Soldier settlement was the settlement of land throughout parts of Australia by returning discharged soldiers under soldier settlement schemes administered by state governments after World War I and World War II. The post-World War II settlements were co-ordinated by the Commonwealth Soldier Settlement Commission.

World War I

Such settlement plans initially began during World War I, with South Australia first enacting legislation in 1915. Similar schemes gained impetus across Australia in February 1916 when a conference of representatives from the Australian Government and all the state governments was held in Melbourne to consider a report prepared by the Federal Parliamentary War Committee regarding the settlement of returned soldiers on the land.  The report focused specifically on a federal-state cooperative process of selling or leasing Crown land to soldiers who had been demobilised following the end of their service in this first global conflict.  The meeting agreed that it was the Australian Government's role to select and acquire land whilst the State government authorities would process applications and grant land allotments.

Crown land was used where possible, but much land was acquired.  By 1924, just over 24 million acres (97,000 km²) had been acquired or allocated.  Of this nearly 6.3 million acres (25,000 km²) was purchased and 18 million acres (73,000 km²) was crown land set aside.  23.2 million acres (93,900 km²) had been allotted 23,367 farms across Australia.

Other  than supporting soldiers and sailors that were returning from those wars the various governments also saw the opportunity of attracting both Australians and specific groups of allied service personnel to some of the otherwise little inhabited, remote areas of Australia. Although the Australian Government held responsibility for defence, and thus might have taken responsibility for demobilised soldiers, it was the states which took responsibility for land settlement and thus enacted separate soldier settlement schemes.  The states also wished to take an active role in recognising the contribution of soldiers.

In addition to soldiers, nurses and female relatives of deceased soldiers were also able to apply for the scheme. However, in cases where women did take on land, they were often given little chance to succeed. Annie Smith, a returned nurse who began a dairy farm in Thorpdale, near Moe was repeatedly criticised by overseers from the Closer Settlement Board for having to hire labour to do some of the more difficult physical tasks. The Board disregarded the fact that the plot she had been assigned had no water, and that Smith often obtained local labour for free, swapping nursing advice for one-off jobs. In 1926 Smith vacated the lot, with no war pension left and mounting debt. Confounding the Board's assumption that her status as a single woman had rendered her unequal to the task, the two subsequent male owners of the property also failed to make the land profitable.

Areas that gained such settlements included:
 New South Wales
 Dorrigo
 Griffith
 Tarcutta

 Queensland
 Amiens
Atherton and Tolga
Barmoya and Rosslyn
Beerburrum Soldier Settlement
Burrandowan
Boyne Valley
Cecil Plains
Charlestown
Coominya Soldier Settlement
Enoggera
 El Arish
Gordonbrook
Highlands
Mount Gravatt
Mount Hutton
Ridgelands
Stanthorpe, Pikedale and Cottonvale
Taromeo
Ubobo, where one of the soldier settler's houses is now heritage-listed
 South Australia
 Kangaroo Island
 Murray Bridge
 Renmark
 Victoria
 Birdwoodton
 Gringegalgona
 Merbein West
 Mortlake
 Numurkah
 Red Cliffs (including the township of Cardross)
 Karadoc/Carwarp/Colignan (including the new towns of Nangiloc and Iraak)

By 30 June 1924 a total of 23,367 returned soldiers and sailors had taken up settlement farms on 23,275,380 acres (94,192 km²) across Australia as per the following breakdown:

World War II
The procedure of supporting such soldiers was repeated after World War II with all Australian state governments using the previous and amended forms of such acts of parliament to reinvigorate the programme for this new generation of returned soldiers.

Rules of holding soldier settlement land

In most cases Crown land, including some land from Aboriginal reserves, was allocated to Australian returning soldiers who in order to buy or lease such a block were required to be certified as qualified and to remain in residence on that land for five years.  In this way remote rural areas set aside for such settlement were guaranteed a population expansion which remained to increase infrastructure in the area.

Soldiers who were successful in gaining such a block of land had the opportunity to start a farming life in a number of rural activities including as wool, dairy, cattle, pigs, fruit, fodder and grain.  These initial land allotments resulted in triumph for some and despair for others.  Indeed, specifically following World War I, in some cases these new farmers, unable to cope with the climatic variances of Australia and lacking the capital to increase stock or quality of life, simply walked off the land back to the large towns and cities from whence they had come.

The success of the program increased after World War II when the infrastructure required for these new farmers was improved as a direct result of learning from the mistakes that came during and after the first attempts at such settlement.

Despite the fact that Aboriginal Australians fought alongside other Australian troops in both World Wars, only a very small number of indigenous applications were successful, including two in Victoria and one in New South Wales. In some cases, land was taken from indigenous Australians, such as at Coranderrk and Cummeragunja Reserve.

Settlement by State

South Australia
Following World War I, soldiers who had previously worked on irrigation activities along the Murray River during the years leading up to the war returned to find that their previous jobs were no longer available.

The South Australian government responded as early as 1915 with the first of the acts of parliament designed to both repatriate and compensate returning servicemen, and to meet the political and economic need to 'sponsor' the development of intensively productive agriculture pursuits. Soldiers were informed of the availability of the scheme via the media and in the material provided in both recruitment packages and general information forwarded to men serving overseas.

Settlement schemes during and after the conclusion of World War I saw properties specialising in dairy, grapes, vegetables, grains, and grazing develop along the River in Cobdogla, Waikerie, Berri, Cadell, Chaffey and near Renmark.

Following a number of acts that dealt with Soldier Settlement the South Australian government introduced the Discharged Soldier Settlement Act 1934 which consolidated acts such as the Crown Lands Act 1929 and the Irrigation Act 1930 for the benefit of any discharged soldier who had served in connection with the Great War and had been a member of the British Army or Navy or of the Australian Imperial Force or of any other naval or military force raised in any part of the British Empire for service in that War, or to the widow (who had children) of any such who had died or dies from wounds inflicted, accident occurring, or disease contracted whilst on service. A training farm was established at Pompoota to teach soldiers the skills they would need to be successful as farmers. The training farm was an initiative of Samuel McIntosh who had observed the Village Settlements twenty years earlier in which unemployed city people were provided with land and expected to be able to clear and farm it with no relevant experience in farming.

Settlement schemes after World War II expanded to include the Loxton Irrigation Area, which became the largest such scheme in South Australia, and to another part of the previously developed area of Chaffey. The Returned Services League (RSL) lobbied the state government to open up more land for returned soldiers at Loxton, and returning soldiers were informed of the scheme at the RSL through handout material.  Settlement schemes after World War II also led to the establishment of the new towns of Parndana on Kangaroo Island and Padthway in the south east of the state.

However whilst the first world war settlers had achieved only a modicum of success the benefit of that previous experience helped the second world war veterans, particularly in Loxton, to avoid some past mistakes and with the assistance of the Department of Lands, the community worked together in order to survive and prosper.  Irrigation schemes that eventually arrived saw the advent of the productive orchard and vineyard concerns that became so important to the overall region as it exists today.

New South Wales

The State Government of New South introduced the Returned Soldiers Settlement Act, 1916 shortly after the combined Australian and State meeting held in Melbourne earlier that year (see above).  Soldiers who had served outside of Australia either as a part of the Australian Imperial Forces or as a part of the British Defence Service and who had been honourably discharged were eligible to apply for Crown Lands.  This was land that the Australian Government had acquired under either the Closer Settlement Acts, Murrumbidgee Irrigation Act, or was available as a part of general disposal under the Crown Lands Consolidation Act.

Ex-servicemen were required to apply for such land via completion of appropriate paperwork and if successful a soldier could gain additional financial assistance for the purpose of clearing, fencing, drainage, water supply and other improvement of the land as well as for the erection of buildings and the purchase of stock, seeds, implements, plants and similar material necessary for the occupation and development of the land.

By 1917 the state government saw fit to enact the Returned Soldiers Settlement (Amendment) Act, which broadened the definition of returned soldiers to include those who had not enlisted in Australia and those who had not served overseas, as well as providing for potential further categories of soldiers.

In the period October 1917 – June 1920?, twelve soldier settlement projects were commenced.  Projects areas included Bankstown and Seven Hills in the outer metropolitan area and rural Glen Innes, Hillston, and Batlow.  Industries commenced included poultry, horticulture, pig, fruit, and market gardening. The pastoral property Dirnaseer was subdivided for soldier-settlement in 1919.

New South Wales also repeated the process following World War II with settlements commencing in areas including Dareton.

Victoria
The Discharged Soldiers' Settlement Act of 1917 established a scheme.  Between 1918 and 1934, 11,639 returned servicemen were allocated blocks under this soldier settlement scheme. Most settled in the Mallee (both on dryland and irrigated properties), South Gippsland, the Western District, Central Gippsland near Maffra and Sale and in the Goulburn Valley.

During the 1920s soldier settlers struggled and of those allocated blocks under the scheme, only sixty-one per cent were on blocks in 1934. By 1939 60% had left their blocks. The scheme was criticised by a Victorian Royal Commission in 1925 and a later Australian Government inquiry.  The Royal Commission identified four main reasons for the failure of soldier settlers:
The selection of inexperienced settlers
Lack of capital
The size of blocks allocated
Prices received for agricultural products.

It was also claimed that returned soldiers were allocated blocks of land without having established their ability to manage a farm.

The soldier settler scheme in Red Cliffs, Victoria was very successful.

Numurkah became the headquarters of the Murray Valley Soldier Settlement Area - one of the largest soldier settlements in Australia.

After World War II, the Soldier Settlement Scheme was refined in the light of past failures.  Blocks were bigger, were more carefully selected and roads, housing and fences were supplied to prospective settlers.

The Heytesbury Settlement Scheme was one of the last large scale soldier settlement schemes in Victoria.

Western Australia
In Western Australia, the War Service Land Settlement Scheme settled hundreds of soldiers, in the Wheatbelt and south west region. Initially, fully and partially developed farms were bought, improved and subdivided by the government, then sold to returned soldiers. Loans were also offered.

In 1949, the price of land rose sharply, so the government began to develop virgin Crown land in the south of the state.

In 1957 a royal commission was conducted into the scheme.

By 1958, demand for land by ex-servicemen had declined, but the scheme had been so successful that the government was reluctant to end it, so it instead opened it up to all civilians. This continued until 1969, when a wheat glut forced the government to impose quotas on wheat planting.

See also
 Homestead Act, United States legislation with many of the same effects after the end of the American Civil War
 G.I. Bill, United States legislation with the same aim of assisting World War II veterans

References

Further reading
Australia. Rural Reconstruction Commission.(1944) Settlement and employment of returned men on the land : the Commission's second report to the Honorable J.B. Chifley, M.P., Minister for Post-war Reconstruction, dated 18th day of January 1944. Canberra : L.F. Johnston, Commonwealth Govt. Printer.
Hawkins, H.S. and A.S. Watson, A.S.(1972) Shelford : a preliminary report of a social and economic study of a Victorian soldier settlement area Melbourne : University of Melbourne, School of Agriculture.
Lake, Marilyn.(1987) The limits of hope : soldier settlement in Victoria, 1915-38 Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
Lloyd, Clem and Rees, Jacqui (1994) The last shilling : a history of repatriation in Australia Carlton, Melbourne University Press.
Western Australia (1923). Royal Commission on Repatriated Soldiers of the A.I.F. under the Discharged Soldiers' Settlement Act, 1918. Report of the Royal Commission on Repatriated Soldiers of the A.I.F., under "The Discharged Soldiers' Settlement Act, 1918".Perth, W.A.: Govt. Printer.

External links

Australiandiggers.com
NSW Images related to Soldier Settlers
QLD Archives Soldier Settlement
Video accounts from the Red Cliffs soldier settlement area in Victoria.
Case Study of Trawalla Estate Soldier Settlers
  [CC-By-SA]
Battle to Farm: WWI soldier settlement records in Victoria
Soldier On: WWI soldier settler stories
National Archives of Australia soldier settlement research guide
NSW State Archives & Records soldier settlement guide
From Gallipoli to Australian farms: Soldier settler success and failure and contribution to the future of agriculture

History of agriculture in Australia

Crown land in Australia

Soldier settlement (Australia)


Nicholas Statham (fl. 1467) was an English lawyer, known as a legal writer.

Life
He is stated to have been born at Morley, Derbyshire. He was reader of Lincoln's Inn in Lent term 1471. On 30 October 1467 he received a patent for the reversion as second baron of the exchequer on the death of John Clerke. Clerke was certainly alive in 1471, but there is no mention of either him or Statham between that date and 3 February 1481, when Thomas Whittington was made second baron. Consequently it is not known whether Statham ever obtained the office.

Work
Statham's name is never mentioned in the year-books, but he is credited with an abridgment of the cases reported in them in the reign of Henry VI, which is the earliest work of the kind now extant. Statham's abridgment was printed by R. Pynson as Epitome Annalium Librorum tempore Henrici Sexti, London [1495 ?]; other editions appeared in 1585 and 1679.

References

External links
Statham, Nicholas. 1490. Abridgement of cases to the end of Henry VI. (Rouen) : Per me. R. Pynson. Harvard University Library Page Delivery Service.

People from the Borough of Erewash
English lawyers
English legal writers
Year of death unknown
Year of birth unknown

Nicholas Statham


Sandra Lynn Neilson (born March 20, 1956), also known by her married name Sandy Bell, is an American former competition swimmer, three-time Olympic gold medalist, and former world record-holder.

Amateur career
Neilson won her only Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) national championship in 1971 in the 100-yard freestyle.  While a student at El Monte High School, Neilson set CIF Southern Section records in 1972 for both the 50-yard and 100-yard freestyle events.  She later attended University of California, Santa Barbara, where she was a member of the UCSB Gauchos swim team and a three-time All-American.  In 1977, she won both the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW) 50-yard and 100-yard freestyle national championships.

1972 Summer Olympics
Despite being ranked as the third-best American swimmer, Neilson participated in the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany at the age of 16.  In the 100-meter freestyle, Neilson defeated heavy favorites Shane Gould from Australia and her American teammate Shirley Babashoff in an Olympic record time of 58.59 seconds.  The victory landed her a spot on the 4×100-meter freestyle relay with Babashoff as well as the 4×100-meter medley relay.  Both of Neilson's relay teams won gold medals in world record times.

In a twist of fate, during the Munich massacre which took place after the day after the swimming events were completed, both Gould and Babashoff were huddled with Neilson in her Olympic Village while the massacre was taking place.  Neilson recalled, "When we found out about the terrorists, I called my parents and told them I loved them.  I thought I might never see them again."

Post-Olympic life
Neilson met her current coach and husband, Dr. Keith Bell, a Texas sports psychologist, in 1984.  Bell successfully argued in August 1984 to the International Swimming Hall of Fame that Neilson had been "retired" for nine years, despite still participating in U.S. Masters Swimming.  This made her eligible under the ISHOF's four-year retirement requirements and Neilson was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1986.

Neilson participated in the 1988 and 1992 U.S. Olympic Trials.  She missed qualifying for the 1996 Trials in the 50-meter freestyle by a mere nine one-hundredths (0.09) of a second.

In 1996, Neilson was the first swimmer over 40 to be ranked top 25 in the world in an event (50-meter freestyle) and the first swimmer over 40 to compete in U.S. National Championships, at which she was honored by having USA Swimming's comeback award named after her, the "Sandy Neilson-Bell Comeback Swimmer of the Year Award".

See also

 List of multiple Olympic gold medalists
 List of Olympic medalists in swimming (women)
 World record progression 4 × 100 metres freestyle relay
 World record progression 4 × 100 metres medley relay

References

External links

1956 births
Living people
American female freestyle swimmers
World record setters in swimming
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in swimming
People from Burbank, California
Swimmers at the 1971 Pan American Games
Swimmers at the 1972 Summer Olympics
UC Santa Barbara Gauchos women's swimmers
Medalists at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 1971 Pan American Games

Sandy Neilson


The OTs-38 Stechkin is a 5-shot, double-action revolver, in production and service since 2002, chambered in the silent 7.62×41mm SP-4 cartridge.

Design
The effective range of fire for the OTs-38 Stechkin is 50 m. The fired cases are kept in the cylinder, thus ensuring the absence of sound of ejected cases. The cartridge employs a captive piston, creating a gas seal, so there is no flash or loud report upon discharge.

As the cartridge is rimless, the cylinder is fed via full moon clips. The SP-4 cartridges emit no report or flame because the propellant gases are retained in the case. The OTs-38 revolver is claimed to be effectively silent, as the sound level of the live and dry firing is practically identical.

S&W QSPR
This system is virtually identical to that employed by the Quiet Special Purpose Revolver (QSPR) a variant of the commercially available Smith & Wesson Model 29 .44 Magnum revolvers, rebuilt to fire specially manufactured dedicated integrally silenced ammunition:

Early prototypes had very short smooth-bore barrels with 0.40 inch (10 mm) bore and matching chambers, but later versions have longer barrels of up to four inches (100 mm). QSPR  ammunition (which pioneered the captive piston propellant gas containment system) ejected fifteen tungsten balls from the special cartridges, weighing 7.5 grain (0.5 grams) each, exiting at a muzzle velocity of around 730 fps (222ms) for a muzzle energy of roughly 135 ft-lbs (185J).

This load was tailored to wound at up to  100 ft (30 m), and have a practical, and potentially fatal, effect at ranges below 30 ft (10 m), deemed sufficient for the QSPR's intended and narrow application: clearing the confined and dimly-lit to pitch-black tunnels encountered by "tunnel rats" during the Vietnam War. No sights were fitted.

The acoustic signature of QSPR rounds was around 110 dB (similar to a traditionally silenced .22LR pistol), the captive piston totally eliminated muzzle flash (vital when most engagements occurred in near or total darkness). While effective, only 250 QSPRs were manufactured;  production was discontinued after the US withdrawal from Vietnam.

OTs-38
In contrast to its virtually stock predecessor, the later OTs-38 is innovative to a degree unusual even in special purpose weapons:
 The cylinder pivots out to the right-hand side.
 A manual safety catch that allows the pre-cocked hammer to be set on manual safety, enabling the revolver to be carried cocked. (The mechanism also prevents accidental discharge with the cylinder open or not fully closed, with the revolver dropped or struck.)
 The barrel is mounted below the axis pin (the gun fires from the lowest cylinder chamber), so recoil is directed straight into the shooter's hand, rather than exerting a torque that raises the muzzle. This improves both accuracy and the maximum rate of fire.
The OTs-38 is fitted with an integral laser sight located above the cylinder axis (where a conventional revolver has its barrel) powered by three D-0.03D batteries.

Users

 :  by the Syrian special units and police

See also
 Captive bolt pistol
 List of Russian weaponry
 PSS silent pistol
 Stechkin automatic pistol
 Smith & Wesson Model 29

References

External links

 KBP Instrument—official page: OTs-38
 Modern Firearms: OTs-38
 ОЦ-38

7.62 mm firearms
Double-action revolvers
KBP Instrument Design Bureau revolvers
Post–Cold War weapons of Russia
Revolvers of Russia
Silenced firearms
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 2002

OTs-38 Stechkin silent revolver


Windhaven is a science-fiction and fantasy book that was written by George R.R. Martin and Lisa Tuttle. The book is about events that take place in a fictional space colony called Windhaven. The novel is a collection of short stories. Simon & Schuster collected the stories and published them for the first time in 1981. Bantam Spectra published it again in hardcover in 2001 and in mass market paperback in 2003.

Books by George R. R. Martin
1981 books
Science fiction books

Windhaven


Joseph LaFlesche, also known as E-sta-mah-za or Iron Eye (1822–1888), was the last recognized head chief of the Omaha tribe of Native Americans who was selected according to the traditional tribal rituals. The head chief Big Elk had adopted LaFlesche as an adult into the Omaha and designated him in 1843 as his successor. LaFlesche was of Ponca and French Canadian ancestry; he became a chief in 1853, after Big Elk's death. An 1889 account said that he had been the only chief among the Omaha to have known European ancestry.

In 1854 LaFlesche was among the seven Omaha chiefs in the delegation who went to Washington, DC for final negotiations and signed the treaty with the United States by which they ceded most of the Omaha territory. About 1856, he led his people in relocating to the Omaha reservation in what is now northeastern Nebraska. LaFlesche served as principal chief until 1888. He led during the Omaha transition to the reservation and other major social changes.

Early life and education
Joseph LaFlesche, also called E-sta-mah-za (Iron Eye), was the son of Joseph LaFlesche, a French-Canadian fur trader, and Waoowinchtcha, his Ponca wife. (An 1889 account said she was related to Big Elk, chief of the Omaha.)

From the age of 10, the younger LaFlesche accompanied his father on trading trips.  His father worked for the American Fur Company (AFC) and traded with the many tribes: Ponca, Omaha, Iowa, Otoe, and Pawnee, living between the Platte and Nebraska rivers. They spoke closely related Siouan languages. The father and son learned the Omaha-Ponca language from Waoowinnchtcha, and the Omaha people.

Career
The younger Joseph La Flesche started working for the American Fur Company at about the age of 16 and worked for them until 1848. By then he had settled with his family and the Omaha at the Bellevue Agency. He had been adopted into the Omaha tribe as the son of Big Elk, the principal chief, after years of interaction with the people. In 1843 Big Elk had designated La Flesche as his successor, and the younger man began to study tribal ways and customs, becoming prepared to be chief. He joined the tribal council about 1849.

Marriage and family
LaFlesche married Mary Gale (b. c. 1825-1826 - d. 1909), the mixed-race daughter of Dr. John Gale, a surgeon at Fort Atkinson, and his Iowa wife Ni-co-ma. When Dr. Gale was reassigned after the Army left the fort in 1827, he left Ni-co-ma and Mary behind with her family.

Joseph and Mary LaFlesche had five children together: Louis, Susette, Rosalie, Marguerite and Susan. Iron Eye and Mary believed that the future of American Indians lay in education and assimilation, including adoption of European-style agricultural methods and acceptance of  Christianity. They encouraged their children to get formal educations and work for their people; in some cases, LaFlesche sent them to schools in the East.

As chief, Joseph LaFlesche could have multiple wives, and he married Ta-in-ne, an Omaha woman also known as Elizabeth Erasmus. They had a son Francis, born in 1857, followed by other children.

His grown children with Mary included activists Susette LaFlesche Tibbles; and Rosalie LaFlesche Farley, financial manager of the Omaha tribe; Marguerite La Flesche Picotte, who became a teacher on the Yankton Sioux Reservation; and the physician Dr. Susan La Flesche Picotte, the first Native American in the United States to be certified as a doctor. Susan worked with the Omaha and eventually established the first privately funded hospital on an Indian reservation for them. Rosalie Farley helped negotiate grazing treaties on unallocated land to generate revenue. She also helped tribal members with their finances, including managing donations sent by Americans from across the country. She also worked with an ethnologist from the University of Pennsylvania to collect traditions and stories from the tribes.

Their half-brother Francis La Flesche, son of Ta-in-nne, became an ethnologist for the Smithsonian Institution. Based in Washington, DC, he returned to the West to study the Omaha and the Osage. Although the siblings came to hold differing opinions on the issues related to land allotment and assimilation, they each worked to improve the quality of life for Native Americans, particularly the Omaha in Nebraska.

Chief
Unlike many other tribes, the Omaha had a patrilineal kinship system, with inheritance passed through the male line. In 1843, Big Elk designated LaFlesche as his successor as a hereditary chief of the Weszhinste, one of the ten gentes of the Omaha.

The Omaha were organized into two half-tribes or moitie, which represented the Earth and the Sky. Each had five gentes or clans, which had specific responsibilities related to maintaining the tribe and cosmos. Each gens had hereditary chiefs, through the father's line, for a total of ten. One of the gens chiefs of each moitie was designated as its head; the two collaborated to maintain the balance between the two parts. Because a child was considered born to his father and his family, a man born of a white father and Omaha mother had no position in the tribe; he was considered white. To become a member of the tribe, he would have to be formally adopted by the father of a family. He could never advance to be a hereditary chief without such formal adoption, according to the traditional practices in effect at that time. There were some allowances for men to be recognized for charitable acts or gifts.

When adopted and designated by Big Elk as his successor, LaFlesche (Iron Eye) seriously studied the tribal ways and customs to prepare for becoming a chief.  Big Elk served as chief until his death in 1853, and LaFlesche succeeded him. An 1889 sketch of La Flesche, first published in the Bancroft, Nebraska Journal, said he was the only person having any white blood who had been a chief of the Omaha.

In January 1854, after negotiations in full council with 60 Omaha men, the tribe reached some agreements on land cession with the US Indian agent James M. Gatewood.  They had not delegated this important issue to their chiefs but, after reaching their conclusions, chose seven chiefs to go to Washington, DC for concluding meetings on the land sale.  The seven chiefs were LaFlesche, Two Grizzly Bears, Standing Hawk, Little Chief, Village Maker, Noise, and Yellow Smoke. Logan Fontenelle, a Métis man born to a white father, accompanied them as an interpreter. The Bureau of Indian Affairs also had an interpreter at the meetings.  For some reason, Fontenelle's name appeared first on the treaty, although the document was supposed to include only the names of the seven Omaha chiefs. Two Grizzly Bears' name did not appear. Perhaps because Fontenelle had been introduced as Two Grizzly Bears' interpreter, or because he was the only Omaha speaker who was literate in English, his name was substituted. The treaty was signed in March 1854 and quickly ratified by the US Senate.

The Indian Commissioner Manypenny and his staff forced many changes to the treaty terms, including a major reduction in the amount of money to be paid to the Omaha for their land, and a change from cash annuities to annuities that were a combination of cash and goods. Under the treaty terms, the Omaha tribe received "$40,000 per annum for three years from January 1, 1855; $30,000 per annum for the next succeeding ten years; $20,000 per annum for the next succeeding fifteen years; and $10,000 per annum for the next succeeding twelve years," to 1895. The President of the United States, based on recommendations by the US Indian Office (or the local US Indian agent), would determine annually the proportions of the annuity to be distributed in money and in goods. In practice, those decisions would be made by the US Indian Office, based on recommendations by the US Indian agent.

Unhappy with Gatewood's draft treaty, the US Indian Office replaced the agent with George Hepner in the summer of 1854. In 1855, Fontenelle and four Omaha were killed and scalped by an enemy band of Sioux while on the summer buffalo hunt on the plains. The historians B. Tong and D. Hastings contend that LaFlesche did not become principal chief until after Fontenelle's death, but accounts have varied as to the true role of Fontenelle in the tribe. Boughter writes that Hepner and LaFlesche both referred to Fontenelle as a chief after his death, but other contemporaries among the Omaha did not agree and referred to him only as the interpreter.

As chief, LaFlesche led the tribe through a period of major transition and social disruption after their move to the reservation in what is now northeast Nebraska in the Blackbird Hills. About 800 Omaha removed to the reservation. At the beginning, they built their traditional sod lodges, with the clans arrayed in customary positions around a circle. By 1881, the tribe had increased to about 1100. Many had built western-style houses. LaFlesche worked to gain the rights of citizens of the United States for the Omaha. In the late nineteenth century, the US government required American Indians to agree to give up their communal land, tribal government and membership in order to gain voting rights as US citizens. They also had to adopt certain aspects of assimilation and learn United States practices.

LaFlesche had supported the changes in land policy in a move toward severalty, believing that the tribe's members would benefit by adopting the ownership of land individually by patent rather than to continue to hold it in common as a tribe. Many in the tribe were of different opinions. In practice, the breakup of communal lands proved to be detrimental to tribal continuity and land use.  LaFlesche encouraged his people to become educated in both Omaha and American ways, supporting the mission schools. Seeing how detrimental alcohol was, he prohibited it on the reservation.  He and Henry Fontenelle were appointed as official traders to the Omaha under the US Indian agent.

LaFlesche was chief at a time when many of the Omaha resisted the changes that had disrupted their lives. For some time, many of the men lived on their portion of the annuities and hunting, and the women continued to cultivate varieties of corn in a communal way. The Omaha stayed in their villages rather than going out to farm the land.

But by 1880, the Omaha produced 20,000 bushels of wheat, including a surplus for sale. The following year was a poor season, and they had less than needed of all their crops. The government's estimate of sufficient land allotments for the Native Americans restricted them to dividing their lands among heirs, in portions that in future years were too small to be farmed effectively or to be developed for other purposes. In addition, when government annuities and supplies were delayed or arrived in poor condition, as was often the case, or the Indian agents made decisions restricting annuities, as did Jacob Vore in 1876, the Omaha faced much worse conditions on their reservation than in their former nomadic life.

References

Further reading
 Green, Norma Kidd, Iron Eye's Family: The Children of Joseph LaFlesche, Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1969.

External links
 "Treaty with the Omaha, 1854", in Indian Affairs: Treaties By United States, US Dept. of the Interior, Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1904, p. 611
, Biographical Note, Archives, Nebraska State Historical Society

Native American leaders
La Flesche family
1822 births
1888 deaths
Native American temperance activists

Joseph LaFlesche


An incumbent is the current holder of a  political office or position.  This word is usually used when talking about elections, which are often between the incumbent and one other person or several other people.  For example, Joe Biden is the incumbent President of the United States since he is still president. It can also be used in sports to let people know if a sportsman still holds the position or award in question.

Related pages
Inauguration

Voting

Incumbent


Welcome to Paradise is a song by rock band Green Day. It first appeared on their second album Kerplunk in 1992. A new version appeared on the album Dookie in 1994.

Song meaning
The song is about young people moving out of their parents' home.

The song was written by Billie Joe Armstrong.

Music video
The music video shows Billie Joe (Green Day's singer) playing a West Oakland citizen who watches a dangerous notoriety caused by a group of thugs then he goes home to watch the citizens and what they do each day.

Differences between Kerplunk and Dookie version
The Kerplunk version has a slower sound and the Dookie version is more fast-paced and also both versions have slightly different lyrics. The original version of the song from Kerplunk was not a single but the Dookie version was.

The album cover for Dookie in fact, shows a comedic depiction of chaos happening in West Oakland.

In the booklet for the Dookie album a cartoonish drawing in West Oakland is shown.

References

Green Day songs
1994 songs

Welcome to Paradise


The Muslim Consumer Group (MCG) is a U.S. non-profit organization founded in November 1993 by Syed Rasheeduddin Ahmed, based in Rolling Meadows, Illinois. Its goal was to educate Muslims about Halal foods and perform Halal certification, which was not done by any other organization in the United States at that time.

Overview
MCG first established its website in 2000 to educate Muslims throughout the world about the Halal status of food ingredients, E-numbers and food products. MCG has written a book, titled A Comprehensive List of Halal Food Products in U.S. and Canadian Supermarkets that lists food products and ingredients that are certified as Halal. MCG also visits mosques and religious centers in the United States to give educational presentations about food products, medicine, cosmetics, and personal care products.

A major breakthrough in R&D was the discovery of the source of L-Cysteine, which was being derived from human hair. Muslim dietary laws do not allow the ingestion of anything that is derived from the human body. It was found that there were several companies that were using this in their baked goods that varied from Naan, which was being supplied to Muslim stores in major U.S. cities, to donuts made by Dunkin' Donuts. A well known Halal food company, AlSafa, uses L-Cysteine in its chicken nuggets, chicken patties, and chicken strips. After MCG's publication of these findings, the source for the L-Cysteine was changed in a large part to chicken or duck feathers. It has not been confirmed that AlSafa uses chicken or duck feathers.

H-MCG symbol

The H-MCG symbols are used by the Muslim Consumer Group to identify the Halal status of different edible and non-edible consumer products.

References

External links
(As of 2020, the website is down.)
Muslim Consumer Group Website

Halal food
Islamic organizations based in the United States
Non-profit organizations based in Illinois
Religious dietary certification organizations

Muslim Consumer Group


Alexander Alekhine  (31 October 1892 – 24 March 1946) was the fourth World Chess Champion, and the only one to die holding the title.p7

Chess career
By the age of twenty-two, he was already one of the strongest grandmasters. During the 1920s, he was one of the hypermoderns, and won many tournaments. In 1927, he became World Champion by beating Capablanca. The match of 34 games was the longest world championship match held until 1985.

In the early 1930s Alekhine dominated tournament play, and won top-class tournaments by large margins. He also played first board for France in four Chess Olympiads, winning prizes in each. His tournament record became less good from the mid-1930s onwards; alcoholism is often blamed for this. Although Alekhine offered Capablanca a rematch on the same terms that Capablanca had set for him, negotiations dragged on for years. It became clear that Alekhine would never let the match take place. Meanwhile, he defended his title with ease against Bogolyubov in 1929 and 1934.

Alekhine was defeated by Euwe in 1935, but regained his crown in the 1937 rematch. His tournament record was now uneven, and rising stars (such as Keres and Botvinnik) threatened his title. Negotiations for a title match were halted by the start of World War II in 1939.

Alekhine was known for his attacking style: he was good at turning an initiative into a win. He was the first world champion to work hard on opening theory. Alekhine was the first to be a full-time dedicated professional of the modern type. He said he spent eight hours a day studying the game, and produced many innovations in chess openings.

Alekhine was declared an "Enemy of the Soviet Union" after making anti-Bolshevik statements in 1927. However, after his death, the Soviet chess leaders called him "one of the founders of the Soviet School of Chess". He is still highly regarded as a chess writer. His finest works were his collections of his own games, which influenced many players.

Character

Alekhine was a brilliant player with a poor character: "Not everyone liked his personal character, but all admired his chess genius".p7 That he sometimes lied, and was often half-drunk is mentioned by all his biographers. He married a Russian baroness in 1920, which legitimised their seven-year-old daughter. The following year he married a Swiss woman, and obtained permission to leave Russia.

The marriage, which was probably bigamous, broke up soon after. Later he married twice more. He settled in Paris, becoming a naturalised French citizen. He studied law at the Sorbonne, and claimed to have got a doctorate there in 1925: he was known widely as 'Dr. Alekhine'. Researchers have failed to find any trace of this in the records of the Sorbonne.p69 Having at last won the world title, Alekhine used every device to avoid giving Capablanca a return match. He remarked to a friend "Somehow the match will never take place".p8

Alekhine stayed in Nazi-occupied Europe during the war, where he played in tournaments organised by the Nazis. Anti-Semitic articles appeared under his name. Although he later claimed they were forged by the Nazis, the original manuscripts in his hand were found amongst his last wife's effects when she died.p309–313 Whether Alekhine was personally anti-semitic is not so clear. He had good relationships with some Jewish chess players, and his fourth wife was Jewish. Negotiations with Mikhail Botvinnik for a world title match were proceeding in 1946 when Alekhine died in Portugal. "It is not too callous to say that he was fortunate to have died at that time. Feeling was very strong in France against those who came under suspicion of collaboration with the enemy".p75

Books
Alekine wrote over twenty books on chess. Some of the best-known are:
  Originally published in two volumes as My best games of chess 1908-1923 and My best games of chess 1924-1937

 Alekhine, Alexander 1972. International chess tournament. New York 1927. Chess Digest, Dallas.

 Alekhine, Alexander 1932. Auf dem Wege zur Weltmeisterschaft. Berlin, De Gruyter. Translated as On the road to the world championship (transl. C.J. Feather & K.P.Neat) Pergamon, Oxford.

 Alekhine, Alexander 1947. Gran ajadrez: mis mejores analisis. Madrid.
 Skinner L.M. and Verhoeven R.G.P. 1998. Alexander Alekhine's chess games 1902–1946. McFarland, Jefferson NC.

References

Russian chess players
1946 deaths
1892 births

Alexander Alekhine


Alton Glenn Miller (March 1, 1904 – missing in action December 15, 1944) was an American big band musician, arranger, composer, and bandleader in the swing era. He was the best-selling recording artist from 1939 to 1943, leading one of the best known big bands. Miller's notable recordings include "In the Mood", "Moonlight Serenade", "Pennsylvania 6-5000", "Chattanooga Choo Choo", "A String of Pearls", "At Last", "(I've Got a Gal In) Kalamazoo", "American Patrol", "Tuxedo Junction", "Elmer's Tune", and "Little Brown Jug". During World War II, he led bands in the U.S. Army. While he was traveling in France during World War II, Glenn Miller's airplane disappeared over the English Channel.

Early life and career
Miller was born in Clarinda, Iowa. His parents were Mattie Lou (née Cavender) and Lewis Elmer Miller. In 1915, Miller's family moved to Grant City, Missouri, and he started playing in the town orchestra. At first, he played cornet and mandolin, but he switched to trombone by 1916. In 1918, the Miller family moved to Fort Morgan, Colorado, where Miller went to high school. During his senior year, he started a band with some classmates. They played "dance band music". By the time Miller graduated from high school in 1921, he had decided to become a professional musician.

In 1923, Miller entered the University of Colorado at Boulder, but he spent most of his time away from school. He played auditions and gigs. He did not do well in school. He dropped out of school, and decided to start a career as a professional musician. He later studied under Joseph Schillinger and composed "Moonlight Serenade". In 1926, Miller toured with several groups, eventually landing a good spot in Ben Pollack's group in Los Angeles. While playing with this band, Miller wrote several musical arrangements and also co-wrote his first composition, "Room 1411", with Benny Goodman. In 1928, he married Helen Burger in New York City. At first, he was the main trombone soloist of the band. But when another trombone player joined, Miller was given fewer solos. At this point, he decided he should mainly be a composer. In the late 1920s, he wrote and published a songbook.

In the early 1930s, Miller was a trombonist, arranger, and composer in The Dorsey Brothers. Miller composed the songs "Annie's Cousin Fannie", "Dese Dem Dose", "Harlem Chapel Chimes", and "Tomorrow's Another Day" in 1934 and 1935. In 1935, he started an American orchestra for British bandleader Ray Noble. In this band, he featured a lead clarinet over four saxophones. He later used this arrangement in his own bands.

Glenn Miller formed his first band in 1937. The band broke up after playing its last show at the Ritz Ballroom in Bridgeport, Connecticut, on January 2, 1938.

Success from 1938 to 1942
Miller was discouraged and returned to New York. He realized that the band needed to have a "sound" that was different from other bands. He decided to make the clarinet and tenor saxophone play the melody together, while three other saxophones played harmony. Miller hired a saxophonist named Wilbur Schwartz, but instead had him play lead clarinet. This was unique because it did not rely on repeated motifs, like other bands.

Miller had a staff who wrote and arranged songs for the band. They were Jerry Gray, Bill Finegan, Billy May, and George Williams.

Bluebird Records and Glen Island Casino
In September 1938, the Miller band began making recordings for Bluebird Records. Cy Shribman, a prominent East Coast businessman, began financing the band. In the spring of 1939, the band played at the Meadowbrook Ballroom in Cedar Grove, New Jersey and at the Glen Island Casino in New Rochelle, New York. At Glen Island, 1800 people attended Afterwards, the band became much more popular. The band's recording "Tuxedo Junction" sold 115,000 copies in the first week.

On February 10, 1942, Miller received a gold record for "Chattanooga Choo-Choo". "Chattanooga Choo Choo" was performed by the Miller orchestra with his singers Gordon "Tex" Beneke, Paula Kelly and the vocal group, the Modernaires. Other singers with this orchestra included Marion Hutton, Skip Nelson, Ray Eberle, Kay Starr, Ernie Caceres, Dorothy Claire and Jack Lathrop.

Motion pictures
Miller and his band appeared in two films. The first one was Sun Valley Serenade (1941) The second was Orchestra Wives (1942).

Army Air Force Band: 1942–1944

In 1942, Miller decided to join the war effort because he was too old to be drafted. At first, he volunteered for the Navy but was told he was not needed. Miller then wrote to Army Brigadier General Charles Young. He asked to lead an army band so he could entertain the Allied Forces, and was accepted this time. He earned the rank of captain and he was soon promoted to major by August 1944.

He was placed in the United States Army at first, but was then moved to the Army Air Forces. Captain Glenn Miller served as an officer at the training center at Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, Alabama, in December 1942. He played trombone with the Rhythmaires, a 15-piece dance band, both on the base and in the town.

Miller formed a large marching band. He tried to modernize military music. Some officers didn't like it, but he continued because other leaders supported him. For example, he combined blues and jazz with the traditional military march. He formed the Army Air Force Band, with 50 members. In the summer of 1944, he took it to England, where he gave 800 performances and recorded a series of records. The music was used in American Forces Network radio broadcasting for entertainment and counter-propaganda against fascism. Miller also talked on the radio. One time, he said:
"America means freedom and there's no expression of freedom quite so sincere as music."

Disappearance

On December 15, 1944, Miller was to fly from the United Kingdom to Paris, France, to play for the soldiers there. His plane departed from Clapham and disappeared while flying over the English Channel. There were two other people on the plane: Lt. Col. Norman Baessell and pilot John Morgan.

There have been many theories about what happened to the plane. According to a 2014 article in the Chicago Tribune, Miller's plane crashed because it had a faulty carburetor.

In February 1945, Miller's wife, Helen accepted the Bronze Star Medal for him.

Legacy

Civilian band legacy
When Glenn Miller was alive, various bandleaders like Bob Chester imitated his style. In 1942, Miller gave singer Mel Tormé advice about songwriting.

By the early 1950s, more bands started to copy Miller's style.

The Miller estate authorized an official Glenn Miller "ghost band" in 1946. This band was led by Tex Beneke, former tenor saxophonist and a singer for the civilian band. It was similar to the Army Air Force Band because it had a large string section. At first called the "Glenn Miller Orchestra Under the Direction of Tex Beneke", it later became "The Tex Beneke Orchestra".

A film about Miller's life, The Glenn Miller Story, was released in 1953. Because of this, the Miller estate asked Ray McKinley to lead a new ghost band in 1956. This band still tours the United States.

Army Air Force band legacy
After Miller's disappearance, his Army Air Force band was decommissioned and sent back to the United States. Another band, called "the 314", took its place.

Compositions
Miller composed at least fourteen songs, both by himself or with other people. He added lyrics to another song. These and other songs were recorded by Miller's civilian bands and his Army Air Force band.

Grammy Hall of Fame
Glenn Miller had three recordings that were put into the Grammy Hall of Fame after he died. This award is for recordings that are at least 25 years old and that have "qualitative or historical significance."

Related pages

List of people who disappeared mysteriously: 1910–1990
 Kalamazoo, Michigan

References
Notes

Bibliography

 Chattanooga Choo Choo-The Life and Times of the World Famous Glenn Miller Orchestra by Richard Grudens 2004

 ASIN: B0007DMEDQ

Other websites

 The Glenn Miller Birthplace Society, which organizes the annual Glenn Miller Birthplace Festival in Clarinda, Iowa

 Recordings Miller made for Brunswick records as a sideman in the late 1920s and early 1930s
 "Glenn's Swing Orchestra" - tribute to Miller (in French language)
 "The Disappearance of Glenn Miller" - documentary in the PBS Series History Detectives

1904 births
1944 deaths
American jazz musicians
American military personnel of World War II
Aviation deaths
Bandleaders
Musicians from Iowa
Military people missing in action
Missing American people
Military people from Iowa

Glenn Miller


Übermensch is a concept from philosophy. The concept is used to describe a human that has outgrown himself or herself, that is no longer burdened by the sorrows of ordinary people. Today, the concept is mainly known from the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche who, in his 1883 book Thus Spoke Zarathustra (German: Also sprach Zarathustra), Nietzsche has his character Zarathustra suggest the Übermensch as a goal for humanity to set for itself. Nietzsche thought that the moral values of the Catholic Church were outdated. For him, an Übermensch is one that is able to develop moral values which are not based on religion, but rather, rooted in Nihilism.  When Nietsche used the term, he took most of the ideas from the French philosopher Claude Adrien Helvétius. Helvetius used the term homme supérieur.

The idea itself  is much older: Dionysius of Halicarnassus talked about a "hyperanthropos" (hyper: above, anthropos: human) in the first century BC. He lived c. 60  – after 7 BC) and was a Greek historian and teacher of rhetoric.

Lucian used the term, to talk about noblemen, who would be "cut back to their real size" in the realm of the dead. In his Divine Comedy, Dante used the hapax legomenon transhumanar to refer to the Übermensch. Transhumanar is a verb.  The writings of Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite influenced Dante Pseudo-Dyonysius is an early Christian writer from Syria, who lived in the 6th century. He is not known by name, but used the pen name Dionysius Areopagita. Dionysius Areopagita lived in the 1st century, and was one of the bishops of Athens. Thomas Aquinas, Augustine of Hippo, and Matthew also had similar ideas.

Related pages
 Untermensch - a term used by many racists to refer to people of what they consider inferior races

Philosophy

Übermensch


In combinatorial mathematics, the theory of combinatorial species is an abstract, systematic method for deriving the generating functions of discrete structures, which allows one to not merely count these structures but give bijective proofs involving them.  Examples of combinatorial species are (finite) graphs, permutations, trees, and so on; each of these has an associated generating function which counts how many structures there are of a certain size. One goal of species theory is to be able to analyse complicated structures by describing them in terms of transformations and combinations of simpler structures. These operations correspond to equivalent manipulations of generating functions, so producing such functions for complicated structures is much easier than with other methods. The theory was introduced, carefully elaborated and applied by Canadian researchers around André Joyal.

The power of the theory comes from its level of abstraction. The "description format" of a structure (such as adjacency list versus adjacency matrix for graphs) is irrelevant, because species are purely algebraic. Category theory provides a useful language for the concepts that arise here, but it is not necessary to understand categories before being able to work with species.

The category of species is equivalent to the category of symmetric sequences in finite sets.

Definition of species

Any species consists of individual combinatorial structures built on the elements of some finite set: for example, a combinatorial graph is a structure of edges among a given set of vertices, and the species of graphs includes all graphs on all finite sets. Furthermore, a member of a species can have its underying set relabeled by the elements of any other equinumerous set, for example relabeling the vertices of a graph gives "the same graph structure" on the new vertices, i.e. an isomorphic graph.

This leads to the formal definition of a combinatorial species. Let  be the category of finite sets, with the morphisms of the category being the bijections between these sets. A species is a functor

For each finite set A in , the finite set F[A] is called the set of F-structures on A, or the set of structures of species F on A. Further, by the definition of a functor, if φ is a bijection between sets A and B, then F[φ] is a bijection between the sets of F-structures F[A] and F[B], called transport of F-structures along φ.

For example, the "species of permutations" maps each finite set A to the set S[A] of all permutations of A (all ways of ordering A into a list), and each bijection f from A to another set B naturally induces a bijection (a relabeling) taking each permutation of A to a corresponding permutation of B, namely a bijection . Similarly, the "species of partitions" can be defined by assigning to each finite set the set of all its partitions, and the "power set species" assigns to each finite set its power set. The adjacent diagram shows a structure (represented by a red dot) built on a set of five distinct elements (represented by blue dots); a corresponding structure could be built out of any five elements.

Two finite sets are in bijection whenever they have the same cardinality (number of elements); thus by definition the corresponding species sets are also in bijection, and the (finite) cardinality of  depends only on the cardinality of A. In particular, the exponential generating series F(x) of a species F can be defined:

where  is the cardinality of  for any set A having n elements; e.g., .

Some examples: writing ,
 The species of sets (traditionally called E, from the French "ensemble", meaning "set") is the functor which maps A to {A}. Then , so .
 The species S of permutations, described above, has . .
 The species T2 of ordered pairs (2-tuples) is the functor taking a set A to A2. Then  and .

Calculus of species
Arithmetic on generating functions corresponds to certain "natural" operations on species. The basic operations are addition, multiplication, composition, and differentiation; it is also necessary to define equality on species. Category theory already has a way of describing when two functors are equivalent: a natural isomorphism. In this context, it just means that for each A there is a bijection between F-structures on A and G-structures on A, which is "well-behaved" in its interaction with transport. Species with the same generating function might not be isomorphic, but isomorphic species do always have the same generating function.

Addition
Addition of species is defined by the disjoint union of sets, and corresponds to a choice between structures. For species F and G, define (F + G)[A] to be the disjoint union (also written "+") of F[A] and G[A]. It follows that (F + G)(x) = F(x) + G(x). As a demonstration, take E+ to be the species of non-empty sets, whose generating function is E+(x) = ex − 1, and 1 the species of the empty set, whose generating function is 1(x) = 1. It follows that E = 1 + E+: in words, "a set is either empty or non-empty". Equations like this can be read as referring to a single structure, as well as to the entire collection of structures.

Multiplication
Multiplying species is slightly more complicated. It is possible to just take the Cartesian product of sets as the definition, but the combinatorial interpretation of this is not quite right. (See below for the use of this kind of product.) Rather than putting together two unrelated structures on the same set, the multiplication operator uses the idea of splitting the set into two components, constructing an F-structure on one and a G-structure on the other.

This is a disjoint union over all possible binary partitions of A. It is straightforward to show that multiplication is associative and commutative (up to isomorphism), and distributive over addition. As for the generating series, (F · G)(x) = F(x)G(x).

The diagram below shows one possible (F · G)-structure on a set with five elements. The F-structure (red) picks up three elements of the base set, and the G-structure (light blue) takes the rest. Other structures will have F and G splitting the set in a different way. The set (F · G)[A], where A is the base set, is the disjoint union of all such structures.

The addition and multiplication of species are the most comprehensive expression of the sum and product rules of counting.

Composition
Composition, also called substitution, is more complicated again. The basic idea is to replace components of F with G-structures, forming (F∘G). As with multiplication, this is done by splitting the input set A; the disjoint subsets are given to G to make G-structures, and the set of subsets is given to F, to make the F-structure linking the G-structures. It is required for G to map the empty set to itself, in order for composition to work. The formal definition is:

Here, P is the species of partitions, so P[A] is the set of all partitions of A. This definition says that an element of (F ∘ G)[A] is made up of an F-structure on some partition of A, and a G-structure on each component of the partition. The generating series is .

One such structure is shown below. Three G-structures (light blue) divide up the five-element base set between them; then, an F-structure (red) is built to connect the G-structures.

These last two operations may be illustrated by the example of trees. First, define X to be the species "singleton" whose generating series is X(x) = x. Then the species Ar of rooted trees (from the French "arborescence") is defined recursively by Ar = X · E(Ar). This equation says that a tree consists of a single root and a set of (sub-)trees. The recursion does not need an explicit base case: it only generates trees in the context of being applied to some finite set. One way to think about this is that the Ar functor is being applied repeatedly to a "supply" of elements from the set — each time, one element is taken by X, and the others distributed by E among the Ar subtrees, until there are no more elements to give to E. This shows that algebraic descriptions of species are quite different from type specifications in programming languages like Haskell.

Likewise, the species P can be characterised as P = E(E+): "a partition is a pairwise disjoint set of nonempty sets (using up all the elements of the input set)". The exponential generating series for P is , which is the series for the Bell numbers.

Differentiation
Differentiation of species intuitively corresponds to building "structures with a hole", as shown in the illustration below.

Formally,

where  is some distinguished new element not present in .

To differentiate the associated exponential series, the sequence of coefficients needs to be shifted one place to the "left" (losing the first term). This suggests a definition for species: F' [A] = F[A + {*}], where {*} is a singleton set and "+" is disjoint union. The more advanced parts of the theory of species use differentiation extensively, to construct and solve differential equations on species and series. The idea of adding (or removing) a single part of a structure is a powerful one: it can be used to establish relationships between seemingly unconnected species.

For example, consider a structure of the species L of linear orders—lists of elements of the ground set. Removing an element of a list splits it into two parts (possibly empty); in symbols, this is L''' = L·L. The exponential generating function of L is L(x) = 1/(1 − x), and indeed:

The generalized differentiation formulas are to be found in a previous research by N. G. de Bruijn, published in 1964.

The species C of cyclic permutations takes a set A to the set of all cycles on A. Removing a single element from a cycle reduces it to a list: C = L. We can integrate the generating function of L to produce that for C.

A nice example of integration of a species is the completion of a line (coordinatizated by a field) with the infinite point and obtaining a projective line.

Further operations
There are a variety of other manipulations which may be performed on species. These are necessary to express more complicated structures, such as directed graphs or bigraphs.Pointing selects a single element in a structure. Given a species F, the corresponding pointed species F• is defined by F•[A] = A × F[A]. Thus each F•-structure is an F-structure with one element distinguished. Pointing is related to differentiation by the relation F• = X·F' , so F•(x) = x F' (x). The species of pointed sets, E•, is particularly important as a building block for many of the more complex constructions.

The Cartesian product of two species is a species which can build two structures on the same set at the same time. It is different from the ordinary multiplication operator in that all elements of the base set are shared between the two structures. An (F × G)-structure can be seen as a superposition of an F-structure and a G-structure. Bigraphs could be described as the superposition of a graph and a set of trees: each node of the bigraph is part of a graph, and at the same time part of some tree that describes how nodes are nested. The generating function (F × G)(x) is the Hadamard or coefficient-wise product of F(x) and G(x).

The species E• × E• can be seen as making two independent selections from the base set. The two points might coincide, unlike in X·X·E, where they are forced to be different.

As functors, species F and G may be combined by functorial composition':  (the box symbol is used, because the circle is already in use for substitution). This constructs an F-structure on the set of all G-structures on the set A. For example, if F is the functor taking a set to its power set, a structure of the composed species is some subset of the G-structures on A. If we now take G to be E• × E• from above, we obtain the species of directed graphs, with self-loops permitted. (A directed graph is a set of edges, and edges are pairs of nodes: so a graph is a subset of the set of pairs of elements of the node set A.) Other families of graphs, as well as many other structures, can be defined in this way.

Software
Operations with species are supported by SageMath and, using a special package, also by Haskell.

 Variants
 A species in k sorts is a functor . Here, the structures produced can have elements drawn from distinct sources.
 A functor to , the category of R-weighted sets for R a ring of power series, is a weighted species.

If "finite sets with bijections" is replaced with "finite vector spaces with linear transformations", then one gets the notion of polynomial functor (after imposing some finiteness condition).

See also
 Container (type theory)

Notes

References

 Bruijn, de, N. G. (1964). Pólya's theory of counting. In E. F. Beckenbach (Ed.), Applied combinatorical mathematics (pp. 144-184)
 Labelle, Jacques. Quelques espèces sur les ensembles de petite cardinalité., Ann. Sc. Math. Québec 9.1 (1985): 31-58.

 Yves Chiricota, Classification des espèces moléculaires de degré 6 et 7,  Ann. Sci. Math. Québec 17 (1993), no. 1, 11–37.
 François Bergeron, Gilbert Labelle, Pierre Leroux, Théorie des espèces et combinatoire des structures arborescentes'', LaCIM, Montréal (1994). English version: Combinatorial Species and Tree-like Structures, Cambridge University Press (1998).
 Kerber, Adalbert (1999), Applied finite group actions, Algorithms and Combinatorics, 19 (2nd ed.), Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, , MR 1716962, OCLC 247593131

External links

 https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/species

Enumerative combinatorics
Algebraic combinatorics

Combinatorial species


The Donots are a German punk rock band from Germany, formed in 1993 in Ibbenbüren.

Band history

Early years (1993-1998)
The Donots were founded in 1993 by Ingo Knollmann on lead vocals, his brother Guido Knollmann on guitar, Jan-Dirk Poggemann on bass, Jens "Stone" Grimstein on guitar and Jens Trippner on drums. They celebrated their stage debut on April 16, 1994, at the Scheune in their hometown Ibbenbüren. They began playing as a support band in local venues and released the demo tapes We Do Not Care So Why Should You? and Mellow D's and Harm on E's in 1994 and 1995, respectively. Drummer Jens Trippner was replaced by Eike Herwig in 1995.

In 1996, the band released their debut album Pedigree Punk via independent label Headshock Records and shortly afterwards, Alex Siedenbiedel replaced Stone Grimstein on guitar, finalizing the current line-up. They played support shows in Germany for Blink-182, Propagandhi, No Fun At All, Terrorgruppe and No Use for a Name.

The band released their second album Tonight's Karaoke Contest Winners in spring of 1998, followed by their first tour with Samiam and ErrorType:11. That year they also won a band contest at the Bizarre Festival, which furthered their popularity in the German underground scene, leading to them getting signed by major label GUN Records (Sony BMG).

Mainstream breakthrough (1999-2007)
The Donots released their third album and first major label release Better Days Not Included in 1999, produced by Die Ärzte producer Uwe Hoffmann, together with their first single "Outshine the World", which received minor radio and TV airplay. They went on to play their first co-headlining tour called "Ladies First, James Last" across Germany, Austria, Italy and the Netherlands, together with fellow German punk rock peers the Beatsteaks.

In 2001, the band released their fourth album Pocketrock, with which they achieved their breakthrough into the mainstream, mainly through their hit single "Whatever Happened to the 80s", which reached No. 67 on the German charts. The following singles "Room With a View", "Today" and "Superhero" also received video airplay on MTV. They played their first headlining tour through Germany, Austria and Switzerland with Midtown as support. The following year, Pocketrock was re-released through Burning Heart Records all over Europe.

The band released their fifth album Amplify the Good Times in May 2002, which achieved similar success with the singles "Saccharine Smile" and "Big Mouth". After the album's release, they played a European tour with Millencolin and Anti-Flag. In September, they released a cover version of "We're Not Gonna Take It" by Twisted Sister on an EP, which turned out to be one of the band's biggest hits, reaching No. 33 on the German charts. This was followed by the "Amplify the Good Tour" with Favez as support through Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, France, and Spain.

In 2003, Amplify the Good Times became a surprise hit in Japan, with the album reaching No. 10 on the International Album Charts and the singles receiving heavy radio airplay, with "Saccharine Smile" reaching No. 19 on the Oricon Singles Chart. The band and "Saccharine Smile" would receive further international recognition when the song appeared in the acclaimed 2004 racing video game Burnout 3: Takedown. would The band played their first Japan tour in June 2003. That year they also recorded the "Protest Song" with Anti-Flag, which was released as a bonus track on The Terror State.

The Donots released their sixth album Got the Noise in 2004 with the accompanying singles "We Got the Noise" and "Goodbye Routine", the former becoming another big hit, landing on No. 33 in Germany. The band was also featured on the Fat Wreck Chords compilation Rock Against Bush, Vol. 2 with their b-side "Time's Up". In 2005, they released their first DVD "Ten Years of Noise".

In 2006, the band left their major label due to creative differences. Guitarist Guido explained: "Over time we fought each other more and more, rather than looking for solutions together. We simply did not understand each other anymore. The last record was actually just damage control. Even during promotional activities, we were absolutely not on the same wavelength. Especially with video clips, selection of singles and the entire image of the band."
The band released the greatest hits and b-side compilation album The Story So Far: Ibbtown Chronicles as a send-off to their major label. That year they also founded Solitary Man Records.

Solitary Man Records and further success (2008-2013)
After a short hiatus, they released their seventh album Coma Chameleon through their own label Solitary Man Records in March 2008. The album marked a change of sound for the band, evolving the pop punk sound of their previous albums to a darker, heavier alternative rock and punk rock-influenced sound. The band returned to mainstream success with the alternative rock single "Stop the Clocks", which received major radio airplay and was nominated for the German music award "1LIVE Krone" for Best Single. The band played their first headlining tour in four years with Disco Ensemble in spring and American Steel and Fire in the Attic in autumn.
In 2009, they released the "To Hell With Love" EP in the UK. Later that year, they supported Die Toten Hosen on their "Machmalauter Tour" and released their first live DVD "To Hell With Live".

The Donots released their eighth studio album The Long Way Home in 2010, with the successful singles "Calling" and "Forever Ends Today". That year, they supported Green Day on all German dates of their 21st Century Breakdown World Tour, resulting in a major popularity boost for the band. A special international edition of the album was released in September in the UK via Lockjaw Records and in November in the US via OK!Good Records. "The Long Way Home Tour" took place in autumn 2010 with Royal Republic as support, which culminated in their first "Grand Münster Slam" at Halle Münsterland, which was their biggest headlining show of their career at that point, playing in front of 3,000 people.

In 2012, they released their ninth album Wake the Dogs, which was collaboratively released by Solitary Man Records and Vertigo Records (Universal Music). It was the band's first Top 10 album, reaching No. 6 in Germany. In summer 2012, they played the Center Stage of Germany's biggest festivals Rock am Ring and Rock im Park for the first time. They supported the album with the "Wake the Dogs Tour" in autumn 2012 with Atlas Losing Grip and Nothington. The album resulted in three singles, "Come Away With Me", "You're So Yesterday" and "So Long", which featured a guest appearance by Frank Turner.

In 2013, the band went on their first US tour, playing the East Coast with Flogging Molly and Mariachi El Bronx and the West Coast with Anti-Flag and C.J. Ramone. The tour was filmed and released as the documentary and live album "Wake the States".

German songwriting and recent activity (2014–present)
The band celebrated their 20th anniversary in April 2014 with the single "Das Neue bleibt beim Alten" ("The new stays old") featuring Tim McIlrath from Rise Against, the very first Donots song in German including McIlrath singing his part in German as well. They also participated in the German re-recording of "Do They Know It's Christmas?", which reached No. 1 in Germany. In December 2014, they played their biggest headlining show of their career yet in front of 6,500 people.

Because of the positive response of the 20th anniversary single, they decided to record an entire album in German. Their tenth studio album Karacho ("noise" or "crash") was released in February 2015 along with its lead single "Ich mach nicht mehr mit" ("I won't take part in this anymore"). The album reached No. 5 at the German album charts, the band's highest-charting position yet. The "Karacho Tour" was originally planned to take place in March, but had to be postponed to November 2015 because of an injury by drummer Eike. The band returned to Japan in May 2015, where they released an English version of the album titled ¡Carajo!.

The Donots participated in the Bundesvision Song Contest 2015, representing their state North Rhine-Westphalia. They reached second place with their song "Dann ohne mich" ("Then without me"), which attacks right-wing organizations such as Pegida and addresses the resurgence of right-wing mindsets in the German public because of the European migrant crisis. They celebrated their 1000th concert in December 2016.

The band released their eleventh studio album and second German-language release in January 2018, Lauter als Bomben ("Louder than bombs"), along with a live DVD of their 1000th concert, followed by an extensive two-year tour.

Shortly after the tour, the Donots celebrated their 25th Anniversary with a Compilation called Silverhochzeit ("Silver marriage"), released in July 2019. They also did a Anniversary Tour called "25th Birthday Slam", that was released as a CD and called "Birthday Slams" later in 2020. According to the Band, its their first official Live Album

After a Hiatus because of the Covid-19 Pandemic, the Band played their first public show since 2019 at the Rock Am Ring Festival 2022. Campino from Die Toten Hosen made a Guest appearance there. Also on that show, Donots premiered a new song, that would be included on their new album Heut ist ein guter Tag ("Today is a good day"), releasing on February 10.

Band members

Current members
 Ingo Knollmann - lead vocals (1993–present)
 Guido Knollmann - guitar, vocals (1993–present)
 Jan-Dirk "Purgen" Poggemann - bass, vocals (1993–present)
 Eike Herwig - drums, percussion (1995–present)
 Alex Siedenbiedel - guitar, vocals (1996–present)

Touring members
 Robin Völkert - keyboard, guitar, backing vocals (2011–2017)

Former members
 Jens "Stone" Grimstein - guitar (1993-1996)
 Jens Trippner - drums, percussion (1993-1995)

Discography
The official discography consists of ten studio albums, two compilation albums, thirteen singles and nineteen music videos.

Albums

Compilation albums

Split albums

Exclusive compilation tracks

Singles

Videography

Music videos

References

External links

 Official website
 Official Solitary Man Records
 Supersonic Records
 Burning Heart Records
 Interview with Truepunk.com (May 31, 2002)
 Interview with Truepunk.com (June 1, 2004)
 Interview with Truepunk.com (August 19, 2006)
 Single release 2010 (January 22, 2010)

People from Ibbenbüren
German punk rock groups
Participants in the Bundesvision Song Contest
Musical groups established in 1993
Pop punk groups
Burning Heart Records artists
1993 establishments in Germany
GUN Records artists

Donots


Simple Simon (, literally: In space there are no feelings) is a 2010 Swedish comedy film directed by Andreas Öhman. The film was selected as the official Swedish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 83rd Academy Awards. It made it to the penultimate round of nominations and competed with eight other films.

Plot
Simon is an 17-year-old man with Asperger Syndrome. Incapable of living independently, he is cared for by his endlessly loving and patient brother, Sam, and Sam's girlfriend, Frida. He lives by an unchanging daily routine and finds any change in his life very stressful. He spends his day working as a groundskeeper in a special program for mentally disabled people, tending athletic fields and roadsides. He imposes routine on his two housemates with a wall chart that allocates chores and schedules leisure. When the world becomes too stressful, Simon seals himself in a large pot and imagines himself floating in space, where everything is perfectly quiet and predictable. These habits cause a lot of tension with his two housemates. One night, Simon interrupts Sam and Frida while they are having sex in order to ask for toilet paper. For Frida, this is the last straw, and the next day she dumps Sam and moves out.

Simon returns home from work to find the house empty and dinner unprepared. When Sam returns home, he decides to order pizza for dinner, but this further distresses Simon as they usually eat tacos on Friday evenings. When Sam announces that Frida is definitely gone for good and that they must adapt, Simon suffers a meltdown. Sam, upset at Frida's departure, tries to rationalize away his pain by criticizing Frida's habits, such as being bad at sex and eating caviar sandwiches. Simon interprets these remarks literally and visits Frida's house, asking her to return and change her habits, since Simon is incapable of changing his. Frida angrily drives him off, telling him he ought to find another girl to take her place.

Simon, as is his nature, takes Frida's remark seriously, and sets off to find Sam a new girlfriend who will better fit in with their lifestyle. Unaware of how love and courtship work, he compiles a list of Sam's tastes and habits and proceeds to look for women who match the profile. He stops random women in the streets and asks 13 certain questions (such as "do you prefer dogs to cats?" and "do you make noises when having sex?"), and when he finds a woman who answers all 13 questions correctly, he takes their details and photographs them. He presents to Sam an album of suitable matches he has found and asks him to choose his new girlfriend from them. Sam rejects the list, telling Simon it would be boring for him to have a girlfriend who matches his habits exactly, and suggests that a girl who differs from him would be more attractive, in the same way that the opposing poles of a magnet attract.

Cast
 Bill Skarsgård as Simon
 Martin Wallström as Sam
 Cecilia Forss as Jennifer
 Sofie Hamilton as Frida
 Susanne Thorson as Jonna
 Kristoffer Berglund as Peter
 Lotta Tejle as Simons mum
 Per Andersson as the French Chef

Reception
Robert Koehler of Variety called it "well mounted but overloaded with whimsy".  Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "The surprising Swedish film Simple Simon performs the neat trick of finding laughs and wisdom about a central character who has Asperger's syndrome, yet does so without trivializing the serious nature of the affliction."

Simple Simon was nominated for four Guldbagge Awards: best film, best actor in a lead role (Bill Skarsgård), best actress in a supporting role (Cecilia Forss), and best screenplay.

See also
 List of submissions to the 83rd Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
 List of Swedish submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
 Online dating service

References

External links

2010 films
2010 comedy films
Swedish comedy films
2010s Swedish-language films
Films about autism
Films directed by Andreas Öhman
2010s Swedish films

Simple Simon (2010 film)


Bathin (also Bathym, Mathim, or Marthim) is a demon described in demonological grimoires.

Variations
He is ranked as a duke in the Lesser Key of Solomon (as the eighteenth spirit) and Johann Weyer's Pseudomonarchia Daemonum (as the tenth spirit), where he is described as a serpent-tailed and muscular man riding a pale horse, who knows the properties of plants and stones, transports people across countries, and rules 30 legions of demons.  He also appears in the Livre des Esperitz, as "Machin," without the horse but ruling 37 legions of demons.  The German edition of The Grimoire of Pope Honorius describes Bathin (again by the name Machin) as teaching about and providing foreign plants and rocks.  In the Grand Grimoire, he (as Bathsin or Bathim) is listed as a subordinate of Fleurety.  According to Rudd, Bathin is opposed by the Shemhamphorasch angel Caliel.

References

Goetic demons

Bathin


"In the Jailhouse Now" is an American novelty blues song originally found in vaudeville performances from the early 20th century, usually credited to Jimmie Rodgers.  The song's first two verses trace the exploits of Ramblin' Bob, who cheats at cards and gets caught, while the final verse tells about taking a girl named Susie out on the town and winding up in jail together.

Jimmie Rodgers recording
Rodgers' version of "In the Jailhouse Now" was recorded February 15, 1928, in Camden, New Jersey, and features Rodgers on vocals and guitar, with Ellsworth T. Cozzens playing banjo.  Rodgers included his famous yodel throughout the song. He recorded a sequel titled "In the Jailhouse Now—No. 2" in Hollywood, California, in 1930, which follows the misadventures of a man named Campbell.

Recording and copyright history
The song has been covered many times, most frequently with Jimmie Rodgers' version. Artists who have sung it include Ernest Tubb, Tommy Duncan, Webb Pierce, Pink Anderson, Johnny Cash, Jim Croce, Jim Jackson, Leon Russell, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions (featuring Jerry Garcia), Merle Haggard, Doc Watson, Prism, Suzy Bogguss (with Chet Atkins ) Pokey LaFarge, and Tim Blake Nelson with The Soggy Bottom Boys in the film and soundtrack for O Brother, Where Art Thou?.  It was also one of the first songs learned by a teenage Joan Baez. The song shows up under different titles including "He's in the Jailhouse Now," and some versions use the line "She's in the graveyard now" in the chorus.

Prior to 1930, several different versions of it were recorded and copyrighted.  The earliest is Davis and Stafford's 1915 version, which has verses about a man named Campbell cheating at a card game and a corrupt election.  In 1924, Whistler's Jug Band from Louisville, Kentucky, recorded it under the title "Jail House Blues," which was the same title as a famous blues tune by Bessie Smith but was, in fact, the same song as "In the Jailhouse Now".

In 1927, Earl McDonald's Original Louisville Jug Band made another recording of the song. Two African-American bluesmen also recorded the song prior to Rodgers:  Blind Blake (in 1927), and Jim Jackson (in January 1928).  Jackson also copyrighted the song before Rodgers.  Finally, in 1930, the Memphis Sheiks (a pseudonym for the Memphis Jug Band) recorded it in a version that scholars have often claimed, albeit mistakenly, was a cover of Jimmie Rodgers.  The version of the melody and lyrics that they used, is clearly derived from the Louisville Jug Band performances, not Rodgers.  On some of the Memphis Sheiks' records, an African-American vaudeville performer named Bert Murphy is given credit for writing the song.

Shortly after Rodgers recorded the song, three additional versions appeared that were decidedly not covers of Rodgers.  Boyd Senter and his Senterpedes did a jazz version in 1929 for Victor Records (issued on #22010, and later reissued on Bluebird Records #5545); Gene Kardos and His Orchestra also did a jazz version in 1932 for Victor; and Billy Mitchell did a stride piano and shouter version of it in 1936 for the Bluebird label.

After Rodgers, the best-known version of the song was by Webb Pierce, who had a No. 1 country hit with the song in 1955. Pierce's version spent No. 1 on the Billboard country chart for 21 weeks, becoming the third song in the chart's history to spend as long on the chart; previously, Eddy Arnold ("I'll Hold You in My Heart (Till I Can Hold You in My Arms)," 1947) and Hank Snow ("I'm Movin' On," 1950) achieved the feat. For 58 years, those three songs held the longevity record for most weeks at No. 1 with 21 weeks, with only a handful of songs coming within a month of matching the record into the early 1960s. Finally, on August 10, 2013, "Cruise" by Florida Georgia Line surpassed Pierce's "In the Jailhouse Now" for most weeks at No. 1 when it spent its 22nd week at No. 1.

When Johnny Cash recorded the song in 1962, he used a more humorous set of lyrics, based on the 1915 version; it includes anecdotes of Campbell's wife Sadie carrying on an affair with the sheriff while Campbell is incarcerated, and Campbell's fooling the Prohibition Party into supporting his New Orleans-to-Boston pub crawl under the guise of a campaign for President.  In spite of this, most writers claim that Cash was covering Jimmie Rodgers' song, which further obscures that the song originated with African-American performers and was kept alive in a vaudeville and jug band tradition for many decades.

The song regained popularity years later when Sonny James recorded a live version during a 1976 concert at Tennessee State Prison. James' version included backing by the Tennessee State Prison Band, and peaked at No. 15 on the Hot Country Singles chart in 1977.

The Jimmie Rodgers version was sung by Gene Autry in his 1941 movie "Back in the Saddle."

In O Brother, Where Art Thou?, "Delmar" (Tim Blake Nelson) sings a rendition, with "Pete" (John Turturro) yodeling between the verses, prior to the Soggy Bottom Boys' main number, "Man of Constant Sorrow".  The other "Soggy Bottom Boys" songs are lip-synched, but Tim Blake Nelson sings his own vocals on this song, while Turturro's yodeling is actually performed by Pat Enright of the Nashville Bluegrass Band.

In 1979, the song was done in a blackface performance in the musical One Mo' Time by Vernel Bagneris.  The musical was revived on Broadway in 2002.  The version of the song used in the show was the same as that recorded by the Louisville Jug Bands in the 1920s.

Brad Paisley used the chorus for the end of "Mr. Policeman," a song on his 2007 album 5th Gear. New lyrics were written to provide an ending to the song's story.

See also
 "Man of Constant Sorrow"
 "I'll Fly Away"

References

1928 singles
Billboard Hot Country Songs number-one singles of the year
Bluebird Records singles
Jim Croce songs
Jimmie Rodgers songs
Johnny Cash songs
Songs about prison
Sonny James songs
Webb Pierce songs
Willie Nelson songs
Songs written by Jimmie Rodgers

In the Jailhouse Now


In the United States Army, Medical Detachments (Forward Surgical), popularly known as Forward Surgical Teams (FST), are small, mobile surgical units. A functional operating room can be established within one and a half hours of being on scene and break down to move to a new location within two hours of ceasing operations.

The FST typically includes 20 staff members: 4 surgeons, 3 RNs, 2 certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs), 1 administrative officer, 1 detachment sergeant, 3 licensed practical nurses (LPN)'s, 3 surgical techs and 3 medics.
Surgeons perform damage control surgery on combat casualties within the "golden hour" of injury whenever possible.  Casualties can then be packaged for medical evacuation to a higher level of care.

History and doctrine
First fielded during Operation Just Cause in December 1989. FSTs are utilized in a variety of ways, and can be fielded with support elements, including a Forward Support Medical Company (FSMC), Area Support Medical Company (ASMC), Brigade Medical Company also known as C-Med or in some cases stand alone (although The FST is not designed, staffed, or equipped for standalone
operations or for conducting sick-call operations.
Augmentation requirements are discussed in FM 4-02.25) to provide a surgical capability at Role 2 for those patients unable to survive MEDEVAC to Role 3 (hospital) care.

By doctrine, given in ATP 4-02.5 (May 2013) Chapter 3 section 10, and ARTEP 8-518-10, the team is capable of continuous operations with a divisional or non-divisional medical company for up to 72 hours with a planned caseload of 30 critical patients. The FST can sustain surgery for 24 total operating table hours and has the ability to separate into two teams while jumping from one site to another.  Sustained split operations are common in Iraq and Afghanistan, although not supported by current doctrine in FM 8-10-25.

FSTs are currently deployed in both Afghanistan and Iraq.

Organization
The forward surgical team is organized into four functional areas:
 HEADQUARTERS – Communications, Command and Control, and administrative functions.
 ATLS (advanced trauma life support) – Triages and prepares multiple casualties for surgery or transport and has a total of up to 4 beds or treatment areas with litter stands.
 OR (operating room) – Sets up and begins surgery within one hour, can be at full functioning capacity within two hours of establishing an area of operations. The OR has two separate OR tables that can be used at the same time allowing treatment for a greater number of casualties in a given time.
 PACU/RECOVERY(post-anesthesia care unit) – Number of beds available varies based on mission up to 8 beds, deployment and available resources, for post-surgical care; Most beds will be for patients awaiting medical evacuation.  FSTs forward deployed typically do not hold patients beyond recovery but are sometimes forced to due to long medevac times or weather.

Equipment
The Forward Surgical Team equipment and supplies are packed into four HMMWVs each with an M1101 trailer and two LMTV 2.5 ton cargo trucks each with a M1082 cargo trailer.  Units are normally augmented with two trailers mounting a power generator and an air conditioning system.  These trailers are referred to as ECU [Environmental Control Units] or GET [Generator/ECU Trailers].  When so equipped, two of the M1101 trailers are removed.

The airborne Forward Surgical Team can be slingloaded onto cargo helicopters and moved by the headquarters unit.

References

See also
 Field hospital
 Combat Support Hospital
 Battalion Aid Stations
 Mobile Army Surgical Hospital
 Portable Surgical Hospital

Medical units and formations of the United States Army
Trauma surgery

Forward surgical teams


In computing, a trackball is a pointing input device. It consists of a ball held by a socket containing sensors to detect a rotation of the ball about two axes.  It is like an upside-down mouse with a ball that sticks out.  The user rolls the ball with the thumb, fingers or the palm of the hand to move a cursor and can click one of two buttons (identical to mouse buttons) near the trackball to select desktop objects or position the cursor for text entry.  Currently only three major companies: Logitech, A4Tech and Kensington make many of them.  Microsoft was once a major producer.

Large trackballs are sometimes seen on computerized special-purpose workstations, such as the radar consoles in an  air traffic control room, or sonar equipment on a ship or submarine, or computer-aided design. Potentiometers capture the trackball orientation.

Many notebook and laptop computers in the late 20th century used a small trackball.  It was usually located in front of the keyboard toward the user.  IBM's ThinkPad series of notebook computers use a "pointing stick", called a TrackPoint, that is integrated into the middle of the keyboard keys.

Computer hardware

Trackball


Conrad I ( 1020 – 5 December 1055), also known as Cuno or Kuno, was the duke of Bavaria from 1049 to 1053. He was of the Ezzonen family, his parents being Liudolf, Count of Zütphen and eldest son of Ezzo, Count Palatine of Lorraine, and Matilda. For this, he is sometimes called Conrad of Zutphen.

After eighteen months of vacancy since the death of Henry VII, the duchy of Bavaria was filled on 2 February 1049 by the Emperor Henry III with Cuno. Cuno was the possible successor of the childless emperor. He was not the choice of the Bavarian nobility, but was intended to draw the duchy closer to the crown. This failed, for Cuno married against the will of the emperor when he wed Judith of Schweinfurt, daughter of Otto III, Duke of Swabia. He tried to increase his power in Bavaria and was in conflict with Gebhard III, Bishop of Regensburg. Finally, he was summoned to a Christmas court at Merseburg in 1052–1053 and there deposed. He was replaced early the next year by Henry's unexpectedly newborn son, later the Emperor Henry IV. Cuno, who had not come to blows with the bishop, returned to Bavaria and rebelled. He was in league with the rebellious Welf of Carinthia and Andrew I of Hungary. He died in exile after trying to assassinate the Emperor and seize the throne, having been abandoned by Welf, in 1055. He was buried in St Mariengraden in Cologne in 1063.

His enumeration is a little confused. He is sometimes not considered a Conrad, thus Conrad II is numbered Conrad I.

References

Sources

1020s births
1055 deaths
11th-century dukes of Bavaria
Ezzonids
People of Byzantine descent
Year of birth uncertain

Conrad I, Duke of Bavaria


An electric stove is a stove with electrical heating to cook and bake. The electric stove became popular as a replacement to the solid fuel (wood or coal) stove. Solid fuel stoves required more labor to maintain and operate.

Electric stove burners may be controlled by a rotary switch with a finite number of positions (six, for example). Some may have a thermostat.

The first technology used resistive heating coils. The coils heated iron hotplates. Pots were placed on top of them.

In the 1970s, glass-ceramic stoves began appearing. Glass-ceramic has very low thermal conductivity. It's a coefficient thermal expansion of almost zero. It lets infrared radition pass very well. Electrical heating coils or infrared halogen lamps are used for heating elements.

Cooking appliances

Electric stove