Louise Ten Broeck Tracy (née Treadwell; July 31, 1896 – November 13, 1983) was the founder of the John Tracy Clinic, a private, non-profit education center for the deaf that began in 1942. She was married to the Academy Award-winning actor Spencer Tracy.

Family
Tracy was born in New Castle, Pennsylvania. Her parents were Alliene Wetmore and Bright (Smith) Treadwell. Alliene Treadwell was a prominent attorney and part owner of the New Castle Daily News in New Castle. Tracy's parents divorced when she was a teenager.

Tracy sought a career in vaudeville in 1914, but after less than a year in New York City she returned to New Castle and taught dancing. After graduating from Lake Erie College in 1917, she worked for a newspaper and taught school while  she pursued a career as a stage actor, primarily in stock companies. In early March 1923, Louise joined the Leonard Wood Players in White Plains, New York, which engaged her as the leading lady. There, she met actor Spencer Tracy, who had also joined the company. On September 12, 1923, Louise and Spencer were married in Cincinnati, Ohio.

On June 26, 1924, Louise and Spencer's first child, John, was born. Nine months later, Louise discovered that John was hearing impaired. Early in 1926 Louise met a deaf woman at a contract bridge party who could lip read very well, encouraging Louise that John might have a normal life in spite of his deafness. She took John to a hearing specialist, who confirmed a diagnosis of nerve deafness. The doctor told Louise that even though there was no medical treatment, John could still learn how to talk, lip read, and do anything a hearing person could do.

With new hope, Louise began working with John, using material from different schools. In 1927, John spoke the word "Mama" for the first time. In June 1927, John was enrolled in the Wright Oral School for the deaf in New York City. At three years of age, he was the youngest child they had ever accepted.

In the summer of 1930, Spencer Tracy went to Hollywood, California, to make his first film. John and Louise also traveled to Hollywood while Spencer was filming. On the train back to New York, John was struck with infantile paralysis.

In July 1932, the Tracys' daughter Susie was born, and by March 1935, the family moved to a ranch in Encino, California, where they lived for 19 years. During the 1930s, Louise and Spencer both began playing polo and became accomplished players.

Spencer and Louise separated in 1933, though they reconciled in 1935. There was never again an official separation between Tracy and his wife, but the marriage continued to be troubled. Tracy increasingly lived in hotels and by the 1940s, the two were effectively living separate lives. Throughout their marriage, Spencer frequently engaged in extramarital affairs, including those with actresses Loretta Young, Joan Crawford, Myrna Loy, Ingrid Bergman, and Gene Tierney.

In 1942, Spencer co-starred with actress Katharine Hepburn in the film Woman of the Year. The pair famously began a long-term romantic relationship that lasted until Spencer's death in 1967. During this time, Spencer and Louise became estranged, but they never divorced. When he died, he left his entire estate, worth around , to her, their two children, and his brother.

The John Tracy Clinic
In July 1942, Louise Tracy spoke for the first time on her experience as the mother of a deaf child at the University of Southern California at a banquet for the National Workshop of Social Workers and teachers and Parents of the Hard of Hearing. Louise spoke frequently and with increasing skill to numerous clubs and groups. It was during this time, that she and a group of mothers of deaf children decided to start a school in Los Angeles for young deaf children and their parents. The John Tracy Clinic, named after her son, was the result.

During the first years of the John Tracy Clinic, and particularly the first few months, Louise established many of the aspects of the Clinic's philosophy. She stressed the importance of parents being involved in the education of their children at a very young age and set up a program for them. Louise firmly believed that the Clinic should offer both information and support at no charge to make them more accessible to children and families in need; as such, many of the clinic's services were free, including hearing screenings and services for families to better help care for their deaf children. The John Tracy Clinic was also the first preschool in the nation to offer free emotional support and information for families; aside from those services, it also offered families affected by deafness a sense of community.

Louise's husband Spencer supported her work with the Clinic and was its sole financial support in the beginning. In April 1951, Spencer turned the world premiere of his new film, Father's Little Dividend, at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood, into a building fund-raiser for the Clinic's new site. Spencer's support was always strong, and over the years he personally donated more than a half a million dollars to the Clinic. His admiration for his wife was another constant. At the dedication of the new Clinic building in 1952, he said to the visiting dignitaries, staff and press:

"You honor me because I am a movie actor, a star in Hollywood terms. Well, there's nothing I've ever done that can match what Louise has done for deaf children and their parents."

Recognition
Louise Tracy was honored with many awards during the 1950s. These included the Hearing Advancement Award from the Lions Club Hearing Foundation in 1951, the Testimonial of Merit/Woman of the Year award from the La Sertoma International organization in 1953, and the Sixth Annual Award of the Save the Children Foundation in 1955.

Louise was also lauded in academic circles. In quick succession, she was granted honorary degrees from Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, her alma mater Lake Erie College, and MacMurray College in Jacksonville, Illinois. In 1966, Gallaudet College, the liberal arts college for the deaf in Washington, DC, honored Louise with a Doctor of Letters degree. In 1974, she was granted a Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Whitworth College in Spokane, Washington. In 1976, Louise was honored with a Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Ripon College, Spencer's alma mater, in Ripon, Wisconsin.

Louise Tracy's influence in governmental circles continued in the 1960s. In 1963, Louise was appointed to the Neurological and Sensory Disease Advisory Committee of the federal Department of Housing, Education, and Welfare (HEW). In 1965, she became a member of the National Advisory Board of the National Technical Institute for the Deaf (NTID) in Henrietta, New York. Also in 1965, she was appointed to a four-year term as a member of the National Advisory Council on Vocational Rehabilitation. In 1969, Louise became a member of the President's Task Force on the Physically Handicapped.

The John Tracy Clinic continued to expand in the 1970s. In October 1974, Louise resigned as Clinic director due to ill health. However, the honors continued to roll in for Louise, whose "mothers' group" had become the largest single service provider to parents of deaf children around the world. In 1974, she was presented with the 1974 Award of Honor Otolaryngology and in 1975  the Father Flanagan Award for Service to Youth from the Boys Town organization. In 1977, Louise was given the Humanitarian Award by the National Auxiliary of American Veterans AMVETS.

Death
Louise Tracy died in Santa Monica, California, on November 13, 1983, at the age of 87. Her son John died on June 15, 2007.

References

1896 births
1983 deaths
Activists from Pittsburgh
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)

Louise Tracy


Analytical Abstracts is a current awareness and information retrieval service for analytical chemistry, published by the Royal Society of Chemistry in Cambridge, United Kingdom. It was first published in the mid-1950s by the Society for Analytical Chemistry which merged with other societies in 1980 to form the Royal Society of Chemistry.

Analytical Abstracts is currently available online only. It used to be published in print edition on a monthly basis. The online version of the database is accessible to those who have access to Analytical Abstracts via an institutional licence. The online database is updated on a weekly basis, and users are able to sign up to receive email notifications informing them when an update has been submitted. Currently, Guy Jones is the executive editor and Sarah Rogers is content editor of the publication.

Rather than abstracting all articles from a list of analytical journals, Analytical Abstracts has a very focussed scope. Over half million of articles are selected from a list of over 100 source journals, covering not only analytical chemistry, but also food and environmental chemistry subject areas (amongst others). The principal criteria for selecting an article is that it must deal with the practical measurement of one or more chemical species and must involve the use of a novel protocol.

Classification of articles is performed on the basis of three aspects of the article: the analyte, matrix and concept. While it is not necessary for an article to describe all three aspects, at least one of them must be identifiable for inclusion in Analytical Abstracts.

Articles in Analytical Abstracts are taken from the following areas of analytical chemistry:

 Chemometrics
 Chromatography (LC, GC, CE etc.)
 Sensors (bio-, chemo- and immunosensors)
 Food analysis
 Pharmaceutical analysis
 Biological analysis
 The -omics (proteomics, metabolomics, genomics)
 Spectroscopy and spectrometry
 Separation science
 Sample preparation
 Mass spectrometry
 Titrimetry

See also
 Google Scholar
 List of academic databases and search engines
 Lists of academic journals
 List of open-access journals
 List of scientific journals
 List of scientific journals in chemistry

References

External links
Journal home

Chemistry journals
Royal Society of Chemistry academic journals
1950s establishments in the United Kingdom
Academic journals established in the 1950s

Analytical Abstracts


The Shahnameh or Shāhnāma (Book of Kings, ) is a large poetic opus by the Persian poet Ferdowsi. The book was written between  977 to 1010 AD. The Shahnameh is about the mythical and historical past of Persia/Iran. It is the national epic of Persia/Iran and one of the greatest literary works of the Persian language.

Shahnameh has been composed of 3 main parts: 1. mythical, 2. heroic, 3. historical.

Persian literature
11th-century books

Shahnameh


Leonard Callender Crouch (July 30, 1866 in Kingston, Ulster County, New York – July 2, 1953 in Falls Church, Virginia) was an American lawyer and politician.

Life
He was the son of Henry Gage Crouch and Almira L. (Callender) Crouch. He graduated Ph.B. from Cornell University in 1889. He studied law at Syracuse University and was admitted to the bar in 1891. He commenced practice in Kingston, but soon removed to Syracuse, New York.

On May 13. 1913, he was appointed by Governor William Sulzer a justice of the New York Supreme Court (5th District) to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Peter B. McLennan. From 1923 on, he sat on the Appellate Division, Fourth Dept.

In 1928, he ran on the Democratic ticket for the New York Court of Appeals, but was defeated by Republican Irving G. Hubbs. On March 17, 1932, he was appointed by Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt to the Court of Appeals to fill the vacancy caused by the appointment of Cuthbert W. Pound as Chief Judge. Pound was elected Chief Judge in November 1932, and Crouch was re-appointed by Governor Herbert H. Lehman to the seat on January 1, 1933. In November 1933, Crouch was elected on the Democratic, Republican, Law Preservation and City Fusion tickets to succeed himself, and remained on the bench until the end of 1936 when he reached the constitutional age limit of 70 years.

In January 1933, his daughter Margaret (Crouch) Nottingham (born 1896) committed suicide by shooting herself.

Crouch died on July 2, 1953, at the home of his daughter Helen (Crouch) Douglass in Falls Church, Virginia, from heart disease; and was buried at the Oakwood Cemetery in Syracuse, New York.

Sources
The History of the New York Court of Appeals, 1932-2003 by Bernard S. Meyer, Burton C. Agata & Seth H. Agata (page 20)
 Court of Appeals judges [confusing Crouch and Kellogg]
THREE JUSTICES NAMED in NYT on May 14, 1913
CROUCH APPOINTED TO APPEALS BENCH in NYT on March 18, 1932 (subscription required)
RENAMES CROUCH TO APPEALS COURT in NYT on January 2, 1933 (subscription required)
JUDGE'S DAUGHTER SHOT in NYT on January 22, 1933 (subscription required)
New York Court of Appeals biography

Judges of the New York Court of Appeals
1866 births
1953 deaths
Cornell University alumni
Lawyers from Syracuse, New York
Politicians from Kingston, New York
Syracuse University alumni
Politicians from Falls Church, Virginia
Burials at Oakwood Cemetery (Syracuse, New York)
Politicians from Syracuse, New York
New York State Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Fourth Department justices

Leonard C. Crouch


The Georgia Tech Glee Club is an a cappella singing group founded in 1906 at the Georgia Institute of Technology. It is a student-run glee club currently directed by Dr. Jerry Ulrich. The Glee Club sings all original arrangements and compositions arranged by Dr. Ulrich and by members of the group.

History

Early years

It is slightly unclear when a group of Tech men first harmonized and called themselves a glee club, but it is accepted that the singers represent the Institute's oldest student organization still in existence today. "The Glee Club was first started in 1906 and was composed of some eight or 10 men who would gather every afternoon under the Academic Building and practice," Georgia Tech's student newspaper The Technique reported in an October 9, 1917, article introducing new students to campus customs and clubs. An Atlanta Constitution article dated June 20, 1907, records the group's roots a bit differently. "One of the great social organizations that helps to make the thorny path at Tech tread easier is a musical club organized last February under the suggestive title of the 'Tech Glee Club'." These dates make the Georgia Tech Glee Club the second-oldest collegiate glee club in the Southeast.
In the group's first few decades, the Glee Club would perform in Atlanta and in other cities in Georgia, often combining with the Agnes Scott College Women's Chorale.

The Georgia Tech Glee Club has a long history of performing around the world. In the years immediately following World War II, the Glee Club sang with USO tours in locations from the South Pacific to Korea to Europe.
It appeared twice on The Ed Sullivan Show in 1953 and 1968, during which Ed Sullivan famously barred the Glee Club from singing the line "helluva engineer" in the fight song, "Ramblin' Wreck from Georgia Tech". They also sang the song "There Is Nothing Like a Dame" during the broadcast rehearsal to huge applause, only to have Sullivan cut it from the final lineup.
Despite Ed Sullivan's censorship, the Glee Club was instrumental in spreading the fame of "Ramblin' Wreck" throughout the world, as it was one of the first college choral groups to release a recording of their school songs.
The 1970s saw a dropoff in interest and attendance, which never picked back up until after the new millennium. By 2003, the Club was nearly dead.

Rebirth

At the first rehearsal after the arrival of its current director, Dr. Jerry Ulrich, in 2003, the Glee Club numbered 13 singers, including at least two persons who could not match pitch. That fall semester featured one public performance on the November Choral Concert where the group was sandwiched between the Chamber Choir, the Chorale, and two student-run a cappella groups. However, under Dr. Ulrich and new student officers, growth was quick. In the ensuing three years, the group expanded to 50 singers, and performed hundreds of times in Atlanta and the surrounding region.

In the last few years, the Glee Club has continued to grow in fame and size.  In the past five years alone, the group has performed in Hawaii, New York's Carnegie Hall, Washington, D.C., Southern California, and the United Kingdom. It recorded a full studio album entitled Sing, Kindred Voices in 2006 to mark the Glee Club's Centennial year.

The Modern Glee Club

Each semester, the group performs dozens of times for a wide range of venues, such as Georgia Tech commencement ceremonies, sporting events, college recruitment programs, corporate dinners, church services, alumni receptions, and many more. The Glee Club also sings its own creatively arranged Christmas carols every winter in the Atlanta International Airport, and it will sing songs flashmob-style in the school library and Student Center during the week prior to final exams known as Dead Week.

The Glee Club is well known for its unpredictability during performances that blend rich a Capella music with irreverent humor. Its music spans many genres, including classic rock, funk, jazz, classical, folk, reggae, and collegiate. It is also identified by its unique uniform consisting of blue jeans, a white dress shirt, and a gold tie featuring Georgia Tech's mascot Buzz. The Glee Club currently has approximately 40 members as of Spring 2023, and there is no audition required to join. Its success is largely due to the group of dedicated student officers that organize most of the Glee Club's operations and finances.

See also
 List of collegiate glee clubs

References

External links

 Georgia Tech Glee Club
 Engineers Are People Too! on iTunes

Glee clubs
Georgia Tech
Musical groups established in 1906
1906 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)

Georgia Tech Glee Club


The yellow tyrannulet (Capsiempis flaveola) is a very small passerine bird in the tyrant flycatcher family. It breeds from Nicaragua south to northeastern Argentina and southeastern Brazil. It is the only member of the genus Capsiempis, but its taxonomy is uncertain, and it has been allocated to at least three other genera in the past.

This species is found in thickets, forest and streamside edges, dense second growth, and bushy pastures or clearings.  The cup nest is made of plant fibre and grass blades, decorated outside with moss. It is placed 2–7 m high in a tree, shrub, or maize plant. The typical clutch is two white eggs, usually unmarked or with very light rufous speckles.

Description
The yellow tyrannulet is 10.5-11.4 cm long, weighs 8 g, and with its slender build and small bill resembles a tiny vireo or warbler. Its upperparts are olive-green and the underparts are bright yellow. The head has whitish or pale yellow supercilia. The wings and tail are dusky brown with weak yellow feather-edging, and there are two yellowish wing bars. Sexes are similar, but young birds are browner above and paler yellow below. The call is a soft  and the duetted song is a rhythmic . There is some geographical variation in both appearance and vocalisation.

Diet
Yellow tyrannulets are active birds, seen in pairs or family groups feeding on insects, spiders and small berries. The prey is gleaned from foliage or taken in short sallies.

References

Further reading

External links
Yellow tyrannulet photos on antpitta.com

yellow tyrannulet
Birds of Costa Rica
Birds of Panama
Birds of South America
yellow tyrannulet

Yellow tyrannulet


The decisional Diffie–Hellman (DDH) assumption is a computational hardness assumption about a certain problem involving discrete logarithms in cyclic groups. It is used as the basis to prove the security of many cryptographic protocols, most notably the ElGamal and Cramer–Shoup cryptosystems.

Definition

Consider a (multiplicative) cyclic group  of order , and with generator .  The DDH assumption states that, given  and  for uniformly and independently chosen  , the value  "looks like" a random element in .

This intuitive notion can be formally stated by saying that the following two probability distributions are computationally indistinguishable (in the security parameter, ):
 , where  and  are randomly and independently chosen from .
 , where  are randomly and independently chosen from .

Triples of the first kind are often called DDH triplet or DDH tuples.

Relation to other assumptions

The DDH assumption is related to the discrete log assumption.  If it were possible to efficiently compute discrete logs in , then the DDH assumption would not hold in . Given , one could efficiently decide whether  by first taking the discrete  of , and then comparing  with .

DDH is considered to be a stronger assumption than the discrete logarithm assumption, because there are groups for which computing discrete logs is believed to be hard (And thus the DL Assumption is believed to be true), but detecting DDH tuples is easy (And thus DDH is false). Because of this, requiring that the DDH assumption holds in a group is believed to be a more restrictive requirement than DL.

The DDH assumption is also related to the computational Diffie–Hellman assumption (CDH).  If it were possible to efficiently compute  from , then one could easily distinguish the two probability distributions above. DDH is considered to be a stronger assumption than CDH because if CDH is solved, which means we can get , the answer to DDH will become obvious.

Other properties

The problem of detecting DDH tuples is random self-reducible, meaning, roughly, that if it is hard for even a small fraction of inputs, it is hard for almost all inputs; if it is easy for even a small fraction of inputs, it is easy for almost all inputs.

Groups for which DDH is assumed to hold

When using a cryptographic protocol whose security depends on the DDH assumption, it is important that the protocol is implemented using groups where DDH is believed to hold:

 The subgroup  of -th residues modulo a prime , where  is also a large prime (also called a Schnorr group). For the case of , this corresponds to the group of quadratic residues modulo a safe prime.
 The quotient group  for a safe prime , which consists of the cosets . These cosets  can be represented by , which implies . Since  and  are isomorphic, and the isomorphism can be computed efficiently in both direction, DDH is equally hard in both groups.
 A prime-order elliptic curve  over the field , where  is prime, provided  has large embedding degree.
 A Jacobian of a hyper-elliptic curve over the field  with a prime number of reduced divisors, where  is prime, provided the Jacobian has large embedding degree.

Importantly, the DDH assumption does not hold in the multiplicative group , where  is prime. This is because if  is a generator of , then the Legendre symbol of  reveals if  is even or odd. Given ,  and , one can thus efficiently compute and compare the least significant bit of ,  and , respectively, which provides a probabilistic method to distinguish  from a random group element.

The DDH assumption does not hold on elliptic curves over  with small embedding degree (say, less than ), a class which includes supersingular elliptic curves.  This is because the Weil pairing or Tate pairing can be used to solve the problem directly as follows: given  on such a curve, one can compute  and .  By the bilinearity of the pairings, the two expressions are equal if and only if  modulo the order of .  If the embedding degree is large (say around the size of ) then the DDH assumption will still hold because the pairing cannot be computed.  Even if the embedding degree is small, there are some subgroups of the curve in which the DDH assumption is believed to hold.

See also
 Diffie–Hellman problem
 Diffie–Hellman key exchange
 Computational hardness assumptions
 XDH assumption
 Decisional Linear assumption

References

Computational hardness assumptions
Elliptic curve cryptography

Decisional Diffie–Hellman assumption


Mansa Sakura (also spelled Sakoura) was the sixth emperor (mansa) of the Mali Empire. He was born a slave, but was later freed. Soon after he was freed he became a general in the army of Sundiata Keita. When Sundiata Keita died, there was a struggle between his sons over who would become the emperor. Around 1285, Sakura took control of the throne. He became the ruler of Mali and brought the empire back together.

Mansa Sakura became a powerful leader. He was known for exploring other lands and using the ideas he saw in his own kingdom. He also encouraged trade. Under Sakura's leadership, the Mali Empire made several new conquests. It expanded along the Gambia River to the sea. It became a dominant force in West Africa.

Sakura performed the Hajj shortly before his death. On his way home, he was attacked near Djibouti by warriors who wanted his gold. He was killed in the attack, which happened around the year 1300.

After Sakura died, the throne was returned to the royal heirs of the Keita dynasty. The next emperor was Sundiata's nephew, Gao.

References

13th-century births
1300 deaths

Malian emperors

Mansa Sakura


Jen Schoullis (born March 7, 1989) was a women's ice hockey player for the Minnesota Golden Gophers women's ice hockey program who made her debut for the United States women's national ice hockey team at the 2011 IIHF Women's World Championship.

Playing career
Schoullis played for Shattuck-St. Mary's Under 19 Team. She was part of the team that played in three straight U19 national championships in 2004-05, 2005–06 and the 2006-07 seasons.

NCAA
Schoullis was recruited by Wisconsin and Mercyhurst, but decided to play for Minnesota. During the 2010-11 season, Schoullis was named the Assistant Captain of the Gophers squad. She appeared in 38 games and her 32 points were tied for fourth in team scoring. On February 19, 2011, she scored her first career short handed goal in a 5-3 loss to North Dakota. In a 6-1 defeat of New Hampshire on November 19, 2011, Schoullis factored on every goal, as she tied the Gophers record for assists in a game with five. With three points in the first period, Schoullis also set a career record for points in a period.

USA Hockey
From April 4 to 12, 2011, she was one of 30 players that took part in a selection / training camp. She was named to the final roster that participated at the 2011 IIHF Women's World Championship.  In the second game of the 2011 IIHF Eight Nations Tournament, Schoullis was one of two US players to register a hat trick in a victory over Japan.

Awards and honors
2005 Chicago Showcase Most Sportsmanlike
2006 Keystone State Games Best Female Athlete award
Letterwinner, Minnesota, 2010-11

References

1989 births
American women's ice hockey forwards
Ice hockey players from Pennsylvania
Living people
Minnesota Golden Gophers women's ice hockey players
Sportspeople from Erie, Pennsylvania

Jen Schoullis


Peguera (translation from Catalan:  "oven tar"; and the spelling on official road signs) is a tourist town in the municipality of Calvià on the island of Majorca (Mallorca in Spanish and Catalan), part of the Spanish autonomous community of the Balearic Islands. It has three large beaches and hundreds of hotels, hostels and apartments. The population is approximately 3,988 inhabitants. The town's name refers to the oven tar produced in this area from the pitch of pine tree resin.

Paguera, an alternative spelling apparently used locally, is a beach resort in the very southwest of Majorca in Spain. It is part of the municipality of Calvia. There are bus connections from Palma de Mallorca. It is particularly popular with German tourists to the point of being referred to as "Little Germany." A big shopping street goes the length of the resort. It is popular for the hiking routes in the back parts of the location and for Catamaran and boat trips that part from the resort.

References

Populated places in Calvià
Seaside resorts in Spain
Beaches of Mallorca
Beaches of the Balearic Islands

Peguera


Milfield is a village in Northumberland, England about  northwest of Wooler. The A697 road passes through the village.

History
Milfield is the likely location of the Northumbrian royal settlement of Maelmin, given "mael" is a Brythonic word meaning "field". Bede tells us that a residence was built at Maelmin to supersede Edwin of Northumbria's residence of Ad-Gefrin at Yeavering.
Evidence of a high-status Anglo-Saxon settlement at Milfield strongly suggests that this is the location of Maelmin, because of its proximity to Yeavering.

On Milfield Plain, which is part of the bed of the prehistoric Lake of Glendale, was fought one of the many battles between Scots and English. In the month before the Battle of Flodden, some Scots, under Alexander Home, 3rd Lord Home, were returning from a raid into England where they had burnt several villages. Laden with booty which they had "lifted", Home's men were surprised by a band of English under Sir William Bulmer of Brancepeth in County Durham. The Durham men were victorious and for long years afterwards the Scots name for the road through Milfield was "The Ill Road". Many years after the rout of Home's men, General Monk waited at Milfield with his forces before his momentous march south which brought about the Restoration.

During the Second World War, an air training unit operated from the nearby RAF Milfield.

Notable people
One of Northumberland's most notable daughters, Josephine Grey, the social reformer, was born at Milfield House, about six miles from Wooler. This woman, who did so much valuable work in the nineteenth century to combat the social evils of the day, is more generally known by her married name of Butler. A college was named after her at Durham University and a residency block there was named Milfield in honour of her birthplace. At the end of her long life she returned to her beloved Northumberland and is buried in Kirknewton churchyard under the shadow of Yeavering Bell.

References

External links

Northumberland Communities (Accessed: 27 November 2008)

Villages in Northumberland

Milfield


Utility cycling encompasses any cycling done simply as a means of transport rather than as a sport or leisure activity. It is the original and  most common type of cycling in the world.

Utility or "transport" cycling generally involves travelling short and medium distances (several kilometres, not uncommonly 3–15 kilometers one way, or somewhat longer), often in an urban environment. It includes commuting for example going to work, school or university, going shopping and running errands, as well as heading out to see friends and family or for other social activities.

References

Cycling

Utility cycling


An amine is a molecule which has a nitrogen atom that can behave as a base. An amine can be thought of coming from ammonia. The difference is that the three hydrogens in ammonia are changed to any group or atom. If only one of the hydrogens is changed, the amine is called primary. If two are changed, the amine is called secondary. If all three are changed then it is called tertiary.

Sometimes, a fourth group can be added to the nitrogen. This is called a quaternary ammonium cation. This is not an amine but is a salt. If one of the groups on the nitrogen is a carbonyl group, then the molecule is called amide. This has very different properties.

Amines are used a lot in chemistry. Since the nitrogen has a lone pair, it can do many reactions. It can take protons away from some acids. It can also be a nucleophile. It can be changed into imines and other functional groups.

Amines are also found in many proteins. They are a part of every amino acid.

References

Functional groups

Amine


The Brand Standard Identification Number (BSIN) is a 6-character alphanumeric unique identifier assigned by the Open Knowledge Foundation

History

The origins of BSIN come from the worldwide product repository of OKFN: To integrate a product, a brand must be assigned.
The OKFN project "Open Product Data" uses BSIN codes in its product repository.
Each brand of the OKFN brand repository is given a unique BSIN.
The first version of the brand repository has been launched on the 20th of December 2013.

Description

The BSIN code is composed if 6 alphanumeric characters. letters are uppercase and '0' and 'O' are excluded to avoid confusions.
When a BSIN code is created, it can physically be destroyed or replaced. When it is deleted, its status becomes "deleted" and the reason of the deletion is always provided.
The objective is to ensure users of the reliability and the stability of the BSIN.

There are two types of brands:
 manufacturer brand
 retailer brand

Roadmap

The concept of "owner" will be used to gather brands belonging to big manufacturers such as Unilever, Pesico,...
The second objective is to avoid confusion between the brand and the company belonging the brand. For example, The Coca-Cola company (owner) belongs Cola-Cola (brand), coca zero (brand),...

References

Open content

BSIN


The New Country Party was a minor political party in Australia. It emerged from the internal divisions of the One Nation Party in Queensland and Western Australia in 2003 (in a similar fashion to the City Country Alliance) and was registered by the Australian Electoral Commission on 9 January 2004. Two Western Australian state upper house MPs elected on One Nation tickets, Paddy Embry and Frank Hough, joined the party and were its only serving MPs until their defeat in the Western Australian state election in 2005.

In the leadup to the October 2004 Federal election, there was some suggestion that Queensland independent MP Bob Katter would run on the New Country Party ticket. However, he did not do so. The party ran Senate tickets in Western Australia, Queensland and New South Wales, where it got 0.18%, 0.13% and 0.16% of the vote respectively, and obtained 0.08% of the vote nationwide in the lower house.

In February 2005, the party contested the Western Australian state election, and gained 0.31% of the upper house vote statewide, and 0.11% of the lower house vote. Both sitting members lost their seats to major party candidates.

The NCP contested the 2008 Western Australian state election, but won only 0.05% of the primary vote for the Legislative Council. The party has since been de-registered by the Western Australian Electoral Commission.

The party's website no longer appears to exist, but is archived.

References

Conservative parties in Australia
Defunct political parties in Australia
Political parties established in 2004
Pauline Hanson's One Nation breakaway groups
Right-wing parties
Right-wing politics in Australia
Australian nationalist parties
Defunct conservative parties
Defunct nationalist parties
Social conservative parties
2004 establishments in Australia

New Country Party


Madhu Sudan Kanungo (1 April 1927 – 26 July 2011) was an Indian scientist in the field of gerontology and neuroscience as well as a teacher of molecular biology and biochemistry. He is known for his theories on how gene expression changes with age and the role of this phenomenon in ageing, which is a widely accepted as "Gene expression theory of Aging". In recognition of his contributions, he was awarded India's fourth highest civilian award, Padma Shri in 2005. He held the post of BHU Emeritus professor in zoology at the Banaras Hindu University and was also the Chancellor, Nagaland University till his death.

Education
He completed his Bachelors in Science from Utkal University in the year 1949. After that he moved to Lucknow University from where he completed his MSc in Zoology in 1951. After a short tenure of doing research at Lucknow university followed by serving as a lecturer in Zoology at the Ravenshaw College, Cuttack, he went to the University of Illinois (Urbana), US for advanced studies. He has completed his PhD on Physiology under the famous scientist Prof. Clifford Ladd Prosser from University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, US in 1959 where he worked on the physiological and biochemical adaptation of goldfish to temperature variation and studied its effect on oxygen consumption under both normal and experimental conditions. He also studied oxygen consumption and oxidative phosphorylation of liver mitochondria of goldfish as a part of the same study.

Professional life
He started his early life as a lecturer in Zoology, Ravenshaw College, Cuttack. He then joined Utkal University in Feb. 1961 as a Reader in Zoology and continued teaching for a year. He joined the Department of Zoology at Banaras Hindu University and served as a reader (1962–69) and as a professor (1970–87). He was Head, Department of Zoology (1974–76 and 1980–82), Coordinator of the Center of Advanced Study, and Dean, Faculty of Science (1986) at Banaras Hindu University. Professor Kanungo was founder Director of Institute of Lifesciences, Bhubaneswar in 1989, established by Government of Odisha which was taken over by Department of Biotechnology, Government of India in 2002 and declared a National Centre for excellence in 2003. He served as Emeritus Professor of Banaras Hindu University from 1993 to 2011. He was an active and popular teacher of physiology and biochemistry at Banaras Hindu University for more than 40 years.

For research, he took up the problem of ageing to find out the biochemical and molecular changes that occur in the brain and other organs of the rat as a function of age. He made the following original and important findings: not only the levels of several enzymes decrease, but also their isoenzymes change with increasing age; the decrease in their levels can be prevented by administration of steroid hormones whose receptors are present in the brain; decrease in enzyme levels is due to increasing compaction of chromatin that prevents acetylation of histones and decreases transcription; he proposed a model for ageing and showed that trans-acting protein factors that bind to cis-acting elements in the promoter of genes change with age. As signals from the brain cause expression of neurotransmitters in the brain, the neurotransmitter receptors (NT), both excitatory and inhibitory, change with age; also enzymes necessary for synthesis of NT change during the life span of the rat. Kanungo was the founder director of the Institute of Life Sciences of Government of Odisha at Bhubaneswar. He worked hard with the then chief minister of Odisha, Biju Patnaik, for establishing the institute during the late 1980s which is now a DBT Institute.

Until his death Prof. M. S. Kanungo continued working on topics such as expression of genes and proteins involved in neurotransmission and recycling of neurotransmitters in the brain as a function of age;studying genes and proteins to understand the molecular mechanism involved in the process of learning and memory during ageing;expression of genes involved in formation of blood brain barrier (BBB) as a function of age and under different types of stress.

Promotion of gerontology
Kanungo was the founder president (1981–88) and patron (1989–2011) of the Association of Gerontology of India (AGI), which had three components: biological, socio-psychological and medical for research and planning on the ageing and the elderly. He was also an active member of the National Council for Older Persons (N. C. O. P.) of Govt. of India, Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment from 1999–2011, which proposed the National Initiative for Care of Elderly (NICE) policy.
M. S. Kanungo's devotion and dedication to teaching and research in the field of physiology & biochemistry and ageing was absolute
His publications and lectures on ageing have brought into focus the importance of the problem of Gerontology, and the field has been accepted as a thrust area for research and teaching since the 1970s by several scientific agencies like UGC, CSIR, ICMR, DST and DBT. He has also received grants from International agencies like the Nuffield Foundation, London, UK and PL-480, US.
Also, scientists in several Universities and Research Institutes in India have taken up this problem for research.Prof.Kanungo founded the Association of Gerontology (India) – AGI – with headquarters at Banaras Hindu University in 1982. AGI covers the three main areas of Gerontology: biological, medical and socio-psychological. Moreover, Prof. Kanungo has popularised the subject of Gerontology by writing popular articles on Ageing in Science Today, Science Reporter, etc.and by giving lectures at various Institutes and Universities. The subject is being taught as a course in various universities, both in Science and Humanities.
He had published 139 papers in the area of 'Biology of Ageing' and two single authored books: 'Biochemistry of Ageing' (Academic Press, U. K., 1980; translated into Russian) and 'Genes and Aging' (Cambridge Univ. Press, U. K., 1994). His research group in ageing is internationally well known. He had proposed a theory and a model on ageing in 1975, which is known as 'Gene Regulation Theory of Aging'. His research has shown how activities of many physiological/metabolic enzymes, chromatin structure and its post-translational modifications and function(s) as well as expression of genes change during the ageing process in mammals and birds.

Books written
 Genes & Aging, Cambridge University Press, (1993) ,
 Biochemistry of Aging, Academic Press, London, (1980) ,

Awards
 Padma Shri (2005)
 SS Bhatnagar Prize (Biology) (1971)
 Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship (1987)
 Golden Jubilee Commemoration medal, INSA (1992)
 Sir Sriram memorial Oration award, National Academy of Medical Sciences, (1998)
 Fellowship of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry (FICCI)(1989)
 Third Age Award-14th International Congress of Gerontology, Mexico (1989)
 Fellow of Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi (1975)
 Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore (1975)
 National Academy of Sciences, Allahabad (1989)
 National Academy of Medical Sciences, India (1996)
 Indian Academy of Neuroscience (2008)
 National Fellow (1976–77)
 National Lecturer (1982) of UGC
 Emeritus Scientist of C. S. I. R. (1989–94)
 Senior Scientist INSA (1995–99)
 Chancellor of Nagaland University (2009–2011)

References

External links
 Dept. of Zoology, Teaching and Non-Teaching Staff, Banaras Hindu University

1927 births
2011 deaths
Indian medical academics
Indian gerontologists
Academic staff of Banaras Hindu University
Utkal University alumni
University of Lucknow alumni
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign alumni
Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering
Medical doctors from Odisha
Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
Fellows of The National Academy of Sciences, India
Jawaharlal Nehru Fellows
Indian neurologists
20th-century Indian medical doctors
Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Biological Science

Madhu Sudan Kanungo


Lens is a city in the Pas-de-Calais department of France. Today, about 36.000 people live there. The city has an important history of mining. There is also the Racing Club de Lens, a well-known French soccer team. Paris is 200 km to the south,  Lille is 40 km to the north, Douai is 15 km to the east, and Arras is 20 km to the south.

The city is very old, though no one knows exactly how old. Ruins of Ancient Roman settlements have been found.

Cities in France
Communes in Pas-de-Calais
Subprefectures in France

Lens, Pas-de-Calais


Kota Gelanggi is an archaeological site in Johor, Malaysia. It was reported in 2005 and dating to around 650–900 AD and one of the oldest kingdoms on Southeast Asia's Malay Peninsula. The site's existence was announced as a 'discovery' by the Malaysian press on 3 February 2005.

Geography

The reported site of the ancient city is in the dense jungles of the southern Malaysian state of Johor Darul Takzim, near a forest reserve currently managed as the Linggiu Reservoir by the Public Utilities Board (PUB) of Singapore. This puts the site somewhere within a  area of the forest reserve surrounding Sungai Madek and Sungai Lenggiu.

History
The early 17th century Malay literary work Sejarah Melayu (Malay Annals) records that Kota Gelanggi lies on the upper reaches of the Johor River with a main fort made of black stone (or Kota Batu Hitam in Malay). "Kota Gelanggi" may derive from the Malay mispronunciation of the Thai word Ghlong-Keow or "Box of Emeralds", hence in Malay, Perbendaharaan Permata (Treasury of Jewels). Some scholars believe that the city formed part of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, and may therefore be the unidentified 12th Naksat city of ancient Siamese folklore. Ancient Tamil inscriptions show that the city was raided in 1025 by South Indian Chola Dynasty conqueror Rajendra Chola I, after he had destroyed the Malay Kingdom of Gangga Negara. The latter is generally equated with the ruins and ancient tombs that can still be seen in Beruas district in the state of Perak. Old European maps of the Malay Peninsula show the location of a city known as Polepi (i.e. Gelanggi) at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula.

References to Kota Gelanggi were reported in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by colonial scholar-administrators including Dudley Francis Amelius Hervey (1849–1911), who published eye witness reports of the city in 1881 and Sir Richard Olof Winstedt (1878–1966), who stated that an Orang Asli (indigenous group)  was prepared to take people to the site in the late 1920s. The ancient city was also known to the adventurer-explorer Gerald Gardner (1884–1964), who discovered the ruins of Johore Lama while searching for Kota Gelanggi.

Recent evidence of the city's existence and approximate location was presented as the result of a decade-long research project based on Malay manuscripts, cartographical and topographical surveys, aerial inspections and assessments of local folklore. Based on these sources a preliminary discussion on the subject was published as a lengthy academic paper entitled The "Lost City" of Kota Gelanggi in 2004. Prior to its publication, the paper's author Raimy Che-Ross, an independent researcher, had tabled and discussed his findings with experts at the Asia Research Institute (ARI), National University of Singapore, the Johor chapter of Badan Warisan Malaysia (Malaysian Heritage Trust) and archaeologists at the Jabatan Muzium dan Antikuiti Malaysia (Museums and Antiquities Department of Malaysia), between January–June 2004. The paper received wide coverage in the Malaysian media, who prematurely reported the introductory article as the announcement of a major "discovery". This prompted the then Minister for Heritage, Culture and the Arts to announce ambitious 'plans' for selected museum and government officials to "discover" the city which they did not.

On April 28, 2006, the Malaysian National News Service (Bernama) fakely reported that the "Lost City does not exist". Khalid Syed Ali, Curator of Archaeology in the Department's Research and Development Division, said a team of government appointed researchers had carried out a month-long 'study' in July 2005 but found no trace of the "Lost City". However, Khalid later added that "the Heritage Department (Jabatan Warisan) does not categorically deny that it exists, only that research carried out until now [over the month of July 2005] has not shown any proof that can verify the existence of the ancient city of Linggiu [sic]" When pressed for details, Khalid revealed that Che-Ross had not been involved in the museum's search team for the lost city because they didn't want the people to find out the truth.

Three elder Orang Asli headmen from the Linggiu Dam area nonetheless insist that the city exists; according to Tuk Batin Abdul Rahman (85), "the city is very large, I have seen it myself because it was located near my village. I estimate its fort to be approximately forty feet square, with three holes like windows along its walls", adding that the area was formerly his home and that of fifty other Orang Asli families, before they were moved out by the British due to the Communist threat in the late 1940s–50s. He further said that he had first stumbled across the fort in the 1930s, while foraging for jungle produce. Tuk Batin Abdul Rahman's statements were independently verified by Tuk Batin Daud, 60 and Tuk Batin Adong, 58, who added that their people had visited the site on numerous previous occasions and had seen the black stone walls themselves. Two old manuscript drawings believed to depict the ruins are in the possession of Tuk Batin Adong. The rough outline coloured sketches show a large building surrounding a steep hill with two circular apertures on the walls on each side of the entrance.

The Kota Gelanggi of Johor Darul Takzim should not be confused with the Kota Gelanggi Caves near Jerantut in Pahang Darul Makmur. The Kota Gelanggi Caves of Jerantut hold Neolithic sites, with no evidence of further substantial habitation beyond that period despite extensive archaeological digs in its caverns by the museums department.

In late May 2008, the Malaysian Press reported the discovery of an ancient bronze vessel or Kendi near a river close to Mentakab, Pahang Darul Makmur that may be associated with the ancient city of Kota Gelanggi in Johor Darul Takzim. Both sites are linked by a network of rivers once believed to form a trade route cutting across the Malay Peninsula.

References

External links
 Malaysiakini - Dude, Where's My Lost City?
 The Southeast Asian Archaeology News - A Tale of Two Cities
 Utusan Malaysia - Discovery of Kendi may be linked to Kota Gelanggi (May 2008)

History of Johor
Archaeological sites in Malaysia
Lost cities and towns

Kota Gelanggi


A trolleybus (also known as trolley bus, trolley coach, trackless trolley, trackless tram or simply trolley) is a bus which runs on electricity. It gets its power for the electric motors that drive the wheels from a pair of power lines above the street.

On the roof of the bus are two "trolley poles" from which electric current flows between the wires and the bus. One wire is for the positive current and the other is for the negative (return) current.

Because trolleybuses do not usually have engines which burn diesel or other fossil fuels, they are much cleaner and quieter than "normal" buses. They also do not use tracks, so they are more flexible than trams. However, most of these buses can only go where the wires go. Some are made as a hybrid vehicle, or with a battery so they can go a short distance on ordinary roads.

Trolleybuses cost more money to make than other types of buses, so there are not many companies that build this type of bus. Some of these companies are:
VanHool
MAN
Hess
Solaris
 Škoda Electric
Neoplan
Volvo

Buses

Trolleybus


Give-away shops, freeshops, free stores or swap shops are stores where all goods are free. They are similar to charity shops, with mostly second-hand items—only everything is available at no cost. Whether it is a book, a piece of furniture, a garment or a household item, it is all freely given away, although some operate a one-in, one-out–type policy (swap shops). The free store is a form of constructive direct action that provides a shopping alternative to a monetary framework, allowing people to exchange goods and services outside of a money-based economy.

History
The anarchist 1960s countercultural group the Diggers opened free stores which simply gave away their stock, provided free food, distributed free drugs, gave away money, organized free music concerts, and performed works of political art. The Diggers took their name from the original English Diggers led by Gerrard Winstanley and sought to create a mini-society free of money and capitalism.

Similar phenomena
Another recent development in the give-away shop movement is the creation of the Freecycle Network. It began in the state of Arizona, United States, for the purpose of connecting people who had extra belongings to get rid of with people who needed something, organized as discussion/distribution lists, and usually hosted on one of the free websites. A similar concept has operated in Australia from 2011 via Ziilch, a web site that allows free listing of goods to be acquired by others at no cost.

See also

 Charity (practice)
 Drive (charity)
 Food bank
 Food Not Bombs
 Gift economy
 Recycling
 Regiving
 Reuse
 Take a penny, leave a penny

References

Giving
Recycling
Anarchist movements
Retail formats
Reuse

Give-away shop


Mary Brave Bird, also known as Mary Brave Woman Olguin and Mary Crow Dog (September 26, 1954 – February 14, 2013) was a Sicangu Lakota writer and activist who was a member of the American Indian Movement during the 1970s and participated in some of their most publicized events, including the Wounded Knee Incident when she was 18 years old.

Brave Bird lived with her youngest children on the Rosebud Indian Reservation, South Dakota. Her 1990 memoir Lakota Woman won an American Book Award in 1991 and was adapted as a made-for-TV-movie in 1994.

Early life and education
Born Mary Ellen Moore-Richard in 1954 on the Rosebud Indian Reservation, South Dakota, she was a member of the Sicangu Oyate, also known as the Burnt Thighs Nation or Brulé Band of Lakota. She was raised primarily by her grandparents while her mother studied in nursing school and was working.

Brave Bird was influenced by several relatives who followed traditional practices, including her granduncle Dick Fool Bull, who introduced her to the Native American Church. During the 1960s, Brave Bird attended the St. Francis Indian School, in St. Francis, South Dakota, a Roman Catholic boarding school.

Career
In 1971 Brave Bird was inspired by a talk by Leonard Crow Dog and at age 18 joined the American Indian Movement (AIM). She participated in such historical events as the 1972 Trail of Broken Treaties and subsequent occupation of the BIA headquarters in Washington, DC. She was also part of the 1973 Occupation of Wounded Knee.

Marriage and family
Brave Bird married AIM spiritual leader Leonard Crow Dog; the couple later divorced. In 1991, she married Rudy Olguin,
they had Summer Olguin in 1991 and later their second, Rudy Olguin. She had six children in total. She was a grandmother and remained active in the Native American Church.

Writing career
Brave Bird was the author of two memoirs, Lakota Woman (1990) and Ohitika Woman (1993). Richard Erdoes, a long-time friend, helped edit the books. Lakota Woman was published under the name Mary Crow Dog and won the 1991 American Book Award. It describes her life until 1977. Ohitika Woman continues her life story.

Her books describe the conditions of the Lakota Indian and her experience growing up on the Rosebud Indian Reservation in South Dakota, as well as conditions in the neighboring Pine Ridge Indian Reservation under the leadership of tribal chairman Richard Wilson.  She also covers aspects of the role of the FBI, the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs and the treatment of the Native Americans and their children in the mid-1900s. Her work focuses on themes of gender, identity, and race.

Crow Dog and Brave Bird made cameo appearances in the 1991 Oliver Stone film The Doors.

Movie
Brave Bird's memoir was adapted as the 1994 movie Lakota Woman: Siege at Wounded Knee, produced by TNT and Jane Fonda. The film starred Irene Bedard as Mary Brave Bird. The movie depicted the events that occurred during the 1973 uprising of the AIM (American Indian Movement) organization and their stand-off at Wounded Knee. Brave Bird has a cameo appearance in the film.

Published works
 Brave Bird, Mary, with Richard Erdoes. Ohitika Woman. New York: Grove Press, 1993. ;
 Crow Dog, Mary, with Richard Erdoes. Lakota Woman. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1990.  ;  (ebook)

References

Further reading

External links

20th-century Native Americans
Rosebud Sioux people
Native American women writers
Native American activists
Members of the American Indian Movement
American autobiographers
Women autobiographers
American women non-fiction writers
Writers from South Dakota
American Book Award winners
People from Rosebud Indian Reservation, South Dakota
1954 births
2013 deaths
20th-century Native American women
21st-century American women

Mary Brave Bird


Catherine Glesca Marshall (September 19, 1906 – August 21, 1987) was an actress and theatrical benefactor who was known primarily as the most enduring lover of Alla Nazimova, silent screen actress and a legend of her time.  Glesca met Nazimova when both were cast in a production at the Civic Repertory Theater.

Glesca later lived with Nazimova at the Garden of Allah Hotel on Sunset Boulevard near the Sunset Strip in Hollywood. In the silent film era, the hotel had been an estate that was Nazimova's home. Glesca lived there in a villa on the grounds until Nazimova's death in 1945.

Glesca was also the longtime companion of Emily Woodruff, theatrical benefactor and main patron of the Springer Opera House in Columbus, Georgia. Emily was married to Hume Cronyn, though they never lived together and Emily insisted the marriage remain a secret. Marshall and Woodruff are buried together at Parkhill Cemetery, Columbus, Georgia.

External links

latimes.com

American film actresses
Bisexual actresses
American bisexual actors
1906 births
1987 deaths
20th-century American actresses
20th-century American LGBT people

Glesca Marshall


Diner Dash is a strategy and time management video game initially developed by Gamelab and published by PlayFirst. It is now owned and published by Glu Mobile. It was one of the top-selling downloadable games of all time, available in multiple platforms such as PC, Mac, consoles, and mobile.

An Xbox Live Arcade version of the game was released by Hudson Soft on November 18, 2009, the PlayStation Network version on November 25, 2009, the WiiWare version on February 16, 2010, in Japan, as well as Europe on March 26, 2010, and North America on March 29, 2010, but this version is no longer on the WiiWare service. Diner Dash later became a mobile game when ported to mobile phones by Glu Mobile, given a retail release, and made available via a 100% advertising-supported download. Versions have been created for the platforms PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS, and iOS.

Diner Dash is also used to refer to the Diner Dash franchise, which has spawned numerous sequels. Diner Dash 2: Restaurant Rescue was released in early 2006, Diner Dash: Flo on the Go was released in late 2006, Diner Dash: Hometown Hero was released in late 2007, Diner Dash 5: BOOM! was released in early 2010, the first free-to-play Diner Dash, went live in late 2014, and the latest installment, Diner Dash Adventures, was released in 2019.

Story
Flo is a hard worker at a big stock market company in Dinertown. She's tired of doing all the work and feeling unfulfilled. Flo quits her job, wishing she could work someplace else. She spots a run-down old diner, which she buys. She has to make enough money to fix up the diner. Later after earning more finance, she opens a new restaurant called Flo's Tiki Palace, after earning enough there she then opens a seaside diner called Go with the Flo Fine Seafood Dining, when finished at the seaside diner she opens a dazzling newer restaurant called Chez Flo's.

After establishing many restaurants, an Indian goddess grants Flo a brand-new form and allows her to work at an Indian restaurant located above Dinertown. After proving her worth, Flo went out in her own separate way and is ready to help another hard worker at the company establish his own diner, repeating the cycle.

Gameplay
Gameplay involves seating customers and guiding Flo around the restaurant to serve customers. If enough money is earned after each level, the player progresses to the next. As the game progresses Flo updates the dilapidated restaurant she begins with and builds three further restaurants, which provide new settings.

Gameplay centers around catering to customers to gather as much money as possible. Flo can be moved around the restaurant to complete tasks. As customers arrive in the restaurant, the player must drag and drop them onto a table, where they sit down and read menus. Then the player must guide Flo to the table to take their order, which must be taken to the service hatch. After the chef has prepared the meal, Flo must deliver the food. When the customers are finished eating, they must be taken a check, at which point the customers leave a tip and their dishes on the table, departing the restaurant. The dishes must be cleared by Flo before the next set of customers can use the table. Each successful action earns the player points, performing the same action multiple times in a row earns the player a chain bonus, which is broken once a different action is performed.

Customers have a series of hearts over their heads that indicate their mood. The longer the customer is forced to wait, the more hearts he or she loses. Each type of customer has different degrees of patience and tipping habits. Flo can perform various actions, such as talking to customers or serving them drinks, to revive these hearts. When customers lose all their hearts, they leave the restaurant, costing the player points. The goal of a level is to earn a certain number of points. There are also expert point totals for advanced players to achieve.

The game has two modes: Career mode, which follows the story of Flo, and Endless Shift, a survival mode in which the player must last as long as possible in a single level.

In the Cooking Dash variation, the player actually prepares the food as opposed to bringing the order to the chef for him to prepare it.

Reception
Diner Dash has been mentioned in The New York Times, USA Today, CNN, and a variety of casual game studies, including Nicole Lazzaro's analysis of player emotions at the 2005 Game Developers Conference. Games Magazine gave it a favorable review, calling it "remarkably flexible".

References

External links
 archived
Glu Mobile, mobile version archived

2003 video games
Cancelled Game Boy Advance games
Casual games
IOS games
Lua (programming language)-scripted video games
MacOS games
Mobile games
Nintendo DS games
PlayStation Portable games
PlayStation Network games
Video games about food and drink
Video games developed in the United States
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games scored by Adam Gubman
WiiWare games
Windows games
Xbox 360 Live Arcade games
Android (operating system) games
Time management video games
PlayFirst games
Glu Mobile games
Single-player video games

Diner Dash


Valerie Campbell-Harding (May 3, 1932 – October 5, 2006) was an experimental textile art designer and author of 24 books.

Biography
She was born in Canada on May 3, 1932 and died in England on October 5, 2006. She founded the Computer Textile Design Group in 1996, a group whose focus was the application of computer technologies to textiles. Campbell-Harding was also editor and frequent contributor to the Computer Textile Design Group magazine Design IT. Valerie Campbell-Harding taught City & Guilds Embroidery, Decorated Textiles and Machine Embroidery and weekend courses and workshops on embroidery, beading, digital photography and computer design for textiles all over the world (in particular Britain, America and Australia) between 1980 and her death. She was the editor of The World of Embroidery, the author or co-author of more than twenty books on embroidery, design and beading (often with Maggie Grey, Pamela Watts or Jane Lemon) and made a video on bead embroidery with Pam Watts.

Training
 Chippenham Technical College.
 Goldsmith's Art College.
 Loughborough Art College.
 Nottingham University (Adult Teaching Certificate).
 Open College of the Arts/Creative Digital Arts.
 Open College of the Arts/The Art of Photography.

Teaching
 City & Guilds Embroidery 790 parts 1 & 2 at:
 Newbury Technical College, Berkshire 1982–1989.
 Chippenham Technical College Wiltshire 1982–1991.
 Urchfont Manor College, Wiltshire 1982–1998.
 Missenden Abbey Adult Education College 1991–1998.
 Preparing Working Designs for C & G Creative Studies at Newbury Technical College  1988–1989.
 City & Guilds 7802 Textile Decoration 1998–2000.
 City & Guilds 7802 Automatic Decorative Stitches 2000–2001.
 Colour and Design Certificate Courses at Urchfont Manor College.
 Colour and Design Correspondence Course for Urchfont Manor College.
 City & Guilds 7802 Machine Embroidery 2000–2006.
 City & Guild 7900 Machine Embroidery 2002–2006.
 Open College Network course in Passementerie 1995–1997. (Wrote the syllabus for the OCN 1996/7) Missenden Abbey.
 Open College Network  course in Machine Embroidery 1996–1998. (Wrote the syllabus for the OCN 1996/7) Missenden Abbey.
 Weekends at Residential Adult Education Colleges including West Dean College, Missenden Abbey, Alston Hall, Dillington, Hawkwood College, Fittleworth College, Dartington, Springfield Court, Horncastle College, Bellerby College, Forge Mill, Masterclass at Colchester, Wye College, Belstead House, Kingcombe, the Earnley Concourse and Denman College.
 Courses at Art Colleges, and Adult Education Centres, and for the Embroiderers' Guild at Hampton Court and Branches all over the UK.
 Summer Schools at Missenden Abbey, Masterclass, Rose Barn, Lichfield College, Embroiderers Guild at Hampton Court, Churchfields Swindon, and Various E. Guild regional summer schools.
 Courses at Threads '90 (the Bradford Festival) and the Great British Bead Show 1996.
 In-Service courses for art teachers in Berkshire, Wiltshire, Kent & Norfolk, and for Network Training.
 Teaching tours of Australia, Scotland, USA, Jersey, the Isle of Wight, Ireland, Guernsey and the Isle of Man.
 Started the Computer Textile Design Group in 1992, and was the President and Editor of the Newsletter until her death in 2006. Demonstrated, exhibited and taught courses on computer design for the Group to craftsmen and teachers.

Publications
 Textures in Embroidery, Batsford.
 Patchwork 1 and 2  (co-author), Search Press.
 Faces And Figures in Embroidery, Batsford.
 Strip Patchwork, Batsford.
 Goldwork, Search Press.
 Every Kind of Patchwork (co-author), Pan.
 Flowers and Plants in Embroidery, Batsford.
 Gold & Silver Embroidery (3 sections), Search Press.
 Weaving with Ribbon, David & Charles.
 Machine Embroidery: Stitch Techniques (co-author), Batsford.
 Fabric Painting for Embroidery, Batsford.
 Embroidery Studio (2 chapters), David & Charles.
 Bead Embroidery (co-author), Batsford.
 Machine Embroidery: Stitched Patterns, Batsford.
 The Machine Embroidery Workbook (co-author), Embroiderers' Guild.
 Beaded Tassels, Braids & Fringes, Sterling.
 Colour & Design Workbook, CTDG.
 Machine Embroidery: Layers of Stitch (co-author), Batsford.
 Fabulous Filters Workbook, CTDG.
 Celtic Inspiration for Machine Embroidery (co-author), Batsford.
 Stitching the Edge, Batsford (2004).
 Using a Digital Camera Workbook, CTDG (Oct 2003).

Work as editor
 Starting to Stitch Creatively, Batsford.
 The World of Embroidery 1988–1996.
 Beadworkers Guild Journal 1999–2000.
 Computer Textile Design Group Magazine Design-IT 1992–2006.
 Personal interviews in Workbox, The World of Embroidery, Workshop on the Web and Stitches.
 Profile lecture at the V & A 2005.
 Articles in Workshop on the Web, Workbox, The World of Embroidery, The Textile Directory, Stitch, The Beadworkers' Guild Journal and Bead&Button.

Also
 Consultant on embroidery books to B T Batsford, 1990–1995.
 BBC TV appearances during 1975 and 1995.
 ITV appearances in February and October 2000.
 Video on Bead Embroidery  (with Pam Watts), Find a Fact, 1995.
 Demonstrated at the Knitting and Stitching Show in London and Dublin, and the Madeira show in Harrogate, and the National Patchwork Championships, the D&T Show, at exhibitions and smaller shows.

Exhibitions
 Commonwealth Institute, London.
 Foyle's Art Gallery London.
 Embroiderers' Guild Hampton Court.
 South Hill Park Arts Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire.
 Ideal Home Exhibition.
 Newbury Festival.
 Salisbury Cathedral.
 Hereford Cathedral.
 Art in Action, Waterperry House, Salisbury, Windsor and Loughborough Art Colleges.
 Commissioned work in private collections, and at Radley College, Abingdon.

References

1932 births
2006 deaths
20th-century Canadian women artists
21st-century Canadian women artists
Artists from Toronto
Canadian textile artists
Textile designers
Women textile artists
Embroiderers

Valerie Campbell-Harding


Morwenstow is a parish and hamlet in north Cornwall, United Kingdom. The hamlet is situated near the coast about six miles (10 km) north of Bude.

Morwenstow is the most northerly parish in Cornwall with the Atlantic Ocean to the west and Devon to the east. As well as the churchtown, other settlements in the parish include Shop, Woodford, Gooseham, Eastcott, Wooley and West Youlstone.

Morwenstow was the home of the eccentric vicar and poet Robert Stephen Hawker (1803–1875), who is credited with reviving the custom of Harvest Festivals. The church of St Morwenna and St John the Baptist is of the Norman period. The Vicarage was built for Hawker and has chimneys in the form of the towers of various churches associated with him. The nearby coast is hazardous to shipping and the corpses of drowned sailors were laid out in the churchyard and then buried. Hawker buried over forty who were washed up within the parish boundaries.

References

Villages in Cornwall
Civil parishes in Cornwall

Morwenstow


Shalom Television is an Indian Catholic Christian television channel based in Kerala. The channel broadcasts programs include a daily Holy Mass and also Tridentine Mass format, the traditional Nasrani rosary recitation. It also broadcasts other programs, including interviews, musical shows, competition, quiz shows, chat shows, short films and family-based programs.

History
Shalom was first introduced in 1989 as a small prayer group. It was founded by Saint Thomas Christians and was subsequently expanded in 1998 as a programming block on Asianet channel. It was officially launched as an independent channel in March 2005. The channel, further expanded in publishing media including Shalom Times, Shalom Tidings and Sunday Shalom. The channel has expanded its operation worldwide, including Australia, United Kingdom and North America.

See also
Catholic television
Catholic television channels
Catholic television networks
Padre Pio TV

References

External links

Malayalam-language television channels
Catholic television channels
Television stations in Thiruvananthapuram
Religious television channels in India
Television channels and stations established in 2005
Christian media in Kerala
2005 establishments in Kerala

Shalom (TV channel)


was the pseudonym of a Japanese painter in the Nihonga style, active during the Taishō and Shōwa eras. His real name was Kawabata Shotarō.

Biography
He was born in Wakayama city in Wakayama Prefecture. He moved to Tokyo in 1895. Initially interested in literature, he studied under the poet Kawabata Hoja, who introduced him to the Hototogisu artistic circle. He then became interested in painting instead, and studied yōga painting techniques as an apprentice in the studios of the Hakubakai. When he was 18, he entered a Yomiuri Shimbun illustration contest, from which his work was selected. He continued working on newspaper illustrations to earn a living as he studied oil painting. In 1913, he traveled to the United States to study western-style painting techniques in more depth, but was so impressed with the Japanese art that he saw during a visit to the Boston Museum of Fine Arts that he switched to the Nihonga genre on his return to Japan in 1914, displaying at the Inten Exhibition in 1915. He left Inten in 1928 in protest of its increasing rigid rules, and established his own Nihonga art circle, the Seiryūsha in 1928. The Seiryūsha held an exhibition on competition to the Inten twice a year from 1929 to 1965 in Tokyo. In addition, Ryūshi usually held a personal exhibition in Osaka once per year.

Ryūshi was a major advocate of , which emphasized the public nature of art. His works therefore tended to be on a huge scale, and were intended for public display in large areas.

After World War II, together with Yokoyama Taikan and Kawai Gyokudō, he came to be regarded as one of the "Three Big Figures" in the field of Nihonga painting.

In 1950, after the death of his wife and son, he went on a pilgrimage of the 88 holy places in Shikoku, taking a total of six years to make the circuit, and sketching extensively along the way. In 1959, he was awarded the Order of Culture by the Japanese government.

In 1963, shortly before his death, his house in Ōta, Tokyo was transformed into the Ōta Municipal Ryushi Memorial Hall. It was donated to the city of Ōta by his heirs in 1990, and contains most of his larger works.

Philately
One of Ryūshi's works was selected as the subject of a commemorative postage stamp by the Japanese government:

 1979: Aizen ("Passion"), commemorating the 61st Inter-Parliamentary Conference

Gallery

References
 Conant, Ellen P., Rimer, J. Thomas, Owyoung, Stephen. Nihonga: Transcending the Past: Japanese-Style Painting, 1868-1968. Weatherhill (1996).

External links
Bio and photos of works
Ryushi Memorial Hall official site

1885 births
1966 deaths
Nihonga painters
Buddhist artists
People from Wakayama (city)
Recipients of the Order of Culture
20th-century Japanese painters
Artists from Wakayama Prefecture

Kawabata Ryūshi


The Battle of Kota Bharu began just after midnight on 8 December 1941 (local time) before the attack on Pearl Harbor. It was the first major battle of the Pacific War, and was fought between ground forces of the British Indian Army and the Empire of Japan.

Kota Bharu, the capital of Kelantan State on Malaysia's northeast coast, was, in 1941, the Royal Air Force's (RAF) and Royal Australian Air Force's (RAAF) base of operations in Northern Malaya. There was an airstrip at Kota Bharu and two more at Gong Kedak and Machang. Japanese losses were significant because of sporadic Australian air attacks, Indian coastal defences, and artillery fire.

Preparations

The Japanese invasion plan involved landing troops from the 5th Division at Pattani and Songkhla on Thailand's east coast, and troops from the 18th Division at Kota Bharu on Malaya's northeast coast. The forces landing in Thailand were to push across to the west coast and invade Malaya through the northwestern state of Kedah, while the eastern landing force would attack down the east coast from Kota Bharu and into the interior of Malaya.

The British plan for defending against an attack from Thailand into northwestern Malaya was a pre-emptive strike into southern Thailand, known as Operation Krohcol, to take strategically vital positions and delay the enemy attack. The British plan for the defence of the east coast of Malaya consisted of fixed beach defences by the Indian 9th Infantry Division along the northern stretch of coastline and two-thirds of the Australian 8th Division defending the southern stretch of coastline (the other third was deployed to Ambon, West Timor, and Rabaul)

The Japanese attack force was drawn from Lieutenant General Tomoyuki Yamashita's 25th Army. It sailed from Samah Harbour on Hainan Island on 4 December 1941. Additional ships carrying more troops joined the convoy from Saigon in southern Vietnam, French Indochina. An RAAF reconnaissance Lockheed Hudson discovered the Japanese convoy. Admiral Sir Thomas Phillips, the British naval commander, Far East ordered the battlecruiser  to cancel its trip to Darwin, Australia, and return to Singapore as quickly as possible. The invasion force was spotted again on 7 December by a Catalina flying boat of No. 205 Squadron RAF, but the Catalina was shot down by five Nakajima Ki-27 fighters before it could radio its report to air headquarters in Singapore. Flying Officer Patrick Bedell, commanding the Catalina, and his seven crew members became the first Allied casualties in the war with Japan.

Prior to the invasion the Japanese had recruited a small number of disaffected Malays into a fifth column organization called the "Tortoise Society". The Malayan police were aware of the society's existence and had arrested a number of its leaders just prior to the Japanese landings. At Kota Bharu members of the society provided assistance to the invasion army and acted as guides.

Landings at Kota Bharu

Air Marshal Sir Robert Brooke-Popham, commanding officer of the British Forces in the Far East, fearing that the Japanese Fleet was trying to provoke a British attack and thus provide an excuse to go to war, hesitated to launch Operation Matador on 7 December. Matador was the British plan to destroy the invasion force before or during the landing. He decided to delay the operation, at least for the night. Shortly after midnight on 7/8 December, Indian soldiers patrolling the beaches at Kota Bharu spotted three large shadows: the transport ships Awazisan Maru, Ayatosan Maru, and Sakura Maru, dropping anchor approximately  off the coast. The ships were carrying approximately 5,200 troops of the Takumi Detachment (Major-General Hiroshi Takumi, aboard Awazisan Maru). Most of these troops were veterans of the war in China.

The Japanese invasion force consisted of units from the 18th Division. The assault troops came from the 56th Infantry Regiment (Colonel Yoshio Nasu, aboard Sakura Maru), supported by one mountain artillery battery of the 18th Mountain Artillery Regiment (Lieutenant Colonel Katsutoshi Takasu), the 12th Engineer Regiment (Lieutenant Colonel Ichie Fujii), the 18th Division Signal Unit, one company of the 12th Transport Regiment, one company of the 18th Division Medical Unit, and No. 2 Field Hospital of the 18th Division Medical Unit. They were escorted by a fleet (Kota Bharu Invasion Force) under the command of Rear-Admiral Shintaro Hashimoto, consisting of the light cruiser , destroyers , , , and , minesweepers No. 2 and No. 3, and submarine chaser No. 9.

The invasion began with a bombardment at around 00:30 local time on 8 December (2:00 local time in Tokyo on 8 December, 17:00 GMT on 7 December). The Japanese carrier planes flying toward Pearl Harbor were about 50 minutes away from their destination. The attack on Pearl Harbor started at 01:48 Kelantan local time (3:18 Japanese time on 8 December, 18:18 GMT, 7:48 Hawaii time on 7 December).  As a result, it is usually referred to as the 7 December attack in the USA. The loading of landing craft began almost as soon as the transports dropped anchor. Rough seas and strong winds hampered the operation and a number of smaller craft capsized. Several Japanese soldiers drowned. Despite these difficulties, by 00:45 the first wave of landing craft was heading for the beach in four lines.

The defending force was the 8th Indian Infantry Brigade (Brigadier B. W. Key) of Indian 9th Infantry Division (Major General A. E. Barstow), supported by four 3.7-inch Mountain Howitzers of the 21st Mountain Battery (IA) (Major J. B. Soper). The 3/17th Bn, Dogra Regiment, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel G.A. Preston, had responsibility for the  stretch of coast which was the chosen landing site. The British fortified the narrow beaches and islands with land mines, barbed wire, and pillboxes. They were supported by the 73rd Field Battery of the 5th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, deployed adjacent to the nearby airfield. The area defended by the 3/17th Dogras consisted of the narrow beaches of Badang and Sabak at Kota Bharu. The beaches were split by two estuaries that led to the mouth of the Pengkalan Chepa River through a maze of creeks, lagoons and swampy islands, behind which was the Kota Bharu airfield and the main road inland.

The Dogras immediately opened intense fire on the invasion force with artillery and machine guns. By midnight, the first waves of Japanese troops were heading toward the beach front in landing craft. Colonel Masanobu Tsuji wrote in his book about the Malaya Campaign:

The first and second waves of Japanese soldiers were pinned down by the intense fire from the Dogra's pillboxes and trenches but after vicious hand-to-hand fighting a breach was made in the defences on the south bank of the estuary. On the northern bank the Japanese were pinned down on an island where dawn found them trapped in the open. Allied aircraft from the nearby airfields began attacking the invasion fleet and the soldiers trapped on the island. Japanese casualties in the first and second waves were heavy. The Japanese managed to get off the beach only after the two pill box positions and supporting trenches were destroyed. Despite their heavy resistance, the Dogras were forced to retreat to their defences in front of the airfield. Brigadier Key brought forward his reserves; the 2/12th Frontier Force Regiment and the 1/13th Frontier Force Rifles to support the Dogras. At 10:30, Key ordered an attempt to retake the lost beaches with the 2/12th Frontier Force Regiment attacking from the south and the 1/13th Frontier Force Rifles attacking from the north. The fighting on the beaches was heavy with both sides suffering more casualties. The British forces made some progress but were unable to close the breach. In the afternoon, a second attack went in but failed again to close the breach.

The airfield at Kota Bharu had been evacuated and by dusk on 8 December, with very low visibility, and Japanese troops were now able to infiltrate between the British units and with possible threats of landings further south, Brigadier Key asked for permission from Major-General Barstow (9th Division commander) and Lieutenant General Heath (III Corps commander) to withdraw if it became necessary.

Air attacks

No. 1 Squadron RAAF based at RAF Kota Bharu launched 10 Lockheed Hudson bombers to attack the Japanese transports, each loaded with four  bombs. In the 17 sorties flown, they lost two Hudsons shot down and three badly damaged. One Hudson, flown by Flight Lieutenant John Graham Leighton Jones, crashed into a fully laden landing craft after being hit while strafing the beachhead, killing some 60 Japanese soldiers on board. Only five Hudson bombers remained airworthy at the end of the battle.

All three Japanese troopships were significantly damaged, but while the Ayatosan Maru and Sakura Maru were still able to sail, the Awazisan Maru was left burning and abandoned. The attacks by No. 1 Squadron RAAF killed or wounded at least 110 of its crew. The wreck later sunk on its own or was torpedoed by the Dutch submarine  on 12 December.

Despite the strong defence, Takumi had three full infantry battalions ashore by mid morning of 8 December. Counter attacks launched by Brigadier Key failed and the Japanese took Kota Bharu town on the 9th. After fierce fighting during the night, threatening the airfield, Lt Col Arthur Cumming's 2/12th Frontier Force Regiment attempted to hold the airfield and put up a brilliant rearguard action. Cumming would later receive the Victoria Cross during the fighting at Kuantan. Key asked for and was given permission to withdraw from Kota Bharu.

The Japanese claim that the landings at Kota Bharu were some of the most violent of the whole Malayan Campaign. It is estimated that they suffered an estimated 300 killed and 500 wounded.

See also
Japanese Order of Battle, Malayan Campaign
Malayan Campaign
Malaya Command – Order of Battle
Operation Krohcol
Operation Matador (1941)
Patrick Stanley Vaughan Heenan

Notes

References

Further reading
Worldwar-2.net: Timeline of the Invasion of Malaya
Far Eastern Heroes website

Kota Bharu
British Malaya in World War II
Invasions of Malaya
Malaya
World War II invasions
1941 in British Malaya
Conflicts in 1941
Military history of Malaya during World War II
Military history of Singapore during World War II
World War II operations and battles of the Southeast Asia Theatre
Battles of World War II involving Australia
Battles and operations of World War II involving India
J
Vietnam in World War II
British Malaya
Straits Settlements
December 1941 events

Battle of Kota Bharu


A synthetic element is an element of the Periodic Table that has been created in a lab. Most are man made and radioactive. Scientists make synthetic elements by smashing and fusing 2 different sized elements together to makes a whole new one. They usually fall apart in seconds, though, if not minutes.

Examples of these are some Uranium atoms, Technetium atoms, and most of the Actinide elements.

Synthetic element


Sir Nicholas Roger Kenyon CBE (born 23 February 1951, in Cheshire) is an English music administrator, editor and writer on music. He was responsible for the BBC Proms in 1996–2007, after which he was appointed Managing Director of the Barbican Centre. In September 2021 he left to become opera critic of the Telegraph and a visiting scholar in the Faculty of Music at the University of Cambridge.

Education and career

Having attended St Bede's College, Manchester and played bassoon with Stockport Youth Orchestra, Kenyon studied history at Balliol College, Oxford.

After graduating, he worked for the English Bach Festival, and as a freelance writer on music. From 1979 to 1982 he was a music critic for The New Yorker. He then returned to the UK as the music critic for The Times, then chief music critic of The Observer. He was music editor of The Listener and editor of the journal Early Music.

In 1992, he was appointed Controller, BBC Radio 3 and director of the BBC Proms from the 1996 season, his title changing in 2000 to Controller BBC Proms, Live Events and Television Classical Music. In February 2007 he was announced as the new Managing Director of the Barbican Centre in the City of London, in succession to Sir John Tusa, a post he took up in October 2007, remaining until September 2021, when he became opera critic of the Telegraph and a visiting scholar at the Faculty of Music of Cambridge University.

Kenyon has been a member of the Board of Arts Council England, and previously of the Board of English National Opera, a Governor of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, a member of the Arts and Humanities Research Council, a member of English Heritage's Blue Plaques Panel, a Trustee of the Dartington Hall Trust, a member of the Dartington International Summer School Foundation and a patron of Spode Music Week. He is also a Fellow of The Radio Academy.

Honours
In the 2001 New Year Honours, he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for his services to music and millennium broadcasting. He was created a Knight Bachelor in the 2008 New Year Honours. In 2011, he was awarded the President's Medal by the British Academy.

Publications
Amongst his publications are The BBC Symphony Orchestra: the first 50 years (1982), the biography Simon Rattle: from Birmingham to Berlin (2001), and the Faber Pocket Guide to Mozart (2005) and Faber Pocket Guide to Bach (2011).  He edited the influential Authenticity and Early Music (1987), and the BBC Proms Guides to Great Symphonies, Great Concertos, Great Choral Works and Great Orchestral works. In 2021 he published The Life of Music: New Adventures in the Western Classical Tradition (2021).

"Rule Britannia" discussion
In 2020 Kenyon commented on a controversy about whether Rule, Britannia! should be sung at the Last Night of the Proms. In recent years the inclusion of the song has been criticised because of its jingoistic words, for example by Leonard Slatkin, the second non-British person to conduct the Last Night of the Proms. In 2020 the BBC proposed to perform the music in the Royal Albert Hall without the words, citing the difficulties the traditional arrangement posed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Kenyon dismissed the criticism of this decision as "kneejerk" BBC bashing. In the end, there was a u-turn and the lyrics were sung after all.

References

External links
Guardian article by Kenyon on the influence of recording and broadcasting on musical tastes

1951 births
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
BBC music executives
People associated with the BBC Proms
BBC Radio 3 controllers
British music critics
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English music journalists
Honorary Members of the Royal Academy of Music
Knights Bachelor
Living people
People educated at St Bede's College, Manchester
Recipients of the President's Medal (British Academy)
Opera critics

Nicholas Kenyon


Air Warrior was a multiplayer online combat flight simulation game launched by Kesmai in 1987. It was hosted on GEnie and used that service as a server for client software running on a variety of personal computers. It underwent continual improvement through its decade-long lifetime with Kesmai, appearing on new platforms and host services. Electronic Arts purchased Air Warrior in 1999, and became provider of the game, but it was discontinued in 2001. Sequels Air Warrior II and Air Warrior III were both released in 1997 and published by Interactive Magic.

Air Warrior was one of the first massive online games, hosting hundreds of users during busy periods. It inspired WarBirds, which in turn inspired Aces High, while other members of the Warbirds team went on to produce World War II Online. Today there are a number of similar games, like WarThunder, most of them based on a freemium model.

History
Introduced in 1988 by Kesmai, Air Warrior was played over modems and hosted on the GEnie online service provider. Players could choose one of a number of World War II aircraft to fly, along with ground vehicles, and play in a multiplayer "arena" with hundreds of other players. The game focused mostly on dogfighting, with a secondary strategic role of capturing forward airbases near the center of the map. Several updated versions were released, and additional service providers were added over time.

The original version of Air Warrior ran on Apple Macintosh, Commodore Amiga, and Atari ST computers, had simple black and white wireframe graphics, and cost over $10 per hour to play. Over time, Kesmai produced improved versions of the game, starting with SVGA Air Warrior in 1993, and continuing with Air Warrior for Windows in 1996, Air Warrior II in early 1997, Air Warrior III later in 1997, and finally Air Warrior III Millennium Version in 2000. Development of Air Warrior II was directly overseen by Bill Stealey, founder of the game's publisher, Interactive Magic.

Kesmai also did business deals to provide access to Air Warrior through additional on-line services, including Delphi, CRIS, CompuServe, America Online, Earthlink, Gamestorm and CompuLink. A version of Air Warrior for Windows was ported back to the Macintosh in 1997 in an Internet open beta, and then later moved to America Online. In 1999, Electronic Arts purchased Air Warrior, and became provider of the latest version of the game, only to discontinue it in 2001.

Reception
Computer Gaming World in 1990 called Air Warrior "the most exciting [wargame] I've played", warning players to "be resigned to spending some money on it, though, because time flies while you do". 1991 and 1993 surveys in the magazine of strategy and war games gave it three and a half stars out of five. The magazine in 1993 praised the flight models' accuracy, stating that it forced pilots to choose correctly when selecting aircraft to fly against other humans. The magazine suggested that if Kesmai were to add some upgrades to the offline single-player mode it would "blow away any of the competition". In a 1994 survey of wargames the magazine gave the title four stars out of five, noting its high cost but reporting that it was "Continually being revised and updated".

In 1997 Next Generation named Air Warrior as number six on their "Top 10 Online Game Picks". They noted that "Kesmai did what was thought impossible at the time - put out a multiplayer flight sim online with a persistent environment."

References

Sources
Anderson, Brooke P. (1997). How to Fly and Fight in Air Warrior, Appendix:  History of Air Warrior.

Brooks, M. Evan (2001). dates of release for some versions of Air Warrior.
Book of MacDweeb, 1999. satirical history of Air Warrior for Macintosh in the spirit of the Wingless Cafe.

External links

1988 video games
3DO Interactive Multiplayer games
Amiga games
Atari ST games
Classic Mac OS games
Combat flight simulators
Commodore CDTV games
DOS games
Electronic Arts franchises
FM Towns games
Konami games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games developed in the United States
World War II flight simulation video games
Kesmai games

Air Warrior (video game)


A mattock () is a hand tool used for digging, prying, and chopping. Similar to the pickaxe, it has a long handle and a stout head which combines either a vertical axe blade with a horizontal adze (cutter mattock), or a pick and an adze (pick mattock). A cutter mattock is similar to a Pulaski used in fighting fires. It is also commonly known in North America as a "grub axe".

Description
A mattock has a shaft, typically made of wood, which is  long. The head consists of two ends, opposite each other and separated by a central eye. A mattock head typically weighs . The form of the head determines the kind and uses of the mattock:

 A cutter mattock combines the functions of an axe and adze, with its axe blade oriented vertically and longer adze horizontally.
 A pick mattock combines the function of a pick and adze, with a pointed end opposite an adze blade.

Both are used for grubbing in hard soils and rocky terrain, with the pick mattock having the advantage of a superior penetrating tool over the cutter mattock, which excels at cutting roots.

Uses

Mattocks are "the most versatile of hand-planting tools". They can be used to chop into the ground with the adze and pull the soil towards the user, opening a slit to plant into. They can also be used to dig holes for planting into, and are particularly useful where there is a thick layer of matted sod. The use of a mattock can be tiring because of the effort needed to drive the blade into the ground, and the amount of bending and stooping involved.

The adze of a mattock is useful for digging or hoeing, especially in hard soil.

Cutter mattocks () are used in rural Africa for removing stumps from fields, including unwanted banana suckers.

History

As a simple but effective tool, mattocks have a long history. Their shape was already established by the Bronze Age in Asia Minor and ancient Greece. According to Sumerian mythology, the mattock was invented by the god Enlil. Mattocks () are the most commonly depicted tool in Byzantine manuscripts of Hesiod's Works and Days.

Mattocks made from antlers first appear in the British Isles in the Late Mesolithic. They were probably used chiefly for digging, and may have been related to the rise of agriculture. Mattocks made of whalebone were used for tasks including flensing – stripping blubber from the carcass of a whale – by the broch people of Scotland and by the Inuit.

Etymology

The word mattock is of unclear origin; one theory traces it from Proto-Germanic, from Proto-Indo-European. There are no clear cognates in other Germanic languages, and similar words in various Celtic languages are borrowings from the English (e.g. , , ). However, there are proposed cognates in Old High German and Middle High German, and more speculatively with words in Balto-Slavic languages, including Old Church Slavonic  and Lithuanian , and even Sanskrit. It may be cognate to or derived from the unattested Vulgar Latin , meaning club or cudgel. The New English Dictionary of 1906 interpreted mattock as a diminutive, but there is no root to derive it from, and no semantic reason for the diminutive formation. Forms such as mathooke, motthook and mathook were produced by folk etymology. Although used to prepare whale blubber, which the Inuit call "mattaq", no such connection is known.

While the noun mattock is attested from Old English onwards, the transitive verb "to mattock" or "to mattock up" first appeared in the mid-17th century.

See also

 Dolabra
 Ice axe
 Pottiputki (tool)

References

Mechanical hand tools
Gardening tools
Forestry tools

Mattock


Count Andrey Artamonovich Matveev () (1666–1728) was a Russian statesman of the Petrine epoch best remembered as one of the first Russian ambassadors and Peter the Great's agent in London and The Hague.

Andrey Matveyev was the son of the more famous Artamon Matveyev by a Scottish woman, Eudoxia Hamilton. At the age of eight he was granted a rank of chamber stolnik (комнатный стольник) but was exiled together with his father during Feodor III's early reign. The Matveyevs returned to Moscow on 11 May 1682, and four days later Artamon Matveyev was killed by the rebellious Streltsy during the Moscow Uprising of 1682, while Andrey fled the capital again. In 1691–1693 he served as voyevoda in the Dvina Region.

Peter the Great, who had deeply respected Matveyev the elder and whose own mother had been brought up in the Matveyev family, sent him in 1700 as ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary, firstly in the Dutch Republic (1699–1712), afterwards in Austria (1712–1715), where he was granted in 1715 a comital title of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1705, Matveev did not succeed in his Paris mission to treat with France on trade issues. He then settled in London with the purpose of persuading Queen Anne to mediate between Sweden and Russia and not to acknowledge Stanisław Leszczyński as King of Poland.

Just before leaving England, Matveyev was accosted and apprehended by some bailiffs, "a Brutal sort of People", who made his release contingent on payment of 50 pounds. Having suffered verbal and physical abuse, Matveyev reported to the Russian Foreign Office that the English "have no respect for common law whatsoever". Despite subsequent apologies from the Parliament and the Queen, the diplomatic corps in London raised such an outcry over the incident that it led the Parliament to adopt the Act Preserving the Privileges of Ambassadors (April 21, 1709), the first-ever act to guarantee diplomatic immunity.

In 1716, Matveyev was recalled to St Petersburg, where he received the rank of Privy Counsellor and was appointed to run a naval academy. Three years later, he became Senator and President of Justice Collegium. For three years before his retirement in 1727 he presided over the senate office in Moscow. His daughter Maria — rumoured to have been the tsar's mistress — was the mother of Field-Marshal Peter Rumyantsev.

In his declining years, presumably influenced by Pyotr Shafirov's research on Russian history, Matveyev described the Moscow Uprising of 1682, appending a summary account of the subsequent events up to 1698. The book is written in florid, antiquated language replete with outlandish spellings. It has a tangible bias: the actions of tsarevna Sofia and her party are painted as evil, while those of the Naryshkins and the author's father are immoderately glorified.

References

  Matveyev letters quoted in Sergey Solovyov's history of Russia
  Matveyev Incident of 1709

Senators of the Russian Empire
1666 births
1728 deaths
Counts of the Russian Empire
Diplomats of the Russian Empire
Politicians from the Russian Empire
18th-century diplomats of the Russian Empire
Ambassadors of the Russian Empire to the Netherlands
Ambassadors of the Russian Empire to Austria

People from the Russian Empire of Scottish descent
Ambassadors of the Russian Empire to the United Kingdom
People from the Tsardom of Russia

Andrey Matveyev