Seppuku is a Japanese ritual where a samurai kills himself by cutting into his belly. After one had done so, a second person would cut off his head. It was thought that seppuku was an honorable way to die. Sometimes, it is called hara-kiri, which is translated from Japanese as belly-cutting.

Seppuku first developed in the 12th century as a means for samurai to achieve an honorable death. Swordsmen performed the ritual to avoid capture following battlefield defeats, but it also functioned as a means of protest and a way of expressing grief over the death of a revered leader. Beginning in the 1400s, seppuku evolved into a common form of capital punishment for samurai who had committed crimes. In each case, it was considered an act of extreme bravery and self-sacrifice that embodied Bushido, the ancient warrior code of the samurai. There was even a female version of seppuku called "jigai," which involved cutting the throat using a special knife known as a "tanto."

Overview
Seppuku was a key part of bushido, the honor code of the samurai warriors. It was used by warriors so that they would not fall into enemy hands and be shamed. It was possible also that a samurai received an order from his master to commit seppuku.

Because seppuku was an honorable act, a warrior who was caught by the enemy was sometimes given the choice between seppuku and being executed. If he chose seppuku, he could protect his honor. Samurai women had to ask for permission to commit seppuku.

This act could be performed either with a ritual, or quietly on the battlefield while other warriors fight the enemy.

The main weapon used was the samurai's knife called tantō or the short sword, called wakizashi. A samurai who wants to commit seppuku would take the weapon, open his kimono and stab the blade into his belly. He would make a deep cut from Right to left. An assistant of the warrior committing seppuku (called kaishakunin) would immediately cut off his head.

Seppuku fell out of favor with the decline of the samurai in the late-19th century, but the practice didn't disappear entirely. Japanese General Nogi Maresuke disemboweled himself in 1912 out of loyalty to the deceased Meiji Emperor, and many troops later chose the sword over surrender during World War II. Perhaps the most famous case in recent history concerns Yukio Mishima, a renowned novelist and Nobel Prize nominee who committed ritual seppuku in 1970 after leading a failed coup against the Japanese government.

References
Samurai
Suicide

Seppuku


Rugby sevens is the shortened version of rugby union in which only seven players per side feature, instead of the full fifteen. The version of rugby union is very popular, with notable comptitions including the IRB Sevens World Series and the Rugby World Cup Sevens. It is also played at events such as the Commonwealth Games and rugby league has also adopted the sevens format.

Rugby sevens was invented in Melrose, a small town in Scotland.

It is played under the same rules and on a field of the same dimensions as the 15-player game but a rugby sevens match lasts approximately 15 minutes (7 minutes aside with 1 minute half-time break) but the finals last somewhat more than 20 minutes; each half in a final is ten minutes instead of the normal seven minutes also the game ends when the ball goes of the pitch or points are scored. The point system is similar to rugby union where a Try gets a team 5 points and conversion 2 points with 3 points for penalties and Drop-goals (drop-goals are very uncommon in sevens). Points scoring occurs with much greater regularity in sevens compared to fifteens, since there are more spaces for players to run. Scrums still exist within sevens, composed of just three players from each team. Given the speedy nature of the game, players are usually either from the backline or the trio of loose forwards in fifteens rugby. All sevens players, wether in the forwards or otherwise must be fit,agile,relatively strong and demonstrate a high level of fitness in order to compete at an optimum level. Countries such as New Zealand, Fiji, South Africa, England, and Samoa have very successful sevens teams. Rugby sevens have also been played in the commonwealth games since 1998 where there are only boys teams. New Zealand is ranked as number 1 in the commonwealth games. New Zealand has won 4 gold medals and one silver medal.

References

Rugby union

Rugby sevens


Maurice T. Muehleisen (January 14, 1949 – September 20, 1973) was an American musician, songwriter, and artist best known for his studio work, live accompaniment, and impact on the music of Jim Croce. Muehleisen died in the same plane crash that killed Croce.

Early life
Maurice T. Muehleisen was born on January 14, 1949, into a large family in Trenton, New Jersey. He received classical piano training at the age of nine and began playing guitar when he was 17. Muehleisen briefly attended Glassboro State College in Glassboro, New Jersey.

Recording
Muehleisen had written several songs and was introduced to producers Terry Cashman and Tommy West, who offered to produce an album of his songs.  At that time, Jim Croce was out of the music industry and was working a series of odd jobs.  Muehleisen and Croce were introduced by a mutual friend and developed an immediate and lasting rapport. With steady gigs and a growing fan base, Muehleisen invited Croce to back him up as a second guitarist at local Philadelphia-area venues just prior to the release of the Gingerbreadd album by Capitol Records in November 1970.

Although commercial results were minimal, Muehleisen's music and songwriting began to have a significant impact—the emergence of a new structural sophistication and commercial appeal—on the musical development of Croce's own songwriting. The result was a sound captured by Cashman and West's sparse production on Croce's three albums—You Don't Mess Around with Jim; Life and Times; and I Got a Name, which was released posthumously.

The resulting commercial success of the music launched Croce and Muehleisen on 18 months of frequent touring, both in the United States and abroad; seven national television appearances, including The Tonight Show, American Bandstand, The Dick Cavett Show, The Midnight Special and the Helen Reddy Show; as an opening act for Randy Newman, Woody Allen, and Loggins and Messina; and numerous radio interviews. A typical concert venue featured Muehleisen and Croce in a two-guitar acoustic duet, playing to audiences sometimes as large as 10,000 people (Chicago's Ravinia Folk Festival, July 1973). Occasionally, producer Tommy West would join them onstage, typically on the TV appearances, playing the piano.

With constant touring becoming a grind, and a  No. 1 record on the charts ("Bad, Bad Leroy Brown"), Muehleisen and Croce returned to New York's The Hit Factory in the summer of 1973 to record Croce's third record as a solo artist. Recording sessions were sandwiched between tour stops, and the final song was finished on September 14, 1973. Croce's last recording was a song written by Muehleisen, titled "Salon and Saloon", one of the few songs on Croce's solo albums where he was not the primary songwriter—the I Got a Name LP included two other non-Croce-written tunes.

Death

Continuing to tour, Muehleisen and Croce left New York for the southeastern United States.  On Thursday, September 20, 1973, they were in Natchitoches, Louisiana, at Northwestern State University. Their entourage— Robert Elliot the pilot, Muehleisen, Croce, comedian George Stevens who was the opening act, Croce's road manager Dennis Rast, and Croce's manager and booking agent Kenneth Cortose, all arrived by a small chartered plane. Less than an hour after the concert, the plane crashed at 10:45 p.m. as it was taking off for the next concert in Sherman, Texas. Everyone on board the plane was killed instantly. Muehleisen was only 24 years old.

The official report of the accident said that the charter pilot had severe coronary artery disease, had run a portion of the three miles to the airport from a motel, and may have suffered a heart attack, causing him to crash the twin-engined Beechcraft E18S into a pecan tree at the end of a clear runway with excellent visibility. Early the following week, Muehleisen was buried in Trenton.

Guitars
Muehleisen had an enthusiastic preference for Martin Guitars and used a Martin D-18 and D-35 in his studio recordings, both on Gingerbreadd and on Jim Croce's three albums. Muehleisen had a natural finger-picking style that accentuated the higher registers of the Martins. Eventually both Muehleisen and Croce became some of the early artists to use Ovation guitars, known for the unique synthetic "Lyrachord Bowl" design on the back of the guitar, instruments often seen on their later television appearances. Muehleisen also added some electric guitar on I Got a Name.

Legacy

On September 20, 2006, 33 years to the day of Muehleisen's death, the first domestic CD of his Gingerbreadd LP was reissued, along with a companion CD, Maury Muehleisen – Before the Ever Since, featuring early home and studio recordings. Liner notes on Gingerbreadd explain the title. In addition to early renditions of the original Gingerbreadd song lineup, the companion CD includes Muehleisen's original solo guitar recording of "Salon and Saloon" (the version sung by Croce was accompanied only by Tommy West on piano).

In an August 12, 2010, article in Inside [New] Jersey magazine, Muehleisen's sister, Mary, discussed his music and his association with Croce.

References

External links
Maury Muehleisen website, compiled by his sister

1949 births
1973 deaths
American male singer-songwriters
American rock songwriters
American rock singers
Musicians from Trenton, New Jersey
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the United States
Accidental deaths in Louisiana
20th-century American singer-songwriters
American folk guitarists
American acoustic guitarists
American male guitarists
American rock guitarists
Lead guitarists
American pop guitarists
American harmonica players
Fingerstyle guitarists
20th-century American guitarists
Singer-songwriters from New Jersey
20th-century American pianists
Guitarists from New Jersey
American male pianists
20th-century American male singers
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1973

Maury Muehleisen


The Falkland Islands wolf (Dusicyon australis), also known as the warrah, Falkland Islands dog, Falkland Islands fox, or Antarctic wolf, is a species of wolf that used to live on the Falkland Islands. They were blamed for killing sheep, but it is not known if they did or not. The last fox died in 1876. This species probably fed on penguins, seals and vegetation.

It is unclear how they got to the Falkland Islands. The most common theory was that the warrah descended from domestic dogs brought to the Falkland Islands by the Yaghan of Tierra del Fuego. This explained the lack of their fear of humans.

However, this theory was seen as implausible because the Falkland Islands are far from mainland South America and the sea between the mainland and the islands is very windy, making it impossible to cross in simple canoes. Now, the accepted theory is that the warrah crossed into the Falkland Islands on a former ice bridge connecting the mainland and the islands.

Canids

Falkland Islands wolf


The European Games were first held in 2015 and are held every four years.

Three medals are awarded: gold for first place, silver for second place, and bronze for third place. Tie breakers have not been used in every year. In the event of a tie between two gymnasts, both names are listed, and the following position (second for a tie for first, third for a tie for second) is left empty because a medal was not awarded for that position. If three gymnastics tied for a position, the following two positions are left empty.

Medalists

References

Gymnastics at the European Games

Gymnastics at the European Games – Women's floor exercise


Ice hockey is a sport played by on ice inower a rink, in that twa teams o skeitchers uise thair cammocks tae hit a hockey puck intae thair opponent's goal tae score pynts. The sport is kent tae be fest-lickit an pheesical, wi ilka team conseestin o 6 players, for ordinar: ane goalkeeper, an five players that skeet up an doun the ice ettlin tae tak the puck an score a goal again the team foreanent.

Fremmit airtins

Baw gemmes

Ice hockey


Michael Pössinger (18 January 1919 – 23 May 2003) was a German bobsledder who competed in the early 1950s. He won a complete set of medals in the four-man event at the FIBT World Championships with a gold in 1951, a silver in 1954, and a bronze (tied with Sweden) in 1953. Pössinger finished sixth in the four-man event at the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo.

During World War II, Pössinger served in the mountain troops of the Wehrmacht and was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves. The battalion under his command was responsible for burning to death 21 civilians at Kefalovryso, Greece on 10 July 1943.

World War II
Michael Pössinger joined the mountain troops of the Wehrmacht in October 1937, and took part in the Invasion of Poland (1939) and the Battle of France (1940). He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 19 July 1940. In 1941, he fought in the Balkans Campaign and Operation Barbarossa. In 1941 Pössinger participated in the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1941 at Cortina d'Ampezzo in Italy and won a Silver Medal.

At the end of 1941 he was put in charge of a Ski company in the 1st Mountain Division. For two months it operated behind Russian lines, attacking supply positions and other strong points, returning to his own lines in February 1942. He continued leading the company in the Caucasus until he was severely wounded in the summer of 1942. On 16 February 1943 Pössinger was awarded the German Cross in Gold. Promoted to Hauptmann on 1 October 1943 he was put in command of the I. Battalion of the 98th Gebirgsjäger-Regiment.

I. Battalion of the 98th Gebirgsjäger-Regiment was responsible for burning to death 21 civilians at Kefalovryso, Greece on 10 July 1943. Historian Hermann Frank Meyer assumes that the actions were personally led by Pössinger.

In October 1944, Pössinger was put in charge of the II. Battalion of the Grenadier-Regiment 1123. For his autonomous counter-attack and break through at Allenstein, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves. In May 1945 he received the Close Combat Clasp in Gold. He surrendered to the American forces in May 1945.

After World War II he initially worked as a business man. On 26 April 1956 he joined the Bundeswehr with the rank of Major. From October 1961 to October 1965 he was commander of the Mountain and Winter Combat School in Mittenwald. He commanded the VKK 653 (Verteidigungskreiskommando—District Defense Command of the German Army) in Murnau until March 1975 and retired from the Bundeswehr on 31 March 1975.

Awards

 Iron Cross (1939)
 2nd Class (24 September 1939)
 1st Class (16 June 1940)
 Infantry Assault Badge (13 April 1942)
 Wound Badge (1939)
 in Black (6 June 1942)
 in Silver (15 October 1942)
 in Gold
 Eastern Front Medal (1 October 1942)
 Five Tank Destruction Badges for Individual Combatants
 German Cross in Gold on 16 February 1943 as Oberleutnant in the 6./Gebirgsjäger-Regiment 98
 Close Combat Clasp
 in Bronze on 21 June 1943)
 in Gold on 1 May 1945 for 50 days in close combat
 Croatian Military Order of the Iron Trefoil 3rd Class with Oak Leaves (18 May 1944)
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
 Knight's Cross on 19 July 1940 as Leutnant of the Reserves and company commander in the 16./Gebirgsjäger-Regiment 98
 759th Oak Leaves on 28 February 1945 as Major and commander of the I./Grenadier-Regiment 1123
 Romanian Order of the Crown
 Cross of Merit on ribbon (1997)

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

 Meyer, Hermann Frank (2008). Blutiges Edelweiß. Die 1. Gebirgs-Division im Zweiten Weltkrieg (in German). Berlin, Germany: Christoph Links Verlag. .

1919 births
2003 deaths
People from Garmisch-Partenkirchen (district)
Sportspeople from Upper Bavaria
Bobsledders at the 1956 Winter Olympics
German male bobsledders
Gebirgsjäger of World War II
German Army personnel
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Christian Democratic Union of Germany politicians
German Army officers of World War II
Olympic bobsledders for the United Team of Germany
Military personnel from Bavaria

Michael Pössinger


Taj al-Din al-Hasani (; 1885 – 17 January 1943) was a French-appointed Syrian leader and politician who served during the French mandate as Syrian head of state (1928–1931, 1941–1943), prime minister (1928–1932, 1934–1936) and minister of interior (1934–1936).

Life

Background, education and early career
Taj al-Din was born and raised into a family of Muslim scholars in Damascus. His father was Badr al-Din al-Hasani, one of the most respected Islamic scholars in the late nineteenth century. The young Hasani studied Islamic theology with his father, and in 1905 became his personal assistant. He trained young students of his generation in conduct and thought. In 1912, he became a member in the committee for school reform, which was established by the Municipality of Damascus. In 1916, he became editor-in-chief of al-Sharq (The East), a daily newspaper published by Jamal Pasha, the Ottoman Governor of Syria. He held this position throughout World War I. When the war ended in 1918, his father delegated him to meet with King Faisal I, the first post-Ottoman ruler of Syria, and explain the conditions and needs of Muslim establishments in Syria. Faisal was impressed by Hasani's eloquence and, in March 1920, appointed him Director of the Royal Palace. He retained this post until the French occupied Syria in July 1920 and dethroned Faysal, setting up their mandate in Syria. Hasani went to Paris and established secret channels with the French, promising them absolute support if they agreed to support his political ambitions. The French government accepted and began grooming him for future leadership in Syria.

Years in office
In 1925, the French High Commissioner Maurice Sarrail asked Hasani to form a government during the climax of a national uprising in the Arab Mountain. Hasani failed to create a suitable composition. He was given a second opportunity and succeeded, creating a government of prominent figures on 15 February 1928. With no presidential office in Syria, Hasani was vested with supreme presidential powers, but had to submit all of his actions and decrees to the French High Commissioner in Beirut. His cabinet included the historian and scholar Muhammad Kurd Ali as Minister of Education, the attorney Said Mahasin as Minister of Justice, and Jamil al-Ulshi, an Ottoman-trained officer and ex-prime minister, as Minister of Finance. The opponents to his regime were mainly hard-line nationalists who criticized the French connections of Ulshi, Mahasin, and Hasani, claiming that they had not contributed to the nationalist movement since the French Mandate was imposed in 1920. In April 1928, Hasani held office for three months on the Constituent Assembly that drafted the first republican constitution for Syria. Hasani ruled Syria with three different cabinets from February 1928 until November 1931. The opposition, headed by the National Bloc, accused him of tampering with the ballots to secure his election through Interior Minister Sa'id Mahasin. In 1932, Hasani nominated himself for presidential office. The French, who were under mounting nationalist pressure to reform the political system in Syria, distanced themselves from the elections. With no proper French backing, he was defeated at the polls.

Hasani protested to government authorities in Paris, who compensated him with the post of Prime Minister in the administration of President Muhammad Ali al-Abid. The National Bloc, Hasani's prime opponent in local politics, staged a countrywide strike that lasted for sixty days, demanding that France address the issue of Syrian independence in a serious manner. During the strike, commercial life was brought to a standstill and hundreds of Syrians were arrested and deported to remote prisons on the Syrian-Turkish border. Hasani arrested many leaders of the National Bloc, including Saadallah al-Jabiri from Aleppo and Fakhri al-Barudi from Damascus. Shukri al-Quwwatli and Nasib al-Bakri, two politicians from Damascus, were placed under house-arrest. The entire ordeal embarrassed the French who in turn, called the Bloc leaders into independence talks in Paris. When a Franco-Syrian treaty was ready, the Bloc leadership assumed power and Hasani moved into the opposition to the new administration of President Hashim al-Atasi, the leader of the National Bloc.

Final years

The ex-Prime Minister remained on the margins of political life until 1941, when following the Bloc downfall, General Charles de Gaulle appointed him President of Syria on 12 September 1941, after having failed to prevail upon Hashim al-Atasi to return to office. He was required to contain the nationalist movement and provide funds for France's war effort in Europe. To raise money, President Hasani increased his taxes and raised the price of bread, thereby alienating himself throughout the poor districts of Syria. De Gaulle rewarded Hasani's services by officially recognizing Syria's independence on 27 September 1941 and promising complete French evacuation once the war in Europe ended. The French General abrogated a law formulated in the 1920s that divided the Alawite Mountain and the Arab Mountain into independent zones, thereby re-incorporating them into the Syrian Republic. France, however, was given the right to retain military bases throughout the country and receive economic, financial, and political privileges in Syria. Hasani then tried to distance himself from French influence and began befriending members of the National Bloc. He also tried to convince the French to re-instate the democratically elected Parliament of 1936–1939, but his efforts proved futile. He died suddenly of a heart attack on 17 January 1943. His son-in-law Munir al-Ajlani claims that in his final years, Taj al-Din al-Hasani wanted to distance himself from the French and project the image of a true nationalist, but died before that was done. He was the first Syrian head of state to die while in office.

Distinctions
 Commander of the Legion of Honour (1934)

References

Sources
Sami Moubayed, Steel & Silk: Men and Women Who Shaped Syria 1900–2000 (Cune Press, Seattle, 2005).

1885 births
1943 deaths
20th-century Syrian politicians
Commanders of the Legion of Honour
Presidents of Syria
Prime Ministers of Syria
World War II political leaders
20th-century presidents in Asia

Taj al-Din al-Hasani


The Council of Independent Colleges (CIC) is an association in the United States of more than 650 independent, liberal arts colleges and universities and more than 100 higher education affiliates and organizations that work together to strengthen college and university leadership, sustain high-quality education, and enhance private higher education's contributions to society. To fulfill its mission, CIC provides ideas, resources, and programs that help institutions improve their leadership expertise, educational programs, administrative and financial performance, and institutional visibility. Member institutions are drawn from across the spectrum of independent higher education, including selective liberal arts colleges, medium-sized private universities, religious colleges, historically black colleges, and single-sex institutions. The Council is headquartered at One Dupont Circle in Washington, DC.

Since 2021, the organization has been led by Marjorie Hass, a former college president.

Membership criteria
To join the Council as a full member, a U.S. college or university must grant baccalaureate degrees, must demonstrate a commitment to liberal arts and sciences through its curricular offerings and degree requirements, must have been in operation for at least three years, and must be accredited or have candidate status with a U.S. regional accrediting association. Similar institutions outside the U.S. may join as international members, and independent, nonprofit two-year institutions may qualify for associate membership.

Tuition Exchange Program

One of CIC's services to its member institutions is its Tuition Exchange Program, a network of more than 430 CIC colleges and universities that are willing to accept, tuition-free, students from families of full-time employees of other participating institutions.

Merger with Foundation for Independent Higher Education

In October 2010, the Foundation for Independent Higher Education (FIHE) merged with CIC. This merger has enabled CIC to expand its role in supporting independent colleges by also working with, and providing grant support to, state consortia of private colleges and universities.

References

External links

International college and university associations and consortia
College and university associations and consortia in the United States

Council of Independent Colleges


Thomas Eugene Gifford (May 16, 1937 – October 31, 2000) was a best-selling American author of thriller novels.  He was a graduate of Harvard University.

He gained international fame with the crime novel The Glendower Legacy and later with the Vatican thriller The Assassini. The books posited George Washington as a British spy and the Roman Catholic Church as a criminal organization. The Glendower Legacy was made into a movie in 1981 under the name Dirty Tricks.

Gifford also published under the names Dana Clarins and Thomas Maxwell.

He died of cholangiocarcinoma in his home in Dubuque, Iowa, on Halloween 2000.

Bibliography
Won awards at Harvard for creative writing; worked at The Sun newspaper and The Guthrie; won Putnam's prize for best first novel (The Wind Chill Factor).

From Dubuque, Iowa, after graduating from college he moved to the Twin Cities, Minnesota, where he and his wife, Kari Sandven, had two children (Thomas Eaton, Rachel Claire). Divorced in 1969, he went on to marry Camille D'Ambrose, a local actress. They moved to Los Angeles for a few years, then returned to Orono, MN. Novels continued to flow from his fountain pen through the years. Gifford eventually moved to New York—a city he loved whose people were of infinite importance to him. In 1996, he turned his attention to renovating his childhood home in Dubuque, spending more time in Iowa than New York during his last years. He embraced the community of Dubuque, as they embraced their prodigal son. Featured in the Dubuque Telegraph Herald, Gifford recounted his every day occurrences, from learning the pleasure of getting a dog (Katie Maxwell, the Scottie) to peeves and pleasures of the town. Diagnosed with terminal cancer in February 2000, Gifford spent his remaining months reading, watching old movies, and chatting with friends and family. He died in Dubuque on October 31, 2000.

Gifford lived life large, had friends throughout the world, and lived life by his favorite credo—"we're not here for a long time; we're here for a good time."

As Thomas Gifford
 1975 – The Wind Chill Factor
 1976 – The Cavanaugh Quest (nominated for the Edgar Award 1977)
 1977 – The Man from Lisbon
 1978 – The Glendower Legacy
 1979 – Hollywood Gothic
 1990 – The Assassini
 1993 – Praetorian
 1994 – The First Sacrifice
 1996 – Saint's Rest

As Thomas Maxwell
 1986 – Kiss Me Once
 1987 – The Saberdene Variations
 1988 – Kiss Me Twice
 1990 – The Suspense Is Killing Me

As Dana Clarins
 1984 – Woman in the Window
 1985 – Guilty Parties
 1986 – The Woman Who Knew Too Much

References

External links

1937 births
2000 deaths
20th-century American novelists
American male novelists
Deaths from cancer in Iowa
Deaths from cholangiocarcinoma
Harvard University alumni
Writers from Dubuque, Iowa
20th-century American male writers
Novelists from Iowa

Thomas Gifford


John Maclean (1879-1923) wis born in Glesgae, Scotland intae a faimily o Hieland oreegin frae the Isle o Mull.  Maclean becam a dominie an syne gaed tae the Varsity o Glesgae, graduatin wi a Maister o Airts degree (Maclean aye uised MA efter his name whan bein setten furth efterhaund).  Maclean is seen as ane o the chief feegurs o the Reid Clydeside era.

Maclean becam convinced that the staundart o livin o the warkin-clesses coud be made better throu the uptak o Marxist thocht juist, an he jynt the Social Democratic Federation (SDF), an bydit in the organisation as it formed the Breitish Socialist Pairty.  Bi the time o Warld Weir I his socialism wis o a revolutionary mak, altho he wrocht wi ithers on the left that's socialism wisna, sic as his freend James Maxton.  He strangly opponed the weir acause he felt it wis a weir o imperialism that sheddit warkers ane frae the ither.

Whal life
His poleitics made him weel kent tae the authorities o the time, an in 1915 he wis seckit frae his teachin post.  Acause o this, he becam a fou-time Marxist lecturer an organiser, eddicatin ither Glaswegian warkers in Marxist theory.  He later foondit the Scots Labour College, wi branches aw oer Scotland.

He wis involved a wee bit wi the Land League in Lewis an Harris during the 1910s.

In Warld Weir I he wis yauld in anti-weir groups an wis pitten in the jyle for his ettles in 1916, anerlie bein lowsed efter left-wing demonstrations follaein the Roushian Revolution in Februar 1917.

Maclean wis made Soviet Consul in Scotland bi Lenin as a gratification for his revolutionary socialist ettles, an a fervent Bolshevik representin person

Acause he wis a revolutionary enemy o whit he saw as an imperialist weir MacLean steively opponed the staunce taen bi the heid-anes o the BSP aboot H. M. Hyndman. Houaniver, he wisna a pairt o the new leadership that replaced Hyndman in 1916.

Acause the BSP wis the chief constituent organisation that merged intae the new-formit Communist Pairty of Great Breitain, MacLean wis alienate frae the new pairty maugre o his uphaudin o the Communist Internaitional. It seems that he micht hae becom a member o the Socialist Labour Pairty at this time for a while. Houaniver this wis aucht tae his growin belief that warkers in Scotland coud gang in a revolutionary airt quicker nor thair comrades in England an Wales.

It wis roond aboot this time that Maclean, influeenced bi Embra-born Irishman James Connolly, becam mair naitionalist in thocht an he eventually formed the Scots Warkers Republican Pairty that pit Communism an a belief in Scots unthirldom thegither. The man wis advocateen true Scots unthirldom at a time fan the SNP an thair antecedent perties war maistly faffin aboot wi ideas lit Home Rule.

Whan Maclean dee'd, his halth brucken bi years o the jyle, several thoosand fowk lined the streets o Glesgae tae see his funeral procession gae bi, sic the extent o his repute bi the time o his daith.

He left a legacy that haes efterhaund been claimed baith bi the Scots Naitionalist an Labour muvements, makkin him aamaist aesome in this respect amang Scotland's historical feigurs.  The modren Scots Socialist Pairty lay strang claim tae Maclean's poleitical legacy, in parteicular the Scots Republican Socialist Muvement (a faction athin the SSP).

Arreistaition
On 15t Apryle 1918, Maclean wis arreisted far sedition. He wis refused bail an his trial fixit for 9 Mey in Edinburgh. He conductit his ain defence in a defiant manner, refusin tae plead an when askit if he objectit tae ony o the juror's replyin, "A object tae the whole lot o thaim." The prosecution case wis based on the testimony o witnesses wha haed attendit his meetins, wha quotit extraicts frae oot his speeches uisin notes thay haed written up frae memory efter the meetin. Maclean objected tae his wirds bein taken oot o context, sayin. "The main pairts o me speech, in whilk me themes are developit are omittit. A want tae expose the trickery o the Breitish goviernment an their police an their lawyers."

Maclean addressit the jury (in Inglis) in an "impassioned speech" lastin 75 meenutes, ane o the greitest Marxist anti-capitalist attacks:

"A had a lectur, the principal heidin understandin wis "Thou shalt nae steal; thou shalt nae kill", an A pointit oot that as a consequence o the robbery that gangs an in aw civilisit kintras taeday, oor respective kintras hae haed tae keep armies, an that inevitably oor armies must clash ane-tae-ane. On that an on ither groonds, A consider Capitalism the maist infamoos, bloody an evil seestem that mankind haes ever witnessit. Me langage is regardid as extravagant langage, bat the events o the past fower years hae prooved me contention....
A wish nae hairm tae ony human bein, bat A, as ane man, am gaun tae exercise me freedom o speech. Nae human bein on the face o the Yird, nae goviernment is gaun tae tak frae me ma richt tae exprime, ma richt tae protest agains wrang, my right tae dae everything that is far the benefit o Mankind. A am nae here, then, as the accusit; A am here as the accuser o capitalism drippin wi bluid frae heid tae fit."

He wis sentencit tae five years o penal servitude, an imprisonit in Peterhead prison near Aiberdeen. Houaniver, a militant campaign wis launched for he be free again.

Efter the airmistice on 11 November, he wis releasit on 3 December 1918, returnin tae Glesga, a lot o warkers bein joyful o his liberation.

Readins an interpretaitions
The weel-kent Erse-American folk group "The Clancy Brothers an Tommy Makem" read an pronoonce the "Speech frae the Docks" in a video ye can watch on Youtube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o5Amf1RE0AA&feature=related.

See forby
John Maclean's Speech Frae the Dock
Freedom Come Aa Ye

References

Fremmit airtins
(Aw in Inglis)
The Song Dominie aboot John MacLean (Youtube)
Strathclyde Varsity Digital Library entry on John Maclean
The John MacLean Archive
The John MacLean Internet Archive
Oor Ain John MacLean
 Pitt, Robert. John Maclean and the CPGB .  Julie 1995. Setten furth online bi What Next? Marxist jurnal.  Taen Mey 11, 2005.

1879 births
1923 daiths
Alumni o the Varsity o Glesga
Breetish anti–Warld War I activists
Breetish Socialist Pairty members
Fowk frae Glesga
Red Clydeside
Scots preesoners an detainees
Scots communists
Scots unthirldom
Scots socialists
Scots naitionalists
Social Democratic Federation members
Faur-left politics in Scotland

John Maclean


Black Swan Network is a musical side project of The Olivia Tremor Control.  With contributions from Neutral Milk Hotel members Jeff Mangum and Julian Koster, as well as individual contributions from J. Kirk Pleasant of Calvin, Don't Jump! and fablefactory's Roxanne Martin, it was intended to be an experimental project in ambient music.  After their releases, the band members became busier with their other projects, and Black Swan Network appears to be on permanent hiatus.

Releases

Black Swan Network released one full-length album on Camera Obscura and two EPs.

The full-length album, The Late Music, was born out of a small message hidden in the liner notes of The Olivia Tremor Control's Music from the Unrealized Film Script, Dusk at Cubist Castle, requesting that people submit recordings of dream descriptions to the band.  The album consisted of seven untitled pieces incorporating the submissions with different other ambient sounds and musical fragments.

Albums
 The Late Music (Camera Obscura; CD; 1997)

Singles and EPs

 The Olivia Tremor Control/Black Swan Network (Flydaddy; CD/12"; 1997)
 Happy Happy Birthday to Me Singles Club: June (Happy Happy Birthday to Me; 7"; 2001)

External links

The Elephant 6 Recording Company artists
American experimental musical groups

Black Swan Network


George Ent (6 November 1604 – 13 October 1689) was an English scientist in the seventeenth century.

Biography

Ent was born on 6 November 1604 in Sandwich, Kent. He was the son of a Belgian immigrant, Josias Ent (sometimes called John Ent) and his wife Judith; The Ent (or Ente) family of Sandwich came from Newchurch, in the county of Flanders, to avoid religious persecution. George Ent's father died in July 1629, his mother in 1650,

As a boy, Ent went to school in Wallachia and Rotterdam, but attended college in England. He left for college in April 1624, and received his BA from Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge in 1627 and his MA four years later. Following his graduation from Sidney, he spent five years at the University of Padua, earning his MD in 1636.

On 25 June 1639, Sir George Ent became a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and remained a fellow for the duration of his life.  In addition, he served as a censor from 1645 to 1669 (with gaps in service in 1650, 1652, and 1658), a Registrar from 1655 to 1670, and Consiliarius from 1667 to 1669 and 1676 to 1686.  He was elected President of the Royal College of Physicians in 1670 and held the position for five years. He also served on 17 August 1682 and 28 May 1684. Ent was also elected to the Royal Society as an Original Fellow on 22 April 1663.

On 10 October 1646, Ent married Sarah, the daughter of a former president of the Royal College, Dr. .

Ent was also known as an author, a scholar, and an anatomist.  He was widely reputed to be exceptionally eloquent, particularly in Latin.  He wrote a number of books, the most prominent of which is probably his Apologia, the first book Ent ever published.  In addition, he both studied and gave lectures on anatomy.  In 1665, his anatomy lectures at the Royal College of Physicians were observed by King Charles II, who knighted him in April of the same year.  This remains the only instance in which a man was actually knighted inside the Royal College.

Although born twenty-six years after him, Ent was a close friend of William Harvey, a man known best for his discovery of the circulation of blood.  Ent met Harvey in Venice, shortly after his graduation from Padua.  His Apologia was a defense of Harvey's theory of circulation, and Ent is credited with convincing Harvey to release his de Generatione Animalium, which was actually edited and published by Ent.

Ent is also known for his correspondence with Cassiano dal Pozzo, who sent Ent fossilized wood specimens, including a tabletop made of petrified wood.  Ent showed them to the Royal Society, where they led to increased interest in the origin of fossils.

Ent died in his house in St Giles-in-the-Fields on 13 October 1689 at the age of 84.

Works and Theories
George Ent's significance lies mainly in his contributions to the works of others, particularly his critiques. He is known as one of the closest friends and first defenders of William Harvey, and he is considered to be one of Harvey's successors in the study of anatomy. Ent's best known theories build on Harvey's work, while the rest of Ent's work spans a wide spectrum of knowledge.

Apologia pro circulatione sanguinis
Translation: Defense on Behalf of the Circulation of the Blood.

Written in 1641, the Apologia pro circulatione sanguinis, Ent's most significant work on anatomy, defends the theories of William Harvey's book de Motu Cordis (On the Circulation of the Blood), directly responding to the criticism of Emilius Parisianus. This book is significant both on the merits of Ent's own anatomical theories and because it offered one of the first in-depth defenses of Harvey's work.

In the Apologia, Ent elaborates on Harvey's theories on circulation, suggesting that a "nutritive fluid" nourishes the body by passing through the nerves. Ent draws on John Mayow's theories on innate heat and respiration in his discussion of the nervous system. In addition to Harvey's work, Ent references both ancient and contemporary sources, particularly mentioning writers discussing topics now considered occult, whom Harvey dismissed.

Sive animadversiones in Malachias Thrustoni
Translation: Or Observations against Malachi Thruston.

The Sive animadversiones in Malachias Thrustoni contains Ent's analysis of Malachi Thruston's theories on respiration. While containing a reasonable critique, the original theories Ent puts forth in this work do not go beyond those expressed in his Apologia, making this work less significant than the Apologia as an original expression.

Lectures on Anatomy
Ent gave several lectures on anatomy at the Royal College of Physicians in 1665. He is known for being one of only two lecturers to have left his lecture notes in English. After a lecture in April, which the King attended, Ent received a knighthood.

Other works
Mantissa anatomica combines of three of Ent's studies on anatomy – Lophius, Galeus, and Rana. He assembled these as part of an intended broad study of anatomy in the 1650s that never further materialized.

From 1637–1655, Ent corresponded with Cassiano dal Pozzo concerning fossil wood.

Published in 1687, near the end of Ent's lifetime, the Opera Omnia Medico-Physica (All Medical-Physical Works) contains a collection of Ent's works.

Ent's nonscientific works include a range of topics. The Grounds of Unity in Religion comments on the relationship of the English government and the Church of England, discussing the position of people of different faiths with the political and religious framework. The Manner of Hatching Chicken at Cairo, on which he collaborated with John Graves, describes a method of using heat from ovens to force eggs to hatch.

References

Bylebyl, Jerome J. William Harvey and his age : the professional and social context of the discovery of the circulation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979.
Debus, Allen G. Medicine in seventeenth century England; a symposium held at UCLA in honor of C. D. O'Malley. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974.
"Ent, George." Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. XVII, Ed. Leslie Stephen London: 1878. 377–78.
"Ent, George." Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. IV. Ed. Charles Coulston Gillispie. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1971. 376–377.
Keynes, Geoffrey, Sir. The life of William Harvey. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966.
Munk, William. The Roll of the Royal College of Physicians of London. 2d ed. rev. and enlarged. London: 1878. Volume I.  223–227.

External links
Royal Society's archive of George Ent's speeches and notes

Sir George Ent's Commonplace Book
A Roman correspondence: George Ent and Cassiano dal Pozzo
Royal College of Physicians' Identity Statement on George Ent
Early Letters of the Royal Society

1604 births
1689 deaths
English scientists
Original Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians
People from Sandwich, Kent
Presidents of the Royal College of Physicians

George Ent


Emeric, also known as Henry or Imre (, , ; 117430 November 1204), was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1196 and 1204. In 1184, his father, Béla III of Hungary, ordered that he be crowned king, and appointed him as ruler of Croatia and Dalmatia around 1195. Emeric ascended the throne after the death of his father. During the first four years of his reign, he fought his rebellious brother, Andrew, who forced Emeric to make him ruler of Croatia and Dalmatia as appanage.

Emeric cooperated with the Holy See against the Bosnian Church, which the Catholic Church considered to be heretical. Taking advantage of a civil war, Emeric expanded his suzerainty over Serbia. He failed to prevent the Republic of Venice, which was assisted by crusaders of the Fourth Crusade, from seizing Zadar in 1202. He also could not impede the rise of Bulgaria along the southern frontiers of his kingdom. Emeric was the first Hungarian monarch to use the "Árpád stripes" as his personal coat of arms and to adopt the title of King of Serbia. Before his death, Emeric had his four-year-old son, Ladislaus III, crowned king.

Early life (1174–1196)

Emeric was the eldest child of Béla III of Hungary and Béla's first wife, Agnes of Antioch. His tutor was an Italian priest, Bernard. Nicholas, Archbishop of Esztergom, crowned the eight-year-old Emeric king on 16 May 1182, which confirmed Emeric's right to succeed his father. Emeric was betrothed to a daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I, but she died in 1184. Béla III appointed Emeric to administer Croatia and Dalmatia around 1195.

Reign

Struggles with his brother (1196–1200)

Emeric succeeded his father, who died on 23 April 1196. Béla III had bequeathed estates and money to Emeric's younger brother, Andrew, under the condition that Andrew should lead a crusade to the Holy Land. Instead, Andrew turned against Emeric, demanding a separate duchy for himself in 1197. Leopold VI, Duke of Austria, intervened on behalf of Andrew, and at the end of the year, their combined forces routed Emeric's troops at Mački, Slavonia. In early 1198, Emeric was forced to make Andrew Duke of Croatia and Dalmatia as an appanage.

Andrew continued to conspire against Emeric, although Pope Innocent III continued urging Andrew to launch a crusade. On 10 March 1199, Emeric forced Boleslaus, Bishop of Vác, who was a supporter of Andrew, to give him documents that proved the conspiracy against him. In the summer of that year, Emeric defeated Andrew's army near Lake Balaton, which made Andrew flee to Austria. A papal legate named Gregory arrived in Hungary to mediate a reconciliation between the two brothers. According to the brothers' treaty, Emeric once again granted Croatia and Dalmatia to Andrew in the summer of 1200.

Wars in the Balkans (1200–1203)

From around 1200, Emeric was deeply involved in the affairs of the Balkan Peninsula. On 11 October 1200, Pope Innocent urged him to take measures to liquidate the "heretics" in Bosnia. Upon Emeric's request, the Pope refused to send a royal crown to Grand Prince Stephen of Serbia. Emeric invaded Serbia in 1201 or 1202, and helped Stephen's brother Vukan seize the throne. As a token of his suzerainty over Serbia, Emeric became the first Hungarian monarch to adopt the title of King of Serbia in 1202. He was also the first king to use a royal seal depicting the so-called "Árpád stripes", which eventually became part of the coat of arms of Hungary.

In the summer of 1202, the Venetian doge Enrico Dandolo signed a treaty with the leaders of the Fourth Crusade, who agreed to help the Venetians recapture Zadar, a town in Dalmatia, which had accepted the Hungarian monarchs' suzerainty since 1186. Even though Pope Innocent III forbade the crusaders to besiege Zadar, they seized the town on 24 November and gave it to the Venetians. Although the Pope excommunicated the Venetians and the crusaders upon Emeric's demand, Zadar remained under Venetian rule.

In fear of a crusade by Emeric, Ban Kulin of Bosnia held a synod of the Church of Bosnia at Bilino Polje on 6 April 1203. The synod acknowledged papal primacy and ordered the reform of the rites. Kulin also acknowledged Emeric's suzerainty. In a letter written in 1203, the Bulgarian tsar Kaloyan informed Pope Innocent that Emeric had occupied five districts in Bulgaria, and Kaloyan demanded the Pope's intervention.

Last years (1203–1204)

Duke Andrew once again rose up in open rebellion against Emeric in the autumn of 1203. Their armies met at Varaždin on the river Drava in October. Emeric walked into his brother's camp unarmed, stating, "Now I shall see who will dare to raise a hand to shed the blood of the royal lineage!", according to the nearly contemporaneous Thomas the Archdeacon. Nobody ventured to stop the king; thus, he approached Andrew and seized him without resistance. Duke Andrew was held in captivity for months, but his supporters released him in early 1204.

Taking advantage of the civil war in Hungary, Kaloyan invaded and captured Belgrade, Barancs (now Braničevo in Serbia), and other fortresses. Emeric made preparations for a campaign against Bulgaria, but he disbanded his army upon Pope Innocent's demand. The Pope, who had been negotiating a church union with Kaloyan, sent a royal crown to him, but Emeric imprisoned the papal legate who was delivering the crown to Bulgaria when the legate was passing through Hungary.

Having fallen seriously ill, Emeric had his four-year-old son, Ladislaus, crowned king on 26 August 1204. He also released the papal legate. He reconciled with his brother, "entrusting to him the guardianship of his son and the administration of the entire kingdom until the ward should reach the age of majority", according to Thomas the Archdeacon. Emeric died on 30 November, according to the Illuminated Chronicle. Emeric was buried in the cathedral of Eger.

Family

Emeric's wife, Constance, was the daughter of King Alfonso II of Aragon. Their marriage took place between 1196 and 1200. Their only known child, Ladislaus, was born around 1200 and died on 7 May 1205. Queen Constance, who outlived both her husband and their son, was later married to Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor.

Notes

Sources

Primary sources

Archdeacon Thomas of Split: History of the Bishops of Salona and Split (Latin text by Olga Perić, edited, translated and annotated by Damir Karbić, Mirjana Matijević Sokol and James Ross Sweeney) (2006). CEU Press. .
The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle: Chronica de Gestis Hungarorum (Edited by Dezső Dercsényi) (1970). Corvina, Taplinger Publishing. .

Secondary sources

Further reading

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House of Árpád
Kings of Hungary
Kings of Croatia
History of Dalmatia
1174 births
1204 deaths
12th-century Hungarian people
13th-century Hungarian people
Dukes of Slavonia
Hungarian monarchs

Emeric, King of Hungary


The Family Records Centre (FRC) provided access to family history research sources mainly for England and Wales. It was administered jointly by the General Register Office (GRO) and The National Archives.

It opened in March 1997 and was fully operational by the following month. It was situated at 1 Myddelton Street, Clerkenwell, London, close to the London Metropolitan Archives.  It closed in 2008.

Throughout the FRC, there was free access to a wide range of family history material, databases and internet websites. Staff were always available to provide help and advice on family history research and there were regular one-to-one family history surgeries and computer skills tutorials. Talks on family history topics took place every week and other events, including exhibitions and conferences, were organised. There were good facilities for customers with special needs, and there was a small bookshop next to the entrance on the ground floor and a refreshment area with vending machines and lockers for personal belongings in the basement.

Its main resources were indexes to civil registration of births, marriages and deaths on the ground floor (provided by the GRO), and the Victorian census returns on the first floor (provided by The National Archives).

Births, Marriages & Deaths Indexes

The births, marriages and deaths indexes were in large, heavy, hardcover books (red covers for births, green for marriages and black for deaths) in three sections respectively, with each section arranged in date order. Using the details from an index, a copy (certificate) of the corresponding birth, marriage or death entry could be applied for at the cashiers' section on the same floor. Other indexes at the FRC included some births, marriages and deaths of British nationals which took place abroad from 1761, indexes of legal adoptions in England & Wales from 1927 onwards, and various indexes of war deaths in the armed forces in South Africa, both World Wars and elsewhere.

The births, marriages and deaths indexes were originally at Somerset House until the 1970s. In the early 1980s, the births and marriages indexes were at St Catherine's House, at the northeast corner of the intersection of Kingsway and Aldwych, and the deaths indexes were at Alexandra House, farther up Kingsway. After more space was made available at St Catherine's House, the deaths indexes were moved from Alexandra House. Finally, they were all moved to the FRC in 1997.

Census returns for England and Wales
The 1841 to 1901 census returns for England and Wales could be consulted at the FRC and were accessed mainly online by searching for individuals by name. The 1841 to 1891 census returns were also available on microfilm, while the 1901 census was also available on microfiche. A selection of street indexes and other search aids were also available.

Before the FRC opened, the census microfilms were at the Public Record Office (now part of the National Archives) in Chancery Lane for some years, after having been moved from the Land Registry building, Portugal Street, London, where they had been since the mid-1970s.

Other microfilm resources

Other microfilm resources available included wills and administrations from the Prerogative Court of Canterbury up to 1858, which could also be searched online, death duty registers, from 1796 to 1858, and many nonconformist registers (mainly pre-1837).

Demise

On 21 June 2006, it was announced that the National Archives' staff and residual services at the FRC would be relocating to the National Archives at Kew by the end of 2008.  Official press releases were vague about plans for the births, marriages and deaths indexes housed on the ground floor.  During October 2007 the index volumes in question were progressively removed from public access to a closed archive in Christchurch, Dorset.

The closure date was later brought forward to early 2008.

The ground floor (GRO section) of the FRC closed on 27 October 2007 and the rest of the FRC closed on 15 March 2008.

References

External links
Family Records Centre
UKBMD - Births, Marriages and Deaths on the Internet
FreeBMD - GRO indexes online
GRO article, 6 March 2008: Library scheme widens access to family records

Archives in the London Borough of Islington
Genealogical libraries in the United Kingdom
Former buildings and structures in the London Borough of Islington

Family Records Centre


David Tomblin, OBE (18 October 1930 – 20 July 2005) was a film and television producer, assistant director, and director.

As a producer, he was best known for The Prisoner TV series. As a first assistant director, he worked on a number of high-profile films, including the Star Wars and Indiana Jones series and the 1978 Superman, and with commercially and critically successful directors including Richard Attenborough, George Lucas, Steven Spielberg and Sydney Pollack. As a director, he was best known for work on Gerry Anderson's productions, including Space: 1999.

Early life and career
Tomblin was born in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, England. He began working in film as a runner at the age of 14. He worked on numerous productions, and (with an interruption for National Service in the Royal Marines), became a First Assistant Director in 1954.  As well as films, he worked on a number of British-made TV series, including William Tell, One Step Beyond, The Count of Monte Cristo, The Adventures of the Scarlet Pimpernel, Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., Presents and The Invisible Man.

McGoohan and Anderson
After working with Patrick McGoohan on Danger Man, McGoohan and Tomblin decided to set up a company to make their own series, The Prisoner, with story editor George Markstein. Tomblin was producer of the series, and wrote and directed several episodes.

Tomblin worked as a director on Gerry Anderson's live-action productions UFO, The Protectors and  Space: 1999.

Lucasfilm, Superman and Gandhi
Having worked on The Return of a Man Called Horse, directed by Irvin Kershner, when the production unit filmed for a few days in England, Tomblin was invited by Kershner to be first assistant director on The Empire Strikes Back. He subsequently worked as first assistant director for Lucasfilm on Return of the Jedi and the first three Indiana Jones films Raiders of the Lost Ark, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. During production of Return of the Jedi, Tomblin directed Return of the Ewok, a short, never-finished film about Warwick Davis who played the Ewok Wicket W. Warrick. Tomblin later worked with Kershner again when Kershner directed 1983's Never Say Never Again, and with Spielberg on Empire of the Sun.

Tomblin often maintained multi-film working relationships with directors.  He worked with Richard Donner on The Omen, Superman and those parts of Superman II directed by Donner.  With Richard Attenborough, Tomblin worked on Attenborough's major multinational productions A Bridge Too Far, Gandhi, Cry Freedom and Chaplin.  For Gandhi, Tomblin supervised the reconstruction of Gandhi's funeral in Delhi, to which the general public were invited, involving the direction of 250,000 extras.  With Sydney Pollack, Tomblin worked on Out of Africa and Havana.

Awards
Tomblin was awarded OBE in the 1994 Birthday Honours.

He was presented with BAFTA's Michael Balcon Award (now known as The Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema Award) in 2003. With Richard Attenborough, he was named as a winner of the 1982 DGA Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Feature Film for Gandhi.

Personal life
Tomblin had four children, including Lisa Tomblin, a film make-up department chief hairdresser, and Jane Tomblin, a production designer.

Filmography
IMDb lists around 200 unique credits for Tomblin, but in 1982 he himself estimated he had already worked on around 500 films. Tomblin told an interviewer for a programme broadcast in 1984: "I only know that because I've just worked on a George Lucas film called Return Of The Jedi, and to get permission to work in the States I had to write down every film I'd been on. I got to 478 and then decided that was probably enough to convince them that I had a reasonable amount of experience."

Director
 Return of the Ewok (1982) (V)
 Space: 1999 (4 episodes, 1975-1976)
 The Protectors (1 episode, 1974)
 UFO (2 episodes, 1970-1971)
 Baleia! Baleia! (1971)
 The Prisoner (2 episodes, 1967-1968)

Producer
 The Adventures of Baron Munchausen (1988) (line producer)
 Return of the Ewok (1982) (V) (producer)
 The Prisoner (producer)

Assistant director

 Ever After (1998) (second unit director)
 The Man in the Iron Mask (1998/I) (first assistant director)
 Hearst Castle: Building the Dream (1996) (first assistant director)
 Braveheart (1995) (first assistant director)
 The Three Musketeers (1993) (first assistant director)
 Chaplin (1992) (first assistant director)
 Havana (1990/I) (first assistant director)
 Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989) (first assistant director: UK)
 Empire of the Sun (1987) (assistant director)
 Cry Freedom (1987) (first assistant director)
 Out of Africa (1985) (first assistant director)
 King David (1985) (assistant director) (second unit director)
 Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984) (assistant director: UK)
 Never Say Never Again (1983) (first assistant director)
 Return of the Jedi (1983) (first assistant director) (second unit director)
 Gandhi (1982) (first assistant director)
 Ivanhoe (1982) (TV) (assistant director)
 Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) (first assistant director)
 Superman II (1980) (second unit director)
 The Empire Strikes Back (1980) (first assistant director)
 The Prisoner of Zenda (1979) (second unit director)
 Zulu Dawn (1979) (second unit director)
 Superman (1978) (assistant director) (second unit director)
 A Bridge Too Far (1977) (first assistant director)
 The Omen (1976) (assistant director)
 Barry Lyndon (1975) (assistant director)
 The Adventure of Sherlock Holmes' Smarter Brother (1975) (assistant director)
 Shaft in Africa (1973) (second unit director)
 A Warm December (1973) (first assistant director)
 Danger Man (assistant director) (10 episodes, 1964-1965) (second unit director) (6 episodes, 1966)
 The Liquidator (1965) (assistant director)
 The Alphabet Murders (1965) (assistant director)
 Murder Ahoy (1964) (assistant director)
 Murder Most Foul (1964) (assistant director)
 Night Must Fall (1964) (assistant director)
 The Haunting (1963/I) (assistant director)
 I Thank a Fool (1962) (assistant director) (as Dave Tomblin)
 Reach for Glory (1962) (assistant director)
 We Joined the Navy (1962) (assistant director)
 Alcoa Presents: One Step Beyond (assistant director) (13 episodes, 1961)
 Danger Man (assistant director) (39 episodes, 1960-1961)
 Taste of Fear (1961) (assistant director)
 Invisible Man (assistant director) (21 episodes, 1959)
 William Tell (assistant director) (21 episodes, 1958-1959)
 The New Adventures of Charlie Chan (assistant director) (4 episodes, 1957-1958)
 Hawkeye and the Last of the Mohicans (assistant director) (8 episodes, 1957)
 The Count of Monte Cristo (assistant director) (1 episode, 1956)
 The Elusive Pimpernel (1950) (third assistant director) (uncredited)
 My Brother Jonathan (1948) (third assistant director) (uncredited)

References

External links

1930 births
2005 deaths
BAFTA Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema Award
British film directors
British television directors
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People from Borehamwood

David Tomblin


Aşk Laftan Anlamaz (Love Doesn't Understand Words) is a Turkish romantic comedy television series broadcast on Show TV. The series premiered on June 15, 2016. It stars Burak Deniz as Murat Sarsılmaz and Hande Erçel as Hayat Uzun. The story is set in Istanbul and follows a workplace romance at a multinational fashion company, Sarte. The series has aired in over 30 countries worldwide and has reached millions of views on YouTube.

Plot
Hayat Uzun, a native of Giresun village and daughter of a fisherman is under pressure to secure employment in Istanbul or she will have to return to her family in the countryside and would be forced into an arranged marriage by her strict conservative father. She currently lives with her best friends Ipek and Asli, with her mother, Emine, visiting them. A case of mistaken identity gets her a job at multinational textile company Sarte, as personal assistant to the assistant of Murat Sarsılmaz, Sarte's head. Originally, the job was reserved for Suna Pektas a family friend of Sarsilmaz's.

Murat is drawn towards Hayat. This provokes jealousy from Murat's ex-girlfriend, Didem, the lead model for the company. Didem causes misunderstandings that make Murat push Hayat away, but he then pursues her and apologizes, eventually firing Didem for her plotting. Murat's personal chauffeur and best friend, Kerem falls for Ipek, and she later returns his advances. Murat brings Hayat to his home to recover from a panic attack caused by Didem, and they bond over the weekend, but Didem then arrives claiming to be pregnant. Murat is distraught but accepts his responsibility to marry Didem for the baby's sake. Both the families meet and decide their wedding. Murat clarifies to them that the marriage is just a formality to legitimize the child and he won't live with Didem. Hayat learns from Asli, who is a nurse, that Didem faked her pregnancy tests. Murat's stepmother Derya, also learns the truth and helps Didem to fake a miscarriage before her truth is discovered, which releases Murat from his presumed responsibility. Murat's brother, Doruk meets Asli, and they become friends which later turns into love.

Meanwhile, Hayat's landlord Fadik's nephew Ibhrahim enters the plot. Hayat with the help of her friends Ipek and Asli decides to make Murat suffer a bit because he continues to maintain distance from her. She pretends to be in a romantic relationship with Ibrahim which sparks Murat's jealousy. Later on due to a series of events Murat learns the truth.

On Hayat's (actually Suna's) birthday, Murat welcomes Hayat in his life in the same place where he presumably lost his mother, Leyla Sarsılmaz. Both begin a very happy relationship. But Hayat is in constant despair due to her false identity.

Meanwhile, Didem brainwashes Ibrahim into believing that Murat is cheating on Hayat. Murat proposes marriage to Hayat but is still unaware of her true identity. Hayat feels sad but is unable to disclose this to him fearing she might lose him. Kerem learns Hayat's truth and breaks up with Ipek because she knew all along about Hayat/Suna. Murat's grandmother stops Kerem from telling the truth to Murat to save his happiness. Ibrahim confesses his feelings to Hayat and tells her about Murat's infidelity which causes misunderstandings between them. Murat takes her to Didem to clarify her doubts and they reconcile.

Murat learns of Didem's fake pregnancy and throws her out of his company for lying. Hayat is frightened of her own lies and decides to tell the truth. However, Derya discloses the truth to Murat before Hayat can and he's heartbroken. Hayat loses her job and her grandfather, Hasmet, who has arrived in Istanbul, decides that she must return home.

Afraid of losing Hayat, Murat goes to stop her and asks for her hand from Mr. Hasmet. Later, when her grandfather does not agree for their union due to their families' past history, he elopes with Hayat.
On the day of the wedding Murat discovers a letter written for his grandma from his mother Leyla which reveals that she is alive and had left him for her career and the truth was kept from him. He confronts his grandma and tells her he'll never forgive them and Hayat. Both get married in front of their friends. However, Murat, unable to forgive Hayat, is cold towards her.

Murat becomes jealous when Emre, a contractor to Sarte, flirts with Hayat and the company suffers. Murat and Hayat fall more in love and friction in their relationship increases at the same time. Derya disapproves of Doruk's relationship with Asli. She is also always worried that Doruk will not get his rightful share in Sarte. However, Doruk does not let her influence him against his brother.

Murat's mom returns with nurse Hazal in a series of events. Hayat realizes that their relationship is not working and decides to get divorced after Murat misbehaves with her. When his mother is hospitalized from an accident, Murat contemplates Hayat's desire to separate and realizes that he has to fight for her. Kerem and Ipek reunite. Murat tries to mend his relationship with Hayat, but she spurns his efforts being very hurt. Emre sends an unusual message to Hayat confessing his love Murat is angry on Hayat and he leaves her saying the marriage is over. But then Murat returns to save Hayat from a fire, saying that he cannot live without her. Emre and Derya together plot to separate Hayat and Murat in order to destroy Murat.

Hayat and Murat get married again in front of her brother according to all rituals and go on their honeymoon. Nejat sells his shares of Sarte to Emre. Emre interrupts the honeymoon when he reveals to Hayat that Murat is not a Sarsilmaz.

Later Hazal kills Murat's mom in a revengeful act. Murat is angry with Hayat on finding a gift box in their room from Emre which Derya had kept there. He believes Hayat is lying to him again due to her suspicious behavior during the honeymoon as well. Emre, on the other hand black-mails Hayat to tell the truth to Murat or start working with Emre. Hayat is so distraught that she tries to kill herself in Emre's office. This shakes Emre who changes his mind. He decides to return his shares and tells Derya to end all scheming and plotting. Then he calls Hayat for a last meeting to return the shares which ends up in their accident with Murat's car because Derya had goons tamper with Emre's brakes to kill him. Emre has some serious injuries in the accident and goes into a coma. Seeing this Derya gets a chance and explains everything to Murat without proving herself guilty.

Doruk's ex-girlfriend, Giçik returns and wants to get back with him. Asli witnesses Giçik kissing Doruk and thinks Doruk cheated on her so she end things with him. He tries to stop her but in vain. To get revenge, she flirts with Hayat's brother, Cemil and pretends to be in a relationship with him which causes Doruk to become jealous. This is also hers and Cemil's plan to make Tuval jealous as Cemil is in love with her.

Murat is angry with Hayat that she is hiding something, so Hayat decides to tell the truth to Murat. Murat is devastated on this news but then Hayat does another DNA test which reveals that Murat is the heir of the Sarsılmaz family and Doruk is not. But Murat doesn't tell this to Doruk for peace in their family. Murat gives all his shares to Doruk and convinces the staff at Sarte to accept him as their boss.

Murat plans on starting a new company and Hayat finds out that she is pregnant and the whole family is elated. Doruk's mother, Derya, argues with the house servant and Hayat gets in the middle of it, in hopes to end the brawl, but ends up falling down the stairs whilst pregnant. She later learns that the baby is unharmed. Derya, unaware of the baby's condition, packs her belongings and tries to take Doruk with her as she is worried that she will get the blame for Hayat falling down the stairs. But Doruk stays and Derya leaves. Cemil & Asli's plan succeeds when Tuval starts developing feelings for Cemil. On Valentine's Day, Murat reveals to Hayat his plans about the company and to name it "Hyt" after her and they embrace.

Five years later, Hayat and Murat have four-year-old twins and she is expecting again. Kerem and Ipek have a newborn and Doruk and Asli are back together. The series ends happily.

Cast

Main
 Burak Deniz as Murat Sarsılmaz: Owner of Sarte; Nejat and Leyla's son; Derya's stepson; Doruk's step-brother; Hayat's husband
 Hande Erçel as Hayat Uzun Sarsılmaz: Emine's daughter; Cemil's sister; Aslı and İpek's best friend; Murat's wife

Recurring
 Oğuzhan Karbi as Doruk Sarsılmaz: Nejat and Derya's son; Murat's half-brother; Asli's husband
 Özcan Tekdemir as Aslı Sarsılmaz: Hayat and İpek's best friend; Doruk's wife
 Merve Çağıran as İpek: Hayat and Aslı's best friend; Kerem's wife
 Süleyman Felek as Kerem: Murat's best friend; İpek's husband
 Bülent Emrah Parlak as Cemil Uzun: Emine's son; Hayat's brother; Tuval's love interest
 Demet Gül as Tuval Yanıkoğlu: Sarte's head designer; Cemil's love interest
 İsmail Ege Şaşmaz as İbrahim: Fadik's nephew who loved Hayat
 Sultan Köroğlu Kiliç as Emine Uzun: Hayat and Cemil's mother
 Evren Duyal as Fadik: Emine's friend; Hayat and Cemil's aunt
 Birand Tunca as Emre Azatoğlu: A contractor to Sarte
 Muhammad Abdullah as Abdullah
 Betül Çobanoğlu as Derya Sarsılmaz: Nejat's wife; Murat's stepmother; Doruk's mother
 Cem Emüler as Nejat Sarsılmaz: Head of Sarte; Azime's son; Derya's husband; Murat's and Doruk's father
 Nazan Diper as Azime Sarsılmaz: Nejat's mother; Murat's grandmother; Haşmet's fiancée
 Metin Akpınar as Haşmet Uzun: Hayat and Cemil's grandfather; Azime's fiancé
 Nurseli Tırışkan as Leyla Sarsılmaz: Nejat's ex-wife; Murat's mother
 Elif Doğan as Suna Pektas: Murat's childhood friend who proposed to him
 Metehan Kuru as Gökçe
 Oğuz Okul as Kamal Pektas: Suna's father
 Gözde Kocaoğlu Yağmur as Çağla: Murat's assistant
 Tuğçe Karabacak as Didem: Murat's ex-girlfriend; Lead model of Sarte.
 Alp Navruz as Cenk: Didem's friend

International airing
In the Philippines, the airing was also known as simply Hayat, it was aired on ETC on the ETCerye block from February to June 2021. In the Pakistan, the airing was also known as Pyaar Lafzon Mein Kahan, it was aired on LTN Family. Aired as Thamath Adare Nathnam (තාමත් ආදරේ නැත්නම්) in Hiru TV in Sri Lanka. In Slovenia, it was shown in June 2022 under the name known to viewers Ljubezen ne rabi besed on POP TV.

See also
Television in Turkey
List of Turkish television series
Turkish television drama

References

External links

2016 Turkish television series debuts
Turkish drama television series
Turkish romantic comedy television series
Show TV original programming
Television series produced in Istanbul
Television shows set in Istanbul
Television series set in the 2010s
Burak Deniz

Aşk Laftan Anlamaz


The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway (L&B) is a Heritage railway in North Devon, England.

The original line opened in May 1898, but closed in 1935. It was a single track narrow gauge railway just over 19 miles (30 km) long, running through rugged rural countryside in Exmoor National Park

For a few years the line earned a small profit, but for most of its life the L&B lost money. The L&B was taken over by the Southern Railway in 1923, and finally closed in September 1935.

The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway Association was created in 1979. A short section of the line opened again in 2004. This was extended in 2006 and a year later, plans were announced to open nine miles (14 km) of track, linking the station at Woody Bay to both Lynton and Blackmoor Gate, and eventually to a new station at Wistlandpound Reservoir.

History

Several plans were put forward to extend railways from Barnstaple to Lynton. Because of the hills and valleys which would need tight curves and steep slopes, one scheme suggested a gauge of , already being used on other lines like the Ffestiniog Railway, to make building the line easier. This plan was supported by Sir George Newnes who became chairman of the company. The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway Bill was passed on 27 June 1895, and the line was officially opened on 11 May 1898. Public services started on 16 May.

The L&B did not attract enough passengers to make a profit. The journey of nearly twenty miles normally took about one and a half hours. To make things worse, to satisfy several powerful local people, Lynton station was built quite a long way from the town itself, and from the cliff railway to Lynmouth.

Falling traffic during World War I, better roads, and more people owning cars cut the line's income even more, until it was no longer economic.

Despite many cost-saving changes, and extra money being spent on the line, the Southern Railway was still unable to make money, so they closed the line.

The last train ran on 29 September 1935. The Southern Railway removed everything they could use on other lines, and by 8 November, they had lifted the track from Lynton to the Barnstaple side of Woody Bay station. On 13 November a sale was held, but the railway did not attract much interest. Most of the carriages and wagons, and every engine apart from Lew, were scrapped at Pilton. Some carriages were cut up and used as garden sheds. Third class seats became garden furniture, and first class seats were used in local public halls. In December, Sidney Castle got the job of taking the rest of the railway apart. The remaining track was lifted by June 1936, and in September, Lew was shipped to South America - probably Brazil. The stations and track bed were sold in 1938.

The L&B had a very good safety record, and no members of the public were killed or injured, although accidents at Braunton Road and Chumhill did take the lives of three workers.

Along the route

The L&B rises and falls several times along its length. Starting at  above sea level, The first , through Barnstaple, and along the Yeo Valley stays nearly level. Collard Bridge marks the start of an  climb, mainly at one in fifty (2%), to Blackmoor Gate. A slight down-gradient follows, about m long, towards Parracombe Bank, and the start of another climb, about , to Woody Bay – at , the highest railway station in southern England. The line then falls, again mostly at one in fifty - to Lynton & Lynmouth station, still  above the sea, and hidden by the landscape from the town of Lynton. The minimum radius on curves was .

Rail vehicles

One of the most obvious features of the L&B was its rail vehicles, with the engines appearing first in a plain lined Holly green colour, later on a black base, with chestnut under-frames, pulling passenger carriages coloured terra-cotta with cream upper panels, and light grey goods wagons. The painting was simplified as each vehicle was repainted. With the take-over by the Southern Railway and arrival of Lew, the paint scheme was slowly changed to a lighter green with yellow lettering for the engines and passenger carriages, and brown for the goods wagons. The engine headlamps which had been black were re-painted red.

Engines
At least three builders' engines were used for building the line. Unusually, some of the temporary track was wider than the final gauge - the section around Parracombe Bank for example, crossing the Heddon valley, was built to  gauge, with an engine known as Winnie. A fifth engine - perhaps named Spondon - may also have been used, although little is known of either of these. In 1900, Kilmarnock was sold by the L&B. It is thought that it was left behind by James Nuttall, because of the financial problems and legalcase between the railway and the builder.

The L&B used only coal-fired steam engines. The railway ordered three 2-6-2Ts from Manning Wardle & Co of Leeds. The engines were named after local rivers: Yeo, Exe, and Taw. These were supplemented by a 2-4-2T, Lyn, built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works of Philadelphia, USA, as the company realised that three engines would not be enough. Baldwin was chosen as they could deliver the engine – built mainly from standard parts – more quickly than British builders, who had a backlog of orders, caused by a national engineering dispute from July 1897 to January 1898. After it was built by Baldwin, the engine was shipped across the Atlantic in parts, and re-assembled at Pilton by railway staff. It first steamed in July 1898. The Manning Wardles were delivered before the dispute, and Yeo and Taw were used to help build the line.

In 1923 the L&B became part of the Southern Railway, and began an upgrade programme. All stock was repainted in Southern Maunsell livery, and track and buildings were improved. A fifth engine, Lew was bought in 1925, with a few improvements to the original Manning Wardle design.

Fate of Lew
Although bought at the auction by December 1935, Lew was working for Sidney Castle, the dismantler of the railway. This work was completed by July 1936 and in September, Lew was moved by rail to Swansea and then shipped to South America where Lew just disappeared. Despite several searches, no trace of the engine, or clues to what happened to it, have been found.

Passenger Carriages
Sixteen passenger carriages were delivered for the opening. These were of comprised six different types, all the same size, being  long,  wide, ( over steps) and  high – large by narrow gauge standards – and certainly better than any earlier British narrow gauge stock.

The coaching stock was very solidly made, and offered levels of accommodation far better that any others at the time - certainly compared to any other narrow gauge railway. Almost 70 years later, the design was used as the basis for a new set of carriages built by the Ffestiniog Railway, suggesting how good the original design was.

The body for coach 17 was built in 1911 by a local firm, Shapland and Petter, and fitted to a steel underframe made by the railway at Pilton. Slightly longer than the earlier coaches, it had both smoking and non-smoking compartments for first and third class passengers, as well as the brake van space.

Goods Wagons
The Southern Railway introduced several new goods wagons, and also bought two ex-War Department travelling cranes for the line.

Goods-only trains were not normally used, and usually goods wagons were attached to any passenger trains. The extra work to shunt wagons at stations along the line slowed down the passengers' journey times.

The open goods wagons were originally delivered with a single top-hung side door on each side, but these proved inefficient, and all were eventually converted to side hung double doors. By 1907, most had been fitted with tarpaulin rails. The goods vans used the same underframe, and were fitted with double sliding doors on each side.

Van 23 - now restored and at Woody Bay - was built at Pilton by the L&B. Unlike all other L&B stock, its underframe was entirely made of wood.

The travelling cranes were bought from the War Department, and were fitted with outriggers, they could lift up to 4½ tons. They were intended to be used as recovery cranes if there3 was a derailment, but they were not used much. One crane was kept at Pilton, the other was used in Lynton goods yard.

The 1927 bogie goods vans were originally fitted with heavy diagonal wooden cross braces at each end, but these were later replaced with single diagonal angle-iron braces.

Present
More than seventy-five years after it closed, much of the line can still be seen. The most spectacular is Bridge 22 - the brick-built Chelfham Viaduct, which was fully restored in 2000. Its eight  wide arches reach  above the Stoke Rivers valley – the largest narrow-gauge railway structure in England.

The stations at Lynton and Bratton Fleming are now private homes, Blackmoor Gate is a restaurant and Barnstaple Town is a school. Chelfham and Woody Bay are both owned by the new L&B. Chelfham station is used for storage, and Woody Bay is the main centre of operations. Snapper Halt was purchased in 2010 by Exmoor Associates - a private company dedicated to securing trackbed for restoring the railway.

Restoration

Unlike other railways, the track bed was sold off in many pieces - often to the original owners, who paid much less than they had sold it for originally. Although there has been some minor building on parts of the route, and Wistlandpound Reservoir has flooded the track bed close to its middle, much is still in open countryside, with many sections identifiable.

The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway Association (since 2000, a charity) was formed in 1979. Woody Bay Station was bought by the Lynton and Barnstaple Railway Company in 1995 and, after much effort, a short section of railway reopened to passengers in 2004. This was extended to over a mile in 2006, with steam and diesel trains running between Woody Bay and the new, temporary station at Killington Lane Station.

In 1995, the Lynbarn Railway – at the Milky Way, a theme park near Clovelly, was created and operated by L&B volunteers. Profits from this funded the purchase, restoration and reopening of Woody Bay. The Lynbarn was handed over to the park in 2005, once Woody Bay had become established, and continues to operate as part of the attraction.

Most of the original rail vehicles did not survive, but Van 23 is on display at Woody Bay. Coach 7 and Coach 17 are being rebuilt. The remains of several other carriages and Goods Van 4 are being stored ready to be rebuilt. The carriages will then be used as a "Heritage Train" to complement more modern carriages.

Coach 2 was sold and used as a summer house. It is now on show at the National Railway Museum in York, with nameplates from the original engines. Coach 15, recovered from Snapper Halt in 1959 and rebuilt by the Ffestiniog Railway in North Wales, has been running there (now as FR Coach 14) for longer than it did on the L&B. In September 2010, Coach 15 visited the L&B with the Lew replica engine, Lyd.

A "Joffre" class 0-6-0 steam engine built by Kerr Stuart in 1915 was bought in 1983, and named Axe. Restored to working order in 2008, Axe now pulls most of the passenger trains at Woody Bay. An 0-4-0 engine built by Maffei of Germany in 1925, now named Sid, is owned by several L&B members, and is also sometimes used on the L&B steam service.

The Trust owns three industrial diesel engines. One of these - Heddon Hall - is some times used in place of the steam engines, and for engineering trains.

A number of other visiting diesel and steam engines have also seen service on the line.

Prospects
Restoring passenger services from Woody Bay was a major undertaking by the enthusiastic volunteers. Although much of the track bed survives intact, several obstacles – including Wistlandpound Reservoir – must be overcome to restore most of the old route.

In October 2007, the railway announced plans for reinstating enough trackbed to reopen nine miles (14 km) of track, linking the station at Woody Bay to both Lynton (at a new terminus on an extension to the original line, closer to the town) and Blackmoor Gate, and as far as a new station at Wistlandpound.

Exmoor Enterprise is likely to cost around £30 million, including the building of replica vehicles and improving the line as an important local tourist attraction.
The railway believes that the scheme will generate over £70 million for the south west economy within five years.

Long-term plans see reopening the line towards Barnstaple.

Related pages
 Other local railway attractions
 West Somerset Railway

References

Further reading
Multimedia:
 The Little Train to Lynton - a two-part documentary first broadcast on BBC2 in 1986. This programme has never been released on video or DVD.
 The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway - published by Oakwood Video Library, 1993.
 "Perchance"...it's awake! The Lynton & Barnstaple Reborn - published by Lynton Television/The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway, 2006.
Books:
 L T Catchpole: The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway 1895–1935 published by The Oakwood Press. Eighth edition 2005. .
 G A Brown, J D C A Prideaux, & H G Radcliffe: The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway published by David and Charles, New Edition 1971,
 Third Edition, published by Atlantic in enlarged format, 1996.
 P Gower, B Gray & K Vingoe: The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway – Yesterday and Today published by The Oakwood Press. First edition 1999.
 D. Hudson & E. Leslie: The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway– An Anthology published by The Oakwood Press. First edition 1995.
 P Lane, E Leslie, T Nicholson: Flying the L&B published by the L&BR Trust 2007.
 C Leigh: Portrait of The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway published by Ian Allen. First Published 1983.
 V Mitchell, K Smith: Branch Line to Lynton published by Middleton Press. First Published 1992.
 J D C A Prideaux: Lynton & Barnstaple Railway Album published by David & Charles 1974
 J D C A Prideaux: The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway Remembered published by David & Charles 1989.
 J R Yeomans: The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway published by Bradford Barton. First Published 1979.

Magazines:
 The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway Magazine published three times a year by The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway Trust. 1979 to date

Other websites

 Exmoor Associates - Lynton & Barnstaple Railway trackbed conservation
 Lynton & Barnstaple Railway Signalling
 Project to recreate the L&B's Baldwin 2-4-2 locomotive
 Project to build the new Yeo class locomotive Lyd

Heritage railways in England
1898 establishments in England
1935 disestablishments in Europe
1930s disestablishments in England
Buildings and structures in Devon

Lynton and Barnstaple Railway


Wendy Starland is an American singer, songwriter and music producer from Los Angeles. Starland was honored by The Songwriters Hall of Fame,  was named VH1's, Best Emerging Artist,  was featured on Moby's Grammy nominated album Last Night, and opened for Sheryl Crow and Jack White at the Michigan International Speedway. In addition, Starland discovered and developed 13 time Grammy, 2 time Golden Globe, and Oscar winning icon Lady Gaga. Starland developed Lady Gaga's career during the recording of Lady Gaga's album The Fame, which received Billboard's Album of the Decade – having logged 62 of its record-setting 108 total weeks at No. 1 on the Top Dance/Electronic Albums chart this decade.

References

1981 births
Living people
Singer-songwriters from California
Singers from Los Angeles

Wendy Starland


Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822 - January 17, 1893) was the 19th president of the United States from 1877 to 1881, serving only one term. Hayes was a Republican. He was elected governor of Ohio three times before becoming president. Hayes barely won the election of 1876, only defeating Democratic opponent Samuel Tilden after a Congressional committee gave Hayes some disputed electoral votes.

Early life
Hayes was born in Delaware, Ohio. He went to Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio, and then went to Harvard Law School. After graduating from law school, he became a lawyer. In 1849, he joined the Republican Party, which was new then, because he was against slavery. In 1852, he married Lucy Webb, a woman who was also against slavery. In the 1860s, he served in the American Civil War on the Union side, and became a major general. After the war ended, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives as a part of the Republican Party. In 1867, he became the governor of Ohio.

The election of 1876
Ulysses S. Grant had been president since 1869, and was not going to run for president a third time in 1876. Grant was a member of the Republican Party, and while he was president, became known for allowing corruption to go on around him. The Republican Party did not want people to think that everybody in the party was corrupt, so they decided to make Hayes their candidate. They thought he was a good candidate because he had made many changes in Ohio while he was governor there that people thought were good, and because he was thought to have been a hero in the Civil War.

Hayes ran against Samuel Tilden, whom the Democratic Party nominated. The election was close, and many people who did not think that Hayes fairly won the election called him "His Fraudulency". Tilden actually got more votes than Hayes, but Hayes got 185 votes in the Electoral College, while Tilden got 184, so Hayes won the election.

Post-Presidency
While he was president, Hayes ended the Reconstruction period that followed the American Civil War. Rutherford B. Hayes ordered military forces that had been in the Southern states to leave. He also sent federal troops to end a railroad strike. Hayes refused to seek a second term as president.

After being president, Hayes retired to Fremont, Ohio where he would die of a heart attack on January 17, 1893. Meanwhile, He spent time talking about his beliefs that all children should have the chance to go to school, that people who had been in the military should get their fair payments for their service, and that people in prisons should be treated better.

Other websites
 Hayes' White House biography

References

1822 births
1893 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Governors of Ohio

19th-century American politicians

Rutherford B. Hayes


Between Heaven and Hell is a 1956 American Cinemascope war film based on the novel The Day the Century Ended by Francis Gwaltney that the film follows closely. The story is told in flashback format detailing the life of Sam Gifford (Robert Wagner) from his life as a Southern landowner to his war service in the Philippines during World War II.

The film stars Robert Wagner, Terry Moore, and Broderick Crawford, and was directed by Richard Fleischer. It was partly filmed on Kaua'i. The film's score by Hugo Friedhofer, which included elements of the Dies Irae, was nominated for an Oscar for Best Scoring of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture.

Plot
In 1945, on a Pacific island, Sergeant Sam Gifford (Wagner) is demoted to the rank of private after striking an officer. He is transferred to a punishment company, run by the dictatorial Captain Grimes, who insists on being called "Waco" in order to prevent his own death by Japanese snipers. Through flashback, we learn Gifford's backstory—his civilian status as a wealthy cotton farmer, hard and uncaring towards his employees, and married to the beautiful daughter of his National Guard commander, who is also a well-to-do plantation owner. After their reserve unit is sent to the Pacific theater, Gifford becomes close buddies with several of his own sharecroppers—people he had never socialized with at home. As a sergeant, Gifford capably leads his platoon, earning himself a medal for valor. Occasionally, however, Gifford outwardly exhibits signs of fear, battle fatigue, and neurosis. These weaknesses intensify when his father-in-law is killed by a sniper. Another officer, disdainful of his men both as workers and as soldiers, machine guns Gifford's friends out of cowardice and panic. Gifford attempts to beat him to death with the butt of his rifle. The flashback ends when Waco calls Gifford into company headquarters.

Waco orders Gifford to lead a six-man patrol to check a town believed to be the location of a Japanese headquarters. The patrol finds the town abandoned, but the patrol spots a platoon-strength unit of the Japanese Imperial Army, equipped with mortars, heading towards the hills near Waco's headquarters. On returning, as Gifford reports his findings to Waco, a heavy barrage from Japanese mortars commences. Afterwards, Gifford is sent by Waco to outpost duty with a lieutenant nicknamed Little Joe (Brad Dexter). There he forms a friendship with another former sharecropper, Willie Crawford (Buddy Ebsen). He admits that he has been very hard on those not of his social class.  But from the experience of making friends with other soldiers in his unit he promises to be a better person.  After an attack, the outpost loses radio contact with the company and Gifford is sent back to company HQ for fresh batteries. He arrives to find that Waco has been relieved of command when several wounded men informed battalion headquarters of his behavior. As he prepares to leave Waco, wanting to show that he is still an officer, dons formal a uniform including rank insignia.  He is shot and killed by a Japanese sniper when he demands that his soldiers salute him.

Gifford returns to the outpost, which is hit with another attack in which Little Joe is killed. Gifford and Crawford are the sole survivors. With Crawford wounded in the leg, Crawford orders Gifford back to warn the Company of an impending massive Japanese buildup. At first Gifford refuses to leave the injured Crawford behind, but Crawford insists, pointing a pistol at Gifford. Gifford fights his way through Japanese lines but is wounded along the way. Upon reaching the company he finds that most of the Battalion has launched a new offensive. Gifford warns them about the Japanese units massing in the hills. He demands that help be sent to rescue Crawford. He collapses and after regaining consciousness a patrol arrives with Crawford on a stretcher. Crawford and Gifford are told because of their wounds they are being shipped home. Gifford tells Crawford that he wants Crawford to live with him and his family at his mansion back home and he can have a job at Gifford's company.

Cast
 Robert Wagner as Private Sam Gifford
 Terry Moore as Jenny Gifford
 Broderick Crawford as Captain "Waco" Grimes
 Buddy Ebsen as Corporal Willie Crawford
 Robert Keith as Colonel Cousins
 Brad Dexter as Lieutenant Joe 'Little Joe' Johnson
 Mark Damon as Private Terry
 Ken Clark as Morgan
 Harvey Lembeck as Private Bernie Meleski
 Skip Homeier as Corporal Swanson
 L. Q. Jones as Private Kenny
 Tod Andrews as Lieutenant Ray Mosby
 Biff Elliot as Lieutenant Tom Thumb
 Bart Burns as Private Raker
 Frank Gorshin as Private Millard (uncredited)
 Scatman Crothers as George (uncredited)
 Sam Edwards as Soames (uncredited)
 Carl Switzer as Savage (uncredited)

Production
Arkansas-born Francis Irby Gwaltney soldiered in the Philippines with the 112th Cavalry that served throughout the Pacific doing several amphibious landings.  During this service he met and formed a friendship with Norman Mailer.

The Day the Century Ended was Gwaltney's most famous novel. When Fox picked the 1955 novel up for filming, they assigned it to Philippines veteran Rod Serling, famed for his American television plays. Unfortunately, Serling's first screenplay was nine hours long, and the project was given to other writers, notably Harry Brown, who had written the book A Walk in the Sun.

Between Heaven and Hell is one of the 1950s depictions of the US Army that did not paint a recruiting poster image and was more in tune with many soldiers' memories, such as From Here to Eternity,  Robert Aldrich's Attack or Samuel Fuller's films.

Fleischer uses the Cinemascope widescreen format well, notably in views of hills lit up by a firefight.

Reception

Critical response
When the film was first released, The New York Times panned the film, writing, "To be just as blunt about it as Twentieth Century-Fox, Between Heaven and Hell, a World War II drama, lands accordingly, with a pretty dull thud. This curiously rambling, unconvincing and often baffling picture, opening yesterday at Loew's State, very sketchily suggests the regeneration of a hard-headed young G. I. on a Japanese island in the Pacific...Except for the sideline skirmishes with the Japanese, and one fine, big beachhead battle staged by director Richard Fleischer, the action focuses on the outpost, where a brutal, slightly demented company commander, Mr. Crawford, reigns supreme. Mr. Wagner not only manages to survive some snarling comrades, most of whom are wiped out, but also the enemy in a series of lagging, disjointed clashes, verbal and physical, that shed little light on anything or anybody."

See also
List of American films of 1956

References

External links

1956 films
20th Century Fox films
1950s English-language films
Films directed by Richard Fleischer
Films shot in Hawaii
Films based on American novels
Films based on military novels
Japanese occupation of the Philippines films
Pacific War films
American war drama films
Films set in the Philippines
Films with screenplays by Harry Brown (writer)
Films scored by Hugo Friedhofer
CinemaScope films
1950s American films

Between Heaven and Hell (film)


The "Coast of High Barbary" is a traditional song (Roud 134) which was popular among British and American sailors. It is most frequently sung as a ballad but can also be a sea shanty. It tells of a sailing ship that came across a pirate ship off the Barbary Coast and defeated the pirates, who were left to drown.

An earlier version of the ballad is found in the Stationers' Register for January 14, 1595 and tells the story of two merchant ships, the George Aloe and the Sweepstake, both sailing to Safee. While the George Aloe was resting at anchor, the Sweepstake sailed on, but a French ship attacked the Sweepstake and threw the crew overboard. The George Aloe gave chase and defeated the French ship, whose crew were shown no mercy because of the fate of the crew of the Sweepstake.

The most common lyrics may refer to the problems European and North American traders had with the North African pirates in the second half of the 18th century and the early 19th century, which led to the Barbary Wars.

English version
The Coasts of High Barbary
High Barbary
One Hundred English Folksongs By Cecil James Sharp
High Barbary (West Country tune)
High Barbaree (capstan chantey version)

American version
The Coasts of High Barbary
High Barbaryl

Recordings
1959: The Roger Wagner Chorale on Sea Chanties
1969: The McCalmans on Singers Three

Maritime music
Sea shanties
Ballads
Songwriter unknown
Year of song unknown

Coast of High Barbaree