Miguel Álvarez-Fernández (born 28 November 1979 in Madrid, Spain) is a sound artist, composer, filmmaker, theorist and curator working between Madrid and Berlin, where he has taught at the Electronic Music Studio of the Technical University of Berlin. He also lectures regularly at the Department of Art History and Musicology of the University of Oviedo (Spain), and at the European University of Madrid as a specialist in Sound Art and Electroacoustic music.

His artistic and theoretical work addresses problematic concepts like the relationships between sexuality and music (both understood as socio-cultural constructions, rather than 'natural categories'), or the connections between interactive processes and the illusion of control. Álvarez-Fernández has explored these issues in his sound installations and musical compositions, both alone and as a member of the art group DissoNoiSex.

Career
The works of Álvarez-Fernández have been presented in several venues in Europe and America, including the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, the National Auditorium of Music and the Residencia de Estudiantes (where Álvarez-Fernández was composer-in-residence from 2002 to 2005) in Madrid, the Technical University of Berlin, The Huset gallery in Copenhagen, Harvard University, New York University, the Eyebeam Gallery in New York and O'culto da Ajuda in Lisbon, among many others. He has also composed music for different audiovisual productions, including the film "A via láctea", by Brazilian director Lina Chamie, premiered at the Cannes Film Festival in 2007.

As a musicologist and sound-art theorist, Álvarez-Fernández has lectured (and his writings have been published) in Spain, Germany, Italy, France, Denmark, Sweden, Macedonia, Serbia, Lithuania, Russia and the United States, among other countries.

His work as a sound-art curator is widely recognized in Spain. For the project "Itinerarios del sonido" (co-curated along with María Bella) fourteen internationally recognized artists were invited (in many cases, for the first time) to Madrid, in order to create a new sound piece that later would be listened to in specific bus-stops around the city. Participants of this project included Vito Acconci, Jorge Eduardo Eielson,  Julio Estrada, Luc Ferrari, Bill Fontana, Susan Hiller, Christina Kubisch, Adrian Piper and Trevor Wishart, among others. In 2007, Álvarez-Fernández curated in Berlin "Offener Klang / Sonido Abierto" as part of the "Linux Audio Conference", with concerts and workshops at the Technical university and at the Instituto Cervantes Berlin. In April 2011 he curated, along with Chema de Francisco and Rubén Gutiérrez del Castillo, the "SON" Festival, which presented for the first time at the Auditorio Nacional de Música (Madrid) the newest generation of Spanish sound artists in a series of concerts, performances and sound installations.

Also in 2011, Miguel Álvarez-Fernández received the IV "Cura Castillejo" prize, awarded at the Nits de Deshielo i Art Festival, organized in Valencia by sound artist Llorenç Barber (the three previous recipients of the award being Francisco López, Fátima Miranda and sound installation pioneer Luis Lugán).

In 2015 he directed, in collaboration with Luis Deltell, the feature-length documentary "No escribiré arte con mayúscula" ("I will not write art with a capital letter"), devoted to the life and works of Spanish pioneer of conceptual art Isidoro Valcárcel Medina, premiered at the Festival Punto de Vista (Pamplona).

In 2008 Miguel Álvarez-Fernández became host at Radio Clásica/Radio Nacional de España for the weekly radio broadcast Ars Sonora, a cult program (founded in 1985) devoted to sound art and experimental music.

References

External links
"Itinerarios del sonido", public sound-art project curated by Miguel Álvarez-Fernández
DissoNoiSex
"Álvarez-Fernández: Sound Amateur", article by Silvia Scaravaggi published by Digimag (Italy)
"Dissonance, Sex and Noise: (Re)building (Hi)stories of Electroacoustic Music", article by Miguel Álvarez-Fernández published by the HZ Journal (Sweden)
"Miguel Álvarez Fernández recibe el Premio Cura Castillejo de las 'Nits de Deshielo i Art'" (press article)
"SON" Festival, sound art project curated by Miguel Álvarez-Fernández at the Auditorio Nacional de Música (Madrid)

Bibliography
Álvarez Fernández, Miguel. 2005a. "Dissonance, Sex and Noise: (Re)Building (Hi)Stories of Electroacoustic Music". In ICMC 2005: Free Sound Conference Proceedings, International Computer Music Conference, Escola Superior de Musica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain, September 4–10, 2005. Barcelona: International Computer Music Conference; International Computer Music Association.; SuviSoft Oy Ltd.
Álvarez Fernández, Miguel. 2005b. "Disonancia y emancipación: comodidad en/de algunas estéticas musicales del siglo XX". Taller Sonoro: Revista cuatrimestral de música contemporánea 4 (January). ISSN 1887-2093
Álvarez-Fernández, Miguel. 2005c. "El comisariado como metodología de investigación musicológica". Revista de Musicología 28, no. 2:1425–34. ISSN 0210-1459
Álvarez-Fernández, Miguel. 2007a. "Posibilidades (e imposibilidades) de los "nuevos medios tecnológicos" en la creación sonora". Sul Ponticello. Revista on-line de estudios musicales 7 (January). ISSN 1697-6886
Álvarez-Fernández, Miguel. 2007b. "The Sound of Meaning: Aesthetical Approaches to the Manipulation of Speech Sounds" (seminar syllabus).
Anon. [n.d.]. "Miguel Álvarez-Fernández" Spanish Wikipedia article.
Bandrés, Jon. 2011. "Nace SON, festival para la nueva generación de artistas sonoros españoles". RTVE.ES, 8 April 2011.
Correa, Sergio. 2007. "Nuevos instrumentos para música nueva". BBC MUNDO.COM, 27 March 2007.
Prieto, Ruth. 2013. "No puedo entender la música como algo distinto de la política, interview with Miguel Álvarez-Fernández". El Compositor Habla, April 2013.
Reverter, Arturo. 2011. "SON. Músicadhoy se asoma a la cantera". El Cultural 8 April 2011.
Sánchez, Sergio. 2013. "España electroacústica, interview with Miguel Álvarez-Fernández". Blog del experto FNAC, 2 August 2013.
Scaravaggi, Silvia. [n.d.] "Alvarez-Fernandez: Sound Amateur". Digimag 27, sept 07.

Experimental musicians
Sound artists
Spanish installation artists
Spanish contemporary artists
21st-century classical composers
Spanish musicologists
Spanish classical composers
Spanish male classical composers
Artists from Madrid
Complutense University of Madrid alumni
Living people
1979 births
University of Oviedo alumni
Spanish radio personalities
21st-century male musicians

Miguel Álvarez-Fernández


The Ofudesaki (おふでさき, "Tip of the Writing Brush") is the most important scripture in Tenrikyo. It is one of Tenrikyo's three scriptures (sangenten 三原典), along with the Mikagura-uta ("The Songs for the Service") and the Osashizu ("Divine Directions"). A 17-volume collection of 1,711 waka poems, the Ofudesaki was composed by the foundress of Tenrikyo, Miki Nakayama, from 1869 to 1882.

Etymology and meaning
The name Ofudesaki can be split into three smaller segments. O is an honorific prefix, fude translates to "brush," and saki translates to "tip." Thus, the Ofudesaki has been referred to in English as The Tip of the Writing Brush. It was even once referred to as "The Book of Revelations" in early English Tenrikyo literature. It is a convention in Tenrikyo literature to write Ofudesaki in hiragana (おふでさき) as opposed to kanji.

Nakayama's intention for the Ofudesaki is explained in the scripture itself:This is a world constructed on reason. So I shall press upon you everything with the reason in verse. /
I shall press, though not by force or word of mouth. I shall press by the tip of My writing brush. /
It is all very well if you err in nothing. But should you err, I shall inform you by verse. (Ofudesaki I:21–23)

Content

The main theme of the Ofudesaki has been described as "a development toward the perfection of Tsutome, the Service, through which, alone, human salvation can be realized." To that end, the Ofudesaki addresses other themes such as the purpose of human existence, the definition of good and evil, the cause of illness, the relationship between God, humans, and the universe, socio-ethical principles, and eschatology.

The Ofudesaki addresses these themes in different ways. Sometimes the verses employ simple metaphors and allegories. Other times the verses are instructions originally intended for specific people in Miki Nakayama's day.

History

Background
The inscription of Part I of the Ofudesaki reads, "From the 1st month in the 2nd year of Meiji, the year of the Serpent", which means that the composition of the Ofudesaki began sometime in 1869 according to the Gregorian calendar. This year saw the end of the Boshin War, a civil war between the ruling forces of the Tokugawa shogunate and those seeking to return political power to the Imperial Court, and the beginning of the Meiji Restoration, a period of modernization and reform for the Empire of Japan.

The inscription continues with the words, "An old woman of 72 years." The 'old woman' refers to Miki Nakayama, who at that point had been allegedly possessed by a god for about three decades. In 1853, she had the Nakayama family's main house dismantled and sold and had the remaining rice fields mortgaged a couple of years later. In 1864, a carpenter from Ichinomoto Village named Izo Iburi visited Miki Nakayama, and as a gesture of gratitude, constructed a place where followers could pray, laying down the foundation for the structure known today as Tenrikyo Church Headquarters. From 1866 to 1869, she taught her followers a prayer service.

Composition
An oral account of the writing of the Ofudesaki has been recorded in a Tenrikyo supplementary text (jungenten 準原典) known as the Anecdotes of Oyasama. A follower named Shirobei Umetani recalled Miki Nakayama saying:
You know there is the Fudesaki. What do you think of it? The seventeen parts of the Fudesaki were not completed in a short while. God spoke into my ears, saying, 'Do not look at any writings, even the charge book from a bean curd shop.' I wondered why. Then God said, 'Brush, brush, take up the brush.' I took the brush up for the first time at New Year's when I became seventy-two years old. And when I took the brush up, My hand moved by itself. From heaven, God did it. After what was to be done was finished, My hand became numb and it could not be moved. God said, 'Calm Your mind, and read this. If You find something You cannot understand, ask Me.' I added brush strokes when I found something I could not understand. That is the Fudesaki.

The seventeen parts of the Ofudesaki were written as follows (brackets indicate that the date is based on assumption since no date is inscribed):

Nakayama composed over half of the total number of Ofudesaki verses (i.e. Part III to Part XI) in the years 1874–1875.

Exterior Volume
In addition to the manuscripts kept at her residence, Nakayama produced manuscripts that were given to individual followers. The term "exterior volume" (gesatsu) comes from an inscription written by the Maegawas (Miki's birth family) in Sanmaiden Village on the cover of one of the manuscript portions that Nakayama gave to them on 18 June 1874. She presented them to the Maegawas as a gesture of gratitude for making the kagura masks that were to be used in the prayer service she taught her followers. The inscription reads, "An exterior volume. Written by God. Written in Her seventy-seventh year." The Maegawas used the term to distinguish the portions they received from Nakayama from the original Ofudesaki kept at her residence, even though their portions were also in Nakayama's handwriting. The second Shinbashira (leader of Tenrikyo), Shozen Nakayama, later adopted the term to refer to the fourteen verses that were written in Miki Nakayama's handwriting and given away. Though these verses are considered to be the unnumbered verses of the Ofudesaki, they are not published with the Ofudesaki.

Publication
Though Miki Nakayama had completed the Ofudesaki in 1882, the scriptures were not printed until 1928. Until then the Ofudesaki was only available in the form of hand-copied manuscripts.

In March 1883, the local police visited the Nakayama residence and attempted to confiscate the Ofudesaki manuscripts so that they could be destroyed. However, Shinnosuke Nakayama, the grandson of Miki, claimed that two women at the residence, Omasa and Osato, had already burned them in compliance with a patrolman's order. Thereby the Ofudesaki manuscripts remained intact, and have survived to this day.

In 1939, Tenrikyo Church Headquarters announced the change of its doctrine and ritual, under pressure to comply with the demands of State Shinto. Copies of the Ofudesaki and the Osashizu (Divine Directions) were recalled from local churches, and the Ofudesaki was not allowed to be preached until the end of World War II. With the adoption of the Constitution of Japan in 1947 and the establishment of freedom of religion in Japan, Tenrikyo Church Headquarters was legally allowed to restore its scriptures to their original form and disseminate them freely. On 26 July 1948, an Ofudesaki with interpretive explanations was published and offered to all local churches.

Since then the Ofudesaki has been translated into a number of languages. A trial translation was published in series in the journal Fukugen from 1946–7. The first edition English translation was published in 1971, and the sixth edition (the most recent as of 2017) was published in 1993. A volume containing the English (sixth edition), Japanese, and romanization (2nd edition) was published in 1998.

Style

Poetic form and script
The verses of the Ofudesaki are generally in a traditional poetic style known as waka. A waka poem contains thirty-one syllables and is subdivided into two lines. The Ofudesaki is mostly written in a Japanese phonetic syllabary (a precursor to modern hiragana) and employs relatively few kanji (only forty-nine distinct characters).

Grammar and syntax
Nakayama wrote the Ofudesaki in her native language and dialect, the Japanese language in a dialect called Yamato kotoba or the "language of the Yamato region." Her script seems to be consistent with how rural people in Japan wrote during the late Edo period, when the standardized writing system had yet to be widely adopted. However, as of 2010, a detailed grammatical study has yet to be made of the language of the Ofudesaki.

Commentaries so far have tended to explain specific terms from the perspective that the language of the Ofudesaki is not significantly different from the commonly spoken language of the day, meaning that it suffices to understand the Ofudesaki as a reader of that place and time would have understood it. However, the Ofudesaki contains certain syntactical features that require particular care in interpretation, such as non-indicative moods that may be referred to as subjunctive, optative, or imperative. For example, there are verses that should be construed as an imperative, which indicates a command, but are constructed as an optative expressing a wish.

References

Further reading

Inoue, Akio and Eynon, Matthew. A Study of the Ofudesaki. 2nd edition, Tenrikyo Doyusha, 1987, Tenri, Japan.
Nakayama, Shozen. Thoughts on a Thematic Outline of the Ofudesaki.

External links
"The Ofudesaki, The Tip of the Writing Brush" by Yoshikazu Fukaya
"Tenrikyō" from World Religions & Spirituality Project

Tenrikyo
Religious texts

Ofudesaki


Amir Fryszer Guttman (April 25, 1976 – July 23, 2017) was an Israeli singer, musician, choreographer, actor, and theater director. He died from drowning after being swept away in the Mediterranean Sea following his nine-year-old niece, whom he had held above water; his niece survived.

Biography
Amir Fryszer Guttman was born as Amir Feiger in Kiryat Haim to a Romanian-born couple. He shortened his original family name to Fei when his parents divorced and added the surname of his maternal grandfather, Guttman, in honor of family members perished in the Holocaust. Fey Guttman began his career as a young journalist and model. After serving in the Israel Defense Forces, he joined an Eilat hotel's entertainment troupe.

In 1996 he was selected by Hed Arzi Music to join a new boy band called "Hi-Five". Until it was dismantled in 2000, the band released three albums, all of which reached gold status, and an EP, and won the Festigal twice. He released two solo albums during his career: "Mantra" (2000), and "Honey In Beehives" (2007). He wrote and composed several songs for other artists, including Roni Dalumi, Tal Mosseri, Roni Duani, Eliana Tidhar and Tuval Shafir. He also worked as a choreographer and as a producer for Hamsa (musical group), David D'Or, Miri Mesika and as a director/assistant directors for plays such as the Israeli versions of High School Musical and The Jungle Book, amongst others, that featured many stars, including Tuvia Tzafir, Zachi Noy and many others.

References

1976 births
2017 deaths
Deaths by drowning
Israeli singers
LGBT singers
People from Haifa

Amir Fryszer Guttman


The French Revolution (1789–1799) was a period of radical social and political upheaval in French and European history. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three years. French society underwent an epic transformation as feudal, aristocratic and religious privileges evaporated under a sustained assault from liberal political groups and the masses on the streets. Old ideas about hierarchy and tradition succumbed to new Enlightenment principles of citizenship and inalienable rights.

Itokasi

ìtàn ilẹ̀ Fránsì

Ìjídìde Fránsì


Endies (short for 'Employed, but No Disposable Income or Savings') are workers struggling to get by on modest incomes. The term was coined in 2014 by Charles Leadbeater in a report for the think tank Centre for London. The report identified the huge number of households in London struggling to balance rising living costs with falling incomes in the aftermath of the 2008 economic crisis.

Endies find life increasingly hard. Their wages have stalled, while living costs – especially housing, transport, energy and childcare – keep going up. They are trapped in particular between a highly flexible competitive labour market and a deeply dysfunctional housing market – for most, owning a home is an ever more distant dream. Endies can be seen as a sub-group of the Squeezed Middle – they work hard and earn too much to claim benefits. But they have no money to put down roots, get a stable home of their own, or enjoy life. The report which coined the term suggests that about one in five London household falls into this category.

Leadbeater characterises Endies in terms of both income and values. In the introduction to Hollow Promise Leadbeater writes that "in contrast to the Yuppies who were proudly ostentatious, the Endies live quiet and modest lives largely hidden from view for a simple reason: most of the time they cannot afford to go out. Life is an endless treadmill of work, commuting and recovering at home, often with the Internet for company and little other respite... A quiet sense of crisis is the Endies' persistent companion yet they are largely hidden from view, uncomplaining and overlooked by both public services and the market."
Endies believe in a social contract according to which, if you work hard and contribute, you should be able to live a decent life and your children a better one still. Yet they find that London is no longer honouring its side of the contract: they work hard in vital jobs but struggle to survive.

References

Social groups
Social class subcultures
Working-class culture

Endies


Indians is the moniker and alter ego of Danish singer-songwriter and musician Søren Løkke Juul signed to 4AD record label. In concerts, he is accompanied by some musicians also collectively known as Indians. Village Voice has dubbed Søren Løkke Juul / Indians as "Denmark's Bon Iver"

Performing his first solo show with the moniker Indians in February 2012, he self-released his debut single on 7" a few months later. He also extensively toured Europe and North America with the likes of Other Lives, Beirut, Perfume Genius, Phosphorescent and Daughter. He was eventually signed to British well-known indie record label 4AD with his debut album Somewhere Else released in Europe on 28 January 2013 and in North America the following day. The album charted in his home country in February 2013. He also had a song "Oblivion" featured on The Fault in Our Stars (soundtrack).

Discography

Albums

Singles
2012: "I Am Haunted"

References

External links
4AD Indians page

Danish male singers
Danish songwriters
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Indians (musician)


Dennis Publishing Ltd. was a British publisher. It was founded in 1973 by Felix Dennis. Its first publication was a kung-fu magazine. Most of its titles now belong to Future plc.

In the 1980s, it became a leading publisher of computer enthusiast magazines in the United Kingdom. In the 1990s, it expanded to the American market, where it published the lifestyle magazines Maxim, the consumer electronics magazine Stuff, and the music magazine Blender. In 2007, the company sold all its American holdings, with the exception of the U.S. edition of The Week.

Felix Dennis died in 2014, leaving ownership of the company to the charity organization Heart of England Forest.  In 2018, the company was sold to Exponent, a British private equity firm.

Future plc acquired the company and its 12 titles in August 2021, absorbing them into Future Publishing.

History

Foundation and early development
Felix Dennis started in the magazine business in the late 1960s as one of the editors of the counterculture magazine OZ. In the mid-1970s, Dennis Publishing was born, beginning with a kung-fu magazine, Kung Fu Monthly.

Dennis followed this up in the early 1980s by publishing titles in the emerging computer enthusiast sector, including Your Spectrum (later renamed Your Sinclair and sold to Future Publishing). Dennis has since maintained a foothold in the computer magazine business – until Maxims success in the United States in the late 1990s, computer magazines were the mainstay of Dennis' magazine holdings, second only to Future Publishing in the UK.

In 1987 the publisher was renamed from Sportscene Specialist Press to Dennis Publishing.

Dennis Publishing, Inc. published one of the most successful modern men's lifestyle magazines in America – Maxim (2.5 million rate base) – along with Stuff (1.3 million rate base) and general interest music magazine Blender (800,000 rate base).

2000–2021
On 5 February 2005, Maxim Radio was launched on Sirius Satellite Radio. On 12 November 2008, Sirius and XM merged, and five days later Sirius XM Stars Too debuted on Sirius Satellite Radio on Sirius 108 and XM 139. In May 2011, Stars Too moved to channel 104 on both services.

On 15 February 2007, Dennis Publishing, Inc. announced that it had retained media investment firm Allen & Company as its exclusive financial advisor to explore various strategic alternatives available to the company including a possible sale of the company. In June 2007, all of Dennis's United States holdings – minus the U.S. edition of The Week – were sold to the private equity firm Quadrangle Group. This included the editions of Maxim, Stuff and Blender.

In January 2008, Dennis Publishing acquired the online news site The First Post for an undisclosed sum. In February, Dennis Publishing announced the launch of iGizmo, a free fortnightly interactive digital magazine dedicated to gadgets and consumer technology, launching on 11 March. In November, Dennis Publishing acquired the online games and hardware enthusiast website Bit-Tech for an undisclosed sum.

For 2012, Dennis Publishing, producing more than 50 magazines, increased its group pre-tax profits by 35% year-on-year from £4.1m to £5.5m. Group operating profit climbed almost 12% to £4.9m. Group turnover, excluding share of joint venture revenues, rose slightly year on year to just over £70m. Revenues including joint ventures climbed 3% to £77.7m. Operations in the UK accounted for almost 84% of total revenues.

After Felix Dennis' death in 2014, Dennis Publishing was owned by the Heart of England Forest Charity, a charity set up by Dennis to replant trees.

In 2015, Dennis Publishing invested £3million in the launch of Coach, a free health and fitness magazine for men with a circulation of 300,000. The launch editor was Ed Needham.

In 2017, based on DoG Tech's rapid growth in the United States and other markets, Dennis Publishing entered into a joint venture agreement with DoG Tech LLC.

In July 2017, Dennis Publishing acquired MoneyWeek, UK's best-selling financial magazine.

In July 2018, Dennis Publishing was bought by Exponent, a British private equity firm. The proceeds from the sale went to the Heart of England Forest charity and the speculated figure for the acquisition was £150 million.

In October 2018, Dennis Publishing launched Driving Electric, a website focused on hybrid and electric car reviews, news, features and videos aimed at UK consumers.

In February 2019, Dennis Publishing acquired Kiplinger, an American publisher of personal finance and business publications such as the personal finance magazine Kiplinger's Personal Finance and the weekly business and economic forecasting newsletter The Kiplinger Letter. The company also owns the website Kiplinger.com. The terms of the deal were not disclosed. Later that year, Dennis Publishing divested its share in Den of Geek World Limited to its partner, DoG Tech LLC.

In February 2020, Dennis Publishing announced plans to launch a United States version of The Week Junior, a weekly subscription print magazine aimed at children aged 8 to 14 which was initially published in the UK in 2015.

In March 2021, Exponent separated Dennis Publishing's automotive assets into an independent division within Dennis called Autovia Limited.

2021 sale to Future plc
In August 2021, Future plc acquired Dennis Publishing Ltd and its 12 titles (including The Week) while Exponent moved Cyclist, Expert Reviews, Fortean Times, and Viz into a separate holding company called Broadleaf Group. Dennis Publishing's automotive assets were transferred to now-independent Autovia Limited.

Dennis Digital
Dennis Digital, formerly known as MaximNet, which launched in 1999, is the interactive Internet and mobile division of Dennis Publishing, which publishes Maxim, Stuff, and The Week, and previously published (now defunct) Blender.

Publications
Dennis Publishing titles up until Autovia Limited spin-out and Future plc acquisition including:

 Auto Express
 Carbuyer
 Carthrottle
 Channel Pro
 CloudPro
 Coach
 Computeract!ve
 Cyclist
 Driving Electric
 evo
 Fortean Times
 IT Pro Kiplinger's Personal Finance Minecraft World MoneyWeek PC Pro The Week Viz

References

British companies established in 1973
British companies disestablished in 2021
2018 mergers and acquisitions
2021 mergers and acquisitions
Magazine publishing companies of the United Kingdom
Publishers of adult comics
Publishing companies established in 1973
Publishing companies disestablished in 2021
1973 establishments in England
2021 disestablishments in England
Privately held companies based in London
Publishing companies based in London

Dennis Publishing


St Helen and St Giles is a church and landmark of Rainham and is the oldest building in the London Borough of Havering (being Norman). The church retains many of its original features, for example the round-headed arches. It was founded by Richard de Lucy, the son-in-law of Henry II of England. de Lucy was also one of the instigators of the assassination of Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury, in 1170. Construction of the church took place between 1160 and 1170. The church was restored during the period of 1893–1906, using donations from the Freemasons, yet it is still thought to closely resemble its original condition.

The Rectory Manor, also known as Parsonage Farm, was initially part of Rainham Manor, but in 1178 the King granted it to Lesnes Abbey, which owned it until the Dissolution of the Monasteries, when it was conveyed to Cardinal Wolsey. After Wolsey's fall the Rectory Manor fell to Sir Robert Southwell, and eventually to a group of five Londoners. In 1714 Rectory Manor was reunited with Jordans Manor by William Blackborrne of Hornchurch, who left the two manors to Lincoln's Inn barrister Levett Blackborne, grandson of Sir Richard Levett, Lord Mayor of London. On Levett Blackborne's death, the combined manor was sold to the Crosse family of Berwick manor, who owned it into the twentieth century, when it was broken up for development.

References

Church of England church buildings in the London Borough of Havering
Grade I listed churches in London
Grade I listed buildings in the London Borough of Havering

Church of St Helen and St Giles


Founded in 1993, ESTsoft is a South Korean application software  development company. Its software ranges from desktop to business software for enterprises.

Products
There are several products marketed under the "ALTools" product line. In Korea, "Al" means "egg", and numerous products under this category have egg-themed icons and mascots. ALTools products include:

ALZip - A compression and archiving utility, supporting several archiving formats, including ISO
ALFTP - An FTP client and server
ALSee - An image viewer and photo editor
ALPass - A password manager for web sites (update service end)
ALGIF - A GIF animation program (update end)
ALSong - An MP3 player which supports online content
ALShow - A media player
ALMap - A family of digital map viewers and GPS (both software and hardware) (update end)
ALX - Digital rights management software
ALToolbar - A toolbar for Internet Explorer
ALYac - An antivirus based on BitDefender engine

Other ESTsoft products include:

InternetDISK - Online storage solution
iDisk - A version of InternetDISK designed for ISPs to host larger amounts of data
iMan - Instant Messaging software
Cabal Online - A Massive Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game
Cabal 2 - A Massive Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game
HeroesGo (also known as Howling Sword) - A Massive Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game that has similar core gameplay to DFO/Rusty Hearts/Elsword

References

External links
 ESTsoft site

Companies established in 1993
Software companies of South Korea
South Korean brands

ESTsoft


7554: Glorious Memories Revived () is a first-person shooter video game developed by Vietnamese video game developer Emobi Games for Windows. It was released for Vietnamese markets on December 16, 2011.

The game is set during the Franco-Vietnamese War from 1946 to 1954. The title is a reference to May 7, 1954, which was the date of the Việt Minh's victory over France at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu.

Although the website is currently down, the game can still be downloaded from a Wayback Machine capture

Gameplay
The player assumes the role of a Việt Minh soldier during the First Indochina War. Many gameplay features seen in contemporary FPS games such as Call of Duty have been replicated in 7554.

The player can only carry up to two firearms plus a melee weapon and hand grenades. Different weapons and ammo can be picked up from fallen soldiers and other locations while fixed weapon emplacements can also be used. The heads-up display shows an ammo counter and a stance icon. The player can crouch and lie prone (but cannot move and shoot at the same time), and is able to scale low walls and other obstacles.

If the player sustains damage, the screen will gradually turn red and the sound of the character's heartbeat will increase in volume, indicating low health. As a result, players should find safe cover to crouch or lie prone to restore their health. A grenade icon shows the player the direction and proximity of grenades about to explode. They can also die if they are too close to any explosions. A number of AI non-player characters are also available to assist the player but they cannot be issued commands.

The weapons used in the game are based on actual weapons the Việt Minh used during the war. Some, including the Arisaka rifle were sourced from Japanese armories captured after the Japanese surrender following World War II.

Plot

Characters
The player-character initially assumes the role of Hoàng Đăng Bình, a Việt Minh soldier who gets caught up in the war. He is joined by heavy weapons specialist Nguyễn Thế Vinh, marksman Lưu Trọng Hà, and anti-aircraft specialist Hoàng Đăng An (who is also Bình's younger brother). Over the course of the game, the player perspective switches between each of the four men.

Story
The game begins with a historical exposition of French rule over Indochina from 1858 until the outbreak of the Franco-Vietnamese War in 1946.

At the start of the game, Binh answers the Vietnamese leadership's call to arms against the French. He joins the defense of the Metropole Hanoi from French forces during the Battle of Hanoi. As he links up with Hà and Vinh, the French wear down the defenses and assault the hotel at night. Vietnamese forces head to the mountains to launch a guerrilla war. Now part of the Việt Minh's 204th regiment in October 1950, Binh's team is assigned to attack a French fort astride Route Coloniale 4 and rescue captured prisoners. The troops fight their way to the town of Đông Khê as French forces pull out. Vinh is later assigned to the 9th Infantry Regiment as it ambushes a French column out of Hòa Bình in December 1952. However, one of the tanks slips through the cordon and seemingly kills Binh. With his last breath, Binh asks Vinh to give him a letter to his family as Vinh later destroys the tank.

Several months later, in late 1953, General Võ Nguyên Giáp's assaults into Laos later results in Gen Henri Navarre replacing Raoul Salan and advocating a new defensive strategy. An joins the 148th regiment in the attack on Dien Bien Phu as the French launches Operation Castor. An later laments that Binh, who recovered to join an attack on Giang Mo, has not been heard from since he was relocated to a military hospital in the rear.

The Dien Bien Phu siege finally begins in March 1954 and An is reassigned to the 316th Division for the initial assault. French troops attack in an attempt to silence the 316th's artillery positions in a hill east of the camp, but are heavily repelled within hours; the hill is later named the "Hill of Medals." Vinh, meanwhile, is part of the attack force on Beatrice; the success of the attack leads to the fall of Gabrielle and Ban Keo within days. An, who was present at the Hill of Medals, helps in the defense of Gabrielle against French airstrikes. Ha is with the 304th Division as part of sniper teams attacking Isabelle. Binh is assigned to a commando raid on a French airbase to disrupt air support missions to Dien Bien Phu. Vinh is part of the troops attacking Eliane 1 and participates in the brutal fighting over the hill (where he is either KIA or WIA after destroying a tank).

Binh returns to the Dien Bien Phu front on May 6 as the Việt Minh begin their final assault, starting with a dynamite blast on Eliane 2. In the midst of the battle, Binh briefly reunites with Ha before heading back into action; Ha is later killed. During the final attack, Binh unexpectedly reunites with An and learns about their mother's death. Binh's team captures a French soldier and forces him to point out Col Christian de Castries' command bunker; however, French troops open fire and An is hit in the process as he encourages his comrades to rush the bunker. Binh kills the soldiers and later holds An in his arms. An apologizes to Binh before he passes away (later on he is confirmed alive by the developer). Other soldiers start herding away French troops and a soldier raises the Vietnamese Yellow Star flag over the bunker.

Development

Emobi Games started the project in October 2008 amidst relative secrecy. The development team used Havok's Vision Engine 8 graphics engine, NVidia's PhysX physics engine, and Xaitment's XaitMap and XaitControl AI programs to create the game. Despite the high system requirements such programs needed, the development team is reportedly optimizing the game to run on systems with much lower hardware configurations.

To lend authenticity to the game, Vietnam's cultural authorities provided the researchers with information on Việt Minh and French actions during the war.

A video depicting early gameplay footage was released on April 1, 2010, but was given little attention due to being April Fool's Day. A trailer that confirmed the existence of the game was released on May 7, 2010. A demo video of the project, showing the siege of the Hanoi Metropole Hotel in December 1946, was shown in September 2010. Another trailer was introduced in June 2011.

Release
The game was released for the Vietnamese market on December 16, 2011. It was later translated for Western release on July 20, 2012. The export version features the original Vietnamese audio track.

Reception
The game received mostly negative reviews. Metacritic reported 2 mixed and 5 negative reviews. Chris Watters of GameSpot graded the game at 3.5/10, stating that it lacks many hallmarks expected of modern-day first-person shooter video games. In the Vietnamese market, the game received the 2012 Reader's Choice Award from PC World Vietnam.

References

External links

2011 video games
First-person shooters
Cold War video games
Video games set in Vietnam
Vision (game engine) games
Windows games
Windows-only games
Video games developed in Vietnam
Video games using PhysX

7554


Eagle Street Fig Trees is a heritage-listed group of trees at 118A Eagle Street, Brisbane City, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. They were planted  by Walter Hill. It is also known as Fig Tree Reserve and Plantation Reserve. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 May 2004.

History
The small triangular reserve at the intersection of Eagle, Elizabeth and Creek Streets was granted to the (North) Brisbane Municipal Council by Queen Victoria, signed by the Governor of Queensland, Sir Henry Wylie Norman, on 16 May 1889.

It was gazetted on 17 May 1889 as, "745 Folio 210 101/11 perches... Reserve for Plantation, urinal etc. only and for no other purpose whatsoever... Rent: 1 peppercorn per year if demanded by the Queen Victoria and her heirs forever.  Mineral Rights reserved by the Crown." The land could be resumed if these conditions were not observed.

Walter Hill planted the three fig trees located on the site. He was appointed Brisbane's first superintendent of the Brisbane Botanic Gardens in 1855 and remained a key figure in the management of the Gardens until 1881.

Public toilets were constructed on the reserve but were removed in the 1970s. The area has been paved, and 19th-century reproduction light fittings have been installed, as well as facilities such as garbage containers and seats.

Description
The reserve is a triangular island located at the intersection of Eagle, Elizabeth and Creek Streets. The site, consisting of a partially paved and landscaped area, is dominated by the huge fig trees that provide a striking visual effect in the business precinct of the Eagle Street area.

The reserve is planted with three fig trees, two White Figs (Ficus virens) and one Banyan Fig (Ficus benghalensis). The branches of the Banyan Figs are supported with prop roots that develop from the aerial roots that are produced to gather moisture from the atmosphere. The White Fig is taller than the Banyan and has pale green foliage which first appears as a shade of pink or bronze. This species is found occurring naturally in Queensland and throughout tropical Asia.

There are two interpretive bronze plaques located on site. The first of the bronze plaques is mounted on a small plinth and contains an engraved inscription. The inscription describes the natural features of the site as it was in 1889, the history of the site prior to 1889 and the role it played in the commercial activities of the area. The second plaque contains a map showing the course of the creek that originally flowed through the site.

Heritage listing
Eagle Street Fig Trees was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 May 2004 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.

The Eagle Street Fig Trees are important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history. The Fig Trees or "Plantation Reserve" is important because it survives as a remnant of the development of the area during the first half of the nineteenth century. Early photographs of the area show rows of horse and carts lined up to service the wharf area and adjacent warehouses. The area was established as a Reserve in the late 19th century to provide an area for the carriers to rest and refresh themselves amidst an area of high activity.

The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.

As a representative of a mid-Victorian era Reserve, the Eagle Street Fig Trees demonstrate rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage. Located in a busy trading precinct, the Eagle Street Fig Trees provided workmen with respite from the hectic wharf trading area. The Fig Trees have retained this function in their current setting.

The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.

The Eagle Street Fig Trees have landmark value at the intersection of several major streets in Brisbane's central business district and provide shade and visual amenity.

Plaques

References

Attribution

External links

Queensland Heritage Register
Heritage of Brisbane
Brisbane central business district
Forests of Queensland
Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register
Individual fig trees
Elizabeth Street, Brisbane
Creek Street, Brisbane
Eagle Street, Brisbane
1889 establishments in Australia

Eagle Street Fig Trees


Ken Oosterbroek (14 February 1962 – 18 April 1994) was a South African photojournalist and member of the Bang-Bang Club. He worked for The Star in Johannesburg, which was South Africa's biggest daily broadsheet. He won numerous photography awards for his work.

Biography
Oosterbroek initially struggled to get his start in photography, going from paper to paper trying to get a job based on photos he'd taken illegally during his military service in southern Angola. Years later, in 1989, he achieved his first success, winning the Ilford Award (South African Press Photographer of the Year). In reference to this, he wrote:And then in the morning this kind of emptiness or what-now feeling and it just wasn't so important anymore. I've got it, it's history, it's on record and now my head is free of a single-minded one-stop goal. Now I can really let it rip. Will somebody please give me a gap to let it rip? BUT, give me a break to shoot the real thing. Real, happening, life. Relevant work. Something to get the adrenaline up and the eyes peeled, the brain rolling over with possibilities and the potential for powerhouse pictures. I am a photographer. Set me free. He would be named South African Press Photographer of the Year again by 1991, and in August of that year he was chief photographer at The Star.

Death
Oosterbroek was shot and killed by members of South Africa's National Peacekeeping Force (NPKF) in Thokoza Township, about  east of Johannesburg, on 18 April, nine days before the 27 April 1994 elections in South Africa, the country's first all-race elections. He and other photographers were covering a clash between peacekeepers and the African National Congress when the peacekeepers opened fire and shot Oosterbroek and fellow Bang-Bang Club member Greg Marinovich.

In July 1995, South Africa began a fifteen-month inquest into Oosterbroek's death. Despite overwhelming evidence and ballistics proving that only the peacekeepers were close enough to have shot and killed him, the magistrate ruled that no one could be found responsible for Oosterbroek's death. However, in January 1999, photographer Greg Marinovich, a close friend of Oosterbroek's, had a chance meeting with one of the peacekeepers who had been fighting in Thokoza the day of Oosterbroek's death, Brian Mkhize. Although Mkhize initially claimed it must have been Inkatha supporters shooting from the hostel that were responsible, on 14 February 1999, he said that out of fear and panic, the peacekeepers had unthinkingly opened fire. He stated: "I think, somewhere, somehow ... I think somewhere, one of us, the bullet that killed your brother – it came from us."

Kevin Carter wrote about Ken Oosterbroek in his suicide note, "[...] I have gone to join Ken if I am that lucky."

Oosterbroek's life and photographs are recorded in The Invisible Line: The life and photography of Ken Oosterbroek by Mike Nicol (Kwela Books & Random House 1998).

Awards
Oosterbroek was nominated for the South African Press Photographer of The Year three times and won a second prize in General News category of World Press Photo in 1992.

Personal life
Oosterbroek was married to journalist Monica Oosterbroek (née Nicolson), from 1991 until his death. He had one daughter, named Tabitha (born 1989), from a previous relationship.

References

Further reading

1962 births
1994 deaths
Afrikaner people
South African people of Dutch descent
People from Johannesburg
War photographers
South African military personnel of the Border War
South African photojournalists
Deaths by firearm in South Africa
Bang-Bang Club
South African photographers

Ken Oosterbroek


Greg Pearce is an Australian journalist.

Career
Originally a booth announcer with the ABC, Pearce became best known as presenter of the Ten News bulletin for Perth, prior to that he had been a short term news presenter for Seven News in Melbourne and had a short stint with Nine.

Originally produced locally in Perth, the 5pm news production was moved to Sydney as Network Ten claimed the upgrade of the Perth studios was too expensive at the time. Pearce continued to present Perth's news, from Sydney, with Christina Morrisey and later Celina Edmonds. He also often filled in for Sandra Sully on Ten Late News.

After 15 years as the presenter for Ten News Perth, Pearce cited family reasons and resigned from Ten to return full-time to Western Australia.

He worked with ABC Local Radio in South Western Australia, presenting ABC South West's Breakfast show. Pearce was offered the chance to return to Nine and present Nine News Perth with Dixie Marshall. He replaced Sonia Vinci who was to move to the new local version of A Current Affair but resigned for family reasons.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Seven News presenters
Nine News presenters
10 News First presenters

Greg Pearce (news presenter)


What Price Glory is a 1952 American Technicolor war film based on a 1924 play by Maxwell Anderson and Laurence Stallings, though it used virtually none of Anderson's dialogue. Originally intended as a musical, it was filmed as a straight comedy-drama, directed by John Ford and released by 20th Century Fox on August 22, 1952, in the U.S. The screenplay was written by Phoebe and Henry Ephron, and stars James Cagney and Dan Dailey as US Marines in World War I.

Plot
Upon the United States entry into World War I, the first American units to arrive at the front in France are veteran Marine companies, one of which is commanded by Captain Flagg, along with his lieutenants, Moore and Aldrich.  Flagg has developed a romantic relationship with the daughter of the local innkeeper, Charmaine, and resumes their relationship after returning from the front.  However, he lies to her and tells her he is married when she wants to come with him on his leave to Paris.  Replacements arrive and their lack of discipline and knowledge infuriate the captain.  But he is expecting the arrival of a new top sergeant, who he hopes will be able to train them properly. However, when the sergeant arrives, it is Quirt, Captain Flagg's longtime rival, and their rivalry quickly re-ignites.

Flagg leaves for Paris, and while he is away, Quirt begins to romance Charmaine.  At the same time, another of the new arrivals, Private Lewisohn, begins a romance with a young woman of the village.  When Flagg returns, he is approached by Charmaine's father, Whiskey Pete, who expresses concern over his daughter's relationship with Quirt.  Flagg becomes angry, as Quirt has moved in on other girlfriends of Flagg in the past.  But he sees this as an opportunity to get even with Quirt once and for all, by using Pete's concern to force Quirt to marry Charmaine, taking him off the market once and for all.  As the wedding approaches, the unit receives orders to move back to the front lines.  Flagg sees an opportunity to add insult to injury by not informing Quirt of the impending deployment, until after the wedding, which would mean sending Quirt into battle immediately after the ceremony.

As he sets up Quirt's wedding, Flagg is approached by Lewisohn, who wants to marry Nicole Bouchard, a local girl he has known for eight days.  Flagg convinces him to wait.  Brigadier General Cokely visits the unit shortly before deployment, promising Flagg that if they can capture an Imperial German Army officer, he will allow the company to retire from the front, as well as giving a week's leave to Flagg. Flagg's surprise is spoiled, and Quirt refuses to marry Charmaine, offering Flagg the choice of taking him into battle or sending him to headquarters to be court-martialed.  Flagg realizes Quirt's value in battle and takes him to the front lines.

At the front, Flagg's attempts to capture a live German officer lead to the death of Lieutenant Moore, after which a wounded Aldrich goads Flagg and Quirt in attempting to capture the officer themselves. On their way behind enemy lines, they both realize they love Charmaine, which once again re-heats their rivalry.  The two do manage to capture a German colonel, but as they are bringing him back to the American lines, they are hit by a German barrage, killing the colonel and wounding Quirt. Quirt taunts Flagg with the fact that he will be going back to the village first, giving him the first shot at Charmaine. Right after he leaves for the base hospital in the village, Lewisohn brings a German lieutenant he has captured to Flagg.  The joy is short-lived however, as Lewisohn is almost immediately killed by a German barrage after handing his prisoner over.

Flagg calls Cokely to tell him of the officer's capture, only to have Cokely renege on his pledge to withdraw Flagg's company from the front.  As Flagg leads his Marines deeper into enemy territory, Quirt begins to woo Charmaine.  Before the two can marry, Flagg returns from the front, confesses to her that he is not married, and proposes to her.  Charmaine cannot decide between the two men, leading to a fight between them.  The two decide to play cards for the right to marry Charmaine.  Flagg wins, after bluffing Quirt, but before he can marry Charmaine, Sergeants Lipinsky and Kiper arrive and let Flagg know they have been ordered back to the front.  After initially balking at the order, Flagg realizes he cannot desert his men.

As the Marines move out, Flagg tells Kiper that he has been discharged, and that he has kept the discharge hidden from him for over a year.  Rather than become angry, Kiper slings his weapon over his shoulder and joins the Marines marching out.  Quirt, meanwhile, can stay behind, due to his injury, but he also picks up his rifle and joins his company.

Cast

 James Cagney as Captain Flagg
 Corinne Calvet as Charmaine
 Dan Dailey as 1st Sergeant Quirt
 William Demarest as Corporal Kiper
 Craig Hill as Lieutenant Aldrich
 Robert Wagner as Private Lewisohn
 Marisa Pavan as Nicole Bouchard
 Max Showalter as Lieutenant Moore (as Casey Adams)
 James Gleason as Brigadier General Cokely
 Wally Vernon as Lipinsky
 Harry Morgan as Sergeant Moran (uncredited)
 Tom Tyler as Captain Davis (uncredited)
 Paul Fix as Gowdy (uncredited)
 Henri Letondal as Cognac Pete (Charmaine's father)

Production

John Ford stage show
Ford had directed the play on stage in Los Angeles in 1949, as a benefit for the Military Order of the Purple Heart, of which Ford was commander. The roles of Quint and Flagg would be played by Pat O'Brien and Ward Bond respectively; Maureen O'Hara played Charmaine and Gregory Peck and John Wayne played Lt Aldrich and Lt Cunningham. Harry Carey Jnr and George O'Brien were also in the cast. It toured throughout California in February and March, with performances given in venues such as Pasadena, San Jose, San Francisco and Long Beach.

Development
In June 1951 the Ephrons were reportedly working on a script, called Charmaine. It was originally slated to star Micheline Presle in the title role and Wayne reprising his role from the stage play. In September producer Sol C. Siegel said the film would be done as a musical. Dan Dailey had signed to star and James Cagney was being sought to play the other leading role. "The music won't be obtrusive", said Siegel. Corinne Calvet then signed to costar.

By October Cagney was set to star alongside Dailey and Calvet. Filming was to star December 10 at Camp Pendleton. At the end of that month John Ford signed to direct and the title changed from Charmaine back to What Price Glory. It was announced the film would have music in it but not be a musical. Cagney originally agreed to do the picture because it was supposed to be a musical.  However, by the time he learned that Ford had decided to shoot it as a straight film, it was too late for him to back out.

Barry Norton played the role of Private Lewisohn in the 1926 original. He has an uncredited role as one of the priests in this remake. Marisa Pavan, the twin sister of Pier Angeli made her screen debut in this film as Nicole Bouchard.  Paul Guilfoyle filmed an appearance but it was removed from the final cut.

Writer and film director Nora Ephron was the daughter of Henry and Phoebe Ephron, who wrote the screenplay for this film.

Other versions
The film is a remake of the 1926 film also titled What Price Glory?, directed by Raoul Walsh and starring Edmund Lowe, Victor McLaglen, and Dolores del Río.  Walsh also made a musical version of the film three years later, when sound films emerged, The Cock-Eyed World, again with McLaglen and Lowe playing the same characters, but featuring Lili Damita.  In 1929 and 1931, Walsh directed Lowe and McLaglen in the same roles in two sequels, titled The Cock-Eyed World and Women of All Nations, respectively.  A third sequel, Hot Pepper, with McLaglen and Lowe again reprising their roles and involving a woman named "Pepper" portrayed by Lupe Vélez, was directed by John Blystone.

Reception
The film premiered in Atlantic City, New Jersey, on July 25, 1952. It received lukewarm reviews upon its release, which can be summed up in this quote from The New York Times review of August 23, 1952: "...despite some heroics and the monumental rivalry of its principals, a swiftly moving but not an especially distinguished offering."

References

External links

1952 films
1950s war films
Remakes of American films
American war films
Western Front (World War I) films
World War I films based on actual events
Films scored by Alfred Newman
Films directed by John Ford
20th Century Fox films
Military humor in film
Films about the United States Marine Corps
Sound film remakes of silent films
Films produced by Sol C. Siegel
1950s English-language films
1950s American films

What Price Glory (1952 film)


Charles Townshend (27 August 1725 – 4 September 1767) was a British politician who held various titles in the Parliament of Great Britain. His establishment of the controversial Townshend Acts is considered one of the key causes of the American Revolution.

Townshend was born at Raynham Hall in Norfolk, England, as the second son of Charles Townshend, 3rd Viscount Townshend, and Audrey Harrison. A sickly child, he later graduated from Leiden University and served in various political roles, including as a member of the Board of Trade, Lord of the Admiralty, Paymaster of the Forces, and Chancellor of the Exchequer. He played a significant role in the taxation and control of American colonies, proposing the Townshend Acts, which imposed taxes on various exports to America. These acts were met with resistance and eventually led to the American Revolution. Townshend died in September 1767. He was married to Caroline Campbell, who later became the Baroness Greenwich, and his brother, George Townshend, became the Lord-lieutenant of Ireland.

Early life
He was born at his family's seat of Raynham Hall in Norfolk, England, the second son of Charles Townshend, 3rd Viscount Townshend, and Audrey (died  1788), daughter and heiress of Edward Harrison of Ball's Park, near Hertford. He was a sickly child, had epilepsy, and had a strained relationship with his parents. Townshend was a brash young man, whose "wonderful endowments [were] dashed with follies and indiscretions." Charles graduated from the Dutch Leiden University on 27 October 1745;  while there he had associated with a small group of other English youth, who later became well known in various circles, including Dowdeswell, Wilkes, and Alexander Carlyle. The latter would chronicle their exploits in his Autobiography.

Following his return in 1746, he represented Great Yarmouth in Parliament until 1756, when he found a seat for the admiralty borough of Saltash, subsequently transferring in 1761 to Harwich, another borough where the seat was in the government's gift. Public attention was first drawn to his abilities in 1753, when he delivered a lively attack against Lord Hardwicke's marriage bill, although this measure passed into law.

Politics
From 1749 – April 1754, Townshend was a member of the Board of Trade. It was during this time that he first showed an interest in increasing British powers of taxation and control over the American colonies. In 1754 and 1755, he served as Lord of the Admiralty, but at the close of 1755, his passionate attack against the policy of the ministry caused his resignation. In the administration which was formed in November 1756, and which was ruled by William Pitt the Elder, the lucrative office of treasurer of the chamber was given to Townshend, but he retired the following Spring and George Grenville took over. The higher post of First Lord of the Admiralty then fell to Townshend's lot and his refusal to accept the nomination led to his exclusion from the new administration.

In the dying days of Grenville's cabinet, to retain the administration of Lord Rockingham, Townshend accepted the position of Paymaster of The Forces, though he questioned the stability of the administration, calling it a "mere Lute-string administration" and stating that it was "pretty 'summer wear', but it will never stand the winter."

Chancellor of the Exchequer
Under the ministry of William Pitt the Elder, Townshend accepted the role of Chancellor of the Exchequer in August 1766. A few weeks later his urgent appeals to the Prime Minister for increased power were favorably answered, and he was admitted to the inner circle of the cabinet. The new chancellor proposed the continuance of the land tax at four shillings in the pound, while he held out hopes that it might be reduced next year to three shillings, whereupon his predecessor, William Dowdeswell, by the aid of the landed gentlemen, carried a motion that the reduction should take effect at once. Townshend pledged to find revenue in America with which to meet the deficiency caused by the reduction.

Early in 1767, shortly after The Stamp Act was repealed owing to colonial protests and boycotts of British goods, Townshend proposed that the Parliament could procure revenue from the Americans without causing them offense via "external" import taxes instead of internal taxes. These were known as the Townshend Acts.  The Acts passed resolutions for taxing several exports to America, such as glass, paint, paper and tea. The Townshend Acts established a Board of Commissioners in Boston to enforce them, which was seen as a threat to the American colonial tradition of self-government. He estimated these export taxes would produce a sum of £40,000 for the English treasury. He had the support of his cousin Thomas Townshend who was also a minister in the government. The Townshend Acts would be Townshend's last official act before his death.

Soon after that he died somewhat suddenly of a fever on  September 4, 1767.

Private life
In August 1755 he had married Caroline Campbell (d. 1794), the eldest daughter of John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll and the widow of Francis Scott, Earl of Dalkeith, the eldest son of Francis Scott, 2nd Duke of Buccleuch.

Townshend's wife was created (August 1767) baroness Greenwich, and his elder brother George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend, was made Lord-lieutenant of Ireland.

Townshend conceived a great and dangerous passion for his step-daughter Frances Douglas, Lady Douglas, and her memorialist, Lady Louisa Stuart, wrote after his death of his character:

The American towns of Townsend, Massachusetts and Townshend, Vermont were founded and named after Charles Townshend in 1732 and 1753, respectively.  Raynham, Massachusetts was also named after him.

References

Lady Louisa Stuart, Memoire of Frances, Lady Douglas (Edinburgh and London, Scottish Academic Press, 1985)
William Edward Hartpole Lecky, History of England (1892);
Horace Walpole, Memoirs of the Reign of George III., edited by G. F. R. Barker (1894)
Reuben Percy and Sholto Percy (1823) The Percy Anecdotes, 1823; online text.

Memoir (1866) by Percy Fitzgerald

1725 births
1767 deaths
18th-century English nobility
18th-century English politicians
Charles Townshend
Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain
Younger sons of viscounts
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Saltash
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
British MPs 1747–1754
British MPs 1754–1761
British MPs 1761–1768
Politics of the Borough of Great Yarmouth
Chancellors of the Exchequer of Great Britain
Lords of the Admiralty
Paymasters of the Forces
Presidents of the Board of Trade
British officials in the American Revolution
People with epilepsy
British politicians with disabilities
Leiden University alumni
People from North Norfolk (district)

Charles Townshend


Events

Europe
 The Oxford Parliament, led by Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, leads to the acceptance by King Henry III of England of the Provisions of Oxford.
 September – The Empire of Nicaea defeats the Principality of Achaea at the Battle of Pelagonia, ensuring the eventual reconquest of Constantinople in 1261.
 December 4 – The kings Louis IX of France and Henry III of England agree to the Treaty of Paris, in which Henry renounces his claims to French-controlled territory on continental Europe (including Normandy) in exchange for Louis withdrawing his support for English rebels.
 The famous frescoes of the Boyana Church in Bulgaria are completed (the church and its murals are now a UNESCO World Heritage Site).
 The German cities of Lübeck, Wismar, and Rostock enter into a pact to defend against pirates of the Baltic Sea, laying the groundwork for the Hanseatic League.
 Nogai Khan leads the second Mongol Golden Horde attack against Lithuania and Poland.

Asia
 August 11 – While conducting a siege against the Song Dynasty city known as Fishing Town in the province of Chongqing, China, the Mongol Khagan, Mongke Khan dies in the nearby hills. Persian, Chinese, and Mongol records have different accounts of how he died, including succumbing to an arrow wound received by a Chinese archer in the siege, dysentery, and even cholera epidemic. His death sparks a succession crisis in the Mongol Empire, while his brothers Ariq Böke and Kublai soon convene their own kuriltai to elect themselves as the next Khan of Khans, opening the path to a four year long civil war from 1260 to 1264. In the end, Ariq Böke surrendered to Kublai.
 While engaged in a war with the Mongols, the Song Chinese official Li Zengbo wrote in his Kozhai Zagao, Xugaohou that the city of Qingzhou was manufacturing one to two thousand strong iron-cased gunpowder bomb shells a month, dispatching to Xiangyang and Yingzhou about ten to twenty thousand such bombs at a time.
 Lannathai, a kingdom in the north of Thailand, is founded by King Mengrai.
 The Goryeo kingdom in Korea surrenders to invading Mongol forces.
 The Chinese era Kaiqing begins and ends in the Northern Song Dynasty of China.
 The Japanese Shōka era ends, and the Shōgen era begins.

Births
 Pietro Cavallini, Italian painter (died 1330)
 Demetre II of Georgia (died 1289)
 John II of Jerusalem (died 1285)
 Richard Og de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster (died 1326)
 Infanta Branca of Portugal, daughter of King Afonso III of Portugal and Urraca of Castile

Deaths
 May 29 – King Christopher I of Denmark (born 1219)
 October 7 – Ezzelino da Romano III, Italian ruler
 November 18 – Adam Marsh, English scholar and theologian
 Gojong of Goryeo
 Möngke Khan of the Mongol Empire
 Matthew Paris, English chronicler
 Thomas II of Savoy

1259


The Antwerp World Diamond Centre (AWDC) is a public/private corporation, officially representing and coordinating the Antwerp diamond sector. It is located in the heart of Antwerp in the Hoveniersstraat. The chief executive officer of AWDC is Ari Epstein. The Diamond office facilitates the import and export of diamonds in and out of Antwerp. This is primarily done through marketing campaigns, services, conferences, trade fairs, economics missions, and various other ways. The World Diamond Center is home to all of the major diamond mining companies, which discover diamonds for over 1,800 individual diamond dealers across the globe. Other groups that aid in development, protection, and processing of these diamonds include diamond banks, insurance brokers, forwarders, best polishers, and researchers. It is acknowledged as the diamond capital of the world.

History

In October 1973, the AWDC was established as the Hoge Raad voor Diamant (HRD), or Diamond High Council, by the Belgian government and diamond industry representatives. Their mission was to protect and promote the diamond sector in Belgium. It also had a commercial branch to issue certificates. In 2007, the Diamond High Council was restructured and split up in two different enterprises. One of them, the Antwerp World Diamond Centre (AWDC), a private foundation, is responsible for the representation of the collective interests of the Belgian diamond industry domestically and abroad. It also promotes Antwerp as the global capital of the diamond industry. The second, HRD Antwerp, a completely independent subsidiary of AWDC, is a commercial organization with six different branches: Diamond Lab, Precious Stones Lab, Research, Education, Graduates Club and Equipment.

The Diamond Office
The Diamond Office is a government authorized service providing body, established in 1945, enabling the post-war diamond industry to quickly pick up again. The Diamond Office uses a unique model for import and export procedures: one-stop import & export clearing.

See also
 2003 Antwerp diamond heist

References

Companies based in Antwerp
Diamond industry in Belgium

Antwerp World Diamond Centre


The Moroccan Airports Authority, ) is the Moroccan airport operator and administrator. The company headquarters are in Mohammed V International Airport in Casablanca.

History
ONDA was established in July 1990 under parliamentary law 14–89. Prior to then, Morocco's airports were administered by the Moroccan Ministry of transport. One year later, ONDA inaugurated Al Massira Airport in Agadir. On 15 September 2003, Abdelhanine Benallou, was nominated as new general manager of ONDA.

Serious airport related accidents
Although Morocco has its share in aircraft accidents, the number of serious incidents with fatalities directly related to an airport (approach, take-off or on ground accidents) are very low. The total number of accidents with fatalities in Morocco is 19, resulting in 792 deaths. The same numbers for events directly related to airports are 5 resp. 171. The majority of the airport related incidents are long ago, the last incident in 1986.

Milestones
 Menara Airport in Marrakech celebrated the arrival of the two millionth passenger on 23 November 2005.
 Al Massira Airport in Agadir gets ISO 9001/2000 certificate on 16 December 2005.

Partnerships and agreements
ONDA helped in supervising the construction of Yasser Arafat International Airport which Mohammed V International Airport is twinned with. It also organized training programs for Palestinian engineers in Morocco in 1997 just months before the inauguration of the airport in Gaza in December 1998.

On 12 March 2003, ONDA signed a partnership agreement with Côte d'Azur International Airport, Nice, France.

New developments and plans
Around 2004 ONDA created a masterplan to upgrade many facilities by 2010. The main projects are: (the planned completion date in brackets)

Mohammed V International Airport - Casablanca

build a new terminal of 60,000 m2 and a total yearly capacity of 10 mln people. (end 2006)
upgrade terminal 1: general overhaul and upgrade T1 to increase traffic-safety (May 2007)
build new cargo terminal of 30,000 m2 and 150,000 tonnes/year. (2007)
build 10 extra aircraft stands (unknown)
new parking facility and transport link (unknown)
reconfigure aprons (unknown)

Al Massira Airport - Agadir

Reshaping the trade zone
Air-conditioning of the air terminal
Strengthening the versatile side of the movement area

Menara Airport - Marrakech

Reshaping and extending Terminal 1 (2006)
new terminal, aircraft stands and transport links (2008)
work on cargo-terminal, taxiway parallel to runway, maintenance infra (unknown)

Dakhla Airport

Building new terminal to separate military and commercial activities (2007)
and other works, including control-tower and national fence

Essaouira Mogador

new passenger terminal (2007)
extending runway, build parking apron, new taxi-way and two support buildings

Ibn Battouta - Tanger

reshape and extend existing terminal (2007 and phase 2:2015)
extending plane-areas: general, runway, plane park, vehicle parking etc.

Rabat-Salé

restructure air terminal (2007)
new roads, new ONDA centre, new pedestrian path etc.

Apart from these larger plans some other smaller changes are planned around many airports around the country.

Salon Convives de Marque

Under the name Salon Convives de Marque ONDA offers VIP lounge services at some of the airports it manages. Services offered include access to the VIP lounge, assistance during check-in, retrieving luggage, boarding and assistance with the 'formalities' (passport-control, security etc.) (fast lanes or priority boarding). The VIP service is not linked to any specific airline: anyone can apply for membership. Currently the VIP service is offered at the following airports: Mohammed V (Casablanca), Rabat-Salé, Fes-Saïss, Agadir, Marrakech and Tangier

Access to the VIP service can be bought by individuals (18.000,- Dirham), couples (24.000 Dh) and companies/organisations (60.000 Dh + 150 Dh per user)

Statistics
As the national operator for all public airports in Morocco the information they publish on flight-movements give a strong indication of the development of visitors and flights to the country. Also the cargo-figures tell something about the economy.

The ONDA publishes monthly reports which contain number of passengers per airport and an overall total of aircraft-movements (landings and take-offs) and cargo figures for the whole country.

Despite the international crisis, which hits Europe and North-America the most, the Moroccan airport authority reports continuously increasing passenger-numbers, aircraft-movements and processed cargo.

Trends
The summer-months are by far the busiest months for passengers. Not only tourists traveling to the main tourist locations as Marrakesh and Agadir see high volumes of passengers, also the airports in the North of Morocco see increasing passenger-numbers. Moroccans who live in Europe tend to visit family during the summer and although many of them still come over by ferry increasing numbers of people come by air.
Other indications of this are for example:
 Ryanair operating regular flights to/from Nador, Fes, Oujda, Tanger and then also Marrakesh and Agadir in the South
 In the summer months at least once a week the scheduled flights operated by Royal Air Maroc use a Boeing 747 instead of the normal Boeing 737
 other cheap airlines like Jet4you, Germanwings and AirArabiaMaroc operate scheduled flights to the Northern cities like Oujda, Nador, Fes, Al-Hoceima and Tanger

The increase in passengers overall in 2010, compared to 2009 was +14,93% and this trend continued in 2011 – although not as spectacular. The year-on-year growth in passengernumbers in July 2011 was still +6,28%

Busiest airports
The main international airport, Mohammed V in Casablanca, handles over 40% of all aircraft movements (landings and take-offs) and the second airport, Marrakesh, handles another 15%

Cargo
Unlike the passenger-numbers the amount of cargo to and from Moroccan airports is quite stable after an initial drop around 2008.

Origin
By far the majority of traffic comes from Europe, where France is responsible for 30-35% of all traffic and the rest of Europe produces 40-45% of all traffic. Domestic flights are responsible for 10% of traffic.
Other destinations to/from Morocco are North America (2-2,5%), Middle & Far-East (5%) and Africa (Maghreb: 3,5; rest of Africa: 6%)

References

External links
 Moroccan Airports Authority
 ONDA official website
 ONDA official website

1990 establishments in Morocco
Government agencies established in 1990

Airport operators
Government-owned companies of Morocco
20th-century architecture in Morocco

Moroccan Airports Authority


The Revue suisse de Zoologie (English: Swiss Journal of Zoology) is a biannual peer-reviewed scientific journal for zoological systematics. It is published by the Natural History Museum of Geneva (Switzerland). It is financed by the Swiss Academy of Natural Sciences (SCNAT) and the City of Geneva, and mainly publishes the research results of Swiss researchers or work based on the collections of Swiss institutions.

References

External links

English-language journals
Biannual journals
Publications established in 1893
Zoology journals

Revue suisse de Zoologie


Sir Thomas Gresham (c. 1519 – 21 November 1579) was an English merchant who worked for King Edward VI of England and for Edward's half-sister Queen Elizabeth I of England. He was born in London in an old Norfolk family, he was the son of Sir Richard Gresham and had one brother and two sisters. Gresham's law was named after him in 1858.

1510s births
1579 deaths
People from London

Thomas Gresham


Bethel is an unincorporated community in Polk County, Oregon, United States at the base of the Eola Hills in Plum Valley. Bethel is considered a ghost town as the only remaining structure is a school, now serving as a church. The locale was named by the Rev. Glen O. Burnett for a Church of Christ in Missouri where he had served as pastor. Bethel is a common name for churches as it is a Hebrew word that means "house of god". After traveling with his family on the Oregon Trail, Burnett settled on a Donation Land Claim in 1846. Burnett later rode circuit to the surrounding area, preaching in nearby communities, including Rickreall.

History
Another settler, Dr. Nathaniel Hudson, came to the area in 1851 and founded a school, Bethel Academy, in 1852. Dr. Hudson moved to a new land claim in the Dallas area in 1854 and the academy closed. In 1855 a new school named Bethel Institute was organized, and in 1856, the Oregon Territorial Legislature officially chartered the institute as one of the earliest colleges in the state, which was later renamed Bethel College. Pioneer Jesse Applegate, who was a friend of Burnett's from Missouri and who traveled in the same wagon train, was on the college's board of trustees. Bethel College had financial problems and in 1861 it merged with another Disciples of Christ institution: Monmouth College. Following a series of further mergers and name changes, Monmouth College became known as Western Oregon University. The college building in Bethel was eventually dismantled.

The first store in Bethel was built in 1855, and the post office followed in 1865. At one time the town had a blacksmith shop, carpentry shop, and a wagon shop.  Bethel post office ran from 1865 to 1880. The town was located on the wagon road that went between Amity and Monmouth, but when a new narrow-gauge railway line was built in the area, through Amity, Dallas and Independence, it bypassed Bethel and instead was routed through McCoy, a decision which contributed to Bethel's decline.

In October 2013, the school's former auditorium, renovated two months earlier to become the Eola Hills Charter School within the Amity School District, burned down. The church building was not damaged.

Agriculture and viticulture
Today, the area is part of the Eola-Amity Hills AVA with many wineries and vineyards, including Bethel Heights Vineyard which was named after the area.

Gallery
The Plum Valley area around Bethel.

References

External links
 Historic images of Bethel from Salem Public Library
 Bethel Cemetery

Churches of Christ
Ghost towns in Oregon
Populated places established in 1846
Unincorporated communities in Polk County, Oregon
1865 establishments in Oregon
Populated places established in 1865
Unincorporated communities in Oregon

Bethel, Polk County, Oregon


Cowes is an English seaport town on the Isle of Wight, an island south of Southampton. Cowes is on the west bank of the estuary of the River Medina facing the smaller town of East Cowes on the east Bank.  The western town is sometimes referred to as West Cowes where distinction is needed - such as at the two differing ferry landings.

Famous residents
Dr Thomas Arnold - Headmaster of Rugby School
Queen Victoria and Albert, Prince Consort
 John Nash (architect)
 Jeremy Irons - film actor and Oscar and double-Emmy winner
 Lord Mountbatten of Burma (in childhood), later last Viceroy of India at Kent House, East Cowes
 Cliff Michelmore - BBC television and radio presenter/producer
 Mark King - Bassist and Lead singer of Jazz/Funk Fusion band Level 42
Albert Ketelbey - Composer, Conductor and Pianist
Kenneth Kendall - Journalist and Broadcaster
Celia Imrie - Actress

References

Towns on the Isle of Wight

Cowes


The Western Reserve Conference is an OHSAA athletics conference that began with the 2015-16 school year.  The name is resurrected from three previous incarnations that most recently folded in 2007 when the Northeast Ohio Conference was created.

Members (2023)

History
The conference is named after the Connecticut Western Reserve, which historically included most of Northeast Ohio. There have been three previous athletic conferences in the region that used the name "Western Reserve". The first existed from 1919 to 1948, a second was formed in 1948 and existed until 1968, and a third conference was founded in 1996 and functioned until 2007.

Trolley League/Western Reserve League
The first athletic conference to use the name "Western Reserve" was founded in 1919 as the Trolley League as its members were all located along the interurban trolley line. Around 1931, the league became known as the Western Reserve League after several additional schools joined and the trolley line itself was abandoned. The conference disbanded in 1948 after its membership had been reduced to just five schools a few years prior.

 Cuyahoga Falls Black Tigers (1919–29, 1937–48)
 Kenmore Cardinals (1919–29)
 Ravenna Ravens (1919–48)
 Kent Roosevelt Rough Riders (1919–48)
 Kent State Blue Devils (1919–37)
 Bedford Bearcats (1921-2?)
 Medina Battling Bees (19??-31)
 Orrville Red Riders (1920-1924, 1926-1929, 1932–38)
 Ellet Orangemen (1931–37)
 Wadsworth Grizzlies (1931–41)
 Akron St. Vincent Fighting Irish (1938–48)

Lake County League/Western Reserve Conference
The second conference to use the Western Reserve name started as the Lake County League in the early 1920s. The conference was renamed the Western Reserve Conference in 1948 and played 20 more years before it folded in 1968.

 Fairport Harbor Fairport Harding Skippers (1920s-28, to Lake Shore League, 1948–51, to Northeastern Conference, 1962–68, to Lake Shore League)
 Painesville Harvey Red Raiders (1920s-28, to Lake Shore League)
 Kirtland Hornets (1920s-60, to Great Lakes Athletic Conference)
 Madison Blue Streaks (1920s-68, to Lake Shore League)
 Perry Pirates (1920s-68, to Lake Shore League)
 Willoughby Union Rangers (1920s-28, to Lake Shore League)
 Wickliffe Blue Devils (1920s-57, to Northeastern Conference)
 Chardon Hilltoppers (1948–64, to Chagrin Valley Conference)
 Painesville Riverside Beavers (1949–51, to NortheasternConference)
 Conneaut Trojans (1951–59, to Northeastern Conference)
 Ashtabula Harbor Mariners (1951–65, to Northeastern Conference)
 Lakeland Rowe Vikings (1951–64, consolidated into Conneaut)
 Jefferson Falcons (1954–68, to Northeastern Conference)
 Geneva Spencer Wildcats (1957–61, consolidated into Geneva)
 Edgewood Warriors (1962–65, to Northeastern Conference)

Western Reserve Conference (1996–2007)
A third Western Reserve Conference was formed in 1996, as the five remaining schools from the Metro League merged with five schools from the Chagrin Valley Conference. The conference was divided into north and south divisions with the former CVC schools in the north and the former Metro League schools in the south. Additional members were added to create two six-team divisions. The divisions were eliminated in 2005 after four schools left the conference. Two years later, this version of the WRC combined with the Pioneer Conference to become the Northeast Ohio Conference.

 Barberton Magics (1996–2005)
 Cuyahoga Falls Black Tigers (1996–2007)
 Chagrin Falls Kenston Bombers (1996–2005)
 Pepper Pike Orange Lions (1996–1998)
 Ravenna Ravens (1996–2005)
 Kent Roosevelt Rough Riders (1996–2005)
 Solon Comets (1996–2007)
 Stow-Munroe Falls Bulldogs (1996–2007)
 Twinsburg Tigers (1996–2007)
 Chesterland West Geauga Wolverines (1996–1998)
 Hudson Explorers (1997–2007)
 Macedonia Nordonia Knights (1997–2007)
 Lyndhurst Brush Arcs (1998–2007)
 Mayfield Wildcats (1998–2007)

References

Sports organizations established in 2015
Sports in Greater Cleveland
Ohio high school sports conferences
2015 establishments in Ohio

Western Reserve Conference


The  was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the . It was formed 10 July 1945 in North Hamgyong Province as a triangular division. It was a part of the 8 simultaneously created divisions batch comprising 134th,  135th, 136th, 137th, 138th, 139th, 148th and 149th divisions. The nucleus for the formation was the small parts detached from the 79th division.

Action
The 137th division was assigned to the 34th army 30 July 1945. Due to the lack of officers, many were either ill or senile, raising concerns related to a lot of soldiers drafted from the Korea. Also, the 137th division have suffered from the severe lack of equipment, with only rifles and machine guns available in any numbers. The division has absolutely no artillery pieces, although several were en route. Even wood-cutting implements for camping and fortification were in short supply, with one axe per company and a one saw per battalion. Anti-tank explosive charges were also in the short supply. Also, the entire division had only three trucks, making division to balance on the verge of the starvation due supply problems. 15 August 1945, the division has only food worth for two days. Also, the division have not enough telephone wire to connect with all sub-units, therefore resorting to visual communications.

During the Soviet invasion of Manchuria, the 137th division was deployed together with the 59th division south-west of Hamhung.

The division was reassigned to 17th area army and transferred to Pyongyang after the surrender of Japan 15 August 1945, where it was disarmed by the Soviet Union forces.

See also
 List of Japanese Infantry Divisions

Notes and references
This article incorporates material from Japanese Wikipedia page 第137師団 (日本軍), accessed 8 July 2016
 Madej, W. Victor, Japanese Armed Forces Order of Battle, 1937–1945 [2 vols], Allentown, PA: 1981.

Infantry divisions of Japan
Military units and formations established in 1945
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
1945 establishments in Japan
1945 disestablishments in Japan

137th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)


Addison's disease is a rare and chronic endocrine disorder discovered by Thomas Addison. U.S. President John F. Kennedy is probably one of the most famous sufferers though his condition was kept secret during his presidency. Addision's disease is when the body does not produce enough of the hormone called cortisol. This hormone helps the body deal with stress. It helps with maintaining blood pressure and controlling the heart's functions. It slows the rate of inflammation caused by the body's immune system. It helps with controlling the way insulin is used, and the chemical reactions of proteins, carbohydrates and fats in the body. People with the disease suffer from weight loss, fatigue, weakness and low blood pressure. Some people also get darkened patches of skin. Addison's disease is treated by taking an artificial cortisol tablet.

References

Diseases

Addison's disease