The Gin Craze was a period in the first half of the 18th century when the consumption of gin increased rapidly in Great Britain, especially in London. Daniel Defoe commented: "the Distillers have found out a way to hit the palate of the Poor, by their new fashion'd compound Waters called Geneva, so that the common People seem not to value the French-brandy as usual, and even not to desire it".

Parliament passed five major Acts, in 1729, 1736, 1743, 1747 and 1751, designed to control the consumption of gin. Though many similar drinks were available and alcohol consumption was considerable at all levels of society, gin caused the greatest public concern. Although it is commonly thought gin or Jenever was the singular drink, "gin" was a blanket statement for all grain-based alcohols at the time.

Increased consumption of gin

Gin was popularised in England following the accession of William of Orange in 1688. Gin provided an alternative to French brandy at a time of both political and religious conflict between Britain and France. Between 1689 and 1697, the Government passed a range of legislation aimed at restricting brandy imports and encouraging gin production. Most importantly, the monopoly of the London Guild of Distillers was broken in 1690, thereby opening up the market in gin distillation.  The production and consumption of English gin, which was then popular amongst politicians and even Queen Anne, was encouraged by the government. This encouragement was shown in the reduced taxes on the distillation of spirits. Additionally, no licenses were needed to make spirits, so distillers of spirits could have smaller, simpler workshops than brewers, who were required to serve food and provide shelter for patrons.

Economic protectionism was a major factor in beginning the Gin Craze; as the price of food dropped and income grew, consumers suddenly had the opportunity to spend excess funds on spirits. By 1721, however, Middlesex magistrates were already decrying gin as "the principal cause of all the vice & debauchery committed among the inferior sort of people". In 1736, the Middlesex Magistrates complained: It is with the deepest concern your committee observe the strong Inclination of the inferior Sort of People to these destructive Liquors, and how surprisingly this Infection has spread within these few Years ... it is scarce possible for Persons in low Life to go anywhere or to be anywhere, without being drawn in to taste, and, by Degrees, to like and approve of this pernicious Liquor.

Gin Acts of 1736 and 1751

The British government tried a number of times to restrict the flow of gin.  The Gin Act 1736 taxed retail sales at a rate of 20 shillings a gallon on spirits and required licensees to take out a £50 annual licence to sell gin, a fee equivalent to about £ today.  The aim was to effectively prohibit the trade by making it economically unfeasible.  Only two licences were ever taken out.  The trade became illegal, consumption dipped but then continued to rise and the law was effectively repealed in 1743 following mass law-breaking and violence (particularly towards informers who were paid £5 to reveal the whereabouts of illegal gin shops).  The illegally distilled gin which was produced following the 1736 Act was less reliable and more likely to result in poisoning.

By 1743, England was drinking 2.2 gallons (10 litres) of gin per person per year.  As consumption levels increased, an organised campaign for more effective legislation began to emerge, led by the Bishop of Sodor and Man, Thomas Wilson, who, in 1736, had complained that gin produced a "drunken ungovernable set of people".  Prominent anti-gin campaigners included Henry Fielding (whose 1751 "Enquiry into the Late Increase in Robbers" blamed gin consumption for both increased crime and increased ill health among children), Josiah Tucker, Daniel Defoe (who had originally campaigned for the liberalisation of distilling, but later complained that drunken mothers were threatening to produce a "fine spindle-shanked generation" of children), and – briefly – William Hogarth. Hogarth's engraving Gin Lane is a well known image of the gin craze, and is often paired with "Beer Street", creating a contrast between the miserable lives of gin drinkers and the healthy and enjoyable lives of beer drinkers.

The Gin Craze began to diminish after the Gin Act 1751.  This Act lowered the annual licence fees, but encouraged "respectable" gin selling by requiring licensees to trade from premises rented for at least £10 a year.  Historians suggest that gin consumption was reduced not as a result of legislation but because of the rising cost of grain.  Landowners could afford to abandon the production of gin, and this fact, coupled with population growth and a series of poor harvests, resulted in lower wages and increased food prices.  The Gin Craze had mostly ended by 1757.  The government tried to ensure this by temporarily banning the manufacture of spirits from domestic grain. There was a resurgence of gin consumption during the Victorian era, with numerous "Gin Palaces" appearing. In 1840, the amount of gin consumed in London (but by that time with a population in excess of one million) finally matched that from when prohibition ended in 1743.

See also
 Dipsomania
 Prohibition in the United Kingdom

References

Sources
Daniel Defoe, A Brief Case of the Distillers and of the Distilling Trade in England (London: T. Warner, 1726)
Patrick Dillon, The Much-Lamented Death of Madam Geneva: The Eighteenth-Century Gin Craze (London: Review, 2002)
Fielding, Henry, An Enquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase of Robbers and Related Writings, ed. Malvin R. Zirker (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988)
M. Dorothy George, London Life in the Eighteenth Century (1925; Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1992)
Jessica Warner, Craze: Gin and Debauchery in the Age of Reason (London: Random House, 2002)
Elise Skinner, "The Gin Craze: Drink, Crime & Women in 18th Century London", Cultural Shifts
Considerations on the Increase of Crime and the Degree of its Extent, the Principal Causes of such Increase, and the Most Likely Means for Prevention or Mitigation of this Public Calamity. Addressed to the Magistracy of the County of Surrey in the Form of a Report. As originally drawn by Randle Jackson, Esq, A Magistrate of that county. Published: London, 1828.

External links
, a comparison of the gin craze and the dawn of the Information age, Clay Shirky website, April 2008

Craze
History of alcoholic drinks
Alcohol and health
History of Great Britain
Alcohol in the United Kingdom
British distilled drinks
Drinking culture

Gin Craze


Segretissimo is an Italian series of spy/thriller/noir novels, published by Arnoldo Mondadori Editore since 1961. A first series with the same name was launched in October 1960, featuring 12 spy novels all by Jean Bruce; the series was then restarted from #1, which (apart Bruce) has featured mainly translations of American or British authors, such as James Hadley Chase, Edward S. Aarons, Stephen Gunn and others, as well as the Nick Carter series and the SAS series by Gérard de Villiers and his followers.

The series spawned several companions, such as Segretissimo presenta, Supersegretissimo and Segretissimo SAS, both containing reprints. Cover artists include Ferenc Pintèr (whole first series) and Carlo Jacono.

See also
 Il Giallo Mondadori
 Urania (magazine)
 Arnoldo Mondadori Editore

External links
 Official blog

Literary magazines published in Italy
Italian crime novels
Spy novels
Book series introduced in 1960
Arnoldo Mondadori Editore books

Segretissimo


Mir was a space station created by the Soviet Union and later owned and operated by Russia. It existed from 1984 to 23 March 2001. When it was retired, it moved towards the Earth and burned up in its atmosphere. Mir is now replaced with the International Space Station. It was the first space station to be made out of multiple modules, unlike the previous Salyut series of space stations, which were only made out of one module.

Space stations

Mir


Okello Oculi (born 1 January 1942) is a Ugandan novelist, poet, and chronicler of rural African village life. Currently, he is a private political and social consultant based in Abuja, Nigeria. Before that, he served as Professor of Social & Economic Research at Ahmadu Bello University in Zaria, Nigeria.

Background
He was born in 1942, in Dokolo District, Northern Uganda, back when the district was still part of Lira District.

Education
He was educated at Soroti College, in Soroti, and St. Peter's College Tororo, both in Eastern Uganda. He then attended St. Mary's College Kisubi for his A-Level education (S5 -S6). He entered Makerere University, Uganda's oldest university, where he studied political science, graduating  in 1967, with the degree of Bachelor of Arts in Political Science. During his undergraduate studies at Makerere, he spent one year, from 1964 until 1965, as an exchange student at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, United States. In 1968, he obtained the degree of Master of Arts (MA), from the University of Essex, in the United Kingdom. His Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), was obtained in 1972, from the University of Wisconsin, in Madison, Wisconsin, United States.

Professional work
His writing is filled with authentic snatches of conversation, proverbs, and folk wisdom. His poetry, like that of Okot p'Bitek and Joseph Buruga, seeks to re-assert the cultural heritage of Africa with a critique of foreign influences in East Africa.

Selected bibliography
 Prostitute (1968)
 Orphan (1968)
 Kanti Riti (1974)
 Malak: An African Political Poem (1976)
 Kookolem (1978)
 Health Problems in Rural and Uurban Africa (1981)
 Nigerian Alternatives (1987)
 Political Economy of Malnutrition (1987)
 Song for the Sun in Us (Poets of Africa; 2000)
 Discourses on Africa Affairs: Directions and Destinies for the 20th Century (2000)
 Song for the Sun in Us  - (2000)
 Discourses on African Affairs: Directions and Destinies For the 21st Century - (1999)
 Political Economy of Malnutrition  - (1987)
 Kookolem - (1976)
 Malak: An African Political Poem - (1976)
 Imperialism, Settlers and Capitalism in Kenya - (1975)
 Kanta Riti - (1972)
 Orphan - (1968) (dramatized poetry)
 Prostitute - (1968)

See also
 Dokolo District
 Makerere University
 Stanford University
 University of Essex
 Ahmadou Bello University

References

External links
Britannica Online Encyclopedia: Okello Oculi
Africa: Obama Must Tame America for the Continent of His Ancestors , The Monitor, 20 February 2008

1942 births
Living people
20th-century Ugandan poets
People from Dokolo District
Makerere University alumni
Alumni of the University of Essex
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
Academic staff of Ahmadu Bello University
Ugandan male poets
20th-century male writers

Okello Oculi


A swing is a hanging seat. It is usually found in a playground for children. Acrobats in a circus can also have swings which hang from the top of the tent. Sometimes chairs in gardens are made to swing gently.

The seat of a swing is suspended from chains or ropes. The child sits on the swing and kicks off from the ground with his feet.  The swing then starts to swing to and fro.  The child can make the swing go higher by pulling (as he goes forwards) and pushing (as he goes backwards) the rope and by making his legs straight as it goes up. Once a swing is in motion it continues to oscillate like a pendulum until something brings it to a halt.

In children's playgrounds some swings are made for very young children.  They have safety bars with holes for the legs. Their parents can push them to help the swing. At the highest point on a swing, the person sitting on it is weightless.

Usually the ground is grassy, sandy, or padded with rubber so riders do not hurt themselves badly if they fall off, although this should not happen if they are being sensible. Sometimes several swings are hung from one long metal or wooden frame.

Many children have swings in their own gardens or back yards.  A tyre (or tire) can be hung by a rope from the branch of a tree to make a swing.

Playground equipment

Swing (seat)


The Bald Knob National Wildlife Refuge is a  (2014) wildlife refuge located in White County, Arkansas about two miles south of the town of Bald Knob. The refuge is managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.  The refuge features large numbers of migratory waterfowl and bald eagles during the winter months.

The Bald Knob National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1993 when the U.S. government purchased a large rice farm from the John Hancock Insurance Company. The refuge consists of   acres of agricultural land,  of bottomland hardwood forest including wetland sloughs and oxbow lakes,  of land being reforested, and  of roads, levees, and other man-made facilities.  The refuge is bordered on the south by the Little Red River.  Bald Knob NWR is near the  Henry Gray/Hurricane Lake State Wildlife Management Area

Wildlife

The refuge provides a protected habitat for migratory waterfowl, other birds, and endangered species
12,900 acres of the refuge is a former rice farm with extensive irrigation systems  This is used to grow rice, soybeans, maize, and millet with emphasis on providing food and habitat for migratory waterfowl.  The irrigation system is also utilized to provide habitat for wading birds, mudflats for shorebirds, and to simulate natural flooding of hardwood forests.

Bald Knob National Wildlife Refuge is part of the most important wintering area for ducks in North America. It is especially important as a wintering and stopover point for migrating pintail ducks of which more than 200,000 have been recorded on a single day. Bald Knob hosts the largest winter population of pintails in Arkansas.  Other winter waterfowl species include mallards, blue-winged teal, wood ducks, Canada geese and white-fronted and lesser snow geese. Agricultural land, river sloughs and brakes, bottomland hardwoods and fallow fields provide a diverse habitat that nurtures wintering waterfowl.  Bald eagles are common during winter months. Bird watching is popular.  Hunting for ducks and geese is permitted under regulation by the refuge.  White-tailed deer, rabbit, and squirrel may be hunted in the reforestation areas. Access to most of the refuge is by all-terrain vehicle trails or on foot. Other mammal species that inhabit this refuge are raccoon, bobcat, coyote, river otter and beaver.

The refuge attracts 40,000 visitors per year (2014).  Only day use is permitted. Some areas are closed to visitors to protect wildlife and habitat.

References

National Wildlife Refuges in Arkansas
Protected areas of White County, Arkansas
Protected areas established in 1993
1993 establishments in Arkansas
Wetlands of Arkansas
Landforms of White County, Arkansas
Little Red River (Arkansas)

Bald Knob National Wildlife Refuge


Dual trigger insurance is an insurance (or reinsurance) program where the limit, premium, or retention is linked to one or more contingencies other than insurable hazards. Such contingencies are often external to the buyer, objectively measurable, and uncorrelated with the hazard risk(s) covered under the program. The contingency may include an event-linked trigger associated with the financial performance of the buyer, particularly those performances most closely related to earnings.

Such programs can be used to provide, in effect, insurance that only comes into play in otherwise "bad" years. While often described in theory, these programs are rarely, if ever, implemented.

References

Types of insurance
Reinsurance

Dual trigger insurance


was a Japanese politician before and during World War II. His wife was the daughter of Prince Takeda Tsunehisa.

Biography
Arima was born in Tokyo as a son of the former daimyō of Kurume Domain (now part of Fukuoka Prefecture). He studied agricultural science at the Tokyo Imperial University, and later became a professor there.

He read Karl Marx and Max Stirner, and other radical philosophers, and became attracted to the agrarian movement and radical political ideas. Arima founded the Nihon Nomin Kumiai (Japan Farmer's Union) together with Kagawa Toyohiko. He was active in various social programmes, including the establishment and support of night school, women's education, farmer's rights, and the rights of the burakumin, and was chairman of a cultural association aimed at improving education and cultural awareness in rural areas.

Arima was elected to the House of Representatives in the Diet of Japan in 1924 under the Rikken Seiyūkai party. In 1929, after he succeeded his father to the title of hakushaku (count) under the kazoku peerage system, he was nominated to the House of Peers.

Arima was a close personal friend of Fumimaro Konoe, and when Konoe became Prime Minister of Japan in 1937, Arima was requested to serve as his Minister of Agriculture. He also participated in Konoe's Showa Studies Society "Brain trust".

In 1936, Arima helped organize the Tokyo Senators baseball team, and built a baseball stadium located where the present Korakuen Stadium in Tokyo is now located. Despite pressure from the Japanese military to ban the "western sport" Arima helped sustain it during the war years, and later helped to revive professional baseball in Japan in the postwar period.

In 1940, Arima became head of the Taisei Yokusankai organization, but resigned after five months due to opposition from the militarist faction in the government.

In the post-war period, he was active in promoting horse racing and was one of the founders of the Nakayama Racecourse. He died in 1957 of acute pneumonia. The Arima Kinen horserace was named in his honor.

References

Books

External links
Japan Baseball Hall of Fame

1884 births
1957 deaths
Kazoku
University of Tokyo alumni
Members of the House of Peers (Japan)
Government ministers of Japan
Rikken Seiyūkai politicians
Members of the House of Representatives (Empire of Japan)

Yoriyasu Arima


Robson Mrombe, also known as Rabson Mulombe (born 12 September 1945), is an African Zimbabwean who competed in the 1964 Summer Olympic men's marathon.

Athletic career
Mrombe originally came from Wankie in Zimbabwe. He began running at the Kanchindu Mission School in Zambia in the 1950s. He usually ran for the Wankie Athletic club which was a fierce competitor in Zimbabwean track and field in the 1960s with the Alpha Track Club from Bulawayo.

Mrombe also ran 2:18:53.7 at Bulawayo in the 1964 Rhodesian Olympic marathon trials. He competed in the 1964 Summer Olympic men's marathon finishing 56th and running 2 hours 49 minutes and 30 seconds in the marathon. Mulombe said that he had a cramp in the Olympic Marathon and otherwise would have placed better.

Robson trained to run in the Mexican 1968 Olympic Games, running approximately 2:32 in the Rhodesian Olympic Trials in Bulawayo in late June 1968, finishing second that day to Mathias Kanda. Robson was recommended for inclusion in the Olympic team that year by John Cheffers, the coach of the 1968 Rhodesian/Zimbabwe track team; however, Robson was not selected to run.

A treatise on the history of Rhodesian participation in the Olympics mentions Robson.

Robson won the 1971 South African marathon championship at Libanon Mine Track, 20 kilometres outside of Johannesburg, at 5,300 feet altitude in 2:32:13.

A retrospective on Robson's running career appeared in the Zimbabwe Herald in 2011. Speaking of his 1964 Olympic experience he said in 2011: "I was quite excited to participate in the Games. However, there was a lot of segregation, we were not treated well. Most of the times we were hidden in the Games village and were not allowed to go out yet our white teammates were allowed to roam around."

Robson began running at the Kanchindu Mission School in Zambia in the 1950s. He had a winning streak starting in 1970. Says the Herald 2011 article: "He won the South Africa Chamber of Mines races [marathon] in 1966 and the Orange Free State race in the same year. He won the Orange Free State race for the second time in 1970. He went on a winning streak and it was only in 1974 that he came second behind Zisco Steel's runner, John Shaba."

Honoured by the Wankie community in his older age, he has been named "the honorary member of the Kujatana Nkubotu peace half-marathon that is held annually in Binga."

When asked for advice to younger people, Robson said: "I encourage the young athletes to take sport seriously because even in my old age I don't feel that old because of the training that I took. My body is still strong, it is something that brought gladness in my life. It is about being passionate."

More recent information about Robson Mulombe can be found at

References

External references
  – late in this video are several seconds of Robson Mrombe (number 58), wearing green, finishing the 1964 Olympic marathon exhausted.
   Sports Reference site for Robson Mrombe

Sportspeople from Matabeleland North Province
Rhodesian athletes
Olympic athletes for Rhodesia
Athletes (track and field) at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Zimbabwean male marathon runners
Living people
1945 births
Zimbabwean male long-distance runners

Robson Mrombe


In Marxism, class consciousness is one's awareness (consciousness) of where one belongs in a system of social classes.

According to Marx, there are two classes in capitalism. They are the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The bourgeoisie take advantage of the proletariat and control the means of production. The proletariat class has more people than the bourgeoisie but do not own the means of production. The proletariat are usually workers.

According to Marxism, many members of the proletariat class have false consciousness. That means they usually think about themselves and are not aware of the class struggle going on in society or how the proletariat is being hurt by the bourgeoisie. An example of false consciousness would be the idea of the American Dream.

When enough members of the proletariat have class consciousness, they will be able to unite and overthrow the capitalist system.

References

Marxism
Social issues

Class consciousness


Euphame MacCalzean (born before 1558, died 25 June 1591 in Edinburgh) was a victim of the North Berwick witch trials of 1590–1591.

Early life
She was born at Clifton Hall, west of Edinburgh, the only child of Thomas McCalzean (Lord Cliftonhall), an eminent Edinburgh judge, future Provost of Edinburgh, and Senator of the College of Justice from 1570, who recognized Euphame legally as his daughter and heir in 1558.

MacCalzean married Patrick Moscrop or Moscrope, who served as a Justice deputy, but the relative power of their families meant that Patrick took her father-in-law's surname of MacCalzean. This was normal practice where trying to preserve a family name where the sole heir was female. They were married by December 1579 when they made a joint contract with a Canongate burgess.

In 1586 Eufame and Patrick were involved in a dispute with Edinburgh town council. During an outbreak of plague, on Christmas Day 1585, the council had moved the quarantined and infected people from the Borough Muir, or modern Meadows, to her property at "Quhytehous", or Whitehouse, without permission or compensation. The Privy Council found in her favour.

Euphame and Patrick had at least five children.

North Berwick witch trials of 1590–1591

The cause of the events that led to the North Berwick Witch Trials was the behavior of a maid named Geillis Duncan. Duncan had ostensibly cured illnesses, raising suspicions, in November 1590. Her employer became suspicious that she was deriving her powers from the Devil. Duncan confessed, possibly under duress, to witchcraft and she implicated others including John Cane and Euphame MacCalzean.

MacCalzean, Agnes Sampson and several others were accused of witchcraft. It was alleged that they had killed the Earl of Angus by witchcraft, and planned to murder the first king of England and Scotland, James VI. James was a king by divine right and he was seen as the chief defender against the Devil. James was convinced that magic was involved when Agnes Sampson recounted details of James' first night with his wife Anne of Denmark. The prosecutors cast MacCalzean as a controlling personality who used magic to bewitch her husband. She allegedly tried to cause the deaths of her husband, his father, and his extended family.

The charges included the accusation that she had used her skills to relieve the God-ordained pain of women giving birth. Macalzean was said to have caused the death of her cousin and her nephew. She had argued with her uncle over the ownership of some land at Cliftonhall in Kirkliston and it was alleged that she had killed his son, her nephew, because of this dispute. MacCalzean was said to have attended an assembly of witches at Acheson's Haven where an image of James VI was given to the devil for the destruction of the king.

Death

MacCalzean was found guilty and burnt alive on 25 June 1591 on the southern slope of the Castle Hill below Edinburgh Castle. The fire was built with materials bought by the town council for the execution of Barbara Napier, which was deferred.

A plaque on the Castle Esplanade remembers the event.

James VI gave her estate of Cliftonhall to his favourite Sir James Sandilands of Slamannan. Her house on Edinburgh's High Street was given to John Shaw, an officer in the royal stables. Shaw was killed in the defence of James VI at the Raid of Holyrood.

References

1591 deaths
North Berwick
People executed for witchcraft
Year of birth uncertain
People executed by Scotland by burning
16th-century Scottish women
Witch trials in Scotland
Criminals from Edinburgh

Euphame MacCalzean


The Madness of George III is a 1991 play by Alan Bennett. It is a fictionalised biographical study of the latter half of the reign of George III of the United Kingdom, his battle with mental illness, and the inability of his court to handle his condition. It was adapted for film in 1994 as The Madness of King George.

Performance history
The play had its premiere on 28 November 1991 at the Lyttelton Theatre of the National Theatre in London. It was directed by Nicholas Hytner and designed by  Mark Thompson. The play starred Nigel Hawthorne as George III, Janet Dale as Queen Charlotte and Michael Fitzgerald as the Prince of Wales, also starring Julian Wadham, Charles Kay, Adrian Scarborough, Mark Lockyer and David Henry.

After its London run, the production toured the UK and the United States, returned to the National Theatre in 1993 and was then presented in Athens and Israel in 1994. Hawthorne repeated the role in the 1994 film, earning a Best Actor nomination in the Academy Awards.

The play was staged at the Lowell Davies Festival Theatre in San Diego, California, from June 19 to September 24, 2010.

On 18 January 2012, the play was revived at the Apollo Theatre. David Haig played George III.

A further revival took place in November 2018, at Nottingham Playhouse, with Mark Gatiss as the lead. This production was streamed on the National Theatre's YouTube channel in June 2020 as part of the NT at Home season.

Reviews
The play has been viewed as a character study for the actor who plays George III and most reviewers attribute its success to compelling performances from the two actors, Hawthorne and Haig, who played the king. Frank Rich of The New York Times singled out Nigel Hawthorne's performance in the US tour, calling it "astonishing" and "unforgettable", but he labelled the play itself as not "one of Bennett's major works" and as being more "marketable to Broadway and the colonies". Writing about the 2012 revival, Lyn Gardner said that Luscombe's production reminds us that "Bennett is not writing a royal Downton Abbey, but a play exploring appearance and reality", and that the play brings out the fact that amidst all the royal pomp the king is merely a man like everybody else. In The Telegraph, Charles Spencer praised Haig's performance, comparing it favorably to Hawthorne's performance twenty years earlier, saying "it seemed an impossible act to follow, but David Haig proves every inch Hawthorne's equal in a performance of extraordinary emotion, tenderness and humour".

Writing on the 2018 Nottingham Playhouse run, Kate Maltby, writing for The Guardian notes that "Scarborough and Gatiss are electric", praising Powell for her "endearing" portrayal of Queen Charlotte. She notes that "Gatiss delivers a tour de force" in this "viscerally repulsive depiction of the gap between public and private life." even despite his descent into a "slobbering wreck" as George III. Maltby notes overall that this production is a "technically excellent production of a modern classic."  gaining it a 4 out of 5 rating.

Cast

Original Cast (National Theatre, 1991)
 Nigel Hawthorne as George III
 Janet Dale as Queen Charlotte
 Michael Fitzgerald as the Prince of Wales
 Julian Wadham as William Pitt
 Anthony Calf as Captain Fitzroy
 Daniel Flynn as Captain Greville
 Charles Kay as Dr. Willis
 David Henry as Charles Fox
 Matthew Lloyd Davies as Papendiek
 Brian Shelley as Fortnum

Second London Run (Apollo Theatre, 2012)
Source:
 David Haig as George III
 Beatie Edney as Queen Charlotte
 Christopher Keegan as the Prince of Wales
 William Belchambers as the Duke of York
 Charlotte Asprey as Lady Pembroke
 Ed Cooper Clarke as Captain Fitzroy
 Orlando James as Captain Greville
 Beruce Khan as Papandiek
 Ryan Saunders as Fortnum
 Peter McGovern as Braun
 Simon Markey as Prince's Footman
 Gary Mackay as Prince's Valet
Nicholas Rowe as William Pitt
 Thomas Wheatley as Lord Thurlow
 Richard Hansell as Dundas
 Gary Oliver as Charles Fox
 Patrick Moy as Sheridan
 Peter Pacey as Sir George Baker
Madhav Sharma as Dr Richard Warren
 John Webb as Sir Lucas Pepys
Clive Francis as Dr. Willis
 Karen Winchester as Margaret Nicholson
 Chris McCalphy as Willis' Henchman
 Haseeb Malik as Warren's assistant

Nottingham Playhouse Run (2018)

 Mark Gatiss as George III
 Adrian Scarborough as Dr Willis
 Debra Gillett as Queen Charlotte
 Nadia Albina as Fitzroy
 Nicholas Bishop as William Pitt
 Amanda Hadingue as Fox/Dr Pepys
 Jack Holden as Greville
 David Hounslow as Thurlow
 Stephanie Jacob as Dr Baker/Sheridan
 Louise Jameson as Dr Warren
 Andrew Joshi as Dundas
 Adam Karim as Fortnum
 Harry Kershaw as Duke of York
 Billy Postlethwaite as Braun
 Sara Powell as Lady Pembroke
 Wilf Scolding as Prince of Wales
 Jessica Temple as Papandiek

References

Plays by Alan Bennett
Cultural depictions of George III
Biographical plays about British royalty
Plays set in the 18th century
British plays adapted into films

The Madness of George III


Anthony Peter Hatch  (born 30 June 1939) is an English composer for musical theatre and television. He is also a songwriter, pianist, arranger and producer.

Early life and early career
Hatch was born in Pinner, Middlesex. Encouraged by his musical abilities, his mother – also a pianist – enrolled him in the London Choir School in Wansunt Road, Bexley, Kent when he was 10. Instead of continuing at the Royal Academy of Music, he left school in 1955 and found a job with Robert Mellin Music in London's Tin Pan Alley.

Not long after working as a tea boy, he was writing songs (under the name Mark Anthony) and entered the recording industry when he joined The Rank Organisation's new subsidiary Top Rank Records; there he worked for future Decca Records A&R man Dick Rowe. While he served his National Service, he became involved with the Band of the Coldstream Guards.

On his return in 1959, Hatch began producing Top Rank artists such as Bert Weedon, the then unknown Adam Faith ("Ah, Poor Little Baby"), Josh MacRae (together with MacRae's early recordings with Scottish folk trio The Reivers), Jackie Dennis, Carry On comedy actor Kenneth Connor, and The Knightsbridge Strings, and started his own recording career with a cover version of Russ Conway's piano instrumental "Side Saddle".  Though he used his real name Tony Hatch as a performer and producer, through about 1964 virtually all his compositions were credited to Mark Anthony.

In 1960, Garry Mills's recording of the Mark Anthony composition "Look for a Star", featured in the film Circus of Horrors, became a Top Ten hit in the UK for Top Rank. Four versions of the song charted simultaneously in the United States, including Mills' original and a version by 'Garry Miles' (a recording alias of future member of The Crickets, Buzz Cason). Top Rank, despite some worldwide success with artists such as Jack Scott and The Fireballs, ultimately failed because of an unusual distribution arrangement with EMI.

A swift succession of events ensued through 1961 that Top Rank was sold to EMI, briefly operated as a subsidiary, with hits by John Leyton, and shuttered, with its artists transferred to other EMI labels. Hatch moved on to a part-time job with Pye Records, where he assisted his new mentor, Alan A. Freeman, with the recording of "Sailor", a number 1 hit for Petula Clark.

As Mark Anthony, Hatch continued to write songs for Pye artists, including "Messing About on the River" for Josh MacRae. In 1963, Philadelphia teen idol Bobby Rydell hit the charts with "Forget Him" written and produced by Hatch (still writing as Mark Anthony); Hatch produced, arranged and wrote for other American stars such as Chubby Checker, Connie Francis, Pat Boone, Big Dee Irwin and Keely Smith. In 1963 he wrote (under the pseudonym of Fred Nightingale) the Searchers' hit "Sugar and Spice". By mid-1964, Hatch finally began using his own name as a composer regularly, with Tony Hatch being the credited composer of many of Petula Clark's biggest mid-1960s hits, including "Downtown", "I Know a Place", and "Sign of the Times", among others. In February 1964, Hatch's composition I Love the Little Things won the BBC's A Song for Europe contest, beating out the other five songs performed by Matt Monro; thus becoming the UK's entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1964, where it placed second. The single of the track failed to reach the UK singles chart.

In November 1965, Hatch performed with David Bowie (then known as Davy Jones) in the band the Lower Third, in an unsuccessful audition for the BBC's Talent Selection Group. The band weren't picked up for broadcast, with one member of the judging panel commenting "I don't think they'll get better with more rehearsals."

He produced many artists for Pye and other labels including the Searchers, David Bowie, Mark Wynter, the Settlers, the Viscounts, Julie Grant, Gary Miller, Benny Hill, the Overlanders, Roy Budd, the Brook Brothers, Jimmy Justice, the Montanas, Miki & Griff, Emile Ford, Craig Douglas, Bruce Forsyth, Norman Vaughan, Sue Nicholls, the Breakaways, Julie Budd, Buddy Greco, Sacha Distel, Anne Shelton, Sweet Sensation, David Parton, and Graduate among others.

His production of The Searchers' entire Pye catalogue was significant in that nearly every song was issued in true stereo. The only other UK chart acts with so much stereo were George Martin producing The Beatles and Ron Richards producing The Hollies (although a handful of early Hollies albums were initially issued only in mono).

Hatch also recorded various lounge style albums with his orchestra; he also made solo piano recordings and some tracks as a vocalist.

Collaboration with Petula Clark
After "Valentino", the first of Hatch's compositions to be recorded by Petula Clark, he became her regular producer.  They collaborated on a series of French-language recordings for Vogue Records. (Clark, whose husband was French and who spoke the language fluently, had a successful career throughout Europe.) Hatch became one of her regular songwriting partners, in addition to supplying English lyrics for songs she had composed with French lyricists.

In 1964 Hatch made his first trip to New York City in search of new material for Clark. The visit inspired him to write "Downtown", originally with The Drifters in mind. When Clark heard the still unfinished tune, she told him that if he could write lyrics to match the quality of the music, she would record the song as her next single. Its release transformed her into a huge international star, topping charts globally early in 1965, and introducing her to the US market. "Downtown" peaked at number two in Britain, stuck behind the Beatles' "I Feel Fine". Clark then charted with three consecutive hits written by Hatch: "I Know a Place", "You'd Better Come Home", and "Round Every Corner", which all charted higher in the US than in the UK. She and Hatch co-wrote "You're The One", which peaked at 22 in Britain but which gave The Vogues a major debut hit in the States. Tony Hatch and Petula Clark became established as the British equivalent of Burt Bacharach and Dionne Warwick. In 1965 Hatch's first album under his own name was released. The Downtown Sound of Tony Hatch, features instrumental versions of some of his best known songs, along with new compositions.

The song "Call Me", written for and recorded by Petula Clark in 1965, was recorded by Chris Montez later in the year.  Released in November 1965, Montez's version entered the US Easy Listening Top 40 in Billboard that December, and the Billboard Hot 100 in January 1966, peaking that March on the Easy Listening chart at #2 and on the Hot 100 at #22.

Petula Clark's run of 1966 and 1967 hits include many written by Hatch: "My Love" (a US number one), "A Sign of the Times", "I Couldn't Live Without Your Love", "Who Am I", "Don't Sleep in the Subway", "Colour My World", and "The Other Man's Grass Is Always Greener". He wrote all of these (except "My Love") with his wife Jackie Trent. "A Sign of the Times", "Who Am I" and "Colour My World" were not hits in Britain.

Collaboration with Jackie Trent and later career
In 1964, Hatch was hired to write his first television theme, for the soap opera Crossroads. It would become one of his best-known compositions, and was re-worked by Wings. He would continue to write television themes throughout the 1960s, including the themes to Man Alive, The Champions, and The Doctors. When asked to write a song to be featured in the Inspector Rose series, It's Dark Outside, he supplied "Where Are You Now?", with lyrics and vocals by a recently signed Pye artist, Jackie Trent. The song immediately clicked with the public and shot to number 1 in the charts.

Though still married to his first wife, Hatch began an affair with Jackie Trent, who had become a frequent songwriting collaborator. This ongoing affair was the inspiration for the song "I Couldn't Live Without Your Love".

Hatch and Trent married in 1967. Their duet "The Two Of Us" reached number three in the Australian charts in 1967 and created a demand for concert and cabaret performances earning the duo the nickname of "Mr & Mrs Music". The couple also wrote the song "Joanna", a hit for Scott Walker. One of their more unusual collaborations was the song "We'll Be With You" written for Stoke City Football Club in the club's successful run for the League Cup in 1972. The song featured the team and supporters and was recorded at the supporters club using Pye's mobile studio. The song is still sung by fans as the team runs out on matchdays.

During the 1970s, Hatch and Trent diversified into musical theatre. Their first project, The Card, based on Arnold Bennett's novel, with book by Keith Waterhouse and Willis Hall, ran in London's West End with Jim Dale and Millicent Martin in the lead roles. (Coincidentally, Petula Clark had starred in the 1952 film version with Alec Guinness.) An original cast album was released in 1975. A rewritten version of the show, starring Peter Duncan and Hayley Mills, played the Regent's Park Open Air Theatre in the 1990s and spawned a new cast album. The second Hatch/Trent musical was Rock Nativity, with book and lyrics by David Wood. Initiated and produced by Cameron Mackintosh, it first played in Newcastle. An updated version of the show toured nationally in 1976 and was broadcast nationally by Scottish TV. A full-length concert version was recorded at the Cork Opera House for the Irish television state broadcaster RTÉ. In 1972, he composed the original theme to Emmerdale Farm, as well as the themes to Hadleigh and Sportsnight. During the 1970s Hatch was also a regular panellist on the talent show New Faces where his blunt style of assessing the contestants has proved to be a forerunner of approaches to come in later, similar series. In 1975, at the request of Kerry Packer, Hatch and Trent produced the first colour musical television special in Australia.

After completing the music score to the movie Sweeney 2 (1978), Hatch and Trent moved to Dublin, where they remained for four years, hosting their own TV series, Words And Music and It's A Musical World. Hatch continued to produce hit TV themes for series such as Seagull Island and Airline before moving to Australia in 1982. While there, the couple wrote one of their best known compositions, the theme for the TV soap opera Neighbours.

Hatch produced the Original Australian Cast Recording of the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical Cats in 1985, whilst serving as the show's production musical director.

Hatch and Trent separated in 1995, and divorced in 2002. Trent died on 21 March 2015 in Menorca after a long illness.

Other later events
In 2003, a disco remix of the original recording of "Downtown" was released in Australia by The OUTpsiDER with the blessing of both Hatch and Clark. A souvenir CD box set of six of Hatch's albums (four from the 1960s and two from the 1970s – including one with Jackie Trent), was released in 2005.

Hatch performed at the Hackney Empire on 9 September 2012, for a Grand Order of Water Rats evening - 'The Golden Years of Variety'.  At the piano he played the theme tunes of Emmerdale Farm, Neighbours, and Crossroads and encouraged a sing-along to "Downtown".

On 13 June 2013, Hatch was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame, at a ceremony held at the New York Marriott Marquis.  He was accompanied by his wife, Maggie. Hatch performed in October 2016 at the inaugural Variety Hall of Fame Awards, with Petula Clark, and hosting "As Heard on TV" on BBC Radio 2 on 1 November 2016.

Hatch was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2020 Birthday Honours for services to music and charity.

Family life
Hatch has two daughters from his first marriage to Jean Matthews. He also has a son and daughter from his marriage to Jackie Trent.
He has two stepchildren with his third wife, Maggie Hatch. He lives in Menorca, Spain, with Maggie.

Selected compositions

Film and television
1962: Stork Talk (Film)
1964: Crossroads (TV)
1965: Man Alive (TV)
1967: The Champions (TV)
1969: Who-Dun-It (TV)
1969: The Doctors (TV)
1972: Travels with My Aunt (Film)
1972: Emmerdale Farm (TV)
1972: Mr & Mrs (TV)
1973: Hadleigh (TV)
1973: Love Story (TV)
1973: Sportsnight (TV)
1977: Backs to the Land (TV)
1978: Sweeney 2 (Film)
1981: Seagull Island (TV)
1982: Airline (TV)
1983: Waterloo Station (TV)
1985: Neighbours (TV)

See also
:Category:Songs written by Tony Hatch

References

External links

Spectropop: Tony Hatch

Interview with Tony Hatch in International Songwriters Association's "Songwriter Magazine"

1939 births
English musical theatre composers
English pianists
English jazz pianists
English male songwriters
English television composers
English male composers
Living people
English record producers
British music arrangers
English expatriates in Spain
English expatriates in Australia
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People from Pinner
British male pianists
21st-century British pianists
21st-century British male musicians
British male jazz musicians
Easy listening musicians

Tony Hatch


Alexandre Marcel (11 September 1860 - 30 June 1928) was a French architect, best known for his Belle Époque interpretations of "exotic" international architectural styles.

Marcel studied at the Parisian École des Beaux-Arts in the atelier of Louis-Jules André.

Works
His work includes:

 the Pagoda Cinema, on the Rue de Babylon, Paris, 1896
 multiple buildings for the Paris Exposition of 1900, including the Cambodian pavilion and the Panorama du Tour du Monde of the sea-transport company Compagnie des messageries maritimes with its "Japanese Tower"
 structures at the Parc Oriental de Maulévrier, Paris, 1899-1913
 reconstruction of the Japanese Tower at Laeken, outside Brussels, for King Leopold II, c. 1901
 the new Chinese Pavilion at Laeken, for Leopold II, c. 1902
 royal racetrack at Ostend, for Leopold II
 grand hall of the Heliopolis Palace Hotel, Heliopolis, Cairo, 1910
 Baron Empain Palace (Qasr Al Baron), Heliopolis, Cairo, completed 1911
 Latin Catholic Basilica "Basilique de Notre-Dame",  Heliopolis, Cairo, 1910
 Palace for the Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala, now Punjab, India, 1911
 French Embassy, Shiba Park, Tokyo, 1913
 Lafayette Escadrille Memorial, Villeneuve-l'Étang Imperial Estate, in Marnes-la-Coquette, Hauts-de-Seine, outside of Paris, 1928

Sources
 Online biography

References

1860 births
1928 deaths
Architects from Paris
19th-century French architects
20th-century French architects
Members of the Académie des beaux-arts
École des Beaux-Arts alumni
Officers of the Legion of Honour
Belle Époque

Alexandre Marcel


Aharon Abuhatzira (, 28 October 1938 – 21 September 2021) was an Israeli politician. After serving as mayor of Ramla, he held several ministerial portfolios in the late 1970s and early 1980s. He resigned from the cabinet after being convicted of larceny, breach of trust and fraud.

Biography
Aharon Abuhatzira was born in the Tafilalt region of Morocco and made aliyah to Israel in 1949. He studied the Bnei Akiva yeshiva in Kfar Haroeh, graduated from a Teachers' Seminary in Jerusalem and earned a BA from Bar-Ilan University. Before entering politics, he worked as a high school teacher.

Political career
Abuhatzira was elected to Ramla city council in 1969 and became mayor of the city in 1972. He was elected to the Knesset in 1977 on the National Religious Party's list, and was appointed Minister of Religions in Menachem Begin's government.  Abuhatzira left the NRP and formed his own party, Tami. The party won three seats in the 1981 elections and was included in Begin's new government. Abuhatzira was appointed both Minister of Immigrant Absorption and Minister of Labor and Social Welfare.  Abuhatzira was re-elected in the 1984 elections, but his party won only one seat. Towards the end of the Knesset term he merged the party into Likud, and in the 1988 elections, won a seat on the Likud list, but failed to retain it in the 1992 vote.

Criminal investigation
In June 1980, the Israel Police began investigating claims that Abuhatzira had received 52,500 shekels from religious institutions in 1978 and 1979 for giving funds to non-existent yeshivas. Although he denied the allegations, stating that they were "provocation and a libel", in December 1980 Attorney General Yitzhak Zamir requested that the Knesset lift Abuhatzira's parliamentary immunity so that he could be charged with bribery. On 13 January 1981 the Knesset plenum voted to remove his parliamentary immunity.  After being found guilty on 19 April 1982, he resigned from the cabinet on 30 April, after which fellow Tami MK Aharon Uzan took over his portfolios. He was sentenced to a suspended sentence of four years and three months; thirty months for larceny, eighteen months for breach of trust and fraud by an administrator, and three months for breach of trust by a public servant.

See also
 List of Israeli public officials convicted of crimes or misdemeanors

References

External links

1938 births
2021 deaths
Aharon
Bar-Ilan University alumni
Government ministers of Israel
Ministers of Religious affairs of Israel
Israeli schoolteachers
Israeli politicians convicted of fraud
Jewish Israeli politicians
Mayors of places in Israel
People from Ramla
Members of the 8th Knesset (1974–1977)
Members of the 9th Knesset (1977–1981)
Members of the 10th Knesset (1981–1984)
Members of the 11th Knesset (1984–1988)
Members of the 12th Knesset (1988–1992)
Moroccan emigrants to Israel
20th-century Moroccan Jews
National Religious Party politicians
People from Tafilalt
Tami politicians
Israeli politicians convicted of crimes

Aharon Abuhatzira


Edward Ricardo Braithwaite (June 27, 1912 – December 12, 2016) was a Guyanese novelist, writer, teacher, and diplomat. He is best known for his stories of social conditions and racial discrimination against black people.

He is the author of the 1959 autobiographical novel To Sir, With Love which was made into a 1967 movie, To Sir, with Love, starring Sidney Poitier. E. R. Braithwaite hated the movie, particularly because his novel's interracial relationships and racial issues were not included in the movie's screenplay, although the royalties from the movie made him wealthy.

Braithwaite was born in Georgetown, Guyana. He died on December 12, 2016 at a hospital in Rockville, Maryland from complications of a heart attack at the age of 104.

References

Other websites
Manchester Community College News Item on E. R. Braithwaite
Susie Thomas's article on the London Fictions site about To Sir, with Love
 Onyekachi Wambu (1998), Black British Literature since Windrush. BBC
 BBC 7 listing for 17/18 Oct 2008
 Manchester, CT, Community College News Archive (February 3, 2006), Dr. Edward R. Braithwaite author of "To Sir, With Love" Named Visiting Professor at MCC

1920 births
2016 deaths
Centenarians
Diplomats
Guyanese novelists
Teachers
People from Georgetown, Guyana

E. R. Braithwaite


Skateboarding is the act of riding on a skateboard and doing tricks that very difficult. A person who skateboards is most often called a "skateboarder".

Skateboarding can be a hobby, an art, a job, or a way of moving around. Skateboarding has been changed by many skateboarders over many years. A 2002 report by American Sports Data found that there were 18.5 million skateboarders in the world. Of those skateboarders, 85 percent were under 18 years old, and 74 percent were male.

Skateboarding is an Olympic sport since the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan but it's also a way to transport yourself around town. Whatever you're using a skateboard for it's important to wear proper protective equipment like a helmet, wrist guards, elbow pads, and knee pads.

History
Skateboarding really exploded in California when the surfers wanted to take surfing to the street during the 60s and 70s. It wasn't really until the Z-Boys that skateboarding really became popular. The first interpretation of the skateboard during the early 1920s but there have been many reiterations of the board since then.

Tricks
The basic tricks of skateboarding are ollies, kickflips, shuv-its, and 180s ("one-eighties"). These are the tricks that new skateboarders often try. An "ollie" is when someone pops the board and gets off the ground. A kickflip is done by doing an ollie and rotating the board. A "shuv-it" is done by turning the board 180° while staying above the board. A "180" is done by turning the board 180°, along with the skateboarder. There are also variations of these tricks, such as the "tre flip", which is a 360° shuv-it and a kickflip. There are many other tricks such as manuals, slides, grinds, grabs, slappy grinds, footplants/plants, and nollie flips.

References

Skateboarding

Skateboarding


Boniface I of Challant (French: Boniface Ier de Challant, Italian: Bonifacio I di Challant; died 26 February 1426) was a nobleman of Aosta Valley, Italy, a member of the Challant family who was lord of Fénis.

Biography
He was the elder son of Aymon of Challant and inherited the lordship of Fénis, including Fénis castle (whose enlargement he continued). In 1381 he married Françoise of Roussillon, daughter of count James of Roussillon and received as dowry several lands in the Bresse region of France.

Boniface held several military positions for the Counts of Savoy, including those of marshal of Savoy from 1384 to 1418, governor of Piedmont (since 1410), as well as that of Savoyan ambassador to France and other countries. In 1407–1408, he perhaps visited the Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai in Egypt.

He died at Pierre-Châtel in 1426. He was buried in the convent of St. Francis in Aosta. His tomb was later transferred in 1798 by Philippe-Maurice de Challant in the Aymavilles Castle, to avoid vandalisms by the French revolutionary army. It was eventually transferred in the Aosta Cathedral cloister in 1872.

Sources

Date of birth unknown
1426 deaths
Challant family

Boniface I of Challant


Orchestration in music can have two meanings:

 It can mean: the study of how to write music for an orchestra.
 It can also mean the list of instruments that are used in a particular piece of music.

People who want to compose music for orchestras need to study orchestration.  They can do this by reading books about orchestration, but also they can do this by studying orchestral scores and listening to orchestras in concerts or on CDs.  Students at music colleges will also practise orchestration by taking piano music and arranging it for orchestra.

The word instrumentation means almost the same thing as "orchestration".  "Instrumentation" means: understanding each instrument and knowing about all the sounds they can make.  It can be about any music with instruments, whereas "orchestration" refers to the orchestra from its beginnings in the 17th century to the present.

Orchestration is all about understanding how to write well for different instruments, how to combine them so that they sound well together and balance well.

Sometimes composers leave the orchestration of their works to other people.  Leonard Bernstein is famous as the composer of West Side Story, but although he composed all the notes he left it to other people to orchestrate.  The composer Maurice Ravel took a piano piece called Pictures at an Exhibition by Modest Mussorgsky (who had died forty years earlier). He arranged it for orchestra.  Most people know this version rather than Mussorgsky's piano version.

Hector Berlioz and Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov are two famous composers who were particularly brilliant at writing for orchestra.  They both wrote books on orchestration which are still very useful today.

Music

Orchestration


Antonio "Tony" Manibusan Palomo (June 13, 1931 – February 1, 2013) was a Guamanian politician, historian, journalist, columnist, and academic. Palomo served as a senator in the Legislature of Guam and the director of the Guam Museum from December 1995 to June 2007.

Early life
Palomo was born in Agana, Guam, (present-day Hagåtña) on June 13, 1931, the oldest of nine children of Vicente Gogo Palomo and Dolores "Lydia" Mendiola Manibusan. He attended both Padre Palomo and Agana Elementary Schools.

He was ten years old when Japanese forces attacked Guam on December 8, 1941, leading to the occupation of the island during World War II. Palomo graduated from Belmont Abbey College Prep School in Charlotte, North Carolina, in 1950. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in journalism from the College of Journalism at Marquette University, a Jesuit university in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1954. He began his journalism career as a Milwaukee Sentinel copy boy while attending Marquette.

Palomo returned to Guam following his graduation from Marquette. He married his wife, Margarita, in 1958 and the couple raised their ten children in Tamuning.

Career

Journalism
Palomo began his journalism career in Guam as a proofreader and general assignment reporter for the Guam Daily News. (The Guam Daily News is a predecessor to the modern-day Pacific Daily News newspaper).  He served as the assistant managing editor and sports editor of the Guam Daily News from 1954 until 1963. In addition to his work for the Pacific Daily News, Palomo also worked as a Guam-based correspondent for the Associated Press and a reporter for the Pacific-edition of the Stars and Stripes, reporting on the Vietnam War during the era.

Palomo was also involved with other magazines and newspapers as well. He edited the weekly newspaper, Pacifican; served as both the publisher and editor of the monthly magazine, Pacific Profile; and worked as the editor of the daily newspaper, Pacific Journal.

Political career
In 1969, Palomo served as the President of the first Constitutional Convention of Guam. He was also a member of the first Commission on Self-Determination for Guam. He attended the South Pacific Conference, the predecessor of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community, held in Noumea, New Caledonia, in 1969 as Guam's official delegate to the conference. Palomo advised the delegation of the United States to the South Pacific Commission. For a short time, Palomo was the general manager of the Guam Tourist Commission, the forerunner of the modern-day Guam Visitors Bureau.

Tony Palomo became the special assistant to the first elected Governor of Guam, Carlos Camacho. Palomo was also the records manager and administrative director of the 8th Guam Legislature prior to running for elected office.

Palomo was elected as a Senator during the 12th, 14th, and 15th Guam Legislatures during the 1970s and early 1980s. He served as the Chairman of the Committee on Rules and the Committee on Territorial and Federal Affairs during his tenure as a senator.

After leaving office, Palomo became a special assistant to the Assistant Secretary of the United States Department of Interior in 1982. From 1986 until 1994, Palomo was a Department of the Interior desk officer for American Samoa and the U.S. Virgin Islands, as well as an Interior Department's Guam field representative. He held the position of acting Assistant Secretary of the Interior for Territorial and International Affairs for a time.

Historian
A historian who specialized in the history of Guam, Palomo taught history at the University of Guam and Guam Community College. In 1984, he published "An Island in Agony," a book documenting the Chamorro experience during World War II and the Japanese occupation of Guam.

Palomo served as the Director of the Guam Museum from December 1995 to June 2007. Palomo oversaw the opening of an exhibit of Guamanian history at the Micronesia Mall beginning in April 2004, which has attracted more than 200,000 visitors to date. Palomo was a strong advocate for the construction of a permanent building for the Guam Museum. He retired as the museum's director on June 13, 2007.

On February 5, 2013, just four days after Palomo's death, a groundbreaking ceremony was held for the new $27 million permanent museum, which was scheduled to open in 2014. The groundbreaking for the museum, which will be built at Skinner Plaza in Hagåtña, was attended by Palomo's widow, Margaret, and Governor Eddie Calvo. Gov. Eddie Calvo paid tribute to Palomo during the ceremony, as well as another prominent Guamanian historian, Dirk Ballendorf, who died on February 4, 2013.

Death
Tony Palomo died at Guam Memorial Hospital in Tamuning, Guam, on February 1, 2013, at the age of 81. He was survived by his wife,  Margarita, and nine of their ten children. A state funeral was held for Palomo at the Legislature of Guam on February 11, 2013. His eulogy was given by former Senator Eddie Duenas, while singers Jesse Bias and Ruby Aquiningoc Santos sang The Star-Spangled Banner and The Guam Hymn. Palomo, who was a member of St. Anthony/St. Victor Catholic Church, was buried at Pigo Cemetery.

References

External links
Library of Congress: Recognizing Antonio Manibusan Palmomo by Rep. Madeleine Bordallo

1931 births
2013 deaths
Members of the Legislature of Guam
United States Department of the Interior officials
Guamanian Republicans
Guamanian journalists
Guamanian newspaper editors
Guamanian historians
Guamanian columnists
Guamanian academics
Guamanian educators
Guamanian writers
Associated Press reporters
Historians of the Pacific
Historians of Micronesia
University of Guam faculty
Marquette University alumni
People from Tamuning, Guam

Tony Palomo


Fort National is a fort on a tidal island a few hundred metres off the walled city of Saint-Malo. The great military architect  Vauban had it built in 1689 to protect Saint-Malo's port.

The fort was originally called Fort Royal. In 1789 the fort's name became Fort d'Îlette or Républicain, then Fort Impérial and, after 1870, Fort National.

History

Origins
The fort stands on l'Îlette rock. This was originally the site of a beacon that was lit at night to act as a lighthouse. Îlette was also a place of public executions for the seigniory of Saint Malo, which burnt criminals there. Latter a gallows occupied the site. A model in Saint-Malo's history museum suggests that a battery may have occupied the site before the erection of the Vauban fort.

Vauban
The engineer Siméon Garangeau built the fort following Vauban's plans, and on the orders of King Louis XIV. Construction seems to have taken from 1689 to 1693. The fort augmented the defences of the city, and was part of a chain of fortifications that stretched from Fort-la-Latte to Pointe de la Varde.

The original fort was a rectangle, built of granite, with two half bastions at the south, protecting the gate. A drawbridge gave access across a dry moat. Inside the fort there is a long building that contained quarters for the officer and troops, and equipment rooms.

Anglo-Dutch attack
On 26 November 1693, a fleet of 30 English and Dutch ships appeared off Cap Fréhel. They cannonaded Fort-la-Latte and Ébihens island, and then sailed towards Saint Malo. Three days later, the Anglo-Dutch force captured Fort de la Conchée and Cézembre island. For their attack on Saint Malo the English had brought a vessel packed with gunpowder to use as a floating mine against the city's defences, but it ran aground short of its target. The crew of the vessel were able to set off their bomb, but it was too far from its target to do any harm.

At the time, the fort was armed with 14 guns on marine carriages and three mortars. (Other accounts suggest that the fort originally had 23 guns, with the mortars being added in 1704.)

The fort contains an underground cistern with a capacity of 50,000 liters, fed by gutters, and accessible both by a trapdoor and a well. The garrison held its ammunition in an underground bomb-proof magazine with a vaulted ceiling. Angled apertures provided light and air.

Later developments
In 1848 the government added a wall pierced for small arms that encircled about three-quarters of the fort. The wall was intended to protect the fort against infantry attack from the land or by troops landed on the rocks on which the fort stands. The engineers also added a small bastion in front of the gate. This gave the fort a total area of about 4000 square metres.

In 1906 the fort received recognition as a historic building. However, in 1927 the government sold the fort to a private buyer.

World War II

The German army took control of the French coast from Cap Frehel to Saint-Malo by the end of June 1940. In 1942 work on fortifying Saint-Malo sped up as Hitler's Atlantic Wall project took form.

On 6 August 1944, the allies bombed Saint-Malo, which was still under German occupation. The next day the German commander imprisoned 380 men from St. Malo in the fort as hostages. The prisoners remained there for six days, where allied shellfire killed 18 of them on the night of 9 to 10 August. Food ran out on 11 August, and on 13 August 150 old men and women joined the existing prisoners. However, that evening, the Germans permitted all the prisoners to leave during an hour-long truce.

The American 83rd Infantry Division was responsible for the liberation of Saint Malo, including Fort National. The fort itself was liberated on 16 August, but not till after allied shellfire had damaged it. The fort was later restored in accordance with Vauban's original plans.

Tourist information

One may visit the fort when the fort is flying the French flag. Access is only possible at low tide during the period from 1 June to 30 September and on certain other days. To see the daily opening times see the fort's website.

Sources

 History of Fort National

Buildings and structures in Ille-et-Vilaine
Saint-Malo
Buildings and structures completed in 1689
National
National
Tidal islands of France
Saint-Malo Islands
Vauban fortifications in France
National
1689 establishments in France
Monuments historiques of Ille-et-Vilaine

Fort National