Voting is a method by which a group, such as a meeting or an electorate, convenes together for the purpose of making a collective decision or expressing an opinion usually following discussions, debates or election campaigns. Democracies elect holders of high office by voting.  Residents of a jurisdiction represented by an elected official are called "constituents", and the constituents who choose to cast a ballot for their chosen candidate are called "voters."  There are different systems for collecting votes, but while many of the systems used in decision-making can also be used as electoral systems, any which cater to proportional representation can only be used in elections.

In smaller organizations, voting can occur in many different ways: formally via ballot to elect others for example within a workplace, to elect members of political associations, or to choose roles for others; or informally with a spoken agreement or a gesture like a raised hand, or electronically.

In politics
In a democracy, the government is elected by the people who vote in an election: a way for an electorate to elect, i.e., choose, among several different candidates. It is more than likely that elections will be between two opposing parties. These two will be the most established and most popular parties in the country. For example, in the US, the competition is between the Republicans and the Democrats. In an indirect democracy, voting is the method by which the person elected (in charge) represents the people, whilst making decisions. Direct democracy is the complete opposite, the people make the policy decisions directly without selecting a representative to do it for them.

A majority vote is when more than half of voters vote for the same person or party. However, whilst it is usually said each individual's vote does count, many countries use a combination of factors to decide who has power, not the at-large "popular vote". Most influential of these factors are districts that divide the electorate.  For example, in the UK a party winning plurality in a majority of constituencies wins majority government, but they may not always have the most individual votes (i.e. they may have lose the popular vote but still win the seat count). (It is also possible for a party to win plurality in a minority of constituencies (but more than any other one party) and thus win minority government.)

Many liberal democracies use what is called a secret ballot, hoping to prevent individuals from becoming influenced by other people and to protect their political privacy. The objective of secret ballots is to try to achieve the most authentic outcome, without any risk of peer pressure, threat, or services linked to one's vote: the person votes for their actual preferred choice.

Voting often takes place at a polling station but voting can also be done remotely by mail or using internet voting (such as in Estonia). Voting is voluntary in some countries, like the UK, but it may be compulsory in others, such as Australia.

Because countries have different rules about whether or not voting is compulsory, statistics showing how voting has changed will differ.

Decision-making systems
Voters seek one outcome: a government majority who will vote in favor of a decision or a prioritization that the voter cares about. Voters and/or elected representatives may seek in several way to identify what the majority opinion is. Three types include the simple, weighted, or consociational majority vote. Other multi-option procedures incluide include two-round voting, the alternative vote AV - also known as instant run-off voting IRV - and the single transferable vote STV), approval voting, a Borda Count BC, the Modified Borda Count MBC, and the Condorcet rule, nearly all of which are also used as electoral systems. They are outlined below.

Electoral systems
There are many electoral methods.  The purpose of an election may be to choose one person, such as a president, or a group, such as a committee or a parliament.  In electing a parliament, either each of many small constituencies can elect a single representative, as in Britain; or each of a lesser number of multi-member constituencies may elect two or more representatives, as in Ireland; or multi-member districts and some single-member districts can be used; or the entire country can be treated as one "at-large" district, as in The Netherlands.

Different voting systems use different ballot designs. Some ballots allow only one choice to be selected (single X voting); others allow ranking or selecting multiple options (Ranked ballots).

Different voting systems allow each voter to cast a different number of votes - only one (single voting as in First-past-the-post voting, Single non-transferable voting and Single transferable voting); as many as are being elected in a multiple-member district (multiple voting as used in Plurality block voting; more than one but fewer than are being elected in a multiple-member district (Limited voting). Most allow a voter to put just one vote on each candidate, but others allow a voter's votes to be piled on to one candidate.

Different voting systems require different levels of support to be elected. Plurality voting (First-past-the-post voting) elects the candidate with more votes than any other single candidate. It does not require the winner to achieve a voting majority, to have more than half of the total votes cast. In First-past-the-post voting, when more than two candidates run, the winner commonly has less than half of the vote, as few as 18 percent was recorded in 2014 in Toronto. In Instant-runoff voting, a candidate must have a majority of votes to be elected, although presence of exhausted votes may mean that the majority at time of final count is not majority of votes cast.

In STV, any candidate who takes quota (usually set at much less than half of the votes) is elected; others without quota (but with more votes than any other single candidate) may be declared elected as well.

Side effects of First-past-the-post voting include a waste of votes due to vote splitting, a two-party system and political polarization due to electing candidates that do not support centrism. To understand why a race using First-past-the-post voting tends to favor less-centric candidates, consider a simple lab experiment where students in a class vote for their favorite marble. If five marbles are assigned names and are placed "up for election", and if three of them are green, one is red, and one is blue, then a green marble will rarely win the election. The reason for the green's lack of success is vote splitting. The three green marbles will split the votes of those who prefer green. In fact, in this analogy, the only way that a green marble is likely to win is if more than three-fifths of the voters prefer green. If the same number of people prefer green as those who prefer red and blue, that is to say, if one-third of the voters prefer green, one-third prefer blue, and one-third prefer red, then each green marble will only get one-ninth of the vote, if the green marbles each take same number of votes, while the red and blue marbles will each get one-third, putting the green marbles at a serious disadvantage. If the experiment is repeated with other colors, the color that is in the majority (if eh majority is spit among multiple choices) will still rarely win. In other words, from a purely mathematical perspective, a single-winner system tends to favor a winner that is different from the majority, if the majority runs multiple candidates, and if the minority group runs just one candidate. This minority rule success can also result if multiple winners are elected and voters cast multiple votes (Plurality block voting]]). But even if the majority is split among multiple candidates, proportionate results can still be produced if votes can be transferred, as under STV, or if multiple winners are elected and each voter has just one vote.

Alternatives to First-past-the-post voting include approval voting, two-round, proportional representation, and instant-runoff voting. With approval voting, voters are encouraged to vote for as many candidates as they approve of, so the winner is much more likely to be any one of the five marbles because people who prefer green will be able to vote for every one of the green marbles. With two-round elections, the field of candidates is thinned prior to the second round of voting. In most cases, the winner must receive a majority of the votes, which is more than half. If no candidate obtains a majority in the first round, then the two candidates with the most significant plurality run again for the second round of voting. Variants exist regarding these two points: the requirement for being elected at the first round is sometimes less than 50%, and the rules for participation in the runoff may vary.

With single-round ranked voting, such as instant-runoff voting system as used in some elections in Australia and the United States, voters rank each candidate in order of preference (1,2,3,4 etc.). Votes are distributed to each candidate according to the first preferences. If no single candidate has 50% of the vote, then the candidate with the fewest votes is excluded and their votes are redistributed according to the voter's nominated order of preference. The process repeats itself until a candidate has 50% or more votes. The system is designed to produce the same result as an exhaustive ballot but using only a single round of voting.

Ranked voting is also used in a PR format. PR-STV is used in Australia, Ireland and Malta. Quota is calculated. In say a four-seat constituency, quota (if Droop quota is used) is 20 percent of the valid vote plus 1. Every candidate with quota (of 1st preferences alone or combination of first preferences and later preferences) will be elected. If a candidate has more than a quota and seats are yet to be filled, his/her surplus will be distributed to the other candidates in proportion to all of that candidate's 2nd preferences, in line with secondary preferences marked on the vote if any. If there are still candidates to be elected and no surplus votes to be transferred, the least-popular is eliminated, as above in AV or IRV, and the process continues until four candidates have reached a quota or are declared elected when the field of candidates is thinned to the number of remaining open seats.

In the Quota Borda System, QBS, Emerson P (2012) the voters also cast their preferences, 1,2,3,4... as they wish. In the analysis, all 1st preferences are counted; all 2nd preferences are counted; after these preferences have been translated into points per the rules of an MBC, the candidates' points are also counted. Seats are awarded to any candidates with a quota of 1st preferences; to any pair of candidates with two quotas of 1st/2nd preferences; and if seats are still to be filled, to those candidates with the highest MBC scores.

In a voting system that uses multiple votes (Plurality block voting), the voter can vote for any subset of the running candidates. So, a voter might vote for Alice, Bob, and Charlie, rejecting Daniel and Emily. Approval voting uses such multiple votes.

In a voting system that uses a ranked vote, the voter ranks the candidates in order of preference. For example, they might mark a preference for Bob in the first place, then Emily, then Alice, then Daniel, and finally Charlie. Ranked voting systems, such as those used in Australia and Ireland, use a ranked vote.

In a voting system that uses a scored vote (or range vote), the voter gives each alternative a number between one and ten (the upper and lower bounds may vary). See cardinal voting systems.

Some "multiple-winner" systems such as the Single Non-Transferable Vote, SNTV, used in Afghanistan and Vanuatu give a single vote or one vote per elector per available position.

STV uses single ranked votes; block voting (Plurality-at-large voting) are often used for at-large positions such as on some city councils.

Finally, the Condorcet rule is used (sometimes) in decision-making. The voters or elected representatives cast their preferences on one, some, or all options, 1,2,3,4... as in PR-STV or QBS. In the analysis, option A is compared to option B, and if A is more popular than B, then A wins this pairing. Next, A is compared with option C, then D, and so on. Likewise, B is compared with C, D, etc. The option which wins the most pairings, (if there is one), is the Condorcet winner.

Referendums
When the citizens of a country are invited to vote, they are participating in an election. However, people can also vote in referendums and initiatives. Since the end of the eighteenth century, more than five hundred national referendums (including initiatives) were organized in the world; among them, more than three hundred were held in Switzerland. Australia ranked second with dozens of referendums.

Most referendums are binary.  The first multi-option referendum was held in New Zealand in 1894, and most of them are conducted under a two-round system.  New Zealand had a five-option referendum in 1992, while Guam had a six-option plebiscite in 1982, which also offered a blank option, in case some voters wanted to (campaign and) vote for a seventh option.

Fair voting

The results of an election may lead to confusion, and in extreme cases, could lead to violence and even a civil war. Many alternatives may fall in the latitude of indifference—they are neither accepted nor rejected.

There are social choice theory definitions of seemingly reasonable criteria that are a measure of the fairness of certain aspects of voting, including non-dictatorship, unrestricted domain, non-imposition, Pareto efficiency, and independence of irrelevant alternatives.  However, Arrow's impossibility theorem states that no voting system can meet all these standards.

To ensure fair voting and to prevent the misuse of its microblogging platform, Twitter announced that it was going to be adding a feature for its users to be able to report content that misleads voters.

Negative voting

Negative voting allows a vote that expresses the people's disapproval of a candidate. For explanatory purposes, consider a hypothetical voting system that uses negative voting.  In this system, one vote is allowed, with the choice of either for a candidate or against a candidate. Each positive vote adds one to a candidate's overall total, while a negative vote subtracts one, arriving at a net favorability. The candidate with the highest net favorability is the winner. Not only is a negative total possible, but also, a candidate may even be elected with 0 votes if enough negative votes are cast against their opponents.

Under this implementation, negative voting is no different from a positive voting system, when only two candidates are on the ballot. However, in the case of three or more candidates, each negative vote for a candidate counts positively toward all of the other candidates.

Consider the following example:

Three candidates are running for the same seat. Two hypothetical election results are given, contrasting positive and negative voting.  (The illustration assumes perfect polling accuracy and total voter turnout.)

Election results with positive voting:
A-voters, with the clear advantage of 40%, logically vote for Candidate A.  B-voters, unconfident of their candidate's chances, split their votes exactly in half, giving both Candidates A and C 15% each.  C-voters, also logically vote for their candidate.  A is the winner with 55%, C at 45%, and B at 0%.

Election results with negative voting:
A-voters again, with the clear advantage of 40%, logically vote for Candidate A. B-voters, split exactly in half. Each B-voter decides to vote negatively against their least favourite candidate, with the reasoning that this negative vote allows them to express approval for the two other candidates.  C-voters also decide to vote negatively against Candidate A, reasoning along similar lines.  Candidate B is the winner with 0 votes.  Enough negative votes were cast against Candidate B's opponents, resulting in negative totals.  Candidate A, despite having polled at 40%, winds up with -5%, offset due to the aggregate 45% of negative votes cast by B and C voters. Candidate C ends up with -15%.

Proxy voting

Proxy voting is a form of voting in which a registered citizen who can legally vote passes on his or her vote to a different voter or electorate who will vote in his stead.

Anti-voting

In South Africa, there is a strong presence of anti-voting campaigns by poor citizens. They make the structural argument that no political party truly represents them. This resulted in the "No Land! No House! No Vote!" campaign, which becomes very prominent each time the country holds elections. The campaign is prominent among three of South Africa's largest social movements: the Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign, Abahlali baseMjondolo, and the Landless Peoples Movement.

Other social movements in other parts of the world also have similar campaigns or non-voting preferences. These include the Zapatista Army of National Liberation and various anarchist-oriented movements.

It is possible to make a blank vote, carrying out the act of voting, which may be compulsory, without selecting any candidate or option, often as an act of protest. In some jurisdictions, there is an official none of the above option and it is counted as a valid vote. Usually, blank and null votes are counted (together or separately) but are not considered valid.

Voting and information
Modern political science has questioned whether average citizens have sufficient political knowledge to cast meaningful votes. A series of studies coming out of the University of Michigan in the 1950s and 1960s argued that many voters lack a basic understanding of current issues, the liberal–conservative ideological dimension, and the relative ideological dilemma that are important to understand when making political decisions. Studies from other institutions have suggested that the physical appearance of candidates is a criterion upon which voters base their decision. Voting advice applications can increase political knowledge enabling to cast informed votes.

Religious views
Christadelphians, Jehovah's Witnesses, Old Order Amish, Rastafarians, the Assemblies of Yahweh, and some other religious groups, have a policy of not participating in politics and this extends to voting. Rabbis from all Jewish denominations encourage voting and some even consider it a religious obligation.

Meetings and gatherings
Whenever several people who do not all agree need to make some decision, voting is a very common way of reaching a decision peacefully. The right to vote is usually restricted to certain people. Members of a society or club, or shareholders of a company, but not outsiders, may elect its officers, or adopt or change its rules, in a similar way to the election of people to official positions. A panel of judges, either formal judicial authorities or judges of the competition, may decide by voting. A group of friends or members of a family may decide which film to see by voting. The method of voting can range from formal submission of written votes, through show of hands, voice voting or audience response systems, to informal noting which outcome seems to be preferred by more people.

Voting basis
According to Robert's Rules of Order, a widely used guide to parliamentary procedure, the bases for determining the voting result consists of two elements: (1) the number of votes that are required for a proposal to be adopted or for a candidate to be elected (e.g. more than half, two-thirds, three-quarters, etc., of the total); and (2) the set of members to which the proportion applies (e.g. the members present and voting, the members present, the entire membership of the organization, the entire electorate, etc.). An example of this concept is the need for a majority vote of the members present and voting.

Alternatively, a decision could be made without a formal vote by using unanimous consent.

A voting method is the way in which people cast their votes in an election or a referendum. There are several different methods in use around the world.

Voting methods in deliberative assemblies

Deliberative assemblies—bodies that use parliamentary procedure to arrive at decisions—use several methods when voting on motions (formal proposals by a member or members of a deliberative assembly). The regular methods of voting in such bodies are a voice vote, a rising vote, and a show of hands. Additional forms of voting include a recorded vote and balloting. The assembly can decide on the voting method by adopting a motion on it.

Voting methods

Paper-based methods

The most common voting method uses paper ballots on which voters mark their preferences. This may involve marking their support for a candidate or party listed on the ballot, or a write-in where they write out the name of their preferred candidate (if it is not listed).

An alternative method that is still paper-based known as ballot letters is used in Israel, where polling booths contain a tray with ballots for each party running in the elections; the ballots are marked with the letter(s) assigned to that party. Voters are given an envelope into which they put the ballot of the party they wish to vote for, before placing the envelope in the ballot box. The same system is also implemented in Latvia.

Machine voting

Machine voting uses voting machines, which may be manual (e.g. lever machines) or electronic.

Online voting
Some countries allow people to vote online. Estonia was one of the first countries to use online voting: it was first used in their 2005 local elections.

Postal voting
Many countries allow postal voting, where voters are sent a ballot and return it by post.

Open ballot
In contrast to a secret ballot, an open ballot takes place in public and is commonly done by a show of hands. An example is the Landsgemeinde system in Switzerland, which is still in use in the cantons of Appenzell Innerrhoden, Glarus, Grisons, and Schwyz.

Other methods
In Gambia, voting is carried out using marbles.  The method was introduced in 1965 to deal with illiteracy. Polling stations contain metal drums painted in party colours and emblems with candidates' photos attached to them. Voters are given a marble to place in the drum of their chosen candidate; when dropped into the drum, a bell sounds to register the vote. To avoid confusion, bicycles are banned near polling booths on election day. If the marble is left on top of the drum rather than placed in it, the vote is deemed invalid.

A similar system used in social clubs sees voters given a white ball to indicate support and a black ball to indicate opposition. This led to the coining of the term blackballing.

In person

Some votes are carried out in person if all the people eligible to vote are present. This could be by a show of hands or keypad polling.

See also

References

External links

Voting
A history of voting in the United States from the Smithsonian Institution.
A New Nation Votes: American Elections Returns 1787-1825
Can I Vote?—a nonpartisan US resource for registering to vote and finding your polling place from the National Association of Secretaries of State.
 This contains a brief history of voting in Ancient Greece and Rome; see also Electoral system s.v. History.
 The Canadian Museum of Civilization — A History of the Vote in Canada

Elections
Parliamentary procedure

Voting


Allan Kämpe was a Swedish science fiction comic, created by writer, journalist and artist Eugen Semitjov (1923–1987) in December 1942.

Setting
It all begins when Allan and his wife Eva Kämpe are flying around near the North Pole. They experience a possible fuel leak and crash in the cold winter landscape. Allan and Eva are then rescued by four people who claim to be the heads of something called Hjärntrusten ("Braintrust"). They are shown around, and get to see some technology that clearly is very advanced. Allan and Eva decide to join the Braintrust, and so the adventures begin.

Characters

Allan and Eva Kämpe
Allan and Eva Kämpe are both pilots, and while working for the Braintrust they get many opportunities to develop their skills, as they often fly aeroplanes and spaceships of various kinds. While Allan is the title character, Eva is not far behind, if at all. She is a self-willed and intelligent woman interested in new technological inventions, and while this is anything but spectacular today, it might have been more unusual for the hero and the heroine to be so equal back then. This comic was well before its time not only when it came to technology.

Technology
The Braintrust is formed by people who believe they can solve many of the world's problems by using science and advanced technology. Indeed, both the Braintrust as well as "the bad guys" make use of futuristic and advanced technology. A few examples of this includes: a form of nuclear powered ion thruster, a wide range of spaceships, ringformed space stations, "televisors", and technology for altering the weather. These things were, and most still are, decades before their time, considering this comic was drawn in the 1940s and the 1950s.

References
www.allankampe.net

Allan Kämpe
Swedish comics characters
Science fiction characters
Allan Kämpe
Comics characters introduced in 1942
Male characters in comics
Fictional aviators
Comics set in the Arctic

Allan Kämpe


James Timothy Hunt (born April 1, 1959) is an American-Canadian author and journalist. He has also written children's books under the pen name Tim Beiser.

Biography

Hunt was born and raised in Los Angeles, California, and attended university in Montana, receiving a B.S. in Economics and Business Administration from Rocky Mountain College in 1981. He became a Canadian citizen in 2004, and resides in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and Grignan, France, with his husband, Morton Beiser and twin sons, Daniel and Rowan.

Publishing

During his 16 years as a resident of New York City, he became known as a playwright and author of science fiction short stories. His plays Angel Fire and The Lunatic were presented Off-Off Broadway. His short fiction can be found in the anthologies Lovers and Other Monsters and Don't Open This Book, both published by Doubleday. He has been writer in residence three times at the Helene Wurlitzer Foundation of New Mexico, and was the founder of The Writers' Workout creative writing studio in New York. He received a B.A.A. in Journalism from Toronto's Ryerson University in 1999.

Hunt has written for many publications in Canada, including National Post Business, Toronto Life, Elm Street, Reader's Digest, and Saturday Night. A feature article in Saturday Night in June 2000 about Owens Wiwa, brother of controversially-executed Nigerian environmentalist Ken Saro-Wiwa, was expanded in 2005 into a book about the ordeal, The Politics of Bones.

In 2007, Hunt began writing children's fiction for Tundra Books under the pseudonym Tim Beiser. He is the author of Bradley McGogg, the Very Fine Frog published by Tundra Books (2009). In his "fresh" rhyming verses, Beiser employs "all the tricks of the trade, such as enjambment, sound echoes, and internal rhyme."

Film and television

Since 2013, Hunt as worked as a script supervisor, screenwriter, and actor in the film and television industry.

Books

As J. Timothy Hunt
 The Politics of Bones
 Killing Time in Taos
 Madame de Sévigné and Her Children at the Court of Versailles, translator

As Tim Beiser
 Bradley McGogg, the Very Fine Frog
 Miss Mousie's Blind Date
 Little Chicken Duck
 There, There

Awards and recognitions
Hunt was recognized in 2005 by the 29th annual National Magazine Awards for an article in Saturday Night about his own same-sex marriage.

His profile of The New Yorker magazine's Malcolm Gladwell won three North American journalism awards and was nominated in 2000 for a Canadian National Magazine Award.

List of awards
 Canada Council for the Arts: "The Marquise Skull Affair," (Creative Writing Grant), 2007
 Canadian National Magazine Award: "For Better or Worse?" (Nominee, Best Essay), 2006
 Canada Council for the Arts: "The Politics of Bones," (Creative Writing Grant), 2001
 Canadian National Magazine Award: "The politics of bones," (Nominee, Best Profile), 2001
 Canadian National Magazine Award: "Moving target," (Nominee, Best Technology Article), 2001
 Canadian National Magazine Award: "An Incredible Hodgepodge of Weirdness," (Nominee, Best Profile), 2000
 James H. Carter Award, 1999
 Mark Bastien Award: "An Incredible Hodgepodge of Weirdness," (Best Article), 1999
 AJEMC Award: "An Incredible Hodgepodge of Weirdness," (silver), 1999
 Gordon Sinclair Award, 1998
 Chinese Community Award, 1998
 Women's Press Club of Toronto Award, 1998
 Poets & Writers' Jean Paiva Award:"Best New Writer," 1993

As Tim Beiser
 Governor General's Award, Children's Literature Illustration (Nominee) 2009 & 2013
 Canadian Booksellers Association Libris Award 2010—Children's Picture Book of the Year (Nominee)
 Ontario Library Association's 2010 Forest of Reading, Blue Spruce Award (Nominee)
 Canadian Toy Testing Council, Top 10 Books of the year 2010.
 Chocolate Lily Book Awards 2010-2011, Picture book (Nominee)

References

External links
Official Website

1959 births
American expatriate writers in Canada
American emigrants to Canada
Canadian male short story writers
Canadian male non-fiction writers
Canadian children's writers
Canadian gay writers
Journalists from Toronto
Living people
Naturalized citizens of Canada
Writers from Los Angeles
Writers from Toronto
Toronto Metropolitan University alumni
Rocky Mountain College alumni
Canadian LGBT dramatists and playwrights
Canadian male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Canadian short story writers
21st-century Canadian short story writers
20th-century Canadian male writers
21st-century Canadian male writers
20th-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
21st-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
American gay writers
Gay dramatists and playwrights
21st-century Canadian LGBT people
20th-century Canadian LGBT people

J. Timothy Hunt


Remi Aduke Adedeji (born 1937) is a Nigerian writer for children.

Biography
Adedeji was born in Okemesi in Ekiti State in 1937. Adedeji was disappointed with books for children because they did not reflect African culture. Many of her stories are based on Nigerian folk tales. She wrote and published  The fat woman in 1973. She has become an associate editor for the academic journal, Bookbird. Her books frequently involve a tortoise character. Her 1986 book of "Moonlight Stories" involves a number of Just-so stories which explains why vultures are bald or why the tortoise's shell appears cracked.

Works
  The fat woman, 1973.
  Papa Ojo and his family, 1973.
  It is time for stories, 1973.
  Four stories about the tortoise, 1973.
  Stories my mother told me, 1978.
  Tunde's birthday party, 1983.
  Tunde visits Ibadan, 1983.
  Tunde's first day at school, 1983.
  Moonlight stories: how the tortoise married the king's daughter and other stories, 1986.
  Dear uncle, 1986.

References

1937 births
Living people
People from Ekiti State
Nigerian children's writers

Remi Adedeji


Thomas Theodor Heine (28 February 1867 – 26 January 1948) was a German painter, illustrator and cartoonist. Born in Leipzig, Heine established himself as a gifted caricaturist at an early age, which led to him studying art at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf and, briefly, at the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich.

In 1896, he became successful as an illustrator and political cartoonist for the satirical Munich magazine Simplicissimus, for which he appropriated the stylistic idiom of Jugendstil and the graphic qualities of Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Aubrey Beardsley and Japanese woodcuts. The illustrated critiques of social orders, and the monarchy in particular, that he made for the magazine led to a six-month prison sentence in 1898. He also began work as a book illustrator in the 1890s.

He fled Germany in 1933, first to Prague. From 1938 until 1942 he lived in Oslo, and from 1942 until his death in 1948 he lived in Stockholm. He published a highly cynical autobiography in 1942 Ich warte auf Wunder ().

While I Wait for Miracles claims neither to be autobiographical nor a roman à clef, it was written in 1941 while Hitler was in power in Germany and the Second World War was ongoing. Despite the author's protestations, it is a novel based upon the events of the day, and in particular the events in Munich during the German Revolution of 1918-1919, the Bavarian Soviet Republic, and the rise of National Socialism from 1920 to 1925. Hitler is unfavorably portrayed as the character named "Icarus", a soldier who first mesmerizes Munich audiences in the chapter entitled "The Mass Meeting". It also depicts with less accuracy the 14 September 1921 assault by Hitler on the separatist Otto Ballerstedt, which resulted in Hitler being convicted and sentenced to 100 days in jail.

Gallery

References

External links

1867 births
1948 deaths
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni
German illustrators
19th-century German painters
19th-century German male artists
German male painters
20th-century German painters
20th-century German male artists
German prisoners and detainees
Kunstakademie Düsseldorf alumni
Art Nouveau painters
Art Nouveau illustrators
Artists from Leipzig
Refugees in Norway
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to Sweden

Thomas Theodor Heine


Rocko's Modern Life is an American animated sitcom television series that aired on Nickelodeon from 1993 to 2006. A comic book series based on the cartoon was made by Marvel Comics the following year. The television special, Rocko's Modern Life: Static Cling was released in 2019.

Its characters included an Australian wallaby named Rocko, his dog Spunky, his best friend Heffer, a turtle named Filbert, and his not-so-friendly neighbors Mr. and Mrs. Bighead. The show's story line was based on Rocko's everyday life.

Rocko was voiced by Carlos Alazraqui.

1993 American television series debuts
1990s American animated television series
Nickelodeon television series
1996 American television series endings
American children's television series
Adult animated television series
English-language television programs

Rocko's Modern Life


Dominio de Pingus is a Spanish winery located in Quintanilla de Onésimo in Valladolid province with vineyards in La Horra area of the Ribera del Duero region. The estate's flagship wine, Pingus, is considered a "cult wine", sold at extremely high prices while remaining very inaccessible, and commands an average price of $811 per bottle.

The winery also produces a second wine, Flor de Pingus, and a special cuvée, Ribera del Duero "Amelia". Recently, Dominio de Pingus has founded a joint project with local grape producers to make an old vine tempranillo called "PSI".

History

Dominio de Pingus was established in 1995 by Danish oenologist Peter Sisseck, also manager of the Pesquera de Duero estate Hacienda Monasterio. On the estate's winemaking philosophies, Sisseck has stated, "The vines in my plots are very old. They have never been fertilised nor treated with pesticides and all grow following the traditional en vaso system. They are perfect."

About the first 1995 vintage of Pingus, Robert Parker declared, "One of the greatest and most exciting wines I have ever tasted". With a very limited first vintage production, only 325 cases were made with prices initially set at US$200 per bottle, it became yet more scarce when in November 1997 the ship transporting a U.S. bound shipment of 75 cases disappeared somewhere off the Azores in the North Atlantic Ocean. The shipwreck resulted in a dramatic reaction in the US market, with prices soon rising to $495 per bottle.

At the Ronda WineCreator conference of April 2008, Sisseck was angered by suggestions by Decanter editor Guy Woodward that some winemakers make wines to suit the palates of certain critics. In response he called Woodward's remarks arrogant for implying winemakers do not have their own opinions, adding, "I don't even think it is possible to do this."

In 2007 it was announced that the Spanish government had approved plans to expand highway roads through the vineyards of Dominio de Pingus and other wineries, which was met with strong opposition by Sisseck who called it a "vengeful measure".

Production
Planted with very old vines of Tinto Fino, i.e. Tempranillo, the vineyards are  in Barrosso with vines exceeding 65 years and   in San Cristobal with vines older than 70 years, and the unusually low average yield of 12 hL per hectare. Since 2000, the viticulture has been biodynamic. Of the annual production of Pingus there is typically less than 500 cases, though in poor vintages no Pingus is made.

The production of the second wine Flor de Pingus, also 100% Tempranillo, is made with fruit from rented vineyards in the La Horra zone, with vines older than 35 years. Since the 2005 vintage, the viticulture has been biodynamic. The annual production is on average 4,000 cases.

Additionally there has been the single barrel cuvée, Ribera del Duero "Amelia", made from a vineyard parcel of 100+ year old vines with an average yield of 10 hL per hectare, with biodynamic viticulture since its initial 2003 vintage. The 2005 vintage had a production of 25 cases.

"PSI" is a joint project based on fruit produced by local grape growers from old tempranillo vines. The goal is to help grape producers and save old vines. Project was founded in 2006, first vintage was 2007. Grape growers are encouraged to employ biodynamic or organic vineyard management practices. The wine is made by Peter Sisseck and Pablo Rubio and sold under producer name Bodegas y Viñedos Alnardo. Vinification takes place in large concrete vats and aging in concrete and wooden tanks and oak barrels. Production of PSI 2009 was 9,600 cases, PSI 2010 was 16,600 cases.

References

 Dominio de Pingus dossier Rare Wine Co.

 PSI Rare Wine Co.

 PSI 2009 fact sheet

Footnotes

Wineries of Spain
Province of Valladolid

Dominio de Pingus


The Carers Trust is a charity in the United Kingdom which supports carers. It works with a network of partner organisations to help carers with the challenges of their caring roles.

History
The Princess Royal Trust for Carers was created on the initiative of Anne, Princess Royal in the UK in 1991. At that time people caring at home for family members or friends with disabilities and chronic illnesses were scarcely recognised as requiring support.

The Trust was the largest provider of comprehensive carers support services in the UK. Through its unique network of 144 independently managed Carers' Centres, 85 young carers services and interactive websites, The Trust provided quality information, advice and support services to over 400,000 carers, including around 25,000 young carers. In recognition of its work for the welfare and development of young people, the Trust was a member of The National Council for Voluntary Youth Services (NCVYS).

In 2012, the organisation merged with Crossroads Care to form the Carers Trust.

See also
Caregiver
Department of Health and Social Care
Department for Work and Pensions
Department for Children, Schools and Families

References

Further reading
Carers Centre Statistical Survey 1 April 2006 - 31 March 2007. The Princess Royal Trust for Carers. 2007.
State of Social Care 06-06 report. CSCI. London. 2006
It Could be You, the chances of becoming a carer, Carers UK 2001
Securing Good Care for Older People: Taking a long-term view, Wanless, D. London: King's Fun. 2006.
General Household Survey. 2000.
Real change, not short change: Time to deliver for carers, Carers UK, 2007.
National Carers Strategy Consultation; Submission from CLASP Carers Centre in Leicestershire. 2007.
Carers Speak Out The Princess Royal Trust for Carers. London. 2002.
Young Carers in the UK The 2004 Report, Dearden, C and Becker, S. Loughborough University Young carers research group. 2004.
Alcohol Harm Reduction Strategy for England, Home Office. 2004.
Women's Mental Health: Into the Mainstream. Strategic Development of Mental Health Care for Women. London: Department of Health. 2002.
Hidden Harm, Advisory Council on Misuse of Drugs. Home Office. 2003.

External links

The Carers Trust network of services
The National Council for Voluntary Youth Services (NCVYS)

Carers
1991 establishments in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1991
Anne, Princess Royal
Social care in the United Kingdom

Carers Trust


A type Ia supernova is a type of supernova that occurs in binary systems (two stars orbiting one another) in which one of the stars is a white dwarf. The other star can be anything from a giant star to an even smaller white dwarf. Physically, carbon-oxygen white dwarfs with slow rotation are limited to below 1.44 solar masses.

Since type Ia supernovae have a known brightness they can be used as standard candles to determine the distance to a galaxy once the stretch-factor is accounted for.

When a runaway thermonuclear explosion rips through a white dwarf star and blows the star to bits, it is called a type 1a supernova. These explosions are incredibly violent and incredibly bright, sometimes outshining entire galaxies.

Type I (especially Ia) supernova create most of the iron and nickel found in the interstellar medium. Type 1a supernovae are several times more luminous than type Ib, Ic, and type II supernovae. They leave no core remnant behind, and happen when a low-mass star's core remnant (a white dwarf) detonates.

Supernovae

Type Ia supernova


Freedom Song is a 2000 biographical made-for-television drama film based on true stories of the Civil Rights Movement in Mississippi in the 1960s. It tells the story of the struggle of African Americans to register to vote in the fictional town of Quinlan. In the midst of the Freedom Summer, a group of high school students in the small town are eager to make grassroots changes in their own community.  The young activists meet resistance not only from white southerners, but from their parents, who have experienced firsthand the violence that can result from speaking out.  As high school students band together with the support of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, they make strides in registering African-American voters and gaining awareness for their cause.

The film was made for television and released on February 27, 2000 on the TNT TV channel in the United States.  It was written and directed by Phil Alden Robinson, and co-written by Stanley Weiser.  Winner of the Image Award, Writers Guild of America award, and Golden Gate Award, it stars Danny Glover, Vicellous Reon Shannon, and Vondie Curtis-Hall.

Plot
Freedom Song is told in flashbacks from the perspective of Owen Walker, a high school student in the fictional town of Quinlan, Mississippi in the early 1960s.  Growing up in an insulated black community, Owen is oblivious to the white supremacy that still reigned in his town until he has a run-in with racists at a local bus station.  While waiting for the bus, five-year-old Owen wanders unknowingly into the "Whites Only" diner.  His father, Will, soon follows quickly behind and is forced by white diner attendants to spank his son in public.  Will later tells his son, "someday you'll be eating at this counter". But this scene of public humiliation leaves a lasting scar on their relationship.

Will Walker had been a civil rights activist in the late 1940s.  After returning from World War II, where he fought for freedom of oppressed groups abroad, Will resented the continued oppression of African Americans in his hometown.  He worked to register African Americans to vote in order to replace the town's racist sheriff.  Will's organizing was met with violent resistance by white supremacists.  One night, when Will, his wife, and young son were in the house sleeping, Klansmen shot at their house.  The family survived, but townspeople began to boycott Will's store, and he was driven out of business.  Will was left with lingering feeling that organizing for equality was dangerous and worthless.

As Owen grows up, he becomes increasingly restless in the face of injustices against African Americans.  He is inspired by the Freedom Riders he sees in the newspapers and on television, who are staging sit-ins across the South.  When a Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) organizer, Mr. Wall, comes to Quinlan from Chicago, Owen is excited for the possibility of some action. But Wall is there to help African Americans register to vote. Owen's peers begin the slow, steady work of teaching eligible voters to pass the literacy test and register.  While the voter registrants are met with resistance by white city officials, their movement is gaining steam, and Owen decides to become a part of it.  Owen's parents still fear his involvement in agitating against white power, but alongside his friends and SNCC organizers, Owen continues to fight for justice.

The struggle for equality is not without a backlash from whites in the town.  A verbal altercation downtown results in an older, respected black man getting shot and killed.  As the town mourns their loss,  Wall and other organizers feel responsible for stirring things up in such a volatile environment as Mississippi. The movement has not lost hope yet, and the organizers decide to begin staging strategic sit-ins at all-white establishments around the community. Protesters are arrested several times, culminating in a four-month sentence for Owen, Mr. Wall, and the youth's fellow friends and organizers, Charlie and Isaac.  From the county jail, the organizers are heartened to learn that comrades from New Orleans have come to Quinlan to stand in solidarity for their cause.  After Owen and his fellow organizers are released, segregation becomes illegal. Owen is able to dine with his father and reconcile at what was not long ago the "Whites Only" counter.

Cast
 Danny Glover as Will Walker
 Vicellous Reon Shannon as Owen Walker
 Vondie Curtis-Hall as Daniel Wall
 Loretta Devine as Evelyn Walker
 Glynn Turman as T-Bone Lanier
 Stan Shaw as Archie Mullen
 Michael Jai White as Coleman Vaughnes
 John Beasley as Jonah Summer
 Jason Weaver as Isaac Hawkins
 Rae'Ven Larrymore Kelly as Dora Charles
 Marcello Thedford as Tyrone Franklin
 David Strathairn as Peter Crowley

Production

Freedom Song was filmed in Burgaw and Wilmington, North Carolina in 1999.

Awards

Freedom Song was a nominee and recipient of numerous awards for writing, acting and sound. In 2001, Danny Glover won the Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Television Movie, Mini-Series, or Dramatic Special for his performance in the film.  Writer and director Phil Robinson won the 2001 Golden Gate Award for Drama-Television Feature.  The film tied with Tina Andrews' Sally Hemings: An American Scandal for the Writers Guild of America Award for Original Long Form. It was also nominated for two Primetime Emmys, three Black Reel Awards, the Humanitas Prize, a Screen Actors Guild Award and a YoungStar Award.

The soundtrack by James Horner was released as an album.

See also
 Civil rights movement in popular culture

References

External links

 Film review at Parentpreviews.com
 Documentary film made by high school students in McComb, Mississippi, based on the historic student walkout featured in Freedom Song listed on the Zinn Education Project

2000 television films
2000 films
History of voting rights in the United States
History of African-American civil rights
African-American history of Mississippi
TNT Network original films
Civil rights movement in film
Films set in the 1960s
Films set in Mississippi
Films scored by James Horner
Films about the Ku Klux Klan
Films directed by Phil Alden Robinson

Freedom Song (film)


Calcinosis cutis  is a type of calcinosis wherein calcium deposits form in the skin.  A variety of factors can result in this condition.  The most common source is dystrophic calcification, which occurs in soft tissue as a response to injury.  In addition, calcinosis is seen in Limited Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis, also known as CREST syndrome (the "C" in CREST). In dogs, calcinosis cutis is found in young, large breed dogs and is thought to occur after a traumatic injury.

Causes
Calcinosis may result from a variety of causes such as:
Trauma to the region
Inflammation (bug bites, acne)
Varicose veins
Infections
Tumors (malignant or benign)
Diseases of connective tissue
Hypercalcemia
Hyperphosphatemia

Calcinosis cutis is associated with systemic sclerosis.

Diagnosis

Types
Calcinosis cutis may be divided into the following types:

 Dystrophic calcinosis cutis
 Metastatic calcinosis cutis
 Iatrogenic calcinosis cutis
 Traumatic calcinosis cutis
 Idiopathic calcinosis cutis
 Idiopathic scrotal calcinosis
 Subepidermal calcified nodule
 Tumoral calcinosis
 Osteoma cutis

Treatment
Intralesional corticosteroids may be beneficial. Colchicine has been shown to be effective in certain populations. The efficacy of other treatments, such as magnesium or aluminum antacids, sodium etidronate, diphosphonates and diltiazem is unclear, but they have been reported to be serviceable in refractory calcinosis. Surgical options may be considered, particularly if there is associated ulceration.

Gallery

See also
 Calcinosis
 List of cutaneous conditions

References

External links

Skin conditions resulting from errors in metabolism

Calcinosis cutis


Apulia ( ), also known by its Italian name Puglia (), is a region of Italy, located in the southern peninsular section of the country, bordering the Adriatic Sea to the east, the Strait of Otranto and Ionian Sea to the southeast and the Gulf of Taranto to the south. The region comprises , and its population is about four million people. It is bordered by the other Italian regions of Molise to the north, Campania to the west, and Basilicata to the southwest. Its chief town is Bari.

In ancient times part of its territory belonged to Magna Graecia being populated by coastal Greek colonies. Later the region was conquered by the ancient Romans. It was then conquered by the Byzantines, and then by the Normans, the Aragonese and the Spanish. Subsequently, it became part of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, to then be annexed to the unified Kingdom of Italy after the Expedition of the Thousand.

Geography

Apulia's coastline is longer than that of any other mainland Italian region. In the north, the Gargano promontory extends out into the Adriatic sea like a "sperone" ("spur"), while in the south, the Salento peninsula forms the "tacco" ("heel") of Italy's boot. The highest peak in the region is Monte Cornacchia (1,152 m/3,779 ft above sea level) within the Daunian Mountains, in the north along the Apennines.

It is home to two national parks, the Alta Murgia National Park and Gargano National Park.

Outside national parks in the North and West, most of Apulia particularly the Salento peninsula is geographically flat with only moderate hills.

The climate is typically Mediterranean with hot, dry and sunny summers and mild and rainy winters. Snowfall, especially on the coast is rare but has occurred as recently as January 2019 (following on from snow in March 2018 and January 2017). Apulia is among the hottest and driest regions of Italy in summer with temperatures sometimes reaching up to and above 40 °C/104 °F in Lecce and Foggia.

The coastal areas, particularly on the Adriatic Sea and in the southern Salento peninsula, are frequently exposed to winds of varying strengths and directions, strongly affecting local temperatures and conditions, sometimes within the same day. The Northerly Bora wind from the Adriatic Sea can lower temperatures, humidity and moderate summer heat while the Southerly Sirocco wind from North Africa can raise temperatures, and humidity and occasionally drop red dust from the Sahara desert. On some days in spring and autumn/fall, it can be warm enough to swim in Gallipoli and Porto Cesareo on the Ionian coast while at the same time, cool winds warrant jackets and jumpers/sweaters in Monopoli and Otranto on the Adriatic coast.

The area that is in between Otranto and Santa Maria di Leuca is part of the Regional Natural Coastal Park of "Costa Otranto - Santa Maria di Leuca e Bosco di Tricase" wanted by the Apulia Region in 2008. This territory has numerous natural and historical attractions such as Ciolo, which is a rocky cove.

History

Apulia is one of the richest archaeological regions in Italy. It was first colonised by Mycenaean Greeks. The region became one of the centres of Magna Graecia, with the foundation along its coasts of many Greek city-states (póleis).

The origin of the toponym Apulia (Latin , whence its modern Italian name  derives) is unknown. The Greeks referred to the region as  (Iāpygíā) owing to the presence of the three main Iapygian tribes  that inhabited Apulia during the first millennium B.C. – the Daunians in the North, the Peucetians in the Centre, and the Messapians in the South.

Some parts of the regions were conquered by the Muslim Saracens and the Emirate of Bari was established for a brief period by Muhammad Abul Abbas of Sicily.

Several castles were built in the area by the King of Sicily and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, including Castel del Monte, sometimes called the "Crown of Apulia".

Apulia was an autonomous duchy until 1130 when its duke became king of Sicily. After 1282, when the kingdom lost the island of Sicily itself, Apulia remained part of the remnant Kingdom of Naples (confusingly known also as the Kingdom of Sicily) and remained so until the unification of Italy in 1861. This kingdom was independent under the House of Anjou from 1282 to 1442, then was part of the Crown of Aragon until 1458, after which it was again independent under a cadet branch of the House of Trastámara until 1501. As a result of the French–Spanish war of 1501–1504, Naples again came under the rule of the Crown of Aragon and the Spanish Empire from 1504 to 1714. When Barbary pirates of North Africa sacked Vieste in 1554, they took an estimated 7,000 slaves. The coast of Apulia was occupied at times by the Turks and at other times by the Venetians.

In 1861 the region became part of the Kingdom of Italy.

Economy
The region's contribution to Italy's gross value added was around 4.6% in 2000, while its population was 7% of the total. The per capita GDP is low compared to the national average and represents about 68.1% of the EU average.

The share of gross value added by the agricultural and services sectors was above the national average in 2000. The region has industries specialising in particular areas, including food processing and vehicles in Foggia; footwear and textiles in the Barletta province, and wood and furniture in the Murge area to the west.

Between 2007 and 2013 the economy of Apulia expanded more than that of the rest of southern Italy. Such growth, over several decades, is a severe challenge to the hydrogeological system.

Apulia's thriving economy is articulated into numerous sectors boasting several leading companies, but most of them produce materials or components, not finished goods:
 Aerospace (Leonardo, Avio Aero, Sitael, Blackshape)
 Automotive (Bosch, Magneti Marelli, Magna Gertrag, Bridgestone)
 Mechanics (New Holland Construction, IVECO Motori, Isotta Fraschini Motori, MERMEC)
 Furniture (Natuzzi)
 Food and Beverage (De Carlo, Divella,  Quarta Caffé)
 Agriculture (Casillo Group, G.C. Partecipazioni)
 Publishing  (Laterza, Edizioni Dedalo)
 Tourism (Nicolaus tour)
 Logistics (GTS Rail)
 I.C.T. (Exprivia)

In Taranto, there is the largest metallurgical work ILVA Acciaierie di Taranto (8,200 empl.) in Europe with a full iron and steel production cycle. It will be sold to Arcelor Mittal.

In Brindisi, there is a chemical industrial park with an ENI power station, ENI oil refinery, Syndial chemical factory, and Versalis chemical factory (basic chemistry, intermediates, polyethene, styrenics and elastomers). LyondellBasell polypropylene plant, Sanofi plant (antibiotics). Another ENI oil refinery is located in Taranto.

Unemployment
The unemployment rate stood at 14.1% in 2020.

Fishing and aquaculture
The port of Taranto hosts numerous fishing boats. The fleet is mainly made up of about 80 fishing boats, which do not exceed 10 gross tonnage and which practice trawling, while the remaining small-scale fishing boats operate with gillnets. The sea, rich and generous, is populated by dentex and sea bream, grouper, mullet and anchovies, shrimp and squid. Other significant fishing ports areManfredonia, Molfetta, Mola di Bari, Monopoli, Gallipoli and Castro

Today Taranto is the world's largest producer of farmed mussels: with 1,300 employees, around 30,000 tons of mussels are processed per year. Mussel farming has characterized the city's economy for centuries, making the mussel the gastronomic symbol of Taranto. It is said that the first mussel gardens in La Spezia, Pula, Olbia and Chioggia were established by mussel farmers who emigrated from this city. The workplace of the Taranto mussel farmers is the boat; every detail of the working method has improved over time.

10 m long structures made of wood or metal, called "pali" (piles), are attached to the seabed, to which ropes and nets are then attached, on which the mussels are grown. The mussels farmed here are particularly tasty and valued because they grow in a special environment, a mixture of salt seawater and karst freshwater. These special environmental conditions of the seas of Taranto are ideal not only for the mussels but also for the fish and crustaceans that find food and shelter between the piles. While there are around 18 submarine freshwater springs, called "Citri", in the Mar Piccolo, there is only one large one in the Mar Grande, which is called "Anello di San Cataldo" in honour of the patron saint of the city.

Agriculture
Agriculture plays a prominent economic role in Apulia. It is mainly intensive and modern agriculture that allows the region to be among the first in Italy for the production of many products:
 durum wheat which is used to produce pasta
 tomatoes
 grape
 almonds
 olive oil

Vegetable growing (lettuce, artichoke, fennel, cabbage, celery, barattiere, borage, sweet potato, caper, portulaca) and horticulture (kiwis, peaches, orange, clementine, lemon) are also developed.

Viticulture

Vineyards cover  in Apulia, which is 1st place among Italian grape-growing regions. But in the production of quality DOC and DOCG wines, Apulia has only ranked 12th of 20 with 297.667 hl. There are four DOCG wines:
 Castel del Monte Bombino Nero
 Castel del Monte Nero di Troia Riserva
 Castel del Monte Rosso Riserva
 Primitivo di Manduria Dolce Naturale

Oliviculture

There are an estimated 50 to 60 million olive trees in Apulia, and the region accounts for 40% of Italy's olive oil production. There are four specific Protected designations of Origin (PDO) covering the whole region. Olive varieties include: Baresane, Biancolilla, Brandofino (Castiglione), Buscionetto (Biancolilla), Carolea, Cellina di Nardò, Cerasuola (Ogliara), Cerignola (Bella di Cerignola), Cima di Bitonto, Cima di Mola, Coratina, also grown in Corning, California, a 2018 Gold Medal New York International Olive Oil Competition (NYIOOC) winner, Frantoio, Garganica, La Minuta, Leccino, Moresca, Nocellara Etnea, Nocellara Messinese, Ogliarola, Ogliarola Barese, Ogliara Messinese, Ottobratica, Peranzana, Rotondella, Santagatese, Saracena, Tonda Iblea, and Verdello (subspecies of San Benedetto).

Xylella fastidiosa disease
Since 2008–2010, the olive oil industry in Apulia has been under threat from the pathogen Xylella fastidiosa, a disease that inhibits the trees' uptake of water and nutrients. The epicentre of the epidemic is the southeastern part of the region.

Transport

The region has a good network of roads, but the railway network is less comprehensive, particularly in the south. There are no high-speed lines, but a high-speed line between Naples and Bari is under construction, which should be completed in 2027. The region is crossed northwest to southeast by the A14 highway (Bologna–Taranto), which connects the region's capital, Bari, to Taranto, the second most populous city in the region. The A14 also connects Foggia and points further north along the Adriatic coast to Pescara, Ancona, Rimini and eventually Bologna. The only other highway in the region is the A16 (Naples–Canosa), which crosses the Italian peninsula east–west and links the region with Naples.

There are two international airports, Karol Wojtyla Airport in Bari (IATA: BRI) and Brindisi Airport (IATA: BDS), which serve as the principal logistical hub for the United Nations Global Service Center headquartered in Brindisi. With the approval of a redevelopment project in 2018, the Grottaglie Airfield (IATA: TAR) will host a spaceport for the Italian Space Agency and Virgin Galactic.

Demographics

Emigration from the region's depressed areas to northern Italy and the rest of Europe was very intense in the years between 1956 and 1971. Subsequently, the trend declined, as economic conditions improved, to the point where there was net immigration in the years between 1982 and 1985. Since 1986, the stagnation in employment has led to a new inversion of the trend caused by a decrease in immigration.

Government and politics

Since 1 June 2015, former judge and mayor of Bari Michele Emiliano of the Democratic Party has served as President of the Apulian region.

Culture

Cuisine

Important locally produced ingredients include olive oil, artichokes, tomatoes, eggplant, asparagus, and various kinds of seafood. Local specialties include the carosello, a variety of muskmelon which is often consumed when unripe. Apulian Protected designation of origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical indication (PGI) products included cheeses, olive oils, fruits and vegetables, and a type of bread.

Typically Apulian pasta shapes are orecchiette, cavatelli, and troccoli. Popular street foods include panzerotti, sgagliozze (fried polenta), popizze (small fried balls of pizza dough that are sometimes also called pettule), rustici (puff pastries stuffed with tomatoes, béchamel sauce, mozzarella, and black pepper), the famous pasticiotto (a flaky shortbread dough filled with custard), and focaccia barese. A popular snack in Apulia is Taralli.

Language
As with the other regions of Italy, the national language (since 1861) is Italian. However, because of its long and varied history, other historical languages have been used in this region for centuries. The local languages of northern and central Apulia (roughly the provinces of Bari, Barletta-Andria-Trani, and Foggia as well as the northwestern parts of the Province of Taranto) are the Apulian Southern Italo-Romance dialects, including Bari dialect and Tarantino dialect. In the southern region of Salento, an extreme Southern Italo-Romance language, the Salentino dialect is widely spoken. There is also an Italiot Greek language found in Salento called Griko, which is still spoken by a few thousand Griko people in some areas. In addition, a rare daughter language of the Franco-Provençal language called Faetar is spoken in the mountain villages of Faeto and Celle di San Vito, in the Province of Foggia. It is sometimes classified as a pair of dialects of Franco-Provençal, Faetar and Cellese. The Arbëreshë dialect of the Albanian language has been spoken by a small community since refugees settled there in the 16th century.

Sports
Apulia is home to several national football, water polo, volleyball, basketball and tennis clubs.

Across the top three levels of Italian football, the clubs in Apulia include:
 U.S. Lecce playing in Serie A
 S.S.C. Bari playing in Serie B
 Calcio Foggia 1920 playing in Serie C
 S.S. Audace Cerignola playing in Serie C
 Fidelis Andria 2018 playing in Serie C
 S.S. Monopoli 1966 playing in Serie C
 Virtus Francavilla Calcio playing in Serie C
 Taranto F.C. 1927 playing in Serie C

See also
 Catepanate of Italy
 Gravina in Puglia
 Daunian Mountains
 Gargano
 Grecia Salentina
 Iapygians
 Magna Graecia
 Messapians
 Sacra Corona Unita
 Salento
 Tavoliere delle Puglie
 Terra d'Otranto
 Trullo

Explanatory notes

References

Further reading

Desmond Seward, An Armchair Traveller's History of Apulia (Haus Publishing, 2013)
Stefania Mola, Apulia: the Cathedrals (Adda, 2008)
Francesco Carofiglio, Apulia, a Tourist's Guide to the Culture of Apulia (1988)
Susanna Gelmetti, Italian Country Cooking: Recipes from Umbria & Apulia (1996),
Apulia: A Film Tourism Guide (Laterza, 2009, 246 pp)
Tessa Garton, Early Romanesque Sculpture in Apulia (Courtauld Institute, 1984)

External links

 Official website
 Accademia Apulia
 Environmental League Puglia
 All About Puglia
 The Big Gay Podcast from Puglia

Coloniae (Roman)
NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union
Regions of Italy
Wine regions of Italy

Apulia


NUCMC is the abbreviation for the National Union Catalog of Manuscript Collections. It is a national-level program based at the Library of Congress that seeks to promote free access to the documentary heritage of the United States. It does this by providing cataloging for archives and historical societies around the country that do not have access to national online databases. The program started in 1959 and published bound volumes of cataloging records until 1993. As of 1986, the cataloging records were input into RLIN, the Research Libraries Information Network, an international online database. As of September 2007, all cataloging records in RLIN have been migrated into the OCLC database (WorldCat), since RLIN was merged into OCLC. All cataloging since that time has been input into OCLC. It is not related to the NUC Pre-1956 volumes.

References

External links
NUCMC home page

Archival science
Library cataloging and classification
Library of Congress


Sir Frederick William Adolphus Wright-Bruce, GCB (14 April 1814 – 19 September 1867) was a British diplomat.

Early life
Frederick Bruce was the youngest of the three sons of Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin and his second wife Elizabeth, youngest daughter of James Townshend Oswald of Dunnikier, Fife. He was born at Broomhall, Fife, on 14 April 1814.  It was during his brief practice as a barrister that he changed his surname after receiving a large inheritance from a client.

Diplomatic service
On 9 February 1842 he was attached to Lord Ashburton's mission to Washington, returning to England with his lordship in September of that year.

Hong Kong, Bolivia, Uruguay, Egypt and China
On 9 February 1844 he was appointed colonial secretary at Hong Kong, and accompanied its second governor John Francis Davis on  arriving there on 8 May of that year.  He left Hong Kong to begin 16 months' leave, on the 23 June 1846, and just four days later was appointed lieutenant-governor of Newfoundland.

His next change was to Sucre, with the appointment of consul-general in the republic of Bolivia on 23 July 1847, and on 14 April 1848 he was accredited as chargé d'affaires. He was named chargé d'affaires to the Oriental republic of Uruguay on 29 August 1851, and on 3 August 1853 became agent and consul-general in Egypt in the place of the Hon. C. A. Murray.

On his brother, Lord Elgin, being appointed ambassador extraordinary to China, he accompanied him as principal secretary in April 1857. He brought home (18 September 1857) the treaty with China signed at Tientsin on 26 June 1858 and was made a C.B. on 28 September.

His diplomatic tact was thoroughly appreciated by the home government, for he was appointed on 2 December 1858 envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the Xianfeng Emperor of China, and on 1 March following chief superintendent of British trade in that country. His mission was prevented from proceeding to Peking by the opposition made by the Chinese. The mission therefore returned to Shanghai, where it remained until the ratification of the treaty of 26 June 1858 at Peking on 24 October 1860. He proceeded to Peking on 7 November 1860 but withdrew to Tientsin for the winter, while arrangements were made for putting a residence in order for his reception. The mission was established at Peking on 26 March 1861, but it was not until 2 April that Bruce paid a visit to Prince Gong. During his time in Shanghai, his support for the Qing contributed heavily to Britain's later intervention in the Taiping Rebellion.

United States
On the removal of Lord Lyons from Washington to Constantinople, Bruce was selected to fill the important office of British representative at Washington on 1 March 1865. He was made a K.C.B. of the civil division on 12 December 1862 and received the grand cross of the order on 17 March 1865. He was appointed umpire by the commission named under the convention of 1864, concluded between the United States of America and the United States of Colombia, for the adjustment of claims of American citizens against the Colombian government.

He died, unmarried, at Boston in the United States on 19 September 1867, when his remains were embalmed and, being conveyed to Scotland, were interred at Dunfermline Abbey on 8 October.

Notes

References

Attribution

1814 births
1867 deaths
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to China
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to the United States
British consuls-general in Egypt
Chief Secretaries of Hong Kong
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Lieutenant Governors of Newfoundland and Labrador
People from Fife
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Uruguay
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Bolivia
Younger sons of earls
Frederick

Frederick Bruce (diplomat)


Albert "Abbie" Brunies (January 19, 1900 - October 2, 1978) was an American jazz cornetist.

Brunies came from a famous New Orleans musical family, which counted among its members George Brunies and Merritt Brunies. Brunies was the leader of the Halfway House Orchestra from 1919 to about 1927, playing at the Halfway House club in New Orleans. This ensemble recorded for Okeh Records in 1925. Among the musicians who played in this group were New Orleans Rhythm Kings members Charlie Cordella, Mickey Marcour, Leon Rappolo, Sidney Arodin, Bill Eastwood, Joe Loyacano and Leo Adde. He played in New Orleans into the mid-1940s, after which time he moved to Biloxi, Mississippi. There he played with Merritt in the Brunie Brothers Dixieland Jazz Band. This ensemble recorded sparsely.

References
[ Albert Brunies] at Allmusic

1900 births
1978 deaths
American jazz cornetists
Jazz musicians from New Orleans
20th-century American musicians

Albert Brunies


Dracula: Prince of Darkness is a 1966 British gothic supernatural horror film directed by Terence Fisher. The film was produced by Hammer Film Productions, and is the third entry in Hammer's Dracula series, as well as the second to feature Christopher Lee as Count Dracula, the titular vampire. It also stars Andrew Keir, Francis Matthews, and Barbara Shelley.

The film was photographed in Techniscope by Michael Reed, designed by Bernard Robinson and scored by James Bernard.

Plot
A prologue replays the final scenes from Dracula, in which Doctor Van Helsing destroys Count Dracula by sunlight; only the memory of Dracula's evil remains.

The main story begins as Father Sandor prevents local authorities from disposing of a woman's corpse as if it were a vampire. Sandor chastises the presiding priest for perpetuating the fear of vampirism and reminds him that Dracula was destroyed ten years previously. Sandor visits an inn and warns four English tourists, the Kents – Diana, Charles, Helen, and Alan – not to visit Karlsbad. Ignoring his advice, the Kents choose to visit Karlsbad but are abandoned by their fear-stricken coach driver two kilometres away from their destination as night approaches. Finding themselves in view of a castle, the Kents are taken there by a driverless carriage and discover a dining table set for four people and their bags unpacked in the bedrooms. A servant named Klove explains that his master, the late Count Dracula, had ordered that the castle should always be ready to welcome strangers. After dinner, the Kents settle in their rooms.

Later that night, Alan investigates a noise and follows Klove to the crypt, where Klove kills him and mixes his blood with Dracula's ashes, reviving the Count. Klove entices Helen to the crypt, where she becomes Dracula's first victim. The next morning, Charles and Diana can find no trace of Alan, Helen, or Klove. Charles takes Diana to a woodsman's hut and then returns to the castle to search for Alan and Helen. Klove tricks Diana into returning to the castle. Charles finds Alan's body in a trunk in the crypt. It is now dark and Dracula rises. Diana encounters Helen, who, now one of the undead, attacks her. Dracula enters and warns Helen away from Diana. Charles struggles with Dracula until Diana realizes that her crucifix is an effective weapon against vampires. Charles improvises a larger cross and drives Dracula away. They escape from the castle in a carriage but lose control on the steep roads. The carriage crashes and Diana is knocked unconscious. Charles carries her for several hours through the woods until they are rescued by Father Sandor, who takes them to his abbey.

Klove arrives at the abbey in a wagon carrying two coffins containing Dracula and Helen but is denied admission by the monks, by the order of Sandor, who knows that the vampires will try to gain entry. Ludwig, a patient at the abbey, is in thrall to Dracula and invites the Count inside. Helen convinces Diana to open the window and let her in, claiming to have escaped from Dracula. Diana does so and Helen bites her arm. Dracula drags Helen off, as he wants Diana for himself. Charles bursts into the room and drives the vampires out. Sandor sterilizes the bite with the heat from an oil lamp, then puts silver crucifixes in the two coffins to prevent the vampires from coming back. Sandor captures Helen and drives a stake through her heart, killing her. Ludwig lures Diana into Dracula's presence, where the Count hypnotizes her into removing her crucifix. Dracula coerces her to drink his blood from his bare chest, but Charles returns in time to prevent it, forcing Dracula to flee with the unconscious Diana.

Charles and Sandor arm themselves and follow on horseback. A shortcut allows them to get in front of Dracula's wagon and stop it. Charles shoots Klove, who has apparently removed Sandor's crucifixes from the coffins, but the horses gallop off to the castle. Diana is rescued while Dracula's coffin is thrown onto the ice that covers the moat. Charles attempts to stake Dracula, but the Count springs out of his coffin and attacks him. Sandor shoots the ice and it breaks. Diana rescues Charles, and Dracula sinks into the freezing waters and drowns.

Cast

 Christopher Lee as Count Dracula
 Francis Matthews as Charles Kent
 Andrew Keir as Father Sandor
 Philip Latham as Klove
 Suzan Farmer as Diana Kent
 Barbara Shelley as Helen Kent
 Charles Tingwell as Alan Kent
 Thorley Walters as Ludwig
 Walter Brown as Brother Mark
 Jack Lambert as Brother Peter
 George Woodbridge as Landlord
 Philip Ray as Priest
 Joyce Hemson as Mother
 John Maxim as Coach Driver
 Peter Cushing as Doctor Van Helsing (uncredited - archive footage only)

Production
Dracula does not speak in the film, save for a few hisses. According to Christopher Lee: "I didn't speak in that picture. The reason was very simple. I read the script and saw the dialogue! I said to Hammer, if you think I'm going to say any of these lines, you're very much mistaken." Screenwriter Jimmy Sangster disputed that account in his memoir Inside Hammer, writing that "Vampires don't chat. So I didn't write him any dialogue. Christopher Lee has claimed that he refused to speak the lines he was given...So you can take your pick as to why Christopher Lee didn't have any dialogue in the picture. Or you can take my word for it. I didn't write any."

The film was written into a novel by John Burke as part of his 1967 book The Second Hammer Horror Film Omnibus.

Filming took place at Bray Studios. The film was made back to back with Rasputin, the Mad Monk, using many of the same sets and cast, including Lee, Shelley, Matthews and Farmer. Shelley later remembered accidentally swallowing one of her fangs in one scene and having to drink salt water to bring it back up again because of the tight shooting schedule, as well as there being no spare set of fangs.

The film was released in some markets on a double feature with The Plague of the Zombies. Plastic vampire fangs and cardboard "zombie eyes" glasses were distributed to audience members as a gimmick.

Release

Box office

In North America, the film earned $364,937 in rentals. In France, the film drew 854,197 admissions.

The film was released with The Plague of the Zombies. According to Fox records, the films needed to earn $1,500,000 in rentals to break even and made $2,345,000, meaning that it made a profit.

Critical response
Variety wrote that the picture "should please the following of this type of film and do all right at the wickets. Terence Fisher has directed it with his usual know-how and the screenplay by John Samson is a workmanlike job which provides a useful number of mild thrills and little enough of the misplaced yocks that sometimes creep into this sort of pic." The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote, "Apart from one or two welcome innovations–notably the sort of Instant Vampire recipe by which Dracula is resuscitated, and his final destruction by drowning rather than by the usual procedures–this is the same old hash as before ... The interiors are quite tastefully decorated, but script, direction and acting (except for Philip Latham's sinister butler, and Andrew Keir's forthright Father Sandor) leave much to be desired."

Dracula: Prince of Darkness has been well received by critics in more recent years, and currently holds an 81% approval rating on movie review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes based on 21 reviews.

The Hammer Story: The Authorised History of Hammer Films called it "perhaps the quintessential Hammer horror", but said that it "contains little that audiences hadn't seen before."

Home media
The film was one of the first Hammer horror films to be released on United Kingdom DVD. More recently, on 19 January 2012, Hammer Films announced on their restoration blog that StudioCanal UK would release a Zone B Blu-ray Disc version of the film on 5 March of that year. The announcement stated it would be "the chilling DRACULA PRINCE OF DARKNESS, restored at Pinewood from 2-perf cut negative, scanned and restored in 2k. DRACULA PRINCE OF DARKNESS will be presented in all its Techniscope glory, in the original aspect ratio of 2.35:1." The Flicker Club in London screened the restored film on 24 February 2012 at a venue in the Old Vic Tunnels. The screening was preceded by a guest introduction by Marcus Hearn and a guest reading from Bram Stoker's original novel Dracula by actor Stephen Tompkinson.

In the U.S., Millennium Entertainment (now Alchemy) released the film as part of their Region 1 DVD Hammer Horror Collection in a two-disc, three-film set, along with The Legend of the 7 Golden Vampires and Frankenstein Created Woman. It is also available on a double feature Region 1 release along with The Satanic Rites of Dracula.

Scream Factory announced a Collector's Edition Blu-ray release of the film on 18 December 2018.

In other media
Dracula: Prince of Darkness was adapted into a 15-page comics story by Donne Avenell and John Bolton, which was published in The House of Hammer #6 (June 1977) by General Books Distribution. (The same story was reprinted in Dracula Comics Special, published by Quality Communications in April 1984.)

The House of Hammer #6 adaptation of Dracula: Prince of Darkness included the character of Father Shandor (spelled "Sandor" in the film's credits), which then spawned an ongoing feature of Shandor as a demon-fighting priest, in that magazine. Father Shandor, Demon Stalker, written by Steve Moore, became a recurring feature in House of Hammer, appearing in issues #8, 16, 21, and 24. That feature moved over to the Quality Communications anthology comics title Warrior in 1982–1984, appearing in issues #1–10, 13, 16, 18–21, 23–25. (Warrior issues #1–3 reprint material from House of Hammer issues #8, 16, and 21.)

See also
 Vampire films

References

External links

1966 films
1966 horror films
1960s supernatural horror films
British sequel films
Hammer Film Productions horror films
Dracula films
Films directed by Terence Fisher
Films scored by James Bernard
Films set in Germany
Films set in 1895
Films shot at Bray Studios
20th Century Fox films
Films with screenplays by Jimmy Sangster
Resurrection in film
Dracula (Hammer film series)
Films set in castles
1960s English-language films
1960s British films

Dracula: Prince of Darkness


Northern Athabaskan is a geographic sub-grouping of the Athabaskan language family spoken by indigenous peoples in the northern part of North America, particularly in Alaska (Alaskan Athabaskans), Yukon, and the Northwest Territories. The Northern Athabaskan languages consist of 31 languages that can be divided into seven geographic subgroups.

Southern Alaskan

 1. Ahtna (also known as Atna, Ahtena, Copper River)
 Central Copper River Ahtna
 Lower Copper River Ahtna
 Mentasta (also known as Upper Ahtna)
 Western Ahtna
 2. Dena'ina (also known as Tanaina)
 Lower Inlet Dena'ina
 - Outer Inlet
 - Iliamna
 - Inland
 Upper Inlet Dena'ina

Central Alaska–Yukon

A. Koyukon
 3. Deg Xinag (also known as Deg Hit'an, Kaiyuhkhotana, Ingalik)
 Lower Yukon River
 Middle Kuskokwin
 4. Holikachuk (also known as Innoko, Innoka-khotana, Tlëgon-khotana)
 5. Koyukon (also known as Ten'a, Co-Youkon, Co-yukon)
 Lower Koyukon (also known as Lower Yukon Koyukon)
 Central Koyukon (also known as Dinaakkanaaga Ts'inh Huyoza, Koyukuk River Koyukon)
 Upper Koyukon (also known as Upper Yukon Koyukon)

B. Tanana–Tutchone
 6. Upper Kuskokwim (also known as Kolchan, Goltsan)
 I. Tanana
 7. Lower Tanana (also known as Tanana, Minto, Dandey in, Dineh su, Tananatana)
 Minto-Tolovana-Toklat-Nenana-Wood River
 - Minto-Tolovana
 - Toklat
 - Nenana
 - Wood River
 Chena
 Salcha-Goodpastor
 8. Tanacross (also known as Tanana, Dandey in, Dineh su, Tananatana)
 9. Upper Tanana (also known as Tanana, Dandey in, Dineh su, Tananatana)
 Nabesna
 Tetlin
 Northway
 Scottie Creek
 Canadian Upper Tanana
 II. Tutchone (also known as Gens de Bois, Gunana, Nahane, Nahani, Tutchonekutchin)
 10. Southern Tutchone (sometimes considered to be just a dialect)
 11. Northern Tutchone (also known as Mayo) (sometimes considered to be just a dialect)

C. Kutchin–Han
 12. Gwich'in (also known as Gwitch'in, Kutchin, Kootchin, Loucheux, Loucheaux, Takudh, Tukudh, "Quarrelers")
 Alaskan Gwich'in (also known as Western Gwich'in)
 Canadian Gwich'in (also known as Eastern Gwich'in)
 13. Hän (also known as Han, Moosehide, Dawson, Gens du Fou, Han Gwich-in, Han-Kootchin, Hankutchin)

Northwestern Canada

A. Cordillera
 I. Central Cordillera (also known as Tahltan-Tagish-Kaska)
 14. Tagish (also known as Gunana, Nahane, Nahani, Si-him-E-na, "Stick Indians", Tagisch, Tahgish, Tahkeesh, Tahk-heesh)
 15. Tahltan (also known as Nahanni, Keyehotine, Nahane, Nahani, Tahl-tan, Tatltan, Ticaxhanoten, Toltan)
 16. Kaska (also known as Nahanni, Nahane, Nahani, Cassiar)
 II. Southeastern Cordillera
 17. Sekani
 18. Danezaa (also known as Beaver, Tsattine, Dunne-za, Deneza, Gens de Castor)

B. Mackenzie
 I. Slavey–Hare (v Slave)
 19. Slavey (also known as Slavey proper, South Slavey, Southern Slavey, Dene Tha, Esclave, Nahane, Nahani, Slave)
 20. Mountain (also known as Montagnards, Nahane, Nahani, Sih gotine, Sihta gotine)
 21. Bearlake (also known as Satudine, Sahtu gotine, Bear Lake)
 22. Hare (also known as Kawchottine, Ka so gotine, Kancho, Kawchodinneh, Rabbitskins, Ta-na-tin-ne)
 23. Dogrib (also known as Tli Cho, Tłįchǫ or Thlingchadine)

C. Chipewyan
 24. Dene Suline (also known as Chipewyan, Dëne Sųłiné, Dene, Yellowknife, Montagnais, "Northern Indians", Copper Indians, Coppermine Indians, Mithcocoman, Red Knife, T'atsan ottine, Tatsotine, Yellow Knife)

Tsetsaut

 25. Tsetsaut (also known as Ts'ets'aut, Nahane, Nahani, Portland Canal, Wetalth)

Central British Columbia

 26. Babine-Witsuwit'en (also known as North Carrier, Babine Carrier, Northern Carrier, Bulkley Valley, Lakes District, Western Carrier)
 Babine (also known as Nadot'en, Nedut'en, Nat'oot'en)
 Takla
 Witsuwit'en (also known as Wetsuwet'en, Wets'uwet'en, Wet'suwet'en)
 Moricetown
 Francois Lake
 27. Dakelh (also known as Carrier, Dakelhne, Takelne, Takulli, Taculli, Takulie, Porteur, Nagailer)
 Central Carrier (also known as Upper Carrier)
 Southern Carrier (also known as Lower Carrier)
 28. Chilcotin (also known as Tsilhqot'in, Tinneh, Chilkhodins, Tsilkotin)
 29. Nicola (also known as Stuwix, Nicola-Similkameen) (extinct)

Sarsi

 30. Sarsi (also known as Sarcee, Tsuu T'ina, or Tsuut'ina)

Kwalhioqua–Tlatskanai

 31. Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie (also known as Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanie)
 Willapa (also known as Willoopah)
 Suwal-Clatskanie
 - Suwal
 - Clatskanie (also known as Tlatskanie)

References

Bibliography
 See: Athabaskan languages#Bibliography.

External links
 Map of Northern Athabaskan dialects

Indigenous languages of Alaska

Northern Athabaskan languages


Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad (, abbreviated as MDJT) is a Chadian rebel group that tried to oust the government of the current Chadian president Idriss Déby from October 1998–2003. The movement was founded by Youssouf Togoïmi, Déby's former Defense Minister, and operated primarily in Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti and the Tibesti Mountains.

Though MDJT fought mostly against the Chadian Military, they were accused of assassinating the President of an opposition party in 1999, but no evidence supports this claim.

MDJT began negotiating with the Chadian government in January 2002 and signed a treaty giving amnesty to all MDJT rebels who stopped fighting. A MDJT remnant continued to fight to on a smaller scale until another agreement was signed in December 2003. This accord ensured high-ranking government positions for MDJT members. Togoïmi died in September 2002 in a Libyan hospital from injuries he had received a few days earlier when his truck hit a landmine. Togoïmi is buried in Libya.

The movement was similar in where it got its members, the Chadian military, and goals, overthrow of President Déby, to the later Platform for Change, Unity and Democracy.

See also
Civil war in Chad (1998–2002)

External links
MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
Full text of the 'Peace Agreement between the Government of Chad and  MDJT' signed in 2003, UN Peacemaker
Full text of the 'Peace Agreement between the Government of Chad and  MDJT' signed in 2002, UN Peacemaker

Rebel groups in Chad


Franz Alexander Nissl  (9 September 1860, in Frankenthal – 11 August 1919, in Munich) was a German psychiatrist and medical researcher.  He was a noted neuropathologist.

Early life
Nissl was born in Frankenthal to Theodor Nissl and Maria Haas.  Theodor taught Latin in a Catholic school and wanted Franz to become a priest.  However Franz entered the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich to study medicine. Later, he specialized in Psychiatry.

One of Nissl's university professors was Bernhard von Gudden.  His assistant, Sigbert Josef Maria Ganser suggested that Nissl write an essay on the pathology of the cells of the cortex of the brain.  When the medical faculty offered a competition for a prize in neurology in 1884, Nissl undertook the brain-cortex study.  He used alcohol as a fixative and developed a staining technique that allowed the demonstration of several new nerve-cell constituents.  Nissl won the prize, and wrote his doctoral dissertation on the same topic in 1885.

Career in medical research and education
Professor von Gudden was the judge in Nissl's college-essay competition, and he was so impressed with the study that he offered Nissl an assistantship at the Furstenried castle southwest of Munich, where one of his responsibilities would be to care for the mad Prince Otto.  Nissl accepted, and remained in that post from 1885 until 1888. There was a small laboratory at the castle, which enabled Nissl to continue with his neuropathological research.  In 1888 Nissl moved to the Institution Blankenheim.  In 1889 he went to Frankfurt as second in position under Emil Sioli (1852–1922) at the Städtische Irrenanstalt. There he met neurologist Ludwig Edinger and neuropathologist Karl Weigert, who was developing a neuroglial stain.  This work motivated Nissl to study mental and nervous diseases by relating them to observable changes in glial cells, blood elements, blood vessels and brain tissue in general.

In Frankfurt Nissl became acquainted with Alois Alzheimer, and they collaborated over seven years.  They became close friends, jointly editing the Histologische und histopathologische Arbeiten über die Grosshirnrinde (1904–1921).

In 1895 Emil Kraepelin invited Nissl to become assistant physician at the University of Heidelberg.  By 1904 he was a full professor at that institution, and became director of the Department of Psychiatry when Kraepelin moved to Munich.

Later life and death
The burden of teaching and administration, combined with poor research facilities, forced Nissl to leave many scientific projects unfinished. He also suffered from a kidney disease.  During World War I he was charged with administering a large military hospital.

In 1918 Kraepelin again invited Nissl to accept a research position at the Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Psychiatrie in Munich.  After one year at that position, where he performed research alongside Korbinian Brodmann and Walther Spielmeyer, he died in 1919 of kidney disease.

Personal
Nissl was of small stature, with poor posture.  He had a birthmark on his left face.  He never married, and his life revolved entirely around his work.

One day, for a practical joke, Nissl (who was an active campaigner against human consumption of alcohol) placed a row of empty beer bottles outside his laboratory and made sure that Kraepelin heard that he could be found lying under his desk, dead drunk.

Nissl was a competent pianist. Nazi physician Hugo Spatz (1888–1969) told of his first meeting, when Spatz applied for a position in Nissl's laboratory. Nissl was busy that morning and asked the student to come to his home at twelve.  When Spatz came to the house at noon, Nissl was not there, and the housekeeper finally opined that the Professor must have meant twelve midnight, so Spatz returned that night.  Nissl was at home then, but Spatz had to wait in the anteroom for half an hour until Nissl had finished the piano sonata that he was playing. The conversation lasted until daybreak.

Legacy
Nissl was possibly the greatest neuropathologist of his day and also a fine clinician who popularised the use of spinal puncture, which had been introduced by Heinrich Quincke.

Nissl also examined the neural connections between the human cortex and thalamic nuclei; he was in the midst of this study at the time of his death.

An example of his research philosophy is taken from his 1896 writings:
As soon as we agree to see in all mental derangements the clinical expression of definite disease processes in the cortex, we remove the obstacles that make impossible agreement among alienists.

Named histology concepts
The Nissl method is the staining of the cell body, and in particular endoplasmic reticulum. This is done by using various basic dyes (e.g. aniline, thionine, or cresyl violet) to stain the negatively charged RNA blue, and is used to highlight important structural features of neurons. The Nissl substance (rough endoplasmic reticulum) appears dark blue due to the staining of ribosomal RNA, giving the cytoplasm a mottled appearance. Individual granules of extranuclear RNA are named Nissl granules (ribosomes). DNA present in the nucleus stains a similar color.

See also
 Nissl bodies

References

 More information from the University of Illinois at Chicago

External links

 Nissl staining method and protocol link

1860 births
1919 deaths
German neuroscientists
History of neuroscience
People from the Palatinate (region)
History of psychiatry

Franz Nissl


Maria Gabriela de Faria Chacón (born September 11, 1992 in Caracas, Venezuela) is an award-winning Venezuelan actress and singer. She got international fame as Isabela "Isa" Pasquali in the Nickelodeon series "Isa TKM".

Across Latin America and the US Hispanic population, the teen telenovela, with Maria in the lead role, became Nick's #1 Spanish language program in over 20 countries. It also had a sold-out live tour and two numbet one albums. The series had many adolescent fans. These were described by the Los Angeles Times as "Isa-Mania".  She was also dating her TV love interest in real-life, Reinaldo Zavarce. This brought them more attention from the international media as well as the covers of teen magazines across Latin America.

Maria can currently be seen in Season Two of Nickelodeon's series Grachi in the role of Mia Novoa.

Career
María Gabriela de Faria began her career acting in the Venezuelan telenovela Ser Bonita No Basta, the teen drama Túkiti, Crecí de Una, a production of RCTV in which she played the heroine Wendy, and the soap opera Toda Una Dama (also with Reinaldo Zavarce.  In 2007 she was a co-host of the children's program La Merienda from RCTV. She has also a featured in various TV campaigns across Latin America.

Awards and Nominations
 2012 "Kid's Choice Awards" (Mexico) – Favorite Villain - "Grachi" - Nominated
 2010 "Kid's Choice Awards" (Mexico) – Favorite Female Character - "Isa TK+" - WINNER
 2010 "Kid's Choice Awards" (Mexico) – Favorite Look - "Isa TK+"
 2010 "Kid's Choice Awards" (Brasil) – Favorite Actress - "Isa TKM" - WINNER
 2006 "Awards Two of Gold" - Juvenile actress of the Year - "Túkiti, Crecí de Una" – WINNER

Telenovelas
 Grachi (2012-present) Mia Novoa
 Isa TK+ (2009–2010)* Isabella Pasquali
 MTV Los Premios (2009) Herself
 Isa TKM (2008–2009) Isabella Pasquali
 Ser Bonita No Basta (2007) Andreina Marquez
 El don (2006) Various characters
 Tukiti Creci de Una (2006) Wendy
 La Merienda (2007) Co-host
 Toda Una Dama (2007) Helena Trujillo Laya
 La senora de Cardenas (2005) Unitary
 Trapos intimos (2002) Marife

References

Other websites

Venezuelan actors
Venezuelan models
Venezuelan singers
Television actors
Movie actors
Singers
1992 births
Living people
People from Caracas

Maria Gabriela de Faria