William Jackson (March 9, 1759 – December 17, 1828) was a figure in the American Revolution and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He served as secretary to the 1787 United States Constitutional Convention, and as part of his duties added his signature to the United States Constitution. He also served with distinction in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War. After the war, he served as one of President George Washington's personal secretaries.

Early life

Born in the county of Cumberland, England, Jackson was sent to Charleston, South Carolina, after his parents died. He was raised by a family friend and prominent merchant, Owen Roberts, who was the commander of a militia battalion. After the war broke out in 1775, Roberts joined the Patriot side, and the teenaged Jackson followed; Roberts probably helped Jackson to obtain a position as a cadet in the 1st South Carolina Regiment. In May 1776 Jackson was commissioned as a second lieutenant.

Military service
Jackson first saw action near Charleston in June 1776, when his regiment fought off General Sir Henry Clinton's attempted attack on Fort Sullivan. The unit then spent a long period garrisoning the city of Charleston, during which Charles Cotesworth Pinckney assumed command of the 1st South Carolina. Late in 1777, Jackson was part of the detachment that made an ill-conceived and poorly conducted expedition against St. Augustine in British East Florida under Major General Robert Howe. The expedition was a colossal failure, and the American force was struck down by disease. Jackson survived and returned to South Carolina in 1778.

After returning from Florida, the Southern regiments were placed under the command of Major General Benjamin Lincoln from Massachusetts. Pinckney convinced Lincoln that as a Northerner, he needed an aide to assist him in relating to his Southern troops. Jackson was chosen for this position and was temporarily promoted to the rank of major. As Lincoln's aide he saw action in the Battle of Stono Ferry and the Siege of Savannah in 1779. In 1780, General Lincoln surrendered his troops after the lengthy siege of Charleston. As a captured officer, Jackson was shipped to Philadelphia, then held by the British. After a few months he was returned to the Continental Army in an exchange of prisoners.

Diplomatic role
A skilled staff officer, Jackson was then assigned to General Washington's staff, serving as secretary to the general's aide John Laurens, son of Henry Laurens of South Carolina. When Laurens was sent to France in 1781 armed with a memorial written by Washington outlining why a sizable loan (25 million livres) was needed, he took Thomas Paine and Jackson, who had a good command of French. For six weeks,  they dealt unsuccessfully at Versaille with Foreign Affairs Minister Vergennes, a longtime diplomat who wanted England tied up in an American war but knew the precarious situation of France's own finances.

Finally, against Benjamin Franklin's advice, direct contact was made with the king, and Washington's memorial was handed to him.  The following day the king directed Finance Minister Jacques Necker to meet with them.  The loan was made, the bulk of it for military supplies, 3 million in gold specie, with the promise that France would underwrite with Dutch agents a later loan for 10 million should it be needed. Purchases began, and by early May Laurens sailed with 3 ships and Jackson went to Holland where John Adams had contracted with a captain for a fourth ship.  That ship vanished, either because Adams had been deceived about the honesty of the captain or because the British Navy, with orders to hunt down all four ships, had sunk it.  The three ships, however, arrived in Boston in early September.

Jackson returned to the United States in February 1782 and was assistant secretary of war under Benjamin Lincoln. After helping settle the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, he resigned his office and his commission in October 1783 to become Robert Morris's agent in England.

Constitutional Convention
 When Jackson returned the next year, he studied the law with Philadelphia lawyer William Lewis. As an impoverished law student, Jackson wrote to Washington in 1787 applying for the post of secretary to the Philadelphia Convention. On the Convention's first day of business, May 25, 1787, Alexander Hamilton nominated Jackson to the post, and the delegates chose him over William Temple Franklin, Benjamin Franklin's grandson, despite the latter's experience serving as his grandfather's secretary during the Treaty of Paris negotiations.

As the Convention secretary, Jackson was responsible for maintaining the secrecy of the Convention's proceedings, keeping official minutes, and destroying many of the proceedings' other records. He signed the document "Attest William Jackson Secretary" to attest to four corrections which had been made to the document.

Jackson was sent to the Congress of the Confederation, assembled in New York City, with a copy of the Constitution, and was honored to read it out to the Congress just days after the signing, on September 20, 1787.

Later career

Major Jackson was admitted to the Pennsylvania Bar in 1788, but in those days, he had to wait two years to practice before the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, the most lucrative branch of the law; besides this, he was an (unpaid) volunteer in the Second Philadelphia Light Horse. He applied to be secretary of the United States Senate, but Samuel Allyne Otis was appointed. He then applied to be personal secretary to George Washington when he became President of the United States, writing that he had unpaid expenses as a Continental officer and that business was "not congenial to [his] temper."

He resigned as secretary in 1791 to restart his law practice and work as agent for William Bingham and Secretary of War Henry Knox, who were selling off a large land grant in Maine first acquired by William Duer, first Undersecretary of the Treasury and now bankrupt. Jackson's job was selling land on commission in England and France; among his potential customers was the Committee of Public Safety. They declined to invest their scant funds in Maine land; but Jackson wrote a very favorable report on them back to the United States.

He returned to the United States in the summer of 1795 and married Elizabeth Willing, Mrs. Bingham's sister, in November; they were the oldest daughters of Thomas Willing, a rich Philadelphia merchant, related to the Shippens. In January 1796 (during his last months in office), Washington, who had gone to the wedding, appointed Jackson Collector for the Port of Philadelphia. Thomas Jefferson, another wedding guest, dismissed him in 1801 for politicizing his office. Jackson then started a Federalist newspaper, the Political and Commercial Register, in Philadelphia and edited it until 1815.

Society of the Cincinnati
Jackson succeeded Henry Knox in 1799 as secretary general of the Society of the Cincinnati, a group of former Continental Army officers. On behalf of the remaining officers of the war, he headed an unsuccessful effort to lobby Congress to grant all veteran Revolutionary officers half-pay for life in 1818. Congress was to pass such a bill in 1826, fifty years after independence, but Jackson was not associated with it; his last public appearance was welcoming the Marquis de Lafayette to Philadelphia in 1824. He remained secretary general of the society until his death.

Death
On December 18, 1828, at age 69, Jackson died in Philadelphia. He is interred in Christ Church Cemetery in Philadelphia, along with his wife.

See also
 Samuel Osgood House — First Presidential Mansion.
 Alexander Macomb House — Second Presidential Mansion.
 President's House (Philadelphia) — Third Presidential Mansion.

References

Dube, Ann Marie. May 1996. A Multitude of Amendments, Alterations and Additions: The Writing and Publicizing of the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution of the United States. National Park Service. Online: .
"George Washington's Household in Philadelphia, 1790-1792." Independence Hall Association. Online: .
Vile, John R. "Jackson, William." Constitution Day Reference Library. ABC CLIO. Online: .
Harry M. Ward. "Jackson, William"; American National Biography Online Feb. 2000. Access Date: Tue Oct 13 18:26:02 EDT 2009
Wright, Robert K. and MacGregor, Morris J., Jr. 1987. "William Jackson." Soldier-Statesmen of the Constitution. United States Army Center of Military History.

1759 births
1828 deaths
American Revolutionary War prisoners of war held by Great Britain
Continental Army staff officers
People from Cumberland
Politicians from Charleston, South Carolina
Secretaries
Personal secretaries to the President of the United States
Signers of the United States Constitution
People of South Carolina in the American Revolution
British emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
Burials at Christ Church, Philadelphia
People of colonial Pennsylvania
Founding Fathers of the United States

William Jackson (secretary)


Binary is base 2 number system. It is base 2 because it uses two possible numbers: 0 and 1. Decimal, the system most of the world uses for daily life, is a base 10 system – it uses 10 characters (0–9). When binary numbers are written, a subscript "(2)" is added to distinguish them from the same number in base 10.

Computers work in binary, because wires can store information in two different ways: by being powered, or not being powered. Sets of binary numbers can be used to represent any information, such as text, audio, or video.

Number system

When being introduced to binary numbers, it helps to go back and think about how base 10 or decimal numbers work. Consider the number 1101(10) (base 10). We identify this number as one-thousand, one-hundred, one because it has a 1 in the thousands place, a 1 in the hundreds place, and a 1 in the ones place. But since the places represent 8, 4, 2, and 1 in binary, instead of 1000, 100, 10, and 1, the value converted to decimal (base 10) would be 8 + 4 + 1 = 13(10).

For another example, the binary number 101(2) is 5 in decimal. The bit on the right is 1 and has a value of 1 (2^0). The middle bit has a value of 2 (2^1 or just 2), but it is a 0, so it is not added. The bit on the left is 1 and has a value of 4 (2^2 or 2 * 2). The bits that are 1s have values of 1 and 4. 1 + 4 = 5.

Computers
All computers use binary at the lowest level. Most hard memory, like compact discs and DVDs, use binary to represent large files.

With computers, eight binary bits together is called a byte. The size of files is commonly measured in kilobytes or megabytes (sometimes in gigabytes). A kilobyte is 1000 bytes. A megabyte is 1000 kilobytes, a gigabyte is 1000 megabytes and a terabyte is 1000 gigabytes. Sometimes, it is easier to measure bytes in groups of 1024, since 1024 is a power of 2. There are 1024 bytes in a kibibyte, 1024 kibibytes in a mebibyte, and 1024 mebibytes in a gibibyte.

Computer science
Mathematics
Encodings

Binary


Ralph Delly se yon aktè ayisyen.

Biyografi
Li se pitit gason Alain Delly, chèf Òkès Nasyonal Ayiti. Paran li gen nèf (9) timoun. Ralph Delly te ezite ant yon karyè nan mizik, lalwa oswa jounalis. Li pase yon ane nan INAGHEI. Men olye ale nan lekòl lwa, li deside pou yo deplase pou Pari kote li etidye Kominikasyon nan Inivèsite Pari X nan Nanterre, pita nan Nouyòk pou kontinye etidye nan Corporate Cable Communications nan konpayi BMCC (Borough of Manhattan Community College) ak nan CFV (Communications Film & Video) nan City College nan Nouyòk.
Ralph Delly se yon jounalis ayisyen nan amizman.

A CIBL , Espace FM, Metropole correspondent, Dellys' award-wining reporting has appeared on New York Newsday, Caribbean Globe, and Visions Caraïbes.  In addition to national and international events, Ralph Delly has reported extensively on the Haitian Music Industry and on the Haitian-American community.

Ralph Delly also graduated from Carlos Albizu University of Miami and received his degree in Child Psychology. He began his working life in the media at Le Nouvelliste by contributing to a column called "Generation 2004", in magazine and cultural group, Cercle des Jeunes Haïtien (CJH) where he was in charge of the entertainment division, which rapidly became the group's biggest operation through successful art exhibitions, conferences, and music concerts throughout Haiti.

With his high-school diploma in hand, he made his choice and set out to snag a job at different radio stations. Until opportunity came knocking, he supported himself with jobs as a DJ. While employed by Radio Metropole in Port-au-Prince, he took part in a number of cultural events. One year before graduating from high school, he earned his first paycheck from working nightshift at Radio Metropole and hosting "Metropole by Night".

After spending several years as a reporter and DJ with Radio Port-au-Prince and Radio Metropole and as correspondent in Haiti for many foreign networks, he became a reporter and a DJ for Echo de La Metropole, an independent radio show on 107.5 FM WNWK in New York City.  For six years from 1991 to 1997, he was the Program Director and Talk Show host at Radio Soleil d'Haïti and New York editor for The Caribbean Globe. He also wrote for the Little Haiti Times. Ralph Delly co-produced and hosted "Boulevard des Artistes", a popular TV show in New York, where he was often referred to by the musicians as "the artists' show".

Later, Ralph was chosen to co-host "Vide Yo ak Video" and challenging every single show on Haitian television.  He has contributed to the advancement of Haitian music whether through his articles in Boyo Magazine, Le Floridien, Caraïbes Express, Showbiz Magazine, Pyramide Magazine, Spotlight Magazine, and the Haitian Times or on his radio shows.

Ralph Delly made his name and career by reporting on the Haitian Music Industry. He won several Prizes for multiple stories and became one of the most famous entertainment journalists in the Haitian Community. He reported for The Haitian Times, creating more controversy with reports and gossips on his popular column "The Delly Dish". Ralph has helped and worked with almost every band and artist of the so-called "new generation".  He served as Press Attaché and PR for Zin for about ten years, work with Lakol, Phantoms, Zenglen, Sokute, Jam, See Well, 509, just to name a few.

Ralph Delly is truly an international entertainment journalist and has reported from more than 20 countries, mainly in the fields of show business, for numerous radio stations and publications, and has headed up various magazine and newspaper launches in the Diapora.  He has also served as the spokesperson for Compas Festival and Haitian Independence Festival.

He became media editor and travelled widely on new developments in the media and the music industry, taking a special interest in Haitian music. He was one of the first Haitian journalists to research and present a conference about Haitian music in Paris in 1996.

Zèv li yo
Sa li fè

Referans

Lyen deyò

Moun
Jounalis
Jounalis ayisyen

Ralph Delly


Bluebird K7 was a boat built for Donald Campbell to break the World Water Speed Record.  Bluebird was a special kind of boat, called a hydroplane, that  skims over the top of the water instead of pushing through it like a normal boat. Bluebird was powered by a jet engine. It set new world water speed records seven times; the fastest  was 276 mph (445 km/h).  Bluebird was destroyed when Campbell tried to set an eighth record by going faster than 300 mph (480 km/h) on Coniston Water in 1967.

Design

Campbell had been using his father's boat, Bluebird K4, to try and set new records.  Bluebird K4 was destroyed when its structure broke. After this, Donald had the idea for a jet powered hydroplane to take the world water speed record from the American propeller hydroplane Slo-mo-shun. Ken and Lewis Norris designed and built K7 based on Donald's ideas.

K7 was a three-point hydroplane, meaning that when going quickly the boat only touched the water in three places, one point near the back of the boat and one point at the back of the two sponsons (the sponsons are the floats either side of the boat, near its front in the photos). It was built of aluminium on top of a steel frame and was at first powered by a small turbojet.

The name K7 came from the rating given to the boat by Lloyds of London

Records
Campbell set seven world water speed records in K7 between 1955 and 1964:

 23 July 1955, 202 mph (324 km/h), set at Ullswater in England
 1955, 216 mph (348 km/h)
 1956, 225 mph (362 km/h)
 1957, 239 mph (385 km/h)
 1958, 248 mph (399 km/h)
 1959, 260 mph (420 km/h)
 31 December 1964, 276 mph (445 km/h), set at Dumbleyung Lake in Australia

Loss

In 1966, Campbell decided he wanted to make Bluebird go faster than 300 mph (480 km/h).

Bluebird's old engine was not strong enough to make it go this fast, so it was replaced with a more powerful Bristol Siddeley Orpheus engine taken from an old fighter jet.  Many other changes were made, the tail fin from the fighter was attached to Bluebird's rear, the cover over the cockpit was changed to push through the air more easily, and the floats at the front were also changed. Bluebird was taken to Coniston Water to be tested in 1966.  The tests did not go well, the weather was too bad to test the boat while moving, so it was tied down and tested without moving instead. When testing the engine it sucked in too much air and caused parts of the boat to break. The engine was broken when the broken parts were sucked into it.  This meant that the entire engine had to be replaced.

At the end of November the weather was good enough for some test runs, but the speed was a lot lower than Bluebird's old records. The fuel pumps could not pump enough fuel to the engine so it could not run at full speed. The problem was fixed by fitting two fuel pumps instead of one.

On 4 January 1967, the problems had all been fixed, the weather was good and Campbell decided he wanted to try and break the speed record. For a world record to be official, a boat trying to set a record has to make two runs at full speed that are timed by people who are not part of the record breaking team.  The official speed is the average speed of the two runs. On the first run Bluebird's speed was 297.6 mph (478.9 km/h) which was fast enough to be a new record, but not quite as fast as Campbell wanted to go. To set a record of more than 300 mph the second run would have to be 302.5 mph or faster.

The plan for the world record attempt was for Bluebird to stop at the far end of the lake and refuel from another boat that had been put there for that purpose.  Taking time to refuel would also give the lake, which had been disturbed by the first run, time to settle down again.  On the actual record attempt, Campbell decided not to refuel and instead started on his second run immediately.  Why he did this is unknown.

At the start of the second run, Bluebird was going faster than 320 mph (510 km/h) and would have easily broken the 300 mph target, but as the boat travelled along the lake it started tramping (which means rocking from side to side). Bluebird hit a wave made on the lake from its own first run and the boat spun out of the water.  When it hit the water again it broke into pieces and sank.  Donald Campbell was killed in the crash.  His teddy bear mascot was found floating in the lake later on but Campbell's body could not be found.

Recovery

In 2001 a diver called Bill Smith led a salvage team which found Bluebird on the bottom of Coniston Water, and later lifted the wreck back to dry land.  The wreck was taken apart carefully to keep it from rusting and is now being put back together again. There was a lot of damage caused in the crash but it can all be repaired.  Bill Smith also got a new engine for Bluebird and hopes to return the boat to full working order.

Donald Campbell's body was also found in 2001. He was buried on 12th September 2001 in Coniston cemetery.

On Thursday 7 December 2006, Gina Campbell, Donald's daughter, formally gifted the recovered wreckage of Bluebird K7 to the Ruskin Museum in Coniston on behalf of the Campbell Family Heritage Trust.
In agreement with the Campbell Family Heritage Trust and the museum, Bill Smith is to organise the restoration of the boat, which is now under way.[9] The intention is to rebuild K7 back to running order circa 4 January 1967. Gina Campbell commented: "I've decided to secure the future of Bluebird for the people of Coniston, the Ruskin Museum and the people of the world".

References

Boats

Bluebird K7


Sir Edward George Clarke, KC (15 February 1841 – 26 April 1931) was a British barrister and politician, considered one of the leading advocates of the late Victorian era and serving as Solicitor-General in the Conservative government of 1886–1892. His legal career included representing Oscar Wilde in his disastrous prosecution of the Marquess of Queensberry for libel, and representing the plaintiff in the "baccarat case", during which Sir Edward cross-examined the Prince of Wales.  He was a member of the anti-women's suffrage movement.

Background and early life
Clarke was the son of J. G. Clarke of Moorgate Street, London. He was educated at King's College London. In 1859 he became a writer in India Office, but resigned in the next year, and became a law reporter. He obtained a Tancred Scholarship in 1861, and was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1864, joining the Home Circuit.

Legal career
Clarke quickly gained a high reputation at the junior bar, and made his name appearing for the defence in the two most notorious cases of 1877, securing the acquittal of his namesake Chief Inspector Clarke in the Great Scotland Yard scandal (when other senior CID detectives were convicted of corruption) and unsuccessfully defending Patrick Staunton (who had been accused of complicity in starving his sister-in-law to death) in the Penge Murder. On the back of these successes Clarke took silk in 1880, and quickly came to be recognised as one of the leading members of the bar; he became a bencher of Lincoln's Inn in 1882, and was knighted in 1886. He also entered Parliament as Conservative MP for Southwark at a by-election early in 1880, but being unable to hold the seat at the general election later that year he was elected instead for Plymouth. He was Solicitor-General in the Conservative administration of 1886–1892, but declined office when the party returned to power in 1895 as he would have been debarred from continuing his lucrative private practice.

In 1899, Clarke found himself in total disagreement with his party over the government's South African policy, and in early February 1900 his constituency party in Plymouth called upon him to resign his seat. He resigned the following day. He did not contest the general election of 1900, but returned to the House as MP for the City of London in 1906; however, he offended a section of his constituents by a speech against tariff reform in the House of Commons on 12 March 1906, and shortly afterwards he resigned his seat again on grounds of health.

He published a Treatise on the Law of Extradition in 1903, and several volumes of speeches (both political and legal). He also wrote a biography of Benjamin Disraeli. His autobiography, The Story of My Life, was published in 1918, and a biography by Derek Walker-Smith and his grandson Edward Clarke (Life of Sir Edward Clarke) followed in 1939.

Famous cases

 R v Clarke and Others, 1877 (The Trial of the Detectives). Clarke secured the acquittal of Chief Inspector Clarke, the acting head of the Detective Department at Scotland Yard, on charges of corruption. Three other, more junior, police officers were convicted, and the detective division of the Metropolitan Police was completely reorganised as a result.
 R v Staunton, Staunton, Staunton and Rhodes, 1877 (The Penge Murder). Harriet Staunton, a mentally-disabled woman of 38, had died at Penge in Kent, apparently of starvation. Her husband, Lewis Staunton, together with his brother, his brother's wife and his mistress (who was his brother's wife's sister) were charged with murdering her by deliberate neglect; although they were charged only with one murder, it was generally believed that they were also responsible for the death of Harriet's baby son, also by starvation. Clarke defended Patrick Staunton, the brother; although all four were convicted and sentenced to death, sufficient doubt about the strict legal position had been raised at the trial that the sentences of the three Stauntons were commuted to penal servitude for life, and the fourth defendant, Alice Rhodes, was given a free pardon.
 R v Bartlett, 1886 (The Pimlico Mystery). Clarke defended Adelaide Bartlett on a charge of having murdered her husband by poisoning with chloroform; she was acquitted.
 Gordon-Cumming v. Wilson and Others, 1891 (The Royal Baccarat Case or Tranby Croft Scandal). Clarke represented Sir William Gordon-Cumming, who sued five people for slander after being accused of cheating at cards. The case was notorious because the Prince of Wales, later King Edward VII, had been banker during the game in which Gordon-Cumming was said to have cheated; the prince was called as a witness, and vigorously cross-examined by Clarke. Nevertheless, Gordon-Cumming lost the case.
 Wilde v Queensberry, 1895; R v Wilde, 1895. Clarke represented Oscar Wilde in his ill-advised prosecution of the Marquess of Queensberry for criminal libel. Queensberry being found not guilty, Clarke considered himself partly to blame for the tactics pursued during the trial, and when Wilde was subsequently arrested and prosecuted for homosexual practices, Clarke considered himself duty-bound to undertake the defence, which he did while refusing to accept a fee. Clarke was initially widely condemned for doing so, even within the legal profession, outraged as much by a barrister appearing without a fee as by their revulsion for Wilde, although opinions were later reversed. In the first trial, when Clarke's conduct of the defence was described by the prosecuting counsel as "courageous and brilliant", the jury disagreed; but Clarke was unable to persuade the jury in the re-trial against a guilty verdict.
 R. v Jameson, Willoughby and others, 1896. Clarke defended Leander Starr Jameson for his organisation of the Jameson Raid. Jameson was convicted and sentenced to fifteen months in jail, but was soon pardoned, and was generally treated as a national hero.

Family
Clarke's son, Percival Clark, was a prominent lawyer in the 1920s and 1930s. His great-nephew, Edward Clarke, followed him into law and was number two to Frederick Geoffrey Lawrence in the defence team for suspected serial killer John Bodkin Adams. His youngest son William Clarke trained as a lawyer, but became a cryptographer.

Arms

References

 H Montgomery Hyde, Famous Trials 7: Oscar Wilde (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1962)
 Edgar Lustgarten, Defender's Triumph (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1951), "Victorian Trumpets: Adelaide Bartlett", p. 8–80 (it was reprinted in Lustgarten's The Murder and the Trial (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1958), 14. "Adelaide Bartlett", p. 191–249.).
 Edgar Lustgarten, The Woman in the Case (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1955), Chapter III: "The Victim: Harriet Staunton", p. 117–151 (it was reprinted in Lustgarten's The Murder and the Trial (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1958), 10. "The Brothers Staunton", p. 155–178.).
 J M Parrish and John R Crossland (eds), The Fifty Most Amazing Crimes of the Last Hundred Years (London: Odham's Press, 1936)

External links

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George Caspar Smith (23 April 1915 – 31 October 1983) was an English footballer, coach, and manager.

He appeared in one wartime international for England (against Wales in May 1945) for which caps were not awarded although the England teams then were probably stronger than some pre-war sides. He also played in armed services representative sides which were Great Britain elevens in all but name. According to George Allison, Arsenal's manager, wartime football was 'better in quality than pre-war League football'.

After retiring from playing, Smith had a successful career as both an F.A. coach and manager. His league win ratios at Crystal Palace and Portsmouth FC were 43% and 36% respectively.

Early playing career
Smith's career began at Hackney Schools in east London where he had grown up. He joined the army as a young man and was stationed in Syria and Palestine in the mid-nineteen thirties. On returning to England, he was bought out of the army by Jimmy Seed and, in 1936–37, began to feature for Bexleyheath & Welling in the Kent League. After promotion with Charlton from the third to the second division in 1935, Seed had arranged that Bexleyheath & Welling would become the nursery club of Charlton Athletic and the amateur team was also referred to as 'Charlton A'.

Charlton Athletic
Under Seed's management, Charlton surprised the football world prior to World War II by achieving successive promotions and becoming one of the strongest teams in the English 1st Division. They were runners-up in 1936-7 and then finished fourth and third respectively before the war caused league football to be abandoned for six years. Smith signed professional papers on 5 August 1938 with a salary of £5 per week and a £10 signing-on payment. His contract was renewed in 1939 at £6 per week until May 1940 with the provision of '£1 extra per week when playing in the first team'. He made the first XI at the end of the 1938–9 season when his form attracted considerable attention. This was the final game of that season at home on 6 May to Preston North End; a game which Charlton won 3–1. The outbreak of the war meant that he only made 1 full league appearance before regular football fixtures were halted.

War years
George Smith enlisted in the APTC on 3 November 1939; listing his professions as footballer and PT Instructor. He spent much of the early period of the Second World War as a PT instructor at Aldershot as well as on troop ships. During this period, he continued to represent Charlton Athletic as well as being a wartime playing guest for Tottenham Hotspur and Chelsea among others.

On 15 April 1944, he played in Charlton's 3–1 win against Chelsea in the Football League South War Cup Final in front of a crowd of 85,000 at Wembley. In that 1944 final, the players received National Savings Certificates instead of medals. US General Dwight D. Eisenhower was presented to the teams and afterwards was quoted as saying, "I started cheering for the Blues but after the Reds took the lead, well I had to cheer for them instead."

He was discharged from Victoria Barracks, Windsor, at the rank of sergeant major, with exemplary military conduct on 8 December 1945. His discharge papers read 'an excellent physical training instructor and an international footballer: an honest, sober and trustworthy man with a most cheerful disposition'.

Army & FA representative XIs
During the last years of the war he also played in several strong Army and FA representative sides alongside players such as Frank Swift and Matt Busby, both of whom were friends from their days at Aldershot Army camp. Although these matches were not recorded as official internationals, the players wore England shirts and received notification of their selection on English Football Association headed paper.

'In March 1945, an FA XI played two games in Belgium, against the national side and against the Diables Rouge, the Belgian parachute brigade. The full party was: Bert Williams (Walsall), Laurie Scott (Arsenal), Bert Sproston (Manchester City), George Hardwick (Middlesbrough), Matt Busby (Liverpool), George Smith and 'Sailor' Brown (Charlton Athletic), Stanley Matthews and Neil Franklin (Stoke City), Tommy Lawton and Joe Mercer (Everton), Stan Mortensen (Blackpool), Leslie Smith (Brentford) and Maurice Edelston (Reading). In Bruges, the FA team received a rapturous welcome from thousands of British troops – some of whom had torn down a wooden fence to gain admission – and went on to win 8–1.'

Wartime International
George Smith made his one wartime international appearance against Wales at Ninian Park, Cardiff on 5 May 1945. England won 3–2 with a hat-trick by Raich Carter. He had also been reserve for England against Scotland at Hampden on 14 April after returning from the FA XI trip to Belgium.

Later playing career

Brentford F.C.
After the war, in November 1945, he was placed on the Charlton transfer list, at his own request, and on 19th of that month, moved to Brentford for a £3,000 transfer fee. The reason was given as 'domestic' in some newspapers and as 'a disagreement on certain issues' by Jimmy Seed.

He made 41 league appearances for the Bees before moving to Queens Park Rangers in May 1947. The move was precipitated by Brentford's 'Put Football First' policy to ban any outside employment which cut across 9–12 morning training sessions. Brentford manager, Harry Curtis, stated that the 'usual team spirit was lacking' as players missed training and team talks. Smith worked as a physical education teacher at St. Joseph's College, Beulah Hill and was unwilling to meet the club's requirements. He was joined in this decision by other players including Scotland right-half, Archie Macaulay, and Len Townsend, the club's centre-forward and leading scorer who also left.

Queens Park Rangers
Brentford transferred Smith to QPR for a fee reputed to be a record for a third division club which according to press reports of the time 'the Rangers do not regret spending one penny of'. Smith described it as a 'good change for me. Brentford was not a happy club'. He captained Queens Park Rangers to a Division III South Champions medal in May 1948. QPR also reached the 6th round of F.A. Cup in his 'happiest season in football, not only because it was so successful but because of great team spirit shown by all the players of the club'. In total, he played 75 league games for them.

In August 1949, prior to Smith's departure from Loftus Road, the QPR boss, David Mangnall, wrote to Smith, 'you deserve most of the credit for our promotion, also for pulling us through last season, we noticed that you kept cool and calm about it all, and as a result our worry never entered the dressing room'.

End of playing career & early coaching
On 26 September 1949, he joined Ipswich Town where he made 8 league appearances and became the club's assistant manager and coach until his resignation in January 1950. This signalled the start of his own managerial career. He moved to Chelmsford City in August 1950, then Redhill in July 1951, and Eastbourne United from 1952 to 1955. This was a successful period for the club as, under Smith's guidance, they were twice County League champions, and runners-up once between 1953 and 1956.

F.A. Youth coach
During this period he became the first paid F.A. Youth Squad manager of the England national team attending and participating in coaching sessions at Lilleshall.

From September 1955 until February 1956 he was coach at Sheffield United.

Management

Sutton United
In 1956, Sutton United were looking for a new manager and long-serving club president (at that time, chairman), Andrew Letts recalls that Smith was recommended to the club by Tottenham manager, Arthur Rowe. He was appointed after interview on 26 May 1956 to take up duties on 1 July and steered the club through one of its happiest periods. In his second season of 1957–58, the club won both the Athenian league and the London Senior Cup; the former for the final time in the club's history and the latter for the first time.

Although committed to a 4-year contract, success brought an offer of professional management from Crystal Palace and Sutton agreed to let Smith go, eventually replacing him with Malcolm Allison. Andrew Letts wrote of George Smith in the Sutton United Football Club 1898–1973 – 75th Anniversary Souvenir Book:

'We had two very happy years, under inspired leadership, and had been left with a great example. I understand how the players felt for he lifted me, just as he lifted the game and them, to a different level, and I, like them shall always be grateful to him.'

Crystal Palace
In July 1958, he took over as manager of Crystal Palace in the newly formed fourth division. When he took the Crystal Palace job he said he would resign if he did not achieve promotion within two years. He did not and subsequently kept his word; resigning in April 1960. However, he left a team good enough to win promotion for his successor.

George Smith returned to Sheffield United as coach from April 1960 until April 1961.

Portsmouth FC
He then began his decade as Portsmouth FC manager from April 1961 until April 1970. When he joined them, Portsmouth was in the third division but he won promotion to the Second Division by winning the Third Division Championship in 1962.

Field-Marshal the Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, was the honorary chairman of Portsmouth FC having begun to support them during World War II due to the proximity of his headquarters. In private correspondence dated 25 April 1962, he wrote to Smith:

'I congratulate you very much on getting Portsmouth out of the Third Division – which was completely a wrong place for a famous team. While the players all did their stuff, the major credit goes to you.'

Throughout the sixties, on a limited budget, he kept Portsmouth on a sound financial footing in the second division. In 1970, he became Portsmouth FC general manager until his retirement from football in 1973.

Retirement
He moved to Bodmin in Cornwall for the last years of his life and died in 1983.

Bibliography
Rippon, A (2005) Gas Masks for Goal Posts: Football in Britain During the Second World War
 Rollin, J (1985) Soccer At War 1939–45  Willow Books, Collins
 Sutton United Football Club 1898–1973 – 75th Anniversary Souvenir Book
Charles Buchan's Football Monthly, February 1961 edition
 Seed, J (1958) The Jimmy Seed Story The Sportsman's Book Club, London

References

External links
England War-Time Internationals
Official Website of Sutton United
Charles Buchan's Football Monthly, Feb. 1961
St Joseph's College 1855–2005
The News: The 1960s
Official Website of Portsmouth FC: The 1960s

Military personnel from London
English men's footballers
Portsmouth F.C. managers
Crystal Palace F.C. managers
England men's wartime international footballers
1915 births
1983 deaths
Sutton United F.C. managers
Bexley United F.C. players
Sheffield United F.C. non-playing staff
Queens Park Rangers F.C. players
English football managers
Charlton Athletic F.C. players
Brentford F.C. players
Ipswich Town F.C. players
Chelmsford City F.C. players
English Football League players
English Football League managers
Chelmsford City F.C. managers
Men's association football central defenders
British Army personnel of World War II
Royal Army Physical Training Corps soldiers
Ipswich Town F.C. non-playing staff
Association football coaches
Footballers from Bromley-by-Bow

George Smith (footballer, born 1915)


Ron Clark is an American teacher who has worked with disadvantaged students in rural North Carolina and Harlem, New York City. He is known for his books and multiple teaching awards. Clark's latest project is the Ron Clark Academy, a private non-profit school in Atlanta, Georgia where students follow a unique curriculum. The school also gives students opportunities for international travel and offers training workshops for teachers to learn more about Clark's teaching methods. Clark made a set of rules called the esential55 that he use to teach his students.

Living people
People from New York City
1972 births

Ron Clark


Battle of Route Coloniale 4 was a campaign in the First Indochina War carried out by the Việt Minh Army from 16 September to 17 October 1950 to break the isolation of the Việt Bắc base, clear the Vietnam-China border Bridge to receive aid. Another objective was to expand the base and destroy some of the French garrison force, experimenting with tactics for the People's Army of Vietnam at that time with little experience in combat.

Background
In 1949 the French Army was still unable to advance into the Việt Bắc area. The control of the Northern Delta was slow but unstable. Việt Minh gradually reorganized its apparatus and forces, and began organizing large-scale battles against French forces.During the five years of the war against the French in isolation, the Việt Minh actively expanded relations to seek international support. On October 1 1949 the People's Republic of China was established and quickly recognized and established diplomatic relations with the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. Then on January 18, 1950 the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries recognized and established diplomatic relations with the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The prestige and military capabilities of the Việt Minh Front are growing in the people.

During the same five years, the Việt Minh also adopted overseas Vietnamese organizations in France and left-leaning organizations to fight politics strongly influencing the French people's rising resistance to Indochina War. France fell into an unprecedented political crisis. The Vietnamese State lacked credibility among the people as a puppet government, and its army was too weak to cooperate with French troops in Indochina to win the war. The French government was forced to take into account the US government's plan to accept economic and military aid to pursue the war.

However, after five years of war French troops in Indochina became more and more bogged down in defense. In addition, although the development of the native force, but the quality and the fighting spirit is low it is almost impossible to undertake military tasks instead of the French.

References

20th century in Vietnam
1950 in Asia

Battle of Route Coloniale 4


A certificate is a document for authentication of something. It may be an award that can be given to people. The certificate can be given to people for graduation, for good working skills, or to thank someone who has done good things. They are usually tied to an occupation, technology, or industry. Certifications are usually offered by a professional organization or a company that specializes in a particular field or technology. A certification demonstrates that the person have a specific skill or level of knowledge, ultimately showing an employer that person know what need to do to successfully perform a job. Other items, such as patches, badges, lapel pins, watches, and medals can also come with the certificate.

Many other kinds exist. A certificate of authenticity says a thing is real. For example, it can say that a painting was made at a particular time by a particular artist and is not a forgery. A certificate of occupancy says a building is fit for use. A certificate of deposit says someone has money in a bank. A birth certificate is one of the kinds of vital record.

References

Certificate


The PK is a machine gun designed in the Soviet Union and is still being used currently by the Russian Army. The PK went in production in 1961 and entered in 1969 to replace the Degtyaryov and the SG-43. The PK was designed by the AK-47 inventor named Mikhail Kalashnikov. The Russian factory produced over 1,000,000 PK machine guns since the 1960s and today. It's an upside down AKM.

Machine guns

PK machine gun


Rodrigo Asturias Amado (30 October 1939 – June 15, 2005) was a Guatemalan guerrilla leader and politician.

Biography
Asturias was born in Guatemala City, the first-born son of Nobel Prize-winning author Miguel Ángel Asturias. He studied law in Chile and travelled extensively through the Southern Cone. He later taught at the University of Chile and the National Autonomous University of Mexico.

Following the outbreak of the Civil War, he joined the Guatemalan Workers Party (Partido Guatemalteco de los Trabajadores or PGT) guerrilla group. During this time he was arrested, tried, and jailed, after which he spent seven years in exile in Mexico. He returned to Guatemala in 1971 and helped form the Revolutionary Organization of the People in Arms (Organización Revolucionaria del Pueblo en Armas, ORPA). He fought under the nom de guerre Gaspar Ilom, which he took from a character in Hombres de maíz, one of his father's novels. When four guerrilla groups, including these two, combined to create the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity (Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemalteca, URNG) in 1982, Asturias emerged as one of the four leaders of its general command. He was the only one of the leaders not to participate in signing the peace agreement reached with the government in the early 1990s.

Following the re-establishment of the constitutional order, Asturias fought the 2003 presidential election as the candidate of the URNG; his vice-presidential running mate was Pablo Ceto. In the first round ballot, he received 2.6% of the popular vote.

He died of a heart attack at his home on June 15, 2005 in Guatemala City.

External links
 Obituary

1939 births
2005 deaths
People from Guatemala City
Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity politicians
Guatemalan revolutionaries

Rodrigo Asturias


Sona Aslanova (4 October 1924 – 9 March 2011) was a Soviet and Azerbaijani soprano, Meritorious Artist of Azerbaijan Republic known for her historic performances of Azerbaijani, Russian, and an international classical and folk vocal music repertoire.

Biography
Sona Aslanova studied and then taught operatic singing at the Baku Conservatory. Among her professors was Sofia Lisenko-Golskaya, a student of Francesco Lamperti.

She sang in numerous live and recorded broadcasts on the radio and appeared in many films both as a singer and as an actress. Among her most recognized roles is Nigar from Koroglu, Asya from Arshin Mal Alan, and Asli from Asli and Kerem. All three operas were written by Uzeyir Hajibeyov, who also guided her as she began her operatic career.

Aslanova represented Azerbaijan on tours to Soviet republics and to a number of foreign countries. She worked side by side with such prominent Azerbaijani figures in the arts as the singers Bulbul and Rashid Behbudov.

She lived in Los Angeles, United States from 1994 until her death.

Honours
Awarded the titles of the Meritorious Artist of the Azerbaijan SSR in 1956 and the Order of the Badge of Honour in 1959.

Filmography
 Doğma Xalqıma (Koroglu)(1954), film-opera, as Nigar
 Görüş (1955) as Firəngiz
 Bizim Küçə (1961)
 Telefonçu Qız (1962), episodic role
 Əmək və Qızılgül (1962)
 Arşın Mal Alan (1965), film-operetta, as voice of Asya
 Bizim Cəbiş Müəllim (1969), as Ana
 O Qızı Tapın (1970)
 Gün Keçdi (1971)
 Ömrün Səhifələri (1974), episodic role
 Bir az da Bahar Bayramı (1979)
 İstintaq (1979)
 Anlamaq İstəyirəm (1980)
 Üzeyir Ömrü (1981)
 Qəmbər Hüseynli (2007)

References

External links
 Short Biography, Azerbaijani American Women's Association
 Short filmography, biography (translation)

20th-century Azerbaijani women  singers
Azerbaijani sopranos
Azerbaijani folk singers
Azerbaijani music educators
Azerbaijani women music educators
Azerbaijani emigrants to the United States
Baku Academy of Music alumni
1924 births
2011 deaths
Musicians from Baku
Soviet sopranos

Sona Aslanova


Rudra Pratap is an Indian academician and the vice-chancellor of Plaksha University, Mohali. Previously, he was a professor of Mechanical Engineering at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore. Among other research interests, he works in the field of Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and used to head India's first research lab in the field of Microelectromechanical systems, the CranesSci MEMS Lab at Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. His book on MATLAB Getting Started with MATLAB 7 is popular among the students of engineering. He is also the Chair for the Centre of Nanoscience and Engineering (CeNSE).

Pratap is an Associate Editor of Shock and Vibration Journal which publishes articles on various aspects of  shocks and vibration including vibration measurements, vibration condition monitoring, shock hardening, fluid-structure interaction, impact biodynamics, vehicle dynamics, and gun dynamics.

Education and work
Pratap obtained his B.Tech from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur in the year 1985. He then obtained his MS from University of Arizona, Tucson in the year 1987 followed by PhD from Cornell University, Ithaca in the year 1993. He joined Indian Institute of Science in the year 1996.

Books authored
 Getting Started with MATLAB 7: A Quick Introduction for Scientists and Engineers, Oxford University Press, 2005.
 Introduction to Statics and Dynamics, with Andy Ruina, Oxford University Press, 2002.

References

External links
 China may beat US in science, technology
 Nanotechnology: India lagging far behind other nations, says expert
 Lack of information flow a major hurdle for nanotechnology

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science
Indian mechanical engineers

Rudra Pratap


Corporatism is the idea from political science that different groups of society should take part in political decisions. If these groups have a choice to participate, the corporatism is called liberal, if they are forced the corporatism is called authoritarian. The guilds that existed in the Middle ages are a form of corporatism.

Political movements

Corporatism


Durio kutejensis, commonly known as durian pulu, durian merah, nyekak, Pakan, Kuluk, or lai, is a primary rainforest substorey fruit tree from Borneo.

Description
It is a very attractive small- to medium-sized tree up to 30 m tall. It has large, glossy leaves, numerous large, red flowers that emit a strong carrion smell at anthesis. This species is reportedly pollinated by giant honey bees and birds, as well as bats. The large durian fruit it bears has thick, yellow flesh with a mild, sweet taste and creamy texture similar to that of Durio zibethinus. It bears fruit late in the season.

Usage
It is cultivated in East Kalimantan, Indonesia and has been introduced to Queensland. In Brunei, the fruit of D. kutejensis is preferred by local consumers over that of D. zibethinus, though the latter is the only durian species available in the international market.  The fruit is also said to have fewer of the unpleasant flavors that D. zibethinus has.

Gallery

References

Further reading

kutejensis
Endemic flora of Borneo
Fruits originating in Asia
Trees of Borneo
Vulnerable flora of Asia
Taxa named by Odoardo Beccari
Taxa named by Justus Carl Hasskarl
Plants described in 1889

Durio kutejensis


Galileo Galilei is an opera based on excerpts from the life of Galileo Galilei, which premiered in 2002 at Chicago's Goodman Theatre, as well as subsequent presentations at the Brooklyn Academy of Music's New Wave Music Festival and London's Barbican Theatre. Music by Philip Glass, libretto and original direction by Mary Zimmerman and Arnold Weinstein. The piece is presented in one act consisting of ten scenes without break.

Galileo Galilei is Glass' 18th opera, and draws from letters of Galileo and his family, and various other documents, to retrospectively journey through Galileo's life. Opening with him as an old, blind man after the trial and Inquisition for his heresy, it explores his religiosity as well as his break with the church, and expands into the greater, oscillating relationship of science to both religion and art.  It reaches its end with Galileo — as a young boy — watching an opera composed by his father, Vincenzo Galilei, who was a member of the Florentine Camerata, an association of artists who are credited with creating the art form that came to be known as opera.  Ironically, his father's opera is about the motions of the celestial bodies.

The opera has been revived with new productions in 2012 by Madison Opera and Portland Opera. The Portland Opera production was recorded by Orange Mountain Music.

Production notes
All genius meets with extreme resistance before it is accepted as truth. In the case of Galileo, it was the mere hypothesis that the Earth revolved around the Sun. The notion was considered heretical and blasphemous by scholars and clergy alike. Much was done to destroy Galileo's reputation. And since they could not do so through scientific proof, they did so through slander and threats of torture. It was not until recently that the Catholic Church finally admitted that they were wrong in persecuting Galileo. It took hundreds of years for them to admit the mistake. Galileo died believing that all of the advancements he had made in science were for naught. His books were banned, and his name was disgraced. All of this, for suggesting a theory that turned out to be true.

In addition to depicting Galileo's trials before the Inquisition, the opera also allows us a glance into Galileo's more personal side. Namely, in showing us his relationship to his daughter Maria Celeste, who was a nun. Maria Celeste shared her father's love of learning and science, but also understood that he was a man of great faith. She recognized that science was the very subject that served to deepen his faith, and she encouraged him on this path. The two met rarely. They were separated not only by distance, but by Galileo's often ailing health. Sadly, they were ultimately separated by her death at the age of 33, a source of incredible sadness for Galileo. However, their connection in this opera serves to give his story a more personal rendering. The story itself is told backwards through time. It begins with an aged Galileo, blinded from having looked at the Sun too often and ends with him as a child. This is related to the function of a telescope, which works by reversing images with lenses. Much of the staging in this production is representative of Galileo's theories and follows the patterns of the discoveries, planets, and constellations that his inventions made known to the world.

Synopsis
Scene 1
Opening Song

In the final days of his life, the now blind Galileo Galilei remembers the things in his life that he can no longer see.

Scene 2
Recantation

The officials of the Catholic Church rebuke the scientist for not relenting on his theory that the Earth revolves around the Sun. The Pope hands down his sentence, and then reminds Galileo of a time when they walked in the garden as friends.

Scene 3
Pears

Maria Celeste, the daughter of Galileo, sends her intense devotion love and support through letters that are accompanied by elements of her garden at the convent.

Scene 4
Trial

Galileo is summoned before two Cardinals of the Catholic Church to answer questions regarding his book "Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World".

Scene 5
Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World

As Galileo pens his book, the fictitious characters come alive to discuss the theories presented. Here, the Older Galileo becomes the Younger Galileo.

Scene 6
Incline Plane

The theories and experiments are put to the test in Galileo's laboratory.

Scene 7
A Walk in the Garden

Galileo and his great friend Cardinal Barberini discuss Galileo's newest book in the Garden. After the Cardinal's feeble attempt at poetry, Galileo expresses his fear of his enemies. Barberini warns Galileo not to continue with his theories regarding the planets.

Scene 8
Lamps

While at mass with his daughter, Galileo observes the swinging of a lamp suspended from the ceiling moving in pendulum fashion and explains his theory to Maria Celeste.

Scene 9
Presentation of the Telescope

Galileo presents his invention to the Duchess and her Ladies in Waiting. The Duchess and Galileo reminisce about a time in their youth when they watched an opera together composed by Galileo's father, Vincenzo.

Scene 10
Opera within the Opera

The Duchess and Galileo, now children, are in the audience as his father's opera is performed. The magical story of the planetary figures becomes the vehicle through which Galileo is reunited with his deceased daughter.

References

 Galileo Galilei, Boston University, James Marvel
 Galileo Galilei on philipglass.com
 Galileo Galilei, Orange Mountain Music recording liner notes

2002 operas
English-language operas
Opera
Minimalist operas
Operas
Operas set in the 17th century
Operas set in Italy
Operas based on real people
Operas by Philip Glass

Galileo Galilei (opera)


James Napper Tandy (February 1739 – 24 August 1803), known as Napper Tandy, was an Irish revolutionary and a founder of the United Irishmen. He experienced exile, first in the United States and then in France, for his role in attempting to advance a republican insurrection in Ireland with French assistance.

Political activism
A Dubliner, a Protestant (Church of Ireland), and the son of an ironmonger, Tandy was baptised (as 'James Naper Tandy') in St. Audoen's Church on 16 February 1739. He went to the famous Quaker boarding school in Ballitore, south Kildare, also attended by Edmund Burke, who was eight years older. He then started life as a small tradesman in Dublin's inner city. He was a churchwarden at St. Audoen's in 1765, and also at another local church (either St. Bride's or St. John's) where he commissioned a new church bell bearing his name, displayed since 1946 on the floor of St. Werburgh's Church.

Turning to politics, he was elected a member of Dublin Corporation representing the Guild of Merchants, and was popular for his denunciation of municipal corruption and his proposal of a boycott of English goods in Ireland in retaliation for the restrictions imposed by the Westminster government on Irish commerce.

In April 1780, Tandy was expelled from the Dublin Volunteers (see Henry Flood) for proposing the expulsion of the Duke of Leinster. He was one of the most conspicuous members of the small revolutionary party, chiefly of the shopkeeper class, that formed a permanent committee in June 1784 to agitate for reform, and called a convention of delegates from all parts of Ireland. This met in October 1784.

Tandy and John Binns persuaded Dublin Corporation to condemn by resolution Pitt's amended commercial resolutions in 1785. He became a member of the Whig Club founded by Henry Grattan, but he identified with its radical faction and actively co-operated with Theobald Wolfe Tone in founding the Society of the United Irishmen in 1791, of which he became the first secretary.

His opinions, strongly influenced by French Revolutionary ideas, now brought Tandy to the notice of the authorities. In February 1792, an allusion in a debate by John Toler, the Attorney General of Ireland, to Tandy's personal ugliness provoked him into sending a challenge to a duel. This was treated by the House of Commons as a breach of a Member's privilege, and a Speaker's warrant was issued for his arrest, which he managed to elude till its validity expired on the prorogation of Parliament. Tandy then took proceedings against the Lord Lieutenant for issuing a proclamation for his arrest; although the action failed, it increased Tandy's popularity, and his expenses were paid by the Society of the United Irishmen.

Planning a revolution in exile
Sympathy with the French Revolution was rapidly spreading in Ireland. A meeting of some 6,000 people in Belfast voted for a congratulatory address to the French nation in July 1791. In the following year, Napper Tandy took a leading part in organising a new military association in Ireland modelled after the French National Guards; they professed republican principles, and on their uniform, the cap of liberty instead of the crown surmounted the Irish harp. Tandy also, with the purpose of bringing about a fusion between the Defenders and the United Irishmen, took the oath of the Defenders, a Roman Catholic society whose agrarian and political violence had been increasing for several years.

He was about to be tried in 1793 for distributing a seditious pamphlet in County Louth when the government found out he had taken the oath of the Defenders. Being threatened with prosecution for this step, and also for libel, he took refuge by changing his Dublin address often. In 1795 he fled to the United States, where he remained till 1798. In February of that year, he went to Paris, where a number of Irish refugees, the most prominent of whom was Wolfe Tone, were assembled, planning rebellion in Ireland to be supported by a French invasion, but quarrelling among themselves over tactics.

Return to Ireland
Tandy accepted the offer of a corvette, (later captured by the British and renamed ), from the French government and sailed from Dunkirk accompanied by a few United Irishmen, a small force of men and a considerable quantity of arms and ammunition for distribution in Ireland. He arrived at the isle of Arranmore, off the coast of County Donegal, on 16 September 1798.

The locality, however, was sparsely populated and showed little enthusiasm for joining the expedition. Tandy took possession of the village of Rutland, where he hoisted an Irish flag and issued a proclamation; but learning of the defeat of Humbert's expedition, and that Connaught was now subdued, the futility of the enterprise was soon apparent. Tandy sailed his vessel round the north of Scotland to avoid the British fleet. He reached Bergen in safety having brought with him a British ship captured along the way. Tandy then made his way with three or four companions to the free port of Hamburg, where he met a British officer whom he warned to hide from the French agents. A peremptory demand from the British government to detain the fugitives was acceded to despite a counter-threat from the French Directory. In 1799 HMS Xenophon, under Commander George Sayer, brought Tandy and some of his associates back to England as state prisoners.

Exile
On 12 February 1800, Tandy was put on trial at Dublin and was acquitted. He remained in prison in Lifford Jail in County Donegal until April 1801, when he was tried for the treasonable landing on Rutland Island. He pleaded guilty and was sentenced to death but he was reprieved and allowed to go to France. This leniency may have been partly due to doubts as to the legality of the demand for his surrender by the Hamburg authorities. Moreover, Napoleon vigorously intervened on his behalf and is even said to have made Tandy's release a condition of signing the Treaty of Amiens.

Tandy supported the Haitian Revolution and opposed French attempts to suppress it, saying  "we are all of the same family, black and white, the work of the same creator".

Notwithstanding his vices and his lack of all solid capacity, there is no reason to suppose that Napper Tandy was dishonest or insincere; and the manner in which his name was introduced in the well-known ballad "The Wearing of the Green" proves that he succeeded in impressing the popular imagination of the rebel party in Ireland. In France, where his release was regarded as a French diplomatic victory, he was received, in March 1802, as a person of distinction; and when he died on 24 August 1803 in Bordeaux, his funeral "was attended by the whole army in the district and an immense concourse of citizens." There are suggestions that Tandy's remains were later exhumed and returned to Ireland, being buried secretly in an unmarked grave at Castlebellingham Parish Church in County Louth (his niece, Anne Tandy, had married into the Bellingham family). His widow was buried at St. Mary's churchyard, Julianstown, County Meath, where an inscription reads: "To the memory of Mrs Ann Tandy, died 25 Dec 1820, widow of James Napper Tandy, Irish Patriot and General French Army. This stone was erected by their son James Napper Tandy whose youthful son was buried here with Thomas Cannon...".

Notes

References

1739 births
1803 deaths
United Irishmen
Protestant Irish nationalists
Politicians from Dublin (city)
Irish Presbyterians

James Napper Tandy


Plotius Tucca (fl. 35 BC) was a Roman poet and a friend of Virgil. He was in the circle of friends with Virgil and Maecenas, as indicated by Horace (Satires). According to Donatus's Life of Virgil, after Virgil's death, Plotius was one of two executors of Virgil's literary remains—one of two who helped publish the Aeneid on Augustus's orders (the other being Varius Rufus).

Plotius is known today only in connection with the poetry of Horace and Virgil.

References
Harrison, Stephen J. "Plotius Tucca." In Hornblower, Simon and Antony Spawforth, eds. The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2003. 1200.
Hollis, A. S. "L. Varius Rufus, De Morte (Frs. 1-4 Morel)". In The Classical Quarterly, New Series, 27(1),1977. 187-190

1st-century BC Roman poets
Golden Age Latin writers
Virgil
Latin writers known only from secondary sources
1st-century BC Romans
Plautii

Plotius Tucca


Joseph Glazer (June 19, 1918 – September 19, 2006) was an American folk musician who recorded more than thirty albums over the course of his career. He was closely associated with labor unions and often referred to as "labor's troubadour".

Early life and union career
Glazer was born in Manhattan, New York City, in 1918, and grew up in the Bronx. He was a graduate of Brooklyn College and was a civilian radio instructor for the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. He eventually moved to Akron, Ohio, where he performed for the United Rubber Workers throughout his career and also served as education director from 1950 to 1962. Glazer was also a member of the Textile Workers Union of America as well as an adviser to the United States Information Agency.  According to his obituary in The Washington Post in 2006: "Mr. Glazer in 1961 joined the Foreign Service staff of the U.S. Information Agency, then headed by Edward R. Murrow, and was sent to Mexico as labor information officer. He transferred to the State Department in Washington as a labor adviser in 1965."  His younger brother was sociologist Nathan Glazer.

Singer and songwriter
Some of his more acclaimed songs include "The Mill Was Made of Marble," "Too Old To Work" and "Automaton." He recorded "In Old Moscow" ("My Darling Party Line"), a song which ridiculed the Communist Party USA's Stalinist reversal following the 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. In 1954 Glazer released two albums of music from the Industrial Workers of the World, including one entirely of songs by Wobbly songwriter Joe Hill, released by Folkways Records.

In 1960 Glazer collaborated with Edith Fowke to publish Songs of Work and Freedom, which included 10 of his original compositions. He went on to dedicate numerous albums to specific trades, including coal mining, newspaper printing, steelwork, textile mills, and woodworking.

In 1970 Glazer founded Collector Records, originally to issue his own recordings, and, later, recordings by other performers. Collector's first release was  Glazer's 1971 album Garbage and Other Songs of Our Times backed by jazz guitarist Charlie Byrd and his trio. The title track became one of Glazer's most well-known songs after Pete Seeger performed it on Sesame Street and recorded versions of it both for the children's music and environmentalism markets.

In 1979, Glazer invited 14 other labor musicians to the George Meany Center for Labor Studies in Silver Spring, Maryland, to share musical and written compositions, and to discuss the effective use of music, song, poetry and chants in labor activism. The three-day event became an annual one, becoming known as the Great Labor Arts Exchange (GLAE).  Over the next five years, the concept of "labor culture" and how the labor movement and the arts interacted, which Glazer and others promoted, expanded. In 1984, Glazer incorporated the Labor Heritage Foundation as a parent body for GLAE as well as to curate and promote the culture of the American labor movement.

In 2002, Glazer released his autobiography, Labor's Troubadour, published by the University of Illinois Press. Glazer was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award by the World Folk Music Association in 2002.

His label, Collector Records, later became part of Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections distributed by the Smithsonian Folkways label.

Personal life and death
Glazer married Mildred Krauss in 1942, and they had three children. He died from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma at his home in Chevy Chase, Maryland, on September 19, 2006, at the age of 88.

Discography

1950s
Eight New Songs for Labor.  CIO Department of Education and Research, 1950.
Ballads for Sectarians.  Labor Arts, 1952.  Reissued 1953.  Also included in Songs for Political Action, Bear Family BCD 15720 JL, 10 CDs, 1996.
The Songs of Joe Hill.  Folkways Records FA 2039, 1954.
Songs of the Wobblies. Labor Arts, 1954, reissued on LP 1977 and cassette in 1988 by Collector Records.
Joe Glazer and the PAC Bucks.  CIO Education and Research Department, 1955.
Image of History: Twenty Years of the  CIO.  UAW Education Department, 1956.
A Douglas for Me and Other Songs of the New Democratic Party of Canada.  Woodworth Book Club of Canada, 1956.
Ballads for Ballots.  Sound Studios, 1956, reissued by Labor's Committee for Kennedy and Johnson, 1960.
Union Songs.  UAW Education Department, 1958.

1960s
Songs of Work and Freedom.  Washington Records WR-4601, 1960.
Democratic Music.  Democratic Committee for John F. Kennedy for President, 1960.
Songs of Coal.  Sound Studios, 1964.
The Golden Presses -- That Heavenly Newspaper Plant.  The American Newspaper Guild, 1966.
My Darling Party Line.  Sound Studios, 1968.  Reissued as cassette, 1988.
AFSCME Sings with Joe Glazer, 1968.  Reissued in 1971 as Joe Glazer Sings Labor Songs, Collector Records #1918.
Singing about Our Union.  AFSCME, 1969.

1970s
Joe Glazer Sings Garbage -- and Other Songs of Our Times with the Charlie Byrd Trio.  Collector Records #1919, 1971.  Reissued in 1980 with 2 extra tracks, and in 1993 as a cassette.
Joe Glazer Live at Vail.  Central Pension Fund of the OEIU, 1973.
Songs of Steel and Struggle -- the Story of the Steelworkers of America.  Collector Records, 1975.
Down in a Coal Mine.  Collector Records #1923, 1974.  Reissued in 1997 as a cassette.
Textile Voices -- Songs and Stories of the Mills.  Collector Records #1922, 1975.  Reissued 1985 as a cassette.
Singing BRAC with Joe Glazer.  Collector Records #1924, 1975.
Union Train.  Collector Records #1925, 1975.
Songs for Woodworkers.  Collector Records #1929, 1997.

1980s
Service Employees International Sings with Joe Glazer.  SEIU, 1980.
Joe Glazer Sings Labor Songs.  Collector Records, 1980.  Reissued 1988 as a cassette; reissued 1994 as a CD.
A Century of Labor Songs.  Collector Records #1934, 1981.
Jellybean Blues—Songs of Reaganomics.  Collector Records #1935, 1982.  Also issued 1982 as a cassette.
Jellybean Blues, Vol. II.  Collector Records #1935, 1984.  Also issued 1984 as a cassette.
Songs for USIA.  Collector Records, 1985, cassette.
Fifty Years of the UAW.  Collector Records #1934. 1985, cassette.
Bricklayin' Union Man. Collector Records #1991, 1987, cassette.
Old Folks Ain't All the Same.  Collector Records # 1942, 1987.  Also issued 1987 as a cassette.
Joe Glazer Sings Labor Songs, II.  Collector Records #1944, 1989, cassette, reissued on CD in 2001
The Jewish Immigrant Experience in America.  Collector Records #1945, 1989, cassette.

1990s
Sing and Build -- Songs for Architects, Builders and Planners.  Collector Records #1950, 1991, cassette.
Welcome to America -- Songs of the American Immigrants.  Collector Records #1952, 1990, cassette.
Folk Songs of the American Dream.  Collector Records #1954, 1995, cassette and CD.
The Music of American Politics.  Collector Records #1955, 1996, cassette and CD.

Bibliography
  )

Notes

References
Barbash, Fred. "Joe Glazer; Music Set Tone for Labor Movement." Washington Post. September 24, 2006.
Carney, Jim. "U.S. Labor Troubadour Dies at Age 88." Akron Beacon-Journal. September 21, 2006.
Conn, Richard. "Review: Labor's Troubadour." Labor Studies Journal. 28:3 (Fall 2003).
Glazer, Joe. Labor's Troubadour. Urbana, Ill.:  University of Illinois Press, 2002.
Martin, Douglas. "Joe Glazer, 88, A Singer and Songwriter for Labor, Dies." New York Times. September 21, 2006.
Moe, Doug. "Labor's Love Lost: Joe Glazer Dies."  Madison Capitol Times. September 21, 2006.

External links
"Singer-Songwriter Joe Glazer, Class of '38, Dies at Age 88." Brooklyn College. No date. Accessed May 3, 2007.
Glazer Discography on Smithsonian Folkways

1918 births
2006 deaths
20th-century American singers
21st-century American memoirists
Brooklyn College alumni
Deaths from cancer in Maryland
Deaths from non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Folkways Records artists
Jewish American musicians
Musicians from Akron, Ohio
Musicians from the Bronx
National Labor College people
People from Chevy Chase, Maryland
Songwriters from New York (state)
Songwriters from Ohio
Textile Workers Union of America people
Trade unionists from New York (state)
Trade unionists from Ohio

Joe Glazer


MDMB-CHMICA is an indole-based synthetic cannabinoid that is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor and has been sold online as a designer drug. While MDMB-CHMICA was initially sold under the name "MMB-CHMINACA", the compound corresponding to this code name (i.e. the isopropyl instead of t-butyl analogue of MDMB-CHMINACA) has been identified on the designer drug market in 2015 as AMB-CHMINACA.

Chemistry
Several commercial samples of MDMB-CHMICA were found to exclusively contain the (S)-enantiomer based on vibrational and electronic circular dichroism spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. An (S)-configuration for the tert-leucinate group is unsurprising since MDMB-CHMICA is likely synthesized from the abundant and inexpensive "L" form of the appropriate tert-leucinate reactant.

Pharmacology

MDMB-CHMICA acts as a highly potent full agonist of the CB1 receptor with an efficacy of 94% and an EC50 value of 0.14 nM, which is  approximately 8 times lower than the EC50 of JWH-018 (1.13 nM) and twofold lower than AB-CHMINACA (0.27 nM).

Metabolism
MDMB-CHMICA's main metabolic reactions comprise mono-hydroxylations and hydrolysis of the carboxylic ester function. In total, 31 metabolites could be identified in vivo.

Side effects
Seventy-one serious adverse events, including 42 acute intoxications and 29 deaths (Germany (5), Hungary (3), Poland (1), Sweden (9), United Kingdom (10), Norway (1)) that occurred in nine European countries between 2014 and 2016 have been associated with MDMB-CHMICA.

Side effects such as unconsciousness or coma, hyperemesis, nausea, seizures, convulsions, tachycardia, bradycardia, mydriasis, syncope, spontaneous urinating and defecating, shortness of breath, somnolence, respiratory acidosis, metabolic acidosis, collapse, lower limbs paralysis, chest pain, aggression and severe disturbance of behaviour were reported.

Legal status

In the United States, MDMB-CHMICA is a Schedule I controlled substance.

MDMB-CHMICA is illegal in Austria, Canada, China, Croatia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Louisiana, Luxembourg, Norway, Portugal, Turkey, the UK, Sweden and Switzerland.

In August 2016 the European Commission proposed a ban on MDMB-CHMICA across the European Union.

In 27 February 2017 the Commission adopted an implementing act in banning MDMB-CHMICA, and Member States shall take the necessary measures to subject it to control measures and criminal penalties no later than by 4 March 2018.

Seizures

Over 3600 MDMB-CHMICA seizures between 2014 and 2016 in 19 member states of the European Union have been reported to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), including a 40 kg seizure [sic] in Luxembourg in December 2014.

See also

 AB-CHMINACA
 ADB-CHMINACA
 AMB-CHMINACA
 MDMB-CHMINACA
 MDMB-FUBINACA
 PX-3

References

Indoles
Cannabinoids
Designer drugs
Indolecarboxamides

MDMB-CHMICA


A sex bolt is a type of mating fastener (nut) with a barrel-shaped flange and protruding boss that is internally threaded. The bolts sits within the components being fastened, and the flange provides the bearing surface. The sex bolt and accompanying machine screw sit flush on either side of the surfaces being fastened.

It is normally chosen because of its low profile compared to other nuts. The sex bolt often has a built-in feature, such as a slot, to aid in tightening the fastener. Some sex bolts, more commonly known as "architectural bolts", have knurled barrels to allow one-sided assembly.

The sex bolt consists of a female (internally) threaded barrel (nut) and a male (externally) threaded screw. Both the barrel and screw have heads designed to clamp (bind) material between the head of the barrel and the head of the screw, or to bridge the gap between two parts.

Other names for sex bolts include:
 architectural bolts,
 barrel bolts,
 barrel nuts,
 binding barrels,
 book screws or book binding screws,
 Chicago screws, or Chicago binding screws and posts,
 connector bolts,
 female screws,
 posts and screws or screws and posts,
 sleeve nuts,
 tower bust

Applications vary widely from book binding to installing bathroom partitions. This group of fasteners are used to assemble fitness apparatus, solar panels, playground equipment, railing systems, furniture, athletic helmets, knives, store fixtures, signs, panic bars, and many other products.

Technical guide to mating fasteners:

 Barrel diameter mating fasteners often are going through pre-drilled holes. The barrel diameter should be slightly less than the installation hole.
 Barrel length the barrel length is measured from underneath the head to the end of the barrel. Normally the length of the barrel is shorter than the thickness of the material being clamped. Another common term is "grip length", which is the thickness of the material that a mating bolt can effectively fasten or clamp.
 Thread size length and thread class fit for both barrel and screw. The more thread depth, the more difficult these parts are to manufacture, and the more expensive.
 Head style the most common head style for a mating fastener is a "truss" head. Other head styles are button, flat, grommet, hex head, large truss, low profile, oval, rivet and T-head.
 Drive systems mating fasteners are available in a variety of drives such as slotted, socket, Phillips, combination Phillips/slotted, as well as tamper-resistant drives: one way, 6-lobe with pin and drilled spanner.
 Material and finish mating fasteners are available in aluminium, steel, brass, copper, stainless steel and plastic materials. Barrels and screws are available anodized, zinc-plated, brass-plated, chrome-plated, bronze-plated, nickel-plated and black-oxide finish.

References

Nuts (hardware)

Sex bolt


The Schwarzschild radius (sometimes erroneously referred to as the gravitational radius), is the radius of a sphere that has certain properties: if all the mass of an object is compressed within this sphere, the escape speed from the surface of the sphere would equal the speed of light. An example of an object smaller than its Schwarzschild radius is a black hole. Once a stellar remnant collapses below this radius, light can no longer escape and the object is no longer visible. It is a characteristic radius associated with every quantity of mass. The Schwarzschild radius was named after the German astronomer Karl Schwarzschild who calculated this exact solution for the theory of general relativity in 1916.

This radius can be calculated using the equation:

where the gravitational constant G is  N⋅m2/kg2, M is the mass of the object, and c is the speed of light which is 299,792,458 m/s.

Derivation
The Schwarzschild radius is found within the Schwarzschild metric, and originally was used to describe the gravitational field around a black hole, given the assumptions that it is spherical, non-rotating, without a magnetic field, and that the cosmological constant is zero; (it describes the path of a particle moving through this spacetime) however, this radius can be calculated for any object.

References

Relativity
Astrophysics

Schwarzschild radius


The Roland Fountain (sometimes referred to as Maximilian Fountain;  or Maximiliánova fontána) is the most famous fountain in Bratislava, Slovakia, as well as one of the city's important landmarks. It is located in the Old Town, in the Main Square.

Its construction was ordered by Maximilian II, the king of Royal Hungary, in 1572 to provide a public water supply. The fountain is topped by a statue of Maximilian portrayed as a knight in full armour sculpted by master A. Lutringer. Its current appearance is probably far from its original look, since it has been modified and rebuilt several times. However its popularity remains unaltered, still being one of the downtown's favorite meeting points. Many legends are centred on this fountain, mostly featuring Maximilian as the town's protector.

See also
 List of fountains in Bratislava

Buildings and structures in Bratislava
Fountains in Slovakia
Tourist attractions in Bratislava

Roland Fountain


Columbus Tower, also known as the Sentinel Building, is a mixed-use building in San Francisco, California, completed in 1907. The distinctive copper-green Flatiron style structure is bounded by Columbus Avenue, Kearny Street, and Jackson Street; straddling the North Beach, Chinatown, and Financial District neighborhoods of the city. Much of the building is occupied by film studio American Zoetrope, and the ground floor houses a cafe named after the company. The Sentinel Building is listed as San Francisco Designated Landmark No. 33.

History
The building was designed by the architecture firm Salfield and Kohlberg, named for architects David Salfield and Hermann Kohlberg.

Despite the 1907 finish, building work had begun before the San Francisco earthquake the previous year, but extensive damage to the building site, and the rest of the city, slowed down the construction considerably. For a relatively small building such as Sentinel Building, with the extensive workforce available in San Francisco at that time, taking more than a year to complete the building was slightly longer than would have been expected.

The top floor initially housed the headquarters of the notorious Abe Ruef, a local political figure at the time.

In 1949 or 1950, the nightclub hungry i, which would become very influential in the history of stand-up comedy in the US, was opened as an 83-seat venue in the Sentinel Building's basement by Eric Nord, who sold it to Enrico Banducci in 1951. After operating it as a venue for folk singers including Stan Wilson, Banducci began hiring comedians in 1953 with Mort Sahl, encouraging them to express themselves freely. Their success caused queues around the block, until Banducci moved the hungry i to the nearby International Hotel on Jackson Street in 1954.

In 1958, when the Sentinel Building's state had deteriorated and it was threatened with destruction, it was bought by Dutch-born investor Rob Moor and his wife Nella, who renovated it, renamed it to "Columbus Tower", and sold it one and a half years later at a profit to The Kingston Trio. The music group used it as their corporate headquarters during the 1960s. They built a recording studio in the basement which they used themselves and for many other artists including the We Five.

The Kingston Trio later sold the building to film director Francis Ford Coppola, who renovated it and changed its name back to the Sentinel Building. American Zoetrope, the film studio he co-founded with George Lucas, moved into the building in 1972 and remains there as of 2016.

Tenants
Currently occupying much of the tower is Francis Ford Coppola's American Zoetrope studio.

Other tenants include independent public media producers for NPR and PBS, as well as independent sound designers for Pixar and Skywalker Sound, among others.

On the ground floor is the Cafe Zoetrope (previously Cafe Niebaum-Coppola), which has occupied part of the building since 1999. The café is a bistro and wine shop satellite of the Inglenook Estate Winery in the Napa Valley.

Gallery

See also

List of San Francisco Designated Landmarks

References

1900s in San Francisco
1907 establishments in California
American Zoetrope
Buildings and structures in San Francisco
Mass media company headquarters in the United States
North Beach, San Francisco
Office buildings completed in 1907
Office buildings in San Francisco
San Francisco Designated Landmarks
Triangular buildings
Flatiron buildings

Columbus Tower (San Francisco)


Ranunculus peltatus, the pond water-crowfoot, is a plant species in the genus Ranunculus, native to Europe, southwestern Asia and northern Africa.

It is a herbaceous annual or perennial plant generally found in slow streams, ponds, or lakes. It has two different leaf types, broad rounded floating leaves 3–5 cm in diameter with three to seven shallow lobes, and finely divided thread-like submerged leaves. The flowers are white with a yellow centre, 15–20 mm in diameter, with five petals.

There are two sub-species; R. p. peltatus, which favours clean water, and R. p. baudoti (Brackish Water-crowfoot) which is found in brackish coastal habitats. The latter form requires a minimum level of salt to survive.

References

External links

peltatus
Flora of Africa
Flora of Asia
Flora of Europe
Plants described in 1789
Taxa named by Franz von Paula Schrank

Ranunculus peltatus


Janne Tapio Kuusi (born 29 April 1954 in Helsinki, Finland) is a Finnish television and film director, screenwriter, producer and occasional actor.

Career
Directing since 1980 Kuusi has worked mostly on television in Finland although he has directed several feature films, short fictions and documentaries. His last film direction in 2011 was Bohemian Eyes, a documentary film on Aki Kaurismäki's star actor Matti Pellonpää. After 2006 he has concentrated to writing; his first novel Vapaus ("Freedom") was published in 2010 and sixth one 400 kekkosta  in 2022.

Filmography
 Laki jota ei ole/The un-existing Law, 1979, a TV documentary (20 min) director, editor
 Prologi/The Prologue, 1980, a 30-min. fiction. Writer, director, editor, producer
 Läpimurto/The Breakthrough, 1981, a 45 min. fiction. Writer together with J. Tommola, director
 Parveke/Le Balcon/The Balcony, 1982, a TV-play (140 min) adaptation from the play by Jean Genet and direction together with A. af Hällström
 Apinan vuosi/The Year of the Ape, 1983, a 90-min. fiction. Writer together with H. Sirola, director.
 Lapsilta kielletty/Forbidden from Children, 1984, a TV-series (6 x 30 min, fiction). Writer together with T. Eränkö, director
 Laulu/A Song, 1985, a 75-min. documentary. Direction together with A. af Hällström
 Älä itke Iines/Gone with the Mind, 1987, a 90-min. fiction. Producer, writer and director
 Onnea matkaan/Pleasant Journey!, 1988, a 40 min. TV-film (fiction) written by J. Kylätasku. Director.
 Fyysillinen henkilö/A Physical Person, 1988, a 30-min. TV play. Writer together with T. Eränkö, director.
 88, 1989, a 40-min. documentary. Direction together with T.Turkki, editor.
 Valkoinen nainen/The White Female, 1989, a 100-min. TV-film (fiction). Writer together with J. Kylätasku, director
 Valehtelu virkistää/Refreshing Lies,  1990, a 6 x 25 min TV-series (fiction), written by M. Ahola. Dramaturgist and director
 99,5 °C – Sydänkohtauksia/Heart Attacks, 1991, a 30-min. TV-film (fiction). Writer and director.
 Toinen luonto/The Endless Head, 1992, a 60-min. TV-film (fiction). Writer, director and editor.
 Mikroaika/Micro Time, 1992, a 6-min. fiction. Writer, director, editor and producer.
 Tuliainen/The Gift, 1993, a 25-min. fiction. Writer together with H. Vuento, director
 Meno-Paluu/There and Back, 1994, a 13-min. fiction. Writer and director.
 Let's Play Zeus, 1995, a 30-min. fiction, written by A. Bardy and A. Karumo. Director.
 Estimated Time of Arrival, 1996, a 30-min. fiction, written by A. Bardy and A. Karumo. Director.
 Hotelli Voodoo/Hotel Voodoo, 1997, a 47-min musical fiction for TV, written by H. Nurmio. Director and producer.
 Jäppinen, 1997, a 25 min TV-fiction, written by O. Nyytäjä.  Director and producer.
 Vapaa Pudotus/The Free Fall, 2000–02, developing a new method of using improvisation with actors in screenwriting and filmmaking. Result: a 10 x 45 min series of TV-films. Director (7/10), writer with A. Salmenperä and actor group Stella Polaris, Helsinki
 Kukkia ja Sidontaa/Flowers and Binding, 2004, a 107 min fiction and 5 x 45 min TV-miniseries. Writer together with A. Bardy and actor group Stella Polaris, director
 Saippuaprinssi/The Prince of Soap, 2006, a 95 min fiction, written by A. Bardy. Director.
 Boheemi elää/Bohemian Eyes, 2011, a 75 min documentary on actor Matti Pellonpää. Director.

External links

1954 births
Living people
Male actors from Helsinki
Finnish film directors
Finnish television directors
Finnish screenwriters
Finnish film producers
Writers from Helsinki
Businesspeople from Helsinki

Janne Kuusi


The Rambla de las Ovejas (which translates to Ravine of the Sheeps) is a water course of the province of Alicante, in Spain. It originates at the foot of the Maigmo, to 1,100 meters of height and gathers the waters of the sides of the Maigmo, Cid and others of minor height across numerous tributary ravines. It ends in the city of Alicante, between the neighborhoods of Babylon and Saint Gabriel.

The tributary ravines are those of Rambuchar, Pepior, Alabaster and Bramble, between the most important. The normally dry riverbed experiences forts grown as consequence of torrents, like the rains in 1982 it came to 400 m³/seg. in Alicante causing serious destruction and human losses. It has since been canalized providing to the riverbed of a potential capacity of 735 m³/seg. In the floods of 1997 it came to 100 m³/seg.

Rivers of Spain
Province of Alicante

Rambla de las Ovejas


The Chablis region of Burgundy is classified according to four tiers of Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) designation. The top two are the crus of Chablis and include the 7 Grand cru vineyards followed by the lower Premier crus. Wines made entirely from fruit from these vineyards are entitled to list their wines as cru classé Chablis on the wine label. Below these tiers are the lower designations of basic Chablis AOC and Petit Chablis. Soil quality and hill slope play a major role in delineating the  differences. Many of the Premier Crus, and all the Grand Crus vineyards, are planted along valley of the Serein river as it flows into the Yonne with the best sites located on a southwest facing slope that receives the maximum amount of sun exposure. All of Chablis' Grand Cru vineyards and many of their better Premier Cru vineyards are planted on primarily Kimmeridgean soil (a composition of limestone, clay and tiny fossilized oyster shells) which is believed to impart more finesse and structure to the wines. Other areas, particularly the vast majority of Petit Chablis vineyards, are planted on slightly younger Portlandian soil.

Grand Cru vineyards
There is one Grand Cru in Chablis with seven officially delineated Grand Cru climats, covering an area of 247 acres (100 hectares), all located on one southwest facing hill overlooking the town of Chablis. There is one vineyard, La Moutonne, located on this hill between the Grand Cru vineyards of Les Preuses and Vaudésir that is considered an "unofficial" Grand Cru and it will appear on wine labels. However, the Institut National des Appellations d'Origine (INAO) does not recognize La Moutonne as a Grand Cru.
Les Preuses
Vaudésir
Grenouilles
Valmur
Les Clos
Blanchot
Bougros
(unofficial) La Moutonne

Premier Crus

At the turn of the 21st century, there were 40 Premier cru vineyards in Chablis. In 2009, the official list was expanded to 89 vineyards. The names of many of these vineyards do not appear on wine labels because of an INAO allowance that permits the use of "umbrella names" - where smaller, lesser known vineyards are allowed to use the name of a nearby more famous Premier cru vineyard. Seventeen of the most well known "umbrella" vineyards are bolded below.

Mont de Milieu - Vallée de Chigot
Montée de Tonnerre - Chapelot, Les Chapelots, Pied d'Aloup, Sous Pied d'Aloup, Côte de Bréchain
Fourchaume - Vaupulent, Vau Pulan, Les Vaupulans, La Fourchaume, Côte de Fontenay, Dine-Chien, L'Homme Mort, La Grande Côte, Bois Seguin, L'Ardillier, Vaulorent, Les Quatre Chemins, La Ferme Couverte, Les Couvertes
Vaillons - Sur les Vaillons, Chatains, Les Grands Chaumes, Les Chatains, Sécher, Beugnons, Les Beugnons, Les Lys, Champlain, Mélinots, Les Minos, Roncières, Les Epinottes
Montmains - Les Monts Mains, Forêts, Les Forêts, Butteaux, Les Bouts des Butteaux, Vaux Miolot, Le Milieu des Butteaux, Les Ecueillis, Vaugerlains
Côte de Léchet - Le Château
Beauroy - Sous Boroy, Vallée des Vaux, Benfer, Troësmes, Côte de Troësmes, Adroit de Vau Renard, Côte de Savant, Le Cotat-Château, Frouquelin, Le Verger
Vauligneau - Vau de Longue, Vau Girault, La Forêt, Sur la Forêt
Vaudevey - La Grande Chaume, Vaux Ragons, Vignes des Vaux Ragons
Vaucoupin - Adroit de Vaucopins
Vosgros - Adroit de Vosgros, Vaugiraut
Les Fourneaux - Morein, Côte des Près Girots, La Côte, Sur la Côte
Côte de Vaubarousse
Berdiot
Chaume de Talvat
Côte de Jouan
Les Beauregards - Hauts des Chambres du Roi, Côte de Cuissy, Les Corvées, Bec d'Oiseau, Vallée de Cuissy

See also
Burgundy wine
List of Burgundy Grand Crus

References

Wine regions of France
Burgundy (historical region) AOCs
Wine-related lists

List of Chablis crus


The Japanese persimmon or Kaki persimmon (Diospyros kaki) (Japanese:カキノキ) (Kanji:柿) this is the well known Sharon fruit, juicy and sweet when ripe and an excellent food source for birds during winter as the tree holds the fruits on the branches for a long time. An elegant, ornamental tree with beautiful, leathery foliage that turns a vibrant orange during autumn. Its fragrant, tiny bell-shaped, yellow flowers appear among the large, leathery leaves in May. It starts to produce fruit from around the age of 6, it is a highly popular non-astringent variety and dioecious tree with a spreading crown clothed in glossy, dark green, oval leaves. They turn yellow, orange or reddish-purple in the fall, creating a glorious display. Pale yellow, bell-shaped flowers appear after the leaves emerge in the spring and mostly go unnoticed. They are followed by a profusion of edible, large, flat, deep orange persimmon fruits, the size of a medium-sized tomato. Fuyu sets fruit without the need for pollination. The tree is a sight to behold when the leaves have fallen, displaying the bright fruits throughout the canopy. They attract wildlife and may persist on the tree for weeks, resembling Christmas ornaments. The fruit is seedless, mild flavoured, sweet and can be eaten in its firm state like an apple or allowed to ripen to soft, mushy texture. Valued for its fruit and attraction to wildlife, Japanese Persimmon is an excellent fruit tree for ornamental use and makes an excellent specimen.

Fruits
Ebenaceae
National symbols of Japan

Diospyros kaki