János Kis (born 17 September 1943) is a Hungarian philosopher and political scientist, who served as the inaugural leader of the liberal Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ) from 1990 to 1991. He is considered to be the first Leader Hungarian parliamentary opposition.

Biography
Kis was born in Budapest, Hungary. His father was killed in the Holocaust. He graduated with a degree in philosophy from the Eötvös Loránd University in 1967. Kis was inspired by the ideas of György Lukács and György Márkus, and became marxist in the 1960s. He joined the Hungarian Communist Party (MSZMP) too.  In 1973 he was dismissed as a researcher at the Institute of Philosophy at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences after co-authoring a book criticizing Marxist socialism from leftist point of view. He was excluded from the MSZMP as well.

On radical leftist and human-rights-liberal basis, he strongly opposed the communist regime in Hungary, he helped to create the first opposition journal Beszélő which was first issued in December 1981. He was the Editor-in-Chief of this underground journal until the democratization of the country in 1989. He was also member of the democratic opposition party Alliance of Free Democrats (SzDSz).

From 1988 to 1989 he was visiting professor at the New School for Social Research in New York City.

After the fall of communism in 1989–1990, the SzDSz entered the democratic Parliament and Kis was elected as the party leader on 23 February 1990. He remained in this office until 23 November 1991, when he left active politics and returned to an academic career. However, he remained in the SzDSz. He welcomed the coalition of the SzDSz with the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP)

In 1992, he became a professor at the Central European University. Since 1996, he has also been a visiting professor at New York University.
He left the SzDSz in 2002, when the socialist prime minister, Péter Medgyessy proved to be a former officer of the communist secret service (officer D-209).

Kis has written numerous articles and books on political science, such as Politics as a Moral Problem. Despite having left the political arena years ago, he continues to take controversial positions on several issues.

Sources
 Biography at the New York University Website
 Gale Stokes, The Walls Came Tumbling Down (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 88–89.
 Kis János- Hungarian Wikipedia-article: :hu:Kis János

External links
 Janos Kis and Gyorgy Bence, "On Being A Marxist: A Hungarian View" (1977)

1943 births
Living people
Hungarian philosophers
Journalists from Budapest
Jewish Hungarian politicians
Alliance of Free Democrats politicians
Academic staff of Central European University
Politicians from Budapest

János Kis


The Sustenhorn is a  mountain in the Uri Alps, located on the border between the cantons of Bern and Uri. It overlook Susten Pass from the south.

Both sides of the massif are glaciated. On the west side (Bern) lies the Stein Glacier and on the east side (Uri) lies the smaller Flachensteinfirn. The larger massif consists of several other mountains, the principal being Vorder Sustenhorn (3,318 metres), Chli Sustenhorn (3,309 metres) on the north and Sustenlimihorn (3,316 metres) on the south.

It was climbed for the first time in 1841 by a team that took the route from Innertkirchen

References

External links

 Sustenhorn on Hikr

Mountains of the Alps
Alpine three-thousanders
Mountains of Switzerland
Mountains of the canton of Uri
Mountains of the canton of Bern
Bern–Uri border

Sustenhorn


Anthony M. Whelan (; born 20 November 1952) is an English former professional footballer who works as assistant academy director of Manchester United. He is responsible for the Under-9 to Under-16 player development programme.

Playing career

Early career
Whelan was born in Salford, Lancashire, and grew up as a Manchester City fan in Wythenshawe, South Manchester. He attended St Anthonys Sec Modern in Blackley, North Manchester for a short while then after the family moved to Partington, Whelan attended St Paul's Secondary Modern School in Urmston, where he captained his school team, as well as the local schoolboy representative team, Stretford Boys. Whilst playing for Stretford Boys, Whelan was spotted by Manchester United scout Joe Armstrong and invited to sign associated schoolboy forms in 1967.

He signed apprentice professional forms upon leaving school in July 1968 and advanced through the various junior teams featuring in the FA Youth Cup team that reached the semi-finals in both 1969 and 1970. They also won the prestigious FC Blue Stars Youth Tournament in Zurich, Switzerland in May 1969. He signed as a full professional in December 1969 and, in May 1970, aged just 17, he was selected to go on the first team's three-week tour of Bermuda, Canada and the United States, where he played against Eintracht Frankfurt and the Bermuda national football team. The remainder of his tenure with the club was spent on the fringes of the first team, playing for the Reserves, for whom he was the leading scorer in 1971–72.

Manchester City and Rochdale
In February 1973, Whelan was on the verge of signing for Bolton Wanderers when his mother received a phone call from Manchester City manager Malcolm Allison. He was offered a month-long trial with the club, and within three weeks he had been offered a professional contract and was making his debut against West Ham United, starting up front with Francis Lee on 17 March 1973. However, Whelan only made five more appearances for City over the next 16 months before departing for Rochdale in July 1974. In his first season with Rochdale, Whelan was voted as the club's Player of the Year. In the second season he became, jointly with Clive Charles of Cardiff City, the first black player to receive a PFA divisional award being named by his fellow pros in their all-star team. He scored 20 goals in 130 first team outings for Rochdale.

Los Angeles Skyhawks
In 1976, coach Ron Newman brought Whelan across the pond to play for the American Soccer League's expansion Los Angeles Skyhawks. Whelan quickly became a fan favourite and earned the nickname "Wheels" for his speed and as a play on his last name. Splitting his time between midfield and forward, Whelan was the third leading scorer on the team as they won the ASL championship.

North American Soccer League
After a brief stint back in England, Whelan went back to the United States in April 1977 to play for the Fort Lauderdale Strikers in the North American Soccer League from 1977 to 1979, and from 1982 to 1983, during which time they won the Eastern Division title and reached the American Conference final in 1978. During his two spells with the club, he played over a hundred games and had the dual role of Director of Youth Development from 1982 to 1983. He also received the honorary citizenship of Plantation, Florida for services to the youth of the community (1978).

Whelan was also selected for the Fort Lauderdale Sun-Sentinel "All Strikers Team" (1 December 1983) which included George Best, Gerd Müller, Teófilo Cubillas and Brian Kidd. Whelan was transferred to the Atlanta Chiefs for the 1980 and 1981 seasons and helped them win divisional titles, both indoor and outdoor, in 1981. During his time in America, he played in over 170 matches in the NASL.

Whelan was also the recipient of the Most Valuable Player Award (MVP) in two nationally televised games in 1978.

Major Indoor Soccer League
Following the demise of the Atlanta Chiefs franchise in 1981, Whelan spent the 1981–82 season in the MISL playing for the Philadelphia Fever before they folded at the end of the season.

Coaching career
Upon returning to England in November 1983, Whelan continued to coach young players part-time on Manchester City's Community Football Programme between 1987 and 1990. In September 1990, he was invited by Brian Kidd to join Manchester United's Centre of Excellence as a coach, and joined the full-time staff in September 1998 when the Academy was established. His time as a player included, Whelan has been involved with the club for over 20 years.

Over the years, Whelan has gained several coaching qualifications, as well as a bachelor's degree in humanities from the Open University, and a master's degree in sociology from Manchester Metropolitan University. He also wrote the foreword to Phil Vasili's The First Black Footballer: Arthur Wharton 1865–1930 An Absence of Memory (1998) and is the author of The Birth of the Babes: Manchester United Youth Policy 1950–1957, which explores the impact of youth development and the building of the Busby Babes side at Manchester United.

In March 2008, The Voice included him on a list of the 30 most influential black people in English football in recognition of his work developing elite young players. In October 2008, he received an award at the House of Lords from Kick It Out acknowledging his inclusion in the list.

In 2015, Whelan successfully completed a professional doctorate entitled "Pastoral Care of Premier League Academy Schoolboy Footballers (with particular reference to Manchester United)".

In July 2020, Whelan received the Eamonn Dolan award from the Premier League for his role in the Manchester United academy and his contribution to youth coaching.

References

External links
Profile at redStat
NASL stats

1952 births
Living people
Alumni of the Open University
American Soccer League (1933–1983) players
Atlanta Chiefs players
Footballers from Salford
People from Wythenshawe
English men's footballers
English expatriate men's footballers
Black British sportsmen
Men's association football forwards
English Football League players
Fort Lauderdale Strikers (1977–1983) players
Los Angeles Skyhawks players
Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–1992) players
Manchester City F.C. players
Manchester City F.C. non-playing staff
Manchester United F.C. non-playing staff
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) indoor players
Philadelphia Fever (MISL) players
Rochdale A.F.C. players
Alumni of Manchester Metropolitan University
Witton Albion F.C. players
English expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States

Tony Whelan


3 Godfathers is a 1948 American Western film directed by John Ford and filmed (although not set) primarily in Death Valley, California. The screenplay, written by Frank S. Nugent and Laurence Stallings, is based on the 1913 novelette The Three Godfathers by Peter B. Kyne. The story is something of a retelling of the story of the Three Wise Men in an American Western context.

Ford had already adapted the novelette once before in Marked Men (1919)—a silent film thought to be lost today. He decided to remake the story in Technicolor and dedicate the film to the memory of long-time friend Harry Carey, who starred in the previous movie. Carey's son, Harry Carey, Jr., plays one of the title roles in this 1948 film.

Plot
Three rustlers—Bob Hightower, Pete and The Abilene Kid—ride into Welcome, Arizona. They have a friendly conversation with Sheriff Buck Sweet and his wife, who asks if they have seen her niece and her husband on the trail. The three subsequently rob the local bank, but the loot is lost when Kid is shot and his horse falls. They flee into the desert on two horses, pursued by Sweet and his men in a buckboard. Sweet shoots a hole in their water bag and then turns back to the depot.

The fugitives come within sight of the railroad's water tank, only to see Sweet station a guard. Doubling back to Terrapin Tanks, a granite sump at the edge of the desert, the robbers lose their horses in a sandstorm. Desperate for water, they find the tanks dynamited by a tenderfoot, who disappeared chasing his thirsting horses. In a covered wagon nearby lies the man's wife—Sweet's niece-in-law—who is in labor. While Pete helps with the delivery, the other two laboriously collect water from nearby cacti. Many hours later, the woman has a boy, whom she names "Robert William Pedro Hightower" after her benefactors. Before dying, she exacts a promise from them to save him and be his godfathers.

Moved, the three desperadoes keep their vow. They find a chest filled with baby things, condensed milk, an advice book, and a Bible. Pete offers Bob the Bible for guidance, but Bob slaps it aside. Kid, certain that a higher power guided them there, compares the baby to the infant Jesus in the manger and themselves as the Three Wise Men. Inspired by a Bible verse, they head for the town of New Jerusalem, across the desert and over a mountain. The posse later comes upon the abandoned wagon, and recognizing the possessions of his niece-in-law, Sweet believes that the fugitives killed her and sets out for revenge.

When they cross a salt flat, Kid collapses and dies. Once past the flat, Pete trips, breaking his leg. He asks Bob to leave him his pistol, "for coyotes"; as Bob walks toward the mountain, he hears a single gunshot. Staggering through a ravine, Bob finally falls, but in his delirium the ghosts of his two friends refuse to let him give up. Finding a donkey and her colt at the end of the ravine, he uses them to reach New Jerusalem, where he stumbles into a cantina to get drinks for himself and the baby. Just as Sheriff Sweet catches up with him, Bob collapses from exhaustion.

Bob is jailed in Welcome, but with his heroic rescue of the baby, the entire town has become sympathetic towards him. Bob gives his godchild into the temporary custody of the Sweets, now his friends, but when the judge asks him to give up custody permanently in exchange for a suspended sentence, he refuses to break his promise to the baby's mother. Pleased, the judge gives him the minimum sentence of a year and a day; and as he leaves for prison, all the townspeople give Bob a rousing farewell.

Cast

 John Wayne as Robert Marmaduke Hightower
 Pedro Armendáriz as Pedro Encarnación Escalante y Rocafuerte, a.k.a. "Pete"
 Harry Carey Jr. as William Kearney, a.k.a. "The Abilene Kid"
 Mildred Natwick as Dying Mother
 Ward Bond as Sheriff Buck Sweet
 Mae Marsh as Mrs. Sweet
 Jane Darwell as Miss Florie
 Guy Kibbee as Judge
 Hank Worden as Deputy Curly
 Dorothy Ford as Ruby Latham
 Charles Halton as Oliver Latham
 Jack Pennick as Luke
 Fred Libby as Deputy
 Ben Johnson as Posseman #1
 Michael Dugan as Posseman #2
 Francis Ford as Drunken Old-Timer at Bar
 Richard Hageman as Saloon Pianist
 Ruth Clifford as Woman in Bar
 Jack Curtis as Bartender #1
 Harry Tenbrook as Bartender #2
 Gertrude Astor as Townswoman #1
 Eva Novak as Townswoman #2
 Amelia Yelda as Robert William Pedro Hightower (the baby boy)

Points of interest
This film was dedicated to John Ford's friend and early star, Harry Carey, who died in 1947. At the beginning, stuntman Cliff Lyons is shown silhouetted against a sunset, riding Carey's favorite horse, Sonny, over the words: "To the Memory of Harry Carey,  bright star of the Western sky..."

The opening credits say "Introducing Harry Carey, Jr." but this was not his first appearance on screen. He had been in at least five pictures before this one. Young Carey had had a close relationship with Ford until this picture, but found himself the target of verbal and physical abuse that shocked him. John Wayne explained that Ford did this to everyone as a way of getting the performances he wanted. The acerbic director showed some real sensitivity when he made young Carey go home early one day. The tribute segment described above was going to be filmed, and Ford wanted to spare him.

The senior Carey starred in the first film version, The Three Godfathers (1916) playing Bob Sangster, a former horsethief who is trying to go straight. In the remake Marked Men (1919), directed by John Ford, he played Harry, a prison escapee who also survives the ordeal, finding love on the way.

Hell's Heroes (1930), directed by William Wyler, stars Charles Bickford as Bob Sangster, a true desperado, who originally plans to rape the woman in the wagon, and in the end saves the baby by drinking from a poisoned waterhole, knowing it will give him enough time to get to safety.

Three Godfathers (1936), stars Chester Morris as Bob, a ruthless killer, with Lewis Stone and Walter Brennan as members of the gang. He also uses the poisoned well.

In the 1948 version no one is killed during the robbery, and the loot is small. It is lost before they leave town and is never mentioned again. In the 1930 and 1936 versions, which are grimmer, the bad guys are very bad, people are killed during the robbery, and saddlebags full of stolen gold play a crucial role. Film critic Leonard Maltin prefers Hell's Heroes as the "most satisfying, least sentimental"  of all the films. He praised the "underrated" 1936 version as "beautifully shot and warmly acted".

Maltin describes the 1948 film as "sturdy, sentimental, sometimes beautiful", but feels that the  last scene "didn't ring true".

Reception
The film has maintained its positive reception. It holds an 82% "Fresh" score on Rotten Tomatoes based on 11 critics.

According to MGM records, the film earned $2,078,000 in the US and Canada and $763,000 overseas, resulting in a profit of $450,000.

See also
 John Wayne filmography
 List of American films of 1948
 List of Christmas films
 Tokyo Godfathers – a Japanese anime film based on the same book

References

External links

1948 films
1948 Western (genre) films
American Christmas films
American Western (genre) films
Films based on Western (genre) novels
Films directed by John Ford
Films set in Arizona
Films shot in the Mojave Desert
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Films based on American novels
1940s Christmas films
1940s English-language films
1940s American films

3 Godfathers (1948 film)


The Audi R8 is a mid-engine, 2-seater sports car, which uses Audi's trademark quattro permanent all-wheel drive system. It was introduced by the German car manufacturer Audi AG in 2006.

The car is exclusively designed, developed, and manufactured by Audi AG's private subsidiary company manufacturing high performance automotive parts, Audi Sport GmbH (formerly quattro GmbH), and is based on the Lamborghini Gallardo and presently the Huracán platform.  The fundamental construction of the R8 is based on the Audi Space Frame, and uses an aluminium monocoque which is built using space frame principles. The car is built by Audi Sport GmbH in a newly renovated factory at Audi's 'aluminium site' at Neckarsulm in Germany.

It is also the first production car with full-LED headlamps.

First generation (2006–2015: Type 42)

The Audi R8, based on the Audi Le Mans quattro concept car (designed by Frank Lamberty and Julian Hoenig) first appeared at the 2003 International Geneva Motor Show and the 2003 Frankfurt International Motor Show. The R8 road car was officially launched at the Paris Auto Show on 30 September 2006. There was some confusion with the name, which the car shares with the 24 Hours of Le Mans winning R8 Le Mans Prototype (LMP). Initial models included the R8 4.2 FSI coupé (with a V8 engine) and R8 5.2 FSI coupé (with a V10 engine). Convertible models, called the Spyder by the manufacturer, were introduced in 2008, followed by the high-performance GT model introduced in 2011. The Motorsport variants of the R8 were also subsequently introduced from 2008 onwards. An all-electric version called the e-Tron started development but would only reach production stage when the second generation model would be introduced.

6-time 24 Hours of Le Mans winner Jacky Ickx described the R8 as "the best handling road car today".

The car received a facelift in 2012 and a new model called the V10 Plus was now added to the range. Production of the Type 42 ended in August 2015.

Second generation (2015–present: Type 4S)

The second generation of the R8 (model code: Type 4S) was unveiled at the 2015 Geneva Motor Show and is based on the Modular Sports System platform shared with the Lamborghini Huracan. The development of the Type 4S commenced in late 2013 and was completed in late 2014 (2015 model year in Europe, 2017 model year in the US). Initial models included the all-electric e-Tron and the V10 5.2 FSI along with the V10 plus. Unlike its predecessor, there was no manual transmission available and the entry-level V8 trim was also dropped. In 2016, the convertible (Spyder) variant was added to the line up which was initially available in the base V10 trim. In mid-2017, the high performance V10 plus Spyder was added to the range. A rear-wheel-drive model called the R8 RWS was introduced.

In 2018 (2020 model year in the US), the R8 received a mid-cycle refresh with mechanical and exterior changes. The newer and more aggressive design language carried over from famous Audi models of the past and its appearance is slightly more angular up front. The refreshed model had substantial performance improvements over its predecessor. The base R8 gets a power boost from 532 hp to 562 hp, while the V10 Plus was renamed V10 Performance Quattro and the engine saw a power increase by , now up to 612 hp. 2023 R8 GT is last R8 with 620hp limited to 333 units.

The Audi R8 e-tron (2015) was an all-electric version of the second-generation R8. Unlike the earlier 2010 prototype based on the first-generation R8, it actually entered production, but only on a small scale, with less than 100 units sold. It featured a 92-kWh battery.

Production, available markets and sales
To produce the R8 at Audi Sport GmbH, 70 workers fit 5,000 different parts by hand. The factory at Neckarsulm, redeveloped at a cost of €28 million, usually produces between eight and fifteen cars a day, up to a maximum daily output of 29 cars. Ninety-five lasers inspect the entire car in five seconds to ensure that over 220 measurements are within 0.1 millimetres of the programmed plans.

 In Asia, the R8 is available in India, Israel, Japan, Taiwan, Bahrain, Kuwait, South Korea, Philippines, Thailand, Pakistan, Hong Kong and Vietnam, and has been available in China, United Arab Emirates, Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia since 2008.
 European statistics include sales from the following countries:  Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland.

Marketing

Marvel Cinematic Universe
The R8 became the personal vehicle for Tony Stark (played by Robert Downey Jr.) throughout six films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Type 42 models were used in the Iron Man Trilogy with a V8 in Iron Man, a V10 Spyder in Iron Man 2, and an e-tron prototype in Iron Man 3. Type 4S models appeared in later Marvel Studios movies with 2016 V10 Plus models in Avengers: Age of Ultron and Captain America: Civil War and a Spyder model in Spider-Man: Homecoming.

See also
Lamborghini Huracán (built on same platform)
Audi Le Mans quattro
Audi S and RS models
Lamborghini Gallardo (built on same platform)

References

External links

Official Audi R8 website

2010s cars
R08
R08
Coupés
Rear mid-engine, all-wheel-drive vehicles
Sports cars
Cars introduced in 2006

Audi R8


Chop suey is a dish in American-Chinese cuisine. It is made with meat, often chicken, fish, pork or beef. There are also eggs and vegetables in it. It is usually served with rice or noodles.

There are many myths about chop suey. One is that in the 19th century it was invented by Chinese-American cooks working for the Transcontinental Railroad.

Chop suey appears in an 1884 article of the Brooklyn Eagle by Wong Chin Foo.

References

Asian foods

Chop suey


The "sports rorts" affair was the name by which Australian media and political commentators came to refer to events during the second Keating ministry in late 1993 and early 1994, where the then Sports Minister, Ros Kelly, was unable to appropriately explain the distribution of federal sporting grants to marginal electorates held by the governing Australian Labor Party. On 28 February 1994, Kelly resigned from her position under consistent pressure from the Australian Democrats and the Liberal opposition about the matter. Ultimately, the controversy also led to her resignation from Parliament and, at the resulting by-election on 25 March 1995, the government lost the normally safe Labor seat of Canberra.

In December 1993, the Auditor-General complained about the manner in which the Department had administered A$30 million of grants under the Community Cultural, Recreational and Sporting Facilities Program, which had been initiated by Graham Richardson in 1988. The Auditor-General reported that he could not find any documentation explaining the rationale for grants made by Kelly's department, and therefore could not assess her decision-making procedures. The opposition, led by John Hewson and Peter Costello, claimed in Parliament that the money had been directed into marginal Labor-held electorates before the 1993 federal election as a pork barrelling exercise. Initially, she avoided answering questions on the matter, but she relented following threats by the Australian Democrats to vote for a Liberal proposition establishing a Senate inquiry if she did not give evidence to a House of Representatives committee. During the enquiry, she said that she had assessed 2,800 submissions for funding on the sole basis of verbal advice from her staff, and that decisions on short-listed applications had been made on a "great big whiteboard" in her office, having been erased without permanent record once the decisions were made. The 12-person committee, despite having a Labor majority, ultimately found in February 1994 that her actions were "not illegal" but her administration was "deficient".

On 21 February 1994, following changes to Australian House of Representatives Question Time which created a roster for ministers to appear in the House, the Liberals, led by Hewson and Costello, used the opportunity to demand her resignation. On 28 February, she did so, although Keating continued to support her, speaking out on 3 March 1994 accusing the Senate of holding the Government to ransom.

Eleven months later, Kelly resigned from parliament, triggering a 1995 by-election. A 16.1% swing against Labor in the normally comfortably safe Labor seat resulted in the election of Liberal challenger Brendan Smyth on 25 March 1995.  Labor was heavily defeated in the 1996 election, but Bob McMullan regained Canberra for Labor while Smyth failed to win the new seat of Namadgi.

See also

 Sports rorts affair (2020)

References

Political scandals in Australia
Keating government
1994 in Australia
Sport in Australia

Sports rorts affair


The Château de Montreuil-Bellay is a historical building in the town of Montreuil-Bellay, département of Maine-et-Loire, France,  first built on the site of a Gallo-Roman village high on a hill on the banks of the Thouet River. It is listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture.

During the medieval period the property, consisting of more than , was part of a group of 32 villages near-by that created the then known as "L'Anjou". The Mountreil-Bellay fief, first belonged to Gelduin le Danois afterward by regal heredity passed to Berlay le Vieux who became the first Sir of Bellay, in 1025 the castle was seized by Foulques Nerra a Plantagenet making Giraud Berlay his vassal during the second half of the 12th century. After the defeat of the English by Philip II, the fief returned to a descendant of the Berlay le Vieux family Sir of Bellay, Guillaume de Melun, during this period the fief went under a big renovation by the creation of high massive walls construction including 13 interlocking towers, with entry only via a fortified gateway and the name was anglicized from Barley to Balley.

During the French Wars of Religion (1562–1598) the town of Montreuil-Bellay was ransacked and burned but the sturdy fortress suffered little damage. Ownership of the castle changed several times including, through marriage, to the Cossé-Brissac family.  During the French Revolution the castle was seized by the revolutionary government and used as a prison for women suspected of being royalists.

In 1822 the property was acquired by Saumur businessman Adrien Niveleau, who divided the huge property into rental units. In 1860 Niveleau's daughter undertook occupancy and a major restoration campaign, redoing some of the rooms in the Troubadour style. Descendants of her husband's nephew are the current owners of the property.

Nowadays, Château de Montreuil-Bellay is also the name of a premium wine made on the property.

Images

See also
List of castles in France

References

External links

 Official site.

Photos of Château de Montreuil-Bellay and other Loire castles
 History of Montreuil-Balley http://sigot.montreuil.free.fr/historique/historique.htm
 Chateau de Montreuil-Balley (Chateau history text in French) https://web.archive.org/web/20110720002532/http://www.chateau-de-montreuil-bellay.fr/visite-histoire.php
 Site non officiel Montreuil Bellay  http://montreuil-bellay-passionnement.fr

Castles in Pays de la Loire
Châteaux in Maine-et-Loire
Museums in Maine-et-Loire
Historic house museums in Pays de la Loire
Monuments historiques of Pays de la Loire

Château de Montreuil-Bellay


Genevac Ltd is a company which was founded in 1990 by Michael Cole. It used to specialize in the manufacture of vacuum pumps and centrifugal evaporators, but has since directed its attention to equipment designed for combinatorial chemistry. Following a series of mergers, it is currently a subsidiary of SP Industries.

References

External links
 Official site

Manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom
Combinatorial chemistry

Genevac


The Bureau of Colored Troops was created by the United States War Department on May 22, 1863, under General Order No. 143, during the Civil War, to handle "all matters relating to the organization of colored troops." Major Charles W. Foster was chief of the Bureau, which reported to Adjutant General Lorenzo Thomas. The designation United States Colored Troops replaced the varied state titles that had been given to the African-American soldiers.

Origins and recruitment
The first official authorization to employ African Americans in federal service was the Second Confiscation and Militia Act of July 17, 1862. This act allowed President Abraham Lincoln to receive into the military service persons of African descent and gave permission to use them for any purpose "he may judge best for the public welfare." However, the President did not authorize use of African Americans in combat until issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863: "And I further declare and make known, that such persons of suitable condition, will be received into the armed service of the United States to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service." With these words the Union army changed.

During the American Civil War, in mid-1863, the administrative load became so burdensome that the War Department decided to create a single entity under the umbrella of the Adjutant General's Office, called the Bureau of Colored Troops, to manage its affairs. Headed by Major Charles W. Foster, the bureau was to systematize the process of raising black units and securing officers for them. It also served as a clearinghouse of information on these units. Over the course of the next year, the War Department began to change the names of black commands. Instead of state designations, they became United States Colored Troops, and the various units became United States Colored Infantry, Artillery, or Cavalry.

Racial segregation and treatment
The Bureau of Colored Troops brought efficiency to the USCT regiments, but not always equitable treatment. Despite objections from black leaders, the Bureau insisted on assigning only white men to commissioned officer positions. Although a small number of black soldiers received commissions by the end of the war—including the Virginia-born Martin R. Delany—and many served as non commissioned officers, the USCT remained primarily an organization led by whites. Officials in the army and in the government also initially assumed that black regiments would rarely, if ever, be used in combat. As a result, black soldiers endured a disproportionate share of labor duty. Also the assumption that black soldiers were workers, not fighters, led to inequities in pay. It was initially indicated that black soldiers would be paid $13 per month, which was the wage that white soldiers received. But in the Militia Act of 1862, Congress set the pay for black soldiers at $10 per month, $3 of which could be in clothing, which was the rate for military laborers. Black soldiers were also often denied recruitment bounties routinely offered to white soldiers, and were rarely eligible to collect aid for dependents, a benefit that state legislation often made available to white men serving in the ranks.

Major supporters
After the Emancipation Proclamation was announced, black recruitment was pursued in earnest. Volunteers from South Carolina, Tennessee, and Massachusetts filled the first authorized black regiments. However recruitment was slow until the support of prominent figures of African American cultures such as Frederick Douglass and Martin Delany. Martin Delany was commissioned as a major, the first African-American field officer in the United States Army during the American Civil War and was active in recruiting blacks for the United States Colored Troops. Frederick Douglass, on the other hand, encouraged black men to become soldiers to ensure eventual full citizenship. Volunteers began to respond, and in May 1863 the Government established the Bureau of Colored Troops to manage the burgeoning numbers of black soldiers.

Notes

Union Army
Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War
Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War
19th-century history of the United States Army
1863 establishments in Washington, D.C.

Bureau of Colored Troops


A paradox is a sentence in logic that cannot be true but also cannot be false. It is self-contradictory. Many famous problems of this kind exist.

Liar's paradox
A famous paradox is called the liar's paradox. It is the simple sentence "This sentence is a lie", or equivalently, "This statement is false."

If the sentence is true, then it is a lie as it says.  But if it is a lie, it cannot be true. A lie cannot also be a truth. So the sentence being true makes it a lie.

On the other hand, if the sentence is a lie, then it is not as it says: it is true.  But that is just what the sentence says, which makes the content of the sentence true.  So the sentence being a lie makes it true.

This paradox is not just in English, but in any language. It is true of mathematics as well.  Paradox can never be removed from any symbol system that makes claims about itself.

Other examples
Another example is the statement that "there is no cabal".  Only a cabal can know if there is no cabal, so this is either a guess, or, it is a cabal trying to pretend it does not exist.

Not all paradoxes are true logical paradoxes, since they can also be common-sense-defying statements that appear true. Some famous examples of this kind of paradox include:
 Zeno's paradoxes of motion
 Simpson's paradox in statistics
 Grandfather paradox
Banach–Tarski paradox

Informal uses of "paradox"
A paradox can also arise in ethics. Assuming power over others may sometimes be required to protect them while diminishing their right to autonomy. This is an ethical dilemma but not a logical paradox.

Related pages
 Contradiction
 Dilemma
 Irony
 Oxymoron
 Buttered cat paradox
 Thought experiment

References

Paradox


Colegio de San Ildefonso, currently is a museum and cultural center in Mexico City, considered to be the birthplace of the Mexican muralism movement.  San Ildefonso began as a prestigious Jesuit boarding school, and after the Reform War it gained educational prestige again as National Preparatory School. This school and the building closed completely in 1978, then reopened as a museum and cultural center in 1992. The museum has permanent and temporary art and archeological exhibitions in addition to the many murals painted on its walls by José Clemente Orozco, Fernando Leal, Diego Rivera and others. The complex is located between San Ildefonso Street and Justo Sierra Street in the historic center of Mexico City.

The college was founded 1588 and it is composed of six sections, that are five colonial baroque: the Colegio Grande, Colegio Chico, the chapel, El Generalito and the courtyard of los Pasantes, all completed in 1749; and one modern neo-baroque: the Amphitheater Bolívar completed in 1911.

History

Jesuit college

The Jesuits arrived in Mexico in 1572. With evangelization of the native population mostly complete in central Mexico, this order soon turned to establishing schools, especially schools for Criollo youth. They founded numerous colleges both in Mexico City and the outlying provinces, but the most important of these was San Ildefonso, founded in 1588. In 1618, it merged with the old San Pedro y San Pablo College, which was nearly in ruins, and gained a royal seal from Philip III of Spain.

Although administered by Jesuits, the education here was not solely dedicated to religious matters. San Ildefonso was not a college in the modern sense of the word, but rather more like a boarding residence and school. Young men lived and studied at the school, which did offer classes, but San Ildefonso's students were also enrolled in the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico, taking classes there and with the old faculty of San Pedro y San Pablo.

In the early 18th century, student population at the school had grown such that building expansion was needed. Work was begun on extending the building in 1712 and completed in 1749. This section of the complex is now known as the "Colegio Chico" (Small College) as opposed to the original section, called the "Colegio Grande" (Large College). The facade of both sections, which faces San Ildefonso Street, was constructed around this time as well.

The school reached its height in the 18th century, becoming one of the most important educational institutions in Mexico City, along with the university.  However, the Jesuits were expelled from all Spanish lands in 1767, including Mexico, by Charles III.  Operation of the school was then given to non-monastic clergy, and the school declined. The building continued to function as the San Ildefonso College between 1767 and 1867, but it was also used for other purposes, such as housing soldiers from the Flandes Regiment, being a temporary site of the Jurisprudence School, and housing several departments of the School of Medicine. During the Mexican American War and the French intervention, United States and French troops used this building as barracks.

National Preparatory School

The old Jesuit school had almost completely fallen into ruin by the time of the Reform Laws in the 1860s. These Laws secularized most of Church property, including the San Ildefonso College building. In 1867, Benito Juárez began reform of the educational system, taking it out of clerical hands and making it a government function. San Ildefonso was converted into the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria, or National Preparatory School, initially directed by Gabino Barreda, who organized the new school on the Positivist model of Auguste Comte (Comtism). The initial purpose of the school was to provide the nucleus of students for the soon-to-be-reconstructed Universidad Nacional (National University), later National Autonomous University of Mexico,  which was re-established in 1910 by Justo Sierra.

The new preparatory school began functioning at the San Ildefonso building with more than 700 day students and 200 live-in students. The complex remained a separate entity until 1929, when the Universidad Nacional gained autonomy, meaning it became independent of the government, though still government-sponsored. The Preparatory School became part of the newly independent university system, being designated as Preparatory #1 for a short time. As part of the student revolts of 1968, some students hid inside the building, which resulted in an occupation by the Mexican Army, who entered the building by shooting a bazooka round on its 18th-century-old front door. Its name soon changed back to Escuela Nacional Preparatoria and remained so until 1978, when it closed completely.

Muralist movement

In the 1920s, soon after the Mexican Revolution, the government sponsored mural paintings with themes centering on Mexico's history and politics of the post-Revolution era. San Ildefonso was one of the first public buildings to be painted this way.  The artwork was commissioned by Secretary of Education José Vasconcelos, a former director of the Preparatory School.  Painters who contributed mural work include Ramón Alva de la Canal, Fermin Revueltas, Fernando Leal, José Clemente Orozco, Diego Rivera, David Alfaro Siqueiros, and Jean Charlot.

Cultural center

Today the building is a museum and cultural center. In 1978, the National Preparatory School was closed and the building remained closed to the public until 1992. In that year it was renovated for an exposition called "Esplendores de 30 siglos"  (Splendors of 30 centuries).  In 1994, the building was opened permanently as a cultural center and museum administered jointly by the National Autonomous University of Mexico, National Council for Culture and Arts, and the government of the Federal District of Mexico City. The museum hosts temporary art and archeological exhibits focusing on both Mexican and foreign cultures. One recent exhibition was called "Cicatrices de la Fe. El arte de las misiones del norte de la Nueva España 1600–1821" (Scars of the Faith. The art of the missions in the north of New Spain 1600–1821), focusing on the religious art used during the Colonial period to evangelize the Catholic faith in what is now northern Mexico. The exhibition brought together pieces from Mexico, the U.S., and Europe.

The museum is also an active participant in the effort to revitalize the historic center of Mexico City, offering space for cultural and business events, using the money earned to support its public cultural functions. There is also a gift shop in the patio of the Colegio Grande that offers museum publications, handcrafted jewelry, ceramics and textiles, as well as publications relating to the temporary and permanent collections of the museum.

Description

San Ildefonso Street facade

Although it no longer provides access inside the complex, the large facade that runs along almost the entire length of San Ildefonso Street is the original, with a wide pedestrian zone between it and the street.  The facade is a long wall which is covered in tezontle, a blood-red porous volcanic stone, with windows and doors arranged unevenly and pilasters dividing the façade horizontally. These windows and doors are framed with jambs and lintels in cantera, a grayish-white stone. Vertical pilasters made of , another kind of white stone, divide the facade, which has two levels with the lower one being larger. Most of the facade belongs to the Colegio Grande, or the original section of the college.

There are two extremely large portals done in cantera with supporting relieves done in "tecali", a very white, almost transparent marble. On the far left of the pedestrian zone is the stone portal of the Colegio Chico. This is the oldest intact section of facade, and it is adorned with estipite (inverted truncated pyramid) pilasters. Either they or the estipite designs on the Kings Altar of the cathedral are the first use of this design in New Spain. This portal has a relief named La imposición de la casulla a san Ildefonsus ("Putting on the chasuble on Saint Ildephonsus of Toledo")  and opens to a hall that leads to the largest patio.

The portal leading to the Colegio Chico has a relief called El patrocinio de san Jose los Jesuitas (Saint Joseph as patron of the Jesuits) as well as one called Virgen del Rosario (Our Lady of the Rosary) both done in tecali. This portal opens to a hall that leads to a smaller patio.

Colegio Grande

Colegio Grande or Large College is the largest and original portion of the complex. It consists of one large patio, surrounded on all four sides by simple rounded arches, hallways, and rooms and one smaller patio called the "Patio de los Pasantes." The school part has three floors with a monumental staircase and contains most of the mural work done at San Ildefonso, and most of this was done by José Clemente Orozco between 1922 and 1927.

In what was once the portico, there is a mural by Ramón Alva de la Canal entitled The Spanish Landing and Planting of the Cross on New Land done in 1922. This fresco is considered to be the first of "The New School" of painting dealing with a specific point of Mexican history. On the opposite wall of the portico is the Allegory of the Virgin of Guadalupe by Fermin Revueltas. During the commission of this work, after not being paid for a number of weeks, Revueltas staged a kind of a strike at the school. Armed with a pistol and being somewhat drunk, he forced the porter to close the doors of the school. Since neither students nor teachers could enter the school, classes were suspended. The situation was resolved when David Alfaro Siqueiros met with Education Minister José Vasconcelos to arrange payment in gold coins. The story ends with both Siqueiros and Revueltas spending the money at a local cantina.

From the large patio of the Colegio Grande, one can see murals done by Orozco on all three floors. In the second floor corridor is a piece by Orozco called The Old Order which is considered a satirical work and The Trench which is considered one of his best works. On the third floor corridor is another series of murals by Orozco known as New Ideals.

The staircase connecting the three floors also contains Orozco's mural The Origin of Spanish America, but the upper portion of the staircase contains works by other artists. The southern wall of the stairway leading to the third floor is occupied by a mural by French artist Jean Charlot entitled The Conquest of Tenochtitlan. This work covers an aspect of Aztec history for the first time and is also noted for the use of metallic encrustations on the necklaces worn by Aztec lords. The northern wall contains a work called The Festivities of the Lord of Chalma by Fernando Leal. The work is noted for its use of bright color on the dancers and is considered a notable example of Neo-Baroque style.

Chapel

On one side of the hallway leading from the portal to the patio, there is the old chapel. This chapel was used as a library during the years that this was the preparatory school. This chapel contains a number of paintings.

El Generalito
On the other side of the hallway, to the left of the "La Tinchera" mural, is "El Generalito" (the little general) the general assembly room of the Preparatory School.  This room got its nickname because despite its small size, it was still the room used for all major assemblies. It contains the elaborately-carved choir stalls that belonged to the Convent of San Agustin, created by Salvador Ocampo with relief work in wood. These stalls were probably created sometime in the last third of the 17th century. They were brought, refurbished, and installed here in 1890. In addition to a number of paintings, this room also has an elaborately carved professor's chair that was made for the Preparatory School.

Patio de los Pasantes
The smaller courtyard  of the Colegio Grande is called the "Patio de los Pasantes." Pasantes (lit. "those who have passed") were those students who had completed all classes but needed to write their theses. When students reached this point, they were housed in this side of the building. It has only three sides with arches, with the fourth side being a blank wall. Otherwise, this patio is similar to the larger one.

Colegio Chico
While the Colegio Chico has undergone significant modifications since it was built onto the main college in the 18th century, it remains intact to this day. From the Colegio Chico entrance there is a simple stairwell. Siqueiros (muralist) painted the sides of this stairwell from 1922 to 1924, but he never finished the work. Furthermore, much of the work was lost during later renovations. Only a work on the stairwell's ceiling, called The Elements, survives intact.

Amphitheater Bolívar

The portals of the San Ildefonso Street side of the complex are no longer open for public access. The entrance to the complex is now on Justo Sierra Street through the Simón Bolívar Amphitheater. In 1906, due to the growth of the Preparatory School, a new building was ordered for the land against and behind the Colegio Grande. The amphitheatre was built by architect Samuel Chavez between 1906 and 1911. Another building that served as the dean's offices was finished in 1931 and designed by architect Pablo Flores. Both the amphitheatre and the dean's offices were designed to copy the Baroque style of the rest of the complex but, according to critics, both contain a significant number of design errors.

The lobby leading from the Just Sierra entrance has a double arcade decorated with elaborate Neo-Churrigueresque details. One the left is a fresco painted by Fernando Leal between 1931 and 1933. Named Epopeya bolivariana, it is a historical piece done in nine panels depicting the heroes that fought for independence in the various countries of the Americas.

Inside the Bolívar Amphitheater itself, one of Diego Rivera's early murals The Creation is exhibited. Despite the mixture of styles and concepts, this mural contains some of the features that would become Rivera trademarks: generous curves in the human form, Mexican nationalist elements, geometric structure of the composition, and groupings of famous persons. Other paintings here include works by Emilio Garcia Cahera, Ernesto García Cabral, and Angel Bolivar.

Notable alumni
 José Joaquin Jimeno (1804-1856), missionary

See also
List of colonial non-religious buildings in Mexico City
 List of Jesuit sites

References

External links

Museums in Mexico City
Arts in Mexico City
Contemporary art galleries in Mexico
Buildings and structures in Mexico City
History museums in Mexico
Historic center of Mexico City
Landmarks in Mexico City
National Monuments of Mexico
Boarding schools in Mexico
Defunct universities and colleges in Mexico
Defunct schools in Mexico
Catholic schools in Mexico
Educational institutions established in the 1580s
1588 establishments in New Spain
Buildings and structures completed in 1749
Educational institutions disestablished in 1978
1978 disestablishments in Mexico
Art museums established in 1994
1994 establishments in Mexico
1920s murals
Murals in Mexico
Colonial Mexico
Baroque architecture in Mexico
Spanish Colonial architecture in Mexico

Colegio de San Ildefonso, Mexico City


The Coca-Cola Billboard in Kings Cross, Sydney, usually referred to by Sydneysiders simply as "The Coca-Cola Sign" or "The Coke Sign", is an advertising billboard erected in 1974 by the Coca-Cola Company. It is more often regarded as an iconic landmark than as an advertisement. Commercially, it is considered to be the premier billboard in Sydney and is the largest billboard in the Southern Hemisphere. It is commonly, though incorrectly, assumed to be heritage-listed.

The sign

The Coca-Cola sign is located above the intersection of William Street and Darlinghurst Road and is attached to the Zenith Residences, formerly the Millenium Hotel and Kingsgate Hotel. The sign is often referred to as The Gateway to the Cross, because it is prominently visible from all of William Street, which is the principal road leading to Kings Cross from the Sydney CBD. One also must pass directly in front of the sign when entering Kings Cross from either William Street or Darlinghurst Road, the two main access roads. The billboard is made up of two parts: on the right, the famous red and white neon sign, and on the left the more modern, flex-faced sign. In total the sign is 41 metres in length and 13 metres in height, with the right sign being slightly larger at 21 metres in length.

The red and white neon sign is made up of eighty-eight vertical bars of red tubing. It also has 800 fluorescent lamps that are concealed behind reflectors that allow the billboard to project thirteen different patterns. The left part of the billboard is a flex-face style sign and is internally illuminated by approximately 1,000 fluorescent lamps. On 18 April 2008 Coca-Cola Amatil (CCA, the Australian Coca-Cola licensee) purchased the iconic sign.  The Coca-Cola Company (TCCC) had leased the sign since it was built in 1976. CCA and TCCC agreed to maintain the then-existing leasing arrangements.

History

The red and white neon billboard was erected in 1974 in its current location whilst the left side of the billboard was a later addition in 1990. In 2004 the billboard for the first time in thirty years advertised a product other than Coca-Cola, when the left side of the board advertised the release of Halo 2.

On 31 March 2007 the lights on the billboard were intentionally switched off for the first time, in correlation with the inaugural Earth Hour.

On 23 April 2008, four activists unfurled a banner over the billboard in protest of Coke's sponsorship of the Olympic torch relay at Kings Cross. The banner read: "Enjoy Compassion. Always Tibet. CHINA – TALK TO THE DALAI LAMA". All four activists were arrested.

In 2015, the Coke sign was removed to make way for an upgraded Coke sign. The lettering was auctioned off, raising $100,700 for the Wayside Chapel, but the hyphen between the words was given away via a Facebook contest, and now resides in Lithgow, NSW, as part of a Christmas light display. The new Coca-Cola sign was officially turned on, on 15 September 2016, and uses a lot less power. it is the single largest controllable LED sign in the Southern Hemisphere and can change colour.

References

Buildings and structures in Sydney
Billboards
Coca-Cola buildings and structures
Individual signs in Australia
Buildings and structures completed in 1974
Kings Cross, New South Wales
1974 establishments in Australia

Coca-Cola billboard


Karena Johnson is a British theatrical director and producer who first started working at London's Oval House Theatre. She was acting artistic director at Contact theatre and Artistic Director of Kushite Theatre Company as well as associate director at Nottingham Playhouse and Theatre Royal Stratford East. She was born in South London, and studied drama at the Royal Holloway, University of London and at the University of Leicester.

She has programmed a succession of productions, including Dipo Agboluaje's Early Morning, a satire about Nigerian cleaners mounting a coup in the city of London. She has been involved in a number of international cultural collaborations within Iran, China, Nigeria, Turkey and Europe.

Karena has worked as a professional theatre director since 1997. Her work include "40" by Angie LeMar at Hackney Empire Crossings by Julie McNamara at Cochrane Theatre "Safe" by David Herminstien at West Yorkshire Playhouse"Sweet Yam Kisses" which was conceived by her and written by Courttia Newland and Pat Cumper at the Lyric Hammersmith,"The Bridge" by Pedro Obaseki, an international co-production between Oval House Theatre and Don Pedro productions Nigeria; "The Oddest Couple" by Geoff Aymer at the Theatre Royal Stratford East; "Vengeance" by Wayne Buchanan on a National Tour; "Yerma" by Federico Garcia Lorca at the Young Vic/ Jerwood Space; "The Key Game" by Pat Cumper at the Riverside Studios; "The Front Room" by Jenny Davis on a National Tour; "Under Their Influence" by Wayne Buchanan at the Tricycle Theatre; "Angie Baby" by Rommie Smith at the Young Vic; "Gods and Bad Guys" by Tunde Euba; "Two" by Jim Cartwright; and EMMA Award nominated premier production of Vengeance by Wayne Buchanan at the Oval House Theatre.

Karena has also collaborated with other artist as including Robert Hylton on "Swan Breaks" Benji Reid on "Process 06" and Melih Gorgun on "SEAS Black/North"

Karena was a Jerwood Young Director Award Winner in 2003 and was nominated for the Carlton Multicultural Awards in 2003. Karena was the head of theatre programming at Oval House Theatre for five years, was the artistic director of Kushite Theatre, the acting artistic director of Contact Theatre, Manchester and CEO and artistic director of The Broadway theatre in Barking. Karena spent some time working as a freelance director in London and has been artistic director and CEO of Hoxton Hall since February 2015.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Theatre people from London
English theatre directors
British women theatre directors
Alumni of Royal Holloway, University of London
Alumni of the University of Leicester

Karena Johnson


Prostitution in Mongolia is illegal but widespread in some areas. The Global Fund for Tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and Malaria estimated there were about 19,000 sex workers in the country in 2006. Many women in Mongolia turn to prostitution through poverty.

Sex trafficking and child prostitution, including child sex tourism, are problems in the country.

Overview
Although illegal, prostitution in Mongolia is on the rise, partially due to the growing mining industry.

In the capital, Ulaanbaatar, prostitution was previously centred on the park in front of the Ulaanbaatar Hotel, where most wealthy westerners stayed when in the country. In recent years it has moved into  karaoke bars, hotels, saunas and massage parlours. Women's activists claim there are hundreds of these establishments in the city. Whilst there are occasional raids by the police, they establishments generally operate untroubled by law enforcement.

The number of men employed at the Oyu Tolgoi copper mine and the Tavan Tolgoi coal fields has led to a great rise in the number of sex workers in these areas.

Along the main highways leading to the China border, truck drivers will exchange diesel for sex. The prostitutes along the highways are known as "diesel girls"

Sexual health
As sex work in the country is underground due to the legal situation, sex workers have little access to sexual health services. STIs are high amongst sex workers with 30% having syphilis. The National AIDS Foundation fear an accelerated HIV spread.

Sex tourism
Sex tourism occurs in the country. Police report that 1,500 women and adolescents are working in bars, massage parlours and hotels catering to foreigners and tourists.

Japanese and South Korean tourists engage in child sex tourism in the country. There is often familial complicity of the children involved.

Sex trafficking

Mongolia is a source and destination country for women, and children subjected to sex trafficking. One of the major destinations is China, where the victims are forced enforced endenture to repayment the people smugglers to the "fee" to get them abroad. Women and girls are subjected to sex trafficking in Mongolian massage parlors, hotels, bars, and karaoke clubs. Women are subjected to forced prostitution after entering into commercially brokered marriages to Chinese men and, with decreased frequency, South Korean men. Traffickers sometimes use drugs, fraudulent social networking, online job opportunities, or English language programs to lure Mongolian victims into sex trafficking. A significant number of Mongolian victims from rural and poor economic areas are subjected to sex trafficking in Ulaanbaatar and border areas.

Article 113 of the criminal code prohibits all forms of human trafficking, however, authorities frequently charged suspected sex traffickers under article 124, which criminalises inducing others into and organising prostitution but does not require the element of force, fraud, or coercion that defines a trafficking crime. Authorities prosecuted 37 defendants and convicted eight under article 124 in 2016; however, it was unclear how many of these cases had direct links to sex trafficking.

The continued development of the mining industry in southern Mongolia led to an increase in internal and international migration, increasing the risk of trafficking, particularly along the China–Mongolia border. Young women are at risk of being exploited in prostitution by truck drivers transporting coal who are awaiting border crossing. Some Mongolian children sometimes subjected to sex trafficking, often with familial complicity. Previous reports allege corruption among Mongolian officials impedes the government's anti-trafficking efforts.

The United States Department of State Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons ranks Mongolia as a 'Tier 2 Watch List' country.

References

Mongolia
Mongolia
Society of Mongolia
Women's rights in Mongolia
Human rights in Mongolia
Social issues in Mongolia

Prostitution in Mongolia


International Automobile League was a brass era American automobile company.

History
Founded in Buffalo, New York, in summer 1908 with a capitalization of US$50,000, International's officers were A. C. Bidwell and C. H. Bowe.

In summer 1910, it was reorganized as the International Automobile League Tire and Rubber Company, capitalized at one million dollars, again by Bidwell and Bowe. Like many early American automobile companies, it is doubtful International actually built any cars.

Sources
Kimes, Beverly Rae. The Standard Catalog of American Cars, 1805-1942. Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publications, 1989. .

Brass Era vehicles
1900s cars
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1908
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in New York (state)
History of Buffalo, New York
Defunct companies based in New York (state)
1908 establishments in New York (state)
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1910
1910 disestablishments in New York (state)

International Automobile League


Opicino Spinola  (also called Opizzino Spinola) was a merchant and political leader in the Republic of Genoa in the early fourteenth century.  He was a member of the Spinola Family and one of the richest men in Genoa.

In January 1306, the citizens of Genoa replaced their Podesta with two Capitani del Popolo ("Captains of the People") as rulers of the republic, part of a constitutional struggle lasting from 1257 to 1339.

Thanks to his wealth, Spinola was elected one of the Captains.

In 1307, Spinola's daughter, Argentina Spinola, married Theodore Palaiologos, who claimed the March of Montferrat in succession to his maternal uncle. Spinola used his wealth to establish Theodore in power.

Spinola's co-Captain Bernabo Doria was the father-in-law of Manfred IV, Marquess of Saluzzo, who claimed some of the territory of Montferrat. This led to conflicts between Spinola and Doria. In 1310, Spinola managed to get himself appointed the sole Captain of the People for life.

However, his growing power made enemies, including even some of his Spinola kinsmen. In late 1310, he was forced from office; in 1311 the Podesta was restored, and Spinola was placed under perpetual banishment from Genoa.

Sources
Epstain, Steve. Genoa and the Genoese. p. 325.
Malleson, George Bruce. Studies in Genoese History. p. 300

Spinola family
Italian untitled nobility
Politicians from Genoa
14th-century Genoese people
14th-century Italian businesspeople

Opicino Spinola


Mazinger, later called Mazinger U.S.A. Version or Mazinger U.S. Version to avoid confusions with the rest of the Mazinger works, is a 60 pages comic series created by Go Nagai specifically for the US market. Sometimes it is also called incorrectly Mazinwarrior or MazinSaga, since its Mazinger'''s design is similar to the Mazinger of MazinSaga. It features full-color graphics, text in English and left-to-right formatting. It is the second comic created by Go Nagai for the US market after Oni (published in 1983). It is partially inspired by Gulliver's Travels.

Plot
The story is set in the year 220X A.D., after hundreds of years in war that devastated planet Earth. The environment of the planet is so damaged that the fights have to be done wearing special combat armors. A new battle is rising, and the soldier Major Kabuto boards his combat robot, Mazinger. In the middle of the battle, Mazinger gets caught in an explosion which creates a wormhole that transports Mazinger into a parallel dimension. In this Earth, immediately after appearing, Mazinger saves a beautiful young woman, princess Krishna, from humanoid reptiles that are about to kill her.

It turns out that princess Krishna's kingdom of Lithgor is the last human land standing against the newly risen Zard Empire of the reptilian race, a race that cared only for war. The High King of Lithgor desired peace with the Zard empire, and overruled his council to seek a truce, but the Zard empire committed treachery and killed the High King and the rest of the nobles with the exception of princess Krishna.

After witnessing what Mazinger can do, Krishna requests his help to defend Lithgor. Mazinger does not want to intrude, but accepts to help on the condition of winning the love of Krishna, who is the woman of his dreams. Krishna had also dreamed of a man like Mazinger, but accepts mainly for the sake of her people. Mazinger warns her of the consequences of her promise, since he is a man from another world, stating that beneath the Mazinger armor, he is not like the men of Krishna's world. Even so, she accepts and Major Kabuto gets out of Mazinger, surprising the princess. Kabuto regrets that he finally finds the woman and the land of his dreams but it turns out to be of the wrong size. The princess comments that she had heard legends about the little people, about a man named Swift.

The final battle approaches and Mazinger requests to face all the Zard warriors alone. He uses his powerful armament, obliterating the Zard Empire but gets caught in another massive explosion and returns to his Earth. There, he encounters a partner who tells him that he was lost for a month, even though a day had only passed for him in the other Earth. When asked where he was, Kabuto answers that he was in an adventure and recalls his experience in Krishna's kingdom. He's interrupted by a new attack and gets ready to once again face his enemies. He says that he will keep fighting until he sees his beloved Krishna again.

External links
 Mazinger at The World of Go Nagai'' webpage.

Fantasy comics
First Comics titles
Science fiction comics
1988 comics debuts
Adventure anime and manga
1988 manga
Super robot anime and manga

Mazinger U.S.A. Version


George Levinger (1927–2017) was Professor of Psychology at the University of Massachusetts in Amherst. Born in Berlin, Germany, he fled the Nazi regime with his Jewish family in 1935, first moving to Switzerland and then to London, before emigrating to the United States in 1941. He received his B.A. from Columbia University in 1946. After his army service in Tokyo and time in the import-export business, he received a 1951 M.A. in clinical psychology from the University of California, Berkeley and a 1955 Ph.D. in social psychology from the University of Michigan. He later taught at Bryn Mawr College (1957–60), Western Reserve University (1960–65), and the University of Massachusetts (1965–92).

Professional work
Levinger's principal scientific work concerns close interpersonal relationships. After publishing on marital relationships, he sought to link his work to previous social psychological findings about short-term superficial relationships in the laboratory. In 1972 he authored the widely cited paper, "Attraction in relationship: A new look at interpersonal attraction," which distinguished explicitly between surface contact and a deepening mutuality. As two partners become increasingly interdependent and concerned with each other, their mutual involvement is pictured by a growing intersection between two circles or mutual "life spaces." This image applied to any sort of close relationship—whether a courtship, a friendship, or a business partnership. The framework helped to spawn a research literature and debate on the multifaceted nature and measurement of mutuality (aka closeness) and the factors that promote its development, on the one hand, and undermine it, on the other. In 1974, he organized an interdisciplinary conference on close relationships at the University of Massachusetts, resulting in the book Close Relationships.

Two other papers on pair "cohesiveness" proposed a model for explaining why some couples stay together even though partners find themselves in an "empty-shell" relationship. Two years later, he edited a book on breakups:  Divorce and Separation: Context, Causes, and Consequences.

In contributing to the subsequent multi-authored theoretical book Close Relationships, Levinger's chapter on "Development and change" focused on the longitudinal sequence from Acquaintance to Buildup to Continuation to possible Deterioration and Ending, and the transitions between those phases. This "A-B-C-D-E"  model and analysis among its transitions is a tool for viewing changes in couple relationships in general.

In 1990, the International Society for the Study of Personal Relationships gave Levinger its first Distinguished Career Contribution Award.

Bibliography

Books
 Levinger, George Klaus; Moles, Oliver Clinton (1979). Divorce and separation: context, causes, and consequences. Basic Books.
 Levinger, George Klaus; Raush, Harold L. (1977). Close Relationships: Perspectives on the Meaning of Intimacy. Univ of Massachusetts Press. .
 Levinger, George Klaus; Snoek, J. Diedrick (1972).   Attraction in Relationship: A New Look at Interpersonal Attraction. General Learning Press.

Journal articles
 Levinger, G. (1963). Supplementary methods in family research.  Family Process, 2, 357-366.
 Levinger, G. (1964). Task and social behavior in marriage.  Sociometry, 27, 433-448.
 Levinger, G. (1964).  Note on need complementarity in marriage.  Psychological Bulletin, 61, 153-157.
 Levinger, G. (1965). Marital cohesiveness and dissolution:  An integrative review.  Journal of Marriage and the Family, 27, 19-28.
 Levinger, G.  (1965). Altruism in marriage.  Journal of Marriage and the Family, 27, 32-33.
 Levinger, G., & Sonnheim, M. (1965).  Complementarity in marital adjustment:  Reconsidering Toman's family constellation hypothesis. (1965).  Journal of Individual Psychology, 21, 147-145.
 Levinger, G., & Breedlove, J.  (1966). Interpersonal attraction and agreement.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1966, 3, 367-372.
 Levinger, G. (1966). Systematic distortion in spouses' reports of preferred and actual sexual behavior.  Sociometry, 29, 291-299.
 Levinger, G. (1966).  Sources of marital dissatisfaction among applicants for divorce.  American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 36, 803-807.
 Levinger, G., & Senn, D. J. (1967).  Disclosure of feelings in marriage.  Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 13, 237-249.
 Levinger, G., Senn, D. J., & Jorgensen, B. W.  Progress toward permanence in courtship:  A test of the Kerckhoff-Davis hypotheses.  Sociometry, 1970, 33, 427-443.
 Levinger, G., & Snoek, J. D.  Attraction in relationship:  A new look at interpersonal attraction.  Morristown, N. J.:  General Learning Press, 1972.
 Levinger, G.  A three-level approach to attraction:  Toward an understanding of pair relatedness.  In T. L. Huston (Ed.), Foundations of interpersonal attraction .  New York:  Academic Press, 1974.
 Levinger, G.  A social psychological perspective on marital dissolution.  Journal of Social Issues, 1976, 32 (1), 21-47.
 Levinger, G., & Raush, H. L. (Eds.), Close relationships:  Perspectives on the meaning of intimacy.  Amherst, MA:  University of Massachusetts Press, 1977.
 Levinger, G.  Toward the analysis of close relationships.  Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1980, 16, 510-544.
 Rands, M., Levinger, G., & Mellinger, G. D.  Patterns of conflict resolution and marital satisfaction.  Journal of Family Issues, 1981, 2, 297-321.

References

1927 births
2017 deaths
Columbia University alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of Michigan alumni
University of Massachusetts Amherst faculty
20th-century American psychologists

George Levinger


John Bartlett (1784–1849) was a minister and co-founder of McLean Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, two of the first hospitals in the United States.

John Bartlett was born in Concord, Massachusetts in 1784 as the fourth of twelve children and as a youth was greatly influenced by his local pastor, Dr. Ripley. After working with a relative in commerce in Maine, Bartlett returned to Massachusetts and graduated from Harvard College in 1805. Bartlett then studied theology for two years in Cambridge and then became chaplain of the Boston Almshouse, which cared for poor residents of Boston. Bartlett remained as a chaplain from 1807 to 1811 and during this period studied theology further under William Ellery Channing. Bartlett also studied medicine, although he never intended to be practicing physician, but thought the education useful in his work with the impoverished. After observing the conditions of the poor at the Almshouse, Bartlett visited the hospitals in New York and Philadelphia and researched the newest medical methods. Bartlett then organized two meetings of prominent physicians and wealthy benefactors, one meeting resulted in the founding of McLean Insane Hospital and the other resulted in the creation of Massachusetts General Hospital. In 1811 Bartlett was ordained as pastor of the Second Congregational Church in Marblehead, Massachusetts, where he held to a Unitarian theology. Also in 1811, Bartlett married, Rebecca Dublois, daughter of George and Sarah Dublois, and they eventually had six children together. He was an active member of the Marblehead Humane Society and Freemasons. Bartlett died in 1849 at age sixty-five after several personal tragedies.

References

19th-century Congregationalist ministers
Massachusetts General Hospital people
Harvard College alumni
1784 births
1849 deaths
McLean Hospital founders

John Bartlett (minister)


The Iraqi National Accord (Arabic: الوفاق الوطني العراقي Al-Wifaq Al-Watani Al-'Iraqi), known inside Iraq as Wifaq, is an Iraqi political party founded by Iyad Allawi, Tahsin Muallah and Salah Omar al-Ali in 1991.

History
The party was founded at the time of the Persian Gulf War as an opposition group to Saddam Hussein. At that time, the two most active anti-Saddam groups were the SCIRI and al-Dawa; both were Islamic Shi'ite parties, originating from Iraq, but operating from Iran from which they received support. Both parties were disagreeable to the western powers, and Saudi Arabia, who had long poor relations with the Islamic Republic. The INA was thus set up to be an alternative, largely funded by money from Saudi Arabia; with extra support coming from the UK and the United States.

INA membership consisted largely of military and security personnel who had defected from the Iraqi army under Saddam Hussein's rule.

The INA organised attacks in Iraq between 1992 and 1995 to demonstrate its capacities as a militant group, but these had little effect on the government. In August 1995, Saddam's son-in-law, Hussein Kamel al-Majid authorized the INA to operate from Jordan after he too defected. Unlike the Iraqi National Congress strategy of fomenting revolution among Iraq's disaffected minorities, the INA felt the best way to remove Saddam was organizing a coup among Iraqi military and security services. To this end, the INA, in close cooperation with the CIA, was involved in a coup against Saddam in 1996. However, the INA had been infiltrated by agents loyal to Saddam, and in June, 1996, 30 Iraqi military officers were executed and 100 others were arrested for alleged ties to the INA. Allawi has claimed INA remained active in Iraq as of March, 1998.

With the fall of Saddam, the INA entered Iraq playing a central role in the occupation government. With the rift between the United States and the Iraqi National Congress, the INA's role was further enhanced and Allawi was declared Prime Minister of Iraq on 28 May 2004. Under Allawi, the INA  participated in the January 2005 Iraqi election, as part of the Iraqi List coalition. In the December 2005 elections, it was part of the Iraqi National List coalition.

References

External links
http://www.ayadallawi.com/ Iraqi National Accord official website
https://web.archive.org/web/20121103122106/http://www.fas.org/irp/crs/crs-iraq-op.htm
 INA's charter

Iraqi democracy movements
Liberal parties in Iraq
Secularism in Iraq
Central Intelligence Agency front organizations
Political parties in Iraq

Iraqi National Accord


Randal Jones (born June 24, 1969 in Winston-Salem, North Carolina) is an American bobsledder.  Jones competed in both the 2-man and 4-man events in four Winter Olympics.

High school
Jones attended Robert B. Glenn High School in Kernersville, North Carolina and was a standout track and football star.  Jones was a big part in leading the school to a state championship in track in 1986.  Jones graduated from Glenn High School in 1987.

College career
Jones attended Duke University, where he played football and ran track while earning a Mechanical Engineering degree.  Graduating from Duke in 1991, he still holds five team football records for Duke in kick returns and was also a record-setting track athlete.

Bobsledding career
Jones' track coach at Duke convinced him after graduating to try out for the U.S. Bobsled team.  Combined with a desire to see the world, Jones accepted the invitation to join the team.  He won the National Brakeman and Side Push Championship twice in both 1992 and 1995, along with the World Cup and Overall Championship in 1992–93.

Jones made his Olympic debut in 1994 in Lillehammer, finishing 13th in the 2-man event. He came up short in the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano as the 4-man team with driver Brian Shimer and pushers Chip Minton and Garrett Hines missed by .02 seconds of winning a bronze medal, finishing fifth.

After winning four World Cup medals, 2002 saw Jones have the best year of his career in bobsledding.  At the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Jones along with driver Todd Hays, won a silver medal in the 4-man event.  This marked the first time since 1956 that the United States won a medal in men's bobsledding. Jones also won three medals in the four-man event at the FIBT World Championships with a silver (2003) and two bronzes (1993, 1997).

In 2005-06, Jones' best finish in the World Cup was second at the 4-man event held in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. He was at the 2006 Winter Olympics, but did not run in either competition. Jones is now part of the United States Olympic Committee and is widely considered as the most decorated bobsledder in U.S. history.

Personal life
Jones is married to his wife, Cheri Alou, and currently resides in Atlanta, Georgia. Jones and his wife Cheri also have twins, Roman and Marissa, who reside with them in Atlanta, Georgia. Jones currently works as a Technology Director for Omnicom Media Group.

References

External links
 Bobsleigh four-man Olympic medalists for 1924, 1932–56, and since 1964
 Bobsleigh four-man world championship medalists since 1930
 Black Press USA profile
 ESPN.com profile on Jones
 FIBT profile
 United States Olympic Committee profile

1969 births
American male bobsledders
American football return specialists
American male sprinters
Bobsledders at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Bobsledders at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Bobsledders at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Bobsledders at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in bobsleigh
Duke Blue Devils football players
Living people
Sportspeople from Atlanta
Sportspeople from Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics

Randy Jones (bobsleigh)


Charles Wakefield Cadman (December 24, 1881 – December 30, 1946) was an American composer. For 40 years he worked closely with Nelle Richmond Eberhart, who wrote most of the texts to his songs, including Four American Indian Songs. She also wrote the librettos for his five operas, two of which were based on Indian themes. He composed in a wide variety of genres.

Life and career
Cadman's musical education, unlike that of most of his American contemporaries, was completely American. Born in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, he began piano lessons at 13. Eventually, he went to nearby Pittsburgh where he studied harmony, theory, and orchestration with Luigi von Kunits and Emil Paur, then concertmaster and conductor, respectively, of the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra. This was the sum of his formal training, although he has been said to have been a pupil of Anna Priscilla Risher as well.

By the age of eighteen, he was working as a clerk in a railroad office in Homestead, also in steel country. On the side, he continued writing music. In 1902 he met neighbor Nelle Richmond Eberhart and learned that she was interested in music.

They began to work together, she writing the text and he the music for their first piece, a hymn for which they were paid one and a half dollars. Their collaboration began, and it continued for 40 years.

In 1908 Cadman was appointed as the music editor and critic of the Pittsburgh Dispatch. He was greatly influenced by American Indian music, which he had been studying, especially through the work of ethnologists Alice Fletcher and Francis La Flesche. Fletcher and La Flesche had studied the  Omaha Tribe and recorded their music and stories.

Having published several articles on American Indian music, Cadman became regarded as one of the foremost experts on the subject. In 1908 he began touring to present lectures known as the "Indian Talk", or "Indian Music Tour", accompanied by the performance of Native American music and his own compositions. Tsianina Redfeather (Muscogee/Cherokee), billed as "Princess Redfeather", performed as a singer on some of his tours. Her signature song was Cadman's "From the Land of the Sky-Blue Water". Another such song was "At Dawning", which became widely known in the 1920s. Cadman toured both the US and Europe for 25 years to present this lecture.

Cadman drew from Omaha and Iroquois songs for his Four American Indian Songs, Op. 45, which became his first commercial success in 1909. This was aided by performances of these songs by noted soprano Lillian Nordica, who was on a concert tour. In the summer of 1909 he went to Nebraska to study the music and traditional instruments of the Omaha and Winnebago tribes. He lived with the people on their reservations, learning to play their instruments.

During his trip to the West, he met Francis La Flesche, an Omaha ethnologist who was working with the Smithsonian Institution on studies of the Omaha and Osage peoples. Cadman assisted him in making recordings on wax cylinders of traditional songs. These works are now held by the Library of Congress, and some 60 songs are available online. Cadman drew from La Flesche's recordings, and he was also interested in his stories collected from these peoples.

They began work that year on an opera; Cadman had already started to pull melodies from three printed collections of Omaha and Pawnee music published by ethnologist Alice Cunningham Fletcher, who also was with the Smithsonian. The songs were transcribed or harmonized by others.

Cadman and Eberhart worked closely with La Flesche by mail, and he continued to provide Cadman with Omaha melodies for the opera. They were not permitted to use melodies which La Flesche had collected for an as yet unpublished report for the Smithsonian. Together with librettist Nelle Richmond Eberhart, Cadman and La Flesche worked together for about three more years to create an opera based on Omaha stories and music. Cadman made occasional Indian Music tours to raise money for the project. He moved to Denver in 1911.

Cadman completed the music for Da O Ma (1912) and sought a venue for it, but it was never produced or published. It was rejected by the Boston Opera Company, the White-Smith Music Publishing Company, which had published numerous songs by Cadman; and the Metropolitan Opera. In the course of their work, the team had changed the opera from an Omaha to Sioux  (Lakota/Dakota) setting. Cadman did gain some distribution for this music: selections from the opera were published by White-Smith in 1917 as a piano suite, and by Boosey in 1920 as an orchestral suite.

In 1915 Cadman was named a national honorary member of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia music fraternity.

Cadman and Eberhart began another project with La Flesche, but he withdrew because of differences. They collaborated with Tsianina Redfeather Blackstone, a Muscogee/Cherokee singer who had performed with Cadman on tour. She provided much of the plot for the libretto of The Robin Woman (Shanewis), based on contemporary Native American issues.  The opera was produced by the Metropolitan Opera of New York in 1918, and, unusually, was performed for two concurrent seasons.

It was very popular in the 1920s, performed also in Denver and Los Angeles. Redfeather made her opera debut in the lead role in a 1924 performance in Denver, and also sang it in Los Angeles in 1926.

Some scholars believe that Cadman's involvement with the so-called Indianist movement in American music resulted in some critics failing to judge his works on their own merits. While his and similar works were popular in the early 20th century, they have since fallen out of favor.

Move to Los Angeles
In the 1920s, Cadman moved to Los Angeles, California. He helped to found the Hollywood Bowl Orchestra and often performed there as a solo pianist. His opera Shanewis was performed there in 1926.

He became involved with the film studios, writing the scores for several films. These included The Sky Hawk (1929), Captain of the Guard (1930), a musical set during the French Revolution; Women Everywhere, and Harmony at Home, all Pre-code films. Along with Russian-American Dmitri Tiomkin, Cadman was considered one of Hollywood's top film composers of the period.

But Cadman first and foremost was a serious composer who wrote for nearly every genre. His chamber music works are generally considered among his best. He introduced elements of ragtime music into the classical music format, anticipating Gershwin, Stravinsky, and Milhaud, among others.  His Piano Trio, Op. 56, composed in 1913, drew the critics' attention and praise for his innovations.

His opera The Sunset Trail (1922) was part of the touring repertoire of Vladimir Rosing's American Opera Company.

The Pageant of Colorado, a historical pageant with music composed by Cadman to a libretto by Lillian White Spencer, was produced in Denver, Colorado in May 1927. Dramatist and playwright Percy Jewett Burrell, a fraternity colleague of Cadman, directed the production.

Selected works
Operas and operettas
The Land of the Misty Waters or Da O Ma (1912)
Shanewis or The Robin Woman (1918)
The Sunset Trail (1922)
The Garden of Mystery (1925, after Rappaccini's Daughter)
The Ghost of Lollypop Bay (1926)
Lelawala (1926)
A Witch of Salem (1926)
The Belle of Havana (1928)
South of Sonora (1932)
The Willow Tree, Radio Opera (1932)
Ramala, revision of The Land of the Misty Waters (unperformed)

American Indian art songs

From Wigwam and Teepee, Op. 57 (also known as Four American Indian Songs); words by Nelle Richmond Eberhart; Edwin H. Morris publisher, 1914
 "The Place of Breaking Light"
 "From the Long Room of the Sea"
 "Ho, Ye Warriors on the Warpat"
 "The Thunderbirds Come from the Cedars"
"The Doe-Skinned Blanket"; words by Cecil Fanning; Edwin H. Morris publisher, 1919
"From the Land of the Sky-Blue Water", Op. 45 No. 1; words by Nelle Richmond Eberhart; White-Smith Music Publishing Co., 1909
Her Shadow (Ojibway Canoe Song); words by Frederick R. Burton; Edwin H. Morris publisher, 1918
He Who Moves in the Dew; words by Nelle Richmond Eberhart; Edwin H. Morris publisher, 1916
I Found Him on the Mesa; words by Nelle Richmond Eberhart; Edwin H. Morris publisher, 1913
The New Trail (Indian Duet); words by Nelle Richmond Eberhart; Edwin H. Morris publisher, 1928

Other art songs
300 total songs, including:
At Dawning Op.29.1 (1906)
It Is Morning Again (unknown author), published by G. Schirmer
Joy (unknown author), published by G. Schirmer
The Moon Behind the Cottonwood words by Nelle Richmond Eberhart, published by G. Schirmer
A Moonlight Song (unknown author), published by G. Schirmer
Sayonara
Welcome! Sweet Wind (unknown author), published by G. Schirmer
The Willow Wind
Could Roses Speak Op.26.1 (1906)

Orchestral
Thunderbird Suite (1914)
The Feather of the Dawn (1923)
To a Vanishing Race (1925)
Oriental Rhapsody (1929)
Dark Dancers of Mardi Gras (1933)
Trail Pictures Suite (1934)
American Suite (1936)
Suite on American Folksongs (1937)
Pennsylvania Symphony in e minor (1939)
Aurora Borealis (1944)

Concertante
A Mad Empress Remembers for solo cello and orchestra (1944)

Chamber music
String Quartet (1917)
To a Vanishing Race for 2 violins, viola, cello and double bass (published 1917)
Piano Trio in D major, Op. 56 (1913)
Sonata for violin and piano (1937)
Piano Quintet in g minor (1937)
A Mad Empress Remembers for cello and piano (1944)

Organ music
Meditation in D (1904)
Legend in F, Op. 30 No. 1 (1906)
Caprice in G, Op. 30 No. 2 (1906)

References

Bibliography
The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians, Ed. S. Sadie, Macmillan, London 1980
The Chamber Music Journal , Vol.XIII No.1, Riverwoods, Illinois 2002 (Permission to quote and copy has been granted under the GNU License. Some of this information has already appeared elsewhere including but not limited to the website of Edition Silvertrust)

External links

Encyclopædia Britannica article about Charles Wakefield Cadman
Cadman Piano Trio in D, Op. 56 sound-bites

Sheet music for "From the land of the sky-blue water", Boston: White-Smith. From Wade Hall Sheet Music Collection
First available recording of Dark Dancers of the Mardi Gras by Charles Wakefield Cadman

Four pieces of sheet music in Nebraska Memories
 Charles Wakefield Cadman recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings.

1881 births
1946 deaths
People from Johnstown, Pennsylvania
American music critics
American male classical composers
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
20th-century classical composers
American classical composers
American male journalists
American film score composers
American male film score composers
American opera composers
Male opera composers
Journalists from Pennsylvania
20th-century American composers
Classical musicians from Pennsylvania
20th-century American male musicians

Charles Wakefield Cadman


Adrienne Goodson (born October 19, 1966) is an American former basketball player, a 6-foot forward noted for her exceptional rebounding ability, especially on the offensive glass. Her professional career in Brazil, the ABL, and the WNBA spanned 14 years.

Amateur basketball career
Born in Bayonne, New Jersey, Goodson became interested in basketball at the age of seven. She played for Bayonne High School, where she was a consensus high school All-American, named as such by Parade Magazine, Adidas, Coach, Converse, the Amateur Athletic Union, and USA Today.

She went on to attend Old Dominion University, where she graduated in 1988 with a degree in secondary education. In her freshman season there, Goodson averaged 9.5 points per game, and the team won first the Sun Belt Conference title, and then the 1985 NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Tournament. In the NCAA title game, Goodson scored nine points and hauled in six rebounds to help the Lady Monarchs defeat Georgia 70-65, as Old Dominion rolled to a 31-3 record.

During her college career, Goodson was a two-time second team All-Star performer. In 1987, she was named the Sun Belt Conference tournament's Most Valuable Player, as the Lady Monarchs won the Sun Belt Conference title again. As a Senior in 1988, she was named the Sun Belt Player of the Year.

In all, Goodson helped lead Old Dominion to three NCAA tournaments. She finished her college career with 1,574 points and 863 rebounds. She ranks 11th all-time in scoring at Old Dominion. She was inducted into the Old Dominion University Hall of Fame in 1999.

Following her graduation in 1988, Goodson captained the 1993 USA National Basketball Team.

USA Basketball
Goodson was named to the team representing the US at the 1993 World University Games competition in Buffalo, New York. The team had a 6–2 record, winning the bronze medal. Goodson was the captain of the USA team, and led the team in scoring with 20 points, in the game against Russia.  Goodson was the second leading scorer on the USA team, averaging 13.1 points per game over the eight games. She also led the team in steals with 15.

Professional basketball career

In Brazil
No American professional women's league existed when Goodson graduated in 1988, so she played professionally in Brazil for five years. Goodson won five championships in the run-and-gun Brazilian league, learned to speak Portuguese, and left many friends behind at the end of her career there, but the lure of playing back home was too good to pass up, even with the pay cut she took.

In the American Basketball League (1996–1998)
In 1996, Goodson left a successful career in Brazil in 1996 to play in the inaugural season of the now-defunct American Basketball League (1996–1998). In the 2½ years that the ABL existed, she played for the Richmond/Philadelphia Rage, and later for the Chicago Condors.

In her first season back on American soil, Goodson continued her winning ways, helping lead the Richmond Rage to the ABL finals, where they lost to the Columbus Quest. She finished her first US pro season with averages of 17.7 points and 7.7 rebounds per game. In her second year with the Rage, which by then had moved to Philadelphia, she posted averages of 17.4 points and 8.7 rebounds, both tops on the team. The 6-foot forward earned the league's Player of the Week honors several times.

She was an ABL All-Star both years, and is one of only five players twice named to the All-ABL Team (the others in that select group are Teresa Edwards, Carolyn Jones-Young, Dawn Staley, and Natalie Williams). She ranks fourth with 1,658 career ABL points scored, and is second only to Williams in ABL career offensive rebounds, with 293. She averaged 17.5 points and 7.9 rebounds per game in the ABL.

In the WNBA (1999–2005)
Goodson was selected in the third round (27th overall) in the 1999 WNBA consolidation draft. In her seven-year WNBA career, Goodson played with the Utah Starzz (1999–2002), San Antonio Silver Stars (2002–04), and Houston Comets (2005), finishing her career with the Charlotte Sting.  She averaged 12.5 points, 5.2 rebounds and 2.0 assists in her WNBA career. In 1999, she started in all but one game with Utah and averaged 14.9 points. In 2002, she was selected to the WNBA All-Star Team.  She is only the third Woman in the history of the WNBA to score over 4000 points with over 1500 rebounds.

She has been named the best six foot and under rebounder in the world by several basketball experts.  Adrienne received the 2003 WNBA Off-Season Community Assist Award, and she continues to give back to her community.  Goodson believes the strongest assets she brings to a team are her leadership ability, work ethic and dedication.

Adrienne Goodson picks up her second consecutive WNBA Offseason Community Assist Award.
Source:Silver Stars Photo

References

External links

1966 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Brazil
American women's basketball players
Bayonne High School alumni
Charlotte Sting players
Chicago Condors players
Houston Comets players
Old Dominion Monarchs women's basketball players
Philadelphia Rage players
San Antonio Stars players
Small forwards
Sportspeople from Bayonne, New Jersey
Basketball players from Hudson County, New Jersey
FISU World University Games gold medalists for the United States
Universiade medalists in basketball
Utah Starzz draft picks
Utah Starzz players
Women's National Basketball Association All-Stars
Medalists at the 1993 Summer Universiade
21st-century American women
United States women's national basketball team players

Adrienne Goodson


Alexander L. Baugh (born 1957) is a professor of Church History and Doctrine at Brigham Young University (BYU).  He has largely written on the history of the Latter Day Saint movement in the 1830s Missouri period, but has also written on such topics as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in Great Britain during the 20th Century.

Baugh was born and raised in Logan, Utah.  From 1976 to 1978, he served as a missionary in the LDS Church's Virginia Roanoke Mission.  He later received a bachelor's degree from Utah State University.  He then became a seminary instructor for the Church Educational System and went on to earn a master's degree and Ph.D. from BYU.

Baugh is the author of Call to Arms: The 1838 Mormon Defense of Northern Missouri and Banner of the Gospel: Wilford Woodruff. He is also the co-editor or co-author of On This Day in the Church: An Illustrated Almanac of the Latter-day Saints and Regional Studies in Church History: New York and Pennsylvania.

Among other callings in the LDS Church, Baugh has served as a bishop.  He and his wife, Susan, are the parents of five children.

Baugh is currently one of the editors of the Joseph Smith Papers Project.

Notes

Sources
 Mormon Historic Sites bio
 BYU biography
 Biography at Joseph Smith Papers Project website (accessed May 4, 2012)

1957 births
20th-century American historians
American male non-fiction writers
20th-century Mormon missionaries
American Latter Day Saint writers
American Mormon missionaries in the United States
American leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Brigham Young University alumni
Brigham Young University faculty
Church Educational System instructors
Historians of the Latter Day Saint movement
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Living people
Utah State University alumni
20th-century American male writers

Alexander L. Baugh