Bokeh (from the Japanese word "boke" which means "blur") is the appreciation of the blurred backgrounds seen in photography, it is also used to describe the quality of such out-of-focus backgrounds in camera lenses.

Bokeh is not a special technique but rather a natural effect caused by what photographers (people who take pictures) call a narrow depth of field, it simply means that the more light a camera lens lets in, the more blurry the background can be, distance between the subject and lens also affects bokeh, if the subject is far enough away, there will be no bokeh.

Quality
The quality of bokeh can be "good" or "bad", while it may vary due to different tastes, good bokeh is usually defined as being "smooth" as the background seems to "melt", whereas bad bokeh is usually defined as being "blobs" of light that make up the background.

Usage in  optics
The term "bokeh" is hardly used in optics, experts in the field refer to it as defocus, as bokeh is related to lens focus, meaning a picture completely made of bokeh is just an out-of-focus picture.

Shape
Some camera lenses have a bokeh that looks like it "swirls" around the subject, often called swirly bokeh, it is used in portrait photography, and is caused by lens defects, though some special camera lenses are designed to have it.

Bokeh also takes on the shape of the aperture which the light passes through, making most bokeh circular in shape, which also means a lens "mask" made of black paper that has a certain shape cut into it can be placed over a camera lens to make the bokeh shape conform to that of the shape cut into the paper (for example, a love heart).

Catadioptric lenses (camera lenses and telescopes that use both mirrors and lenses) make a ring-shaped bokeh due to the presence of a mirror in the middle of the lens.

Usage in photography
Bokeh is used in all kinds of photography, but it's most common in nature, portrait and sports photography, photographers find it useful as it can "isolate" the subject away from the background, making the subject the main part of the picture.

Photography

Bokeh


"Let's keep the Goan tradition and culture alive, worldwide"

Adeus Korcho Vellu Paulo[1]
The time to say farewell has come

Type: Mando

Source: Lourdinho Barreto.

Musical form: Ternary

Translated by Lourenço de Noronha, Vienna

Adeus korcho vell(u) paulo.

The time to say farewell has come.

Ai mhojem kaliz rê fapsota.

Oh! my heart is tense.

Dispedir(u) korchea vellar,

At this moment of saying farewell,

Ho sonvsar naka-so disota.

I do not want to live in this world anymore.

Chusmo/ Refrain:

Voch(u) voch rê roddumnaka,

Fare-thee-well, fare-thee-well, do not weep,

Dev(u) feliz kortolo tuka.

God will make you happy.

Sogleam am'ganko sanddunum,

Leaving all of us alone,

Vetai tum dispott'to zoddunko.

You are going away suddenly.

Tuj' felicidad' choicheako,

To witness your happiness,

Otrekanim rabtam mu rê hanvum. (Chusmo)

We are anxiously waiting. (Refrain)

Forsan adeus kortam tuka.

With reluctance I say farewell to you.

Fugar zaum dukham rê golloitam.

Suffocated I am weeping bitterly.

Zaite martir hanv bhogitam,

I am suffering many a (lit. torture) sad feeling,

Ankvarponn tukach rê bhettoitam. (Chusmo)

This my virginity I dedicate to you alone. (Refrain)

Adeus Korcho Vellu Paulo (2)
The time has come to say goodbye

Type: Mando

Source: F.X. Oliveira.

Musical form: Ternary

Literary form: Dialogue

Translated by Alfred Noronha, Panaji, Goa

Lyrics ː

Adeus korcho vellu paulo,

The time has come to say goodbye.

Hem mojem kalliz-rê fapsota.

This heart of mine is crying.

Chusmo/ Refrain:

Voch voche-rê roddunaka,

Go, go, my love, don´t cry,

Devu feliz kortolo tuka. (bis)

God will make you happy.

Forsan adeus tumkam kortam,

I am reluctantly saying goodbye to you all,

Fugar zaun dukhanim roddotam.

I shed tears with deep emotion,

Itule martir anv bhogitam,

I am suffering such pangs of martyrdom,

Hem mojem dhuk tumkam bhettoitam. (Chusmo/ Refrain)

I am dedicating my sorrows to you all.

Sangat kabar zalear zaum,

Even though our friendship comes to an end,

Dhoni Dev feliz tuka koruum.

May God make you happy.

Tuji felecidad´chouncheak,

To see you happiness,

Rautaum-rê ami otregunum. (Chusmo/ Refrain)

We are waiting with deep pride.

Adeus Kortso Vellu Pauta[3]

The moment of farewell approaches

Type: Mando

Source: Pereira, José/ Martins, Micael.

Lyrics and Music: Torquato de Figueiredo (1876-1948)

Date: Composed before 1905

Musical form: Ternary

Literary form: Monologue

Translated by José Pereira

Lyrics ː

Adeus kortso vellu pauta.

The moment of farewell approaches.

Ai, mujem kallizo fapsota.

Oh, my heart suffocates!

Dispidiro korcha vella,

At the time of farewell,

O sonsar bongum maka dista.

I lose all hope in life.

Forsan adeus tuka kortam,

I force myself to utter the parting words.

Fugar zaun dukany'm y aum-um rorhtam.

Stiffled, I melt into tears.

Zaite martiry rê bogitam.

I suffer so many agonies!

Ankvarponn tukach rê bettoitam.

To you alone I dedicate my virgin life.

Sogleam' amigam' sanddunum,

You are leaving your friends behind you,

Vota tum furtunom sodunko.

And going in search of fortune.

Tuji fel'cidade tsouchako,

To see your happiness,

Utrikeany'm rabot'm mum rê y aum-um.

I wait with yearning.

Voso vos rê rorhum' naka.

Go, go dear, and do not cry.

Deu-u feliz kortol' tuka.

God will make you happy.

The Mando

The mando is a dance song from Goa in Konkani. Although it is popular among all the social stratas of the Konkani-speaking peoples and many of the composers have remained anonymous, it should not be classified as a folk song. It is an art song composed for particular occasions. There have been many attempts to explain the origin of the word mando. One of them refers to the mand which was traditionally an open space of about 100 sq.m. where religious ceremonies were held and folk dances were performed. The text form of the mando is based on that of the traditional Konkani song ovi, which was usually sung at weddings

Most of the the traditional mandos, which gained the term "classical", were composed in the 19th century. The polka and the valsavina (Vienna Waltz) with its three-four rhythm seem to have found their way to Goa. The mando was originally composed and danced by the Brahmin aristocracy of Goa, mainly of Salcete, whose spacious mansions had a big hall for festive occasions. A memorable moment in the history of the family was the
bridal mando. The mando reflects the tranquil and leisurely character of this aristocracy. The Goan woman in the mando reflects the ideals and virtues then ascribed to her, namely self-sacrifice, piety and motherhood.

As a dance the mando is a square type (double file), men facing the women. When the partners come face to face in the centre, they retreat to the starting point, then move forward again crossing to the opposite side. The men then flick their handkerchiefs while the women open their fans. All in all, it is a stately and leisurely dance. The melody of the mando is slow in movement, with a soft and languishing atmosphere.

Polleiat

Goemche Mandde

Sondorbh

Konknni
Mandde
Romi panam

Adeus Korcho Vellu Paulo - Mando


Paul Albert Grawitz (born 1 October 1850 in Zerrin/Sierzno, Kreis Bütow (cf.Bütow/Bytów), Pommern (now Poland) – 27 June 1932 in Greifswald) was a German pathologist. He was an older brother to hematologist Ernst Grawitz (1860-1911), and father-in-law to pathologist Otto Busse (1867-1922).

While he studied medicine at the University of Berlin, he was an assistant to pathologist Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902). After graduation, he continued as an assistant to Virchow until 1886. From 1886 to 1921 he taught as a professor at the University of Greifswald, where he also served as director of the pathological institute.

He is known for his pioneer work with tissue cultures, and his experimentation in the field of bacteriology. "Grawitz' tumour", also known as renal cell carcinoma, is named after him.

Literary works
 Geschichte der Medizinischen Fakultät Greifswald 1806-1906, Greifswald : Verlag von Julius Abel, 1906. - History of the Greifswald medical faculty.
 Die Medizin der Gegenwart in Selbstdarstellungen, 2 vols, 1923

References
 Paul Albert Grawitz @ Who Named It (retrieved September- 2008)

See also
 Grawitzsche Geschwulst (Grawitz tumo(u)r, nephrocellular carcinoma), see Renal cell carcinoma
 University of Greifswald

1850 births
1932 deaths
People from Bytów
People from the Province of Pomerania
German pathologists
19th-century German physicians
20th-century German physicians
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Academic staff of the University of Greifswald
Prussian physicians

Paul Grawitz


USS Marion was a sloop-of-war of the third rate in the Union Navy during the American Civil War launched at the Boston Navy Yard on 24 April 1839. On 10 November 1839, she departed Boston on her first cruise, to Brazil. Sunk when heaved down in the harbor at Rio de Janeiro early in 1842, she was raised and sailed back to Boston, arriving in May. She then set sail for the Caribbean, returning in May 1843. For the next few years, she remained in ordinary at Boston and then cruised off the West Coast of Africa and in the Mediterranean until 1848. She captured the Casket, a slaver, near Cabinda on 2 August 1846. After a tour in the East Indies from 1850–52, she resumed operations with the African Squadron from 1853–55 and 1858-60, capturing three more slaving ships: Brothers off Mayumba on 8 September 1858 and Orion and Ardennes in late April 1859 off the coast of Kongo. 1856-57 was spent in ordinary at Norfolk.

Marion was in ordinary service at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, when the Civil War broke out. She was recommissioned on 21 June 1861, and on 14 July sailed in search of the Confederate States of America cruiser CSS Jeff Davis. In September, she joined the Gulf Blockading Squadron, participating in the capture of Ship Island on the 16th. In March–April 1862, she was just off Apalachicola, Florida in the West Pass when she was relieved by .

In May 1862, Marion was ordered to Boston for repairs. Back in service by 24 July, she sailed south to Annapolis, Maryland where she was employed as a practice ship for midshipmen until 1870. In 1871, she entered the Portsmouth Navy Yard, decommissioned and was rebuilt as a third-rate screw steamer.

Recommissioned on 12 January 1876, she cruised on the European and South Atlantic Squadrons until December 1882, when she returned to Portsmouth. In 1885, she was ordered to the Pacific, where she was employed on the Asiatic Station until 1890. She then returned to the U.S., served briefly in the Bering Sea Squadron on duty connected with the seal fisheries, and, in late 1891, resumed operations with the Asiatic Squadron. Assigned to the Pacific Squadron in 1895, she cruised along the west coast of the Americas and amongst the Hawaiian Islands until 11 December 1897, when she decommissioned at Mare Island, California.

Subsequently, transferred to the custody of the State of California, she was employed as a training ship and headquarters for the California State Naval Militia. She was docked at San Francisco, California, pier No. 10 until 1907. On 14 March 1907, she was struck from the Naval Vessel Register and sold on 24 July to C. E. Boudrow, San Francisco.

External links

See also

List of sloops of war of the United States Navy
Bibliography of early American naval history

References

Sloops of the United States Navy
Ships of the Union Navy
Ships built in Boston
1839 ships

USS Marion


The 1955 State of the Union Address was given by the 34th president of the United States, Dwight D. Eisenhower, on Thursday, January 6, 1955, to the 84th United States Congress.  He said, "Every citizen wants to give full expression to his God-given talents and abilities and to have the recognition and respect accorded under our religious and political traditions." He also said, "To protect our nations and our peoples from the catastrophe of a "nuclear holocaust", free nations must maintain countervailing military power to persuade the Communists of the futility of seeking their ends through aggression."  He is referring to what seemed to be the high likelihood of nuclear warfare of the time.
He ended with, "And so, I know with all my heart--and I deeply believe that all Americans know--that, despite the anxieties of this divided world, our faith, and the cause in which we all believe, will surely prevail." This address was given in his first term (1953-1957), in Washington, D.C.

References

State of the Union addresses
Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower
Speeches by Dwight D. Eisenhower
84th United States Congress
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
January 1955 events in the United States

1955 State of the Union Address


Creed & Company was a British telecommunications company founded by Frederick George Creed which was an important pioneer in the field of teleprinter machines. It was merged into the International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation (ITT) in 1928.

History
The company was founded by Frederick George Creed and Danish telegraph engineer Harald Bille, and was first incorporated in 1912 as "Creed, Bille & Company Limited". After Bille's death in a railway accident in 1916, his name was dropped from the company's title and it became simply Creed & Company.

The Company spent most of World War I producing high-quality instruments, manufacturing facilities for which were very limited at that time in the UK. Among the items produced were amplifiers, spark-gap transmitters, aircraft compasses, high-voltage generators, bomb release apparatus, and fuses for artillery shells and bombs.

In 1924 Creed entered the teleprinter field with their Model 1P, which was soon superseded by the improved Model 2P. In 1925 Creed acquired the patents for Donald Murray's Murray code, a rationalised Baudot code, and it was used for their new Model 3 Tape Teleprinter of 1927. This machine printed received messages directly onto gummed paper tape at a rate of 65 words per minute and was the first combined start-stop transmitter-receiver teleprinter from Creed to enter mass production.

Some of the key models were:
 Creed model 6S (punched paper tape reader)
 Creed model 7 (page printing teleprinter introduced in 1931)
 Creed model 7B (50 baud page printing teleprinter)
 Creed model 7E (page printing teleprinter with overlap cam and range finder)
 Creed model 7/TR (non-printing teleprinter reperforator)
 Creed model 54 (page printing teleprinter introduced in 1954)
 Creed model 75 (page printing teleprinter introduced in 1958)
 Creed model 85 (printing reperforator introduced in 1948)
 Creed model 86 (printing reperforator using 7/8" wide tape)
 Creed model 444 (page printing teleprinter introduced in 1966 - GPO type 15)

In July 1928, Creed & Company were merged into ITT.

During World War II Creed  Company manufactured some of the British Typex machines, cipher devices similar to the German Enigma machine.

References

External links
 Creed and Company Limited. The First 50 years
 History of Nova Scotia Creed and Company Limited

Telecommunications companies of the United Kingdom
Telecommunications companies established in 1912
Rotor machines
Cryptographic hardware
1912 establishments in England
Technology companies disestablished in 1928
1928 disestablishments in England
British companies disestablished in 1928
British companies established in 1912

Creed & Company


The Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment or Complete Enlightenment () is a Mahāyāna Buddhist sūtra highly esteemed by both the Huayan and Zen schools. The earliest records are in Chinese, and it is believed to be of Chinese origin.

Divided into twelve chapters as a series of discussions on meditation practice, this text deals with issues such as the meaning and origin of ignorance, sudden and gradual enlightenment, original Buddhahood, etc. these themes were also elucidated in the Awakening of Faith. It was intended to resolve questions regarding doctrine and meditation for the earliest practitioners of the Chan school. The most important commentary is the 9th-century Great Exegesis on the Sutra of Complete Enlightenment (圓覺經大疏鈔 Yuanjuejing Dashuchao) by Zongmi.

Titles
Its full Chinese title:  (,  ).

Its reconstructed title in Sanskrit is Mahāvaipulya pūrṇabuddha-sūtra prasannārtha-sūtra.

History
Its translation into Chinese is traditionally attributed to Buddhatrāta, an Indian or Kashmiri monk otherwise unattested in history, who translated the work from Sanskrit in 693 in the White Horse Temple of Luoyang. Some scholars, however, believe it to be Chinese in origin and written in the late 7th or early 8th century CE. It is considered a creative reformulation that assembles the teaching from the Shurangama Sutra and Awakening of Faith, which are also texts whose origin has been scrutinized.

Summary

The Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment is arranged in twelve chapters, plus a short introductory section. The introductory section describes the scene of the sermon and lists the major participants. The location is a state of deep meditative concentration (samadhi) and the participants are the Buddha and one hundred thousand great bodhisattvas, among whom twelve eminent bodhisattvas act as spokesmen. Each one of the twelve gets up one by one and asks the Buddha a set of questions about doctrine, practice and enlightenment. The structure of the sutra is such that the most "essential" and suddenistic discussions occur in the earlier chapters and the more "functional" and gradualistic dialogues occur later.

This kind of structure reflects a motif associated with the doctrine of the Huayan school, which affirms that the Buddha delivered the abstruse Avatamsaka Sutra (華嚴經 'Huayan Scripture') as his first sermon, in an effort to directly awaken those whose "roots of virtue" were well-matured. The terminology that Zongmi and  Gihwa use to describe these advanced practitioners is that they possess the capacity for the teaching of "sudden enlightenment"; a direct awakening to the non-duality of reality, which necessarily precludes gradualist, "goal-oriented" practice. In the first two chapters (the chapters of Mañjuśrī and Samantabhadra), the Buddha holds very strictly to the sudden position, denying the possibility of enlightenment through gradual practice. In the third chapter he begins to allow for a bit of a gradual view, and the next several chapters become mixtures of the two. The final few chapters offer a fully gradualist perspective.

Gihwa's primary means of categorization of the chapters is according to the "three capacities" of practitioners: superior, middling and inferior. According to  Gihwa, the first three chapters are aimed at those of superior capacity, the next seven for those of middling capacity and the final two for those of inferior capacity. However, this method of categorization does not necessarily mean that the later chapters become gradually easier to read and understand. In fact some of the most difficult discussions come in the later chapters. Most notable in this regard is the discussion of the "four traces" of Self, Person, Sentient Being and Life in Chapter Nine. Since the distinction between each of these four is extremely subtle, and the wording of the text itself is not that clear, this turns out to be one of the most difficult chapters to digest.

Notes

References

Bibliography
 Muller, A. Charles. The Sūtra of Perfect Enlightenment: Korean Buddhism's Guide to Meditation. Albany: SUNY Press, 1999.
 Gregory, Peter N.; trans. (2005). The Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment. In: Apocryphal Scriptures, Berkeley, Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, , pp. 43–133

External links
Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment, translated by Charles Muller 2003
Original Chinese text from the Taisho Tripitaka, Volume 17, No. 842 大方廣圓覺修多羅了義經
Digital Dictionary of Buddhism (log in with userID "guest")]

Mahayana sutras
Vaipulya sutras

Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment


The National Basketball Association (NBA) is the world's top men's professional basketball league. It is one of the major professional sports leagues of North America. There are 30 teams in the league. 29 are in the United States and 1 is in Canada. It is a member of USA Basketball (USAB). The NBA is one of the 4 major North American professional sports leagues. NBA players are the world's best paid athletes. They have the highest average annual salary.

The league was formed in New York City on June 6, 1946. It was called the Basketball Association of America (BAA). The league merged with the National Basketball League (NBL) in 1949. They then were known as the National Basketball Association. The league's head offices are in the Olympic Tower at 645 Fifth Avenue in New York City. Its international offices are in the same place. NBA Entertainment and NBA TV studios are in Atlanta, Georgia.

The NBA is widely considered the top level of competition in the world for basketball. With an average player height of about 6 foot 6 inches, it is also the world's tallest sports league.

History of the NBA

Creation and merger
In 1946, The Basketball Association of America (BAA) was formed. Its founders were owners of the major ice hockey arenas in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States and Canada. On November 1, 1946, the Toronto Huskies hosted the New York Knickerbockers. This was the first game played in NBA history. There were earlier attempts at professional basketball leagues. Examples are the American Basketball League and the NBL. The BAA was the first league to play in major cities. They played in large arenas. The level of play in the BAA was not very good. Competing leagues and other teams had similar talent. The Harlem Globetrotters are an example.

On August 3, 1949, the BAA combined with the NBL. The National Basketball Association was born. The new league had 17 teams. They came from cities of different sizes. The league got rid of several teams. It reached its smallest size of eight teams in the 1954–55 season. They were the New York Knicks, Boston Celtics, Philadelphia Warriors (now Golden State Warriors), Minneapolis Lakers (now Los Angeles Lakers), Rochester Royals (now Sacramento Kings), Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons (now Detroit Pistons), Milwaukee Hawks (now Atlanta Hawks), and Syracuse Nationals (now Philadelphia 76ers). Teams in small cities moved to larger cities.

Japanese-American Wataru Misaka broke the NBA color barrier in 1947–48. He played for the New York Knicks. But 1950 is recognized as when the NBA integrated. African Americans joined several teams. Those players included Chuck Cooper, Nathaniel "Sweetwater" Clifton, and Earl Lloyd. They joined three different teams. During the 1950s, the Minneapolis Lakers won five NBA Championships. George Mikan was their leader. He played the center position. The Lakers were the league's first dynasty. In 1954, the league introduced the 24-second shot clock. A team must try a shot in 24 seconds. If they cannot, the other team gets the ball.

Teams
The NBA contains 30 teams. 15 are in the Eastern Conference and 15 are in the Western Conference. Each conference has three divisions with 5 teams. Teams play other teams in their division often. All teams play all other teams in a season.

The Boston Celtics and the Los Angeles Lakers have won 17 championships each. No other teams have won more championships. Some teams have never won a championship.

29 teams are in the United States. The Toronto Raptors are in Canada. David Stern wants the league to expand to Europe. Some teams have played games in the United Kingdom.

Regular Season
Teams begin training camps in September. This allows the coaching staff to observe their players. Teams play preseason games. These do not count for a team's final season record. The weaker players get cut. Other players stay on the team and get paid. The NBA regular season begins in the last week of October. All teams play 82 games during a normal season. There are 41 home games and 41 road (away) games. Home games offer benefits to teams. They generally play better due to fan support and lack of travel. Teams play every other team during the regular season. The best players play in the NBA All-Star game in February. Fans vote for the starters. The coaches vote for the reserve (substitute) players. There is a pause in the season during the All-Star Game. Teams do not play games for about a week. Other events occur during the All-Star break. These include the Three-Point contest, the Skills course, and the Slam Dunk contest. Players participate in part due to fan interest.

Before the trade deadline, teams can trade players. This can cause changes in the balance of power. Team bosses want to get the best players for their team. Other bosses want to lower their costs. Trades often happen on the last day.

The regular season ends in the middle of April. Individual awards are given to players. The Most Valuable Player (MVP) award is given to the player most important to his team. The Defensive Player of the Year award is given to the player who plays the best defense. There are a few other awards. After the 2015-2016 season, Stephen Curry became the first player to win all votes for the MVP award.

Playoffs
At the end of every NBA regular season, the NBA Playoffs begin. 8 teams from each, the western, and the eastern conference are assigned a seed 1-8.  Home court advantage is always determined by seed; higher seed=home court advantage. In the first round of the playoffs, the 1 seed plays the 8 seed;2 plays 7; 3 plays 6; 4 plays 5. All playoff rounds are best-of-7 series, meaning the first team to win 4 games moves on to the next round. Since 2014 every round follows a 2-2-1-1-1 format. The higher seeded team will have home games 1, 2, 5, and 7. The lower seed is home in games 3, 4, and 6.

NBA Finals
To win an NBA championship, a team needs to win four rounds. The fourth round is called the finals. A team from the Eastern Conference plays a team from the Western Conference. The team that wins this series is the NBA champion. The best player in the finals wins the Finals Most Valuable Player award. The finals are played in the same format as the other rounds, 2-2-1-1-1. If both teams are the number 1 seed from their respective divisions, the team with the best record will have home court advantage.

Related pages
 NBA Finals

References

Other websites
 Official NBA website

National Basketball Association


Trevor Metcalfe (born May 1939 in Brotton, Yorkshire) is a British illustrator and comic book artist known for his comic strips in IPC Magazines comics such as Sweet Tooth and Junior Rotter in Whizzer and Chips.

Influences include Leo Baxendale, Reg Parlett and Walt Disney.

Biography
Metcalfe became interested in drawing at age eight during a stay in hospital. His main influence being sports cartoonist Tom Webster. He first submitted work to his local newspaper alongside art school mate Robert Nixon. After his National Service he obtained work for DC Thomson drawing his own strip Babes and Bullies for The Dandy Annual.

In Whizzer and Chips, he drew for many years his most famous character Junior Rotter. The strip was about a boy called Junior Rotter (or J.R.) who is always scheming up plans which generally fail. The character is loosely based on the character of the same name from the television soap opera Dallas. His sister in the comic strip was called Sue Helen who, in contrast to her brother, was a decent, charming and helpful person. Being chalk-and-cheese characters meant that JR and Sue Helen's sibling rivalry extended into all-out conflict.

Sweet Tooth first appearing in January 1973. A "Whizz-Kid" in the comic, and about a boy who has a fixation for sweets, continually hounded by Greedy Greg (originally Bully Bloggs), A main feature of the comic was the prominent front tooth that the character always displayed. Though other artists drew strips from time to time, Metcalfe was the main artist throughout.

For The Beano, he understudied Billy Whizz for David Parkins in the early 1990s in his traditional style, and replaced Wayne Thompson on the same character between 2005 and 2007 using a graphics tablet, drawing in a style somewhere between his own and Thompson's. He has also briefly took over drawing Bob Nixon's strips such as Roger the Dodger and Ivy the Terrible, and drew several Les Pretend strips in 2004-2005.

He left DC Thomson in 2007, leaving Billy Whizz without an artist for two years, until Nick Brennan took over in October 2009.

In more recent years, he has done more serious illustrations. Work is now in TV licensed tie-in comics and magazines, he has gone entirely digital working with a Wacom tablet at his Apple Mac working on Thomas the Tank Engine art in Adobe Illustrator and coloured in Photoshop. He drew warring brothers strip Growing Paynes for the dandy in the 1990s.

He draws comics in Ronald McDonald & Friends Magazine.

In 2010, he began work on a charity-oriented iPhone game called Cent Hope, marking his first foray into creating graphics for smartphone games.

Bibliography
Comics work includes:
Ad Lad in Whoopee!
The Amazing Three in Jackpot
Angel's Proper Charlies in Jackpot
Birdman and Chicken in Krazy
Doughnut and Rusty in Monster Fun
Sheerluck and Son in Whoopee!

See also
British comics
Jack Edward Oliver
Lew Stringer
The Topper

References

External links

British illustrators
British comics artists
Living people
1939 births
The Dandy people
The Beano people

Trevor Metcalfe


Saintonge (), historically spelled Xaintonge and Xainctonge, is a region of France located on the west central Atlantic coast, corresponding with the former province of  the same name. The largest city is Saintes (Xaintes, Xainctes). Other principal towns include Saint-Jean-d'Angély, Jonzac, Frontenay-Rohan-Rohan, Royan, Marennes, Pons, and Barbezieux-Saint-Hilaire.

In 1790, during the French Revolution, Saintonge became part of Charente-Inférieure, one of the 83 departments organized by the new government. This was renamed as Charente-Maritime in 1941, during World War II.  The region is known for its Romanesque churches.

History

The region derives its name from the Santones, an ancient Gallic tribe that once inhabited the area. They were one of the numerous Celtic peoples in Europe before the rise of the Roman Empire.

During antiquity, Saintonge was part of the Roman province of Gallia Aquitania, and Saintes became its first capital. The region fell under the control of the kings and dukes of Aquitaine, the counts of Anjou, then the counts of Poitiers, before becoming integrated for centuries in the new Duchy of Aquitaine. Occupying the frontier between Capetian and Plantagenet-controlled areas during the late Middle Ages, between 1152 and 1451, it was the site of constant struggles between lords torn between their allegiance to Anglo-Aquitaine and those linked to Paris.

Saintonge was primarily attached to Anglo-Aquitaine until the mid-fourteenth century. However, errors by Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster and Edward, the Black Prince gradually contributed to weakening English power. In 1451 the province came under the control of the King of France, Charles VII, "the Victorious".

Saintonge was the birthplace of French explorer Jean Allefonsce (or Alfonse) in 1484, and of Samuel de Champlain in 1574. The latter man explored the New World and founded Quebec in North America (now Canada). The town was also one of the centers of French Huguenots, who formed a center of Protestant belief in Southwest France.

The distinctive Saintongeais dialect (patouê saintonjhouê, jhabrail) was once spoken throughout Saintonge, as well as in the provinces of Aunis and Angoumois.

The region is famous for its grapes, which are used to produce cognac and Pineau des Charentes.

Pottery
This area is famous for its medieval pottery, which was widely exported. Shards have been found in large quantities in medieval excavations throughout Ireland and other European countries, demonstrating the range of trading. These shards are from vessels made and exported as a by-product of the Bordeaux wine trade (Deroeux and Dufournier, 1991). This ware has been found on Irish excavations from the later 12th century, but it is most commonly uncovered in 13th-century contexts.

The pottery consists of an off-white micaceous fabric with moderate amounts of quartz and sparse inclusions of haematite. They are glazed on the external surface only, with a clear lead glaze. In Saintonge Green wares, the addition of copper filings, or copper oxide to the clear lead glaze, produced a mottled mid-green colouring. Many forms of Saintonge wares were produced, including Saintonge Polychrome, Saintonge Green, and, in some cases, unglazed wares. Slipped Saintonge is more consistent in colour and appearance than unslipped, having the benefit of an undercoating to regulate the process.

The most common forms of vessel produced in this ware were wine jugs. These were characteristically tall, with slightly ovoid bodies, flat bases, parrot-beak spouts and strap handles.

Saintonge was exported well through the 17th century. French colonists in Quebec and Acadians in Eastern Canada imported many Saintonge ceramics, including bowls, plates, mugs and other types. Many Saintonge ceramic fragments have been found in context with 17th-century French colonists. They are often used as evidence of French occupation of these areas prior to British dominance.

References

 Derœux, D. & Dufournier, D. 1991. "Réflexions sur la diffusion de la céramique très decorée d'origine française en Europe du nord-ouest XIII-XIVe siècles", Archéologie médiévale 21, pp. 163–77.

French pottery
Geography of Charente
Geography of Charente-Maritime
Geography of Deux-Sèvres
Geography of Dordogne
History of Nouvelle-Aquitaine
History of Charente
History of Charente-Maritime
History of Deux-Sèvres
History of Dordogne
Santones
Geographical, historical and cultural regions of France

Saintonge (region)


Ernest Gerald Gibbins (1900 – 3 November 1942) was a British entomologist who worked on insects of medical importance. He described 26 new species. While researching tropical diseases in Uganda, he was speared to death by tribesmen who believed that he would use their blood samples for witchcraft.

Background

Ernest Gerald Gibbins was born in Liverpool, England. Despite his early enthusiasm for natural history, he was not formally educated in biology. At Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, part of the University of Liverpool, W.S. Patton and D.B. Blacklock noticed his devotion. They became his mentors and in 1930, they enabled him to take part in an entomological course. Gibbins remained closely tied to the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine.

Career

During the interwar period, Gibbins was recruited to the Colonial Service. Along with other entomologists and field officers, he was sent to serve in the East Africa Protectorate. Gibbins was assigned to field and laboratory work related to tropical diseases. In 1929, he joined the Malaria Unit of the Uganda Medical Department. In his early years as a member of the unit, he worked simultaneously on mosquitos and black flies. Work on the former brought led to his acquaintance with the mosquito expert Frederick Wallace Edwards. Gibbins was elected Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society. Gibbins accompanied Edwards on the 1934–1935 expedition to the Rwenzori Mountains, sponsored by British Museum (Natural History). He published papers on tsetse fly bionomics and control, enhanced by figures he himself drew. A 1939 paper written jointly with Edwards, concerning their findings, was among his last publications. His work on the black fly family (Simuliidae) was recognised in 1939, when he received an honorary Master of Science degree.

Death and legacy

On 3 November 1942, Gibbins was travelling to spend Christmas at his home in Entebbe, Uganda, when his car was ambushed by Lugbara tribesmen, who speared him to death. Gibbins had taken human blood samples for his research into human African trypanosomiasis and yellow fever, but the tribesmen were convinced that he intended to use them in "white man's witchcraft". The investigating police officer described his body as being "as full of spears as a bloody porcupine". A year later, his insect collections were sent to British Museum (Natural History), now known as Natural History Museum.

Starting in 1933, Gibbins described 26 new species in 15 publications. A synonym for Byssodon, a subgenus of the black fly genus Simulium, was named Gibbinsiellum by I. A. Rubtsov in 1962 explicitly after Ernest Gibbins and in honour of his faunal and taxonomic studies. The mosquito species Anopheles gibbinsi and Aedes gibbinsi also bear his name.

References

1900 births
1942 deaths
Alumni of the University of Liverpool
Scientists from Liverpool
English entomologists
Dipterists
Fellows of the Royal Entomological Society
English people murdered abroad
People murdered in Uganda
Deaths by blade weapons
Colonial Service officers
20th-century British zoologists
British expatriates in the East Africa Protectorate

Ernest Gibbins


Invisible Sister is a 2015 Disney Channel Original Movie, based on the book My Invisible Sister by Beatrice Colin and Sara Pinto. The film is directed by Paul Hoen, and stars Rowan Blanchard and Paris Berelc. It focuses on a student who turns her older sister invisible due to a failed science project. It premiered on October 9, 2015, and was viewed by 4.03 million people.

Plot

Cleo is a teenage girl living in the shadow of her older sister, Molly, whose popularity gets her recognized by everyone at school. Although Cleo is hardly noticed compared to her sister, she is an excellent student, but is introverted and somewhat sarcastic and cynical.

Cleo's science teacher, Mr. Perkins, sees her potential in science and decides she needs a challenge for her class project; she is to determine a mystery substance and transform it into its crystal state. As she works on the experiment at home, while Molly hosts a dinner for her lacrosse team, a moth flies by and distracts Cleo, causing her to accidentally spill unknown chemicals into her solution. The steam produced ends up turning the moth invisible, leading Cleo to chase it around the house, full of guests, before it gets away.

Later, while Molly is preparing for bed, the moth returns, attracted to the light from the bathroom. The moth flies too close to the light, gets killed by it and falls into a cup of water containing an antacid Molly is about to drink, and she unknowingly consumes the moth which renders her invisible.

The next morning, Molly is horrified when she cannot see herself and discovers the reason from Cleo. She must attend school to participate in the season opener for her lacrosse team, which college scouts will be watching. As it is Halloween, she decides to wear her costume to mask her invisibility, but when the costume also turns invisible, Molly has Cleo wear the costume and pretend to be her at school. Cleo attends the pep circle for the lacrosse team while Molly grabs a microscope from the science classroom so Cleo can figure out how to make her visible again. In the process, Molly hears Carter, a boy Cleo likes, talking with George about Cleo; she manages to secure a date for her sister by pretending to be her and asking Carter out. Things get complicated when George finds out Molly's invisibility, and her boyfriend Coug questions why she is constantly avoiding him. Later in the lacrosse game, Cleo has a rough start but slowly gets into the game with Molly's help, resulting in a victory for the team.

Upon observing Molly's cells under the microscope, Cleo and George conclude that her invisibility will become permanent unless they can formulate an antidote before midnight, twenty-four hours after Molly swallowed the moth, so they need to reproduce the results from Cleo's earlier experiment. The sisters go to a cemetery to catch another moth while George goes to school to set up. While in the cemetery, Molly's frustration over her invisibility mounts, leading to a heated argument with Cleo. In apologizing, Cleo admits to admiring Molly's "light" and is jealous because her not sharing in it makes her feel invisible. After Molly secures a moth for the experiment, the sisters take a trolley to school. While in transit, Molly tells Cleo she understands her feeling invisible, but she also envies Cleo's genius, as she knows her popularity is fleeting. Cleo clarifies to Molly that her "light" is about more than popularity.

When they arrive at school and meet George, they realize they need to get past the security guard. Using her invisibility, Molly manages to scare him out, allowing Cleo and George to enter and duplicate Cleo's original experiment. The solution turns out to be too complex for either Cleo or George to understand, and they need Carter, a governor's scholar, to analyze the results.

They look for him at the school's annual Halloween party "Romp the Swamp". While searching, Cleo bumps into Coug, who is doubting his relationship with Molly and needs to be shown she cares for him, despite being invisible. Eventually, Cleo finds Carter, who is upset with her mixed attitude, expecting they would be together for the party. After informing him about the situation, she takes him to a nearby barn, where her sister, Coug and George are gathered.

With time running short, Cleo, George, Carter and Coug work together to develop an antidote for Molly, narrowly making the midnight deadline. They nearly get in trouble when Mr. Perkins, in charge of the party, finds them in the barn, but Molly informs him about Cleo's experiment before drinking the antidote, risking the deadline. When she finally gets to the antidote, it fails but not because it passed midnight. Molly had taken some antacid the night before when she consumed the moth, so after Cleo adds a dose of that to the antidote, Molly becomes visible again upon drinking it.

Astonished by the results of Cleo's project, Mr. Perkins asks her to present her findings at a seminar of the New Orleans Association of Applied Scientists. Cleo gains a greater appreciation for the fine line between visible and invisible.

Cast
 Rowan Blanchard as Cleo Eastman
 Paris Berelc as Molly Eastman, Cleo's older sister
 Karan Brar as George, Cleo's best friend and fellow science whiz kid
 Rachel Crow as Nikki, Molly's best friend and teammate and George's future girlfriend
 Alex Désert as Mr. Perkins, the high school science teacher who gave Cleo the project
Will Meyers as Carter, Cleo's crush and science scholar
Austin Fryberger as Coug, Molly's boyfriend

Production
The film was officially announced on January 9, 2015, along with the casting of Rowan Blanchard and Paris Berelc as Cleo and Molly. On February 27, Karan Brar, Rachel Crow, and Austin Fryberger were cast as George, Nikki, and The Coug. Filming began in February 2015 and ended in April 2015 in New Orleans.

Reception
The movie was viewed by 4.03 million people on its premiere night, making it the third most-watched broadcast on cable that night. An encore broadcast the next morning received 2.31 million viewers.

Broadcast
The film aired on October 9, 2015 on Disney Channel in the United States and Canada. In Canada, due to a technical error at the end of the movie, the last ten minutes were replaced with the Teen Beach 2 music video, "That's How We Do". It was however fixed the next day. It premiered in French as Ma Soeur est invisible! on February 28, 2016.  Invisible Sister premiered on Disney Channel in the United Kingdom and Ireland on October 23. The movie premiered on Disney Channel Israel on December 10, 2015.

References

External links

2010s teen comedy films
2015 television films
2015 films
American science fiction television films
American teen comedy films
Disney Channel Original Movie films
Films about invisibility
Films about sisters
Films directed by Paul Hoen
Films scored by Deborah Lurie
Films set in New Orleans
Films shot in New Orleans
2010s American films

Invisible Sister


Salt ( As-Salt — pronoonced As-Sult or As-Sàlt) is an auncient agricultural toun an admeenistrative centre in wast-central Jordan. It is on the auld main heichway leadin frae Amman tae Jerusalem. Situatit in the Balqa hieland, aboot 790–1100 metres abuin sea level, the toun is built in the cruik o three hills, close tae the Jordan River valley. Ane o the three hills (Jebal Al Qal'a) is the site o a 13t century ruined fortress. It is the caipital o the Balqa Govrenorate.

The Greater Salt Municipality haes aboot 97,000 inhabitants (2006).

History

It is no kent when the ceety wis first inhabitit, but it is believed that it was built bi the Macedonian airmy durin the reign o Alexander the Great. The toun wis kent as Saltus in Byzantine times an wis the seat o a bishopric. At this time the toun wis considered tae be the principal settlement on the East Bank, o the Jordan River. The settlement wis malafoustert bi the Mongols an then rebuilt durin the reign o the Mamluk sultan Baybars I (1260–1277) an became a regional caipital ance mair durin the time o the Ottoman Empire. In the early 1830s, Salt wis again attackit, this time being blawn up durin a raid bi the Egyptian viceroy Ibrahim Pasha in his campaigns against the Ottomans in Palestine.

Salt's heyday wis in the late 19t century when traders arrived frae Nablus tae expand their tradin netwirk eastwards ayont the River Jordan. As a result o the influx o newcomers this period saw the rapid expansion o Salt frae a simple peasant veelage intae a toun wi mony airchitecturally gentie biggins, mony built in the Nablusi style frae the attractive honey-coloured local stane. A lairge number o biggins frae this era still pit ower the day.

Efter Warld War I, the toun wis the site which Herbert Samuel, Breetish heich commissioner for Palestine, chose tae make his annooncement that the Breetish favoured a Hejazi Hashimite ruled entity in the East Bank o the Palestine mandate (modren Jordan) (which wis grantit in 1921).

When Prince Abdullah I rose tae pouer, As-Salt seemed tae be the ceety that wad be chosen as the caipital o the new kinrick syne maist o the industry an commerce flowed through here. Salt wis the lairgest ceety in Transjordan an haed the anerlie heich schuil. King Abdullah I picked the ceety as the caipital o his emergin emirate but chynged his mind an muived his compund an entourage tae Amman when he an the notables o Salt haed a disagreement. Amman which wis a sma ceety o anerlie 20,000 fowk then ceety experienced rapid growth.

Metropolitan Destricts

The Greater Salt Municipality is dividit intae nine destricts:

Agricultur

Salt is famed in Jordan for its fertile soil an the quality o its fruit an vegetable hairsts, pairticularly olives, tomatoes, grapes & peaches. Indeed, it is speculatit that the toun's name providit the ruit for sultana, a certain type o raisin.
It is thocht that the name Salt wis derived frae the ceety Saltos o the Roman Empire.

Wadi Shu'aib (Valley o Jethro) is ane o the lairgest agricultural sites in the ceety o Salt, a valley wi lairge agricultural auries. It is named efter ane o the prophets in Islam (as well as Christianity an Judaism), Shoaib (Jethro), who wis the faither-in-law o Moses an ane o the descendants o Ibrahim (Aubraham). Maist privately awned ferms are locatit in this valley; the primary crops are grapes, olives an fruit-bearin trees.

Tourism
An auncient toun, Salt wis ance the maist important settlement in the aurie atween the Jordan Valley an the eastren desert. Acause o its history as an important tradin link atween the eastren desert an the wast, it wis a significant place for the region's mony rulers.
The Romans, Byzantines an Mameluks aw contributit tae the growth o the toun but it wis at the end o the 19t an the beginnin o the 20t century, durin Ottoman rule, when Salt enjoyed its maist prosperous period.

It was at that time that the Ottomans established a regional admeenistrative base in Salt an encouraged settlement frae ither pairts o their empire. As the toun's status increased, mony merchants arrived an, wi their newly acquired walth, built the fine hooses that can still be admired in Salt the day.

These splendid yellae sandstane biggins incorporate a variety o local an European styles. Typically, they hae domed ruifs, interior courtyards an characteristic heich, airched windaes. Aiblins the maist bonnie is the Abu Jaber mansion, built atween 1892 an 1906, which haes frescoed ceilins, paintit bi Italian airtists, an is reputit tae be the finest example o a 19t century merchant hoose in the region.

Tichtly built on a cluster o three hills, Salt haes several ither places o interest, includin Roman tombs on the ootskirts o toun an the Citadel an site o the toun's early 13t century Ayyubid fortress which wis built bi al- Ma'azzam Isa, the nephew o Saladine suin efter 1198 AD. There is an' a' a sma museum an a handicraft schuil whaur you can admire the traditional skills o ceramics, weavin, silk-screen printin an dyein.
Salt's Archaeological & Folklore Museum displays airtifacts datin back tae the Chalcolithic period tae the Islamic era as well as ither items relatin tae the history o the aurie. In the folklore museum there is a guid presentation o Bedouin an traditional costumes an iveryday folkloric items.

References

2.As-Salt Ceety Blogger

Populatit places in Jordan
Balqa Govrenorate

Salt, Jordan


Welcome to Quechua/Runa Simi Wikipedia!

The Wikipedia encyclopedia in Quechua language is being built on these pages. This project is just in its infancy. This help page in English exists so that people without deep knowledge of the Quechua language can also collaborate.

Why help in English?
In South America it is estimated that around 14 million people live who speak the Quechua language. Unfortunately, most of these people belong to the poorest sectors of the population and, therefore, few have access to the Internet.

That is why it is not surprising that there are currently few Quechua-speaking people collaborating with the free encyclopedia, called Wikipidiya in Quechua. However, the few existing articles and the translation of the main page show that there are. However, the process of building the Wikipidiya in Quechua -similar to those of other South American aboriginal languages, such as Guaraní- would be very slow without the collaboration of more people. That is why it would be very useful if people without deep knowledge of the language also participate, especially for translations.

Remember, this encyclopedia is, more than anything, for Quechua-speaking people, that is, it is an instrument for communicating knowledge and for the dissemination and preservation of a language that, gradually, is in danger of losing its true importance, both because of The fault of the scarcity of educational resources and dissemination, such as books and Web pages, published in Quechua language. By writing in this encyclopedia, you contribute to the preservation of cultural diversity and, above all, interest in learning the languages of native and indigenous cultures of the Americas, such as Quechua, is stimulated.

How to collaborate on Wikipedia
If you don't know yet: Wikipedia is based on the Wiki format that allows online editing of all pages (except for a few that can only be edited by administrators). That means that anyone can edit the articles in the encyclopedia, write new articles, link pages, etc. Each article also has a discussion page, where you can express and confront opinions on the topics of the article, write criticisms of the existing text, propose changes, and so on.

To find out how articles are written and edited well, please consult the Help Section of the English Wikipedia.

Acquire basic knowledge
In the article "Quechua" of the English Wikipedia you have some basic information about the language. In addition, an online Quechua course is being prepared in English Wikibooks and a dictionary in the Wiktionary. Here is a list of links to web pages that can be helpful in getting closer to the Quechua language (several of the links are courses in Spanish):

http://www.quechua.org.uk
http://www.runasimi.de
https://web.archive.org/web/20110713030846/http://www.infocusco.com/quechua-entrega-1.zip - Lecciones de Quechua para descargar. Leccion I al V en Formato PDF/Quechua lessons to download. Lesson I to V in PDF Format (in Spanish)
https://web.archive.org/web/20120808025140/http://www.yachay.com.pe/especiales/quechua/ - Curso Multimedia de Quechua de la Red Científica Peruana (muy bueno)/Quechua Multimedia Course of the Peruvian Scientific Network (very good; in Spanish)
https://web.archive.org/web/20050310034243/http://www.emagister.com/curso-quechua-cursos-325822.htm - Curso de Quechua gratis/Free Quechua course (in Spanish)
http://www.andes.org/q_grammar.html - Lecciones básicas del idioma quechua/Basic lessons of the Quechua language (in Spanish)
http://www.freelang.net/espanol/diccionario/quechua_argentino.html - Diccionario Quechua-Castellano (Quechua Argentino)/Quechua-Spanish Dictionary (Argentine Quechua; in Spanish)
http://www.quechuanetwork.org/dictionary.cfm?lang=s - Diccionario de Quechua/Quechua Dictionary (in Spanish)
http://www.profesorenlinea.cl/ChileFolclor/DiccioQuechuaAymara.htm - Diccionario Quechua - Aymara - Español/Quechua - Aymara - Spanish Dictionary (in Spanish)
http://www.perou.org/dico/index.php?lg=es&lg1=ke&lg2=es&opt=000000 - Diccionario Quechua - Aymara - Español - Francés/Quechua - Aymara - Spanish - French Dictionary (in French)
https://web.archive.org/web/20081202041929/http://quechuastudent.org/ - Wiki para estudiantes de Quechua/Wiki for Quechua students
https://web.archive.org/web/20070928002309/http://www.ucci.edu.pe/quechuawanka/ - Portal Quechua Wanka/Quechua Wanka Portal (in Spanish)

Do you know more useful pages? Add them to the list!

What can I do with almost no knowledge of Quechua?
Many things just need some simple tool like a dictionary. For example:
Translate the Wikipidiya:Lliw Wikipidiyapaq qillqanakuna (Wikipedia:Articles every Wikipedia should have) list into Quechua.
Provide data and numbers, such as country population numbers, census data, mathematical formulas, dates of birth or death of people, etc.
Formatting pages with little formatting, designing tables...

Actually, you can do just about anything... except writing full texts.

Things to do in this phase
Urgent: The page: Wikipidiya:Lliw Wikipidiyapaq qillqanakuna (Wikipedia:Articles every Wikipedia should have) is a list of suggested topics to build the encyclopedia. The main page and the links it contains have to be translated into Quechua. You can translate the terms little by little, you don't have to edit everything at once, or know something about the subject. Go ahead!
Countries: To start with the articles on countries, you can copy the tables of basic data from Wikipedia in English, translating the terms (population, area, languages ...) into Quechua.

There are also things, which we ask you NOT to do:
Write articles in English about words in Quechua. It is not the meaning of Wikipedia to build a dictionary, but an encyclopedia that at some point can be used by a person who does not speak English.
Translate texts literally with a dictionary. This works only with lists and tables, if it is about texts with complete sentences, a lot of confusion can be generated with this practice, since Quechua has a different structure than English. In general, the number of words used to express something is much less in Quechua since this language is based mostly on suffixes.
Correct spelling mistakes if you are not sure that it is not a way of writing in a particular dialect. For example, the Quechua word for "town, village", in the standard of Southern Quechua (uralan runasimi), as well as in Argentina and Ancash Quechua (anqash rimay) is written as Llaqta, while in Unified Kichwa (shukllachishka Kichwa) of Ecuador is written as Llakta, and the Cusco professor Demetrio Tupah Yupanki writes it Llahta. As in all other languages, regional varieties should also be respected here.

Yes, it can be argued to allow, in a first phase, the use of isolated terms in Spanish in lists and in tables. For example, if you are passing a table with the basic data of a country and you do not know what "population" or "area" means in Quechua, you could put this term in parentheses and someone at some point will surely translate it. But this practice will only be necessary in the first phase of construction of this encyclopedia, since in a while all the possible terms in tables and lists of this type will already have examples.

With a little knowledge, you can do much more
This project also needs people to write texts. In the current state of the project, it does not matter if they are perfectly written without misspellings or meaning. This will change over time: when the project becomes more popular, someone who knows the language well is sure to correct your mistake. Or you do it yourself, learning the language better...

Take the opportunity and get into one of the Quechua language courses mentioned below without fear. This language has somewhat different bases from those of the European languages; however, it does have some features that make it quite easy to learn. For example: There is only one verb conjugation mode! The technical and scientific language is based almost entirely on Spanish; this also makes it possible to deduce the meanings of several words (for example paahina). It is a language with very subtle expressions, with a few words you can say more than in a whole page in Spanish, German or English.

If you want to learn the language in more depth, here is a list of institutions that teach it:

Peru
Academia de enseñanza del Quechua Yachay Wasi (Lima, Perú)
Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (Lima, Perú)
Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (Lima, Perú)
Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco (Cusco, Perú)
Universidad Nacional de San Agustín (Arequipa, Perú)
Universidad Nacional de Trujillo (Trujillo, Perú)
Red Científica Peruana (Lima, Peru)

Bolivia
Universidad San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca (Sucre, Bolivia)
Universidad Mayor de San Simón (Cochabamba, Bolivia)

Argentina
Universidad de Buenos Aires (Buenos Aires, Argentina)
Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (Córdoba, Argentina)

United States
Stanford University (United States)
University of Pennsylvania (United States)
Duke University (United States)
University of California in Los Angeles (United States)
University of Wisconsin-Madison (United States)
University of Kansas-Lawrence (United States)

If you know of others, feel free to add them to the list!

For people who know Quechua
Welcome! We urgently need you as there are things that only you can write.

Hamunkichiq! kaypi munachkayku maypichus qankunalla atiwaqchhis qillkayta.

Very urgent is, for example, a help section in the Quechua language, so that the Quechua-speaking "surfer" can consult this section to know how to edit pages, write new articles, etc. Even if it is only a list of recommendations at first... go ahead!

Manchay osqjastuta, maypichoj yanapayniykita munayku qhichwa qallupi, maypichos pichuoj kay laqueta qawajka riqsinampaq allinta ajimanta riqsichikunaykupaq ñawpaqman ripapahima tukuyninchiq.

Following the tradition of several of the large Wikipedias, it is also useful to build a Village pump as in the English Wikipedia (:en:Wikipedia:Village pump), that is, a space for consultation and discussion. This should also be in Quechua.

In the near future, when the project gets a little bigger, surely we will also need administrators with "special powers", that can make corrections, delete articles (that is, articles that deserve to be eliminated since the previous collaboration of other users of good intention should not be underestimated), eliminate users who cause damage, etc. If someone volunteers for this job, they can comment on the talk page on the front page.

Wikipidiya:Inlish yanapa


The Lockheed Model 9 Orion is a single-engined passenger aircraft built in 1931 for commercial airlines. It was faster than any American military aircraft of that time. Designed by Richard A. von Hake, it was the last wood aircraft produced by the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation.

Design
The Orion was the last design using many identical elements from the Lockheed designs preceding it. It primarily used all the elements of the Altair, but included a forward top cockpit similar to the Vega, plus the NACA cowling introduced in the Air Express. Lockheed used the same basic fuselage mold and wing for all these wooden designs (the Explorer wing was unique), hence the close similarities between them. The Orion featured an enclosed cabin with seating for six passengers. The Orion received its Approved Type Certificate on 6 May 1931.

Gerard F. Vultee was Lockheed's chief engineer in 1928 through 1931 and was involved in the designs of all the Lockheed variants of that time and specifically designed Charles Lindbergh's Sirius.

Operational history
Although designed with the passenger market in mind, its speed made it a natural for air races. The first Bendix race of 1931 had a showing of two Orions, three Altairs and one Vega in a race that had only nine aircraft competing. On 11 July 1935, Laura H. Ingalls flew a Lockheed Orion, powered by a Pratt & Whitney Wasp engine, from Floyd Bennett Field to Burbank, California, establishing an East-West record for women. Two months later she flew it back to set a West-East record.

The first Orion entered service with Bowen Air Lines at Fort Worth, Texas, in . Northwest Airways, later renamed to Northwest Airlines, operated the plane from 1933 to 1935. American Airways, itself also renamed to American Airlines in 1934, operated several 9D Orions. Many safe miles were flown in airline service and the headlines won by a few expert speed pilots proved the advanced design and reliability of the Orion. Those that went into airline use as a passenger transport had their lifespan limited, however. In 1934, the Civil Aeronautics Authority issued a ruling prohibiting further use of single-engined passenger aircraft from operating on all major networks. It also became mandatory to have a copilot and therefore a two-seat cockpit arrangement on all such flights. The requirements of the ruling brought an end to the "Orion" as a passenger-carrying airlines airplane. They were then used for cargo or mail carrying or sold for private use and charter. Because the aircraft had a complicated wood construction and needed to be sent back to Lockheed in Burbank California to be repaired, they were often disposed of after any type of significant accident. At least 12 of the used "Orions" were purchased for service in the Spanish Civil War and destroyed in use.

In 1935, a single Model 9 Orion was modified by Lockheed as a news camera plane for the Detroit News. To work in the role, a pod was built into the front leading edge of the right wing about eight feet out from the fuselage.  This pod had a glass dome on the front and mounted a camera. To aim the camera the pilot was provided with a primitive grid similar to a gunsight on his windshield.

The Orion Explorer was a modified 9E. It had a damaged wing replaced with the wing of the Explorer 7 after a crash, and was fitted with a  Pratt & Whitney Wasp S3H1 engine. Fixed landing gear and later floats were also fitted. It was used by Wiley Post and Will Rogers for a round-the-world flight attempt, but both men died when the aircraft crashed in Alaska on .

Variants

Orion 9 14 built,  Pratt & Whitney Wasp A or  Pratt & Whitney Wasp C
Orion 9A Special one aircraft with  Pratt & Whitney Wasp SC engine
Orion 9B two aircraft supplied to Swissair,  Wright R-1820-E engine
Orion 9C redesignated Altair DL-2A
Orion 9D 13 built
Orion 9E three aircraft with  Pratt & Whitney Wasp SC-1 engine
Orion 9F one executive aircraft with a  Wright R-1820-F2 engine
Orion 9F-1 one executive aircraft with a  Wright R-1820-F2 engine
UC-85 one Orion 9D to USAAF in June 1942
Orion-Explorer modified Orion 9E,  Pratt & Whitney Wasp S3H1 engine

Surviving aircraft

In all, Lockheed built a total of 35 Orions costing  each new (equivalent to  in ). It is not known if any survived past the 1940s except the one that survives to the present day. This lone remaining Orion was originally built as an experimental Altair with a metal fuselage. This Altair (built in 1931) was damaged in a belly landing accident in Columbus, Ohio, in 1933. It was returned to Lockheed where it was converted in 1934 to an Orion 9C configuration by the original designer of the Orion, Richard A. von Hake, and others who worked for free during a slow period when the Lockheed factory was going into bankruptcy.

It was sold to Shell Aviation Corp., painted yellow-orange and red and named "Shellightning." It was used by Shell's aviation manager, James H. Doolittle, on cross-county and exhibition flights. Jimmy Doolittle made hundreds of trips in this Lockheed, and the aircraft  was very much in evidence at air shows, airport dedications, and business meetings across the territories of all three Shell companies in the United States.

In 1936, "Shellightning" was again involved in an accident, in St. Louis, and was stored there. Two years later, Paul Mantz caught the racing bug in addition to his aeronautical movie work. He bought the damaged "Shellightning" and had it rebuilt at Parks Air College in St. Louis, Missouri with a more powerful Wright Cyclone engine and some streamlining to add to its speed. It was repainted red with white trim and Mantz flew the plane in the Bendix Races in 1938 and 1939, coming in third both times. In 1943, he sold the plane and it went through a series of owners until Mantz bought it back in 1955. He retained ownership until selling it to TallMantz Aviation, Inc. in 1962.

In 1964, the plane was sitting out in the open on the flightline at Orange County Airport, now John Wayne Airport, in blue-and-white American Airways trim. Some time in the 1960s it was purchased by Swiss Air and rebuilt to flying status by the famous "Fokker" restoration team and is on display at the Swiss Transport Museum in Lucerne, Switzerland in the livery of the original Swiss Air Orion.

Operators

 Lineas Aereas Occidentales

 Swissair

 Spanish Republican Air Force from LAPE, two from Swissair in 1935/1936.

 Alaska Star Airlines
 American Airways
 Air Express
 Bowen Air Lines
 Detroit News
 Hal Roach Studios
 Northwest Airways
 Paul Mantz
 Transcontinental and Western Air/TWA
 United States Army Air Forces
 Shell Oil
 Varney Speed Lines
 Wyoming Air Service

Specifications (Orion 9D)

See also

Notes

Further reading

External links

1930s United States airliners
Aircraft first flown in 1931
Orion
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft

Lockheed Model 9 Orion


Victor Conrad (1876-1962) was an Austrian-American physicist, seismologist, and meteorologist. He was the first director of the Austrian seismological service and a reputed academician of international accomplishment. He was politically victimized twice, in 1919 for his ethnicity and in 1934 as a socialist. He emigrated to the United States in 1938, continuing his academic career in New York, California, and Cambridge. Conrad's scientific work is documented in more than 240 papers concerning meteorology, climatology and seismology. In 1944, he published "Methods in Climatology" (Harvard University Press). Later editions, starting in 1950, listed Leo W. Pollak, as second author. He was the first to deduce the continental crust transition structure which is now named the Conrad discontinuity.

Studies and early seismology work in Vienna

Conrad was born on August 25, 1876, in Hütteldorf, Lower Austria (then a suburb and now part of Vienna). His father, an industrialist, was also an amateur painter of landscapes. He was of Jewish descent.

Conrad attended the University of Vienna where he initially studied biology. In 1896, when he started working on his degree Conrad's teacher, the physiologist Sigmund Exner, realized his pupil's talent for experimental work, and encouraged Conrad to take up the study of physics. Following a suggestion of Franz S. Exner he began to work on problems concerning atmospheric electricity and obtained his doctorate in 1900. Conrad became a University assistant at the "K.K. Centralanstalt für Meteorologie und Erdmagnetismus" (the Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics) in 1901, mostly working at the Sonnblick high-altitude observatory for the next three years. In 1904, when the Seismological Service of Austria was established, Conrad was appointed head of the new department and became responsible for the seismic monitoring on Austrian territory. Among his first programs was a microseismic survey in 1905.

Professor at Czernowitz and Vienna

In 1910 Conrad accepted a newly created chair for "cosmic physics" at the University of Czernowitz (now Chernivtsi in Ukraine) which at this time belonged to Austria-Hungary's Bukovina region, and had native German speakers accounting for more than half of its students.
From 1916 to 1918, during World War I, he was a director of Meteorological and Astronomical Observatory in Belgrade, Serbia.
After the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy at the end of World War I the university was rumanized and Conrad was forced to leave Czernowitz at the end of July 1919, losing not only his professorship but also his private assets. He returned to his former position at the Central Meteorological Institute and later as a full professor at Vienna. During his analyses of two earthquakes that occurred in Austria in 1923 and 1927 he discovered what is today known as the Conrad discontinuity, considered to be the border between the upper and the lower continental crust.

Emigration and further career

As a member of Austria's socialist party, Conrad faced political discrimination after the brief and decisive Austrian Civil War. On April 30, 1934, he was put on leave with waiting pay. He retired in 1936, and emigrated to the United States in 1938, where he once again brought his career to bloom, 1940–1942 at New York University, then at the California Institute of Technology, the University of Chicago, and finally (from 1944) at Harvard University from where he retired in 1951.

The Conrad observatory

When Victor Conrad died at Cambridge in 1962, his widow Ida bequeathed the majority of the couple's assets to the Austrian Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics, on the condition that the funds be used to establish a research institution bearing her late husband's name. This took place in the form of the Conrad Observatory for Seismology, situated about 50 km from Vienna near Gutenstein. Its module for seismology and gravimetry, became operational in 2002; the final module, for geomagnetic research, was inaugurated in 2014.

Biographies

 Steinhauser H, Toperczer M. "Obituarium: Victor Conrad". Arch. Met. Geophys. Biokl 1962; 13, 283–289.

References

External links
 Conrad Observatory website (German)

Austrian meteorologists
Austrian physicists
Austrian socialists
American seismologists
University of Vienna alumni
Academic staff of the University of Vienna
Academic staff of Chernivtsi University
Jewish emigrants from Austria after the Anschluss to the United States
New York University faculty
Illinois Institute of Technology faculty
University of Chicago faculty
Harvard University faculty
1876 births
1962 deaths
Austrian emigrants to the United States

Victor Conrad


The Sichuan sika deer (Cervus nippon sichuanicus) is one of the many subspecies of sika deer. It was discovered in 1978 and was proven to be a distinct subspecies. It is found in the mountains of northern Sichuan and southern Gansu, which holds the largest population of Sika Deer in China. There are currently 500 individuals left in the wild, and the numbers currently seems to be stable.

Cervus
Mammals of Asia

Sichuan sika deer


William Sohmer (May 26, 1852 in Dunningen, Kingdom of Württemberg – February 2, 1929 in Brooklyn, New York City) was an American politician.

Life
He came with his parents in 1858 to New York City where his elder brother Hugo founded Sohmer & Co. in 1872. His father was a physician and cared about a good education for his sons. In 1872, he entered the insurance business, and finally became President of the Niagara Fire Insurance Company.

He was a member of the New York State Assembly (New York Co., 10th D.) in 1890, 1891 and 1892. Afterwards he was appointed a Deputy Tax Commissioner. In 1894, he was defeated when running for Sheriff of New York County. In 1895, he was elected Register of New York County, and in 1897 Clerk of New York County.

He was again a member of the State Assembly (New York Co., 10th D.) in 1904; and a member of the New York State Senate (12th D.) in 1907 and 1908.

He was New York State Comptroller from 1911 to 1914, elected at the New York state election, 1910 on the Democratic ticket; re-elected at the New York state election, 1912 on the Democratic and Independence League tickets; and defeated at the New York state election, 1914 for re-election running on both tickets again.

He was a delegate to the 1912 Democratic National Convention.

He was Treasurer of the Society of St. Tammany from 1910 on.

Sources
 Georg von Skal: History of German immigration in the United States and successful German-Americans and their descendants. New York, Smiley, 1908, p. 127, 164
 The campaign expenses, in NYT on November 11, 1894
 The Tammany nominees, in NYT on October 11, 1895
 The campaign expenses, in NYT on November 10, 1897
 The Democratic candidates, in NYT on October 1, 1910
 The Democratic candidates, in NYT on October 4, 1912
 Death notice in TIME Magazine on March 4, 1929

1852 births
1929 deaths
New York State Comptrollers
Politicians from New York City
Democratic Party members of the New York State Assembly
Immigrants to the United States
Democratic Party New York (state) state senators
United States Independence Party politicians

William Sohmer


The Worshipful Company of Scriveners is one of the 111 livery companies of the City of London. The Scriveners Company was originally known as the Mysterie of the Writers of the Court Letter and, since its incorporation, as Master Wardens and Assistants of the Company of Scrivenors of the Cittie of London . It is one of the few livery companies that from its foundation to the present day has been influential in setting the standards for a living profession, namely that of scrivener notary. The company's first ordinances were granted in 1373. Its royal charter was granted by King James I on 28 January 1617.

Historically, scrivener notaries were the only notaries public permitted to practise in the City of London, the Liberties of Westminster, The Borough (Southwark), and other places within three miles from the City. In 1801, Parliament passed the Public Notaries Act that confirmed this status.

Scrivener notaries are only appointed after a two-year apprenticeship to a practising scrivener notary and sitting the examinations set by the company. They must be fluent in one or two foreign languages and be familiar with the principles and practice of foreign laws. The ancient privilege of scrivener notaries was extinguished by the Access to Justice Act 1999, since when any notary public qualified to practise in England and Wales may practise within the company's former exclusive jurisdiction. Nonetheless, they remain a discrete branch of the profession and their unique status is recognised in civil-law countries by their membership in the International Union of Notaries (UINL). Current qualification rules were adopted by the court of the company in 1998.

In addition to the scrivener notaries, the membership of the company comprises those with qualifications and interests in the fields of calligraphy, heraldry, genealogy, wider aspects of the law, authorship, accountancy, and business.

Admission to the Freedom and Livery is, as with other livery companies, via one of three possible routes: redemption, patrimony or servitude. Each applicant has to be proposed by two liverymen, one of whom must be a member of the court, or by authority of the Selection Committee. Women were first admitted to the company in 1665.

Also, as with many other livery companies, its principal activities divide into four areas: professional, charitable, civic, and social. Its charitable activities are governed by its Sexcentenary Charity Fund.

In the order of precedence of the City livery companies, the Scriveners Company ranks forty-fourth. Its motto is Scribite Scientes, Latin for Write, Ye Learned Ones. The Master is head of the company and its membership comprises Wardens, Assistants, Liverymen, Freemen and Apprentices.

The Scriveners Company has produced two Lord Mayors of the City of London: Sir Robert Clayton in 1680 and Sir James Shaw in 1805. The Scriveners' Hall was burned down in the Great Fire of London (1666), and rebuilt thereafter. However, for financial reasons the company had to sell the hall to the Worshipful Company of Coachmakers and Coach Harness Makers in 1703. It was demolished again in the Blitz. The site of the hall is in Noble Street, just off Gresham Street, near Guildhall.

Modern status of scrivener notaries
There are six firms of scrivener notaries active in the City of London: Cheeswrights, De Pinna, John Newton & Sons, John Venn & Sons, Saville & Co. and Larianae Notaries. The Worshipful Company of Scriveners is the only body from a common-law jurisdiction to have been accepted to the International Union of Notaries.

References

External links
 The Scriveners' Company
 Scriveners' Company Common Paper: a full-text edition of the principal record of the company from 1357 to 1678 (originally published by the London Record Society (1968, ed. Francis W. Steer), included as part of British History Online).
 Scriveners' Company coat of arms

Livery companies
1373 establishments in England
Notary
Corporatism
History of the City of London

Worshipful Company of Scriveners


The Nemegt Basin is a geographical area in the northwestern Gobi Desert, in Ömnögovi Province, southern Mongolia. It is known locally as the "Valley of the Dragons", since it is a source of many fossil finds, including dinosaurs, dinosaur eggs, and trace fossils.

Geology
The main geological formations in the area are the Nemegt Formation, Barun Goyot Formation, and Djadochta Formation, in order of age, from youngest (most superficial) to oldest (deepest).

References

Depressions of Mongolia
Gobi Desert
Basins of Asia

Nemegt Basin


vascoda was, until 2011, a German web portal which offered access to scientific information in various disciplines. The name vascoda is often associated with the medieval explorer Vasco da Gama, as this implies the connotation of navigating the sea of information. Initially, though, "vascoda" is a made-up word created by an agency for naming and branding.

vascoda is also a non-profit organization which offers support and coordination of its members' subject portals.

vascoda

Portal
The vascoda web portal offers access to information and full texts on various subjects through an integrative user interface. The searches can be performed within a certain subject or interdisciplinarily. Specialized subject portals can also be accessed directly via the vascoda portal.

The vascoda portal and the integrated subject portals are set up and maintained by academic libraries and other information providers with an international reputation. These institutions provide content of high standard, parts of which cannot be found by standard web search engines.

Access to the portal is free. However, for some of its services and resources a fee is required  (pay-per-view). Furthermore, vascoda is connected to local library holdings and document delivery services.

vascoda's data are integrated into the WorldWideScience global science gateway.

Aim

The aim of vascoda is to merge academic resources into a single well-structured integrative information service.

Supporting organization
vascoda is a registered voluntary association with 42 members, which are mostly German libraries and other information providers. The association's aim is to develop and maintain the interdisciplinary vascoda portal. The vascoda office is based in Hanover. The portal is technically run by the NRW Online Utility and Library Service Centre (hbz).

Subject portals integrated into vascoda
The following subject portals are currently accessible through the vascoda portal. Parts of their data are integrated into the vascoda search (as of June 2009):

vascoda-related projects
A number of projects and working groups focussing on certain aspects relevant to vascoda were financially supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) or the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). Various institutions were in charge of these projects. Some examples are:

 Functionality and operation of the vascoda portal
 Metadata, standards and questions of heterogeneity
 Coordination, marketing, quality assurance
 Content: rights, licences and business concepts
 Overall structures and tasks
 Shared authentication, authorization and permissions management
 Modelling and questions of heterogeneity

Currently, the German Research Foundation supports the vascoda 2010 project. The project aims at improving and furthering the vascoda portal.

References

Bibliography
 vascoda – das interdisziplinäre Internetportal für wissenschaftliche Information. 10 Fragen von Bruno Bauer an Uwe Rosemann, Direktor der Technischen Informationsbibliothek Hannover und Sprecher des vascoda-Projekts. in: Medizin – Bibliothek – Information 2005; 5(3): 11–14 (Onlineversion pdf-Datei, 98 KB)
 Jens E. Wolff, Thomas Oerder: Das vascoda-Portal – barrierefreie Recherche in wissenschaftlichen Fachinformationen. (Proceedings of the  95. Deutscher Bibliothekartag, Dresden 2006). (Onlineversion pdf-datei, 934 KB)
 Philipp Mayr, Anne-Kathrin Walter: Zum Stand der Heterogenitätsbehandlung in vascoda: Bestandsaufnahme und Ausblick., in: Bibliothek & Information Deutschland (Hrsg.): 3. Leipziger Kongress für Information und Bibliothek, 19.–22. März 2007. Leipzig: Verlag Dinges & Frick. Preprint pdf (176Kb)
 Ralf Depping: vascoda.de and the system of the German virtual subject libraries. In: Prasad, A.R.D. & Madalli, D.P. (eds.): International Conference on Semantic Web and Digital Libraries (ICSD 2007), 21–23 February 2007: 304-314. (pdf file, 730 KB)

External links
 vascoda.de
 vascoda-Blog
 vascoda office at TIB/UB Hannover
 NRW Online Utility and Library Service Centre (hbz), technical operation
 World Wide Science

Bibliographic databases and indexes
German digital libraries
Web portals

Vascoda


"Whenever, Wherever" is the debut English-language single for Latin music artist Shakira. Taken off of her first English-language album Laundry Service it was released in late 2001. She also recorded a Spanish-language version of the song titled "Suerte". It was the best-selling song of 2001. The video won the 2002 Latin Grammy Award for "Best Short Form Music Video". The song was written by Shakira and Gloria Estefan.

2001 songs
Shakira songs

Whenever, Wherever


Bâgé-la-Ville is a former commune. It is found in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in the Ain department  in the east of France. In 2009, 2,975 people lived in the commune. On 1 January 2018, it was merged into the new commune of Bâgé-Dommartin. The inhabitants are the Bagésiens. The local economy is mostly based around agriculture. The most important monuments in the commune are the Château de Raponnet, an 18th-century castle, the Château de Montépin, a 13th-century castle, the Saint-Michel church and the Epaisse chapel, listed as a monument historique since 1982.

References

Former communes in Ain

Bâgé-la-Ville