Cleopatra V (; died  or ) was a Ptolemaic Queen of Egypt. She is the only surely attested wife of Ptolemy XII. Her only known child is Berenice IV, but she was also probably the mother of Cleopatra VII. It is unclear if she died around the time of Cleopatra VII's birth in 69 BC, or if it was her or a daughter named Cleopatra VI who co-ruled Ptolemaic Egypt with Berenice IV in 58–57 BC during the political exile of Ptolemy XII to Rome. No written records about Cleopatra V exist after 57 BC and two years later Berenice IV was overthrown by Ptolemy XII, his throne restored with Roman military aid.

Descent and marriage
Because of the poor body of source material Cleopatra V is a very obscure member of the Ptolemaic dynasty. Only a few ascertained facts about her are known. Many aspects of her life are the subject of controversial theories. In all known ancient sources she is given the byname Tryphaena. She may have borne this name before accession to the throne when she assumed the traditional royal name Cleopatra. In some modern specialist literature Cleopatra Tryphaena, wife of Ptolemy XII, is referred to as Cleopatra VI. The historian of classical antiquity Werner Huß refers to her as Cleopatra VII Tryphaena.

The parentage of Cleopatra V is not recorded. She may have been a legitimate or illegitimate daughter of Ptolemy IX or the legitimate daughter of Ptolemy X. It is mentioned that in 88 BC, Ptolemy X Alexander fled Egypt with his wife Berenice III and his daughter. Cleopatra Tryphaena might be this unnamed daughter.

Cleopatra V is first mentioned in 79 BC in two papyri. One of these papyri dates from January 17, 79 BC. In that year she married Ptolemy XII, king of Egypt. They received divine worship as theoí Philopátores kai Philádelphoi (father-, brother- and sister-loving gods). Cleopatra's Egyptian titles, found primarily at Edfu and Philae, include Daughter of Re, Female Ruler, and Mistress of Two Lands.

Death and identity
It is unclear how long Cleopatra V lived, and with which mentions of Cleopatra Tryphaena in the historical record she should be identified, as the numbering used to distinguish the Ptolemies is a modern invention. Cleopatra Tryphaena V vanished around the time Cleopatra VII was born (69 BC): her name begins to disappear from monuments and papyri, and there is a papyrus of Ptolemy XII from 69 BC that does not mention her but would be expected to do so had she still been alive.

There is some indication that Cleopatra may have died in 69 BC — she may have died in childbirth or was possibly murdered. Should she really have died that early, then the Cleopatra Tryphaena who is mentioned — after the expulsion of Ptolemy XII — as co-ruler of Egypt (together with Berenice IV) in 58 and 57 BC, and died around 57 BC, must be her daughter, numbered by some historians as Cleopatra VI Tryphaena. This is also supported by Porphyry.

On the other hand, there is a dedication on the Temple of Edfu from December 5, 57 BC that inscribes Cleopatra Tryphaena's name alongside Ptolemy XII's (who however was not present in Egypt at that time), which would have meant the king's wife rather than daughter and would be unlikely had Ptolemy XII's wife really died already twelve years earlier. Thus some, though not all, modern historians consider Cleopatra V to be identical with the purported Cleopatra VI Tryphaena, and have her living to c. 57 BC. This would comport with the account by Strabo, who reports Ptolemy XII to have had only three daughters; these can reliably be identified as Berenice IV, Cleopatra VII, and Arsinoe IV as the king's daughters, so that there would not be left any room for a Cleopatra VI. Werner Huss assumes, that quarrels erupted between Cleopatra V and Ptolemy XII in 69 BC and that as a result of these disputes Cleopatra V fell in disgrace and was compelled to resign.

Cleopatra V was probably the mother of Cleopatra VII. Michael Grant comes to the conclusion that "on the whole" it seems most likely Cleopatra V was the mother of Cleopatra VII, noting that had Cleopatra VII been illegitimate, her "numerous Roman enemies would have revealed this to the world." He continues we should rule out the hypothesis Cleopatra VII was conceived by Ptolemy XII's second wife-to-be while Cleopatra V was on the scene, and that if this unknown second wife would have been Cleopatra VII's mother and later made "queen legitimized", Cleopatra VII would still have been considered a bastard and "her Roman foes would not have missed the hint." Duane W. Roller speculates that Cleopatra could have been the daughter of a theoretical half-Macedonian-Greek, half-Egyptian woman belonging to a family of priests dedicated to Ptah and was "only technically illegitimate" (however, he contends that whatever Cleopatra's ancestry, she valued her Greek Ptolemaic heritage the most), but notes if this unknown woman was not Cleopatra's mother, then Cleopatra V would be her mother.  Part of his argument is based on Strabo's mention of Ptolemy XII's having only three daughters, Berenice being the only legitimate one. But as Grant notes that, of all the attacks on Cleopatra VII, her being illegitimate is not among them, and that it is only mentioned in a casual statement by Strabo.

Most scholars agree that Berenice IV was a daughter of Cleopatra V. A different wife of Ptolemy XII may have been the mother of the younger siblings of Cleopatra VII, that is Arsinoe IV, Ptolemy XIII and Ptolemy XIV. However, Christopher Bennett thinks that Cleopatra V was the mother of all known children of Ptolemy XII. In 55 BC, upon his return to Egypt from exile with Roman military aid, Ptolemy XII had his rival daughter Berenice IV executed for usurping his throne.

Notes

References

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External links
 Genealogy of Ptolemaic Dynasty

1st-century BC Pharaohs
1st-century BC queens regnant
1st-century BC Egyptian women
60s BC deaths
90s BC births
Female pharaohs
Pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty
Ptolemaic princesses

Cleopatra V


Emmanuel Jal (born Jal Jok 1 January 1980) is a South Sudanese-Canadian artist, actor, former child soldier, and political activist.  His autobiography, War Child: A Child Soldier's Story, was published in 2009.

Childhood
Jal was born to a Nuer family in the village of Tonj, Warrap State in the Bahr el Ghazal region of Sudan (now South Sudan). He does not know exactly when he was born, and records his date of birth as 1 January 1980. Jal was a young child when the Second Sudanese Civil War broke out. His father joined the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) and when he was roughly seven years old, his mother was killed by soldiers loyal to the government. He then decided to join the thousands of children travelling to Ethiopia seeking education and opportunity.

Along the way however, many of the children, Jal included, were recruited by the SPLA and taken to military training camps in the bush in Etwas disguised as a school in front of international aid agencies and UN representatives, but behind closed doors the children were training to fight.

Jal spent several years fighting with the SPLA in Ethiopia, until war broke out there too and the child soldiers were forced back into Sudan by the fighting and joined the SPLA's efforts to fight the government in the town of Juba. "Many kids there were so bitter, they wanted to know what happened to them. And we all wanted revenge."

When the fighting became unbearable Jal and some other children decided to run away. They were on the move for three months, with many dying on the way, until they reached the town of Waat, which was the headquarters of a small group that had separated themselves from the main SPLA.

In Waat, Jal met Emma McCune, a British aid worker married to senior SPLA commandant Riek Machar. Jal was only 11 years old then and McCune insisted he should not be a soldier. She adopted him and smuggled him to Kenya. There he attended school in Brookhouse International School in Nairobi. McCune died in a road accident a few months later, but her friends (Madeleine Bunting and Anna Ledgard) helped Jal to continue his studies. However, after McCune died, her husband Machar did not agree with Emmanuel staying with him, and he was forced to live in the slums (maybe before he came to Kileleshwa). He stayed in Kileleshwa with other refugees while attending Arboretum Sixth Form College.

Music
With the help of a British aid worker (Emma McCune), Jal escaped into Kenya. But even that came with hardships as he lived for years in the slums. But Jal eventually stumbled upon hip-hop and discovered the genre harboured incredible power, both spiritual and political. While studying in Kenya, Jal started singing to ease the pain of what he had experienced. He also became very active in the community, raising money for local street children and refugees. With the encouragement of those around him like Gatkuoth Jal who has also gone through the same experience, Jal became increasingly involved in music and formed several groups. His first single, "All We Need Is Jesus", was a hit in Kenya and received airplay in the UK.

Through his music, Jal counts on the unity of the citizens to overcome ethnic and religious division and motivate the youth in Sudan. After escaping to Kenya, he fell in love with hip hop in the way that it identified issues being faced by the neighbourhood, which he was able to identify with in a unique manner. Although he lacked any music background or knowledge of its history, he felt that hip hop could provide the easiest and most effective vehicle to express his story and lobby for political change.

He went on to produce his first album, Gua, a mix of rap in Arabic, English, Swahili, Dinka and Nuer. The symbolism of unity is expressed in the title, meaning both "peace" in Nuer and "power" in Sudanese Arabic. His lyrics illustrate the desires of the Sudanese people to return to a peaceful, independent homeland. Although the only hip hop Jal had ever listened to was American, while he was in Kenya, the beat to "Gua" is not the usual American hip hop, but rather is strongly African. The title track, also called "Gua", was a number one hit in Kenya and featured on The Rough Guide to the Music of Sudan and Help: A Day in the Life, bringing together some of Britain's best known on a CD in aid of children in conflict zones (produced by War Child).

His next single, "War Child", mixes rap with soul to produce a world music vibe. He begins with telling his story through powerful lyrics; "I'm a war child / I believe I've survived for a reason / To tell my story, to touch lives." He continues the song with the narrative of his life and the pain inflicted upon him. "Written in English, Jal's second language, the new album [War-Child] may lack the poetic gymnastics of hip-hop's more fluent stars, but the plainness of the words – half-spoken, half-chanted over a mix of hip-hop and African-flavored choruses – keeps the focus on the story."

His second album, Ceasefire, was released in September 2005 and includes a re-recording of "Gua". This album is a collaboration with the well known Sudanese Muslim musician Abd El Gadir Salim and brings together opposing sides of the conflict, and different music traditions, to a common ground of the wish for peace in Sudan. The collaboration represents a vision for the future, as two Sudanese men, a Christian and a Muslim, unify and pave the way to overcome differences peacefully. Both musicians endured unimaginable adversity to become important figures, not only in music, but in the future of a country. They accentuate the differences between them and their musical styles, as a symbol of co-existence. The album preaches in four languages, encompasses every type of music in one, in an effort to transform the sound of hope into musical form. Ceasefire is not only the sound of two men collaborating on a musical project, but more symbolically, two-halves of a divided nation learning to trust each other. This album's version of "Gua" was played on the American television series ER at the very end of the Season 12 episode "There Are No Angels Here" (aired on 4 May 2006).

Among other places he performed at the Live 8 Concert in Cornwall in the summer of 2005. He was awarded a 2005 American Gospel Music Award for best international artist.

Jal's third album, Warchild, was released by Sonic360 Records in the UK on 12 May 2008. Jal, along with an all-star line-up featuring Amy Winehouse, Eddy Grant, Will Smith and others, performed songs at Nelson Mandela's 90th Birthday concert at London's Hyde Park on 27 June 2008.

Criticized for being steered into the mainstream and entering a conformist territory of hip-hop, Emmanuel says ""I'm not turning away from the world-music audience which has supported me," Jal says. "There's still an African influence in my music. I don't try to sound American. I rap like an African, because that's what I am. In the song 'Warchild,' I say I survived for a reason: to tell my story. I believe that. I feel a responsibility to do these songs and tell the world what is happening in my country."

Emmanuel Jal's album, See Me Mama, was released on 7 August 2012, via Jal's label, Gatwitch Records. See Me Mama was distributed by Universal Music Canada.

His newest album, Naath, a collaboration with his sister Nyaruach, was nominated for the 2019 Juno Award for World Music Album of the Year.

Activism
Jal aims to protect the childhood of others through music. "Music is powerful. It is the only thing that can speak into your mind, your heart and your soul without your permission." Asked in an interview in a New Statesman magazine article if politics and art should mix, Jal answers: "When there is a need, they should mix. In times of war, starvation, hunger and injustice, such tragedy can only be put aside if you allow yourself to be uplifted through music, film and dance. It can be used to communicate messages to the masses and create awareness, to influence the people positively. A perfect example is Bob Marley: his message is still being heard today." Through his heartfelt lyrics, he opens the world up to the corruption and greed of the Sudanese government; central to the themes of his songs is the campaign for peace of opposing sides in Sudan and the clear message that children have no place in wars.

He has also passionately criticised the current state of hip hop culture in the United States.  He sees hip hop as a vehicle to communicate an authentic message, rather than a space to pursue street credibility.  "As well as simply being great songs, people are really getting into the lyrics, really understanding his message, and he is a great role model." He has expressed concern about the message being sent by American hip-hop artists, saying  "American hip hop is still entwined with gang culture, drugs, sexual violence, and greed. It's a battleground." His song "50 Cent" speaks to the successful American rapper to change his violent messages, which have a destructive influence on children, as exemplified through his Bulletproof videogame. "You have done enough damage selling crack cocaine/now you got a 'kill a black man' video game/We have lost a whole generation through this lifestyle/now you want to put it in the game for a little child to play..." "The Roots and Jal set the hip-hop bar higher," wrote The Washington Post in 2008.

Emmanuel is a spokesman for the Make Poverty History campaign, the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers and the Control Arms campaign. In 2008, Jal also got involved in the musical movement of spreading awareness about current slavery and human trafficking by performing various songs for the rockumentary, Call+Response.

A documentary about Emmanuel Jal called War Child was made in 2008 by C. Karim Chrobog and Interface Media Group. It made its international debut at the Berlin Film Festival and its North American debut at the Tribeca Film Festival, where it won the Cadillac Audience Award. An autobiography under the same name was released in 2009.

Despite his accomplishments in music, Jal's biggest passion is for Gua Africa, a charity that he founded. Besides building schools, the nonprofit provides scholarships for Sudanese war survivors in refugee camps, and sponsors education for children in the most deprived slum areas in Nairobi. The organisation's main mission is to work with individuals, families, and communities that have been affected by war and poverty.  Based in both Sudan and Kenya, Gua Africa focuses on providing children and young adults with an education that would otherwise be unavailable to the majority. In April 2008 Gua Africa was granted full UK charity status and also received an NGO registration in South Sudan. In April 2011 they received NGO status in Kenya. Gua Africa is also one of three beneficiary charities of Emmanuel Jal's 'Lose to Win' challenge, with the other charities being the Africa Yoga Project and MyStart.
As a musician, activist and general inspirational figure Emmanuel is challenging others to "lose" something to help others less fortunate to "win". He himself will be giving up his home and living as a modern-day nomad for the duration of the challenge.

Jal completed a 661-day "Lose to Win" fast to build a school in Leer, Southern Sudan, in Emma McCune's honour. From December 2008 to October 2010, the musician ate one meal per day, skipping his breakfasts and lunches to raise funds and awareness for the school, called Emma Academy.

Emmanuel Jal's most recent project is a Global Peace campaign called We Want Peace 2012. The project is a steady effort to inform the world that peace is a possibility. That genocide can be prevented through the power of music and activism. His message of peace is cleverly being promoted alongside his second studio album See Me Mama, released 2 October 2012. A percentage of the profits made from the album will of course be used to support Jal's charities.

On 25–27 April 2013, Emmanuel Jal was a featured speaker at "Lessons of the Birmingham Movement: A Symposium on Youth, Activism and the Struggle for Human Rights", hosted by the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute in Birmingham, Alabama. Jal will discuss the role of youth activists in current human rights struggles across the globe.

In 2014 he received the Dresden Peace Prize. In 2015 he launched a social enterprise The Key is E in partnership with Entrepreneur Paul Lindley . The Key is E uses education and entrepreneurship, to empower Africans. And give them access to funding and mentors. In 2015, the organisation launched 'The Key is E' documentary, Directed by Sebastian Thiel. This was premiered at One Young world.

Discography
Solo albums
 2004 – Gua – Independent
 2005 – Ceasefire – Riverboat
 2008 – Warchild – Sonic360
 2010 – Emmanuel Jal's 4th Studio Album
 2012 – See Me Mama – Gatwitch Records
 2014 – The Key – Gatwitch Records
 2022 – Shangah – Gatwitch Records

Collaborative albums
 2018 - Naath, with Nyaruach - nominated for a 2019 Juno Award

Contributing artist
 2005 – Help!: A Day in the Life – War Child
 2005 – The Rough Guide to the Music of Sudan – World Music Network
 2006 – Live 8 at Eden: Africa Calling – Emd Int'l
 2007 – Instant Karma: The Amnesty International Campaign to Save Darfur – Amnesty International USA and Art for Amnesty
 2010 – Sudan Votes Music Hopes – MICT
 2010 – Sudan Votes Music Hopes REMIXED "kuar" remixes by Henrik Schwarz and Olof Dreijer (The Knife)
 2013 – The Rough Guide to Acoustic Africa – 2013, World Music Network

Filmography

Book
War Child: A Child Soldier's Story. St. Martin's Press, 2009; St. Martin's Griffin, 2010 (paperback).

References

External links

 "The music of a war child" (TEDGlobal 2009)
 Page at Sonic360
 War Child movie
 MTV Base Africa profile: Emmanuel Jal
 Emmanuel Jal interview by Pete Lewis, Blues & Soul (June 2008)
 Emmanuel Jal interview by Banning Eyre, Afropop Worldwide (August 2015)
 Flaunt magazine Emmanuel Jal feature
 Edinburgh Book Festival 2009 audio
 Emmanuel Jal – Ambassador, Africa Gathering
 Book Review: 'War Child,' by Emmanuel Jal

Living people
Child soldiers in Africa
Musicians from Nairobi
Nuer people
People from Warrap (state)
South Sudanese singers
South Sudanese actors
Year of birth uncertain
South Sudanese emigrants to Canada
Canadian world music musicians
21st-century Black Canadian male singers
South Sudanese military personnel
1980 births

Emmanuel Jal


A black hole spin-flip occurs when the spin axis of a rotating black hole undergoes a sudden change in orientation due to absorption of a second (smaller) black hole. Spin-flips are believed to be a consequence of galaxy mergers, when two supermassive black holes form a bound pair at the center of the merged galaxy and coalesce after emitting gravitational waves. Spin-flips are significant astrophysically since a number of physical processes are associated with black hole spins; for instance, jets in active galaxies are believed to be launched parallel to the spin axes of supermassive black holes.
A change in the rotation axis of a black hole due to a spin-flip would therefore result in a change in the direction of the jet.

Physics of spin-flips

A spin-flip is a late stage in the evolution of a binary black hole.  The binary consists of two black holes, with masses  and , that revolve around their common center of mass.  The total angular momentum  of the binary system is the sum of the angular momentum of the orbit, , plus the spin angular momenta  of the two holes. If we write  as the masses of each hole and  as their Kerr parameters, then use the angle from north of their spin axes as given by , we can write,

If the orbital separation is sufficiently small, emission of energy and angular momentum in the form of gravitational radiation will cause the orbital separation to drop.  Eventually, the smaller hole  reaches the innermost stable circular orbit, or ISCO, around the larger hole.  Once the ISCO is reached, there no longer exists a stable orbit, and the smaller hole plunges into the larger hole, coalescing with it.  The final angular momentum after coalescence is just

the spin angular momentum of the single, coalesced hole.  Neglecting the angular momentum that is carried away by gravitational waves during the final plunge—which is small—conservation of angular momentum implies

 is of order  times  and can be ignored if  is much smaller than .  Making this approximation,

This equation states that the final spin of the hole is the sum of the larger hole's initial spin plus the orbital angular momentum of the smaller hole at the last stable orbit.  Since the vectors  and  are generically oriented in different directions,  will point in a different direction than —a spin-flip.

The angle by which the black hole's spin re-orients itself depends on the relative size of  and , and on the angle between them. At one extreme, if  is very small, the final spin will be dominated by  and the flip angle can be large.  At the other extreme, the larger black hole might be a maximally-rotating Kerr black hole initially. Its spin angular momentum is then of order

The orbital angular momentum of the smaller hole at the ISCO depends on the direction of its orbit, but is of order

Comparing these two expressions, it follows that even a fairly small hole, with mass about one-fifth that of the larger hole, can reorient the larger hole by 90 degrees or more.

Connection with radio galaxies
Black hole spin-flips were first discussed in the context of a particular class of radio galaxy, the X-shaped radio sources. The X-shaped galaxies exhibit two, misaligned pairs of radio lobes:  the "active" lobes and the "wings". It is believed that the wings are oriented in the direction of the jet prior to the spin-flip, and that the active lobes point in the current jet direction.  The spin-flip could have been caused by absorption of a second black hole during a galaxy merger.

See also

References

External links
 Massive black hole binary evolution An article on binary black holes.
 Scientists Detect "Smoking Gun" of Colliding Black Holes

Supermassive black holes
Black holes

Spin-flip


St. Nicholas Cathedral is a Ukrainian Catholic cathedral located in the Ukrainian Village neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois, United States.  It is the seat for the Eparchy of Saint Nicholas of Chicago.

History
In the late 1890s immigrants from western and Carpathian Ukraine begin to arrive on Chicago's north side.  Planning for the establishment of St. Nicholas Parish began in 1905 by a small group of Ukrainian laborers. The parish was established the following year on January 28.  By then they had raised enough money to buy their first church from a Danish Protestant congregation at Bishop and Superior streets. The property at Oakley Boulevard and Rice Street was purchased in 1913 and the present church was completed in 1915.  Property on Higgins Road was purchased for a cemetery in 1925 for $10,000.00.

The parish school was built in 1936.  As more immigrants settled in the neighborhood after World War II and the congregation grew, the school was expanded in 1954.  The Eparchy of Saint Nicholas of Chicago was established on July 14, 1961 and St. Nicholas was elevated as the cathedral.  From 1974 to 1977 the cathedral's interior was renovated by iconographer Boris Makarenko.  The Liturgy is celebrated in both Ukrainian and English.

Architecture
The church was designed by the Chicago architectural firm of Worthmann & Steinbach.  It was modeled after Saint Sophia's Cathedral in Kyiv.  There is an image of St. Sophia's Cathedral in the fresco above the main altar.  The exterior features thirteen domes that represent Christ and the Twelve Apostles.  A mosaic of Our Lady of Pochaiv is located above the main entrance and above her is the icon of the cathedral patron, St. Nicholas.  The interior is covered in icons that are rendered in both mosaics and frescos.  The icons are patterned after those found in St. Sophia in Kyiv.  They depict the life of Christ, his Mother Mary and many saints.  The only icon that was not touched in the 1974-1977 renovation was one that depicts Christ with his apostles and his Mother in the rear of the sanctuary.  It dates from 1928.  A chandelier, made in Greece,  is suspended from the main dome.  It is made of gold and features nine tiers that are lit with 480 lights. Images of the 12 apostles encircle the exterior. It is thought to be the largest chandelier of its kind in the United States.  The stained glass windows in the church were designed by the Munich Studio of Chicago.

See also
List of Catholic cathedrals in the United States
List of cathedrals in the United States

References

External links
 Official Cathedral Site

Christian organizations established in 1906
Churches completed in 1915
Nicholas Cathedral
Ukrainian Catholic cathedrals in the United States
Nicholas Cathedral
Byzantine Revival architecture in Illinois
Rusyn-American culture in Illinois
Church buildings with domes
Eastern Catholic cathedrals in Illinois
1906 establishments in Illinois

St. Nicholas Cathedral (Chicago)


The Lady of the Shroud is a novel by Bram Stoker, published by William Heinemann in 1909.

The book is an epistolary novel, narrated in the first person via letters and diary extracts from various characters, but mainly Rupert. The initial sections, leading up to the reading of the uncle's will, told by other characters, suggest that Rupert is the black sheep of the family, and the conditions of having to live in the castle in the Blue Mountains for a year before he can permanently inherit the unexpectedly large million-pound estate suggest the uncle is somehow testing the heir.

Plot summary

Rupert Saint Leger inherits his uncle's estate worth more than one million pounds, on condition that he live for a year in his uncle's castle in the Land of the Blue Mountains on the Dalmatian coast. There Rupert tries to win the trust of the conservative mountaineer population by using his fortune to buy them modern arms (from a South American country that has unexpectedly found itself at peace) for their fight against Turkish invasion (the story was written shortly before the Balkan Wars).

One wet night, he is visited in his room in the castle by a pale woman wearing a wet shroud, seeking warmth. He lets her dry herself before his fire, and she flees before morning. She visits several more times, all at night, and they hardly speak, but he falls in love with her, despite thinking she is a vampire. He visits the local church and finds her in a glass-topped stone coffin in the crypt. Despite misgivings he declares his love, be she living or undead, and she arranges the marriage in an Orthodox ceremony conducted by candlelight in the church one night, although he still does not know her name, and she says she must still live alone in the crypt for the present.

Soon afterwards, she is kidnapped by a forward party of Turkish troops, and he learns that she, Teuta, is not undead, but the living daughter of the local Voivode, who is currently returning from a visit to America. She had fallen into a trance, and was declared dead, but then revived, and the local leaders and clergy spread a story of vampirism which was more acceptable than the truth to the uneducated locals, after the (mistaken) news of her death. Living up to this story, she had spent her days in the coffin in the crypt, but during heavy rain when the crypt flooded, came out seeking warmth in the castle in which she had grown up, and knew all the secret entrances, and hence her meetings with Rupert behind locked gates.

Rupert leads a relief force which kills her kidnappers and rescues her. But news immediately arrives that the Voivode has just returned to the country only to be kidnapped by Turks himself. They race back to the coast, and Rupert unloads an aeroplane with a near-silent engine from the munitions ship which has also just arrived, along with sets of bullet-proof clothes. The kidnapped Voivode is tracked to a nearby castle ruin, and Rupert pilots the plane onto the castle wall as if it were a balloon or dirigible, and lowers Teuta by rope to her father. He dons a set of the bullet proof clothes which Teuta and Rupert are also wearing, and Rupert hauls both up to the aircraft which he silently flies off. The castle is then attacked by local troops and the Turks defeated.

Teuta subsequently reveals her marriage to Rupert to her father, who welcomes him into the family and the country.

Characters

Rupert Sent (St.) Leger, the hero and main narrator
Teuta Vissarion, the 'Lady of the Shroud', feigning to be undead to keep her people's minds calm.
Aunt Janet (MacKelpie), Rupert's Scottish aunt, with second-sight, who moves to the Balkans to be with him.
Peter Vissarion, Teuta's father and Voivode of the Blue Mountains.
Ernest Melton. A relative of Rupert's, a minor character and narrator of the first section of the novel, leading up to the reading of the dead uncle's will in which Rupert inherits instead.

References

External links

 Full text and PDF editions at Bram Stoker Online

1909 British novels
1909 fantasy novels
British novellas
Epistolary novels
Heinemann (publisher) books
Novels by Bram Stoker
Novels set in Montenegro

The Lady of the Shroud


Events
 In the Battle of Utica, the loyal Carthaginian troops of Hamilcar Barca defeat rebels.
 Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus attacks Carthaginian rebels on the island of Sardinia, and he makes it into a Roman province.
 The Parthian kingdom breaks away to become independent of the Seleucid Empire.

230s BC

238 BC


Marcos E. Becerra (April 25, 1870 – January 7, 1940) was a Mexican prolific writer, poet, and politician. He produced pioneering historical, linguistic, philological, and ethnographic studies relating to his country's pre-Columbian and early colonial past. He held important posts in the Mexican Federal Government as well as in the state governments of Tabasco and Chiapas. He was a distinguished member of the Mexican Academy of History.

Biography
Marcos Enrique Becerra was born in Teapa, Tabasco, to Camilo Becerra y Ballinas, a native of San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas, and Luisa Sánchez Formento. Becerra completed his early schooling in his hometown. In 1900, by way of independent study, he received a teaching degree from the Instituto Juárez of San Juan Bautista. During his youth he worked as a bookbinder, scribe, store clerk, theatre prompter, and, eventually, teacher. One of his very first published works, Guia del lenguaje usual para hablar con propiedad, pureza y corrección, dates from this period (1901) and is based on his autodidactic studies of the Spanish language.

Fame of his remarkable erudition spread quickly and he was encouraged to run in forthcoming elections for Federal Deputy for the State of Tabasco, succeeding in his first attempt. During the final years of the Porfiriato he held the federal post of Director General of Secondary Education of the Secretariat of Public Education. At the XVII International Congress of Americanists, celebrated in Mexico City in September 1910, Becerra presented an important historical paper on Hernán Cortés's 1524-25 expedition to Las Hibueras. The next year, he returned to Tabasco to serve in Governor Manuel Mestre Ghigliazza's administration as Secretary General of Government and as Director of Public Education; consequent to the assassination of President Francisco I. Madero in February 1913 both Ghigliazza and Becerra resigned their posts in protest.

In 1914, Becerra moved to Tuxtla Gutiérrez (the Chiapas state capital), where he would labor as an educator and occupy the same post of Director of Public Education for ten years; during which time he successfully reorganized the state's educational system, founded a school of commerce as well as the Internado Indígena de San Cristóbal (the San Cristóbal Indian Boarding School), which was a model of its kind. In 1921, while still in Tuxtla, he published an important lexicographical work titled La nueva gramática castellana, which, like all his published writings, was the fruit of autodidactic erudition. In 1932, appeared what remains one of his best known scholarly works, Nombres geográficos indígenas de Chiapas, a study of Mayan place names. To these followed sundry studies, published as monographs or articles, on the languages and traditions of the Ch'ol, Mangue, Nahua, Yucatec Maya, and Zoque.

In 1954, occurred the posthumous publication of Becerra's monumental 800 page Rectificaciones y adiciones al Diccionario de la Real Academia Española: a work which encompasses thousands of words and definitions, is rich in indigenous etymologies and grounded in lexicographical authorities.

Marcos E. Becerra, during the last ten years of his life, was a numerary member of the Academia Mexicana de la Historia and held seat 21. He was married twice and was twice a widower, He died, following a long illness, in Mexico City on January 7, 1940.

See also
Andrés Bello
Miguel Antonio Caro
Alfonso Caso
Rufino José Cuervo
Joaquín García Icazbalceta
Rosario María Gutiérrez Eskildsen
Francisco J. Santamaría

Published works
(List not comprehensive)

Guia del lenguaje usual para hablar con propiedad, pureza i corrección, 1901.
Musa breve; sonetos, 1907.
Nombres geograficos del estado de Tabasco de la Republica Mexicana; origen lingüístico, estructura original y significación de los nombres de lugares de Tabasco que no corresponden á la lengua castellana, 1909.
Verdadero concepto de nuestra guerra de independencia, 1910.
Itinerario de Hernan Cortés en Tabasco; determinación de los lugares que tocó el conquistador don Hernando Cortés a su paso por Tabasco, en su expedición a Hibueras, en 1524-1525, 1910.
Los nombres del Palenque, 1911.
La papaya orejona (Pileus pentaphyllus), 1921.
La nueva gramática castellana. Cursos graduados para el estudio de la lengua castellana en las escuelas secundarias de la república, mexicana, 1921.
Que quiere decir el nombre de Chiapas? (Estudio etimológico i geroglífico), 1922.
Origen y significado del nombre de Yucatán, 1923.
Palavicini desde alla abajo, 1924.
Breve noticia sobre la lengua e indios tsoques, 1925.
El huacalxochitl de Hernández en un petroglifo, 1925.
Vocabulario de la lengua Chol, 1927.
Nombres geográficos indígenas del estado de Chiapas. Catálogo alfabético, etimológico, geográfico, histórica i mitológica, de todos los nombres de lugar (poblaciones, parajes, comarcas, regiones, alturas, valles, rios, arroyos, lagunas, esteros, etc.) que estan en las lenguas nahoa, soque, chiapaneca, sotsil, sendal, chaneabal, mame, chol, maya i quiché, 1930.
El antiguo calendario chiapaneco; estudio comparativo entre este i los calendarios precoloniales maya, quiché i nahoa, 1933.
Crónica de Nueva España (Francisco Cervantes de Salazar; Francisco del Paso y Troncoso; Federico Goméz de Orozco; Marcos E. Becerra [editor]), 1914-1936.
La planta llamada quapaque o paque (correa guapaque, n. gen., n. sp.; trib. Dalbergiae. fam. Fabaceae), 1936.
En defensa del idioma maya (polémica), 1937.
Juegos precoloniales, 1945.
Rectificaciones y adiciones al Diccionario de la Real Academia española, 1954.

Bibliography
(English) MacCurdy, George Grant, "Seventeenth International Congress of Americanists Second Session - City of Mexico", American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 12, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 1910), pp. 600–605.
(Spanish) García Mora, Carlos, La Antropología en México: panorama histórico. Mexico, D.F.: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 1987-1988.
(Spanish) Navarrete, Carlos, Los primeros antropólogos chiapanecos: 1. Alberto Culebro, 2. Marcos E. Becerra. Mexico: Secretaría de Educación y Cultura, Gobierno del Estado de Chiapas, 1986.
(Spanish) Santamaría, Francisco J., et al., Bibliografía general de Tabasco. Mexico: Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, Gobierno del Estado de Tabasco, 1930.

External links

Marcos E. Becerra by Miguel Leon-Portilla {es}
Marcos Enrique Becerra at bibliotecachiapas.gob.mx {es}
Academia Mexicana de la Historia {es}

Aztec scholars
Mexican ethnographers
Historians of Mexico
Mexican lexicographers
Mayanists
Mexican archaeologists
Mexican anthropologists
Mexican botanists
20th-century Mexican educators
Mexican essayists
Male essayists
20th-century Mexican historians
Linguists from Mexico
Mexican Mesoamericanists
Mexican male poets
Mexican male writers
Mexican scientists
20th-century Mexican writers
20th-century male writers
People from Chiapas
Writers from Tabasco
Mexican philologists
Pre-Columbian scholars
1870 births
1940 deaths
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20th-century essayists

Marcos E. Becerra


Nyimbo ya utundu la dziko la Malaŵi.

 ku Chicheŵa

Mulungu dalitsani Malaŵi,

Mumsunge m'mtendere.

Gonjetsani adani onse,

Njala, nthenda, nsanje.

Lunzitsani mitima yathu,

Kuti tisaope.

Mdalitse Mtsogo leri nafe,

Ndi Mayi Malaŵi.

Malaŵi ndziko lokongola,

La chonde ndi ufulu,

Nyanja ndi mphepo ya m'mapiri,

Ndithudi tadala.

Zigwa, mapiri, nthaka, dzinthu,

Mphatso zaulere.

Nkhalango, madambo abwino.

Ngwokoma Malaŵi.

O Ufulu tigwirizane,

Kukweza Malaŵi.

Ndi chikondi, khama, kumvera,

Timutumikire.

Pa nkhondo nkana pa mtendere,

Cholinga n'chimodzi.

Mayi, bambo, tidzipereke,

Pokweza Malaŵi.

 in English

O God bless our land of Malaŵi,

Keep it a land of peace.

Put down each and every enemy,

Hunger, disease, envy.

Join together all our hearts as one,

That we be free from fear.

Bless our leader,

each and every one,

And Mother Malaŵi.

Our own Malaŵi, this land so fair,

Fertile and brave and free.

With its lakes, refreshing mountain air,

How greatly blest are we.

Hills and valleys, soil so rich and rare

Give us a bounty free.

Wood and forest, plains so broad and fair,

All - beauteous Malaŵi.

Freedom ever, let us all unite

To build up Malaŵi.

With our love, our zeal and loyalty,

Bringing our best to her.

In time of war, or in time of peace,

One purpose and one goal.

Men and women serving selflessly

In building Malaŵi.

Malaŵi

Mulungu dalitsa Malaŵi


The Atlanta Campaign (6 May 1864 – 2 September 1864) was a series of battles during the American Civil War. The campaign was planned and executed by the Union Army under Major general William T. Sherman. The first part of the plan was to defeat the Confederate Army of Tennessee led by General Joseph E. Johnston. The second goal was to take the important city of Atlanta. Sherman captured Atlanta but was unable to completely destroy the Army of Tennessee.

Background
The war had been going on for three years when Ulysses S. Grant was given command of the Union Army. While a much smaller army, the Confederates had been moving their forces to battle whichever Union army was active at the time. By doing this they had won most of the battles. Grant decided to coordinate his armies and defeat the confederates. His field armies would all engage the confederate field armies at the same time. This would pin down the smaller southern armies so the Union army could defeat them. Grant would personally lead the Army of the Potomac against Confederate general General Robert E. Lee and his Army of Northern Virginia. He would try to capture the capital of the confederacy, Richmond. Sherman would move his army against Johnston and capture the South's second largest city, Atlanta. If successful, it would shorten the war and get President Abraham Lincoln reelected that November. If they failed, Lincoln would lose the election and the southern states might break away permanently.

The campaign
By 1864, the Confederacy knew they could not defeat the stronger Union army. But they could win the war by simply not losing to the North. They would keep fighting until the Union got tired of war and asked for peace. Lee had to defend Richmond and keep the Union army away. Johnson had to defend Atlanta and keep their supply lines open.

Sherman had over 100,000 men he divided into three field armies. Johnson had 53,800 men. At the last minute he received another 15,000 men making his the larger of the two main Southern armies. But it was still only about half the size of the Union army facing him. In the opening weeks of the campaign Sherman forced Johnston's confederates back from one place to another. Repeatedly Sherman moved two of his field armies against Johnston while a third army under James B. McPherson threatened the supply lines. McPherson's army was also used in flanking maneuvers. Sherman's combined armies kept moving towards Atlanta while Johnson's armies fell back. Finally Johnson retreated into Atlanta on July 9–10. Jefferson Davis the Confederate president, dismissed Johnson for not stopping the Union army. He gave command to John B. Hood, Johnson's second in command. Hood had little chance of succeeding. Sherman's army was five miles from the city when Hood took command.

Siege of Atlanta
Hood ordered his men to attack Sherman's army on July 20. The attempts failed and by July 22 Hood had lost 8,000 men to Sherman's losses of about 3,000. Hood retreated back into Atlanta again. Sherman set up his cannon and began a bombardment of Atlanta that would last a month. Then Sherman withdrew his armies leaving only a small force. Hood's army followed them to Jonesboro, Georgia. Sherman's army cut Hoods line of retreat back to Atlanta. The Battle of Jonesborough lasted two days and ended on 1 September. After taking heavy casualties what was left of Hood's army burned their supplies and ammunition and left Atlanta. Sherman then took Atlanta. This was a major loss for the confederacy. It almost guaranteed Lincoln's reelection. It also led to the next campaign, Sherman's March to the Sea.

References

Other websites
 The Atlanta Campaign of 1864: The Camera at War
 Battle Of Atlanta

American Civil War battles
19th century in Tennessee
1864 in Georgia (U.S. state)

Atlanta Campaign


The DeSoto Airflow was an automobile built by DeSoto during model years 1934, 1935 and 1936. DeSoto received the then-revolutionary Airflow model due to its price structure relationship to larger and more expensive Chrysler brand cars. The 1934 Airflow models are noted for their unique styling. They generate interest for their engineering innovations. It has a  wheelbase.

The Desoto Airflow was a result of Chrysler Corporation policy of badge engineering, being mechanically identical to the Chrysler Airflow.

Airflow streamlining

This aerodynamic, radically designed car debuted to much fanfare alongside its more luxurious stablemate, the Chrysler Airflow. From the front bumper back, the Airflow's design represented the first major attempt to smooth away the wind catching objects and channels found on cars of the era. Headlights were moved from their traditional pods forward of the radiator, and housed in flush mountings on either side of the broad waterfall-styled grille, which lacked the traditional upright radiator throat and decorative cap ornament. In place of the flat windshield that most cars had (and which caught the brunt of on coming winds as cars moved through the atmosphere), the Airflow split the windshield into two panes of glass, each angled to better redirect the air around them, while the upscale Imperial offered a one piece curved glass windshield on the limousine starting 1934. Front and rear fenders received smoother, more form fitting curves. In the rear, Airflows encased the rear wheels through the use of fender skirts.
In addition to the benefits of its smoother exterior design, which translated into a quieter passenger compartment than on previous DeSoto models, the car featured wider front seats and deeper back seats with more leg room. Passengers sat on seats which were a good distance from either axle. They reminded one of a Victorian era davenport (sofa).

Because of the car's unibody construction, passengers rode within the frame of the car, not on top of the frame as they did with most other American makes. It also boasted a stiffer body and better weight distribution through the engine placement over the front wheels, in contrast to the common practice of placing the center of the engine's gravity just behind the front wheels. The automotive press gave the cars positive reviews for their handling and acceleration.

Marketing failure

DeSoto (and Chrysler) touted all of its Airflow bodies as "futuristic" in an age of streamlining, but the public found the cars to be too different in a time of economic uncertainty. While Chrysler's cars looked better, with the Airflow bodies stretched over their longer wheelbases, the shorter 115" wheelbase of the DeSoto made the cars seem bulky. Walter P. Chrysler, who had been a strong proponent of the Airflow project, was stunned by the lack of interest in the car, which he believed pointed the way for the future of American cars.

Interest in the Airflow was strong when it was introduced. Unfilled orders for it totaled 15,580 on April 30, 1934. This was 48.3% of comparable Chrysler and DeSoto shipments in 1933.

In May 1936 the DeSoto Airflow began to be promoted in some 435 newspapers in the United States. The highly streamlined car was advertised together with more traditional Airstream cars in general magazines and by itself in class magazines. The DeSoto advertising account was managed by J. Sterling Getchell.

Rumors persisted that the Airflow's body was unsafe. Tests showed its all-steel uni-body construction safer than those of other cars made at the time (most automotive manufacturers still used wooden sub-framing over which steel skins were applied for their car bodies). In one widely distributed advertising film shown in movie theatres, an empty Airflow was pushed off a Pennsylvania cliff, falling over ; once righted, the car was driven off, battered, but recognizable. Still, the myth persisted that Airflows were unsafe.

While Chrysler still built a more familiar-looking car in 1934, DeSoto only offered the Airflow. Despite DeSoto selling more Airflows than Chrysler, Chrysler sold more cars overall with the majority being the redesign of the 1933 "regular" Chrysler.

For 1935 and 1936, Chrysler added the more traditional DeSoto Airstream, which it shared with Chrysler, and DeSoto regained a portion of its lost market share. While the Airflow was still offered, the bulk of DeSoto's sales were Airstreams and the Airflow was relegated to the back of the DeSoto catalog.

Those buyers who did choose the Airflow found that their models carried a more prominent peaked grille design. Other than cosmetic changes (hood louvers, etc.) the cars remained unchanged.

While Chrysler continued to use the Airflow body through 1937, Chrysler discontinued the DeSoto Airflow in 1936 and introduced the DeSoto Airstream so as to focus on more traditional designs and the higher sales volume that they brought the division.

See also
 DeSoto Airstream
 Chrysler Airflow
 Toyota AA

References

Airflow
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Coupés
Sedans
Cars introduced in 1934

DeSoto Airflow


The Schechter Letter, also called the Genizah Letter or Cambridge Document, was discovered in the Cairo Geniza by Solomon Schechter in 1912. It is an anonymous Khazar letter from the Genizah of Cairo, discussing several matters including the wars of the early 940s, involving the Byzantine Empire, the Khazar Khaganate, and Kievan Rus'. Scholars have debated its authenticity.

The Letter

The Schechter Letter has been interpreted as a communique from an unnamed Khazar author to an unidentified Jewish dignitary. Some believe that the Schechter Letter was addressed to Hasdai ibn Shaprut by a Constantinopolitan Khazar after his first, unsuccessful attempt to correspond with the Khazar king Joseph (see Khazar Correspondence). However recent historiography has noted the names echoing Jewish mystical traditions and lack of any corroborating historical sources to its account may place it in a tradition of fantastical writing about the lost tribes of Israel.

The Letter was included in the Genizah Collection donated by Schechter to Cambridge University in 1898. Most of the folio is unreadable and only two surviving blocs of text exist. This makes identifying the precise nature of the letter, communique or legend unclear.

The conversion text

The Schechter Letter contains an account of the Khazar conversion that differs from that of the Khazar Correspondence and the Kuzari. In the Schechter Letter account, Jews from Persia and Armenia migrated to Khazaria to flee persecution, where they mingled with the nomadic Khazars, eventually assimilating almost totally. Then a strong war-leader arose (in the Schechter Letter, he is named Sabriel), who succeeded in having himself named ruler of the Khazars. Sabriel happened to be remotely descended from the early Jewish settlers, and his wife Serakh convinced him to adopt Judaism, in which his people followed him. What follows in the Letter is largely lost except for a few fragments.

The account of the Khazar kingdom matches up with no Muslim, Jewish or Byzantine source from the period regarding wars of migration. It also differs radically from every other alleged source on the Khazar conversion to Judaism and in its naming of the ruling class. The names of the figures involved, Sabriel being the name of an angel in the Jewish mystical tradition, Serah being a biblical figure and the claim of descent from the tribe of Simeon whose demise is chronicled in the bible, strongly indicate the text is an unreliable source and heavily influenced in a rich Jewish tradition of wish fulfilment and mystical writing about the ten lost tribes of Israel.

HLGW and Romanus

The next substantial section of the Letter to survive tells of a recent (to the author) event - an invasion of Khazaria by HLGW (most probably Oleg), prince (knyaz) of Rus, instigated by the Byzantine Emperor Romanus I Lecapenus. Romanus, a persecutor of the Jews, may have been seeking to counter Khazar retaliation for his policies. According to the Letter, HLGW was defeated by the Khazar general Pesakh in the Taman region. Faced with execution by the Khazars, HLGW agreed to attack Constantinople (indeed, such an attack took place in 941), where he was defeated and fled to Persia, where he died. If Oleg is indeed Helgi (HLGW) and participated in these wars, the Geninah Letter is at odds with the Primary Chronicle, claims Oleg died in 912, while the Novgorod First Chronicle claims he died in 922.

Implications of the text

If taken literally and not as a legend of lost tribes, the letter challenges the conventional narrative of the Khazars. First, its version of the conversion posits a partially Judean descent for Khazar contemporaries of the author. Whether or not this is an accurate account, it indicates that the Khazars saw themselves as fully integrated members of world Jewry.

The letter states that in the early days after Khazars' conversion to Judaism, some Alanians already practised Judaism, to a degree that Alania came to save Khazaria from its enemies (lines 52–53). This is the only evidence corroborating the record of Benjamin of Tudela about Judaism in Alania.

In addition, if HLGW in the text refers to Oleg (Helgi), and he participated in these wars, the Genizah Letter would be at odds with the Primary Chronicle, which claims Oleg died in 912, while the Novgorod First Chronicle claims he died in 922. Instead of his successor Igor of Kiev reigning from 912 until his murder in 944, as the Primary Chronicle claims, Constantine Zuckerman (1995) concluded that Igor only reigned from the summer of 941 to the winter of 945. In the years prior, many scholars had disregarded the Schechter Letter account; Zuckerman has suggested that the Schechter Letter's account is in harmony with various other Rus' sources, and it suggests a struggle within the early Rus polity between factions loyal to Oleg and to Igor, a struggle that Oleg ultimately lost. Zuckerman posited that the early chronology of the Rus' had to be re-determined in light of these sources. Among the beliefs of Zuckerman and others who have analyzed these sources are that the Khazars did not lose Kiev until the early 10th century (rather than 882, the traditional date), that Igor was not Rurik's son but rather a more distant descendant, and that Oleg did not immediately follow Rurik, but rather that there is a lost generation between the legendary Varangian lord and his documented successors.

Further reading

References

External links
Bibliography of Khazar Studies
Khazar Self Perception: A Study of the Schechter Text

Khazar diplomacy and documents
Manuscripts from the Cairo Geniza
Manuscripts held by the University of Cambridge

Schechter Letter


Hatton Garden is a street and commercial zone in the Holborn district of the London Borough of Camden, abutting the narrow precinct of Saffron Hill which then abuts the City of London. It takes its name from Sir Christopher Hatton, a favourite of Queen Elizabeth I, who established a mansion here and gained possession of the garden and orchard of Ely Place, the London seat of the Bishops of Ely. It remained in the Hatton family and was built up as a stylish residential development in the reign of King Charles II. For some decades it often went, outside of the main street, by an alternative name St Alban's Holborn, after the local church built in 1861.

St Etheldreda's Church in Ely Place, all that survives of the old Bishop's Palace, is one of only two remaining buildings in London dating from the reign of Edward I. It is one of the oldest churches in England now in use for Roman Catholic worship, which was re-established there in 1879. The red-brick building now known as Wren House, at the south-east corner of Hatton Garden and St Cross Street, was the Anglican church for the Hatton Garden development. It was taken over by the authorities of a charity school, and the statues of a boy and girl in uniform were then added.

Hatton Garden is famous as London's jewellery quarter and the centre of the diamond trade in the United Kingdom. This specialisation grew up in the early 19th century, spreading out from its more ancient centre in nearby Clerkenwell. Today there are nearly 300 businesses here in the jewellery industry and over 90 shops, representing the largest cluster of jewellery retailers in the UK. The largest of these businesses was De Beers, the international family of companies which dominated the international diamond trade. Their headquarters were in an office and warehouse complex just behind the main Hatton Garden shopping street.

Sir Hiram Maxim had a small factory at 57 Hatton Garden and in 1881, invented and started to produce the Maxim Gun, a prototype machine gun, capable of firing 666 rounds a minute. Hatton Garden has an extensive underground infrastructure of vaults, tunnels, offices and workshops. The area is now home to many media, publishing and creative businesses, including Blinkbox and Grey Advertising. Surrounding streets including Hatton Place and Saffron Hill (the insalubrious setting for Fagin's den in Oliver Twist) were improved during the 20th century and in modern times have been developed with blocks of 'luxury' apartments, including Da Vinci House (occupying the former Punch magazine printworks) and the architecturally distinctive Ziggurat Building.

Hatton Garden development, 1659–1694

The Hatton Garden area between Leather Lane in the west and Saffron Hill in the east, and from Holborn in the south to Hatton Wall in the north, was developed as a new residential district in the Restoration period, between 1659 and 1694. It arose soon after the residential developments in Covent Garden and was contemporary with those of Bloomsbury Square.

It was formerly the site of the medieval palace, gardens and orchard of the Bishops of Ely, forming their City residence. The palace stood in the southeast corner, on the site of Ely Place. During the 1570s Queen Elizabeth's Chancellor and favourite, Sir Christopher Hatton, held a lease of part of the site and developed Hatton House to the northwest of the palace. In 1581, he obtained a more permanent grant from Queen Elizabeth during a vacancy in the see, and after his death, it passed into the possession of Lady Elizabeth Hatton, the widow of Sir Christopher's nephew Sir William Newport (who changed his name to Hatton). At her death in 1646, during the English Civil War, it reverted to Christopher Hatton, 1st Baron Hatton, a close associate of Charles II in his exile in Paris during the Commonwealth period, 1649–1660.

The bishops disputed the Hattons' title, but, under the Protectorate, Bishop Matthew Wren was a prisoner in the Tower of London, and the palace itself was sequestrated to Parliamentarian uses and was badly damaged. To raise money Lord Hatton granted a long lease of the site in 1654, which became effectively permanent in 1658, though he retained the freehold. In 1659, John Evelyn observed Hatton Street (Hatton Garden road) being laid out from south to north, hard against the west side of the palace, as the beginning of a newly planned town district. Speculative builders took leases to construct tall and spacious adjoining houses to attract wealthy men at court, city officials and country gentlefolk wanting London homes, convenient for Clerkenwell and the Inns of Court.

In this way a varied but harmonious townscape, with attractive detail of porches and interior panelling, grew up on a rectangular grid of new streets. Charles Street (at first called Cross Street) was laid west to east as a continuation of Greville Street, and the Bishops' orchard, which (as shown in Richard Newcourt's map of 1658) the Hattons had laid out as a walled knot garden with a central fountain, lay north of that up to Hatton Wall. Hatton Street followed the line of its central path. By 1666, the year of the Great Fire, the development had advanced north to form two principal blocks up to the line of St Cross Street (then called Little Kirby Street). The remaining open land was used as a refuge by Londoners escaping the Fire, which did not consume Hatton Garden.

After Lord Hatton's death in 1670, the northern sector up to Hatton Wall was completed by 1694, in the time of his son Sir Christopher Hatton, 1st Viscount Hatton, whose agent was the noted accountant Stephen Monteage (1623–1687). Work on the Hatton Street church (now Wren House) commenced in 1685–86. Great Kirby Street, parallel to Hatton Street on the east side, enclosed a central block with rear gardens backing, but in the northern sectors, Hatt and Tunn Yard on the east (on the site of Hatton Place) and other small yards on the west provided access to smaller dwellings and coach houses. In the southern sectors King's Head Yard (later Robin Wood Yard, Robin Hood Yard) was similarly enclosed to the west, and to the east Bleeding Heart Yard (Arlidge's Yard, with Union Court) was developed near the palace by Abraham Arlidge (1645–1717), a carpenter of Kenilworth (Warwickshire) origins who worked extensively on the project and made his fortune by judicious investments. Arlidge's survey of 1694 shows the completed estate in detail: he succeeded Sir John Cass as Master of the Worshipful Company of Carpenters in 1712.

Among early residents were Christopher Merret, Robert Ferguson, John Flamsteed, William Whiston and Captain Thomas Coram.

Crime
A "Great Robbery in Hatton Garden" occurred in late December 1678, when twenty men turned up at the house of a wealthy gentleman claiming to have a warrant to search the house for dangerous persons. After letting them in the owner asked to see the search warrant,  whereupon he was forced at gunpoint into an inner room and locked in while the intruders rifled the house of its valuables. However, someone managed to escape and raised the alarm, and the thieves made a run for it. They were apprehended two days later while trying to dispose of the stolen property, which was recovered. George Brown, John Butler, Richard Mills, Christopher Bruncker and George Kenian were hanged at Tyburn for the offence on 22 January 1678/9.

In 1685, the notorious informer and confidence trickster Thomas Dangerfield, who was being returned to prison after a public whipping,  was killed in Hatton Garden in an altercation with a barrister called Robert  Francis, who struck him in the eye with his cane. Rather to the surprise of the general public, who thought the killing was an accident, Francis was convicted of murder and hanged.

In July 1993, thieves stole £7 million worth of gems belonging to the jewellers Graff Diamonds. This was London's biggest gem heist of modern times.

In April 2015, an underground safe deposit facility in the Hatton Garden area was burgled in the Hatton Garden safe deposit burglary. The total stolen may have had a value of up to £200 million, although court reports referred to £14 million The theft was investigated by the Flying Squad, a branch of the Specialist, Organised & Economic Crime Command within London's Metropolitan Police Service, leading to the arrests and March 2016 convictions of seven perpetrators.

Street name etymologies

This is a list of the etymology of street names in the London district of Hatton Garden. Its area has no formally defined boundaries – those used here are the generally accepted ones of Clerkenwell Road to the north, Farringdon Road to the east, Holborn and Charterhouse Street to the south and Gray's Inn road to the west.

 Baldwins Gardens – from Richard Baldwin (or Baldwyn), gardener to Queen Elizabeth I and treasurer of the Middle Temple, who owned property in the area in the 16th century
 Beauchamp Street – from Beauchamp Court, the Warwickshire birthplace of Fulke Greville, 1st Baron Brooke, local property owner
 Black Bull Yard – unknown; this yard has now largely been covered by shop developments and is not accessible to the public
 Bleeding Heart Yard – thought to be from the sign of a former pub in this area called the Bleeding Heart
 Brooke Street, Brooke's Court and Brooke's Market – after Fulke Greville, 1st Baron Brooke, who owned a house near here in the 17th century
 Charterhouse Street – Anglicisation of "Chartreuse", from Grande Chartreuse, head monastery of the Carthusians in France. A nearby abbey was founded by monks of this order in 1371
 Clerkenwell Road – from a local well (the clerk's well), which gave its name to the area to this district.
 Dorrington Street – corruption of 'Doddington', from Anne Doddington, wife of Robert Grenville who owned a house near here in the 17th century
 Ely Court and Ely Place – after the Bishops of Ely, Cambridgeshire who owned much of this area prior to 1659
 Farringdon Road – from Sir William or Nicholas de Farnedon/Faringdon, local sheriffs or aldermen in the 13th century
 Gray's Inn Road – from Lord Gray of Wilton, owner of a local inn or townhouse which was later leased to lawyers in the 16th century
 Greville Street – from Fulke Greville, 1st Baron Brooke, who owned a house near here in the 17th century
 Hatton Garden, Hatton Place and Hatton Wall – from Sir Christopher Hatton, who was ceded much of this area from the Bishops of Ely by Elizabeth I in 1577–1580
 Holborn – thought to be from 'hollow bourne' i.e. the river Fleet which formerly flowed in a valley near here
 Kirby Street – from Christopher Hatton's Kirby Hall in Northamptonshire
 Leather Lane – thought to come not from 'leather' but from Leofrun, a personal name in Old English; formerly known as Le Vrunelane (13th century), Loverone Lane (14th century) and Liver Lane
 Leigh Place – from the Barons Leigh, who bought land in the area from the Baldwin family in 1689
 Lily Place
 Onslow Street
 Portpool Lane – thought to be a corruption of 'Purta's Pool', the local area is recorded as the manor of Purtepol in the early 13th century; written "Purple Lane" in Arlidge's Survey
 Saffron Hill and Saffron Street – these used to be the gardens of the Bishops of Ely, where they grew saffron
 St Cross Street – originally Cross Street, as it crossed land belonging to the Hatton family; the 'St' was added in 1937 to avoid confusion with numerous streets of the same name
 Verulam Street – from 16th–17th-century lawyer, scientist and philosopher Francis Bacon, later created Baron Verulam, who had chambers at Gray's Inn opposite
 Viaduct Buildings – after their position directly adjacent to Holborn Viaduct
 Waterhouse Square – after Alfred Waterhouse, architect of Holborn Bars, also known as the Prudential Assurance Building, which surrounds the square

Hatton Garden in fiction
Michael Flanders and Donald Swann, humorists in the 1960s and 1970s, celebrated Hatton Garden's connection with the jewellery trade in their song of a sewage worker, "Down Below":
Hatton Garden is the spot, down below
Where we likes to go a lot, down below,
Since a bloke from Leather Lane,
Dropped a diamond down the drain,
We'll be going there again, down below.

In Evelyn Waugh's novel Brideshead Revisited, Rex Mottram takes Julia Marchmain to a dealer in Hatton Garden to buy her engagement ring:

Hatton Garden features in the children's novel Smith by Leon Garfield, where the main character tries to elude two pursuers through the crumbling streets of 18th-century Holborn.

In Ian Fleming's novel Diamonds Are Forever, James Bond visits the fictional House of Diamonds in Hatton Garden, where he meets the mysterious Rufus B. Saye.

The name of the street appears in a series of books Poldark by Winston Graham. (part 4 - 'Warleggan')

The Avengers, Series 2, Episode 10, "Death on the Rocks," is set in the diamond business in Hatton Garden.

The diamond robbery in the film A Fish Called Wanda takes place in Hatton Garden.

The 1924 mystery novel Inspector French's Greatest Case by Freeman Wills Crofts takes place in and around Hatton Garden.

See also
 Hatton Garden Liberty
 Saffron Hill, Hatton Garden, Ely Rents and Ely Place
 List of eponymous roads in London
 London Diamond Bourse

References

Luvore Diamonds a jewellery store based on Hatton Garden

Areas of London
Streets in the London Borough of Camden
Jewellery districts
Shopping streets in London
Tourist attractions in the London Borough of Camden
Holborn
Subterranean London
Jewellery industry in the United Kingdom

Hatton Garden


Texas Hold 'em is an Xbox Live Arcade version of the popular poker variant of the same name developed by TikGames. It was released on August 23, 2006 and was the first XBLA game to be offered as a free download (for a limited time). After 48 hours, it was no longer a free download. It was also made available on the Xbox Live Arcade Unplugged Vol. 1 disc, which is available for retail purchase as well as bundled with Xbox 360 Premium consoles and Zune 3.0 firmware.

The game features three single player modes, including standard play, tournament play, and scenarios. It also supports up to eight players on Xbox Live, and now supports the Xbox Live Vision camera.

In November 2006, all players' bankrolls and the game's leaderboards were reset, in order to "eliminate inflated scores" that some players achieved as a result of exploits.

References

2006 video games
Microsoft games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Poker video games
TikGames games
Video games developed in the United States
Xbox 360 games
Xbox 360 Live Arcade games
Xbox 360-only games

Texas Hold 'em (video game)


The British Speedway Promoters Limited (BSPL) organises the domestic motorcycle speedway competitions in the United Kingdom. They are also responsible for the promotion and running of the FIM meetings staged in Britain.

Each club has a promoter in the association, although promotions under three years of membership do not have a vote. A Management Committee is elected at the Annual General Meeting, and this committee is responsible for the day-to-day running of British speedway.

All the promoters meet periodically to discuss matters of importance, usually rule changes.

See also
Motorcycle speedway
The Speedway Control Bureau
Elite League
Premier League
Conference League
British Speedway Championship
Speedway in the United Kingdom

References

External links

Speedway in the United Kingdom
Speedway
Motorcycle racing organizations

British Speedway Promoters' Association


Architecture is the process of designing structures and buildings. It uses both art and engineering. Examples include houses, churches, hotels, office buildings, roads, viaducts, tunnels and bridges.

Architecture is the profession of an architect. Usually, a person must study at an institution of higher education (university) to become an architect. There were architects long before there was higher education. They learnt by being an apprentice to an established architect.

Architecture can do small designs, such as for a garage, or large designs, such as for a whole city. The capital cities of Brasília, and Canberra were designed. Architects often work with structural engineers to make structurally sound buildings.

History

In the past, people built huts and wood houses to protect themselves from the weather. For safety, they were often close together. Great civilizations like the Ancient Egyptians built large temples and structures, like the Great Pyramids of Giza. The Ancient Greeks and Romans made what we now call "Classical Architecture". The Romans, working over 2000 years ago, copied the arch from the Etruscans, who copied it from the Mesopotamians.

Classical architecture was formal, and it always obeyed laws. It used symmetry, which really means balance, and it used proportion between shapes. The Golden Mean was a rule which said, (to put it simply) if you are making a room, or any other thing, it will work best if you always make the long side 1.6 times as long as the short side. There are many 'laws' in classical architecture, like how high the middle of an arched bridge needs to be (which depends on how wide the bridge needs to be). These laws were learned from thousands of years of experience and they are often used today. However, today more notice is taken of specific facts, such as what wind speeds occur once or twice in a century. Several bridges have blown down because that was not properly taken into consideration.

In some parts of the world, like India, the architecture is famous for carving the stone on temples and palaces. Different architectural styles occur in China, Japan, Southeast Asia, Africa, Mexico, and Central and South America.

Architects in Western Europe in the Middle Ages made Romanesque architecture, then Gothic architecture. Gothic buildings have tall, pointed windows and arches. Many churches have Gothic architecture. Castles were also built at this time. In Eastern Europe, churches usually had domes. People added their own ideas and decoration to the Classical Architecture of the past. The Renaissance brought a return to classical ideas.

In the late 18th century with the Industrial Revolution, people began to invent machines to make things quickly and cheaply. Many factories and mills were built during, or after this revolution. Decades later, in the Victorian era, architects like George Fowler Jones and Decimus Burton still followed the Gothic style to build new churches. Up to this point, buildings were limited in size and style by the strength of the wood and masonry used to construct them. Gothic cathedrals were among the largest buildings because the gothic arch when combined with buttresses allowed stone buildings to be built taller. For example, the cathedral in Ulm, Germany is over 500 feet tall. However, building with stone has its limits, and building too tall could result in collapse. This happened to the Beauvais Cathedral, which was never completed.

Towards the end of the 19th Century with a second Industrial Revolution, steel became much cheaper. Architects began to use inventions like metal girders and reinforced concrete to build. An example is the Eiffel Tower in Paris. Buildings can now be built taller than ever before. We call them skyscrapers. This new technology has made us free from traditional limitations, and because of the new possibilities presented by these materials, many traditional methods of construction and ideas about style were reevaluated, replaced, or abandoned. Cheap, strong glass soon brought transparent exterior walls, especially for office buildings.

Modernism is the name for the architectural style which developed because of these new building technologies, and its beginnings can been seen as early as 1890. Modernism can also refer to a specific group of architects and buildings from the early to late 20th century, and so may not be the proper term to use for many building built since then, which are sometimes called "post-modern".

Many of the world's greatest structures were built by modern-day architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright; Sir Hugh Casson; Norman Foster; I. M. Pei; Adrian Smith; Edward Durell Stone; Frank Gehry; Fazlur Khan; Gottfried Böhm; and Bruce Graham.

Related pages
 Acoustics
 Architect
 Art
 Building code
 Building materials
 Earthquake engineering
 List of buildings
 Pattern language
 Skyscraper
 Structural Engineering
 World Heritage Sites

References

Other websites

 American Institute of Architects
 Australian Institute of Architects
 Royal Institute of British Architects
 Royal Architectural Institute of Canada
 New Zealand Institute of Architects
 Architecture Citizendium

Architecture


A warehouse is a commercial building for storage of goods. Warehouses are used by manufacturers, importers, exporters, wholesalers, transport businesses, customs, etc.  They are usually large plain buildings in industrial areas of cities and towns.  They have loading docks to load and unload trucks; or sometimes are loaded directly from railways, airports, or seaports.  They also often have cranes and forklifts for moving goods, which are usually placed on ISO standard pallets loaded into pallet racks.

In logistics, the warehouse performs the function of accumulating reserves of material resources necessary to dampen fluctuations in supply and demand volumes, as well as synchronizing the flow rates of goods in systems of promotion from manufacturers to consumers or material flows in technological production systems.

References

Manufacturing buildings

Warehouse


Fabrique Nationale de Herstal,  also called Fabrique Nationale or FN, is a Belgian company that makes firearms. The company often market themselves under the name FN Herstal. They own both the Winchester Repeating Arms Company and Browning. In 1898,  the company began woking with with John Moses Browning, a well-known firearms designer. The company was founded in 1990 by Leopold II. It is based in Herstal, Liège, Belgium].

Firearm manufacturers
Companies of Belgium
1990 establishments in Europe

FN Herstal


Taba ( , ) is a sma Egyptian toun near the northren tip o the Gulf o Aqaba. Taba is the location o Egyp's busiest border crossin wi neighborin Israel.  Little mair nor a bus depot an a luxury hotel (complete wi casino), Taba is a frequent vacation spot for Egyptians an tourists, especially those frae Israel on thair way tae ither destinations in Egyp or as a weekend getaway. It is the northmaist resort o Egyp's Red Sea Riviera.

History
Taba wis locatit on the Egyptian side o the airmistice line agreed tae in 1949.  Durin the Suez Crisis in 1956 it wis briefly occupee'd but returned tae Egyp whan Israel athdrew in 1957.  Israel reoccupee'd the Sinai Peninsula efter the Sax-Day War in 1967, an subsequently a 400-room hotel wis biggit in Taba. Follaein the 1973 Yom-Kippur War, whan Egyp an Israel wur negotiatin the exact poseetion o the border in preparation for the 1979 peace treaty, Israel claimed that Taba haed been on the Ottoman side o a border agreed atween the Ottomans an Breetish Egyp in 1906 an haed, therefore, been in error in its twa previous agreements.  Awtho maist o Sinai wis returned tae Egyp in 1982, Taba wis the last portion tae be returned.  Efter a lang dispute, the issue wis submittit tae an internaitional commission componed o ane Israeli, ane Egyptian, an three ootsiders.  In 1988, the commission ruled in Egyp's favor, an Israel returned Taba tae Egyp in 1989.

As pairt o this subsequent agreement, travellers are permitted tae cross frae Israel at the Eilat – Taba border crossing, an veesit the "Aqaba Coast Area of Sinai", (stretching frae Taba doun tae Sharm el Sheikh, an includin Nuweiba, St Catherine an Dahab), visa-free for up tae 14 days, makin Taba a popular tourist destination. The resort community o Taba Heights is locatit some 20km (12 mi) sooth o Taba. It features several lairge hotels, includin The Hyatt Regency, Marriott, Sofitel an Intercontinental. It is an aa a significant diving aurie whaur mony fowk come tae either free dive, scuba dive or learn tae dive via the mony PADI courses on offer. Ither recreation facilities include a new desert style golf course.

On October 7, 2004, the Hilton Taba wis hit bi a bomb that killed 34 fowk , includin Israeli vacationers. Twinty-fower days later, an inquiry bi the Egyptian Interior Meenistry intae the bombins concludit that the perpetrators received nae external help but wur aidit bi Bedouins on the peninsula.

Taba Protectit Aurie

Locatit juist soothwast o Taba is a protectit aurie on 3590 sq. km.

This protectit aurie includes geological formations sic as caves, a string o valleys, an  muntainous passages. Thare are an aa some naitural springs in the aurie.

The aurie haes 25 kynds o mammals, 50 kynds o rare birds, an 24 kynds o reptiles.

Transportation

Syne Taba existit anly as a sma Bedouin veelage, thare wis niver ony real transportation infrastructur. Mair recently, Al Nakb Airport, locatit on the Sinai plateau some 35km (22 mi) frae Taba, wis upgradit an renamed Taba International Airport (IATA: TCP, ICAO: HETB), an nou handles hauf a dozen chairter flichts a week frae the UK as well as weekly chairter flichts frae Germany, Belgium, Fraunce, Netherlands, the Czech Republic an Ukraine. Mony tourists enter via the Taba Border Crossin frae Eilat, Israel an a marina haes been biggit in the new Taba Heights development, some 20km (12 mi) sooth o Taba, an which haes frequent ferry sailins tae Aqaba in Jordan, awtho thir are restrictit tae tourists on organised tours.

Gallery

Soorces

Freemit airtins

 Photographical Impressions

Populatit places in Sooth Sinai Govrenorate
Populatit coastal places in Egyp
Unnerwater divin steids
Tourism in Egyp
Reid Sea
Egyp–Israel border crossins
Seaside resorts in Egyp

Taba


Yema is a sweet custard confectionery from the Philippines. It is made with egg yolks, milk, and sugar. The name yema is from Spanish for "egg yolk". Like other egg yolk-based Filipino desserts, it is believed that yema originated from early Spanish construction materials. During the Spanish colonization of the Philippines, egg whites mixed with quicklime and eggshells were used as a type of mortar to hold stone walls together. Filipinos reused the discarded egg yolks into various dishes. Among them is yema, which is possibly based on the Spanish pastry Yemas de Santa Teresa.

Yemas were originally made with only egg yolks and sugar, heated and stirred until the consistency is thick. They are then shaped into small balls or pyramids and covered in white sugar. Milk (or condensed milk) later became part of the recipe (probably during the American period). Modern variations also usually include chopped nuts.

See also
 Yema cake
 Pastel de Camiguín
 Pastillas
 Leche flan

References

Philippine desserts

Yema (candy)