This is a partial listing of prominent political families of Pakistan.

Royal families are not included.

Khattar (Hayat) family
 Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan, KB, KCSI
 Shaukat Hayat Khan, Shaukat i Punjab
 Mazhar Ali Khan
 Tariq Ali Khan
 Begum Mahmooda Salim Khan

Khokhars
 Ghazanfar Ali Khan - Former Minister of Food, Agriculture and Health, Ambassador to Iran 1948-1952, to Turkey 1952-1953, to India 1954-1956 and to Italy 1956-1957.
 Riaz Khokhar  (Former Foreign Secretary of Pakistan serving from June 2002 to February 2005)
 M. Nawaz Khokhar (Former Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan)
Khan Bahadur Capt. Malik Muzaffar Khan Bhachar(MLC,MLA,MPA)
 Malik Mumtaz Ahmad Khan Bhachar  (Fomer Member Punjab Assembly From 1988 to 90 &1997 to 99)
Malik Sajjad Ahmad Bhachar(District Chairman)
 Afzal Khokhar
(Member National Assembly of Pakistan)
 Malik Saif ul Malook Khokhar
(Member National Assembly of Pakistan)
 Malik Muhammad Ali Khokhar
(Member Provisional Assembly of Punjab)
 Mustafa Nawaz Khokhar
(Member Senate of Pakistan)
 Malik Saleh Mumhammad Gunjail(Bhachar) (Former Member Punjab Assembly & Ministar)
 Malik Karam Elahi Bandial(Bhachar)
(Member Provisional Assembly of Punjab)
 Malik Ali Abbas Khokhar
(Member Provisional Assembly of Punjab)
 Malik Karamat Khokhar
(Member National Assembly of Pakistan)
 Malik Fateh Khaliq Bandail(Bhachar)  (Member Punjab Assembly 2018 to 2023)
 Malik Zaheer Abbas Khokhar NA-128 (Lahore-XI)
(Former Member National Assembly of Pakistan)

Bhutto family

The members of Bhutto family () in politics:

 Shah Nawaz Bhutto - The Dewan of Junagadh and the Father of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (Member Bombay Council).
 Wahid Baksh Bhutto - (1898 - 1931) was a landowner of Sindh, an elected representative to the Central Legislative Assembly and an educational philanthropist.
 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, son of Shah Nawaz (President (1970–1973); Prime Minister (1973–1977))
 Mumtaz Bhutto, cousin of Zulfikar, (chief of Bhutto tribe, former chief minister and Governor of Sindh, Federal Minister of Pakistan)
 Nusrat Bhutto, wife of Zulfikar (former minister without portfolio)
 Benazir Bhutto, daughter of Zulfikar (Prime Minister, 1988–1990 and 1993–1996), assassinated December 27, 2007.
 Murtaza Bhutto, elder son of former Prime Minister of Pakistan Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and the brother of former Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto. He was usually known as Murtaza Bhutto and was assassinated under mysterious circumstances.
 Shahnawaz Bhutto, Shahnawaz was studying in Switzerland when Zia ul Haq's military regime executed his father in 1979. Prior to the execution On July 18, 1985, the 27 year old Shahnawaz was found dead in Nice, France. He died under mysterious circumstances.
 Fatima Bhutto, Fatima was born in Kabul, Afghanistan while her father Murtaza Bhutto was in exile during the military regime of General Zia ul Haq. Murtaza Bhutto, was son of former Pakistan's President and Prime Minister, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.
 Ameer Bux Bhutto, currently Vice President of Sindh National Front and also ex-Member of Sindh Assembly. He is son of Mumtaz Bhutto.

Shareef/Sharif family
 Nawaz Sharif,  Former Prime Minister of Pakistan
 Shahbaz Shareef,  Chief Minister of Punjab
 Hamza Shahbaz Shareef, Son of Shahbaz Shareef, (Member of National Assembly of Pakistan)
 Maryam Nawaz, daughter of Nawaz Shareef

Tareen (Tarin) clan or family of Haripur, Hazara
 Field-Marshal General Ayub Khan, President of Pakistan
 Gohar Ayub Khan
 Omar Ayub Khan
 Jehangir Khan Tareen

Soomro family
Members of Soomro family () in politics are:

 Khan Bahadur Allah Bux Soomro, Twice Chief Minister of Sindh
 Elahi Bux Soomro, remained Member of National Assembly of Pakistan, Speaker National Assembly of Pakistan, Federal Minister
 Rahim Bux Soomro, Minister Sindh
 Mohammad Mian Soomro, remained President of Pakistan, Prime Minister of Pakistan, Senate of Pakistan and Governor of Sindh

Chauhdrys of Gujrat

 Chaudhry Zahoor Elahi (A parliamentarian who played a major role in restoration of democracy and human rights in Pakistan)
 Chaudhry Shujat Hussain (Prime Minister of Pakistan - June - August 2004)
 Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi (Chief Minister of Punjab - October - 2002 to October 2007)
 Chaudhry Wajahat Hussain (Younger brother of Chaudhry Shujat Hussain, Member of National Assembly)
 Chaudhry Shafaat Hussain (Younger brother of Chaudhry Shujat Hussain and the District Nazim of Gujrat since 2001)
 Moonis Elahi (Son of Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi, Member of Punjab Assembly)

Gabol family

Allah Bakhsh Gabol, Member Bombay Legislative Assembly 1928, Member Sindh Legislative Assembly 1937 and Mayor of Karachi for two terms.
Nabil Gabol (Grandson of Khan Bahadur Allah Bakhsh and son of Ahmed Khan Gabol), Member Sindh Assembly 1988, 1993, 1997; Member National Assembly 2002, 2008 and Federal Minister for Ports and Shipping.

Khattaks
 Habibullah Khan Khattak, The son of Khan Bahadur Kuli Khan Khattak, his son Ali Kuli Khan Khattak also rose to the rank of Lt Gen and retired as the Chief of General Staff (CGS) in 1998.After his premature retirement from the Army, Khattak became closely involved in the private idunstry sector through his company Bibojee Group. He also served as a federal minister during Zia-ul Haq's time and made an abortive attempt to contest elections from his home constituency of Karak.
 Ali Kuli Khan Khattak,Lieutenant General Ali Kuli Khan Khattak, is senior retired three-star general and military strategist who was a former Chief of General Staff (CGS), Commander X Corps (Rawalpindi) and Director General Military Intelligence (DGMI) of the Pakistan Army.
 Ghulam Faruque,The late Khan Bahadur Ghulam Faruque Khan Khattak(1899–1992) was a politician and industrialist of Pakistan. He belonged to the village Shaidu in Nowshera District, Nowshera is the home of the famous Pashtun Tribe the Khattak of the NWFP Province in Pakistan. Because of his contribution to Pakistan's Industrial development he is sometimes described as "The Goliath who Industrialized Pakistan".

Marwats
 Habibullah Khan Marwat, Justice of the West Pakistan High Court, first & second Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan, acting President of Pakistan, when the President Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry went abroad, Pakistan's Interior Minister and also Chief Minister of West Pakistan. Was elected to the first ever Legislative Council of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (then North-West Frontier Province NWFP), first as a member and later Deputy Speaker.
 Shah Nawaz Khan, ex-Chief Justice of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Judge on the Supreme Court of Pakistan.  He was also Governor of NWFP.
 Muhammad Akram Khan, MPA, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Assembly, Minister for Excise and Taxation in Arbab Jahangir, Cabinet Member (1985–88)
 Salim Saifullah Khan, Senator of Pakistan, [[President Pakistan Muslim League {Like minded group}]]
Anwar Saifullah Khan, MPA, Federal Minister under the Premiership of Benazir Bhutto

Junejo family

The members of Junejo family () in politics:

 Raees-Ul-Muhajireen Barrister Jan Muhammad Junejo - Leader of the Khilafat Tehreek.
 Mohammad Khan Junejo Former Prime Minister of Pakistan
 Jam Sadiq Ali - Former Chief Minister Sindh
 Chakar Ali Khan Junejo - Former Ambassador MPA

Badshah Khan family

The members of Badshah Khan's  family () in politics:

 Khan Mohammad Abbas Khan (Former member of Indian National Congress,served as the Interim Mister for Industries, Freedom fighter and an Active Member of Pakistan Muslim League) (cousin of Haroon Khan Badshah)
 Haroon Khan Badshah (Member of Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, ex-provincial Minister for Agriculture Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa)

Kundi family

 Abdul Quayyum Khan Kundi, former President Pakistan Chamber of Commerce-USA and member of Pakistan Tehrike Insaf (PTI)

Rana & Rao family
 Rao Mohammad Hashim Khan,(Member of National Assembly, Ex-Chairman Public Accounts Committee)
 Rana Tanveer Hussain,(Member of National Assembly)(Ex.Federal Minister)
 Rao Sikandar Iqbal,(Ex.Federal Minister)

Zia-ul-Haq family

The members of Zia-ul-Haq's family () in politics:

 Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (President of Pakistan, 1978–1988)
 Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq (Federal Minister for Religious Affairs & Minorities: January 2004 - November 2007)

Noon family
Members of Noon family:

 Malik Adnan Hayat Noon Ex-MNA
 Malik Amjad Ali Noon .Ex-ambassador, Ex-chairman
 Malik Anwar Ali Noon. PPP leader in Sargodha
 Malik Feroz Khan Noon Ex-Prime minister of Pakistan.

Leghari family

The members of Leghari family (), in politics:

Farooq Leghari (ex President of Pakistan)
Awais Leghari (MPA, MNA, Federal Minister)
Rafique Haider Khan Leghari (MPA "Punjab", Minister, Chairman District Council RY Khan,

Qazi family

Members of Qazi family (), of Sindh in politics:
 Qazi Javed Ahmed, Current Deputy Chairman NAB, Acting Chairman
Qazi Abdul Majeed Abid (Qazi Abid), a four-time Federal Minister, Sindh Provincial Minister, and son of Qazi Abdul Qayyum
Fahmida Mirza, current Speaker of the National Assembly, former Acting President of Pakistan, three-time Member of the National Assembly, and daughter of Qazi Abid
 Qazi Rafiq Ahmed, Leader of the tribe
Qazi Asad Abid, a former Member of the National Assembly and son of Qazi Abid
Zulfiqar Mirza, current Sindh Provincial Home Minister, former Member of the National Assembly, and nephew of Qazi Abid, Qazi Azam, and Qazi Akbar.
Pir Mazhar Ul Haq, current Senior Minister and Education Minister in the Sindh Provincial Cabinet, a three-time Sindh Provincial Minister, and grandson of Qazi Muhammad Akbar
Marvi Mazhar, a former Member of the Provincial Assembly in Sindh and daughter of Pir Mazhar Ul Haq

Zardari family
The members of Zardari family (), in politics:

 Hakim Ali Zardari, the patriarch of Zardari family.
 Asif Ali Zardari, son of Hakim Ali Zardari  and husband of Benazir Bhutto, President of Pakistan
 Azra Peechoho, daughter of Hakim Ali Zardari
 Faryal Talpur, daughter of Hakim Ali Zardari, Former Nazima Nawabshah District, MNA
 Bilawal Bhutto Zardari, son of Asif Ali Zardari and Benazir Bhutto, Chairman Pakistan Peoples Party

Politics of Pakistan
Lists of Pakistani people
Families

Political families of Pakistan


Marcello Stefano Pirani (July 1, 1880 – January 11, 1968) was a Italian physicist known for his invention of the Pirani vacuum gauge, a vacuum gauge based on the principle of heat loss measurement. Throughout his career, he worked on advancing lighting technology and pioneered work on the physics of gas discharge.

Biography
Marcello Pirani was born on July 1, 1880, in Berlin.  Starting in 1899, he studied mathematics and physics at the University of Berlin. In 1903, he was granted a  PhD for his measurements of the dielectric constant of solids in the group of Emil Warburg. He then moved to the Technical University of Aachen as an assistant at the Physikalischen Institut of this university.

In 1904, he joined the light bulb factory (Glühlampenwerk) of Siemens & Halske AG in Berlin, where he remained for the next fifteen years. At the age of 25, in 1905, he was promoted to head of the development lab of the light bulb factory.

In 1906, he made his most important invention with the development of a new type of vacuum gauge that today bears his name, the Pirani gauge. It is based on measuring the pressure dependence of heat loss from a hot wire by heat transfer to the surrounding gas and walls. In particular, it employs the change in resistivity of the heated wire (in Pirani's original work consisting of tantalum and platinum; today, tungsten, platinum, and nickel are commonly used) with temperature to determine the heat loss. Its useful measurement range lies within 10−4 mbar up to 1000 mbar.

Four years later, he finished his habilitation on optical measurements of high temperatures and studies on the relationship between temperature and emissivity of hot solids and becomes private docent at the Technical University Berlin-Charlottenburg. During the First World War, he enlisted in the army to deal with scientific-technical problems such as wireless telegraphy.

In 1918, Pirani was promoted Titular-Professor at the TU Berlin-Charlottenburg. One year later, he co-founded the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Metallkunde (German society for metal science) in Berlin.

From 1919 to 1936, he worked for the newly formed Osram company. As head of the scientific-technical bureau, he was in charge of coordinating and pushing scientific work in the field of light bulbs of the three founding companies Siemens & Halske, AEG and the Auergesellschaft. In this time fall his pioneering contributions to the advancement of lighting technology, in particular in the field of gas-discharge lamps: In 1922, he was named außerordentlicher Professor at the TU Berlin. In 1928, he became head of the Studiengesellschaft for electrical lighting of the Osram GmbH. He wrote a textbook on heat generation from electrical sources in 1930.

As his mother — Clara Schönlank — was Jewish, with the rise of the Nazi Party to power in Germany he left Germany in 1936 for England and joined the research lab of General Electric Co. Ltd. in Wembley. There his work focused on gas discharge lamps and high temperature resistant materials. From 1941 to 1947, he served as scientific consultant for the British Coal Utilization Research Association in London, working on new high temperature resistant materials involving carbon. Between 1947 and 1952, he was scientific consultant for the British-American Research Ltd., also in London.

In 1953, he returned to Germany as one of the few second world war repatriates with scientific background and moved first to Munich and from 1955 to his hometown Berlin. In 1954, he took up a consultant position with Osram working on problems in gas discharge, glass and ceramics up to an old age.
On January 11, 1968, Marcello Pirani died in Berlin.

Awards
1933 Honorary member of the Lichttechnischen Gesellschaft
1933 Gauß-Weber-Medal of the University Göttingen
1961 Federal Cross of Merit 1. class of the Federal Republic of Germany

References

Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
20th-century German physicists
German Quakers
German people of Italian descent
1880 births
1968 deaths
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United Kingdom

Marcello Pirani


Oulanka National Park () is a national park in the Northern Ostrobothnia and Lapland regions of Finland, covering . The park was established in 1956 and was expanded in 1982 and 1989. It borders the Paanajärvi National Park in Russia. The first inhabitants in the area were Sami people from Lapland who lived here until the end of the 17th century, which was when they had to give way to Finnish settlers. Although hunting, fishing and later farming was the primary occupation of the people who lived there, today the most notable activity in Oulanka is tourism. From the 1930s, the Finnish Tourist Association kept boats on the river and renovated the wooden cabins found across the park for accommodation purposes. These cabins can be used free of charge by any hikers in the area, given that they follow some basic guidelines and rules regarding the state of the cabins, the wood supply, and protecting the surrounding nature.

From 2002, Oulanka was the first of the two Finnish national parks which became part of World Wide Fund for Nature's PAN Parks, the other one being the Southwestern Archipelago National Park.

Nature
Oulanka National Park is a unique and versatile combination of northern, southern and eastern nature. The landscape is made up of pine forests, river valleys with sandy banks and rapids, and in the north of vast mires. It has a unique river ecosystem and is an example of untouched and unlogged boreal forest, close to the arctic circle, which is protected by World Wide Fund for Nature from intensive reindeer herding. The area is rich in animal and plant species, even endangered ones. Near the visitor's center is the Oulanka Research Center, which is part of the Thule Institute and was established in 1966 to facilitate research in biological and geological sciences. The research center also offers its facilities to visiting tourists or hikers, during the less busy seasons.

Along with the rugged geography and the varied microclimates, the location of the park is also one of the main reasons for the great variety of plants and trees, with more than 500 vascular plant species in the area. There is an overlap between northern and southern species in terms of their distribution, and numerous species in the east of Finland have their westernmost outposts here. Oulanka has a nutrient-rich soil, which makes it ideal for the rare and demanding flora that is found here. The Oulanka River Valley was a very important dispersal route for various species coming from eastern Finland, after the last ice age. In late summer, the park is abound with bilberries and mushrooms, and wild orchids are one of the most popular flowers in the area.

Riverbeds and alluvial meadows are home to rare species of butterflies, and more than a hundred different bird species have their home in the park. Most meadows are managed in a traditional manner, and reindeer herding continues to thrive within the park, although it is restricted to people from Lapland. In the park there are also rare birds such as the Siberian jay and capercaillies, which are fond of the herb-rich forests in the park. Endangered species such as bear, lynx and wolverine also find their home in Oulanka, along with moose and other game.

Hiking
Oulanka is one of the most popular national parks in Finland. The most well-known Finnish trekking route, Karhunkierros (80 km), is located in the national park, and is accessible all year round. Other routes include the Pieni Karhunkierros Trail (12 km), Keroharju Hiking Trail (17 km) and other smaller nature trails such as the Rytisuo Nature Trail (5 km), Hiidenlampi Nature Trail (5 km), and the Kiutaköngäs Day-trip Trail (8 km). There are various camping areas, designated fireplaces, wooden cabins and boats which are available to the public. There are also some winter trails, which include the Rytisuo Snowshoeing Trail (7.5 km) or the Oulanka Wilderness Trail, from Juuma to Kiutaköngäs (26 km) which can be also explored with skis, snowshoes or even snowmobiles. Other activities include canoeing or cycling through some routes. Visitors are allowed to pick berries and mushrooms, but are not allowed to hunt game or fish without a license.

See also
List of national parks of Finland
Protected areas of Finland
PAN Parks
Maanselka

References

External links

Outdoors.fi – Oulanka National Park
PAN Parks - Oulanka National Park
National Geographic Magazine 6/2009

Kuusamo
Salla
Geography of North Ostrobothnia
Tourist attractions in North Ostrobothnia
Geography of Lapland (Finland)
Tourist attractions in Lapland (Finland)
Protected areas established in 1956
Ramsar sites in Finland
National parks of Finland

Oulanka National Park


Ural was an auxiliary cruiser of the Imperial Russian Navy during the Russo-Japanese War. She was originally a  for Norddeutscher Lloyd, launched in 1890 under the name Spree. She was renamed Kaiserin Maria Theresia in 1899, before being sold to the Russians in 1904.

Commercial service
Built in 1890 as Spree for Norddeutscher Lloyd of Bremen by the AG Vulcan shipyard of Stettin, Germany, she was  with a length of  and a beam of  and a speed of .  She had two funnels, three masts, and a single screw, with accommodation for 244 first-class, 122 second-class and 460 third-class passengers. She made her maiden voyage leaving Bremen for New York on 11 October 1890. She would continue to ply this route for eight years.

Whilst heading west across the Atlantic in November 1892, Sprees main propeller shaft broke and made a hole in the stern. There was considerable panic amongst the passengers until it became clear that the ship's watertight compartments would keep it afloat. Two days later, the steamship Lake Huron was sighted and was able to tow Spree back to Ireland. There was only one casualty in the incident: a man who threw himself overboard and was drowned. The event was memorialized in a poem by William McGonagall.

In 1899 she was completely rebuilt by AG Vulcan. She was lengthened to , her tonnage increased to , new engines were fitted joined to twin screws to give a speed of . The number of funnels was increased to three, though she was reduced to two masts. Her accommodation was altered to carry 405 first-class, 114 second-class and 387 third-class passengers, and she was renamed Kaiserin Maria Theresia (some sources say Theresa.)

Wartime service
She was sold to the Imperial Russian Navy in 1904 for use in the Russo-Japanese War. The Russians rebuilt her as an auxiliary cruiser and renamed her Ural. In October she left Kronstadt to join Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky's fleet on its way to Vladivostok. In May 1905, Ural was used as a scout ship and was the first ship to sight Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō's fleet at the Battle of Tsushima. In an action with Japanese battleships, she was hit by a  shell in the engine room and eventually torpedoed and sunk by a Japanese destroyer.

References

Bibliography

External links
 The Ships List – Ships Descriptions

Ships built in Stettin
1890 ships
Ships of Norddeutscher Lloyd
Rivers-class ocean liners
Ships of the Imperial Russian Navy
Russo-Japanese War naval ships of Russia
Maritime incidents in 1905
Shipwrecks of the Russo-Japanese War
Shipwrecks in the Tsushima Strait

Russian merchant cruiser Ural


Terzaghi Dam is the key diversion dam in BC Hydro's Bridge River Power Project. It forms the project's largest reservoir, Carpenter Lake west of Lillooet. Originally known as the Mission Dam, it was renamed Terzaghi Dam in 1965 to honor Karl von Terzaghi, the civil engineer who founded the science of soil mechanics. It is located about 30 km up the Bridge River from its confluence with the Fraser.

It stands at the head of the Big Canyon of the Bridge River, completely blocking the river, which is diverted through two tunnels through Mission Mountain to a pair of powerhouses on Seton Lake. The difference in elevation between Carpenter Lake, the reservoir formed by Terzaghi Dam, and the two powerhouses on Seton Lake is c. 410 m, which in combination with the flow of the entire Bridge River generates 480 megawatts in electrical power.

Completed in the 1950s, it was the expansion of a concept first launched in the 1920s by the Bridge River Power Development Co. but abandoned due to rising costs and collapsed investments as a result of the Great Depression. It was later resumed by BC Electric during the post-war boom after World War II and a first diversion and powerhouse completed in 1948 (180MW), the second in 1960 (300MW).

Projects organizing timed releases of water through Terzaghi Dam to enable fish-spawning ecology in the nearly-dry Bridge River below the dam are underway.

See also
Minto City, British Columbia
Shalalth, British Columbia

External links
BC Hydro Bridge River Project
BC Hydro Bridge River Recreation Sites
Bridge River-Lillooet Archive Terzaghi Dam Page (vintage photos)

Dams in British Columbia
Bridge River Country
BC Hydro
Publicly owned dams in Canada

Terzaghi Dam


In computer networking, a routing table, or routing information base (RIB), is a data table stored in a router or a network host that lists the routes to particular network destinations, and in some cases, metrics (distances) associated with those routes. The routing table contains information about the topology of the network immediately around it.

The construction of routing tables is the primary goal of routing protocols. Static routes are entries that are fixed, rather than resulting from routing protocols and network topology discovery procedures.

Overview
A routing table is analogous to a distribution map in package delivery. Whenever a node needs to send data to another node on a network, it must first know where to send it. If the node cannot directly connect to the destination node, it has to send it via other nodes along a route to the destination node. Each node needs to keep track of which way to deliver various packages of data, and for this it uses a routing table. A routing table is a database that keeps track of paths, like a map, and uses these to determine which way to forward traffic. A routing table is a data file in RAM that is used to store route information about directly connected and remote networks. Nodes can also share the contents of their routing table with other nodes.

The primary function of a router is to forward a packet toward its destination network, which is the destination IP address of the packet. To do this, a router needs to search the routing information stored in its routing table. The routing table contains network/next hop associations. These associations tell a router that a particular destination can be optimally reached by sending the packet to a specific router that represents the next hop on the way to the final destination. The next hop association can also be the outgoing or exit interface to the final destination.

With hop-by-hop routing, each routing table lists, for all reachable destinations, the address of the next device along the path to that destination: the next hop.  Assuming that the routing tables are consistent, the simple algorithm of relaying packets to their destination's next hop thus suffices to deliver data anywhere in a network.  Hop-by-hop is the fundamental characteristic of the IP Internet layer and the OSI Network Layer.

When a router interface is configured with an IP address and subnet mask, the interface becomes a host on that attached network. A directly connected network is a network that is directly attached to one of the router interfaces. The network address and subnet mask of the interface, along with the interface type and number, are entered into the routing table as a directly connected network.

A remote network is a network that can only be reached by sending the packet to another router. Routing table entries to remote networks may be either dynamic or static. Dynamic routes are routes to remote networks that were learned automatically by the router through a dynamic routing protocol. Static routes are routes that a network administrator manually configured.

Routing tables are also a key aspect of certain security operations, such as unicast reverse path forwarding (uRPF). In this technique, which has several variants, the router also looks up, in the routing table, the source address of the packet.  If there exists no route back to the source address, the packet is assumed to be malformed or involved in a network attack and is dropped.

Difficulties
The need to record routes to large numbers of devices using limited storage space represents a major challenge in routing table construction. In the Internet, the currently dominant address aggregation technology is a bitwise prefix matching scheme called Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR). Supernetworks can also be used to help control routing table size.

Contents
The routing table consists of at least three information fields:
network identifier: The destination subnet and netmask
metric: The routing metric of the path through which the packet is to be sent. The route will go in the direction of the gateway with the lowest metric.
next hop: The next hop, or gateway, is the address of the next station to which the packet is to be sent on the way to its final destination

Depending on the application and implementation, it can also contain additional values that refine path selection:
quality of service associated with the route. For example, the U flag indicates that an IP route is up.
filtering criteria: Access-control lists associated with the route
interface: Such as eth0 for the first Ethernet card, eth1 for the second Ethernet card, etc.

Shown below is an example of what the table above could look like on a computer connected to the internet via a home router:

 The columns Network destination and Netmask together describe the Network identifier as mentioned earlier. For example, destination 192.168.0.0 and netmask 255.255.255.0 can be written as 192.168.0.0/24.
 The Gateway column contains the same information as the Next hop, i.e. it points to the gateway through which the network can be reached.
 The Interface indicates what locally available interface is responsible for reaching the gateway. In this example, gateway 192.168.0.1 (the internet router) can be reached through the local network card with address 192.168.0.100.
 Finally, the Metric indicates the associated cost of using the indicated route. This is useful for determining the efficiency of a certain route from two points in a network. In this example, it is more efficient to communicate with the computer itself through the use of address 127.0.0.1 (called localhost) than it would be through 192.168.0.100 (the IP address of the local network card).

Forwarding table
Routing tables are generally not used directly for packet forwarding in modern router architectures; instead, they are used to generate the information for a simpler forwarding table. This forwarding table contains only the routes which are chosen by the routing algorithm as preferred routes for packet forwarding. It is often in a compressed or pre-compiled format that is optimized for hardware storage and lookup.

This router architecture separates the control plane function of the routing table from the forwarding plane function of the forwarding table. This separation of control and forwarding provides uninterrupted high-performance forwarding.

See also
 Luleå algorithm
 Internet protocol suite

References

External links
 IP Routing from the Linux Network Administrators Guide

Internet architecture
Routing
Data structures

Routing table


Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri Castelli (15 July 1926 12 January 2003) was an Argentine general and politician. He served as President of Argentina from 22 December 1981 to 18 June 1982. This was during the last military dictatorship (known officially as the National Reorganization Process). He was removed from power soon after the British retook the Falkland Islands, whose invasion he had ordered.

Early life
Galtieri was born in the Buenos Aires area.  He entered the Argentine Army, and studied engineering.  He was a skilled engineer, and he rose quickly through the ranks of the Argentine military. In 1975, he became the head of the Engineering Corps of the army.

When Jorge Rafael Videla took power a year later, Galtieri supported him. Videla was a brutal dictator, and thousands of people were murdered under his rule.

Presidency
In 1981, Videla stepped down.  Galtieri took power late that year after removing Roberto Viola in a coup d'état. Although not as brutal as Videla, he continued the "Dirty War."

The United States supported Galtieri. He was a strong anti-communist.  Because of this, the United States saw Argentina as an ally against the Soviet Union in the Cold War.

Soon after Galtieri took power, the Argentine economy was about to fall apart. Inflation, the rate at which new money is put into the economy, was as high as 130%. Unemployment was very high, and the state oil company lost six billion dollars in a matter of months.  This is the worst loss of money any corporation has had in all of history.

Galtieri allowed people to disagree with him more than the leaders who came before him.  Protests against his dictatorship became common.

Invasion of the Falkland Islands

By 1982, Galtieri's popularity was low.  He wanted more people to support him.  He also wanted to increase Argentine patriotism. For many years, Argentina had said the Falkland Islands (a British territory) was actually theirs. The British did not see Argentina as a war threat, and didn't heavily defend the islands.

With Jorge Anaya, one of the other members of the junta, Galtieri thought of a plan to take over the islands. Galtieri ordered the Argentine military to invade the islands. After bombarding the capital city, Port Stanley, Argentina forced the British Governor of the islands, Rex Hunt, to surrender.

Galtieri became very popular after the invasion, and huge celebrations were held in Buenos Aires. His regime seemed to be very strong. But Galtieri had badly misread what British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher would do. He also believed he would have the support of the United States. However, the United States (and most of the world) supported Britain.

The British sent their armed forces to the islands. After heavy fighting, the British defeated Argentina in June. Within days, the Argentine army turned on Galtieri, and he was removed from power.

After the Presidency
Afterwards, Galtieri was put on trial for crimes against humanity. Although one report wanted him to be executed, he was sentenced to twelve years in prison. In 1989, he was pardoned.

After leaving prison, Galtieri lived in a suburb of Buenos Aires. Never a rich man, he lived modestly for the rest of his life. Galtieri died from a heart attack caused by surgery to remove a cancerous tumor in his pancreas. He was 76 years old.

Today, Galtieri is commonly viewed as a very incompetent dictator.  He is often blamed for Argentina losing the Falklands War.

References

1926 births
2003 deaths
Argentine generals
Cancer deaths in Argentina
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Deaths from surgical complications
Former dictators
People from Buenos Aires Province
Presidents of Argentina

Leopoldo Galtieri


The Serbs ( Srbi, ) are a naition an Sooth Slavic ethnic group livin mainly in the Balkans an soothren Central Europe. Serbs inhabit Serbie an the disputit territory o Kosovo, as well as Montenegro, Bosnie an Herzegovinae (maistly in Republika Srpska) an form significant minorities in Croatie, North Macedonie an Slovenie. Likewise, Serbs are an offeecially recognisit minority in Romanie, Hungary, Albania, the Czech Republic an Slovakie. The Serbie leid is in offeecial uise in Greece (Mount Athos) an aw. Thare is a muckle Serbie diaspora (includin some autochthonous minorities) in Wastren Europe, pairticularly in Germany, Swaden, Swisserland, Austrick, Fraunce, Italy an the Unitit Kinrick. Ootside Europe, thare are significant Serbie commonties in the Unitit States, Canadae an Australie.

The Serbs share cultural traits wi the rest o Sootheastren Europe, an are predominantly Orthodox Christians bi releegion. The Serbie leid is considered a staundartisit register o Serbo-Croatie; it is an offeecial leid in Serbie (in the disputit Kosovo an aw) an Bosnie-Herzegovinae, an is spoken bi a majority in Montenegro. Serbie is the anerlie European leid wi active digraphia, uisin baith Cyrillic an Laitin alphabets.

Footnotes

Freemit airtins

Ethnic groups in Bosnie an Herzegovinae
Ethnic groups in Croatie
Ethnic groups in Europe
Ethnic groups in Hungary
Ethnic groups in Montenegro
Ethnic groups in Romanie

Ethnic groups in Slovenie
Ethnic groups in the Republic o Macedonie

Serbie society
Slavic ethnic groups
Sooth Slavs

Serbs


Lieutenant-General Sir Philip Bainbrigge  (4 February 1786 – 20 December 1862) was a British Army officer. He was present at the sieges and storming of Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajoz, and later the advance to Madrid. He later joined the British army in its advance to Paris, and held positions in Belfast and Ceylon. He was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath and died at St. Margaret's in 1862.

Biography

Family and early life
Bainbrigge was descended from an ancient family long resident in the counties of Leicester and Derby. He was the eldest son of Lieutenant-colonel Philip Bainbrigge, of Ashbourne, Derbyshire, and Rachel, daughter of Peter Dobrée, Esq., of Beauregard, Guernsey, and was born in London in 1786. He entered the navy as a midshipman in the Caesar, under Admiral Sir James Saumarez, in 1799, but left it from ill-health. His father, who served under the Duke of York in the expedition to Holland, was killed in the attack on Egmond aan Zee on 6 October 1799, and the next year the duke appointed young Bainbrigge to an ensigncy in the 20th regiment.

Military career
In 1800 he became a lieutenant, but being fourteen years of age, he obtained a year's leave, which he spent at Green's military academy at Deptford, and joined his regiment at Malta in 1801. At the peace of Amiens his regiment was reduced and he was placed on half-pay, but was brought on full pay into the 7th fusiliers. Returning to England in 1803, he was employed in obtaining volunteers from the militia to form the 2nd battalion of the 7th, which when completed was removed to Colchester. Here the troops were reviewed by the Duke of York, and Lieutenant Bainbrigge, who by his zeal and diligence had given much satisfaction, was gazetted, on 17 Oct. 1805, to a company in the 18th Royal Irish, and joined the 1st battalion of the regiment in the West Indies.

After the taking of Curaçao from the Dutch in 1807, he was appointed inspector of fortifications in that island, where he made plans of the forts and defences which subsequently recommended him to the authorities at the Royal Horse Guards. He exchanged into the 93rd, and, returning to England, laid his plans and surveys before the Duke of York, who advised him to qualify himself for the staff by studying at the Senior Division of the new Royal Military College at High Wycombe. He entered the college in 1809, and studied so diligently that in a year and a half he passed his examination with distinction. While at the college he invented a protracting pocket sextant, which was favourably noticed by the board of examiners, and enabled him to make surveys with remarkable accuracy and rapidity. On leaving the college Captain Bainbrigge was appointed deputy assistant quartermaster-general in the British army in Portugal. On arriving at Lord Wellington's headquarters he was posted to the fourth division, commanded by Major-general Cole, and stationed near Torres Vedras, and was at once sent to examine the island of Lyceria, a tract of flat alluvial land in the Tagus, to ascertain whether troops could cross it. He was then brought to headquarters, where for some time he was employed in sketching ground and reporting on positions in various directions, which exposed him to the risk of capture by the enemy who occupied the country. His ability was acknowledged, for in a letter to Marshal Beresford, dated Cartaxo, 4 Jan. 1811, Lord Wellington said he was appointed to the staff of the army on account of the ability he showed at High Wycombe.

Prominent battles
He was present at the sieges and storming of Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajoz. As soon as Badajos was taken he was ordered to join the sixth division, under Sir H. Clinton, at Albuera, and take charge of the quartermaster-general's department. On the advance of the army into Spain in 1812, Captain Bainbrigge, who had examined the country which was to become the scene of operations, was brought to headquarters. He was present at the siege of the forts of Salamanca, at the affairs of Costillegos and Costrejon, and at the crossing of the Guarena, his duties being to carry orders and make sketches of the country and positions. On one occasion, being with Lord Wellington on high ground on the right bank of the Tormes watching the enemy crossing the river at Huerta, his lordship suddenly told him to ride in the direction which he pointed out on the other side of the Tormes, to examine the ground and make a sketch of it. He accordingly rode down to the ford of Santa Marta, and crossing Over to the ground between the ford and the two Arapile hills, a distance of about three miles, made his sketch while the enemy's skirmishers were in immediate proximity, and brought back a plan in about two hours and a half. It was on part of this ground that the battle of Salamanca was afterwards fought. On another occasion he was ordered to conduct a column of the army then at Pareda, three leagues off, through a difficult country and in face of the enemy to Vallesa. He did so successfully, and brought the column in the midst of the night safely to its destination. On the day of the battle of Salamanca he was constantly with Lord Wellington, and at a critical moment he carried the order for the advance of General Leith's division.

After this decisive victory he accompanied the army in the advance to Madrid, and from thence to Valladolid and Burgos. He was present at part of the siege of Burgos, and soon after was appointed permanent assistant quartermaster-general with the rank of major. In the retreat from Burgos he rendered very important services through his knowledge of the country, which was considered of so much value that Sir H. Clinton asked for his return to the sixth division, but it was decided that he should remain at headquarters. Major Bainbrigge continued to hold the same position till the end of the war in 1814, and surveyed and sketched the country through which the army passed till it entered France. He was present at the battles of Vittoria and Pyrenees, at the last siege of San Sebastian, and at the battles of Nive and Toulouse. Rewards and distinctions were not lavishly bestowed in those days, and, as Major Bainbrigge had not been in action as the head of his department with a division, but under his seniors at headquarters, he did not receive the gold medal, and could not become a companion of the Bath. Through some strange omission he was not recommended for brevet rank, but on 21 Jan. 1817 this was rectified, when he was promoted to the brevet rank of lieutenant-colonel.

In 1815 he applied for employment abroad, and joined the British army in its advance to Paris. When he returned home after the peace, he continued to hold the appointment of permanent assistant quartermaster-general until 1841, when he was made deputy quartermaster-general in Dublin. Having attained the rank of major-general, 9 Nov. 1846, he was appointed by the Duke of Wellington to the command of the Belfast district. In 1852 the duke selected him to command the forces in the island of Ceylon. During his stay in Ceylon his unremitting exertions for the welfare of the troops under his command made him beloved and respected by all classes, and his departure, when promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general on 20 June 1854, was much regretted.

Late life
In 1838 he was made a companion of the Bath, and subsequently received the 'grant for distinguished service.' On 31 March 1854 he was appointed colonel of the 26th (Cameronian) regiment. For his services in the Peninsula he received the war medal with seven clasps, and on 31 March 1854 he was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath. He died at St. Margaret's, near Titchfield, Hants, on 20 Dec. 1862, at the age of 76.

References

Sources

1786 births
1862 deaths
British Army lieutenant generals
Royal Fusiliers officers
Royal Irish Regiment (1684–1922) officers
Lancashire Fusiliers officers
93rd Regiment of Foot officers
British Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
General Officers Commanding, Ceylon

Philip Bainbrigge


Solar Energy Perspectives is a 2011 book by the International Energy Agency.

Solar energy technologies come in various forms – solar heating, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal electricity – and can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces:
The development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countries' energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating climate change, and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise. These advantages are global. Hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared.

Solar Energy Perspectives builds upon past analyses of solar energy deployment contained in the World Energy Outlook, Energy Technology Perspectives and several IEA Technology Roadmaps. It aims at "offering an updated picture of current technology trends and markets, as well as new analyses on how solar energy technologies for electricity, heat and fuels can be used in the various energy consuming sectors, now and in the future".

See also
Deploying Renewables 2011
The Third Industrial Revolution
The Clean Tech Revolution
List of books about renewable energy
Mark Z. Jacobson

References

2011 non-fiction books
Books about energy issues
Energy economics
Renewable energy commercialization
Sustainability books
International Energy Agency

Solar Energy Perspectives


Ilia Vekua ( ; 23 April 1907 in the village of Shesheleti, Kutais Governorate, Russian Empire (modern day Gali District, Abkhazia, Republic of Georgia – 2 December 1977 in Tbilisi, USSR) was a distinguished Georgian mathematician and engineer, specializing in partial differential equations, singular integral equations, generalized analytic functions and the mathematical theory of elastic shells.

Ilia Vekua was born in 1907 in the Georgian village Sheshelety. After finishing school in Zugdidi, he entered Physics and Mathematics Department at Tbilisi State University. Vekua graduated in 1930 and was made a professor there in 1940. He was also deputy-director of the Steklov Institute of Mathematics (1954–1959), the first rector of Novosibirsk State University (1959–1964), and vice-president (1964–1965) and president (1972–1977) of the Georgian Academy of Sciences. In 1969 he became the Hero of Socialist Labour. Vekua was awarded the Stalin Prize (1950), Lenin Prize (1963), USSR State Prize (1984), three Orders of Lenin and the Order of the Badge of Honor. The Sukhumi Institute of Physics and Technology, formerly near Sukhumi (Abkhazia), now in Tbilisi/Georgia, which was involved in the nuclear weapons program of the Soviet Union, is also named after him.

See also
Complex analysis
Solomon Mikhlin
Linear elasticity

Notes

References
.

1907 births
1977 deaths
People from Ochamchira District
People from Sukhum Okrug
Mingrelians
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
20th-century mathematicians from Georgia (country)
Soviet mathematicians
Academic staff of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Academic staff of Novosibirsk State University
Rectors of Tbilisi State University
Members of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences
Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Recipients of the Lenin Prize
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
Recipients of the USSR State Prize
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Burials at Mtatsminda Pantheon
Academic staff of Tbilisi State University

Ilia Vekua


Poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) is a vine.  It is well-known for causing a rash. The rash is urushiol-induced contact dermatitis.  Urushiol is the chemical in the ivy that hurts the skin.  The plant grows the urushiol so animals will not eat it.  The rash itches and it can cause pain.

The vine's leaves come in threes, with a shiny appearance caused by the oil on the leaves. It is a common weed in the eastern North America and parts of China.

Anacardiaceae

Poison ivy


James Edward Quibell (11 November 1867 – 5 June 1935) was a British Egyptologist.

Life
Quibbell was born in Newport, Shropshire. He married the Scottish artist and archaeologist Annie Abernethie Pirie in 1900.

He was educated at Adams' Grammar School in Newport and Christ Church, Oxford. He became fascinated by the antiquities, and offered himself as a pupil to Professor Flinders Petrie, with whom he worked at Coptos in 1893, then at Nagada, Ballas, Thebes, El Kab, and Hierakonpolis in successive years, including the Ramesseum. He also assisted Cecil Firth in his excavations in Saqqara. Between 1899 and 1904, he also served as chief inspector of antiquities for the Delta and Middle Egypt (Howard Carter, who was chief inspector at Luxor was his opposite). Later, between 1904 and 1905, he was appointed as chief inspector at Saqqara. Between 1914 and 1923, he was a keeper in the Cairo Museum, and served as director of excavations at the Step Pyramid between 1931 and 1935.

After six months' study at the Humboldt University of Berlin he was appointed to the Catalogue Commission of the Egyptian Museum, and in 1899 as an inspector on the staff of the Antiquities Department, a colleague being Howard Carter.

He worked at Saqqara, in the Valley of the Kings (where he discovered the tomb of Yuya and Thuya in 1905), and at Hierakonpolis (ancient Nekhen), where amongst other discoveries his team found the Narmer Palette in 1898. In 1898 he was made an inspector of the Antiquities Service for the Delta and Middle Egyptian regions. He later served as director of the Egyptian Museum from 1914 to 1923 and secretary-general of the Antiquities Service until 1925 when he retired.

See also
 List of Egyptologists

References

External links

1867 births
1935 deaths
People from Newport, Shropshire
English Egyptologists
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
People educated at Adams' Grammar School
19th-century British archaeologists
20th-century British archaeologists
Egyptian Museum
English male non-fiction writers
19th-century English male writers

James Quibell


RTZ (Return to Zero) was an American rock band that featured Boston band members Brad Delp and Barry Goudreau. The band was formed in the early 1990s.

History
RTZ began as a collaboration between Boston members Brad Delp and Barry Goudreau around 1989. The original 1987 demo of "Face The Music" (featuring Fergie Frederiksen on vocals) was later made available for download at BarryGoudreau.com. Goudreau and Delp were both part of the original Boston line-up and after Goudreau's departure from the band, they stayed in close contact with Delp contributing to Goudreau's solo album and also to a lesser degree on the Orion the Hunter album.

Around 1989, Delp was on hiatus from Boston and looking to get active in writing again.  He contacted Goudreau about a possible collaboration and RTZ was formed.  Goudreau and Delp brought in keyboardist Brian Maes who was part of the Orion the Hunter touring band, drummer Dave Stefanelli and bass player Tim Archibald.  Maes and Stefanelli had previously worked with producer Nick Lowe in England and Archibald's band New Man had released an album on Epic.

Delp and Goudreau landed a deal with Giant Records and the first RTZ album, titled Return to Zero, was released in 1991. A video was produced for the first single "Face the Music". The band soon hit the road and Delp gave Boston his notice. After touring the US extensively, a video was prepared for the single "Until Your Love Comes Back Around" penned by keyboard player Brian Maes.  The single was very successful and reached #1 in several markets, #26 in the U.S.  Two other tracks, "There's Another Side" and "All You've Got" also got airplay, with the latter reaching #56.

RTZ felt that the band was not getting the attention it deserved by the label and asked to be released from their contract.  As RTZ began to shop for a new label, Delp decided to leave the band and would eventually reunite with Boston for the Walk On tour and to assist in the writing of the associated album.  The other band members decided that it would be impossible to replace Delp and decided to end the band.  The Return to Zero album went out of print until April 2013, although the band later released other material. There were still enough recordings left over from the original recording sessions to create another album.  Barry searched for a new label and eventually found MTM Records.  The recordings were released on September 28, 1998, and the album was titled Lost.

In 2004, Lost and Found was released.  It features previously unreleased music from the band.  In 2005, RTZ released two CDs simultaneously, Lost in America and Found in America under band member Brian Maes' Briola Records label.  The album contains all the same material that was released on Lost, including the song "Dangerous", which was only available on the Japanese release of Lost.  Found in America contains the same material that is on their 2004 release Lost and Found, but includes a bonus live version of the song "Return to Zero".

The Delp and Goudreau album was also released in 2004, and was included as a bonus CD in Lost and Found. It featured RTZ but was released under the name "Delp and Goudreau" and involves a different style of music from RTZ's albums.

In 2007, the band reunited (though with former Boston member Sib Hashian on drums) to release a single called "Rockin' Away". Written in 2006, it celebrated the 30 year anniversary of Boston, and is also an autobiography of Brad Delp's music career. Following Delp's suicide in 2007, the band reunited again to release the single "Set The Songbird Free" as a tribute to Delp, with Maes on vocals. They also performed at the Brad Delp "Come Together" tribute concert in 2008.

This entire line-up (with Hashian on drums, and without Delp) also makes up most of the members of the band Ernie and the Automatics which formed in 2006.

Discography

Studio albums
 Return to Zero (1991)
 Lost (1998)

Compilation albums
 Lost and Found (2004)

Singles

References

American rock music groups
Musical groups established in 1989
Musical groups disestablished in 1994

RTZ (band)


José Bezerra da Silva (February 23, 1927 in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil – January 17, 2005 in Rio de Janeiro) was a Brazilian samba musician of the partido alto style.

Biography
Bezerra da Silva played zabumba as a child and sang coco in Recife. He moved to Rio de Janeiro in 1942, and in 1950, Rádio Clube do Brasil hired him as a session musician. In 1960 he became a member of the Orquestra Copacabana Discos of Sao Paulo, and in the 1970s and 1980s he performed with the Orquestra da TV Globo. He recorded his first singles in 1969, and went on to release 30 albums over the course of his career, charting many hits in his native country. His music often deals with political and social issues, touching on gang violence, the drug trade, and the law.

Bezerra became known for recording sambas from unfamed and marginalized composers, which were often people living in difficulties and dealing with criminal environments, who wrote with sharp irony. The label sambandido (samba + bandit) was sometimes used to refer to his work, and he strongly disliked the word. One of his greatest hits, which was rerecorded several times by various artists, is Malandragem Dá Um Tempo, whose chorus is I'm going to roll, but I won't light it now, an allusion to the efforts marijuana users make in order to avoid the law.

In 2001, he converted to the  Universal Church of the Kingdom of God. He died of a heart attack in 2005 at the age of 77.

Discography
 O Rei Do Côco (1976)
 Partido Alto Nota 10 Bezerra e Genaro (1977)
 Partido Alto Nota 10 Vol.2	- Bezerra e Seus Convidados (1979)
 Partido Alto Nota 10 Vol.3	- Bezerra e Rey	Jordão (1980)
 Partido Muito Alto (1980)
 Samba Partido e Outras Comidas (1981)
 Bezerra e um Punhado de Bambas (1982)
 Produto do Morro (1983)
 É Esse Aí Que É o Homem (1984)
 Malandro Rife (1985)
 Alô	Malandragem, Maloca o Flagrante (1986)
 Justiça Social (1987)
 Violência	Gera Violência (1988)
 Se Não Fosse o Samba (1989)
 Eu não sou Santo (1990)
 Partideiro	da Pesada (1991)
 Presidente Caô Caô (1992)
 Cocada Boa (1993)
 Bezerra, Moreira e Dicro - Os 3 Malandros In Concert (1995)
 Contra O VERDADEIRO Canalha	(Bambas	Do Samba) (1995)
 Meu	Samba É Duro na	Queda (1996)
 Eu Tô de Pé (1998)
 Provando e Comprovando sua Versatilidade (1998)
 Bezerra da Silva: Ao Vivo (1999)
 Malandro é Malandro	e Mané é Mané (2000)
 A Gíria é Cultura do Povo (2002)
 Caminho de Luz (2003)
 Pega Eu (2003)
 Meu	Bom Juiz (2003)
 O Partido Alto do Samba (2004)
 Série Maxximum - Bezerra da Silva (2005)
 O Samba Malandro de Bezerra da Silva (2005)

See also
Music of Brazil

References

[ Bezerra da Silva] at Allmusic.com

1927 births
2005 deaths
Brazilian percussionists
People from Recife
Samba musicians
20th-century Brazilian male singers
20th-century Brazilian singers

Bezerra da Silva


The Credit River is a river in southern Ontario, which flows from headwaters above the Niagara Escarpment near Orangeville and Caledon East to empty into Lake Ontario at Port Credit, Mississauga. It drains an area of approximately . The total length of the river and its tributary streams is over .

Despite urbanization and associated problems with water quality on the lower section of this river, it provides spawning areas for Chinook salmon and rainbow trout. There is a fish ladder on the river at Streetsville. Much of the river can still be travelled by canoe or kayak. The headwaters of the Credit River is home to a native self-sustaining brook trout population and an introduced brown trout population.

Credit Valley Conservation, the local watershed management conservation authority, operates several Conservation Areas including Belfountain, Island Lake, and Terra Cotta.

Forks of the Credit Provincial Park is located on the upper part of the river between Brampton and Orangeville, and is near the Bruce Trail.

Communities in the river's watershed include the following:

City of Brampton
City of Mississauga
Township of Amaranth
Town of Caledon
Township of East Garafraxa
Town of Halton Hills
Town of Mono
Town of Orangeville

Naming
The river became known as Missinnihe (Eastern Ojibwa: "trusting creek") to the Mississaugas First Nation who met annually with white traders there. To the First Nations, the river was "held in reverential estimation as the favourite resort of their ancestors" and the band, which ranged from Long Point on Lake Erie to the Rouge River on Lake Ontario, became known as the Credit River Indians. Their descendants are today the Mississaugas of the Credit First Nation.

The origins of the English name come from the time when French fur traders supplied goods to the native people in advance (on credit) against furs which would be delivered the following spring. It was known as the Rivière au Crédit. The trading post was set up at the mouth of the river, in Port Credit, in the early 18th century.

Watershed population and land use
As of the 2006 census, 750,000 people live in the watershed. Of those, 87 percent live in the lower third of the watershed. Population growth is approximately 3 percent per year. In 1999, 21 percent of the watershed was developed. By 2020, 40 percent of the watershed will be developed (based on approved development and the official plans of the municipalities).

Plants and animals
The Credit River is home to a wide range of wildlife. Some species are permanent or seasonal residents while others are sighted occasionally. This watershed is home to 1,330 plant species, 64 fish species (including many bait fish, pike, and brook trout), 41 mammal species, 5 turtle species, 8 snake species, 17 amphibian species, and 244 bird species.

Turtle species (5)

 Common snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina
 Midland painted turtle, Chrysemys picta marginata
 Red-eared slider, Trachemys scripta elegans
 Blanding's turtle, Emydoidea blandingii
 Common map turtle, Graptemys geographica

Snake species (8)

 Eastern garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis
 Northern redbelly snake, Storeria occipitomaculata
 Northern brown snake, Storeria dekayi
 Northern ringneck snake, Diadophis punctatus edwardsii
 Eastern milk snake, Lampropeltis triangulum triangulum
 Northern water snake, Nerodia sipedon
 Smooth green snake, Opheodrys vernalis
 Northern ribbon snake, Thamnophis saurita septentrionalis

Amphibian species (17)

 Common mudpuppy, Necturus maculosus maculosus
 Red-spotted newt (eastern), Notophthalmus viridescens
 Jefferson salamander, Ambystoma jeffersonianum
 "Silvery salamander"
 "Tremblay's salamander"
 Blue-spotted salamander, Ambystoma laterale
 Northern redback salamander, Plethodon cinereus
 Four-toed salamander, Hemidactylium scutatum
 Spotted salamander, Ambystoma maculatum
 Eastern American toad, Anaxyrus americanus americanus
 Northern spring peeper, Pseudacris crucifer crucifer
 Tetraploid grey treefrog, Hyla versicolor
 Striped chorus frog (western), Pseudacris triseriata triseriata
 Wood frog, Lithobates sylvaticus
 Northern leopard frog, Lithobates pipiens
 Pickerel frog, Lithobates palustris
 Green frog, Lithobates clamitans
 Mink frog, Lithobates septentrionalis
 Bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus

In popular culture
The Canadian indie rock band The Constantines entitled a track "Credit River" on their 2008 album Kensington Heights.

Bridges

List of major roadways crossing over the Credit in Peel Region:

 Lakeshore Road - 4 lane steel box girder bridge
 Queen Elizabeth Way - two span open spandrel deck arch bridges built in 1934 and widened 1960; maybe demolished and replaced pending review
 Dundas Street West - two separate span steel box girder bridges
 Burnhamthorpe Road West - two separate span concrete bridges
 Ontario Highway 403 - 8 lane concrete girder overpass(es)
 Eglinton Avenue West - two separate span concrete bridges
 a lower small steel truss bridge for pedestrian trail visible from the north side
 Bristol Road West - two lane concrete girder bridge
 Britannia Road - 4 lane concrete overpass
 Creditview Road - concrete overpass being widened with new span to accommodate 4 lanes
 Ontario Highway 401 - 6 lane concrete girder overpasses
 Old Derry Road West - two lane steel Warren truss bridge (c. 1930 and rehabilitated in 2005)
 Derry Road - 6 lane concrete overpass
 Ontario Highway 407 - two separate span 8 lane concrete girder overpasses
 Steeles Avenue West - 4 lane concrete girder overpass
 Creditview Road - single lane concrete bowstring bridge c. 1928
 Mississauga Road - 4 lane concrete girder overpass near Queen Street in Brampton
 Heritage Road - 2 lane concrete overpass
 Ontario Highway 7 / Guelph Street - 2 lane overpass

Most of the bridges were built in the mid-20th century or later. Only the Queen Elizabeth Way and Old Derry Road West bridges are older.

CP Rail and CN Rail have steel deck truss bridges crossing over the Credit River.

See also
List of Ontario rivers
Wilbur Lake

References

Sources

External links

Fishing the Credit River Steelhead, Salmon and Trout
Credit Valley Conservation

Rivers of Dufferin County
Tributaries of Lake Ontario
Rivers of Mississauga

Credit River


Krajna is a forested historical region in Poland, situated in the border area between the Greater Poland, Kuyavian-Pomeranian and Pomeranian Voivodeships. The region consists of parts of Złotów, Piła, Sępólno, Nakło, Bydgoszcz and Człuchów counties, namely the urban gmina of Złotów, the rural gmina of Złotów and the urban-rural gminas of Krajenka, Wysoka, Wyrzysk, Łobżenica, Kamień Krajeński, Sępólno Krajeńskie, Więcbork, Nakło nad Notecią, Koronowo and Debzno.  The name of Krajna is derived from the Slavic word for borderland (between Greater Poland and Pomerania), cf. Krajina.

The main towns in the region are Złotów and Nakło nad Notecią. Since 1932, Krajna has own regional anthem, composed by Paweł "Krajnomir" Jasiek

Part of the region forms a protected area called Krajna Landscape Park.

References

Forests of Poland
Regions of Poland

Krajna


Anıtkabir is a complex located in the Çankaya district of Ankara, which includes the mausoleum of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Designed by Emin Onat and Orhan Arda, the construction of Anıtkabir began in 1944 and was completed in 1953. In addition to the mausoleum building, the complex consists of various structures and monuments, as well as a wooded area known as the Peace Park.

After Atatürk's death on November 10, 1938, it was announced that his remains would be kept at the Ankara Ethnography Museum until a mausoleum could be constructed in Ankara. To determine the location for the mausoleum, a commission was established by the government. Based on a report prepared by the commission, it was decided during a meeting of the Republican People's Party parliamentary group on January 17, 1939, that the structure would be built on Rasattepe. Following this decision, expropriation work began on the relevant land, and an international design competition was launched on March 1, 1941, to determine the structure's design. After the competition ended on March 2, 1942, the evaluations resulted in the decision to implement the project of Emin Onat and Orhan Arda with some modifications, and construction began with a groundbreaking ceremony on October 9, 1944. The construction was carried out in four stages, and due to some problems and delays, it was completed in October 1953, later than originally planned. During the construction, changes were made to the project. On November 10, 1953, Atatürk's remains were transferred to Anıtkabir in a ceremony. Cemal Gürsel, who was buried in 1966, and the remains of eleven people who were buried between 1960 and 1963, were removed from Anıtkabir in 1988. İsmet İnönü's grave has been located at Anıtkabir since 1973.

The main building in the complex is the mausoleum, which includes Atatürk's symbolic sarcophagus in the section known as the Hall of Honor, while his actual tomb is located in the lower level of the building. The entrance to the complex is through a tree-lined avenue called the Lions' Road, which leads to the ceremony square. The mausoleum is situated on one side of this square, surrounded by colonnades, while the exit from the complex is located on the opposite side of the square along the path of the Lions' Road. The complex features ten towers at the four corners of the Lions' Road, at the exit of the ceremony square, and at the corners of the square, as well as two sculpture groups and the Atatürk and Independence War Museum. All of these structures, collectively known as the Monument Block, are surrounded by a wooded area called Peace Park. The structures in the complex are made of reinforced concrete and feature surfaces and floors made of various types of marble and travertine, as well as decorative elements created using relief, mosaic, fresco, and carving techniques. The Neo-Classical style of the Second National Architecture Movement features elements inspired by the Hittite, Greek, Seljuk, and Ottoman cultures that have dominated the region now known as Turkey throughout history.

The responsibility for all services and tasks at Anıtkabir belongs to the Turkish Armed Forces General Staff, and events to be held here are regulated by law. Official commemoration ceremonies are held at Anıtkabir on national holidays in Turkey and on the anniversary of Atatürk's death on November 10, organized by the government. In addition to these, ceremonies are also organized by individuals and representatives of legal entities who are included in the state protocol. Anıtkabir is a place that is occasionally visited and official ceremonies are held at the site by foreign government officials during their official visits to Turkey.

Construction

The site chosen for Anıtkabir was known as Rasattepe (Observation Hill), which, at the time of the architectural competition for Anıtkabir, was a central location in Ankara and could be seen by all parts of the city. Archeological excavations unearthed artifacts belonging to the Phrygian civilization, which were carefully excavated and put on display in the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, also in Ankara.

The construction of Anıtkabir, which took nine years and spanned four stages, commenced on 9 October 1944 with the ceremony of laying the foundation stone.

The first stage of the construction, comprising the preparatory excavation and the construction of the retaining wall of the Lions Road, started on 9 October 1944 and was completed in 1945. The second stage of the construction, comprising the mausoleum and the auxiliary buildings surrounding the ceremonial ground, started on 29 September 1945, and was completed on 8 August 1950. At this stage, due to problems related to the mausoleum's masonry and concrete structure foundations, some revisions had to be made. At the end of 1947, the excavation and insulation of the mausoleum foundation was completed and steel reinforcements for the new 11 m. (36.1 ft) high concrete foundation, capable of resisting any kind of settlement of the ground, had come to near completion. The Entrance towers, most parts of the road network, the orchard installations, the plantation works and main parts of the irrigation system were also completed at this stage.

The third stage of the construction was the building of the roads leading to the mausoleum, The Lions Road, and the ceremonial ground; the mausoleum's upper-level stone pavement, the grand stairs, placement of the grand tombstone, and the installation of electricity, plumbing and heating systems.

The fourth and last stage of construction was the laying of the Hall of Honour pavement, vaults under the side linings, and Hall of Honour perimeter stone profiles and fringe decorations, which was completed on 1 September 1953.

Revision of original plans
The Anıtkabir project originally had a vaulted ceiling above the mausoleum carried by the perimeter columns. On 4 December 1951, the Government asked the architects about the possibility of shortening construction time by lowering the  high ceiling of the Hall of Honour. After studying the subject, the architects concluded that it was possible to cover the ceiling with a reinforced concrete slab instead of a stone vault. This change reduced the weight of the ceiling and also eliminated certain constructional risks.

Surface reliefs and stones
All stones and marbles were brought in from various parts of Turkey. Easily processed porous travertine is used on external cladding of the concrete surfaces and marble is used for the inside surfaces of the Hall of Honour.

White travertine used for the sculpture groups, lions figures and the mausoleum columns was brought from Kayseri and the travertine used inside the towers was brought from Polatlı and Malıköy. The red and black travertine used for paving the ceremonial ground and floors of the towers came from Kayseri. Yellow travertine brought from Çankırı was used for building the Victory Reliefs, the Hall of Honour's external walls, and perimeter columns of the ceremonial ground. The red, black and cream colour marble that was used on the floor of the Hall of Honour were brought from Hatay, Adana and Çanakkale, and for the internal walls, tiger-patterned marble from Afyon and green marble from Bilecik was used. The sarcophagus, a monolithic tomb stone weighing 40 tons, was brought from Adana and the white marble covering the sides of the sarcophagus were also from Afyon.

Layout

There are four main parts to Anıtkabir: the Road of Lions, the Ceremonial Plaza, the Hall of Honor (location of Atatürk's tomb) and the Peace Park that surrounds the monument.

Road of Lions
The approach to the monument is a -long pedestrian walkway that is lined on both sides by twelve pairs of lions carved in a style like the Hittite archaeological finds. The lions represent 24 Oghuz Turkic Tribes and are shown seated to simultaneously represent both power and peace. A five centimeter gap separates the paving stones on the Road of Lions to ensure that visitors take their time and observe respectful behavior on their way to Atatürk's tomb.

Ceremonial Plaza
The Ceremonial Plaza is situated at the end of the Lions Road. The area is  long and  wide and was designed to accommodate 15,000 people. The floor is decorated with 373 rug and kilim (Turkish carpet) patterns, and is made of travertine in various colors.

Hall of Honor

The Hall of Honor is the iconic symbol of Anıtkabir and the location of Atatürk's tomb. The structure is  in plan and rises to a height of , with the columns themselves measuring .

Atatürk's tomb is situated right under the symbolic 40-ton sarcophagus in the ground floor of The Hall of Honor, and Atatürk's body is buried below this in a special Tomb Room in the basement level. The room has an octagonal plan in Seljuk and Ottoman architectural styles, and its pyramidal ceiling is inlaid with gold mosaics.

Peace Park
The park that surrounds the monument is called a Peace Park in honor of Atatürk's famous expression "Peace at home, peace in the world." It contains around 50,000 decorative trees, flowers and shrubs in 104 varieties, donated from around 25 countries.

Towers, statues, museum
Within the Anıtkabir site there are ten towers situated in a symmetrical arrangement. These symbolize the ideals that influenced the Turkish nation and the creation of the Republic of Turkey. The towers are similar in terms of planning and structure: they are rectangular, close to a square, with pyramidal roofs. Bronze arrowheads are placed on the top of the roofs, like in traditional Turkish nomad tents. Inside the towers, geometric ornamentation inspired by traditional Turkish carpet (kilim) patterns and motifs, can be found on the towers' ceilings in fresco technique. There are also inscriptions of quotes by Atatürk that correspond to the theme of that tower.

Independence Tower
The relief inside the Independence Tower shows a young man standing straight and holding a sword with both hands while an eagle is perching on a rock beside him. The eagle represents power and independence in mythology and in Seljuk art, and the young man with the sword represents the Turkish nation defending its independence.

Female statue group
In front of the Independence Tower, there is a statue group of three women in Turkish national costumes. The two women at the sides are holding a large wreath reaching to the ground. This wreath, made up of grain sheaves, represents the abundant country. The woman on the left with a cup in her stretched-out hand is asking for God's compassion. The woman in the middle, covering her face with her hand, is crying. This group represents the pride of Turkish women, and their solemnity and determination even in grief and hardship.

Freedom Tower
The relief inside the Freedom Tower shows a figure of an angel holding a sheet of paper and a rearing horse next to it. The angel figure symbolizes the holiness of freedom and the sheet of paper symbolizes the Turkish Declaration of Freedom. The horse figure is a symbol of both freedom and independence.

Male statue group
In front of the Freedom Tower there is a statue group made up of three men. The man at the right with a helmet and coat represents a Turkish soldier; on the left with a book in his hand is a Turkish youth and intellectual; behind both of these, in village clothing, is a Turkish peasant. The serious facial expressions of all three statues represent the solemnity and willpower of the Turkish people.

Mehmetçik Tower
The Mehmetçik Tower is situated on the right-hand side of the end of the Lion's Road. The relief on the exterior facade depicts a mehmetçik (Turkish foot soldier) leaving home for the front. In this composition, a sad but proud mother holding her hand on the shoulder of her son sends him to the war for the country. There is a bookstore and a gift shop in this tower for visitors interested in buying articles about Anıtkabir and Atatürk.

Victory Tower
The dates of the nation's most important three victories and Atatürk's words about these victories are inscribed on the walls of this tower. Inside the tower, the gun carriage, which carried Atatürk's coffin from Dolmabahçe Palace to Sarayburnu and handed over to the Navy on 19 November 1938 is on display.

Peace Tower
A relief composition expressing Atatürk's principle of Peace at home, peace in the world is inscribed inside the tower walls. In this relief, peasants and a soldier figure protecting them by holding out his sword are depicted. This soldier symbolizes the Turkish Army, the strong and genuine keeper of the peace, allowing people to live their daily lives in peace secured by the Turkish Army.

23 April Tower

On the inside walls of this tower is a relief depicting the opening of the Turkish Grand National Assembly on 23 April 1920. The woman standing in this relief is holding a paper in her hand with an inscription of the date. The key in her other hand symbolizes the opening of the Assembly.

Atatürk's 1936 Cadillac Series 80 car, used between 1936 and 1938, is on display in this tower.

Tower of Reforms
This tower is the extension of the museum and Atatürk's garments are exhibited here. The relief inside the tower wall shows a weak hand holding the torch about to extinguish, symbolizing the downfall of the Ottoman Empire. Another, strong hand raising a radiating torch to the skies symbolizes the reforms with which the new Turkish Republic and Atatürk raised the Turkish Nation to the level of contemporary civilization.

Misak-ı Millî (National Pact) Tower
The tower is at the entry to the museum (see below) and the relief inside this tower symbolizes the binding in unity. The relief shows four hands joining on a sword hilt. This composition symbolizes the nation's common oath to save the Turkish Country.

Anıtkabir Atatürk Museum
Anıtkabir Atatürk Museum opened on 21 June 1960. Atatürk's personal items, his wardrobe, and some of the gifts presented to him are on display in this museum. Atatürk's medals, decorations and some personal items donated to the museum by his adopted children are also exhibited in the museum.

Architectural properties
The period of Turkish architecture between 1940 and 1950 has been classified by architectural historians as the Second National Architecture Movement. This period is characterized mostly by monumental, symmetrical, cut-stone clad buildings, with great emphasis given to detailing and workmanship in construction. Anıtkabir contains the same characteristics of this period, and is considered by many to be the ultimate monument of the era. In addition, Anıtkabir features Seljuq and Ottoman architectural and ornamentation features. For example, the eaves of the towers and the Hall of Honour are all Seljuq-style sawtooth ornamentation.

Visitors

On 10 November 2007, the 69th anniversary of Atatürk's death, 546,620 people, of whom 2,420 were foreigners, visited Anıtkabir, setting an all-time high record of daily visitors. In the first 11 months of 2007, Anıtkabir received more than 11 million visitors, surpassing the total number of visitors for any previous whole year. In 2006, a total of 8,150,000 people and in 2005, a total of 3,800,000 people visited Anıtkabir.

On 10 November 2013, 1,089,615 people visited Anıtkabir which is the new all-time record. On 29 October 2013 which is the anniversary of the foundation of the Republic of Turkey, 438,451 people visited Anıtkabir. On 10 November 2012, the recorded number of visitors was announced as 413,568 people.

List of burials

Gallery

See also
 Law on Crimes Committed Against Atatürk
 Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's cult of personality
 Turkish War of Independence
 Atatürk monuments and memorials

References

External links

 Official website of Anıtkabir
 360° virtual tour of Anıtkabir
 Anıtkabir visitors book
 Beyond Anıtkabir: The Construction and Maintenance of National Memory in the Funerary Architecture for Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
 Anıtkabir in 3D on its real place

Atatürk museums
Biographical museums in Turkey
Buildings and structures completed in 1953
Buildings and structures in Ankara
Çankaya District
Landmarks in Turkey
Mausoleums in Turkey
Monuments and memorials to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in Turkey
Museums in Ankara
National museums in Turkey
National squares
Tourist attractions in Ankara
Stripped Classical architecture

Anıtkabir


This article is about the mythical creature. For other uses see imp.

An imp is a mythological creature similar to a fairy or demon, usually described in folklore and superstition.

Imps are usually described as mischievous more than a serious threat, and as lesser creatures, not important supernatural beings. The small helpers who attend the devil are sometimes described as imps. They are usually described as small and very active.

Imps were the common name given to familiar spirits that served witches in the Middle Ages. Imps were usually kept inside artifacts such as gemstone pieces or vials and summoned for service with magic.

Related pages

 Gremlin
 Goblin
 Kappa

Legendary creatures

Imp


is a real-time first-person RPG (akin to Dungeon Master and Eye of the Beholder) produced by Taito in 1989, and programmed by Natsume Co., Ltd. for the Nintendo Entertainment System.

Plot
500 years ago, the Kingdom of Granville fought a terrible war with Darces the Dark Overlord. A great hero, the warrior "Magi", rose to challenge Darces. He owned six magical swords and a powerful suit of armor that was impervious to all but the most powerful of magic. Five of his six swords were Elemental blades, each created from the rarest metals on earth. The sixth blade, "Tores", used an even more powerful metal.

Using his powers, Magi defeated Darces, and exiled him to a far away land. After defeating Darces, Magi grew old and died.

Now, on a dark, stormy night in the Kingdom of Granville, Darces the Dark Overlord returns to the land.

According to an old saying:
"When the shadowed veil returns to mask the midday sun
The Fire of Serpents will rise again; Five shall become the One.
The elements now heed his call, and hope is born alive;
We will have our peace once more when One becomes the Five".

Gameplay
Players explore towns looking for work and through dungeons looking for monsters to defeat. Players can also be apprenticed in elemental magic like wind, fire, water, and earth. The mighty castle of the realm can be found in north of Granville, the capital town. The task of the game is explained by the elder at the start of the game.

Food and water can be purchased and is used every time the player stops to rest at either a camp site or at an inn. Levels can only be gained by visiting the "wise men" at the villages at the right number of experience points and receiving a baptism from them.

Players can choose to either save or not to save their game after staying for a night at an inn.

Miscellany
One of the interesting aspects of the game was a magic system where a caster could combine runes from various elements to form new magic spells based on the elements: earth, water, wind, fire, and fairy magic.

Each element has three unique runes, which can be combined to cast 243 different spells. The spells are incredibly imaginative and each magic has different purposes. Fairy magic can reveal a world map and location of treasures; fire magic can cast powerful damaging firewalls; earth magic can cast protective or curative spells. There are even rare spells that when discovered can let players walk underneath the water and find underwater temples; or even teleport themselves to the world of the fairies, or fly to the clouds. This game had no "magic point" system, so some spells drained the player's hit points instead.

References

External links

 Dungeon Magic: Sword of the Elements at GameFAQs
 Dungeon Magic: Sword of the Elements Walkthrough

1989 video games
Fantasy video games
Natsume (company) games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Nintendo Entertainment System-only games
Taito games
Video games developed in Japan

Dungeon Magic: Sword of the Elements


In Canadian folklore, the Turtle Lake Monster is an entity purportedly inhabiting Turtle Lake, in West Central Saskatchewan Canada. The Monster is usually described as a creature 3–9 metres long, scaly or smooth, with no dorsal fin and a head resembling a dog, a seahorse or pig.
Natives are said to be nervous about the attention the Monster might bring and say its simply a massive Sturgeon that left his home and lives in Turtle Lake.
About once a year someone claims to have had an encounter with the beast. Reports date back to pre-settlement days when the local Cree had a legend about people who ventured into the monster's territory vanishing without a trace. There is speculation that the Monster sightings may be attributed to sightings of an unusually large lake sturgeon, or a relict population of prehistoric plesiosaurs.

There was also a report  of man seeing the creature while on the Lake with his grandson and daughter.
They say they saw the Monster about 12 metres away, saying "Its head came up, its back came up and it sort of rolled over we never saw the tail and its head looked like a seahorse."

Gord Sedgewick - Fisheries Biologist, Ministry of Environment has written:  Much has been reported and written over the years about the Turtle Lake "monster" (although nothing has been reported in recent years).  Over the years, people fishing in the open water have reported sightings of a big "thing" swimming near their boat.  Could it have been a lake sturgeon?  Lake sturgeon inhabit the Saskatchewan River system, and the outflow from Turtle Lake flows via the Turtle River directly into the North Saskatchewan River.  It is not inconceivable during some years of very high outflow that sturgeon could have found their way from the North Saskatchewan up the Turtle River and into Turtle Lake.  Sturgeon have a very long life span, so the few that may have entered the lake could have stayed there for many decades.  And of course, the longer they lived in the lake, the larger they grew.  Sturgeon are bottom feeding fish, so they wouldn't often be sighted near the surface. The presence of a few lake sturgeon is the most plausible explanation for the numerous reported sightings of a "monster" swimming in the waters of Turtle Lake.  Having said this, sturgeon have never been caught in any test netting surveys, nor in any commercial fishing nets, so there is no conclusive evidence of their presence in the lake.  However, there are similarities between Turtle Lake and Candle Lake in regard to their connection to the Saskatchewan River system; in the case of Candle Lake, a few large lake sturgeon have actually been caught which verifies they were able to find their way upstream and take up residence in the lake.  But for Turtle Lake we'll likely never know for sure!

References

Canadian folklore
Culture of Saskatchewan
Canadian legendary creatures

Turtle Lake Monster


Hack's law is an empirical relationship between the length of streams and the area of their basins. If L is the length of the longest stream in a basin, and A is the area of the basin, then Hack's law may be written as

for some constant C where the exponent h is slightly less than 0.6 in most basins. h varies slightly from region to region and slightly decreases for larger basins (>8,000 mi2, or 20,720 km2). In addition to the catchment-scales, Hack's law was observed on unchanneled small-scale surfaces when the morphology measured at high resolutions (Cheraghi et al., 2018).

The law is named after American geomorphologist John Tilton Hack.

References
 Hack, J., 1957, "Studies of longitudinal stream profiles in Virginia and Maryland", U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 294-B.
 Rigon, R., et al., 1996, "On Hack's law" Water Resources Research, 32, 11, pp. 3367–3374.
 Willemin, J.H., 2000, "Hack's law: Sinuosity, convexity, elongation". Water Resources Research, 36, 11, pp. 3365–3374.

Hydrology
Rivers
Geomorphology
Water streams
Power laws

Hack's law


is a video game that was developed by Namco and published by Nintendo. It was released for the Nintendo GameCube. It was released in Japan on December 16, 2004, in North America on February 14, 2005, and in Europe on April 29, 2005.

The game has three types of gameplay, including the Arwing, Landmaster, and on foot. Arwing gameplay is similar to Star Fox and Star Fox 64, where players guide Fox McCloud's Arwing spacecraft through stages. The player shoots down enemies and has to defend their teammates. Power-ups are placed on stages to help the player. In some stages, the player may hop out of the Arwing. In Landmaster gameplay, the player guides a tank called the Landmaster. Players shoot or run over enemies, and help their teammates when they need help. On foot gameplay is similar to a traditional third-person shooter video game. The player starts with a blaster gun, and they can get stronger weapons, such as machine guns and sniper rifles.

Multiplayer can be played with up to four players. They can play on foot or in vehicles. New characters, weapons, items and maps can be unlocked in the game.

2004 video games
Nintendo GameCube games
Star Fox
Namco video games

Star Fox: Assault


Roger Johnson (June 24, 1934 – February 21, 2005) was an American businessman and government official.

Early life and education
Roger Wayne Johnson was born March 29, 1934, in Hartford, Connecticut. the son of an AFL-CIO leader. Although he was initially influenced by his father's Democratic Party politics, young Roger decided to join the Republican Party, according to him, the first time he had to pay taxes. Johnson was valedictorian at Clarkson College of Technology, where he graduated in 1956 with a degree in business. He had ambitions to play professional baseball, but a coach convinced him to get a job in business. Johnson earned a master of business administration from the University of Massachusetts in 1963. He eventually went to work for General Electric.  In 1969, he left GE to work for Memorex, where he headed the disk drive division.

Business career
In 1982, Johnson moved to Orange County, California, to take control of Western Digital.  Under his control, the company's sales quadrupled, from $250 million to over $1 billion per year.  The company went from 811 to 7,600 employees.  He and his wife were also active in several charitable organizations, and he taught at the University of California, Irvine and at Claremont Graduate University.

Clinton administration
In 1991, Johnson was chairman of a prominent Orange County Republican fund-raising organization.  However, he discussed with a reporter of the Los Angeles Times the possibility of leaving the Republican Party and joining the Democratic Party if the right Democrat came along.  Bill Clinton took him up on the offer and met with him to see if he could obtain his support.  Johnson and seven other prominent Orange County Republicans announced that they would support Clinton's bid for President.

In 1992, Clinton nominated Johnson to head the government's General Services Administration.  Johnson said the position gave him a new outlook on governmental waste.  He wrote It Can Be Fixed! Your Unmanaged Government, a book which discussed his beliefs as to how to end waste in government.  Johnson boasted that he had cut the GSA's staff by 4000 and cut its operating costs by 17%.  But he found himself at odds with professional bureaucrats, and various investigations into his personal finances and use of government property led to his resignation in 1996.  He was cleared of all charges the following year.

Post-administration
Following his resignation, Johnson attacked the conservatism of the Congress under its leader Newt Gingrich, and officially announced his switch from the Republican Party to the Democratic Party.

In 1998, Johnson and his wife Janice pledged $500,000 to endow the Roger W. and Janice M. Johnson Chair in Civic Governance and the Social Ecology of Public Management. The Johnsons saw the chair position as a way to improve public management and civic participation. "I see the chair as a way to elevate professional management to a level similar to other recognized national policy issues such as health care, education and welfare," Roger Johnson said. "Only then will professional management have sufficient political clout to be taken seriously in government organizations." In 2003, Martha Feldman, an organizational and public management scholar from University of Michigan, was named the second Johnson Chair.

Johnson died of lung cancer at his home in Laguna Beach, California, on February 25, 2005.

See also
List of U.S. political appointments that crossed party lines

External links
"Public Problems, Public Potential": Johnson Chair Scholars Celebrated

References

1934 births
2005 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer in California
Clarkson University alumni
General Electric people
Administrators of the General Services Administration
California Republicans
Clinton administration personnel

Roger Johnson (California official)


John Allen Wilcox (or John Alexander Wilcox) (April 18, 1819 – February 7, 1864) was a politician from Mississippi and Texas who served in the United States House of Representatives in the early 1850s and then in the Confederate Congress during the American Civil War.

Biography
John Allen (or Alexander) Wilcox was born in Greene County, North Carolina, a son of Ruben and Sarah (Garland) Wilcox. One brother, Cadmus Wilcox, would later become a general in the Confederate States Army. It is likely that Wilcox was raised and educated in Tipton County, Tennessee, where the family moved. Moving to Mississippi and entering politics, he served as secretary of the State Senate. He enlisted in the United States Army during the Mexican–American War, serving as lieutenant colonel of the 2nd Mississippi Volunteer Infantry. When hostilities ceased, he returned to Mississippi and practiced law in Aberdeen.

In 1850, he was elected to Congress as a Whig, defeating future Civil War general Winfield S. Featherston. Two years later, Wilcox was defeated for re-election. In 1853, he moved to San Antonio, Texas, and resumed his law practice. He briefly dabbled in the Know Nothing political movement, serving as a presidential elector in 1856, but then joined the Democratic Party in 1858, attending the National Convention that year.

With talk of secession increasing in Texas, Wilcox, a strong supporter of states rights, was selected as a delegate to the state's Secession Convention in 1861. He served on the committee that drafted the ordinance of secession. He was elected to the First Confederate Congress in November 1861 and traveled to Richmond, Virginia to assume his duties, serving on various committees and proving to be a staunch support of the policies of President Jefferson Davis. He was active in helping raise recruits and organizing the Texas Brigade.

After his term in Congress expired, Wilcox joined the Confederate States Army as a volunteer aide to Maj. Gen. John B. Magruder. Given the rank of colonel, Wilcox served in the Battle of Galveston.

He was elected to the Second Confederate Congress, but died in Richmond on February 7, 1864, unexpectedly of apoplexy shortly before taking his seat. He was buried in Richmond's Hollywood Cemetery. He was reinterred in 1897 to Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington, D.C.

His wife and two young children were taken in by his brother, General Cadmus M. Wilcox.

References

Sources
Handbook of Texas Online
 Warner, Ezra J. and Yearns, W. Buck, Biographical Register of the Confederate Congress Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1975.

External links

 Find A Grave (as "John Allen Wilcox")

1819 births
1864 deaths
People from Greene County, North Carolina
Confederate States Army officers
Members of the Confederate House of Representatives from Texas
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Mississippi
People from Aberdeen, Mississippi
People from Tipton County, Tennessee
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
Texas Brigade
Burials at Hollywood Cemetery (Richmond, Virginia)
Burials at Oak Hill Cemetery (Washington, D.C.)
Texas Know Nothings
Mississippi Whigs
Texas Democrats
Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives
19th-century American politicians

John Allen Wilcox


Sonam Drakpa (, 1359–1408) was a regent of Central Tibet who ruled in 1381–1385. He belonged to the Phagmodrupa Dynasty, the leading regime in Tibet from 1354 to 1435.

Tenure as abbot and regent

Sonam Drakpa was the son of Rinchen Dorje, a brother of the regent Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen. At the age of nine he was elevated to abbot of the Tsethang monastery, succeeding his eldest brother Drakpa Rinchen. In 1381 he took the dignity of regent (desi) of Tibet after the abdication of his other brother Drakpa Changchub. His short rule was considered by the Tibetans to be particularly prosperous, with excellent crops. He was therefore known as "the Fortunate King".

Pushed from power

The Hongwu Emperor of the Ming dynasty conferred the title Guanding Guoshi on Sonam Drakpa, who is called Sonan Jiasibayi Jian Cangbu in the dynastic annals. That the Ming Dynasty had limited insight in Tibetan affairs at this time is indicated by the erroneous statement that Sonam Drakpa directly succeeded his uncle Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen. Nevertheless, the Chinese titles conferred on various Tibetan lords were evidently valued since they are also mentioned in Tibetan chronicles. In 1385 Sonam Drakpa was forced to abdicate his political powers under murky circumstances. Another branch of the family grabbed power, supported by certain ministers and feudatories. Sonam Drakpa sent a letter to the Hongwu Emperor, claiming that he was ill and therefore suggested his cousin Drakpa Gyaltsen as his successor. This was endorsed by the Chinese emperor. The abdicated regent withdrew to the monastery Thel. In 1405 he became a kunpang, a person who completely renounces the world. Three years later he died.

See also

 History of Tibet
 Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty
 Kagyu

References

1359 births
1408 deaths
Phagmodrupa dynasty
Phagmodrupa Kagyu lamas
14th-century Tibetan people
15th-century Tibetan people

Sonam Drakpa


A water footprint is the amount of freshwater used by individuals, groups or companies in order to make goods or provide services used by the community. These goods and services may be needed around the entire world. A water footprint can be determined by math for any well-established group of users, or producers. It is measured by dividing the total amount of water used, by the water that became polluted, in the same area during the same amount of time. While the water footprint of an organization is a good indicator for its water consumption and pollution, it does not show how other water sources are affected. More studies will need to be done in order to determine the effect of the water footprint on water sources.

(not simple)

Etymology
The water footprint concept was introduced in 2002 by A.Y. Hoekstra from UNESCO-IHE as an alternative indicator of water use. The concept was refined and accounting methods were established with a series of publications from two lead authors A.K. Chapagain and A.Y. Hoekstra from the UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, now at WWF-UK and University of Twente respectively. The most elaborate publications on how to estimate water footprints are a 2004-report on the 'Water footprint of nations' from UNESCO-IHE and the 2008-book Globalization of Water by A.Y. Hoekstra and A.K. Chapagain, published by Blackwell, 2008. Cooperation between global leading institutions in the field has led to the establishment of the Water Footprint Network in 2008 that aims to coordinate efforts to further develop and disseminate knowledge on water footprint concepts, methods and tools.

Related pages
Carbon footprint

Other websites
 Water Footprint Network
 WWF-UK
 WWF-NL
 UNESCO-IHE
 WSOURCE

Footprint

Water footprint