Esemplastic is a qualitative adjective which the English romantic poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge claimed to have invented. Despite its etymology from the Ancient Greek word πλάσσω for "to shape", the term was modeled on Schelling's philosophical term Ineinsbildung – the interweaving of opposites – and implies the process of an object being moulded into unity. The first recorded use of the word is in 1817 by Coleridge in his work, Biographia Literaria, in describing the esemplastic – the unifying – power of the imagination.

Biographia Literaria
The Biographia Literaria was one of Coleridge's main critical studies in which he discusses the elements and process of writing. In this work, Coleridge establishes a criterion for good literature, making a distinction between the imagination and "fancy". Whereas fancy rested on the mechanical and passive operations of one's mind to accumulate and store data, imagination held a "mysterious power" to extract "hidden ideas and meaning" from such data. Thus, Coleridge argues that good literary works employ the use of the imagination and describes its power to "shape into one" and to "convey a new sense" as esemplastic. He emphasizes the necessity of creating such a term as it distinguishes the imagination as extraordinary and as "it would aid the recollection of my meaning and prevent it being confounded with the usual import of the word imagination".

Usage
Use of the word has been limited to describing mental processes and writing, such as "the esemplastic power of a great mind to simplify the difficult", or "the esemplastic power of the poetic imagination". The meaning conveyed in such a sentence is the process of someone, most likely a poet, taking images, words, and emotions from a number of realms of human endeavor and thought and unifying them all into a single work. Coleridge argues that such an accomplishment requires an enormous effort of the imagination and, therefore, should be granted with its own term. The invention of this word was met with controversy; the Scottish philosopher J. F. Ferrier wrote a scathing comment: "You there [in Schelling's Darlegung] found the word In-eins-bildung—"a shaping into one"—which Schelling or some other German had literally formed from the Greek, εἰς ἓν πλάττειν, and you merely translated this word back into Greek, (a very easy and obvious thing to do,) and then you coined the Greek words into English, merely altering them from a noun into an adjective." The term is infrequently used in modern speech and text, and has only appeared in two other literary works.

References

1810s neologisms
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
English words
Literary terminology
Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling

Esemplastic


was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II.

Biography
Iida was a native of Yamaguchi prefecture and a graduate of the 20th class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in 1908 and the 27th class of the Army Staff College in December 1915. Iida was promoted to captain in December 1918. He participated in the Japanese Expeditionary force for the Siberian Intervention against the forces of the Bolshevik Army, supporting White Russian forces in Russia.

After serving in a variety of administrative positions within the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff, including a stint as instructor at the Infantry School from 1932 to 1934, Iida was appointed commander of the 4th Imperial Guards Regiment from 1934 to 1935. He was subsequently Chief of Staff of the IJA 4th Division from 1935 to 1937.

With the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Iida became Chief of Staff of the Japanese First Army in China in 1938. Iida was promoted to lieutenant general in August 1939. He was assigned to command the Taiwan Army of Japan from 1938 to 1939. In 1939, he returned to the Imperial Guard as its commander, and held the post until 1941.

With the start of the Pacific War, Iida was transferred south to take command of the Japanese 25th Army in Japanese-occupied French Indochina in 1941. He established his headquarters in Saigon and prepared for an invasion of Thailand. In December 1941, Iida took command of the newly formed Japanese Fifteenth Army, consisting of the IJA 33rd Division and IJA 55th Division. Beginning on 8 December, his forces easily overcame light Thai resistance, forcing Thailand into a mutual defense pact with Japan. On 20 January 1942, Iida's divisions crossed into Burma in the highly successful beginnings of the Burma Campaign.

Iida's 35,000 men quickly outmaneuvered British forces despite inclement terrain and limited supplies. On 8 March, Iida took Rangoon, cutting the Burma Road and isolating China. By May, British and Chinese forces in Burma had been driven back to India and China with some 30,000 casualties, against Japanese losses numbering only 7,000.

Recalled to Japan in 1943, Iida was reassigned to the General Defense Command. In 1944, he became Commander in Chief of the Central District Army. He retired from active military service in 1944.

However, in 1945, Iida was recalled back to service to take command of the Japanese 30th Army in Manchukuo just before the Soviet invasion. He was taken prisoner by the Red Army and was held as a prisoner of war in the Soviet Union from 1945 to 1950. He died in Tokyo on 23 January 1980.

References

Books

External links

 http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Myanmar.htm

Notes

Japanese military personnel of World War II
Japanese generals
Military personnel from Yamaguchi Prefecture
1888 births
1980 deaths
Administrators in British Burma
Burma in World War II
Siberian internees

Shōjirō Iida


Catherine Morland is the principal character in Jane Austen's book Northanger Abbey. She enjoys reading the mysterious and frightening gothic novels that were popular in her time. She often has a tendency to blur the lines between fiction and reality, which causes her a great deal of trouble. She is the neighbor of Mr. Allens, a rich man, and goes with him to Bath, a city in Northeastern Somerset, England. Jane Austen used her to mock the obvious classics where the perfect heroes fall in love with the heroines, and they marry and live "happily ever after".

Jane Austen, in the beginning of Chapter Two, describes her as having a heart that "was affectionate (loving)", a "disposition (character) cheerful and open, without conceit (pride) or affectation".

Childhood

The book Northanger Abbey begins with, "No one who had ever seen Catherine Morland in her infancy, would have supposed her born to be an heroine." Her father, Richard, is a clergyman (pastor) who, even though he is not rich, is not poor; her mother is "a woman of useful plain sense, with a good temper, and, what is more remarkable, with a good constitution." Catherine is called "plain" when she is young, with "a thin awkward figure, a  skin without colour, dark  hair, and strong features..." She likes to play boy's games more than playing with dolls, and does not like lessons, though she does like stories and fables. Catherine likes "tinkling the keys of the old  spinnet (piano)," but she hates learning music, and "the day which dismissed (sent away) the music-master was one of the happiest in Catherine's life." She does not draw well; she did not like writing, or accounts, or French. However, she is usually nice to her brothers and sisters, and listens to her parents.

Adulthood

Catherine becomes "almost pretty" at 15, when she grows plumper, cleaner, and more . She begins reading better books, like those that Pope, Gray, Thompson, and Shakespeare's. Mrs. Allen invites her to come to Bath with her, and she agrees. There, she is always very polite to Mrs. Allen, and is humbly satisfied when a few men call her a "pretty girl." She falls in love with Henry Tilney, and even though they misunderstand each other some times, they quickly become good friends. She also becomes friends with  Eleanor Tilney, and she is invited to Northanger Abbey. General Tilney, Henry's father, is kind to her, and she is happy. But sometimes she is too imaginative: for instance, she thinks General Tilney murdered his wife. Henry's gentle talk with her soon makes her more clear-sighted. The sudden rudeness of General Tilney makes her very sad until Henry comes and proposes to her; he also explains the General's first attentions, and later rudeness: the General had at first thought Catherine was very rich, and later thought Catherine was really poor. Actually, Catherine is neither - she lives quite comfortably. At the end of the book, they marry happily.

References
Character analysis by SparkNotes

Characters in written fiction

Catherine Morland


Alan Sepinwall (born October 19, 1973) is an American television reviewer and writer. He spent 14 years as a columnist with The Star-Ledger in Newark until leaving the newspaper in 2010 to work for the entertainment news website HitFix. He then wrote for Uproxx, where he worked for two years. Since 2018, he has been the chief TV critic for Rolling Stone.

Sepinwall began writing about television with reviews of NYPD Blue while attending the University of Pennsylvania, which led to his job at The Star-Ledger. In 2007, immediately after The Sopranos ended, series creator David Chase granted his sole interview to Sepinwall. In 2009, Sepinwall openly urged NBC to renew the action-comedy series Chuck, and NBC Entertainment co-president Ben Silverman sarcastically credited Sepinwall for the show's revival.

Slate.com said Sepinwall "changed the nature of television criticism" and called him the "acknowledged king of the form" with regard to weekly episode recaps and reviews. Sepinwall and television critic Dan Fienberg hosted a podcast at HitFix called Firewall & Iceberg, in which they discussed and reviewed television until October 2015. During his time at Uproxx, Sepinwall hosted a podcast called TV Avalanche with fellow television critic Brian Grubb.

Early life
Sepinwall grew up in Pine Brook, New Jersey. His father, Jerry, was a psychopharmacologist, and his mother, Harriet, is a former professor of social studies education at the College of St. Elizabeth in Morristown, New Jersey.  Sepinwall attended Congregation Agudath Israel of West Essex in Caldwell, New Jersey. He studied at the University of Pennsylvania, where he began writing television reviews during his sophomore year in 1993. Sepinwall was later critical of his writings from this period, describing it as full of "misspellings, bad grammar and, even worse, observations that make me cringe".

Career
In the 1990s, Sepinwall was a particular fan of the ABC police drama NYPD Blue and wrote reviews of the show on Usenet newsgroups. Those reviews helped lead Sepinwall to begin a career in television journalism at The Star-Ledger in Newark; in 2004, Sepinwall said "without Blue, I wouldn't have the career or the life that I currently do". However, after the 2020 murder of George Floyd by a Minneapolis police officer, Sepinwall wrote a long piece in Rolling Stone detailing his mixed feelings about NYPD Blue and cop shows in general, and concluding that shows in the police drama genre had to massively change in the new reality, or no longer be made at all.

The Star-Ledger
Sepinwall began working as The Star-Ledger's television columnist in 1996. He is a member of the Television Critics Association. Slate.com writer Josh Levin described Sepinwall's week-to-week, post-episode reviews of The Sopranos as "a new form" that combined episode recaps with analyses of the show's subtexts and hidden meanings. Sepinwall has said his writing style was partially inspired by newsgroup reviews of Star Trek television episodes written by Timothy W. Lynch, as well as the episode recaps and discussions generated on the website Television Without Pity. Around 2005, in addition to his newspaper columns, Sepinwall began blogging for The Star-Ledger on the website "All TV". Around that time, he also began maintaining his own private blog, "What's Alan Watching", in which he posted reviews and interacted directly with readers.

HitFix and Uproxx
After 14 years with The Star-Ledger, Sepinwall left the newspaper in 2010 for a job at the entertainment journalism website HitFix, where he would review as many as 15 television shows each week. On that site, he also did a podcast with television critic Dan Fienberg called Firewall & Iceberg.

In 2010, Slate.com writer Josh Levin said Sepinwall "changed the nature of television criticism" and called him the "acknowledged king of the form" with regard to weekly episode recaps and reviews. The A.V. Club writer Steve Heisler called Sepinwall "an inspiration to TV critics throughout the country". Sepinwall made a cameo appearance as an extra in an October 2010 episode of the NBC comedy Community, a show which he has strongly praised. He later wrote that, in hindsight, he regretted appearing on the show due to "the extreme blurring of the line [between reviewer and fan] it caused".

In 2016, Sepinwall began writing for Uproxx. From 2017 to 2018, Sepinwall hosted a podcast called TV Avalanche with fellow Uproxx television critic Brian Grubb.

Rolling Stone
In May 2018, Sepinwall announced he was leaving Uproxx and was moving to Rolling Stone.

As a stretch goal for charity fundraising during The George Lucas Talk Show, Sepinwall agreed to review The Star Wars Holiday Special, which he had never seen. The review, in which Sepinwall detailed what a complete disaster and bad idea the special was, was later published in Rolling Stone.

Interviews
Sepinwall has interviewed such television figures as The Wire creator David Simon, Mad Men creator Matthew Weiner, The O.C. creator Josh Schwartz, and Breaking Bad creator Vince Gilligan. He also wrote a book about the Fox teen drama series The O.C. called Stop Being a Hater and Learn to Love The O.C., which was published and released in 2004. In 2007, immediately after The Sopranos ended, series creator David Chase gave Sepinwall the sole interview he granted to any journalist at the end of the show. In 2009, when NBC was contemplating canceling the action-comedy Chuck, of which Sepinwall was a strong proponent, he wrote an open letter to NBC executives urging them to renew the show and encouraging them to seek revenue by expanding existing product placement marketing deals. The show was ultimately renewed, and NBC Entertainment co-chairman Ben Silverman partially credited Sepinwall for the show's revival, which reportedly helped increase Sepinwall's prestige. Sepinwall has been a particularly strong advocate for such shows as Lost, The Shield, Breaking Bad, and The Wire.

Personal life
Sepinwall lives in Scotch Plains, New Jersey, with his wife, daughter and son.

Published works

References

External links

, Sepinwall's Rolling Stone articles
, Sepinwall's Uproxx blog
, Sepinwall's older writing
, Sepinwall and Fienberg's podcast
, Sepinwall and Grubb's podcast
The Guardian 'Self-published book makes New York Times books of the year list,' Alison Flood, 19 December 2012

American television critics
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
People from Montville, New Jersey
People from Scotch Plains, New Jersey
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Jewish American writers
1973 births
21st-century American Jews

Alan Sepinwall


David of Hungary  (; between 1053 and 1055 – after 1094) was a member of the Árpád dynasty as the second son of Andrew I of Hungary and Anastasia of Kiev.

David's exact birth date is unknown. His elder brother, Solomon was born in 1053 and the establishing charter of the abbey of Tihany (1055) clarifies that Andrew I has 'sons', thus David perhaps was born between the two dates.

During the civil war between his father and Prince Béla, Queen Anastasia took refuge with her two sons in Austria, where they resided until 1063, when Béla I died in an accident. David did not participate in the battle for the throne, involving his brother and his cousins, Géza and Ladislaus, and did not deal with politics. According to historian Mór Wertner, David was a member of the clerical order in 1094. In the same year he donated a large sum of money to the Abbey of Tihany, which had been founded by his father, Andrew I in 1055. Probably he died shortly, as the tone of the charter of donation was formulated as a testament. In 1095, when King Ladislaus I died, according to the contemporary records, only princes Lampert, Coloman and Álmos survived the king. David was buried in Tihany, next to his father.

References

Sources
Wertner, Mór: "Dávid herczeg". In: W. M.: Az Árpádok családi története, Nagy-Becskerek, Pleitz Ferencz Pál Könyvnyomdája, 1892, 134–136.

1050s births
1090s deaths
House of Árpád
11th-century Hungarian people
Hungarian princes
Hungarian Christian monks
Sons of kings

David of Hungary


The Voice Funnel was an experimental high-speed interface between digitized speech streams and a packet switching communications network, in particular the ARPANET. It was built in the time frame from 1979 to 1981. It may be viewed as an early Voice over IP voice and video telephone.

The Voice Funnel was designed and built by Bolt, Beranek and Newman. During the 1980s, it was used for audio and video conferences across the ARPANET, and later evolved into the multi-processor BBN Butterfly computer.

See also
Network Voice Protocol

References
 Rettberg, R., C. Wyman, D. Hunt, M. Hoffman, P. Carvey, B. Hyde, W. Clark and M. Kraley. Development of a Voice Funnel System: Design Report, Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Report No. 4098, August 1979.

Voice over IP
VoIP hardware

Voice Funnel


"Hands All Over" is a single released under A&M/Octone Records by pop/rock band Maroon 5. It is the 3rd single released off of the band's 3rd studio album called Hands All Over. It was released on December 22, 2010. The music video for the song was leaked on YouTube and Yahoo! Music on December 23, 2010.

Music Video
The music video for Hands All Over was leaked on Maroon 5's home YouTube page on December 23, 2010. However, the music video was leaked on YouTube for only if a user had the link to the video. The band released the link for anyone on Facebook and Twitter. The Facebook page Hands All Over (Maroon 5 album) 9.21.10 leaked the leak along with the band's official Facebook page.

The music video shows a somewhat animated feature showing the bandmates performing in separate areas with "hands" on the bodies of the band members.

Maroon 5 songs

Hands All Over (song)


Rainer Eitzinger (born 26 June 1983) is an Austrian former professional tennis player. He turned professional in 2003, and he achieved his career-high singles ATP ranking of 166 in July 2006. He retired in 2011. He played mostly in the ATP challenger and the ITF Futures circuits. He also represented Austria in a Davis Cup match in 2006 vs. Mexico, where he defeated Daniel Garza.

References

Austrian male tennis players
Living people
1983 births
People from Schwaz
Sportspeople from Tyrol (state)

Rainer Eitzinger


Magical DoReMi is a shojo anime that follows the adventures of three elementary school girls as they help Majo Rika turn back into a human being. The anime is geared at girls aged 7-14.

The series aired in Japan on TV Asahi between February 1999 and January 2003. It has four seasons and 201 episodes. There are also 2 spin-off seasons and 3 fillms, the newest being "Looking For Witch Apprentices".

Characters

 Doremi Harukaze - A kind-hearted, but clumsy girl with red hair. Her sister Pop often annoys her. Her theme color is pink with her fairy named Dodo. Her name in the English dub is Dorie Goodwyn.
 Pop Harukaze - Doremi's little sister with pink hair and the 4th witch. She has good behaviour, but she is annoying to Doremi. Her theme color is red with her fairy named Fafa. Her name in the English dub is Caitlyn Goodwyn.
 Hazuki Fujiwara - Doremi's friend; a smart, polite and shy girl with brown hair. Her theme color is orange with her fairy named Rere. Her name in the English dub is Reanne Griffith.
 Aiko Senoo - A friend of Doremi; a sporty country girl with blue hair. Her theme color is sky blue with her fairy named Mimi. Her name in the English dub is Mirabelle Haywood.
 Majo Rika -  a witch accidentally turned into a witch frog (a green blob) by Doremi. Her name in the English dub is Patina.
 Lala - Majo Rika's fairy with blonde hair, who is warm hearted to the Witch Apprentices. Her name in the English dub is Lorelei.
 Onpu Segawa - The 4th witch with violet hair of the show. Her theme color is purple with her fairy named Roro. Her name in the English dub is Ellie Craft.
 Momoko Asuka - The 5th witch with fluorescent yellow hair of the show. Her theme color is yellow with her fairy named Nini.
 Hana Makihatayama - The 6th witch with lemon yellow hair of the show. Her theme colors are white and lemon yellow with her fairy named Toto.

Story

The story begins in a town named Misora. Doremi Harukaze is a third-grader who is interested in magic.  After a bad day at school, Doremi wanders into a part of town that is unfamiliar.  She then sees Maho-Do, an old magic shop, and decides to look inside.  There she finds Majo Rika. As Doremi looks around she finds out that it is a real magic shop and that Majo Rika is a witch.  When Doremi says this to Majo Rika, she turns into a Witch Frog.  After this, Majo Rika and her fairy, Lala, decide to teach Doremi how to become a witch, so she can change Majo Rika back from a witch frog.  Doremi happily agrees, wanting to learn magic.

Doremi becomes a witch in training, called a "Witch Apprentice".  Doremi practices using magic. She learns what it is like to be a witch from her experiences.  After something very strange happens, Doremi's friends begin to ask questions.  Doremi decides to take Hazuki and Aiko to Maho-Do.  At Maho-Do, they learn what happened with Doremi and also become witch apprentices so they keep it a secret.

The series follows the lives of Doremi, Hazuki, and Aiko as they learn, train, and pass tests to become witches.

In the next season, "Ojamajo Doremi Sharp", they discover a magical rose garden, which they witnessed the birth of a magical baby, called Hana-chan.

Other websites
English
 4Kids TV Magical DoReMi website  - The official website for the English dub.
Japanese
 Toei Animation Homepage - Magical DoReMi Japanese Market management and headquarter
 Toei Animation Ojamajo Doremi website - The official website to the first season of the series.

1999 anime television series
2000 anime television series
2000 manga
2001 anime television series
2001 manga
2002 anime television series
Children's television series

Magical DoReMi


Taipan! is a 1979 turn-based strategy computer game written for the TRS-80 and ported to the Apple II in 1982. It was created by Art Canfil and the company Mega Micro Computers, and published by Avalanche Productions.

The game Taipan! was inspired by the novel Tai-Pan by James Clavell. The player is in the role of a trader in the Far East. The goal of the game is for the player to accumulate wealth through trade and possibly also through booty won in battles against pirates. As soon as the player's net worth reaches one million pounds, the player has the option to retire.

A companion book about the game was co-authored by Canfil and illustrated by Chrisann Brennan.

Gameplay

The player begins the game with a ship. At the beginning, they have the option to either start without any cash but five guns, or with some cash and a debt.

The basic strategy of the game is to buy goods (opium, silk, arms, and general cargo) at a low price and sell them at a higher price. Silk, arms, and general cargo have no special features; opium is special in that it can be confiscated at random points by the local authorities, resulting in a fine for the player. This makes dealing in opium riskier than dealing in the other goods; however, it is also generally the most profitable item for trade.

At various times when arriving at a port, a message will pop up indicating a special price has occurred for one of the commodities. In this case, either the commodity's price falls or rises significantly.

The player may trade at any of seven historically named ports: Hong Kong, Shanghai, Nagasaki, Saigon, Manila, Singapore, and Batavia.

The port at Hong Kong is the player's home port. Here, the player has access to ship repair, a money lender, a warehouse, and a bank. Often in Hong Kong, the local extortionist Li Yuen asks if the player would like to "donate" money to the Sea Goddess. If the player refuses to donate, Li Yuen eventually sends a fleet of hostile ships after the player (which are much more difficult to fight than ordinary pirates). On the other hand, if one chooses to pay Li Yuen, he will occasionally drive off hostile ships for you. The money he asks depends on the amount of cash the player carries. It is not advisable to carry too much excessive cash; the donations asked from Li Yuen, the fines for dealing with opium and the amount stolen from oneself after occasionally getting "beaten up and robbed" always depend on how much you have.

Money may be transferred into your bank account for some interest. The player also has the option of borrowing money from Elder Brother Wu, the moneylender, although this amount is limited to twice the amount the player already has on hand (if the player has zero, they cannot borrow anything).
Goods may be stored in the warehouse in Hong Kong, while waiting for prices to rise. However, purchases left in the warehouse may be stolen if left too long. Rates of theft are higher with higher-end commodities such as opium or silk.

Note: A bug in the original game allows the player to overpay the moneylender, acquiring "negative debt". This "negative debt" will accumulate interest very quickly, and will count towards the player's net worth. As the game's vocabulary of number words ends at "trillion", this can cause the game to display garbage instead of the player's correct net worth. This has been fixed in the online "for browsers" version of the game.

Runner's Gambit: When attacked by ships an effective escape strategy is to do nothing and wait until the crew asks, "Taipan, what shall we do??" and then immediately pressing 'R' for run. This strategy which usually results in a quick escape may only work on the Apple II version.

Throughout the game, the player is sometimes offered the opportunity to purchase ship upgrades. When this happens, the player can trade their old ship for a larger one with fifty extra units of cargo space by paying some money.
Guns are also occasionally offered to the player for varying prices, when arriving in a harbor. More guns mean more firepower (and subsequently also larger fleets attacking), but also require 10 units of valuable cargo-space in the hold.

When being attacked by hostile ships, the player may decide to either "run" or "fight".  Dropping cargo overboard increases the chance of escaping if the player decides to run.  In order to fight, the ship must be equipped with guns. When hit by enemy fire, the ship gets damaged, and occasionally a gun is lost. If the ship's condition reaches zero percent, it will sink, and the game ends. But if the player succeeds in sinking all hostile ships, they earn some booty (cash).

Reception
J. Mishcon reviewed Taipan in The Space Gamer No. 32. Mishcon commented that "This game is so much fun that I must recommend it [...] It will be a constant delight for older children."

Upon meeting the creator at a 1982 Electronic Arts founding party, Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak declared that Taipan was "my favorite game!"  The game creator stated that this was one of the high points of his life.

Reviews
People's Computers / Recreational Computing (May, 1979)
Moves #56, p27

References

External links
Taipan! for web browsers
C64 port

1982 video games
Apple II games
North America-exclusive video games
Trade simulation games
TRS-80 games
Turn-based strategy video games
Video games based on novels
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in Hong Kong
Video games set in Indonesia
Video games set in Japan
Video games set in the Philippines
Video games set in Shanghai
Video games set in Singapore
Video games set in Vietnam
Video games set in the 19th century

Taipan!


Forbes Mill is a now-defunct flour mill originally built in 1854 located in Los Gatos, California, which served as the History Museum of Los Gatos after having been saved from destruction in 1982. The museum closed in 2014, and its collections are now part of New Museum Los Gatos. The building is currently owned by the City.

The mill is the first commercial building to be established in the city of Los Gatos. The existing two-story building is actually a storage annex, which was added to the original four-story stone mill building in the fall of 1880.

Forbes Mill was built as the Santa Rosa Flour Mill by James Alexander Forbes, who was born in Scotland in 1805. He came to California in about 1831 and served as Vice-Consul in San Francisco for the British government.

The California Gold Rush gave James the idea to put up a flour mill because there were none in California at the time, and the price of flour was running at $50/barrel. He found a location on Los Gatos Creek that he thought would provide sufficient water power. In 1850, he purchased  in the area of the Los Gatos Creek and proceeded to build a mill. In 1853, he raised the money for the construction, borrowing $130,000 from two lenders (including one who charged an interest rate of 3% per month), and in 1854, the mill was built. However, the milling machinery had to be shipped from New York around Cape Horn. Once it arrived, Forbes had trouble installing it, but eventually, the mill started grinding flour on December 1, 1855.

The opening of Forbes Mill was an auspicious moment in the history of the Santa Clara Valley. Built on the site of a Mexican ranch, the mill represented the shift of land ownership from the Californio Dons to the new settlers arriving after the Mexican–American War. The first three stories of the mill were built of stone quarried from the Los Gatos Canyon. The top story was wood, cut from trees in the mountains above Los Gatos. In 1880, an annex was attached to the north wall of the mill building. The town that grew around this building was first called Forbes Mill, then Forbestown, and finally Los Gatos.

Unfortunately, Forbes knew nothing about flour milling. He had built a dam  upstream on the creek, carrying water via a flume to two  high water wheels. However, a  high water drop proved to be inefficient, so he had to keep raising the water level. Not only that, but there was also only enough water in the creek to power the mill during the winter months, meaning that the machinery sat idle for much of the year. Furthermore, by the time the mill was in operation, competing mills had been constructed, and the Gold Rush was coming to an end, thus driving flour prices down to a mere $5/barrel.

Besides his outstanding loans, Forbes had also lost a lot of money speculating on wheat and flour and was forced into bankruptcy. He eventually defaulted on his loans, and the mill and land were sold in 1857 to Gustave Touchard, one of his creditors. Forbes continued to operate the mill for Touchard but ultimately was evicted from the property in 1858. Touchard hired others to run the mill, but they did not have much success with it either, although he was able to sell parcels of the land for a small profit.

In 1866, he sold the mill to William H. Rogers, who had previously worked at a flour mill in Detroit and had opened his own Mountain Flourmills (one of Santa Rosa's competitors) in Placerville. He had sold his interest in his company in 1860 and served as postmaster of Placerville and sheriff of El Dorado County until his purchase of now-named "Clifton Mill". His first act was to raise the waterhead to , replace the water wheels with turbine wheels, and upgrade the machinery. With his experience, Rogers was able to turn the mill into a profitable operation.

In 1869, he brought in partners WS McMurtry and JW McMillen and renamed the company as the Los Gatos Manufacturing Co. The waterhead was increased to , and the company constructed reservoirs to hold enough water to allow for year-round production. With these improvements, the mill was able to produce 100 barrels of flour a day. In 1881, the Los Gatos News wrote, "While other cities and towns may boast of a larger population, for the manufacture of the finest grade of flour known to the markets of the civilized world, Los Gatos Flouring Mills stands preeminent."

It continued as a flour mill until 1887 when it successively became a power plant for the Los Gatos Ice and Power Company, a brewing and bottling company, the Los Gatos Gas Company, and finally the PG&E substation for Los Gatos. The original "Santa Rosa" Flour Mill building was torn down in 1916. The mill remained a storehouse for PG&E until after World War II. It was then abandoned and finally, in 1971, it was revived as a youth center for Los Gatos with live rock music on Friday and Saturday nights.

On June 10, 1950, the California Centennial Commission commemorated the mill's contribution to the State's rich past by designating it as California Historical Landmark number 458. It is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

References

External links

 Los Gatos Library: James Alexander Forbes & Forbes Mill

Industrial buildings completed in 1854
History of Santa Clara County, California
Buildings and structures in Santa Clara County, California
California Historical Landmarks
Grinding mills on the National Register of Historic Places in California
National Register of Historic Places in Santa Clara County, California
Watermills in the United States
Flour mills in the United States
Los Gatos, California
Grinding mills in California
1854 establishments in California

Forbes Mill


Turn It Up! is a musical game show that aired on MTV from June 30 to December 7, 1990. It was the second game show to be produced and broadcast on the network after Remote Control, produced by Albie Hecht, Alan Goodman, and Fred Seibert, of Chauncey Street Productions in New York City.

The series was hosted by Jordan Brady with Stuffy Shmitt as co-host and announcer.

Gameplay
The show, co-hosted by comedian Jordan Brady and musician Stuffy Shmitt, features contestants competing to answer trivia questions about music.

Rounds 1 and 2
In each round, four categories each with three point values (10, 20 & 30 points) were displayed on a video wall. The player in control selected a category, then host Brady asked a question. The first player to ring-in had a chance to answer. A correct answer added the chosen points to the score, and chose another category, but an incorrect answer gave the opponents a chance to answer.

Round one was played with normal music questions, while round two was played with audio/video clips using the video wall.

Regular categories in round 2 include:

Total Recall: Contestants are shown thirty seconds of a music video. After the clip was played, the players were asked questions about the video.

Sing This: Contestants must sing the next verse after a music video stopped.

Say What?: Contestants have to repeat the lyrics the singer sang in the music video.

Talk Radio: An audio clip of an interview was played (the video featured a VU meter). Contestants must identify the artist.

Spare Parts: A portion of a photograph of an artist was shown and Brady reads a clue about the artist.

Pick a Player: A member of the band asks a question about musicians who play the same instrument as he/she does.

Scratch 'N Lick: DJ Jazzy Joyce scratches a song on her turntable, the contestant must identify the name of the song.

During the round, a horn playing the Charge fanfare would sound, indicating one minute of gameplay remained for the round. The round ended when all 12 questions were asked or if time ran out (the band would play the theme song, signaling the round's end).

The two high-scorers at the end of round two went on to play the final round, "Add-A-Track."

Add-A-Track (Final round)
In the final round, the two surviving players listened to four songs for two minutes (30 seconds per song). On each song, only one musical instrument played the song, with a new one added every five seconds. The player rang in once he/she thought they could identify the song. If correct, that player earned the points plus a prize; if wrong, the opposing player got a chance to answer.

Each song had a different point value:
1st song - 25 points
2nd song - 50 points
3rd song - 75 points
4th song - 100 points

The scores from the previous two rounds were not carried over until after the round was over, at which point the scores from the Add-A-Track round were added to the scores from the other two rounds. The player with a most points won the game and a prize. In addition, if a player had correctly identified all four songs in the Add-A-Track round, he/she won a grand prize.

References

MTV game shows
MTV weekday shows
Musical game shows
Television series by CBS Studios
1990s American game shows
1990 American television series debuts
1990 American television series endings

Turn It Up!


NBA on TNT is a branding used for broadcasts of the National Basketball Association (NBA) games, produced by Warner Bros. Discovery Sports, the sports division of the Warner Bros. Discovery Sports subsidiary of Warner Bros. Discovery and televised on TNT since 1989. TNT's NBA coverage includes the Inside the NBA studio show, weekly doubleheaders throughout the regular season on Tuesdays and Thursdays (the latter of which starts in the winter to avoid clashing with the National Football League's Thursday Night Football), a majority of games during the first two rounds of the playoffs, and one conference finals series.

Coverage

Overview
TNT airs many of the NBA's marquee game, including the NBA All-Star Game, Opening Night games, and games on Martin Luther King Day. During the playoffs, TNT splits its games with ESPN and airs a full Conference Final. During the regular season, TNT airs games on Tuesday nights and Thursday nights. To avoid competition with the NFL's Thursday Night Football, regular season games during the first half of the season air exclusively on Tuesday nights.

In the summer of 1987, the Turner Broadcasting System signed a new joint broadcast contract between TBS and TNT effective with the 1988–89 NBA season; beginning that season, TBS and TNT split broadcast rights to televise NBA games. TNT held rights to broadcast the NBA Draft and most NBA regular season and playoff games, while TBS only aired single games or double-headers once a week.

The 2001–2002 season would ultimately mark TBS's final year of NBA coverage. Turner Sports signed a new NBA television contract in which TNT would assume rights to the company's NBA package, while TBS would discontinue game coverage altogether; ESPN assumed TBS's half of the league's cable television rights. As part of the deal, TNT acquired the rights to the NBA All-Star game, which was moved to a cable television network for the first time.

In 2008, TNT broadcast on Christmas Day for the first time as Marv Albert, Mike Fratello and Craig Sager broadcast the game between the Washington Wizards and the Cleveland Cavaliers in Quicken Loans Arena and Kevin Harlan, Reggie Miller and Cheryl Miller broadcast the game between the Dallas Mavericks and the Portland Trail Blazers in Rose Garden. TNT broadcast on Christmas Day again in , when it broadcast the game between the Boston Celtics and the New York Knicks at Madison Square Garden, the very first game of the , as a result of a lockout. Albert (himself a former Knicks broadcaster) and Steve Kerr called the game. TNT normally aired NBA Christmas Day games only if it falls on a Thursday (except during the 2011–12 season). However, the network announced that they would air a Christmas Day game on December 25, 2017 (a Monday) featuring the Minnesota Timberwolves and the Los Angeles Lakers. It also marked the first time that the Inside the NBA crew of Ernie Johnson, Kenny Smith, Charles Barkley and Shaquille O'Neal called an NBA regular-season game together.

On May 11, 2011, Turner Sports (this includes TBS) broadcast its 1,000th playoff telecast.

For the 2015–16 season, the NBA and Turner Sports partnered with NextVR to stream the Warriors vs. Pelicans, the first-ever game to be broadcast live in virtual reality.

For the 2016–17 season, TNT announced that it would air a new series of Monday-night doubleheaders during the later half of the season, beginning on January 16, 2017. Monday night games from February 27 to March 27 were branded as Players Only broadcasts, featuring only former NBA players and without a traditional play-by-play announcer. Additionally, TNT announced that it would hold a "Road Show" tour in various cities throughout the season, which would feature fan experiences and festivities, and a live broadcast of Inside the NBA on-location. The tour began in Cleveland outside the Quicken Loans Arena, host of TNT's opening night game featuring the Cleveland Cavaliers.

Longtime lead play-by-play voice Marv Albert announced his retirement at the end of the 2021 NBA playoffs. Albert's final assignment with TNT took place in the 2021 Eastern Conference finals. During the course of the 2021–22 NBA season, TNT anointed Kevin Harlan as its new lead play-by-play voice, assigning him to call the 2022 NBA All-Star Game and the Western Conference finals.

Studio coverage

Ernie Johnson has been TNT's NBA studio host since the 1990–1991 season.  Currently, Johnson is joined by Shaquille O'Neal, Kenny Smith, and Charles Barkley. The NBA postgame show which features the four, Inside the NBA, has gained popularity in recent years for the chemistry and banter they have. Occasionally, Johnson, O'Neal, Smith and Barkley are joined by Draymond Green.

Normally the studio crew of Ernie Johnson, Kenny Smith and Charles Barkley would stay in the TNT Atlanta studios for all of the regular season and the first two rounds of the playoffs. However, in the 2010-11 NBA season the studio crew started taking their pre-game, halftime and Inside the NBA shows on the road in the regular season, specifically select games involving the Miami Heat on TNT, due to the heightened media coverage surrounding the Heat's acquisitions of LeBron James and Chris Bosh. The substitute studio hosts will also be on hand for Inside the NBA and the other game's pre-game and halftime presentations; the "backup" crew at the time consisted of Matt Winer, Chris Webber and Kevin McHale.

For the 2019–20 season, TNT announced plans to reformat its Tuesday games. The pre-game and halftime shows will have a larger focus on social media interaction, "culture", and "style", while Dwyane Wade, Candace Parker, Shaquille O'Neal, and Bleacher Report's Adam Lefkoe will serve as panelists. The new studio panel was originally intended to premiere with a doubleheader on January 28, 2020. However, due to the death of Kobe Bryant the previous Sunday (which led to the postponement of a Clippers-Lakers game scheduled to be televised as part of the doubleheader), the premiere was delayed to February 4, and the remaining game was instead preceded by a special edition of Inside the NBA from Staples Center, covering the aftermath of Bryant's death. The Tuesday postgame shows initially carried the Inside the NBA brand, but the 2020–21 season saw the program rebrand simply as the NBA on TNT Postgame Show.

Playoff coverage
TNT's playoff coverage is nicknamed 40 Games in 40 Nights. During the first round, TNT airs games from Sunday to Thursday nights, with occasional broadcasts on Saturdays. In the second round, TNT airs playoff games from Sunday to Wednesday nights.

In previous years, TNT and TBS aired doubleheaders opposite each other on each night of the first round of the playoffs, with one network airing a doubleheader at 7:00 p.m. and 9:30 p.m. and the other network airing a doubleheader at 8:00 p.m. and 10:30 p.m. (all times Eastern). Starting in 2000, the NBA spread out playoff series so that only two series would play per day (so as to avoid TNT and TBS competing for ratings). TNT would air doubleheaders on most weekdays, while TBS would air one doubleheader per week (in 2002, TBS aired doubleheaders every Tuesday night of the playoffs until the conference finals).

With the advent of the new NBA television deal in 2003 (which ended TBS's coverage), TNT has aired playoff games alone, including (in 2003 only) some weekday tripleheaders. The tripleheaders, which were criticized by both fans and many in the media, consisted of one game at 6:00 p.m., another at 8:30 p.m., and a final game at 11:00 p.m. After 2003, the NBA and TNT discontinued the tripleheaders, instead settling for a doubleheader on TNT and a single game on NBA TV simultaneously. However, when Turner Sports acquired NBA TV in 2008, the network abandoned airing the lone non-national Thursday game, instead leaving it up to the local sports networks. However, TBS may still air the start of the second game in case the ongoing first game on TNT extends beyond the tip-off time of the second game.

TNT also carries exclusive coverage of one NBA Conference Final. Since the 2004 NBA playoffs, TNT has aired the Eastern Conference finals in odd-number years and the Western Conference finals in even-number years, a pattern which will continue until the expiration of its television contract. ESPN airs the other Conference Final, with weekend coverage of the ESPN-covered series and the Finals being broadcast on ABC.

For the first round, TNT's coverage of the playoffs is not exclusive; regional sports networks can still carry a local call and presentation of their team's games. After the first round, only national coverage from TNT or ESPN/ABC is produced.

Canadian coverage
Although TNT does not broadcast in Canada, NBA on TNT games are regularly simulcast on TSN, Sportsnet, and NBA TV Canada.  However, if the Toronto Raptors are featured, then the Canadian broadcast of the game is shown.

Game commentary

The current NBA on TNT commentating roster includes Kevin Harlan, Brian Anderson, Ian Eagle, and Spero Dedes for play-by-play. Harlan and Anderson normally calls Thursday games, while the latter also usually works Tuesday games with Eagle. Dedes usually fills in occasionally for both Tuesday and Thursday games, but mainly call games for TNT during the NBA playoffs.

Reggie Miller is the main color commentator, and is assigned to work Thursday games along with Stan Van Gundy, Jim Jackson and Grant Hill contribute as the main game analysts for Tuesday games.

As of the 2021-22 season, the sideline reporter role is rotated between Allie LaForce, Stephanie Ready, Jared Greenberg, and Chris Haynes. Rebecca Haarlow, Nabil Karim, Dennis Scott, and Matt Winer join the rotation for the NBA playoffs.

Ernie Johnson controls the main studio hosting duties on Thursdays, with Bleacher Report's Adam Lefkoe serving that role on Tuesdays. Occasionally, whenever Johnson is away for other assignments, most notably March Madness, or personal reasons, Lefkoe, Matt Winer, Nabil Karim, or Kevin Frazier will fill in for Johnson, and vice versa for Lefkoe. Studio coverage is usually contributed by Shaquille O'Neal, Kenny Smith, and Charles Barkley on Thursdays, with O'Neal, Candace Parker, and Jamal Crawford contributing on Tuesdays. Parker and Crawford, along with Draymond Green and other analysts will contribute to the studio show at times.

Prior to his death on December 15, 2016, Craig Sager served a variety of roles on TNT, most prominently as a sideline reporter. Sager was usually paired with Cheryl Miller on most doubleheaders from 1997 to 2013.

Before he was hired as head coach of the Golden State Warriors in 2014, Steve Kerr was the primary game analyst on TNT. Kerr served that role from 2003 to 2006, and again from 2010 to 2014; in between he served as general manager of the Phoenix Suns.

Prior to leaving Turner before the 2021 NBA playoffs, Hall of Fame forward Chris Webber had been tapped as a co-lead analyst, and fill-in studio analyst from 2008-2021. Webber and Turner had parted ways without any contract renewal negotiations. A contributing factor may have been the fact that Turner bosses were angered with Webber, after he let them know very late that he wanted to opt out of working the 2021 NCAA tournament, which Turner has shared rights to with CBS Sports. Because of that, Turner and CBS did not have the announcements of its broadcast teams during their press conference to preview the NCAA Tournament like they usually did in years past.

Miami Heat legend Dwyane Wade was part of the Tuesday studio team for three seasons beginning in 2019, but left to pursue other business ventures.

Doug Collins used to be the secondary analyst on TNT; he was also the lead analyst in his first stint with the network from 1989 to 1995, pairing with the likes of Bob Neal, Ron Thulin and Pete Van Wieren. In his second stint from 2003 to 2010, he was usually paired with Harlan during the regular season, but was also paired with Albert during the NBA All-Star Game and the Conference finals.

The original voice of the NBA on TNT was Bob Neal, who worked with the network from 1989 to 1995; he was also the original voice of the NBA on TBS. Other announcers who worked for TNT include Rick Barry, Hubie Brown, Dick Stockton, Verne Lundquist, Chuck Daly, Danny Ainge, Reggie Theus, Rex Chapman, John Thompson, Jeff Van Gundy, P. J. Carlesimo, Gary Bender, Matt Devlin, Joel Meyers and Kevin Calabro.

Several prominent NBA analysts have chosen TNT over ABC or ESPN, such as Collins and Charles Barkley (Barkley was not only approached by ABC about an NBA studio job in 2002, but as also rumored to have been approached for a job on Monday Night Football). Reggie Miller was also sought out by ABC and ESPN, only to go to TNT.

The biggest acquisition TNT made, once sought out by ABC and ESPN, was Marv Albert. After the 2002 NBA Finals, Albert, along with Bob Costas, essentially a free agent, was a candidate for the lead spot on The NBA on ABC (which ultimately went to Brad Nessler). As Costas elected to remain with NBC, Albert, hired by TNT in 1999, decided to stay with the network. Some attributed this to TNT having given Albert his first chance to be on national television after the sex scandal that led to his firing at NBC. Albert and Mike Fratello—both of whom worked as a team in the NBA on NBCs early years—would ultimately reunite on TNT.

Currently, Hubie Brown is the only former TNT announcer working for ESPN/ABC. Brown, whose role on TNT was going to be significantly reduced starting with the 2002–03 season, left in 2002 to coach the Memphis Grizzlies. After two seasons of coaching, he left Memphis in early 2004 (leading to the departure from TNT of lead analyst Mike Fratello, who replaced him in Memphis) and was quickly picked up by ABC. Jeff Van Gundy, who was fired by the Houston Rockets after they lost in the first round, was also a game analyst for TNT, but left and joined ESPN/ABC at the beginning of the Western Conference Finals. Doug Collins, who resigned from TNT to become the Philadelphia 76ers head coach in 2010, joined ESPN after resigning from the 76ers three years later and left ESPN in 2017 to work with the Chicago Bulls. Part-time TNT broadcaster Mike Breen is now the lead broadcaster for ABC and one-time TNT analyst Doc Rivers worked for ABC in 2004. Rivers, alongside ESPN/ABC analyst Doris Burke, joined Breen in the lead commentary team full-time before 2023–24 NBA season, replacing former TNT analyst Jeff Van Gundy and Mark Jackson, both of which who were laid off by ESPN in 2023. Meanwhile, Pam Oliver, the then-lead sideline reporter for Fox NFL, joined Turner Sports in 2004 as she would only be on during the NBA playoffs, a role she fulfilled until 2009.

Music

TNT's current NBA game theme was written by composer Trevor Rabin. Previous themes for TNT were composed by Edd Kalehoff, Big Bad Voodoo Daddy, Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis.

Contract history

The NBA on TNT is the network's longest-running regular program and sporting event, dating back to only a year after TNT's October 3, 1988 launch, with TNT also being the current longest-running NBA coverage partner. On October 6, 2014, Turner Sports and the NBA renewed their television and digital rights agreements through 2025.

In media

In the video game NBA 07, made by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable and PlayStation 3 consoles, graphics for TNT's NBA games are seen when playing an exhibition, playoff, preseason, or seasonal game.

A direct copy of TNT's graphics can also be seen on Cartoon Network's weekly basketball program, Run It Back, a program similar to Inside Stuff.

See also
NBA on ABC
NBA on ESPN
NBA on NBC (defunct)

References

External links

 NBA on TNT on TV.com
 Sports Media Watch: NBA on TNT

1989 American television series debuts
1990s American television series
2000s American television series
2010s American television series
2020s American television series
TNT
TNT (American TV network)
TNT (American TV network) original programming
Turner Sports

NBA on TNT


Primatology is a type of science that is part of zoology. It studies primates (monkeys, apes, lemurs, and humans). Primatology is a part of physical anthropology. A person who studies primatology is a primatologists. They can work in many different fields of study. These include biology, zoology, anthropology and psychology.

A large amount of information about primatology has been learned since the end of World War II in the United States, Canada, Western Europe and Japan. In the United States, primatologists work mostly in the fields of psychology and anthropology.

Branches of zoology

Anthropology
Physical anthropology

Primatology


Françoise Marie Antoinette Saucerotte, called Mlle Raucourt (3 March 1756 – 15 January 1815) was a French actress, engaged at the Comédie Française in 1772-1799, where she became famous as a tragedienne.

Life
She was born in Nancy as the daughter of an actor, who took her to Spain. There she played in tragedy at the age of twelve. By 1770 she was back in France at Rouen, and her success as Euphmie in Belloy's Gaston et Bayard caused her to be called to the Comédie Française.

Career at the Comédie Française
In 1772, she made her debut at the Comédie Française as Dido. She played all the classical tragedy parts to crowded houses, until the scandals of her private life and her extravagance ended her popularity.

Her beauty and talent had made her famous, but her not so secret love affairs with other women made her notorious. She was known to have had numerous affairs with both men and women, preferring the latter. One on-again-off-again lover was opera soprano Sophie Arnould. Famous or not, in her time this could have a negative effect on a career, and a popular scandalous pamphlet claimed that she led a secret society of lesbians in Paris called the Sect of Anandrynes.

Part of the ensuing three years she was in prison for debt, but some of the time she spent in the capitals of northern Europe, followed everywhere by scandal. Under protection of the queen she reappeared at the Théâtre Français in 1779, and renewed her success in Paris, as Cleopatra, and all her former roles.

Later career
At the outbreak of the Revolution she was imprisoned for six months with other royalist members of the Comédie Française, and she did not reappear upon that stage until the close of 1793, and then only for a short time. In prison she met her last partner, Henriette Simonnot-Ponty, with whom she lived until death.  She deserted, with a dozen of the best actors in the company, to found a rival colony, but a summons from the Directory brought her back in 1797.

Napoleon gave her a pension, and in 1806 she was commissioned to organize and direct a company that was to tour Italy, where, especially in Milan, she was enthusiastically received. She returned to Paris a few months before her death on 15 January 1815.

Her funeral was the occasion of a riot. The clergy of her parish having refused to receive the body, the crowd broke in the church doors, and were only restrained from further violence by the arrival of an almoner sent posthaste by Louis XVIII. She is buried at the Père Lachaise Cemetery, in Paris.

References

Attribution

See also
 Troupe of the Comédie-Française in 1790

1756 births
1815 deaths
18th-century French actresses
19th-century French actresses
French stage actresses
Bisexual actresses
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
French LGBT actors
Sociétaires of the Comédie-Française
18th-century LGBT people
19th-century French LGBT people

Mlle Raucourt


The Arab Organization for Human Rights () is a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) that works on human rights issues in the Arab World. It was founded with a resolution agreed on in Hammamet, Tunisia, in 1983.

Its general Assembly is held every three years, while the Board of Trustees meets annually, and consists of 25 members. 20 of the members are elected, while the remaining 5 are appointed by the AOHR. Its current headquarters is in Cairo, Egypt.

Among the organization's founders were French-Syrian sociologist Burhan Ghalioun, who later became first chairman of the Syrian National Council, and sociologist Saad Eddin Ibrahim.

Working fields

The organization aims to make life easier for Arab citizens, and to defend their rights, and defend them against any form of torture or persecution. The AOHR carries out continuous missions to free political prisoners in the Arab World.

The organization aims to "call for respect of human rights and fundamental freedoms of all citizens and residents of the Arab world; defends any individual whose human rights are subjected to violations which are contrary to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; endeavour, regardless of political considerations, to obtain release of detained or imprisoned persons, and seek relief and assistance for persons whose freedom is restricted in any way or who are subject to coercion of any kind because of their beliefs and political convictions, or for reasons of race, sex, colour or language; protest in cases where a fair trial is not guaranteed; provide legal assistance where necessary and possible; call for improvements in conditions of prisoners of conscience; work for amnesty of persons sentenced for political reasons." The AOHR's goals include educating, training and documenting in the field of human rights.

The AOHR carries out field missions in an effort to release political prisoners, in some cases as an observer and in others as a member of the defence panel. It receives complaints from individuals, groups and organizations and contacts the relevant authorities. In addition to offering legal assistance in several cases, the organization provides financial assistance to families of victims. In coordination with the Arab Lawyers Union, it launched a campaign for Freedom for Prisoners of Conscience in the Arab World. It also arranges conferences and seminars. According to UNESCO it was instrumental in setting up the Arab Institute for Human Rights in Tunisia in 1989, in association with the Arab Lawyers Union, the Tunisian League for the Defence of Human Rights and with the support of the Centre for Human Rights in the United Nations.

AOHR maintains a consultative position at the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations and is also an observer in the Arab League and the African Union.

Report on Palestinian Authority
In December 2012, AOHR released a report that accused the Palestinian Authority (PA) of "inhumane practices and human rights violations" against Palestinian civilians. The AOHR alleges that from 2007-2011, the PA detained 13,271 Palestinians, and tortured 96% of them, resulting in six deaths. The report claims the PA law enforcement raided universities, hospitals and houses in order to arrest people wanted for protesting against the Israeli occupation. The report also claims that PA officers confiscated equipment and personal cash after arresting the suspects.

References

External links

 Profile at UNHCR

Arab League
Human rights organisations based in Egypt
International human rights organizations

Arab Organization for Human Rights


Daniel d'Auger de Subercase (February 12, 1661 – November 20, 1732) was a naval officer and the French governor of Newfoundland and later Acadia.

Subercase was baptised a Protestant to Jean Daughter, a rich merchant and bourgeois who had purchased several noble estates, including the lay abbey of Subercase, near Asson.

He served about 10 years in the land forces and in 1684 was a captain in the Régiment de Bretagne before he joined the navy and sailed for Quebec. No sooner had he landed in 1687 than he set off with his contingent on a campaign against the Senecas. In 1693 he was named lieutenant-commander, garrison adjutant and adjutant general.

On 1 April 1702 he succeeded Monic as governor of Plaisance, arriving at his post in 1703 during the early years of Queen Anne's War.  He immediately attacked Ferryland where he learned from prisoners of a planned English attack on Plaisance with a fleet of thirty-three sail from St. John's under the command of Admiral John Graydon. He immediately set the town's defenses in order and discouraged the attack with the help of two French warships. During the fall of 1704 he organized a series of attacks against English outposts on Newfoundland.  With a party of one hundred reinforcements from Canada and three hundred and fifty of his own men, this campaign resulted in the temporary capture of Bay Bulls and Petty Harbour in January 1705 and a failed siege of the main English settlement at St. John's. Unable to subdue the fort they set out to destroying settlements in Conception Bay and Trinity Bay and succeeded in destroying every colony, with the exception of Carbonear Island. The expedition took 1,200 prisoners, and boasted the destruction of 40 cannon, 2,000 shallops, and pillaged 2,600 livres in cash. Subercase estimated that, although St. John's remained intact, the total losses inflicted on the enemy was 4 million livres.

Subercase made full use of the following lull in aggression to rebuild the fortifications at Plaisance, improve morale, and generally improve the living conditions of the residents. In 1705 he was made a knight of the order of Saint-Louis and became the governor of Acadia in April 1706.  He successfully led the outnumbered defense of Port Royal against two failed sieges in 1707, leading several sallies himself and having his own horse killed below him in one skirmish. The governor of Boston was not prepared to accept defeat and on 5 Oct 1710 General Francis Nicholson's fleet appeared before Port-Royal and began the Siege of Port Royal. The fleet comprised a landing force of 2,000 men (3,400 according to Subercase), made up of one regiment of English regulars and four regiments of militiamen raised by Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire, and carried in 36 vessels, seven of which were warships. Subercase had fewer than 300 men to set against them. After a few days of defense, Subercase surrendered the partially ruined and under provisioned Port-Royal to the British, expressing to the English commander his hope of returning to pay him a visit the following spring.

Subercase, accused of negligence by some officers and reprimanded by New France governor Vaudreuil, was summoned before a court martial at Rochefort, but rapidly acquitted. In 1711 he was offered to be sent to serve at Quebec under Vaudreuil where he could formulate a plan to retake Port Royal while continuing to be paid his salary as governor of Acadia. Subercase refused in disgust and two years later the Treaty of Utrecht was signed ending aggression between the French and English and ceding Acadia and Newfoundland to England for good, thus making Subercase the last governor of French Acadia.

Subercase retired and returned to France to live on his estates in Béarn. He continued to draw a captain's pension of 600 livres a year until he died on 20 Nov 1732 at Cannes. A ledger-stone marks his grave in the church of this village.

See also

List of governors of Acadia
 Governors of Newfoundland
 List of people of Newfoundland and Labrador

References

External links
Biography at Government House The Governorship of Newfoundland and Labrador

People of Queen Anne's War
1661 births
1732 deaths
People from Orthez
Governors of Plaisance
Governors of Acadia
French Navy officers
French Protestants

Daniel d'Auger de Subercase


The Eagle Ironworks was an ironworks owned by W. Lucy & Co. on the Oxford Canal in Jericho, Oxford, England. William Carter founded the works in 1812 with a shop in the High Street and moved it to its site beside the canal in 1825. It was on Walton Well Road at the northern end of Walton Street and backed onto St Sepulchre's Cemetery. The works ceased production in 2005, was demolished in 2007 and has since been redeveloped, mainly with apartments.

History

William Carter had an ironmongery shop in High Street, Oxford by 1812, when he founded an iron foundry in Summertown  which was then a rural location north of Oxford. He moved the foundry to the banks of the Oxford Canal in 1825, one of the first developments in what is now the district of Jericho in central Oxford. The company specialised in iron castings including lamp-posts, manhole covers, ornamental ironwork and agricultural machinery. William Grafton became a partner and in 1830 Carter moved to the Eagle Foundry in Leamington Hastings, Warwickshire. Grafton continued to manage the foundry in Oxford, which became called the Eagle Ironworks. In 1854 the company bought the freehold for the site from St John's College, which owned much of north Oxford. When Grafton died in 1861, William Lucy, his partner, took over the running of the foundry. When he in turn died in 1873, the name of the ironworks became "Lucy's".

The growth of North Oxford and the University of Oxford colleges in the Victorian era expanded Lucy's market. The company responded by adding a new smith shop and foundry to the Eagle Ironworks, designed by local architect William Wilkinson and completed in 1879. Lucy's became a limited company in 1897. It expanded both its product range and its market, including shelving and storage equipment that it sold throughout the country. In the decade after becoming a limited company, Lucy's accordingly increased and diversified the Eagle Ironworks buildings, including a north-lit factory extension designed by George Gardiner and completed in 1901.

Production changed to electrical engineering and stainless steel, including arc lamps, electric lamp fittings, steam roller castings and, appropriately for Oxford, library stacking. In both World War I and World War II Lucy's made munitions. Between the wars it concentrated on electrical engineering and making switchgear. After World War II it also made machine tools.

Closure and redevelopment

In the 1960s the company built two large blocks on its wharves by the canal. In 2005 the company's new US owners moved manufacturing overseas from the United Kingdom and in 2007 it demolished the Eagle Ironworks and redeveloped the site with apartment blocks, which it lets out directly to tenants, trading as Lucy Properties. This has been controversial for town planning reasons.

In 2006, the site's archaeology was evaluated prior to redevelopment. During the archaeological excavations a 17th-century pit and a possible 19th-century well were found. A new residential road, William Lucy Way, was developed at this time, on the other side of the Canal from the original Lucy's site.

Literature
Early in the 20th century the poet and short story writer A. E. Coppard (1878–1957) worked at the Eagle Ironworks, as recounted in his autobiography It's Me, O Lord!

Oxford-based author Philip Pullman featured the Eagle Ironworks in his 2003 novel Lyra's Oxford. The story includes a fictitious "Randolph Lucy", a 17th-century alchemist with an eagle-demon who had his laboratory on nearby Juxon Street. An entry for the Eagle Ironworks is included in an extract from a fictitious version of the Baedeker guide.

See also
 Littleworth Mill, Wheatley, supplied by the Eagle Ironworks in 1784.
 W. Lucy & Co.

References

Sources and further reading

External links

 Lucy's on Facebook

Manufacturing companies established in 1825
1825 establishments in England
2007 disestablishments in England
History of Oxford
Buildings and structures in Oxford
Companies based in Oxford
Engineering companies of England
Ironworks and steelworks in England
Industrial history of England
Foundries in the United Kingdom
Oxford Canal

Eagle Ironworks, Oxford


An archchancellor (, ) or chief chancellor was a title given to the highest dignitary of the Holy Roman Empire, and also used occasionally during the Middle Ages to denote an official who supervised the work of chancellors or notaries.

The Carolingian successors of Pepin the Short appointed chancellors over the whole Frankish realm in the ninth century. Hincmar refers to this official as a summus cancellarius in De ordine palatii et regni and an 864 charter of King Lothair I refers to Agilmar, Archbishop of Vienne, as archchancellor, a word which also begins appearing in chronicles about that time. The last Carolingian archchancellor in West Francia was Archbishop Adalberon of Reims (969-988), with the accession of Hugh Capet the office was replaced by a Chancelier de France.

At the court of Otto I, then King of Germany, the title seems to have been an appanage of the Archbishop of Mainz. After Otto had finally deposed King Berengar II of Italy and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 962, a similar office was created for the Imperial Kingdom of Italy. By the early eleventh century, this office was perennially held by the Archbishop of Cologne. Theoretically, the archbishop of Mainz took care of Imperial affairs for Germany and the Archbishop of Cologne for Italy, though the latter often used deputies, his see being outside of his kingdom. A third office was created about 1042 by Emperor Henry III for the recently acquired Kingdom of Burgundy. He initially bestowed it on Archbishop Hugh I of Besançon. It only appears in the hands of the Archbishop of Trier in the twelfth century as the chancellory of Arles, as Burgundy was then known.

By the Golden Bull of 1356, Emperor Charles IV confirmed the threefold division of the archchancellory among the three ecclesiastical Prince-electors of the Empire. Actual governmental functions like calling the Imperial elections, however, were carried out by the Mainz archbishops alone. The office in this form was part of the constitution of the Empire until the German Mediatisation in 1803, when Mainz was secularised. The last elector, Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg, however, retained the title of archchancellor until the dissolution of the Empire in 1806. There was a marked resemblance between the medieval archchancellor and the later chancellors of the German Empire, the Weimar Republic,
 and the Austrian Empire. The title is continued by the present-day Chancellors of Germany and Austria.

In France the title of "Archchancellor of the Empire" was given to Napoleon I's chief legal advisor, Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès.

Archchancellors of the Holy Roman Empire
Agilmar (860)
 Bardo (c. 1042–1051)
 Liutpold (c. 1055–)
 Bruno (c. 1114)
 Albrecht (c. 1130)
Stephen
Peter of Aspelt c 1306.

See also
Chancellor
Archchancellor of Unseen University

Notes

Sources
Charles du Fresne, sieur du Cange. Glossarium mediae et infimae Latinitatis online on the French National Library's website.
Reincke, H. Der alte Reichstag and der neue Bundesrat. Tübingen, 1906.

Catholic ecclesiastical titles
Medieval chancellors (government)
Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire

Archchancellor


Meinhardt Frank Raabe (; September 2, 1915 – April 9, 2010) was an American actor.  He was one of the last surviving Munchkin-actors in The Wizard of Oz, and was also the last surviving cast member with any dialogue in the film.  He portrayed the coroner who certified the death of the Wicked Witch of the East.

Early life
Raabe was born in Watertown, Wisconsin, as a son of Henry H. Raabe and Eleonora Mina (née Rummler) Raabe. He attended and graduated from Johnson Creek High School in Johnson Creek, Wisconsin before graduating from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1937, with a bachelor's degree in accounting. He later went on to get his MBA at Drexel University.

Raabe did not hear the words "midget" or "dwarf" until young adulthood, and for a long time believed no one else might also be like him. After visiting the Midget Village at Chicago's Century of Progress in 1933, he realized he was not alone and took a summer job with the fair the next year. After graduating from the University of Wisconsin, he was turned down for employment by one company after another until Oscar Mayer hired him as a salesman.  Raabe took a leave of absence from his sales job to audition for a Wizard of Oz role.

Roles
At about , or three feet, six inches, tall, he played the role of the coroner in The Wizard of Oz in 1939. Raabe, however, was uncredited in the role.  In the film, the coroner confirms the death of the Wicked Witch of the East, with Raabe's lines being:
 As coroner, I must aver
 I thoroughly examined her
 And she's not only merely dead
 She's really, most sincerely dead!

These lines, like most of those delivered by the Munchkins, were dubbed over with the speeded-up voices of other performers. In addition to his role in the film, Raabe worked for many decades as a spokesman for Oscar Mayer, where he was known as "Little Oscar, World's Smallest Chef". He traveled in the first Wienermobile, which was the idea of the company founder's nephew, Carl Mayer, in 1936. Because the vehicle had little space for any passengers, Mayer realized the spokesman would have to be small, and Raabe got the job.

Later career
Raabe continued to work for Oscar Mayer, and claimed to have come up with the idea to sell canned sausages. As the idea was being commercialized, the Army realized that this product would aid in feeding American soldiers in the field, and production was diverted to military consumption, as the US entered World War II. During the war Raabe joined the Civil Air Patrol, serving as a pilot, and flying fire and lake patrol missions as well as serving as a ground instructor. In 1970, he earned a master's degree in business administration from Drexel University. He married a cigarette girl who was his height, Margaret Marie Raabe (1915–1997). They were married for 50 years until her death in a car accident in 1997, in which he was also injured.

Raabe published an autobiography, Memories of a Munchkin: An Illustrated Walk Down the Yellow Brick Road. (). As of 2007, he lived alone at the Penney Retirement Community in Penney Farms, Florida.

Raabe appeared in an October 2005 episode of Entertainment Tonight with eight other surviving Munchkins, and he made a guest appearance on Jimmy Kimmel Live! on April 11, 2005. On November 21, 2007, he appeared with six other surviving Munchkin actors, including Jerry Maren, at the unveiling of a Hollywood Star for the Wizard of Oz Munchkins on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. On September 19, 2009, he appeared on National Public Radio program Weekend Edition Saturday.

Raabe still made occasional appearances at Wizard of Oz conventions and celebrations across the country. In 2008 he was honored by the International Wizard of Oz Club with the organization's L. Frank Baum Memorial Award.

Death
In later life, Raabe resided at Penney Retirement Community in Penney Farms, Florida. He died at a medical center in nearby Orange Park, Florida, on April 9, 2010, at the age of 94 after going into cardiac arrest, as verified by the local coroner. He is buried in Farmington, Wisconsin's Immanuel Evangelical Lutheran Church Cemetery.

References

External links

1915 births
2010 deaths
American male film actors
Actors with dwarfism
American actors with disabilities
Male actors from Florida
Male actors from Wisconsin
Writers from Florida
Writers from Wisconsin
People from Watertown, Wisconsin
People from Penney Farms, Florida
Wisconsin School of Business alumni
Drexel University alumni
People of the Civil Air Patrol

Meinhardt Raabe


Nymphalini is a tribe of nymphalid brush-footed butterflies. Common names include admirals, anglewings, commas, and tortoiseshells, but none of these is specific to one particular genus.

The name anglewing butterflies is an English translation of a Latin term papiliones angulati, [Denis & Schiffermüller], ([1775, 1776]). Based on an overall similarity in the angulate wing shape, a collective name: Papiliones angulati was employed for Papilio atalanta, P. antiopa, P. cardui, P. c-album, P. io, P. polychloros, P. urticae, P. xanthomelas, P. vaualbum, P. levana and P. prorsa. The term papiliones angulati is applied as a collective taxon name, which therefore needs no type species as specified in Article 42.3.1 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.  Papiliones angulati has thus been re-defined to apply only to a clade: Nymphalis sensu lato, and to specifically exclude Papilio atalanta [→ Vanessa], P. cardui [→ Cynthia], P. levana, and P. prorsa [→ Araschnia].

This monophyletic group of nymphaline butterflies inhabiting the Northern Hemisphere are characterized by a jagged outline of their wings and the ability to survive the winter months as adults in an obligatory hibernal diapause, hiding in various shelters (e.g., crevices, hollows, cavities, even unheated buildings). The signature mark of all butterflies is the cryptic colour and maculation (spots) of the ventral (under) side of their wings, serving to conceal the hibernating butterfly against the substrate on which it rests.

Genera
Listed alphabetically:

 Aglais Dalman, 1816 – tortoiseshells
 Antanartia Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 – African red admirals
 Araschnia Hübner, 1819
 Hypanartia Hübner, 1821 – mapwings
 Inachis – European peacock (now in Aglais)
 Kaniska Moore, 1899 – blue admiral (often in Polygonia)
 Mynes Boisduval, 1832
 Nymphalis Kluk, 1781 – anglewings, tortoiseshells
 Polygonia Hübner, 1819 – anglewings, commas
 Symbrenthia Hübner, 1819 – jesters
 Vanessa Fabricius, 1807 – red admirals, Kamehameha butterflies, painted ladies

The monotypic genus Tigridia is sometimes placed here as a very basal offshoot close to Colobura, sometimes in the related tribe Coeini.

Prehistoric genera only known from fossils are:
 †Jupitella Carpenter, 1985
 †Mylothrites Scudder, 1875

References

Korshunov, 1995. [Butterflies of the Asian part of Russia. A handbook] Dnevnye babochki Aziatskoi chasti Rossii. Spravochnik.:202 pp. (re: Roddia)
Kudrna, O. & J. Belicek, 2005. The Wiener Verzeichnis, its authorship, publication date and some names proposed for butterflies therein. Oedippus 23: 1-32. (re: Schiffermüller names)
Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Clases, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Symonymis, Locis. Tomis I. 10th Edition Syst. Nat. (Edn 10). (re: N. antiopa, P. c-album, P. c-aureum, I. io, N. polychloros, A. urticae)

Nymphalinae
Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
Butterfly tribes

Nymphalini


A Commercial Information Exchange (CIE) is an Internet-based commercial property listing service in the United States that is operated by a local association to serve the local market.

A CIE is the commercial real estate equivalent of the residential Multiple Listing Service. CIEs help commercial real estate professionals (brokers, property owners, developers, investors, tenants, etc.) share information about commercial property, recent sale or lease transactions, market statistics, and contacts.

CIEs tend to exist in larger markets with a more developed, more organized commercial real estate industry. There are less than 100 CIEs in the United States.

CIEs vary in scope, serving cities, states, or larger regions. They also vary in function, depending on the depth and breadth of data in a particular market.  For example, the Louisiana Commercial Database contains primarily commercial for sale or lease in the state of Louisiana while the Commercial Alliance of Las Vegas' CIE includes active listings, off-market properties, and completed transactions in the greater Las Vegas, Nevada area.

Differences from Residential Multiple Listing Service
There are two key differences between a Commercial Information Exchange and a Multiple Listing Service. CIE participants need not have an exclusive right to sell or lease a property in order to list it on a CIE, and CIE listings need not include details on compensation for cooperating parties.

References

Commercial real estate
Real estate in the United States
Real estate in Canada

Commercial Information Exchange


Jonathan Valin (born November 23, 1947 in Cincinnati, Ohio) is an American mystery author best known for the Harry Stoner detective series.  He won the Shamus Award for best mystery novel of 1989. After writing eleven Harry Stoner novels over a 14-year period, he took a break from mystery writing to help found Fi, a magazine of music criticism. He now works as an editor and reviewer for magazines.

He is an alumnus of the University of Chicago and lived in Chicago for many years.

Reviews
 "(Jonathan Valin)'s writing is so fluid, his dialogue so crisp and his stories so well-plotted that each (Harry Stoner) novel is over too soon." --Sun-Sentinel, 1993
 "Valin's latest is riveting, disturbing". --Miami Herald, 1989
 "Since Mr. Valin is an expert writer who provides coherent plots and believable dialogue, it comes as no surprise that his Stoner books have taken hold." --New York Times, 1987

Bibliography
The Lime Pit (1980)
Final Notice (1980)
Dead Letter (1981)
Day of Wrath (1982)
Natural Causes (1983)
Life's Work (1986) (Anthony Award nominee, Best Novel)
Fire Lake (1987)
Extenuating Circumstances (1989) (Shamus Award winner, Best Novel)
Second Chance (1991) (Shamus Award nominee, Best Novel)
The Music Lovers (1993)
Missing (1995)

References

External links

American crime fiction writers
Writers from Cincinnati
Living people
1947 births
Shamus Award winners
American male novelists
Novelists from Ohio

Jonathan Valin


96.5 Bolton FM is a community radio station based in Bolton, United Kingdom. Their studios are located above Bolton's Ashburner Street Market. The station launched at 11am on 20 June 2009  at the One Bolton Festival event.

They were awarded the title of 'Best Loved Local Radio Station in the UK' during the 2011 nationwide "Thebestof" campaign called '14 Days of Love' as well as winning numerous other awards.

Featuring regular shows such as This is Bolton with Kevan Williams, Weekend Breakfast with Andy Haslam, Hits and Headlines with Big H and Club Tropicana with Kevin Gurney, the station appeals to a wide audience. They can also be regularly seen out in the Bolton Community hosting roadshows and broadcasting live from several locations. The station also provided technical staff for two Bolton Hospice events: Strictly Learn to Dance, and the Midnight Memories walk.

The station has several high-profile connections including former Labour Whip Frank White as the station's former chairman, and radio professional Darryl Morris as a former Director. Former Big Brother UK housemate Luke Marsden is also well-known for having presented his own show on the station.

The station broadcasts a live sports programme on Saturday afternoons, including live match commentaries on Bolton Wanderers league and cup matches during the football season.

References

External links
 Bolton FM official website

Mass media in the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton
Radio stations in Greater Manchester
Radio stations established in 2009
Community radio stations in the United Kingdom

96.5 Bolton FM


The 39th Infantry Brigade was a military formation of the British Army that was first established during the First World War and reformed in the 1950s.

History

First World War
The 39th Infantry Brigade was first formed as part of the 13th (Western) Division in World War I, and was with the Division in Gallipoli, Mesopotamia, and Persia for the entire war. The brigade was detached from the division on 1 July 1918 and posted to North Persia Force where it remained until 31 August 1919.

The following units served with the brigade:
 9th (Service) Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment
 7th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment
 9th (Service) Battalion, Worcestershire Regiment
 7th (Service) Battalion, Prince of Wales's (North Staffordshire Regiment)
 39th Machine Gun Company (joined 25 October 1916)
 39th Supply and Transport Column, Army Service Corps (joined January 1917)
 'G' Trench Mortar Battery (joined on 13 January 1917; transferred to 38th Brigade on 7 October 1917)
 39th Trench Mortar Battery ('H' Battery joined from 36th Indian Brigade, 14th Indian Division on 8 October 1917; renamed 39th Battery on 18 February 1918)
 39th Small Arms Ammunition Section (joined by March 1918)

Second World War

The Brigade was not reformed for the Second World War.

Post Second World War
The Brigade was reformed in the early 1950s in the United Kingdom, and on the reformation of the 3rd Infantry Division on 1 April 1951, the Brigade became part of it, along with the 19th Infantry Brigade and 32nd Guards Brigade. Its first operational summons was in October that year, when it was moved to Cyprus aboard two aircraft carriers, and then on to Egypt. It took up duties in the south of the canal zone with two battalions, the 1st Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment) and 1st Battalion, Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers. It was joined by 1st Battalion, The Border Regiment, soon afterwards.

In October 1952, it was returned to the UK in order to rebuild the strategic reserve. In February 1953, it was warned for movement to carry out anti-Mau Mau operations with East Africa Command in Kenya. Again at a strength of two battalions, 1st Buffs being joined by 1st Battalion, The Devonshire Regiment, it arrived in April 1953 and was soon deployed in Kenya's Rift Valley, commanded by Brigadier J.W. Tweedie. After over a year of operations, both the Buffs and Devons were withdrawn and relieved in December 1954 and January 1955, respectively. Reliefs were 1st Battalion King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry and 1st Battalion The Rifle Brigade. The Brigade left Kenya in 1956 for Northern Ireland.

Having been withdrawn from Kenya, the Brigade HQ under Brigadier C.H. ('Monkey') Blacker was dispatched to Aden from Northern Ireland in May 1964, to relieve HQ Aden Garrison in an operational role at Thumier. The Brigade was involved in operations along the Radfan until October, when control was passed to HQ 24th Infantry Brigade.

Northern Ireland
Back in the UK, the Brigade joined the reforming 5th Infantry Division on its establishment on 1 April 1968. From August 1969, the Brigade, as 39 Airportable Brigade, was involved in The Troubles in Northern Ireland, eventually taking on responsibility, under HQ Northern Ireland, for an area including Belfast and the eastern side of the province, but excluding the South Armagh border region. From September 1970, it was commanded by (then) Brigadier Frank Kitson.

Structure of the 39th Infantry Brigade during 1989:
 HQ 39th Infantry Brigade & 213th Signal Squadron, Royal Signals, Lisburn
 1st Btn, The Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment), Ballykinler
 3rd Btn, Queen's Regiment, RAF Aldergrove
 3rd Btn, Parachute Regiment, Belfast
 1st/9th Btn, Ulster Defence Regiment
 3rd Btn, Ulster Defence Regiment
 7th/10th Btn, Ulster Defence Regiment
 33rd Independent Field Squadron, Royal Engineers, Antrim
The Brigade took on some units from 3 Brigade when that brigade was disbanded on 1 September 2004. The HQ 8 Infantry Brigade based in Shackleton Barracks, Ballykelly, County Londonderry was disbanded and handed over responsibility to HQ 39 Infantry Brigade at Thiepval Barracks in Lisburn on 1 September 2006.

On 1 August 2007, the Brigade was amalgamated with 107 (Ulster) Brigade when the new non-deployable brigade HQ, the 38 (Irish) Brigade, was formed in the province.

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

Infantry brigades of the British Army
British Army in Operation Banner
Infantry brigades of the British Army in World War I

39th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)


Joseph Alston (1779 – September 10, 1816) was the 44th Governor of South Carolina from 1812 to 1814.

Early life and career

The son of William Alston, he was born in All Saints Parish near Georgetown, South Carolina.  Alston attended the College of New Jersey; but he left in 1796 without graduating. He then went to study law at the office of Edward Rutledge and was admitted to the bar. Alston decided against practicing law and instead engaged in planting, becoming one of the wealthiest planters in South Carolina.

In 1801, he married the daughter of Aaron Burr, Theodosia Burr Alston, partly to ingratiate himself with Republican voters in an effort to downplay his aristocratic status. The couple's honeymoon was spent in Niagara Falls, the first recorded couple to do so. Their son Aaron Burr Alston, born 1802, died in 1812.

Political career

Rise to governor
Alston won election to the South Carolina House of Representatives for an 1802–1803 term and later for a more extended period, 1805 to 1812. In 1805, the House of Representatives chose Alston to be the Speaker, and he pushed the legislature to adopt a more equitable basis of representation.

In 1812, the General Assembly elected Alston to be the Governor of South Carolina for a two-year term, after the removal of Thomas Sumter and Andrew Pickens as candidates. Alston's private life suffered tragedy by the loss of his only child and the disappearance of a ship headed towards New York City which his wife had boarded. His troubles continued as his tenure got off to a rocky start and his popularity plummeted.

War of 1812
With the War of 1812 raging, Governor Alston called the state militia into service in 1813, to protect military magazines from the British. Some soldiers of the militia refused to serve, and Alston issued a statement that the refusal of service would result in a death sentence. However, a court issued a writ of habeas corpus, and the men who had been charged with courts-martial were released.

Subsequently, Alston dismissed the entire militia from service; but the residents were in shock that their state was then completely defenseless from British attack. The Governor was forced to recall the militia into service after British forces landed on St. Helena Island, and the South Carolina General Assembly correspondingly increased the powers of the governor for the use of the militia in wartime.

Later life
Alston left the governorship in 1814.  He died in Charleston on September 10, 1816.

References

 Sherman Zavitz (City of Niagara Falls Official Historian), 'Niagara Falls Moment', CJRN 710 Radio, June 26, 2008

External links
SCIway Biography of Joseph Alston

1779 births
1816 deaths
Princeton University alumni
Members of the South Carolina House of Representatives
Governors of South Carolina
University of South Carolina trustees
Burr family
South Carolina Democratic-Republicans
People from Georgetown, South Carolina
Democratic-Republican Party state governors of the United States

Joseph Alston


Mr. Harvey Lights a Candle is a television drama, written by Rhidian Brook and directed by Susanna White, which originally aired on 26 March 2005 on BBC.

Plot
Mr. Harvey Lights a Candle tells the story of a school outing, with a bunch of uncontrollable fifth-formers and three teachers from a London comprehensive school, to Salisbury Cathedral. The children show no interest in the purpose of the trip, and are even indifferent towards a view of Stonehenge which they pass on the way: "a boring pile of stones... perhaps we could sell it". The pupils even get more excited by all the things on offer at a motorway service station they stop at on the way.

The teacher behind the trip, a plump, middle-aged and reticent Mr. Harvey (Timothy Spall), prepares fact sheets about the cathedral for the pupils, but even the other two teachers (Miss Davies, played by Celia Imrie, and Mr. Cole, played by Ben Miles) see little point in the trip. The bunch of kids is a cross-section of multi-cultural London. Two particular outsiders are a Muslim boy (Mo, played by Joshua Malin) and a pretty-yet-vain girl (Helen, played by Natalie Press), who turns out to have little self-esteem, letting boys have sex with her and self-injuring by cutting.

It transpires that Mr. Harvey organised the trip to coincide with the 21st anniversary of his last trip to the cathedral, the day when he proposed to the woman who became his wife. He carries in his wallet a fading photo of the very moment when they got engaged. One of the boys steals his wallet. Helen takes the photo from the wallet, defaces the photo and passes it around the coach for the other pupils to see, to their amusement. Mr. Harvey suspects that one of the pupils had stolen his wallet, but doesn't know who, and confronts Helen, grabbing her and revealing her cut wrists.

When the group finally arrives at Salisbury Cathedral, and the pupils have got out the coach, Mr. Harvey finds the photo – now defaced. He is beside himself with grief and rage. But once inside the cathedral, instead of the expected tour of the building, Mr. Harvey tells the pupils about how his wife had killed herself a year after they had got married.

The pupils are silenced by his story: he has come to terms with his past during the trip, as well as opening up to his colleagues and pupils about the events which had had a profound effect on his life.

References

BBC television dramas
Films directed by Susanna White

Mr. Harvey Lights a Candle