A naturally aspirated engine, also known as a normally aspirated engine, and abbreviated to N/A or NA, is an internal combustion engine in which air intake depends solely on atmospheric pressure and does not have forced induction through a turbocharger or a supercharger.

Description
In a naturally aspirated engine, air for combustion (Diesel cycle in a diesel engine or specific types of Otto cycle in petrol engines, namely petrol direct injection) or an air/fuel mixture (traditional Otto cycle petrol engines), is drawn into the engine's cylinders by atmospheric pressure acting against a partial vacuum that occurs as the piston travels downwards toward bottom dead centre during the intake stroke. Owing to innate restriction in the engine's inlet tract, which includes the intake manifold, a small pressure drop occurs as air is drawn in, resulting in a volumetric efficiency of less than 100 percent—and a less than complete air charge in the cylinder. The density of the air charge, and therefore the engine's maximum theoretical power output, in addition to being influenced by induction system restriction, is also affected by engine speed and atmospheric pressure, the latter of which decreases as the operating altitude increases.

This is in contrast to a forced-induction engine, in which a mechanically driven supercharger or an exhaust-driven turbocharger is employed to facilitate increasing the mass of intake air beyond what could be produced by atmospheric pressure alone. Nitrous oxide can also be used to artificially increase the mass of oxygen present in the intake air. This is accomplished by injecting liquid nitrous oxide into the intake, which supplies significantly more oxygen in a given volume than is possible with atmospheric air. Nitrous oxide is 36.3% available oxygen by mass after it decomposes as compared with atmospheric air at 20.95%. Nitrous oxide also boils at  at atmospheric pressures and offers significant cooling from the latent heat of vaporization, which also aids in increasing the overall air charge density significantly compared to natural aspiration.

Applications
Most automobile petrol engines, as well as many small engines used for non-automotive purposes, are naturally aspirated. Most modern diesel engines powering highway vehicles are turbocharged to produce a more favourable power-to-weight ratio, a higher torque curve, as well as better fuel efficiency and lower exhaust emissions. Turbocharging is nearly universal on diesel engines that are used in railroad, marine engines, and commercial stationary applications (electrical power generation, for example). Forced induction is also used with reciprocating aircraft engines to negate some of the power loss that occurs as the aircraft climbs to higher altitudes.

Advantages and disadvantages
The advantages and disadvantages of a naturally aspirated engine in relation to a same-sized engine relying on forced induction include:

Advantages
 Easier to maintain and repair
 Lower development and production costs
 Increased reliability, partly due to fewer separate, moving parts
 More direct throttle response than a turbo system due to the lack of turbo lag (an advantage also shared with superchargers)
 Less potential for overheating and or uncontrolled combustion (pinging/ knocking)

Disadvantages
 Decreased efficiency
 Decreased power-to-weight ratio
 Decreased potential for tuning
 Increased power loss at higher elevation (due to lower air pressure) compared to forced induction engines

See also
Carburetor
Fuel injection
Manifold vacuum

References

Engine technology
Internal combustion engine

Naturally aspirated engine


The Constitutional Convention (also known as the Philadelphia Convention) was held from May 25 to September 17, 1787 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Although the Convention was called to revise the Articles of Confederation, it became clear from the beginning that many members, including James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, intended to create a new government rather than fix the existing one. The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the Convention. The result of the Convention was the creation of the United States Constitution. This makes the meeting one of the most significant events in the history of the United States.

Debates
Most of the disputes were about the makeup and election of the Senate. Other disagreements concerned how "proportional representation" was to be defined (whether to include slaves or other property). They needed to decide whether to divide the executive power between three persons or invest the power into a single president. They also had to work out how to elect the president, how long his term was to be and whether he could stand for reelection. There were issues over what offenses should be impeachable. Most of the time during the Convention was spent on deciding these issues, while the powers of legislature, executive, and judiciary were not heavily disputed. Once the Convention began, the delegates first agreed on the principles of the Convention, then they agreed on Madison's Virginia Plan and began to modify it. A Committee of Detail assembled during the July 4 recess and produced a rough draft. Most of this rough draft remained in place, and can be found in the final version of the constitution. After the final issues were resolved, the Committee on Style produced the final version, and it was voted on and sent to the states.

The Virginia Plan
James Madison had spent the winter of 1787 making a study of various confederations throughout history. He came to Philadelphia armed with a wealth of knowledge and an idea for what the United States government should be. His plan was presented to the Convention by Edmund Randolph, the Governor of Virginia. It became the broad outline of what would be a new government under the U.S. Constitution. His plan called for three branches of government with checks and balances to prevent any one branch from abusing their power. Madison's idea for a legislature had two houses. One would feature members elected by the people for a three-year term. The other would have its members elected by the state legislatures and would serve for 7 years. Both would have the seats determined by the population of the country.

Two more plans
After debating the Virginia plan for two weeks, William Patterson presented his plan called variously, the New Jersey Plan, the Patterson Plan and the Small State Plan. It was very similar to the Articles of Confederation and featured a unicameral (one house) legislature. All states would have one vote. He had one idea that was kept; that state laws that ran counter to federal laws would be voided.

A third plan was offered by Alexander Hamilton. It was a copy of the British Constitution. It also was bicameral with an upper house and a legislature in which members served on their good behavior.

A solution
Finally they worked out a compromise between all three plans. The new government would have an upper house, having an equal number of delegates from each state, and a lower house with representation based on population. The executive branch would have most of the responsibilities of foreign affairs while other important powers, like ratifying treaties, would be the responsibility of the legislative branch. After the new Constitution was ratified by the states, it went into effect in 1789.

References

United States Constitution
1787 in the United States
18th century in Philadelphia

Constitutional Convention (United States)


In music, changing tones (also called double neighboring tones and neighbor group) consists of two consecutive non-chord tones. The first moves in one direction by a step from a chord tone, then skips by a third in the opposite direction to another non-chord tone, and then finally resolves back to the original chord tone. Changing tones appear to resemble two consecutive neighbor tones; an upper neighbor and a lower neighbor with the chord tone missing from the middle. The changing tone functions as a way to decorate, or embellish, a chord tone and are also used to provide rhythmic interest between common tones.  In rare instances, changing tones can be heard as musical cryptograms, such as the cruciform melody.

References

Nonchord tones
Ornamentation

Changing tones


Callbach is a municipality in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Meisenheim, whose seat is in the like-named town.

Geography

Location
Callbach is a linear village (by some definitions, a "thorpe") that lies in the North Palatine Uplands at the Eschelbach valley, a side dale of the Glan.

Neighbouring municipalities
Clockwise from the north, Callbach's neighbours are the municipalities of Rehborn, Unkenbach, Finkenbach-Gersweiler (both in the neighbouring Donnersbergkreis), Schmittweiler, Reiffelbach and the town of Meisenheim.

Constituent communities
Also belonging to Callbach is the outlying homestead of Lindenhof.

History
After the Congress of Vienna, which about 1815 and the years that followed imposed a new political landscape on the region after Napoleonic French rule had ended, Callbach belonged to the Rheinkreis along with much of the Palatinate, a new exclave of the Kingdom of Bavaria. It remained Bavarian until the end of the Second World War, since which time it has been part of the then newly founded state of Rhineland-Palatinate. In the course of administrative restructuring in this state in 1969, Callbach was transferred from the former Rockenhausen district (which was at the same time dissolved) to the Bad Kreuznach district, in which it still finds itself now. From an ecclesiastical standpoint, Callbach has long belonged to the Evangelical Church of the Palatinate (Protestant) and to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Speyer.

Population development
Callbach's population development since Napoleonic times is shown in the table below. The figures for the years from 1871 to 1987 are drawn from census data:

Religion
As at 31 August 2013, there are 386 full-time residents in Callbach, and of those, 313 are Evangelical (81.088%), 25 are Catholic (6.477%), 2 (0.518%) belong to other religious groups and 46 (11.917%) either have no religion or will not reveal their religious affiliation.

Politics

Municipal council
The council is made up of 8 council members, who were elected by majority vote at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman.

Mayor
Callbach's mayor is Uwe Mauritz.

Coat of arms
The municipality's arms might be described thus: Argent a bend sinister wavy azure issuant therefrom in dexter chief a demilion of the same armed and langued gules, in sinister base a snowflake of the second.

The charge on the dexter (armsbearer's right, viewer's left) side, the "demilion" ("half lion"), is an heraldic device formerly borne by the Counts of Veldenz, Callbach's mediaeval landholders. The other elements in the composition are canting for the village's original name, Kaltenbach, which meant "cold brook". The bend sinister wavy (slanted wavy stripe) stands for a brook, and the snowflake symbolizes coldness. The arms have been borne since 9 November 1981.

Culture and sightseeing

Buildings
The following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate's Directory of Cultural Monuments:

 Evangelical church, Kirchstraße 17 – Classicist aisleless church, marked 1780 and 1781, architect Friedrich Gerhard Wahl (see also below)
 Hauptstraße 34 – estate complex; Late Baroque Einfirsthaus ("house with single roof ridge"), marked 1790 and 1791
 Im Hof 2 – house, plastered building, essentially perhaps from the 16th or 17th century
 Schmittweilerstraße 1 – estate complex along the street; essentially Baroque house, marked 17?0 and 1802, barn, partly timber-frame, possibly from the 18th or early 19th century

Church
Callbach's church was first built in 1334, but over the course of history it has several times been destroyed and then built over again. In 1782, after a third reconstruction by the Ducal Zweibrücken Building Director Friedrich Gerhard Wahl, the aisleless church assumed its current shape. Held at the church are services of the Evangelical faith, whose members make up a majority of some 80% in the village. The rectangular building rises on a slope overlooking Kirchstraße ("Church Street"), and access thereto is gained by way of a stairway up to a portal. Because of the sloped site, the church is underpinned in part by a simple vaulted cellar. The cellar's façade towards the street is faced with sandstone blocks. The building as a whole follows the east-west orientation that is traditionally typical of church buildings. The monochromatically white plastered façade with its shaped elements in the Classicist style is framed by corner lesenes made of natural stone. The portal and the windows along the middle axis and a gable with a round window accentuate this straight-lined entrance façade. Beginning in 1993, the church – which is a parish church – was renovated in two phases. The exterior was done in 1993-1995, while the interior was done in 1998-1999. The overhaul and conversion brought into existence a newly structured multifunctional space inside the church. The inside, with its new colour scheme, now also offers rooms that may be used for various functions and purposes. The new spatial concept made it necessary to rearrange the seating and the original lateral alignment to the altar and the pulpit along the aisleless church's side wall. The stone slabs on the church floor with their signs of wear, the pews and the simple wooden table altar were overhauled and restored. A sandstone stele with a gilt baptismal font made according to current designs completes the church's furnishings. The building-in of a kitchenette, chair storage, a lavatory facility and rooms with movable walls allow the parishioners to arrange the space for the most varied of occasions. Besides the church services and liturgical exercises, the church is also used for meetings and cultural events.

Economy and infrastructure

Transport
Running through the village is Bundesstraße 420. Serving Staudernheim is a railway station on the Nahe Valley Railway (Bingen–Saarbrücken).

References

External links

 Brief portrait of Callbach with film at SWR Fernsehen

Bad Kreuznach (district)
Palatinate (region)

Callbach


Stubaital station () was built in 1903 and, until 1983, was the terminus of the Stubai Valley Railway in Innsbruck. Since 1983 trains approaching from Fulpmes have been routed through the city of Innsbruck.

Originally the station, which is located on the Brenner Road at the foot of the Bergisel, had a nameboard announcing the station name as Wilten-Stubai because the village of Wilten was independent until 1904. On the station land there used to be a goods depot, a station building with a kiosk, waiting hall and stationmaster's office as well as a two-road locomotive shed for the Stubai Valley Railway. The shed was soon expanded by a further road, because the locomotive fleet increased significantly to handle the heavy traffic on the line. The goods depot was torn down in 1974 when freight transport on the  Stubai Valley Railway was withdrawn.

Following the conversion of the Stubai Valley Railway to direct current working in 1983, the station was no longer needed and the trackage in front of the shed was lifted. The Tyrolean Museum Railways – then a newly founded society – was given the building in order to preserve the vehicles for museum purposes. The Localbahn museum was established in the old stationmaster's office and waiting room. Over the years a new array of tracks was laid in the station yard and a connexion to the Innsbruck tram network (of the Innsbruck Transport Company) installed. In 2000, the shed was given a major overhaul.

In summer 2007 the Stubai Valley Railway could not run trains into the city centre due to maintenance work on the points in the depot of the Innsbruck tram system, which is why the old Stubaital station was reactivated for several weeks after a gap of 24 years.

References

External links

Innsbruck Stubaitalbahnhof
Museums in Innsbruck
Buildings and structures in Innsbruck
Transport in Innsbruck
Railway stations opened in 1903
Railway stations closed in 1983
1903 establishments in Austria
1983 disestablishments in Austria
Railway stations in Austria opened in the 1900s

Innsbruck Stubaital station


Vegetative reproduction is a kind of asexual reproduction. Many plants do it. By vegetative reproduction plants can cover the ground quickly: ground taken by one plant is difficult for other plants to take. This occurs naturally, and can also be done on purpose by horticulturists.

Vegetative reproduction uses mitosis. This means that the newly created cell is a clone, and identical to the parent cell.  Some plants put out new roots underground, have bulbs, or grow new vines and shoots above ground.

By this process, new plants can be grown naturally without any seeds or spores. Therefore, it is widely used especially in agriculture to spread the trees that are of great value to the economy.

Cuttings
In gardening and farming, vegetative reproduction means cutting a tree branch below its center joint, planting it in some other earth, and letting it form new roots. In this way, many kinds of useful plants can be easily reproduced without any seeds, for example: apple, avocado, banana, cacao, hemp, orange/lemon, date, fig, grape, almond, pineapple, potato, strawberry, sugar cane and tea.

Related pages
Plant reproduction

References

Methods of reproduction
Plant physiology

Vegetative reproduction


In celestial mechanics, the plane of reference (or reference plane) is the plane used to define orbital elements (positions). The two main orbital elements that are measured with respect to the plane of reference are the inclination and the longitude of the ascending node.

Depending on the type of body being described, there are four different kinds of reference planes that are typically used:
The ecliptic or invariable plane for planets, asteroids, comets, etc. within the Solar System, as these bodies generally have orbits that lie close to the ecliptic.
The equatorial plane of the orbited body for satellites orbiting with small semi-major axes
The local Laplace plane for satellites orbiting with intermediate-to-large semi-major axes
The plane tangent to celestial sphere for extrasolar objects

On the plane of reference, a zero-point must be defined from which the angles of longitude are measured.  This is usually defined as the point on the celestial sphere where the plane crosses the prime hour circle (the hour circle occupied by the First Point of Aries), also known as the equinox.

See also
 Fundamental plane
 Plane (geometry)

References
Reference Planes

Spherical astronomy
Orbits
Planes (geometry)

Plane of reference


Among the Brave is a 2004 young adult science fiction novel by American writer Margaret Peterson Haddix, about a time in which drastic measures have been taken to quell overpopulation. It is the fifth of seven novels in the Shadow Children series.

Plot summary

The fifth book starts off directly where the last book had ended, from the point of view of Trey, Luke's friend from Hendricks' School for Boys. After Luke Garner (Lee Grant) leaves Smits Grant, the younger brother of the real Lee Grant, in the care of his real parents, Luke's friend Trey finds himself at Mr. Talbot's front door preparing to explain all the recent events.

The car containing Trey's friends, Nina, Joel, and John takes off without Trey. The house is raided soon afterward and thanks to luck and his own vast knowledge from reading during his years in hiding, Trey manages to dive to safety behind a flowerpot. A member of the Population Police, who searches the porch, says liber (Latin for free). Trey's knowledge of Latin saves his life, as the raider reports that the porch is clear. After the raid, Trey sneaks into the house and encounters a hostile but stunning woman with bright red hair; she is none other than Mrs. Talbot. Together, they discover from a private news network that the government has been overthrown and replaced by the powerful Population Police. Defeated, Mrs. Talbot abandons the house and leaves Trey to fend for himself.

After sorting himself out and taking several obscure, important-looking documents found within the Talbot house, Trey sets out to find help, hoping to find Lee and the others. He winds up on the Garner farm and ventures out with Mark, one of Luke's older brothers, to find Luke/Lee and the rest of his friends. They instead find themselves at Population Police Headquarters, once the house of the Grants; Mark is captured and taken instead and Trey must sign up as a recruit to save him.

Using his own ingenuity, despite his own fears, Trey manages to save injured Mark by working out a deal with a Population Police guard. He was also able to save his missing friends and Mr. Talbot from execution with the help of a rebel named Nedley. The group finds safety at Mr. Hendricks' cottage and discovers the schools have been raided and emptied of their students and able-bodied teachers. Then the group is nursed back to health by Mrs. Talbot, who happens to be a doctor. Afterward, Trey presents the documents that he saved, despite several opportunities where he may have abandoned them. Mr. Talbot reveals that the documents conceal the identities of hundreds of Third Children with false identities and they decide to burn them to protect the children. But Trey wants to take the names and the responsibility. Trey snatches them away at the last moment, resolving to take small steps to destroy the Population Police from within along with Lee, Nina, the chauffeur, and Nedley.

External links

 Margaret Peterson Haddix official author Web site

2004 American novels
American young adult novels
Dystopian novels
Shadow Children
2004 science fiction novels
Novels by Margaret Peterson Haddix

Among the Brave


David Crockett (August 17, 1786 – March 6, 1836) was an American frontiersman, soldier, politician, and folk hero.  He is more often called Davy Crockett.  He also has the nickname "King of the Wild Frontier".  He represented Tennessee in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1827 to 1831 and again from 1833 to 1835.  Fighting in the Texas Revolution, he was executed in the Battle of the Alamo at the age of 49.

Childhood and family
Crockett was born in Tennessee. A replica of the cabin In which he was born stands today in Davy Crockett Birthplace State Park, in Tennessee.
The Crockett family's name comes from the name Monsieur de la Croquetagne. Monsieur de la Croquetagne was a captain in the Royal Guard of French King Louis XIV. The family became Protestants and ran away from France in the 17th century. Crockett did not have an easy childhood. He traveled around a lot and had many of adventures. He started to hunt with his brothers before his 9th birthday. A little after he started going to school, he beat up a bully. He stopped going to school so that his teacher would not punish him. His teacher told his father that Crockett was not at school. He ran away from home so that his father would not beat him. He started moving around Tennessee, Virginia, and other places, according to a book that Crockett wrote about himself.

He came back home when he was 15, and his family welcomed him. He married Mary (Polly) Finley a day before his 20th birthday. They had three children, but Polly died at a young age.

He married another woman, Elizabeth Patton in 1815. They had three children, together.

Political career
Crockett served in the Tennessee Militia for a few years and ran for Congress in 1824. He lost his election but ran again in the next election. In 1827, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. As a Representative, he became angry with President Andrew Jackson's Indian Removal Act, which forced Native Americans to leave their land. He lost his re-election in 1830. However, he ran again in 1832 and won.

In 1834, he wrote a book about himself, A Narrative of the Life of David Crockett. Written by Himself. He lost re-election to Congress that year.

Texas Revolution
Around December 1834, Crockett told some of his friends that he might move to Texas if Martin Van Buren became the next president of the United States. The next year, he talked to his friend Benjamin McCulloch about going to Texas, which the belonged to Mexico, but some people fought in the Texas Revolution against Mexico.  Van Buren was elected president and so Crockett left Tennessee on Nov. 1, 1835 with three other men to go to Texas and said, "You may all go to hell and I will go to Texas."

He arrived in Nacogdoches, Texas, in early January 1836. On January 14, 1836, Crockett and 65 other men signed an oath before Judge John Forbes to the Provisional Government of Texas for six months that said, "I have taken the oath of government and have enrolled my name as a volunteer and will set out for the Rio Grande in a few days with the volunteers from the United States." Each man was promised about 4,600 acres (19 km²) of land.

He showed up at the Alamo on February 8, where over 100 other men were there. On February 23, a Mexican army, led by General Antonio López de Santa Anna, surrounded the Alamo and was ready to take it over. After the Mexican army had been there for eight days, 32 other men showed up to help Crockett and the other men defend the Alamo.

On March 6, according to Susana Dickinson, before running to his post, Crockett stopped in the chapel to pray. When the Mexican soldiers made it over the walls of the Alamo, they pushed the few remaining defenders back toward the church. The Battle of the Alamo lasted almost 90 minutes. All of the men defending the Alamo died, including Crockett.

Legacy
Even while he was still alive, many books and plays were written about Crockett's life, some of which stretched the truth. Since his death, he has become a popular figure in American folklore. In the 1950s, there was a television show about him with a song called "The Ballad of Davy Crockett," which was very popular. Many children wore "coonskin" hats to look like him.

Footnotes

References

Other websites

1786 births
1836 deaths
Executed American people
United States representatives from Tennessee
American autobiographers
Writers from Tennessee
People from Lynchburg, Tennessee
American frontiersmen and women

Davy Crockett


Bulworth is a 1998 American political comedy movie. Warren Beatty plays the title character. Halle Berry plays Nina. Don Cheadle plays L.D.. Paul Sorvino plays Graham Crockett. Christine Baranski plays Constance Bulworth.

Plot
In the movie, California Senator Jay Bulworth is losing his bid for re-election to a fiery young populist. His socialist views, formed in the 1960s and 1970s, have lost favor with voters. He has changed to more conservative politics. He also accepts donations from big corporations. Furthermore, he and his wife have been having affairs for years, with each other's knowledge.

Bulworth is tired of politics. He is also unhappy with his life in general and planning to commit suicide. He negotiates a $10 million life insurance policy with his daughter as the beneficiary. Knowing that a suicide will void his daughter's inheritance, he plans to have himself murdered in two days' time.

Bulworth turns up in California extremely drunk. He also smokes marijuana and raps in public. His frank and offensive remarks make him an instant media darling and re-energize his campaign. Along the way he becomes romantically involved with a young black activist named Nina. Nina tags along with him on his campaign stops. As the movie progresses, he gets pursued by paparazzi, his insurance company and the public.

Cast
 Warren Beatty as Senator Jay Billington Bulworth
 Halle Berry as Nina
 Oliver Platt as Dennis Murphy
 Don Cheadle as L.D.
 Paul Sorvino as Graham Crockett
 Jack Warden as Eddie Davers
 Isaiah Washington as Darnell
 Christine Baranski as Constance Bulworth
 Amiri Baraka as Rastaman
 Joshua Malina as Bill Feldman
 Sean Astin as Gary
 Barry Shabaka Henley as the bartender
 Helen Martin as Momma Doll
Cameos
 William Baldwin as Constance's lover
 Larry King as himself
 Michael Clarke Duncan as Bouncer
 George Hamilton as himself

Reception
Bulworth made a great deal of controversy. However, it received a positive reception from movie critics. It has a 75% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.

Box office
The movie was released on May 15, 1998. It did extremely well in limited release. It took in more than $29 million in the box office.

References

1998 comedy movies
American comedy movies
Hip hop
20th Century Fox movies
Political movies

Bulworth


The South Newbury Village Historic District encompasses the surviving elements of a small industrial village in southern Newbury, Vermont.  It includes five residences and several outbuildings, most of which are agricultural in character, representing the area's shift in use in the 20th century.  The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

Description and history
The village of South Newbury consists of a small collection of residences and some associated outbuildings.  It is located at the junction of Doe Lane and Doe Hill Road, the latter being a former alignment of United States Route 5, which now runs just to the east of the village.  Four of the five houses are clustered at the junction, while the fifth, part of a farm complex, is located a short way to the south.  The houses are unusually architecturally diverse for such a small collection, in some cases combining elements of different styles.  Two of the houses in particular were built in the early 19th century as Federal style houses, and have substantial Italianate elements that were added later.

South Newbury is one of the first places to be settled in the town of Newbury.  The early residents were drawn to the area by the rich farmlands of the Connecticut River floodplain, and by the water power offered by Hall's Brook, which descends to the river east of the district.  The first mill on the brook was built in 1764, and in the 19th century several mills lined its banks, all since destroyed either by fires or spring floods.  The village also benefited as a stop on the stagecoach route that ran along the river.  Development was effectively arrested when the new alignment of US 5 bypassed the area.

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Orange County, Vermont

References

Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Vermont
National Register of Historic Places in Orange County, Vermont
Federal architecture in Vermont
Greek Revival architecture in Vermont
Newbury, Vermont
Historic districts in Orange County, Vermont

South Newbury Village Historic District


The BMT Broadway Line is a line of the New York City Subway. There are four services, and about 748,900 people ride on them every day. Services using this line are colored sunflower yellow.

Services
 N: This is the Broadway Express, operating from Ditmars Blvd to 86 Street Due Flood Work Between Coney Island and 86 Street.

 Q: This is the Broadway Express, which currently operates from 96th Street- 2nd Avenue to Coney Island-Stillwell Avenue at all times.

 R: This is a local service, operating from 71st Avenue to 95th Street (but only from Whitehall Street-South Ferry at late nights).

 W: This train is a local service, operating from Astoria-Ditmars Boulevard in Queens to Whitehall Street-South Ferry in Manhattan. The W runs on weekdays from 6:00 a.m to 11:30 p.m

BMT Broadway Line


Two Guns is a ghost town in Coconino County, Arizona, United States.  Located on the east rim of Canyon Diablo about  east of Flagstaff, Two Guns prospered as a tourist stop along Route 66.

History

Early history
Native artifacts found at Two Guns have been dated to between 1050 and 1600.

As white settlers began to populate the area in the mid-19th century, Two Guns was recognized as an ideal place to cross Canyon Diablo, first by wagon, then later by vehicle.

Two Guns was the site of a mass murder of Apaches by their Navajo enemies in 1878.  Some Apaches had hidden in a cave at Two Guns to avoid detection, but were discovered by the Navajos, who lit sagebrush fires at the cave's exit and shot any Apaches trying to escape.  The fire asphyxiated 42 Apaches, after which they were stripped of their valuables.  The murder site is referred to as the "death cave". (However this story has been disputed).

During the winter of 1879–80, Billy the Kid and his outlaw gang hid in the ruins of a stone house and corral on the west rim of Canyon Diablo, across from Two Guns.

In 1880, long before Two Guns was established as a settlement, the construction of the Santa Fe Railway was progressing across northern Arizona.  At the location where the rail line crossed Canyon Diablo, about  north of Two Guns, construction was delayed while a trestle was built.  A settlement populated by male work crews was established near the construction site and was named Canyon Diablo, after the nearby canyon.  The settlement "quickly became a wild and lawless place as drifters, gamblers, and outlaws made their way to town".  Four men employed by the Hashknife Ranch robbed the train at Canyon Diablo in 1889, then fled on horseback with $100,000 in currency, 2,500 new silver dollars, and $40,000 in gold coins, as well as silver watches, jewelry, and diamonds.  A posse led by sheriff Buckey O'Neill pursued the bandits, but recovered less than $100 when the men were captured.  Years later, after release from prison, one of the thieves disclosed that the stolen goods, along with their rifles, had been buried in the canyon rim near Two Guns.  The location remains popular with treasure hunters.

The National Old Trails Highway (called the "Santa Fe Highway" in Arizona) was built in 1907 in Arizona, and loosely followed the railway.  The highway crossed the dry river bed of Canyon Diablo at the Two Guns location, and zig-zagged up and down each embankment.  In 1915, Canyon Diablo Bridge opened at the Two Guns crossing, and was used until 1938 when a new bridge was built nearby.

Settlement

The first settler at Two Guns was Ed Randolph, who built a store next to the death cave.

In 1922, Earle and Louise Cundiff purchased  of land from Randolph at this location for $1,000, and built a store, restaurant, and gasoline pumps.

Harry E. Miller leased a property from the Cundiffs in 1925 and began extensive construction.  Calling himself "Chief Crazy Thunder", Miller wanted to capitalize on the beauty of Canyon Diablo and the flow of passing tourists.  Along the canyon rim, Miller erected a zoo with cages made of brick, mortar, and chicken wire; his zoo animals included mountain lions, cougars, Gila monsters, coral snakes, birds, and a lynx.  A restaurant and Indian gift shop were opened, and Miller cleaned out the death cave, selling any Apache skulls found inside as souvenirs.
For a fee, visitors were led on a tour that began at a Hopi house Miller had built, where rolls of colored piki bread were made and sold.  Tourists then followed a paved path down the side of the canyon to a soft drink stand at the bottom.  Next was a tour of the death cave, where Miller had installed electric lights, and fake ruins of cliff dwellers.  Flamboyant signs were placed along the highway, and Miller named his establishment "Fort Two Guns" as an homage to silent movie actor William S. "Two Guns" Hart, with whom Miller claimed to have previously worked. The Cundiffs applied for a post office under the name "Two Guns" in 1924, but it was refused.  The post office was renamed "Canyon Lodge".

In 1925, "Rimmy" Jim Giddings opened a gas station and cafe at Two Guns called Rimmy Jim's. Another location burned down in 1969. In 1926, the highway designation was changed to U.S. Route 66.  That same year, Cundiff and Miller had a disagreement about the details of their lease, and Miller shot the unarmed Cundiff to death.  He was later acquitted of the killing. The interior of Miller's store burned in 1929, and soon after, Louise Cundiff built her own tourist store.  The following year, Miller left the state.  Cundiff remarried, and in 1934 opened the Two Guns Texaco service station along a new alignment of Route 66. Behind it, they relocated the zoo (which closed prior to 1950).

In 1938, a new bridge across Canyon Diablo was built, and Route 66 began following Interstate 40 at the Two Guns location. A more modern service station was built at Two Guns in 1963, and in the late 1960s a motel, western tavern, reptile exhibit, and new zoo were added.  Later, a Shell service station was built and a KOA campground opened.

Decline
The service station burned in 1971, and Two Guns began to decline. The ruins of many former structures remain, including the trading post, campground, old cottages, zoo, and burned-out service station. In 1988, Canyon Diablo Bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places.

See also

 List of historic properties in Two Guns, Arizona

References

External links

 Two Guns – ghosttowns.com

Former populated places in Coconino County, Arizona
Ghost towns in Arizona
Ghost towns on U.S. Route 66
Populated places established in 1922
1922 establishments in Arizona

Two Guns, Arizona


Clark Daniel Shaughnessy (born Clark Daniel O'Shaughnessy; March 6, 1892 – May 15, 1970) was an American football coach and innovator. He is sometimes called the "father of the T formation" and the original founder of the forward pass, although that system had previously been used as early as the 1880s. Shaughnessy did, however, modernize the obsolescent T formation to make it once again relevant in the sport, particularly for the quarterback and the receiver positions. He employed his innovations most famously on offense, but on the defensive side of the ball as well, and he earned a reputation as a ceaseless experimenter.

Shaughnessy held head coaching positions at Tulane University, Loyola University New Orleans, the University of Chicago, Stanford University, the University of Maryland, the University of Pittsburgh, the University of Hawaii, and in the National Football League with the Los Angeles Rams. Shaughnessy also served in advisory capacities with the Chicago Bears and the Washington Redskins.

He reached the height of his success in 1940, in his first season at Stanford, where he led the Indians to an undefeated season that culminated with a Rose Bowl victory. That year, he also helped prepare the Chicago Bears for the 1940 NFL Championship Game, in which they routed Washington, 73–0. Shaughnessy's successes showcased the effectiveness of the T formation and encouraged its widespread adoption. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1968. Shaughnessy also coached college basketball at Tulane University. He played college football at the University of Minnesota.

In 2021, the Professional Football Researchers Association named Shaughnessy to the PFRA Hall of Very Good Class of 2021

Early life and college
Shaughnessy was born on March 6, 1892, in St. Cloud, Minnesota, the second son of Lucy Ann (Foster) and Edward Shaughnessy. He attended North St. Paul High School, and prior to college, had no athletic experience. When he attended the University of Minnesota, however, he played college football under head coach Henry L. Williams and alongside halfback Bernie Bierman. Shaughnessy considered Williams to be football's greatest teacher, and Williams considered him to be the best passer from the Midwest. Shaughnessy handled both the passing and kicking duties for the team.

He played on the freshman squad in 1910 and on the varsity squad from 1911 to 1913, first as an end, then a tackle in 1912, and finally as a fullback in 1913. Of the three, Shaughnessy said he preferred the tackle position. In 1912, he recovered three fumbles against Iowa, and Walter Camp named him an alternate on his All-America team. As a senior, Shaughnessy was named to the All-Big Ten Conference first team.

Shaughnessy played basketball as a guard and ran track in the 440- and 880-yard events. The Minnesota athletic director asked him to join the basketball team before a game against Illinois, despite the fact he had never played and did not know the rules. He joined the track and field team in similar fashion, and replaced a half-mile runner even though he did not own and had never worn track spikes. In The Big Ten: A Century of Excellence, Shaughnessy was called "one of the most versatile athletes in Minnesota's history." Shaughnessy also competed as a rower with the St. Paul Boat Club. He was a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity.

Coaching career

Tulane
After graduation, he remained at his alma mater, Minnesota, for one season as an assistant coach in 1914. Tulane University selected Shaughnessy as head football coach in 1915 over potential candidates Dana X. Bible and Charley Moran, among others. Notre Dame assistant coach Knute Rockne and Ray Morrison were both unable to travel to New Orleans for an interview, and Tulane officials required a face-to-face meeting with the applicants. The school offered Shaughnessy $1,875 ($ adjusted for inflation) to be its football, basketball, and track coach, and athletic director. When he arrived, he found the football field in a state of disrepair and the equipment to be woefully inadequate. Because the athletic department was in dire financial straits, Shaughnessy paid to purchase new equipment for the team. With only one opponent scheduled in the upcoming season, he wrote letters to sixty schools to secure additional games.

Shaughnessy introduced to Tulane the Minnesota shift, an innovation created by his former coach Henry L. Williams. By 1919, Shaughnessy had transformed Tulane into a competitor amongst Southern collegiate teams. That season, he guided them to a then school record of seven consecutive wins. In 1920, Germany Schulz was hired to take over duties as athletic director, and he also aided Shaughnessy as the line coach from 1923 to 1925.

In 1923, Shaughnessy hired his former teammate Bernie Bierman as an assistant coach. Bierman remained on the staff for three seasons before he left to become head coach at Mississippi A&M. In 1924, Tulane set a new school record for wins and finished with an 8–1 record. The following season, the Green Wave bested the prior year's mark and posted a 9–0–1 record. School officials declined an invitation to face Washington in the Rose Bowl, because they believed the Tulane players were too small. Indiana University attempted to hire Shaughnessy after his undefeated season, but he instead chose to sign a ten-year extension with Tulane.

In a 1926 article written for the NEA News Service, he responded to those who asked him how the "Shaughnessy System" worked so well. He said, "If there is a 'Shaughnessy system' at Tulane, if it has any 'secret,' two words tell the whole story—common sense. All that I have done at Tulane is take the material I found and train it in plays built around the individual abilities of each man."

Despite optimistic preseason predictions, Tulane suffered its first and only losing season of Shaughnessy's tenure in 1926. He was considered for the head job at Northwestern in February 1927 after Clarence Spears turned it down. Shaughnessy later received similar offers from Louisiana State and Wisconsin. On April 8, 1927, he tendered his resignation without a publicly stated reason and was subsequently released from his contract. Tulane replaced him with former assistant Bernie Bierman. The Milwaukee Journal credited Shaughnessy with building a formidable team at Tulane, and noted that he increased revenue and improved facilities, while he used the available players and did not pay them "a nickel". At the end of his tenure, Shaughnessy held a record of 59–28–7, and as of 2010, he continues to hold the record for the most wins of any Tulane football coach. He also coached the basketball team for three seasons between 1915 and 1918 and amassed a 27–15 record.

Loyola
In June 1927, nearby Loyola of the South hired Shaughnessy as its head football coach. According to The Wow Boys: A Coach, a Team, and a Turning Point in College Football, a New Orleans millionaire offered him $175,000 to coach Loyola for ten years ($ adjusted for inflation). This made him one of the highest paid football coaches in the nation at the time.

In 1928, Loyola traveled to South Bend, Indiana, to play Notre Dame in its season opener. The Wolves took a 6–0 halftime lead before they eventually fell, 12–6. After the game, Notre Dame head coach Knute Rockne reportedly said, "Never get me another 'warm-up game' against a team coached by that guy." The following year, Rockne was asked to name the best football coach and responded, "Modesty forbids ... But if I can name the two best football coaches in America, one of them is going to be Clark Shaughnessy."

At Loyola, Shaughnessy retained his emphasis on the forward pass. In 1930, the Wolves beat larger but unprepared Iowa State and Detroit teams in consecutive weeks with the same passing play. During his tenure, he was called "the greatest one man coaching staff in football." He also brought to Loyola his modified version of the Minnesota shift, which he claimed no opponent had been able to completely counteract. In 1931, California considered Shaughnessy as a candidate for its head coaching job. Despite opportunities to coach elsewhere, Shaughnessy remained in New Orleans because he liked the city and it was his wife's hometown. He compiled a 38–16–6 record at Loyola from 1927 to 1932.

Chicago
After the 1932 season, University of Chicago president Dr. Robert Maynard Hutchins forced out 70-year-old head coach Amos Alonzo Stagg, whom he considered too old for the position. Stagg then moved on to coach at the College of the Pacific. Athletic director T. Nelson Metcalf hired Shaughnessy to replace Stagg as head coach in 1933. Shaughnessy inherited a difficult situation at Chicago, and for the most part, lacked good material. He did, however, inherit from Stagg at least one important recruit: inaugural Heisman Trophy winner and future Hall of Fame back Jay Berwanger, whom many Midwest pundits considered the best back of the 1930s.

Under an academic program implemented in 1933 known as the New Plan or the Chicago Plan, annual comprehensive examinations replaced end-of-term testing. This new schedule conflicted with spring football practice, which was shortened each subsequent season until it was eventually eliminated altogether. Without that extra practice to learn Shaughnessy's complex system, time had to be devoted to basics in the fall. The New Plan also hindered the availability of suitable football players: It encouraged younger students to enroll, discouraged the transfer of student-athletes, and had stringent academic requirements to maintain athletic eligibility. Athletic director Metcalf said, "Others do legitimate recruiting, which we do not." Putting Chicago at further disadvantage to its Big Ten opponents, university president Hutchins would not countenance the establishment of a physical education major.

At the first practice in 1933, Shaughnessy assessed he would have a good line, but an undersized backfield. He told the assembled candidates that they would use an open game and fast passing attack to offset their disadvantages. In his first season, Shaughnessy awarded a box of candy to the Maroon player who made the first tackle of each game for the player to give to his girlfriend. The "C" men alumni organization created similar incentives for the most valuable player, best tackler, and best blocker.

In January 1934, Shaughnessy hired Marchmont Schwartz as an assistant coach. Schwartz had played on Shaughnessy's Loyola freshman team before he transferred to Notre Dame. In February, Shaughnessy declined interest from Ohio State to replace former head coach Sam Willaman, and said that he had already assembled his coaching staff and had no desire to leave Chicago. In 1935,  offered Shaughnessy a job as its head coach, which he seriously considered. Chicago moved to retain him, possibly with a salary increase, and the Harvard job ultimately went to former  coach Dick Harlow.

After breaking even in each of his first three seasons, Shaughnessy's Chicago teams suffered a losing record each year from 1936 to 1939. Chicago finished the 1939 season with a 2–6 record and were winless in the Big Ten Conference. The Maroons were outscored by their opponents, 308–37, and failed to tally in each loss. These included routs by Michigan, 85–0; Ohio State, 61–0; Illinois, 46–0; Harvard, 61–0; and Virginia, 47–0. President Hutchins, who hated the sport and said "there is no doubt that football has been a major handicap to education in the United States", successfully pushed to have the program disbanded. He said, "I did not de-emphasize football at the University of Chicago, I abolished it." Hutchins hoped the move would set an example for other universities to follow, but this did not occur.

Shaughnessy could have remained at Chicago, where he held a "lifetime sinecure" as a physical education professor and earned a comfortable salary of $7,500 ($ adjusted for inflation), but he was intent on continuing to coach. He described football as his passion and hobby. His final record at Chicago was 17–34–4.

During his coaching tenure at the University of Chicago, Shaughnessy befriended George Halas, the owner and coach of the Chicago Bears. In 1930, Halas had hired Ralph Jones, the athletic director and football coach at nearby Lake Forest College, who had been his freshman coach at the University of Illinois in 1914. Under head coach Robert Zuppke, Illinois employed the T formation in "its most rudimentary form". With the Bears, Jones experimented with the old T formation, and he spread the linemen, pushed out one receiver, and used a back as a man in motion, the latter usually being Red Grange. While these changes were innovative, they were not game-changing, and the T was used to complement the single-wing offense rather than replace it. In 1935, Shaughnessy described to Halas his vision of the T formation that used "hidden ball stuff, but with power". He had not employed it at the University of Chicago because he lacked the players to execute it. In 1937, Shaughnessy began to work part-time as a consultant to the Bears for $2,000 per year ($ adjusted for inflation). In that capacity, he helped refine the T formation and analyzed scouting reports. The Bears continued to experiment with the T, and after Shaughnessy left Chicago, the formation became the club's standard offensive formation in 1940. The media has sometimes erroneously credited Shaughnessy for the invention of the T formation. The Associated Press wrote that "he was, however, undeniably the father of the modern T-attack." Shaughnessy himself called it the oldest formation in football.

Stanford
In 1939, the Stanford Indians posted a 1–7–1 record to finish last in the Pacific Coast Conference, which resulted in the relief of head coach Tiny Thornhill. At the time, the 1939 Stanford Indians were considered the worst team to have ever represented the university. After the season, Stanford unsuccessfully attempted to hire Missouri coach Don Faurot. During the job search, Stanford officials were surprised to learn how well regarded Shaughnessy, a coach of only occasionally successful squads, was amongst his peers. Many considered him as a "mad scientist" of football experimentation. In January 1940, Stanford University awarded a five-year contract to Shaughnessy as its head football coach, passing over predicted frontrunner John Bain Sutherland. The move surprised even Shaughnessy, who said, "I didn't expect it."

Many Stanford alumni were upset with the decision to hire Shaughnessy. The most popular candidates for the vacant position were two Stanford alumni themselves: San Jose State coach Dudley DeGroot, and Santa Clara coach Buck Shaw. Some believed the Shaughnessy hiring was a ploy to eventually eliminate football at the school, as had happened at both Loyola and Chicago the year prior. The Bay Area media mocked the Shaughnessy hiring as comically inept. They believed that a prestigious academic school had foolishly hired an inveterate loser as its head coach. Prescott Sulivan of the San Francisco Examiner and Jack McDonald of the San Francisco Call-Bulletin coined the nickname "Soup" for Shaughnessy, which they sarcastically explained was a diminutive for the word "super". Sullivan wrote, "We have heard it said that Shaughnessy has developed the knack of losing to the point where, with him, it is an exact science. In light of his record, we aren't at all surprised at this." The Stanford players were also skeptical of Shaughnessy's abilities. Center Milt Vucinich said, "We'd been reading about all those beatings Shaughnessy's men had taken, so we were joking among ourselves that wasn't it just like Stanford to hire somebody like this to coach us."

Although Stanford had fared poorly during the previous seasons, Thornhill had left behind a team with a talented roster, which included 24 returning lettermen. Shaughnessy believed the players were good, but unsuited to the single-wing offense that his predecessor had employed. Perhaps most importantly, Shaughnessy inherited back Frankie Albert, whom he considered a prototypical T formation quarterback. In 1943, Shaughnessy wrote that he considered the 1940 Stanford backfield—quarterback Frankie Albert, fullback Norm Standlee, right halfback Hugh Gallarneau, and left halfback Pete Kmetovic—as the greatest in history. While he believed the Indians backfield was better than any such combination in the single-wing, double-wing, short punt, or box formations, he added the caveat that this held true only in the Stanford players' employment in the T-formation.

Shaughnessy assembled a competent coaching staff in line coach Phil Bengston and backfield coach Marchmont Schwartz. He also hired former Chicago Bears quarterback Bernie Masterson to mentor Frankie Albert. Shaughnessy's version of the T formation relied on motion and deception, and therefore differed from its earlier 19th-century incarnations, such as that used by Amos Alonzo Stagg at the University of Chicago, which emphasized power. In contrast to the single-wing, the new T did not use massed blocking formations for the ball-carrier. Instead, it utilized "brush blocking", where the linemen would only need to block a defender for one or two seconds. This scheme greatly reduced the disadvantage of an undersized line. Also different from the single-wing, the direct snap and position of the backs in the T formation shielded the ball from the view of defenders. This allowed for far more effective deception. Shaughnessy reportedly drew inspiration for his strategy from the Panzer tactics of Wehrmacht general Heinz Guderian.

Most sportswriters, unfamiliar with the T formation, called it the "Shaughnessy Formation" or "Shaughnessy's new razzle-dazzle attacks." Bill Leiser of the San Francisco Chronicle referred to it correctly when he wrote:"No one knows for sure what kind of football the Indians will play from this new T-Formation ... They start from the Notre Dame T and then stop looking like Notre Dame because they don't shift at all and never do get into the famous box formation. The man-in-motion may stop anywhere on the field. He changes the formation. [Quarterback Frankie] Albert parks himself right behind the center and takes the ball directly from his hands on nearly all plays. It's football unlike any previously played on the Coast."

1940 season

The team conducted intense preparations during the spring and fall practices before the 1940 season. On one occasion, Stanford athletic director Al Masters angrily complained that the maintenance department had left on the practice field lights, only to be told that the team was still practicing. In one scrimmage, the varsity offense managed only a single touchdown against the freshman team, which prompted Shaughnessy to secretly draft a single-wing playbook in the event that the T formation failed.

The 1940 season opened with Stanford facing the University of San Francisco Dons at Kezar Stadium as part of the first-ever major college football doubleheader. It also featured Santa Clara and Utah, but despite its unusual nature, the event was overshadowed by a concurrent game deemed much more significant between California and Michigan in nearby Berkeley. After Santa Clara defeated Utah, 34–14, the Stanford game began at 3:30 p.m. It started off sloppily, and the Indians failed to advance the ball in their first two possessions. In their third series, however, Albert connected with an uncovered receiver, Hugh Gallarneau, for a 17-yard pass. Fullback Norm Standlee then rushed for 20 yards. Halfback Pete Kmetovic ran untouched up the middle for the game's first touchdown. Stanford went on to win, 27–0, and outgained San Francisco by a margin of 247 yards to eight. After the game, San Francisco head coach George Malley said, "We were baffled, naturally, by all that running around in the backfield." After the game, convinced that the T formation worked, Shaughnessy discarded the single-wing playbook he had drafted.

The following week, Stanford defeated Oregon, 13–0. The Indians then beat Santa Clara, 7–6, which was the Broncos' only loss of the season. Stanford rallied to beat 19th-ranked Washington State, 24–13. A week later, the Indians defeated their fifth unbeaten opponent, 17th-ranked Southern California, 21–7. They continued on to beat UCLA, 20–14; 11th-ranked Washington, 20–10; 19th-ranked Oregon State, 28–14; and California, 13–7. Stanford, with a perfect 9–0 record, secured the Pacific Coast Conference championship and an invitation to the 1941 Rose Bowl, where they faced seventh-ranked Nebraska. The Indians won, 21–13, with the final score coming on a 39-yard punt return by Kmetovic.

Before the Rose Bowl, Shaughnessy lent help to his old associate George Halas of the Chicago Bears, which in Sid Luckman, had found a quarterback well suited to the T formation. Before the NFL Championship Game against the Washington Redskins, Shaughnessy devised a series of counter plays to confuse their opponent, which on game film had shown a tendency to shift linebackers in the direction of the motion man. His preparations helped Chicago rout Washington, 73–0.

At the end of the season, the Poling System named Stanford the national champions, and in later years, the Billingsley Report and Helms Athletic Foundation did likewise retroactively. Shaughnessy was voted the Scripps-Howard Coach of the Year by a wide margin, and Albert and Gallarneau were named to All-America first teams. The media nicknamed the 1940 squad the "Wow Boys", a play on their impressive feats and the earlier Stanford "Vow Boys", which were named for their promise to never lose to Southern California.

Stanford's and the Chicago Bears' unexpected success with the modern T formation prompted coaches around the nation to adopt it. Shaughnessy and Halas taught coaching clinics, and Bears quarterback Sid Luckman installed the formation at his alma mater, . Luckman also helped implement the T on national championship teams at both Army and Notre Dame. By 1944, more than half of the country's football teams at the collegiate and professional level were using the T. In 1949, the Pittsburgh Steelers were the only NFL team still using the single-wing. The T formation led to numerous derivatives, many of which remain in use today, including the power I, pro set, veer, wishbone, split T, wing T, and West Coast offense.

1941 season

Shaughnessy made the "pessimistic" prediction of at least two losses for his 1941 squad, which lost Gallarneau and Standlee to graduation. His forecast proved accurate, as injuries took their toll, and the team lost to Oregon State, Washington State, and California to finish with a 6–3 record. After the Indians fell in their penultimate game, Stanford, Washington, and Oregon State were tied for first-place in the Pacific Coast Conference with two losses each. California's upset win over Stanford, 16–0, in the finale ensured that Oregon State received the Rose Bowl bid.

In February 1942, Shaughnessy traveled to Yale University, which was considering three candidates for its vacant head coaching position. A month later, he said he was not interested in Yale, but that he might move to an unnamed Eastern school with little football tradition. Shaughnessy resigned in March 1942 to move to Maryland. A 1977 Sports Illustrated article reported that he decided to leave when he realized Stanford might discontinue its football program during World War II. He expressed disappointment about leaving, but believed the new job would provide a challenge. Maryland reportedly offered the same salary as Stanford, $9,000 ($ adjusted for inflation), and a position on its faculty.

First stint at Maryland
At Maryland, Shaughnessy served as the head football coach, athletic director, and director of physical education, under a "lifetime contract". Shaughnessy introduced a red and white color scheme for the Maryland uniforms, which replaced the longstanding combination of black and gold. He installed the T formation, and mentored quarterback Tommy Mont, whom he compared favorably with Frankie Albert. He also praised Terrapins fullback Jack Wright and likened him to Norm Standlee. In 1942, the Terrapins amassed a 7–2 record under Shaughnessy, and the Associated Press assessed it was a "pretty fair ball club". Mont finished the season as one of the top three passers in the nation. After the season, Shaughnessy left Maryland for Pittsburgh, a move he later called, "the worst thing I ever did."

Pittsburgh

In 1943, Shaughnessy replaced Pittsburgh head coach Charles W. Bowser, who had applied for a commission in the United States Navy. The University of Pittsburgh had de-emphasized football, a move with which Shaughnessy said he was in accordance. He also said he would not guarantee any number of wins as coach. During this time, Shaughnessy had to contend with the loss of players to the wartime draft. At Pittsburgh, his teams compiled a 10–17 record from 1943 to 1945 without a winning season. In 1943, the National Safety Council honored him with an award for "developing and applying coaching methods that provide maximum protection for the players."

In March 1944, Washington Redskins owner George Preston Marshall hired Shaughnessy as an advisor, a position he held concurrently with his duties at Pittsburgh. He mentored new head coach Dudley DeGroot in the T formation, in which quarterback Sammy Baugh excelled. Pittsburgh, however, disapproved of his affiliation with the professional franchise.

Second stint at Maryland
In February 1946, Shaughnessy accepted an offer to return to Maryland amidst mounting criticism at Pittsburgh, which included the threat of resignation from assistant coaches Charles Hartwig, Bobby Hoel and Stan Olenn. University of Maryland president Dr. H. C. Byrd, himself a former football coach, called Shaughnessy one of the top-three coaches in the nation. Shaughnessy complained that he was not given a fair chance to succeed at Pittsburgh and that controversy over his role with the Redskins was without basis. The Pittsburgh athletic board had recommended Shaughnessy be retained as coach if he resigned from the Redskins, but he refused.

Shaughnessy said, "The funny part of it is that I gave Maryland the roughest deal I have ever given anyone in my life, and when Dr. [Byrd] offered me a chance to come back, I accepted." Because of his repeated job changes, the Associated Press dubbed Shaugnessy "football's man in motion". At Maryland, he replaced Bear Bryant who had departed for Kentucky. Shaughnessy reintroduced his preferred red and white uniforms, which again replaced the black and gold scheme and remained the dominant colors until 1987.

His return to Maryland was far less successful than his first stint. The Terrapins amassed a 3–6 record in 1946. In November, he claimed a Washington Post story misquoted him as calling some of his ex-servicemen players "bums". The same article reported he would be fired at the end of the season. The Post ran another quote that Shaughnessy admitted was accurate: "There are some boys on this team who would have been fired a long time ago by another coach for their personal conduct."

After the season, it was rumored that the Redskins were interested in promoting him to replace head coach Turk Edwards, but the franchise denied it and Shaughnessy would not comment on his plans. In January 1947, he quit as Maryland coach, stating that he did not want to remain athletic director or resign from the Washington Redskins, both of which the school wanted. Shaughnessy said he would work full-time for the Redskins for the remaining year on his contract, and might return to coach only college football at the end of his term, possibly with Maryland. President Byrd affirmed that Shaughnessy's poor 1946 record was not related to his departure. He was replaced by split T proponent Jim Tatum.

Los Angeles Rams
In 1948, Shaughnessy joined the Los Angeles Rams as a "technical advisor" to head coach Bob Snyder. In the preseason, owner Dan Reeves was so impressed with Shaughnessy that Reeves promoted him to head coach and fired Snyder. At Los Angeles, Shaughnessy developed the pro set that used a three wide receiver set. He made this change to capitalize on running back Elroy "Crazy Legs" Hirsch, who he thought would make a better flanker. Los Angeles captured the Western Conference Championship in 1949.

Reeves fired Shaughnessy after two seasons, because he had created "internal friction". One source explained that Shaughnessy's eccentricities and continuously expanding playbook had taken its toll on the players. He was replaced by assistant coach Joe Stydahar. Shaughnessy said, "Stydahar coach the Rams? I could take a high school team and beat him." Stydahar, however, led the Rams to the National Conference Championship that season, and the team set numerous NFL passing and scoring records.

Chicago Bears
In 1951, Shaughnessy was rumored as a candidate for the vacant Washington Redskins head coaching job, but nothing came of it. From 1951 to 1962, Shaughnessy served on the staff of the Chicago Bears as a technical advisor, vice president, and defensive specialist. Halas retained responsibility for the offense, including the Bears' T formation. Ironically, Shaughnessy was tasked with developing a defense to counter the T formation. One of his solutions was the 5–3–3 defense, which left outside linebackers available to defend against end runs and passes in the flat.

In 1954, Shaughnessy attended the Blue–Gray Game in Montgomery, Alabama, scouting specifically for flankers.  assistant Ray Wedgeworth told him the best receiver in the state was not playing in the game: Harlon Hill of Florence State Teachers' College. Shaughnessy requested game film from Hill's coach, and eventually, the Bears selected him with their 15th round pick in the 1954 NFL Draft. That season, Hill was named NFL Rookie of the Year, and in his second season he was named the NEA NFL MVP.

In October 1961, the Bears—utilizing Shaughnessy's complex, shifting defensive alignments—stifled San Francisco 49ers coach Red Hickey's new shotgun formation, 31–0. Chicago had learned lessons against the Baltimore Colts who had attempted to use the shotgun the previous week. Shaughnessy explained his Chicago defensive scheme in November 1961:"We can adjust to fit three things. We have defenses to fit the [offense] we face, the personnel we face and the situation in the game. Bill George calls the basic overall defense. Then Fred Williams calls the defense for the rush men. Richie Petitbon calls the defense for the backs. All of these are real bright boys, and they do a great job."

Shaughnessy mentored middle linebacker Bill George as the defensive play-caller. Bears coach Abe Gibron likened George to having Shaughnessy himself on the field. Shaughnessy worked to counter the increasing use of the forward pass. He emphasized man-to-man coverage, dropped linebackers or defensive ends into pass coverage, and utilized blitzes from multiple directions—which had previously consisted mostly of just a middle linebacker.

Former Chicago Bears head coach Hunk Anderson gave a highly critical account of his interactions with Shaughnessy in Notre Dame, Chicago Bears, and Hunk Anderson. He described one incident, during a game against the Cleveland Browns, where Shaughnessy implored Anderson to call an "end run". Anderson, thinking he noticed a vulnerability to exploit, asked which end run and which blocking assignments to use. Shaughnessy replied that any end run would do. Anderson asked in disgust for Shaughnessy to sit down and watch the rest of the game. He explained that the Bears had 28 different end runs to each side for each of the four backs, each of which had numerous blocking schemes. He added, "You just can't say 'any end run' ... You have to choose one." Anderson also claimed Shaughnessy plagiarized plays from other coaches, renamed them, and claimed them as his own.

At the end of the 1962 season, Shaughnessy tendered his resignation with a year remaining on his contract. He expressed regret in his departure and admiration for Halas, but said that he felt it was time for a change.

Hawaii
Shaughnessy briefly returned to coaching in 1965 when he took over at , where the football program was "in a moribund state" and "close to extinction". Hawaii amassed a 1–8–1 record during Shaughnessy's only season, but the Associated Press credited him with reviving the program. He was replaced by the school's first full-time coach, Phil Sarboe.

Personal life
In December 1917, he married L. Mae, with whom he had one son and two daughters: Clark Shaughnessy, Jr.; Janice Shaughnessy, and Marcia Wilson. He met his wife in New Orleans while coaching at Tulane. A teetotaler, Shaughnessy held a negative opinion of both drinkers and smokers. Marchmont Schwartz noted, "When he said, 'Let's go have a drink,' he meant, 'Let's go drink a milk shake ... He disappointed a lot of newspapermen that way." Aside from his declared hobby as a football coach and experimenter, he enjoyed long-distance driving. Shaughnessy preferred to devise plays late at night, between midnight and dawn, while his household slept. A 1977 Sports Illustrated article described him as an "ascetic" and his lifestyle as "Spartan". It noted he would go to bed as early as 7 o'clock, and wake up for work at three or four in the morning.

Shaughnessy did not take criticism well. In one incident, he demanded that a critical columnist leave a Northern California Football Writers' Association meeting. During a 1945 press conference while coach at Pittsburgh, Shaughnessy responded to criticism that he had been too conservative in a 6–0 win over Temple and taken too many risks in a 39–9 loss to Notre Dame. He said, "You tell me what to do. Shall we play a conservative game—hold down the score and play to look good—or shall we gamble, depending on a freak chance to win but losing by a big score if we fail?"

After he joined the Chicago Bears' staff, sportswriter Roger Treat said, "I always looked upon Clark Shaughnessy as a conscientious idealist who might better have followed the trail of Father Flanagan of Boys Town. He may never be entirely happy in the jovial thuggery of pro football, where every man has a little assassin in him." Illinois head coach Robert Zuppke said, "The world lost the greatest undertaker when Clark Shaughnessy decided on football coaching."

Shaughnessy's grandson is Grateful Dead drummer Bill Kreutzmann.

Later life
Shaughnessy retired to Santa Monica, California. On May 4, 1970, he was admitted to Santa Monica Hospital suffering from hypertension. He died there at the age of 78 on May 15.

The College Football Hall of Fame inducted Shaughnessy in 1968. Shaughnessy was a semifinalist in the 2010 Pro Football Hall of Fame class, but was not selected. Shaughnessy had been a finalist for induction in 1970, 1975, and 1976, but fell short in the voting each time. He was inducted into the University of Minnesota "M" Club Hall of Fame in 2010, the Tulane University Athletics Hall of Fame in 1977, and the Stanford University Athletic Hall of Fame.

Published works
The Modern "T" Formation with Man-in-Motion, Clark Shaughnessy, Ralph Jones, and George Halas, Chicago, 1941.
Football in War & Peace, Clark Shaughnessy, Clinton, SC: Jacobs Press, 1943.

Head coaching record

College football

Professional football

References

External links

1892 births
1970 deaths
American football ends
American football fullbacks
American football tackles
American men's basketball players
Guards (basketball)
Chicago Bears coaches
Chicago Maroons football coaches
Hawaii Rainbow Warriors football coaches
Los Angeles Rams coaches
Loyola Wolf Pack football coaches
Maryland Terrapins athletic directors
Maryland Terrapins football coaches
Minnesota Golden Gophers football coaches
Minnesota Golden Gophers football players
Minnesota Golden Gophers men's basketball players
Pittsburgh Panthers football coaches
Tulane Green Wave athletic directors
Tulane Green Wave football coaches
Tulane Green Wave men's basketball coaches
Washington Redskins coaches
University of Chicago faculty
University of Maryland, College Park faculty
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Sportspeople from St. Cloud, Minnesota
Coaches of American football from Minnesota
Players of American football from Minnesota
Basketball coaches from Minnesota
Basketball players from Minnesota
Los Angeles Rams head coaches

Clark Shaughnessy


Nathaniel Rogers (1598–1655) was a Puritan clergyman in England and New England. According to the Dictionary of National Biography article on Rogers (published 1897), his descendants in America were at that time more numerous than those of any other early English emigrant family.

Life

He was the second son of John Rogers, by his first wife, and was born at Haverhill, Suffolk, in 1598. He was educated at Dedham grammar school and Emmanuel College, Cambridge, which he entered as a sizar on 9 May 1614, graduating B.A. in 1617 and M.A. in 1621. For two years he was domestic chaplain to some person of rank, and then went as curate to John Barkham at Bocking, Essex. There Rogers, whose chief friends were Thomas Hooker, then lecturer at Chelmsford, and other Essex Puritans, adopted decidedly Puritan views. His rector finally dismissed him for performing the burial office over an eminent person without a surplice. Giles Firmin calls Rogers "a man so able and judicious in soul-work that I would have trusted my own soul with him", and describes his preaching in his father's pulpit at Dedham.

On leaving Bocking he was for five years rector of Assington, Suffolk. On 1 June 1636 he sailed with his wife and family for New England, where they arrived in November. Rogers was ordained pastor of Ipswich, Massachusetts, on 20 February 1638, when he succeeded Nathaniel Ward as co-pastor with John Norton. On 6 September he took the oath of freedom at Ipswich, and was soon appointed a member of the synod, and one of a body deputed to reconcile a difference between the legalists and the antinomians. He died at Ipswich on 3 July 1655, aged 57.

Works
Rogers published nothing but a letter in Latin to the House of Commons, dated 17 December 1643, urging church reform; it was printed in July 1644. It contained a few lines of censure on the aspersions of the king in a number of Mercurius Britannicus, to which the newspaper replied abusively on 12 August 1644. He also left in manuscript a treatise in Latin in favour of congregational church government, a portion of which is printed by Cotton Mather in his Magnalia Christi Americana.

Family
By his wife Margaret (d. 23 January 1656), daughter of Robert Crane of Coggeshall, Essex, whom he married in 1626, Rogers had issue:

Mary, baptised at Coggeshall on 8 February 1628, married to William Hubbard;
John baptised at Coggeshall, Essex, on 23 January 1630, who became President of Harvard ;
and four sons (Nathaniel, Samuel, Timothy, and Ezekiel) born in Ipswich, Massachusetts. The youngest was left heir by his uncle Ezekiel Rogers.

See also
 Sarah Rogers Haight (1808–1881), descendant, writer, international traveler

Notes

References

1598 births
1655 deaths
17th-century Christian clergy
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
American Christian clergy
English emigrants to Massachusetts Bay Colony
American religious writers
17th-century English Anglican priests
Massachusetts colonial-era clergy
17th-century New England Puritan ministers
People from Haverhill, Suffolk

Nathaniel Rogers (minister)


PhyloXML is an XML language for the analysis, exchange, and storage of phylogenetic trees (or networks) and associated data. The structure of phyloXML is described by XML Schema Definition (XSD) language.

A shortcoming of current formats for describing phylogenetic trees (such as Nexus and Newick/New Hampshire) is a lack of a standardized means to annotate tree nodes and branches with distinct data fields (which in the case of a basic species tree might be: species names, branch lengths, and possibly multiple support values). Data storage and exchange is even more cumbersome in studies in which trees are the result of a reconciliation of some kind:

 gene-function studies (requires annotation of nodes with taxonomic information as well as gene names, and possibly gene-duplication data)
 evolution of host-parasite interactions (requires annotation of tree nodes with taxonomic information for both host and parasite)
 phylogeographic studies (requires annotation of tree nodes with taxonomic and geographic information)

To alleviate this, a variety of ad-hoc, special purpose formats have come into use (such as the NHX format, which focuses on the needs of gene-function and phylogenomic studies).

A well defined XML format addresses these problems in a general and extensible manner and allows for interoperability between specialized and general purpose software.

An example of a program for visualizing phyloXML is Archaeopteryx.

Basic phyloXML example
<phyloxml xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.phyloxml.org http://www.phyloxml.org/1.10/phyloxml.xsd"
  xmlns="http://www.phyloxml.org">
  <phylogeny rooted="true">
    <name>example from Prof. Joe Felsenstein's book "Inferring Phylogenies"</name>
    <description>MrBayes based on MAFFT alignment</description>
    <clade>
      <clade branch_length="0.06">
        <confidence type="probability">0.88</confidence>
        <clade branch_length="0.102">
          <name>A</name>
        </clade>
        <clade branch_length="0.23">
          <name>B</name>
        </clade>
      </clade>
      <clade branch_length="0.5">
        <name>C</name>
      </clade>
    </clade>
  </phylogeny>
</phyloxml>

References

External links
www.phyloxml.org
Archaeopteryx program

XML-based standards
Phylogenetics software
Biological_sequence_format

PhyloXML


English-Yoruba: B

1.	Bargain: v. 'ná' He bargained for the good; Ó ná ọjà náà.

2.	Bark: v. 'gbó' The dog barked; Ajá náà gbó.

3.	Beam: v. 'ràn' The sun beamed through the cloud; Oòrùn ràn gba inú kùrukùru kọjá.

4.	Bear: v.(i) 'gbé' That small horse cannot bear your weight; Ẹṣin kékeré yẹn kò lè gbé ọ; (nítorí pé o ti tóbi jù) (ii) 'bí The woman has borne ten children; Obìnrin náà ti bí ọmọ mẹ́wàá.

5.	Beat: v. (i) 'pa' The rain was beating him; Òjò ń pa á (ii) 'gbòn' He beats a red-hot cutlass with a hammer so as to reshape it; Ó gbọn àdá.(iii) 'bọ́' He beats the earth-floor; Ó bọ́lẹ̀. (iv) 'lù' His heart is beating; Ọkàn rẹ̀ ń lù. (v) 'pò' She beats eggs in milk; Ó po eyin nínú mílíìkì (vi) 'nà' We beat them in football; A nà wọ́n nínú eré bọ́ọ̀lù.

6.	Backon: v. 'jù' He beckoned his hand to me; Ó ju ọwọ́ sí mi.

7.	Become: v. (i) 'mọ́' To work hard does not mean that the worker will be rich; Gìdìgìdì kò mọ́là. (ii) 'dì' It becomes dry; Ó di gbígbẹ. (iv) 'dà' What has he become?; Kí ló dà?.

8.	Befall: v. 'bá' Misfortune befell them; Ibi bá wọn

9.	Befit: v. 'yẹ' It befits him; Ó yẹ ẹ́.

10.	Beg: v. 'bẹ́' He begged me; Ó bẹ̀ mí.

Atúmọ̀-Èdè (Gẹ̀ẹ́sì-Yorùbá): B1


Vishvamitra is the name of a rishi (sage) of ancient India. This is a Sanskrit word, and its translation is: "universal friend, that is, a friend of everybody". Vishvamitra wrote many verses of the Vedas, especially the Rig Veda and the Atharva Veda.

The Hindu scriptures have many stories about Vishvamitra. One of them tell about the competition between another rishi named Vashistha. Both wanted to become priests of big royal families of ancient India.

Related pages
Hindu mythology
Vashistha

Hindu mythology

Vishvamitra


Haley's Juke Box: Songs of the Bill Haley Generation (often listed in reference books as Bill Haley's Jukebox), was the eleventh studio album by Bill Haley & His Comets. Released by Warner Bros. Records in the summer of 1960, the album was produced by George Avakian.

With this record, Haley attempted to return to his roots as a country music singer, by recording an album of classic country and western songs, one of which, "Candy Kisses", Haley had previously recorded in 1948 for his first single with the Four Aces of Western Swing. The album was also marketed as a rock and roll album, due to the band's reputation. "Candy Kisses" was released as a single (backed by the non-album instrumental, "Tamiami"), but it did not chart. "Tamiami", however, reached number 79 on the Cashbox pop chart.

According to Haley's biographer, John Swenson, Haley's career was at a low ebb at the time this album was released, and according to Swenson Haley himself ended up promoting the album on radio stations in the Chester, Pennsylvania area; after some last singles in 1961, Haley's two-year contract with Warner Bros. collapsed. Afterwards, Haley began recording for a series of smaller labels in the United States, although he found some success recording for Orfeon Records in Mexico beginning in 1961. His next American album of new recordings, Twisting Knights at the Roundtable on Roulette Records, would not appear until 1962.

Although Haley would continue to record country-western style tracks on occasion during the 1960s, most notably during his tenure with the Mexican label, Orfeon Records, Haley wouldn't record another full country album until the 1971 release, Rock Around the Country for Sonet Records. That later album would include new versions of two tracks featured on Haley's Juke Box: "No Letter Today" and "There's a New Moon Over My Shoulder". According to the recording session files compiled by music historian Chris Gardner, rehearsal recordings of most of the songs on this album exist, but have as yet not been released commercially.

Track listing

 "Singing the Blues" (Melvin Endsley)
 "Candy Kisses"
 "No Letter Today"
 "This is the Thanks I Get"
 "Bouquet of Roses"
 "There's a New Moon Over My Shoulder"
 "Cold, Cold Heart" (Hank Williams)
 "The Wild Side of Life"
 "Anytime" (Herbert Lawson)
 "Afraid"
 "I Don't Hurt Anymore"
 "Detour" (Paul Westmoreland)

Personnel
 Bill Haley – vocal, rhythm guitar
 Franny Beecher – lead guitar
 Billy Williamson – steel guitar
 Johnny Grande – piano
 Ralph Jones – drums
 Rudy Pompilli - tenor saxophone
 Al Rappa - bass guitar

Reissues
Several different LP versions of Haley's Juke Box were released, and the album was also issued to CD. In 1999 its contents were also incorporated into the Bear Family Records box set, The Warner Brothers Years and More.

References

External links
 Bill Haley discography

1960 albums
Bill Haley & His Comets albums
Albums produced by George Avakian
Warner Records albums

Haley's Juke Box


Serena Viti is a professor at Leiden University and previously was a professor and the head of Astrophysics at University College London. In March 2019 she received an ERC Advanced Grant for her MOPPEX proposal (MOlecules as Probes of the Physics of EXternal galaxies).

Education
Viti was an undergraduate at Queen Mary and Westfield College, London, where she gained a BSc in Astrophysics in 1994. She was awarded a PhD from University College London (UCL) for her work on the infrared spectra of cool stars and sunspots in 1997. After her PhD, Viti became a post-doctoral fellow at UCL in the field of star formation and astrochemistry, followed by a fixed-term lectureship at the CNR in Rome as a Herschel Scientist. She returned to UCL in October 2003 for an STFC Advanced Fellowship and became a lecturer of Astrophysics in 2004. She was promoted to Reader in 2007 and to Professor of Astrophysics in 2012. Viti became head of the Astrophysics department at UCL in 2016. In July 2020 Leiden University (the Netherlands) announced that the Leiden Observatory has appointed Viti a chair in Molecular Astrophysics.

Research and career
Viti is on the editorial board for Molecular Astrophysics. She is the current secretary of the European Astronomical Society, was a Royal Astronomical Society council member (2002-2005), and serves on several STFC panels and committees. The central focus of her research is in the field of astrochemistry and the study of molecules in space. She is a member of the International Astronomical Union, the Royal Astronomical Society, the European Astronomical Society and the Astrophysical Chemistry Society. She led an exhibition on astrochemistry at the 2004 Royal Society Summer Exhibition. Viti has co-authored a book on observational molecular astronomy.

Awards and honours
Viti was awarded the Royal Astronomical Society Fowler Award for Astronomy in 2006 and the Australian Astronomical Observatory Distinguished Visitor Fellowship in 2015.

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Academic staff of University College London Australia
Alumni of University College London
Alumni of Queen Mary University of London
Alumni of Westfield College
British astrophysicists
Women astrophysicists
British women physicists
Fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society

Serena Viti


A swashbuckler is a  genre of European adventure literature that focuses on a heroic protagonist stock character who is skilled in swordsmanship, acrobatics, and guile, and possesses chivalrous ideals. A "swashbuckler" protagonist is heroic, daring, and idealistic: he rescues damsels in distress, protects the downtrodden, and uses duels to defend his honor or that of a lady or to avenge a comrade.

Swashbucklers often engage in daring and romantic adventures with bravado or flamboyance. Swashbuckler heroes are gentleman adventurers who dress elegantly and flamboyantly in coats, waistcoats, tight breeches, large feathered hats, and high leather boots, and they are armed with the thin rapiers used by aristocrats.

Swashbucklers are not unrepentant brigands or pirates, although some may rise from such disreputable stations and achieve redemption. His opponent is typically characterized as a dastardly villain. While the hero may face down a number of henchmen to the villain during a story, the climax is a dramatic one-on-one sword battle between the protagonist and the villain. There is a long list of swashbucklers who combine  courage, skill, resourcefulness, and a distinctive sense of honor and justice, as for example Cyrano de Bergerac, The Three Musketeers, The Scarlet Pimpernel, Robin Hood, and Zorro.

As a historical fiction genre, it is often set in the Renaissance or Cavalier era. The stock character also became common in the film genre, which extended the genre to the Golden Age of Piracy. As swashbuckler stories are often mixed with the romance genre, there  will often be a beautiful, aristocratic female love interest to whom the hero expresses a refined, courtly love. At the same time, since swashbuckler plots are often based on intrigues involving corrupt religious figures or scheming monarchs, the heroes may be tempted by alluring femme fatales or vampish courtesans.

Etymology
"Swashbuckler" is a compound of "swash" (archaic: to swagger with a drawn sword) and "buckler" (a small shield gripped in the fist) dating from the 16th century.

Historical background

While man-at-arms and sellswords of the era usually wore armor of necessity, their counterparts in later romantic literature and film (see below) often did not, and the term evolved to denote a daring, devil-may-care demeanor rather than brandishment of accoutrements of war. Swashbuckling adventures and romances are generally set in Europe from the late Renaissance up through the Age of Reason and the Napoleonic Wars, extending into the colonial era with pirate tales in the Caribbean.

Literature
Jeffrey Richards traces the swashbuckling novel to the rise of Romanticism, and an outgrowth of the historical novel, particularly those of Sir Walter Scott, "... medieval tales of chivalry, love and adventure rediscovered in the eighteenth century". This type of historical novel was further developed by Alexandre Dumas.

John Galsworthy said of Robert Louis Stevenson's 1888 swashbuckling romance, The Black Arrow, that it was "a livelier picture of medieval times than I remember elsewhere in fiction." Anthony Hope's 1894 The Prisoner of Zenda initiated an additional subset of the swashbuckling novel, the Ruritanian romance.

Theatre
The perceived significant and widespread role of swordsmanship in civilian society as well as warfare in the Renaissance and Enlightenment periods led to fencing being performed on theatre stages as part of plays. Soon actors were taught to fence in an entertaining, dramatic manner. Eventually fencing became an established part of a classical formation for actors.

Movie
Consequently, when movie theaters mushroomed, ambitious actors took the chance to present their accordant skills on the screen. Since silent movies were no proper medium for long dialogues, the classic stories about heroes who would defend their honour with sword in hand were simplified and sheer action would gain priority. This was the birth of a new kind of film hero: the swashbuckler. For Hollywood actors to depict these skilled sword fighters, they needed advanced sword training. Four of the most famous instructors for swashbuckling swordplay are William Hobbs, Anthony De Longis, Bob Anderson and Peter Diamond.

The larger-than-life heroics portrayed in some film franchise adventures (most notably the Indiana Jones movies) set in the modern era have been described as swashbuckling.

Film

The genre has, apart from swordplay, always been characterized by influences that can be traced back to the chivalry tales of Medieval Europe, such as the legends of Robin Hood and King Arthur. It soon created its own drafts based on classic examples like The Mark of Zorro (1920), The Three Musketeers (1921), Scaramouche (1923) and The Scarlet Pimpernel (1934). Some films did also use motifs of pirate stories. Often these films were adaptations of classic historic novels published by well-known authors such as Alexandre Dumas, Rafael Sabatini, Baroness Emma Orczy, Sir Walter Scott, Johnston McCulley, and Edmond Rostand.

Swashbucklers are one of the most flamboyant Hollywood film genres, unlike cinema verite or modern realistic filmmaking. The genre attracted large audiences who relished the blend of escapist adventure, historic romance, and daring stunts in cinemas before it became a fixture on TV screens. With the focus on action, adventure, and, to a lesser degree, romance, there is little concern for historical accuracy. Filmmakers may mix incidents and events from different historical eras.

As a first variation of the classic swashbuckler there have also been female swashbucklers. Maureen O'Hara in Against All Flags and Jean Peters in Anne of the Indies were very early action film heroines. Eventually the typical swashbuckler motifs were used up because they had so often been shown on TV screens. Later films such as The Princess Bride, the Pirates of the Caribbean series and The Mask of Zorro include modern takes on the swashbuckler archetype.

Television
Television followed the films, especially in the UK, with The Adventures of Robin Hood, Sword of Freedom, The Buccaneers, and Willam Tell between 1955 and 1960. US TV produced two series of Zorro in 1957 and 1990. Following the 1998 film The Mask of Zorro, a TV series about a female swashbuckler, the Queen of Swords, aired in 2000.

List of characters
Famous swashbuckler characters from literature and other media include the following:

 Doña María Teresa (Tessa) Alvarado/The Queen of Swords
 D'Artagnan
 Don Diego de la Vega/the Zorro
 Alejandro Murieta/Zorro
 Robin Hood
 Peter Pan
 Captain Jack Sparrow
 Puss in Boots
 The Doctor
 Optimus Prime
 He-Man
 She-Ra
 Luke Skywalker
 Athos, Porthos, and Aramis
 Captain Hector Barbossa
 Cyrano de Bergerac
 Sir Percy Blakeney/The Scarlet Pimpernel
 Peter Blood
 John Carter of Mars
 Edmond Dantès (The Count of Monte Cristo)
 Ivanhoe
 Indiana Jones
 Diego Alatriste
 Solomon Kane
 Khlit the Cossack
 Don Juan Tenorio
 Fandral
 Captain Harlock
 Kamina
 Marco Del Monte
 Inigo Montoya
 Hiraga Saito
 Andre-Louis Moreau/Scaramouche
 Rudolf Rassendyll
 Dread Pirate Roberts
 Emilio Roccanera (The Black Corsair)
 Sandokan (The Tiger of Malaysia)
 Richard Sharpe
 Alan Breck Stuart
 Dan Tempest
 Guybrush Threepwood
 Dante (Devil May Cry)
 Will Turner
 Elizabeth Swann
 Delilah Dirk
 William Tell
 Lara Croft
 Zuko
 Samurai Jack
 Jamie McCrimmon
 Quentin Durward
 Geralt of Rivia
 Han Solo
 Nathan Drake (character)
 Conan the Barbarian
 Sokka
 April O'Neil
 Reepicheep
Buck
 Leonardo
 Taylor Earhardt
 Merrick Balinton
 Cameron Watanabe
 Tommy Oliver
 Anubis Doggie Cruger
 Casey Rhodes
 Sir Ivan of Zandar
 Yasmin Khan
 Amy Pond
 Rory Williams
 Wolverine
 Shang Chi
 Captain Kirk
 Chiro
 Roronoa Zoro
 Mihawk

Actors
Actors notable for their portrayals of swashbucklers include:

 Benoît-Constant Coquelin (1841–1909), was a French actor, and "one of the greatest theatrical figures of the age." He played "Cyrano de Bergerac" over 400 times and later toured North America in the role.
 In early 1883 James O'Neill (1847–1920) took over the lead role in "The Count of Monte Cristo" at Booth's Theater in New York. His interpretation of the part caused a sensation with the theater-going public and a company was immediately set up to take the play on tour. O'Neill bought the rights to the play. "Monte Cristo" remained a popular favorite and would continue to make its appearance on tour as regular as clockwork. O'Neill went on to play this role over 6,000 times.
 E. H. Sothern (1859–1933) was especially known for his heroic portrayal of Rudolph Rassendyl in the first stage adaptation of The Prisoner of Zenda, which he first played in 1895. The role made him a star.
Douglas Fairbanks (1883–1939) was a Hollywood movie star of the silent film era and was widely regarded as the predecessor to Errol Flynn.
Errol Flynn (1909–1959) was famously known for the action adventurer typified Hollywood's idea of the swashbuckler in films as Captain Blood (1935), The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938), and The Sea Hawk (1940).
Burt Lancaster (1913–1994) Although he was very much an all-round actor, successful in any kind of role, he starred in two swashbuckling films The Flame and the Arrow (1950) and The Crimson Pirate (1952), both produced through his own film production company Norma Productions. Lancaster also starred in and produced two swashbuckler-esque adventure films made in the same time-frame, Ten Tall Men (1951) and His Majesty O'Keefe (filmed in 1952 but released in 1954). Lancaster, a former circus acrobat, was noted for performing his own stunts.
 Mikhail Boyarsky (born 1949), who played d'Artagnan in d'Artagnan and Three Musketeers and its four sequels, as well as other swashbuckler characters in historical adventure movies like Gardes-Marines, Ahead!, Viva Gardes-Marines!, Don Cesar de Bazan, The Dog in the Manger, The Prisoner of Château d'If, Queen Margot, among others.

Sources for films
Fiction writers whose novels and stories have been adapted for swashbuckler films include:

 Bernard Cornwell
 Alexandre Dumas, père
 Jeffery Farnol
 Paul Féval, père
 Théophile Gautier
 Anthony Hope
 Robert E. Howard
 Harold Lamb
 Johnston McCulley
 Baroness Orczy
 Arturo Pérez-Reverte
 Edmond Rostand
 Rafael Sabatini
 William Goldman
 Emilio Salgari
 Sir Walter Scott
 Samuel Shellabarger
 Robert Louis Stevenson
 Michel Zevaco

See also

 Adventure fiction
 Cloak and dagger
 Historical fantasy
 Sword-and-sandal
 Samurai cinema
 Samurai in Japanese literature

References

External links

Lists of stock characters
Stock characters
Adventure fiction
Heroic fantasy

Swashbuckler