The A70 road is a major road in Scotland, United Kingdom. It runs a total of  from Edinburgh to Ayr. It begins as Dalry Road at the Haymarket, Edinburgh junction with the A8, passing near but not through Lanark and ending as Miller Road in Ayr. Between Edinburgh city centre and Lanark it passes through the Edinburgh suburbs of Slateford, Juniper Green, Currie and Balerno; then Carnwath (where the A70 joins the A721 for three miles), Carstairs (where the two roads separate again), and Ravenstruther, while between Lanark and Ayr it passes through Hyndford Bridge, Rigside, Douglas, Muirkirk, Smallburn, Cumnock, Ochiltree, and Coylton.

The Scots name of the road is the "Lang Whang", a whang in the Scots tongue being a narrow strip of leather, usually a long leather bootlace. Much of the road is over elevated, desolate moorland; it ascends several times on its course to heights over 1000 feet above sea level. Because the wind enjoys an easy and uninterrupted passage over its length, in winter the road is frequently closed by snow, even by modest snowfalls. The road passes elevated farmland and grouse moor and presents extensive views over central Scotland to the north.

According to tradition, Robert Burns stopped at the formerly thatched Wee Bush Inn in Carnwath on his way to Edinburgh: quite a likely event since the road is the most direct link between the Scottish capital and Burn's native Ayrshire. As the story has it, all Burns could think of to engrave on the inn window (a habit for which he had a reputation) was, "Lang Whang, Lang Whang, Lang bloody Whang", which neatly sums up the prospect for anybody facing the walk, ride or cycle along it, especially in winter. It was one of the roads along which the murderers Burke and Hare brought the cadavers of their victims for the Edinburgh Medical College to dissect.

The Collins 2012 Big Road Atlas shows the A70 as one of the five most dangerous roads in Scotland, based on the number of serious and fatal accidents between 2007 and 2009 in proportion to traffic. There are many extremely dangerous sections: particular blackspots are the crown of Auchinoon Brae on the approach to Harperigg Reservoir and the right angled bends at the east end of the reservoir. Any of the undulating and winding terrain between Balerno and Carnwath where oncoming cars can be concealed by dips in the road can be considered dangerous and there is barely a half-mile stretch of the Lang Whang between Balerno and Carnwath which has not witnessed a fatal accident over the past twenty years.

The A70 is purportedly the scene of one of Scotland's best-known UFO incidents, now known as 'the A70 incident'. Two men, Garry Wood and Colin Wright, were travelling one evening in 1992 from the outskirts of Edinburgh to the village of Tarbrax. Something evidently caused them to be delayed, for they arrived at their destination much later than expected. Several months later the pair underwent hypnotic regression and claimed to recall that they had been abducted, examined and communicated with by alien creatures.

From Little Vantage on the A70 near Harperrig Reservoir, a footpath (called Thieves Road) heads south across the upper reaches of the Water of Leith and continues across moorland to a pass over the Pentland Hills called Cauldstane Slap and on to West Linton. This was part of a much longer drove road used in past centuries for transporting cattle south from the central belt and northern Scotland to Peebles and ultimately to the English markets, and for moving sheep north from West Linton market.

References

Roads in Scotland
Transport in South Ayrshire
Transport in Edinburgh
Ayr
Transport in East Ayrshire
Transport in South Lanarkshire
Cumnock
Carstairs
Transport in West Lothian

A70 road


AAC is a file format for storing music or other sounds. It stands for Advanced Audio Coding or Advanced Audio Codec. It is used by Apple Inc. in the iPod and iTunes, by Sony in the Walkman, in all Android devices, in car stereos, any by many other devices. AAC is one of the standard formats that comes from the MPEG organization, the same people who invented MP3. Like MP3, AAC is a compressed format. It works by removing parts of the music that people can not hear. A good AAC encoder can compress CD quality music to about 10% of its original size without affecting the perceived sound quality.

Profiles
There are several profiles (variants) of AAC. These are the most popular:
 AAC LC – Standard AAC profile with no extensions. All AAC players support this profile. This is the format used by Apple (iPod / iPhone), Sony (Walkman), and many others; it takes up more space, has high audio quality, and is used for music stored on an iPod, CD-ROM, or disk drive.
 HE-AAC v1 – AAC with Spectral Band Replication - a more efficient format; it saves space for music sent over a network, like over the Internet or to a cell phone, although at the cost of sound quality. Brand names for this format include aacPlus™, Nero Digital™, and AAC+. A variant of this format is used for HD Radio.
 HE-AAC v2 – AAC with Spectral Band Replication and Parametric Stereo - an even more efficient format for music sent over a network, although at the cost of reduced stereo separation. Brand names for this format include aacPlus™ v2, eAAC+™, and AAC+ Enhanced™.
 AAC-LD - Low delay profile used for VOIP applications.

Various other profiles exist, but are not commonly used.

File names
Here are some common AAC file name endings:
 .aac–music only (raw file without mp4 container, uncommon)
 .m4a–music and information
 .m4p–music and information, with DRM
 .m4b-speech and information, "Audiobook" recognized by Apple that keeps the listener's position
 .m4r-music and information used by Apple as a ringtone
 .mp4–music, video, or both, plus information

An AAC file that has only music and information could have a name that ends with either .m4a or .mp4.

Encoders
A number of encoders exist for AAC. These are some of the most popular:
 Fraunhofer FDK AAC
 Fraunhofer FhG AAC
 Nero AAC
 Apple AAC
 Microsoft AAC
 FAAC
 FFmpeg AAC
 Coding Technologies HE-AAC
 VisualOn AAC (obsolete)
 PsyTel AAC (obsolete)
 Compaact (obsolete)

Metadata
A KDE/Qt application for Linux/Unix called easytag will edit metadata about AAC-encoded files as long as they end with the .m4a extension. Typically, renaming files to .m4a and back to the original extension after editing is sufficient. This method can be used to configure typical ID3v2 metadata including cover art. This cover art is used by Apple's iTunes and their media players. Note that easytag does not have the ability to add chapter points into Audiobooks (.m4b).

Computer file formats for audio

AAC


The Chambal River is a tributary of the Yamuna River in central India. It forms a significant portion of the Greater Gangetic drainage arrangement.The river passes through the states of Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh. Major tributaries of the Chambal River include Mej, Banas, Kali Sindh, Parbati, and Shipra. The river flows north-northeast through Madhya Pradesh. It is a perennial river, which originates from a place near Manspura in Janapao Hills in Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India. It is 1,024 km long, and its basin size is 143,219 square km. The Gandhi Sagar Dam is the first of the four dams built on the Chambal River, located on the Rajasthan-Madhya Pradesh border. It is a 64 metre high masonry gravity dam, with a live storage capacity of 6,920 MCM (million cubic metres) and a catchment area of 22,584 square km, of which only 1,537 square km is in Rajasthan.

Rivers of India

Chambal River


Ingonish is a Canadian rural community in northeastern Victoria County, Nova Scotia. Ingonish is on the northeast coast of Cape Breton Island along the Cabot Trail. It is about  from the shire town of Baddeck. Ingonish is made up of four communities: Ingonish Ferry, Ingonish Harbour, Ingonish Beach, Ingonish Centre.

Ingonish is located at the eastern entrance to Cape Breton Highlands National Park.  The regional economy is tied to the seasonal tourism and fishing industries. The community is in the federal electoral district of Sydney—Victoria. Ingonish was one of the first areas settled on Cape Breton Island.

Demographics
Total population: 1250
Total dwellings: 652
Total land area

Other websites
Hike the Highlands Festival
Northeast Highlands Chamber of Commerce
Cape Breton Highlands
Visit Victoria County
Municipality of Victoria County
Ingonish Information

Settlements in Nova Scotia

Ingonish


An exhibition game (also known as simply exhibition, or a demonstration event, a friendly, a preparation match, a warm-up game) is a sporting event in which there is no competitive value of any real kind to any competitor (such as tournament or season rankings, or prize money) regardless of the outcome of the competition. The types of matches are usually played before a season so the coach can try a new formation or select players from the bench, like in Association football.

Some sports have an all-star game. This means that the best players are picked from that league and they play against another all-star team or a better team from another country. These matches are usually friendlies, but have a little more competition. An example is the MLS All-Stars against Real Madrid CF.

References

Sports words

Exhibition game


Mike Bogle (James Michael Bogle; born 1961) is an American trombonist, pianist, vocalist, composer, and arranger. He attended the University of North Texas (BM Jazz Studies 1987, MM 1989) where he was a member of the world-renowned One O'Clock Lab Band.

His arrangement of Chick Corea's composition Got a Match? was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1992.  This arrangement was recorded on "Lab '89." He was manager for the One O'Clock Lab Band for a few years.  He currently resides in Dallas, TX where he is a freelance composer/arranger/performer and leads his experimental rock band Planet 9 as well as the Mike Bogle Jazztet and serves as musical director for Irene Cara and her band Hot Caramel.

Bogle has recorded two CDs: 1994's "Other Life" and 2004's "Eternal Family". Eternal Family reached # 28 on the Jazzweek Radio Chart.

Dr. Bogle's performance credits include: Irene Cara, Doc Severinsen, Bobby Caldwell, James Moody, Slide Hampton, Jaco Pastorius, Ira Sullivan, Pete Christlieb, Duffy Jackson, Burt Bacharach, Diana Ross, Tom Jones, "Mark Morganelli and The Jazz Forum All-Stars," The University of North Texas' One O'Clock Lab Band, Bobby Vinton, The Sambuca Big Band and Latin American artists Chequere, Los Cumbamberos, Willie Chirino and Lissette.

References

External links
Mike Bogle's Official Web Site

American music arrangers
University of North Texas College of Music alumni
Living people
1961 births

Mike Bogle


Baffle spray scrubbers are a technology for air pollution control.  They are very similar to spray towers in design and operation. However, in addition to using the energy provided by the spray nozzles, baffles are added to allow the gas stream to atomize some liquid as it passes over them.

A simple baffle scrubber system is shown in Figure 1. Liquid sprays capture pollutants and also remove collected particles from the baffles. Adding baffles slightly increases the pressure drop of the system.

This type of technology is a part of the group of air pollution controls collectively referred to as wet scrubbers.

A number of wet-scrubber designs use energy from both the gas stream and liquid stream to collect pollutants. Many of these combination devices are available commercially.

A seemingly unending number of scrubber designs have been developed by changing system geometry and incorporating vanes, nozzles, and baffles.

Particle collection

These devices are used much the same as spray towers - to preclean or remove particles larger than 10 μm in diameter. However, they will tend to plug or corrode if particle concentration of the exhaust gas stream is high.

Gas collection

Even though these devices are not specifically used for gas collection, they are capable of a small amount of gas absorption because of their large wetted surface.

Summary

These devices are most commonly used as precleaners to remove large particles (>10 μm in diameter). The pressure drops across baffle scrubbers are usually low, but so are the collection efficiencies. Maintenance problems are minimal. The main problem is the buildup of solids on the baffles.Table 1 summarizes the operating characteristics of baffle spray scrubbers.

Bibliography

Bethea, R. M. 1978. Air Pollution Control Technology. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
McIlvaine Company. 1974. The Wet Scrubber Handbook. Northbrook, IL: McIlvaine Company.
Richards, J. R. 1995. Control of Particulate Emissions (APTI Course 413). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Richards, J. R. 1995. Control of Gaseous Emissions. (APTI Course 415). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1969. Control Techniques for Particulate Air Pollutants. AP-51.

References

Institute of Clean Air Companies  - national trade association representing emissions control manufacturers

Pollution control technologies
Air pollution control systems
Wet scrubbers
Liquid-phase and gas-phase contacting scrubbers

Baffle spray scrubber


Count Carl Johan Gustaf Snoilsky (8 September 1841 – 19 May 1903) was a Swedish lyric poet, known for his realist poetry.

Biography
Snoilsky was born in Stockholm to Sigrid (née Banér), a painter and countess, and Nils Snoilsky, a Justice and Chamberlain Count. He was educated at the Clara School and Stockholms lyceum and in 1860 became a student at the University of Uppsala. He was trained for diplomacy, which he quit for work at the Swedish Foreign Ministry. As early as 1861, under the pseudonym of Sven Tröst, he began to print poems, and he soon became the center of the brilliant literary society of the capital. In 1862 he published a collection of lyrics called Orchideer ("Orchids"). During 1864 and 1865 he was in Madrid and Paris on diplomatic missions. It was in 1869, when he first collected his Dikter under his own name, that Snoilsky took rank among the most eminent contemporary poets. His Sonnetter in 1871 increased his reputation. Then, for some years, Snoilsky abandoned poetry, and devoted himself to the work of the Foreign Office and to the study of numismatics.

In 1876, however, he published a translation of the ballads of Goethe. Snoilsky had in 1876 been appointed keeper of the records (expeditionssekreterare) and head of the Foreign Ministry`s political department, in 1878 he was raised to deputy director (kansliråd), and succeeded Bishop Paul Genberg as one of the eighteen of the Swedish Academy. But in 1879 he resigned all his posts, and left Sweden abruptly for Florence with the Dowager Countess Ebba Piper, née Baroness Ruuth, whom he married in 1880. Count Snoilsky sent home in 1881 a volume of Nya Dikter ("New Poems"). Two other volumes of Dikter appeared in 1883 and 1887, and 1897; Savonarola, a poem, in 1883, and Hvita frun ("The White Lady") in 1885. In 1886, he collected his poems dealing with national subjects as Svenska bilder (2nd ed., 1895), which ranks as a Swedish classic. In 1891 he returned to Stockholm and was appointed principal librarian (överbibliotekarie) of the Royal Library. He died at Stockholm on May 19, 1903. His Samlade dikter were collected (Stockholm, 5 vols.) in 1903–1904.

Evaluation
His literary influence in Sweden was very great; he always sang of joy and liberty and beauty, and in his lyrics, more than in most modern verse, the ecstasy of youth finds expression. He is remarkable, also, for the extreme delicacy and melodiousness of his verse-forms.

References

External links

1841 births
1903 deaths
Writers from Stockholm
Swedish poets
Swedish male writers
Swedish diplomats
Members of the Swedish Academy
Swedish male poets
19th-century Swedish poets
19th-century male writers

Carl Snoilsky


"Loving You No More" is a song by American rapper and producer Diddy and his group Dirty Money, from their debut album, Last Train to Paris. It was written by Dawn Richard of the group, as well as Mario Winans and Canadian rapper Drake, the latter of whom featured on the song. Sean Garrett and his production group, Team S. Dot, receive writing and production credits, as does Miykal Snoddy. The song was released as the album's second single in the United States on September 21, 2010.

According to Diddy, the song is about loving someone so much that you forget about yourself It is a R&B tune, which integrates usage of electronica and hip-hop influences, while having a melodic, piano-laden background. The song's official remix features American rappers Gucci Mane and Red Cafe, while rapper and producer Jermaine Dupri also recorded a remix to the song. While critics were divided over Diddy's part in the track, most complimented the song's production, Drake's cameo, and Harper and Richard's vocals.

"Loving You No More" peaked at ninety-one on the Billboard Hot 100 on two occasions. Meanwhile, it peaked in the top twenty of both the US R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and Hot Rap Songs charts. The song's Gil Green-directed accompanying music video shows Diddy, accompanied by Richard and Kalenna Harper, reminiscing on a past love in a mansion, and in a club scene with Drake. The group performed the song on BET's 106 & Park, during promotion of the album.

Background
"Loving You No More" first leaked under the title "Hurt" on November 13, 2009. After being announced as the second single from Last Train to Paris on August 26, 2010, the mastered version of the song was leaked. In an interview with MTV News, Diddy explained the meaning behind the song, commenting, "The concept of the song is about when you love somebody so much that you forget about yourself. You love them more than you love yourself." The song's official remix, released on October 22, 2010, features American rappers Gucci Mane and Red Cafe. Producer and rapper Jermaine Dupri also remixed the song with rap vocals from him, which was unveiled on September 29, 2010. The group performed the song on one occasion, during their takeover of 106 & Park to promote the album, on December 16, 2010.

Composition

The song is a mid-tempo R&B song, with a length of four minutes and six seconds. Including electronica influences, it has a piano-heavy beat, and has been described as "melodic". Diddy has lead vocals, with Kalenna Harper and Dawn Richard singing background and having full vocals in numerous parts. Diddy's lines feature the use of the auto-tune effect. The song also integrates hip-hop, featuring a rap cameo by Drake. Ed Easton, Jr. of WNOW-FM summed up the track as "an emotional track about losing touch with a significant other." According to Easton, the song also featured Diddy's signature "rhythmic talking disguised as singing."

Reception

Critical reception
Sara D. Anderson of AOL Radio Blog said, "the duo's beautiful voices twist and soar around Drake's supple and soulful vocals". Although she commented that Drake's voice was "almost unrecognizable" on the track, Becky Bain of Idolator noted "how sweetly he comes off in this sensitive track". Bain also complimented Drake's part in the song, stating, "Drizzy kills it in his mellow verse in the middle, his raspy monotone fitting in quite well with the melancholy vibe of the song." A writer for Birthplace Magazine said the song was mixed with "a combination of slick production, strong vocals from Dirty Money songstresses Dawn and Kaleena, a guest appearance by Drake, and hype as only Diddy can deliver", and called the song and video "mainstream guilty pleasures we can enjoy"

Chart performance
Upon digital release, "Loving You No More" debuted on multiple Billboard charts. While debuting at numbers twenty-eight and twenty-one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and Rap Songs charts, respectively, it therefore appeared at ninety-one on the Billboard Hot 100. It fell off the Hot 100 the next week, but would go on in the following weeks to peak at number twenty on the R&B chart and seventeen on the rap chart. After the release of Last Train to Paris, the song re-entered the Hot 100 at its original peak, ninety-one.

Music video
The song's accompanying music video was directed by Gil Green. In an interview with MTV News, Diddy explained the video, stating, "[The video] is really about me being in a relationship with a young lady and you're constantly loving this person, and hoping that this day comes where they change and they love you back." Additionally, Green said that the video shows "moments of him and his love but you can tell there's an emotional distance". The video was premiered on BET's 106 & Park on October 27, 2010.

Synopsis and reception
The video opens with a still image of a woman in her bikini (Manuela Arbeláez) while various scenery backdrops are superimposed in the background. The first scenes of the video flicker between Diddy's life with his femme fatale and Diddy singing with the rest of Dirty Money in the bedroom of a mansion. Some of the possessions in the house such as picture frames shatter as the chorus builds up. However, during Dawn Richard and Kalenna Harper's verses, the camera focus on Richard and Harper singing directly into the camera lens. As Drake's verse begins, Diddy falls backwards into a swimming pool in slow motion, while the camera image slowly fades into a club scene. There is a brief shot of a bottle of coconut-flavored Cîroc vodka before Diddy is scene mingling in the club. The camera mainly focus on Drake, who is observing what is happening and rapping his verse. During the bridge, Richard and Harper appear in the club and Diddy's femme fatale is seen in the background.

Ed Easton, Jr. of WNOW-FM gave the song six and a half out of ten stars, calling it "average". Easton said, "This is a rare situation, where the song was more of a draw than the actual video." Becky Bain of Idolator said "We have to applaud Diddy for only throwing one shot to Ciroq vodka during his club scene with Drizzy, as opposed to using the entire video as a three-minute commercial to promote his brand." Bain was referring to Combs' February 2010 video for "Ciroc Star", which did not appear on the final track listing of Last Train to Paris.

Credits
Recording locations
Recorded at Circle House Recording Studios in Miami, Florida
Daddy's House Studios in New York City.

Personnel

Steve "Rock Star" Dickey – engineer
Team S. Dot – producer
Sean Garrett – songwriter, producer
Aubrey "Drake" Graham – songwriter, featured vocals
Stefan Johnson – additional recording
Nicholson Joseph Jr. – additional recording
Jaycen Joshua – mixing
Giancarlo Lino – mixing assistant

Dawn Richard – songwriter, lead vocals
Noah "40" Shebib – engineer
Miykal Snoddy – songwriter, producer
Matthew Testa – engineer
Miles Walker – engineer
Kevin "Kev-O" Wilson – mixing assistant
Mario Winans – songwriter, keyboards

Charts

Year-end

Release history

References

2010 singles
Sean Combs songs
Songs written by Sean Garrett
Songs written by Drake (musician)
Drake (musician) songs
Music videos directed by Gil Green
Contemporary R&B ballads
Songs written by Mario Winans
2010 songs

Loving You No More


Food processing means the ways that are used to change raw ingredients into food so that they can be eaten by humans or animals. The food processing industry uses these processes. Food processing often takes clean, harvested or slaughtered and butchered components and uses these to produce attractive and marketable food products. Similar process are used to produce animal feed.

Industries
Food processing industries and practices include the following:
 Cannery
 Cooking
 Industrial rendering
 Meat packing plant
 Slaughterhouse
 Sugar industry
 Vegetable packing plant

Related pages
Food preservation
Farming
Cattle
Fishing

Other websites
Food processing Faraday
Foodprocessing Informational Website
Hyfoma Food processing and manufacturing knowledge Portal
Institute of Food Technologists
How to choose a food processor
Food Processor Review
Food Processor Recipes
Food Processing Technology
U.S. association of suppliers to the global food, beverage and pharmaceutical processing industries

de:Lebensmittelindustrie#Industrielle Lebensmittelverarbeitung
Manufacturing

Food processing


Corpora cavernosa are regions of biological tissue that are erectile (become hardened when they fill with blood). They are found in both men and women.

Men

The corpus cavernosum penis is found in the penis. It is found in pairs which contain most of the blood in the male penis during erection.  The two corpus cavernosa, along with the corpus spongiosum are the areas of tissue along the length of the penis.

Women

The corpus cavernosum clitoridis is similar to the male corpus cavernosum. The body of the clitoris contains biological tissue that helps to create an erection. As in men, this tissue comes in a pair of corpora cavernosa. However, the female has no corpus spongiosum. Instead, there are two vestibular bulbs beneath the skin at the entrance to the vagina.

Reproductive system

Corpora cavernosa


In solid mechanics, torsion is the twisting of an object that is result of an applied torque. In circular sections, the resultant shearing stress is perpendicular to the radius.

The shear stress at a point on a shaft is:

T is the applied torque, r is the distance from the center of rotation, and J is the polar moment of inertia.

The angle of twist can be found by using:

Where:
θ is the angle of twist in radians.
T is the torque (N·m or ft·lbf).
L is the length of the object the torque is being applied to or over.
G is the shear modulus or more commonly the modulus of rigidity and is usually given in gigapascals (GPa) or ft·lbf.
J is the polar moment of inertia, for a round shaft or concentric tube only. For other shapes J must be determined by other means. For solid shafts the membrane analogy is useful, and for thin walled tubes of arbitrary shape the shear flow approximation is fairly good, if the section is not re-entrant. For thick walled tubes of arbitrary shape there is no simple solution, FEA may be the best method.

Related pages

 torque

Mechanics

Torsion (mechanics)


Jersey Mills is an unincorporated community in McHenry Township, Lycoming County, in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. It lies along Pine Creek in the Pine Creek Gorge upstream of Waterville along Pennsylvania Route 414. Callahan Run enters Pine Creek at Jersey Mills. The Pine Creek Rail Trail passes through the village.

History
The first white settlers in the vicinity of what became Jersey Mills arrived in the late 18th and very early 19th centuries. For the next 100 years, lumbering and farming were the main drivers of the local economy. The first lumber mill in the area began operations in 1809. Farm crops included cereal grasses and potatoes. The village of Jersey Mills was officially established in 1855, when its post office opened.

Flagstone quarries in the area provided income in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as lumbering income steeply declined. The village had a one-room school through 1946 and a general store and boarding house through 1965. A smaller general store, the last commercial business in Jersey Mills, operated from 1980 though 2007.

References

Unincorporated communities in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania
Unincorporated communities in Pennsylvania

Jersey Mills, Pennsylvania


The Public Burning, Robert Coover's third novel, was published in 1977. It is an account of the events leading to the execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg.  An uncharacteristically human caricature of Richard Nixon serves as protagonist and narrator for the primary continuity.

The novel satirizes the Cold War politics of Joseph McCarthy by portraying "The Phantom" as the embodiment of global Communism and everything that threatens the American way of life—a vague, terrifying, and omnipresent enemy.  The ugly side of the American psyche this draws out is characterized by an incarnation of Uncle Sam who unleashes a torrent of interminable verbosity in a folksy, foul-mouthed style whenever he appears.  The New York Times and Time Magazine figure centrally as symbols of institutional failure not only to question whether the truth was a victim in this hyperpoliticized trial but also whether the official narrative was in fact a bunch of political lies.

Coover first experienced difficulty finding a publisher, and then when he found a publisher, getting it to actually publish the novel, due to legal concerns over the unflattering depiction of Richard Nixon, Pat Nixon, Roy Cohn, and others.  Then having published the novel, once it became a bestseller, Viking immediately abandoned all support, and withdrew copies without explanation.  Coover's editor, Richard Seaver, speculated to Coover that Viking management believed success would attract lawsuits.

Despite these difficulties, this novel has received a large amount of critical attention. It has been called "perhaps the most complete replenishment of the language since Whitman and (in a different way) Mark Twain ... no writer since Melville has dived so deeply and fearlessly into this collective American dream as Coover has in this novel".

Editions
  (hardcover, 1977)
  (paperback, 1998)

References

1977 American novels
American magic realism novels
Historical novels
Novels set during the Cold War
Postmodern novels
Viking Press books
Cultural depictions of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
Cultural depictions of Joseph McCarthy
Cultural depictions of Richard Nixon

The Public Burning


Freeview is free television service in the New Zealand, It is sent to people's home using a digital signal by either over the air or by satellite. It is planning to have more channels than analogue television provides. The service was put on air on 2 May 2007. The service was created as a local copy of the British digital television service, also known as Freeview.

Some TVs can receive Freeview automatically, but most people have to buy a special box to connect to their old TV or replace their satellite box, if they want to get by satellite.

Freeview (New Zealand)
Freeview (New Zealand)
2007 establishments
2000s establishments in New Zealand
Organizations based in New Zealand

Freeview (New Zealand)


Eurosport is a French group of pay television networks in Europe and parts of Asia. Owned by Warner Bros. Discovery through its international sports unit, it operates two main channels—Eurosport 1 and Eurosport 2—across most of its territories, and streams on Max and Discovery+, which superseded Eurosport Player.

Originally a joint venture between the European Broadcasting Union and Sky established in 1989, it was briefly shut down in 1991 following complaints by competitor Screensport. It was subsequently acquired by TF1 Group, and later merged with Screensport. For a period, it was a joint venture between TF1, Canal+ Group, and Havas Images. TF1 Group later bought out the other owners' shares. In 2012, Discovery Communications began to take an ownership in Eurosport, eventually leading towards a full buyout in 2015.

Eurosport is the main rightsholder of the Olympic Games in most of Europe, as well as (with some exceptions) the tennis Grand Slam tournaments.

The network of channels is available in 54 countries, in 20 different languages, providing viewers with European and international sporting events. Eurosport had 157 million subscribers in 2019, marking no increase from the previous year. The Eurosport 2 channel had an audience of 87 million viewers in 2019, an increase of one million.

History

Prior to the creation of Eurosport, the European Broadcasting Union had acquired substantial amounts of sports rights, yet its members were only able to broadcast a fraction of them. This provided the impetus for setting up the Eurosport Consortium, made up of several EBU members, to establish an outlet where these rights could be exploited. Sky Television was chosen as a commercial partner to the EBU project, and the channel launched at 6pm on 5 February 1989. It largely replaced the original Sky Channel (later rebranded Sky One) on European cable systems. Sky Channel refocused to serve only the United Kingdom and Ireland. For a period of time, some of Sky Channel's former pan-European programming was broadcast in the hours before Eurosport's startup, under the brand Sky Europe.

1991 closure
Eurosport was closed down in May 1991 after rival Screensport channel filed a complaint to the European Commission over the corporate structure. The channel was saved later that month when the TF1 Group (formed after the French government privatized the post ORTF-split TF1 5 years prior to the acquisition) stepped in to replace BSkyB as joint owners. It was able to restart its broadcast after 10 days. Broadcasting hours were restricted to 1pm to 11pm, later 8am until midnight before settling at 7.30am and 1am. Its overnight hours were occupied by shopping channel The Quantum Channel.

Eurosport Player & rebrand
On 1 March 1993, the cable and satellite channel Screensport merged with Eurosport. Five days later, that channel's transponder space was taken over by RTL II. Eurosport eventually came under a French consortium comprising the TF1 Group, Canal+ Group and Havas Images. In January 2001, TF1 took full ownership of Eurosport.

In May 2007, Yahoo! Europe and Eurosport formed a co-branded website which Eurosport used as its web portal, including an online TV guide, in the UK, Ireland, Spain, Italy and Germany.

In 2008, Eurosport launched an online subscription service, Eurosport Player, that allows internet users to watch both Eurosport and Eurosport 2 live, plus additional coverage not available via broadcast. During the 2009 Australian Open, the internet player offered coverage from five courts.

On 5 April 2011, Eurosport rebranded its channel. The rebrand incorporated six new on-air idents along with a new logo and presentation style both on-air and off-air. The new on-air identity has been designed by Paris-based design company Les Télécréateurs. All localised Eurosport channels and the Eurosport website embraced the new identity.

Analogue closedown
Having been one of the first channels to broadcast on the Astra 1 group of satellites, Eurosport was the last satellite channel in Europe to broadcast in an analogue format. On 30 April 2012, shortly after 03:00 CET, the rest of the remaining analogue channels at 19.2 East ceased transmission. Eurosport's analogue channel finally ceased transmission on 1 May 2012 at 01:30 CET, marking the end of an era in European satellite broadcasting.

Stake and acquisition by Discovery Communications; Warner Bros. Discovery
On 21 December 2012, Discovery Communications purchased a 20 per cent minority interest share in Eurosport from TF1 Group for €170m. Discovery became the majority shareholder in the Eurosport venture with TF1 in January 2014, taking a 51 per cent share of the company. On 22 July 2015 Discovery agreed to acquire TF1's remaining 49 per cent stake in the venture.

On 13 November 2015, Eurosport introduced its new brand identity and changed the name of its main channel to Eurosport 1.

In 2016, Eurosport expanded its deal with The All England Club to show all the Wimbledon matches live in 19 countries, up from three under a previous deal. It was a 3-year deal (2017-2019) that included exclusive TV and digital rights. This expanded their tennis portfolio to show all four Grand Slams. Eurosport signed a new deal in 2019 to broadcast Wimbledon exclusively in 11 countries. , Eurosport broadcasts the Australian Open, French Open (except in France), US Open (except in the UK and Ireland), and Wimbledon.

In February 2017, Discovery launched the channel in India, branded as DSport which was later renamed to Eurosport in 2020. The channel was made available on various platforms in both SD and HD feeds.

On 5 January 2021, Discovery began to phase out Eurosport Player in favour of its new streaming service Discovery+.

On 11 May 2022, Warner Bros. Discovery (new company formed after merger of Discovery with WarnerMedia) announced an agreement to contribute Eurosport's UK operations into a joint venture with BT Group and BT Sport. WBD will serve as managing partner of the joint venture; the two networks will operate separately for an interim period, after which they will combine their operations under a new name. As part of the agreement, WBD also negotiated a deal for BT Group to distribute Discovery+ to its television and BT Sport subscribers.

Channels

Eurosport 1

This is the main channel of Eurosport. A high-definition simulcast version of Eurosport launched on 25 May 2008. The first event covered in HD was the 2008 French Open at Roland Garros. On 13 November 2015 it changed its name to Eurosport 1 HD.

Eurosport 1 feeds
In Europe, Eurosport 1 is generally available in basic cable and satellite television packages. Since 1999, Eurosport 1 provides various opt-out services providing more relevant sporting content specific to language, advertising and commentary needs. Eurosport offers a stand-alone channel which provides a standardised version of the channel (Eurosport International in English). Alongside this, there are also local Eurosport channels in France, United Kingdom, Italy, Germany, Poland, Nordic region, Benelux region and Asia Pacific. These channels offer greater sporting content with local sporting events, while also utilising the existing pan-European feed. The German version of Eurosport is the only one available free-to-air on European digital satellite television.

Eurosport 1 is currently broadcast in 23 languages: English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Finnish, Icelandic, Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Hungarian, Romanian, Bulgarian, Serbian, Greek, Turkish, Cantonese and Croatian.

In Asia-Pacific territories, Eurosport offers a specific channel to the region. Eurosport (Asia-Pacific) launched on 15 November 2009. The service is available in Australia through Foxtel, Optus and TransACT. On 3 November 2014, a HD simulcast launched on Foxtel.

Eurosport 2

A supplementary channel featuring more live sports events, programming and news updates. Eurosport 2 launched on 10 January 2005 and is currently available in 35 countries, broadcasting in 22 different languages.

Eurosport 2 describes itself as "the new generation sports channel", dedicated to team sports, alternative sports, discovery and entertainment including basketball (like the Italian LBA), Twenty20 Cricket, Bundesliga, National Lacrosse League, Arena Football League, surfing, Volleyball Champions League, Australian Rules Football matches from the Australian Football League, Bandy World Championships and more. Eurosport 2 was branded as Eurosport DK in Denmark. On 15 February 2016, this channel was replaced by Eurosport 2.

Eurosport 2 HD, a high-definition version of the channel, is also available.

Eurosport 2 HD Xtra is a German pay-TV channel launched in 2017. Eurosport bought Germany-only rights for Bundesliga, Supermoto and other broadcasting rights. Eurosport 2 has no German-only signal and Eurosport 1 is free-to-air, so the new channel was needed.

Eurosport India

Eurosport India is the Indian version of the channel launched in February 2017 as DSport. It was made available on major DTH platforms and cable networks across India during the launch. The channel's primary focus would not be cricket, as per the press meet at the launch. The current offering from the channel includes less popular football leagues, cricket premier leagues, wrestling, fighting, golf, motor sports, horse racing, cycling and rugby.  The channel is only available in high-definition format. However, few DTH operators downscale the feed to be presented with the standard-definition bouquet. As of 2018, Eurosport India was available to over 110 million households in India.

Eurosport Gold
Eurosport Gold Russia is a channel owned by Eurosport which broadcasts the National Hockey League in Russia. It acquired the rights from the NHL to broadcast the 2017–18 NHL season.

Former channels

British Eurosport (1999–2015)
In the UK, British Eurosport launched in 1999, replacing Eurosport International on most platforms, with some schedule variations and local commentary. The launch of British Eurosport and creation of programming specifically for the UK was initially funded by Premium TV, which did not have a stake in the sports channel, but received a share of the revenue. British Eurosport had live studio presentations of major sporting events and tournaments.

On British Eurosport, James Richardson previously hosted the coverage of Serie A football on the Channel from 2002 to 2005 and 2004 UEFA European Football Championship with regular guests, including Alan Curbishley, DJ Spoony, former Chelsea players Paul Elliott, Ed de Goey, Ray Wilkins, Roberto Di Matteo and Carlo Cudicini, former England international Luther Blissett and European football journalists Gabriele Marcotti and Xavier Rivoire.

Will Vanders was known for his coverage of K-1 events, and greeted the viewers in Japanese, Korean, Chinese, and Thai to introduce the martial arts show, Fight Club, on Monday nights.

For tennis, studio presentation for the Australian Open, French Open, U.S. Open and WTA Tour Championships on British Eurosport was hosted by Annabel Croft with the segment Hawk-Eye presented by former British number 2 Jason Goodall. (Goodall was briefly ranked ahead of Chris Bailey, Nick Brown, Andrew Castle, Nick Fulwood, Mark Petchey, and James Turner, in May 1989).

British Eurosport covered the snooker season, including ranking events not broadcast by BBC Television such as the Shanghai Masters and China Open. Neal Foulds and former world champion Joe Johnson were among the commentators.

Tour de France coverage in 2014 was commentated on by Carlton Kirby (following the departure of David Harmon) with veteran cyclist Sean Kelly as the "technical expert". The duo continued to commentate in 2015 and an additional pre- and post-programme was broadcast, "Lemond on Tour". This was presented by Ashley House with comment and analysis from Eurosport Cycling Ambassador Greg LeMond. Additional interviews were provided by Spanish cycling journalist Laura Meseguer and former pro racing cyclist Juan Antonio Flecha.

David Goldstrom commentated on ski jumping and ski flying coverage from 1999.

On 10 February 2009, British Eurosport started to broadcast most of its programming in the 16:9 'widescreen' ratio. After the collapse of Setanta Sports, rights for the 2009 season in the USPGA Golf tour reverted to British Eurosport.

On 25 July 2012, British Eurosport HD launched on the Sky, UPC Ireland and Virgin Media platforms, this replaced the pan-European Eurosport HD in the UK and Ireland. British Eurosport 2 HD launched on 3 September 2012 on the Sky platform. Virgin Media has also carried Eurosport 3D to broadcast the 2011 and 2012 French Open and 2012 Summer Olympics. UPC Ireland also broadcast Eurosport 3D for the 2011 French Open. Throughout the duration of the 2012 Summer Olympics, Eurosport 3D also broadcast on the Sky 3D channel.

On 13 November 2015 British Eurosport was replaced by localised versions of Eurosport 1 and Eurosport 1 HD.

Eurosport 3D
In April 2010, Eurosport 3D launched but was only broadcast during a select number of events, such as the French Open and 2012 Summer Olympics.

Eurosport DK (2015–2016)
Eurosport DK was a Danish television channel owned by Discovery Networks Northern Europe. The channel replaced Canal 8 Sport and Eurosport 2 in Denmark on 1 July 2015.

On 28 May 2015, Discovery Networks Northern Europe announced that they would merge Canal 8 Sport and Eurosport 2 into Eurosport DK in Denmark, broadcasting football from Danish Superliga, the Bundesliga, Major League Soccer, Capital One Cup, UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying, tennis from ATP Tour, WTA Tour and 3 Grand Slams, cycling from UCI World Tour, Winter sport, Motorsports.

On 15 February 2016, the channel was replaced by Eurosport 2.

2018 Winter Olympics
Eurosport 3, Eurosport 4 and Eurosport 5 (and their HD equivalents) were additional channels created for the 2018 Winter Olympics broadcasting Olympic Broadcasting Services live and highlights streams for the duration of the Olympic Winter Games.

Eurosport News

A sports news channel was on air from 1 September 2000 to 4 January 2018, featuring live scores, highlights, breaking news and commentary. The service combined video, text and graphics with the screen divided into 4 parts: a video section displaying highlights and news bulletins, a breaking news ticker at the bottom and a scoring section for in-depth analysis of results and game stats.

Eurosport 2 Xtra (Portugal)

In 2016, Eurosport bought the rights for Formula One for Portugal and created a pay-TV channel for the occasion. It ended on the next year, after one season and the F1 went back to SportTV. The channel had more Motorsport competitions, such as Formula E, WTCC, and Dakar Rally.

Eurosport Australia
Eurosport Australia was a short-lived sports television channel available until 7 December 2020. It was available on Fetch TV until the contract between Eurosport and Fetch TV ended.

Eurosport EPL Romania (2013-2022)
Eurosport EPL Romania was a channel owned by Eurosport, which broadcast the English Premier League in Romania. It acquired the rights from the Premier League to broadcast the 2013–14 Premier League season. It was closed in 2022.

Programming
IAAF Diamond League Athletics
European Athletics Championships
FIBA EuroBasket
Milan-San Remo Cycling
Paris-Roubaix
Amstel Gold Race
ATP Tour 250
Liège–Bastogne–Liège
Giro d'Italia
Vuelta a España
PGiro di Lombardia
Presidents Cup
FIA World Endurance Championship
24 Hours of Le Mans

Viewing share Eurosport 1
Being an international channel, Eurosport's performance differs significantly between different countries. The figures below show Eurosport 1's share of overall viewing in some countries.

Sporting events

Eurosport provides viewers with European and international sporting events. It broadcasts different sporting events in each region. This includes several football competitions:
 AIFF Super Cup
 Frauen-Bundesliga (only for Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein, and Switzerland)
 FA Cup (only for Denmark and Sweden)
 FA Community Shield (only for Sweden)
 Coupe de France (only for France)
 Eliteserien
 Allsvenskan (only for Finland, Romania and Sweden)
 Superettan
 Major League Soccer (only for India)
 UEFA Nations League (only for Denmark)
 Africa Cup of Nations (only for Ireland, Portugal, Spain, and UK)
 Nepal T20 League

Other sports events include the Paris Dakar Rally, the Monte Carlo Rally, athletics events such as World Athletics Championships and the European Athletics Championships, cycling events such as the Tour de France, Giro d'Italia (except France) and the Vuelta a España, tennis events including the French Open, Australian Open, Wimbledon (31 European territories) and the US Open, the World Championship Snooker, National Hockey League (only for Russia), World Boxing Super Series (only for Spain), and action sports like skating and surfing.

In June 2015, it was announced that Eurosport had secured the pan-European rights (except Russia) to the winter and summer Olympic Games between 2018 and 2024.

In July 2017, Eurosport had secured the domestic and international rights from 2017 to 2020 of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A (LBA). Eurosport is the new owner of the pay TV, international and internet rights. Eurosport has TV rights also for Italian Basketball Supercup and Italian Basketball Cup.

In October 2018, Eurosport has reached an agreement with the World Boxing Super Series for the exclusive acquisition of the Competition's broadcast rights in Spain

In October 2018, Eurosport sealed a 3-year deal to show British Darts Organisation major events BDO World Darts Championship, World Masters (darts) & World Trophy

In January 2019, it was announced that Eurosport will screen 39 ATP tennis tournaments including the tour finals in Russia for 3 years.

Motorsport
Discovery Sports Events (formerly known as Eurosport Events and before that 'KSO Kigema Sports Organisation Ltd') is the Eurosport group's sporting events management / promotion / production division, which promotes the FIA European Rally Championship and previously the FIA World Touring Car Cup (WTCR).

Eurosport Events was also the promoter of the Intercontinental Rally Challenge, a rival rallying series to the World Rally Championship, and of the FIA European Touring Car Cup. The IRC ceased at the end of the 2012 season, with Eurosport taking over series promotion of the ERC from 2013. The European Touring Car Cup was active until 2017.

Since 2008, the Eurosport Group has also been broadcasting the annual 24 Hours of Le Mans in full.

Eurosport airs MotoGP in India, previously it had broadcasting rights in various territories including the Netherlands, Belgium, Romania, France and Germany. The network also airs Superbike World Championship in multiple European countries.

On 29 September 2015, Eurosport acquired the Portuguese broadcasting rights for Formula One between 2016 and 2018.

On 30 September, Eurosport and FIM announced that they had signed a contract regarding partnership for FIM's international speedway championships where Eurosport will be the promotor for 10 years. They also announced a deal to show SGB Premiership matches live throughout the season.

Eurosport airs Formula E across Western and Central Europe, except in Germany and Italy.

Football

Tennis
- from 2020 qualifiers

Basketball

See also
 Broadcasting of sports events
 Fight Club
 Sports channel
Eurosport (Indian TV channel)

Footnotes

References

External links

Television channels and stations established in 1989
Multilingual broadcasters
Sports television channels in the United Kingdom
Television stations in Germany
Television channels in the Netherlands
Television channels in Flanders
Television channels in Belgium
Pan-European media companies
Sports mass media in Italy
Television channels in Italy
Olympics on television
Sports television in Malaysia
Sports television in Singapore
Sports television in Indonesia
Television stations in Denmark
Pay television
Warner Bros. Discovery networks
Sports television in Russia
Mass media in the European Union
1989 establishments in Europe
Warner Bros. Discovery EMEA

Eurosport


A vehicle registration plate is a metal or plastic plate on a motor vehicle or trailer.  It is used for official identification purposes. There is a numeric or alphanumeric (meaning that the code is made up of numbers and letters) code that identifies the vehicle. In some countries, the identifier is unique in the entire country.  In other countries, it is unique in a state or province. Sometimes the identifier is for a person and sometimes for a vehicle. Each country calls a vehicle registration plate something different. Some examples are license plate or tag (US), licence plate (Canada), number plate or registration plate (UK).

Vehicle registration plate


Kumari, Kumari Devi, or the Living Goddess is the tradition of worshipping a chosen virgin as manifestations of the divine female energy or Shakti in Dharmic Nepali religious traditions. It is believed that the girl is possessed by the goddess Taleju or Durga. The word Kumari is derived from Sanskrit meaning princess. The procession is akin to Indra or Sakra, taking Indrani to his celestial abode as his bride. The festival is celebrated during  Kumari Jantra, which follows the Indra Jatri religious ceremony.

In Nepal, a Kumari is a prepubescent girl selected from the Shakya clan of the Nepalese Newari Buddhist community. The Kumari is revered and worshiped by some of the country's Hindus too. While there are several Kumaris throughout Nepal, with some cities having several, the best known is the Royal Kumari of Kathmandu, and she lives in the Kumari Ghar, a palace in the center of the city.  The selection process for her is especially rigorous.  As of 2023, the Royal Kumari of Kathmandu is Trishna Shakya, aged five, installed in September 2017. Unika Bajracharya, selected in April 2014 as the Kumari of Patan, is the second most important living goddess.

In Kathmandu Valley, this is a particularly prevalent practice. It is believed to be the incarnation of Taleju, a manifestation of the goddess Durga.  When her first menstruation begins, it is believed that the deity vacates her body. Serious illness or a major loss of blood from an injury also causes loss of deity.

The Kumari tradition is only followed in a few cities in Nepal, which are Kathmandu, Lalitpur (also called Patan), Bhaktapur, Sankhu, and Bungamati. The selection process and roles of the Kumari vary between the different towns.

Philosophy and scriptures

The worship of the goddess in a young girl represents the worship of divine consciousness spread all over the creation. As the supreme goddess is thought to have manifested this entire cosmos out of her womb, she exists equally in animate as well as inanimate objects. While worship of an idol represents the worship and recognition of supreme through inanimate materials, worship of a human represents veneration and recognition of the same supreme in conscious beings.

In the Shakta text Devi Mahatmyam, or Chandi, the goddess is said to have declared that she resides in all female living beings in this universe. The entire ritual of Kumari is based on this verse. But while worshipping a goddess, only a young girl is chosen over a mature woman because of their inherent purity and chastity.

Hindu scriptures, such as the Jñanarnava Rudrayamala tantra, assign names to a Kumari depending on her age:

In Nepal, Kumaris are worshiped only for a day; these names are assigned only while the ritual lasts, often a few hours. Usually one cannot be a Kumari beyond 16 years of age because of menarche. In Bungamati, the Kumari reigns until her first milk tooth falls out.

The main target of a Kumari puja is to realize the potential divinity in every human being, mostly female. A Hindu spiritual aspirant sees the universal consciousness of humanity.

History in Nepal
Whilst the veneration of a living Kumari in Nepal is relatively recent, dating only from the 17th century, the tradition of Kumari-Puja, or virgin worship, has been around for much longer. There is evidence of virgin worship taking place in Nepal for more than 2,300 years. It appears to have taken hold in Nepal in the 6th century. There is written evidence describing the selection, ornamentation, and worship of the Kumari dating from the 13th century CE.

There are several legends telling how the current tradition of the Kumari began. Most of the legends, however, involve the tale of King Jayaprakash Malla, the last Nepalese king of the Malla Dynasty (12th–17th century CE). According to the most popular legend, a king and his friend, the goddess Taleju, approached his chambers late one night as he played tripasa, a dice game. The goddess came along every night to play the game with the condition that the king refrains from telling anyone about their meetings.

One night, the king's wife followed him to his chamber in order to find out who the king was meeting so often. The king's wife saw Taleju, and the goddess was angered. She told the king that if he wanted to see her again or have her protect his country, he would have to search for her among the Newari (Shakya) community of Ratnawali, as she would be incarnated as a little girl among them. Hoping to make amends with his patroness, King Jayaprakash Malla left the palace in search of the young girl who was possessed by Taleju.

Similarly, there is another story about the disappearance of Taleju. Some believe that the goddess visited King Trailokya Malla every night in the human form. Like other legendary stories, the king and the goddess played tripasa (dice) while discussing the welfare of the country. However, one night, King Trailokya Malla made sexual advances towards the goddess Taleju. As a result, the goddess in rage stopped visiting the palace. The king in regret worshiped and pleaded for her return. Finally, the goddess agreed to appear in the body of a virgin girl from the Shakya family.

Even today, a mother's dream of a red serpent is believed to be a portent of the elevation of her daughter to the position of Royal Kumari. And each year, the Nepalese King seeks the blessing of the Royal Kumari at the festival of Indra Jatra. This tradition has changed from 2008 A.D. with the country becoming one of the youngest republics in the world.

A variation of this and other legends names King Gunkam Dev, a 12th-century ancestor of King Jayaprakash Malla, as the main character rather than Jayaprakash Malla.

A third variation of the legend says that during the reign of King Jayaprakash Malla, a young girl was banished from the city because it was feared that she was possessed by the goddess Durga. When the queen learned of the young girl's fate, she became enraged and insisted that the king fetch the girl and install her as the living incarnation of Durga.

Selection process

Once Taleju has left the sitting Kumari, there is a frenzy of activity to find her successor. The selection process is conducted by five senior Buddhist Vajracharya priests, the Panch Buddha, the Bada Guruju or Chief Royal Priest, Achajau, the priest of Taleju and the royal astrologer. The king and other religious leaders that might know of eligible candidates are also informed that a search is underway.

Eligible girls are from the Newar Shakya caste of silver and goldsmiths. She must be in excellent health, never have shed blood or been afflicted by any diseases, be without blemish, and must not have yet lost any teeth. Girls who pass these basic eligibility requirements are examined for the battis lakshanas, or thirty-two perfections of a goddess. Some of these are poetically listed as such:

 A neck like a conch shell
 A body like a banyan tree
 Eyelashes like a cow
 Thighs like a deer
 Chest like a lion
 Voice soft and clear as a duck's

In addition to this, her hair and eyes should be very black, and she should have dainty hands and feet, small and well-recessed sexual organs, and a set of twenty teeth.

The girl is also observed for signs of serenity and fearlessness, and her horoscope is examined to ensure that it is complementary to the king's. It is important that there not be any conflicts, as she must confirm the king's legitimacy each year of her divinity. Her family is also scrutinized to ensure its piety and devotion to the king.

Once the priests have chosen a candidate, she must undergo yet more rigorous tests to ensure that she indeed possesses the qualities necessary to be the living vessel of Durga. Her greatest test comes during the Hindu festival of Dashain, also known as Vijaya Dashami. On the Kalaratri, or "black night", 108 buffaloes and goats are sacrificed to the goddess Kali. The young candidate is taken into the Taleju temple and released into the courtyard, where the severed heads of the animals are illuminated by candlelight and masked men are dancing about. If the candidate truly possesses the qualities of Taleju, she shows no fear during this experience. If she does, another candidate is brought in to attempt the same thing.

In the next test, the living goddess must spend a night alone in a room among the heads of ritually slaughtered goats and buffaloes without showing fear. The fearless candidate has proven that she has the serenity and the fearlessness that typifies the goddess who is to inhabit her. After passing all other tests, the final test is that she must be able to pick out the personal belongings of the previous Kumari from an assortment of things laid out before her. If she is able to do so, there is no remaining doubt that she is the chosen one.

There are claims contrary to the commonly believed ritual and screening process, however. The ex-Royal Kumari Rashmila Shakya states in her autobiography, From Goddess to Mortal, that this has nothing to do with the selection process, but rather is a ritual the Royal Kumari goes through each year, that there are no men dancing around in masks trying to scare her, and that at most, there are only a dozen or so decapitated animal heads in the scary room test.  She also describes the requisite physical examination of each Kumari as neither intimate nor rigorous.

Once the Kumari is chosen, she must be purified so that she can be an unblemished vessel for Taleju. She is taken by the priests to undergo a number of secret Tantric rituals to cleanse her body and spirit of her past experiences. Once these rituals are completed, Taleju enters her, and she is presented as the new Kumari. She is dressed and made up as a Kumari and then leaves the Taleju temple and walks across the square on a white cloth to the Kumari Ghar, which will be her home for the duration of her divinity.

Life of the Royal Kumari

Once the chosen girl completes the Tantric purification rites and crosses from the temple on a white cloth to the Kumari Ghar to assume her throne, her life takes on an entirely new character. She will leave her palace only on ceremonial occasions. Her family will visit her rarely, and then only in a formal capacity. Her playmates will be drawn from a narrow pool of Newari children from her caste, usually the children of her caretakers. She will always be dressed in red and gold, wear her hair in a topknot, and have the agni chakshu, or "fire eye", painted on her forehead as a symbol of her special powers of perception.

The Royal Kumari's new life is vastly different from the one to which she has been accustomed in her short life. Whilst her life is now free of material troubles, she has ceremonial duties to carry out. Although she is not ordered about, she is expected to behave as befits a goddess. She has shown the correct qualities during the selection process, and her continued serenity is of paramount importance; an ill-tempered goddess is believed to portend bad tidings for those petitioning her.

The Kumari's walk across the Durbar Square is the last time her feet will touch the ground until such time as the goddess departs from her body. From now on, when she ventures outside of her palace, she will be carried or transported in her golden palanquin. Her feet, like all of her, are now sacred. Petitioners will touch them, hoping to receive respite from troubles and illnesses. The king himself will kiss them each year when he comes to seek her blessing. She will never wear shoes; if her feet are covered at all, they will be covered with red stockings.

The power of the Kumari is perceived to be so strong that even a glimpse of her is believed to bring good fortune. Crowds of people wait below the Kumari's window in the Kumari Chowk, or courtyard, of her palace, hoping that she will pass by the latticed windows on the third floor and glance down at them. Even though her irregular appearances last only a few seconds, the atmosphere in the courtyard is charged with devotion and awe when they do occur.

The more fortunate, or better connected, petitioners visit the Kumari in her chambers, where she sits upon a gilded lion throne. Many of those visiting her are people suffering from blood or menstrual disorders since the Kumari is believed to have special power over such illnesses. She is also visited by bureaucrats and other government officials. Petitioners customarily bring gifts and food offerings to the Kumari, who receives them in silence. Upon arrival, she offers them her feet to touch or kiss as an act of devotion. During these audiences, the Kumari is closely watched, and her actions interpreted as a prediction of the petitioners' lives, as follows:

 Crying or loud laughter: Serious illness or death
 Weeping or rubbing eyes: Imminent death
 Trembling: Imprisonment
 Hand clapping: Reason to fear the king
 Picking at food offerings: Financial losses

If the Kumari remains silent and impassive throughout the audience, her devotees leave elated. This is the sign that their wishes have been granted.

Many people attend to the Kumari's needs. These people are known as the Kumarimi and are headed by the patron. Their job is very difficult. They must attend to the Kumari's every need and desire while giving her instruction in her ceremonial duties. While they cannot directly order her to do anything, they must guide her through her life. They are responsible for bathing her, dressing her, and attending to her makeup, as well as preparing her for her visitors and for ceremonial occasions.

Traditionally, the Kumari received no education, as she was widely considered to be omniscient. However, modernization has made it necessary for her to have an education once she re-enters mortal life. Kumaris are now allowed to attend public schools and have a life inside the classroom that is no different from that of other students. While many kumaris, such as the Kumari of Bhaktapur, attend school, others, such as the main kumari in Kathmandu, receive their education through private tutors.

Similarly, her limited playmates must learn to respect her. Since her every wish must be granted, they must learn to surrender to her whatever they have that she may want and to defer to her wishes in what games to play or activities to play.

List of Kumaris

Controversy
On 3 July 2007, Sajani Shakya was removed from her position as Kumari of Bhaktapur after visiting the United States to attend the release of the movie Living Goddess at Silverdocs, the American Film Institute/Discovery Channel documentary festival in downtown Silver Spring, Maryland. The visit, according to the elders, had tainted her purity. A couple of weeks later, temple authorities at Sajani Shakya's hometown recanted their previous statement and said that she would not be stripped of her title because she was willing to undergo a "cleansing" ceremony to remove any sins she might have committed while traveling.

Popular culture
 The Kumari was featured in the 25 October 2015 episode of the CBS drama series Madam Secretary (season 2, episode 4), titled "Waiting for Taleju". In the episode, fictional US Secretary of State Elizabeth McCord meets with the Kumari in hopes of gaining support for a deal that will help secure US disaster relief funds in the wake of the April 2015 Nepal earthquake.

 In the Korean webtoon series For the Sake of Sita, the female lead character was a Kumari in Nepal.

 In the novel The Lives of Christopher Chant by Diana Wynne Jones, the character of the Living Asheth is a little girl worshipped as a goddess in one of the worlds visited by the main character and is based heavily on the Kumari, being the incarnation of a goddess and having to live by strict rules of ritual purity.

 In the Netflix limited series The Serpent episode 4, Monique sees a Kumari girl from outside of the temple.
 In the 2016 Indian film Kaashmora, The reincarnation of Rathna Mahadevi (Nayanthara's character), is portrayed as a girl dressed like a Kumari.

See also

 Indrani
 Devi Kanya Kumari
 Kaumari
 Kanwari
 Matrikas

References

 Shakya, Durga, Kumari House. Retrieved 12 July 2004 from

External links

 Nepal Information: Details about Kumari Devi
 Bhaktapur Kumari visits US – photos and video of Kumari visiting the US
 PhotoEssay- Kumari-virgin-goddess
 7-year-old girl declared as Royal Kumari of Kathmandu - published at 2016-Sep-09; retrieved at 2016-Dec-13.

Hindu goddesses
Virgin goddesses
Temples in Nepal
Newar
Buddhism in Nepal
Hinduism in Nepal
Hinduism and children
Buddhism and children
Nepalese religious leaders
Female buddhas and supernatural beings
Deified women
Social history of Nepal

Kumari (goddess)


Life Partner is a 2009 Indian Hindi-language romantic comedy film. It stars Govinda, Fardeen Khan, Tusshar Kapoor, Genelia D'Souza and Prachi Desai in lead roles. The film is written and directed by Rumi Jaffery and produced by Abbas–Mustan under their banner, Burmawalla Bros.

Plot
Karan and Bhavesh are close friends living in Cape Town, South Africa. Karan has a good life, with a well-paying job. He is in a comfortable relationship with his beautiful yet childish and pampered girlfriend Sanjana, who changes her profession every six months, rather disastrously. Her father, who dislikes Karan, always tries to keep her happy and supports her. Bhavesh wishes for an arranged marriage and keeps a diary of all the beautiful things he will do to his wife after marriage. His father Darshan Manibhai Patel is a strict autocrat, patriarch. Jeet does not believe in marriage or love and is a womaniser. He encourages married women into divorcing their spouses so that his living as a divorce lawyer is uncompromised.

Bhavesh's father treats him as young and incapable of marriage, but on his wife's insistence, he travels with his family, along with Karan and Sanjana to Gujarat to find Bhavesh a bride. In Gujarat, they stay at the palatial home of Bhavesh's father's friend, Vijay Singh Jadeja. Bhavesh meets some girls but ends up falling for Prachi, Vijay Singh's daughter, and they get married. During their wedding, Sanjana says "yes" to Karan's proposal as well and they get married the same night.

The movie then switches to the present, where both couples are at court. The judge declares the divorce between Karan and Sanjana and Bhavesh and Prachi valid. The story goes back 6 months earlier, showing what led to the divorces when they came back to Cape Town from India.

After marriage, Karan and Sanjana's family life deteriorates, with Karan wanting domestic stability and Sanjana being a horrible homemaker. Karan finally loses patience with Sanjana after she accidentally burns down their apartment, and yells at her, venting his frustration at her stupidity and his dislike for her father. Shocked and heartbroken, Sanjana leaves and sends a notice of divorce to him the very next morning.

Bhavesh is happy with Prachi, but Prachi is stifled at the old-fashioned ideals and strict rules of Bhavesh's father. She, without her father-in-law's knowledge, applies for a job – the very idea of which angers him. Bhavesh, taking sides with his father, slaps her at the same time Prachi's father arrives. Bhavesh, bound by his father's old-fashioned ideas, is unable to stand by his wife. This ends with Prachi divorcing Bhavesh.

Jeet later changes his lifestyle when he meets Anjali, who turns out to be different from all the other girls he has met, since she does not give up on him and expresses a genuine desire to marry him. He decides to marry her and Karan and Bhavesh shout themselves hoarse at him, stating that since Jeet had facilitated their divorces, he has no right to get married. Jeet explains that he was wrong in taking a negative view of love and marriage and also says that wives or "life partners" always stood by their husbands, thus it is never worth it to break up such a relationship.

At Jeet's wedding, Sanjana enters the party, wearing a "bomb", shouting that Jeet was happily getting married when he had caused her divorce. With five minutes left for the bomb to explode, Karan and Sanjana have an argument as to why their divorce took place. Sanjana's father intervenes by saying that he had been against the relationship from the start, and he had sent the divorce papers to them without their knowledge. With only seconds left, Bhavesh's father also apologises to Prachi and the family for imposing his traditional values on them. However, the "bomb" turns out to be fake. When this is revealed to be a plan concocted by Jeet and Sanjana to bring everyone to admit their mistakes, everyone reconciles with each other.

At the end, Bhavesh's father lets go of his strict ideals and is shown interacting happily and in a modern manner with his family. Jeet becomes a marriage counsellor, now uniting the very people he separated, and Karan unsuccessfully tries to teach Sanjana how to cook.

Cast
 Govinda as Advocate Jeet Oberoi, a divorce lawyer, Karan and Bhavesh's best friend, Sanjana's arch enemy, Anjali's husband
 Fardeen Khan as Karan Malhotra, Jeet and Bhavesh's best friend, Sanjana's husband
 Tusshar Kapoor as Bhavesh Patel, Jeet and Karan's best friend, Darshan's introvert son, Prachi's husband
 Genelia D'Souza as Sanjana Jugran / Sanjana Karan Malhotra aka Sanju, Karan's wife, Jeet's arch enemy, Mr Jugran's daughter
 Prachi Desai as Prachi Jadeja / Prachi Bhavesh Patel, Vijay's daughter, Bhavesh's wife, Darshan's daughter in law
 Anupam Kher as Mr. Jugran, Sanjana's father
 Darshan Jariwala as Darshan Manibhai Patel, Bhavesh's father, Vijay's best friend
 Shoma Anand as Bhavesh's mother
 Vikram Gokhale as Vijay Singh Jadeja, Prachi's father, Darshan's best friend
 Amrita Rao as Anjali Kumar/ Anjali Jeet Oberoi (cameo)

Reception
Life Partner netted  overseas in its opening week while it netted  domestically by the third week. It was elevated to average verdict by Box Office India.

In the United States the film grossed $110,240 while it obtained $347,100 from New Zealand, Fiji, the United Kingdom and Malta.

Soundtrack

The music for this film was composed by Pritam Chakraborty and Sachin–Jigar, with lyrics written by Javed Akhtar. The film has seven songs, featuring two remixes.

The song "Gunji Aangna Mein Shehnai" was composed by Sachin–Jigar.

References

External links

2009 films
2000s Hindi-language films
Indian romantic comedy films
Films featuring songs by Pritam
Films scored by Sanjoy Chowdhury
Viacom18 Studios films
2009 romantic comedy films

Life Partner


Transformers: Micromasters was a four-issue comic book limited series released in 2004 which takes place in between the War Within and the Generation 1 series.  The main focus of the series is the Micromasters subline of Transformers, though it did have some cameos of notable G1 regulars. The first issue alone sold well over 40 thousand copies in total, exceeding all other single issues of Dreamwave Transformers titles in that release period, including their best-selling Generation One series and their lowest-selling regular series Transformers: Energon.

The series takes place at an undefined point after the third War Within series. Optimus Prime and Megatron have disappeared in the Ark, but the Great Shutdown has not happened yet. Blitzwing and Astrotrain are said to be suffering from physical changes, which suggests that the Triple Changer process is, at least in part, a natural one that Shockwave may have been additionally manipulating.

The history of the Micromasters is different from that previously indicated. Initially downsized Transformers reduced in size to compensate for lower fuel reserves, both Autobots and Decepticons struck a temporary truce to develop the technology further, creating many completely new Transformers and even building a city for them. However, both sides began to recruit amongst the Micromasters, polarising them into two sides. It is implied that the events of the miniseries are what split the Micromasters for good

Plot
The story revolves around the Autobot Hot Rod Patrol. After one of their number is killed by a rival Decepticon Micromaster team, they desert. They ally with the Decepticon Race Track Patrol (who have also deserted due to mistreatment) and battle the Deluxe Insecticons. However, the Autobot Micromasters Countdown and Groundshaker, as well as the Decepticon Micromasters Skystalker and Skyhopper, have arrived with their own agendas. Countdown tries to recruit support for battling the Decepticons on other worlds, while Skystalker defeats Shockwave and orders an all-out assault on the Autobots. Both are more concerned with a mysterious Golden Disk, which seemingly indicates that the Transformers were created by other hands. The story ends with Skystalker defeated and the Hot Rod Patrol leaving to follow their own destiny.

Notes

Micromasters
Comic book limited series
IDW Publishing titles
2004 comics debuts
2004 comics endings

Transformers: Micromasters


Anas Sefrioui (; born May 16, 1957) is a Moroccan real estate businessman, who is worth $1.1 billion . He is the General President and 61.7% owner of the corporate enterprise known as .

Career
He dropped out of secondary school to work with his father Haj Abdeslam Sefrioui on a project to create a popular clay for washing a person's body and hair. Producing this substance would allow Sefrioui to accumulate the knowledge and basic business skills needed to run his own enterprises. Anas would gain the money needed to form a real estate development group in 1988. However, he would earn his first billions in 1995 where he was asked to build more than 2000 geared-to-income homes that received subsidization by the government of the late King Hassan II of Morocco.

In 2005, Sefroui earned an extra $1 billion to for a contract that was granted to build additional public housing units in Morocco. The affordable housing that Sefrioui has managed in the past in Morocco has become a guide to real estate development in the United Arab Emirates. Sefrioui launched two cement plants with capacity of 1.6 million tons in the Moroccan cities of Settat and Beni Mellal, creating Ciment de l'Atlas SA. He also launched 500 000 ton cement plants in Cameroon, Gabon, Ivory Coast and Guinea.

Sefrioui is also married and has three children. Sefrioui was acclaimed as one of the most powerful African business leaders of 2012.

On January 3, 2013, Sefrioui invited FC Barcelona forward Lionel Messi to attend an event promoting the polo club of Marrakech. He would implement an idea to the media to build a cement packing factory in the Western African nation of Ivory Coast for €12,000,000 on April 11 of that year. Once opened, this plant will create 120 million bags of cement each year, with ten million bags specially earmarked for the domestic market.

See also
 Economy of Morocco

References

1957 births
Living people
Moroccan billionaires
Moroccan businesspeople
People from Fez, Morocco
Moroccan chief executives
Moroccan Muslims

Anas Sefrioui


Ulysse Trélat (13 August 1828, Paris – 28 March 1890) was a French surgeon remembered for describing the Leser–Trélat sign.

He was the son of an Army physician, also named Ulysse Trélat (1795–1879). He received his education from his father, from Philippe-Frédéric Blandin, Auguste Nélaton and Philibert Joseph Roux. He graduated Doctor of Medicine in 1854, became prosector in 1855 and agrégé in 1857. He became surgeon in 1860, chief of surgery at Paris Maternité in 1864 and professor of clinical surgery at the Hôpital Necker.

With military physician Anacharsis Baizeau (1821–1910), the eponymous "Baizeau and Trélat's method" is named, which is a surgical procedure for repair of a clefted soft palate. With surgeon Pierre Delbet (1861–1925), he published Clinique chirurgicale (1891).

References

External links

French surgeons
1828 births
1890 deaths

Ulysse Trélat


Ivan Apostolov (), known as Ivan Daskala (the Teacher), was a Bulgarian haydut and revolutionary, a member of the Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization (IMARO).

Apostolov was born in the village of Kumanich, Nevrokop region, today located in Drama regional unit, Greece, and known as Dasoto. For many years, he was a haydut leader in his own region. From 1877 to 1878, he participated in the Russo-Turkish War. In 1879, he was a member of the revolutionary band of Orcho voyvoda and participated in the Kresna-Razlog Uprising. During a battle, he was captured and exiled to Rhodes Island. In 1897, he was released as a result of an amnesty, after which he worked as a teacher in his village.

In 1902, after Apostolov entered the revolutionary organization IMARO, he became a leader of a revolutionary band in the region of Nevrokop. In the beginning of February 1903, he participated at the meeting between Gotse Delchev and the workers of the Serres revolutionary region. During the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising, he participated with his revolutionary band in the attack on the Turkish garrison in the village of Obidim, together with Yane Sandanski, Mihail Chakov, Stoyan Malchankov and Nikola Gruychin. On 16 September 1903 he participated in the successful battle in Arami Bunar (Haydushki Kladenets).

References

1847 births
1926 deaths
People from Kato Nevrokopi
Members of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
Bulgarians from Aegean Macedonia
Macedonia under the Ottoman Empire
Exiles from the Ottoman Empire
Bulgarian revolutionaries
Bulgarian educators
Macedonian Bulgarians
Bulgarian people of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)

Ivan Apostolov


Pragmatic General Multicast (PGM) is a reliable multicast computer network transport protocol. PGM provides a reliable sequence of packets to multiple recipients simultaneously, making it suitable for applications like multi-receiver file-transfer.

Multicast is a network addressing method for the delivery of information to a group of destinations simultaneously using the most efficient strategy to deliver the messages over each link of the network only once, creating copies only when the links to the multiple destinations split (typically network switches and routers). However, like the User Datagram Protocol, multicast does not guarantee the delivery of a message stream. Messages may be dropped, delivered multiple times, or delivered out of order. A reliable multicast protocol, like PGM, adds the ability for receivers to detect lost and/or out-of-order messages and take corrective action (similar in principle to TCP), resulting in a gap-free, in-order message stream.

While TCP uses ACKs to acknowledge groups of packets sent (something that would be uneconomical over multicast), PGM uses the concept of negative acknowledgements (NAKs). A NAK is sent unicast back to the host via a defined network-layer hop-by-hop procedure whenever there is a detection of data loss of a specific sequence. As PGM is heavily reliant on NAKs for integrity, when a NAK is sent, a NAK confirmation (NCF) is sent via multicast for every hop back.  Repair data (RDATA) is then sent back either from the source or from a Designated Local Repairer (DLR) at some point closer to the destination.

PGM is an IETF experimental protocol. It is not yet a standard, but has been implemented in some networking devices and operating systems, including Windows XP and later versions of Microsoft Windows, as well as in third-party libraries for Linux, Windows and Solaris.

External links
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3208
https://github.com/steve-o/openpgm/
https://web.archive.org/web/20110111200232/http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/ios/12_0t/12_0t5/feature/guide/pgmscale.html

Communications protocols

Pragmatic General Multicast


There are two forms of institution-based training for general dentistry available for dental school graduates in the United States:
 General practice residency (GPR)
 Advanced education in general dentistry (AEGD)

Program details
Both GPRs and AEGDs can be 1-year programs with an option available to continue for a second year or they may be a two-year program from the start. They allow the new dentist to further hone his or her skills in most of the traditionally defined disciplines of dentistry while at the same time increasing one's speed and refining one's techniques. These programs also afford trainees the opportunity to learn from the attending dentists who serve a supervisory role, something generally unavailable in private practice.

While a GPR is a hospital-based program, an AEGD is usually not and the differences between the two types of programs are generally a result of this distinction.  Both types of programs afford the trainee with a larger patient pool than he or she was exposed to in dental school; while dental students will typically treat 2 or 3 patients a day in multiple-hour-long sessions, these postgraduate programs are constructed so that trainees may see anywhere from 8-15 patients a day, or even more.

Programs will often emphasize the importance of managing comprehensive dental treatment plans and adjusting them based on the patient's medical condition.  During training, residents may be faced with the task of managing patients that require dentistry in a hospital setting due to a compromised medical condition.  Medical management of dental patients may be emphasized in weekly grand rounds and rotations through anesthesia, internal medicine, and the hospital emergency department.  Some programs also provide rotations in family medicine and otolarnyology.

These rotations not only increase the trainee's knowledge and experience, but also allows physicians, resident or attending, to see how dentistry and medicine are related, allowing for a better referral relationship in future practices.  This relationship is best demonstrated in tumor boards where both medical and dental residents discuss and treatment plan head and neck cancer patients.

In general, GPR programs pay higher stipends than do AEGD programs; this is because GPR residents take call and answer consults.   While on call, the residents are expected to manage head and neck trauma reporting to the ER in accordance with hospital guidelines.

GPR residents may also become familiar with performing dental/oral surgical procedures in the operating room and managing the patient's stay while in the hospital.  Rotation through the dental specialties increases the resident's ability to handle situations in private practice without referral to a specialist.

In both programs, the basic skills learned in dental school are improved significantly, preparing the dentist for a career in private practice or for a specialty residency program.  Residents may work closely with oral and maxillofacial surgeons, allowing them to improve their skills in oral surgical procedures.  Under the direct supervision of the oral surgeons, residents may expand their understanding of and increase their skill in third molar extraction, biopsy technique, pathology recognition and treatment planning in facial cosmetic and trauma surgery.  Both types of programs will usually feature lecture series to further develop the knowledge that trainees received from their respective dental schools.

Application process
Applications are generally filled out at the beginning of the senior year of dental school.  As with most specialty programs, GPR and AEGD programs utilize the Postdoctoral Application Support Service (PASS) operated and managed by the American Dental Education Association (ADEA).  The PASS system allows all applicants to fill out a single form that is then efficiently distributed to the programs selected by the applicant.  Similarly, single copies of secondary application material, such as letters of recommendation, National Board scores and the like, can be sent to PASS, which then certifies the authenticity of the copied versions it distributes to the selected programs.  Overall, it allows for a more streamlined process of application over most any alternative method.

After applications are in, programs will usually contact prospective candidates for interviews.  After interviews are complete, the programs and the candidates will utilize the Postdoctoral Dental Matching Program, abbreviated as "the Match," to rank each other in order of preference.  After the due date, a computerized algorithm sets up each candidate with the program that he or she ranked highest, although this explanation is oversimplified.  For those candidates who do not match at any program, there is a "post-match" period during which programs which maintain open spots attempt to fill them on a case-by-case basis with candidates who did not match to a program.

State licensure
Some states require a postgraduate training program to meet requirements for licensure.  For example, as of January 1, 2007, New York State requires that new dentists complete either a GPR, an AEGD or a specialty residency prior to receiving their dental license.

Program examples
 GPR program at NJDS
 GPR program at MCG School of Dentistry
 AEGD program at Columbia CDM

References

Dentistry in the United States

Postgraduate training in general dentistry in the United States


Oedipus is a mythical or fictional king in Greek mythology. He is adopted as a baby. Without knowing who they are, he marries his biological mother, Then they have a baby, But before this, he kills his biological father. The psychologist Sigmund Freud had a theory and he called it the Oedipus complex, after this story.

Oedipus Tyranos, or Oedipus the King, is a well-known tragedy by Sophocles.

Oedipus has 4 children, Antigone, Polynices, Ismene and Eteocles. All of these are by his mother Jocasta. Later, they find out they are related to each other. Jocasta hangs herself and Oedipus rips out his eyes in disgust.

Incest in fiction
People in Greek mythology

Oedipus


The LK-1 (Leningradskii Kombinat - Leningrad combine), (a.k.a. Fanera-2 – Plywood no.2), (a.k.a. NIAI-1) was a blended wing four-seat cabin aircraft designed and built in the USSR from  1933.

Development
In 1930 the LIIPS ( - Leningrad institute for sail and communications engineers) formed a UK GVF ( - training centre for civil air fleet), in turn the UK GVF formed the NIAI (Naoochno-Issledovatel'skiy Aero-Institoot - scientific test aero-institute) which became the focus of several good design engineers who were given command of individual OKB (Osboye Konstrooktorskoye Byuro – personal design/construction bureau).

Lisichkin and Rentel designed the LK-1 in an attempt to build a very efficient small transport aircraft with the wing blending into the fuselage, forming the cockpit and cabin, with seats for three passengers and one pilot with extensive glazing. Construction was all of wood/plywood, with a conventional single spar wing with plywood covering. The engine, with Townend ring cowling, was fitted on the centre-line between the cockpits which gave the pilot an asymmetrical view through the leading edge glazing. The fixed tricycle undercarriage was fitted with spats to reduce drag.

Flight trials at Leningrad and state acceptance tests at the NII GVF(Naoochno-Issledovatel'skiy Institoot Grazdahnskovo Vozdooshnovo Flota - scientific test institute for civil air fleet), in Moscow, were very successful and an order for twenty production aircraft with modified tails, spats removed, no Townend ring, and other modifications was placed, for use by Aeroflot inside the USSR and the Arctic.

Variants
 NIAI-1P – (Poplavkoviy – with floats), at least one aircraft fitted with twin floats.

Operators

 Aeroflot

Specifications (LK-1 - production)

See also

References

 Gunston, Bill. "The Osprey Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995". London, Osprey. 1995.

1930s Soviet civil utility aircraft
NIAI aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1933

NIAI LK-1


APEC Singapore 2009 was a series of political meetings held around Singapore between the 21 member economies of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation during 2009. It culminated in the 17th APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting (AELM) held in Singapore from 14 to 15 November 2009.

Theme
The theme for 2009 is 'Sustaining Growth, Connecting the Region'. APEC Singapore 2009 will build on APEC's work to date in promoting economic growth, cooperation, trade and investment across the Asia-Pacific region. In addition, given today's challenging global economic environment, APEC Singapore 2009 is also focused on  overcoming the economic crisis and positioning member economies for a sustainable recovery in the post-crisis world. The main areas for discussion during the year are: Positioning for Economic Recovery; Supporting Multilateral Trading Systems; and Accelerating Regional Economic Integration.

Logo
The APEC Singapore 2009 logo depicts a spark image made up of 21 strokes which represents the 21 APEC member economies coming together to convene at a single point and working towards unity, cooperation and synergy to advance common interests. It also signifies the dynamism within the APEC community and a catalyst that inspires new ideas and initiatives to further the vision of APEC.

Entertainment
The APEC Singapore 2009 is also used as a platform for Singapore's local talent to show off their creativity to world leaders during the performance, "Singapore Evening at The Esplanade", in the evening on November 14, 2009 outside the Esplanade, Singapore. Themed "Our World, One World", Singapore Evening at The Esplanade features a concert enhanced with multimedia projections, directed by Dick Lee, a Cultural Medallion Award winner.

It featured a unique dining concept set against Singapore's iconic architecture and waterfront landscape, a wide variety of food are presented representing the different cultures of Singapore as it included the unique dishes from the three main races of Singapore: Chinese, Malay and Indian. The concert featured a total of 376 local artistes in a 30-minute musical extravaganza as well as in the interactive cultural pavilions and performances along the Waterfront.

The highlights of the night are the performance of the theme song by popular local artiste Kit Chan, written by Dick Lee, and a cover of popular songs such as Heal the World by the first Singapore Idol winner, Taufik Batisah.

See also
 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

References

External links

Official web-site for APEC Singapore 2009
The business of climate: A look to technology with Tim Flannery regarding global warming.

2009 conferences
2009 in international relations
21st-century diplomatic conferences (Asia-Pacific)
2009
Diplomatic conferences in Singapore
History of Singapore
2009 in Singapore
November 2009 events in Asia

APEC Singapore 2009


Polly Cohen Johnsen is an American film executive and producer. She went to college at the University of California at San Diego, where she majored in Chinese, and is also a graduate of the Peter Stark Producing Program at the University of Southern California.

Career

Johnsen began her career working at Warner Bros. in the physical production department while in graduate school. She then became a story editor for producers Stacey Sher and Michael Shamberg at Jersey Films, where she worked on such projects as Gattaca. During her tenure at Jersey Films she teamed up with producer Roy Lee and Glen Gregory of Propaganda Films to create an online tracking board, where script readers could discuss the scripts they read. Online tracking boards have since become a useful tool throughout the film industry.

Johnsen re-joined Warner Bros. in 1997 as a creative executive and worked on such films as Three Kings, The Perfect Storm and Analyze This.
She was promoted to production executive in 1998 and then to vice president, production in 1999. In 2003 she was named senior vice president, production and in 2006, executive vice president, production. As an executive, she was noted for recommending the first Harry Potter book for a potential film series, which became one of the studio's most successful franchises of all time. As a senior executive, she oversaw the Harry Potter films, Blood Diamond, I Am Legend, the Scooby-Doo series, and Superman Returns, among others.

Again in 2006, Johnsen was tapped by former Warner Bros. studio head Jeff Robinov to take over as president of production at Warner Independent Pictures. Among the films she oversaw at the arthouse division were The Painted Veil and Slumdog Millionaire. In 2008, The Hollywood Reporter recognized her on their Power 100 list, as one of the most influential women in Hollywood, and Glamour featured her in their editorial, "Success Secrets from the Women who Run Hollywood."
Once Warner Independent Pictures closed in 2008, Johnsen agreed to a first-look producing deal with Warner Bros. under her banner, Polymorphic Pictures. She has since produced Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore and Wrath of the Titans for the studio. She also produced Ceremony, written and directed by Max Winkler and starred Uma Thurman and Jake Johnson.

In 2013, Johnsen launched mytruestory.com, a website in which writers could share their true stories and Hollywood producers could read them in consideration for potential projects.
Johnsen recently served as a panelist at the Shanghai Film Festival and also sits on the USC School of Cinematic Arts Alumni Board.

Marriage and children

She is married to Robert Johnsen, co-founder of mywedding.com, with whom she has one child.

Filmography
She was a producer in all films unless otherwise noted.

Film

Miscellaneous crew

References

External links

20th-century births
Living people
20th-century American businesspeople
21st-century American businesspeople
Film producers from California
American film studio executives
University of California, San Diego alumni
USC School of Cinematic Arts alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Warner Bros. Discovery people
Warner Bros. people
American independent film production company founders

Polly Cohen Johnsen