In business and accounting, net income (also total comprehensive income, net earnings, net profit, bottom line, sales profit, or credit sales) is an entity's income minus cost of goods sold, expenses, depreciation and amortization, interest, and taxes for an accounting period.

It is computed as the residual of all revenues and gains less all expenses and losses for the period, and has also been defined as the net increase in shareholders' equity that results from a company's operations. It is different from gross income, which only deducts the cost of goods sold from revenue.

For households and individuals, net income refers to the (gross) income minus taxes and other deductions (e.g. mandatory pension contributions).

Definition
Net income can be distributed among holders of common stock as a dividend or held by the firm as an addition to retained earnings. As profit and earnings are used synonymously for income (also depending on UK and US usage), net earnings and net profit are commonly found as synonyms for net income. Often, the term income is substituted for net income, yet this is not preferred due to the possible ambiguity. Net income is informally called the bottom line because it is typically found on the last line of a company's income statement (a related term is top line, meaning revenue, which forms the first line of the account statement).

In simplistic terms, net profit is the money left over after paying all the expenses of an endeavor. In practice this can get very complex in large organizations. The bookkeeper or accountant must itemise and allocate revenues and expenses properly to the specific working scope and context in which the term is applied.

Net income is usually calculated per annum, for each fiscal year. The items deducted will typically include tax expense, financing expense (interest expense), and minority interest. Likewise,
preferred stock dividends will be subtracted too, though they are not an expense. For a merchandising company, subtracted costs
may be the cost of goods sold, sales discounts, and sales returns and allowances. For a product company, advertising,
manufacturing, & design and development costs are included. Net income can also be calculated by adding a company's operating income to non-operating income and then subtracting off taxes.

The net profit margin percentage is a related ratio. This figure is calculated by dividing net profit by revenue or turnover, and it represents profitability, as a percentage.

An equation for net income
Net profit: To calculate net profit for a venture (such as a company, division, or project), subtract all costs, including a fair share of total corporate overheads, from the gross revenues or turnover.

A detailed example of a net income calculation:

Net profit is a measure of the fundamental profitability of the venture. "It is the revenues of the activity less the costs of the activity. The main complication is . . . when needs to be allocated" across ventures. "Almost by definition, overheads are costs that cannot be directly tied to any specific" project, product, or division. "The classic example would be the cost of headquarters staff." "Although it is theoretically possible to calculate profits for any sub-(venture), such as a product or region, often the calculations are rendered suspect by the need to allocate overhead costs." Because overhead costs generally do not come in neat packages, their allocation across ventures is not an exact science.

Example
Net profit on a P & L (profit and loss) account:

 Sales revenue = price (of product) × quantity sold
 Gross profit = sales revenue − cost of sales and other direct costs
 Operating profit  = gross profit − overheads and other indirect costs
 EBIT (earnings before interest and taxes) = operating profit + interest income + other non-operating income
 EBT (Pretax profit, earnings before taxes) = EBIT − interest expenses − other non-operating expenses
 Net profit = EBT − tax
 Retained earnings = Net profit − dividends

Another equation to calculate net income:

Net sales (revenue) - Cost of goods sold = Gross profit - SG&A expenses (combined costs of operating the company) - Research and development (R&D) = Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) - Depreciation and amortization = Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) - Interest expense (cost of borrowing money) = Earnings before taxes (EBT) - Tax expense = Net income (EAT)

Other terms

See also

 (the difference between the sales and the production costs)

 (ratio of net income to net sales)

References

Profit
Accounting terminology

ja:利益#純利益

Net income


David Lewis Fultz (May 29, 1875 – October 29, 1959) was an American football and baseball player and coach. He played Major League Baseball as a center fielder in the National League with the Philadelphia Phillies (1898–1899) and Baltimore Orioles (1899), and for the Philadelphia Athletics (1901–1902) and New York Highlanders (1903–1905) of the American League. He batted and threw right-handed. In a seven-season career, Fultz posted a .271 batting average with 223 RBI and three home runs in 644 games played. Fultz played college football and college baseball at Brown University, from which he graduated in 1898. He served as the head football coach at the University of Missouri (1898–1899), Lafayette College (1902), Brown (1903), and New York University (1904), compiling a career college football coaching record of 26–19–2. Fultz was also the head baseball coach at the United States Naval Academy in 1907 and at Columbia University from 1910 to 1911.

Early life and career
A native of Staunton, Virginia, Fultz graduated in 1898 with a law degree from Brown University, where he excelled in football and baseball and was named captain of both teams. Signed by the Phillies the same year, he played for them in part of two seasons and went to Baltimore in the 1899 midseason and played under John McGraw. With McGraw, Fultz developed as a solid base stealer, and in hit and run and bunting situations.

Later career in baseball

When the American League was created, Fultz joined the Philadelphia Athletics of Connie Mack in 1901, appearing at shortstop and second base, and later moved to center field. Fultz led his team with 36 stolen bases and hit .292 with 95 runs scored. His most productive season came in 1902, when he stole 44 bases, hit a career-high .302, and led the American League with 109 runs. On September 4, he stole second base, third and home, in the second inning of a game against the Detroit Tigers.

From 1903 to 1905, Fultz played for the New York Highlanders when Clark Griffith managed the team. During the offseason and in his spare time he attended New York Law School, passing the New York bar exam. Fultz averaged 30 stolen bases per season with a high 42 in 1905. That season, he suffered a late September collision with teammate Kid Elberfeld, breaking his nose and jaw, and retired at 31 age.

Football playing career
Fultz also played professional football in 1900 and 1901 with the Homestead Library & Athletic Club, as a fullback. In 1901 he was named the team's captain. Prior to playing for Homestead, Fultz played football for the Duquesne Country and Athletic Club in 1899.

Coaching career
Fultz served as the head football coach at the University of Missouri (1898–1899), Lafayette College (1902), Brown University (1903), and New York University (1904), compiling a career college football record of 26–19–2. He also coached baseball at the United States Naval Academy, Columbia University and NYU.

Fultz got his first coaching job in 1898 as the eighth head football coach at the University of Missouri. Missouri finished with a 1–4–1 record under Fultz. He returned to coach the Tigers for one game in 1900, a victory, before handing over the reins to his former Brown teammate, Fred W. Murphy. Ernest Cleveland "E.C." White coached Missouri to a 9–2 record in 1899.

In 1902, Fultz returned to coaching at Lafayette College and posted a record of 8–3. In six of the victories, the opponents were held scoreless. In 1904 Fultz became the seventh head football coach at the New York University (NYU). His coaching record at NYU was 3–6.

Later life
In 1906, Fultz became a practicing attorney. In 1912, he attempted to unionize major league players in an organization called the Players Fraternity. He became president, with Ty Cobb, Christy Mathewson, Ed Sweeney, and Red Dooin serving as vice presidents. The group threatened to strike in 1917, but the walkout was averted after Fultz obtained some concessions for the players. The union was disintegrated during World War I.

After service as a World War I lieutenant aviator, Fultz became president of the International League. He retired in 1947 as a lawyer with offices at Broadway in New York City, and came to Lake Helen, Florida, where he bought the estate of Henry A. DeLand. Fultz died on October 29, 1959, in DeLand, Florida, at the age of 84.

Head coaching record

Football

See also
 List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders

References

External links

1875 births
1959 deaths
19th-century players of American football
19th-century baseball players
American football fullbacks
Major League Baseball center fielders
Baltimore Orioles (NL) players
New York Highlanders players
Philadelphia Athletics players
Philadelphia Phillies players
Brown Bears football coaches
Brown Bears football players
Brown Bears baseball players
Columbia Lions baseball coaches
Lafayette Leopards football coaches
Navy Midshipmen baseball coaches
Missouri Tigers football coaches
NYU Violets football coaches
Duquesne Country and Athletic Club players
Homestead Library & Athletic Club players
Milwaukee Brewers (minor league) players
Staunton Hayseeds players
Newport News-Hampton Deckhands players
New York University alumni
University of Missouri faculty
People from Staunton, Virginia
Players of American football from Virginia
Baseball players from Virginia

Dave Fultz


The Qing Dynasty or the Qing Empire () was a dynasty of rulers of China from 1644 to 1912. The dynasty was founded by the Manchus and so its other name is the Manchu dynasty. The surname of the Qing emperors was Aisin Gioro. It became the Republic of China in 1912 after the 1911 Xinhai Revolution.

Rise of the Manchu state
In 1580, Nurhaci became the Jian Zhou general of the Ming dynasty. He unified the Manchu tribe and organised the Eight Banners. In 1616, Nurhaci declared himself Khan (King) and founded the Jin dynasty in Liao Ling. In 1626, Nurhaci led armies to attack Ning Yuan. Unluckily, Nurhaci was wounded by Yuan Chonghuan's Portuguese cannon and he died 2 days later. Huang Taiji, the son of Nurhaci, then succeeded to the throne and became the Khan of the Manchu tribe. In 1643, Huang Taiji was dead, caused by apoplexy. Shunzhi Emperor inherited Huang Taiji's throne. Prince Dorgon became the regent. In 1644, the Manchu armies conquered the north of China. The capital was changed to Beijing. The Ming dynasty was overthrown, though fighting continued until 1683.

Late-Qing

Restoration

A. The self-strengthening movement (1861 - 1895)

The self-strengthening movement ( or ; 1861 - 1895) was a reform organised during the late Qing. With the defeat in the Opium Wars and the outbreak of Taiping Rebellion, the emperor and the imperial officials realised that it was necessary to improve the country's state with a series of reforms. Therefore, the Self-Strengthening Movement was started.

The movement could be divided into three phases: the first phase (1861 - 1872), the second phase (1872 - 1885) and the third phase (1885 - 1895). The major leaders are Yixin, Prince Gong (Chinese: 恭親王), Wenxiang (Chinese: 文祥), Zeng Guofan (Chinese: 曾國藩), Li Hongzhang (Chinese: 李鴻章), Zuo Zongtang (Chinese: 左宗棠), Shen Baozhen (Chinese: 沈葆禎) and Zhang Zhidong (Chinese: 張之洞). However, owing to the conservatives opposition and the problems of modernization, it failed finally.

Reforms were:

 National defence
 Arsenals were built in Shanghai and Xiamen.
 Shipyards were built in Fuzhou and Tianjin.
 The Beiyang Fleet was organized by Li Hongzhang.

 Industry and trade
 Modern banks were built.
 Many industries were built in the South of China.

 Diplomatic modernization
 The Zongli Yamen, a foreign office of the Qing dynasty, was set up in 1861.
 In 1868, the Qing government sent its first official diplomatic mission aboard.

B. The hundred days' reform (1898)

With the failure of the Self-Strengthening Movenment, the defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War and the scramble for concessions, many Chinese leaders realised that reforms were urgently needed. Thus, the Hundred Day's Reform (Chinese: 戊戌變法; 11 June 1898 - 21 September 1898) was started in 1898. The leaders of the reform were Guangxu Emperor, Kang Youwei (Chinese: 康有為) and Liang Qichao (Chinese: 梁啟超). Eventually, it ended in a coup d'état led by Empress Dowager Cixi.

The main reforms were:

 Political reforms
 Useless government posts were to be abolished.

 Economic reforms
 Modern banks would be built.
 Railways were to be built.

 Military reform
 The army and navy were to have modern weapons.
 A national militia would be organised.

Qing government and society

Politics
The Manchus changed their ways to be more like the Chinese in order to rule them better.  The Manchus started wearing Chinese clothes and writing in Chinese.  They began to enjoy Chinese food and art.  One of the Manchu emperors, Qianlong Emperor, began to worry about how much like the Chinese the Manchus were becoming and he tried to get Manchus to be more Manchu.  Qianlong Emperor made Manchus ride horses and shoot bows and arrows so that they would remember where they came from. The Chinese people used different types of clothes like maccukau, konaha, schinin and sakahn.

Regional Development
 Guangdong
In the early Qing, Guangdong was a province. There were 79 counties. In 1911, it was checked that there were 5,041,780 households, approximately 28,001,564 people. The famous mountains in Guangdong were Lingchau, Huangling and Luofu. Dongjiang, Beijiang and Xijiang were the most important rivers in Guangdong. Guangzhou, Zhaoqing, Xiamen and Fujian were the major Guangdong cities.

Further reading
 History of Ming, compiled under Zhang Tingyu in 1739.
 Draft History of Qing, compiled under Zhao Erxun in 1927.

Chinese dynasties
1644 establishments
1912 disestablishments

Qing dynasty


Drew Westen is professor in the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia; the founder of Westen Strategies, LLC, a strategic messaging consulting firm to nonprofits and political organizations; and a writer.  He is also co-founder, with Joel Weinberger, of Implicit Strategies, a market research firm that measures consumers' unconscious responses to advertising and brands.

Early life and education
He grew up in North Carolina and Georgia, and received a Bachelor of Arts from Harvard University, a Master of Arts in Social and Political Thought from the University of Sussex (England), and a Doctor of Philosophy in clinical psychology from the University of Michigan, where he taught introductory psychology from 1985 to 1991.

Career

Westen is a strategic messaging consultant for major nonprofit organizations and has been a  consultant or advisor to progressive and Democratic organizations, including the House and Senate Democratic Caucuses.

In addition, Westen is a commentator on television, radio, in print, and online, who has been a frequent contributor to the opinion page of the New York Times, the Washington Post, the Los Angeles Times, CNN.com and the Huffington Post. His 2011 article on Obama's leadership in the Sunday New York Times was one of the most widely read pieces in the history of the Sunday Times and drew considerable attention, including from the White House. The President and his close advisors were so incensed and concerned about its impact, because it captured popular opinion at the time about his leadership style, that they sent out a thirty-plus page email of talking points to friendly journalists to use when he was interviewed on television and radio.

Research
His academic research spans over many areas, most of it focused on the assessment, classification, and diagnosis of mental disorders in adults and adolescents, with a particular focus on personality disorders, although he has also done research on eating disorders, unconscious processes, mood disorders, the psychological processes underlying the capacity or incapacity to maintain intimate relationships, attachment, psychological anthropology, social and affective neuroscience, and a number of other topics.  He has made numerous contributions to the literature in psychoanalysis, attempting to integrate it with empirical psychology, psychiatry, and neuroscience. He has expressed concern, however, that psychoanalysts should not only be able to diagnose psychological dynamics but also to be able to make traditional diagnoses, which often have treatment implications that a single-minded focus on psychoanalytic case formulation should not, but often does, obscure their vision.  After several years at the University of Michigan, he then moved to Harvard University, where he was associate professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Chief Psychologist at the Cambridge Hospital.

At Harvard University and at Emory, Westen's work has focused on alternative ways of assessing and classifying personality disorders and developing and refining the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure as a tool for researchers and clinicians to help further the understanding of personality and its disorders.  He is unusual among academic clinical psychologists in being both an active researcher and a practicing clinician for 20 years, who has written on what can be learned from both science and practice.  This is reflected in over a decade's work on how to revise the diagnostic manual in psychiatry so that it is useful both to clinicians and researchers.

Much of Westen's theoretical work has attempted to bridge perspectives, particularly cognitive, psychodynamic, and evolutionary.  He has published over 200 research papers in the scientific literature.

Political bias study
In January 2006 a group of scientists led by Westen announced at the annual Society for Personality and Social Psychology conference in Palm Springs, California the results of a study in which functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) showed that self-described Democrats and Republicans responded to negative remarks about their political candidate of choice in systematically biased ways.

Specifically, when Republican test subjects were shown self-contradictory quotes by George W. Bush and when Democratic test subjects were shown self-contradictory quotes by John Kerry, both groups tended to explain away the apparent contradictions in a manner biased to favor their candidate of choice.  Similarly, areas of the brain responsible for reasoning (notably the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) did not respond during the time subjects were coming to these conclusions, whereas circuits involved in processing negative emotion (e.g., the insular gyrus), conflict monitoring and resolution (the anterior cingulate), and what the researchers presumed to be unconscious emotion regulation (neural activity in the ventromedial and orbital prefrontal cortex) showed increased activity as compared to the subjects' responses to politically neutral statements associated with politically neutral people (such as Tom Hanks).

Subjects were then presented with information that exonerated their candidate of choice.  When this occurred, areas of the brain involved in reward (notably dopamine-rich regions such as the striatum / nucleus accumbens) showed increased activity, essentially reinforcing both their positive feelings toward their favored candidate and defensive reasoning.

Westen said,
 None of the circuits involved in conscious reasoning were particularly engaged... Essentially, it appears as if partisans twirl the cognitive kaleidoscope until they get the conclusions they want... Everyone... may reason to emotionally biased judgments when they have a vested interest in how to interpret 'the facts.'
The study was published in the Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18:11, pp. 1947–58, a peer-reviewed scientific journal.

Books
In 2007, PublicAffairs published Westen's The Political Brain. The book has been widely used by political candidates and leaders around the world and is credited as having influenced campaign strategies in a number of races, beginning with the 2008 Presidential race. President Bill Clinton described it as one of the most significant books in politics he had read in a decade.

Personal life
He is divorced and has two children.

References

External links
 Drew Westen's corporate market research firm with his partner, Dr. Joel Weinberger
 12 Sept 2008 interview on PBS' NOW

Living people
21st-century American psychologists
Harvard University alumni
University of Michigan alumni
Alumni of the University of Sussex
Emory University faculty
Framing theorists
Linguists from the United States
American political writers
Psycholinguists
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
University of Michigan faculty
20th-century American male writers
American male non-fiction writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American male writers

Drew Westen


Comma-separated values (CSV) is a text file format that uses commas to separate values. A CSV file stores tabular data (numbers and text) in plain text, where each line of the file typically represents one data record. Each record consists of the same number of fields, and these are separated by commas in the CSV file. If the field delimiter itself may appear within a field, fields can be surrounded with quotation marks.

The CSV file format is one type of delimiter-separated file format. Delimiters frequently used include the comma, tab, space, and semicolon. Delimiter-separated files are often given a ".csv" extension even when the field separator is not a comma. Many applications or libraries that consume or produce CSV files have options to specify an alternative delimiter.

The lack of adherence to the CSV standard RFC 4180 necessitates the support for a variety of CSV formats in data input software. Despite this drawback, CSV remains widespread in data applications and is widely supported by a variety of software, including common spreadsheet applications such as Microsoft Excel. Benefits cited in favor of CSV include human readability and the simplicity of the format.

Applications
CSV is a common data exchange format that is widely supported by consumer, business, and scientific applications. Among its most common uses is moving tabular data between programs that natively operate on incompatible (often proprietary or undocumented) formats. For example, a user may need to transfer information from a database program that stores data in a proprietary format, to a spreadsheet that uses a completely different format. Most database programs can export data as CSV. Most spreadsheet programs can read CSV data, allowing CSV to be used as an intermediate format when transferring data from a database to a spreadsheet.

CSV is also used for storing data. Common data science tools such as Pandas include the option to export data to CSV for long-term storage. Benefits of CSV for data storage include the simplicity of CSV makes parsing and creating CSV files easy to implement and fast compared to other data formats, human readability making editing or fixing data simpler, and high compressibility leading to smaller data files. Alternatively, CSV does not support more complex data relations and makes no distinction between null and empty values, and in applications where these features are needed other formats are preferred.

Specification
 proposes a specification for the CSV format; however, actual practice often does not follow the RFC and the term "CSV" might refer to any file that:

 is plain text using a character encoding such as ASCII, various Unicode character encodings (e.g. UTF-8), EBCDIC, or Shift JIS,
 consists of records (typically one record per line),
 with the records divided into fields separated by delimiters (typically a single reserved character such as comma, semicolon, or tab; sometimes the delimiter may include optional spaces),
 where every record has the same sequence of fields.

Within these general constraints, many variations are in use. Therefore, without additional information (such as whether RFC 4180 is honored), a file claimed simply to be in "CSV" format is not fully specified. As a result, some applications supporting CSV files have text import wizards that allow users to preview the first few lines of the file and then specify the delimiter character(s), quoting rules, and field trimming.

History
Comma-separated values is a data format that predates personal computers by more than a decade: the IBM Fortran (level H extended) compiler under OS/360 supported CSV in 1972. List-directed ("free form") input/output was defined in FORTRAN 77, approved in 1978. List-directed input used commas or spaces for delimiters, so unquoted character strings could not contain commas or spaces.

The term "comma-separated value" and the "CSV" abbreviation were in use by 1983. The manual for the Osborne Executive computer, which bundled the SuperCalc spreadsheet, documents the CSV quoting convention that allows strings to contain embedded commas, but the manual does not specify a convention for embedding quotation marks within quoted strings.

Comma-separated value lists are easier to type (for example into punched cards) than fixed-column-aligned data, and they were less prone to producing incorrect results if a value was punched one column off from its intended location.

Comma separated files are used for the interchange of database information between machines of two different architectures. The plain-text character of CSV files largely avoids incompatibilities such as byte-order and word size. The files are largely human-readable, so it is easier to deal with them in the absence of perfect documentation or communication.

The main standardization initiative—transforming "de facto fuzzy definition" into a more precise and de jure one—was in 2005, with , defining CSV as a MIME Content Type. Later, in 2013, some of RFC 4180's deficiencies were tackled by a W3C recommendation.

In 2014 IETF published  describing the application of URI fragments to CSV documents. RFC 7111 specifies how row, column, and cell ranges can be selected from a CSV document using position indexes.

In 2015 W3C, in an attempt to enhance CSV with formal semantics, publicized the first drafts of recommendations for CSV metadata standards, which began as recommendations in December of the same year.

General functionality
CSV formats are best used to represent sets or sequences of records in which each record has an identical list of fields. This corresponds to a single relation in a relational database, or to data (though not calculations) in a typical spreadsheet.

The format dates back to the early days of business computing and is widely used to pass data between computers with different internal word sizes, data formatting needs, and so forth. For this reason, CSV files are common on all computer platforms.

CSV is a delimited text file that uses a comma to separate values (many implementations of CSV import/export tools allow other separators to be used; for example, the use of a "Sep=^" row as the first row in the *.csv file will cause Excel to open the file expecting caret "^" to be the separator instead of comma ","). Simple CSV implementations may prohibit field values that contain a comma or other special characters such as newlines. More sophisticated CSV implementations permit them, often by requiring " (double quote) characters around values that contain reserved characters (such as commas, double quotes, or less commonly, newlines). Embedded double quote characters may then be represented by a pair of consecutive double quotes, or by prefixing a double quote with an escape character such as a backslash (for example in Sybase Central).

CSV formats are not limited to a particular character set. They work just as well with Unicode character sets (such as UTF-8 or UTF-16) as with ASCII (although particular programs that support CSV may have their own limitations). CSV files normally will even survive naïve translation from one character set to another (unlike nearly all proprietary data formats). CSV does not, however, provide any way to indicate what character set is in use, so that must be communicated separately, or determined at the receiving end (if possible).

Databases that include multiple relations cannot be exported as a single CSV file. Similarly, CSV cannot naturally represent hierarchical or object-oriented data. This is because every CSV record is expected to have the same structure. CSV is therefore rarely appropriate for documents created with HTML, XML, or other markup or word-processing technologies.

Statistical databases in various fields often have a generally relation-like structure, but with some repeatable groups of fields. For example, health databases such as the Demographic and Health Survey typically repeat some questions for each child of a given parent (perhaps up to a fixed maximum number of children). Statistical analysis systems often include utilities that can "rotate" such data; for example, a "parent" record that includes information about five children can be split into five separate records, each containing (a) the information on one child, and (b) a copy of all the non-child-specific information. CSV can represent either the "vertical" or "horizontal" form of such data.

In a relational database, similar issues are readily handled by creating a separate relation for each such group, and connecting "child" records to the related "parent" records using a foreign key (such as an ID number or name for the parent). In markup languages such as XML, such groups are typically enclosed within a parent element and repeated as necessary (for example, multiple <child> nodes within a single <parent> node). With CSV there is no widely accepted single-file solution.

Standardization
The name "CSV" indicates the use of the comma to separate data fields. Nevertheless, the term "CSV" is widely used to refer to a large family of formats that differ in many ways. Some implementations allow or require single or double quotation marks around some or all fields; and some reserve the first record as a header containing a list of field names. The character set being used is undefined: some applications require a Unicode byte order mark (BOM) to enforce Unicode interpretation (sometimes even a UTF-8 BOM). Files that use the tab character instead of comma can be more precisely referred to as "TSV" for tab-separated values.

Other implementation differences include the handling of more commonplace field separators (such as space or semicolon) and newline characters inside text fields. One more subtlety is the interpretation of a blank line: it can equally be the result of writing a record of zero fields, or a record of one field of zero length; thus decoding it is ambiguous.

RFC 4180 and MIME standards
The 2005 technical standard RFC 4180 formalizes the CSV file format and defines the MIME type "text/csv" for the handling of text-based fields. However, the interpretation of the text of each field is still application-specific. Files that follow the RFC 4180 standard can simplify CSV exchange and should be widely portable. Among its requirements:
 MS-DOS-style lines that end with (CR/LF) characters (optional for the last line).
 An optional header record (there is no sure way to detect whether it is present, so care is required when importing).
 Each record should contain the same number of comma-separated fields.
 Any field may be quoted (with double quotes).
 Fields containing a line-break, double-quote or commas should be quoted. (If they are not, the file will likely be impossible to process correctly.)
 If double-quotes are used to enclose fields, then a double-quote in a field must be represented by two double-quote characters.

The format can be processed by most programs that claim to read CSV files. The exceptions are (a) programs may not support line-breaks within quoted fields, (b) programs may confuse the optional header with data or interpret the first data line as an optional header, and (c) double-quotes in a field may not be parsed correctly automatically.

OKF frictionless tabular data package

In 2011 Open Knowledge Foundation (OKF) and various partners created a data protocols working group, which later evolved into the Frictionless Data initiative. One of the main formats they released was the Tabular Data Package. Tabular Data package was heavily based on CSV, using it as the main data transport format and adding basic type and schema metadata (CSV lacks any type information to distinguish the string "1" from the number 1).

The Frictionless Data Initiative has also provided a standard CSV Dialect Description Format for describing different dialects of CSV, for example specifying the field separator or quoting rules.

W3C tabular data standard
In 2013 the W3C "CSV on the Web" working group began to specify technologies providing higher interoperability for web applications using CSV or similar formats. The working group completed its work in February 2016 and is officially closed in March 2016 with the release of a set of documents and W3C recommendations
for modeling "Tabular Data", and enhancing CSV with metadata and semantics.

Basic rules
Many informal documents exist that describe "CSV" formats.
IETF RFC 4180 (summarized above) defines the format for the "text/csv" MIME type registered with the IANA.

Rules typical of these and other "CSV" specifications and implementations are as follows:

Example

The above table of data may be represented in CSV format as follows:

 Year,Make,Model,Description,Price
 1997,Ford,E350,"ac, abs, moon",3000.00
 1999,Chevy,"Venture ""Extended Edition""","",4900.00
 1999,Chevy,"Venture ""Extended Edition, Very Large""","",5000.00
 1996,Jeep,Grand Cherokee,"MUST SELL!
 air, moon roof, loaded",4799.00

Example of a USA/UK CSV file (where the decimal separator is a period/full stop and the value separator is a comma):

 Year,Make,Model,Length
 1997,Ford,E350,2.35
 2000,Mercury,Cougar,2.38

Example of an analogous European CSV/DSV file (where the decimal separator is a comma and the value separator is a semicolon):

 Year;Make;Model;Length
 1997;Ford;E350;2,35
 2000;Mercury;Cougar;2,38

The latter format is not RFC 4180 compliant. Compliance could be achieved by the use of a comma instead of a semicolon as a separator and either the international notation for the representation of the decimal mark or the practice of quoting all numbers that have a decimal mark.

Application support

Some applications use CSV as a data interchange format to enhance its interoperability, exporting and importing CSV. Others use CSV as an internal format.

As a data interchange format: the CSV file format is supported by almost all spreadsheets and database management systems,
 Spreadsheets including Apple Numbers, LibreOffice Calc, and Apache OpenOffice Calc. Microsoft Excel also supports a dialect of CSV with restrictions in comparison to other spreadsheet software (e.g.,  Excel still cannot export CSV files in the commonly used UTF-8 character encoding, and separator is not enforced to be the comma). LibreOffice Calc CSV importer is actually a more generic delimited text importer, supporting multiple separators at the same time as well as field trimming.
 Relational databases, when using standard SQL, can export/import CSV by the COPY command.  For example, on PostgreSQL is valid   and .
 Many utility programs on Unix-style systems (such as cut, paste, join, sort, uniq, awk) can split files on a comma delimiter, and can therefore process simple CSV files. However, this method does not correctly handle commas or new lines within quoted strings.
 Some code and text editors such as Visual Studio Code, IntelliJ, Notepad++, CudaText and others support syntax highlighting for CSV files, making them easier to read and edit

As (main or optional) internal representation. Can be native or foreign, but differ from interchange format ("export/import only")  because it is not necessary to create a copy in another format:
 Some Spreadsheets  including LibreOffice Calc offers this option, without enforcing user to adopt another format.
 Some relational databases, when using standard SQL, offer foreign-data wrapper (FDW). For example, PostgreSQL offers the  and  to configure any variant of CSV.
 Databases like Apache Hive offer the option to express CSV or .csv.gz as an internal table format.
 The emacs editor can operate on CSV files using csv-nav mode.

CSV format is supported by libraries available for many programming languages. Most provide some way to specify the field delimiter, decimal separator, character encoding, quoting conventions, date format, etc.

Software and row limits
Each software that works with CSV has its limits on the maximum number of rows CSV files can have.
Below is a list of common software and its limitations:
 Microsoft Excel: 1,048,576 row limit;
 Apple Numbers: 1,000,000 row limit;
 Google Sheets: 5,000,000 cell limit (the product of columns and rows);
 OpenOffice and LibreOffice: 1,048,576 row limit;
 Text Editors (such as WordPad, TextEdit, Vim, etc.): no row or cell limit;
 Databases (COPY command and FDW): no row or cell limit.

See also
 Tab-separated values
 Comparison of data-serialization formats
 Delimiter-separated values
 Delimiter collision
 Flat-file database
 Simple Data Format
 Substitute character, Null character, invisible comma U+2063

References

Further reading
  (Has file descriptions of delimited ASCII (.DEL) (including comma- and semicolon-separated) and non-delimited ASCII (.ASC) files for data transfer.)

Delimiter-separated format
Open formats
Spreadsheet file formats

Comma-separated values


The Westlink M7 Motorway or Westlink M7 – formerly Western Sydney Orbital – is one of Sydney's urban motorways and a part of the Sydney Orbital Network. It is a tolled motorway that is owned and operated by NorthWestern Roads Group (NWR) and connects three motorways: M5 South Western Motorway at Prestons, M4 Western Motorway at Eastern Creek and M2 Hills Motorway at Baulkham Hills. It opened on 16 December 2005, eight months ahead of schedule.

History
Western Sydney is the fastest growing part of the Sydney metropolitan area. The Ring Road 5 and State Route 55 – and later State Route 77 – originally meant to bypass Sydney, had instead become primary arteries for the western suburbs.

By the late 1990s and first decade of the 21st century Western Sydney had become the third biggest producer of Australia's GDP, after the Sydney CBD and Melbourne. The growth of industrial and residential areas brought about a massive increase in traffic on its local roads. This led to the planning of the Western Sydney Orbital which, among its original purposes, was to serve the stillborn second international airport at Badgerys Creek.

In January 2001 the federal government made a commitment to progressively contribute A$356 million to the M7 project, with the remaining A$1.5 billion required for the design and construction provided by the private sector. The NSW Minister for Planning authorised the undertaking in February 2002.

The M7 Motorway was privately funded through an innovative construction contract method known as a "deed" to facilitate the expedition of the tendering phase; several deeds were drawn up based on the contractors proposals. The deed was for the full design, construction, operation and maintenance of the motorway including more than 40 kilometres (25 mi) of continuously reinforced concrete (CRCP) and asphalt roads, upgrading of local roads, the longest free-flowing (no toll booths) toll road in the world at the time. More than 90 bridges (of four different types) and the largest shared path network in the southern hemisphere. The design, construct, operate and maintain contract worth at least A$2.0 billion was awarded to WSO (Western Sydney Orbital Pty Ltd) by the Roads & Traffic Authority. The design and construct portion of the contract valued at A$1.8 billion was awarded to a joint venture between Abigroup and Leighton Contractors (ALJV) with design work undertaken by a further joint venture by Maunsell AECOM and SMEC (Snowy Mountains Engineering Corporation) with further subcontracting to other designers (Arup) and independent verification by Sinclair Knight Merz (SKM).

The motorway was opened to traffic in 2005. WSO (commonly known as Westlink) operate the motorway with maintenance subcontracted to Westlink Services and tolling to ROAM. With its opening, Metroad 7 between Liverpool and Beecroft was transferred from Cumberland Highway to Westlink M7. Westlink M7 was the first Sydney motorway to be marked with an alphanumeric shield rather than the hexagonal Metroad shield.

On 25 December 2005, just 9 days after opening, the M7 suffered its first fatality: a 12-year-old boy died at Cecil Park when the four-wheel drive he was travelling in rolled down an embankment and onto Elizabeth Drive, almost crushing another car.

Route
Light Horse Interchange
The M7 originates at the Roden Cutler Interchange, a Y-junction with the M31 Hume Motorway and M5 South Western Motorway at Prestons, and weaves to the west of Liverpool to the junction of Elizabeth Road and Wallgrove Road in Abbotsbury. From then on it runs parallel to Wallgrove Road north towards the Great Western Highway and the Light Horse interchange, a stack junction with the M4. Continuing north, it leads to Minchinbury and follows alongside Rooty Hill Road up to Dean Park at an exit with Rooty Hill Road North and Richmond Road.

From this junction the M7 turns eastward along the preserved Castlereagh Freeway corridor through Quakers Hill and Kings Langley up to the interchange with Old Windsor Road to Norwest Business Park and continues southeast to reconcile with the existing M2 Hills Motorway in Baulkham Hills. It is 4 lanes (2 lanes each way) for its entire length.

Light Horse Interchange
The Light Horse Interchange is the junction of the M4 and M7 motorways. The stack interchange is the largest of its type in the southern hemisphere. It was named in honour of an Australian World War One formation, the Australian Light Horse. It is also the only one in Australia

Tolls
The Westlink was built as a fully tolled, gateless motorway employing electronic payment, with an initial toll-free period that ended on 15 January 2006. The toll was originally 29.91 cents per kilometre, capped after 20 kilometres (12 mi) at $5.98. On 1 April 2006, this increased to 30.07 cents per kilometre, capped after 20 kilometres (12 mi) at $6.01. As of 2015, the toll was 38.31 cents per kilometre, capped at $7.66, and adjusted quarterly according to the CPI.

Roads in Sydney

Westlink M7


Josh Leo (born 1953 in Des Moines, Iowa) is an American guitarist, songwriter, and record producer active in Nashville, Tennessee.

Leo was born in Des Moines, Iowa, but was raised in Kansas City, Missouri. In 1976, he moved to Chicago, Illinois and subsequently became a guitarist of the short-lived Eddie Boy Band. The band then traveled to Los Angeles, California two years later, where they recorded an album for MCA Records (which was the first record Leo had made). The Eddie Boy Band, however, was unsatisfied with the sound quality of the album, and they disbanded shortly afterward.

In 1979, four years after the Eddie Boy Band broke up, Leo began touring with J. D. Souther as a guitarist. And over the next few years, he would record and tour with the likes of Kim Carnes, Jimmy Buffett and Glenn Frey. During this time, Leo also began a songwriting career. In 1983, he scored his first hit when Crystal Gayle reached Number One on the Billboard Country Singles chart with his composition, "Baby, What About You." That same year, Leo recorded a pop album for Warner Bros. Records titled Rockin' on 6th, and he made his first venture into music production, when he produced Timothy B. Schmit's 1984 album, Playin' It Cool. In 1985, Leo moved to Nashville, Tennessee to focus more on his writing and producing careers. The first album he produced while in Nashville was the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band's 1987 project, Hold On. One of the tracks from that album, "Baby's Got A Hold On Me" an up-tempo song he co-wrote with Jeff Hanna and Bob Carpenter, scored him his first hit as a producer on the R&R charts.

Throughout the late 1980s and 1990s, Leo wrote songs and produced albums for many country music artists and groups, such as Alabama, Restless Heart, Kathy Mattea, Reba McEntire and LeAnn Rimes, among others. Also during this time, he spent four years serving as vice president and head of A&R at RCA Records' Nashville division. Among the artists he signed during his tenure at RCA Nashville were Martina McBride and Lari White.

As of 2021, Leo continues to be active in the music business. Among his more recent projects are writing songs and producing albums for the likes of Brenda Lee, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Bad Company, Kenny Chesney and Dustin Lynch, as well a collaboration project with other fellow Nashville musicians, naming themselves the Vinyl Kings. His projects in the late 2000s include the production of two Emerson Drive albums, Countrified and Believe, both of which Leo co-produced with Alabama bass guitarist Teddy Gentry. Additionally, Leo has also produced the 2012 self-titled second album from the group Love and Theft and their 2015 album, Whiskey on my Breath.

All told, he has performed on over 150 records, produced 21 singles that reached No. 1 on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart, written six singles that reached No. 1 on the Billboard Country Singles chart, and won 6 BMI Millionaire awards.

References

Josh Leo biography

American country guitarists
American male guitarists
American country songwriters
American male songwriters
Record producers from Iowa
Living people
1953 births
Musicians from Des Moines, Iowa
Writers from Des Moines, Iowa
Songwriters from Iowa
Guitarists from Iowa
20th-century American guitarists
Coral Reefer Band members
20th-century American male musicians

Josh Leo


The Senate of Pakistan is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of Pakistan. Elections are held every three years for one half of the senate and each senator has a term of six years. If the office of the President of Pakistan becomes vacant, or the President is unable to perform his functions, the Chairman of the Senate acts as President until a President is elected.

Government of Pakistan
Pakis

Senate of Pakistan


Rank is a 2002 fourteen-minute short film directed by David Yates. It was nominated for the British Academy Film Award for Best Short Film at the BAFTAs.

Development
Producer Andrew O'Connell said "We first went to the London Production Fund who gave us the full grant of £15,000. Then we approached Scottish Screen but as we were not a Scots production company they could only give us £5,000. We got Scottish co-producers, re-applied and got £25,000. We also got a lot of deals on post production and post production finance from The First Film Foundation – who are backed by UGC and Universal".

In an interview with Film London, director David Yates stated that he "wanted to use non actors to tell the story, to create a reality. It was also a big break for our writer, Robbie – because it was essentially his first film and for all the kids we cast in Glasgow who had never done a film before." He went on to say that he had "just finished a period drama called The Way We Live Now, which had taken me a year, and which was a very big production ... but fairly formal in many ways as a piece of work ... this [Rank] was an opportunity to just shake all of that off and get back to my roots."

Plot
Rank tells the story of a street gang that cross Glasgow to witness the arrival of a group of Somali refugees. The themes of racism, friendship and adolescence are reflected throughout the film.

Cast
Brian Dunn as Twist
Christopher Gorman as Gerrad
Ian Jarvie as Noel
William McLachlan as Spartacus
Rudi Neequaye as Aziz
Stephen Ross as Frankie
Owen Gorman as Janitor
Steven Leach as Council Official (as Stephen Leach)
Shouakat Hussain as Shop Owner

Crew
Paul Nolan and David Smith were the executive producers of the film and the first assistant director to David Yates was Dave Tarvit. The production designer was Nikie McCallum and the costume designers were Arnalie Harper Gow and Anna Lau. Makeup was designed by Fiona Maynard.

References

External links
Rank at the Internet Movie Database

Films directed by David Yates

Rank (film)


Långban is a mining area in Värmland in Sweden. It belongs to Filipstad Municipality, with the nearest city being Filipstad, 21 km south. It was systematically mined through 1711–1972, but has traces from the 15th century. It is the birthplace of Swedish-American inventor John Ericsson and his brother Nils Ericson.

It has been described as one of the most mineral-rich places in the world. Over 270 different minerals have been identified in the area and more than 60 of these have Långban as type locality. Most mining was done for iron ore and manganese ore, but  in total, 300 minerals have been found. After 1950, only dolomite was extracted.

Långbanshyttan is the name of an adjacent blast furnace and adjacent house of the factory manager, where the brothers Nils and John Ericsson were born. The furnace was built in the 16th century, and used until 1933. It was renovated 1980-83 and is today a tourist attraction.

External links
 Långban and Långbanshyttan from Nordisk familjebok
 Langban at Mindat.org, List of minerals at Langban.

References

Populated places in Värmland County
Geological type localities

Långban


A pooper-scooper, or poo scoop, is a device or a 'poo bag' used by pet owners to pick up an animal's fecal matter from public places and yards.  Such devices often have a bag or bag attachment.  The 'poop bag' is usually turned inside out, to carry the feces to a proper disposal area. The person performing the cleanup might also be called a pooper-scooper.

Legislation
A number of places, including New York City, have laws telling pet owners to clean up after their pets after the pet has pooped on a sidewalk or any public place, on a floor, wall, stairway or roof of any public or private premises used in common by the public, or on a fence, wall or stairway of a building abutting on a public. Authorized employees of New York City Departments of Health (including Animal Care & Control), of Sanitation, or of Parks and Recreation can issue tickets.

Health concerns
Pet droppings contaminate the environment with bacteria, parasites and stench. The droppings are one of the leading sources of E. coli (fecal coliforms) bacterial pollution: one gram of dog feces contains over 20,000,000 E. coli cells. Coliform bacteria and E. coli are commonly-used field indicators of fecal contamination by animals (including human).  Pet droppings contain eggs of Toxocara canis and Neospora caninum parasitic worms. In adult dogs infection with T.canis usually asymptomatic but can be fatal in puppies.T. canis can cause parasitic worm infection and rarely blindness in humans. N.caninum causes severe losses in livestock breeding. While an individual animal's deposit of feces will not measurably affect the environment, the cumulative effect of thousands of dogs and cats in a metropolitan area creates serious problems due to contamination of soil and water supplies. The runoff from neglected pet waste contaminates water, creates health hazards for people, fish, ducks, etc.

The situation is particularly dire in Germany, where an estimated 1400 tonnes of feces are deposited daily on public property. A citizen commission (2005) overwhelmingly recommended a plan.  DNA samples would be required when pet licenses come up for renewal.  Within a year, a database of some 12,500 registration-required canine residents would be available to sanitation workers with sample-test kits.  Evidence would be submitted to a forensics laboratory where technicians could readily match the waste to its dog.  The prospect of a prompt fine equivalent to $600 US (at 2005 exchange rate) would help assure preventive compliance, as well as cover costs.

Pets

Pooper-scooper


Catherine Sarah Wood Marshall LeSourd (September 27, 1914 – March 18, 1983) was an American author of nonfiction, inspirational, and fiction works. She was the wife of well-known minister Peter Marshall.

Biography
Marshall was born in Johnson City, Tennessee. She was the daughter of the Reverend John Ambrose Wood and Leonora Whitaker Wood. From the age of nine until her graduation from high school, Marshall was raised in Keyser, West Virginia, where her father served as pastor of a Presbyterian church from 1924 to 1942.

While a junior at Agnes Scott College, she met Peter Marshall, marrying him in 1936. The couple moved to Washington, D.C., where her husband served as pastor of the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church and Chaplain of the United States Senate.

In 1940, Marshall contracted tuberculosis, for which at that time no antibiotic treatment was available. She spent nearly three years recovering from the illness. Her husband died in 1949 of a heart attack, leaving her to care for their nine-year-old son, Peter John Marshall. He later also became a minister and author.

Marshall wrote a biography of her husband, A Man Called Peter, published in 1951. It became a nationwide success and was adapted as a film of the same name, released in 1955. Her success encouraged her to keep writing.

Marshall wrote or edited more than 30 books, which have sold over 16 million copies. They include edited collections of Peter Marshall's sermons and prayers, and her own inspirational writings. Her most successful books were A Man Called Peter (1951); and her novel, Christy (1967), which was inspired by the story of her mother's time in the mountains teaching the impoverished children of Appalachia. Christy was adapted as a CBS television series, starring Kellie Martin, beginning in 1994.

In 1959, Marshall married Leonard LeSourd, who was the editor of Guideposts Magazine for 28 years. Together they founded a book imprint, Chosen Books. Marshall had three stepchildren, Linda, Chester and Jeffery.

Marshall died on March 18, 1983, at the age of 68. She was buried alongside her first husband.

Works published
A Closer Walk (co-author)
A Man Called Peter
Adventures in Prayer
Beyond Our Selves
Catherine Marshall's Story Bible
Catherine Marshall's Storybook for Children
Christy
Footprints in the Snow
Friends with God
God Loves You
Heart of Peter Marshall's Faith
John Doe, Disciple
Julie
Let's Keep Christmas
Light in my Darkest Night
Meeting God at Every Turn
Mr. Jones, Meet the Master (co-author)
Moments that Matter
My Personal Prayer Diary
Prayers of Peter Marshall
Quiet Times with Catherine Marshall
Something More
The Best of Catherine Marshall
The Best of Peter Marshall
The Collected Works of Catherine Marshall
The First Easter (co-author)
The Helper
The Inspirational Writings of Catherine Marshall
To Live Again

References

1914 births
1983 deaths
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American women writers
Agnes Scott College people
American book editors
American evangelicals
American Presbyterians
American women novelists
Appalachian writers
Christian novelists
Novelists from Tennessee
Novelists from West Virginia
People from Johnson City, Tennessee
People from Keyser, West Virginia

Catherine Marshall


Elizabeth Barry Scale (also known as Bessie Barriscale; September 30, 1884 – June 30, 1965) was an American actress. She  was especially popular in silent movies and on the stage. She began her movie career around 1913. Her movies included The Woman Michael Married in 1919 and The Skirt in 1921. She returned to stage with Women Go On Forever.

Barriscale was born in New Jersey. She died in California at age 80.

American movie actors
American stage actors
Actors from New Jersey
1884 births
1965 deaths

Bessie Barriscale


Kimono  are traditional Japanese style clothes. About a hundred years ago, most people in Japan wore kimono every day. Now, people wear the kimono for special occasions, fun, and fashion. For example, a Japanese couple might wear kimono on their wedding day.

A kimono is a robe. When it lies flat, it is shaped like a letter T. Normal kimono reach to the ankles and have long sleeves. The sleeves of some kimono for women also reach to the ankles, but most kimono sleeves reach to the hips. Kimono come in many different designs and colours. Some colours have meanings.

Name

The word "kimono" means "something you wear".

History

The kimono that people wear today began in the 16th century.  But Japanese people have been wearing clothes that looked like the kimono for hundreds of years, since the Heian period (late 700s to late 1100s).

Chinese visitors brought the kimono to Japan. The Japanese decided to make and wear kimono too. These clothes had long, triangle-shaped sleeves and were wrapped over the body. The kimono had two parts: a jacket and either a skirt or trousers.

These clothes changed to look more like the kimono we see today. The kimono looked less like a triangle and more like a rectangle. The sleeves became square instead of triangle-shaped.

Common people wore a piece of clothing called a kosode, which means "short sleeve". This looked like a modern kimono with a wider body and smaller sleeves. The overlap at the front of the robe was longer, the collar was wider, and the robe was shorter.

Noble people also wore the kosode, but they wore several layers on top of it. Noble women wore clothing called jūni hitoe, which means "twelve layers", though the number of layered robes was not always twelve. These robes were wider, longer, and had larger sleeves than the kosode that the common people wore. They weighed up to 20 kg. Noblemen wore round-necked jackets with wide, long sleeves and hakama trousers. They would wear this with a small cap, which was usually black in colour.

Over time, wearing many layers of clothes became unfashionable. The government created laws to stop people from wearing many robes at once. Starting in the Muromachi period, women and men began to wear the kosode by itself or with two or three layers, with a small, thin belt called an obi, and for women, red hakama trousers. However, ceremonial clothing in the Imperial Court still looked like clothing from earlier times. Even today, the new Emperor and Empress of wear in clothes from the Heian period when they are formally named king or queen.

During the Genroku period, the common people had more money, especially merchants. They wore expensive and beautiful kosode, even if they were not nobles. People began to decorate their clothing in new ways, for example stitched patterns in thread, and new ways of coloring their clothing.

This made them look like noble people, so the government introduced laws against commoners wearing some kinds of clothes. However, people did not want to give up their beautiful clothes. Instead, they found different ways of wearing them; a man, for instance, might wear a haori  jacket made out of wool in a plain, boring colour, but he could line it with beautiful silk fabric.

This way of thinking about clothing and appearances became known as an aesthetic idea called iki, which is still important to the way people wear kimono today.

From the 1600s into the 1800s, Japan's leaders decided the country should not have contact with other countries.  Only a few Dutch ships were allowed to land and trade. The Dutch traders saw the kimono and knew people in Europe would like them. They asked Japanese kimono-makers to make kimono with rounder sleeves and warmer cuts for the Europeans to buy and wear.  Kimono became popular with rich Europeans. When the Japanese kimono-makers could not make enough kimono for the Dutch traders to sell, the Dutch traders told clothiers in India to copy the kimono.

Over time, the obi became wider and longer, especially for women. Because of this, the sleeves of women's kosode were no longer sewn to the body entirely. They were instead only attached at the shoulder.

Sleeves became got longer for young women, as did the length of the kosode. In the Edo period, people began to say kimono instead of kosode. The kimono would trail behind the wearer.  This was not a problem indoors.  Outside, the wearer had to pull up the kimono so it would not become dirty. Women started tucking the extra length of their kimono into a hip fold, which became known as the ohashori. Kimono are still worn by women today with the ohashori.

During the Meiji Period, Japan's government decided the country should be more modern.  They built railroads and improved the army and universities.  But they also changed customs.  Fewer people wore the kimono every day.  Instead, they wore modern, Western clothes.

Over time, very wide obi and very long kimono fell out of fashion. During World War Two, people thought long kimono sleeves were wasteful. Sleeves on kimono were shortened, sometimes a lot. This new sleeve length lasted, and modern kimono for women are still shorter than they were before the war. Older kimono, especially from the Taishō period, still have these long sleeves.

Today, more women wear the kimono than men. Men wear kimono most often at weddings and at Japanese tea ceremonies.

Men's and women's kimono

Kimono come in different sizes for different people. They come in different lengths for men and women. Men and women also wear kimono with different sleeves.

Kimono for women are much longer than kimono for men, and women fold the kimono at the waist to make it the right length. The right length for a woman's kimono is usually the same as her height.

The sleeves on a woman's kimono are not sewn to the body all the way down, and they are open at the back. Part of the body of the kimono is open as well. The sleeves on a woman's kimono are longer than the sleeves on a man's kimono, and sometimes they reach the ankle on kimono for young women. The curve at the edge of the sleeves is very round, especially on kimono for young women and girls.

Kimono for men do not need to be folded at the hip, and so do not have any extra length. The sleeves are shorter, and they are attached almost all the way down to the body. The back of each sleeve is sewn shut, and the body is also sewn shut. The curve at the edge of the sleeve is not as round.

Kimono for men are usually one solid colour, but they might have a very small geometric design. Kimono for women can be one solid colour, have a small design, or be decorated in larger, colourful patterns. More colourful kimono are usually worn by young women. Sometimes, these designs are only worn in certain seasons of the year.

People who are very tall or very heavy can struggle to find a kimono that fits them, and sometimes have kimono made for them instead.

Types of kimono

Kimono come in different types for different occasions, and both men and women have formal and casual kimono. Formal kimono have a number of crests on them, called kamon or mon. These are placed on the front of the shoulders, the back of the sleeves, and the centre of the back. Kimono with crests have either one, three, or five crests on them - the crest on the centre back, the centre back and the sleeves, or the centre back, the sleeves and the shoulders.

The most formal kimono have all five of these crests on them. The least-formal formal kimono have just one. These crests can be outlined or coloured in fully in white, with kamon that are just an outline being the least formal.

Kimono are usually made of silk, but there are cotton, polyester, hemp and linen kimono as well. Some kimono are also made of wool, or rayon. Formal kimono are always made out of fine silk, and are usually sewn by hand. However, not all silk kimono are formal kimono, and some types of silk, such as pongee (known as tsumugi) are only ever worn to casual occasions.

The most informal type of kimono is the yukata, worn in summer to festivals and in bath houses and inns by both men and women. They are not lined, are always made of cotton, and are worn with thin, brightly coloured obi.

For formal occasions, men wear fine silk kimono with haori (a kimono jacket) and hakama (loose-fitting trousers). The hakama are usually striped in white and black, and the kimono and the haori will match in colour.

Women have a number of different types of kimono for different formal occasions. The designs on the kimono, how they are put onto the kimono, and where they are placed on the kimono all change how formal the finished outfit is. In order of formality, these are:

 Komon - a kimono with patterns on it.
 Edo komon - a komon with a very, very small pattern repeating all over, usually in white on a coloured background. From a distance, these kimono look like one, solid colour.
 Iromuji - a kimono in one, solid colour. They are worn for Japanese tea ceremony and other semi-formal special events.
 Tsukesage - a kimono with a design along the hem, the back of the right sleeve, and the front of the left sleeve. The designs generally do not match up along the seams, but sometimes do. The designs are smaller than those on a hōmongi, and are dyed onto the bolt of fabric before being sewn up. They may have up to three crests on them.
 Hōmongi - a kimono with a design along the hem, the back of the right sleeve, and the front of the left sleeve. The designs should match up and cross over the seams, as hōmongi are roughly sewn up, and the designs drawn on, before being taken apart and dyed. The designs are usually larger than those on a tsukesage. They may have up to three crests on them.
 Irotomesode - literally, "colourful short sleeve". Irotomesode are colourful kimono with a design along the hem, which is either higher at the left side than the right, or placed on both okumi (the overlapping front panel) instead. An irotomesode can have between one and five crests, but usually has three.
 Kurotomesode - An irotomesode with a black background. These are the most formal kimono for women who cannot wear furisode.
 Furisode - literally, "swinging sleeve". Furisode are formal kimono for young women, and have brightly coloured, large designs all over. They have between one and five crests.

Accessories
People wear a wide belt called an obi with their kimono. Obi are also colorful, and are very long. Some types of obi are not worn anymore, as they are too difficult to wear and put on. The maru obi is an example of a type of obi not worn any more. The fukuro obi replaced it, as it was less wide and easier to wear.

Cost
Some kimono cost a large amount of money to buy. For example, Furisode kimono are very expensive. The obi belts can be very expensive too. Other kimono are less costly. Some people make their own kimono, or they buy kimono that other people have already worn.

Other kimono
People who play some sports, for example kendo, also wear the kimono. These kimono are strong, thick and short. They are different from long women's kimono. They are usually called do-gi.

Wearing the kimono
Most Japanese people do not know how to put on a kimono by themselves as it is very different from other clothing. Formal kimono for women can be very difficult to put on by yourself. Some people work as "kimono dressers". They help people to put on their kimono.

In Japan, people can take classes about wearing the kimono, and to learn about how to choose a kimono and how to tie the obi.

Kimono in Western culture

People wonder and argue about whether Westerners should wear kimono.  Some say it is cultural appropriation.  Cultural appropriation is when someone uses something from another culture because it looks fun or pretty but does not understand or respect it enough.  Some Japanese people think Westerners wearing kimono is cultural appropriation and some do not.  Japanese kimono-makers have been selling kimono to Western people for hundreds of years.

Rich women in the 1600s and 1700s liked kimono because they were different from Western court clothes.  Western clothes were made to push in or puff out the body.  Kimono work the same on every body.

In 1903, Paul Poiret made clothes that women could wear without corsets.  He looked at kimono and decided these clothes should hang from the shoulder like kimono and not from the waist like other clothes.

John Mollo made clothes for Star Wars after looking at kimono.

Photo gallery

Related pages
Geta
Tabi
Yukata
Zori

References

Other websites

Tokyo National Museum: Kimono Collection
Kyoto National Museum: Trends in 16th-19th Century Kimono
The Costume Museum: Costume History in Japan
Modern Kimono in Organic Cotton
Kimono Encyclopaedia - many photos
Modern Kimono in Organic Cotton
Japanese Kimono - a lot of unique photos

Japanese clothing

Kimono


The French Lieutenant's Woman is a 1981 British romantic drama movie directed by Karel Reisz and was based on the 1969 novel of the same name by John Fowles. It stars Meryl Streep, Jeremy Irons, Hilton McRae, Charlotte Mitchell, Lynsey Baxter, Peter Vaughan, Alun Armstrong, Penelope Wilton and was distributed by United Artists. It was nominated for 5 Academy Awards in 1982.

Other websites

1981 romantic drama movies
British romantic drama movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Karel Reisz

The French Lieutenant's Woman (movie)


The Shunyi Olympic Rowing-Canoeing Park () was built for the rowing, canoeing and 10 km open-water swimming events in the 2008 Summer Olympics. It is located in Mapo Village in the Shunyi District in Beijing.

The first competitions at the venue were held in August 2007, a year ahead of the 2008 Olympic Games for which it was built. The World Junior Rowing Championships, China Open Canoe/Kayak Slalom and China Canoe/Kayak Flatwater Open were all held in that month as part of the "Good Luck Beijing" series of sporting events. The 10 km marathon swimming event and the second qualifying event of the 2008 Summer Olympics were also held there.

Slalom course

The slalom course is generally considered to be difficult, even by Olympic standards. The water speed is 7.5 meters/second. With a drop of 6.3 meters (21 ft), the 300-meter course has a 2.1% slope of 20.9 m/km (110 ft/mile).

Powered by electric pumps, the slalom course is located at the southwest corner of the long rectangular rowing pond, from which it draws its water.  Its western loop is the competition course; the eastern loop, with branches, is for training and warmup.  Conveyor-belt boat lifts carry paddlers to the start pool.

The green and red numbers on the map show the gate configuration used for the finals at the 2008 Olympics.  There were six upstream gates (red numbers): two in right eddies, three in left eddies, and gate #10, the S-turn gate, in the middle of the stream below a midstream stack of plastic bollards.  Paddlers entered gate #10 from the left side and exited from the right.  The drop between gates #14 and #15 was called "stir fry".

Gates #3 and #4 were both upstream gates, side by side below the same drop.  Paddlers did a figure-8 maneuver, crossing the tongue of water produced by the drop to get from #3 to #4.  This difficulty was added for the finals.  Earlier heats had #3 as a downstream gate above the drop, and gate #6 as an upstream gate to preserve the number of upstream gates.

Six of the green downstream gates were wider than normal (2, 5, 8, 13, 15, & 19) with each pole hanging from its own wire to allow one pole to be farther downstream than the other.

The last picture in the gallery below shows construction features which have recently become standard for such courses: vertical side walls (except for strategically placed slanted walls to dampen water oscillations), modular turbulence generators on the channel floor, and clusters of movable plastic bollards attached to the floor as water diverters.  There are no concrete boulders in the channel.

Gallery

Venue details
Area covered: 318,500 square metres
Fixed Seating:  1,200
Temporary Seating:  25,800 (including 10,000 standing)
Construction commenced:  2005
Construction completed:  28 July 2007

Street circuit

To continue with the success of the Olympic Games, Shunyi District has agreed an investment of 300 million yuan to build facilities for motor racing.
The track will be inaugurated by hosting the 11th round of the 2010 Superleague Formula season.

See also

Venues of the 2008 Summer Olympics

References

Venues of the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic canoeing venues
Olympic rowing venues
Olympic swimming venues
Rowing venues
Sports venues in Beijing
Artificial whitewater courses
Shunyi District

Shunyi Olympic Rowing-Canoeing Park


Center is an unincorporated community in Jefferson County, Washington, United States.  Center was so named because it was at one point considered to be the center of Jefferson County, although it is now significantly to the east.  Center is not a town, but rather the name often applied to this residential part of the county.

References

Unincorporated communities in Washington (state)
Unincorporated communities in Jefferson County, Washington

Center, Washington


In neoclassical economics, market failure is a situation in which the allocation of goods and services by a free market is not Pareto efficient. Common causes of market failure are information assymmetries, externalities, natural monopolies and public goods. Market failure is one of the reason why a state regulates a market to improve the allocation.

Economics

Market failure


Charles Killigrew (1655–1725) was an English courtier, theatre manager and Master of the Revels.

Life
Born at Maastricht on 29 December 1655, he was son of Thomas Killigrew (the elder), by his second wife, Charlotte, daughter of John de Hesse of Holland. He was gentleman of the privy chamber to Charles II, 1670, James II, 1685, and William III and Mary II, 1689. He was Master of the Revels in 1680, patentee of Drury Lane Theatre in 1682, and commissioner of prizes in 1707.

Killigrew lived at Somerset House, London, and Thornham Hall, Suffolk. His varied acquirements won him the friendship of John Dryden (cf. Dedication of Juvenal, 1693, p. xxiii), Humphrey Prideaux, and others. He was buried in the Savoy Hospital on 8 January 1725, leaving by his wife Jemima, niece of Richard Bokenham, mercer, of London, two sons, Charles (died 1756) and Guilford. His library was sold in the December following.

References

Attribution

1655 births
1725 deaths
17th-century English people
18th-century English people

Charles Killigrew


Sigurd Eysteinsson, or Sigurd the Mighty (reigned  875–892), was the second Earl of Orkney—a title bequeathed to Sigurd by his brother Rognvald Eysteinsson. A son of Eystein Glumra, Sigurd was a leader in the Viking conquest of what is now northern Scotland.

His death was said to have been caused by the severed head of Máel Brigte, whom Sigurd defeated in battle. As he rode a horse with Máel Brigte's head attached to his saddle as a trophy, one of Máel Brigte's teeth grazed against Sigurd's leg. The wound became infected, later causing Sigurd's death.

Heimskringla and Orkneyinga
The two main sources for Sigurd's life are the Norse Heimskringla and Orkneyinga sagas. According to the sagas, after the Battle of Hafrsfjord unified the Norwegian kingdom in or after 872, the Orkney and Shetland islands became a refuge for exiled Vikings, who raided their former homeland. The king of Norway, Harald Fairhair, subdued the pirate Vikings with the aid of Rognvald Eysteinsson of Møre.

During the conquest, Rognvald's son, Ivar, was killed, and in compensation for his loss Harald gave Rognvald the islands along with the title of Jarl or Earl. With the consent of Harald, Rognvald transferred the title and lands to his brother Sigurd, who was one of Harald's forecastlemen. The Historia Norwegiæ, written around the same time as the sagas but from a different source, corroborates the conquest of the islands by Rognvald's family, but omits any details.

In league with Thorstein the Red, Sigurd expanded his domains to the Scottish mainland, and conquered Caithness and Sutherland at least as far south as Ekkjalsbakka, which some sources say was in Moray, but was much more likely to be farther north somewhere along the banks of the river Oykel. His exploits in conquering the north of Scotland became legendary and earned him the epithet, "the Mighty", or in Old Norse ríki.

Sigurd's Howe
According to the Orkneyinga saga, towards the end of his reign, Sigurd challenged a native ruler, Máel Brigte the Buck-Toothed, to a 40-man-a-side battle. Treacherously, Sigurd brought 80 men to the fight. Máel Brigte was defeated and beheaded. Sigurd strapped the head to his saddle as a trophy, but as Sigurd rode, Máel Brigte's buck-tooth scratched his leg. The leg became inflamed and infected, developed sepsis, and as a result Sigurd died. He was buried in a tumulus known as Sigurd's Howe, or Sigurðar-haugr, from the Old Norse word haugr meaning mound or barrow. The location of Sigurd's Howe is most probably modern-day Sidera or Cyderhall near Dornoch. However, it has also been said that he was buried at Burghead in Moray.

Sigurd's death was apparently followed by a period of instability. He was succeeded by his son Guttorm, who died within a few months. Rognvald made his son Hallad Earl of Orkney, but Hallad could not contain the pirate Vikings, resigned his earldom and returned to Norway in disgrace. The sagas say that Rognvald's other sons were more interested in conquering places other than Scotland, and so the earldom was given to Rognvald's youngest son, Einarr, whose mother was a slave.

Notes

References

Ashley, Mike (1998). The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens. London: Robinson.

Crawford, Barbara E. (2004). "Einarr, earl of Orkney (fl. early 890s–930s)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, retrieved 20 July 2009 (Subscription required)
Dasent, Sir George W. (1894). Icelandic Sagas, Vol. III: The Orkneyingers' Saga
Gray, James (1922). Sutherland and Caithness in Saga-Time. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd.
Pálsson, Hermann; Edwards, Paul Geoffrey (1981). Orkneyinga Saga: The History of the Earls of Orkney. Penguin Classics.

Deaths from sepsis
Earls of Orkney
9th-century counts in Europe
Orkneyinga saga characters
892 deaths

Sigurd Eysteinsson


Sonor is a German musical instrument manufacturing company headquartered in Bad Berleburg. Established in 1875, it is one of the oldest percussion companies in the world. Sonor currently manufactures drum kits and hardware.

Apart from drum kits, Sonor also manufactured a wide range of other percussion instruments through its history. Some of them were frame drums, bongo drums, djembes, Cajons, timbales, congas, tambourines, maracas, guiros, glockenspiel, cymbals and mallets.

History
The company was founded in 1875 as a percussion instruments manufacturer.  One of the oldest existing models of drums manufactured by Sonor is a 1942 Johannes Link Parade Snare, a very heavy snare drum with an aluminum shell and thick tension rods.

In the 1980s, Sonor's tagline was "The Rolls of drums". The drums were made of very thick (13 mm) and heavy shells that were beech wood, with an innermost and outermost ply of furniture-grade veneers, such as rosewood and bubinga. Nicko McBrain of Iron Maiden was one of the most prominent Sonor artists of the 1980s and 1990s, along with Mikkey Dee of Motörhead, Steve Smith of Journey, Phil Rudd of AC/DC, Danny Carey of Tool, Thomas Haake of Meshuggah, Glenn Kotche of Wilco, Gavin Harrison of Porcupine Tree,  jazz/fusion artist Jojo Mayer and jazz legend Jack DeJohnette.

Sonor invented the modern screw thread drum-construction and the metal snare drum in the early 20th century. William F. Ludwig got this idea in his early years back in Germany from Sonor and began to use it later in Chicago.

As the 1980s progressed, the market began to stray away from thick heavy shells and Sonor started slimming down its shells with a line called "Sonorlite" and "Hilite", a step more towards the idea a drum shell should resonate like a violin or guitar body.  The thinner the shell, the lower the fundamental tone.

Sonor drums have several design features, including undersized shells (a similar concept to a violin bridge - designed to enhance response), and tension rods that are round and feature a slot instead of the traditional square style (though recently Sonor made square heads standard, with slotted heads available as an option). Recently, Sonor re-introduced the designer X-Ray Acrylic drums, the first time in 20 years Sonor offered acrylic drums. These shells are made from seamless, extruded acrylic and feature acrylic hoops.

In 1953, the Orff instruments were officially included in Sonor's production plan. In close collaboration with Professor Hans Bergese, a student of Carl Orff, Sonor developed a range of instruments. The basic idea was that the instruments should grow with the mental abilities and playing techniques of the child, thus encouraging active music making.

References

External links

 Sonor Museum

Percussion instrument manufacturing companies
German brands
Musical instrument manufacturing companies of Germany
Companies based in North Rhine-Westphalia

Sonor


Cyril Hubert Marie Bourlon de Rouvre is a French businessman and politician born the 19th of December 1945 at Boulogne-Billancourt.

Biography

After studies at the  collège Maspero in Paris, then at the collège Saint-Martin de France in Pontoise, at the Oratory School in Reading, at the Collège Saint-Jean in Fribourg and at the Lycée Janson-de-Sailly, Cyril Bourlon de Rouvre study electrical engineering at Jussieu before being graduate aerospace engineer at the Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées.

In 1979, at the death of his father, murdered by his valet, he inherits a large real estate holdings, a sugar refinery and 28 companies. He is CEO of Financière Robur et de Cofragec (1982-1992), of Coficine (1984-1992), of Gestimage (1985-1992), of Fabriques Sucre company (1987-1992), of Robur DA (1988-1992), of SFDIC (1990-1992), general manager of  Éditions Robur (1986-1992), of Elphora (1983-1992), of Société Joyeux (1985-1992), of Vrille (1987-1992), of 3C (1988-1992) and of the Films de La Tour (1989-1992).

In 1987, he started a new career into film distribution by acquiring, from the producer Robert Dorfmann, by one of its companies, the Financière Robur, Cofragec company with its catalog of 650 films including La Grande Vadrouille or La Vache et le Prisonnier.

In 1989, he starts a political career in Haute-Marne, department where which his grandfather Charles de Rouvre was deputy during the French Third Republic. He is elected mayor of Chaumont, without political party against the centrist senator and mayor Georges Berchet, and regional councilor for the region Champagne-Ardenne (1992-1998).

Owner of the Formula 1 team AGS from March 1989 to 1991, he swallowed $18 million and began selling activities of his group, about 70 companies: First Transair, then the sugar factory, sold to the Compagnie de Navigation Mixte, and in 1992, the catalog movies, lent to UGC in the form of a merger. In 1991, he gives AGS the Italians Gabriele Rafanelli  and Patrizio Cantu.

In 1992, Cyril de Rouvre buys the Formula 1 team Guy Ligier for an estimated price of 200 million of francs. With his new owner, the team start again to be competitive and the 1993 season is a success, with a 5th place in the constructor rank (the best results since 1986). But the involvement of Cyril de Rouvre lasts only one season because of legal troubles.

The 14th of December 1993, the judge Eva Joly incarcerated him at the Fleury-Mérogis Prison, as part of a complaint for fraud filed by the leaders of UGC, Guy Verrecchia and Alain Sussfeld, following the takeover in June 1992 the company Cofragec. This company has been emptied of its assets, leaving a liability estimated at 172.6 million francs. Cyril de Rouvre had promised to repay this sum at the end of 1992 but at that time, he still had 100 million. On 5 May 1993, leaders of UGC have filed a complaint against him. He spent two months in prison.

In early 1994, he sold Ligier to Flavio Briatore.

He lost the mayor of Chaumont at the French municipal elections of 1995.

In 1996, a judicial investigation was opened against him at the Tribunal de grande instance of Chaumont. He appeared before the Criminal Court of this city in September 1999 for tax evasion. Knowing that the prosecution had asked him against three years imprisonment and 20-year ban on company management, he is sentenced the 19th of December 1999, date of his birthday, to 18 months imprisonment suspended and a ban from managing a company for 3 years and a fine large tax.

Bibliography
 Who's Who in France, 2002-2003, Levallois-Perret, Jacques Lafitte Editions, 2002, p. 1648

References

1945 births
Living people
Alumni of the Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées
Formula One people
French businesspeople
French mayors
Politicians from Boulogne-Billancourt
Chaumont, Haute-Marne

Cyril Bourlon de Rouvre


Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs),  also known as epidermoid carcinomas, is made up of a number of different types of cancer that result from squamous cells.

These cells form on the surface of the skin, on the lining of hollow organs in the body, and on the lining of the respiratory and digestive tracts.

Types
Squamous cell skin cancer: A type of skin cancer
Squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung: A type of lung cancer
Squamous cell thyroid carcinoma: A type of thyroid cancer
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A type of esophageal cancer
Squamous-cell carcinoma of the vagina: A type of vaginal cancer

References

Cancer

Squamous cell carcinoma


Granville Owen Haller (January 31, 1819 – May 2, 1897) was a noted Indian fighter, United States Army officer, and wealthy postbellum businessman who settled in northwest Washington state. During the American Civil War, he was charged with the defense of south-central Pennsylvania during the early days of Gettysburg Campaign prior to the arrival of the Army of the Potomac.

Early life and career
Haller was born and raised in York, Pennsylvania.  After Haller graduated in 1838 from the York County Academy, the board of trustees recommended him for an appointment to the United States Military Academy. Not receiving Senator James Buchanan's appointment to West Point (it going instead to future Civil War general William B. Franklin), Haller responded to a summons to go to Washington, D.C., where he was commissioned as a lieutenant in the U.S. 4th Infantry Regiment.

Haller fought Seminole Indians in Florida in 1840–1841 and later served with distinction at Monterrey, Veracruz, and other battles during the Mexican–American War, officering in the same regiment as Ulysses S. Grant. He distinguished himself in the Battle of Churubusco, where he took a key part in the assault on Molino del Rey. In 1852, the Army promoted Haller to major and transferred him in 1853 to Washington Territory, stationed at Fort Dalles, Oregon with U.S. 4th Infantry units. He took part in the Northwest Indian wars of 1855-56 and the San Juan Islands' Pig War border crisis between the United States and Great Britain in 1859.

Civil War and later career
After the Civil War started, Haller commanded George B. McClellan's headquarters guard during the Peninsula Campaign and again in the Maryland Campaign. In May 1863, he returned to his native York to recover from illness contracted in the field. In June, Maj. Gen. Darius N. Couch appointed Haller to command the defenses of Adams and York counties in south-central Pennsylvania. During the Gettysburg Campaign, Haller retreated from Gettysburg to Wrightsville, Pennsylvania, where his militia and that of Col. Jacob G. Frick burned the Columbia-Wrightsville Bridge to prevent passage over the Susquehanna River by a Confederate brigade under John B. Gordon.

Accused by naval officer Lt. Clark Henry Wells of disloyal conduct and sentiments after the Battle of Fredericksburg, Haller was dismissed from the Army in July 1863. Wells alleged that Haller had toasted him "Here's to a Northern Confederation and a Southern one while Lincoln is President", blamed the President for casualties at Fredericksburg, and in a later dispute offered that a "Black Republican" would be a more suitable quarters-mate for him; Haller denied giving such a toast entirely, and protested that he did not blame the government for "disasters" at Fredericksburg but only the change in strategy caused by Lincoln's removal of General George B. McClellan. He and his wife eventually returned to the American West, settling on Whidbey Island in Coupeville, Washington Territory in 1866 where he built a home on Front Street and started a business that extended credit to pioneer families.  In 1879, Haller's case of dismissal was re-examined by Congress.  Following a six-day long court of inquiry in Washington, D.C., he was exonerated and his commission reinstated with a promotion to colonel.

Following the reinstatement, Haller accepted assignments to the Indian Territory in Oklahoma and sold his assets in Coupeville. After retiring from the Army in 1882, Haller returned to the Pacific Northwest and settled in Seattle where he built a three-story, eighteen-room mansion named "Castlemount" and became part of the growing city's business and industry community.

Death and legacy
Haller died at the age of 78 and was buried in Seattle's Lake View Cemetery. His wife, Henrietta, died in 1910. Their son, Theodore, continued to live at Castlemount after the deaths of his parents but the mansion was eventually torn down along with the downtown Seattle Haller Building in the 1950s. Haller School in West Seattle had been donated by Haller's son, Morris, but later became a school annex and then American Legion Hall. Various other points of interest bearing Haller's name exist in the state of Washington: In Port Townsend, Washington, there is a Haller Fountain, on Whidbey Island there is a Haller Road, and a Haller Street exists in both Coupeville and Arlington, Washington.

As of 2021, Haller's previously-deteriorating home in Coupeville is being restored.  The home, one of thirty other buildings on Whidbey Island left from the area's early settlement era dating between the 1850s and 1870s, has been the subject of a campaign by a local historic preservation group seeking to purchase and restore the house.  The group, Historic Whidbey, with backing from the National Park Service, has plans to turn Haller House into a "Territorial Heritage Center".

References

 Haller, Theodore, "Granville O. Haller", The Washingtonian, Vol. 1, No. 3, (Tacoma: Washington State Historical Society, 1900).

Further reading
 Breshears, Guy, Major Granville Haller: Dismissed with Malice, Heritage Books, 2006. .
 Chamberlain, Martin N., Granville Haller: Leader, Trafford Publishing, .

External links

 Link to Historic Whidbey and Haller House Campaign
 History of the Haller mansion, "Castlemount"

1819 births
1897 deaths
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
American people of the Indian Wars
Military personnel from Seattle
People from York, Pennsylvania
People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
Union Army colonels
United States Army officers
People from Coupeville, Washington

Granville O. Haller