Gatorade is an American brand of sports-themed beverage and food products, built around its signature line of sports drinks. Gatorade is currently manufactured by PepsiCo and is distributed in over 80 countries. The beverage was first developed in 1965 by a team of researchers led by Dr. Robert Cade. It was originally made for the Gators at the University of Florida to replenish the carbohydrates that the school's student-athletes burned and the combination of water and electrolytes that they lost in sweat during vigorous sports activities.

Originally produced and marketed by Stokely-Van Camp, the Gatorade brand was purchased by the Quaker Oats Company in 1983, which, in turn, was bought by PepsiCo in 2000. As of 2010, Gatorade is PepsiCo's fourth-largest brand, on the basis of worldwide annual retail sales. It competes with Coca-Cola's Powerade and Vitaminwater brands worldwide, and with Lucozade in the United Kingdom. Within the United States, Gatorade accounts for approximately 67.7% of market share in the sports drink category.

History

Gatorade was created in 1965, by a team of scientists at the University of Florida College of Medicine, including Robert Cade, Dana Shires, Harry James Free, and Alejandro de Quesada. Following a request from Florida Gators football head coach Ray Graves, Gatorade was created to help athletes by acting as a replacement for body fluids lost during physical exertion. The earliest version of the beverage consisted of a mixture of water, sodium, sugar, potassium, phosphate, and lemon juice. Ten players on the University of Florida football team tested the first version of Gatorade during practices and games in 1965, and the tests were deemed successful. On the other hand, star quarterback Steve Spurrier said, "I don't have any answer for whether the Gatorade helped us be a better second-half team or not... We drank it, but whether it helped us in the second half, who knows?" Nonetheless, the football team credited Gatorade as having contributed to their first Orange Bowl win over the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets in 1967, at which point the drink gained traction within the athletic community. Yellow Jackets coach Bobby Dodd, when asked why his team lost, replied: "We didn't have Gatorade. That made the difference."

The University of Florida researchers initially considered naming their product "Gator-Aid". They settled on the name Gatorade, however, since the researchers wanted to create a commercial product, not a scientifically-validated one. Darren Rovell notes in his history of Gatorade, First in Thirst, "the doctors realized that they probably shouldn't use the 'Aid' suffix, since that would mean that if the drink were ever marketed, they would have to prove that it had a clear medicinal use and perform clinical tests on thousands of people." Gatorade co-inventor Dana Shires explained, "We were told that you couldn't use that because the Food and Drug Administration prohibited that. That would classify it as something other than a cola or soft drink, so we changed it to ade."

Some were skeptical that the product's effect was anything more than a placebo. Cade mentioned, "If you told a football player that you were giving him Demerol to relieve pain and you gave him a placebo instead, there's about a 30% chance that the placebo will relieve the pain as much as taking Demerol would have."

Shortly after the 1969 Orange Bowl, Robert Cade entered into an agreement providing Stokely-Van Camp, Inc. (S-VC), a canned-food packaging company, with the U.S. rights to production and sale of Gatorade as a commercial product. In the same year, a licensing arrangement made Gatorade the official sports drink of the National Football League (NFL), representing the first in a history of professional sports sponsorship for the Gatorade brand. A year after its commercial introduction, S-VC tested multiple variations of the original Gatorade recipe, finally settling on more palatable variants in lemon-lime and orange flavors. This reformulation also removed the sweetener cyclamatewhich was banned by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1969replacing it with additional fructose. In the early 1970s, legal questions arose regarding whether or not the researchers who invented Gatorade were entitled to ownership of its royalties since they had been working under a research grant from the federal government which provided financial stipends. The University of Florida also claimed partial rights of ownership, which was brought to resolution in 1973 in the form of a settlement awarding the university with a 20% share of Gatorade royalties. As of 2009, the university had received more than $150 million from its share and was receiving approximately $12 million per year.

The Quaker Oats Company purchased S-VC and Gatorade in 1983 for $220 million, following a bidding war with rival Pillsbury. In its first two decades of production, Gatorade was primarily sold and distributed within the United States. Beginning in the 1980s, the company expanded distribution of Gatorade, venturing into Canada in 1984, regions of Asia in 1987, South America and parts of Europe in 1988, and Australia in 1993. In 1990, Gatorade introduced Gatorade Light, a lower-calorie version sweetened with saccharin. International expansion came at the cost of $20 million in 1996 alone; however, the resulting efforts produced worldwide sales of $283 million in more than 45 countries during the same year. In 1997, distribution of Gatorade in an additional 10 countries prompted an 18.7% growth in annual sales.

In 2001, the multinational food and beverage company PepsiCo acquired Gatorade's parent company, the Quaker Oats Company, for $13 billion in order to add Gatorade to its portfolio of brands. PepsiCo had also recently developed All Sport, which it divested of shortly following the Quaker acquisition to satisfy antitrust regulations. Worldwide development of Gatorade continued into the 2000s, including expansion into India in 2004, and the United Kingdom and Ireland in 2008. As of 2010, Gatorade products were made available for sale in more than 80 countries. As the number-one sports drink by annual retail sales in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Italy, Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, Indonesia, and the Philippines, Gatorade is also among the leading sports drink brands in Korea and Australia.

As the distribution of Gatorade expanded outside of the U.S., localized flavors were introduced to conform to regional tastes and cultural preferences, among other factors. For example, Blueberry is available in Colombia, and in Brazil, a Pineapple flavor of Gatorade is sold. In Australia, flavors include Antarctic Freeze and Wild Water Rush. Some flavors that have been discontinued in the U.S., such as Alpine Snow and Starfruit, have since been made available in other countries.

In 2011, Gatorade was re-introduced to New Zealand by Bluebird Foods, a PepsiCo subsidiary in New Zealand. The product is made in Australia by Schweppes Australia, and exported to New Zealand and distributed along with Bluebird potato chips.

In September 2022, Gatorade introduced Fast Twitch, its first caffeinated energy drink that had 200 milligrams of caffeine, electrolytes, and B vitamins but contained no sugar or carbonation. The company said it was designed to be taken in before a regular beverage consumed for hydration. It was an example of a broader push by PepsiCo into energy beverages.

Products

In its early years, the Gatorade brand consisted of a single product line, Gatorade Thirst Quencher, which was produced in liquid and powder form under two flavor variants: Lemon Lime and Orange. These remained as the only two flavor options for nearly 20 years, until the addition of the fruit punch flavor in 1983. In 1988 a Citrus Cooler flavor was introduced. The rise to popularity of this flavor was largely a result of Michael Jordan, who, at the height of his NBA career in the early 1990s, stated that it was his favorite flavor. This claim appeared on the packaging beginning in 1991, as part of a 10-year endorsement deal. The Citrus Cooler flavor was reportedly discontinued at some point in the 1990s; however, even as late as 2011, it was listed as being a current product in the U.S. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, as well as the late 1990s to early 2000s, a Gatorade brand of chewing gum called Gator Gum was produced. The product, manufactured by Fleer Corporation, was available in both of Gatorade's original flavors (lemon-lime and orange). In the late 1970s, Stokely-Van Camp (owner of Gatorade before 1983) negotiated a long-term licensing deal with Swell and Vicks to market Gator Gum. The gum was discontinued in 1989 after the contract expired.

It was not until the mid and late 1990s that Gatorade beverages became available in a broader range of flavor variations. Among these initial flavor extensions were Watermelon, introduced in 1995, and Cherry Rush, Strawberry Kiwi, and Mandarina flavors, added in 1996. In January 1997 Gatorade launched a new sub-line called Gatorade Frost with the intent of broadening the brand's appeal beyond traditional team competitive sports. Three initial flavors under the Frost product line were introduced at this time: Alpine Snow, Glacier Freeze, and Whitewater Splash. Aimed at what the company described as the 'active thirst' categorya market ten times the size of the sports drink segmentGatorade Frost proved to be successful, far surpassing the company's initial expectations. Flavors in the Frost line were the first from Gatorade to divert from fruit names; it was described as consisting of "light-tasting fruit-flavor blends".

Gatorade revealed the Gatorade Energy Bar in 2001. This bar was Gatorade's first foray into solid foods and was introduced to compete with PowerBar and Clif Bar. Gatorade Energy Bars contained a large proportion of protein, in addition to carbohydrates. The bar was primarily made up of puffed grains and corn syrup, common components of other energy bars. In 2001, Gatorade introduced the Gatorade Performance Series, a special line of sports nutrition products. These products include Gatorade Carbohydrate Energy Drink, Gatorade Protein Recovery Shake, the Gatorade Nutrition Shake, and the Gatorade Nutrition Bar. The Endurance Formula, introduced in 2004, contained twice the sodium and three times the potassium of the typical Gatorade formula as well as chloride, magnesium, and calcium, to better replace what athletes lose while training and competing.

Introduced in 2002, Gatorade Ice was marketed as a lighter flavored Gatorade and came in Strawberry, Lime, Orange, and Watermelon. All of these flavors were colorless and transparent. Ice was re-branded in 2006 as Gatorade Rain and the flavor selections altered. In late 2007, a low-calorie line of Gatorade drinks, named G2, was released. G2 was meant for athletes off the field and the yoga crowd. , G2 has been produced in eight flavors: Orange, Fruit Punch, Grape, Lemon-Lime, Tropical blend, Blueberry-Pomegranate, Raspberry Melon, and Glacier Freeze. SymphonyIRI Group named G2 the "top new food product of 2008", noting that the product generated retail sales of $159.1 million in its first full year of production.

Gatorade Tiger was a Gatorade Thirst Quencher sports drink formed as the result of a sponsorship arrangement with Tiger Woods. Debuting in March 2008, Gatorade Tiger was available in Red Drive (cherry), Cool Fusion (lemon-lime), and Quiet Storm (grape). Gatorade Tiger contained 25% more electrolytes than Gatorade Thirst Quencher. As part of the 2009 rebranding, Gatorade Tiger was re-labeled as Focus. It was reformulated, adding the amino acid theanine, which is naturally found in many forms of tea, improving mental focus. Focus contained about 25 mg per  serving or 50 mg per  bottle. On November 25, 2009, it was reported by Beverage Digest, and later confirmed by PepsiCo, that they had made a decision, several months before November 2009, to discontinue some products to make room for the Prime and Recover products as part of a then-upcoming G Series re-branding. In 2015, the Gatorade Energy gummies made their debut along with the Gatorade energy bar.

Re-branding

In 2010, Gatorade re-branded a number of its products. Original Gatorade was initially re-labeled as Gatorade G. Gatorade Rain was re-labeled as No Excuses. Gatorade AM was re-labeled Shine On; Gatorade X-Factor was relabeled as Be Tough, and Gatorade Fierce was relabeled Bring It. However, these names were short-lived, as a 2% decline in market share in 2009 led to a broader repositioning of the entire line in 2010. Beginning in February 2010, the Gatorade product portfolio was re-positioned around what the company refers to as the G Series, categorizing varieties of its products into three main segments: before, during, and after athletic events.

 The Prime 01 product line consists of a pre-game fuel in a gel consistency, positioned for consumption prior to athletic activity.
 Traditional Gatorade products such as Gatorade Thirst Quencher (Original Gatorade), G2, and Gatorade Powder are categorized under the Perform 02 classification, representing their intention for consumption during periods of physical exertion.
 Recover 03 refers to a post-workout protein and carbohydrate drink, formulated with the consistency of a sports drink. The composition of this beverage reflects its intention to provide both hydration and muscle recovery after exercise.

G Series Pro, a brand extension initially developed for professional athletes, began to be sold in GNC and Dick's Sporting Goods stores in the U.S. in 2010 after first being available only in professional locker rooms and specialized training facilities. Also in 2010, Gatorade introduced the G Natural Gatorade line which is made with "natural flavors and ingredients", specifically sweetened with Stevia and sold in Whole Foods grocery stores within the United States. G Natural was released in two flavors: G Orange Citrus and G2 Berry. The G Series began to replace prior iterations of Gatorade product lines in the U.S. (the brand's highest volume market) in 2010. While Gatorade products have historically been developed for athletes engaging in competitive sporting events, a separate line of products formulated for consumption before, during and after personal fitness exercise was introduced in the U.S. in 2011. Labeled under the name G Series FIT, this product line consists of pre-workout fruit-and-nut bites, lightly flavored electrolyte replacement drinks, as well as post-workout protein recovery smoothies.

G Organic with interest from consumers and two years of research, Gatorade developed an organic version of the sports drink. The product was launched in 2016 with three initial flavors (Lemon, Mixed Berry, and Strawberry), was USDA certified organic through each step of the process, contained sea salt, and no artificial colors.

Gx Sweat, in March 2021, Gatorade released Gx Sweat patch, which measures a user's sweat and hydration. It is the company's first wearable product.

Gatorlyte, in 2021, Gatorade released Gatorlyte, a 5-electrolyte blend that they claim provides 'rapid rehydration'.

Fast Twitch, in 2023, Gatorade released Fast Twitch, an energy drink that they claim will 'ignite power and athletic performance'.

Composition and health concerns

The original Gatorade is based on oral rehydration therapy, a mixture of salt, sugar, and water, with the citrus-based flavoring and added food coloring. The composition of individual Gatorade products varies depending upon the product in question, as well as the country in which it is sold. Gatorade Thirst Quencher contains water, sucrose (table sugar), dextrose, citric acid, natural flavor, sodium chloride (table salt), sodium citrate, monopotassium phosphate, and flavoring/coloring ingredients. Some Gatorade flavor variations used to contain brominated vegetable oil as a stabilizer. Brominated vegetable oil was discontinued in 2013, and has been replaced with sucrose acetate isobutyrate. An  serving of Gatorade Perform 02 (Gatorade Thirst Quencher) contains 50 calories, 14 grams of carbohydrates, 110 mg sodium and 30 mg potassium.

Gatorade Thirst Quencher is sweetened using a sucrose-dextrose mix. For a period of time in the 1990s and early 2000s, high fructose corn syrup was used to sweeten Gatorade distributed in North America, but as of 2011, the drink is once again sweetened with a sucrose–dextrose combination, which the company describes as being "preferred by consumers". G2 and G2 Natural, labeled as being "lower calorie" variants, are sweetened in part with PureVia, an extract of the Stevia plant.

The presence of calories, sugar, and sodium in Gatorade products has drawn attention from public school constituents, who have raised question over whether the sale of Gatorade beverages should be permitted in such schools. In 2010, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger sponsored a bill () which proposed a ban on the sale of sports drinks in California schools. In 2015, the University of California, San Francisco began to phase out the sale of sodas, sports drinks and energy drinks in its cafeterias, vending machines, and campus catering and retail locations, and began to "sell only zero-calorie beverages or non-sweetened drinks with nutritional value, such as milk and 100% juice".

There are 34 g of sugar (8 teaspoons) in one  bottle of regular Gatorade. The USDA's recommended daily maximum of added sugars per person is about 50 grams. According to the American Heart Association, the recommended maximum amount of sugar is 25 grams per day for women and 36 grams per day for men. The American Heart Association states that children and teens should drink no more than  of sugary beverages per week.

In 2012, a study on nearly 11,000 teens reported that "teens put on even more weight if they drank a bottle of sports drink each day, averaging  for every sports drink consumed per day". The researchers concluded, "We need to educate parents and clinicians about what constitutes a sugary drink... Sports drinks are promoted by professional athletes as a healthy drink, but they really don't need to be used by kids unless they are continually exercising for long periods or they're in hot climates."

The USDA states that the average American will consume  of sugar each year, almost  of sugar per day. One of the most prevalent ways that sugar is consumed is through drinks. Most people do not notice the amount of sugar that one given drink can have.

In January 2013, the Gatorade manufacturer (PepsiCo) agreed to remove brominated vegetable oil (BVO) from its Gatorade products in the USA amidst health concerns.
The composition of Gatorade in Europe, Japan and India remain unaffected as BVO was outlawed there 23 years earlier.

Research and development

Gatorade's inventors went on to develop new sports drinks. Gatorade's owners sued to acquire rights to these new products, but they never made them available publicly. First, Shires and Cade developed Go!, a drink that, unlike Gatorade, contained protein to stimulate muscular recovery. Stokley-Van Camp paid "a fee to have the exclusive rights for some period of time, but they never did develop it".

In 1989, Dr. Cade created a new sports drink that he claimed was more effective than Gatorade. The new product was called TQ2, shorthand for Thirst Quencher 2. The patent application read:

"The invention described here is a novel fluid composition which surprisingly and advantageously maintains blood volume at levels well above those observed in the absence of fluids or even with Gatorade."

In an experiment with cyclists, Cade found that TQ2 allowed athletes to endure for 30% longer than Gatorade.

Cade pitched the TQ2 product to Pepsi and other beverage companies. Meanwhile, Gatorade's owner Quaker sued Cade. After years of legal proceedings, Cade was forced to sell TQ2 to Quaker in 1993. Quaker "bagged" TQ2, never releasing it to the public. Gatorade claimed that its research found that TQ2 was not an improvement over the original Gatorade formula. Cade, on the other hand, continued to stand by his product. He accused Quaker and Gatorade of stifling the publication of the research behind TQ2.

The Gatorade Sports Science Institute (GSSI), a research facility operated in Barrington, Illinois, has been featured in a number of the company's commercials. Established in 1985, this organization consists of scientists studying the correlation and effects of exercise, environmental variables, and nutrition on the human body. According to Darren Rovell, "GSSI was created at a time when there was a lot of scientific controversy, since there wasn't much public evidence that Gatorade actually worked...GSSI was also created to be part of Gatorade's powerful marketing arm."

It regularly conducts testing and research on how hydration and nutrition affect athletic performance. Professional athletes such as Eli Manning as well as collegiate and amateur athletes have been involved in fitness testing programs at the GSSI, which in part have led to innovations in new Gatorade formula variations and product lines.

In 2001, the GSSI observed that professional race car drivers were not maintaining adequate levels of hydration during races, attributable to the nature of drivers enduring multiple-hour races in high temperatures. As a result, it developed a product called the "Gatorade In-Car Drinking System", which has since been implemented in the vehicles of many professional race car drivers.

In addition to the Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Gatorade sponsors external health and fitness research. In 1992, Gatorade paid the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) $250,000. A year later, Gatorade and the American College of Sports Medicine held a roundtable meeting on "exercise and fluid replacement". The ACSM published the meeting's results in 1996, advising athletes to drink "at a rate sufficient to replace all the water lost through sweating" or "the maximal amount that can be tolerated". Gatorade continues to sponsor the American College of Sports Medicine, though the exact amount it pays is not public.

Advertising and publicity

Early Gatorade advertisements claimed that the drink moved through the body 12 times faster than water. Research found that this was not true - Gatorade moves through the body at the same speed as water. Gatorade removed the claim from its advertisements. Gatorade advertisements have claimed that athletes need to consume at least "40 oz. per hour [] or your performance could suffer". South African exercise physiologist Dr. Tim Noakes found that Cynthia Lucero died from exercise-associated hyponatremic encephalopathy drinking Gatorade at "the rate recommended by the advertisements".

Gatorade is the official sports drink of the NFL, MLB, NBA, WNBA, USA Basketball, NHL, Association of Volleyball Professionals, Indian Super League, High School Sports Teams, NASCAR, and other professional and collegiate athletic organizations, providing supplies of the drinks to sponsored teams in some cases. Distribution was extended to include the U.K. in 2008, coinciding with an agreement designating Gatorade as the official sports drink of Chelsea F.C. (for outside of the U.S. and Canada) Gatorade's 1991 Be Like Mike ads featured Michael Jordan of the Chicago Bulls, a North American basketball team which had just won its first National Basketball Association championship at the time. The ads began airing in August 1991 and "Be Like Mike" became a household phrase in the United States. In 2015, new versions of the ads were produced to commemorate the brand's 50th anniversary.

In more recent years, the Gatorade brand has continued to employ professional sports athletes in the promotion of its products. Primary endorsers in the 2000s have included Major League Baseball player Derek Jeter of the New York Yankees, National Hockey League player Sidney Crosby of the Pittsburgh Penguins, National Basketball Association player Dwyane Wade of the Miami Heat and Chicago Bulls, PGA Tour golfer Tiger Woods, and National Football League quarterback Peyton Manning of the Indianapolis Colts and Denver Broncos.

In April 2014 it was announced that Gatorade would become an official supplier to Formula 1 team Sahara Force India. Gatorade became the main global sponsor for the UEFA Champions League starting in the 2015–18 cycle outside of North America. In November 2021, Gatorade signed UConn basketball superstar Paige Bueckers, making her the company's first college endorser since the NCAA allowed athletes at its member schools to receive compensation for product endorsements. At the time, other athlete endorsers included basketball players Elena Delle Donne, Jayson Tatum, and Zion Williamson; NFL quarterback Trevor Lawrence; track star Sydney McLaughlin, and tennis great Serena Williams.

Gatorade also hosts a variety of awards given to high school athletes who excel in their respective sports. One prominent award given is the Gatorade National Football Player of the Year.

The Gatorade shower

The Gatorade shower, originally called the "Gatorade Dunk", is an American sports tradition in which players from a victorious team sneak up behind the head coach with a Gatorade cooler  and pour the entire contents (generally Gatorade and ice) over his head at the end of a game.

This tradition was popularized in the mid-1980s when Harry Carson and Jim Burt, of the New York Giants, doused head coach Bill Parcells during the 1985 season. Burt's teammates picked up on this practice and popularized it during the team's championship season of 1986–87. The tradition has since become a recurring tradition across other team sports, including Canadian football. The name may be used even when other drinks such as water or Powerade are substituted.

Gatorade and oral rehydration

In the aftermath of the 1994 Rwandan genocide, aid agencies were struggling to save the lives of thousands of Rwandan refugees dying of dehydration due to cholera in camps in eastern Zaire. The aid agency AmeriCares was heavily criticized for choosing to provide Gatorade as a form of oral rehydration solution. The New York Times stated:

But while Gatorade might be good for athletes, it is not good for cholera, said Dr. Michael Toole, an epidemiologist at the Centers for Disease Control. Gatorade does not have all the essential ingredients that an I.V. has, and people who were given it might have taken more appropriate solutions, Dr. Toole said.

AmeriCares' president responded: "We stand by our decision to ship Gatorade to Rwandan refugees. In the absence of potable water, Gatorade, with its electrolytes and water, saved countless lives in a true triage situation."

See also
 Gatorade Player of the Year awards
 Gatorade Center
 Gatorade shower
 Sports drink

References

External links

 Gatorade Sports Science Institute

Florida Gators

Products introduced in 1965
Products introduced in 1967
Soft drinks

Gatorade


Alkol is an unincorporated community in eastern Lincoln County, West Virginia, United States.  It lies along West Virginia Route 3, southeast of the town of Hamlin, the county seat of Lincoln County.  Its elevation is 748 feet (228 m).  Although it is unincorporated, it has a post office (established in 1916)
with the ZIP code 25501.

References

External links

Unincorporated communities in Lincoln County, West Virginia
Unincorporated communities in West Virginia

Alkol, West Virginia


The United States Secretary of the Army is a civilian office within the Department of Defense with statutory responsibility for all matters relating to the United States Army: manpower, personnel, reserve affairs, installations, environmental issues, weapons systems and equipment acquisition, communications, and financial management. Nominated by the President and confirmed by the U.S. Senate, the Secretary of the Army is a non-Cabinet position serving under the Secretary of Defense. This position was created September 18, 1947, when the Department of War became the Department of the Army and made a branch of the new Department of Defense.

Chronological list of Secretaries of the Army

References

United States Secretary of the Army


Dinamation International Corporation was a robotics effects company based in San Juan Capistrano, Santa Ana, and Tustin, California, United States.

History
It was founded in 1982 by former airline pilot Chris Mays and some neighbors and dropped in March 2001.  (A 2001 Wall Street Journal article describes the rise and fall and disappearance of its founder, Chris Mays.)  Originally begun as a way to lease handmade, one-of-a-kind, Japanese-produced robot dinosaurs to North American shopping malls, in time Dinamation defied its original mandate and came to produce its own production-line models for exhibit in science museums and zoos worldwide.  Dinamation was an example of an American company following, improving upon, and then outpacing its Japanese rivals.

Dinamation started out with a dozen movie special effects technicians, sculptors, painters, and engineers housed in third-tier industrial spaces in Santa Ana, California, where municipal, safety and corporate oversight was minimal and creative freedom maximal.  Given vague guidelines and a selection of consumer-grade dinosaur books for reference, they produced one "beta" show (which was sold, not leased) for a museum in Boston and also sold a display to the Mesa Southwest Museum in Grand Junction, CO, US (D.I.C. creatures are still on active exhibit there).  Techniques improved (and so did scientific fidelity, up to a point, under the guidance of paleontologists Dr.s Robert Bakker and George Callison and given the contributions made by many skilled engineers, inventor/sculptors such as public artists Raymond Persinger and Marianne O'Barr, movie effects artists Steve Koch (also designed paint schemes), Brian Sipe and Matt Croteau.  By 1988, Dinamation had grown to 150 employees embedded in a complex corporate structure and operating out of a  facility in Tustin, California.

Museum attendances soared with every visit by the "Dinosaurs Alive!" shows and remained fairly high afterwards, boosting the revenues (and often the survival) of almost every venue.  Dinamation was for a time quite successful, with exhibits around the world in important museums including the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, the National Geographic Museum, and the British Museum of Natural History.

At the end, under a cloud of financial mystery, over 700 American-made 'creatures' were left in limbo, scattered in science museums, trucks, and shipping containers across the United States and abroad.  Some of the orphaned robots have become permanent parts of the displays in the museums that had shows running when the company folded.  Other dinos were sold, lost, disassembled, disposed of, or recycled as spare parts for other dinos in better shape.  Other final vestiges of Dinamation can be seen as ubiquitous uncredited photographs of the dinosaur robots and preproduction art, scattered in children's books, toy art, video backgrounds, and recycled magazine illustrations, as well as appearances in cinema, for example, Woody Allen's film, Alice.    Images of the sculptures in process and in completed sculptures in museum displays are available online.

However, by far the largest collection of Dinamation creatures ended up as the possessions of Wonder Works USA, in Abilene, TX.  WonderWorks is now owned by Jack Hull, who has been leasing out this collection since 2001 (with the, now former, partner of Hull, John Thomas).

This huge collection has been kept in service by WonderWorks with the reliance upon two former Dinamation technicians, Ken Diggs and Mike Short, that formed Creature Craft in Nebraska.

Sculptures
Some examples of Dinamation's sculptures can still be seen at the Otway Fly in Victoria, Australia. They can also be viewed at the Museum of Western Colorado's Dinosaur Journey Museum in Fruita, Colorado. These include a Dilophosaurus, Triceratops, Stegosaurus, Utahraptor, and Apatosaurus robots, along with Tyrannosaurus sculptures.

A (very) partial list of the Dinamation robot creatures:

Tyrannosaurus rex, 1/2-size
Tyrannosaurus rex, full-size
Apatosaurus, 1/2-size
Stegosaurus stenops, 1/2-size
Allosaurus fragilis, full-size
Triceratops sp., 1/2-size
Thalassomedon sp., full-size
Deinonychus sp., full-size
Parasaurolophus sp., 1/2-size
Pachycephalosaurus sp., 1/2-size
Dimetrodon sp., full-size
Tenontosaurus, full-size, dead
Pterygotus sp., full-size
Utahraptor sp., full-size
Protoceratops and two Velociraptors, 1/2-size
Dilophosaurus, full-size

and various neotenous 'baby' dinosaurs, including hatching eggs and a pteranodon feeding a fish to youths in a rocky "nest". Others included prehistoric mammals, whales, a great white shark, an 8-limbed Archeteuthis, or  "giant squid," giant insects, and versions of some animals from Dougal Dixon's book After Man: A Zoology Of The Future.

References

Robotics companies of the United States
Entertainment companies based in California
Museum companies
Technology companies based in Greater Los Angeles
Companies based in Orange County, California
American companies established in 1986
Entertainment companies established in 1986
Technology companies established in 1986
Technology companies disestablished in 2001
1986 establishments in California
2001 disestablishments in California
Defunct companies based in Greater Los Angeles

Dinamation


Artemisia maritima is a European species of wormwood known as sea wormwood and old woman. It is native to France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Belgium, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Bulgaria and Russia.

In its many variations of form it has an extremely wide distribution in the northern hemisphere of the Old World, occurring mostly in saltish soils. It is found in the salt marshes of the British Isles, on the coasts of the Baltic, of France and the Mediterranean, and on saline soils in Hungary; thence it extends eastwards, covering immense tracts in Southern Russia, the region of the Caspian Sea and Central Siberia to Chinese Mongolia. In Britain it is found as far as Wigton on the West and Aberdeen on the East; also in north-east Ireland and in the Channel Islands. It can be also found in Italy, on the Northern Adriatic coast.

Artemisia maritima is a deciduous shrub growing to 0.6 m (2 ft). It iflowers from August to September. The flowers are pollinated by Wind.

The plant somewhat resembles Artemisia absinthium, the absinthe wormwood, but is smaller. The stems rise about a foot or 18 inches in height. The leaves are twice pinnatifid, with narrow, linear segments, and, like the whole plant, are covered on both sides with a coat of white cottony fibers. The small, oblong flower heads, each containing three to six tubular florets, are of a yellowish or brownish tint; they are produced in August and September, and are arranged in racemes, sometimes drooping, sometimes erect.

Popularly this species is called Old Woman, in distinction to Old Man or southernwood, Artemisia abrotanum, which it somewhat resembles, though it is more delicate-looking and lacks the peculiar refreshing scent of 'Old Man.' Dr. Hill says of this species: "This is a very noble bitter: its peculiar province is to give an appetite, as that of the Common Wormwood is to assist digestion; the flowery tops and the young shoots possess the virtue: the older Leaves and the Stalk should be thrown away as useless .... The apothecaries put three times as much sugar as of the ingredient in their Conserves; but the virtue is lost in the sweetness, those will not keep so well that have less sugar, but 'tis easy to make them fresh as they are wanted."

The plant abounds in salt marshes in which cattle have been observed to fatten quickly, and thus the herb has acquired the reputation of being beneficial to them, but they do not eat it generally, and the richness of maritime pasturage must be regarded as the true reason of their improvement under such circumstances. This plant is the botanical symbol of Saint Ninian. It is known locally around Whithorn in southwest Scotland as apple-ringy due to its scent.

The flowering tops and young shoots are used, collected and dried in the same manner as Wormwood. The plant possesses the same properties as the other Wormwoods but is less powerful. It is a bitter tonic and aromatic. Although it is not now employed in regular medical practice, it is often made use of by country people for intermittent fever, and for various other medicinal purposes instead of the true Wormwood.

The plant is a source of the sesquiterpenoid santonin.

Thornton, in his Family Herbal, tells us that "'beat up with thrice its weight of fine sugar, it is made up into a conserve ordered by the London College, and may be taken where the other preparations disgust too much."

It acts as a tonic and is good in worm cases, and the seventeenth century botanist Nicholas Culpeper gives the following uses for it: "Boiling water poured upon it produces an excellent stomachic infusion, but the best way is taking it in a tincture made with brandy. Hysteric complaints have been completely cured by the constant use of this tincture. In the scurvy and in the hypo-chondriacal disorders of studious, sedentary men, few things have a greater effect: for these it is best in strong infusion. The whole blood and all the juices of the body are affected by taking this herb. It is often used in medicine instead of the Roman Wormwood, though it falls far short of it in virtue."

References

External links
Plants for a Future
Natural Medicinal Herbs
Henriette's Herbal Homepage

maritima
Medicinal plants of Asia
Medicinal plants of Europe
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Artemisia maritima


Daniel Bovet  (23 March 1907 – 8 April 1992) was a Swiss-born Italian pharmacologist who won the 1957 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of drugs that block the actions of specific neurotransmitters. He is best known for his discovery in 1937 of antihistamines, which block the neurotransmitter histamine and are used in allergy medication. His other research included work on chemotherapy, sulfa drugs, the sympathetic nervous system, the pharmacology of curare, and other neuropharmacological interests.

In 1965, Bovet led a study team which concluded that smoking of tobacco cigarettes increased users' intelligence.  He told The New York Times that the object was not to "create geniuses, but only [to] put the less-endowed individual in a position to reach a satisfactory mental and intellectual development".

Bovet was born in Fleurier, Switzerland.  He was a native Esperanto speaker. He graduated from the University of Geneva in 1927 and received his doctorate in 1929.  Beginning in 1929 until 1947 he worked at the Pasteur Institute in Paris.  He then moved in 1947 to the Istituto Superiore di Sanità (Superior Institute of Health) in Rome. Two years later, in 1949, Bovet was awarded the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh. In 1964, he became a professor in at the University of Sassari in Italy. From 1969 to 1971, he was the head of the Psychobiology and Psychopharmacology Laboratory of the National Research Council, in Rome, before stepping down to become a professor at the University of Rome La Sapienza. He retired in 1982.

References

External links

1907 births
1992 deaths
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Italian Esperantists
Italian neuroscientists
Italian Nobel laureates
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Native Esperanto speakers
Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
Pasteur Institute
People from Val-de-Travers District
Academic staff of the Sapienza University of Rome
Swiss Esperantists
Swiss Nobel laureates
Swiss Protestants
Academic staff of the University of Sassari
National Research Council (Italy) people
Swiss emigrants to Italy

Daniel Bovet


Temperature is how hot or cold something is. Our bodies can feel the difference between something which is hot and something which is cold. To measure temperature more accurately, a thermometer can be used. Thermometers use a temperature scale to record how hot or cold something is. The scale used in most of the world is in degrees Celsius, sometimes called "centigrade". In the USA and some other countries degrees Fahrenheit  are more often used while scientists mostly use kelvins  to measure temperature because it never goes below zero.

Scientifically, temperature is a physical quantity which describes how quickly molecules are moving inside a material. In solids and liquids the molecules are vibrating around a fixed point in the substance, but in gases they are in free flight and bouncing off each other as they travel. In a gas the temperature, pressure and volume of the gas are closely related by a law of physics.

Useful temperatures
When they invented temperature scales scientists found there were certain things which were always around the same temperature:

Water freezes at a temperature of 0 °C, 32 °F, or 273.15 K.
The temperature inside the human body is close to 37 °C or 98 °F.
Water boils at 100 °C, 212 °F, or 373.15 K.
Things begin to glow Red hot at approximately 550 °C, 1,000 °F, or 800 K.
Things begin to glow White hot at about 1,300 °C, 2,400 °F, or 1,600 K.
The coldest possible temperature is absolute zero. Absolute zero is 0 K,-459 °F, or -273.15 °C. At absolute zero, molecules and atoms come to rest and so have no heat energy.
The highest possible temperature is the Planck Temperature. When things get hot, they glow. First red hot, which has a long wavelength, and eventually blue, which has a short wavelength. The hotter they are, the shorter the wavelength of light is that they glow at. At the planck temperature, this wavelength is as short as possible. It should be noted that more energy could be added to the system from here, however we don't know what would happen. The planck temperature is extremely high, at 141,678,400,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 K or °C, or 255,021,120,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 °F.

Temperature  and heat
Temperature is not the same as heat. Heat is energy which moves from one thing, cooling it, to another, heating it. Temperature is a measure of the movements (vibration) of the molecules inside a thing. If the thing has a high temperature, it means the average speed of its molecules is fast. A thing may have a high temperature but because it contains very few or light atoms it has very little heat.

Heat capacity
The amount of heat that is needed to make a substance one degree higher is called its heat capacity. Different substances have different heat capacities. For example, a kilogram of water has more heat capacity than a kilogram of steel. This means that more energy is needed to make the temperature of water 1°C hotter than is needed to make the temperature of steel 1°C hotter.

Weather
Temperature is also important in weather and climate. It is related to the amount of heat energy in the air. Isotherm maps are used to show how temperature is different across an area. Temperature will be different during different times of day, different seasons and in different places. It is affected by how much heat reaches the place from the suns rays (insolation), how high the place is above the level of the sea, and how much heat is brought to the place by the movement of winds and ocean currents.

Related pages

 Dew point
 Relative humidity

Weather measurements
Heat
Physical quantity
Thermodynamics
Basic physics ideas

Temperature


Robert Sloan Basker, commonly known as Bob Basker (born Solomon Basker; September 30, 1918, in East Harlem, New York City – April 6, 2001) was a civil rights activist. He first became active in the student peace movement in the 1930s and was politically active throughout his life.

Activism
Raised in an Orthodox Jewish home, Basker joined the US Army in December 1941, after the attack on Pearl Harbor deeply affected him. It was at this time in his life that he changed his name to Robert (Bob) Basker. After his tour of duty and honorable discharge, Basker became active in the Civil Rights and Anti-Vietnam War Movements. In 1961, Basker was responsible for securing a home for the first black family in the all-white suburb of Skokie, Illinois, and was instrumental in the struggle for integrated housing. In 1965, Basker, who was gay co-founded Mattachine Midwest, one of the first homosexual rights organizations in America, and was its first president under the assumed name Bob Sloane.Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame As an active Progressive member of the Democratic Party, Basker had a unique talent for forming coalitions with both organizations and influential individuals. As a fighter for civil rights, he was an active member of many organizations, including the National Organization for Women, the NAACP, the American Civil Liberties Union, Veterans For Peace, and was a Charter Officer of the Alexander Hamilton Post #448 of the American Legion. Aside from championing the issue of LGBT equality, Basker also fought for prisoners' rights, the legalization of medical marijuana, and the  availability of abortion. In the final years of his life, he was employed by the San Francisco District Attorney's office.

Later life
On September 28, 1998, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors passed a resolution commending Basker on his 80th birthday for his years of commitment and service to the citizens of San Francisco and the Gay/Lesbian/Bisexual/Transgender community of San Francisco. He was also recognized as a long time activist for labor, gay rights, and medical marijuana. Basker drew together a variety of groups to work together for the common cause of getting California voters to pass the 1996 medical marijuana law, Proposition 215. Basker died April 6, 2001, of heart failure at age 82. On April 9, 2001, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors adjourned its meeting out of respect to his memory.

Recognition
 Chicago LGBT Hall of Fame (1993)

References

1918 births
2001 deaths
American LGBT rights activists
Jewish American military personnel
Gay Jews
Activists from New York City
American LGBT military personnel
People from East Harlem
Gay military personnel
United States Army personnel of World War II
20th-century American Jews
20th-century American LGBT people
Inductees of the Chicago LGBT Hall of Fame

Bob Basker


Sergei Nikolayevich Sergeyev-Tsensky (,  December 3, 1958) was a prolific Russian and Soviet writer and academician. According to the opinion of Sergei Sossinsky, although "Sergeyev-Tsensky does not belong to Russia's top classical authors, he might have [been] if he had not had the misfortune of living half his life under Communist rule."

Early life
Sergei Sergeyev was born on , in the village of Preobrazhenskoye, Rasskazovsky District, Tambov Governorate.  His father was a teacher and a retired veteran of the Crimean War of 1853–1856. At four, Sergeyev learned how to read and at five he already knew by heart many poems by Pushkin and Lermontov, as well as Krylov's fables, beginning to write his own poems at seven. At this time, his family had moved to Tambov where Sergei's father received a post in the government.

It was reported that Sergeyev "was fascinated by Russian translations of the Iliad and the Odyssey and read them avidly [and] at school, rewrote a scene from Boris Godunov, adding rhymes to Pushkin's blank verse, and was taken to task by the literature teacher for trying to outdo the great poet" and that when he wrote a short story at home, "his father threw into the fire, saying that prose writing was even more difficult than poetry and he was not ready for it yet."

When his parents died, Sergeyev studied at a teacher-training college, graduating in 1895 and then worked as a teacher in different towns of Russia until 1904, when the Russo-Japanese War broke out and he was drafted into the army, where he spent two years.

Career
He published his first works in 1898, and his first book Thoughts and Dreams in 1901. The latter contained poems with strong civic undertones.

Reportedly, "after his discharge from the army, Sergeyev-Tsensky bought a plot of land in Alushta, the Crimea, and built a house on it. He would live there for the rest of his life, only leaving this beautiful corner for short trips to St. Petersburg and Moscow, and other places. He sent his stories to periodicals for publication.".

In 1907, he published the novel Babayev, where he described revolutionary events in a provincial town. It was reportedly "later discovered that the story of the officer hero of the novel was actually the author's own experience in the revolution."

Sergeyev had reportedly "virtually no friends among the popular writers of the day" and when, in 1906, Alexander Kuprin visited Alushta and sent a messenger to Sergeyev-Tsensky, Sergeyev "told the messenger that the letter was intended for his absent uncle." Kuprin, however, was standing nearby and made sure he spoke with Sergeyev. "Such behavior was typical of Sergeyev-Tsensky" and when staying in a famous St. Petersburg hotel known as a place where most of Russia's great writers had stayed, "Sergeyev-Tsensky put a notice on his door saying 'I'm never at home.'"

During World War I, the author was again drafted into the army, but was put into the reserve because of his age. Little was heard from the writer during World War I and the following Russian Civil War with lean times forcing Sergeyev to sell off his possessions for food. A story goes that a neighbor who helped him milk a newly acquired cow soon became his wife, Khristina – a college graduate and a gifted pianist.

The author turned to historical subjects in 1923, but with the communist rule, it became harder to write freely on any topic. With the rise of Maxim Gorky, however, who admired Sergeyev, things gradually improved. Reportedly, "in letter to Sergeyev-Tsensky, Gorky admitted that [although] they had differences in their attitudes to the human species [and] that Sergeyev-Tsensky did not have the respect for people that he, Gorky, felt, this did not prevent them from sharing many other basic feelings." Even with Gorky's support, however, "Sergeyev-Tsensky had difficulty adapting to Soviet reality and was, in particular, forced to rewrite some of his earlier works.".

The work of his life was Russia's Transfiguration which consisted of 12 novels, 3 stories and 2 studies. This work is reportedly comparable with Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's Red Wheel. Both are monumental works dealing with the period before, during and after the revolution. Sergeyev-Tsensky, however, is, reportedly, "a better stylist than Solzhenitsyn, who keeps inventing non-existent Russian words [and while] both works are biased, Solzhenitsyn's bias is monarchist and self-imposed, while Sergeyev-Tsensky no doubt had to tread carefully to save his life and struggle with himself to appear pro-Soviet.".

"The late 1930s were a particularly dangerous time, and to weather it Sergeyev-Tsensky had the brilliant idea to write a work about the Crimean War. His father's library included an excellent selection of books about the siege of Sevastopol, and he set to work, producing three volumes in 1936–1938, the worst years of the Great Terror. For a while it was not clear if the work would be published. The imminent war and the need to revive Russia's military past finally tipped the scales in its favor. In 1939–1940 Sevastopol Labors was published, and in 1941 the writer received the Stalin Prize instead of being sent to the Gulag. It is also probable that the fact that he lived so far from the centers of power in the Soviet Union was another factor in saving him (Sergeyev-Tsensky had been given an apartment on Tverskaya Street in Moscow, but he still spent most of his time in the Crimea). His story was not unlike that of Maximilian Voloshin, poet, artist and critic who also lived in the Crimea all his life and survived the 1930s.".

"With the outbreak of World War II it became easier for many decent writers, in particular Sergeyev-Tsensky, to wholeheartedly support the Soviet regime. He wrote patriotic articles encouraging the war effort.".

"After the war Sergeyev-Tsensky's position as a leading Soviet Russian writer, as he was then known, was firmly established. Nevertheless, he continued to work feverishly, produced an incredibly large number of works, including several thousand poems and fables. His 80th birthday was widely celebrated in 1955, and he also received the Lenin Prize."

He died on December 3, 1958 in Leningrad, aged 83.

"It is important to note, however, that his best works were devoted to the military, whom he knew so well from his first-hand experience before the revolution. Readers who do not have a taste for military subjects find Sergeyev-Tsensky rather dull. Perhaps his best pages were devoted to the 1916 Brusilov Offensive in World War I and to General Brusilov himself. But his failing health and the difficulty of dealing with Soviet reality prevented him from completing Russia's Transfiguration. Despite the fact that Sergeyev-Tsensky may seem old-fashioned to some readers, his books continued to be published in large printings during perestroika, and he will always be read by the general reader, to say nothing of intellectuals.".

Bibliography

Brusilov's Break-Through: a Novel of the First World War , translated into English by Helen Altschuler, Hutchinson & Co, London, 1945.
Tundra (1902, The Tundra)
Preobrazhenye zapiski (1914–40, The Transfiguration)

References

External links

Selected Bio from biography.com
Bibliography (in Russian)

1875 births
1958 deaths
People from Rasskazovsky District
People from Tambovsky Uyezd
Russian male short story writers
Russian male novelists
Soviet novelists
Soviet male writers
20th-century Russian male writers
Soviet short story writers
20th-century Russian short story writers
Hlukhiv National Pedagogical University of Oleksandr Dovzhenko alumni
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour

Sergei Sergeyev-Tsensky


Joy is an emotion of great happiness.
Joy can also be interpreted as a person's name.

Joy may also refer to:

Joy as a surname
 Alfred Harrison Joy, American astronomer (d. 1973)
 Bernard Joy, English footballer (d.1984)
 Bill Joy, Computer Pioneer (William Joy)
 Brian Joy, a former English footballer
 C. Turner Joy, an admiral of the United States Navy (d. 1956)
 Charles Frederick Joy, U.S. politician from Missouri (d. 1921)
 George William Joy, an Irish illustrator (d.1925)
 Greg Joy, a Canadian Olympic athlete
 Henry Bourne Joy, automobile businessman (d. 1936)
 Ian Joy, an American soccer player
 Joseph Francis Joy, American inventor and founder of Joy Mining Machinery (d.1957)
 Leatrice Joy, an American silent film actress (d. 1985)
 Mary E. Joy, a British author and journalist (d. 1898)
 Mike Joy, a TV sports announcer currently with NASCAR and FOX Sports
 Norman H. Joy, British coleopterist noted for his work Practical Handbook of British Beetles (d. 1953)
 Prosenjit Joy, a cricketer from Bangladesh
 Rick Joy, an American architect
 Robert Joy, Canadian character actor

Joy as a given name
 Joy Behar, American comedian, TV host of The View, and actress
 Joy Davidman, American writer and wife of C. S. Lewis (d. 1960)
 Joy Destiny Tobing, winner of the first Indonesian Idol
 Joy Enriquez, American singer who had success in the early 2000s
 Joy Fawcett, an American soccer player
 Joy Garnett, a New York artist
 Joy Giovanni, WWE diva
 Joy Grieveson (Elizabeth Grieveson), British track and field athlete
 Joy Harjo, an American poet
 Joy Kogawa, a Canadian poet and novelist
 Joy Lauren, an American actress
 Joy Mustafi, Computer Scientist, India, Indian Statistical Institute
 Joy Ogwu, a Nigerian foreign minister
 Joy Padgett, a Republican member of the Ohio Senate
 Joy Quigley, a New Zealand politician
 Joy Smith, a Canadian politician
 Joy Turner, a fictional character on the US sitcom My Name is Earl, played by Jaime Pressly
 Joy Williams, Christian singer
 Judy-Joy Davies, an Australian backstroke swimmer of the 1940s
 Joy Chang, a student
 Joy Serg, "Embargo" guild member

Literature
 Joy (novel), a 1990 novel by Marsha Hunt
 Joy (novels), series of erotic novels by Joy Laurey
 "Ode to Joy" ("An die Freude" in German), an ode written in 1785 by the German poet and historian Friedrich Schiller
 Surprised by Joy, an autobiographical work by C. S. Lewis
 The Joy of Sex, an illustrated sex manual by Alex Comfort, M.D., Ph.D.

Music
The fourth and final movement of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, also called "Ode to Joy"; inspired by the poem of Schiller
Joy to the World (disambiguation), the title of a Christmas carol and several other songs
Joy (album), the final album by The Skids
Joy (EP), a three-song EP by American punk band the Minutemen
Joy (The Stalin), the first album by Japanese punk rock band The Stalin
Joy (Avalon album), a holiday album by Avalon
Joy (Paul King album), the one solo album by Paul King
"Joy", a single by experimental group Psychic TV
Joy and Joy, a single and album by Japanese singer Yuki Isoya
"Joy", a song by Against Me! from their album Searching for a Former Clarity
"Joy", a song by Lucinda Williams on her album Car Wheels on a Gravel Road
"Joy", a song by François Feldman on his album Indigo
"Joy", a song by VNV Nation on their album Praise the Fallen
"Joy", a song by Mick Jagger on his album Goddess in the Doorway
"A Joy", a song by Four Tet on his album Everything Ecstatic
"Joy", an Italo Disco Austrian band, well known for their hit Touch By Touch (1985)
 Joy Division, a band from the United Kingdom
 Joy Electric, a one-man electropop/synth-pop/Christian group consisting of Ronnie Martin
 Joy Records, a record label

Joy as place name
 Joy, Illinois, a village in the United States
 Joys Green, a village in Gloucestershire, England
 Joy Range, a mountain range on Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut, Canada
 Port La-Joye / Fort Amherst, French for "Port of Joy", located in central Prince Edward Island, Canada
 Several places called Mount Joy

Miscellaneous
 Joy Buzzer, a practical joke device
 Joy (programming language), a concatenative functional language
 Joy Melbourne, a radio station in Melbourne, Australia
 Joy dishwashing liquid, a brand name of detergent products produced by Procter & Gamble
 The Joy of Painting, a television program hosted by Bob Ross
 Joystick, a computer game control device
 Nurse Joy, a set of similar looking characters from the fictional Pokémon franchise that operate the Pokémon Centers.
 USS Daniel A Joy (DE 585), a rudderow class destroyer
 USS Turner Joy (DD-951), a US Navy destroyer named after C. Turner Joy (above)

Joy


A bookcase, or bookshelf, is a piece of furniture that is used to hold books.

Bookcases can be different sizes, from a small single shelf to a large bookcase that can fill an entire wall.

Libraries have many bookcases holding books on many different topics.

History of the bookcase
In imperial China, there were revolving bookcases. They are described in 8th- and 9th-century Chinese writings. They were popular in Buddhist monasteries during the Song Dynasty. A revolving bookcase is shown in Li Jie's Yingzao Fashi.

Books used to be written by hand. Not many of them were made. At that time, they were kept in small boxes or chests. The boxes or chests were carried around with the owners. When people started having a lot of books and other manuscripts, they kept them on shelves or in cupboards. Later the cupboard doors were removed. The cupboards then looked like today's bookcases.

The oldest bookcases in England are in the Bodleian Library at Oxford University. Those were put there near the end of the 16th century.

References

Furniture

Bookcase


Douglas Brymner (July 3, 1823 – June 19, 1902) was a Canadian politician, journalist, civil servant and archivist.

Born in Greenock, Scotland, Brymner immigrated to Canada in 1857 with his wife and son settling in Melbourne, Lower Canada. He served two terms as mayor of Melbourne before moving to Montreal in 1864 where he became editor of the Presbyterian and joined the editorial staff of the Montreal Herald. In 1872, he moved to Ottawa where he worked as Senior Second Class Clerk in charge of archives for the Department of Agriculture. In 1872, he was appointed the first Dominion Archivist, a position he held until his death in 1902. In 1895, he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. In 1898 he was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society.

Creation of Canadian Archives and Appointment of Brymner, 1872

After Canadian Confederation in 1867, there was a major push led by the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec for a national archive; it was a deemed as necessary for the Canadian government to create an archive because of the relationship between archives, history, national consciousness and national unity. A petition had been signed by more than fifty leading authors and scholars that urged parliament to create a repository of historical archives where archives could be collected, maintained, arranged and accessible to scholars for reference. The petition was strongly endorsed by the Canadian Library Committee and was transfer to the Minister of Agriculture who at the time was responsible for arts and manufactures. The petition was then put into action and in 1872 Canadian Parliament voted a sum of $4000 to the creation. Parliament appointed Douglas Brymner, then a noted journalist, as Senior Second Class Clerk and was responsible to oversee and create a national records repository and undertake general archival responsibilities.

First Year as Senior Second Class Clerk, 1873
Brymner, given the task of creating a Canadian Archives and was allocated, as reported later, an empty room and vague instructions; in starting, there was no single document with any description. Brymner approached his new position with much enthusiasm though and in his first year visited Toronto, Montreal, Quebec, Halifax, Saint John and Fredericton, reporting on the state of various accumulations of government records. In doing so, he captured his first major collection of records. In Halifax records of the British Army from the conquest of Canada in 1759 to the withdrawal of garrison in 1871 were found and transferred to Ottawa. These records, estimated at 400,000 items were the first major accession for the new archives.

Brymner's Notable Acquisitions, 1873-1902

Brymner's notable acquisitions and contributions to the archives consisted of the making of calendars of the Bouquet and Frederick Haldimand Papers, the state papers of Lower Canada from 1761 to 1838, Upper Canada from 1791 to 1838, Nova Scotia from 1603 to 1801, New Brunswick from 1784 to 1801, Prince Edward and Cape Breton Islands from 1763 to 1801, and those relating to Hudson's Bay from 1673 to 1759. By 1883 the holdings of the archival branch contained 1, 063 volumes of British military records, 197 volumes of Canadian civil and military records, 189 volumes of copies of private military records from the British Museum, 450 maps and charts, 1, 395 books and 24 volumes of miscellaneous private papers.

Brymner's Vision for Canadian Archives

Brymer's greatest role was his setting the standard, goals and concept for future archivists. After spending time in Britain, and Paris from 1881 to 1883, Brymner became influenced by the European archival system and sent memorandum on government records in Europe. He also urged for the creation of a new building to house archives.

In 1882, Brymner had started to develop this role for Canadian Archives and emphasized the importance of documenting all aspects of Canadian society, rejecting any gearing towards political life. In an Archives Report in 1882, he wrote: "The special object of the office [Canadian archives]… is to obtain from all sources, private as well as public, such documents as may throw light on social, commercial, municipal as well as purely political theory."

It was Brymner's goal to create an archive that looked past the traditional archival function as an administrative governmental body. Brymner wanted to archives to act as an information repository that took in information from various sources in which created a robust information repository that reflected Canadian heritage and life in general. Later, in a report for the American Historical Association, he wrote "My ambition aims at the establishment of a great storehouse of the history of the colony and colonists in their political, ecclesiastical, industrial, domestic, in a work every aspect of their lives. It may be a dream, but it is a noble dream."

References

External links

1823 births
1902 deaths
Canadian archivists
19th-century Canadian civil servants
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
People from Greenock
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Members of the American Antiquarian Society

Douglas Brymner


Blakeley Island is an island in the U.S. state of Alabama, within the city limits of Mobile.  Located on the northwestern coast of Mobile Bay, it is bounded on the west by the Mobile River, on the south by Pinto Island and Mobile Bay, and on the east and north by the Spanish River.  Blakeley serves as a vital road connection point between the Bankhead Tunnel, George Wallace Tunnel, and Cochrane–Africatown USA Bridge on its east side and the Battleship Parkway and Jubilee Parkway on its west side.  The northern end is largely undeveloped, while the southern end is dedicated to industrial uses, primarily petrochemical storage and shipbuilding.  The largest complex is the shipyards of Austal USA.  Approximately  at its widest and  at its longest, it has an average elevation of .  It, along with downtown, forms District Two of Mobile's city council districts.

Archive
 https://frisco.org/mainline/2014/12/10/blakeley-island-alabama-car-ferry/

References

Islands of Alabama
Landforms of Mobile County, Alabama
Mobile Bay

Blakeley Island (Alabama)


Emery L. Frazier (September 24, 1896 – April 24, 1973) was a Kentucky politician who served as secretary of the United States Senate.

Born in Railey Station in Woodford County, Kentucky, he interrupted his studies at the University of Kentucky in 1917 to enlist in the Army. After serving during World War I, he completed his degree and was admitted to the Kentucky Bar in 1921. He was elected to the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1922, later served as reading clerk of the House, and was elected mayor of the City of Whitesburg.

Frazier was reading clerk for the Democratic National Convention in 1932, when he followed his friend, Senator Alben W. Barkley, to Washington, D.C. There, Frazier was appointed legislative clerk of the Senate that year and served until 1948, when he was appointed Chief Clerk of the Senate. Frazier ascended to Secretary of the U.S. Senate on January 1, 1966, the twentieth person to hold that title, and he served for nine months before leaving the office and being appointed by the Senate to work on a history of the body. Frazier continued that work until 1970, when he retired because of illness.

References

External links
Senate Biography

1896 births
1973 deaths
People from Woodford County, Kentucky
Democratic Party members of the Kentucky House of Representatives
People from Whitesburg, Kentucky
Mayors of places in Kentucky
Military personnel from Kentucky
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army soldiers
20th-century American politicians

Emery L. Frazier


Gretchen (,  ; literal translation: "Little Grete" or "Little Greta") is a female given name of German origin that is mainly prevalent in the United States.

Its popularity increased because a major character in Goethe's Faust (1808) has this name. In German, the  ("question by Gretchen"), derived from Faust, is an idiom for a direct question that aims at the core of a problem and that should reveal the intentions and mindset of the questioned. The question is usually inconvenient to the questioned since he or she shall confess to something crucial he or she was intentionally or unintentionally vague about before.

In German-speaking countries, Gretchen is not a common stand-alone given name but rather a colloquial diminutive form of Grete (Greta), which itself is a short form of Margarete. It fell out of use when the popularity of the latter two names declined in the 20th century.

People
Gretchen (singer) (born 1959), Brazilian singer
Gretchen Abaniel (born 1985), Filipino professional boxer
Gretchen Albrecht (born 1943), New Zealand painter
Gretchen Barretto (born 1970), Filipina actress
Gretchen Bleiler (born 1981), professional halfpipe snowboarder and pioneer
Gretchen J. Berg (born 1971), an American TV writer/producer
Gretchen Brewin (born 1938), Canadian politician
Gretchen Carlson (born 1966), former Miss America and current TV host
Gretchen Corbett (born 1947), American actress
Gretchen Cryer (born 1935), American writer, actress, and lyricist
Gretchen Driskell (born 1958), American politician, a former member of the Michigan House of Representatives, and candidate for Michigan's 7th congressional district in 2016.
Gretchen Dutschke-Klotz (born 1942) German-American author and former activist
Gretchen Dykstra (born 1948), previous President and CEO of the World Trade Center Memorial Foundation
Gretchen Egolf (born 1973), American actress
Gretchen Franklin (1911–2005), English actress
Gretchen Fraser (1919–1994), American alpine skier
Gretchen Fullido (born 1984), Filipina news anchor and model
Gretchen Gierach (21st century), American epidemiologist
Gretchen Hofmann (21st century), professor at the University of California
Gretchen Keppel-Aleks (21st century), an American climate scientist
Gretchen Kirby (21st century), American educator
Gretchen Lieberum (21st century), American singer
Gretchen Magers (born 1964), a former professional tennis player
Gretchen Malalad (born 1980), Filipina 2005 Southeast Asian Games karate gold medalist
Gretchen Massey (born 1969), radio host and performer
Gretchen McCulloch, Canadian linguist
Gretchen Merrill (1925–1965), American figure skater
Gretchen Mol (born 1972), American actress
Gretchen Morgenson (born 1956), Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist
Gretchen Oehler (1943–2001), American actress
Gretchen Osgood Warren (1868–1961), actress, singer, poet, and muse
Gretchen Parlato (born 1976), American jazz singer
Gretchen Passantino (1953–2014), Christian apologist
Gretchen Peters (born 1957), American country singer
Gretchen Phillips (born 1963), American musician
Gretchen Polhemus (born 1965), the 38th Miss USA
Gretchen Quintana (born 1984), Cuban heptathlete
Gretchen Rau (1939–2006), professional property master, set decorator, and art director
Gretchen Ritter (21st century), American academic administrator
Gretchen Rubin (born 1965), American author and attorney
Gretchen Ulion (born 1972), American ice hockey player
Gretchen Whitmer (born 1971), 49th Governor of Michigan and former Michigan State Senator
Gretchen Wilson (born 1973), Grammy award-winning American country music singer-songwriter
Gretchen Wyler (1932–2007), American actress

Fictional characters
Gretchen, a fictional character played by Ivonne Mai in the 2019 film The Last Faust
Gretchen, a fictional character from Faust: The First Part of the Tragedy
Gretchen Morgan, fictional character from Prison Break
Gretchen Berg, fictional character from Heroes
Gretchen, a fictional character played by Eden Sher in Weeds
Gretchen Cutler, a fictional character from You're the Worst
Gretchen Ross, a fictional character from Donnie Darko
Gretchen Witter, a fictional character from Dawson's Creek
Gretchen, a fictional character from Phineas and Ferb
Gretchen Grundler, one of six main characters in Recess
Gretchen Schwartz, fictional character played by Jessica Hecht in Breaking Bad
Gretchen Wieners, a fictional character played by Lacey Chabert in Mean Girls
Gretchen, a fictional character from Invader Zim
Gretchen Mannkusser, fictional character from Malcolm in the Middle
Gretchen, a fictional character from Donald Fagen's song: The Goodbye Look, on his album The Nightfly
Gretchen, a fictional character from Camp Lazlo
Gretchen, a fictional character from Camp Lakebottom
Gretchen Grimlock, the antagonist in Cryptids Island on the online game Poptropica.
Kriemhild Gretchen, the witch form of Madoka Kaname, a fictional character from Puella Magi Madoka Magica
Gretchen Bodinski, a fictional character from Suits
Greedy Gretchen, a character who appeared in episodes of the TV sitcoms Three's Company and Three's a Crowd
Gretchen, a character in James A. Michener's novel The Drifters
Gretchen, a character in George Tabori's farce stage-adaptation of Hitler's Mein Kampf
Gretchen, a fictional character from Zombillenium
Gretchen Klein, a character in The Wilds (TV series)

Fictional creatures
Gretchen, a fictional dog in Dark (TV series)

References

Feminine given names
Given names derived from gemstones

Gretchen


The Kingdom of Sardinia was a monarchy that ruled the Italian island of Sardinia. It was established in 1324. It was given to the House of Habsburg. They were eventually forced to give it to the House of Savoy. Since the House of Savoy also ruled Piedmont, the Kingdom was sometimes referred to as Sardinia-Piedmont. The Savoy family ruled from 1720 till 1861 when Italy officially united itself. Under the Savoy family, the capital of the state was Turin. The territory also included the city and surrounding land of Genoa. In Italian it was known as the Regno di Sardegna.

The kingdom was originally made up of the islands of Corsica and Sardinia. Sovereignty over both of those was claimed by the Popes. While under Spanish rule, the state was ruled by viceroys.

Notable monarchs
Philip V of Spain ruled over the vast Spanish Empire including Sardinia.
Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia first of the House of Savoy to rule the territory.
Victor Emmanuel II of Italy later the first king of a united Italy.

1324 establishments
1861 disestablishments
Former monarchies in Italy
House of Savoy
1320s establishments in Europe
Establishments in Italy
1860s disestablishments in Italy

Kingdom of Sardinia


Korea Train eXpress (KTX) is South Korea's high-speed railway system, operated by Korail. According to "the Rules of High-Speed Railway Construction" in South Korea, high-speed railway is defined as a railway train that is traveling at a speed of 200 km/h or more in major section and it is designated and notified by Minister of Construction and Transportation.

The construction of high-speed railway began in June 30, 1992, and KTX services were launched on April 1, 2004, making South Korea the world's fifth country after Japan, France, Germany, Spain, and China to develop a high-speed train running above 300 km/h. The total length of railway is 410 km and it links Seoul and Pusan. The major stations between the two cities are Gwangmyeong, Cheonan, Asan, Daejeon, Daegu, Gyeongju, and Busan.

Top speed for trains in regular service is currently 305 km/h (190 mph), though the infrastructure is designed for 350 km/h (217 mph). The initial rolling stock was based on Alstom's TGV Reseau, and was partly built in Korea. The domestically developed HSR-350x, which achieved 352.4 km/h (219.0 mph) in tests, resulted in a second type of high-speed trains now operated by Korail, the KTX Sancheon. The next generation KTX train, HEMU-430X, achieved 421.4 km/h in 2013, making South Korea the world's fourth country after France, Japan and China to develop a high-speed train running on conventional rail above 420 km/h.

History
Along with the Seoul-Busan axis in 1970s, more than half of the population and GDP of South Korea were concentrated, and 70% of freight traffic and 66% of passenger traffic were concentrated on this axis either, which cause traffic congestion. So, the government saw the pressing need for solution to this problem. The first proposal for a second Seoul-Busan railway line originated from France and Japan which already joined in Korean metropolitan subway business. After that, the Ministry of Territory and Transportation outsourced it research to KAIST, which was committed from 1978 to 1981. The study came to conclusion that building double track railway on Seoul-Busan line is needed and a high-speed passenger railway is advisable for a new railway. A plan for construction of high-speed railway on Seoul-Daejeon line was adopted in the 5th Korean Five Year Plan.

However, it took 10 years more to initiate the project of construction of high-speed railway. The public opinion was formed that several feasibility studies should be done because the project needed lots of money. Also, because of preparation for the Seoul Olympic in 1988, the government suffered from narrow resources. However, one of candidates for the presidency presented the High-speed railway project as election pledge, and the project began in earnest after he became president. In 1989, the institutions to manage its preparation were established: the Gyeongbu High Speed Electric Railway & New International Airport Committee, and the High Speed Electric Railway Planning Department. In 1991, the law for Korea High-Speed Railway Construction Authority was proclaimed, and the project started to be governed by the corporation.

References

Rail transport in South Korea
High-speed rail
Organizations based in South Korea

Korea Train eXpress


Ideaworks Game Studio (IGS) was a British video game developer based in London. Founded in 1998, originally trading as Ideaworks3D the studio has a heritage of developing high-end native cross platform technology and games for the iPhone and Smartphone markets. The studio has created award-winning games, including original and franchise-based games for publishers.

Studio History

Founded in 1998, Ideaworks3D was established to develop high-end, native, cross platform technology and games software. The studio innovated graphics on low-power devices, with projects that included porting a PS1 version of Tomb Raider to the Compaq iPAQ. Ideaworks3D's launched Nokia's N-Gage in 2004, for which the company developed 4 launch titles that used multi-player and network features.

In 2005 a game studio was established with a team of employees from PC and console backgrounds to develop AAA native C++ based mobile games. The company has subsequently brought both original and franchise-based games for publishers to market, receiving awards, for their content.

In mid-2009, Ideaworks3D was restructured into two distinct operations, with Ideaworks Game Studio continuing to develop for iPhone and Smartphone but with a remit to focus on a broader range of cross platform, download capable, handheld and console platforms. Ideaworks Labs continued to focus on cross platform technology development, with its Airplay SDK, which became available commercially. In June 2011 Airplay SDK was re-branded Marmalade.

Studio Services

Cross Platform Development:Ideaworks Game Studio history includes extensive experience porting games from multiple sources to its propriety Airplay SDK, enabling deployment to multiple handheld and mobile platforms.
The studio's development pipeline and engine extends their core Airplay technology, to a wider range of gaming formats including Nintendo DS/DSi and Sony PSP Go alongside development support for console based digital download formats such as Xbox Live Arcade, PlayStation Network and WiiWare.

Studio Project Development: Ideaworks Game Studio provides full cycle development for original IP projects, alongside its capability to work with the premier games industry IPs.

Games

References

External links
 Ideaworks Game Studio

Defunct video game companies of the United Kingdom
Video game development companies
Defunct companies based in London

Ideaworks Game Studio


The Arrangers' Publishing Company (APC) is an American publisher of marching band music, concert band music and drill designs for middle school, high school and college bands.

The company originated in 1985 with the goal of providing a new approach to marching band music. In 1992, APC published its first concert band literature. Low-cost drill designs presented in an easy to use format were offered shortly thereafter.

The company's focus has been on the effectiveness of the arrangement, showcasing diverse and sometimes unlikely material, with genres ranging from hard rock and heavy metal to jazz and American patriotic music. APC produces full-length studio recordings of its music.

Notable APC arrangers and composers include Roland Barrett, Kenny Bierschenk, Scott Boerma, Jay Dawson, John Fannin, Gary P. Gilroy, Larry Kerchner, Bill Locklear, Victor Lopez, Chris McDonald, Joe Murphy, Brad Pearson, Timothy Rhea, Steve Reisteter, Jeff Simmons, Tom Wallace and Bill Wiedrich.

The company is incorporated in the state of Tennessee and headquartered in Nashville. Jay Dawson and Jeff Hearington are the owners and officers of the company. Dawson is president and continues to arrange and compose music for marching and concert bands.

External links
 Arrangers' Publishing Company website

References

Publishing companies established in 1985
Sheet music publishing companies
Music arrangers
Music education organizations
Companies based in Nashville, Tennessee
Marching bands
1985 establishments in Tennessee

Arrangers' Publishing Company


The Chambers Dictionary (TCD) was first published by William and Robert Chambers as Chambers's English Dictionary in 1872. It was an expanded version of Chambers's Etymological Dictionary of 1867, compiled by James Donald. A second edition came out in 1898, and was followed in 1901 by a new compact edition called Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary.

TCD is widely used by British crossword solvers and setters, and by Scrabble players (though it is no longer the official Scrabble dictionary). It contains many more dialectal, archaic, unconventional and eccentric words than its rivals, and is noted for its occasional wryly humorous definitions. Examples of such definitions include those for éclair ("a cake, long in shape but short in duration") and middle-aged ("between youth and old age, variously reckoned to suit the reckoner"). These jocular definitions were removed by the publisher in the 1970s, but many of them were reinstated in 1983 because of the affection in which they were held by readers.

The twelfth edition of The Chambers Dictionary was published in August 2011 by Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd and runs to 1936 pages with 62,500 main entries. This edition is available for mobile use as an iPhone, iPad, or Android app. That has been followed by the thirteenth edition published in 2014. Also on sale is the smaller 21st Century Dictionary of 1664 pages, where "the focus is on the English that people use today, and definitions are given in straightforward, accessible language". This dictionary can be accessed for free online.

Scrabble

In an agreement with Mattel's predecessor, J. W. Spear & Sons, the Chambers Dictionary was, for several decades, the official source of words for the book Official Scrabble Words (OSW), a lexicon of all words and inflections playable in tournament Scrabble within the UK and other countries such as New Zealand and Australia. In 2005, Mattel changed the source dictionary to Collins English Dictionary.

See also
Chambers's Encyclopaedia
William Chambers
Robert Chambers
Chambers Harrap Publishers

References

External links
Official website
Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd
Chambers's Etymological Dictionary of the English Language
1st edition, impressions: 1867, 1872, 1874, 1875, 1876.
2nd edition, impressions: 1900
Chambers's English Dictionary (1872)
Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionary
 A 1903 impression
Chambers Dictionary History and Trivia including some of the famous "Chambersisms"

1867 non-fiction books
1872 non-fiction books
1901 non-fiction books
English dictionaries
Scottish non-fiction literature
1872 establishments in Scotland
History of Edinburgh
Culture in Edinburgh
Online English dictionaries

Chambers Dictionary


The Man Next Door () is a 2010 Argentine film directed by Mariano Cohn and Gastón Duprat. It was nominated for the 2010 Goya Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film.

Synopsis
A story that exposes a clash between neighbors, and how these neighbors deal with their differences. The movie opens with a scene of a sledge hammer creating a hole on a wall that serves as a divider between the houses of two men. On one side of the screen is pure darkness, while light sheds through the hole on the wall on the other side. This contrast of light and darkness symbolizes the two different worlds of the protagonists. Leonardo (Rafael Spregelburd) is a rich and successful designer with a passion for architecture. On the other hand, Victor (Daniel Aráoz) is a used car salesman who is rough around the edges. The conflict of the movie arises when Leonardo discovers that Victor is building a window on the dividing wall. Leonardo claims that this window is illegal and that it violates his privacy because it is openly facing his living room; however, Victor declares that he just needs a little bit of sunlight, which Leonardo has received plenty of in his glass home. Throughout the movie, the men argue back and forth about the window and the problem seems irresolvable.

Cast
 Rafael Spregelburd as Leonardo Kachanovsky
 Daniel Aráoz as Víctor Chubelo
 Eugenia Alonso as Ana Kachanovsky
 Inés Budassi as Lola
 Loren Acuña as Elba
 Eugenio Scopel as Uncle Carlos
 Débora Zanolli as Fabiana
 Bárbara Hang as Friend at dinner
 Juan Cruz Bordeu as Friend at dinner

Location
The film was entirely shot at the Casa Curutchet (Curutchet House), the only residential house designed and built by the famous Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier in the Americas. The film takes place in La Plata, Argentina.

Accolades
The movie won the Best Argentine Feature Film prize at the 24º Mar del Plata Film Festival in Argentina, the Best Cinematography Award in the World Dramatic Competition at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival, and it was selected to participate at The Lincoln Center Film Society's and MoMA's 2010 New Directors/New Films Festival in New York, USA. The film also won awards for Best Movie, Best Direction, and Best Original Script at Premios Sur in 2011.

External links

2010 films
2010s Spanish-language films
2010 drama films
Argentine drama films
Films directed by Gastón Duprat and Mariano Cohn
2010s Argentine films

The Man Next Door (2010 film)


Karl Hecker (8 May 1827 – 14 December 1882) was a German gynecologist and obstetrician born in Berlin. He was the only son of medical historian Justus Hecker (1795–1850).

He studied medicine at the Universities of Berlin, Heidelberg, Paris and Vienna, receiving his doctorate in 1848 from Berlin. In 1851 he became an assistant at the clinic of obstetrics at the Berlin-Charité under Dietrich Wilhelm Heinrich Busch (1788–1858). Here he gained his habilitation in 1853 with a thesis involving retroverted gravid uterus (De retroversione uteri gravidi).

In 1858 he was an associate professor of obstetrics at the University of Marburg, and during the following year accepted an appointment as a gynecologist at the University of Munich. At Munich he was also director of the municipal district maternity hospital and school for midwives. In 1874/75 he served as university rector. From 1877 he worked with Carl Siegmund Franz Credé (1819–1892) and Alfred Hegar (1830–1914) for the creation of an independent gynecological society, but it wasn't until 1885, three years after his death, when the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie was established.

Hecker was a son-in-law to politician Johann Caspar Bluntschli (1808–1881).

Written works
 Beiträge zur Lehre der Schwangerschaft außerhalb der Gebärmutterhöhle (Contributions on the topic of pregnancy outside the uterus). 1858
 Klinik der Geburtskunde (Clinic of Obstetrics), 1861; with Ludwig von Buhl (1816–1880)
 Ueber die Schädelform bei Gesichtslagen. 1869
 Ueber den Gesundheitszustand der Wöchnerinnen in der Kreis- und Lokal-Gebäranstalt München (On the health of mothers in the district and local maternity hospital in Munich) 1877
 Beobachtungen und Untersuchungen aus der Gebäranstalt zu München, umfassend den Zeitraum von 1859–1879 (Observations and studies from the maternity hospital in Munich, comprising the period from 1859 to 1879).

References
 ADB:Hecker, Karl von Wikisource

German obstetricians
German gynaecologists
Physicians from Berlin
Academic staff of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
1827 births
1882 deaths
Academic staff of the University of Marburg

Karl von Hecker


A breadboard is an electron tool which can be used to test electrical circuits. Instead of using soldering to connect wires and components together (like on a perfboard or printed circuit board), they can be stuck into the holes of the breadboard. It has metal strips inside that will connect them, and it lets them be removed easily or moved around when testing a circuit.

The rows and columns of holes on a breadboard are usually labelled with numbers and letters. Everything in a row with the same number will be connected, except if the breadboard has a strip down the center. In that case, the metal is split and the row has two separate connections (one on each side). The center strip is also useful when connecting integrated circuits, because they can be pushed in over the top of it and have legs connecting to both sides without overlapping the connections.

22 or 24 gauge wire usually work best to plug into the holes in a breadboard.

Electronics

Breadboard


Hope is a district municipality in British Columbia, Canada. Hope is in the confluence of both of the Fraser and Coquihalla rivers. As of 2006, 6,185 people lived there. The current mayor of Hope is Laurie French. During World War II there was a internment camp in Hope for the Canadians of Japanese extraction.

Other websites
City of Hope's Official website

Cities in British Columbia

Hope, British Columbia


Crown moulding is a form of cornice created out of decorative moulding installed atop an interior wall.  It is also used atop doors, windows, pilasters and cabinets.

Historically made of plaster or wood, modern crown moulding installation may be of a single element, or a build-up of multiple components into a more elaborate whole.

Application
Crown moulding is typically installed at the intersection of walls and ceiling, but may also be used above doors, windows, or cabinets.  Crown treatments made out of wood may be a single piece of trim, or a build-up of multiple components to create a more elaborate look.  The main element, or the only in a plain installation, is a piece of trim that is sculpted on one side and flat on the other, with standard angles forming 90-degrees milled on both its top and bottom edges.  When placed against a wall and ceiling a triangular void is created behind it.  Cutting inside and outside corners requires complex cuts at standard angles, typically done with powered compound miter saws that feature detents at these angles to aid the user.

An alternative method, coping, is a two step process that begins with cutting a simple miter on both mating trim ends, then uses a coping saw to back-cut least one of the miters along its profiled edge to provide relief during installation.

Simplified crown installation is possible when using manufactured corner blocks, requiring only simple butt cuts on each end of lengths of trim.  Plastic and foam versions of crown are now available, typically with corner blocks, for easy installation by DIY home improvement enthusiasts.

Angle calculations

Fitting crown moulding requires a cut at the correct combination of miter angle and bevel angle.  The calculation of these angles is affected by two variables: (1) the spring angle (or crown angle, typically sold in 45° and 38° formats), and (2) the wall angle.

Pre-calculated crown moulding tables or software can be used to facilitate the determination of the correct angles.  Given the spring angle and the wall angle, the formulas used to calculate the miter angle and the bevel angle are:

 Miter angle
 Bevel angle

See also
 Baseboard
 Dado rail
 Panelling
 Picture rail

External links
 Online Angle Generator and Crown Molding Installation Tutorials

Floors
Walls
Woodworking
Architectural elements

Crown molding


Aricia (, Arikía) is a name appearing in Virgil's Aeneid in a context that makes it possible for it to be interpreted as referring to a mythical personage:

Ibat et Hippolyti proles pulcherrima bello,
Virbius, insignem quem mater Aricia misit...

(Rough translation: "To the war also came the most fair offspring of Hippolytus, Virbius, whom, distinguished, mother Aricia sent...")

It may appear from the quoted passage that Aricia is the mother of Virbius by Hippolytus. Yet Virbius is commonly the name by which Hippolytus himself was known after he was brought back to life on the request of Artemis. As for Aricia, Servius in his commentary on the lines in question explained that Virgil had been referring to the town Aricia, using the epithet "mother" with the town's name in honor of Octavian Augustus whose mother was a native of Aricia. Indeed, Aricia was a location holy to Diana (equated with Artemis) near Rome where Egeria, the spirit of a nearby stream, shared with Diana the guardianship of childbirth, and where Hippolytus (Virbius) was said to have been brought by Artemis after his resurrection.

Nevertheless, the passage in the Aeneid seems to have given rise to a literary tradition concerning Aricia as a consort of Hippolytus. Giovanni Boccaccio in his Genealogia Deorum Gentilium states that Theodontius was wrong in making Hippolytus celibate and explains that the character was known to have had a love affair with an Athenian noblewoman named "Aritia". Aricia (French Aricie) is also a major character in Jean Racine's Phèdre, where she is made out to be the sole surviving member of the house of Pallas.

References

Sources
Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft, Band IXA, Halbband 17, Vindelici-Vulca (1961) - s. 179
 Wilhelm Heinrich Roscher (ed.): Ausführliches Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie. Band 1.1 (A-H), Leipzig, 1886. - s. 546

Aeneid

Aricia (mythology)


John Tracy Morrison (December 25, 1860 – December 20, 1915) was the sixth governor of Idaho from 1903 until 1905.

Biography
Morrison was born in Jefferson County, Pennsylvania. He was married to Grace Darling Mackey in 1886. He graduated from Wooster University in 1887. He graduated from Cornell Law School in 1890 and moved to Caldwell, where he became a successful attorney and an active member of the local Presbyterian Church. He served as commissioner to the national assembly of his church five times.

Career
In 1891, Morrison was influential in founding the College of Idaho and served as an original faculty member, teaching English and history. In 1893 he became a member of the school's board of trustees. He served on the board of trustees until 1904.

An unsuccessful candidate for state legislature in 1896, Morrison was Chairman of the Republican State Central Committee from 1897 to 1900.

Idaho Republicans nominated Morrison as their gubernatorial candidate in 1902. He was elected by defeating the Democratic incumbent, Frank W. Hunt. During his term in office, state examinations of weights and measures were initiated, a pure food law was enacted, and a reform school at St. Anthony was founded.

Morrison sought reelection in 1904, but Republicans declined to nominate him for a second term, instead supporting Frank R. Gooding. Upon leaving office on January 2, 1905,  he returned Caldwell, and resumed his law practice.

Death
Morrison died December 20, 1915, and is interred at the Morris Hill Cemetery, Boise, Ada County, Idaho US.

References

External links
National Governors Association

1860 births
1915 deaths
American Presbyterians
Cornell Law School alumni
Republican Party governors of Idaho
Idaho lawyers
People from Jefferson County, Pennsylvania
People from Caldwell, Idaho
19th-century American politicians
20th-century American politicians
19th-century American lawyers
College of Wooster alumni

John T. Morrison


Sir Archibald Ross KBE (186719 March 1931) was a pioneering marine engineer.

He was 18 years of age when he became a pupil of Messrs. R & W Hawthorn at their St. Peters Works at Newcastle upon Tyne in England, and all his working life was spent with this well-known engineering and shipbuilding company. During Sir Archibald's regime, turbines and boilers for some of the heaviest units in the Royal Navy were built. He attended the National Labor Conference in Washington, USA, in 1910 as an employers' representative. His work on the Merchant Shipbuilding Advisory Committee and on the Admiralty Shipbuilding Council was recognized officially in June 1921, when he was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire, this followed the Commander of the British Empire honor he had been awarded three years previously.

He served two terms as president of the North-East Coast Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders, and was a director of Messrs. Ruston-Bucyrus Ltd., specialists in excavating machinery which incorporated the old established firms of Ruston and Hornsby Ltd. of Lincoln, England, and the Bucyrus-Erie Co. of South Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in the United States.

He was also a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, on the Council of the Institution of Naval Architects, and a member of the Institute of Metals.

He was a great lover of music and president of the North of England Musical Tournament.

He married in 1896 and had four sons, three of whom served in the Royal Navy. One son, George Campbell Ross, Lieutenant Commander was Chief Engineering Officer of the battleship HMS Rodney and later Admiral of the Royal Navy. On 16 September 1929 he married Alice Behrens, daughter of the banker Paul Behrens (of Bank Salomon & Oppenheim) in Berlin, the first German women to marry an Englishman after World War I.

British marine engineers
1931 deaths
1867 births
People from Newcastle upon Tyne
Engineers from Tyne and Wear

Archibald Ross