Gollum is a Hobbit from The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. He is a minor antagonist of The Hobbit and a secondary antagonist of The Lord of the Rings.

Fictional biography
Sméagol went fishing with his brother and found the One Ring. He strangled and killed his brother and kept the One Ring to himself. For 500 years, he lived longer but became ugly. He was encountered by fellow Hobbit Bilbo Baggins, who took his Ring. Decades later, he has been captured by Sauron's forces and shared Bilbo's location.

Peter Jackson adaptations (2001-2003, 2012)
In Peter Jackson's movie adaptations of both books, Gollum's motion capture and voice were done by Andy Serkis. He is digitally created by Weta Digital and is considered one of the most impressive features of the series, specifically the second Lord of the Rings movie. The screenwriters portrayed him as if he had Dissociative identity disorder.

Other media
Gollum, voiced by Andy Serkis accepted a 2003 MTV Movie Award for Best Virtual Performance with him yelling censored swears towards the crew, audience, Serkis and fellow book character Dobby from Harry Potter, whom he described as a "fucking fag". It was written by Philippa Boyens and Fran Walsh as a humorous response. The speech itself won a 2004 Hugo Award.

Reception
His distinct voice and his catchphrase "My precious" are well-known for fantasy fans and Gollum is seen as one of the best computer animated characters in a live-action movie.

Fictional characters introduced in 1937
Dissociative identity disorder in fiction
Characters in The Hobbit
The Lord of the Rings characters

Gollum


Achaia Clauss is a Greek winery located in Patras in the Peloponnese. It was founded in 1861 by the Bavarian Gustav Clauss. It is most famous for its fortified red wine, Mavrodaphne. The winery was the main sponsor of the local basketball team, Apollon Achaia Clauss.

History
In 1859, Gustav Clauss, a representative of the Bavarian company Fels and Co., purchased an area of  of land from the landowner George Kostakis in Riganokampos in Patras at an altitude of 500 meters. His initial interest was in blackcurrants, but he built a summer residence there, where he planted a few vines as a hobby.

In 1861 he established the winery Achaia Clauss, which initially was managed by the estate of the Jakob Klipfel company. The first years of Achaia Clauss were extremely difficult since the property was attacked almost daily by gangs of brigands. The new venture nevertheless managed to survive and to establish itself in the region through its links with the central government of the Bavarian King Otto.

In 1872 the owners of Fels and Co., together with Theodor Harburger and Gustav Clauss, founded the "Achaia Wine Company". From 1873 until 1881 the company was managed by Emil Werl, and from 1883 by Gustav Clauss himself. From 1908 the company specialised in production of the Mavrodaphne and Demestica wines.

Clauss died shortly after, and the company passed into the hands of a German named Gudert from whom on the outbreak of World War I the Greek government confiscated the winery as an enemy alien asset. In 1920 it passed into the ownership of Vlassis Antonopoulos, and from then on, with a slight pause during the German occupation in World War II, the company developed rapidly.

A major landmark was in 1955 when the company took on Konstantinos Antonopoulos, who installed new machines in the winery and recruited a team of specialists. In 1983 the company launched their new bottling plant. In 1997 the position of chairman and chief executive was taken by Nikos Karapanos.

Since its establishment the site has always been a popular destination for visitors and continues to be so.

Winery

The Achaia Clauss winery has many storage areas with a total capacity of about 7500 tonnes. The main ones are the storage of old Mavrodaphne wine, the storage of table wines, the subterranean tanks, and the Danielis storage room.

Famous visitors
Through the years many important people have visited Achaia Clauss: Eleutherios Venizelos, Melina Merkouri, empress Sissy of Austria, General Montgomery, Alexander Fleming, Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew, Pavlos Koundouriotis, Aristotelis Onassis, Omar Sharif, King Gustav Adolf of Sweden, Kings George I, Konstantinos I and George II of Greece, Queen Alexandra of Great Britain, Queen Louise of Sweden, Queens Olga and Sofia of Greece, princess Marie Bonaparte of Greece and Denmark, Nadia Comaneci, Thanos Mikroutsikos, Manolis Glezos, Agnes Baltsa, Karolos Papoulias.

Sources
 Μούλιας, Χρήστος, 2000: Το λιμάνι της σταφίδας. Εκδόσεις Περί Τεχνών: Πάτρα

External links
Achaia Clauss Website
Greekwinemakers.com: Achaia Clauss
Photogallery of the Achaia Clauss winery

Wineries of Greece
Greek brands
Tourist attractions in Western Greece
Buildings and structures in Patras
Companies established in 1861
Greek companies established in the 19th century
Companies based in Patras
1861 establishments in Greece
Food and drink companies established in 1861

Achaia Clauss


A parable is a short story in prose or verse. It teaches something. On the surface, it may be about animals or objects, but is just a metaphor for the real idea. Familiar are the parables of Jesus, where he explains an idea by telling a story. Familiar also are the parables of Aesop.

Parables
Metaphors
Literature

Parable


Infantilism or Paraphilic infantilism is a paraphilic desire to wear diapers and be treated like an infant, or more commonly, a toddler. Such people are usually referred to as Infantilists or Adult babies.

Some Infantilists are diaper lovers (DL) as well, so they are usually referred to as "AB/DLs". Most infantilists are heterosexual, or straight males.

Infantilism or diaper fetishes are different in self image and the focus of attention. Both ideals can be found in the same person at the same time and are similar. However, it must be said that both are related to having a sexual preference for children, or pedophilia. In any case, there is no single form, but a variety of infantilism types. Some infantilists are not obvious and try to blend in, while others wish they could be free of all guilt and responsibilities. All variations focus on diapers and babyhood.

Mental illnesses
Paraphilias

Infantilism


Heinrich Lammasch (21 May 1853 – 6 January 1920) was an Austrian jurist. He was a professor of criminal and international law, a member of the Hague Arbitration Tribunal, and served as the last Minister-President of Austria (or Cisleithania) for a few weeks in October and November 1918. He was the first and only Minister-President in the Austrian half of the Habsburg Monarchy to have been a commoner, although he was not the first to have been born one by any means.

Biography

He was born in Seitenstetten, Lower Austria, the son of notary Heinrich Lammasch sen. (1823–1865) and his wife Anna née Schauenstein (1829–1891). Soon after his birth, the family moved to Wiener Neustadt and from there to Vienna. Upon the early death of his father, Lammasch attended the Schottengymnasium and studied law at the University of Vienna, obtaining his doctorate in 1876.

Having traveled extensively through Germany, France and the United Kingdom, he qualified for the criminal law teaching faculty at the Vienna University in 1879. His pioneer pamphlet on the objective danger in the conception of attempted crime won for him in 1882 an extraordinary professorship, and in 1885 a full professorship at the University of Innsbruck. In 1893 he openly opposed a regressive draft penal law enacted by Minister-President Prince Windisch-Grätz.

In 1889, Lammasch returned to Vienna and there became an advocate of the idea of a league of nations in the spirit of Christian philosophy. He became an international arbitrator who participated in the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907. A member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, he arranged the Newfoundland dispute between Great Britain and the United States, and the Orinoco dispute between the latter and Venezuela.

In 1899 Emperor Franz Joseph I appointed Lammasch a member of the Austrian House of Lords. He also acted as legal advisor of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. On the eve of World War I, he warned against the rapprochement with the German Empire and favoured an agreement with the Western Entente powers. During the war, he joined the international peace movement and, in July 1917, urged for a separate peace with the Allies. However, his proposals were brusquely rejected by Foreign Minister Ottokar Czernin.

In the last days of the war, Lammasch was appointed Minister-President by Emperor Charles I on 27 October 1918, succeeding Baron Max Hussarek von Heinlein. It had become apparent that the crumbling Austro-Hungarian Empire had practically no ability to control events outside of Vienna. The minority state councils of the Empire were acting more or less as provisional governments. Charles' empire was effectively reduced to the mostly German-speaking Alpine and Danubian crown lands, and the government's authority was even being challenged there by the state council elected by the Provisional National Assembly of German-Austria.

Minister-President Lammasch was called a liquidator by the Austrian press, since it was thought he was presiding over the end of the empire. On 30 October, the German-Austrian state council named Karl Renner as State Chancellor. When the German emperor Wilhelm II abdicated on 9 November, Lammasch realised the situation was untenable. He entered into negotiations with Chancellor Renner and advised Emperor Charles to give up his right to exercise sovereign authority. Accordingly, on 11 November, Charles issued a statement in which he acknowledged Austria's right to determine the form of the state and relinquished his right to take part in the country's politics. He also released the officials in the Austrian half of the empire from their oath of loyalty to him and dismissed the Lammasch government from office. The statement effectively ended the Habsburgs' 636-year rule over Austria.

Shortly afterward, the state council proclaimed the Republic of German-Austria. Lammasch was sent to represent Austria at St. Germain. He died in Salzburg in 1920, aged 66.

Honours
 :
 Knight of the Iron Crown, 3rd Class, 1898
 Commander of the Order of Franz Joseph, with Star, 1905
 Commander of the Imperial Order of Leopold, 1909

Notes

References

External links

Biography at firstworldwar.com
Biography at Austrian Commanders

1853 births
1920 deaths
20th-century Ministers-President of Austria
People from Amstetten District
Ministers-President of Austria
Jurists from Austria-Hungary
Austrian jurists
Academic staff of the University of Innsbruck
Members of the House of Lords (Austria)
Burials at the Bad Ischl Friedhof
Commanders of the Order of Franz Joseph

Heinrich Lammasch


The 1929 State of the Union Address was given by Herbert Hoover, the 31st United States President on Tuesday, December 3, 1929, to both houses of the 71st United States Congress. This is  the first State of the Union Address that Herbert Hoover would give to the Congress, and the 1929 Stock Market Crash had just begun.
He said,
 "The test of the rightfulness of our decisions must be whether we have sustained and advanced the ideals of the American people; self-government in its foundations of local government; justice whether to the individual or to the group; ordered liberty; freedom from domination; open opportunity and equality of opportunity; the initiative and individuality of our people; prosperity and the lessening of poverty; freedom of public opinion; education; advancement of knowledge; the growth of religious spirit; the tolerance of all faiths; the foundations of the home and the advancement of peace."

References

State of the Union addresses
Presidency of Herbert Hoover
71st United States Congress
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
1929 documents
December 1929 events
State of the Union

1929 State of the Union Address


Saving Sarah Cain is a 2007 made-for-television drama film based on Beverly Lewis' 2000 novel The Redemption of Sarah Cain. The film premiered August 19, 2007 on Lifetime. The film is distributed by Believe Pictures and stars Lisa Pepper, Elliott Gould, Tess Harper, Soren Fulton, Danielle Chuchran, Abigail Mason, Tanner Maguire, Bailee Madison, and Jennifer O'Dell. The film was directed by Michael Landon Jr.

Plot
Sarah Cain (Lisa Pepper), a thirty-something columnist at the fictional Portland Times in Portland, Oregon, has seen better days in her career. When her boss Bill (Elliott Gould) rejects her latest column, he reminds her that she once wrote great stuff about life, instead of the puff-pieces she's been writing, and if she doesn't produce good writing again, she's heading back to the news-writing department.

Sarah's cellphone rings while she's out to dinner with her boyfriend Bryan (Tom Tate), who is planning to propose to her. On the phone is Sarah's 16-year-old niece Lyddie (Abigail Mason), whom she has never met. Lyddie tells Sarah that her mother, Sarah's older sister Ivy, has just died of heart failure. Sarah hurries to Lancaster County, Pennsylvania for the funeral.

Many years prior, Ivy married a man who was a member of an Amish community; her choice to join that community made Sarah feel abandoned and caused ill feelings between the sisters. Prior to Ivy's passing, her husband was hit by a car and killed. The court insists that as Ivy's sole surviving relative, Sarah is the legal guardian of Ivy's five children, and if she doesn't take responsibility for them, they'll be put into the state's foster-care system. Members of the community protest: they want no outsiders to raise the children. Lyddie and Miriam (Tess Harper), an elder and friend of Ivy's, convince Sarah to stay overnight to figure out what to do. As the deadline for her column is that night, Sarah writes about her day's events while she's there and e-mails that to Bill as a last-resort column.

While at the hearing the next day, Sarah receives a reply e-mail about her piece: The readers loved it and want more. Sarah realizes an opportunity in the making, and decides to take the children back to Portland. While Lyddie stays in Sarah's apartment and does the housework, the four younger children try to fit in at school but are labeled freaks for their Amish garb. Caleb (Soren Fulton) quickly becomes a star on the wrestling team; Anna Mae (Danielle Chuchran) gains attention from boys after borrowing Sarah's clothing; and young Josiah (Tanner Maguire) hates it there. Only 6-year-old Hannah (Bailee Madison) is accepted on her first day of kindergarten.

Bill likes the attention that the stories about the Amish children have produced, but Sarah rejects further offers of having the column being solely about them, feeling bad about using the kids. Meanwhile, Madison (Jennifer O'Dell), Sarah's rival at the paper, discovers where the children attend school and sends a TV news team to one of Caleb's wrestling matches. The children discover what Sarah has been doing and feel betrayed, because they had believed she was truly concerned for them. Sarah admits to them that the situation has spun out of control, and the kids go off to bed upset. Bryan also expresses disappointment in her.

Sarah realizes what she has done and takes the kids back to the Amish settlement in Pennsylvania to assign them to the elders. As she's leaving the community, the children rush to catch up to her. When Sarah stops, Lyddie hands her a letter Ivy had written which contains her last wishes. Only then is the truth revealed: Ivy wanted Sarah to have the kids as an apology for breaking her heart, saying that they'd be "blessings to [her] as they were to me". Sarah changes her mind and decides to stay at the community with her nieces and nephews. The ending shows Sarah writing a book titled My Redemption.  Bryan visits while on a business trip and brings her a piece of her favorite cheesecake as a reconciliation gesture, and they hug.

Soundtrack

The soundtrack for Saving Sarah Cain features songs by Christian groups such as Point of Grace and BarlowGirl.
 "Pie" (Three Days Grace)
 "How You Live" (Point of Grace)
 "Saving Sarah Cain Main Titles"
 "Sea Shells"
 "Farewell"
 "Dishes are Never A Chore" (Mark McKenzie)
 "Sarah's Story"
 "Love Letter"
 "Nay!" (Josiah's Tree Climb)
 "Those Were Our Tears!"
 "Here's My Life" (BarlowGirl)
 "You're OK in Everyway" (Mark McKenzie)
 "Five Amish Orphans"
 "She Prayed For You Everyday"
 "Don't Leave Us"
 "Prayer Changes Everything"
 "You Carried Me" (Building 429)

Home media
Fox Faith released the film to DVD on January 15, 2008.

References

External links
 Saving Sarah Cain Cast Member Interviews & Panel

2007 television films
2007 films
American television films
Amish in films
Films based on American novels
Films about Christianity
Films directed by Michael Landon Jr.

Saving Sarah Cain


The U.S. Marshals Service does law enforcement for federal courts. It is mainly responsible for protecting court officers like judges in court buildings.

It is also responsible for finding fugitives, serving arrest warrants, and prisoner transport.

It is different from the FBI, which is responsible for things like counter-terrorism and going after organized crime, and which operates in multiple countries, not just the USA.

1789 establishments in the United States
Federal law enforcement agencies of the United States
United States Department of Justice
United States intelligence agencies

United States Marshals Service


Iron(III) sulfate, also known as ferric sulfate, is a chemical compound. It has iron in its +3 oxidation state and sulfate ions.

Properties
It is a white to yellow to pale purple crystalline solid. It is a weak oxidizing agent. It dissolves in water to make an acidic solution.

Occurrence
It is found as a mixed iron(III) aluminium sulfate. This is the anhydrous form. Several hydrated forms are found, too. Much more iron(III) sulfate is found in Mars. One of the rovers that travel on Mars got stuck in a pit of iron(III) sulfate and could not get out.

Preparation
It is made by mixing sulfuric acid, iron(II) sulfate, and an oxidizing agent like nitric acid or hydrogen peroxide together. It is made when iron(III) oxide reacts with sulfuric acid. It is also made when iron(II) sulfate is oxidized by exposure to oxygen.

Uses
It is used as a mordant in dyeing. It is also used to coagulate waste to remove the toxic parts. It is also used in baths to clean metals. It can be used as a pigment. It is used as an astringent in medicine. It stops bleeding.

Related pages
Iron(III) chloride
Iron(II) chloride

jnk

Sulfur compounds
Iron compounds

Iron(III) sulfate


Donald Collier (May 1, 1911 – January 23, 1995) was an archaeologist, ethnologist, and museologist. He was known primarily for his work in Ecuadorian and Andean archaeology and spent most of his career at the Field Museum of Natural History.

Family life and education

Donald Collier was born in Sparkill, New York to Lucy Wood Collier and John Collier, Sr. His family moved to the San Francisco Bay Area in the early 1920s. He received his undergraduate degree from the University of California, Berkeley in 1933 and completed his Ph.D. in anthropology at the University of Chicago in 1954. Several of Collier's family members had very noteworthy careers. His grandfather, Charles Collier (1848-1900), was a prominent banker and lawyer in Atlanta and was elected mayor of that city in 1897. His father John Collier, Sr. (1884-1968) was Commissioner for the Bureau of Indian Affairs during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt. His brother John Collier, Jr. (1913-1992) is considered a pioneer in the field of visual anthropology and was also an accomplished photographer. Collier's brother-in-law Rene d'Harnoncourt (1901-1968) was the director of the Museum of Modern Art from 1949 to 1967 and was the first chairman of the Indian Arts and Crafts Board. Collier married Malcolm Carr Collier (1908-1983) who was also an anthropologist and author. The primary focus of her work was with the Navajo and she served as the director of the Curriculum Study Project of the American Anthropological Association. She and Donald Collier had two sons, Bruce Collier and political scientist David Collier.

Professional career

Fieldwork
After finishing his undergraduate degree in 1933, Donald Collier became a field assistant with the Museum of Northern Arizona. He performed archaeological survey work at Tsegie and Skeleton Mesa with the First Rainbow Bridge Monument Valley Exhibition. In 1935 he received ethnological field training among the Kiowa with the Laboratory of Anthropology in Santa Fe, New Mexico. His fieldwork in Andean archaeology got its start in 1937 when he worked with Peruvian archaeologist Julio C. Tello at the behest of prominent anthropologist Alfred L. Kroeber with whom Collier studied at UC Berkeley. Collier and Tello did survey and excavation work in Casma Valley in Peru and Collier later returned there for additional archaeological work in 1956.

Following a project on the upper Columbia River in Washington (state), Collier's work took him to Ecuador from 1941 to 1942. He worked with John Victor Murra to identify Chavin culture sites. In 1946, he became a part of the Viru Valley Project "a cutting edge cooperative undertaking at the time, the results of which were to have a profound and long-enduring effect on the interpretation of Peruvian prehistory". The research he did for the project, during which he undertook archaeological survey work with Gordon Willey, served as the basis for his Ph.D. dissertation.

Exhibits

Collier was the curator of South and Central American archaeology and ethnology at the Field Museum from 1941 to 1976. He was chief curator of the anthropology department from 1964 to 1970 and became curator emeritus in 1976. The first major exhibition Collier helped develop was Indians Before Columbus, a general exhibit on Indians of the Americas with particular emphasis on the eastern United States. Another exhibition Collier worked on was Indian Art of the Americas which was a part of the Festival of the Americas for the third Pan American Games in Chicago in 1959, and for which he authored the catalog.

In 1963, Collier proposed the idea of a temporary exhibits hall to the director of the Field Museum. Completed in 1964, he developed five major exhibits there from 1966 to 1975. The first, Mayan Art: Rubbings from Stone Carvings, involved the first use at the Field Museum of a projector with a synchronized tape lecture. The Festival of American Indian Art exhibit was organized in cooperation with the American Indian Center in Chicago and focused on traditional as well as contemporary Native American art. The exhibit also included artists and craftspeople working in the museum in addition to performances by musicians and dancers. Fiesta Mexicana also included craftspeople, musicians, and dancers. The exhibit focused on colonial and contemporary folk art and included a lecture and film series. The Cuna Art and Life exhibit about the Cuna people of Panama included loaned materials from three museums, two art galleries, and six private collections.

Collier's final exhibit at the Field Museum was Ancient Ecuador: Culture, Clay and Creativity, 3000-300 B.C. Most of the pieces in the exhibition were borrowed from a private collection in Guayaquil, Ecuador and focused on ceramics from Ecuadorian coastal prehistory. Collier co-authored the exhibit catalog with Donald Lathrap and he made sure that the catalog, along with the exhibit labels, would be in both Spanish and English. The exhibition traveled to several cities in the United States before becoming a permanent exhibit at the Museo Arqueologico of the Banco Central del Ecuador in Guayaquil.

Teaching, committees, and notable publications

From 1950 to 1970, Collier taught classes in anthropology at the University of Chicago. Additionally, from 1945 to 1965, he organized and helped to teach one of the earliest museology courses focusing on museum theory and practice.

Collier was the chairman of the Institute of Andean Research, a founding trustee of the Council on Museum Anthropology, and served as president for the Central States Anthropological Society.

Inspired by the Indians Before Columbus exhibit, a book of the same name was published in 1947 by Collier, Paul Martin, and George Quimby. It was used as a text in anthropology courses and was the only book on North American archaeology for nearly ten years. Collier also wrote forty-eight articles for the Museum Bulletin for the Field Museum. Some of his articles were reprinted in Archaeology, Museum Journal, and the Journal of Biblical Archaeology.

Selected works

 Collier, D. (1942). Archaeology of the upper Columbia region. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
 Collier, D., & Murra, J. (1943). Survey and excavations in southern Ecuador. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History.
 Martin, P., Quimby, G., & Collier, D. (1947). Indians before Columbus: Twenty thousand years of North American history revealed by archaeology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
 Collier, D. (1955). Cultural chronology and change as reflected in the ceramics of the Viru Valley, Peru. Chicago: Chicago Natural History Museum.
 Lathrap, D., Collier, D., & Chandra, H. (1975). Ancient Ecuador--culture, clay and creativity, 3000-300 B.C.: Catalogue of an exhibit organized by the Field Museum of Natural History, April 18-August 5, 1975. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History.

References

1911 births
1995 deaths
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of Chicago alumni
American ethnologists
Andean scholars
Museologists
University of Chicago faculty
People from Sparkill, New York
20th-century American archaeologists
20th-century American anthropologists
Historians from New York (state)

Donald Collier


Stephen Paternite (born 1952) is an American multimedia artist known for his roadkill artwork & infrared photographs. He received his initial art training in the early 1970s at the Cooper School of Art, Cleveland, Ohio.

Career
Paternite began his professional art career in 1973. Since that time, he has exhibited artwork in over 185 group exhibitions and 21 solo exhibitions throughout the world. Notable exhibits include the 2010 infrared photography centennial hosted by the Royal Photographic Society of Great Britain.

In 1973, Paternite published two limited edition portfolios of serigraphic prints, entitled  "Six Clouds"  volume 1 and volume 2.
In 1974, he was the recipient of an "Artists Fellowship Award" (sculpture) from the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), Washington, D.C.
In 1980, Paternite published "The Infrared Portfolio" a limited-edition portfolio of 10 original black-and-white infrared photographs, with an introduction by Robert M. Doty.
In 1981, Paternite published "Below The Visible Spectrum" a limited-edition portfolio of 10 original black-and-white infrared photographs, with introductions by Nicholas C. Hlobeczy and Joe LaRose.
In 1982, he co-edited and published the "American Infrared Survey" this book, (the first of its kind) explored artistic trends in black-and-white & color infrared photography. Over 300 photographers from across the United States participated in this project, which not only resulted in the publication of the book, but also a travelling exhibition of original infrared photographs.  The "American Infrared Survey" traveling exhibition toured the following venues:
The Florida Institute of Technology, Jensen Beach, Florida, in 1983
The County College of Morris, Morris, New Jersey, in 1984
The Vivian Esders Gallery, Paris, France, in 1984
Images Gallery, Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1986
In 1988, Paternite was awarded an "Individual Artists Fellowship" (sculpture) from the Ohio Arts Council (OAC), Columbus, Ohio

Media
In 1994, he co-produced a VHS video entitled "Creature-Nites of Ohio" ~  This bizarrely highlighted the life and times of 10 species of hybrid animals created by Paternite in 1989. (approximate running time: 11 minutes). Stephen Paternite has been creating art with dead creatures for over sixteen years, probably longer. As well, he has created a video called "Creature Nites" which is a docu-drama of non-existent creatures.
In 2003, Paternite (self) produced a DVD, entitled "Too Gross For Discovery" ~ This DVD is the original (rough-cut) episode of "Dirty Jobs" with host Mike Rowe. The episode from 2003, which featured the roadkill artwork of Stephen Paternite, was ultimately rejected by the network for being "too gross" for broadcast. (approximate running time: 17 minutes) ......  In 2004, Paternite published a limited-edition lithographic art print illustrating 7 mixed-media animal sculptures he created between 2002 & 2004.

Since he began his art career in 1970, Stephen Paternite has exhibited his artwork in over 130 group exhibitions, and has mounted 16 one-person shows throughout the United States and South America.

Controversy
In 1989, Paternite became embroiled in a controversy regarding some of his (government-funded) mixed media taxidermy sculptures. During an exhibition of his (Ohio Arts Council) grant sculptures at the Canton Art Institute, in Ohio, an uproar of sorts ensued over Paternite's use or mixture of real freeze-dried cats and baby-doll parts, and that he had received a government grant to make such a piece. The local controversy, which lasted for months, escalated to national attention when CNN (Cable News Network) began airing the story on its "Prime News" segment.

See also
 Contemporary art
 Mixed media art
 Taxidermy art/Rogue taxidermy

External links
Creature Nites of Ohio docucomedy film by Stephen paternite
"Creature Nites of Ohio Controversy" - Letters to the editor regarding Animal Sculpture Show
Stephen Paternite website
Stephen Paternite archive of early works

References

1952 births
Living people
American multimedia artists
20th-century American photographers
21st-century American photographers
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century American male artists
21st-century American sculptors
21st-century American male artists
Contemporary sculptors
Artists from Akron, Ohio
Sculptors from Ohio

Stephen Paternite


Gene Cornish (born May 14, 1944) is a Canadian-American guitarist and harmonica player. He is an original member of the popular 1960s blue-eyed soul band The Young Rascals. From 1965 to 1970, the band recorded eight albums and had thirteen singles that reached Billboard's Top 40 chart. In 1997, as a founding member of The Rascals, Cornish was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame.

Early life
Early in his life, Cornish and his mother moved from Ontario to Rochester, New York. He became a talented guitar and harmonica player at a young age. In his later teen years (early 1960s) he made the rounds of the local clubs and bars in his area and worked with a number of bands (even performing as a single artist on occasion).

Career in music

In 1962, Gene Cornish with The Gene Cornish Nobles released "Winner Take All" backed with "Since I Lost You" on Vassar 319. As the composers of the latter, "R. Cornish – G. Cornish" is printed on B side label. It was well-made in the manner of white doo-wop (arranged by Lew Douglas).

Cornish became a member of Joey Dee and the Starliters in 1964. During that period, he met vocalist Eddie Brigati and keyboardist Felix Cavaliere (also members of the Starliters). Gene fronted his own group (The Unbeatables) during this period and they had a sound that was tied to the influence of early 1960s pop/rock. The group's name was a play on The Beatles' and made a small bit of noise in 1964 with their release of the single "I Wanna Be a Beatle".

By late 1964, Brigati, Cavaliere, and Cornish had teamed with drummer Dino Danelli to form a group that became known as The Young Rascals. They officially began performing in February 1965 and before the year was out, released their first chart single. They rapidly became one of rock-n-roll's top groups. Brigati left the band in 1970 and Cornish followed in 1971. He went on to form the band Bulldog and when that group disbanded, he joined with Rascals' drummer Danelli to form the group Fotomaker. After the group disbanded, Cornish joined the group G.C. Dangerous.
Cornish also delved into production when he (along with Danelli) produced the group April Wine's first live album in 1974, and "Stand Back" album in 1975.

In 1988, he reunited with Danelli and Cavaliere on a reunion tour of The Rascals (Brigati did not participate). The tour was cancelled after a short, four-month run. Cornish then joined Danelli to form 'The New Rascals' featuring Gene Cornish and Dino Danelli and in 2005 with Bill Pascali of the Vanilla Fudge and Charlie Souza formerly with Tom Petty's Mudcrutch.

In 1997, the members of the Rascals were inducted into the Rock-n-Roll Hall of Fame. Later that year, Cornish released an album entitled "Live at Palisades Amusement Park". It presented his pre-Rascals recordings, including "I Wanna Be a Beatle," "Rockin' Robin," "Peanuts," "What'd I Say," "You're Gonna Cry Someday," and even Cole Porter's "I Love Paris." Cornish (along with Danelli) continue to tour with "The New Rascals."

On April 24, 2010, all four members of The Rascals reunited for the Kristen Ann Carr benefit, which was held at New York's Tribeca Grill. They played a set that ran over one hour and featured several of their top hits from the 1960s.

He reunited with his band-mates when The Rascals appeared at the Capital Theater in Port Chester, New York, for six shows in December 2012 and for fifteen dates at the Richard Rogers Theatre on Broadway (April 15 – May 5, 2013). Their production, entitled 'Once Upon A Dream', toured North America (Toronto, Los Angeles, Phoenix, Chicago, Detroit, Rochester, and New York City). It was produced by long-time Rascals' fans, Steven Van Zandt and his wife Maureen.

Currently Cornish is touring in a group called Felix Cavaliere & Gene Cornish's Rascals, which also features drummer Carmine Appice.

On September 7, 2018, Cornish collapsed onstage at the Alberta Bair Theater in Billings, Montana, as the band began performing their first song of the evening.

Cornish has been a resident of North Bergen, New Jersey.

References

External links
Gene Cornish Interview at NAMM Oral History Collection (2016)

1944 births
Living people
American harmonica players
Musicians from Ottawa
The Rascals members
Guitarists from New Jersey
American male guitarists
20th-century American guitarists
People from North Bergen, New Jersey
20th-century American male musicians

Gene Cornish


LISA (Language for Instruction Set Architectures) is a language to describe the instruction set architecture of a processor. LISA captures the information required to generate software tools (compiler, assembler, instruction set simulator, ...) and implementation hardware (in VHDL or Verilog) of a given processor.

LISA has been used to re-implement the hardware of existing processor cores, keeping the binary compatibility with the legacy version, as all software tools did already exist and legacy compiled software images could be executed on the newly created hardware. Another application has been to generate the ISS (instruction set simulator) for RISC processors such the ARM architecture ISSes.

LISA' is not focused on the modeling of other on-chip components around the processor core itself, such as peripherals, hardware accelerators, buses and memories; Other languages such as SystemC can be used for these.

The language has not been yet standardised by IEEE or ISO and is currently owned by RWTH Aachen University, in Germany.

History

LISA was initially developed at Institute for Integrated Signal Processing Systems (ISS) Aachen, belonging to RWTH Aachen University, in Germany.  The current official version from RWTH Aachen is LISA 2.0. The language is still in evolution to cover research on processors, including Reconfigurable computing (in LISA 3.0), multi-core, parallel programming.

One noticeable branch called LISA+ has been created for handling the modeling of peripherals such as interrupt controllers, timers, etc.

See also
 Alphabetical list of programming languages
 SystemC
 Verilog
 VHDL

References

Papers
 V. Zivojnovic, S. Pees, Ch. Schläger, H. Meyr, LISA bridges gaps in high-tech languages, Electronic Engineering Times, Oct 7, 1996
  V. Zivojnovic, S. Pees, H. Meyr, LISA – machine description language and generic machine model for HW/SW co-design, Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on VLSI Signal Processing (San Francisco), Oct. 1996
 A. Chattopadhyay, H. Meyr and R. Leupers: LISA: A Uniform ADL for Embedded Processor Modeling, Implementation and Software Toolsuite Generation appearing in P. Mishra, N. Dutt, Processor Description Languages, Volume 1, Morgan Kaufmann, 2008.

Books
 A. Hoffmann, H. Meyr, R. Leupers: Architecture Exploration for Embedded Processors with LISA, Springer, 2010.
 O. Wahlen: C Compiler Aided Design of Application-specific Instruction-set Processors Using the Machine Description Language LISA (Berichte Aus Der Electrotechnik), Shaker Verlag GmbH, Germany (August 13, 2004).

External links
 LISA project page at RWTH Aachen, Germany
 Processor Designer is a tool sold by Synopsys to create processors from LISA 2.0 descriptions

Specification languages


Westclox was an American manufacturer and is a current brand of clocks and alarm clocks. The company's historic plant is located in Peru, Illinois.

Early history as United Clock Company
Charles Stahlberg and others from Waterbury, Connecticut, formed the "United Clock Company" on December 5, 1885, in Peru, Illinois, intending to manufacture clocks based on a technological innovation by Stahlberg.  Stahlberg patented this innovation on September 22, 1885, (US patent #326,602) which involved the use of molded lead alloy movement plates with inset brass bushings as well as lead alloy gear assemblies. Shortly after receiving the 1885 patent, United Clock Company went bankrupt, and there are no known surviving examples of the patented clock.

Bankruptcies, reorganizations, and mergers
In 1887, the company reorganized under the new name Western Clock Company and again went bankrupt, and F. W. Matthiessen reorganized it in 1888 as the Western Clock Manufacturing Company. In 1908, the company received a patent for the "Big Ben" alarm clock movement. This movement has a "bell-back" design, meaning that the bell mechanism is integral to the clock's case. The company first brought the Big Ben to market in 1909. The company's name was shortened to "Western Clock Company" in 1912. In 1910, the Big Ben became the first alarm clock advertised nationally, with ads placed in the Saturday Evening Post.

The modern trademark of the company, "Westclox," first appeared on the back of Big Ben alarm clocks from 1910 to 1917. The name appeared on Big Ben dials as early as 1911. The company officially registered this trademark on January 18, 1916.

In 1919, Western Clock Co., Ltd., was incorporated. Twelve years later, in 1931, the company merged with the Seth Thomas Clock Company, with both companies becoming divisions of General Time Corporation. The Westclox unit became known as "Westclox Division of General Time Corporation" in 1936.

In 1938, Westclox introduced its first portable travel alarm clock to the market.

World War II wartime efforts

During World War II, Westclox and other General Time Corporation subsidiaries produced aviation instrumentation and control components, compasses for the United States Army, and clocks for the United States Navy. Westclox became a major manufacturer of fuzes for military ordnance. Clocks for the civilian market stopped production in 1942.

Beginning in 1943, Westclox and other companies introduced clocks for the civilian market that used much less brass than previously. Clocks were labeled as "Waralarm" by Westclox and only referenced city of origin; no mention of maker appeared. Other clock companies also produced clocks that were labeled "War Alarm", such as Gilbert and Telechron. Price was set by the Office of Price Management at $1.65.

Production of civilian models resumed in 1946.

Watches
The Westclox company was a major manufacturer of dollar watches. It started production of an inexpensive, back-winding pocket watch in 1899, which was intended to be affordable to any working person. The company continued to produce cheap pocket watches into the 1990s.

Late 20th-century developments
In 1959, Westclox introduced and patented its "drowse" alarm, which was one of the first of its kind powered by electricity, which integrated what is now more commonly known as a "snooze" function.  Talley Industries acquired General Time in 1968.  Westclox introduced its first quartz movement in 1972.  In 1988, the management of Talley Industries purchased General Time from the company.  Another bankruptcy shortly followed, and Salton, Inc. acquired the "Westclox" and "Big Ben" trademarks in 2001.

In October 2007, Salton sold its entire time products business, including the Westclox and Ingraham trademarks, to NYL Holdings LLC.

2012 New Year's Fire

In the early morning of January 1, 2012, a fire broke out at the Westclox factory in Peru, Illinois. The fire destroyed about 25% of the structure. Two teens were charged with aggravated arson; Steven M. Gallacher (then 17) of LaSalle, Illinois, and an unidentified minor (then 16). The fire required firefighters and police from 20 surrounding municipalities to extinguish. One firefighter, LaSalle fireman Steve Smith, sustained a career-ending injury when a firehose attached to a hydrant popped loose and the metal coupling on the end hit him in the leg.  Gallacher was convicted of aggravated arson on October 11, 2012, with a sentence of 6–30 years without the possibility of parole. Gallacher's sentence of aggravated arson was the direct result of the fire plus Smith's injury.

See also
Westclox Scotland

References

External links

Clockhistory.com: History of Westclox
The Westclox Museum: Located in the old factory at Peru, Illinois, USA

Clock manufacturing companies of the United States
Clock brands
Manufacturing companies established in 1885
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 2001
1885 establishments in Illinois
2001 disestablishments in Illinois
Buildings and structures in LaSalle County, Illinois
Historic American Engineering Record in Illinois
Peru, Illinois
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Illinois

Westclox


Hong Kong comics are comics originally produced in Hong Kong.

History
Sun Yat-Sen established the Republic of China in 1911 using Hong Kong's comics to circulate anti-Qing propaganda. Some of the comics that mirrored the early struggles of the transitional political and war periods were The True Record and Renjian Pictorial. By the time the Japanese occupied Hong Kong in 1941, all manhua activities had stopped. With the defeat of the Japanese in 1945, political mayhem between Chinese Nationalists and Communists took place. One of the critical comics, This Is a Cartoon Era by Renjian Huahui made note of the political backdrop at the time.

The turmoil in China continued into the 1950s and 1960s. The rise of Chinese immigration turned Hong Kong into the main manhua-ready market, especially with the baby boom generation of children. The most influential comic magazine for adults was the 1956 Cartoons World, which fueled the best-selling Uncle Choi.  The availability of Japanese and Taiwanese comics challenged the local industry, selling at a pirated bargain price of 10 cents.  Comics like Old Master Q were needed to revitalise the local industry. Actually, the development of Hong Kong's political comics is non-stop, comics artists got the idea based on the political situation in China or Hong Kong. Either pro-communist side or anti-communist side had published the political comics such as Ar-Chung Yen E-king's creations. Before the 1980s, many newspapers welcome submission of comics strips, because there was a huge competition between different newspapers, newspapers need to reformat usually, this situation brought a big demand of publisher and artists.

The arrival of television in the 1970s was a changing point. Bruce Lee's films dominated the era and his popularity launched a new wave of Kung Fu comic.  The explicit violence helped sell comic books, and the Government of Hong Kong intervened with the Indecent Publication Law in 1975. Little Rascals was one of the pieces which absorbed all the social changes. The 1995 amendment on the Control of Obscene and Indecent Articles Ordinance have much influence on the industry.
The materials would also bloom in the 1990s with work like McMug and three-part stories like "Teddy Boy", "Portland Street" and "Red Light District". Many famous painters such as Wong Yuk-Long appeared. A comics publishing company, The Jademan (Holdings) Ltd (now Culturecom Holdings Ltd.) Initial public offering in 1986. Chinese translation of Japanese comics are also very popular.

Since the 1950s, Hong Kong's comic market has been separate from that of mainland China. The handover of Hong Kong back to China in 1997 may signify a reunification of both markets. Depending on how cultural materials are to be handled, especially via self-censorship, the much larger audience in the mainland can be beneficial to both.

Sun Zi's Tactics by Lee Chi Ching won the first International Manga Award in 2007 and Feel 100% by Lau Wan Kit won the second International Manga Award in 2008.

In 2008, the South China Morning Post stated that Hong Kong comics tend to emphasise action sequences, and comics with martial art themes have the highest numbers of books/works sold in Hong Kong.

Characteristics
Modern Chinese-style manhua characteristics is credited to the breakthrough art work of the 1982 Chinese Hero. It had innovative, realistic drawings with details resembling real people. Most manhua work from the 1800s to the 1930s contained characters that appeared serious. The initial start for Hong Kong manhua was based on the inspiration and developments in politics and cartooning in mainland China. The development of Hong Kong manhua not only has a strong tie with China but also followed China's tradition of the involvement of political themes and contents in the cartoon works. The development of mainstream Hong Kong manhua (cartoons) after the war was in the direction of leisure and entertainment reading rather than a serious critique of current events and political situations.

The influx of translated Japanese manga of the 1960s, as well as televised anime in Hong Kong also made a significant impression.  Unlike manga, manhua comes in full colour with some panels rendered entirely in painting for the single issue format. However, the local manhua of Hong Kong shares cultural values and details with their readers, elements that cannot be found in Japanese manga. For example, like the "Old master Q", the author writes the life of the ordinary people and it turns to be very popular. Many of local produced comics are published weekly, and have published for many hundred volumes over many years and have not finished yet.

See also
Animation-Comic-Game Hong Kong
Chinese animation
Hong Kong Comics: A History of Manhua
Manhua

Notes

Further reading

Hong Kong comics


Star Trek: Elite Force II is a first-person shooter video game developed by Ritual Entertainment and published by Activision. It was released on June 20, 2003 for Microsoft Windows and later for Mac OS X. Elite Force II is a sequel to 2000's Star Trek: Voyager – Elite Force. Whereas the original game was powered by the first version of id Software's id Tech 3 engine, Elite Force II is based on a heavily modified version of the Quake III: Team Arena engine with Ritual's ÜberTools GDK, allowing for expansive outdoor environments and higher quality facial animations.

Gameplay
In Elite Force II, the main protagonist makes his way through linear and strictly defined levels, encountering various kinds of hostile creatures along the way. He is often accompanied by members of the Hazard Team who cooperate with him. These characters often help Munro enter areas or disable devices crucial for the plot to evolve.

There are total of 15 weapons (including the tricorder) at the player's disposal. All of them facilitate two modes of operation. The primary fire commonly releases a steady stream of shots (or energy bursts) inflicting low damage at a low ammo cost, while the secondary fire expends a larger amount of ammo to fire a much slower and more powerful blast. All energy-based weapons can be recharged using terminals while projectile-based weapons need to be supplied with appropriate ammo. Health is replenished by activating nanites in player's suit using health stations.

Although Elite Force II is a first-person shooter, solving puzzles is also required. During the waveform modulation the player is presented with random sine wave attributes of which must be exactly reproduced by using the tricorder. There are three options - amplitude, frequency and offset modulation - that accordingly alter the initial curve. On higher difficulty levels a factor of time is to be taken into account; if the protagonist does not complete the puzzle within the time limit, the waveform is generated again with different proportions. To help the player a composite visualization is present.

Power routing is needed when certain devices too difficult for the tricorder to modulate must be turned on. The objective is to connect two nodes on the opposite sides of the grid by manipulating pipes.

On higher difficulty levels, the number of nodes to be connected rises and a time limit is introduced. If player fails to solve the puzzle within the time frame, the pipes are reset to their original positions.

In scripted situations, the main character may also choose a response from a predefined set which has an effect on the outcome of the discussion and possible repercussions. For instance if Munro offers a prisoner chance to escape, he ends up in prison himself. A preference regarding a love interest is also determined from the choice of dialogue options - the player can accept invitations from one of two female non-player characters.

Throughout the course of game, the player is given a possibility to collect golden starships (miniature models of USS Excelsior NX-2000) to unlock additional content in a form of six additional playable levels. There are a total of 81 starships, 70 of which are required to unlock the six secret maps accessible via the main menu.

Plot
Unlike the first game, Elite Force II is largely set on board the USS Enterprise-E stationed in the Alpha Quadrant. The game's storyline is a semi-sequel to the movie Star Trek: Nemesis, and the end of Star Trek: Voyager series. Many of the members from the original Hazard Team reappear. However, only a few of the primary cast of Star Trek: The Next Generation did voice acting for the game, among them Patrick Stewart as Jean-Luc Picard and Dwight Schultz as Reginald Barclay. Tim Russ returned to do voice work as Tuvok. Several actors from Star Trek series provided additional voice acting: Jeffrey Combs (Weyoun from Star Trek: Deep Space Nine and Commander Shran from Star Trek: Enterprise) as one of the main villains; Tony Todd (Kurn from The Next Generation) as Korban; J. G. Hertzler (Martok from Deep Space Nine, plus roles in Voyager and Enterprise) as Lurok; and Vaughn Armstrong (Admiral Forrest in Enterprise) who contributed several character voices.

Robert O'Reilly voices the character Krindo; he plays as Gowron elsewhere in the franchise.

In the game, the player reprises the role of Alexander Munro (voiced by Rino Romano), a Starfleet lieutenant. During the first several levels Lieutenant Munro returns to the Alpha Quadrant with the rest of the Voyager's crew and is assigned to a teaching position at Starfleet Academy. Eventually he is transferred to the position of a newly formed Hazard Team's leader on Enterprise-E under the command of Captain Picard. There are also limited opportunities for exploring the ship between missions, reminiscent of the "Virtual Voyager" feature found in Star Trek: Voyager – Elite Forces expansion pack.

The game begins with Voyager traveling through a Borg transwarp conduit (as seen in the Voyager series finale, "Endgame") when a Borg sphere captures the ship. The Hazard Team, led by Lieutenant Munro, is dispatched to destroy the sphere's dampening field. Voyager then breaks free from the Borg Sphere and returns to the Alpha Quadrant.

Considered to be redundant, the Hazard team is split up; Munro is assigned to teach small unit tactics at Starfleet Academy. Two years later and after the events of Star Trek: Nemesis, Captain Picard witnesses his performance and requests that Munro re-establish the Hazard Team for service on board the USS Enterprise-E. Shortly after the reinstatement, the Enterprise receives a distress call from the USS Dallas, where Telsia Murphy, a former member of the Hazard Team, has been assigned as a security officer.

Once aboard, the Hazard Team encounters a race of aliens (later dubbed Exomorphs) who have commandeered the ship. After saving the remaining crew, Munro is reunited with Telsia, who joins the team. A nearby Attrexian station which the Dallas had sought to aid is still besieged by the Exomorphs. When the defense systems are reactivated the remaining invaders abandon the station, leaving ion trails which the Enterprise follows to the planet Idryll.

There the Hazard Team locates an archaeological post manufacturing the Exomorphs under control of Krindo, his father, and Kleeya (an optional love interest of the main character). The Idryll explain that the creatures turned hostile because of a malfunction. Kleeya later decides to stay on board the Enterprise, which upsets Krindo. His forces invade the Enterprise in proximity of another Exomorph-infested colony, Taravar 7.

The Enterprise fends off the attackers and the Hazard team is beamed to Taravar 7, where it aids the inhabitants. In a nearby factory, Krindo's crashed ship is discovered. Munro is captured, but is set free when Krindo witnesses his father's death at the hands of the Exomorphs he created, which no longer obey him. Munro then persuades him to help stop the Exomorphs and the two escape together.

On the Enterprise, Krindo confesses he made money by selling Idryll artifacts to a Ferengi named Omag. He surmises that Omag decoded the location of Master Control Facility, a place with the ability to override all other centers controlling Exomorphs. With Krindo's help, Omag is tracked to a nearby mercenary base and captured.

During his interrogation, Omag reveals that the coordinates to the facility were sold to a secret Romulan group called the Empty Crown. Munro infiltrates the base in a Romulan disguise and with the help of a spy retrieves the location of the Master Control Facility. However, when the informant declares her true allegiance to the Empty Crown, a fight ensues. Gonzalez, one of the Hazard Team members, subsequently sacrifices himself so that Munro can be transported to safety.

The final battle takes place in the Romulan Neutral Zone. Munro enters the facility where the remnants of Empty Crown forces reside under the leadership of Commander Suldok. While the Enterprise is threatened by Romulan Warbirds for violating the Neutral zone, the final confrontation commences on the surface. It culminates with Munro defeating Suldok and confronting the overmind of Exomorphs, a creature called Archeopendra.

After the battle, Munro returns to the Enterprise, where Picard hands over the evidence regarding the Empty Crown and peacefully leaves the Neutral zone. He is also extremely pleased with the Hazard Team's performance and recommends the incorporation of similar units within Starfleet. In the last scene Alexander Munro is seen kissing either Telsia Murphy or Kleeya, depending on whose invitation he chose during the exploration of the ship.

Development
Towards the end of March 2002, rumors were reported that a sequel to Elite Force was in development. Activision confirmed these rumors at the beginning of April, officially announcing Star Trek: Elite Force II on April 4, 2002. The game was the last Star Trek title to be developed under Activision's supervision, following a dispute with Star Trek licensing holder Viacom, and was produced by Ritual Entertainment. Like Elite Force, Elite Force II was developed on the id Tech 3 game engine, one of the last games to do so. A port developed by Westlake Interactive and published by Aspyr for Mac OS X was released in November 2003.

In November 2003 Ritual Entertainment released the source code of their server-side code base for multiplayer gaming under a non-commercial license.

Reception

Star Trek: Elite Force II was a commercial failure, and became Activision's final Star Trek title. Jon Galloway of Ritual Entertainment later said, "[W]ithin weeks of launch, we had several rounds of layoffs and it was a tragedy." Galloway and Activision attributed the game's poor sales to Viacom's handling of the Star Trek license, which they argued had led to "stagnation" by the time of Elite Force IIs release. Activision subsequently sued Viacom, which responded with a countersuit. James Hoyle of Den of Geek later summarized, "The parties settled in secret and the licence passed to other publishers." Despite the poor sales, Elite Force II received "generally favorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

In 2017, PC Gamer ranked Star Trek : Elite Force II among the best Star Trek games.

Notes

References

External links
 Official homepage
 Elite Force II at Memory Alpha, a Star Trek wiki

 Star Trek: Elite Force II at MobyGames

2003 video games
Activision games
First-person shooters
Elite Force II
Windows games
MacOS games
Ritual Entertainment games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Id Tech games
Video game sequels
Military science fiction video games
Video games developed in the United States

Star Trek: Elite Force II


Musica Antiqua Köln was an early music group that was founded in 1973 by Reinhard Goebel and fellow students from the Conservatory of Music in Cologne. Musica Antiqua Köln devoted itself largely to the performance of the music of the 17th and 18th centuries. The group recorded extensively for Archiv Produktion and received numerous awards, including the Grand Prix International du Disque, Gramophone Award, Diapason d'Or, and Grammy nominations.

The group gained popularity for its contribution to the soundtrack of the historical movie "Le Roi Danse", about the life and music of court composer Jean Baptiste Lully.

The ensemble disbanded after more than 30 years of touring, recording and performing in 2007. Reinhard Goebel has since concentrated on conducting larger orchestras in both ancient and modern repertoire. Musica Antiqua Köln's last recording for Archiv, Flute Quartets by Telemann (2005), was a collaboration with the Swiss recorder virtuoso Maurice Steger.

A final recording, Johann Friedrich Meister: Il Giardino del Piacere, forgotten by its performers and recording company, was issued in 2011. Advance publicity materials stated that its contents were recorded originally for televised broadcast in 2004.

External links
Website on Goldberg Magazine

1973 establishments in West Germany
2007 disestablishments in Germany
Instrumental early music groups
Musical groups established in 1973
Musical groups disestablished in 2007
German orchestras
Disbanded orchestras
Music in Cologne

Musica Antiqua Köln


Anna Maria Cienciala (November 8, 1929 – December 24, 2014) was a Polish-American historian and author. She specialized in modern Polish and Russian history. Graduating with a history doctorate in 1962, she taught at two Canadian universities for a few years before joining the history faculty at the University of Kansas in 1965. She retired in 2002.

Biography
Anna Cienciala was born in the Free City of Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland) on November 8, 1929. She was educated in Poland and France. Cienciala received a Bachelor of Arts from Liverpool University in 1952, a Master of Arts from McGill University in 1955, and a Ph.D. from Indiana University at Bloomington in 1962, where she wrote her dissertation under the supervision of Piotr S. Wandycz.

She taught courses in Eastern European history, with a focus on modern Polish and Russian history, at the University of Ottawa and the University of Toronto in Canada, before landing a long-term career in the U.S. at the University of Kansas in 1965. As an author, Cienciala published two books, edited four books and wrote around forty academic articles in various American, German, and Polish historical journals. She retired as Professor Emeritus in June, 2002. In 2007 Cienciala published, together with two other historians, A Crime without Punishment, which explores the historiography of the Katyn massacre.

Cienciala was a member of a number of professional associations in Poland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. She has received awards from the NEH, Fulbright, IREX, ACLS and the Hall Center at K.U. She was a member of the board of directors of the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America, and received the Polish Cross of Merit. Recipient of the Union of Polish Writers Abroad award (London, 2012). A book published in 2000 by Gdańsk University and edited by Marek Andrzejewski was dedicated to her honor.

Professor Cienciala died on December 24, 2014, in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida.

Selected works
 Anna M. Cienciala, Poland and the Western Powers, 1938–1939. A Study in the Interdependence of Eastern and Western Europe, London, Toronto, 1968 online
 Anna M. Cienciala and Titus Komarnicki, From Versailles to Locarno, Keys to Polish Foreign Policy, 1919–1925, Lawrence, KS, 1984 online
 Anna M. Cienciala, The Battle of Danzig and the Polish Corridor at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, ch. 5, in: Paul Latawski, ed., THE RECONSTRUCTION OF POLAND, 1914-23, Basingstoke, London, UK, 1992
 Anna M. Cienciala, Wilsonian East Central Europe: The British View with Reference to Poland, in: John S. Micgiel, ed., Wilsonian East Central Europe. Current Perspectives, New York, 1995
 Anna M. Cienciala, "The Foreign Policy of the Polish Government-in-Exile, 1939–1945: Political and Military Realities versus Polish Psychological Reality" in: John S. Micgiel and Piotr S. Wandycz eds., Reflections on Polish Foreign Policy, New York: 2005. online
 Anna M. Cienciala, Natalia S. Lebedeva, Wojciech Materski, Katyn: A Crime Without Punishment, Yale University Press, 2007,
 Anna M. Cienciala, "The Foreign Policy of Józef Piłsudski and Józef Beck, 1926-1939: Misconceptions and Interpretations," The Polish Review (2011) 56#1 pp. 111–151 in JSTOR

References

Bibliography
 Michał Kozłowski, Anna Maria Cienciała (8 XI 1929-24 XII 2014), "Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej" 13 (2015), no 1, p. 267-270 .
 Mieczysław Nurek, Anna Maria Cienciała jako świadek i badacz dziejów najnowszych [in:] Gdańsk - Gdynia - Europa - Stany Zjednoczone w XIX i XX wieku. Księga pamiątkowa dedykowana profesor Annie Cienciale, pod red. Marka Andrzejewskiego, Gdańsk 2000, p. 10-17.
 Jacek Tebinka, Bibliografia prac Anny Cienciały za lata 1953-2000 [in:] Gdańsk - Gdynia - Europa - Stany Zjednoczone w XIX i XX wieku. Księga pamiątkowa dedykowana profesor Annie Cienciale, pod red. Marka Andrzejewskiego, Gdańsk 2000, p. 18-38.
 Piotr Semków, Operacja "Stypendystka". Służba bezpieczeństwa a kwerenda archiwalna Profesor Anny Cienciały w Gdańsku, "Niepodległość" 53/54 (2002/2003), p. 317-323.

1929 births
2014 deaths
Polish emigrants to the United States
Historians of Russia
McGill University alumni
People from the Free City of Danzig
American women historians
21st-century American women
People associated with the magazine "Kultura"

Anna M. Cienciala


P was a short-lived American alternative rock band formed in early 1993 by Butthole Surfers frontman Gibby Haynes (vocals), actor Johnny Depp (guitar/bass), actor Sal Jenco (percussion), and songwriter Bill Carter (guitar/bass).

History
The band performed their first show at the Austin Music Awards in 1993, and released their eponymous debut album on November 21, 1995, under Capitol Records. It was reissued on May 8, 2007 under Caroline Records. They often played the odd gig at The Viper Room, of which Depp used to be co-owner. One of these gigs was played on October 30, 1993, where the line-up included Flea of Red Hot Chili Peppers. Haynes, along with other members of the line-up that night, was a good friend of actor River Phoenix. While the band were in the middle of their song "Michael Stipe", which includes the lines "I'm glad I met old Michael Stipe, I didn't get to see his car. Him and River Phoenix were leaving on the road tomorrow" and "but we didn't have a part, not a piece of our heart, not Michael, River Phoenix or Flea or me," Phoenix (unbeknownst to the band at the time) was outside the venue having seizures on the sidewalk. Phoenix died in the early hours of October 31 of heart failure, brought on by an overdose of cocaine and heroin.

Discography
Studio albums
 P (1995, Capitol Records)

Singles
 "Michael Stipe" (1995)

References

External links

Alternative rock groups from California
Musical groups established in 1993
Musical groups disestablished in 1995
Musical groups reestablished in 1997
Capitol Records artists
Caroline Records artists
1993 establishments in California
Johnny Depp

P (band)


A dyke (or dike) is when later molten lava pushes up between older rock layers. This produces later vertical rock between older layers of rock.

Technically, it is any geologic body which cuts across: a) flat wall rock structures, such as bedding. b) massive rock formations, usually igneous in origin. Dykes can therefore be either pushed in between (intrusive) or laid down (sedimentary) in origin.

The most usual thing that happens is that later volcanic activity pushes lava through strata which were laid down earlier in a sedimentary fashion, or through earlier igneous rocks. On the Isle of Arran, for example, there are hundreds of igneous dykes giving rise to the term dyke swarm.

Alternatively, sedimentary rocks can be laid down in vertical gaps between strata. Or, after underwater earthquakes, gaps caused by the earthquake can be filled in with breccia, that is, broken rocks.

Dykes are a common, almost universal, feature of the older Palaeozoic rocks. Another type of intrusion is the sill, where later rock is formed between older layers, not through them. So dykes are vertical intrusions, and sills are horizontal intrusions. Many magmatic events produce both vertical and horizontal intrusions.

Dyke swarms can be seen on other planets.

References

Rocks
Volcanic landforms

Dyke (geology)


Heart Beat 86 was a benefit concert staged at the National Exhibition Centre near Birmingham, England, on 15 March 1986. It was organised by Bev Bevan to raise money for Birmingham Children's Hospital.

Tickets for the sold-out concert cost £15.50 each (£12.00 being a "voluntary" donation). The show started at 3pm, with musicians and bands mostly from Birmingham performing until late into the evening. The concert saw performances from Steve Gibbons, The Rockin' Berries, The Move, Ruby Turner, The Applejacks, and The Fortunes. Roy Wood performed his festive hit "I Wish It Could Be Christmas Every Day". Denny Laine sang "Go Now" and performed "Mull of Kintyre", which he co wrote. Robert Plant performed with the group Big Town Playboys. UB40 played the song "Red Red Wine", The Moody Blues did "Nights in White Satin", and ELO added "Don't Bring Me Down". The finale featured George Harrison and all the artists on stage, jamming to the standard "Johnny B. Goode".

Compères for the show were local comedian Jasper Carrott and Peter Powell, with appearances by Noddy Holder and Jim Davidson.

In the concert programme there was a good will message from Live Aid founder Bob Geldof, which finished with him writing "I send you all very best of luck and hope that you achieve your aims".

A single, "Action" by the Tandy Morgan Band, was released to raise money for the event.

Set list

The Steve Gibbons Band
 "Share It With You"
 "Till The Well Runs Dry"
 "BSA"

Denny Laine
 "Go Now"
 "Mull Of Kintyre"

The Fortunes
 "Let It Be Me"
 "You've Got Your Troubles"

Roy Wood
 "See My Baby Jive"
 "Are You Ready To Rock"
 "I Wish It Could Be Christmas Every Day"

UB40 and Ruby Turner
 "I Got U Babe"

Applejacks
 "Tell Me When"

Robert Plant and Big Town Playboys
 "She Walks Right In"
 "Come On"
 "Mellow Saxophone"

The Rockin' Berries
 "He's In Town"

Electric Light Orchestra
 "Twilight"
 "Evil Woman"
 "Livin' Thing"
 "Telephone Line"
 Rock Medley: "Ma-Ma-Ma Belle", "Do Ya", "Rockaria!"
 Pop Medley: "Sweet Talkin' Woman", "Confusion"
 "Turn To Stone"
 "Rock 'N' Roll Is King"
 "Calling America"
 "Mr. Blue Sky"
 "Hold On Tight"
 "Don't Bring Me Down"
 "Roll Over Beethoven"

The Moody Blues
 "Tuesday Afternoon"
 "Question"
 "Nights In White Satin"

George Harrison and Friends
 "Johnny B. Goode"

References

Benefit concerts in the United Kingdom
Music in Birmingham, West Midlands
1986 in British music
1986 in England

Heart Beat 86


Omar Rogelio Tull (born June 11, 1977), better known by his stage name PackFM, is an American Underground hip hop artist and producer from Brooklyn, New York City. As a teenager in the mid-1990s, PackFM began his battle career, winning numerous prestigious freestyle titles. These wins include the 88HipHop MC Battle Champion, where he was inducted into their Hall of Fame after four undefeated months, Braggin Rites tournament in 1999, Everlast Harlem Lyricist Championship in 2003, and three undefeated months in the 24 Hour MC Battle sponsored by TDK.

PackFM's recording career began in 1998, with his single "Hit List" getting frequent airplay on Hot 97 New York. Around 2000, PackFM joined and began to collaborate with QN5 label founder Tonedeff. After releasing the Extended F@mm EP Happy F*ck You Songs with Tonedeff, Substantial, and Session in 2002, PackFM has released two studio albums, 2006's whutduzFMstand4, which won UndergroundHipHop.com's People's Choice Album of the Year, and 2010's I F*cking Hate Rappers, which was featured on multiple "Best Of 2010" lists from sources such as 2DopeBoyz and HipHop DX. He has also worked on countless collaborations that have spawned a series of Featured Material releases. Since joining the QN5 label, PackFM has headlined and supported tours along with fellow labelmates Tonedeff and Cunninlynguists both nationally and internationally through Canada, Europe, and Australia. He's also performed with Hip Hop superstars like Ghostface Killah, Common, Slick Rick, among others.

Throughout his career, PackFM and his music have been featured in many different mediums. PackFM's film credits include an award-winning Dutch documentary titled "Kika NY", and, alongside Questlove, Mos Def, and other prominent emcees, "Freestyle: The Art of Rhyme", which won multiple awards at film festivals around the United States. PackFM has had two television spots, one for MTV Hip Hop Week in 2003, and another for the Ford Edge in 2007. In print, he's had features in XXL, The Source Magazine, "URB" and Rolling Stone Magazine. PackFM contributed a remixed version of "Click, Clack, Spray" for the soundtrack to Marc Ecko's Getting Up. The soundtrack went on to win two awards, one for Best Licensed Music from GameSpot and the MTV VMA for Best Video Game Soundtrack. In 2008, PackFM starred in a G4 Freestyle 101 episode.

PackFM was working on his third and final solo album, The Human Highlight Reel and a new Extended F@mm record, along with co-hosting a weekly podcast, Tacos and Chocolate Milk, with long-time collaborator and friend Tonedeff before going on hiatus from performing in 2013. His last official feature was on the track "Lucky" off of Tonedeff's EP Hunter.

Biography

Early life
PackFM was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York. During much of his youth, he had less of an interest in MCing than another element of hip hop, graffiti. PackFM attended LaGuardia High School, where he began to gain an appreciation for hip hop music and battle rapping after watching A Tribe Called Quest's "Check the Rhime". During high school, PackFM would battle in ciphers both in school and outside of hip hop shows. After receiving his G.E.D., PackFM briefly attended Brooklyn College. While at Brooklyn College he began to run a hip hop radio show, which led to him making many industry connections and eventually bringing him back into the New York freestyle scene.

Freestyle competitions (1997–2000)
PackFM quickly rose to the top of countless major freestyle battles during the late 1990s and early 2000s. In 1998, PackFM became the 88HipHop MC Battle Champion, and retained it for four months before retiring. He was inducted into the 88HipHop MC Battle Hall of Fame soon after. During the next year, he won the Braggin' Rites, Next Generation Battle, and TDK's 24 Hour MC Battle tournaments (the latter of which he retained his top spot for 3 straight months). During his reign, he battled against many other prominent 1990s battle rappers who would lead to collaborations with underground scenes around the United States, including Poison Pen, Eyedea, Pumpkinhead, Apathy, among others.

While PackFM was dominating freestyle tournaments, he also maintained a consistent flow of recorded singles and collaborations. His first single, "Hit List" in 1998, was immediately played in heavy rotation by Hot97 New York.

PackFM's memorable persona led to him being cast in numerous documentaries about New York hip hop culture, including the Dutch documentary Kika NY in 1999 and the award-winning Freestyle: The Art of Rhyme in 2000.

QN5, Extended F@mm (2000–2004)
After dominating the battle scene, PackFM set out to do something very few freestyle battlers do successfully; create quality music in studio. His opportunity to do just this came to fruition when he began collaborating with Tonedeff, the founder of underground record label QN5 Music, whom he battled previously. The duo came together in 2000 to create a track for the Napster/Rapstation.com Power to the People and Beats contest, where they made it to the top six finalists.

In 2000, PackFM released his first mixtape Featured Material Volume One independently, which included a mixture of freestyles, past singles, and battles. In 2001 he released his first solo 12" single "Freestyle Marathon" through the now defunct Bronx Science label. The A side of the single was produced by Celph Titled and the B side was produced by PackFM himself and featured Rise and Wordsworth.

During 2002, PackFM released two group collaborations as well. First was The Plague's initial LP Gang Green, a large group album including QN5 labelmates, Talib Kweli, Jin, and Pumpkinhead. November 2002 saw the release of Extended F@mm's EP Happy F*ck You Songs. Extended F@mm is a collection of Tonedeff and PackFM and their underground hip hop friends Substantial, Session. Urban Smarts gave the EP a 65 "dope" rating, declaring the intensity of the battle rhymes can "rip you to lyrical shreds" with the consistent humor element being an added strength to the record. Matt Jost of Rap Reviews further declared that Happy F*ck You Songs was one of "the most innovative posse cut[s] since – well, in a long time." This EP led to a spot during MTV Hip Hop Week alongside Tonedeff.

After the release of Happy F*ck You Songs, PackFM maintained an incredibly fast recording pace. Both the solo compilation Featured Material Vol. 2 and the QN5 compilation Asterisk: Two were released by QN5 Music in 2003. 2004 saw another couple of compilation releases, Asterisk: Three by QN5 Music and The Plague's sophomore effort 28 Tracks Later, the latter of which the original crew, with a few additions including a remixed G-Unit track featuring 50 Cent.

whutduzFMstand4? (2003–2008)
Throughout the large output of compilations and collaborations, PackFM was working on something much more ambitious; a full solo studio album. PackFM released two singles for whutduzFMstand4? prior to its release; "Forevershine/Upclose & Personal/Set It Up" in 2004 and "Stomp/Complex Simplicity" in 2005.

The 2005 QN5 Megashow was a major turning point in PackFM's career, as his stage presence and working of the crowd, while nursing an injured ankle, led to a label executive bidding war. Although majors were interested, PackFM went with the independent Avatar Records for distribution to maintain creative freedom. This perk of interest also led to a video game appearance, with P. Diddy choosing "Click, Clack and Spray" to be featured on Marc Ecko's Getting Up and on the B-side of a promotional 12" for the game, with the A-side having past collaborator Talib Kweli with Rakim's "Getting Up Anthem."

Originally projected to be released in Spring of 2004, the album was eventually released in September 2006. The album was met with critical acclaim from reviewers and underground hip hop fans alike. MVRemix gave the album a 9/10. Max Herman of XLR8R gave the album a positive review, stating, "as this album has been so many years in the making, Pack aptly makes every moment count." Later that year, whutduzFMstand4 was announced UndergroundHipHop.com's 2006 People's Choice Award for Album of the Year.

Asterisk: 4 was released in 2007 by QN5 Music, involving many PackFM collaborations as the past three have. That year, he performed in The Brooklyn Hip-Hop Festival, which was headlined that year by Ghostface Killah.

I F*cking Hate Rappers (2008–2011)
On Valentine's Day, 2008, QN5 Music released the Baby Blue for Pink EP, with PackFM contributing the song "Plucking Daisies." G4's Freestyle 101 Series featured PackFM a couple months later.

In 2009, PackFM was a nominee for Best Lyricist at the Underground Hip Hop Awards. That same year, he was featured on the track "Hypnotize" for Cunninlynguists album Strange Journey, Vol. 1.

PackFM set out to write a follow-up solo album to whutduzFMstand4?. The record turned into the concept album I F*cking Hate Rappers, a passionate (and often humorous) condemnation of the present climate of Hip Hop. The album was released May 5, 2010. I F*cking Hate Rappers was met with even more universal acclaim than his previous effort. A Wu Tang Corp review gave the album a 4/5 and said it "could be a classic and serve as what rap albums should be." Nicholas Candiotto of Potholes in my Blog also gave I F*cking Hate Rappers a 4/5, calling the album "a breath of fresh air." There were some reviewers who found his theme as too repetitive or that he complained too much, such as Jon Garcia of KevinNottingham.com. However, HipHopDX gave the album yet another 4/5 X rating, claiming that it will be remembered as an extremely significant album in years to come. Absolutely Positive, the final "bonus" track on the album, spent multiple weeks on College Radio charts.

Featured Material Volume 4 and Tacos and Chocolate Milk (2011–2013)
After supporting tours for I F*ckin Hate Rappers around the United States and Europe with Cunninlynguists, PackFM began to yet again branch out to new ventures, this time outside of emceeing completely. He also announced plans for his new solo project, The Human Highlight Reel, which was reported by Aboveground Magazine in November 2011.

In May 2012, PackFM and Tonedeff began the Tacos and Chocolate Milk (TaCM) podcast, an approximately one-hour-long show where they discuss nothing in particular. Some recurring segments include "Yo Pack!" and "Evil Tony". The show occasionally has guests, such as Kno of Cunninlynguists and Mr. Mecca. Support behind this endeavor grew very quickly, as Paste Magazine listed the show in their July "Ten Best Music Podcasts" article, and it was also featured in the iTunes New and Noteworthy section. As of Episode No. 24, the podcast has amassed over one million downloads.

PackFM's fourth Featured Material Volume 4 was released on June 19, 2012. Aside from the usual rarities and collaborations, a handful of stand-up bits performed by PackFM are included. PackFM announced on the TaCM podcast that he wants to pursue stand-up comedy.

Late August-early September saw PackFM's most recent tour, a far-reaching West Coast trip with Johnny October. During an interview with 88toInfinity in September 2012, PackFM announced that Human Highlight Reel, would be his final solo PackFM album, with a final EP preceding it titled The Speaker King. Further, it will be recorded on stage with a live band and audience all the way through in a single take, as he calls it, it will be his "show and prove album." However, he said that he will still do collaborations with QN5 artists. On December 21, 2012, PackFM released a single titled "12" with members of The Plague.

Hiatus (2014–present)

PackFM's rap career went on official hiatus in the years after FM Volume 4 was released. His last official feature was on "Lucky" by Tonedeff. He has performed on occasion since then (including the finale of WNYU's Halftime Show), along with stand up gigs.

Discography

Studio albums
whutduzFMstand4?
Released: September 2006
Label: QN5 Music
I F*cking Hate Rappers
Released: April 2010
Label: QN5 Music
The Speaker King (EP)
Released: TBA
Label: QN5 Music
The Human Highlight Reel
Released: TBA
Label: QN5 Music

Solo compilations
Featured Material Vol. 1
Released: April 2001
Label: QN5 Music
Featured Material Vol. 2
Released: April 2003
Label: QN5 Music
Featured Material Vol. 3
Released: July 2004
Label: QN5 Music
FMania: The Best (Of)
Released: October 2008
Label: QN5 Music
Featured Material Vol. 4
Released: June 19, 2012
Label: QN5 Music

Group compilations
Asterisk: One (as QN5 Music)
Released: 2002
Label: QN5 Music
Gang Green (as The Plague)
Released: 2002
Label: MCMI Records/QN5 Music
Happy F*ck You Songs (as Extended F@mm)
Released: November 2002
Label: QN5 Music
Asterisk: Two (as QN5 Music)
Released: 2003
Label: QN5 Music
28 Tracks Later (as The Plague)
Released: 2004
Label: MCMI Records/QN5 Music/Red Army Inc.

Asterisk: Three (as QN5 Music)
Released: 2004
Label: QN5 Music
Asterisk: Four (as QN5 Music)
Released: 2007
Label: QN5 Music
Baby Blue for Pink (as QN5 Music)
Released: 2008
Label: QN5 Music

Singles
"Hit List"
Released: February 1998
Label: Ope Entertainment
"Lifestyles of the Poor wit' a Fortune" feat. Chris Dubbs, O*Asiatic and Benjamin Hooks
Released: May 1998
Label: Ope Entertainment
"Freestyle Marathon" feat. Wordsworth and Rise
Released: 2001
Label: Bronx Science Records
"Arrogant" w/ Substantial, Tonedeff and Rise
Released: 2002
Label: Fat Beats Records
"Soul Searchin" feat. Dutch Massive
Released: 2002
Label: Game Plan Records (UK Release)
"This Means War" w/ iCON the Mic King
Released: 2002
Label: Indieground Rekkids
"Most High – Live From New York" feat. The Plague
Released: 2002
Label: Nothing But Soul Records (French Release)
"Extra" feat. Kwote Scriptures and iCON the Mic King
Released: 2003
Label: The Lost Link
"Forever Shine" feat. J.U.I.CE. and Substantial prod. by DJ JS1
Released: April 2004
Label: QN5 Music/Third Earth Music
B-Sides: "Upclose & Personal" and "Set It Up"
"Basix" ft. Tonedeff prod. by DJ JS1
Released: 2004
Label: Bomb Hiphop/Ground Original
"Stomp" ft. The Last Emperor and Many Styles
Released: April 2005
Label: QN5 Music/Freshchest Records
B-Side: "Complex Simplicity"
"Click Clack & Spray"
Released: April 14, 2006
Label: Ecko Unlmtd/Traffic
A-Side: "Getting Up Anthem" by Rakim & Talib Kweli

Film appearances
Kika NY (Television documentary 1999)
Freestyle: The Art of Rhyme (Feature film 2000)
Fuk Dat (2003)
Underground Masters Vol.1 (2005)
End of The Weak (DVD 2005)
FMakalishus (DVD 2006)
FLOW: For the Love of Words Volume 1 (Video documentary 2006)
Netflix: Hip-Hop Evolution – S3 E3 · Pass the Mic (2019)

Awards
1998: 88HipHop MC Battle Champion- 4 undefeated months, Hall of Fame
1999: Braggin' Rites MC Battle Champion
1999: Next Generation Battle competition at the Nuyorican Poets Cafe
1999: 24 Hour MC Battle sponsored by TDK- 3 consecutive months
2000: The Source Unsigned Hype Live MC Battle- 2nd place
2000: "Power To The People And Beats" by Napster/Rapstation.com- top 6
2000: Rock Steady Crew's annual MC Battle- finalist
2003: Everlast Harlem Lyricist Championship
2006: UndergroundHipHop.com's Album of the Year for whutduzFMstand4?
2009: Underground Hip Hop Awards Best Lyricist- Nominated

References

External links
Official website
Official QN5 Music Site

Interviews
Interview with 88 Till Infinity
Rap Reviews Interview
Interview with Jon Emmenidis

African-American male rappers
American male rappers
Alternative hip hop musicians
Living people
Rappers from Brooklyn
Underground rappers
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American male musicians
1977 births
21st-century African-American musicians
20th-century African-American people

PackFM


A Chamber Tumulus is a large megalithic construct found in certain early neolithic societies.  They have been uncovered along the Atlantic coastline in northern Europe, in countries such as France, Spain, Portugal and Ireland. These megaliths have also been found in southern Scandinavia, primarily in Scania and Falbygden. In Denmark there are numerous older megaliths, less advanced that the versions elsewhere, thought to be monuments marking communal burial places.

The chamber tumuli predate the ancient Egyptian pyramids, dating back to circa 6000-3000 B.C., depending on place of construction. Before the large farming reforms of the 19th century there were supposed to have been at least 10,000 of the older megaliths in Denmark. The more sophisticated later version does not appear in Denmark.

The practice of building these monuments is conjectured to have originated in Ireland or on the Atlantic coast of France where the oldest and largest versions of the monuments has been risen.

The newest of those monuments are located in Scandinavia, but pale in sophistication and complexity when compared with the megaliths along the Atlantic coast.

See also
 Chamber tomb
 Dolmen
 Funnelbeaker culture
 Pitted-ware culture

References

Death customs
Neolithic Europe
Tumuli

sv:Gånggrift

Chamber tumulus


The National Hockey League (NHL) Conference Finals are the Eastern Conference and Western Conference Championship series of the NHL. The Conference Finals are best-of-seven series. The two series are played in late May each year after the first and second rounds of the playoffs and before the Finals. The final two teams in the Eastern conference and Western Conference face off. The series are the conference equivalents of the Stanley Cup Finals.

National Hockey League

NHL Conference Finals


Lyndon Earl "Mike" Welday (December 13, 1878 in Conway, Iowa, United States – May 28, 1942 in Leavenworth, Kansas, USA) was a left-handed Major League Baseball outfielder who played for the Chicago White Sox in 1907 and 1909.

He made his major league debut on April 21, 1907. He spent 24 games with the White Sox that season, batting .229 in 35 at-bats. Of his eight hits, one was a double and one was a triple. He did not play in the majors in 1908, however in 1909 he played in 29 games, hitting .189 in 74 at-bats. He played his final game on July 8, 1909. On August 18, 1909, he was sent by the White Sox to a minor league team to complete a deal made on July 9, 1909. The White Sox sent players to be named later to the Providence Grays for Lena Blackburne.

Overall, he hit .202 in 53 major league games, collecting 22 hits in 109 at-bats. He had five runs, five RBI and two stolen bases. In the field, he committed six errors in 39 games for a .900 fielding percentage.

Welday also spent 10 (non-consecutive) seasons playing in the minor leagues, from 1901 to 1915. He played in at least 671 minor league games in his career. In 1906 with the Des Moines Champs, Welday hit .359 with 197 hits in 120 games.

Following his death, he was interred at Mount Muncie Cemetery in Lansing, Kansas.

References

1878 births
1942 deaths
Chicago White Sox players
Baseball players from Iowa
Minor league baseball managers
St. Joseph Saints players
Joplin Miners players
Des Moines Champs players
Minneapolis Millers (baseball) players
Providence Grays (minor league) players
Salina Insurgents players
Decatur Commodores players
Davenport Blue Sox players
People from Taylor County, Iowa

Mike Welday


Joan Chandos Baez (born January 9, 1941) is an American folk singer and activist. Baez is known for her very individual vocal style. She is a soprano with a three-octave vocal range. Many of her songs talk about social issues.

She is best known for her 1970s hits "Diamonds & Rust" and "The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down". She is also known for "Sweet Sir Galahad" and "Joe Hill."  She sang these songs at the 1969 Woodstock festival and the songs became famous. She is also well known due to her relationship with Bob Dylan and her love for activism in areas such as nonviolence, civil and human rights and the environment.

Music
Baez has performed for nearly fifty years. She has released over thirty albums. She has recorded songs in over eight languages. Baez is considered a folksinger, but after the 1960s her music became a lot different from folk. She sings many kinds of music, including rock, pop, country, and gospel. Baez is famous for singing other peoples' songs very differently. She sang songs by The Beatles, Jackson Browne, Paul Simon, The Rolling Stones, Stevie Wonder and many others.

Activism
Baez protests against social and environmental problems. She did not support the Vietnam War. She did not want people to pay taxes that paid for the Vietnam War. Baez did not want men going to fight in the war. She did not perform in places where people of color were treated differently. In addition, Baez helped found the Resource Center for Nonviolence. The Resource Center for Nonviolence is an organization whose goal is to make social change without violence.

References

Other websites

1941 births
Living people
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
Singers from New York City
Nonviolence advocates
Quakers

Joan Baez


In physical geography, a steppe is a plain without trees (apart from those near rivers and lakes). It is similar to a short-grass prairie, although a prairie is generally considered as North America, and the steppe is in eastern Europe and central Asia. Sometimes the short-grass prairie in North America is also called a steppe. Similar places in Africa are called savanna. The world's largest steppe, sometimes called The Great Steppe, is in Russia.

The Mongolian Steppe, also known as the Eastern Steppe, is located in northern Mongolia. It is between the Altai Mountains in the west and the Greater Khingan Region in the east.

Climate and Landscape
It may be semi-desert, or covered with grass or shrubs or both, depending on the season and latitude. It is the sort of climate that is in regions too dry for a forest, but not so dry that there are only deserts. The soil is too moist for a desert, but too dry for normal forest life. Steppes receive slightly more rain than deserts do. The climates in steppes are usually temperate. They are pretty dry because there is very minimal rain.

Culture
This is an open area, and often there were long distances between places with good water. People who lived in this type of area were often nomads, often traveling by horses. Genghis Khan was a great warrior from Mongolia who lived on the steppe. The majority of people in the steppe are nomads. Families in Mongolia live in "gers" which is a large portable tent. Mongolians are also master horse riders so many families own many horses that roam the steppe. The people in the steppe interact with the steppe with using the animals there for there food and drink. They also have a very prominent musical culture with a wide variety of traditional Mongolian songs.

In the United States, the cowboy herded cattle in the steppe, moving from place to place by horse. During the Dust Bowl in the 1930s in North America, farmers who had recently settled on the land and started farms suddenly found themselves without food. Many of them left. Eventually they learned to plow differently and plant crops that survived a drought better, and to plant trees in rows called windbreaks.

References

Plains

Steppe


Giuseppe Bruno (30 June 1875 – 10 November 1954) was a cardinal of the Catholic Church who served as Secretary of the Sacred Congregation of the Council and as Prefect of the Apostolic Signatura.

Early life and priesthood
He was born in Sezzadio, Italy.

He was educated at the Seminary of Acqui and the Pontifical Athenaeum "S. Tommaso d'Aquino" where he earned a doctorate in philosophy. He continued his studied at the Pontifical Athenaeum "S. Apollinare" where he became a Doctor of Sacred Theology (S.T.D.)and a Doctor of Canon and Civil Law (J.U.D.).

He was ordained on 10 April 1898 in Acqui. He did pastoral work in the diocese Acqui. He served as Professor of law at the Pontifical Athenaeum "S. Apollinare" for many years. He was created Privy chamberlain of His Holiness on 4 March 1922 and was raised to the level of Domestic prelate of His Holiness on 3 January 1923. He was appointed Secretary of the Pontifical Commission for the Authentic Interpretation of the Code of Canon Law on 14 February 1924. He was secretary of the Congregation of the Council from 3 July 1930 until 1946. He was raised to the rank of Protonotary apostolic on 25 July 1932.

Cardinalate
He was created Cardinal-Deacon of S. Eustachio in the consistory of 18 February 1946 by Pope Pius XII. He was appointed Prefect of the Congregation of the council on 16 November 1949, holding the post until 20 March 1954, when he became Prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature on 20 March 1954.

He died on 10 November 1954. The funeral took place on 13 November 1954 at the basilica of Santa Maria sopra Minerva, Rome with Giuseppe dell'Olmo, bishop of Acqui, celebrating the mass; fourteen cardinals were also present; at the end of the ceremony, Cardinal Clemente Micara, vice-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals, imparted the absolution in the name of the pope. His body was buried in the Campo Verano cemetery.

References

Cardinals created by Pope Pius XII
1875 births
1954 deaths
20th-century Italian cardinals
Members of the Sacred Congregation of the Council
Prefects of the Apostolic Signatura
Dicastery for Legislative Texts
People from Sezzadio

Giuseppe Bruno (cardinal)


Shaka Sankofa aka Gary Graham born Gary Lee Graham (September 5, 1963 - June 22, 2000). Sankofa was put to death for the murder of fifty-three year-old Bobby Lambert in Houston, Texas on May 13, 1981. The murder happened when Sankofa was seventeen.

Sankofa was found guilty of shooting Lambert in the parking lot of a Houston supermarket. He told police that he had done ten robberies that week, but did not kill Lambert. The government believed he has done as many as 22 robberies which had happened in that area during that time. One of these included Graham using a shotgun to rob a man who Graham gave a ride to when the man's car stopped working on the highway. During that robbery, the man tried to escape and was shot by Graham but he did live. While there was no physical evidence to link Graham to the murder, one woman was in the parking lot at the time and saw him do it. She said she heard the gunshot and turned on the lights of her car. She saw Graham as he started running and followed him out of the parking lot with her car. There were several other people inside the store but none of them saw the shooting. Sankofa's supporters brought his case international attention, aruging that his conviction was based on the testimony of a single eyewitness who said she saw him for a few seconds in the dark parking lot committing the murder
and she was 30 feet away from the murder scene. The jury did not hear testimony from six other apparent eyewitnesses who believed that Sankofa was not the killer.

Sankofa put to death after many legal tries by his lawyers to stop it. These including an appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court. By a vote of 5 to 4, the Supreme Court refused to stop the execution. Sankofa's lawyers also filed a civil suit saying the execution was against his civil rights. District Court Judge James Nowlin rejected that claim.

Controversy
Many people believe that Sankofa did not kill Lambert. They believe that his lawyers did not do a good job because they thought he was guilty. Sankofa was put to death on an evidence of one person alone. None of the people that saw the man in the store and said this man was 6 inches shorter and thinner than Sankofa were used in the court case. Sankofa's lawyer at the time of his execution believed that the only person who saw the crime was not to be trusted because of how the police dealt with how she identified him. A gun found with Graham when he was arrested a week later was not the murder weapon. Most controversial of all is the fact that weapon used to kill Lambert did not produce any Gary Graham's fingerprints.

Some groups still claim he did not do this crime. Sankofa's supporters brought his case international attention. They also say that it is against international law to put someone to death for a crime they did before they became an adult of 18 years of age.
Such unprecedented convictions based on sole witness are rare but they happen in USA, other known example was Larry Griffin who was executed in 1991.

There are groups to this day trying to clear Shaka of murder.

Other websites
Gary Graham's last statement
News sites
CNN transcript  of an interview with Sankofa and others about the murder.
Support sights for Sankofa
Death by Technicality
Shaka Sankofa support site

1963 births
2000 deaths
African-American people
American murderers
American rapists
American robbers
Criminals from Texas
Executed American people
People executed by lethal injection

Shaka Sankofa


Comfortably Numb is a rock song by Pink Floyd. It was released on their album The Wall in 1979. The song is about a rock star who is visited by a doctor. The doctor gives him medicine allowing the rock star to perform again. The lyrics were written by Roger Waters and the music was written by David Gilmour and Roger Waters together. This song became very popular and became part of every Pink Floyd tour since 1981. It was even played by Roger Waters and David Gilmour on their individual solo tours. In 2004 Scissor Sisters released a disco version of the song. It reached number ten in the UK Singles Chart.
1979 songs
Pink Floyd songs

Comfortably Numb