Treaty of Orihuela (also known as the Treaty of Tudmir/Theodemir) was an early Dhimmi treaty imposed by the invading Umayyad Caliphate on the Christians in the city of Orihuela in the Iberian Peninsula in 713.

History
The Treaty of Tudmir was a pact made between 'Abd al-'Aziz (son of Musa bin Nusair, governor of North Africa) and the Christian Visigoth Theodemir, Tudmir in Arabic (prince and governor of the region of Murcia in the Iberian Peninsula) in the early eighth century.  This accord was created in 713 C. E., two years after the Islamic conquest of Spain began; it bears special significance with regard to the Muslims' diplomatic behavior and their treatment of enemies and conquered peoples.  It suggests the Muslims succeeded in a peaceful take-over of southern Spain, specifically Orihuela, Villena, Alicante, Mula, Bigastro, Ello, and Lorca. The agreement stated that the Murcians could keep control and continue to practice their Christian faith but only if they paid the taxes and did not aid Muslim enemies.  Although the Treaty of Tudmir itself may not seem to have been particularly noteworthy in its own context, and despite the fact that literature which is germane specifically to the Treaty is somewhat rare, it should be considered important in retrospect due to its cultural, religious, and sociological implications.  To better understand these implications, it is important to review an initial course of the Islamic conquest of the Iberian Peninsula.

Conquest
Islamic control spread greatly under the Umayyad caliphate. It had reached all the way to Western Africa in Maghrib where the Berbers lived. These peoples fought hard and mostly retreated to the mountains while some clans from the main routes and plains of the coast submitted as dhimmis too or converted to Islam and at any case were promptly joined by the Arabs to their military machine. With their superior military arms and skills the caliphs were able to extend their control into Spain.

The first notable Islamic conqueror to enter Spain was the Berber commander Tariq ibn Ziyad.  Musá ibn Nusayr was the governor of Northern Africa under the caliph of that period, and it was he who ordered Tariq to make the initial surge into Spain via Gibraltar in spring of the year 711.  Once in Gibraltar, Tariq took time to secure a base of operations for his forces and fortified it with a wall, among other defenses.  As soon as this was accomplished, Tariq sent an invasion force to the city of Carteya (or Cartaja) and the district of Algeciras, and both were promptly subdued.  In little more than two months, Tariq had worked his way steadily through the south of Spain; he began his plunge into central Spain in a battle with the Visigothic King Roderic at Wadi Bakkah.  Here, Tariq defeated the army of Roderick against reportedly overwhelming odds.  Tariq moved thence to the cities of Écija and Córdoba, effectively ignoring commands he had previously received from Musá to return to Africa or to remain stationary until the governor's arrival in Spain.  After attacking and overpowering these cities, Tariq moved on with relative ease as far as Guadalajara, Spain.  He quickly took control of Toledo and its surrounding territories before lack of reinforcements from Musá necessitated his withdrawal, whereupon he retreated to Toledo and remained there until Musá himself came to meet him with scorn and jealousy, demanding the spoils of the conquest.

Shortly after Musá arrived in Toledo, the Caliph al-Walid ordered him and Tariq to appear in the royal court in Damascus to speak of their campaign in Spain.  Upon Musá's departure for Damascus, he abdicated his authority over the conquered regions to his son 'Abd al-'Aziz, who carried on his father's and Tariq's work.  It was 'Abd al-'Aziz who eventually reached the region of Murcia in his conquests, where he encountered and signed a treaty with the above mentioned Visigothic lord of the region, Theodemir.  It was this treaty that became known as the Treaty of Tudmir, and the land of Murcia thereafter was known also as Tudmir.

Musá ibn Nusayr
Muslim general in North Africa who led the conquest of Spain.  He was known for his great leadership and warrior skills. His origins are slightly unknown but he may have been a freedman linked to the Yemenite tribe and is suggested that his father was a commander of the caliph's bodyguard. He supported the Caisites against Merwan. After being accused of mistrust, he fled to Egypt and found refuge from its governor 'Abd al-'Aziz ibn Marwan, and he changed his support in favor of the reigning caliphs. He became governor of Northern Africa in 698 and quickly extended his control all the way to Maghrib in West Africa, where he took control of the Berbers and integrated them into the Muslim army. September 714 brought an end to the Spanish conquests and the end of Musá's career. He headed to Damascus with much of the spoils and captives but the caliph al-Walid viewed him with suspicion. Musá died penniless sometime around 716.

Tariq ibn Ziyad
A Berber commander in the Muslim army under Musá ibn Nusayr, he led the conquest into Spain in 711 with about 7,000 soldiers. Where he landed has since been named after him: Gibraltar, or "Jabal Tariq", which in Arabic means "Mount of Tariq".  He swept through much of southern Spain and conquered the capital of Toledo. It is also said he acquired the bejeweled "table of Solomon" in Alcala de Henares.

'Abd al-'Aziz
Son of Musá.  He was sent on two operations in Spain: one to the west towards Huelva and the other to the east where he initiated the Treaty of Tudmir in Murcia.

al-Walid
Umayyad Caliph at the time of the initial conquests in the Iberian Peninsula who was influential in the events that led to the development of the Treaty of Tudmir.  Al-Walid was the son of 'Abd al-Malik, and his reign was a highly prosperous one.  Marked by extravagant building projects and restorations in the new capital of Damascus, the administration of al-Walid was very wealthy, though this affluence was owed in great part to the prudent management of his father from whom he inherited the Caliphate.  It was under the rule of al-Walid that the realms of Carthage and the Maghrib in Northern Africa were finally subdued.  Musá ibn Nusayr was made governor of the provinces of that region under the order of al-Walid, and from this point, the focus of expansion was set on the Iberian Peninsula.  After the conquest of Spain, the spoils of the campaign were handed over to al-Walid, and all three figures gradually faded from notoriety, but it was under the mandate of al-Walid that 'Abd al-'Aziz made the Treaty of Tudmir with Theodemir.

Theodemir (Tudmir)
Christian Visigoth prince of Murcia. The Treaty of Tudmir was made between Theodemir and 'Abd al-'Aziz.

Treaty
"In the name of God, the merciful and compassionate.
This is a document [granted] by 'Abd al-'Aziz ibn Musá ibn Nusair to Tudmir, son of Ghabdush, establishing a treaty of peace and the promise and protection of God and his Prophet) may God bless him and grant him peace). We ['Abd al-'Aziz] will not set special conditions for him or for any among his men, nor harass him, nor remove him from power. His followers will not be killed or taken prisoner, nor will they be separated from their women and children. They will not be coerced in matters of religion, their churches will not be burned, nor will sacred objects be taken from the realm, [so long as] he [Tudmir] remains sincere and fulfills the [following] conditions that we have set for him. He has reached a settlement concerning seven towns: Orihuela, Villena, Alicante, Mula, Bigastro, Ello, and Lorca. He will not give shelter to fugitives, nor to our enemies, nor encourage any protected person to fear us, nor conceal news of our enemies. He and [each of] his men shall [also] pay one dinar every year, together with four measures of wheat, four measures of barley, four liquid measures of concentrated fruit juice, four liquid measures of vinegar, four of honey, and four of olive oil. Slaves must each pay half of this amount.
{Names of four witnesses follow, and the document is dated from the Muslim month of Rajab, in the year 94 of the Hijra (April 713).}"

References

See also
Dhimmi
History of Spain
List of treaties
Timeline of the Muslim Occupation of the Iberian Peninsula
Reconquista

Warfare of the Middle Ages
Treaties of al-Andalus
Umayyad conquest of Hispania
8th-century treaties
8th century in al-Andalus
713
Dhimmi treaties

Treaty of Orihuela


John Philip Bourke (5 August 1857 – 13 January 1914) was an Australian poet.

Bourke was born in Nundle, New South Wales, on the Peel River diggings, New South Wales, the son of William David Bourke, butcher, and his wife Jane, née Shepherd. After a primary education, he became a prospector with his father. At 17 years of age, he sold a claim for £600. He then became a school teacher in September 1882 and occasionally contributed verse to The Bulletin. He retired from the education department in 1887 after being found drunk by a school inspector. In 1894 he went to the recently discovered goldfields in Western Australia, prospected in various parts of the west, and at variously made and lost a considerable sums of money. About the turn of the 20th century Bourke took up journalism and was a regular contributor to the Kalgoorlie Sun. He was a writer of vigorous prose and verse which gave him a local reputation, but he was comparatively little known away from the gold-mining towns. He visited the eastern states of Australia for medical advice and to seek a publisher for his books in 1913.

Bourke died at Boulder, Western Australia, on 13 January 1914.

A selection from his verse, Off the Bluebush, edited by A. G. Stephens, was published in Sydney in 1915.
'Bluebush' Bourke was a popular poet, one of the leading poets of the goldfields along with E. B. Murphy. In his own phrase they were "singers standing on the outer rim, who touch the fringe of poetry at times". Murphy wrote more and had the larger audience, but Bourke was the more musical and more often did succeed in touching the fringe of poetry.
Bourke's own estimation of his talent was modest:

We singers standing on the outer rim
Who touched the fringe of poesy at times
With half-formed thoughts, rough-set in halting rhymes,
Through which no airy flights of fancy skim —
We write "just so", an hour to while away,
And turn the well-thumbed stock still o'er and o'er …

References

External links

1860 births
1914 deaths
19th-century Australian poets
Writers from the Colony of New South Wales
Writers from Western Australia
Australian male poets

John Philip Bourke


MSN Direct was an FM radio-based digital service which allowed 'SPOT' portable devices to receive information from MSN services. Devices that supported MSN Direct included wristwatches, desktop clocks, in-car GPS satellite navigation units, and even small appliances such as coffee makers. Information available through paid "channels" included weather, horoscopes, stocks, news, sports results and calendar notifications. The service also allowed users to receive short messages from Windows Live Messenger.

Some Garmin GPS units, such as the nüvi 680, allowed traffic notifications, weather forecasts, movie schedules and local gas prices to be received through MSN Direct.

As a radio-based service, MSN Direct did not have universal coverage, but was available in populated parts of the United States and Canada. It was not launched in other areas.

Microsoft's latest expansion of MSN Direct was to the Windows Mobile platform. MSN Direct for Windows Mobile took advantage of both cellular and Wi-Fi connections, and allowed Microsoft devices to better compete with the information services available on other mobile phone platforms.

There were three versions of the MSN Direct software for Garmin nüvi GPS receivers:

 Version 1, which was available for all nüvis, allowed users to receive local gas prices, movie times, weather forecasts, and current conditions.
 Version 2, which was available for series 700 and 800 of nüvi receivers, offered enhanced movie listings, local events, news, stock prices, and the ability to send Microsoft's Live Search Maps data to a nüvi.
 Version 3 offered general airport delays for incoming and outgoing flights (but not individual flight delays) and a Doppler radar map when viewing weather.

The service was shut down on January 1, 2012, as originally announced in October 2009.

See also
 DirectBand
 Datacast
 Pager

References

External links
 MSN Direct

Internet protocols
Products and services discontinued in 2012

MSN Direct


Strike at Heart is a Hong Kong period wuxia television series based on Woon Swee Oan's novel, A Spear of Alarm produced by TVB. The series stars Joe Ma, Sunny Chan, Stephen Au, Charmaine Sheh, Nnadia Chan, and Annie Man. It was filmed in 2004 and released overseas in January 2005. Then it was aired in Hong Kong on TVB Pay Vision's TVB Drama channel from 27 May to 23 June 2009.

Plot
Chu Kot Ching Ngor (Joe Ma), Yuen Sap Sam Han (Stephen Au), and hermit Tin Yee (Sunny Chan) are apprentices to the same clique. They have not seen each other for a long time. During a rare gathering, they end up at daggers drawn.

They studied in the same clique when they were young and became good friends. Due to physical constraint, Tin Yee was unsuited to Martial Arts so he turned to studying yin yang and five material agents. Chu Kot and Yuen were born to learn Martial Arts. Yuen's lifetime goal is to become the best fighter in the Martial Arts World. However, he could never beat Chu Kot before he left the clique, which bothered him enormously.

Chu Kot worked for the imperial government after he left the clique. Yuen lived a quiet life practicing Martial Arts in the hope of defeating Chu Kot one day. When Yuen reappears in the Martial Arts World, Chu Kot has become renowned and is known as Mr. Chu Kot. His immediate mission is to fight against a corrupt official Choi King (Shek Sau). Because of Choi King, Chu Kot cannot avoid having an ultimate fight with Yuen. During the fight, Yuen uses his "Heartbroken Arrow" while Chu Kot fights back with his "Strike at Heart".

In fact, Chu Kot has never really wanted to fight with Yuen. Under the vossludes of fortune, they both fall in love with a gentle and cheerful girl named Siu Keng (Charmaine Sheh).

Cast
 Note: Some of the characters' names are in Cantonese romanisation.

Main cast

Other cast

See also
 List of TVB series (2005)

TVB dramas
Hong Kong wuxia television series
2005 Hong Kong television series debuts
2005 Hong Kong television series endings
2009 Hong Kong television series debuts
2009 Hong Kong television series endings
2013 Hong Kong television series debuts
2013 Hong Kong television series endings
Adaptations of works by Woon Swee Oan

Strike at Heart


Coronation Street Live is a live episode of the British soap opera Coronation Street which was broadcast on Friday 8 December 2000 as part of the show's 40th anniversary celebrations. The episode was an hour long and aired at 8:00pm. It aired one hour after a repeat of the first episode, and included an introduction by actor William Roache from the soap's outdoor set, where last-minute preparations for the live episode were under way. The episode was number 4945 in the series and was the first live edition to be broadcast since Episode 17, which aired on 3 February 1961. It was seen by 17 million viewers.

Scenes for the episode were broadcast live from the Coronation Street outdoor set and the Stage One studio complex next door. The episode charted the events of a single day. However, because transmission was during the hours of darkness, all scenes set outdoors appeared near the beginning or end of the programme. Scenes meant to be set during the daytime were studio based.

The episode is notable for an appearance by Charles, Prince of Wales who visited the show's Manchester-based studios earlier in the day and met cast members. Footage of him meeting actress Sue Nicholls was incorporated into the storyline following prior agreement with the Prince's staff; this is the only part of the episode which was pre-recorded.

Plot
With council workmen set to arrive to begin digging up the Street's cobble stones and replacing them with tarmac, Ken Barlow (William Roache) and Duggie Ferguson (John Bowe) decide to make up a rota so that the Street's entrance will be continuously manned by demonstrators.

Vera Duckworth (Liz Dawn) is critical but stable at Weatherfield General, having had an allergic reaction to the antibiotics. Tyrone Dobbs (Alan Halsall) and Maria Sutherland (Samia Ghadie) convince Vera's husband, Jack (Bill Tarmey) to go home and rest, as he has been at Vera's bedside all night. However, when Martin Platt (Sean Wilson) advises them that Jack should not stay away for too long, Tyrone panics and phones Curly Watts (Kevin Kennedy) to ask him to fetch Jack. Curly, who is speaking on the phone in The Kabin is overheard by Norris Cole (Malcolm Hebden), who misinterprets the conversation and believes that Vera has died.

Audrey Roberts (Sue Nicholls) brags to Rita Sullivan (Barbara Knox) about her upcoming lunch date with Prince Charles, who is visiting Weatherfield to open a new planning office at the Town Hall. Before she leaves, she calls into Roy's Rolls to warn Ken and Duggie that the tarmackers are getting a court injunction meaning the police will be able to remove the demonstrators. Ken is working on getting a preservation order from Northern Heritage but fears this may take too long.

Hayley Cropper (Julie Hesmondhalgh) questions her husband, Roy (David Neilson) about their interview with Peter Hartnell, but Roy is more concerned with the demo. At The Rovers Return Inn, Natalie Barnes (Denise Welch) tells Liz McDonald (Beverley Callard) that she will be spending the day with the brewery, who are going to show her around other pubs. Natalie later overhears Liz and Geena Gregory (Jennifer James) express their pity for her situation as a single mother with a pub to run. Duggie tells Natalie about his experiences growing up in a pub, which make her even more worried.

Jack reads a letter from Vera aloud to Curly. Jack is moved by Vera's words but tries not to shed tears. In her letter, Vera confesses to an affair which she had before their son, Terry (Nigel Pivaro), was born, which led to her uncertainty over Terry's parenity. Jack tells Curly he knew about the affair, and it ended after he beat up the man concerned - Vera never found out. Jack explains that he knows Terry is his son because he reminds him of the way he used to be. Jack and Curly are joined by Emily Bishop (Eileen Derbyshire), who has been told that Vera has died and come to offer her sympathies. Jack and Curly race to the hospital, where they are relieved to learn that there has been no change in Vera's condition.

News of Vera's apparent death spreads to The Rovers, putting a dampener on the spirits of the protesters. Curly and Emily confer and, realising that Norris was the source of the false rumour, confront him. Curly later puts the record straight. Just as everybody celebrates the fact that Vera has not died, Audrey returns from her lunch with Prince Charles and says the tarmackers will arrive soon with a police escort. Eileen Grimshaw (Sue Cleaver) overhears and hatches a plan.

Terry arrives at the hospital having heard about Vera. Jack stops him leaving and berates him. Terry breaks down when he sees Vera. As Curly returns, Vera starts to regain consciousness, managing to utter a few words. Terry watches from outside the hospital room.

The tarmackers arrive and the police give the demonstrators five minutes to move or they will be arrested. Norris is ready to admit defeat but Ken and Duggie persuade everybody to stay put. Ken manages to stall the police by saying he's waiting for his solicitor, but with the officer's patience wearing thin, the demonstrators still refuse to move. As the police begin manhandling them away, Eileen and Dennis Stringer (Charles Dale) blockade the Street with a convoy of taxis from StreetCars, Steve McDonald (Simon Gregson) knows nothing about the scheme, however, and when he arrives on the scene, he is annoyed when the police threaten to tow the vehicles away.

Peter Barlow (Chris Gascoyne) arrives in a taxi as the residents celebrate their brief victory. He is not surprised to find Ken at the centre of things. Peter tells Deirdre Rachid (Anne Kirkbride) and Blanche Hunt (Maggie Jones) that he has left the Navy and that his wife Jessica has left him. He goes for a drink in The Rovers and tries to chat up Linda Baldwin (Jacqueline Pirie), unaware that she is married to Mike Baldwin (Johnny Briggs), but becomes aware of her identity after making a fool of himself.

Natalie, Geena and Liz watch the ITV Evening News on which Sir Trevor McDonald reads an item about Prince Charles' visit to Manchester. Audrey is seen being presented to the Prince at Weatherfield Town Hall. Hayley finally finds the opportunity to speak to Roy. She is distressed that Roy does not see her as a woman, and when he clarifies that he does not think of her in the same way as other women, before going off to join the demonstrators, Hayley writes him a letter, packs her bags and leaves their flat.

Ken realises that the preservation order will not arrive in time to save the cobbles. However, Duggie realises that nobody knows what the preservation order looks like, so creates a fake preservation order, which will hopefully fool the police long enough for the real one to arrive. They type it on Ken's laptop before emailing it to Stan Potter, a friend of Duggie's, who prints a hard copy for them. With the cars moved, the police give the tarmackers the go-ahead to start work, but Stan arrives just in time to deliver the fake preservation order. The police are sceptical, but order the tarmackers to pack up for the night. The residents celebrate their victory, jeering at Les Battersby (Bruce Jones) when he tries to join in. Roy reads Hayley's letter and frantically searches for her as the celebrations are under way. Natalie tells Geena she plans to sell The Rovers to a pub chain. Ken leads the demonstrators in a toast to tradition and community.

Background
The announcement that Coronation Street would air a live episode to celebrate its 40th anniversary was first made by Granada Television in August 2000. Television producers in the United States had recently experimented with live episodes to great success, with a live edition of the hospital drama ER attracting 42 million viewers, and Granada Television believed that a live episode would be an ideal way to celebrate Coronation Street'''s 40th anniversary (a number of episodes, including the first one on 9 December 1960 had been recorded live). The show's producer, Jane Macnaught, said: "It will mean a lot of hard work for the cast and production team involved, but I know it will be an enjoyable and exhilarating experience."

At this point few details were available of any potential storyline, but a spokeswoman said that the episode would see one of the characters have a serious health condition, while a couple would be faced with a personal dilemma. Other events to mark the anniversary would include a documentary about the life of actor Bill Roache, who had played the role of Ken Barlow since the soap's inception, and a tribute programme called Forty Years of Coronation Street.

On 5 December, it was announced that the Slade singer Noddy Holder would make a cameo appearance in the episode as a character named Stan. The actor John Savident who played Fred Elliott was also due to appear, but was unable to take part following an attack on him in his home by an intruder. It was also reported that because the episode would be aired at night cast members had been rehearsing many of the scenes in the evening as part of their preparations. Cast members did not usually rehearse before recording scenes, but it was reported they had spent forty hours rehearsing for the episode.

On 8 December, Prince Charles visited the Granada Studios in Manchester and unveiled a plaque on the set to celebrate the soap's 40th anniversary. The plaque was located on a wall next to the Rovers Return Inn, but would eventually be moved to a green room where cast members relax between scenes. He also met cast members, including the actress Sue Nicholls. Footage of their meeting was later incorporated into the live episode, which showed a news report of Nicholls' character Audrey Roberts being presented to the Prince at the opening of a new planning office at Weatherfield Town Hall. An hour before the 8:00pm episode was due to be aired, ITV showed a repeat of the first episode from 1960. The episode was preceded by an introduction from William Roache, who was on set preparing to take part in the live episode. The live episode itself was preceded by a montage featuring the Coronation Street cast members over which was played the popular song "You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You". The sequence ended with the caption "Coronation Street - Forty Years - Thank You".

Opening and closing scenes
The programme's title sequence was not used at the beginning of the episode. Instead, the opening moment of the first scene was transmitted in black and white with a "scratchy film" overlay meant to simulate apparent early broadcasts. Ironically the scratchy film effect associated with older episodes is a result of filmed versions of videotaped or live episodes, made for international markets. The original episodes as viewed in the 1960s would have been live or on videotape with no film grain. The first scene showed Sarah Platt telling her brother David to come inside to get ready for school. The end credits of the episode included the caption: "With thanks to H.R.H. The Prince of Wales".

DVD releases
The Live episode was included in the Golden Anniversary DVD Collection, released by ITV Home Entertainment on 11 October 2010. Also available as part of the Stars of the Street - 50 Years, 50 Classic Characters DVD set released on the same day.

Characters and cast

 Jimmi Harkishin as Dev Alahan
 Jacqueline Pirie as Linda Baldwin
 Johnny Briggs as Mike Baldwin
 William Roache as Ken Barlow
 Chris Gascoyne as Peter Barlow
 Denise Welch as Natalie Barnes
 Vicky Entwistle as Janice Battersby
 Bruce Jones as Les Battersby
 Georgia Taylor as Toyah Battersby
 Eileen Derbyshire as Emily Bishop
 Malcolm Hebden as Norris Cole
 Julie Hesmondhalgh as Hayley Cropper
 David Neilson as Roy Cropper
 Alan Halsall as Tyrone Dobbs
 Bill Tarmey as Jack Duckworth
 Nigel Pivaro as Terry Duckworth
 Liz Dawn as Vera Duckworth
 John Bowe as Duggie Ferguson
 Jennifer James as Geena Gregory
 Sue Cleaver as Eileen Grimshaw
 Maggie Jones as Blanche Hunt
 Beverley Callard as Liz McDonald
 Simon Gregson as Steve McDonald
 Steven Arnold as Ashley Peacock
 Jack P. Shepherd as David Platt
 Sean Wilson as Martin Platt
 Tina O'Brien as Sarah-Louise Platt
 Anne Kirkbride as Deirdre Rachid
 Sue Nicholls as Audrey Roberts
 Charles Dale as Dennis Stringer
 Barbara Knox as Rita Sullivan
 Samia Ghadie as Maria Sutherland
 Kevin Kennedy as Curly Watts
 Sheila Reid as Nancie the Nurse
 Angela Lonsdale as Emma Watts
 Steve Garti as Sean Swift
 John Graham Davies as Police Sergeant
 Noddy Holder as Stan Potter
 Donna Lythgoe as Nurse Dooley
 Trevor McDonald as himself

50th anniversary

As the show's 50th anniversary approached, there was some speculation about the possibility of another live edition, particularly after rival soap EastEnders aired a live edition to celebrate its 25th anniversary on air on 19 February 2010. In April 2010, Bill Roache confirmed that ITV would not be airing another live edition. He said; "We're not going to do a live episode, we did that in the Millennium year [the show's 40th anniversary], we don't want to do that again." However, on 29 August, actor Keith Duffy said that Coronation Street would air a live episode to celebrate its 50th anniversary, something which was confirmed on 1 September by ITV. The episode was aired on Thursday 9 December as part of a week long celebration of the show's 50th birthday.

Subsequent showingsThe 40th Live episode was repeated on 10 December 2020 on ITV3, as part of the 60th Anniversary celebrations of Coronation Street''.

References

External links

Coronation Street episodes
2000 British television episodes
Anniversary television episodes
Television episodes set in hospitals
British LGBT-related television episodes

Coronation Street Live (2000 episode)


Hrvatska elektroprivreda (HEP Group) is a national power company in Croatia which has been engaged in electricity production, transmission and distribution for more than one century, and with heat supply and gas distribution for the past few decades. HEP Group is organized in the form of a holding company with a number of daughter companies.

History
HEP claims to be the oldest electric company distributing alternating current, tracing its foundation to 1895 when the first European power plant Jaruga Hydroelectric Power Plant was built, only three days after the Adams Power Plant at Niagara Falls.

Structure
The parent company of HEP Group, HEP d.d., performs the function of HEP Group corporate management.

Production is delegated to two subsidiaries: HEP Proizvodnja d.o.o., which deals with a majority of generation facilities, and TE Plomin d.o.o., which is co-owned by HEP and RWE Power, and operates Plomin thermal power plant. HEP also owns 50% of Krško Nuclear Power Plant in Slovenia.

HEP Operator prijenosnog sustava d.o.o. (HEP OPS; English: HEP Transmission System Operator) and HEP Operator distribucijskog sustava d.o.o. (HEP ODS, English: HEP Distribution System Operator) are providers of public services of  electricity transmission and distribution, respectively, for the needs of participants in the Croatian market.

HEP ODS is also responsible for supplying tariff customers, while supplying eligible customers (industry and businesses) falls under the jurisdiction of HEP Opskrba d.o.o.

Other business activities include: district heating (HEP Toplinarstvo d.o.o.), gas distribution (HEP Plin d.o.o.), energy efficiency (HEP ESCO d.o.o.), environmental protection with a focus on waste management (APO d.o.o.), renewable energy sources (HEP Obnovljivi izvori energije d.o.o.), education and training (HEP Nastavno-obrazovni centar) and leisure and recreation (HEP Odmor i rekreacija d.o.o.).

See also

European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity

References

External links
 Company website

Electric power companies of Croatia
Companies based in Zagreb
Government-owned companies of Croatia
Government-owned energy companies

Hrvatska elektroprivreda


Uforia Audio Network () is the radio broadcasting and music events division of TelevisaUnivision USA. Formerly known as Hispanic Broadcasting Corporation and Univision Radio, it is the eighth-largest radio broadcaster in the United States, and the largest specifically catering to Hispanic and Latino Americans. The company is headquartered in Los Angeles.

History

Univision, previously known as Hispanic Broadcasting Corp. (between 2000 and September 22, 2003) and Heftel Broadcasting Corp, was the result of a February 14, 1997 merger of Tichenor Media System, Inc., a private company based in Dallas, Texas, and Heftel Broadcasting, a public company based in Las Vegas, Nevada.

Tichenor had been in broadcasting since the 1940s. McHenry Tichenor operated a station (KGBS on 1240, later KGBT on 1530) in Harlingen, Texas. In 1950, they added KUNO Corpus Christi, Texas. Later station purchases were KIFN in Phoenix, Arizona; WGMA in Hollywood, Florida; & WACO-AM-FM and TV (construction permit) in Waco, Texas. In 1975, the company (then known as Harbenito radio) added KCOR (AM) and KQXT (FM) in San Antonio.

In 1981, the grandson of the founder, McHenry T. Tichenor, Jr., was named president of the company. He began focusing on its Spanish Language stations; Waco, Hollywood, and Phoenix were sold to their local managers. In 1987 Tichenor bought WOJO, a Spanish-language FM station serving Chicago. In 1984, the company sold KQXT in San Antonio to Westinghouse's Group W Broadcasting and purchased KLAT (AM) in Houston, Texas from Marcos Rodriguez, Sr. and Marcos A. Rodriguez. The KLAT purchase gave Tichenor access to top Spanish Radio talents Chuck Brooks, Ricardo del Castillo (who later became COO, retired and has since passed) and Gary Stone (former President of Univision Radio-retired). In 1985, WIND, Chicago and KYSR AM-FM El Paso were purchased. More stations were purchased in the following years, and the home office moved from Harlingen to Dallas, Texas. Mac Tichenor, Jr.'s brother, Warren (who would later serve as U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations), became general manager of the San Antonio stations in 1991.

Heftel Broadcasting was founded by Cecil Heftel, whose family and in-laws all had been in the broadcasting business. His Heftel Broadcasting in the 1950s and early 1960s was anchored by KIMN in Denver and KGMB AM and KGMB-TV in Honolulu. He added numerous large AM radio stations (KTNQ) and some promising FM stations (KLVE) before selling them in the seventies and eighties. Cecil Heftel was elected as a congressman representing Hawaii's first district in 1976; he would hold that office eleven years before resigning in 1987. During this time, his company was active, buying and selling stations in places like Indianapolis and Chicago. For about a year, Heftel and Scott Ginsburg (Statewide Communications) merged their holdings into H & G Communications.

In the early 90s, Heftel began to expand into more Spanish stations, and took steps to go public (new executive Carl Parmer). Heftel had a knack for making coalitions work, at least for a time, as in the H & G attempt. Heftel set up shop in Miami with local stations WAQI and WRTO, taking a minority interest. Heftel set up Rodriguez-Heftel Texas broadcasting along with Marcos A. Rodriguez (owner of KESS and other Dallas area stations and son of Marcos Rodriguez, Sr.). Stations were purchased outright in Los Angeles, Chicago, Las Vegas, and New York.

When HBC went public, Clear Channel Communications invested, taking in several steps up to a 20% interest. In 1996 Clear Channel tendered the shares owned by Heftel management. This got them about 62% of the company. They struck a deal to merge the new company with Tichenor Media, to be run by the Tichenor management. The deal closed in early 1997, and made for the first national Spanish Language broadcasting company.

The new company was worth $1 billion at closing and owned 38 stations. Holding were expanded for the next several years. San Francisco was added in 1996. Phoenix was added in 1999, and Fresno in 2000.

In May 2013, KAMA-FM has increased power to 10.5 kW. Other expanded and relocated stations include KFLC, KESS-FM and KDXX (FM) in the Dallas-Ft. Worth area, KBBT and KGSX in the San Antonio area, KLQV San Diego, and WADO (AM) New York. KKMR in the Phoenix, AZ area was recently granted a CP to change from class A to class C3, at a new site that will allow a 10 fold increase in its population covered. This app was started nearly a decade ago and was granted based on tweaks in the application done in 2006. Former CFO Jeff Hinson observed once that the station upgrade activity had increased the company's enterprise value by "almost $1 billion" (at a point when the company was selling to UVN for 3.5B).

In 1999, the company created a new entity, HBCI, Inc which was its interactive online presence. HBCi created a network of bilingual radio station web sites and a network of bilingual local city guide sites focused on the local Hispanic consumer in each of the markets the radio stations operated. HBCI achieved the rare milestone of reaching profitability in the dotcom industry just prior to the merger with Univision.

The company traded on the NASDAQ exchange under the symbol HBCCA. It moved to the New York Stock Exchange in May 2000. Stock traded as HSP.

In mid-2002, Univision and HBC voted to merge. The approval process was long and controversial. The deal was approved and closed on September 22, 2003.

After the merger of HBC and Univision, the division was renamed Univision Radio and Denver Colorado.

In 2013, Univision launched Uforia, a new streaming platform featuring the Univision Radio stations and other exclusive content relating to Latino music.

On March 5, 2019, Univision announced that it would re-launch the Uforia brand (with the new tagline "The Home of Latin Music"), and that the Univision Radio group had been officially renamed Uforia Audio Network. There are also plans to use the Uforia brand more extensively across platforms, including live events, as well as television programming.

Some of the syndicated shows in the Uforia Audio Network include "El Show De Raul Brindis", "El Bueno, La Mala y El Feo" ("The Good, The Bad and The Ugly"), "El Show de Omar y Argelia", "El Free-Guey Show", "La Chula Y La Bestia' "El Hit Parade de América con Javier Romero", "Todo Deportes con Broderick Zerpa", and "Intimo con Alberto Sardiñas".

On June 3, 2022, Latino Media Network, a new media company founded by social entrepreneurs Stephanie Valencia and Jess Morales Rocketto and backed by several Latino luminaries including former Univision co-anchor Maria Elena Salinas announced it would acquire TelevisaUnivision's radio properties in ten markets for $60 million. The purchase was consummated on December 30, 2022

List of radio stations
Below is a list of radio stations that are currently owned by Univision. As of September 1, 2023, it owns 35 radio stations: 44 local stations in 14 different markets and the other 12 as national stations.

Each section is in order by call sign.

Arizona
Phoenix
KHOT-FM / KHOV-FM 105.9 / 105.1 FM - Regional Mexican
KOMR 106.3 FM - Spanish AC
KQMR 100.3 FM - Spanish Top 40

California
Los Angeles
KLVE 107.5 FM - Spanish AC
KRCD/KRCV 103.9 FM/98.3 FM - Spanish Adult Hits
KSCA 101.9 FM - Regional Mexican
San Diego
KLNV 106.5 FM - Regional Mexican
KLQV 102.9 FM - Spanish AC
San Francisco (including San Jose and Oakland)
KBRG 100.3 FM - Spanish AC
KSOL/KSQL 98.9 FM/99.1 FM - Regional Mexican
KVVF/KVVZ 105.7 FM/100.7 FM - Spanish Top 40

Florida
Miami
WAMR-FM 107.5 FM - Spanish AC
WRTO-FM 98.3 FM - Spanish Tropical

Illinois
Chicago
WOJO 105.1 FM - Regional Mexican
WPPN 106.7 FM - Spanish AC
WVIV-FM 93.5 FM - Spanish Top 40

New York
New York City
WXNY-FM 96.3 FM - Spanish Top 40

Texas
Austin
KLJA 107.7 FM - Spanish AC
KLQB 104.3 FM - Regional Mexican
Dallas/Fort Worth
KDXX/KESS-FM 107.9 FM/107.1 FM - Spanish Top 40
KLNO 94.1 FM - Regional Mexican
Houston
KAMA-FM 104.9 FM - Spanish Top 40
KQBU-FM 93.3 FM - Spanish Sports Talk
KLTN 102.9 FM - Regional Mexican
KOVE-FM 106.5 FM - Spanish AC
San Antonio
KBBT 98.5 FM - Rhythmic CHR
KMYO 95.1 FM - Spanish AC
KROM 92.9 FM - Regional Mexican
KVBH 107.5 FM - Rhythmic AC

Nationwide
Amor Celestial - Spanish Christian and Catholic
Betty - Spanish Ballads from the 1980s and '90s
¡Kumbiazo! - Cumbias
TUDN Radio - Spanish Sports Talk from the network, TUDN
Qué Buena Nueva York - Online Only, offering music from the former WQBU-FM station

References

Univision Radio Network stations
American radio networks
Radio stations established in 1981
Radio broadcasting companies of the United States
Spanish-language radio stations in the United States

Uforia Audio Network


Derek Arthur William Birnage (13 June 1913 – 18 January 2004) was a British comics editor and writer and newspaper editor, best known as the founding editor of the weekly sports comic Tiger and as a writer of Roy of the Rovers.

He was born in Wandsworth, South London, on 13 June 1913, the son of Frank Birnage, editor of the conservative evangelical newspaper the Sunday Companion, and was educated at Sutton Valence School in Kent. After leaving school he joined the comics department of Amalgamated Press under Reg Eves, initially working on Schooldays. After it folded he moved to The Champion as a sub-editor under Bernard Smith, also writing Colwyn Dane, a detective strip, for the title.

During the Second World War he did his military service in the Royal Signal Corps, before acting as editor of The Champion until Smith returned. He then left to write children's stories for rival publisher Amex, but quit after only four months to run a toy shop in Bexhill with his wife, Audrey Waterman, whom he had married in 1946, and her parents. When Audrey's mother died a few years later, the shop was sold, and Birnage returned to Amalgamated Press. In 1952 he became editor of The Champion while Smith launched a new title, Lion.

In 1954 Birnage launched a new sports-themed comic, Tiger, and asked writer Frank S. Pepper to create a more realistic football strip than The Champion's Danny of the Dazzlers. The result was Roy of the Rovers, drawn by Joe Colquhoun, who later also wrote the strip under the pseudonym Stewart Colwyn. After Colquhoun left in 1959, Birnage wrote the strip himself, using the pseudonym Frank Winsor, when not ghost-writing for the credited writer, Bobby Charlton.

Birnage left Tiger, and Roy of the Rovers, in 1963, to edit comics annuals. He left comics in 1964 to edit his father's old paper, the Sunday Companion, until it closed in 1970,  before returning to IPC (as the publisher was now called after a series of mergers) to work for a new football comic, Score 'n' Roar, under Sid Bicknell. He also edited Smash! and Buster before he was made redundant in 1972.

After jobs in publishing, planning, and the Department of Health and Social Security, Birnage retired to Burgess Hill, West Sussex, where he died on 18 January 2004, survived by his wife and their three children.

References

1913 births
2004 deaths
British comics writers
Comic book editors
British newspaper editors
People from Wandsworth
British Army personnel of World War II
Royal Corps of Signals soldiers

Derek Birnage


A weight training bench is a piece of exercise equipment used for weight training. Weight training benches may be of various designs: fixed horizontal, fixed inclined, fixed in a folded position, with one adjustable portion, with two or more adjustable portions, with racks to hold bars, etc.  In the limit, the definition of a bench blurs into that of combinations that mix a bench and associated equipment.

Benches are manufactured by many different vendors, in an array of qualities, features, and prices.

Alternatives
Though the weight bench seems to define weight training for modern audiences, benches are not strictly necessary for many, if not most, exercises that typically use them.  For example, seated presses may be done while standing. In recent years, many home fitness enthusiasts have begun incorporating a swiss ball into their workouts in place of a traditional bench, since it is both more space-efficient and requires engagement of the core abdominal muscles. This substitution is not without criticism, since it can be difficult to maintain form and balance when lifting more than one's own body weight.

Before the invention of the weight bench the common way to work the chest was to lie on the floor and do what was known as the floor or supine press.

Types of weight benches
There are 6 different types of weight benches available.

Flat bench
These are the most common and most popular types of benches. These are the flat benches that don't have any attachments. The main muscle being worked is the chest, and the secondary muscles being used are the triceps and the shoulders.

Adjustable weight bench
An adjustable bench is flexible and allows you to do a whole lot of exercises by adjusting the bench as per need. It can lie flat, can be inclined or declined

Olympic weight bench
Olympic benches are professional advance level benches that are wider and longer.

Olympic benches are not simple benches rather they have several additional equipment added to them such as squat rack, weight plates, rod, dumbbells and more. It is a complete workout machine that allows you to do some advance exercises such as squats, quad exercises, bench press and more.

Folding weight bench
Not all the benches can be folded. If you are in need of a weight bench that can be folded and carried easily anywhere, you should go for a folding one. These benches are not feature-rich as they have to fold so these are either flat or adjustable benches.

Abdominal bench
It is a bench that is specifically made for performing ab exercises. The position of these benches can be either flat, incline or decline. These benches have foot rollers that are used to lock the feet thus protecting the exerciser.

Preacher curl bench
It is a bench that's made for doing preacher curls specifically. Which are mainly used to work the short head of your biceps.

References

Weight training equipment
Benches (furniture)

Bench (weight training)


Jon Peter Anderson (born October 12, 1949), is a lifelong Eugene, Oregon resident. He was a  publisher and runner best known for winning the 1973 Boston Marathon.  Anderson was a competitive long-distance runner from 1966 to 1984. He represented the United States as a member of the 1972 US Olympic track and field team.

Collegiate career
In 1971, Anderson graduated from Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, with a bachelor's degree in economics.  In the Ivy League and at the national level, Anderson notched numerous achievements during his collegiate career. His coach during college was long-time, successful Cornell Coach Jack Warner. In 1969 and 1970, Anderson was an Ivy League cross country first team selection, winning the championship in 1970. In the spring of 1970, he was named an NCAA All-American when he placed third in the NCAA Division I six-mile at Drake Stadium, Des Moines, Iowa. He won the Ivy League and Heptagonal Cross Country Championship in 1970 at Van Cortlandt Park, New York City. Anderson was injured (stress fracture) during the 1971 outdoor track season.  In his senior year at Cornell, Anderson was elected to the Sphinx Head senior honor society.  He was also a member of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity.

The Olympics 10K, Boston Marathon, and beyond

After graduating from Cornell in 1971, Anderson qualified for the 1972 US Olympic track and field team in the 10,000 meters event at the US Olympic Trials in his hometown, Eugene, Oregon.  His father, Les Anderson, was the mayor of Eugene at that time.  In front of hometown fans in a stirring finish, Anderson passed Jack Bacheler in the final 50 meters of the race, making up more than eight seconds in the last lap on Bacheler to surprise all in earning the third spot on the US Olympic team. He had placed as the 6th American in the AAU 10,000m in Seattle just two weeks earlier. Anderson ran the 10,000 meters at the Munich Olympics, placing eighth in his heat in 28:34.2, a personal record; however, he did not make the final.

Anderson began his running career in Eugene as a senior at Sheldon High School.  Bill Bowerman, the legendary University of Oregon track coach and a longtime family friend, taught Anderson the fundamentals of distance running at the beginning of his serious competitive distance running career.  Anderson's pivotal achievements helped Eugene to establish itself as a mecca for running, well ahead of the ensuing running boom that rippled across the United States during the 1980s.

In February 1972, Anderson won the Channel to Lake 10-Mile Run in Vallejo, California, with a time of 47:46, establishing an unofficial national road race record for the distance.

Anderson achieved his greatest success in 1973, winning the 77th Boston Marathon, in a time of 2:16:03 on a very warm day. He overtook defending champion Olavi Suomalainen of Finland on Heartbreak Hill.  The then 23-year-old Anderson thus became the first athlete to win a major international sporting event in Nike shoes.  At , Anderson and the 1942 winner, Bernard Joseph Smith, were Boston's tallest champions.  Later in 1973, he placed fourth in the Fukuoka Marathon in Japan (behind four-time Fukuoka winner Frank Shorter).

Anderson served as a pallbearer at the funeral for the legendary Steve Prefontaine, who had died in an automobile accident on May 30, 1975.

Anderson also represented the US at the 1977 World Cross Country Championships in Düsseldorf, Germany.

Anderson's best marathon time is 2:12:03, in a fourth-place finish at the 1980 Nike OTC Marathon, in Eugene, Oregon.

In June 1981, Anderson won the Antwerp Marathon in Belgium in a time of 2:17:32, and later that year he won the Honolulu Marathon in Hawaii, where he was timed in 2:16:54.  In his last year of competition at age 34, Anderson clocked his 2nd and 3rd fastest marathons, winning a June 1984 marathon in Sydney, Australia in 2:13:18 after placing 5th in 2:13:22 at the Beppu-Oita (Japan) Marathon earlier in the year. In his last race, in September 1984, he placed 4th at the Seoul (Korea) Marathon in 2:16:04 just prior to retiring from competitive running. He ran 21 marathons, finishing 16 of them in under 2:20:00.

In 1985, Anderson was inducted into Cornell University's Hall of Fame. He is also a member of the  Road Runners Club of America Hall of Fame, inducted in 2016. In addition, he is recognized at Nike's headquarters with a plaque along the company's Walk of Fame as the first Nike-sponsored athlete to win an event recognized world wide while wearing Nike shoes.

Achievements
All results regarding marathon, unless stated otherwise

Professional career
In 1974, Jon Anderson joined Random Lengths Publications, which publishes forest products market activity and price reports.  He was named president and publisher in 1984–85 at the same time becoming the sole owner after 60 years of Anderson family ownership. He sold the company in 2018 to London-based Euromoney Institutional Investors. He retired at that time. He served on the University of Oregon Foundation Board of Trustees from 2005 to 2015. Anderson is currently the president of the Eugene Civic Alliance, a non-profit raising funds to redevelop the Civic Park site in Eugene.

References

External links

 "The Random Lengths Reporting and Editorial Staff", RandomLengths.com

1949 births
Living people
American male long-distance runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Cornell University alumni
Olympic track and field athletes for the United States
Sportspeople from Eugene, Oregon
Sheldon High School (Eugene, Oregon) alumni
Boston Marathon male winners

Jon Anderson (athlete)


G. Peter Lepage (born 13 April 1952) is a Canadian American theoretical physicist and an academic administrator. He was the Harold Tanner Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at Cornell University from 2003 to 2013.

Early life and education
Gerard Peter Lepage was born in Canada in 1952. Lepage studied at McGill University and graduated with a bachelor's degree in honours physics in 1972 and the University of Cambridge with a master's degree (M.A.St - Part III of the Mathematical Tripos) in 1973. In 1978, he received his PhD in theoretical physics from Stanford University.

Academic career
Lepage was a research associate at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in 1978. He was a postdoctoral research associate at the Laboratory of Nuclear Studies, Cornell University from 1978 to 1980. In 1980, he joined the physics faculty at Cornell University where he became a professor. He received academic tenure in 1984 after only four years on the university faculty. From 1999 to 2003, he was the chair of Cornell's physics department. He was appointed the Harold Tanner Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences, serving from 2003 to 2013.

He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a Fellow of the American Physical Society. He was previously an Alfred P. Sloan Fellow (1983–85; 1990) and John Simon Guggenheim Fellow (1996–97) Since 2012 he has been a member of the National Science Board.

G. Peter Lepage has been a visiting scholar at a number of institutions: the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton; Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Cambridge; the University of California Institute of Theoretical Physics, Santa Barbara, the Fermi National Accelerator Center near Chicago, and the Institute for Nuclear Theory, Seattle.

He was on the editorial board of Physical Review D and Physical Review Letters and received the Outstanding Referee Award from the APS in 2009. He has served on the scientific program committees for the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, the DOE-NSF National Computational Infrastructure for Lattice Gauge Theory, the NSF's Institute for Nuclear Theory in Seattle, the International Particle Data Group, and the NSF's Institute for Theoretical Physics in Santa Barbara.

He was the co-chair of the working group for the President Obama's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) on STEM teaching at colleges and universities, which in 2012 produced the acclaimed report, "Engage to Excel: Producing One Million Additional College Graduates with Degrees in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics." He has served on the technical advisory committee for the Association of American Universities' Undergraduate STEM Education Initiative, and is vice chair of the National Science Board's Committee on Education and Human Resources.

He is also involved in innovations in pedagogy, especially physics education at all levels. He spearheads the Active Learning Initiative (ALI) in Cornell's college of arts and sciences, a five-year pilot project, funded by 1987 alumni, Alex and Laura Hanson, used to enhance strategies for interactive classroom learning using emerging technologies.

Research
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, he was known for his research with Stanley Brodsky on quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and perturbation theory of scattering processes, His research focus examines high precision calculations, adapted to renormalization techniques and effective field theory. This method is then applied to the fields of QCD in atomic physics, computational quantum field theory, condensed matter physics, nuclear physics (little body problem), systems of heavy quarks and exclusive scattering processes with high momentum transfer.

His research also covers high-performance computing (HPC) or large scale numerical simulations of non-perturbative lattice QCD, leading in part to a range of calculations at different observation sizes – quarks, gluons and hadron masses, coupling constants and mixing angles in the Standard Model, magnetic moment of muons and allowed to determine the QCD contributions for precision testing of the Standard Model (distinguishable from possible contributions of new physics beyond the standard model). These particles describe the inner structure of protons, neutrons and other sub-nuclear particles. His research resulted in the VEGAS algorithm for adaptive method for reducing error in Monte Carlo simulations in interaction physics by using a known or approximate probability distribution function.

In 2016, Lepage received the J. J. Sakurai Prize from the American Physical Society for "innovative applications of quantum field theory in elementary particle physics, in particular for the justification of the theory of exclusive processes, the development of nonrelativistic effective field theories and the determination of parameters of the standard model with lattice theories."

He has authored more than 250 scientific publications. In 2002, together with fellow academics, Carolyn (Biddy) Martin and Mohsen Mostafavi, he co-edited a book on the future and relevance of the humanities, "Do the Humanities Have to Be Useful?"

Personal life
G. Peter Lepage is married to Deborah O'Connor and they have three sons: Michael, Daniel and Matthew. O'Connor studied pharmacology at Stanford, worked in biochemistry at Cornell and served on the Ithaca City School District Board of Education.

References

1952 births
Living people
20th-century American physicists
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
American academic administrators
Canadian particle physicists
20th-century Canadian physicists
21st-century Canadian physicists
Cornell University faculty
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the American Physical Society
McGill University Faculty of Science alumni
Particle physicists
Quantum computing
Quantum physicists
Sloan Research Fellows
Stanford University alumni
Theoretical physicists
J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics recipients

G. Peter Lepage


Sunday Night Baseball is an exclusive weekly telecast of a Major League Baseball game that airs Sundays at 7 p.m. ET/4 p.m. PT on ESPN during the regular season.

The games are preceded most weeks by the studio show Baseball Tonight: Sunday Night Countdown presented by Chevrolet prior to the first pitch. A few telecasts each season appear on ESPN2 rather than ESPN due to conflicts with other programming; however, starting in 2022, ESPN2 will also air Sunday Night Baseball with alternate commentary for eight games per season.

History

Jon Miller-Joe Morgan era (1990–2010)

The series debuted on April 15, 1990 with coverage of New York Mets against the Montreal Expos in Montreal. From its inception through 2010, the series featured the broadcast team of play-by-play commentator Jon Miller and color commentator Joe Morgan. Steve Phillips joined them for the 2009 season, and Orel Hershiser did so for the 2010 season following Phillips' dismissal by the network.

From 2004 until 2006, Sam Ryan served as the field reporter, but she left to join New York City's WCBS-TV and CBS Sports in June 2006. On July 2, 2006, Bonnie Bernstein joined the crew as the new field reporter, but did not return in 2007 primarily due to her request to cut back her schedule because of her continued recovery from a bout with deep vein thrombosis in October 2006. Beginning in 2006, Peter Gammons joined the broadcasts as a field reporter in the scouts position. Gammons, however, suffered a brain aneurysm and didn't return until September 2006.

In 2010, Miller and Morgan began their 21st consecutive season working together for ESPN. Following the 2010 season, ESPN announced that the television contracts of Miller and Morgan would not be renewed. Miller was offered, but chose to decline, a continued role with ESPN Radio.

Dan Shulman era (2011–2017)
Play-by-play announcer Dan Shulman joined color commentators Hershiser and Bobby Valentine as the new Sunday Night Baseball crew beginning in 2011. In an essential trade deal, following the hiring of Valentine as the Boston Red Sox manager, his predecessor Terry Francona was hired to join Shulman and Hershiser for the 2012 season. Francona stayed with ESPN for only one season before he was hired by the Cleveland Indians to be their manager for the 2013 season. Francona was replaced by John Kruk, who had been part of the Baseball Tonight team since 2004.

Like Miller and Morgan before them, Shulman and Hershiser also formed the lead team on ESPN Radio's World Series coverage. Prior to the 2014 season, Hershiser left ESPN to become an analyst for the Dodgers on SportsNet LA, and was replaced by Curt Schilling; however, Schilling's subsequent diagnosis of and treatment for an undisclosed form of cancer led to his being unavailable to ESPN for most of the season. Shulman and Kruk worked as a two-man booth until Schilling joined them in September.

On August 30, 2015, former softball player Jessica Mendoza joined the Sunday Night Baseball broadcast team as a color commentator.  For the 2016 MLB season, former Yankees player Aaron Boone joined Shulman and Mendoza in the broadcast booth as the second color commentator for SNB. Shulman stepped down at the conclusion of the 2017 season, while Boone left the booth after being named new Yankees manager.

Matt Vasgersian–Alex Rodriguez era (2018–2021)
On January 23, 2018, ESPN announced that Alex Rodriguez and Matt Vasgersian would join Jessica Mendoza, Buster Olney, and the SNB team for the 2018 season as analyst and play-by-play respectively. For the 2020 season abbreviated due to COVID-19, Mendoza left SNB as part of her new deal with ESPN, leaving Vasgersian and Rodriguez, who broadcast all games from a studio at ESPN's Bristol, Connecticut headquarters.

ABC televised a Sunday Night Baseball matchup between the Chicago White Sox and the Chicago Cubs on August 8, 2021. The broadcast marked ABC's first broadcast of Sunday Night Baseball and the first regular season matchup it had broadcast since its involvement in the Baseball Network in 1995.

Ravech, Cone and Pérez (2022–present)
In 2021, ESPN and Major League Baseball agreed to a new contract that would last through the 2028 season. Beginning in 2022, ESPN would keep Sunday Night Baseball as its Game of the Week broadcast, but would no longer televise non-exclusive weeknight games unlike in previous years. It also gave ESPN the option to produce an alternate telecast on its sister networks (such as the popular alternate "StatCast" seen on ESPN2), as well as simulcasts on ESPN+.

Matt Vasgersian left ESPN after the 2021 season to focus more on his duties for MLB Network and Bally Sports West, as he is the lead announcer for the Los Angeles Angels, which in part, due to SNB, saw his role taken by Daron Sutton and Rich Waltz for most of the 2021 season. On January 7, 2022, ESPN announced that Karl Ravech would become the fourth play-by-play announcer for Sunday Night Baseball, joined by analysts David Cone and Eduardo Pérez.

On May 14, 2023, ESPN was widely criticized for its decision to implement a split screen between its coverage of Game 6 of the Stanley Cup Playoff series between the Vegas Golden Knights and Edmonton Oilers and a Sunday Night Baseball telecast between the St. Louis Cardinals and Boston Red Sox, which was being played at the same time and was ultimately won by St. Louis by the score of 9–1.

KayRod Cast
Starting in 2022, alternate telecasts of eight Sunday Night Baseball games will air on ESPN2 with Michael Kay and Alex Rodriguez calling the games. The presentation, nicknamed "KayRod Cast", will be similar to the Monday Night Football "Manningcast" hosted by Peyton and Eli Manning.

Notable games aired on Sunday Night Baseball

2000s
On May 28, 2000, Pedro Martínez and Roger Clemens faced off in an epic pitchers' duel at Yankee Stadium. Both pitchers threw complete games and combined for 22 strikeouts, 13 for Clemens, 9 for Martinez. The game was scoreless until Trot Nixon hit a two-run home run in the top of the ninth inning. Martinez then got the final three outs in the bottom of the inning to secure the victory.

ESPN was on hand for the Cleveland Indians' historic comeback against the Seattle Mariners on August 5, 2001. The Indians trailed 14–2 after six innings, but scored twelve runs in the final three innings before winning in the bottom of the eleventh, 15–14. The twelve-run comeback tied the Major League record for largest deficit overcome in a game.

On September 2, 2001, Mike Mussina of the New York Yankees came within one strike of a perfect game against the Boston Red Sox. The effort was broken up on a single by Carl Everett, with Mussina settling for a one-hitter. The game itself was an exciting pitchers' duel, with the Red Sox' David Cone also shutting out the Yankees for eight innings, before allowing an RBI double by Enrique Wilson in the ninth. It was the only scoring of the Yankees' 1–0 win. Additionally, Cone was the most recent pitcher to record a perfect game having done so two years earlier as a Yankee against the Montreal Expos.

On June 16, 2002, Sunday Night Baseball covered a Subway Series at Shea Stadium in which Mo Vaughn hit a game winning three-run home run in the New York Mets' 3–2 win over the New York Yankees.

Rafael Furcal completed an unassisted triple play for the Atlanta Braves against the St. Louis Cardinals on August 10, 2003. It was the 12th such play in baseball history. In the fifth inning, the shortstop caught pitcher Woody Williams' liner with the runners moving in a hit and run attempt, stepped on second base to retire catcher Mike Matheny and tagged Orlando Palmeiro before he could return to first.

On April 22, 2007, the Red Sox became the fifth team in Major League history to hit four consecutive home runs, doing so in the third inning of a 7–6 victory over the Yankees.

On April 29, 2007, a canceled broadcast occurred between the Chicago Cubs and St. Louis Cardinals when Cardinals relief pitcher Josh Hancock was killed in a car accident earlier in the day at 12:35 A.M. while driving under the influence. In place of the game, special programming hosted by Miller and Morgan was shown. The game was later made up on September 10, 2007, where the Cubs defeated the Cardinals 12–3, though the game was not broadcast as the Game of the Week.

On August 5, 2007, Tom Glavine of the New York Mets became the 23rd pitcher in history to record his 300th win. He did it in an 8–3 victory over the Chicago Cubs.

Sunday Night Baseball broadcast the Washington Nationals' very first game at Nationals Park on March 30, 2008. The Nationals beat the Atlanta Braves, 3–2, on Ryan Zimmerman's walk-off home run in the bottom of the ninth. President George W. Bush, who threw out the ceremonial first pitch prior to the game, joined Jon Miller and Joe Morgan in the ESPN booth during the telecast.

The final game played at Yankee Stadium on September 21, 2008, pitting the New York Yankees against the Baltimore Orioles, was broadcast on Sunday Night Baseball.

The Mariano Rivera 500th career save (and also his 1st lifetime RBI) was broadcast on Sunday Night Baseball from Citi Field (home of the New York Mets).

2010s
During the May 1, 2011, broadcast between the New York Mets and Philadelphia Phillies, ESPN announced the death of Osama bin Laden, the mastermind of the September 11 attacks, at the end of the 8th inning. At the top of the 9th inning with 1 out and Daniel Murphy at bat, fans at Citizens Bank Park erupted with U-S-A! chants despite the fact that no announcement of the news had been made in the stadium. Fans learned about the events through social media and mobile news apps. Appropriately, the Mets game against the Chicago Cubs on September 11 was a Sunday night game to mark the tenth anniversary of the attacks.

On July 17, 2011, a game between the Boston Red Sox and Tampa Bay Rays went scoreless into the 16th inning before the Red Sox scored in the top of the inning, leading to a 1–0 victory. This game was also notable for a foul ball hit by the Rays' Sean Rodriguez that hit and broke a lamp in the catwalks of Tropicana Field. As the grounds crew cleaned up the broken glass that fell onto the field, the stadium PA system played the music from The Natural.

The Chicago Cubs and the Mets at Citi Field on September 11, 2011, was broadcast on Sunday Night Baseball as part of the 10th anniversary of September 11, 2001; New York was targeted by the terrorists in the attacks of that day and the Mets hosted the first major professional sports event held in New York City since the attacks on September 21.

On August 30, 2015, during a game between the Chicago Cubs and the Los Angeles Dodgers, Jake Arrieta threw a no-hitter. This was the first no-hitter aired on Sunday Night Baseball. This was the first Sunday Night Baseball game to have a female commentator in the booth, Jessica Mendoza.

On July 3, 2016, Sunday Night Baseball aired the Fort Bragg Game, the first professional sporting event held on an active military base, and the first MLB regular season game held in North Carolina. The Miami Marlins defeated the Atlanta Braves, 5–2.

On May 7, 2017, during the game between the Chicago Cubs and the New York Yankees, they broke the MLB strikeout record as both teams combined made 48 strikeouts (Yankees 22 and Cubs 26). In addition, the 18-inning game was also the longest interleague game yet in MLB history and longest Sunday Night Baseball game yet broadcast. The Yankees won, 5–4.

On August 12, 2018, during a game between the Washington Nationals and the Chicago Cubs, David Bote hit a pinch-hit walk-off grand slam with his team down 3–0 and down to their final strike to give the Cubs a stunning 4–3 victory.

2020s
As previously mentioned, on August 8, 2021, the Sunday Night Baseball game between the Chicago White Sox and the Chicago Cubs aired exclusively on ABC. It was the first time since 1995 that a regular season Major League Baseball game aired on ABC. White Sox won the game 9–3.

Features

The telecasts also utilize the K Zone, a computer-generated on-screen graphic that accurately outlines the strike zone and pitch location. A Skycam is also used; it is usually mounted 20 feet above the stands in foul territory and travels back and forth along the first base line from behind home plate to the foul pole.

Commentators
A complete list of broadcasters, with their period of tenure on the show (beginning years of each season shown).

Current
 Karl Ravech: play-by-play (2022–present)
 Jon Sciambi: fill-in play-by-play (2022–present)
 David Cone: color commentator (2022–present)
 Eduardo Pérez: color commentator (2022–present)
 Buster Olney: field reporter (2011–present)
 Tim Kurkjian: fill-in field reporter (2022–present)
 Michael Kay: ESPN2 telecast play-by-play (2022–present)
 Alex Rodriguez: ESPN telecast color commentator (2018–2021); ESPN2 telecast color commentator (2022–present)

Former

Play-by-play commentators
 Jon Miller: lead play-by-play (1990–2010)
 Dan Shulman: lead play-by-play (2011–2017)
 Matt Vasgersian: lead play-by-play (2018–2021)

Color commentator
 Joe Morgan: lead color commentator (1990–2010)
 Steve Phillips: color commentator (2009)
 Orel Hershiser: color commentator (2010–2013)
 Bobby Valentine: color commentator (2011)
 Terry Francona: color commentator (2012)
 John Kruk: lead color commentator (2013–2016)
 Curt Schilling: color commentator (2014–2015)
 Jessica Mendoza: color commentator (2015–2017); co-lead color commentator (2018–2019)
 Aaron Boone: color commentator (2016–2017)
 Alex Rodriguez: lead color commentator (2018–2021)

Field reporters
 Álvaro Martín: field reporter (2000–2001)
 Sam Ryan: field reporter (2004–2006)
 Bonnie Bernstein: field reporter (July–September 2006)
 Peter Gammons: field analyst (2006–2008)
 Wendi Nix: field reporter (2011)

Other networks
ESPN Domingo de Grandes Ligas (Major League Sunday) is also broadcast in Spanish on ESPN Deportes, with Ernesto Jerez on play-by-play and Luis Alfredo Alvarez as the color analyst. This version is also presented on the Spanish feed of ESPN Latin America. The Brazilian feed, in Portuguese, has Romulo Mendonça doing the play-by-play and Paulo Antunes as the analyst. They broadcast from ESPN Brasil studios in São Paulo.

ESPN Radio has aired a weekly Sunday Night Baseball broadcast since 1998. Currently, Jon Sciambi calls play-by-play of the games, with Chris Singleton serving as color analyst. Sciambi was preceded by Gary Thorne (2008–09), Dan Shulman (2002–07), and Charley Steiner (1998–2001), while Singleton was preceded by Dave Campbell (1999–2010) and Kevin Kennedy (1998). As of 2020, the reserves for Sciambi include Shulman and Roxy Bernstein. In Canada, this program airs on CJCL, the flagship sports radio station for Sportsnet. TUDN Radio also airs Sunday Night Baseball in Spanish, after the dissolution of ESPN Deportes Radio.

From 1990 to 1997, CBS Radio aired Sunday night games, usually with Jerry Coleman and John Rooney announcing.

Outside the US, this weekly game was also broadcast live on Five in the UK from 1997 until 2008 and at the time was the longest running programme on the channel. In Latin America the game is broadcast on ESPN Latin America. When the NFL season begins, the game is moved to ESPN Dos only for the audience in Mexico, Central America, Venezuela, Colombia and the Caribbean Islands.

In Canada, Sunday Night Baseball has aired on the TSN family of channels (usually on TSN2) since May 16, 2010. This was initially under a sublicensing agreement with Sportsnet, the primary Canadian rightsholder for Major League Baseball, in a deal through which TSN transferred its remaining rights to Toronto Blue Jays games to Sportsnet, which is now the exclusive carrier of Blue Jays games, and English-language rightsholder of all post-season games. Beginning in 2014, TSN has contracted directly with MLB for rights to SNB and other ESPN MLB telecasts through 2021. Sportsnet may still air individual games in the event of a scheduling conflict between all of TSN's channels. Previous carriers of Sunday Night Baseball were TSN (1990–2000), The Score (2001–2002), and Sportsnet (2003 – May 9, 2010). In French, the program is carried on Réseau des Sports with Alain Usereau and Marc Griffin working as the announcers.

Notes

References

References
 USA Today- Gammons to join Sunday Night Baseball

 ESPN.tv

External links
 Baseball on ESPN.tv
 Searchable Network TV Broadcasts

1990s American television series
2000s American television series
2010s American television series
2020s American television series
ESPN original programming
Major League Baseball on television
ESPN Radio programs
Major League Baseball on the radio
American sports television series
1990 American television series debuts
Sunday mass media

Sunday Night Baseball


The Kia Tigers is a professional baseball team in South Korea. The team started in 1982 with the name of Haitai Tigers. Haitai sold the team to Kia in 2001. They won the Korean Series 9 times as Haitai Tigers (1983, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1996, 1997). They won again in 2009 and 2017. Winning 11 times is the top record among all Korean baseball teams. They never lost the Korean Series so far.

Their main stadium was the Mudeung Baseball Stadium in Gwangju from 1982 to 2013, and is now the Gwangju-Kia Champions Field, also in Gwangju.

History

1982 - 1997
The Haitai Tigers was the third professional baseball team in Korea, following OB Bears (currently Doosan Bears) and MBC Blue Dragons (currently LG Twins). It started on January 30, 1982 with only 14 players and the manager. In 1983, the team hired Kim Eung-ryong as manager and they won the Korean Series for the first time.

After the team signed Sun Dong-yeol in 1985, the Haitai Tigers Dynasty started. They won the Korean Series for 4 straight years (1986-1989). Another superstar, Lee Jong-beom, made his debut in 1993. He won the Korean Series MVP in his debut season. From 1982 to 1997, the team won the Korean Series 9 times.

1998 - 2000
Because of the financial problem of Haitai company, the team started to sell many good players including Lee Jong-beom and Lim Chang-yong.

2001 - Now
Kia took over the baseball team and the name was changed to Kia Tigers. Lee Jong-beom returned from Japan and he was retired in 2012. In 2005, the Kia Tigers ended the season in the lowest place for the first time ever. However, in 2009, the team won the Korean Series with Na Ji-wan's dramatic walk-off home-run in the last game. It was the first victory after 1997 and as Kia Tigers. In 2012, Sun Dong-yeol, the legendary superstar in Tigers, became the manager of the team, but failed to make the team reach the postseason for 3 years.

Key players
Pitchers: Yoon Suk-min, Seo Jae-Weong, Kim Jin-woo

Field Players: Lee Yong-kyu, Choi Hee-seop, Lee Bum-ho
1982 establishments in Asia
1980s establishments in South Korea
Baseball teams in South Korea

Kia Tigers


The Borg are a fictional race of organic cyborgs in the Star Trek universe which have formed over thousands of years. The Borg use nanoprobes to assimilate others, like humans or vulcans, into their group consciousness. The only execption to assimilation are races either too primitve to assimilate (who are ignored) or races too dangerous to assimilate (who are destroyed). The Borg's group consciousness is led by the Borg queen, who's role is similar to that of a queen bee in a bee hive.

Defeating the Borg
Despite their ability to adapt to various attempts to destroy them, the Borg can be defeated several ways:
Commander Data linked with the assimilated "Loctus of Borg" (Jean-Luc Picard) and sends a command that starts the Borg regeneration sequence and effectively put them all to sleep;the command caused the Borg power net to feed back on itself and has triggered a self-destruct sequence in The Best of Both Worlds,
Data and La Forge came up with an invasive program designed as a geometric form that could not actually exist in physical space; the result of it in the Borg collective memory-which would continue to attempt to analyze the shape. Each step taken by the Borg to understand the program would spawn a series of anomalous solutions that would interact with each other, resulting in an endless, unsolvable puzzle. Eventually, the Borg neural network would collapse under the strain of attempting to solve the paradox, resulting in a total systems failure across the entire Collective in I Borg,
A Borg experiences being an individual; this is so dangerous that the Borg Queen will destroy an entire Borg Square/or Sphere if even a hint of individualty is about to form in one Borg."I Borg" and "Endgame".
Species 6339 developed a synthetic pathogen so that when they were assimilated by the Borg, so that it would be spread to the Borg vinculum. From there, it caused all drones within range to experience the Borg equivalent of multiple personality disorder, eventually leading to their self-destruction. The process would be repeated when another Borg vessel retrieved the vinculum, and so on in "Infinate Regress",
Future Admiral Kathryn Janeway had herself injected with a neurolytic pathogen and allowed herself to be assimilated by the Borg Queen who in turn selfdestruted " along with The Borg transwarp complex and many Borg Spheres. "Endgame",

How many species assimiliated?
By the time of Voyager, the Borg have assimilated 10,026 species

Related pages
 Seven of Nine
 Star Trek: First Contact

Star Trek
Fictional races

de:Völker und Gruppierungen im Star-Trek-Universum#Borg
sv:Lista över utomjordiska raser i Star Trek#Borgerna

Borg


The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (German: Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) and its variants were the highest awards in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II. This decoration was awarded for a wide range of reasons and across all ranks, from a senior commander for skilled leadership of his troops in battle to a low-ranking soldier for a single act of extreme gallantry. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves () was introduced on 3 June 1940 to further distinguish those who had already received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and who continued to show merit in combat bravery or military success. A total of 7 awards were made in 1940; 50 in 1941; 111 in 1942; 192 in 1943; 328 in 1944, and 194 in 1945, giving a total of 882 recipients—excluding the 8 foreign recipients of the award.

The number of 882 Oak Leaves recipients is based on the analysis and acceptance of the order commission of the Association of Knight's Cross Recipients (AKCR). However, author Veit Scherzer has challenged the validity of 27 of these listings. With the exception of Hermann Fegelein, all of the disputed recipients had received the award in 1945, when the deteriorating situation during the final days of World War II in Germany left a number of nominations incomplete and pending in various stages of the approval process. Fegelein received the Oak Leaves in 1942, but was sentenced to death by Adolf Hitler and executed by SS-Gruppenführer Johann Rattenhuber's Reichssicherheitsdienst (RSD) on 28 April 1945 after a court-martial led by SS-Brigadeführer and Generalmajor of the Waffen-SS Wilhelm Mohnke. The sentence was carried out the same day. The death sentence, according to German law, resulted in the loss of all orders and honorary signs.

Background
The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grades were based on four separate enactments. The first enactment,  of 1 September 1939 instituted the Iron Cross (), the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross (). Article 2 of the enactment mandated that the award of a higher class be preceded by the award of all preceding classes. As the war progressed, some of the recipients of the Knight's Cross distinguished themselves further and a higher grade, the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, was instituted. The Oak Leaves, as they were commonly referred to, were based on the enactment  of 3 June 1940. In 1941, two higher grades of the Knight's Cross were instituted. The enactment  of 28 September 1941 introduced the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords () and the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds (). At the end of 1944 the final grade, the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Golden Oak Leaves, Swords, and Diamonds (), based on the enactment  of 29 December 1944, became the final variant of the Knight's Cross authorized.

Recipients of 1943

The Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW—Supreme Command of the Armed Forces) kept separate Knight's Cross lists, one for each of the three military branches, Heer (Army), Kriegsmarine (Navy), Luftwaffe (Air force) and for the Waffen-SS. Within each of these lists a unique sequential number was assigned to each recipient. The same numbering paradigm was applied to the higher grades of the Knight's Cross, one list per grade. The sequential numbers greater than 143 for the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords are unofficial and were assigned by the Association of Knight's Cross Recipients (AKCR) and are therefore denoted in parentheses. The recipients are ordered chronologically and numbered by the official sequential number assigned by the OKW. The rank listed is the recipient's rank at the time the Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves was awarded.

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

Lists of Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross recipients

de:Liste der Träger des Eichenlaubs zum Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes

List of Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves recipients (1943)