Abdi Mohamed Kusow on sosiologian ja antropologian professori Oaklandin yliopistossa, Rochesterissa. Hän opiskeli Michiganin valtion yliopistossa (B.A. 1990) ja Michiganin yliopiston Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning (M.U.P.1992). Hän on sosiologian tohtori Waynen valtion yliopistosta (1998). Väitöskirja "Migration and Identity process among Somali Immigrants in Canada" käsittelee somalien diasporaa.

Kirjoituksia
2004	Kusow, Abdi M. (ed.). 2004. Putting the Cart Before the Horse: Contested Nationalism and the Crisis of the Nation-State in Somalia, Trenton, NJ: The Red Sea Press.

2007	Ajrouch, Kristine, and Abdi Kusow. "Racial and Religious Contexts: Situational Identities among Lebanese and Somali Muslim Immigrants in North America." Ethnic and Racial Studies 30:72-94.

2007	Kusow, Abdi M. "East African Immigrants in the United States," in The New Americans: A Handbook to Immigration Since 1965, edited by Mary Waters and Reed Ueda. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, forthcoming.

2007	Kusow, Abdi M. "Stigma," in The Encyclopedia of Sociology, edited by George Ritzer.  Oxford UK: Blackwell, forthcoming.

2006	Kusow, Abdi M. 2006. "Migration and Racial Formations among Somali Immigrants in North America." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 32: 533-551.

2004	Kusow, Abdi M. 2004. "Contesting Stigma: On Goffman's Assumptions of Normative Order," Symbolic Interaction 27:179-197. (in the top 20 most read articles in Symbolic Interaction).

2004	Kusow, Abdi M. 2004. "Preface." Pp. xi-xvii in Putting the Cart Before the Horse: Contested Nationalism and the Crisis of the Nation-State in Somalia, edited by A M. Kusow. Trenton, NJ: The Red Sea Press.

2004	Kusow, Abdi M. 2004. "Contested Narratives and the Crisis of National Identity: A Prolegomenon."  Pp. 1-14 in Putting the Cart Before the Horse: Contested Nationalism and the Crisis of the Nation-State in Somalia, edited by Abdi M. Kusow. Trenton, NJ: The Red Sea Press.

2003	Kusow, Abdi M. 2003. "Beyond Indigenous Authenticity: Reflections on the Insider/Outsider Debate in Immigration Research," Symbolic Interaction 26: 591-599.

2001	Kusow, Abdi. 2001. "Stigma and Social Identities: The Process of Identity Work among Somali Immigrants in Canada." Pp. 152-182 in Variations on the Theme of Somaliness, edited by M. S Lilius. Turku, Finland: Center for Continuing Education, Abo University Press.

2001	Maines, David and Abdi Kusow. 2001 "Somali Migration to Canada and Resistance to Racialization." Pp. 135-162 in The Faultline of Consciousness: A View of Interactionism in Sociology, New York: Aldine De Gruyter.

1997	Kusow, Abdi, Leon Wilson, and David Martin. 1997. "Determinants of Citizen Satisfaction with Police Performance: The Effects of Residential Location." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management 4:655-664.

1995	Kusow, Abdi M. "Peace and Stability in Somalia." UFAHAMU: Journal of the African Activist Association 22: 25-40.

1995	Kusow, Abdi M. "The Somali Origin: Myth or Reality."Pp.81-106 in The Invention of Somalia, edited by Ali. J. Ahmed. Trenton, NJ: Red Sea Press.

1994	Kusow, Abdi. "The Genesis of the Somali Civil War: A New Perspective." Northeast African Studies 1: 3-46.

1993	Kusow, Abdi M. 1993. "The Role of Shelter in Generating Income Opportunities for Poor Women in the Third World." Pp.   218-224 in Women, Shelter, and Development, edited by Hemalata Dandekar. Ann Arbor: Wehr Publications.

Tutkimusraportteja

2006	Mohamud, S. Abdinur, and Abdi M. Kusow. "Why Somalia Continues to Remains a Failed State." African Renaissance 3: 13-23

1993	Kusow, Abdi M. "Prospects and Perspectives on Conflict Resolution in Somalia," Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on the Horn of Africa, Center for the Study of the Horn of Africa, Queens College/CUNY, New York, 14-20.

1993	Kusow, Abdi M. "Power Struggles and Continued Human Suffering in Somalia," Proceedings of The Symposium on Human Disaster and World Politics, Institute for African Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 1993.

1993	Muktar, M. and Abdi Kusow, "The Boonka Conference and Beyond: An Investigation of the Bottom Up Grass-roots Reconciliation Process of the Clan Elders of Southern Somalia," Life and Peace Institute, Uppsala, Sweden, 1993.

Somalialaiset kirjailijat
Somalialaiset tieteilijät

Abdi Kusow


The Iron Triangle, sometimes known as Central Richmond, is a neighborhood in Richmond, California. It is a largely residential area but includes the downtown Richmond business district along Macdonald Avenue. Commercial areas on Cutting Boulevard and near Interstate 580 are also in the neighborhood if the more extensive of two possible definitions of its area is used.

History

Nomenclature
The neighborhood gets its name from three major railroad tracks which form a rough triangle and define its boundaries.  The northeastern side of the Iron Triangle is the Union Pacific Railroad/BART tracks that run beside Carlson Boulevard, Espee Avenue, Portola Avenue, and 13th Street.  The Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway tracks that parallel Richmond Parkway/Garrard Boulevard form the northwest side of the triangle. Normally, the southern side of the triangle is considered to be the now abandoned Santa Fe tracks that ran between Ohio and Chanslor Avenues and are currently being developed as the Richmond Greenway. Because those tracks have been removed, the southern boundary of the neighborhood is now occasionally considered to be the BNSF tracks that run just south of Interstate 580.

Demographics
The area is well known as the heart of Richmond's African-American community. It has a population of 19,807 and is roughly 66% African-American.

The Latino community has been growing in the Iron Triangle since the late 1980s, making up about 34 percent of Iron Triangle's population.  The first Mexican community in Richmond started in the lower part of the Iron Triangle at the bottom of Macdonald Ave below 5th St and at A St and B St in the 1920s. Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway began bringing Mexican workers to work in the Santa Fe Rail Yard in Richmond. The Railroad also built a Housing Project for Mexican railroad workers called Section housing which was located on Macdonald Avenue and Gerrard Blvd. A small Mexican community started to form at the bottom of Macdonald Ave that grew during World War II, especially by Mexican-American shipyard workers who came from the Southwestern United States. There were several Mexican-owned businesses in the Iron Triangle during that war era: La Perla, Richmond's first Mexican grocery store; Gonzales Mexican Restaurant; and The Rio Theater which showed Mexican movies.

Reputation
The Iron Triangle is also known as a high-crime area and has become known as a 'warzone' in neighboring cities. (In fact, its name reflects that of the Iron Triangle of the Vietnam war era.)  Residents are attempting to reverse this image in a number of ways. One of these is the new East Bay Center for the Performing Arts (completed in 2011) at MacDonald and 11th St, which contains the aptly-named Iron Triangle Theater.

Lillie May Jones
Lillie May Jones was an Iron Triangle resident and long time activist in the neighborhood. She advocated for the creation of the Richmond Greenway rails to trails project, community gardens, environmental education, and flower planting.

Notes

External links
Maps of Richmond Neighborhood Council districts, including Iron Triangle: small large
San Francisco Chronicle map showing Iron Triangle boundaries

Neighborhoods in Richmond, California

Iron Triangle, Richmond, California


Pavel Patera (born September 6, 1971) is a Czech former professional ice hockey player. Patera was drafted by the Dallas Stars at 1998 NHL Entry Draft as the 153rd pick overall.

Career
Patera has played in several countries. He started his career in his native country playing for HC Kladno in 1990. He stayed with Kladno until 1996 when he and his two linemates in Kladno and in the Czech national team, Martin Procházka and Otakar Vejvoda moved to Sweden to join the Elitserien team AIK for the 1996–1997 season. Procházka left AIK for Toronto Maple Leafs during the summer of 1997 and Vejvoda was forced to retire due to an injury early in the 1997/98 season. Patera left AIK in 1998 too, moved back home to the Czech Republic and signed with HC Vsetín.

After only one season with HC Vsetín Patera signed with the Dallas Stars. However, he played only 12 games with the Stars before he moved back to the Czech Republic and HC Vsetín. The following 2000/01 season he signed with NHL team Minnesota Wild, but after only playing 20 games with the Wild and spending the rest of the season in the IHL, Patera decided to return to Europe. He played with HC Kladno for a very short time (three games in the beginning of the 2001/02 season), before signing with Russian team Avangard Omsk, where he spend that season and the two following.

In the summer of 2004 he signed again with HC Kladno, but this time he stayed with the club. And with the exception of a three-month loan to Swedish Elitserien club Färjestads BK in the spring of 2006, he has stayed with Kladno (as of March 25, 2007).

Achievements
 World Championship Gold Medal 1996, 1999, 2000, 2001
 World Championship Bronze Medal 1997, 1998
 Olympic Gold Medal 1998
 Czech Extraliga Champion 98/99
 Russian Super League Champion 03/04
 Elitserien Champion 05/06

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References

External links

1971 births
Living people
AIK IF players
Avangard Omsk players
Czech ice hockey centres
Dallas Stars draft picks
Dallas Stars players
Czech expatriate ice hockey players in Russia
Färjestad BK players
Rytíři Kladno players
VHK Vsetín players
Ice hockey players at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Minnesota Wild players
Olympic gold medalists for the Czech Republic
Olympic ice hockey players for the Czech Republic
Olympic medalists in ice hockey
Ice hockey people from Kladno
Medalists at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Czechoslovak ice hockey centres
Czech expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Czech expatriate ice hockey players in Sweden

Pavel Patera


The Gulf of Roses ( ) is the most northeastern bay on the Catalan coast of Spain.

The bay is  wide and is formed by the valley of the Fluvià river but also contains the estuaries of the Manol and the Muga rivers. These rivers drain the southern flanks of the eastern end of the Pyrenees and Alberes. The area is often affected by the severe Tramuntana wind.

The bay contains the resorts of Roses, Castelló d'Empúries/Empuriabrava, Sant Pere Pescador, Empúries and L'Escala.

The bay was originally settled by the Greeks, who created a trading post at Empúries which became a Roman town before being abandoned after Viking and Muslim pirate raids along the coast. The area was the domain of the Count of Empúries.

The area was malarial swamp for much of the Middle Ages. Irrigation schemes led to much of the former marshland becoming farmland. Tourism caused further encroachment, in particular the 1960s resort of Empúriabrava, which includes canals and moorings for detached villas. An important wintering spot for traveling birds, the marsh has now been designated the Parc Natural dels Aiguamolls de l'Empordà. To the north overlooking the Bay lies the Parc Natural del Cap de Creus.

The bay was also home to the Catalan restaurant El Bulli.

References

Bays of Catalonia
Gulfs of the Mediterranean

Gulf of Roses


The British Transport Commission (BTC) was created by Clement Attlee's post-war Labour government. It was a part of its nationalisation programme. Its objective was to provide an efficient, adequate, economical and properly integrated system of public inland transport and port facilities within Great Britain for passengers and goods, excluding transport by air. The BTC came into operation on 1 January 1948. Its first chairman was Lord Hurcomb. Miles Beevor was the Chief Secretary.

Organisations based in the United Kingdom
Transport in the United Kingdom

British Transport Commission


Jean-Baptiste Rey (18 December 1734 – 15 July 1810) was a French conductor and composer.

Rey was born at Lauzerte. He remains the longest-serving conductor of the Paris Opera; his tenure spans from the last years of the monarchy to Napoleon's Empire (1776–1810). As such, he conducted most performances of masterpieces by Gluck, Piccini, Sacchini, Salieri, Gretry, Méhul, Haydn, Mozart, Spontini, etc., many of whom he cooperated with closely. He was the author of an opera, Apollon et Coronis (1781) and several other pieces and arrangements. Rey also wrote the third act of Sacchini's Arvire et Évélina (1788).

Before his nomination at the Academie royale, Rey gained fame as a conductor in the theatres of Toulouse, Montpellier, Marseille, Bordeaux and Nantes. He was called to Paris in 1776 to assist the then first conductor, Louis-Joseph Francœur, whom he replaced in 1781. In 1779, he was named Maître de musique of Louis XVI's royal chamber. In 1781, Apollon et Coronis, the opera he composed with his brother, the cellist Louis-Charles-Joseph Rey, was performed. He kept his position at the Opera throughout the Revolution and participated in a number of revolutionary ceremonies. In 1799, he entered the recently established Conservatoire to teach harmony. He composed some of the Conservatoire's solfeges but was soon expelled along with the composer Jean-Francois Le Sueur, following internal dissensions. In 1803, both Le Sueur and Rey were called by Napoleon to join his chapel: Le Sueur replaced Paisiello as director, while Rey was named first conductor, with Persuis as his assistant. On 2 December 1804, Rey and Persuis conducted two giant orchestras in Notre-Dame for Napoleon's imperial coronation.  He died in Paris.

References

External links

French conductors (music)
French male conductors (music)
French composers
18th-century French composers
French male composers
Musicians from Paris
Academic staff of the Conservatoire de Paris
1734 births
1810 deaths

Jean-Baptiste Rey


The Pax Romana was a period when there was a lot of peace in the Roman Empire. "Pax" means "peace" in the Latin language; "Romana" means "Roman" in Latin.  So, "Pax Romana" means "Roman peace."

the Pax Romana lasted from 27 BC until 180 AD.  It started when Augustus was Emperor (ruler) of the Roman Empire. The Pax Romana is called a good time period because:
There were not many wars.
There was a lot of trade. ("Trade" means the buying and selling of goods.  Goods are things that can be bought or sold.)

The Emperors of the Pax Romana were:
 Augustus: (27 BC  14 AD) Augustus was the first leader, He was the adopted son and great nephew of Julius Caesar.

Nerva: (96–98 AD) Nerva changed land laws to help the poor and changed tax rules.
Trajan: Trajan built many new public works projects such as bath-houses and roads. The empire grew to its biggest size while Trajan was leader.
Hadrian: Hadrian built Hadrian's Wall in Britain (at the time called Britannia). He also made Roman laws easier to understand.
Antoninus Pius: Antonius promoted art and science. He also built new public works, and passed laws to help orphans.

The Pax Romana, which in Latin means Roman Peace, was a period from about 2000 to about 1800 years ago when the Roman Empire had reached the height of its size and had few military conflicts.  The Pax Romana was not always totally peaceful, as a transition within government could lead to chaos, but is remembered as a golden age for Rome where the empire grew wealthy and no threats challenged Roman dominance in Europe, northern Africa, or the Middle East. During this time period, they grew tremendously in architecture, science, mathematics,

Roman Empire

Pax Romana


Moha is a rural locality located at the confluence of the Bridge and Yalakom Rivers, 30 km northwest of Lillooet, British Columbia, Canada.  The name derives from that of a rock formation on the north (right) bank of the Yalakom River overlooking the confluence, meaning "land of plenty"  and which was adopted as the name of the Moha Ranch, one of several small ranches and farms in the area, which is located on the benchland above the rock formation.

The surrounding rural neighbourhood, which includes land-holdings up the Yalakom River, and along the Bridge River from Michelmoon Creek  in the Bridge River Canyon downstream to Antoine Creek, is known locally in the Lillooet Country region as Yalakom (as opposed to "the Yalakom", which refers to the basin and terrain of the Yalakom River and includes uninhabited areas far upstream from Moha/Yalakom).

References

Unincorporated settlements in British Columbia
Lillooet Country
Populated places in the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District
Ghost towns in British Columbia

Moha, British Columbia


A diapsid is a reptile with two fenestrae (holes) behind the eye on each side of its skull. Most reptiles are diapsids, and the condition does not occur in mammals. The function of the holes is to improve jaw movements, and to reduce the weight of the skull. The holes give places for muscle attachment; also, as jaw muscles contract, the holes allow space for the muscles to bulge.

The Allosaurus skull shows the way the skull became lighter in dinosaurs, especially the large theropods. It is here not much more than a series of struts, yet provides massive bite power.

Euryapsids
Some aquatic reptile groups lost the lower of the two openings, leaving just one behind the eye. This is called the euryapsid condition. It is fairly certain that this is secondary, and that the groups were originally diapsids. The groups include:
Ichthyosaurs
Plesiosaurs
Placodonts

Reptiles
Skeletal system

Diapsid


Martín Chambi Jiménez, (Puno, Peru November 5, 1891 – Cuzco, September 13, 1973) was a photographer who came from the south of Peru. He was also known as Martín Chambi de Coaza. He was the only well known indigenous Latin American photographer of his time.

He is considered one of the great figures of American photography.

Chambi is famous for the historic and social value of his photographs. He was a portrait photographer in the cities and the countryside of the Peruvian Andes. He was the leading portrait photographer in the Andean city of Cusco. Chambi also took many landscape photographs, and he sold these photographs as postcards.  He was one of the first to use the postcard format in Peru.

In 1979, MOMA in New York had a Chambi exhibition.  The exhibition later moved to various locations. It inspired other international exhibitions of his work.

Quotations
"It is wrong to focus too much on the testimonial (historical) value of his photos. They have that, indeed, but, in equal measure they express the milieu (society) in which he lived and they show (...) that when he was behind a camera, he became a giant, a true inventor, a force of invention, a recreator of life."
- Mario Vargas Llosa

"I've read that in Chile they think that the indigenous South American peoples have no culture, that they are  not civilised, that they are intellectually and artistically inferior to European white peoples. The artworks are a graphic testament that is more eloquent than my own opinion, always.  I hope that this testament will be examined fairly and objectively.  I feel I am representing my race; my people will speak through the photographs."
- Martín Chambi, 1936

Early life
Martín Chambi was born in a poor Quechua family.  He was born in one of the poorest parts of Peru, at the end of the nineteenth century. His father worked in a gold mine by the River Inambari.  Martín sometimes went to work with his father too.  He saw his first photographer there at the mine. Chambi learned the basic techniques from a photographer at the Santo Domingo Mine. This meeting fired his ambition.

Chambi tried to work as a professional photographer after this. He traveled to the city of Arequipa in 1908, where photography was more developed.  Many professional photographers lived in Areqiupa. They had developed individual photographic styles and professional techniques.

Chambi was an apprentice in the studio of Max T. Vargas.  After nine years he created his own studio in Sicuani in 1917. He published his first postcards in November 1917.

In 1923 he moved to Cusco and opened a studio there. In Cusco he photographed rich society people and poor indigenous people. During his career, Chambi also travelled all over the Andes.  He photographed the landscapes, Inca ruins, and local people.  Chambi was with the American explorer Hiram Bingham when Bingham "discovered" Machu Picchu, the great Inca monument.

Chronology
1891 - Born in Coaza, Puno (Peru) to a Quechua-speaking indigenous family.
1905 - Father dies. Travels to the banks of the Inambari to work in the gold mines, meets photographers working at the Santo Domingo Mine owned by the Inca Mining Co.
1908 - Apprentice in the photographic studio of Max T. Vargas, in Arequipa.
1917 - Opens his first photographic studio in Sicuani, Puno.
1920 - Establishes himself in the city of Cusco, photographing in an artistic "painterly" style that he learned in Arequipa.
1927 - Beginning of his mature photographic style.
1938 - Opens studio gallery.
1950 - Cusco earthquake. End of the "Cusco School". After this, he gradually stops working actively as a photographer.
1958 - Exhibition in his honor after 50 years of his photography career.
1964 - Chambi Exhibition en Mexico ("Primera Convención de la Federación Internacional de Arte Fotográfico")
1973 - Chambi dies in Cusco, in his old studio on Calle Marqués.
1976 - Chambi is the subject of a video documentary, El arte fotográfico de Martín Chambi, by José Carlos Huayhuaca.
1977 - Chambi's photographs are archived and restored for the first time, financed by the Earthwatch Foundation (Belmont, Massachusetts). This marks the beginning of international fame.
1979 - Retrospective exhibition at MOMA in New York City.
1981 - Latin American photography exhibition in Zurich.
1986 - BBC Arena film "Martín Chambi and The Heirs of the Incas" is shown worldwide.
1990 - Exhibition dedicated to Chambi at the Círculo de Bellas Artes in Madrid. A book of his work is published to honor the exhibition.

Publications
Martín Chambi, Photographs 1920-1950 (Smithsonian Institution Press 1993)
 (originally published in Spain by Lunwerg Editores, 1990)

Martín Chambi and the Heirs of the Incas
(A documentary film by Paul Yule and Andy Harries, originally made for the BBC in 1986)

1891 births
1973 deaths
Peruvian people
Photographers

Martín Chambi


Gustave Glotz (17 February 1862, Haguenau, Bas-Rhin – 16 April 1935, Paris) was a French historian of ancient Greece. He was a supporter of the theory that history never follows a simple, logical course.

Glotz studied at the École normale supérieure, and in 1885 received the agrégation d'histoire, a competitive examination in France designed to recruit teachers for secondary school positions. In 1907, he succeeded Paul Guiraud as professor of Greek history at the Sorbonne. In 1920, he became a member of the Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres, and was named its president in 1928. His work on the economic history of Greece and the ancient Greek city is particularly noted. Le travail dans la Grèce ancienne (1920) is well known in the English translation Ancient Greece at Work (1926), as is his Cité Grecque (1928) as The Greek City and Its Institutions (1930).

According to Glotz, the first humans to arrive in Greece were semi-nomadic shepherds from the Balkans. Their society was based on a patriarchal clan, whose members were all descendant from the same ancestor and all worshiped the same deity. Unions between several clans resulted in "fraternités", or armed groups. When faced with important undertakings, these groups would come together into a small number of tribes which were entirely independent in terms of religious, political, and militaristic views but which all recognized a supreme king, their chief.

Glotz also distinguished between two phases of the ancient Greek city: an archaic era (1500-1400 BCE), corresponding to the Minoan age, with the formation in Greece of the first urban centers, and a Doric age, roughly viewed as a Hellenic middle age, characterized by chaos and invasions. Only fortified cities and acropolises, capable of controlling the surrounding regions, survived this period.

Glotz gives his name to the Centre Gustave Glotz, a group of researchers under the auspices of the Institut national d'histoire de l'art, the CNRS, and the Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne.

References
 https://web.archive.org/web/20081119034431/http://www.espacestemps.net/document488.html

1862 births
1935 deaths
People from Haguenau
École Normale Supérieure alumni
20th-century French historians
Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
French male non-fiction writers

Gustave Glotz


Lassa fever or Lassa hemorrhagic fever (LHF) is a fever caused by the Lassa virus. It is common in West Africa. One in 80 people who get Lassa fever will die. Some cases are severe and require going to a hospital. These cases have a death rate of 1 in 5. Lassa Fever was discovered in 1969 after two nurses died from the disease. It was named for the town in Borno State, Nigeria where it was first diagnosed.

How people get Lassa fever

Lassa fever is transmitted from rodents to humans. It is caused by direct contact with rodent droppings. It can also be transmitted by humans to other humans by their blood. Lassa fever is common in West and Central Africa (around the equator).

Lassa fever cannot be transmitted by breathing. It is not very contagious between humans. However it is much more contagious among seriously ill patients. Lassa fever is transmitted by humans through skin lesions, mucous that is exposed to the virus, or by a patient's blood. This means healthcare workers (such as doctors and nurses) need to be especially careful in treating patients, or they risk getting the virus themselves.

Symptoms of Lassa fever
In 80% of cases, the disease does not have any symptoms and does not make people ill. In the other 20% of cases it shows symptoms and becomes much more severe. About 5,000 people die from it each year.

In infected patients, the disease has an incubation period of 5 days to 3 weeks. During this time, the virus remains dormant and does not cause harm. After this time various symptoms begin to appear including:

 Vomiting (with blood)
 Diarrhea (with blood)
 Nausea
 Stomach ache
 Constipation
 Difficulty Swallowing
 Coughing
 Seizures

Diagnosis and treatment
In  laboratories, there are many ways to test if a patient has Lassa fever. However, in many of the affected regions, there is no equipment to do the tests. This means sometimes people may not be correctly tested and identified with having Lassa fever.

If a patient is diagnosed with Lassa fever, then the patient will be kept away from other people, to prevent the spread of the virus. If found early, it is possible to treat Lassa fever with the medicine Ribavirin. Despite the fact the drug is relatively cheap, the medicine is still considered expensive for many people in affected regions. Patients may also require blood transfusions and rehydration.

Pregnant women in their 3rd trimester may need their baby's birth to be induced to allow them to have a chance of survival.

Due to the use of Ribavirin, fewer people are dying from Lassa fever.

Prevention

It is not practical to control the amount of rodents in the affected states. Therefore the best way of prevention is to keep rodents out of houses and public areas to prevent people coming into contact with infected droppings. Infected patients should also be isolated to prevent the spread of the virus (by humans to other humans). In rich countries, diseases such as Lassa fever can be easily monitored by public health organisations to prevent outbreaks. Poor countries often cannot afford these services

There is a vaccine which has shown promise in primates. It has not yet been proved effective in humans.

References

Other websites
 WHO factsheet
 CDC info—viral fevers
 Health Protection Agency - viral haemorrhagic fevers
 Merlin
 Map
 Emerging Infectious Diseases, CDC

Diseases caused by viruses

Lassa fever


Here are some words for small ordinal numbers. Words in bold are irregular.

When writing other numbers between 21 and 99, only use the cardinal form of the last number. Also, you must use a hyphen (-).
 21: twenty-first
 64: sixty-fourth
 99: ninety-ninth

The ordinal number 100 is written as "one hundredth", but sometimes people say "the hundredth".

To write a number from 100 to 999:
  First write how many hundreds.
  If nothing is left over, write the word "hundredth".
  If anything is left over, write the word "hundred", then write whatever is left over. Some times people use "and" to show the left overs.
Examples:
 101: one hundred first
 102: one hundred second (or one hundred and second)
 175: one hundred seventy-fifth
 200: two hundredth
 300: three hundredth
 512: five hundred twelfth
 987: nine hundred eighty-seventh

You can also write ordinal numbers by writing the number, then the ending (-st, -nd, -rd, or -th) from above.
 1st
 2nd
 3rd
 4th
 15th
 63rd
 80th
 987th
 2001st

Related pages
 Names of numbers in English

Numbers

Names for ordinal numbers


Llwynypia (spelt Llwyn-y-pia an aw), is a veelage an commonty in Rhondda Cynon Taf, Wales, near Tonypandy in the Rhondda Fawr. Afore 1850 a lightly populated landwart fermin aurie, Llwynypia experiencit a population boom atween 1860 an 1920 wi the sinkin o several coal mines efter the discovery o lairge coal deposits throuoot Rhondda.

The Welsh name means "the grove o the Magpie" or "Magpie's Bush" an wis taken frae the name o a ferm that ance existit in the area.

Early history
Situatit on the River Rhondda Fawr whaur the river chynges direction frae sooth-east tae sootherly, Llwynypia haulds evidence o human habitation frae the Bronze Age throu tae modren times. On Mynydd y Gelli, a hill owerleukin the aurie tae the wast, lees the Airn Age dounset o Hen Dre'r Gelli, a steid which haes several Bronze Age cairns an aw.

In 1850 the first mine wis sunk in the upper Rhondda in Treherbert but it wis no till 1859 that Isaac Smith, manager o the Church Colliery, first attemptit tae prospect the aurie for coal when he opened a smaw level beneath Llwynypia Farm. Efter encoonterin numerous problems, Smith abandoned the level but in 1862 anither entrepreneur, the Scots minin ingineer Archibald Hood, leased laund at Llwynypia an sank the Llwynypia No. 1 pit in 1863. Awtho facin mony difficulties at the No. 1 pit, Hood continued in his endeavours an bi 1873 haed sunk 4 mair pits, nou unner the name o the Glamorgan Coal Company. Hood wis a popular figur in the aurie an his mines became kent as the 'Scotch mines', efter Hood hissel an the nummer o Scots miners who follaeed him tae live an wirk in Llwynypia. After Hood's daith in 1902, he receivit mony tributes frae his wirkforce, an in 1906 a staute o him wis unveiled bi Rhondda MP William Abraham ootside the Llwynypia Miners' institute. Hintle o the cost o the statue wis met bi donations frae the miners o his pits.

In 1908 the Glamorgan Colliery became pairt o the Cambrian Combine Company an, in 1910-1911, wis a scene o violent clashes durin the Tonypandy Riots.

The vera heich quality o Rhondda coal wis recognisit bi the Admiralty which specifee'd it as the fuel o choice for the steam ships o the Ryal Navy frae the late 19t century. The Llwynypia pits wur extractin excellent cokin coals an, bi the time o Warld War I, the veelage hoosed aroond 140 coke ovens. Bi-products o the coke distillation process wis uised tae licht the mines an the narrae streets o miners' cottages kent as "terraces".  Some o the terraces hae been widened but ithers remain so narrae that a single caur can barely pass throu.

On 25 Januar 1932, a gas explosion occurred at the colliery. Eleven wirkers wur killed in the incident, twa o whom wur members o the rescue pairty. Aw perished efter inhalin efterdamp follaein the explosion.

By 1936, o the oreeginal sax pits opened at the Glamorgan, twa remained in operation, employing anerly 560 workers, as against 2904 employed in 1923. The colliery wis eventually closed in August 1945.

Notable biggins
Built in the early 1900s on the steid o the Glyncornel ferm, awned bi the DeWinton faimily, Hen Glyncornel is ane o the maist imposin hooses in the veelage. Built bi Archibald Hood for his son William, this biggin wis then surpassed bi nearbi Glyncornel House which wis built bi the Cambrian Coal Combine for senior management, but wis turned intae a maternity hospital in 1939 bi Rhondda Borough Council.

Llwynypia is hame tae the lairgest hospital in the Rhondda an aw. Llwynypia hospital wis built in the early 1900s, oreeginally as a wirkhoose, later becomin a general hospital. As the anerly veelage wi maternity facilities in the Rhondda, maist residents frae the aurie ower the last century hae Llwynypia as their place o birth on their birth certificates. Llwynypia's accident an emergency unit wis closed in the 1990s an the closest A&E unit is nou at Llantrisant's Royal Glamorgan Hospital.

Transport
The Llwynypia railwey station is servit an operatit bi Arriva Trains Wales on the Rhondda Line frae Cairdiff.

Sport an leisur
Llwynypia wis ance hame tae Llwynypia Rugby Football Club. The club played in the Glamorgan leagues an wis affiliatit tae the Welsh Rugby Union providin mony trialists an Welsh internaitional rugby union players. The club disbandit in the 1930s durin the depression like mony Rhondda clubs, but unlike teams such as Treherbert, did no recover.

Welsh internaitional fitbawer Robert Page wis born in the veelage.

Llwynypia held the qualification roonds o the Field Archery World Championship in 2008.

Freemit airtins
Llwynypia Commonty Wabsteid
www.geograph.co.uk : photos o Llwynypia an surroondin aurie
Rhondda Cynon Taf Library Services  Heritage Trail Llwynypia

References

Veelages in Rhondda Cynon Taf
Rhondda
Commonties in Rhondda Cynon Taf

Llwynypia


Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo is a 1999 American sex comedy movie. It was the first movie directed by Mike Mitchell. The movie was produced by Sid Ganis and Barry Bernandi. Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo was released on December 10, 1999. It was the first movie to be released by Happy Madison Productions. The movie is about an unlucky fishtank cleaner who goes into business as a male prostitute in an attempt to earn enough money to repair the damage that he caused while he was house-sitting.

The movie gained negative reviews from critics and holds a 23% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. A sequel titled Deuce Bigalow: European Gigolo was released on August 12, 2005.

Cast
 Rob Schneider as Deuce Bigalow
 William Forsythe as Det. Chuck Fowler
 Eddie Griffin as Tiberius Jefferson "T.J." Hicks
 Arija Bareikis as Kate
 Oded Fehr as Antoine Laconte
 Gail O'Grady as Claire
 Richard Riehle as Bob Bigalow
 Jacqueline Obradors as Elaine Fowler
 Big Boy as Fluisa aka Jabba
 Amy Poehler as Ruth
 Bree Turner as Allison
 Andrew Shaifer as Neil
 Allen Covert as Vic
 Elle Schneider (Rob's Daughter), as Cookie Girl
 Pilar Schneider (Rob's Mother), as Old Lady in Japanese Restaurant
 Norm Macdonald as Bartender (uncredited)
 Marlo Thomas as Client with Vicious Dog (uncredited)
 Adam Sandler as Robert Justin (uncredited, voice role)

References

Other websites

1999 comedy movies
1990s sex comedy movies
American sex comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies about prostitution
Happy Madison movies

Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo


A hypercane is a hypothetical class of extreme tropical cyclone that could form if sea surface temperatures reached approximately , which is  warmer than the warmest ocean temperature ever recorded. Such an increase could be caused by a large asteroid or comet impact, a large supervolcanic eruption, anthropogenic climate change, or a large submarine flood basalt. There is some speculation that a series of hypercanes resulting from the impact of a large asteroid or comet contributed to the demise of the non-avian dinosaurs. The hypothesis was created by Kerry Emanuel of MIT, who also coined the term.

Description

In order to form a hypercane, according to Emanuel's hypothetical model, the ocean temperature would have to be at least 49 °C (120 °F). A critical difference between a hypercane and present-day hurricanes is that a hypercane would extend into the upper stratosphere, whereas present-day hurricanes extend into only the lower stratosphere.

Hypercanes would have wind speeds of over , potentially gusting to , and would also have a central pressure of less than , giving them an enormous lifespan of at least several weeks. The pressure drop, compared to mean sea level pressure, would be the equivalent of being at almost 3,000 m (or about 10,000 ft) in elevation, a level sufficient to cause altitude sickness. This extreme low pressure could also support massive storm systems roughly the size of North America. For comparison, the largest and most intense storm on record was 1979's Typhoon Tip, with a 1-minute sustained wind speed of  and a minimum central pressure of . Such a storm would be nearly eight times more powerful than Hurricane Patricia, the storm with the highest sustained wind speed recorded, which had 1-minute sustained winds of 345 km/h (215 mph). However, hypercanes may be as small as  in size, and they would lose strength quickly after venturing into colder waters.

The waters after a hypercane could remain hot enough for weeks, allowing more hypercanes to form. A hypercane's clouds would reach  into the stratosphere. Such an intense storm would also damage the Earth's ozone layer, potentially having devastating consequences for life on Earth. Water molecules in the stratosphere would react with ozone to accelerate decay into O2 and reduce absorption of ultraviolet light.

Mechanism
A hurricane functions as a Carnot heat engine powered by the temperature difference between the sea and the uppermost layer of the troposphere. As air is drawn in towards the eye it acquires latent heat from evaporating sea-water, which is then released as sensible heat during the rise inside the eyewall and radiated away at the top of the storm system. The energy input is balanced by energy dissipation in a turbulent boundary layer close to the surface, which leads to an energy balance equilibrium.

In Emanuel's model, if the temperature difference between the sea and the top of the troposphere is too large, there is no solution to the equilibrium equation. As more air is drawn in, the released heat reduces the central pressure further, drawing in more heat in a runaway positive feedback. The actual limit to hypercane intensity depends on other energy dissipation factors that are uncertain: whether inflow ceases to be isothermal, whether shock waves would form in the outflow around the eye, or whether turbulent breakdown of the vortex happens.

See also

 Global catastrophic risk
 Saffir–Simpson scale
 Tornado
 Extraterrestrial cyclone
 Great Red Spot
 Great Dark Spot

References

External links
 Hypercanes: The Next Big Disaster Movie? – YouTube

Tropical cyclone meteorology
Weather hazards
Doomsday scenarios
Geological hazards
Future problems
Meteorological hypotheses

Hypercane


Edwin Lewis Snyder (July 2, 1887 – March 28, 1969) was an architect and pioneer in the use of Spanish Colonial Revival Style architecture, building homes in Northern California for decades from the early to mid-twentieth century. The Snyder-designed Berkeley Community YWCA, built in 1930, is on the city's historical register; the Roy O. Long Co. Building, built in 1927, is on the California Historical Resources Inventory.
Along with Frederick L. Confer (designer of the Tao House), Snyder designed several "western colonial" homes during the depression. In 1851, Snyder designed the  Alpha Delta Pi sorority house in Berkeley, excluding architect's fees, the English cottage style structure was made for $27,500 ().

Biography

Snyder was born on July 2, 1887, in Stockton, California. He married Dorian Ethel Wright on January 18, 1913, in San Francisco, California. He received his degree in architecture from the University of California, Berkeley in 1909. He was strongly influenced by a six-week visit to Majorca, a Spanish island in the Mediterranean, where he visited Palma (Majorca), Deià, Estellencs, and Formentor. He found homes he described as "architecturally perfect" featuring pergolas, Dado (architecture), tile roofs, windows that ran to the floor, with white-washed finishes.  These features were included in his later California works.

Snyder's designs placed first and second in the 1932 Small House Exhibition in Oakland, California. The first place award was for a ranch house built for his colleague Confer; it featured typical traits of early California architecture—a clay tile roof, a large brick fireplace, and a sunroom. In 1935, editors of Sunset Magazine reviewed the design of Snyder's own home: "By skillful planning and execution, Mr. Snyder has achieved a house that has all of the informal charm of a tiny cottage and at the same time the spaciousness that comes in larger dwellings."  Landscape architect Garrett Eckbo designed the landscaping for the house, which has a view of the San Francisco Bay from the Berkeley Hills.

An advocate of housing for low-income families, Snyder designed low-cost homes for the National Housing Bureau. He emphasized that low-income housing should have standard design elements, but different architectural design.

A veteran of both World War I and II, Snyder operated his own architecture practice in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, from 1942 to 1961, when he moved to Lodi, California to retire. He was a former member and past president of the Architectural Honor Society. In Carmel, he designed the Spinning Wheel Restaurant in 1952.

Death
He died in on March 28, 1969, in Lodi, California, at the age of 81, and was buried there.

Further reading
Small California House First Choice in Vote at Oakland Exhibit, The Architect and Engineer, 108:46-51 February 1932
Stafford L. Jory, A New Sorority House in Berkeley, The Architect and Engineer, 110:10, 12-17, August 1932
"Edwin Lewis Snyder, Spain's Magic Island, The Architect and Engineer, 110:10, 37-45, August 1932
Helen Bell Grady, Colonial in a Western Setting, 73:4, 9-11, Sunset Magazine, September 1934
Tucked Away in the Hills of Berkeley, Sunset Magazine, 74-75(3), 12-13, March 1935
Recent Houses by Edwin Lewis Snyder, Architect, The Architect and Engineer, 125: 21-28, June 1936
Edwin Lewis Snyder, Housing Shortage in California at Critical Stage, The Architect and Engineer, 133:24-29, April 1938

External links
In New Houses, Sunset Magazine, 76-77(6), 26-27, June 1936.
"Edwin Snyder Taken by Death", Lodi News Sentinel, March 29, 1969.
Writers' Program (Calif.), Federal Writers' Project, Berkeley: the first seventy-five years, AMS Press, 1975
Berkeley Landmarks, Designated by the Landmarks Preservation Commission, Berkeley, CA
Google Map of Homes Designed by Edwin Lewis Snyder in Oakland and Berkeley, CA
Edwin Lewis Snyder Architect

See also
List of American architects

References

Architects from California
Mediterranean Revival architects
Spanish Colonial Revival architects
Spanish Revival architects
Spanish Colonial Revival architecture in California
1969 deaths
1887 births
UC Berkeley College of Environmental Design alumni

Edwin Lewis Snyder


The V-22 Osprey is a tilt rotor aircraft, meaning it has 2 rotors it can tilt. This makes it so it can fly like a helicopter and an airplane. It can even fly as high as the stratosphere. When the US Military failed Operation Eagle Claw, which was going to rescue some hostages, they wanted to get an aircraft that could take off vertically and was fast. This led to the companies Boeing and Bell Aircraft to work together to make the V-22 Osprey.

Bell aircraft
Boeing aircraft

Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey


Héctor Medina, better known by his literary pen name as Emeterio Cerro (Balcarce, Argentina; December 3, 1952 – Buenos Aires, Argentina; December 12, 1996) was an Argentine poet, playwright and short fiction writer.

Biography
Emeterio Cerro, whose birth name is Héctor Medina, was born on December 3, 1952 in Balcarce, in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina.  He obtained his bachelor's degree in psychology and graduated as regisseur of opera at the Higher Institute of Arts of the Colón Theatre (Instituto Superior de Arte del Teatro Colón); he further enrolled at the Sorbonne University in Paris in advanced courses of linguistics.  Since 1986 he has lived in Paris.

By means of La Barrosa (Miss Murkiness), a theatre company he created in 1983, he was able to present his works that reflect his creativeness.  The name of his theatre company derives from one work of his that consisted in two long poems organized on musical structures, based on sound repetition and variation, where the logic sustaining discourse is strictly phonic.  Among the plays he made stand out La Juanetarga, El Cuis Cuis, El Bochicho, La Julietada, La Magdalena del Ojón, El Bollo, Doña Ñoca, La Papelona, La María Rodríguez, La Tullivieja, La Dongue, La Marita, Loca de Amor (Mad of Love), Las Guaranís (1996), and Tango-Macbeth.

He collaborated in literary magazines and newspapers such as Último Reino and El Porteño from Argentina, Ovación from Colombia, Dimensão from Brasil, Empireuma and Gemma from España, Akcent from Poland and Les Cahiers du Sud from France.  He is considered to belong to the neo-Baroque group among other writers such as Severo Sarduy, Néstor Perlongher, Arturo Carrera, Tamara Kamenszain, and Osvaldo Lamborghini.

He died in Buenos Aires on December 12, 1996.

Works

Novels
Las Ecogógicas (1985)
La Bulina (1989)
El Salvatierra (1994)

Poetry
La Barrosa (Miss Murkiness or The Muddy One, 1982)
El Bochicho (1983)
Las Amarantas (1984)
El Charmelo (1986)
Aguasmadres (1986)
Los Fifris de Galia (1988)
Las Mirtillas (1989)
Los Teros del Danubio (1990)
El Bristol (1991)
Las Carnes (1992)
Pasodoble Español (1992)
L'Hambre China (1993)
La Maruca Bustos (1993)
Sangre Salomé  (1996)

Playwrights
Teatralones (1985)

Short fiction
Retrato de un Albañil Adolescente (Portrait of an Adolescent Construction Worker in collaboration with Arturo Carrera, 1988)
Telones Zurcidos para Títeres con Himen (Drop Curtains Mended for Puppets with Hymen in collaboration with Arturo Carrera, 1988)
El Cecilio (1991)
La Petite Bouline (1991)
A la San Pampa (1995)
Cuervos en Gomina (1996)

References

External links
Online sources
  Emeterio Cerro  Kulturburg, Comunidad Cultural.
Works online
Cerro, Emeterio. "Miss Murkiness" (fragments), translated by K.A. Koppel, The Xul Reader 13, January, 1997. Xul: Electronic Archive, Boston College.
Xul: Electronic Archive, other works of Emeterio Cerro available.  Boston College.

Argentine male poets
Argentine dramatists and playwrights
1952 births
1996 deaths
People from Balcarce Partido
20th-century Argentine poets
20th-century Argentine male writers
20th-century dramatists and playwrights
Male dramatists and playwrights

Emeterio Cerro


Martinetes (, sing. martinete) are a flamenco palo belonging to the group of the tonás or cantes a palo seco. As the rest of the songs in this group, it is sung with no accompaniment. In some dance shows for the stage, though, it is accompanied by percussion played with the compás of siguiriya. The percussion instruments chosen for this are frequently a hammer and anvil, to evocate the origins of this palo, attributed to Gypsy smiths. It is not probable, though, that they were real work songs: they demand too much effort and faculties to be sung while carrying out a heavy task like that of a smith. They were more probably sung in family gatherings.

Although martinetes are often classified under the toná group on the grounds that they share its a cappella nature, the melody types differ strongly from the rest of tonás, so it is now generally considered to be a different palo. A characteristic that differentiates them from the tonás, normally in major mode, is their modulating character, constantly going from major to phrygian mode.

The stanza of the martinete is the cuarteta romanceada: four eight-syllable lines, rhyming in assonance abcb. The subject matters often contain allusions to persecution, prison, and the environment of the forges.

Carceleras are usually considered a subclassification of martinetes, with prison as the subject matter of their lyrics. The debla, a rather rare style, is considered by some flamenco fans as a type of martinete, while other consider it as a palo on its own.

Sources
 Álvarez Caballero, Ángel: La discoteca ideal del flamenco, Planeta, 1995
 Martin Salazar, Jorge: Los cantes flamencos, Diputación Provincial de Granada
 Rossy, Hipólito: Teoría del cante jondo, Credsa, second edition, 1998 (first edition 1966)

Flamenco styles
Spanish music
Andalusian music
Vocal music
Spanish folk music
Spanish dances

Martinetes


A neural network (also called an ANN or an artificial neural network) is a sort of computer software, inspired by biological neurons. Biological brains are capable of solving difficult problems, but each neuron is only responsible for solving a very small part of the problem. Similarly, a neural network is made up of cells that work together to produce a desired result, although each individual cell is only responsible for solving a small part of the problem. This is one method for creating artificially intelligent programs.

Neural networks are an example of machine learning, where a program can change as it learns to solve a problem. A neural network can be trained and improved with each example, but the larger the neural network, the more examples it needs to perform well—often needing millions or billions of examples in the case of deep learning.

Overview

A neural network models a network of neurons, like those in the human brain.
Each neuron does simple mathematical operations: it receives data from other neurons, modifies it and sends it to other neurons.
Neurons are placed in "layers": a neuron from a layer receives data from the neurons of other layers, modifies it and sends data to the neurons of other layers.
A neural network is made up of one or more layers.

The first layer is called the "input layer", it receives data from the outside world (for example: an image or text).
The last layer is called the "output layer". The data from the neurons in the output layer is read and used as the output of the network.
The other layers are called the "hidden layers".

In a simple "feed-forward" network, the data handled by the neurons are numbers.
Each neuron does a weighted sum of the value of the neurons of the previous layer ( in the equation below).
It then adds to it a constant value (called the "bias").
Finally, it applies a mathematical function to this value, called the "activation function".
The activation function is usually a function that returns a value between 0 and 1, like tanh.
The result of the activation function ( in the equation below) is then sent to the neurons of the next layer.

A loss function is defined for the network. The loss function tries to estimate how well the neural network is doing at its assigned task. Finally, an optimization technique is applied to minimize the output of the cost function by changing the weights and biases of the network. This process is called training. Training is done one small step at a time. After thousands of steps, the network is typically able to do its assigned task pretty well.

Example
Consider a program that checks whether a person is alive. It checks two things - the pulse, and breath. If a person has either a pulse or is breathing, the program will output 'alive', otherwise, it will output 'dead'. In a program that does not learn over time, this would be written as:function isAlive(pulse, breathing) {
    if(pulse || breathing) {
        return true;
    } else {
        return false;
    }
}A very simple neural network, made of just one neuron that solves the same problem will look like this:

The values of pulse, breathing, and alive will be either 0 or 1, representing false and true. Thus, if this neuron is given the values (0,1), (1,0) or (1,1), it should output 1, and if it is given (0,0), it should output 0. The neuron does this by applying a simple mathematical operation to the input - it adds whatever values it has been given together, and then adds its own hidden value, which is called a 'bias'. To start with, this hidden value is random, and we adjust it over time if the neuron is not giving us the desired output.

If we add values such as (1,1) together, we might end up with numbers greater than 1, but we want our output to be between 0 and 1! To solve this, we can apply a function which limits our actual output to 0 or 1, even if the result of the neuron's math was not within the range. In more complicated neural networks, we apply a function (such as sigmoid) to the neuron, so that its value will be between 0 or 1 (such as 0.66), and then we pass on this value to the next neuron all the way until we need our output.

Learning methods
There are three ways a neural network can learn: supervised learning, unsupervised learning and reinforcement learning. These methods all work by either minimizing or maximizing a cost function, but each one is better at certain tasks.

Recently, a research team from the University of Hertfordshire, UK used reinforcement learning to make an iCub humanoid robot learn to say simple words by babbling.

References

Artificial intelligence

Artificial neural network


Shalom bayit () (also sholom bayit or shlom bayit, or (Yiddish) sholom bayis or shlom bayis) is the Jewish religious concept of domestic harmony and good relations between husband and wife. In a Jewish court of law, shalom bayit is the Hebrew term for marital reconciliation.

Origin of term
The term sh'lom beto () is found in the Talmud regarding domestic peace in general. Nowadays, it is mostly used regarding matrimonial peace. This likely came from interpretations of the Mishneh Torah, in which the task of lighting candles in the home during Sabbath or Hanukkah is attributed to bringing divine peace into the home.

As a Jewish value
Throughout the history of the Jewish people, Jews have held an ideal standard for Jewish family life that is manifested in the term shalom bayit. Shalom bayit signifies completeness, wholeness, and fulfillment. Hence, the traditional Jewish marriage is characterized by peace, nurturing, respect, and chesed (roughly meaning kindness, more accurately loving-kindness), through which a married couple becomes complete. It is believed that God's presence dwells in a pure and loving home

In Jewish culture, a marriage is described as a "match made in heaven," and is treated as a holy enterprise. For example, the Jewish betrothal ceremony is referred to in classical rabbinic literature as Kiddushin (meaning hallowing / sanctification / consecration). By declaring the marriage union sacred, a couple stands sanctified before God. It is in a relationship where both husband and wife recognize each other as creations in God's image and treat each other accordingly that true sanctity emanates forth. Moreover, this sanctity of the marital union reminds the Jewish husband and wife to express their holiness through marriage and to build a home based on mutual love, respect, and chesed.

In practice
The greatest praise the Talmudic rabbis offered to any woman was that given to a wife that fulfils the wishes of her husband. The husband too was expected to love his wife as much as he loves himself, and honour her more than he honours himself; indeed, one who honours his wife was said, by the classical rabbis, to be rewarded with wealth. Similarly, a husband was expected to discuss with his wife any worldly matters that might arise in his life.

Tough love was frowned upon; the Talmud forbids a husband from being overbearing to his household, and domestic abuse by him was also condemned. It was said of a wife that God counts her tears.

Contemporary rabbinical sources have also clarified explicit guidelines for maintaining shalom bayit. These include ritual practices, such as observing niddah, partaking in the mikveh, or checking one's tefillin. Behavioral practices include mutual respect, honor, and communication, yet some sources argue for strict conflict avoidance or differing in opinions. Oftentimes, the responsibility of maintaining shalom bayit is likened to the gender role for women.

In the Midrash
In Jewish thought and law, domestic harmony is an important goal; to this end, an early midrash argues that a wife should not leave the home too frequently.

The goal may even warrant engaging in a "white lie". According to the Talmud, when God tells Sarah she will give birth to a son, she expresses disbelief, saying: "After I am waxed old shall I have pleasure, my husband being old also?"  But when God speaks to Abraham, he says: "Why did Sarah laugh and say, 'Will I really have a child, now that I am old? (Genesis: 18:12-13). The rabbis comment that God omitted Sarah's mention of Abraham's age out of concern for their shalom bayit.

Link to domestic violence
Due to its attribution to divinity in orthodox communities, shalom bayit has been linked with traditional concepts of gets and agunot as contributing to a system of marriage and divorce with fosters a cycle of domestic abuse. Shalom bayit is attributed to being a barrier for the escape of a battered woman, for fear of the shame brought to those denied a get and claims by the abuser that asking for a get is a disruption to marital peace, thus violating a divine blessing.

See also
Jewish view of marriage
Get (divorce document)

References

External links
 Chabad.org: Marital Harmony
 Shalom Bayit: Ending Domestic Violence in Jewish Homes

Jewish marital law
Hebrew words and phrases
Reconciliation

Shalom bayit


Christian Basso (born September 27, 1966), is an Argentine musician, known as both a composer and a multi-instrumentalist.

He has created music pieces for theater, dance, installations, television and films. Among his most recent creations is the music for Korean feature Secret Sunshine by renowned filmmaker Lee Chang-dong, film which was awarded a Best Actress Award in Cannes 2007.

His music combines elements from tango, Italian music, jazz and Argentine folklore with the classical and traditional features of soundtrack composers.

Throughout his over twenty-year career, he became well known in the local scene as bassist and musician of diverse projects next to such artists as Charly Garcia, Gustavo Cerati, Richard Coleman, Andrés Calamaro, Daniel Melingo, Javier Malosetti, Maria Gabriela Epumer, among others; and mainly with La Portuaria, band of which he was mastermind and founding member next to Diego Frenkel. This group became key in the music renewal scene of the 1990s in Argentina for it combined sounds, rhythms and instruments characteristic of the so-called world music with rock. His themes Selva and El Bar de la Calle Rodney remained in the first positions of best-selling charts for weeks.

As soloist he edited Profanía and La Penthalpha, creations which delve deeply into a search for a more personal sound that embraces the spirit and influences of the immigrants' culture.  Both projects feature soprano Eva Faludi (Coro Polifonico Nacional), American singer Kal Cahoone (Lilium, Tarantella); and music arranger Alejandro Terán (Hypnofon), among others.

¨Basso proposes a music of strong European accent with port, cabaret and vaudeville scents. It echoes melancholic violins, mandolins and accordions, next to spaghetti-western twang guitars. It is a deeply evocative sound which recognizes predecessors like Ennio Morricone, Nino Rota and, more recently, the group Calexico and ´bad seed´ Barry Adamson".
Claudio Kleiman / Rolling Stone Magazine

External links
 Official Page of Christian Basso
 Official MySpace of Christian Basso

1966 births
Living people
Argentine musicians
Argentine songwriters
Male songwriters
Musicians from Buenos Aires
Rock en Español musicians
Argentine multi-instrumentalists

Christian Basso


A tribute (from Latin tribulum, contribution) is when one party gives to another as a sign of respect or, as was often case in historical situations, of submission or loyalty.

This is trade between the parties under a contractual relationship formed upon pressure, and based upon the possibility of threats if improved relationships did not happen.

Imperial China
In Imperial China, the term "tribute" is used to describe a kind of regulated trade in goods and services between China (the only great power in East Asia) and other trading partners.

Despite the term "tribute" state, China did not get involved in the domestic affairs and diplomacy of its trading partners, such as Joseon, Japan, Siam, Cochinchina and the Ryūkyū Kingdom.
 1403: The Ming Dynasty emperor of China gave a patent and a gold seal to  Taejong of Joseon.  This confirmed his legal status as the ruler of the Korean peninsula.
 1784: The earliest imperial device in Japan was lost.  It was found in the late 18th century.  A Han Dynasty emperor of China gave the gold object to the emperor of Japan in the first century (57 AD).  This is a relic of the Chinese tribute system.

Musical tribute
In music, a tribute is when a singer, musician or band plays the music of another musical group. These artists may make an entire album called a "tribute album" that is nothing but songs that were first played by other musicians. A "tribute band" is a band that only plays songs that were made famous by one other band. They will often dress like that band and try to look like them as they perform. For example, a Kiss tribute band will only play songs by the band Kiss. They will also dress like the band and use the same makeup designs as members of the bands.

Related pages
 Diplomacy

Notes

References

Taxation
Musical terminology

Tribute


Jean-Joseph Languet de Gergy (; 25 August 1677 – 11 May 1753) was a French ecclesiastic and theologian. He was first bishop of Soissons, then a member of the Académie française, and finally archbishop of Sens.

Biography
Son of the public prosecutor of the parlement of Bourgogne, Languet de Gercy was a protégé of Jacques Bénigne Bossuet, who introduced him to Louis XIV and had him named as the chaplain to the princess. At the same time he was the general vicar of the diocese of Autun, which includes the parish of Paray-le-Monial where the saint Marguerite Marie Alacoque is buried.  Ordered to investigate the miracles that were said to have occurred at her hand, he wrote a biography of Alacoque in 1729. Furthermore, he was named bishop of Soissons in 1715, and elected member of l'Académie française in 1721.  He was also named archbishop of Sens in 1730 and the Conseil d'État (Council of State) in 1747.

Languet de Gergy's work on the life of Alacoque was violently attacked by the Jansenites opposed to the catholic devotion of the Sacred Heart.  Also defender of the papal bull Unigenitus, he meddled in numerous political-religious controversies, and was equally known for both the content of his pamphlets, and their number.  He belonged to the parti des dévots opposed to the philosophies of the Age of Enlightenment and fought fiercely against the candidacies of Montesquieu and Voltaire to l'Académie française.

In addition to his treatises and religious pamphlets, Languet de Gergy was the author of books on the Divine Office, catechism, and of pastoral letters.

Publications
Du Véritable esprit de l'Église dans l'usage de ses cérémonies, ou Réfutation du traité de D. Cl. de Vert intitulé : « Explication simple et historique des cérémonies de l'Église » (1715, Of the True Spirit of the Church in the Usage of its Ceremonies, or Refutation of the Treatise of Claude de Vert, titled "Simple and Historical Explanation of the Ceremonies of the Church)
Traité de la confiance en la miséricorde de Dieu, augmenté d'un Traité du faux bonheur des gens du monde et du vrai bonheur de la vie chrétienne (1718, Treatise on the Belief and Graciousness in God, an addition to a Treatise of False Happiness of the People of the Word and the True Happiness of the Christian Life). Online Text, in French:
La Vie de la vénérable Mère Marguerite-Marie, religieuse de la Visitation Sainte Marie du monastère de Paray-le-Monial en Charolais, morte en odeur de sainteté en 1690 (1729, The Life of the Venerable Mother Marguerite-Marie, nun of the Visitation of Saint Mary of the Monastery of Paray-le-Monial in Charolais, who died in sanctity in 1690)
Traité sur les moyens de connaître la vérité dans l'Église (1749, Treatise on the Ways to Know the Truth in the Church)
Recueil d'écrits polémiques (1752, Collection of Polemic Writings)
Mémoires inédits de Languet de Gergy, archevêque de Sens (1863, Inedited Memories of Languet de Gergy, archbishop of Sens). In La Famille d'Aubigné et l'enfance de Madame de Maintenon by Théophile Lavallée.

See also

References
Nelson-Martin Dawson, Fidélités ecclésiastiques et crise janséniste : Monsignor Jean Joseph Languet de Gergy et la bulle Unigenitus, Éditions Les fous du roi, Sherbrooke, Québec, 2001

External links
Biography from l'Académie française, in French

1677 births
1753 deaths
Clergy from Dijon
18th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in France
Archbishops of Sens
Bishops of Soissons
18th-century French Catholic theologians
Members of the Académie Française
People of the Regency of Philippe d'Orléans
People of the Ancien Régime

Jean-Joseph Languet de Gergy


Maslow's hierarchy of needs was created by American psychologist Abraham Maslow in 1943. Maslow suggested that human needs could be put into five levels.

Hierarchy needs levels (pyramid)
The levels are in order of importance.
 Basic needs.  These include things such as breathing, food, water, and sleep.
Safety needs. This includes things such as feeling physically safe in your environment. It includes feeling healthy. It includes feeling that you have enough money and supplies to keep you alive and well.
Social belonging. People need to feel love, and they need to feel that they belong in society. Partners could include husbands, wives, girlfriends, boyfriends, or other spouses.
Self-esteem. To have esteem, you need to be confident in yourself.  Also, you feel like others think that you are important.
Self-actualization. This complicated idea is expressed as "What a man can be, he must be". This level is about a person having the opportunity to use their talent, and a chance to go where those talents might lead.
Transcendence. Giving oneself to something beyond oneself—for example, in altruism or spirituality. This was a later addition to his ideas.

Maslow says that these needs cause us to want or desire certain things. He says that there are many other things that influence our behavior. Just because we may want something, does not mean we will try to get it. There could be something else in the way that causes us to act differently.

Physiological Needs
The physiological level of Maslow's hierarchy includes basic human needs. These include water, breathing, food, and sleep. The physiological level contains the simplest needs. They are the most straightforward needs in the entire hierarchy. The human body tries to stay balanced inside. When a person is missing a physiological need, the body will naturally want the missing need.

In simple creatures such as rodents, physiological needs may be the only needs that have to be met. However, in humans, this is only the base of the hierarchy. After physiological needs are met, there are four higher levels in the hierarchy. People are often not aware when their physiological needs are being met. However, when these needs are not met it becomes very obvious. For example, most humans do not think about each inhale and exhale they take. This satisfies their need to breathe. However, if the oxygen supply were cut off, all people would immediately become aware of the need to breathe. Physiological needs are important from the time a person is born and throughout their entire life.

Safety Needs
The safety level of Maslow's hierarchy includes varying levels of safety. These include safety of the self, family, resources, jobs, health, and life. Both children and adults are very aware of their safety needs. Needs of safety are just as important as physiological needs. However, these needs deal more with the mind. They include having a sense of safety in the world. Every person's sense of safety is different depending where they live.

Adults, much like children, prefer the world to be organized. This ensures a level of safety. However, some adults are too focused on organization. People may also attempt to control the world around them in all ways possible. Adults may have their safety needs met in a different way than children. Adults can feel that the money they earn from their job allows them to feel safe. This is because there is no need for financial worry when earning a steady income.

Love and belonging (social needs)
The love/belonging level of Maslow's hierarchy deals with various social needs. These include a need for friendship, family, and other types of group inclusion. Love/belonging also refers to personal relationships. These include romantic relationships. It is crucial that the physiological and safety needs of a person are met first. Then they can develop needs of love and belonging. Once basic needs are met, then a person can focus on their social needs. These needs change throughout the human lifespan.

If belonging needs are not met then a person may feel depressed. The field of psychology focuses on this level of the hierarchy. In modern society, many people suffer because their needs of love and belonging are not met. This level also deals with sexual and intimate needs. Sex may or may not be part of this level of need. It can be considered necessary for love. Or it can be looked at as strictly physiological.

Esteem Needs
The esteem level is about how people need to feel that they play a part in the world. People want to feel that they have accomplished things that are valuable and important. They also want to feel independent, meaning that they can do things for themselves and do not need to depend on anybody else.

Self-actualization Needs
We cannot be truly happy without becoming everything that we want to become. People have different things that they might want in their life that go along with this level. These needs do not show themselves until all of the needs in previous levels have been taken care of. For example, if a person is worrying about feeding themselves and needs to think about their physiological needs, then they will not be thinking about self-actualization and their life goals. Making sure they have food and a home is more important. Someone only reaches the self-actualization level once all the other levels are fulfilled.

Exceptions
Maslow explains that there are exceptions to the hierarchy. The most important are:

One exception is that for some people, self-esteem is more important than love and belonging. This is the switch that happens most often. It happens because some people think that having self-esteem makes you strong, powerful, and respected. They also think that other people are more likely to love someone that has those qualities.
The second exception is people who are naturally very creative. Some people value creativity over everything else. Expressing your creativity would usually fall into the self-actualization level, which is the last level on the hierarchy. This means that all of the other basic needs should be met before people think about expressing their creativity. But for some people, creativity is very important and that is what they will desire, even if their needs on the lower level are not met.
The third exception is for people who have lived their whole life worrying about the basic needs. If you are going to be worried about having enough food and shelter, then the higher levels (such as esteem and self-actualization) will disappear.
The fourth exception is about psychopaths. Maslow describes these  as people that were not given enough love when they were babies in the first few months of life. When this happens, a person could lose the desire for love altogether and not think that it is important anymore. Psychopaths cannot give or receive love and have lost the ability to feel it. For this type of people, the love and belonging level would not exist.

Criticism
Maslow's hierarchy suggests that all human behavior is motivated. However, this may not be true. Some human behavior may simply be reflexive. Maslow holds a biased opinion on the definition of self-actualization. Each individual may have a different opinion of what it means to self-actualize. Maslow believed that people who self-actualized had great characteristics. He believed these made them natural leaders and incredible people. This makes the goal of self-actualization nearly impossible for the average person. Maslow's theory states that lower level needs must be met in order to meet needs in the higher levels.

However, this is not always the case. It is possible for people who suffer from poverty and hunger to still feel love and belonging. Therefore, higher level needs can be met in some cases even if lower levels needs are neglected. Some theorists argue that the levels of the hierarchy are out of order in terms of necessity. Some needs that are higher in the hierarchy may actually appear and become important early in an infant or child's life. Maslow's hierarchy is hard to prove scientifically. It cannot be proved false easily. There may not be enough hard, scientific evidence to fully support Maslow's hierarchy.

Evidence
An extensive review of research based on Maslow's theory found little evidence for the ranking of needs that Maslow described, or for the existence of a definite hierarchy at all.

The order in which the hierarchy is arranged has been criticized as being ethnocentric. In turn, Hofstede's work has been criticized by others.

Maslow's hierarchy does not tackle the difference between the social and intellectual needs of those raised in individualistic societies and those raised in collectivist societies.

The needs and drives of those in individualistic societies may be more self-centered than those in collectivist societies. They may focus on improving themselves. In collectivist societies, the needs of acceptance and community may outweigh the needs for freedom and individuality.

References

 A Theory of Human Motivation. In Psychological Review. 1943, Vol. 50 #4, pages 370–396; A Theory of Human Motivation – online version at the University of York.

Maslow was 5'10
Psychology

Maslow's hierarchy of needs


Keaton Beach is a Gulf coast community in the southern part of Taylor County, Florida, United States. Keaton Beach is located at 29.8244° N, 83.5949° W. Keaton Beach is  south of the county seat of Perry.

History
According to local historians, Keaton Beach was named for Abb and Sam Keaton, two brothers who apparently first settled in the area and who are thought to be its original owners. It is believed that their family originally owned cotton farms in the area, however, their primary source of income gradually shifted as mullet fishing became one of the thriving industries in Taylor County. In the early 1900s, mullet were caught off the Florida coast and residents of south Georgia and north Florida would come to Keaton Beach to buy the fish, which were salted down for use during the winter. Thus mullet became a staple food of the regional diet. The real commercialization of the beach came when Captain W. Alston "Cap'n" Brown, who owned the turpentine works at Blue Springs Creek, became involved with the area in the early 1920s. The Keaton Brothers were said to have worked with Brown, and he named the Beach in honor of them. Keaton Beach has had several primary owners throughout the years, however it has currently developed into a residential area with homes that are owned by individual families.

Early on the community consisted of two houses, a pavilion, a sawmill, a church, a commissary and several workers' houses along Blue Creek Spring. The pavilion was constructed by Captain Brown in the early 1900s, and was passed on to Walter Howard at a later date. By day it was used by Mr. Howard and his partner, Mr. Kelly, as a place to repair their mullet nets. However the pavilion soon became known as a non-commercial place for family and friends to meet in the evenings. One area resident was quoted in a local publication as having said, "The pavilion was a fun place to square dance at night." Later the pavilion was used primarily as a fish camp by day and as a dance hall and restaurant by night.

The Stephens family purchased the property of Keaton Beach from Clarence Kelly of Madison County, Florida in 1946. In the 1940s the Stephens family frequently visited Keaton Beach as a weekend getaway. However, the Keaton Beach, Inc. company eventually bought a parcel of 337 acres of Taylor County beaches that included the Keaton Beach area from Mr. and Mrs. Stephens. The Keaton Beach restaurant, pavilion and eight cottages were included in the deal. The land area included the frontage on the Gulf as well as Blue Creek.

Weather events

Keaton and the surrounding beaches were devastated on March 13, 1993 when the "No Name Storm" (also known as "The Storm of the Century") battered the beach without warning early Saturday morning. Several residents and visitors of neighboring Dekle Beach lost their lives that day.

Hurricane Idalia made landfall near Keaton Beach around 7:45 a.m. on August 30, 2023.

Current development
Keaton Beach is home to Taylor County's primary public beach area, which includes sandy beaches, a local pier and children's play area known as Hodges Park. Keaton is also home to the county's primary public boat ramp, which is owned and maintained by Taylor County and the Board of County Commissioners. Keaton Beach is also well known for being a premier summer scalloping destination as well as providing an abundance of fishing opportunities for Florida anglers.

References

Geography of Taylor County, Florida
Gulf Coast of the United States

Keaton Beach, Florida


Karin Knorr Cetina (also Karin Knorr-Cetina) (born 19 July 1944 in Graz, Austria) is an Austrian sociologist well known for her work on epistemology and social constructionism, summarized in the books The Manufacture of Knowledge: An Essay on the Constructivist and Contextual Nature of Science (1981) and Epistemic Cultures: How the Sciences Make Knowledge (1999). Currently, she focuses on the study of global microstructures and Social studies of finance. Knorr Cetina is the
Otto Borchert Distinguished Service Professor (Jointly Appointed in Anthropology) and chair of the Department of Sociology at the University of Chicago.

A knowledge object is a theoretical concept introduced by Knorr Cetina to describe the emergence of post-social relations in epistemic cultures. Knowledge objects are different from everyday things and are defined as unfolding structures that are non-identical with themselves; Jyri Engeström based the concept of social objects on this concept.

Education and career
Knorr-Cetina studied at the University of Vienna, receiving a Ph.D. in cultural anthropology (with a minor in sociology) in 1971. Her dissertation research focused on the structural analysis of oral literature. She shifted her focus toward sociology as she found that cultural anthropology at the time was too focused on historical concerns, while she was more interested in contemporary social phenomena. Following the completion of her doctorate, Knorr-Cetina went to the Institute for Advanced Studies in Vienna, where many influential sociologists were invited to give presentations. This resulted in a Post-doctoral diploma in sociology, and an appointment as an instructor in anthropology at the University of Vienna from 1972 to 1973, and then in sociology from 1973 to 1976. During this time, Knorr-Cetina engaged in her first empirical investigations of science leading the 1975 publication (with Hermann Strasser and Hans Georg Zilian) Determinants and Controls of Scientific Development. It was also during these years that she first encountered the work of the ethnomethodologically-inclined sociologist Aaron Cicourel, specifically "Method and measurement in sociology."

From 1976 to 1977, Knorr-Cetina received a Ford Foundation Fellowship to study at the Institute for the Study of Social Change at the University of California, Berkeley. Shortly before her arrival in California, the French philosopher-turned-sociologist Bruno Latour and British sociologist Steven Woolgar began their well known "laboratory studies" at the Salk Institute in southern California. Korr-Cetina's work at Berkeley ultimately contributed to this network of laboratory studies in the late 1970s, which would eventually become the field of the Social Studies of Science and Technology. The empirical research conducted while at Berkeley also became her widely cited 1981 publication The Manufacture of Knowledge: An Essay on the Constructivist and Contextual Nature of Science. Knorr-Cetina also received her Habilitation in sociology at the University of Bielefeld in 1981, and served as Professor of Sociology at Bielefeld from 1983 to 2001. Her work in the social studies of science during these years culminated in her widely-cited book Epistemic Cultures: How the Sciences Make Knowledge, published in 1999.

Knorr-Cetina's progression to understanding how technology mediates sociality led her to select global financial markets as a new "laboratory" to study knowledge in society. The first suggestion of this new field site was in the article "Sociality with objects: Social relations in postsocial knowledge societies" (1997), followed later by a conference on "The Status of the Object in Social Science" at Brunel University in September 1999. The paper she presented at this conference, entitled "The Market as an Object of Attachment: Exploring Postsocial Relations in Financial Markets", was later published in 2000. Her co-author was Urs Bruegger, a former foreign exchange dealer. The two collaborated on over a dozen articles on global financial markets.

Sociology of global financial systems
With the turn of the century, Knorr Cetina became interested in global financial markets as an object of study. From early work with Urs Bruegger, we see this developing into a strong research interest. This work is enhanced by the application of tools from science studies and the sociology of knowledge, for example, imagining "the market" as an object of attachment for traders or using market infrastructure (e.g. Bloomberg terminals) to see the microconstruction of the global market in the space of the local. The financial market infrastructure also comprises a "global scopic system" that integrates news and information across the world.

The Synthetic Situation: Interactionism for a Global World
Knorr Cetina's lecture "The Synthetic Situation: Interactionism for a Global World" from 2008 is vital in rethinking past assumptions about communication and interaction order previously published by sociologists, namely Erving Goffman. In the lecture, which was eventually published in 2009, Knorr Cetina introduces and explains new concepts regarding global interaction. Although Goffman is widely published and read in these areas, much has changed since his day and Knorr Cetina conceptualized such changes.

The introduction of the "synthetic situation" is arguably one of her most important new concepts. It is defined as a situation that "…invariably includes, and may in fact be entirely constituted by, on-screen projections…". A synthetic situation, therefore, can manifest in many ways, both informal and formal. Examples include an online video chat, playing video games against others on the Internet or even a business deal done via videoconference. This idea can be seen as a result of the advancement in technology in recent years, and adds a new dimension to Goffman's social situation where face-to-face interaction is required. Knorr Cetina explains the difference of the two situations by the use of surgery. A Goffmanian situation occurs when there is just the surgeon and the patient. A synthetic situation arises, however, when the surgeon uses technology like a scope and a screen in order to accomplish the task at hand. Without looking at the patient through the screen, the job would not be able to be done and would remain a face-to-face, social situation.

Awards and recognition
 2009 John Desmond Bernal Prize from the Society for Social Studies of Science.
 Honorary Doctorate from the University of Lucerne 2005.

Selected bibliography

Books

 Knorr Cetina, K., & Preda, A. (2004). The sociology of financial markets. Oxford University Press.
 Cetina, K. K., & Preda, A. (2012). The Oxford handbook of the sociology of finance. Oxford University Press on Demand.

Chapters in books

Journal articles

 Knorr Cetina, K. (1997). Sociality with objects: social relations in postsocial knowledge societies. Theory, culture & society, 14(4), 1-30.
 Knorr Cetina, K., & Brugger, U. (2002). Traders' Engagement with Markets: A Postsocial Relationship. Theory Culture Society, 19(5-6), 161-185.

References

External links
Knorr Cetina's page at the University of Chicago
Knorr Cetina & Bruegger (2000) The Market as an Object of Attachment

Austrian sociologists
Writers from Graz
1944 births
Living people
Austrian women sociologists
Social constructionism
University of Chicago faculty

Karin Knorr Cetina


Karol Józef Lipiński (30 October 1790 – 16 December 1861) was a Polish music composer and virtuoso violinist active during the partitions of Poland. The Karol Lipiński University of Music in Wrocław, Poland is named after him.

Life
Lipiński was born in Radzyń Podlaski. His father was Feliks Lipiński (1765–1847), and he had a younger brother of the same name Feliks (1815–1865). In 1810 he became the first violin and two years later the conductor of the opera orchestra at Lwów (now Lviv, Ukraine).  In 1817 he went to Italy in the hope of hearing Niccolò Paganini.  The two met in Milan, met daily to play, and even performed two concerts together in April 1818, which added immensely to Lipiński's reputation.  Paganini dedicated his Burlesque Variations on "La Carnaval de Venise", Op. 10 for unaccompanied violin to Lipiński.  Later, in 1827, Lipiński returned the honour by dedicating his "Three Caprices for Violin" to Paganini.

In 1818 on his return to Poland he stopped in Trieste to receive instruction from Dr Mazzurana, a very elderly former pupil of Giuseppe Tartini; Mazzurana was ninety years old, and could no longer play himself, but gave his criticism of Lipiński's performance of one of Tartini's sonatas. During that time, he also performed concerts together with the Polish pianist and composer Maria Agata Szymanowska.

In 1820 he travelled to Berlin where he met Louis Spohr, and to Russia. In 1829 he went to Warsaw, and played a series of concerts with Paganini that summer that were attended by the nineteen-year-old Frédéric Chopin.  However, a rivalry developed between Lipiński and Paganini which destroyed their friendship.  Thereafter, whenever Paganini was asked who the greatest violinist was, he would say "I don't know who the greatest is, but Lipiński is certainly the second greatest".

In 1835–36 he went on a long tour, during which he met Robert Schumann in Leipzig.  Schumann was so impressed that he dedicated Carnaval, Op. 9 to him.

In 1836 he visited England and played his Military Concerto with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra.  In June 1839 he received a double appointment in Dresden, as concertmaster of the Royal Oratory and kapellmeister at the court chapel.  With his Dresden duties, he ceased touring as a virtuoso, but concentrated on chamber music, with a special devotion to the string quartets of Beethoven.  Here he also gave a joint recital with Liszt, performing Beethoven's Kreutzer Sonata.

He developed a great reputation as the only serious rival to Paganini. Henryk Wieniawski dedicated his Polonaise de concert, Op.4 to Lipiński, like Ignacy Feliks Dobrzyński his String Quartet No. 2, Op.40. He retired with a pension in 1861, and died in village Virliv (Ternopil region, Ukraine).

He was the owner of two violins, one made in 1715 by Antonio Stradivari and another by Giuseppe Guarneri del Gesù.  Both instruments are referred to as "ex-Lipinski".

The Karol Lipiński Academy of Music in Wrocław, Poland was named after him.

Compositions
Early in his life, during his assignment at Lviv theatre, Lipiński composed 3 symphonies (Op. 2) and 3 operas: Kłótnia przez zakład, Terefere w Tarapacie, and Syrena Dniestru. The last one is an adaptation, with some of his own original music interpolated, of Ferdinand Kauer's Donauweibchen and was played every season at Lviv for nearly thirty years from 1814, but the music is now lost.

Naturally, most of Lipiński's compositions are for violin. These include four violin concertos (a fifth is lost), two string trios (originally for an ensemble 2 violins and a cello) as well as polonaises, rondos, variations, capriccios. He also composed several songs and harmonized some popular Polish tunes.

Recordings
His compositions have been recorded among others by Polish virtuoso violinist Konstanty Andrzej Kulka of the Fryderyk Chopin University of Music in Warsaw. Of the major works, all the concertos, both trios, a symphony and an overture have been recorded, some of them more than one time.

Notes

Further reading
 Henryka Filatowna. K.J. Lipiński, Wirtuozi i kompozytor. Kraków dissertation, 1930 (unpublished)
 . Karol Lipiński. Kraków: PWM, 1970
 Translation by Maria Lewicka: Lipiński. Neptune City, NJ: Paganiniana, 1986
 Владимир Юрьевич Григорьев. Кароль Липиньский. Москва: Музыка, 1977
 Karol Lipiński: Życie, działalność, epoka. T. 1–4. Ed. by  et al. Wrocław: Akademia Muzyczna im. Karola Lipińskiego, 1990, 1993, 2003, 2007

External links

 Scores by Karol Lipiński in digital library Polona

1790 births
1861 deaths
People from Radzyń Podlaski
19th-century classical composers
19th-century classical violinists
Male classical violinists
19th-century conductors (music)
Polish classical violinists
Polish conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
Polish male classical composers
Polish Romantic composers

Karol Lipiński


A salt plain (also known as a salt pan or salt flat) is a flat area of ground covered with salt and other minerals. They are usually purely white. They are found in desert areas. In areas where salt plains form, the rate of evaporation (how quickly water dries up) is faster than the rate of precipitation (how often rain falls). A salt plain is formed where a lake or pond would otherwise be found. When the water dries up, the minerals stay left behind on the suface of the ground. Over thousands of years, the minerals (usually salts) build up on the surface.

Large salt plains are common in the Sahara Desert, the Kalahari Desert, the Rann of Kutch, the western United States and the central deserts of Australia. The Altiplano in Bolivia has the world's largest salt plan, the Salar de Uyuni.

Related pages
 Salt lake

References

Other websites

Plains
Landforms

Salt pan


Stephen IV of Cilicia was the Catholicos of the Armenian Apostolic Church between 1290 and 1293.

Stephen was from the village of Khakh in the province of Ekeliaz, but educated at Rumkale. He was elected to replace the banished Catholicos Constantine II the Woolmaker and was the last to reside at Hromkla. During his reign the Mamalukes marched through the Holy Land against the Christians there and made their way up to Hromkla. After a long stand it was finally sacked with hundreds of residents massacred. Stephen was carried away as their captive and all the churches there were burned. A year into his captivity in Egypt Stephen is said to have died of grief. Soon after Armenia made peace with the Egyptians and the captives were released. Stephen was succeeded by Gregory VII of Cilicia who moved the pontifical residence to Sis as Hromkla had been destroyed.

Catholicoi of Cilicia
Armenian Apostolic Christians
13th-century Oriental Orthodox archbishops

Stephen IV of Cilicia


Moulinex is a Groupe SEB brand along with Rowenta, Calor, All-Clad, Lagostina, Krups, and Tefal, all household products brands. The company designed and produced the Mouli grater. The company was founded by Jean Mantelet who in 1932 invented the Moulin-Légumes, a hand-crank food mill for puréeing vegetables. The design is considered an early forerunner to the modern food processor.

Mantelet's business plan was to "choose an industrial sector with a future, use mass production, keep prices low, manufacture in regions where salaries are low, reduce costs, reduce dependencies on suppliers, and focus on research and publicity". Between 1929 and 1953 Mantelet applied for 93 patents.

History

 1931: Jean Mantelet, proprietor of a small metal working plant in Bagnolet, specialised in the fabrication of home appliances, wins a major prize for his invention of the Moulinette presse-purée.
 1932: On the 6th of February he applies for a patent number 732.100 and begins to market his "Moulin-Légumes". From 1933 to 1935 he sells two million units.
 1937: the Bagnolet plant is at full capacity, and a new plant is established at Alençon under the name Moulin-Legumes. Employees: 40.
 1951: after the war the company expands its line of hand-operated tools to include nutcrackers, pepper grinders, and other devices and production is at 30,000 units per day. The following year more than 100 million units are sold.
 1953: the Velosolex gives Mantelet the idea to motorise his appliances. He creates the first affordable electric coffee grinder, the Moulinex, which gives the final name to the enterprise. Introduction of the Légumex salad spinner.
 1957: Moulin-Légumes is renamed Moulinex.
 1961: Moulinex uses the slogans "Moulinex libère la femme" (Moulinex, liberator of women), et "Vive la cuisine presse-bouton !" (Long live the push-button kitchen!) and in America "It's so simple when you Moulinex it".
 1969: Moulinex is listed on the French stock exchange.
 1977:  TV commercials begin airing in the United States for an electrical food processor Moulinex dubs "LaMachine."
 1985: faced with foreign competition, posts its first-ever net loss. The company edges towards bankruptcy and is only saved by personal investment from Jean Mantelet.
 1986: 1600 employees are laid off. Staff is now at 8,500 salaried employees. Mantelet suffers a stroke and the following year hands the company's reins over to three of his top managers: Gilbert Torelli, in charge of sales; Roland Darneau, in charge of production; and Michel Vannoorenberghe, in charge of finance.
 1988: Jean Mantelet, aged 88, implements a succession plan for an employee buyout with help from his main banker Crédit Lyonnais. Michel Vannorenberghe, Gilbert Torelli, Roland Darneau, and Jacques Texier get 51% of voting rights with only 25,7 % the capital. The other employees get 30% ownership of Moulinex. The plan leads to an internal power struggle.  Also this year, Moulinex acquires the UK based Bulpitt & Sons (Swan Brand) Ltd., a manufacturer of electrical kitchen appliances and holloware; this company was to be dissolved one year later while Moulinex was to retain the Swan brand for a while
 1990: death of Jean Mantelet.
 1991: acquisition of Krups at an enormous financial cost.
 1994: Jules Coulon, formerly of Michelin is brought in to end the employee control and management with investment group Euris taking a 40% stake. Efforts are made to rationalise operations, including the areas of purchasing and marketing. Factories at Granville and Domfront are closed.
 1995: losses top 700 million francs for the fiscal year.
 1997: with a revised shareholder structure and an intensive restructuring program led by CEO Pierre Blayau, formerly of French retailing giant Pinault-Printemps-Redoute, and Moulinex announces its first net profit in five years.
 2000: merger with El.Fi, the Italian company which owned the German Brandt household appliance brand.
 2001: "Colossal" losses prompt a restructuring including a reduction of 4,000 staff and closure of factories in France, Brazil, and Thurles (Ireland), in an effort to return to profit. Later that year the company declares bankruptcy. Groupe SEB eventually takes over.

References

External links
  Web Site Of mulinex

French brands
Home appliance brands
Manufacturing companies of France
Manufacturing companies established in 1937
French companies established in 1937

Moulinex