August-Wilhelm Scheer (born July 27, 1941) is a German Professor of business administration and business information at Saarland University, and founder and director of IDS Scheer AG, a major IT service and software company. He is known for the development of the Architecture of Integrated Information Systems (ARIS) concept.

Biography
In 1972 Scheer received a PhD from University of Hamburg with the thesis "Kosten- und kapazitätsorientierte Ersatzpolitik bei stochastisch ausfallenden Produktionsanlagen". In 1974 he obtained his Habilitation also in Hamburg with a thesis about project control.

In 1975 Scheer took over one of the first chairs for information systems and founded the institute for information systems (IWi) at Saarland University, which he led until 2005. In 1984 he founded IDS Scheer, a Business Process Management (BPM) software company, which is widely regarded as the founder of the BPM industry. In 1997 he also founded IMC AG, a company for innovative learning technologies and spin-off of Saarland University, together with Wolfgang Kraemer, Frank Milius and Wolfgang Zimmermann.

In 2003 Scheer was awarded the Philip Morris Research Prize and the Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award. In December 2005 he was awarded the Erich Gutenberg price and in the same month the Federal Cross of Merit first class. In 2005 he was also elected as a fellow of the Gesellschaft für Informatik. Since 2006, he has been a member of the council for innovation and growth of the Federal Government. 2007 he was honored as a HPI-Fellow by the Hasso-Plattner-Institut (HPI) für Softwaresystemtechnik and was elected President of the German Association for Information Technology, Telecommunications and New Media.

On June 4, 2010 Scheer was awarded with the Design Science Lifetime Achievement Award at University of St. Gallen. He received the prize as a recognition for his contribution to design science research.

Work
His research focuses on information and business process management in industry, services and administration.

ARIS

The Architecture of Integrated Information Systems (ARIS) concept, which is the representation of business processes in diagrammatic form so as to provide an unambiguous starting point for the development of computer-based information systems. The ARIS architecture and methodology is the core piece of intellectual property business process management software company IDS Scheer was founded on.

Event-driven Process Chain

Event-driven Process Chain is a business process modelling technique, mainly used for analysing processes for the purpose of an ERP implementation.

Businesses use EPC diagrams to lay out business process work flows, originally in conjunction with SAP R/3 modeling, but now more widely. There are a number of tools for creating EPC diagrams, including ARIS Toolset of IDS Scheer AG, free modeling tool ARIS Express by IDS Scheer AG, ADONIS of BOC Group, Visio of Microsoft Corp., Semtalk of Semtation GmbH, or Bonapart by Pikos GmbH. Some but not all of these tools support the tool-independent EPC Markup Language (EPML) interchange format.

There are also tools that generate EPC diagrams from operational data, such as SAP logs. EPC diagrams use symbols of several kinds to show the control flow structure (sequence of decisions, functions, events, and other elements) of a business process.

Publications
His publications attract worldwide attention and were translated in 8 languages. A selection:
 1969. Industrielle Investitionsentscheidung. Eine theoret. u. empir. Untersuchung z. Investitionsverhalten in Industrieunternehmungen.
 1978. Projektsteuerung.
 1984. EDV-orientierte Betriebswirtschaftslehre
 1985. Computer, a challenge for business administration
 1989. Enterprise-wide data modelling : information systems in industry
 1990. CIM-Strategie als Teil der Unternehmensstrategie
 1992. Architecture of integrated information systems : foundations of enterprise modelling.
 1994. Business process engineering : reference models for industrial enterprises.
 1994. CIM : computer integrated manufacturing : towards the factory of the future.
 1998. SAP R/3 in der Praxis : neuere Entwicklungen und Anwendungen. With Dieter B. Pressmar.
 1998. ARIS—business process modeling
 2003. Business process change management : ARIS in practice. Edited with others.
 2006. Agility by Aris business process management : Yearbook business process excellence. Edited with others.
 2006. Corporate performance management : ARIS in practice
 2016. The Complete Business Process Handbook Volume 1: 'Body of Knowledge from Process Modeling to BPM

References

External links

 Scheer's institute in Saarbrücken (in German)
 Scheer's personal web page
  at ProcessWorld conference 2010 in Berlin
 Scheer's network of high-growth IT companies

1941 births
Living people
German business theorists
Information systems researchers
Enterprise modelling experts
Software engineering researchers
University of Hamburg alumni
Academic staff of Saarland University
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Saarland Order of Merit

August-Wilhelm Scheer


Trinitat Vella is the name of a station in the Barcelona metro network, currently served by the TMB-operated L1. It's named after the neighbourhood Trinitat Vella, in the Sant Andreu district of Barcelona, and the park of the same name. It is quite unusual in being one of the few stations with an attached building overground, which lies on the Nus de la Trinitat and links the neighbourhood with Parc de la Trinitat.

It was opened in 1983, when the line was extended from Torras i Bages towards Santa Coloma de Gramenet (Santa Coloma (Barcelona Metro)), and rebuilt in 1992. It can be accessed from Via Barcino and from the park.

Services

External links

Trinitat Vella at Trenscat.com

Railway stations in Spain opened in 1983
Barcelona Metro line 1 stations
Transport in Sant Andreu

Trinitat Vella (Barcelona Metro)


Fir Fálgae is an Irish term of varying definition, but generally referring to the people of the Isle of Man. It may have originated in the 10th century, and normally designated 'men of [the Isle of] Man'. However, British Library iii 755.22494 glosses it  ("nowadays the Hebrides"). This seems to denote changes in ethnic designation of the Norse-Irish or the Gall Gaidel, perhaps in connection with the territorial changes of the Kingdom of Mann and the Isles.

A number of Ulster Cycle texts mention a raid on the Fir Fálgae involving the warriors Cú Roí and Cú Chulainn. Works such as Aided Con Roí, Forfess Fer Fálgae, and Síaburcharpat Con Culainn allude to a lost story in which the Ulstermen raid the Fir Fálgae and abduct their king's daughter Bláthnat. Evidently, Cú Roí carries the girl off and humiliates Cú Chulainn in battle when he tries to stop him, causing enmity between the two heroes.

References
 Early Medieval Ireland, 400-1200, London and New York, 1995.

Geographic history of Ireland
History of the British Isles
History of the Isle of Man
Irish words and phrases

Fir Fálgae


The Derby Telegraph, formerly the Derby Evening Telegraph, is a daily tabloid newspaper distributed in the Derby area of England. Stories produced by the Derby Telegraph team are published online under the Derbyshire Live brand.

History
In 1857, Richard Keene was publishing the Derby Telegraph every Saturday. His business was in the Irongate district of Derby. His family was to include Alfred John Keene who was a local painter whose work is displayed in the Derby Art Gallery.

Another paper was first published in 1879 by Eliza Pike. It was known at the time as the Derby Daily Telegraph and was a four-page broadsheet which cost a halfpenny. Historical copies of the Derby Daily Telegraph, dating back to 1879, are available to search and view in digitised form at The British Newspaper Archive.

The first editor was W.J. Piper who stayed in the post until he died in 1918. He was succeeded by William Gilman who in 1927, saw the paper sold three times in a series of months, eventually ending up in the hands of Northcliffe Newspaper Group, which was part of Daily Mail and General Trust plc. The same company also publishes the Telegraph Lite - a weekly advertising-funded free newspaper.

The paper was originally based at the Corn Market in the town centre. It was refurbished in 1918 after the First World War but it outgrew these premises in 1929 and moved to the Corn Exchange. It stayed there until late 1979 when it moved to purpose-built premises on Meadow Road.

In November 2014 it moved to its present office location at 2, Siddals Road. Printing had been sourced from Birmingham since 2011.

In 2012, Local World acquired Northcliffe Media from Daily Mail and General Trust.

In November 2015, Local World was acquired by the Trinity Mirror Group. In May 2018 the Derby Telegraph's website changed its name to Derbyshire Live, falling in line with other titles' websites which are owned by the same group, including Nottinghamshire Live (previously Nottingham Post) and Leicestershire Live (Leicester Mercury).

The Siddals Road offices closed in Summer 2021 and production of the newspaper moved to a regional hub in Nottingham, with journalists adopting a hybrid home/office model of working.

Competitions
Until the late 1990s, the newspaper ran the annual Miss Derby Evening Telegraph competition. Entrants had to be female, aged 17–25, never married and never had children.

In 2012, the Derby Telegraph launched the Local Business Accelerator competition with the Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire Chamber of Commerce. The businesses deemed to have most potential won mentoring, free advertising and chamber membership. Mackney Photography, Splash Fit Gym and Essere Bella beauty salon were the winners in 2012. In 2013, the winners were Eve of St Agnes, Status Social and the Derby Brewing Company.

Content
Before the 1970s, the newspaper (in its broadsheet form) often had national news stories on its front page, with weighty current affairs stories. The coverage of national and local news stories was almost 50:50.

Distribution
It is published daily from Monday to Saturday and is the principal local newspaper for Derby and surrounding parts of south Derbyshire. The newspaper has a local focus with usually just two pages reserved for national and international news. Back issues from 1879 until the present day can be viewed at the Derby Local Studies Library or the British Library Newspaper Collection at Colindale, London. The current average circulation is 20,090 daily (as of 01/10/2015)

The paper was known as the Derby Evening Telegraph until April 2009 when it changed its name to simply the Derby Telegraph.  This was because only one edition was now published per day and available in the morning, which would have rendered the use of the word "Evening" in the title as misleading.  For many years, the name "Derby" had not featured in the paper's front page masthead.  The change of name involved the word "Evening" being substituted by "Derby" in the masthead. The masthead font has been unchanged since 1975.

References

External links

Northcliffe Media
Newspapers published in Derbyshire
Mass media in Derby
Newspapers established in 1879
1879 establishments in England
Daily newspapers published in the United Kingdom

Derby Telegraph


Peter Masterson (June 1, 1934 – December 19, 2018) was an American actor, movie director, producer and playwright. He was born in Houston, Texas. He was known for writing the musical The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas. Her daughter is Mary Stuart Masterson.

His acting roles include Ambush Bay (1966), In the Heat of the Night (1967), Counterpoint (1968), Von Richthofen and Brown (1971), Tomorrow (1972), The Exorcist (1973), Man on a Swing (1974) and Gardens of Stone (1987). In 1978, he won the Drama Desk Award.

Masterson died on December 19, 2018 after suffering a fall at his home in Kinderhook, New York, aged 84.

References

Other websites

Drama Desk Award winners
1934 births
2018 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls in the United States
Accidental deaths in New York (state)
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American movie directors
American playwrights
American movie producers
Actors from Houston
Writers from Texas

Peter Masterson


The Coronation of the Virgin is a painting by the Italian early Renaissance master Fra Angelico, executed around 1434–1435 in Fiesole (Florence). It is now in the Musée du Louvre of Paris, France. The artist executed another Coronation of the Virgin (c. 1432), now in the Uffizi in Florence.

History

The work is not thought to have originally been painted around 1434 (a few years after the similar painting in the Uffizi) for the convent of San Domenico of Fiesole, near Florence, where Fra Angelico was a Dominican friar and for which he painted also the Fiesole Altarpiece (1424-1425) and the Annunciation now at the Museo del Prado. Some art historians, such as John Pope-Hennessy, date it instead to Angelico's visit to Rome (1450).

The painting was brought to France as a result of the pillages of the Napoleonic Wars. Like several other artworks, it was not given back with the excuse of its large size.

Description

The work shows several  differences from the earlier Coronation now at the Uffizi. The gilded background has disappeared, replaced by a more realistic light blue sky. The composition is more advanced, perhaps inspired to the innovation introduced by Masaccio. Angelico here  depicts a rich  cyborium with Gothic triple mullions, supported by a series of polychrome marble steps, as the set of the Incoronation. Elements such as the  twisted columns show similarities with the tabernacles painted in the frescoes of the Niccoline Chapel in Rome.

Such as in the Florence painting, the angels and the saints form the audience at the side of the central scene, but the figures are more defined and some are shown from back, and the pavement's tiles are painted according to geometrical perspective. Pope-Hennessy supposed that the angels were influenced by those in the San Brizio Chapel of Orvieto Cathedral (1447).

The work was executed with the extensive help of assistants, especially in the right side: for example, St. Catherine's wheel is painted approximatively, and some of the saints in this side have less expressive faces.

The painting has a predella with scenes portraying the Miracles of St. Dominic and, in the middle, the Resurrection of Christ. Such as in other Angelico's work, the predella scenes show an extensive use of geometrical perspective, enhanced by the use of alternatively empty and full architectures.

Sources

1430s paintings
Paintings by Fra Angelico
Paintings in the Louvre by Italian artists
Fra Angelico

Coronation of the Virgin (Fra Angelico, Louvre)


Content managed hosting is a service that couples website hosting with a content management system. Content management systems enable Web site owners or marketing departments to edit website content, share files, and hyperlink pages without needing to know markup or programming languages. It is an alternative to using an open-source content management system or purchasing an off-the-shelf system.

See also
Content Management Website

External links
Content Managed Hosting

Website management

Content managed hosting


David Alan Heyes (born 2 April 1946) is a British Labour Party politician and former Member of Parliament (MP) for Ashton-under-Lyne from 2001 to 2015.

Early life
Heyes was born in Blackley, Manchester and was educated at the Blackley Technical High School  on Dommett Street and was awarded a BA in Social sciences from the Open University in 1987. He joined Manchester City Council in 1962 as a local government officer, before joining Greater Manchester County Council in 1974. He was appointed as a principal local government officer with the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham Council in 1987, leaving local government employment in 1990 to set up as a graphic designer. In 1995 he was appointed deputy district manager of Manchester Citizens Advice Bureau where he remained until his election to parliament.

He has been a member of the trade union UNISON, and its predecessor the NALGO, since 1962. He was elected as a councillor in Oldham in 1992 and was secretary of the Labour group from 1993 to 2000; he stood down from the council in 2004.

Parliamentary career
Following the retirement of Ashton's veteran Labour MP Robert Sheldon at the 2001 General Election, he represented the seat in the House of Commons until 2015.

He has served as a member of the public administration select committee since 2001 and has fought for compensation for residents living alongside the M60 motorway.

Personal life
He is married to Judith Egerton-Gallagher, and they have a son and a daughter.

References

External links
 The Labour Party - David Heyes MP official biography
 Guardian Unlimited Politics - Ask Aristotle: David Heyes MP
 TheyWorkForYou.com - David Heyes MP
 Blakes Parliamentary Yearbook
 BBC Politics
 Interview with David Heyes in MP3 format, October 2009

Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
Councillors in Greater Manchester
Alumni of the Open University
Politicians from Manchester
1946 births
Living people
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Ashton-under-Lyne

David Heyes


The Chen Clan Ancestral Hall or Chen Clan Academy is an academic temple in Guangzhou, China, built by the 72 Chen clans for their juniors' accommodation and preparation for the imperial examinations in 1894 during the Qing dynasty. Later it was changed to be the Chen Clan's Industry College, and then middle schools afterward. Now it houses the Guangdong Folk Art Museum.

Located at Zhongshan 7th Road beside the Chen Clan Academy metro station, the Chen Clan Ancestral Hall is a symmetric complex consist of 19 buildings with nine halls and six courtyards. Facing south, the complex forms around a north–south axis. A large collection of southern China art pieces, such as wood carvings and pottery, can be found in the structure. The Chen Clan Ancestral Hall complex exemplifies traditional Chinese architecture and decoration style, and has influenced cultural and architectural developments worldwide. It was added in the list of "Cultural Relics of National Importance under the Protection of the State" in 1988.

Name
From its former purpose, the Chen Clan Ancestral Hall is also known as the Chen Clan Academy. From the Cantonese pronunciation of the name, its Chinese name was formerly romanized as .

History
Chen Ruinan and Zhaonan, Cantonese returning from America, first proposed raising money from the various Chen lineages to build a temple for worship of their ancestors and an academy to train their clansmen for the imperial examination during the late Qing dynasty. With money donated by Chens abroad and in 72 of Guangdong's counties, the hall was finished in 1894. When the imperial exam was abolished in 1905, the academy became a practical school for members of the clan.

The Guangzhou municipal government approved the hall's status as a special preserve in 1957 and introduced a folk arts and crafts gallery in 1959. During the Cultural Revolution, the artwork of the hall was saved from destruction by "clever local officials" who installed a printshop for publishing works by Mao Zedong. The hall now serves as the Guangdong Folk Art Museum.

Structure
The Chen Clan Ancestral Hall is a traditional Chinese academic complex covering 13200 square meters. The complex consists of 19 buildings with nine halls and six courtyards which are connected by corridors and ride north to south in a symmetric pattern. On the main axis lie the Head-entrance (), the Gathering Hall () and the Back Hall (). These three main buildings are separated with courtyards.

The Head-entrance is  wide and  deep with 17 columns, all decorated with flowers and figures. On the top of the gate of the Head-entrance hangs a tablet with words 陳氏書院, meaning "Chen Clan Academy". On the sides of the gate sit stone mats and a pair of  stone drums. River gods are painted in color on the gate. Inside the gate there are four double-side engraved screen. The main beams are decorated with birds, flowers, human figures plasters, bats and lions.

The Gathering Hall was once a place for meeting and worship of the Chen clansmen and now it is used as an ancestral hall. It is  wide and  deep with 21 main beams and 6 carved stone columns. In front of the hall lies a stone gazebo surrounded by stone balustrades. Inside the hall sit twelve engraved folding screens. The pottery sculpture on the beams was renovated in 1981.

Memorial tablets of ancestors were placed on a 21-step wooden shelves in the Back Hall, which was once used for worship of ancestors. In the rooms sit 7-meter-high wooden-carved niche covers.

Buildings are separated with "Qingyun alleys" () and connected with corridors.

The buildings in the Chen Clan Ancestral Hall are fully decorated with wood carving, stone carving, brick carving, pottery, plaster and iron engraving. The content of these decoration are mostly flowers, birds, Cantonese fruits and scenes in traditional dramas.

Art works
The Chen Clan Ancestral Hall is notable for the rich decoration which exist inside, outside the halls and in almost every beams, ridges, walls and columns. This make the Chen Clan Ancestral Hall a large collection of wood carving, stone carving, brick carving, pottery, plaster and iron engraving.

Pottery

One of the most distinguished features of the Chen Clan Ancestral Hall is the 11 pottery ridge crest, which was installed on the nine great halls of the academy. Each ridge crest has a theme taken from famous traditional dramas. Some are figures of characters in a play, some have series of more than ten scenes in a drama. With summering and exaggerating, the pottery ridge crests show the featured drama scene in comic series. The pottery ridge crest on the roof of the Gathering Hall has the largest scale and most delicate manufacture among all. This ridge crest spans 27 meters, 2.9 meters in height, 4.26 meters high with the plaster base and contains a total of 224 figures. The scenes in this ridge crest are "Celebrating the birth of gods", "Qilin giving people offspring", "The bearded man and Li Jing" and some others. Along with the figures are patterns of Yutang birds and peony, which represent wealth and glamour, and shapes of melons and fruits, which represent flourish of offspring. Moreover, the tip of the ridge crests are flying cods, which were believed to be a half-dragon half-fish creature. These flying cod figures have tentacles reaching out from the roof to the sky, which make the profile of the building more elegant.

Wood carving

The Chen Clan Ancestral Hall has a large collection of wood carvings, which can be seen everywhere in the halls at the corners of the beams, walls, and doors. On the beams in the Head entrance sit eight pieces of exquisite wood carvings describing historical stories like Tongque Tai (), Celebrating the birth of the God Mother () and The alliance of Goujian, the king of Yue (). The most prominent wood carvings work in Chen Clan Academy is the sixteen double-sided wood carving screen doors in the back of the Gathering Hall, each describing a classic drama scene in old story books like the Romance of the Three Kingdoms and The biography of Yue Fei. These wood carvings have abundant high resolution figures as each facial expression can be clearly distinguished. Also, wood carvings work from Guangdong can be found in the folk art and craft gallery.

Plaster carvings
The plaster carvings in the Chen Clan Ancestral Hall lie mostly on the bases of ridges and the roofs of corridors and have a total length of 1800 meter in the temple. The theme of the plaster sculptures are similar to those of pottery crests: scenes in traditional dramas, birds and flowers, pavilions, and landscapes. Plaster in old Cantonese houses were called "grass tails" since the pattern are often shaped like curling grass and placed on the end of walls. In wealthy families, larger scaled and more delicate plaster were used in the house decorating. Since plaster has to be made on site, artists can bring their talent to play according to the surrounding. The plaster carvings in the Chen Clan Ancestral Hall were example of exquisite plaster art: some were made as they go through the wall; some come out up to 60 centimeter from the wall, giving a three-dimensional effect.

Brick carving

Brick carvings in the Chen Clan Ancestral Hall lie on the inner walls of each great halls. The one on the east wall features the old story "Liu Qing taming 'the Wolf'", with more than 40 figures in the picture, describing the lively scene of the man Liu Qing taming the wild horse from the west named "the wolf" in the time of Northern Song. Each figure has a distinguished facial expression and pose.

Engraving
The iron engravings in the Chen Clan Ancestral Hall are mainly used on the platform railings. These engravings have symmetric patterns and four different themes, which are "The Qilin and the Phoenix", "Dragons and orbs", "The three goats" and "Goldfish in a pond". The iron engravings railings are dim in color and delicate in structure. They are rarely seen in traditional Cantonese architecture.

References

Citations

Bibliography
 .

External links

 Chen Clan Ancestral Hall official site
 《南方都市报》:陈氏书院 岭南人工天不如,果然造绝在世界

Religious buildings and structures in Guangzhou
Education in Guangzhou
Liwan District
Museums in Guangzhou
Decorative arts museums in China
Folk art museums and galleries in China
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Guangdong
Classical Lingnan-style buildings
National first-grade museums of China

Chen Clan Ancestral Hall


Buddhadev Das Gupta (1 February 1933 – 15 January 2018) was an Indian classical musician who played the sarod. He used to reside in Kolkata, India. He was one of the artists featured in Nimbus Records' The Raga Guide.

Early life and training
Buddhadev Das Gupta was born on 1 February 1933 in his maternal home at Bhagalpur, India to parents Prafulla Mohan Dasgupta and Bhabani Dasgupta. His father was District Magistrate by profession and an avid lover of music although he never learnt music.

Das Gupta stood second in the Matriculation Examination, held in 1948. He then studied mechanical engineering at the Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur and stood second there, too. Much later in life, on 16 February 2010, the university awarded him an honorary D.Litt. degree.

At a very early age, Buddhadev started taking sarod lessons from the sarod maestro Radhika Mohan Maitra. His first program on the All India Radio was as a guest artist. He eventually performed more than 17 national programs on All India Radio.

Felicitation
In 2011, Das Gupta, was offered the Padma Shri by the government of India, but he turned it down saying "it was far too late in the day". In January 2012, he had been conferred with the Padma Bhushan.
He was awarded Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 1993 and Sangeet Natak Akademi Tagore Ratna in 2011.

Autobiography
His autobiography Bamaner Chandrasparshavilash (meaning: "The desire of a dwarf to touch the moon"), was periodically published in a Bengali Magazine "Disha" and has been published in the form of book in 2004 (part-I) and in 2010 (part-II).
He is the guru of Bhabanisankar dasgupta, Anirban Dasgupta, Abanindra Maitra, Joydeep Ghosh, Atanu Raksit and others.

Death
Das Gupta died on 15 January 2018 of cardiac arrest at his residence in South Kolkata. He was 84. He had been suffering from respiratory problems for the last few days. At the time of his death, he was survived by wife and two sons. West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee said his death has created a void in the field of classical music. "A great loss for the world of classical music. Rest in Peace. Condolences to his family," she said in a tweet.

References

External links

Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com
Raga.com
Parabaas.com

1933 births
2018 deaths
Hindustani instrumentalists
Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award
Sarod players
University of Calcutta alumni
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts
Musicians from Bihar
Indian male classical musicians
People from Bhagalpur
Musicians from Kolkata
20th-century Indian male musicians
Indian classical musicians of Bengal

Buddhadev Das Gupta


Jack Rose (November 4, 1911 – October 20, 1995) was an American screenwriter and producer. He began writing gags for Milton Berle and radio lines for Bob Hope before moving to screenplays. His first was 1943's Road to Rio starring Hope and Bing Crosby.  In 1955, Rose produced the Hope film The Seven Little Foys, co-written and directed by his frequent collaborator Melville Shavelson. He also wrote and produced a 1962 Dean Martin romantic comedy, Who's Got the Action?

For television, Rose created and wrote for the 1968–1970 situation comedy The Good Guys, starring Bob Denver, Herb Edelman, and Joyce Van Patten. It ran for 42 episodes over one-and-a-half seasons.

Rose was nominated for Academy Awards three times for The Seven Little Foys, 1958's Houseboat, and 1973's A Touch of Class.

References

External links

1911 births
1995 deaths
American male screenwriters
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters
Polish emigrants to the United States
Writers Guild of America Award winners

Jack Rose (screenwriter)


"Centipede" is the first single by Rebbie Jackson. It is from her first record, Centipede. It was her highest charting single to date. It peaked at #4 on the Billboard R&B charts. The song was released in 1984. It is available in three different mixes, one of them extended.

1984 songs
Pop songs

Centipede (song)


Thomas Vincent Learson (September 26, 1912 – November 4, 1996) was IBM's chairman and chief executive officer from June 1971 through January 1973. He was succeeded by Frank T. Cary. Both the previous chairman Thomas Watson Jr. and senior project manager Fred Brooks regarded Learson as the driving force behind the IBM System/360 project, which was huge and risky but whose success ensured IBM's dominance of the mainframe computer market.

He was born in Roslindale, Boston, Massachusetts, son of Richard J. Learson and Katharine E. (Goode) Learson.  He graduated from Boston Latin School in 1931, then majored in mathematics at Harvard University, graduating in 1935.

From 1975 to 1977 he was Ambassador-at-Large for Law of the Sea Matters and Special Representative of the President for the Law of the Sea Conference, and Chief of Delegation.

He died at age 84 and is buried with his wife Gladys at the Gate of Heaven Cemetery, in Hawthorne, New York.

References

External links
IBM biography of Learson
Timothy D. Cook Net Worth
Politicians in Miscellaneous Occupations in Massachusetts

1912 births
1996 deaths
American chief executives of Fortune 500 companies
Burials at Gate of Heaven Cemetery (Hawthorne, New York)
Harvard University alumni
IBM employees
Businesspeople from Boston
American technology chief executives
20th-century American businesspeople
Boston Latin School alumni
People from Roslindale

T. Vincent Learson


JLA/Avengers (issues #2 and 4 are titled Avengers/JLA) is a comic book limited series and crossover published in prestige format by DC Comics and Marvel Comics from September 2003 to March 2004. The series was written by Kurt Busiek, with art by George Pérez. The series features the two companies' teams of superheroes, DC Comics' Justice League of America and Marvel's Avengers.

Publication history
In 1979, DC and Marvel agreed to co-publish a crossover series involving the two teams, to be written by Gerry Conway and drawn by George Pérez. The plot of the original crossover was a time travel story involving Marvel's Kang the Conqueror and DC's the Lord of Time. Writer/editor Roy Thomas was hired to script the book based on Conway's plot, and although work had begun on the series in 1981 (Pérez had penciled 21 pages by mid-1983) and it was scheduled for publication in May 1983, editorial disputes – reportedly instigated by then-Marvel Editor-in-Chief Jim Shooter – prevented the story from being completed. The failure of the JLA/Avengers book's publication also caused the cancellation of a planned sequel to the 1982 crossover issue The Uncanny X-Men and The New Teen Titans.

An agreement was reached between the two companies in 2002, with a new story to be written by Kurt Busiek and drawn by George Pérez. In a joint panel at WonderCon 2000, Busiek (then writer of the Avengers title) and Mark Waid (the then-writer of the JLA title) stated they had nearly come to an agreement to begin the crossover within the regular issues of the respective titles, but the two companies could not come to a business arrangement. When the series was approved, however, Waid was unavailable due to an exclusive commitment with the company CrossGen, and Busiek became the sole writer on the project. Pérez also had an exclusive commitment with CrossGen, but had a clause written into his contract allowing him to do the series if and when it was approved.

JLA/Avengers is in canon for both companies: the cosmic egg appeared in DC's Trinity and the crossover itself is described in Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe. The series was reprinted by DC Comics in 2004 as a two-volume collector's edition hardcover (which included for the first time the original 21 Pérez-penciled pages from mid-1983), and then re-released as a trade paperback in November 2008. The trade paperback was reprinted in 2022, with 64 pages of extra content, to help Pérez with the medical costs from his cancer treatments.

Plot
Krona, an exiled Oan, travels across the Multiverse and destroys universes seeking the truth of creation. When he arrives in the Marvel Universe, the Grandmaster — wanting to save his universe — proposes that they play a game. If Krona wins, the Grandmaster will lead him to Galactus, a being in that universe who has witnessed creation. If he loses, Krona has to spare the Grandmaster's universe. Before choosing the players to participate in this game, Krona demands to swap champions, so the Avengers (the Grandmaster's longtime adversaries) will represent Krona and the Justice League (from Krona's home universe) will fight for the Grandmaster. This means that the Avengers must lose the game in order to save their universe.

The Grandmaster informs the Justice League that to save their universe, they have to gather 12 items of power — six from each universe — while his ally Metron tells the Avengers that they have to do the same to prevent their world from being destroyed. The six items from the DC Universe are the Spear of Destiny; the Book of Eternity; the Orb of Ra; the Medusa Mask; the Bell, Jar and Wheel of the Demons Three; and the Green Lantern Power Battery of Kyle Rayner. The six items from the Marvel Universe are the Ultimate Nullifier; the Evil Eye of Avalon; the Wand of Watoomb; the Casket of Ancient Winters; the Cosmic Cube; and the Infinity Gauntlet.

The Justice League travels to the Marvel Universe and are dismayed (especially Superman) by the Avengers' failure to improve their Earth's condition; for example, the Flash (Wally West) encounters a non-human-looking mutant running away from an anti-mutant mob and the Flash protects him from the mob. Convinced that the Flash is a member of Magneto's Acolytes, the mob attacks him as well. The Flash also discovers that the Speed Force (the source of his powers) does not exist in this universe. When the Avengers visit the DC Universe, they are surprised by the "futuristic" architecture of its Earth's cities and the honors that the Justice League and other native heroes receive for their deeds. As a result, they (mainly Captain America) become convinced that the Justice League are fascists who demand that civilians hero-worship them.

Various Justice League and Avengers members travel across the two universes and fight each other to retrieve the artifacts of power. A final battle for the Cosmic Cube takes place in the Marvel Universe's Savage Land. After a climactic back-and-forth battle, Quicksilver claims the Cosmic Cube. At that moment, Krona and the Grandmaster arrive on the scene, with the latter observing and commenting that the score is even at 6–6. Batman and Captain America — who together investigated the cause of the contest and discovered its true nature and stakes — arrive. Captain America purposely throws his shield and knocks the Cube from Quicksilver's hands, allowing Batman to catch it. With Captain America's forfeiture of the Cosmic Cube, the Grandmaster now announces the Justice League as the victors, with the final score now being 7–5. Krona is unwilling to accept defeat, and attacks the Grandmaster, forcing the identity of Galactus from him. He then summons Galactus and tries to extract information about the origin of the universe. The Grandmaster uses the power of the artifacts and merges both universes together before Krona can tear Galactus apart.

Reality is altered such that the Justice League and the Avengers are now longtime allies, regularly traveling between worlds to fight various threats. In addition, long-dead JLA members the Flash (Barry Allen) and Green Lantern (Hal Jordan) have reappeared. But the universes are incompatible with one another and begin destroying themselves and each other, with people switching between worlds. One side effect of this is that Superman and Captain America become paranoid, irritable, and short-tempered; their emotions flare to the point where they blame each other for everything that is happening (this is later explained as both heroes being too strongly synchronized to their native universes). The appearance of a spectral Krona helps the heroes remember some of the contest and they find out what is happening to their worlds. The Phantom Stranger appears to lead the heroes to the Grandmaster.

Weakened by Krona's attack, the Grandmaster explains how he brought the universes together to imprison Krona using the 12 items, but Krona is merging the universes further in order to destroy them, hoping to create a new Big Bang, which he can survive and finally learn its mysteries. Before dying, the Grandmaster asks the assembled heroes to stop Krona and restore order. At Captain America's insistence, he reveals various events that had taken place in the separate universes to show the heroes what sorts of worlds they are fighting for. Each team member witnesses the tragedies that had befallen them in their separate universes, such as the death of Barry Allen, Hal Jordan's descent into evil, and the loss of the Vision and the Scarlet Witch's children. Some of the heroes contemplate leaving the universes as they are to prevent the tragedies from happening, but Hal Jordan inspires everyone to work for the good of their worlds.

Krona has trapped the universal avatars of Eternity and Kismet as reality continues to change. He has discovered that a sentience exists in universes and intends to force their spirits out, giving him their secrets. Both teams of heroes reconcile their differences with one another and make plans to stop Krona. Invading Krona's inter-dimensional base, Captain America leads every hero who has ever been a member of the Justice League or the Avengers. Chronal chaos at the base causes an ever-shifting roster of heroes to confront every villain whom the teams have ever fought with the villains having been mentally enthralled by Krona. Even though the chaos and the sheer forces against them (both from Krona and the summoned villains) cause the heroes to fall one by one along the way, Krona is ultimately defeated when the Flash distracts him long enough for Hawkeye to shoot an explosive arrow into the machine he used to keep both worlds merged, after which the Flash takes the items of power — both heroes having been earlier presumed dead in battle. Krona is then sucked into the forming vortex.

The Earths are separated with help from the Spectre (who at this time is Hal Jordan, now restored to his current state) and the universes are returned to their normal states. As the heroes from both universes return to their proper places, they affirm that whether they do too little or too much, they are still heroes who will always fight the good fight. Krona has imploded to form a cosmic egg, which is stored in the Justice League Watchtower; Metron states that when the egg hatches, Krona will learn the secrets of its universe's creation by being part of it. Metron and the newly-resurrected Grandmaster discuss how Metron intentionally lured Krona to the Marvel Universe. The Grandmaster says that this is the first game that he has ever played in which all sides won (the Grandmaster by way of the battle between the Justice Leaguers and Avengers, the heroes by saving their universes, and Krona by eventually gaining the answers that he sought).

In other media
In 2009, Bruce Timm has expressed interest in an animated film based on the JLA/Avengers crossover limited series. No production updates have appeared since.

References

External links

Intercompany crossovers
Comics by George Pérez
Comics by Kurt Busiek
Team-up comics
Comics about the end of the universe
Comics about parallel universes
Crossover comics
Superhero crossover fiction

JLA/Avengers


Jessica Nelson North (September 7, 1891 – June 3, 1988) was an American writer, poet and editor.

Early life and family
Jessica Nelson North was born in Madison, Wisconsin, the daughter of David Willard North and Sarah Elizabeth "Elizabeth" (Nelson) North. She grew up on the shore of Lake Koshkonong near to what later became St. Joseph's College in the vicinity of Edgerton, Wisconsin. She was the older sister of Sterling North, author of  Rascal and many other children's books. Jessica Nelson North is one of the major characters portrayed in her brother's well-known book, which was set when she was 25. Jessica and Sterling's family home (the setting of Rascal) in Edgerton has been restored to its 1917 setting and is open as a museum. Sterling North recalled (in Rascal, Chapter 2) that "Both sisters had taken tender care of me after Mother died, Jessica in particular, postponing her career and marriage."

Jessica's grandparents, James Hervey Nelson and Sarah Orelup Nelson, were Wisconsin pioneers. In 1917, which would have been her grandfather James Hervey Nelson's 100th birthday, several of North's uncles wrote extended biographies about their parents and their pioneer farm life. These writing efforts may have been a literary inspiration to both her and Sterling.

Jessica was the aunt of author Arielle North Olson who was Sterling's daughter. Jessica was also the niece of Justus Henry Nelson, an early missionary in the Amazon.

Genealogy was one of Jessica Nelson North's avocations.

Education and marriage
She received a bachelor's degree from Lawrence College in Appleton, Wisconsin, where she was a member of Alpha Delta Pi, and went on to graduate school at the University of Chicago. North married Reed Inness MacDonald on June 11, 1921, in Edgerton, Wisconsin, and had two children.

Writing career
During college, North was the president of the University of Chicago Poetry Club and was the editor of the Adelphean and the History of Alpha Delta Pi.

North published her first novel, Arden Acres, in 1935. It is a family drama and social commentary set in the Great Depression told from the point of view of the oldest daughter of a family in the fictional Arden Acres, Illinois. She also published Miss Missouri, The Long Leash (1928), The Prayer Rug and The Pocket. Her poem about a child's tea party is one of her most beloved works. It starts:

In the thirties and forties, North was an editor at Poetry magazine, one of the leading poetry magazines of the English speaking world. She also published The Giant's Shoe in 1967, an illustrated children's book. Her work has been included in textbooks including Golden Trails.

Jessica Nelson North died on June 3, 1988, in Downers Grove, Illinois.

Awards
 The Long Leash was selected by the Poetry Club as one of the best volumes of the year.
 Arden Acres won the Friends of American Writers first novel award

References

External links
 The Sterling North Society Website which maintains their home as a museum
 Synopsis of Arden Acres
  History of Poetry Magazine with a listing of its editorial staff toward the bottom
 Badger History Vol 16, Number 1, September 1962

1891 births
1988 deaths
Writers from Madison, Wisconsin
20th-century American novelists
American children's writers
American women novelists
Poets from Wisconsin
20th-century American poets
Lawrence University alumni
People from Edgerton, Wisconsin
American women poets
American women children's writers
20th-century American women writers
Novelists from Wisconsin

Jessica Nelson North


Carl Theodor Mirbt (July 21, 1860 in Gnadenfrei, Province of Silesia – September 27, 1929 in Göttingen) was a German Protestant church historian. He was a member of the history of religions school.

Biography
Mirbt studied theology from 1880 to 1885 in Halle, Erlangen and Göttingen. During his studies in Göttingen, he was a member of the Thuringia Academic Theological Society. In 1888, he became a member of the Theological Faculty of the University of Göttingen with a doctoral dissertation on "The Position of Augustine in the Gregorian Church Dispute". In 1888, he qualified as a Göttingen professor in church history.

In 1889, he was an associate professor of church history at the University of Marburg, and in 1890 a full professor there. He held the office of rector (1903/04). From 1911 until his retirement in 1928, Mirbt was professor of church history at the University of Göttingen, where he served as rector (1920/21). In 1914 Carl Mirbt became an honorary member of the German fraternity Göttinger Wingolf.

In 1918, Mirbt founded the German Society of Missionology, which he chaired until his death. From 1927 to 1929, he was chairman of the Society of Lower Saxon Church History.

Works (translated German titles)

 The Prussian Legation at the court of the pope. Leipzig: Evangel Bookstore d. Federal, 1899.
 The Catholic - Faculty of Theology at Marburg: a contribution to the history of the Catholic church in the Electorate of Hesse and Nassau. Marburg: Elwert, 1905.
 Missionary and Colonial Policy in the German Protectorates. Tübingen 1910
 History of the Catholic Church from the mid-18th Century until the Vatican Council. Berlin [u.a.]: Goschen'sche Verl.buchh, 1913
 The Evangelical Mission: an Introduction to its History and Character. Leipzig: Hinrichs'sche Bookstore, 1917.

Commentary on Mirbt
Kirby Page writes in Jesus or Christianity, A Study in Contrasts (1929):

In 1895 Carl Mirbt, a prelate of the Papal household, eulogized the Inquisition in these words: "O blessed flame of those pyres by which a very few crafty and insignificant persons were taken away that hundreds of hundreds of phalanxes of souls should be saved from the jaws of error and eternal damnation! O noble and venerable memory of Torquemada!"

Note that Kirby Page's statement is a misinterpretation of the following excerpt from Preserved Smith's The Age of the Reformation, where Smith cites p. 390 of Mirbt's 1911 edition of Quellen zur Geschichte des Papsttums (Sources for the History of the Papacy, a collection of original Papal documents through history), as the 1895 (coincidentally publication year of the first edition of Quellen) Papal Latin source text of an unknown prelate, which Smith translates (in quotes) as follows:

A prelate of the papal household published in 1895 the following words in the Annales ecclesiastici: "Some sons of darkness nowadays with dilated nostrils and wild eyes inveigh against the intolerance of the Middle Ages. But let not us blinded by that liberalism that bewitches under the guise of wisdom seek for silly little reasons to defend the Inquisition. Let no one speak of the condition of the times and intemperate zeal as if the church needed excuses. 0 blessed flames of those pyres by which a very few crafty and insignificant persons were taken away that hundreds of hundreds of phalanxes of souls should be saved from the jaws of error and eternal damnation. 0 noble and venerable memory of Torquemada!"

References

External links

1860 births
1929 deaths
German historians of religion
German male non-fiction writers
Academic staff of the University of Marburg
Academic staff of the University of Göttingen
Historians of Christianity
People from Dzierżoniów County
Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities

Carl Mirbt


The British Army is the army of the British Armed Forces, the military of the United Kingdom. The British Army came into being with unification of the Kingdoms of England and Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. The new British Army included regiments that had already existed in England and Scotland and was administered by the War Office from London. Since 1963, it has been managed by the Ministry of Defence. Around a quarter of soldiers in the British Army are in the Infantry.

Under Oliver Cromwell, the English Army was active in the conquest and settlement of Ireland since the 1650s. The Cromwellian campaign was characterised by its uncompromising treatment of Irish towns that had supported the Royalists during the English Civil War.

Since the Seven Years' War ebded in 1763, the British have been one of the leading military and economic powers of the world. The British Empire expanded to include colonies, protectorates, and dominions throughout the Americas, Africa, Asia and Australasia. Although the Royal Navy is widely regarded as having been vital for the rise of the empire and British dominance of the world, the British Army also played important roles in colonisation.

The British Army was heavily involved in the Napoleonic Wars by serving in Spain and the rest of Europe and in North Africa. The war between the British and the French Empires stretched around the world. The British Army finally came to defeat Napoleon at one of Britain's greatest military victories at the Battle of Waterloo.

References

Other websites

 British Army Website
 Regiments and Corps of the British Army: An Introductory Overview Regiments

British Army


Micronucleus is the name given to the small nucleus that forms whenever a chromosome or a fragment of a chromosome is not incorporated into one of the daughter nuclei during cell division. It usually is a sign of genotoxic events and chromosomal instability. Micronuclei are commonly seen in cancerous cells and may indicate genomic damage events that can increase the risk of developmental or degenerative diseases. Micronuclei form during anaphase from lagging acentric chromosome or chromatid fragments caused by incorrectly repaired or unrepaired DNA breaks or by nondisjunction of chromosomes. This incorrect segregation of chromosomes may result from hypomethylation of repeat sequences present in pericentromeric DNA, irregularities in kinetochore proteins or their assembly, dysfunctional spindle apparatus, or flawed anaphase checkpoint genes. Micronuclei can contribute to genome instability by promoting a catastrophic mutational event called chromothripsis. Many micronucleus assays have been developed to test for the presence of these structures and determine their frequency in cells exposed to certain chemicals or subjected to stressful conditions.

The term micronucleus may also refer to the smaller nucleus in ciliate protozoans, such as the Paramecium. In mitosis it divides by fission, and in conjugation a pair of gamete micronuclei undergo reciprocal fusion to form a zygote nucleus, which gives rise to the macronuclei and micronuclei of the individuals of the next cycle of fission.

Discovery
Micronuclei in newly formed red blood cells in humans are known as Howell-Jolly bodies because these structures were first identified and described in erythrocytes by hematologists William Howell and Justin Jolly. These structures were later found to be associated with deficiencies in vitamins such as folate and B12. The relationship between formation of micronuclei and exposure to environmental factors was first reported in root tip cells exposed to ionizing radiation. Micronucleus induction by a chemical was first reported in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells treated with colchicine.

Formation
Micronuclei primarily result from acentric chromosome fragments or lagging whole chromosomes that are not included in the daughter nuclei produced by mitosis because they fail to correctly attach to the spindle during the segregation of chromosomes in anaphase. These full chromosomes or chromatid fragments are eventually enclosed by a nuclear membranes and are structurally similar to conventional nuclei, albeit smaller in size. This small nucleus is referred to as a micronucleus. The formation of micronuclei can only be observed in cells undergoing nuclear division and can be clearly seen using cytochalasin B to block cytokinesis to produce a binucleated cells.

Acentric chromosome fragments may arise in a variety of ways. One way is that disrepair of DNA double-strand breaks can lead to symmetrical or asymmetrical chromatid and chromosome exchanges as well as chromatid and chromosome fragments. If DNA damage exceeds the repair capacity of the cell, unrepaired double-stranded DNA breaks may also result in acentric chromosome fragments. Another way eccentric chromosome fragments may arise is when defects in genes related to homologous recombinational repair (ex: ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, and RAD51) result in a dysfunctional error-free homologous recombinational DNA repair pathway and causes the cell to resort to the error-prone non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair pathway, increasing the likelihood of incorrect repair of DNA breaks, formation of dicentric chromosomes, and acentric chromosome fragments. If enzymes in the NHEJ repair pathway are defective as well, DNA breaks may not be repaired at all. Additionally, simultaneous excision repair of damaged or inappropriate bases incorporated in DNA that are in proximity and on opposite complementary DNA strands may lead to DNA double-stranded breaks and micronucleus formation, especially if the gap-filling step of the repair pathway is not completed.

Micronuclei can also form from fragmented chromosomes when nucleoplasmic bridges (NPB) are formed, stretched, and broken during telophase.

Micronuclei formation may also result from chromosome malsegregation during anaphase. Hypomethylation of cytosine in centromeric and pericentromeric areas and higher-order repeats of satellite DNA in centromeric DNA can result in such chromosomal loss events. Classical satellite DNA is normally heavily methylated at cytosine residues but may become almost fully unmethylated due to ICF syndrome (Immunodeficiency, centromere instability, and facial anomalies syndrome) or after treatment by DNA methyl transferase inhibitors. Since assembly of kinetochore proteins at centromeres is affected by the methylation of cytosine and histone proteins, a reduction in heterochromatin integrity as a result of hypomethylation can interfere with microtubule attachment to chromosomes and with the sensing of tension from correct microtubule-kinetochore connections. Other possible causes of chromosome loss that could lead to micronuclei formation are defects in kinetochore and microtubule interactions, defects in mitotic spindle assembly, mitosis check point defects, abnormal centrosome amplification, and telomeric end fusions that result in dicentric chromosomes that detach from the spindle during anaphase. Micronuclei originating from chromosome loss events and acentric chromosome fragments can be distinguished using pancentromeric DNA probes.

Identification
The number of micronuclei per cell can be predicted using the following formula:

AF is the number of acentric fragments and F = 0.5 - 0.5P, where P equals the probability of fragments being included in the traditional nucleus and not forming a micronucleus.

One study, which used Giemsa stain to stain nuclear material, established the following criteria for identifying micronuclei:
1) diameter less than 1/3 of the primary nucleus,
2) non-retractility (excludes small stain particles),
3) color the same as or lighter than the main nucleus (excludes large stain particles),
4) location within 3 or 4 nuclear diameters of the main nucleus without touching it, and
5) no more than two associated with one primary nucleus (3 or more micronuclei are likely polymorphs or prorubicytes with nuclear fragments).

Assays
The micronucleus tests provide important information about a chemical's ability to interfere with chromosome structure and function. For instance, many known human carcinogens test positive in mammalian micronucleus tests. In these tests, organisms are treated with a chemical and the resulting frequency of micronucleated cells is measured. If there is a marked increase in the number of cells with micronuclei, it can be concluded that the chemical induces structural and/or numerical chromosomal damage. Since micronucleus tests must be performed on actively dividing cells, bone marrow stem cells and the erythrocytes they produce through cell divisions are ideal candidates. These cells experience constant, rapid turnover and the lack of a true nucleus in erythrocytes makes micronuclei easily visible under a microscope.

Micronucleus assay systems are very economical, require much less skill in scoring that conventional metaphase tests, and are much faster than these conventional tests. Since micronucleus assays reflect chromosomal aberrations reliably and rapidly, they are extremely useful for a quick assessment of chromosomal damage. In particular, the CBMNcyt (cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome) assay is extremely versatile and is one of the preferred methods to measure the level of chromosomal damage and chromosomal instability in cells. The cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay was first developed to score micronuclei in cells that completed nuclear division by blocking them at the binucleate stage before cytokinesis. It later evolved into the CBMN 'cytome' assay to further explore cell death, cytostasis, and biomarkers of DNA damage. The major drawback of using micronucleus tests is that they cannot determine different types of chromosomal aberrations and can be influenced by the mitotic rate and proportion of cell death, skewing the results.

Patterns in formation

Multiple studies have found that micronuclei frequency in women is higher than in men and that the number of micronuclei increase until around 70 years of age. Micronuclei levels ranged from 0.5 to 1.4% in men to 0.9 to 1.8% in women. Gender-related differences were mainly seen in younger age groups (<= 50 years) with an almost two-fold difference between men and women. The patterns in the number of micronuclei after 70 years of age is controversial. Some studies have shown that in individuals over 70 years of age, micronucleus frequency increases in both sexes. On the other hand, other studies have found that in the oldest age groups, micronuclei frequencies level off. The deficiency of micronuclei in some of the oldest age groups may be explained by the fact that micro nucleated cells are preferentially eliminated by apoptosis. However, higher micronuclei frequency corresponds to a decreased efficiency of DNA repair and increased genomic instability, which are typical in older subjects. Age-related increases in micronuclei frequency also correspond well with age-related increases in the hypoploidy and the age-related increase in sex chromosome loss. Alternatively, the leveling off of frequency of micronuclei in older subjects would suggest a threshold of genomic instability that cannot be crossed if the person is to survive. If this were the case, women appear to reach this threshold faster than men.

Sex chromosomes contribute to the majority of chromosome loss events with increasing age. In females, the X chromosome can account for up to 72% of the observed micronuclei of which 37% appear to be lacking a functional kinetochore assembly possibly due to X chromosome inactivation. Multiple studies have shown that the frequencies of autosome-positive micronuclei in both genders and of sex chromosome-positive MN in men were similar and remained unchanged in older groups while the frequency of X-positive MN in women was higher than the average frequency of autosome-positive MN and continued to increase until the oldest age.

The frequencies of chromosomal aberrations, damaged cells, and micronuclei are significantly higher in smokers than non-smokers.

In normal people and many other mammals, which do not have nuclei in their red blood cells, the micronuclei are removed rapidly by the spleen. Hence high frequencies of micronuclei in human peripheral blood indicate a ruptured or absent spleen. In mice, these are not removed, which is the basis for the in vivo micronucleus test.

See also
Macronucleus
Cancerous micronuclei
Microchromosome

References

Organelles
Ciliate biology

Micronucleus


Damietta Govrenorate ( ) is ane o the govrenorates o Egyp. It is locatit in the northeast o the kintra wi a population o ower 1 million. Its caipital is the ceety o Damietta.

Damietta is famous for its guava ferms, as well as the palm trees that cover the coast frae Ras El Bar in the east tae Gamasa in the wast. The govrenorate exports millions o palm trees tae mony kintras ivery year, includin Greece an Cheenae. Damietta an aa produces wheat, maize, cotton, rice, potatoes, lemon, grapes an tomatoes. It is an aa famous for its sweet industry, sardine packin, an Domiati cheese. Ras El Bar, ane o the auldest simmer resorts in Egyp, is locatit at the point whaur the The Nile meets the Mediterranean Sea.

Statistics
The govrenorate's aurie is 1.029 km² or aboot 5% o the Delta's aurie, an aboot 1% o the aurie o Egyp. The inhabitit aurie is aboot 589.2 km². Its population – accordin tae a 1999 census – wis  953,430. The average rate o population growth is 2.09% per year.

Admeenistrative diveesions
The governorate consists of 4 central admeenistrations, 10 ceeties, 35 local veelager unit, 59 veelages an 722 sub-veelages. The names o the central admeenistrations are Damietta Central (Markaz Dumyat), Faraskur Central (Markaz Faraskur), Zarqa Central (Markas Al-Zarqa), an Kafr Saad Central (Markaz Kafr Saad). The govrenorate includes 7 colleges an institutes, 19 professional trainin centers, an 657 pre-college schuils.

History

The Fift an Seivent Crusade

The European Crusaders temporarily occupied the ceety for 2 years frae 1219 tae 1221, durin the Fift Crusade.
Durin the Seivent Crusade, Baibars an the Mamluks defeatit the Crusaders at Damietta.

Furnitur Industry
Damietta is famous o its skilled carpenters an furniture. These productions are no anerlie sauld inside o Egyp, but an aa in the Middle East, Europe an the USA. 80% o the govrenorate's income is relatit tae furniture.

See an aa
 Damietta
 Damietta Port
 Ras El Bar
 Battle o Al Mansurah
 Battle o Fariskur
 Siege o Damietta (1218)
 Siege o Damietta (1249)

Freemit airtins
Damietta Govrenorate  Offeecial wabsteid

Govrenorates o Egyp
Nile River Delta

Damietta Govrenorate


A  is a traditionally Japanese garment worn around the neck of Zen Buddhists who have taken the precepts. It can also signify Lay Ordination. It is made of 16 or more strips of cloth,  sewn together into a brick-like pattern by the student during their period of preparation for their jukai or ordination ceremony.

There is no set standard, but the most common application of rakusu color is for the front of the rakusu to be black for priests and brown for teachers.  The back of the rakusu is left white.  The teacher will traditionally write the student's new Dharma name and occasionally their lineage.

History
The rakusu is a miniature version of a standard kāṣāya worn around the neck like a bib. The rakusu is a garment possibly of Chinese origins,  potentially dating back to the periods of the Buddhist persecutions from which the Chán Buddhist tradition emerged as the strongest sect.

The Buddha's original outer robe was a rectangular robe in the ratio of 6 by 9. The Buddha is said to have renounced the wearing of new cloth and created his robe from pieces of cast-off white burial cloth found at burial sites and dyed with saffron, for its disinfecting value. It is said in legend to resemble the rice fields seen by the Buddha himself while walking on pilgrimage.

One origin story holds that when the Chinese emperors forbid the wearing of robes, defrocked all the Buddhist monks, and bestowed imperial favor on the Confucian and Taoist priests, then Buddhist monks created a miniature version of their robe to be worn secretly around the neck underneath their regular lay clothing. Another suggests that the rakusu developed as Zen monks became involved in manual labor because a full robe would have been too unwieldy. Additionally, some Japanese scholars believe it was developed in Japan during the Edo or Tokugawa Era, as the result of regulations specifying the size and fabric type of monks clothing.

Assuming the rakusu was used in China, it fell into general disuse there, but the tradition continues in Japan and it is now commonly associated with Zen Buddhist lineages stemming from that country. The rakusu today is still sometimes made with an ornamental circular clasp on the left side to emulate the circular clasp used on some full-sized robes.

Symbolism
The rakusu represents the garments that the Buddha put together to wear after he left his palace to seek enlightenment.  According to Buddhist scripture, Siddhārtha left the palace where he was a prince, and collected rags from trash heaps, funeral pyres, and various other places.  He then cleaned the rags by rubbing them in saffron, which gave his robes an orange-golden appearance.

In the Sōtō school, the rakusu's color is usually determined by the wearer's status. For example, lay practitioners frequently receive a blue rakusu and black ones are given upon ordination as a priest. A brown rakusu indicates that the wearer has received dharma transmission and is authorized to teach.

On the back of the collar of the rakusu there is an identifying embroidered stitch that represents each of the existing schools of Zen. The Sōtō school uses a broken pine needle design, the Rinzai school a mountain-shaped triangle, and the Ōbaku school a six-pointed star.

References

External links
Instructions for Sewing a Rakusu from the San Francisco Zen Center
Rakusu Instructions  or Rakusu search from Upaya Institute and Zen Center

Buddhist religious clothing
Japanese upper-body garments

Rakusu


Margaret D. Lowman, Ph.D. a.k.a. Canopy Meg (born December 23, 1953) is an American biologist, educator, ecologist, writer, explorer, and public speaker. Her expertise involves canopy ecology, canopy plant-insect relationships, and constructing canopy walkways.

Nicknamed the "real-life Lorax" and "Einstein of the treetops", Lowman pioneered the science of canopy ecology. She is known as the "mother of canopy research." For more than 30 years, she has designed hot-air balloons and walkways for treetop exploration to solve mysteries in the world's forests, especially insect pests and ecosystem health.  She works to map the canopy for biodiversity and to champion forest conservation around the world.

Lowman's academic training includes Williams College (BA, Biology) in 1976; Aberdeen University (MSc, Ecology) in 1978;  Sydney University (Ph.D., Botany); and Tuck School of Business (Executive Management).

Research
Lowman has authored more than 100 peer-reviewed scientific publications and several books including Life in the Treetops (1999), It's a Jungle Up There (2006), and The Arbornaut (2021). From 1978 to 1989 Lowman lived in Australia and worked on canopy research in rain forests and dry forests. She was instrumental in determining the cause of Eucalypt Dieback Syndrome in Australia, and worked with forest conservation and regeneration. She taught at Williams College in Massachusetts, pioneering many aspects of forest canopy research. During her time there she spearheaded the construction of the first canopy walkway in North America.

Work
Lowman currently serves as the Director of Global Initiatives and Senior Scientist for Plant Conservation at the California Academy of Sciences. Her role is to strategize and promote the academy's mission for sustainability science, and to disseminate her team's accomplishments to groups ranging from elementary classes to corporate executives to international conferences.

Lowman previously served as Chief of Science & Sustainability at the California Academy of Sciences. In this role, Lowman was responsible for the academy's programs of scientific research and exploration as well as its programs addressing the challenge of sustaining life on earth. She led their twenty-first century strategy of integrating research with sustainability initiatives both local and global. As the academy's inaugural Chief of Science and Sustainability, she re-organized internal operations to prioritize relevant science, sustainability, collections and efficient financial practices.

Prior to this Lowman was a research professor at North Carolina State University and the founding director of North Carolina's innovative Nature Research Center at the NC Museum of Natural Sciences. Lowman oversaw the creation, construction, staffing, and programming of this research wing in partnership with the NC University system. She was then promoted to Senior Scientist/Director of Academic Partnerships & Global Initiatives for the entire Museum. She served as the primary advocate for NRC and aimed to promote its mission.

She has served as Vice President of the Ecological Society of America; Treasurer of the Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation; executive director of the TREE Foundation; Board of Directors for The Explorers Club and Earthwatch; and former Climate Change Adviser to Alex Sink, CFO of the Florida cabinet. Previously, she served as Director of Environmental Initiatives at New College of Florida, CEO of The Marie Selby Botanical Gardens, and Professor of Biology and Environmental Studies at Williams College.

Lowman believes in conservation through education which is a very strong theme in It's a Jungle Up There. She has been involved in several JASON Project education programs and numerous other conservation education initiatives. Her books on canopy ecology are not just about her field work but add dimensions in what it's like to be a woman in a male dominated profession, and what it's like to be a single parent mom. Her sons co-authored It's a Jungle Up There and added their insights on how their mother's career and their family not only survived, but thrived. Her youngest son, James Burgess, went on to co-found the organization OpenBiome.

Organizations
In 1999 Lowman became the executive director of Marie Selby Botanical Gardens in Sarasota, Florida where she helped raise donations over 100 percent and increased membership by "friend-raising". The Selby Garden's lecture series "Tuesdays In The Tropics" was well attended by the community with topics such as "Does Money Grow on Trees? Challenges of Rain Forest Conservation". During her tenure, the Gardens' budget shifted into the black from previous years and the membership more than doubled. When the board shifted away from a botanical and conservation-oriented mission, Lowman accepted an offer at New College of Florida as Professor of Biology and Environmental Studies. The Center for Canopy Ecology relocated from Selby Gardens to New College following Lowman.

Lowman co-founded the TREE Foundation, along with Sarasota non-profit accountant Mike Pender and community leader, Bob Richardson. She still serves as its
executive director, and the Foundation supports Tree Research, Exploration, and Education (hence, TREE). The Foundation has supported scholarships for students from developing countries to learn about forest conservation in the U.S., built the Myakka River canopy walkway (America's first public treetop walk), conserved valuable forest fragments, the church forests, in Ethiopia with a unique science-religion partnership, and continuously promotes education of youth about forest conservation.

Canopy access
Lowman has developed an expertise for using different canopy access techniques such as slingshot fired ropes, hot air balloons with sleds, canopy cranes, and canopy walkways. In 2000 the Myakka River State Park canopy walkway opened after a 1997 proposal from Lowman. It includes a walkway through Florida Oak-Palm Hammock and a tower that reveals a "sea of green" above the treetops. It has given visitors a view of the trees that changes people's perspective on the importance of forest conservation.

Awards and honors
Cover review in the New York Times Sunday Book Review for Life in the Treetops, 1999
Margaret Douglas Medal for Excellence in Conservation Education from the Garden Club of America
Williams College Bicentennial Medal for achievements in tropical botany, 2000
Girls, Inc. Visionary Award for Public Science & Education Outreach, 2000
American Association of Botanical Gardens and Arboreta (AABGA) Award for Program Excellence in creating two canopy walkways, one at Selby Gardens with Americans with Disabilities Act accessibility, and one at Myakka State Park, 2001
Ecological Society of America, Eugene Odum Prize for Excellence in Ecology Education, 2002
Kilby Laureate Medalist for work as a rainforest canopy expert, 2002
Asteroid (10739) Lowman named by Carolyn Shoemaker of the US Department of the Interior, 2003
Woman in Power Award, National Council of Jewish Women (NCJW), 2003
Selected three times as Chief Scientist, The JASON Project in Science Education (2004, 1999, 1994 in Panama, Peru and Belize, respectively)
Aldo Leopold Leadership Fellow, 2006
Lifetime Achievement Award for Conservation from Sarasota County, 2006
Roy Chapman Andrews Society Distinguished Explorer Award, 2014
Mendel Medal for achievements in science and spirit
Lowell Thomas Medal for discoveries in the canopy
Fulbright Senior Specialist Scholarship to India
National Geographic funds to conserve church forests in Ethiopia and to survey canopy biodiversity in Cameroon and Colombia.

Selected publications

Books
Lowman, M.D. 1974. Some Aspects of the Fabric of Life. U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare 204 pp.
Heatwole, H. and Lowman, M.D. 1986. Dieback: The Death of an Australian Landscape. Reed & Co. 150 pp.
Lowman, M.D. (ed.) 1992. Ecology of Hopkins Forest. Williams College Printers. 100 pp.
Lowman, M.D. and Nadkarni, N.M. (eds.) 1995. Forest Canopies. Academic Press 624 pp. (Second Edition in paperback 1996)
Lowman, M.D. 1999. Life in the Treetops. Yale University Press. (Editions in German, Chinese and Korean)
Lowman, M.D. and Rinker, H.B. (eds.) 2004. Forest Canopies. Elsevier Press. (All articles peer-reviewed, with several chapters written by M.D. Lowman)
Lowman, M.D.,  Burgess, E. and  Burgess, J. 2006. It's a Jungle Out There – More Tales from the Treetops. Yale University Press.
Lowman, M.D., Schowalter, T. and Franklin, J. 2011. Methods in Forest Canopy Research. University of California Press.
Lowman, M.D., Devy, S. and Ganesh, T. 2013. Treetops at Risk. Springer Verlag
Lowman, M.D. and Mulat, W. 2014. Beza – Who Saved the Forests of Ethiopia, One Church at a Time. Peppertree Press (children's book), both English and Amharic versions.

References

External links
Margaret Lowman "Canopy Meg" Website
Margaret Lowman Tree Foundation Website

1953 births
Living people
American science writers
American ecologists
Women ecologists
Williams College alumni
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
University of Sydney alumni
Tuck School of Business alumni
New College of Florida faculty
Forest conservation
Forestry researchers
Forestry academics
Women in forestry
North Carolina State University faculty
Fellows of the Ecological Society of America
People associated with the California Academy of Sciences
People from Elmira, New York
Scientific American people

Margaret D. Lowman


The Pocock Baronetcy, of Hart in the County Palatine of Durham and of Twickenham in the County of Middlesex, was a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 18 August 1821 for George Pocock, Member of Parliament for Bridgwater. He was the son of Vice Admiral Sir George Pocock. The title became extinct on the death of the fourth Baronet in 1921.

Pocock baronets, of Hart and Twickenham (1821)
Sir George Pocock, 1st Baronet (1765–1840)
Sir George Edward Pocock, 2nd Baronet (1792–1866)
Sir George Francis Coventry Pocock, 3rd Baronet (1830–1915)
Sir Charles Guy Coventry Pocock, 4th Baronet (1863–1921)

References

Extinct baronetcies in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
History of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames
1821 establishments in England
1921 disestablishments in England

Pocock baronets


Public auto insurance is a government-owned and -operated system of compulsory automobile insurance used in the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Quebec. It is based on the idea that if motorists are compelled to purchase auto insurance by the government, the government ought to ensure motorists pay fair premiums and receive high-quality coverage. Governments across the country have used various insurance schemes from full tort to full no-fault in pursuit of that goal.

Public auto insurers in Canada have historically operated on a not-for-profit basis. The exception is the Insurance Corporation of British Columbia (ICBC), which had its enabling legislation amended in 2010 to allow the provincial government to compel it to pay dividends into the provincial treasury.

Versus private auto insurance
Arguments over public versus private provision of auto insurance often revolve around price and treatment of claimants. Ultimately, the question of which system is more efficient remains an open one.

The principled arguments for private insurance turn on the 'disciplining' effect of market competition. With regard to price, proponents of private insurance argue that an open and competitive market for auto insurance would force providers to be cost-efficient and to compete on price, therefore resulting in lower premiums. However, those in favour of public insurance provision argue that, since private companies would also have to make profits for their owners, a non-profit entity would be more likely to have low premiums.

With regard to claimants themselves, proponents of private insurance argue that competition will force private insurers to treat claimants as fairly as possible, since insureds will simply change providers if they feel mistreated. The counterargument to this is, given that all private insurers have similar profit pressures, they will all be similarly reluctant to pay benefits in order to increase their profit margins, thus resulting in insureds being poorly served no matter which insurer they choose – whereas a public insurer operating on a long-run break-even basis would have more flexibility to fully compensate claimants.

On an empirical level, cost comparisons across jurisdictions are difficult for several reasons. First, different jurisdictions use different insurance models. British Columbia, for example, uses a tort model with some no-fault accident benefits; Saskatchewan offers consumers a choice between no-fault and tort policies; Manitoba uses a no-fault model with the option to sue for economic damages in excess of no-fault benefits; and Québec uses a pure no-fault model with no option to sue. Second, mandated minimum levels of coverage and benefits can vary widely, even between provinces that use similar insurance models. Third, what is covered within a given category, such as medical benefits, may also differ between jurisdictions. Fourth, different parts of the country differ in areas such as demographics and weather, which may affect the costs of claims as well as accident frequency. Lastly, comparisons with other countries – and the United States in particular – are difficult since Canada's public healthcare system covers medical costs that would otherwise often be borne by auto insurers.

Because of this, it is difficult to conduct accurate comparisons of premiums across the country. An analysis that does not disclose its methodology, or that uses premium data drawn from multiple outside sources, is likely to be unreliable.

As would be expected, these complicating factors have resulted in various comparative studies of premiums across the country reaching different conclusions. For example, studies by the Consumers' Association of Canada found that rates in the four public-provision provinces are lower than in provinces that use a private auto insurance system. On the other hand, the Fraser Institute, a right-wing think-tank, released a study in 2011 which concluded that the highest auto insurance rates in Canada were paid in Ontario, British Columbia, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba, of which the latter three operate public insurers. More recently, a 2015 Deloitte analysis conducted for Manitoba Public Insurance (MPI) found that the four provinces with public provision have the cheapest insurance rates.

In British Columbia
The Insurance Corporation of British Columbia was created in 1973 by the NDP government of premier Dave Barrett. While it was initially opposed by the opposition Social Credit Party, ICBC became popular with the public and its continued existence has been supported by the government of the day ever since.

ICBC initially held a monopoly on all auto insurance, but in 1977, the provincial government opened up the optional insurance market. Despite the entrance of several firms in the 1980s, 87% of British Columbians who bought additional coverage did so from ICBC in 2003.

Since its inception, ICBC's mandate has changed several times. Initially, it was responsible for only insurance, but at various points since its creation it has also been responsible for social programs such as the CounterAttack anti-impaired driving initiative, traffic safety initiatives, vehicle and driver licensing, commercial transport and compliance, fine collection, and driver education.

In 2010, ICBC's enabling legislation, the Insurance Corporation Act, was amended by Christy Clark's British Columbia Liberal government to allow the Cabinet Committee to compel ICBC to pay specified dividends into the provincial treasury. Over the next several years, that has arguably had a large negative impact on ICBC's financial position and been pointed to as the underlying cause of ICBC's forecast for dramatic rate increases totalling over 40%.

In 2021, ICBC moved over from tort coverage to no-fault coverage.

In Manitoba
Manitoba Public Insurance (MPI) was created in 1971 by an NDP government under the leadership of Edward Schreyer. It had featured prominently in his campaign platform for the 1969 election. It is a non-profit Crown corporation that operates on a pure no-fault model.

In Quebec
In 1978, the Parti Québécois government of René Lévesque created the  (RAAQ). In 1990, the RAAQ became the Société de l'assurance automobile du Québec (SAAQ). In Quebec, public auto insurance is limited to coverage of personal injuries while damage to property is covered by private insurers.

In Saskatchewan
Created in 1945 by Tommy Douglas's CCF government, Saskatchewan Government Insurance is the oldest public auto insurer in Canada. Saskatchewan is the only province in Canada that offers motorists a choice between no-fault and tort systems of insurance. Although a choice, majority of the people are unaware of it. By default, all Sask residents are enrolled into the no-fault systems, unless someone wishes to switch their coverage over to tort.

Out of province residents who are found partially or fully responsible for an accident in Saskatchewan can be pursued legally for non-economic damages by the Saskatchewan victim even if they have no-fault coverage.

There is no cap on minor injury benefits, and SGI does not mandate for their claimants to go for an eventual assessment to a doctor of their choice; which is a common practice in other provinces in an attempt to 86 the benefits being extended.

Elsewhere in Canada
Other provinces have considered introducing a public auto insurance system. The Ontario New Democratic Party won the 1990 provincial election on a platform that included public auto insurance. After assuming office, Premier Bob Rae appointed Peter Kormos, one of the most vocal proponents of public insurance, as the minister responsible for bringing forward the policy.  With the onset of the recession, however, both business and labour groups expressed concern about layoffs and lost revenues.  The government dropped the policy in 1991, which was one reason for its loss of power in 1995.

Public auto insurance has also been considered in New Brunswick after private insurance rates nearly doubled from 2003 to 2005 but was ultimately rejected by the provincial government. It was also an issue in Nova Scotia during its 2003 provincial election and remained in the platform of the official opposition, the Nova Scotia New Democratic Party during the 2006 election campaign. However, it did not appear in the NDP platform in the 2009 campaign, and during the NDP's majority government, it failed to introduce a public insurance scheme. Public auto insurance was also under consideration by the Newfoundland and Labrador Progressive Conservative government of Danny Williams in 2004 as a "last resort" when private insurance firms threatened to pull out of the province in response to legislation rolling back premiums.

See also
Saskatchewan Government Insurance
Insurance Corporation of British Columbia
Société de l'assurance automobile du Québec
Manitoba Public Insurance
Vehicle insurance

References

Vehicle insurance
Canadian transport law
Insurance in Canada

Auto

Public auto insurance


New York v. United States, 505 U.S. 144 (1992), was a decision of the United States Supreme Court. Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, writing for the majority, found that the federal government may not require states to "take title" to radioactive waste through the "Take Title" provision of the Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Amendments Act, which the Court found to exceeded Congress's power under the Commerce Clause. The Court permitted the federal government to induce shifts in state waste policy through other means.

Background
The Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Amendments Act was an attempt to imbue a negotiated agreement of states with federal incentives for compliance. The problem of what to do with radioactive waste was a national issue complicated by the political reluctance of the states to deal with the problem individually. New York was a willing participant in the compromise, and after the Act was passed, it announced locations in the counties of Allegany and Cortland, as potential places for waste storage. Public opposition in both counties was immediate and very determined and eventually helped motivate New York to challenge the law.

Decision
The Act provided three "incentives" for states to comply with the agreement.

The first two incentives were held constitutional. The first incentive allowed states to collect gradually increasing surcharges for waste that was received from other states. The Secretary of Energy would then collect a portion of the income and redistribute it to reward states that achieved a series of milestones in waste disposal. That was held to be within Congress's power under the Taxing and Spending Clause, an "unexceptionable" exercise of that power.

The second incentive, the "access" incentive, allowed states to reprimand other states that missed certain deadlines by raising surcharges or eventually denying access to disposal at their facilities completely. That was held to be a permitted exercise of Congress's power, under the Commerce Clause.

The third incentive, requiring states to "take title" and assume liability for waste generated within their borders if they failed to comply, was held to be impermissibly coercive and a threat to state sovereignty, thereby violating the Tenth Amendment.

After noting the constitutionality of the first two incentives, Justice O'Connor characterized the "take title" incentive as an attempt to "commandeer" the state governments by directly compelling them to participate in the federal regulatory program. The federal government "crossed the line distinguishing encouragement from coercion." The distinction was that with respect to the "take title" provision, states had to choose between conforming to federal regulations or taking title to the waste. Since Congress cannot directly force states to legislate according to their scheme, and since Congress likewise cannot force them to take title to radioactive waste, O'Connor reasoned that Congress cannot force States to choose between the two. Such coercion would be counter to the federalist structure of government in which a "core of state sovereignty" is enshrined in the Tenth Amendment.

The Court found the "take title" provision to be severable and, noting the seriousness of the "pressing national problem" being addressed, allowed the remainder of the Act to survive.

Dissenting opinion
Justice White wrote a dissenting opinion that was joined by Justices Blackmun and Stevens. White stressed that the Act was a product of "cooperative federalism," as the states "bargained among themselves to achieve compromises for Congress to sanction." Noting that Congress can directly regulate radioactive waste, as opposed to "compelling state legislatures" to regulate according to their scheme, he said that the "ultimate irony of the decision today is that in its formalistically rigid obeisance to 'federalism,' the Court gives Congress fewer incentives to defer to the wishes of state officials in achieving local solutions to local problems."

See also
 List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 505
 List of United States Supreme Court cases
 Lists of United States Supreme Court cases by volume
 List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court

References

External links

United States Constitution Article One case law
United States Tenth Amendment case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
United States Commerce Clause case law
1992 in the environment
1992 in United States case law
Radioactive waste
Energy in New York (state)

New York v. United States


Ludwig Knaus (5 October 1829  – 7 December 1910) was a German genre painter of the younger 7 Düsseldorf school of painting.

Biography
He was born at Wiesbaden and studied from 1845 to 1852 under Sohn and Schadow in Düsseldorf.  His early works, like The Gamblers in the Düsseldorf Gallery, are in the manner of that school, being dark and heavy in color. This deficiency was remedied by study at Paris, whither he went in 1852 and enrolled as a pupil of Thomas Couture.  In 1853 his Morning after the Kermess received the second gold Medal of the Salon and made him a celebrated painter. Except for a year's study in Italy he remained in Paris until 1860.

His chief works of this period include The Golden Wedding, The Baptism, and The Promenade, purchased for the Luxembourg.  From 1861 to 1866 he practiced at Berlin, producing such works as Boys Playing Cards, Looking for a Bride (Wiesbaden Museum), and His Highness on His Travels.  The next eight years of his life saw the production of much of his best work, including The Children's Festival (Nation Gallery, Berlin), In Great Distress, and The Village Prince. From 1874 to 1883 he was professor at the Royal Prussian Academy, Berlin, continuing to reside in that city until his death.

Among the most important works of his last period were:  The Holy Family and The Road to Ruin, both painted in 1876 and now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Behind the Curtain (1880), Dresden Gallery; The Rag Baby (1880) and A Village Festival (1881), both in the Vanderbilt collection, Metropolitan Museum, New York; and A Duel.  During his last period Knaus also painted a series of "Idyls," with nudes in a rather classical style, of which an important example is in the Wiesbaden Museum.

The most famous examples of his portraits, which are genre in character, are those of the scientist Helmholtz and the historian Mommsen, both in the National Gallery, Berlin.  Among his many distinctions were the great gold medal of the Berlin Exhibition of 1861 and the grand medal of honor at the Paris Exposition of 1867. Many of his works are represented at the Museum Wiesbaden.

He was a member of the Berlin, Munich, and many other academies; an Officer of the Legion of Honor and a Knight of the Prussian Order Pour le Mérite. Possibly, his most famous work is Girl in a Field (1857). Engravings of his works were especially popular among the German peasantry.

Notes

References
Pietsch, Künstlermonographien (Bielefeld, 1896)
Pietsch, in Die Kunst unserer Zeit, volume xiii (Munich, 1902)
Pietsch, Berlin Photographic Society album

External links

A photographic album of Ludwig Knaus paintings from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries
Ludwig Knaus' Cats

Painters from Berlin
19th-century German painters
19th-century German male artists
German male painters
20th-century German painters
20th-century German male artists
German genre painters
Officers of the Legion of Honour
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
1829 births
1910 deaths
Academic staff of the Prussian Academy of Arts
Honorary Members of the Royal Academy
Düsseldorf school of painting

Ludwig Knaus


"" (Will I forget you? ... Fear not, beloved), K. 505, is a concert aria by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart for soprano, piano obbligato and orchestra, composed in December 1786 in Vienna. It is often considered to be one of his greatest compositions in this genre.

History
Earlier in 1786, Mozart had produced a previous (musically only distantly related) score based on the same text, as an insertion aria for the character Idamante in a revised version of his 1781 opera Idomeneo,  made for a private performance in Prince Auersperg's palace in Vienna.  For that revival, Mozart reworked the role of Idamante (originally a castrato) for the tenor voice, and the substitution of this scena (recitative and rondò "Non più. Tutto ascoltai... Non temer, amato bene", KV  490) for that of 1781 was only one of many changes that resulted from this recasting.

The K. 505 setting was written for Nancy Storace, probably for her farewell concert from Vienna on 23 February 1787 at the Theater am Kärntnertor. Mozart himself very likely played the obbligato piano part (K. 490 has a violin obbligato). The words to the aria have been thought to be by Lorenzo Da Ponte, but they are in either case, with the exception of the short recitative, exactly those of Giambattista Varesco's original Idomeneo libretto of 1781. Mozart entered the work on 27 December 1786 into his catalogue with the remark: "for Mlle Storace and me". He performed it again with Josepha Duschek on 12 May 1789 in the Gewandhaus in Leipzig on his Berlin journey.

Instrumentation
The work is scored for two clarinets, two bassoons, two horns, strings  with divided violas, soprano, piano.

Structure
The work consists of two sections, the recitative, 27 bars in G minor ("") and the aria itself, 219 bars, a rondò in E-flat major (""). A performance takes approximately ten minutes.

The piece opens with strings alone, followed by an alternation with the soprano solo. After the opening few phrases the tempo briefly becomes faster and more rigorous, but soon returns to that of the beginning, with the voice now accompanied by the strings. This is followed by the winds' introduction of a modulation to E-flat major, at which point the piano enters in a light, gentle almost flirtatious upwards moving passage which sets the theme of the opening of the rondò. The soprano then re-enters, the piano providing a more prominent accompaniment interspersed with solo passages. Throughout the rondò there is a considerable amount of coloratura and sustained notes. There is a sudden tempo change ushered in by the piano in rapid scales. There is then a brief passage in which only the piano accompanies the orchestra. A new theme is then introduced and repeated, after which another intense moment is introduced with repetition of the word perchè ? (why?) by the soprano. After this there is a passage in the minor with only the piano and soprano. However, the winds and piano soon lead back to the major, at which point the theme of the rondò is repeated at the faster tempo. A considerable amount of coloratura from the soprano follows, culminating in two high notes which then further lead to a trill, and to the glorious ending accompanied by arpeggios in the piano.

Libretto
Ch'io mi scordi di te?
Che a lui mi doni puoi consigliarmi?
E puoi voler che in vita…
Ah no! Sarebbe il viver mio di morte assai peggior.
Venga la morte, intrepida l'attendo.
Ma, ch'io possa struggermi ad altra face,
ad altr'oggetto donar gl'affetti miei, come tentarlo?
Ah, di dolor morrei!

Non temer, amato bene,
per te sempre il cor sarà.
Più non reggo a tante pene,
l'alma mia mancando va.
Tu sospiri? O duol funesto!
Pensa almen, che istante è questo!
Non mi posso, oh Dio! spiegar.
Stelle barbare, stelle spietate,
perchè mai tanto rigor?
Alme belle, che vedete
le mie pene in tal momento,
dite voi, s'egual tormento
può soffrir un fido cor?
You ask that I forget you?
You can advise me to give myself to him?
And this while yet I live?
Ah no! My life would be far worse than death!
Let death come, I await it fearlessly.
But how could I attempt to warm myself at another flame,
to lavish my affections on another?
Ah! I should die of grief!

Fear nothing, my beloved,
my heart will always be yours.
I can no longer suffer such distress,
my spirit begins to fail me.
You sigh? O mournful sorrow!
Just think what a moment this is!
O God! I cannot express myself.
Barbarous stars, pitiless stars,
why ever are you so stern?
Fair souls who see
my sufferings at such a moment,
tell me if a faithful heart
can suffer such torment?

Notes

References
 [Description and discography.]

External links

Discography at Neue Mozart-Ausgabe Online
 Recording by European Sinfonietta, Ed Spanjaard, conductor; , soprano; Brilliant Classics, courtesy of Neue Mozart-Ausgabe Online
YouTube, Cecilia Bartoli and Mitsuko Uchida, Riccardo Muti conducting

Arias by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Soprano arias
Arias in Italian
1786 compositions
1786 songs

Ch'io mi scordi di te?