Prathibha Devisingh Patil (born 19 December 1934) is an Indian politician and lawyer who served as the 12th president of India from 2007 to 2012. She was the first woman to become the president of India. A member of the Indian National Congress, she previously served as the Governor of Rajasthan from 2004 to 2007, and was a member of the Lok Sabha from 1991 to 1996.

Early life
Patil was born in a Marathi family on 19 December 1934 in the village of Nadgaon in Jalgaon, Maharashtra. She is the daughter of Narayan Rao Patil. She was educated initially at R. R. Vidyalaya town and subsequently was awarded a master's degree in Political Science and Economics by Mooljee Jetha College, Jalgaon (then under Poona University), and then a Bachelor of Law degree by Government Law College, Bombay, affiliated to the University of Bombay (now University of Mumbai). Patil then began to practice law at the Jalgaon District Court, while also taking interest in social issues such as improving the conditions faced by Indian women.

Patil married Devisingh Ramsingh Shekhawat on 7 July 1965. The couple has a daughter, Jyoti Rathore and a son, Raosaheb Shekhawat, who is also a politician.

Political career
In 1962, at the age of 27, she was elected to the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly for the Jalgaon constituency. After that she won in the Muktainagar (formerly Edlabad) constituency on four consecutive occasions between 1967 and 1985, before becoming a Member of Parliament in the Rajya Sabha between 1985 and 1990. In the 1991 elections for the 10th Lok Sabha, she was elected as a Member of Parliament representing the Amravati constituency. A period of retirement from politics followed later in the decade.

Patil had held various Cabinet portfolios during her period in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly and held official positions in both the Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha. In addition, she had been the president of the Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee for a few years. Also, she held office as Director of the National Federation of Urban Co-operative Banks and Credit Societies and as a Member of the Governing Council of the National Co-operative Union of India.

On 8 November 2004 she was appointed the 17th Governor of Rajasthan, the first woman to hold that office.

Presidential election

Patil was announced as the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) candidate on 14 June 2007. She emerged as a compromise candidate after the left-wing parties of the alliance would not agree to the nomination of former Home Minister Shivraj Patil or Karan Singh. Patil had been loyal to the INC and the Nehru–Gandhi family for decades and this was considered to be a significant factor in her selection by INC leader Sonia Gandhi, although Patil said that she had no intention of being a "rubber-stamp president".

In the same month that she was selected as a member of the UPA, Patil was accused of shielding her brother, G. N. Patil, in the 2005 Vishram Patil murder case. Vishram Patil had narrowly defeated G. N. Patil in an election to be the President of the District Congress Committee of Jalgaon and in September of that year had been murdered. Vishram Patil's widow eventually accused G. N. Patil of involvement in the crime and claimed that Pratibha Patil had influenced the criminal investigation and that the issue needed to be examined before presidential immunity became active. Her accusations were rejected by the courts in 2009 but in 2015 G. N. Patil was charged. No reference to the alleged involvement of Pratibha Patil was made at this time.

Due to the presidential role being largely a figurehead position, the selection of the candidate is often arranged by consensus among the various political parties and the candidate runs unopposed. Contrary to the normal pattern of events, Patil faced a challenge in the election. The BBC described the situation as "the latest casualty of the country's increasingly partisan politics and [it] highlights what is widely seen as an acute crisis of leadership". It "degenerated into unseemly mudslinging between the ruling party and the opposition". Her challenger was Bhairon Singh Shekhawat, the incumbent vice-president and a Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) veteran. Shekhawat stood as an independent candidate and was supported by the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), a group led by the BJP, although the Shiv Sena party, which was a part of NDA, supported her because of her Marathi origin.

Those opposed to Patil becoming president claimed that she lacked charisma, experience, and ability. They also highlighted her time spent away from high-level politics and queried her belief in the supernatural, such as her claim to have received a message from Dada Lekhraj, a dead guru. Various specific issues were raised, such as a comment made by her in 1975 that those suffering from hereditary diseases should be sterilized. Another alleged that while a Member of Parliament for Amravati she diverted Rs 3.6 million from her MPLADS fund to a trust run by her husband. This was in violation of Government rules which barred MPs from providing funds to organization's run by their relatives. The parliamentary affairs minister denied any wrongdoing on Patils'  part, and noted that the funds are used under MPLADS,  by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India.

Patil won the election held on 19 July 2007. She garnered nearly two-thirds of the votes and, on 25 July 2007, took oath as India's 12th President, the first woman to hold the position.

Presidency

Patil's term as the President of India saw various controversies and is widely considered as lacklustre. She commuted death sentences of 35 petitioners to life, a record. President's Office, however, defended this by saying that President had granted clemency to the petitioners after due consideration and examining the advice of the Home Ministry.

Patil was noted for having spent more money on foreign trips, and having taken a greater number of foreign trips, than any previous president. Sometimes accompanied by as many as 11 members of her family, there had been 12 foreign trips spanning 22 countries by May 2012, when she was away on her 13th trip. Those completed travels had cost Rs 205 crore (Rs 2.05 billion). The Ministry of External Affairs said that taking family members "was not abnormal".

The Office of President has a five-year term and Patil retired from the role in July 2012.

Patil allegedly used public funds to build a retirement mansion on a  plot of military land in Pune. Tradition is that a retiring president either takes residence in Government accommodation in Delhi or moves back to their residence in their home state; her use of government money to build a retirement home at the end of the presidential term was unprecedented. Other controversies that arose after her retirement included her desire to claim both an official government car and fuel allowance for the running of a private car, despite rules clearly stipulating that this was an either/or situation. She also took possession of many gifts that had been given to her in her official role and was later forced to return them.

Business interests
Patil set up Vidya Bharati Shikshan Prasarak Mandal, an educational institute which runs a chain of schools and colleges in Amravati, Jalgaon, Pune and Mumbai. She also set up Shram Sadhana Trust, which runs hostels for working women in New Delhi, Mumbai and Pune; and an engineering college for rural students in Jalgaon district. She also co-founded a cooperative sugar factory known as Sant Muktabai Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana at Muktainagar.

In addition, Patil founded a cooperative bank, Pratibha Mahila Sahakari Bank, that ceased trading in February 2003 when its licence was cancelled by the Reserve Bank of India. Among other failings, the bank had given illegal loans to her relatives that exceeded the bank's share capital. It had also given a loan to her sugar mill which was never repaid. The bank waived these loans, and this drove it into liquidation. The government liquidator of the bank, P. D. Nigam, said, "The fact that relatives of the founder chairperson (Pratibha Patil) were among those indiscriminately granted loans and that some illegal loan waivers were done has come up in our audit." Six of the top ten defaulters in the bank were linked to her relatives. The INC claimed that Patil had not been involved with the bank since 1994 but The Indian Express reported that it had official documents showing her involvement as late as 2002.

Positions held
Pratibha Patil has held various official offices during her career. These are:

State honours

References

External links

 President of India Official Site
 Ex-President of India Pratibha Patil's Official Site ()
 Ex-President Pratibha Patil's Personal Site (www.pratibha patil.info)

|-

|-

1934 births
20th-century Indian politicians
20th-century Indian women politicians
21st-century Indian politicians
21st-century Indian women politicians
Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha
Educators from Maharashtra
Governors of Rajasthan
India MPs 1991–1996
Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra
Leaders of the Opposition in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly
Living people
Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra
Marathi people
People from Amravati
People from Jalgaon district
Presidents of India
Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra
Women educators from Maharashtra
Women members of the Lok Sabha
Women members of the Rajya Sabha
Women presidents in Asia
Women state governors of India
20th-century presidents in Asia
First women presidents

Pratibha Patil


Wheel 2000 (full title Wheel of Fortune 2000) was a children's' television game show. It aired on Saturday mornings on CBS from September 13, 1997 to February 7, 1998. It was a spin-off of the television game show Wheel of Fortune. It was hosted by David Sidoni.

Introduction

Gameplay was the same as the adult version of Wheel of Fortune, with some differences. Instead of money, players played for points. Winning a round earned the player a prize. Players picked from three categories at the start of a round. A new category replaced the one picked in the next round. Other things included:
 Bankrupt was called The Creature. It had a creature come out of the wheel to "eat" the player's points.
 Lose a Turn was called Loser.
 There was a WWW.WHEEL2000.COM space. If a correct letter was called, a randomly chosen person who had logged on to the Wheel 2000 website won a t-shirt. The player got 750 points per instance of their letter.
 There was a Double Up space. A contestant who landed on this space was asked a question. Getting the question right allowed the player to pick a letter for 1,000 points per instance. If the player answered wrong, it was 500 points per instance.
 There was a Prize Box space. Landing on this and calling a correct letter won the player a small prize. This prize was kept no matter if the player lost or won the game. The player also got 100 points per instance of their letter.
 Three 250-point stunt spaces were on the wheel. Landing on one of these spaces allowed the player to play a stunt. This would allow a player to earn up to three consonants. After the stunt, the player could see if the consonants were in the puzzle, or call their own consonant.
 The physical games in Wheel 2000 are:
 Call Waiting – The contestant would have to pick up telephones and figure out who was calling them.
 Feed the Raptor – The contestant had to dig meat out of a pit with a giant spoon and put it into the raptor's mouth.
 Monster Heads – The contestant was given an apron, gloves, and goggles to put on. He/She had to grab pieces of famous heads and stick them on the monster out of a slimy basket.
 Letter Launch – The contestant had to put alien ships on a catapult and launch them into a spinning pod.
 Smell-O-Letter – The contestant was given a mask with a smelling tube. He/She had to identify what the smell was inside the four tubes by sticking the tube in the hole. This physical game was similar to another physical game called What's That? on the Canadian kids game show, Uh Oh!
 Chutes and Letters – The contestant had to stick a ball down a tube towards a spinning wheel, and predict what color the ball would land in. This physical game's name is a play on words of the children's board game, Chutes and Ladders.
 Remote Rally – The contestant had to control a remote-controlled car through an obstacle course, and cross each line until they got to the end. One line allowed the player to win a Wheel 2000 cap.
 Cube Roll – The contestant had to toss pairs of cubes into the air, and match a pair of symbols to earn a letter.
 Match It – The contestant played a matching game in order to earn letters.
 Wash and Wear Words – The contestant had to put on clothes. Each of the 4 types of clothing (cap, shirt, shorts, shoe) contained a letter. The contestant had to spell the correct 3 to 4-letter words. When he/she hit the button, he/she had to say what word they were wearing to earn a letter.
 Alien Toss – The contestant had to toss foam aliens at numbered windows with shapes behind them, and match a pair of shapes to earn a letter.

After a puzzle, a video clip about the puzzle was shown.

Bonus Round

The winning player chose one of two prize packages, labeled "A" and "B." A puzzle was given, and all instances of the letters R, S, T, L, N, and E were shown. The player then picked three more consonants and a vowel. Solving the puzzle correctly in 10 seconds won the player the prize package.

Television game shows
CBS network shows
Television spin-offs
1997 television series debuts
1998 American television series endings
English-language television programs

Wheel 2000


London Lite was the trading name of a British free daily newspaper, published by Associated Newspapers (part of Daily Mail and General Trust), and now defunct. It was available Monday to Friday afternoons and evenings from street distributors in Central London only. On 27 October 2009, Associated Newspapers announced that it had entered into negotiation with staff over the future of the paper. The last edition was published on Friday, 13 November 2009, a date chosen by staff for its swan song.

History

On 14 December 2004, Associated Newspapers launched a freesheet edition of the Evening Standard, called Standard Lite, to help boost circulation freely. This had 48 pages, compared with about 80 in the main paper, which also had a supplement on most days.

It was announced in August 2006 that the free paper would now be called London Lite, in a move that was widely seen as a spoiler to protect against the launch of News International's The London Paper on 4 September.

With the sale of the Evening Standard, but not London Lite, to Alexander Lebedev on 21 January 2009, the association between the Standard and the Lite was broken. London Lite—like its free sister morning newspaper, Metro—remained owned by Associated Newspapers, the same media group that owns the Daily Mail.

Content
London Lite, edited by Ted Young, was designed to be especially attractive to younger female readers, and featured a wide range of lifestyle articles, but less news and business news than the Standard. It was initially available only between 11.30am and 2.30pm from Evening Standard vendors and in the central area, but was later handed out by its own street distributors.

Celebrity gossip was given more coverage than international news and the Lite also reported in detail the incidents of violent crime in the capital.

On 8 July 2009, the online version of London Lite merged with that of Metro, another London daily free newspaper owned by Associated Newspapers, but published in the morning.

Criticisms

Alleged environmental impact

Like the other free London dailies, the London Lite was generally discarded by its readers as soon as they finished reading it. The use of resources to print something with such a short lifespan was criticised on environmental grounds. Westminster City Council estimated that free newspapers made up a quarter of all rubbish in the West End, much of which went un-recycled, although some stations positioned recycling bins at entrances and exits for this purpose.

Competition
In June 2009, London Lite distributed an average of 400,741 copies each weekday, behind the 497,244 copies distributed by rival The London Paper. However, despite its higher circulation figures, The London Paper closed two months earlier than London Lite did, on 18 September 2009.

The closing of The London Paper ironically brought about the demise of London Lite. The Evening Standard saw a gap in the market, and decided to make its publication free less than one month later, on 12 October 2009. Less than three weeks later, London Lite announced it would close down.

References

External links
 Official Website
 London's free newspapers revealed This Is Local London

Daily Mail and General Trust
London newspapers
Free daily newspapers
Defunct newspapers published in the United Kingdom
Newspapers established in 2006
Publications disestablished in 2009
2006 establishments in England
2009 disestablishments in England

London Lite


Robert Sargent Shriver Jr. (November 9, 1915 – January 18, 2011) was an American diplomat, politician, and activist. As the husband of Eunice Kennedy Shriver, he was part of the Kennedy family. Shriver was the driving force behind the creation of the Peace Corps, and founded the Job Corps, Head Start, VISTA, Upward Bound, and other programs as the architect of the 1960s War on Poverty. He was the Democratic Party's nominee for vice president in the 1972 presidential election.

Born in Westminster, Maryland, Shriver attended Yale University, then Yale Law School, graduating in 1941. An opponent of U.S. entry into World War II, he helped establish the America First Committee but volunteered for the United States Navy before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. During the war, he served in the South Pacific, participating in the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal. After being discharged from the navy, he worked as an assistant editor for Newsweek and met Eunice Kennedy, marrying her in 1953.

He worked on the 1960 presidential campaign of his brother-in-law, John F. Kennedy, and helped establish the Peace Corps after Kennedy's victory. After Kennedy's assassination, Shriver served in the administration of Lyndon B. Johnson and helped establish several anti-poverty programs as director of the Office of Economic Opportunity from October 16, 1964, to March 22, 1968. He also served as the United States Ambassador to France from 1968 to 1970. In 1972, Democratic vice presidential nominee Thomas Eagleton resigned from the ticket, and Shriver was chosen as his replacement. The Democratic ticket of George McGovern and Shriver lost in a landslide election defeat to Republican President Richard Nixon and Vice President Spiro Agnew. Shriver briefly sought the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination but dropped out of the race after the first set of primaries.

After leaving office, he resumed the practice of law, becoming a partner with Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson. He also served as president of the Special Olympics and was briefly a part-owner of the Baltimore Orioles. He was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 2003 and died in Bethesda, Maryland, in 2011.

Early life and education
Robert Sargent Shriver Jr. was born in Westminster, Maryland, the younger of two sons. Shriver's parents Robert Sargent Shriver Sr. and Hilda, who had also been born with the surname Shriver, were second cousins. His elder brother was Thomas Herbert Shriver. Of partial-German ancestry, Shriver was a descendant of David Shriver, who signed the Maryland Constitution and Bill of Rights at Maryland's Constitutional Convention of 1776. The Shriver Family has been in Maryland since 1721 and have occupied the Union Mills Homestead. His grandfather, Thomas Herbert Shriver, took J. E. B. Stuart to the battle of Gettysburg at sixteen years of age

He spent his high school years at Canterbury School in New Milford, Connecticut, which he attended on a full scholarship. In his freshman year at Canterbury, he befriended future President John F. Kennedy. He was on Canterbury's baseball, basketball, and football teams, became the editor of the school's newspaper, and participated in choral and debating clubs. On June 9, 2023, Shriver was inducted into the Canterbury School Athletic Hall of Fame for all three sports. After graduating from The Browning School in 1934, Shriver spent the summer in Germany as part of The Experiment in International Living, returning in the fall of 1934 to enter Yale University, where he was a brother in the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity, as well as a member of Yale's Scroll and Key society.

Military career
An early opponent of American involvement in World War II, Shriver was a founding member of the America First Committee, an organization started in 1940 by a group of Yale Law School students, also including future President Gerald Ford and future Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart, which tried to keep the US out of the European war. Nevertheless, Shriver volunteered for the US Navy before the attack on Pearl Harbor and said he had a duty to serve his country even if he disagreed with its policies. He spent five years on active duty, mostly in the South Pacific, serving aboard the , reaching the rank of lieutenant commander (O-4). He was awarded a Purple Heart for wounds he received during the bombardment of Guadalcanal.

Family life
Shriver's relationship with the Kennedys began when he was working as an assistant editor at Newsweek after his discharge from the Navy. He met Eunice Kennedy at a party in New York, and shortly afterwards, family patriarch Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. asked him to look at diary entries written by his eldest son, Joseph P. Kennedy Jr., who had died in a plane crash while he was on a military mission during World War II. Shriver was later hired to manage the Merchandise Mart, part of Kennedy's business empire, in Chicago, Illinois.

After a seven-year courtship, Shriver married Eunice Kennedy on May 23, 1953, at St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York City. She was the third daughter of Joseph Kennedy Sr. and Rose Kennedy.

They had five children: Robert Sargent "Bobby" Shriver III (born April 28, 1954), Maria Owings Shriver (born November 6, 1955), Timothy Perry Shriver (born August 29, 1959), Mark Kennedy Shriver (born February 17, 1964), and Anthony Paul Kennedy Shriver (born July 20, 1965). The Shrivers were married for 56 years, and often worked together on projects.

Shriver was admitted to practice law in the District of Columbia, Illinois, and New York, and at the US Supreme Court.

A devout Catholic, Shriver attended daily Mass and always carried a rosary of well-worn wooden beads. He was critical of abortion and was a signatory to "A New Compact of Care: Caring about Women, Caring for the Unborn", which appeared in The New York Times in July 1992 and stated that "To establish justice and to promote the general welfare, America does not need the abortion license. What America needs are policies that responsibly protect and advance the interest of mothers and their children, both before and after birth."

Public service and political career

1950s
In May 1954, Shriver was appointed to the Chicago Board of Education by Chicago mayor Martin H. Kennelly. On October 26, 1955, Shriver was elected president of the Chicago Board of Education by a vote of the board. Shriver would serve in the position of president for five years, resigning from the position on October 10, 1960. At the time he became president of the board, he was the second-youngest individual to hold that office, being only 39. At the time, Chicago Public Schools was the second-largest school district in the United States.

Shriver also served as director of the Catholic Interracial Council, a group created to advocate for desegregation in Chicago schools.

1960s

Shriver was speculated to be a potential Democratic candidate for the 1960 Illinois gubernatorial election, but did not run.

When brother-in-law John F. Kennedy ran for president, Shriver worked as a political and organization coordinator in the Wisconsin and West Virginia primaries. During Kennedy's presidential term, Shriver founded and served as the first director of the Peace Corps from March 22, 1961, to February 28, 1966.

Shriver has been credited with convincing a hesitant Kennedy to contact Coretta Scott King after her husband, prominent civil rights activist Martin Luther King, was jailed for civil disobedience in Georgia in October 1960. Kennedy's phone call to Coretta Scott King was credited with helping to strengthen black support for Kennedy's candidacy.

After Kennedy's assassination, Shriver continued to serve as Director of the Peace Corps and served as Special Assistant to President Lyndon Johnson. Under Johnson, he created the Office of Economic Opportunity with William B. Mullins and served as its first director. He is known as the "architect" of the Johnson administration's "War on Poverty". Hired by President Johnson to be the "salesman" for Johnson's War on Poverty initiative, Shriver initially was "not interested in hearing about community action proposals." The Job Corps movement was more consistent with his goals. Thus, soon after his appointment, Shriver "moved quickly to reconsider the proposed anti-poverty initiative."

Shriver founded numerous social programs and organizations, including Head Start, VISTA, Job Corps, Community Action, Upward Bound, Foster Grandparents, Legal Services, the National Clearinghouse for Legal Services (now the Shriver Center), Indian and Migrant Opportunities and Neighborhood Health Services, in addition to directing the Peace Corps. He was active in the Special Olympics, which was founded in 1968 by his wife Eunice.

Shriver was awarded the Pacem in Terris Peace and Freedom Award in 1967. It was named after a 1963 encyclical letter by Pope John XXIII that calls upon all people of good will to secure peace among all nations. Pacem in terris is Latin for 'Peace on Earth'.

Shriver served as U.S. Ambassador to France from 1968 to 1970, becoming a quasi-celebrity among the French for bringing what Time magazine called "a rare and welcome panache" to the normally sedate world of international diplomacy.

1970s and Vice Presidential/Presidential candidacies

During the 1972 Democratic National Convention in Miami Beach, Florida, George McGovern considered Shriver as a vice presidential candidate, but his campaign was unable to reach Shriver, who was at the time visiting Moscow, Soviet Union. McGovern then selected Thomas Eagleton instead, who later resigned from the Democratic ticket following revelations of past mental health treatments. Shriver replaced Eagleton on the ticket. The McGovern-Shriver ticket lost to Republican incumbents Richard Nixon and Spiro Agnew.

Shriver unsuccessfully sought the Democratic presidential nomination in 1976. In the months before the primaries began, political observers thought that Shriver would draw strength from legions of former colleagues from the Peace Corps and the War on Poverty programs, and he was even seen as an inheritor of the Kennedy legacy, but neither theory proved true. His candidacy was short-lived and he returned to private life.

Life after politics

Shriver was a partner of the Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson law firm in Washington, D.C., where he specialized in international law and foreign affairs, beginning in 1971. He retired as partner in 1986 and was then named of counsel to the firm.

In 1981, Shriver was appointed to the Rockefeller University Council, an organization devoted exclusively to research and graduate education in the biomedical and related sciences.

In 1984, he was elected president of Special Olympics by the board of directors; as president, he directed the operation and international development of sports programs around the world. Six years later, in 1990, he was appointed chairman of the board of Special Olympics.

He was an investor in the Baltimore Orioles along with his eldest son Bobby Shriver, Eli Jacobs, and Larry Lucchino from 1989 to 1993.

Illness and death
Shriver was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 2003. In 2004, his daughter, Maria, published a children's book, What's Happening to Grandpa?, to help explain Alzheimer's to children. The book gives suggestions on how to help and to show love to an elderly person with the disease. In July 2007, Shriver's son-in-law, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, speaking in favor of stem-cell research, said that Shriver's Alzheimer's disease had advanced to the point that "Today, he does not even recognize his wife." Maria Shriver discusses her father's worsening condition in a segment for the four-part 2009 HBO documentary series The Alzheimer's Project called Grandpa, Do You Know Who I Am?, including describing a moment when she decided to stop trying to correct his various delusions.

On August 11, 2009, Shriver's wife of 56 years, Eunice, died at the age of 88. He attended her wake and funeral in Centerville and Hyannis, Massachusetts. Two weeks later, on August 29, 2009, he also attended the funeral of her brother Ted Kennedy in Boston, Massachusetts.

Shriver died on January 18, 2011, in Suburban Hospital in Bethesda, Maryland, at age 95. Shriver's family released a statement calling him "a man of giant love, energy, enthusiasm, and commitment" who "lived to make the world a more joyful, faithful, and compassionate place." President Barack Obama also released a statement, calling Shriver "one of the brightest lights of the greatest generation". Aaron S. Williams, the director of the Peace Corps, said in a statement, "The entire Peace Corps community is deeply saddened by the passing of Sargent Shriver." He further noted that Shriver "served as our founder, friend, and guiding light for the past 50 years" and that "his legacy of idealism will live on in the work of current and future Peace Corps volunteers." He is buried alongside his wife Eunice at St. Francis Xavier Cemetery in Centerville, Massachusetts.

Legacy
In 1968, he was awarded the Laetare Medal by the University of Notre Dame, the oldest and most prestigious award for American Catholics.

In 1993, Shriver received the Franklin D. Roosevelt Freedom From Want Award. On August 8, 1994, Shriver received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the United States' highest civilian honor, from President Bill Clinton.

In December 1993, the University of Maryland, Baltimore County created the Shriver Center in honor of Shriver and his wife. The center serves as the university's civic engagement, and applied learning organization. The Shriver Center also is home to the Shriver Peaceworker Program and the Shriver Living Learning Community.

The Job Corps dedicated a center to his name in 1998 – the "Shriver Job Corps Center" – located in Devens, Massachusetts. The National Clearinghouse for Legal Services (renamed the National Center on Poverty Law in 1995) was renamed the Shriver Center in 2002 and each year awards a Sargent Shriver Award for Equal Justice.

Sargent Shriver Elementary School, located in Silver Spring, Maryland, is named after him.

In January 2008, a documentary film about Shriver aired on PBS, titled American Idealist: The Story of Sargent Shriver.

The Kennedy Shriver Aquatic Center in Bethesda, Maryland, is named after him and Eunice Kennedy Shriver.

Following his death, Daniel Larison wrote:
Shriver was an admirable, principled, and conscientious man who respected the dignity and sanctity of human life, and he also happened to be a contemporary and in-law of Kennedy. Not only did Shriver represent a "link" with JFK, but he represented a particular culture of white ethnic Catholic Democratic politics that has been gradually disappearing for the last fifty years. A pro-life Catholic, Shriver had been a founding member of the America First Committee, and more famously he was also on the 1972 antiwar ticket with George McGovern. In short, he represented much of what was good in the Democratic Party of his time.

Electoral history
1972 United States presidential election
Richard Nixon/Spiro Agnew (R) (inc.) – 47,168,710 (60.7%) and 520 electoral votes (49 states carried)
George McGovern/Sargent Shriver (D) – 29,173,222 (37.5%) and 17 electoral votes (1 state and D.C. carried)
John Hospers/Theodora Nathan (Libertarian) – 3,674 (0.00%) and 1 electoral vote (Republican faithless elector)
John G. Schmitz/Thomas J. Anderson (AI) – 1,100,868 (1.4%) and 0 electoral votes
Linda Jenness/Andrew Pulley (Socialist Workers) – 83,380 (0.1%)
Benjamin Spock/Julius Hobson (People's) – 78,759 (0.1%)

1976 Democratic presidential primaries
Jimmy Carter – 6,235,609 (39.27%)
Jerry Brown – 2,449,374 (15.43%)
George Wallace – 1,955,388 (12.31%)
Mo Udall – 1,611,754 (10.15%)
Henry M. Jackson – 1,134,375 (7.14%)
Frank Church – 830,818 (5.23%)
Robert Byrd – 340,309 (2.14%)
Sargent Shriver – 304,399 (1.92%)
 Unpledged – 283,437 (1.79%)
Ellen McCormack – 238,027 (1.50%)
Fred R. Harris – 234,568 (1.48%)
Milton Shapp – 88,254 (0.56%)
Birch Bayh – 86,438 (0.54%)
Hubert Humphrey – 61,992 (0.39%)
Ted Kennedy – 19,805 (0.13%)
Lloyd Bentsen – 4,046 (0.03%)
Terry Sanford – 404 (0.00%)

Portrayals in film
 The film Too Young the Hero (1988), about the life of Calvin Graham, features a scene during World War II in which Graham (played by Ricky Schroder) meets Shriver (played by Carl Mueller).
 Al Conti portrays Shriver in the 1983 miniseries Kennedy.
 He is played by David De Beck in the 2018 film Chappaquiddick.

See also
List of United States political appointments across party lines
 Kennedy family tree

References

Further reading

External links

Sargent Shriver Peace Institute

FBI file on Sargent Shriver
Sargent Shriver National Center on Poverty Law
Video: Sargent Shriver delivering a speech about the Peace Corps in 1965

|-

|-

|-

1915 births
2011 deaths
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American politicians
Ambassadors of the United States to France
American anti–World War II activists
American humanitarians
United States Navy personnel of World War II
American nonprofit businesspeople
American nonprofit executives
American people of German descent
Canterbury School (Connecticut) alumni
Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees
American disability rights activists
Illinois Democrats
Illinois lawyers
Kennedy family
Laetare Medal recipients
Lawyers from Washington, D.C.
Baltimore Orioles owners
Maryland Democrats
Maryland lawyers
New York (state) Democrats
New York (state) lawyers
Peace Corps directors
People from Westminster, Maryland
People from Wilmette, Illinois
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Shriver family
Special Olympics
United States Navy officers
Candidates in the 1976 United States presidential election
1972 United States vice-presidential candidates
Washington, D.C., Democrats
Yale Law School alumni
Catholics from Illinois
People associated with Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson
Catholic politicians from Maryland
Presidents of the Chicago Board of Education
Neurological disease deaths in Maryland
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease

Sargent Shriver


The 1887 Halloween tropical storm was a late-season tropical cyclone that caused significant damage along the East Coast of the United States during Halloween of 1887. The sixteenth tropical storm of the annual hurricane season, it formed from an area of disturbed weather over the Gulf of Mexico on October 29. The storm later came ashore along the west coast of Florida. After crossing the state, it produced severe thunderstorms along the North Carolina–Virginia coastline before becoming extratropical on November 1. The extratropical system intensified into the equivalent of a Category 1 hurricane on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale. It eventually dissipated on November 6, shortly after hitting northwest France.

The storm affected the town of Norfolk, where it became the most damaging storm since 1879. Despite the damage inland, the storm is best known for the unusually high number of shipwrecks and maritime incidents it caused. One ship, a schooner called the Manantico, capsized, killing the captain and one of its crew members. Three other ships were driven ashore on Virginia beaches from False Cape to Cape Henry, and numerous others were put in danger.

Meteorological history
The storm originated from an area of disturbed weather that had persisted in the Gulf of Mexico during late October 1887, outside the area of coastal stations. On October 29, the disturbance completed tropical cyclogenesis and became the sixteenth tropical storm of the season. After forming, the storm was located 200 miles (320 km) northwest of Key West and began moving east-northeastward, making landfall on the Florida Peninsula. It crossed land and emerged over water within the next eight hours while weakening. During its passage near Fort Meade, the storm had an estimated barometric pressure of , supporting minimal tropical storm strength. Upon crossing the state, it paralleled the East Coast for two days while restrengthening. It passed closest to land near the North Carolina coastline on October 31 at its peak intensity, with sustained winds of  and a pressure of . Shortly after moving away from land, it became extratropical.

The extratropical cyclone moved away from the coast and strengthened to the equivalent of a Category 1 hurricane on the modern-day Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale on November 1. It began a weakening trend on November 2 while taking a wavering path across the north Atlantic Ocean. On November 4, the cyclone started a general east-southeast motion, passing near the southwest coasts of Ireland and Great Britain. It made landfall on the Cotentin Peninsula of France on November 6 and dissipated, although one proposed track, which is a modified track that differs from the official record due to new evidence or theory, was given by Charles Mitchell that showed the cyclone executing a counter-clockwise loop over northwest France until dissipating the storm on November 8.

Impact
In its formative stages, the storm was responsible for causing rain from the Rio Grande Valley along the Gulf Coast to Florida. As the storm crossed Florida, Fort Meade recorded less than  of rainfall. As it  strengthened off the East Coast, the storm caused damage in various towns. A maximum wind speed of  was measured at Hatteras, North Carolina. In Kitty Hawk, impact from the storm was more intense, generating maximum winds of  to as high as  from late on October 30 to the following afternoon; despite the intensity, only minor damage was reported. In Lenoir and Raleigh, heavy rain totals up to  were reported. Unusually, reports of hail and snow were also received from these locations. Telegraph poles were snapped on Bodie Island and south of Little Kinnakeet, affecting communication. The worst land-based impact from the storm was in Virginia. Cape Henry was hit with a combination of wind, rain, and blown sand on October 31 and communications between Cape Henry and Norfolk were lost. In Norfolk, the storm was the longest-lasting and most damaging since the Great Beaufort Hurricane of 1879. The storm conditions made beaches in the area so hazardous that they were watched day and night. Effects from the storm reached as far north as Provincetown, Massachusetts, where winds of  were recorded.

Despite causing damage along the East Coast, the storm is best known for causing a record number of maritime incidents. Numerous ships were caught in the storm from October 30, when the steamship Claribel reported gale-force winds, to November 6, when another steamship, the Australia, reported stormy weather. One ship, the brig Osseo, was caught in the storm on November 1 and became flooded. Although the pumps were manned, the water level inside the ship soon reached . After being carried away by a wave, the distressed ship was spotted by the Camalia, which rescued the crew and brought them to port. Another vessel, the Wyonoka, spotted a sunken schooner with its five crew grasping the mast and ropes: they were also rescued. In addition, four ships were deemed total losses after being beached in Virginia. The first was the Mary D. Cranmer, which was ripped from its cables and stranded near Cape Henry. Shortly after the rescue of the crew of the Cranmer another ship, the Carrie Holmes, was found beached. The ship had been driven so far up the beach that its crew were able to jump and wade to safety.

A third ship, the Manantico also crashed into shore due to a combination of the storm and human error in which the captain confused Cape Henry with Cape Charles after spotting another schooner. The Manantico was also where the two deaths associated with the storm occurred. The first was when a cook on the ship was crushed to death by the cargo of lumber being hauled by the ship. The ship was then pushed towards a sand bar. The captain, who had stayed high on the starboard side for safety, began climbing down to slip the ship cables, but the ship made a sudden stop. This flung the captain into the water, and he drowned. Both bodies were found after the storm and were very disfigured. The captain was sent to Middletown, Connecticut for interment while the body of the cook was buried on the beach. The final ship was the Harriet Thomas, which was the schooner spotted by the Manantico. After beaching, the crew managed to get a rope to shore where fishermen had tied the other end. The crew were able to climb ashore, although the captain had to be rescued via alternate means due to being too heavy for this method. The ship was written off as a $7000 (1887 USD) loss. Although all four ships were beached, due to the loss of communications, only one wreck – that of the Mary D. Cranmer – was reported in the Norfolk Virginian newspaper. As a result, news of the two deaths from the Manantico were initially unreported.

See also

List of Atlantic hurricanes
1887 Atlantic hurricane season

References

1887 Halloween
1887 Halloween
1887 Halloween
1887 Halloween
1880s Atlantic hurricane seasons
1887 natural disasters in the United States
1887 meteorology
Halloween events

1887 Halloween tropical storm


The Boston University Castle (or BU Castle or simply "The Castle") is a Tudor Revival-style mansion owned by Boston University on Bay State Road.  The school typically uses it for receptions or concerts, but also rents out The Castle to cater events and special occasions.

Architecture

The building was cited by architectural historian Bainbridge Bunting in his Houses of Boston's Back Bay as displaying "the most convincing medieval effect of the area."

According to Boston University, the building's founder, William Lindsey, would have been pleased by this description.  Lindsey had derived his inspiration for the Castle from the great manor houses of Tudor England. "The imposing style of these medieval mansions held a special allure for Lindsey, who, besides being a successful businessman, was also a poet and playwright. His writings, such as The Severed Mantle: A romance of medieval Provence and The Red Wine of Roussillon, a blank-verse drama set in France during the Middle Ages, reveal the same fascination with the antique and the romantic that pervades the design of the Castle."

History
The Castle was originally built as a residence for William Lindsey (1858–1922), a prominent Boston businessman who made his fortune with a patented cartridge belt the British Army used during the Boer War. Plans were drawn up in 1904 and construction was completed in 1915 at a cost of more than $500,000.

Shortly after the building's completion, Lindsey's eldest daughter was married in the mansion, though she and her groom would later be killed while on their honeymoon, aboard the ill-fated Lusitania after the ship was torpedoed by a German submarine just off the coast of County Cork. The grief-stricken Lindsey later constructed the magnificent Leslie Lindsey Memorial Chapel in Emmanuel Church on Newbury Street in his daughter's memory.

In 1926, Oakes Ames purchased the Castle from Lindsey's widow.  He, University Trustee Dr. William E. Chenery and Chenery's wife donated the mansion to Boston University in 1939.  From then until 1967, the Castle was used as the home of Boston University's presidents.

In 2007, the Castle was a filming location for the Kevin Spacey movie 21, and in 2016, for Ghostbusters.

BU Pub

In the basement of the BU Castle is the BU Pub, an English-style pub serving drinks and sandwiches.  The Castle is the only Boston University-operated drinking establishment on campus.  It is open only to faculty, staff, alumni, students, and invited guests, and is closed on weekends.  The Pub sometimes has live music on Thursdays, with performances mostly from BU students.  Popular house activities are the Knight's and Lord's Quests. In the Knight's Quest, students must drink 50 different types of beer that the pub offers. The accomplishment culminates in a Knighting Ceremony where the new Knights are given different nicknames by friends for a mug that they can use while at the pub. The Lord's Quest is similar except it involves 60 mixed drinks, and after the ceremony the new Lord's name is engraved on a plaque. For reasons that are not entirely clear, the plaque has not been updated for over two years. In September 2008, the BU Pub canceled the Lord's Quest, so now only the Knight's Quest remains.

References

Buildings at Boston University
Castles in Massachusetts
Houses in Boston
Tudor Revival architecture in Massachusetts
Houses completed in 1915

BU Castle


Bewitched is a comedy television show that was shown on TV by ABC from 1964 to 1972. It is about a man who is married to a witch.

The lead characters are Darrin and Samantha Stephens. Samantha twitches her nose or moves her hands to make a spell happen. Samantha was played by Elizabeth Montgomery. Darrin was played by Dick York from 1964 to 1969. Because of illness, Dick York left the show and was replaced by Dick Sargent who played Darrin from 1969 to 1972. Samantha's mother Endora was played by Agnes Moorehead. Endora dislikes Darrin and often makes things difficult for him.

1960s American comedy television series
1970s American sitcoms
1964 television series debuts
1972 television series endings
English-language television programs

Bewitched


Paul L'Huillier (December 3, 1926, Paris, France – November 19, 2007, Bronxville, New York) was a prominent scholar and the archbishop of the Orthodox Church in America's Diocese of New York and New Jersey.

Biography
Paul L'Huillier converted to Eastern Orthodoxy in 1945 while enrolled at St. Denys Institute in Paris. On August 30, 1954, he was tonsured as a monk and took the name of "Peter". On September 4 and 5, 1954, he was ordained hierodeacon and hieromonk by Archbishop Boris (Vik), Exarch of the Russian Patriarchate in Europe. In 1960, L'Huillier was elevated to the rank of archimandrite.

On September 12, 1968, L'Huillier was consecrated Bishop of Chersonesus (Patriarchal Exarchate in Western Europe). In 1979 he was invited to serve in the Orthodox Church in America by Metropolitan Theodosius (Lazor). L'Huillier accepted and was installed as Bishop of Brooklyn that year. Two years later, he succeeded Metropolitan Theodosius as Bishop of New York and New Jersey. In 1990 he  was elevated to the rank of archbishop.

The author of several books, L'Huillier's final volume spurred some disagreements in Orthodox circles. Published by St. Vladimir's Press, it urged the Orthodox Churches to adopt the Western Christian calculation of Easter, aka Paschalion. This has been a controversial topic for some time in Eastern Orthodox discourse. Some critics of the book emphasized that only the Eastern Paschalion holds to the Nicene Council's 4th century prohibition on celebrating the resurrection before the Jewish Passover. Some argued that abandonment of that stipulation could even imply a subtle subtext of antisemitism, since it would further decouple the connection between Christianity and Judaism. This criticism is made on both historical and contemporary grounds, the latter because Western Christianity annually ignores contemporary Jews' calculation of Passover.

Subsequent to L'Huillier's retirement from the episcopate in 2005, the Diocese of New York and New Jersey was combined with the Diocese of Washington (D.C.) to create the Diocese of Washington and New York.

Both during his episcopate and subsequent to his retirement, L'Huillier taught canon law at Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary.

L'Huillier died in Bronxville, New York on November 19, 2007. He was buried at St. Tikhon's Monastery in South Canaan, Pennsylvania.

Episcopal succession

References

1926 births
2007 deaths
Clergy from Paris
Eastern Orthodox Christians from France
20th-century Eastern Orthodox archbishops
French emigrants to the United States
Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy
Bishops of the Orthodox Church in America
Bishops of New York
Burials in Pennsylvania
21st-century Eastern Orthodox archbishops
20th-century American clergy
21st-century American clergy

Peter L'Huillier


The New York metropolitan aurie, kent as Metropolitan New York, Greater New York, or the Tri-State aurie an aw, is the maist populous metropolitan aurie in the Unitit States an is an aa ane o the maist populous in the warld. The metropolitan aurie is defined bi the U.S. Office of Management and Budget as the New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, New York-New Jersey-Pennsylvania Metropolitan Statistical Aurie (MSA), wi a population o 18,897,109 as o the 2010 census. (roughly 1 in 16 Americans) as o 2010. The MSA is further subdividit intae fower metropolitan diveesions. The 23-coonty metropolitan aurie includes ten coonties in New York State (those coincidin wi the five burghs o New York Ceety, the twa coonties o Long Island, an three coonties in the lawer Hudson Valley); 12 coonties in Northren an Central New Jersey; an ane coonty in northeastren Pennsylvania. The lairgest urbanized aurie in the Unitit States is at the heart of the metropolitan aurie, the New York–Newark, NY–NJ–CT Urbanized Aurie (estimatit tae hae a population o 18,319,939 as o 2008 an an aurie o 6,720 square miles). The region an aa serves as the hert o the Northeast megalopolis.

This wider region includes the lairgest ceety in the Unitit States (New York Ceety), the five lairgest ceeties in New Jersey (Newark, Jersey Ceety, Elizabeth, Paterson an Trenton) an sax o the seiven lairgest ceeties in Connecticut (Bridgeport, New Haven, Stamford, Waterbury, Norwalk & Danbury). The total land aurie o the extendit metropolitan aurie is 11,842 sq mi (30,671 km2).

Definitions
The coonties an coonty groupins constitutin the New York metropolitan aurie are leetit belaw wi 2009 U.S. Census Bureau estimates o their populations.

New York-Northren New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA Metropolitan Statistical Aurie (19,069,796)
 New York-White Plains-Wayne, NY-NJ Metropolitan Diveesion (11,732,233)
 Kings Coonty (Brooklyn), NY
 Queens Conty, NY
 New York Coonty (Manhattan), NY
 Bronx Coonty, NY
 Richmond Coonty (Staten Island), NY
 Westchester Coonty, NY
 Bergen Coonty, NJ
 Hudson County, NJ
 Passaic Coonty, NJ
 Rockland Coonty, NY
 Putnam Coonty, NY
 Nassau-Suffolk, NY Metropolitan Diveesion (2,875,904)
 Suffolk Coonty
 Nassau Coonty
 Edison-New Brunswick, NJ Metropolitan Division (2,335,390)
 Middlesex Coonty
 Monmouth Coonty
 Ocean Coonty
 Somerset Coonty
 Newark-Union, NJ-PA Metropolitan Diveesion (2,126,269)
 Essex Coonty, NJ
 Union Coonty, NJ
 Morris Coonty, NJ
 Sussex Coonty, NJ
 Hunterdon Coonty, NJ
 Pike Coonty, PA

Cultur

Sports teams

Leetin o the professional sports teams in the New York metropolitan aurie
 National Basketball Association (NBA)
 New Jersey Nets
 New York Knicks
 Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA)
 New York Liberty
 Major League Baseball (MLB)
 New York Mets
 New York Yankees
 Minor League Baseball (MiLB)
 Brooklyn Cyclones
 Hudson Valley Renegades
 Staten Island Yankees
 Trenton Thunder
 Atlantic League of Professional Baseball (ALPB)
 Bridgeport Bluefish
 Lakewood Blue Claws
 Long Island Ducks
 Newark Bears
 Rockland Boulders
 Somerset Patriots
 National Football League (NFL)
 New York Giants
 New York Jets
 National Hockey League (NHL)
 New Jersey Devils
 New York Islanders
 New York Rangers
 American Hockey League (AHL)
 Bridgeport Sound Tigers
 East Coast Hockey League (ECHL)
 Trenton Devils
 Major League Soccer (MLS)
 New York Red Bulls
 Arena Football League (AFL)
 New York Dragons
 Major League Lacrosse (ootdoor) (MLL)
 Long Island Lizards
 New Jersey Pride
 World Team Tennis (WTT)
 New York Buzz
 New York Sportimes

Media

The New York Ceety metropolitan aurie is the heidquarters o several weel kent media companies includin: The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, Fox News, ABC, CBS an NBC. Local television channels include WCBS-TV (CBS 2), WNBC (NBC 4),  WNYW (Fox 5), WWOR
(MyNetwork), WABC (ABC), WPIX (The CW), WPXN (Ion), WNET (PBS), NY1, an NYCTV. Radio stations servin the aurie include: WNYC, WFMU, WABC, an WFAN. Efter the World Trade Center wis destroyed, frae which mony broadcastin TV an radio stations uised tae transmit their signals, the Empire State Building wis chosen as the new location tae transmit their signals.

References

Metropolitan auries o New Jersey

New York metropolitan aurie


The Netscape Portable Runtime, or NSPR, is a cross-platform abstraction layer library for the C programming language. It provides a uniform API for various operating system functions.

History
Much of the library, and perhaps the overall thrust of it in the Gromit environment, provides the underpinnings of the Java virtual machine, more or less mapping the sys layer that Sun defines for the porting of the Java VM to various platforms. NSPR does go beyond that requirement in some areas, as it also functions as the platform-independent layer for most of the servers produced by Netscape.

The first generation of NSPR originally aimed just to satisfy the requirements of porting Java to various host environments. NSPR20, an effort started in 1996, built on that original idea, though very little remains of the original code. (The "20" in "NSPR20" does not mean "version 2.0" but rather "second generation".) Many of the concepts show reform, expansion, and maturation. In 2009, NSPR still functioned appropriately as the platform-dependent layer under Java, but it also served in supporting clients written entirely in C or in C++.

Features

Threads
Threads feature prominently in NSPR. The software industry's offering of threads lacks consistency. NSPR, while far from perfect, does provide a single API to which clients may program and expect reasonably consistent behavior. The operating systems provide everything from no concept of threading at all up to and including sophisticated, scalable and efficient implementations. NSPR makes as much use of what the systems offer as it can. NSPR aims to impose as little overhead as possible in accessing those appropriate system features.

Thread synchronization
Thread synchronization loosely depends on monitors as described by C. A. R. Hoare in "Monitors: An operating system structuring concept", Communications of the ACM, 17(10), October 1974 and then formalized by Xerox' Mesa programming language ("Mesa Language Manual", J.G. Mitchell et al., Xerox PARC, CSL-79-3 (Apr 1979)). This mechanism provides the basic mutual exclusion (mutex) and thread notification facilities (condition variables) implemented by NSPR. Additionally, NSPR provides synchronization methods more suited for use by Java. The Java-like facilities include monitor reentrancy, implicit and tightly bound notification capabilities with the ability to associate the synchronization objects dynamically.

I/O
NSPR's I/O slightly augments the Berkeley sockets model and allows arbitrary layering. The designers originally intended to export synchronous I/O methods only, relying on threads to provide the concurrency needed for complex applications. That method of operation remains preferred, though one can configure the network I/O channels as non-blocking in the traditional sense.

Network addresses
Part of NSPR deals with manipulation of network addresses. NSPR defines an IP-centric network address object. While it does not define the object as opaque, the API provides methods that allow and encourage clients to treat the addresses as polymorphic items. In this area NSPR aims to provide a migration path between IPv4 and IPv6. To that end one can perform translations of ASCII strings (DNS names) into NSPR's network address structures, regardless of whether the addressing technology uses IPv4 or IPv6.

Time
NSPR makes timing facilities available in two forms: interval timing and calendar functions.

Interval timers are based on a free running, 32-bit, platform-dependent resolution timer. Such timers are normally used to specify timeouts on I/O, waiting on condition variables and other rudimentary thread scheduling. Since these timers have finite namespace and are free running, they can wrap at any time. NSPR does not provide an epoch, but expects clients to deal with that issue. The granularity of the timers is guaranteed to be between 10 microseconds and 1 millisecond. This allows a minimal timer period in of approximately 12 hours. But in order to deal with the wrap-around issue, only half that namespace may be used. Therefore, the minimal usable interval available from the timers is slightly less than six hours.

Calendar times are 64-bit signed numbers with units of microseconds. The epoch for calendar times is midnight, January 1, 1970, Greenwich Mean Time. Negative times extend to times before 1970, and positive numbers forward. Use of 64 bits allows a representation of times approximately in the range of −30000 to the year 30000. There exits a structural representation (i.e., exploded view), routines to acquire the current time from the host system, and convert them to and from the 64-bit and structural representation. Additionally there are routines to convert to and from most well-known forms of ASCII into the 64-bit NSPR representation.

Memory management
NSPR provides API to perform the basic malloc, calloc, realloc and free functions. Depending on the platform, the functions may be implemented almost entirely in the NSPR runtime or simply shims that call immediately into the host operating system's offerings.

Linking
Support for linking (shared library loading and unloading) forms part of NSPR's feature set. In most cases this is simply a smoothing over of the facilities offered by the various platform providers.

See also

 Apache Portable Runtime
 Adaptive Communication Environment
 Cross-platform support middleware

Sources

References

External links
 Official website
 NSPR source code

Application programming interfaces
Mozilla
Netscape

Netscape Portable Runtime


The Clark–Taylor House is a historic building located in Provo, Utah, United States. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.  It has also been known as the T. N. Taylor Home.  One of the oldest pioneer buildings in the state, the Clark–Taylor House was built around 1854.  Thomas N. Taylor, a Provo Mayor, LDS bishop, and stake president, along with being a chairman of the board of trustees of BYU, lived in this home.  The Clark–Taylor House was designated to the Provo City Historic Landmarks Registry on March 7, 1996.

Structure
Still sturdy, the Clark–Taylor House is "Built in two sections, the two-story western section is a rectangular, gabled roof, single depth, 2/2 "I-form" structure.  The eastern section has one story with a large attic.  It is situated laterally with respect to the western section and has a broad gabled end (Hinckley/ Roberts p. 2)."  The Clark–Taylor House is one of the rare examples of a home still in reasonably good condition marking the time of the arrival of the pioneers coming to Provo in 1847.

History

The first mentioning of the Clark–Taylor House is found in a consecration deed by Edward W. Clark to Brigham Young on July 24, 1855.  The deed gives up ownership to the property to the church.  Built just after the pioneers settled in Provo, the Clark home is one of the oldest pioneer structures in the state of Utah.  Edward Clark relocated from England to Provo in the year 1852.  An influential man, Clark eventually became bishop of the Provo Third Ward, a war veteran, and director of the Utah County branch of the Agricultural and Manufacturing Company.

After Clark the home passed to John H. Carter, an alderman and a blacksmith who had served as Clark's counselor in his capacity as a bishop for the LDS Church.  In the 1870s, after adding a second story to the home in 1863, Carter relinquished the home to Benjamin Bachman, in exchange for 85 acres of land.  George H. Church attained the property in 1897, and in turn sold it to Thomas N. Taylor in 1898.  Taylor bestowed the home upon his son, T. Sterling, as a wedding present in the year 1915.  The house remains in the family to this day.

Thomas N. Taylor

Thomas N. Taylor was born in 1868 in Provo, Utah, the son of George Taylor Sr. and Eliza Nicholls Taylor. His father, George Taylor Sr., had founded the Taylor furniture store in 1866, which was the first furniture store in Provo.  The company continued to grow, and eventually became incorporated as Taylor Brothers furniture in Provo.  Thomas' education consisted of attending Provo schools and eventually Brigham Young Academy (now university). He married Maud Rogers in the L.D.S. Manti temple in the year 1889. Thomas was a political man. He was mayor of Provo from 1900 to 1903, and a candidate for governor of Utah as a democrat in 1920, although he did not win the election.
Thomas was also active in his religion. A prominent member of the L.D.S. faith, Taylor served as bishop of the Provo Third Ward for nineteen years and subsequently served as president of the Utah Stake for twenty years. Taylor also served as a stake patriarch within the LDS church. Also active within the community, Thomas was a member of the board of trustees of Brigham Young University and served as chairman of that group and of the University of Utah Board of Regents. Taylor also helped to establish the Utah Valley Hospital. Thomas Taylor died in 1950.

See also
Thomas N. Taylor House, also in Provo, also NRHP-listed
List of the oldest buildings in Utah

References

Further reading
  2002. "Historic Provo" Provo City Landmarks Commission.
 National Park Service. "National Register of Historic Places Inventory -- Nomination Form." April 1995.
 Hinckley, Ann/ Roberts, Allen D.  Utah Historical Society.  "Utah Historic Sites Inventory."

External links

NRHP Listings in Provo Utah

Houses in Provo, Utah
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Utah
National Register of Historic Places in Provo, Utah
Houses completed in 1854
1854 establishments in Utah Territory

Clark–Taylor House


The Airbus A330 is a two engine, wide-body passenger airplane made by Airbus. It was designed at the same time as the Airbus A340, so it has the same body and wings.

It first flew in 1991 and the first one was delivered to Air Inter in 1994. It was a 300 series. Just after this, Airbus made the shorter 200 series. Airbus has made a freighter version, first made in 2001, and a tanker version, first made in 2007 (which carries additional fuel so it can give some to other planes).

There are also 394 A330s that need to be made and given to airlines. Most of these are the smaller 200 series version.

Design and building

Airlines wanted a new airplane to replace their McDonnell Douglas DC-10 airplanes which were getting old. So, Airbus started a new project in November 1987: the A330 and A340 programs. In the end, it was found that the A330 is almost 38% more fuel efficient than the DC-10.

Airbus designed the A330 to be in the market for ETOPS airplanes. This market already had planes like the Boeing 767. In November 2009, the A330 was the first airplane to get the ETOPS-240 approval, which means that the plane is allowed to fly up to 240 minutes away from any airport. This means it can fly over large oceans or places like the Antarctic where there are no airports nearby.

The A330's body and wings are nearly exactly the same as the smaller versions of the A340's wings and body, but they have different engines. The A330's body is also similar to the older Airbus A300, and the computers and systems (like the fly-by-wire system) are similar to the Airbus A320 family of airplanes. Also, both the A330 and A340 are built at the same place: Toulouse-Blagnac Airport in Toulouse in France.

The 1000th A330 was ordered at the 2008 Farnborough Air Show by Cathay Pacific.

Airbus thinks that it will keep building the A330 until at least 2015.

Types of A330
There are two main types of Airbus A330: the 200 series and the 300 series. There is also the freighter version, which carries cargo instead of people, and the tanker version which carries lots of fuel (usually to give to other planes).

A330-200

The A330-200 was made to compete with Boeing's 767-300ER. It is a shorter version of the A330-300 and is like the A340-200.

In the 1990s, Airbus was not selling very many A340-200s (only 28 were built). So, Airbus used the body of the A340-200 and took the wings and engines of the A330-300. This made the plane much more efficient and the A330-200 was much more popular than the A340-200.

The tail fin (called the rudder) of the A330-200 is a little bit taller than the 300 version to produce the same torque as the A330-300.

It has the same MTOW (Maximum Take-Off Weight) as the A330-300, so it can take more fuel than the A330-300. This means the A330-200 can fly further than the A330-300. It has a range of 12,500 km which is the same as 6,750 nmi.

The A330 has three engine choices for airlines to choose from: two General Electric CF6-80E engines, two Pratt & Whitney PW4000 engines or two Rolls-Royce Trent 700 engines.

A330-200HGW
In May 2009, Airbus said they have plans to make a version of the A330-200 that can take off with a higher weight. This is because they want to compete with Boeing and their 787-8 aircraft.

It will have a new MTOW of 238 tons and a new range of 13,300 km which is 7,200 nmi. Airbus thinks that the 787-8 will have a range of 6,720 nmi (12,450 km) which is about 1000 nmi (1,900 km) less than what Boeing said it would be.

Korean Air will be the first airline to have the A330-200HGW. It ordered the airplanes on 27 February 2009 and will get the first one in 2010.

A330-200F
Because the Airbus A300-600F and Airbus A310F were getting old and companies had stopped ordering them, Airbus decided to make a new freighter plane to replace them. It started offering the airplane around the years 2000–2001. The airplane was talked about again at the 2006 Farnborough Airshow. Airbus got permission to sell the plane in January 2007 and the first plane came out of the factory on 20 October 2009. The aircraft first flew on 5 November 2009.

It can fly 64 tonnes of cargo over 4,000 nmi (7,400 km) or 69 tonnes over 3,200 nmi (5,930 km). The airplane was designed to use a new loading system that can use two different ways of holding cargo: containers or pallets (either smaller side by side pallets or larger single row pallets).

It has a new front landing gear system. Normally the A330-200 points slightly downwards when it is on the ground. This is good because the pilots can see the ground better but it makes loading the cargo harder. With this new gear, the aircraft sits straight so it is easier to load the cargo. It works by making the point where the plane attaches to the gear lower. This means that the nose has a bubble on the bottom to make sure the gear fits properly.

Airbus has 67 orders for the A330-200F. The customer who ordered the most planes is Intrepid Aviation Group who have ordered 20.

A330 MRTT

This version is a tanker aircraft, which means that it carries a lot of jet fuel to give to other planes. It also has a few seats so that it can be used to carry passengers. It is used by the military.

The plane has been ordered by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), the UK's Royal Air Force (RAF), the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia.

The plane was also offered to the U.S. Air Force as a replacement for some of their Boeing KC-135 'Stratotankers'. Eventually in 2002, they chose Boeing's offering: the KC-767. But this order was cancelled after a lot of political controversy. In 2006, the Air Force started again. Boeing again offered the KC-767 and Airbus teamed up with Northrop Grumman to make the KC-30. This time, they chose the KC-30 and renamed it the KC-45A. But Boeing complained that the ruling was not fair and the US Government Accountability Office agreed with Boeing. The bid was cancelled again. Northrop Grumman has decided not to offer the KC-45A again.

A330-300

The A330-300 started working in 1986. It was the first type of A330. It competes with Boeing's 777-200 and 767-400ER. It was made as a replacement for the Airbus A300. It has a similar body to the A300-600, but it has new wings and systems.

It carries 295 passengers in three classes or 335 in two classes or 440 in one class. It can fly up to 5,650 nmi (10,500 km).

It has either two General Electric CF6-80E engines, two Pratt & Whitney PW4000 engines or two Rolls Royce Trent 700 engines. All the engines are ETOPS rated at ETOPS-180 which means that the A330-300 can fly up to 180 minutes away from an airport that it can land at.

A330neo
The Airbus A330neo(new engine option) is a variant of the A330 that has 14% better fuel economy per seat.

Orders and deliveries
80 airlines or companies currently use the A330. The ones with the most A330s are Cathay Pacific from Hong Kong who have 32, Delta Air Lines from the United States of America who have 32, Emirates Airline from the United Arab Emirates who have 29, Qatar Airways from Qatar who have 29 and Air China and China Eastern Airlines who are both in China and have 20 each.

Crashes and problems
The A330 has had ten accidents: two hull-loss accidents (crashes where the plane cannot be fixed and cannot be used any more). There has been a total of 235 fatalities in the accidents.
 On 30 June 1994, an A330 which was owned by Airbus crashed just after it took off from Toulouse-Blagnac Airport. It was testing an engine failure on take-off.
 On 15 March 2000, an A330-300 which was owned by Malaysia Airlines was damaged by a corrosive liquid that was being taken as cargo on a passenger flight from Beijing in China to Kuala Lumpur. The liquid was accidentally labelled as a non-toxic solid. The liquid made five workers at the airport in Kuala Lumpur very ill because they took the liquid off the airplane. The company that owned the liquid (China National Chemical Construction Corp) was made to pay US$65 million to Malaysia Airlines because of the incident.
 On 25 May 2000, a A330-300 owned by Philippine Airlines as flight 812 was hijacked by a man called Reginald Chua. The pressure of the air on the aircraft was let out so Chua could open the door. He then jumped out of the plane. Chua was killed by the fall but all the crew and passengers survived. The plane was also fine.
 On 24 July 2001, two A330-200s which were both owned by Sri Lankan Airlines were destroyed at Bandaranaike International Airport in Sri Lanka by an attack by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (also known as LTTE or the Tamil Tigers).  They wanted a new, independent state for the Tamil people. They did not get what they wanted. They also destroyed an Airbus A320, an Airbus A340 and some military aircraft. They damaged an Airbus A320 and an Airbus A340, but these planes were fixed.
 On 24 August 2001, an A330-200 owned by Air Transat as flight 236 flew across the Atlantic Ocean. The plane had a fuel leak in the right wing and all the fuel fell out of the aircraft. Without fuel, the engines stopped working and so they lost most of the power for the plane. A small air turbine came out of the bottom of the plane. It spun in the wind and made a bit of electricity for the plane. By using this, the pilots were able to fly the plane for another 19 minutes to Lajes Air Base in the Azores. The plane landed with no fatalities, but two passengers received serious injuries.
 On 18 July 2003, an A330-300 owned by Dragonair came across very heavy turbulence caused by Tropical Depression Koni over the South China Sea. Ten crew members and two passengers received minor injuries, two crew members got more serious injuries, with no fatalities recorded. The airplane landed safely at Hong Kong International Airport in Hong Kong.
 On 7 October 2008, an A330-300 owned by Qantas and running as flight 72 encountered a computer error. The error made the airplane's nose point down suddenly twice. This caused 92 people to have small injuries and 14 people to have more serious injuries. The pilots landed at Learmonth in Australia.
 On 1 June 2009, an A330-200 owned by Air France and running as flight 447 was flying from Rio de Janeiro in Brazil to Paris in France over the Atlantic Ocean. Air traffic control did not hear from the aircraft for a long time and started to get worried. Soon after, a search party was launched but it took nearly six days to find the plane. The plane was destroyed and everyone on the plane was killed. The crash was caused by the co-pilot unintentionally placing the plane into a nose up stall during night flying conditions. It is believed the co-pilot became disorientated and no longer trusted his ADI (Artificial Horizon) Investigators blamed Air France for improperly training their pilots how to properly identify and deal with a stall.
 On 25 December 2009, an A330-300 owned by Northwest Airlines (now Delta Air Lines) running as Northwest Airlines Flight 253 was almost blown up with a bomb when it was flying from Amsterdam in The Netherlands to Detroit in Michigan in the United States of America. The terrorist was named Umar Farouk Abdulmuttalab. The bomb he had on him did not explode properly. He was stopped by the passengers and the crew on the airplane.

Specifications

Related pages
 Airbus A300
 Airbus A340
 Airbus A350
 Boeing 767
 Boeing 777
 Boeing 787
 McDonnell Douglas MD-11

Notes

References

Airbus aircraft

Airbus A330


DVD Copy Control Association, Inc. v. Bunner was a lawsuit that was filed by the DVD Copy Control Association ("DVD CCA") in California, accusing Andrew Bunner and several others of misappropriation of trade secrets under California's implementation of the Uniform Trade Secrets Act. The case went through several rounds of appeals and was last heard and decided in February 2004 by the California Court of Appeal for the Sixth District.

DVD CCA's alleged trade secret was its "content scramble system" (CSS). The case was first heard in the Superior Court of California in Santa Clara County. The court initially found CSS to be a reasonably guarded trade secret and that its trade secret status should not be destroyed simply because it was posted on the Internet. The preliminary injunction was granted to the plaintiff on January 20, 2000. The defendants appealed to the California Court of Appeal, claiming that the lower court's decision unnecessarily restrained Bunner's First Amendment free speech rights. The Appellate Court agreed with Bunner, which led to a further appeal by DVD CCA to the Supreme Court of California. The Supreme Court of California held that although dissemination of computer code is protected free speech, the First Amendment does not prohibit courts from enjoining speech to protect a legitimate property right. It found that the preliminary injunction did not violate the free speech clauses and remanded for the Appellate Court to "make an independent examination of the entire record" to determine whether there was misappropriation of trade secret.

Finally, on February 27, 2004, the California Court of Appeal for the Sixth District concluded that the CSS technology had lost its trade secret status. Therefore, the preliminary injunction burdened more speech than necessary. The granting of the preliminary injunction was therefore reversed.

Background
DeCSS is a computer program capable of decrypting content on a DVD video disc, essentially circumventing CSS. It was originally written to enable Linux systems to play DVDs, and it uses encryption keys that were obtained by reverse engineering existing DVD players. It was posted on a website by Jon Johansen, one of the original authors, and both the source code and the binary image of the program spread quickly, in part due to an article by Slashdot. Andrew Bunner and many others became aware of this program and reposted copies of DeCSS on the Internet.

After discovering these posts, DVD CCA sent notices to these websites and their service providers demanding the removal of the DeCSS program. The website owners and their service providers did not comply. DVD CCA filed suit against Bunner and others collectively, accusing them of misappropriation of trade secrets and seeking an injunction to prevent them from using or distributing DeCSS or from linking to other websites that disclosed DeCSS.

Trial court decision
The Santa Clara Superior Court granted the preliminary injunction to stop distribution of the DeCSS program and the keys or algorithms of CSS, but did not prohibit the defendants from linking to other websites containing relevant information or using DeCSS explicitly. The court found that CSS was a trade secret that has been well guarded for three years prior to the disclosure of DeCSS, and it was obtained through reverse engineering which was expressly disallowed by the licensing terms of the CSS. In addition, the Court held that further dissemination of the CSS keys and the DeCSS software would lead to irreparable injury to the plaintiff, whereas the impact to remove the software posed minimal impact to the defendants.

Free speech
Both the California Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court of California reviewed this case on the First Amendment grounds. The central issue was whether the injunction violated Bunner's right to free speech assuming DVD CCA likely had a valid trade secret claim. The two courts expressed different opinions. The Court of Appeal held that the injunction violated Bunner's free speech rights under the First Amendment and reversed the Superior Court's injunction. According to the Court of Appeal, DeCSS was "pure speech", and the injunction was an invalid prior restraint on pure speech.

The Supreme Court of California overturned that decision. It recognized that computer programs are subject to Free Speech protection. However, in this case, the restrictions placed by the injunction were content neutral, and were necessary to serve a "significant government interest" (protecting a trade secret). Additionally, CSS was not a subject of public concern and therefore are not subjected to stricter scrutiny. Based on all these findings, the Supreme Court of California remanded for the Court of Appeal to reevaluate the validity of the trade secret claims to decide whether the injunction should be granted or not. Thus, the narrow question before the Supreme Court of California was whether the preliminary injunction violated Bunner's right to free speech under the United States and California Constitutions even though DVD CCA was presumed likely to prevail on its trade secret claim against Bunner.

Validity of the alleged trade secret
Under California's version of the UTSA, a trade secret consists of "information, including a formula, pattern, compilation, program, device, method, technique, or process, that: (1) Derives independent economic value, actual or potential, from not being generally known to the public or to other persons who can obtain economic value from its disclosure or use; and (2) Is the subject of efforts that are reasonable under the circumstances to maintain its secrecy".

Trade secret misappropriation occurs when somebody does one of the following:
 Acquires another's trade secret with knowledge or reason to know "that the trade secret was acquired by improper means"
 Discloses or uses, without consent, another's trade secret that the person "used improper means to acquire knowledge of"
 Discloses or uses, without consent, another's trade secret that the person, "at the time of disclosure or use, knew or had reason to know, that his or her knowledge of the trade secret" satisfied any of the following conditions:
 Derived from or through a person who had utilized improper means to acquire it
 Acquired under circumstances giving rise to a duty to maintain its secrecy or limit its use
 Derived from or through a person who owed a duty to the person seeking relief to maintain its secrecy or limit its use
 Discloses or uses, without consent, another's trade secret that the person, "before a material change of his or her position, knew or had reason to know that it was a trade secret and that knowledge of it had been acquired by accident or mistake".

The Court of Appeal reevaluated the case solely based on trade secret claims, and ruled for Bunner again. It decided that by the time the case was filed, CSS has lost its trade secret status, because it was widely circulated on the Internet.

In sum, the DVD CCA had failed to establish that the information Bunner republished was still secret at the time he republished it on his website. The trial court's view of this case was colored by the content of the information that DeCSS is designed to circumvent the encryption of DVDs. But the fact that the information at issue was being used for decrypting purposes was not significant from the standpoint of trade secret law.

Reactions
The Electronic Frontier Foundation, which was "thrilled" by the Court of Appeal's final decision, praised it as a vindication of "what we have long said"—the fact that DeCSS "has been available on thousands of websites around the world for many years".

Prior to the California Supreme Court's ruling, attorneys for the DVD CCA felt that the issues at stake in their appeal had broader implications for protection of intellectual property: "This has nothing to do with DVDs, or this particular technology, or with how technology is distributed. [Bunner's attorneys] are arguing that you can't issue injunctions under First Amendment, and we think that is contrary to the way laws have been interpreted for the past 200 years", said Jeffrey Kessler, a partner at Weil, Gotshal & Manges. He stated that First Amendment protections needed to be balanced against the theft and distribution of intellectual property, as well as the DVD CCA's optimism regarding a ruling in their favor, and that the organization would appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court should the decision go the other way.

References

External links
Press releases and court documents on DVD CCA v Bunner Case EFF collection of related documents.

Trade secret case law
California state case law
2004 in United States case law
DVD Copy Control Association

DVD Copy Control Ass'n, Inc. v. Bunner


Spaceballs () is an American science feection comedy parady film frae 1987. The film wis produced an directit bi Mel Brooks an wis wrutten bi Mel Brooks, Thomas Meehan an Ronny Graham. The cast o the film includes Mel Brooks, John Candy, Rick Moranis an Bill Pullman.

1987 films
American films
Inglis-leid films
1980s comedy films
American satirical films
1980s science feection films
American comedy science feection films
Films directit bi Mel Brooks
Flyin caurs in feection
Metafictional wirks
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Parody films
Self-reflexive films
Space adventur films
Parody films based on Star Wars
Films shot in Californie
Films shot in Arizona
Films shot in Germany
Comedy science feection films
Brooksfilms films
Screenplays bi Mel Brooks

Spaceballs


Richland is a village in Kalamazoo County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 751 at the 2010 census, up from 593 at the 2000 census.

The village is within Richland Township, about  northeast of Kalamazoo.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all land.

Demographics

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 751 people, 347 households, and 221 families living in the village. The population density was . There were 376 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 94.7% White, 0.4% African American, 1.2% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 3.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.5% of the population.

There were 347 households, of which 24.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.4% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36.3% were non-families. 33.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.75.

The median age in the village was 46.8 years. 21.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.9% were from 25 to 44; 31.4% were from 45 to 64; and 22.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 43.9% male and 56.1% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 593 people, 258 households, and 170 families living in the village. The population density was . There were 301 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 96.29% White, 0.17% African American, 0.17% Native American, 1.35% Asian, 0.17% from other races, and 1.85% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.52% of the population.

There were 258 households, out of which 29.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.7% were married couples living together, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.1% were non-families. 29.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.84.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 24.6% under the age of 18, 5.1% from 18 to 24, 26.8% from 25 to 44, 26.3% from 45 to 64, and 17.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 80.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.1 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $50,938, and the median income for a family was $58,542. Males had a median income of $42,250 versus $30,956 for females. The per capita income for the village was $23,777. About 1.2% of families and 1.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 7.5% of those age 65 or over.

History
Richland is located in the middle of what was once the Gull Prairie, an upland area relatively free of trees and maintained by natural and man-made fires. The area had a few Pottawatamie villages, one was located on the west side of nearby Gull Lake. Fish and game were plentiful, and the land was very fertile. Since there were few trees to clear, the prairie was among the first areas of Kalamazoo County to be settled. By the 1830s, the Native Americans had been forced west, and Richland was a thriving frontier village. The village even contended with Prairie Ronde for the county seat, but the centrally-located village of Bronson (now Kalamazoo) was ultimately chosen.

Lacking a flowing stream that would have provided water power, Richland never developed significant industry and remained a sleepy farm community until the late twentieth century. In the 1980s and 1990s, small employers such as Richard Allen Medical moved to the edge of town, and Richland became a bedroom community for Kalamazoo. The high quality of the local Gull Lake School District also drew people from surrounding areas. New subdivisions were built in what had been hilly farm country.

Notable people
Brothers Charles S. May and Dwight May, both lieutenant governors of Michigan during the 19th Century, were raised in Richland.

Education
Richland Elementary School
Thomas M. Ryan Intermediate School
Gull Lake Middle School
Gull Lake High School
The Montessori School - Preschool
Vineyard Academy

References

External links

Villages in Kalamazoo County, Michigan
Villages in Michigan
Kalamazoo–Portage metropolitan area

Richland, Michigan


The Frog Prince, Continued () by Jon Scieszka, illustrated by  Steve Johnson, is a picture book parody "sequel" to the tale of The Frog Prince, in which a princess kisses a frog which then turns into a prince. It was first published in 1991.

Plot
Instead of living happily ever after, issues ensue on both sides. The princess wants the prince to go do something heroic instead of lying around the castle catching flies all day (he's now human but retains some froggy habits). The prince wishes she wouldn't nag him and thinks he was happier back at his lily pad. Eventually he gets fed up and runs away.

The prince encounters three witches on his wanderings and asks each to turn him back into a frog, so he can live happily ever after. The first witch thinks he is looking for Sleeping Beauty. The second witch offers him a poisoned apple. The third lives in a gingerbread house, appears to know Hansel and Gretel, and invites the prince in for dinner. The prince wisely flees from these witches, but finds himself lost in the forest with night falling.

At last, he happens upon a fairy godmother, who is on her way to see a girl about a ball, but who obligingly turns him into a carriage (her repertoire is limited). As he sits in the forest and realizes just how good he had it with the princess, he thinks he'll never get home again. Fortunately, the fairy godmother's magic wears off at (not surprisingly) midnight, the prince turns back into a prince, and he runs home to his princess. When she tells him how much she loves him and was worried about him, the prince kisses the princess, and their troubles are resolved with a different happy ending: they are both transformed into frogs.

1991 children's books
American children's books
American picture books
Fairy tale parodies
The Frog Prince
Sequel books
English-language books
Picture books based on fairy tales
Works based on Grimms' Fairy Tales
Children's books about frogs
Fiction about shapeshifting
Viking Press books
Children's books about princes

The Frog Prince, Continued


Otto Jírovec (January 31, 1907 – March 7, 1972) was a Czechoslovak professor of parasitology and protozoology.

A significant fungus parasite of humans, Pneumocystis jirovecii, is named in his honour.  Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly known as the human form of Pneumocystis carinii; originally spelled P. jiroveci when believed to be a protozoan) causes Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP).

Jírovec was born in Prague. In 1929 he obtained a doctorate at the Faculty of Science at the Charles University in Prague. From 1930 to 1932 he worked as a lecturer, and in 1933 he became an associate professor. During the war he worked as head of the Parasitology Laboratory at the State Health Institute. After the war, he returned to the faculty of the university. In 1948 he was again appointed associate professor at the Charles University in Prague. In the years 1949–1952 Jírovec led the Department of Zoology, and later managed a zoological institute. From 1954 to 1961 he led the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences Laboratory of Parasitology.

In his professional work he focused in particular on the study of parasitic protozoa, both in temperate and in tropical regions. One of his most important discoveries was the pathogen causing Pneumocystis pneumonia, which he made with the pathologist Dr. M. Vaňek in 1953.

Books
Professor Jírovec wrote 11 books, published some 280 scientific articles and 250 articles popularizing scientific work.

Awards

Otto Jírovec received various awards for his work. He was a member of the Royal Czech Society of Sciences, Masaryk Academy of Labor and the Czechoslovak National Council research. In 1953, he became a corresponding member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. He was awarded an honorary doctorate by the Medical Faculty of Humboldt University in Berlin and the Faculty of Science of the University of Clermont-Ferrand.

References

External links
 Otto Jirovec Negatives Collection
 Quido

1907 births
1972 deaths
Czechoslovak parasitologists
Charles University alumni

Otto Jírovec


The Juan B. Castagnino Fine Arts Museum () is an art museum in the city of Rosario, , considered the most important of the interior of the country and the second in national terms. It is administered by the municipal government. The museum lies within the Parque de la Independencia (the largest of Rosario's urban parks) immediately outside the city center, at the intersection of Oroño Boulevard and Pellegrini Avenue.

The building was a project by architects Hilarión Hernández Larguía and Juan Manuel Newton and opened in 1936. It was donated to the Municipality by Mrs. Rosa Tiscornia de Castagnino in memory of her late son Juan Bautista Castagnino, an important art critic and collector at the time, and officially inaugurated as a museum on 7 December 1937.

The museum has two floors, totalling 35 rooms with 700 linear meters available for exhibitions. The initial artistic patrimony of the museum was gathered from donations by private collectors, plus the patrimony of the former Municipal Fine Arts Museum, and then augmented by purchases by the municipality and the museum Foundation. It now consists of more than 3,000 works, comprising European art, Argentine art of the 19th and 20th century, and works by Rosario artists until the 1930s. The contemporary art collection (about 300 works acquired in more recent times) was moved to a new museum, the Museum of Contemporary Art of Rosario (MACRo), opened in 2004.

Gallery

External links
 Official website

 Works and sites of patrimonial value of the municipality of Rosario

Museums in Rosario, Santa Fe
Art museums and galleries in Argentina

Juan B. Castagnino Fine Arts Museum


UTC+06:00 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +06:00. This time is used in:

As standard time (year-round)
Principal cities: Almaty, Chittagong, Dhaka, Omsk, Thimphu, Astana, Bishkek

South Asia
Bangladesh – Bangladesh Standard Time
Bhutan – Bhutan Time

Indian Ocean
United Kingdom
British Indian Ocean Territory / Mauritius (see Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute)
 Chagos Archipelago

Central Asia
Kazakhstan - Time in Kazakhstan
East Kazakhstan (including Oskemen, Ayagoz, Kurchatov, Ridder, Semey, Serebryansk, Shemonaikha, Zaysan and Zyryanovsk)
Except the provinces of Aktobe, Atyrau, Kyzylorda, Mangystau and West Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan – Kyrgyzstan Time (since August 12, 2005)

North Asia
Russia – Omsk Time
Siberian Federal District
Omsk Oblast

Antarctica
Some bases in Antarctica. See also Time in Antarctica
Australia
Australian Antarctic Territory
Russia
Vostok Station

Discrepancies between official UTC+06:00 and geographical UTC+06:00

Areas within UTC+06:00 longitudes using other time zones
Using UTC+05:00

The very easternmost parts of Ural Federal District, Russia

Using UTC+05:30

Parts of India:

 Assam
 Meghalaya
 West Bengal
 Nagaland
 Manipur
 Tripura
 Mizoram
 Arunachal Pradesh
 Bihar
 Sikkim
 The northeast part of Andhra Pradesh
 The eastern part of Uttar Pradesh
 The northeast part of Chhattisgarh
 Most of Odisha
 Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Using UTC+05:45

Most of Nepal, with its capital city Kathmandu

Using UTC+06:30

Most of Myanmar, including the nation's capital Naypyidaw

Cocos (Keeling) Islands

Using UTC+07:00

The westernmost part of Indonesia including most of the province Aceh with its capital Banda Aceh

The westernmost part of Mongolia

Parts of Russia:

 A large part of Krasnoyarsk Krai
 Tuva
 Khakassia
 Altai Republic
 Altai Krai
 Kemerovo Oblast
A smaller parts of Novosibirsk Oblast
parts of Tomsk Oblast

Using UTC+08:00

Western Mongolia

Parts of China:

 most of Tibet Autonomous Region
 most of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (see also "Use in Xinjiang")

Areas outside UTC+06:00 longitudes using UTC+06:00 time

Areas between 52°30' E and 67°30' E ("physical" UTC+04:00)
Parts of Kazakhstan:

 Kostanay
 A smaller parts of Turkistan
 western parts of Karaganda, Akmola, North Kazakhstan

Areas between 67°30′ E and 82°30′ E ("physical" UTC+05:00)
Kyrgyzstan

British Indian Ocean Territory

Russia

 Omsk Oblast

Kazakhstan, most parts of its territories:

 Shymkent
 Turkistan
 Karaganda
 North Kazakhstan
 Akmola, with its nation's capital Nur-Sultan

Use in Xinjiang

In Xinjiang, China, this time offset is known as the Xinjiang Time or Urumqi Time ().  It is set due to its geographical location in the westernmost part of China. It has been approved by Chinese authorities for civil purposes since February 1986, although the decision had been rejected by the local ethnic Han population and some Han-dominated regional governments.

According to Human Rights Watch, a Uyghur man was arrested and detained by Chinese authorities in 2018 over "terrorist charges" for setting his watch to Xinjiang Time.

See also
Bangladesh Standard Time
Time in Antarctica – some stations use this time zone
Time in Russia
Xinjiang Time

References

External links

UTC offsets
Time in Kazakhstan
Time in China
Time in Bangladesh

UTC+06:00