Eyomqungu e month of January.

 1 Eyomqungu Deuteronomy 13
1 If ever you have among you a prophet or a dreamer of dreams and he gives you a sign or a wonder,
2 And the sign or the wonder takes place, and he says to you, Let us go after other gods, which are strange to you, and give them worship;
3 Then give no attention to the words of that prophet or that dreamer of dreams: for the Lord your God is testing you, to see if all the love of your heart and soul is given to him.
4 But keep on in the ways of the Lord your God, fearing him and keeping his orders and hearing his voice, worshipping him and being true to him.
5 And that prophet or that dreamer of dreams is to be put to death; for his words were said with the purpose of turning you away from the Lord your God, who took you out of the land of Egypt and made you free from the prison-house; and of forcing you out of the way in which the Lord your God has given you orders to go. So you are to put away the evil from among you.
6 If your brother, the son of your mother, or your son or your daughter or the wife of your heart, or the friend who is as dear to you as your life, working on you secretly says to you, Let us go and give worship to other gods, strange to you and to your fathers;
7 Gods of the peoples round about you, near or far, from one end of the earth to the other;
8 Do not be guided by him or give attention to him; have no pity on him or mercy, and give him no cover;
9 But put him to death without question; let your hand be the first stretched out against him to put him to death, and then the hands of all the people.
10 Let him be stoned with stones till he is dead; because it was his purpose to make you false to the Lord your God, who took you out of the land of Egypt, out of the prison-house.
11 And all Israel, hearing of it, will be full of fear, and no one will again do such evil as this among you.
12 And if word comes to you, in one of the towns which the Lord your God is giving you for your resting-place,
13 That good-for-nothing persons have gone out from among you, turning the people of their town from the right way and saying, Let us go and give worship to other gods, of whom you have no knowledge;
14 Then let a full search be made, and let questions be put with care; and if it is true and certain that such a disgusting thing has been done among you;
15 Then take up arms against the people of that town and give it up to the curse, with all its cattle and everything in it.
16 And take all the goods into the middle of its open space, burning the town and all its property with fire as an offering to the Lord your God; it is to be a waste for ever; there is to be no more building there.
17 Keep not a thing of what is cursed for yourselves: so the Lord may be turned away from the heat of his wrath, and have mercy on you, and give you increase as he said in his oath to your fathers:
18 So long as you give ear to the voice of the Lord your God, and keep all his orders which I give you today, and do what is right in the eyes of the Lord your God.
© 2022 - HOUSE GOSPEL an division of House OF PROSPER MINISTRY
 2 EyomqunguWisdom has built her house; she has set up its seven pillars. She has prepared her meat and mixed her wine; she has also set her table. She has sent out her servants, and she calls from the highest point of the city, "Let all who are simple come to my house!" To those who have no sense she says, "Come, eat my food and drink the wine I have mixed. Leave your simple ways and you will live; walk in the way of insight." Whoever corrects a mocker invites insults; whoever rebukes the wicked incurs abuse. Do not rebuke mockers or they will hate you; rebuke the wise and they will love you. Instruct the wise and they will be wiser still; teach the righteous and they will add to their learning.
Proverbs 9:1-9 NIV

https://bible.com/bible/111/pro.9.1-9.NIV
 3 EyomqunguAs for other matters, brothers and sisters, we instructed you how to live in order to please God, as in fact you are living. Now we ask you and urge you in the Lord Jesus to do this more and more. For you know what instructions we gave you by the authority of the Lord Jesus. It is God's will that you should be sanctified: that you should avoid sexual immorality; that each of you should learn to control your own body in a way that is holy and honorable, not in passionate lust like the pagans, who do not know God; and that in this matter no one should wrong or take advantage of a brother or sister. The Lord will punish all those who commit such sins, as we told you and warned you before. For God did not call us to be impure, but to live a holy life. Therefore, anyone who rejects this instruction does not reject a human being but God, the very God who gives you his Holy Spirit. Now about your love for one another we do not need to write to you, for you yourselves have been taught by God to love each other. And in fact, you do love all of God's family throughout Macedonia. Yet we urge you, brothers and sisters, to do so more and more, and to make it your ambition to lead a quiet life: You should mind your own business and work with your hands, just as we told you, so that your daily life may win the respect of outsiders and so that you will not be dependent on anybody.''''''
 4 EyomqunguAnd some were present at that time, reporting to Him about the Galileans whose blood Pilate had mixed with their offerings. And יהושע answering, said to them, "Do you think that these Galileans were worse sinners than all other Galileans, because they have suffered like this? "I say to you, no! But unless you repent you shall all perish in the same way. Or those eighteen on whom the tower in Shiloaḥ fell and killed them, do you think that they were greater offenders than all other men who dwelt in Yerushalayim?" I say to you, no! But unless you repent you shall all perish in the same way. And He spoke this parable, "A certain man had a fig tree planted in his vineyard, and he came seeking fruit on it and found none. "And he said to the gardener, 'Look, for three years I have come seeking fruit on this fig tree and find none. Cut it down, why does it even make the ground useless?' "And he answering, said to him, 'Master, leave it this year too, until I dig around it and throw manure. And if indeed it bears fruit, good. But if not so, you shall cut it down.' " And He was teaching in one of the congregations on the Sabbath, and see, there was a woman having a weakening spirit for eighteen years, and was bent over and was unable to straighten up at all. And יהושע, seeing her, called her near and said to her, "Woman, you are loosened from your weakness." And He laid His hands on her, and immediately she was straightened up, and praised Elohim. But the ruler of the congregation, responding, much displeased that יהושע had healed on the Sabbath, said to the crowd, "There are six days on which men should work, so come and be healed on them, and not on the Sabbath day." Then the Master answered him and said, "Hypocrite! Does not each one of you on the Sabbath loosen his ox or his donkey from the stall, and lead it away to water it? And this one, being a daughter of Aḇraham, whom Satan has bound, look, for eighteen years, should she not be loosened from this bond on the Sabbath? And when He said this, all His opponents were put to shame. And all the crowd rejoiced for all the splendid works being done by Him. Therefore He said, "What is the reign of Elohim like? And to what shall I compare it? It is like a mustard seed, which a man took and threw into his garden. And it grew and became a large tree, and the birds of the heavens nested in its branches. And again He said, "To what shall I compare the reign of Elohim? It is like leaven, which a woman took and hid in three measures of flour until it was all leavened. And He was going through the cities and villages, teaching, and journeying toward Yerushalayim, and someone said to Him, "Master, are there few who are being saved?" And He said to them, "Strive to enter through the narrow gate, because many, I say to you, shall seek to enter in and shall not be able. When once the Master of the house has risen up and shut the door, and you begin to stand outside and knock at the door, saying, 'Master, Master, open for us,' and He shall answer and say to you, 'I do not know you, where you are from,' " then you shall begin to say, 'We ate and drank in Your presence, and You taught in our streets.' "But He shall say, 'I say to you I do not know you, where you are from. Depart from Me, all you workers of unrighteousness.' There shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth, when you see Aḇraham and Yitsḥaq and Ya'aqoḇ and all the prophets in the reign of Elohim, look."
Luqas (Luke) 13:1-31 TS2009

https://bible.com/bible/316/luk.13.1-31.TS2009
 5 Eyomqungu'God who gives you his Holy Spirit'
 6 EyomqunguLuke 21:12
[12]But before all this, they will take you and be very cruel to you, giving you up to the Synagogues and to prisons, taking you before kings and rulers, because of my name.
 7 Eyomqungu2 Corinthians 10:1-18
[1]Now I Paul myself beseech you by the meekness and gentleness of Christ, who in presence am base among you, but being absent am bold toward you:
[2]But I beseech you, that I may not be bold when I am present with that confidence, wherewith I think to be bold against some, which think of us as if we walked according to the flesh.
[3]For though we walk in the flesh, we do not war after the flesh:
[4](For the weapons of our warfare are not carnal, but mighty through God to the pulling down of strong holds;)
[5]Casting down imaginations, and every high thing that exalteth itself against the knowledge of God, and bringing into captivity every thought to the obedience of Christ;
[6]And having in a readiness to revenge all disobedience, when your obedience is fulfilled.
[7]Do ye look on things after the outward appearance? If any man trust to himself that he is Christ's, let him of himself think this again, that, as he is Christ's, even so are we Christ's.
[8]For though I should boast somewhat more of our authority, which the Lord hath given us for edification, and not for your destruction, I should not be ashamed:
[9]That I may not seem as if I would terrify you by letters.
[10]For his letters, say they, are weighty and powerful; but his bodily presence is weak, and his speech contemptible.
[11]Let such an one think this, that, such as we are in word by letters when we are absent, such will we be also in deed when we are present.
[12]For we dare not make ourselves of the number, or compare ourselves with some that commend themselves: but they measuring themselves by themselves, and comparing themselves among themselves, are not wise.
[13]But we will not boast of things without our measure, but according to the measure of the rule which God hath distributed to us, a measure to reach even unto you.
[14]For we stretch not ourselves beyond our measure, as though we reached not unto you: for we are come as far as to you also in preaching the gospel of Christ:
[15]Not boasting of things without our measure, that is, of other men's labours; but having hope, when your faith is increased, that we shall be enlarged by you according to our rule abundantly,
[16]To preach the gospel in the regions beyond you, and not to boast in another man's line of things made ready to our hand.
[17]But he that glorieth, let him glory in the Lord.
[18]For not he that commendeth himself is approved, but whom the Lord commendeth.
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Inyanga

Eyomqungu


Cundeelee  is a small Aboriginal community  in Western Australia located  east of Perth and  east of Kalgoorlie in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia. At the 2006 census, Cundeelee had a population of 102.

A ration depot had been established in the area in 1939 followed by an Australian Aboriginal Evangelical Mission being set up in 1950.
By 1952, the mission had attracted 130 people from the surrounding desert.

When surveyed in 1971 the community had 47 children at the mission school. Grants were awarded in 1973 to 1975 which allowed the mission to construct toilets, ablution blocks and a dam.

The community became incorporated in 1976 and took over the management of the town in 1978. At this time the community consisted of 50 people of European descent and 250 Indigenous Australians. Cundeelee was closed in the 1980s and most of the residents moved to Coonana. Some of the Aboriginal people moved back to their traditional lands at Cundeelee in 1984.

References

Aboriginal communities in Goldfields-Esperance

Cundeelee, Western Australia


In abstract algebra, a monoid is a set of elements
along with an operation that has two key properties:

The operation can combine the elements associatively; e.g.
There exists an identity element; e.g. , or

The operation need not have the commutative property.

In computing science common monoids include addition, multiplication, or, and. These properties are useful for various problems e.g. they allow a large set of data to be divided, processed in parallel and combined. As each part produces a monoid, the final combined result will be the same. This also works with more complex monoids, such as a map from words to the number of times they appear in a document.

Character strings also form a monoid over concatenation with the empty string "" as the identity element. Examples of the two properties are "abc" + ("def" + "ghi") = ("abc" + "def") + "ghi" and "abc" + "" = ""+ "abc" = "abc".  This is true even though "abc" + "def" ≠ "def" + "abc".

Other websites

Abstract algebra

Monoid


Warwick School is a selective, public school (British independent boarding and day school) in Warwick, England.

Known until about 1900 as King's School, Warwick, it is believed to have been founded by Æthelflæd of Mercia in 914 AD, making it the fifth-oldest surviving school in England, after King's School, Canterbury; King's School, Rochester; St Peter's School, York; and Wells Cathedral School. It may also be the oldest surviving school founded by a woman and the oldest public school in the world to remain open only to boys. Its headmasters have been members of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference since 1896.

The school is part of the Warwick Independent Schools Foundation, which also owns The King's High School for Girls and Warwick Preparatory School.

History

Early beginnings and the move to St Mary's

The town of Warwick was first recorded in the 9th and 10th century Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 914 during the rule of Æthelflæd, daughter of Alfred the Great. Warwick School was active in the time of King Edward the Confessor (1042–1066) and probably for at least a century earlier, most likely in the grounds of Warwick Castle.  By 1477 lessons were held in the old church of St John the Baptist in the Market Place. In 1545 King Henry VIII re-founded the school as "The King's New Scole of Warwyke" and the new grammar school moved to what is now the Lord Leycester Hospital. Later it moved again to St Peter's Chapel, now part of King's High School.  Schoolmasters in the 17th century included the epigrammatist John Owen (1595–1622) and Rev Thomas DuGard (1633–49), later Rector of Barford Church, who recorded the history and daily life of the school in his Latin diary.
Around 1697 the school moved to the disused medieval buildings of the Vicars Choral in St Mary's churchyard, and stayed there for the next 200 years.

Victorian era: growth followed by crisis

In the Victorian era, the Rev. Herbert Hill, headmaster from 1842 to 1876, implemented several educational reforms and a modern curriculum was introduced. Three new schools were proposed in the 1870s, and had all begun operations by 1879: The King's Grammar School, on a new site south of the River Avon, with a classical curriculum; The King's Middle School in The Butts, providing a "commercial education" for "less academic" boys; and King's High School, in Landor House, Smith Street. The Junior Department (now the Junior School) opened in 1889. In 1887 "The Limes" (16 lime trees) were planted to mark Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee.

The years 1896 to 1906 were ones of increasing crisis for the school, however, culminating in its economic collapse and temporary closure, the flight of the headmaster, the sacking of all the staff and the withdrawal of most of the boys. In 1906, the grammar school merged with the King's Middle School.

The World Wars and independence

Under the physicist H. S. Pyne, headmaster from 1906 to 1928, the school rapidly grew in numbers. By the late 1920s, there were almost 400 boys in the school, including 146 boarders, almost double the planned number.

The First World War had a shattering effect on the school. Eighty-eight old Warwickians, including Pyne's son, were killed, as well as two former schoolmasters. Pyne paid for the chapel gallery and west window as a war memorial.

The new headmaster appointed in 1928, G. A. Riding, previously a housemaster at Rugby School, saw himself as a "new broom sweeping clean", after the school had undergone some decline. His time in charge was controversial and was marred by two arson attacks in 1930.  In 1933, he was succeeded by Eric Percival Smith, who also did not stay long, leaving in 1936.

Headmaster A. H. B. Bishop served the school from 1936 to 1962. During the Second World War, the number of boys grew, increasing to 450 by 1946.  It was difficult to appoint and retain adequate staff, and between 1939 and 1940 the school was forced to share its premises with a school evacuated from Birmingham.

The Butler Education Act was enacted in 1944, and one of its effects was to put an end to the substantial Local Education Authority subsidy to the school. In 1946, the governors were forced to declare that Warwick School would have to become private.

Late 20th Century stability

By 1962, there were 742 pupils and 44 staff in the senior and junior schools combined. Recognition for the school included a visit by Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother in 1958, as well as earlier visits by Viscount Montgomery of Alamein and Sir Anthony Eden (Prime Minister 1955–1957).

Notable modernisation efforts were undertaken by the headmasters P. W. Martin (1962 to 1977) and Dr P. J. Cheshire (1988 to 2002), who both extensively improved the school's buildings and facilities. All teaching in the original 1879 classrooms finished, and a museum and functions room was opened, named the Portcullis Room. In 1995, the school roll reached 1,000 pupils for the first time.

In the 2000s, Sixth form girls from the King's High School were allowed to participate in certain school activities, and some joint teaching started. The school's rugby team won the Daily Mail Cup in 2007, and the school's concert band and drama students received national recognition.

Two histories of the school have been published: History of Warwick School by A. F. Leach (1906) and Warwick School, A History by G. N. Frykman and E. J. Hadley (2004). Gervald Frykman was the school's first Archivist, and Eric Hadley edited the school's yearly chronicle The Portcullis.  A second edition of Frykman and Hadley was published in 2014, to commemorate the assumed 1,100th anniversary of the foundation of the school.

Modern buildings

Although the 1879 buildings are still in use, there have been many additions. All teaching now takes place in specialised departmental areas.

The Junior School, opened in 1889, is next to the main school. Although it closed and re-opened several times in the first half of the twentieth century, it has been fully operational since 1938. In 2006 it catered for over 240 boys from 7 to 11 years of age, the majority of whom were expected to pass into the senior school.

A new Science Centre, designed by Brown Matthews Architects Ltd., opened in June 2007. It houses biology, physics and chemistry laboratories. It was built on the site of the original 1879 sanatorium.

The former main hall of the school, the Guy Nelson Hall, was built, following an appeal, between 1969 and 1970, and was named after Alderman Guy Nelson, a long-serving Chairman of Governors, in office from 1938 to 1963. It had seating for about 600 people, but by 2010 this was much less than the total size of the school, with the result that a new building was planned. The hall was demolished in 2015 and was replaced by a much larger one, Warwick Hall, opened in September 2016 by Sir Michael Attenborough.

The school's theatre, called the Bridge House Theatre, has seating for around 310 people. Intended from the outset to be used both by the school and by local organisations in the town, it was designed by Michael Reardon Associates and was opened on 1 May 2000 by Dame Judi Dench.

In March 2013, the revamped and modernised Sports Pavilion, renamed the Halse Sports Pavilion after former headmaster Edward B. Halse (2002–2013), was opened in a ceremony led by the politician and former track and field athlete Sebastian Coe. On 2 June 2014, as the climax of the Jubilee year, Charles, Prince of Wales, visited the school and unveiled a commemorative plaque.

Entrance
Entrance to Warwick School is competitive, with admissions judged by a combination of internal exams and interview for both the junior and senior schools. Entry to the senior school is permitted at 11+, 13+ and Sixth form (or Upper School). For the Upper School, at age 16, admissions are judged by subject-specific exams and interviews and offers are conditional upon GCSE and IGCSE results.

In 2019–20 there were 969 boys in the senior school (aged 11 to 18), and 250 in the junior school (aged 7 to 11).

Houses

Boys in the senior school are assigned to one of six houses which compete against each other in sports and other activities, such as debating. The six houses are named after people connected with the history of the town of Warwick (Tudor, Guy, Greville, Brooke, Oken, and Leycester). The school's two boarding houses, Way House and School House, are separate from the main house system, with boarders being members of both a boarding house and one of the six main houses.

The Junior School has four houses named after historical figures with no special connection to Warwick (Drake, Scott, Wellington, and Nelson).

Traditions

Visit of the Town Crier

The Town Crier of Warwick traditionally visits the school to announce an added week of holiday for the Michaelmas half term. The ceremony involves a speech, read from a parchment to the whole school in the chapel quad, a mock discussion with the headmaster, and the declaration of the holiday, to cheers from the boys. The Town Crier then takes up a collection for charity from the pupils and staff. This tradition is believed to date back to at least 1912.

The School Arms

The Rev. John Pearce Way, headmaster from 1885 to 1896, was the first to attempt to draw up a school coat of arms. He also commissioned the first written history of the school, attempted to change its name from The King's School, Warwick, to Warwick School, and introduced a school song and a school motto.  He succeeded with the school motto, Altiora Peto (I seek higher things), introduced in 1893, but neither the name change nor the coat of arms were legally established.

Horace Seymour Pyne, headmaster from 1906 to 1928, also attempted to create a coat of arms – again irregularly, without a grant from the College of Arms – and caused it to be incorporated into the stained glass window of the chapel, where it remains.

George Riding, headmaster from 1928 to 1933, eventually took the appropriate legal steps to obtain a coat of arms, which was granted to Warwick School in 1931. Riding designed the coat of arms, which is blazoned (described heraldically) as follows:

Arms: Gules, a cross flory in the first quarter a Fleur-de-lys Or, on a chief of the second three martlets Azure.
Crest: On a wreath Or and Gules, upon a portcullis chained Or a bear erect Argent muzzled Gules supporting a ragged staff also Argent.
Motto: Altiora Peto (I seek higher things)

The three azure (blue) martlets are heraldic swallows, depicted without feet because of a medieval belief that they could not perch on the ground.  Like the large golden cross, they are emblems used by King Edward the Confessor, reputed to be one of the original founders of the school.  The gold fleur-de-lys and portcullis are emblems of King Henry VIII, who re-founded the school in 1545, and the Bear and Ragged Staff have been the crest of the family of the Earl of Warwick since at least the 14th century.

Uniform

Regular Uniform

In the 1920s the uniform at Warwick School was simple: clothing was expected to be black, although trousers were also allowed to be grey and neckties dark blue. Boys below a certain height (5'6", or 1.68m) were required to wear the unpopular and uncomfortable Eton collar. In the 1930s the current uniform was introduced: a navy blue blazer, worn with a white shirt (or grey in junior school), black or charcoal trousers (with shorts for Junior School), and a tie. Sixth form dress is a dark grey or navy suit.

Ties and awards

Special ties are awarded to pupils for achievement in different areas, and can be worn in place of their regular school tie:

 Prefect tie: red and silver stripes
 Full colours (for sport, drama and music): silver/white and blue stripes
 Half colours (for sport, drama and music): blue and silver/white stripes (an inversion of "full colours")

Boarders also have a system for recognition of officials in their houses, being:

 Head of boarding house – gold badge and prefect tie
 Boarding prefects – silver badges and prefect tie

Heads of House are promoted from the existing prefect body, with the roles of deputy Head of House and captains of individual sports now being honorary.

School magazines

The Portcullis and The Free Press are the official school magazines, the first having been in print since the late 19th century. Both are contributed to by the boys of the school, with the latter having a tradition of mocking and satirising school policies and teacher. Individual subjects also have their own publications, including The Scientist (Science) and Generation Rising (English).

School Song

The school has had two main songs throughout its history. Currently, the 1906 Latin song Floreat Domus is sung quite regularly - in chapel at the beginning of every term, and at Speech Day, for example. The original English School Song however is reserved now only for Old Warwickian gatherings, not being sung throughout the normal school year.

Floreat Domus

Gaudeamus nos alumni

Quod per infinita saecla

Schola perduravit ipsa.

Gaudeamus nos alumni.

Floreat! Floreat!

Schola Warwicensis

Floret atque floreat

Schola Warwicensis.

Haec domus duret per aevum

Floreant omnes alumni

Floreant semper magistri.

Gaudeamus nos alumni.

Floreat! Floreat!

Schola Warwicensis

Floret atque floreat

Schola Warwicensis.

Head Masters

Notable Old Warwickians

Notable Old Warwickians include:

Politics and public life
 Daniel Byles: Guinness World Record holding ocean rower and polar explorer, Conservative MP for North Warwickshire 2010–2015. Head of House 1985 – 1992
 Harry Greenway: Conservative MP for Ealing until 1997
 Colin Jordan: National Organiser of the British National Party
 Sir Stephen Lovegrove: UK National Security Adviser
 Frederick, Lord Mulley: Secretary of State for Defence, later Secretary of State for Education and Science
 Sir Thomas Puckering : MP and Sheriff of Warwickshire
 Sir Tim Barrow: British diplomat
 Daniel Dalton: Conservative politician and former professional cricketer
 Tony Whittaker: co-founder and first leader of PEOPLE, forerunner of the Green Party
 Joseph Parkes: Political reformer

Religion
 Abiezer Coppe: 17th century "ranting" Baptist preacher
 John Ley: clergyman and religious controversialist
 Henry Teonge: diarist, naval chaplain and Warwickshire parson
 John Richardson: Archbishop of Fredericton
 Samuel Dugard: Anglican Divine
 John Ryland: Baptist minister

Sport
 A G K Brown: Olympic gold medallist 1936, head boy 1933 – 1934
 Jamie Elson: member of the winning UK&I Walker Cup Golf Team defeating the US in 2001
 Christian Horner: Team Principal – Red Bull Racing
 Ben Howard: Rugby Union Player – Worcester Warriors
 Robert Challoner: Australian rugby union player
 Tim Dalton: English Rugby Union International
 John Hacking: cricketer for Warwickshire
 Jack Marshall: cricketer for Warwickshire
 Ward Maule: cricketer and clergyman
 Marko Stanojevic: Italian rugby union player
 Chris Whiteside: cricketer for Middlesex
 Sidney Nelson Crowther: Rugby union international
 Paul Ramage: cricketer and later a head master
 Jamie Shillcock: Worcester Warriors rugby player
 Geoffrey Tedstone: cricketer for Warwickshire and Gloucestershire
 Nick David: Worcester Warriors rugby player
 Tom Dodd: Worcester Warriors rugby player
Rob Yates: cricketer for Warwickshire

Entertainment
 Sabine Baring-Gould: author of Onward, Christian Soldiers
 Eric Hope: concert pianist
 Denis Matthews: concert pianist
 Rod Thomas: musician, Bright Light Bright Light
 Michael Billington: author, critic & broadcaster
 John Camkin: journalist, TV sports presenter and businessman
 Simon Cheshire: children's writer
 Marc Elliott: actor, EastEnders
 Charles Piff (alias Charles Kay): Actor
 John Masefield: Poet Laureate
 Iain Pears: novelist
 M J Trow: writer
 Henry Baynton: actor
 John McLusky: James Bond illustrator
 Ben Hanlin: magician
 Joshua McGuire: actor
 James TW: singer/songwriter
 Ferdinand Kingsley: actor (son of Sir Ben Kingsley)
 Edward Chattaway: journalist and editor of The Star from 1930 to 1936
 Francis Wilford-Smith: cartoonist, graphic artist, and producer and archivist of blues music
 Mark Evans: TV Presenter

Science
 Robert Thomson Leiper
 Josiah Court: English physician who determined the cause of miners' nystagmus
 Alfred Nicholson Leeds
 Geoff Wilde: designer of the Rolls-Royce RB211
 Cyril Burt: controversial psychologist known for studies on IQ hereditability

Industry
 Geoffrey Healey: co-designer, with his father Donald Healey, of Healey and Austin-Healey cars
 William James: promoter of rail transport
 Denys Shortt: businessman

Military
 Air Commodore Peter J. M. Squires
 Lieutenant-General Peter Strickland

Other
 Sir David Foskett: High Court judge
 John Owen: headmaster c. 1595 – 1622
 Martin Richards: Chief Constable of Sussex Police
 Sir Robert Vyner: Lord Mayor of London

Notable current and former teachers

 John Collett Ryland: Baptist minister
 Alex Burghart: Member of Parliament for Brentwood and Ongar
 Jane Gurnett: actress and current part-time drama teacher
 Geoffrey Tedstone: Former professional cricketer and sports teacher

See also
List of the oldest schools in the United Kingdom
List of the oldest schools in the world

References

Further reading

  — The Victoria County History gives a detailed account of the history of education in Warwick from the time of the 1851 census onwards.

  — Mr Wilmut attended the school from 1953 to 1961.  Pictures on the site include the New Buildings and Orlits, which were demolished in 1974 and 1995 respectively.

External links

 Official website
 ISI Inspection Reports
 What's On at the Bridge House Theatre

914 establishments
10th-century establishments in England
Boarding schools in Warwickshire
Buildings and structures in Warwick
Educational institutions established in the 10th century
Private schools in Warwickshire
Member schools of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference
Organisations based in England with royal patronage

School buildings completed in 1879

Warwick School


Ralf Heinrich Adams (born 1966) is a biochemist and cell biologist. He is director at the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine and head of the Department of Tissue Morphogenesis in Münster, Germany.

Biography
In the year 1996 Adams obtained a PhD in Biochemistry for his work at the Max Planck Institute for Brain Research in Frankfurt (Germany), which includes the discovery of several novel semaphorin family molecules and the characterization of their role in axon guidance.

As a postdoctoral research fellow with Dr R. Klein at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidelberg during the years 1996 to 2000, he was among the first to discover that ephrin-B2, a ligand for Eph receptor tyrosine kinases, is a marker for arterial endothelial cells and an important regulator of blood vessel morphogenesis in the developing embryo. Together with his collaborator Dr A. Nebrada, he also demonstrated that the p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase is required for the formation of the vascular network inside the placenta.

In 2000 Adams became head of the Vascular Development Laboratory at the Cancer Research UK London Research Institute (formerly, Imperial Cancer Research Fund) and Honorary Senior Research Fellow at the University College London.

Since 2007 Adams is Professor for 'Vascular Biology' at the Westfälische Wilhelms University and Director at the MPI for Molecular Biomedicine in Münster, Germany.

He is a member of the Editorial Board for Genes & Development.

Research
Dr Adams and his co-workers have made significant achievements by combining genetic approaches in the mouse with a wide range of cell and molecular biology methods.

Several of their discoveries are directly relevant for human pathologies. For example, they were the first to show that the Eph receptor ligand ephrin-B1 controls skeletal morphogenesis and that defects in the human gene (EFNB1) lead to Craniofrontonasal Syndrome (CFNS). A different project has connected the cytoplasmic multi-PDZ domain protein GRIP1, an interaction partner of Eph/ephrin proteins and other molecules, with the rare but severe human congenital disease Fraser Syndrome. They also demonstrated that Junctional Adhesion Molecules (JAMs) are critical regulators of cell polarity.

After his move to the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine in the year 2008, Adams found that the Notch ligand Jagged1 antagonizes the function of Dll4 and thereby acts as an important pro-angiogenic switch in endothelial cells. His team also discovered that the transmembrane protein ephrin-B2 controls endothelial cell motility and VEGF receptor endocytosis.

Although his work has addressed many important aspects of tissue and organ morphogenesis, the interaction of different cells and cell types during the formation of new blood vessels is a central research interest in the laboratory of Dr Adams.

Awards and Fellowships
 1988:  Scholarship 'Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes'
 1996:  Otto Hahn Medal of the Max Planck Society
 1996:  EMBO Long Term Fellowship
 2000:  Werner Risau Memorial Award
 2000:  EMBO Young Investigator Programme

Memberships
 British Society for Developmental Biology
 North American Vascular Biology Organization
 Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (GBM)
 German Society for Cell Biology

References

External links
 Website of the Max Planck Society
 Website of Adams' Department at the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine
 Publications

1966 births
Living people
German molecular biologists
German biochemists
Cell biologists
Goethe University Frankfurt alumni
Max Planck Society alumni
Max Planck Institute directors
Academic staff of the University of Münster

Ralf Adams


Wright Street Grounds is a former baseball ground located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The ground was home to the Milwaukee Brewers of the Union Association in 1884, and minor league versions of the same team during early 1884 and 1885 through 1888.

The ballpark was located on the block bounded by West Wright Street, West Clarke Street, North Eleventh Street, and North Twelfth Street.

The Brewers played most of the 1884 season as members of the Northwestern League. They came into the Union as a late-season replacement. Their first home game was September 27, and their last was October 12. The club returned to the NWL in 1885.

1885 also saw some major league ball, as the Chicago White Stockings of the National League, who would win the league championship that year, staged a couple of games in Milwaukee: September 4, vs. the Buffalo Bisons; and September 25, vs. the Providence Grays. Those two teams were both in their final years in the National League.

See also
 List of baseball parks in Milwaukee

Sources
Michael Benson, Baseball Parks of North America, McFarland, 1989.

Defunct baseball venues in the United States
Baseball venues in Wisconsin
Defunct minor league baseball venues
Demolished sports venues in Wisconsin
Defunct sports venues in Wisconsin

Wright Street Grounds


The  was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the . It was formed 15 June 1944 in southern Luzon as a C(hey)-class security division. The nucleus for the formation was the 33rd Independent Mixed Brigade and Kawashima detachment. The division was initially assigned to the 14th area army

Action
Initially the 105th division was garrisoning from Manila to Bicol Region. Prior to the Battle of Luzon, various detachments were sent north, particularly to Lamon Bay. Largest of these units is known as "Noguchi detachment". Although some of the detachments have fought in Cagayan during the Battle of Luzon since January 1945 and were forced to retreat to the Kiangan, Ifugao, the bulk of the 105th division has survived until surrender of Japan 15 August 1945.

See also
 List of Japanese Infantry Divisions
 Independent Mixed Brigades (Imperial Japanese Army)

Notes and references
This article incorporates material from Japanese Wikipedia page 第105師団 (日本軍), accessed 27 June 2016
 Madej, W. Victor, Japanese Armed Forces Order of Battle, 1937-1945 [2 vols], Allentown, PA: 1981.

Japanese World War II divisions
Infantry divisions of Japan
Military units and formations established in 1944
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
1944 establishments in Japan
1945 disestablishments in Japan

105th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)


Jagged Alliance is a tactical role-playing game released in 1995 for MS-DOS. It was developed by Madlab Software and published by Sir-Tech. It is the first game in the Jagged Alliance series. It was re-released in 2008 on GOG.com and in 2010 on GamersGate, both with Windows support. A version for Nintendo DS was released in 2009

Plot
Jagged Alliance takes place on the fictional South Atlantic island of Metavira, a former nuclear testing site. The nuclear tests altered some trees on the island and several years later it was discovered by a scientist, Brenda Richards, that those trees, known as Fallow trees, produce unique sap that proves to be a medical marvel. However, Brenda also discovered that the trees could not reproduce.

Her assistant, Lucas Santino, realised how profitable this sap would be. He managed to convince Jack Richards, the leader of the scientific mission, that it would be beneficial to have two independent science teams. Santino consequently established a new base on the other side of the island. He immediately began to recruit new people and gradually took over the island by force.

When the game begins, the player is contacted by Jack Richards and is invited to the island. There, Brenda and her father request that the player hires mercenaries through the Association of International Mercenaries (A.I.M.) to reclaim the island from Santino's forces sector by sector.

Gameplay
The player starts the game and every following day in a room. Here the player can load and save the game, change settings, hire new mercenaries or sleep until the next day.

Map screen
When the player starts a new day, the game is transferred to a screen displaying Metavira on a square grid. The map includes information such as the number of Fallow trees in each sector, whether the sector is enemy or player controlled, how many guards and tappers are in a sector and the terrain information. The player can also decide what mercenaries and equipment to take and what player-owned sector to start from.

Mercenaries, guards and tappers need to be paid; if needed, the player can raise the guards' and tappers' salaries to make them happier. Mercenaries can be left at the base to either heal, train skills or repair items. Occasionally, Jack or Brenda Richards contact the player with an important objective, such as securing a clean water source. These requests can be ignored but usually cause some kind of hindrance to the player at a later date.

Tactical screen
When the player has chosen the mercenaries and equipment to take to the mission, he is taken to the sector he chose earlier overseeing his mercenaries from a top-down viewpoint. The player can now directly command his chosen mercenaries and issue movement orders. The player may move the mercenaries to one adjacent sector. The player is limited to a single save slot during the day.

When player characters and enemies are in the same sector, the game switches to turn-based play. Both sides take turns to move and perform actions, which uses their action points. The number of action points is determined by the character's attributes. Tougher terrain surfaces on the ground use up greater numbers of action points. Interrupts are possible. Mercenaries can also crouch to make themselves a smaller target or take cover behind objects. It is possible to walk backwards and move stealthily so the mercenary can avoid being noticed by the enemy, though both of these actions uses more action points than normal moving.

When attacking, there is a certain chance that the mercenary will hit. The chance to hit is also affected by the number of action points the player uses to aim. Attacks can be done in a wide variety of ways, using firearms, close combat weapons like knives, throwing weapons such as hand grenades and explosive devices like land mines. When the day ends mercenaries return to the base for sleep. The day can also end during a battle and mercenaries might suffer additional injuries as they retreat from the enemy sector. The sector is conquered when all the enemies are killed or is lost when all the player's mercenaries, guards and tappers are killed or otherwise neglected from posting guards.

Characters
The main characters in the game are the hireable mercenaries along with other non-player characters (NPCs), such as the player's employers Jack and Brenda Richards, and the main antagonist, Lucas Santino. There are also four native characters that might be offered to the player as guides. The player can only control the mercenaries. Guards, tappers and enemies are controlled by the artificial intelligence (AI).

Mercenaries
There are 60 hireable mercenaries and the player can recruit up to eight mercenaries at a time. Some mercenaries will refuse to join at start, as they want to see if the player can be trusted to lead them, either through acceptable performance or enough days on the island.

Every mercenary has four attributes - health, agility, dexterity, wisdom, and four skills - medical, explosives, mechanical and marksmanship. Health determines the amount of damage a mercenary can take, agility determines how many action points they have, dexterity helps in using weapons and other items in their various conditions, wisdom enables mercenaries to get experience quicker, medical helps to heal wounded characters, explosives helps to disarm bombs and activate the mercenary's own explosives, mechanical helps to pick locks and combine items together and marksmanship helps to get a better aim and shot on enemies. The mercenaries employed by the player gain experience from the actions they perform. For example, a mercenary that bandages a wound might improve his medical skill. Mercenaries may also permanently lose attribute points from an injury. For example, a hit in the head might reduce mercenary's wisdom or a hit in the leg might reduce his agility.

Additionally, every mercenary has an experience level that determines how much he gets paid; and when a new level is obtained they demand a raise that the player either has to agree to, or lose the mercenary.

Each character has a number of health points. When a mercenary is injured he slowly bleeds losing health points; bandaging the wound stops the bleeding. This gives the mercenary temporary 'bandage points' that change back to health points over time, but may be quickly lost if the mercenary is injured again. Of course, mercenaries who die are permanently dead and cannot be revived or replaced.

Each mercenary has a unique personality. There are several characters that are not fond of certain other mercenaries, and can decline joining the player's team for this reason. Some characters can still be hired but will later complain about the other mercenary. Either mercenary may leave the player's group during the night and is shown to be missing on the A.I.M. site. There are also stubborn characters that might refuse to move until an enemy they were targeting has been killed or the enemy moves out of the mercenary's line of sight.

Equipment
There is a large variety of items in the game - some of them play a significant role in the plot while others are there for use.

When the player hires a mercenary he arrives with weapons and equipment. The player can equip the mercenary with various body armour, helmets, goggles and radios. There are standard vests that have pockets along with vests with no pockets that act as body armor. The vests with pockets may have two to five pockets and each one can hold either one particular item or a number of identical items like magazines or hand grenades. Mercenaries can also carry things in their hands.

The player can store an unlimited number of items in the base, but has to transport them with the mercenaries from the sectors to the base.

Nintendo DS version
On 26 August 2008, Empire Interactive announced that a Nintendo DS version was in development by Strategy First Inc. and Cypron Studios. The game was originally announced for release on 17 February 2009, but was later pushed back to 5 May 2009 in America and 26 June 2009 in Europe.

The game differs in many ways from the DOS version. Graphics have a smaller scale and a very different texture on the sector maps. There are completely new music tracks and improved cinematic cutscenes. Features removed include item repairs, item conditions, bandage points, moving backwards, door manipulation closeups and deadly eels in the water.

Reception

Jagged Alliance was a commercial success. According to William R. Trotter of PC Gamer US, "JA won plaudits from the critics and became the best-selling non-Wizardry title in Sirtech's history." That magazine's Marc Saltzman similarly noted that Jagged Alliance "sold reasonably well" and received critical acclaim.

Next Generation reviewed the PC version of the game, and stated "don't expect a deep roleplaying experience from this one – but if you're looking for an entertaining mix of RPG and strategy, grab it."

The editors of Computer Games Strategy Plus named Jagged Alliance the best turn-based strategy game of 1995, tied with Heroes of Might and Magic: A Strategic Quest.

In 1996, Computer Gaming World declared Jagged Alliance the 114th best computer game ever released.

References

External links

1995 video games
Cypronia games
DOS games
DSiWare games
Empire Interactive games
Games commercially released with DOSBox
Jagged Alliance
Nintendo DS games
Single-player video games
Sir-Tech games
Strategy First games
Tactical role-playing video games
Turn-based tactics video games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set on fictional islands
Video games with oblique graphics
Windows games

Jagged Alliance


Desiccation is the state of extreme dryness, or the process of extreme drying.

A desiccant is a hygroscopic (water-attracting) substance that causes desiccation in a moderately sealed container.

Biology
Desiccation tolerance refers to the ability of an organism to withstand or endure extreme dryness, or drought-like conditions.

Plants and animals living in arid or periodically arid environments such as temporary streams or ponds may face desiccation, therefore physiological or behavioural adaptations are necessary to ensure survival. In particular, insects occupy a wide range of ecologically diverse niches and so have a variety of strategies to avoid desiccation.

Desiccation resistance in insects is generally measured by the change in mass during dry conditions.  The overall mass difference between measurements before and after aridity exposure is attributed to body water loss.

Extreme cases
Cryptobiosis refers to the state of an organism that has no detectable metabolic activity, resulting from extreme and unfavorable environmental conditions. Anhydrobiosis refers to the state of surviving the loss of (almost) all body water.

Tardigrades
Tardigrades are able to live in environments that would kill most animals. In 2007, scientists discovered that some tardigrades were able to survive 10 days in outer space. Tardigrades can survive more than ten years without water.

Rotifers
Rotifers are specialists at living in habitats where water dries up regularly.

The Monogononta, which have males, produce fertilised 'resting eggs' which can resist desiccation (drought) for long periods.

The Bdelloids, who have no males, contract into an inert form and lose almost all body water, a process known as cryptobiosis. Bdelloids can also survive the dry state for long periods: the longest well-documented dormancy is nine years. After they have dried, they may be revived by adding water.

References

Physiology
Ecology

Desiccation


Commissioner James Gordon is a fictional Batman character who is the police commissioner of Gotham City and is a fellow ally of Batman who gives him all of his missions and criminals to capture or question. In some cases, Gordon doesn't know Batman's identity, in other cases he does. He was created by Bill Finger and Bob Kane as an ally of Batman. He first appeared in Detective Comics #27 (May 1939), Batman's first appearance, making him the first Batman supporting character ever to be introduced.

Biography
As the police commissioner of Gotham City, Gordon shares Batman's deep commitment to stop the city of crime. The character is typically portrayed as having full trust in Batman and is even somewhat dependent on him. In many modern stories, he is somewhat skeptical of Batman's vigilante methods, but nevertheless believes that Gotham needs him.

Gordon was in the United States Marine Corps before becoming a police officer. He is the father of Barbara Gordon, who is secretly Batgirl.

Television
He was played by Lyle Talbot in Batman shows, Neil Hamilton in Batman, Bob Hastings made his voice in Batman: The Animated Series, Ray Wise in Batman: The Killing Joke and by Héctor Elizondo in The Lego Batman Movie. He was played by Ben McKenzie in Gotham.

Movies

 Played by Neil Hamilton
 Batman (1966)
 Played by Pat Hingle
 Batman (1989)
 Batman Returns (1992)
 Batman Forever (1995)
 Batman & Robin (1997)
 Played by Gary Oldman in The Dark Knight Trilogy
 Batman Begins (2005)
 The Dark Knight (2008)
 The Dark Knight Rises (2012)
 Played by J. K. Simmons in the DC Extended Universe
 Justice League (2017)
 Played by Jeffrey Wright
 The Batman (2022)

References

Batman characters
DC Comics characters

Jim Gordon (character)


The calorie is a pre-SI unit of energy, most common in heat.

It is the amount of energy required to increase the temperature of one gram of water by one Kelvin.

When on a food label, the term "Calorie" refers to kilocalories, or 1000 calories. In this case, the word "Calorie" is usually written with a capital C.

For a layman, calories are the parameters of energy consumption. Think of them like the gasoline in the car. But unlike the car, the body stores the excess gas for long. The reaction to the calorie depends on which macronutrient did that calorie came from.

References

Units of energy

Calorie


Werner Hartenstein (27 February 1908 – 8 March 1943) was a German naval officer during World War II who commanded the U-boat . He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, the highest award in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II. Hartenstein was credited with sinking 19 ships totaling , and with damaging three ships and a destroyer.

Born in Plauen, Hartenstein joined the Reichsmarine (navy of the Weimar Republic) in 1928. After a period of training on surface vessels and service on various torpedo boats during the Spanish Civil War and the first year of World War II, he transferred to the U-boat service in 1941. In September 1942, Hartenstein torpedoed and sank the , then attempted to rescue the survivors. He was forced to abort the rescue when his U-boat came under attack by a B-24 Liberator bomber of the United States Army Air Forces. The event became known as the "Laconia incident" and resulted in the "Laconia Order", an order from the Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote to the entire German U-boat force that forbade rescuing the survivors of sunken ships. Hartenstein and the entire crew of U-156 were killed in action by depth charges from a US PBY Catalina aircraft on 8 March 1943.

Early life and pre-war service
Hartenstein was born in Plauen in the Vogtland of the Kingdom of Saxony, then a federated state of the German Empire, on 27 February 1908. He was the second child of William Karl Adolf Hartenstein, an export merchant, and Selma Emma Hartenstein, née Schlingensiepen. Hartenstein had one older sister, Thea Irena, and a younger sister, Charlotte. He celebrated his confirmation in 1923 and graduated from a humanities-oriented secondary school in Plauen with his diploma (Abitur) in 1926. After graduation in 1926 he applied for a naval officer cadetship but was rejected at first, and instead studied two semesters of jurisprudence. He matriculated at the University of Freiburg (Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg) in Freiburg im Breisgau on 29 April 1927.

Aged 20, Hartenstein re-applied for the cadetship, was accepted and began his naval career with the Reichsmarine on 1 April 1928 as a member of "Crew 28" (the incoming class of 1928). He underwent basic military training in the 2nd department of the standing ship division of the Baltic Sea in Stralsund (1 April 1928 – 30 June 1928). Hartenstein was then transferred to the training ship Niobe (1 July 1928 – 15 October 1928), attaining the rank of Seekadett (midshipman) on 11 October 1928. Following a 14-month stay on board the cruiser Emden (16 October 1928 – 3 January 1930) he advanced in rank to Fähnrich zur See (officer cadet) on 1 January 1930. Emden at the time was under the command of Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière, a U-boat commander during World War I. Hartenstein then underwent a number of officer training courses at the Naval Academy at Mürwik, including navigational training cruises on the survey vessel Meteor, before transferring to the light cruiser Köln (1 October 1931 – 23 September 1934). His stay on Köln was occasionally interrupted to attend further training courses at Wilhelmshaven and Kiel-Wik. During this assignment on 30 January 1933, the Nazi Party, under the leadership of Adolf Hitler, came to power in Germany, and began to rearm the navy. In 1935, the Reichsmarine was renamed the Kriegsmarine.

Hartenstein served as first watch officer on the torpedo boat  from 30 September 1936 to 13 November 1938. He was promoted to Kapitänleutnant (captain lieutenant) on 1 June 1937. Hartenstein participated in several patrols in 1937 and 1938 on board Greif in Spanish waters during the Spanish Civil War. For these services he was awarded the Spanish Cross in Bronze () on 6 June 1939.

World War II

At the outbreak of World War II, Hartenstein continued to serve on torpedo boats. In this position, he completed 65 patrols in the North Sea, Norwegian waters, the Bay of Biscay and the English Channel in the first one and a half years of the war. Hartenstein took command of torpedo boat  on 20 November 1938. In October 1939 Hartenstein transferred and switched command of torpedo boat  with Kapitänleutnant Franz Kohlauf who took over command of Seeadler. On 30 March 1941, command of Jaguar was given to Kapitänleutnant Friedrich-Karl Paul and Hartenstein transferred to the U-boat force, and on 4 September 1941 was given command of U-156, a Type IXC U-boat. For his service on torpedo boats, Hartenstein was awarded the German Cross in Gold () on 2 February 1942. Karl Dönitz personally pinned the award on Harteinstein's leather jacket on 17 March 1942. U-156 was first assigned to the 4th U-boat Flotilla at Stettin as a training boat, then was transferred to the 2nd U-boat Flotilla at Lorient, France, on 31 December 1941.

First patrol
Hartenstein's first patrol (24 December 1941 – 10 January 1942) was an uneventful transfer patrol taking U-156 from Kiel to Lorient. U-156, together with  and , transited through the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal, passing Brunsbüttel where they joined up with a pathfinder and . The convoy received aerial protection from Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter aircraft and split up once they reached Cuxhaven. Passing south of the Shetland Islands, bypassing the Hebrides, U-156 slowly approached Rockall, where two weather buoys (, or WFB) were released: "WFB 33" on 7 January 1942 at , and "WFB 32" on 8 January 1942 at 02:44 at  in the Porcupine Bank. U-156 received a radio message on the evening of 8 January ordering Hartenstein to proceed at high speed to Lorient, where it arrived on 10 January 1942.

Second patrol
On his second patrol (19 January 1942 – 17 March 1942) Hartenstein commanded a wolfpack of U-boats (Gruppe Neuland—Group New Land) during the Attack on Aruba in February 1942, attacking an oil refinery. U-156 along with  under the command of Günther Müller-Stöckheim and  under the command of Jürgen von Rosenstiel departed from Lorient under the protection of a pathfinder in the early morning of 19 January 1942. Hartenstein's orders were to conduct a simultaneous surprise attack of the Gruppe Neuland against the shipping traffic off Aruba and Curaçao. Besides U-156, U-67 and U-502, Gruppe Neuland also included the submarines  under the command of Nicolai Clausen and  under the command of Albrecht Achilles.

On 16 February, after observing the area for a few days, U-156 came around to the refineries. There in front of her target were two Lago Company flat-bottom steamers,  and , both British-owned oilers. At 01:31, U-156 surfaced in San Nicolaas Harbour some  offshore and attacked the two British tankers at anchor. Hartenstein fired one torpedo from his bow tubes at Pedernales. The torpedo attack was successful and Pedernales was hit amidships. Loaded with crude oil, the steamer immediately burst into flames, killing eight of her 26 crewmen and wounding her captain Herbert McCall. Oranjestad then began to lift anchor and steam away but she was too late and was hit by a second torpedo fired from U-156. She too burst into flames and sunk an hour later in about  of water. Fifteen of her 22 crewmen were killed.

At 03:13, U-156 attacked the Texaco-owned tanker SS Arkansas which was berthed at Eagle Beach next to the Arend/Eagle Refinery. Just one of the torpedoes struck Arkansas and partially sank her but the damage was moderate and caused no casualties. Commander Hartenstein then steamed further around Aruba and directed his men to take to the deck guns and prepare for a naval bombardment of the large oil tank of the Lago Oil and Transport Company The crew of the 10.5 cm SK L/45 naval gun forgot to remove the tampion from the barrel, so when Hartenstein ordered them to fire, the gun blew up. Gunnery Officer Dietrich von dem Borne was wounded badly, one foot having been severed. His comrade and trigger man Heinrich Büssinger was badly wounded as well and died several hours after the attack. Hartenstein ordered the 3.7 cm flak gun to continue the attack, causing only superficial damage.

Third patrol

On Hartenstein's third patrol (22 April 1942 – 7 July 1942), U-156 sank 12 ships and damaged a further two, including the  on 25 May 1942. This achievement earned Hartenstein a reference on 6 June 1942 in the Wehrmachtbericht, a propaganda bulletin issued by the headquarters of the Wehrmacht, the OKW. The mention was entered in the orders and decorations' section of a soldier's Service Record Book.

U-156 along with U-502 again departed from Lorient under the protection of a pathfinder on 22 April 1942 destined for the Caribbean Sea. Prior to the departure Dietrich von dem Borne, who had been severely wounded on the second patrol, was replaced by Oberleutnant zur See of the Reserve Gert Mannesmann. Chief engineer Wilhelm Polchau reported to Hartenstein on 6 May that the diesel compressor had malfunctioned. Hartenstein radioed  under the command of Robert-Richard Zapp to assist. On 10 May U-156 and U-66 rendezvoused and exchanged  of fuel oil for the necessary spare parts, and the fuel compressor was repaired. U-156 sighted the first steamer in the early afternoon on 12 May, the first of twelve ships—eleven merchantmen and one warship—attacked on this patrol, ten of which were sunk.

U-156, positioned near Fort-de-France, was ordered to observe the traffic to and from Martinique. At roughly  offshore, the hydrophones detected a ship. Hartenstein attacked from a submerged position firing two torpedoes. One torpedo struck the bow of the Blakeley after a 25-second run-time. Hartenstein observed that the bow was completely blown away, but its engines kept running. The waters around Martinique were extremely shallow and Hartenstein decided not to pursue the destroyer. On 1 June 1942, Hartenstein was promoted to Korvettenkapitän (corvette captain). The first watch officer, Paul Just, left U-156 after returning from the third patrol. Just was replaced by Oberleutnant zur See Leopold Schumacher as new first watch officer. Just later became commander of ,  and .

Hartenstein and the entire crew of U-156 received a hero's welcome by the residents of Plauen on 20 July 1942. The people lined the streets as the whole crew marched from the railway station to the City Hall for the official welcome reception.

Fourth patrol and Laconia incident
On U-156's fourth patrol (20 August 1942 – 16 November 1942), Hartenstein sank and then organised the rescue of the survivors of RMS Laconia, resulting in the "Laconia incident" and "Laconia Order".

U-156 together with  under the command of Karl-Friedrich Merten departed from Lorient on 20 August 1942 heading for the Bay of Biscay. Hartenstein received the order to operate against Convoy SL-119 on 25 August. After a two-day pursuit, U-156 found a straggler, the SS Clan Macwhirter, west of Casablanca. Hartenstein attacked from a submerged position to avoid detection under the bright moonlight. Clan Macwhirter was hit by two torpedoes and sank, killing nine members of the crew and two gunners; 79 sailors survived the sinking. Two later sightings on 2 and 6 September did not lead to favourable attack positions.

On 12 September 1942 U-156 was patrolling off the coast of West Africa midway between Liberia and Ascension Island roughly  south of Cape Palmas. At 11:37 the aft port lookout sighted a smoke stack at 230 degrees. Hartenstein followed the target, which was zigzagging at , until the general direction of the large ocean liner became evident. U-156 was running at  into a favourable attack position, and Hartenstein ordered the attack at 21:07. He slowed speed at 22:00 and ordered surfaced deflection shots from torpedo tubes I and III. After three minutes and six seconds the first torpedo detonated, then the second. He closed, hoping to capture the ship's senior officers, but then saw over two thousand people, many of them Italian prisoners of war, struggling in the water. Clay Blair speculates that Hartenstein may have been concerned about the effect his action would have on German relations with Italy. Alternatively he also may have had humanitarian considerations. Irrespective of his motivation, Hartenstein immediately began rescue operations. Laconia sank at 23:23.

At 01:25 on 13 September 1942 Hartenstein radioed the Befehlshaber der U-Boote (BdU—commander of U-boats) requesting guidance and confirmation on how to proceed. The BdU responded at 03:45 ordering Wolf pack Eisbär, consisting of  under the command of Harro Schacht,  under the command of Erich Würdemann and  under the command of Georg von Wilamowitz-Moellendorf, to assist Hartenstein immediately. At 06:00 Hartenstein ordered that the following message be sent on the 25m wavelength:

"If any ship will assist the ship-wrecked Laconia crew, I will not attack providing I am not being attacked by ship or air forces. I picked up 193 men. 4°53 South/11°26 West – German submarine"

The message was repeated twice on the international 600m wavelength. The BdU later changed the order slightly and U-506, U-507 and the Italian submarine Capellini were dispatched. In parallel U-156 was assisting and supplying the survivors in the numerous lifeboats that kept arriving or were picked up. U-506 arrived at 11:32 on 14 September 1942, followed by U-507 in the afternoon of 15 September. Heading to a rendezvous with Vichy French ships under Red Cross banners, the U-boats were attacked by a U.S. Army B-24 Liberator bomber (343d Bomb Squadron; Lieutenant James D. Harden) at 12:32 on 16 September 1942. The attack ordered by Captain Robert C. Richardson III, which killed a number of people in the lifeboats and damaged U-156, forced Hartenstein to abandon the rescue operations. A majority of survivors were later rescued by British merchant ships and two Vichy French warships, the cruiser Gloire and the sloop Annamite, out of Dakar, Africa.

This event later became known as the "Laconia incident" and led BdU Admiral Karl Dönitz to issue the "Laconia order" to his U-boat commanders that stated in part "No attempt of any kind must be made at rescuing members of ships sunk ..." At the end of the war, the Laconia Order was unsuccessfully used against Admiral Dönitz in his war crime trial. The prosecution failed when Fleet Admiral Nimitz testified that in the war with Japan the United States Navy had followed the same general policy as was set forth in the German admiral's directive.

U-156 received a radio message on 17 September 1942 indicating that Werner Hartenstein had become the 63rd member of the U-boat service and the 125th of the Kriegsmarine to be awarded Germany's highest military honour, the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (). Hartenstein issued a bottle of beer to each member of the crew and held a speech honouring the achievements of everyone on board, and telling them that he would wear the decoration in their name.

On 19 September 1942, U-156 was roughly  south of Freetown and the crew was still repairing minor damage, when the lookout spotted a ship at 04:30. The target was the British ship Quebec City, en route from Cape Town to Freetown. Hartenstein attacked from a submerged position and hit Quebec City with one torpedo fired from tube VI. Hartenstein surfaced and approached the lifeboats and asked the survivors for the ship's name. Quebec City did not sink easily and U-156 fired 58 rounds from the 37 mm (1.46 in) flak gun and seven further shots from the 10.5 cm gun before Hartenstein ordered a cease fire. After a direct hit in the ship's stern ammunition magazine and an explosion, Quebec City slowly sank. According to William Clark, a member of Quebec Citys crew, Hartenstein made sure that the survivors had enough water and provisions and that Captain William Thomas had the exact coordinates. This account of that attack and the impression that the humanitarian actions of Hartenstein made is documented in the book by David Cledlyn Jones, The Enemy We Killed, My Friend. Jones himself disagrees, stating that Hartenstein was concerned about the survivors' well-being but did not inquire about provisions, nor did he offer additional food or water. Hartenstein did express that it would have been his wish to tow them at least some distance to the African coast, but explained that he was not able to do so as he recently had been attacked while attempting to aid survivors.

Fifth patrol and death

During his fifth patrol (16 January 1943 – 8 March 1943), on 8 March 1943, Hartenstein and the entire crew of U-156 were killed in action by depth charges from a U.S. PBY Catalina aircraft (VP-53/P-1; Lieutenant E. Dryden), east of Barbados. The Catalina dropped four Mark 44 Torpex water-bombs at 13:15 from an altitude of  to  which straddled U-156. Two bombs were observed to hit the water  to  starboard and just aft of U-156, lifting it and breaking it in two, followed by an explosion. At least eleven survivors were seen swimming in the water. The Americans dropped two rubber rafts and rations, and five men were seen to reach one of the rafts. The USS Barney was dispatched from Trinidad to rescue the survivors. The search was abandoned on 12 March 1943. Korvettenkapitän Ernst Kals, chief of the 2nd U-boat Flotilla at Lorient, sent a letter to Hartenstein's parents on 23 April 1943 indicating that their son had been posted as missing in action as of 12 March 1943. U.S. officials announced the destruction of the U-boat on 10 May 1943.

Ten months after his death a service of remembrance was held in Plauen on 15 January 1944. The service was attended by his parents, his sisters and other members of the family, the mayor of Plauen, Eugen Wörner, senior officials and councillors. The local press reported that "His parents have accepted that their loving son will not return home but is resting in peace with his Lord." Werner Hartenstein was portrayed by German actor Ken Duken in the 2011 TV mini-series The Sinking of the Laconia.

Summary of career

Awards
 Spanish Cross in Bronze (6 June 1939)
 The Return of Memel Commemorative Medal (26 October 1939)
 Iron Cross (1939)
 2nd Class (16 November 1939)
 1st Class (27 April 1940)
 The Return of Sudetenland Commemorative Medal of 1 October 1938 (6 November 1940)
 Destroyer War Badge (24 December 1940)
 German Cross in Gold on 2 February 1942 as Kapitänleutnant on torpedo boat Jaguar/6. Torbedoboots-Flottille
 U-boat War Badge (1939) (17 March 1942)
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 17 September 1942 as Korvettenkapitän and commander of U-156

Promotions

Notes

Translation notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

1908 births
1943 deaths
People from Plauen
Military personnel from the Kingdom of Saxony
Reichsmarine personnel
U-boat commanders (Kriegsmarine)
German military personnel of the Spanish Civil War
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Kriegsmarine personnel killed in World War II
People lost at sea
Missing in action of World War II
Military personnel from Saxony
Deaths by American airstrikes during World War II

Werner Hartenstein


The Triumph TR3A is a sports caur an wis biggit atween 1957 an 1962 bi the Triumph Motor Company in the Unitit Kinrick.

The TR3A wis a minor update frae the TR3.  The updates includit the new wide front grill, exterior door haundles, lockable buit haundle an came wi a full tuil kit is standard (this wis an option on the TR3).

The tot production run o the TR3A wis 58,236.  This maks it the third best sellin TR efter the TR6 an TR7.  It is estimatit that ae 9,500 o the oreeginal 58,000 biggit survive in the warld the day.

The Triumph TR3 wis the first production caur tae include standard disc brakes, which wur continued on the TR3A.  The caur wis kent for its superior brakin ability, makin it an autocross favourite.

The TR3A is aften seen in Vintage an Production racin the day.  The TR3A, despite bein almaist 50 year auld, is still competitive in the E-Production cless o SCCA (Sports Car Club of America).

In Juin 1977, Road & Track magazine published an airticle titled "Driving Impressions: TR3A & TR250" in its 30t anniversary issue. It published a 0-60 time o 12.0 seconds, pouer ootput o 100 bhp (75 kW) at 4800 rpm, observed curb wecht o 2,090 lb (948 kg) an fuel consumption o 28 mile per imperial gallon (10 L/100 km; 23 mpg-US).

TR3A
Vehicles introduced in 1957
1950s automobiles
1960s automobiles
Sports caurs
Roadsters
Rear wheel drive vehicles

en:Triumph TR3

Triumph TR3A


Conjugate variables are special pairs of variables (like x, y, z) that don't give the same result when you do a certain mathematical operation with them. This means that x*y is not equal to y*x. Here, the * does not mean multiplication. It could mean addition, subtraction, division, or any operation that makes sense, in that case.

A physicist, Werner Heisenberg, and his co-workers used equations studied in classical physics to describe and predict events from quantum physics. He discovered that the momentum (mass times velocity, represented by P) and position  (represented by Q) are conjugate variables. This means that P*Q  is not equal to Q*P, in quantum physics.

Here are two special equations to calculate the energy of an electron (small green thing) in a hydrogen atom.

The first equation could be used to find out the product of momentum and position:

The second equation could be used to calculate the product of position and momentum:

Some time later, another physicist, Max Born found out that, because P*Q  is not equal to Q*P, the result of Q*P minus P*Q is not zero. (The "minus" is not the same minus of "3 - 2". It's a different thing with the same name).

Born found out that:

[The symbol Q is the matrix for position, P is the matrix for momentum, i is a complex number, and h is Planck's constant, a number that shows up in quantum mechanics a lot.]

Conjugate variables have applications all over Physics, in Chemistry and in a bunch of other areas of science.

Some related topics
 Heisenberg's uncertainty principle

References

Quantum mechanics
Physics

Conjugate variables


Sweeny Toddler (sometimes titled Help! It's Sweeny Toddler) was a British comic strip by Leo Baxendale, which originally appeared in the British magazines Shiver and Shake, Whoopee!, Whizzer and Chips and finally Buster between 1973 and 2000. It was a gag-a-day about a little mischievous toddler. The name is a play on Sweeney Todd.

Concept

Originally drawn by Leo Baxendale, Sweeny was a two-year-old 'toddler from hell'. With his pet dog Henry, he caused havoc around town, the outcome of which would usually involve being caught by his parents and punished with the slipper. Tom Paterson took over from Baxendale quite early on, Paterson becoming easily the most famous and longest running artist to draw the strip.

Publication history
The character first appeared in issue 1 of Shiver and Shake, dated 10 March 1973 in the "Shiver" section. Always a popular character, Sweeny survived Shiver and Shakes merger with Whoopee! in 1974. The early 1980s saw Graham Exton become the writer, and in 1984 (issue dated 7 April) Sweeny became the cover star of Whoopee! for a second time (after being replaced by Snack-Man for a short period). When Whoopee merged with Whizzer and Chips in 1985, the first merged issue featured Sweeny hijacking several of the pages asking when his strip was going to appear. When it finally appeared on the back page, he said that "Rotten ol' Ed will pay for this", managing to work his way back onto the cover from the next issue, and becoming a Whizz-Kid.

Before the demise of Whizzer and Chips, Tom Paterson left Fleetway in favour of DC Thomson.  Graham Exton would take over artistic duties as well as writing.

Sweeny also managed to survive the merger with Buster in 1990. The strip was drawn by Jimmy Hansen and Tom Paterson. As with all strips by the end, around this time it became a reprint, and continued being so until the comic's last issue at the beginning of 2000. As with several other Buster strips, it was included on the last page of the final issue (How It All Ends), drawn by Jack Edward Oliver. Explaining what eventually happened to all these characters, Sweeny was seen saying that he now likes everyone, and that "me going to be nice to everyone from now on".

Rebellion revival
In 2021, Rebellion Publishing announced that they would be reviving Monster Fun, and that Sweeeny Toddler would be included in the new issues.

A Monster Fun Halloween Special issue ("Halloween Spooktacular") was published in October 2021, and a new Sweeny Toddler story ("Ghosties", with script and art by Tom Paterson) was included.

References

British comic strips
Toddler, Sweeny
1973 comics debuts
2000 comics endings
Toddler, Sweeny
Gag-a-day comics
Comics set in the United Kingdom
Toddler, Sweeny
Toddler, Sweeny
Fleetway and IPC Comics strips
Toddler, Sweeny
Comics about children

Sweeny Toddler


John LaRue Helm (July 4, 1802 – September 8, 1867) was the 18th and 24th governor of the U.S. Commonwealth of Kentucky, although his service in that office totaled less than fourteen months. He also represented Hardin County in both houses of the Kentucky General Assembly and was chosen to be the Speaker of the Kentucky House of Representatives four times. In 1838, his sole bid for federal office ended in defeat when his opponent, Willis Green, was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives.

Helm was first elected to the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1826; between 1826 and 1843 he served eleven one-year terms in the state house. In 1844, he was elected to the state senate, where he served continuously until he was chosen as the Whig Party nominee for lieutenant governor on a ticket with John J. Crittenden, famous for the Crittenden Compromise. The Whigs won the general election and Helm was elevated to governor on July 31, 1850, when Crittenden resigned to accept an appointment as United States Attorney General in President Millard Fillmore's cabinet. After his service as governor Helm became president of the struggling Louisville and Nashville Railroad. He invested thousands of dollars of his own money in the project and convinced residents along the line's main route to buy stock in the company. In 1859, the line was completed, but the next year Helm resigned over of differences with the board of directors regarding a proposed branch that would extend the line to Memphis, Tennessee.

Although he openly opposed secession during the American Civil War, federal military forces labeled Helm a Confederate sympathizer. In September 1862, he was arrested for this alleged sympathy, but Governor James F. Robinson recognized him as he was being transported to a prison in Louisville and had him released. After the war Helm identified with the Democratic Party, and in 1865, Hardin County voters returned him to the state senate. In 1867, he was the state's Democratic candidate for governor. Despite his failing health, Helm made a vigorous canvass of the state and won the general election. He was too weak to travel to Frankfort for his inauguration, so state officials administered the oath of office at his home on September 3, 1867. He died five days later.

Early life
In 1780, Helm's grandfather, Thomas Helm, emigrated to Kentucky from Prince William County, Virginia, and founded the settlement of Helm Station near Elizabethtown, Kentucky, in Hardin County, where John L. Helm was born on July 4, 1802. He was the eldest of nine children born to George B. Helm, a farmer and politician, and Rebecca LaRue Helm, a descendant of a prominent local pioneer family.

Helm attended the area's public schools and studied with noted educator Duff Green. When Helm was 14 his father fell on hard financial times and Helm returned to work on the family farm. In 1818, he took a better-paying job in the office of Samuel Haycraft, the circuit court clerk of Hardin County. While there he read law with Haycraft, then entered the law office of Ben Tobin in 1821.

At about this time, Helm's father traveled to Texas to enter into business and rebuild his finances, but he died there in 1822, leaving Helm responsible for his mother and siblings. He was admitted to the bar in 1823, the same year Meade County, Kentucky, was formed. There were no lawyers in the county yet, so although Helm continued living in Hardin County he was made Meade's county attorney. His practice grew rapidly and he was soon able to pay off his father's debts and purchase the Helm homestead. Between 1832 and 1840, he built "Helm Place" on this land and it remained his home for the rest of his life.

In 1823, Helm called on Representative Benjamin Hardin. While Hardin and Helm discussed business, Hardin's 14-year-old daughter, Lucinda, entered the room to show her father a map she had drawn. Helm later claimed it was love at first sight, and began to pursue Lucinda's affections. They courted for seven years, married in 1830 and had six daughters and five sons together. One of his sons, Benjamin Hardin Helm, was a Confederate general in the Civil War and was killed at the Battle of Chickamauga.

Political career

The major political issue in Kentucky during Helm's legal training was the Old Court-New Court controversy. Reeling from the  panic of 1819, Kentuckians had demanded debt relief. In response, the Kentucky General Assembly passed an act that granted debtors a grace period of two years in repaying their debts unless their creditors would accept payment in the devalued notes of the Bank of the Commonwealth. The Kentucky Court of Appeals struck down the law, claiming it was in violation of the Contract Clause of the U.S. Constitution. The angered legislature attempted to impeach the justices on the Court of Appeals, but lacked the necessary two-thirds majority. Instead, they abolished the Court of Appeals and replaced it with a new court, which was stocked with more sympathetic justices by pro-relief governor John Adair. Both courts claimed to be Kentucky's court of last resort.

Throughout 1825, Helm made speeches and distributed pamphlets in Hardin and surrounding counties, espousing the Old Court position. In 1826, he campaigned as a Whig for a seat in the Kentucky House of Representatives. Helm won the election, and at the age of twenty-four became one of the youngest members to serve in the Kentucky General Assembly. An Old Court majority was elected to both houses of the General Assembly in 1826, which then passed legislation abolishing the New Court.

Helm was re-elected to the state House in 1827 and 1830, and was re-elected every year from 1833 to 1837. He served as Speaker of the House in 1835 and 1836. In 1837, there was a three-way race for speaker between Helm, James Turner Morehead and Robert P. Letcher. After nine ballots, Helm withdrew and Letcher was elected speaker.

Helm made his only run for federal office in 1838 and was defeated by Willis Green for a seat in the United States House of Representatives. He returned to the Kentucky House in 1839 and was re-elected in 1842 and 1843, serving as Speaker of the House both years. In 1843, the Kentucky General Assembly proposed to create a new county from part of Hardin County and name it Helm County in honor of John L. Helm. Because of the few dissenting votes on this question, Helm declined the honor and proposed instead that the county be called LaRue County after his mother's family, many of whom still lived in the proposed county. Helm's suggestion was unanimously adopted.

Lieutenant governor and governor

In 1844, Helm was elected to the Kentucky Senate, where he served until 1848. That year he was the Whig candidate for lieutenant governor on a ticket with John J. Crittenden. Helm defeated Democrat John Preston Martin in the general election. The major political question in the state during Helm's time as lieutenant governor was whether to adopt a new state constitution. As a state senator in 1848, Helm had voted to allow the state's citizens to decide the matter in a referendum, but after seeing the document produced by the constitutional convention, he opposed its ratification. In an address to the state senate in 1850, he declared, "I was for reform, and not for revolution. I was for amending the Constitution, and not for obliterating every vital principle in contained." He especially opposed creating an elective judiciary. His antagonism to the constitution put him at odds with his father-in-law, Benjamin Hardin. The two did not reconcile until 1852, as Hardin lay on his deathbed. The new constitution was adopted in 1850 and in June of that year Helm encouraged the people to accept it.

Governor Crittenden resigned on July 31, 1850, to accept President Millard Fillmore's appointment as attorney general, and Helm ascended to the governorship. As governor, Helm vetoed a legislative plan to cover deficits in the public school fund by drawing money from the state's sinking fund, but the General Assembly overrode the veto. He urged the legislature to fund a survey of the state's mineral reserves and a census of the state's agricultural and manufacturing resources. He called for spending on internal improvements and for raising judges' salaries to attract more qualified jurists to the bench. He also sought a ban on the carrying of concealed deadly weapons. The legislature did not act on any of these proposed reforms. The only part of Helm's agenda that did progress through the General Assembly was election reform.

President of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad

Helm was a presidential elector for Winfield Scott in the 1852 presidential election. After this he took twelve years off from politics. As early as 1836, Helm had advocated the construction of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. On October 2, 1854, he became the railroad's second president. The previous president had been forced out of that position after a disagreement with Louisville's board of aldermen, and construction of the line had almost been abandoned.

Helm worked diligently to convince residents along the line's main route of the economic benefits it would bring. He persuaded many of them to help clear and grade land for the line and accept company stock as payment, and succeeded in selling stock subscriptions to people in the same area. Rising labor costs and troubles transporting materials raised expenses far above the projected budget, and at one point Helm personally redeemed $20,000 ($ as of ) of the company's bonds. Meanwhile, some observers accused Helm of mismanaging the company. The company's fortunes improved in 1857 when the city of Louisville provided $300,000 ($ as of ) in financial aid and the line was completed on October 18, 1859. Due to Helm's influence, the railroad's charter required all trains traveling through Elizabethtown to stop there.

By the time the line was finished, there were public calls from inside and outside the company for Helm to resign, mostly because of his support for a proposed Memphis branch of the railroad. To complete the branch, the Louisville and Nashville would have to complete a line from Bowling Green to Guthrie, Kentucky. There it would join a line owned by the Memphis and Ohio Railroad that began across the state line at Clarksville, Tennessee, and extended to Memphis. Supporters believed the branch would economically help both Louisville and Memphis and would lessen their dependence on trade along the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. Opponents argued that the project was simply a ploy to whip up new support for the struggling railroad. Helm endorsed the Memphis branch in his annual report in 1857.

On February 4, 1860, two members of the company's board of directors wrote a letter requesting Helm's resignation; they claimed they had voted for his re-election as president of the company with the understanding that he would resign when the main line between Louisville and Nashville was finished. Helm maintained that he felt an obligation to the citizens of Logan County – many of whom he had personally sold stock to – to remain president until the Memphis branch through their county was built. The rift between Helm and the directors continued to widen, however. Helm resigned on February 21, 1860, and was replaced by James Guthrie. The Memphis branch was completed on September 24, 1860.

Civil War and second term as governor

On January 8, 1861, Helm chaired a meeting in Louisville that advocated for Kentucky's neutrality in the Civil War. Helm was an outspoken opponent of secession, but also denounced the election of Abraham Lincoln and his use of military force to subdue the southern states. Because Helm did not condemn his son, Benjamin, for joining the Confederate Army, federal authorities classified him as a southern sympathizer.

After learning of the arrest of former governor Charles S. Morehead by federal authorities, Helm fled to Bowling Green, fearing his own arrest. Through the intervention of Warner Underwood he was able to return home on the condition that he swear an oath of allegiance to the Constitution. Nevertheless, federal soldiers repeatedly entered his home, encouraging his slaves to abandon him, and consuming or destroying his crops. Because the state's courts were closed on account of the war, he was unable to earn a living by practicing law. In short order, his once-substantial fortune was expended, and he resorted to borrowing money to support his family.

In September 1863, Helm and several other citizens from Hardin County were arrested by Colonel Knox. After several days of confinement in Elizabethtown the prisoners were conducted to Louisville. By chance, Kentucky governor James F. Robinson recognized Helm in the group and negotiated with General Jeremiah Boyle to have him released. Shortly after returning home, Helm learned of Benjamin's death at the Battle of Chickamauga.

After the war Helm identified with the Democratic Party, and he returned to the state senate in 1865. During his tenure he chaired the Committee on Federal Relations and fought against punitive and restrictive laws against ex-Confederates. On January 22, 1866, he presented to the state senate a protest against the actions of the United States Congress during the Civil War. It denounced the Reconstruction Amendments on the grounds that they granted powers to the federal government that were reserved for the states, and that they were passed while many southern states were not represented in Congress. He also decried the creation and operation of the Freedmen's Bureau. On January 29, 1867, Helm introduced legislation to organize a meeting in Louisville to rally support for President Andrew Johnson and his efforts to restore the Union.

The state Democratic Convention met on February 22, 1867, in Frankfort and chose Helm and John W. Stevenson as the party's candidates for governor and lieutenant governor, respectively. Helm resigned his seat in the state senate to accept the nomination. Though his health was frail, he determined to canvass the entire state. He continued his call for an end to Civil War bitterness and proscriptions against those who had sided with the Confederacy. He won the general election over Republican Sidney Barnes and a third-party candidate, Judge William B. Kinkead.

The strenuous campaign took a decisive toll on Helm's already weakened body. He was too weak to travel to Frankfort for his inauguration, so the oath of office was administered at his home on September 3, 1867. Helm's secretary of state read the governor's inaugural address at the Hardin County Courthouse. In it, Helm repeated his intent to remove political disabilities from ex-Confederates. He also charged that Congress was meddling in the affairs of the states. Though he promised protections for blacks, he opposed the idea of black suffrage.

Helm died on September 8, 1867, just five days after his inauguration. He was buried in a family graveyard at Helm Place. Helm Place was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 9, 1976.

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

1802 births
1867 deaths
Governors of Kentucky
Kentucky lawyers
Kentucky state senators
Kentucky Whigs
Lieutenant Governors of Kentucky
Louisville and Nashville Railroad people
19th-century American railroad executives
People of Kentucky in the American Civil War
People from Hardin County, Kentucky
Politicians from Louisville, Kentucky
Speakers of the Kentucky House of Representatives
Democratic Party members of the Kentucky House of Representatives
Whig Party state governors of the United States
19th-century American politicians
Democratic Party governors of Kentucky
LaRue family
American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law
19th-century American lawyers

John L. Helm


A backwater valve is a backflow prevention device used to prevent outbound water through a dwelling's drain pipes from re-entering -- "back flowing"—into a home. The valve contains a flap that allows water to exit the home, but closes to prevent  the back flow into the home.

Backwater valves commonly activate when a city's sewer lines are unable to handle a large amount of falling precipitation; this puts homes that are tied into the storm lines at risk of having water back flow into them.

There is a big difference between backwater valves and backflow preventers:

 A backwater valve prevents raw sewage from backing up into your home through your toilets, showers, etc.
 A backflow preventer deals with protecting a potable water source from being contaminated by a reverse flow of foul water (ex: isolating your toilet's flush cistern and water supply from the toilet bowl water itself).

See also
 Check valve

References

Plumbing valves
Water
Sanitation
Backflow

Backwater valve


Saltugilia caruifolia (syn. Gilia caruifolia) is a species of flowering plant in the phlox family known by the common names carawayleaf gilia and caraway-leaved woodland-gilia. It is native to the Peninsular Ranges of southern California and northern Baja California, where it grows in local habitat types such as chaparral. This herb produces a thin stem 12 centimeters to about a meter long. The leaves are up to 8 centimeters long at the base of the plant and divided into many finely subdivided lobes. The top of the stem branches into an inflorescence dotted with many glands. It produces flowers with lavender lobes dotted with darker purple near the bases.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery

Polemoniaceae
Flora of California
Flora of Baja California
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Saltugilia caruifolia