Conflict is a 1945 American black-and-white suspense film noir made by Warner Brothers. It was directed by Curtis Bernhardt, produced by William Jacobs from a screenplay by Arthur T. Horman and Dwight Taylor, based on the story The Pentacle by Alfred Neumann and Robert Siodmak. It starred Humphrey Bogart, Alexis Smith, and Sydney Greenstreet. The film is the only pairing of Bogart and Greenstreet of the five in which they acted together where Bogart rather than Greenstreet is the villain or corrupt character. There is also a cameo appearance of the Maltese Falcon statue.

Plot
On the surface, Richard and Kathryn Mason appear to be a happily married couple. But on their fifth wedding anniversary, Kathryn accuses Richard of having fallen in love with her younger sister, Evelyn Turner, who is visiting them. He does not deny it, but has resigned himself to leaving things as they are, since Kathryn certainly would not give him a divorce. Kathryn knows he knows it, and derides him further. At a party celebrating the couple's anniversary, hosted by family friend and psychologist Dr. Mark Hamilton, Evelyn meets with Mark's handsome young colleague, Professor Norman Holdsworth. On the way home Kathryn slyly mentions to Evelyn that their mother is lonely, knowing that Evelyn will feel obligated to move back home. Angered, Richard crashes their car and suffers a broken leg.

Richard decides to take desperate action. He pretends to require a wheelchair even after his leg has healed. His puzzled physician, Dr. Grant, diagnoses the problem as psychological, not physical, and suggests exercise, so a car trip to a mountain resort is arranged. At the last minute, Richard contrives to stay home to finish some work.

Going on ahead, Kathryn stops by Hamilton's home and asks him to check in on Richard. Resuming her journey, Kathryn comes upon an abandoned parked car blocking the narrow, deserted mountain road. Unexpectedly, Richard walks threateningly out of the fog. The audience is left to imagine him killing her. Next he pushes her car down a steep slope; it dislodges some logs which crash down and hide it. He returns home in time to set up an alibi by meeting with an employee he had summoned to finish the work. In his presence he twice phones the resort, only to be told she has not arrived. He then notifies the police that she is missing.

Subsequently, things happen to make Richard wonder if Kathryn somehow survived. First, the police find a pickpocket in possession of a cameo ring that Richard and Evelyn identify as Kathryn's; the man admits to stealing it from a woman matching Kathryn's description, after her disappearance. Then Richard smells Kathryn's perfume in their bedroom, finds her key to a home safe, and opens it: her wedding ring is inside.

Mark suggests Richard and Evelyn join him on a fishing vacation to relieve the strain. Mark also invites Holsworth, who takes the opportunity to ask Evelyn to marry him. She is undecided. When she tells Richard, he believes her hesitation is because of him. He tells her he loves her, and that she must feel the same about him, but she strongly denies it. Later, realizing his mistake, he encourages Holsworth to try again.

Then a pawn shop claim ticket is mailed to Richard, addressed in what appears to be his wife's handwriting. At the pawn shop, he finds Kathryn's locket and her signature in the register, but when he returns with the police, the register is different and there is no locket. Finally, he sees a woman on the street who looks and is dressed like his wife. He follows her to an apartment, only to find that it is vacant, with no one inside.

Unable to reconcile these occurrences any longer, Richard returns to the crime scene to see once and for all if Kathryn's body is inside the car. But Hamilton and the police are waiting for him. Kathryn's body had been found and removed long before, and now Richard is arrested. Hamilton reveals that he had been onto Richard since Richard's initial interview with the police. Since Hamilton's suspicion wouldn't be enough to secure a conviction in a court of law, Hamilton and the police worked together to stage the events that made Richard suspect Kathryn was still alive, hoping he would return to look for her body, and thus prove he had known all along what happened to her.

Cast
 Humphrey Bogart as Richard Mason
 Alexis Smith as Evelyn Turner
 Sydney Greenstreet as Dr. Mark Hamilton
 Rose Hobart as Kathryn Mason
 Charles Drake as Prof. Norman Holsworth
 Grant Mitchell as Dr. Grant
 Patrick O'Moore as Det. Lt. Egan
 Ann Shoemaker as Nora Grant
 Edwin Stanley as Phillips

Production
According to author Aljean Harmetz in The Making of Casablanca: Bogart, Bergman, and World War II, Bogart disliked the Conflict screenplay and initially refused the role in the spring of 1943. When Jack Warner called Bogart to convince him to take the part, a stenographer transcribed the call. Bogart told Warner: "I'm sorry, Jack. I just can't do it. My stomach will not let me. I am an honest man and I have to be honest with myself in this manner. If you want to get tough with me ... I will feel that I have lost a friend." Bogart only accepted the role after Warner threatened to block production of Passage to Marseille or to cast a different actor in its lead role if Bogart would not appear in Conflict.

The movie was filmed in 1943, but its release was delayed until 1945 when a dispute over the rights to part of the story had been settled. In the meantime Warner Brothers decided to produce another movie on a similar theme, The Two Mrs. Carrolls, also starring Bogart and Smith, along with Barbara Stanwyck. Filmed in April–June 1945, it wasn't released until 1947.

Reception

Box office
According to Warner Bros records the film earned $2,265,000 domestically and $1,442,000 in foreign markets.

Critical response
Critic Bob Porfiero in Film Noir: An Encyclopedic Reference to the American Style wrote in 1992: "The film is particularly memorable for the use of the song 'Tango of Love' as leitmotif to indicate the putative reappearance of Kathryn, with the background strings translating the scent of perfume; the opening tracking shot through the rain-soaked night up to the window of the Mason house, which allows the audience to eavesdrop on the dinner party; and the sinister appearance of Bogart as he steps out of the shadows to murder his wife."  (The song in question, however, is actually the 1925 composition "Jalousie (Tango Tzigane)" by Danish composer Jacob Gade.)

In 2004 film critic Dennis Schwartz gave the film a mixed review, writing, "Humphrey Bogart plays a wife murderer in this flawed film noir. Director Curtis Bernhardt leaves the plot with too many artificial devices to be effective ... The only thing that can't be faulted was the earnest performances of Bogie as the tortured killer and the supporting cast of Warner Brothers regulars."

References

External links

 Conflict informational site at DVD Beaver (includes images)

1945 films
1940s crime thriller films
American crime thriller films
American black-and-white films
Films based on short fiction
Films directed by Curtis Bernhardt
Films scored by Friedrich Hollaender
Film noir
Uxoricide in fiction
Warner Bros. films
1940s English-language films
1940s American films

Conflict (1945 film)


Coulomb's law is a function developed in the 1780s by physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb. It explains how strong the force will be between two electrostatic charges. Electrostatic means electric charges without any motion.

Direction

Let's think of two electric charges existing in an empty space. If the two charges are opposite, (+) and (-) charges for example, they will attract each other. And if two charges are both the same, both (+) or both (-) for example, they will push each other. This is similar to how magnets act, as N and S attract each other, and as N and N, S and S push each other.

This is because electric charges make an electric field. If two fields exist in the same space at the same time, then the two fields exert (~ put) force on each other. The force they make on each other is called 'Coulomb's force' or the electrostatic force. Coulomb's law explains how big the force will be.

Scale
Coulomb's law explains the scale between two electric charges.
The scale of electrostatic force follows the function below.

Coulomb's law explains that the force scale F is relative to ratio of ,.

 and  are the scales of each electric charge.  is the distance between the two electric charges. And  has a certain value. It does not change relative to ,  or . While  remains constant, when multiples of  and  become bigger, the electrostatic force will also get bigger. When the distance  becomes bigger, the electrostatic force will become smaller by the ratio of .
The exact size of  is

N m2 C−2 (or m F−1). This constant is called Coulomb's force constant or the electrostatic force constant.

Inverse-square law
The relation between the force of pushing or pulling (F) and the distance between the particles () follows the Inverse-square Law. Inverse-square law means that when the distance  grows bigger, the force gets weaker by the ratio . Gravitation, Electromagnetic radiation, and sound loudness also follow this law.

Related pages
 Coulomb, the SI unit of electric charge named after Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
 Inverse-square law, the physical law that shows the relation between distance and Intensity.
 Electrostatic
 Magnetic

Other websites
 Coulomb's Law on Project PHYSNET.
 A maze game for teaching Coulomb's Law

Electricity
Laws of physics

Coulomb's law


Walter Camp (Walter Chauncey Camp; 7 Aprile 1859 – 14 Mairch 1925) wis a famous American fitbaa coach. He wis kent as "The Father of American Football". He wis born in New Haven, Connecticut.

1859 births
1925 daiths
19t-century players o American fitbaw
American fitbaw drap kickers
American fitbaw haufbacks
Stanford Cardinal fitbaw coaches
Yale Bulldogs athletic directors
Yale Bulldogs fitbaw coaches
Yale Bulldogs fitbaw players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Hopkins School alumni
Sportsfowk frae New Britain, Connecticut
Sportsfowk frae New Haven, Connecticut
Players o American fitbaw frae Connecticut

Walter Camp


Billy Joe Tolliver (born February 7, 1966) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL) for twelve seasons with the San Diego Chargers, Atlanta Falcons, Houston Oilers, Shreveport Pirates, Kansas City Chiefs, and New Orleans Saints. Over the course of his NFL career, he played in 79 games, completed 891 of 1,707 passes for 10,760 yards, threw 59 touchdowns and 64 interceptions, and retired with a passer rating of 67.7.

A graduate of Boyd High School and Texas Tech University, Tolliver was selected 51st in the 1989 NFL Draft by the San Diego Chargers. He started 19 games in two seasons at San Diego before being traded to Atlanta, where he saw playing time as a backup for three seasons. In 1994, he became one of three starting quarterbacks for Houston and then served as quarterback of the Shreveport Pirates in the CFL during their final season of activity in 1995. After not competing in 1996, Tolliver played for both Atlanta and Kansas City in 1997. He then started 11 games for New Orleans in two seasons but did not take the field in 2000. A stint with the Green Bay Packers in the 2001 offseason concluded his professional career.

Early life
Tolliver grew up in Boyd, Texas, where he attended local schools. He played high school football at Boyd High School. During his senior season, he led the Boyd Yellowjackets to a 15–0–1 record and the 2–A state championship. He amassed more than 1,000 rushing and passing yards and was named Player of the Year by the Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Tolliver was a three–sport athlete in high school, averaging 15 points and 17 rebounds in basketball and throwing 14 no-hitters in baseball.

College career
After graduating from high school, Tolliver played college football at Texas Tech University and was a member of the Delta Tau Delta fraternity. His hard throwing style led Texas Tech head coach David McWilliams to say, "He throws the ball harder, and with more velocity, than anyone I've ever seen." He redshirted his freshman season in 1984 and became the starting quarterback in 1985. On November 9, 1985, Tolliver had his first breakout performance for the Red Raiders as he threw for a record-setting 422 yards and five touchdowns in a 63–7 win over Texas Christian University (TCU), a feat that helped him become a household name in Texas. As he began his sophomore season, he was considered the lone bright spot on Texas Tech's offense. Tolliver struggled at the start of the year; by the end of September he had only completed 54 of 123 passes. After throwing five interceptions in a game against Baylor, he shrugged off the bad game, saying, "even Betty Crocker burns a cake every now and then." His fortunes continued to sink when in a game in late October against the Rice Owls, he was benched, and backup quarterback Monte McGuire rallied the team to a victory. However, Tolliver regained his starting job and brought his team to the 1986 Independence Bowl as Texas Tech won six games for the first time since 1978. He finished the season with 1,802 passing yards and seven touchdowns.

Tolliver began his junior year facing Florida State, a game in which he suffered a hairline fracture in his foot, leaving him doubtful for the match. He missed the first three games of the season but returned in Texas Tech's fourth game against Baylor, completing 14 of 25 passes for 189 yards, a touchdown and an interception in a 36–22 loss. Tolliver's next big performance came against TCU, the same team he defeated 63–7 as a freshman. He threw a touchdown pass to Wayne Walker in the last minute to beat TCU 36–35. He finished the season having passed for 1,422 yards and seven touchdowns in eight games. The next season, his senior year, Tolliver and Texas Tech sought to win the Southwest Conference. He started the season strong, throwing an 85-yard pass against Arizona—it was the third-longest pass in school history—but the Red Raiders started with two losses. By the end of the season, Tolliver had set 16 school records and was awarded the Southwest Conference Sportsmanship Award by the league's officials. After four seasons with Texas Tech, he set the school record for career passing yards (6,756), career pass attempts (1,008), career pass completions (493), career touchdown passes (38), season passing yards in 1988 (2,869), and single game passing yards (446) against Oklahoma State University in 1988. Tolliver was inducted into Texas Tech's Hall of Honor in 2002.

Professional career

San Diego Chargers
Tolliver was selected by the San Diego Chargers in the second round of the 1989 NFL Draft. The Chargers traded third, fourth, and seventh-round picks in exchange for the New York Giants' second-round pick in order to draft him. Tolliver was signed on July 31, 1989, after a short holdout. He was to compete with Mark Malone and David Archer for the starting job, a spot which eventually went to Jim McMahon after the Chargers traded for him. As the 1989 season began with McMahon as the helm, Tolliver was slated to play the second half of the final preseason game against the Phoenix Cardinals. After 13 completions in 23 attempts, Tolliver ran the ball late in the game and broke his collarbone, sidelining him for at least six weeks. After spending the first seven games on the injured reserve list, Tolliver was taken off the list and named the starter for the game against the Seattle Seahawks on October 29, replacing McMahon who had disappointed at quarterback. In Tolliver's first start, he played three quarters, throwing six completed passes in 17 attempts for 41 yards and throwing an interception in a 10–7 loss. Tolliver subsequently lost the starting job back to McMahon. However, in late November, Tolliver was given the starting job back, remaining the starting quarterback the rest of the season. Tolliver finished the season having played five games with 89 completions in 185 attempts, 1097 yards, five touchdowns, eight interceptions, and a 57.9 quarterback rating.

As the 1990 season began, McMahon was released by the team, leaving Tolliver as the starting quarterback at training camp. After training camp and a preseason in which Tolliver started and was relieved by quarterbacks Mark Vlasic and rookie John Friesz, Chargers head coach Dan Henning named Vlasic as the starting quarterback against the Dallas Cowboys in the season opener, saying that he was "steadier" than Tolliver. After a loss against Dallas, Tolliver regained his starting job during the game two against the Cincinnati Bengals. Despite some shaky performances in the following weeks, the Chargers' coaching staff stuck by their quarterback, saying that "the last thing we need around here is more change." Tolliver played nearly the rest of the season as the starting quarterback but was replaced by Friesz for the final game of the season against the Los Angeles Raiders. The Chargers made this move because, according to Henning, "Tolliver has to work on his shortcomings." Tolliver finished the season having completed 216 of 410 passes, thrown for 2,574 yards, 16 touchdowns, and 16 interceptions, and posting a QB rating of 68.9.

Although Tolliver had the confidence of Dan Henning, Chargers general manager Bobby Beathard and owner Alex Spanos were unsatisfied with his production during the 1990 season, and were looking towards Friesz as the future quarterback. Tolliver was the leading man for the starting quarterback position as training camp for the 1991 season began, with Friesz battling Bob Gagliano for the backup spot. However, after training camp ended, Friesz was named the starting quarterback for the 1991 season opener against the Pittsburgh Steelers.

Atlanta Falcons
Just a few days after losing the starting job, Tolliver was traded to the Atlanta Falcons for a fifth-round draft pick. In Atlanta, Tolliver was the backup quarterback behind Chris Miller and alongside rookie Brett Favre, and played part of seven games throughout the season. Tolliver's breakthrough as a Falcon came against the San Francisco 49ers on November 3. Miller was injured in the second quarter, and Tolliver was brought in for the rest of the game. With one second left, he threw a 44-yard Hail Mary pass to Michael Haynes, which was caught for a touchdown and sealing a 17–14 upset victory. Due to his performance and Miller's injury, Tolliver was given his first start the following week against the Washington Redskins. Tolliver's first start with the Falcons was a 56–17 blowout loss. Afterwards, Tolliver got his second and last start of the season against the Green Bay Packers as a result of Miller suddenly running a fever. Tolliver finished the regular season having completing 40 of 82 passes with four touchdowns, two interceptions, and a QB rating of 75.8.

After the Falcons traded Favre to the Packers, Miller and Tolliver were the only quarterbacks on the roster. Before the season started, Wade Wilson signed with the team, and the two shared the role of backup to Miller. Tolliver played two of the first eight games, then was named the starting quarterback when the Falcons lost Miller for the season as a result of reconstructive surgery on his left knee. Tolliver's first start of the season came against the 49ers. He completed 16 of 25 passes, but threw three interceptions in a 41–3 loss. The next week against the Cardinals, Tolliver was benched for the final series as Wilson led the team to victory and Tolliver argued with coach Jerry Glanville. Despite the conflict and a shoulder injury, Glanville gave Tolliver the start the following week against the Buffalo Bills. He played a few more games before being replaced by Wilson for the rest of the season, partially as a result of Wilson throwing five touchdown passes in his first start en route to a 35–7 Falcons victory. Tolliver finished the season with five touchdowns, five interceptions, a 55.7% completion percentage, and a 70.4 QB rating.

After the 1992 season, Tolliver was a restricted free agent. Wilson signed a contract with the Saints, and to replace him the Falcons signed Bobby Hebert. Tolliver signed a one-year contract in August, after holding out for a time. Tolliver started the 1993 season as the third-string quarterback behind Hebert and Miller. However, Miller re-injured his left knee in late September, making Tolliver the main backup to Hebert. Tolliver made his first start against the Los Angeles Rams, but was injured in his second start against the Saints; the Falcons signed Chris Hakel as a result of the injury. Tolliver finished the season in occasional relief for Hebert, who remained bothered by injuries. Over the course of the year, Tolliver played in seven games and threw for just under 500 yards, and became a free agent after the season ended.

Houston Oilers
In early September 1994, Tolliver was signed to a contract by the Houston Oilers. He was originally the third-string quarterback, but ineffectiveness by Bucky Richardson led Tolliver to relieve him in a game against the Cleveland Browns. Tolliver played well enough to be considered for the starting job the following week due to Cody Carlson dealing with injuries. Tolliver made his first start in a game against the Raiders, but played inconsistently over seven starts and was replaced by Richardson in the season finale against the New York Jets. After finishing the season, Tolliver became a free agent and left the NFL.

Shreveport Pirates
Tolliver signed a three-year contract worth about $1 million with the Shreveport Pirates of the Canadian Football League  before the 1995 season began. Early in the season, Tolliver got to compete against former teammate David Archer in the San Antonio Texans' CFL debut. He finished the season having thrown for 3,767 yards, 16 touchdowns, and 15 interceptions. After the team folded following a 5–13 season, Tolliver was again without a team.

Atlanta Falcons (second stint)
In October 1996, Tolliver rejoined the Falcons as the third-string quarterback, this time sitting behind Bobby Hebert and Browning Nagle. He spent the 1996 season on the bench, and did not take a snap in a game. He was re-signed by Atlanta in April and given a one-year contract worth $325,000.

Tolliver was slated to compete with Tommy Maddox for the backup quarterback spot at Atlanta as training camp rolled around. Halfway through August, Maddox was released, and Tolliver was made the primary backup behind Chris Chandler. Tolliver played his first NFL game since 1994 on September 7, 1997 against the Carolina Panthers. He completed 7 of 17 passes for 79 yards. After relieving Chandler again the following week, Tolliver was slated to start the next game against the 49ers, in what became his only starting appearance of the season. He was slated to start again against the Denver Broncos, but instead came in late in the game. He was almost able to lead the Falcons to a comeback victory over the Broncos, completing six of nine passes for 85 yards and a touchdown, but he instead lost to the then-undefeated Broncos as the team remained winless. When Chandler went down with an injury in late October, coach Dan Reeves chose to start Tony Graziani. Shortly afterwards, Tolliver was released by the Falcons.

Kansas City Chiefs
In early November, Kansas City Chiefs quarterback Elvis Grbac was lost for the season due to a broken collarbone. As a result, the Chiefs signed Tolliver to a two-year contract as the third-string quarterback to replace him. Tolliver finished the season having completed 64 passes in 116 attempts for 677 yards, five touchdowns, and one interception. Only one of the 116 attempts came as a Kansas City quarterback. The 1998 preseason began with Tolliver competing with Pat Barnes for the third-string quarterback job, but this ended when Tolliver was released by the Chiefs in August.

New Orleans Saints
After Saints quarterback Billy Joe Hobert was lost for the season with a ruptured Achilles tendon, the Saints signed Tolliver to a two-year deal. After four starts by Danny Wuerffel, Saints coach Mike Ditka gave Tolliver the start against the Atlanta Falcons. After starting for four weeks and having a few impressive performances, Tolliver was benched in favor of Kerry Collins, who finished the season as starting quarterback. Tolliver finished the year with one of his most statistically impressive seasons, completing 110 of 199 passes for 1,427 yards, eight touchdowns, four interceptions, and finishing with a QB rating of 83.1.

Tolliver started the 1999 season as Hobert's backup. Hobert started the first four games but was injured, leaving Tolliver to start against the Tennessee Titans on October 17 and the Giants the week after. Hobert started the next game, but suffered a pinched nerve in his neck, resulting in Tolliver's third start of the season against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Against the 49ers, he scored the third and fourth rushing touchdowns of his career en route to a 24–6 win. However, the next week against the Jacksonville Jaguars, Tolliver suffered a torn MCL, and he was considered likely to miss the rest of the season. A couple of weeks later, Tolliver had bounced back from his injury by "treating himself with some WD-40" and was named the starter in the December 12 game against the St. Louis Rams. Tolliver was again injured the following week against the Baltimore Ravens, putting an end to his season, which he finished with a  51.9 completion percentage, 1,916 yards, seven touchdowns, 16 interceptions, and a QB rating of 58.9.

Throughout the 1999 season, Tolliver remained a vocal supporter of coach Ditka despite the Saints' 3–13 record, saying "I think he's a heck of a football coach, a great motivator. We just got to start buying what he's selling." Ditka was fired by the Saints, but as training camp for the 2000 season began, Tolliver was the Saints' backup quarterback behind Jeff Blake. On August 1, the Saints traded for quarterback Aaron Brooks, which left Tolliver to compete for the third-string spot alongside Jake Delhomme. The Saints' roster was reduced to 53 players, and Tolliver was among those cut. When the Saints lost Jeff Blake for the season in mid-November due to a dislocated foot, Tolliver was re-signed by the Saints, though he did not play a game that season.

Green Bay Packers
In July 2001, Tolliver was signed by the Green Bay Packers. This briefly reunited him with Brett Favre, with whom he was teammates in Atlanta. However, he was cut on August 21, 2001, when Doug Pederson won the backup job, and this stint marked the end of Tolliver's professional career.

Personal life
Tolliver was named after his uncle Joe and aunt Billie. He and his wife, Sheila, have five children.

Tolliver is an avid golfer and has played many celebrity tournaments. He is a regular competitor at the American Century Championship in Lake Tahoe, the annual competition to determine the best golfers among American sports and entertainment celebrities. He won in 1996, when it was the Isuzu Celebrity Golf Challenge, in 2005, in 2010 (with a new point record of 84 points), and in 2013, and had a total of fourteen top-ten finishes as of the 2019 tournament.

References

External links

1966 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
Atlanta Falcons players
Houston Oilers players
Kansas City Chiefs players
New Orleans Saints players
San Diego Chargers players
Canadian football quarterbacks
Shreveport Pirates players
American players of Canadian football
Players of American football from Dallas
Players of Canadian football from Dallas
Texas Tech Red Raiders football players
People from Boyd, Texas

Billy Joe Tolliver


Groundwater (or ground water) is water found below the surface.  It is water that is in empty spaces of soil and rocks. Groundwater starts as rain (or other precipitation), and flows under ground for long periods of time through aquifers. Groundwater flow returns to the surface again through springs and rivers. Groundwater is an important part of the water cycle.  Plants take in groundwater through their roots.

People bring groundwater to the surface by digging or drilling wells below the surface. They bring up water from the aquifer and use it for irrigation and other purposes. Some of the dissolved minerals in groundwater are important in the food making process of plants.  Rainwater is the main source of groundwater

Water

Groundwater


The Sokolski Monastery is a Bulgarian Orthodox monastery founded in 1833 and named after its founder Yosif Sokolski. It is located 15 km southwest of Gabrovo on the northern slopes of the Balkan Mountains in the Bulgarka Nature Park and is close to the Sokolovo cave.

Originally, a small wooden church was built in 1833 and the frescoes were finished a year later. Hristo Tsokev, a Gabrovo-born artist, donated the church icon, which represents the Virgin Mary and Christ and is considered to be miraculous. In 1862, Father Paul Zograf and his son Nikola from the village of Shipka decorated the church with frescoes.

The monastery has a big yard surrounded by residential and utility buildings. In the centre of the yard, in 1865 the master Kolyu Ficheto constructed a big stone fountain with eight taps. The whole monastery was built during the Bulgarian National Revival with the strong support of the people of Gabrovo and the local villages.

The monastery played an important role during the April Uprising. In this monastery, the leader Tsanko Dyustabanov formed a group of volunteers for the resistance. In a short period of time during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 the monastery was a hospital.

The Sokolski Monastery was declared a historical site in 1973.

Gallery

See also
 Battles of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
 Bulgarian Orthodox Church
 Bulgarka Nature Park
 Epic of the Forgotten by Ivan Vazov
 Etar Architectural-Ethnographic Complex
 Heroes of Shipka
 History of Bulgaria
 Gabrovo City
 Shipka Memorial
 Shipka Pass

References

Balkan mountains
Buildings and structures in Gabrovo Province
Religious organizations established in 1833
1833 establishments in the Ottoman Empire
Tourist attractions in Gabrovo Province
Bulgarian Orthodox monasteries

Sokolski Monastery


Cynthia Diane Kauffman (married name: Marshall; born August 23, 1948, in Seattle, Washington) is an American pair skater. With brother Ronald Kauffman, she is a four-time (1966–1969) U.S. national champion and a three-time (1966–1968) World bronze medalist. They represented the United States at the 1964 Winter Olympics and the 1968 Winter Olympics, placing 8th in 1964 and 6th in 1968.

They were inducted into the U.S. Figure Skating Hall of Fame in 1995.

Competitive highlights
(with Kauffman)

References

External links

American female pair skaters
Olympic figure skaters for the United States
Figure skaters at the 1964 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 1968 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Seattle
1948 births
Living people
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
21st-century American women
20th-century American women

Cynthia Kauffman


King's Quay is a place on the north east coast of the Isle of Wight, an island off the South Coast of England. It comprises the estuary of a stream called Palmer's Brook, situated between East Cowes and Wootton Creek, about  north west of Wootton. It is said, probably apocryphally, to have been the place that King John fled to after signing Magna Carta, from which it derives its name.

It is private land, part of the  Barton Estate, and is a Site of Special Scientific Interest and Ramsar site. It is rich in fossils, particularly of oligocene fish and mesolithic artifacts in a rocky outcrop known as the Osborne Beds.
It comprises an area of saltmarsh, sand and marsh, bounded by ancient woodlands at Wallhill Copse, Curlew Copse, Woodhouse Copse and Brickhill Copse.

The Quay is a causeway which is breached in one place leading to a stone bridge.
During the Middle Ages, King's Quay and the adjoining Meads Hole to the north in Osborne Bay was the site of a market of stolen goods, the plunder of Isle of Wight pirates upon French and Spanish shipping.
It is inaccessible to the public, but can be approached from the south western end by Forestry Commission land at Woodhouse Copse.

See also
List of places on the Isle of Wight

References
Geological Conservation Review
Isle of Wight Biodiversity Action Plan
Natural England citation sheet
GENUKI information on the IOW
- An unusual anchorage

Sites of Special Scientific Interest on the Isle of Wight
Geography of the Isle of Wight

King's Quay, Isle of Wight


The Canterbury-Otago tussock grasslands is an ecoregion of the South Island, New Zealand, part of the wider tussock grasslands of New Zealand.

Location and description
This ecoregion is a large area of dry grassy plains between the east coast and the Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana that form the spine of South Island, in the regions of Canterbury and Otago. The area includes the Canterbury Plains along the coast, uplands such as the mountains of Central Otago and the Hawkdun Range and mountain basins such as the Mackenzie Basin and the Maniototo. The grasslands altogether form the largest flat plain of New Zealand and are largely used for grazing livestock. Less rain falls on this eastern side of the Southern Alps so the climate is dry with a warm summer and cold winter, with the highland basins being the driest of all (less than 500mm per year). The upland areas of Canterbury, such as the Craigieburn are higher and wetter than those of Old Man Range and the other flat-topped blocks of Otago, which are colder and often covered in wet bogs. A number of rivers including the Rangitata, Rakaia, Ashburton / Hakatere and Waimakariri cross the Canterbury Plains in a unique web of braids that weave in and out of each other. The rivers of Otago are deeper and include New Zealand's largest, the Clutha River / Mata-Au.

Flora
There are few endemic plants on these grassy plains. While there was probably once forest the plains are now special in New Zealand as a large area of pasture almost entirely covered with grasses that are resilient to drought and the constant threat of fire. The endemic tussock grasses such as slim snow tussock have now been replaced by introduced pasture grasses in many areas. Some upland areas have a cover of Chionochloa tussocks plus heath of Chionohebe and spiky Aciphylla plus some threatened plant species including the shrub Hebe cupressoides, a daisy (Olearia hectori), and some Peraxilla mistletoes.

In some places there are patches of original or replanted beech forest. The Hinewai Reserve on the Banks Peninsula preserves enclaves old-growth and second-growth forest, mostly of red beech (Nothofagus fusca), with evergreen broadleaf shrubs and low trees including kānuka (Kunzea ericoides), māhoe (Melicytus spp.), Neopanax arboreus, Schefflera digitata, kōwhai (Sophora spp.), scattered podocarp conifers tōtara (Podocarpus totara), mataī (Prumnopitys taxifolia), and kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides), and many species of ferns in the understory.

Finally plants of the Canterbury riverine areas include lichens, Raoulia daisies, willowherbs, and shrubs like Muehlenbeckia.

Fauna
The dry grasslands are home to a large number of insects including beetles, grasshoppers, cicadas, moths, and wētā (a kind of large grasshopper). One particular insect is the Prodontria lewisi which only remains in a small area of sand dunes around Cromwell. Endemic reptiles include two rare lizards, the Otago skink (Oligosoma otagense) and the grand skink (Oligosoma grande).  The Canterbury riverbeds are an important habitat for invertebrates such as McCann's skink  (Oligosoma maccanni), and especially birds such as the very rare black stilt (Himantopus novazelandiae) which remains only in wetlands of the Waitaki River system. Another endemic species of the Canterbury plains is the Canterbury mudfish (Neochanna burrowsius) which has adapted to burying itself in the mud of riverbeds during the dry season. Finally the Otago Peninsula is an important breeding ground for the New Zealand fur seal (Arctophoca forsteri) and New Zealand sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri).

Threats and preservation
These grasslands are now mostly utilised as pasture with overgrazing, increased occurrence of fire and urban development all causing damage, while waterways  are subject to alteration. Original wildlife has also been damaged by introduced plants including lodgepole pine, broom, and sweet briar, while hawkweed and other weeds can more easily establish themselves when land is overgrazed. Introduced species of animals that cause damage include possums, goats, red-necked wallaby, and red deer along with predators such as cats, rats, stoats and ferrets. Protection of the tussock grassland is an ongoing concern and a project of the Department of Conservation working with local communities to establish protected areas and restrict grazing. A number of areas have already been set aside and formal protection is being established in Rock and Pillar Range, Lammermoor Range, Old Man Range, Old Woman Range, Pisa Range and The Remarkables. However these are all upland areas and the original habitats of the lowlands are in a much more precarious state having almost entirely disappeared. Separate initiatives have been set up to preserve habitats in the Canterbury lowland riverbeds and their endangered black stilt population.

References

Ecoregions of New Zealand
Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
Geography of Canterbury, New Zealand
Geography of Otago
Bunchgrasses of Australasia

Canterbury–Otago tussock grasslands


"Like an Angel Passing Through My Room" is the closing track on ABBA's 1981 album The Visitors. It was written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus.

History
Work began on this track on 26 May 1981 in Polar Music Studios. The first demo recording of the melody was made with Björn Ulvaeus singing a lyric with the title "Twinkle, Twinkle". Then the track was given the title "Another Morning Without You". In later recording sessions it was re-titled "An Angel Walked Through My Room", "An Angel's Passing Through My Room". At one point the song was turned into a disco track but this idea was eventually abandoned as the group felt it sounded too similar to "Lay All Your Love on Me". Initially the track featured vocal parts from both Agnetha Fältskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad but the final version of the song featured Anni-Frid as soloist. It is notable as being the only ABBA song to feature just one vocalist.

Unlike many other ABBA songs, the final mix of the track was sparsely produced – the entire track consisting of the soloist's treated vocals, synthesized strings, and a music box melody (also synthesized).  The sound of a ticking clock, also heard throughout the track, was produced by Andersson's MiniMoog.

The designer of the album sleeve for The Visitors, Rune Söderqvist, was partly inspired by this song's theme when he conceived the idea of photographing the group standing before Julius Kronberg's painting of an angelic-looking Eros.

In 2011 BBC Radio 4 in the UK broadcast a drama documentary, Like An Angel Passing Through My Room.  It featured a rare interview with Frida talking about her life and the song.  The piece was a meditation on being a fan, love and loss through the prism of pop music.

From a Twinkling Star to a Passing Angel
On 23 April 2012 a Deluxe version of The Visitors was released. One of its bonus tracks was a demo medley of "Like an Angel Passing Through My Room" called "From a Twinkling Star to a Passing Angel" put together by Benny Andersson, who feels that the song is one of the best that he and Björn wrote during the ABBA years, but is uncertain whether the final version is the ultimate one.  His view is shared by Agnetha Fältskog who described listening to the song as waiting for something that never comes. The compilation showed the experimentation of ABBA with the track, ranging from a full-tempo version (featuring the famous ABBA harmonies) that was later abandoned because of the similarity mentioned above, to a rather sober synthesized version close to the version that was eventually released. Early lyrics resembled the traditional "Twinkle Twinkle Little Star", although these lyrics were meant as temporary to accompany the melody.  Benny was also involved in Anne Sofie von Otter's version of this song which was released on her album with Elvis Costello, For the Stars in 2000.

Cover versions
 The melody featured in the 1983 London version of the musical Abbacadabra and was re-titled "When Dreamers Close Their Eyes" with new lyrics by David Wood and Don Black.
 German singer Nina Hagen performed the song live on a TV special.
 In 1996, British singer Hazell Dean recorded a version for her album The Winner Takes It All: Hazell Dean Sings Abba.
 In 1999, William Orbit recorded a version of the song with Madonna for her album Music but it was never released.  It was leaked onto the Internet in August 2008.
 In 2000, Benny Andersson returned to this track when he was invited to play piano on Anne Sofie von Otter's cover version, which appears on the album For the Stars.
 In 2006, Norwegian singer Sissel Kyrkjebø included a version on her album Into Paradise.
 In 2011, Swedish soprano Myrra Malmberg included a version on her album Another World.
 In 2015, Irish group Celtic Woman included a version on its album Destiny, performed by Mairéad Carlin.
 In 2017, Dutch singer Roon Staal included a version on his albums Promise and The Christmas Album.

Notes

External links

1981 songs
ABBA songs
Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus

Like an Angel Passing Through My Room


In radio equipment, Automatic Frequency Control (AFC), also called Automatic Fine Tuning (AFT), is a method or circuit to automatically keep a resonant circuit tuned to the frequency of an incoming radio signal.  It is primarily used in radio receivers to keep the receiver tuned to the frequency of the desired station.

In radio communication, AFC is needed because, after the bandpass frequency of a receiver is tuned to the frequency of a transmitter, the two frequencies may drift apart, interrupting the reception.  This can be caused by a poorly controlled transmitter frequency, but the most common cause is drift of the center bandpass frequency of the receiver, due to thermal or mechanical drift in the values of the electronic components.

Assuming that a receiver is nearly tuned to the desired frequency, the AFC circuit in the receiver develops an error voltage proportional to the degree to which the receiver is mistuned. This error voltage is then fed back to the tuning circuit in such a way that the tuning error is reduced. In most frequency modulation (FM) detectors, an error voltage of this type is easily available.  See Negative feedback.

AFC was mainly used in radios and television sets around the mid-20th century. In the 1970s, receivers began to be designed using frequency synthesizer circuits, which synthesized the receiver's input frequency from a crystal oscillator using the vibrations of an ultra-stable quartz crystal. These maintained sufficiently stable frequencies that AFCs were no longer needed.

See also
Automatic gain control (AGC)
Frequency drift
Phase-locked loop (PLL)

External links
 Radar tutorial

Communication circuits
Wireless tuning and filtering

Automatic frequency control


The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou is a 2004 American comedy-drama movie directed by Wes Anderson. It stars Bill Murray, Cate Blanchett, Willem Dafoe, Michael Gambon, Jeff Goldblum, Anjelica Huston, Owen Wilson, and Seymour Cassel. It was released to mixed reviews on December 25, 2004.

2004 comedy-drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
Movies directed by Wes Anderson

The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou


Greek passports () are issued to Greek citizens for the purpose of international travel. Biometric passports have been issued since 26 August 2006, with old-style passports being declared invalid as of 1 January 2007. Since June 2009, the passport's RFID chip includes two index fingerprints as well as a high-resolution JPEG image of the passport holder. Every Greek citizen is also a citizen of the European Union. The passport, along with the national identity card allows for free rights of movement and residence in any of the states of the European Union, European Economic Area, and Switzerland.

Passport appearance
The Greek passport follows the standard European Union passport design, with a burgundy red cover and the national emblem emblazoned on the centre of the front cover. The word ΔΙΑΒΑΤΗΡΙΟ (, Greek for "passport") is inscribed below the coat of arms, while ΕΥΡΩΠΑΪΚΗ ΕΝΩΣΗ (, "European Union") and ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΑ (, "Hellenic Republic") appear above. A Greek diplomatic passport has the same size and design as the standard one, but it features a black cover and the text ΔΙΠΛΩΜΑΤΙΚΟ ΔΙΑΒΑΤΗΡΙΟ (, "diplomatic passport") inscribed below the coat of arms. Greek passports contain 32 pages and are valid for 10 years.

All fields on the bearer's page are indicated in Greek and in English, with the translation in the other EU-languages elsewhere in the passport. The main information of the bearer (name and place of birth) are transcribed from the Greek to the Latin script, according to ELOT 743 scheme. The following fields are shown:
Type (P for Passport)
Passport number
Country [ΕΛΛ/GRC]
Surname [Greek/Latin script)
Name [Greek/Latin script)
Nationality [ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ/Hellenic]
Date of Birth [Latin script]
Place of birth [Greek/Latin script]
Sex [M/F]
Issue Date [Latin script]
Expiry Date [Latin script]
Issuing Office [Greek/Latin script]
Height
The bearer's page contains a machine readable strip starting with P<GRC.

Security features
The latest version of Greek passport meets international standards as defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). New features include secure lamination (O.V.D.), color-shifting ink (O.V.I.), pages with intricate designs, microtext, watermarks, security threads, images visible only with ultraviolet light, raised (intaglio) printing, and a chip. The data stored on the chip are protected by using advanced digital encryption techniques.

Greek citizenship
According to the Passport Index, in 2023 the Greek passport is on the fourth place in the world ranking, sharing this position with Japanese, Canadian and Australian passports. It gives its owners visa-free entry to 126 countries.

Greece only offers passports to its current citizens. Applicants must prove their Greek origin.

Exams for Greek citizenship
In 2021, the Greek government launched a special exam for all those who want to acquire Greek citizenship through naturalization. It has 20 questions in the Greek language, history, economy, culture and geography. To pass this exam, an individual needs to obtain a minimum score of 80%. It costs 150 euros.

Issuing process
Greek passports are issued by the National Passport Centre ("Διεύθυνση Διαβατηρίων/Αρχηγείο Ελληνικής Αστυνομίας"). Applicants have to apply in personin case of a child under 14, accompanied by a parentat the local police department or at a Greek Consulate Authority. Upon submitting all the requirements (special portrait photo, issuing request, and fee), the police department begins the issuing procedure. All passports are manufactured centrally at the N.P.C main building in Athens. Depending on the circumstances, passports are issued in 3 to 9 business days and must be picked up at the police department in which the issuing request was made. For this, an applicant must carry with her/him a special receipt they received after applying. Standard passports are valid for a period of 10 years for people 14 years old and older, and 3 years for children under 14 (after the official edition of the 135th Presidential decree in 2007).

Greek passports cannot be extended. A holder has to make a request for a new one if his/her passport expires within the next six months of the request and he/she plans to use it after the expiry date.

The issuing of a standard adult passport costs €84.40, while that of a child costs €73.60. Reissuance of an existing and still-valid passport with no blank pages is possible with a validity date equal to the previous passport and a cost of €53.

Visa free travel

Visa requirements for Greek citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Greece. As of 19 June 2023, Greek citizens had visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 186 countries and territories, ranking the Greek passport 8th in the world according to the Visa Restrictions Index (tied with the Hungarian, Camnadian and Polish passports). Additionally, Arton Capital's Passport Index ranked the Greek passport 4th in the world in terms of travel freedom, with a visa-free score of 172 (tied with Czech, Lithuanian, Canadian, Hungarian, Japanese  and US and Australian passports), as of 19 June 2023.

Gallery of passports

See also

Greek identity card
Visa requirements for Greek citizens
Visa policy of the Schengen Area
Greek nationality law
Passports of the European Union

References

External links
Greek passport on PRADO
Video presentations of the new Greek biometric passport
Information from the Greek Foreign Ministry

Passports by country
Government of Greece
European Union passports

Greek passport


Berge Meere und Giganten (Mountains Seas and Giants) is a 1924 science fiction novel by German author Alfred Döblin. Stylistically and structurally experimental, the novel follows the development of human society into the 27th century and depicts global-scale conflicts between future polities, technologies, and natural forces, culminating in the catastrophic harvesting of Iceland's volcanic energy in order to melt Greenland's ice cap. Among critics, Berge Meere und Giganten has the reputation of being a difficult and polarizing novel, and has not received nearly as much attention as Döblin's following novel, Berlin Alexanderplatz (1929).

Inspired by the mundane sight of pebbles rolling in the Baltic Sea surf in the summer of 1921, Döblin began writing Berge Meere und Giganten that fall, conducting extensive research into various natural and human sciences in the process. Although he had originally conceived of it as a hymn to the city and technology, over the course of writing the novel it evolved into a tribute to the power of nature. He finished the manuscript in the summer of 1923, and it was published by Fischer Verlag the following year.

Plot

First Book: The Western Continents
The novel begins by recounting the time that has passed since the First World War: generations have come and gone, and technology continues to advance and spread from Europe and America over the rest of the world. Overpopulation has become a problem, and the leaders of industry have seized state power. Pacified by the improvement in material conditions, the masses of the cities raise no objection. At the same time that it sees radical technological innovations, Europe suffers declining birth rates and experiences waves of mass migration from Africa. In an effort to maintain their rule, the ruling Senates of Europe agree to restrict the public's access to science and technology. London is the leading power in the west, and "India-Japan-China" is the other world power.

Second Book: The Ural War
After years of state repression and surveillance, the masses have become soft and restless. A spirit of resistance against the machines arises, and the new generation of rulers shifts course. After the end of the twenty-fourth century, access to science and technology is opened up again and nationalism reemerges, alongside a quasi-religious devotion to the machines. Later, researchers led by a scientist named Meki invent synthetic food production, which leads to the abandonment of farms and the countryside, a new wave of urbanization, and the solidification of the Senates' political control. By the twenty-seventh century, freed from the need to support themselves the masses have again become idle and restless; it becomes increasingly difficult to even find enough people to run the synthetic food factories. A group of leaders incite nationalism and war to combat this tendency; the result is a catastrophic world war between Europe and Asia—the "Ural War"—involving advanced weapons that are able to channel the elements and that turn much of Russia into a wall of fire, and then into a flooded plain. After the war the states of Europe grow increasingly isolated from each other, and "every cityscape fought for its existence."

Third Book: Marduk
The postwar climate sees a period of austerity and mistrust towards the machines. Returning from the horrors of the war, Marke becomes the Consul of Berlin and instates a reign of isolation and deurbanization. Advanced weapons are destroyed, people are driven out into the countryside to cultivate the land, and the giant energy accumulators are destroyed. Columns made to look like bulls are erected in city squares and at crossroads, and roar twice a day like a dying animal to remind people of the catastrophe of the Ural War. Marduk succeeds Marke as the Consul and continues the period of brutal authoritarian rule.

Fourth Book: The Deceivers
Marduk's rule begins to be challenged by both his friends and his enemies. Groups of "deceivers" ("Täuscher") wage a protracted guerrilla war against him, seeking a rapprochement with science and technology. The resurgent London senate seeks to bring Marduk's excesses under control, and he in turn attempts to expand his realm to gain more cultivable land, attacking nearby city-states such as Hamburg and Hannover. Zimbo, from the Congo, becomes a rival of Marduk's. New elemental weapons are developed over the course of these struggles, which involve scenes of violence and torture. Zimbo's forces eventually manage to unseat Marduk, who then wages a guerrilla campaign of his own, destroying machines and factories wherever he can. He dies in action, and Zimbo becomes the third Consul of Berlin.

Fifth Book: The Draining of the Cities
As the fifth book begins, the setting shifts briefly to North America. Following the Ural War, the Japanese had led an Asian occupation of western North America. The local populations, inspired by Native American beliefs and mythologies, react by leaving the cities for the wilderness and destroying the food factories and cities, eventually driving out the Asian occupation. In America and then globally people begin leaving cities in favor of the wild. Shamanism and the belief in ghosts reemerge amongst the populace, as does an oral tradition of story-telling. The draining of the cities grows into a settler movement: egalitarian communities that live in nature, characterized by gender equality and sexual liberation. In response to the threat this movement poses to the ruling Senates, political leaders in London hatch a plan to colonize Greenland, thereby channeling both the drive for technological innovation and the drive to settle new land.

Sixth Book: Iceland
To settle Greenland, it is necessary to melt its ice sheet; to do this, a massive expedition sets out for Iceland to harvest its volcanic energy. Led by Kylin, the expedition begins breaking open Iceland's volcanoes. Resistance by the local population is met with massacres. Once Iceland has been split open and turned into a lake of magma, the energy is stored in "tourmaline veils" ("Turmalinschleier"). The geography of Iceland is described in rich detail in this section, as is the cataclysmic destruction of the landscape. The scale of destruction proves traumatizing to many of the expedition members, who flee and have to be forcibly recaptured before the expedition can head to Greenland.

Seventh Book: The Melting of Greenland's Ice
As they sail for Greenland, strange things begin to happen to the ships bearing the tourmaline veils. Marine life and sea birds of all kinds are attracted towards them, and crew stationed aboard them for too long begin acting intoxicated and amorous. The plant and animal life attracted to the ships experiences rapid growth, so that before they reach Greenland the ships look more like mountains or meadows than ships. Strange sea creatures never before seen appear around the ships, and when the expedition is ready to deploy the tourmaline veils, they have to cut through the riot of organic growth that has totally filled the ships. Once the energy of the veils is unleashed on Greenland, it melts the ice quickly but also has unanticipated effects. Prehistoric bones and plant remains that were buried under the ice are reanimated, and fuse together into monstrous forms made up of plant, animal, and mineral parts. Greenland, free of its icy burden, rises up, ripping from north to south in the process and becoming two separate islands. As the chapter ends, the now enormous monsters brought to life by the volcanic energy are spilling away from Greenland towards Europe.

Eighth Book: The Giants
As the wave of mutilation breaks over Europe, the force animating the monsters proves fatal: any contact with their bodies or blood provokes a frenzy of organic growth, so that animals of different species grow into each other and humans are strangled by their own growing organs. The populations remaining in the cities move underground. The ruling technocrats, led by Francis Delvil, begin to devise biological weapons to combat the monsters. Using the energy of the remaining tourmaline veils, they construct massive towers—the eponymous "Giants"—out of humans, animals, and plants, grotesque assemblages of organic life that, planted on mountains or in the sea, serve as defensive turrets. In a frenzied technological mania, some of the scientists turn themselves into giant monsters and wander around Europe, wreaking havoc and forgetting their original intent. A group of the original Iceland expedition led by Kylin returns to Europe, bearing the memory of the devastation they caused.

Ninth Book: Venaska
The novel's final book begins with a group of settlers in southern France who call themselves the "Snakes" ("Die Schlangen"). Venaska, a beautiful woman from the south, becomes influential amongst the settlers and is revered as a kind of goddess of love. With the other "Snakes" she lives in nature, apart from the wrecked cities and their dwindling authoritarian rule. As the traumatized remnants of the Iceland expedition come into contact with the settlers, a new type of society comes into existence, marked by a reconciled relationship to nature and egalitarian social relations. To the north the giants, now including Delvil among them, still rage, but their violence slowly subsides. Within the large number of creatures that compose their bodies, they begin to lose their individual human consciousness and grow into the earth, becoming mountains and hills in England and Cornwall. As Delvil fights to retain his consciousness, Venaska arrives and reconciles him with his dissolution into nature. She too grows into the hills that mark the former giants. In the wake of the destruction of Europe's cities and the collapse of its governments, waves of refugees storm across the landscape accompanied by rage and cannibalism. The survivors of the Iceland expedition meet them head-on, dividing them into groups and leading them to settlements around the globe. As the novel ends, humanity has resettled and begun to cultivate the destroyed landscapes. The fertile land between the Belgian coast and the Loire is renamed Venaska.

Thematic and stylistic aspects
Critic Gabriele Sander has called Berge Meere und Giganten an "epic about the conflict between nature and technology," and other critics have also emphasized the novel's portrayal of the often violent relationship between humanity, nature, and technology. Peter Sprengel has taken a different approach, arguing that the novel is characterized not by a dichotomous opposition between nature and technology, but rather by the way it blurs the distinction between the organic and the inorganic. Hannelore Qual has documented how the novel ties Döblin's philosophy of nature to his ideas about society and politics, arguing for an affinity between Döblin's thought and the anarchism of Gustav Landauer and Pyotr Kropotkin.

Berge Meere und Giganten presciently invokes such topics as world war, urbanization, the alienation from nature, mechanization, the dehumanization of the modern world, as well as mass migration, globalization, totalitarianism, fanaticism, terrorism, state surveillance, genetic engineering, synthetic food, the breeding of humans, biochemical warfare, and others. Döblin's experiences during the First World War, when he served in Alsace as a military doctor, left their mark on the novel: psychically damaged veterans, devastated landscapes, and all-destructive technological excesses give this novel its particularly apocalyptic feeling. Because of the bleak vision of the future that the novel presents, it has often been described by critics as a fundamentally pessimistic, irrationalistic, or regressive work. Hannelore Qual argues against this that Berge Meere und Giganten is instead characterized by an optimistic view of social and historical perfectibility; the portrayals of catastrophic destruction and brutally authoritarian regimes reflect, in this reading, not Döblin's own world view but instead different historical possibilities, alongside which more egalitarian and peaceful social orders are to be found.

Stylistically, it is characterized by its innovative syntax and the frequent paratactic use of multiple subjects, objects, and verbs in a single sentence without conjunctions or punctuation to separate them. Structurally, it consists of nine books that, because of the immense time span, often do not share common characters or settings; the third-person narrative voice, which has been likened to that of an anonymous chronicler, does not pass judgment on the events or provide commentary that would help tie events together.

Critical reception
The novel was regarded as a difficult work upon its release, and its experimental stylistic, structural, and thematic idiosyncrasies have often provoked emotional judgments from critics, ranging from fascination to repulsion. Among others, Günter Grass has praised the novel's continued relevance and insight.

Despite the early fascination with the novel, after the Second World War it fell into neglect as critical attention to Döblin was directed primarily towards his next novel, Berlin Alexanderplatz (1929), and a new edition of Berge Meere und Giganten was not published until 1977. The last few decades have however seen a resurgence of critical interest in the novel.

Genesis and publication
Döblin wrote the novel between fall 1921 and summer 1923. According to the author, the novel set out to explore the question: "What will become of the human being if he keeps living like he lives now?" Döblin would later write that the original inspiration for the novel was the sight of pebbles rolling in the surf on the Baltic Sea coast during a family vacation in the summer of 1921; this epiphanic vision provoked a sudden and uncharacteristic interest in nature for Döblin, who began taking extensive notes in various Berlin museums and libraries on natural history and science, geology, geography, climatology, ethnography, and other fields. If he had originally conceived of the novel as a "hymn to the city" and to technology, as he got into the project it increasingly became an encomium to nature. In early 1922 he closed his medical practice for a month to further his research for the novel. The section on Iceland and Greenland, which occurs towards the end of the published novel, was one of the first sections Döblin envisioned and drafted, and an advance publication of this section appeared in the Vossische Zeitung on New Year's Day 1922 with the title Die Enteisung Grönlands im Jahre 2500. Das Zauberschiff (The Melting of Greenland's Ice in the Year 2500: The Magical Ship). In May 1922 Döblin rented a villa in Zehlendorf to complete the draft of the novel, a setting explicitly referenced in the novel's unusual "Dedication". The exertions of drafting the novel provoked a sort of nervous breakdown: as he would later write, "the fantasy was too wild and my brain would not release me." In a 2011 biography, Wilfried Schoeller has suggested that there was an additional reason for Döblin's breakdown—namely, that the temporary move to Zehlendorf was also his unsuccessful attempt to leave his wife in favor of his lover Charlotte Niclas. According to Schoeller, this personal dimension left its mark on the novel, especially on the novel's dedication.

Berge Meere und Giganten was published in 1924 by the Fischer Verlag. In 1931 Döblin began working on a radically simplified and shortened version, in order to make the difficult work more accessible to a wider audience; the new version was published by the Fischer Verlag in May 1932 under the title Giganten (Giants). 2006 saw the release of a new critical edition of Berge Meere und Giganten by the Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag (Munich), edited by Gabriele Sander. The original manuscript and Döblin's extensive notes for the novel are preserved in the German literary archive in Marbach am Neckar. As of early 2021, the first English translation of the novel, by Chris Godwin, is due to appear with Galileo Publishing.

Notes

References

Further reading

Hahn, Torsten. "'Vernichtender Fortschritt': Zur Experimentellen Konfiguration von Arbeit Und Trägheit in Berge Meere Und Giganten." Internationales Alfred-Döblin-Kolloquium: Bergamo 1999. Ed. Torsten (ed.) Hahn. 311 pp. Bern, Switzerland: Peter Lang, 2002. 107–129. Print. Jahrbuch Für Internationale Germanistik: Reihe A: Kongressberichte (JIGA): 51.
Sander, Gabriele. "Alfred Döblins Roman 'Berge Meere Und Giganten' – Aus Der Handschrift Gelesen. Eine Dokumentation Unbekannter Textgenetischer Materialien Und Neuer Quellenfunde." Jahrbuch der deutschen Schillergesellschaft 45 (2001): 39–69. Print.
Torner, Evan. "A Future-History Out of Time: The Historical Context of Döblin's Expressionist Dystopian Experiment, Berge Meere Und Giganten." Detectives, Dystopias, and Poplit: Studies in Modern German Genre Fiction. Ed. Bruce Campbell, Alison Guenther-Pal, and Vibeke Rützou Peterse. Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2014. 49–66. Print.

1924 German novels
1924 science fiction novels
German science fiction novels
Novels by Alfred Döblin
Weimar culture
German literature
Future history
Fiction set in the 3rd millennium
S. Fischer Verlag books

Berge Meere und Giganten


The Watch Tower is a tower on Manor Street in Waterford, Munster, Ireland. It is one of the six surviving towers of the city walls of Waterford. The cylindrical shape of the tower suggests that it was built in the 13th century. The arrow slit openings, or embrasures, with a gun loop at the bottom indicate that the tower was modified in the 15th or 16th century to facilitate artillery operations. The tower does not have any windows on the city side; it was built solely as a defensive structure without a secondary use as a dwelling. At the rear of the tower there are two entrances, one at ground level and another at wall-walk level.

The Close Gate once stood on the western side of the tower, where the road now runs. The gate was demolished in the eighteenth century by Bullocks Wyse of the Manor of St. John to facilitate easier access to his estate.

The other surviving towers are the Reginald's Tower, Double Tower, French Tower, Semi-Lunar Tower and Beach Tower

See also

 List of National Monuments in County Waterford
 History of Waterford

References

External links
 Official website
 City walls map
 National Monuments in State Care - Waterford

Buildings and structures in Waterford (city)
Towers in the Republic of Ireland

Watch Tower (Waterford)


East London is the northeastern part of London. It is east of the City of London.

It does not have an official definition. The idea has its origins in 1720 as "That part beyond the Tower". By 1950 it was called East London and included all of Greater London east of the City of London and north of the River Thames. This area now makes up the London boroughs of Barking and Dagenham, Hackney, Havering, Newham, Redbridge, Tower Hamlets and Waltham Forest. It includes one of the highest ethnic minority populations in the country, mostly families of South Asian origin.

The East End of London is a subset of East London, corresponding to areas closer to the ancient City.

The early development of London eastward was caused by shipping on the River Thames. There were docks and shipbuilding. These industries declined after World War II. Felixstowe is now used as the main container port of southern England. East London is now an area of regeneration.

Areas further east developed in the Victorian and Edwardian eras following the expansion of the railways in the 19th century.  In Tower Hamlets the population peaked in 1891 and growth was restricted to the outer boroughs. By 1971 the population had peaked in every borough and the entire area was experiencing population decline. By the time of the 2011 census this had reversed and every borough had some growth in population.

Many famous places like Spitalfields, Brick Lane and Shoreditch are in East London.

References

Geography of London

East London


Laura Ashley (née Mountney; 7 September 1925 – 17 September 1985) was a fashion designer and business woman from Wales. She began by making simple items out of her own printed cloth, but when her work became more popular she opened factories making clothes and furniture too. Ashley, along with her husband Bernard, set up a large business to sell her designs, with 219 across the world. The business faced difficult times in the 1990s, after Ashley's death, but there are still many Laura Ashley shops today, in Europe, Asia and Australia.

References

1925 births
1985 deaths
Welsh people
British fashion designers

Laura Ashley


Thomas Stearns Eliot OM (26 September 1888 – 4 January 1965) was an American-born British poet. He was one of the most influential poets of the 20th century. He also wrote plays and some important essays about literature.

Early life
He was born in St. Louis, Missouri, then went to college in Harvard. He spent most of his adult life in London, England. He became a British citizen in 1928.

Career
One famous book of his was written for children and is called The Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats. The songs in the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical Cats are based on poems in it. He also wrote "The Waste Land", a very mysterious, complicated poem that helped start a new style called Modernism. His friend, Ezra Pound, another Modern poet, helped him finish it. His poem "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" and his play Murder in the Cathedral (about Thomas Becket) are also well known.

Personal life and death
He was married two times. He worked at a bank in England and later as the head editor of a famous publishing company in London that is now called Faber and Faber. In 1948, he won the Nobel Prize in Literature. He died of emphysema in London.

1888 births
1965 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
American Christians
American essayists
American literary critics
American playwrights
American poets
British Anglicans
British essayists
British Nobel Prize winners
British playwrights
British poets
Deaths from emphysema
Disease-related deaths in England
Harvard University alumni
Literary critics
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Order of Merit
Writers from St. Louis, Missouri

T. S. Eliot


Math Ly (1925–2004) was a Cambodian politician. A former Khmer Rouge cadre, Math Ly later joined the Cambodian People's Party and was elected to represent Kampong Cham in the National Assembly of Cambodia in 2003.

Math Ly was born in Kampong Cham province to a Muslim Cham family. His father, Sos Man briefly served as the Minister of Religious Affairs under the Khmer Issarak movement in 1954 before defecting to North Vietnam between 1954 and 1970, bringing Math Ly along. The family returned to Cambodia in 1970 where Sos Man served as the President of the Communist-backed "Eastern Zone Islamic Movement" from 1971 to 1974 before it was disbanded. The following September, Sos Man was poisoned by two strangers at his home in a remote part of the country along Highway 7. Around this time, Math Ly served as a cadre for the Khmer Rouge in the Eastern Zone of Cambodia, but soon broke ranks with them and sided with the Vietnamese forces. When the People's Republic of Kampuchea was formed in 1979, Math Ly briefly served as the Vice Minister of Interior before becoming the Vice Minister for Agriculture from 1979 to 1985, and was then offered as the President of the Trade Union in 1985. In the late 1980s, he was appointed as the Vice-President of the National Assembly in Democratic Kampuchea and later was given the position as personal advisor to the King His Majesty Samdach Preah Boromoneath Norodom Sihanouk.

References

Bibliography

 Kierman, Ben, Genocide and Resistance in Southeast Asia: Documentation, Denial & Justice in Cambodia & East Timor, Transaction Publishers, 2008,

1925 births
2004 deaths
Cambodian Cham people
Cambodian Muslims
People from Kampong Cham province
Cambodian People's Party politicians
Members of the National Assembly (Cambodia)

Math Ly


Gandhi is a 1982 British and Indian biographical movie based on the life of Indian activist Mohandas Gandhi. It is directed and produced by Richard Attenborough. It was written by John Briley and some of it by Steven Spielberg. The music was composed by Ravi Shankar. The cinematography was by Billy Williams.

It stars Ben Kingsley as Gandhi. Other cast members include John Mills, John Gielgud, Trevor Howard, Daniel Day-Lewis, Richard Griffiths, Martin Sheen, Nigel Hawthorne, Shane Rimmer, Athol Fugard, John Ratzenberger, Bernard Hill, Shriram Lagoo, Terrence Hardiman, Tom Alter and Om Puri with Alyque Padamsee.

It was released on 30 November 1982 in India, on 2 December 1982 in the United Kingdom, and on 6 December 1982 in the United States. It raised $52,767,889 at the box office. It had a budget of $13 million.

The movie was nominated for eleven Academy Award, winning eight. It won Best Picture, Best Actor, and Best Director. It also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Picture and the BAFTA Award for Best Picture.

Attenborough said that the movie was his dream project.

Other websites

 The Gandhi nobody knows Gandhism.net
 How accurate is the movie Gandhi? Biography.com

Academy Award winning movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
BAFTA Award winning movies
1982 drama movies
1980s biographical movies
British biographical movies
British drama movies
Indian movies
Movies directed by Richard Attenborough
Movies set in India
Movies set in South Africa
Movies set in the United Kingdom
Movies set in the 1890s
Movies set in the 1910s
Movies set in the 1920s
Movies set in the 1930s
Movies set in the 1940s

Gandhi (movie)


In computing, off-site data protection, or vaulting, is the strategy of sending critical data out of the main location (off the main site) as part of a disaster recovery plan.  Data is usually transported off-site using removable storage media such as magnetic tape or optical storage. Data can also be sent electronically via a remote backup service, which is known as electronic vaulting or e-vaulting. Sending backups off-site ensures systems and servers can be reloaded with the latest data in the event of a disaster, accidental error, or system crash. Sending backups off-site also ensures that there is a copy of pertinent data that is not stored on-site.

Although some organizations manage and store their own off-site backups, many choose to have their backups managed and stored by third parties who specialize in the commercial protection of off-site data.

Data vaults
The storage of off-site data is also known as vaulting, as backups are stored in purpose-built vaults.  There are no generally recognized standards for the type of structure which constitutes a vault.  That said, commercial vaults typically fit into three categories:
 Underground vaults – often converted defunct cold war military or communications facilities, or even disused mines.
 Free-standing dedicated vaults
 Insulated chambers sharing facilities – often implemented within existing record center buildings.

Hybrid on site and off-site vaulting
Hybrid on-site and off-site data vaulting, sometimes known as Hybrid Online Backup, involve a combination of Local backup for fast backup and restore, along with Off-site backup for protection against local disasters. This ensures that the most recent data is available locally in the event of need for recovery, while archived data that is needed much less often is stored in the cloud.

Hybrid Online Backup works by storing data to local disk so that the backup can be captured at high speed, and then either the backup software or a D2D2C (Disk to Disk to Cloud) appliance encrypts and transmits data to a service provider. Recent backups are retained locally, to speed data recovery operations. There are a number of cloud storage appliances on the market that can be used as a backup target, including appliances from CTERA Networks, Nasuni, StorSimple and TwinStrata.

Statutory obligations
Data Protection Statutes are usually non-prescriptive within the commercial IT arena in how data is to be protected, but they increasingly require the active protection of data.  United States Federal entities have specific requirements as defined by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).  NIST documentation can be obtained at http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/PubsSPs.html and commercial agencies have the option of using these documents for compliance requirements.
 History – today's regulatory requirements started with the "Rainbow" Series.  Every organization has used these standards to develop "their" version of compliance – don't get wrapped around the NIC on compliance – use "Due Care" and apply "Due Diligence" and base your infrastructure using "SECURITY" as the foundation.

Statutes which mandate the protection of data are:
 Federal Information Systems Management Act (FISMA) – US
 GAO Federal Information System Controls Audit Manual (FISCAM) – US
 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) – US
 Sarbanes–Oxley (SOX) – US
 Basel II – International – US
 Gramm-Leach-Bliley (GLBA) – US
 Data Protection Act 1998 – UK
 Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ("FCPA") – US

Legal precedents
 Thomas F. LINNEN, et al. v. A.H. ROBINS COMPANY, INC., et als, (Mass. Super. Court, No. 97-2307).
 Linnen v. Robins, 1999 WL 462015, 10 Mass. L.Rptr. 189 (Mass Super. Court, 1999).
 FJS Electronics v. Fidelity Bank
 Zubulake v. UBS Warburg
 Coleman (Parent) Holdings, Inc. v. Morgan Stanley & Co. Inc., 2005 Extra LEXIS 94 (Fla. Cir. Ct. 23 Mar. 2005).

See also

 Backup (as off-site data protection is part of a comprehensive backup strategy)
 Remote backup service
 Comparison of online backup services
 Bare-metal restore

References

 Protecting Data Off-Site. Gerard Nicol 2006

Computer security procedures
Corporate law
Disaster recovery
Backup

Off-site data protection


Pope Eleutherius (; died 24 May 189), also known as Eleutherus (), was the bishop of Rome from c. 174 to his death. His pontificate is alternatively dated to 171-185 or 177-193. He is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church.

He is linked to a number of legends, one of them credited him with receiving a letter from "Lucius, King of Britain", but which is now generally considered to be a forgery.

Life
According to the Liber Pontificalis, he was a Greek born in Nicopolis in Epirus, Greece. His contemporary Hegesippus wrote that he was a deacon of the Roman Church under Pope Anicetus (c. 154–164), and remained so under Pope Soter, whom he succeeded around 174.

Dietary law
The 6th-century recension of Liber Pontificalis ('Book of the Popes') known as the "Felician Catalog" includes additional commentary to the work's earlier entry on Eleutherius. One addition ascribes to Eleutherius the reissuance of a decree: "And he again affirmed that no food should be repudiated by Christians strong in their faith, as God created it, [provided] however that it is sensible and edible." Such a decree might have been issued against early continuations of Jewish dietary law and against similar laws practiced by the Gnostics and Montanists. It is also possible, however, that the editor of the passage attributed to Eleutherius a decree similar to another issued around the year 500 in order to give it greater authority.

British mission

Another addition credited Eleutherius with receiving a letter from "Lucius, King of Britain" or "King of the Britons", declaring an intention to convert to Christianity. No earlier accounts of this mission have been found. It is now generally considered to be a pious forgery, although there remains disagreement over its original purpose. Haddan, Stubbs, and Wilkins considered the passage "manifestly written in the time and tone" of Prosper of Aquitaine, secretary to Pope Leo the Great in the mid-5th century, and supportive of the missions of Germanus of Auxerre and Palladius. Duchesne dated the entry a little later to the pontificate of Boniface II around 530, and Mommsen to the early 7th century. Only the last would support the conjecture that it aimed to support the Gregorian mission to the Anglo-Saxons led by Augustine of Canterbury, who encountered great difficulty with the native British Christians, as at the Synod of Chester. Indeed, the Celtic Christians invoked the antiquity of their church to generally  submission to Canterbury until the Norman conquest, but no arguments invoking the mission to Lucius appear to have been made by either side during the synods among the Welsh and Saxon bishops.

The first Englishman to mention the story was Bede and he seems to have taken it, not from native texts or traditions, but from The Book of the Popes. Subsequently, it appeared in the 9th-century History of the Britons traditionally credited to Nennius: The account relates that a mission from the pope baptised "Lucius, the Britannic king, with all the petty kings of the whole Britannic people". The account, however, dates this baptism to AD 167 (a little before Eleutherius's pontificate) and credits it to Evaristus (reigned ). In the 12th century, more details began to be added to the story. Geoffrey of Monmouth's pseudohistorical History of the Kings of Britain goes into great detail concerning Lucius and names the pope's envoys to him as Fagan and Duvian. The 12th-century Book of Llandaf placed the court of Lucius in southern Wales and names his emissaries to the pope as Elfan and Medwy.

An echo of this legend penetrated even to Switzerland. In a homily preached at Chur and preserved in an 8th- or 9th-century manuscript, Timothy is represented as an apostle to Gaul, whence he went into Roman Britain and baptised a king named Lucius, who himself became a missionary to Gaul and finally settled at Chur, where he preached the gospel with great success. In this way Lucius, the early missionary of the Swiss district of Chur, became identified with the alleged British king of the Liber Pontificalis.

Harnack suggests that in the document which the compiler of the Liber Pontificalis drew his information, the name found was not , but . Now this is the name (, ) of the fortress of Edessa. The king in question is, therefore, Lucius Ælius Septimus Megas Abgar VIII, of Edessa, a Christian king as is well known. The original statement of the Liber Pontificalis, in this hypothesis, had nothing to do with Britain; the compiler of the Liber Pontificalis changed  to , and in this way made a British king of the Syrian Lucius.

Death
According to the Liber Pontificalis, Pope Eleutherius died on 24 May and was buried on the Vatican Hill () near the body of Peter the Apostle. Later tradition has his body moved to the church of San Giovanni della Pigna, near the pantheon. In 1591, his remains were again moved to the church of Santa Susanna at the request of Camilla Peretti, the sister of Pope Sixtus V. His feast is celebrated on 26 May.

See also

List of popes
List of Catholic saints

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

 From:

 From:

Further reading

 From:
 From:

189 deaths
2nd-century archbishops
2nd-century Christian saints
2nd-century popes
2nd-century Romans
Greek popes
Papal saints
Popes
Saints from Roman Italy
Saints of Roman Epirus
Year of birth unknown

Pope Eleutherius


The QCW-05 (, also referred to as the Type 05 Suppressed Submachine Gun) is a suppressed bullpup submachine gun, manufactured and developed by the People's Liberation Army (PLA) 208 Research Institute and Jianshe Industries (Group) Corporation of Chongqing under the China South Industries Group for the People's Liberation Army Ground Force, the People's Liberation Army Special Operations Forces and the People's Armed Police. This weapon is designed for the 5.8×21mm DCV05 sub-sonic round that is also used by the QSW-06 Silenced Pistol.

Development
In October 2001 the Jianshe Industries (Group) Corporation (owned by the China South Industries Group) won a bid to produce the PLA's next generation of submachine gun to replace the Type 79 and the Type 85 silenced submachine guns, beating out other competitors such as the Changfeng CF-05 due to its ease of construction and operation. At the 2005 International Police Equipment Expo in Beijing, Jianshe revealed their final product, a bullpup, blowback, open bolt submachine gun that externally resembled the QBZ-95 assault rifle which was then given the designation QCW-05.

At the 2006 MILIPOL Expo, a smaller police and export version of the QCW-05 called the 'Jianshe JS 9mm', a silenced submachine gun, was revealed to the public. The 'JS 9mm' is chambered for the popular 9×19mm Parabellum caliber. The QCW-05 is intended to be PLA's frontline personal defense weapon for personnel in non-combat roles such as vehicle crews and aircrews who would normally be confined to quarters where a full assault rifle would be unwieldy and by specialized operation units such as the People's Liberation Army Special Operations Forces and People's Armed Police.

Design details

The QCW-05 is a blowback, open bolt bullpup silenced submachine gun that is capable of either full automatic or semi-automatic fire. The QCW-05s light weight can be attributed to its small aluminum receiver and polymer construction which also lends itself well towards quicker mass-production. It has a low rate of fire in order to maintain controllability, a feature stressed from the beginning by the PLA for a weapon as light as a submachine gun. There is a thumb fire mode selector on the left side of the weapon directly above the grip with a semi-automatic position (1), full automatic (2), and safety (0) and an ejection port on the right side of the weapon. A removable metal screw-on cylindrical suppressor is attached to the barrel of the gun. The carrying handle, which is located above the compact aluminum receiver, houses the charging handle. The use of the 5.8×21mm DV05 subsonic round reduced the QCW-05's muzzle velocity to approximately  and gives the submachine gun an effective range of  which is considered adequate for a silenced weapon.
Ammunition is fed from a detachable curved fifty round, four column, double stacked box (another initial requirement of the PLA) at the rear of the submachine gun.

As the QCW-05 is designed for general military use rather than being used only in a specialized niche role, a suppressor can be a hindrance when a situation calls for an emphasis on the performance or size of the weapon rather than its noise reduction capabilities, which is why the suppressor is removable, or in the case of the QCQ-05 variant, completely absent. Once the suppressor is removed, the QCW-05 is essentially the same as the QCQ-05 and can fire the DAP92 round as well. The QCW-05 shares the common trait of other bullpup weapons of being suboptimal to fire from the left shoulder given the placement of the ejection port and its proximity to the operator's face when firing.

Variants

There are two variants of the QCW-05; the JS 9mm and the QCQ-05.

JS 9mm

A slightly smaller, somewhat externally different version of the QCW-05 designed for use by police and for export overseas. The JS 9mm is chambered for the 9×19mm Parabellum cartridge, and it also uses the same 30 round magazines used by the popular Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine gun. Another noticeable difference is that JS 9mm doesn't have a carrying handle, instead a picatinny rail could be mounted on the top.

QCQ-05
The QCQ-05 () (officially translated in pinyin as Qiāng Chōngfēng Qīngxíng, literally 'Gun, Assault, Light') is a variant of the QCW-05 without the suppressor and is capable of using either the 5.8×21mm DCV05 subsonic pistol cartridge or the 5.8×21mm DAP92 pistol cartridge which is also used by the QSZ-92 pistol. While the QCQ-05 does not come with a suppressor, the QCW-05 suppressor can still be affixed and removed from the QCQ-05.

References

External links
 Type 05 5.8mm / JS 9mm submachine gun - Modern Firearms

5.8 mm firearms
Bullpup firearms
Personal defense weapons
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 2005
Submachine guns of the People's Republic of China

QCW-05


A staff clerk is a professional specialist clerk in the British Army who is a member of an administrative corps, as opposed to a unit clerk, who is a member of the corps or regiment in which he or she works and is trained first and foremost in the duties of that unit (as an infantryman, for instance).

Staff clerks predominantly work in headquarters units alongside staff officers, hence the name. Clerks working in headquarters were consolidated into the Army Service Corps (later Royal Army Service Corps) during the Boer War. In the McLeod Reorganisation of Army Logistics, staff clerks were transferred to the Royal Army Ordnance Corps in 1965.

In 1992 they again transferred, to the Staff and Personnel Support Branch of the Adjutant General's Corps and were merged with unit clerks.

Footnotes

British Army specialisms
clerk

Staff clerk


La Luz de Jesus Gallery is a commercial art gallery located in Los Angeles, California.  It is closely associated with the Lowbrow Art Movement, Kustom Kulture, and pop surrealism.

History

La Luz de Jesus Gallery was established in 1986 in Los Angeles, California by entrepreneur and art collector Billy Shire.  The original gallery was located in a bright pink building on Melrose Avenue, upstairs from Shire's retail store Soap Plant/ Wacko.  As Melrose Avenue became increasingly gentrified, the gallery was relocated to the Los Feliz / Silverlake district on Hollywood Boulevard near Vermont Avenue.  The early years of La Luz de Jesus gallery, before its relocation to Hollywood Boulevard, coincide with the Golden Age of Lowbrow.  In April 2005, Shire opened a sister gallery, Billy Shire Fine Arts, in Culver City, California.

Mission and influence

La Luz de Jesus Gallery provides both an exhibition space and a support structure to Lowbrow and pop surrealist artists.  The gallery's mission is to make underground artists and counterculture accessible to the general public.  In a 1988 interview with the Los Angeles Times, Shire sums up the gallery's philosophy by saying, "Art should be by the people and for the people.  It should be something that speaks to you, that entertains and challenges and changes your outlook."  The gallery presents a new exhibit each month with an opening reception on the first Friday of every month.  The gallery shows primarily figurative and narrative painting and unusual sculpture, with a focus on themes and styles including folk art, outsider art, religious art, and alternative erotica.  The gallery has been the first to introduce to the public many then-unknown artists who have gone on to claim their place in the art world. These artists include Manuel Ocampo, Joe Coleman, Shag, and Robert Williams.  Other notable artists that have exhibited at the gallery include Marco Almera, and Joe Sorren.  In addition to regular solo and two-person shows, the gallery also hosts a variety of group shows, including a much-anticipated annual group exhibition entitled "Everything But the Kitschen Sync" which introduces relatively unknown and emerging artists at the beginning of their careers.

References

 La Luz De Jesus website
 LA.COM Review "It's art over the counterculture"
 Fodor's Review
 The Los Angeles Times, 17 July 1988, "Folk Art with a Touch of Madness" by Denise Hamilton
 http://www.absolutearts.com/artsnews/2010/08/08/publish/2348910398.html
 http://www.losangeles.com/la-luz-de-jesus-gallery-b95553
 http://forthmagazine.com/events/around-town/2010/05/la-luz-de-jesus-gallery-presents-rogue-taxidermy/

Contemporary art galleries in the United States
Art museums and galleries in Los Angeles
1986 establishments in California
Kustom Kulture
Underground culture
Art galleries established in 1986
Silver Lake, Los Angeles

La Luz de Jesus


Ranking Joe  Little Joe (born Joseph Jackson, 1 July 1959, Kingston, Jamaica) is a reggae deejay who rose to prominence in the 1970s and had continuing success in the 1980s.

Biography
Jackson was initially inspired towards a musical career by his father, who operated a sound system. He attended secondary school with Winston McAnuff, U Brown and Earl Sixteen, and they would perform concerts. After starting out by toasting on the Smith The Weapon sound system, Jackson progressed to the El Paso sound system, where he performed under the name Little Joe (inspired by the character from Bonanza), inspired greatly by U-Roy. He first recorded for Coxsone Dodd's Studio One in 1974, releasing "Gun Court". Initially unsuccessful as a recording artist, he studied electronics before returning to recording in the mid-1970s with greater success, having a hit with "Honda 750", which was followed by singles such as "Psalm 54", "Natty Don't Make War" and the Bionic Man-tribute "Steve Austin". "Stop Your Coming and Come" provided the first deejay hit for Sly & Robbie's Taxi label. In the latter half of the 1970s he released three albums and also returned to sound system work with U-Roy's King Sturgav setup. His big break in international terms came in 1980, when the Ray Symbolic Hi Fi sound system, with which he was then the resident deejay, toured the United Kingdom, raising his profile and helping his Weakheart Fadeaway become a major seller for Greensleeves Records. A string of further albums  followed in the early 1980s, which saw Joe move away from the "cultural" chants of his early work towards the "slackness" that had become popular. Ray Symbolic's death interrupted Joe's career, but he returned as a producer, with dubs of his productions released on the King Tubby albums Original King Key Dub and Dangerous Dub. He later moved to New York City, setting up a record label, also named Ranking Joe, which provided an outlet for his productions. He proved to be a major influence on one of the most successful deejays of the early 1980s, Eek-A-Mouse.

Albums
The Best of Ranking Joe (1977) TR International/State Line
Weakheart Fadeaway (1978) Greensleeves
Round The World (1978) Nationwide/Student
Dub It In a Dance (1980) Trojan
Natty Superstar (1980) Joe Gibbs
Saturday Night Jamdown Style (1980) Greensleeves/Jah Guidance
Shaolin Temple (1980) Sharp Axe
Showcase (1981) Tad's
Disco Skate (1981) Copasetic
Tribute to John Lennon (1981) Tad's
Armageddon (1982) Kingdom
Rebel DJ (1982) Jam Rock
Check It Out (1983) Vista
Fast Forward To Africa (1996) Ariwa
Man and His Music (Mr Finnigan) (1997) Jasrac (compilation)
Armageddon Time (2000) M10 (compilation)
3 The Roots Way (2002) Krescendo (with U Brown and Trinity)
Zion High (2003) Blood & Fire (Ranking Joe with Black Uhuru and Dennis Brown) (compilation)
Ghetto People (2004) Culture Press
World In Trouble (2006) M
World In Dub (2006) M

References

External links
Ranking Joe at Roots Archives
Ranking Joe biography, photos, etc.
Discography at Discogs

1959 births
Jamaican reggae musicians
Living people
Musicians from Kingston, Jamaica
Greensleeves Records artists
Trojan Records artists

Ranking Joe