Ishik or Ishik Alevism (), also known as Chinarism (), is a new syncretic religious movement among Alevis who have developed an alternative understanding of Alevism and its history. These alternative interpretations and beliefs were inspired by Turkish writer Erdoğan Çınar with the publication of his book Aleviliğin Gizli Tarihi (The Secret History of Alevism) in 2004.

Işık faith
While mainstream Alevis believe the term Alevi means "follower of Ali", as in the Arabic word 'Alawī (), and consider themselves followers of the teachings and practices of 13th-century Alevi saint Haji Bektash Veli, Ishik believe differently. The Ishik movement claim that the term "Alevi" is derived from the old Anatolian Luvians, claiming that the word "Luvi" means "People of light" in the Hittite language. Some Ottoman documents from the 16th century refer to the ancestors of today's Alevis as "Işık Taifesi", meaning "People of Light". This is, according to Ishikīs, a proof of the connection between the Luvians and Alevis.

The Ishik Alevis have been likened to the Kurdish Yezidis, as part of a wider monotheistic tradition called Yazdanism.  A shared cultural history of that nature relates to common folklore describing the invention of agriculture by plant domestication.  Wheat is assumed to have been first cultured in the northern part of the Middle East; and likewise, regional peoples shared a culinary tradition in the types of vegetables they consume.

Self-image
Ishikīs consider themselves to be esotericists, claiming that Alevism is Esotericism itself, meaning that they identify themselves with every type of esotericism in history (e.g. Jewish esotericists, Christian esotericists, Islamic and Pagan esotericism etc.)

They claim that Alevism is the oldest religion in the world, that has changed shapes throughout time. This "First and True Religion" of the world, is claimed to have been the main source for all other religions and beliefs in the world:

The Ishikīs also claim that the religious ceremonies practiced by Alevis were practiced as early as by the Hittites and even by the Sumerians. According to Ishikīs, medieval Christian sects as Paulicianism, Bogomilism etc. were also Alevis. A good example of this belief can be found in the translation of the book The Cathars: The Most Successful Heresy of the Middle Ages (2005) by Sean Martin. Even though the original English version does not contain the word "Alevi", the Turkish translator has translated the title of the book as Ortaçağ'da Avrupa'da Alevi Hareketi – Katharlar (An Alevi Movement in The Middle Ages – The Cathars).

Historical beliefs
Compared to traditional Alevism, the most striking differences of the Ishik movement are their interpretation of history. The Ishik movement claims that Alevis have changed their apparent identity several times in history in order to survive. According to Ishikī belief, heretic sects like the Paulicians and Bogomils were actually Alevis compelled to appear as Christians because of the Byzantine oppression. Likewise the modern Alevis have gained an Islamic appearance because of the Ottoman oppression.

Ishikī thought is convinced that most heterodox groups are inventions as a result of oppression, meaning that groups like the Nizārī Ismā'īlī, Bektashism, Nusayrī Alawism, Ghulāt and Ahl-e Haqq are in reality separate from real Islam.

Criticism
The Ishikī versus Traditionalist split has caused a deep gap in Alevi society. This is the first time in centuries that Alevis have experienced such a great split in terms of beliefs.

 Traditionalist Alevis have strongly opposed the Ishikīs, who they consider are people who are creating a completely new religion, or sometimes as undercover agents, trying to disrupt Alevi unity. Ishikīs are also criticized for being extremely political and for abandoning fundamental Alevi sources, such as the Buyruks, one of the most known written source among Alevis.
 The Alevi historian, Hamza Aksüt, responded to the works of Erdoğan Çınar in several articles, criticizing him for being intentionally manipulative and highly conspirational. were officially given as a reply to the interview with Erdoğan Çınar: Çınar'dan uyarı: 'Her flörtün sonu evlilikle bitmez''' (Warning from Çınar: 'Not all flirts end with marriage'). Another writer, Ünsal Öztürk has also criticized Erdoğan Çınar. In 2010 Hamza Aksüt, Hasan Harmancı and Ünsal Öztürk went together in publishing the book Alevi Tarih Yazımında Skandal – Erdoğan Çınar Örneği (A Scandal in Alevi History Writing – The Erdoğan Çınar Example), which is an analysis and explaining of the claimed manipulation and "tampering" made by Erdoğan Çınar.
 Erdoğan Çınar received much criticism from Alevis and Alevi Dedes (for example Baki Güngör dede, who claim that Çınar's book is full of misconceptions and contradictions and consider it as yet another attempt of "Yol-Yezidiler" (enemies of the path of their tariqa) to assimilate the Alevis and to separate them from the mystic teachings of Haji Bektash Veli, Pir Sultan Abdal, Yunus Emre and The Twelve Imams.
 Some traditionalists have even gone so far as to demand that Ishikī dedes like Hasan Kılavuz should get the penalty of social exclusion.

Ishikī organizations
The Ishik movement has succeeded in becoming very influential in important and powerful Alevi organizations. The Alevi Confederation of Europe (AABK) for instance, has abandoned its traditional Alevi beliefs in 2006, which it replaced with a marginal Ishikī type of understanding.

See also

 Kızılbaşlar
 Kurdish Alevism
 Yâresân
 Yazdânism
 Yezidism
 Zoroastrianism
 Zurvanism
 Luwian mythology
 Proto-Indo-Iranian religion
 Proto-Indo-European religion

References

Bibliography

 Further reading
The primary sources of Ishikism are the works of the Turkish writer Erdoğan Çınar:

 "Secret History of Alawism", Aleviliğin Gizli Tarihi / Demirin Üstünde Karınca İzi (2004) "Lost One Thousand Years in Alawism", Aleviliğin Kayıp Bin Yılı (325–1325) Yolcu Ateşte Yanmak İle Yol Yanmaz (2006) "The Lost Alawi Legend", Kayıp Bir Alevi Efsanesi (2007) "The Roots of Alawism and the Esotericism of Abdal Musa", Aleviliğin Kökleri & Abdal Musa'nın Sırrı (2008)But he has also gained the support of other writers as well:
 Haşim Kutlu: Path of Qizilbash-Alawism,  Kızılbaş Alevilikte Yol Erkân Meydanı'', Yurt Kitap Yayın, 2007

Luwians
Alevism
Esotericism
Culture of Turkey
Religion in Turkey
Monotheistic religions

Ishikism


"Wet" is a song by American singer Nicole Scherzinger, taken from her debut solo studio album Killer Love (2011). The song was written by Ester Dean and Traci Hale, co-written and produced by Norwegian duo StarGate (Tor E. Hermansen and Mikkel S. Eriksen) and Sandy Vee. The song was serviced as the fourth single from the album to British radio stations on August 28, 2011, by Polydor Records, while in Australia it was released in the following month.

The dance-pop song features Scherzinger singing that "her body is aching for a man's touch". It received generally positive reviews from music critics. The song received moderate commercial success where it peaked at number twenty-one on the UK Singles Chart, in addition to peaking at number ten on the Irish Singles Chart, where it also became one of her highest charting releases. The accompanying music video for "Wet" was directed by Justin Francis. It was generally received by critics which favored Scherzinger's intricate choreography.

Background and composition
"Wet" was recorded in 2010 at Roc the Mic Studios in New York City, Westlake Recording Studios in Los Angeles and The Bunker Studios in Paris. Scherzinger's vocals were recorded by Eriksen and Miles Walker at Roc the Mic Studios and Westlake Recording Studios and by Vee at The Bunker Studios. "Wet" was mixed by Vee at The Bunker Studios and by Phil Tan at The Ninja Beat Club in Atlanta, Georgia. Additional and assistant engineering was carried out by Damien Lewis. All instrumentation was completed by Eriksen, Hermansen and Vee. "Wet" was not given a traditional release. In the UK, it was given an impact date of August 28, 2011; sometimes record labels will choose a date for a song to impact as a single and for promotion but not give the song a separate listing from the album in digital download stores. Just less than a month later, it was serviced to radio in Australia on September 26, 2011.

"Wet" is an uptempo track, containing a thumping disco beat, a throbbing bass, and electronic beats. The song was written by Ester Dean and Traci Hale, and co-written and produced by Norwegian duo StarGate and Sandy Vee. Scherzinger is said to confesses that her body is "aching for a man's touch", stating "This beat is filthy dirty/ I feel it all over me". Described as a "dance-ready club banger" by Idolator, the song chronicles "many sexy ways" Scherzinger gets wet; sweating, a shower, a swim, and drowning. Scherzinger continues the whole "drenched" theme within the songs' chorus: "Well Imma take my clothes off/Take a leap and surf through the crowd/Dripping down my neck/Soaking wet, sink or swim or you drown/Let's get a little wet." In the song, Scherzinger sings "I feel like whatever I do tonight would be the talk of the town."

Critical reception
"Wet" garnered generally positive reviews from critics. Awarding the song with three out of five stars, Robert Copsey of Digital Spy gave the song a mixed review, stating that although Scherzinger purrs with conviction, the song sounds ultimately similar to Rihanna's "Only Girl (In The World)". While reviewing the album, the same website reviewed "Wet" as a highlight of the album, and named it a possible future single. Idolator stated that Scherzinger is "positively dripping with sex appeal in her ode to getting doused", later adding that the Stargate-produced "dance jam is the musical equivalent of a run through the sprinkler". Idolator finished its review by stating that after an addition of a well-known rapper, the song could hit the domestic Top 40. While reviewing the album, Becky Bain of Idolator stated that "Wet" along with "Club Banger Nation" would strike a chord with clubgoers. David Griffiths of 4Music named "Wet" an essential addition to anybody's party playlist. In another interview by Griffiths, he named "Wet" a "cracking pop tune", stating that the "hits keep coming" for Scherzinger. Describing the song as a "surefire smash" for Scherzinger, Pip Ellwood of Entertainment-Focus complimented the song as the best track on the album, stating that its beat is better than that of lead single "Poison" due to the fact that it is "impossible not to move to."

Chart performance
"Wet" debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 189. On the week of August 20, 2011, it went to its peak of number 21. "Wet" debuted on the Irish Singles Chart at number forty-eight on the week ending August 11, 2011. The following week, August 18, 2011, "Wet" climbed to number ten on the Irish Singles Chart. The song also peaked at number thirteen on the Scottish Singles Chart.

Music video
The music video for "Wet" was shot in a single day to accommodate her schedule as a judge on the X Factor. It was shot on a Los Angeles car park – it was the only suitable location due to its proximity to the X Factor studios. The video was directed by Justin Francis. On August 2, 2011, Scherzinger released behind the scenes photos of the song's music video with Scherzinger wearing a two-piece attire and clutching a net around her body as she stands behind a wall of water. The video makes use of product placement of Carrera's "Champion". The music video premiered through MSN Music UK on August 3, 2011.

Synopsis

The video begins with Scherzinger hiding out from the police, evading capture, and disguising herself with some aviator shades and a studded hoodie. As she is being surveyed by security camera, Scherzinger begins to dance athletically and acrobatically. Jenna Hally Rubenstein of MTV Buzzworthy believed that part of Scherzinger's dance contained old Navajo rain dance moves. Scherzinger then alternates outfits, as scenes of Scherzinger singing behind a windowpane while it's raining are interlaced into the clip. Scherzinger, accompanied by a group of female dancers, than enter an indoor swimming pool where men are seen spraying graffiti into the wall. Scherzinger and her backup dancers than begin to dance in the emptied concrete pool, as the men begin to soak Scherzinger with hoses. As the police enter the building, Scherzinger is warned by a man acting as a lookout. Scherzinger and all her companions escape, only to leave the police discovering a spray-painted message of "Wet".

Critical reception
Critics generally favored the song's accompanying music video, in particular Scherzinger's intricate choreography. On the day the video premiered, a reviewer from Rap-Up wrote "It's getting hot in here," referencing Scherzinger's "smokin' body" and "steamy visuals". Staff of Idolator spoke favorably of Scherzinger's choreography, stating that it "would make the other Pussycat Dolls blush". Amy Sciarretto of PopCrush gave the video a positive review stating that she was impressed of Scherzinger's athletic and acrobatic methods of dancing. She continued, "she doesn't even have to try and be sexy; she just is". Jenna Hally Rubenstein of MTV Buzzworthy appreciated Scherzinger's writhing around on the floor in "somewhat compromising positions" and added that Scherzinger is wet for about 50 percent of the video, so "we're guessing guys across the country aren't going to be writing complaint letters anytime soon." "Wet" ranked at number 70 on MTV's most watched music videos of 2011.

Live performances
Scherzinger performed the song for the first time in Stratford, London at Westfield Stratford City on September 13, 2011, included in a set of multiple songs off of Killer Love. The song was also performed in 2012 on her first solo tour, the Killer Love Tour.

Credits and personnel
Recording
 Recorded at Roc the Mic Studios, New York; Westlake Recording Studios, Los Angeles, California; The Bunker Studios, Paris.
 Mixed at The Bunker Studios, Paris; Ninja Club Studios, Atlanta, Georgia.

Personnel
 Songwriting – Mikkel S. Eriksen, Tor Erik Hermansen, Sandy Wilhelm, Ester Dean, Traci Hale
 Production – Stargate, Sandy Vee
 Mixing – Sandy Vee, Phil Tan
 Additional engineering – Damien Lewis
 Instruments – Mikkel S. Eriksen, Tor Erik Hermansen, Sandy Vee
 Background vocals – Ester Dean

Credits adapted from Killer Love booklet liner notes.

Charts and certifications

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Radio and release history

See also
 Nicole Scherzinger discography
 List of songs recorded by Nicole Scherzinger

References

2011 singles
2011 songs
Interscope Records singles
Nicole Scherzinger songs
Song recordings produced by Sandy Vee
Song recordings produced by Stargate (record producers)
Songs written by Ester Dean
Songs written by Mikkel Storleer Eriksen
Songs written by Tor Erik Hermansen
Songs written by Traci Hale

Wet (Nicole Scherzinger song)


Jakub Sucháček (born 17 November 1978) is a Czech former ski jumper who competed from 1994 to 2001. At the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, he finished seventh in the team large hill and 15th in the individual large hill events.

Sucháček's best finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was 11th in the large hill event at Ramsau in 1999. He finished ninth at the 1996 Ski-flying World Championships in Bad Mitterndorf.

Sucháček's best World Cup finish was second in a large hill event in Finland in 1995.

External links

1978 births
Ski jumpers at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Czech male ski jumpers
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)

Jakub Sucháček


Władysław Czapliński (3 October 1905 in Tuchów – 17 August 1981 in Wrocław) was a Polish historian, a professor of the University of Wrocław, author of many popular books about Polish history.

He finished his studies at the Jagiellonian University in 1927 in the Second Polish Republic, and for the next several years he was a teacher of history. During the Second World War he took part in the underground education in Poland during World War II. After the war he moved to Wrocław, where he worked at the local university until his retirement in 1975.

He received many awards, including an honoris causa diploma from University of Gdańsk. He specialized in the 17th century: history of Denmark, Chmielnicki Uprising, Władysław IV Vasa and the Thirty Years' War.

Selected publications
 Polacy z Czarnieckim w Danii, 1658-59 (1937) [Poles with Czarniecki in Denmark]
 Władysław IV wobec wojny 30-letniej (1937) [Władysław IV and the Thirty Years' War]
 Pierwszy pobyt Jerzego Lubomirskiego na Śląsku (1946) [First visit of Jerzy Lubomirski to Silesia]
 Polska a Prusy i Brandenburgia za Władysława IV (1947) [Poland and Prussia-Branderburg during the reign of Władysław IV]
 Wpływ reformacji i kontrreformacji na stosunki narodowościowe na Śląsku (1949) [Influence of reformation and counterreformation on nationality relations in Silesia]
 Polska a Bałtyk w latach 1632-1648 (1952) [Poland and Baltic during 1632-1648]
 Ruchy ludowe w 1651 roku (1953) [People's movements in 1651]
 Dwa sejmy w roku 1652 roku (1955) [Two Sejms of 1652]
 Ideologie polityczne "Satyr" Krzysztofa Opalińskiego (1956) ["Satyr" political ideologies of Krzysztof Opaliński]
 Na dworze króla Władysława IV (1959) [On the court of king Władysław IV]
 Historia Danii (1965, with Karol Górski) [History of Denmark]
 Władysław IV i jego czasy (1972) [Władysław IV and his times]
 Życie codzienne magnaterii polskiej w XVII wieku (1976, with Józef Długosz) [Everyday life of Polish magnates in 17th century]
 Historia Niemiec (1981, with Adam Galos and Wacław Korta) [History of Germany]

References

1905 births
1981 deaths
20th-century Polish historians
Polish male non-fiction writers
Jagiellonian University alumni
Fellows of Collegium Invisibile
People from Tarnów County
Historians of Poland
Academic staff of the University of Wrocław

Władysław Czapliński


"2 Become 1" is a pop ballad by the girl group Spice Girls. The song lyrics talk about the bonding of two lovers. They also talk about the importance of contraception. This song was released in December 1996 in the United Kingdom. It became their third consecutive chart-topper there.

In the United States, the song was released in July 1997. "2 Become 1" peaked at #4 on Billboard Hot 100.

1996 songs
Songs about sexuality
Spice Girls songs

2 Become 1


Mikhail Vasilyevich Nesterov () (, Ufa – 18 October 1942, Moscow) was a Russian painter. He was a very important painter for religious symbolism in Russian art. He studied under Pavel Tchistyakov at the Imperial Academy of Arts. Later, he felt attracted to  the group of artists known as the Peredvizhniki. His canvas The Vision of the Youth Bartholomew (1890–91) is often considered to mark the inauguration of the Russian Symbolist movement. This painting shows the conversion of Sergii Radonezhsky. From 1890 to 1910, Nesterov lived in Kiev and St Petersburg, working on frescoes in St. Vladimir's Cathedral and the Church on Spilt Blood, respectively. After 1910, he spent the rest of his life in Moscow, working in the Marfo-Mariinsky Convent. As a devout Orthodox Christian, he did not accept the Bolshevik Revolution but remained in Russia until his death, painting the portraits of Ivan Ilyin, Ivan Pavlov, Otto Schmidt, and Vera Mukhina, among others.

Other websites

Detailed biography (in Russian)
Online Nesterov gallery (in English)

1862 births
1942 deaths
Russian Orthodox Christians
Russian painters

Mikhail Nesterov


Mr. B. (born Mark Lincoln Braun, 1957), is an American boogie-woogie pianist.

Early life
Born in Flint, Michigan, United States, Mark Lincoln Braun was the youngest of the three children of Phil and Sally Braun.  He became interested in the piano through recordings that his father had played and began studying under the likes of Boogie Woogie Red and other famous area musicians.  Between listening to records as well as the local musicians, and receiving one-on-one instructions from the local musicians, Braun's music career had begun.  Mark began playing by listening and watching the local musicians perform at local venues and private lessons.  Whilst immersing himself in the blues and boogie traditions and culture, Braun graduated from Flint Southwestern High School and was accepted into the prestigious University of Michigan.  After completing three years towards a Bachelor of Arts in History degree, Braun decided to drop out and pursue a career in blues and boogie woogie style piano.

Career
He moved to Ann Arbor as a young adult, and learned to play rock and pop piano at age 15, but was converted to blues and boogie by a Jimmy Yancey record his father gave him.

Mr. B. is a dedicated blues piano revivalist, recording tunes made famous by Yancey, as well as Little Brother Montgomery, Professor Longhair, Mercy Dee Walton, Amos Milburn, and Sunnyland Slim, among others.

Discography

My Sunday Best
1994 - This is another trio date with Kurt Krahnke (bass) and Andy Conlin (drums). Also featured prominently is the drummer, Roy Brooks. "The changes in direction serve to literally amaze the listener, taking them through a range of moods and colors that are generally not experienced in such a setting. Truly, in Braun's hands, musical genres are bent into a pervasive whole, with no regard for anything but the purity of intention and the transference of joyous emotion … this is musical empathy at its best. This is not just a case of a local boy making good, this is a statement of a world class musician playing for his hometown fans." Detroit Metro Times Magazine. Recorded live at the Kerrytown Concert House in Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Track listing:
 "My Sunday Best"
 "Deep Excavation"
 "Little Brother"
 "Swanee River Boogie"
 "La Piragua"
 "Blues for a Carpenter"
 "Thunder & Lightning Boogie"
 "When I Lost My Baby"
 "New 44 Blues"
 "Roll 'Em Pete"
 "Deep South Blues"

Hallelujah Train
Released on 3 September 1996 - Mr. B meets the Bird of Paradise Orchestra.

Track Listing:
 "Hallelujah Train"
 "Brauny"
 "One Room Country Shack"
 "My Sunday Best"
 "Little Brother"
 "Down the Road Apiece"
 "Mardi Gras in New Orleans"
 "Air Mail Special"
 "La Bailarina"
 "Deep Excavation"
 "B's Boogie Woogie"

Mr. B Live
Mr. B Live at the Kerrytown Concert House 2002

Track Listing:
 "Pinetop's Boogies"
 "When the Saints Go Marching In"
 "After Hours"
 "Jimmy's Stuff"
 "Cow-Cow Blues"
 "Honky Tonk Train Blues"
 "Sunny Side of the Street"
 "Vicksburg Blues"
 "Chicago Breakdown"
 "My Babe"
 "St. Louis Blues"

Cheek to Cheek
For many years, Mr. B. has been visiting Ann Arbor for the annual art fair. Every year he brings his bike-transported upright piano to play on the University of Michigan campus. His most famous act is the 'Cheek to Cheek Boogie' where two players boogie on a single piano, switching positions from time to time. Until recently, his only partner in this act was Bob Seeley. Both Braun and Seeley performed at The Bloomington Blues & Boogie Woogie Piano Festival, in Bloomington, Indiana, in 2017.

References

External links
Artist's website
Answers.com Mr. B page
Mini biography
Mr. B. biography at AllMusic
Mr. B hauling his piano across Michigan by bike, stopping at Summer Festival, AnnArbor.com, July 10, 2010.

1957 births
Living people
Boogie-woogie pianists
Musicians from Ann Arbor, Michigan
Musicians from Flint, Michigan
Oldie Blues artists
University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni
20th-century American pianists
American male pianists
21st-century American pianists
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians

Mr. B. (Mark Braun)


Heavy machine gun is a term used to describe automatic firearms which are too heavy for one soldier to carry.  In the early 20th century most were 7.62mm or .30 caliber. Nowadays the rounds fired by a heavy machine gun are .50 cal, which is 12.7mm x 99mm, or bigger. The largest in commonplace use are Russian designs which fire rounds of 14.5mm caliber. Bigger ones are called autocannons.

Related pages
Machine gun

Other websites
Heavy Machine Guns at World Guns
Heavy Machine Guns used in WWI and WWII

Heavy machine gun


David E. Cane (born September 22, 1944) is an American biological chemist. He is Vernon K. Krieble Professor of Chemistry Emeritus and professor of molecular biology, cell biology, and biochemistry emeritus at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island. He is recognized for his work on the biosynthesis of natural products, particularly terpenoids and polyketides. He was elected as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2003  and as a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2013.

Education and career
Born in New York City, Cane graduated magna cum laude from Harvard College in 1966. He completed his Ph.D. study in organic synthesis in 1971 under the guidance of Prof. E. J. Corey at Harvard University. He pursued his studies as a National Institutes of Health Postdoctoral Fellow with Prof. Duilio Arigoni at the Eidgenössiche Technische Hochschule (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology) in Zürich, Switzerland. In 1973, he joined the faculty of Brown University, where he became a full professor of chemistry in 1980, chair of the chemistry department from 1983 to 1989, and professor of biochemistry in 1991.

Cane has been a visiting professor at the University of Chicago (1980), the Technion (Israel Institute of Technology), Haifa, Israel (1994–95), the University of California, San Francisco (1998–99), and the Université Louis Pasteur in Strasbourg, France (1999). He has also been a visiting fellow at Christ's College, Cambridge (1989–90), Emmanuel College, Cambridge (2004), as well as a visiting scholar at the Institut Louis Pasteur, Paris (2005) and the University of Chicago (2010–2011). In 2011 he was named an honorary professor of Wuhan University.

Cane has been associate editor of the Journal of Organic Chemistry (1995–2003) and at various times has served on the editorial boards of Bioorganic Chemistry, the Journal of Antibiotics, Chemical Reviews, Topics in Stereochemistry, Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, and the Wiley Encyclopedia of Chemical Biology.

Research
Cane's research interests have been the elucidation of the chemistry, mechanistic enzymology, and molecular genetics of two main biosynthetic transformations, including terpenoid metabolism and polyketide antibiotic biosynthesis. The Cane laboratory has focused on characterization of the component genes of microbial terpenoid biosynthetic gene clusters using a combination of genetic, biochemical, and chemical approaches. In this work, he has collaborated with Prof. David W. Christianson at the University of Pennsylvania and Prof. Haruo Ikeda of the Kitasato Institute of Life Sciences in Tokyo. For his work on polyketide antibiotics, Cane has had a long-time collaboration with Prof. Chaitan Khosla of Stanford University, with additional collaborations with Prof. Adrian Keatinge-Clay of the University of Texas at Austin and Prof. Zixin Deng of Shanghai Jiao Tong University in China. They have been concentrated on determination of the biochemical basis for the complex stereochemical control of polyketide natural products.

Awards and honors
Cane has received many awards and honors, including the following:
 Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2013
 Alfred Bader Award of the American Chemical Society, 2013
 Philip J. Bray Award for Teaching Excellence in the Physical Sciences, Brown University, 2008
 Repligen Corporation Award in Chemistry of Biological Processes, American Chemical Society, Division of Biological Chemistry, 2005
 Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2003
 Prelog Medal of the Eidgenössiche Technische Hochschule, Zürich, 2002
 Arthur C. Cope Scholar Award of the American Chemical Society, 2000
 Fogarty International Center Senior International Fellow, 1999 and 1989
 Kitasato Medal in Microbial Chemistry, 1995
 National Institutes of Health MERIT Award, 1994–2004
 Simonsen Lecture, Royal Society of Chemistry, 1990–91
 Fulbright Commission Grant-in Aid, 1990
 John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellow, 1990
 Ernest Guenther Award of the American Chemical Society, 1985
 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Fellow, 1983
 Alfred P. Sloan Fellow, 1978–1982

Notable publications
Cane has published over 330 research papers and 10 book chapters. He has also been editor of 2 books, including a collection of World War II letters.

 Comprehensive Natural Products Chemistry, volume 2: Isoprenoids Including Carotenoids and Steroids, David E. Cane, volume editor. Elsevier, 1999.  (0-08-043154-2)
 Fighting Fascism in Europe. The World War II Letters of an American Veteran of the Spanish Civil War, by Lawrence Cane. Edited by David E. Cane, Judy Barrett Litoff, and David C. Smith. Fordham University Press, New York, 2003.  (0-8232-2251-9)

Fighting Fascism in Europe. The World War II Letters of an American Veteran of the Spanish Civil War

David Cane's father, Lawrence Cane, wrote more than 300 letters home while serving in the American Army during World War II. In 1995 David discovered them in a box that had remained in the attic for almost 50 years. The letters are filled with Lawrence Cane's politically sophisticated observations and eyewitness accounts of some of the most dramatic events in history: segregated military units in an Army that was fighting against racism and oppression, the D-Day landings in Normandy, the liberation of France and Belgium, the Battle of the Bulge, the encounter with the Germans, the early stages of the occupation of Germany, and the horrors of the discovery of the concentration camps.

David Cane collaborated with historians Judy Barrett Litoff and David C. Smith to provide detailed annotations and historical background to this collection of letters.

References

Living people
21st-century American biochemists
Loomis Chaffee School alumni
Harvard College alumni
Brown University faculty
1944 births

David E. Cane


The Unitarian Church of All Souls at 1157 Lexington Avenue at East 80th Street in the Upper East Side of Manhattan, New York City was built in 1932 and was designed by Hobart Upjohn – Richard Upjohn's grandson – in the Neo-colonial style with a Regency-influenced brick base.   It is the congregation's fourth sanctuary. The congregation, dating back to 1819, was the first Unitarian Universalist congregation in the city. It has provided a pulpit for some of the movement's leading theologians and has also recorded many eminent persons in its membership.

History
All Souls was the first Unitarian congregation to be organized in New York and originated in 1819 when Lucy Channing Russell invited forty friends and neighbors into her Lower Manhattan home, to listen to an address by her brother, William Ellery Channing, the minister of the Federal Street Church in Boston.  Channing was making a stop in New York while traveling to Baltimore to preach the famous sermon in which he would articulate the distinctive tenets of Unitarian Christianity, the most salient of which were the rejection of the Trinity in favor of absolute Monotheism, and the imperative to interpret the Bible through reason.  In New York, the enthusiasm aroused by Channing culminated in the formation of the First Congregational Church (Unitarian), which proceeded to erect its first building in 1820-21, on Chambers Street between Church Street and Chapel Street, before it had even found a minister.  The task of recruitment was difficult since few ministers could be persuaded to venture away from the stability of the Unitarian heartland in New England and risk their careers in new congregations beyond.  Finally, on December 18, 1821, William Ware was installed as the first minister.

In 1845, the congregation moved to a new building at 548 Broadway and renamed itself the Church of the Divine Unity the following year. In 1855, the present name, All Souls, was taken by an American church for the first time when the congregation dedicated its third building, at 249 Fourth Avenue (now Park Avenue South) at 20th Street. The new church was designed by Jacob Wrey Mould and featured bands of red and white bricks and Caen stone, which led to the colloquial names of "The Holy Zebra" and "The Beefsteak Church."

In partnership with minister Henry Whitney Bellows, who served for over four decades from 1839 to 1882, All Souls grew to include some of the leading social reformers and cultural figures of the city, such as Peter Cooper, Herman Melville, and others. One noted member was the novelist Catharine Sedgwick, who remarked upon the diverse backgrounds of the people who were attracted to the freedom of ethical inquiry which All Souls offered: "strangers from inland and outland, English radicals and daughters of Erin, Germans and Hollanders, philosophic gentiles and unbelieving Jews . . . In this, our ass'n, there is at least one of every sort."  In evolving from its roots in Unitarian Christianity, All Souls has embraced an enlarging religious pluralism that continues to this day.

All Souls relocated to its current building on the Upper East Side at 1157 Lexington Avenue at 80th Street in 1932, designed by Richard Upjohn's grandson, Hobart Upjohn, in the Colonial Revival style with a Regency-influenced base. Forrest Church, the prolific author and theologian, then served as Senior Minister for almost thirty years until the beginning of 2007, when, due to terminal cancer, he was succeeded by Galen Guengerich and assumed the less strenuous duties of Minister of Public Theology.  Church's charismatic style has been credited with the revitalization of the congregation.

Notable members
George Fisher Baker, financier, philanthropist
William Cullen Bryant, poet, journalist
Peter Cooper industrialist, philanthropist (founder of Cooper Union)
Nathaniel Currier, lithographer, co-founder of Currier and Ives
Dorman Bridgman Eaton, lawyer, civil service reformer
Caroline Kirkland, writer
Herman Melville, writer
Laura Pedersen, author, journalist, playwright, humorist
Louisa Lee Schuyler, Sanitary Commission organizer, founder of America's first nursing school at Bellevue Hospital
Catharine Sedgwick, writer
Samuel Prowse Warren; organist at Unitarian Church of All Souls from 1865-1868

See also
 Transcendentalism

References
Notes

Further reading
"Unitarian Church of All Souls," The New York City Organ Project, The New York City Chapter of the American Guild of Organists
Kring, Walter Donald. History of the Unitarian Church of All Souls in New York City in 3 vols.
Liberals Among the Orthodox: Unitarian Beginnings in New York City, 1819-1839 (Boston: Beacon Press, 1974)
Henry Whitney Bellows (Boston: Skinner House, 1979)
Safely Onward (New York: Unitarian Church of All Souls, 1991)

External links

Official Church website

Churches in Manhattan
Unitarian Universalist churches in New York City
Upper East Side
Churches completed in 1932
20th-century Unitarian Universalist church buildings
1819 establishments in New York (state)
Religious organizations established in 1819

Unitarian Church of All Souls


"The Butterfly that Stamped" is part of a series of books known as Just So Stories(1902)  by Rudyard Kipling. These are collected short stories. The stories explain how things supposedly came to be.

Plot
"The Butterfly that Stamped" is one of the stories that is about King Solomon, his lovely wife Balkis, the Queen of Sheba (she is the one he is in love with, and she loves him, in most versions the others are there just because he is king and has to have more wives than anyone else), his other nine-hundred ninety nine wives, and two charming but quarrelsome butterflies.
Solomon (who mainly goes by Suleiman bin Daoud in the story) is a very wise man, but is very annoyed with his surplus wives and all their quarreling. He thinks they are very loud and ungrateful. He refuses to use his magic to do anything about it because he believes it is just showing off, something he swore to refrain from doing after an embarrassing moment when he provided a feast for all life only for it to be devoured by a sea monster named 'Small Porgies'.

One day, when walking in his forest, Suleiman bin Daoud stumbles upon two butterflies arguing. The male butterfly tells his wife he could stamp his foot and the huge palace garden would disappear in a bid to control her because she is quarreling with him, and as he tells the king you know how women are. Suleiman bin Daoud finds the claim amusing and calls the butterfly over. After asking the butterfly why he lied, he tells the butterfly that if he has to, he will help him.

Meanwhile, Balkis has a talk with the butterfly's wife, who says she is only pretending to agree with him, because "you know how men are." Balkis tells her she should dare her husband to stamp his foot, as he must be lying, and then she can argue with him again. Really, she is hoping the disappearance of the palace will shock the other wives into obedience.

The female butterfly dares her husband, and the butterfly prevaricates by telling her the king called him over to ask him not to, because he is afraid of the butterfly. The wife insists he stamps, and he goes to the king, who tells him he will make it happen to help control his wife, sympathizing with the butterfly's plight. The butterfly stamps and the palace disappears.

This makes the butterfly's wife scared, and she promises never to argue with him again as long as he brings it back, leaving Solomon in fits of laughter. But when the garden vanishes, Solomon's quarrelling wives are deathly afraid, believing that the king is dead and the heavens are mourning the news. Balkis claims it was the butterfly who was angry at his wife, and they realise that if the king will do this for the sake of a tiny butterfly, what will he do to us, we who have been making him miserable with our quarreling, and they in turn become scared of Solomon's powers, and are nice and quiet from then on.

Balkis then explains to Solomon what had happened, and how it was all for his benefit, for if he will do all this for the sake of a butterfly, it cannot be wrong to help himself occasionally, and they return to the palace.

External links

Short stories by Rudyard Kipling
Cultural depictions of Solomon
1902 short stories
Cultural depictions of the queen of Sheba
Butterflies
Short stories set in the 10th century BC

The Butterfly that Stamped


Professor Dr. Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner or Gottlieb William Leitner (14 October 1840, Budapest – 22 March 1899, Bonn) was a British Jewish orientalist of Hungarian roots.

From a very early age, he was a brilliant linguist. He is said to have learnt some fifty languages by the age of eighteen, many of which he spoke fluently. At nineteen, he became lecturer in Arabic, Turkish and Modern Greek. At twenty-three, he was appointed Professor in Arabic and Muslim studies, at the King's College London.

In 1864, he was asked to become Principal of the new Government College Lahore in British India  (now in Pakistan) and he accepted and went there.  In 1882 he succeeded in helping establish the University of the Punjab. He dedicated himself fully to the study of the cultures of the Indian subcontinent. During this period he also helped establish many schools, libraries and literary associations in the Punjab region. He also travelled to a number of remote places such as Dardistan and Baltistan, and wrote several books.

He retired from educational service in India in 1886.

He is mentioned by MARC DAVID BAER in his article "Muslim Encounters with Nazism and the Holocaust: The Ahmadi of Berlin and Jewish Convert to Islam Hugo Marcus," p. 150.

1840 births
1899 deaths
Hungarian Jews
Jewish British academics
British linguists
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
People from Budapest
People of British India

Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner


Robert Sterling Arnold (January 26, 1905February 8, 2003) was an American shape note music publisher, singer, composer, singing school teacher, and the cousin of country western singer, Eddy Arnold. Robert was born at Coleman in Coleman County, Texas, the son of Millard Franklin and Rowena Victoria (Lawrence) Arnold.

Arnold received his musical training from southern shape note teachers such as Mr. & Mrs. J. H. Carr, W. W. Combs, L. A. Gordon, J. B. Herbert, John A. McClung, Will M. Ramsey, and Frank White. He traveled as a member of several quartets, including the Central Music Company Quartet. He also traveled extensively to teach about 300 shape note singing schools.

In 1927, he joined Bill Bynum, Cecil MacDonald, and Bernie Horner to form the Overall Quartet. Sponsored by the J. C. Penney Company, the group wore pressed blue overalls, white shirts, and black bow ties at their concerts. In 1928, he married Cora Angie McDonald, whom he met at a gospel singing at Veribest (near San Angelo, Texas). They lived in Fort Worth, Kennedale and Jefferson, Texas, returning to Coleman in 1975. While in Fort Worth, he had a studio and taught piano and voice. He was the founder and owner of the National Music Company, which company published about fifty singing convention books. Before that he was a partner with Albert E. Brumley and W. Oliver Cooper in the Hartford National Company. Robert and Cora Arnold were members of the Church of Christ.

Some of his more popular songs include Did You Repent, Fully Repent?, Have You Thought, Really Thought?, If I Could But Just Take One Soul To Heaven, and I Wanta Get Right. No Tears in Heaven, written in 1935, is probably his best known song. In addition to its popularity at shape note singings No Tears in Heaven has been recorded by gospel quarters and artists such as Buck Owens, Skeeter Davis, Red Foley, and The Chuck Wagon Gang.

Robert Sterling Arnold is a member of the 2005 Southern Gospel Music Hall of Fame inductees. Arnold was inducted into the Texas Gospel Music Hall of Fame on September 14, 1985. He died in Coleman County at age 98 on February 8, 2003 and was buried in the Silver Valley Cemetery.

References
Article by Robert S. Arnold in International Gospel Hour News, Jul-Aug 1986
A Video of Robert S. Arnold can be found by searching for Oldest Living Quartet, Gaither Homecoming, Apr 29, 2008 <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mCS10_LP3Kc>
Obituary, Coleman Chronicle and Democrat-Voice, Coleman, Texas, February 11, 2003, page 7-B.

Specific

External links
Robert S. Arnold, from Singing News
Robert S. Arnold, from Stamps-Baxter
Texas Gospel Music Hall of Fame

Page includes picture of Robert S. Arnold (1999)

1905 births
2003 deaths
20th-century American singer-songwriters
American members of the Churches of Christ
American music publishers (people)
20th-century American composers
American country singer-songwriters
American gospel singers
American Christian hymnwriters
American male singer-songwriters
Composers of Christian music
People from Coleman, Texas
People from Tarrant County, Texas
Shape note
Singer-songwriters from Texas
Southern gospel performers
Writers from Texas
People from Jefferson, Texas
Musicians from Fort Worth, Texas
20th-century American male singers

Robert Sterling Arnold


The Third Rutte cabinet, also called Rutte III cabinet or Rutte III, which governed the Netherlands from October 26, 2017 until January 10, 2022.

It was named after Prime Minister Mark Rutte (VVD). It had been outgoing since January 15, 2021, due to problems caused by the childcare benefits scandal.

It was a coalition of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD), the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), Democrats 66 (D66), and the ChristianUnion (CU).

VVD is a conservative liberal and D66 a social liberal party. CDA is a Christian democratic and CU an orthodox Christian democratic party.

The Third Rutte cabinet had 77 (originally 78) seats in the present House of Representatives (they had 75 (originally 76) seats in the previous Second Chamber) and 32 seats in the Senate (they had 38 seats in the previous First Chamber).

It was preceded by the Second Rutte cabinet and succeeded by the Fourth Rutte cabinet.

Composition
The Third Rutte cabinet counted 23 members, of which 7 were women (30%):

It consisted of 15 ministers and 8 deputy ministers:
 VVD had 5 ministers and 3 deputy ministers (of which 3 were women), together 8.
 CDA had 4 ministers and 1 deputy minister (of which 0 was women), together 5.
 D66 had 4 ministers and 3 deputy ministers (of which 3 were women), together 7.
 CU had 2 ministers and 1 deputy minister (of which 1 was a woman), together 3.

Prime Minister:
 Mark Rutte (VVD)

Deputy Prime Ministers:
 Hugo de Jonge (CDA)
 Kajsa Ollongren (D66)
 Carola Schouten (CU)

Ministers with portfolio:
 Agriculture and Nature: Carola Schouten (CU)
 Defense: Henk Kamp (VVD) (formerly Ank Bijleveld)
 Economic Affairs and Climate: Stef Blok (VVD) (formerly Eric Wiebes and Bas van 't Wout)
 Education and Culture: Ingrid van Engelshoven (D66)
 Finance: Wopke Hoekstra (CDA)
 Foreign Affairs: Ben Knapen (CDA) (formerly Halbe Zijlstra, Stef Blok, and Sigrid Kaag)
 General Affairs: Mark Rutte (VVD)
 Health and Sports: Hugo de Jonge (CDA)
 Infrastructure: Barbara Visser (VVD) (formerly Cora van Nieuwenhuizen)
 Internal Affairs: Kajsa Ollongren (D66)
 Justice and Security: Ferdinand Grapperhaus (CDA)
 Social Affairs and Employment: Wouter Koolmees (D66)

Ministers without portfolio:
 Defunct - health care (formerly Menno Bruins, Martin van Rijn, and Tamara van Ark)
 Tom de Bruijn (D66) - trade and development with other countries (formerly Sigrid Kaag)
 Sander Dekker (VVD) - justice protection
 Arie Slob (CU) - lower education and media

Former Ministers:
 Tamara van Ark (VVD) - health care
 Ank Bijleveld (CDA) - defense
 Menno Bruins (VVD) - health care
 Cora van Nieuwenhuizen (VVD) - infrastructure
 Martin van Rijn (PvdA) (temporarily) - health care
 Sigrid Kaag (D66) - foreign affairs
 Eric Wiebes (VVD) - economic affairs and climate
 Bas van 't Wout (VVD) - economic affairs and climate
 Halbe Zijlstra (VVD) - foreign affairs

Deputy Ministers:
 Paul Blokhuis (CU) - social care
 Ankie Broekers-Knol (VVD) - immigration
 Alexandra van Huffelen (D66) - allowances and customs
 Raymond Knops (CDA) - kingdom relations and information
 Hans Vijlbrief (D66) - taxes
 Steven van Weyenberg (D66) - infrastructure and water management
 Dennis Wiersma (VVD) - social affairs and employment
 Dilan Yeşilgöz-Zegerius (VVD) - climate and energy

Former Deputy Ministers:
 Tamara van Ark (VVD) - social security (became a minister)
 Mark Harbers (VVD) - immigration
 Mona Keijzer (CDA) - small and medium businesses
 Menno Snel (D66) - taxes and customs
 Stientje van Veldhoven (D66) - environment and public transport
 Barbara Visser (VVD) - personnel policies and equipment (became a minister)
 Bas van 't Wout (VVD) - social security (became a minister)

Related pages
 List of Dutch cabinets
 2017 Dutch general election
 2021 Dutch general election

References

Other websites
 Third Rutte cabinet, Parlement.com

Rutte 3
2017 establishments in the Netherlands
2022 disestablishments
21st-century disestablishments in the Netherlands

Third Rutte cabinet


Dan Easton Corbin (born April 12, 1982) is an American country music singer. He signed to Mercury Records Nashville in 2009 and released his self-titled debut album in March 2010, featuring the two number-one hits "A Little More Country Than That" and "Roll with It", as well as the number-14 hit "I Can't Love You Back". His second album, All Over the Road, was released in September 2012. Its first single, "Lovin' You Is Fun", was released in February 2012. The album's second single, "All Over the Road", was released in January 2013. As of 2021, he had sold over 500,000 albums and over 5 million singles. His song "Are You with Me" became an international hit in a remix version released by the Belgian DJ and record producer Lost Frequencies.

Biography
Dan Easton Corbin is a native of Trenton, Florida. He lived on his grandparents' farm following his parents' divorce, and was introduced to country music-themed television programs such as Hee Haw. After taking guitar lessons at 14 from session musician Pee Wee Melton at Dixie Music Center, he joined a band which won opening slots at a music festival and for Janie Fricke and Mel McDaniel.

He attended the University of Florida's College of Agricultural and Life Sciences and earned an agribusiness degree, before marrying his wife, Briann, on September 2, 2006. They moved to Nashville, Tennessee, on October 14, 2006, where he worked at an Ace Hardware and performed at writers' nights. A distant cousin who is a professor of entertainment management recommended him to contacts in Nashville.

On The Bobby Bones Show on September 3, 2013, Corbin mentioned that he is no longer married. He and Briann divorced in 2012.

Music career

2005–2011: Easton Corbin
In 2005 Easton Corbin entered a contest at First Street Music in Lake City, Florida, for the Annual Suwannee River Jam. Former store owner Andy Temple recognized his talent and introduced him to songwriter friend Reese Wilson which was the start of his career. In 2008 Corbin recorded a six track demo CD with Nashville based songwriter Reese Wilson and producer Steve Davis; on the CD were three full instrument tracks and three acoustic tracks. The songs on the demo were "All About You", "I Ain't A Highway", "Missin' You", "Gettin' 'Got, Good", "Miracles Happen" and a cover of Hank Williams, Jr's "Eleven Roses". Only a small number of the demo discs were pressed so the disc itself is very scarce and has become a highly sought after collectors item for hardcore fans. The tracks can be found digitally on YouTube. The tracks have never been added to any of Corbin's albums yet, making them still unreleased.

Joe Fisher, senior director of A&R at Universal Music Group Nashville, signed Easton Corbin to the Mercury Nashville label in 2009. He released his debut single, "A Little More Country Than That", in July. Rory Lee Feek of Joey + Rory wrote the song with Don Poythress and Wynn Varble. The label released a four-song digital extended play entitled A Little More Country Than That in August, shortly before the single entered Top 40 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart. Corbin's self-titled debut album was released in March 2010, under the production of Carson Chamberlain. The album had first-week sales of 43,000 copies, making for the highest first-week sales on the Mercury Nashville label in seven years.

"A Little More Country Than That" peaked at Number One on the country chart dated for the week ending April 3, 2010, making Easton Corbin the first solo male country artist to send a debut single to Number One since Dierks Bentley in 2003 with "What Was I Thinkin'". "Roll with It" was released as the album's second single; in October it also hit Number One. The album's third and final single, "I Can't Love You Back," released to radio in November 2010 and reached a peak of number 14 in early 2011.

To promote Easton Corbin, he went on tour as an opening act for Brad Paisley's H2O World Tour, which began in May 2010.

2012–2013: All Over the Road

Easton Corbin's fourth single, "Lovin' You Is Fun", was released in February 2012. It peaked at number 5 on the Billboard Country Airplay chart. It served as the lead-off single to his second studio album, All Over the Road, which was released on September 18, 2012. The album's second single, the title track, was released in January 2013 and peaked at number 3 on Country Airplay in September 2013. Both singles were also certified Gold by the RIAA.

2014–2016: About to Get Real
Corbin's third studio album, About to Get Real, was released on June 30, 2015. Its first single, "Clockwork", was released to country radio in January 2014. It peaked at number 32 on the Billboard Country Airplay chart. The album's second single, "Baby Be My Love Song", was released on September 8, 2014, and became Corbin's fifth Top 5 country hit. "Yup" and "Are You with Me" were released as the album's third and fourth singles, and peaked at numbers 35 and 41 on the Country Airplay chart, respectively.

2017–2020: Didn't Miss a Beat EP
On January 30, 2017, Corbin released "A Girl Like You" to country radio, the lead single from his upcoming fourth studio album. The song climbed the charts very slowly, and peaked at No. 6 on the Billboard Country Airplay chart after charting in excess of a year. Although the single reached the top 10, Mercury Nashville terminated Corbin from the label in February 2018.

Corbin independently released a new single, "Somebody's Gotta Be Country", in January 2019 and almost made it into the Billboard Country Airplay Chart by peaking at No. 64.

On November 13, 2020, Corbin released his the EP titled "Didn't Miss a Beat". His first release since termination from Mercury. The EP did not include his previous two singles "A Girl Like You" and "Somebody's Gotta Be Country". The release is Corbin's first not to chart on Billboard.

2021–present: Let's Do Country Right
On January 25, 2022, it was announced that Easton had signed a record deal with Stone Country Records. His first single with the label, "I Can't Decide", was released to country radio on May 9, 2022. It peaked at number 48 on the Country Airplay chart.

His fourth studio album, Let's Do Country Right, was released via Stone Country Records on January 20, 2023. The album's third single, "Marry That Girl", was released to country radio on February 13, 2023.

Discography

Studio albums

Extended plays

Singles

Notes

Promotional singles

Featured singles

Music videos

Awards and nominations

References

1982 births
Living people
People from Gilchrist County, Florida
American country singer-songwriters
American male singer-songwriters
Mercury Records artists
Country musicians from Florida
Singer-songwriters from Florida
21st-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American male singers

Easton Corbin


Vättern is the second biggest lake in Sweden. The lake's total surface area is about  . The deepest known point is . The average depth of the lake is .

Vättern is famous for the quality of its transparent water. Many of the people living in the area get their drinking water directly from Vättern. The lake water does not need to have many things done to it before it is used in nearby cities and towns. The water can be safely drunk from almost any point in the lake. It has been said that Vättern is the largest body of potable water in the world.

Vättern is also noted for its fishing. Tourist sport fishermen and people on vacation are allowed to fish in the lake as long as they do not use nets.

References

Other websites

Lakes of Sweden

Vättern


Rear Admiral Sir Charles Douglas, 1st Baronet (1727 – 17 March 1789) was a descendant of the Earls of Morton and a distinguished British naval officer. He is particularly known for his part in the Battle of the Saintes during the American War of Independence where he helped pioneer the tactic of "breaking the line".

Early career
Douglas was born in Carr, Perthshire, Scotland to Charles Ayton Douglas and Christian Hepburn of Kinglassie. Little is known of his early life, although it is established that he could speak six languages. He joined the Royal Navy at the age of twelve, and spent some time in the Dutch service before resuming his career with the British.

French and Indian War
He was a midshipman at the Siege of Louisbourg (1745), promoted to lieutenant in 1753 and to commander in 1759. By the end of the war in 1763, he was captain of HMS Syren. While commanding the Syren, Sir Charles reported the attack on St. John's and took part in recapturing Newfoundland.

Following the war, Sir Charles went to Saint Petersburg to help re-organize the Russian navy for Catherine the Great in 1764–1765.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in May, 1770 for carrying out "a series of curious experiments to determine the different degrees of cold at different depths in the Sea".

American War of Independence

After the American War of Independence broke out in America in 1775, Douglas was given command of a squadron to relieve Quebec from the siege. When he arrived at the Gulf of St. Lawrence, he decided to ram the ice and successfully made his way up the river, surprising the Americans and putting them on the run. He was also in charge of creating a navy from scratch to fight on Lake Champlain, and that small fleet routed the Americans under Benedict Arnold. In 1777, he was made a baronet for his service in Quebec. As captain of HMS Stirling Castle, he took part in the first Battle of Ushant.

In 1781, Sir Charles became Captain-of-the-Fleet for George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney, and was with Rodney on his flagship, Formidable, at the Battle of the Saintes off Dominica, where on 12 April 1782, they defeated the Comte de Grasse by breaking the French line. Douglas is credited by many, including Sir Charles Dashwood (a midshipman present at the time who later became an admiral himself), for having the idea for the manoeuvre, but it is a subject of much debate.

In 1783, he was made the Commander-in-Chief of North America at the Halifax, Nova Scotia Station, but resigned due to a conflict. In 1787 he became a rear-admiral, and in 1789 was once again made commander of the Nova Scotia station, but died of apoplexy before taking his post.

Naval career

1740 Joined Royal Navy at age twelve
1745 Midshipman at Siege of Louisbourg
1747 Past-Midshipman on HMS Centurion
1753 Lieutenant in the Royal Navy
1759 Promoted to Commander; Commander of HMS Boscawen
1761 Made Post-Captain; Commander of HMS Unicorn, 28 guns
1762 Commander of HMS Syren, 20 guns, Newfoundland
1763 Commander of HMS Tweed, 32 guns Newfoundland
1767 Commander of HMS Emerald, 32 guns
1770 Commander of HMS St. Albans, 61 guns
1774 Commander of HMS Ardent, 64 guns
1775 Commander of , 50 guns, Quebec
1776 Commodore in charge of building Lake Champlain fleet
1777 Commander of HMS Stirling Castle, 64 Guns
1778 Commander of HMS Duke, 98 guns, Channel Fleet
1781 Captain-of-the-Fleet of Sir George Rodney, flagship HMS Formidable, West Indies
1783 Commodore and Commander-in-Chief of Halifax Station, HMS Assistance, 50 guns, HMS Hermione, 32 guns
1787 Promoted to Rear-Admiral
1789 Commander-in-Chief of North American Station, HMS London Man, 50 guns

Personal life

Douglas was married three times: first to a Dutch woman called Uranie Lidie Marteilhe, with whom he had a son and a daughter; second to Sarah Wood of Yorkshire, the mother of Sir Howard Douglas; and third to a woman named Jane, daughter of John Baillie. There is a great deal of confusion regarding the identity of Sir Charles' third wife, whose last name has been variously reported as Baillie, Grew, and Brisbane. It appears that some sources have mistaken his sister, Helena Baillie, for his third wife because she raised his younger children while he was at sea. The name Helen Brisbaine is also an error based on a mistake in The Scottish Nation (1862) where it says she was married to Admiral Sir Charles Douglas when, in fact, she was the wife of Admiral Sir James Douglas. When his eldest daughter, Lydia Mariana, married Rev. Richard Bingham against his wishes, he disinherited her. Following his death, Lydia and her husband sued for a share of his estate, and the case was appealed until finally being decided against them in the House of Lords in 1796. The case is made famous because of a letter Lydia had written to Adam Smith, a friend and distant relative of Sir Charles, requesting his assistance in reconciling the father and daughter.

Douglas is buried in the ground south of the church in Greyfriars Kirkyard in Edinburgh and a memorial lies on the outer south face of the church near the east gable.

Legacy

Sir Charles was known as a mechanical genius, and many of his suggestions for improvements on naval vessels, including the substitution of flintlocks for matches, were adopted by the Admiralty for the entire Royal Navy.

He was succeeded as Baronet of Carr by his sons, Vice-Admiral Sir William Henry Douglas, 2nd Baronet, and General Sir Howard Douglas, 3rd Baronet, who became a General, lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, MP for Liverpool, and Lord High Chancellor of the Ionian Islands.

Both Douglastown and Douglas Township, (the village of Kennetcook, Nova Scotia and surrounding area), are named after him. The song "Caillich Odhar" was composed by Nathaniel Gow in his honor.

References

Fullom, S.W. Life of General Sir Howard Douglas (1865)
Clark, William Bell. Naval Documents of the American Revolution, vol. 3-6 (1968–1971)
Douglas, Percy. History of the Family Douglas, vol. I.
Paton, Thomas S., Reports of Cases Decided in the House of Lords, Upon Appeal from Scotland, from 1753 to 1813, vol. III (1853)
The Complete Baronetage
Burke's Peerage and Baronetage (1938)

External links
Douglastown Historical Review
Quicksilver.net
A Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen (online at Google Books)
Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

|-

1727 births
1789 deaths
Royal Navy personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession
British military personnel of the French and Indian War
Royal Navy personnel of the American Revolutionary War
Royal Navy rear admirals
Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain
Fellows of the Royal Society
Burials at Greyfriars Kirkyard
Scottish naval personnel

Sir Charles Douglas, 1st Baronet


Kos is a Greek island, belonging to the Dodecanese island group in the Aegean Sea.

About 30,000 people live on Kos, 16,000 of them in the island capital Kos City in the west of the island.
There is an international airport near Antimachia in the middle of the island and a sea harbour in Kos City.
Kos Island's main industry is tourism. About 300,000 tourists take rooms on Kos every year and a lot of tourists take a one-day trip to Kos from neighboring islands or the Turkish coast. 17 km overseas lies Bodrum, Turkey.

People have lived on Kos since the 15th century BC, maybe longer.
Until the 4th century BC the capital of the island was in the west of it, near Kefalos. After an earthquake it moved to Kos City.
Later the Hellenics, then the Romans and the Byzantines got the island.
The Knights of St. John built great forts on Kos, in Kos City and near Antimachia.
The Turkish took over Kos in 1523.
From 1912 to 1943 the Dodecanese islands belonged to Italy, from 1943 to 1945 to the Germans, and from 1945 to 1946 the British ruled them. Since 1946 they belong to Greece.

The most important tourist attraction is the Askelepsion, an old temple for the Greek god Askelapsios. It was built between the 5th and the 1st century BC.
The physician Hippocrates was from Kos.

Other websites
Kos Island Official Travel Guide
  photographs castle on Kos.

Islands of Greece

Kos


A Flight Information Display System (FIDS) is a computer system in airports. It tells passengers about arrivals and departures as they happen. The computer system controls mechanical or electronic displays or TV screens.

In large airports, there is a FIDS for each terminal. Some airports use a separate FIDS for each major airline. FID systems help passengers during air travel and people who want to pick-up passengers after the flight.

Each line on an FIDS shows a different flight number and:
 the airline name/logo and/or its IATA or ICAO name
 the city where the aircraft first came from or is going to. It may also show other cities the aircraft is traveling to (or from)
 when the aircraft should take-off or land. This time can change to show if a plane is late
 the gate number
 the check-in counter numbers or the name of the airline in charge of the check-in
 the status of the flight, such as "Landed", "Delayed", or "Boarding"
 if the flight is an arrival or departure

Because of code sharing, a single flight may be shown with many different flight numbers. For example, a flight may use the flight numbers  LH474 and AC9099) even though there is just one aircraft doing both flights. Lines may be sorted by time, airline name, or city.

Display technology
Airports

Flight information display system


Early childhood education (ECE), also known as nursery education, is a branch of education theory that relates to the teaching of children (formally and informally) from birth up to the age of eight. Traditionally, this is up to the equivalent of third grade. ECE is described as an important period in child development.

ECE emerged as a field of study during the Enlightenment, particularly in European countries with high literacy rates. It continued to grow through the nineteenth century as universal primary education became a norm in the Western world. In recent years, early childhood education has become a prevalent public policy issue, as funding for preschool and pre-K is debated by municipal, state, and federal lawmakers. Governing entities are also debating the central focus of early childhood education with debate on developmental appropriate play versus strong academic preparation curriculum in reading, writing, and math. The global priority placed on early childhood education is underscored with targets of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 4. , however, "only around 4 in 10 children aged 3 and 4 attend early childhood education" around the world. Furthermore, levels of participation vary widely by region with, "around 2 in 3 children in Latin American and the Caribbean attending ECE compared to just under half of children in South Asia and only 1 in 4 in sub-Saharan Africa".

ECE is also a professional designation earned through a post-secondary education program. For example, in Ontario, Canada, the designations ECE (Early Childhood Educator) and RECE (Registered Early Childhood Educator) may only be used by registered members of the College of Early Childhood Educators, which is made up of accredited child care professionals who are held accountable to the College's standards of practice.

Research shows that early-childhood education has substantial positive short- and long-term effects on the children who attend such education, and that the costs are dwarfed by societal gains of the education programs.

Theories of child development

The Developmental Interaction Approach is based on the theories of Jean Piaget, Erik Erikson, John Dewey, and Lucy Sprague Mitchell. The approach focuses on learning through discovery.
Jean Jacques Rousseau recommended that teachers should exploit individual children's interests to make sure each child obtains the information most essential to his personal and individual development. The five developmental domains of childhood development include: To meet those developmental domains, a child has a set of needs that must be met for learning. Maslow's hierarchy of needs showcases the different levels of needs that must be met the chart to the right showcases these needs.
 Physical: the way in which a child develops biological and physical functions, including eyesight and motor skills
 Social: the way in which a child interacts with others Children develop an understanding of their responsibilities and rights as members of families and communities, as well as an ability to relate to and work with others.
 Emotional: the way in which a child creates emotional connections and develops self-confidence. Emotional connections develop when children relate to other people and share feelings.
Language: the way in which a child communicates, including how they present their feelings and emotions, both to other people and to themselves. At 3 months, children employ different cries for different needs. At 6 months they can recognize and imitate the basic sounds of spoken language. In the first 3 years, children need to be exposed to communication with others in order to pick up language. "Normal" language development is measured by the rate of vocabulary acquisition.
 Cognitive skills: the way in which a child organizes information. Cognitive skills include problem solving, creativity, imagination and memory. They embody the way in which children make sense of the world. Piaget believed that children exhibit prominent differences in their thought patterns as they move through the stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor period, the pre-operational period, and the operational period.

Froebel's play theory
Friedrich Froebel was a German Educator that believed in the idea of children learning through play. Specifically, he said, "play is the highest expression of human development in childhood, for it alone is the free expression of what is in the child's soul." Froebel believed that teachers should act as a facilitators and supporters for the students's play, rather than an authoritative, disciplinary figure. He created educational open-ended toys that he called "gifts" and "occupations" that were designed to encourage self expression and initiation.

Maria Montessori's theory
Maria Montessori was an Italian physician that, based on her observations of young children in classrooms, developed a method of education that focused on independence. In Montessori education, a typical classroom is made up of students of different ages and curriculum is based on the students' developmental stage, which Montessori called the four planes of development.

Montessori's Four Planes of Development:

 The first plane (birth to age 6): During this stage, children soak up information about the world around them quickly, which is why Montessori refers to it as the "absorbent mind". Physical independence, such as completing tasks independently, is a main focus of the child at this time and children's individual personalities begin to form and develop.
 The second plane (Ages 6–12): During this stage, children also focus on independence, but intellectual rather than physical. Montessori classrooms use what is called "cosmic education" during this stage, which emphasizes children building on their understanding of the world, their place in it, and how everything is interdependent. Children in this plane also begin to develop abstract and moral thinking.
 The third plane (Ages 12–18): During this stage, adolescents shift to focus on emotional independence and on the self. Moral values, critical thinking, and self-identity are explored and strengthened.
 The fourth plane (Ages 18–24): During this last stage, focus shifts to financial independence. Young adults in this plane begin to solidify their personal beliefs, identity, and role in the world.

Vygotsky's socio-cultural learning theory

Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky proposed a "socio-cultural learning theory" that emphasized the impact of social and cultural experiences on individual thinking and the development of mental processes. Vygotsky's theory emerged in the 1930s and is still discussed today as a means of improving and reforming educational practices.
In Vygotsky's theories of learning, he also postulated the theory of the zone of proximal development. This theory ties in with children building off prior knowledge and gaining new knowledge related to skills they already have.  In the theory it describes how new knowledge or skills are taken in if they are not fully learned but are starting to emerge. A teacher or older friend lends support to a child learning a skill, be it building a block castle, tying a shoe, or writing one's name. As the child becomes more capable of the steps of the activity, the adult or older child withdraws supports gradually, until the child is competent completing the process on his/her own. This is done within that activity's zone—the distance between where the child is, and where he potentially will be. In each zone of proximal development, they build on skills and grow by learning more skills in their proximal development range. They build on the skills by being guided by teachers and parents.  They must build from where they are in their zone of proximal development.

Vygotsky argued that since cognition occurs within a social context, our social experiences shape our ways of thinking about and interpreting the world. People such as parents, grandparents, and teachers play the roles of what Vygotsky described as knowledgeable and competent adults. Although Vygotsky predated social constructivists, he is commonly classified as one. Social constructivists believe that an individual's cognitive system is a resditional learning time. Vygotsky advocated that teachers facilitate rather than direct student learning. Teachers should provide a learning environment where students can explore and develop their learning without direct instruction. His approach calls for teachers to incorporate students' needs and interests. It is important to do this because students' levels of interest and abilities will vary and there needs to be differentiation.

However, teachers can enhance understandings and learning for students. Vygotsky states that by sharing meanings that are relevant to the children's environment, adults promote cognitive development as well. Their teachings can influence thought processes and perspectives of students when they are in new and similar environments. Since Vygotsky promotes more facilitation in children's learning, he suggests that knowledgeable people (and adults in particular), can also enhance knowledges through cooperative meaning-making with students in their learning, this can be done through the zone of proximal development by guiding children's learning or thinking skills . Vygotsky's approach encourages guided participation and student exploration with support. Teachers can help students achieve their cognitive development levels through consistent and regular interactions of collaborative knowledge-making learning processes.

Piaget's constructivist theory

Jean Piaget's constructivist theory gained influence in the 1970s and '80s. Although Piaget himself was primarily interested in a descriptive psychology of cognitive development, he also laid the groundwork for a constructivist theory of learning. Piaget believed that learning comes from within: children construct their own knowledge of the world through experience and subsequent reflection. He said that "if logic itself is created rather than being inborn, it follows that the first task of education is to form reasoning." Within Piaget's framework, teachers should guide children in acquiring their own knowledge rather than simply transferring knowledge.

According to Piaget's theory, when young children encounter new information, they attempt to accommodate and assimilate it into their existing understanding of the world. Accommodation involves adapting mental schemas and representations to make them consistent with reality. Assimilation involves fitting new information into their pre-existing schemas. Through these two processes, young children learn by equilibrating their mental representations with reality. They also learn from mistakes.

A Piagetian approach emphasizes experiential education; in school, experiences become more hands-on and concrete as students explore through trial and error. Thus, crucial components of early childhood education include exploration, manipulating objects, and experiencing new environments. Subsequent reflection on these experiences is equally important.

Piaget's concept of reflective abstraction was particularly influential in mathematical education. Through reflective abstraction, children construct more advanced cognitive structures out of the simpler ones they already possess. This allows children to develop mathematical constructs that cannot be learned through equilibration – making sense of experiences through assimilation and accommodation – alone.

According to Piagetian theory, language and symbolic representation is preceded by the development of corresponding mental representations. Research shows that the level of reflective abstraction achieved by young children was found to limit the degree to which they could represent physical quantities with written numerals. Piaget held that children can invent their own procedures for the four arithmetical operations, without being taught any conventional rules.

Piaget's theory implies that computers can be a great educational tool for young children when used to support the design and construction of their projects. McCarrick and Xiaoming found that computer play is consistent with this theory. However, Plowman and Stephen found that the effectiveness of computers is limited in the preschool environment; their results indicate that computers are only effective when directed by the teacher. This suggests, according to the constructivist theory, that the role of preschool teachers is critical in successfully adopting computers as they existed in 2003.

Kolb's experiential learning theory

David Kolb's experiential learning theory, which was influenced by John Dewey, Kurt Lewin and Jean Piaget, argues that children need to experience things to learn: "The process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience. Knowledge results from the combinations of grasping and transforming experience." The experimental learning theory is distinctive in that children are seen and taught as individuals. As a child explores and observes, teachers ask the child probing questions. The child can then adapt prior knowledge to learning new information.

Kolb breaks down this learning cycle into four stages: concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation. Children observe new situations, think about the situation, make meaning of the situation, then test that meaning in the world around them.

Practical implications of early childhood education
In recent decades, studies have shown that early childhood education is critical in preparing children to enter and succeed in the (grade school) classroom, diminishing their risk of social-emotional mental health problems and increasing their self-sufficiency later in their lives. In other words, the child needs to be taught to rationalize everything and to be open to interpretations and critical thinking. There is no subject to be considered taboo, starting with the most basic knowledge of the world that they live in, and ending with deeper areas, such as morality, religion and science. Visual stimulus and response time as early as 3 months can be an indicator of verbal and performance IQ at age 4 years. When parents value ECE and its importance their children generally have a higher rate of attendance. This allows children the opportunity to build and nurture trusting relationships with educators and social relationships with peers.

By providing education in a child's most formative years, ECE also has the capacity to pre-emptively begin closing the educational achievement gap between low and high-income students before formal schooling begins. Children of low socioeconomic status (SES) often begin school already behind their higher SES peers; on average, by the time they are three, children with high SES have three times the number of words in their vocabularies as children with low SES. Participation in ECE, however, has been proven to increase high school graduation rates, improve performance on standardized tests, and reduce both grade repetition and the number of children placed in special education.

A study was conducted by the Aga Khan Development Network's Madrasa Early Childhood Programme on the impact that early childhood education had on students' performance in grade school. Looking specifically at students who attended the Madrasa Early Childhood schools (virtually all of whom came from economically disadvantaged backgrounds), the study found that they had consistently ranked in the top 20% in grade 1 classes. The study also concluded that any formal early childhood education contributed to higher levels of cognitive development in language, mathematics, and non-verbal reasoning skills.

Especially since the first wave of results from the Perry Preschool Project were published, there has been widespread consensus that the quality of early childhood education programs correlate with gains in low-income children's IQs and test scores, decreased grade retention, and lower special education rates.

Several studies have reported that children enrolled in ECE increase their IQ scores by 4–11 points by age five, while a Milwaukee study reported a 25-point gain. In addition, students who had been enrolled in the Abecedarian Project, an often-cited ECE study, scored significantly higher on reading and math tests by age fifteen than comparable students who had not participated in early childhood programs. In addition, 36% of students in the Abecedarian Preschool Study treatment group would later enroll in four-year colleges compared to 14% of those in the control group.

In 2017, researchers reported that children who participate in ECE graduate high school at significantly greater rates than those who do not. Additionally, those who participate in ECE require special education and must repeat a grade at significantly lower rates than their peers who did not receive ECE. The NIH asserts that ECE leads to higher test scores for students from preschool through age 21, improved grades in math and reading, and stronger odds that students will keep going to school and attend college.

Nathaniel Hendren and Ben Sprung-Keyser, two Harvard economists, found high Marginal Values of Public Funds (MVPFs) for investments in programs supporting the health and early education of children, particularly those that reach children from low-income families. The average MVPF for these types of initiatives is over 5, while the MVPFs for programs for adults generally range from 0.5 to 2.

Beyond benefitting societal good, ECE also significantly impacts the socioeconomic outcomes of individuals. For example, by age 26, students who had been enrolled in Chicago Child-Parent Centers were less likely to be arrested, abuse drugs, and receive food stamps; they were more likely to have high school diplomas, health insurance and full-time employment. Studies also show that ECE heightens social engagement, bolsters lifelong health, reduces the incidence of teen pregnancy, supports mental health, decreases the risk of heart disease, and lengthens lifespans.

The World Bank's 2019 World Development Report on The Changing Nature of Work identifies early childhood development programs as one of the most effective ways governments can equip children with the skills they will need to succeed in future labor markets.

According to a 2020 study in the Journal of Political Economy by Clemson University economist Jorge Luis García, Nobel laureate James J. Heckman and University of Southern California economists Duncan Ermini Leaf and María José Prados, every dollar spent on a high-quality early-childhood programs led to a return of $7.3 over the long-term.

The Perry Preschool Project

The Perry Preschool Project, which was conducted in the 1960s in Ypsilanti, Michigan, is the oldest social experiment in the field of early childhood education and has heavily influenced policy in the United States and across the globe. The experiment enrolled 128 three- and four-year-old African-American children with cognitive disadvantage from low-income families, who were then randomly assigned to treatment and control groups. The intervention for children in the treatment group included active learning preschool sessions on weekdays for 2.5 hours per day. The intervention also included weekly visits by the teachers to the homes of the children for about 1.5 hours per visit to improve parent-child interactions at home.

Initial evaluations of the Perry intervention showed that the preschool program failed to significantly boost an IQ measure. However, later evaluations that followed up the participants for more than fifty years have demonstrated the long-term economic benefits of the program, even after accounting for the small sample size of the experiment, flaws in its randomization procedure, and sample attrition. There is substantial evidence of large treatment effects on the criminal convictions of male participants, especially for violent crime, and their earnings in middle adulthood. Research points to improvements in non-cognitive skills, executive functioning, childhood home environment, and parental attachment as potential sources of the observed long-term impacts of the program. The intervention's many benefits also include improvements in late-midlife health for both male and female participants. Perry promoted educational attainment through two avenues: total years of education attained and rates of progression to a given level of education. This pattern is particularly evident for females. Treated females received less special education, progressed more quickly through grades, earned higher GPAs, and attained higher levels of education than their control group counterparts.

Research also demonstrates spillover effects of the Perry program on the children and siblings of the original participants. A study concludes, "The children of treated participants have fewer school suspensions, higher levels of education and employment, and lower levels of participation in crime, compared with the children of untreated participants. Impacts are especially pronounced for the children of male participants. These treatment effects are associated with improved childhood home environments." The study also documents beneficial impacts on the male siblings of the original participants. Evidence from the Perry Preschool Project is noteworthy because it advocates for public spending on early childhood programs as an economic investment in a society's future, rather than in the interest of social justice.

International agreements
The first World Conference on Early Childhood Care and Education took place in Moscow from 27 to 29 September 2010, jointly organized by UNESCO and the city of Moscow. The overarching goals of the conference are to:

Under Goal 4 of the Sustainable Development Goals, which the UN General Assembly unanimously approved in 2015, countries committed to "ensure inclusive and equitable quality education' including early childhood." Two targets related to goal 4 are "by 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and pre-primary education so that they are ready for primary education." The 'Framework for Action' adopted by UNESCO member states later in 2015 outlines how to translate this last target into practice, and encourages states to provide "at least one year of free and compulsory pre-primary education of good quality." The Sustainable Development Goals, however, are not binding international law.

It has been argued that "International law provides no effective protection of the right to pre-primary education." Just two global treaties explicitly reference education prior to primary school. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women requires states to ensure equality for girls "in pre-school." And in the Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, states agree that access to "public pre-school educational institutions" shall not be denied due to the parents' or child's "irregular situation with respect to stay."

Less explicitly, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities requires that "States Parties shall ensure an inclusive education system at all levels."

In 2022, Human Rights Watch adopted a policy calling on states to make at least one year of free and compulsory, inclusive, quality pre-primary education available and accessible for all children. In doing so they advocated making one year of pre-primary education to be included as part of the minimum core of the right to education. They further called on all states to adopt a detailed plan of action for the progressive implementation of further years of pre-primary education, within a reasonable number of years to be fixed in the plan.

According to UNESCO, a preschool curriculum is one that delivers educational content through daily activities and furthers a child's physical, cognitive, and social development. Generally, preschool curricula are only recognized by governments if they are based on academic research and reviewed by peers.

Preschool for Child Rights have pioneered into preschool curricular areas and is contributing into child rights through their preschool curriculum.

Curricula in early childhood care and education

Curricula in early childhood care and education (ECCE) is the driving force behind any ECCE programme. It is 'an integral part of the engine that, together with the energy and motivation of staff, provides the momentum that makes programmes live'. It follows therefore that the quality of a programme is greatly influenced by the quality of its curriculum. In early childhood, these may be programs for children or parents, including health and nutrition interventions and prenatal programs, as well as center-based programs for children.

Barriers and challenges
Children's learning potential and outcomes are negatively affected by exposure to violence, abuse and child labour. Thus, protecting young children from violence and exploitation is part of broad educational concerns. Due to difficulties and sensitivities around the issue of measuring and monitoring child protection violations and gaps in defining, collecting and analysing appropriate indicators, data coverage in this area is scant. However, proxy indicators can be used to assess the situation. For example, ratification of relevant international conventions indicates countries' commitment to child protection. By April 2014, 194 countries had ratified the CRC3; and 179 had ratified the 1999 International Labour Organization's Convention (No. 182) concerning the elimination of the worst forms of child labour. However, many of these ratifications are yet to be given full effect through actual implementation of concrete measures. Globally, 150 million children aged 5–14 are estimated to be engaged in child labour. In conflict-affected poor countries, children are twice as likely to die before their fifth birthday compared to those in other poor countries. In industrialized countries, 4 per cent of children are physically abused each year and 10 per cent are neglected or psychologically abused.

In both developed and developing countries, children of the poor and the disadvantaged remain the least served. This exclusion persists against the evidence that the added value of early childhood care and education services are higher for them than for their more affluent counterparts, even when such services are of modest quality. While the problem is more intractable in developing countries, the developed world still does not equitably provide quality early childhood care and education services for all its children. In many European countries, children, mostly from low-income and immigrant families, do not have access to good quality early childhood care and education.

Orphan education
A lack of education during the early childhood years for orphans is a worldwide concern. Orphans are at higher risk of "missing out on schooling, living in households with less food security, and suffering from anxiety and depression." Education during these years has the potential to improve a child's "food and nutrition, health care, social welfare, and protection." This crisis is especially prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa which has been heavily impacted by the aids epidemic. UNICEF reports that "13.3 million children (0–17 years) worldwide have lost one or both parents to AIDS. Nearly 12 million of these children live in sub-Saharan Africa." Government policies such as the Free Basic Education Policy have worked to provide education for orphan children in this area, but the quality and inclusiveness of this policy has brought criticism.

Notable early childhood educators
Fred Rogers
Charles Eugene Beatty
Friedrich Fröbel
Elizabeth Harrison
David P. Weikart
Juan Sánchez Muliterno, President of The World Association of Early Childhood Educators
Maria Montessori

See also

Baby video
Bright from the Start
Compensatory education
Head Start Program
Pretend play
Men in early childhood education
Montessori education
Playwork
Preschool Curriculum
Primary education
Reading
Reggio Emilia approach
Waldorf education

References

Citations

Sources

 Neaum, S. (2013). Child development for early years students and practitioners. 2nd Edition. London: Sage Publications.

External links

National Institute for Early Education Research
National Education Association

Educational stages

Early childhood education


Eremalche rotundifolia, the desert five-spot, is a flowering plant in the family Malvaceae, native to the Mojave Desert and Colorado Desert in the Southwestern United States.

This dicot and annual herb  is found in scrublands, desert flats, washes and open stony areas between 50 and 1,500 m in elevation. It can be found in Anza-Borrego Desert State Park and in Death Valley National Park in southern California. It can also be found in Nevada and Utah.

Generally this wildflower is only found between March and May.

Description

Eremalche rotundifolia is an annual plant growing to 8–60 cm tall, with rounded leaves 1.5–6 cm broad with a toothed margin.

The flowers are dark-pink to lilac with five overlapping petals, each with a dark red/purple spot near the base. When fully open the petals are slightly in-curved, giving the flower a nearly spherical shape. The center contains a ring of light pink stigmas around a group of smaller pink stamens.

The leave are round and green with a covering of short bristly hairs, while the red/brown stems have similar but longer hairs. Stems are usually unbranched.

Petals close at night, reopening the next morning, and the leaves move during the day to receive the maximum amount of sunlight.

References

Jepson Flora Project: Eremalche rotundifolia
USDA Plant Profile: Eremalche rotundifolia
Mojave Desert Wildflowers, Jon Mark Stewart, 1998, pg. 132

External links
 Calflora Database: Eremalche rotundifolia (Desert five spot)
USDA Plants Profile for Eremalche rotundifolia (Desert fivespot)

Malveae
Flora of the California desert regions
Flora of the Sonoran Deserts
Flora of Arizona
Flora of Nevada
Natural history of the Colorado Desert
Natural history of the Mojave Desert
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Eremalche rotundifolia


Jan Szczepanik (June 13, 1872 – April 18, 1926) was a Polish inventor, with several hundred patents and over 50 discoveries to his name, many of which are still applied today, especially in the motion picture industry, as well as in photography and television. Some of his concepts helped the future evolution of TV broadcasting, such as the telectroscope (an apparatus for distant reproduction of images and sound using electricity) or the wireless telegraph, which greatly affected the development of telecommunications. He died in Tarnów in the Second Polish Republic.

Biography

Szczepanik was born in the Austrian Partition, in the village of Rudniki near Mościska (now Mostyska, Ukraine) but relocated as infant with his mother to Zręcin in the industrial region of Krosno, where he grew up. His birthplace was controlled by Austria-Hungary between 1772–1918 after the partitions of Poland. Szczepanik graduated from a teachers' college and spent a lot of time reading scientific literature and journals. He moved to Vienna after his attempt to advance the Jacquard loom from France (invented in 1801) was rejected by some local weavers for fear of losing business. His knowledge of fabric however, enabled him to create the first ballistic vest using silk. Spanish king Alfonso XIII (who used it in 1901) awarded him an order for its invention. Szczepanik was granted awards by other royal courts. The Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria relieved him of mandatory military service fascinated with photosculpture – known also as photoplastigraphy – introduced to him by Szczepanik. It was based on an idea patented in 1859 by François Willème (1830–1905) for producing portrait sculpture using synchronized photo projections. The Emperor gave him a pair of pistols for that as a souvenir.

Before World War I, Szczepanik carried out experiments with photography and image projection, as well as with small format color film. He holds patents for a new weaving method, a system of obtaining tri-color photography rasters, and equipment for sound recording and playback.

Following the discoverer's idea, Agfa corporation produced its Agfacolor reversible paper; color films were also made for the first time, projecting 24 frames per second. Szczepanik's more significant discoveries also include the colorimeter (a color control tool), an electric rifle, and a color image weaving method, together with the automation of their production.

Szczepanik also worked on a moving wing aircraft, a duplex rotor helicopter, a dirigible, and a submarine. Mark Twain met Szczepanik and described him in two of his articles:  "The Austrian Edison keeping school again" (1898) and "From The Times of 1904" (1898).

See also
List of Poles
Timeline of Polish science and technology

References

Entry at Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs.  Poland.gov.pl website (either the main source in 2004, or a mirror from 2008).

External links

 Szczepanik on Timeline of Historical Film Colors with primary and secondary sources.

1872 births
1926 deaths
Cinema pioneers
Polish inventors
Inventors from Austria-Hungary

Jan Szczepanik