A brush is a tool with bristles or wires or other filaments sticking out. There are many kinds. Most brushes have a long part at one end to hold (the handle), on the other end from the head that carries the bristles or filaments. We use brushes for cleaning, making hair look good, painting, and other purposes.

Brushes for cleaning

Many kinds of brushes are made for cleaning, for example toothbrushes or brushes for cleaning floors.

Paint brushes
We use paint brushes for putting ink or paint on paper. If a brush is dipped 1/3 to 1/4 of its length into a can of paint, a good brush will ideally pick up the perfect amount of paint and spread it on a surface in a film that is smooth and uniform and absent of any drips, dips, or brush marks. Paint brushes typically come in two forms, synthetic, and natural. Synthetic brushes are usually made from products such as nylon, while natural refers to bristles from an animal source. Computer graphics uses digital paintbrushes for making pictures.

Paint brushes can have three shapes:
 Round: The long, close-together bristles of these brushes mean they can hold more paint. This is why many artists like them for painting large things and for color washes.
 Flat: These are good for spreading paint.
 Fan-shaped: These mix paint well.

Brush care
 Clean paint from brushes after you use them. This is very important for oil and acrylic paint because when the paint is dry, taking it off can break the brush.
 Never leave brushes in water (etc.) with the bristle end down. This is because the bristles can change shape.

Sizes and materials
We can buy brushes in different sizes and materials. Here are some sorts.

Decorators' brushes
The sizes of brushes used for painting and decorating (changing the colour or look of a room) are usually in millimeters or inches. This shows how wide the head is.

Here are some sizes:

 1/8", 1/4", 3/8", 1/2", 5/8", 3/4", 7/8", 1", 1", 1½", 2", 2", 3", 3", 4".
 10 mm, 20 mm, 30 mm, 40 mm, 50 mm, 60 mm, 70 mm, 80 mm, 90 mm, 100 mm.

We can buy brushes with natural or synthetic (man-made) bristles. Handles (the part of the brush we hold) may be wood or plastic.

Artists' brushes
Artists' brushes usually have sizes with numbers, but there is no standard.

From smallest to largest, the sizes are:

 7/0 (also  0000000), 6/0, 5/0, 4/0, 000, 00, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30.

We use sizes 000 to 20 most often.

Bristles may be natural—either soft hair or hog (pig) bristle—or synthetic (man-made).

Artists' brush handles (the part of the brush we hold) are often wooden, but the cheapest brushes may have plastic handles. Many cheap handles are made of unfinished wood; better quality handles are of finished wood.

References

Basic English 850 words
Tools

Brush


Arnold Sandwith Ward (1876–1950) was an English journalist and Conservative Party politician.  He served as the MP for the constituency of Watford between 1910 and 1918.

Ward was the son of Humphry "Thomas" Ward, a fellow and tutor of Brasenose College and Mary Augusta Ward, a popular author; grandson of Tom Arnold; greatgrandson of Thomas Arnold, the famous headmaster of Rugby School. He was educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford.

While at Oxford he played one first-class cricket match for the university side as a lower-order right-handed batsman and medium-pace right-arm bowler; he also played Minor Counties cricket for Hertfordshire and Buckinghamshire between 1896 and 1905.

Career
After working as a special correspondent for The Times in Egypt, the Sudan and India from 1899 to 1902, and as a solicitor, he was elected to parliament in 1910.

His mother was a founder of the Women's National Anti-Suffrage League, and Ward spoke in support of their cause as an MP.

A pre-war officer in the part-time Hertfordshire Yeomanry he volunteered for overseas service on the outbreak of the First World War, and served with A Squadron of the 1/1st Hertfordshire Yeomanry in Egypt August 1914 – June 1915. He was then assigned commandant of a convalescent camp on Cyprus June–August 1915, and returned to Egypt January - June 1916. From November 1916 to February 1917 he was attached 3rd Battalion The King's Own Scottish Borderers, then to the Machine Gun Corps, February–May 1917.

For the 1918 general election the Conservative party dropped him as candidate in favour of Dennis Herbert. The 1918 election was the first to be held after the Representation of the People Act 1918, which meant it was the first general election in which women could vote. Ward's Anti-Suffrage stance, which lasted after many others had dropped their objections, would have been a major liability.

On the death of his mother in 1920 the family home, Stocks House at Aldbury in Hertfordshire, had to be sold to pay off his gambling debts.

References

External links

Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
People educated at Eton College
1876 births
1950 deaths
UK MPs 1910
UK MPs 1910–1918
Anti-suffragists
Hertfordshire Yeomanry officers
British Army personnel of World War I
Machine Gun Corps officers
English cricketers
Oxford University cricketers
Hertfordshire cricketers
Buckinghamshire cricketers
Members of Parliament for Cricklade
King's Own Scottish Borderers officers

Arnold Ward


The Veltins-Arena (between 2001 and 2005 Arena AufSchalke) in Gelsenkirchen, Germany, is the stadium of the German member of the soccer federal league FC Schalke 04. The Veltins arena is one of the most modern stages of the world and possesses since June 2015 a capacity of 62.271 spectators with plays on national level, with international plays due to the standing place prohibition of 54,740 spectators. Apart from the actual use as football stadium of the FC Schalke 04 also different meetings, like concerts, take place in this multi-function arena. Due to the outline of the Rhine stadium in Duesseldorf the arena became occasionally also venue of the Home plays of the American football crew Rhine Fire.

The Veltins arena got 2004 lent of the UEFA the status of a 5-Stars-Stadium. The comment of the UEFA delegation read even: The place of event will the requirements more than fair and could even than 'six star Stadion' be evaluated. It may align thereby final games of the UEFA champions League and the UEFA cup.

Buildings and structures in North Rhine-Westphalia
Football stadiums in Germany
Gelsenkirchen
Sport in North Rhine-Westphalia

Veltins Arena


The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 (Public Law 93-638) authorized the Secretary of the Interior, the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, and some other government agencies to enter into contracts with, and make grants directly to, federally recognized Indian tribes. The tribes would have authority for how they administered the funds, which gave them greater control over their welfare. The ISDEAA is codified at Title 25, United States Code, beginning at section 5301 (formerly section 450).

Signed into law on January 4, 1975, the ISDEAA made self-determination the focus of government action.  The Act reversed a 30-year effort by the federal government under its preceding termination policy to sever treaty relationships with and obligations to Indian tribes. The Act was the result of 15 years of change, influenced by American Indian activism, the Civil Rights Movement, and community development based on grassroots political participation.

History

The Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) of 1934 was an early step in the renewal of tribal self-governance, in the forms of creation of constitutions and employment of counsel.  The IRA was somewhat limited, as all tribal actions were subject to review by the Secretary of the Interior (via the Bureau of Indian Affairs [BIA]).

In the 1950s, some members of Congress passed legislation to renew the effort to have Native Americans assimilate, and to terminate the special relationship between the federal government and tribal nations.  The government sought to terminate the legal standing of numerous tribes, judging their members ready to be independent U.S. citizens.  More than 100 tribes and communities were terminated under the  Indian termination policy.

The failure of termination policies became obvious with assessment by the late 1960s.  Native Americans and the federal government began to work for a return to greater Indian rights represented by the earlier IRA.  The passage of the Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 (ICRA) was influential. ICRA guaranteed the application of much of the Bill of Rights in Indian Country, a guarantee which Native Americans on reservations had not enjoyed.

The rise of activist groups in the 1960s, such as the American Indian Movement (AIM) and alike, and high-profile demonstrations such as the occupation of Alcatraz led by Native American activist Richard Oakes, helped bring the issue of Native American rights to greater prominence in public policy. President Richard Nixon's "Message from the President of the United States Transmitting Recommendations for Indian Policy" (8 July 1970) recommended self-determination for Indian tribes as a goal of the federal government. His message said that termination was an incorrect policy.  Nixon called for broad-sweeping self-determination legislation. This goal was met in the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act or PL 93-638.

Implementation
Implementation of PL 93-638 created a process known as self-determination contracting, under which "the employees and administrative control of an otherwise federal program are transferred to the tribal government via a "638 contract"." Under these contracts, tribes agree to set up a particular program (in areas such as resource management, law enforcement, education, childcare, and environmental protection) while meeting federal requirements and guidelines in order to receive funding and support. The duties entailed in contracts between the federal government and the tribes were assigned to implementing agencies, one of which was the Bureau of Indian Affairs, BIA.

The BIA at first resisted this change.  The process was strictly for approval of funds for tribal use to conduct their own affairs, for instance, to educate their children. Continued efforts by tribal leaders to obtain the grant money and pressure from Congressional representatives helped bring about a new way of doing business.  The influence of the BIA over tribal affairs slowly lessened.  In addition, the United States Supreme Court in Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma v. Leavitt found that the Federal government was liable for payments under a 638 contract.

Shortcomings
Although the 638 contracts provide necessary funding and assistance programs to many tribes, PL 93-638 had significant limitations. For example, tribes did not have the ability to reallocate government funds across different 638-contracted programs to meet shifting needs in their communities. According to section 106c of the law "all contracts between the appropriate Secretary and Indian tribes shall be limited to a term of one (1) to three (3) years," sometimes making it difficult to achieve longer term goals. The 1975 law also allowed either Secretary to annul a 638 contract or reassume control of a program "if he or she finds that the tribal contractor's performance involves the violations of rights...gross negligence or mismanagement in the handling of contract funds."

Amendments
Amendments have been made by legislators to the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act.

References
 Russel L. Barsh, Ronald L. Trosper. "Title I of the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975." American Indian Law Review, Vol. 3, No. 2. (1995)
 Edmund J. Danziger, Jr. "A New Beginning or the Last Hurrah: American Indian Response to Reform Legislation of the 1970s." American Indian Culture and Research Journal, Vol. 7, No. 4, (1984)
 Guy B. Senese. Self-Determination and the Social Education of Native Americans. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1991.
 E. Fletcher McClellan. "Implementation and Policy Reformulation of Title I of the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975–80." Wíčazo Ša Review, Vol. 6, No. 1, (Spring, 1990)
 Robert J. Havighurst. "Indian Education Since 1960." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences. Vol. 436 (March, 1978)
 Stephen Cornell, Joseph P. Kalt. "American Indian Self-Determination: The Political Economy of a Successful Policy." JOPNA Working Paper No.1 (November 2010)
 Eric C. Henson. The State of Native Nations: Conditions Under U.S. Policies of Self-Determination. The Harvard Project on  American Indian Economic Policy, 2007.
 Jack Utter. American Indians: Answers to Today's Questions (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press) pp. 278–279
 William C. Canby, Jr.. American Indian Law in a Nut Shell (St. Paul: West Publishing Co.) pp. 23–33
 Charles Wilkinson. Blood Struggle: The Rise of Modern Indian Nations (New York: W.W. Norton and Co.) pp. 180–187

Citations

External links
  The State of Native Nations
 25 USC § 450
 The Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development
 Self Governance material for downloads

Indigenous politics in North America
United States federal Native American legislation
United States federal Indian policy
United States federal education legislation
1975 in American law


The Second Filat Cabinet was the Cabinet of Moldova from 14 January 2011 to 30 May 2013. The Cabinet consisted of ministers from the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova, the Democratic Party of Moldova, and the Liberal Party, who together formed the Alliance for European Integration. It was the second government to be led by Vlad Filat who was Prime Minister from 2009 until 2013. The Cabinet was installed after a successful vote of confidence held in the Parliament of Moldova on 14 January 2011.

Composition
The Cabinet consisted of the Prime Minister of Moldova Vlad Filat (leader of the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova; PLDM), three Deputy Prime Ministers, each representing one of the parties of the coalition, 15 ministers, and two ex officio members.

The Government has 16 Ministries: two Deputy Prime Ministers are also Ministers, while the Minister of State does not lead a Ministry.

Cabinet of Ministers

 Vlad Filat (PLDM), Prime Minister of Moldova
 Iurie Leancă (PLDM), Deputy Prime Minister, and Minister of Foreign Affairs and European Integration
 Mihai Moldovanu, Deputy Prime Minister for Social Affairs
 Valeriu Lazăr (PDM), Deputy Prime Minister, and Minister of Economy
 Eugen Carpov, Deputy Prime Minister for Reintegration
 Victor Bodiu (PLDM), Head of the State Chancellery
 Victor Catan, Minister of Internal Affairs to 14 January 2011
 Alexei Roibu, Minister of Internal Affairs to 14 January 2011
 Dorin Recean, Minister of Internal Affairs from 24 July 2012
 Veaceslav Negruță (PLDM), Minister of Finance
 Alexandru Tănase (PLDM), Minister of Justice to 6 May 2011
 Oleg Efrim (PLDM), Minister of Justice from 6 May 2011
 Andrei Usatîi, Minister of Health
 Vitalie Marinuţa (PL), Minister of Defence
 Anatol Șalaru (PL), Minister of Transport and Road Infrastructure
 Gheorghe Șalaru (PL), Minister of Environment
 Ion Cebanu (PL), Minister of Youth and Sports
 Marcel Răducan (PDM), Minister of Public Works and Regional Development
 Valentina Buliga (PDM), Minister of Labour, Social Protection and Family
 Boris Focșa (PDM),  Minister of Culture
 Mihail Șleahtițchi, Minister of Education
 Vasile Bumacov, Minister of Agriculture and Food Industry
 Pavel Filip, Minister of Information Technologies and Communication

Ex-officio members
 Mihail Formuzal, Governor of Gagauzia
 Gheorghe Duca, Head of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova

See also
 Cabinet of Moldova

External links
 Government of Moldova

References

Cabinets of Moldova
Alliance for European Integration
Coalition governments
2011 establishments in Moldova
Cabinets established in 2011
2013 disestablishments in Moldova
Cabinets disestablished in 2013

Second Filat Cabinet


Quack is the sound a duck makes.

Quack is also the name for someone who is a phony. One way that people use this word is a "quack doctor". A quack doctor sells people bad medicine that does not make people feel better.

A quack can also mean a fake doctor who tries to sell his medicine to people when they do not really make you better which means they are fake. A quack doctor tries to tell people that they can cure everything but they can not, they just con you into going to them, but they do not cure you, they just make you feel a little bit better.
They also take some of the jobs from the doctors who have been to university and studied to become a doctor and then Quacks are just taking their patients away from them.

Sound
Pejoratives

Quack


An annular hurricane is a term used in the north Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean east of the International Dateline. An annular hurricane is a rare type of hurricane that has a big, circular eyewall, and thick, deep convection around it with no spiral rainbands. This structure allows the hurricane to maintain its strength for longer durations, and in worse conditions than typical hurricanes.

Annular hurricane


Walter Froucester (died 1412), was abbot of St. Peter's, Gloucester.

Froucester had previously officiated as chamberlain of the monastery. On the death of John Boyfield in January 1382, Froucester was elected his successor, being the twentieth abbot. Boyfield's rule had not been successful; he was weak and was in continual trouble with rival ecclesiastics, who, to the disadvantage of his monastery, generally got the better of him. Froucester, on assuming the direction, applied himself to the improvement of the brotherhood's position with marked success, taking and keeping the upper hand over all rivals, and yet without giving offence. By the prudence and economy of his domestic administration he succeeded in wiping off the greater part of the vast debt with which he found the monastery encumbered. From his private purse he supplied the church with ornaments of all kinds, books, vestments, and silver plate.

He is best known for having brought to completion at great expense the beautiful cloisters, the building of which had been begun in Horton's (abbot 1351–77) time, and left unfinished for several years. With the view of securing for his monastery full title to some of its possessions he despatched to Rome one of the brotherhood, William Bryt by name, who, after a stay of some years, succeeded in getting appropriated to the monastery the churches of Holy Trinity and St. Mary de Lode, Gloucester, and that of Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire. Froucester also obtained from Pope Urban, through the influence of the Duke of Gloucester, the privileges of wearing the pontifical mitre, ring, sandals, and dalmatic, which his predecessor had requested in vain. The occasion chosen by Froucester for his investment with these ornaments was 10 April 1390, the day on which the remains of St. Kyneburgh the Virgin were translated to St. Peter's, the ceremony being celebrated by the Bishop of Worcester and Froucester, and a number of ecclesiastics, in the presence of the Duke of Gloucester and many noblemen and ladies. He also obtained from the pope a dispensation allowing the brotherhood of St. Peter's to eat flesh from Septuagesima to Quinquagesima inclusive. By Froucester's orders the registers of the monastery were compiled afresh, and the history of St. Peter's was probably re-edited at the same time. It has sometimes been supposed, but unwarrantably, that this history, early copies of which exist in Queen's College Library, Oxford, and among the Cottonian MSS., was written by Froucester, because the chronicle closes during his abbacy; internal evidence shows that it was compiled from time to time. Froucester died in 1412, and was buried beneath an arch in the southwest portion of the choir of St. Peter's. Sir Robert Atkyns calls him Trowcester.

References

Year of birth missing
1412 deaths
14th-century births
14th-century English people
15th-century English people
Abbots of Gloucester

Walter Froucester


Hazus is a geographic information system-based natural hazard analysis tool developed and freely distributed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).

In 1997 FEMA released its first edition of a commercial off-the-shelf loss and risk assessment software package built on GIS technology.  This product was termed HAZUS97.  The current version is Hazus-MH 4.0 (where MH stands for 'Multi-Hazard') and was released in 2017.  Currently, Hazus can model multiple types of hazards: flooding, hurricanes, coastal surge, tsunamis, and earthquakes.  The model estimates the risk in three steps.  First, it calculates the exposure for a selected area. Second, it characterizes the level or intensity of the hazard affecting the exposed area. Lastly, it uses the exposed area and the hazard to calculate the potential losses in terms of economic losses, structural damage, etc.

Although it was developed with the US continent in focus, the Hazus toolset has been adopted by emergency management organizations worldwide such as Singapore, Canada, Australia, and Pakistan.

Description
US nationally applicable standardized methodology that contains models for estimating potential losses from earthquakes, floods and hurricanes. Hazus uses Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology to estimate physical, economic and social impacts of disasters. It graphically illustrates the limits of identified high-risk locations due to earthquake, hurricane and floods. Users can then visualize the spatial relationships between populations and other more permanently fixed geographic assets or resources for the specific hazard being modeled, a crucial function in the pre-disaster planning process.

Hazus is used for mitigation and recovery, as well as preparedness and response. Government planners, GIS specialists and emergency managers use Hazus to determine losses and the most beneficial mitigation approaches to take to minimize them. Hazus can be used in the assessment step in the mitigation planning process, which is the foundation for a community's long-term strategy to reduce disaster losses and break the cycle of disaster damage, reconstruction and repeated damage. Being ready helps recovery after a natural disaster.

As the number of Hazus users continues to increase, so do the types of uses. Increasingly, Hazus is being used by states and communities in support of risk assessments that perform economic loss scenarios for certain natural hazards and rapid needs assessments during hurricane response. Other communities are using Hazus to increase hazard awareness. Successful uses of Hazus are profiled under Mitigation and Recovery and Preparedness and Response. Emergency managers have also found these map templates helpful to support rapid impact assessment and disaster response.

Requirements
Although Hazus-MH itself is free, it requires the users to have ArcGIS with ArcView license level.

In addition, ArcGIS Spatial Analyst extension is required for Flood Model. Furthermore, it currently is only available for use with ArcGIS version 10.4 (Current version is 10.6). As part of a major effort to modernize Hazus, a number of updates are in progress. In late 2014, an update was released to bring Hazus up to compatibility with ArcGIS 10.2.2 and Windows 8. Later in the Hazus Modernization process, new functional enhancements will be implemented in the flood module, and the underlying code of Hazus will be re-designed to align with current practices, enabling future development.

Advanced analysis
Mapping results from the Advanced Engineering Building Module (AEBM) for earthquake hazards Salt Lake Community.

User community
Hazus has a substantial user group community that includes a Hazus LinkedIn group and several Hazus User Groups across the nation "providing a network of HAZUS users, promoting and supporting the application of the FEMA HAZUS software for disaster mitigation, planning, response and recovery. This group is supported by HAZUS.org the independent on-line voice for the HAZUS user community and the ultimate resource for everything HAZUS". Its reach includes 40 User Groups managed by 38 User Group Leaders, "Hazus User Groups (HUGs) provide a network of public and private sector organizations and industry partnerships to collaborate and disseminate Hazus information and data throughout the nation. Hazus User Group members include emergency managers, Geospatial Information System (GIS) specialists, geologists, state and local planners, consultants and other stakeholders who use Hazus software for risk assessment activities." Each Hazus User Group conducts its own training, holds seminars, and occasionally holds group-wide User Group Conference calls.

References

External links
 FEMA Hazus website
 USEHAZUS  An All Hazus Web Space
 Hazus website
 Hazus LinkedIn

Federal Emergency Management Agency
Emergency management software
Science software

HAZUS


"Zapp Dingbat" is the fifth episode in the  seventh season of the American animated television series Futurama, and the 119th episode of the series overall. It originally aired on Comedy Central on July 11, 2012. The episode was written by Eric Rogers and directed by Frank Marino.

Plot
Leela invites the Planet Express crew and the other sewer mutants to her parents Morris and Munda's 40th anniversary, where everyone learns that they met at Brown University, where Morris was a laid-back surfer (aided by having ten toes on each foot), while Munda obtained a PhD in exolinguistics, the study of alien languages; the two fell in love and Munda put aside her future studies. However, during the anniversary celebration, Munda reveals a long-standing bitterness to Morris over his disinterest in her career and disinterest in exploring the universe now that sewer mutants are allowed to leave Earth's sewers. She divorces him and moves in with Leela.

Now that Munda is free to see the alien worlds she always studied, Leela takes her to a space bar. Zapp Branigan is also there attempting to negotiate with the shark-like Carcarons. When he has problems with the translation where one of his attempts caused the Carcarons to attack him, Munda steps in and provides help with her exolinguist skills, leading the two to begin to flirt. Zapp and Munda soon begin dating regularly and having sexual relations, which both Zapp and Munda flaunt, annoying Leela, who believes Zapp is only using her mother to get to her. Meanwhile, Morris returns to surfing in the sewers around the world, joined by Fry and Bender, in an attempt to move on from his and Munda's failed marriage.

Zapp eventually proposes to marry Munda, and they quickly arrange a marriage aboard his ship, but unfortunately scheduling it at the same time as an important diplomatic function with the Carcarons. At the negotiation, Munda realizes that Zapp plans on having the Carcarons unknowingly sign a declaration of war against Earth. He instructs Munda to tell them it is a peace treaty, so that they will sign it and he can proceed to attack them. Enraged by this, Munda calls off the wedding and tells the Carcarons what Zapp is actually planning. The enraged Carcarons begin to fire wave-like beams at the ship, threatening to destroy it. The attacks end up putting the weapons on Zapp's ship offline. Morris (who had stowed aboard the Planet Express ship to try to stop the marriage) offers to help guide the ship using his surfing skills to manipulate an auxiliary control device that allows them to "surf" the Carcarons' waves. Munda realizes why she had fallen in love with Morris in the first place. She then forces Zapp to apologize to the Carcarons in their language. Once the ship is safe and a real peace treaty is made with the Carcarons, Morris and Munda reaffirm their love for each other and remarry, which Zapp officiates. When Zapp tries to flirt with Munda again, Morris punches him in the gut. Morris and Munda then space-surf their way back to Earth.

Cultural references
The episode's title is a reference to Zapf Dingbats, a dingbat typeface designed by typographer Hermann Zapf in 1978 and licensed by International Typeface Corporation.

Bender is found playing poker with C-3PO.

The wedding's Mr. Nixon and Mr. Agnew comedy routine is modeled on the nineteen-twenties' Gallagher and Shean.

Reception
Alasdair Wilkins of The A.V. Club gave the episode a B−. He stated, "The episode does at least end well, which inclines me to forgive somewhat its saggy middle section...but at least it had enough sequences [to] feel as though you're seeing things that could only ever happen in the world of Futurama. That counts for a surprising amount sometimes."

References

External links

 "Zapp Dingbat" at the Infosphere, the Futurama Wiki

2012 American television episodes
5
Television episodes about weddings

Zapp Dingbat


Tiruchirapalli district is one of the 32 districts of Tamil Nadu. The district's capital, Tiruchirappalli, is one of the largest in Tamil Nadu. It is located along the Kaveri River. The district's old name is Trichinopoly.

It is in the heart region of the state. The area of the district is 4,404 square kilometers. The population of the district is 27,22,290.

Tiruchirapalli district

Tiruchirappalli district


Retail Ventures was a holding company originally created in 2003 for DSW (NYSE: DSW), Filene's Basement, and Value City Department Stores. The retailer's initial public offering was in 1991 under the Value City name. Value City went on to purchase the DSW shoe business in 1998 and Filene's Basement in 2000.

Schottenstein Stores Corp. of Columbus, which held controlling interest of Retail Ventures, also held a stake in the 221-store DSW chain. Jay Schottenstein, chairman and CEO of DSW, was chairman of Retail Ventures and heads Schottenstein Stores Corp. Value City Stores were known as Schottenstein's in the Columbus, Ohio market in honor of its founder Ephraim Schottenstein, but the name was dropped after Value City was sold to Burlington Coat Factory.

Retail Ventures Inc stated in December 2006 that it had retained Financo, Inc. and CIBC World Markets Corp to advise it about "strategic alternatives", including a possible sale, for its Value City Department Stores division.

Retail Ventures Inc announced on January 23, 2008 the disposition of an 81% ownership interest in its Value City Department Stores business to VCHI Acquisition Co., a newly formed entity owned by VCDS Acquisition Holdings, LLC, Emerald Capital Management LLC and Crystal Value, LLC. In connection with the sale, Retail Ventures, Inc.'s wholly owned subsidiary Filene's Basement, Inc. entered into a $100 million secured credit facility with National City Business Credit, Inc. Terms of the credit facility are similar to the predecessor $275 million secured credit facility that was jointly shared with Value City Department Stores and was terminated and replaced as of the date of the transaction. This transaction does not impact Value City Furniture Stores, which are separately owned and operated. Retail Ventures, Inc. continues to operate 259 DSW stores in major metropolitan areas throughout the country. DSW also supplies shoes, under supply arrangements, to 342 locations for other non-affiliated retailers in the United States. The number of employees and employee benefits are planned to remain the same as this transfer of ownership occurs and the new owners begin to operate Value City.

Retail Ventures announced its merger with DSW in February 2011.

Stores
DSW

Through related companies:

American Eagle Outfitters
Value City Furniture
American Signature

External links
 RVI official website

References

Companies based in the Columbus, Ohio metropolitan area
Retail companies established in 2003

Retail Ventures


The Mosin-Nagant is a series of bolt-action rifles used by the Russian Empire and later the Soviet Union. It was their main rifle throughout the Russo-Japanese War, World War I and World War II. After World War II, it was replaced by the SKS rifle. It was also commonly used by the USSR's allies during the Cold War, and it is still used today by some smaller militaries. It is also popular with civilians due to its cheap price. It is the most produced bolt-action rifle of all-time. More than 37 million Mosin-Nagants were made.

It holds up five 7.62 x 54mmR bullets, which is still used by Russian machine guns and sniper rifles today.

It was the rifle used by Vasily Zaytsev, a Soviet World War II sniper and one of the deadliest snipers of all time.

Rifles

Mosin-Nagant


Western world has meant various things at various times. In the earliest history of Europe, it referred to Ancient Greece and the Aegean. During the Roman Empire, it meant the Western Roman Empire (covering the area from Croatia to Britain). At other times, it has meant Western Europe or Europe or Christendom. During the Cold War, it sometimes meant the democratic countries or those allied with the various NATO powers.

In this day and age, it often refers to the places that have a European cultural heritage, called Western civilization. This European heritage itself is a combination of Judeo-Christian ethic, classical Greco-Roman thinking and the cultural practices of the "barbarian" peoples of Northern Europe. Under the strictest definition, it would include North America, Australia and Western/Central Europe: with the identities of Latin America, Eastern Europe, the Philippines, Singapore, Israel and South Africa being disputed due to the mix of both Western and non-Western cultures.

Related pages
 Eastern world

Cultural geography
Political geography

Western world


The Toyota Curren wis a Japanese automobile biggit bi the Toyota Motor Corporation. It wis based on the Toyota T200 chasis. It shared the same interior an rear end design as the 1994-1998 Toyota Celica coupé. Instead o haein fower roond heidlichts lik the Celica, it haed a fixed heidlicht design resemblin that o the 1992-1996 Toyota Scepter.

1994-1995

For 1994 the Toyota Curren came in twa models the ST206 an the ST207. The ST206 haed fower different trim levels. The FS, XS, ZS an the ZS Sport Selection. The FS an XS models wur baith pouered bi the 140 hp 3S-FE ingine, whauras the ZS models wur pouered bi the 170-180 hp 3S-GE ingine. The ZS Sport Selection haed the addit benefit o a limited slip differential an a leather steerin wheel. The ST207 ae came in the XS Touring Selection, which wis pouered bi the 3S-FE an came equipped wi fower wheel steerin

1995 saw the introduction o the XS an ZS S-Packages which includit a rear spoiler, rear wiper, alloy wheels, an 10 hp mair on the ZS models. A new model, the ST208, wis introduced as a base model tae the lineup. It haed twa trim levels the TS an the TS Private Selection which includit a rear wiper an a rear spoiler. Baith trim levels wur pouered bi the 1.8L 125 hp 4S-FE ingine.

1996-1998 Facelift
In 1996 the Toyota Curren received a facelift that includit a redesigned front bumper, clear front turn signals, an a redesigned front grille. In addition, it an aa received redesigned tail lichts that featurt a daurker tint an clear turn signals.

1997 merked the last year o the fower wheel steerin ST207 model. The rest o the models remained unchanged till it wis discontinued frae production in 1998.

Curren
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
Sport compact caurs
Coupes
1990s automobiles
Front-wheel-drive sports caurs
Vehicles wi fower wheel steerin
Vehicles introduced in 1994

Toyota Curren


Grammy-winning Queen of Soul and the first woman to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Aretha Louise Franklin was born in Memphis, Tennessee, to Barbara Vernice (Siggers) and C. L. Franklin, a Baptist minister, who preached at the New Bethel Baptist Church in Detroit for over thirty years. Known as the man with the "Million-Dollar Voice", her father was one of the most respected and prominent ministers in the country, and Aretha grew up singing in church, and surrounded by local and national celebrities. She learned how to play piano by ear and soon understood the correct tones and pitches.

Galeriya sa hulagway

Aretha Franklin


José Ramón Fernández Álvarez (November 4, 1923 – January 6, 2019) was a Cuban Communist leader. He was a Vice-President of the Council of Ministers from 1976 until his death in 2019.

Life
He was born in Santiago de Cuba. During the Bay of Pigs Invasion on 17 April 1961, he was director of militia training and based at Managua near Havana.

He was a member of the Executive Committee of the Pan American Sports Organization. In recognition of his work he was awarded several medals, among them the title of Hero of the Republic of Cuba.

Fernández died on January 6, 2019 in Havana at the age of 95.

References

Other websites
CubaNow Magazine

1923 births
2019 deaths
Cuban politicians
Cuban military people
People from Havana

José Ramón Fernández


Harold Clayton Urey  ( ; April 29, 1893 – January 5, 1981) was an American physical chemist whose pioneering work on isotopes earned him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1934 for the discovery of deuterium. He played a significant role in the development of the atom bomb, as well as contributing to theories on the development of organic life from non-living matter.

Born in Walkerton, Indiana, Urey studied thermodynamics under Gilbert N. Lewis at the University of California, Berkeley. After he received his PhD in 1923, he was awarded a fellowship by the American-Scandinavian Foundation to study at the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen. He was a research associate at Johns Hopkins University before becoming an associate professor of chemistry at Columbia University. In 1931, he began work with the separation of isotopes that resulted in the discovery of deuterium.

During World War II, Urey turned his knowledge of isotope separation to the problem of uranium enrichment. He headed the group located at Columbia University that developed isotope separation using gaseous diffusion. The method was successfully developed, becoming the sole method used in the early post-war period. After the war, Urey became professor of chemistry at the Institute for Nuclear Studies, and later Ryerson professor of chemistry at the University of Chicago.

Urey speculated that the early terrestrial atmosphere was composed of ammonia, methane, and hydrogen. One  of his Chicago graduate students was Stanley L. Miller, who showed in the Miller–Urey experiment that, if such a mixture were exposed to electric sparks and water, it can interact to produce amino acids, commonly considered the building blocks of life. Work with isotopes of oxygen led to pioneering the new field of paleoclimatic research. In 1958, he accepted a post as a professor at large at the new University of California, San Diego (UCSD), where he helped create the science faculty. He was one of the founding members of UCSD's school of chemistry, which was created in 1960. He became increasingly interested in space science, and when Apollo 11 returned Moon rock samples from the Moon, Urey examined them at the Lunar Receiving Laboratory.  Lunar astronaut Harrison Schmitt said that Urey approached him as a volunteer for a one-way mission to the Moon, stating "I will go, and I don't care if I don't come back."

Early life
Harold Clayton Urey was born on April 29, 1893, in Walkerton, Indiana, the son of Samuel Clayton Urey, a school teacher and a minister in the Church of the Brethren, and his wife, Cora Rebecca née Reinoehl. He had a younger brother, Clarence, and a younger sister, Martha. The family moved to Glendora, California, after Samuel became seriously ill with tuberculosis, in hopes that the climate would improve his health.  When it became clear that he would die, the family moved back to Indiana to live with Cora's widowed mother. Samuel died when Harold was six years old.

Urey was educated in an Amish grade school, from which he graduated at the age of 14. He then attended high school in Kendallville, Indiana. After graduating in 1911, he obtained a teacher's certificate from Earlham College, and taught in a small school house in Indiana. He later moved to Montana, where his mother was then living, and continued to teach there.

Urey entered the University of Montana in Missoula in the autumn of 1914. Unlike Eastern universities of the time, the University of Montana was co-educational in both students and teachers. Urey earned a Bachelor of Science (BS) degree in zoology there in 1917.

As a result of the United States entry into World War I that same year, there was strong pressure to support the war effort.  Urey had been raised in a religious sect that opposed war. One of his professors suggested that he support the wartime effort by working as a chemist.  Urey took a job with the Barrett Chemical Company in Philadelphia, making TNT, rather than joining the army as a soldier. After the war, he returned to the University of Montana as an instructor in chemistry.

An academic career required a doctorate, so in 1921 Urey enrolled in a PhD program at the University of California, Berkeley, where he studied thermodynamics under Gilbert N. Lewis. His initial attempt at a thesis was on the ionization of cesium vapor. He ran into difficulties, and Meghnad Saha published a better paper on the same subject. Urey then wrote his thesis on the ionization states of an ideal gas, which was subsequently published in the Astrophysical Journal. After he received his PhD in 1923, Urey was awarded a fellowship by the American-Scandinavian Foundation to study at the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen, where he met Werner Heisenberg, Hans Kramers, Wolfgang Pauli, Georg von Hevesy, and John Slater. At the conclusion of his stay, he traveled to Germany, where he met Albert Einstein and James Franck.

On returning to the United States, Urey received an offer of a National Research Council fellowship to Harvard University, and also received an offer to be a research associate at Johns Hopkins University. He chose the latter. Before taking up the job, he traveled to Seattle, Washington, to visit his mother. On the way, he stopped by Everett, Washington, where he knew Dr. Kate Daum, a colleague from the University of Montana. Dr. Daum introduced Urey to her sister, Frieda. Urey and Frieda soon became engaged. They were married at her father's house in Lawrence, Kansas, in 1926. The couple had four children: Gertrude Bessie (Elizabeth), born in 1927; Frieda Rebecca, born in 1929; Mary Alice, born in 1934; and John Clayton Urey, born in 1939.

At Johns Hopkins, Urey and Arthur Ruark wrote Atoms, Quanta and Molecules (1930), one of the first English texts on quantum mechanics and its applications to atomic and molecular systems. In 1929, Urey became an associate professor of chemistry at Columbia University, where his colleagues included Rudolph Schoenheimer, David Rittenberg, and T. I. Taylor.

Deuterium
In the 1920s, William Giauque and Herrick L. Johnston discovered the stable isotopes of oxygen. Isotopes were not well understood at the time; James Chadwick would not discover the neutron until 1932. Two systems were in use for classifying them, based on chemical and physical properties. The latter was determined using the mass spectrograph. Since it was known that the atomic weight of  oxygen was almost exactly 16 times as heavy as hydrogen, Raymond Birge, and Donald Menzel hypothesized that hydrogen had more than one isotope as well. Based upon the difference between the results of the two methods, they predicted  that only one hydrogen atom in 4,500 was of the heavy isotope.

In 1931, Urey set out to find it. Urey and George M. Murphy (1903–1968) calculated from the Balmer series that the heavy isotope should have lines blueshifted (correspondingly the light isotope redshifted) by . Urey had access to a  grating spectrograph, a sensitive device that had been recently installed at Columbia and was capable of resolving the Balmer series. With a resolution of 1 Å per millimetre, the machine should have produced a difference of about 1 millimetre. However, since only one atom in 4,500 was heavy, the line on the spectrograph was very faint. Urey therefore decided to delay publishing their results until he had more conclusive evidence that it was heavy hydrogen.

Urey and Murphy calculated from the Debye model that the heavy isotope would have a slightly higher boiling point than the light one. By carefully warming liquid hydrogen, 5 litres of liquid hydrogen could be distilled to 1 millilitre, which would be enriched in the heavy isotope by 100 to 200 times. To obtain five litres of liquid hydrogen, they traveled to the cryogenics laboratory at the National Bureau of Standards in Washington, D.C., where they obtained the help of Ferdinand Brickwedde, whom Urey had known at Johns Hopkins.

The first sample that Brickwedde sent was evaporated at  at a pressure of . To their surprise, this showed no evidence of enrichment. Brickwedde then prepared a second sample evaporated at  at a pressure of . On this sample, the Balmer lines for heavy hydrogen were seven times as intense. The paper announcing the discovery of heavy hydrogen, later named deuterium, was jointly published by Urey, Murphy, and Brickwedde in 1932. Urey was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1934 "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen". He declined to attend the ceremony in Stockholm, so that he could be present at the birth of his daughter Mary Alice. He was elected to both the American Philosophical Society and the United States National Academy of Sciences the following year.

Working with Edward W. Washburn from the Bureau of Standards, Urey subsequently discovered the cause of the anomalous sample. Brickwedde's hydrogen had been separated from water by electrolysis, resulting in a depleted sample. Moreover, Francis William Aston had reported that his calculated value for the atomic weight of hydrogen was wrong, thereby invalidating Birge and Menzel's original reasoning. The discovery of deuterium stood, however.

Urey and Washburn attempted to use electrolysis to create pure heavy water. Their technique was sound, but they were beaten to it in 1933 by Lewis, who had the resources of the University of California at his disposal. Using the Born–Oppenheimer approximation, Urey and David Rittenberg calculated the properties of gases containing hydrogen and deuterium. They extended this to enriching compounds of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. These could be used as tracers in biochemistry, resulting in a whole new way of examining chemical reactions.  He founded the Journal of Chemical Physics in 1932, and was its first editor, serving in that capacity until 1940.

At Columbia, Urey chaired the University Federation for Democracy and Intellectual Freedom. He supported Atlanticist Clarence Streit's proposal for a federal union of the world's major democracies, and the republican cause during the Spanish Civil War. He was an early opponent of German Nazism and assisted refugee scientists, including Enrico Fermi, by helping them find work in the United States, and to adjust to life in a new country.

Manhattan Project
By the time World War II broke out in Europe in 1939, Urey was recognized as a world expert on isotope separation. Thus far, separation had involved only the light elements. In 1939 and 1940, Urey published two papers on the separation of heavier isotopes in which he proposed centrifugal separation. This assumed great importance due to speculation by Niels Bohr that uranium 235 was fissile. Because it was considered "very doubtful whether a chain reaction can be established without separating 235 from the rest of the uranium," Urey began intensive studies of how uranium enrichment might be achieved. Apart from centrifugal separation, George Kistiakowsky suggested that gaseous diffusion might be a possible method. A third possibility was thermal diffusion. Urey coordinated all isotope separation research efforts, including the effort to produce heavy water, which could be used as a neutron moderator in nuclear reactors.

In May 1941, Urey was appointed to the Committee on Uranium, which oversaw the uranium project as part of the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC).  In 1941, Urey and George B. Pegram led a diplomatic mission to England to establish co-operation on development of the atomic bomb. The British were optimistic about gaseous diffusion, but it was clear that both gaseous and centrifugal methods faced formidable technical obstacles. In May 1943, as the Manhattan Project gained momentum. Urey became head of the wartime Substitute Alloy Materials Laboratories (SAM Laboratories) at Columbia, which was responsible for the heavy water and all the isotope enrichment processes except Ernest Lawrence's electromagnetic process.

Early reports on the centrifugal method indicated that it was not as efficient as predicted. Urey suggested that a more efficient but technically more complicated countercurrent system be used instead of the previous flow-through method. By November 1941, technical obstacles seemed formidable enough for the process to be abandoned. Countercurrent centrifuges were developed after the war, and today are the favored method in many countries.

The gaseous diffusion process remained more encouraging, although it too had technical obstacles to overcome. By the end of 1943, Urey had over 700 people working for him on gaseous diffusion. The process involved hundreds of cascades, in which corrosive uranium hexafluoride diffused through gaseous barriers, becoming progressively more enriched at every stage. A major problem was finding proper seals for the pumps, but by far the greatest difficulty lay in constructing an appropriate diffusion barrier. Construction of the huge K-25 gaseous diffusion plant was well under way before a suitable barrier became available in quantity in 1944. As a backup, Urey championed thermal diffusion.

Worn out by the effort, Urey left the project in February 1945, handing over his responsibilities to R. H. Crist. The K-25 plant commenced operation in March 1945, and as the bugs were worked out, the plant operated with remarkable efficiency and economy. For a time, uranium was fed into the S50 liquid thermal diffusion plant, then the K-25 gaseous, and finally the Y-12 electromagnetic separation plant; but soon after the war ended the thermal and electromagnetic separation plants were closed down, and separation was performed by K-25 alone. Along with its twin, K-27, constructed in 1946, it became the principal isotope separation plant in the early post-war period. For his work on the Manhattan Project, Urey was awarded the Medal for Merit by the Project director, Major General Leslie R. Groves, Jr.

Post-war years
After the war, Urey became professor of chemistry at the Institute for Nuclear Studies, and then became Ryerson professor of chemistry at the University of Chicago in 1952. He did not continue his pre-war research with isotopes. However, applying the knowledge gained with hydrogen to oxygen, he realized that the fractionation between carbonate and water for oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 would decrease by a factor of 1.04 between . The ratio of the isotopes could then be used to determine average temperatures, assuming that the measurement equipment was sufficiently sensitive. The team included his colleague Ralph Buchsbaum. Examination of a 100-million-year-old belemnite then indicated the summer and winter temperatures that it had lived through over a period of four years. For this pioneering paleoclimatic research, Urey was awarded the Arthur L. Day Medal by the Geological Society of America, and the Goldschmidt Medal of the Geochemical Society. While at the University of Chicago, Urey contributed to the Urey-Bigeleisen-Mayer equation, a model of stable isotope fractionation.

Urey actively campaigned against the 1946 May-Johnson bill because he feared that it would lead to military control of nuclear energy, but supported and fought for the McMahon bill that replaced it, and ultimately created the Atomic Energy Commission. Urey's commitment to the ideal of world government dated from before the war, but the possibility of nuclear war made it only more urgent in his mind. He went on lecture tours against war, and became involved in Congressional debates regarding nuclear issues. He argued publicly on behalf of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, and was called before the House Un-American Activities Committee.

Cosmochemistry and the Miller–Urey experiment
In later life, Urey helped develop the field of cosmochemistry and is credited with coining the term. His work on oxygen-18 led him to develop theories about the abundance of the chemical elements on Earth, and of their abundance and evolution in the stars. Urey summarized his work in The Planets: Their Origin and Development (1952). Urey speculated that the early terrestrial atmosphere was composed of ammonia, methane, and hydrogen. One of his Chicago graduate students, Stanley L. Miller, showed in the Miller–Urey experiment that, if such a mixture is exposed to electric sparks and to water, it can interact to produce amino acids, commonly considered the building blocks of life.

Urey spent a year in the United Kingdom as a visiting professor at Oxford University in 1956 and 1957. In 1958, he reached the University of Chicago's retirement age of 65, but he accepted a post as a professor at large at the new University of California, San Diego (UCSD), and moved to La Jolla, California. He was subsequently made a professor emeritus there from 1970 to 1981. Urey helped build up the science faculty there. He was one of the founding members of UCSD's school of chemistry, which was created in 1960, along with Stanley Miller, Hans Suess, and Jim Arnold.

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, space science became a topic of research in the wake of the launch of Sputnik I. Urey helped persuade NASA to make uncrewed probes to the Moon a priority. When Apollo 11 returned Moon rock samples from the Moon, Urey examined them at the Lunar Receiving Laboratory. The samples supported Urey's contention that the Moon and the Earth shared a common origin. While at UCSD, Urey published 105 scientific papers, 47 of them about lunar topics. When asked why he continued to work so hard, he joked, "Well, you know I'm not on tenure anymore."

Death and legacy
Urey enjoyed gardening and raising cattleya, cymbidium and other orchids. He died at La Jolla, California, and is buried in the Fairfield Cemetery in DeKalb County, Indiana.

Apart from his Nobel Prize, he also won the Franklin Medal in 1943, the J. Lawrence Smith Medal in 1962, the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1966, the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1966, and the Priestley Medal of the American Chemical Society in 1973. In 1964 he received the National Medal of Science. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1947. Named after him are lunar impact crater Urey, asteroid 4716 Urey, and the H. C. Urey Prize, awarded for achievement in planetary sciences by the American Astronomical Society. The Harold C. Urey Middle School in Walkerton, Indiana, is also named for him, as is Urey Hall, the chemistry building at Revelle College, UCSD, in La Jolla and the Harold C. Urey Lecture Hall at the University of Montana.  UCSD has also established a Harold C. Urey chair whose first holder was James Arnold.

Urey's daughter, Elizabeth Baranger, also became a notable physicist.

See also
 Carbonate–silicate cycle

Notes

References
 Urey, H. C. (1952). The planets: Their origin and development. Mrs. Hepsa Ely Silliman Memorial Lectures. Document in which Urey describes the carbonate–silicate geochemical cycle controlling the long-term climate on Earth during the geological ages (see Berner, Lasaga and Garrels (1983) on the subject).

External links
 Harold Clayton Urey Papers MSS 44. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Library.
1965 Audio Interview with Harold Urey by Stephane Groueff Voices of the Manhattan Project
 National Academy of Sciences biography
 Harold Urey – Explaining why he rejects the notion of the moon breaking away from the earth – 1972
  including the Nobel Lecture on February 14, 1935 Some Thermodynamic Properties of Hydrogen and Deuterium
Guide to the Harold C. Urey Papers 1932-1953 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center

1893 births
1981 deaths
People from Leonia, New Jersey
People from St. Joseph County, Indiana
Manhattan Project people
Nobel laureates in Chemistry
American atheists
American Nobel laureates
American physical chemists
American astronomers
National Medal of Science laureates
Columbia University faculty
UC Berkeley College of Chemistry alumni
University of Chicago faculty
Planetary scientists
Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Foreign Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Mass spectrometrists
People from Kendallville, Indiana
Members of the Royal Academy of Belgium
The Journal of Chemical Physics editors
Presidents of the Geochemical Society
Recipients of the V. M. Goldschmidt Award
20th-century American chemists
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Recipients of Franklin Medal

Harold Urey


The Missing Lynx (Spanish: El Lince perdido) is a 2008 computer-animated adventure action comedy film produced by Spanish studios Kandor Graphics and YaYa! Films and producer Antonio Banderas. The film is directed by Raul Garcia and Manuel Sicilia, and written by them and Jose E. Machuca. It is presented by Banderas himself. With the film released in Spain on December 25, 2008 in Spanish, it is released in the United States on March 9, 2012 in English. The film is about a bunch of animals from Doñana National Park in Spain, trying to save other animals kidnapped by the bad guys. The movie takes place in the natural parks of Andalusia. The film was developed using servers supplied by Kandor. The Missing Lynx received mixed reviews from internet audience polls and it earned $1.4 million on a $6.5 million budget. The Missing Lynx was released on DVD in October 15, 2009 by Aurum Productions.

Plot
After one of his countless mishaps, Félix (Felix in the English version), a clumsy and unlucky Iberian lynx, is transported to the animal recovery shelter at the Doñana National Park, along with Beeea (Beeety in the English version), a daredevil goat, and Astarté, a brave falcon with an injured wing. However, the national park has undergone security measures while Félix was gone. Mysterious animal kidnappings have occurred at other national parks and animal preservations, which had caused the shelter to be turned into a prison-like structure, leading Félix's paranoid chameleon friend, Gus, to believe that their human caretakers are in a conspiracy to keep the animals locked up for experiments. While the others are skeptical of Gus' claims, a female lynx, Lincesa (Lynxette in the English version), is brought to the shelter; she and Félix begin to form an attraction to each other.

In the dead of night, the shelter is infiltrated by mercenaries led by Newmann, the self-titled "greatest hunter in the world", hired by an eccentric millionaire, Noé (Noah in the English version), who has created a sort of Noah's Ark for threatened species. Due to the antics of two bumbling mercenaries, Félix is able to escape from his cage and free his friends from the transport trucks, with the exception of Lincesa being hit with a sedative dart by Newmann. With some encouragement, Astarté is able to fly back to the shelter and set off the alarm, alerting the humans to their disappearance. Félix and his friends set out to find the kidnapped animals and stop Noé's plans, later accompanied by their mole friend, Rupert, who escaped from the ship. They enlist a pack of wolves to help them evade Newmann and the pursuing mercenaries; however, the wolves are caught, along with a few other animals, and Félix starts to believe that it's his bad luck to blame for them being followed. They meet Diogenes, a vulture with a mission to clean the environment, who supplies the group with materials to build a makeshift transport to outrun the mercenaries. However, Félix abandons the group to protect them from his bad luck.

On Noé's ship, Lincesa discovers that Noé has the ability to speak with animals. He tells her that he was once locked up in an insane asylum for claiming to talk with animals, but after being released, he used his communication skills to amass a large fortune (e.g., horses at the racetrack, moles finding oil pockets underground, fish guiding him to sunken treasure). His plan to collect endangered animals and bring them to an island refuge is his way of thanking them by saving them from extinction, for helping build his fortune. "What's the point in being free if you're not alive?", he tells Lincesa. However, she turns his words on him saying, "What's the point in being alive if you're not free?" After hearing this and being reminded of how terrible it was for him to be locked up, Noé becomes disillusioned with his plan.

After Félix finds Rupert, who had mysteriously disappeared, it turns out that Rupert is responsible for Newmann and the mercenaries tracking them. After the events at the animal center, Noé implanted Rupert with a microchip and set him free in hopes of finding the escaped animals, in exchange for the safety of Rupert's family (moles aren't endangered, after all). Realizing that it's not his bad luck to blame, Félix returns to his friends in time to save them from being caught by Newmann. The hunter underestimates Félix, and this results in him being scratched in the face by the lynx. He becomes mad with rage at this, and attempts to fire a lethal shot at Félix, but is interrupted by a call from Noé, telling him to call off the hunt immediately. Further enraged, Newmann decides to take over the ship, lock Noé in a cage, and set up traps in the ship's hangar for Félix.

While Gus and Beeea free Noé from his cage, Newmann tries to draw Félix to him using Lincesa as bait. Unexpectedly, Newmann causes an explosion that starts to flood the ship, beginning an evacuation protocol of the caged animals. While fighting Newmann, Félix has an epiphany that, by holding on to the hunter, he will be prone to injury by his own traps, thanks to Félix's bad luck. This leads to Newmann seemingly crushed to death by a large trap. Félix, Lincesa, the animals, and Noé make it to safety in life rafts.

Afterwards, Felix and Lincesa have a cub, and have Gus present it to the other animals (à la Lion King). The film ends with the two incompetent mercenaries, now working for the shelter, arguing over whether they have seen the lynx before.

In a mid-credits scene, it is shown that Newmann actually survived his encounter at the ship, but now has a fear of cats.

Cast
 Abraham Aguilar as Gus
 Beatriz Berciano as Lincesa (Lynxette in English)
 Carlos del Pino as Rupert
 David García as Soldado Gardo
 Steven Hughes as Newmann
 Conchi López Rojo as Astarté
 Julio Núñez (in memoriam) as Noé (Noah in English), later voiced by Roberto Cuenca
 Esperanza Pedreño as Patty
 David Robles as Félix (Felix in English)

Production

On March 2, 2005, Raul Garcia and Manuel Sicilia were hired and set to write and direct The Missing Lynx. Jose E. Machuca co-wrote the script for the film. Antonio Banderas, Marcelino Almansa, Juan Molina and Manuel Cristobal produced the film with the budget of $6,500,000 for release in 2008. On June 7, 2006, it was announced that Abraham Aguilar, Beatriz Berciano, Carlos del Pino, David García, Steven Hughes, Conchi López Rojo, Julio Núñez, Esperanza Pedreño and David Robles joined the film. On August 9, 2007, it was announced that Sergio De La Puente would compose the music for the film. Development and storyboarding of the film was completed in Madrid, Spain. Production then moved to London, England for the final phases of animation, lighting, color and production in order to maximize tax credits offered to foreign film projects in the United Kingdom. In September 22, Aurum Productions and Phase 4 Films acquired distribution rights to the film.

Release
The film was theatrically released on December 25, 2008 by Aurum Productions and Phase 4 Films and was released on DVD in October 15, 2009 by Aurum Productions.

Reception
The Missing Lynx received mixed reviews from internet audience polls. As of February 2013, it holds an average rating of 5.2 out of 10 in Internet Movie Database. 45% of moviegoers on Rotten Tomatoes enjoyed the film.

Music
The film's score was composed by Sergio de la Puente. The soundtrack also contains "Not My Day", performed by Yuri Mendez and "Space Between Bodies", performed by the Spanish rock band We Are Balboa.

Awards
Animacor - International Animation Festival, Spain 2008

Goya Awards 2009

San Diego Latino Film Festival 2009

References

External links

The Missing Lynx on Tertulia Andaluza

Spanish computer-animated films
2008 films
Best Animated Film Goya Award winners
Films set in Andalusia
2008 computer-animated films
2000s Spanish-language films
2008 animated films
Animated films about cats
Animated films about birds
2000s English-language films
2000s Spanish films
Animated films set in Spain
Spanish animated feature films

The Missing Lynx


FourCC (Four Character Code, 4CC) is identifier of length of four bytes used to identify type of data format (e.g. video codec used in AVI multimedia container).

The same video format can be (in dependency to used codec) denoted by several different FourCC codes. Even there is no exception to the rule to use more FourCC codes for that format by same codec. For example, some different DivX codec versions denote MPEG-4 ASP format by DIVX and DX50 codes. Therefore, selection of this code depends on used codec and thus on used multimedia framework.

Other websites
 FourCC.org – FourCC codes for video codecs and uncompressed formats

Computer file formats

FourCC


Bessie Thomashefsky (1873 – July 6, 1962), born Briche Baumfeld-Kaufman, was a Russian-born Jewish American singer, actress and comedian, a star in Yiddish theater beginning in the 1890s. She was the wife and stage partner of Boris Thomashefsky, the most popular Yiddish leading man of his era. Probably her most famous role was the title role of Oscar Wilde's Salomé at the People's Theater in 1908.

Biography
She was born Briche Baumfeld-Kaufman in 1873 in Tarashcha, Kiev province, Ukraine. Her family emigrated to America in 1879 and finally settled in 1883 near Baltimore. She attended school until she was 12 and then went to work in a stocking factory and a sweatshop.

In 1887, 14-year-old Bessie met her future husband when she went backstage at a Baltimore production of Aliles Dam ("Blood Libel") by a Yiddish touring company to meet the beautiful young "actress" she had seen on stage, only to discover that "she" was the 19-year-old Boris Thomashefsky, and that he was also the manager of the company. In 1888, Bessie ran away from home to join the Thomashefsky Players, and was given an ingenue role starring in Abraham Goldfaden's Shulamith, which was performed at the Boston Music Hall. Boris moved to romantic male leads.

In 1889, 16-year-old Bessie had a daughter, Esther, with Boris and in 1891 they were married. Esther died at the age of 6 of diphtheria. They also had 3 sons. Their first son, Harry, started acting at the age of 13 in the play The Pintele Yid (A Little Spark of Jewishness, 1909), became a director of the Federal Theater's Yiddish Theater Project and directed his father in films The Jewish King Lear (1934) and The Bar Mitzvah Boy (1935). Their second son, known as Mickey, took after his father's romancing ways and romanced two women at the same time which led to a dramatic murder-attempt/suicide in 1931, reminiscent of his paternal aunt Emma Thomashefsky Finkel's notorious 1904 affair. Both Mickey and his aunt Emma were left paralyzed by the attempted murders by jealous mates and both later died of complications related to their wounds; Emma, many years later, in 1929, and Mickey in 1936. Their third son, Theodore, changed his name to Ted Thomas and became a stage manager. Ted Thomas's son is the noted conductor Michael Tilson Thomas.

It was the success of Boris' Greenhorn scripts and Bessie's feature acting in them that led to Bessie being overworked and Boris taking the money and philandering. Bessie wanted an accounting of the money and couldn't find it. Boris Thomashefsky began and carried on a long-term affair with Yiddish actress Regina Zuckerberg (1888-1964). Regina began her artistic career at the Jewish Theatre of Lemberg, Galicia (Austro-Hungarian Empire, now Lviv, Ukraine) and had in September 1911 immigrated to the United States with her husband, actor Sigmund Zuckerberg. She was the leading actress in a number of theaters by Boris Thomashefsky and was a member of the Hebrew Actors' Union, which was the union of Jewish actors in the United States. Regina modeled herself on Bessie in dress, speech, style and acting—except that she was 15 years younger. Boris's affair with Regina and financial mismanagement led Boris and Bessie to separate in 1911.

Both Boris and Bessie went on to successful but separate careers. Bessie went on to found her own theatre troupe. She took over the management of the People's Theater in 1915 and the following season the theater was renamed Bessie Thomashefsky's People's Theater. She focused on serious social issues of the day, particularly those affecting women, like suffrage and birth-control. Her memoir, Mayn lebens geshikhte (My life's history: The joys and tribulations of a Yiddish star actress), as told to A. Tennenholz, was published in 1915.

Regina was Boris's common-law wife into the mid-1910s. Boris filed for bankruptcy in 1915. In the 1930s Boris was a pauper and died in 1939. Bessie had never divorced Boris.

Death and legacy
Both Thomashefskys did much to shape the world of modern theatre from the follies to Broadway and gave a start to many actors, composers and producers who went on to start and own theaters and movie studios. Even the Gershwin brothers had their start with the Thomashefkys. They were also prominent in addressing controversial social issues of the day and in teaching the Greenhorns how to be Americans. They founded theaters and production companies, as well as publishing houses and many other successful business ventures.

After Boris's death, Harry moved with his mother to California. Bessie lived in California until her death in 1962, aged 89, and was buried with her husband in the Yiddish theater section of the Mount Hebron Cemetery, New York. Ted Thomas died in 1992, aged 88. Harry died in Los Angeles in 1993, aged 97.

In 2011, Michael Tilson Thomas hosted a concert stage show celebrating his grandparents and the music of American Yiddish theatre which aired in 2012 on the PBS series Great Performances. Bessie Thomashefsky was portrayed by Judy Blazer.

References

American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Yiddish theatre performers
Jewish American actresses
19th-century American actresses
American stage actresses
20th-century American actresses
1873 births
1962 deaths
Burials at Mount Hebron Cemetery (New York City)
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States

Bessie Thomashefsky


Willem (Willie) Abraham van Niekerk (29 June 1937 in Pretoria – 8 August 2009) was a South African physician, professor, and politician. Van Niekerk was Minister of Health in the government of P. W. Botha from 1985 to 1989 and Administrator-General of South West Africa from 1983 to 1985.  He specialized in cytogenetics, cell biology, gynecology, and obstetrics.

Biography
Van Niekerk was born in Pretoria and grew up on the family farm located in the Orange Free State. He studied medicine and surgery at the University of Pretoria, and graduated in 1959.  He worked as a researcher for the Roswell Park Memorial Cancer Institute in Buffalo, New York, United States, before returning to South Africa in 1960 where he worked at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Pretoria.

In 1965, he became a member of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (MRCOG) in London. Van Niekerk became a Fellow of the College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (FRCOG) in 1971.  In 1969, he was appointed a lecturer/consultant at the University of Pretoria where he taught. In 1970, he moved to the University of Stellenbosch where he was given a full professorship and made Head of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology.

Van Niekerk left the University of Stellenbosch in 1982 to enter politics. He renounced his presidency of the International Academy of Cytology in 1983, and was appointed administrator of South-West Africa. He was appointed Minister of Health and Population Development in the Cabinet of P. W. Botha from 1985–89 and served on the President's Council from 1989.

In 1992, as the National Party began to lose their grip on power, Niekerk left politics to return to the private sector as a Gynaecologist in the suburbs of Cape Town. He retired in 2004.

Van Niekerk is the author of over 27 publications on cytology, cytogenetics, gynaecology and obstetrics, gynaecological pathologies. He was the first to describe the cytological appearance of cervical cells in folate deficiency, which had certain similarities with pre-neoplastic changes (Nel, JT). His doctoral thesis on hermaphroditism, published in 1972, is considered the authoritative work on the subject. He became an honorary member of the combination of the American Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the American Gynecological Society in 1981.

References

Health ministers of South Africa
South African obstetricians
1937 births
2009 deaths
Politicians from Pretoria
Afrikaner people
South African people of Dutch descent
University of Pretoria alumni
Academic staff of Stellenbosch University
South African gynaecologists
20th-century South African physicians
21st-century South African physicians

Willie van Niekerk


The Zuni-Cibola Complex is a collection of prehistoric and historic archaeological sites on the Zuni Pueblo in western New Mexico.  It comprises Hawikuh, Yellow House, Kechipbowa, and Great Kivas, all sites of long residence and important in the early Spanish colonial contact period. It was declared a National Historic Landmark District in 1974.  These properties were considered as major elements of a national park, but the proposal was ultimately rejected by the Zuni people.

History

The name "Cibola" first entered recorded history in 1539, when Spaniards in southern New Spain (present day Mexico and Central America) heard rumors that there was a province by this name with "Seven Cities of Gold", located across the desert hundreds of leagues to the north. These rumors were largely caused by reports given by the four shipwrecked survivors of the failed Narváez expedition, including Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and an African slave named Esteban Dorantes, or Estevanico. Upon finally returning to New Spain, the adventurers said they had heard stories from Natives about cities with great and limitless riches.

Upon hearing the castaways' tales, Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza organized an expedition headed by the Franciscan friar Marcos de Niza, who took Estevanico as his guide. During the voyage, in a place called Vacapa (probably located somewhere around the state of Sonora), de Niza sent Estevanico to scout ahead. A short while later, Estevanico met a monk who had heard stories from the Natives about seven cities called "Cibola", said to be overflowing with riches. Estevanico did not wait for the friar, but instead continued travelling until he reached Cibola (Háwikuh, now in New Mexico), where, at the hands of the Zuni tribe, he met his death, and his companions were forced to flee.

Marcos de Niza returned to Mexico City and said that the expedition had continued even after the death of Estevanico. He claimed that they had seen Cíbola from a great distance, and that it was larger than Tenochtitlan; in this city, the people used dishes of gold and silver, decorated their houses with turquoise, and had gigantic pearls, emeralds, and other beautiful gems. It is now believed by some historians that the mica-inflected clay of the adobe pueblos may have created an optical illusion when inflamed by the setting sun, thus fuelling the tale.

Upon hearing this news, the Viceroy de Mendoza wasted no time in organizing a large military expedition to take possession of the riches that the monk had described with such vivid detail. Upon the Viceroy's command, Francisco Vázquez de Coronado began his expedition, taking the friar Marcos de Niza as his guide. Coronado left with a small group of explorers from Culiacán on April 22, 1540.

When Coronado arrived at Hawikuh pueblo, which the chroniclers called Cevola, Tzibola, or Cibola, he discovered that Marcos de Niza's stories were lies, and that there were in fact no treasures as the friar had described. He also found that, contrary to the friar's account, the sea was not within view from that region, but it was instead many days' journey away. Nevertheless, Coronado occupied the region by military force and used it as a base for future explorations.

Sites
The Zuni Pueblo has a large number of archaeological sites, and was considered in the early 1970s as a site for a major national cultural park, based on a subset of those sites that are larger and suitable for public access.  The stated intent was to preserve and stabilize the archaeological properties, and to properly interpret them for visitors to the region.  Congress authorized enabling legislation in 1988, but the proposal foundered when the people of Zuni Pueblo overwhelmingly voted against leasing land to the National Park Service for the project.  The park proposal included four major elements, described below, all of which are located on Zuni reservation lands.

Yellow House
Yellow House, known in Zuni as "Heshotathluptsina", is located east of Zuni near the mouth of Horsehead Canyon.  In the early 1970s, it was largely unimproved and unexcavated, surveys indicated it was probably a late prehistoric habitation (), although there was also evidence of possible earlier use.  The site's location was considered suitable as a contact site for the proposed national park, due to its proximity to New Mexico State Road 53.

Hawikuh

Hawikuh was one of the largest settlements in the Zuni territory at the time of Coronado's 1540 expedition.  Located about  southwest of Zuni, it includes the excavated ruins of that settlement, as well as the remains of the 17th-century Spanish mission La Purísima Concepcíón de Hawikuh.  Spanish control over Hawikuh in the 17th century was always tenuous, and it was abandoned after the 1680 Pueblo Rebellion.

Kechipbowa
Kechipbowa is located about  east of Hawikuh.  It is a multifaceted site, including structures associated with occupation during the 15th and 16th centuries, but also with remains that are likely older, and the remains of another 17th-century Spanish mission church.

Great Kivas
The Village of the Great Kivas is located  northeast of Zuni, and is considered a transitional site associated with both the Chaco culture, which flourished north of the Zuni territory 1100–1350 CE, and the Mogollon culture to the south. The site includes three major room complexes and two very large kivas.

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Cibola County, New Mexico
National Register of Historic Places listings in McKinley County, New Mexico
List of National Historic Landmarks in New Mexico

References

External links
The journey of Coronado, 1540-1542, from the city of Mexico to the Grand Canon of the Colorado and the buffalo plains of Texas, Kansas and Nebraska, as told by himself and his followers - Complete primary documents pertaining to Coronado's expeditions, translated by George Parker Winship, at Portal to Texas History.
Zuni-Cibola National Historical Park, the Park that Died A-Borning, National Parks Traveler, June 28, 2009
Journal of Marco de Nicas Translation of Marco de Nicas' (Niza) 1539 journal of his visit to Ceuola (Cibola) where Stephan (Estevanico) was killed.
Journal of Alvar Nunez Translation of the journal of the 9 years Alvar Nunez spent wandering from Florida to the Pacific during the failed Narváez expedition.

Sources
 Crampton, C. Gregory. The Zunis of Cibola. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1977.

National Historic Landmarks in New Mexico
Buildings and structures in Cibola County, New Mexico
Buildings and structures in McKinley County, New Mexico
History of Valencia County, New Mexico
History of Cibola County, New Mexico
History of McKinley County, New Mexico
Puebloan buildings and structures
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in New Mexico
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New Mexico
National Register of Historic Places in Cibola County, New Mexico
National Register of Historic Places in McKinley County, New Mexico
Zuni culture

Zuni-Cibola Complex


A safety lamp is a miner's lamp with a covered flame that used to be used in coal mines.

Types of safety lamps
The first safety lamp was invented by William Reid Clanny. It used bellows and water to separate gasses. Later, two newer designs were invented. One newer design was the Geordie lamp, made by George Stephenson, and the other was the Davy lamp, made by Sir Humphry Davy. In 1815, Davy discovered that if a flame was in a lamp, it would not ignite the flammable gases in mines.

How it works
Coal mines are dangerous because of flammable gasses like methane that can accumulate (gather together). A lamp with a naked (exposed) flame might make these flammable gasses catch fire, causing an explosion, which could kill people. The safety lamp prevents the hot flame of the lamp touching the flammable gasses, reducing the chance of an explosion.

References

Safety
Lamps

Safety lamp


American Troubadour is a 1997 British 2-CD set that presented a portrait of singer-songwriter Phil Ochs' later career, featuring selections from each of the five albums he recorded for A&M Records, from various non-album single sides and from a performance Ochs gave on March 13, 1969, in Vancouver, British Columbia. It is notable for the inclusion of Ochs' post-1970 single sides, otherwise unavailable on compact disc and for the inclusion of a cover of Chuck Berry's "School Days", a previously unavailable outtake from Ochs' infamous March 27, 1970, concert at Carnegie Hall.

Track listing

Disc One
 All songs by Phil Ochs.
 Cross My Heart
 Flower Lady
 Outside of a Small Circle of Friends
 Pleasures of the Harbor (live)
 Crucifixion
 Tape From California
 White Boots Marching in a Yellow Land
 Half A Century High
 Joe Hill
 The War Is Over
 William Butler Yeats Visits Lincoln Park And Escapes Unscathed
 Here's to the State of Richard Nixon (live)
 The Scorpion Departs But Never Returns
 Doesn't Lenny Live Here Anymore
 Rehearsals for Retirement

Disc Two
 All songs by Phil Ochs, except where noted.
 I Kill Therefore I Am
 The Bells (Edgar Allan Poe and Phil Ochs)
 The Highwayman (Alfred Noyes and Phil Ochs)
 Another Age
 There But For Fortune
 One Way Ticket Home
 Jim Dean of Indiana
 My Kingdom For A Car
 Gas Station Women
 Chords of Fame
 No More Songs
 Mona Lisa (live) (Jay Livingston and Ray Evans)
 I Ain't Marching Anymore (live)
 School Days (live) (Chuck Berry)
 The Power and the Glory
 Kansas City Bomber
 Bwatue (Phil Ochs and Dijiba-Bukasa)
 Niko Mchumba Ngombe (Phil Ochs and Dijiba-Bukasa)
 Changes (live)

Sources

Disc One
 Tracks 1-3 and 5 from Pleasures of the Harbor (1967)
 Track 4 from Gunfight at Carnegie Hall (recorded 1970, released 1975)
 Tracks 6-10 from Tape from California (1968)
 Tracks 11 and 13-15 from Rehearsals for Retirement (1969)
 Track 12 from the 1974 single.

Disc Two
 Track 1 from Rehearsals for Retirement (1969)
 Tracks 2-5 and 19 from There and Now: Live in Vancouver 1968 (sic) (recorded March 13, 1969, released 1991)
 Tracks 6-11 from Greatest Hits (1970)
 Tracks 12-13 from Gunfight at Carnegie Hall (recorded 1970, released 1975)
 Track 14 previously unreleased.
 Track 15 from the 1974 single.
 Track 16 from the 1973 single.
 Tracks 17-18 from the 1973 single.

References

Phil Ochs compilation albums
1997 compilation albums
Albums produced by Van Dyke Parks
A&M Records compilation albums

American Troubadour


A diphthong (pronounced "DIF-thong" or "DIP-thong") is a vowel where the speaker has to move their mouth into two different positions to make. It is a vowel where two different vowel qualities can be heard. Examples are:
waist, die, noise, road, house, fierce, bear, sure. Each of these is a different vowel sound.

A monophthong is a simple vowel sound that a person does not have to move his or her mouth to make, like the "oo" sound in "book." In a diphthong, the person combines two different monophthongs, as with the "oi" sound in the word "oil". The speaker starts with the mouth in the position to make an "o" sound, then quickly moves the mouth to make a hard "e" sound. Another example is the "ou" sound in the word "house". The mouth starts out making a sound like the soft "a" sound in "flat", then moves to make the a hard "oo" sound like the one in "caboose".

Just like with every other part of language, the exact way to pronounce a diphthong is a little different for different accents.

The word diphthong is derived from the old Greek language. Here, di means two or double, while the part -phthong means sound or tone, from the basic word phthalein, which means speak, creating sound by the voice.

A diphthong can be a lexeme of a language and as such it may be one syllable, but rarely.

References

Vowels

Diphthong


Davy Jones is a fictional character and the main villain of the Pirates of the Caribbean movie series. He is played by Bill Nighy.

He was first mentioned in the first movie The Curse of the Black Pearl, appears in the second movie Dead Man's Chest and in the third movie At World's End as the main villain. He also had a cameo at the end of Dead Men Tell No Tales.

He is the captain of the Flying Dutchman (based on the ghost ship of the same name). He is also the dark lord of the Seven Seas and the archenemy of Captain Jack Sparrow and Will Turner.

For the role, CGI was used on Nighy to complete Jones was named by Entertainment Weekly as the tenth favorite computer generated movie character in movie history.

References

Pirates of the Caribbean characters

Davy Jones (character)


Harry Winter (24 September 1914 - 3 December 2001), born Horst Winter, was a German-Austrian singer, musician and band director.

Biography
Born in Beuthen, Upper Silesia (present-day Bytom, Poland), his family moved to Berlin after the Silesian Uprisings in 1921. He studied violin and clarinet at the Academy of Music and played in jazz and swing dance orchestras to earn a living, later becoming a bandleader. During the Nazi era, Winter adjusted to the regulations given by the Reichsmusikkammer and concentrated on singing and light dance music. As a Wehrmacht soldier, he was taken prisoner by American forces in late World War II.

Released from captivity after the war he proceeded to Vienna, where he first performed at the Konzerthaus and founded his own dance orchestra in 1946. His swing concerts became increasingly popular in Allied-occupied Austria. Winter could sign a recording contract and his orchestra was a guest in several Austrian radio shows. In
1948 he recorded the song Und jetzt ist es still, composed by Hans Lang, which, translated into English by Bert Reisfeld (It's Oh So Quiet), was covered by Betty Hutton in 1951 and popularized by Björk in 1995.

In the 1950s Winter performed in several revues and variety films with stars like Marika Rökk, but also played with jazz musicians like Hans Koller and Joe Zawinul. In 1960 he performed at the Eurovision Song Contest in London. His German entry Du hast mich so fasziniert (''You fascinated me so much'')" written by Robert Stolz finished seventh out of thirteen. In 1977 he became Kapellmeister of the highly traditional Austrian Hoch- und Deutschmeister military orchestra.

Winter continued to perform in concerts and TV shows into middle age. He died in Vienna, aged 87.

See also
Eurovision Song Contest 1960
Austria in the Eurovision Song Contest

External links

1914 births
2001 deaths
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Austria
20th-century Austrian male singers
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1960
People from Bytom
Musicians from the Province of Silesia
German emigrants to Austria

Harry Winter


Andravida Air Base () is a military airport operated by the Hellenic Air Force, located 2.5 kilometres from the town of Andravida in Elis, Greece, housing the 117th Combat Wing (117 Πτέρυγα Μάχης, 117 ΠΜ), and the Air Force's Air Tactics Center (Κέντρο Αεροπορικής Τακτικής, ΚΕΑΤ).

History
Construction on the Andravida base began in 1955, with the first air detachment established there in June 1960. In March 1961, the detachment was transformed into the 117th Combat Group (117 Σμηναρχία Μάχης), comprising the F-84F-equipped 339th Fighter-Bomber Squadron.

In May 1969, the unit was upgraded to a full combat wing, and chosen to receive into service the F-4E Phantom fighters. This necessitated extensive reconstruction and upgrading of the existing facilities, and in 1973, 339th Squadron had to be relocated to the nearby Araxos Air Base. Among other infrastructure changes, a third runway and a weather radar were added by 1978. The first F-4E aircraft arrived in April 1974, and deliveries were completed by the end of the year, allowing for the equipment of two squadrons: the returning 339th Squadron, now designated "339th All-Weather Squadron", took up an interceptor role, and the 338th Fighter-Bomber Squadron. These two squadrons remain at Andravida under 117th CW to this day.

In 1975, the Weapons-Tactics School (Σχολείο Όπλων Τακτικής, ΣΟΤ) was established at Andravida, providing advanced courses on air tactics and electronic warfare. In addition, the 368th Applied Training Flight, of four Lockheed T-33, was formed at Andravida in December 1976 and operated until March 1989. In 1983, the Weapons-Tactics School, along with the rest of the Air Force's various advanced schools, which until then were scattered among a number of air bases and operated under different directorates, were consolidated in a single unit, the Air Tactics Center, a combat wing-level unit also based at Andravida.

References

External links

 Andravida in Airports Worldwide

Hellenic Air Force bases
Buildings and structures in Elis
1955 establishments in Greece
Airports in Greece
Transport infrastructure in Western Greece

Andravida Air Base