Alan Stanley Jones,  (born 2 November 1946) is an Australian former Formula One driver. He was the first driver to win a Formula One World Championship with the Williams team, becoming the 1980 World Drivers' Champion and the second Australian to do so following triple World Champion Sir Jack Brabham. He competed in a total of 117 Grands Prix, winning 12 and achieving 24 podium finishes. Jones also won the 1978 Can-Am championship driving a Lola.

Jones is also the last Australian driver to win the Australian Grand Prix, winning the 1980 event at Calder Park Raceway, having lapped the field consisting mostly of Formula 5000 cars while he was driving his Formula One Championship winning Williams FW07B.

Early life and career
Jones attended Xavier College and is the son of Stan Jones, an Australian racing driver and winner of the 1959 Australian Grand Prix, and wanted to follow in his footsteps. Jones initially worked in his father's Holden dealership while racing a Mini and a Cooper. The younger Jones left for Europe in 1967, to make a name for himself, but found that he could not afford even a Formula Ford drive. He therefore returned home but was back in the UK in 1970 and set about building his career in company with compatriot Brian McGuire.
The two men bought and sold second-hand cars and Jones was eventually able to afford a Formula Three, Lotus 41 which he intended to adapt to Formula Two specification and take back to Australia to sell, in order to finance a season of Formula Three. However, the machine was written off in a testing accident at Brands Hatch in which Jones suffered a broken leg.

In late 1970, Jones signed with a firm for whom McGuire was working, designed to promote drivers' interests and was selected to compete in a series of races in Brazil. However, in his first two races the engine failed and in the third the gearbox broke, which meant the opportunity ended.

For 1971, Jones campaigned a Brabham BT 28 converted to BT35 specification, in Formula Three and had a moderately successful season which led to a series of tests for March at Silverstone. However, despite the success of the test, Jones was not offered a drive by March and for 1972, drove a GRD in Formula Three. Jones did enough that season to be kept on by GRD for the next year with a new sponsor and only lost the 1973 championship due to a misfiring engine in the last round at Brands Hatch. In 1974, Jones began the season in Formula Atlantic but felt it was a very amateurish effort, but a chance meeting with Harry Stiller led to a drive in the latter's March 74.  At the end of the season, Jones made his F5000 debut for Stiller in the final round of the European Championship at Brands Hatch in a Chevron B24/28 owned by John MacDonald.  It was planned to enter Formula 5000 for 1975. However, Stiller's initial plans fell through but after some delay, during which Jones was effectively unemployed, Stiller arranged to purchase a Formula One Hesketh 308 and signed Jones to drive the car.

Formula One

1975–1977: Hesketh, Hill, Surtees and Shadow

His first race was the 1975 Spanish Grand Prix at the fast Montjuïc circuit in the purchased Hesketh although the weekend turned out to be one of the most tragic in Formula One history
when Rolf Stommelen's crash caused the death of five spectators. After four races in Formula One the team ceased racing after Stiller moved abroad. However, Jones was named as a replacement for the injured Stommelen in Graham Hill's team. His best finish with Hill, in four races for the team, was fifth at the Nürburgring.

He earned his first full-time Formula One drive in 1976, in John Surtees' team. Jones' car was known for its infamous Durex sponsorship which led the BBC refusing to cover Formula One races during the season. He managed several good finishes in the TS19, a fourth in Japan in the final race of the season being the best of them. Jones refused to drive for Surtees in 1977, preferring to sit out a season than continue with the team.

Jones was racing in America when he was signed by the Shadow team as a replacement for Tom Pryce, who had been killed in a freak racing accident in South Africa. He made the most of the opportunity and won at the Österreichring for his maiden victory, finishing seventh in the championship, with 22 points.

1978–1981: Williams
By late 1977, he had caught the attention of Frank Williams as well as Enzo Ferrari. Ferrari had a meeting with him at Maranello, but in the end, Gilles Villeneuve got the drive. Williams, who was looking to rebuild his Formula One racing team. Williams Grand Prix had struggled for success in its first years and after Williams had restarted his team in 1977, Jones was entrusted to give them their first taste of it. As well as Williams, he also signed with Haas-Hall for 1978, and competed in a Lola 333CS in the Can-Am series, winning the title. Jones took nine poles in ten races but missed the Laguna Seca race due to a Formula One scheduling conflict. Stand-in Brian Redman finished twelfth in that race after the kill wire was crimped under a valve cover, resulting in intermittent ignition. Of the nine races in which he competed, Jones won five (Atlanta, Mosport, Road America, Mid-Ohio, and Riverside.) He finished second to Elliot Forbes-Robinson at Charlotte after hitting a chicane and losing a spark plug wire, retired through accident at St Jovite and lost a radiator at Watkins Glen. He finished third at Trois-Rivières after losing a shift fork and being stuck with only second and fifth gears on the tight road circuit. At that race, water-injected brakes were first used in Can-Am, developed by the Haas team and copied with varying degrees of success by others. Jones ran one Can-Am race in 1979 (Mid-Ohio), where he and Keke Rosberg finished 1–2, with Jones winning his last Can-Am start. For Williams, his best result that season was a second-place finish at Watkins Glen. Jones helped put the team on the Formula One map in 1979 using the Williams FW07, after winning four races in the span of five events near the end of the season. Jones finished third in the championship that year, and it was the springboard to an excellent 1980 campaign. Jones's best years in Formula One had just begun, in the middle of the ground-effect era.

Jones won seven races in 1980, although the Spanish Grand Prix was later removed from the championship and the Australian Grand Prix was a non-championship race, so only five counted towards the Championship. Throughout the season he had a car which consistently made the podium, and he achieved ten during the year. At the end of the season he had beaten Nelson Piquet by 13 points in the standings, becoming Australia's first World Champion since Sir Jack Brabham. He had a good chance to repeat his success in 1981, but a very combative relationship with Carlos Reutemann led to an intense rivalry that possibly cost both drivers a chance at the championship. He finished four points behind Piquet for the championship and three behind Reutemann.

After winning the championship in 1980, Jones and Williams competed in the then non-championship Australian Grand Prix at Calder Park in November. Driving his FW07B against a field consisting mostly of Formula 5000's (and Bruno Giacomelli's Alfa Romeo 179), Jones, who had previously finished 4th in the race in 1977 (he was penalised 60 seconds for a jumped start, and officially finished just 20 seconds behind winner Warwick Brown showing that if not for the penalty he would have won by 40 seconds), joined his father Stan as a winner of the Australian Grand Prix.

From 1979 to 1981, Jones was awarded the No.1 driver of the season by the editor of the AUTOCOURSE annual. During his championship year in 1980, the AUTOCOURSE editor awarded Jones the No.1 slot not just because he was World Champion but because in the editor's opinion "Jones extracted every ounce of potential from the Williams FW07 -and more importantly, he did it consistently. All season Jones never gave anything less than his best." In 1981 despite missing the championship, the AUTOCOURSE editor still gave the No.1 driver award to Jones because "in 1981 Alan Jones was outstanding, his racing instincts sharper than ever, his driving aggressive and confident."

Later Formula One career: 1982–1986

Jones announced his retirement after the 1981 season, which he managed to cap with a win in Las Vegas, but came out of retirement for a one-time drive with Arrows in  at the United States Grand Prix West at Long Beach where he qualified 12th but retired after 58 laps through driver fatigue. A week later he again drove for Arrows in the non-championship Race of Champions at Brands Hatch where he qualified and finished third behind reigning World Champion Keke Rosberg (Williams) and rookie American driver Danny Sullivan (Tyrrell). This was to be his last drive for the team, a bid to raise enough money to drive in the French Grand Prix the week after the Race of Champions failed which saw Arrows use its regular drivers Marc Surer and Chico Serra (whom Jones had replaced at Long Beach) instead.

During a 2012 Grand Prix Legends interview, Jones revealed that he had been contacted by Ferrari to drive for the team from mid-1982 after the death of Gilles Villeneuve and the injury forced retirement of Didier Pironi. As he was enjoying life back in Australia at the time, Jones did not give them an answer straight away and basically gave them the run around, a move he regrets as it was possible that, as the 1980 World Champion, Ferrari would have wanted to keep him for 1983 when he was looking to make a comeback, which would have seen him drive the car which won the Constructors' Championship in 1983. After taking too long to give them an answer, the Scuderia instead offered the drive to  World Champion Mario Andretti who drove the last two races of the 1982 season at Monza and Caesars Palace.

Jones did not compete in Formula One during , though he did drive some World Sportscar Championship races in 1983 and 1984. He made a full-time comeback to F1 late in  when Team Haas was created and Jones became the first driver for the team. The American owned and sponsored team was based in England and made its debut at the 1985 Italian Grand Prix at Monza. Jones qualified the new Lola THL1 9.851 seconds slower than pole man Ayrton Senna in his Lotus-Renault and retired after only 6 laps with a blown engine. Jones was joined at Haas in  by former Ferrari and Renault works driver Patrick Tambay. The comeback was unsuccessful more due to the Ford V6 engine's lack of power compared to its rivals from Honda, TAG-Porsche, BMW, Ferrari and Renault, than any lack of effort from the team and its drivers.

At the end of the 1986 season after the Haas team lost its sponsorship and ran out of money, Jones retired from Formula One for good having won 12 races, 6 pole positions and one World Championship.

Post Formula One career

Sports and Touring Car racing

Jones' post Formula One career was initially spasmodic in nature. Briefly in demand for his services as a Touring Car co-driver, he raced occasionally in his home country's biggest endurance race, the Bathurst 1000 but success was elusive. In 1982 he attempted his first full season of racing, driving a Porsche 935 to dominate the 1982 Australian GT Championship. This championship included races against local touring car ace Peter Brock driving Bob Jane's 6.0 litre Chevrolet Monza. The duels between Australia's two biggest motorsport names at the time have often been regarded as some of the best racing seen domestically in Australia. Soon after he made his first failed comeback to Formula One. During 1982 he formed his own touring Car team, combining the resources of V8 Ford Falcon driver Bob Morris and rotary Mazda RX-7 racer Barry Jones into a single two-car team but results were mixed and the exercise dissipated by the end of the season, though Jones and Jones did win the CRC 300 at Amaroo Park in a Mazda RX-7 (Alan Jones was to drive with Bob Morris in the Falcon in the Oran Park 250 endurance race, but elected after the race started to let Morris drive the 100 lap race solo. Morris went on to win the race). 1984 brought a top six finish at the 24 Hours of Le Mans with Kremer Racing, and a top four finish at the Bathurst 1000, again teaming with Warren Cullen in a Holden VK Commodore. Cullen and Jones, who drove the final stint in the race and required pain killing injections after having the steering wheel wrench out of his hands during practice which damaged ligaments in his elbow, were unlucky not to finish 2nd, but a brake problem with the car saw him forced to use more fuel than normal and a late race stop for fuel allowed the Holden Dealer Team VK Commodore of David Parsons and John Harvey to sneak into 2nd and the Mazda RX-7 of Allan Moffat and Gregg Hansford to claim 3rd.

Jones was quickly snapped up as teammate to Colin Bond in Bond's newly formed factory supported Network Alfa touring car team for the 1985 Australian Touring Car Championship driving an underpowered Alfa Romeo GTV6 in Australia's first full year using the international Group A touring car rules. After some giant killing performances in the early rounds of the championship, Jones abandoned his first serious ATCC campaign to make his second Formula One comeback with the Haas Lola team.

Jones joined Kremer Racing for the 1984 24 Hours of Le Mans where he would share a Porsche 956B with 1983 Le Mans winner (and fellow Aussie) Vern Schuppan along with former F1 driver Jean-Pierre Jarier. After dicing for the lead with the pole sitting Lancia LC2 of Bob Wollek and Alessandro Nannini for the first third of the race, damage caused when Schuppan was the innocent victim of a spinning Roger Dorchy, and finally a broken conrod, saw Jones finish his first 24 Hours of Le Mans start in 6th place. Jones had previously driven for the Kremer brothers when he and Schuppan drove a 956 to 5th place in the 1983 1000 km of Silversone. Later in 1984, Jones drove with Schuppan for the factory backed Rothmans Porsche team at the 1000 km of Sandown Park, the final round of the 1984 World Sportscar Championship and the first ever FIA World Championship race to be held in Australia. After Schuppan qualified the Porsche 956B 3rd behind teammates Stefan Bellof and Jochen Mass, Jones started the race and got the jump on the West German pair and had the honour of leading the first lap of the first FIA World Championship race ever held in Australia. Jones and Schuppan eventually finished 9th, 12 laps down on Bellof and Derek Bell after numerous punctures.

On 20 September 1987 at SUGO Jones won a round of All Japan Touring Car Championship driving Toyota Team Tom's, Group A, Toyota Supra MA70 Turbo. Unfortunately the factory backed Supra could not compete, even with the Private Ford Sierras, thus for the remaining two JGTC races he scored only one additional podium on 6 December at Suzuka where he finished 3rd. After returning home again in 1987 his career did not pick up again until a competitive 3rd placing at the 1988 Bathurst 1000 with Colin Bond's team in a Ford Sierra RS500, saw him signed up as full-time number two driver to Tony Longhurst in Longhurst's Frank Gardner run team to drive a Sierra in 1990. The Benson & Hedges sponsored Sierra's were brutally fast but disappointingly fragile and results were again elusive. The team switched to BMW M3 Evolution's in 1991 saw the return of reliability at the cost of speed. Jones took the occasional podium result while Longhurst took two wins against the all-powerful Nissan Skyline R32 GT-R's. A switch to Glenn Seton Racing mid-season in 1992 brought improved results and race wins and he finished runner up to his team leader Glenn Seton as their V8 Ford Falcons dominated the 1993 Australian Touring Car Championship. Jones' reputation as a hard charger was shown in the 1993 ATCC when he was involved in a number of incidents, most notably pushing the Holden Commodore of Mark Skaife off the track at Symmons Plains Raceway before also doing the same to the Holden Racing Team's Commodore driven by Australia's 1987 500cc Grand Prix motorcycle World Champion Wayne Gardner less than half a lap later. Rule changes to make the Commodore's more competitive saw the team's dominance fade over the next few years. The 1995 Bathurst 1000 looked to be a high point with a memorable 1–2 finish for their two cars fading into just a second for the car Jones shared with veteran Allan Grice, the pair finishing behind the Holden Commodore of ex-F1 driver Larry Perkins and Russell Ingall (Seton, leading by 5 seconds with just 9 laps remaining, retired with a dead engine).

By this point the team was sundering apart and Jones took the major sponsor (Philip Morris International) to form a new team with engineering brothers Ross and Jim Stone as partners, known commercially as Pack Leader Racing (the Pack Leader name came about as the use of the Peter Jackson cigarette brand was banned following the Australian Government's blanket ban on all cigarette advertising from 1 January 1996). Initially fast, the partnership was fading by 1997 and the Stones bought Jones out, re-badging the team as Stone Brothers Racing. Jones returned to race with Tony Longhurst's Longhurst Racing team again in 1998 by this time his form was fading. From 1999 onwards he no longer raced full-time, driving just the endurance races as a hired gun. His final race was with Dick Johnson Racing, driving into a 7th-placed finish at the 2002 Bathurst 1000.

CART
In August 1985, one month before his return to Formula One at the Italian Grand Prix, Jones' association with Team Haas owner Carl Haas saw him used as a substitute for injured Newman/Haas Racing driver (and  World F1 Champion) Mario Andretti in a Champ Car World Series race at Road America in Wisconsin. In his only IndyCar start and showing he had lost none of the speed, skill and determination that took him to the World Championship, Jones drove Andretti's Lola T900-Cosworth to third place behind Jacques Villeneuve Sr. (winner) and Mario's son Michael Andretti (2nd).

A1 Grand Prix
Jones then become involved in the Australian franchise of the A1 Grand Prix as Team Director in 2005 until the series demise in 2010.

Grand Prix Masters
He attempted to race in the Grand Prix Masters World Series at Kyalami in November 2005 but had to pull out before qualifying due to neck pains.

Media
After retiring from F1 for good after 1986, Jones became a commentator with Channel Nine as part of their Formula One coverage in Australia in , a role which lasted until 2002 with change of network rights for Formula 1. This association with Nine saw him hosting F1 telecasts from Nine's Sydney studios working mostly with Darrell Eastlake, but sometimes with former Grand Prix motorcycle World Champion Barry Sheene on 500cc Grand Prix telecasts. Jones also worked as a pit reporter during the Australian Grand Prix where his relationships with those in F1 made it easier for him to obtain relevant information, and also as a pit reporter for Nine's broadcasts of the Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix.

In March 2013, Jones signed with Network Ten as a commentator for their Formula One coverage where he joins regular hosts Matthew White and former MotoGP rider Daryl Beattie.

Author
His autobiography AJ: How Alan Jones Climbed to the top of Formula One has been co-authored with motorsport writer Andrew Clarke was released in August 2017 by Penguin Random House.

Personal life
Jones separated from his wife Beverley in the late 1980s. In 1996 he began a relationship with Amanda Butler Davis and in 2001 their twins, Zara and Jack, were born.

Jones also has a daughter, Camilla, born in 1990.

Jones' adopted son Christian now races in various forms of motorsport.

His eldest daughter, Emma, has two daughters (born 2001 and 2004).

Honours
Jones was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in 1980 for "service to motor racing" and was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 1989.

Jones and his father Stan, along with Graham and Damon Hill, and Keke and Nico Rosberg, are the only father/son combinations to ever win the Australian Grand Prix.

Racing record

Career summary

Complete World Sportscar Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Footnotes

Complete European F5000 Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.)

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.)

Non-championship Formula One results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.)

Complete Shellsport International Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.)

American open-wheel racing
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.)

USAC Championship Car

CART PPG Indy Car World Series

Complete Can-Am Challenge Cup results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete European Formula Two Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete BMW M1 Procar Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results

V8 Supercar Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Asia-Pacific Touring Car Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.)

Complete Bathurst 1000 results

* Super Touring race

Complete Grand Prix Masters results
(key)

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links
Richard's F1 interview with Alan Jones
Motor Sport Magazine: Lunch with... Alan Jones, by Simon Taylor (April 2008)

1946 births
Living people
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
A1 Grand Prix team owners
Arrows Formula One drivers
Australian Formula One drivers
Australian Members of the Order of the British Empire
Australian people of English descent
Australian Touring Car Championship drivers
BRDC Gold Star winners
British Formula Three Championship drivers
Formula One World Drivers' Champions
Formula One race winners
Grand Prix Masters drivers
Haas Lola Formula One drivers
Hesketh Formula One drivers
Hill Formula One drivers
International Race of Champions drivers
People educated at Xavier College
Shadow Formula One drivers
Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees
Sportspeople from Melbourne
Surtees Formula One drivers
Supercars Championship drivers
Williams Formula One drivers
World Sportscar Championship drivers
Japanese Sportscar Championship drivers
Australian Endurance Championship drivers
BMW M drivers
Porsche Motorsports drivers
TOM'S drivers
Newman/Haas Racing drivers
Jaguar Racing drivers
Dick Johnson Racing drivers
Racing drivers from Melbourne

Alan Jones (racing driver)


Lord Peter is a collection of short stories featuring Lord Peter Wimsey.
First published in 1972 (), it includes all the short stories about Lord Peter written by Dorothy L. Sayers, most of which were published elsewhere soon after they were written, and some related writings.

Contents
Introduction, by James Sandoe
 Twelve stories which constituted Lord Peter Views the Body (1928)
"The Abominable History of the Man with Copper Fingers"
"The Entertaining Episode of the Article in Question"
"The Fascinating Problem of Uncle Meleager's Will"
"The Fantastic Horror of the Cat in the Bag"
"The Unprincipled Affair of the Practical Joker"
"The Undignified Melodrama of the Bone of Contention"
"The Vindictive Story of the Footsteps That Ran"
"The Bibulous Business of a Matter of Taste"
"The Learned Adventure of the Dragon's Head"
"The Piscatorial Farce of the Stolen Stomach"
"The Unsolved Puzzle of the Man with No Face"
"The Adventurous Exploit of the Cave of Ali Baba"
 Four stories from Hangman's Holiday (1933)
"The Image in the Mirror"
"The Incredible Elopement of Lord Peter Wimsey"
"The Queen's Square"
"The Necklace of Pearls"
 Two stories from In the Teeth of the Evidence (1939)
"In the Teeth of the Evidence"
"Absolutely Elsewhere"
 Three later stories also collected in Striding Folly (1972)
"Striding Folly"
"The Haunted Policeman"
"Talboys"
Coda: "Sayers, Lord Peter and God", by Carolyn Heilbrun
Codetta: "Greedy Night, A Parody", by E. C. Bentley

Sources
Sayers, Dorothy L. Lord Peter: A Collection of All the Lord Peter Wimsey Stories. New York: Harper & Row (, ), 1972.

1972 short story collections
Short story collections by Dorothy L. Sayers
Harper & Row books

Lord Peter


John Maxwell, 4th Lord Maxwell (died 9 September 1513) was a Scottish nobleman and patriarch of the Border Family / House / Clan of Maxwell.

Origins
Maxwell was the eldest son and heir of John Maxwell, 3rd Lord Maxwell (died 1484) and Janet, the daughter of George Crichton, 1st Earl of Caithness. The Maxwells were an ancient House / Family from the Scottish Borders, whose chief seat was at Caerlaverock Castle near Dumfries.

Career
Maxwell was infefted in his grandfather's lands at Carnsalloch on 8 May 1485 and was served heir to his father in the lands of Maxwell on 29 April 1486. In 1486 he was also appointed Warden of the West Marches. In October 1488 he attended the first Parliament of James IV.

The most notorious incident of Maxwell's career was his violent assault on 30 July 1508 on Robert Crichton, 2nd Lord Crichton of Sanquhar outside the court-house in Dumfries, where Crichton was holding assizes. The Maxwells and Crichtons had long competed for influence in Nithsdale and, accompanied by William Douglas of Drumlanrig, Maxwell led a considerable force into the town from the south. Bishop Lesley provided the following summary of subsequent events: "Lord Creychton was chaissit with his company frae Drumfries, and the Laird of Dalyell and the young laird of Cranchlay slain, with divers uthers, quhairof thair appeared greit deidly feid and blushed". It appears that Maxwell went largely unpunished for his part in this episode.

Maxwell was one of the many Scottish nobles killed in the Battle of Flodden on 9 September 1513.

Family
Maxwell married (in 1491 or 1492) Agnes, the daughter of Sir Alexander Stewart of Garlies. She was still living on 25 July 1530. They had at least eight children:
 Robert Maxwell, 5th Lord Maxwell Regent of the Isle of Arran, Warden of the West Marches. Lord High Admiral, Lord Provost of Edinburgh, Extraordinary Lord of Session and one of the members of the council of Regency
 Herbert Maxwell, ancestor of the Maxwells of Clowden
 John Maxwell, who was Abbot of Dundrennan in 1524
 Edward Maxwell, who was still living on 6 June 1540
 Mary Maxwell, who married James Johnstone of that Ilk
 Agnes Maxwell, who married Robert Charteris of Amisfield
 Isobel Maxwell, who married Laird Robert Porterfield
 Katherine Maxwell, who married Ninian Glendoning of Parton.
Maxwell is also known to have had two illegitimate sons, Henry and John.

References

Lords of Parliament (pre-1707)
History of the Scottish Borders
Deaths at the Battle of Flodden
1513 deaths
Year of birth unknown

John Maxwell, 4th Lord Maxwell


The  eps-Associated RNA element (EAR; also called  epsC motif) is a conserved RNA motif associated with exopolysaccharide (eps) or capsule biosynthesis genes in a subset of bacteria classified within the order Bacillales.  It was initially discovered in Bacillus subtilis, located between the second and third gene in the eps operon (i.e., between epsB and epsC). Deletion of the EAR element impairs biofilm formation.

The combination of comparative sequence alignments and structural probing data revealed that the secondary structure of the EAR RNA consists of five helical segments (P1-P5) and a pseudoknot (see diagram). In general, mutations that disrupt the conserved helical regions eliminate biofilm formation by B. subtilis, whereas mutations in nonconserved, variable regions exhibit no such effect. Thus, the secondary structure of EAR plays an important role for its function in vivo.

At the transcript level, disruption of the EAR motif leads to a significant decrease in the expression of distally located eps genes (epsF-O) without affecting proximal genes (epsC-E). Consistent with this observation, several potential intrinsic terminator hairpins were found inside the epsF coding region.  A wild-type EAR element is capable of promoting transcriptional readthrough of these epsF terminator sites. In contrast, mutational disruption of EAR instead permits termination at the epsF terminators. The EAR element also promotes readthrough of heterologous termination sites. From these data it was hypothesized that the EAR element controls eps expression through a processive antitermination mechanism to ensure the complete synthesis of the 16 kilobase operon.  Processive antitermination, as opposed to the transcription attenuation mechanism typically used by other cis-acting regulatory RNAs, is a process wherein the transcription elongation complex is altered by accessory factors to become resistant to pausing and termination signals. So far, EAR is the only processive antitermination system specific for Gram-positive bacteria. Further experiments failed to reconstitute EAR-mediated processive antitermination mechanism in vitro or in a Gram-negative heterologous host (E. coli), suggesting that additional B. subtilis-specific factor(s) may also be required for EAR antitermination.

References

External links

Non-coding RNA

Eps-Associated RNA element


Marieke Katherine D'Cruz (née Guehrer; born 9 February 1986) is an Australian swimmer who is the former world record holder in the 50 metres  butterfly short course. She clocked 24.99 seconds

After her breakout meet in late 2008, D'Cruz broke her personal best times in several events, also breaking the short course 50 m butterfly world record. At the 2009 Telstra Aus trials, she earned an individual spot in the 100 m freestyle clocking 54.28 along with a spot on the 4×100 m freestyle relay team. The next day she clocked 25.60 s in the 50 m Butterfly, easily making the qualifying time and becoming the third fastest in history in that event, after some thunderous times posted in the semi-finals, the fasted qualifiers failed to match their times in the final, and Guehrer won gold.

At the 2009 World Aquatics Championships, D'Cruz picked up her first medal on day one with a bronze medal in the 4×100 m freestyle relay. With a tremendously fast semi-finals in the 50 m butterfly, from lane 6 Guehrer caused an upset capturing gold.

At the 2010 Commonwealth Games, D'Cruz won silver in the 50m butterfly final to Francesca Halsall and won gold in the 4×100 m freestyle relay.

Career Best Times
LONG COURSE (50m Pool)
50m butterfly– 25.48 (Commonwealth Record)
100m butterfly – 58.08
50m freestyle – 24.87
SHORT COURSE (25m Pool)
50m butterfly– 24.69 (Commonwealth Record)
50m freestyle – 23.74 (Commonwealth Record)
50m backstroke – 25.98 (Commonwealth Record)
50m butterfly 100m backstroke (Australian Record)

See also
 List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming (women)
 List of Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming (women)
 World record progression 50 metres backstroke
 World record progression 50 metres butterfly

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
Australian people of German descent
Sportswomen from South Australia
Australian female freestyle swimmers
Australian female backstroke swimmers
Australian female butterfly swimmers
Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Australia
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
World record setters in swimming
Sportspeople from Adelaide
Olympic swimmers for Australia
Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming
Universiade medalists in swimming
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Australia
Universiade silver medalists for Australia
Medallists at the 2010 Commonwealth Games

Marieke D'Cruz


Lead(II) chloride, also known as plumbous chloride and lead dichloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is PbCl2. It contains lead and chloride ions. The lead is in the +2 oxidation state. Its use may lead to lead poisoning.

Properties
Lead(II) chloride is a colorless crystalline solid. It does not dissolve well in water. It can dissolve in solutions that have chloride ions in them. It reacts with molten sodium nitrite to make lead(II) oxide.

Preparation
Lead(II) chloride is made by reacting sodium chloride or hydrochloric acid with lead nitrate. It can also be made by reacting lead(IV) oxide with hydrochloric acid. It can also be made by reacting chlorine with lead.

Uses
It is used to make ceramics. A basic chloride is used in pigments.

Related pages
Lead(II,IV) oxide
Lead(II) acetate
Lead(II) carbonate

Chlorine compounds
Lead compounds

Lead(II) chloride


Tentura (), also spelled Tentoura, Tintura, or Tintoura, is a liqueur produced in the Greek city of Patras since the 15th century. It is prepared by sweetening and flavoring various types of distillate alcohol with herbs and spices; thus the name tentura which comes from the Italian word  ('tincture'). Brandy from Patras' wineries is the most common alcoholic base for tentura, though sometimes rum or grain alcohol are used as well. The fermented essences of cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, and citrus fruits are the most common flavoring agents. These aromatic ingredients give tentura its distinctive dark orange-red color and its alternative local name  (, ). It has an alcohol content of around 25% by volume.

It is most often served chilled or over ice in a small glass after a large meal as a digestif. It is also added to espresso coffee, which is then called espresso corretto. It is also served at room temperature.

References

Patras
Greek liqueurs

Tentura


The Wulfila Bible (or Gothic Bible) is a translation of parts of the Bible into the Gothic language. It was done by a Christian Bishop, called Wulfila, in the 3rd century. It contains mainly a translation of the New Testament. The basis for the translation was a Greek version of the Bible. Up till then, the Goths had used runes to write. This was impractical, though. For this reason Wulfila also invented the Gothic alphabet. The Gothic alphabet is based on the Greek one.

Many copies of parts of the text still exist today. Most of them are from the 6th to 8th century. The Wulfila bible is the oldest written text of a Germanic language. It is very important for research.

Text of The Lord's Prayer in the Wulfilabible
þ is pronounced like the English th in the.

atta unsar þu ïn himina
weihnai namo þein
qimai þiudi nassus þeins
wairþai wilja þeins
swe ïn himina jah ana airþai
hlaif unsarana þana sin teinan gif uns himma daga
jah aflet uns þatei skulans sijai ma
swaswe jah weis afletam þai skulam unsaraim
jah ni brig gais uns ïn fraistubnjai
ak lau sei uns af þamma ubilin
unte þeina ïst þiudangardi
jah mahs jah wulþus ïn aiwins
amen

Other websites
 Full text of the Wulfilabible
 Smaller gothic fragments

Bible versions
3rd-century works

Wulfila Bible


FLACC is an implementation of the ALGOL 68 programming language.

Chris Thomson and Colin Broughton founded Chion Corporation which developed and marketed FLACC (Full Language Algol 68 Checkout Compiler). This compiler and run-time system conformed exactly to the Revised Report, ran on IBM 370 and compatible mainframes, and included debugging features derived from WATFIV. It was released in 1977.

Chris was a student of Barry J. Mailloux. Barry studied at Amsterdam's Mathematisch Centrum from 1966 under Adriaan van Wijngaarden. Barry's work on the Algol 68 language established the University of Alberta as a center for Algol 68-related activity.

According to Thomson decade later:
 You know, we only ever got 22 copies installed, and less than 5 of those in North America.  Even though it ran on 370's under MVS, CMS and MTS, and was cheap and reliable.  Talk about a marketing disaster.

References

External links
 Barry J. Mailloux @ Everything.com

Scanned documentation at softwarepreservation.org
 Christopher Mark Thomson. The Run-Time structure of an ALGOL 68 Student Checkout Compiler. Master's thesis, Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, 1976.
 FLACC User Guide. FLACC Version 1.6, November 1981, Chion Corporation, 1981.

Procedural programming languages
Systems programming languages
ALGOL 68 implementation
Programming languages created in 1977
IBM mainframe software

FLACC


Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) refers to the position earned/assigned to someone in the U.S. Armed Forces. These MOS's consist of letters and numbers, each of which signifies your position, duties, and job within the armed services. For example, the MOS for a Army Combat Engineer is 12B. They provide their expertise in areas such as mobility, countermobility, survivability and general engineering. They also are responsible for helping tackle rough terrain in combat areas. Aka, they blow stuff up when it's in the way of something trying to move past it. There's a ton of different MOS's and someone will eventually put them in here.

Military of the United States

Military Occupational Specialty


Haljand Udam (May 8, 1936 – December 17, 2005) was an Estonian orientalist and translator.

Early life and career
Udam was born in Rakvere in 1936 and graduated from Tartu University as a geologist, but soon became interested in Eastern culture, including Ancient Iranian literature. He studied oriental languages in Tashkent university and Moscow State University Initially specializing in Indology, he became interested in traditionalist philosophers like Guénon. In Moscow, Udam defended his candidate's thesis in 1971 ("On the Special Semantic Aspects of the Persian Sufi Terminology"). Udam has translated several works from Arabic (Ibn Tufail), Persian (Rudaki, Saadi, Ali Safi), Urdu, Tajik, and other languages into Estonian, including Omar Khayyam's Rubaiyat. He also worked as an editor and contributed to Estonian Encyclopedia (Eesti Entsüklopeedia).

Some of his articles on orientalism have also been published in foreign language magazines. Just before his death, Udam managed to finish the translation of Quran into the Estonian language. It was published on the 19 December 2007. Udam was also known as one of the few Estonian intellectuals who aligned with the Conservative Revolution.

Udam was the leading scholar of Islam in Estonia. He died in Viterbo, Italy in 2005.

Footnotes

References

Haljand Udam in memoriam http://www.ekspress.ee/viewdoc/A99CF9B6F0552EC5C22570DD003C25C0
Haljand Udam - inimene kõrvalteelt, Arter, April 22, 2000 https://web.archive.org/web/20080109084947/http://arhiiv2.postimees.ee:8080/leht/00/04/22e/lugu12.htm

Bibliography

Orienditeekond, Tallinn 2001,  (see a review http://20th-century-history-books.com/B0008DAQUI.html)

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20070623230402/http://www.eao.ee/01tekstid/intervjuu_udam.html (Interview with Udam, in Estonian)

1936 births
2005 deaths
Estonian academics
Estonian translators
Quran translators
University of Tartu alumni
Academic staff of Moscow State University
Estonian orientalists
Translators to Estonian
Translators from Arabic
Translators from Persian
Translators from Urdu
20th-century translators
People from Rakvere
Recipients of the Order of the White Star, 5th Class

Haljand Udam


John Hajnal FBA (born  Hajnal-Kónyi, ; 26 November 1924 – 30 November 2008), was a Hungarian-British academic in the fields of mathematics and economics (statistics).

Hajnal is best known for identifying, in a landmark 1965 paper, the historical pattern of marriage of northwest Europe in which people married late and many adults remained single. The geographical boundary of this unusual marriage pattern is now known as the Hajnal line.

Biography

Hajnal was born in Darmstadt, at the time the capital of the People's State of Hesse in Weimar Germany, to a Hungarian Jewish family. In 1936 his parents left Nazi Germany, and placed him in a Quaker school in the Dutch countryside while they arranged to settle in Britain. In 1937, John was reunited with his parents in London, where he attended University College School, Hampstead.

At age 16, he entered Balliol College, Oxford. He gained a first there in economics, philosophy and politics in 1943. His skills in academic-level mathematics were mostly autodidactical.

After the war, Hajnal worked on demography for the   United Nations in New York, and later for the Office of Population Research, Princeton University.

He met Berlin-born Nina Lande in New York. They were married from 1950 until her death in 2008 and had three daughters and a son.

Returning to the United Kingdom, he worked at Manchester University as a statistician from 1953. The family moved to London in 1956, when John was assured a lectureship at the London School of Economics. He was Professor of Statistics at the London School of Economics from 1975 until his retirement in 1986.

Career

 Royal Commission on Population, 1944–48
 United Nations, New York, 1948–51
 Office of Population Research, Princeton University, 1951–53
 Manchester University, 1953–57
 London School of Economics, 1957–86. Reader, 1966–75, Professor of Statistics 1975–1986
 Visiting Fellow Commoner, Trinity College, Cambridge, 1974–75
 Visiting Professor, Rockefeller University, 1981

He was a member of the International Statistical Institute and was elected FBA in 1966.

References

 Who's Who (2006)
 The Palgrave Dictionary of Anglo-Jewish History, ed. W.  D. Rubinstein, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011, p. 387.
 Obituary,  The Jewish Chronicle, 5 February 2009.

1924 births
Academics of the London School of Economics
Academics of the Victoria University of Manchester
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
British Jews
20th-century British mathematicians
21st-century British mathematicians
British statisticians
Hungarian statisticians
Fellows of the British Academy
People educated at University College School
2008 deaths
Elected Members of the International Statistical Institute
German emigrants to the United Kingdom
Demographers

John Hajnal


Alice blue is a whiteish shade of blue and a pale tone of azure blue.

Color codes
 Alice blue's color code is #F0F8FF
 Alice blue is made of 94.1% red, 97.3% green and 100% blue
 In CMYK color space, Alice blue is made of 5.9% cyan, 2.7% magenta, 0% yellow and 0% black.
 It has 208 degrees, a saturation of 100% and a lightness of 97.1%.
 It could be obtained by mixing #ffffff with #e1f1ff
 Its closest web safe color is white

Alice blue


The Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing (ISTD) is a leading dance teaching and examination board. Based in London, it operates internationally. Established on 25 July 1904, it is now a registered educational charity. The ISTD provides training in a range of dance styles, with examination syllabi for students, and training courses for people wishing to become certified dance teachers. ISTD is a corporate member of the British Dance Council.

Its main work is divided into two boards, one for Theatre dance (including ballet), and one for Ballroom dance (including Latin American dance).

Other websites
ISTD website: www.istd.org

Dance

Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing


Robert Ker, 1st Earl o Roxburghe (1570? – 1650) wis a Scois nobleman. He wis the eldest son o William Ker o Cessford (died 1605), an grandson o Sir Walter Ker o Cessford (d. c. 1584), who focht against Mary I, Queen o Scots, baith at Carberry Hill an at Langside.

He helpit James VI against Boddke. He wis a member o the Privy Cooncil o Scotland frae 1599, an wis creatit Laird Roxburghe in 1600. He accompaniet Keeng James tae Lunnon in 1603.

He succeedit tae his faither's estates in 1606 an wis creatit Yerl o Roxburghe in 1616. He wis appointit Keeper o the Privy Seal o Scotland in 1637.

He subscribit the Keeng's Covenant at Halyruid in 1638, an jynt the Keeng's pairty in the ceevil war. When the Keeng attemptit tae reest five members o the House o Commons in 1642, Ker kept the door o the chamber open (see airticle on William Lenthall). He supportit the "Engagement" for the Keeng's rescue in 1648, an wis consequently deprivit o his office as Keeper o the Privy Seal in 1649.

He deed at Floors, his residence near Kelsae, on 18 Januar 1650. His son Harry, Laird Ker, haed deed in Januar 1643. Consequently his titles an estates passed bi special arrangement tae his grandson, William Drummond (d. 1675), the youngest son o his dochter Jean an her husband John Drummond, 2nt Yerl o Perth. William teuk the name o Ker, became 2nt Earl o Roxburghe, an marriet his cousin, Laird Ker's dochter Jean.

References

1570s births
1650 daiths
Yerls in the Peerage o Scotland
Members o the Privy Cooncil o Scotland
Coort o James VI an I

Robert Ker, 1st Yerl o Roxburghe


John L. Chapman (born 1946 in Blackburn, Lancashire, England) is a painter of urban landscapes, townscapes, transport, rural and maritime scenes amongst other subjects. He has painted mainly in acrylics, but he is equally proficient with oils, watercolours and gouache.

Many of Chapman's paintings have been reproduced as limited edition prints and he has also completed several commissions for Josiah Wedgwood and Sons. In 2003, a book John Chapman's Lancashire was published by Halsgrove

Biography
Chapman attended Bangor Street School in Blackburn, where his art teacher, Peter Shackleton, recognised his talent and arranged for him to take art classes at Blackburn College of Art on Saturday mornings. During his time at school, Chapman developed an interest in trains and the railway art of Terence Cuneo and others. After leaving school in 1961, Chapman was employed as a layout artist and later as a technical illustrator working on  his own paintings in the evenings and at weekends.

In 1968 Chapman became an independent, professional artist making his first sales of railway paintings and receiving commissions for specific subjects in oils. Major exhibitions soon followed at W. H. Patterson's gallery in Mayfair and at public galleries in his native Lancashire.

In 1984, one of John's paintings was exhibited in the Royal Academy's Summer Exhibition.

References

External links
Official Website

1946 births
Living people
Artists from Blackburn
English artists

John Chapman (artist)


Sir Morell Mackenzie (7 July 1837 – 3 February 1892) was a British physician, one of the pioneers of laryngology in the United Kingdom.

Biography
Morell Mackenzie was born at Leytonstone, Essex, England on 7 July 1837. He was the eldest of nine children of Stephen Mackenzie (1803-1851), a general practitioner and surgeon, and Margaret Frances (died 1877), daughter of wine merchant Adam Harvey, of Lewes, East Sussex. He was educated at Dr Greig's school in Walthamstow and at King's College London.

After going through the medical course at the London Hospital and becoming a member to the Royal College of Surgeons in 1858, he studied abroad in Paris, Vienna and Budapest where he learned the use of the newly invented laryngoscope under Johann Czermak.

Returning to London in 1862, he worked at the London Hospital and earned his degree in medicine. In 1863 he won the Jacksonian prize at the Royal College of Surgeons for an essay on the Pathology and Treatment of Diseases of the Larynx: The Diagnostic Indications to include the Appearance as Seen in the Living Person. He was the first to use the terms abductors and adductors to describe the muscles that govern the opening and closing of the glottis. He then devoted himself to becoming a specialist in diseases of the throat.

In 1863 the Hospital for Diseases of the Throat in King Street, Golden Square, was founded, largely owing to his initiative, and by his work there and at the London Hospital (where he was one of the physicians from 1866 to 1873) Morell Mackenzie rapidly became recognized throughout Europe as a leading authority, and acquired an extensive practice. A plaque at 32 Golden Square, unveiled in May 1995, commemorates the original hospital.

His reputation grew even more with the publication of three important books, which became the founding stones of the new specialty of laryngology:

 The Use of the Laryngoscope in Diseases of the Throat (1865).
 Growths in the Larynx (1871).
 Diseases of the Nose and Throat (1880 and 1884).

In 1887 Mackenzie was one of the founders of the Journal of Laryngology and Rhinology and of the British Rhino-Laryngological Association.

So great was his reputation that in May 1887, when the crown prince of Germany (afterwards the Emperor Frederick III) was attacked by the affection of the throat of which he ultimately died, Morell Mackenzie was specially summoned to attend him. The German physicians who had attended the prince since the beginning of March (Karl Gerhardt, and subsequently Adalbert Tobold, Ernst von Bergmann, and others), had diagnosed his ailment on 18 May as cancer of the throat; but Morell Mackenzie insisted (basing his opinion on a microscopical examination by a great pathologist, Rudolf Virchow, of a portion of the tissue) that the disease was not demonstrably cancerous, that an operation for the extirpation of the larynx (planned for the 21 May) was unjustifiable, and that the growth might well be a benign one and therefore curable by other treatment.

The question was one not only of personal but of political importance, since it was unsure whether any one suffering from an incapacitating disease like cancer could, according to the family law of the Hohenzollerns, occupy the German throne, and there was talk of a renunciation of the succession by the crown prince. It was freely hinted, moreover, that some of the doctors themselves were influenced by political considerations. At any rate, Morell Mackenzie's opinion was followed: the crown prince went to England, under his treatment, and was present at the celebrations of the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria in June. Morell Mackenzie was knighted in September 1887 for his services, and appointed a Grand Commander of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern.

In November, however, the German doctors were again called into consultation, and it was ultimately admitted that the disease really was cancer; but Mackenzie, with very questionable judgment, more than hinted that it had become malignant since his first examination, in consequence of the irritating effect of the treatment by the German doctors. The crown prince became emperor on 9 March 1888 and died on 15 June. During all this period, a violent quarrel raged between Mackenzie and the German medical world. The German doctors published an account of the illness, to which Mackenzie replied by a work entitled The Fatal Illness of Frederick the Noble (1888), the publication of which caused him to be censured by the Royal College of Surgeons.

After this sensational episode in his career, the remainder of Sir Morell Mackenzie's life was uneventful, and he died somewhat suddenly in London, on 3 February 1892 and was buried in the churchyard at Wargrave in Berkshire where he had a house in the country. He published several books on laryngoscopy and diseases of the throat.

Biographies of Mackenzie were published by H.R. Haweis (1893) and R. Scott Stevenson (1946).

Writings

 The Use of the Laryngoscope in Diseases of the Throat. Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1865.
 Hoarseness, Loss of Voice, and Stridulous Breathing in Relation to Nervo-Muscular Affectations of the Larynx. London: Churchill, 1868.
 Essays on Growths in the Larynx. Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1871.
 The Pharmacopoeia of the Hospital for Diseases of the Throat. London: Churchill, 1872.
 Diphtheria: Its Nature and Treatment, Varieties and Local Expressions. Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1879.
 Diseases of the Pharynx, Larynx, and Trachea. New York: W. Wood, 1880.
 A Manual of the Diseases of the Nose and Throat. London: Churchill, 1880–1884.
 The Pharmacopoeia of the Hospital for Diseases of the Throat and Chest : based on the British Pharmacopoeia . Churchill, London 4th Ed. 1881 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
 The Hygiene of the Vocal Organs: A Practical Handbook for Singers and Speakers. London: Macmillan, 1886.
 Hay Fever and Paroxysmal Sneezing: Their Etiology and Treatment. London: Churchill, 1887.
 The Fatal Illness of Frederick the Noble. London: Low, Marston, Searle, 1888.
 Essays. London: Sampson Low, Marston, 1893. Digital edition available through the HathiTrust Digital Library (original from Harvard University).

See also
Fall of Eagles; he is portrayed in the 3rd episode under the name "Mackenzie."

References

External links

 Extensive biography and his role in the history of laryngology.

1837 births
1892 deaths
Alumni of King's College London
Alumni of the London Hospital Medical College
19th-century English medical doctors
Knights Bachelor
People from Wargrave
People from Leytonstone

Morell Mackenzie


Tarascan or Tarasca is an exonym and the popular name for the Purépecha culture. It may refer to:

 the Tarascan State, a Mesoamerican empire until the Spanish conquest in the 1500s, located in (present-day) west-central Mexico
 the Purépecha people
 the Purépecha language

The term has pejorative connotations when it refers to the people or their language.

Etymology
The name "Tarascan" (and its Spanish-language equivalent, "tarasco") comes from the word "tarascue" in the Purépecha language, which means indistinctly "father-in-law" or "son-in-law". The Spanish took it as their name, for reasons that have been attributed to different, mostly legendary, stories.

The Nahuatl name for the Purépecha was "Michhuàquê" ("those who have fish"), whence the name of the Mexican state of Michoacán.

References

Exonyms
Purépecha
Ethnonyms

Tarascan


Steven Ira Weiss is a journalist who has worked in television, blogging and print. He has written for The Washington Post, The Daily Beast, Slate, New York Magazine, Harper's and many other publications.

Career
Weiss first made a name for himself while a student journalist at Yeshiva University. Michael Wolff, in a column for New York Magazine,  cited Weiss's commentary on New York Times writer Thomas Friedman. During the 2001 New York City mayoral election, Weiss broke the story of candidate Michael Bloomberg's donations to the Democratic club run by the brother of the only Democratic elected official to endorse him in that race.

Weiss's work as a student led to a position in Wayne Barrett's office at The Village Voice, where he reported on issues ranging from organized crime associates' contracts with municipal unions, to New York elected officials' stances on the Iraq War.

Weiss began blogging in 2002, first on an individual blog and then founding a group blog, the now defunct Protocols, a Jewish blogging site, where he coined the term "J-Blogosphere". Weiss's work at Protocols generated a reputation in the Jewish ethnic media, and he began reporting regularly for The Forward, winning an American Jewish Press Association for his work on a report about a racist book published in the ultra-Orthodox community.

Weiss went on to launch one of the first hyperlocal, blog-based daily-news websites in 2004, CampusJ, which eventually grew to more than 50 reporters. Jewish journalists at colleges around the country.  The mission of CampusJ was to "train a young generation of Jewish journalists in the reporting styles and methods of new media, while giving them the training and opportunities to enter the journalism workforce better-equipped than many of their fellow-classmen." CampusJ successes included a deal for reprinting rights with Jewish news wire service JTA, and forcing The New York Times to admit an ethical lapse in its reporting on an agreement a New York Times reporter made with the administration of Columbia University to not quote students' views in an article.

Since 2006, Weiss has been director of original programming & new media at The Jewish Channel, a national cable channel called "a Jewish HBO" by The New York Times, for which he serves as news anchor, executive producer, editor of its wire service and leader of various digital media efforts.

Investigative reporting
Weiss's broadcast television work has made international headlines on multiple occasions. His interview with then-2012 GOP Presidential Primary front-runner Newt Gingrich, in which the latter called the Palestinians an "invented" people, was excerpted on well more than 500 U.S. newscasts, including CNN and Fox News. His 2011 report on an Israeli government ad campaign warning expatriates against marrying Americans generated so much outrage among U.S. groups that the prime minister personally ordered the ads taken down.

Weiss is particularly known for his digital journalism innovations. New York Times best-selling author Jeffrey Sharlet wrote of him, "If you crossed Jorge Luis Borges and Isaac Babel, and forced the monstrosity that resulted to write on deadline, you might wind up with something like the journalism of Steven I. Weiss — erudite and two-fisted, obsessive-compulsive brilliance expressed in broad strokes. Weiss is a case study in how the internet can foster nonfiction writing that's deeper, smarter, and more entertaining than that manufactured through the chain of command at the dailies." New media figure Jeff Jarvis wrote that Weiss is "One of the most energetic, talented, dedicated people I've met in this world." Ben Smith declared Weiss's investigation into the New York State Department of Health "a quite damning indictment."

Tim Noah at Slate noted Weiss's investigation into the Nixon administration's firing of employees at the Bureau of Labor Statistics, an episode Noah referred to as "the last official act of anti-Semitism in U.S. history."

Weiss's report on an Israeli government ad campaign warning expatriates against marrying Americans generated coverage by a great many prominent writers and publications, starting especially with The Atlantic's Jeffrey Goldberg, and generating mentions in The New York Times and The Washington Post.  Response from usually-staid U.S. Jewish groups was of great anger, including a statement from the Jewish Federations of North America that the ads were "outrageous and insulting." Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu responded by ordering the ads taken down.

Awards
Weiss has received a number of awards, including:
 The 2014 Boris Smolar Award for Excellence in Investigative Journalism for his coverage of Rabbi Michael Broyde
 The 2015 Excellence in Financial Journalism Award for his coverage of the Yeshiva University investigation

Personal life
Weiss is married with two children and is a member of the Orthodox Jewish community.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Jewish American journalists
Jewish bloggers
21st-century American Jews

Steven I. Weiss


James Pease (9 January 1916, in Indianapolis – 26 April 1967, in New York City) was an American bass-baritone, notable for his Wagnerian roles. He was also a distinguished Balstrode in Benjamin Britten's Peter Grimes, a role which he was the first to perform in the US in 1946, and later recorded under the composer's direction in 1958.

Life and career
A law graduate of Indiana University in 1939, Pease won a scholarship at the Academy of Vocal Arts in Philadelphia and studied there rather than begin practice as a lawyer. He made his debut with the Philadelphia Opera Company as Mephistopheles in Faust, and sang many other roles with the company both in Philadelphia and in Boston. He also pursued concert, oratorio and radio work on the East Coast of the United States  He was praised by Serge Koussevitzky as having "An exceptionally beautiful, powerful, expansive voice".

In 1943 he was selected a winner of the Metropolitan Opera Auditions of the Air, but was immediately called for service as an aviation cadet. He served three years as a pilot in the A.A.F. Training Command, flying some 15,000 miles. He also directed and performed in musical shows at his home base in Texas.

On his discharge in 1945, he appeared at the Montreal Festivals and in a series of operas at the New York City Center Theatre, making his debut there as Sparafucile on 9 May 1946 (continuing to sing at that venue until 1953). Also in that year he sang in Carmen at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles, conducted by Leopold Stokowski. He was also a soloist with the National Symphony Orchestra in Washington, D.C. and at the Berkshire Festival.

In August 1946 Pease took part in the US premiere of Peter Grimes, conducted by Leonard Bernstein at the Berkshire Music Center, Tanglewood: Pease, singing the role of Balstrode, was singled out as giving "[e]asily the most compelling performance on the stage ... [he] carried himself well ... and also sang eloquently". Pease later sang in the US premiere of another Britten opera, Albert Herring, this time as the Vicar, Mr Gedge, in a production staged at Tanglewood on 8 August 1949, conducted by Boris Goldovsky. With the Zurich Opera in 1961 he sang the priest Grigoris in the world premiere of Martinů's The Greek Passion.

Pease sang a wide variety of roles including Leporello and the title role in Don Giovanni, Don Alfonso (Così fan tutte), the Music Master (Strauss: Ariadne auf Naxos), Colline (La bohème), Escamillo (Carmen) and various Gilbert and Sullivan roles including the Pirate King and the Mikado of Japan.<ref>Norton, Richard C. A chronology of American musical theater: 1952 - 2001, Vol. 3. Oxford University Press, 2002: p. 100</ref>

In London's Royal Opera House he sang in various productions conducted by Rafael Kubelík, including as Hans Sachs in Wagner's Die Meistersinger with Geraint Evans and Joan Sutherland in 1957, as King Mark in Tristan und Isolde with Birgit Nilsson in 1958, and in the same year as Balstrode in Peter Grimes, later recording the role under the composer's direction for Decca.

He returned to the New York City Opera in 1959–60, and again in 1967.

Pease died of a heart attack at the Lincoln Square Motor Inn.

Personal life
He married twice, his second marriage after his first wife's death being with English soprano Adele Leigh; after Pease's death, Leigh in 1967 married Kurt Enderl, then Austrian Ambassador to Hungary, in a whirlwind romance.

Discography
James Pease recorded with several companies, notably Decca, RCA Victor, and Nonesuch Records.
Auber Fra Diavolo: with Wilma Lipp, Ursula Zollenkopf, Rudolf Schock; conductor Wilhelm Schüchter (Relief)
Beethoven Symphony No. 9 "Ode to Joy": with Frances Yeend, David Lloyd, Eunice Alberts; Boston Symphony Orchestra/Serge Koussevitzky (recorded 1947) (Dante Records Lys)
Bizet Carmen: with Winifred Heidt, Ramon Vinay, Marina Koshetz; Choir & Orch Of The Hollywood Bowl Symphony/Leopold Stokowski (Eklipse)
Brahms A German Requiem: with Eleanor Steber; Robert Shaw Chorale, RCA Victor Symphony Orchestra/Robert Shaw
Brahms A German Requiem: with Carl Bamberger, Teresa Stich-Randall; Hamburg Chorus of the Singakademie; Symphony Orchestra and Chorus of the Norddeutscher Rundfunk/Carl Bamberger (Nonesuch)
Britten Peter Grimes: with Peter Pears, Claire Watson, Jean Watson; Chorus and Orchestra of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden/Benjamin Britten (Decca)
Gilbert & Sullivan Mikado: with Martyn Green, Barbara Troxell; North German Radio Orchestra/Richard Korn
Handel Samson: with Joan Sutherland, Jon Vickers, Joan Carlyle, James Pease, Joseph Rouleau; conductor Raymond Leppard; Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, 3 January 1959 (Andromeda)
Mascagni Cavalleria Rusticana: with Astrid Varnay, Hans Hopf, Hanna Scholl, Hanne Münch; Orchester des Bayerischen Rundfunks/Wolfgang Sawallisch (Myto)Joan Sutherland and Jon Vickers'' - includes James Pease as Hans Sachs; The Royal Opera Orchestra/Rafael Kubelík (Pearl)
Mozart Opera Arias with Barbara Troxell; Hamburg Philharmonia Orchestra; conductor Hans Jergens-Walther (Allegro 1698)
Music of the Pilgrims - Psalms from the Ainsworth Psalter with excerpts from Governor William Bradford's "Of Plimoth Plantation": with the New England Conservatory Alumni Chorus, Conducted by Lorna Cooke de Varon (Plimoth Plantation)

References

Sources

American bass-baritones
American operatic baritones
1916 births
1967 deaths
20th-century American male opera singers

James Pease


Bull Shoals Lake is an artificial lake or reservoir. It is in the Ozark Mountains of northern Arkansas and southern Missouri. Bull Shoals has hundreds of miles of lake arms and coves. This makes it good for boating, water sports, swimming, and fishing. Nineteen developed parks around the shoreline. These provide campgrounds, boat launches, swim areas, and marinas.

History

Bull Shoals Dam was created to impound (hold water in a reservoir) the White River. Bull Shoals has one of the largest concrete dams in the United States. It was the 5th largest dam in the world when the project was started. Work on the dam began in 1947 and was completed in 1951. In 1952 it was dedicated by President Harry S. Truman At least seven small family cemeteries and 20 larger cemeteries were carefully moved to make room for the new lake.

Hydrology

Bull Shoals Lake is the last reservoir on the White River before it enters the Mississippi River. The other three are Beaver Lake, Table Rock Lake and Lake Taneycomo. Bull Shoals lake is controlled by the Army Corps of Engineers and has the primary purpose of flood control.  The level of the lake changes regularly. The normal pool level elevation is 654 feet above sea level, which is locally known as 'powerpool'.  However, the elevation changes between 630 and 680 feet.

The upper part of the lake, below nearby Powersite Dam, is known as the "Pothole". The dam is designed for a maximum elevation of 695 feet (top of the flood pool). Bull Shoals Lake covers 45,000 acres (182 km²) with a 700-mile (1,120-km) shoreline at powerpool. It expands to more than 70,000 acres (284 km²)with a 1,000-mile (1,600-km) shoreline at 690 feet. The bottom of the lake consists of bedrock with very little vegetation. The shoreline of the lake is protected by a buffer zone (locally called the 'take line'). This area is owned, managed, and controlled by the Army Corps of Engineers. There is very little development around Bull Shoals. Most of the shoreline is heavily forested.

State park

The Bull Shoals-White River State Park is a 725-acre (2.9 km²) park in Baxter and Marion Counties of Arkansas. It lies both above and below the large dam. Facilities, including camping, pavilions, docks and a nature center, stretch along the banks of the White River. The park offers 103 riverside campsites and 20 tent sites. Two rent-a-camp and two rent-a-RV sites are also available. Picnic areas and pavilions are scattered throughout the park. There are trails through the surrounding woods. A marina contains boating equipment and also rents boats. The visitors' center offers programs, workshops, camps, boating and fishing exhibits and an aquarium. Tours of the power generation plant and other dam facilities are available for a fee.

Fishing

Table Rock is one of the premier Largemouth bass fishing lakes in the United States. The best time for bass fishing is between March and May. This is when the bass spawn in the shallows. Bull Shoals Lake is Arkansas's largest lake, and is also well known as a trout hot spot. Rainbow trout and brown trout of record size have been caught in the lake, with bream, catfish, crappie and largemouth bass also plentiful. Swimming and other watersports are also welcome at the lake. Arkansas Highway 178 runs along the top of Bull Shoals Dam and into the park.

Flooding of 2008

Record rainfall in the spring of 2008 caused Bull Shoals to reach its highest water level since 1957. The lake crested at 695.02 feet above sea level.  The Army Corps of Engineers opened the floodgates to stop the lake from more flooding.

References

Other websites
Bull Shoals Lake, Explore Branson
RV Camping in Theodosia Missouri (Bull Shoals)

Ozarks
Geography of Missouri
Geography of Arkansas
Lakes of the United States

Bull Shoals Lake


Neuter (, calque from Greek  [udéteron], neither one nor the other) is a grammatical gender, a linguistic class of nouns triggering specific types of inflections in associated words.

The neuter was present in most Indo-European languages together with masculine and feminine. It was perhaps originally used for objects. The distinction between masculinum, femininum and neuter was already clear to the Latin grammarians, who got this lesson from the Alexandrian grammarians.

Neuter still exists in Germanic languages, Slavic languages and Greek. In the Romance languages it has almost disappeared.

It is a neuter pronoun.

Grammar
Gender

Neuter gender


The unconscious mind is thought to be a deeper part of a person's mind that works without that person knowing it. Feelings, thoughts, desires or emotions appear to come out of nowhere, leaving the person to question where they came from.

The unconscious mind is a term coined by the 18th century German romantic philosopher Friedrich Schelling and later introduced into English by the poet and essayist Samuel Taylor Coleridge. It is, however, an ancient idea which has been noticed in many civilisations and cultures. Also, whether other mammals have similar mental mechanisms to man is also a question with a considerable history.

Freud's views

The unconscious mind plays a large role in Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis. He discussed the importance of the unconscious mind in understanding conscious thought and behaviour.

However, the unconscious was not discovered by Freud. Historian of psychology Mark Altschule concluded, "It is difficult—or perhaps impossible—to find a nineteenth-century psychologist or psychiatrist who did not recognize unconscious thought as not only real but of the highest importance".

Freud's advance was not to uncover the unconscious but to devise a method for systematically studying it. However, his method is controversial, and so are the rest of his ideas. Freud called dreams the "royal road to the unconscious". He developed his idea in The Interpretation of Dreams (1899). The preconscious was described as a layer between conscious and unconscious thought; its contents could be accessed with a little effort. A key feature of the unconscious is what he called 'repression'. Freud believed that many people repress painful memories deep into their unconscious mind.

Adaptive unconscious

The adaptive unconscious is a set of unconscious mental processes influencing judgment and decision making. It is different from conscious processing: it is faster, effortless, more focused on the present, but less flexible.

In other theories of the mind, the unconscious is limited to "low-level" activity, such as carrying out goals which have been decided consciously. In contrast, the adaptive unconscious is thought to be involved in "high-level" cognition such as goal-setting as well.

The term 'adaptive unconscious' suggests it has survival value and hence is an adaptation which was strongly selected in the past. Indeed, for much of vertebrate evolution, all mental activity was unconscious. No-one supposes that fish have consciousness. Thus our consciousness is added to an already-existing set of mechanisms which operate but whose operation is normally not felt by us.p23

References

Cognition
Consciousness

Unconscious mind


Evropesma () or Europjesma () was a pop song contest in Serbia and Montenegro which ran from 2004 to 2006. The winning song represented the country in the Eurovision Song Contest. It was organized by the Serbia and Montenegro union of broadcasters UJRT (consisting of RTS and RTCG).

In 2005 and 2006, Beovizija and Montevizija served as Serbia's and Montenegro's semi-finals for Evropesma (respectively). After the dissolution of the state union between Serbia and Montenegro, the semifinal contests took over the role of this festival.

Voting process
RTCG argued that fairly anonymous representatives from Montenegro have little chance against a number of big music stars that generally take part on behalf of RTS, and who are usually famous in Montenegro itself. RTCG failed to engage any of the big Montenegro stars that could actually gain televotes to take part in Montevizija. Because of this, RTCG demanded that televoting should only be a part of the decision on who is going to win the competition. As a result, there are four judges appointed by RTCG, four by RTS and televoting was the ninth jury member. Points are allocated as follows: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 or 12 (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 in 2004).

Winners
2004 Željko Joksimović (won 2nd place in the ESC 2004)
2005 No Name (won 7th place in the ESC 2005)
2006 No Name (disputed by RTS, unverified by UJRT)

2004 event and controversy
The first Evropesma, held February 21, 2004, in Belgrade, Serbia, featured 24 performers, 19 from Serbia and only 5 from Montenegro. Four of the songs that represented RTS were selected in Beovizija 2004, which was in part a semifinal for Evropesma. The representatives for RTCG were selected internally, and the others were selected by UJRT. Željko Joksimović won the 2004 Evropesma with "Lane moje", going on to reach second place in the Eurovision Song Contest 2004 in Istanbul, Turkey. The members of the Serbian jury didn't give a single point to the songs that represented Montenegro and member of Montenegrin jury didn't give points to winner and the runner up of Beovizija, which caused some controversy.

2005 event and controversy

Europjesma 2005 was held on March 4, 2005, in Podgorica, Montenegro. Even before the contest started there were some controversies. RTCG said that RTS was favoring their entrants Ogi Radivojević and Jelena Tomašević, runner up and winner, respectively, of Beovizija 2005. Željko Joksimović, author of the song "Jutro" performed by Jelena Tomašević, even arranged a winning party for Jelena, before the show. RTCG judges voted by awarding few points to any of the Serbian performers, while giving the maximum points the band No Name (who also won the televote).

Before allowing "Zauvijek moja" to be confirmed as Serbia and Montenegro's entry, the EBU launched an investigation into a number of formal complaints, which also related to hotly disputed allegations of plagiarism. However, after prolonged deliberations, the song was given the green light.

There were rumors that the televote, which only lasted for 10 minutes, was free of charge in Montenegro and not in Serbia, but it was proven false.

In the table above, shaded columns correspond to jurors from Montenegro and italicized rows correspond to songs from Serbia. Serbian band Luna initially planned to compete in the final, but the band withdrew just before the event started due to boycott. They were allocated to perform 11th with the song "Sentimientos".

2006 event and controversy
2006 Evropesma, held in Belgrade, Serbia, on March 11, 2006, saw the same voting pattern from the judges from both republics: this year's favorites, once again winners and the runner up of Beovizija 2006, Flamingosi (Serbian-Montenegrin duo) feat.  Louis and Ana Nikolić, respectively, received no points from the RTCG judges. The judges appointed by RTS in turn awarded eight points to  No Name and four points to Stevan Faddy, enough for No Name to score another win. The Beovizija favorites Flamingosi finished second. The televote placed Beovizija favorites first and second and No Name third.

The stir began during the voting, as the audience started leaving the event in the midst of it, after realizing that their favourites were not going to win. The remaining audience booed No Name off the stage, and threw objects (such as bottles) at the stage, as they came out to accept the award and perform their song again, in the Eurovision Song Contest tradition. The audience then wooed Flamingosi on stage and they performed their song with the other finalists from Beovizija present on stage.

As a result, the Executive Board of UJRT did not accept the victory of No Name, stating that voting violated the merits of the competition, albeit not being found irregular. Source: UJRT statement

The Director General of the RTS and the head of UJRT, Aleksandar Tijanić, wrote a letter to his counterpart at the RTCG, Radovan Miljanić, suggesting that a new contest be held, featuring five songs from both semi-finals that got the most points. The winner would be selected solely through televoting. At the same time, RTCG requested from the European Broadcasting Union that they intervene in accepting the voting results from the controversial contest. The European Broadcasting Union responded on March 18, 2006, two days before the deadline for the submission of the national entry to the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest, by suggesting that the broadcasters find a solution on their own. This was to no avail, and finally, on March 20, 2006, Serbia and Montenegro officially withdrew from the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest. As the UJRT broadcast the semifinal and final, the viewers were able to vote.

As the withdrawal left an empty slot in the final, Croatia and their representative Severina took it. The 2005 Eurovision Song Contest Croatian representative Boris Novković won 11th place, one place below the cutoff for the direct entry into the final.

In this table, red color denotes songs and jurors from Montenegro, blue those from Serbia.

See also
 Serbia and Montenegro in the Eurovision Song Contest

References

External links
BBC News: Serbia and Montenegro pulls pop entry
Radio Television of Serbia Eurovision Page
Radio Television of Montenegro Eurovision Page

Eurovision Song Contest selection events
Serbia in the Eurovision Song Contest
Montenegro in the Eurovision Song Contest
Serbia and Montenegro in the Eurovision Song Contest
Music festivals in Serbia
Recurring events disestablished in 2006
2004 establishments in Serbia and Montenegro
Music festivals established in 2004
Pop music festivals
Rock festivals in Serbia

Evropesma


A metabibliography (or biblio-bibliography) is a bibliography of bibliographies.

While bibliographies serve the finding of relevant documents, metabibliographies serve the finding of the relevant bibliographies in which the relevant documents may be found. One might quote Patrick Wilson: "For if knowledge is power, power over knowledge is power to increase one's power; and if the stock of writings is thought of mainly as it represents a stock of knowledge, it is natural to propose treating it as a "resource" to be subjected to rational control, management and utilization.".

Metabibliographies are valuable for building reference collections, but usually of less interest to the average user, who rely on bibliographies selected by others.

Examples

 Balay, R. (Ed.). (1996). Guide to reference books. 11th ed. Chicago: American Library Association. Now as an online service: Guide to reference (2008–).
 Besterman, T. A. (1965–1966). A world bibliography of bibliographies and of bibliographical catalogues, calendars, abstracts, digests, indexes and the like. 4. Ed. Vol. 1–5. Totowa.
 Bibliographic index. A cumulative bibliography of bibliographies. New York : Wilson, 1938–2011. Vol. 1–. (terminated). Retrieved from: http://www.hwwilson.com/Databases/biblio.htm
 Carroll, B. A.; Fink, C. F. & Mohraz, J. E. (Eds.). (1983). Peace and war. A guide to bibliographies. Santa Barbara, Calif. : ABC-Clio. (War/peace bibliography series. #16 ).
 "Dialindex" (File 411). Dialog. (See Dialog blue sheet: http://library.dialog.com/bluesheets/html/bl0411.html ).
 Gale Directory of online, portable, and internet databases. (See: Dialog blue sheet: dialog.com/bluesheets/html/bl0230.html).
 Lester, R. (Ed.). (2005–). The New Walford Guide to reference resources. Vol. 1–3. (Vol. 1, 2005: Science, Technology and Medicine. Vol. 2, 2007: The Social Sciences; Vol. 3, 2013: The Arts: Visual Arts, Music, Language and Literature. (1st edition published 1959).
 Malcles, Louise Noelle (1950). Les sources du travail bibliographique. Geneva: E. Droz. 3 vols. in 4: tome 1. Bibliographies generales; tome 2. Bibliographies specialisees; sciences humaines (2 vols.); tome 3. Bibliographies specialisees; sciences exactes et techniques.
 Totok, W. & Weitzel, R. (Eds.). (1984–1985). Handbuch der bibliographischen Nachschlagewerke. Hrsg. v. Hans-Jürgen und Dagmar Kernchen. 6., erw., völlig neu bearb. Aufl. Frankfurt a.M. : Klostermann. (2 Vols).
 Webb, W. H. et al. (Ed.). (1986). Sources of information in the social sciences. A Guide to the literature. 3. ed. Chicago : American Library Association.

See also
 Bibliographic control
 Guide to information sources (or: Bibliographic guide, literature guide, guide to reference materials subject gateway).
 Wikipedia:List of bibliographies
List of lists of lists

References

Information science
Bibliography
Reference works
Works about history
Sources

Metabibliography


The War on Drugs is what people call a government program in the United States. The program was, officially, to end drug use.  It started in the early 1970s and the Reagan Administration gave it a lot of attention in the 1980s. The War on Drugs continued into the 1990s and 2000s. Presidents Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush supported it.

The War on Drugs led to the capture of many drug dealers and ended many drug dealers in the United States. The Drug Policy Alliance said that the United States had spent $51 billion every year on the War on Drugs.

The War on Drugs also lead to the creation of the saying "Just Say No" which was created by Ronald Reagan's wife and First Lady Nancy Reagan. It was created to prevent teenagers doing drugs.

Related pages
 Corruption
 1970s

1970s in the United States
Presidency of Ronald Reagan
1990s in the United States
2000s in the United States
History of the United States

Drug control law

War on Drugs


Count of Linhares (in Portuguese Conde de Linhares) was a Portuguese title of nobility created by a royal decree of king John III of Portugal dated from May 13th, 1532, and granted to Dom António de Noronha, 2nd son of Pedro de Menezes, 1st Marquis of Vila Real.

This family went to live in Spain and remained faithful to the Spanish Habsburgs even after the Portuguese revolution of 1 December 1640, so the new Dynasty of Braganza no longer recognized them as Counts of Linhares.

Later, in the 19th Century, Queen Maria I of Portugal, granted again the title of count of Linhares (second creation),  by a royal decree dated from December 17th, 1808, to Rodrigo de Sousa Coutinho, 1st Count of Linhares Governor of Portuguese Angola, Portuguese ambassador in Turin and a remarkable statesman.

List of the counts of Linhares

First creation (1532)
António de Noronha (1464–1551), 1st Count of Linhares;
Francisco de Noronha (1507–1574), 2nd Count of Linhares;
Fernando de Noronha (c. 1540 – 1608), 3rd Count of Linhares;
Miguel de Noronha (c. 1585 – 1647), 4th Count of Linhares;
Fernando de Noronha (c.1600- ? ), 5th Count and 1st Duke of Linhares (not recognized in Portugal);
Miguel de Noronha (1645- ? ), 6th Count and 2nd Duke of Linhares (not recognized in Portugal).

Second creation (1808)
Rodrigo de Sousa Coutinho, 1st Count of Linhares (1755–1812);
Vitório Maria de Sousa Coutinho, 2nd Count of Linhares (1790–1857);
Rodrigo de Sousa Coutinho (1823–1894), 3rd Count of Linhares;
Fernando de Sousa Coutinho (1850–1897), 4th Count of Linhares;
Nuno de Sousa Coutinho (1854–1929), 5th Count of Linhares;
Carlos de Sousa Coutinho (1880- ? ), 6th Count of Linhares;
Nuno de Sousa Coutinho (1914–2006), 7th Count of Linhares.

The Dukes of Linhares/Liñares (Spanish title)
After 1640, to reward Fernando de Noronha, 5th Count of Linhares, fidelity to the Spanish Habsburgs, King Philip IV of Spain upgraded the title of Count to Duke of Linhares. However, as he was no longer King of Portugal, this title was never recognized in Portugal, but it still exists in Spain as Duke of Liñares once, in 1667, King Charles II of Spain changed it to the Spanish spelling.

The title of Duke of Liñares was later inherited by the Spanish Fernando de Lancastre y Noroña, Marquis of Porto Seguro, Duke of Abrantes and Duke of Liñares (all these three titles were granted by King Philip IV after 1640, to reward the fidelity of some Portuguese aristocrats to the Habsburgs and are not valid in Portugal).

See also
List of Portuguese Dukedoms
List of Countships in Portugal

External links
Genealogy of the Counts of Linhares (first creation), in Portuguese
Genealogy of the Counts of Linhares (second creation), in Portuguese
Genealogy of the Dukes of Linhares, in Portuguese
Genealogy of the Spanish Dukes of Linares, in Spanish

Bibliography
"Nobreza de Portugal e do Brasil" – Vol. II, pages 688/692. Published by Zairol Lda., Lisbon 1989.

Linhares
1532 establishments in Portugal

Counts and dukes of Linhares