Giovanni Cristoforo (or Giancristoforo) Romano (1456–1512) was an Italian Renaissance sculptor and medallist.

Born in Rome to Isaia da Pisa, he was probably a pupil of Andrea Bregno. His first known works are in the Ducal Palace of Urbino, dating from before 1482. Later he worked as medallist for the courts of Ferrara and Mantua, where he was a favourite of duchess Isabella d'Este.

In 1491 he moved to Milan called by Isabella's brother-in-law Ludovico Sforza, who commissioned him the tomb of Gian Galeazzo Visconti at the Certosa di Pavia, which he executed in collaboration with Benedetto Briosco. After the fall of the Sforza (1499) he returned to work for Isabella d'Este, for which he executed some fine medals and the precious marble portal of her study in the Ducal Palace of Mantua.

Later, he sojourned in Rome (called by Pope Julius II), Naples, Cremona, and again Milan and Urbino.

The tripartite marble altar-piece in the Costa Chapel in Santa Maria del Popolo was probably created by him for Cardinal Jorge da Costa around 1505.

He died in 1512.

References
 Giorgio Vasari, Le vite
 A. Venturi, Studi su G.C.R. scultore in Atti del I congresso nazionale di studi romani, Roma 1929
 R. Bossaglia, La scultura, in La Certosa di Pavia, a cura di M. G. Albertini Ottolenghi, R. Bossaglia, F. R. Pesenti, Milano 1968
 A. Nova, "Dall'arca alle esequie. Aspetti della scultura a Cremona nel XVI secolo", in I Campi e la cultura artistica cremonese del cinquecento, Milano 1985

Italian Renaissance sculptors
1456 births
1512 deaths
Italian medallists
Artists from Rome
15th-century Italian sculptors
Italian male sculptors
16th-century Italian sculptors

Giovanni Cristoforo Romano


Taleo Corporation was a publicly traded database vendor based in Dublin, California, which was acquired by Oracle in 2012. Taleo's product offerings primarily focus on talent acquisition (recruitment), performance management, learning and development, and compensation management. These capabilities combine to provide what Taleo calls "Talent Intelligence" — an enhanced level of insight into candidates and employees. Taleo sells its Human resource management system (HRMS / HRIS) products entirely via a software-as-a-service (SaaS) model, in which all software and information resides in data centers operated and secured by Taleo.

On February 9, 2012, Oracle Corporation acquired Taleo Corporation for $1.9 billion.

Oracle Corporation continues to use the Taleo software name for its talent-management software suite. As of December 2013, Taleo software had over 20 million users.

History
Taleo has its roots in Canada, where in 1996 Martin Ouellet established Viasite, a French-language job-board for candidates and employers. Ouellet and Louis Têtu soon began working with Fortune 500 companies interested in developing online approaches to recruiting that incorporated the efficiencies of supply-chain management processes.

Viasite was later renamed Recruitsoft, Inc. In 1999, Recruitsoft registered as a Delaware corporation with headquarters in San Francisco, California, and launched Recruiter WebTop, an online hiring management system. Global expansion followed, and by 2001 the company had secured customer relationships with large enterprises including Hewlett Packard, Dow Chemical, Agilent, Hasbro, American Airlines, United Airlines, Deloitte&Touche, Bombardier Aerospace and Transportation, MetLife, Cabletron Systems, and Sutter Health.

Recruitsoft, Inc. changed its name to Taleo Corporation in March 2004. As the talent-management market matured, Taleo added products and capabilities, integrating recruiting with performance management in 2008, adding compensation management in 2009, and including learning and talent development in 2010. , Taleo made solutions available in 187 countries and in 31 languages.

In August 2011, Taleo reported it had more than 5,000 customers ranging from small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) to large global enterprises, including nearly half of the Fortune 100.

R&D
Taleo operated R&D facilities in Quebec City, Canada; Kraków, Poland; and Jacksonville, Fla., with additional development staff in its Dublin, Calif., headquarters and other locations. Taleo's fiscal 2010 R&D investment was approximately $41 million. Jason Blessing was Taleo's Executive Vice President of Products & Technology.

Acquisitions
In addition to its own R&D efforts, Taleo expanded its product offerings through the acquisition of third-party solutions, talent and intellectual property:

 October 2003, White Amber
 added contingent workforce management to the Taleo Enterprise platform
 April 2005, Recruitforce.com
 became the foundation of Taleo Business Edition
 March 2007, JOBFlash
 integrated IVR, interview, scheduling, and high-volume hourly hiring capabilities into Taleo Enterprise; created a complementary offering to Taleo Business Edition
 July 2007, WetFeet Inc.
 сustomers of WetFeet Recruiter applicant tracking system transitioned to Taleo Enterprise and to Taleo Business Edition
 July 2008, Vurv Technology
 broadened Taleo's unified talent-management and Applicant tracking system (ATS) capabilities
 January 2010, Worldwide Compensation
 compensation management software, consulting services and domain expertise
 September 2010, Learn.com
 SaaS Learning Management System and industry expertise in corporate learning
 April 2011, Cytiva
 customers of Cytiva recruiting management solution transitioned to Taleo Recruit™ for SMBs or to Taleo Recruiting™ for enterprises
 July 2011, Jobpartners
 customers of Jobpartners' talent-management solution transitioned to Taleo Business Edition or to Taleo Enterprise

Products and services
Taleo Corp marketed Talent Management platforms for SMBs (as Taleo Business Edition) and enterprises (as Taleo Enterprise). Both Taleo Business Edition and Taleo Enterprise were modular offerings that allowed customers to add capabilities as they required them.

Taleo Corp operated a professional services organization that performed integration, implementation and performance optimization services worldwide.

See also
Oracle Advertising and Customer Experience (CX)
List of acquisitions by Oracle
List of talent management system companies

References

External links
 Taleo Official Website

Business services companies established in 1996
Software companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
Oracle acquisitions
Companies based in Alameda County, California
Dublin, California
Software companies established in 1996
1996 establishments in Quebec
Human resource management software
Software performance management
Recruitment software
Learning management systems
2012 mergers and acquisitions
Defunct software companies of the United States

Taleo


The Patricide () is a novel by Alexander Kazbegi, first published in 1882. The novel is a love story, but it also addresses many socio-political issues of 19th century Georgia. The novel portrays critical realism of the 19th century.

Analysis
The story is told from the third person perspective. It takes place in Khevi, which is a historical region of northern Georgia around the Kazbeg mountain.

Alexander Kazbegi was an ethnographer who grew up in Khevi, and as such was quite familiar with the life of the mountaineer. The novel is written in Medieval Georgian, which is also the dialect of northern Georgians.

The author also addresses political issues, such as the importance of self-selected government. At the time, the governors of the region were appointed by Russian authorities. Also, Russian authorities used cossack soldiers to occupy Georgia and the cossack's abusive behavior made the situation even worse.

Plot summary

The novel takes place in 19th century Georgia, when it was occupied by the Russian Empire. It is the love story of Iago, a peasant boy, and Nunu, a beautiful young woman. Nunu's mother died early, and since her father (a member of the coalition army in the Shamil rebellion) is too poor to care for her, she lives with her uncle's family. They disapprove of her match with Iago, as they consider him a mere Plebe.  Instead, they are sympathetic towards Grigola, the tyrannical village governor appointed by the Russians. Grigola is married, but in love with the beautiful Nunu.  He convinces her family that his brother would like to wed her, though Grigola intends to keep Nunu as his own mistress.

To get Nunu, Grigola realizes that he has to get rid of Iago first. Grigola accuses him of stealing state property and gives orders to lock him up in the Ananuri fortress. He then kidnaps and rapes Nunu. Koba, Iago's best friend, witnesses the kidnapping. He fights through Grigola's men to rescue Nunu, but he is too late. Koba swears revenge against Grigola for his shameful behavior.

Koba and another friend break Iago out of jail, and they all decide to flee to the Northern Caucasus and hide in Chechnya, since  Russian police and Cossacks are looking for them all over Georgia. Despite the fact that many Georgians were fighting on the Russian side, Shamil receives them and offers protection. The author portrays Chechens as free men who fight for their freedom, in contrast to the Georgians, who were kept on a short leash by people like Grigola, unable even to hold town meetings (a tradition since the Middle Ages).

Meanwhile, Nunu escapes from Grigola. Koba manages to contact her and tells her to meet them in  Vladikavkaz in North Ossetia, along with her father. The night before Iago and Nunu are supposed to see each other again, Iago and Koba's host decides to inform Grigola of their whereabouts, hoping to receive their horses in exchange for the information.  After midnight, Grigola shows up and murders Iago, the friend, and Nunu's father, hoping to pin the latter on Nunu and thus have an excuse to send her to Siberia. Koba escapes Grigola's wrath, but upon discovering both her lover and father murdered, Nunu dies from grief.

At the end of the story, Koba exacts his revenge for both Iago and Nunu by shooting Grigola and his supervisor in a cab in the forest.  Koba is the hero of the story, who respects friendship, defends truth, respects women, and enforces justice.

Legacy
The Koba character was used as a pseudonym by Joseph Stalin, who was born in Georgia. A friend of Stalin recalls "Koba became Soso's [Stalin's] God and gave his life meaning. He wished to become Koba. He called himself 'Koba' and insisted we call him that. His face shone with pride and pleasure when we called him 'Koba'".

Koba's vengeful characteristics, embodiment of traditional Georgian knightly ideals, and his simplistic moral code of honesty and loyalty appealed to Stalin.

The traitorous antagonist of reboot series of Planet of the Apes bears the name "Koba," a direct reference to Joseph Stalin and his love of the character.

References

External links
Online version of the novel

1882 novels
19th-century Georgian novels
Literature of Georgia (country)
Novels by Alexander Kazbegi
Realist novels

The Patricide


Purple Mountain is a mountain in Xuanwu District in Nanjing, China. It is 448.9 meters or 1,472 feet high.

Purple Mountain is a scenic spot and historic site in Nanjing. It is one of the Four Famous Mountains South of the Yangtze River and a national ecological and cultural demonstration site.

Purple Mountain Observatory is on the mountain. Nanjing Museum is just to its south.

Mountains of China
Nanjing

Purple Mountain


A witness-indistinguishable proof (WIP) is a variant of a zero-knowledge proof for languages in NP. In a typical zero-knowledge proof of a statement, the prover will use a witness for the statement as input to the protocol, and the verifier will learn nothing other than the truth of the statement. In a WIP, this zero-knowledge condition is weakened, and the only guarantee is that the verifier will not be able to distinguish between provers that use different witnesses. In particular, the protocol may leak information about the set of all witnesses, or even leak the witness that was used when there is only one possible witness.

Witness-indistinguishable proof systems were first introduced by Feige and Shamir. Unlike zero-knowledge proofs, they remain secure when multiple proofs are being performed concurrently.

See also

 Ring signature

References

Theory of cryptography

Witness-indistinguishable proof


Aegean Dispute is the name for a number of disputes between Greece and Turkey over sovereignty in the Aegean Sea. These disputes started in the 1970s. Since the early 2000s, both countries are trying to resolve them. The disputes fall into different categories:

Which island/rock belongs to what country.
Given two islands/rocks, which belong to the different countries, where exactly is the border between them
Where is the national airspace of each country
Because of different treaties, military operation is not permitted on some islands/some areas

Turkey has also talked about "grey" areas about the status of certain islands/rocks.

Territorial disputes
Islands of Greece
Islands of Turkey

Aegean dispute


Hugo Meisl (16 November 1881, Maleschau, Bohemia - 17 February 1937) was an Austrian football player, coach, referee and football official. He was coach of the so-called Wunderteam.

Biography
Meisl was born in the Bohemian part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was born to a Jewish family. At the age of 12, he went to Vienna and developed an interest in the new football sport in Austria. He became member of the Vienna Cricket and Football-Club in 1895 but did not play regularly, because he was often out of the country for schooling. He became a bank clerk in 1905 and started his career as football official.

Meisl got a job as an administrator with the Austrian Football Association when he was in his early 40s. He became General Secretary. As referee, he led 16 international matches under them matches at the 1912 Winter Olympics in Stockholm. Due to his command of eight languages, he became Austria's representative for FIFA.

Meisl had the longest career as team coach for Austria. He was in charge at 133 games. He was one of the most successful coaches of Austria's team. He was the coach of the so called Wunderteam (Wonderteam) which was the best one in Europe between 1931 and 1933. In 15 matches, Austria won 12 times.

As an official, Meisl was responsible for introducing professionalism in football. He also took active part in establishing the Mitropapokal, a forerunner of today's Champions League. He died at the age of 55 from a heart attack.

To honour him, a small street in Vienna is named after him.

References

Austrian footballers
Austria national football team managers
1881 births
1937 deaths
FK Austria Wien managers

Hugo Meisl


The Freedom Trail is a walking trail through Boston, Massachusetts. It passes by 16 places that are important to American history.  The Trail is 2.5 miles (4.0 km) long.  It starts at the Boston Common and ends at the USS Constitution in the Charlestown Navy Yard.

The Black Heritage Trail crosses the Freedom Trail between the Massachusetts State House and Park Street Church.

Creation
William Schofield, a journalist in Boston, first thought of creating the Freedom Trail.  In 1951, he suggested building a walking trail to connect many of the important historic places in Boston.  Boston's mayor, John Hynes, agreed.  The Trail was marked with red bricks and red paint, and signs were added along the way to explain the importance of the Trail's 16 stops.  By 1953, 40,000 people were walking the Freedom Trail every year.

The City of Boston's Freedom Trail Commission is in charge of the Trail.  The costs of keeping up the Trail are supported by grants from non-profit organizations and foundations; philanthropy; donations; and Boston National Historical Park.

Stops on the Trail

The Boston Common
The Boston Common is America's oldest public park.  When the Puritans came to Boston, they bought the land from William Blackstone, who was the first European person to settle in Boston.  The Puritans turned the land into a "Common Area" where people could bring their cows to eat grass.

The Common was also used to punish and hang people.

In 1775, when the British Army occupied Boston just before the American Revolution started, over 1,000 British soldiers camped and trained on the Common.

The Common has also been used for many other things, including:
 Anti-war and civil rights rallies, including one led by Martin Luther King, Jr.
 A speech by feminist Gloria Steinem
 A Mass given by Pope John Paul II in 1979

The Massachusetts State House
The State House is where the Massachusetts state government does business.  It was built in 1798 on land that used to be John Hancock's cow pasture.  It is topped by a big dome which Paul Revere coated with golden copper.

On the way
On the way from the Common to the State House, the Trail passes a monument to Robert Gould Shaw and the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment.  This was the first all-black volunteer regiment in the American Civil War.

Park Street Church
Built in 1809, Park Street Church was once the tallest building in Boston.  The Church became an important supporter of the abolitionist (anti-slavery) movement.  On Independence Day in 1829, William Lloyd Garrison made his first major speech against slavery at the Church.

During the War of 1812, the Church's members stored brimstone (which is used to make gunpowder) in the Church's basement.

Granary Burying Ground

Granary Burying Ground is a very old cemetery, created in 1660.  Many important people are buried here, including:
 Three signers of the Declaration of Independence: John Hancock, Samuel Adams, and Robert Treat Paine
 Paul Revere
 James Otis
 The victims of the Boston Massacre
 Benjamin Franklin's parents

Many other Bostonians are also buried here.

King's Chapel
King's Chapel was the first Anglican church in Boston.  It was built in 1688, on land that was part of a burying ground (cemetery).  At that time, most people in Boston were Puritans.  King James II, who wanted the colonists to follow the Church of England, ordered that an Anglican parish should be built in Boston.  However, nobody in Boston would sell good land to build a non-Puritan church.  Because of this, the King ruled that a piece of burying ground would be taken and used for the church.

King's Chapel Burying Ground
King's Chapel Burying Ground was Boston's first cemetery.  (It was created before King's Chapel.)  Many important Bostonians were buried here, including:
 John Winthrop, Massachusetts' first governor
 Mary Chilton, the first person to step off the Mayflower

Benjamin Franklin statue and Boston Latin School
Boston Latin School was the first public school in America.  It opened on April 23, 1635.  Boys could go to school there for free, whether they were rich or poor.  (Girls were taught at home.)  Five signers of the Declaration of Independence went to school at Boston Latin:
 Benjamin Franklin (though he dropped out of school before graduating)
 Samuel Adams
 John Hancock
 Robert Treat Paine
 William Hooper

The original Boston Latin School was torn down in 1745, but a statue of Benjamin Franklin marks the spot where the original school was.  Boston Latin School still exists today in a different place (and now teaches both boys and girls).

Old Corner Bookstore

The Old Corner Bookstore is the oldest business building in Boston.  It was built in 1718 as an apothecary shop.

Before it became a business, Anne Hutchinson lived in this building.  She used to hold religious meetings in her home, where she would read scripture.  Sometimes as many as 80 people would come to the meetings. This was more than 10% of Boston's population at the time.  Eventually Hutchinson was accused of heresy for preaching without being a preacher.  (At that time, no women were allowed to be preachers, and Hutchinson's ideas also disagreed with the Puritans'.)  Hutchinson was excommunicated and exiled to Rhode Island in 1638.

In the 1800s, the Old Corner Bookstore was one of the United States' most important book publishing companies.  It published books written by many famous authors, who would also meet at the Bookstore.  These authors included:
 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
 Harriet Beecher Stowe
 Nathaniel Hawthorne
 Ralph Waldo Emerson
 Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.
 Louisa May Alcott
 Charles Dickens

Old South Meeting House

The Old South Meeting House was built in 1729 so that Puritans could meet there to pray.  Benjamin Franklin was baptized here.  The church's famous members included:
 Phyllis Wheatley (the first African-American poet whose poetry was published)
 James Otis
 William Dawes, who warned people that British soldiers were coming, just like Paul Revere did, in 1775

Some of the events that led up to the American Revolutionary War happened at Old South Church.  For example, five thousand people met at Old South Meeting House just before the Boston Tea Party in 1773.  They were trying to decide what to do with the tea that was waiting on ships in Boston Harbor.  After the British passed the Tea Act, Bostonians would have to pay taxes on the tea even though they had no say in whether the taxes were fair or not.  They tried to have the tea sent back to England, but they were unable to.  After this, Samuel Adams got up and said, "This meeting can do nothing more to save the country."  This was a secret signal to tell the Sons of Liberty to go destroy the tea.  This is how the Boston Tea Party started.

Several years later, when British soldiers were occupying Boston, they got revenge on Old South Church for its role in the Boston Tea Party.  They ripped out the church's pews (benches) and turned the church into a horse stable.  They used Old South Church to teach British cavalry soldiers how to ride horses.  After the Revolutionary War was over, in 1783, the church's members fixed the building up into a church again.

On the way
The Irish Potato Famine memorial statue is on the way to the Old South Meeting House.  During the Irish Potato Famine, over one million Irish people died.  Another million Irish people immigrated to the United States, mostly to Boston.  The statue shows a family that was dying of starvation, who became strong and healthy again after moving to Boston.

Old State House

The Old State House was built in 1713.  The Massachusetts Bay Colony's colonial government worked there.  The Old State House was very important in starting the American Revolution.  In 1768, the colony's House of Representatives decided that people in Massachusetts should refuse to pay taxes to the British.  The British decided to get rid of the colony's legislature, and also sent soldiers to occupy Boston.

In 1776, the Declaration of Independence was read to the people of Boston for the first time from the balcony of the Old State House.

Site of the Boston Massacre

The Boston Massacre happened just in front of the Old State House, in 1770.  After British soldiers occupied Boston, many people in Boston got angrier and angrier.  On March 5, 1770, an angry mob of Bostonians surrounded British soldiers.  Somebody yelled "fire," and the British soldiers started shooting their guns.  Five Bostonians were killed.

After news about the Boston Massacre spread throughout the Thirteen Colonies, people became angrier at the British.  The Boston Massacre made more people want to fight the British for independence.

Faneuil Hall
A rich merchant named Peter Faneuil built Faneuil Hall in 1741.  He meant Faneuil Hall to be a place for trade and business.  However, it became an important meeting place for people who wanted to fight against British rule.  The Sons of Liberty met there and announced that they would fight back against the British.  Leaders like Samuel Adams gave speeches there encouraging independence.

America's first town meeting was held at Faneuil Hall.  Americans first met there in 1764 to protest the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act.  Later, they would meet there to protest the Tea Act, the Townshend Duties, and the British occupation of Boston.

On top of Faneuil Hall, there is a famous weathervane (which tells which way the wind is blowing).  It is shaped like a golden grasshopper.  Legend says that Bostonians used this weathervane during the War of 1812 to find spies.  If a person did not know the answer to the question "What is on top of Faneuil Hall?", they were suspected of being a spy.

In the 19th century, abolitionists like Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison, and Lucy Stone spoke against slavery at Faneuil Hall.

Paul Revere's House

The Paul Revere house is the oldest building in downtown Boston that is still standing.  It was built around 1680.  Revere bought it in 1770.  He lived here when he made his famous "Midnight Ride".

Old North Church

The Old North Church is the oldest church in Boston that is still standing.  This Episcopal church opened in 1723.  The first bells ever brought to America were put in its steeple.

Because the steeple was the tallest in Boston at the time, it played an important role just before the American Revolution started.  Just before the Battles of Lexington and Concord, the first battles of the Revolution, the British had two choices for how they could get to Lexington and Concord.  They could walk, or they could row across the Charles River.  The Sons of Liberty hung two lanterns in the church's steeple to signal that British soldiers were crossing the Charles River.  This helped the Americans figure out the best way to defend against the British.

Copp's Hill Burying Ground
Copp's Hill Burying Ground was the largest cemetery in colonial Boston.  It was created in 1659.  Famous people who are buried here include:
 Cotton Mather and Increase Mather, two Puritan preachers who were involved with the Salem Witch Trials
 Robert Newman, the man who hung the lanterns in the Old North Church on the night of Paul Revere's "Midnight Ride"
 Edmund Hartt, who built the USS Constitution
 Prince Hall, a free African-American man who started the first Black Masonic Lodge, and tried to end slavery in Massachusetts

British soldiers put their cannons at Copp's Hill Burying Ground during the Battle of Bunker Hill.

The Bunker Hill Monument

The Bunker Hill Monument honors the Battle of Bunker Hill.  This was the first major battle of the American Revolution.  Though the British won this battle, it was so difficult for them to win that the battle proved the Americans would not be easy to beat.

The USS Constitution

Until May 2015, the USS Constitution was the oldest warship in the world that still floated.  It was first put into the water in 1797.  The Constitution became famous during the War of 1812.  The ship got the nickname "Old Ironsides" because cannonballs would bounce off the wooden sides of the ship like they were made of iron.

The Constitution is still a United States Navy warship.

Photo gallery

Related pages
 American Revolutionary War

References

Other websites

 The Freedom Trail Foundation (The Freedom Trail's official website)
 The Black Heritage Trail

Buildings and structures in Boston
20th century in Massachusetts
National Historic Landmarks of the United States

Freedom Trail


Reformism is the belief that gradual democratic changes in a society would mean that a society's fundamental economic relations and political structures would change. This belief grew out of opposition to revolutionary socialism, which challenges that revolutions are necessary to fundamentally change a society. Someone who believes in reformism is a reformist.

Sociology
Political movements

Reformism


Scouting in Missouri has a long history, from the 1910s to the present day.

Early history (1910-1950)

According to William D. Murray, a charter member of the Executive Board of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) when it incorporated on February 8, 1910, the first "Troop" to form in Missouri was formed by an Englishman in Sedalia, MO sometime in 1908 or 1909. In his 1937 book "The History of the Boy Scouts of America," he goes on to say that this man had even gone so far as to appoint field representatives in other states as well.

The 1938 National Order of the Arrow Lodge Meeting was held at Irondale, Missouri.

Boy Scouts of America in Missouri today
There are six BSA local councils in Missouri.

Great Rivers Council
Great Rivers Council (653) is based in Columbia, Missouri and serves Scouts in 33 counties in Mid-Missouri. In 1971 Great Rivers Council merged with Lake of the Ozarks Council (314).

Districts
Black Diamond is located in Randolph, Schuyler, Sullivan, Putnam, Adair, Scotland, Knox, Linn, Macon, and Western Shelby, counties.
Boons lick is located in Boone, Cooper and Howard counties
Five Rivers is located in Cole, Osage, Gasconade and Maries counties.
Grand Prairie is located in Callaway, Audrain and Montgomery counties.
Kinderhook is located in Morgan, Moniteau and Camden counties.
Mark Twain is located in Pike, Ralls, Lewis, Monroe, Marion and Eastern Shelby counties.
Osage Trails is located in Chariton, Saline, Pettis and Benton counties.

Lake of the Ozarks Scout Reservation

In addition, the Great Rivers Council has two mobile invention labs. These labs can be hooked onto a truck and taken anywhere in the council.

The Council operates Lake of the Ozarks Scout Reservation. Scouts BSA and Venturing Camps are offered at Hon. The camp is available for year-round use by Scout units for a variety of activities.

Lake of the Ozarks Scout Reservation is located on the Lake of the Ozarks Osage Arm at mile marker 44 near Laurie, Missouri.

The Lake of the Ozarks Scout Reservation offers facilities and equipment available for unit use and the Kit Carson Trail, an eight-mile-long perimeter trail which winds through the hills and along the bluff overlooking the Lake. The Lake of the Ozarks Scout Reservation is also home to the Sinquefield Invention Lab, Program Building and Welding/Blacksmithing Shop. The Sinquefield Invention Lab and Program Building was opened in May 2017, and is currently the only invention lab in the entire Boy Scouts of America. The Welding/Blacksmithing Shop opened in 2019. The facility has 9 labs: electronics & robotics, 2D design & woodworking, 3D modeling, blacksmithing, print & design, multimedia, leadership, business & ethics, and creativity. The Sinquefield Invention Lab and Program Building is used year-round as a merit-badge workshop, camping facility, and training center.

With the addition of the Sinquefield Invention Lab & Program Building, the Lake of the Ozarks Scout Reservation is currently the only Scouts BSA camp where scouts have access to an invention lab, a COPE/Climbing course, shooting sports, and a full aquatics program.

Lake of the Ozarks Scout Camps

Camp Tunderbird
Started 1960 (based on its 50th-anniversary in 2010), now closed unsure of last year of operation.

Located in Randolf County Latitude 39.542258 Longitude -92.3293471 on Lake Thunderbird.

 547 acres 12 group campsites Platform tents provided.
 Dining Hall or Patrol Cooking 33 Merit Badges offered.

Order of the Arrow
The council is served by the Nampa Tsi lodge.

In 1971 Meta #216 and Po-E-Mo #426 merged. This merge took place after the Great Rivers Council merged with the Lake of the Ozark Council. The name Nampa-Tsi translated means "twin lodges."

There have been different designs for the lodge pocket flap. The original design of our lodge flap, by Vigil Honor James Quick, had an Osage (pronounced Oh-Song-Eh) Indian with a reservation hat, a coup staff, a flaming arrow, a lake and rivers, and two tepees. Some think that the hat was worn by the Osage Indian because they traded with settlers. This was not the case. The hats were taken as coup from pioneer settlers after they had been scalped.

Sons of Daniel Boone
Originally, the Sons of Daniel Boone was created by Daniel Carter Beard to encourage boys to go outdoors for recreation. This organization became the Boy Pioneers of America which merged with similar outdoor groups into the Boy Scouts of America in 1910. In 2006, the Sons of Daniel Boone reemerged as an honor camp society for Scouts and Scouters who have kept returning to Great Rivers Council Summer Camp.

Invention Scouts

Invention Scouts was founded in the Great Rivers Council in 2015 by Dr. Jeanne Sinquefield. It was founded as a Boy Scouts of America alternative to traditional STEM programs, which were too expensive and exclusive. The motto of Invention Scouts is "become an inventor and entrepreneur for life". The program is coeducational and is available to boys and girls aged 11–21. Scouts are exposed to cutting-edge equipment such as laser engravers, 3D printers, and CNC routers among others. Invention Scouts has its own ranks: Invention Scouts, Apprentice, Journeyman, & Master.

Greater Saint Louis Area Council

Heart of America Council

Heart of America Council has its headquarters in Kansas City, Missouri, and serves Scouts in both Missouri and Kansas.  The Council has two sponsored camps, H. Roe Bartle Scout Reservation and Theodore Naish Scout Reservation.  Bartle offers Mic-O-Say as an honor society, and Naish is home to the Tamegonit Lodge of the Order of the Arrow.

Mississippi Valley Council

Mississippi Valley Council is headquartered in Quincy, Illinois, and is served by Black Hawk Lodge #67. This council serves Scouts in Illinois, Missouri and Iowa.

Ozark Trails Council

Ozark Trails Council is based in Springfield, Missouri, and serves Scouts in Missouri and Kansas. Camps in the Ozark Trails Council include:

Camp Arrowhead offers programs for all Scouts, from first-year Trailblazer to High Adventure. Camp Arrowhead is situated on approximately 650 beautiful wooded acres in the Ozark Mountains near Marshfield in southwest Missouri. The property features a lake, many miles of hiking trails, a stream, caves, a spring, and many examples of native Missouri flora and fauna.

Scouts camping at Camp Arrowhead may enjoy traditional outdoor Scouting activities – backpacking, hiking, fishing, swimming, archery and shooting – as well as more challenging "adventure" and "aquatics" programs. These include: a C.O.P.E. course, mountain biking, rappelling, canoeing, small-boat sailing and snorkeling.

Cow Creek located on Table Rock Lake just south of Branson, Missouri. Cow Creek is available for unit camping. The property is winterized October 1 through April 15; during this time utility water will not be available.
Blazing Trails District
Frontier District
Mo-Kan District
Nih-Ka-Ga-Hah District
Osage Hills District
Pathfinder District
River Trails District

Camp Arrowhead
Camp Arrowhead is in Marshfield, Missouri located in Southwest Missouri.

The camp was started in 1924, and is the oldest continually operating Scouts BSA Camp west of the Mississippi River.

Camp Arrowhead offers programs for all Scouts, from first-year Trailblazer to High Adventure. Camp Arrowhead is situated on approximately 650 beautiful wooded acres in the Ozark Mountains near Marshfield in southwest Missouri. The property features a lake, many miles of hiking trails, a stream, caves, a spring, and many examples of native Missouri flora and fauna. The camp was likely named for the county's Native American relics.

Scouts camping at Camp Arrowhead may enjoy traditional outdoor Scouting activities – backpacking, hiking, fishing, swimming, archery and shooting – as well as more challenging "adventure" and "aquatics" programs. These include: a C.O.P.E. course, mountain biking, rappelling, canoeing, small-boat sailing and snorkeling.

Order of the Arrow

The council is served by Wah-Sha-She Lodge #42 since 1995. Wah-Sha-She was formed from the merger of Osage Lodge #42 and Ni-Ka-Ga-Hah Lodge #91. Lodge #42 has had a strong presence in the Section, Region, and National level. It has hosted several conclaves at Camp Arrowhead and been home to many section officers.

Wah-She-She has participated in every NOAC since its formation and has sponsored several teams in dance, ceremony, and other competitions. At the 2015 NOAC, Wah-Sha-She Lodge took 1st in the basketball competition.

Pony Express Council

The Pony Express Council is based in Saint Joseph, Missouri, and also serves Scouts in Kansas.  The Council's summer camp is Camp Geiger, which is one of only two camps in the United States to offer Mic-O-Say rather than Order of the Arrow as the Scout honorary society.  In the late 1970s, Pony Express Executive Parvin Bishop started the first Project C.O.P.E. program in the United States at the camp.  After Bishop became Director of Program at the National Office, he expanded the program so that it became national.

Crossed Arrows District
Kanza District
Ma-Has-Kah District
Otoe District
Robidoux District

Camp Geiger
Camp Geiger is a Scouts BSA camp on the bluffs above the Missouri River two miles (3 km) northwest of St. Joseph, Missouri in Andrew County, Missouri at  used by the Pony Express Council. It is one of the only two scout camps including H. Roe Bartle Scout Reservation in the United States to use Mic-O-Say rather than Order of the Arrow exclusively as its Scout honor society.  It was first camp in the United States to offer Project C.O.P.E.

The camp is named for Charles Geiger, a St. Joseph physician, who donated land from his boyhood home in 1930.  It replaced Camp Brinton at Agency, Missouri (named for W.E. Brinton who had loaned  for the camp) which had been the Scout council's main summer camp since 1918.  Scouting executive H. Roe Bartle founded the Mic-O-Say organization at Camp Brinton in 1925 while serving as head of the Pony Express council.  Bartle was to found a Mic-O-Say chapter in Kansas City, Missouri when he was transferred to being head of the Heart of America chapter in Kansas City there in 1929.  However, the Kansas City chapter also includes Order of the Arrow in its offering at its Camp Naish while having Mic-O-Say exclusively at its other camp—Camp Bartle.

In 1930 Geiger announced the donation and in 1935 it opened with a Dining Hall made of native limestone.  In the 1950s, the council bought land higher on the bluffs and further to the north and a "new Camp Geiger" was begun with the bulk of the camp moved to the higher land in 1952.  The original swimming pool lower on the bluff was replaced in 1971 with a new pool on top of the bluff.

In the late 1970s the Pony Express Council began Project COPE, which is aimed at encouraging teamwork, self-confidence, trust, leadership, communication, decision-making, and problem-solving.  It was championed by Pony Express Council Executive Parvin Bishop who expanded the program when he became Director of Program at the National Office.

A new Dining Hall and Headquarters/Health Lodge buildings were built in 1992 after land was purchased on the road entering the camp.

Girl Scouting in Missouri

Missouri has three Girl Scout councils.

Girl Scouts of Eastern Missouri

Girl Scouts of Eastern Missouri serves more than 43,000 girls and has
over 15,000 adult volunteers.

It was formed by merging Girl Scouts of The Becky Thatcher Area and
The Girl Scout Council of Greater Saint Louis in 2007.

Headquarters: St. Louis, Missouri

Camps:
Camp Cedarledge is nearly  near Pevely, Missouri.  Originally an old farm acquired by the Girl Scouts in 1927 and later expanded.
Camp Fiddlecreek is  near Labadie, Missouri.
Camp Tuckaho is  near Troy, Missouri.

Girl Scouts of Northeast Kansas and Northwest Missouri

Headquarters: Kansas City, Missouri

It was formed by a merger of Northeast Girl Scouts of Mid-Continent Council,
Girl Scouts of Kaw Valley Council (Kansas), and
Girl Scouts of the Midland Empire in 2007.  It serves about 23,000 girls and has about 8,000 adult volunteers.

Camps:
Camp Daisy Hindman, founded in 1929, is  in Dover, Kansas near Topeka.
Camp Cutteru is near Junction City, Kansas
Camp Timberlake was  near Stilwell, Kansas and started in 1959. It was sold after the merger to private owners, although still offers scout camping by reservation with the new owners.
Tongawood Program center is  near Tonganoxie, Kansas
Camp Oakledge is  near Warsaw, Missouri.  It specializes in aquatic activities and started in 1945.
Camp Prairie Schooner is over  near Kansas City, Missouri acquired in 1945.
Winding River Camp is an equestrian camp of over  near Dearborn, Missouri. It started in 1965.
Camp Woodland is near Albany, Missouri.  It became a Girl Scout camp in 1948.
Warrensburg Little House is in Warrensburg, Missouri
Camp ToKaVaCa is  in Topeka, Kansas

Girl Scouts of the Missouri Heartland

Girl Scouts Missouri Heartland includes 67 counties in Missouri,
Kansas, and Oklahoma.  It serves over 9,000 girls and has over 4,000
adult volunteers.

It was formed by a merger of Girl Scouts — Cotton Boll Area Council,
Girl Scouts of Dogwood Trails Council,
Girl Scouts — Heart of Missouri Council,
Girl Scouts of Otahki Council, and
Girl Scout Council of The Ozark Area on October 1, 2008.

Headquarters: Springfield, Missouri

Service Centers:
Cape Girardeau, Missouri
Dexter, Missouri
Jefferson City, Missouri
Joplin, Missouri

Camps:
Camp Friendship Fields is  north of Pittsburg, Kansas (Crawford County, Kansas)
Camp Latonka is on the shores of Lake Wappapello in Wayne County, Missouri
Finbrooke Outdoor Center is  near Rogersville, Missouri (Christian County)*Green Berry Acres is  near the state capital, Jefferson City, Missouri (Cole County)
Silver Meadows is  near Columbia, Missouri (Boone County)

Baden-Powell Service Association in Missouri

Missouri is home to the Baden-Powell Service Association's former Chief Commissioner, David Atchley. Atchley, an Eagle Scout in the Boy Scouts of America, joined up in 2008, after being asked to leave his local Greater St. Louis Area Council after attempting to create a non-discrimination policy for the Cub Scout pack he was Cubmaster for. He started forming youth scouting sections for the BPSA based on other Traditional Scouting groups based in Canada and Great Britain. In 2009, Atchley became Chief Commissioner. Atchley then chartered his own BPSA scout group in 2010 called 10th Daniel Boone (now defunct) in Washington, Missouri. He resigned his position as Chief Commissioner to Susan Pesznecker in August 2015.

Currently, the Baden-Powell Service Association has just one chartered scout group in Missouri, and that is in the St. Louis, Missouri area.  The BPSA is an inclusive, "back to basics" organization that welcomes boys and girls from 5 years of age through adulthood.

66th Confluence

The 66th Confluence scout group was formed in November 2012 following a BPSA Brownsea Training Camp that took place September 14–16, 2012 at Klondike Park in Augusta, Missouri. Several of the newly received Rover Squires from that training returned to St. Louis to begin the formation of the scout group, the ordinal "66" coming from the U.S. Route 66 highway that once crossed St. Louis, as well as the confluence of the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers, which is also in St. Louis.

References

External links

Youth organizations based in Missouri
Missouri
Central Region (Boy Scouts of America)

Scouting in Missouri


Robert Leszek Moczulski (, born 7 June 1930) is a Polish historian and politician, a member of various organizations, first supporting then supposedly opposing the communist regime in the People's Republic of Poland while dividing the opposition movement.

Leszek Moczulski was born on 7 June 1930 in Warsaw. Shortly after the war and the Communist take-over of power in Poland, Moczulski became involved in various communist organizations. In 1947 he became a member of the Association of Fighting Youth and the following year he became the member of the Polish Workers' Party and the ZMP youth organization. Then since 1950 young Moczulski was a member of the Polish United Workers' Party (PUWP).

In 1951 he graduated from the Academy of Political Studies, a school of cadres for the communist regime. The following year he graduated also from the faculties of Law and Journalism at the Warsaw University. He completed his education in 1958 by graduating from the faculty of history at the same university. About that time he started to work as a journalist for various Warsaw-based newspapers and weeklies, among them the Życie Warszawy, Dookoła Świata and Stolica weekly. As a historian, Moczulski focused mostly on modern history of Poland, including the history of the Polish Defensive War.

Initially, according to the Polish lustration court, a secret informer of the Służba Bezpieczeństwa secret political police, in late 1970s Moczulski most probably broke up (or just the opposite) with the regime and started working for various anti-communist associations. He was one of the inspirers of the creation and the spokesperson of the Movement for Defense of Human and Civic Rights. Conflicted with the rest of the members, he tried to break it up by forming a ZINO faction, which was however unsuccessful. Finally, on 1 September 1979 Moczulski announced the creation of the Confederation of Independent Poland.

As a politician, Moczulski referred to the rightist wing of the pre-war Sanacja and the supporters of Józef Piłsudski. In his political works he focused mostly on economical aspect of the possible transformation of Communist planned economy into free market economy. Among the most notable of his actions of the 1980s was a memorandum of February 1985, in which he urged the governments of United Kingdom and the United States to fulfill the promises of the Yalta Conference of 1945 and organise free elections in Poland. For such actions, Moczulski was arrested several times and held in prisons as a political prisoner.

After the Round Table Talks and the peaceful transfer of power from the communist regime to the democratic authorities, Moczulski distanced himself from the agreement and openly criticised the idea of gruba kreska, instead supporting an idea of decommunization, a concept coined after the post-World War II de-nazification of Nazi Germany. He also stayed off the Solidarity movement. He failed to gain enough support in the Kraków-Podgórze constituency for his candidacy to the Sejm in the Contract elections of 1989. The following year he took part in the presidential elections scoring 2.50% of votes. In the Polish parliamentary elections of 1991 he became a member of the parliament. He held his post in the elections of 1993. During his membership, he was a president of various commissions, including the commissions responsible for foreign policies, for support of Polonia, as well as the commission working on the project of the new constitution.

Moczulski also took part in the presidential election of 1995, though he withdrew his candidacy. In 1992, during the last days of the government of Jan Olszewski, Moczulski was accused by Antoni Macierewicz of being one of the secret agents of the Służba Bezpieczeństwa (SB), a communist secret police. In 1997, after the Lustration Act took place, Moczulski himself asked the lustration tribunal to investigate the matter. However, contrary to his official stance, he was found guilty of hiding his collaboration with the SB during the period 1969-1977, which ended his political career.

Note
  According to the Polish Lustration Act, all candidates to the Sejm, Senate or government are to announce whether they collaborated with secret services of the communist regime of Poland. The declaration is then printed on all official lists of candidates.

References

1930 births
Living people
Writers from Warsaw
20th-century Polish historians
Polish male non-fiction writers
Members of the Polish Sejm 1991–1993
Members of the Polish Sejm 1993–1997
Candidates in the 1990 Polish presidential election
University of Warsaw alumni

Leszek Moczulski


The Guards Memorial, also known as the Guards Division War Memorial, is an outdoor war memorial located on the west side of Horse Guards Road, opposite Horse Guards Parade in London, United Kingdom.  It commemorates the war dead from the Guards Division and related units during the First World War, and of the Household Division in the Second World War and other conflicts since 1918.

Design
The cenotaph memorial was designed by H. Chalton Bradshaw.  It includes a broad squat white Portland stone obelisk  high standing on a white stone base with three steps.  On a raised platform to the east side of the memorial, facing Horse Guards Parade, are five large bronze sculptures by Gilbert Ledward, one representing each of the Foot Guards Regiments, standing easy with their rifles above stone carvings showing the badge of each regiment, each slightly larger than life size, about  in high.  The statues are modelled on serving guardsmen: Sergeant R. Bradshaw MM of the Grenadier Guards, Lance Corporal J. S. Richardson of the Coldstream Guards, Guardsman J. McDonald of the Scots Guards, Guardsman Simon McCarthy of the Irish Guards (with legs modelled by another guardsman, Lance Sergeant W. J. Kidd) and Guardsman A. Comley of the Welsh Guards.  The other three sides each bear a bronze panel, one to either side depicting military equipment and the one to the rear depicting artillery in action.  The statues and panels were cast by the William Morris Art Bronze Foundry using bronze taken from German guns melted down after the First World War.

Above the five statues, the cenotaph also bears an inscription written by Rudyard Kipling, whose only son John was killed in action while serving the Irish Guards at the Battle of Loos in September 1915: "To the Glory of God // And in the memory of the // Officers Warrant Officers // Non Commissioned Officers & // Guardsmen of His Majesty's // Regiments of Foot Guards // who gave their lives for their // King and Country during the // Great War 1914–1918 and of the // Officers Warrant Officers // Non-Commissioned Officers and // Men of the Household Cavalry // Royal Regiment of Artillery // Corps of Royal Engineers // Royal Army Service Corps Royal // Medical Corps and other // Units who while serving the // Guards Division in France & // Belgium 1915–1918 fell with them in // the fight for the World's Freedom."

Above the main inscription is an incised cross between bands of horizontal incised lines, and lower down is a second inscription: "This monument // was erected by their friends and comrades".  Further inscriptions on the sides of the cenotaph record the units involved, and the west side, below another cross, records their battle honours.

Construction
The monument was built by the Birmingham Guild at a cost of around £22,000, with the lettering cut by Ernest Gillick.  It was unveiled by Field Marshal Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn at a ceremony on 16 October 1926, accompanied by the 100-year-old veteran of the Crimean War General Sir George Higginson, with a dedication by Rev. H. J. Fleming, who became senior chaplain of the Guards Division when it was formed in 1915, and a benediction by the Chaplain-General to the Forces, Rev. Alfred Jarvis, and a march-past by 15,000 serving and former guardsmen.  The memorial suffered bomb damage in the Second World War, and some was left unrepaired as "honourable scars".

Later history
After World War II, an inscription was added below the statues to commemorate those who died between 1939 and 1945: "This memorial also commemorates all those members // of the Household Division who died in the Second World War // and in the Service of their Country since 1918."

The memorial received Grade II listing in 1970, and was promoted to Grade I in October 2014.

See also

 1926 in art
Grade I listed buildings in the City of Westminster
Grade I listed war memorials in England
World War I memorials

References

1926 establishments in the United Kingdom
1926 sculptures
Bronze sculptures in the City of Westminster
Cenotaphs in the United Kingdom
Grade I listed buildings in the City of Westminster
Grade I listed monuments and memorials
Grade I listed statues in the City of Westminster
Military memorials in London
Outdoor sculptures in London
Sculptures of men in the United Kingdom
Whitehall
World War I memorials in England
World War II memorials in England

Guards Memorial


The wisent (or the European bison, Bison bonasus) is a bison species and the heaviest surviving animal in Europe. It is a close relative of the American bison.

Longer legged and less heavily built than its American cousin, the wisent may reach a height of 54 to 60 in. (137–152 cm) at the shoulder, and a weight of more than 1 ton (900 kg). It has brown hair and short upcurved horns. Its hump is less prominent than that of the American bison and its coat less shaggy.

Reproduction
In the wild the wisent is a forest animal; it browses on leaves, ferns, and bark. Females give birth after a gestation period of 9 to 10 months, usually to a single calf. Abundant in Europe in prehistoric times, wisents remained numerous until the early Christian era.

Extinction
The Wisent has been hunted for their meat and removed from their habitats by farmers.  Thus by the 11th century only a few hundred were left alive.  By 1927 less than 50 remained.  Since the formation of an international protective society in 1932, their numbers have been growing, but they are no longer found outside zoos or reserves.

Bovines
Mammals of Europe

National symbols of Belarus

Wisent


Sir Eric Robert Dalrymple Maclagan  (4 December 1879 – 14 September 1951) was a British museum director and art historian.

Early years
Born on 4 December 1879 in London, Maclagan was the only son of William Dalrymple Maclagan, Archbishop of York and his second wife Augusta Anne, daughter of the sixth Lord Barrington. He had a sister and two half-brothers. Educated at Winchester College, he read classics at Christ Church, Oxford, graduating in 1902.

Career
In 1905 Maclagan joined the staff at the Victoria and Albert Museum as an assistant in the Textiles Department. During his time there he produced a Guide to English Ecclesiastical Embroideries. After a time he transferred to the Department of Architecture and Sculpture where he worked under Mr A B Skinner. He became head of this department when Skinner died in 1908. One of his first tasks was to rearrange the collection of Italian sculpture and start the large Catalogue of Italian Plaquettes, which was published many years later in 1924.

France
In 1916 Maclagan was temporarily transferred to the Foreign Office, and later to the Ministry of Information. He became head of the Ministry's bureau in Paris and its controller for France in 1918. In 1919 he was attached to the British peace delegation and was present at the signing of the Treaty of Versailles. For his services in France, Maclagan was made a CBE in 1919. While in Paris, he was a member of the "set" surrounding the novelist Edith Wharton.

Director of the Victoria and Albert Museum
After his time in France, Maclagan returned to the Victoria and Albert Museum; and on the retirement of Sir Cecil Harcourt Smith in 1924 was appointed Director and Secretary. During his twenty one years in office the museum increased its reputation as a centre for research and learning. He produced the Catalogue of Italian Sculpture in collaboration with Margaret Longhurst of the Sculpture Department. Longhurst would, in time, be the V&A's first woman keeper. As Director he also worked towards broadening the museum's public appeal, for example by selling picture post-cards and Christmas cards of objects, issuing a series of sixpenny picture books (including his own, Children in Sculpture and Portrait Busts), and organising free public lectures. He introduced the "Object of the Week" scheme, under which a different object from the museum's collection, with a descriptive label, was placed in the entrance hall every Monday. He also wanted to rearrange the displays according to primary and secondary collections, but this proved impossible in the financial climate of the 1930s, and was not realised until Sir Leigh Aston reassembled the collections in 1945.

While at the museum, Maclagan wrote many scholarly articles and catalogues; and also an essay on The Bayeux Tapestry, published (as a King Penguin) in 1943, which became a minor bestseller.

During his time as Director he was personally responsible for a number of important public exhibitions. Among the most outstanding were the exhibitions of the works of art belonging to the livery companies of the City of London (1926), of English Medieval Art (1930), the William Morris Centenary exhibition (1934), the exhibition of the Eumorfopoulos collection (1936), and an exhibition of sculptures which had been moved from Westminster Abbey during the Second World War (1945).

Other Offices
Maclagan was knighted in 1933, and in 1945 he was appointed KCVO. He held important appointments both at home and abroad. In 1927–8 he was Charles Eliot Norton professor at Harvard University. He was a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, acting as vice-president from 1932 to 1936, president of the Museums Association from 1935 to 1936, and chairman of the National Buildings Record. He was also appointed to lectureships at Edinburgh, Belfast, Dublin and Hull and was given honorary degrees at Birmingham and Oxford. As chairman for the fine arts committee of the British Council from 1941, Maclagan organised many exhibitions sent abroad by the council after the war. He was a gifted lecturer, proficient in French and German.

Maclagan was a keen churchman and took a prominent part in the affairs of the Anglo-Catholic movement. He performed much public service on behalf of the church through the Cathedrals Advisory Council and the Central Council for the Care of Churches, which for some time was housed in the Victoria and Albert Museum.

Other interests
Despite being a specialist in the field of early Christian and Italian Renaissance art, Maclagan also admired many modern artists. In his personal collection he had a bust of himself made by Ivan Meštrović and was one of the first private collectors to buy the work of Henry Moore, he also unveiled the painting of the crucifixion by Graham Sutherland in St Matthew's Church, Northampton.

Maclagan had a profound interest in literature and poetry. He made several translations of the works of French poets, especially Arthur Rimbaud and Paul Valéry and published a volume of poems, Leaves in the Road in 1901 whilst an undergraduate. He designed several bookplates including one for his friend Bernard Berenson.

Personal life
In 1913 Maclagan married Helen Elizabeth, daughter of the Commander the Hon. Frederick Lascelles, second son of the 4th Earl of Harewood. They had two sons: the elder, Michael became a distinguished historian, antiquary and herald; the younger, Gerald, was killed in action serving with the Rhodesian Air Force in 1942.

Maclagan died on 14 September 1951 while travelling in Spain.

References

External links
 Dictionary of Art Historians
 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
 Obituary of Sir Eric Maclagan from The Times, 17 September 1951
 V&A Directors

Directors of the Victoria and Albert Museum
British curators
British art historians
People educated at Winchester College
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
1879 births
1951 deaths
British Anglo-Catholics
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London

Eric Maclagan


Biological control, or biological pest control, is the reduction of pest populations by using natural enemies. It is important because crop pests become resistant to chemical pesticides.

Natural enemies of insect pests include predators, parasitoids, and pathogens. Biological control agents of weeds include herbivores and plant pathogens. Predators, such as birds, lady beetles and lacewings, are free-living species that eat many prey during their lifetime.

Parasitoids are species whose larvae develop on or in a single insect host, ultimately killing or fatally infecting the host. Most have a very narrow host range. Many species of wasps and some flies are parasitoids.

Pathogens are disease-causing organisms including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. They kill or debilitate their host and are relatively specific.

Three strategies
There are three basic types of biological control strategies; conservation, classical biological control, and augmentation.

Conservation: Avoid using pesticides, which kill the natural enemies of the pests. Encourage the growth of those things which attack the pests. Use companion planting where possible. In China, the mosquito fern has been used for at least a thousand years, as a companion plant for rice crops. It hosts a special cyanobacteria that fixes nitrogen from the atmosphere, and also blocks out light from competing plants (but not the rice, which grows taller).

Classical biological control: This is the introduction of natural enemies to a new area where they did not originate or do not occur naturally. Thereafter, the predator lives as a natural part of the habitat, reproducing and killing the pest species. This method is especially effective when the pest is itself an invasive or introduced species in the area. Free of its natural enemies, the pest multiplies to huge numbers. The introduction from its homeland of an enemy or two can be very successful. One example is the use of Larinus planus to control the Canada thistle.

Augmentation: This is the release of numbers of natural enemies at specific times. These predators are natural parts of the ecosystem, but are released in such numbers as to overwhelm the pest at some critical time. Stocks of the predator are got from commercial suppliers.

An early example
A Chinese text from 304 AD, Records of the plants and trees of the southern regions, by Hsi Han, describes mandarin oranges protected by large reddish-yellow citrus ants. The ants attack and kill insect pests of the orange trees. The citrus ant (Oecophylla smaragdina) was rediscovered in the 20th century, and now is again used in China to protect orange groves.

References

Agriculture
Ecology

Biological control


Redstone is an unincorporated community within the town of Conway in Carroll County, New Hampshire, United States. It is located on the road from Center Conway to North Conway at the base of Rattlesnake Mountain. From the late 19th century until circa 1950, Redstone was known for its quarry of "red" granite which was mined extensively.

History

The first road through Redstone was made in 1765 and 1766. One of the first products to be taken from the hills nearby were rattlesnakes, whose venom was valued for medicinal properties (thus the name  Rattlesnake Mountain). This practice stopped after a fire raged over the hills in the 1870s, killing the rattlesnake population, and exposing the rocky slopes to erosion. This led to exploiting the mountain for one of the most important mineral products of New Hampshire, which has long been known as the "Granite State". The Conway quarries, four in number in 1908, were on either side of the Saco River, south-east and south-west of North Conway; their output is coarse constructional stones, all biotite or biotite-hornblende, but varying in colour, pinkish ("red") and dark-yellow greenish-grey ("green") varieties being found remarkably near each other at Redstone, on the east side of the Saco valley. The finer varieties take a high polish and are used for monuments, and the coarser grades are used for construction, especially of railway bridges, and for paving and curbing.

The Portland and Ogdensburg Railroad built the rail from Center Conway through Redstone to North Conway in 1865, but the Redstone stop along the line was formed after the Maine Central took over. The quarry received orders for stone abutments for three bridges between 1876 and 1880; the North Conway bridge, the Center Conway bridge, and the Mill Brook bridge south of Center Conway. It was during this time that the granite's splitting qualities drew the attention of the Maine Central roadmaster George W. Wagg, and Redstone was adopted by the Maine and New Hampshire Granite Company. A railroad station was erected in 1888, and the village got its own post office the following year. There was also a small nondenominational church built on the Quarry Road. The quarry workers were housed in tenements and a large boarding house called "the Schooner", which itself could house 80 men whose pay was reduced by fixed costs for their room and board. By 1889, 300 men were employed at Redstone, shipping six to nine railroad cars of rough granite daily.

Redstone granite can be found in many old station buildings of the Boston & Maine Railroad. In its heyday, the quarry at Redstone had more than twenty derricks in operation. Huge slabs of red, pink, or green granite were shipped near and far with the Boston & Maine railroad, whose cars went directly into the quarry for loading. You could say the growth of the quarry matched the growth of the railroad line, as each new train station was built with Redstone granite.

New Hampshire granites were used for building as early as 1623. The value of granite quarried in the state increased from a few hundred thousand dollars' worth in 1887 to upwards of a million dollars' worth in 1902, when building stone was valued at $619,916, monumental stone at $346,735 and paving stone at $101,548. In that year New Hampshire ranked fourth among the states in output of granite, with 6.3% of the total value of granite quarried in the entire country; in 1908 the value of granite ($867,028) was exceeded by that of each of seven other states but was more than one half of the total value of all mineral products of the state.

Hiking
The quarry closed in 1942. Today, the granite is protected through The Nature Conservancy, thanks to a 1990 bequest by Anna B. Stearns for the Green Hills Preserve. A hiking trail leads along a ridge with views of the White Mountains and ends at the old quarry site.

References

Further reading
 Conway, New Hampshire 1765-1997, by Janet McAllister Hounsell and Ruth Burnham Davis Horne, Portsmouth: Peter Randall Publisher, 1998,

External links
Steve Swenson and Rick Russack, "Redstone Granite Quarries", at WhiteMountainHistory.org

Unincorporated communities in New Hampshire
Unincorporated communities in Carroll County, New Hampshire
1760s establishments in New Hampshire
Conway, New Hampshire

Redstone, New Hampshire


Renault (pronounced REE-nalt or re-NALT) is a small unincorporated community in the historic Renault Precinct of Monroe County, Illinois, United States.

History

Philip Francois Renault
Renault and its surrounding precinct within Monroe County, bear the name of one of the most conspicuous men connected with the early French settlements of Illinois. Philip Francois Renault, left his native Picardy, France in 1719 for the New World. Along the way, he picked up 500 African slaves in Santo Domingo, for use in the mines he expected to develop; these were the first slaves of their kind brought to Illinois. In 1723 Renault was granted "in freehold, in order to make his establishment upon the mines"  of a tract of land a league and a half in a width by six in depth on the "Little Marameig" in Upper Louisiana (Missouri); another tract of two leagues "at the mine called the mine of Lamothe;" another of one league in front of Pimeteau on the river Illinois; and "one league fronting on the Mississippi, at the place called the Great Marsh, adjoining on one side to the Illinois Indians, settled near Fort de Chartres, with a depth of two leagues, this place being the situation which has been granted to him for the raising of provisions, and to enable him to furnish then to all the settlements he shall make upon the mines."  The latter grant being within the current precinct, and intended as the "breadbasket" of Renault's operations. He founded a small community, St. Phillipe, to facilitate his agricultural enterprises, however his community was largely abandoned in 1765, most of its citizens removing across the Mississippi River to what was still French-controlled territory at the time. The captain of the local militia remained as the sole French household, by 1700, there were no French left there, and the site had a single inhabitant in 1801. Very few traces of the site remain.

Glasgow City
What is now called Renault was originally called Glasgow City and was laid out by Jame Glasgow in the year 1860, along the old St. Louis and Kaskaskia Road, which passed through Burksville and Waterloo on its way to St. Louis.  In 1883, it contained 28 homes and a population of about 150.  Sometime later, the settlement formally adopted the name which the local Post Office used. In the late 19th century, persons claiming to represent the estate of Renault reportedly attempted to recover these lands from later inhabitants.

Notable person
Lee Dashner, MLB pitcher for the Cleveland Naps

References

Unincorporated communities in Monroe County, Illinois
Metro East
Populated places established in 1860
French colonial settlements of Upper Louisiana
Unincorporated communities in Illinois

Renault, Illinois


In Norse mythology, Ull (or Ullr or Uller) is the son of Sif, and the stepson of Thor. He is thought to be the god of Winter, of hunting, of hand-to-hand combat, and of the willow tree. His name means "glory". He was said to be a great archer and skier who left blazing trails across the sky.

For this reason he is celebrated in modern times as the god of skiing. His name is used as a name for ski lodges like the House of Ullr at Thredbo, New South Wales. ULLR Labs make smartphone applications to help people avoid avalanches.

Norse gods and goddesses

Ull


In astronomy, a parabolic trajectory (also known as parabolic orbit or parabolic escape trajectory) refers to an object (such as an asteroid) which follows a path similar to a parabola around another object. This motion follows Kepler's Laws. A parabolic trajectory occurs when the eccentricity of its orbit is equal to 1.

Other types of motion in astronomy include circular orbit, elliptical orbit, and hyperbolic trajectory.

Orbits

Parabolic trajectory


William Miller Drennen ( in Jenkins, Kentucky – ) was a Judge of the United States Tax Court who served from 1958 to 1992.

Drennen earned a bachelor's degree in 1936 and a law degree in 1938 from Ohio State University Moritz College of Law. During law school, he was employed in the office of the Ohio State Tax Commissioner. After graduation, he clerked for the Hon. George Warwick McClintic of the United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia, before joining the law firm of Brown, Jackson & Knight (now Jackson Kelly) in Charleston, West Virginia. From 1942 to 1945, he was a Naval air combat intelligence officer in the Pacific, becoming a lieutenant commander.

After the war, Drennen returned to Charleston, where he became a partner at Jackson & Kelly and served as a member of the city council, the board of trustees of Charleston Memorial Hospital, the board of directors of the Charleston Chamber of Commerce, the board of directors of the Buckskin Council of the Boy Scouts of America, the American Judicature Society, the American Bar Association section of taxation, and the Englewood Country Club. He was president of the West Virginia Tax Institute.

Drennen was appointed to the Tax Court by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, taking the oath of office on October 1, 1958. He was elected Chief Judge for three consecutive 2-year terms, serving from 1967 to 1972. During his tenure as Chief Judge, the Court became a legislative court under Article I of the United States Constitution, and the Court's jurisdiction was significantly expanded. As Chief Judge, he successfully pursued the construction of a new courthouse for the Tax Court. He assumed senior status on June 2, 1980, and retired on December 31, 1993.

Notes

1914 births
2000 deaths
20th-century American lawyers
Military personnel from West Virginia
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Judges of the United States Tax Court
Ohio State University alumni
Ohio State University Moritz College of Law alumni
Lawyers from Charleston, West Virginia
People from Jenkins, Kentucky
United States Navy officers
West Virginia city council members
West Virginia lawyers
United States Article I federal judges appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower
United States Article I federal judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson
20th-century American judges

William Miller Drennen


Lincoln Park is a 1,208 acre (488.86 ha) park along the lakefront of Chicago, Illinois' North Side, facing Lake Michigan. It is Chicago's largest public park. It is named after Abraham Lincoln.

It stretches for seven miles (11 km) from Ohio Street (600 N) on the south to near Ardmore Avenue (5800 N) on the north, just north of the Lake Shore Drive terminus at Hollywood Avenue.

Several museums and a zoo are located between North Avenue (1600 N) and Diversey Parkway (2800 N) in the neighborhood that takes its name from the park, Lincoln Park. The park further to the north is surrounded by parkland, beaches, recreational areas, nature reserves, and harbors.

To the south, there is a more narrow strip of beaches east of Lake Shore Drive, almost to downtown. With 20 million visitors a year, Lincoln Park is the second most visited park in the United States (after New York City's Central Park).

Parks in Chicago

Lincoln Park


Michael C. Wholley (born October 7, 1944) is a former General Counsel for NASA and a retired United States Marine Corps Brigadier General.

Early life and education

Wholley was born on October 7, 1944, in Lawrence, Massachusetts, attending Central Catholic High School. Wholley was commissioned through the Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps program at Harvard University after receiving his B.A. degree in History and Literature in 1966. He holds a J.D. degree from the University of Virginia Law School in 1977; an LL.M degree from George Washington University in Environmental Law and Land Use in 1985; and a master's degree in National Security and Strategic Studies from the Naval War College in 1989.

Career
After being commissioned, Wholley attended The Basic School and competed training to become a United States Naval Aviator in 1968. Trained in the F-4 Phantom II, he flew combat missions in the Vietnam War with VMFA-115 and VMFA-542 from February 1969 to February 1970, and was promoted to captain in July. Upon returning to the United States, he was assigned to VMFA-251 at Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort as a pilot, and later, and as the legal officer to Marine Aircraft Groups 31 and 32. In January 1972, he was ordered to duty with the Royal Air Force at RAF Coningsby as an F-4 fighter weapons instructor. At the completion of this tour, he was allowed to attend law school at the University of Virginia, where he received his law degree in 1977.

After completing Naval Justice School, he was assigned to the 2nd Marine Division at Camp Lejeune, where he served as a defense counsel, trial counsel, chief trial counsel, military justice officer, review officer, and deputy staff judge advocate. In December 1979, he was reassigned as the Staff Secretary and served in that position until being transferred to Okinawa as a military judge in July 1981. From 1982 to 1984, he served in the Office of the Judge Advocate General of the Navy as an advisory attorney. In 1984, he was selected for the Special Education Program and attended the George Washington University Law School where he received a Master of Law Degree, with highest honors, in land use management and control (environmental law).

In July 1985, Wholley was assigned to Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point as the Staff Judge Advocate. He was reassigned in July 1987 as the Staff Judge Advocate and Director of Legal Services for 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing. He was promoted to colonel in July 1988 and subsequently attended the Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island, graduating in June 1989. He was then assigned as Staff Judge Advocate for Marine Corps Combat Development Command at Marine Corps Base Quantico from July 1989 until July 1992. He was then assigned as the Chief Judge, Navy-Marine Corps Trial Judiciary at Washington, D.C. On April 15, 1993, he was nominated for promotion to brigadier general and assignment as the Staff Judge Advocate to the Commandant of the Marine Corps and Director of the Judge Advocate Division, assuming the billet on September 29, promoted on October 7.

Post-military
After retiring from the military in 1996, he served as executive director of the Marine Corps Scholarship Foundation. Wholley later was appointed as the General Counsel for NASA. He served in this position from June 2004 to June 2014.

Awards
Wholley was awarded:

Wholley was also awarded the Legion of Merit.

References

Living people
George Washington University Law School alumni
Harvard College alumni
NASA people
Naval War College alumni
People from Lawrence, Massachusetts
University of Virginia School of Law alumni
United States Marine Corps generals
1944 births
United States Naval Aviators
Recipients of the Air Medal
United States Marine Corps Judge Advocate Division

Michael C. Wholley


David was a Spanish company manufacturing automobiles in Barcelona between 1913 and 1923 and again between 1951 and 1957.

The original cars, developed by José Maria Armangué, were cyclecars using either a single cylinder 6–8 hp, or four-cylinder 6–8 hp, or 10–12 hp engine; and belt and pulley transmission giving 16 speeds and featuring front wheel brakes.  Bodies were usually open two-seater, but 3-seat and closed versions were also made.  Cyclecar production seems to have stopped in 1923, but the company continued making taxi bodies for fitting on Citroën chassis, for which they were Spanish distributors.

Car production started again in 1951 with a new generation of 3-wheeler light cars powered by single-cylinder two-stroke engines of 345 cc and 3-speed gearboxes. About 75 were made.

References
 David (1913-1959)

Microcars
Defunct companies of Spain
Manufacturing companies based in Barcelona
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Spain
Cyclecars
Industrial history of Spain

David (company)


Clan Kirkpatrick is a Lawland armigerous Scots clan. The clan is recognised bi the Court o the Lord Lyon, houiver the clan daes nae currently hae a chief sae recognised. The clan takes its name frae the kirk o Saint Patrick in the parish o Closeburn in Dumfriesshire, Scotland.

The first record o the clan is in the 12t century, when Ivone de Kirkpatrick wis listed as a witness in a charter o the Bruce faimily. Later, Alexander II confirmed bi charter the lands o the same Ivone. Roger Kirkpatrick wis an attendant tae Robert Bruce during the time when Bruce murdered Red Comyn. Kirkpatrick legend haes it that the chiefly motto is derived frae Bruce's killin o Comyn. Bruce fled frae the kirk tae his escorts an telt them, "I doubt I have slain Comyn." , Kirkpatrick drew his swuird shouting, "I MAK SICCAR" ("I'll make sure"), whereupon he finished off the wounded Comyn. Sir Roger Kirkpatrick hid wi Robert Bruce for three nichts tae escape Comyn's faimily.  This event is memorialized in the clan's crest, which contains a haund holding a bloody dagger; an the shield: three pillows on a saltire shield wi the Scotland colours, or the St Andrews Cross, reversed (i.e. Kirkpatrick wears a blue saltire on a white grund).  It is an aa memorialized in the Clan's motto, "I make sure".

In 1314 the Kirkpatricks wur rewardit the lands o Redburgh. In 1355, Sir Roger Kirkpatrick teuk Caerlaverock Castle an Dalwinston Castle frae Inglis forces. Twa years later, in 1357, Sir Robert Kirkpatrick wis murdered bi Sir James Lindsay in a private argument. The title passed frae Roger tae his Nephew, Sir Thomas Kirkpatrick, who haed a charter for the lands o Closeburn an Redburgh frae Robert Stewart, 1st Duke o Albany in 1409. Much later, in 1542, Sir Thomas Kirkpatrick wis captured at the Battle o Solway Moss. The estate then passed tae a cousin. In 1685 Sir Thomas Kirkpatrick o Closeburn wis creatit a Baronet o Nova Scotia. The Kirkpatrick estate o Closeburn wis finally sauld bi the 4t baronet, Sir James Kirkpatrick. The day thare is no recognised chief o the clan.

Kirkpatrick
Kirkpatrick

Clan Kirkpatrick


Hugh Capet (French: Hugues Capet) (c. 939 – 14 October 996) was King of the Franks from 987 until his death in 996. The Capetian dynasty he started ruled France in an unbroken line for 300 years.

Early career

Hugh was born in the winter of 941 and was the son of Hugh the Great and Hedwige of Saxony. His grandfather was King Robert I.  His grandmother was Beatrice of Vermandois. She was a Carolingian; a daughter of Herbert I of Vermandois.  By this connection he was the fifth great-grandson of Charlemagne through Pepin of Italy.

While still a young man Hugh got the nickname "capet" from the cape he wore. These were tokens of the lay abbacies he held.

Elected king of the Franks

When King Louis V died with no heir Adalbero of Reims made a plea for electing Hugh Capet. He proposed the throne was not a hereditary right but that the king should be the best man for the job. The assembly at Senlis agreed and elected Hugh King of the Franks.

Capet is buried in the Saint Denis Basilica.

Family

He married Adelaide of Aquitaine. She was the daughter of William III of Aquitaine. Together they had:

 Hedwig, who married Reginar IV, Count of Hainaut.
 Gisela, who married Hugh I, Count of Ponthieu.
 Robert II 'the Pious', who succeeded Hugh as king.
 Adelaide.

References

940s births
996 deaths

Kings and Queens of France

Hugh Capet of France


The Royal Aircraft Factory A.E.3 (Armed or Armoured Experimental), also known as the Farnborough Ram, was a prototype British armoured ground attack aircraft of the First World War.  The A.E.3, which was a development of the Royal Aircraft Factory's N.E.1 night fighter, was a two-seat single-engined pusher biplane.  Three were built in 1918, but the type was unsuccessful, with no further production ensuing.

Development and design
In late 1917, the Royal Aircraft Factory started development of a two-seat, heavily armoured contact patrol aircraft for the Royal Flying Corps, designed to carry out observation in contact with the infantry, a job that required flying at low altitudes over the front line, exposing the aircraft to heavy small-arms fire from the enemy's trenches. Three prototypes of the resulting design, designated A.E.3, were ordered. It was a single-engined pusher biplane, based on the N.E.1 night fighter.  It retained much of the structure of the N.E.1, including the outer wings, undercarriage, tailplane and tail booms, but had a new armoured nacelle constructed completely of armour plate. Two Lewis guns were fitted on an armoured mounting in the front of the nacelle that allowed the guns to be depressed to attack targets below, while another Lewis gun was mounted on a pillar mounting between the gunner and pilot to defend the aircraft from attack.

The A.E.1 was originally intended to be powered by the same Hispano-Suiza engine that had powered the N.E.1, but there were severe shortages of this engine, with over 400 S.E.5A fighters waiting incomplete due to lack of engines in January 1918, and it was decided to use alternative engines, with the Sunbeam Arab being chosen for the first prototype, and the Bentley BR.2 rotary engine (which would have been used if the aircraft was chosen for production) for the second.

The first A.E.1 flew during April 1918, with the second prototype following on 1 June 1918, while the third prototype, which was powered by an Arab engine, and fitted with face-hardened armour, was finished later that month. By this time the Royal Aircraft Factory had been renamed the Royal Aircraft Establishment, and the A.E.1 was given the name Farnborough Ram, the only Royal Aircraft Factory designed aircraft to be given an official name, with the Arab powered aircraft being named Ram I and the Bentley powered aircraft Ram II.

The Ram II was sent to France at the end of June, for trials in its suitability for operational use.  These were not successful, with the Ram being considered slow, heavy on the controls and unsuitable for manoeuvering near the ground. Following these trials, Major General John Salmond, the commander of the RAF in the field, stated in a letter to the Air Ministry that "I do not consider this machine as useful for any military purpose ... I would recommend that all further work on this machine should cease." No further development followed this condemnation.

Specifications (Ram I)

See also

References

Bruce, J. M. British Aeroplanes 1914-18. London: Putnam, 1957.
Bruce, J. M. War Planes of the First World War: Volume Two Fighters. London: Macdonald, 1968. .
Bruce, J. M. "The First British Armoured Brigade", Part 2. Air International, March 1979, Vol 16 No. 3. Bromley, UK: Fine Scroll Publishing. pp. 149–153.
Mason, Francis K. The British Fighter since 1912. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 1992. .

1910s British fighter aircraft
1910s British military reconnaissance aircraft
AE1
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1918

Royal Aircraft Factory A.E.3


David Fairclough (born 5 January 1957) is an English retired footballer, most famous for playing for Liverpool as a striker during the 1970s and 1980s.

Life and playing career
Known affectionately as Supersub (because he was a talented goalscorer who, in comparison with other players, rarely started matches for Liverpool - but frequently came into the match as a substitute to make an impact), Fairclough was born in inner city Liverpool and as a child moved to the new Cantril Farm housing estate in the 1960s due to slum clearances. He rose through the Liverpool ranks as a teenager and made his debut for the club on 1 November 1975 in the 1–0 league win over Middlesbrough at Ayresome Park. As the season progressed, Fairclough scored seven crucial goals in just 14 appearances to land Liverpool the League championship. Nine of these appearances were as substitute. His first goal for the club came three days after his debut on 4 November 1975, during the 6–0 defeat of Spanish side Real Sociedad at Anfield in a UEFA Cup 2nd round 2nd leg tie.

The pecking order of strikers at the club saw Fairclough trailing behind the 'dream duo' of Kevin Keegan and John Toshack, as well as England centre forward David Johnson. In the 1976–77 season, Fairclough made more appearances as a substitute, because of a succession of injuries to Toshack.

His most famous Liverpool goal came at Anfield as a substitute in a crucial European Cup quarter final against the French side St Etienne. Liverpool had been a goal adrift from the first leg in France, and when they went 2–1 up in the home return, the aggregate score was level at 2–2 but St Etienne led on the away goals rule. Liverpool's manager Bob Paisley sent Fairclough on in the last 20 minutes of the game and with six minutes remaining, Fairclough ran on to a long ball upfield and held off two St Etienne defenders to score the tie's decisive goal at the Kop end. ITV commentator Gerald Sinstadt famously bellowed: "Supersub strikes again!"

Liverpool won the League title again and reached both the FA Cup final at Wembley and the European Cup final in Rome. Fairclough was not selected for the Wembley squad as Paisley named veteran winger Ian Callaghan as the substitute, and Liverpool lost to Manchester United. However, he was a substitute in Rome as Liverpool won 3–1.

The following season, Fairclough scored a goal in each leg as Liverpool thrashed Keegan's Hamburg 7–1 on aggregate in the European Super Cup. Liverpool reached the European Cup final again and this time Fairclough started the match. A 1–0 victory over Bruges retained the trophy for Liverpool. He managed 29 league appearances that season, scoring 10 goals, but the Reds were beaten to both the league title and the Football League Cup by newly promoted Nottingham Forest under Brian Clough.

In 1978–79, Liverpool regained their league championship crown but Fairclough did not play enough games to seal another title medal, as he had played just four times in the league, scoring twice.

Fairclough scored his only Liverpool hat-trick on 9 February 1980 in the thrilling 5–3 league victory over Norwich City at Carrow Road. His goals came in the 4th, 18th and 75th minutes, with Kenny Dalglish and Jimmy Case scoring to guarantee a late win for the Reds. However, Fairclough's league chances were again restricted that season, as he played just 14 league games and scored five goals. He came on as a substitute in the League Cup semi final second leg against Nottingham Forest four days after his hat trick at Norwich, and scored a late equaliser to preserve Liverpool's long two-year unbeaten run at Anfield. Even though Liverpool went out on aggregate to Forest, Fairclough's goal helped create an English record of eighty five unbeaten matches in succession at home.

Fairclough spent another five years at Anfield, although in what was a golden era for the club, he was rarely in the first team. He was a prolific scorer in the reserves, but the phenomenal partnership of Dalglish and Ian Rush rendered him surplus to first team requirements. In the 1982–83 season he scored three times in eight league appearances but failed to play enough games to merit a title medal. He had also failed to make the squad for the League Cup victories of the previous two seasons, and in the 1981–82 season, when the Reds won another league title as well as the League Cup, he did not play a single first team game.

The Supersub tag belied the number of first team starts Fairclough made at Liverpool; of his 153 appearances, only 61 were from the bench. He scored 55 goals (34 of them in the league), averaging a goal every 2.8 games.

Fairclough left Liverpool on 4 July 1983 after a loan spell at NASL side Toronto Blizzard. He then moved to the Swiss side FC Lucerne before returning to England for spells with Manchester City, Norwich, Oldham Athletic and Rochdale. He moved overseas once more to Belgium club Beveren for three seasons before returning home for stints with Tranmere Rovers and Wigan Athletic. He ended his playing days at non-league Knowsley.

Later life and legacy

Fairclough now works as a pundit and also on the after-dinner circuit, he also writes a weekly column on the official Liverpool Football Club web-site.

Fairclough is still a firm favourite amongst the Anfield faithful and was voted in at No.18 on the 2006 poll 100 Players Who Shook The Kop. The poll was conducted by the Reds official web-site, 110,000 supporters worldwide took part listing their favourite 10 Liverpool players of all-time.

Fairclough's 18th place was higher than John Toshack's 34th and David Johnson's 77th positions, two of the players that prevented Fairclough from gaining more Liverpool appearances.

Fairclough was married to Jan Fairclough who died on 9 April 2011. Jan collapsed suddenly on the morning of 6 April of a brain haemorrhage and died 3 days later. A minute of silence was held for Jan (as well as the 96 Hillsborough victims and Mark Burgan, a soldier from Liverpool) at Anfield before a Liverpool vs. Manchester City match on 11 April 2011. Fairclough and Jan have two children, Tom and Sophie.

Fairclough suffered a minor heart attack on 3 October 2010, at the age of 53, but made a full recovery.

Honours
Liverpool
Football League First Division: 1975–76, 1976–77, 1979–80
League Cup: 1982–83
FA Charity Shield: 1976, 1977, 1979, 1980
European Cup: 1976–77, 1977–78
UEFA Cup: 1975–76
UEFA Super Cup: 1977

Tranmere Rovers
Football League Trophy: 1990

References

Further reading

External links

LiverpoolFC profile
Profile on LFChistory.net
Sporting-Heroes profile
Ex-Norwich players at ex-canaries.co.uk
NASL stats
Partner in JDB Health & Performance Ltd

1957 births
Living people
English expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
English expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland
England men's B international footballers
England men's under-21 international footballers
English expatriate men's footballers
English expatriate sportspeople in Canada
English men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
Expatriate men's footballers in Switzerland
Expatriate men's soccer players in Canada
FC Luzern players
Men's association football forwards
K.S.K. Beveren players
Liverpool F.C. players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players
Manchester City F.C. players
Norwich City F.C. players
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players
Rochdale A.F.C. players
Toronto Blizzard (1971–1984) players
Tranmere Rovers F.C. players
Wigan Athletic F.C. players
Footballers from Liverpool
UEFA Champions League winning players
UEFA Cup winning players

David Fairclough


Mai Kuraki (born October 28, 1982 in Funabashi, Chiba) is a Japanese female pop and R&B singer.
Her father is the movie director, Isomi Yamasaki.
She appeared in her father's movies in her childhood.

She started her singing career in 1999 when she was 17 years old. Her first single was "Love, Day After Tomorrow". It became a million seller.
Her first album "delicious way" sold 35 million records.
After graduating Ritsumeikan University in Kyoto on 2005, she has concentrated on musical activities.

She writes her own lyrics most of the times. But she does not compose (write) the music. She gets music from composers. "Cybersound" in Boston often does the arrangements.

She was influenced by Michael Jackson.

Japanese singers
1982 births
Living people
Musicians from Chiba Prefecture

Mai Kuraki