The Evangelical Church of North America (ECNA) is a Wesleyan-Holiness, Protestant Christian denomination headquartered in Clackamas, Oregon. As of 2000, the Church had 12,475 members in 133 local churches. The Church sponsors missionaries in seven countries.

Its official emblem is composed of a red flame, symbolizing the fire of the Holy Spirit which descended at Pentecost, atop an open Bible. It has published an official magazine, The Evangelical Challenge, and a newsletter, The Heartbeat.

History

The Evangelical Church of North America was officially born June 4, 1968, in Portland, Oregon. But the origin of The Evangelical Church can be traced back to two earlier movements: the Wesleyan awakening in England under John Wesley, the founder of The Methodist Church, and the United Brethren in Christ movement in Pennsylvania, spearheaded by preachers such as William Otterbein and Martin Boehm.

The early Methodists in England and later North America declared that men can be saved from sin, through repentance and faith in Jesus Christ, and that this experience must be followed by a life of dedication and holiness, or "sanctification."

Meanwhile, the work of the United Brethren in Christ grew rapidly after its first Conference was held in York County, Pennsylvania, in 1789. These brethren believed that God is a God of order, and that where there is no order and no church discipline, the spirit of love and charity will be lost. This stream of Protestantism found much in common with the early American Methodists—a relationship that would eventually lead up to the formation of the Evangelical United Brethren Church (EUB) in 1946.

At its annual session in 1967, the Pacific Northwest Conference of the EUB Church voted by a two-thirds majority to secede from its parent body and continue to operate as a separate denomination. The action was taken in anticipation of the EUB's upcoming merger with the Methodist Church (USA). Dissenters differed with an increasingly Modernist trend in American Methodism over Biblical authority, "the social gospel," and the doctrine of Entire Sanctification.

The EUB Book of Discipline (the controlling document of church governance) made no provision for the secession of local congregations or regional conferences, and the denomination did not recognize the validity of the Pacific Northwest Conference's action (or similar votes taken at congregational meetings). The merger between the EUB and The Methodist Church was effected in April 1968, forming the United Methodist Church. This action took title to all assets and properties formerly belonging to the Pacific Northwest Conference, including its local churches and organizations.

On June 4, 1968, in Portland, Oregon, forty-six congregations and about eighty ministers met in a session to organize a separate denomination known as the Evangelical Church of North America (ECNA). Before the end of June 1968, laity and ministers from North Dakota and Montana, representing more than twenty additional congregations, had joined.

In 1969, the Evangelical Church entered into a financial settlement agreement with the Methodists whereby the new denomination gained title to some of the facilities of the former EUB Church, including most of the secessionist congregations' property.

That same year, the Holiness Methodist Church united with the Evangelical Church, bringing along a mission field in Bolivia. In 1975, the Wesleyan Covenant Church, became part of the Evangelical Church, along with its missionary work in Mexico and Brownsville, Texas, and its work among the Navajo Indians in New Mexico. At some point the Evangelical Church in Canada was formed as a conference of the ECNA, but by 1993 it separated and merged into the Evangelical Missionary Church of Canada (EMCC).

A mention was made at the 2006 General Conference of the Evangelical Methodist Church (EMC) of talks of a possible merger with the ECNA. By 2014, the denominations were sharing a common ministry training school.

Theology
The Evangelical Church is strongly Wesleyan-Arminian, emphasizing free will over determinism and salvation through a two separate and instantaneous acts of Grace, justification and sanctification, attained through Faith resulting in repentance. This, together with Biblical inerrancy and belief in a direct command of God to universally evangelize, are common to the various bodies which comprise the Holiness movement. The Church has an official Statement of Faith, which is based on that of the Methodism inherited from the EUB, but which has been revised to make these emphases of doctrine more specific and Evangelical.

Governance
The polity of the Evangelical Church can be described as congregational-connectional. Like other denominations in the Methodist tradition, the principal governing body of the Evangelical Church is a general conference, with delegates from each of six regional conferences. The regional conferences meet annually with delegates from each of the local congregations within their respective territories. The Church does not have bishops, but is led by Conference Superintendents and a General Superintendent, who are elected to fixed terms, and who all have pastoral and administrative responsibilities.

Affiliations
The Evangelical Church is a member of the Christian Holiness Association and the National Association of Evangelicals. The Evangelical Church is a missionary oriented church averaging at least one adult missionary per local church. The three major organizations supported, beyond the Evangelical Church Missions department, are OMS International, World Gospel Mission and Wycliffe Bible Translators. In addition, Evangelical Church members serve through a score of other interdenominational missions organizations.

See also
 Evangelical Association
 Evangelical Methodist Church
 Evangelical United Brethren
 Methodism
 United Brethren in Christ
 United Methodist Church

References

External links
 Evangelical Church official homepage.
 Profile of the ECNA on the Association of Religion Data Archives website

Methodist denominations in North America
Holiness denominations
Methodist denominations established in the 20th century
Christian organizations established in 1968

Evangelical Church (ECNA)


Erik Meijer (born 5 December 1944) is a former Dutch politician who was a member of the European Parliament for the Dutch Socialist Party, part of the European Left, between 1999 and 2009. From July 2014 till June 2015 he was a member of the Dutch Senate.

In the European Parliament he was a substitute for the Committee on Foreign Affairs and a member of the Delegation to the EU-Croatia Joint Parliamentary Committee.

Biography
In 1999 European Parliament elections Meijer won the first seat for the SP in the European Parliament.

Born in 1944 in Amsterdam, Meijer, who lives in Rotterdam, studied human geography and later taught geography before becoming a civil servant. Politically active since the beginning of the 1960s, including as an executive member of Socialist Youth (SJ), in the 1970s he was elected to represent the Pacifist Socialist Party (PSP) on Amsterdam City Council. During this period he led the Proletarian Left within the PSP, which later split to form what now is Socialist Alternative Politics. Meijer stayed within the PSP. From 1982 to 1995 he served as member of the States-Provincial of South Holland, having been elected on a combined PSP-CPN-PPR ticket. Following the formation of the GreenLeft, which united these tendencies, he became the party's national vice-chair, a position which he held until 1995.

At the beginning of 1996, Meijer left Green Left for the SP. In 1998 he became chair of the SP branch in Delfshaven, a poor district of Rotterdam, at the same time working to build up the party's European contacts.

In the European Parliament the SP forms part of the United Left Group (GUE-NGL). The party's priority is resistance to the development of a European Superstate too far removed from the people and too closely attached to the interests of European multinationals.

In the European elections of 10 June 2004, the SP's electoral support grew from 5% to 7%, giving the party a second seat. Re-elected, Meijer was joined by Kartika Liotard.

His comments in the Skopje daily Utrinski Vesnik on 14 January 2008 drew the ire of readers in the Republic of Macedonia. He said that the country should tear down statues of the ancient Macedonian conqueror Alexander the Great erected on its territory and agree to a name change in its bilateral dispute with Greece.

He was invested as a Knight of the Order of Orange-Nassau on 8 September 2009.

On 8 July 2014 he was made member of the Dutch Senate, replacing Arjan Vliegenthart. His term ended on 9 June 2015. As he was nr 13 on the list of candidates and as currently nr 11 of the list for the Dutch Senate, Mr Meijer has a chance of entering the senate again in case two sitting Members resign before June 2019.

Education
 1972: Higher degree in human geography

Career
 1961–1969: Member of executive, Socialist Youth and Student Organisations
 1968–1991: Has held office at national level in the PSP (Pacifist Socialist Party) (Vice-chairman of the Chairman of elected representatives' section, editor of party magazine)
 1971–1975: Geography teacher, senior secondary and pre-university education
 1975–1978: Member of Amsterdam City Council
 1980–1992: Local government official, Rotterdam City Council
 1982–1995: Member of the South Holland Provincial Council
 1990–1993: Member of executive, Citizenship Foundation
 1992–1995: Member of executive and Vice-Chairman of the GroenLinks
 1995–1998: Chairman of the Spangen (Rotterdam) Residents' Association
 1995–1999: Chairman of the Stichting Ontwikkelbank Centrum (Foundation for the Promotion of Central Rotterdam)
 since 1999: Member of Socialist Party executive
 1998–2002: Member of the Delfshaven District Council
 1999–2009: Member of the European Parliament
 2014–2015: Member of the Senate

See also
 2004 European Parliament election in the Netherlands

References

External links

 Profile at the EP group

 https://web.archive.org/web/20110516025506/http://www.utrinski.com.mk/default.asp?ItemID=DC0C0B5B5108644F935E51404B3E21A7

1944 births
Living people
Municipal councillors of Amsterdam
Members of the Provincial Council of South Holland
Politicians from Rotterdam
Pacifist Socialist Party politicians
GroenLinks politicians
Socialist Party (Netherlands) politicians
MEPs for the Netherlands 1999–2004
MEPs for the Netherlands 2004–2009
Socialist Party (Netherlands) MEPs
Knights of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Members of the Senate (Netherlands)

Erik Meijer (politician)


Robert Scott Adsit (born November 26, 1965) is an American actor, comedian, and writer. Born and raised in the Chicago suburbs, Adsit joined the mainstage cast of Chicago's The Second City in 1994 after attending Columbia College Chicago. He appeared in several revues, including Paradigm Lost for which he won The Joseph Jefferson Award for Best Actor in a Comedy.

From 2005 to 2008, he co-directed, co-wrote and co-produced the Adult Swim stop-motion animation program Moral Orel with Dino Stamatopoulos and Jay Johnston. He also voiced several characters and was nominated for an Annie Award for his work as Clay Puppington, Orel's father. After the success of Moral Orel, Adsit and Stamatopoulos worked together again on the stop-motion animation series Mary Shelley's Frankenhole (2010–2012).

Adsit is known for his role as Pete Hornberger, the well-meaning but jaded producer, on the NBC sitcom 30 Rock, which won a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series in 2008. In 2014, Adsit voiced the robot Baymax in the Disney animated film Big Hero 6, which he reprised in both Big Hero 6: The Series (2017–2021) and the Disney+ series Baymax!.

Early life
Adsit was born in Northbrook, Illinois on November 26, 1965, the son of Genevieve "Genny" (née Butz) and Andrew Scott Adsit, a real estate attorney. He attended Glenbrook North High School, where he recalled being "a bit of a class clown", and attended Indiana's DePauw University for one semester. He then attended Columbia College Chicago, where acting teacher Sheldon Patinkin encouraged him to join the city's famed improv troupe, The Second City.

Career

1987–1998
Adsit joined Second City in 1987, and became part of its mainstage cast in 1994. He appeared in several Joseph Jefferson Award-winning revues, including Piñata Full of Bees and Paradigm Lost for which he won The Jeff Award for Best Actor in a Comedy. A sketch he performed with future Saturday Night Live head writer Adam McKay, "Gump," was included as one of Second City's all-time best in the theater's 25th anniversary compilation. He appeared in the 1997 PBS documentary about the process of creating the Second City review, Paradigm Lost, Second to None along with castmates Tina Fey, Kevin Dorff, Rachel Dratch, Jenna Jolovitz and Jim Zulevic.

In 1996, he portrayed an alcoholic and drug-addicted father in Minnesota's Hazelden Substance Abuse Clinic short-subject production, Reflections From The Heart Of A Child. This 26-minute video/DVD feature has become required curriculum in most DWI Repeat Offender classes and substance abuse rehabilitation clinics across the U.S.
In 1997, Adsit recorded the voices for the King of Payne, Sir Psycho, The Duke of Bourbon, and Merlin for Williams' Medieval Madness pinball machine. Adsit co-wrote the game's recorded dialog with fellow Second City cast member, Kevin Dorff. Dorff and Tina Fey also played the character voices in the game.

In 1998, Adsit moved to Los Angeles after an invitation from his college friend Dino Stamatopoulos to work on a pilot about the backstage antics of a television sketch-comedy variety show. The pilot did not materialize as a show, but Adsit stayed in California and began working in bit parts and commercials. That same year, he appeared as a cast member in the renowned sketch comedy program, Mr. Show. He also plagued the band Tenacious D as a neighbor and a demon in their HBO show.

2000s
In 2001, he starred in an episode of Friends, "The One with Ross and Monica's Cousin" in season 7.

From 2005 to 2008, he co-directed, co-wrote and co-produced the Adult Swim show Moral Orel with Stamatopoulos and Jay Johnston. He also provided the voice of Orel's father, Clay Puppington, as well as his best friend, Doughy, Link McMissins, Art Posabule, Mr. Christein, Junior Christein, Doctor Potterswheel, Billy Figurelli, Mrs. Figurelli and Tiny Tina, among others. He was nominated for an Annie Award for his work as Clay. Adsit also had a minor role in The Office episode "Conflict Resolution" as a photographer. Adsit also had a small role in the movie Kicking & Screaming, starring Will Ferrell, where he played the coach of a rival team.

In 2005, he received a call from former Second City castmate Tina Fey. "Tina called and said, 'I'm working on a show, and there's a part I'm writing with you in mind, so keep your schedule open next year.' So I did," Adsit recalled in 2009. In a twist of fate, he also auditioned for Aaron Sorkin's Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip, another series about the behind-the-scenes drama of a variety show. "My manager said, 'There's a good possibility you're going to be offered both of these, so which are you going to go with? You have to tell me now,'" Adsit said. "I said, 'Tina is the lady from Weekend Update that riles a lot of people, and Aaron Sorkin just finished The West Wing; he's the golden boy.'" Ultimately, Adsit picked his friend: "I had to go with somebody I know and respect. I went with Tina."

In 2006, he joined the cast of 30 Rock, Fey's show, as Pete Hornberger, a longtime friend of Fey's character, Liz Lemon, and well-meaning but frequently terrified producer of TGS with Tracy Jordan, a fictitious sketch comedy series. The show ran for seven seasons and was a critical smash, earning 103 Emmy nominations.

In 2007, Adsit starred together with Brendon Small in Let's Fish, a pilot for Adult Swim, but the pilot did not become an official series.

2010s
After the success of Moral Orel, Adsit and Dino Stamatopoulos started working together again on their newest stop-motion animation series Mary Shelley's Frankenhole, which Adult Swim has ordered ten episodes for its first season, which began airing on June 27, 2010. Adsit directed, wrote, produced and provided many of the lead voices. In June 2010, Adsit hosted a panel featuring comic book writers Dan Slott, Frank Tieri, and Chris Claremont at HeroCon in Charlotte, North Carolina. In 2012 a character named Agent Scott Adsit appeared as an agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. in Marvel's Deadpool, and has since become a recurring character in the title.

Adsit also guest starred as the "Guest Bailiff" in three episodes of John Hodgman's podcast Judge John Hodgman. Adsit starred as himself in John Hodgman's Netflix comedy special John Hodgman: Ragnarok.

Adsit voiced the huggable robot Baymax in the 2014 Disney animated film Big Hero 6. Producer Roy Conli said "The fact that his character is a robot limits how you can emote, but Scott was hilarious. He took those boundaries and was able to shape the language in a way that makes you feel Baymax's emotion and sense of humor. Scott was able to relay just how much Baymax cares."

Adsit joined the Season 3 cast of the Adult Swim live-action TV series The Heart, She Holler as the corrupt Sheriff, starring alongside Amy Sedaris. Paste Magazine stated that "Sedaris and Adsit, two relatively new co-stars, have great chemistry".

Adsit plays Sheriff Ridge in Wolverine: The Long Night, a scripted podcast serial.

He also had a recurring role as news anchor Greg Hart in the HBO political sitcom Veep.

Adsit performs live in the show John and Scott with John Lutz and in Adsit and Eveleth with Jet Eveleth.

Adsit continues to act, improvise and teach at I.O. West and the Upright Citizens Brigade.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

References

External links

1965 births
20th-century American comedians
21st-century American comedians
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
Living people
American male comedians
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male television writers
American male voice actors
American sketch comedians
American television directors
American television writers
Columbia College Chicago alumni
DePauw University alumni
Glenbrook North High School alumni
Male actors from Chicago
People from Northbrook, Illinois
Screenwriters from Illinois
Television producers from Illinois
Upright Citizens Brigade Theater performers
Comedians from Chicago

Scott Adsit


The Zanskar Range is spread over a vast area from southeastern boundaries of the state of Kashmir and extends in the northwest direction to the eastern limits of Baltistan. It separates Ladakh from the valleys of Kashmir and the Chenab River.
In other words it serves as a boundary line between Ladakh region of Kashmir and the remaining two regions of the state i.e. Jammu region and Vale of Kashmir. 23000 feet high peak Nunkun is within this range. Marbal Pass and many other passes which connect Ladakh with Kashmir are in this area, 13000 feet high Zojila Pass is in the extreme northwest of Zanskar range. This range, in fact is a branch of the great Himalayan range of mountains. Many rivers start in different branches of this range flow northward, and join the great Indus River. These rivers include Hanle River, Khurna River, Zanskar River, Suru River (Indus), and Shingo River.
It also separates Kinnaur from Spiti in Himachal Pradesh. The highest peaks of Himachal are in Zanskar range.

Mountain ranges of Pakistan

Zanskar Range


Edmund Dawson Rogers (7 August 1823 – 28 September 1910), was an English journalist and spiritualist. He was the first editor of the Eastern Daily Press and the founder of the National Press Agency.

Background and education
The son of John and Sarah Rogers, and given the middle name Dawson which was his mother's family name, he was brought up a strict Methodist and received a classical education at Gresham's School, Holt,  then was apprenticed to a pharmacist.

Career
In 1845, he went as a surgeon's dispenser to Wolverhampton, where he joined the Staffordshire Mercury as a journalist.

In 1848 he was appointed as editor of the struggling Norwich newspaper the Norfolk News, and put it on its feet. The proprietors at the time were two future Liberal members of parliament, Jacob Henry Tillett and J. J. Colman. On 10 October 1870, Rogers became the first editor of the Eastern Counties Daily Press, working for the same proprietors, remaining until 1872. In 1871, the paper was renamed the Eastern Daily Press.

In 1873, Rogers moved to London and at the request of leading members of the Liberal Party established the National Press Agency in Shoe Lane, remaining as manager until he retired in 1894.

The National Press Agency had an enormous scoop as part of the Hawarden Kite affair in December 1885, when William Ewart Gladstone's son Herbert Gladstone gave Rogers what he said were his father's opinions on Irish home rule.

In London Rogers also published and edited The Tenant Farmer (1894–1898) and The Free Speaker (1873–1874).

Spiritualist
About 1843 Rogers was introduced by Sir Isaac Pitman to the work of Swedenborg. He went on to study mesmerism and mesmeric healing. He began to attend séances in 1869 with various mediums, especially Mrs Thomas Everitt and William Eglinton, and became a spiritualist. In 1873 he helped to form the British National Association of Spiritualists, and in 1881 founded the spiritualist journal Light, which he edited from 1894 until his death in 1910. In 1881–1882 he founded the Society for Psychical Research, with Sir William Barrett. Its early members included William Stainton Moses, F. W. H. Myers, Henry Sidgwick, and Edmund Gurney, and Rogers was a member of its Council from 1882 to 1885. In 1884, he was a founding member of the London Spiritualist Alliance, afterwards the College of Psychic Studies, and was its president from 1892 until 1910.

Private life
On 11 July 1843, Rogers married Sophia Jane Hawkes. They had two sons and four daughters. His wife died in 1892.

In Who's Who, Rogers gave his recreation as "Occasional rambles in Switzerland". At the time of his death, his address was Rose Villa, Hendon Lane, Finchley, London N.

Publications
 Life and Experiences of Edmund Dawson Rogers, Spiritualist and Journalist (autobiography, 1911, new edition by Kessinger Publishing, London, 2004)

References

Sources

1823 births
1910 deaths
English male journalists
English spiritualists
British parapsychologists
People educated at Gresham's School
People from Holt, Norfolk

Edmund Rogers


Hercules is an American 2014 action-adventure-fantasy film. Directed by Brett Ratner, it stars Dwayne Johnson, Ian McShane, Rufus Sewell and John Hurt and is based off the graphic novel Hercules: The Thracian Wars. It was released on July 25, 2014 and was one of two movies released in 2014 which were about the mythical warrior, the other being The Legend of Hercules; unlike the former, this film gained mixed to positive critical reviews and was a box office success.

Plot
Hercules (Dwayne Johnson), is the leader of a gang of mercenaries, comprised of the prophet Amphariaus (Ian McShane), the thief Autylocus (Rufus Sewell), the barbarian Tydeus (Aksel Hennie), the huntress Atalanta (Ingrid Bolsø Berdal) and his nephew Iolaus (Reece Ritchie).  Hercules is supposedly the lovechild of Zeus and a mortal woman who engaged in 12 legendary labors, but was betrayed by Hera, who induced him with madness, which caused him to kill his wife and children while he was visiting King Eurystheus (Joseph Fiennes). Despite Hercules' origins not being clearly established in the movie, he displays powerful godlike strength and unmatched skill in combat. However, he is frequently plagued by the memory of murdering his family and visions of the three-headed hellhound Cerberus.

After saving his nephew on the coast of Macedonia, Hercules celebrates with his team. As they drink in a tavern, the group are approached by Ergenia (Rebecca Ferguson), the daughter of Lord Cotys (John Hurt) who wants Hercules to train the Thracian armies to defend his kingdom from the warrior king Rhesus, to which the hero accepts. The band are welcomed to Thrace by Cotys and General Sitacles (Peter Mullan). However, Rhesus has reached the Bessi people Cotys insists that Hercules leads the army into battle to defend the tribe, despite their lack of training. However, they arrive too late as Rhesus has cursed the Bessi into turning against the Thracians.

2014 movies
American movies
Movies based on Greek and Roman mythology

Hercules (2014 movie)


Robotics is a part of engineering and science. It is the work of creating and building robots. It is interdisciplinary, involving people who have studied mechanical engineering, electrical engineering or computer programming. It also needs people who understand the work of the robot. As an example, geologists need to be involved in making a robot that will take soil samples on another planet.

Robots are sometimes used to do things that humans cannot, like finding and destroying bombs, or going places that are too hot, small, dangerous or distant for humans. Some robots look like humans, but most just look like machines. Some robots can move by themselves, others need to be partly or completely controlled by a human.

Robotics comes from the word robot, which in turn comes from the Slavic word robota. Robota means labor, or work. Karel Čapek invented the word robot to use in a play.  This play was called R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots). The word robotics was first used by Isaac Asimov in his story "Liar!" published in 1941.

Robots

Robotics


Haridwar is a city in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. It is one of the seven holiest places for Hindu people. There are several temples and ashrams in the city. The river Ganga flows in the city and is worshipped by Hindus for whom the river is sacred.

Cities in India
Settlements in Uttarakhand

Haridwar


The River Aire is a river in England.  It runs through the counties of North Yorkshire, West Yorkshire and the East Riding of Yorkshire, although most of it is in West Yorkshire.

The river starts in Malham, and from there flows through (in order) Skipton, Keighley, Shipley, Leeds, Castleford, Knottingley and Airmyn.

Rivers of England
West Yorkshire

River Aire


CSS Morgan was a partially armored gunboat of the Confederate States Navy in the American Civil War.

Morgan was built at Mobile, Alabama in 1861-62. She operated in the waters around Mobile from the time of her completion early in 1862 to the close of hostilities. One reference of October 1862 gave her name as Admiral.

Morgan, commanded by Commander George W. Harrison, CSN, took an active part in the Battle of Mobile Bay on August 5, 1864. Situated well to the right of the Confederate line of battle as the enemy proceeded up the channel, she was able to deliver a telling broadside raking fire against USS Hartford and others. Toward the end of the engagement, she was pursued by USS Metacomet but succeeded in driving her off. Morgan, attempting to avoid capture, then turned toward shallow water, grounded briefly, but continued on her perilous route and reached the guns at Fort Morgan. She dispatched a boat which effected the destruction of the Union gunboat USS Philippi below the fort. When the Union victory was apparent, Captain Harrison initially wanted to scuttle the ship, but was persuaded by his second in command, Lieutenant Thomas Locke Harrison (no relation) that she could be saved by boldly running the gauntlet up to Mobile. Although hotly pursued and shelled by cruisers for a large part of the 25-mile starlight voyage, she reached the outer obstructions near Mobile at daybreak, and that afternoon was permitted to pass through.

Morgan continued to serve in the Mobile area. In April 1865 she participated in the battle off Blakely Island in the last days of the Civil War. Blakely Island is located just off  the docks of Mobile between the city and Old Spanish Fort located on the eastern shore of Mobile Bay. It was commanded by Captain Fry and sustained considerable damage in her final battle, but survived the war. CSS Morgan stood alone between the City of Mobile and the invading Union troops. On May 4, 1865, Commodore Ebenezer Farrand, commanding Confederate Naval Forces in the State of Alabama, ordered the surrender of Morgan to the United States Navy. She was sold the following December.

References
Friend, Jack, West wind, flood tide : the Battle of Mobile Bay (Annapolis:  Naval Institute Press 2004),

Gunboats of the Confederate States Navy
Ships built in Mobile, Alabama
1862 ships

CSS Morgan


Middle River is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located on the north coast of Kangaroo Island overlooking Investigator Strait about  south-west of the state capital of Adelaide.

Its boundaries were created in March 2002 for the "long established name" and include the following shack sites - Middle River Shack Site and King George Shack Site.  In 2011, a portion of Middle River was excised and added to the adjoining locality of Western River.

The locality includes the watercourse called the Middle River and the associated water storage facility, the Middle River Reservoir.

Land use in the locality is principally for agricultural purposes with activity limited on both the coastline to the north and on land at the locality's southern boundary respectively for conservation purposes and for the protection of the drainage basin supplying the Middle River Reservoir.

Middle River is located within the federal division of Mayo, the state electoral district of Mawson and the local government area of the Kangaroo Island Council.

References
Notes

Citations

Towns on Kangaroo Island

Middle River, South Australia


Francisco Correa de Arauxo (or Araujo) (b. Seville, 1584; d. Segovia, 1654) was an important Spanish organist, composer, and theorist in the last years of the Renaissance and early years of the Baroque period.

Life
We do not know very much about Correa de Araujo.  He was probably born in 1584.  He may have been of Portugese origin.  In 1599 he got a job as organist in Seville.  It must have been an important job because he earned a lot of money.  Many years later he seems to have become a priest.  He may have been made a priest because he was a good organist.  In 1630 he organized a protest when priests were made to work harder wothout being paid more money.  Because he argued about this he was sent to prison for a time.  By 1635 his health was very bad.  In spite of earning a high salary he often had no money.

After 37 years in Seville he took a job as organist in Jaén Cathedral.  He was there until 1640 when he went to Segovia Cathedral.  He worked there until 1653, by which time he was too ill to work.  When he died the following year he was very poor.

His music
Correa only seems to have published one collection of organ works.  It was called Libro de tientos y discursos de música practica, y theorica de organo intitulado Facultad organica (1626).  This was a collection of organ music, as well as a discussion about music theory.  It is one of the few books we have which shows us what musical composition was like in Spain at that time.  His organ music uses a divided keyboard (medio registro), so that the upper and lower parts of the keyboard (high notes and low notes) can use different stops (making different sounds).  The organ pieces in the collection are arranged in order of difficulty.  The pieces at the end are very hard indeed. He uses a lot of dissonances, and he expects the performer to put in lots of ornaments, even if they are not shown in the music.  He uses glosa (ornamental figuration), although he also uses counterpoint.  His harmony shows the influence of composers such as Cabezon and Aguilera de Heredia.

References
The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980;

1584 births
1654 deaths
Spanish organists
Renaissance composers
Spanish composers
Baroque composers

Francisco Correa de Arauxo


Journalling Flash File System version 2 or JFFS2 is a log-structured file system for use with flash memory devices. It is the successor to JFFS.  JFFS2 has been included into the Linux kernel since September 23, 2001, when it was merged into the Linux kernel mainline as part of the kernel version 2.4.10 release. JFFS2 is also available for a few bootloaders, like Das U-Boot, Open Firmware, the eCos RTOS, the RTEMS RTOS, and the RedBoot. Most prominent usage of the JFFS2 comes from OpenWrt.

At least three file systems have been developed as JFFS2 replacements: LogFS, UBIFS, and YAFFS.

Features

JFFS2 introduced:
 Support for NAND flash devices. This involved a considerable amount of work as NAND devices have a sequential I/O interface and cannot be memory-mapped for reading.
 Hard links. This was not possible in JFFS because of limitations in the on-disk format.
 Compression. Five algorithms are available: zlib, rubin, lzma, rtime, and lzo.
 Better performance.  JFFS treated the disk as a purely circular log.  This generated a great deal of unnecessary I/O.  The garbage collection algorithm in JFFS2 makes this mostly unnecessary.

Design
As with JFFS, changes to files and directories are "logged" to flash in nodes, of which there are two types:
 inodes: a header with file metadata, followed by a payload of file data (if any). Compressed payloads are limited to one page.
 dirent nodes: directory entries each holding a name and an inode number. Hard links are represented as different names with the same inode number. The special inode number 0 represents an unlink.
As with JFFS, nodes start out as valid when they are created, and become obsolete when a newer version has been created elsewhere.

Unlike JFFS, however, there is no circular log.  Instead, JFFS2 deals in blocks, a unit the same size as the erase segment of the flash medium. Blocks are filled, one at a time, with nodes from bottom up.  A clean block is one that contains only valid nodes.  A dirty block contains at least one obsolete node. A free block contains no nodes.

The garbage collector runs in the background, turning dirty blocks into free blocks.  It does this by copying valid nodes to a new block and skipping obsolete ones.  That done, it erases the dirty block and tags it with a special marker designating it as a free block (to prevent confusion if power is lost during an erase operation).

To make wear-levelling more even and prevent erasures from being too concentrated on mostly-static file systems, the garbage collector will occasionally also consume clean blocks.

Disadvantages
Due to its log-structured design, JFFS2's disadvantages include the following:

 All nodes must still be scanned at mount time.  This is slow and is becoming an increasingly serious problem as flash devices scale upward into the terabyte range.  To overcome this issue, the Erase Block Summary (EBS) was introduced in version 2.6.15 of the Linux kernel.  EBS is placed at the end of each block and updated upon each write to the block, summarizing the block's content; during mounts, EBS is read instead of scanning whole blocks.
 Writing many small blocks of data can even lead to negative compression rates, so it is essential for applications to use large write buffers.
 There is no practical way to tell how much usable free space is left on a device since this depends both on how well additional data can be compressed, and the writing sequence.

See also

 List of file systems
 UBIFS
 NILFS
 F2FS

References

External links
JFFS2 website
JFFS: The Journalling Flash File System by David Woodhouse (PDF)
JFFS2 official mailing list
JFFS2 FAQ

Disk file systems
Embedded Linux
Flash file systems supported by the Linux kernel
Compression file systems
Computer-related introductions in 2001

JFFS2


Haukåsen Radar is one of two air traffic control radars serving Oslo's Gardermoen Airport, the other being the airport radar itself.  The radar is a landmark structure visible from most of Oslo and its surroundings, located inside a white radome on the hillcrest Haukåsen in Østmarka, elevation 357 meters above sea level, south-east of the suburb of Haugerud in the Grorud Valley.  The first radar to be built here in 1964, is exhibited at the National Aviation Museum in Bodø in Northern Norway.  The radar is unmanned and remotely operated by Oslo ATCC (the Area Control Center at Røyken south of Oslo) and is owned by Avinor. The radar itself, rotating at a cycle of about 4 seconds, can be peeked through a grate when standing directly below the dome. The radiation from the antenna is reported by geocachers to render GPS equipment in its vicinity inoperable.

References

Ground radars
Landmarks in Norway
Buildings and structures in Oslo
1964 establishments in Norway
Air traffic control in Norway
Marka, Oslo

Haukåsen Radar


Sir Thomas Bernard, 3rd Baronet (27 April 17501 July 1818) was an English social reformer whose father, as governor of the Province of New Jersey (1758-1760) and Province of Massachusetts Bay (1760–1770), played a responsible part in directing the British policy which led to the revolt of the American colonies.

Life
He was born at Lincoln, the younger son of Sir Francis Bernard, 1st Baronet. Rather late in his life, on the death of his elder brother in 1810, Bernard succeeded to the baronetcy conferred on his father in 1768.

His early education was obtained at Harvard College, in which his father took a great interest. He then acted as confidential secretary to his father during the troubles which led (1769) to the governor's recall, and accompanied Sir Francis to England, where he was called to the bar, and practised as a conveyancer.

He married a rich wife, and acquired a considerable fortune, and then devoted most of his time to social work for the benefit of the poor. From 1795 to 1806 he was treasurer of the Foundling Hospital for abandoned babies, in the concerns of which he took an important part. After his treasurership, he continued to play a role on the charity's Court of Governors holding the honorary title of Vice President, but resigned when taking on the baronetcy in 1810. He also helped to establish in 1796 the "Society for Bettering the Condition and Increasing the Comforts of the Poor," in 1800 a school for indigent blind, and in 1801 a fever institution. He was a founding Director of the British Institution in 1805.

He was active in promoting vaccination, improving the conditions of child labour, advocating rural allotments, and agitating against the salt duties. He took great interest in education, and with Count Rumford he was an originator of the Royal Institution in London. He died without issue on 1 July 1818.

Sir Thomas was also a Director and leading proponent of the Regent's Canal. He was approached in 1811 by John Nash (architect), the architect, who was a leading advocate of the canal and was present at the Percy Street Meeting, on 31 May 1811 at which a steering committee was set up to plan the building of a canal across north London. Social reformers favoured canals in this period because they greatly reduced the price of coal for the poor, and at that time gas lighting was also being adopted, using gas made from coal. Gas lighting was cheaper than candles. Sir Thomas played a prominent part in the management of the troubled canal throughout his remaining years. In 1818 it was he who finally settled a long-running acrimonious dispute with William Agar of Elm Lodge, whose determined opposition and clever but awkward behaviour had frustrated the canal's construction. Sadly he died just a few weeks after his moment of greatest success when he had resolved this major difficulty by negotiation, so he did not live to see the canal completed.

He was buried beneath the chapel of the Foundling Hospital, London, which was demolished in 1928.

References

Attribution:

External links
 The Regent's Canal
 The Foundling Museum

English philanthropists
Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain
Harvard College alumni
1750 births
1818 deaths
British social reformers

Sir Thomas Bernard, 3rd Baronet


Sir Arthur Percival Heywood, 3rd Baronet (25 December 1849 – 19 April 1916) is best known today as the innovator of the fifteen inch minimum gauge railway, for estate use.

Early life

He was the eldest son of Sir Thomas Percival Heywood and grew up in the family home of Dove Leys at Denstone in Staffordshire.

Dove Leys looked over the valley where the North Staffordshire Railway from Rocester to Ashbourne ran. The family travelled by train to their relatives in Manchester and on holiday to Inveran in the Highland region of Scotland. Heywood developed a passion for the railway from an early age.

He assisted his father in his hobby of ornamental metalwork, with a Holtzapffel lathe, and in his late teenage, built a 4 in gauge model railway with a steam locomotive.  Wanting something on which his younger siblings could ride, he went on to build a 9 in gauge locomotive and train, which gave him the experience for his later ventures.

Initially schooled at Eton, in 1868, he went on to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he made friends with the local railway people, cadging lifts on the footplates of locos.  He graduated in 1872 with a master's degree in Applied Science.  The Heywood family originally made its fortune in the trans-Atlantic slavery trade, which operated in Liverpool, and as a landed gentleman, however, convention frowned on him developing an engineering career.

Later life

In 1872 he married his cousin, Margaret Effie, daughter of the Reverend George Sumner, Rector of Alresford in Hampshire, and set up home at Duffield Bank, near Duffield, Derbyshire near Derby, the headquarters of the Midland Railway.  Since many of the directors lived in Duffield, he soon developed an interest in Derby Works.  He became aware of experiments by the Royal Engineers in building railways in warfare.

These first experiments had been distinctly unsuccessful, as had previous attempts dating back several decades to build "portable railways" for agricultural use.  Thus, at what was known as the Duffield Bank Railway, Heywood developed what he called the "minimum gauge railway".  He settled on  as the optimum, his previous  line having proved to be too small to carry people in a stable manner.  Built on a steep hillside, the line was an ideal testing ground and, to gain the adhesion for steep gradients and the ability to negotiate small radius curves, he built six-coupled locomotives with what he called his "radiating axle."

Though the line remained in use for many years and was visited by many potential buyers, the only interest came from the Duke of Westminster for whom he built the Eaton Hall Railway.

Sir Arthur also had a keen interest in campanology (bell ringing) and in 1891 he founded the Central Council of Church Bell Ringers.  He often joined the ringers at Duffield St. Alkmunds church where he was a churchwarden and sidesman.  In 1887 he augmented St. Alkmunds' ring of bells from eight to ten.

He was a board member of the Derbyshire Royal Infirmary and the president of the Infirmary in 1895.

He was the chair of the Derbyshire police Standing Joint Committee for a number of years, High Sheriff of Derbyshire for 1899, a Justice of the Peace for Derbyshire and later for Staffordshire by virtue of his seat at Dove Leys.

Sir Arthur's father died in 1897 and he inherited Dove Leys, where he began to build another railway between the road, where there was a coal store, and the house. His intention was to extend to Norbury railway goods yard, but Colonel Clowes who owned the land in between refused to give him wayleave. Sir Arthur then extended the line southwards to nearby Dove Cliff farm, which was part of his estate, and thence to Rocester station. However he was again unable to obtain wayleave from his other neighbour, Colonel Dawson.

When World War I began in 1914, all three of his sons went on active service, as did many of his staff. Sir Arthur carried on, particularly with work on the Eaton Hall Railway.  One of his last acts was to present the Volunteer Training Corps with 50 rifles.  He was unwell in the early
part of 1916 and took a turn for the worse on 19 April during a visit to Duffield Bank where he died that afternoon, aged 66.

Sir Arthur Heywood was buried at Denstone on 22 April 1916.

Heywood radiating axle locomotives

The Heywood radiating axle locomotives could pass very tight curves by a special axle arrangement. This was first drawn by Arthur Heywood in 1877 and described in a book published in 1881, much earlier than the patent filings of the Klien-Lindner axle and Luttermöller axle. On steam locomotives with three axles the frame of the middle axis could move transversely to the left and right underneath the main frame of the locomotive. The frame was hinged to the two pivoted frames of the front and rear axle. In sharp curves of the track it aligned all axles exactly perpendicular to the track, so that the axes would meet in the centre point of the track's curve.

The principle is similar to that of the radiating axles invented by James Cleminson of London for railway carriages, which "consists in mounting the axles with their axle boxes, guards, and springs in frames separate from the main under-frame of the carriage. The end frames have central pivots, around which they swivel freely, while the middle frame is so arranged that it can slide transversely. The three frames are connected together by articulated radiating gear, so that they act sympathetically, and, no matter how sharp the curve, each axle instantly assumes a position coincident with the radial lines of that curve, instead of remaining parallel to each other as in the ordinary construction, in which the wheels grind their way along the sides of the rails. The wear and tear of tires and rails is thus greatly reduced, because the flanges of the tires are always parallel with the rails."

See also
 Cleminson's patent
 Lateral motion device
 Luttermöller axle
 Minimum railway curve radius

References

Bibliography

 Clayton, H., (1968) The Duffield Bank and Eaton Railways. The Oakwood Press, X19,

 Smithers, Mark, (1995) Sir Arthur Heywood and the Fifteen Inch Gauge Railway, Plateway Press, ,

External links

Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Arthur
Locomotive builders and designers
1849 births
1916 deaths
People from the Borough of East Staffordshire
People from Duffield
High Sheriffs of Derbyshire

Bellringers
People educated at Eton College
Churchwardens
Burials in Staffordshire

Arthur Heywood


Véronique Marie Line Sanson (; born 24 April 1949) is a three-time Victoires de la Musique award-winning French singer-songwriter and record producer with an avid following in her native country.

Ten years after Barbara, Véronique Sanson became one of the first French female singer-songwriters to break into stardom with her debut album "Amoureuse" in 1972. She also became one of the most successful and most prominent members of the Seventies "Nouvelle chanson française" ("New French chanson"), alongside Alain Souchon, Bernard Lavilliers, Jacques Higelin, Michel Polnareff, Catherine Lara, Yves Duteil, Maxime Le Forestier, Renaud, William Sheller, Michel Jonasz, Michel Berger, Hubert-Félix Thiéfaine, Louis Chédid, or Francis Cabrel. Unlike most previous French artists of the Sixties Yé-yé era, who mostly released EPs consisting of a collection of singles, B-sides and covers, Sanson and her counterparts of the "nouvelle chanson française" established the dominance of singer-songwriters on the Seventies French charts thanks to albums with full-length artistic statements.

One of her songs, "Amoureuse", was covered in English in 1973 by singer Kiki Dee, and became a major hit in the United Kingdom, and has been covered since by various other singers, from Polly Brown (1973) to Elaine Paige with Olivia Newton-John (1974), Pete Townshend (1974), Linda Martin (1996) and Amanda Abbs with Illusive (1997). In 1974, Patti Dahlstrom recorded a second version with her own lyrics, entitled "Emotion", which was covered by Helen Reddy (1974) and Shirley Bassey (1975). Many other covers of "Amoureuse" have been recorded in French, German, Spanish, Dutch or Japanese.

Sanson plays piano and guitar.

Childhood and family
Both her parents, René and Colette Sanson, were members of the Resistance during the German occupation of France. Before the war,  was a French diplomat in The Hague. When the Germans invaded the Netherlands, he sent a coded message to warn the French government that Germany was planning to attack France from across the Belgian border. This very message was decoded by Colette, a communication worker at the French Ministry of War. It was not until a few months later that they met in person, in a resistance cell. Both became prominent within the Resistance. In 1944, after the bombing of a German train, Colette was arrested and sentenced to death by the occupation force but managed to escape.

After the liberation of Paris, René Sanson was appointed Minister of Labour in Charles de Gaulle's provisional government. The couple married in 1945. As a lawyer and an economist, René Sanson remained involved in politics as Member of Parliament and Deputy of the 13th district of Paris until 1967. In 1970, he was in charge of the French delegation at the Osaka World Expo; Véronique first visited Japan on this occasion.

Véronique grew up in a very privileged Parisian home. She attended the Cours Hattemer, a private school. Her parents considered music the finest art there was, and emphasized the musical apprenticeship of their daughters. Her mother introduced her to the guitar, while her father, who was a great fan of jazz, taught her the piano at the age of four. At the age of 13, she already composed her own songs, influenced by The Beatles, Ray Charles and by Dionne Warwick's peculiar vibrato. In 1965, she was struck by amnesia after a severe bout of meningitis that left her with few and fragmented childhood memories.

Discovery and early recordings: the late 1960s
In 1967, her career began in a trio, the Roche-Martin, with François Bernheim and her sister Violaine Sanson. The three teenagers only managed to sell a few hundred records, but this experience allowed her to meet with Michel Berger, with whom she began a romantic relationship as well as a prolific artistic career. He introduced her to his record company (Pathé Marconi), and encouraged her to pursue a solo career. Sanson later mentioned that period as her most productive. In an interview, she recalled that she forced herself to write a song per day to keep up with Berger, who commissioned her to write songs for Isabelle de Funès, niece of French actor, Louis de Funès. She wrote "Mon voisin", "Une odeur de neige" and "Jusqu'à la tombée du jour" that would later be featured in Sanson's 1992 album Sans Regrets. In 1969, she released her first solo single, comprising "Le Feu Du Ciel" and "Le Printemps est là", which met with very little success.

The Breakthrough: the early 1970s
After the commercial failure of her first single, her contract with Pathé Marconi was severed. In 1971, she wrote "La brume de Philadelphie" for Petula Clark, which was issued as the B-side of Clark's French single "La Chanson de Marie Madeleine".

She and Berger had formed an inseparable team, and were offered a joint recording contract by Bernard de Bosson, CEO of WEA at the time.

In 1972, Sanson released the album Amoureuse, produced by Berger, which received a warm welcome from critics. With the singles "Besoin de personne", "Amoureuse", and "Bahia", it reached the summit of the charts thanks to intensive radio play (2× Gold in five months). Françoise Hardy later declared that the release of Amoureuse marked the end of the Yé-yé era, as she confessed "When I first heard Amoureuse, I had the impression that every female singer, including myself, was left far behind". However, the success of the album had an ironic downside for Sanson, who was terrified of performing in front of an audience and therefore refused to schedule concerts. However, Berger and de Bosson believed she could overcome her debilitating fear, and forced her to perform a daily showcase at the Eiffel Tower's restaurant. She also appeared the same year as the opening act for some of the biggest stars of the time such as Claude Francois, Julien Clerc, and Michel Polnareff.

Amoureuse was closely followed by De l'autre côté de mon rêve, which also became a commercial success thanks to the singles "Comme je l'imagine", and "Chanson sur ma drôle de vie". In the meantime, she had met Stephen Stills after a concert he performed with his new band Manassas in Paris. They fell in love, and Sanson left Berger to follow Stills to New York, just as De l'autre côté de mon rêve was released – she supposedly went out to buy cigarettes, but never came back. In 1973, Sanson went on tour as a main act for the first time in Canada.

The American Period: 1973–1981
Sanson and Stills married in 1973, in Guildford, England, with guests including Ringo Starr and Roger Daltrey. She moved permanently to the United States, but returned to France regularly to give concerts and promote her music. In 1974, she gave birth to her only child, Christopher, in Boulder, Colorado. Her marriage also marked a new direction to her career, which has led the French media to constantly associate her music with Anglophone influences (in her career she has recorded most of her albums in the US, and mostly with American musicians).

She enrolled Manassas and decided to produce her next album herself. In contrast with her Beatles-inspired previous albums, the record emerged as a mixture of pop and 1970's rock'n'roll. Critically acclaimed at the time and still viewed today as a milestone of Sanson's career, Le Maudit was released in 1974, and reflects a large spectrum of musical influences such as bossa nova in "Alia Souza", or pure rock'n'roll in "On m'attend là bas". After several tours in Quebec in 1973, she went touring in France, with two concerts at the Olympia in October 1974, with Stills on bass guitar, then a long tour in 1975, with two weeks at the Olympia.

In 1976, she began a long-lasting professional collaboration with producer Bernard Saint-Paul – making 12 albums – and released the album Vancouver, recorded in London with British musicians. The record became her first platinum album, propelled by the single "Vancouver", one of her biggest hits.

By 1976, Sanson had become an established star. Her music, very much inspired by the best American producers, was a rarity in the Seventies French musical landscape. She gave two weeks of concerts at the Olympia, where her first live album was recorded.

The following year she released Hollywood, her fifth studio album. Recorded in Stevie Wonder's studios in Los Angeles, Hollywood found Sanson combining a disco-inspired sound to pop-driven melodies, which led the album to be referred to as the most representative piece of Sanson's American period. The same year she went on tour across France with Michel Jonasz as her opening act. Although she lived in the United States most of the time, she managed to remain present in the French musical landscape, travelling back and forth between her home in Colorado and her audience in France.

In 1978, she became the first French female artist to perform at le Palais des sports in Paris, which was the biggest arena in Paris at that time.

In 1979, she released 7ème, best known for the single "Ma révérence", one of her most popular songs. Overall, the album is quite melancholic, which contrasts with the lightness of Hollywood two years earlier. In fact, Sanson was going through a hard time in her life. She had decided to leave Stills and was engaged in a tough legal battle in American courts for the custody of her son.

Period of Transition: The 1980s
The transition toward the 1980s was difficult and challenging. Still tied to America by her son, of whom she did not gain full custody until 1983, she continued to split her time between the US and France. Fans and critics were enthusiastic when her new album came out in 1981 (Laisse-la vivre). Though the record contained no memorable hit singles, it emerged as a solid ensemble of well-crafted songs. The album went double gold and she spent the following year on the road, managing to draw large audiences during a tour that ended with three weeks in a row at the le Palais des sports of Paris.

In 1983, she permanently settled in France with her son, Christopher, and her boyfriend, actor Etienne Chicot. After a long break, she released an eponymous album in 1985, recorded entirely in France. This untitled album was nicknamed The white album by the press, while Sanson refers to it as The lil' trees (Les p'tits arbres). This synth-driven album included C'est long c'est court which became a radio hit in France during the summer of 1985, as well as the ballad "Le temps est assassin". She then embarked in a long tour during 1985–86 which met with tremendous success highlighted by a month-long residence at the Olympia in November 1985.

In 1988, she released the album Moi le venin, which included the highly controversial single "Allah" (produced by Michel Berger). A couple of months after the release of the video directed by Dominic Sena (director of Gone in 60 Seconds, Kalifornia, Swordfish...), the song was censored in the media, and Sanson was forced to drop it from her tour's set-list after receiving threats of violence from radical Muslims. As a result of several death threats, she was put under police protection. The controversy arose because of the Muslim tradition forbidding reference to Allah in a song, and occurred just a few weeks after a fatwā was issued against Salman Rushdie. In response to the uproar, Sanson apologized and pleaded that the song was really meant to be a message of peace and tolerance. French show-business massively stood up for her, and more than a hundred artists signed a pamphlet against "the diktat of all forms of radicalism"

In November 1989, Sanson took part in the first charity tour entitled Les Enfoirés for Les Restos du coeur, alongside French rock stars Johnny Hallyday, Eddy Mitchell and Jean-Jacques Goldman.

In 1989, she realized a lifelong dream to play with a symphonic orchestra. After rehearsals in Czechoslovakia with the Czech symphonic orchestra "Fisyo", a series of six concerts took place in December 1989 at the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris. A resulting live album was released the subsequent year. In 1990, she also toured with the symphonic orchestra for a dozen concerts across France.

The 1990s
In 1991, Véronique Sanson received the Grand Prix of "la SACEM" (the French Singer Songwriter guild) to celebrate her entire recording career. The same year, she released a duet with singer-songwriter Catherine Lara, entitled "Entre elle et moi".

For the first time in more than a decade, Sanson recorded her tenth studio album in the US with American musicians. Sans regrets, issued in 1992, was a tremendous success propelled by the famous single "Rien que de l'eau". This song was the result of an unprecedented collaboration with another songwriter, Bernard Swell, a long-time friend. The album went platinum and its first single still remains one of her biggest hits, with over 500,000 copies sold in six months.

In 1993, she won a Victoires de la musique for best female singer of the year. In March, she performed at the Zenith Paris. During these shows, she paid tribute to Berger who had died in 1992, by performing "Seras-tu là", one of his songs. The live album recorded at the Zenith went platinum.

Between 1993 and 1996, Sanson went on tour in France, Belgium, Switzerland and Canada. During the summer of 1994, at the Francofolies Festival of La Rochelle, several artists gathered to pay a musical tribute to her career. For more than two hours, Michel Fugain, Alain Chamfort, Yves Duteil, William Sheller, Marc Lavoine, les Innocents, Paul Personne, Maxime le Forestier and I Muvrini, performed some of her biggest hits in duet with Sanson. This special tribute was made into a live album released the following year: Comme ils l'imaginent went 2× Platinum, and became one of the best-selling albums of 1995 in France.

In 1995, she married stand-up comedian Pierre Palmade in Triel-sur-Seine. She also recorded a duet with her son, Chris Stills, titled "Run". The song was released on a benefit album for children living with AIDS (Sol En Si). In 1996, she won her second Victoire de la musique for Best Female Artist of The Year.

Sanson started the production of a new album in 1997. The album was recorded in the United States, and Bernard Swell wrote and produced four of the album's songs. A sold-out tour followed the release of Indestructible, which went 2× gold. She performed in the Palais des sports of Paris in January 1998, then toured through France, and in the summer of 1999, Sanson performed at various festivals, including at France's largest rock Festival Les Vieilles Charrues.

Long Distance: the 2000s
Sanson's cover album of Michel Berger songs – mostly from his early years – was released in 2000 (D'un papillon à une étoile) and went platinum in just a few weeks. It was followed by an extensive tour, produced by Paul Buckmaster (Elton John's arranger), and eventually by a live album (Avec vous). Sanson surrounded herself with her usual musicians, mostly Americans, as well as a classical ensemble from Prague. Her stage outfits for this tour were entirely created by Yves Saint Laurent.

In June 2000, she was invited to perform for President Jacques Chirac at the Elysée Palace for the Fête de la Musique.

In 2002, after a prolonged absence due to health problems, Sanson canceled a solo tour on which she would have accompanied herself only on piano. However, in September 2004, a few months after the press had announced her divorce from Pierre Palmade, she released a comeback album titled Longue Distance, produced by Bernard Saint-Paul. Longue Distance peaked at number 1 on the French charts. Her 2005 tour across France ended with nine concerts at the Olympia, during which she recorded her eighth live album.

In 2005, she released her autobiography, La Douceur du Danger (written with Didier Varrod), in which she discussed the most striking events of her life, particularly her alcoholism and her love life.

The "best-of", entitled Petits moments choisis, was released in November 2007, just as the singer started an unusually long tour which lasted until the summer of 2009. In December 2008, the limited edition 22CD/4DVD collection titled Et voilà !, including all her albums and videos as well as many previously unreleased tracks, sold out in less than a month.

In October 2008, she joined ex-husband Stills and her son, Chris Stills, on the stage of the Olympia, to perform a family version of Stills's "Love the One You're With".

In November 2008, rapper Jay-Z released a song called "History", to honor the election of US President Barack Obama. The song is based on samples and melodies from Véronique Sanson's 1972 recording of "Une nuit sur son épaule" (the original solo version, not the 1995 duet with Marc Lavoine). Jay-Z's song features Sanson on background vocals. In December 2008, she declared on Canal Plus's "Le Grand Journal" that she appreciated it, but would have preferred to be asked beforehand.

French-Canadian pop star Ima released a salsa-inspired reworking of "Chanson sur ma drôle de vie", followed in February 2009 by an associated video. Additionally, singer Lara Fabian released a cover version of "Amoureuse" in June on her studio album Toutes les femmes en moi.

The 2010s
In March 2010, the two lead actresses of the film Tout ce qui brille released a cover of "Chanson sur ma drôle de vie" on the movie soundtrack. The song became a number one hit in France, while the original recording by Sanson peaked at number 2 on the French iTunes.

The album, titled Plusieurs lunes (Many Moons) was released on 25 October 2010, and debuted at number 3 on the French charts. Plusieurs Lunes caught the attention of the press who widely celebrated and highlighted the return of Sanson after a couple of fairly disappointing albums (namely Indestructible and Longue Distance). A song from this new piece, "La nuit se fait attendre", was made available on her official website in June 2010, while the second single, "Qu'on me pardonne" (written by her sister, Violaine) was released in early October. After a week-long residence at the Paris Olympia in March 2011, Sanson toured across France, Belgium, Switzerland, Tunisia, Israel before finishing touring at the end of 2012 with more shows in Paris, at the Grand Rex and Salle Pleyel.

In commemoration of the forty years anniversary of the release of Amoureuse (released on 20 March 1972), singer songwriter Jeanne Cherhal played a tribute concert on 21 March 2012 at the studio 104 in Paris at which all 12 tracks of the album were covered by the singer. The concert was broadcast on the radio France Inter on 6 April 2012.

On 14 May 2012, Warner Music released a box set containing a remastered CD of Amoureuse (including 10 demo songs, and a duet with Fanny Ardant), a vinyl version, a live CD recorded in Brussels in 2011, and a photo book.

In January 2015, she launched a new tour named "Les Années Américaines" (The American Years) at the Olympia, along with a book, composed of unreleased personal documents and pictures, and a 2CD Best of, also titled "Les Années Américaines". In March 2015, a Deluxe issue of the Best of with a previously unreleased recording of her 1975 concert at the Olympia was released. Initially planned to last until April 2015, the tour "Les Années Américaines" was prolonged to January 2016.

After 43 years under contract with Warner, she joined Sony. At the 2016 Victoires de la Musique, she was nominated for "Best Female Artist of the year", but lost to Yael Naim.

In November 2016, she released her 15th album Dignes, dingues, donc..., which debuted at number 3 on the French album charts. "Et je l'appelle encore" was the first single released.

At the 2017 Victoires de la Musique, she received two nominations: for "Best Female Artist of the year" (lost to Jain), and for "Best song of the year" with "Et je l'appelle encore" (lost to Vianney's "Je m'en vais"). Her 2017-2018 tour started on 30 June.

Personal life
Sanson was romantically involved with French singer-songwriter Michel Berger from 1967 to 1972. Their love story has become a part of French music legend, especially through songs they wrote to each other long after they broke up. From 1973 to 1979 she was married to American rock musician Stephen Stills. Their son, Chris Stills, is also a musician. She was later married to French comic Pierre Palmade from 1995 to 2001.

Discography

Studio albums
Amoureuse (1972)
De l'autre côté de mon rêve (1972)
Le maudit (1974)
Vancouver (1976)
Hollywood (1977)
7ème (1979)
Laisse-la vivre (1981)
Véronique Sanson (1985)
Moi le venin (1988)
Sans regrets (1992)
Indestructible (1998)
D'un papillon à une étoile (1999)
Longue distance (2004)
Plusieurs Lunes (2010)
Dignes, dingues, donc... (2016)
Duos volatils (2018)

Live albums
Live at the Olympia 1976
Au Palais des Sports 1981
L'Olympia 1985
A l'Olympia 89
Symphonique Sanson (1989)
Zenith 93
Comme ils l'imaginent (1995)
Véronique Sanson chante Michel Berger, Avec vous (2000)
Olympia 2005
Le Cirque Royal de Véronique Sanson (2012)
Olympia 1975 (2015)
Les années américaines: Le film (2016)

Awards
 1975: Silver Prize, Tokyo Music Festival
 1978: Best Female Artist of the Year, Midem
 1984: Named Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French Ministry of Culture
 1991: Grand Prix de la SACEM
 1992: Medal of the French National Order of Merit
 1993: Victoires de la musique Best Female Artist of the Year
 1996: Victoires de la musique Best Female Artist of the Year
 2005: Named Officer of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French Ministry of Culture
 2013: Victoires de la musique Honorary Award
 2015: Prix spécial de la SACEM
 2015: "Grand Prix de la chanson française" from the Académie Française for her entire song catalog
 2019: Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres

References

External links
  Official Site
  Harmonies: V. Sanson: The 70's
  Veronique Sanson's great moments in Quebec

1949 births
Living people
Musicians from Boulogne-Billancourt
French expatriates in the United States
20th-century French women singers
21st-century French women singers
French women singer-songwriters
French singer-songwriters
Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
French-language singers
Stephen Stills

Véronique Sanson


Daedalus Howell (born July 19, 1972), is an American writer, journalist, filmmaker, actor and conceptual artist  who lives and works in Petaluma, California. He wrote the novels Quantum Deadline and The Late Projectionist and the essay collection I Heart Sonoma: How to Live and Drink in Wine Country. He is the writer-director of the feature film Pill Head.  He hosted the podcast Daedalus Howell: Night School of the Mind  and The Morning Show on KSVY 91.3 FM, Sonoma. Since 2019, he's served as the editor of the North Bay Bohemian and the Pacific Sun newspapers.

Early life

Howell was born in Sonoma County, California. He left Petaluma High School in 1988 via the California High School Proficiency Exam following a suspension from performing a staged adaptation of Dr. Strangelove (he would have graduated as part of the class of 1990). He later studied creative writing at San Francisco State University.

Career
Howell is author of the novel Quantum Deadline, part one of the Lumaville Labyrinth series.

He also wrote the novel The Late Projectionist and is the writer-director of dozens of short films. As a journalist, he has written for the San Francisco Chronicle, the North Bay Bohemian, the Petaluma Argus-Courier, Los Angeles Downtown News, FineLife Sonoma Magazine (for which he was editor), Sonoma Valley Sun, the Rivertown Report. As a broadcast personality, Howell has hosted shows on KWMR (West Marin Coastal Radio) and KSVY (Sonoma, CA) and guest hosts The Drive on KSRO in Sonoma County. He wrote a weekly column for the Sonoma Index-Tribune. He has also penned a media column for the North Bay Bohemian and was credited as the "wine country editor" of Tasting Panel Magazine.

With collaborator Jerry Rapp, Howell wrote and directed the R&H Educational Film Series, a four-part parody of American "social guidance films" of the 1950s. The series has played on Showtime and Canal+. A portion of the series was showcased on IFC. Howell has also directed music videos for RCA-signed Longwave and New York City-based Falcon. Howell also co-produced the feature film The Aviary and ran publicity for Deep Dark Canyon for filmmakers Silver Tree and Abe Levy.

He is the star of "Replica Redux," the re-released version of cult film "Replica," which was directed by Raymond Scott Daigle and released on YouTube in 2012. A night-in-the-life of several copy store employees, Howell plays a beleaguered nightshift manager whose life collapses in the course of several hours. The entire film was shot after hours in a FedEx Kinkos without corporate knowledge.

Howell wears a sartorial "uniform" of a dark blazer, jeans and Beatle boots, which he referred to as his "action figure outfit" in Shea Magazine.

Awards
In 2007, Howell placed first in the Association of Alternative Newsweeklies' national "Altweekly Awards" for Food Writing/Criticism (circ. 60,000 or less) for his wine column in the North Bay Bohemian.

The California Tourism Industry Association (CalTIA) awarded Howell first place for his Inside Sonoma series in October, 2008.

In 2011, Howell also won first place in the National Newspaper Association Better Newspaper Contest for "Best Humorous Column" for his contributions to the Sonoma Index-Tribune.In 2012, Howell and collaborator Raymond Scott Daigle won a Gold Adrian Award from Hospitality Sales and Marketing Association International (HSMAI) for achievements in marketing and public relations on behalf of their client the Sonoma County Tourism Bureau.

In 2017, host Daedalus Howell and producer Takeshi Lewis' The Morning Show, KSVY 91.3 FM, was voted "Best Local Radio Show" in the Sonoma Valley Sun 2017 Readers Poll.

In 2023, as editor of the Pacific Sun (newspaper), Daedalus Howell won 2nd place in the "writing" category of the California News Publisher Association Awards for work published in 2022.

Intrigues
Among other exploits, Howell and Rapp are known for squatting on the Warner Bros. studio back lot, which became the inspiration for their proposed TV series "Back Lot." Negotiations with Fremantle Media and the Sundance Channel stalled in 2005 and the project was eventually shelved, though several short stories by Howell and a short film produced by Howell, Rapp and then-producer Ross Martin still exist. The series was pitched as "Two guys sneak off a tourist tram onto a Hollywood back lot, live in the sets, eat craft service and wear wardrobe while trying to get a three picture deal." It is highly unlikely that Howell and Rapp could have evaded lot security for any meaningful duration and their hijinks were thought to be a hoax. Howell's account of the "Back Lot" odyssey was published by Metroactive as "L.A. Confidential " in the August 24–30, 2005 issue of the North Bay Bohemian. The article was subtitled "In which our writer mines Milton, fends off Fabio, suffers attachment issues and waits to get back on the lot."

Howell's name itself has sparked controversy, not least of which for its pronunciation, "DAY-de-lus." Howell spells "Daedalus" with the "ae" diphthong which would properly be pronounced "Deedalus." Howell's recorded birth name was "Daedalus Christopher Ferguson," though he changed his surname to "Howell" at 18, which was his father's original last name prior to adoption by his stepfather. Throughout his formative years, Howell used the name "Chris Ferguson" and did not begin using "Daedalus Howell" in earnest until his early 20s when he became a professional writer.

Howell is sometimes connected to Albert Summers Howell, co-founder of Bell & Howell Co. (maker of motion picture cameras in the pioneering days of cinema), though he refuses to comment on his familial association despite being linked in various genealogies.

Entrepreneurial pursuits

With poets Trane DeVore and Jonathan Legare, Howell published the literary quarterly Deluge Six. Howell would later create Scam Magazine, a satire tabloid published intermittently between 1993 and 1995. The publishing interest also released author Geoffrey B. Cain's novel "The Wards of St. Dymphna." Howell later liquidated the publishing company's assets (including a variety of related Internet domain names) to subsidize his first forays into independent film.

In 2009, Howell formed DHowell Media Group, a branded entertainment company which has produced content for national brands including Annie's Homegrown, Morton's Steakhouse and Sutter Home Winery as well as numerous music videos. In October 2010, Howell changed the name of the company to FMRL, an acronym for "Future Media Research Lab" and a pun on "ephemeral." In 2011, FMRL contracted with Wikia to produce food and beverage-themed content in addition to renewing its relationship with the Sonoma County Tourism Bureau to produce Howell's "lifestyle ambassador" video series. It later became a publishing collective.

Bibliography
 Howell, Daedalus. (1999). The Late Projectionist. SoCo Arts & Media. .
 Howell, Daedalus. (2012). I Heart Sonoma: How to Live & Drink in Wine Country. FMRL.
 Howell, Daedalus. (2015). Quantum Deadline''. FMRL.

Filmography

Pill Head, writer-director
Fletcher Benton: The Artist's Studio
 "Everywhere You Turn" video for New York-based Longwave.
 Hold Me With Your Robot Hand
 Is It Time to Swap?
 Johnny Come Early
 Farewell, My Android
 Orange
 All's Well That's Orwell
 I Am a Croissant
The Hands of San Francisco
 The Aviary, co-producer
 Life of Making (official selection of the Sonoma International Film Festival)

Howell also hosted and directed the documentary "Copia: The American Center for Food, Wine and the Arts," for WineTV, which never aired due to the closure of Copia.

References

External links
 Daedalus Howell's Official Website

 Trading highways for vineyards, Author Daedalus Howell returns to Sonoma from Hollywood back to 'Wine Country' roots, Petaluma360, September 13, 2012
 Daedalus Howell Hearts Sonoma, Press Democrat, February 21, 2012
 Howell Releases "I Heart Sonoma," Sonoma Index-Tribune, January 26, 2012
 Daedalus Howell comments on resveratrol on NPR, "Red Wine Pills: Buyer Beware" Morning Edition. November 15, 2007
 Howell interviewed regarding digital filmmaking. "Speed of Film" North Bay Bohemian
 "Writer's Line Up for a Chance to Voice Their Passion" Portland Oregonian, August 12, 2007
 "The Wild Bunch: North Bay Filmmakers Forge a New Cinematic Scene" North Bay Bohemian, August 24, 2005
 FMRL | Future Media Research Lab

Citations
 "Duck and Cover," The Escapist
 Rosie and Mrs. America: Perceptions of Women in the 1930s and 1940s
 Fire, Blood and Alphabet: One Hundred Years of Lorca

Film producers from California
American male journalists
20th-century American novelists
People from Petaluma, California
Wine critics
1972 births
Living people
Film directors from California
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
Journalists from California
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
Novelists from California
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers

Daedalus Howell


Confucius  (born 551 BC, died 479 BC) was an important Chinese educator and philosopher. His original name was Kong Qiu or Zhong Ni.
As a child, he was eager to learn about everything, and was very interested in rituals. Although he grew up in extreme poverty, it did not stop his curiosity from growing. He was a very dedicated student, especially in his teenage years. Its not known how he received his formal education, but he mastered many subject of the arts. Once he grew up, he worked as a state official who handled farms and cattle. Then he became a teacher.

Confucius lived in a time when many states were fighting wars in China.
This period was called the Spring and Autumn period of the Zhou Dynasty.
Confucius did not like this and wanted to bring order back to society.

Teaching
Like Socrates, Confucius sometimes did not answer philosophical questions himself.
Instead he wanted people to think hard about problems and to learn from others, especially from history.
Confucius also thought that people should get power because they were good and skilled, and not just because they came from powerful families.

Confucius wanted people to think about other people more than about money or what they owned.
However he also felt that there should be strong rules in society and that people needed to obey them.
Confucius thought that there were five relationships people could have, and that they all had their own rules.
Two people could be
 Prince and Subject
 Father and Son
 Husband and Wife
 Elder and Child
 or Friends
These were traditional relationships called the 'five prototypes'.
Confucius said that in all these relationships, both people must obey rules.
For example, a subject must obey a prince, but also a prince must listen to a subject and must rule him well and fairly.

Confucius said that people should only do things to other people if they would be okay with other people doing those things to themselves.
This is sometimes called the Golden Rule and was also taught by Jesus Christ.

His students wrote down small stories about him, and things that he said.
These were put together to make a book called The Analects, which became one of the main books of Confucianism.

551 BC births
479 BC deaths
Eastern philosophers
Confucianism
Chinese philosophers

Confucius


Frou-Frou, is a French comedy film from 1955, directed by Augusto Genina, written by A. E. Carr, starring Dany Robin and Louis de Funès. The film is also known as "A Girl from Paris".

Plot
Frou-Frou is a 16-year-old peddler. She comes to the attention of four gentlemen who, Pygmalion-like, agree on helping her to improve her situation. They teach her to behave like a lady and introduce her to the upper class. But she falls in love with an unsuccessful artist who commits suicide after he has befathered her with a daughter...

Cast
 Dany Robin as Antoinette Dubois called "Frou-Frou"
 Louis de Funès as Colonel Cousinet-Duval, one of Frou-Frou's mentors
 Gino Cervi as Prince Vladimir Bilinsky, one of Frou-Frou's mentors
 Philippe Lemaire as Michel Arthus, the young painter
 Ivan Desny as Henri de Gaspard, Frou-Frou's first lover
 Mischa Auer as Grand duke Alexis
 Jean Wall as Jean Sabatier, one of Frou-Frou's mentors
 Umberto Menalti as Count Sigismond Meursault, one of Frou-Frou's mentors
 Daniel Ceccaldi as Chevalier des Grieux, the young man at the masked ball
 Marie Sabouret as Grande duchess Anna Ivanovna, keeper of a Russian restaurant
 Béatrice Arnac as Rosemonde
 Simone Sylvestre as Ketty
 Mylène Demongeot as The mistress
 Isabelle Pia as Michèle Dubois, Frou-Frou's daughter

References

External links

 Frou-Frou (1955) at the Films de France

1955 films
French comedy films
1950s French-language films
French black-and-white films
Films directed by Augusto Genina
Films based on works by Jacques Laurent
1955 comedy films
1950s French films

Frou-Frou


Erotica is the fifth studio album from American singer Madonna. It was released on October 20, 1992 through Maverick Records. Six singles were released from the album, one being the title song. The album caused strong controversy. It was less successful than earlier albums by Madonna: it peaked at number two in the United States. Other songs were "Deeper and Deeper" and "Bad Girl".

1992 albums
Madonna albums

Erotica (Madonna album)


The 1939 pattern webbing was an item of military load-carrying equipment used in the Second World War. It was a leather variant of the 1937 pattern web equipment.

History
In 1939, at the beginning of the Second World War, the number of troops in the British Army stood at roughly 200,000. This number rose to 2,000,000 with the introduction of National Service and the activation of reservists. The rapid increase resulted in a lack of proper equipment. Manufacturers of the webbing product—at the time a treated cotton variant, pattern 37—could not keep up with demand. This led the British government to commission the leather industry to design an alternative. The British army had faced  the same problem in the First World War, when troops were deployed with the 1908 pattern webbing. The issue was resolved by introducing the 1914 pattern web.

The difference between 1937- and 1939 pattern webbing, besides materials used in manufacturing, came down to the latter not being issued with a backpack. If troops needed a backpack, pattern 37 haversacks and packs were used.

The government placed an initial order of one million sets of Leather Infantry Equipment Patt 39. Unlike the pattern 14 design used in World War I, pattern 39 was never used at the front line. It was employed only for training purposes and by rear line troops, including troops in the UK Home Guard.

Once the 1937 pattern webbing production numbers could meet the needs of the British troops again, pattern 39 was withdrawn and reissued to the Belgian, Dutch, Czech and Polish armies. The Belgians and Dutch carried on using it post-war.

References

See also
 1908 pattern webbing
 1914 pattern webbing
 1937 pattern webbing
 1958 pattern webbing

British Army equipment
Personal military carrying equipment
World War II military equipment of the United Kingdom

39 Pattern Webbing