Langdon Cheves ( September 17, 1776 – June 26, 1857) was an American politician, lawyer and businessman from South Carolina. He represented the city of Charleston in the United States House of Representatives from 1810 to 1815, where he played a key role on the home front of the War of 1812. Cheves was a leader among the War Hawk faction of the House. He served as chairman of the Committees on Naval Affairs and Ways and Means under Speaker of the House Henry Clay, then succeeded Clay as Speaker in the war's final stages. After leaving the House, he served as President of the Second Bank of the United States from 1819 to 1822.

After leaving public office, Cheves was an active advocate for unified Southern resistance to protective tariffs and any attempt to abolish slavery, though an opponent of unilateral action by South Carolina or any one state. Originally, Cheves advocated for a convention of Southern states to pressure Congress into adopting these positions, but eventually became one of the earliest advocates for outright regional secession from the United States.

Early life
Langdon Cheves was born on September 17, 1776, at Bulltown Fort, on the Rocky River in South Carolina. His father, Alexander, was a native of Buchan, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. His mother, Mary Langdon, was from Virginia and had migrated to the South Carolina backcountry with her father, a farmer and doctor. Their neighbors included Andrew Pickens and the Calhoun family.

Cheves was born in Bulltown Fort amidst an ongoing war between the Scots-Irish settlers and the Cherokee, which settlers attributed to British instigation at the onset of the American Revolution. Cheves's pregnant mother was sheltered at the fort for her protection. Shortly after his birth, his maternal aunt left the fort for supplies and was killed and scalped by enemy forces.

His mother died on November 20, 1779. Cheves later described standing at his mother's grave as his earliest childhood memory. He was shortly thereafter placed in the care of his paternal aunt and uncle, Thomas and Margaret (née Agnew) Cheves. Cheves's father Alexander enlisted in the Loyalist cause under Major John Hamilton, but his brother Thomas was a Patriot who fought under Andrew Pickens at the Battle of Kettle Creek. After the Loyalist cause became dire in 1782, Alexander Cheves transferred his property to Langdon, likely in fear of confiscation. He entered exile, first in Nova Scotia and then in London. He was not received favorably by British courts and was not remunerated for his service and decided to return to America.

Langdon was raised by his aunt and uncle on their family farm with four younger cousins. When they reached an appropriate age, the children began studies under Andrew Weed, a community leader and ruling elder in the local Presbyterian Church. The studies centered on the Westminster Catechism.

In 1785, Alexander Cheves returned from exile with his second wife, Susannah Craig, established a business in Charleston, and retrieved his son Langdon from his brother. Langdon continued his formal education from 1786 to 1788 with a Scottish schoolmaster who eliminated his backcountry drawl through corporal punishment. Around 1790, his father purchased a house slave named Phoebe.

Early career

Business career
At age 12, Langdon's father withdrew him from school and apprenticed him to James Jaffray, a merchant, Glasgow native, and fellow member of the city's St. Andrew's Society. Langdon started by performing menial tasks at the Charleston shop before being promoted to supercargo to accompany shipments to and from Edisto Island. By 1792, at age 16, he had been promoted to chief clerk. In this role, he met and impressed many of the city's key merchants, including John Potter, from whom Cheves personally secured a loan for the business and who later, as a director of the Bank of the United States, secured Cheves's election as its president.

Legal career
In spite of the advice of his friends, who thought him "born to be a merchant," Cheves began studying law at age 18. His early education was largely self-taught from a personal library, but he hired a personal tutor for French and Latin. After the death of his employer James Jaffray on October 15, 1795, Cheves met William Marshall, an attorney assigned to Jaffray's estate and future judge of the South Carolina Court of Equity. Cheves applied to read law in Marshall's office, and his apprenticeship began in early 1796. Although South Carolina law required four years of reading for non-college graduates, Cheves appeared for examination before the bar on October 13, 1797, and passed.

He opened an office in Charleston which he rented from Elihu H. Bay and shared with Robert James Turnbull. To improve his public speaking, Cheves joined a Philomathean Debating Society, which doubled as a social club. There, he met William Lowndes.

By May 1800, Cheves's practice and social standing had grown. He had purchased a slave to serve as a personal servant, improved his dress, and applied to practice before the United States Court for District of South Carolina. In 1801, he accepted a partnership with Joseph Peace, a Quaker and native to the West Indies. The partnership was a financial success; each man made over $10,000 annually, and in its final two years from 1807 to 1809, each made $20,000 (approximately $ in ).

When he became Attorney General of the state of South Carolina in 1808, the firm's work and prestige expanded dramatically. Among Cheves's young private clerks during these two years were John M. Felder, John Laurens North, Thomas Smith Grimké, and future U.S. Senator Robert Young Hayne. Cheves would later bestow his legal practice on Hayne.

In the summer of 1807, Peace announced his plans to leave Charleston for Philadelphia, and Cheves, who believed Peace had not fulfilled his share of the partnership, eagerly arranged the firm's dissolution. He planned to retire from law, but first accepted a one-year partnership with Amos B. Northrup.

State politics
In summer 1798, stemming from outrage over French mistreatment of American ambassador and Charleston native Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Cheves joined and became a treasurer of the Charleston Federalist Company, an informal social-military group formed to defend the harbor in the event of an ostensible French invasion.

On March 9, 1802, Cheves was elected to the Charleston City Council to succeed William Lee.

South Carolina House of Representatives
In October 1802, he was elected to represent the city (as the Parish of St. Philip and St. Michael) in the South Carolina House of Representatives. By this time, the Federalist Party was in rapid decline in the state, even its previous stronghold of Charleston. Cheves was identified with the younger Republican faction. He was not actively involved in the business of the House, focusing instead on his legal practice and declining to run for re-election in 1804.

Cheves returned to politics in 1806, running for the House again at the head of the Republican ticket. He received more votes than any other candidate. Upon the start of the new term, Cheves was appointed chair of the Judiciary Committee and the Committee on Privileges and Elections.

In a special legislative session, Cheves took an active part in the reapportionment of the state to address the disproportionate representation of Lowcountry whites. The resultant constitutional amendment, known as the "Compromise of 1808," was guided by William Lowndes and resulted in permanent control by the combined planter aristocracy.

1808 presidential election
In the wake of the Chesapeake–Leopard affair, Cheves served with Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Thomas Pinckney, and William Washington on a non-partisan committee enforcing Charleston resolutions requiring ten days' mourning and barring assistance to British ships. Cheves also anonymously (as "Aristides") wrote editorials in support of President Thomas Jefferson and the Embargo of 1807.

He endorsed James Madison over Charles Pinckney, urged the election of pro-Madison Representatives, and stood for re-election as one such Representative. He was elected by the legislature to head the electoral ticket and cast his vote for Madison.

South Carolina Attorney General
On December 7, 1808, Cheves was elected South Carolina Attorney General. In this role, he advised Governor John Drayton on legal matters, personally represented the state in the eastern circuit courts, and expanded his private practice.

U.S. House of Representatives

Elections

1810
As the embargo on European goods dragged on, the South Carolina economy suffered. Rice prices were halved and cotton collapsed. By 1810, Charlestonians and South Carolinians at large were deeply discontent with the 11th Congress and President Madison. With the Federalist Party now a non-factor, the election was contested between competing Republican factions.

Alongside E.S. Thomas of the City Gazette, friends of Thomas Jefferson including Charles Pinckney supported William Loughton Smith, a former Federalist Congressman who had served as John Adams's minister to Portugal. However, a much larger portion of the party in Charleston favored Cheves, and the Smith supporters eventually got in line. The election was held October 10–11, but was overshadowed by a fire in the city that destroyed 194 houses. Cheves was elected without opposition. The other new members of the delegation were William Lowndes, representing Columbia and John C. Calhoun of the Upstate.

Shortly after his election to the House, incumbent Robert Marion resigned early, triggering a special election to complete his term. Cheves won unopposed and took his seat early in the 11th Congress.

1812
In 1812, Cheves was re-elected to the 13th Congress. His opponent was the leader of the South Carolina Federalists, John Rutledge Jr. Cheves was attacked for his support of the War, especially in light of his 1808 letters which vigorously opposed "war for commerce." Federalists also accused Cheves of private discrimination against immigrants. He remained personally aloof from the campaign, only writing to assure his constituents that he acknowledged their confidence and valued it "more highly than money." He won re-election comfortably, 1,581–839.

Committee assignments
During his brief first term in office, during the 11th Congress, Cheves served on two minor select committees: one dealing with bank incorporations and the other on the completion of the 1810 Census.

In his second term, Cheves served on the Committee on Ways and Means and chaired of the Select Committee on Naval Affairs. He became acting chair of Ways and Means on April 27, 1812.

War of 1812
Immediately upon his arrival in Washington, Cheves was faced with the brewing international crisis that eventually resulted in the War of 1812. British impressment of Americans had become less frequent, but both Britain and France maintained obstacles to American trade with the other. The House had recently passed Macon's Bill Number 2 in retaliation, and Napoleon had relaxed the French restrictions. In a debate over repealing Macon's Bill, Cheves delivered a careful maiden speech critical of the bill as feeble and calling for a "more direct and proper course." He was immediately identified as a "War Hawk".

War Mess

In the 12th Congress, to which Cheves had originally been elected, his housemates included Lowndes, Calhoun, fellow Hawk Henry Clay, Clay's rival Felix Grundy, and Senator George M. Bibb. The building came to be called the "War Mess" and served as a meeting place for pro-War leaders of Congress and Secretary of State James Monroe, who acted as liaison to the President. As a consequence, the residents of the house were among the best informed Representatives in the 12th Congress.

At the opening of the Congress in a special session on November 4, 1811, Clay was overwhelmingly elected Speaker of the House. He proceeded to appoint War Mess men to key committee posts. Calhoun and Grundy were appointed on the Foreign Relations Committee, Lowndes on Commerce and Manufactures, and Cheves was given the chairmanship of the Select Committee on Naval Affairs. He was made second man on the powerful Committee on Ways and Means.

In March 1812, the War Mess privately pressed Madison, through Monroe, to request an embargo of British trade, followed by formal declaration of war from Congress. Madison eventually agreed, and the United States formally declared war against Great Britain on June 18. Cheves later remembered that the War Mess were "like school boys, [they] sprang up, and in the excess of their joy danced... a reel."

Naval Affairs
As chairman of the Committee on Naval Affairs, Cheves had a key role in preparedness and appropriations for the potential war ahead. He began by submitting detailed requests to Secretary of the Navy Paul Hamilton and Secretary of War William Eustis. By December, he had catalogued the nation's limited naval strength and begun to plan, with Hamilton's and Eustis's advice, appropriations for additional ships and fortifications.

On December 17, 1811, he submitted two reports on naval affairs. The first recommended $1,000,000 (approximately  in ) "for the defense of our maritime frontier" by refortifying existing defenses. The second authorized the purchase of ship timber, repair of all vessels not in use, the establishment of a national repair dock, and the construction of ten additional frigates, "averaging thirty-eight guns."

Cheves delivered a speech on behalf of the committee on January 17, 1812, defending a reinvigorated Navy as the only effective protection for American "commerce and our neutral rights on the ocean." The bill was opposed by orthodox Jeffersonians like David R. Williams, who had long opposed the existence of any Navy whatsoever. The sections providing for the construction of new ships and a new dockyard were struck down, but the timber purchase and repair provisions passed on January 29. The maritime fortifications bill passed overwhelmingly, 88–25, on February 4. Cheves's forceful advocacy for the Navy led former Federalist Samuel Taggart to remark,
"whatever [Cheves] may be nominally he is in reality as high a toned Federalist as ever was Alexander Hamilton."

Ways and Means
As the second ranking member on the Ways and Means Committee, Cheves also had a key role in securing the appropriations to fund the War. Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin estimated the war would require about $21,000,000 in new revenues, with about half in debt and half raised in new taxes.

After a new embargo went into effect on April 1, 1812, the House declined to recess. Ways and Means chair Ezekiel Bacon, took a leave of absence on April 27, making Cheves the acting chairman of the powerful committee as the war began.

One of Cheves's primary goals on Ways and Means was to persuade those who feared higher internal taxes or the restraining commercial effect on tariffs to join the war effort. To lighten the tax burden, Cheves attempted to repeal the Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 in order to use the duties assessed on imports to lower internal taxes. Cheves introduced the repeal bill on June 19, the day after war was declared; repeal was defeated on June 25, with Speaker Clay casting the deciding vote in opposition.

Break with Clay
In November 1812, following the July recess and his re-election to a second term, Cheves returned to the House to secure funding for the war. The ensuing debate divided the War Mess between the South Carolinians, who favored free trade and internal taxes, and the Speaker Clay, Felix Grundy and other Republicans. The primary issue was the seizure of merchants' bonds: bonds purchased by American merchants who imported British goods during a gap in the embargo.

They purchased these bonds against their goods, which were then sold at an extremely high profit due to wartime inflation. Cheves, along with Calhoun and Lowndes, opposed efforts to allow the Secretary of the Treasury, Albert Gallatin, to seize the bonds. Cheves was outvoted in committee but refused to defend the proposal in front of the House, deferring to Richard Mentor Johnson to advocate in his place.

In response to Johnson's advocacy, Cheves attacked the measure as an impermissible delegation of Congress's legislative authority. He extended his criticism to Clay's general program of restrictive economics, arguing that it devastated the American coastal economy in striking at the British. When Clay attempted to introduce a measure to preserve the protective system but exempt the bonds at issue, Cheves, Calhoun, and Lowndes maintained their opposition. Ultimately, the Ways and Means report was defeated in the House on December 11 by a vote of 49–52; the South Carolinians won, but at the expense of unity within the War faction. After Cheves was unable to push through any internal tax increase by the end of the term in March, the House approved a $5,000,000 issue of Treasury notes and a $16,000,000 loan at Secretary Gallatin's request.

Cheves's declaration against Clay's protective system caused issues at home as well as in Washington. Governor of South Carolina Joseph Alston called Cheves a "political Jesuit" and declared his seat (as well as those of the other South Carolina representatives) vacant for the next term on the technicality that Cheves had not notified the governor of his acceptance. Charlestonians denounced Alston until he bowed to pressure and delivered the commissions.

13th Congress
Upon his arrival in Washington for the 13th Congress in March 1813, Cheves learned that Clay had stripped him of all committee assignments.

As a result, he had little involvement in the debates over national policy and focused his efforts on securing Charleston against the threat of a British invasion. In June, Cheves personally lobbied Secretary of War John Armstrong Jr. to allow Thomas Pinckney, in command of the Southern Department of the War, to disperse his troops along the coast. He voted against President Madison's proposed embargo, which passed regardless and further alienated New England Federalists.

Speaker of the House
On January 14, 1814, President Madison nominated a commission to negotiate peace with Britain, including Albert Gallatin, John Quincy Adams, and Speaker Henry Clay. With Clay out of the country, he was forced to resign his office, triggering an election to succeed him on January 19. The Federalists threw their support to Cheves, who won a slight majority over Felix Grundy, who had the support of the majority of the Republican caucus, and former Speaker Nathaniel Macon of North Carolina. Clay urged the Republicans to unite behind Cheves.

As Speaker, Cheves was a strict parliamentarian. He demanded members confine their remarks to the motion pending and did not tolerate personal attacks, as had been frequent under Clay. He made only one speech, lamenting losses in the war but urging the government to continue to prosecute it vigorously. By April, with Napoleon on the verge of apparent defeat and Britain threatening total domination over maritime commerce, Cheves successfully saw repeal of Clay's restrictive system. He soon thereafter returned to Charleston and informed party leaders that he would not be a candidate for re-election to a third term.

In September, Congress returned urgently to Washington for a special session. On August 24, with Washington evacuated, the British had burned the capital. The night after, a tornado destroyed much of what remained. The House relocated to a small room in the General Post and Patent Office Building, itself a former hotel.

Defeating the Second National Bank
In addition to the physical destruction the capital, Congress faced a budget crisis; $74,000,000 was necessary to keep the government solvent. Treasury Secretary George W. Campbell resigned rather than offer a solution, and banks throughout the country had begun to suspend cash payments. Cheves himself declined President Madison's offer to serve as Campbell's successor; instead, Madison appointed Alexander J. Dallas.

To persuade banks to subscribe to government loans, Dallas suggested the imposition of new taxes and the revival of the national bank. Republicans defeated efforts to recharter the First National Bank in 1811, but  were willing to contemplate a new charter given the present crisis. Dallas presented a plan recommending $50,000,000 in bank capital, $6,000,000 in specie and the remainder in government bonds. The government would subscribe $20,000,000. John C. Calhoun, with Cheves's backing, counter-proposed a bank to serve the financial community that would bar investors from buying stock using Treasury notes issued during the war.

On January 2, the Dallas plan came before the House. Cheves cast the deciding vote against the bill. He argued instead for an independent bank, as the Calhoun plan provided. The bill failed 80–81, but was passed on reconsideration on January 7; Madison vetoed the bill.

Other acts
In September, Cheves cast the tie-breaking vote in the House to relocate the capital from Washington, but the House reversed itself a week later with no alternate location selected.

When Vice President Elbridge Gerry died on November 23, 1814, the office of President pro tempore of the Senate was vacant, and so Cheves briefly became next in line for the presidency. This status lasted for two days until Senator John Gaillard was chosen president pro tempore.

After his term expired, he devoted himself exclusively to his law practice in Charleston bar. In 1815, he was made a judge of the superior court of South Carolina.

Cheves was appointed chief commissioner of claims under the Treaty of Ghent.

President of the Bank of the United States

Background
Shortly after Cheves left office in March 1815, President Madison successfully lobbied the new 14th Congress to re-charter the National Bank, headquartered in Philadelphia and governed along much the same lines as its 1791 predecessor. Madison and Secretary Dallas successfully installed William Jones as its first President.

Under Jones's leadership, the Bank was soon overextended through branch loans and the decision to accept promissory notes, often backed in its own stock, from subscribers in lieu of specie. Nevertheless, the Bank initially flourished in the booming post-war economy.

Jones's tenure came to an end following the Panic of 1819, which left the Bank  on the brink of collapse. Cheves himself later referred to the Bank during this period as "a ship without a rudder or sails, on short allowance of provisions and water, on a stormy sea and far from land." It paused operations on July 20, 1818, and demanded payment of specie from state banks, bankrupting many and leading to a wave of resentment.

Election
In December 1818, Charleston stockholders in the Second Bank asked Cheves for his permission to propose his name for the Bank presidency at the upcoming board meeting, and he consented. Cheves was himself a founding but inactive member of the board of the Charleston branch, who later described himself as "ignorant and unapprehensive of the situation of the bank."

His Charleston supporters enlisted the powerful support of Stephen Girard of Philadelphia and Alexander Brown of Baltimore. They elected Cheves to the board of the directors on January 5, 1819, but with no desire for a divisive leadership fight, failed to unseat Jones as president. Cheves accepted his seat with hopes that he would be elevated in 1820 when Jones, then ill, retired. Instead, Jones and the board were indicted by a House select committee chaired by John Canfield Spencer for violations of the Bank charter, poor management, and speculation. Jones resigned in disgrace on January 21. Cheves was his natural successor; he briefly considered, but declined, the chance to succeed William Johnson on the U.S. Supreme Court and accepted the presidency on February 15 and was sworn in on March 6.

Tenure
The day after Cheves took office, the Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court John Marshall delivered his opinion in the case McCulloch v. Maryland, upholding the Bank's exemption from state taxation, harboring the Bank against its political opponents at the state level.

Shortly after he entered office, Cheves also presided over the establishment of a new bank building at Chestnut Street in Philadelphia. The building was completed in 1821.

Monetary policies
Cheves's early tenure focused on rectifying the failed promises of Jones's administration, enforcing monetary contractions at the branch level by ordering branches in the South and West to stop issuing notes and eastern branches to stop receiving them. He also reduced salaries and opened a correspondence with Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford. On April 9, he called a meeting of the board of directors to outline his six proposals, which the board approved overwhelmingly:
 that the curtailment of loans begun by Jones be continued;
 that southern and western offices be forbidden to issue notes whenever such notes would drain the eastern offices of specie;
 that state banks be required to begin immediate specie payments for debts to the Bank;
 that the Treasury give the Bank advance notice when it proposed to withdraw funds from a branch where no government deposits had been made;
 that debentures be paid in the same currency for which they were originally issued; and
 that additional specie be purchased from abroad to secure the Bank's obligations.

Crawford voiced his displeasure at the requirement of Treasury notice. Cheves himself acknowledged that the curtailment of loans was only a temporary measure adopted at the insistence of Bank officers; he determined to lift the restriction as soon as possible. To Crawford, he wrote that the cause of the reforms was "the restraint put upon the offices, with which exchanges were adverse, in the issue of their notes." Circulation dropped about 25 percent. Though his policies likely ensured the Bank's institutional stability, hard money advocate William M. Gouge blamed his restrictions for the continued depression: "The Bank was saved and the people were ruined."

Within Cheves's first six months as president, a movement was instigated to remove him and return to Jones's policy, but it fizzled and he was re-elected unanimously in 1820.

In 1820, drawing on the works of Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus, and J.B. Say, Cheves anonymously defended his policies (under the pen name "Say") an essay titled Inquiry into the Causes of Public Prosperity and Distress. He argued that war-time prosperity had ended because of the failure of the foreign export market, the "diminution and depreciation of our currency," the "failure of manufacturing establishments," and the resulting "diminished demand for labor and capital." Amid this depression, a "pernicious system of banking" had cheapened the currency and produced "a kind of general paralysis," which his policies had reversed. In time, he predicted, agriculture would be restored, though manufacturing would only grow at the same pace as population in the cities and towns.

In January 1821, in an effort to placate the South and West, Cheves proposed a more lenient loan policy provided it was compatible with maintenance of a sound currency. He was opposed only by Nicholas Biddle. He also established a dividend in July 1821 of 1.5%, which increased to 2.5% by January 1822.

Structural reforms
Also in 1819, Cheves deputized director Nicholas Biddle to investigate James A. Buchanan, George Williams, and James W. McCulloch for illegally purchasing bank stock worth nearly $3,500,000 and accumulating large and unauthorized personal indebtedness against the Bank. Biddle's investigation revealed fraudulent inflation in the price of the Bank's stock and personal enrichment by all three men. McCulloch was removed as cashier and Buchanan resigned as president.

In 1820, subordinate officers in Richmond and Philadelphia were forced to resigned for misconduct and unreported deficiencies. Cheves called for investigations into the business policies of western branches and legal protections for the Bank by Congress amending the charter:
the term of Bank directors to be extended to more than three years;
legal protection for the Bank against frauds committed by its own officers;
officials other than the President and cashier deputized to sign bank notes; and
branches required by charter to accept only their own notes or those of the parent bank in Philadelphia.

These calls were unsuccessful; no Congressional majority could be gained to side with Cheves during his presidency.

Resignation and succession
As early as 1821, Cheves had resolved to retire from his post by January 1823. He made his decision known to Secretary Crawford in May 1822 and announced it at the stockholders meeting on October 1, after which a struggle to succeed him ensued. Cheves first fended off a challenge by Jones supporters who sought to reverse his policies; the board he nominated was elected unanimously.

Among the Cheves supporters, Secretary Crawford solicited Albert Gallatin, but received little approval from the directors. Roswell L. Colt lobbied for his nephew, Nicholas Biddle. Biddle was also a friend of President Monroe. Robert Gilmor Jr. advised Cheves that Biddle was "unsuitable." Cheves adamantly preferred a Philadelphian, but disliked Biddle as pretentious for his opposition to his liberalization policies. Baltimore directors lobbied heavily for a resident of that city, but were split between Thomas Ellicott and John White, who had succeeded McCulloch as branch cashier, and were unable to overcome Cheves's preference for a Philadelphian. Cheves ultimately settled William M. Meredith but, fearing Meredith was unqualified, asked White to accept the role of cashier to act as de facto President. White rejected this plan.

Meanwhile, Biddle began to actively campaign for the position. Emphasizing support from Crawford and Monroe, he openly expressed his willingness to serve. He gained support from John Quincy Adams, John C. Calhoun, Stephen Girard, and powerful Philadelphia stockholders. In November, Cheves publicly supported Biddle as his successor and he was voted in 14–1.

Retirement
After leaving the Bank, Cheves remained in Philadelphia until 1826, when he moved his family to Lancaster, Pennsylvania. He returned his family to South Carolina in 1830 to become rice planters and continued to engage in public debate, writing occasional essays and reviews. He was a leading advocate for the idea of a unified Southern resistance to national government, particularly in opposition to tariffs and the abolition of slavery.

In 1823, he was appointed to adjust American claims under the St. Petersburg Convention. Most of the disputed claims concerned slaves seized by the British navy from southern plantations, and Cheves was chosen by Southern Congressmen as a sympathetic pro-slavery voice. After a series of delays and disagreements, the  British agreed to pay a lump sum for the seized slaves, which would be distributed to American slaveowners by a commission consisting of Cheves, Henry Seawell, and James Pleasants. During their adjudication, Cheves argued against admitting the testimony of the slaves themselves, but Congress intervened against him to side with Seawall and Pleasants. He resigned the commission early after approving two claims.

In 1823–1824, Cheves was asked to re-enter the political arena as a Democratic-Republican Party candidate for the office of U.S. President in time for the 1824 election; he turned this offer down. In 1828, he endorsed Andrew Jackson over his friend Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams. Jackson considered Cheves for Secretary of the Treasury, but he was passed over in favor of Samuel Ingham.

Nullification and secession
During the nullification crisis of 1828–33, Cheves urged tariff reduction, as did most members of the South Carolina planter class. In contrast to many of his allies, however, Cheves spoke highly of regional union in opposition to "the metaphysics of nullification" as a distinctly South Carolinian issue. He framed the issue as "a great Southern question, in which South Carolina is not more interested than the rest of the Southern States" and therefore urged the formation of a convention of States to present a unified front of resistance and pressure Congress into tariff reduction. He also recalled the failure of Georgia in resistance to the Supreme Court decision Worcester v. Georgia. His compromise position was not popular with either the outright Nullifier or Unionist factions. Cheves decried both factions as divisive and the popular rancor over the issue a betrayal of representative constitutional democracy.

Cheves stayed aloof from the intrastate conflict over the crisis until 1832, when he joined the Unionists after they adopted his call for a convention of Southern states and were successful in reducing the tariff, over the Nullifiers' objections. Cheves directly countered Calhoun, now Vice President of the United States, arguing that "[t]here is not a shadow of support for the doctrine of Constitutional Nullification... in the Constitution of the United States." He did nonetheless decline to directly join the Unionist campaign and refused election as a delegate from Sumter County to the Unionist state convention.

In 1837, he opposed a recharter of the National Bank, arguing that excessive centralization threatened to snap the taut binds between the States:

"Those who wish the Union to last, should not desire to make the Government stronger. The cord is one which will not bear stretching; you may multiply its strands but you will destroy the material. Touch it with power and it will snap like a thread."

In 1844, amid renewed calls for nullification over the Tariff of 1842, Cheves emphatically revived his prior position, calling for no action by South Carolina without the backing of the entire South. This time, he added that such action was also necessary to defend slavery, without which the South would become "blackened ruins, with a remanent of the African race wandering amidst them in all the mistery of desolation and hopelessness." Throughout the following decade, Cheves's idea of unified Southern action became increasingly popular, leading to a series of informal commercial and political conventions throughout the region.

In the summer and autumn of 1850, Cheves served as a delegate to the Nashville Convention, which adopted resolutions denouncing the Compromise of 1850. In the convention's second, more radical session, Cheves took a leading role by personally offering and advocating for a resolution that "secession by the joint action of the slave-holding States is the only efficient remedy for the aggravated wrongs which they now endure and the enormous evils which threaten them in future, from the usurped and unrestrained power of the federal government."

At the state convention of 1852, Cheves worked to prevent South Carolina from seceding unilaterally, maintaining his belief in Southern unity.

Planting and real estate
Cheves's plantation, called Delta, made heavy use of slave labor; when his daughter was married in late 1830, Cheves gifted her forty-one slaves and three house servants. The total number of slaves held on the plantation throughout his management varied around 200. Cheves frequently replaced his plantation's overseers through his eleven years as its manager, finding that they were inadequate "manager[s] of Negroes." He employed lashings but refused to employ methods of punishment that he believed would "extend so far as to endanger life and health." In 1835, he inherited a second plantation focused on cotton production, which he named Lang Syne, and an additional 94 slaves. A third plantation, Southfield, was established for his youngest son Hayne in 1845.

Personal life

Family
Cheves met his wife, Mary Elizabeth Dulles, on a return trip from Montréal. She was a young Charleston resident at boarding school in Philadelphia, rooming with Cheves's law partner's sister-in-law. Cheves's party agreed to escort the two girls home to Charleston. They were engaged to be married by December 1805.

They were married on May 6, 1806, at the Dulles home in Charleston. The couple had fourteen children including proslavery essayist Louisa McCord. Their eldest son, Joseph, attended Yale before transferring to Harvard, where he was a member of the Porcellian Club. Joseph graduated in 1826 and read law in New York City. Alexander Cheves attended the United States Military Academy at West Point before studying and practicing law in Baltimore. He later succumbed to alcoholism and became estranged from his father.

Mary died on April 5, 1836, at the age of forty-six.

Religion
Cheves was a lifelong Presbyterian.

Civic organizations
In 1814, he was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society. In 1821, Cheves was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society and Mercantile Library Association in Philadelphia.

Views on evolution
Like many wealthy men of his day, Cheves was interested in science. The physician and geologist Joseph Le Conte was an acquaintance. In his autobiography, Le Conte wrote that Cheves had articulated to him a theory of evolution almost identical to Charles Darwin's, long before Darwin published his Origin of Species. However, Cheves never published his ideas on the subject.

Death and burial
After the death of his son-in-law David McCord and son Charles in 1855, Cheves suffered a stroke which left him partially paralyzed. He moved to Columbia, South Carolina with his daughter Louisa, and lived there until his death on June 26, 1857.

He was laid in state in Charleston City Hall and was buried at the Scots Presbyterian Church.

See also
 Abbeville (Lancaster, Pennsylvania), which was owned by Cheves between 1826 and 1830
 Lang Syne Plantation, the family plantation

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

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1776 births
1857 deaths
Speakers of the United States House of Representatives
South Carolina Attorneys General
American science writers
Proto-evolutionary biologists
American people of Scotch-Irish descent
Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina
Members of the American Antiquarian Society

Langdon Cheves


Samuel Pullen (also Pullein and Pulleyne) (1598–1667) was the Church of Ireland archbishop of Tuam in Ireland.

Biography
Samuel Pullen was the son of William Pullein, rector of Ripley, Yorkshire. Born in Ripley in 1598, he commenced M.A. at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, 1623, and in 1624 was appointed the first master, under the second endowment, of the Leeds Grammar School, and lecturer in the parish church. In both offices he was succeeded in 1630 by his brother Joshua Pullen (d. 1657), father of Tobias Pullen. Joshua continued as master until 1651.

Samuel accompanied the Marquis of Ormonde to Ireland as private chaplain in 1632. He was installed a prebendary of the diocese of Ossory on 5 June 1634, appointed rector of Knockgraffon, Tipperary, and chancellor of Cashel in 1636. On 14 November 1638 he was created dean of Clonfert in Galway. On the outbreak of the Catholic rebellion in October 1641, Pullen, who was then living in Cashel, Tipperary, was plundered of all his goods, to the value of four or five thousand pounds, and, with his wife and children, only escaped murder by the protection of a Jesuit father named James Saul, who sheltered him for three months. On his escape to England, Pullen became chaplain to Aubrey de Vere, 20th Earl of Oxford. Invited by the Countess of Oxford to hear a sermon of a popular Puritan preacher, an alleged shoemaker, Pullen recognised in the preacher his former benefactor, the Jesuit, in disguise. Pullen contrived that Saul should quit Oxfordshire without exposure.

Pullen was collated on 28 October 1642 to a prebend in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin which he held until the Restoration, when he was incorporated D.D. of Dublin, and, through the Duke of Ormonde's influence, elevated to the see of Tuam, with that of Kilfenoragh (19 January 1661). He died on 24 January 1667, and was buried in the cathedral at Tuam.

Pullen married, first, on 8 June 1624, Anne (d. 1631), daughter of Robert Cooke, B.D., vicar of Leeds, by whom he had three sons, Samuel, Alexander, and William. Pullen's second wife was a sister of Archbishop John Bramhall.

References

Attribution

1598 births
1667 deaths
People from the Borough of Harrogate
Christian clergy from County Galway
Deans of Clonfert
Anglican archbishops of Tuam
17th-century Anglican archbishops
Clergy from Yorkshire

Samuel Pullen


Atumo-Ede (Yoruba-English): ₦

Oju-iwe Kiini

Sáà, n. time, season, interval, semester. A ó ka ìwé náà ní sáà tó ń bọ̀. (We shall read the book next semester)

Sá v.t. to dry in the sun, to air to flee, to run. Ó sí lọ (He ran away)

Sà, v.t. to aim at, to apply medicine according to the direction of the doctor of the doctor, to employ. Ó sa oògùn sí i (He employed charms against him.)

Sáà, adv. awhile, for a time. Ó ṣiṣẹ́ fún sáà díẹ̀ (He worked for a short time).

Sàba, v.i. to incubate, to sit on eggs in order to hatch them (of hens), to brood on eggs. Adìyẹ yìí ń sàba (This hen is brooding on her eggs)

Sábà v.i. to be in the habit of doing etc.) to be accustomed to (doing, etc). Mo máà ń sábàá lọ síbẹ̀. (I am in the habit of going there)

Sábẹ́, prep. under. Ó fi sábẹ́ẹ tábìlì (He put it under the table)

Sá di,  v.t. to take shelter under one's protection. Ó sá di mi. (He took shelter under my protection)

Sado, v.i. to compete in running race

Safá v.t. to spread over something (like cream over boiled milk)

Sáàfúlá astonishment, exclamation

Sá fún, v.t. to flee from, to avoid, to eschew. Ó sá fún ejò náà (He flew from the snake)

Sàga tì, Sàba tì v.t. to besiege, to encamp against. Wọ́n sàgà ti lfè (They besieged lfẹ̀)

Saàgùn, v.t. to make use of charms. Ó saàgùn sí i (He made use of charms against him)

Sagbàra, Sagbàra ká, v.i. to fence round with wood, to stockade, to compass about. Ó sagbàra ká ilẹ̀ẹ rẹ̀ (His land was fenced with wood)

Sagbára, v.i. to make effort, to put more effort. Sagbára sí iṣẹ́ rẹ (Put more effort into your work)

Ságbẹ, v.t. to dry by exposure to the sun to air and be dried. Ó sá a gbẹ nínú oòrùn. (He aired it and it got dried in the sun)

Sáji, Tají, v.i. to wake from sleep suddenly. Ó sáji.  (He woke from sleep suddenly)

Sàkáání, n. neighbourhood, vicinity. Sàkáání ilée wa ló wà. (He is in the vicinity of our house)

Sakasaka, n. hay dried ground nut leave, provender. Ó ru ìdì sakasaka. (He carried a bale of hay)

Sáàkísáà, adv. at whatever time. Ṣe é ní sáàkísáà tí ó bá wù ó (Do it at whatever time that you like)

Sakun, v.i. to put forth strength, to make an effort. Sakun gidi láti tètè parí lásìkò. (Make real effort to finish on time)

Sakusa, n. a black long-tailed bind.

Sálà, v.i. to escape, to fless for safety. Ó sá, a là fún èmíi rẹ̀/ Ó sá àsálà fún ẹ̀mí i rẹ̀. (He flee to save his life)

Sà lámì, v.t. to make a mark or sign upon. Mo sà á lámì (I made a mark on it)

Sá lé, v.t. to run after in order to overtake. Ó sá lé e. (He ran after him in order to overtake him)

Sá lọ, v.i. to run away, to flee, to elope, to escape. Ó sá lọ. (He ran away)

Sá lù v.t. to go to another, to intervene in one's interest, to take refuge with. Ó sá lù mí (He took refuge with me)

Sálúbàtà, n. sandals, slippers. Bọ́ sálúbàtà rẹ (Remove your sandals)

Sàmù, Sànù fún, v.t. to baptize. Mo ti sàmì (I have been baptized)

Sànù sí, v.t. to mark with a view to identification. Ò kúta yìí ló sàmì sí ilẹ̀ wa (This stone marks our land)

Sán, v.t. to gird, to tie round, to bind. Ó sán aṣọ mọ́ ìdí (He tied a cloth round his waist)

Sàn, adj. better, improved in health. Ó sàn jù mú lọ (He is better that I am)

Sán, v.i. to split, to crack, to thunder (as lightning) Ife yìí sán. (This cup is cracked)

Sàn-án adv. in a high degree, loudly, vividly

San, v.t. to pay, to reward. Ó san owó náà (He paid the money)

San àsanlé, v.t to overpay. Máà san àsanlé fún un. (Don't overpay him)

sánbẹ̀ẹ, Sándàá, v.i. to be armed with short swords)

San gbèsè, v.t. to pay debt, to discharge obligation (fig).  Ó ti san gbèsè rẹ̀. (He has paid his debt)

Sàn jù, Sàn díẹ̀ adj. better. Tèmi sàn ju tìrẹ (Mine is better than yours)

Sàn jù lọ adj. best. Tèmi ni ọ́ sàn jù lọ (Mine is the best)

Sanlalu, Salalu, adv. extensively

Sánmà, n. the sky. Ó nawọ́ sí sánmà (He painted to the sky)

sànmọ́-ọ́nnì, n. era, a particular period. Nígbà ti ó fi ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ náà sílẹ̀, sànmọ́-ọ́nnì ken dópin. (When he left the school, it was the end of an era)

Sàn-nda, n. a short big club.

San padà v.t to refund, to reimburse, to rapay. Ó ti san án padà (He is rapaid it)

Sanra, n. fat, plump. Ó sanra. (He is fat)

Sánsán, adv. fragrantly, odoriferously, sweet. Ó ń ta sánsán (It smells sweet)

San-ánsàn-án, adv. straightforwardly, directly, vividly, freguently, clearly. Ó ń sọ̀rọ̀ sàn-ánsàn-án (He is speaking clearly)

Sànsẹ́ adj. better than. Ó sànsẹ́ ìwé yìí (It is better than this book)

Sanwó v.i to pay money. Ó sanwó (He paid money)

Sán-ányán, n. raw silk, coarse woven silk. Ó ń ta sán-ányán. (She sells the coarse woven silk)

Sá[á kan, adv. aside, apart, to one side. Ó yà sápá kan (He stepped aside)

Sá pamọ́ v.i. to hide, to abscond, to skulk. Wọ́n sá pamọ́ sí abẹ́ igi (They hid under the three)

Sára, prep. on, upon. Ó fi kọ́ sára igi. (He hanged it on the tree.)

Sààráà, Sàhàráà, n. alms, charitable gift. Mo ṣe sàráà. (I giave alms)

Sára, v.i. to keep back, to avoid. Ó sára fún un. (He avoided  him)

Sàràkí, Sàràkísàràkí, n.  noted (members of a society or town) Wọ́n pe àwọn ọmọ ẹgbẹ́ sàràkísàràkí  sí ìpàdé náà (Noted members of the club were called into the meeting)

Sáré, Súré, v.i Wọ́n sáré (They ran)

Sarè, n. square enclosed by buildings, hectare. Ó ra sarè ilẹ̀ kan (He bought an hectare of land)

Sàréè, n. grave, tomb, sepulcher. Wọ́n sin ín sí sàréè ti kò jìn. (He was buried ni a shallow grave)

Sárépẹgbẹ́, n. officer, especially secretary of a club or society. Ó joyè sárépẹgbẹ́. (He was made the secretary)

Sààrì, n. the early meal of the Muslinis before day-break during Ramadan. Ó jẹ sààrì (He ale the early meal of the Musline before day-break during Ramadan)

Sarí v.t. to rub medicinal powder into the scalp. Ó sari rẹ̀ (He rubbed medicinal powder into his scalp)

Sàsè, v.i. Ó sàsè (He made a feast)

Sasọ̀, v.i. to quarrel about, to quarrel with. Ó ń bá mi sasọ̀ (He is quarrelling with me)

Sàsọdun, v.t. to exaggerate. Ilé náà kéré gan-an ni, n kò sì sàsọdun. (The house is too small and I am not exaggerating)

Sàsọté, Sọ àsoyé, v.t. to explain clearly. Ó sọ ọ̀rọ̀ náà ní àsoyẹ́ (He explained the matter clearly)

Sá wò ó. Interj. behold! lo! Sá wò ó ! Behole!

Sé, v.t. to shut, to close, to miss a mark or one's aim. Ó sé ilèkùn (He shut the door)

Sè, v.t. to cook, to dye cloth or leather. Ó se iṣu. (He cooked yams)

Sebẹ̀, v.i. to cook soup. Ó sebẹ̀. (He cooked soup)

Sébọ́, v.i. to be callous, to become stout, to coagulate. Epo yìí sébọ́ (This oil coagulated)

Ségedehùn, v.i. to affect a fine pronunciation of words

Ségesège, adv. disorderly, awkward. Wọ́n mú wọn fún pé wọ́n ti yó wọ́n sì ń ṣe ségesège. (They were arrested for being drunk and disorderly)

Séhùn, v.t. to break one's promise, to fail not to keep appointment. Ó séhùn (He failed to caryy out his promise)

Sejú, Sejú sí, v.i. to ogle, to look amorously. Ó sejú sí mi (He ogled me)

Sèlé, v.i. to refine palm-oil by extra boiling. Hence, "Epo ìsèlé," refined palm oil)

Séle, v.t. to harden (heart or ears) Ó sé ọkàn rẹ̀ le sí mi (He hardened his heart to me)

Sèlésè, v.t. to dye (cloth, etc.) in colour

Sélẹ̀ v.i. to fail, to miscarry. Ète wọn sélẹ̀. (Their paln failed)

Sé lọ́wọ́, v.t. to make a mistake. Ó sé mi lọ́wọ́ (I madea mistake)

Sèlù, v.i. to make a drum. Ó sèlù (He made a drum)

Sémọ́, v.t. to shut in, to enclose, to lack on. Ó ṣe ilẹ̀kùn mọ́ ọn (He locked the door on him)

Sémọ́lé, v.t. to restrict one's freedom of movement, to shut in, to comfine. Ó sé mi mọ́lé (He restricted my freedom of movement.

Sémọ́de, Sémóde, v.t. to shut out, to lock out. Ó sé e mode. (He locked him out)

Sémú, v.t. to miss taking hold of, to hold one's nose. Ó sé e mú (He missed taking hold of him)

Sè mu, v.t. to boil herb or vergetable for drinking as medicine or food. Mo sè é mu (I boiled and drank it)

Sénà, v.t. to block the road, to blockade the road. Ó sénà náà (He blocked the road)

Sépa, v.t. to close fast or tight, to close tightly. Ó sé e pa. (He closed it tightly)

Sepo, v.i. Ó sepo náà. (She prepared the palm-oil by boiling it.)

Sépọ́n, v.i. to be barren or unfruithful, to be to fat to bear children. Ó sépọ́n (He is too fat to bear children)

Séra ró, v.i. to keep steady, to be motionless, to be pregnant) Ó séra ró (He was motionless)

Sèsé, n. a kind of bean, yam bean. Eku náà jẹ sèsé (The rat ate yam beans)

Sésẹ̀, v.i. to cease going or coming to a place. Wọ́n sésẹ̀ níbì (They have stopped coming here)

Sèso, v.i. to bear fruit. Igi náà ti sèso (The tree has bore fruits)

Séta, v.t. to miss one's aim. Ó séta (He shot but missed what he shot at)

Sètà, v.t. to cook for sale. Ó se ẹ̀wà tà (She cooked beans for sale)

Sétí, v.i. to be attentive to a distance noise, to eavesdrop. Ó sétí  rẹ̀ (He was attentive to a distant noise)

Sẹ́, v.t. to strain, to filter, to deny, to sift out. Ó sẹ́ ògì. (He sifted out starch from pounded corn)

Sẹ̀, v.t. to beat or sound a drum, to challenge one

Sẹ̀, v.i to flow in drops as milk from the breast, to fall as dew. Ìrì ti sẹ̀ (Dens has fallen)

Sẹ́, adv. denoting emphasis, indeed, surely N kò rí i sẹ́ (Surely, I didn't se him)

Sẹ̀gẹ̀dẹ̀, v.t. to form a sediment. Omi náà sẹ̀gẹ̀dẹ̀. (Sediments of this water have settled)

Sẹ̀gẹsẹ̀gẹ, adj. dignified, respectable

Sẹ̀gi, n. a variety of valuable beads

Sẹ́gì, v.i. to speak like an Egúngún, to speak in an unnatural tone

Sẹ́gì, v.t. to sift out the starch from the corn after the latter had been well pounded. Ó sẹ́gì. (She sifted out starch from pounded corn)

Sẹ́gíìrì v.i. to tremble from sudden sensation, to shudder. Ara rẹ̀ sẹ́gíìrì. (He shuddered)

Sẹ̀gún, v.i. to strike two iron implements together. Ó sẹ̀gún (He tapped his hammer on iron)

Sẹ̀gbẹ̀, v.i. to cook a pottage made of bean. Ó sẹ̀gbẹ̀. (He cooked a pottage made of beans)

Sẹ́hùn, Sẹ́yìn, adv. backwards. Ó rìn sẹ́yìn. (He moved backwards)

Sẹnà, v.t. to speak so that only those in the secret understand the true meaning of what is said, a code. Ó sẹnà sí i. (He spoke to him in lode)

Sẹ̀n-ẹ́nsẹ̀n-ẹ́n adv. slightly (qualifying 'dùn',  sweet). Sé ó dùn? Bẹ́ẹ̀ ni, sẹ̀n-ẹ́n sẹ̀n-ẹ́n. (Is it sweet? Yes, slightly)

Sẹ́ra, v.t. to deny, to practice self-denial. Mo sẹ́ra mi (I practiced self denial)

Sẹ̀rì, v.t. to drop des. Ó sẹ̀rì. (It dropped dew)

Sí, v.i to be, to exist calways presceded by "Kò." meaning 'not. Ìyá kò sí mọ́ (Mother is no more)

Sí, prep. against, to, at. Into, always used with a verb of motion towards. Mo lọ sí oko. (I went to to the farm)

Sì, conj. and, also, likewise. Ó ra iṣe ó sì jẹ ẹ́ (He bought a piece of yam and ate it)

Sìì, adv. showly (used with the verb 'crawl'= to drag), laboriously. Ó ń gbá sìì. (He is walking laboriously)

Siàn, Sunwọ̀n, adj. good, fair, pleasant, well nice. Ó siàn. (It is good)

Sìbáta. V.t. to crush, to destroy, to overwhelm)

Síbẹ̀, Síbẹ̀síbẹ̀, adv. still, all the same. Ó ń jó síbẹ̀  (He is still dancing)

Síbi, adv. to the place, to a certain place, on a journey. Ó lọ síbi (He went to a certain place)

Síbì kan adv. to one place, together, in a group. Wọ́n jọ dúró síbì kan náà (They stood together in a group)

Síbo, prep. to what place, whither, where. Síbo ló lọ? (Where did he go? )

Síbòmíràn, adv. to another place, elsewhere. Ó ti lọ síbòmíràn (He has gone to another place)

Sìgasìga, adv. totteringly. Ó ń rìn sìgasìga (He is walking totteringly)

Sìgbẹ, v.t. to store up for future use)

Sìgbọnlẹ̀, adj. tall and stout. Ó sìgbọnlẹ̀ (He is tall and stout)

Síhà, prep. towards, on the side of, to one side. Wọ́n wá síhà ìhín (They came to this side)

Sínhìn-in-sọ́hùn-ún, adv. here and there, hether  and thither. Ó ń mì síhìn-ín-sọ́hùn-ún. (It is moving here and there)

Silé, v.i to col down (as fever, etc.) Ibà rẹ̀ ti silé (He fever has cooled down)

Silẹ̀, v.i. to settle down. Omi náà ti silẹ̀. (The water has settled down)

Sìmẹ̀dọ̀, v.i. to keep cool, not to lose one's temper. Sìmẹ̀dọ̀ (Keep cool)

Simi, v.i. to rest, to pause, to be quiet, imperat mood, hush! Ó ń sime (He is resting)

Sín, to string (as beads or cowries), to sneeze. Ó sín (He sneezed)

Sin, adv. before, first in point of time. Ó ṣe é sin ọ́ (He did it before you)

Sin. V.t. to bury, to be concealed, to force green fruit to ripes. Wọ́n ti sin ín (He has been buried)

Sìn, v.t. to accompany, to lead on the way, to demand debt due, to lord over, to dominate, to serve a superior, to adore. Ó ń sìn ín (He is serving him)

Sindè, v.i. to play a game in which anything is hidden in heaps of sand or earth, unknown to one of the players, who has to discover it.

Singbà, v.i. to work or to give service in lieu of interest on money lent, to work as a pawn. Ó ń singbà (He is working as a pawn)

Sín gbẹ́rẹ́,  v.i. to make incisions with a lancet. Ó sín gbẹ́rẹ́ sí apá (He made incisions on his arm with a lancet)

Sìnìka, n. a  white metal sold on the coast.

Sínjẹ, v.t. to mimic, to parody. Ó sín in jẹ (He minmicked him)

Sìnkú, v.t. to buy  (the dead). Wọ́n ti sìnkú ọkùnrin náà (They have buried the man)

Sínkùrọ́, v.t. to crack palm-nut. Wọ́n ń sínkùrọ́ (They are cracking palm-nuts)

Sínlọ́pàá, v.t. to impale, to string on sticks. Ó sín wọn lọ́pàá (He strung them on the sticks)

Sinra, v.t. to treasure.

Sìnrú, v.t. to labour, to work as a slave, to be a serf. Ó ń sìnrú lọ́dọ̀ rẹ̀ (He is working as a slave for him)

Sínú, Prep. into, among. Ó fi ìwé náà sínú àpótí (He puts the book into the box)

Sínwín, v.i. to be insane, to be mentally deranged, to be crazy or mad. Ó ń sínwín. (He is mentally deranged)

Sípa, prep. in the track of, towards, concerning, to the role, at the role. Ó tọ́ka sípa tó kó nínú iṣẹ́ náà. (He pointed at the role he played in the work)

Sirẹ̀, v.i. to take thought

Sísan, adj. payable. Sísan ni owó náà ní òpin ọ̀sẹ̀ yìí (The money is payable at the end of this week)

Oju-iwe Keji

Sísán, adj. cracked, split. Apẹ sísán ni ó rà (He bought a cracked pot)

Sísán-àrá, n. thunder-clap. Ó gbọ́ síán-àrá kí òjò ńlá náà tó bẹ̀rẹ̀ (He heard a thunder-clap before the heavy rain started)

Sísanra, n. corpulency, fatness. Sísánra máa ń hàn nínú àwọn ẹbí kan (fatness tends to run in some families)

Sísára, n. evasion. Wọ́n fi ẹ̀sùn sísára fún owó-orí kàn án (He was accused of tax evasion)

Sísáré, n. running. Nípa sísáré gan-an ni ó fi sá lọ. (By running fast, he made good his escape)

Sísàsè, n. feasting. Nípa sísàsè fún àwọn ènìyàn ó di olókìkí (By feasting the people, he became a famous person)

Sísè, n. cooking. Ìkòkò náà wà fún oúnjẹ sisè. (The pot is for cooking for)

Sísé, n missing. Sísé ọta jẹ́ ìjákulè tó ga nínú ẹgbẹ́ wọn. (Missing the target is a great failure in their club)

Sísè, n. dropping, falling. Ìrì sísẹ̀ kò yọ wọ́n lẹ́nu (The falling dew didn't didn't bother them)

Sísẹ́, n. denying, denial, draining, sifting, filtering. Ó kópa nímí sísẹ́ ra-ẹni (He practiced self-denial)

Sínsìn, n. the act of worship, service, rearing. Ó sọ̀rọ̀ nípa ẹran sínsìn (He talked about animal rearing)

Sísin, n. burial. Wọ́n gbé òkú rẹ̀ ránṣẹ́ sílé fún sínsin (His body was sent home for burial)

Sísorọ̀, n. emphatic form of 'Ìsorọ̀', hanging. Ẹjọ́ ikú sísorọ̀ ni wọ́n dá a (He was sentenced to death by hanging)

Sísọ, n. throw, speech, utterance. Ó kọ ìwé nípa ọ̀rọ̀ sísọ (He wrote a book about the act of speaking)

Sísọjí, n. revival, awakening. Ó ń kọ̀wé lórí sísọ orin ìbílẹ̀ jí (He is writing about the revival of traditional music)

Sísọjọ̀, Sísọlọ́jọ̀, n. putting together in one place, collecting together a gathering together. Sísọ àwọn ìwé náà lọ́jọ̀ sójú kan kò rọrùn. (Putting the books together in one place is not easy)

Sísọ̀sọkúsọ, n. talking nonsense, prating, babbling. Sísọ̀sọkúsọ ni ó bá a wí sí (He warned for talking nonsense)

Sísú, n. wearing, nauseating

Sísùn, n. sleeping, asleep. Sísùn ló ń sùn (He is asleep)

Sísun, n roasting, flowing, oozing Sísun ni omi ń sun (Water was oozing out)

Sísúré, n. or adj. the same as 'Sísáré'.

Sísúre, n. mode of pronouncing a blessing, the act of blessing. Sísúre ni ó ń súre fún wọn (He gave his blessing to them)

Síwájú, adv. more, forward, onward. Ó sún síwájú (He moved forward)

So, v.t. to tie, to bind, to bear fruit, to yield, to produce. Ó ti so wọ́n (He has tied them)

Só, v.i. to emit wind from the stomach. Ó ti só (He has emitted wind from the stomach)

Sòbìà, n. guinea-worm. Sòbìà mú un (He was attacked by guinea-worm)

Sòdẹ̀, n. beautiful woman

Sòfin, v.t. to prohibit, to make a law. Ó sòfin (He made a law)

Sogun ró, v.t. to rally an army. Ó sogun ró (He rallied his army)

Sókè, adv. in an upward direction, loudly. Àwọn ènìyàn rẹ́rìn-ín sókè (The people laughed loudly)

Sókèsókè, sókìlókè, adv. very high up. Ó jù ú sókèlókè (He threw it up very high)

Sokọ́, v.t. to hang, to string up. Ó so ó kọ (He hanged it)

Solù, Sopọ̀, v.t. to tie together. Ó so wọ́n pọ̀ (He tied them together)

Somọ́, v.t. to tie together, to unite, to join, to unite with, to suspend, to fasten upon, to tie to. Wọ́n so ó mọ́  igi. (They tied him to the tree)

Sònà, v.t. to hold at bay. Ó sònà mọ́ wọn (He held them at bay)

So ní yìgì, v.t. to marry, to unite in wedlock. Wọ́n so wọ́n ní yìgì. (They were united in wedlock)

Sòpàǹpá, v.t. to plot, to intrigue, to control trade, to conspire against. Wọ́n sòpàǹpá lé e lórí (They conspired against him)

Sopọ̀, Sopọ̀, sọ̀ken, v.t. to tie together to make one. Ó so wọ́n pọ̀ sọ̀kan (He tied them together to make them one)

Sórí, prep. above, on top of. Ó gbé e sórí àpótí (He placed it on the top of the box)

Sórí kodò, v.i. to be dyected, to be cast down. Ó sorí kodò (He felt dejected)

Sorí kọ́, v.t. to droop down the head, to be cast down, to give way to despair. Ó sorí kọ́ (He gave way to despair)

Sooró, n. Sadness, depression

Sorọ̀, v.t. to hang, to suspend. Ó so ó rọ̀ sórí igi. (He hanged it one the tree)

Sowọ́ lù, Sowọ́ pọ̀, v.i. to join hands together, to combine. Wọ́n sowọ́ pọ̀ ṣe iṣẹ́ náà. (They joined hands together to do the work)

So yìgì, v.i. to be married according to Muslim rite. Tàfá àti Múìbá yóò so yìgì (Tàfá and Múìbá are getting married according to Muslim rite)

Sọ, v.t. to speak, to talk, to tell, to shoot out of the ground or out of the stem of a tree. Ó sọ fún un (He told him)

Sọ́, v.t. to push into, to push inside. Ó sọ́
ọ sínú rẹ̀ (He pushed him inside it)

Sọ̀, v.i. to quarrel, to complain or grumble. Ó ń sọ̀ (He is grumbling)

Sọ̀, Sọ̀ kalẹ̀, v.t. to put down (as load) Ó ti sọ ẹrù rẹ̀ kalẹ̀ (He has put down his load)

Sọ̀, Sọ̀ kalẹ̀ v.i. to descend from a height, to desced. Ó ti sọ̀ láti orí igi. (He has descended from the top of the tree)

Sọ àsọdùn, v.t. to exaggerated. Ilé náà ní ẹ̀gbin, n ò sọ àsọdun o (The house is filthy, I am not exaggerating)

Sọ àsọyé, v.t. to define, to explain, to speak clearly. Ó sọ ọ̀rọ̀ náà ní àsọyé (He explained the matter)

Sọ bótibòti, v.i. to prattle. Ó ń sọ bótibòti nípa àwọn ọkùnrin náà ní gbégbo ìrọ̀lẹ́ (He pratted on about the men all evening)

Sọ bótò, v.i. to be loquacious, to be a talkative. Ó ń bsọ bótò (He is loquacious)

Sọdá, v.t. to cross, to cross over (as a stream) Ó sọdá omi náà (He crossed the stream)

Sọ dàbí, v.t. to make to be like to, make to look like. Ó sọ ọ́ dàbó tèmi (He made it to look like mine)

Sọdì, v.t. to make to become, to convert to. A sọ ọ́ di ọmọ ẹ̀sìn wa. (We converted into our religion)

Sọ di ahoro, Sọ dahoro, v.t. to devastate, to make desolate, to cause to fall into decay. Ó sọ ilé náà dahoro (He caused the house to fall into decay)

Sọ di àìmọ́, v.t. to make unclean, to pullute, to defile. Ó sọ ó di àìmọ́ (He made it unclean)

Sọ di aláìkú, v.t. to immortalize. Wọ́n sọ ọ́ di aláìkú (He was immortalized)

Sọ di ara, v.t. to embody to convert into flesh. Wọ́n sọ àkàrà di ara (The bread was converted into flesh)

Sọ di èérí, Sọ dèérí, v.t. to defile, to make unclean. Wọ́n sọ ọ́ dèérí (He was made unclean)

Sọ dìbàjẹ́, Sọ di búburú, v.t. to corrupt, to aggravate, to pollute. Wọ́n sọ ọ́ dìbàjẹ́ (It was polluted)

Sọ di mímọ́ v.t. to purify, to cleanse, to sanctify. Wọ́n sọ ọ́ di mímọ́ (It was purified)

Sọ di ńlá, v.t to enlarge. Wọ́n sọ ọ́ di ńlá (It was enlarged)

Sọ di òfo, So dòfo, v.t. to make empty. Wọ́n sọ ọ́ dòfo (It was made empty)

Sọ di olókùnrùn, v.t. to render sickly, to cause to be an invalid. Wọ́n sọ ọ́ di olókùnrùn (He was made to become an invalid)

Sọ di òmìnira, v.t. to make one free, to liberate. Wọ́n ti sọ wọ́n di òmìnira. (They have been liberated)

Sọ di òrìṣà, Sọ dòrìsà, Sọ dòòṣà, v.t. to make an idol of, to make a deity of, to idolibe. Wọ́n sọ ọ́ di òrìsà. (He was made a deity)

Sọ di ọ̀kan, v.t. to unite, to make one. Wọ́n sọ wọ́n di ọ̀kan (They made them one)

Sọ di ọmọ, Sọ dọmọ, v.t to adopt as one's own child. Ó ti sọ ọ́ di ọmọ rẹ̀ (He has adopted him as his child)

Sọ di ọ̀tun, Sọ dọ̀tun, v.t. to renew, to make to be as good as new. Wọ́n ti sọ ọ́ dọ̀tùn (It has been renewed)

Sọ́dọ̀, prep. to near to. Ó lọ sọ́dọ̀ rẹ̀ (He went to him)

Sọ́gọ, v.t. to threst away from

Sọ̀gọ́, n. a peculiar style of plaiting the hair by women.

Sọgbà, v.i. to make a wooden fence round an area. Ó sọgbà yí ilé rẹ̀ ká (He made a fence round his house)

Sọgbá, v.t. to repair a broken calabash by sewing up the broken part with a strong with. Ó ń sọgbá náà. (He is repairing the broken calabash by sewing up the broken part with a strong with)

Sọ jáde, v.i. to speak out, to shoot out, to spring out. Ó ti sọ ọ̀rọ̀ jáde (The has spoken out)

Sọjẹ, v.t. to cut with the beak (as the hen, etc) Adìyẹ náà ti sọ ọ́ jẹ  (The hen has cut it with its beak)

Sọjí, v.i. to recover from (swoon, etc.) Ó ti sọjí (He has recovered from a swoon)

Sọ́jọ, v.t. to collect together, to gather together. Wọ́n ti sọ́ wọ́n jọ (They have collected them together)

Sọjọ̀, Sọ lọ́jọ̀, v.t. to confine within certine within certain bounds, to keep. Ibí ni ó sọ ọ́ lọ́jọ̀ sí (He kept it here)

Sọ̀ kalẹ̀ v.i. to descend, to dismount, to come down. Ó sọ̀ kalẹ̀ láti orí igi. (He came down from the top of the tree)

Sọ̀kẹ̀sọ̀kẹ̀, n. familiarity, mutual intimacy. Sọ̀kẹ̀sọ̀kẹ̀ wọn pọ̀ (Their mutual intimacy is great)

Sọ́kì, v.i. to shrink, to contract Ó sọ́kì (It shrank)

Sọ kiri, v.t. to publish, to proclaim, to divulge. Wọ́n ń sọ kiri pé olè ni (They are proclaiming that he is a thief)

Sọ̀kọ̀, v.t. to throw stone. Ó sọ̀kò lù ú (He threw a stone at him)

Sọkún, v.t. to cry, to weep, to lament Ó sọkún (He cried)

Sọlẹ̀, v.i. to break into a house, to enter into a house burglariously, to burgle, to dig the ground. Ó sọlẹ̀ (He dug the ground)

Sọ lófin, v.t. to command, to prohibit, to make it a law. Wọ́n sọ ọ́ lófin fún un láti má mutí (He was prohibited from drinking alcohol)

Sọ lóògùn, v.t. to poison. Wóịn sọ ọ́ lóògùn (He was poisoned)

Sọ lóòkúta, v.t. to stone. Wọ́n sọ ọ́ lóòkúta (He was stoned)

Sọ lórúkọ to name, to give name to, to defame. Wọ́n sọ ọ́ hórúkọ (He was given a name)

Sọ lọ́jọ̀, v.t. see Sọjọ̀

Sọlù, v.t. to attack, to assault, to throw (stone, etc.) at. Ó sọ òkúta lù ú (He threw a stone at him)

Sọ lura, v.t. to collide, to encounter, to engage each other (as in battle) Wọ́n sọ òkúta lura (They threw stones at each other)

Sọ méjì, v.i. to equivocate, to be double tongued. Ẹ̀sùn pé ó ń sọ méjì ni wọ́n fí kàn án (He was acussed of being double-tongued)

Sọmídọlọ́tọ̀, Oloyo, n.a yellow-haired monkey

Sọmọ́, v.t. to dovetail, to inter-weave, to interlock. Ó sọ wọ́n mọ́ ara wọn (He interlocked them)

Sọ mọ́ra, v.t. to draw close to one another, to interlock. Ó sọ wọ́n mọ́ra (He interlocked them)

Sọ́ngo, Zóngo, n. a temporary camping place by a group of Hausas)

Sọ níkòó, v.t. to punch on the inead. Ó sọ ọ́ níkòó (He punched him on the head)

Sọnù, v.i. to be lost. Ó sọnù (He was lost)

Sọnu, v.i. to take the evening meal (e.g. the Muslims during their fast) O sọnu (He broke his fast in the evening during fast)

Sọ́ra kì, Súnkì, v.i. to contract, to shrik. Ó súnkì (It shrank)

Sọra nù, v.i. to be careless of oneself. Ó sọra nu (He was careless with himself)

sọ̀rọ̀,  v.t. to speak, to talk. Ó ń bá àwọn ènìyàn sọ̀rọ̀ (He talk to the people)

Sọ̀rọ̀ lù, Sọ̀rọ̀ pọ̀, v.i. to speak in chorus, to speak together. Wọ́n jọ sọ̀rọ̀ pọ (They spoke together)

Sọ̀sọkúsọ, v.t. to talk nonsense. Ó ń sọ̀sọkúsọ (He was talking nonsense)

Sọ tẹ́lẹ̀, v.i. to tell beforehand, to prophesy. Ó ti sọ fún un tẹ́lẹ̀ (He had told him beforehand)

Sọ tinú ẹni, v.i. to speak out what is in one's mind. Ó tọ kí a sọ tinú ẹni (It is better for one to speak out what is in one's mind)

Sótọ̀, adv. aside, apart, separately. Ó yà wọ́n sọ́tọ̀ (He puts them apart)

Sọwò. V.t. to weigh by balancing in the hand, to reattack (as disease) Ó sọ iṣu wáà wò (He weighed the yam by balancing it in his hand)

Sú, v.t. to sow, to retail Coil, liquor, snuff, etc.) to tire, to weary, to loathe, to embarrass, to nauseate, to limp the foot. Ó sú mi (I am tired)

Sú, v.i. to break forth, to erupt, to appear in numbers on the surface, to sprout luxuriously. Ewéko sú (Plants sprouted luxuriously)

Sù, v.i. to congeal (as oil) Epo náà ti sù (The oil has congealed)

Suu, adv. thoughtfully, deliberately extensively. Ó wò ó lo suu (He looked at it thoughtfully)

Súà, adv. extensively, far and wide. Ó tàn lọ súà (It spread extensively)

Sú bọ̀, v.t. to be covered with small pox, measles, etc. Ìrorẹ́ sú bò ó lójú (His face is covered in piniples)

Sùbọ̀, v.i. to have enough and to spare. Oúnjẹ náà sù mú bọ̀ (I have enough food and more to spare)

Sùẹ̀sùẹ̀, n. slothfulness, sheggishness, stupidity, It is also used as an adverb, slothfully, sluggishly, stupidly. Ó ń rìn sùẹ̀sùẹ̀  (He was walking sluggishly)

Súfèé,  v.i to whistle. Ó súfèé (He whistled)

Sùgọ̀, adv. stepidly, dull. Ó ń wo àwòrán náà sùgọ̀ (He was starring stupidly at the picture)

Sùgọ̀sùgọ̀, n. dullness, stupidity, awkwardness. Ó rẹ́rìn-ín láti bo ìwà sùgọ̀sùgọ̀ ọkàn rẹ̀ mọ́lẹ̀ (He laughed to cover up his feeling of awkwardness)

Súkèsúkè, n. hiccough. Súkèsúkè ń ṣe é (He had hiccoughs)

Sun, v.t. to roast, to grill, to burn, to ooze or spring out as water. Ó sun ún (He burnt it)

Sún, v.i. to move. Ó sún un (He moved it)

Sun deérú, v.t. to burn to ashes. Ó sun igi náà deérú (He burnt the wood until it become ashes)

Sùn fẹ́ẹ́rẹ́, Sùn yẹ́ẹ́,v.t. Ó sùn fẹ́ẹ́rẹ́ (He had a nap)

Sùn fọnfọn, v.i. to sleep soundly, to sink into a deep sleep. Ö ti sùn lọ fọnfọn (He has sunk into a deep sleep)

Sun jáde v.i. to ooze out, to spring forth. Omi náà sun jáde láti inú àpáta (The water springs forth from the rock)

Súnkì, Sọ́kì, v.i. to shrink, to contract. Ó súnkì (It shrank)

Sùn lé v.t. to wean a child from the breast. Wọ́n fẹ́ sùn lé ọmọ náà (They wanted to wean the child from the breast)

Sún mọ́, v.t. to move close to, to approach, to draw near. Ó sún mọ́  ọn (He moved close to him)

Sún mọ́dọ̀, v.t. to approach, to draw near. Ó sún mọ́dọ̀ mi. (He drew near me)

Sùmmọ̀mí, n. foray, raid. A gbé sùnmọ̀mí  lọ sí ìlú wọn (We raided their town)

Sún mọ́tòsí, Sún mọ́lé, v.i. to draw near, to be in the neighbourhood. Ó ti sún mọ́tọ̀sí (He is already in the neighbourhood)

Súnramú, v.i. to be prepared beforehand. Ó ti súnramú (He has prepared beforehand)

Sun-unrun Sun-unrun, n. Sleeping sickness, drowsiness. Àìsàn ilẹ̀ olóoru ni sun-unrunsun-unrun sleeping sickness is a tropical disease)

Súnsẹ̀, v.i. to limp in walking, to drag one's foot. Ó ń súnsẹ̀  (He is dragging his feet)

Sún síwájú, v.t. to push forward, to promote an object or enterprise. Ó sún un síwájú (He pushed it forward)

Sunwọ̀n, adj. Ó sunwọ̀n (It is good)

Súrà, n. Kind, sort, variety. Irú súrà won i? of what sort is it?

Súré, sáré, v.i. to run, to hasten, to be rash. Ó sáré (He ran)

Súùre, Súùre fún, v.t. to bless. Ó súùre fún un (He blessed him)

Súrénbájà, v.t. to struggle desperately, done hastily and in a slapdash fashion. Súrénbájà ní ó fi ṣe (He did it hastly and in a slapdash fashion)

Súré Ṣáájú,  v.i. to run before one. Ó súré ṣáájú rẹ̀  (He ran before him)

Sùúrù, n. patience. Ó ní sùúrù (He showed patience)

Súúsùùsú, adv. stealthily. Ó pa súúsùùsú (He went stealthily)

Sútà, v.t. to retail liquor, snuff, etc. to sell by measure. Ó sú ọtí tà (He sold liquor by measure)

Sùtì, Ṣùtì, n. a contemptuous pointing of the lips, a hiss, to purse up lips in contempt. Ó yọ sùtì ètè sí mi (He pursed up his lips in comtempt of me)

Atúmọ̀-Èdè (Yorùbá-Gẹ̀ẹ́sì): S


The Blue Flag is a certification given to beaches by the Foundation for Environmental Education (FEE). A beach that has been awarded the blue flag means that it meets the organisation's standards of environmental management. These standards are for water quality, safety, and public environmental education. Local governments try to get the Blue Flag for their beaches and marinas, to show people that they have high environmental and quality standards.

The Blue Flag is a trademark owned by FEE which is a non-profit, non-governmental organisation. It is made up of 65 organisations in 60 member countries in Europe, Africa, Oceania, Asia and the Americas.

FEE refers to the Blue Flag certificates as awards. They are issued for one year to beaches and marinas of FEE member countries. The awards are announced every year on 5 June for Europe, Canada, Morocco, Tunisia and other countries in a similar geographic location, and on 1 November for the Caribbean, New Zealand, South Africa and other countries in the Southern Hemisphere.

41 countries are currently part of the Blue Flag Programme: Aruba, Bahamas, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Montenegro, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Russia, Romania, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Tunisia, Turkey, United Kingdom and United Arab Emirates

References

Other websites

Water pollution
Conservation
Beaches

Blue Flag beach


The July 2010 Lahore bombings occurred on  2010 in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Two suicide bombers blew themselves up at the Sufi shrine, Data Darbar Complex. At least 50 people were killed and 200 others were hurt in the blasts. It was the biggest attack on a Sufi shrine in Pakistan since 2001.

Background
Tasawwuf is a part of Islam and the Sufis are those who practice Tasawuf. During the last few centuries it has come under attack from the Wahhabism which consider it polytheistic.

The Data Darbar shrine is the burial place of the Sufi saint Syed Ali Hajwairi. His book 'Kashif-ul-Mahjub' (which literally means 'unveiling of the veiled') is the first treatise in Sufi literature known as 'Malfujat'. Thursdays are the busiest days at the shrine as a large number of devotees come to pay their respects and attain blessings.

The shrine was mostly frequented by members of the Ahle-Sunnath Wal Jamath sect whom the Taliban consider heretics. The shrine was known for its colourful festivals in which the devotees dance, a practice considered un-Islamic by the Taliban. In March 2009 Taliban militants had bombed the shrine of Sufi poet Rahman Baba and in June 2009 Sarfraz Ahmed Naeemi a moderate cleric belonging to the Ahle-Sunnath Wal Jamath sect was killed in a suicide bombing blamed on Taliban.

Attack
Police initially said that three suicide bombers attacked the shrine. One attack occurred at gate number 5 to the shrine, one in the courtyard, and one in the basement. The attackers struck in the evening, when the shrine was most busy due to the cooler weather.

Doctors said they expected the death toll to rise; and at Mayo Hospital, where the injured were sent, officials declared a state of emergency. Twenty-five people were in critical condition according to hospital officials. The Lahore Police Commissioner Khusro Pervez also appealed to people not to rush to hospitals.

Immediate reactions
Media personnel were attacked by enraged people at the site. Police also resorted to aerial firing to disperse people gathered at the shrine so as to clear the area. Scuffles then took place between protesters and police as people demanded that investigations be made on loopholes in the security arrangements.

The next day about 2,000 people, some armed, staged protests in the city shouting "Down with Shahbaz Sharif".

Police were put high alert in Pakistan as demands grew for a tougher crackdown on armed religious groups in central Punjab. Security was also tightened at Sufi shrines across the country, while many Pakistanis, called for the resignation of Punjab government officials.

Investigation
The administrators of the shrine said that strict security arrangement had been made, and that all devotees entering the shrine were thoroughly checked.

The police commissioner said that the body parts of two suicide bombers had been found, including two heads. He said the suicide bombers were very young and that each suicide jacket could have carried up to 10–15 kg. of explosives.

On 5 July, Pakistani authorities arrested 12 suspects, though the identity of the actual perpetrators remains a mystery. Ammunition and weapons were also recovered in the raids in two areas of Lahore. Five police officers were also suspended for security lapses that led to the attack.

Responsibility
Though there has not been a claim of responsibility, previous bombings in Lahore have been blamed on the Pakistani Taliban because of their disagreement with minority interpretations of Islam, such as Sufism. However, Azam Tariq, a spokesman for the Pakistani Taliban, denied responsibility for the attacks and called them the handiwork of secret foreign agencies. A spokesperson for the Punjabi Taliban, Muhammad Umar, said that "We don't follow a policy of attacking shrines. During five years of government in Afghanistan, the Taliban never demolished a single shrine. Strategically it would also be ridiculous if we send anybody for any suicide attack. Why should we do that? If we really want to kill people over there all we need is to simply park an explosive laden car and that's all." He further termed the incident as an act of spy agencies and Blackwater, aimed to "defame the Mujahideen."

However protests were held in Lahore blaming Taliban militants for the attack.

Reactions
Domestic reactions
 Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani strongly condemned the blasts and asked the police to investigate the crime and submit a report. Farahnaz Ispahani, spokeswoman for President Asif Ali Zardari issued a statement saying "This sickening poison of extremism will be driven out of our nation and we will not be cowed."
Peter Jacob, the national secretary of Justice and Peace, a Pakistani Christian body, said "We condemn this attack. It is painful to see that people who witness a moderate Islam, such as the Sufi community, are prey to violence. It is also painful to see how even the population of large cities have become vulnerable and a target of terrorism, without any protection...We think the government should take appropriate measures to stop the violence happening now to all moderate people, be they Muslims, Ahmadis, Sufis. The programme of the Taliban is clear, we want that the government act immediately to combat it." However, many people interviewed after the attacks blamed the Pakistan government's support for America and drone attacks to be the root cause of these bombings.
The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan issued a statement saying "The assault demonstrates the potency of militant groups that the government incessantly repeats operate from sanctuaries in the tribal areas bordering Afghanistan, equally frustrating have been clerics' stock statement that no Muslim can commit such atrocities. Instead of living in denial, the clerics need to reflect on the reasons for religious extremism in Pakistan and the possible consequences and their own contribution to the promotion of intolerance and the cult of violence."

International organisations
  Catherine Ashton, the foreign affairs chief of the European Union, said "The deadly attack is yet another vivid example of the scale of the terrorist threat and extremism in Pakistan."
  Secretary-General of the United Nations, Ban Ki-moon strongly condemned the attack saying "the deliberate targeting of a crowded place of worship makes this particularly vicious."

National reactions
  India issued a statement saying "The government strongly condemns the terrorist attacks on Data Darbar in Lahore and expresses sympathies to the families of the bereaved."
  William Hague, the British Foreign Secretary, said "Britain stands alongside the people and government of Pakistan against those who commit such appalling atrocities."
  Secretary of State Hillary Clinton condemned the attacks and promised to support Pakistan in its fight against militancy.  Leonard Leo, chairman of United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, called on the Pakistani government to protect the freedom of all religious groups and repeal the country's blasphemy laws.

Aftermath
Prime Minister Gilani announced that the government and opposition would hold a national conference in order to discuss ways to combat terrorism. The conference was attended by the Chief Ministers of all four Pakistani provinces as well as other officials.  Gilani stated that "after being hit hard in northwest Pakistan, terrorists are on the run and seeking refuge in the urban areas of the country, where they are attacking soft targets and spreading sectarian hatred."

After the attacks religious leaders of the Barelvi sect accused the Punjab government of having connections with the Taliban. They met with Punjab Chief Minister Shahbaz Sharif and demanded the resignation of the Punjab Law Minister Rana Sanaullah Khan who had previously campaigned with a leader of the banned militant group Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan. After the meeting, Haji Fazl-e-Karim, one of the Barelvi leaders, told the media "Rana Sanaullah's contacts with terrorists are most obvious, and he must resign."

See also

Forced conversion of minority girls in Pakistan
Sectarian violence in Pakistan
List of terrorist incidents, 2010
List of terrorist incidents in Pakistan since 2001
Terrorism in Pakistan

References

External links
In pictures: Blasts at Lahore shrine (BBC)
Video: Bombers target Sufi Muslim shrine (Al Jazeera English)

2010 in Punjab, Pakistan
2010 murders in Pakistan
July 2010 bombings
21st-century mass murder in Pakistan
Attacks on buildings and structures in 2010
July 2010 bombings
Attacks on religious buildings and structures in Pakistan
July 2010 bombings
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The Danish Museum of Photographic Art (Danish: Museet for Fotokunst) is in Odense, Denmark. It is the only national Danish art museum dedicated specifically to photographic art. It was founded in 1987 as part of the Brandts International Center for Art and Culture.

The museum is an independent institution but as a state-approved art museum it receives partial funding from the Danish Heritage Agency under the Danish Ministry of Culture. It has a special obligation to Danish and international photography from World War II until today.

History
The museum is in a former textiles factory, Brandts Klædefabrik, which produced fabrics for uniforms and others uses until it closed in 1977. For a few years the buildings were left empty until a private initiative convinced Odense Municipality that they were well suited for the establishment of an international arts centre. Early on it was decided that the centre should include a venue for photographic art.

The museum was founded as Museet for Fotokunst on 13 September 1985. It opened its own exhibition space in 1987, the following year—together with its affiliated institutions Kunsthallen and Danmarks Grafiske Museum—winning the title of European Museum of the Year. In 1992 the museum was state-approved and in 2000 Odense Foto Triennial was introduced with the museum as the driving force. This has later developed into the Fuenen Festival of Photography. In 2006 the museum received the Danish Museum of the Year award.

Collections and exhibitions
The Permanente Collection is 150 square metres and is on the second floor. The museum's collections consist of approximately 9,000 Danish and international works, mainly from after World War II.

The 400 square metres dedicated to special exhibitions are on the first floor. On average the museum shows five or six special exhibitions in addition to the various editions of the permanent collection.

Magazine
Since 1988 the museum has published the magazine Katalog - Journal of Photography and Video. It provides information on exhibitions and the museum and is published three times a year with subscribers in more than 20 countries. Texts are mainly in English.

See also
 Photography in Denmark

External links

References

Art museums and galleries in Denmark
Danish photography organizations
Photography museums and galleries
Museums in Odense
Art museums established in 1985
1985 establishments in Denmark

Brandts Museum of Photographic Art


The Granitz is a wooded ridge in the southeast of Germany's largest island, Rügen, between the Baltic Sea resorts of Binz and Sellin. The woods cover an area of 982 hectares and are designated as a nature reserve. Since 1991 they have been part of the Southeast Rügen Biosphere Reserve.

Characteristic of the Granitz are its rich stands of beech and sessile oak and its rolling landscape of push end moraines, which in some ways resemble a mountain landscape. To the north and east the Granitz is bounded by a cliffed coast on the Baltic Sea. In the south it adjoins the Mönchgut region and in the north, the narrow bar of the Schmale Heide. The  Black Lake (Schwarzer See) lies in the Granitz as do several kettle bogs. A number of non-native stands of conifers are being turned into a near-natural forest.

No roads of any description run through the Granitz, but there are many cycle and footpaths. Local transport and access to the area is provided by the Rügen Light Railway and Binz Seaside Railway (Binzer Bäderbahn).

On the highest point, the Tempelberg (), Prince Wilhelm Malte I of Putbus had the Granitz hunting lodge constructed in the 19th century. Other landmarks include Granitz House, the grave site of Finnish warriors and the Cross Oak (Kreuzeiche).

The name is probably of Slavic origin and comes from the personal name, Granza, used by the Rani tribe, which first appears as a prince's name in the Saxo Grammaticus in 1168. In 1888, the Waldhalle, a tourist restaurant, was built on the hill of Falkenberg on the clifftop path from Binz to Sellin near the coast. The building had to be abandoned and demolished in the 1980s as a result of coast collapse. Only a few remains of foundations on the cliff face of the Baltic Sea coast recall the existence of the building.

See also
 Granica

References

Geography of Rügen
Forests and woodlands of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania

Granitz


Robert Emery (26 September 1794 – 28 March 1871) was a Tyneside songwriter, born in Edinburgh in Scotland. Possibly his best known work is "Hydrophobie" (sometimes called "The Skipper and the Quaker"), an example of Geordie dialect.

Life
Robert Emery was born in Edinburgh on 26 September 1794. His family moved to Newcastle upon Tyne when he was young. He served his apprenticeship as a printer with Mr Angus, bookseller and printer, of The Side, Newcastle, and continued as a journeyman printer for many years in the town.

His early professional writing was of children's nursery rhymes for penny and halfpenny books. In 1814 he wrote the first two verses of a song about the great frost of 1813 with co-writer Thomas Binney.

He moved to Lamberts in Grey Street and whilst there, apparently wrote a song each year for his fellow work mates for their annual trip. He became self-employed, forming his own printing company about 1850, with premises in Silver Street, Newcastle upon Tyne. He continued here until about 1870 when he moved the larger premises at the foot of Pilgrim Street.

He died a year later, on 28 March 1871, at the age of 77. He was buried in All Saints' cemetery.

Works
His works include –
  "Candlish forever!" (or "Uncle Neddy's advice to the editor of 'Bell's life'"). The tune is "The Campbells Are Coming"; the story is about James Candlish, one of the champion Tyne rowers circa 1850
 "Come up to the scratch!" (or "The pitman haggish'd")
  "Fishwife and mustaches" (or "Sandhill oratory"), a comic song about a fishwife and a Scottish colonel
  "Fish-wives' complaint" (on their removal from the Sandhill to the new fish market, on 2 January 1826)
  "Hydrophobie" (or "The Skipper and the Quaker")
  "The Newcastle Spaw" (or "Rory O'More")
  "Paganini, the Fiddler". This tells of the visit of a group of pitmen from Shiney Row to hear the great violinist Paganini. The pitmen are unimpressed by the performance.
  "The Pitman's Dream" (or "A description of The North Pole"). The tune is "Newcastle Fair".
  "The Pitman's Dream" (or "The description of the kitchen")
  "The Pitman's journey to Callerforney". The tune is "Old Dun Tucker". (In earlier publications this was called "The Pitman's return to Callerforrney.")
  "The Pitman's surprise", a song about a pitman and his friend passing time during a pit layoff with a visit to the big town, Newcastle upon Tyne.
  "Sandgate pant" (or "Jane Jemieson's ghost"). The tune is "I'd be a Butterfly". It is a song about a keelman being frightened by the ghost of Jane Jemieson, a street vendor, executed on 7 March 1829 on Newcastle's Town Moor for the murder of her mother.
  "The Skipper's visit to the 'Polytechnic'". The tune is "X Y Z.", and describes the visit of a fictional keelboat skipper to the 1848 Polytechnic exhibition. It was printed on a chapbook type leaflet which was distributed as an advertisement for the event.

Collections
His songs are included in many collections including :-

  Published 1825 - The booklet "Original Local Songs" by Edgar contained "Hydrophobie"
  Published in 1826 – "Newcastle songster; being a choice collection of songs, descriptive of the language and manners of the common people of Newcastle upon Tyne and the neighbourhood. Part VI, &c." by John Marshall
  Published 1927 – The book "A Collection of Songs, Comic, Satirical, and Descriptive, chiefly in the Newcastle Dialect - &c." by John Marshal lists Emery as one of a trio of local bards who break into  song concerning the removal of the fishwives from the Sandhill.
  Published 1842 – "The Newcastle Song Book" – by William Fordyce  - included Emery's "Sandgate Pant" (also known as "Jean Jamieson's Ghost")
  Published 1846 – "Songs of the Tyne; being a collection of popular local songs" – by J Ross
  Published c1849 – "Songs of the bards of the Tyne; or, a choice selection of original songs, chiefly in the Newcastle dialect. With a glossary of 800 words, &c." – by P. France & Co
  Published 1888 – "A Beuk o' Newcassell Sangs- Collected by Joseph Crawhall"

See also
Geordie dialect words

References

External links
Newcassel Sangs
The Tyne Songster 1840
Songs of the Tyne; being a collection of popular local songs. No.3. c1857-1866

1794 births
1871 deaths
19th-century composers
19th-century English writers
19th-century British male singers
British children's musicians
Burials in Northumberland
Children's poets
English children's writers
19th-century English poets
English male singer-songwriters
English singer-songwriters
Geordie songwriters
Musicians from Edinburgh
Musicians from Newcastle upon Tyne
19th-century English male writers

Robert Emery (songwriter)


Satyadeow Sawh () (June 13, 1955 – April 22, 2006) was the Agriculture Minister of Guyana and prominent Hindu politician in Guyana. He also served, at various times as ambassador to: Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador.

Satyadeow Sawh (known popularly as "Sash") was born in Central Mahaicony, East Coast Demerara, Guyana in 1955. He was the last of nine children to his father, a rice farmer and businessman, and mother, a home-maker. He attended the Indian Education Trust College (later the Richard Ishmael Secondary School), where he sat the GCE O-levels and the College of Preceptors examinations. At 18, he migrated to Ontario, Canada, where he worked and pursued a bachelor's degree in Economics from York University. He married in 1982, and had two sons.

While in Canada he was vibrant in the Association of Concerned Guyanese, a political group promoting change in Guyana. He held the presidency of the group for many years. In 1993, he was appointed Guyana's ambassador to Venezuela. He served in the post for 3 years and was awarded the country's second highest honor, the Order of Francisco de Miranda (First Class) upon completion of his tenure. In 1996, he was recalled to Guyana by the late President, Dr. Cheddi Jagan, to serve as a minister within the Ministry of Agriculture. He became the Minister of Fisheries, Crops and Livestock, with responsibility for Forestry, and was later named the acting Minister of Agriculture, the designation which he held up to his death.

On April 22, 2006, Sash Sawh, his sister (Phulmattie Persaud), brother (Rajpat Rai Sawh), and security guard (Curtis Robertson) were killed in an attack on Sawh's home in LBI on the East Coast of Demerara. His death lead to wide outpouring of support for his family, amidst anger, fear and mourning among Guyanese both home and abroad.

External links
Assassination of Agriculture Minister Satyadeow Sawh - Guyana
Obituary
The Funeral

1955 births
2006 deaths
Indo-Guyanese people
Assassinated Guyanese politicians
Guyanese Hindus
Guyanese diplomats
People murdered in Guyana
Guyanese emigrants to Canada
Agriculture ministers of Guyana
Ambassadors of Guyana to Colombia
Ambassadors of Guyana to Venezuela
Ambassadors of Guyana to Ecuador
York University alumni
2000s assassinated politicians in South America

Satyadeow Sawh


Hogtie is a way of tying all limbs together, to prevent an animal from escaping. It was originally used with pigs and cattle. In BDSM, hogtie refers to the practice of tying up the submissive, so that they cannot move. This is dangerous, because the tied person or animal will have problem breathing, so precautions need to be taken.

Animal husbandry
BDSM

Hogtying


The Lithuanian National Prize () was established in 1989. It is an award granted for achievements in culture and the arts. It has been awarded annually in six categories since 2006 (between 1989 and 2006 there were nine categories). The prize is formally bestowed on February 16. This is when the decorations and diplomas are presented to the winners at Presidential Palace. This is also the commemorating of the anniversary of the 1918 Act of Independence of Lithuania.

The award honors significant recent achievements in cultural fields and works by artists or art collectives. The honorees may be citizens of Lithuania or members of the Lithuanian World Community. When the award was first established, works accomplished during the previous five years were considered; this period was extended to seven years in 2008. The candidacies are open each year until September 15, and the winners are announced on December 15. Each "Lithuanian National Prize" consists of a memorial sign, a diploma, and a monetary grant (circa 104,000 litas). A single person can only receive the National Prize once.

Current candidates for the Prize are nominated by professional associations and societies. Before 2008 the nominations could be made by members of the public. The winners are selected by a special committee.

As of May 2008 there were 156 people who had been given the Prize.

References

1989 establishments in Europe
Awards
Lithuanian culture

Lithuanian National Prize