducing its independence. The Decree stipulated that "the functions, powers and duties of the Commission do not extend to receiving complaints against, or investigating, questioning or challenging, the legality or validity of the Fiji Constitution Amendment Act 1997 Revocation Decree 2009, or such other Decrees made or as may be made by the President", thus prohibiting it from challenging any extant or future Decrees whether or not they were compatible with human rights. Any complaints or proceedings already under way on such matters were annulled.

The new Commission, according to the Decree, was to have a chair appointed by the President, and two other members appointed by him on the advice of the Prime Minister. Notwithstanding provisions in the UN Paris Principles as to the security in office of NHRI members, Decree No. 11 stated that any of the three members could be removed from office by the President for matters such as "misbehaviour", or by giving one month's notice. The government had unlimited powers to give the Commission "general policy guidance", and was responsible for the structure and management of the body.

The appointments envisaged by the Decree, which removed Shaista Shameen from office as Chairwoman (and as Ombudsman, an office to which she had also been appointed), have never been made (as of October 2011); thus the Commission has since existed merely as an office and a staff group, but without the members required to direct its operations. Although there have been numerous allegations of serious human rights abuses in Fiji after the Decree, the Commission has not brought any proceedings in relation to them.

See also
 Human rights in Fiji

References

External links
Fiji Human Rights Commission official website

Human rights in Fiji
Government agencies of Fiji
National human rights institutions
2009 establishments in Fiji
Organizations established in 2009

Fiji Human Rights Commission


The Cut is a 2006 theatre play by Mark Ravenhill. It is a dystopia that relates the life of Paul, a practitioner of a mysterious operation who is greatly disturbed by its practice. Main themes touch upon one's place in the society and the arbitrariness of governments policies which set up the norm against one's morale.

Ravenhill's The Cut is not to be confused with the Mike Cullen play of the same name.

Plot summary
As the play unravels, the cut is presented as a painful, immoral, controversial and ambiguous surgery, that cures a patient or victim from desire, or maybe even personality. It is apparently destined to dissidents and/or sick people but its virtues also make it attractive as a mean of freedom and salvation. The cut is pictured as a death of some sort, but leaving open to interpretation what part of the patient is dying.

In the first part, Paul is reluctant to administrate the cut to a willing patient, and in the course of his frustrations and failure to convince him otherwise, let explode his angst and impotency to commit suicide, confessing in particular his deficient relationship with his wife. In the second part, Paul is shown in the context that seems to put the most strain on him: his family life. We see him waiting for and having dinner with his wife, from whom he his holding secret—out of guilt—the real nature of his activities for the government. The two have a conversation that progresses from chit-chat to a maddening and humiliating confrontation. In the last part, Paul is in jail as a result of the cut being banished from a new Government, and is visited by his son, with whom he shares an equally emotionally disturbed and alienated conversation.

External links

 A review by Mark Cook of the representation at the Donmar Warehouse.
 A review by Michael Billington for The Guardian of the same representation.

2006 plays
Dystopian literature
Plays by Mark Ravenhill

The Cut (play)


Charing Cross station, is a central London rail terminus in the City of Westminster . The rail station is one of 18 stations managed by Network Rail, and trains serving it are operated by Southeastern. It is the fifth busiest rail terminal in London.

The station takes its name from the central London road junction of Charing Cross. The front of the rail station faces The Strand. The other end is the northern end of Hungerford Bridge, which is crossed by all trains serving the station. Ticket barriers control access to all platforms, although the bridge entrance has no barriers.

The original station building was built on the site of Hungerford Market and opened on 11 January 1864. The station has a single span wrought iron roof arching over the six platforms on its relatively cramped site. A year later the Charing Cross Hotel opened on 15 May 1865, and gave the station an ornate front in the French Renaissance style. At the same time, a replica of the Eleanor Cross was erected in the station forecourt, based on the original 13th century Whitehall Cross that had been demolished in 1647. Distances in London are officially measured from the original site of the cross in Whitehall, now the statue of Charles I, and not from this replica cross.

Gallery

Related pages
Charing Cross tube station

References

Other websites

Railway stations in London
1864 establishments in Europe
1860s establishments in England

Charing Cross railway station


The Monanday is the day o the week atween Sunday an Tysday. Its name comes fae Mona, the Saxon god o the muin.

Monanday is whiles thocht on as the first day o the week. This is hou it is in the maist o Europe an Sooth Americae. In Asie, monie leids refers tae Monanday as "day ane". For example, Monanday is "xingqi yi" in Chinese, literallie meanin day ane o the week. The warldwide staundart ISO 8601 defines Monanday as the first day o the week an aw.

In ither pairts o the warld, Monanday is the seicont day. This is the tradeetional view in the Unitit States. The name for the day in Arabic, Armenian, Georgian, Greek, Ebreu an Portuguese is "seicont day". Quakers tradeetionally cries Monanday the "Second Day" an aw, eschewin the "heathen" oreegin o the Scots name "Monanday".

Modren culture for ordinar leuks at Monanday as the beginnin o the warkweek, as it is for ordinar Monanday whan adults gaes back tae thair wark an bairns gaes back tae the schuil efter the weekend. This, for aa that, is wi exception; in Middle Eastren kintras the stairt o the warkweek is for ordinar Setturday (Fuirsday an Friday is leukit on as the weekend).

Monandays is attributed tae the colloquial "illness" Monandayitis. (Forby kent as haein a case o "The Monandays") an aw. A possible raison for Monandayitis is that human circadian rhythms isna compatible wi the ordinar 35 tae 40-oor warkin week.

In the popular rime, "Monanday's bairn is fair o face".

Days

Monanday


Change is the money returned after paying for something with more money than it costs. For example, if someone buys a 25-pence sweet bar with 1 pound (100 pence), they will get 75 pence back.

Change can also mean any kind of money in coin form. To have exact change means to have the exact cost of the item. In the United States, buses require people riding the bus to have exact change. The bus does not give money back. They must pay exactly what the cost is, they can not pay more.

Money

Change (money)