Life and Fate () is a novel by Vasily Grossman. Written in the Soviet Union in 1959, it narrates the story of the family of a Soviet physicist, Viktor Shtrum, during the Great Patriotic War, which is depicted as the struggle between two comparable totalitarian states. A multi-faceted novel, one of its main themes is the tragedy of the common people, who  have to fight both the invaders and the totalitarianism of their own state. In 2021, the critic and editor Robert Gottlieb, writing in The New York Times, referred to Life and Fate as "the most impressive novel written since World War II."

Vasily Grossman, a Ukrainian Jew, was rejected for military service in 1941 and became a correspondent for the Soviet military paper Krasnaya Zvezda. He spent approximately 1,000 days on the front lines, roughly three of the four years of the conflict between the Germans and Soviets. He was one of the first journalists to write about the genocide of people in Eastern Europe and was present at many famous battles. Life and Fate was his defining achievement, its writing in part motivated by guilt over the death of his mother in the Berdychiv massacre at Berdychiv (UkSSR) in September 1941.

Life and Fate is technically the second half of the author's conceived two-part book under the same title, with the first half published in 1952 under the title For A Just Cause. Although the first half, written by Grossman during the rule of Joseph Stalin, expresses loyalty to the regime, Life and Fate shows the political disillusion of the protagonist and sharply criticises Stalinism. For that reason, the manuscript was censored in the Soviet Union at the time and was only published in the 1980s, nearly two decades after Grossman's death, first in the West and then on Russian soil under glasnost.

Plot summary
Life and Fate is a sprawling account of life on the Eastern Front, with countless plotlines taking place simultaneously all across Russia and Eastern Europe.  Although each story has a linear progression, the events are not necessarily presented in chronological order. Grossman will, for example, introduce a character, then ignore that character for hundreds of pages, and then return to recount events that took place the very next day.  It is difficult to summarize the novel, but the plot can be boiled down to three basic plotlines: the Shtrum/Shaposhnikov family, the siege of Stalingrad, and life in the camps of Soviet Russia and Nazi Germany.  Although Life and Fate is divided into three parts, each of these plotlines is featured in each section.

Viktor Shtrum is a brilliant physicist who, with his wife, Lyudmila, and daughter, Nadya, has been evacuated from Moscow to Kazan.  He is experiencing great difficulty with his work, as well as with his family. He receives a letter from his mother from inside a Jewish ghetto informing him that she is soon to be killed by the Germans. Lyudmila, meanwhile, goes to visit her son from her first marriage, Tolya, in an army hospital, but he dies before her arrival.  When she returns to Kazan, she is extremely detached and seems still to be expecting Tolya's return. Viktor finds himself engaging in anti-Soviet conversations at the home of his colleague, Sokolov, partly to impress Sokolov's wife, Marya (Lyudmila's only friend).  He consistently compares political situations to physics, and remarks that fascism and Stalinism are not so different. He later regrets these discussions out of fear that he will be denounced, an indecision that plagues his decision-making throughout the novel.

Suddenly, Viktor makes a huge mathematical breakthrough, solving the issues that had hindered his experiments.  Viktor's colleagues are slow to respond, but eventually come to accept the genius of his discovery. After moving back to Moscow, however, the higher-ups begin to criticize his discoveries as being anti-Leninist and attacking his Jewish identity. Viktor, however, refuses to publicly repent and is forced to resign. He fears that he will be arrested, but then receives a call from Stalin himself (presumably because Stalin had sensed the military importance of nuclear research) that completely, and immediately reverses his fortune. Later, he signs a letter denouncing two innocent men and is subsequently racked by guilt. The last details about Viktor regard his unconsummated affair with Marya.

The events recounted at Stalingrad center on Yevghenia Shaposhnikova (Lyudmila's sister), Krymov (her former husband), and Novikov (her lover). After reconnecting with Novikov, Yevghenia evacuates to Kuibyshev. Novikov, the commander of a Soviet tank corps, meets General Nyeudobnov and Political Commissar Getmanov, both of whom are Party hacks. Together they begin planning the counter-assault on Stalingrad. Novikov delays the start of the assault for fear of unnecessarily sacrificing his men.  Getmanov later denounces Novikov and he is summoned for trial, even though the tank attack was a complete success.

Meanwhile, Krymov, a Political Commissar, is sent to investigate House 6/1, where a tiny group of soldiers have held back the Germans for weeks, even though they are completely surrounded and cut off from all supplies. Grekov, the commanding officer, refuses to send reports to HQ, and is disdainful of Krymov's rhetoric. He later wounds Krymov in his sleep, causing him to be evacuated from the house.  Soon after, House 6/1 is completely leveled by German bombs. Krymov, a staunch Communist, is then accused of being a traitor (this was standard for Russian soldiers who had been trapped behind enemy lines ) and is sent to Lubyanka Prison in Moscow, where he is beaten and forced to confess.  Yevghenia decides not to marry Novikov and goes to Moscow to try and visit Krymov. He receives a package from her and realizes that he still loves her but may never be released from prison.

The sections that take place in the camps have few recurring characters, with the exception of Mostovskoy, an old Bolshevik who takes part in a plot to rebel against the Germans, but is dismayed by the prevailing lack of faith in communism.  His interrogator, Liss, asserts that fascism and communism are two sides of the same coin, which upsets Mostovskoy greatly.  He is later killed by the Germans for his part in the uprising.  In one scene, Sturmbannführer Liss tells Mostovskoy that both Stalin and Hitler are the leaders of qualitatively new formation: "When we look at each other's faces, we see not only a hated face; we see the mirror reflection. ... Don't you recognize yourself, your [strong] will in us?" Grossman also focuses on Sofya Levinton, a Jewish woman on her way to a Nazi concentration camp.

The final chapter introduces a set of characters who remain anonymous: an elderly widow observing her tenants, a wounded army officer recently discharged from hospital, his wife and their young daughter. It is implied, however, that the officer returning to his family is Major Byerozkin, a recurring character from Stalingrad who is shown to be a kind man struggling to retain his humanity.

Grossman describes the type of Communist Party functionaries, who blindly follow the Party line and constitute the base for the oppressive regime. One such political worker (политработник), Sagaidak, maintained that entire families and villages intentionally starved themselves to death during the collectivisation in the USSR.

Main characters
Viktor Pavlovich Shtrum
Viktor Shtrum is the primary figure in Grossman's novel, largely based on the author himself. Although there are a multitude of characters in Life and Fate, much of the novel's plot revolves around Shtrum and his family. Shtrum is married to Lyudmila. He works as a nuclear physicist and is a member of the Academy of Sciences. A crucial aspect of Shtrum's character is his academic work. He is constantly thinking about his exploration of nuclear physics. This obsession with his work is obvious from the very start of the novel through the thoughts of Lyudmila, from whom he has drawn apart. Before the war, Shtrum's family had been living in Moscow, but the city's evacuation caused them to move into Kazan. Throughout the novel, Shtrum hints at his ambivalent feelings toward the state, becoming increasingly disillusioned with Stalin's regime. He is at times an unsympathetic man – self-absorbed, irritable, difficult to live with – yet he is also deeply human, struggling to remain true to himself while navigating the innumerable moral quandaries of life in Soviet society. The war also forces Shtrum to come to terms with his Jewish heritage, largely through the traumatic loss of his mother, who was murdered by the Nazis in Ukraine. Viktor learns this through her last letter to him; Grossman has her suffer the same fate as his own mother, who was killed in similar circumstances. This passage is both one of the most iconic and the most devastating in the novel. As the story goes on, Viktor also becomes increasingly aware of the latent anti-Semitism of the world in which he lives.
Lyudmila ('Lyuda') Nikolaevna Shaposhnikova
Lyudmila is married to Viktor Shtrum and has a daughter with him named Nadya. This is her second marriage. She was originally married to Abarchuk, who has been sent to a Soviet labor camp. In the beginning of the novel, it is clear that Lyudmila and Viktor have drifted apart. Although their estrangement is not expressed openly by either character, it is evident through Lyudmila's discussion of her eldest son, Tolya, whom she had with Abarchuk. Lyudmila discusses how Viktor and his mother, Anna Semyonovna, always showed a preference to Nadya and ignored Tolya. Lyudmila describes this best when she says "Nadya, Nadya, Nadya ... Nadya's got Viktor's eyes ... Nadya's absent-minded, Nadya's quick-witted, Nadya's very thoughtful." Lyudmila's separation and apathy towards Viktor and Nadya grow greater after the death of Tolya. This plot thread is one of the first to occur in the novel, and Grossman plunges us into Lyuda's consciousness as she struggles to come to terms with the untimely loss of her son. For a long time afterward, she talks to Tolya constantly, sometimes out loud, a habit which Viktor finds hard to cope with.
Yevgenia ('Zhenya') Nikolaevna Shaposhnikova
Yevgenia is Lyudmila's younger sister. She was originally married to Nikolay Grigorevich Krymov, but when the reader is introduced to her in the novel, she is in a relationship with Colonel Pyotr Pavlovich Novikov. After moving to Kuibyshev, Yevgenia lives with an old German woman named Jenny Genrikovna, who had once worked as the Shaposhnikov family's governess. Yevgenia had a good relationship with Jenny, but after the old woman is deported, along with other Germans living in Kuibyshev, Yevgenia lives alone. Although she is a beautiful, charming, and highly intelligent woman, Yevgenia has much trouble acquiring a residence permit or a ration card. After many run-ins with Grishin, the head of the passport department, she is finally able to get these documents using societal connections. She receives aid in acquiring official documentation from Limonov, a man of letters, and Lieutenant Colonel Rizin, her boss at the design office – both of whom are romantically interested in her. As the novel goes on, Zhenya shows herself to be both a strong and profoundly sympathetic character.
Alexandra Vladimirovna
Alexandra is mother of Lyudmila and Yevgenia.

Dementiy Trifonovich Getmanov

Getmanov is the secretary of an obkom and is appointed commissar to Novikov's tank corps. He is described as having large and distinct features: "his shaggy, graying head, his broad forehead, and his fleshy nose." Getmanov is married to Galina Terentyevna. He has two daughters and a young son. His family lives in Ufa, where his comrades take care of them when Getmanov is away. Getmanov comes off as a strong supporter of the Party. His prime objective in life is to move up in the Party's hierarchy, regardless of the cost to others. Thus, he is very cautious about what he says and what those who are associated with him say, because he does not want to offend the Party or Stalin in any way. This is obvious when he is discussing politics with his friends before leaving for the front. When one man discusses how his young son once abused a picture of Stalin, Getmanov is overly critical and says that this behavior, even from a youngster, should not be tolerated. Getmanov is also quite arrogant. He feels insulted at being appointed the commissar to only a tank corps. It may be possible to see Getmanov as a portrait of Khrushchev, who had been chief political officer during the battle for Stalingrad.
Abarchuk
Abarchuk is Lyudmila's first husband. He was arrested in 1937 and sent to the gulag. Abarchuk is a strong supporter of the Party. He feels as though he has been wrongly imprisoned, yet does not fault the Party for its actions. He believes that such erroneous arrests are justifiable in the large scheme of party stability. Abarchuk works with tools and materials in the camp. He works with a criminal named Barkhatov, who blackmails many people and even kills one of Abarchuk's friends, Abrasha Rubin. Abarchuk's actions are shaped by his need of approval by the Party. He refuses to even allow Tolya to take his surname, for Abarchuk believes that this might hurt his standing and party image. He insists on doing what he sees as his duty to the state by denouncing Barkhatov, even though this will likely cost him his life.
Pyotr Lavrentyevich Sokolov
Sokolov is a mathematician in Viktor's laboratory. In the beginning of the novel, Sokolov and Viktor are good friends. They love talking about their academic work and often get together at Sokolov's home to discuss life and politics. In general, however, Sokolov is more cautious than Viktor; it is only at the end of the novel that he finally dares to risk his social position for the sake of his convictions. It is implied, too, that he resents Victor's scientific breakthrough slightly. Furthermore, as the novel progresses, it is evident that Viktor and Marya Ivanovna, Sokolov's wife, have feelings for each other. As Sokolov becomes aware of this, his relationship with Viktor cools somewhat.
Mikhail Sidorovich Mostovskoy
Mostovskoy is an Old Bolshevik in a German concentration camp. He is the first major character that the reader is introduced to and he appears in the very beginning of the novel. Mostovskoy was involved in the revolution of 1917 and had strong ties to the Communist Party, having worked side by side with Lenin. Although the living conditions in the camp are unspeakable, Mostovskoy is reasonable and optimistic. He says that the great mixture of prisoners in the camps, all from different ethnic, political and religious backgrounds, leads to an interesting environment. He can use his knowledge of foreign languages in the camp and he can attempt to understand new perspectives. Those inside the camp, including Mostovskoy, are extremely interested in what is going on in the war. Grossman uses Mostovskoy's character to reveal the philosophical tension that pervaded Europe during World War II. Mostovskoy is constantly involved in philosophical arguments with fellow prisoners such as Major Yershov and Ikonnikov, a former Tolstoyan. He is eventually singled out by the German officer Liss for a strange series of one-on-one conversations, during which Liss holds forth regarding what he sees as the essential similarities between Stalinism and Nazism. Mostovskoy is disturbed, but remains defiant, choosing to go to his death in a doomed prisoners' rebellion.
Sofya Osipovna Levinton
When the reader first meets Levinton, she is in a train on the way to a German death camp. We later find out that she is an army doctor and an old friend of Yevgenia's. On the train, Levinton meets a six-year-old boy named David. Sent to spend the summer with his grandmother, he was left cut off from his mother in Moscow after the rapid German advance through Ukraine. Levinton realizes that David's grandmother died soon after all the Jews were herded into the ghetto and that he has no relatives with him in the transport. Over the course of the novel, Levinton grows to love David as a son. When, at the camp, the Germans offer to spare certain prisoners of value (such as doctors), she does not save herself; but rather, she stays with David and heads with him to the gas chamber to be murdered together. This sequence of events in Life and Fate is especially powerful. It demonstrates how human compassion can rise above the atrocities that defined World War II.
Captain Grekov
Grekov is the 'house-manager' in House 6/1 – a Soviet stronghold surrounded by German troops. Grekov's superlative bravery, skill, and devotion to the fight are portrayed in an idealized manner. The men in House 6/1 look on Katya, the young radio operator posted to the building, in the disturbingly predatory way shown in the novel to be prevalent in both armies. Yet Grekov, assumed by all to have a kind of leader's right to sexually possess the young woman, behaves honourably,  sending her out of the building unharmed before the final German assault that will kill them all. A kind of gruff chivalry is added to his other virtues. As a courageous and resourceful soldier, he inspires total devotion in his men, to the alarm of Krymov, who sees this as subversive. Tension forms between Krymov and Grekov as the novel progresses, because Grekov desires to act independently, and is deeply suspicious of the repressive state bureaucracy that Krymov represents. Although Krymov admires Grekov up to a point, and is eager to come to an understanding with him – albeit on the state's terms – it is heavily implied that the house manager ends up wounding him in order to have him evacuated.
Nikolay Grigorevich Krymov
Krymov is Yevgenia's former husband. He is the commissar posted to House 6/1. Krymov seems to be a "good communist", with a history of near-fanatical ideological commitment to the Party. Indeed, his perceived callousness in this regard caused Yevgenia to leave him. However, he grows progressively more disillusioned as the novel goes on. Furthermore, he worked alongside Mostovskoy in the earliest days of the Bolshevik Party, placing him in a compromising position due to his association with various now-discredited figures. Thus, he must watch everything that he does and says. Eventually, a careless comment on the part of Novikov provides the impetus for Krymov's arrest and incarceration, whereupon every politically sensitive detail of his past is turned against him. Despite extensive torture, Krymov consistently refuses to confess to a fabricated series of treasonous acts. Although Yevgenia believes herself to be over Krymov, she constantly thinks about him, and ends up going back to him despite his arrest.
Colonel Pyotr Pavlovich Novikov
Novikov, Yevgenia's lover, is the commanding officer of a tank corps. As such, he participates in the vital pincer movement which ultimately secures Russia's victory at Stalingrad. At the front, Novikov works with Getmanov, to whom he rashly lets slip a compromising detail about Krymov's past which Yevgenia had confided in him. Getmanov seizes upon this and reports Krymov, with devastating consequences. Until this point, the young man had hoped to marry Yevgenia, with whom he is infatuated, although the two don't appear to have very much in common. While he believes that he is getting closer to her, the reader realizes that Yevgenia is slowly drifting away from him in favour of Krymov.

Historical context

Most of the events of Life and Fate take place in the Soviet Union during the late autumn and winter of 1942-43. It was the time of Operation Blue and Operation Fischreiher, the continuation into a second year of Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union that had started with Operation Barbarossa; it was the time of the Battle of Stalingrad. But, just as much as it takes place as a part of the Second World War, it takes place as part of the history of Stalinist Russia.

Hitler and Stalin had previously signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, which, on the face of it, seemed to be advantageous to both. However, on 22 June 1941, Hitler unilaterally terminated the pact by invading the Soviet Union. There has been much speculation on the Soviet response. But, whatever the reason for this response, they were not ready for what took place; the army had been seriously weakened by Stalin's purges of the army of the late 1930s, and the intelligence that was getting through to Stalin was filtered by their fear of having to tell Stalin things that he did not want to hear. So, though they had increased military spending, they did not yet have an army that could benefit from this. This was compounded by the change in command structure that Stalin initiated in the wake of the 1937 purges and maintained for large periods up to 1942. Political commissars operated alongside military commanders.

The book begins when Germany lays siege to the city, trying to conquer it. Throughout the book there are references to the decaying city and the damage from aerial bombardments and artillery based around the city. There are also occasions in the Russian novel in which the German blockade is quite noticeable. The characters suffer from starvation and thirst. The book ends with the surrender of German field-marshal Friedrich Paulus' 6th Army remnants and the return of civilians to the city.

The novel's characters are a combination of fictional and historical figures. The historical figures include Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler. Many of the characters are more loosely based on a historical figure, or a representative Russian. The main character, Viktor Shtrum, is a "self portrait" of Grossman himself, though Shtrum also had a real-life prototype - the Soviet nuclear physicist  (1890-1936), who was a family friend of Grossmans in Kyiv. One of the most promising Soviet physicists of his time, Lev Shtrum was arrested and executed during Stalin's Great Purge. Vasily Grossman took an enormous risk and immortalized his friend, first in the novel "Stalingrad", which was first published under the title "For a Just Cause" in 1952, i.e. still in Stalin's lifetime, and then - in the novel "Life and Fate".

In Life and Fate there are different times when the Nazi concentration camps are mentioned. A long section of Life and Fate is about a German prison camp, where many characters are on their way to the gas chamber to be gassed; then follows a dialogue of ranked Nazi officers inside a new gas chamber who toast its opening. The characters shipped off to Germany had been caught leaving one of the countries under Nazi rule. Grossman's inclusion is historically accurate, since there are records of many Russians in Nazi labor and death camps. Grossman also includes another German concentration camp where one of his main arguments takes place concerning communism and fascism. Grossman devotes large sections of the book to the prisoners held at Soviet and German labor and concentration camps, which is necessary for a holistic understanding of the time and events.

History of the manuscript
Begun by Grossman while Stalin was still alive, Life and Fate was his sequel to For a Just Cause. It was written in the 1950s and submitted for possible publication to Znamya magazine around October 1960. Very quickly after it was submitted, the KGB raided his apartment; the manuscripts, carbon copies and notebooks, as well as the typists' copies and even the typewriter ribbons were seized. The KGB did not know that he had left two copies of the manuscript with friends, one with the prominent poet Semyon Lipkin, a friend, and the other (Grossman's original manuscript) with Lyolya Klestova, often erroneously identified as Lyolya Dominikina, a friend from his university days.

On 23 July 1962, the Politburo ideology chief Mikhail Suslov told the author that, if published, his book could inflict even greater harm to the Soviet Union than Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago, speculating that it could begin a public discussion on the need for the Soviet Union. Suslov has been said to have told Grossman that his novel could not be published for two hundred years; however more recent research amongst the documents of both Grossman and Suslov, in writing about this meeting, provide no evidence for this; they doubt that Suslov actually said this. Suslov's comment reveals both the presumption of the censor and recognition of the work's lasting significance. Grossman tried to appeal against this verdict to Khrushchev personally, unaware of Khrushchev's personal antagonism towards Grossman, and misunderstanding the climate of the time.

"I ask you to return freedom for my book, I ask that my book be discussed with editors, not the agents of the KGB. What is the point of me being physically free when the book I dedicated my life to is arrested ... I am not renouncing it ... I am requesting freedom for my book."

In 1974, Lipkin got one of the surviving copies to put onto microfilm and smuggled it out of the country with the help of satirical writer Vladimir Voinovich and nuclear scientist Andrei Sakharov. Grossman died in 1964, never having seen his book published, which did not happen in the West until 1980 at the publishing house L'Age d'homme, thanks to the efforts of Shimon Markish, professor of the University of Geneva and Efim Etkind (then in Paris) who achieved the meticulous work of reading from the microfilm.

As the policy of glasnost was initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev, the novel was finally published on Russian soil in 1988 in the Oktyabr magazine and as a book.

Some critics have compared Grossman's war novels, and specifically Life and Fate, with Leo Tolstoy's monumental work War and Peace. He had written to his daughter that War and Peace had been the only book he had been able to read during Stalingrad, but while there are similarities, it is recognized that, because Grossman actually witnessed the events of Stalingrad, there are many differences. Robert Chandler, who translated Life and Fate into English, while noting the comparison with Tolstoy, says that there is something Chekhovian about his writing.

In Linda Grant's introduction to the 2011 Random House edition of the book, Grant says that Grossman never had the chance to edit his book; what Robert Chandler had to work with was a work that was "a copy from an imperfect microfilm of an imperfect book".

Major themes

Jewish identity and the Holocaust

Viktor Shtrum is in part a reflection of Grossman's own character. There are many overlaps between Shtrum's life and Grossman's life, such as their mothers' deaths in the Holocaust; both seem to find a place in their Jewish identity that was not present before the war. Grossman was one of the first to write about the Holocaust in 1944, seeing first hand that Eastern Europe was empty of Jews; Jewish acquaintances he came to check up on were in mass graves, their houses empty. His article on the camp Treblinka was even used as evidence at the Nuremberg Trials. Raised as a secular Jew, it becomes clear that Shtrum discovers part of his identity through the suffering he encounters.

Grossman's idea of humanity and human goodness

In Ch. 15 of Part II, Grossman uses Ikonnikov's letter to provide his own perspective on humanity. He first asks whether a good common to all man exists, and then proceeds to describe how the ideal of good has changed for different races and religions. Grossman criticizes Christianity especially, deeming its attempt to create universal good through peace and love responsible for many of the world's most horrific events. "This doctrine caused more suffering than all of the crimes of people who did evil for its own sake," he writes (406). Grossman then inquires as to the very nature of life—is it that life itself is evil? And although he provides multiple examples of such evil, Grossman does believe that life itself has some good in it: "Yes, as well as this terrible Good ... there is everyday human kindness" (407). But it's not so simple, for "after despairing of finding Good either in God or in Nature, I began to despair even of kindness ... Human history is not the battle of good struggling to overcome evil. It is a battle fought by a great evil struggling to crush a kernel of human kindness. But if what is human in human beings has not been destroyed even now, then evil will never conquer." (410). Here, Grossman offers an alternative to despair: the idea that, despite such great evil, humanity and good will be the ultimate victors. Simple, often unnoticed, human kindness forms the basis for Grossman's theory, which is to say that despite great evil, small acts of charity reflect the idea that good is both alive and unconquerable no matter what. No matter how great the evil may be, this basic "kernel" of good is a key part of human nature and can never be crushed.

Despite his acknowledgement of the world's great evil, Grossman believes humanity to be fundamentally good. If mankind is stripped down to its very core, all that will remain is this invincible kernel; therefore, it is this kernel (and perhaps this kernel alone) that is responsible for the basic goodness of humanity.

Stalin's distortion of reality and values

This worldview is reflected in Ch. 40 of Part I, when Grossman describes Abarchuk and his love for Stalinism. "He [Abarchuk] had repeated, 'You don't get arrested for nothing,' believing that only a tiny minority, himself among them, had been arrested by mistake. As for everyone else—they had deserved their sentences. The sword of justice was chastising the enemies of the Revolution. He had seen servility, treachery, submissiveness, cruelty ... And he had referred to all this as 'the birthmarks of capitalism,' believing that these marks were borne by people of the past ... His faith was unshakeable, his devotion to the Party infinite" (179). Abarchuk is incapable of understanding the reality of his situation: that he has been wrongly imprisoned and will suffer in spite of his innocence, as has happened to so many others. Abarchuk is so completely immersed in the aura of the Party and so dedicated to the Stalinist religion that he cannot see the ethical violations occurring all around him. He is a reflection of the "religious frenzy" of Stalinism; the prisoner simply refuses to comprehend his situation and instead chooses to focus on his faith and devotion to the Party (Buruma).

Therefore, Abarchuk and his mentality are, at this point in the book, Grossman's representations of the archetypical Party member and the dream-world in which he lives. Despite being presented with an excellent cause to abandon the Party, Abarchuk maintains his faith.

Life goes on

At the end of Life and Fate, Vasily Grossman presents the reader with the broadest concept of his novel: the idea that despite war, genocide, suffering beyond the realm of imagination, and utter destruction, life goes on. This idea is depicted in the last few lines of the book, as Grossman writes, "Somehow you could sense spring more vividly in this cool forest than on the sunlit plain. And there was a deeper sadness in this silence than in the silence of autumn. In it you could hear both a lament for the dead and the furious joy of life itself. It was still cold and dark, but soon the doors and shutters would be flung open. Soon the house would be filled with the tears and laughter of children, with the hurried steps of a loved woman and the measured gait of the master of the house. They stood there, holding their bags, in silence." (871). All through Life and Fate, Grossman has painted gritty pictures of war, death, and suffering. He has shown us the loss of hope, destruction, and total fatigue. Indeed, the author references these scenes as he describes the sadness in the silence of the forest—the "lament for the dead"—and the "still cold and dark" house (871). Grossman, however, does not conclude the book with these thoughts. He turns instead to the future, and future hope. The author describes a family scene, with a husband, wife, and children, in addition to the flinging open of doors and shutters—an act symbolic of moving on and reclaiming one's life. Therefore, Grossman wants the reader to come away from reading Life and Fate with an appreciation for the darkness of World War II, but also an understanding of the cyclical nature of life. We may suffer, but, in the end, life always goes on; happiness and peace return eventually.

Science

As a Soviet physicist, the main character of the novel, Viktor Shtrum, offers an irregular view of the Soviet system. Science, in the novel, plays the role of a calming constant, the last remnant of rationality in a world of chaos. Despite Stalin's alterations and manipulations of societal and human truths, he cannot deny the plausibility of physics. For this reason, Viktor is affected by both the disrupted world of his personal life and the soothing world of mathematics. He finds that his two lives begin to split as he becomes more and more pressured from both sides. As his anxiety over his dysfunctional formula eats away at him, he realizes that he can no longer discuss such things openly with his wife. And vice versa: as his friendship with his partner, Sokolov, is threatened by Viktor's anti-Party feelings and temper, his work also suffers.

In Chapter 17 of Part One, Viktor discourses on the new strides made in physics during the forties and fifties. He remarks that the stability of science previously falsely represented the universe. Instead, he wonders at the newfound bending, stretching, and flattening of space. "The world was no longer Euclidean, its geometrical nature no longer composed of masses and their speeds." (Grossman 79) While this discovered chaos may at first seem to contradict the sanctity of reason, it actually strengthens it. With this realization, Viktor learns that the political and social chaos Russia is undergoing in fact fits right in with the fundamental laws of the universe. This is why science was such a key field under the Soviet regimes.

Under Stalin, free thought was oppressed and discouraged. Therefore, Viktor's work as a physicist was increasingly difficult under the watchful eye of Stalin. During much of the novel, Viktor finds himself at a loss for the solution to a problem concerning an atomic phenomenon. The point at which he finally figures it out, however, is a point when he has just thoroughly slandered Stalinism and Soviet society. This goes to show that Grossman believed that true freedom of thought was entirely impossible in anyone who accepted Stalin as their leader.

Reality of war

Grossman, in many chapters involving Seryozha Shaposhnikov and Novikov, portrays the stark difference between life on the battlefield and in the cities. In chapter 60 of part one, Seryozha is introduced among the war-hardened soldiers of the surrounded House 6/1. Here, Grossman offers an interpretation of war that compares it to an all-engrossing haze. "When a man is plunged up to his neck into the cauldron of war, he is quite unable to look at his life and understand anything." (Grossman 255) This statement sets up the book to be looked at from two different perspectives: those whose lives are entirely immersed in war, and those who either straddle or are more distanced from it.

In his writing, Grossman gives a very distinct feeling to war scenes that is absent from chapters devoted to city life and totalitarian rule. Battles are imbued with an intense feeling of isolation, from government, politics, and bureaucracy. Instead, they focus on the thoughts of the human, the individual who is participating. Thoughts of family, lovers, friends, and home become the centerpiece of these violent sections. In House 6/1, even in their vulnerable position, everyone becomes infatuated with the one woman present and 'gossip' reigns. By setting this up, the author seeks to separate the true meaning of the war from the ideologies that supposedly govern it. In addition, their feelings and emotions that are directed towards their relations become a flurry of unrelated thoughts, brought on by the chaos of war.

In domestic settings, however, the focus becomes entirely on meaning behind the war, political ideologies, and largely abstractions. Aside from the direct personal relationships and casualties experienced, conversation in cities often concerns the war as an abstraction, not as an experience. In this way, there is a stark difference in perception inside and outside of Stalingrad. As Grossman paints it, war completely devours those involved, becoming in many ways an alternative reality irreconcilable with their former reality. There is an increased amount of freedom, lacking the constraints of Russian bureaucracy, but also an increased risk of death. It poses different daily questions to the individuals involved, asking them how they should spend and survive their day instead of asking if it's worth it to do so.

Radio adaptation

An English-language radio adaptation of the novel was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 from 18 to 25 September 2011. Translated by Robert Chandler and dramatised by Jonathan Myerson and Mike Walker, the eight-hour dramatisation stars Kenneth Branagh, David Tennant, Janet Suzman, Greta Scacchi and Harriet Walter.

Television adaptation

A television series, with twelve episodes, based on the book was broadcast on Russian television in 2012. It is also available on Amazon Prime in certain countries.

See also
 Lieutenant prose
 The Cursed and Killed
 The Living and the Dead (trilogy)

Footnotes

External links

 Life and Fate ( – first English translation edition, other editions ; ; )
 Noise, Fire, and Hunger By Josef Skvorecky Review at The New York Review of Books Volume 33, Number 12. July 17, 1986.
 Review in the London Review of Books
 Life and Fate By Vasily Grossman Translated by Robert Chandler review at The Jewish Reader. March, 2004.
Life and Fate (12 episode film series 2012)

1959 Russian novels
Soviet novels
Novels set during World War II
1959 in the Soviet Union
Novels about the Holocaust
Novels set in Russia
Novels adapted into radio programs
Epic novels
Book censorship in the Soviet Union
Censored books
NYRB Classics

Life and Fate


The Citroën Type A wis the first caur produced bi Citroën frae Juin 1919 tae December 1921 in Paris. The Type A reached a production nummer o 24,093 vehicles.

During Warld War I, André Citroën wis producin munitions. As early as 1917, Citroën investigated the development o a licht car o the medium range unner the direction o Jules Salomon.

Unner the designation 10 HP Type A the caur haed a water-cooled 1327 cc fower-cylinder ingine an an output o 18 hp. Its maximum speed wis 65 km/h (40 mph). The chassis haed inverted quarter ellipic springs at the front an dooble quarter elliptics at the rear. Braking wis on the rear wheels anly controlled bi a haund lever wi a fit pedal operated transmission brake.

The chassis wis made in twa lenths an carried a variety o coachwork.  The lang chassis wis available as Torpedo (fower-seat tourer), Torpedo Sport, Conduite Intérieure, Coupe de Ville an licht truck an the short chassis wi Torpedo (3 seat), Conduite Intérieure, Coupe de Ville an camionnette (van).

In its first year o production, the standard Type A cost 7,950 francs. Ane year later the selling price haed been raised tae 12,500 francs.

Wi a production rate o 100 vehicles a day, Citroën became the first mass production manufacturer in Europe.

Type A
First automobile made bi manufacturer

Citroën Type A


Bollington is a town and civil parish in Cheshire. The village is home to over twenty pubs.  Bollington was home to the biggest water wheel in England and only second in Britain to the Laxey wheel in the Isle of Man. The wheel powered huge mills for the production of cotton. Two of the huge mills were the Adelphi and Clarence.

By 1914 Bollington had a population of around 6000 people and was dominated by fine cotton spinning. The symbol of Bollington has to be White Nancy. A small white cone-like house stands alone on top of a hill overlooking all of Bollington. It was built by the Gaskell family early in the nineteenth century. It has now been sealed.

Sport has been important in the life of Bollington. Even though the village did not have a football team successful enough to rival the cricket team it was still very popular amongst the people of Bollington. The most popular team was St Johns team which was quite successful in the lower leagues. Today there are good teams competing in the amateur leagues such as Bollington United.

Towns in Cheshire
Civil parishes in England

Bollington


The Matrimonial Bed is a 1930 American pre-Code comedy film produced and released by Warner Bros. It was based on the French play by André Mouëzy-Éon and Yves Mirande. The English version of the play, by Sir Seymour Hicks, opened in New York on October 12, 1927, and had 13 performances.

Plot
Leopold Trebel (Frank Fay) is a man who was in a train wreck five years earlier and was taken for dead by his wife, Juliet (Florence Eldridge). Leopold and Juliet have both remarried. Leopold, who remembers nothing that occurred before the train wreck, is the father of two sets of twins by his new wife, Sylvaine (Lilyan Tashman). Juliet has recently had a child with her new husband, Gustave Corton (James Gleason). Leopold is a very popular hairdresser and some of Juliet's friends urge her to try him out.

When Leopold shows up at her home, he shocks the servants and his ex-wife. A doctor manages to restore Leopold's memory through hypnosis but in the process makes him forget what has happened in the last five years. When Leopold awakes from hypnosis, he thinks he has only been unconscious for a short while. He assumes he is still Juliet's husband. The doctor warns everyone not to tell him the truth because the shock could kill him. Just at this crucial moment, Gustave Corton arrives home and is shocked to find Leopold in his bed. Later on, Sylvaine arrives only to find her husband in bed with Gustave Corton. Eventually, Leopold learns what has happened and asks the doctor to pretend to take back his memory so that Juliet, whom he deeply loves, can continue to live her new life.

Pre-Code Sequences
 Leopold is discovered in bed with Gustave, and Sylvaine assumes they are having an affair and, shocked, exclaims: "What kind of a house is this?"
 When the doctor attempts to examine Leopold, the other assumes the doctor is gay and refuses to take off his shirt. When the doctor turns off the light to hypnotize him, Leopold exclaims that he was right in his suspicions about him.
 The movie has numerous gay jokes as the hairdresser/husband played by Leopold. Actor Frank Fay camps up the hairdresser persona to differentiate himself from the personality of the husband. There are lines like "I may be a hairdresser but that doesn't mean I hold men's hands". When he asks what manner of person was he as the hairdresser, he is told, "You were gay, a bit dandified."

Cast

Frank Fay as Adolphe Noblet/Leopold
Lilyan Tashman as Sylvaine
James Gleason as Gustave Corton
Beryl Mercer as Corinne
Marion Byron as Marianne
Vivian Oakland as Suzanne Trebel
Arthur Edmund Carew as Dr. Friedland
James Bradbury Sr. as Chabonnais
Florence Eldridge as Juliette

Preservation status
A print is held in the Library of Congress collection.

References

External links

1930 films
Warner Bros. films
American films based on plays
1930s English-language films
Films about amnesia
Films directed by Michael Curtiz
American black-and-white films
Films scored by Louis Silvers
American comedy films
1930 comedy films
1930s American films

The Matrimonial Bed


The superior vena cava is the large vein which returns blood to the heart from the head, neck and both upper limbs. The inferior vena cava returns blood to the heart from the lower part of the body.

The return of blood via the vena cava can be compromised and cause disease. For example, in the superior vena cava syndrome, the symptoms that result from compression of the large vein that carries blood down to the heart.

Blood vessels

Venae cavae


Everland is a theme park in Yongin, South Korea. It is about one hour's drive away from Seoul.

Everland is the largest theme park in South Korea. In 2012, it ranked 12th in the world by number of visitors. It had 6.6 million visitors according to Travel + Leisure magazine.

The park is 36 years old. It has many kinds of attractions, as well as a zoo called Safari World, and a water park named Caribbean Bay. Everland also has seasonal festivals throughout the year. Samsung Everland, a part of company of Samsung operates and manages the park and the surrounding area.

Festivals
 Snow Festival: Jan - Feb
 Tulip Festival: Mar - Apr
 Rose Festival: May - Jun
 Summer Splash: Jun - Sep
 Halloween & Horror Night: Sep.6 - Oct.31
 Christmas Fantasy: Nov.8 - Dec.31
 Romantic Illumination: Nov.22 - Dec.31

Attractions
 T EXPRESS: South Korea's first and world's the steepest wooden roller coaster (77 degrees) with 3 minutes of running time. It is the longest wooden roller coaster in Asia, and the 7th largest in the world.
 Rolling X-Train: Rolling X-Train have 2 loops and 2 corkscrew. It's only roller coaster that have loops in Everland Resorts.
 K-POP Hologram: World's first holographic concert hall featuring YG stars.
 Safari World: Bus ride through the zoo where various animals wandering around freely. In the caged bus, the visitors will see the roaming lions, tigers, bears, and sometimes some animals come up to the bus to catch the feed thrown by the driver.
 Pororo's 3D Adventure: 3D virtual reality theater featuring Pororo and his friends.

Caribbean Bay
Caribbean Bay is South Korea's largest water park. It has outdoor and indoor parts, and only indoor parts, named 'Aquatic Center' opens throughout the year.
 Running Water Pool (Indoor/Outdoor)
 Wave Pool (Indoor/Outdoor): Artificially generated waves featuring Caribbean beach
 Diving Pool (Indoor): 5.0 m in depth

Home Bridge
Home Bridge is a resort and cabin site near  Everland. The wooden lodges are located 2,000 meters above sea level.

Everland Speedway
Everland Speedway is South Korea's first racing track. It holds many racing events or competitions as well as provides guests to drive racing car.

References

Theme parks in Asia
South Korea
Tourism
Samsung

Everland


Variogram (sacara téoritis)  nyaéta hiji fungsi nu ngajéntrékeun tingkat pakaitna spasial tina random field atawa stochastic process  spasial. It is defined as the expected squared increment of the values between locations  and  (Wackernagel 2003):

 itself is called semivariogram. In case of a stationary process the variogram and semivariogram can be represented as a function  of the difference  between locations only, by the following relation (Cressie 1993):

If the process is furthermore isotropic, then variogram and semivariogram can be represented by a function  of the distance   only (Cressie 1993):

The indexes  or  are typically not written. The terms are used for all three forms of the function. Moréover the term variogram is sometimes used for semivariogram and the symbol  for the variogram, which brings some confusion.

Sifat-sifatna
According to (Cressie 1993, Chiles and Delfiner 1999, Wackernagel 2003) the théoretical variogram has the following properties:
 The semivariogram is nonnegative , since it is the expectation of a square.
 The semivariogram   at distance 0  is always 0, since .
 A function is a semivariogram if and only if it is a conditionally negative definite function, i.e. for all weights  subject to  and locations  it holds:

which corresponds to the fact that the variance  of  is given by the negative of this double sum and must be nonnegative.

 As a consequence the semivariogram might be non continuous only at the origin. The height of the jump at the origin is sometimes referred to as nugget or nugget effect.
 If the covariance function of a process exists it is related to variogram by

 If a stationary random field has no spatial dependence (i.e.  if ) the semivariogram is the constant  everywhere except at the origin, where it is zero.
  is a symmetric function.
 Consequently  is an even function.
 If the random field is stationary and ergodic, the  corresponds to the variance of the field. The limit of the semivariogram is also called its sill.

Variogram Empiris

For observations  at locations  the empirical variogram  is defined as (Cressie 1993):

where  denotes the set of pairs of observation  placed at an approximate distance of . Here "approximate distance " is not exactly defined and typically implemented by a certain tolerance.

The empirical variogram is used in géostatistik as a first estimate of the (théoretical) variogram needed for spatial interpolation by kriging.

According (Cressie 1993) for observations  from a stationary random field  the empirical variogram with lag tolerance 0 is an unbiased éstimator of the théoretical variogram, due to

See the controversy discussion on the correctness of the scaling factor below.

Parameter Variogram

The following paraméters are often used to describe variograms:

 nugget : The height of the jump of the semivariogram at the discontinuity at the origin.
 sill : Limit of the variogram tending to infinity lag distances.
 range : The distance in which the difference of the variogram from the sill gets neglectable. The exact position, where the difference gets "neglectable" is quite imprecise.

Model Variogram

The empirical variogram cannot be computed at every lag distance  and due to variation in the estimation it is not ensured that it is a valid variogram, as defined above. However some Geostatistical methods such as kriging need valid semivariograms. In applied géostatistics the empirical variograms are thus often approximated by modél function ensuring validity (Chiles&Delfiner 1999). Some important modéls are (Chiles&Delfiner 1999, Cressie 1993):

 The exponential variogram modél

 The spherical variogram modél

 The Gaussian variogram modél

The paraméter  has different values in different references, due to the ambiguity in the definition of the range. E.g.  is the value used in (Chiles&Delfiner 1999). The  function is 1 if  and 0 otherwise.

Diskusi

Three functions are used in géostatistik for describing the spatial or the temporal correlation of observations: these are the correlogram, the covariance and the semivariogram. The last is also more simply called variogram. The sampling variogram, unlike the semivariogram and the variogram, shows where a significant degree of spatial dependence in the sample space or sampling unit dissipates into randomness when the variance terms of a temporally or in-situ ordered set are plotted against the variance of the set and the lower limits of its 99% and 95% confidence ranges.

The variogram is the key function in géostatistik as it will be used to fit a modél of the spatial/temporal correlation of the observed phenomenon. One is thus making a distinction between the experimental variogram that is a visualisation of a possible spatial/temporal correlation and the variogram model that is further used to define the weights of the kriging function. Note that the experimental variogram is an empirical estimate of the covariance of a Gaussian process. As such, it may not be positive definite and hence not directly usable in kriging, without constraints or further processing. This explains why only a limited number of variogram modéls are used like the linéar, the spherical, the gaussian and the exponential modéls, to name only those that are the most frequently used.

When a variogram is used to describe the correlation of different variables it is called cross-variogram. Cross-variograms are used in co-kriging.
Should the variable be binary or represent classes of values, one is then talking about indicator variograms. Indicator variogram is used in indicator kriging.

The experimental variogram is computed by méasuring the méan-squared difference of a value of interest z evaluated at two points x and x+'h. This méan squared difference is the semivariance and is assigned to the value h, which is known as the lag. A plot of the semivariance versus h is the variogram.

Kontroversi

In mathematical statistics, a set of n méasured values gives df=n-1 degrees of freedom wheréas the in situ or temporally ordered set gives df(o)=2(n-1) degrees for the first variance term. The variogram and semivariogram are both invalid méasures for variability, precision and risk because the sum of squared differences between x and x+h is divided by n''', the number of data in the set rather than by df(o)=2(n-1)'', the degrees of freedom for the first variance term of the ordered set.

Rujukan
 Cressie, N., 1993, Statistics for spatial data, Wiley Interscience
 Chiles, J.P., P. Delfiner, 1999, Géostatististics, modélling Spatial Uncertainty, Wiley-Interscience
 Wackernagel, H., 2003, Multivariate Géostatistics, Springer
 Burrough, P A and McDonnell, R A, 1998, Principles of Géographical Information Systems
 David, M  1978 Géostatistical Ore Reserve Estimation, Elsevier Publishing
 Journel, A G and Huijbregts, Ch J  1978 Mining Géostatistics, Academic Press
  Isobel Clark, 1979, Practical Géostatistics, Applied Science Publishers

Tumbu kaluar
 AI-GEOSTATS: an educational resource about geostatistics and spatial statistics
 Practical Geostatistics 1979 by Isobel Clark : an introduction to geostatistics
 Geostatistics: Lecture by Rudolf Dutter at the Technical University of Vienna

Geostatistik

Variogram


The New International is a magazine of Marxist theory published first by the Socialist Workers Party of the United States (SWP) from 1934 to 1940, then by the Workers Party from 1940 to 1958, and then revived by the SWP since 1983.

Current format

Since the magazine's resumption in 1983, The New International has included articles written by leaders of the 'Pathfinder tendency' which left the Fourth International in the 1980s. Content focuses on speeches and resolutions of the SWP's biannual conference, and archival documents by Bolshevik and Castroist communists.  It is now published roughly once every two years.

The magazine's last publication (online) was a 2008 issue with a covers story entitled "Revolution, Internationalism, and Socialism: The Last Year of Malcolm X" by Jack Barnes.  Other articles were: "The Clintons' Antilabor Legacy: Roots of the 2008 World Financial Crisis," "The Stewardship of Nature Also Falls to the Working Class," and "Setting the Record Straight on Fascism and World War II: Building a World Federation of Democratic Youth that Fights Imperialism and War."

History
Martin Abern and Max Shachtman founded the magazine in 1934.

When Shachtman and his associates split from the SWP to form the Workers Party in 1940, they brought the journal to the new organization: an action regarded by the SWP as theft. The SWP replaced New International with Fourth International, later called International Socialist Review.

The New International Publishing Company published the magazine from 1934 to 1958 as "a monthly organ of revolutionary Marxism."  From 1934 to 1949, it published monthly.  Publication suspended from July 1936 to December 1937 and also in Jan. 1940.  In this period, publishers changed several times:
 January 1935 - June 1936:  Workers Party of the U.S.
 January 1938 - April 1940:  Socialist Workers Party
 May 1940 - May 1949:  Workers Party of the U.S.
 May 1949 - Spring/Summer 1958:  Independent Socialist League

In the September–October 1952 issue, the major advertiser was the Labor Action Book Service (named after the ISL's newspaper).

The New International was discontinued around the time that the Shachtmanites entered the Socialist Party of America in 1958.

In 1983, the SWP refounded the magazine in co-operation with the Revolutionary Workers League in Canada.

Editors and contributors

The magazine's current editors are Mary-Alice Waters, Steve Clark and Jack Barnes.  Assisting them are seven international consultants.

The original editors in 1934 were the magazines founders, Martin Abern and Max Shachtman.

In its initial period (1934-1958), the magazine's editors (or editorial board in the absence of listed editors) were:
 July 1934 to December 1934:  Max Shachtman
 January 1935 to June 1936:  Max Shachtman and John West (James Burnham)
 January 1938 to March 1939:   board of James Burnham, Max Shachtman, and Maurice Spector
 April 1939 to March 1940:  board James Burnham and Max Shachtman
 May 1940 to September 1941:  Max Shachtman
 Oct. 1941 to June 1943: Albert Gates (Albert Glotzer)
 July 1943 to August 1945: Max Shachtman
 September 1945 to May 1946: Ernest Erber (sometimes Shachtman as "editor")
 August 1947 to December 1947:  Albert Gates (Albert Glotzer)
 January 1948 to March 1949: Hal Draper
 April 1949 to December 1949: Max Shachtman
 January–February 1950 to January–February 1953:  Emmanuel Garrett (Shachtman as "formal editor")
 March–April 1952 to 1958:  Julius Falk as managing editor (Shachtman as "editor")

The September–October 1952 issue lists Shachtman as editor and Julius Falk as managing editor.  Contributors include:  Gordon Haskell, G. Zinoviev, and Albert Gates (Albert Glotzer).  Forthcoming issues would have contributions from Ben Hall, Shachtman, and Zinoviev.

References

External links
 The New International, 1934-1940 (Marxists.org)
 , 1983–present (Pathfinder Press)

Political magazines published in the United States
Political magazines published in Canada
Communist periodicals published in the United States
Magazines established in 1934
Marxist magazines

New International (magazine)


The Conqueror is a novel written by Georgette Heyer. It is based on the life of William the Conqueror.

Plot summary
It chronicles the life of William of Normandy (the Conqueror) from his birth in 1028 to his conquest of England in 1066. Born the illegitimate son of Robert, future Duke of Normandy, William has to fight to prove himself in the eyes of his people and the eyes of his enemies. Succeeding to the title at age seven, William relies heavily on the support of his great-uncle, Archbishop Robert. With the death of Archbishop Robert only a year after William becomes Duke of Normandy, the duchy descends into chaos and anarchy, with many parties contending for control over the young duke. At first, Alan of Brittany takes custody of the duke, and when Alan dies he is replaced by Gilbert of Brionne. Gilbert is killed within months, and another guardian, Turchetil, is also killed around the time of Gilbert's death. Yet another guardian, Osbern, is slain in William's chamber while the duke sleeps. Walter, William's uncle, is forced to hide the young duke in the houses of peasants. After the fight is won William then has to prove himself to Lady Matilda, daughter of Count Baldwin of Flanders, to win her love.

1931 British novels
Novels by Georgette Heyer
Historical romance novels
Novels set in the Middle Ages
Cultural depictions of William the Conqueror
Heinemann (publisher) books
Novels set in the 11th century

The Conqueror (novel)


Booty Pop (Sweet Apparel LLC), is a private US company that mainly manufacturers padded underwear for women intended to give the wearer an appearance of curvy, lifted buttocks.

The company, based in Boston, was founded in 2008 by Susan Bloomstone and Lisa Reisler. It was the subject of a The Wall Street Journal article about the market for undergarments of this nature.

References

External links
 The Boston Globe http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/fashion/articles/2008/01/31/behind_the_scenes_at_bootypop/

Undergarments

Booty Pop


Biedermeier was a time in the arts and German literature, which occurred between 1815 and 1848. In 1815, the Congress of Vienna ended the Napoleonic Wars. In 1848, there were revolutions in many European Countries. Between 1815 and 1848, the middle class grew. During that time, the forces that had been active before the French Revolution rose to power again. Politically, the times were very hard, and there was a lot of repression. For this reason, most of the arts focused on apolitical life at home.

In painting, Biedermeier focused on landscapes, portraits, and perhaps still lifes, or genre paintings. There are almost no religious or historical paintings. Many painters wanted to copy or to resemble 17th century Dutch painters. Many paintings were realist, almost like a modern-day photograph. Interior portraits were typical for Biedermeier: there the idea was to show a fully furnished room, in all its details.

In music, there's no epoch called Biedermeier: the only thing that is perhaps worth mentioning that playing music at home, in the family became important, this is known as house concert.

In theatre, the main focus was entertainment, not like the Age of Enlightenment. Also in addition to the national theatres, a number of smaller theatres started to exist.

Art movements

Biedermeier


"Wannabe" is a 1996 dance-pop song from the Spice Girls. This was the first song from the group. "Wannabe" mixes rap and dance-pop. The lyrics talk about female friendship.

The song varies between two minutes/fifty-two seconds to just over nine minutes in length. It was released in July 1996.

The song got mixed reviews. In the United States, it hit #1 for around four weeks on the Billboard Hot 100. It sold more than seven million copies worldwide.
Instruments used are bass guitar, drums and vocals. In their home country of the UK, it spent 7 weeks at No.1 during the Summer of 1996.

1996 songs
Spice Girls songs
Billboard Hot 100 number one songs
Billboard Rhythmic Songs number-one singles

Wannabe (song)


The Runic calendar also Rune staff or Runic Almanac is a perpetual calendar based on the 19 year long Metonic cycle of the Moon.

A typical Runic calendar consisted of several horizontal lines of symbols, one above the other.

Special days like solstices, equinoxes, and celebrations (including Christian holidays and feasts) were marked with additional lines of symbols.

Other websites
 An article on rune calendars

Calendars

Runic calendar


Following his election as governor of Alabama, George Wallace delivered an inaugural address on January 14, 1963 at the state capitol in Montgomery. At this time in his career, Wallace was an ardent segregationist, and as governor he challenged the attempts of the federal government to enforce laws prohibiting racial segregation in Alabama's public schools and other institutions. The speech is most infamous for the phrase "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever", which became a rallying cry for those opposed to integration and the civil rights movement.

Background

Prior to his first campaign for governor in 1958, George Wallace (D) served as a member of the Alabama House of Representatives and later as judge in the Third Judicial Circuit Court. During this time Wallace was known as a moderate on racial issues, and was associated with the progressive, liberal faction of Alabama politics. During the 1958 gubernatorial campaign Wallace spoke out against the Ku Klux Klan, and although he endorsed segregation his centrist views won him the support of the NAACP. In contrast, his opponent John Patterson accepted the endorsement of the Ku Klux Klan and made racial issues a major part of his campaign.

Previous Alabama governors had run successfully on moderate platforms similar to the one Wallace adopted in 1958. However, the growing Civil Rights Movement, especially the Montgomery bus boycott three years earlier, had left white Alabamians feeling "under siege", and Patterson won the race for governor by a large margin.

After this defeat, Wallace determined that in order to be elected governor he would have to change his position on racial issues, and told one of his campaign officials "I was out-niggered by John Patterson.  And I'll tell you here and now, I will never be out-niggered again."

1962–63 campaign and Inaugural Address

Wallace's new stance on racial issues became apparent in 1959, when he was the only local circuit court judge who refused to turn over voting records to a federal commission investigating discrimination against black voters. Threatened with jail, Wallace eventually complied and released the registration documents; however, his defiance earned him notoriety and signaled his new political position. Opposition to black voter registration efforts would become a part of his platform when Wallace ran for governor in 1962.

During that campaign, Wallace blamed integration for increases in crime and unemployment, as well as racial disturbances in other states. Asa Carter, founder of a local Ku Klux Klan organization, was hired as a speechwriter for Wallace's campaign. Carter became a key member of Wallace's staff, resulting in "a new, fiery, hard-hitting style of campaigning". Due to his connection to acts of racial violence, Carter was kept in the background during the campaign; however, his speeches proved to be popular among Wallace supporters. Wallace's racial politicking and support of segregation resonated with Alabama voters and in 1962 he was elected governor, receiving more votes than any previous Alabama gubernatorial candidate.

After his election, Wallace wanted to make it clear he intended to keep his campaign promise to fight against integration. Carter spent several weeks writing the inaugural address, and on January 14, 1963, after taking the oath of office, Wallace delivered it from the portico of the Alabama State Capitol. This was the exact place where Jefferson Davis had been sworn in as the President of the Confederate States of America, a fact that was pointedly noted in the speech.

During the speech Wallace declared:

Both Carter and Wallace realized that would be the phrase for which his speech would be remembered. The "tyranny" Wallace referred to was his way of characterizing the federal government's attempts at integration in Alabama. This was one of the central themes of his speech—that by implementing desegregation laws and policies, the federal government was oppressing the people of Alabama and depriving them of their rights. During his term as governor, Wallace would receive national attention as he continued to frame segregation as a states' rights issue, and integration as something imposed upon the South by the federal government.

The speech also presented the case that racial differences were similar to political or religious differences. Wallace argued that people had "racial or cultural freedom" that gave them the right to live in a culture of segregation, in the same way they had freedom to choose their political party and religious denomination. The "great freedom of our American founding fathers", Wallace claimed, was that "each race, within its own framework has the freedom to teach, to instruct, to develop, to ask for and receive deserved help from others of separate racial stations".

Reactions

The racially charged rhetoric in his inaugural address secured Wallace's base of support in Alabama. It also gave him national headlines; The New York Times, Time magazine, and Newsweek all covered Wallace's speech.  Wallace's national profile would continue to grow during his first year in office, and in the fall of 1963 he capitalized on his prominence by announcing his candidacy for U.S. President.

Although popular with his supporters, the sentiments expressed in Wallace's inaugural address drew criticism from proponents of civil rights as well as those who viewed direct opposition to the federal government as a strategy that was unlikely to be successful.  Richmond Flowers, Alabama's newly elected Attorney General, warned that to disobey federal orders "can only bring disgrace upon our state".  Business leaders worried that politicians were furthering a national image of Alabama as a place of "reaction, rebellion and riots, of bigotry, bias and backwardness".

Many who supported desegregation saw Wallace's speech as "indefensibly racist and demagogic". Civil rights leader John Lewis later recalled that upon hearing the inaugural address "That day, my heart sank. I knew his defense of 'states' rights' was really a defense of the status quo in Alabama." Civil rights demonstrators marching in Alabama later that year showed their opposition to Wallace and his policies of segregation by chanting "Ol' Wallace, you never can jail us all. Ol' Wallace, segregation is bound to fall."

Martin Luther King Jr. responded to Wallace's inaugural address with a series of speeches. In the first three months of 1963 he traveled to 16 different cities, speaking about the need to take action against the injustices of segregation. Later that year King gave his historic I Have A Dream speech in front of the Lincoln Memorial. The only person identified in that speech is Wallace (though he does not mention Wallace by name):
King's vision of a positive future was a sharp contrast from Wallace's demand to prolong the discrimination that had long prevented many Americans from exercising their civil rights. King portrayed segregation and its supporting rationale of states' rights as relics of the past that would not exist in America's future. This view was reinforced in 1965 when King delivered a speech in front of the Alabama State Capitol in which he directly replied to Wallace's call for continued segregation, saying he believed "segregation is on its death bed in Alabama, and the only thing uncertain about it is how costly Wallace and the segregationists will make the funeral".

Legacy

Journalist Bob Ingram recalls that when Wallace first saw the "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever" line that Carter had written for his inaugural address, Wallace was pleased, saying "I like that line. I like it, and I'm going to use it." However, later in life Wallace changed his views on segregation and came to regret his famous phrase, calling it his "biggest mistake".

Regardless of his feelings at the time, the sentiments expressed in his inaugural address were blamed for creating "a climate that allowed for violent reprisals against those seeking to end racial discrimination". Wallace's defiant endorsement of segregation proved to be his most memorable piece of political rhetoric and demonstrated the fierce opposition facing the Civil Rights Movement.

References

External links

 15-page PDF image of original proportional-spaced typed address, with handwritten corrections.

1963 in American politics
1963 in Alabama
1963 speeches
Civil rights movement
George Wallace
Inaugural addresses
January 1963 events in the United States
Political history of Alabama
History of racial segregation in the United States

George Wallace's 1963 Inaugural Address


François Stephanus Malan PC (12 March 1871 – 31 December 1941), usually called F. S. Malan or just F. S., was a South African politician.

Malan was the son of a farmer and was born in Leeuwenjacht, near Paarl, Cape Colony. As his name suggests, he was of Huguenot (French Protestants who fled to South Africa and were assimilated in the Afrikaner population) descent. His brother, Charles W. Malan, also entered politics. Malan was educated at Paarl Boys' High, Victoria College, Stellenbosch, the University of the Cape of Good Hope (where he studied science) and Christ's College, Cambridge, graduating from Cambridge in 1894 with an LLB. He returned to Cape Colony in 1895 and was admitted as an advocate. He never practised, however, and later that year became editor of Ons Land, the Cape's leading Dutch language newspaper. He vigorously opposed Cecil Rhodes and the Progressive Party, precipitated the fall of William Philip Schreiner's government in 1902, and opposed Lord Milner. He was sentenced to a year's imprisonment during the South African War.

In 1900, Malan was elected to the Cape Assembly for the Afrikander Bond, of which he later became leader. In 1908 he resigned from Ons Land and was appointed Minister of Agriculture in John X. Merriman's government. He served until the creation of the Union of South Africa in 1910, when he was elected to the Union Parliament for the South African Party and joined Louis Botha's government as Minister of Education. He also became Minister of Mines (later Mines and Industries) in 1912. He remained in the government after Jan Smuts succeeded Botha in 1919. In April 1920 he also became Minister of Agriculture. He also acted as Prime Minister for eight months while Botha and Smuts were away at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. After Smuts's government fell in 1924, Malan never again held government office. In 1927 he was elected to the Senate, becoming its President (Speaker) in January 1940. He held this post until his death.

He was appointed to the Privy Council in the 1920 Birthday Honours, entitling him to the style "The Right Honourable".

Footnotes

References

Obituary, The Times, 2 January 1942

1871 births
1941 deaths
People from Drakenstein Local Municipality
Cape Colony people
Afrikaner people
South African Party (Union of South Africa) politicians
United Party (South Africa) politicians
Education ministers of South Africa
Presidents of the Senate of South Africa
Members of the House of Assembly (South Africa)
South African members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
South African newspaper editors
Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge
South African people of French descent

F. S. Malan


Snotra is a goddess of wisdom and prudence in Norse mythology. The Prose Edda says that Snotra is "high and courteous". She is a goddess that, according to Snorri Sturluson, "should be worshiped as a high-ranking goddess". She also is one of the few goddesses that dies during Ragnarok.

Norse gods and goddesses

Snotra


The diamond of opposites is a type of two-dimensional plot used in psychodrama groups. This tool can illuminate the presence of contradictions in processes that cannot be detected by any single questionnaire item using a traditional format such as the Likert scale. The diamond of opposites is a sociometric scaling method that simultaneously measures positive and negative responses to a statement.

Psychodrama/Sociometry:
The psychological approach to counseling and exploring issues, both personal and in a wider social context, was founded by J.L. Moreno in the 1920s.  His unique approach to therapy and social change at that time involved using theater and roleplay to assist individuals and groups to change/ improve their life circumstances, and a somewhat lesser known approach, called Sociometry,  to measuring social dynamics in groups, and effect change in groups and society.  Sociometry measures the connections between individuals in any group, from small groups to world issues.  Measuring connections and feelings within a group assists individuals within the group to make desired/ needed changes, and also provides a wealth of information about the dynamics in any particular group or situation.  The Diamond of Opposites is one type of sociometric assessment.

Unlike traditional question formats, especially the semantic differential format where the respondent must choose a point on a one-dimensional scale anchored by two semantically opposite terms, the diamond of opposites allows the respondent to express attraction and repulsion independently. In this format, the stem describes an object, person or situation in relation to which the respondent is asked to indicate their degree of attraction and repulsion. The two variables are plotted on two orthogonal axes.

Example
mathematics problems
 Indicate your level of attraction on a scale of 1 (low) to 10 (high)
 Indicate your level of repulsion on a scale of 1 (low) to 10 (high)

 The respondent indicates attraction of x' = 8, and repulsion of y' = 5.
 The point (x',y') represents the current attitude of the respondent toward mathematics problems.

See also
 Bogardus social distance scale
 Cognitive dissonance

References
 Carlson-Sabelli, L., Sabelli, H., Patel, M., and Holm, K. (1992). The union of opposites in Sociometry: An empirical application of process theory. Journal of Group Psychotherapy, Psychodrama and Sociometry, 44(4), 147-171.
 Carlson-Sabelli, L., Sabelli, H. and Hale, A. (1994). Sociometry and Sociodynamics.  In P. Holmes, M. Karp, & M. Watson (Eds.), Psychodrama since Moreno: Innovations in theory and practice (pp. 145–185). London & New York: Tavistock/Routledge.
   Also reprinted in The International Journal of Action Methods, 51, (1) pp. 23–40.
 Blatner, A. (1994). Tele.   In P. Holmes, M. Karp, & M. Watson (Eds.), Psychodrama since Moreno: Innovations in theory and practice (pp. 283–300). London & New York: Tavistock/Routledge.
 Remer Rory (1996) Chaos theory and the canon of creativity. Journal of Group Psychotherapy, Psychodrama & Sociometry, 48

Psychodrama

Diamond of opposites


Shady Grove (also known as Duck River) is an unincorporated community in Hickman County, Tennessee, United States. Shady Grove is located along Tennessee State Route 50 and the Duck River,  east-southeast of Centerville.

History
The Duck River post office was located at Shady Grove from December 28, 1846, to March 12, 1977. The community was named for the shade a grove of trees provided the town site.

References

Unincorporated communities in Hickman County, Tennessee
Unincorporated communities in Tennessee

Shady Grove, Hickman County, Tennessee


The 1986 Atlantic hurricane season officially started on June 1, 1983, and ended on November 30. The season had a total of 6 named storms and 4 hurricanes.

Storms

Tropical Storm Andrew

Tropical Depression One formed on June 5 north of the Bahamas. It strengthened into Tropical Storm Andrew the next day. Andrew traveled along the East Coast of the United States, creating giant waves and high surf along the shore but with minor damages. Andrew dissipated south of Cape Cod. One person drowned off the North Carolina coast in high surf, but no major damages was reported.

Hurricane Bonnie

Tropical Depression Two formed south of the Louisiana coast on June 23 and quickly strengthened into a hurricane. Bonnie made landfall on the upper Texas coast near High Island. Streets were flooded throughout southeast Texas, mobile homes were destroyed, and three people were killed. Bonnie caused $2 million (1986 USD) in damage.

Hurricane Charley

A tropical depression formed off the coast of the Florida and moved inland. The depression then travelled across Florida and exited the coast near Savannah, Georgia, and strengthened into Tropical Storm Charley. Charley continued moving up the coastline, and the storm strengthened into a hurricane before moving across the Outer Banks and Delmarva Peninsula. Charley then moved out into the sea, later became extratropical in the north Atlantic Ocean, and later brought bad weather across the British Isles on August 25 where it caused major damages.

Tropical Storm Danielle

On September 1, a tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa and moved west. The disturbance was below the 10 degree latitude as it developed into a tropical depression on September 7 and then strengthened into a tropical storm later that day. Danielle peaked as a 60 mph storm on September 8, while a Reconnaissance Aircraft reported gusts of up to hurricane force. After passing through the Lesser Antilles, Danielle came across vertical wind shear, and on September 10, it dissipated in the central Caribbean Sea. The remnants of Danielle continued to move west and eventually redeveloped in the Pacific Ocean as Tropical Storm Lester.

Hurricane Earl

The strongest storm of the season began as a tropical wave off Africa on September 4. After moving across the tropical Atlantic Ocean it strengthened as Tropical Depression Five on September 10 while about 1240 miles (2000 km) east of Puerto Rico. The depression quickly strengthened and reached hurricane strength on September 11; Earl reached its strongest point on September 12, as a Category 2 hurricane as it travelled in a half circle.

The hurricane weakened to a Category 1 on September 16 and bounced back the way it came. Earl then turned north and became extratropical southeast of Newfoundland on September 19. At its strongest point, Earl had sustained winds of 105 mph (170 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 979 mbar.

Hurricane Frances

Tropical Depression Six formed on November 18 and quickly strengthened into a tropical storm. The storm curved northeast and strengthened further, reaching hurricane strength on November 20. However, a high pressure system to the north caused the storm to fall apart. Frances was later destroyed by an extratropical low on November 21.

Storm names
These were the names set aside to be used in 1986 Atlantic hurricane. In the Atlantic, the names are used again every six years, so many of these names were used in 1980 and again in 1992. The names that did not get used are marked with .

Retirement
No names were retired from the 1986 Atlantic hurricane season.

Related pages
 List of Atlantic hurricane seasons

References

Atlantic hurricane seasons
Atlantic hurricane season
1980s in weather

1986 Atlantic hurricane season


John Dewey High School is a public high school in Gravesend, Brooklyn, New York City. It was founded and based on the educational principles of John Dewey. The school, under the supervision of the New York City Department of Education, was named a New American High School in 2000.

The school opened on September 8, 1969, with 1,130 freshmen and sophomores. It grew in the next two academic years to include juniors and seniors. There currently are over 3,200 students. It counts among its alumni producer and director Larry Charles, filmmaker Spike Lee, Pulitzer Prize winner Donald Margulies, radio personality David Brody, photographer Gregory Crewdson, WWE wrestler Jayson Paul (aka JTG), scientist Robert Sapolsky, astrologer-journalist Eric Francis, news correspondent Ray Suarez, and film actress Michelle Ye.

John Dewey High School was also the first "educational-option" school in New York City, in which applicants are admitted through academic groups based on their citywide test scores: high, middle, and low-achieving. Dewey selects students from each of the three groups. Other schools in the city, such as Edward R. Murrow High School, Murry Bergtraum High School and Norman Thomas High School have since opened, following Dewey's "ed-op" system of admissions.

Academics

Each academic year is currently split into four cycles. In order to graduate, students must pass a certain number of classes in each department. For example, each student must take 16 cycles of English: 8 literature classes, 4 writing classes, 2 communication classes, and 2 electives. For Social Studies, each student must take 16 cycles of classes. Students need 8 global history courses, 4 American history, 2 economic classes, and 2 government classes. Mathematics requires 12 cycles, and each student must complete Math A. The Science Department requires students to take 12 cycles of classes. The foreign language options are Spanish and Chinese. When a student chooses a preferred language, the course must be taken for either for 4 or 12 cycles.

Art and music are important in the Dewey curriculum, a student can take photography, music, or film classes. Each student must take 2 cycles of each. As in all high school in New York City, Dewey offers health education and physical education. Each student must take 14 cycles of physical education and 2 cycles of health, totaling 16 cycles. There are also many electives and extra curricular activities, such as dance, business education, technology, home economics, and health careers and occupations. There is also a COOP program for senior students. Dewey has been credited for being a college-like high school because classes are not restricted by the students' year, and for its campus.

Advanced Placement Courses
John Dewey High School offers approximately 17 Advanced Placement courses, one of the highest for New York City public high schools. These include courses in

 AP Biology
 AP Calculus AB
 AP Calculus BC
 AP Chemistry
 AP Chinese Language and Culture
 AP Computer Science A
 AP English Language
 AP English Literature
 AP US Government and Politics
 AP Art History
 AP Physics B
 AP Microeconomics
 AP Macroeconomics
 AP Psychology
 AP Spanish
 AP Statistics
 AP United States History
 AP World History

Academy of Finance
John Dewey High School houses the first Academy of Finance, which was started by Sandy Weill in 1982. The Academy of Finance prepares students for post-secondary education and careers through a theme-based, contextualized curriculum approach.

The Academy of Finance introduces high school students to the broad career opportunities of the financial services industry. One of three member programs of the National Academy Foundation, it operates as a small learning community and is now located in more than 275 high schools nationwide.

Each student is allowed to apply for the Academy of Finance. During the sophomore year, a student who is interested in joining submits an application and waits for an interview with the Academy coordinator. The Academy of Finance is only available to juniors and seniors who have applied during their sophomore year.

This program is no longer available.

Council For Unity

John Dewey High School is home to the first Council For Unity, a national non-profit organization founded in 1975 Robert DeSena, who was a Dewey teacher at that time. Its mission is to establish racial harmony, respect, peace, and an end to violence in schools and the surrounding community.

The Council for Unity network currently is at more than sixty schools and community centers in New York City, Long Island, Texas, and California. There is a college chapter at the University of Vermont, and an international chapter in Balti, Moldova.

National Honor Society
Formerly known as ARISTA, the scholastic honor society is served through its National Honor Society chapter. Applicants must have achieved an overall scholastic average of 90 or above. The student must also have a record of service performed each cycle (term) in a school facility. In the early decades of its operation, Dewey had no letter or number grades, and there was no school-wide academic honor society.

School facilities
One of the many innovative features are the Dewey learning centers, which are commonly called "resource centers." These are located centrally between five or six classrooms, staffed by a teacher and a paraprofessional. Each major department has one — English & Literature, Mathematics, Social Studies, Science, Foreign Language, Music, Art and the Universal Resource Center. For each band (class period), subject teachers in designated resource centers are there to facilitate students in academics. Students who are free may go to resource centers for assistance in homework, projects, or independent study, or to socialize with others.

Unlike the majority of New York City public schools, Dewey does not share its campus with any other school. The campus includes the main building, a statue as well as stone plaques to honor alumni. The school has a football, soccer, lacrosse, and softball field which is utilized in various ways. The school also has an outdoor tennis field and two parking lots.

The library has a collections of more than 30,000 books, magazines, and about 12 computers for student, parent, and faculty use.

Students utilize the many facilities in which they work side by side with either their teachers, peers, and friends. This enables students to fulfill their personal interests and can concurrently build a steady foundation for advancements in their life.

Most classroom are outfitted with 2 to 40 computers or laptops. Classroom are also equipped with Smart Boards, Promethean Boards and Elmo Projectors.

Extracurricular activities
The Student Organization facilitates clubs in organizing and fundraising. John Dewey High School offers clubs such as: Anime, Asian, Art-Ink, Christian Culture, Ceramics, Classic Rock, Chess, Dance, Diversity, Fashion Design, Finance, Gardening Club, The Video Game Club, Cinema Club, Key Club, Hebrew Culture, Award Winning Robotics Team, Math, Marine Science, Muslim Culture, Modeling, Model Congress, Sci-Fi, Gay-Straight Alliance, Soccer, and Softball. New clubs are created every year.

There are annual events throughout the campus and the school, such as the Octoberfest, Club Fair, Multicultural Show, Fashion Show, Clash of the Genres (in which different music genres compete), Country Fair (with games, inflatable balloons, caricatures, music, food, sports, and other activities are held all over the school), Field Day, Spirit Week, Blood Drive (students 16 or older have the option to donate blood to those in need) and the "Dewey or Don't We?" talent show.

As of the 2016–2017 school year, John Dewey High School students participate in SING!, an annual student-run musical production which is exclusive to New York City public high schools.

Team #333
Dewey's nationally ranked and award-winning robotics team, Team #333, also known as The Megalodons, has participated in various national and regional competitions. The team avidly participates in "FIRST Robotics," an international competition that attracts schools with robotics teams. The team has also been featured in various local newspapers, including the New York Daily News.

Their efforts have resulted in beating some of the top high schools in the country and some of the specialized high schools in New York City, such as Brooklyn Tech and Stuyvesant High School. Their accomplishments have led to visits from the previous New York City school chancellor Dennis Walcott and astronaut Gregory Olsen. The team has also participated in the opening pitch for the Brooklyn Cyclones.

The team originated as a small after-school club and gradually grew into a highly-selective program with its own classes and curriculum, and currently consists of over fifty members who work during and after school in an industrial arts shop located in the school.

Sports
For more than 30 years, Dewey did not have varsity sports teams. The lack of inter-school sports competition grew out of its educational design, meant to de-emphasize competition, winning and losing, and to encourage achievement for its own sake. However, the school has intramural athletic programs, in which students can play various sports for recreation.

However, starting in the 2011–2012 school year, the school changed its stance on competition and competitive sports with other public high schools began, following a majority vote for it. It started with boys' and girls' soccer teams and girls' basketball, cross country, and cheerleading. The team name for all sports is The Dewey Dragons. Teams have expanded to include lacrosse, boys' and girls' softball, boys' and girls' tennis, and girls' volleyball.

Student demographics

Awards
In 1999, John Dewey High School was one of ten schools nationwide to receive the 10th Annual Businessweek Award for Instructional Innovation for incorporating technology into the classroom. The award and grant of $1,500 was presented at Businessweek's annual conference in San Francisco.

In 2000, John Dewey High School was named a New American High School for serving as a model for schools nationwide that have achieved high levels of success, and was showcased nationally at the White House.

In 2003, John Dewey High School was named as one of 209 successful schools that then-chancellor Joel L. Klein exempted from the citywide uniform curriculum.

In 2007, John Dewey High School was named one of America's Top 500 High Schools by U.S. News & World Report.

In 2008 and 2009, Newsweek named John Dewey High School one of America's Top 6% of high schools in its rankings, citing "how hard staffs work to challenge students with Advanced Placement college-level courses and tests."

In 2010, John Dewey High School's short film produced by the Film Class titled "A Block From Home" which was about an innocent victim who was caught in cross fire gun violence nearby Sheepshead Bay High School and takes on the progressive healing and the will to forge ahead. It was a part of Tribeca Film Festival in the Our City My Story event.

In 2013, U.S. News & World Report awarded John Dewey High School a silver medal for ranking as one of America's Top High Schools, and for ranking #127 in New York State.

In 2015, Niche named John Dewey High School as the fifth best high school in Brooklyn, the second best high school in the New York City Department of Education's District 21, top 100 most diverse schools in New York State, and was given an "Overall Niche Grade" of a B+, the only school in the district to achieve this grade.

In 2016, Niche gave John Dewey High School an "Overall Niche Grade" of an A−.

Notable appearances
 The school is shown during the chase scene of the Academy Award-winning movie The French Connection, which was largely filmed on a train that was parked at the Bay 50th Street station, located right outside the school, which at that time was served by the New York City Subway's B train.
 Actor Michael J. Fox was the guest speaker for the Class of 1984, he was also given an honorary high school diploma.
 Dr. Ruth Westheimer, sex therapist, professor, author, and talk show host, was the guest speaker at graduation for the Class of 1985.
 First Lady Hillary Clinton visited in April 2000 as part of the "Principals For a Day" program.
 Radio personality David Brody from Z100 and Elvis Duran and the Morning Show was the guest speaker at graduation on June 26, 2012. Brody graduated from John Dewey High School in 1983.

Notable alumni

 Imam Johari Abdul-Malik, imam at Dar-Ul Hijrah Islamic Center (attended Dewey as Winslow Seale)
 David Brody (comedy writer and radio producer) for Z100 NY Elvis Duran and the Morning Show
 Larry Charles, television/film writer, director, producer
 Gregory Crewdson, modern artist/photographer
 Eric Francis, investigative reporter and astrologer (attended Dewey as Eric Coppolino)
 Elliot Goldenthal (Class of 1971), composer
 Jerry Goldstein (Class of 1988), physicist
 Eric Gonzalez, Kings County District Attorney
 Pamela Harris (Class of 1977), former New York state assemblywoman
 Adam Kidan, businessman and lawyer
 Arthur Lander, biologist
 Spike Lee (Class of 1975), actor, director, producer, screenwriter
 Danny Leiner (Class of 1980), movie director
 Doris Ling-Cohan, New York State Supreme Court Justice
 Nadine Macaluso, psychologist, former model, and ex-wife of Jordan Belfort
 Michael Mandel, chief economist, BusinessWeek Magazine
 Donald Margulies, Pulitzer Prize winning-playwright
 Angie Martinez, radio personality
 Prince Nana, sports entertainer, actor
 John Ortiz, actor
 Geoffrey Owens, actor
 Monica Owusu-Breen, television producer and screenwriter
 Jayson Paul, professional wrestler, known by his ring name JTG
 Stacey Prussman (Class of 1988) comedian, 2021 New York City mayoral candidate
 Frank Pugliese, playwright and television writer
 Colin Quinn, comedian and television personality
 Johnny Reinhard, composer, bassoonist, author, and conductor
 Domenic M. Recchia, Jr. (Class of 1977), New York City Council member
 Stephen C. Robinson (Class of 1975), United States Attorney for the District of Connecticut (1998–2001) and United States District Judge in the Southern District of New York (2003–2010)
 Robert Sapolsky (Class of 1974), scientist
 Chris Matthew Sciabarra (Class of 1977), American political theorist
 Barry Sobel (Class of 1977), comedian and actor
 Brandon Steiner (Class of 1977), sports memorabilia marketer
 Ray Suarez (Class of 1974), journalist and author
 Michelle Ye, actress

References

External links

 John Dewey Alumni Association, Inc. a not-for-profit
 John Dewey High School Document Archives

1969 establishments in New York City
Educational institutions established in 1969
Dewey
Public high schools in Brooklyn
Dewey
Bensonhurst, Brooklyn
John Dewey

John Dewey High School