Beachwood is a city in eastern Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2020 census the city's population was 14,040. A suburb of Cleveland, it is a part of the Cleveland metropolitan area.

History
The land that eventually became Beachwood was originally part of the Connecticut Western Reserve. Before becoming an independent municipality, Beachwood was part of Warrensville Township. In 1915, it seceded from Warrensville after the Township voted to close a nearby area school. A petition was organized, and on June 26, 1915, Beachwood was incorporated into an independent village. In 1960, Beachwood had reached the number of residents to attain city status under the Ohio Revised Code.

Beachwood was named for the numerous Beech trees that grew throughout the village. The origin of the spelling of the city is disputed. Upon incorporation, the city's name was originally spelled, "Beechwood". One popular theory is that an early village hall clerk misspelled the name on some official documents, giving rise to the current spelling.

In 1948, a village wide debate was sparked after the proposal of the construction of the Anshe Chesed Fairmount Temple following the purchase of 32 acres of land on which the temple currently stands. The debate started due to the growing trend of families moving to the suburbs due to the booming post WWII economy. Considering that Beachwood at the time was a small community with few Jews, the sudden proposal of the large synagogue of 1,800 families sparked anti-Semitic worries among the village's community due to the imminent demographics change that the establishment of a large synagogue would bring. The village council, no member of which was Jewish, cited in 1952 that the establishment of Anshe Chesed "would be detrimental to the public safety, welfare, and convenience of the village". One morning in May 1952, following Anshe Chesed's threat to sue the village of Beachwood, residents opened their mailboxes and found a white supremacist newspaper called The Plain Truth, with the message:

Zoning arguments between the village and the congregation regarding the temple's construction led to the Ohio Supreme Court ruling in 1954 that the synagogue must be allowed to be built, as well as issuing state building permits to the congregation. The temple's construction was finished in 1957.

Since the late 1950s, multiple other synagogues relocated to Beachwood, establishing the Jewish influence on the growth of the community.

Geography
Beachwood is located at  (41.482226, −81.504001).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which  is land and  is water.

Demographics

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 12,186 people, 5,074 households, and 3,181 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 5,447 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city is 86.50% White, 9.08% African American, 0.08% Native American, 3.21% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.15% from other races, and 0.97% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.78% of the population.

There were 5,074 households, out of which 24.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them. 56.0% were married couples living together, 5.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.3% were non-families. 35.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 23.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.86.

In the city the population was spread out, with 19.7% under the age of 18, 3.0% from 18 to 24, 17.2% from 25 to 44, 24.6% from 45 to 64, and 35.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 52 years. For every 100 females, there were 78.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 71.8 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $65,406, and the median income for a family was $86,632. Males had a median income of $71,829 versus $35,375 for females. The per capita income for the village was $40,509. About 2.5% of families and 4.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.3% of those under the age of 18 and 5.0% of those 65 and older.

Of the city's population over the age of 25, 57.3% held a bachelor's degree or higher.  Cleveland Jewish News claimed that 89.5 percent of Beachwood's population is Jewish.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 11,953 people, 5,064 households, and 3,005 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 5,483 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 77.3% White, 13.7% African American, 7.4% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.9% of the population.

There were 5,064 households, of which 24.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.1% were married couples living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.7% were non-families. 37.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 23.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.88.

The median age in the city was 52.5 years. 19.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 3.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 17.2% were from 25 to 44; 27.2% were from 45 to 64; and 32.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 44.3% male and 55.7% female.

Jewish community

Since its development in the 1950s, Beachwood has been a destination for the Jewish community in the Greater Cleveland area. Following WWII, Jewish families from inner city neighborhoods such as Glenville began relocating to established communities in the city's eastern suburbs. In 2017, with approximately 90% of the Beachwood's population identifying as Jewish, the city had the fourth largest per capita Jewish population of any municipality outside of Israel. Beachwood's Jewish establishment is rooted in decades of development of various Jewish institutions, such as synagogues, Jewish schools, The Maltz Museum of Jewish Heritage, Menorah Park Center for Assisted Living, the Mandel Jewish Community Center, Young Israel of Greater Cleveland, the Beachwood Kehilla, Green Road Synagogue, the Jewish Federation of Cleveland, and many Jewish owned restaurants, stores and other businesses.  Beachwood's rapid growth from village to city status is attributed to the influx of Jewish families seeking suburban homes, naturally forming an ethnic enclave. Most of the homes built in Beachwood between the 1940s and the 1990s were developed by Jewish owned companies, down to the lumber used to build the structures themselves. Beachwood's Jewish community is also reflected in the city's public schools, with Hebrew being offered as a foreign language at the local Middle and High School, making Beachwood one of the only public schools in the United States to do so.

Economy
Beachwood is home to University Hospitals Ahuja Medical Center, and several offices affiliated with the Cleveland Clinic including the Beachwood Family Health and Surgery Center.

Corporate headquarters located in Beachwood include:
Eaton Corporation
SITE Centers
OMNOVA Solutions
TOA Technologies.
Cleveland Jewish News

Retail attractions in Beachwood include Beachwood Place and the adjacent LaPlace Center, an upscale shopping center. The city is also home to Canterbury Golf Club, a USGA member course which has hosted PGA Tour events and has been ranked among top 100 courses in the United States by Golf Digest magazine.

Arts and culture

Beachwood is home to Preston's H.O.P.E. - the largest fully accessible playground in Northeast Ohio.

The Maltz Museum of Jewish Heritage is located in Beachwood and is dedicated to furthering an understanding of Jewish immigrant history and culture in the U.S.

The David Berger National Memorial is the country's smallest National Memorial, honoring the legacy of Jewish-Clevelander Olympian David Mark Berger, who along with 10 other members of the 1972 Israeli Olympic team was murdered by Palestinian terrorist group Black September in the Munch Massacre.

Education

The Beachwood City Schools consists of:
Bryden Elementary School: K through 2nd grade.
Hilltop Elementary School: 3rd through 5th grade .
Beachwood Middle School: 6th through 8th grade.
Beachwood High School: 9th through 12th grade.

There are three parochial Jewish schools located in Beachwood:

Fuchs Mizrachi School, an Orthodox Jewish school; Pre-kindergarten through 12th grade.
Beatrice J. Stone Yavne High School: All girls, Orthodox Jewish school; 7th through 12th grade.
Mandel Jewish Day School (Previously known as Agnon Day School): Jewish day school; Pre-kindergarten through 8th grade.

Notable people
Armond Budish – former Speaker of the House of Ohio, former Cuyahoga County Executive.
Mike Chernoff – baseball general manager of the Cleveland Guardians
Marc Cohn – Grammy Award-winning singer-songwriter known for his 1991 hit 'Walking in Memphis'
Samuel Glazer – co-founder of Mr. Coffee
Brad Goldberg – major league baseball pitcher.
 Josh Mandel – former Ohio State Treasurer
Terren Peizer - businessperson, arrested for securities fraud
 Alex Wyse – Broadway performer

References

External links

Cities in Ohio
Cities in Cuyahoga County, Ohio
Jewish communities in the United States
Jews and Judaism in Ohio
Russian-American culture in Ohio
Russian-Jewish culture in the United States
Cleveland metropolitan area
1915 establishments in Ohio

Beachwood, Ohio


Derek Richter (14 January 1907 – 15 December 1995), English neuroscientist, was one of the founding fathers of the science of brain chemistry. Identifying monoamine oxidase and demonstrating its function in the brain early in his career, he became a prime mover in his field. In 1968 he was involved in the foundation of the British Brain Research Organization (BRA). Before this he helped to establish the Mental Health Research Fund, later renamed The Mental Health Foundation,(1949). He also established the Journal of Neurochemistry (1956), of which he was one of the chief editors from 1956 to 1969. He was involved in the foundation of the International Brain Research Organization (IBRO) (1960), of which he became secretary-general, and the International Society for Neurochemistry (ISN) (1967). After leading a research unit at Whitchurch Psychiatric Hospital (1947–1960), he became director of the Medical Research Council Neuropsychiatric Research Unit in Carshalton (1960–1971). Throughout his life he promoted international collaboration in research.

Biography

Richter was born in Bath, Somerset,  the third child of Charles A Richter, co-founder of the family firm, Bath Cabinet Makers. From Oundle School he won a scholarship to Magdalen College, Oxford, where he gained a first-class honour's degree in chemistry. At Munich University he worked under Nobel Prize-winning Heinrich Wieland. In 1931 he gained a PhD (magna cum laude) for the autoxidation of aldehydes.

He then moved to Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins Biochemical Laboratory at Cambridge alongside Nobel laureates Ernst Chain, Richard Synge, Frederick Sanger, Hans Krebs and Archer Martin. This was a defining period, working with Hermann Blaschko on monoamines that have a great physiological interest.

A year before the outbreak of World War II, he took a post at the Maudsley Hospital to work on amphetamines. Married to Beryl Ailsa Griffiths, with whom he had three children, he set up a wartime research laboratory for treating shell-shock in the Mill Hill Emergency Hospital. Despite taxing commitments, he simultaneously qualified in medicine at St Bartholomew's Hospital.

In 1947 Richter received a Rockefeller Foundation grant to set up a laboratory in the Whitchurch Psychiatric Hospital, Cardiff. Four years later, with one of the first Geiger counters to measure radioisotopes in the country, he and RMC Dawson had isolated nuclei from the cells of the cerebral cortex and demonstrated changes in brain metabolism with changes in brain function. With Linford Rees, he carried out early work on biochemical changes concerning epilepsy and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and collaborated with W. Grey-Walter in EEG studies. With Miki Gaitonde, he worked on the metabolic activity of proteins of the brain.

At Carshalton, Richter gathered a multidisciplinary international group of scientists with a global approach to their research. He became involved with the World Health Organization, and Amnesty International. In retirement, he was elected a fellow of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, and wrote a series of humanitarian books. Typically, his last book was intended for foreign visitors.

Concern for the childless women prompted him, through medical colleague Bertold Wiesner to become one of the first sperm donors at Mary Barton (Wiesner's wife)'s insemination clinic in London.
Some of these children have been identified by DNA markers. Between April 1945 and 1951 he made weekly contributions at a time when AID was strictly anonymous and very controversial. It was a precursor to modern developments in reproductive technology such as IVF, that are leading to changes in the structure of families.

He continued to write and edit enlightened books, gardened passionately and joined his second wife, Molly Bullock, in establishing South Lodge, a refuge in Epsom for discharged mental patients.

References

Notable works

 Green DE, Richter D (1937) Adrenaline and adrenochrome. Biochem J 31:596–616
 Richter D (1937) Adrenaline and amine oxidase. Biochem J 31-2022-2028
 Richter D, Crossland J (1949) Variation in the acetylcholine content of the brain with physiological state. Am. J Physiol 150:247–255
 Dawson RMC, Richter D (1950) Effect of stimulation on the phosphate esters of the brain. Am. J Physiol 160:203–211
 Richter D, Hullin RP (1951) Isolated nuclei from cells of the cerebral cortex. Biochem J 48: 406–410
 Gaitonde MK, Richter D (1956) The metabolic activity of proteins of the brain. Proc R Soc B 145:83–99
 Richter D ed. (1950) Perspectives in Neuropsychiatry, HK Lewis & Co. London
 Richter D, Reiss M, Elkes J, Hapoold FC, Weil-Malherbe H, Harris GW (1953) Ignorances in biochemistry, endocrinology and pharmacology, in Tanner JM ed. Prospects in psychiatric research. Blackwell Scientific Publishers, Oxford pp. 109–155
 Gaitonde MK, Richter D (1956) The metabolic activity of proteins of the brain, Proc Roy Soc B, 145:83–99
 Richter D ed. (1957) Schizophrenia: Somatic aspects. Pergamon Press, London Balazs R, Richter D (1960).
       Balázs R; Richter D. (1960) Observations on the mechanism of the aerobic control of Glycolysis in Brain Mitochondrial Fraction. Biochem J 74:30pp
 Richter D ed. Aspects of Learning and Memory (1966), Wm Heinemann Medical Books
 Balázs, R; Machiyama, Y; Hammond, GJ; Julian, T; Richter, D. (1970) The operation of gamma-aminobutyrate bypath of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in brain tissue in vitro. Biochem J 116(3):445-61
 Richter D ed. The Challenge of Violence (1972), Ardua Press, Tadworth, Surrey
 Richter D ed. Women Scientists: The Road to Liberation, (1982), Macmillan,
       Richter D ed. Research in Mental Illness (1984), WM Heinemann Medical Books,
 Richter D, Life in Research (1989), Stuart Phillips Publications., Kingswood, Surrey,
 Richter D, English Usage Guide (1992), The Book Guild Lewes,

External links
 The Mental Health Foundation
 Journal of Neurochemistry

1907 births
1995 deaths
Technical University of Munich alumni
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
People from Bath, Somerset
People educated at Oundle School
Neurochemists
British psychiatrists
Alumni of the Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital
20th-century English medical doctors

Derek Richter


SCOOP (Simple Concurrent Object Oriented Programming) is a concurrency model designed for the Eiffel programming language, conceived by Eiffel's creator and designer, Bertrand Meyer.

SCOOP defines a way for an object oriented program to be written without the concept of threads, locks, or other typical multiprogramming methods.  This allows the compiler or runtime environment to optimize the amount of concurrency as well as eliminate typical design flaws such as deadlock.

The model was first designed in the early 1990s and published in 1993 in the Communications of the ACM An updated version was described in chapter 30 of the book Object-Oriented Software Construction.
A prototype implementation was developed in 1995 by Eiffel Software. An article by Compton and Walker provides an overview of SCOOP and describes another early implementation. Nienaltowski, Arslan and Meyer have published a description of the model as of 2003. Work on SCOOP proceeded at the Chair of Software Engineering at ETH Zurich. SCOOP became available as a standard part of EiffelStudio early in 2011.

Technical overview
SCOOP works by allowing references to certain objects to be declared as separate. In the code below, an entity local_inventory is declared as a separate type, by specifying the Eiffel language keyword separate in the declaration.

    local_inventory: separate INVENTORY

A separate object may be handled by a SCOOP processor that is different from the processor handling the referencing object. A SCOOP processor is the abstract notion of an autonomous thread of control that handles the execution of operations on one or more objects. SCOOP processors are independent of underlying concurrency mechanisms like processor threads, multiple processor cores, and distributed computer systems.

In addition to the concept of separateness, SCOOP exploits the principles of design by contract as part of the SCOOP strategy for synchronizing access to shared separate resources. For example, a precondition for a consumer wishing to access an item in the inventory example above, might be that such an item does currently exist. This would be expressed with a contract on the feature of class INVENTORY which returns the item.

    item: PRODUCT
        -- Current item
    require
        inventory_has_item: has_item

In traditional, sequential processing, a client intending to call local_inventory.item would be responsible for making certain that the precondition local_inventory.has_item holds before making the call. If the call to item were made in a state in which has_item did not hold, the caller would incur a precondition violation exception.

In the presence of SCOOP and given the separateness of local_inventory, making the check on has_item before calling item would not be reliable. This is because the state of local_inventory could have been changed by requests from other SCOOP processors between the time that the check was made and the time that item could be called.

As a result, when SCOOP is enabled, the precondition has_item is transformed from a correctness condition, which will cause an exception in the case of a violation, to a wait condition. The wait condition will cause the execution of item to be delayed until such time as has_item holds. In the Eiffel Software implementation, if SCOOP is not enabled, the separate keyword is ignored and sequential processing is assumed.

See also
Eiffel
Object-Oriented Software Construction

References

External links
 Eiffel Software online documentation for SCOOP.
 The SCOOP research page at ETH Zurich.

1993 software
Concurrent programming languages
Object-oriented programming languages

es:Computación concurrente
fr:Programmation concurrente
nl:Multiprogrammeren
pt:Programação concorrente

SCOOP (software)


A hail spike or three body scatter spike (TBSS) is an artifact on a weather radar display indicative of large hail. They are identified by a spike of weak reflectivity echoes that extend out from a thunderstorm, and away from the radar site.

Cause

Generally known as hail spikes, these are the result of energy from the radar hitting hail, or very heavy rain, and being reflected to the ground, where they reflect back to the hail and then to the radar as in the image on the left. This results in the radar picking up the energy from the multiple path at a later time than the energy that came back directly from the hail to the radar. Both are however on the same radial angle from the radar as the antenna did not have the time to turn significantly.

The multipath echoes are then analyzed on the radar display as echoes extending in a radial direction behind the actual location of the hail/heavy rain core. The loss of energy by due to multiple reflections means weaker return echoes. The hail spike region has thus comparatively quite weaker echoes than the echoes directly from the hail or heavy rain core.

Since hail cores are most intense at higher elevations, hail spikes usually appear at the levels aloft that accompany the most intense hail. Because of this, hail spikes are usually not seen at lower elevations. Another restriction to detection is that the signal of the radar beam has to do multiple reflections, each time weakening it, and are therefore usually noticeable only in extremely large hailstone cases.

Multiple TBSS Signatures

In rare cases more than one hail spike has been documented with a single storm in one volume scan. This indicates that more than one hail core exists in the same storm and far enough apart that each core can be sampled by the radar individually.

Use in forecasting

Because of their observed accuracy in indicating large hail aloft, TBSS's are used operationally by the National Weather Service to identify thunderstorms that could likely produce large, severe hail. This would warrant the issuance of a severe thunderstorm warning or mention of large hail in a tornado warning.

See also

 Convective storm detection
 Severe weather terminology (United States)
 Severe weather terminology (Canada)
 Tornado debris signature aka "debris spike"

References

External links
   Three-Body Scatter Spike course by the National Weather Service

Hail
Radar meteorology
Radar theory
Severe weather and convection
Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics)

Hail spike


Nahum Josiah Bachelder (September 3, 1854April 22, 1934) was the 49th governor of New Hampshire from 1903 to 1905. He was a farmer and Republican politician from East Andover, New Hampshire, United States. Bachelder lived at and operated his family farm throughout his life, was a leader in the Grange, and served a single term as Governor of New Hampshire.

He became politically active when he joined the Grange, a farmers' advocacy group, in 1877. Bachelder became Master of the local Grange for Merrimack County. He was appointed to New Hampshire's State Board of Agriculture, and served from 1887 until 1913, remaining in this post even through his two years as governor.

Bachelder was elected as the Master of the State Grange in 1891 and held the post until he resigned to become governor in 1903. After his term as Governor of New Hampshire, he served as the Master of the National Grange. He died on his farm in East Andover in 1934 and is buried in the Proctor Cemetery in Andover.

Biography
Bachelder was an eighth-generation descendant of the Rev. Stephen Bachiler, who settled at Hampton, New Hampshire in 1632. Nahum was the oldest child of William A. and Adeline (Shaw) Bachelder. His boyhood was passed upon the family farm in East Andover, and his early education was at Franklin Academy and the New Hampton Institute.

After a brief experience in teaching, Bachelder devoted himself to practical agriculture, gaining success as a market gardener and dairyman. In 1877 he joined Highland Grange at East Andover and later became its Master. In 1883 he was chosen secretary of the state Grange and filled that position for eight years, being then promoted to the office of Master.

Bachelder served for two terms as a member of the executive committee of the National Grange and was also a national lecturer and served on the legislative committee.

In 1887 Bachelder was elected as successor to James O. Adams as Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture. He was also responsible for the office of Commissioner of Immigration, which was established in 1889 and later merged into the State Board of Agriculture. He was an official of the state Cattle Commission since its organization, the work of which included keeping the livestock of the state free from contagious diseases. He was secretary of the Grange State Fair at Tilton and, later, of the state fair at Concord.

Bachelder assisted Governor Frank W. Rollins in the establishment of Old Home Weeks in New Hampshire.

Bachelder received the honorary degree of Master of Arts from Dartmouth College in 1891. He was a member of the University and Wonolancet clubs of Concord, the Derryfield Club of Manchester, and of the Kearsarge lodge, A. F. and A. M. He attended the Congregational Church.

He was married on June 30, 1887, to Mary A. Putney of Dunbarton. They had two children, Ruth, born May 22, 1891, and Henry, born March 17, 1895. In addition to their farm estate at East Andover they maintained a winter home in the city of Concord.

Author of "Gems of the Granite State", a souvenir picture book of the summer resorts in New Hampshire./>

References

External links
Bachelder at New Hampshire's Division of Historic Resources

1854 births
1934 deaths
Republican Party governors of New Hampshire
American Congregationalists
Farmers from New Hampshire
People from Andover, New Hampshire

Nahum J. Bachelder


The Savannah cat is a breed of cat. It is the size of a medium dog. The breed is a combination of the serval and the domestic cat. It is a hybrid feline developed by crossing a domestic cat with a serval for a number of generations.

The bodies of Savannahs are long and leggy. When a Savannah is standing, its hind-end is often higher than its shoulders. The small head is taller than wide, and it has a long, slender neck. The backs of the ears have vivid markings, very clear in the first illustration. This is inherited from the serval cat. In the wild this lets kittens know where the mother is heading. In grass the kits can jump up to get a sight of their mothers' ears. This is important because servals can cover a lot of territory very quickly.

Serval cats can jump over 9 feet high from a standing start. Savannahs also jump high, but how high depends on the individual. They sometimes jump on top of doors, or onto shelves. They love the water. They have very few health issues. They make a hissing noise that sounds like a snake. Overall, they are active and intelligent.

The most serval-like cats are the F1 hybrids. Most later crosses are Savannah to Savannah. That, and outcrosses to other breeds, make the cats less distinctive: see second illustration.

These cats are not allowed in Hawaii, Alabama, and some other U.S. states. They are banned from Australia. The reasoning is that their extra size and capability might put even more of its precious native animals at risk.

References

Cat breeds
Animal hybrids

Savannah cat


Events and trends
 546 BC—Croesus, Lydian king, is defeated by Cyrus of Persia near the River Halys.
 546 BC—Cyrus of Persia completes his conquest of Lydia, and makes Pasargadae his capital.
 546 BC—Cyrus makes a garrison in Sardis.  He adds the Greek cities of Ionia in Asia Minor into Persian Empire. He gains the important ports that look out to the Mediterranean world.
 546 BC—Pisistratus takes power in Athens from the aristocratic party.
 546 BC—The architect Eupalinos of Megara built aqueducts that supply water to Athens.
 546 BC—The peace conference between the kingdoms in China. A treaty between Jin, Chu and some other kingdoms was signed.
 546 BC—A coup d'état in Qi kingdom.
 544 BC—People of Teos move to Abdera, Thrace to escape Persia.
 544 BC—King Jing becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China.
 543 BC—North Indian Prince Vijaya invades Ceylon.  He makes a Sri Lankan dynasty.
 543 BC—Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens, purifies the island of Delos (approximate date).
 543 BC—Guided by the Chinese statesman Zi Chan, the State of Zheng starts a formal code of law.
 540 BC—Cyrus attacks Babylonia.
 540 BC—Greek city of Elea of southern Italy founded (approximate date).
 540 BC—Persians conquer Lycian city of Xanthos now in southern Turkey (approximate date).
 c. 540 BC—Amasis Painter makes Dionysos with maenads, black-figure decoration on an amphora. It is now at Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris.
 c. 540 BC—Exekias makes The Suicide of Ajax, black-figure decoration on a amphora. It is now at Chateau-Musee, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France.

Significant people
 549 BC—Birth of Darius I
 547 BC—Death of Croesus
 546 BC—Death of Anaximander, Greek philosopher (approximate date)
 545 BC—Death of Zhou ling wang, King of the Zhou Dynasty of China
 544 BC—Birth of Sun Tzu
 543 BC—Death of Gautama Buddha (traditional in Thailand and elsewhere—basis of the Thai solar calendar)
 543 BC—Death of Thales, Greek philosopher
 540 BC—Amyntas I becomes king of Macedonia (approximate date)
 Amasis Painter, Greek painter
 Exekias, Greek painter

540s BC


A film splicer (also called a film joiner, usually in Europe) is a device which can be used to physically join lengths of photographic film.  It is mostly used in film motion pictures. The units are made in various types depending on the usage: Single-8, Super 8 film, 16mm, 9,5 mm, 35mm and 70mm. Used in film editing to make a cut (transition).

Cement splicers
Cement splicers join films together by using a chemical called film cement which is made of film base dissolved in a solvent.  The photographic emulsion is removed from the area to be joined and the base of the other end is brought into contact with it.

Film editors use a version with a very small overlaps at the top and bottom of the picture frame to edit film negatives, although units with a longer overlap are preferred for projection release prints.

These can only be used with acetate, triacetate and nitrate films.  Polyester film, such as that used for currently produced prints, will not bond with standard film cement.

Tape splicers
Here a piece of thin transparent adhesive tape is used to join the two ends.  The tape may be pre-perforated for the film perforations, or the splicer may make perforations as the splice is made (this type of splicer is sometimes referred to as guillotine splicer).

Tape splicers can be used on most types of film.  This is the most popular way to join polyester prints in theaters.

Ultrasonic splicers
These splicers use an ultrasonic signal to melt the film together.  They are generally used with polyester film, and are used in splicing microfilm as the splice will not break down over time as a tape splice might.

Thermal paper splicers
Used in film processing labs to join film into large rolls before processing.  These use a plastic coated tab to make the splice.  The tab is heated and the plastic melts slightly, bonding to the film.  The tabs are often printed with a number or bar code to identify the film after processing.

See also
Splicing is sometimes used to describe the technique of compositing used in digital film-making which is used to combine visual elements such as actors onto a virtual background.

References

Splicer
Film and video technology
Film production

Film splicer


Nute Gunray is a fictional character in the Star Wars Universe. Gunray was a neimoidian politician who served as the Viceroy of the Trade Federation during their invasion of Naboo and later served as a prominent Separatist leader during the conflict known as the Clone Wars. Gunray appears in Episode 1, Episode 2 and Episode 3 of the Star Wars Prequels Trilogy as well as in other media such as the Star Wars: The Clone Wars Animated Television series.

The Invasion of Naboo
The Invasion of Naboo was an event that took place 32 years before the events of Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope. The Invasion began as a blockade around the planet, with Nute Gunray taking charge of the fleet, this blockade was set up in order to protest the taxation of trade routes by the new republic, however the real intention of the blockade was to stage a droid invasion of the planet so that Senator Palpatine (who was secretly controlling Nute Gunray as Darth Sidious) could gain sympathy in the Galactic Senate. After the Blockade was set up, the trade federation began sending Battle Droids down to the planets surface. This event was seen throughout Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace.

Negotiations
The Republic sent Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn and his Padawan Obi-Wan Kenobi to negotiate with the Viceroy, Gunray assumed they had arrived to force a negotiation so, after consulting Darth Sidious, ordered their death. Droideka's were sent but the two Jedi were able to escape to the planet below were they witnesses the invasion first hand. Nute Gunray would later descend to the planet below of Naboo in an attempt to force the planet's queen Padmé Amidala into a deal, he would eventually be stopped.

The Senate
Nute Gunray argues that everything he does is legal and he also states that he would not do anything without the approval of the senate, when saying this he is talking about the trade blockade, not the invasion. If proof could be shown to the senate that the trade federation had began an invasion of the planet, the republic would intervene, but the senate could not be convinced. Gunray and the trade federation had a presence in the senate and were even accused of taking part in bureaucracy.

Relationship with the Sith
Nute Gunray was under direct command of the Sith Lord Darth Sidious. This was the Sith alias of Senator Palpatine. Sidious commanded Gunray to invade Naboo. By creating an artificial conflict, Sidious could gain sympathy for Naboo in the senate. He could use this sympathy along with the Republic's lack of action to achieve the political position of Supreme Chancellor. Nute Gunray was just a pawn in Sidious' plan to achieve the position of supreme chancellor. By working as the necessary opposition, Gunray was not aware that this was his purpose but despite this Sidious was able to ascend to Supreme Chancellor and he would not be able to do this without Nute Gunray.

Nute Gunray was not fond of his Sith overlords. When Darth Sidious introduced Darth Maul in a hologram to Gunray, Gunray was not pleased and when the communication ended exclaimed "This is getting out of hand, now there are two of them!" referring to the two Sith. It is likely that Gunray disliked the Sith as he feared their power and they could threaten his position. Gunray also feared they could be too controlling.

Nute Gunray also knew the Sith Lord Darth Tyrannus was Sidious's second apprentice and played a large part in the separatist rebellion along with Gunray. They were seen together on Geonosis.

Separatist
After the conflict on Naboo Nute Gunray along with others from the Trade Federation, Banking Clan, Techno Union and others form the Confederacy of Independent Systems (C.I.S.) the C.I.S. would be what fought against the Republic During the conflict known as The Clone Wars.

Separatist Council
Gunray was the chairman of the separatist council and sat on it alongside others such as Count Dooku, the Corporate Alliance's Passel Argente, the InterGalactic Banking Clan's San Hill, the Commerce Guild's Shu Mai, the Techno Union's Wat Tambor, Poggle the Lesser of Geonosis, and Senators Po Nudo and Tikkes.

Death
Nute Gunray was killed by Darth Vader under the orders of his new master Darth Sidious on Mustafar after Darth Sidious ordered the Separatist council move there as Sidious promised the war would soon be at an end.

Quotes
"This is getting out of hand, now there are two of them!"

"What about the Senator from Naboo? Is she dead yet? I am not signing your treaty until I have her head on my desk!"

"She can't do that! Shoot her, or something!"

"She has disappeared, my lord. One Naboo cruiser got past the blockade."

"And the Jedi?"

"My lord, it's impossible to locate the ship. It's out of our range."

"Yes, of course. As you know, our blockade is perfectly legal and we'd be happy to receive the ambassadors."

"No need to report that to him until we have something to report!"

"My lord, is that, legal?"

"Ah, victory!"

"The war is over. Lord Sidious promised us peace. We only want..."

"Safe? Hum. Chancellor Palpatine managed to escape, General. Without Count Dooku, I have doubts about your ability to keep us safe."

Fictional characters introduced in 1999
Star Wars characters

Nute Gunray


Chloroflexi is one of four classes of bacteria that produce energy from light and are named for their green pigment, usually found in photosynthetic bodies.

Chloroflexi are typically filamentous (they look like microscopic strings), and can move about through bacterial gliding. They are facultatively aerobic (they can survive with oxygen or without it), but do not produce oxygen in the process of producing energy from light, or phototrophy. Additionally Chloroflexi have a different method of phototrophy (photoheterotrophy) than true photosynthetic bacteria. Phylogenetic analysis (looking at DNA) indicates that they had a separate origin.

Bacteria

Chloroflexi


On 15 March 1986, in one of Singapore's worst civil disasters, the Lian Yak Building (better known as Hotel New World) collapsed. 33 people died and 17 were rescued alive from the rubble.

The Singapore Fire Service (SFS) (present-day Civil Defence Force), the Armed Forces and the police all assisted in the rescue operation. Passers-by and nearby residents also joined in, helping to clear the rubble and pull out survivors. SAF medical officers and MOH doctors present took turns to crawl through narrow spaces inside the rubble to try and provide assistance to trapped survivors, giving glucose and saline drips to them. At first, power saws and drills were used to cut through the rubble and reach survivors; however the use of heavy machinery posed a risk to people trapped under the rubble.

This led to concern among tunnelling experts from Britain, Ireland and Japan who were involved in nearby construction for the Mass Rapid Transit, which included Thomas Gallagher, Thomas Mulleary, Patrick Gallagher, Michael Prendergast, and Michael Scott; as well as Tan Jin Thong, Deputy Director (Operations) SFS.

They volunteered to dig 4 tunnels under the rubble, which resulted in the rescue of another eight survivors. They later received the Pingat Gagah Perkasa (Conspicuous Gallantry Medal) for their actions.

The investigation found that during the calculation of the building's structural load, only the LIVE LOAD (weight of people in the building, and additional fixtures and fittings, such as furniture) was factored in. The DEAD LOAD (weight of the building itself) was completely omitted from the calculation. This meant the building was not designed to support its own weight. It was later discovered that an unqualified draftsman, instead of a professional structural engineer, did the calculations for the building. The owner (which died in the collapse) also requested to use inferior materials in construction, in order to reduce the cost.

After the incident, Singapore's building safety regulations were updated. Since 1989, all structural designs/calculations must not only be prepared by a Professional Engineer, but also counter-checked by an independent Accredited Checker.

20th century in Singapore
1986 in Asia

Collapse of Hotel New World


The 1981 Eastern Suburbs Roosters season was the 74th in the club's history. Coached by Bob Fulton and captained by Royce Ayliffe, they played in the pre-season 1981 Craven Mild Cup, which they won and also in the 1981 Tooth Cup. The Roosters competed in the NSWRFL's 1981 premiership, finishing the regular season 1st (out of 12) to claim the minor premiership. They then came within one match of the grand final but were knocked out by the Newtown Jets.

Season details

Home Ground: Sydney Sports Ground
Coach: Bob Fulton
Lineup:
Royce Ayliffe (c)
 Ian Barkley
 Kerry Boustead
 Dave Brown
 Noel Cleal
 Terry Fahey
 Jeff Fisher
 Bruce Foye
 Ron Giteau
 Marty Gurr
 John Harvey
 Kevin Hastings
 Robert 'Rockie' Laurie
 Jeff Masterman
 Paul McCabe
 David Michael
 Terry Murphy

Season Highlights

Eastern Suburbs finished the Premiership season as minor premiers and won the rich Pre Season Cup. Kevin Hastings won Rugby League's major award, the Rothmans Medal, as well as winning the popular media award 'Rugby League Week's' player of the year.

Representatives:- Royce Ayliffe(Aus), Kerry Boustead(Aus), Paul McCabe(Aus), Jeff Masterman(Aus)

References

Sydney Roosters seasons
Eastern Suburbs Roosters season

1981 Eastern Suburbs Roosters season


Anthony John Medeski (born June 28, 1965) is an American jazz keyboard player and composer. Medeski is a veteran of New York's 1990s avant-garde jazz scene and is known popularly as a member of Medeski Martin & Wood. He plays the acoustic piano and an eclectic array of keyboards, including the Hammond B3 organ, melodica, mellotron, clavinet, ARP String Ensemble, Wurlitzer electric piano, Moog Voyager Synthesizer, Wurlitzer 7300 Combo Organ, Vox Continental Baroque organ, and Yamaha CS-1 Synthesizer (a "kids' toy"), among others. When playing acoustic piano, Medeski usually plays the Steinway piano and is listed as a Steinway Artist.

Biography
Medeski was born in Louisville, Kentucky, and grew up in Florida. After studying piano as a child (starting when he was five years old), he began as a teenager to perform with musicians such as Mark Murphy and Jaco Pastorius. He attended Pine Crest School. In 1983, after graduating from high school, he began studying piano at the New England Conservatory in Boston, where he performed as a sideman with Dewey Redman, Billy Higgins, Bob Mintzer, Alan Dawson. Medeski attributes his early interest in playing improvised music and jazz to listening to Oscar Peterson.

Medeski performs in a range of musical styles, from accessible groove based funk and jazz (such as the MMW albums and A Go Go with John Scofield) to more experimental music (including many of John Zorn's projects: Duras: Duchamp, Interzone, Liber Novus, Nova Express, Dreamachines, Templars: In Sacred Blood, At the Gates of Paradise etc. and collaborations with David Fiuczynski).

Medeski is best known for his work with Medeski Martin & Wood including drummer and percussionist Billy Martin and bassist Chris Wood. The trio formed in New York in 1991 playing gigs at The Village Gate. Since the mid-1990s they have toured steadily in both national and international funk, jazz, and jam music scenes. The band has collaborated with such musicians as Iggy Pop, Trey Anastasio and John Scofield.

Medeski produced and was featured on the Dirty Dozen Brass Band's 1999 release Buckjump. Also in 1999, he played the organ on two tracks of the Morphine album The Night.

In 2000, Medeski became a member of The Word, a bluesy gospel style project with members Robert Randolph (pedal steel) from Robert Randolph and the Family Band, brothers Luther Dickinson (guitar) and Cody Dickinson (drums), and Chris Chew (bass) of North Mississippi Allstars. The band released a self-titled album in 2001 and toured in 2001 and 2002. The band reunited in 2005 for a performance at the Bonnaroo Music Festival, and they embarked on tour again in late 2007.

He has also occasionally performed with Phil Lesh and Friends.

Medeski was a guest on Marian McPartland's Piano Jazz radio program on September 27, 2005. During the show he talked at length about his formal training on the piano, his approach to playing music, and some of the musicians that he admires the most. He performed several songs by Thelonious Monk and other composers, as well as the Medeski, Martin & Wood classic "Bubblehouse". The show was released on compact disc on April 4, 2006.

Medeski was also an inaugural member of the Independent Music Awards' judging panel to support independent artists.

On July 14, 2006, John Medeski & The Itch performed their debut gig at the All Good Music Festival in Masontown, West Virginia. The Itch consists of Eric Krasno (guitar) of Soulive and Adam Deitch (drums) with Medeski playing a B3 Organ. Also in 2006, Medeski performed with The Million Dollar Bashers for the recording of the soundtrack to the Bob Dylan biopic, I'm Not There.

In 2008, Medeski was featured on guitarist Will Bernard's Blue Plate Special album.

In 2012, Medeski was featured on progressive rock band Coheed and Cambria's albums "The Afterman: Ascension" and "The Afterman: Descension," performing piano, clavinet and synthesizer parts.

In 2016, Medeski formed the supergroup Saudade along with Chino Moreno of Deftones, Team Sleep, Palms, and Crosses; guitarist Dr. Know of Bad Brains; bassist Chuck Doom of Crosses and Team Sleep; and drummer Mackie Jayson of Cro-Mags and Bad Brains.

In 2018, Medeski formed John Medeski's Mad Skillet with two members of the Dirty Dozen Brass Band. They recorded an album in New Orleans and toured subsequently.

Discography
Solo
 A Different Time (OKeh, 2013)
 John Medeski's Mad Skillet (Indirecto, 2018)

With Medeski Martin & Wood
 Notes from the Underground (Gramavision, 1992)
 It's a Jungle in Here (Gramavision, 1993)
 Friday Afternoon in the Universe (Gramavision, 1995)
 Shack-man (Gramavision, 1996)
 Farmer's Reserve (Indirecto, 1997)
 Bubblehouse (Gramavision, 1997)
 Combustication (Blue Note, 1998)
 Tonic (Blue Note, 2000)
 The Dropper (Blue Note, 2000)
 Electric Tonic (Indirecto, 2001)
 Uninvisible (Blue Note, 2002)
 End of the World Party (Blue Note, 2004)
 Let's Go Everywhere  (Little Monster, 2008)
 The Radiolarian Series (Indirecto, 2008–2009)
 Radiolarians 1 (Indirecto, 2008)
 Radiolarians 2 (Indirecto, 2009)
 Radiolarians 3 (Indirecto, 2009)
 The Stone: Issue Four (Tzadik, 2010)
 20 (Indirecto, 2011)
 Free Magic (Indirecto, 2012)  – acoustic live album, recorded 2007
 Woodstock Sessions Vol. 2 (Indirecto, 2013 [2014]) – with Nels Cline
 Omnisphere (Indirecto, 2015 [2018]) – with Alarm Will Sound Orchestra

With Medeski Scofield Martin & Wood
 Out Louder (Indirecto, 2006)
 In Case the World Changes Its Mind (Indirecto, 2011)
 Juice (Indirecto, 2014)

With Billy Martin
Mago (Amulet, 2007)

With The Word
The Word (Ropeadope, 2001)
Soul Food (Vanguard Records, 2015)

With Hudson
 Hudson (Motema, 2017) - Collective group also featuring Jack DeJohnette, John Scofield, and Larry Grenadier

With David Fiuczynski
Lunar Crush (Gramavision, 1994)

With Marian McPartland
Marian McPartland's Piano Jazz: John Medeski (Concord, 2006)

With Pat Sansone, Robby Grant & Jonathan Kirkscey
Mellotron Variations (Spaceflight Records, 2019)

As backing musician
With  James Carter
Heaven on Earth (Half Note, 2009)

With Cibo Matto
Stereo * Type A (Warner Bros., 1999)

With Either/Orchestra
The Half-Life of Desire (Accurate, 1990)

With Béla Fleck and the Flecktones
Outbound (Columbia, 2000)

With Marc Ribot
The Prosthetic Cubans (Atlantic, 1998)

With Roswell Rudd
Trombone for Lovers (Sunnyside, 2013)

With John Scofield
A Go Go (Verve, 1998)
Überjam (Verve, 2002)
Überjam Deux (Emarcy, 2013)

With Spectrum Road (Tony Williams tribute project with Cindy Blackman, Jack Bruce, Vernon Reid)
Spectrum Road (Palmetto, 2012)

With Steev Richter
Beloved (Steev Richter, 2016)

With Surrender to the Air
Surrender to the Air (Elektra, 1996)

With Matt Wilson
Gathering Call (Palmetto, 2014)

With John Zorn
Bar Kokhba (Tzadik, 1996)
Duras: Duchamp (Tzadik, 1997)
Zaebos: Book of Angels Vol.11 (Tzadik, 2008) – Medeski Martin & Wood
Interzone (Tzadik, 2010)
Dictée/Liber Novus (Tzadik, 2010)
Nova Express (Tzadik, 2011)
At the Gates of Paradise (Tzadik, 2011)
Templars: In Sacred Blood (Tzadik, 2012) – with Moonchild
A Vision in Blakelight (Tzadik, 2012)
The Concealed (Tzadik, 2012)
Dreamachines (Tzadik, 2013)
On Leaves of Grass (Tzadik, 2014)
The Last Judgment (Tzadik, 2014) - with Moonchild
Simulacrum (Tzadik, 2015)
The True Discoveries of Witches and Demons (Tzadik, 2015)
Inferno (Tzadik, 2015)

With Tisziji Muñoz
Beauty As Beauty (Anami Music, 2013)
Beauty As Ugly (Anami Music, 2013)
Ugly As Ugliest (Anami Music, 2013)
Free Freedom (Anami Music, 2013)
Parasamgate Nebula: The Death of Death (Anami Music, 2014)
Realization of Paradox: Melting the Mind of Logic (Anami Music, 2014)
Heart Trance Revelation (Anami Music, 2014)
The Anniversary Concert DVD (Anami Music, 2014)
Maha Shiva: The Razor's Healing Edge (Anami Music, 2014)
The Heart Is The Universe DVD (Anami Music, 2014)
Songs of Soundlessness (Anami Music, 2015)
The Paradox of Perfection (Anami Music, 2015)
Ensoundment Protection (Anami Music, 2015)
Alpha Nebula Expanded: The Monster Peace (Anami Music, 2015)
Creating Silence (Anami Music, 2015)
Heaven Is Freedom (Anami Music, 2015)
When Coltrane Calls! Session 1: Fierce Compassion (Anami Music, 2016)

With Auktyon
 Devushki poyut (Девушки поют) (Geometry, 2011)

References

External links
 Medeski Martin & Wood  – official site

1965 births
Living people
American jazz composers
American male jazz composers
American jazz organists
American male organists
Melodica players
Musicians from Louisville, Kentucky
American jazz pianists
American male pianists
New England Conservatory alumni
Avant-garde jazz organists
Avant-garde jazz pianists
Jazz musicians from Kentucky
20th-century American pianists
21st-century American pianists
21st-century organists
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American keyboardists
The Lounge Lizards members
Medeski Martin & Wood members
Screaming Headless Torsos members
Either/Orchestra members
Surrender to the Air members
20th-century American keyboardists
Motéma Music artists
Gramavision Records artists
Pine Crest School alumni

John Medeski


A goal kick is given when the attacking team puts the ball over the end line in football. The other team then takes the goal kick from the goal areas (six-yard box) and the game starts again. Players of the other team have to stay outside the penalty box during the kick. If the defending team puts the ball over the end line, the referee gives a corner kick instead.

Football (soccer) terminology

Goal kick


The Silent Stars Go By is a hardback Doctor Who novel written by Dan Abnett for the BBC Books New Series Adventures line. The novel features the Eleventh Doctor, Amy Pond, and Rory Williams and sees the return of the Ice Warriors. The novel was re-released in 2013 in paperback in celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of Doctor Who, with a different front cover.

Plot
Instead of returning Amy and Rory to Leadworth for Christmas as he had promised, the Doctor accidentally lands the TARDIS on an Earth-like planet during winter. While Rory returns to the TARDIS to get a heavier coat, the Doctor and Amy meet the inhabitants of the planet, called Morphans, who capture them as they are convinced the Doctor's psychic paper is a conjure which is banned by their religion. A young woman named Bel Flurrish believes they are connected to her missing sister Vesta, who disappeared the previous night. The Doctor denies that they know anything about Vesta and gains Bel's trust; he uses his sonic screwdriver to unlock their cage and the three sneak out from the council of Morphans to look for Vesta. Bel tells the Doctor that they are colonists on the planet, named Hereafter, from Earth. The past few years the winters have grown colder, and this year livestock has disappeared in addition to Vesta, suggesting that there is something out there which is eating them for food. The Doctor, Amy, and Bel find they have been followed by a young Morphan named Samewell Crook, who chastises Bel for releasing the Doctor and Amy as he believes her sister will be found by the council, and threatens to go back and report the incident. Because of this, the Doctor decides he will allow Samewell to come with them. They come across footprints intersecting with another set of footprints and soon find blood in the snow; however, this belongs to a sheep, as Samewell soon finds a sheep bone which he easily recognises.

Rory, meanwhile, finds the Doctor and Amy gone and glimpses menacing figures in the distance which he runs away from. He runs into a group of Morphans, who are also looking for Vesta and who plan to take him captive. However, they see a "green thing" which the Morphans attempt to fight, but defeats them with deadly energy blasts, and Rory escapes. Rory eventually takes refuge in an abandoned building, but an unknown figure hits him over the head with a mallet and knocks him out. When he regains consciousness Rory discovers that it is Vesta Flurrish, and gains her trust. Vesta tells him she was going to put flowers on her father's grave that morning when she ran into one of the "green things" and took shelter in the building. A Morphan finds them and brings them back to the council, who are initially suspicious of Rory, but they accept him.

The Doctor, Amy, Bel, and Samewell see a spaceship-like object in the sky, and the Doctor explains that an invasion of the plane has been going on for quite a while. One of the "green things", which the Doctor identifies as an Ice Warrior, appears. The Doctor interferes with their weapons with his sonic screwdriver, giving them time to escape. They take refuge in a small building, where the Doctor explains to Amy that the Ice Warriors are probably seeking a new home as their home planet, Mars, is gone, as is the Earth and the solar system. Amy is separated and then attacked by rat-like creatures; the Doctor uses a high-pitched sound from his screwdriver to render them unconscious and explains they are genetically engineered rats made by the Morphans' terraforming system and are responsible for the dead livestock. Exploring the terraforming plant, the Doctor finds a device which is able to transport holograms of them to the assembly hall when Rory, Vesta, and the other Morphans are. He tells Rory his plan: to reset the terraforming plants which will restore Hereafter's climate and drive the Ice Warriors out. However, the terraforming system is very complicated and the Doctor believes the "Guide" the Morphans speak of as their religious figure may be referring to a guide for the terraforming. Amy, Bel, and Samewell escape from the Ice Warriors who interrupted them, but they hold and interrogate the Doctor. He convinces them that what they are doing is not honorable, a trait they value. Meanwhile, Rory discovers he and Vesta were not talking about the same thing earlier; she did not run away from an Ice Warrior but a monster. The Doctor realises that the Warriors' sabotage of the terraforming system has led to the creation of this "transhuman".

A transhuman orders the Morphans to let him see the Guide, and the Doctor's hologram appears and reveals that the Morphans have essentially been preparing Hereafter for their ancestors: elite people who believed they were destined to live and are in suspended animation in the terraforming plant, waiting for the Morphans to prepare the planet for them. The Doctor and the transhuman reveal that once this is done, the Morphans will be eaten by these people. Transhumans and Ice Warriors bring Amy, Bel, and Samewell to the Doctor, but the two species turn against each other. As they are fighting the Doctor instructs Rory to let him view the Guide's information, and he uses the information to stop the transhumans. He convinces the Ice Warriors to leave honorably, and offers a planet nearby he knows they will settle in. Before returning to the TARDIS to take Amy and Rory home for Christmas, he informs the Morphans that he reset the Guide to make it more user-friendly, and they will have the option to choose when they let their ancestors out, if at all.

Development
Dan Abnett announced he was writing the book in July 2011.

Reception
Will Salmon of SFX gave the book four out of five stars, labelling it as "tells a spooky monster story that's big on atmosphere, if lacking in originality". Den of Geek's Mark Harrison gave it three out of five stars, questioning whether the extra page length was necessary for the story, though he thought it was "very well-written". He praised Abnett's description of the Ice Warriors, but he thought it "unfortunate...that the story itself runs out of steam after a few early encounters with the green giants".

References

External links

2011 British novels
2011 science fiction novels
Eleventh Doctor novels
Novels by Dan Abnett
Religion in science fiction
Novels set on fictional planets
4 Vesta

The Silent Stars Go By (novel)


A laser printer is a printer for computers. It uses laser or LED-technology to get small particles of toner from a cartridge onto paper.  Very often, this costs less to use than the ink of inkjet printers.  Laser printers often print text more neatly than inkjet printers, but print photos less clearly. Printing on photo paper or coated paper designed for inkjet printers can damage the laser printer's drum and fuser unit.

The laser printer was first invented by a team at Xerox in 1969. The first laser printer was called the Xerox 2000.

Process
Laser printing is a process which typically involves seven steps:

 Raster Image Processing: the processor inside the printer converts the data to be printed from its current file format, into a bitmap of the page to be printed - this is then stored in raster image memory.
 Charging: An electrostatic charge is then projected onto a revolving photosensitive drum inside the printer.
 Writing: A laser beam is directed at a rotating polygonal mirror, which redirects the beam onto the photosensitive drum. The rasterized data in memory is now read, and used to control whether the laser is on or off, as the beam sweeps across the drum - where the laser beam strikes the drum the charge is reversed, creating a latent electrical image on the surface. Some laser printers use an array of tiny LEDs instead of a sweeping laser beam.
 Developing: The surface of the drum is then exposed to negatively charged particles of toner, which are attracted to the areas where the laser wrote the latent electrical image. The toner will be repelled by the negative charge on areas of the drum where the laser beam did not strike, and hence remove the charge.
 Transferring: The drum is now rolled over paper, transferring the image from the drum to the paper (to aid in this process there is a positively charged roller behind the paper, which pulls the toner off the drum and onto the paper).
 Fusing: The paper is then passed through a fuser, where rollers provide heat and pressure to bond the toner to the paper.
 Cleaning: An electrically uncharged blade and a discharge lamp remove any toner and all the charge remaining on the drum (this will all happen in one revolution of the drum).

Printers

Laser printer


Henry III (1533 – 19 January 1598), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruling Prince of Lüneburg from 1559 until 1569, jointly with his brother William the Younger. From 1569, he ruled over the Lordship of Dannenberg until his death.

He was the second surviving son of Duke Ernest I of Brunswick-Lüneburg and assumed the rule in the Principality of Lüneburg upon the early death of his elder brother Francis Otto in 1559. He and his younger brother William fell out with each other in 1569, when Henry married the Ascanian princess Ursula of Saxe-Lauenburg (1545–1620), daughter of Duke Francis I, and demanded the partition of the Lüneburg lands.

He eventually waived his claims to the Lüneburg principality and received Dannenberg as a paréage as well as an annual payment in compensation. He also ensured that his descendants were entitled to inherit the Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel estates upon the extinction of the line; therefore, his youngest son Augustus could assume the rule in Wolfenbüttel in 1635.

Henry died in Dannenberg.

Marriage and children who reached adulthood
In 1569 Henry married Ursula of Saxe-Lauenburg (*1545 – 22 October 1620*, Schernebeck), daughter of Francis I of Saxe-Lauenburg. They had the following children:
 Julius Ernest (1571–1636)
 Francis (1572–1601) Provost of Strasbourg
 Anne Sophie (1573–1574)
 Heinrich (1574–1575)
 Sybil Elizabeth (1576–1630), married Anthony II, Count of Delmenhorst
 Sidonia (1577–1645)
 Augustus (1579–1666)

His agnatic progeny went extinct in 1884.

Princes of Lüneburg
1533 births
1598 deaths
Middle House of Lüneburg
New House of Brunswick

Henry, Duke of Brunswick-Dannenberg


Khwaja Mubarak Shah was a senior Jammu & Kashmir National Conference leader and former Member of The Indian Parliament (MP) from the North Kashmir constituency of Baramulla in the early 1980s  and also served as a Deputy Minister in the 1952 Government of Prime Minister Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah. He also served as Superintendent of Police from 1947  for a brief spell and was trained under Gen. Thimaih, and had given up the job to join politics after Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah was made as an interim Administrator to govern the State when its Dogra ruler Maharaja Hari Singh was dethroned in 1947. He was jailed along with Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah and remained in Jail from August 1953 to February 1963, when his father had died. Mubarak Shah polled an overwhelming 67.57% of votes in the Parliamentary Elections in 1980 as opposed to his closest opponent, Muzaffar Hussain Beg who polled 28.48% of total votes polled. He is the son of Khwaja Sikander Shah of Varmul and the Brother-in-Law of Ghulam Ahmad Ashai. He was succeeded as the MP from Baramulla by Saifuddin Soz, who went on to serve as the Union Minister for Water Resources in the first Manmohan Singh Administration.

Mubarak Shah was one of Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah's "premier lieutenants", as stated by Wajahat Habibullah in his book, "My Kashmir: Conflict and the Prospects for Enduring Peace". Mubarak Shah also served as a senior Cabinet Minister in Syed Mir Qasim's Government in Jammu & Kashmir, being placed in charge of a host of vital departments i.e. health and medical education, agriculture, forest, revenue, rural development, housing and horticulture. He contested Legislative Assembly elections from Baramulla and Tangmarg. He led the Indian delegation to  International Health Conference held at Colombo, Sri Lanka in 1974.
He served as India's Ambassador to Sudan and Tchad(Chad) from June 1976 to September 1978 and on return from the assignment was elected as Member Parliament Rajya Sabha from 11 November 1978 to 10 January 1980, whereafter he contested Lok Sabha election and got elected from Baramulla Parliamentary constituency.
Mubarak Shah, a lawyer by profession, represented Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah in the infamous Kashmir Conspiracy Case as the lead defense lawyer and also accompanied Sheikh Abdullah on his high-profile visit to Pakistan on 24 May 1964 along with Mirza Afzal Beg and Maulana Masoodi. He served as Indian ambassador to Sudan and Tchad from 1976 to 1978.

References

Kashmiri people
1922 births
1987 deaths
Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians
People from Baramulla
India MPs 1980–1984
Lok Sabha members from Jammu and Kashmir
Rajya Sabha members from Jammu and Kashmir
Ambassadors of India to Sudan

Khwaja Mubarak Shah


Blairingone is a village in Perth and Kinross, Scotland. It lies on the A977 road at its intersection with Vicar's Bridge Road near the extreme south-westerly point of the region, approximately  southeast of Dollar. The Arndean agricultural estate lies about  northeast, near the River Devon.

Schools

Blairingone Primary School was located in Blairingone.

History

Blairingone is located in the parish of Fossoway and is part of the former county of Kinross-shire. In fact it is the last village in the county of Perth and Kinross. "Blairingone" in Gaelic is ; Blàr-na-gobhainn, and the literal translation is " Smithfield" or Field of the Smith. The word "Gobhainn" is derived from Macgowan which is another name for "Blacksmith". Other local derivations of the Gaelic name are ; "Field of Arrows or Field of Spears". All of these are based on the fact that in the Middle Ages and onwards the smiddy in Blairingone was a base for the serious manufacture of weapons of war. The twin forges being maintained by the easily obtained surface coal even then. The field behind the smiddy which was incidentally the site for the recent Lambhill open-cast mine, was the probable source of the coal which fed the forges that sustained this weapons industry.
This small settlement and area was historically a base for the winning of many valuable minerals. Materials like Limestone, Alum, Iron-ore, Whinstone & Sulphur as well as coal were mined here on a regular basis. History records that the Fossoway area and over into Fife contained the most ancient coal mining operations in Scotland. During the 1700s a waggonway complex included a track from Blairingone for carrying coal which also connected the North Fife coal fields and the limeburners at Limekilns on the Forth Estuary.
The monks from Culross Abbey obtained their coal from this area many years before this, and visiting nuns were accommodated at the still occupied "Ladieshall" on the Vicars Bridge road out of the village. Livestock drovers from the North and South passed through Blairingone on their way to the upper Forth ferry and were often known to take refreshment at one of the three Inns in the village, only one of which is left and was called the 'Devonvale Inn', In recent years renamed The Mart Inn.

See also

 Perth and Kinross
 Scotland

References

Villages in Perth and Kinross

Blairingone


Namesco Ltd (names.co.uk) provides professional online services for individuals and businesses including domain name registration, web hosting, website building tools, email services, ecommerce solutions and a range of managed and unmanaged servers.

History

Namesco was founded by Richard and Rachel Suthering as a small Internet startup named "Names.co Internet Services Limited" originally based in North East England. In 1997 another Internet startup was founded by Kevin Savage, Jason Smith and John Sewell named Phase8.com "Webcall.com Limited" based in Worcester.

Following the dot com boom, Names.co Internet Services Limited became a Public Limited Company and floated on the London Unlisted Securities Market with a new name of Namesco Internet Plc in 2000. The following year, they acquired Phase8.com "Webcall.com Limited" for the sum of £2,450,000.

Despite acquiring smaller web hosting companies and resellers along the way, including SmartChoiceNet, the "publicly quoted" Namesco struggled to be viable citing the increasingly competitive nature of the domain name and web hosting business, and the additional costs of maintaining listed status as the reasons for a lack of profitability.

In 2002, it was rumoured that Ian Gowrie-Smith, Australian chairman of drug company SkyePharma was planning a reverse takeover of Namesco with the assistance of its chief executive and finance director, David Lees.

Trading of Namesco shares on AIM were suspended on 19 December 2003   prior to the announcement of Gowrie-Smith's action. A Vietnamese gold mining company, Larchland, was injected into the company in a £19.6million reverse takeover deal that saw the business renamed as Triple Junction PLC. Namesco was hived down into a subsidiary and sold to Womerah Limited.

As a privately owned company, Namesco then had the capital to make new acquisitions as part of their growth strategy. In July 2004, they acquired NamesWeb; a small domain and web hosting business, and on 17 September 2004 they doubled the size of their internet business by acquiring a competitor, the local and profitable Malvern based Simply.com Limited for GBP£2.15M. Simply.com Limited at the time managed 91,000 domain names and 32,000 active customers.

In March 2005, the assets of domain and hosting business Net2 Ltd were acquired followed by the acquisition of broadband business NDO Ltd in July. As NDO also sold domain names, web hosting and dialup internet access, this acquisition allowed Namesco to offer its customers ADSL services.

In July 2007, Namesco Ltd was purchased by Register.it Spa, an Italian Internet company owned by Dada, for £24.5million. Having previously acquired Spanish company Nominalia, this added a substantial UK operation to the division.

Further acquisitions followed, including Xsession.com Limited in October, the assets of Serve360.com in November, and the assets of Ukdomains.com in December.

On 28 May 2008, Namesco Ltd acquired the assets of Register365, Ireland's largest hosting provider, through its subsidiary Namesco Ireland Ltd, adding 40,000 domains to its portfolio. This made Namesco the fourth largest UK provider of domain names and shared hosting services.

In 2010, Poundhost was acquired as a subsidiary of Namesco Limited, further consolidating their presence in the European market and opening up the potential of the US market, with 30% of Poundhost's high-end customer base residing in America.

In 2014, Namesco's broadband customer base was acquired by The Phone Co-op; Commercial Director of Namesco, Stephen Ewart, said this was to enable the company to focus on their core product ranges of web hosting, domain name registry, email and website building services.

In 2019, Namesco Ltd became part of team.blue, a European group of brands enabling entrepreneurs to succeed online. As a group, they operate across 15 countries, manage over 1.9 million domains and host more than 650,000 websites.

Security problems
On 13 January 2012 Namesco suffered a security breach which resulted in over 100 customers needing to cancel their cards. "...card details were leaked after hackers broke into Namesco's systems, Namesco warned that users' account administration email, account names, dates of birth, contact numbers and postal addresses may also have been exposed by the breach". Namesco notified the Information Commissioners Office about this loss, and customers were advised to update their passwords and cancel their card details. However, the company faced criticism over the format of their warning, which bore similarities to emails used in "phishing" scams.

References

External links
 names.co.uk website
 team.blue website

Internet service providers of the United Kingdom
Companies based in Worcester, England
Companies established in 1997

Namesco


The Ellwood House was built as a private home by barbed wire entrepreneur Isaac Ellwood in 1879. It is located on First Street in DeKalb, Illinois, United States, in DeKalb County. The Victorian style home, designed by George O. Garnsey, underwent remodeling in 1898-1899 and 1911. The house was originally part of  which included a large stable complex known as "Ellwood Green." Isaac Ellwood lived here until 1910 when he passed the estate to his son, Perry Ellwood.

After Perry Ellwood inherited the home he remodeled the interior and exterior, drastically altering the home's appearance. Thus, the Ellwood House incorporates elements from several architectural styles. In 1964 the home was donated to the city of DeKalb and converted into a museum. The house was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1975. The Ellwood House Museum site contains six structures in addition to the main house. A  tall water tower dominates the west side of the property while a 14-foot (4.3-m) tall miniature Stick style house is located nearer the main house. There is also a Visitor Center, built as an addition to the Perry Ellwood family's original garage, and a museum house that was once used to hold Harriet Ellwood's (Isaac's wife) collection of "curiosities." The property also includes the "Ellwood-Nehring House," the home given to Perry and May Ellwood as a wedding gift in 1898. From 1940 until 2011, the house was privately owned by Paul Nehring, owner of DeKalb's Nehring Electrical Works, and his wife Shirley.

History
Construction on the original mansion began in April 1879, George O. Garnsey, a Chicago architect, designed the Ellwood Mansion for DeKalb barbed wire entrepreneur Isaac Ellwood. At the time, Garnsey had designed other structures in DeKalb and Sycamore. By November 1879 the Ellwood family occupied the home. Newspaper accounts of the day put the cost somewhere between US$40,000 and $50,000. The original Ellwood House had a number of elements common to Victorian designed homes and combined several styles. Its mansard roof remains one of the home's most striking features. In addition, the home still incorporates Gothic columns, pitched gables, and a cast iron roof cresting with a trefoil design.

While Isaac Ellwood lived in the home large dinner parties, popular during the 19th century, were commonplace. The Ellwood House hosted prominent visitors throughout Isaac Ellwood's residence there. Theodore Roosevelt dined in the Ellwood House dining room while he was a candidate for Vice President of the United States in 1900. The dining room has also hosted U.S. Senators and U.S. state governors among other notable guests. Dinner parties at the Ellwood House followed customs typical to 19th century dinner partie. Guests "dressed" for the party, followed proper etiquette and were expected to know how to use the silverware properly.

The first remodeling work on the Ellwood Mansion took place as the 19th century drew to a close. The changes, commissioned by Isaac Ellwood, were meant to reflect more popular architectural styles including the Georgian and Colonial Revival. Many of the building's original Gothic features were replaced with more Classical elements. On the home's exterior, some of these changes can be observed in the addition of the portico and porte-cochere. Inside the home, the dining room was enlarged with the addition of the semicircular bay on the mansion's north facade.

Perry Ellwood inherited the house in 1910, and, together with his wife, May Ellwood (née Gurler), altered the mansion once again. The biggest changes were the addition of the terrace on the home's south face, a sunroom wing, and the relocation of the porte-cochere to the north side of the portico. This is the mansion that is visible today.

During World War II, and after Perry Ellwood died in 1943, May Ellwood again altered the home; to save on fuel oil, she had the upper floors of the house closed off. During this period, the library functioned as a guest room and a bathroom was added across the library's west wall. The bathroom was removed before the house opened as a museum in 1967. The library's plaster cornice and other architectural details have been restored based on a 1912 photograph. In 1964 the home was donated to the city of DeKalb and converted into a museum.

Architecture

Exterior

The three-story brick house includes a full elevated basement and a mansard roof with steeply pitched gabled dormers. Projecting from the roofline are plain corbeled chimneys and iron gillwork, the original roofing material was slate. The 1879 version of the Ellwood House featured dormer ornamentation with finial work. The original windows were all double-hung and of modest size, occurring both singly and in pairs while showing a variety of lintel designs. The original front (east) facade appeared much different than it does at present. The front entryway has been completely altered, due to Perry Ellwood's 1911 remodeling. The original entryway featured a one-story stone porch supported with two pilasters and two granite columns. The square projecting porch bay was connected to the ground via 12 stone stairs. In the southeast corner of the house was a full three-story projecting tower set at a 45° angle to the rest of the front facade.

Isaac Ellwood's 1898-1899 renovations were superficial, especially when compared to the alterations his son made to the original design a decade later. He had the bracketed cornice replaced with a Classical cornice with dentils and a projecting molding. The window lintels were altered in a style similar to the new cornice. On the tower, the two windows on the first floor were replaced with one larger window while the projecting bay over the east portico was removed and made flush with the rest of the house. The windows over that portico were replaced with a heavy double door that opened onto the roof over the veranda, which had been built over the entire front of the house. It was during this time that the first porte-cochere was built on the south side of the home.

Perry Ellwood undertook major renovations which added and changed rooms in 1910. On the home's exterior the porte cochere was moved from the south facade to its present position on the north facade. On the south side of the home a large brick terrace was added and the conservatory moved from the southwest side of the house to the rear (west). The full-length tower on the home's southwest corner was entirely removed during this renovation.

Interior

The general layout of the home's interior has remained basically the same throughout the remodelings; the rooms on each floor are accessed via a large central hallway which ends in an elegant rotunda. However, some of the changes made in 1910 and 1911 did alter the interior appearance. The parlor was converted into the library and the library was converted into the dining room after an extension was added on. In the home's northwest corner a large kitchen was added, on the second-floor, the room above the kitchen became servant's quarters.

Upon entering the Ellwood House, guests of Isaac or Perry Ellwood would have been greeted or formally welcomed by members of the family. After Perry Ellwood inherited the house in 1910 the entry parlor began to become known as the library. Prominent among the library's features is a carved Italian marble mantle with a large gilt mirror hung above it. The library's bookshelves are cast in a Neo-Italian Renaissance style and constructed of fine mahogany. Presently filling the shelves in the Ellwood House are a large collection of books with Ellwood family nameplates. Near the library window, which is adorned with its original walnut shutters, is an 1890s French statue. The statue was donated to the Ellwood House Association from someone in Sycamore who bequeathed it to the museum.

The dining room's underwent an extensive remodel in 1898 because of Ellwood's rise to national prominence through his barbed wire partnership with Joseph Glidden. The room was enlarged through the addition of a semi-circular bay. Beyond the addition, the room was refurnished and redecorated to reflect the Georgian Revival alterations that were occurring on the home's exterior. Elements of Georgian Revival architecture that were incorporated into the Ellwood dining room remodel include, mahogany paneling with dentil molding around the windows and doors, a cornice with Classical details, and brackets. Almost all of the dining room's 1898 furniture and woodwork was custom made by Tobey & Company of Chicago and each piece is affixed with a dated brass plate. The main dining room table and chairs were cast in an early Georgian style and the table has twelve extra leaves which can extend it the length of the room. The dining room's smaller table, situated within the bay addition, was used for Ellwood family breakfasts.

The Ellwood House living room did not exist until Perry Ellwood's 1911 remodeling. The original living room space was laid out as two rooms with pocket doors joining them. In the living room, a wall between the sitting room was removed which created a large, open space to which a vaulted ceiling was added. Perry Ellwood's living room was designed to function with the newly added sunroom and south terrace as one large living and entertaining space. The terrace can be accessed through French doors from both the living room and sunroom. The living room was designed to reflect English country houses c. 1650, during the Stuart period. The room was designed by Roy Terwilliger, an interior designer with Marshall Field & Company in Chicago and May Ellwood's cousin. The living room features a "pargework" ceiling constructed of molded plaster and designed with a geometric theme. The large, Caen stone  fireplace was carved in Chicago in 1911. The sunroom was designed in the late 19th century and early 20th century Arts and Crafts style causing it to stand in stark contrast to the living room. The room was originally furnished with Mission style furniture to complement the oak woodwork.

Museum

Shortly before her death in 1964 May Ellwood donated the house to the DeKalb Park District for use as a historic house museum. The Ellwood House site is about  which includes a wooded area to the north of the house; all that remains of the original . The house is now a museum, operated jointly by the Ellwood House Association and the DeKalb Park District and they offer guided tours for a fee. The museum offers tours seasonally beginning in late spring and ending after the annual holiday celebration in December. The Ellwood House Museum has a visitor's center, which includes a barbed wire gallery, carriage gallery, special exhibits gallery, and a gift shop. The museum offers tourists a chance to glimpse what life was like for the Ellwoods. As part of the DeKalb Park District, the grounds are open to the public, and available for rental for use on public and private events. The DeKalb Area Garden Club hosts an annual Flower Show, community members hold weddings in the garden or visitors center, and the Ellwood House Association holds an annual Art Show, Ice Cream Social, and other events.

Outbuildings

Water tower

The Ellwood House grounds hold several extant outbuildings as well: the museum house, the carriage house, the water tower, and the Little House.
On the west (rear) of the Ellwood House, the circular limestone water tower is about  tall and has a diameter of . The tower has windows occurring at different levels, which are arched and include keystones in their design. The water tower was built in 1879, the same year as Ellwood House, and at that time the structure was topped with a wooden water tank with a conical roof. Between 1897 and 1910 the wooden tank was removed and replaced with an additional 30 courses of stone which matched the original structure. The arched door at the base of the water tower was replaced with a larger square-shaped double door. The roof remained conical and of wood construction until about 1950 when it was replaced with sheet metal.

The water tower is the only surviving structure from what was once a large horse stable facility owned by Isaac Ellwood. The complex, known as "Ellwood Green," was affiliated with the family's Percheron horse business. Two major structures within the complex, were the 1879 brick stable buildings, both of which featured mansard roofs. Those buildings, along with all other original stable buildings (save the water tower and including the home stable) were demolished through the years.

Carriage house

Another of the property's buildings, commonly called the carriage house, never lived up to its popular name. The building never housed any carriages; it was, in fact, built to house automobiles. The southern section of the carriage house was constructed sometime between 1908 and 1912 and features a mansard roof. The building is sheathed in stucco and presently houses a collection of antique carriages and sleighs as well as a barbed wire history museum.

The carriage house, today the Ellwood House Museum's Education and Visitors Center, was built by Perry Ellwood as a multi-car garage. It had a grease pit for automobile repair work. On the second floor was an apartment for the Ellwood family chauffeur. The building originally had garage doors on both sides so cars could drive in one side and out the other side of the structure. The original doors are on display inside the Ellwood House Visitors Center.

Museum House
The one-story red brick Museum House, another of the site's outbuildings, stands to the south of the main house and was built in 1905 for Isaac Ellwood's wife Harriett. The Ellwood's grandchildren and other family members referred to the museum house as the "Curiosity Shop." She used the building to store the many curiosities and items she collected while traveling throughout the world. Some of these items included Native American artifacts, minerals, seashells, and other specimens. The museum house measures almost exactly  on all four sides and has two doorways, one on the east and one on the north side. On its interior some of the museum house's original oak display cases are still intact.

The Museum House is cast in Classical Revival style and was the last outbuilding constructed for Isaac Ellwood on the property. Today the Museum House's exterior appears much the same as it did when it was newly constructed but for many years the structure was badly deteriorated. After Harriet Ellwood died in 1910 the objects remained inside the building while it began to decline. By 1934 the building was in serious need of repair and by the 1970s both porches were gone and the only way into the building was through the north door. The museum house restoration was undertaken more than ten years later. Prior to the addition of the Visitors Center to the Carriage House, the Museum House served as the visitors center and housed staff offices.

Little House

On the west (rear) side of the home, near the carriage house, is a miniature Stick style house known as Little House. Little House is  and stands  above its concrete foundation. Little House was built in 1892 with assistance from every carpenter in DeKalb; the house was to be used as a float in a local parade. After the parade Isaac Ellwood's son, Will, bought the house and had it placed on the Ellwood House property in the same location it stands today. The house was used by Will's two daughters and later by Perry Ellwood's children.

Between that time and 1973 the house had four or five other owners and it was moved several times. Eventually, the Little House wound up at the property of Mr. and Mrs. Burt Oderkirk, on Annie Glidden Road, where it again served as a playhouse for the couple's children. At this point it was painted white, with green shutters. In 1973 Mrs. Oderkirk donated Little House to Ellwood House Association and it was returned to its place on the Ellwood property. In 1986 the Little House was restored to a Victorian paint scheme.

Significance
The house is most significant for its connection to Isaac Ellwood, who has been given credit, in part, for Joseph Glidden's invention of barbed wire. Glidden's patent was earlier, thus Ellwood's connection with the actual invention is vague. He did, however, play a chief role in organizing the barbed wire industry into a viable and profitable business. Isaac Ellwood lived in the home throughout his later years and made his home in DeKalb through all of his years in barbed wire. The Ellwood House, including the four contributing properties on its  site, were added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places on June 13, 1975.

See also
Chauncey Ellwood House
Gurler House
Jacob Haish
Joseph F. Glidden House
Sycamore Historic District

Notes

References
Brauer, Gerald J. Ellwood House: An Estate of the Gilded Age, The Ellwood House Association: 2001.
Hild, Theo. "Ellwood House," (PDF), National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, February 20, 1975, HAARGIS Database, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. Retrieved July 8, 2007.

External links

Ellwood House website
DeKalb Park District

Houses completed in 1879
National Register of Historic Places in DeKalb County, Illinois
DeKalb, Illinois
Houses in DeKalb County, Illinois
Historic house museums in Illinois
Museums in DeKalb County, Illinois
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois

Ellwood House


Snow White can mean:

Literature
 Snow White, title character of various popular fairy tales
 Snow White, a title character in Snow White and Rose-Red, a fairy tale unrelated to the Snow White listed above
 Snow White (Fables), a character in the comic book Fables, created by Bill Willingham as an amalgam of the two characters mentioned above
 Snow White, a 1967 novel by Donald Barthelme
 Snow White, a 1987 novelization by Suzanne Weyn

Movies
 Snow White (1916 movie), a Famous Players-Lasky Corporation silent movie
 Snow White (1933 movie), a cartoon with Betty Boop, from Fleischer Studios
 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 movie), a feature-length animated movie produced by Walt Disney
  Snow White (1987 movie), a 1987 movie
  The Legend of Princess Snow White,an anime production
 Snow White: A Tale of Terror, a 1997 movie
 Snow White (TV film), a 2001 TV movie
 Snow White (2005 movie), a modern adult drama set in Zurich, Switzerland

Other
 History of IBM#1960–1968: The System/360 era|IBM and its major mainframe competitors in the 1960s, who were sometimes referred to as "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs"
 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (ballet)
 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1912 play), a Broadway play
 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1979 musical), a Broadway musical based on the 1937 film
 Schneewittchen (opera), a 1998 opera by Heinz Holliger
  Snow White design language,a design profile used for a number of Apple computers
  Operation Snow White,an infiltration effort perpetrated by the Church of Scientology against the United States of America
 Snow White (horse)
 Snow White (album), a 2007 album by Corinna Fugate

Snow White (disambiguation)


The God paradox is an idea in philosophy. This idea is explained here:
If God is able to do anything, may this mean He is able to make a mountain heavier than He is able to lift?

This is a paradox because:
 If God is able to make a mountain heavier than He is able to lift, then there may be something He is not able to do: He is not able to lift that mountain. Yes and no
 If God is not able to make such a mountain, then there is something He is not able to do: He is not able to make that mountain.

If either outcome were considered true, then it is argued that God Almighty is actually not almighty.

Answers to the God Paradox

The God paradox is a good example of a philosophical problem. This section has some answers to this paradox.

One answer is that God could make it so he can't lift the mountain by his own choice. In other words, God can lift the unliftable mountain because he is all powerful, but he chooses not to be able to, and so he chooses to cut his own power, because he is able. God can also choose to not be able to create such a mountain. God is all powerful, so he can choose not to have the power to make an unliftable mountain. Simply said, God can cut his own power, but in so doing, he can still regain that power. It is a limbo, a state between not powerful and powerful, something that is not definable by our knowledge of what is possible or impossible. Because God is almighty, he surpasses our definitions of what he can and cannot do.

God cannot
This answer says God is able to do only things less than God.  If you say there exists a mountain that is "heavier than anybody is able to lift," then what you say is funny: it means nothing, because God is able to lift any mountain.  This is because saying a mountain is "too heavy to lift" means this mountain cannot be lifted by anybody.  This does not mean that God is too weak to lift very heavy mountains.  God cannot lift an "unliftable" mountain because that would not make sense.  He also cannot create an "unliftable" mountain because that also would not make sense, if God can lift everything.  God could still lift any mountain that is not defined as "cannot be lifted."  For example, God can make a mountain as heavy as he wants, but he cannot make a round square.

Logic
In logic, problems can often be solved by breaking them into smaller pieces. One solves each of the small problems.

Let us see how one can use this for the God Paradox. The paradox is:
If God can do anything, can He make a mountain which is too heavy for Him to lift?
If one changes this question to a sentence, it becomes:
God can do anything, which means that He can make a mountain which is too heavy for Him to lift.
We can make this even simpler. First we must see that because God can do anything:
 He can make an unliftable mountain,
 He can lift anything.
Now we can write the sentence as these facts:
God can do anything.
God can make an unliftable mountain (because of fact 1).
God can lift anything (because of fact 1).
God cannot lift the mountain.
Facts 1, 2 and 3 must always be true. Now we must see if fact 4 is true or false:
 If 4 is true, then 3 must be false (fact 1 must also be false).

The conclusion is that the statement "God can do anything" needs to be qualified.  By this logic God cannot do both of two things that are mutually contradictory. C. S. Lewis says that logical contradictions are not a "thing".  Rather they are nonsense.  The question (and therefore the perceived paradox) is meaningless. Nonsense does not suddenly acquire sense and meaning with the addition of the two words, "God can" before it.

God can
Some people think, "Yes, God is able to do things that make Him not able." They think God is able to do things that are funny to think, "Because", they say, "there is nothing God is not able to do." (See Gospel of Matthew 19:26) However other Bible verses mention things that God cannot do. Hebrews 6:16 says that God cannot lie. Malachi 3:6 says that God cannot change. James 1:3 says that God cannot be tempted by sin.

Some have suggested that God can do things that defy conventional logic.  If He lives in other dimensions a different logic may apply.  Some say that God cannot make a square circle.  This is true in a two dimensional world.  However, a cylinder can be a square viewed from the side and a circle viewed from the top.  Likewise, a triangle can have three angles that add to more that 180 degrees. This is possible  only on a three dimensional surface like a sphere.  It can't be done on a two dimensional plane. (Plane geometry). Addition of an additional dimension changes the logic.

God is infinite
God is beyond limitation.  His strength is infinite.  If He chooses to create a mountain that is too heavy for Him to lift he would simultaneously become strong enough to lift it (which actually means he's not omnipotent, because if he can gradually become stronger, then he can't be all powerful).  To ask if the creation of such a mountain is possible is to attempt putting a limitation on the limitless.

Job
At the end of the Book of Job, God 'answered Job out of the whirlwind' and asks him:
'Who is this that darkens council by words without knowledge?..where were you when I laid the foundations of the Earth?' (Job chapter 38, 1-4)
In other words, God's powers are beyond human understanding, as human reason itself is part of God's creation in the Book of Genesis.

Notes

Further reading
These references may not be simple to understand.
 Hoffman, Joshua, Rosenkrantz, Gary. "Omnipotence" The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2002 Edition). Edward N. Zalta (ed.) Available online. Accessed 19 April 2006.
 Mackie, J.L. "Evil and Omnipotence." Mind LXIV, No, 254 (1955).
 Wierenga, Edward.  "Omnipotence" The Nature of God: An Inquiry into Divine Attributes. Cornell University Press, 1989. Available online.  Accessed 19 April 2006.

Philosophy

God paradox