Lester Gaba (1907 – 12 August 1987) was an American sculptor, writer and retail display designer.

Early life

Gaba was born in Hannibal, Missouri. His parents owned a general store, but Gaba took no interest in the shop, spending most of the time on his own, drawing. At the age of 10, he participated at a soap sculpture contest organised by Procter & Gamble. Although he did not win it, participating changed his life. He decided he would become a proficient soap sculptor. He went to art school in Chicago, where he spent a lot of time in Lake View, where Chicago's homosexual population congregated.

He found his first job at Balaban & Katz theater corporation, where he made posters.  Since the art director of the company was entranced by the soap figurines Gaba made, they were readily used for magazine covers and the like. Advertising agencies seized on the technique and soon Gaba's soap carvings were adorning magazine covers as well as being marketed as a children's soap. Mr. Gaba was also the only person to make a living from sculpting soap. He published several books on the sculpting of soap in his time. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/40099804/a_-lester-gaba

New York career

By 1932 Gaba had moved to New York, where he designed a lifelike mannequin known as Cynthia that was created for Saks Fifth Avenue. Cynthia was a 100-pound model who had realistic imperfections like freckles, pigeon toes, and even different sized feet. Gaba posed with Cynthia around New York City for a Life Magazine shoot that humorously demonstrates how lifelike the mannequins had become. Cartier and Tiffany sent her jewelry, Lilly Daché designed hats for her, and couturiers sent her their latest fashions, furrieries sent minks. Soon a whole host of 'Gaba Girls' followed.

The Gaba Girls were life-sized, carved-soap mannequins modeled after well-known New York debutantes for the windows of Best & Co. They reduced the weight of a New York store mannequin from 200 to around 30 pounds, and with the Gaba Girls and their realistic successors' appeal, mannequins became a popular new tool for sellers to attract their clientele.

During his first years in New York, it is claimed but unverified that Gaba had a relationship with Vincente Minnelli. When Minnelli left for Hollywood, Gaba seems to have remained aloof, and unencumbered for the remainder of his life.

In cooperation with the National Soap Sculpture Committee, he wrote a book on the technique of Soap Carving called  .

Meanwhile, Cynthia's fame grew and grew. She was given a credit card from Saks Fifth Avenue, a box seat subscription to the Metropolitan Opera House and even made the cover of Life Magazine. Cynthia also had her own newspaper column, and a successful radio show. Cynthia went to Hollywood to appear in Artists and Models Abroad (1938) with Jack Benny. She received huge amounts of fan mail. Cynthia was photographed by Alfred Eisenstaedt. Cynthia went to the Broadhurst Theater in New York, to see the notorious play 'Madame Bovary', in 1939. Gaba insisted that Cynthia had laryngitis, to account for her lack of speech. Gaba, reminded pesky writers that Cynthia was a lady, and therefore a good listener. But the beautiful Cynthia met her demise when she slipped from a chair in a beauty salon, and shattered into a thousand pieces. The press reported her death, and Gaba appeared distraught, but since Cynthia's mold was very much intact, she was to live again.

Gaba in addition to his soap sculptures and mannequin designs became an accomplished jewelry designer. His work for Coro Jewelry consisted of higher end costume and was very "Americana".

After the war

From 1941 to 1967, Mr. Gaba contributed the weekly column "Lester Gaba Looks at Display" to Women's Wear Daily, commenting on aspects and trends of window display design as marketing for retail clothing.  In the 1940s and 1950s, Gaba began staging elaborate and theatrical fashion shows for the Coty Awards, the March of Dimes, and for fashion trade groups; the creative shows involved various highlights, such as marionettes, and/or and props such as the Hope Diamond and the Star of the East.

In December 1942, Gaba was inducted into the army. Cynthia was retired, and it wasn't until 1953 that she came back to appear in public on a TV show. But the magic was over, and Cynthia was soon retired for good, but Lester Gaba continued to do retail fashion display work.

In retirement, Gaba was asked to teach at the Laboratory Institute of Merchandising, now LIM College. He became a noted academic on visual merchandising, and taught for several years. Gaba later owned a home on Fire Island where he vacationed. In his later years he became noted for his still-life painting.

Gaba wrote the seminal text "The Art Of Window Display" in 1952, one of the first serious books on the topic in the marketplace.

Lester Gaba was 80 years old, and lived in Manhattan. He died of cancer of the colon at Beekman Downtown Hospital. There were no surviving relations.

Legacy and links

Lester Gaba was a hybrid artist whose influence on modern art is underestimated. He reinvented the store mannequin and revolutionised window dressing. Years before Andy Warhol and Roy Liechtenstein, he already displayed giant dotted images. His public appearances with Cynthia make him a pioneer of performance art.

Comic Strip artist Wyeth Yates created a comic novel about Lester Gaba.

References

External links
 "Gabbing over Gaba". by Leeander Scott
 "Soap Carving, Cinderella of sculpture" by Lester Gaba
 "Lester Gaba: From Soap to Mannequins" by Janet Mabie
 "". by Wyeth Yates and Josh Trujillo

People from Hannibal, Missouri
1907 births
1987 deaths
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century American male artists
American male sculptors
Deaths from colorectal cancer
American jewelry designers

Lester Gaba


A temporary class drug is a relatively new status for controlled drugs, which has been adopted in some jurisdictions, notably New Zealand and the United Kingdom, to attempt to bring newly synthesised designer drugs under legal control. The controlled drug legislation in these jurisdictions requires drug scheduling decisions to follow an evidence-based process, where the harms of the drug are assessed and reviewed so that an appropriate legal status can be assigned. Since many designer drugs sold in recent years have had little or no published research that could help inform such a decision, they have been widely sold as "legal highs", often for months, before sufficient evidence accumulates to justify placing them on the controlled drug schedules.

This situation has been deemed to be undesirable, as every time a designer drug has been banned, novel compounds with similar effects have been quickly developed and brought to market, often with worse health consequences reported than the original compound. The temporary class drug status has been developed to circumvent the evidential requirements and allow drugs to be banned temporarily as soon as they are deemed by authorities to be causing harm to individuals or society. The temporary ban lasts for a period of 1 year, after which the drug would in theory be made legal again, if sufficient evidence to ban it permanently had not been forthcoming. During the period of the temporary ban, the temporary class drugs are treated equivalently to established illegal drugs, though with reduced or absent penalties for personal use amounts, and the main focus of enforcement being on importation and sale of the drugs.

United Kingdom
The Secretary of State has the authority to make temporary class drug orders under the Misuse of Drugs Act section 2A(1).

Initially, only the dissociative arylcyclohexylamine derivative methoxetamine was banned as a temporary class drug in the UK, effective from 5 April 2012. On 26 February 2013 methoxetamine was banned as a Class B drug under the Misuse of Drugs Act along with a large number of other arylcyclohexylamine derivatives under a 'catch-all' chemical structure clause. "In an attempt to prevent legal high manufacturers looking for a new ketamine analogue to sell, the government has placed countless other ketamine analogues into Class B and Schedule 1."

On 10 June 2013, a total of 10 benzofuran and indole analogues and four NBOMe hallucinogens were classified as Temporary Class Drugs in the UK following an ACMD recommendation. Specifically these include 5-APB, 6-APB, 5-APDB, 6-APDB and their N-methyl derivatives 5-MAPB, 6-MAPB, 5-MAPDB and 6-MAPDB, as well as 5-IT and its isomer 6-IT, plus NBOMe-2C-C, NBOMe-2C-B, NBOMe-2C-I and NBOMe-2C-D. This means that sale and import of the named substances are criminal offences and are treated as for Class B drugs.

On 31 March 2015, five derivatives of methylphenidate were recommended to be banned in the UK as Temporary Class Drugs following their sale as uncontrolled stimulant drugs. The compounds listed for control were ethylphenidate, propylphenidate, isopropylphenidate, methylnaphthidate and 3,4-Dichloromethylphenidate.

On 25 June 2015, two more derivatives of methylphenidate, 4-Methylmethylphenidate and ethylnaphthidate, were recommended to be banned in the UK as Temporary Class Drugs following their sale as uncontrolled stimulant drugs.

Following the ban on ethylphenidate authorities noticed that methiopropamine had replaced it as the stimulant of choice for injecting users. A TCDO was announced a week later and it was banned 48 hours after this.

New Zealand
In New Zealand, 35 drugs have been banned as temporary class drugs since August 2011, 24 of which have subsequently had the temporary ban renewed for a further year after reaching the end of the initial one-year ban period. These include; JWH-018, JWH-022, JWH-073, JWH-081, JWH-122, JWH-201, JWH-203, JWH-210, JWH-250, JWH-302, AM-694, AM-2201, RCS-4, RCS-4 butyl homologue, 2-methoxy isomer of RCS-4, and 2-methoxy isomer of RCS-4 butyl homologue, which were banned on 16 August 2011, JWH-019, JWH-200 and AM-1220, which were banned on 14 October 2011, AM-2233, banned on 29 December 2011, AM-1248, AM-2232 and UR-144, banned on 6 April 2012, and the stimulant methylhexanamine, banned on 9 April 2012. Another four cannabinoid compounds, namely CB-13, MAM-2201, AKB48 and XLR-11, were banned on 13 July 2012. A further cannabinoid compound NNE1 was banned from 8 November 2012. Two more cannabinoids APICA (also known as 2NE1) and its 5-fluoropentyl derivative STS-135 were banned from 22 November 2012. Another cannabinoid EAM-2201 was banned from 6 December 2012. Another stimulant, the phenyltropane derivative RTI-126, was banned from 27 December 2012. Two more cannabinoids QUCHIC (also known as BB-22) and 5F-AKB48 were banned from 9 May 2013.

On 18 July 2013, the Psychoactive Substances Act 2013 came into effect in New Zealand. This superseded the Temporary Class Drug scheme, as all novel psychoactive substances are restricted by default, except where specifically licensed. This Act promises to introduce strict toxicity testing and quality control standards for recreational psychoactive substances, with products that are proved to meet the safety criteria being allowed to be sold legally. Products that were on sale immediately prior to the introduction of the Act were allowed to continue to be on sale while the safety testing regime is implemented, but can be removed from sale if significant adverse events are reported. A number of interim licenses have been refused or revoked under this process, and by January 2014 a total of twelve more synthetic cannabis products had been removed from sale, containing ingredients such as ADB-CHMICA (SGT-7), 5F-PB-22, SGT-55 (CUMYL-BICA), SGT-56 (CUMYL-PICA), 4-F-AM-2201, 4-Cl-AM-2201 and PB-22.

On 27 April 2014 it was announced that all 41 remaining untested "legal high" products, which had been allowed to continue to be on sale during an interim period, were to be banned on 9 May 2014. These were mainly synthetic cannabis products containing ingredients such as AB-FUBINACA, PB-22 (QUPIC), 5F-PB-22, SGT-24 (CUMYL-PINACA), CP 55,244, 4-F-AM-2201, 4-Cl-AM-2201, 5F-ADBICA and AB-005. There was also one cannabinoid pill containing SGT-42 (CUMYL-THPINACA), and several "party pill" products containing mixtures of ingredients such as caffeine, hordenine, synephrine and kava. No "legal high" products will be allowed back on sale in New Zealand under the Psychoactive Substances Act until they have been tested in a manner yet to be determined, and found to present a "low risk of harm". This process is expected to take at least 18 months or more. Six of the synthetic cannabis products were ordered to be immediately removed from sale by emergency recall on 1 May 2014, to ensure that users would not be able to stockpile supplies of these products before the general ban took effect on 9 May.

See also
 Designer drug

References

Drug control law

Temporary class drug


Big Springs is the name of a first-magnitude spring located in Island Park, Idaho in Fremont County. The spring produces over 120 million gallons of water each day. It is a primary source of the North Fork or Henrys Fork of the Snake River. The other major source is the Henry's Lake outlet. The Big Springs is also famous for its large rainbow trout which congregate at the foot of the bridge waiting to be fed by the tourists (there are coin-operated feeding dispensers) No fishing is allowed until below the outlet to Henry's Lake, several miles away. Big Springs is the only first-magnitude spring that issues from rhyolite lava flows. It is a National Natural Landmark designated in August 1980. The spring is in the Caribou-Targhee National Forest and the site is managed by the National Forest Service.  There is a half mile handicap-accessible trail that offers wildlife viewing of osprey, bald eagles, waterfowl and the occasional moose, white-tailed deer, and muskrat.

Next to Big Springs is a log cabin built by Johnny Sack  in 1929. The cabin is open to visitors.

Johnny Sack Cabin

Aerial View of Cabin and Big Springs

Plaque at Big Springs
Mill run by spring water at Johnny Sack Cabin.

Bibliography
Lopez, Tom (2000). Idaho, a Climbing Guide: Climbs, Scrambles, and Hikes. Seattle: Mountaineers' Press.
Tolman, Cyrus Fisher (1937).  Ground Water. New York: McGraw-Hill.

References

National Natural Landmarks in Idaho
Springs of Idaho
Bodies of water of Fremont County, Idaho
Caribou-Targhee National Forest

Big Springs (Idaho)


RMM Records, also known as RMM Records & Video Corp, was an independent Latin music record label established in 1987 and based in New York City. The label was most active during the late 1980s and early 1990s and produced primarily salsa, Latin jazz, and merengue music. At its peak, RMM Records employed 55 staff members and had distribution deals in 42 cities around the world, occupying 9,000 square feet in two floors at its Soho headquarters. The label was established by Fania Records promoter Ralph Mercado, who had established RMM Management in 1972 as an artist management and booking agency, providing bookings for Latin artists Tito Puente, Celia Cruz, and Ray Barretto.

Artists who recorded for the label included Tito Puente, Celia Cruz, Tito Nieves, Oscar D'Leon, Eddie Palmieri, Cheo Feliciano, Ismael Miranda, José Alberto "El Canario", Tony Vega, Johnny Rivera, Ray Sepúlveda, Domingo Quiñones, Miles Peña, Orquesta Guayacan, Conjunto Clasico, Manny Manuel, the New York Band, Marc Anthony & La India. Record producers included Sergio George, Isidro Infante, and Humberto Ramirez.

Empire and legacy
RMM filed for bankruptcy in November 2000, selling its assets to Universal Music Group.  According to the NY Times, unpaid royalties, as well as a lawsuit settlement of $7.7 million to Glenn Monroig totaling over $11 million, plus interest, contributed to the end of RMM Records. On June 25, 2001, as part of the Chapter 11 bankruptcy sale, Universal Music Group (UMG) announced the acquisition of RMM's assets.

Founder and key staff
 Ralph Mercado Jr. (September 29, 1941 – March 10, 2009) was born in Brooklyn to a Puerto Rican mother and Dominican father. He entered the music business as a teenager, organizing parties and dances as president of a neighborhood social club. In the 1960s, he promoted R & B and soul artists like James Brown and paired them with Latin artists like Mongo Santamaria. In the 1980s-1990s, Mercado was a promoter of Latin Jazz, Latin rock, Merengue and Salsa.  He established a network of businesses that promoted concerts, managed artists, and led to the foundation of the record label Ritmo Mundo Musical (RMM). Following the bankruptcy of RMM in 2000, Ralph Mercado returned to artist promotion.
 Debra A. Mercado, starting in the early 1990s, was RMM's National Director of Publicity, as well as overseeing international promotions generated by RMM International.  She also was in charge of public relations for four other enterprises: RMM (Management), Ralph Mercado Presents, Caribbean Waves Music (ASCAP), and Crossing Borders Music Inc. (BMI).
 Damaris L Mercado, started her production career with her father while in her teens. She moved up the ranks from Production Assistant on concerts and music video projects traveling to different cities and countries and landing in Miami. There she worked out of the RMM Records office based in the Sony Discos headquarters as Manager of Production & Manufacturing eventually making her way back to New York City during the transition to Universal Music and culminating her position as Director of Global Production & Manufacturing.
George Nenadich, who has been with Sirius XM Radio on the Caliente channel for the last 11 years as host of the very popular classic salsa program "Salsa Nation" on Caliente, every Saturday morning at 10:00am EST, as well as Rumbon (a 24Hour classic salsa channel launched by George Nenadich with the program La Jungla de Rumbon every Friday night at 7pm EST), became part of RMM Records in November 1988 as Promotions Director. One of the first employees of the label along with Martha Cancel (who was there prior and managed the everyday operations of the label at that time, including promotions).

Familiar recordings
Combinación Perfecta 1993
Tropical Tribute to The Beatles 1996
Recordando a Selena 1996
En Vivo 1994 (recorded at Miami Arena, July 1993)
European Explosion 1996 (recorded at Cannes, February 1995)

Artists

 Tony Vega
 Van Lester
 Ray Sepúlveda
 Jesús Enríquez
 Guianko (also known as Yanko)
 Louie Ramirez
 Ray De La Paz
 3-2 Get Funky
 Tito Puente
 Humberto Ramírez
 Cheo Feliciano
 Miles Peña
 Vanessa
 Isidro Infante & La Elite
 José Alberto "El Canario"
 Tito Nieves
 Celia Cruz
 Giovanny Hidalgo
 Orquesta de la Luz (Co-Distributed by BMG Victor Japan)
 Pete "El Conde" Rodríguez
 Guayacán Orquesta
 Michael Stuart
 Ismael Miranda
 Antonio Cartagena
 Corinne
 Kevin Ceballo
 Johnny Rivera
 Oscar D'León
 Luis Perico Ortíz
 Marc Anthony
 Manny Manuel
 Frankie Morales
 La India
 Domingo Quiñones
 Los Hermanos Moreno
 Ray Perdomo
 Grupo Caneo
 Eddie Palmieri
 The New York Band
 Johnny Almendra & Los Jovenes del Barrio
 Robert Avellanet
 Lisandro Mesa
 Descarga Boricua
 Limi-T 21
 Matecaña Orquesta
 Fernando Echavarría y La familia André
 Sin Limite
 Willy Rivera
 Charlie Sepulveda
 Rubén Sierra
 Yorman
 Yari Moré
 Jerry Galante
 Issac Delgado
 Dave Valentin
 Chamy Solano
 Grupo Raíces
 Puerto Rico All Stars
 Aramis Camilo
 Marcos Caminero
 Monchy
 Ravel
 Cuco Valoy
 Mickey Perfecto
 Jandy Feliz
 Tres Equis
 Aníbal Bravo
 Vivanativa
 La Misma Gente
 Paymasi
 César Flores
 July Mateo "Rasputín"
 Los Nietos y Sergio Hernández
 Aleo
 Wichy Camacho
 Angelito Villalona
 Grupo Heavy
 Alberto Barros
 Henry Rosario
 Michel Camilo
 Deddie Romero
 Jerry Medina
 Raul Paz
 Hilton Ruiz
 Fausto Rey
 Antonio Cabán Vale "El Topo"
 K'stalia y Los Salchichas
 He'Pepo
 Cali Alemán
 Aleo
 Checo Acosta
 Alto Voltaje
 Andrés Mercedes
 Azucarado
 Lucecita Benítez
 Celinés
 Cherito
 Chrissy
 Conexión Salsera
 El Combo Show
 Bobby Cruz
 Paquito D'Rivera
 DJ Karlos
 Freddie Gerardo
 Pancho Gómez
 Grupo ABC
 Grupo Mandarina
 José Octavio
 La Artillería
 La Orquesta Joven
 Latino Man
 Los Bravos
 Jesse Márquez
 Luisito Martí
 Johan Minaya
 Glen Monroig
 Nettai Tropical Jazz Big Band
 José Nogueras
 Nora
 Orchestra 7
 Mickey Perfecto
 Millie Puente
 Sandy Reyes
 Roc & Kato
 Kike Santana
 Super Cuban All Stars
 José Manuel Taveras
 Juan Pablo Torres
 Charlie Valens
 Wellington
 Yolanda Duke
 Familia RMM
 TropiJazz All-Stars
 Sergio George

Labels
 SOHO Latino
 Sonero Discos
 RMM International
 TropiJazz
 Merengazo
 RMM Rocks

See also
 List of record labels
 Ralph Mercado

References

American independent record labels
Latin American music record labels
Jazz record labels
Record labels established in 1987
Record labels disestablished in 2001
Universal Music Latin Entertainment

RMM Records & Video


Flight of Valor is a musical piece written by James Swearingen as a memorial for the victims of United Airlines Flight 93, which crashed in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, during the September 11, 2001, attacks.

It was commissioned in 2002 by the Somerset County Community Band.

The president of the Community Band wanted to commemorate the 15th anniversary of the Band by commissioning an original piece of music.  He contacted James Swearingen, the favorite composer of the Community Band's director, to write the piece.  When Swearingen realized Somerset's proximity to Shanksville, both thought it fitting to have the piece honor the heroes of United Airlines Flight 93.  Without a grant to cover part of the cost, the project was not possible, and so the Somerset Eagles Aerie 1801 and Ladies Auxiliary stepped forward to pay the entire amount.  Swearingen agreed to write the piece with enough time for the Band to practice for the one-year anniversary Community Memorial Concert, on the evening of September 12, 2002.

References

Concert band pieces
Works about United Airlines Flight 93

Flight of Valor


Georg Nikolaus von Nissen (sometimes Nicolaus or Nicolai; 22 January 1761 – 24 March 1826) was a  Danish diplomat and music historian. He is the author of one of the first biographies of composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, still used today as a scholarly source.

Life

Nissen was born in Haderslev, Denmark-Norway.  He completed his schooling in 1781 and became "authorized agent of the General Post Office" in Copenhagen in 1781.  In 1792 he became a diplomat in the Danish foreign service.  As of 1793, he worked in Vienna as chargé d'affaires.

In 1797, while serving in this post, Nissen first met Mozart's widow, Constanze, whose husband had died six years earlier in 1791.  He was initially her tenant.  The two began living together in September 1798.

Constanze had been through an arduous period following Mozart's death, trying to ward off poverty for herself and her two sons.  In this she was successful, obtaining a pension from the Emperor, and making considerable money from concerts of Mozart's music and sale to publishers of his works in manuscript.  Nissen came to participate in these labours, taking over much of the work of negotiating with publishers.  He also helped care for the children, eventually taking (in Ruth Halliwell's words) "the role of a caring father" in the family.

Nissen and Constanze were married 26 June 1809. The wedding took place in the cathedral of Pressburg (today's Bratislava), to which the foreign diplomatic corps had temporarily decamped when Napoleon's armies took Vienna. The marriage did not produce any children.

In 1812 the couple moved to Copenhagen, where Nissen took up a post as a censor.  They dwelt there until 1820, at Lavendelstræde 1, a street where many houses of the period are still preserved.

In 1820, Nissen retired, and the couple moved to Salzburg.  Nissen had long been planning a biography of Mozart, and the work began seriously in 1823.  Nissen benefited greatly when Mozart's elderly older sister Nannerl gave him and Constanze a collection of about 400 Mozart family letters.  He worked assiduously to assemble all the biographical material he could, including interviews with people who had known the composer.

Unfortunately, the collection of the material was still in progress when Nissen died on 24 March 1826.  Only the incomplete Preface can be fully attributed to Nissen.  The completion of the work, based on his notes, was left to a medical doctor and Mozart enthusiast living in Pirna, Johann Heinrich Feuerstein (1797–1850).  Angermüller and Stafford (cited below) call Feuerstein "unstable" and Halliwell judges his work thus: "the book was cobbled together in a haphazard fashion from the raw material, and the result was disastrous in terms of quality." Angermüller and Stafford similarly call the work "problematic", adding that "large sections are taken from earlier accounts, often of dubious reliability, and it contains contradictions and errors. The letters it quotes were selected and censored." These authors leave open the question of whether it was Nissen or Feuerstein who is to blame.

The biography was published posthumously in 1829, titled Biographie W. A. Mozart's. Nach Originalbriefen, Sammlungen alles über ihn Geschriebenen, mit vielen neuen Beylagen, Steindrücken, Musikblättern und einem Facsimile.

Nissen died, aged 62, in Salzburg, and was buried there.  His tombstone, naming him "The husband of Mozart's widow", can still be visited.

Nissen's biography of Mozart

Nissen's work attempted to achieve a compromise between Niemetschek's and Schlichtegroll's point of view. He attempted to document everything that had been written about Mozart so far and to deliver an accurate description of Mozart's life based on primary sources, namely the letters of the Mozart family. Also, he had a direct witness as a source, his wife Constanze Mozart, who committed Mozart's inheritance to him.

Nissen deserves credit most of all for his efforts to collect all documents concerning Mozart, starting with the Mozart family's letters and including commemorative coins and monuments. Admittedly, he treated the written sources rather generously and edited some passages, especially from Mozart's letters.  (For one instance of Nissen's bowdlerizations, see Aloysia Weber.)  However, he did so not to deform Mozart's image, but because of "biographical respect". In the foreword to his biography he explains:

There is a need for a lot of selection to extract something attractive and characteristic in the letters, which can be offered to the public, without harming the fame and the esteem of the name-human. ... One desires not to, one must not show one's hero publicly in the way in which he portrayed himself in evenings of familiarity. By all truth, one can harm his fame, his esteem, and the impression of his works.

Later biographers often attempted to revert Nissen's "biographic respect", not because of disrespect for Mozart, but for the sake of scholarly accuracy.

Another possible source of inaccuracy in the biography is Constanze.  According to Maynard Solomon, she "had developed an interest in exaggerating Mozart's generosity, poverty, and lack of recognition, and so, in Nissen's biography, she validated many false reports--primarily those originating with [publisher] Friedrich Rochlitz--bearing on such matters, including those alleging that he was taken advantage of by impresarios, publishers, and fellow musicians."

Notes

References

Angermüller, Rudolph and William Stafford.  Article:  "Nissen, Georg Nikolaus", in the Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, on line version.  Copyright 2007 by Oxford University Press.
Deutsch, Otto Erich (1965) Mozart:  A Documentary Biography.  Stanford:  Stanford University Press.
Halliwell, Ruth (1998) The Mozart Family:  Four Lives in a Social Context, Oxford University Press.

External links
Nissen's Mozart biography, unabridged text (in German)

Danish diplomats
Danish nobility
19th-century Danish biographers
Male biographers
People from Haderslev Municipality
Mozart scholars
18th-century Danish people
19th-century Danish people
1761 births
1826 deaths

Georg Nikolaus von Nissen


Jon Deak (born April 27, 1943) is an American  composer, contrabassist and education specialist. He is a former Associate Principal Bassist of the New York Philharmonic, a position he held from 1973 to 2009 after joining the Philharmonic in 1969 under Leonard Bernstein, and a prominent contemporary composer of orchestral and chamber works. He currently serves as the Young Composers Advocate of the New York Philharmonic, where he founded the award-winning Very Young Composers Program in 1995.

Early life
Jon Deak was born in Hammond, Indiana and grew up in an artistic environment in Oak Park, Illinois, where he attended Oak Park and River Forest High School, playing in the orchestra under Harold Little and The Deuces dance band. His father and mother were sculptors and painters from Eastern Europe; he himself has worked in sculpture and was active in the "performance art" movement in New York's Soho district. He attended Oberlin College, The Juilliard School, the University of Illinois, and the Conservatorio di Santa Cecilia in Rome as a Fulbright scholar.

Career
Deak's compositions have been performed at music festivals worldwide and by orchestras including the New York Philharmonic, National Symphony Orchestra, Minnesota Orchestra, Cincinnati Symphony, Seattle Symphony, New Jersey Symphony Orchestra, Atlanta Symphony, Colorado Symphony Orchestra, Rochester Philharmonic and major chamber groups around the country. His Concerto for Double Bass and Orchestra (Jack and the Beanstalk) was nominated for the 1990 Pulitzer Prize by the National Symphony. His compositions have been recorded by Centaur, CRI, Innova, and Cabrillo records.

Deak founded The Very Young Composers Program in one school in Denver, and has rapidly expanded it to an international program found in multiple public schools in New York City, seven cities across the US, and seven foreign countries throughout the world, as well as developing a follow-up curriculum in New York City called The Bridge.

He has performed throughout the world, including joining the International Orchestra formed by Leonard Bernstein in 1989 as the Berlin wall was coming down.  Currently he travels the world as Very Young Composers education specialist developing project with El Sistema in Venezuela and education organizations in Finland, South Korea, Japan, Norway, and other countries.

Personal life
Deak lives in New York City with his family including his children Nicky, Forrest, Selena, and Alex. He is an outspoken environmental advocate and wilderness mountaineer who has led climbing expeditions into the Canadian Rockies, Alaska, and the Himalayas.

References

External links
 Jon Deak's page at Carl Fischer
 NPR Interview with Jon Deak
 Jon Deak official website
 Credit Suisse Very Young Composers Program at the New York Philharmonic
NPR interview with Jon Deak, March 7, 2008

1943 births
Living people
20th-century American composers
20th-century classical composers
20th-century double-bassists
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American composers
21st-century classical composers
21st-century double-bassists
21st-century American male musicians
American classical composers
American male classical composers
American classical double-bassists
Male double-bassists
Musicians from Indiana
People from Hammond, Indiana
Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia alumni
Juilliard School alumni
New York Philharmonic
Oberlin College alumni
University of Illinois alumni
Classical musicians from Indiana

Jon Deak


Giant Mountain is the twelfth-highest peak in the High Peaks Region of the Adirondack Park, in New York, USA. The peak is also known as "Giant of the Valley," due to its stature looking over Keene Valley and St. Huberts to the west. The prominent rock slides on the mountain's steep western face and its location away from most other large peaks make it quite an imposing figure, leading to its name.

Climate

Ascents
On 2 June 1797, Charles Broadhead and his survey party made the first recorded ascent of Giant Mountain, recorded as Giant-of-the-Valley.  They were surveying the boundaries of the Old Military Tract. Broadhead's was the first recorded ascent of any of the 46 Adirondack High Peaks.

Trails
There are three main trails up Giant, one from the east, and two from the west. The two most popular routes begin on trailheads along New York State Route 73, one near St. Huberts ("Roaring Brook Trail") and the other near Chapel Pond ("Zander Scott Trail"). The two trails climb the southern ridge of the mountain, meeting up about a mile south of the summit. The Zander Scott Trail is shorter than the Roaring Brook Trail but steeper.

The third trail begins from the east, near the town of New Russia, and is not as commonly climbed due to the longer hike. The route climbs Bald Peak, a smaller mountain with unusual krummholz that is predominantly Northern White Cedar (Thuja occidentalis), then begins the ascent of Rocky Peak Ridge. After summiting Rocky Peak Ridge, hikers descend a small coll before ascending to the Giant summit. This route is more commonly used by those attempting to become Adirondack Forty-Sixers, since Rocky Peak is a required peak.

References

External links

 Towns and Trails: Giant Mountain Day Hike
 Giant Mountain - LetsGoPlayOutside.com

Mountains of Essex County, New York
Adirondack High Peaks
Mountains of New York (state)

Giant Mountain


An interchange station or a transfer station is a train station for more than one railway route in a public transport system that allows passengers to change from one route to another, often without having to leave a station or pay an additional ticket.

Transfer may occur within the same railway network, or between different railway networks (e.g. transfer between a metro rail network, a suburban rail network or a tram network), or to buses (for stations with bus termini attached). Such stations usually have more platforms than single route stations. These stations can exist in city centers and in suburbs. Interchange stations are most common in metro and suburban rail networks.

Railway stations

Interchange station


Ashton Oxenden (20 September 1808 – 22 February 1892) was Bishop of Montreal.

Early life
Born 20 September 1808, at Broome Park, Kent, he was the fifth son of Sir Henry Oxenden (1756–1838), 7th Baronet Oxenden, of Broome Park; Commissioner of Dover Harbour. His mother, Mary, was the daughter of Colonel John Graham (1723–1789), of St. Lawrence House, near Canterbury; former Lieutenant governor of Georgia.

Educated at Ramsgate and at Harrow School, Oxenden matriculated from University College, Oxford, on 9 June 1826; graduated B.A. 1831, M.A. 1859, and was created D.D. 10 July 1869. In December 1833, he was ordained to the curacy of Barham, Kent, where he introduced weekly cottage lectures. In 1838, he resigned his charge, and during the following seven years was incapacitated for work by continuous ill-health. From 1849 to 1869 he was rector of Pluckley with Pevington, Kent, and in 1864 was made an honorary canon of Canterbury Cathedral. At Pluckley he first commenced extemporaneous preaching, and wrote the Barham Tracts.

In 1864, Oxenden married, on 14 June, Sarah (born 1828), daughter of Joseph Hoare Bradshaw (1784–1845), a London banker and a grandson of Samuel Hoare. The couple had a daughter, Mary Ashton Oxenden, who married in 1891 Charles John Wood (1862–1902), the youngest son of Lt.-General Thomas Wood (1804–1872) M.P., of Gwernyfed Park, Breconshire.

Bishop of Montreal
In May 1869, he was elected bishop of Montreal and metropolitan of Canada by the Canadian provincial synod. He was consecrated in Westminster Abbey on 1 August, and installed in Christ Church Cathedral, Montreal on 5 September. Three-fourths of the population of the city were Roman Catholics, but the Church of England possessed twelve churches there besides the cathedral. Oxenden presided over nine dioceses. He assiduously attended to his episcopal duties, generally living within Montreal's Golden Square Mile during the winter, and visiting the country districts in the summer. Ill-health caused his resignation of the bishopric in 1878, and on his return to England he attended the Pan-Anglican synod. From 30 May 1879 to 1884 he was vicar of St. Stephen's, near Canterbury, and from 1879 to 1884 he officiated as rural dean of Canterbury. He died at Biarritz, France, on 22 February 1892.

Works
The bishop wrote numerous small theological works, which the author's plain and simple language rendered very popular. The Pathway of Safety, 1856, was much appreciated by the poorer classes, and ultimately reached a circulation of three hundred and fifty thousand copies. The Christian Life, 1877, went to forty-seven thousand, and the Barham Tracts Nos. 1 to 49, after running to many editions in their original form, were collected and published as Cottage Readings in 1859. With Charles Henry Ramsden, he wrote in 1858 Family Prayers for Eight Weeks, which was often reprinted.

Oxenden's name is attached to upwards of forty-five distinct works. Besides those already mentioned, the most important were:
 The Cottage Library, 1846–51, 6 vols.
 Confirmation; or, Are you ready to serve Christ?, 1847; tenth thousand, 1859.
 Cottage Sermons, 1853.
 Family Prayers, 1858; 3rd ed. 1860.
 The Fourfold Picture of the Sinner, 1858.
 Fervent Prayer, 1860; fifth thousand, 1861.
 God's Message to the Poor: Eleven Sermons in Pluckley Church, 3rd ed. 1861.
 The Home beyond; or, Happy Old Age, 1861; ten thousand copies.
 Sermons on the Christian Life, 1861.
 Words of Peace, 1863.
 The Parables of our Lord explained, 1864.
 A Plain History of the Christian Church, 1864.
 Our Church and her Services, 1866.
 Decision, 1868.
 Short Lectures on the Sunday Gospels, 1869.
 My First Year in Canada, 1871.
 A Simple Exposition of the Psalms, 1872.
 Counsels to the Confirmed, 1878; ten thousand copies.
 Short Comments on the Gospels, 1885.
 Touchstones; or, Christian Graces and Characters tested, 1884.
 Portraits from the Bible: Old Testament Saints, 1880.
 Portraits from the Bible: New Testament Saints, 1884.

See also
Anglican Diocese of Montreal
List of Anglican Bishops of Montreal

References

External links
Bibliographic directory from Project Canterbury
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
Pathway of Safety and Family Prayers

1808 births
1892 deaths
Anglican bishops of Montreal
Clergy from Canterbury
People educated at Harrow School
Alumni of University College, Oxford
19th-century Anglican Church of Canada bishops
Metropolitans of Canada

Ashton Oxenden


George Henry Connor (1822–1 May 1883, the Deanery, Windsor) was a Church of England clergyman who became Dean of Windsor.

Family
He was the eldest son of George Connor, master in chancery in Ireland.  He married Maude Worthington in 1852, eldest daughter of John Worthington of Kent House, Southsea.  The couple had two sons and several daughters, of which Emily Henrietta married another clergyman, Ernest Roland Wilberforce.

Life
He graduated BA in 1845 and proceeded MA in 1851 at Trinity College, Dublin, and was ordained deacon in 1846 and priest in 1847. He officiated for a time at St Thomas's Chapel, Newport, Isle of Wight.  He was then curate at St Jude's, Southsea then Wareham, Dorset, before returning to Newport as vicar in 1852, where his drive and initiative got the parish church rebuilt for £22,000 (with Prince Albert laying the foundation stone), a new vicarage and almshouses built, and local schools improved.

Developing a relationship with Queen Victoria, residing mainly at nearby Osborne House at this time, he became for many years her honorary chaplain and chaplain-in-ordinary, chaplain to the governor of the Isle of Wight, and official and commissary of the archdeaconry of Wight, culminating in his appointment as Dean of Windsor in October 1882 by the queen herself, without consulting Gladstone.  Connor departed from Newport, to the parishioners' general regret, but proved unsuited to the pressures of such a prominent deanery as Windsor.  His health rapidly failed (his presence at the christening of Princess Alice of Albany on 26 March 1883 took a great effort) and though he preached often in the private chapel, he only preached once in St George's Chapel before dying in office in 1883.

Sources
 DNB entry

1822 births
1883 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Deans of Windsor

George Connor (priest)


The Bascom Massacre was a confrontation between Apache Indians and the United States Army under Lt. George Nicholas Bascom in the Arizona Territory in early 1861. It has been considered to have directly precipitated the decades-long Apache Wars between the United States and several tribes in the southwestern United States. War was coming with the Chiricahua Apache. The affair led to an open break and open hostilities, but Cochise had not previously been peaceful, he had been prudent and avoided raiding Americans. He had, however, stolen livestock from the Overland Mail, from Fort Buchanan and had twice been forced to return stolen stock by Capt. Richard S. Ewell, who swore that if he had to deal with Cochise again, he would strike a blow.

Trigger
The Bascom Affair began on January 27, 1861, when Tonto Apache parties raided the ranch of John Ward at Sonoita Creek, stealing several head of livestock and kidnapping Ward's 12-year-old stepson Felix Ward. Ward reported the raid to the nearby military authority, Lt. Col.  Morrison, the commandant of Fort Buchanan, Arizona, who directed Lt. George Nicholas Bascom and a large group of infantry to attempt to recover the boy. Bascom and his men were unable to locate the boy or the tribe. Because Ward said the kidnappers had gone east towards the Chiricahua Mountains, it was assumed that the raid involved Chiricahua Apaches, which would have been a routine activity for local Apaches. It was later determined that Coyotero Apaches had actually been responsible for the kidnapping.

Escalation
Morrison ordered Bascom to use whatever means necessary to punish the kidnappers and recapture the boy. Bascom, Ward and 54 soldiers journeyed east to Apache Pass, arriving on February 3, 1861, and met Sgt. Daniel Robinson, who would accompany them for the rest of the expedition. Bascom convinced a Chiricahua Apache leader named Cochise to meet with him. Suspicious of Bascom's intentions, Cochise brought with him his brother Coyuntwa, two nephews, his wife and his two children. At the meeting Cochise claimed he knew nothing of the raid. Doubting Cochise's honesty, Bascom attempted to imprison him and his family in a tent to be held hostage, but Cochise was able to escape alone by slashing a hole in the canvas wall.

Two days later, on February 5, Cochise delivered a message to Bascom asking for the release of his family, but Bascom refused and told Cochise that they "would be set free just so soon as the boy was released". The following day, Cochise and a large party of Apaches attacked a group of unaware American and Mexican teamsters. After torturing and killing the nine Mexicans, he took the three Americans hostage, offering them in exchange for his family, but Bascom maintained that he would accept nothing other than the return of the boy and cattle. On February 7, Cochise and his men attacked Bascom's soldiers while they were fetching water.

Cochise quickly fled with his hostages to Sonora, Mexico, which was outside American jurisdiction. On the way he tortured and killed the American prisoners and left their remains to be discovered by Bascom. Several days later, on February 19, 1861, Lt. Isaiah Moore, who had led a relief party of cavalry to Apache Pass, hanged Cochise's brother and nephews before he and his soldiers began their journey home.

Aftermath
The moment when Cochise discovered his brother and nephews dead has been called the moment when the Indians (the Chiricahua in particular) transferred their hatred of the Mexicans to the Americans. Cochise's subsequent war of vengeance, in the form of numerous raids and murders, was the beginning of the 25-year-long Apache Wars.

This incident led to the awarding of the Medal of Honor that is chronologically for the earliest action, to Bernard J.D. Irwin; despite the medal being created during the Civil War, ex-post-facto awards for action taken before the medals creation were authorized.

Felix Ward, the kidnapped boy, was later found living with the Coyotero Apaches and became an Apache Scout for the U.S. Army known by the name of Mickey Free.

Historical fiction
The Bascom Affair is mentioned in the 1950 film Broken Arrow by James Stewart's character as several white men argue matters of right and wrong about the violence between Apaches and white settlers.
The conflict plays a central role in Jean-Michel Charlier and Jean Giraud's (a.k.a. Moebius) graphic novel series Blueberry, particularly in the first three episodes (Fort Navajo, Thunder in the West, and Lone Eagle, first published in French magazine Pilote between 1965 and 1967; English translations by Egmont/Methuen in 1977 and 1978). The plot and characters differ from the actual historic events (i.e. name of the kidnapped child, tribe of captors, rank of Bascom, name of fort, etc.).
In the episode "Best Man for the Job" of the TV western series The High Chaparral (1967–1971), the Bascom Affair is discussed between patriarch John Cannon and Captain Thomas Dabney regarding the Cannon ranch being under siege by Cochise.
Mexican writer Álvaro Enrigue includes the episode in the second part of his novel Ahora me rindo y eso es todo (Anagrama, 2018).

See also
Apache Wars
Apache Pass Station
Butterfield Overland Mail in New Mexico Territory

References

Further reading
 Roberts, David. Once They Moved Like the Wind: Cochise, Geronimo, and the Apache Wars (Simon and Schuster, 1994).
 Sacks, Benjamin H. "New Evidence on the Bascom Affair." Arizona and the West 4#3 (1962): 261–278.   in JSTOR
 Sweeney, Edwin R. "Cochise and the Prelude to the Bascom Affair." New Mexico Historical Review 64#4 (1989): 427+.
 Tyler, Barbara Ann. "Cochise: Apache War Leader, 1858-1861." Journal of Arizona History (1965): 1-10.
 Utley, Robert M. "The Bascom Affair: A Reconstruction." Arizona and the West 3#1 (1961): 59–68. in JSTOR

External links
 Tripod.com
 Militaryhistoryonline.com
 Discoverseaz.com (reference only)
 THE BASCOM AFFAIR, APACHE PASS, February 4, 1861

Conflicts in 1861
American frontier
History of United States expansionism
19th-century military history of the United States
Pre-statehood history of Arizona
Apache Wars

Bascom affair


Michael Monroe Merritt (born July 28, 1955) is an American bassist best known for playing with the Conan O'Brien house bands: The Max Weinberg 7 on Late Night with Conan O'Brien in New York, Max Weinberg and The Tonight Show Band on The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien in Los Angeles, and The Basic Cable Band on Conan also in Los Angeles.

Merritt was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His father is jazz bassist Jymie Merritt, who has performed and recorded with many jazz and blues musicians, most notably Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers. Mike began lessons on upright with Eligio Rossi then studies with percussionist/composer Warren McLendon. Although his father was primarily an upright bass player, he also owned a 1964 Fender Jazz Bass which Mike felt was the instrument he was meant to play. During this time Mike absorbed a number of influences ranging from jazz to rhythm and blues to blues to rock.

After playing in a jazz group called Forerunner/Nuclei, Mike moved to New York in 1980 at the suggestion of the members of the Jazz Messengers. It was here that he began playing with blues legend Johnny Copeland and continued through 1989. While on the road with Copeland, he backed up Chuck Berry pianist Johnnie Johnson which led to Mike working with him off
and on for the next several years.

It was also around this time that Mike started gigging around the New York scene where he regularly played with future members of The Max Weinberg 7. In 1993, guitarist Jimmy Vivino called Mike about a group being put together by Max Weinberg to audition for the house band on what would become Late Night with Conan O'Brien. The band was there for the entire run of the show and its successors.

Mike plays a variety of basses including Rickenbacker, Lakland, Fender, Hofner, the Zeta Crossover bass and a 1935 Kurt Moenning 3/4' Acoustic Bass.

References

External links

1955 births
Living people
American bass guitarists
The Max Weinberg 7 members
Guitarists from Philadelphia
20th-century American guitarists
Jimmy Vivino and the Basic Cable Band members
The Tonight Show Band members

Mike Merritt (musician)


শুঁয়োপোকা ( ) বা শুককীট হচ্ছে লেপিডোপ্টেরা (প্রজাপতি এবং মথ সমন্বিত পোকামাকড়ের ক্রম) বর্গের অন্তর্গত সদস্যদের লার্ভা পর্যায়। এরা গাছের পাতায় স্তূপাকারে ডিম পাড়ে। এক সপ্তাহ পর সেই ডিম ফুটে বেরিয়ে আসে শুঁয়োপোকা।

বেশিরভাগ সাধারণ নামের মতোই শব্দের প্রয়োগটি স্বেচ্ছাচারী, যেহেতু করাত মাছির লার্ভা (সাববর্ডার সিম্ফাইটা) কেও সাধারণত শুঁয়োপোকা বলা হয়। লেপিডোপ্টেরান এবং সিম্ফাইটান লার্ভা উভয়েরই ইরুসিফর্ম শরীরের আকৃতি রয়েছে।

বেশিরভাগ প্রজাতির শুঁয়োপোকা উদ্ভিদের উপাদান (প্রায়শই পাতা) খায়, তবে সব নয়;  কিছু (প্রায় ১%) পোকামাকড় খায় এবং কিছু এমনকি স্বজাতীগ্রাসী। কেউ কেউ অন্যান্য প্রাণীজ পণ্য খায়। উদাহরণস্বরূপ, জামাকাপড়ের মথগুলি পশম খায় এবং শিং মথগুলি মৃত খরত্তয়ালা প্রাণীর খুর এবং শিং খায়।

শুঁয়োপোকাগুলি সাধারণত ভোজনপ্রিয় খাদ্যদাতা এবং তাদের মধ্যে অনেকগুলিই কৃষির কীটপতঙ্গের মধ্যে সবচেয়ে মারাত্মক। প্রকৃতপক্ষে অনেক পতঙ্গের প্রজাতি তাদের শুঁয়োপোকার পর্যায়ে সবচেয়ে বেশি পরিচিত কারণ তারা ফল এবং অন্যান্য কৃষি পণ্যের ক্ষতি করে, যেখানে মথগুলি অস্পষ্ট এবং সরাসরি কোন ক্ষতি করে না।  বিপরীতভাবে বিভিন্ন প্রজাতির শুঁয়োপোকা রেশমের উৎস হিসেবে, মানুষ বা প্রাণীর খাদ্য হিসেবে বা কীটপতঙ্গের জৈবিক নিয়ন্ত্রণের জন্য মূল্যবান।

ব্যুৎপত্তি

"শুঁয়োপোকা" শব্দের উৎপত্তি ১৬ শতকের গোড়ার দিকে। তারা মধ্য ইংরেজি ক্যাটিরপেল, ক্যাটিরপেলার থেকে উদ্ভূত, সম্ভবত পুরানো উত্তর ফরাসি ক্যাটেপেলোজ-এর একটি পরিবর্তন: কেট, ক্যাট (ল্যাটিন ক্যাটাস থেকে) + পেলোজ, লোমশ (ল্যাটিন পিলোসাস থেকে)।

জিওমেট্রিডি পরিবারের ইঞ্চওয়ার্ম, বা লুপার শুঁয়োপোকাদের এমন নামকরণ করা হয়েছে কারণ তারা যেভাবে নড়াচড়া করে, পৃথিবী পরিমাপ করতে দেখা যায় (গ্রীক ভাষায় জ্যামিত্রিড শব্দের অর্থ পৃথিবী-পরিমাপক); এই অস্বাভাবিক গতিবিধির প্রাথমিক কারণ হল টার্মিনাল সেগমেন্টের ক্ল্যাস্পার ব্যতীত প্রায় সমস্ত প্রলেগ বাদ দেওয়া।

বিবরণ

Caterpillars have soft bodies that can grow rapidly between moults. Their size varies between species and instars (moults) from as small as  up to . Some larvae of the order Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps) can appear like the caterpillars of the Lepidoptera. Such larvae are mainly seen in the sawfly suborder. However while these larvae superficially resemble caterpillars, they can be distinguished by the presence of prolegs on every abdominal segment, an absence of crochets or hooks on the prolegs (these are present on lepidopteran caterpillars), one pair of prominent ocelli on the head capsule, and an absence of the upside-down Y-shaped suture on the front of the head.

Lepidopteran caterpillars can be differentiated from sawfly larvae by:
 the numbers of pairs of pro-legs; sawfly larvae have 6 or more pairs while caterpillars have a maximum of 5 pairs.
 the number of stemmata (simple eyes); the sawfly larvae have only two, while caterpillars usually have twelve (six each side of the head).
 the presence of crochets on the prolegs; these are absent in the sawflies.
 sawfly larvae have an invariably smooth head capsule with no cleavage lines, while lepidopterous caterpillars bear an inverted "Y" or "V" (frontal suture).

ফসিল

In 2019, a geometrid moth caterpillar dating back to the Eocene epoch, approximately 44 million years ago, was found preserved in Baltic amber. It was described under Eogeometer vadens. Previously, another fossil dating back approximately 125 million years was found in Lebanese amber.

প্রতিরক্ষা

Many animals feed on caterpillars as they are rich in protein. As a result, caterpillars have evolved various means of defense.

Caterpillars have evolved defenses against physical conditions such as cold, hot or dry environmental conditions. Some Arctic species like Gynaephora groenlandica have special basking and aggregation behaviours apart from physiological adaptations to remain in a dormant state.

চেহারা

The appearance of a caterpillar can often repel a predator: its markings and certain body parts can make it seem poisonous, or bigger in size and thus threatening, or non-edible. Some types of caterpillars are indeed poisonous or distasteful and their bright coloring warns predators of this. Others may mimic dangerous caterpillars or other animals while not being dangerous themselves. Many caterpillars are cryptically colored and resemble the plants on which they feed. An example of caterpillars that use camouflage for defense is the species Nemoria arizonaria. If the caterpillars hatch in the spring and feed on oak catkins they appear green. If they hatch in the summer they appear dark colored, like oak twigs. The differential development is linked to the tannin content in the diet. Caterpillars may even have spines or growths that resemble plant parts such as thorns. Some look like objects in the environment such as bird droppings. Some Geometridae cover themselves in plant parts, while bagworms construct and live in a bag covered in sand, pebbles or plant material.

রসায়নিক প্রতিরক্ষা

More aggressive self-defense measures have evolved in some caterpillars. These measures include having spiny bristles or long fine hair-like setae with detachable tips that will irritate by lodging in the skin or mucous membranes. However some birds (such as cuckoos) will swallow even the hairiest of caterpillars. Other caterpillars acquire toxins from their host plants that render them unpalatable to most of their predators. For instance, ornate moth caterpillars utilize pyrrolizidine alkaloids that they obtain from their food plants to deter predators. The most aggressive caterpillar defenses are bristles associated with venom glands. These bristles are called urticating hairs. A venom which is among the most potent defensive chemicals in any animal is produced by the South American silk moth genus Lonomia. Its venom is an anticoagulant powerful enough to cause a human to hemorrhage to death (See Lonomiasis). This chemical is being investigated for potential medical applications. Most urticating hairs range in effect from mild irritation to dermatitis. Example: brown-tail moth.

Plants contain toxins which protect them from herbivores, but some caterpillars have evolved countermeasures which enable them to eat the leaves of such toxic plants. In addition to being unaffected by the poison, the caterpillars sequester it in their body, making them highly toxic to predators. The chemicals are also carried on into the adult stages. These toxic species, such as the cinnabar moth (Tyria jacobaeae) and monarch (Danaus plexippus) caterpillars, usually advertise themselves with the danger colors of red, yellow and black, often in bright stripes (see aposematism). Any predator that attempts to eat a caterpillar with an aggressive defense mechanism will learn and avoid future attempts.

Some caterpillars regurgitate acidic digestive juices at attacking enemies. Many papilionid larvae produce bad smells from extrudable glands called osmeteria.

প্রতিরক্ষামূলক আচরণ

Many caterpillars display feeding behaviors which allow the caterpillar to remain hidden from potential predators. Many feed in protected environments, such as enclosed inside silk galleries, rolled leaves or by mining between the leaf surfaces.

Some caterpillars, like early instars of the tomato hornworm and tobacco hornworm, have long "whip-like" organs attached to the ends of their body. The caterpillar wiggles these organs to frighten away flies and predatory wasps. Some caterpillars can evade predators by using a silk line and dropping off from branches when disturbed. Many species thrash about violently when disturbed to scare away potential predators. One species (Amorpha juglandis) even makes high pitched whistles that can scare away birds.

সামাজিক আচরণ এবং অন্যান্য পোকামাকড়ের সাথে সম্পর্ক

Some caterpillars obtain protection by associating themselves with ants. The Lycaenid butterflies are particularly well known for this. They communicate with their ant protectors by vibrations as well as chemical means and typically provide food rewards.

Some caterpillars are gregarious; large aggregations are believed to help in reducing the levels of parasitization and predation. Clusters amplify the signal of aposematic coloration, and individuals may participate in group regurgitation or displays. Pine processionary (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) caterpillars often link into a long train to move through trees and over the ground. The head of the lead caterpillar is visible, but the other heads can appear hidden. Forest tent caterpillars cluster during periods of cold weather.

শিকারী

Caterpillars are eaten by many animals. The European pied flycatcher is one species that preys upon caterpillars. The flycatcher typically finds caterpillars among oak foliage. Paper wasps, including those in the genus Polistes and Polybia catch caterpillars to feed their young and themselves.

স্বভাব

Caterpillars have been called "eating machines", and eat leaves voraciously. Most species shed their skin four or five times as their bodies grow, and they eventually enter a pupal stage before becoming adults. Caterpillars grow very quickly; for instance, a tobacco hornworm will increase its weight ten-thousandfold in less than twenty days. An adaptation that enables them to eat so much is a mechanism in a specialized midgut that quickly transports ions to the lumen (midgut cavity), to keep the potassium level higher in the midgut cavity than in the hemolymph.

Most caterpillars are solely herbivorous. Many are restricted to feeding on one species of plant, while others are polyphagous. Some, including the clothes moth, feed on detritus. Some are predatory, and may prey on other species of caterpillars (e.g. Hawaiian Eupithecia). Others feed on eggs of other insects, aphids, scale insects, or ant larvae. A few are parasitic on cicadas or leaf hoppers (Epipyropidae). Some Hawaiian caterpillars (Hyposmocoma molluscivora) use silk traps to capture snails.

Many caterpillars are nocturnal. For example, the "cutworms" (of the family Noctuidae) hide at the base of plants during the day and only feed at night. Others, such as gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) larvae, change their activity patterns depending on density and larval stage, with more diurnal feeding in early instars and high densities.

অর্থনৈতিক প্রভাব

Caterpillars cause much damage, mainly by eating leaves. The propensity for damage is enhanced by monocultural farming practices, especially where the caterpillar is specifically adapted to the host plant under cultivation. The cotton bollworm causes enormous losses. Other species eat food crops. Caterpillars have been the target of pest control through the use of pesticides, biological control and agronomic practices. Many species have become resistant to pesticides. Bacterial toxins such as those from Bacillus thuringiensis which are evolved to affect the gut of Lepidoptera have been used in sprays of bacterial spores, toxin extracts and also by incorporating genes to produce them within the host plants. These approaches are defeated over time by the evolution of resistance mechanisms in the insects.

Plants evolve mechanisms of resistance to being eaten by caterpillars, including the evolution of chemical toxins and physical barriers such as hairs. Incorporating host plant resistance (HPR) through plant breeding is another approach used in reducing the impact of caterpillars on crop plants.

Some caterpillars are used in industry. The silk industry is based on the silkworm caterpillar.

মানব স্বাস্থ্য

Caterpillar hair can be a cause of human health problems. Caterpillar hairs sometimes have venoms in them and species from approximately 12 families of moths or butterflies worldwide can inflict serious human injuries ranging from urticarial dermatitis and atopic asthma to osteochondritis, consumption coagulopathy, kidney failure, and brain bleeding. Skin rashes are the most common, but there have been fatalities. Lonomia is a frequent cause of envenomation in Brazil, with 354 cases reported between 1989 and 2005. Lethality ranging up to 20% with death caused most often by intracranial hemorrhage.

Caterpillar hair has also been known to cause kerato-conjunctivitis. The sharp barbs on the end of caterpillar hairs can get lodged in soft tissues and mucous membranes such as the eyes. Once they enter such tissues, they can be difficult to extract, often exacerbating the problem as they migrate across the membrane.

This becomes a particular problem in an indoor setting. The hair easily enter buildings through ventilation systems and accumulate in indoor environments because of their small size, which makes it difficult for them to be vented out. This accumulation increases the risk of human contact in indoor environments.

Caterpillars are a food source in some cultures. For example, in South Africa mopane worms are eaten by the bushmen, and in China silkworms are considered a delicacy.

জনপ্রিয় সংস্কৃতিতে

In the Old Testament of the Bible caterpillars are feared as pest that devour crops. They are part of the "pestilence, blasting, mildew, locust" because of their association with the locust, thus they are one of the plagues of Egypt. Jeremiah names them as one of the inhabitants of Babylon. The English word caterpillar derives from the old French catepelose (hairy cat) but merged with the piller (pillager). Caterpillars became a symbol for social dependents. Shakespeare's Bolingbroke described King Richard's friends as "The caterpillars of the commonwealth, Which I have sworn to weed and pluck away". In 1790 William Blake referenced this popular image in The Marriage of Heaven and Hell when he attacked priests: "as the caterpillar chooses the fairest leaves to lay her eggs on, so the priest lay his curse on the fairest joys".

The role of caterpillars in the life stages of butterflies was badly understood. In 1679 Maria Sibylla Merian published the first volume of The Caterpillars' Marvelous Transformation and Strange Floral Food, which contained 50 illustrations and a description of insects, moths, butterflies and their larvae. An earlier popular publication on moths and butterflies, and their caterpillars, by Jan Goedart had not included eggs in the life stages of European moths and butterflies, because he had believed that caterpillars were generated from water. When Merian published her study of caterpillars it was still widely believed that insects were spontaneously generated. Merian's illustrations supported the findings of Francesco Redi, Marcello Malpighi and Jan Swammerdam.

Butterflies were regarded as symbol for the human soul since ancient time, and also in the Christian tradition. Goedart thus located his empirical observations on the transformation of caterpillars into butterflies in the Christian tradition. As such he argued that the metamorphosis from caterpillar into butterfly was a symbol, and even proof, of Christ's resurrection. He argued "that from dead caterpillars emerge living animals; so it is equally true and miraculous, that our dead and rotten corpses will rise from the grave." Swammerdam, who in 1669 had demonstrated that inside a caterpillar the rudiments of the future butterfly's limbs and wings could be discerned, attacked the mystical and religious notion that the caterpillar died and the butterfly subsequently resurrected. As a militant Cartesian, Swammerdam attacked Goedart as ridiculous, and when publishing his findings he proclaimed "here we witness the digression of those who have tried to prove Resurrection of the Dead from these obviously natural and comprehensible changes within the creature itself."

Since then the metamorphoses of the caterpillar into a butterfly has in Western societies been associated with countless human transformations in folktales and literature. There is no process in the physical life of human beings that resembles this metamorphoses, and the symbol of the caterpillar tends to depict a psychic transformation of a human. As such the caterpillar has in the Christian tradition become a metaphor for being "born again".

Famously, in Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland a caterpillar asks Alice "Who are you?". When Alice comments on the caterpillar's inevitable transformation into a butterfly, the caterpillar champions the position that in spite of changes it is still possible to know something, and that Alice is the same Alice at the beginning and end of a considerable interval. When the Caterpillar asks Alice to clarify a point, the child replies "I'm afraid I can't put it more clearly... for I can't but understand it myself, to begin with, and being so many different sizes in a day is very confusing". Here Carroll satirizes René Descartes, the founder of Cartesian philosophy, and his theory on innate ideas. Descartes argued that we are distracted by urgent bodily stimuli that swamp the human mind in childhood. Descartes also theorised that inherited preconceived opinions obstruct the human perception of the truth.

More recent symbolic references to caterpillars in popular media include the Mad Men season 3 episode "The Fog", in which Betty Draper has a drug-induced dream, while in labor, that she captures a caterpillar and holds it firmly in her hand. In The Sopranos season 5 episode "The Test Dream", Tony Soprano dreams that Ralph Cifaretto has a caterpillar on his bald head that changes into a butterfly.

চিত্রশালা
স্লাইড শোর মাধ্যমে পরবর্তী বা পূরবর্তী চিত্র দেখতে ডান বা বাম অ্যারো বোতামটি চাপুন

আরও দেখুন
 Edible caterpillars
 Larval food plants of Lepidoptera
 Lepidopterism - caterpillar dermatitis
 Sericulture

তথ্যসূত্র

বহিঃসংযোগ

 Photos of caterpillars at Insecta.pro
 Images from 1837 calendar many images of catapillars
 Larva Locomotion: A Closer Look — video clips showing how monarch larvae walk
 More video clips from nature
 3-D animation Papilio polyxenes larvae walking
 UK moths.Life cycle images

Lepidopterology
Insect developmental biology
Larvae

শুঁয়োপোকা


The Compromise of 1850 was a series of laws passed in 1850 that dealt with the controversial issue of slavery in the United States. As a result of the Mexican–American War, the United States acquired a large amount of new territory. The laws admitted California as a free state, and created the new territories of New Mexico and Utah. A dispute over the boundary between Texas and New Mexico was settled with Texas losing the New Mexico territory. It put an end to the slave trade in Washington, D.C. and made it easier for Southern slave owners to recover runaway slaves. The compromise called for each new state to decide for itself whether it would be a slave or free states. The commerce and trade compromise ended the slave trade and eventually led to the Emancipation Proclamation.

Background
The Missouri Compromise, passed in 1820, was an agreement between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress. It concerned the regulation of slavery in the western territories. It admitted Missouri as a slave state to please the South. It admitted Maine as a free state to please the North. It kept the balance of power in the United States Senate between the free states and slave states. The plan also called for slavery to be banned from the Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36 degrees 30' north (also known as the Missouri Compromise Line), except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri. It was a temporary measure that reduced the conflict over slavery. But there was continued resentment between North and South. The South resented Congress interfering with slavery. The North resented having to compromise on the moral issues of slavery. Both sides wanted the political power necessary for their issue to win. In his book Negro President: Jefferson and the Slave Power, historian Garry Wills wrote, "the South was not demanding slave representation to achieve a near-parity at the moment, but as a way of achieving majority control in the immediately foreseeable future."

In 1849, when Zachary Taylor became president, the new territories the U.S. gained after the Mexican-American war caused the issue of slavery to become critical again. The California Gold Rush had caused the population there to suddenly increase and Californians now wanted statehood as a free state. This upset the balance of 15 free states and 15 slave states established by the Missouri Compromise.

Debate
Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky presented resolutions on January 29, 1850 saying they represented the spirit of compromise that would keep the Union together. Former Vice President and Senator from South Carolina John C. Calhoun saw it differently. For a month he worked on a speech but was too ill to deliver it. Virginia Senator James A. Mason read it on the floor of the Senate on March 4. In a speech on March 7, Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts spoke in favor of compromise. Abolitionists in the North saw this as a betrayal and giving in to slavery interests. William H. Seward, then the Senator from New York, spoke next for the abolitionists. He claimed there was a "higher law than the Constitution," which prevented any compromise with slavery.

At the same time the House of Representatives was also debating the question. No agreements had been reached by early April so a committee was suggested by Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi. Called the "Committee of Thirteen" it was made up of seven Whigs and six Democrats. The committee drafted a bill based mainly on Clay's compromise resolutions made in January. Clay himself was the chairman and presented the bill on May 8.

The Compromise
Each side got some benefits from the compromise:

The North
 Got California admitted to the Union as a free state.
 Got the slave trade prohibited in Washington D.C.
 Texas lost the New Mexico territory.

The South
 Got no restrictions on slavery in the new territories.
 While slave trading was abolished in Washington, those who owned slaves already could keep them.
 Texas got $10 million in compensation from the federal government for the loss of the NM territory.
 Got the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 passed.

Notes

References

Other websites
 The Compromise of 1850; YouTube
 How did the Compromise of 1850 lead to the Civil War?

Origins of the American Civil War
1850s in California
1850s in the United States

Compromise of 1850


The Oxford Book of Carols is a collection of vocal scores of Christmas carols and carols of other seasons. It was first published in 1928 by Oxford University Press and was edited by Percy Dearmer,  Martin Shaw and Ralph Vaughan Williams. It became a widely used source of carols among choirs and church congregations in Britain.

History
Vaughan Williams was a noted composer and arranger of music in the Anglican Church and a founder member of the English Folk Dance and Song Society. He was a scholar of English folk-song and his music was greatly influenced by traditional folk forms. Vaughan Williams had collaborated with Percy Dearmer on the production of the English Hymnal, which was published in 1906, and as with this hymnal, The Oxford Book of Carols favoured traditional folk tunes and polyphonic arrangements of carols, instead of the Victorian hymn tunes that Vaughan Williams considered to be over-sentimental and Germanic in tone. Vaughan Williams in particular drew on music from his own childhood and his scholarship of English folk music, and was driven by his conviction that the music of ordinary people should be valued.

Editions
The Oxford Book of Carols has been reprinted many times.  It was re-engraved and reset in a slightly larger format in 1964, at which time some of the medieval carols were re-edited. The most recent impression is dated 26 January 1984 and is still in print.

The New Oxford Book of Carols was published in 1992 by OUP. Anthologists Hugh Keyte and Andrew Parrott make few references to OBC in their Introduction and their aim appears the same as Dearmer's in 1928. The enormous task was shared by both sets of anthologists and Keyte and Parrott issued The Shorter New Oxford Book of Carols in 1993.

See also
 Christmas music
 Carols for Choirs
 List of Christmas Carols
 Nine Lessons and Carols (Carols from King's College, Cambridge)

References

Anglican hymnals
1928 books
Music books
Christmas carol collections
1928 in music
1928 in Christianity
Oxford University Press books
Ralph Vaughan Williams

The Oxford Book of Carols


György Cseszneky de Milvány et Csesznek was a Hungarian aristocrat in the 16th century. Member of the Cseszneky family.

In 1526 when the disastrous battle with the Turks happened and Louis II died in the battlefield, György Cseszneky was the castellan of the Castle of Tata. The plundering Ottoman army ransacked the area, but Cseszneky successfully defended the castle. In the struggle for the throne of Hungary between Voivode John Zapolya and Archduke Ferdinand of Habsburg, he supported Ferdinand's claim. In 1528 he and Tamás Nádasdy occupied the castle of Győr for Ferdinand of Habsburg. Queen Mary, widow of King Louis II and sister of Ferdinand, appointed him royal court judge of Győr. In 1532 when the Emperor Charles V had sent Garcilaso de la Vega into exile to an island in the Danube, Count Cseszneky was responsible for the provision of the Spanish poet. Later György became a devoted follower of Protestantism and defender of the Lutheran faith. King Ferdinand I bestowed upon him the Hungarian magnate title, awarded him with the right of use of red sealing wax and donated him several estates, among them: Alsóbük, Felsőpulya, Kisbabot, Enese, Rábacsécsény and Utal villages.

Sources

 Jászay Pál: A magyar nemzet napjai a mohácsi vész után. Pest, 1846.
 Bunyitay Vince: Egyháztörténeti emlékek a magyarországi hitújítás korából
 Szávay Gyula: Győr: monográfia a város jelenkoráról a történelmi idők érintésével
 Payr Sándor: A dunántúli evangélikus egyházkerület története

Hungarian nobility
Cseszneky
16th-century Hungarian people

György Cseszneky de Milvány et Csesznek


Thomas Storrow Brown (July 7, 1803 – November 26, 1888) was a Canadian journalist, writer, orator, and revolutionary in Lower Canada (present-day Quebec).

Biography
Born in St. Andrews, New Brunswick, the son of Henry Barlow Brown and Rebecca Appleton, as a young man in 1818 he moved to Montreal, Lower Canada. Once there, he found work and with his savings eventually went into the hardware business. His operation encountered financial difficulties and closed leaving Brown to find other employment.

A member of the Unitarian Church, Thomas Brown was an advocate for both social and political reform, supporting the concept of responsible government in which the members of the Legislative Council of Quebec would be appointed by the Legislative Assembly's majority party. Brown also worked to improve social conditions through aid to the poor. Influenced by the republican form of government in the United States, over time his frustrations with the government of Great Britain saw him join the Montreal Vindicator newspaper in 1832 at the invitation of his friend Edmund Bailey O'Callaghan. Following the death of founder Daniel Tracey, O'Callaghan had been appointed the paper's new editor and with Brown, they continued to espouse the former owner's radical views. Their attacks were especially harsh against the Governor of the Colony, Lord Gosford despite the fact that he had ordered the dissolution of the British Rifle Corps in January 1836.

In 1833, Brown's wife, Jane Hughes, died. By this time, Brown had moved firmly from a moderate who sought to reform the political system, to a radical wanting to fundamentally alter Canadian society. In 1837 he participated in the Lower Canada Rebellion and was head of the military faction of the rebel group, the Société des Fils de la Liberté, that openly advocating revolution. In November, Brown was wounded and partially blinded in one eye during the street fight between the Société des Fils de la Liberté and the Doric Club but nevertheless, in December he still fought against government forces at the Battle of Saint-Charles. Defeated, he escaped to the United States where he worked as a journalist in Florida. In 1844, he was granted an amnesty and returned to Montreal where Charles Wilson gave him a job in his hardware store. Brown married Hester Livingston in 1860 and a little more than a year later was given administrative posts in the government. Thomas Storrow Brown died at his home in Montreal in 1888 at the age of eighty-five.

Works

 Address of the Fils de la liberté of Montreal to the young people of the colonies of North America, 1837 (online)
 A History of the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada compiled from public documents, 1864 online
 "My Escape in 1837", in New Dominion Monthly, 1869 or (online)
 "Brief Sketch of the Life and Times of the late Hon. Louis Joseph Papineau", in New Dominion Monthly, 1872 (online)
 The Rebellion of 1837; Interesting reminiscences; Progress of events; The Ministers sent out from England, 1873
 Strong drink: what it is, and what it does, 1884.

References

1803 births
1888 deaths
Appleton family
Journalists from New Brunswick
Lower Canada Rebellion people
Pre-Confederation Quebec people
Quebec revolutionaries
Canadian Unitarians
Canadian republicans
People from Saint Andrews, New Brunswick
19th-century Canadian journalists
Canadian male journalists
Writers from New Brunswick
Anglophone Quebec people
19th-century Canadian male writers

Thomas Storrow Brown


John Wagstaffe (1633–1677) was an English writer on witchcraft.

Life
Wagstaffe, born in Cheapside in 1633, was the son of John Wagstaffe of London. He was educated at St. Paul's School, and was Pauline exhibitioner from 1649 to 1658. He matriculated from Oriel College, Oxford, on 22 Nov 1650, proceeded B.A. on 18 Oct 1653, and M.A. on 9 July 1656. He was incorporated at Cambridge University in 1668. On the death of his uncle he succeeded to his estate at Hasland in Derbyshire. Anthony Wood says that after taking his degrees he "applied himself to the study of politics and learning". He wrote little, and injured his health by the "continued bibbing of strong and high-tasted liquors".

Wagstaffe died "in a manner distracted" at his lodgings in Holborn, opposite Chancery Lane, on 2 September 1677, and was buried in Guildhall Chapel. He was unmarried. Letters of administration were granted to his aunt (father's sister), Judith How, on 4 September 1677.

Writings
Wagstaffe published:

 Historical Reflections on the Bishop of Rome, Oxford, 1660.
 The Question of Witchcraft debated, London, 1669, 1671, 1711 (in German under the title of Ausgeführte Materie der Hexerey, oder die Meinung derjenigen, die glauben dass es Hexen gebe, deutlich widerlegt). He threw doubt on the truth of the alleged instances of contracts between spirits and men and women, pronouncing them to be "ridiculously absurd". His position was assailed by Méric Casaubon in the second part of his book Of Credulity and Incredulity, 1670, and in The Opinion of Witchcraft vindicated, by R. T., 1670. The attacks called forth a second and enlarged edition of Wagstaffe's book.

He also contributed a Greek poem to Britannia Rediviva, Oxford, 1660.

References

1633 births
1677 deaths
17th-century English writers
17th-century English male writers
Witchcraft in England
Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford
People from Hasland

John Wagstaffe


The Daintree River ringtail possum (Pseudochirulus cinereus), also known as the cinereus ringtail possum, is a species of possum found in northeastern Queensland, Australia. It was long believed to be the same as the Herbert River ringtail possum (P. herbertensis), but has recently been separated. The two species differ considerably in appearance.

The Daintree River ringtail possum is a cinnamon or brown colour, and has been said, like the lemuroid ringtail possum (Hemibelideus lemuroides), to resemble a lemur. It is found in montane tropical rainforest in three separate populations just north of Cairns: on Carbine Tableland, Mount Windsor Tableland and Thornton Peak massif.

References

Possums
Mammals of Queensland
Mammals described in 1945

Daintree River ringtail possum


The Hamgyong campaign, also known as  Katō Kiyomasa's northern campaign, was Katō Kiyomasa's invasion of the northeastern Korean province of Hamgyeong during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598). The campaign was largely due to the help of Korean defectors who also handed over to the Japanese their princes Sunhwa and Imhae. The Japanese reached the northeastern edge of Hamgyeong, crossed the Duman River, and attacked the Orangai Jurchens, but met with heavy resistance. Katō returned south and took up residence in Anbyeon while Nabeshima Naoshige headquartered in Gilju. By winter local resistance began pushing back at Japanese occupation and laid siege to Gilju.

Campaign
Katō Kiyomasa and Nabeshima Naoshige invaded Hamgyeong with a force of 20,000 following the taking of Gaeseong.

Both the South Army Commander and provincial governor of Hamgyeong fled without any resistance.

The Japanese met their first real resistance at Haejungchang, a warehouse near Gilju. The North Army Commander Han Gukham led an attack on the Japanese and forced them to take shelter in the warehouse. He then advanced on their position but was unable to take the fortified warehouse in the face of massed gunfire. They retreated into a nearby mountain cave where they would later be caught in an ambush by the Japanese that night. The Japanese fired on them and once they panicked, went in and cut them down. Han Guknam managed to escape only to be caught by Korean defectors who handed him over to the Japanese.

Katō marched further north and was received by Korean defectors who handed over the two Korean princes, Prince Imhae and Prince Sunhwa. Katō then crossed the Duman River with 8,000 troops and 3,000 Korean defectors into the territory of the Orangai Jurchens. He proceeded to take a relatively undefended fortress. The next day nearly 10,000 Jurchens attacked the Japanese but withdrew after a heavy downpour started blowing in their direction. Katō quickly retreated back across the Duman River and south to Anbyeon where he wrote back to Toyotomi Hideyoshi.

References

Works cited

Battles of the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)
Jurchen history
Military history of Japan
1592 in Japan
Military history of Korea
1592 in Asia

Hamgyong campaign


Michael Buchberger (8 June 1874, Jetzendorf – 10 June 1961, Straubing) was a Roman Catholic priest, notable as the seventy-fourth bishop of Regensburg since the diocese's foundation in 739.

Life

Buchberger was ordained as a priest on 29 June 1900. In November 1923 Pope Pius XI promoted him to the rank of "Bishop" in the diocese Munich-Freising. On 24 January 1924 he was ordained as a bishop by Cardinal Faulhaber. From 12 March 1928 until his death, he was the Bishop of Regensburg.

He was an expert in church history and did work as an editor for several encyclopedic books on this subject, in which he also wrote articles himself. He was the editor of the Kirchliches Handlexikon (1904-1912), and between 1930 and 1938, he was the editor of the Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche, which in 10 volumes contained 8,000 articles.

In both publications, he showcases "Christian" antisemitism.

After the war, Buchberger was active in rebuilding the diocese. Immediately after the end of the war in 1945, 95 charitable institutions were founded by him.

In the following years, 175 new churches were built on his initiative. In 1950 on the occasion of the Christian Jubilee, Pope Pius XII made him an Archbishop.

Buchberger was an honorary member of a Catholic Corporation, Katholische Studentenverbindung Südmark (Akademischer Görresverein) in Munich, which is member of the Kartellverband katholischer deutscher Studentenvereine (KV).

Awards
 1950: personal rank of archbishop by Pius XII
 1953: Großes Verdienstkreuz mit Stern und Schulterband of the German Federal Republic

Bibliography

 Josef Staber: Kirchengeschichte des Bistums Regensburg. Regensburg 1966. S. 200–205.

References

External links

 Works on and by Michael Buchberger in the Deutschen Nationalbibliothek
 Entry for Michael Buchberger on catholic-hierarchy.org
 Image of Michael Buchberger

1874 births
1961 deaths
Roman Catholic bishops of Regensburg
Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Antisemitism in Germany

Michael Buchberger


The Whistler is a 1944 American mystery film noir directed by William Castle and starring Richard Dix, Gloria Stuart and J. Carrol Naish. Based on the radio drama The Whistler, it was the first of Columbia Pictures' eight "Whistler" films starring Richard Dix produced in the 1940s. The film will be under copyright until 2040 due to renewal.

Plot
Industrialist Earl C. Conrad, who failed to rescue his wife at sea and now suffers from grief and guilt, arranges to have a hit man end his life. He does not know how he will be killed, but knows that it will happen within days. Suddenly Conrad learns that his wife is still alive, and he tries to call off the hit. Unfortunately, the underworld go-between who made the deal with him has been killed in the meantime, leaving Conrad unable to learn the identity of the actual hit man.

The pathological hired killer, obsessed with carrying out his mission, stalks Conrad as the frightened industrialist stays on the move. Always looking over his shoulder and trying to think of a way to survive, Conrad keeps running into other dangers, including the vengeance of the dead man's wife.

Cast
 Richard Dix as Earl C. Conrad
 Gloria Stuart as Alice Walker
 J. Carrol Naish as The Killer
 Alan Dinehart as Gorman
 Otto Forrest as the voice of The Whistler (uncredited)
 Joan Woodbury as Antoinette 'Toni' Vigran (uncredited)
 Robert Emmett Keane as Charles 'Charlie' McNear (uncredited)
 Don Costello as Lefty Vigran aka Gorss (uncredited)

Production
William Castle's debut movie Chance of a Lifetime had been poorly received but Harry Cohn decided to give him another chance and assigned the director to The Whistler. Castle had not liked the script for Lifetime but loved The Whistler script.

Castle wrote in his memoirs "I tried every effect I could dream of to create a mood of terror: low key lighting, wide angle lenses to give an eerie feeling and a handheld camera in many of the important scenes to give a sense of reality to the horror." Castle says he also made Dix give up smoking and go on a diet to make the actor more irritable, and keep him waiting on set and force him to redo scenes in order to increase the sense that he was haunted.

Cohn liked the movie although he made several suggestions to improve the film.

Reception
When the film was released, film critic Bosley Crowther panned it, writing, "Such is the miserable expedient to which Richard Dix is reduced in this weary, illogical imitation of an Alfred Hitchcock (plus an early Fritz Lang) film. For an hour or thereabouts he starts and stumbles just out of reach of a relentless J. Carrol Naish, who first has the original intention of frightening Mr. Dix to death. Along that line, the producers might have made a likely serio-comic film, but they change Mr. Naish's mind too quickly and send him—and the picture—in for a real kill. And so we get the routine spectacle of a dragged-out killer-and-victim chase, all very serious and phony—and, consequently, very dull."

More recently, film critic Dennis Schwartz gave the film a more favorable review, writing, "This action-packed one-hour mystery story was the first film in a series spun off from the successful radio program of the '30s and '40s. It starts off with some whistling and a monologue by the unseen Whistler, just as it was done on radio: 'I am the Whistler...and I know many things, for I walk by night.' ... This well-done suspense story continues with the panicky Earl trying to track down the killer to cancel the contract, while the killer thinks he can scare his target to death by just tailing him.  The film's theme is that man cannot change his destiny, and if his destiny is to die by murder...that's what it will be. The Whistler states at the end: 'I know because I am the Whistler.' The result is an entertaining B film."

Film critic Leonard Maltin gave it three out of four stars, writing: "[This] tense and moody tale of fate sets the ironic tone for the rest [of the Whistler series]. Naish shines as the principal hit man."

The movie was seen by the King Brothers who hired Castle to make When Strangers Marry (1946).

Sequels
The film was a popular box office attraction and seven sequels were produced over the ensuing four years.

 The Whistler - 1944, directed by William Castle
 The Mark of the Whistler - 1944, directed by William Castle
 The Power of the Whistler – 1945, directed by Lew Landers
 Voice of the Whistler – 1945, directed by William Castle
 Mysterious Intruder – 1946, directed by William Castle
 The Secret of the Whistler – 1946, directed by George Sherman
 The Thirteenth Hour – 1947, directed by William Clemens
 The Return of the Whistler – 1948, directed by D. Ross Lederman

See also
 Tribulations of a Chinaman in China (novel by Jules Verne, 1879)
 Flirting with Fate (1916)
 The Man in Search of His Murderer (1931)
 You Only Live Once (1952)
 Five Days (1954)
 Up to His Ears (1965)
 Tulips (1981)
 I Hired a Contract Killer (1990)
 Bulworth (1998)
 Shut Up and Shoot Me (2005)

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Pitts, Michael R. Famous Movie Detectives II. Rowman & Littlefield, 1991. .
 Van Neste, Dan. " The Whistler: Stepping Into the Shadows -- A Columbia Film Series". BearManor Media, 2011. .
 Wilt, David E. Hardboiled in Hollywood. Popular Press, 1991. .

External links

1944 films
1944 mystery films
American mystery films
American black-and-white films
Columbia Pictures films
1940s English-language films
Film noir
Films based on radio series
Films directed by William Castle
The Whistler films
1940s American films

The Whistler (1944 film)


A floating exchange rate is when the exchange rate between two currencies can change freely. It is also known as flexible exchange rate, or fluctuating exchange rate.  Supply and demand will influence the exchange rate. Today, floating exchange rates between currencies are common. Usually, the market will regulate the exchange rate. In most cases, the central banks of the affected countries will not intervene. They might do something, if the exchange rate rises above a certain threshold, or it falls below a minimal value.

The opposite is a fixed exchange rate, or pegged exchange rate.

Currency

Floating exchange rate