"Sailing" is a song composed by Gavin Sutherland of the Sutherland Brothers in 1972, best known as a 1975 international hit for Rod Stewart.

Sutherland Brothers original recording
"Sailing" was written and recorded by the Sutherland Brothers – a duo consisting of Gavin and Iain Sutherland – in a June 1972 session. The brothers provided their own backing with Gavin on bass drum and Iain on harmonium. They intended the song to have a "Celtic feel to it", and overdubbed their vocals. In a 1975 interview with the Scottish Daily Express, Gavin Sutherland said of the song:

Issued as a single, the song reached No. 54 in July 1972, and the single's sales were reportedly 40,000 units. The Sutherland Brothers had recorded "Sailing" subsequent to completing the tracks intended for their upcoming album release Lifeboat, and that album was issued in November 1972 without the inclusion of "Sailing": included on the US edition of the Lifeboat album, "Sailing" by the Sutherland Brothers would make its UK album debut on the 1976 Sutherland Brothers' compilation album entitled Sailing.

Rod Stewart version

Overview
"Sailing" was recorded by Rod Stewart for his first album recorded in North America rather than Great Britain: Atlantic Crossing, which was recorded April – June 1975 at Muscle Shoals Sound Studio with Tom Dowd producing. The first single from the album, "Sailing" was an international hit, notably in the UK, where it was number 1 for four weeks in September 1975. It returned to the UK chart in 1976 and, with less success, in 1987. "Sailing" remains Stewart's biggest single hit in the UK. However, "Sailing" was not a hit in Stewart's newly adopted US homeland.

Background

According to Iain Sutherland the connection between the Sutherland Brothers and Rod Stewart which led to Stewart's recording of "Sailing" began when Stewart's live-in girlfriend Dee Harrington saw the Sutherland Brothers on the 20 June 1972 broadcast of the BBC2 music program The Old Grey Whistle Test: Harrington recommended the Sutherland Brothers as a musical act that would interest Stewart, and Stewart did indeed become a Sutherland Brothers fan after seeing them perform at the Marquee Club. According to Gavin Sutherland, the Sutherland Brothers co-wrote two original songs with Stewart which Stewart hoped to record for Atlantic Crossing: however the only Sutherland Brothers tune Stewart would record for the album would be "Sailing" whose seemingly nautical theme complemented the album's title.

Stewart would recall the recording of "Sailing" being a challenge: he was awoken in his hotel room by a 10 am phone call from Dowd at Muscles Shoals, in which Dowd said "Get down here in half an hour; we've mixed the track and need the vocal"; Stewart (quote): "I was like: 'You're joking, recording at 10:30 in the morning. I need a drink to calm the old nerves'...There was nothing [alcoholic] to be had anywhere and I was terrified to sing without [a drink]"..."I'd never sung anything in a studio without having a drink – let alone a big old anthem. And I'd never sung anything, anywhere that early in the morning. Got it in six or seven takes though."

Impact and legacy
Despite his enthusiasm for the Sutherland Brothers, Stewart said that he "argued vehemently" against the release of "Sailing" as the lead single from Atlantic Crossing, instead advocating his own composition "Three Time Loser". Gavin Sutherland concurs: "I don't think Rod personally wanted ["Sailing"] put out as a single. He just saw it as a big ballady-kind of last track, side two, finish to Atlantic Crossing which had several other great tracks on it." However "Sailing" had an August 1975 UK single release parallel with the album release of Atlantic Crossing: reaching No. 2 UK in its second week of release, Stewart's "Sailing" would have a four-week tenure at No. 1 UK.

Stewart's "Sailing" had a UK chart revival in 1976 as a result of the track being utilized as theme song for Sailor a documentary series on  which BBC1 aired for ten weeks from 5 August 1976: "Sailing" ranked at No. 50 on the UK chart dated 4 September 1976 and the track's renewed popularity continued even after the 7 October 1976 finale of the Sailor TV series, as "Sailing" reached its 1976 chart peak of No. 3 on the UK charts dated 16 – 23 October 1976, with the track remaining in the UK Top 50 into January 1977. Stewart performed "Sailing" live on the Top of the Pops broadcast of 23 September 1976. "Sailing" remains Stewart's biggest-selling single in the UK: in November 2012 it was reported that "Sailing" by Rod Stewart had sold 1.12 million units in the UK with a resultant ranking at No. 112 of the 123 UK million-selling singles.

In the US, where Atlantic Crossing had been issued in August 1975 without a single release, "Sailing" was issued as the album's lead single in October 1975 but failed to reach the Top 40 of Billboard, attaining a Hot 100 peak of No. 58. Overall "Sailing" did afford Stewart a major international success reaching No.1 in Ireland, the Netherlands, and Norway; No. 2 in Australia, Belgium's Flemish Region, South Africa and Switzerland; No. 3 in New Zealand; No. 4 in Germany; No. 7 in Austria; No. 13 in Sweden.

The first music video for "Sailing" was filmed in the Port of Dublin and also featured footage shot on the major Dublin thoroughfare Moore Street: featuring Stewart and his partner Britt Ekland, the video aired on the Top of the Pops broadcast of 28 August 1975. Another music video for "Sailing" was shot in New York Harbor in 1978, and would become one of the first to be aired on MTV when it launched on 1 August 1981.

As the British task-force sailed out of Portsmouth Harbour on 5 April 1982 – the third day of the Falklands War – the recording of Rod Stewart's "Sailing" was broadcast from the quay's public address system.

In 1987 Rod Stewart's "Sailing" was reissued as a charity single after the Herald of Free Enterprise disaster off the Flemish port of Zeebrugge, becoming a moderate hit in Belgium's Flemish Region (No. 24) and also the British Isles (No. 41 UK/ No. 30 Ireland) ("Sailing" would be the only charting Rod Stewart single in the British Isles in 1987).

Live performances
Although Stewart had been touring the US with the Faces at the time of the autumn 1975 single release of "Sailing" that tour's setlist was focused on Stewart's collaborations with the Faces, with "Three Time Loser" being the only Atlantic Crossing number to be included. "Sailing" would debut as a Rod Stewart concert number during his European tour of November 1976 – January 1977 with the song usually serving as each show's purported finale to be followed with "Stay With Me" as encore: Stewart's 1 November 1976 performance at the Trondheim Spektrum in Norway launched the tour which after dates in Scandinavia, Finland, Belgium and the Netherlands played nine cities in Great Britain including six nights (21 -24 December 1976/ 14–15 January 1977) at the Olympia London.

Stewart's 1982 Absolutely Live concert album features a performance of "Sailing". He performed "Sailing" at the 20 June 1986 Prince's Trust All-Star Rock Concert – with Elton John on piano and Eric Clapton on guitar – and at the 1 July 2007 Concert for Diana memorial gala for Diana, Princess of Wales: both events were held at Wembley Stadium.

Charts

Weekly charts

|}

Year-end charts

Rock Against Repatriation version
In December 1990 "Sailing" was remade as a protest song against the repatriation of Vietnamese boat people who had fled to Hong Kong: Steve Hackett, who organized this multi-artist recording intended to raise funds to assist those living in refugee camps, would recall: I remember...sitting there with Brian May and we were overdubbing the song on Christmas Eve. I had gotten people to work in England on Christmas Eve, Christmas Day and Boxing Day...I was becoming a professional beggar as you do when you undertake charity work. I was worried that I pushed a lot of my friends, family and management to the limit with this. But even as we sat there Christmas Eve doing the overdubs, they showed [the participating artists] working on TV from when they filmed us earlier. It had everyone singing along and it was a nice buzz for Brian and me. I was worried I pushed him on it, but he said 'No, you got me out of myself by doing that. I'm glad you did that.' So, it was a good effort.

It was announced that both the Sutherland Brothers: Gavin and Iain, would be featured on the recording, although only Iain Sutherland would in fact be featured. Recorded at Surrey Sound Studios – with additional recording at the Cambridge Park and Maison Rouge studios (both in southwest London) and also Real World Studios – the version of "Sailing" by Hackett et al. was issued 19 February 1990 with the artist credit Rock Against Repatriation to spend a single week on the UK chart ranking at #89 for the week ending 3 March 1990, and – despite Hackett's allegation that "I must have done over twenty TV shows here in North America" in support of the single and its cause – a US release went unnoticed. Hackett would admit: "The single didn't accomplish what I wanted it to."

A video was prepped for the Rock Against Repatriation version of "Sailing" which intercut footage of the featured artists performing with media images of the Vietnamese refugees forcibly repatriated from Hong Kong.

Personnel
 Iain Sutherland, Paul Carrack, Jim Diamond, Fish, Kevin Godley, Justin Hayward, Steve Hogarth, Mark King, Bonnie Tyler – vocals
 Tom Conti, Paul Muggleton – backing vocals
 John Hackett – flute
 Steve Hackett, Steve Rothery – guitar, backing vocals
 Howard Jones – piano
 Mark Kelly – keyboards, backing vocals
 London Chamber  Orchestra, arranged by Nick Magnus – strings
 Nick Magnus – keyboards, percussion
 Phil Manzanera, Mike Rutherford – guitar
 Ian Mosley – percussion, backing vocals
 Pino Palladino – bass
 Simon Phillips – drums
 The Pride of Murray – bagpipes
 Curt Smith – guitar, vocals
 Pete Trewavas – bass, backing vocals
 Judie Tzuke – vocals, backing vocals
 Adam Woods – percussion

Charts

Other versions
"Sailing" has also been recorded by Joan Baez (album Blowin' Away 1977), Brotherhood of Man (album 20 Number One Hits 1980), the Nolan Sisters (album 20 Giant Hits 1978), Smokie, (album Uncovered Too 2002) and Dame Vera Lynn. Robin Trower (with bassist James Dewar on vocals) covered the song on the 1976 album Long Misty Days and Roger Whittaker on the 1978 album Roger Whittaker Sings the Hits., Aled Jones. Instrumental versions of "Sailing" have been recorded by the London Symphony Orchestra (album Classic Rock 1977) and Richard Clayderman (album A Little Night Music – 12 Classic Love Songs 1988).

A French version ("Ma musique") has been recorded by Joe Dassin in 1975.

The song's melody is used for the football chant "No one likes us, we don't care", sung by Millwall supporters. The melody is also used by German football club Hertha BSC Berlin for their chant Nur Nach Hause (Just homewards), written by Berlin-based Entertainer and Hertha-Fan Frank Zander.

At the time of the Voyage of Greta Thunberg in 2019, climate strikers in Steyning performed the song with the lyrics "Greta's Sailing".

References

External links

1972 songs
1972 singles
1975 singles
1987 singles
Irish Singles Chart number-one singles
Number-one singles in Norway
Rock ballads
The Sutherland Brothers songs
Rod Stewart songs
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
Song recordings produced by Muff Winwood
Island Records singles
Warner Records singles
Song recordings produced by Tom Dowd
1970s ballads
Songs about boats
Songs about oceans and seas

Sailing (Sutherland Brothers song)


John Wilkes Booth (May 10, 1838 – April 26, 1865) was an American actor. He is known for killing U.S. president Abraham Lincoln in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865. Lincoln died the next morning.

Booth was born in Bel Air, Harford County, Maryland to English immigrant parents. He was a very well-known stage actor. Booth supported the Confederacy during the American Civil War. He was angry with Lincoln for supporting voting rights for former slaves. He also wanted to get Confederate soldiers to keep fighting the war, which was ending.

Booth was chased by United States soldiers and killed at a farm in Virginia twelve days after he shot Lincoln.

Booth's political activity
Booth became politically active in the 1850s. He joined the Know-Nothing Party, a political party that wanted fewer immigrants to come to the United States. Boot strongly supported slavery. In 1859, he joined a Virginia company that helped to capture John Brown after his raid on Harpers Ferry. Booth watched Brown's execution.

During the Civil War, Booth worked as a Confederate secret agent. He met with the heads of the Secret Service, Jacob Thompson and Clement Clay, in Montreal many times.

Failed plots against President Lincoln
In the summer of 1864, Booth began making plans to kidnap President Lincoln. His plan said that Lincoln would be taken south to Richmond, where he would be held until he could be traded for Confederate prisoners of war. Booth got friends and people who supported the Confederacy to help him. Eight of these people were later tried for killing Lincoln by a military court designed to prosecute enemies of the United States during wartime.  All eight were found guilty; four were executed by hanging. Some people who refused to join Booth, such as actor Samuel Chester, became key government witnesses in the trial.

On March 4, 1865, Booth attended Lincoln's second inauguration as president. Booth appears in some photographs taken that day. On March 15, Booth and most of his conspirators met at a restaurant three blocks from Ford's Theater to plan the kidnapping. Soon after, Booth heard that on March 17, the President would be seeing a play called Still Waters Run Deep at the Campbell Hospital, near Washington, D.C. Booth decided that this was the best time to kidnap him. According to John Surratt, Booth made a plan to intercept Lincoln's carriage on the way to the play.  However, President Lincoln changed his plans and decided to speak to the 140th Indiana Regiment and present a captured flag.

Booth's next plan was to kidnap the President at another performance at Ford's Theatre (where Booth had several friends). This plan failed when Booth's co-conspirators said it would not work.

The assassination of Lincoln
On April 4, the Union Army took over Richmond, the capital city of the Confederacy.  Five days later, General Robert E. Lee surrendered Confederate forces to the Union Army.  After these two events, Booth decided to kill Lincoln instead of kidnapping him. According to Booth's former friend, Louis Weichmann, Booth may have decided to kill the President on April 11.  On that day, Booth listened while Lincoln gave a speech supporting voting rights for black Americans. Weichmann, who saw the President's speech with Booth, later said:
"I had never seen Mr. Lincoln up close and I knew he was a tall man, however nothing could have prepared me for the sight of him. A long shadow did he have. And his arms, when at his sides, touched near his knees. Very professionally he said that there would never be any suffrage based on differences in the way people look. Upon this, Booth turned to the two of us and said, "That means nigger citizenship. Now by God I'll put him through!"

On April 14, 1865, Booth went to Ford's Theater in Washington, D.C. to pick up his mail.  There he found out that Lincoln and his wife would be seeing a play at the theater that evening. Booth knew the play well. He met with his co-conspirators, and they decided that around 10:15 that evening, they would kill President Lincoln, Vice-president Johnson, Secretary of State William Seward, and possibly General Ulysses S. Grant.

That afternoon, Booth made a hole in a wall at the theater so he could see the President and his guests in their balcony room.  There were no guards protecting the balcony room.  During the play, Booth quietly entered the room. He knew that at 10:15 pm, the audience would laugh at a line in the play.  When the laughter began, Booth fired a pistol at point-blank range into the back of Lincoln's head. Booth escaped by jumping from the balcony onto the stage, where he shouted the triumphant line;Sic semper tyrannis  ('Thus always to tyrants')  to the audience. When he escaped from the box, he broke his leg during the jump, but escaped out the back door and onto his horse.

Lincoln was carried across the street to Petersen House, where he died the next morning. One co-conspirator did attack Secretary of State Seward with a knife the night of the 14th, but Seward survived the attack. The conspirator who planned to attack Vice President Johnson did not follow through with the plot.

Booth fled with an accomplice south through Maryland to Virginia. An army troop caught up with him on April 26.  His accomplice surrendered, but Booth refused.  He yelled "I will not be taken alive!"  He was shot while being captured and later died from his wounds.   The bullet struck Booth in the back of the head behind his left ear, passed though his neck, and out into the barn. A low scream of pain like that produced by a sudden throttling came from the assassin, and he pitched headlong to the floor. Corbett and the other soldiers would note a sense of poetic, or cosmic, justice in that Lincoln and Booth were each shot around the same spot of the head. And the damage to Booth was no less severe than that to Lincoln: the bullet had pierced three vertebrae and partially severed his spinal cord, paralyzing him. Their conditions were different as well, as Mary Clemmer Ames summed it up, "The balls entered the skull of each at nearly the same spot, but the trilling difference made an immeasurable difference in the sufferings of the two. Mr. Lincoln was unconscious of all pain, while his assassin suffered as exquisite agony as if he had been broken on a wheel." A soldier poured water into his mouth, which he immediately spat out, unable to swallow. The bullet wound prevented him from swallowing any of the liquid. In a weak voice, Booth asked for water and Conger and Baker gave it to him. He asked them to roll him over and turn him facedown. Conger thought it a bad idea. Then at least turn me on my side, the assassin pleaded. They did, but Conger saw that the move did not relieve Booth's suffering. Baker noticed it, too: "He seemed to suffer extreme pain whenever he was moved...and would several times repeat, 'Kill me.'" At sunrise, Booth remained in agonising pain. His pulse weakening as his breathing became more laboured and irregular. In agony, unable to move his limbs, he asked a soldier to lift his hands before his face and whispered as he gazed at them, "Useless ... Useless." These were his last words. A few minutes later, Booth began gasping for air as his throat continued to swell, then there was a shiver and a gurgle and his body shuddered, before Booth died from asphyxia - he literally choked to death.

Corbett maintained that he didn't intend to kill Booth, but merely wanted to inflict a disabling wound, but either his aim slipped or Booth moved at the moment Corbett pulled the trigger.

References

Other websites

 The Life and Plot of John Wilkes Booth

1838 births
1865 deaths
Abraham Lincoln
Actors from Maryland
American murderers
American stage actors
Assassins
People shot and killed by law enforcement officers in the United States

John Wilkes Booth


George Stanhope (5 March 1660 – 18 March 1728) was a clergyman of the Church of England, rising to be Dean of Canterbury and a Royal Chaplain. He was also amongst the commissioners responsible for the building of fifty new churches in London, and a leading figure in church politics of the early 18th century. Stanhope also founded the Stanhope School in 1715.

Biography
George was born on 5 March 1660 at Hartshorne, near Swadlincote in south Derbyshire, son of Thomas Stanhope, rector of Hartshorne, Derbyshire, vicar of St Margaret's Church, Leicester, and chaplain to the Earls of Chesterfield and Clare. His grandfather, George Stanhope (d. 1644), was canon and precentor of York from 1631, and was rector of Wheldrake, Yorkshire, and chaplain to James I and Charles I; he was dispossessed during the Commonwealth. The younger George was educated at Uppingham School in Rutland, Eton College and King's College in Cambridge. He graduated in 1681 and obtained his Master of Arts in 1685 and entered into Holy Orders, however he remained three years longer at Cambridge. In 1687 he was appointed curate of Stow cum Quy, Cambridgeshire, and in 1688 he was appointed rector of Tewin, Hertfordshire (Tewin Register), and on 3 August 1689 of Lewisham, Kent, being presented to the latter by Lord Dartmouth, to whose son he was tutor, both then and apparently for five years afterwards. He became a Doctor of Divinity in 1697, and he was appointed chaplain to William III and Mary II. In 1701 he was appointed Boyle lecturer. In the year following he was presented to the vicarage of Deptford, was reappointed Royal chaplain by Queen Anne, and on 23 March 1704 was made Dean of Canterbury, still retaining Lewisham and Deptford.

Church politics
Stanhope, as Dean, entered the lower house of Convocation at a period of bitter conflict with the upper house under Francis Atterbury's leadership. As a man of peace, in friendship with Robert Nelson on one side, and with Edward Tenison and Gilbert Burnet on the other, Stanhope was proposed by the moderate party as prolocutor in 1705, but was defeated by the high churchman, Dr. William Binckes. In 1711, Stanhope was among the founding group that would organise the building of fifty new churches to replace those lost in the Great Fire of London, and was re-appointed in 1715 after the accession of George I. After Atterbury's elevation to the see of Rochester in 1713 he succeeded him as prolocutor, and was twice re-elected.

The most prominent incident of his presidency was the censure of the Arian doctrine of Samuel Clarke in 1714. Early in 1717 the lower house of Convocation also censured a sermon by Bishop Benjamin Hoadly which had been preached before the king and published by royal command. To stop the matter from going to the upper house, convocation was hastily prorogued (May 1717). It was thenceforth formally summoned from time to time, only to be instantly prorogued. On the occasion of one of these prorogations Stanhope broke up the meeting (14 February 1718) in order to prevent Tenison from reading a protestation in favour of Hoadly. It was probably in consequence of this action that he lost the royal chaplaincy, which he had held in the first year of George I. From this date the Convocation of the English Clergy remained in abeyance until its revival in the province of Canterbury in 1852, and in that of York in 1861.

Stanhope was one of the great preachers of his time, and preached before Queen Anne in St Paul's Cathedral in 1706 and 1710 on two of the great services of national thanksgiving for the Earl of Marlborough's victories. In 1719 he had a correspondence with Atterbury, which dealt partly with the appointment of Thomas Sherlock, afterwards Bishop of London, to one of his curacies.

Stanhope founded the Charity School in High Street, Deptford, known as Dean Stanhope's School. Dean Stanhope's school eventually merged and became part of the Addey and Stanhope School. Following the merger, the building was demolished to make way for shops in 1899.

He died at Bath on 18 March 1728, and was buried in St. Mary's church, Lewisham, where a monument with a long inscription was erected to his memory. According to Daniel Lysons (1796):

<blockquote> His monument, the inscription on which has been already given, deserved a better fate than to be thrown aside in the vault, where it now lies, when the church was rebuilt. A place should have been found within the new walls for the memorial of a man who was for thirty-eight years so distinguished an ornament of the parish.</blockquote>

There were two portraits of him in the Deanery at Canterbury.

Family
Stanhope married first Olivia, daughter of Charles Cotton of Beresford, Staffordshire, and had by her a son, who predeceased him, and five daughters. (One of their daughters, Mary, married William Burnet, son of Gilbert.) After Olivia's death in 1707, Stanhope married in 1709 Ann Parker, half-sister of Sir Charles Wager; she survived him by two years.

Literary works
Stanhope's literary works were chiefly translations or adaptations. He translated Epictetus (1694 ; 2nd ed. 1700, 8vo), Charron's 'Books on Wisdom' (1697, 3 vols.), and Meditations by Marcus Aurelius (1697 ; 2nd ed. 1699, 4to). He modernised The Christian Directory of Robert Parsons the Jesuit (1703, 8vo ; 4th ed. 1716) ; dedicated to Princess Anne a volume of Pious Meditations (1701; 2nd ed. 1720), drawn from St. Augustine, St. Anselm, and St. Bernard; and he translated the Greek Devotions of Bishop Lancelot Andrewes.  Hutton, who edited the posthumous edition (1730) of his translation of Andrewes, likened Stanhope's character to that of Andrewes. But the style of the translation is absolutely unlike the original. In place of the barbed point and abruptness of the Greek, the English is all smoothed out. Subsequent editions of the work appeared in 1808, 1811, 1815, 1818, 1826, and 1832. Stanhope followed the same paraphrastic system in a translation of Thomas à Kempis's Imitatio Christi, which appeared in 1698 under the title The Christian's Pattern, or a Treatise of the Imitation of Christ, 2 pts. London, 8vo. A fifth edition appeared in 1706, a twelfth in 1733, and new editions in 1746, 1751, 1759 1793, 1814, and 1865. The book is dedicated to Mrs Julia Shalcrosse of Woodhall,Hatfield He describes himself as "Your most affectionate cousin."  In 1886 Henry Morley edited it for the collection of a hundred books chosen by John Lubbock. 'The pithy style of the original is lost in flowing sentences that pleased the reader in Queen Anne's reign.'

Stanhope's principal contribution to divinity is The Paraphrase and Comment on the Epistles and Gospels (vols. i. and ii. 1705, vol. iii. 1706, vol. iv. 1708), dedicated originally to Queen Anne, and in a new edition to George I on his accession (1714). It was a favourite book in the 18th century. Its defect is the neglect of the organic relation of collect, epistle, and gospel ; but it contains much that is solid, sensible, and practical in clear and easy language, quite free from controversial bitterness. In the preface Stanhope says that the work was planned for the use of the little Prince George, who died in 1700.

Besides the works mentioned above Stanhope published:
 Fifteen Sermons 1700.
 The Boyle Lecture 1702.
 Twelve Sermons'' 1726.

References

1660 births
1728 deaths
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
Deans of Canterbury
Christian writers
British sermon writers
People educated at Eton College
People educated at Uppingham School
People from Swadlincote

George Stanhope


Susan Kay Bogguss (born December 30, 1956) is an American country music singer and songwriter. She began her career in the 1980s as a solo singer. In the 1990s, six of her songs were Top 10 hits, three albums were certified gold, and one album received a platinum certification. She won Top New Female Vocalist from the Academy of Country Music and the Horizon Award from the  Country Music Association.

Early life and rise to success
Susan Kay Bogguss was born on December 30, 1956, in Aledo, Illinois, United States, the youngest of four born to Barbara "B.J." (née Stewart) and Charles "Bud" Bogguss. Charles was an Army officer who served in the Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II, and later became a machinist who worked at an International Harvester plant at East Moline. B.J. was a secretary-auditor for a Midwest grocery chain. Her grandmothers played piano at theaters. At age 5, she began singing in the Angel Choir of the College Avenue Presbyterian Church in her hometown. With her parents' encouragement, she took lessons in piano and drums, and as a teenager picked up the guitar as well. In her youth, Bogguss would visit Roy Rogers and Dale Evans at their home in Apple Valley, California, as they attended the same church as her grandparents. She starred in several musicals at Aledo High School, where she was crowned homecoming queen. After graduating in 1975, she enrolled at Illinois Wesleyan University in Bloomington, but later transferred to Illinois State University (ISU) in Normal. She graduated from ISU in 1980 with a bachelor's degree in metalsmithing. She would later use these skills to design her own jewelry.

Bogguss later recalled of her interest in music, "Being from a small town I didn't realize that somebody had to make this stuff. I was so green. I also knew about Elton John and other big performers, but it never occurred to me that somebody like me from my small town could make a living making music." Having sung and played guitar and drums in local coffeehouses during her college years, Bogguss embarked on a nationwide tour as a folk troubadour after graduating from ISU. At the time, she was drawn to other singers such as Emmylou Harris, James Taylor and Bonnie Raitt. During this time, she produced her first independent album for Old Shack Recording: Suzy. The LP was available for purchase at her shows and is now a rare collector's item. In 1984, while touring at the Huntley Lodge resort in Montana, Bogguss discovered that she spent most of her money on clothes for her later shows. She also realized that she had no health insurance, very little car insurance, and low chances of performing further, and there were no talent scouts.

After moving to Nashville, Tennessee, in 1985, Bogguss began working at the local Tony Roma's restaurant on her first day there. While there, she performed a three-day audition for entertainer Dolly Parton at Silver Dollar City, a theme park which would eventually become Dollywood. The following year, she became the first featured female performer at the park, playing four solo shows at the park's train station and appearing in the "Jamboree" show. On performing at the train station, Bogguss later recalled that "I kept thinking, 'I'm going to get black lung disease [from the coal train in Dollywood].'" Bogguss said that performing at the park "was the first situation where I knew that every time I introduced a song by a country artist, they knew who the artist's mom was, who his or her brothers and sisters were and who he or she was married to." These performances prompted her to make a self-produced demo recording at a studio owned by folk singer Wendy Waldman, who would eventually become Bogguss's first producer. Bogguss made several copies and sold them while performing in Dollywood. At the time, she recorded a demo of "Hopeless Romantic", a song written by Doug Crider that would become part of her debut studio album. Crider and Bogguss met each other, and eventually married in November 1986. The demo soon caught the attention of Capitol Records president Jim Foglesong, who offered her a recording contract on the Liberty/Capitol Nashville label.

Suzy appeared on The Texas Connection/Austin City Limits in 1991 then hosted by Jerry Jeff Walker.  She joined him to cover Michael Burton's Night Rider's Lament.  Both Jerry Jeff and the audience were blown away by her voice and her yodelling.

Liberty/Capitol recording career
In 1987, Bogguss released her first three singles for Capitol, a cover of The Ink Spots' 1941 song "I Don't Want to Set the World on Fire," "Love Will Never Slip Away," and "Come as You Were". Two of these singles succeeded in making the lower reaches of the Billboard country music charts. Her debut studio album for Capitol, Somewhere Between was released in March 1989. Somewhere Between, with its blend of traditional and contemporary styles, drew positive reviews from critics. The album's second single, "Cross My Broken Heart," became a top-20 hit on the country music charts. The same year, Bogguss won the award for Top New Female Vocalist by the Academy of Country Music.

For her second album, Moment of Truth, production tasks were taken over by new label-head and Nashville producer Jimmy Bowen, who moved Bogguss's sound in a more polished direction. However, the album's two singles failed to rise beyond the lower reaches of the Billboard charts. A duet she recorded with Lee Greenwood, "Hopelessly Yours," went to No. 12 on the country singles chart and received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Country Vocal Collaboration.

In 1991 Bogguss released her third studio album, the platinum-selling Aces. The LP yielded four hit singles - "Someday Soon", "Outbound Plane", "Aces", and "Letting Go", the latter three reaching the country Top Ten. At the 1992 Country Music Association Awards Bogguss won the Horizon Award. In September of that year, Bogguss began designing women's leather apparel; the apparel was sold in stores on the West Coast.

Her 1992 follow-up, Voices in the Wind, earned Bogguss her second straight gold record. The album's first single, a cover of the 1988 song "Drive South" by John Hiatt, missed the No. 1 spot but gave Bogguss the highest-charting hit of her career to date. Her streak continued the following year with another gold record, Something Up My Sleeve, giving her two additional Top Five hits in "Just Like the Weather" and "Hey Cinderella". The latter, which she cowrote with Matraca Berg and Gary Harrison, has gone on to become one of Bogguss's signature songs. In May 1993, Bogguss appeared on the CBS television special The Women of Country.

Eventually, Bogguss became the sole producer of her sixth studio album, Simpatico. The album consisted of duets with long-time friend and guitarist Chet Atkins. The album was released in 1994, and though it was generally well reviewed, its only single, "One More for the Road," did not chart. That same year, Bogguss's Greatest Hits album was released and went gold. Later, Bogguss collaborated with Alison Krauss, Kathy Mattea, and Crosby, Stills, and Nash to contribute "Teach Your Children" to the AIDS benefit compilation album Red Hot + Country produced by the Red Hot Organization.

Upon completing Simpatico, Bogguss temporarily set her music aside to start a family. Bogguss and Crider's first child, Benton Charles Crider, was born on March 17, 1995. She also scaled down her touring dates as a result for three years. In May of that year, Bogguss performed at the White House with Kathy Mattea and Alison Krauss. This event later aired on PBS stations in September as Women of Country Music. In July 1996, she released her seventh studio album, entitled Give Me Some Wheels. During her break, the climate of country music had changed considerably, with more pop-oriented female singers such as Martina McBride, Faith Hill, and Shania Twain dominating the charts. Bogguss's traditional, straightforward style failed to connect with younger listeners, and the record yielded low sales. In March 1997, Bogguss performed at the Every Woman's Challenge charity concert, which was held at the Palm Springs Convention Center in California.

After her next album, 1998's Nobody Love, Nobody Gets Hurt, also proved unsuccessful, Bogguss was dropped from Capitol. On February 18, 1999, Bogguss issued the following statement:

Indie label recording career

Following her departure from Capitol, Bogguss signed with Nashville-based fledgling label Platinum Records, headed by former Capitol executive George Collier. Within three months, she had released her self-titled ninth studio album, Suzy Bogguss. Once again, the album was unsuccessful, with her only single "Goodnight" making an appearance on the country charts.

In 2001, Bogguss founded her own record label, Loyal Dutchess. The label's first album, Live at Caffé Milano, documents three separate 1999 performances at the Caffé Milano in Nashville. This release is only available for purchase at Bogguss's official website. In November 2001, she released the holiday album, Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas, a compilation of new and previously available material included through a special licensing agreement with Capitol. In addition to being available at her website, the album was also offered through Amazon.com, select retailers, and at her live performances.

In March 2003, Bogguss and Loyal Dutchess Records signed a deal with Compadre Records. Her first release on this label was the Western swing album, Swing, that she had been recording with producer Ray Benson, the bandleader of Western swing group Asleep at the Wheel. Although the album saw only lukewarm sales (it reached No. 6 on the jazz album charts, but failed to appear on the Billboard 200), it was well received by critics. Bogguss' next album, Sweet Danger, was released in 2007. The album peaked at No. 4 on the jazz charts. In July 2011, Bogguss released her twelfth studio album, American Folk Songbook.  The album consisted of renditions of several American folk songs, such as "Red River Valley".  In addition to the CD, Bogguss and husband Doug Crider also produced a companion hard cover song book that included lyrics, sheet music, and a short history of each song.  A paperback version of the songbook became available in 2015.

In February 2014 Bogguss released "Lucky" a collection of songs written by Merle Haggard. To partially fund the promotion of the album she created a very successful Kickstarter crowd funding campaign which raised over $75,000 with the participation of nearly 1000 contributors. The album was promoted through the Americana format and was well received.

During the summer of 2016, Bogguss conducted a celebration via her Suzy Bogguss Music Facebook page, of the 25th anniversary of the release of her Platinum selling Aces Album in 1991.  Aces also was her break out album which brought her serious attention on Country Radio and secured her future on Capitol Nashville for several more albums.  On August 18, 2016, the actual 25th anniversary of the release of the original Aces album, she released a new re-imagined and rerecorded version of the album entitled "Aces Redux."  A release party and concert was held that night at the "3rd and Lindsley" venue in Nashville.  "Aces Redux" was recorded with the help of a number of the musicians that have toured with Bogguss over the years and included background vocals by friends Beth Nielsen Chapman and Kim Carnes along with several others.   The album takes a more acoustic and simpler production tack than the original which also reflects her more recent touring approach as a trio with Charlie Chadwick on standup Bass and Craig Smith on lead guitar.

Bogguss's 17th studio album, "Prayin' for Sunshine", will be released on November 3, 2023. It marks the first time she is credited as a writer of all songs on one of her albums.

Discography

Awards and nominations

References

Sources
 Bufwack, Mary A. "Suzy Bogguss." In The Encyclopedia of Country Music. (1998). Paul Kinsgbury, Ed. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 43.
 "Suzy Bogguss" in Country Music: the encyclopedia. (1997). Irwin Stambler, Grelun Landon. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 40-41.

External links

Living people
American acoustic guitarists
American country singer-songwriters
American women country singers
American folk guitarists
American folk singers
American sopranos
Capitol Records artists
Fast Folk artists
Grammy Award winners
Illinois State University alumni
Singer-songwriters from Illinois
People from Aledo, Illinois
Guitarists from Illinois
20th-century American women guitarists
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American women singers
Country musicians from Illinois
Proper Records artists
1956 births
20th-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American women singers

Suzy Bogguss


Hugon Hanke (26 March 1904 – 19 December 1964) was a Polish politician, best known for being 38th Prime Minister of Poland and 8th Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland in Exile (in 1955) and for his unexpected return to the Communist-ruled country while serving as PM.

He was involved in politics during the Second Polish Republic before World War II. He was an active member of the Christian Workers Union (Chrześcijańskie Związki Zawodowe) and of the Labour Party (Stronnictwo Pracy) in Silesia.

During the war he served as a soldier in the Polish army in the West.

After Prime Minister in Exile Stanisław Mackiewicz fled back to Poland, Hanke was named as his successor by President August Zaleski and served from 8 August to 10 September 1955.

Like his predecessor, he left London and fled to Poland.

According to many documents, he was, before his return to Poland, a Communist secret agent for over three years.

Hugon Hanke Government (8 August – 10 September 1955)

 Hugon Hanke - Prime Minister
 Kazimierz Okulicz - Minister of Justice
 Zygmunt Rusinek - Minister of Emigration Affairs
 Stanisław Sopicki - Minister of the Treasury, Labour and Trade
 General Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski - Minister of National Defense and General Inspector of the Armed Forces
 Antoni Pająk - Minister of Congressional Works

References

1904 births
1964 deaths
Labor Party (Stronnictwo Pracy) politicians
Prime Ministers of Poland
Burials at Powązki Military Cemetery

Hugon Hanke


Dave McLellan (born in Munising, Michigan) was an automotive engineer for General Motors, most notably the chief engineer for the Corvette from 1975 until his retirement in 1992

McLellan joined General Motors in 1959 after graduation from Wayne State University.

He was preceded as Corvette chief engineer by Zora Arkus-Duntov, who he worked briefly with prior to Zora's retirement. He is responsible for creating the C4 Corvette.

He was followed by Dave Hill, who oversaw completion of the 1997 C5 Corvette design that McLellan started.

Dave McLellan had two sons and was married to Glenda McLellan. One son followed in Dave's footsteps becoming an engineer and receiving an education at the Georgia institute of technology.

Dave has also written a well known book about Corvettes.

External links
 Corvette Museum tribute
 Corvette Action Center bio
 Corvette Chief Podcast and Blog
 Personal Bio

People from Munising, Michigan
American automotive engineers
Wayne State University alumni
General Motors former executives
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Dave McLellan


The Tudor period usually refers to the period between 1485 and 1603, specifically in relation to the history of England.  This was the period when the Tudor dynasty ruled in England. Its first monarch was Henry VII (1457– 1509). The term is often used more broadly to include Elizabeth I's reign (1558– 1603), although this is often treated separately as the Elizabethan era.

Following the Black Death and the agricultural depression of the late 14th century, population grew bigger again. The export of woollen products to mainland Europe helped the economy rather much. Henry VII got favourable trading conditions in 1496.

The high wages and abundance of available land seen in the late 14th century and early 15th century were replaced with low wages and a land shortage. Various inflationary pressures, perhaps due to influx of New World gold and rising population, meant that the gap between the rich and poor widened. This was a period of significant change for the majority of the rural population, because enclosure started.

Financial Development of Tudor Government, 1536-53
Impact of Dissolution
The Tudor Government raised a huge amount of revenue from the dissolution of the monasteries. The clerical income from First Fruits and Tenths, which previously went to the Pope, now went to the King.

Partly because of the new revenue raised from the dissolution of monasteries, Cromwell created revenue courts to allot the royal income properly to various departments. These were the six courts or departments of state, each fully organised with its own specialised officials, with seals and habitat, and responsible for a particular kind of revenue.

The Role of Winchester
The growing number of departments meant that the number of officials involved increased, which made the management of revenue troublesome and expensive. There were further financial and administrative difficulties of the years 1540-58.

Impact of War
Henry's war with France and Somerset's war with France and Scotland cost England huge sums of money. The royal Mint was used to generate revenue by producing coins with less quality.

Significant events of the period

Battle of Stoke (1487)
In 1487 Henry VII's enemies from the House of York had crowned a pretender and landed a small army off the coast of Cumbria with the intention of stealing the crown. Henry VII defeated them at East Stoke. This was perhaps the last battle in the Wars of the Roses.

English Reformation

This was perhaps the most significant series of events which took place during the Tudor period. It began as a result of Henry VIII's quarrel with Pope Clement VII regarding his refusal to grant a divorce.

Norfolk Rebellion (1549)
Beginning in 1549, this was to be the largest popular uprising during the Tudor period. It was at first intended as a demonstration against enclosures of common land. The leader, Robert Kett, was hanged for treason.

Life

Poverty
About a third of the population lived in poverty with the wealthy expected to give alms to assist the impotent poor.  Tudor law was harsh on those unable to find work. Those who left their parishes in order to find work were called vagabonds and could be punished by whipping.

The idea of the workhouse was first suggested in 1576.

Health
Average life span was 35. This was because of the poor amount of medicines and doctors at the time. High rates of childhood mortality saw only 33-50% of the population reaching the age of 16.

Although home to only a small part of the population the Tudor municipalities were overcrowded and unhygenic. Most municipalities were unpaved although this differed in larger towns and cities.

There were no sewers or drains  and rubbish was simply abandoned in the street. Animals such as rats thrived in these conditions. In larger towns and cities, such as London, common diseases arising from lack of sanitation included smallpox, measles, malaria, typhus, diphtheria, Scarlet fever, and chickenpox.

Outbreaks of the Black Death pandemic occurred in 1498, 1535, 1543, 1563, 1589 and 1603. The reason for the speedy spread of the disease was the increase of rats infected by fleas carrying the disease.

Food and diet
The food consumed by the dinvery rich in this period consisted largely of venison, and often of blackbirds and larks. Fruits and vegetables were only eaten by Tudors when it was in season. However, potatoes had not reached the table to any great extent, because farmers had only just begun growing them, although explorers such as Sir Walter Raleigh had brought them to Britain.

Homes and dwellings
The majority of the population lived in small villages. Their homes comprised, as in earlier centuries, of thatched huts with one or two rooms. Furniture was basic with stools being commonplace rather than chairs.

Mansions had many chimneys for the many fireplaces required to keep the vast rooms warm. These fires were also the only way of cooking food. The very large houses were often, designed in symmetrical shapes such as 'E' and 'H'.

Education
Poorer children never went to school. Children from better-off families had tutors to teach them reading and French. However, boys were often sent to schools which belonged to the monasteries and there they would learn mainly Latin in classes of up to 60 boys. Schools were harsh and caning was not unheard of.

Pastimes
The rich used to go hunting to kill deer and wild boar for their feasts. They also enjoyed fencing and jousting contests. Most rich people watched bear fighting.

Fashion
In the Tudor times fashion was a display of how wealthy you were. Wealthy people — such as royalty — could afford to have clothes made out of fine linen or silk. These outfits cost hundreds and hundreds of pounds. They would also have them embroidered with gold thread and very sparkly and expensive jewels.Ladies had to wear corsets which were made out of bone and they were ever so tight and made your stomach and waist smaller so you looked skinnier. Poorer people would wear simple clothes made from wool, tunic and trousers for men, and a long dress worn with an apron on top for poor women.

Monarchs
The House of Tudor produced five English monarchs who ruled during this period.

Henry VII (1485 to 1509)
Henry VIII (1509 to 1547)
Edward VI (1547 to 1553)
Lady Jane Grey  (1553) - Nominal queen for nine days in failed bid to prevent accession of Mary I. Not a member of the House of Tudor.
Mary I (1553 to 1558)
Elizabeth I (1558 to 1603)

Related pages
English Reformation

References

Harrington, Peter. The Castles of Henry VIII. Oxford, Osprey, 2007.

Further reading

Other websites
 Tudor food - learning resources from the British Library
  BBC History - Tudor Period

1480s in England
1490s in England
16th century in England
1600s in England

Tudor period


Sir Paul Methuen  (c. 1672 – 11 April 1757), of Bishops Cannings, Wiltshire, was an English diplomat and Whig politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1708 and 1747. He was an envoy to Portugal between 1697 and 1708 and later a holder of public offices, particularly in the Royal household.

Early life
Methuen was born in Bradford-on-Avon, Wiltshire, the son of John Methuen and his wife Mary Cheevers, daughter of Seacole Cheevers (or Chivers). His parents' marriage was unhappy and they separated when he was in his teens. His father inherited the lease of the manor of Bishops Cannings, near Devizes. He was educated privately and then at a Jesuit school in Paris.

Diplomatic career
Methuen went to Lisbon in 1691, when his father was appointed minister there. He gained valuable diplomatic experience and the esteem of King Pedro. During two absences of his father, he became chargé d'affaires, rising to Minister on his father's appointment as Lord Chancellor of Ireland in 1697. He was unable to prevent a Portuguese-French alliance in 1701. When his father returned to Portugal as a special envoy in 1702, they were successful in breaking the alliance in 1703. That led to the Methuen commercial treaty between England and Portugal, the basis of Britain's monopoly of Portuguese trade for much of the 18th century. His father remained in Portugal as ambassador. In 1705, Methuen served with the army, being present at the capture of Gibraltar. On his return to England to obtain military supplies he was appointed Minister to Savoy, but succeeded his father as ambassador to Portugal on the latter's death in July 1706.

Political career
Methuen was still abroad when he was elected Whig Member of Parliament (MP) for Devizes at the 1708 general election. He served on three committees, including one on 9 March 1709 to draft a bill to prohibit French wines and other products more effectively, reflecting his mercantile connections and experience in negotiating commercial treaties. Also in 1709, he supported the naturalization of the Palatines. He was appointed as a Lord of the Admiralty in November 1709, and was returned unopposed at the ensuing by-election. At the 1710 general election, he was returned initially at Devizes in a double return but his opponents were declared elected. He asked to be removed from the Admiralty board, because he considered himself unsuitable, and refused another public office. At the 1713 British general election, he was returned in a contest as MP for Brackley (Northamptonshire) in the interest of the Duke of Bridgwater, but was unseated on petition on 20 April 1714. He was appointed a Lord of the Treasury and was sworn as a Privy Councillor on 29 October 1714.

At the 1715 general election, Methuen was returned unopposed as MP for Brackley. In 1715, he was sent as ambassador to Spain and Morocco to negotiate a commercial treaty, but had to return because of ill health. He became Secretary of State for the Southern Department in 1716, but resigned with Robert Walpole in 1717.  When Walpole resumed office in 1720, he became Comptroller of the Royal Household. He appears to have sold the lease of Bishop's Cannings in 1720. At the 1722 election, he was returned unopposed at Brackley and exchanged office in 1725 to become Treasurer of the Household. He was made a Knight of the Bath by George I in May 1725. He was returned as MP for Brackley in the general elections of 1727, 1734 and 1741, but after the death of his patron the Duke of Bridgwater, he was not put forward for Brackley at the 1747 election.

Death and legacy
Methuen died, unmarried, in 1757, and was buried in the south aisle of Westminster Abbey, near his father John. His only brother Henry had been killed in a brawl in Lisbon in 1694. His heir was his cousin Paul Methuen, for whom he bought Corsham Court. That Paul's grandson was created Baron Methuen.

His bust by Peter Scheemakers is in the family home of Corsham Court in Wiltshire.

Methuen, Massachusetts, was named after him.

Notes

References
 Karl Wolfgang Schweizer, 'Methuen, Sir Paul (c.1672–1757)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, (Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, Oct 2008) , accessed 3 November 2008.
 G. F. R. Barker, 'Methuen, John (1650–1706)', rev. Thomas Doyle, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, (Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Oct 2008) , accessed 4 November 2008.
 Burke's Peerage (1939 edition), s.v. Methuen.

1670s births
1757 deaths
Burials at Westminster Abbey
Ambassadors of England to Spain
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Lords of the Admiralty
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain
Paul
Secretaries of State for the Southern Department
Treasurers of the Household
Ambassadors of England to Portugal
Ambassadors of Great Britain to Portugal
17th-century English diplomats

Paul Methuen (diplomat)


Meena Shorey (13 November 1921 – 3 September 1989) was a Pakistani film actress who worked first in Indian cinema and later Pakistani cinema. She appeared in Hindi/Urdu and Punjabi films. Credited in films by her mononym, Meena, her real name was Khurshid Jehan. She started her acting career playing a character role, as  Ambhi, Raja of Taxila's sister in Sohrab Modi's Sikandar (1941). Married to her third husband, Roop K. Shorey, by the mid-1940s, she found fame when she acted in her husband's film Ek Thi Larki (1949), opposite actor Motilal. The story was written by I. S. Johar, who also starred in the film. The "foot-tapping" music  composed by Vinod became a "huge hit", with Meena becoming an "icon" for the "new liberated" young women. Meena was acclaimed as the "Lara Lappa Girl", from the song of same title in the film. She was one of the first women to be recognised in Indian cinema as a "comedienne of calibre". She was also popularly known as The Droll Queen of Partition as she worked in both in India and Pakistan.

In 1956, she went to Lahore, Pakistan with her husband, where they were invited by Pakistani producer J.C. Anand to make a film there following her mass popularity with the public in both India and Pakistan. The film Shorey made was Miss 56, a copy of the Guru Dutt-Madhubala starrer Mr. & Mrs. '55. Instead of returning to India when her husband did, she decided to stay back in Pakistan, continuing her acting career there. Some of her best films in India included the Punjabi film Chaman (1948), Actress (1948), Ek Thi Ladki (1949), Dholak (1951), and Ek Do Teen (1953).

Early life
Meena was born Khurshid Jehan, on 17 November 1921, in Raiwind, Punjab, British India, the second of four children. Her family was poor and her father struggled to support the family. His first business venture, in Ferozepur, failed when Khurshid was very young. Moving to Lahore, he then worked at a dyeing business, which also failed. However, by this time, he had managed to arrange a good marriage for his eldest daughter, Wazir Begum, and she left for Bombay after her marriage. A few years later, Wazir Begum called Khurshid to stay with her for some time in Bombay, her idea being to arrange a suitable marriage for Khurshid also, from among her husband's relatives.

However, fate took an unexpected turn when Sohrab Modi noticed Meena at the launch of his film Sikandar (1941), which she attended with her brother-in-law, and offered her a supporting role in the film, giving her the name, Meena.

Career

In India

Sikandar in 1941 was the first film Meena acted in, which had her in the small role of King of Taxila's sister. This was a historical film about the invasion of India in the Jhelum region by Alexander (Sikandar). It was directed by Sohrab Modi and starred Prithviraj Kapoor as Sikandar. The film became "an all-India hit" and provided an instant launching pad for her. She then went on to act as the second lead in three more films under Modi's Minerva Movietone banner, Phir Milenge (1942), Prithvi Vallabh (1943) and Pattharon Ka Saudagar.

Roop K. Shorey, who was based in Lahore, migrated to Bombay and wanted to sign Meena for his film, Shalimar (1946). However Meena had signed a contract with Sohrab Modi, which prevented her from working not only in Shalimar, but also in Mehboob Khan's Humayun (1945). On a visit to Lahore, she was signed by producer Dalsukh Pancholi, for two films Shehar Se Door (1946) and Arsi (1947). She finally freed herself from the contract by taking Modi's wife Mehtab's help, getting the amount of money asked for by Modi, lowered.

In 1948, Chaman (Garden) in Punjabi, was directed by Roop K. Shorey, who having suffered a loss of the family business in Lahore had moved to Bombay following the partition. There he set up his banner Shorey Films and produced the film Chaman with the help of his wife's finances. It had Meena act in the "first post—Partition, Punjabi film in India". It co-starred Karan Dewan, Kuldip Kaur and Majnu, and became a "major hit". The "melodious music", which was composed by Vinod became "instantly popular". One of the famous songs from the film was "Chan Kithan Guzari Aai Raat Way" sung by Pushpa Hans and chorus. It was the debut of Pushpa Hans as a singer.

In 1949, came Ek Thi Larki, produced and directed by Roop K. Shorey, with story written by I. S. Johar. The music was composed by Vinod whose song "Lara Lappa Lara Lappa Laayi Rakhdi" became the "highlight of the film". A "trendsetter", the song continued to remain popular over the years. The playback singing was provided by Lata Mangeshkar, and though it's counted as one of Lata's earliest hits, the person mainly remembered for the song is the actress lip-syncing it in the film, Meena, who became "known thereafter as the Lara-Lappa Girl".  The film was stated to be "the biggest runaway- hit" making Roop K. Shorey one of the top comedy film directors.

She acted in Ek Teri Nishani in 1949 opposite Trilok Kapoor and the film also starred I. S. Johar, Cuckoo and Om Prakash.
In 1950, she acted in the Karan Dewan Production's Anmol Ratan, with Karan Dewan and Nirmala. Dholak (1951) was produced by Shorey Films and directed by Roop Shorey. It starred Meena with Ajit, with music composed by Shyam Sunder. Shyam Sunder was stated to have given some "unforgettable melodies" in this film among others. In 1953, in Ek Do Teen, Shorey tried to recreate the magic of Ek Thi Ladki, by continuing with the same "Lara Lappa" theme. Meena was once again paired with Motilal, and music was provided by Vinod. However, the film was unable to have the same effect as Ek Thi Ladki. Her last two films released in India were G. P. Sippy's Shrimati 420 for Sippy Films and Chandu (1958) directed by Majnu and starring Om Prakash, Shashikala, Mehmood and Pran.

In Pakistan
Roop K. Shorey and Meena were invited to Pakistan by Pakistani film producer J.C. Anand to make a film. Miss 1956 (1956) was a plagiarised version of Guru Dutt's Mr. & Mrs. '55 (1955) and starred Meena Shorey, Santosh Kumar, Shamim Ara, and Noor Mohammed Charlie. The music was composed by G. A. Chisti. Meena was well received in Lahore and she decided to stay back when her husband returned to India. She went on to become the "first Pakistani actress to model for Lux" and became known as the "Lux Lady of Pakistan".

Her most famous film was Sarfarosh (1956), in which she had a special character role, with two very popular songs based around her. Originally slated to play the main lead, she was then assigned this side role and carried it off with aplomb. Directed by Anwar Kamal Pasha, the film starred Sabiha Khanum and Santosh Kumar and had music by Rasheed Attre. The film was a superhit box-office success.

Some of the films she acted in a main role were Bara Aadmi (1957), directed by Humayun Mirza in Urdu and co-starring Meena Shorey and Ejaz Durrani, Sitaron ki Duniya (1958), directed by M. H. Mohib, Jagga (1958) in Punjabi and directed by Saqlain Rizvi, Behrupiya (1960) (Punjabi) directed by Aslam Irani. Her other notable films were Mausiqar (1962) directed by Qadeer Ghori, Andhi Mohabbat (1964) and Khamosh Raho (1964) directed by Jameel Akhtar.

Personal life
Meena is reported to have married five times.
Her first marriage was to actor-producer-director Zahur Raja. In Filmindia April 1942, it was mentioned in an interview with Zahur Raja that Zahur and Meena were married for the last "six months". The two met while shooting for Sikandar and fell in love. "Zahur has been married for six months to Meena, a pretty young actress who is at present making probably her last film Phir Milenge".
Her second marriage was to actor and co-star, Al Nasir. She separated from him by the mid-40s, and Al Nasir went on to marry the actress Veena. Baburao Patel mentioned him as one of Meena's ex-husbands in a column in Filmindia August 1946, "Al Nasir, the once reported ex-husband of film actress Meena, is now reported to have married film actress Manorama of Punjab".
Her third marriage was to Roop K. Shorey which lasted till 1956. Due to the relative length of the marriage, about 7–8 years, and the fact that she briefly attained success as an actress only in this period, she came to be known by her third husband's name. They separated after a successful trip to Pakistan, when Meena decided to remain in that country, while Roop Shorey, a Hindu gentleman, stuck to the original plan of returning to India.
Her fourth marriage was to Raza Mir, a Pakistani film cinematographer and film producer
Her fifth marriage was to Asad Bokhari, her co-star in Jamalo (1962).

Meena had three children including two sons from one of her marriages later she adopted a girl.

Death
In Pakistan, Meena lived a life of poverty towards the end of her life, and had to struggle to survive after 1974–75. Then Meena went to live with her nephew and Malika Pukhraj helped her financially. Upon her death, her funeral arrangements were made by charity money. She died on 3 September 1989, in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.

Filmography

Television

Film

In India
List:

In Pakistan
List:

Awards and recognition

References

External links

1921 births
Actresses in Punjabi cinema
People from British India
1989 deaths
Actresses from Lahore
Indian film actresses
Actresses in Urdu cinema
Actresses in Hindi cinema
20th-century Indian actresses
Pakistani film actresses
20th-century Pakistani actresses
Indian emigrants to Pakistan
Nigar Award winners
Punjabi people

Meena Shorey


The Strindberg Museum () is a museum in Stockholm, Sweden. It is dedicated to the writer August Strindberg (1849-1912) and located in his last dwelling. The site is in the building he nicknamed "Blå tornet" (Blue Tower) at Drottninggatan 85  on the corner of Drottninggatan and Tegnérgatan in the borough of Norrmalm in central Stockholm.

History
The Blue Tower is an art nouveau building with a dominant corner tower. It were erected in 1906-1907 after drawings by the architectural firm of Hagström & Ekman.
The museum is owned by the Strindberg Society of Sweden and was inaugurated in 1973.
It is operated by a  foundation with the Strindberg Society, the City of Stockholm and the Nordic Museum as principals.

Strindberg moved into a three-room apartment on the fourth floor of the building in 1908 and lived there until his death in 1912. The museum consists of Strindberg's flat and library, as well as an area for temporary exhibitions. Wallpapers and other decorations have been reconstructed in accordance with how the flat looked at the time the writer lived there, but furniture and other details are original. In particular, Strindberg's chairs, tables, bed and piano are present.

The reconstructed apartment, consisting of three rooms on the fourth floor and his library with some 3,000 works on the sixth floor, form the core of the Strindberg Museum.

Gallery

See also
 Culture in Stockholm
 Strindbergmuseum Saxen in Austria

References

Other sources
Göran Söderström (1998) Strindbergs bostad i Blå tornet

External links
strindbergsmuseet website

August Strindberg
Strindberg, August
Museums in Stockholm
Literary museums in Sweden
Historic house museums in Sweden
Listed buildings in Stockholm

Strindberg Museum


Katanga may refer to:

Political entities
Katanga Province, a former province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
State of Katanga, a breakaway state which existed from 1960 to 1963
Katanga Crisis or "Congo Crisis", a period of turmoil in the First Republic of the Congo from 1960 to 1965
Haut-Katanga Province, a province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, created in 2015
Katanga insurgency, an ongoing rebellion by a number of rebel groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Katanga Slum, a settlement in central Uganda
History of Katanga, details of the region from early times, under Luba kingdom, Belgian rule, independent Congo

Places
Katanga, Dominican Republic, a section of Los Mina, founded by maroons from the Congo who fled French rule
Katanga Plateau, a plateau in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Garenganze or Katanga in Central Africa, the home of the pre-colonial Yeke Kingdom of Msiri
Katanga River, a river in Russia

People
Germain Katanga (born 1978), a Congolese militia leader accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity before the International Criminal Court
Simon Katanga, a fictional character in the film Raiders of the Lost Ark

Other uses
1817 Katanga, a main-belt asteroid
Luba-Katanga language, a Bantu language spoken in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

See also
Khatanga (disambiguation)
Katana (disambiguation)

Katanga


Manus O'Donnell (Irish: Maghnas Ó Domhnaill or Manus Ó Domhnaill, died 1564) was an Irish lord and son of Sir Hugh Dubh O'Donnell. He was an important member of the O'Donnell dynasty based in County Donegal in Ulster.

Early life
Hugh Dubh (pronounced in Ulster Irish as 'Hugh Doo') had been Rí (king) of the O'Donnells during one of the bitterest and most protracted of the feuds between his clan and the O'Neills, which in 1491 led to a war lasting more than ten years. He left his son to rule Tyrconnell, though still a boy, when he went on a pilgrimage to Rome in about 1511. On his return from Rome (via England, where he was knighted by King Henry VIII) in broken health after two years' absence, his son Manus, who had proved himself a capable leader in defending his country against the O'Neills, retained the chief authority. When Sir Hugh Dubh O'Donnell, as he was now, appealed for aid against his son to the Maguires, Manus made an alliance with the O'Neills, by whose assistance he established his hold over Tyrconnell. But in 1522 the two great northern clans were again at war.

Conn O'Neill, An Ó Néill (who was created The 1st Earl of Tyrone in 1542), was determined to bring the O'Donnells under his rule. Supported by Munster and Connacht, and assisted also by English contingents and by the MacDonnells of Antrim, O'Neill took the castle of Ballyshannon, and after devastating a large part of Tyrconnell he encamped at Knockavoe, near Strabane. Here he was surprised at night by Sir Hugh Dubh and Manus O'Donnell, and routed with the loss of 900 men and an immense quantity of booty in the Battle of Knockavoe. Although this was one of the bloodiest ever battles between the O'Neills and the O'Donnells, it did not end the war; and in 1531 O'Donnell applied to the Lordship of Ireland for protection, giving assurances of allegiance to King Henry VIII.

Geraldine League
In February 1537, The 10th Earl of Kildare (previously known as Lord Offaly, and better known to history as 'Silken Thomas') and his five uncles were executed at Tyburn for their rebellion in Leinster. Following their executions, the English Crown made every effort to capture Gerald, 11th Earl of Kildare, the new head of the FitzGerald dynasty and the new claimant to the Earldom of Kildare, a boy of twelve who was in the secret custody of his aunt, Lady Eleanor McCarthy.

Lady Eleanor, in order to secure a powerful protector for the boy, accepted an offer of marriage from Manus O'Donnell, who on the death of Sir Hugh Dubh in July 1537 was inaugurated as "The O'Donnell". Conn O'Neill (later Earl of Tyrone) was a relative of the young Lord Kildare, and this event accordingly led to the formation of the short-lived Geraldine League, a federation including the O'Neills, the O'Donnells, the O'Briens of Thomond, and other powerful clans; the primary object of which was to restore young Lord Kildare to his lands, titles and properties, but which afterwards aimed at the complete overthrow of English rule in Ireland.

Chief of the O'Donnells
In August 1539, O'Donnell and Conn O'Neill were heavily defeated by the Lord Deputy at Lake Bellahoe, in County Monaghan, which crippled their power for many years. In the west Manus made unceasing efforts to assert the supremacy of the O'Donnells in north Connacht, where he compelled O'Conor Sligo to acknowledge his over-lordship in 1539. In 1542 he went to England and presented himself, together with Conn O'Neill and other Irish chiefs, became a Protestant, and recognised Henry VIII, who promised to make him Earl of Tyrconnell, though he refused O'Donnell's request to be made Earl of Sligo. The assimilation process was known as "surrender and regrant".

In his later years, Manus was troubled by quarrels between his sons Hugh and Calvagh MacManus; in 1555 he was imprisoned by Calvagh, who deposed him from all authority in Tyrconnell, and he died in 1564. Manus O'Donnell, though a fierce warrior, was hospitable and generous to the poor and the Church. He is described by the Four Masters as "a learned man, skilled in many arts, gifted with a profound intellect, and the knowledge of every science." At his castle of Portnatrynod near Strabane, he supervised, if he did not actually dictate, the writing of the Life of Saint Columbkille in Irish, which is preserved in the Bodleian Library (Rawlinson B 514) at Oxford. He was also a poet and many of his poems, written in Irish, survive.

Family
Manus was married several times. His first wife, Joan O'Reilly, was the mother of Calvagh, and two daughters, both of whom married O'Neills; the younger, Margaret, was the wife of the famous rebel Shane O'Neill. His second wife, Hugh's mother, by whom he was an ancestor of the Earls of Tyrconnell (see below), was Judith, sister of Conn Bacach O'Neill, 1st earl of Tyrone, and aunt of Shane.

See also
Cruithnechán

References
Rev. Richard Henebry: The Life of Columcille (ascribed to Magnus O'Donnell). Text from Rawlinson B. 514, with translation. (Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie. III., IV., IX, XI, 1901–1917).
Four Masters, Annals of Ireland by the: Translated and Edited by John O'Donovan. Dublin, 1856.

Year of birth missing
1564 deaths
Kings of Tír Chonaill
People from County Donegal
16th-century Irish people
Irish-language writers
Irish writers

Manus O'Donnell


Panel could mean:

A committee or jury used to decide some matter, such as in a court
Control panel (engineering), a flat area with controls and indicators. Commonly found in aircraft but may be on the operation of any machinery
Panel painting, in art, either one element of a multi-element piece of art, such as a triptych, a piece of sequential art such as a graphic novel or comic strip, or a wooden panel used to paint a picture on
breaker panel, a flat area with electrical circuit breakers
panel data, a longitudinal statistical study in which one group of individuals are interviewed at intervals over a given period of time
Panel (comics), a single image in a comic book, comic strip or cartoon; also, a comic strip containing one such image
A flat or sculptured area that is part of a larger structure such as a piece of furniture or one element of a multi-panel screen.
Panel (computer software), a widget or a control panel
Panel Switch, a type of electromechanical telephone switching system made by the Bell System in the 1920s
Structural insulated panel, a building system for construction
The Panel, an Australian talk show
The Panel (Ireland), an Irish talk show
A committee in the Legislative Council of Hong Kong that does specific areas, known elsewhere as select committee or standing committee

Panel


The National Fish and Wildlife Forensics Laboratory is located in Ashland, Oregon, United States. Founded in 1988 and run by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, the forensics laboratory is the only such laboratory in the world devoted to wildlife law enforcement. By treaty, the forensics laboratory is also the official crime lab for CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) and the Wildlife Group of Interpol. The laboratory maintains an online feather database, called the Feather Atlas, which is available on their website.  Ken Goddard serves as the current Lab Director.

Mission
The primary mission of the laboratory is to identify the species or subspecies of pieces, parts or products of an animal to determine cause-of-death of an animal, to help wildlife officers determine if a violation of law has occurred and to identify and compare physical evidence in an attempt to link suspect, victim and crime scene.

History
The laboratory was established as a result of the need for a wildlife crime laboratory for the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.  The need for this laboratory was brought to the attention of the Fish and Wildlife Service by Terry Grosz and Ken Goddard. In 1986, the location of the laboratory was selected to be Ashland, Oregon partially due to the efforts of Dr. Wehinger, a chiropractor from Eagle Point, Oregon.  By September, 1987, construction had begun on the laboratory, and finished a year later.  The laboratory was dedicated as the National Fish and Wildlife Forensics Laboratory in 1989, only to be re-dedicated as the Clark R. Bavin National Fish and Wildlife Forensic Laboratory two years later to honor former Fish and Wildlife Service Law Enforcement Chief Clark Bavin.   Later, in 2006, a 17,000 square foot addition was constructed to house their new wildlife pathology and genetics labs, along with an isolated room for their dermestid beetles.  In 2007, the laboratory complied with a Homeland Security mandate to protect the building by using landscaping and gardens instead of conventional methods, such as fences and buffers.

Equipment
The laboratory utilizes various equipment, including:

Dermestid Beetle Colonies
Laser Surface Scanner
Ballistics Tank
Mass Spectrometers
Liquid Chromatograph
Infrared Spectrometer
X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer
Various Microscopes

Organization
The forensics laboratory is divided into six major units:

Administration
Budget/Purchasing and Personnel
Clerical Support
Evidence Processing
Quality Assurance
Facilities Management
Chemistry
Genetics
Morphology
Herpetology
Ornithology
Mammalogy
Pathology

References

External links

Buildings and structures in Ashland, Oregon
United States Fish and Wildlife Service
Laboratories in Oregon
1988 establishments in Oregon
Law enforcement in Oregon


The 1976 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours were announced on 27 May 1976 to mark the resignation of the Prime Minister, Harold Wilson. The list of resignation honours became known satirically as the "Lavender List".

Controversy
The list caused controversy as a number of recipients were wealthy businessmen whose principles were considered antithetical to those held by the Labour Party at the time.

Roy Jenkins notes that Wilson's retirement "was disfigured by his, at best, eccentric resignation honours list, which gave peerages or knighthoods to some adventurous business gentlemen, several of whom were close neither to him nor to the Labour Party."

One businessman on the list, Lord Kagan, was convicted of fraud in 1980; Sir Eric Miller committed suicide while under investigation for fraud in 1977. Another beneficiary was the buccaneering financier James Goldsmith. Nearly all of the other names on the list such as actor John Mills were, however, uncontroversial. Dismissing the notoriety of these two names, both of Wilson's academic biographers, Professor Ben Pimlott and Philip Ziegler, writing in the 1990s long after the purported events stress that there was never any question at the time or subsequently of financial impropriety in the drawing up of the list.

The origin of the name "Lavender List" derived from the claim made by former press secretary and journalist Joe Haines that the head of Wilson's political office, Lady Falkender, had written the original draft on lavender-coloured notepaper. No documentary evidence has been proffered to support this claim and Wilson and Falkender denied it. Joe Haines expressly denied any financial impropriety in the compilation of the list on national television in an interview on BBC's Panorama on 14 February 1977. In 2001 Joe Haines altered his allegations with an entirely new version of the "Lavender List". Lady Falkender sued Joe Haines for libel in 2007 over the statement that she was the author of the list. Many statements in the media were subject to litigation by both Wilson and Falkender during the 1970s, which later gave rise to a long complaint by Wilson published in The Times that his administration had been subject to an alleged smear campaign. Wilson's suspicions were later partially corroborated by former MI5 Assistant Director Peter Wright in his book Spycatcher, a book that was initially banned from publication in the UK.

According to a letter from Edith Summerskill published in The Times on 27 May 1977, the members of the Political Honours Scrutiny Committee "were astounded when we read the list of proposed honours. We told the civil servant present that we could not approve of at least half of the list, and would he see that this was conveyed to the Prime Minister", and that "it astonished us to find that, with one exception, the original list of recipients was published unchanged." But she comments that "we were in fact faced with a fait accompli which we had no power to upset."

Political and Public Services List

The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour.

Life peers

Terence George Boston, Barrister-at-Law; former Member of Parliament for the Faversham Division of Kent.
Sir Bernard Delfont, Chairman and Chief Executive, EMI Film and Theatre Corporation Ltd. For services to the Attlee Memorial Foundation.
Sir Lew Grade, Chairman and Chief Executive, Associated Television Corporation Ltd. For services to television.
Sir Joseph Kagan, Chairman, Kagan Textiles Ltd and associated companies.
Albert James Murray, Former Member of Parliament for Gravesend, and Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Transport.
Sir Max Rayne, property developer, for charitable services and services to the Arts.
John Ernest Vaizey, Professor of Economics, and Head of the School of Social Sciences, Brunel University, Uxbridge.
Sir Arthur George Weidenfeld, Chairman, Weidenfeld and Nicolson Ltd, Publishers.

Privy Counsellor
Lionel Murray OBE, General Secretary, Trades Union Congress.

Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH)
The Right Honourable Lord Elwyn-Jones, The Lord Chancellor
The Right Honourable Edward Watson Short, Lately Lord President of the Council. Member of Parliament for Newcastle upon Tyne, Central.

Knights Bachelor
William Stanley Baker, Actor/Producer.
James Michael Goldsmith, Chairman, Cavenham Ltd. For services to export and to ecology.
Frederick Donald Gosling, For charitable services, HM Forces.
James Edward Hanson, Chairman, Hanson Trust.
Eric Merton Miller, Chairman, Peachey Property Corporation Ltd. Recently Treasurer of the Socialist International.
John Lewis Ernest Watts Mills, CBE, Actor/Director.
Sigmund Sternberg, Chairman, Commodities Research Unit Ltd Group.
John Elliott Terry, Managing Director, National Film Finance Corporation.

Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)
Arthur Smith, Parliamentary Agent to Harold Wilson
Henry Reginall Underhill, National Agent of the Labour Party.

Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)
Miss Doreen Stainforth (Mrs Clark), Broadcasting Officer, The Labour Party Information Department.
Donald Willgoose, Chief Executive and Town Clerk, Knowsley Metropolitan Borough Council.
Michael Edward Yarwood, Entertainer.
Bess Hilda, Mrs Church, Personal Secretary to Roy Jenkins, MP
Miss Mary Griffin, Private Secretary to the General Secretary of The Labour Party.
Arthur Thomas Gunns, lately Supervisor, Despatch Department, Labour party Headquarters.
William John Taylor, Meetings Officer, Labour Party Headquarters.

Private Office List

Life peer
Sir Joseph Ellis Stone, personal physician

Knighthood
Alfred Henry Warren, private secretary to the government Chief Whip

Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)
Fleet Chief Wren Steward (O) Dorothy Mary Gordon, Senior Steward at Chequers.
Miss Doreen Andrew, Formerly Secretary in the Political Office
Miss Peggy Patricia Field, Personal Secretary to Lady Wilson.
William Charles Housden, B.E.M., Personal Driver
Doris Molly, Mrs Knight, Assistant, Prime Minister's Office, No. 10 Downing Street.
Mavis Dorothy, Mrs MacDonald, Secretary in the Political Office
Thora, Mrs Pollard, Housekeeper

British Empire Medal
Charles Beveridge, Senior Messenger, No.10 Downing Street
Edith Margaret, Mrs Causer, Senior Cleaner, No.10 Downing Street
Robert Geoffrey Matthews, Police Constable, Metropolitan Police
Miss Doris May Richardson, Telephonist, No.10 Downing Street

Docudrama

The Lavender List is a British television docudrama broadcast on BBC Four in March 2006 based on the version of events put forward by Joe Haines in 2001, events that he claimed led to the drafting of the 1976 Resignation Honours. Lady Falkender threatened to sue the BBC for libel over the programme, and in line with BBC policy in the wake of recent libel defeats, the BBC opted to settle out of court rather than contest the libel action. In addition to a financial settlement, the BBC agreed to never rebroadcast the programme.

References

Hon
1976 awards
May 1976 events in the United Kingdom
Political scandals in the United Kingdom
Prime Minister's Resignation Honours
Harold Wilson


Mastung, the capital of Mastung District, is a town in the Baluchistan province of Pakistan. It is located at 29°48'0N 66°50'60E and has an altitude of 1701 metres (5583 feet). The town is also the administrative centre of Mastung Tehsil, an administrative subdivision of the district - the town itself is administratively subdivided into two Union Councils of Pakistan

Tehsils of Balochistan
Mastung District

Mastung Tehsil


Michael Anthony Figga (born July 31, 1970) is a retired catcher in Major League Baseball who played for the New York Yankees and the Baltimore Orioles. In a three-year career, Figga hit .213 with one home run.

Early life and education

Born in Tampa, Florida, Figga attended A.P. Leto High School in Tampa, graduating in 1988.  Figga then enjoyed a short but standout career at Central Florida Community College.  Figga was drafted in 1989 by the New York Yankees. He played in the Australian Baseball League with the Canberra Bushrangers in the 1994 and 1995 seasons.

Major league career

After a long career in the minor leagues, Figga made his major-league debut on September 16, 1997, with the Yankees.  Figga appeared in five games for the Yankees between 1997 and 1999.  His lone major-league appearance in 1998 was on September 23, 1998, when he went one-for-four and scored a run against the Cleveland Indians.  For that appearance, Figga earned a World Series ring when the Yankees won the World Series the following month.

In 1999, Figga started the season as one of three catchers on the Yankees' roster, however his mere presence caused controversy amongst the Yankee brass. Out of options, (the number of times a team is allowed to demote a player to the minor leagues without exposing him to waivers) owner George Steinbrenner ordered acting manager Don Zimmer to promote Figga to the major league roster despite offering limited opportunities to play. In fact, he saw no action at all until a doubleheader on May 22 where he was a late inning defensive replacement for both games. He never batted nor appeared in another game for the Yankees. When manager Joe Torre (who missed the first two months after being diagnosed with prostate cancer in spring training) returned,  he was able to convince Steinbrenner that he needed the roster spot more than he needed the player so Figga was waived in June 1999 and picked up by the Baltimore Orioles, and played 41 games for the Orioles.

After baseball

From 2000 until 2004, Figga played both in the minor leagues and for the Nashua Pride in the independent Atlantic League of Professional Baseball.  He subsequently retired from baseball with an early case of the dreaded disease of catchers: bad knees.  Today, Figga now works for Republic National Distribution Company  and lives in the Tampa Bay area of Florida and recently finished coaching a little league football team called the Westchase Colts and a travel baseball team called the Tampa Bay Bulls.

References

Sources

1970 births
Living people
Albany-Colonie Diamond Dogs players
Albany-Colonie Yankees players
Albuquerque Dukes players
Allentown Ambassadors players
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Bakersfield Blaze players
Baltimore Orioles players
Baseball players from Tampa, Florida
Binghamton Mets players
College of Central Florida Patriots baseball players
Columbus Clippers players
Durham Bulls players
Fargo-Moorhead RedHawks players
Fort Lauderdale Yankees players
Gulf Coast Yankees players
Lincoln Saltdogs players
Major League Baseball catchers
Mexican League baseball right fielders
Nashua Pride players
New York Yankees players
Norfolk Tides players
Norwich Navigators players
Orlando Rays players
Pawtucket Red Sox players
Pericos de Puebla players
Prince William Cannons players
San Antonio Missions players
San Bernardino Spirit players
Sioux City Explorers players
Somerset Patriots players
St. Lucie Mets players
Tampa Yankees players
Trenton Thunder players
American expatriate baseball players in Australia

Mike Figga


Arathil Candeth Narayanan Nambiar (1896 – 17 January 1986) was an Indian Nationalist and a friend and colleague of Subhas Chandra Bose. Originally from Kerala (he was born in Thalassery),  Nambiar spent much of his life serving the Indian independence movement in Europe.

In Europe

Nambiar had been working in Europe as a left-wing journalist for some time when the Second World War broke out. In the 1930s he had been beaten up by Nazi stormtroopers, imprisoned, and then deported, at first to Prague.  At the outbreak of war he was working in Paris.

According to MI5 documents that remained classified until 2014, the British believed Nambiar was a Soviet spy before the war. The documents show that a Soviet defector in the 1950s said Nambiar had been an agent of the GRU in the 1920s. Nambiar had visited Moscow in 1929 while active in Indian communist organisations. (The declassified documents also included correspondence between Nambiar and Bose captured after the surrender of German submarine U-234.)

In January 1942 he joined the Free India Centre as second in command to Bose. This organisation was set up by Bose to promote Indian independence and to assist the enemies of the British Empire, namely Nazi Germany, the Empire of Japan, and the other Axis powers. Nambiar was a reluctant recruit; his anti-Nazi politics put him in an uncomfortable position, but he finally succumbed to Bose's persuasiveness and moved to Berlin.  Nambiar established a branch of the Free India Centre in Paris before leaving. The Berlin Centre was given the status of a foreign mission by Germany and ran a propaganda radio station.  It also controlled and recruited the Indian Legion. This had been founded by Bose and was mainly recruited from Indian prisoners of war and officered by Germans.  It was originally intended to use it to fight the British in India, but it was eventually deployed to defend the French coast. It was never a significant military force, never consisting of more than a few thousand men.

In January 1943 Bose secretly transferred by submarine to the Japanese theatre of war, leaving Nambiar in charge in Germany.  There was more potential there for recruitment to Bose's cause amongst Indian prisoners; large numbers had been taken in the Fall of Singapore.  The attitude of Bose and Nambiar towards Nazi Germany slowly transformed from seeing it as a convenient way of obtaining material support for their cause to believing that German victory was essential for them to succeed.  As a consequence, they more and more accepted use of the Legion in the German cause as opposed to exclusively in India.  In April Nambiar had to deal with a mutiny in the Legion, who were reluctant to move to the Netherlands as ordered.  They had believed they would be fighting in India or somewhere from where they could attack towards India such as North Africa.  By August the Centre's operations became severely disrupted by Allied bombing and Nambiar's own house was destroyed.  Most activity was moved out of Berlin, but Nambiar remained there as Bose's official representative.  In March 1944 Nambiar was appointed Minister of State in Bose's Provisional Government.

In August 1943 the Legion, now with a strength of three battalions, was moved from the Netherlands to Bordeaux where they found the climate more agreeable.  However, as the threat of Allied invasion started to loom morale severely deteriorated. In a tour in April and May 1944 Nambiar concluded that morale could only be improved by action. He persuaded the reluctant German commander of the Legion (Lieutenant Colonel Krappe) to allow a small contingent into action as an experiment.  The 9th Company was sent to Italy, where some Legion personnel were already being used in intelligence and propaganda roles. The experiment was a complete failure. They were positioned opposite a Polish force. The initial reconnaissance party immediately deserted, followed by the entire company refusing to go into action on the grounds that the Poles were not their enemy.

Post-war
Nambiar was imprisoned after the war for collaboration with the enemy. He escaped to Switzerland and, against the wishes of Britain, was given an Indian passport by Nehru's Interim Government. He then worked as a counsellor at the Indian Legation in Berne. He was appointed Indian ambassador to Scandinavia, then, in 1955 he was appointed the second Indian Ambassador to the Federal Republic of Germany, succeeding Subimal Dutt. He was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1958. Nambiar finished his career as European correspondent of the Hindustan Times.

Personal life
He was the fourth son of writer Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar and Arathil Candethil Kallyani Amma. He married Suhasini Chattopadhyay, the sister of Sarojini Naidu, and the first woman Communist member of India in 1919. Later they separated.

References

External links
A.C.N. Nambiar materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)
Arathil Candeth Narian Nambiar: collaboration with Nazis; activities in Europe; refusal of passport facilities Jan 1946-Jan 1949 in UK National Archives
Arathil Candeth Narian Nambiar, Indian Information Bureau, Berlin: assault and detention by Nazis and deportation from Germany Mar 1933-May 1939 in UK National Archives

1896 births
1986 deaths
Ambassadors of India to Sweden
Ambassadors of India to West Germany
Azad Hind
Collaborators with Nazi Germany
Indian collaborators with Imperial Japan
Indian exiles
Indian revolutionaries
People from Thalassery
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service

A. C. N. Nambiar


Adolf Peter Rading (2 February 1888, in Berlin – 4 April 1957, in London) was a German architect of the Neues Bauen period, also active in Palestine and Great Britain.

Career

After finishing architecture school in Berlin, Rading briefly worked in the office of Peter Behrens in 1919.  That same year he moved to Breslau, becoming a professor at the National Academy for Arts and Crafts.  In 1926 Rading established a partnership with Hans Scharoun, became a member of The Ring (the architectural collective), and in 1927 contributed a single-family house to the Weissenhof Estate exhibition.

After the Nazis came to power in 1933, Rading, whose wife came from a Jewish family, emigrated to France and then to Palestine, in today's Israel.  From 1943 through 1950 Rading served as the city architect of Haifa; in 1950 he established himself in Great Britain.

References

1888 births
1957 deaths
20th-century German architects
Architects from Berlin

Adolf Rading


El Arsenal is a Mexican comic book series, created by writer Salvador Vázquez and artist Daniel Pérez. The comic was first released in 2005 and is published by Arcana Studio.

Story
The world is divided by chaos. Due to a nuclear incident that activated the San Andreas Fault, Mexico's Baja California peninsula and California are separated from the North American continent. The situation in South America is apparently worse as former countries fight to regain their independence after the region is invaded by Japan. "El Sistema" (The System) is the only remaining power, an underground organization that recruits and controls mercenaries and bounty hunters who act as soldiers, assassins and messengers. El Sistema has but one rule; Supply and Demand.

This is the world of El Arsenal, a story about mercenaries, the backbone of El Sistema, the organization that rules the world. Without them, rivals organizations could hardly harm each other and seize control. Because even in this world, where chaos reigns, no one dares attack first, as they know that someone else is always prepared to strike back without mercy at the first sign weakness. Mercenaries must get the job done, as discreetly as possible.

References

External links
 Official website (archived)

Interviews
 In The Future Only Cockroaches... Vasquez on El Arsenal. Newsarama, June 7, 2005
 Know Your Enemy: Vazquez talks "El Arsenal: Unknown Enemy", Comic Book Resources, June 10, 2005

Arcana Studio titles
Mexican comics titles

El Arsenal


Richard Huziak (born March 18, 1957) is a Canadian amateur astronomer. The International Astronomical Union named main-belt asteroid 4143 Huziak after him. A former president of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada Saskatoon Centre for six years and a prominent member of the American Association of Variable Star Observers, Huziak has over 181,000 observations of variable stars to his credit. He received the Chant Medal from the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada in 2001, the Service Medal from the same organization in 2009, and Janet Mattei presented Huziak with the AAVSO's Director's Award in 2003.

Biography
Born in Yorkton, Saskatchewan, Huziak attended elementary and high school in Yorkton, but moved to Saskatoon in 1976 to attend the University of Saskatchewan. He has resided in Saskatoon since, working as a manufacturing engineering technologist for Develcon Electronics, Joytec, International Road Dynamics and SED Systems.

Huziak is an environmentalist addressing light pollution concerns in Saskatchewan.  His work here prompted the Saskatchewan Eco-Network (SEN) to name Huziak a Saskatchewan Environmental Champion.  That organization awarded him the Environmental Activist Individual Award in 2007.  He was instrumental in the designation of the Cypress Hills Dark Sky Preserve in September 2004, then Canada's largest dark-sky preserve. His work with Parks Canada led to the designation of Grasslands National Park as a dark-sky preserve in October 2009, overtaking Cypress Hills as Canada's then-largest dark-sky preserve. Huziak continues to advise various levels of government and organizations on light pollution abatement to reduce light trespass, energy waste, and environmental degradation. In August 2021, Huziak was nominated by the Canadian Space Agency as Canada's amateur astronomer representative to the International Astronomical Union and was accepted as an Honorary Member.

Huziak was present during the discovery of 185P/Comet Petriew in August 2001, namesake of Vance Petriew of the Regina Centre, RASC, and was the first to the recognize the object discovered as a comet.

References

External links
A current list of refereed papers from NASA ADS

1957 births
Living people
20th-century Canadian astronomers
Amateur astronomers
Canadian environmentalists
People from Yorkton

Richard Huziak