Jerome Kern was an American songwriter. He was born in New York City on January 27, 1885 and died in New York City on November 11, 1945 at the age of 60.

Jerome Kern is often called the father of American musical theater. Kern is remembered for the hundreds of songs he wrote for musical plays and movies. Music historians say that Kern gave artistic importance to American popular music for the first time. And, they say, he led the development of the first truly American theater music.

Younger days
Jerome Kern was born into a middle-class family in New York City in 1885. Jerome's mother, Fanny, loved the piano. She began to teach Jerome how to play when he was very young. He became a fair piano player but not so good that anyone expected him to become a great musician.

Jerome was a quiet boy and not a top student. When he completed high school, his father said he would have to work in the family's store. Mister Kern said his son could never make money writing music. But he later came to believe that Jerome might do better in music than in business after all. So he let the boy go to Europe to study music, as almost all serious young musicians did at the time.

As a songwriter
Jerome Kern began his career as a songwriter in theaters in London and New York City. Success came quickly. By the early 1920s, Kern was a successful young composer for Broadway musical comedies. In one three-year period alone, he wrote music for 19 shows.

Other people wrote the words for Kern's songs. Kern wrote only the music. And he worked with each song until he was satisfied that the music was perfect. He almost never changed his music to fit the words. One of Kern's best-loved songs is "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes", sung by Dinah Washington.

Although Kern's songs are easy to remember after hearing a few times, they are not simple. His melodies -- the musical line of the song -- are always inventive, even demanding. An example of his inventiveness is the song "All the Things You Are". Several composers say they consider it the greatest song ever written. Singers continue to like Kern songs because they can be sung in many different ways. The melody remains the same. But different singers can change the feeling of the song completely.

Jerome Kern once said he was trying to bring modern art to music. One critic wrote this about his music: Kern's songs are like black and white drawings. They need no color, no decoration. A Kern song is always in balance, perfect in form and pleasing in design. Here is an example, "Why Do I Love You?" played by Andre Previn and friends.

Influence on musical play
All but one of Kern's songs were written for musical plays. American musical plays at that time were still usually copied from European ones. Often the stories seemed foolish and the people in them did not seem real. Songs and dances often had no connection to the story.

Kern wanted to try something completely new. He thought a musical play should be a real work of art, not just a collection of songs and dances. He thought songs should help move the action of the play along, by showing a person's feelings. Kern wanted to do a truly American musical, with real American characters and real situations.

In 1927, he found the story he wanted. It was the book Show Boat by American writer Edna Ferber. Show Boat takes place in the 1818s on a passenger steam boat that travels along the Mississippi River. The boat is called a show boat because singers and dancers entertain the passengers. The captain of the show boat has a daughter who is a singer on the boat. She falls in love with a man who earns his money by gambling with cards.

The story dealt with some unusually serious issues for a musical. It showed the hard lives of African-Americans in the South. And it showed marriage between people of different races, which was against the law at that time. Although serious in places, Show Boat was not a tragedy.

The public and critics loved it. "Show Boat" became the greatest work of American musical theater. Music critics said Kern's effect on musical theater was revolutionary. It was Kern's music that made the show a great success. Perhaps his most famous song was written for "Show Boat." It is called "Ol' Man River".

It is about what life was like for black people who worked along the Mississippi River. Edna Ferber later remembered her excitement when Kern first played the melody for her. She said her hair stood up, and tears came to her eyes. Paul Robeson sang the song.

His classic works
"They Didn't Believe Me" (1914)
"Go Little Boat" (1917)
"Look For the Silver Lining" (1920)
"Ol' Man River" (1927)
"Bill" (1927)
"The Song Is You" (1932)
"Let's Begin" (1933)
"Smoke Gets In Your Eyes" (1933)
"I Won't Dance" (1935)
"A Fine Romance" (1936)
"The Way You Look Tonight" (1936)
"I'm Old Fashioned" (1942)

References

 Jerome Kern, 1885-1945: The Father of American Musical Theater on VOA

Other websites
Jerome Kern | Songwriters Hall of Fame

1885 births
1945 deaths
American composers
American songwriters
Jewish American musicians
Musicians from New York City

Jerome Kern


William Henry Schofield (1870–1920) was an American academic, founder of the Harvard Studies in Comparative Literature. He was professor of comparative literature at Harvard University, and president of the American-Scandinavian Foundation (1916–1919).

He taught Old Norse at Harvard from 1900 and from 1906 was director of the new Comparative Literature department.

Victoria College, B.A. 1889; Harvard University PhD 1895; Professor of Comparative Literature Harvard University, 1906–20; Harvard Exchange Professor at University of Berlin, 1907; Lecturer at the Sorbonne and University of Copenhagen, 1910. Harvard Exchange Professor at Western Colleges, 1918.  Information taken from a bookplate from  Victoria University Library (Toronto, Ontario, Canada); book purchased from The Schofield Fund in memory of William Henry Schofield. Accession date: Jan. 27, 1937. [Title : The Blickling homilies]

Works
Some of the best known are volume II in Harvard Studies in Comparative Literature, Chivalry in English Literature, published 1912 and on Chaucer, Malory, Spenser and Shakespeare, and volume V in the same series, Mythical Bards and The Life of William Wallace published 1920, about Blind Harry, Major's evidence, Master Blair and William Wallace. Both were published by the Harvard University Press.

The Studies on the Libeaus Desconus (1895) was later used to track Malory's sources. In this work on the Libeaus Desconus, Schofield argued that the original of the Fair Unknown theme was Perceval.

The source and history of the seventh novel of the seventh day in the Decameron (1893)
Studies on the Libeaus Desconus (1895)
The lay of Guingamor (1897)
The Home of the Eddic Poems with Especial Reference to the Helgi-Lays by Sophus Bugge (1899) translator
The lays of Graelent and Lanval and the story of Wayland (1900)
Ibsen's Masterbuilder (1900)
Chaucer's Franklin's tales (1901)
Signy's lament (1902)
The story of Horn and Rimenhild (1903)
The nature and fabric of the Pearl (1904)
English literature : from the Norman conquest to Chaucer (1906)
Symbolism, allegory, and autobiography in the Pearl (1909)
Romance, vision & satire : English alliterative poems of the 14th century (1912) with Jessie Weston
Chivalry in English literature : Chaucer, Malory, Spenser, and Shakespeare (1912)
The sea-battle in Chaucer's Legend of Cleopatra (1913)
The chief historical error in Barbour's Bruce (1916)
An American international institute for education (1918)
Mythical bards and The life of William Wallace (1920)

References

External links

1870 births
1920 deaths
Harvard University alumni
Harvard University faculty

William Henry Schofield


The Raid on Charles Town, or Spanish raid on New Providence, was a Spanish naval expedition on 19 January 1684 (O.S.) led by Cuban corsair Juan de Alarcón against the English privateering stronghold of Charles Town (later renamed Nassau), capital of the Bahamas.

The Bahamas harboured pirates and privateers who preyed on Spanish ships. Governor Clarke, described as "one of Cromwell's officers" justified privateering as necessary for the colony's defence, but in one letter of marque he authorized offensive attacks on Spanish holdings far from the Bahamas. Clarke's encouragement of privateering contravened and jeopardized the 1667 and 1670 treaties of Madrid, which established peace between the English and Spanish. On 19 January 1684 (O.S.), a Spanish expedition reduced the Bahamian settlements and defenses to ruins, carrying off the governor in chains, together with the inhabitants. Clarke was tortured to death and his body was roasted after an approved judgement set by the Inquisition. John Oldmixon claimed that Clarke died being roasted on a spit after the Spaniards had killed him.
The Bahamas subsequently remained devoid of any recognizable English presence until December 1686.

Background
Spain's corsair Juan de Alarcón stealthily approached to New Providence with a commission issued by Governor José Fernández de Córdoba and a pair of barcos luengos carrying 200 men. Having seized a woodcutting sloop off the island of Andros, Alarcón compelled its master William Bell to pilot in via the eastern channel. At daybreak Alarcón disembarked 150 men within a half-mile outside Charles Town (later Nassau), while his corsair ships bore down upon the six vessels anchored in its harbour.

Raid
Charles Town's population consisted of approximately 400 men capable of bearing arms plus perhaps 200 women, a like number of children, and 200 slaves. Taken utterly by surprise, they were incapable of mounting an effective defense. Former governor Robert Clarke was wounded and captured as he attempted to mount a feeble countercharge, while his recently arrived successor Robert Lilburne fled from his bedroom in the Wheel of Fortune, along with most other residents. The 10-gun New England frigate Good Intent of Capt. William Warren and another anchored vessel managed to escape across the bar, leaving the Spaniards to pillage the remaining four ships and quickly ransack the town, loading their plunder aboard their largest prize before torching the rest and sailing away that same evening. Alarcón thereupon hastened across to northern Eleuthera and visited a like treatment upon its English settlement, before returning to Charles Town on 15 November 1684 (O.S.) to set fire on its buildings and carry off numerous residents to Havana. The Bahamas subsequently remained devoid of any recognizable English presence until December 1686, when a small contingent from Jamaica under the preacher Thomas Bridges reoccupied New Providence Island, where more colonists gradually joined them.

Aftermath
Most of its buildings were burned, and the Bahamas were left depopulated. Some 200 colonists sought refuge on Jamaica while another 50 from northern Eleuthera temporarily resettled in Casco (Maine), leaving the Bahamas devoid of Englishmen until 1686. Upon the departure of the Spaniards, the settlers pulled themselves together again and a new governor, Robert Lilburne, came back from England.

Notes

References

17th century in the Bahamas
1684 in the Caribbean
Battles involving England
Conflicts in 1684
Military raids
Naval battles involving Spain
Wars involving the Bahamas

Raid on Charles Town


Rosanna "Rosie" Hackett (1893–1976) was a worker rights activist and trade union leader. She lived in Dublin, Ireland.

Early life
Hackett was born on 25 July 1893, in Dublin, Ireland. Her family was hardworking, but they did not have very much money. They lived in a small, broken, dirty building with many people. Her father died when she was young. A few years later, she worked at a paper store in her hometown to get money.

Achievements
Hackett had a lot of important events in her life. She was a part of many strikes and helped to start the group, IWWU (Irish Women Worker Union). Also, after her death, she had a bridge in Dublin  named after her in 2013. (The Rosie Hackett Bridge)

Death and Legacy
Hackett died on 4 July 1976. She was 84 years old and her body was placed in Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland. She was respected for her acts in strikes and helped the Irish economy.

References

1883 births
Irish activists
1976 deaths

Rosie Hackett


The term Labours of the Months refers to cycles in Medieval and early Renaissance art depicting in twelve scenes the rural activities that commonly took place in the months of the year.  They are often linked to the signs of the Zodiac, and are seen as humankind's response to God's ordering of the Universe.

The Labours of the Months are frequently found as part of large sculptural schemes on churches, and in illuminated manuscripts, especially in the calendars of late medieval Books of Hours.  The manuscripts are important for the development of landscape painting, containing most of the first painting where this was given prominence. The most famous cycle is that painted in the early 15th century by Limbourg brothers in Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry. In the early 16th century, long after the term was established, the miniaturist Simon Bening produced cycles which link the Limbourgs with the landscape paintings of Pieter Bruegel the Elder.

Typical cycle
The contents of cycles varied with date, location, and the purpose of the work. The Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry (illustrated right) was designed for the personal use of a great magnate, and was unusually large, allowing all the typical elements to be used in many months. It combines astrological and calendar information at the top, with a combination of the agricultural life of the peasant, the life of the elite courtiers, and illustrations of the Duke's many castles in the background of several scenes.

A typical simple scheme was:

January - Feasting
February - Sitting by the fire
March - Pruning trees, or digging
April - Planting, enjoying the country or picking flowers
May - Hawking, courtly love
June - Hay harvest
July - Wheat harvest
August - Wheat threshing
September - Grape harvest
October - Ploughing or sowing
November - Gathering acorns for pigs
December - Killing pigs, baking

However, there could be many other variations than the above, especially in major wine-growing areas, where more wine related scenes were included. Italian cycles often advance the agricultural scenes a month earlier than the ones from the Low Countries or England.  The impact of the onset of the Little Ice Age has been detected in differences between early and late examples.

Sculpture cycles

Most sculptured cycles in Europe, especially when compressed into the archivolt of a portal, consist of an astrological symbol beside, above or incorporated in a sculpture or relief illustrating a monthly labour.

A few sculpted examples of the many surviving are:
 Chartres cathedral: west and north portal archivolts
 Notre Dame, Paris: northern doorjambs of the west façade (Portal of the Virgin), and a stained glass Zodiacs, labours, vices and virtues cycle filling the west rose window
 Vezelay Abbey: Archivolt of main west basilica doorway
 Autun Cathedral: Archivolt of main west cathedral doorway
 Ferrara Cathedral
 Saint Mark's, Venice: main portal
 San Zeno di Verona: façade
 Lucca Cathedral:  large bas-relief panels with little Zodial signs, to the right and left of the main facade door
 Fontana Maggiore, Perugia: relief panels showing monthly labours are amongst those surrounding the lower basin of the great fountain in front of the Duomo
 Otranto Cathedral: Zodiac signs and labours form part of the mosaic scenes which cover the entire floor
 Canterbury Cathedral: Zodiac signs and monthly labours are amongst the subjects illustrated in large inlaid marble floor medallions on the edge of the Trinity Chapel close to where the shrine of Saint Thomas (Becket) was located
 St Augustine's Church, Brookland, Kent: large cylindrical lead font with reliefs of both Zodiac signs and monthly labours—a rare example in the UK both of such a font and of the combination of zodiac signs and monthly labours
 Carlisle Cathedral: the foliate capitals of the twelve piers of the choir each contain a figure representing one of the labours of the months

Stained glass

The Labours of the months often occur in those rose windows that are dedicated to the Creation, the circular nature of the window suiting the cyclic theme. In these windows, the months are part of a complex iconographical scheme. Other windows have the Labours of the Months specifically as their subject matter.

 Basilica of Saint Denis : rose window of Creation in the north transept.
 Chartres Cathedral : "Labours of the Months" window in south ambulatory

References

Citations

Sources

 Time in the Medieval World - Occupations of the Months and Signs of the Zodiac in the Index of Christian Art;  Edited by Colum Hourihane - 328 pages | 656 illustrations | 2006 -  | cloth -  | paper
 J. C. Webster, The Labors of the Months in Antique and Mediaeval Art to the End of the Twelfth Century  (Princeton, 1938).
 Bridget Ann Henisch, The Medieval Calendar Year (Pennsylvania State Univ. Press, 1999).

External links

 Podtours site with info and many images
 Illuminated manuscript examples from the Museum of the Book, The Hague
 Photos of Zodiac and Monthly Labour Imagery in the churches of Britain, France and Italy
The Medieval Year: Zodiac Signs and the Labors of the Months
A comprehensive collection of images at "flickr"
Digitized copy of LJS 499, Medical and astronomical miscellany, 15th Century Germany, from the Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Rare Book & Manuscript Library: Contains zodiac signs and labors of the month.

Medieval art
Renaissance art
Iconography of illuminated manuscripts
Iconography

Labours of the Months


The Tallgrass Film Festival is an annual film festival held in Wichita, Kansas, specializing in independent films.  It was founded in 2003 by Timothy Gruver.

Gruver was raised in Wichita. He studied filmmaking at Brigham Young University. After college, Gruver worked for the animation wing of Steven Spielberg's DreamWorks studio. Gruver had worked for other film festivals and modeled Tallgrass after the Telluride Film Festival.

Tallgrass is operated by the non-profit organization Tallgrass Film Association.

There were 190 features and shorts screened in 2012.

The festival takes place at several locations in downtown Wichita including the Orpheum Theatre. In 2012, over 11,000 people attended.  Since its creation in 2003, over 100,000 people have attended with approximately 200 filmmakers, actors and guests coming in for the festival from all over the world.

The 2003 festival screened 40 features and 55 short films at several venues in the downtown & Oldtown area. 4,172 people attended the festival, including 28 filmmakers. The first public event hosted by Tallgrass was a screening of Y Tu Mama Tambien in Dodge City, KS. Academy Award nominee Gary Busey attended in conjunction with the screening of The Buddy Holly Story, a documentary.

Cloris Leachman was a guest at the 2004 Festival. That year's festival included 24 feature films and 32 short films. Former baseball star Jose Canseco introduced the Opening Night Movie, the baseball documentary Up For Grabs.

The 2005 Festival was shortened to a one-day event due to the death of Gruver. 2,500 people attended.

4,850 people attended the 2007 Festival, including ten filmmakers.

Official Selections have included Audience Award winners The Big Bad Swim and 39 Pounds of Love; as well as the 2006 Independent Spirit Award winner Conventioneers, the 2007 Independent Spirit Award nominee Trials of Darryl Hunt as well as Bomb The System, Manhattan, Kansas, Dreamland, The Real Dirt on Farmer John, Fat Girls, Iraq in Fragments, The Last Picture Show, The Buddy Holly Story and the popular High School Shorts Program and Timothy Gruver Spotlight on Kansas Filmmakers.

2003 Opening Night Film: Bomb The System
2004 Opening Night Film: Up For Grabs
2005 (Shortgrass) Opening Night Film: Conventioneers
2006 Opening Night Film: Manhattan, Kansas
2007 Opening Night Film: Kansas v. Darwin
2008 Opening Night Film: What's the Matter with Kansas?
2009 Opening Night Film: The Only Good Indian
2010 Opening Night Film: The Dry Land
2011 Opening Night Film: Der Sandmann
2012 Opening Night Film: Pablo
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018 Opening Night Film: Bathtubs Over Broadway.

As a result of the coronavirus pandemic, Tallgrass Film Festival held a virtual edition in 2020, instead of the usual event in Wichita. The opening night film was Eat Wheaties! starring Tony Hale and Paul Walter Hauser.

References

External links
 Tallgrassfilmfest.com
 Fest21.com

Film festivals in Kansas
Culture of Wichita, Kansas
Film festivals established in 2003

Tallgrass Film Festival


Saalfelden am Steinernen Meer is a town in the district of Zell am See in the Austrian state of Salzburg. With approximately 16,000 inhabitants, Saalfelden is the district's largest town and the third of the federal state after Salzburg and Hallein.

Geography
Although the Saalfelden area has always been the most populous of the historic Pinzgau region, the seat of the district administration is situated in the neighbouring town of Zell am See.

Saalfelden Basin
Saalfelden am Steinernen Meer lies at  above sea level and its municipal area covers . The largest proportion of the municipality is formed by the Saalfelden Basin (Saalfeldner Becken) situated between the Northern Limestone Alps ranges of:
 the Steinernes Meer high plateau to the north, forming the border with Germany
 the Leogang Mountains and the Biberg to the west
 the Hochkönig massif and the Salzburg Slate Alps to the east.

To the south the basin is generally open, running into the Zell Basin (Zeller Becken) with Lake Zell and the Salzach river – hence the term Zell-Saalfelden Basin Zeller-Saalfeldener Becken is also used for the whole valley – and enables a view of the High Tauern, especially the prominent Kitzsteinhorn and Wiesbachhorn peaks. The two basins are separated by a barely discernible valley floor divide. This trough is one of the largest inner-Alpine basins.

The main river in the basin is the Saalach. It rises in the upper Glemm Valley, empties into the basin south of Saalfelden and passes through it from south to north. A right tributary of the Saalach flowing through the borough of Saalfelden from east to west is the Urslau creek. A left tributary, the Leoganger Ache, empties into the Saalach from the west. In addition there are several smaller tributary streams. In the centre of the basin is the Kühbühel ("cow-hill") which is a good .

The only lake in the expansive basin is the man-made Ritzensee, excavated for leisure purposes. Other artificial ponds have been laid out primarily for angling and tourism.

Subdivisions
The Saalfelden municipality comprises the cadastral communities of Bergham, Farmach, Gerling, Haid, Hohlwegen, Lenzing, Lichtenberg, and Saalfelden proper.

History

Early archaeological findings in the Saalfelden Basin date back to the Neolithic Era. A continuous settlement is documented since the late Iron Age, when Celtic tribes moved into the region. From the 7th century AD onwards, Bavarians settled the area from the north. About 100 years later the estates of Salvet on the Saalach river were first mentioned in a register by the Bishops of Salzburg. While they became part of the Carolingian Empire, the lands were incorporated into the Frankish Pinzgau county.

The Saalfelden estates were acquired by Archbishop Hartwig of Salzburg about 1000; and by the early 13th century, the whole Pinzgau region was part of the prince-bishops' lands. Saalfelden was first mentioned as a market town in the mid 14th century. It remained part of the Salzburg prince-archbishopric until its secularisation in 1803.

With the Salzburg lands, Saalfelden finally fell to the Austrian Empire in 1816. It achieved town status in 2000.

Sport and leisure

The Ritzensee and the adjacent Kollingwald forest are the recreation areas for Saalfelden's townsfolk. The lake is used in summer as a bathing lake and in winter for ice skating.

Footpaths and trails are used in winter as cross country skiing routes. In the village of Uttenhofen there several ski jumps including those of the Felix Gottwald Ski Jumping Stadium and a centre for Nordic combination. Saalfelden earned fame in the langlauf and biathlon sports through its top athletes: Felix Gottwald, Simon Eder, Julian Eberhard and Tobias Eberhard.

Since 2006 an international triathlon competition has taken place annually in Saalfelden in August, the Tri Motion Austria.

Born in Saalfelden
 Laura Feiersinger (born 1993), football player
 Wolfgang Feiersinger (born 1965) football player, national football team
 Gerhard Fellner (born 1970), football player and coach
 Thomas Hörl (born 1981), ski jumper
 William Rea (born 1952), long jumper
 Rosl Schwaiger (1918–1970), operatic coloratura soprano
 Stefan Schwab (born 1990), football player
 Reinhard Schwarzenberger (born 1977) ski jumper
 Franz Zorn (born 1970) speedway rider (Ice Speedway European Champion 2008)

References

External links

 Saalfelden official site

Cities and towns in Zell am See District

Saalfelden


The torokhkalo () - (Kalatalo, Torokhkavka, Klepach) is a Ukrainian folk instrument used in folk ensembles whenever a drum is not available. It was also used by night guards to scare away intruders. The instrument is made from a piece of wood with a handle. A second piece of wood shorter than the first is joined to the original piece by metal rings near from the handle. A hole is drilled through both pieces at one end and a wooden bolt is placed through the hole so that the additional piece can move a small distance. When the instrument is spun around it produces a very loud sound amplified by the stillness of the night.

A variant of the torokhkalo is the klepach that consists of a wooden hammer on an axis which is swung from one side to the other.

See also
Ukrainian folk music

Sources

Humeniuk, A. - Ukrainski narodni muzychni instrumenty - Kyiv: Naukova dumka, 1967
Mizynec, V. - Ukrainian Folk Instruments - Melbourne: Bayda books, 1984
Cherkaskyi, L. - Ukrainski narodni muzychni instrumenty // Tekhnika, Kyiv, Ukraine, 2003 - 262 pages.

Ukrainian musical instruments
Idiophones

Torokhkatalo


The Tall Stranger is a western novel by Louis L'Amour. It was written in 1957 and first published by Gold Medal Books. A filmed version starred Joel McCrea and Virginia Mayo.

Plot

The story starts out in the 1860s with Ned Bannon coming across cattle rustlers who shoot him and leave him for dead. A group of wagon trainers finding Ned Bannon badly wounded and all alone take him in and are soon approached by Mort Harper, who tells them of a great new trail that is perfectly safe. Bannon tells them it leads only to Bishop's Valley and not beyond that, but they follow Harper. Bannon knows about this paradise because his hostile half-brother owns the valley. When they come to Bishop's Valley, Harper convinces the members of the wagon train to stay in the valley. When Bannon tries to warn them of his half-brother he is forced out of the camp with a gun to his back by Harper and his gang. Harper and his gang try to drag the settlers into a land war, but ultimately Bannon outsmarts them. In the fighting Bannon's brother, the original white settler in the valley, dies redeeming himself for a lifetime of hating his brother. The settlers stay, and Bannon gets the girl.

External links

References

1957 American novels
Novels by Louis L'Amour
Western (genre) novels
Bantam Books books

The Tall Stranger


An ice cream van (British English) or ice cream truck (American English) is a vehicle that serves ice cream. Ice cream vans are often parked at public events, or near parks and beaches.

Ice cream vans often drive near where children play such as schools and in neighbourhoods. They usually stop before going to the next street.

Ice cream vans are usually brightly decorated and have images of ice creams and cartoon characters on them.

Ice cream vans have a large serving hatch with a large sliding window at the side of the van. Many times the window has small pictures of the available ice creams with their prices.

Other websites

van
Vans

Ice cream van


A dual in-line package is one way of making microchips and other integrated circuits. The circuit is put inside of a container made out of materials such as plastic or ceramic. All the wires of the circuit are connected to metal pins, and they stick out of the package on two sides. This way the circuit is able to be used from inside the package.

Things can also be put in a dual in-line package that are not integrated circuits. A DIP switch is one example of this, where there are switches on top of the package instead of a circuit inside.

Electronic circuits

Dual in-line package


The DB Class V90 (after 1968 the DB Class 290) locomotive is a German road switcher diesel-hydraulic locomotive for shunting and freight hauling.

History and design

The DB Class V90 locomotives are similar to DB Class V 100 (Class 211 & 212) locomotives, they stemmed from a need for a heavy shunting locomotive - it was originally planned to create a heavy shunting variant of the V 100 (ballasted and with reinforced frame) to be produced, but this did not come to pass due to the design's stability problems.

Maschinenbau Kiel in co-operation with BZA München designed a longer and heavier locomotive, of a completely new design. In 1964, a pilot production of 20 of these were manufactured with a  engine as used in the DB Class V100.1 and a 70 km/h top speed.

In 1974 the first locomotive of the main production was produced - these locomotives had the  engine used in the DB Class V100.2 and a top speed of 80 km/h, the length of the locomotive was also extended to 14.32m; by 1974 408 had been built by MaK, Deutz, Henschel and Jung.

The machines have both a Dead-man's vigilance device (German:Sifa) and "Inductive train control system" (German:Indusi) (see Punktförmige Zugbeeinflussung) safety devices

Originally the locomotives were deep red (RAL 3004), in the mid-1970s a new ivory / ocean blue (RAL 5020 - RAL 1014) colour scheme was introduced, in the second half of the 1980s an eastern red (RAL 3031) color scheme was used and since the late'90s, the locomotives are found in the current traffic (RAL 3020) red of Deutsche Bahn AG.

Since 2003, the locomotives have been upgraded with a new 1100-kW engine (type 8V 4000 R41 MTU) equipped, as well as other components being upgraded (specifically the hydraulic drive). The modernised locos save fuel despite having a higher rated engine. The serial number of the remotorised locomotives is increased by 500. (e.g. 290 030 becomes 290 530)

290 999 of the Bundeswehr
One locomotive of the class was procured by the Army for use in an Air Force supply regiment in Mechernich and given the locomotive code 290 999; on loan from the Deutsche Bundesbahn.

Since January 1996 the locomotive became the property of Deutsche Bahn AG and has been given the number 290 408. After this locomotives conversion to radio control it has been numbered 294 408

MaK V 90 P / DB Class 291
Before the main production began, MaK had produced of its own accord 5 locomotives of very similar type (but with a MaK engine) for assessment for export orders; they were tested in Sweden. The locomotives were called V 90 P The first two went to Dortmunder Eisenbahn.

The other 3 locomotives were leased by the Deutsche Bundesbahn for assessment - they had a requirement for heavy shunting locomotives in the ports of Hamburg, Emden and Bremen. These locomotives were classified as V 90 901 to V 90 903 (later as DB Class 291 901 onwards). In 1972 the locomotives were purchased, and in 1974 the main order of 100 further locomotives came - which were slightly lighter than the "P" locomotives. The majority were built at Kiel with ten of the hundred being built by Jung.

Instead of the V12 engine found in the Class 290 (class 212), the 291 class is equipped with a MaK 8-cylinder in-line engine that produces .

This type is only used for shunting (requiring high torque at low speed). The marine diesel engine is unsuitable for continuous use on the main line. The machines found use mainly in northern Germany.

Radio controlled versions

Two types of radio remote control have been utilised in order to make better use of these locomotives.

Initially locomotives were equipped with radio equipment which allowed the Bergmeister (or Rückenmeister) (The yard hump controller) to control the locomotive. A driver still occupied the locomotive for safety reasons, and to control the locomotive. This method was used in large computer controlled marshalling yards such as Mannheim marshalling yard (German:Mannheim rbf), Seelze, Maschen, Munich, Kornwestheim Rbf and Nuremberg.

Since Nuremberg Rbf has a downward gradient of the track (see Gravity Yard for an explanation), the locomotives are coupled with 6 axle flat wagon loaded with concrete weights that have been converted to brake tenders so that it is possible to stop trains of up to 2000 tons in weight.

Classes 294, 295
From 1995, large numbers of locomotives of the class were fitted a different type of radio remote produced by Krauss-Maffei (KM)

The remote device is carried by remote train driver (German:Lokrangierführer LRF ) in a so-called "Belly Box" (see Remote control locomotive for details) and operated in a manner similar to that of a toy car or model aircraft remote control.

This type of control is used in shunting operations and was previously used with smaller shunting locomotives such as the DB Class V 60 and DB Class Köf III (DB class 331 to 335)

The rebuilt locomotives of the 290 series form Class 294, rebuilt locomotives of the 291 series form Class 295

The locomotives have radio receiver in the cab, the LRF (remote train driver) must manually turn on the locomotive cab radio using a key switch on the locomotives control panel. A vehicle equipped with this type of remote control has a lamp above the cab window that lights to indicate that the locomotive is capable of receiving the radio signal. This means that the remote train driver (LRF) can now operate the locomotive at the trackside.

Various functions can be activated remotely - brakes, start,  Vkonstant: i.e. running speed is automatically maintained, Sand, clutch etc.

Class 296
In 2007 locomotives of Class 290 which already had radio control for use in marshalling yards had the newer Krauss-Maffei remote fitted as well, allowing trackside control. These units were given the classification Class 296 and are found in the marshalling yards at Gremberg, Mannheim, Munich and Northern Seelze.

45 locomotives are expected to be rebuilt to have both types of remoted control.

Future
Deutsche Bahn AG has announced that the diesel locomotives of series 291 and 295 will be replaced with Voith Gravita locomotives from 2010 onwards.

Notes

References

External links

Deutsche Bundesbahn - V 90 Introduction to the V 90 class, full class owner history details and images for MaK built locomotives. loks-aus-kiel.de (in German)
 DB Class V 90 - The diesel-hydraulic locomotive

V 090
B-B locomotives
MaK locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1963
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
Freight locomotives
Shunting locomotives

DB Class V 90


In navigation, an electric beacon (or electromagnetic beacon) is a kind of beacon, as a device which sends a signal and marks a fixed location and allows direction finding equipment to find relative bearing, as the direction to the beacon.  The most common are radio beacons, which broadcast a radio signal which is picked up by radio direction finding systems on ships, aircraft or cars to determine the bearing to the beacon. However, the term "beacon" also covers infrared and sonar beacons.

References

Navigation
Radio technology

Electric beacon


The Getzen Company is a family-owned manufacturer and wholesaler of brass instruments. The present product portfolio consists of trumpets, cornets, flugelhorns, trombones, and a baritone horn. Four generations of the Getzen family have participated in the company. Most Getzen instruments are rated well by consumers, and it is well known for its custom line of Edwards trumpets and trombones.

History

Founding
In 1939, Anthony James (T.J.) Getzen founded the Getzen Company, in Elkhorn, Wisconsin. Getzen had trained in instrument repair with the C.G. Conn company and worked as a plant superintendent for the Frank Holton Company. Initially opened as a repair shop, the company expanded after World War II to instrument manufacture. In 1946, Getzen produced its first trombones. In 1947, Getzen started producing trumpets and cornets as well. In 1949, J. Robert Getzen, T.J.'s son, assumed the position of plant superintendent, and Getzen started to produce piston bugles. These bugles became popular with Drum and Bugle Corps.

Expansion and sale
In 1959, J. Robert Getzen left the company to found Allied Music. His brother Donald Getzen briefly assumed the leadership of the company in 1960 and acquired control of the Hoosier Band Instrument Company. Late in 1960, the family sold the company to attorney Harold M. Knowlton. No longer a family-owned business, the company continued to follow the same business model, expanding its visibility through an association with trumpeter Carl "Doc" Severinsen of The Tonight Show fame. In addition to the marketing aspect, this association also produced the Getzen 900 Severinsen Model Eterna trumpet. Producing both student and professional lines, the Getzen company was preparing to expand in October 1963 when the existing facility was destroyed by fire. The new factory opened in February 1964 with only a brief interruption in business. Founder T.J. Getzen died in 1968.

Modern family business
In 1985, Harold Knowlton sold Getzen to Charles F. Andrews, and the same year, J. Robert Getzen sold Allied Music to his sons Thomas and Edward. Edward concurrently founded Edwards Trombones. Charles Andrews lost control of the company in bankruptcy in 1991, and the Getzen brothers purchased the firm's assets. Transitioning Allied Music to the original role of the Getzen Company, instrument repair only, the family focused on the Getzen name for brass instrument manufacture with Edwards as a subsidiary. In 1999, Thomas Getzen bought out his brother to become sole owner of the Getzen Company. In 2003, J. Robert Getzen died. In 2009, two of Thomas Getzen's sons were working for the company maintaining the family business model under the leadership of their father.

Products
The Getzen Company produces a line of trumpets including the professional level Genesis and Artist lines, the beginner level 300 and 400 series, the step-up line Capri and 700 series, and the semi-pro Eterna series. Additionally, the company builds two models of piccolo trumpet (Capri and Eterna), a herald trumpet, bass trumpet, and field trumpet. The instruments are particularly known for their reliable and durable piston valves.
The company also produces cornets in the 300, 400, Capri, 700, Eterna, and Custom series. flugelhorns are available in the Capri, Eterna, and Custom series. Trombones are produced in the 300, 400, Capri, 700, Eterna, Custom, and Custom Reserve series. Getzen also builds one model of baritone horn.

References

External links
Don Getzen Interview at NAMM Oral History Collection (May 13, 2010)
Tom Getzen Interview at NAMM Oral History Collection (January 16, 2009)

Brass instrument manufacturing companies
Musical instrument manufacturing companies of the United States

Getzen


UAE Team Emirates () is an Emirati road bicycle racing team. The team competes at UCI WorldTeam level and has done so since the UCI World Tour was formed as the top category of road cycling in 2005.

History
The team was temporarily suspended from the ProTour in 2010, missing one ProTour event.

Transition from an Italian-based team

Chinese involvement
In August 2016 the team (then called Lampre-Merida) confirmed that its WorldTeam licence was being transferred from CGS Cycling to Chinese company TJ Sport Consultation, with the team becoming the first Chinese WorldTour team from 2017. Former  team manager Mauro Gianetti was announced as the co-ordinator for the project.

In an interview with La Gazzetta dello Sport the following month, Saronni confirmed that he and CGS Cycling would continue to manage the team on TJ Sport's behalf, and that the team's bicycles would be supplied by Colnago. He indicated that the project was being co-ordinated by the Chinese government via TJ Sport with involvement from a number of Chinese companies including Alibaba, and that its aim was to develop Chinese cycling and riders.

When the UCI awarded 17 WorldTour licences to teams in November, it announced that TJ Sport's application was "under review" by its Licensing Commission. According to Saronni, the reason for the delay was that the head of the TJ Sport project, Li Zhiqiang, had fallen seriously ill, which prevented funding for the project from being confirmed.

Emirati rescue
As a result, the team looked elsewhere for sponsorship, securing funding from the United Arab Emirates and changing its name to UAE Abu Dhabi. The UCI confirmed the team's WorldTour licence on 20 December. In February 2017, the team announced that airline Emirates had signed on with the team as a naming-rights sponsor. The team was subsequently known as UAE Team Emirates.

In June 2017, two days before the 2017 Tour de France the team announced it would also be sponsored by the First Abu Dhabi Bank, an amalgamation of the First Gulf Bank and the National Bank of Abu Dhabi, with their logo being added to the chest and side of the team's jersey.

Team roster

Major wins

National, continental, and world champions

1999
 Belgian Road Race, Ludo Dierckxsens
2000
 South African Time Trial, Robbie Hunter
 Latvian Time Trial, Raivis Belohvoščiks
2001
 Latvian Time Trial, Raivis Belohvoščiks
2002
 Latvian Time Trial, Raivis Belohvoščiks
 Latvian Road Race, Raivis Belohvoščiks
2005
 Austrian Road Race, Gerrit Glomser
2006
 Italian Time Trial, Marzio Bruseghin
2007
 Slovenian Road Race, Tadej Valjavec
2008
 World Road Race, Alessandro Ballan
2011
 Slovenian Road Race, Grega Bole
 Ukrainian Road Race, Oleksandr Kvachuk
 Ukrainian Time Trial, Oleksandr Kvachuk
 Italian Time Trial, Adriano Malori
2014
 Portuguese Time Trial, Nelson Oliveira
 Portuguese Road Race, Nelson Oliveira
2015
 Portuguese Time Trial, Nelson Oliveira
 Ethiopian Road Race, Tsgabu Grmay
 Ethiopian Time Trial, Tsgabu Grmay
 Portuguese Road Race, Rui Costa
 Slovenian Road Race, Luka Pibernik
 Taiwanese Road Race, Feng Chun-kai
 Taiwanese Time Trial, Feng Chun-kai
2017
 UAE Time Trial, Yousif Mirza
 UAE Road Race, Yousif Mirza
 Slovenian Time Trial, Jan Polanc
 European Track (Individual pursuit), Filippo Ganna
2018
 World Track (Individual pursuit), Filippo Ganna
 UAE Time Trial, Yousif Mirza
 UAE Road Race, Yousif Mirza
 Norwegian Road Race, Vegard Stake Laengen
2019
 UAE Time Trial, Yousif Mirza
 UAE Road Race, Yousif Mirza
 Slovenian Time Trial, Tadej Pogačar
2020
 Slovenian Time Trial, Tadej Pogačar
 Portuguese Time Trial, Ivo Oliveira
 Portuguese Road Race, Rui Costa
 Norwegian Road Race, Sven Erik Bystrøm
 European Track (Individual pursuit), Ivo Oliveira
2021
 African Time Trial, Ryan Gibbons
 UAE Road Race, Yousif Mirza
 UAE Time Trial, Yousif Mirza
 African Road Race, Ryan Gibbons
  South Africa Time Trial, Ryan Gibbons
2022
 UAE Road Race, Yousif Mirza
 UAE Time Trial, Yousif Mirza
 Swiss Time Trial, Joel Suter
 Portuguese Road Race, João Almeida
2023
 Australian Time Trial, Jay Vine
 Slovenian Time Trial, Tadej Pogačar
 Slovenian Road Race, Tadej Pogačar
 American Time Trial, Brandon McNulty
 Portuguese Time Trial, João Almeida
 Swiss Road Race, Marc Hirschi

References

External links

UCI WorldTeams
Cycling teams based in Italy
Cycling teams based in the United Arab Emirates
Cycling teams established in 1991
1991 establishments in Italy
Cycling teams established in 2017
2017 establishments in the United Arab Emirates

UAE Team Emirates


In film production, cinematography and video production, a reaction shot is a shot which cuts away from the main scene in order to show the reaction of a character to it.  The reaction shot is a basic unit of film grammar.

A reaction shot usually implies the display of some sort of emotion on the face of the actor being shown, and is thus most commonly a close-up shot (although a group of actors may be shown reacting together).  A reaction shot is also generally bereft of dialogue, though this is not an absolute rule. Its main purpose is to show an emotional response to the immediately preceding action or words of another character in the scene, or to an event in the immediately preceding scene which may or may not involve another actor (e.g., an explosion, monster, empty room, etc.)

The assumption behind the logic of the reaction shot is that the emotional reaction of the actor being depicted will either advance the story, reveal character traits of the character in the reaction shot, or emphasize character traits of another character that were displayed in the action or dialog present in the preceding shot. A completely unemotional reaction may also be important if it provides information to the audience or is unexpected in the context of the scene.

Reaction shots can be especially critical in comedy, as the reaction of an actor or actors to a dramatic incident provides a psychological cue to the audience about how to respond to that incident themselves.

In some cases, the deliberate avoidance of showing a reaction shot can be used by a filmmaker to dramatic effect; for instance, if the filmmaker wishes to conceal a character's motivations by hiding their reaction to a particular event.

References

See also
 Kuleshov Effect

Cinematic techniques
Film editing

Reaction shot


Florian Niederlechner (born 24 October 1990) is a German professional footballer who plays as a forward for  club Hertha BSC.

Career
Niederlechner's career is considered atypical since he became a Bundesliga player without passing through the youth ranks of a professional club. At the age of twelve, after a single year with the club, he was forced to leave the under-13 team of 1860 Munich being deemed too small and too slow. He moved to the local Kreisliga club TSV Ebersberg, starting playing senior football for Landesliga side FC Falke Markt Schwaben in 2008. At the time he completed his vocational training as industrial management assistant.

In 2010, he joined fifth tier Bayernliga side FC Ismaning. There he created a stir by scoring 19 goals in the 2010–11 season, eventually receiving and accepting an offer from 3. Liga's SpVgg Unterhaching, which was  forced to bet on young talents due to its financial difficulties. For Unterhaching, Niederlechner continued to be a successful striker, scoring eight goals in the 2011–12 season and another eight in the first leg of the next campaign. During the winter break 2012–13, he made the next move, this time to ambitious fellow 3. Liga side 1. FC Heidenheim, with whom he achieved promotion to the 2. Bundesliga in 2014. After 15 goals and ten assists in 33 league matches, and Heidenheim finishing 8th after promotion to 2. Bundesliga, he finally made the step to the Bundesliga, joining Mainz 05. This move was reportedly worth a transfer fee of  €2 million.

He was loaned to SC Freiburg on 31 January 2016.

On 29 May 2019, FC Augsburg announced that Niederlechner would join the club from the upcoming season. He penned a three-year contract.

On 18 January 2023, Niederlechner joined Hertha BSC on a contract valid until 2025. On 28 January 2023, Niederlechner made his Hertha debut as a substitute for Wilfried Kanga, against Union Berlin.

Personal life
He shares a flat with one of his best friends, Michael Vitzthum, who had been his team mate at Heidenheim, and now plays for SV Wehen Wiesbaden.

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
People from Ebersberg (district)
Footballers from Upper Bavaria
German men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
SpVgg Unterhaching players
1. FC Heidenheim players
1. FSV Mainz 05 players
SC Freiburg players
FC Augsburg players
Hertha BSC players
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
3. Liga players

Florian Niederlechner


European Society of Gene & Cell Therapy (ESGCT) formerly European Society of Gene Therapy (ESGT) is a legally registered professional body which emerged from a small working group in 1992 that focused on human gene therapy.

The objectives of the ESGT include the following:

 promote basic and clinical research in gene therapy;
 facilitate education (and the exchange of information and technologies) related to gene transfer and therapy;
 serve as a professional adviser to the gene therapy community and various regulatory bodies in Europe.

The official journal of the ESGT is The Journal of Gene Medicine.

Collaborations
The ESGT works with other entities in the scientific communities in the event that an adverse effect to a specific gene therapy is discovered. Investigations the ESGT has been involved with include the adverse effects discovered during the French X-SCID gene therapy trial. The ESGT hosted a forum of 500 researchers from various facilities around the world, including representatives from the Stanford University and the Sloan Kettering Cancer Research Center.

External links
Official Site
Researchers from Israel, Southern California to Present Stem Cell Symposium
Researchers team up to tackle cystic fibrosis

Genetics societies
European medical and health organizations

European Society of Gene and Cell Therapy


The Convent of Las Descalzas Reales () is a royal monastery situated in Madrid, Spain, administered by the Patrimonio Nacional.

History

The Monasterio de las Descalzas Reales, literally the "Monastery of the Royal Discalced", resides in the former palace of Emperor Charles V and Empress Isabel of Portugal. Their daughter, Joanna of Austria, founded this convent of nuns of the Poor Clare order in 1559. Throughout the remainder of the 16th century and into the 17th century, the convent attracted young widowed or spinster noblewomen.  Each woman brought with her a dowry.  The riches quickly piled up, and the convent became one of the richest convents in all of Europe. Tomás Luis de Victoria, Spain's finest Renaissance composer, worked at the convent from 1587 to the end of his life in 1611.

The demographics of the convent slowly changed over time, and by the 20th century, all of the sisters were in poverty. The convent maintained the riches of its past, but it was forbidden to auction any of the items off or spend any of the money it received from the dowries. The state intervened when it saw that the sisters were poor, and the pope granted a special dispensation to open the convent as a museum in 1960.

Alfonso, Duke of Anjou and Cádiz (died 1989) is buried in the Chapel of Saint John the Baptist next to his elder son Francisco de Asís (died 1984). Alfonso's younger brother Gonzalo (died 2000) is buried in the Chapel of Saint Sebastian.

Museum
While in the past, the treasures of the monastery were not visible, today the monastery houses only a few nuns, and the site is a well-visited national monument. The noblewomen's dowries were often invested into relics and their bejeweled exhibition pieces.  Among the many relics on display are putatively pieces from Christ's cross and the  bones of Saint Sebastian. Among the priceless art masterpieces are Titian's Caesar's Money, tapestries woven to designs by Rubens, and works by Hans de Beken and Brueghel the Elder.

The museum collection also includes such rarities as portraits of royal children of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from the late 16th century, referring to Polish–Spanish relations that inspired Calderón's La vida es sueño. Portraits of the son and daughter of King Sigismund of Poland were painted by Martin Kober in 1596 and were sent as a gift to King Philip III of Spain.

The Church
The original architect of the church was Antonio Sillero. The facade was designed by Juan Bautista de Toledo in 1559; who also helped in the roofing of the church. Parts of the  altar, choir, and sacristy, were designed by Juan Gómez de Mora in 1612. Gaspar Becerra in 1562 completed the main retablo of the altar, which was considered his master work. Unfortunately, this retablo was destroyed by fire in 1862, along with many of the paintings and frescoes by Juan Pantoja de la Cruz. In 1863 the altar was replaced by one commissioned in 1716 by Philip V of Spain to commemorate the beatification of the French Jesuit John Francis Regis, including canvases by Michel-Ange Houasse. It has a sculpted relief of the Apotheosis of Juan Francisco Régis, by Camillo Rusconi. The lateral panels were sculpted by Jose Bellver. The recumbent statue of the Jesuit was sculpted by Agostino Cornacchini. A chapel contains the marble statue of Joanna of Austria at prayer, by either Pompeo Leoni or Crescenci.

References

External links

  Convent of Las Descalzas Reales
 Frommer's - Monasterio de las Descalzas Reales

Descalzas Reales
1557 establishments in Spain
Religious organizations established in the 1550s
Franciscan nunneries
Christian monasteries established in the 16th century
Bien de Interés Cultural landmarks in Madrid
Poor Clare monasteries
Convents in Spain
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Convent of Las Descalzas Reales


Snoopy is Charlie Brown's pet beagle in the comic strip Peanuts, by Charles M. Schulz.  Born on the Daisy Hill Puppy Farm, Snoopy started out in the background.  Eventually he stood on his hind legs and became a main character.  Snoopy has many alter egos, and many siblings.

Snoopy's house looks small from the outside, but the inside is much bigger, like the Tardis from Doctor Who.  He has many things in his house, including a TV set, Van Gogh painting, pool table, cedar closet, and many other things.  It has been destroyed multiple times, including being burnt down, destroyed by a falling icicle, and being smashed by the violent cat who lives next door.

Snoopy's family
Spike, brother, who lives in a desert in Needles, California.
Olaf, brother, lives with Andy.  He is fat, or "roly-poly" as he describes himself.
Andy, brother, lives with Olaf. He is very shaggy.
Marbles, brother, doesn't understand Snoopy's fantasies.
Belle, sisters, is cute and fashionable.
Rover is yet another one of Snoopy's brothers. He doesn't appear in the comic strip, only in the movies/TV shows.
Molly, sister. Like Rover, she appears only in certain movies/TV shows.
Missy is Snoopy's mother.

Snoopy's costumes
Snoopy has many alter egos. Most are "World Famous".
Joe Cool: He is a cool college student and likes girls.
World War I Flying Ace: He is a fighter pilot who flies a Sopwith Camel (actually Snoopy's dog house).
World Famous Author: He writes many stories. Most of his stories begin with "It was a dark and stormy night...", and most are also not very good.
World Famous Lawyer: He is a lawyer who loves to sue people and also loves eating doughnuts.
World Famous Beagle Scout: He is a scout troop leader. The scouts in his troop are Woodstock (Snoopy's best friend) and a few birds that Woodstock is friends with.

References

Other websites

The page about Snoopy at the Peanuts Wiki.

Fictional dogs

Snoopy


Sea ice is simply frozen ocean water. It forms, grows, and melts in the ocean. In contrast, icebergs, glaciers, ice sheets, and ice shelves all originate on land. Sea ice occurs in both the Arctic and Antarctic.

Description of Sea Ice

Because sea ice is made of frozen seawater, it is salty (unlike icebergs). Sea ice generally grows in the winter (when it is often dark all day and night) and melts in the summer (when there is twenty-four hour daylight). Sea ice normally covers more area near in the Antarctic than the Arctic. Because the ice is salty, sea ice is heavier, less transparent and easier to break than ice that isn't salty.

Sea Ice Mechanical Properties

The 'mechanical properties' of sea ice refer to how easy it is to bend, break, squash and stretch the ice. This behaviour is dominated by the fact that sea ice is not entirely solid - instead it contains lots of tiny pockets of salt water. Older ice also often contains many air bubbles. This makes it much easier to squash, break and snap than a normal ice cube in a drink.

When two pieces of sea ice squash up against each other, they can crumple up and break to form a 'ridge' at the part where they touch. Before doing this they might bend. It is also relatively easy to pull apart a single piece of sea ice by pulling opposite edges in opposite directions.

Sea Ice Optical Properties

Because sea ice has air bubbles and saltwater pockets inside it, it is much harder to see through than non-salty, clear ice. This is because light can't go through it without hitting the bubbles and pockets. Most sea ice in winter is covered by a layer of snow, which you also can't see through. All this means that when the sun shines on sea ice, not much of its light gets through to the sea below the ice. This limits the amount of algae and tiny plants that can grow in the sea. This is important because when the ice melts, much more light gets through and the algae and tiny plants can then thrive. This effect also keeps the sea below cooler.

Importance to the people that live in the Arctic

Around four million people live in the Arctic, with many of them living near the sea. Many of these people have lived here for centuries, and have learned to use and depend on the sea ice to live. In particular, coastal residents of the Arctic travel over the sea ice and use it to hunt animals. This hunting is done both for food and to make clothes. Because some people spent a lot of their lives on the ice, it becomes very important to them and their communities.

Importance to the animals that live in the polar regions

May animals live on top of and under the sea ice. It makes life more difficult for some, but less difficult for others. Animals like seals and polar bears exist both on top of the sea ice, but also swim in the sea. Because microscopic plants and algae don't grow well under the sea ice because they need the sun, the animals that eat them (like fish) also spend less time under the ice.

Importance to the climate

Although it's not smooth like a mirror, sea ice is very shiny. Most of the sunlight that hits it bounces off and shines back into space. By not absorbing a lot of sunlight, the poles stay cold. Having cold regions near the top and bottom of the earth is important for global weather, because it affects the way cold and warm air moves around. When cold air moves down from the Arctic, it can cause very serious storms. When warm air moves up into the Arctic, it can cause the sea ice to melt and break up.

Sea ice also acts as a barrier between the sea and the air. In the rest of the world, water is often evaporating from the sea to the air. Eventually when the air fills up with water, it rains. Sea ice strongly reduces this transfer, so the air is very dry and it doesn't rain or snow very much.

Sea ice also reduces the amount of heat that flows from the sea to the air.

Sea ice is important for the mixing of the sea surface. When wind blows over the sea, it stirs the water and mixes it up. However when wind blows sea ice around, this mixing is much deeper, and the strength can change. This mixing is important because it affects the lives of microscopic animals that live at the sea surface, and it also affects how salty it is at the sea surface.

Sea ice is changing

Human beings have been releasing a lot of greenhouse gases, which have been making the earth warmer. The Arctic in particular has been getting much warmer. One reason for this is because sea ice formation and melting is very sensitive to temperature changes. When the air is warmer, sea ice grows slower and melts faster.

These temperature rises mean that the sea ice begins growing later in the year, and begins melting earlier in the year. It also means that the area of sea ice is decreasing.

Satellites and Sea Ice

Going to the sea ice is difficult and sometimes dangerous. This makes it impossible to keep track of all the sea ice at once and see how its changing. To solve this, scientists often look at sea ice from space using satellites. There are many ways to do this. Some satellites use cameras that work similarly to common consumer ones. Others make pictures of the sea ice using microwave energy that can go through clouds. Some don't just look at the ice, but send down energy from laser and radar machines and then record how it bounces off the ice.

These satellites allow scientists to measure the area covered by sea ice relatively well. However they are still relatively unsure how thick the sea ice is, in part because it is unclear how much snow is resting on the ice at any one time. Measuring the amount of snow that exists on sea ice is difficult, European scientists are currently designing a new satellite called CRISTAL to help study it.

References

Water
Oceanography

Sea ice


Oriol de Bolòs i Capdevila (born 16 March 1924 in Olot; died 22 March 2007 in Barcelona) was a Spanish botanist, pteridologist, and phytosociologist. He was a specialist in the flora of Catalonia and Spain, and also of the Mediterranean regions, the North Atlantic islands of (Macaronesia) and also Brazil.

Background
Bolòs came from a family of pharmacists and botanists. Having completed his doctorate in biological sciences, at the Complutense University of Madrid, from 1953 he became professor at the University of Barcelona and from 1965 to 1984 was the director of the Botanical Institute of Barcelona. Joining the Biological Sciences section of the Institute of Catalan Studies in 1964, Bolòs would chair the section between 1989 and 1992.

Influenced by Pius Font i Quer and by the founder of the phytosociology Josias Braun-Blanquet, Bolòs would publish Les groupements végétaux moyen du bassin de l'Ebre et leur dynamisme with Braun-Blanquet in (1958). As a flora writer his main work was the Flora dels Països Catalans (Flora of Catalonia, Valencia, and the Balearic Islands) (1984-2001), which was an effort to track comprehensively all that was known to then, the publishing was edited jointly with Josep Vigo Bonada. Published work by Bolòs include more than 200 titles of books, articles and contributions to other works.

Noted works
As a good disciple of Font i Quer he paid great attention to questions of botanical nomenclature. Bolòs was also active throughout his life in the defense of the protection of the environment and the interests of future generations.

He was the author or co-author of the formal names of a number of phytosociological communities, together with those which appear with the official abbreviation O.Bolòs.

Some publications

Books

 1950. La cartografía de la vegetación en los Pirineos. Volumen 27 de Monografías del Instituto de Estudios Pirenaicos. 17 pp.
 1958. Oriol de Bolòs i Capdevila, René Molinier. Recherches phytosociologiques dans l'île de Majorque. Collectanea Botanica. Vol. 5, Nº 34, Fasc. 3, pp. 699-865 (167 pp.). Ed. Instituto Botánico de Barcelona.
 1967. Comunidades vegetales de las comarcas proximas al litoral situadas entre los rios Llobregat y Segura. Volumen 3; Volumen 31; Volumen 38 de Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona. Ed. Ariel. 280 pp.
 1970. Observations phytosociologiques dans l'île de Minorque. Volumen 5 de Acta geobotanica Barcinonensia, con René Molinier y Pedro Montserrat Recoder. 150 pp.
 1987. Las comunidades vegetales de la depresión del Ebro y su dinamismo, con J. Braun-Blanquet. 278 pp. Ayuntamiento de Zaragoza.
 1984. Oriol de Bolòs, Josep Vigo. Flora dels Països Catalans. Four volumes. Ed. Barcino.

Honours
He was a Member of the Catalan Institute of Natural History, of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Barcelona and the International Phytosociological Commission.

He received honours from the Government of Catalonia, such as the Narcís Monturiol medal for services to science and technology, and the Creu de Sant Jordi, the highest honour that can be granted by the Catalan government.

References
Necrològica: Oriol de Bolòs i Capdevila (1924-2007). Collectanea Botanica (Barcelona) vol. 27 (2008): 117-118 (in Catalan)

External links
In memoriam Oriol de Bolòs, by Luis Villar and Pedro Montserrat, Le Monde des Plantes 2007 (in French)

1924 births
2007 deaths
20th-century Spanish botanists
Pteridologists
Phytogeographers
Complutense University of Madrid alumni
Academic staff of the University of Barcelona

Oriol de Bolòs


Wubin is located in the northern Wheatbelt region of Western Australia,  north-northeast of Perth and  north of Dalwallinu.

Wubin was originally approved as a siding name on the proposed Wongan Hills to Mullewa railway line in April 1913, land also being set aside and a townsite gazetted the same year. The first lots in the townsite were sold in June 1914, and the railway line opened in 1915. Wubin derives its name from the Aboriginal name for a nearby water source, Woobin Well, first recorded by a surveyor in 1907. The spelling Wubin was adopted to conform with spelling rules for Aboriginal names adopted by the Lands & Surveys Department.

In 1936 Co-operative Bulk Handling Ltd converted the siding to grain bulk handling, installing diesel powered bucket elevators to replace the system of manhandling grain onto rail wagons in hessian sacks.

Wubin flourished like most farming towns during the post World War II era; during that time an all-weather road was constructed across Lake Moore to Paynes Find substantially reducing travel times north to the mining areas in the Murchison and Pilbara regions.  It is this road, part of the Great Northern Highway, that is now the economic heart of the town.

In 2007 the Wubin Primary School, established 18 August 1919, was closed by the Department of Education as a result of falling enrolments.

References

Further reading

External links

Towns in Western Australia
Grain receival points of Western Australia
Shire of Dalwallinu

Wubin, Western Australia


Plaza Monumental Román Eduardo Sandia also known as the Plaza de Toros de Mérida is a plaza de toros first class located in the city of Mérida, Venezuela being one of the main infrastructure for cultural and artistic events to large scale of the city after the Estadio Olímpico Metropolitano and the fence locations for the bullfights in the frame of the Feria Internacional del Sol.

The Plaza was inaugurated in 1967 to serve as a forum to various events of Ferias del Sol, and has a capacity of 16,000 spectators.

He has received prominent bullfighters like Julian López "El Juli", Francisco Rivera Ordóñez, Juan José "Morante de la Puebla", Miguel Ángel Perera, Enrique Ponce, Francisco Rivera "Paquirrí", Pálomo Lináres, Javier Conde, Manuel Bénitez "El Cordobés", José María Manzanares, Antonio Barrera, Paquito Perlaza, Leonardo Bénitez, Luis Bolivar, David Fandila "El Fandi", Mary Paz Vega, Morenito de Maracay, Nerio Ramirez "El Tovareño", Rafael Orellana, César Vanegas, César Faraco, Eduardo Valenzuela, among others.

But he has also received several Venezuelan and international artists and singers like Juanes, Maná, Desorden Público, Caramelos de Cianuro, Franco De Vita, Paulina Rubio, Chino y Nacho, Don Omar, Tito El Bambino, Molotov, Wisin & Yandel, Dalmata, Vos Veis, Los Hombres G, Aterciopelados, Jorge Celedón, Jean Carlos Centeno, L'squadron, Tecupae, Luis Silva, Armando Martínez, among others.

Other websites
  Images and references to the Plaza on Portaltaurino.com

1967 establishments
Venezuelan culture

Plaza Monumental Román Eduardo Sandia


Desmond Louis Donnelly (16 October 1920 – 3 April 1974) was a British politician, author and journalist who was a member of four political parties during the course of his career, and moved between parties on five occasions.

Origins

Donnelly, whose ancestry was Irish, was born in Sibsagar, Assam, India, where his father was a tea planter; his mother was English and descended from a member of the Indian Civil Service. In 1928 he was the first of his family to return to Britain for his schooling in a century (accompanied by his mother; they lost contact with his father); he went to Brightlands School, Newnham-on-Severn, Gloucestershire. Later he attended Bembridge School (a public school) on the Isle of Wight. He first joined the Labour Party in 1936 after becoming interested in the ideas of William Morris.

He did not go to university. As a keen sportsman, Donnelly became secretary of the London Grasshoppers Rugby Club on leaving school and while working as an office boy. At the age of 17 he set up the British Empire Cricket XI, which continued through the war years, supporting cricket, and raising funds for the Duke of Gloucester's Red Cross and the St John fund. He enlisted in the Royal Air Force in 1939 and served as a Flying Officer with Bomber Command. Later he joined the 'Desert Air Force' in the North African Campaign and Italy where he rose to the rank of Flight Lieutenant.

On the left

In the 1945 general election, Donnelly fought the constituency of Evesham in Worcestershire for Common Wealth, an idealistic socialist party generally regarded as to the left of Labour. Although there was no Labour Party candidate, Donnelly was narrowly pushed into third place by the Liberal Party candidate.

Common Wealth did not long survive the election and Donnelly rejoined Labour in September 1945. From 1945 to 1946 he lectured at the RAF Staff College. On leaving the RAF, Donnelly became assistant editor and later editor of Town and Country Planning, the journal of the Town and Country Planning Association. From 1948 was that Association's Director. He contested the 1946 Down by-election as a Northern Ireland Labour Party candidate.

Bevanite

Donnelly was chosen to fight Pembrokeshire for the Labour Party in the 1950 general election, which a good Labour candidate had narrowly failed to win in 1945 and where the sitting Member, Gwilym Lloyd George, was very popular, not merely because he was the son of David Lloyd George. Despite the general trend away from the Labour Party, Donnelly beat Lloyd George by playing on the fact that he was supporting the Conservatives, and won the seat by 129 votes.

In Parliament, he defined himself as "an Englishman with an Irish name sitting for a Welsh seat" and initially allied with Aneurin Bevan. He also made sure to build extensive contacts within his constituency, where he became very popular. Although his seat never became entirely safe, he was never taken to the wire. While serving as an MP, Donnelly upped his income by acting as a consultant to the engineering firms David Brown and Philips Industries and to the merchant bankers Hill Samuel.

Gaitskellite

In 1954, Donnelly fell out with Bevan over the issue of German rearmament which he considered necessary. He was also outspokenly anti-Soviet Union, a position which intensified after he made trips to the Soviet bloc. After 1955, he became known as a vociferous opponent of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and a general supporter of Hugh Gaitskell as Labour leader.

This ensured his appointment as political correspondent for the Daily Herald from 1959, but Gaitskell's death in 1963 brought in Harold Wilson with whom Donnelly was not pleased; although his skills would have merited appointment to Wilson's government after the 1964 election, Wilson offered Donnelly nothing.

In the mid-1960s, Donnelly decided to call for an alliance between the Labour Party and the Liberal Party. He also joined with another Labour MP, Woodrow Wyatt, to publicly oppose the Labour Party policy of nationalising the Steel industry; given the narrow majority which Wilson's government had in its first term, their opposition would have been enough to vote down the plan, and any moves had to be postponed until after the 1966 election gave a landslide majority.

Labour rebel

Donnelly began causing increasing trouble to the Labour Party whips after the election. He became chief political correspondent for the News of the World in 1967 which ensured his views were widely known. He heaped scorn on the government's handling of the economy and called for a fundamental change to the relation of the party to the trade unions "in which the unions do not look on the Labour Party as their pet poodle".

The final breach in relations came after spending cuts caused by devaluation of the Pound sterling in November 1967 forced the government to withdraw from defence commitments 'east of Suez'. Donnelly resigned the Labour Party whip in the House of Commons on 18 January 1968. The Labour Party responded on 27 March by expelling him from membership of the party entirely.

Democratic Party

At a meeting of the Monday Club in 1968, Donnelly received a two-minute standing ovation, and then told members "Mr Wilson should resign and leave public life". However he was not willing to join the Conservative Party and instead set up his own party, initially known as 'Our Party' but later the Democratic Party. In some respects the party's policy was to the right of the Conservatives, advocating the abolition of the welfare state, sweeping changes to the taxation system, and the return of national service. The party fought five seats at the 1970 general election but polled poorly. Donnelly himself lost Pembrokeshire to the Conservatives.

Later career
Abruptly, in April 1971, Donnelly announced that he had joined the Conservative Party, without warning the members of the Democratic Party. He explained that the Conservative Party closely reflected his views on reform of the law relating to trades unions and EEC entry, and attended the Conservative Party conference that October as a delegate from Cities of London and Westminster. He applied for, but did not get, the Conservative nomination for the Hove by-election in 1973, and was also rejected for Melton for the next general election.

In addition to prolific journalism (he specialised in book reviews), Donnelly had gone into business after his defeat in 1970 and became chairman of ICPS Ltd and Managing Director of Practical Europe Ltd. In the recession of 1973 and 1974, his companies struggled financially and this combined with his failure to get back into the House of Commons as a Conservative to cause serious depression.

Donnelly committed suicide in a hotel room at West Drayton near Heathrow Airport on 3 April 1974, by drinking a large amount of vodka and taking a massive overdose of barbiturates.

References

Bibliography
 "Mr Desmond Donnelly: An independent politician" (obituary in The Times, 5 April 1974)
 Donnelly, D. (1968) Gadarene '68''', William Kimber: London.
 Donnelly, D. (1969) The Nearing Storm, Arrow Books: London.
 Stenton, M. & Lees, S. (1979) Who's Who of British MPs: Volume IV, 1945-1979, Harvester: Brighton.
 Welsh Political Archive Newsletter, Summer 1998 No 25 "Desmond Donnelly Papers" (with photograph) (The National Library of Wales) https://web.archive.org/web/20060115145319/http://www.llgc.org.uk/lc/awg_s_cylch25.htm (Last visited 31 July 2006)
 Jones, J.G. "Desmond Donnelly and the 1963 Labour Party leadership contest", Llafur, 7/3-4 (1999): 153–59.
 Layne, A. (2004) Desmond Donnelly (PhD dissertation, Miami University.
 Rodgers, Lord [William Rodgers]. "Desmond Donnelly", in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''

External links

1920 births
1974 suicides
Welsh Labour MPs
People from Sivasagar
Drug-related suicides in England
Barbiturates-related deaths
British politicians who committed suicide
Royal Air Force officers
Conservative Party (UK) politicians
Northern Ireland Labour Party politicians
Common Wealth Party politicians
UK MPs 1950–1951
UK MPs 1951–1955
UK MPs 1955–1959
UK MPs 1959–1964
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1966–1970
English people of Irish descent
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Pembrokeshire constituencies
People educated at Bembridge School
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
1974 deaths
British people in colonial India
Common Wealth Party

Desmond Donnelly


Georges Samuel Tzipine (22 June 1907 – 8 December 1987) was a French violinist, conductor and composer.  He was of Russian-Jewish origin.

He was trained as a violinist at the National Conservatory of Music in Paris, winning a first prize in 1926, but moved to conducting in 1931 after support from Reynaldo Hahn. He conducted the Paris Conservatoire Orchestra and worked for French Radiodiffusion, then for the Ballets Russes and Roland Petit's ballet. From the mid-1920s he was musical director of Gaumont Newsreel, for which he composed a great deal of varied background music to suit all kinds of documentary moods and themes. His film scores included: Le Rat des villes et le Rat des champs (1926), Coq en pâte (1951), and Les Amoureux de Marianne (1954).

He was particularly associated with the works of his long-time friend Arthur Honegger, and he conducted the premiere recordings of some of them (Cris du Monde oratorio, Nicolas de Flüe). He also conducted the first recordings of works by Florent Schmitt (Psalm 47, with Denise Duval), Jean Rivier (symphonies Nos. 3 and 5, for which he received a Grand Prix du Disque), Albert Roussel, Georges Auric, Darius Milhaud, and Francis Poulenc.  He conducted the premiere performances of Jacques Ibert's Le Chevalier Errant (1951) with the ORTF, René Challan's 2nd Symphony in F major (1 February 1959, Concerts Colonne), recorded his Concerto Pastoral, Op. 20 (with Samson François, January 1954) and premiered his Piano Concerto (3 March 1957, with François), led the first performance of Ruth Gipps' Horn Concerto (1968), with the BBC Welsh Orchestra, and the first recording of Alejandro García Caturla's Premiere Suite Cubaine. His work was rarely available on CD until the release of EMI's "Les Rarissimes" series.

Other composers whose works he conducted were Henry Barraud, Jean-Michel Damase, Johann-Christoph Voge, Georges Bizet, Saint-Saëns, Frédéric Chopin and Franz Liszt (piano concertos with Samson François), Jean Françaix, Charles Gounod, Modest Mussorgsky, Giacomo Puccini, Henri Sauguet and Maurice Thiriet.  He conducted all the principal French orchestras, as well as the Hallé, the BBC Philharmonic, the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic, and the Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra. From 1960 to 1965 he was the Chief Conductor of the Victorian Symphony Orchestra in Melbourne, Australia.

He was appointed a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur. He died in 1987.

References

External links

1907 births
1987 deaths
20th-century French male classical violinists
French male conductors (music)
French male classical composers
20th-century classical composers
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
French people of Russian-Jewish descent
Knights of the Legion of Honour
20th-century French conductors (music)
20th-century French composers

Georges Tzipine


George Hamilton ( – February 20, 1836) was a Canadian merchant and politician, who founded the city of Hamilton, Ontario.

Life and career
Hamilton was born on October 1788 in Queenston Heights.  He was the son of wealthy and influential Scottish-born Queenston merchant Robert Hamilton, who later held important government offices, being a member of the Legislative Council and lieutenant of the County of Lincoln, and of Catherine Askin Robertson.

Hamilton was educated in Edinburgh, Scotland and appears to have possessed a keen mind for business and letters.  The Scottish schooling of the era would have exposed him to moral philosophy and what later became the separate discipline of economics.  It is likely that his education fostered scepticism as well as a commitment to freedom of religion and the right to hold dissenting opinions, attitudes that would surface in his political career.  He married Maria Lavinia Jarvis in 1811.

Hamilton served during the War of 1812, where he held the rank of captain with the Niagara Light Dragoons, participating in the capture of Detroit and the Battle of Queenston Heights and Lundy's Lane. During 1814, British troops billeted at his Queenston establishment burned the property.  This loss, combined with a familiarity with the Head of the Lake acquired during the war when Burlington Heights was heavily garrisoned, may have prompted George Hamilton's purchase of  of Barton Township from James Durand, in January 1815.  Well placed and shrewd, Hamilton likely knew of prewar discussions about creating a new administrative district with a judicial centre.  Within a year of his land purchase, Hamilton reached agreement with the owner of adjacent property to the north, Nathaniel Hughson, on a scheme which they calculated would increase the possibility of having the court-house and jail for the new district located on Hamilton lands, to the benefit of the values of both men's property.  Together they empowered James Durand to lobby at the House of Assembly for the Hamilton townsite and to act as an agent selling town lots.  The instructions coincided with the very week that the assembly and Legislative Council deliberated on the formation of the new district and the designation of a district town; the act was passed on 22 March 1816.  The precise manoeuvres cannot be documented, but there is little doubt that the origins of the Hamilton town site, and its location back from the waterfront, derived from a complicated private affair involving Messrs. Hamilton, Hughson, and Durand.  The new town was to become the capital of the new Gore District. Hamilton provided land for a courthouse and jail. The police village of Hamilton was incorporated in 1833.

The offer they made to the government of Upper Canada included the granting of two blocks of land of  each to the Crown.  These were to be reserved for the construction of public buildings.  The overall design of the townsite, likely conceived in 1816, was commonplace.  George Hamilton employed a grid street pattern used in most towns in Upper Canada and throughout the American frontier.  The eighty original lots had frontages of fifty feet; each lot faced a broad street and backed onto a twelve-foot lane.  It took at least a decade for all of the original lots to be sold, but the construction of the Burlington Canal in 1823, and a new court-house in 1827, encouraged Hamilton to add more blocks around 1828–29.  At that time, he included a market square in an effort to draw commercial activity onto his lands, but the natural growth of the town was to the north of Hamilton's plot.

As a private town developer, Hamilton's record was mixed; he literally created the town, but he clearly tried to shape it to benefit his private fortunes.  The market ploy, a successful petition for the crown to return one of the original  squares, and eventual disputes over ownership of "the Gore" indicate his manipulative efforts.  All the same, he left enduring marks on the urban landscape; the court-house square, the haymarket, "the Gore", and the basic street plan of the city core.

Hamilton represented the riding of Wentworth in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada from 1821 to 1830, where he tended to support moderate reformers and encourage immigration to Canada. He helped set up a canal to link Hamilton harbour to Lake Ontario and worked to secure funding for the court house and jail.

Hamilton died on February 20, 1836, and was buried at the family burial plot on the family's farm.  His remains, along with the remains of other members of his family that were buried there, were later removed to the Hamilton lot in Hamilton Cemetery in Section Z (Lots 431 etc).

Hamilton was one of a handful of important Canadians who recognized the colony's special needs and possibilities at an early date.

References

External links

1788 births
1836 deaths
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada
History of Hamilton, Ontario
People from Niagara-on-the-Lake
Members of the Legislative Council of Upper Canada
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Canadian city founders
Pre-Confederation Canadian businesspeople
British colonial army officers

George Hamilton (city founder)


The tonsils are areas of lymphoid tissue on either side of the throat. An infection of the tonsils is called tonsillitis or tonsilitis. Most commonly, the term "tonsils" refers to the palatine tonsils that can be seen in the back of the throat.

Like other organs of the lymphatic system, the tonsils act as part of the immune system to help protect against infection. In particular, they are believed to be involved in helping fight off pharyngeal and upper respiratory tract infections.

Head (body part)

Tonsil


Geoffrey Laird Jackson (10 January 1894 – 9 April 1917) was an English cricketer who played for Derbyshire from 1912 to 1914, and for Oxford University in 1914. He died of wounds in World War I.

Jackson was born at Birkenhead, Cheshire, the eldest son of Brigadier General Geoffrey M. Jackson and of his wife Jessie C. C. Jackson. His father commanded the Sherwood Foresters and was managing director of the Clay Cross Colliery Company. Jackson was educated at Harrow School and was in the cricket XI in 1911, 1912 and 1913, being captain in the last year. While still at school he played first-class cricket for Derbyshire. He made his debut in August 1912 against Nottinghamshire: he took a wicket and two catches and scored 2 in the only innings he played. He played two matches for Derbyshire in 1913.

Jackson then went to Balliol College, Oxford and appeared in three first-class matches for the university in 1914. He played one county championship match for Derbyshire in 1914 before the First World War in which he lost his life.

Jackson was a right-hand batsman and played twelve innings in seven first-class matches with an average of 12.50 and a top score of 50. He was a right-arm medium pace bowler and took 10 first-class wickets at an average of 23.80 and a best performance of 3 for 52.

Jackson was given a commission in the Rifle Brigade on the outbreak of World War I and went to France in October, 1914. He was invalided home, after the Second Battle of Ypres, suffering from gas poisoning and spent some months in England serving his Reserve Battalion. He returned to France, as Adjutant of the 1st Battalion, in December, 1915, and was mentioned in despatches on 1 January 1916. He served continuously until his death on 9 April 1917 at the Battle of Arras. He was mortally wounded by a piece of shell after advancing about 6000 yards, and died at Fampoux, Arras, France before reaching the dressing station.

Jackson's brother Guy Jackson and cousin Anthony Jackson also played cricket for Derbyshire.

References

1894 births
1917 deaths
Military personnel from Cheshire
People educated at Harrow School
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
English cricketers
Derbyshire cricketers
Oxford University cricketers
Rifle Brigade officers
British Army personnel of World War I
British military personnel killed in World War I
Sportspeople from Birkenhead
Cricketers from Merseyside
Cricketers from Cheshire

Geoffrey Jackson (cricketer)


Autograph ABP, previously known as the Association of Black Photographers, is a British-based international, non-profit-making, photographic arts agency.

History
Autograph was originally established in London in 1988. Founders included the photographers Sunil Gupta, Monika Baker, Merle Van den Bosch, Pratibha Parmar, Ingrid Pollard, Roshini Kempadoo, Armet Francis and Rotimi Fani-Kayode, as the Association of Black Photographers. Through a programme of advocacy, exhibitions and publication, Autograph went on to assist in the career development of a number of black and "culturally diverse" photographers, including Faisal Abdu'Allah, Gayle Chong Kwan, Roshini Kempadoo and Yinka Shonibare.

In 1991 Mark Sealy became the director of the organisation. In 2002, the board changed the name to "Autograph ABP". In 2007, the organisation moved into its new home Rivington Place, which it shared with Iniva. Renowned Cultural Studies theorist Stuart Hall served as chair on the boards of both organisations. Currently, the honorary patrons of Autograph ABP are David Lammy MP, Professor Catherine Hall, Lola Young (Baroness Young of Hornsey) OBE, and Henry Louis Gates Jr.

In 2008, Autograph received a grant of £660,500 from the Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) to "preserve the history of culturally diverse Britain through photography".

Role
Today, Autograph continues to develop, exhibit and publish the work of photographers and artists from culturally diverse backgrounds and to act as an advocate for their inclusion in mainstream areas of exhibition, publishing, training, education and commerce. Autograph produces its own programme of activities, as well as collaborating with other arts organisations nationally and internationally, such as the Liverpool Biennial. It also sees itself as playing a role in the advocacy of human rights worldwide, hosting exhibitions on the subjects of Roma/Gypsy peoples in Europe, as well as the photographic legacy of lynching in the US. Regular (annual) funding for Autograph is provided by Arts Council England.

References

External links

Arts in the United Kingdom
Black British history
British photography organisations
Black British photographers
Black British culture in London
1988 establishments in the United Kingdom
Arts organizations established in 1988

Autograph ABP


Erlik, or Erlig, is the god o daith an unnerwarld in Turkic an Mongolie meethologie.

Accordin tae Siberie meethologie, Erlik wis the first creation o Tengri or Ulgan, the creator god, but Erlik's pride led tae friction atween the twa, an he wis banisht tae the unnerwarld.

In the meeths o the Turko-Mongol fowks, Erlik wis involvit in the creation o humanity.  He slew the messenger-god, Maidere, an is a teacher o sin.  He is sometimes representit bi a totemic bear.

In Turkic meethologie, Erlik wis the deity o evil, darkness, laird o the lawer warld, an judge o the deid.  He is kent as the first o mankind, creatit bi Ulgen. He wants tae be equal tae Ulgen, but is in a position inferior tae him.  Then he wantit tae mak his awn laund an wis sent tae the preeson at the 9t layer o the yird an became opposed tae the upper warld, the realm o licht.

The evil spirits creatit bi Erlik cause misfortune, sickness, an daith tae mankind. These spirits are imagined as Erlik's assistants.  Besides these, his 9 sons an dochters help their faither in the wey o evil.  Erlik's dochters especially try tae chynge a shaman's mynd while he is attemptin tae reach Ulgen wi their brawnies.  Erlik gives aw kynds o sickness an wants sacrifices frae the fowk.  If they dae no sacrifice tae him, he catches the deid bodies o the fowk that he killed an taks them awa tae this lawer warld an then maks them his slaves.  So, especially in the Altays, whan sickness appears, fowk become scared o Erlik an sacrifice him a lot o animals.

In the prayers of shamans, Erlik is describit as a monster, haein the face an teeth o a pig combined wi a human body. Besides his face, he is an auld man wi a well-built body, black eyes, eyebrous, an mustache.

Todote is the Samoyed god o evil an daith, identifee'd wi the Turkic god Erlik. The dinosaur Erlikosaurus is namit for him.

See an aw
Ördög
Todote
Satan

Altaic deities
Turkic meethologie
Daith gods
Unnerwarld gods
Siberie deities

Erlik


A Moon for the Misbegotten is a play in four acts by Eugene O'Neill. The play is a sequel to O'Neill's Long Day's Journey into Night, with the Jim Tyrone character as an older version of Jamie Tyrone. He began drafting the play late in 1941, set it aside after a few months and returned to it a year later, completing the text in 1943 – his final work, as his failing health made it physically impossible for him to write. The play premiered on Broadway in 1957 and has had four Broadway revivals, plus a West End engagement.

Plot
Set in a dilapidated Connecticut house in early September 1923, the play focuses on three characters: Josie, a domineering Irish woman with a quick tongue and a ruined reputation, her conniving father, tenant farmer Phil Hogan, and James Tyrone, Jr., Hogan's landlord and drinking companion, a cynical alcoholic haunted by the death of his mother.

The play begins with Mike, the last of Hogan's three sons, leaving the farm. As a joke during one of their drunken bouts, Tyrone threatens to sell his land to his hated neighbor, T. Steadman Harder, and evict Hogan. Hogan creates a scheme in which Josie will get Tyrone drunk, seduce him, and blackmail him. Josie and Tyrone court in the moonlight.

The scheme falls through when Josie finds out that Tyrone isn't going to sell the land to Harder after all. Tyrone tells Josie the story of how, after his mother died, he traveled back East on the train, and hired a blonde prostitute for $50 a night to overcome his grief.

The four-act play ends with James Tyrone leaving for New York to handle his mother's estate, apparently to die soon of complications from alcoholism.

Autobiographical aspects

As in Journey, the Tyrone character is based on Eugene O'Neill's older brother, Jamie O'Neill.

Productions

A Moon for the Misbegotten was produced by the Theatre Guild, which had produced many of O'Neill's, plays including Strange Interlude in 1928, The Iceman Cometh in 1946, and this play, the last. Because O'Neill was "unhappy with progress in rehearsals, ... [he] demanded out-of-town tryouts in a series of Midwestern cities." The play had its world premiere at the Hartman Theatre in Columbus, Ohio, in 1947.

The play has been produced five times on Broadway. The original production opened on May 2, 1957, at the now-demolished Bijou Theatre, where it ran for 68 performances. Directed by Carmen Capalbo, the cast included Cyril Cusack, Franchot Tone, and Wendy Hiller.  Scenic design was by William Pitkin, Lighting Design by Lee Watson, and Costume Design by Ruth Morley. Wendy Hiller was nominated for the Tony Award, Actress in a Play.

The play was presented Off-Broadway by Circle in the Square Theatre, opening on June 12, 1968. Directed by Theodore Mann, the cast featured Salome Jens as Josie, Mitchell Ryan as James Tyrone, Jr., Garry Mitchell as T. Stedman Harder, W. B. Brydon as Phil and Jack Kehoe as Mike.

Its June 20-July 8, 1973 revival production at the Academy Playhouse in Lake Forest, Illinois went on to four previews with the first Broadway staging also directed by José Quintero opening on December 29, 1973, at the Morosco Theatre, where it ran for 313 performances. Both productions included Colleen Dewhurst who won a Tony Award, Jason Robards, and Ed Flanders a Tony Award recipient as well. The cast again resurrected their roles in a Quintero-directed production for television, broadcast by ABC on May 27, 1975. One of their affiliates in the state of Florida pre-empted the film controversially because it contained adult language. It garnered five Emmy Award nominations, including Outstanding Special—Drama or Comedy, with Ed Flanders also winning the award for Outstanding Single Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy or Drama Special.

After nineteen previews, the second revival, directed by David Leveaux, opened on May 1, 1984, at the Cort Theatre, where it ran for 40 performances. The cast included Ian Bannen, Jerome Kilty, and Kate Nelligan. This production was nominated for the Tony Award for: Actress in a Play, Director of a Play, Lighting Design (Play or Musical) (Marc B. Weiss), and Revival (Play or Musical).

After fifteen previews, the third revival, directed by Daniel Sullivan, opened on March 19, 2000, at the Walter Kerr Theatre, where it ran for 120 performances. The cast included Gabriel Byrne, Roy Dotrice, and Cherry Jones.

A fourth revival, starring Kevin Spacey, began previews on March 29, 2007 and closed on June 10, 2007, at the Brooks Atkinson Theatre following a 112 performance run at the Old Vic Theatre in London 15 September 2006 to 23 December 2006, featuring Eve Best, Billy Carter, Colm Meaney, and Eugene O'Hare.

A London production at the Riverside Studios in 1983 starred Ian Bannen and Frances De La Tour.

Between October 13 and November 15, 2013, A Moon for the Misbegotten was produced for the first time in Low German under the title Lengen na Leev (Longing for Love) at the Ohnsorg Theater in Hamburg.

Critical response
According to Michael Manheim, the 1973 revival, starring Jason Robards and Colleen Dewhurst, was "the most famous" of the productions, and "the performances of this production are usually seen as the defining interpretations of Tyrone and Josie."

The CurtainUp reviewer of the 2000 revival compared the 1973 production: "Dewhurst and Robards rescued O'Neill's failed play from neglect by digging beneath the facades these desperate people presented to the world -- he as a cynical carouser, she as the town tramp....The revival at the Morosco...proved O'Neill scholar Travis Bogard right when he declared Moon 'doomed to failure without superb acting' since no subsequent production ever recreated the magic of those 314 performances.

In his review of the 2007 production, Ben Brantley, writing in The New York Times mentioned the prior two revivals, noting "Both those versions emphasized the pathos of Moon, written in 1943 and first produced on Broadway in 1957. Inspired by the unhappy final chapters in the life of O'Neill's ne'er-do-well older brother, James, the play is singular within its author's body of work for its forgiving spirit."

Awards and nominations
2007
Best Actress in a Play, Eve Best (nominee)

 2000
Tony Award, Best Revival of a Play (nominee)
Tony Award, Best Actor in Play, Byrne (nominee)
Tony Award, Best Actress in a Play, Jones (nominee)
Tony Award, Best Featured Actor in a Play, Dotrice (winner)

1984
Tony Award, Best Actress in a Play, Nelligan (nominee)
Tony Award, Best Lighting Design, Marc B. Weiss (nominee)
Tony Award, Best Direction of a Play (nominee)
Tony Award, Best Reproduction (nominee)
1973Academy Playhouse Producers Marshall Migatz and William T. Gardner
1974
Tony Award, Best Actor in Play, Robards (nominee)
Tony Award, Best Actress in a Play, Dewhurst (winner)
Tony Award, Best Featured Actor in a Play, Flanders (winner)
Tony Award, Best Lighting Design, Ben Edwards (nominee)
Tony Award, Best Direction of a Play, Quintero (winner)
Tony Award, Special Award, Elliot Martin (recipient)
Tony Award, Special Award, Lester Osterman Productions (recipient)

1958
Tony Award, Best Actress in a Play, Hiller (nominee)

References

External links

1947 plays
Autobiographical plays
Broadway plays
Plays by Eugene O'Neill
Plays set in Connecticut
Sequel plays

A Moon for the Misbegotten