Thomas Millie Dow (28 October 1848 – 3 July 1919) was a Scottish artist and member of the Glasgow Boys school. He was a member of The Royal Scottish Society of Painters in Watercolour and the New English Art Club.

Early life and education

Dow was born 28 October 1848 at Dysart, Fife. He was educated for the law and was expected to follow his father and brother into the family law firm in Kirkcaldy.  Deciding against a career in law, Dow went to Paris in 1877 and enrolled for classes at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts under Jean-Léon Gérôme. Later, in 1879 he registered with the ateliers of Rudolphe Julien and Carolus Duran. Of his earlier instruction in painting and drawing little is known except for the encouragement he received from his uncle Alexander Millie, an amateur artist.

Two young men among the many young British and American students registered for classes in Paris in the late 1870s became Dow's particular friends.  They were the Englishman William Stott of Oldham and the American Abbott Handerson Thayer. Both men were to remain important figures in Dow's personal and professional life and, as both had strong personalities and strong ideas about art, they came to exert a considerable influence over the artistic choices he made.  Among other friends studying in Paris at the time were the Glasgow-based artists John Lavery, Alexander Roche, James Paterson and Alexander Mann.

Work
Dow painted in oils, watercolour and pastels.  His subjects include flower studies, landscapes, portraits and decorative allegorical works.  The geographical range of his landscapes extends through Scotland, the northeastern United States, Morocco, northern Italy and Cornwall.  Using a subtly refined palette he chose to depict the quiet moods of nature. The subjects of his compositions range from the intense stillness of woodland to the calm before a storm at sea; and from dusk deepening on a northern shore to the lifting haze of a Mediterranean spring morning.

From 1877 to 1879 Dow spent the winters in the Paris studios and making occasional sketching excursions with fellow students Mann, Paterson, and Bell, to the villages of Barbizon and Grez-sur-Loing in the Forest of Fontainebleau.  Summers were spent painting in the towns and villages along the east coast of Scotland, travelling from Dysart through St Andrews and on up to Stonehaven, Cullen, Cowie, Collieston and Forvie Ness.

Upon his return from Paris and based at home in Dysart records show Dow exhibiting at the Royal Scottish Academy (RSA) in Edinburgh from 1878 and at the Royal Glasgow Institute of Fine Art (RGIFA) from 1879.  However his letters to the Thayer family from this period reveal the degree of anxiety he felt about he direction his career should take.

On 6 September 1883 Dow sailed on the "Devonia" from Glasgow to New York. From there he travelled up the Hudson River to the home of Abbott Thayer and his wife Kate Bloede at Cornwall-on-Hudson. (Thayer had built there a studio on land owned by the Stillman family.) Dow stayed in the US into the early summer of 1884.  During these several months he produced what may be his best-known landscape, The Hudson River (Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum, Glasgow). It is a view of the river taken from the Thayer's house.

The US visit had re-invigorated Dow. His letters to Thayer between 1885 and 1887 reveal his renewed enthusiasm for landscape. During this period he produced Ragweed and Crows (Hunterian, University of Glasgow), among other fine paintings. Dow traveled out of the city, south to Moniaive, for his first allegorical painting The Coming of Spring, and north for his study of birches, In a Wood at Forres, which was bought by Alexander Mann.  He had begun a series of commissions, the first being Portrait of John Nairn (Kirkcaldy Museum and Art Gallery) and writes of working on a likeness in pastels of his sister Mary Lady in Black (private collection). Dow was at this time sharing the Glasgow studio of William York Macgregor and living with Mary and her husband Allan McLean, the lawyer, amateur painter and art collector.

It is for the work completed between 1885 and 1895 that Dow is most closely associated with that group of artists who later became known as the Glasgow Boys.  Dow is among the 21 Glasgow-based artists whose work is assessed in David Martin's contemporary account entitled The Glasgow School of Painting (George Bell & Sons 1897).  In his piece on Dow Martin wrote as follows. "His perception of colour is similar to his use of paint – keen and refined; and his observation of nature such as to give a true feeling of form, without a slavish imitation." Clearly Dow's subject matter and technique appealed to Martin.  And he draws attention to what others have found since in Dow's work, that is, his "faculty of placing on canvas the essence of the abstract qualities of his subject, with a fine decorative arrangement of line and colour masses, and, let the theme be an idyllic landscape or an imaginative figure-subject, he combines in a satisfactory result the ideal with the real".

Though the Glasgow School grouping was "geographical in nature rather than stylistic" as Paul Harris makes clear in his introduction to the 1976 edition of Martin's account, it was to gain them a wider audience.  Exhibitions at the Grosvenor Gallery and the Grafton Galleries in London led to invitations from Secession galleries in Vienna, Munich, Berlin in the 1890s and, later, to exhibitions in U.S. cities.   Dow also joined the New English Art Club (NEAC) in 1887 and exhibited with them until 1891. Dow spent the summer of 1888 travelling in Switzerland and Germany painting in the mountains, some of the time in the company of William Stott.  Stott's Portrait of Tom Dow is held in Edinburgh by the National Galleries of Scotland.  He spent the winter/spring 88/89 in Morocco.  Among his Tangier paintings is the pastel A Spring Day, Morocco (Kirkcaldy AG).

Dow married Florence Pilcher (née Cox) in 1891. Florence, a widow, had a boy and a girl from her first marriage.  Dow's own daughter Mary Rosamond was born in 1892.  Two years later, in 1894, the family moved from Glasgow to St Ives, Cornwall where Dow joined his friends and fellow painters Louis Grier and Lowell Dyer as members of the St Ives Art Club. Though living far from Glasgow, records show that Dow continued to exhibit there and in other cities in Scotland. Among his paintings shown at the RGIFA in 1892 were The Enchanted Wood (private collection) and, in 1894, The Herald of Winter 1894 (McManus Galleries Dundee).

For several years from 1896 the Dows spent the winter months in Italy.  His Italian paintings include several watercolours and pastels of Apennine valleys and villages and some well-known Venetian landmarks. For his larger pieces he continued to paint allegorical subjects: The Kelpie 1895 (whereabouts unknown), A Vision of Spring 1901 (Manchester Art Gallery), the triptych Eve 1904 (Walker Art Gallery), and Sirens of the North 1911 (McManus Galleries Dundee).   Of the Cornish paintings his most frequent subject in both oils and pastels is the harbour at St Ives.  This he depicts in contrasting moods, busy with boats in the sunshine and lying calm under a moonlit sky.

Dow died on 3 July 1919 at St Ives, Cornwall, England and is buried at Zennor.

References
Citations

Bibliography

Further reading
Anderson, R.; Abbott Handerson Thayer Everson Museum, Syracuse New York 1982.
Bilcliffe, Roger;  The Glasgow Boys; The Glasgow School of Painting 1875–1895, Murray, 1985.
Caw, James L.;  Scottish Painting 1620–1908
Garstin, Norman; "Thomas Millie Dow" in The Studio Vol X  (1897).
Irwin, D. and Irwin, F.;  Scottish Painters at Home and Abroad 1700–1900, Faber 1975.
McConkey, Kenneth; British Impressionism, Phaidon 1989.
McMillan, Duncan; Scottish Art 1490–1990, Mainstream 1990.
Stevenson, R.A.M.; "William Stott of Oldham" in The Studio Vol IV (1894)

External links

Abbott Handerson Thayer and Thayer family papers, 1851–1999 bulk 1881–1950 – Thayer Archive at www.aaa.si.edu
Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution at www.aaa.si.edu
Smithsonian Institution at www.si.edu

1848 births
1919 deaths
People from Dysart, Fife
19th-century Scottish painters
Scottish male painters
20th-century Scottish painters
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
British alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts
Glasgow School
Scottish watercolourists
St Ives artists
19th-century Scottish male artists
20th-century Scottish male artists

Thomas Millie Dow


Drew William Barry (born February 17, 1973) is an American retired professional basketball player. He is the son of Basketball Hall of Famer Rick Barry and has four brothers: Scooter, Jon, Canyon and Brent, who also share his profession. His grandfather Bruce Hale also played in the NBA and was Rick's college coach at Miami of Florida. His stepmother is Lynn Barry.

Born in Oakland, California, Barry graduated from De La Salle High School in Concord in 1991 and played four seasons with the Yellow Jackets basketball team at the Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) after redshirting his freshman year. The all-time assists leader of Georgia Tech, Barry played briefly for the Fort Wayne Fury in the CBA and in the NBA for the Atlanta Hawks, Seattle SuperSonics, and Golden State Warriors.

Prior to being signed by the Hawks on March 27, 2000, Barry played eight games with the Sydney Kings during the 1999–2000 Australian NBL season. In his eight games for the Kings, Barry averaged 7.6 points, 6.3 assists, 4.0 rebounds and 1 steal per game. His best game was on November 13, 2000 in a 99–86 loss against the Cairns Taipans where he scored 20 points, 9 assists, 8 rebounds, 1 steal and 1 block.
He also played professionally in Poland.

References

External links

 Stats at basketballreference.com

1973 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Australia
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American expatriate basketball people in Poland
American men's basketball players
American people of Lithuanian descent
Asseco Gdynia players
Atlanta Hawks players
Basketball players from Oakland, California
De La Salle High School (Concord, California) alumni
Fort Wayne Fury players
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets men's basketball players
Golden State Warriors players
Pallacanestro Varese players
Point guards
Seattle SuperSonics draft picks
Seattle SuperSonics players
Sydney Kings players

Drew Barry


Vincent La Chapelle (1690 or 1703 – 14th of July 1745 in Apeldoorn) was a French master cook who is known to have worked for Phillip Dormer Stanhope (4th Earl of Chesterfield), William IV, Prince of Orange, John V of Portugal and Queen Marie Leczinska of France.

Biography
La Chapelle travelled to Spain and Portugal and wrote The Modern Cook while in Chesterfield's employment (a French edition was published in 1735). An Eighteenth-century classic of the culinary arts, it exercised a strong influence on aristocratic cuisine in England. To some degree, La Chapelle borrowed some of his recipes from his predecessor François Massialot, who composed a book on court cookery and confectionery in 1692.

La Chapelle was the first writer to insist on a rupture with the past and to characterise his cooking as modern. While working in London, La Chapelle published his text first in three English volumes in 1733 and then in four French volumes in 1735. Entitled Le Cuisinier moderne, the work was the forerunner of a lavishly illustrated series of cookbooks that might equally well be considered art books. In 1742 he published Le cuisinier moderne, qui apprend à donner toutes sortes de repas, en gras & en maigre, d'une manière plus délicate que ce qui en a été écrit jusqu'à présent : divisé en cinq volumes, avec de nouveaux modéles de vaisselle, & des desseins de table dans le grand goût d'aujourd'hui, gravez en taille-douce ... / par le sieur Vincent La Chapelle in The Hague. The cookbook has some prints of table settings and is easy to read; not very much has changed since. Many recipes are based on typical Dutch or English dishes, like steak and pies. He used many herbs or expensive oysters, some recipes are low fat, considered with his clientele; some are accompanied with rice, then he called it Indian.

La Chapelle formed a Freemason lodge on 8 November 1734, probably in The Hague or Leeuwarden. There is still a lodge in the Netherlands carrying his name. After the Prince of Orange married Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange in London, he returned to the Netherlands with the cook Vincent la Chapelle. It is very possible they knew each other for some years, since Vincent was the cook of the English ambassador.

It has recently been shown that the Saxon minister Heinrich, Graf von Bruhl, had a chef d'office who also had the surname La Chapelle, and the two made regular visits to the Meissen factory between 1737 and 1740—during the period when the radically inventive Swan service was in production. If the two La Chapelles are one and the same, which remains unknown, it would shed light on the close relationship between pastry and sugar sculpture, and silver and porcelain modelling.

References

Further reading
 Patrick Rambourg, Histoire de la cuisine et de la gastronomie françaises, Paris, Ed. Perrin (coll. tempus n° 359), 2010, 381 pages.

External links
 About a magnificent copy of the very rare First French Edition of La Chapelle's classic of 18th century culinary history
 About a tureen made for Phillip Dormer Stanhope
 Ratafia of Quinces
 Freemasons Lodge Vincent la Chapelle
 Recette de la tarte au citron meringuée
 Recipe for choux de paysans (kale with chestnuts)
 Histoire politique de la gastronomie

French chefs
1745 deaths
Year of birth uncertain

Vincent La Chapelle


I-Solid sesinye sezimo ezine ezixhaphakileyo sendlela ezimi ngayo izinto. Iimolecules kwi-isolids zisondelelene ngokungathi ziminxene, inye kuphela intshukumo ezinokuyenza, kukungcangcazela. Oku kuthetha okokuba ii-solids zinohlobo ezimile ngalo, hlobo olo lunokutshintsha kuhela xa kuthe kwakhoamandla athe asetyenziswa ukuzityhla okanye ukuzitsala. Akunjalo ke kwizinto ezingamanzi nakwizinto ezingumoya zona kaloku zisoloko zibhadula nje ziyabula nanini na zikhululekile, okokuyabula kwazo ke kuthiwa yi-flow.

Xa i-solid isibangamanzi, kuthiwa iyanyibilika. Izinto ezingamanzi zibayi-solid  ziqothole zibengumkhenkce. Ezinye ii-solid ezifana nomkhenkce owomileyo, ziyakwazi ukutshintsha zibengumoya zingakhange ziqale zibenganzi kuqala. Olo tshintsho ke kuthiwa yi-sublimation.

Iindidi ze-solid
Amandla aphakathi kwee-atoms akw-isolid angabonakala ngeendlela ngeendlela. Umzekelo, i-crystal yesodium chloride (ityuwa eyaziwayoityuwa yesiqhelo) yenziwe ngeion sodium
ne-chlorine, ezidityaniswe ngee-bond zeion. Kwidayimani okanye i-silicon, ii-atom zabelana ngeeelectron zize zenze iicovalent bonds. Kwiimetal, ii-electrons zikwi-metallic bonding. ezinye ii-solids, njengee organic compounds ezininzi, zidityaniswe ng"amandla evan der Waals" avela kwipolarization of the electronic charge cloud on each molecule. The dissimilarities between the types of solid come from the differences between their bonding.

Metals

Most metals are strong, dense, and good conductors of both electricity and heat. The mass of the elements in the periodic table, those to the left of a diagonal line drawn from boron to polonium, are metals. Mixtures of two or more elements in which the big component is a metal are known as alloys.

People have been using metals for many purposes since prehistoric times.
The strength and relialbility of metals has led to their widespread use in making of buildings and other things, as well as in most vehicles, many tools, pipes, road signs and railroad tracks. Iron and aluminium are the two most commonly used metals. They are also the most common metals in the Earth's crust. Iron is most commonly used in the form of an alloy, steel, which has up to 2.1% carbon, making it much harder than pure iron.

Since metals are good conductors of electricity, they are valuable in electrical tools and for carrying an electric current over long distances with little energy loss. Because of this, electrical power grids rely on metal cables to get electricity. Home electrical systems, for example, are wired with copper for its good conducting uses. The high thermal conductivity of most metals also makes them useful for stovetop cooking utensils.

Minerals

Minerals are natural solids formed through many geological processes under high pressures. To be thought as a true mineral, a substance must have a crystal structure with uniform physical things throughout. Minerals differ in composition from pure elements and simple salts to very complex silicates with thousands of known forms. In contrast, a rock sample is a random aggregate of minerals and/or mineraloids, and has no specific chemical composition. Most of the rocks of the Earth's crust have quartz (crystalline SiO2), feldspar, mica, chlorite, kaolin, calcite, epidote, olivine, augite, hornblende, magnetite, hematite, limonite and a few other minerals. Some minerals, like quartz, mica or feldspar are common, while others have been found in only a few places in the world. The largest group of minerals by far is the silicates (most rocks are ≥95% silicates), zenziwe ngokuyinhloko nge-silicon kunye ne-oxygen, also with ions of aluminium, magnesium, iron, calcium and other metals.

Related pages
Liquid
Gas
Plasma

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Basic English 850 words
States of matter
Masiguqule

I-solid


Bohemond II (died 1169) was the count of Manoppello, succeeding his father, Bohemond I, in 1156 or 1157. He was an Italian noble at the time.

In 1160, Bohemond joined a conspiracy of nobles, including Richard of Aquila, Roger of Acerra, and Gilbert of Gravina. The conspiracy was of only minor lords, but it gained traction. The aim of the conspirators was to assassinate the admiral Maio of Bari and in this they succeeded on 10 November. The rebellion which followed was short-lived, and Gilbert and Bohemond were restored to favor. It has been suspected that Gilbert and Bohemond were in some sort of intimate relationship, although this is  and highly suspect.

In 1161, in a war with Robert III of Loritello, an old enemy of his father, he was driven out of his county. In 1167, he was again driven from his domains by the imperial army of Frederick Barbarossa led by Rainald of Dassel, the archbishop of Cologne.

In 1168, Bohemond accused Richard, Count of Molise, of conspiracy against the new chancellor Stephen du Perche. A duel was scheduled when Count Robert of Caserta came forward with a second accusation. It was alleged that the Apulian town of Mandra among others near Troia was unlawfully obtained at the expense of the crown. A jury was assembled and found Richard guilty of illegally retaining the lands after the flight of the chancellor Peter. He was dispossessed of all his lands and when he complained to the king was imprisoned. It is likely that the whole trial was engineered by Gilbert of Gravina, a political opponent of Richard's and an ally of Bohemond's.

Bohemond left one unnamed daughter who married Peter, who succeeded his father-in-law in the county.

Notes

Sources
Norwich, John Julius. The Kingdom in the Sun 1130-1194. Longman: London, 1970.
Matthew, Donald. The Norman Kingdom of Sicily. Cambridge University Press: 1992.
Houben, Hubert. Roger II of Sicily: A Ruler between East and West. Trans. G. A. Loud and Diane Milbourne. Cambridge University Press: 2002.

Italo-Normans
Norman warriors
1169 deaths
Year of birth unknown

Bohemond II of Manoppello


"Let the Eagle Soar" is a song written by former Missouri Senator and U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft, who is seen singing the song at a Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary function on February 23, 2002. The song was sung during President of the United States George W. Bush's second inauguration in January 2005 by Guy Hovis, a vocalist from the 1970s variety program The Lawrence Welk Show.

On July 4, 2011 Angela McKenzie, a singer and radio personality of the syndicated program Initiative Radio with Angela McKenzie, quietly released a contemporary Country music version of the song as a digital download with the official approval and blessing of John Ashcroft.

Background

John Ashcroft sang in The Singing Senators, a group of U.S. Senators who sang as a barbershop quartet.

In popular culture
 "Let the Eagle Soar" was sung by lil' John Ashcroft on an episode of Lil' Bush.
It has also been frequently mocked on late-night comedy shows such as The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, The Colbert Report and the Late Show with David Letterman.
It is part of Michael Moore's documentary Fahrenheit 9/11, and is also featured in the trailer.
It was used in the 2015 film The Big Short and the 2021 film Don't Look Up .

References

External links

CNN video of John Ashcroft singing "Let the Eagle Soar"
"Ashcroft rallies troops with song"
"Staff cry poetic injustice as singing Ashcroft introduces patriot games"
"Division Streets, U.S.A."
"Loony tunes: US attorney-general's crooning glory"
"The Justice Department on music"
"'The List' -- Find Out Who Said What This Week"

2002 songs
American patriotic songs

Let the Eagle Soar


Princess Chichibu (Yasuhito Shinnōhi Setsuko, née Setsuko Matsudaira) ( 9 September 1909 – 25 August 1995) was the wife of Prince Chichibu (Yasuhito) of Japan, the second son of Emperor Taishō and Empress Teimei. She was, therefore, a sister-in-law of Emperor Shōwa and an aunt of the present Emperor, Akihito.

After her husband's death from  Tuberculosis in 1953, Princess Chichibu became president of the Japanese Society for the Prevention of Tuberculosis, honorary president of the Britain-Japan Society, the Sweden-Japan Society, and an honorary vice president of the Japanese Red Cross. She also maintained close links with old friends active in similar social service ventures around the world.

She died in August 1995 of heart failure.

1909 births
1995 deaths

Princess Chichibu


The Mekong River Commission (MRC) is an "...inter-governmental organisation that works directly with the governments of Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam to jointly manage the shared water resources and the sustainable development of the Mekong River". Its mission is "To promote and coordinate sustainable management and development of water and related resources for the countries' mutual benefit and the people's well-being".

History

Mekong Committee (1957–1978)
The origins of the Mekong Committee are linked to the legacy of (de)colonialism in Indochina and subsequent geopolitical developments. The political, social, and economic conditions of the Mekong River basin countries evolved dramatically since the 1950s, when the Mekong represented the "only large river left in the world, besides the Amazon, which remained virtually unexploited."  The impetus for the creation of the Mekong cooperative regime progressed in tandem with the drive for the development of the lower Mekong, following the 1954 Geneva Conference which granted Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam independence from France. A 1957 United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE) report, Development of Water Resources in the Lower Mekong Basin, recommended development to the tune of 90,000 km2 of irrigation and 13.7 gigawatts (GW) from five dams. Based largely on the recommendations of ECAFE, the "Committee for Coordination on the Lower Mekong Basin" (known as the Mekong Committee) was established in September 1957 with the adoption of the Statute for the Committee for Coordination of Investigations into the Lower Mekong Basin. ECAFE's Bureau of Flood Control had prioritized the Mekong—of the 18 international waterways within its jurisdiction—in the hopes of creating a precedent for cooperation elsewhere. and "one of the UN's earliest spin-offs", as the organization functioned under the aegis of the UN, with its Executive Agent (EA) chosen from the career staff of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).

The US government—which feared that poverty in the basin would contribute to the strength of communist movements—proved one of the most vocal international backers of the committee, with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation conducting a seminal 1956 study on the basin's potential. Another 1962 study by U.S. geographer Gilbert F. White, Economic and Social Aspects of Lower Mekong Development, proved extremely influential, resulting in the postponement of (in White's own estimation) the construction of the (still unrealized) mainstream Pa Mong Dam, which would have displaced a quarter-million people. The influence of the United States in the committee's formation can also been seen in development studies of General Raymond Wheeler, the former Chief of the Army Corps of Engineers, the role of C. Hart Schaaf as the Mekong Committee's Executive Agent from 1959 to 1969, and President Lyndon Johnson's promotion of the committee as having the potential to "dwarf even our own T.V.A." However, US financial support was terminated in 1975 and did not resume for decades due to embargoes against Cambodia (until 1992) and Vietnam (until 1994), followed by periods of trade restrictions.  However, Makim argues that the committee was "largely unaffected by formal or informal U.S. preferences" given the ambivalence of some riparians about US technical support, in particular Cambodia's rejection of some specific types of assistance. However, the fact remains that "international development agencies have always paid the bills for the Mekong regime," with European (especially Scandinavian) nations picking up the slack left by the United States, and then (to a lesser extent) Japan.

The Mekong Committee was a forceful advocate for large-scale dams and other projects, primarily preoccupied with facilitating projects. For example, the 1970 Indicative Basin Plan called for 30,000 km2 of irrigation by the year 2000 (up from 2,130 km2) as well as 87 short-term tributary development projects and 17 long-term development projects on the mainstream. The Indicative Basin Plan was crafted largely in response to criticisms of the committee's "piecemeal" approach and declining political support of the organization; for example, the Committee had received no funds from Thailand, normally the biggest contributor, during the 1970 fiscal year. The completion of all 17 projects was never intended; rather the list was meant to serve as a "menu"  for international donors, who were to select 9 or 10 of the projects. While a few of the short-term projects were implemented, none of the long-term projects prevailed in the political climate of the ensuing decade, which included the end of the Vietnam War in 1975. Several tributary dams were constructed, but only one—the Nam Ngum Dam (completed 1971), in Laos—outside of Thailand, whose electricity was sold to Thailand. According to Makim, Nam Ngum was the "only truly intergovernmental project achieved" by the committee.

This period was also marked by efforts to expand the jurisdiction and mandate of the committee between 1958 and 1975, which did not receive the consent of all four riparians. However, these efforts culminated, in January 1975, in the adoption of a 35-article Joint Declaration of Principles for Utilization of the Waters of the Mekong Basin by the sixty-eighth session of the Mekong Committee, prohibiting the "unilateral appropriation" without "prior approval" and "extra-basin diversion" without unanimous consent. However, no committee sessions were held in 1976 or 1977, as no plenipotentiary members had been appointed by Cambodia, Laos, or Vietnam—all of which experienced regime change in 1975.

Interim Mekong Committee (1978–1995)

The rise of the xenophobic and paranoid Khmer Rouge government in Cambodia made Cambodia's continued participation unsustainable, so in April 1977 the other three riparians agreed to the Declaration Concerning the Interim Mekong Committee, which resulted in the establishment of the Interim Mekong Committee in January 1978. The weakened interim organization was only able to study large-scale projects and implement a few small-scale projects in Thailand and Laos, where the Dutch Government through the IMC funded fisheries and agricultural development projects along the Nam Ngum, as well as port facilities at Keng Kabao near Savannakhet; the institutional role of the organization shifted nonetheless largely to data collection. The 1987 Revised Indicative Basin Plan—the high-water mark of the Interim Committee's activity—scaled back the ambitions of the 1970 plan, envisioning a cascade of smaller dams along the Mekong's mainstream, divided into 29 projects, 26 of which were strictly national in scope. The Revised Indicative Basin Plan can also be seen as laying the groundwork for Cambodia's readmission. The Supreme National Council of Cambodia did request readmission in June 1991.

Cambodia's readmission was largely a side-show which masked the true issue facing the riparians: that the rapid economic growth experienced in Thailand relative to its neighbors had made even the modest sovereignty limitations imposed by Mekong agreements seem undesirable in Bangkok. Thailand and the other three riparians (led by Vietnam, the most powerful of the remaining three states) were locked in disagreement over whether Cambodia should be readmitted under the terms of the 1957 Statute (and more importantly, the 1975 Joint Declaration), with Thailand preferring to negotiate an entirely new framework to allow its planned Kong-Chi-Moon Project (and others) to proceed without a Vietnamese veto. Article 10 of the Joint Declaration, requiring unanimous consent for all mainstream development and inter-basin diversion proved to be the main sticking point of Cambodia's readmission, with Thailand perhaps prepared to walk away from the regime altogether. The conflict came to a head in April 1992 when Thailand forced the executive agent of the Committee, Chuck Lankester, to resign and leave the country after barring the secretariat from the March 1992 meeting. This prompted a series of meetings organized by the UNDP (which was terrified that the regime in which it had invested so much might disappear), culminating in the April 1995 Agreement on the Cooperation for the Sustainable Development of the Mekong River Basin signed by Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam in Chiang Rai, Thailand, creating the Mekong River Commission (MRC).

Since the dramatic confrontation of 1992, several seemingly overlapping  organizations were created, including the Asian Development Bank's Greater Mekong Subregion (ADB-GMS, 1992), Japan's Forum of Comprehensive Development of Indochina (FCDI, 1993), the Quadripite Economic Cooperation (QEC, 1993), the Association of South East Asian Nations and Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry's Working Group on Economic Cooperation in Indochina and Burma (AEM-MITI, 1994), and (almost finalized) Myanmar and Singapore's ASEAN-Mekong Basin Development Cooperation (ASEAN-ME, 1996).

Mekong River Commission (1995–present)

The MRC has evolved since 1995. Some of the "thorny issues" set aside during the negotiation of the agreement were at least partially resolved by the implementation of subsequent programmes such as the Water Utilization Programme (WUP) agreed to in 1999 and committed to implementation by 2005. The commission's hierarchical structure has been repeatedly tweaked, as in July 2000 when the MRC Secretariat was restructured. The 2001 Work Programme has largely come to be viewed as a shift "from a project-oriented focus to an emphasis on better management and preservation of existing resources." On paper, the Work Programme represents a rejection of the ambitious development schemes embodied by the 1970 and 1987 Indicative Basin Plans (calling for no mainstream dams) and a shift to a holistic rather than programmatic approach. In part, these changes represent a response to criticism of the MRC's failure to undertake a "regional-scale project" or even a region-level focus.

2001 also saw a major shift in the MRC—at least on paper—when it committed to a role as a "learning organization" with an emphasis on "the livelihoods of the people in the Mekong region." In the same year its annual report emphasized the importance of "bottoms-up" solutions and the "voice of the people directly affected." Similarly, the 2001 MRC Hydropower Development Strategy explicitly disavowed the "promotion of specific projects" in favor of "basin-wide issues." In part, these shifts mark a retreat from past project failures and recognition that the MRC faces multiple, and often more lucrative, competitors in the project arena.

Governance
The MRC is governed by its four member countries through the Joint Committee and the Council. Members of the Joint Committee are usually senior civil servants heading government departments. There is one member from each country. The Joint Committee meets two to three times a year to approve budgets and strategic plans. Members of the Council are cabinet ministers. The Council meets once a year.

Technical and administrative support is provided by the MRC Secretariat. The secretariat is based in Vientiane, Laos, with over 120 staff including scientists, administrators, and technical staff. A chief executive officer manages the secretariat.

In April 2010, the Mekong River Commission convened a summit in Hua Hin, Thailand.  All six riparian nations were in attendance, including China, Burma (Myanmar), Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam.

Leadership
From its conception until 1995 the organization was under the leadership of an "executive agent". Since then it has had CEO's.
 C. Hart Schaaf, Executive Agent, 1959 – November 1969
 Willem van der Oord, Executive Agent, December 1969 – June 1980
 Bernt Bernander, Executive Agent, July 1980 – 1983
 Galal Magdi, Executive Agent, 1983 – 1987
 Chuck Lankester, Executive Agent, 1988 – 1990
 Jan Kamp, Executive Agent, 1990 – 1995
 Yasunobu Matoba, CEO, 1995 – August 1999
 Jörn Kristensen, CEO, October 1999 – 2004
 Olivier Cogels, CEO, July 2004 – 2007
 Jeremy Bird, CEO, 2008 – 2010
 Hans Guttman, CEO, 2011
 Pham Tuan Phan, CEO 2016-2018
 An Pich Hatda, CEO, 2019 -

Relations with the People's Republic of China and Burma
The Mekong River Commission and its predecessors have never included PR China (which was not a member of the United Nations in 1957) or Burma (which does not significantly rely on or tap the Mekong), whose territory contains the upper Basin of the Mekong. Part of a joint initiative by the US agency for International Development (USAID) and NASA, SERVIR Mekong project, with five countries, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam including Myanmar which aims to tap into the latest technologies to help the Mekong River region protect its vital ecosystem. Although China contributes only 16–18 percent of the Mekong's overall water volume, the glacial melt waters of the Tibetan plateau take on increasing importance during the dry season. The ability of upstream nations to undermine downstream cooperation was perhaps best symbolized by an April 1995 ceremonial boat trip from Thailand to Vietnam—to celebrate the signing of the 1995 Agreement—which ran aground mid-river as a result of China filling the reservoir of the Manwan Dam. Although China and Burma became "dialogue partners" of the MRC in 1996 and slowly but steadily escalated their (non-binding) participation in its various forums, it is at present unthinkable that either would join the MRC in the near future.

In April 2002, China began providing daily water level data to the MRC during the flood season. Critics noted that the emphasis on "flood control" rather than dry season flows represented an important omission given the concerns prioritized by the Mekong regime. In July 2003, MRC CEO Joern Kristensen reported that China had agreed to scale back its plans to blast rapids by implementing only phase one (of three) of its Upper Mekong Navigation Improvement Project; however, China's future intentions in this area are far from certain. One area in which China has been particularly reticent is in providing information about the operation of its dams, rather than just flow data, including refusing to join emergency meetings in 2004. Only in 2005 did China agreed to hold technical discussions directly with the MRC. On 2 June 2005, at the invitation of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Water Resources, MRC CEO Dr. Olivier Cogels and a delegation of the secretariat's senior staff made the first official visit to Beijing to hold technical consultations under the framework of cooperation between China and the MRC, within the scope of the Mekong Programme. The delegation identified a number of potential areas of cooperation with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Water Resources, and the Ministry of Communication, Information and Transport. These discussions resulted in China supplying the MRC (beginning in 2007) with 24-hour water level and 12-hour rainfall data for flood forecasts in exchange for monthly flow data from the MRC Secretariat. The incentives for China to enter into cooperative regimes on the Mekong are substantially reduced by the alternative of the Salween River as a commercial outlet for China's Yunnan province, made considerably more attractive by requiring negotiation solely with Burma, rather than with four different riparians. News media and official sources often portray China's joining the commission as a panacea for resolving the over-development of the Mekong. However, there is no indication that China's joining the MRC would provide downstream riparians with any real capacity to challenge China's development plans, given the dramatic power imbalances exhibited by these countries' relations with China.

The MRC has been hesitant to fully register concerns about Chinese upstream hydro-development. For example, in a letter to the Bangkok Post, MRC CEO Dr. Olivier Cogels in fact argued that Chinese dams would increase the river's dry season volume as their purpose was electricity generation and not irrigation. While such dams certainly could increase dry season flows, the only certainty about future Chinese reservoir policies seems to be that they will be crafted outside of downstream cooperation regimes. Public statements from MRC leaders in the same vein as Cogels' comments have—to some—earned the MRC a reputation of being complicit in allowing "China's dam-building machine float downstream."

See also
 SERVIR Mekong Project
 LMC (Lancang-Mekong Cooperation)

References

Bibliography

Backer, Ellen Bruzelius. 2007. "The Mekong River Commission: Does It Work, and How Does the Mekong Basin's Geography Influence Its Effectiveness?" Südostasien aktuell: Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, p. 31–55.
Baker, Chris. 2007, February 24. "What is Vientiane?" Bangkok Post.
Bakker, Karen. 1999. "The politics of hydropower: developing the Mekong." Political Geography, 18: 209–232.

Cogels, Olivier. 2007, January 9. "Mekong hydropower development is good." Bangkok Post.
Dore, John. 2003. "The governance of increasing Mekong regionalism." In Social Challenges for the Mekong Region. Eds. Mingsarn Koasa-ard and John Dore. Bangkok: Chiang Mai University.
Ghosh, Nirmal. 2007, November 15. "Mekong dams 'will displace 75,000 people'; Environmental groups urge international donors to review their support for project." Straits Times.
Hirsch, P. 2003. "The Politics of Fisheries Knowledge in the Mekong River Basin." NSW 2006 Australian Mekong Resource Center.
Jacobs, Jeffrey W. 1995. "Mekong Committee History and Lessons for River Basin Development." The Geographical Journal, 161(2): 135–148.
Jacobs, Jeffrey W. 1998. "The United States and the Mekong Project." Water Policy (1): 587–603.
Japan Times. 2007, March 15. "Dark Clouds over Shangri-La."
Kanwanich, Suprandit. 2002, October 6. "At the mercy of the Mekong." Bangkok Post.
Kristensen,  Joern. 2002. "Food Security and Development in the Lower Mekong River Basin and the Need For Regional Cooperation: A Challenge for the Mekong River Commission." Defining an Agenda for Poverty Reduction: Proceedings of the First Asia and Pacific Forum on Poverty, Volume 1. Manila: Asian Development Bank.
Lebel, Louis, Garden, Po, and Imamura, Masao. 2005. "The Politics of Scale, Position, and Place I the Governance of Water Resources in the Mekong Region." Ecology and Society, 10(2): 18.
Makim, Abigail. 2002. "Resources for Security and Stability? The Politics of Regional Cooperation on the Mekong, 1957–2001." Journal of Environment & Development, 11(1): 5–52.
Mekong River Commission. 1975. Joint Declaration of Principles for Utilization of the Waters of the Mekong Basin. Bangkok: Mekong Committee.
Mekong River Commission. 1995. Agreement on the co-operation for the sustainable development of the Mekong River Basin.
Mekong River Commission. 2001a. Annual Report 2000. Phnom Penh: Mekong River Commission.
Mekong River Commission. 2001b. "Mekong News: The newsletter of the Mekong River Commission, October–December 2001."
Mekong River Commission. 2007, October 24. "Cross-border cooperation." Water Power & Dam Construction.
Nakayama, Mikiyasu. 2002. "International Collaboration on Water Systems in Asia and the Pacific: A Case in Transition." International Review for Environmental Studies, 3(2): 274–282.
Paul, Delia. 2003, November 17. "Rules on water use are well in place." Bangkok Post.
Pearce, Fred. 2004, April 3. "China drains life from Mekong river." New Scientist, 182: 14.
Pinyorat, Rungrawee C. 2003, June 13. "China vows to limit blasting of rapids." The Nation (Thailand).
Radosevich, George E., and Olson, Douglas C. 1999. "Existing and Emerging Basin Arrangements in Asia." World Bank: Third Workshop on River Basin and Institution Development.
Robertson, Benjamin. 	2006, October 19. "Caught in the Ebb." South China Morning Post.
Samabuddhi, Kultida. 2002, November 11. "Commission's Middleman Role attacked." Bangkok Post.
Sherman, Tom. 2004, May 12. "Mekong commission doesn't seem to care about people affected by its projects." The Nation (Thailand).
Sneddon, Chris. 2002. "Water Conflicts and River Basins: The Contradictions of Comanagement and Scale in Northeast Thailand." Society and Natural Resources, 15: 725–741.
Sneddon, Chris. 2003. "Reconfiguring scale and power: the Khong-Chi-Mun project in northeast Thailand." Environment and Planning, 35: 2229–2250.
Sneddon, Chris, and Fox, Coleen. 2005. "Flood Pulses, International Watercourse Law, and Common Pool Resources: A Case Study of the Mekong Lowlands." Expert Group on Development Issues Research Paper No. 2005/20.
Sneddon, Chris, and Fox, Coleen. 2006. "Rethinking transboundary waters: A critical hydropolitics of the Mekong basin." Political Geography, 25: 181–202.
Sneddon, Chris, and Fox, Coleen. 2007a. "Power, Development, and Institutional Change: Participatory Governance in the Lower Mekong Basin." World Development, 35(12): 2161–2181.
Sneddon, Chris, and Fox, Coleen. 2007b. "Transboundary river basin agreements in the Mekong and Zambezi basins: enhancing environmental security or securitizing the environment?" International Environmental Agreements, 7: 237–261.
Straits Times. 2006, July 11. "When global group therapy nets a result."
Thai News. 2007, November 19. "Southeast Asia: Activists urge MRC to halt dam projects on Mekong River."
The Economist. 1995, November 18. "The Mekong: Dammed if you don't." 337(7941): 38.
The Nation (Thailand). 2004, May 10. "Senator: locals know best."
Theeravit, Khien. 2003. "Relationships within and between the Mekong Region in the context of globalisation." In Social Challenges for the Mekong Region. Eds. Mingsarn Koasa-ard and John Dore. Bangkok: Chiang Mai University.
Wain, Barry. 2004, August 26. "Mekong River: River at Risk—The Mekong's Toothless Guardian." Far Eastern Economic Review.

Mekong River
Greater Mekong Subregion
Environment of Southeast Asia
International economic organizations
Intergovernmental environmental organizations
Mekong
Environmental organizations based in Vietnam
Environmental organisations based in Cambodia
Organizations based in Laos
Environmental organisations based in Myanmar
Dam-related organizations
Environmental organizations established in 1995
1995 establishments in Southeast Asia
Phnom Penh
Vientiane

Mekong River Commission


Chiapas is the southernmost state of Mexico. It is towards the southeast of the country. Chiapas is bordered by the states of Tabasco to the north, Veracruz to the northwest, and Oaxaca to the west. To the east Chiapas borders Guatemala, and to the south the Pacific Ocean.

Chiapas has an area of . The 2005 census population was 4,293,459 people.

In general Chiapas has a humid, tropical weather. In the north, in the area bordering Tabasco, near Teapa, rainfall can be more than 3,000 mm (118 in) per year . In the past, natural vegetation at this region was lowland, tall perennial rainforest, but this vegetation has been destroyed almost completely to give way to agriculture and ranching. Rainfall decreases moving towards the Pacific Ocean, but it is still abundant enough to allow the farming of bananas and many other tropical crops near Tapachula. On the several parallel "sierras" or mountain ranges running along the center of Chiapas, climate can be quite temperate and foggy. This allows the development of cloud forests like those of the Reserva de la Biosfera el Triunfo, home to a handful of quetzals and horned guans.

The state capital is Tuxtla Gutiérrez. Other cities and towns in Chiapas include San Cristóbal de las Casas, Comitán, and Tapachula. Chiapas is also home to the ancient Maya ruins of Palenque, Yaxchilan, Bonampak, Chinkultic, and Tonina.

Most people in Chiapas are poor, rural small farmers. About one quarter of the population are of full or predominant Maya descent, and in rural areas many do not speak Spanish. The state suffers from the highest rate of malnutrition in Mexico. This rate is estimated to affect over 40% of the population.

Other social issues involve the increasing presence of the Central American gangs known as Maras, and illegal immigration from Central America in general. This migration is mostly directed towards the United States, but it makes local poverty even worse. Many times, there are abuse and Human Rights violations that touch these migrants.

In 1994, there was an outbreak of violence between the Mexican Government and the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (the EZLN or Zapatistas). Today, the EZLN (Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, named in honour of Emiliano Zapata) has rejected the use of force and seek to be recognized as a voice of the poor. There are currently 32 "rebel autonomous zapatista municipalities" (independent Zapatista communities, MAREZ in Spanish), controlled by the EZLN in Chiapas: examples of these communities are Ocosingo and Las Margaritas.

Chiapas


An  adventure is something exciting that happens to someone.  An adventure can be a made-up story, or it can be something that happens in real life.

People often like stories about a person or a group of people who go off and have an adventure.  There is often some danger in the story. Enid Blyton and Edgar Rice Burroughs wrote stories about people who have exciting adventures. Harry Potter has lots of adventures: he meets strange people and gets into lots of dangerous situations.

People in real life like to have adventures. They may be explorers who like to go to far-away places where no one has ever been before.

Adventure sports are sports that are exciting and can be rather dangerous. Skydiving, gliding and rock climbing are adventure sports.

An adventure playground is a playground for children where they can climb, swing and jump on things. They have been made by adults for children to use and are normally quite safe.

An adventurer is someone who goes on adventures or does things that are risky.

Space travel is an example of a modern adventure.

An adventure game is a video game about adventures.

The word venture is a short form of "adventure".  A "business venture" is a business project in which there is a lot of risk.  "Venture" can also be a verb: "They ventured out into the storm".

Related pages
Action movie

Adventure


Huang Hua (; ; January 25, 1913 – November 24, 2010) was a senior Chinese Communist  revolutionary, politician, and diplomat. He served as Foreign Minister of China from 1976 to 1982, and concurrently as Vice Premier from 1980 to 1982. He was instrumental in establishing diplomatic links of the People's Republic of China with the United States and Japan, and was intensely involved in the negotiations with the United Kingdom over the status of Hong Kong.

Biography

Huang Hua was born Wang Rumei in Ci County, Hebei Province in 1913. He was one of the early students at Yenching University in Beijing, where he learned excellent English and developed a close relationship with John Leighton Stuart, the American missionary who founded Yenching.

In 1936, he joined the Communist Party of China at Yenching, and assumed the name Huang Hua. Later that year, he accompanied American journalist Edgar Snow to the Communist base in Yan'an, acting as the interpreter between Snow and the Communist leaders including Mao Zedong. Snow wrote the book Red Star Over China, which introduced the Chinese Communists to the world. Huang Hua remained in Yan'an after Snow left, and worked as an assistant to Marshal Zhu De and later as secretary of Marshal Ye Jianying. He married He Liliang in Yan'an.

After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, Huang's English skills ensured him a position in the newly established Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In the early 1950s, he gained prominence as an effective diplomat. He was involved in the Korean War armistice talks (1953), initial contacts with the United States in Warsaw, Poland (1958), and China's joining of the United Nations (1971).

During the 1960s, Huang spent much of his time abroad serving as ambassador to Ghana and then Egypt. When he returned home during the height of the Cultural Revolution, he was arrested along with his wife and banished to labor reform in the countryside. His exile did not last long however, as he was rehabilitated in 1971 and appointed the PRC's first ambassador to the United Nations.

Beginning in 1971, Huang was the first Permanent Representative to the UN from the People's Republic of China after the UN seat was transferred to the mainland Chinese government. Huang also signed the Sino-Japanese Peace and Friendship Treaty with Japanese Foreign Minister Sonoda on August 12, 1978.

After Mao Zedong's death in 1976, Foreign Minister Qiao Guanhua, an ally of the radical Gang of Four, was dismissed from his post and Huang appointed as his replacement. In this capacity, he served as Foreign Minister for the next six years and presided over the official establishment of diplomatic relations with the US.

When Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev died in November 1982, a Chinese delegation headed by Huang Hua as  Foreign Minister attended the funeral, where Huang praised the late Soviet leader as "an outstanding champion of world peace," and expressed his hope for normalized relations with Moscow. This was during the Sino-Soviet split, when PRC and the USSR competed for influence in the world. However, Huang's overly hasty actions led to his dismissal from office as soon as he returned home.

Personal life
In 1944, Huang married He Liliang (born July 1926). They had two sons and one daughter. Huang died on 24 November 2010 at the age of 97.

References

External links
 Huang Hua on Chinese Foreign Ministry

1913 births
2010 deaths
20th-century Chinese politicians
Ambassadors of China to Ghana
Ambassadors of China to Egypt
Foreign Ministers of the People's Republic of China
Permanent Representatives of the People's Republic of China to the United Nations
Politicians from Handan
State councillors of China
Vice Chairpersons of the National People's Congress
Yenching University alumni
Burials at Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery

Huang Hua


The Stade Armand-Cesari disaster happened at Bastia on the French island of Corsica at the Stade Armand-Cesari, on 5 May 1992. 18 people were killed when one of the terraces collapsed.

On that day, SC Bastia faced Olympique de Marseille for a semifinal match in the French Cup. Marseille was unarguably the best team in France at the time, and the board of Bastia wanted to take advantage of it by adding a large-capacity stand, to increase the number of seats by 50%. Local authorities approved the project without restrictions.

Before the game, the stand collapsed, killing 18 and leaving over 2,300 injured.

Structural problems, such as instability, were noticeable in the hour before the match. The structure collapsed at 20:23 CEST, shortly before the scheduled start of the match. Supporters and media were trapped in the wreckage. The match was never played. All medical resources on the island were fully committed to dealing with the injured and many of the victims were eventually evacuated to the mainland; the airport was reported as resembling a field hospital.

Investigation

An investigation was opened into the disaster. The investigation concluded there had been a number of violations of rules concerning the construction of the temporary terrace, and in the management of ticketing, and that the attitude of sporting and municipal executives had been problematic.

The report concluded "Le soir du 5 mai, il n'y a pas eu de fatalité" (). After a trial a number of those found responsible served short sentences.

Later developments

Since the disaster, Armand-Césari slowly improved, leaving only one of the four stands from 1992. This "under construction" stadium surprised the players from S.L. Benfica in 1997, as they believed this was the training pitch. Some major improvements finally started at the end of 1996, for a final capacity of 18,000.

References

20th century in Corsica
Stadium disasters
1992 industrial disasters
SC Bastia
Olympique de Marseille
1991–92 Coupe de France
Building and structure collapses in 1992
Building and structure collapses in France
May 1992 events in Europe

Stade Armand-Cesari disaster


Across the Universe is a 2007 jukebox musical romantic drama film directed by Julie Taymor, centered on songs by the Beatles. The script is based on an original story credited to Taymor, Dick Clement, and Ian La Frenais, and based on the song of the same name by Lennon–McCartney. It incorporates 34 compositions originally written by members of the Beatles. The film stars Evan Rachel Wood, Jim Sturgess, Joe Anderson and T.V. Carpio, and introduces Dana Fuchs and Martin Luther McCoy as actors. Cameo appearances are made by Bono, Eddie Izzard, Joe Cocker, and Salma Hayek, among others.

Across the Universe premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 14, 2007, and was theatrically released in the United States on October 12 by Columbia Pictures. The film received mixed reviews from critics, with many praising the visuals, cast, and singing performances, though criticized the plot and direction. The film was a major box-office bomb, failing to earn even half of its total production budget at the box office. The film received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy and an Oscar nomination for Best Costume Design. Two members of the supporting cast, Carol Woods and Timothy T. Mitchum, performed as part of a special Beatles tribute at the 50th Grammy Awards.

Plot
In the 1960s, Jude Feeney, a shipyard worker in Liverpool, heads to the US to find his G.I. father who conceived him during World War II, whom he has never met. He promises his girlfriend Molly he will stay in touch while he is away.

Meanwhile, in New Jersey, Lucy Carrigan worries about her boyfriend Daniel, who is headed for service in the Vietnam War. In Dayton, Ohio, cheerleader Prudence pines for a fellow female cheerleader and then drops out of school in shame.

Jude meets his father Wes, a janitor at Princeton University, but does not particularly bond with him. While on campus, he meets and befriends slacker student Max, who brings him home for Thanksgiving. He introduces Jude to his family, including Lucy, his younger sister.

Max drops out of college; he and Jude move into a bohemian enclave in Greenwich Village run by a singer, Sadie. Jude becomes a freelance artist, and Max is a cab driver. Daniel is killed in Vietnam, and Lucy attends his funeral. In Detroit, a young African-American boy is killed in the 1967 riot. His adult brother Jo-Jo, a guitarist, moves to New York for a change of scenery and auditions for Sadie's band. They are soon joined by Prudence, who had hitchhiked there.

Lucy visits Max in New York before starting college, and she and Jude fall in love. Max,  initially displeased upon learning they slept together, finally gives them his blessing. Later, Max is drafted into the army and sent to Vietnam, as he is no longer a college student protected from the draft. Prudence is attracted to Sadie and becomes depressed when Sadie and Jo-Jo begin a relationship.

Lucy becomes increasingly involved in the anti-war movement. Jude remains comparatively apolitical but devoted to her. Sadie is offered a chance to go on a solo tour as a headliner, leading to a bitter breakup between her and Jo-Jo. Jude dislikes the increasing amount of time Lucy spends with the Students for a Democratic Republic, led by activist Paco, as he suspects that Paco is attempting to seduce her.

Jude storms into the SDR office, leading to an argument with Lucy and a fight with Paco, after which Jude is thrown out and she breaks up with him. Some time later, Jude follows her to an anti-war demonstration at Columbia University. When the police arrest Lucy, Paco, and the other activists, Jude's attempts to reach her lead to his arrest as well.

With Jude facing deportation, Lucy contacts his father. Wes visits him in jail but has no legal proof that Jude is his son and thus an American citizen. As a result, Jude is sent back to England. Returning to his job at the Liverpool shipyards, he runs into his former girlfriend Molly and sees that she is heavily pregnant by her current partner. She met him around the time Jude stopped writing her (when he started seeing Lucy).

Jo-Jo continues playing solo guitar in bars, while the highly successful Sadie drowns her sorrow and loneliness in alcohol on tour. Max is wounded in Vietnam and sent home. Lucy visits him in the hospital, but he is traumatized and dependent on morphine. Meanwhile, she continues her activities with the SDR and is involved with Paco, but is uncomfortable with him leading the movement deeper into violence.

Lucy leaves Paco and the organization when she finds him making bombs, and she is surrounded by constant reminders of Jude. One of Paco's homemade bombs explodes, killing him and his confederates. Upon reading this news, Jude fears Lucy is also dead. He learns from Max over the phone that she had left the group beforehand and is alive, and he arranges to return to NYC legally.

Jo-Jo and Sadie, who have reconciled, put on a rooftop concert. Max brings Jude to the rooftop. When the police arrive to break up the concert, Jude manages to remain on the roof and begins to sing. The police allow the band to rejoin him. He notices Lucy on the opposite rooftop, standing and looking at him. Lucy and Jude gaze smilingly at each other as the performance concludes.

Cast

The names of the six main characters (and most minor characters) were inspired by Beatles song titles and lyrics.

 Evan Rachel Wood as Lucy ("Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds")
 Jim Sturgess as Jude ("Hey Jude")
 Joe Anderson as Max ("Maxwell's Silver Hammer")
 Dana Fuchs as Sadie ("Sexy Sadie")
 Martin Luther McCoy as Jo-Jo ("Get Back")
 T.V. Carpio as Prudence ("Dear Prudence")
 Spencer Liff as Daniel, Lucy's high school boyfriend ("Rocky Raccoon")
 Lisa Hogg as Molly, Jude's Liverpool girlfriend ("Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da")
 Angela Mounsey as Martha Feeny, Jude's mother ("Martha My Dear")
 Robert Clohessy as Wesley "Wes" Hubert, Jude's father
 Dylan Baker and Linda Emond as Lucy's parents (the Carrigans, Jerry Carrigan opened the Beatles' first performance in America)
 Lynn Cohen as Grandmother Carrigan
 Bill Irwin as Uncle Teddy ("Teddy Boy")
 Timothy T. Mitchum as Jo-Jo's younger brother
 Carol Woods as Gospel singer at the brother's funeral ("Let It Be")
 Joe Cocker as Bum / Pimp / Mad Hippie
 Jacob Pitts as Rat magazine employee
 Staceyann Chin as Rat magazine employee
 Harry Lennix as army sergeant
 Logan Marshall-Green as Paco
 James Urbaniak as Bill, Sadie's manager ("The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill")
 Bono as Dr. Robert ("Doctor Robert")
 Daniel Ezralow as Mother Superior ("Happiness Is a Warm Gun")
 Eddie Izzard as Mr. Kite ("Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!")
 Arabella Holzbog as Prankster
 Ekaterina Sknarina as Rita, Prudence's girlfriend, a contortionist for Mr. Kite's circus. ("Lovely Rita")
 Salma Hayek as Bang Bang Shoot Shoot Nurses ("Happiness Is a Warm Gun")

Music

Musical numbers
List of 33 Beatles compositions on the soundtrack in order, including three compositions heard twice, totalling 34 individual music cues:

 "Girl" — Jude
 "Helter Skelter" — Sadie
 "Hold Me Tight" — Lucy, Molly, and Prom Night singers
 "All My Loving" — Jude
 "I Want to Hold Your Hand" — Prudence
 "With a Little Help from My Friends" — Max, Jude, and Dorm buddies
 "It Won't Be Long" — Lucy and Students
 "I've Just Seen a Face" — Jude
 "Let It Be" — Gospel singer, Jojo's brother, and Church choir
 "Come Together" — Pimp, Bum, Mad Hippie, Jojo, and Prostitutes
 "Why Don't We Do It in the Road?" — Sadie
 "If I Fell" — Lucy
 "I Want You (She's So Heavy)" — Max, Sadie, Prudence, Uncle Sam, and Soldiers
 "Dear Prudence" — Sadie, Jude, Lucy, and Max
 "Flying"  (instrumental) — The Secret Machines
 "Blue Jay Way" — The Secret Machines
 "I Am the Walrus" — Dr. Robert
 "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!" — Mr. Kite
 "Because" — Lucy, Jude, Max, Sadie, Prudence, and Jojo
 "Something" — Jude
 "Oh! Darling" — Sadie and Jojo
 "Strawberry Fields Forever" — Jude and Max
 "Revolution" — Jude
 "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" — Jojo and Jude
 "Across the Universe" — Jude (interwoven with "Helter Skelter")
 "Helter Skelter (Reprise)" — Sadie (interwoven with "Across the Universe")
 "And I Love Her" (brief extract incorporated into the orchestral score during the "Across the Universe"/"Helter Skelter (Reprise)" sequence, also sung by McCoy in a deleted scene)
 "Happiness Is a Warm Gun" — Max, Bang Bang Shoot Shoot nurses, and Soldiers
 "A Day in the Life (Instrumental)" — Jeff Beck
 "Blackbird" — Lucy
 "Hey Jude" — Max, Jude's mother, Children and Immigrants
 "Don't Let Me Down" — Sadie and Jojo
 "All You Need Is Love" — Jude, Sadie, Prudence, Max, and Jojo
 "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" — Bono and The Edge (end credits)

Extended musical numbers
There is extra music, such as in "Hold Me Tight", to have more opportunity for things such as dance sequences. In "Come Together" on the special features, there is extra music for a dance solo and a well-planned "Six Degrees of Separation" which connects the main characters as they enter New York lifestyle. "I Want You (She's So Heavy)" is also extended to add time for Max's medical check-up that is shown and for the dialogue about Max eating cotton balls and other theories to get out of the draft. The extended music is used as underscoring for dialogue after "Dear Prudence", "Something", and "While My Guitar Gently Weeps". Some songs are not extended, but also have dialogue, such as "Revolution" and "All My Loving." Other extended songs include "I Am the Walrus", "Oh! Darling", "Across the Universe", and "Helter Skelter".

Soundtrack

The film's end credits identify 33 Beatles compositions featured in the film, either in their entirety or in part. All of these songs were written from 1962 to 1969 by the members of the Beatles (John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr) and recorded by the Beatles. Twenty-nine of them are compositions that are officially credited to the songwriting partnership of Lennon–McCartney. Three are credited to George Harrison. One title ("Flying") is a 1967 instrumental composition credited to all four members of the Beatles (Lennon–McCartney–Harrison–Starr).

Thirty of the soundtrack's songs feature vocals. Two of them ("And I Love Her" and "A Day in the Life") are brief instrumental versions of songs that were originally written with lyrics, although "And I Love Her" is sung in a deleted scene. One song ("Flying") was originally written as an instrumental.

Twenty-five of the vocal tracks are performed by one or more of the six lead cast members. Four of the songs are sung by stars with cameo roles (Bono, Eddie Izzard, Salma Hayek and Joe Cocker). One song ("Let It Be") is sung by supporting members of the cast. Another song ("Blue Jay Way") is sung by indie Texan trio the Secret Machines. In 29 of the vocal tracks, the vocalists are singing on-screen. Two of the vocal tracks ("Blue Jay Way" and "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds") are sung by off-screen vocalists.

The remaining three of the 33 tracks are instrumentals. "Flying" is performed by the Secret Machines, "And I Love Her" is heard briefly as part of the orchestral score, and "A Day in the Life" is performed on guitar by Jeff Beck in a version recorded for Sir George Martin's 1998 album In My Life.

In addition to the Beatles compositions, the soundtrack features an original score composed by Elliot Goldenthal. Goldenthal worked on Taymor's previous films Titus and Frida. (Goldenthal and director Taymor have been romantic partners since 1982.)

Interscope Records has released three variations of the soundtrack from the film—a standard edition and two deluxe editions. The standard edition contains 16 tracks from the film soundtrack, although "Let It Be" is shortened, missing the third verse. The first version of the deluxe edition features 31 tracks—all of the vocal performances and one of the three instrumental tracks. In the US, this 31-track version is available solely at Best Buy stores and in a digital version from iTunes, while in Europe it is available at other retail outlets. A second version of the deluxe edition is available at other retail outlets and digital download suppliers. The second version differs from the 31-track version in that it omits two tracks ("Why Don't We Do It in the Road?" and "I Want You (She's So Heavy)").

The song "It Won't Be Long" was released as a single on iTunes on September 11, 2007. From October 15 to 17, 2007, and again from October 22 to 23, 2007, the 31-track deluxe edition was the #1 downloaded album on iTunes.

The soundtrack includes seven songs from The Beatles (also known as The White Album), five from Magical Mystery Tour, five from Abbey Road, four from Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, three from With the Beatles, two from A Hard Day's Night, two from Let It Be, one from Help!, one from Rubber Soul, and three other non-album singles.

Production
In March 2007, the media reported a dispute over the final cut of the film. Concerned with the length of director Julie Taymor's cut of the film, Revolution Studios chairman Joe Roth tested a sneak preview of a shortened version without first informing Taymor. The incident sparked some heat between the two, later involving Sony Pictures' Amy Pascal urging Taymor to agree to the shorter version. After several months of dispute, Taymor's version was eventually reinstated as the theatrically released version. While the production budget was originally reported as $45 million, documents from Roth's sale of Revolution Studios revealed the actual cost of the film to be $70.8 million.

Release and reception
The film's release date and release pattern became the subject of some media and public discussion. The film had been originally scheduled for release in 2006. The release was postponed as the editing process became extended and internal disputes arose. The film was subsequently scheduled for a wide release on approximately 1000 US screens on September 28, 2007. In early September 2007, Sony announced that the release would be brought forward to September 14, 2007, with a "platform release" pattern starting on a small number of screens—with additional screens to be added in subsequent weeks.

The film received its world premiere on Monday, September 10, 2007, at the Toronto International Film Festival. The film was then given a very limited "platform release" on 27 screens in the US on Friday, September 14. The film had the second-highest "per-screen" average on its opening weekend. In the following three weeks, the release was gradually expanded to select regions. After four weeks in limited release, on October 12, the film was elevated to a comparatively broader release on 954 US screens, breaking into the US box office top ten at #8.

Ringo Starr, Yoko Ono, Paul McCartney and Olivia Harrison praised the film after seeing it. Julie Taymor, the director of the film was interviewed about her screening with McCartney: "At the end of the screening I did the classic thing. I asked him, 'Was there anything you didn't like?' He said, 'What's not to like?'"

The DVD, UMD, and Blu-ray formats were released on February 5, 2008. On  January 9, 2018, the film was re-released as an Ultra HD Blu-ray.

Critical reception
Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 53% based on 179 reviews, with an average rating of 5.9/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Psychedelic musical numbers can't mask Across the Universes clichéd love story and thinly written characters." Metacritic gives the film a weighted average score of 56 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times was extremely positive towards the film, giving it four out of four stars, calling it "an audacious marriage of cutting-edge visual techniques, heart-warming performances, 1960s history and the Beatles songbook" and calling Julie Taymor an "inventive choreographer".

The film appeared on a few notable critics' top ten lists of the best films of 2007, including 34 from American film critics:

 1st – Carrie Rickey, The Philadelphia Inquirer
 7th – Roger Ebert, Chicago Sun-Times
 9th – Stephen Holden, The New York Times

Awards
 65th Golden Globe Awards
 Nominee for Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy
 80th Academy Awards
 Nominee for Best Costume Design
 19th GLAAD Media Awards
 Nominee for Best Film – Wide Release

Sequel
In October 2020, Julie Taymor announced that developments were underway for a sequel. Jim Sturgess and Evan Rachel Wood have had discussions with the filmmaker to reprise their roles, while the story would take place during the 1970s and feature additional songs by the Beatles.

See also
 List of cover versions of Beatles songs
 The Beatles' influence on popular culture

References

External links

The Beatles tribute albums
2007 films
2000s musical films
2007 romantic drama films
American musical drama films
American romantic drama films
American romantic musical films
Anti-war films about the Vietnam War
British musical films
British romantic drama films
Columbia Pictures films
Revolution Studios films
The Beatles in film
Films directed by Julie Taymor
Films set in Liverpool
Films set in New Jersey
Films set in New York City
Films set in the 1960s
Films shot in New Jersey
Films shot in New York City
Films set in Columbia University
American historical romance films
Hippie films
Jukebox musical films
Vietnam War films
Films scored by Elliot Goldenthal
British historical romance films
Films with screenplays by Dick Clement
Films with screenplays by Ian La Frenais
American historical musical films
Films produced by Suzanne Todd
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
2000s British films

Across the Universe (film)


The Boxer Rebellion was an uprising that occurred within China in the years 1900 and 1901 (from on 2 November 1900 to 7 September 1901). It was led by the Boxers, a group of Chinese citizens who disliked the vast amount of foreign influence that existed in China.

The Foreigners in China

It happened during a time when many foreign countries were scrambling for concessions in China in the aftermath of the first Sino-Japanese war. These countries were Japan, Britain, Germany, and Russia. China had lost the First Sino-Japanese war a few years earlier over Korea.

The Boxers
The Boxers were Chinese citizens who were angry about the growing power of foreigners in China, who wanted to fight and drive out all foreigners and even some Chinese people. The Boxers got a lot of people to help them and drove their fight to Peking (Beijing).

55 Days at Peking
The interior inner city of Beijing was known as the Tartar city because it was majority Manchu and half of all Manchus in the Qing lived in Beijing's inner city. Japan, Russia, Britain, France, the United States, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy made an alliance to conduct an expedition against the Boxers in Beijing . While they did that, the Empress Dowager Cixi declared war on all of them and sent the Gansu Army to help the Boxers. The first foreign expedition to Beijing, the Seymour expedition, was defeated. The foreign legations in Beijing were surrounded for 55 days before the foreign reinforcements got through in the second Gaselee expedition and got to the legations in Beijing. Manchus suffered tremendously as the foreign soldiers went around raping their women and killing their men. The rest of China outside of Manchuria and Zhili province was not affected since the Han governor generals such as Yuan Shikai, Li Hongzhang, Liu Kunyi and Zhang Zhidong signed a pact called the Mutual Protection of Southeast China to keep their provinces out of the war and did not help the Qing court and neither did the foreigners attack them.

Aftermath
The foreigners were very angry with the Qing . They said that China had to pay them even more money and execute officials responsible for supporting the Boxers like the Manchu bannerman governor Yuxian, Qixiu, Captain Enhai (En Hai) and Manchu Zaixun, Prince Zhuang and Han general Dong Fuxiang. China agreed to execute all the Manchu officials like Yuxian, Qixiu, Enhai and Zaixun but refused to execute Han general Dong Fuxiang. A few years later in 1911, the Qing Empire collapsed and China had a new government, but the foreigners still influenced China, especially Japan.

Related pages
 Opium Wars
 First Sino-Japanese War
 Qing Dynasty
 Empress Dowager Cixi
 Imperial Japanese Army
 Open Door Policy
 Imperialism

Wars involving China
Rebellions in Asia
19th-century rebellions
20th-century rebellions
1900
1901
20th century in China
1900s conflicts

Boxer Rebellion


First Internet Bancorp is a bank holding company that operates First Internet Bank of Indiana, sometimes called First Internet Bank or First IB, an early state-chartered, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation-insured institutions to operate without physical branches.

The bank was founded in 1997 by entrepreneur David B. Becker, incorporated on October 28, 1998, and opened to the public on February 22, 1999. It is engaged primarily in online retail banking and investment in securities. Services include interest-bearing checking accounts, regular and money market savings accounts, certificates of deposit, individual retirement accounts, credit cards, and check cards. The bank also offers personal lines of credit, installment loans, real-time transfers between accounts, and the ability to display checking, savings and loan information on a single screen.

First IB is a privately capitalized institution with over 300 private and corporate investors. On March 21, 2006, the bank consummated a Plan of Exchange by which the bank became a wholly owned subsidiary of First Internet Bancorp, a single-bank holding company.

See also
Online banking
Telephone banking

References

United States Securities and Exchange Commission: First Internet Bank Corp Annual Report 2005. Saginaw Michigan, Saginaw Arts and Sciences Academy 2008.

External links

Online financial services companies of the United States
Banks established in 1998
Companies listed on the Nasdaq
Companies based in Indianapolis
Banks based in Indiana

First Internet Bancorp


For organisms that reproduce sexually, insemination is the transfer of male gametes (usually sperm) into the female reproductive tract, for the purpose of generating offspring. In mammals, this is the uterus, in birds, this is the oviduct. Insemination happens naturally during sexual intercourse, or copulation. It can also be done artificially, in which case it is called artificial insemination.

Sexuality

Insemination


Hawkshead and Claife is  a National Trust property  made up of much of the town of Hawkshead and surrounding Claife Woodlands in Cumbria, England. Overlooking Windermere itself is Claife Station, the ruins of a residence notable for the fact that each room was glazed in differing coloured glass to give the effect of viewing the landscape in the changing seasons.

Hawkshead is home to the Beatrix Potter Gallery, another National Trust property. The Trust also owns four miles of access along Windermere lakeshore.

External links
Beatrix Potter Gallery at Hawkshead information at the National Trust
Claife Viewing Station, Overlooking Windermere information at the National Trust

National Trust properties in the Lake District
Tourist attractions in Cumbria

Hawkshead and Claife


Vilafranca is a municipality in the comarca of Ports, in the province of Castellón, Valencian Community, Spain. Prior to 2022, it was part of a different comarca, l'Alt Maestrat. Its official Spanish language name is Villafranca del Cid.

Geography
The royal town of Villafranca del Cid is situated on the western boundary of the province of Castellón, 95 km from the capital. The village lies on a high plateau at 1,125 m above sea level. Despite this, the rest of the term is very rugged, most notably the main point "'Tossal dels Montllats'" (1.643 m), "'Tossal del Mas de Coder'" (1467 m), "'Tossal del Mas d'Altava'" (1426 m), "'Tossal del Mas de Tosca de Dalt'" (1379 m), "'Tossal d'Arriello' "(1314 m) and the side of" 'Canto del Picaio' "(1305 m). By contrast the lower part is in the Río Monleón 710 m. above sea level. The highest points are basically formed by limestone erosion that has beveled sometimes deeply. The dissolution of limestone has managed whimsical molded in " Les Coves del Forcall '.'"

You reach this location from Castellón taking the CV-10 and the CV-15.

Neighboring localities
The town of Villafranca del Cid limited with the following locations:
Portell de Morella, Castellfort, Ares del Maestrat, Benassal and Vistabella del Maestrat all inside the province of Castellón, Mosqueruela and La Iglesuela del Cid inside the province of Teruel.

History
Its origins are lost in the prehistory. So say the town of Bronze Age of "Ereta Castellar" numerous Iberian sites that dot the term, occasional rock paintings and historically remains Roman found (old secondary roads, imperial coins, etc.). But the birth of the current Villafranca was dated February 7, 1239. Its founder was Don Blasco de Alagon, which he called "'Rivus Truitarum'" or " Riu de les Truites'" (Rio de las Truchas in Castilian). The Gothic-Roman bridge across the "Riu de les Truites" which was the king Jaime I crossed and first set foot on the land of Castellon.

After belonging to the house of Alagon, of Anglesola after and again to Alagon, he joined the "Términos Generales del Castillo de Morella" on May 14, 1303. On December 27, 1333, the people from Vilafranca rebelled against the decisions of Morella's juries, starting with this act the struggle for independence that lasted nearly four centuries and other villages joined.

There were a number of lawsuits with Mosqueruela losing Mallo castle and the village of Estrella between 1335 and 1340.

King Pedro IV of Aragon authorized the construction of walls and granted independence to Morella on June 8, 1358; but eleven years later he changed his mind and canceled the privilege. Felipe IV understood the financial burden posed this to the villages, and in payment for services rendered by the villagers in the wars of France and Catalonia, the independent will.

Joan Baptista Penyarroja of Carlos II was the notary who succeeded the independence of all the villages and the erection in royal villas February 8, 1691.

In the Succession War, the town took the side of Archduke Charles of Austria.

Although there was always an important traditionalist core and was the son of the village as the famous guerrilla "El Serrador" Villafranca took part by liberals Elizabeth II; but Cabrera took her by surprise in 1834. Then it was another strong liberal stronghold again until being abandoned, as it was trapped between the Carlist domains. In the area of the town, two memorable battles were fought: the   and "Pla de Mosorro" on June 28, 1875, won by Jovellar, Azcarraga and Villaviciosa against Dorregaray, Cucala and Villalaín (he died in action). This battle has been considered as the beginning of the end of the war in the centre of Spain and Valencia.

In 1943 the provincial council (diputación provincial) mostly choose the mayor of Vilafranca, Juan Antonio Aznar Inigo, for the position of procurador (member of the Cortes) in the I Legislature of the Cortes Españolas (1943-1946), representing the municipalities of the province.

References

Municipalities in the Province of Castellón
Ports (comarca)
Maestrazgo

Vilafranca


An authorization to carry (ATC) is a permit issued by the Government of Canada under the Firearms Act. An ATC allows an individual to lawfully possess a restricted, or a specific class of, prohibited firearm that is loaded or possessed with readily accessible ammunition.

Under this permit, the approved firearm may be carried on the permit holder's person, in a holster. The issuing chief firearms officer may specify on the ATC that concealing the firearm is permitted, and may impose any other conditions deemed appropriate; for example, an ATC issued for armoured car work requires a uniform be worn while armed (see carry regulation SOR 98-207, Firearms Act).

This permit is less common than the authorization to transport permit which allows secured and trigger locked transport of restricted and prohibited-class firearms in an unloaded state.

See also
Firearms regulation in Canada

External links
 RCMP Information Sheet: Application for an Authorization to Carry Restricted Firearms and Prohibited Handguns
 Federal Statutes and Regulations > SOR/98-207

Canadian firearms law

Authorization to carry


Internet safety is the topic of teaching people how to be safe when using the internet. It is particularly important when using social media, through which personal information is shared.

Internet safety is mainly taught in primary and secondary schools and focuses on making sure children know that:
 you should not share your personal information on the internet,
 you should think before you write comments about people - how it could affect them,
 you should always tell an adult if there is something that upsets you,
 you should not meet someone you have talked to on the internet without an adult.

Choose a strong password with different characters and numbers.

There are more another ways to secure your devices when surfing through Internet ,You can use a VPN (Virtual Private Network) they are usually more secure then simple , also they help to unlock many websites which are blocked by your service provider , It is usually recommended to use a Paid service rather than using free service. And an Anti-virus must  have to be in your device if you want a secure surfing.

Related pages
Computer security

Internet
Safety

.Internet safety

Internet safety


The Civil Works Administration (CWA) was a program that created jobs. It did not last long. It was created by the New Deal during the Great Depression. The jobs were manual-labor jobs for millions of unemployed workers. The jobs were temporary, meaning the workers didn't work for a very long time. This lasted during winter of 1933–34. President Franklin D. Roosevelt told everyone about the CWA on November 8, 1933, and put Harry L. Hopkins in charge of it.

The CWA was a project created from the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA). The CWA created construction jobs, mainly making new buildings and bridges (or making them better). It ended on March 31, 1934. $200 million per month was spent. It gave jobs to four million people.

New Deal
Great Depression
Franklin D. Roosevelt
20th century in the United States
1933 establishments in the United States

Civil Works Administration


In the field of psychology, automaticity is the ability to do things without occupying the mind with the low-level details required, allowing it to become an automatic response pattern or habit. It is usually the result of learning, repetition, and practice. Examples of tasks carried out by 'muscle memory' often involve some degree of automaticity.

Examples of automaticity are common activities such as walking, speaking, bicycle-riding, assembly-line work, and driving a car (the last of these sometimes being termed "highway hypnosis"). After an activity is sufficiently practiced, it is possible to focus the mind on other activities or thoughts while undertaking an automatized  activity (for example, holding a conversation or planning a speech while driving a car).

Characteristics
John Bargh (1994), based on over a decade of research, suggested that four characteristics usually accompany automatic behavior:
Awareness
A person may be unaware of the mental process that is occurring.
Intentionality
A person may not intentionally initiate a mental process.
Efficiency
Automatic mental processes tend to have a low cognitive load, requiring relatively low mental resources.
Controllability
A person may not have the ability to stop or alter a process after initiation.

Bargh states that these are simply common characteristics; not all are needed for a process to be considered automatic. For instance, stereotype activation has been described as an automatic process: it is unintentional and efficient, requiring little effort. However stereotype activation is accompanied by above chance awareness and if conflicting processing goals are available then it becomes controlled. Therefore, stereotype activation only satisfies two of Bargh's criteria, but is still considered to be an example of automatic processing.

In reading
LaBerge and Samuels (1974) helped explain how reading fluency develops. Automaticity refers to knowing how to perform some arbitrary task at a competent level without requiring conscious effort — i.e., it is a form of unconscious competence.

Moreover, if the student is automatic or is "a skilled reader, multiple tasks are being performed at the same time, such as decoding the words, comprehending the information, relating the information to prior knowledge of the subject matter, making inferences, and evaluating the information's usefulness to a report he or she is writing". It is essential to understand automaticity and how it is achieved to better a student's performance. This is important for teachers because automaticity should be focused on in early years to ensure higher level reading skills in adolescence.

Disruption
Automaticity can be disrupted by explicit attention when the devotion of conscious attention to the pattern alters the content or timing of that pattern itself.  This phenomenon is especially pronounced in situations that feature high upside and/or downside risk and impose the associated psychological stress on one's conscious mind; one's performance in these situations may either a) be unimpaired or even enhanced ("flow") or b) deteriorate ("choke").

This effect has been named the "centipede effect" after the fable of the "Centipede's dilemma", where a toad immobilises a centipede simply by asking it how it walks. The centipede's normally unconscious locomotion was interrupted by conscious reflection on it.  The psychologist George Humphrey referred to this parable in his 1923 The story of man's mind: "No man skilled at a trade needs to put his constant attention on the routine work," he wrote. "If he does, the job is apt to be spoiled."

Use to influence

In Influence, Robert Cialdini's book about social psychology and influence tactics, Cialdini explains how common automatic response patterns are in human behavior, and how easily they can be triggered, even with erroneous cues. He describes an experiment conducted by social psychologists Langer, Chanowitz, and Blank  which illustrates how compliant people will be with a request if they hear words that sound like they are being given a reason, even if no actual reason is provided. The experimenters approached people standing in line to use a photocopier with one of three requests:

 "Excuse me. I have 5 pages. May I use the Xerox machine because I'm in a rush?"
 "Excuse me. I have 5 pages. May I use the Xerox machine?"
 "Excuse me. I have 5 pages. May I use the Xerox machine because I have to make some copies?"

When given the request plus a reason, 94% of people asked complied with the request. When given the request without a reason, only 60% complied. But when given the request with what sounds like a reason but isn't, compliance jumped back to 93%. Langer, Chanowitz, and Blank are convinced that most human behavior falls into automatic response patterns.

However, when the request was made larger (20 pages instead of 5), subjects expected a sound reason before complying, as illustrated in the table.

See also
 Habit (psychology)
 Habituation
 Neural adaptation
 Implicit memory
 Unconscious cognition
 Unconscious thought theory

References

Sources
 PhysioEx 6.0 – Peter Zao – Timothy Stabler – Greta Peterson – Lori Smith

 Cialdini, R.B. (2001). Influence: Science and practice (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. p. 4

External links
 Automaticity at Encyclopedia of Educational Technology
 This online .pdf summarizes the research about automatic processing and controlled processing up to 2003

Cognitive science
Learning
Educational technology

Automaticity


Waltari is an alternative metal band from Finland. The band was formed  in Helsinki in 1986. The original members were Kärtsy Hatakka, Sale Suomalainen and Jariot Lehtinen. Their name is a reference to popular Finish writer Mika Waltari – a favorite author of band's guitarist Jariot Lethinen.

Waltari is more famous in the rest of Europe than in Finland and the band members have very positive relationships to Czech Republic. They've collaborated with Czech punk rock band Wohnout and Kärtsy is a good friend of Lenka Dusilová. The band has collaborated with many other artists. They've made albums with Finnish ethno band Angelit, they hosted on Apocalyptica's album and Tarja Turunen from Nightwish was a part of Yeah! Yeah! Die! Die! live performance.

Musicial style
Waltari's music is well known for it's destruction of rock and metal genre boundaries. Their heavy sound is often combined with elements of electronic music, pop, rap, disco, funk, grindcore and bits of many other genres and creates a fusion which can be described as avant-garde. The lead singer and bass guitarist, Kärtsy Hattaka, delivers very distinctive vocal part to their music and makes Waltari's sound even more unique and easily recognizable.

Lyrics
Waltari's lyrics are as diverse as their music. They're about various range of topics including everyday misery, personal struggles, science fiction motives, and music industry philosophical questions. They have one thing in common – heavy irony, self-irony and sarcasm.

Albums
Waltari started their musical career with demo records. The longest one was Monk Punk. This album presents an interesting mixture of punk and funk music, but the first release which provided the band more positive reviews was the album called Torcha! and it was also the first one which combined bits of many musical genres. It also includes the cover of Madonna's song "Vogue".

Next two albums, So Fine and Big Bang were also very successful. They mainly concentrate on mixing heavy metal with techno, which was something fresh and innovative. Their biggest success among death metal fans yet came with the Yeah! Yeah! Die! Die! album, which is mixture of death metal and classical music. It also has a musical feeling to it, because it's kind of an epic story from future sung in dialogues of various characters.

Next album Space Avenue is more electronic and it has some pop feeling to it. Another one called Radium Round goes even further in that. It's almost a pop/disco album with some metal elements. Waltari returned to more rock sound with albums like Rare Species and very successful Blood Sample. Last two albums – Release Date and Below Zero are mainly focused on heavy sound with bits of progressive rock.

 Monk-Punk - 1991
 Torcha! - 1992
 So Fine! - 1994
 Big Bang - 1995
 Space Avenue - 1997
 Radium Round - 1999
 Rare Species - 2004
 Blood Sample - 2005
 Release Date - 2007
 Below Zero - 2009
 Covers All - The 25th Anniversary Album - 2011

Musical groups from Helsinki
Alternative metal bands
1986 establishments in Europe
1980s establishments in Finland

Waltari


Diane Johnson (born Diane Lain, April 28, 1934), is an American novelist and essayist whose satirical novels often feature American heroines living abroad in contemporary France. She was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for her novel Persian Nights in 1988.

Career
Born Diane Lain in Moline, Illinois, Johnson has authored books including Lulu in Marrakech (2008), L'Affaire (2003), Le Mariage (2000), and Le Divorce (1997), for which she was a National Book Award finalist and the winner of the California Book Award gold medal for fiction. Her memoir Flyover Lives was released in January 2014.

She has been a frequent contributor to The New York Review of Books since the mid-1970s. With filmmaker Stanley Kubrick, Johnson co-authored the screenplay to The Shining (1980), based on the horror novel of the same name by Stephen King.

In 2003, Le Divorce, a film adaptation of her 1997 comedy of manners novel of the same name, was released, directed by James Ivory and starred Kate Hudson and Naomi Watts.

Personal life
Johnson attended Stephens College, a small women's college in Missouri. In her sophomore year, she entered the Mademoiselle magazine Guest Editor contest and was selected as one of 20 women from across the United States to work on the magazine for a month in New York City in 1953. The month at the magazine would prove to be formative in her eventual career as a writer. Another member of the group was Sylvia Plath who would write about the experience in her 1963 novel The Bell Jar.

Johnson shadowed the Health and Beauty editor and was responsible for answering readers' questions about makeup. In a piece she wrote for the September 2003 edition of Vogue magazine, Johnson said: "I still have a strong memory of Plath's white straw beret, her blonde pageboy and cheerful face. (None of us understood the anguish of her secret life, though maybe the editors did, for they treated her carefully, the one most destined to succeed.)"

In the Vogue article, Johnson wrote the month at Mademoiselle and her exposure to Plath taught her a key lesson. "I realized that if you took pains with your writing, you could make art, and that the rather facile little stories I had dashed off for my English classes or the school magazine were probably not art. It was, in fact, the example of "Sunday at the Mintons'," Sylvia Plath's winning story in the Guest Editor contest, that made that point to me and changed my life, though not immediately."

Johnson went on to say, "Writing was a serious form of work, and to be serious, like those New York editors, you had to send in your stories. Writers and editors were embarked on a consequential enterprise, the business of literature and books. What happiness to have been taught that lesson; I did send in my novels."

That same year, 1953, Johnson married B. Lamar Johnson Jr. Within eight years, she had given birth to four children with him: Kevin, Darcy, Amanda, and Simon. In the Vogue article she wrote, "Novel-writing would become my refuge during moments snatched during their naps and play visits. New York...came to symbolize a road not taken, but I was not sorry, exactly, for if I had stayed in New York, I probably would not have done my writing."

After separating from and divorcing Johnson, in 1968 she married John F. Murray, a physician who became chief of pulmonary and critical care at San Francisco General Hospital. After Murray's retirement, the two divided their time between homes in Paris, where Murray died of COVID-19 on March 24, 2020, at the age of 92, and San Francisco.

Bibliography

Novels
Fair Game (1965)
Loving Hands at Home (1968)
Burning (Dutton, 1971)
The Shadow Knows (Dutton, 1974)
Lying low (Knopf, 1978)
Persian Nights (Knopf, 1987)
Health and Happiness (Knopf, 1990)
Le Divorce (Dutton, 1997)
Le Mariage (Dutton, 2000)
L'Affaire (Dutton, 2003)
Lulu in Marrakech (Dutton, 2008)
Lorna Mott Comes Home (Knopf, 2021)

Non-fiction
The True History of Mrs. Meredith and Other Lesser Lives (Knopf, 1972)
Dashiell Hammett: A Life (1983)
Natural Opium: Some Travelers' Tales (Knopf, 1993)
Terrorists and Novelists: Essays (Knopf, 1982).
Into a Paris Quartier: Reine Margot's Chapel and Other Haunts of St.-Germain (National Geographic Directions, 2005)
Flyover Lives: A Memoir (Viking, 2014)

References

External links
 Diane Johnson, "The Writing Life", washingtonpost.com, November 30, 2008, p. BW11
 Diane Johnson, "The Dollar's Down. But We're Not Out", washingtonpost.com, April 27, 2008.
 La vraie Française By Diane Johnson - Telegraph

 Diane Johnson Collection at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin
 Diane Johnson author page and archive from The New York Review of Books

1934 births
Living people
People from Moline, Illinois
American expatriates in France
20th-century American novelists
American satirists
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
Writers from San Francisco
Journalists from Paris
Novelists from Illinois
21st-century American novelists
American women novelists
French women writers
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
American women essayists
Women satirists
Journalists from Illinois
Comedians from Illinois
American women non-fiction writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
Comedians from California
20th-century American comedians
21st-century American comedians
20th-century French women

Diane Johnson