Mod Fun are an American power pop/garage punk band from New Jersey. Mod Fun were originally active in the early to mid-1980s, and played an integral part in New York City's burgeoning garage rock revival scene at the time.  By mid 1986 they were widely regarded as one of the best known indie rock bands in NYC and New Jersey. After disbanding at the height of their career in the late 1980s to pursue other projects, the three original members reunited in 2004 and have been active since.

Career
The members of Mod Fun started playing music together as childhood friends in early 1979, and initially called their band Rage. They counted a lot of FM radio rock and early punk among their influences, before their approach to music was revitalized when they discovered The Jam in 1982. Mod Fun wrote and recorded their first original songs in 1982-83 and released them only on cassette; beginning with a 4-track recording of four songs entitled "If You Are New" and subsequently, a collection called Release For The Mates. The first collection, "If You Are New", was produced by Steve Peer of the New York/New Jersey act TV Toy. During this time, Mod Fun also started performing frequently in the New York/New Jersey area.  Their first club date was on January 12, 1983 at the infamous Dirt Club in Bloomfield, New Jersey.  During the band's introduction that night, the club's owner, Johnny Dirt, made it a point to tell the crowd that the band members were only 16 years old.

In 1984 Mod Fun released their first single, "I Am With You" b/w "Happy Feeling" on their own label, New Records.  Playing frequently at such New York City clubs as CBGB, The Dive and R.T. Firefly, they signed a record deal with NYC's Midnight Records.  They released their first album, 90 Wardour Street in 1985.  Their live shows were high energy (sometimes reckless) spectacles, which have been said to have influenced many people who saw them to start bands of their own.

On the strength of their first releases, Mod Fun set out on their first United States tour in spring 1985, playing concerts from New York City to Los Angeles to San Francisco. With the bulk of their performances taking place in California, the band carved a niche in the "Paisley Underground" scene popularized by bands such as The Bangles, The Rain Parade and The Three O'Clock.  After returning from the tour, the band had a falling out with Midnight Records and released a three-song EP on their own Making Tyme! label entitled "Hangin' Round".  Shortly after the release of "Hangin' Round" they signed with New York City's Cryptovision Records. They recorded material for a single (Mary Goes 'Round b/w Grounded) and a second album, Dorothy's Dream.

In spring 1986, after a number of "mini tours" which took them to places such as Rochester, Vermont and Washington D.C., Mod Fun (who had taken to referring to themselves as The Mod Fun) set out for their second full scale US tour, which brought them to many more cities than their previous tour.  It was during that second tour that Dorothy's Dream was released.  After returning from the second tour, Mod Fun continued to appear in their local area, including a sold-out show at Maxwell's and an outdoor performance for the "Liberty Weekend" celebration, both in Hoboken, New Jersey.  However, these were supposed to be their final shows as Mod Fun as the band members had decided to take an extended hiatus.   Yet, during this time  (summer 1986) they were featured in numerous local, national and international articles, and began talking with well-known local musicians/producers such as Richard Barone of The Bongos and Peter Zaremba of The Fleshtones about producing future recordings. Thurston Moore of Sonic Youth and Jello Biafra of Dead Kennedys were fans of the band and interested in working with them as well.

After several months of doing very little with the group, the members decided to try a more conventional pop approach, adding keyboards and additional backing vocals to round out their sound.  They changed the name of the band to Paintbox and, after having written several new songs, they played a number of local shows in the NYC area.  Though the new sound was well received, it never lived up to the energy and spark generated by Mod Fun.  Paintbox recorded a demo tape produced by (future "Rolling Stone" Editor,) Jim DeRogatis which was never released, and, later, one track which ultimately appeared on Mod Fun's retrospective CD "Past...Forward".

In early 1987 a German concert promoter contacted the band and, based upon the solid sales of their LPs in Europe, suggested they appear on a European tour.  After a visit to the US by the promoter to meet the members and see them perform in their current configuration as Paintbox, the tour details were worked out.  The group set out for Luxembourg in April 1987.  It was only after their arrival in Europe that it became apparent that the 4-piece pop group then known as Paintbox would not fit the bill. Tour posters and other promo materials featured the name "Mod Fun" and were accompanied by 3 year old photos from the band's "90 Wardour St." LP.  Tensions over this disparity rose throughout the tour and even though the group played successful shows in huge venues in Bern, Switzerland; Vienna, Austria; Rimini and San Marino, Italy; and Hamburg and Berlin, Germany, the band acrimoniously broke up after their final show in Berlin.  Soon thereafter, Mick and Bobby formed Crocodile Shop.

In 1995, Get Hip Records released a retrospective of most of the band's recorded output (omitting the Midnight Records recordings because of legal issues), called Past Forward. In 2004, Get Hip reissued the CD, and Mod Fun played a reunion show at The Saint in Asbury Park, New Jersey. The positive reception and renewed friendship among the members inspired Mod Fun to continue on where they had left off.  Since then, Mod Fun has played extensively in the New York/New Jersey area, as well as having performed in Philadelphia, Nashville, Baltimore, Annapolis, and Chicago.

In 2007 Mod Fun released a new CD called Now...and Again on their Making Tyme! label. A double-length CD with ten new original songs and ten re-recorded classics from their 1980s catalog, it also includes a live version of "I Believe" recorded at their highly successful July 2006 CBGB show.  Continuing to play locally over the next few years, in 2009 Mod Fun began writing and recording material for another new album, entitled 'FuturePresent",.

2010 saw the release of the new 15 song CD, "Futurepresent".  The majority of the songs were written by Mick Hale but, for the first time, Bob Strete and Chris Collins contributed original songs for the new CD as well.  After doing a few in-store appearances during early 2010 to promote the new disc, Mod Fun took the opportunity in July to appear live at Asbury Lanes in Asbury Park, New Jersey as part of the very successful "Modsbury Park IV - Mods vs. Rockers" show.  This would turn out to be the group's final performance, (save 2 subsequent "one off" reunion shows in 2014 & 2020;) a result of bassist Bob Strete moving to Cincinnati. Chris Collins and Mick Hale continued to record together, releasing a video of the Paul McCartney Wings track "Band on the Run" on Mod Fun's YouTube channel, as well as a version of Badfinger's "Day After Day." In mid 2020 during the Coronavirus lock down, they dug thru the archives an mastered covers of The Eyes' "I'm Rowed Out," The Bongos' "Bullrushes," and the previously mentioned "Day After Day" digitally. In September of 2020 the albums "90 Warour Street" and "Dorothys Dream" were remastered and digitally released along with several bonus demos and live material.  In turn, the Madrid-based label SNAP!! reissued their EP "Hangin' Round," in December and included The Zombies' cover "Just Out of Reach," that was left off the 1985 initial pressing.

Discography

Singles and EPs
"I Am With You" b/w "Happy Feeling" (single) 1984 New Records
Hangin' Round (EP) 1985 Making Tyme! Records
"Mary Goes 'Round" b/w "Grounded" (single) 1986 Cryptovision Records
"I Am With You" b/w "Happy Feeling" (7" re-issue) 2014 Pennytown Sound
"Day After Day" (digital single) 2020 Making Tyme! Records
I'm Rowed Out (digital EP) 2020 Making Tyme! Records
Hangin' Round (7" Red Vinyl EP re-issue) 2020 SNAP! Records, Madrid

Albums
90 Wardour St. (1985) Midnight Records
Dorothy's Dream (1986) Cryptovision Records
Past Forward (1995) Get Hip  Records
Past Forward reissue (2004) Get Hip Records
Now And Again CD (2007) Making Tyme! Records
Futurepresent CD (2010) Making Tyme! Records
90 Wardour St. & Then Sum (digital extended reissue) 2020 Making Tyme! Records
Dorothy's Expanded Dream (digital extended reissue) 2020 Making Tyme! Records
Wardour Dreams CD (2021) Detour/Paisley Archive Records

Members
Mick London (Mick Hale)
Bob Strete
Chris Collins

Notes

References
Kaleidoscope Eyes (pages 170, 172-173) revised title "Turn On Your Mind" author Jim DeRogatis

External links
Mod Fun website
Mod Fun Myspace page
Mod Fun live Myspace page

Garage rock groups from New Jersey
American garage punk groups
Punk rock groups from New Jersey

Mod Fun


Kayahan Açar (29 March 1949 – 3 April 2015) was a Turkish pop music singer-songwriter. He was an accomplished composer, consistently ranking among the best-selling Turkish musicians of all time. Kayahan composed all of his own material and released more than eight best-selling albums during a career spanning three decades. Kayahan released a number of compact cassettes, CDs and albums and had major singles. He represented Turkey in Eurovision Song Contest 1990 with "Gözlerinin Hapsindeyim".

Early years
Kayahan Açar was born in İzmir, Turkey on 29 March 1949. He spent his childhood and young adulthood years in Ankara before moving to Istanbul.

Career
He became known for his songs "Geceler" ("Nights"), "Kar Taneleri" ("Snow Flakes"), "Esmer Günler" ("Brunette Days"), which were sung by Nilüfer, all becoming later classical.

His album Yemin Ettim (I Swore), released on 3 June 1991, became a bestseller. He coined a motto "Yolu sevgiden geçen herkesle bir gün bir yerde buluşuruz" (One day, we will meet everyone somewhere, whose path goes through love". He wrote and composed also songs for children, and appeared in television shows for children.

On 30 April 1992, he released the album Odalarda Işıksızım (Lightless in the Rooms). Ten songs of Kayahan in the album titled Son Şarkılarım (My Last Songs), released by the label Raks Müzik in March 1993, became very successful. He continued his career with the albums Benim Penceremden (From My Window), released in January 1995. The song "Allah'ım Neydi Günahım" ("God, What Was My Sin?") has been sung by many singers, and brought him great success. With this album, he introduced to the music world a new, young and talented singer, İpek Tüter, whom he married later in 1999.

Kayahan^'s 1996 album, Canımın Yaprakları (Leaves of My Life) had eight songs and expressed "Allah kimseyi sevgisiz bırakmasın" (May God not leave anyone without love), emphasizing the concept "love" with "Sevgisiz hiçbir şey yapılmaz. Herşeyin başı sevgidir" (Nothing can be done without love. The beginning of everything is love). The next year, he released the album Emrin Olur (Your Call). His ninth album Beni Azad Et (Set Me Free) came out in April 1999, and featured nine songs, some of them becoming hits. Among them was a song, "Gömeç", the name of a seaside resort in Balıkesir Province, where he has a residence with a special music studio and where he spent most of his summer time. The album Gönül Sayfam (My Soul's Page), released 26 November 2000, containing the songs "17 Ağustos" (17 August) commemorating the earthquake of 17 August 1999 and "Ninni" (Lullaby) for his new-born daughter Aslı Gönül. In Ne Oldu Can (What Happened Dear), released 17 December 2002, Kayahan emphasized the importance of the musicians and artists with his song "Bugün Aslında Bayram" (Today Is Indeed, Feastday), he wrote in memory of the late singer-songwriter Barış Manço.

Kayahan received his first important award "Altın Portakal" (Golden Orange) with the song "Geceler" (Nights) at the 1986 International Mediterranean Music Contest. He represented Turkey at the Eurovision Song Contest 1990 with his song "Gözlerinin Hapsindeyim" (I'm captive in your eyes), which came 17th. In 2003, he was honored with the Altın Kelebek (Golden Butterfly), and the MÜYAP (Music Producers Association) award for the bestselling-success of the album Ne Oldu Can. He released Kelebeğin Şansı (The Luck of the Butterfly) in 2005, and Biriciğime (To My One and Only) on 15 March 2007. He performed many concerts in Turkey and abroad. For his open-air concert held at Kızılay Square in Ankara on the occasion of the Republic Day in 1992, a crowd of about 160,000 people came together. Kayahan performed many relief benefit concerts to create or increase awareness about the environment.

Personal life
Açar was married three times. He made his first marriage to Nur in 1973. From this marriage, which lasted 18 years long, he became father of a daughter Beste (Turkish for music composition), born in 1975. Beste was runner-up for Miss Turkey in 1995. Kayahan remarried to Lale Yılmaz in 1992. The couple divorced in 1993. In 1999, at age fifty, he remarried to his third and current wife 1976-born İpek Tüter. In August 2000, İpek gave birth to their daughter Aslı Gönül.

Illness and death

In 1990, Kayahan was diagnosed with soft-tissue cancer. He caught the same disease in 2005 again. The illness repeated in 2014, and he was under treatment for cancer.

Kayahan died of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome on 3 April 2015, aged 66, in a hospital in Istanbul. He had been battling small-cell lung cancer since one-and-half years. He had overcome the disease twice before. After a Valentine's Day concert he lately performed with Nilüfer on 14 February 2015, he bid a public farewell to his fans.

He was buried in Kanlıca Cemetery, which overlooks Bosphorus, following a memorial ceremony in Cemal Reşit Rey Concert Hall, and the religious funeral service at Teşvikiye Mosque, attended also by President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and a great number of renowned musicians. He was survived by his wife İpek Açar, and daughters Aslı Gönül and Beste.

Tribute
Turkish musicians contributed to and sang for a tribute album, Kayahan'ın En İyileri No.1 to celebrate his music and legacy. Of the popular Turkish artists, taking part were Tarkan, Sezen Aksu, Sıla, Nilüfer, Gülşen, Ajda Pekkan, Mustafa Ceceli, Emre Aydın among several others.

Albums
 1975 – Bekle Gülüm – Ateş (Wait, My Rose – Fire!)
 1978 – İstanbul Hatırası – Neden Olmasın (A Souvenir from Istanbul – Why Not?)
 1981 – Canım Sıkılıyor Canım (I Get Bored)
 1987 – Merhaba Çocuklar (Hello Kids)
 1988 – Benim Şarkılarım (My Songs)
 1989 – Benim Şarkılarım 2 (Siyah Işıklar) (My Songs Vol. 2: Black Lights)
 1991 – Yemin Ettim (I Swore)
 1992 – Odalarda Işıksızım (Lightless in the Rooms)
 1993 – Son Şarkılarım (My Last Songs)
 1995 – Benim Penceremden (From My Window)
 1996 – Canımın Yaprakları (Leaves of My Life)
 1997 – Emrin Olur (Your Call)
 1999 – Beni Azad Et (Set Me Free)
 2000 – Gönül Sayfam (My Soul's Page)
 2002 – Ne Oldu Can? (What Happened? My Dear)
 2004 – Kelebeğin Şansı (The Luck of the Butterfly)
 2007 – Biriciğime (To My One and Only)
 2011 – 365 Gün (365 Days)

See also
 List of Turkish musicians
 Turkish music

References

External links

1949 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer in Turkey
Deaths from soft-tissue sarcoma
Deaths from multiple organ failure
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1990
Musicians from İzmir
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Turkey
Turkish male singers
Turkish pop singers
Turkish singer-songwriters
Turkish Muslims
Burials at Kanlıca Cemetery

Kayahan


The US congressional testimony by Jackie Robinson, the first African-American Major League Baseball player of the modern era, against the famous entertainer and international civil rights activist Paul Robeson, was an American Cold War incident. Its events were precipitated when, at an international student peace conference held in Paris on April 20, 1949, Robeson allegedly made a speech to the effect that African Americans would not support the United States in a war with the Soviet Union, due to continued second-class citizen status under United States law. This subsequent controversy caused the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) to investigate Robeson and Robinson, as a famed African-American baseball player, was called on to impugn Robeson.

Robeson's advocacy for Stalinism
Paul Robeson's post World War II persecution by J. Edgar Hoover's FBI and the political right in the U.S. was, in part, due to his vocal support for the Soviet Union, which was a cause célèbre among well-known artists and scientists during the 1930s and 1940s. He had been particularly impressed by the absence of negative racial attitudes towards him during his visits to the Soviet Union. During the Cold War years the United States and the Soviet Union became fierce competitors as the two emerging superpowers. In the 1950s, McCarthyism and the Red Scare dominated the headlines, and many artists, scientists or academics with leftist affiliations who failed to denounce communism became unemployabled and blacklisted.

Robinson was reluctant to testify to HUAC on these matters, in part because of Robeson's prior advocacy on behalf of integration in professional baseball.  Among other things, at the annual winter meeting of baseball owners in December 1943, Robeson became the first black man to address baseball owners on the subject of integration.  At this meeting, he argued that baseball, as a national game, had an obligation to ensure segregation did not become a national pattern. The owners gave Robeson a round of applause and, after the meeting, Baseball Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis remarked that there was no rule on the books denying blacks entry into the league. As such, Robeson had done much to pave the way for Jackie Robinson's entry into major league baseball, just over three years later.

Statement to the House Committee on Un-American Activities
According to Jackie Robinson, in 1949 he struggled with his decision to testify against Robeson to HUAC. Technically, Robinson was not required to testify, but he believed there would be repercussions if he did not. In July 1949, Robinson eventually agreed to testify before HUAC, fearing that declining to do so might negatively and permanently damage not only his career but also the future integration of professional athletics. His testimony was a major media event, with Robinson's carefully worded statement appearing on the front page of The New York Times the following day. In the statement – prepared with the help of Branch Rickey, who in order to facilitate the testimony, released Robinson from a prior agreement not to make any political statements during his baseball career – Robinson said that Robeson "has a right to his personal views, and if he wants to sound silly when he expresses them in public, that is his business and not mine . . . . He's still a famous ex-athlete and a great singer and actor." Robinson also stated that "the fact that it is a Communist who denounces injustice in the courts, police brutality, and lynching when it happens doesn't change the truth of his charges," and that racial discrimination is not "a creation of Communist imagination."  Robinson left the capital immediately after his testimony to avoid, as the black newspaper New Age pointed out, "being Jim Crowed by Washington's infamous lily-white hotels."

Aftermath
In general, Robinson's testimony placated Americans worried about the threat of Communism,  and reaction in the mainstream press was positive, including an article by Eleanor Roosevelt in which she wrote, "Mr. Robeson does his people great harm in trying to line them up on the Communist side of political picture. Jackie Robinson helped them greatly by his forthright statements." Reaction in the black press was mixed. The New York Amsterdam News was supportive, saying that "Jackie Robinson had batted 1,000 percent in this game," but the black newspaper Afro-American ran a disparaging cartoon depicting Jackie Robinson as a frightened little boy with a gun vainly attempting to "hunt" Robeson.

Much later, in 1963, after Robinson expressed disagreement with the political positions of the Nation of Islam, then-Nation of Islam minister Malcolm X commented harshly on Robinson's testimony concerning Robeson, citing the testimony as an example of Robinson's submissiveness to the white establishment. Nearly forty five years later, in the 1998 British Robeson documentary Speak of Me As I Am, Oscar Peterson Jr. recalled the Robinson-Robeson incident, stating "that it was very hurtful to see Jackie Robinson be made to attack Paul Robeson whom many of us loved so dearly."

Robinson and Robeson respond
While Robeson considered Robinson's testimony a "disservice" to the black community, he declined to comment on Robinson personally: "I am not going to permit the issue to boil down to a personal feud between me and Jackie.  To do that, would be to do exactly what the other group wants us to do." Jackie Robinson appreciated Robeson's restraint, and eventually grew to have greater admiration for Robeson.  Near the end of his life, Robinson wrote in his autobiography about the incident:

However, in those days I had much more faith in the ultimate justice of the American white man than I have today. I would reject such an invitation if offered now . . . . I have grown wiser and closer to the painful truths about America's destructiveness. And I do have increased respect for Paul Robeson who, over the span of twenty years, sacrificed himself, his career, and the wealth and comfort he once enjoyed because, I believe, he was sincerely trying to help his people.

Paul Robeson's 1956 HUAC testimony
In June 1956, Robeson was called before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) after he refused to sign an affidavit affirming that he was not a Communist. In response to questions concerning his alleged Communist Party membership, Robeson reminded the Committee that the Communist Party was a legal party and invited its members to join him in the voting booth before he invoked the Fifth Amendment and refused to respond.  Robeson lambasted Committee members on civil rights issues concerning African-Americans. When one committee member asked him why he hadn't remained in the Soviet Union, he replied,

Because my father was a slave, and my people died to build this country, and I am going to stay here, and have a part of it just like you. And no Fascist-minded people will drive me from it. Is that clear? I am for peace with the Soviet Union, and I am for peace with China, and I am not for peace or friendship with the Fascist Franco, and I am not for peace with Fascist Nazi Germans. I am for peace with decent people.

When asked about Stalin's purges he stated that, "I have told you, mister, that I would not discuss anything with the people who have murdered sixty million of my people, and I will not discuss Stalin with you."  And "I will discuss Stalin when I may be among the Russian people some day, singing for them, I will discuss it there. It is their problem." Asked if he had praised Stalin during his previous trip to the Soviet Union, Robeson replied, "I do not know." When asked outright if he had changed his mind about Stalin he implored,

Whatever has happened to Stalin, gentlemen, is a question for the Soviet Union, and I would not argue with a representative of the people who, in building America, wasted sixty to a hundred million lives of my people, black people drawn from Africa on the plantations. You are responsible, and your forebears, for sixty million to one hundred million black people dying in the slave ships and on the plantations, and don't ask me about anybody, please.

Notes

References

Congressional hearings
Jackie Robinson
Anti-communism in the United States

Paul Robeson congressional hearings


Marc's Stores is a discount drugstore-and-grocery chain, with stores in northern and central Ohio. It is owned by Clevelander Marc Glassman. Marc's has over 60 stores in the Cleveland, Akron, Canton, Youngstown & Columbus areas.

History

Bernie Shulman opened his first mega-discount drug store in Mayfield Heights, Ohio in 1969.  In 1979 one of Shulman's managers, Marc Glassman, opened his own store, Marc's, in Middleburg Heights in the Southland Shopping Center in Middleburg Heights.  That first store was badly damaged in a fire in October 1980 that started in, and destroyed, the adjacent J.C. Penney department store. Marc's closed for several months, eventually reopening in a larger space at the same site.

Following the success of the Middleburg Heights store, Glassman built additional Marc's stores. In 1983, he purchased Shulman's store. Glassman continued to build stores in Greater Cleveland. Glassman's western stores were named Marc's, while those to the east were named Bernie Shulman's, to honor Shulman, who died in 1976, and because of brand recognition.

As the Marc's stores expanded south to Solon and Akron, the recognition of the Marc's name grew. Glassman decide to retire the Bernie Shulman's name for new stores, using the Marc's name for grand openings, including stores east of Cleveland. The first of the Marc's "superstores" opened in Garfield Heights on June 30, 1992. By year's end, all Bernie Shulman's stores were rebranded Marc's.

Marc's did not have scanners when Air Force Ones was released.

On August 8, 2018, a Marc's store opened in Kettering, a suburb of Dayton in southwestern Ohio, in a former Kroger site. This store is scheduled to close on February 5, 2023, due to the ending of its lease.

In March 2020, Glassman opened a 54,000 square foot store at 3112 Cleveland Ave. NW in Canton to replace the store that had been in the 30th Street Plaza since the late 1980s.

Media
The company is rarely discussed in the media. Employees are prohibited from giving interviews, and Glassman does not speak to reporters.

Other ventures

Glassman owned Xpect Discounts, in western Connecticut, originally a seven store chain which started as a drug store in the late 1980s, then expanding into a full grocery store. During the recent recessions, business slowed and the cost to operate in Connecticut continued to increase. Though still making increases in sales, Xpect started closing Connecticut stores in 2012-2013 and was reduced down to three stores, and in early 2015 MGI stated that the remaining three Connecticut stores would close and vacate by April 2016.

In the 1980s, Glassman also owned a small deli/grill restaurant next to the Middleburg Heights/Southland store, jokingly branding it as Marc's No Name Restaurant. That restaurant closed when the Southland store expanded into the space occupied by the restaurant. A small grill was set up inside the Marc's store.

In 1987, Glassman purchased, at auction, a Chuck E. Cheese, a restaurant/video game venue, in the Southland center, near the Marc's store. It was converted into Marc's Funtime Pizza Palace. Similar to a Chuck E. Cheese, it was a popular place for children's birthday parties. About a year later, he purchased a second Chuck E. Cheese, in nearby North Olmsted. When the Chuck E. Cheese franchise vacated the area, Glassman acquired and converted several venues in Greater Cleveland. By 2004, all Marc's Funtime Pizza Palaces closed. The original Marc's Funtime at Southland was among the strip of stores that were demolished to build a BJ's Wholesale Club.

In 1994, Glassman purchased Dover Lake Waterpark in Sagamore Hills, Ohio, which he operated until 2005. The park was sold in 2006 to the Brandywine Ski Resort, which used the property for expansion.

References

External links
Official site
Marc Glassman, Inc. profile

Cuyahoga County, Ohio
Pharmacies of the United States
Retail companies established in 1979
Supermarkets of the United States
1979 establishments in Ohio
Health care companies based in Ohio
Companies based in Cleveland

Marc's


Mater and the Ghostlight is a 2006 American computer-animated short film released as a special feature on the DVD of Pixar's film Cars, which was released in the United States on November 7, 2006. The short, set in the Cars world, tells a story of Mater being haunted by a mysterious blue light.

Plot
Mater has been pranking the other residents of Radiator Springs by moving Red's flowers, bursting out from a pile of tires built to resemble the Colosseum to startle Guido and Luigi, dressing up as a cone vampire to scare Sally, attempting to scare Lizzie while she is sleeping which is unsuccessful, moving Fillmore's gas cans back outside while he takes them in and scaring Lightning McQueen when he believes Mater is hiding behind a pile of cans ready to jump out (what was really behind the pile of cans was one of Mater's signs). Afterwards, Mater teases Lightning as if he had seen "the Ghostlight," a Route 66 urban legend.

Sheriff admonishes him for mocking the urban legend. When Lightning asks about the Ghostlight, Sheriff explains that the Ghostlight is a blue paranormal orb of light that haunts Radiator Springs, but Mater reminds Lightning that it is not real. Sheriff points out that it is in fact, real, shocking them. He then tells everyone the tale of the Ghostlight, explaining the disappearance of a young couple that encountered it, leaving behind two "out-of-state license plates" and that it hates nothing more than the sound of clanking metal. At this point, Mater is so scared that he begins making the noise that the Ghostlight dislikes the most and tries to stop himself. Sheriff ends the story with a warning that the Ghostlight could be anywhere. The rest of the residents say goodnight and turn off all the store lights, leaving a nervous and scared Mater all alone in the dark. Nervous, he returns to his junkyard and sees a shadow of a monster and, in a sudden shock, shines his light on it, revealing it to be just a pile of junk with another of his signs. After he accidentally breaks his headlight in fear, he enters his wall-less garage and closes the door, which then falls down. A light suddenly appears in front of him and he panics, believing it to be the Ghostlight until he realizes it is just a lightning bug. Suddenly, a blue light appears behind him. After using his mirror to observe it, he runs for it thinking it is that Ghostlight.

Mayhem ensues as Mater is pursued by the Ghostlight, ultimately revealed to be just a lantern affixed to Mater's towing cable by Lightning and Guido. He wakes Frank and his tractors and drives through Willy's Butte and goes into slow motion (in a matter similar to Doc Hudson's slide). The other residents of Radiator Springs watch as Mater drives around frantically with the "Ghostlight" on his tail, before Mater tires himself out and discovers the truth. The cars tell him it was all a prank to pay him back for all his pranks he played on them. Sheriff gently tells Mater that the only thing to be scared of on Route 66 is "his imagination." Doc jokingly adds that all Mater really had to fear was "the Screaming Banshee" before they all leave Mater, alone and frightened once again.

In a post-credits scene, Mater actually encounters the Screaming Banshee (which is actually an enormous truck who is both a monster truck and a construction vehicle with a broken windshield and a "BANSHEE" logo on the front) on the road, but unaware it is him, warns him of the Banshee before departing for the safety of his junkyard once again, leaving the monstrous vehicle confused.

Voice cast

 Larry the Cable Guy as Mater
 Owen Wilson as Lightning McQueen
 Bonnie Hunt as Sally Carrera
 Paul Newman as Doc Hudson
 Michael Wallis as Sheriff
 Cheech Marin as Ramone
 Paul Dooley as Sarge
 Steve Purcell as Tractors, Frank and Screamin' Banshee (uncredited)
Non-speaking characters appearing in the film include Luigi, Guido, Flo, Fillmore, Lizzie, Mack and Red.

Release
Mater and the Ghostlight premiered on November 7, 2006, on the Cars DVD release as a special feature. On November 6, 2007, it got its first Blu-ray releases, once again attached as a special to Cars and as part of Pixar Short Films Collection, Volume 1.

References

External links

  at Disney.com

2006 short films
2006 computer-animated films
2000s American animated films
2000s animated short films
2006 black comedy films
American black comedy films
American animated short films
Cars (franchise)
Films based on urban legends
Short films directed by John Lasseter
Films set in Arizona
Pixar short films
Films with screenplays by John Lasseter
Films with screenplays by Joe Ranft
2006 comedy films
2006 films
2000s English-language films
American short films
Films about trucks
Colosseum
U.S. Route 66

Mater and the Ghostlight


Bobbie Ann Mason (born May 1, 1940) is an American novelist, short story writer, essayist, and literary critic from Kentucky. Her memoir was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize.

Early life and education
A child of Wilburn and Christianna (Lee) Mason, Bobbie Ann Mason grew up on her family's dairy farm outside of Mayfield, Kentucky, with four siblings and her great niece Mya Mason.  As a child she loved to read with encouragement from her parents; however, choices were limited.  These books were mostly popular fiction about the Bobbsey Twins and the Nancy Drew mysteries. She would later write a book about these books she read in adolescence titled The Girl Sleuth: A feminist guide to the Bobbsey Twins, Nancy Drew, and Their Sisters. Mason credits her time at a grade school in Cuba, Kentucky with influencing her adult fictional characters.

After high school, Mason went on to major in English at the University of Kentucky. After graduating in 1962, she worked for a fan magazine publisher in New York City, writing articles about various stars who were in the spotlight for movie magazines that Mason describes as "fluff." She earned her master's degree at the State University of New York at Binghamton in 1966.  Next she went to graduate school at the University of Connecticut, where she subsequently received her Ph.D. in literature with a dissertation on Vladimir Nabokov's Ada in 1972. Her dissertation was published as Nabokov's Garden two years later while Mason taught at Mansfield State College (now Mansfield University).

Career
By the time she was in her late thirties, Mason started to write short stories. In 1980, The New Yorker published her first story. "It took me a long time to discover my material", she said. "It wasn't a matter of developing writing skills, it was a matter of knowing how to see things.  And it took me a very long time to grow up. I'd been writing for a long time, but was never able to see what there was to write about. I always aspired to things away from home, so it took me a long time to look back at home and realize that that's where the center of my thought was." Mason has written about the working-class people of Western Kentucky, and her short stories have contributed to a renaissance of regional fiction in America creating a literary style that critics have labeled "shopping mall realism."

Mason then went on to write a collection of short stories, Shiloh and Other Stories. In 1985, she published her first novel, In Country, which eventually was made into a feature film (see below). She followed In Country with another novel in 1988, Spence and Lila. She has since published several more short story collections (see below). In 2016, Mason became the second living author to be inducted into the Kentucky Writers Hall of Fame.

Mason's dissertation, a critique of Vladimir Nabokov's Ada or Ardor, was published in 1974. A year later, she published The Girl Sleuth, a feminist assessment of Nancy Drew, the Bobbsey Twins, and other fictional girl detectives. Mason's first volume of short stories, Shiloh and Other Stories, appeared in 1982 and won the 1983 Ernest Hemingway Foundation Award for outstanding first works of fiction. Mason's novel In Country is often cited as one of the seminal literary works of the 1980s. Its protagonist attempts to come to terms with a number of important generational issues, ranging from the Vietnam War to consumer culture. A film version was produced in 1989, starring Emily Lloyd as the protagonist and Bruce Willis as her uncle.

Her short stories have appeared in numerous magazines, including The Atlantic Monthly, Mother Jones, The New Yorker, and The Paris Review. Mason has received a National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship and a Guggenheim Fellowship. She was a writer in residence at the University of Kentucky until 2011. Her short story "Wish" appears in The Norton Anthology of Literature by Women. Patchwork: A Bobbie Ann Mason Reader was published in 2018.

Selected works

Short story collections
Shiloh and Other Stories (1982)
Love Life. Harper & Row, New York (1989)
Midnight Magic (1998)
Zigzagging Down a Wild Trail (2002)
Nancy Culpepper (2006)

Novels
In Country (1985)
Feather Crowns (1993)
An Atomic Romance (2005)
The Girl in the Blue Beret (2011)
Dear Ann (2020)

Novella
Spence + Lila (1988)

Memoir
Clear Springs: A Memoir (1999)

Biography
Elvis Presley (2002)

Criticism
 Nabokov's Garden (1974)
 The Girl Sleuth: A Feminist Guide (1975)

Awards
 PEN/Hemingway Award, 1983
 National Endowment for the Arts award, 1983
 Pennsylvania Arts Council grant, 1983, 1989
 Guggenheim Fellowship, 1984
 Kentucky Governor's Award in the Arts, 2012
 Kentucky Literary Award, 2004, 2012

References

Further reading
Price, Johanna, ''Understanding Bobbie Ann Mason, University of South Carolina Press, 2000
"Understanding" review by Barbara Marshall

External links
Author's website
"Facing Toward Home" 1999 interview
1995 answers by Mason to Kentucky high school students
A&S Hall of Fame 2015 interview, UK College of Arts & Sciences, Kentucky

1940 births
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
Living people
American women novelists
American women short story writers
Novelists from Kentucky
University of Kentucky alumni
Binghamton University alumni
People from Graves County, Kentucky
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
Hemingway Foundation/PEN Award winners
20th-century American short story writers
21st-century American short story writers
Writers of American Southern literature
PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction winners
Kentucky women writers

Bobbie Ann Mason


Notes on Nursing: What it is and What it is Not is a book first published by Florence Nightingale in 1859. A 76-page volume with 3 page appendix published by Harrison of Pall Mall, it was intended to give hints on nursing to those entrusted with the health of others. Florence Nightingale stressed that it was not meant to be a comprehensive guide from which to teach one's self to be a nurse but to help in the practice of treating others.

In her introduction to the 1974 edition, Joan Quixley, then head of the Nightingale School of Nursing, wrote that despite the passage of time since Notes on Nursing was published, "the book astonishes one with its relevance to modern attitudes and skills in nursing, whether this be practised at home by the 'ordinary woman', in hospital or in the community. The social, economic and professional differences of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in no way hinder the young student or pupil from developing, if he or she is motivated to do so, its unchanged fundamentals by way of intelligent thought and practice". "With its mid-nineteenth century background of poverty, neglect, ignorance and prejudice the book was a challenge to contemporary views of nursing, of nurses and of the patient". "The book was the first of its kind ever to be written. It appeared at a time when the simple rules of health were only beginning to be known, when its topics were of vital importance not only for the well-being and recovery of patients, when hospitals were riddled with infection, when nurses were still mainly regarded as ignorant, uneducated persons. The book has, inevitably, its place in the history of nursing, for it was written by the founder of modern nursing".

The book included advice and practices for the following areas:
ventilation and warming
health in houses
petty management (how things are done by others when you must be away)
noise
variety (environment)
taking food and what kinds of food
bed and bedding
light
cleanliness of rooms
personal cleanliness
chattering hopes and advices (the false assurances and recommendations of family and friends to the sick)
observation of the sick

Later editions of Notes on Nursing are available to the public today.

References

The 2009 edition of Notes on Nursing: A Guide for today's care givers is published by Elsevier in conjunction with the International Council of Nurses.

External links

Contents of the 1860 First American Edition book online

Notes on Nursing: Dr Constance B Schuyler (1992), contains facsimile of First Edition published in London 1859
Notes for Nurses
 Florence Nightgale - Notes on Nursing Audio and text site of this book that shaped the early development of modern nursing.

1859 non-fiction books
Medical manuals
Works about nursing

Notes on Nursing


Charles Taylor tegesé bisa:

Tokoh pulitik
Charles McArthur Ghankay Taylor (lair ing 1948), manten sénapati lan Présidhèn Liberia
Charles "Chuckie" Taylor, Jr., jeneng peparab kanggo  Charles McArther Emmanuel, anaké
Charles John Taylor (1826–1897), pulitikus Sélandia Anyar ing dasawarsa 1850-an
Charles Stuart Taylor (1910–1989), pulitikus Britania lan anggota parlemèn kanggo konstituènsi Eastbourne
Charles H. Taylor (lair ing 1941), manten anggota parlemèn Amérikah Sarékat (Congressman) saka Carolina Lor
Charles Keith Taylor (lair ing 1931), pulitikus Kanada

Ngèlmuwan lan seniman
Charles Taylor (ngèlmuwan) (1840–1908), ngèlmuwan basa Ibrani saka Britania Raya
Charles Taylor (filsuf) (born 1931), filsuf lan ahli sosiologi Kanada
Charles P. B. Taylor (1935–1997), wartawan Kanada, panulis lan paternak jaran
Charles Taylor (ahli fisika) (1922–2002), ahli fisika lan dosèn Britania
Charles H. Taylor (pujangga) (1859–1907), pujangga Britania
Charles V. Taylor (?–2009), ahli basa (linguis) saka Australia

Olahragawan
C. I. Taylor (1875–1922), co-founder of the Negro National League
Charles Taylor (cricketer) (1816–1869), English cricketer
Charles Taylor (rugby player) (1863–1915), Wales rugby international player
Charles Asampong Taylor (born 1981), Ghanaian football player
Bud Taylor (Charles Bernard Taylor, 1903–1962), former American boxer
Rick Taylor (American football) (Charles F. Taylor, born 1940), American college football coach and athletic director
Charley Taylor (born 1941), American professional football player
Charlie Taylor (footballer born 1993), English professional football player
Charlie Taylor (footballer born 1985), English footballer
Chuck Taylor (baseball) (Charles Gilbert Taylor, born 1942), baseball player
Chuck Taylor (American football) (1920–1994), member of the College Football Hall of Fame
Chuck Taylor (salesman) (1901–1969), basketball player and shoe salesman
Chuck Taylor (wrestler) (born 1986), American independent professional wrestler based in the CHIKARA promotion in Pennsylvania

Pawartan
Charles H. Taylor (panerbit) (1846–1921), publisher of the Boston Globe
Chuck Taylor (panulis lan panyunting) (lair ing 1962), wartawan musik Amérika
Chuck Taylor (wartawan) (lair 1957), wartawan Amérika

Paraga
Chuck Taylor, sawijining penyiar warta berita Chappelle's Show

Liya-liyané
Charles Taylor (Medal of Honor) (1840–1899), US Cavalry soldier and Medal of Honor recipient
Charles Carroll Taylor, United States Navy Lieutenant, leader of ill-fated Flight 19
Charlie Taylor (juru mesin) (1868–1956), Wright Brothers' mechanic, built the first aircraft engine
Charles Taylor Master Mechanic Award, named for the above person
Chuck Taylor, rapper who appeared on Warren G's In the Mid-Nite Hour album
Charles Taylor (aktor),  American actor
Charles Taylor (rohaniawan) (born 1953), current Dean of Peterborough
Charles Taylor, Jr., American author
Charles L. Taylor, industrialist and friend of Andrew Carnegie
Charles Taylor (calico printer and dyer) fl 1800. Pioneer of textiles bleaching with chlorine.

Charles Taylor


Randall M. Fort (born July 4, 1956, Richmond, Indiana) is currently Director of Programs Security, Cyberdomain Team, Raytheon Corporation.  He was formerly the Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence and Research in the United States Department of State from November 2006 through January 2009, as part of the Bush administration.

After high school, Fort attended George Washington University (1974–1978), graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree.  He also attended the University of Cincinnati and Ohio State University, where he studied Japanese.

During his time in college, beginning in 1976, Fort worked for Rep. Bill Gradison (R – Ohio 1), including work on Gradison's campaign for reelection in 1976 and 1978.  After his graduation, he continued working for Gradison as a legislative aide, and as district representative in Gradison's district office in Cincinnati.

In 1980, Fort was named a Henry Luce Scholar for 1980–81.  As such, he spent 1980–81 working as a research assistant for a member of the Diet of Japan.

Fort returned to the United States in 1982, taking a job as assistant director at the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB).  He was subsequently promoted to deputy executive director, before leaving PFIAB in 1987.

In 1987, Fort became special assistant to the Secretary for National Security, as well as director of the Office of Intelligence Support at the United States Department of the Treasury.  He held both posts until the end of the Reagan administration.

Fort joined the Bureau of Intelligence and Research of the United States Department of State in 1989, as Deputy Assistant Secretary for Functional Analysis and Research, a post he held for the rest of the presidency of George H. W. Bush.

With the arrival of the Clinton administration, in 1993, Fort departed government for the private sector, taking a position as Director of Special Projects at TRW in two of its Space and Defense operating groups.  In 1996, he moved to Goldman Sachs to become its Director of Global Security (he was in charge of firm-wide security), and then as chief of staff to the President and co-Chief Operating Officer of the firm.

In 2006, Fort rejoined the government, becoming Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence and Research.  His term ended with the ending of the presidency of George W. Bush in 2009.

References
Raytheon Profile
State Department Biography

1956 births
George Washington University alumni
Goldman Sachs people
Living people
United States Assistant Secretaries of State
University of Cincinnati alumni
Ohio State University alumni
United States Department of the Treasury officials
Assistant Secretaries of State for Intelligence and Research
People from Richmond, Indiana
American chief operating officers

Randall M. Fort


The Krenitzin Islands (centered at ca. ) are a group of small islands located in the eastern portion of the Fox Islands group of the eastern Aleutian Islands, Alaska.  The Krenitizins are situated between Unalaska Island to the southwest and Unimak Island to the northeast.  Named islands in the Krenitzins group include Aiktak, Avatanak, Derbin, Kaligagan Island (Qisĝagan), Rootok (Aayux̂tax̂), Round, Tigalda, and Ugamak.  All of these islands are managed as part of the Aleutian Islands Unit of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge. The Krenitzins have a total land area of 61.596 sq.mi. (159.533 km2) and have no population.

The Krenitzins were probably named by Captain Tebenkov in 1852 for Captain Lt. Peter Kuzmich Krenitzin (or Krenitsyn) who, with Lt. M. D. Levashev explored and mapped over 30 islands in the Aleutians 1768–69.  Captain Tebenkov spelled the name "Ostrova Krinitsyna," which translates to Krenitzin Islands.

External links

 Orth, Donald J.  1971.  Dictionary of Alaskan place names.  U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 567, 1083 pp.
|b=50|l=en|t=4001|zf=0.0|ms=sel_00dec|dw=17.701027675209602|dh=6.035539041852557|dt=gov.census.aff.domain.map.EnglishMapExtent|if=gif|cx=-170.20089635341083|cy=63.430295928031335|zl=8|pz=8|bo=318:317:316:314:313:323:319|bl=362:393:358:357:356:355:354|ft=350:349:335:389:388:332:331|fl=381:403:204:380:369:379:368|g=04000US02&-PANEL_ID=p_dt_geo_map&-_lang=en&-geo_id=100$10000US020130001001050&-CONTEXT=dt&-format=&-search_results=100$10000US020160001001054&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U Krenitzin Islands: Block 1050, Census Tract 1, Aleutians East Borough, Alaska United States Census Bureau

Fox Islands (Alaska)
Islands of Aleutians East Borough, Alaska
Islands of Alaska

Krenitzin Islands


"Don't Stop Now" is the first single from Crowded House's fifth studio album Time on Earth. It was released in Australia on 16 June 2007; in the United Kingdom, it was released digitally on 18 June 2007 and physically on 25 June 2007.

Background
"Don't Stop Now" was written by Neil Finn shortly after he and his wife, Sharon Finn, moved to Freshford near Bath, England. The influence of the song came as a result of Finn's wife driving and having difficulty navigating due to her vehicle's GPS system providing incorrect information. To compound her difficulty, this was her first time driving in this area of England, an area known for its narrow roads.

The song was written by Crowded House frontman Neil Finn as a solo effort. The song features guitar work from alternative group The Smiths' former co-songwriter Johnny Marr. The song was originally destined for Finn's third solo album, but as his third album was converted into the new album for his band Crowded House, the song was released as a Crowded House offering. "Don't Stop Now" is one of only four from the fourteen tracks from Time on Earth that includes the full lineup of Finn, bassist Nick Seymour, guitarist/keyboardist Mark Hart and newcomer drummer Matt Sherrod as Crowded House.

Cover art
The cover art of "Don't Stop Now" is all in the same vein as the album Time on Earth that the song is derived from. This is prominent in that the artwork is made up of newspaper clippings that've been painted to fit the design, in this case appearing to be a green labyrinth with a car and some birds. The difference with this cover is that the song title is hand drawn, where on the album cover, the album title is in newspaper also. The blue dragon from the cover of Time on Earth is also seen hiding within the maze. The music video for "Don't Stop Now" also employs the same artwork and design as the background for the band.

Notable performances
As the lead single for the group's reunion album Time on Earth, Crowded House has performed "Don't Stop Now" at all of their performances since reuniting, including the international event Live Earth on 7 July 2007 and for a promotional performance on the Australian television program Rove on 8 July 2007.

Music video
The music video for "Don't Stop Now" is primarily animated with the band blue screened in. It features the same design and corporate image of the cover of its single and the album Time on Earth. The song is performed by the band who appear to be surrounded by illustrated trees and appear to be in an illustrated and animated world. Later, the band appears at the top of an illustrated newspaper building. The music video features a blue dragon (as from the Time on Earth cover) seeking out and devouring a person, just as from the album cover. The dragon is later featured throughout the music video. In parts of the music video, the shot moves to a close up view of newspaper, as is used on the cover of the album, while a small red car drives along the text and the words being sung are expanded to be read. As it is the first single with drummer Matt Sherrod on drums, it's also the first music video with Crowded House that he has been featured in. Multi-instrumentalist Mark Hart is mostly seen on guitar while the band is in view, however is also shown playing piano in other scenes.

Reception
Junkee said, " A star guest turn from Johnny Marr sees his trademark jangle open up the crack in the darkness to let the light come in, while Finn's minor-major cadence allows for a rainbow after the storm."

Track listings
All physical formats vary in their track listings. All songs were written by Neil Finn.

Australian CD
Catalogue number 3977592
"Don't Stop Now" – 3:55
"Lost Island" – 3:19
"Mean to Me" (Live Real World Sessions Webcast) – 3:24
"Stare Me Out" – 4:19

UK CD
Catalogue number CDR6743
"Don't Stop Now" – 3:57
"Lost Island" – 3:19

UK Enhanced CD
Catalogue number CDRS6743
"Don't Stop Now" – 3:55
"Heaven That I'm Making" (Live Real World Sessions Webcast) – 4:17
"Don't Stop Now" (Video) – 3:55
"Mean to Me" (Live Real World Sessions Webcast) (Video) – 3:19

UK 7" vinyl
Catalogue number R6743
"Don't Stop Now" – 3:57
"Stare Me Out"

UK promotional CD
Catalogue number CHSTOP002
"Don't Stop Now" – 3:57

Personnel
 Neil Finn - Guitars and vocals
 Mark Hart - Piano and backing vocals
 Nick Seymour - Bass guitars and backing vocals
 Matt Sherrod - Drums, percussion and backing vocals
 Johnny Marr - Additional guitars

Charts

References

External links
 Listen to "Don't Stop Now" at the Official Crowded House website (WMA & RM formats).

Crowded House songs
2007 singles
Songs written by Neil Finn
Song recordings produced by Steve Lillywhite
2007 songs
Capitol Records singles

Don't Stop Now


Pippy Park is a  urban park located in the city of St. John's, Newfoundland. The park is a popular camping, hiking and recreational park within the city, and incorporates numerous groomed and wilderness-style hiking/skiing trails, a miniature golf course, a 9-hole and an 18-hole golf course, a driving range, and a public access trailer park with limited tent camping facilities. Trails within the park link to the Grand Concourse walking trails.

Pippy Park incorporates the main campus of Memorial University of Newfoundland and the Memorial University of Newfoundland Botanical Garden at Oxen Pond, as well as the Ridge Road campus of the Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland and the Ridge Road and Prince Philip Drive campuses of the College of the North Atlantic.  The park also includes the Confederation Building complex, which houses the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly and numerous offices of the Provincial Government.

The park is administered by the C. A. Pippy Park Commission, a Crown Corporation of the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador.  The eight members of the commission include representatives of the Provincial Government, the University, the City of St. John's, the Pippy family, and landowners and residents within the park boundaries.

Pippy Park is also home to the Fluvarium, an environmental education centre which offers a cross section view of Nagle's Hill Brook. The Fluvarium is not an aquarium in that none of the fish are in captivity - the building offers an underwater view of a natural river. The word Fluvarium comes from the Latin Fluvius (flowing water) and means literally "windows on a stream."

References

External links
Official Site
Fluvarium

Parks in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador

Pippy Park


Chorea (sometimes called Choreia) is the name for a set of symptoms caused by some neurological conditions. The word "chorea" comes from Greek, where it means "dance". People with chorea move without being able to control those movements. The movements seem to spread from one muscle to the next.

Chorea is one of the main symptoms of Huntington's disease.

Some forms of chorea are not linked to neurological conditions, though. Chorea can develop as a complication of pregnancy.  It can be a sign of hyperthyroidism. It can also be caused by drugs taken in the wrong dose. For example, L-Dopa (taken against Parkinson's disease), certain forms of birth control, or certain antipsychotics can cause chorea if they are used in the wrong doses.

Symptoms

Chorea


The Vermont Institute of Natural Science (VINS) is a non-profit environmental education organization based in Quechee, Vermont. Its mission is to motivate individuals and communities to care for the environment through education, research, and avian wildlife rehabilitation.

Avian rehabilitation
One role VINS takes on is to bring birds back to health and release them back to the wild. VINS has federal and state permits that allow it to be able to have birds that can be used in educational programs. The teaching birds range from a Great Horned Owl to a Peregrine Falcon. The birds of prey, or raptors, used for teaching cannot be released into the wild because they would not survive. The reasons these birds would not survive can vary, perhaps the loss of an eye or because they were raised by people. VINS also has exhibit birds that are not used for educational programs; these injured birds live in outdoor enclosures. VINS has 18 enclosures that contain dozens of birds of prey.

VINS also holds several professional development workshops for teachers each year. At these workshops, teachers learn how to teach environmental citizenship and how to create curriculum around certain environmental issues.  These workshops are not limited to birds, and can include a wide array of Vermont's wildlife, such as trout, bobcats, and vernal pools.

VINS Nature Center
The VINS Nature Center in Quechee includes 17 raptor exhibits that house hawks, eagles, vultures, falcons, owls and ravens. The facility also has a nature shop, a classroom, several nature trails, a behind-the-scenes animal support facility, and a new exhibit consisting of frogs. There is also a flight simulator, where a visitor can feel as if one is flying. The center is located 1/3 mile west of the Quechee Gorge along Vermont Route 4.

References

External links

Nature conservation organizations based in the United States
Environmental organizations based in Vermont
Wildlife rehabilitation and conservation centers
Nature centers in Vermont
Vermont culture
Natural history of Vermont
Environmental education in the United States
Tourist attractions in Windsor County, Vermont
Ornithological organizations in the United States

Vermont Institute of Natural Science


Norwich is the county city of Norfolk, a county in the East of England. In 2005, 127,600 people lived in Norwich. It is one of the oldest cities in England.

Norwich International Airport provides many flights out of the city, internationally to places such as Amsterdam, Spain and also other locations within the United Kingdom.

Norwich is the biggest settlement in East Anglia, after Ipswich, located in Suffolk.

County towns in England

Norwich


Leonard Wayne Riches Sr. (born 1939) is an American Anglican Bishop. He served as Presiding Bishop of the Reformed Episcopal Church from 1996 to June 2014, and was previously the bishop of the Diocese of the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic in this church, which was a founding jurisdiction of the Anglican Church in North America. He married his wife, Barbara, in 1964, and they have two grown sons, Leonard W. Riches, Jr. and Jonathan S. Riches.

Life and ministry
Bishop Riches was born in Philadelphia. He was baptized at St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church as a child and later joined the Reformed Episcopal Church with his family in 1946, when they entered the Memorial Church of Our Redeemer in his home city. The Riches family later joined Calvary Reformed Episcopal Church in Philadelphia under the pastorate of William H. S. Jerdan, who also went on to become a Presiding Bishop of the Reformed Episcopal Church. Riches graduated cum laude at Princeton University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English literature in 1961. He earned his Master of Divinity degree from the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Episcopal Church, otherwise known as the Reformed Episcopal Seminary, in 1964. He continued advanced graduate work at the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia, completing all the course work toward an STM. He then devoted his time to pastoral ministry and teaching at the Reformed Episcopal Seminary at the request of Robert K. Rudolph. Riches was awarded honorary Doctor of Divinity degrees by the Reformed Episcopal Seminary in 1976 and by Cranmer Theological House in 1997.

Riches was ordained a deacon in 1964 and a presbyter in 1965. For the next 18 years he would be rector of three Reformed Episcopal Church parishes, St. Luke's Church in Philadelphia, the First Reformed Episcopal Church in New York, and St. Mark's Church in Jenkintown, Pennsylvania. In 1974 he was elected bishop of the Diocese of the Northeast and the Mid-Atlantic, being consecrated on June 1975 at the First Episcopal Reformed Church in New York, as assistant bishop. He would be later elected bishop co-adjutor. He was bishop ordinary of the Diocese of the Northeast and the Mid-Atlantic from 1984 to November 2008. He was first elected Presiding Bishop of the General Council of the Reformed Episcopal Church in 1996, being reelected in 1999, 2002, 2005, 2008, and 2011.

Riches has worked at the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Episcopal Church since 1965. He was appointed to the rank of lecturer at the seminary in 1965. He rose to the rank of Professor of Liturgics and Theology.  He was named Professor Emeritus of Liturgics and Theology and retired from Reformed Episcopal Seminary in 2015 after serving there for fifty years. He served as the seminary's president from 1982 to 1990. He then served as chancellor of the seminary until his retirement from that position in 2008. He currently serves as vice-president of the board of directors of the seminary. He was also a visiting professor at Cranmer Theological House and at the Sangre de Cristo Seminary in Westcliffe, Colorado.

Riches was Moderator of the Federation of the Anglican Churches in the Americas from January 2006 to April 2008. The Reformed Episcopal Church took part in the Anglican realignment movement in the United States, being a founding entity of the Anglican Church in North America in June 2009. He also served as chairman of the board of Anglicans United.

References

1939 births
Living people
Bishops of the Reformed Episcopal Church
Bishops of the Anglican Church in North America
Presiding Bishops of the Reformed Episcopal Church
Princeton University alumni
Reformed Episcopal Seminary alumni
Reformed Episcopal Seminary faculty

Leonard W. Riches


Milton Malek-Yonan (1904–2002) was an Assyrian entrepreneur and inventor.

Biography
Milton Malek-Yonan was born to Assyrian parents in Urmia, Iran in 1904. He was a descendant of one of the oldest and most prominent Assyrian families, the Malek family or tribe that came from Assyrian village of Geogtapah, Urmi, a region in Northwestern Iran. The family dates back nearly eleven centuries. Malek-Yonan grew up in Richmond, Virginia and later moved to Oak Park, Illinois, and finally retired and settled in Carmel, California with his wife, Dr. Ingmar Malek-Yonan, a professor of German Studies at University of California at Berkeley and Stanford University who died in 2007. Malek-Yonan died at his home in Carmel at the age of 98. His father, Rev. Isaac Malek-Yonan was a published author. Malek-Yonan had five siblings including a twin sister, Ann.

Malekized Rice

In 1938 Malek-Yonan discovered that millions of pounds of rice was being wasted in California's Sacramento Valley because the United States was no longer exporting rice to Japan due to the embargo on Japan for attacking China. The U.S. rice trade was in serious trouble. Being from the Middle East, Malek-Yonan wondered why more Americans didn't use rice instead of allowing it to go to waste.

Malek-Yonan discovered that the problem was that the average American was not accustomed to cooking rice in those days. When they did, it would come out sticky and messy. This gave Malek-Yonan the idea of canning the rice which proved to be quite a challenge. Working with a canning factory, Malek-Yonan began numerous experiments. But his efforts failed. Refusing to accept failure, he continued his research and soon discovered that there were about 2,000 varieties of rice. Malek-Yonan soon discovered that the natives of Assam in India grew a particular kind of rice called Patna. Before milling it while still in its hulls, the Patna rice was boiled and spread to dry. What made this rice also distinct from rice of other regions was that it was virtually disease free. The combination of the boiling of the rice and the absence of disease intrigued Malek-Yonan enough to continue with his experiments.

Malek-Yonan contacted the Rice Experimental Station of the State Agriculture College at Biggs in California's Sacramento Valley for paddies of rice with the husks intact. Then he persuaded a local hospital to allow him to use a sterilization vat to steam the rice in. The rice was then spread for several hours outdoors to dry before it was ready for milling. He borrowed a hand mill from a scientist who happened to own one from his Asian travels. The final step was to take the rice to the laboratory of a canning company to be canned. When he opened the cans several days later, he discovered that each kernel separated beautifully.

Malek-Yonan had discovered the secret of canning rice but after meeting with a patent attorney, he realized he didn't have the funding necessary for a chemical analysis that was required to register his invention. Malek-Yonan did not look at this as a setback, instead he found a chemist who agreed to do the rice analysis. In exchange Malek-Yonan took on the task of feeding the chemist's animals.

The chemical analysis revealed that the rice had retained its vitamins and after the Rice Growers Association did further official analysis for the next nine months, it was up to the public to accept the Malekized Rice which had been converted to a dry processed rice. The rice retained up to 65 percent of the thiamine (Vitamin B1) of raw brown rice and 80 percent of pantothenic acid and more than double the vitamin content of ordinary polished rice. Malek-Yonan's process of steam pressure-cooking rice in its husks forced the vitamins out of the bran and into the kernel itself. Most importantly, the germs in the end of the kernel that forced the rice to germinate were sterilized. Additionally, the bran oil disintegrated, hardening the kernel surface thus making it virtually disease proof since the weevils could no longer penetrate it.

When World War II broke out, Malek-Yonan quickly suggested his Malekized Rice to the army and 5,000 bags of processed rice were shipped to the Pacific. To meet the army's demand for more dry processed rice, Malek-Yonan convinced the General American Transportation Corporation of Chicago to design and build huge pressure steamers, rotary driers and coolers needed to process the rice. A processing plant was built in Sacramento with the help of the California Rice Growers Association and by the end of the war the completed plant was operational.

Malek-Yonan licensed General American Transportation Corporation and other agencies worldwide to manufacture processors and license mills everywhere under his patent as Uncle Ben's Rice or Golden Pearl Rice.

In later life, Malek-Yonan advocated the use of adobe in construction.

See also
 List of Assyrians

References

Further reading
 Nineveh, published by Assyrian Foundation of America, Berkeley, California, vol. 14 No.1&2 (1991), page 5, written by Lucrece De Matran.

External links
 Malek family tree

Iranian Assyrian people
Iranian emigrants to the United States
American people of Iranian-Assyrian descent
1904 births
2002 deaths
People from Urmia
People from Carmel-by-the-Sea, California

Milton Malek-Yonan


The Australian Drug Evaluation Committee or ADEC, was a committee that provided independent scientific advice to the Australian Government regarding therapeutic drugs. The committee was originally formed in 1963 and more recently authorised under the Therapeutic Goods Act 1989 (Cth) as part of the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). In 2010, ADEC was replaced by the Advisory Committee on Prescription Medicines (ACPM)

ADEC provided advice to the Minister for Health and Ageing and the Secretary of the Department of Health on:
quality, risk-benefit, effectiveness and accessibility of drugs referred to ADEC for evaluation
medical and scientific evaluations of applications for registration of new drugs

An important role of ADEC was the classification of drugs in Australia into pregnancy categories.

The two main subcommittees of ADEC which were responsible for specific aspects of drug regulation in Australia:
the Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee (ADRAC) (replaced in 2010 by the separate Advisory Committee on the Safety of Medicines, ACSOM);
the Pharmaceutical Subcommittee – which made recommendations to ADEC on the pharmaceutical aspects (chemistry, quality control, pharmacokinetics, etc.) of drugs proposed for registration (replaced by the pharmaceutical subcommittee of the ACPM).

See also
International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH)
Food and Drug Administration (FDA, USA)
European Medicines Agency (EMEA, EU)
Health Products and Food Branch

External links
ADEC website

Evaluation
Defunct Commonwealth Government agencies of Australia
Medical and health organisations based in Australia
National agencies for drug regulation
Pharmacy in Australia

Australian Drug Evaluation Committee


Ekiga (formerly called GnomeMeeting) is a VoIP and video conferencing application for GNOME and Microsoft Windows. It is distributed as free software under the terms of the GNU GPL-2.0-or-later. It was the default VoIP client in Ubuntu until October 2009, when it was replaced by Empathy. Ekiga supports both the SIP and H.323 (based on OPAL) protocols and is fully interoperable with any other SIP compliant application and with Microsoft NetMeeting. It supports many high-quality audio and video codecs.

Ekiga was initially written by Damien Sandras in order to graduate from the University of Louvain (UCLouvain). It is currently developed by a community-based team led by Sandras. The logo was designed based on his concept by Andreas Kwiatkowski.

Ekiga.net was also a free and private SIP registrar, which enabled its members to originate and terminate (receive) calls from and to each other directly over the Internet.
The service was discontinued at the end of 2018.

Features
Features of Ekiga include:

Integration
Ekiga is integrated with a number of different software packages and protocols such as LDAP directories registration and browsing along with support for Novell Evolution so that contacts are shared between both programs and zeroconf (Apple Bonjour) support. It auto-detects devices including USB, ALSA and legacy OSS soundcards, Video4linux and FireWire camera.

User interface
Ekiga supports a Contact list based interface along with Presence support with custom messages. It allows for the monitoring of contacts and viewing call history along with an addressbook, dialpad, and chat window. SIP URLs and H.323/callto support is built-in along with full-screen videoconferencing (accelerated using a graphics card).

Technical features
 Call forwarding on busy, no answer, always (SIP and H.323)
 Call transfer (SIP and H.323)
 Call hold (SIP and H.323)
 DTMF support (SIP and H.323)
 Basic instant messaging (SIP)
 Text chat (SIP and H.323)
 Register with several registrars (SIP) and gatekeepers (H.323) simultaneously
 Ability to use an outbound proxy (SIP) or a gateway (H.323)
 Message waiting indications (SIP)
 Audio and video (SIP and H.323)
 STUN support (SIP and H.323)
 LDAP support
 Audio codec algorithms: iLBC, GSM 06.10, MS-GSM, G.711 A-law, G.711 μ-law, G.726, G.721, Speex, G.722, CELT (also G.723.1, G.728, G.729, GSM 06.10, GSM-AMR, G.722.2 [GSM‑AMR-WB] using Intel IPP)
 Video codec algorithms: H.261, H.263+, H.264, Theora, MPEG-4

History
Ekiga was originally started over Christmas in the year 2000. Originally written by Damien Sandras it grew to being maintained by a team of nine regular contributors by 2011. Sandras wanted to create a Netmeeting clone for Linux as his graduating project at UCLouvain.

Ekiga was referred to as GnomeMeeting until 2004 when a name change was thought necessary by the developers. Concerns were cited that the original name was associated with a discontinued Microsoft product called NetMeeting, and not always recognized as VoIP software. It was also proposed that some people assumed they needed to run GNOME to run GnomeMeeting, which was no longer the case. Eventually on January 18, 2006 the name Ekiga was chosen based on an old way of communicating between villages in Cameroon. Around that the time the direction of the software project was changed and it turned into a SIP client.

The following shows major version releases:
 March 2004 – Version 1.0 under the name GnomeMeeting
 March 2006 – Version 2.0 was released under name Ekiga, it was bundled with GNOME 2.14
 April 2007 – Version 2.0.9 was the first version to include support for Microsoft Windows
 September 2008 – Version 3.0.0
 March 2009  - First release of the 3.2.x series.  Added support for G.722 audio as well as unified the support for H.263 and H.263.
 November 2012  - Ekiga 4.0.0, "The Victory Release", is a major release with many major improvements.
 February 2013  - Ekiga 4.0.1, "The Victory Release", this version has many improvements.
 2015; - Ekiga 5.0, new Version with GTK+ 3 and new codecs announced.

See also

 Comparison of VoIP software
 Blink
 QuteCom
 Jitsi
List of free and open-source software packages
 Twinkle
 SFLphone
 Tox

References

External links

VoIP software
Free VoIP software
Teleconferencing
Groupware
Social networking services
Online chat
Free instant messaging clients
GNOME Applications
Videotelephony
2000 software
Videoconferencing software that uses GTK
Instant messaging clients that use GTK
Voice over IP clients that use GTK
Université catholique de Louvain

Ekiga


Off the Main Sequence: The Other Science Fiction Stories of Robert A. Heinlein () is a collection of 27 short stories by American writer Robert A. Heinlein, including three that were  never previously collected in book form.

The title is a play on the astronomy concept off the main sequence, and refers to these stories not being part of Heinlein's Future History.

Table of contents

 "Introduction" by Greg Bear
 "Foreword" by Michael Cassutt
 "Editor's Note" by Andrew Wheeler
 "Successful Operation" (as "Heil") by Lyle Monroe, Futuria Fantasia, April 1940
 "Let There Be Light" by Lyle Monroe, Super Science Stories, May 1940
 ""—And He Built a Crooked House—"", Astounding Stories, February 1941
 "Beyond Doubt" by Lyle Monroe & Elma Wentz, Astonishing Stories, April 1941 (*)
 "They", Unknown, April 1941
 "Solution Unsatisfactory" by Anson MacDonald, Astounding, May 1941
 "Universe", Astounding, May 1941
 "Elsewhen" (as "Elsewhere") by Caleb Saunders, Astounding, September 1941
 "Common Sense", Astounding, October 1941
 "By His Bootstraps" by Anson MacDonald, Astounding, October 1941
 "Lost Legacy" (as "Lost Legion") by Lyle Monroe, Super Science Stories, November 1941
 "My Object All Sublime" by Lyle Monroe, Future Fiction, February 1942 (*)
 "Goldfish Bowl" by Anson MacDonald, Astounding, March 1942
 "Pied Piper" by Lyle Monroe, Astonishing Stories, March 1942 (*)
 "Free Men", The Worlds of Robert A. Heinlein, 1966
 "On the Slopes of Vesuvius", Expanded Universe, 1980
 "Columbus Was a Dope", Startling Stories, May 1947
 "Jerry Was a Man" (as "Jerry Is a Man"), Thrilling Wonder Stories, October 1947
 "Water Is for Washing", Argosy, November 1947
 "Nothing Ever Happens on the Moon", Boys' Life, April 1949
 "Gulf", Astounding, November 1949
 "Destination Moon", Short Stories, September 1950
 "The Year of the Jackpot", Galaxy Science Fiction, March 1952
 "Project Nightmare", Amazing Stories, April/May 1953
 "Sky Lift", Imagination, November 1953
 "Tenderfoot in Space", Boys' Life, May 1958
 "All You Zombies—", Fantasy & Science Fiction, March 1959

(*) Previously uncollected in a Heinlein collection

2005 short story collections
Short story collections by Robert A. Heinlein

Off the Main Sequence


Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami (or 'Jamaat' for short) is the largest Islamic political party in Bangladesh. It is also one of the largest Islamic parties in South Asia, the party was formed when Bengal was part of British India.

History

Hindustan Period (1941 - 1947)
:See Jamaat-e-Islami Hind

Pakistan Period (1948 - 1971)
:See: Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan

In 1947 East Bengal became part of Pakistan (East Pakistan) - and the Jamaat-e-Islami was divided into separate Indian and Pakistani parties. The Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh originates from the East Pakistani party.  The Jamaat were against Bangladesh becoming independent from Pakistan as they thought it was against Islam. However the Jamaat were unable to stop Bangladesh becoming independent of Pakistan.

Bangladesh Period (1978 - present)
Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami was banned after independence of Bangladesh. Jamaat was banned in Bangladesh due to its opposite stand against independent Bangladesh during independence war. Jamaat wished to see united Pakistan.  After independence of Bangladesh,  the top leaders of Jamaat moved to West Pakistan where Jamaat-e-Islami was born. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the first president of Bangladesh, also cancelled the citizenship of Golam Azam, the leader of Jamaat. Azam then moved to London, and some other leaders moved to the Middle East. However Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was assassinated in 1975 and army chief Ziaur Rahman seized power. Rahman allowed the Jamaat to be a political party again. Rahman also allowed Azam to return to Bangladesh as the leader of Jamaat.

Election results

References

Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami

Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami


Metallica is an American thrash metal/heavy metal band. The band started in Los Angeles in 1981, and helped make the thrash sub-genre of heavy metal. The band is one of the "Big Four" of early thrash metal, with Megadeth, Slayer, and Anthrax. They are well known for many of their songs, including "Master of Puppets", "The Unforgiven", "One", "Enter Sandman", and "Nothing Else Matters". Since then, they have become one of the most popular and successful bands in metal, and have sold over 100 million albums worldwide. The band's fifth album, Metallica, has sold over 22 million copies, making it one of the top 20 best selling albums of all time. Metallica's current members are guitarist and singer James Hetfield, drummer Lars Ulrich, guitarist Kirk Hammett and bassist Robert Trujillo. Hetfield and Ulrich write most of the band's songs.

Metallica became popular when they released their third album, Master of Puppets, in 1986. It is called the band's best album. The band was nominated for a Grammy Award for their fourth album, ...And Justice For All, in 1988. Their next album, Metallica, was their most popular. The band's latest studio album is Hardwired... to Self-Destruct. The band will release a new album 72 Seasons in 2023. Metallica has sold over 125 total albums.

Band history

Band starts
The band formed after drummer Lars Ulrich placed an advertisement in a newspaper saying that he was looking for musicians to help him cover songs by Tygers of Pang Tang, Diamond Head, and Led Zeppelin. James Hetfield, a guitarist who would become the lead singer of Metallica, answered the advertisement. Later, Lars and James would be joined by another young guitar player looking for a band named Dave Mustaine. Ulrich, Hetfield, Mustaine, and bass player Ron McGovney started playing in the band. Ulrich and Hetfield saw another bass player, Cliff Burton, playing at a concert, and asked him to join the band to replace McGovney. This was because McGovney was having trouble getting along with other band members. Burton joined the band after Ulrich and Hetfield agreed to move from Los Angeles to San Francisco. In 1983, Mustaine was kicked out of the band for his drug and alcohol problems and violent behavior, and was replaced with guitarist Kirk Hammett who left his previous band, Exodus. Mustaine went on to form his own band named Megadeth. They became very popular in the metal scene, and have become one of Metallica's metal contemporaries, along with Slayer and Anthrax. All four bands are known as the "Big Four" of thrash metal.

Successful albums
In 1983, Metallica released their first studio album Kill 'Em All, on which few of the songs were still credited to Mustaine. One year later, Metallica released their second studio album Ride the Lightning. "Ride the Lightning" and "The Call of Ktulu," the album's final track, were the band's last songs to give Dave Mustaine writing credits. Metallica was one of few bands at the time to deviate from the then popular hair/glam metal trend that was taking place during the 1980s, led by bands like Poison and Mötley Crüe.

In 1986, Metallica released their third studio album, Master of Puppets, which is widely considered to be one of the greatest heavy metal albums of all time. On September 27, 1986, Cliff Burton was killed when the band's tour bus crashed in Sweden. Burton was subsequently replaced by Jason Newsted after auditioning.

With Newsted as bassist, Metallica released their fourth studio album ...And Justice for All, reaching #6 on the Billboard 200. The album features the song "One," which won a Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 1990. The album is criticized for its production and inaudible bass guitar, which is commonly believed to be a result of Jason Newsted's hazing, during which the other members turned down the bass guitar volume on the album. The album is also known for having much more complex song structures than previous albums.

Metallica reached even greater success with their self-titled fifth studio album, which debuted at #1 on the Billboard 200 and has sold over 15 million copies in the United States. The album won a Grammy for Best Metal Performance in 1992, being Metallica's third consecutive Grammy (the second being their cover of Queen's "Stone Cold Crazy").

Stage accident
On August 8, 1992, when the band was playing in Montreal, James Hetfield accidentally walked into a 12 foot high blast of fire on stage. He had second and third degree burns. Fortunately, he recovered and was performing with the band again seventeen days after the accident.

Metallica's music shifted towards a more mainstream hard rock style, and continued their success with Load and ReLoad, released in 1996 and 1997, which both debuted at #1 on the Billboard 200. Despite the albums' success, many fans were unhappy with the large change of style from Metallica's previous albums.

In 1998, Metallica released Garage, Inc., which was an album of cover songs by many of the artists that influenced Metallica, such as Motörhead, Mercyful Fate, Thin Lizzy, and Blue Öyster Cult.

In 2001, Newsted left Metallica to start his own project, Echobrain, much against the band's wishes, particularly James Hetfield. Their eighth studio album, St. Anger, was released in 2003, with producer Bob Rock playing bass after Newsted's departure. St. Anger also debuted at #1 on the Billboard 200, but was even further disliked by fans than Load and Reload. Shortly after the release of St. Anger, bassist Robert Trujillo joined the band after a long auditioning process with many bassists. At Trujillo's request, his audition song was Battery, a very fast-paced song from Master of Puppets.

Death Magnetic, the band's ninth studio album, was released in September 2008, and debuted at #1 on the Billboard 200, making Metallica the first band to achieve five consecutive #1 albums in United States. Death Magnetic showed a return to the band's thrash metal roots. From 2008 to 2010, Metallica performed their World Magnetic Tour supporting the album's release. The tour concluded in Melbourne, Australia November 21, 2010.

In June 2010, Metallica attended the Sonisphere Festival in Sofia, Bulgaria with the rest of the Big 4, alongside Anthrax, Megadeth and Slayer. Between Metallica's encores, all four bands took the stage to perform "Am I Evil?" by Diamond Head.

In 2011, Lulu, a collaboration album between Metallica and Lou Reed, was released. Many Metallica fans were dissatisfied due to stylistic differences between Reed and Metallica, but the album has managed to garner success.

In October 2013, Hetfield stated in an interview that the band would start working on their next album in early 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/metallica-106-1243995|title=Metallica's James Hetfield says band are 'itchin to start work on new album|last=NME|date=9 October 2013|website=NME}}</ref>

 Band members
Current lineup
 James Hetfield – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1981–present)
 Lars Ulrich – drums (1981–present)
 Kirk Hammett – lead guitar, backing vocals (1983–present)
 Robert Trujillo – bass, backing vocals (2003–present)
Former
 Dave Mustaine – lead guitar, backing vocals (1982–1983)
 Ron McGovney – bass (1982)
 Cliff Burton – bass, backing vocals (1982–1986; died 1986)
 Jason Newsted – bass, backing vocals (1986–2001)
Timeline

 Discography
 Kill 'Em All (1983)
 Ride the Lightning (1984)
 Master of Puppets (1986)
 Garage Days Re-Revisited (1987)
 ...And Justice for All (1988)
 Metallica (The Black Album) (1991)
 Load (1996)
 ReLoad (1997)
 Garage, Inc. (1998)
 S&M (1999)
 St. Anger (2003)
 Death Magnetic (2008)
 Lulu (2011)
 Hardwired... to Self-Destruct (2016)
 S&M2 (2020)
 72 Seasons'' (2023)

References

American heavy metal bands
American hard rock bands
Thrash metal bands
Speed metal bands
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Musical groups established in 1981

Metallica


Gavorrano is a mountain-side comune (municipality) in the Province of Grosseto in the western Italian region of Tuscany, located about 100 km (62 mi) southwest of Florence and about 25 km (16 mi) northwest of Grosseto. Gavorrano borders the municipalities of Castiglione della Pescaia, Grosseto, Massa Marittima, Roccastrada and Scarlino.

The village is located on the northern slope of Poggio Ballone, east of Scarlino, in an area extremely rich in terms of mining, especially for large deposits of the iron ore pyrite which were intensively exploited until the early 1980s.

The town is known because of Pia de' Tolomei (whose fate is related in the "Purgatory" cantoes of the Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri), and for being the birthplace of the writer Giuseppe Bandi, Italian patriot and journalist.

History
The Etruscan territory of Gavorrano fell under the direct control of Vetulonia which, through the paths along the river valleys of Sovata and Bruna, was rich in deposits of minerals to flow around the Lake Accesa. Excavations conducted by the University of Florence on the Santa Teresa estate between 2004 and 2007 discovered five gravestones used between the mid-7th century BC and the second half of the 6th century BC, surrounded by many farms. The results of these operations show a high percentage of households owning graves. In addition to agricultural resources, the population took advantage of the benefits of their strategic position which allowed control over the flow of minerals to the manufacturing center of Vetulonia.

The town of Gavorrano, built after the year 1000 as a possession of the bishops of Roselle, was later transferred to the Alberti family. In the 13th century it came under the control of the Pannocchieschi family, and then Volterra, Massa Marittima. With the fall of Massa Marittima, the town passed under the dominion of Siena. In the second half of the 16th century, the area was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Tuscany after the final fall of the Republic of Siena. In more-recent history, the pyrite mine played an important role, changing the history of the village. In 1898 a loaf of pyrite came to light, thanks to the work of a citizen, Francesco Alberti. From this starting point, Europe's most important pyrite mine developed. This led to Gavorrano's primary importance for the whole area (as successor to the city of Massa Marittima, which had always been dominant in the area) after the war until the early 1970s (when it began to develop Follonica). After the war, the village of Scarlino became independent, breaking away from the territory of Gavorrano.

Nello dei Pannocchieschi and Pia de' Tolomei
A chapter in the history of the village of Gavorrano concerns the life of Pia de' Tolomei, a lady from Siena who met her death in the Castel di Pietra, a castle in the east of the town. She was married to Nello Pannocchieschi, who is known to have been lord of that castle, podestà of Volterra and Lucca, captain of the Guelphs, in 1284 and lived until at least 1322. He shut up his wife in his castle, and had her murdered in 1297 by having her thrown out of a window, after having locked her up for a while in his castle, perhaps because of her supposed infidelity, perhaps because he desired to get rid of her to marry someone else. The story was made famous by Dante in the fifth canto of his Purgatorio. The story is commemorated on the feast of Salto della Contessa ("The jump of the Countess"), which is held in Gavorrano every second Sunday of the month of August.

Government

Frazioni
These are the frazioni (villages) of the comune of Gavorrano:

Bagno di Gavorrano, a village situated in the plain below the old town.
Caldana, a medieval hill-town.
Castellaccia, a little mining village.
Filare, a mining village located on the road between Gavorrano and Bagno.
Giuncarico, a medieval hill-town.
Grilli, a modern village situated in the plain.
Potassa, a modern village developed near the train station.
Ravi, a medieval hill-town.

List of mayors

Main sights

Pieve di San Giuliano, main church of Gavorrano.
Oratorio del Santissimo Sacramento.
Palazzo Comunale, town hall of Gavorrano.
Teatro delle Rocce ("Mine Theatre").
Old walls of Gavorrano.
Palazzo Bonaiuti, along the Via Aurelia.
Church of San Giuseppe, in Bagno di Gavorrano.
Church of San Biagio, in Caldana.
Oratorio di Sant'Antonio da Padova, in Caldana.
Palazzo Tosi, in Caldana.
Old walls of Caldana.
Church of Sant'Egidio, in Giuncarico.
Oratorio del Santissimo Crocifisso, in Giuncarico.
Government Palace, in Giuncarico.
Palazzo Tedeschini Camaiori, in Giuncarico.
Old walls of Giuncarico.
Church of Santa Rita da Cascia, in Grilli.
Lupo Farm, near Grilli.
Church of San Leonardo, in Ravi.
Old walls of Ravi.
Remains of Castel di Pietra ("Stone Castle"), built by the Aldobrandeschi.
Rocca di Frassinello, wine cellar designed by Renzo Piano.
Technological and Archaeological Park of Colline Metallifere Grossetane.

Sport
USD Follonica Gavorrano was founded in 1930, and it currently plays in Serie D. The football club hosts its games at the Stadio Romeo Malservisi.

See also
Maremma

References

Sources

External links

 Official website

Castles in Italy

Gavorrano


Virginia Centurione Bracelli (, 2 April 1587 – 15 December 1651) was an Italian noblewoman from Genoa. Her father was the Doge of Genoa, and she had a short marriage due to being widowed in 1607. She is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church.

Life
Virginia Centurione was born on 2 April 1587 in Genoa and was of noble origins. She was the daughter of Giorgio Centurione (who was the Doge of Genoa from 1621 to 1623) and Lelia Spinola.

Despite her desire to live a cloistered life, she was forced into marriage to Gaspare Grimaldi Bracelli, who was a rich noble, on 10 December 1602. She had two daughters: Lelia and Isabella. The marriage did not last long, for she became a widow on 13 June 1607 at the age of 20. She refused another arranged marriage brought on due to her father's influence and took up a vow to live a chaste life.

After her husband's death she began charitable works and assisted the poor and the sick. To help alleviate the poverty in her town she founded the "Cento Signore della Misericordia Protettrici dei Poveri di Gesù Cristo". The center was soon overrun with people suffering from the famine and plague of 1629–30 and soon she had to rent the Monte Calvario convent to accommodate all the people that came in. Around 1635 the center was caring for over 300 patients and received recognition as a hospital from the government. Due to declining funds given from the middle and upper classes the institute lost its government recognition in 1647. Bracelli spent the remainder of her life acting as a peacemaker between noble houses and continuing her work for the poor.

Bracelli died on 15 December 1651 at the age of 64.

Sainthood

The informative process for the canonization cause commenced on 28 April 1933 and finished its set business in 1957. Theologians approved all of her writings to be in line and respective of the faith in a decree dated 10 April 1959. Historians were tasked to assess whether the cause had obstacles that would impede it and make the process difficult. But the historians cleared it on 1 December 1971 and allowed for the cause to proceed.

The formal introduction of the cause came on 7 January 1977 under Pope Paul VI in which she was accorded the title of Servant of God as the first official stage of the proceedings. An apostolic process was held after this while both processes were validated in Rome so that the Congregation for the Causes of Saints could commence their own investigation. Theologians approved the cause on 18 October 1983 while the C.C.S. approved it on 20 March 1984. On 7 April 1984 she was made Venerable when Pope John Paul II confirmed her heroic virtue.

Bracelli was beatified on 22 September 1985 and was later canonized on 18 May 2003.

References

External links

Daughters of Our Lady on Mount Calvary
Catholic Forum
Vatican News
Saints.SQPN: Virginia Centurione Bracelli
Santiebeati: Virginia Centurione Bracelli
Catholic Online: Virginia Centurione Bracelli
Katolsk.no: Virginia Centurione Bracelli

1587 births
1651 deaths
17th-century Christian saints
17th-century venerated Christians
17th-century Italian nobility
Beatifications by Pope John Paul II
Canonizations by Pope John Paul II
Christian female saints of the Early Modern era
Incorrupt saints
Italian Roman Catholic saints
Venerated Catholics by Pope John Paul II

Virginia Centurione Bracelli


Post pattern also may refer to a particular American football strategy, the Post (route).

The Post Pattern refers to a Paleo-Indian archaeological culture of artifacts found in northwest California dating between 9,000-13,000 years ago. Excavation sites are around Clear Lake and Borax Lake. The Post Pattern is a local manifestation of the Western Pluvial Lakes Tradition.

It is believed that Post Pattern peoples were a pre-Hokan group. The hypothetical entrance of peoples speaking Hokan languages dates from about 6,000-8,000 years ago in what is known as the Lower Archaic Period. The Post Pattern is associated with the Yuki–Wappo language family.

The pattern is named after Chester C. Post who in 1938 introduced it to the archaeological world.

See also

 Paleo Indians
 Archaeology of the Americas
 Yuki–Wappo languages
 Yuki people
 Wappo people
 Archaeological culture

External links
 Review of the Borax Lake Site (CA-LAK-36)
 Archaeological Research Issues for the Point Reyes National Seashore – Golden Gate National Recreation Area (pdf)

Bibliography

 Chartkoff, Joseph L.; & Chartkoff, Kerry Kona. (1984). The archaeology of California. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
 Fagan, Brian. (2003). Before California: An archaeologist looks at our earliest inhabitants. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
 Harrington, M. R. (1948). An ancient site at Borax Lake California. Southwest Museum papers (No. 16). Los Angeles: Southwest Museum.
 Meighan, Clement W.; & Haynes, C. Vance. (1968). New studies on the age of the Borax Lake site. Berkeley, CA: California Indian Library Collections Project.
 Moratto, Michael J.; & Fredrickson, David A. (1984). California archaeology. Orlando: Academic Press.

Paleo-Indian period
Native American history of California
History of indigenous peoples of North America
Archaeological cultures of North America
Archaeological sites in California
History of Lake County, California

Post Pattern