Chitral () is a district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It has population of about 318,689 people at the 1998 Census, which grew to about 378,000 people by 2004. It has one of the highest mountains of the world, Tirich Mir. It is the largest district in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, with an area of 14,850 sq. kilometres.

Location
Chitral District is the most northerly district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. to the west and north is Afghanistan. To the east of Chitral is Kashmir and to the south are the Pakistani districts of Upper Dir and Swat. Chitral can be accessed by air via the Chitral Airport which is approximately 3 km from the town. Regular flights from Peshawar and Islamabad are run by the PIA.

Terrain
The terrain of Chitral is quite mountainous, part of the Pamir Mountains are situated here. Tirich Mir which at 25,289 feet (7,708 metres) is the highest peak of the Hindu Kush, rises in the north of the district.

Chitral is connected to the rest of Pakistan by only two road routes, the Lowari Pass (el. 10,230 ft.) from Dir and Shandur Top (el. 12,200 ft.) from Gilgit. Both routes are closed in winter. The Lowari Tunnel is being constructed under the Lowari Pass and is opened two times a week when Lowari Top is closed due to snowfall.

It was reported in 2004 that Afghanistan had agreed to allow access from Pakistan to Chitral though Afghan territory and the Kunar Valley, by passing Lowari Pass.

Two other passes give access on foot to Chitral, the Broghol Pass and the Dorah Pass, both from Afghanistan. Both are closed in winter.

Population

The general population is mainly of the Kho people, who speak the Khowar language (or Chitrali), which is also spoken in parts of Yasin, Gilgit and Swat. Chitral is also home to the Kalash tribe who live in three remote valleys southwest of Chitral town.

The Norwegian linguist Georg Morgenstierne wrote that Chitral is the area of the greatest linguistic diversity in the world. Although Khowar is the predominant language of Chitral, more than ten other languages are spoken here. These include Kalasha-mun, Erina, Savi Palula, Dameli, Gawar-Bati, Nuristani, Yidgha, Burushaski, Wakhi, Kyrgyz, Persian and Pashto. Since many of these languages have no written form, letters are usually written in Urdu or Persian

History

Until 1969, Chitral was a princely state, within the Malakand Agency.  In 1970 Chitral was absorbed into Pakistan as the new Chitral District, until 2000 within Malakand Division.

Administration

The district of Chitral is divided into two tehsils
 Chitral
 Mastuj

National Assembly
This district is represented by one elected MNA (Member of National Assembly) in Pakistan National Assembly. Its constituency is NA-32.

Provincial Assembly
The district is represented by two elected MPAs in the provincial assembly who represent the following constituencies:
 PK-89 (Chitral-I)
 PK-90 (Chitral-II)

References

Other websites
 Chitral News

Hill stations in Pakistan
Valleys of Pakistan

Chitral District


The Fitzroy Football Club, nicknamed the Lions, is an Australian rules football based in Fitzroy, a suburb of Melbourne. It competes in the Victorian Amateur Football Association (VAFA). Until 1997 (when they merged with the Brisbane Bears to become the Brisbane Lions), the club competed in the Victorian/Australian Football League (VFL/AFL).

Club song
We are the boys from old Fitzroy,
we wear the colours maroon and blue,
we will always fight for victory,
and we'll always see it through,
win or lose, we do or die,
in defeat, we always try,
Fitzroy, Fitzroy,
the club we hold so dear,
premiers, we'll be this year!

Related pages
 Australian rules football in Victoria

Former VFL/AFL clubs

Fitzroy Football Club


Samuel Simon Krafsur (January 10, 1913 – June 1983) was a Boston-born journalist who worked for the Soviet news agency TASS during World War II. He was also known as Bill Krafsur.

Biography
Krafsur was mentioned in the Venona intercepts under the codename IDE. He was used by the NKVD during the war as a source of information and for recruiting journalists as informants and agents, and is referred to in the NSA archives as a "KGB agent" .

In the 1930s Krafsur joined the Communist Party of America. He attended Northeastern University for a year. He lived at 68 Phillips Street in Boston before going to Spain to fight with the Abraham Lincoln Brigade during the Spanish Civil War, where he was wounded in 1937.

In 1938 Krafsur was a member of the editorial staff of "The Volunteers for Liberty" a newspaper which was an, "organ of the Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade" organization out of 125 West 45 Street in New York City. In April 1938 he was in charge of finding veterans to tell their war stories to be made into radio plays written by Irwin Shaw.

He began working for TASS in 1941 after being recruited by the Soviet agent Vladimir Pravdin. He became the assistant to the manager Laurence Todd at the Washington sub-bureau. Krafsur was considered an important asset to the NKVD because of the many contacts he had with other newsmen. He was the deputy TASS bureau chief in Washington, D.C., and the FBI spent a lot of time and effort trying to identify who he was under his codename IDE.

In May 1944, he was described in a NKVD cable from New York to Moscow as, "absolutely devoted to the USSR." He provided at least twenty leads of people for possible recruitment including Joseph Berger, a personal aide to the chairman of the Democratic National Committee, and I. F. Stone.

In 1949, Laurence Todd was relieved of his managing duties and instead given the title of senior correspondent. In this same year Krafsur left TASS and was later called before the House Committee on Un-American Activities where he chose not to cooperate. Later he worked in a toy store.

In the early 1960s he married the ex-wife of the secretary-treasurer of the Mine, Mill, and Smelters Union. He died, at the age of seventy, in St. Petersburg, Florida in 1983 under the name "Samuel Krafsur".

Note
 National Security Agency Archives , National Cryptological Museum,  Custodian of documents for the Army Signals Intelligence Corp

Sources

 Social Security Death Index, USA.

External links
 Spying on America

1913 births
American male journalists
20th-century American journalists
Northeastern University alumni
Espionage in the United States
Journalists from Boston
Writers from St. Petersburg, Florida
Abraham Lincoln Brigade members
American communists
1983 deaths
American spies for the Soviet Union
American people in the Venona papers
20th-century American writers
Members of the Communist Party USA

Samuel Krafsur


Chris Lori (born July 24, 1962) is a Canadian bobsled driver who competed from the late 1980s to the late 1990s. Competing in four Winter Olympics, he earned his best finish of fourth in the four-man event at Albertville in 1992. Lori won the Bobsleigh Overall World Cup four-man championship in 1989-90. He won nine Crystal Globes for top three finishes in Overall World Cup final standings and totaled twenty two World Cup medals and fourteen Canadian Championship titles. He Lori was instrumental in establishing Canada as a world power in the sport of bobsledding.

In 1987, Lori cheated death in a horrific crash in Cervinia, Italy, a track now closed due to its high rate of severe injuries, where he broke two ribs, clavicle and nose, suffered severe lacerations requiring skin grafting on his face, shoulder, hands and thigh. The following year, he recovered to qualify for his first Olympic games.

In 1990, he and his team returned to Cervinia in the second to last World Cup race of the year where they set the track record, putting the team in position to win the Overall World cup, which they accomplished by winning the final race in Calgary and becoming the first non-Europeans to win the Overall World Cup in bobsleigh.

Chris Lori also competed on Canada's National Track and Field Team in the decathlon event in 1980 (Jr.), 1983, 1984 and 1985, although he did not qualify for the Olympic games, before fully committing to bobsledding, which he started in October 1984. As a track and field athlete, Lori won silver medal in the pole vault at the Jr. Nationals in 1980 and a silver medal at the Canadian University championships in 1984, and was awarded "All Canadian" honours.

Lori later became coach of the American bobsleigh team for the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City where the USA four-man teams won Olympic silver and bronze.

His Olympic experience extends to becoming a part of the Canadian CTV Broadcast Team, as color analyst, at the Vancouver/Whistler 2010 Olympic Winter Games.

Since 2001, Lori has become a foreign exchange trader, based in Singapore.

References

 1992 bobsleigh four-man results
 List of combined men's bobsleigh World Cup champions: 1985-2007
 List of four-man bobsleigh World Cup champions since 1985
 List of two-man bobsleigh World Cup champions since 1985
 Team Canada profile
 Official Chris Lori website

Bobsledders at the 1988 Winter Olympics
Bobsledders at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Bobsledders at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Bobsledders at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Canadian male bobsledders
Olympic bobsledders for Canada
Living people
Sportspeople from Ontario
Sportspeople from Vancouver
University of Western Ontario alumni
1962 births

Chris Lori


The Grand Korean Waterway, officially known as the Pan Korea Grand Waterway, was a proposed  canal connecting Seoul and Busan, South Korea's two largest cities.  The canal would run diagonally across the country connecting the Han River, which flows through Seoul into the Yellow Sea, to the Nakdong River, which flows through Busan into the Korea Strait.  The proposed canal would traverse difficult mountainous terrain.

The Pan Korea Grand Waterway was a project of Lee Myung-bak, the 10th president of South Korea.  It met with huge controversy and disapproval and was later abandoned. Lee stated that the canal would bring clear water source by cleaning layers of sediments that formed in the rivers, create tourist infrastructure and prevent disturbance of logistics.

Many Koreans were anxious about Lee's plans. They argued that the canal would prove disastrous to the natural environment and potentially hazardous to the freshwater sources that nearly 50 million residents of the country depend on. In addition, many researchers and interested distribution industries prospected the canal would be economically unprofitable because land transportation may be more cost-effective.

Supporters of the plan insisted that the length of the construction would only be 40 km, linking the Han River with the Nakdong River. The canal would require sufficient width, depth and height of bridge decks to allow barges passage. Major portions of the Han and Nakdong are far narrower and shallower than is required, with most of the bridges on these rivers being unsuitable as their clearance is too low. The scale of construction would be enormous; a number of bridges would need to be rebuilt and both rivers would require extensive dredging along the 540-kilometer route.

Lee proposed to fund the project almost exclusively through private funds and subsidize it through the sale of sand and gravel dredged from the rivers and streams involved in the project.  This dredging would, he argued, also make the rivers cleaner.

The proposal included a smaller canal, planned to link Seoul and neighboring Incheon.  It was suggested that this would assist economic partnerships between the two cities, lessen traffic congestion, and stimulate tourism, beyond providing Seoul access to the Yellow Sea (West Sea).  The mouth of the Han River is in an area between North Korea and South Korea, which limits economic activity in the region for security reasons.

See also
Geography of South Korea
Rivers of Korea
Ara Canal
Four Major Rivers Project

References

 "South Korean plans for a grand canal: Savior or folly?", International Herald Tribune, February 20, 2008,  (Retrieved February 21, 2008)
 "Canal plan divides Korea", John Sudworth BBC News, Seoul (Retrieved 26 March 2008)
 "President-elect's team speeds up preparations for waterway project ", Korean Overseas Culture and Information Service

Waterways
Canals in South Korea
Proposed canals
Water transport in South Korea

Grand Korean Waterway


Johannes Casper (Hans) Wortmann (20 September 1950 – 6 July 2022) was a Dutch computer scientist and professor of Information Management at the University of Groningen, known for his contributions in the field of risk management and Industry requirements.

Wortmann received his MS in 1972 in Business Administration at the Eindhoven University of Technology, where in 1981 he also received his PhD under supervision of W.M.J. Geraerds with the thesis, entitled "Production control and information systems for component manufacturing shops."

Wortmann had started his academic career at the Eindhoven University of Technology in 1971, where he became Assistant Professor in 1981, Associate Professor in 1986 and Professor Industrial Information Systems in 1987. In 2003 he moved to  the University of Groningen, where he was appointed professor of Information Management at the Faculty of Economics and Business. From 1995 to 2000 he was member of the board of directors of Baan Corporation.

Selected publications
 Browne, Jim, Peter Sackett, and Hans Wortmann. "Industry requirements and associated research issues in the extended enterprise." Integrated Manufacturing Systems Engineering. Springer US, 1995. 13–28.
 Euwe, Mark J., and Hans Wortmann. "Planning systems in the next century (I)." Computers in Industry 34.2 (1997): 233–237.
 Wouters, Marc JF, Graham J. Sharman, and Hans C. Wortmann. "Reconstructing the sales and fulfillment cycle to create supply chain differentiation." International Journal of Logistics Management, The 10.2 (1999): 83–98.
 De Bakker, Karel, Albert Boonstra, and Hans Wortmann. "Does risk management contribute to IT project success? A meta-analysis of empirical evidence." International Journal of Project Management 28.5 (2010): 493–503.

References

External links
 Wortmann at University of Groningen
  "Prof. dr. ir. Hans Wortmann over het implementeren, onderhouden en upgraden van ERP-systemen" at financieel-management.nl

1950 births
2022 deaths
Dutch computer scientists
Eindhoven University of Technology alumni
Academic staff of the Eindhoven University of Technology
Academic staff of the University of Groningen
People from Emmen, Netherlands

Hans Wortmann


The Ford Fairlane was a car from Ford Motor Company. The car was made between 1955 and 1970. The name comes off Henry Ford's estate Fair Lane, next to Dearborn, Michigan.

The name meant a number of different cars. The Fairlane was originally a full-sized car; it became a mid-sized car from the 1962 model year on.

In 1957, with the Fairlane, Ford outsold Chevrolet for the first time since 1935. For 1958, it was given quad headlights.

Ford automobiles
1950s automobiles
1960s automobiles
1970s automobiles

Ford Fairlane (Americas)


"Heal the World" is a song by Michael Jackson. It was released as a single from his album Dangerous. The video does not have Jackson in it. In a 2001 Internet chat with fans, Jackson said "Heal the World" is the song he was most proud to have created. In the documentary Living With Michael Jackson, he said that he wrote the song in his "Giving Tree" at his Neverland Ranch. It reached No.1 in Spain.

Jackson performed the song at the Super Bowl XXVII half-time show.

In 1992 Jackson made Heal the World Foundation, named after the song.

Michael Jackson songs
1991 songs

Heal the World


The Concerto in F Minor for Bass Tuba and Orchestra by British composer Ralph Vaughan Williams was written in 1954 for Philip Catelinet, principal tubist of the London Symphony Orchestra (LSO), who together gave the premiere on 13 June 1954 with Sir John Barbirolli conducting. The same musicians made the work's first recording that same year. This concerto was the first concerto written for solo tuba.

Composition and history
While at first viewed as the eccentric idea of an aging composer, the concerto soon became one of Vaughan Williams' most popular works, and an essential part of the tuba repertoire.

The work is in three movements:
Prelude: Allegro moderato
Romanza: Andante sostenuto
Finale - Rondo alla tedesca: Allegro

A performance commonly takes about 13 minutes. Apart from the solo tuba, the piece is scored for two flutes (2nd doubling on piccolo), oboe, 2 clarinets (in B♭), bassoon, 2 horns (in F), 2 trumpets (in B♭), 2 trombones, timpani, triangle, side drum, bass drum, cymbals, and strings.

Recordings
Vaughan Williams' concerto has since received a number of concert performances and recordings.  Live performances include those by Gerard Hoffnung, James Gourlay, Michael Lind,  and Peter Whish-Wilson.  In addition to Catelinet's pioneering recording, other recordings of the concerto have featured the following artists:
 RCA: John Fletcher; London Symphony Orchestra, André Previn, conductor
 Hungarian Radio: Vilmos Szabó Principal Tuba, Budapest Symphony Orchestra, Nóra Schmidt piano (1980)
 Chandos: Patrick Harrild; London Symphony Orchestra, Bryden Thomson, conductor
 Deutsche Grammophon: Arnold Jacobs; Chicago Symphony Orchestra, Daniel Barenboim, conductor
 Naxos: James Gourlay; Royal Ballet Sinfonia, Gavin Sutherland, conductor
 Capriccio:  Richard Nahatzki; Berlin Symphony Orchestra, Hans E. Zimmer, conductor
 Caprice: Michael Lind ; Stockholm Radio Symphony Orchestra, Leif Segerstam, conductor
 BIS: Øystein Baadsvik; Singapore Symphony Orchestra, Anne Manson, conductor
 David Unland; Cornell University Wind Ensemble
 Walter Hilgers; Frankfurt Symphony Orchestra
 Beth Mitchell; Pasadena City College and Biola University

References

Further reading

Concertos by Ralph Vaughan Williams
1954 compositions
Vaughan Williams, Ralph

Tuba Concerto (Vaughan Williams)


The Sicambri, also known as the Sugambri or Sicambrians, were a Germanic people who during Roman times lived on the east bank of the river Rhine, in what is now Germany, near the border with the Netherlands. They were first reported by Julius Caesar, who described them as Germanic (Germani), though he did not necessarily define this in terms of language.

Whether or not the Sicambri spoke a Germanic or Celtic language, or something else, is not certain, because they lived in the so-called Nordwestblock zone where these two language families came into contact and were both influential.

By the 3rd century, the region in which they and their neighbours had lived had become part of the territory of the Franks, which was a new name that possibly represented a new alliance of older tribes, possibly including the Sicambri. However, many Sicambri had been moved into the Roman empire by this time.

Language
The material culture of the Sicambri which was a variant of the La Tène culture, which is associated with Celtic languages.

Like the Cimbri, and like their neighbours across the Rhine, the Eburones, many names of Sicambrian leaders end in typical Celtic suffixes like -rix (Baetorix, Deudorix, etc.).

If the Sicambri were not Celtic speakers themselves, this could also indicate intense contacts with Celtic peoples across the Rhine in Gaul.

History
The Sicambri appear in history around 55 BC, during the time of conquests of Gaul by Julius Caesar and his expansion of the Roman Empire. Caesar wrote in his  Commentarii de Bello Gallico that near the confluence of the Rhine and Meuse a battle took place in the land of the Menapii with a large number of Tencteri and Usipetes, who then proceeded to move south. When these two peoples were routed by Caesar, their cavalry escaped and found asylum back across the river with the Sicambri. Caesar then built a bridge across the river to punish the Sicambri. In 53 BC, Caesar confronted a raiding army of Sicambri who had crossed the Rhine to take advantage of the Roman war with the Eburones.

When Caesar defeated the Eburones, he invited all of the peoples that were interested to destroy the remainder. The Sicambri responded to Caesar's call. They took large amounts of cattle, slaves and plunder. Caesar commented that "these men are born for war and raids". "No swamp or marsh will stop them". After the raid on the Eburones they moved on against the Romans. They destroyed some of Caesar's units, in revenge for his campaign against them, and when the remains of the legion withdrew into the city of Atuatuca, the Sicambri went back across the Rhine.

Suetonius says that Augustus moved the Sicambri, presumably only a part of them, to the west bank of the Rhine, like the Ubii.

Claudius Ptolemy located the Sicambri, together with the Bructeri Minores, at the most northern part of the Rhine and south of the Frisii who inhabit the coast north of the river. Matching the much earlier description of Caesar, Strabo located the Sicambri next to the Menapii, "who dwell on both sides of the river Rhine near its mouth, in marshes and low thorny woods. It is opposite to these Menapii that the Sicambri are situated". Strabo describes them as Germanic, and that beyond them are the Suevi and other peoples. Elsewhere Strabo mentions that the Rhine valley Germans have been mainly displaced: "there are but few remaining, and some portion of them are Sicambri". He apparently understood their position on the Rhine to literally be on the coast. With the German wars still on-going, he describes them as being one of the most well-known Germanic tribes in his time.

In 16 BC their leader Melo, brother of Baetorix, organised a raid and defeated a Roman army under the command of Marcus Lollius, which sparked a reaction from the Roman Empire and helped start the series of Germanic Wars. Later the Sicambri under Deudorix, son of Baetorix, joined the rebellion of Arminius which subsequently annihilated the 3 Roman legions of Publius Quinctilius Varus.

In 12BC and 11 BC, the descriptions of the wars of Nero Claudius Drusus show that the tribe was living to the south of the river Lippe, with the Usipetes now settled to their north. In 9 BC the Sicambri battled the Romans in an alliance with the Cherusci and Suevi and lost. At least a part was forced to move to the south side of the lower Rhine, where they possibly merged into Romanized populations such as the Tungri or Cugerni.

In contrast to those Sicambri who were moved west of the Rhine, the main part of the Sicambri "migrated deep into the country anticipating the Romans" according to Strabo. It has been suggested that the Marsi were a part of the Sicambri who managed to stay east of the Rhine after most had been moved from the area to join the Eburones and other Germani cisrhenani.

In 26 AD some Sicambrian auxiliaries allied to Rome were involved in crushing an uprising of Thracian tribesmen. By the time of Rome's conflict with the British Silures, Tacitus reports that the Sicambri could be mentioned as an historical example of a tribe who "had been formerly destroyed or transplanted into Gaul".

Martial, in his Liber De Spectaculis, a series of epigrams written to celebrate the games in the Colosseum under Titus or Domitian, noted the attendance of numerous peoples, including the Sicambri: "With locks twisted into a knot, are come the Sicambrians..."

Sicambri as poetic name for Franks
In Roman and Merovingian times, panegyrics played an important role in the transmission of culture. One of the ritual customs of these poems is the use of archaic names for contemporary things. Romans were often called Trojans, and Franks were called Sicambri. An example of this custom is remembered by the 6th-century historian Gregory of Tours (II, 31), who states that the Merovingian Frankish leader Clovis I, on the occasion of his baptism into the Catholic faith, was addressed as a Sicamber by Saint Remigius, the officiating bishop of Rheims. At the crucial moment of Clovis's baptism, Remigius declared, "bend down your head, you proud Sicamber. Honour what you have burnt. Burn what you have honoured." It is likely that this recalled a link between the Sicambri and the Franks.

More examples of Franks being called Sicamber can be found in the Panegyrici Latini, Life of King Sigismund, Life of King Dagobert and other old texts.

Sicambri in Frankish mythology

An anonymous work of 727 called Liber Historiae Francorum states that following the fall of Troy, 12,000 Trojans led by chiefs Priam and Antenor moved to the Tanais (Don) river, settled in Pannonia near the Sea of Azov and founded a city called Sicambria. After altercations the Alans and Emperor Valentinian (the late 4th century AD), who renamed them Franks, they moved to the Rhine.

These stories have obvious difficulties. Historians, including eyewitnesses like Caesar, have given us accounts that place the Sicambri firmly at the delta of the Rhine, and archaeologists have confirmed ongoing settlement of peoples. Frankish historian Fredegar also has the Franks originate in Troy but lets them move straight to the Rhine.

Notes

Bibliography

 Bruno Krüger (Hrsg.), Die Germanen – Geschichte und Kultur der germanischen Stämme in Mitteleuropa. Ein Handbuch in zwei Bänden. Bd. 1, 4. Auflage, Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1983 (Publications of the Central Institute for Ancient History and Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of the GDR, Bd. 4).
 Alexander Sitzmann, Friedrich E. Grünzweig, Hermann Reichert (Hrsg.): Die altgermanischen Ethnonyme. Fassbaender, Wien 2008, .
 Reinhard Wolters, Die Schlacht im Teutoburger Wald. Arminius, Varus und das römische Germanien. Beck, München 2008, .
 Ian Wood - The Merovingian Kingdoms. Pearson Education, 1994.
Primary sources
 Julius Caesar - Commentarii de Bello Gallico, particularly Book 6, Chapter 35
 Martial - Liber De Spectaculis, 3
 Tacitus - Annals
 Strabo - Geography
 Ptolemy -  The Geography
 Fredegar - The 4th book of the chronicle of Fredegar with its continuations, translated by J. M. Wallace-Hadrill. Books on Demand, reprint 2005.

See also
List of Germanic peoples
Cimmerians

External links
Le mythe de l'origine troyenne (in French)
Archaeological search for Sicambria (in Hungarian)

Netherlands in the Roman era
Early Germanic peoples
Frankish people
Istvaeones

Sicambri


"The White Bride and the Black One" is a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm, tale number 135. It is Aarne-Thompson type 403A.  Other tales of this type include The Three Little Men in the Wood, Brother and Sister, Bushy Bride, and The Enchanted Wreath.

Synopsis
A woman and her daughter are cutting fodder when the Lord comes up to them and asks the way to the village. The woman and the daughter refuse to help, and the woman's stepdaughter offers to show him. In return, the others turn black and ugly, but the stepdaughter is granted three wishes: beauty, an everlasting purse of gold, and to go to Heaven upon her death.

Her brother Reginer, a coachman to the king, asks for a portrait of her, and hangs it in his room. The king sees it and resolves to marry her. Her brother sends for her, and the stepmother and stepsister come too. The stepmother enchants the coachman so he is half-blind, and the bride so she is half-deaf. The white bride does not hear what the coachman says, and instead follows the stepmother's command to remove her dress and garments, and then to look out the window, where she is pushed out. The king is horrified by the black bride, and throws the brother into a snakepit, but the stepmother persuades him to marry the black bride.

A white duck comes to the kitchen and tells the kitchen boy to light the fire, and then asks of Reginer and the black bride. After a few days of this, the kitchen boy tells the king. The king cuts off the duck's head, which transforms into the white bride. The king frees the brother from the snake pit and asks the stepmother what ought to be done to someone that did the deed that she had done. She says that person should be stripped and put in a barrel studded with nails, and a horse should drag it off. The king has it done to her and the black bride, and he proceeds to marry the white bride.

See also

 The White Duck

References

Further reading
 Belmont, Nicole, and Brunhilde Biebuyck. "Myth and Folklore in Connection with AT 403 and 713." Journal of Folklore Research 20, no. 2/3 (1983): 185–96. www.jstor.org/stable/3814531.

External links

SurLaLune Fairy Tale site The White Bride and the Black One

Grimms' Fairy Tales
Fiction about shapeshifting
Literary duos
Works about marriage
Female characters in fairy tales
German fairy tales
ATU 400-459
False hero

The White Bride and the Black One


Transclusion is a way to use content from one electronic document, in another document without having to copy the content from one to the other. If the original content is changed, the change will automatically show in the article that is using the trancluded content. The two documents are connected by hypertext. The word is a combination of trans, meaning across and inclusion, so it means including something that is brought across from another place.

On Wikipedia, this is usually used for putting content from a special article called a template into other articles, but the method also works for other kinds of article.

When you put the double braces {{ }} around a page name, the program reading the wiki source code and converting it to HTML so it will display on a browser. Software will see that you wish to add the content of the named page at that point, and will go read it, convert it to html and add it at that point before continuing with converting the rest of the source code of the original page to html. That is transclusion. You refer to the page to be transcluded by naming it in braces, which is called referencing.

There are ways to exclude parts of the transcluded page, and ways to transclude part of a page, like just a section, but that does not change the basic concept.

A transcluded page may also include transclusions of other pages. This is called nesting. It can be done a moderate number of times, with one page transcluding others, which may each tranclude others, again and again. There is a limit to how many levels of transclusion are allowed to prevent accidental or intentional infinite loops, which will cause the translating program to get stuck.

Computer programming

Transclusion


Emedastine (trade name Emadine) is a second generation antihistamine used in eye drops to alleviate the symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis. It acts as a H1 receptor antagonist. It works by blocking the action of histamine that causes allergic symptoms. It is used in form of the difumarate.
The emedastine difumarate is a white, crystalline, water-soluble fine powder. Emedastine eye drops is usually applied twice a day to the affected eye. When the patients with allergic conjunctivitis were treated with 0.05% emedastine difumarate ophthalmic solution for six weeks, the signs and symptoms such as redness, itching and swelling of the eyes were relieved. Emedastine appears to be devoid of effects on adrenergic, dopaminergic and serotonin receptors. This drug was developed by Alcon, which is global medical company specializing in eye care products.

Pharmacodynamics
Emedastine is significantly selective to H1 histamine receptors (Ki = 1.3 nM), whereas its affinities for other histamine receptors were low (H2: Ki = 49067 nM and H3: Ki = 12430 nM) ub in vitro study. Topical ocular administration of emedastine inhibits histamine-stimulated vascular permeability in the conjunctiva as a concentration-dependent manner in in vitro study.

Pharmacokinetics
The human oral bioavailability is approximately 50% and maximum plasma concentration was achieved within 1–2 hours after dosing. Emedastine is mainly metabolized by the liver. There are two primary metabolites: 5-hydroxyemedastine and 6-hydroxyemedastine. They are excreted in the urine as both free and conjugated forms. The 5'-oxoanalogs of 5-hydroxyemedastine, 6-hydroxyemedastine and the N-oxide are also formed as minor metabolites. The elimination half-life of oral emedastine in plasma is 3–4 hours, whereas that of topical emedastine is 10 hours. Approximately 44% of the oral dose is recovered in the urine over 24 hours with only 3.6% of the dose excreted as parent drug.

Contraindications
Emedastine should not be used in patients who are hypersensitive to emedastine or any other excipients of the preparation. Benzalkonium chloride contained in the bottle of emedastine solution can discolor soft contact lenses, so people who wear contact lenses should be careful using it.

Adverse events
The most common adverse effect was headache (11%). The other minor adverse effects encountered in less than 5% of patients were asthenia, burning or stinging sensation, unpleasant taste, blurred vision, eye dryness and tearing.

References

H1 receptor antagonists
Benzimidazoles
Ethers
Diazepanes
Ethanolamines
Ethoxy compounds

Emedastine


Reverend Bartholomew Price (181829 December 1898) was an English mathematician, clergyman and educator.

Life
He was born at Coln St Denis, Gloucestershire, in 1818. He was educated at Pembroke College, Oxford, of which college (after taking a first class in mathematics in 1840 and gaining the university mathematical scholarship in 1842) he became fellow in 1844 and tutor and mathematical lecturer in 1845. He at once took a leading position in the mathematical teaching of the university, and published treatises on the Differential calculus (in 1848) and the Infinitesimal calculus (4 vols., 1852–1860), which for long were the recognized textbooks there. This latter work included the differential and integral calculus, the calculus of variations, the theory of attractions, and analytical mechanics.

In 1853, he was appointed Sedleian professor of natural philosophy, resigning it in June 1898. His chief public activity at Oxford was in connection with the Hebdomadal Council, and with the Clarendon Press, of which he was for many years secretary. He was also a curator of the Bodleian Library, an honorary fellow of the Queen's College, a governor of Winchester College and a visitor of Greenwich Observatory.
In 1891, he was elected Master of Pembroke College, which dignity carried with it a canonry of Gloucester Cathedral.
He also seems to have donated an interesting astronomical clock to Gloucester cathedral.

In 1889 he was one of the shareholders in Silver's factory in Silvertown, East London, an immensely profitable rubber company. That year saw a major strike by Silver's workers for higher pay but after 12 weeks the strikers were forced back to work by hunger. Bartholomew Price was the shareholder who moved the motion of thanks in the Managing Director at the shareholders meeting in February 1890.

He was on the governing body of Abingdon School from c.1887 until his death in December 1898.

He died in December 1898 with the title of Reverend and was buried in Holywell Cemetery, Oxford.

Nowadays, Professor Price is best remembered as one of the teachers of Lewis Carroll.  There is a reference to his nickname of 'the bat' in the Mad Hatter's song "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Bat", a parody of "Twinkle Twinkle Little Star" in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.

Writings
 An essay on the relation of the several parts of a mathematical science to the fundamental idea therein contained (1849)
 A Treatise on Infinitesimal Calculus v. 1: Differential calculus (1857)
 A Treatise on Infinitesimal Calculus v. 2. Integral calculus and calculus of variations
 A Treatise on Infinitesimal Calculus v. 3. Statics attractions, dynamics of material particle
 A Treatise on Infinitesimal Calculus v. 4: The dynamics of material systems (1862)

References

1818 births
1898 deaths
People from Cotswold District
19th-century English mathematicians
Fellows of the Royal Society
Alumni of Pembroke College, Oxford
Fellows of Pembroke College, Oxford
Masters of Pembroke College, Oxford
Sedleian Professors of Natural Philosophy
Lewis Carroll
Governors of Abingdon School
Burials at Holywell Cemetery

Bartholomew Price


August Friedrich Schweigger (8 September 1783 – 28 June 1821) was a German naturalist born in Erlangen. He was the younger brother of scientist Johann Salomo Christoph Schweigger (1779-1857).

He studied medicine, zoology and botany at Erlangen, and following graduation spent time in Berlin (from 1804) and Paris (from 1806). In 1809 he was appointed professor of botany and medicine at the University of Königsberg. In 1815, he was elected a corresponding member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. On a research trip to Sicily, he was murdered near Agrigento on 28 June 1821.

The plant genus Schweiggeria from the family Violaceae is named in his honor.

In the scientific field of herpetology, he is best known for his 1812 monograph of turtles, in which he described several new species which are still valid.

Turtle taxa described by Schweigger
Schweigger is the taxonomic authority of Chelydra, a genus of snapping turtles.

In 1812 he described as new species the following 12 species of turtles and tortoises.
Adanson's mud turtle, Pelusios adansonii
Aldabra giant tortoise, Geochelone gigantea
South American river turtle, Podocnemis expansa
Big-headed Amazon River turtle, Peltocephalus dumerilianus
Common toad-headed turtle, Mesoclemmys nasuta
Serrated hinge-back tortoise, Kinixys erosa
Geoffroy's side-necked turtle, Phrynops geoffroanus
Gibba turtle, Mesoclemmys gibba
Indian black turtle, Melanochelys trijuga
South African bowsprit tortoise, Chersina angulata
Mediterranean turtle, Mauremys leprosa
West African mud turtle, Pelusios castaneus

Selected publications
 Specimen flora erlangensis, 1805.
 Kranken- und Armenanstalten in Paris (Medical and charitable institutions in Paris), Bayreuth: Lübeck, 1809.
 Prodromus Monographia Cheloniorum auctore Schweigger. Königsberg. Arch. Naturwiss. Mathem. 1: 271-368, 406-458, 1812.
 Einige Worte über Classification der Thiere, (Treatise on the classification of animals), 1812.
 Prodromi monographiae cheloniorum, 1814.
 Beobachtungen auf naturhistorischen Reisen (Observations on natural history trips). Berlin, 1819.
 Handbuch der Naturgeschichte der skelettlosen ungegliederten Tiere (Textbook of natural history on unsegmented invertebrates). Leipzig, 1820.
 De plantarum classificatione naturalis, 1821.
 "The Life and Herpetological Contributions of August Friedrich Schweigger" (Published in English); Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, 2008.

References
 August Friedrich Schweigger @ Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie
 Parts of this article are based on a translation of the equivalent article from the German Wikipedia.

19th-century German botanists
German naturalists
German herpetologists
People from Erlangen
Academic staff of the University of Königsberg
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
1783 births
1821 deaths

August Friedrich Schweigger


The Battle of Evarts (May 5, 1931) occurred in Harlan, Kentucky during the Harlan County Wars. The coal miners desired improved working conditions, higher wages, and more housing options for their families. These reasons, along with other factors, led the miners to go on strike. It ended when the Kentucky National Guard was called in to break the streak. This battle lasted approximately 15 minutes.

Opposing forces
Numerous forces and factors were involved in the so-called battle. Opposing the miners were the heavily armed private "police" ordered by the company to break up the strike, while other associations chose not to become involved. The United Mine Workers of America, or UMWA, considered helping the miners, but once it realized the amount of resources required, decided not to offer support. The Red Cross also decided not offer any support, saying the strike was an "industrial dispute" which did not involve them. The Black Mountain Coal Company's hired gunmen were eager to fight, and were responsible for the deaths that followed.

Battle
The 'Battle of Evarts' began on the morning of May 5, 1931. The company had ordered a motorcade to drive to Harlan to deliver goods to the 'Scabs' (non-union miners who had been hired to replace those on strike) there. The motorcade consisted of just three cars, with a sheriff's deputy in each one. The deputies correctly expected violence, and had prepared for some sort of attack. The striking miners waited for the motorcade near the Evarts railroad, and as the motorcade approached them, a single shot rang out. No one knows who fired it, but each side blamed the other. The motorcade halted, and Deputy Jim Daniels, one of the most hated anti-union deputies in the county, jumped out and hid behind a rock. Daniels raised his head to fire at the miners, but as soon as he did so, he was fatally shot and killed. The exchange of gunfire lasted for fifteen minutes, with an estimated 1,000 shots fired. When it ended, the three deputies and one miner lay dead.

Causes
Since this happened during the Harlan County Wars, other skirmishes had led up to the several months of turmoil. The factors that led to the Battle of Evarts included mine conditions, pay, and independence from the coal company as well as hunger, desperation, and intrigue. Miners were being laid off for attending United Mine Workers meetings. Also, the Black Mountain Coal Company created a grocery store where the miners would be able to spend the money that they earned there. Miners opposed this, as they were not allowed to spend their money elsewhere and miners who were caught spending their money elsewhere would be fired and kicked out of town. The final straw was when the Harlan County Coal Operators Association cut miners' wages by 10%. After this, the first strike occurred, in which only about 13% of strikers showed up to work. Out of all these battles, the Battle of Evarts was one of the most violent. It left four dead and had to have the Kentucky National Guard called in for protection. After months of rallies, on June 17, all mine workers reported back to their jobs.

Aftermath
The aftermath of this battle led to wider strikes in the Harlan County area. Coal companies refused to back down while the Red Cross refused to give aid due to a policy of staying neutral during disputes. After about a month and a half of strikes, workers reported back on June 17 because of unresponsive negotiation-partners and starvation due to having no money to spend on food. Eight miners ended up receiving life in jail for conspiracy to murder for the actions that took place on May 5. The Battle of Evarts may have only been 15 minutes long with only four deaths, but played a major role in the Coal Wars.

References

Conflicts in 1931
1931 labor disputes and strikes
Harlan County, Kentucky
1931 in Kentucky
Coal Wars
Labor disputes in Kentucky
Riots and civil disorder in Kentucky
May 1931 events

Battle of Evarts


Santa Maria de Gerri is a monastery in Gerri de la Sal, in the comarca of Pallars Sobirà, Catalonia, Spain, situated on the shores of the Noguera Pallaresa river.

History
The monastery was founded in 807, and its community adhered to the Benedictine rule in 839. Located in the diocese of Urgell, the monastery contributed to the evangelization of the territory, which had been recently conquered by the Christians from the Moors. In 996 the monastery was put under the director protection the Popes, and depended from the Abbey of St. Victor of Marseille.

In 1190 all the monastery's possession went under the protection of King Alfonso II of Aragon, and, thanks to numerous donations in the 12th-14th centuries, including the cave monastery of Sant Pere de les Maleses, it became the richest foundation in the county of Urgell. Later it decayed, until, in 1835, it was secularized.

Architecture
Of the 9th century structure, today only ruins remain. The Romanesque church, built in the 12th century, has a nave and two aisles, without transept, and with three semi-circular apses. The latter are preceded by a presbytery located at level far lower than the rest of the church.

The nave is covered by barrel vaults. The central apse is decorated by seven blind arcades, supported by pilasters with sculpted capitals, similar to those in the Sant Pere de Galligants monastery. The same decorations, including vegetable motifs, fantastic animals, angels and biblical characters, characterizes the capitals of the church's interior.

The main façade is surmounted by a sail-shaped bell tower with three floors.

References

External links

Page at Catalan Monasteries website

Christian monasteries established in the 9th century
12th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Spain
Maria de Gerri
Romanesque architecture in Catalonia
Religious organizations established in the 9th century
Religious organizations disestablished in 1835
1835 disestablishments in Spain

Santa Maria de Gerri


Selenium tetrafluoride, also known as selenous fluoride and selenium(IV) fluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SeF4. It contains selenium in its +4 oxidation state. It also contains fluoride ions.

Properties
It is a colorless liquid. It hydrolyses in water giving hydrofluoric acid and selenous acid. It is used to add fluoride to other chemical compounds.

Preparation
It is made by reacting selenium with a little fluorine. A lot of fluorine makes selenium hexafluoride. It can also be made by reacting sulfur tetrafluoride with selenium dioxide.

Uses
It is used to make adducts and some other chemical reactions like that.

Related pages
Selenium tetrachloride

Selenium compounds
Fluorine compounds

Selenium tetrafluoride


Henry Augustus Shute (1856–1943) was an American lawyer, judge and writer, who was best known for his "Plupy" stories in The Saturday Evening Post and a series of books.

Biography

Born in Exeter, New Hampshire, Shute was a graduate of Phillips Exeter Academy (1875) and Harvard University (1879). In the 1890s, the Exeter News-Letter began publishing a weekly column of Shute's recollections of his boyhood in Exeter.  These were later self-published by Shute under the titles of Several Hard Characters (1898) and Neighborhood Sketches (1901).

In 1902, his third book, The Real Diary of a Real Boy, provided Shute with national recognition. He went on to write a total of 20 books, including Brite and Fair (1920). His stories were published extensively in The Saturday Evening Post (1925–1928), often illustrated by Leslie Turner.

Additional books include Sequil to the Real Diary (1904), "Real Boys" (1905), Letters to Beany (1905), A Few Neighbors (1906), A Profane and Somewhat Unreliable History of Exeter(1907), The Country Band (1909), A Country Lawyer (1909), Farming It (1909), Plupy the Real Boy (1911), The Misadventures of Three Good Boys (1914), The Youth Plupy or the Lad with the Downy Chin (1917), The Real Diary of the Worst Farmer (1920), Plupy and Old J Albert (1924), Plupy, Beany and Pewt, Contractors (1926), Chadwick & Shute, Gob Printers (1927) and "Plupy, The Wirst Yet" (1929).

External links

20th-century American novelists
American judges
American lawyers
1856 births
1943 deaths
Harvard University alumni
People from Exeter, New Hampshire
Novelists from New Hampshire
Phillips Exeter Academy alumni

Henry Shute


Bodgies and widgies refer to a youth subculture that existed in Australia and New Zealand in the 1950s, similar to the rocker culture in the UK or Greaser culture in the United States. Most bodgies rode motorbikes but some had cars, many of which were hotted-up with accessories such as mag wheels and hot dog mufflers.

The males were called bodgies and the females were called widgies. Bodgies were often depicted in Australian media and folk-lore as louts. On 1 February 1951 the Sydney Morning Herald wrote on its front page:
"What with "bodgies" growing their hair long and getting around in satin shirts, and "wedgies" cutting their hair short and wearing jeans, confusion seems to be arising about the sex of some Australian adolescents."

In New Zealand the Mazengarb Report (Report of the Special Committee on Moral Delinquency in Children and Adolescents) of 1954 was partly a response to the emergence of the bodgie & widgie subculture.

Citing a Sydney Morning Herald article from 21 January 1956, Professor Keith Moore wrote in 2004:
"The first bodgies were World War 2 Australian seamen who as well as impersonating Americans were black marketers and the first bodgie gang was the 'Woolloomooloo Yanks' who congregated in Cathedral Street Woolloomooloo. By 1948, about 200 bodgies were regularly frequenting Kings Cross milk bars. Soon, bodgie gangs formed at other inner-Sydney locations. After a time, moccasins and American drape suits complete with pegged trousers replaced their attire of blue jeans and leather American Airline jackets or zoot suits. For bodgies, almost all of whom were working class, emulating the high status Americans who had so recently occupied Australia as military personnel was easier than achieving upward social mobility."

There was a Victorian Police (Australia) Bodgies and Widgies Squad formed – plain clothed. Their job was to bust up the gang.

In 1983, the Melbourne Age suggested:
"the term "bodgie" arose around the Darlinghurst area in Sydney. It was just after the end of World War II and rationing had caused a flourishing black market in American-made cloth. "People used to try and pass off inferior cloth as American-made when in fact it was not: so it was called bodgie"... "When some of the young guys started talking with American accents to big-note themselves they were called bodgies"

Australian rockers

Australian Rockers stemmed from the bodgies and widgies subculture that came into prominence in the late 1950s. Bodgies took on that James Dean look in the period of post-World War II prosperity.

The 1970s were the rockers' heyday in Adelaide. During the 1980s in South Australia, and possibly other Australian regions, Australian rockers were typically working class and fairly reactionary. Typical interests were alcohol, girls, music and cars. They were known as troublemakers and street fighters, and there were several rocker groups. It was not uncommon for rockers to fight members of other subcultures, such as surfies, mods, and skinheads. They mostly liked hard rock and heavy metal music, by bands such as AC/DC, The Angels, Midnight Oil, Iron Maiden, Led Zeppelin, and Deep Purple. Adelaide Rockers of the 1970s enjoyed the music of the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, but identified heavily with the look, style and rock n roll style of music and movie greats such as Elvis Presley and James Dean.

Unlike their British counterparts, rockers in Australia had no association with rockabilly or Cafe Racer motorcycles.  This Australian youth subculture had more in common with the 1950s and 1960s rock n roll scene.

Cars common to rockers included Chevrolets, Oldsmobiles, Fords, Pontiacs or other American 1950s and 1960s classics. Rockers who did not own those brands generally had modified Australian cars, such as early model Holdens, Fords or Valiants. A number of rockers owned motorbikes.

Style and clothing

Australian rockers commonly wore black mesh shirts; black or white T-shirts; singlets or flannelette shirts (usually in a blue or occasionally red check pattern). Common jackets included classic suit jackets, generally dark coloured (blue or black); herringbone jackets; leather motorcycle jackets (sometimes with a fur-lined collar); red Holden or blue Ford jackets (with the logos of local car manufacturers emblazoned across the back); or denim jackets or vests. Australian rockers usually wore tight jeans, often with the legs taken in. Some rockers sewed their jeans on (i.e. take in their jeans while wearing them, to make them as tight as possible) for the weekends.

Footwear common to Australian rockers included black ripple-soled suede shoes and black boots. Many rockers wore RM Williams leather elastic-sided square-toed boots, and some wore pointed shoes. Alternatives included ankle-high work boots (often steel capped), Adidas Officials (a black leather trainer/sneaker) and the Ciak casual shoe (usually black).

The common look was slicked back or coiffed into a quiff, using Brylcreem or another hair cream. Some styled their hair into what were known as racks, hair curled into two waves meeting at a point at the forehead, but always slicked back on the sides. The Elvis look was extremely predominant in Rocker culture. Headgear, if worn, was typically a black knitted beanie (US name: watch cap, Canadian name: tuque).

Tattoos, including bum tatts (amateur tattoos), were common among Australian rockers. Harder rockers often had small red stars with black/blue outlines tattooed on their faces (usually cheeks) and ears. These tattooed stars were known as rocker stars.

In media
Actor and comedian Grahame Bond created a character named Kev Kavanagh for the 1972 sketch comedy series The Aunty Jack Show and the spinoff series Wollongong the Brave. A more exaggerated version of the character was revived as the "last living bodgie" in the 1985 comedy series News Free Zone.

Former Prime Minister of Australia Bob Hawke was nicknamed the Silver Bodgie by the Australian media for his thick silver-grey hair worn in the bodgie style and loutish behaviour before entering politics.

Bodgie is a 1959 ABC television play.

See also

 Beatniks
 Bogan
 Sharpies
 Skinhead
 Teddy Boys

References

Further reading
 Manning, A. E. (1958) The Bodgie: a study in abnormal psychology. Wellington: Reed

External links
 Scarborough Beach once again comes alive to revive the infamous Snake Pit days, when the bodgies and the widgies danced to rock "n' roll music
 Scarborough Beach History Site – The Snake Pit showing a picture of bodgies and widgees dancing in the 1950s
 George Negus Tonight :: people :: Transcripts :: Gang History
 Bodgies, widgies and moral panic in Australia 1955 – 1959, Paper presented to the Social Change in the 21st Century Conference

History of Australia (1945–present)
Australian fringe and underground culture
Australian English
New Zealand slang
New Zealand culture
Working-class culture
Working class in Australia
Working class in New Zealand
 Australian youth culture

Bodgies and widgies


Martin Maiste (5. jaanuar 1912 Sürgavere, Viljandimaa – 3. juuli 1991 Viljandi) oli eesti maadleja.

A hero Martin participated and made refugees during World War II Martin was involved in picking up refugees with Johannes Bombas and Arnold Lemberg from Estonia to Sweden relatives and others with a motor boat

Is there a story in an Act XVII F security police archive in Sweden

They started March 6, 1944 from Sandhamn and reached Dagö / Hiiumaa the following day.

Then they contacted their own and gathered them at the agreed place since the trip to Sweden on March 23, 1944.

But a hard storm came and one went to Hanko Finland which they reached that evening.

There, they were taken care of by the Finnish police together with them 33 refugees But since the Swedish Consulate, all were placed on the S / S Arecturus on 28 March 1944 for travel to Sweden

Martin escaped from Estonia to Helsinki, 1943 and where sneaking aboard a Finnish boat s/s Navigato as stowaways along with countrymen Matti Tammer, Peet's Neeme and Loo.What his compatriots do is not clear.When he found out that the boat was on its way to Germany, he jumped into the sea near the Swedish coast and swam ashore and were recovered near Sandhamn on June 14, 1943.

Together with Johannes Bombas and Arnold Lemberg was acquired a speedboat in december 1943 43 as they travel to Hiiumaa and took 27 Estonian Swedes to Sandhamn.

Martin tries to get his brother and relatives.

6 March 1944 traveling them back to Hiiumaa and Martin travel to Tallinn to seek out his brother but he was mobilized and in German service, and after days in Estonia starts them from Noarootsi and carrying 37 Estonian Swedes.

But it will be motor failure and you have to go to Hanko March 26

March 29 44 returned from Turku after helping Estonian refugees flee to Finland and came to Sweden with s/s Arcturus.

Then he gets in early 1944 contact with Rågökommitten and be on the fishing boat Anita.

Where Martin was transferred the refugees from Estonia around 300 refugees then made 6 trips to the end of september 1944.

Martin was born in 1912 in Surgavere Viljandi and reportedly died in Estonia 1991 and buried in Viljandi.

1947 was Martin even in Sweden according to tasks and then convicted of sovjetterrorn 1951 he has for some reason returned to Estonia after 1947 and remained and released 1951

Will search a bit more in the archives about Martin in Stockholm Bert-Ola Söderlund

All information comes from Martin's personal record in the National Archives of Stockholm

Saavutused
 Ta on kolmekordne Eesti meister Kreeka-Rooma maadluses (1939, 1942, 1943);
 Eesti meister vabamaadluses – 1942;
 Kaitseliidu meister – 1936.

Välislingid

Eesti maadlejad
Kaitseliidu Sakala maleva liikmed
Eestlased Rootsis
Eesti represseeritud isikud
Viljandi Metsakalmistule maetud
Sündinud 1912
Surnud 1991

Martin Maiste


World Kindness Day is an international observance on 13 November.  It was introduced in 1998 by the World Kindness Movement, a coalition of nations' kindness NGOs. It is observed in many countries, including Canada, Australia, Nigeria and the United Arab Emirates. Singapore observed the day for the first time in 2009. Italy and India also observed the day. In the UK, it is fronted by David Jamilly, who co-founded Kindness Day UK with Louise Burfitt-Dons.

History
In 2010, at the request of Michael Lloyd-White, the NSW Federation Parents and Citizens Association wrote to the Minister of The NSW Department of Education to place World Kindness Day on the NSW School Calendar.

In 2012, at the request of the Chairman of World Kindness Australia, World Kindness Day was placed on the Federal School Calendar and then the Minister of School Education, Early Childhood, and Youth. The Hon Peter Garrett provided a Declaration of Support for World Kindness Australia and placed World Kindness Day on the National School Calendar for over 9000 schools.

Schools across the globe are now celebrating World Kindness Day and work with local NGOs such as the Be Kind People Project and Life Vest Inside In the USA. In 2012 in Australia, Marie Bashir,
Governor of New South Wales, hosted an event for the first time at Government House to celebrate World Kindness Day and accepted a Cool To Be Kind Award from year 3 & 4 students. Australian Councils representing over 1.3 million residents have also signed Declarations of Support for World Kindness Australia placing World Kindness Day on the Council Calendar of Events.

Events include THE BIG HUG, handing out Kindness Cards, Global Flashmob, which was coordinated by Orly Wahba from the US and was held in 15 countries and 33 cities with its images of the event making the big screens in New York City. Canada celebrates with The Kindness Concert and in Singapore in 2009, 45,000 yellow flowers were given away. In 2017 World Kindness day was also celebrated in Slovenia, organized by volunteering organisation Humanitarček as part of their project Randomised Kindness.

Objective
World Kindness Day is to highlight good deeds in the community focusing on the positive power and the common thread of kindness for good which binds us. Kindness is a fundamental part of the human condition which bridges the divides of race, religion, politics, gender and location. Kindness Cards are also an ongoing activity which can either be passed on to recognize an act of kindness and or ask that an act of kindness be done. Approaches are being made to the United Nations by the peak global body, the World Kindness Movement, to have World Kindness Day officially recognized and its members unanimously sign a Declaration of Support for World Kindness.

According to Gulf News, "it is a day that encourages individuals to overlook boundaries, race and religion."

References

Unofficial observances
International observances
Recurring events established in 1998
November observances
Kindness
Volunteering

World Kindness Day


Ignatius George Boyle (1 January 1882 – 15 June 1960) was a politician from Western Australia who represented the Avon district in the Western Australian Legislative Assembly from 1935 until 1943.

Biography
He was educated at Christian Brothers College, Perth, and left school in 1897 for a job in the Western Australian Government Railways.

He married Catherine Mary Murphy on 9 September 1908. Together they had four children.

Boyle was an elected member of the Albany Municipal Council from 1915 until 1920. He then moved to Toodyay and sat on the Toodyay Shire Council for some years, including two years (1928−1930) as its chairman. He stood for the Legislative Assembly seat of Toodyay in 1924 and 1927, on both occasions losing to fellow Country Party member and minister, John Lindsay. When Lindsay transferred to Mount Marshall, Boyle tried again but was beaten by another Country Party candidate, Lindsay Thorn.

He was president of the Wheatgrowers' Union from 1931 to 1935 and chairman of directors of its newsletter, The Wheatgrower.

In May 1935, he accepted the Country Party's nomination to contest a by-election for the seat of Avon following the death of Harry Griffiths. He served as the member for Avon until the 1943 election, at which time he was defeated by a 15-vote margin by the Labor candidate William Telfer. He appealed against the result to the Court of Disputed Returns, who ordered a fresh election, but Telfer won by 298 votes at the by-election on 1 June 1944. He stood unsuccessfully for the Senate two years later.

Boyle died on 15 June 1960 and was buried in Karrakatta Cemetery.

References

External links
Australian Dictionary of Biography

1882 births
1960 deaths
People educated at Christian Brothers' College, Perth
Members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly
National Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Western Australia
Burials at Karrakatta Cemetery
Politicians from Perth, Western Australia
Western Australian local councillors
20th-century Australian politicians

Ignatius Boyle


A river system is sometimes called a drainage system. It is the whole natural water system in a drainage basin.

Water in a drainage basin usually ends up in the sea, but there are places where the water just evaporates, or flows into an inland lake. Lake Chad, for example, is an example of an endorheic lake, which has no outlet to the sea.

Rivers are an important feature of most landscapes, acting as the principal mechanism for the transport of weathered debris away from upland areas and carrying it to lakes and seas, where much of the classic sediment is deposited. River systems can also be deposition, accumulating sediment within channels and on floodplains.

Water flow in rivers and streams is normally confined to channels, which are depressions or scours in the land surface that contain the flow. The floodplain is the land that is covered when the river is in flood. Together the channel and over bank settings comprise the "fluvial environment".

Rivers

River system


James Smith (3 January 1789, Glasgow – 10 June 1850, Kingencleuch near Mauchline, age 61) was a Scottish inventor whose inventions include a reaping machine, a subsoil plough and the first endless chain of flats for carding.

Smith's father, a self-made Glasgow businessman, died when he was two months old; his mother went to live with her brother, a friend and pupil of Richard Arkwright, and managing partner of cotton-works at Deanston. Smith attended Glasgow University before entering his uncle's factory and becoming manager aged 18. Aged 24, his invention of the reaping machine won him a medal from the Imperial Agricultural Society of St Petersburgh. In 1823 Smith came into possession of his uncle's farm, and set about systematically draining the soil and working it with a subsoil plough. In 1831 he published his agricultural recommendations as a small pamphlet, Thorough Draining and Deep Working, which attracted attention in the agricultural crisis of 1834.

Smith also introduced mechanical innovations in spinning: in 1834 he improved Archibald Buchanan's self-stripping card, filing a patent (British patent no. 6560) for fixing the flat cards on an endless chain, allowing them to be regularly cleaned.

Smith was appointed by Robert Peel to the Commission into the sanitation and health of manufacturing towns, which led to the 1848 Public Health Act: Smith pressed to make liquid manure useful to agriculture. Smith was also an active member of the Royal Agricultural Improvement Society of Ireland, and a member of the Glasgow Philosophical Society, contributing papers to their Transactions.

References

1789 births
1850 deaths
Scottish inventors
Scottish agriculturalists
Spinning
19th-century British businesspeople

James Smith (inventor)


XCOM: Enemy Within is an expansion pack for the turn-based tactical video game XCOM: Enemy Unknown. The expansion pack primarily adds new gameplay elements to the base game, as well as introducing new themes of transhumanism via aggressive gene therapy.

XCOM: Enemy Within was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 in November 2013 and received generally favorable reviews from critics. In June 2014, Feral released both XCOM: Enemy Within and its base game XCOM: Enemy Unknown for Linux. The game also came to the iOS App Store and Google Play Store a year after the initial release, on November 12, 2014. On March 22, 2016, the game was released on the PlayStation Store for PlayStation Vita.

The Windows, OS X and Linux editions require XCOM: Enemy Unknown to play; Enemy Within was released for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 as part of the Commander Edition bundle with Enemy Unknown. The iOS and Android versions were released as stand-alone apps not requiring the original mobile port of Enemy Unknown to play. The PlayStation Vita version is only available bundled with Enemy Unknown under the title, XCOM: Enemy Unknown Plus.

Gameplay
The gameplay and plot of XCOM: Enemy Within largely remains the same as XCOM: Enemy Unknown with some additional features. The player manages the XCOM headquarters in almost real time progress, but much of the gameplay consists of turn-based battles against the invading aliens and some with the rogue human faction EXALT across the globe. Similar to the numerous expansions of the Civilization series, the pack retains the core storyline but adds a broad variety of content.

New features
A new resource, called "Meld", is introduced. XCOM operatives will be forced to advance swiftly in order to secure Meld canisters with delay-activated self-destruct systems; some of the aliens' more sophisticated cybernetic units such as Mechtoids also grant Meld when killed. Meld is a suspension made up of billions of cybernetic nanomachines. These nanites are each made up of organic and mechanical components. It is required for some of the newly introduced XCOM transhuman technologies.
Alien robotic units have gained an increase in effectiveness, as well as introduction of two new units:
The Seeker is an airborne squid-like machine with a cloaking device armed with plasma blast as primary weapon. The cloaking ability doesn't last indefinitely and will run out. If it gets close to a lone XCOM operative while cloaked, it can use its Strangle ability. It usually appears in a pair and will cloak when discovered. Their AI will avoid direct confrontation with XCOM operatives, preferring to cloak until the soldiers engage another group of aliens. At that point the Seeker strikes - sneaking up on an lone unsuspecting human and activating the strangle ability on the target, which deals increasing amounts of damage until a soldier can shoot it off the targeted squadmate.
The Mechtoid is a Sectoid fitted into a large, heavily armed suit of powered armor armed with two plasma mini cannons. The Mechtoid can shoot twice in a single round on a single target. Sectoids can Mind Merge with the Mechtoid, providing the Mechtoid with additional psionic shielded health. Killing the Sectoid in this state does not kill the Mechtoid as it does when two Sectoids merge, but merely removes the shielded health.
Alien autopsies and Meld allow XCOM scientists to modify operatives of existing classes to give them superhuman abilities, e.g. to leap several stories, to sense nearby enemies, or a backup heart.
Alternatively, they can be modified into the brand-new class "MEC Trooper", which is capable of wearing Mechanized Exoskeleton Cybersuits into battle; however, they are rendered unable to participate in combat without a MEC, as the cybernetic modification includes amputation of all four limbs. MECs are large bipedal combat platforms with a cyborg pilot in their upper torso; while staggeringly expensive to deploy and upgrade and unable to take cover behind objects, they are more robust, better-armed and more mobile than conventional operatives. Additionally, XCOM's more basic S.H.I.V. a.k.a. Super Heavy Infantry Vehicle combat robots receive upgrades as well.
EXALT, a new enemy faction in the form of a covert fifth column paramilitary human organization is introduced. EXALT seek to embrace the aliens' technologies and outlast their invasion in order to rule the world afterwards. They undermine XCOM's war effort with a variety of underhanded tactics through the covert cells located across the globe by stealing funds, creating more panic in Council nations and delaying research on important technology. The player is actually not obligated to actively engage them, and they will not seek open combat either; to root out their cells around the world, the player would have to perform Intel Scans and send soldiers on Covert Missions. EXALT's main base is located in one of the countries of the Council and with each successful covert operation, hints are given about which country it is, and the player has the option of launching an assault to take it down for good. However, performing a raid in the wrong country will cause it to withdraw from the Council. When forced to fight XCOM head-on, EXALT deploys "men in black"-style operatives that mirror those of XCOM troops with the same combat roles, squad tactics and equipment.
Enemy Within re-introduces the Base Defense mission. Without forewarning or a chance for the player to select and arm a squad, XCOM headquarters fall victim to a number of acts of sabotage caused by multiple instances of mind-controlled personnel, followed by an alien assault. Failure of this mission leads to immediate defeat.
Operation Progeny, originally scheduled to be released as a separate DLC, is included. It allows EXALT to make an inferred early appearance and includes three missions over the course of which XCOM recovers four talented psionics from alien captivity, including the one responsible for the base attack.
 Site Recon further details the effects of the alien invasion on Earth's ecosystem. XCOM operatives investigate a fishing village in Newfoundland, discovering a Chryssalid infestation using a whale as an incubation chamber.
Thanks to collating localization voice files, XCOM soldiers can now be customized to speak in one of several languages.
47 new maps have been added for the single player game, adding to the existing 80 maps bringing the total to well over 120 maps. Eight new multiplayer maps have also been added to the existing five, bringing the total to 13 multiplayer maps.

Development and release

XCOM: Enemy Within was originally announced with a scheduled release date of November 15, 2013. XCOM: Enemy Within was released in stores on November 12, 2013 in the US, and November 15, 2013 internationally. The game was released for digital distribution via Steam on November 11, 2013.

Mods
Long War is a partial conversion mod originally developed for XCOM: Enemy Unknown. After the release of Enemy Within, development of the mod switched to Enemy Within. The mod makes changes to many of the game's existing features, adds entirely new features, and brings back concepts from X-COM: UFO Defense. Changes include the ability to send a larger number of soldiers into battle, additional soldier classes, psionic abilities, weapons, and items, and an expanded technology tree. In the mod aliens and EXALT conduct their own research and get stronger over the course of the game, a process that speeds up or slows down based on the player's success in stopping missions launched by the hostile forces. The mod was heavily praised by Enemy Unknown lead designer Jake Solomon and producer Garth DeAngelis.

Reception

XCOM: Enemy Within received generally favorable reviews from critics. Ben Reeves of Game Informer lauded the game, advising that "anyone who loves an intense firefight should test their mettle on Enemy Within," although also noting that "Despite Firaxis' improvements, the developer wasn't able to fix the line-of-sight issues" of the main game and that "acquiring new squad members still feels unbalanced; since you can't assign your soldiers' roles, and they only learn their specialty once they've ranked up, it's easy to end up with holes in your squad". Eurogamer Stace Harman echoed similar statements, stating that despite its flaws, "Enemy Within is an improvement on an already excellent game," Destructoid Chris Carter proffered similar praise, headlining his review with "It almost feels like a sequel." Regarding all the new content, he thought that it was "a really weird way" to approach an expansion due to its blending of old and new content, but summarized his review by saying, "If you haven't played the newest XCOM yet, now is a perfect time to do so with the Enemy Within package." Matt Lees of VideoGamer.com similarly summarized his review with, "The best game of 2012 is back, and it might be the best game of 2013."

IGN Dan Stapleton criticized the late-game, stating that all the new content and unlockables make the later half of the game too easy; however, Stapleton still ultimately awarded the game a 9/10, calling it "an amazing expansion to a brilliant tactical game", and that it "is best enjoyed in Iron Man mode on Classic difficulty to enhance the emotional highs and lows of victory and permanent defeat." Conversely, GamesRadar Ryan Taljonick argued that "Enemy Within'''s new additions don't make the experience any easier [because] the added benefit of having access to gene mods and MEC Troopers is offset by new alien types and a whole new faction of fanatical humans. If anything, saving the world is harder than ever." Although GameSpot'' Leif Johnson applauded the game, he was critical of the expansion pack's pricing disparity between PC and consoles: "All of [its content] is certainly enough for PC players to fork out the $20 for the upgrade, but unfortunately, console players face the more daunting task of buying Firaxis' new creation for almost the price of a new game."

References

External links

2013 video games
Alien invasions in video games
Android (operating system) games
Business simulation games
Construction and management simulation games
Firaxis Games games
IOS games
Linux games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation Vita games
Science fiction video games
Tactical role-playing video games
Take-Two Interactive games
Video games about terrorism
Transhumanism in video games
Turn-based tactics video games
Unreal Engine games
Video game expansion packs
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in the 2010s
Windows games
XCOM
Xbox 360 games
Feral Interactive games
2K games

XCOM: Enemy Within


Edward Green is an English shoemaker founded in 1890. Edward Green is based in Northampton, England. The level of handwork involved in production is very high and only around 250 pairs of shoes are completed a week.

During the 1930s, Edward Green was one of the largest manufacturers of officers' boots for the British Army. Their shoes have also been selected by such clients as the Duke of Windsor, Ernest Hemingway and Cole Porter.

Edward Green shoes are available from their own shops in Jermyn Street in London and on the Boulevard St Germain in Paris, as well as stores around the world such as Double Monk in Melbourne, Isetan in Japan, Matches in Wimbledon Village, Saks Fifth Avenue in New York City, Tassels in Hong Kong and Unipair in Seoul.

History

In 1890, Edward Green began to make hand-crafted shoes for men in a small factory in Northampton.

The company was sold in 1977 by Green's nephew, Michael Green to an American leather entrepreneur, Marley Hodgson, but financial problems continued and it was sold for a single British pound to another bespoke shoemaker, John Hlustik, an expert at finishing who is often credited with making brown shoes acceptable to British gentlemen. Upon Hlustik's death in 2000, the company was willed to his partner, Hilary Freeman.

References

External links

Shoe companies of the United Kingdom
Shoe brands
Manufacturing companies based in Northampton
Manufacturing companies established in 1890
1890 establishments in England

Edward Green Shoes


The silky anteater (Cyclopes didactylus), also called the pygmy anteater, is the smallest species of anteater. It is found in southern Mexico and Central/South America. The silky anteater is active at night and lives alone in trees. One of its most noticeable features are the two large claws on each of its front paws, which it uses to cling to branches and defend itself. It can use its tail to grasp things. It has soft yellow to grey fur.

Like other anteaters, it is an insectivore (eats mainly insects) and like to eat ants.

Mammals of South America
Xenarthrans
Mammals of North America

Silky anteater


Joseph Othenin Bernard de Cléron, comte d'Haussonville (27 May 1809 – 28 May 1884), was a French politician and historian.

He was born in Paris.  His grandfather had been grand louvetier of France; his father was Charles Louis Bernard de Cléron, comte d'Haussonville  Comte Joseph had filled a series of diplomatic appointments at Brussels, Turin and Naples before he entered the chamber of deputies in 1842 for Provins. Under the Second Empire, he published a liberal anti-imperial paper at Brussels, Le Bulletin français, and in 1863 he actively supported the candidature of Prévost Paradol.

He was elected to the Académie française in 1869, in recognition of his historical writings, Histoire de la politique extérieure du gouvernement français de 1830 à 1848 (2 vols., 1850), Histoire de la réunion de la Lorraine à la France (5 vols., 1854-1859), L'église romaine et le premier empire 1800-1814 (5 vols., 1864-1879). In 1870 he published a pamphlet directed against the Prussian treatment of France, La France et la Prusse devant l'Europe, the sale of which was prohibited in Belgium at the request of King Wilhelm of Prussia.

He was the president of an association formed to provide new homes in Algeria for the inhabitants of Alsace-Lorraine who elected to retain their French nationality. In 1878 he was made a life-senator, in which capacity he allied himself with the Right Centre in defence of the religious associations against the anti-clericals. He died in Paris on 28 May 1884.

His wife Louise (1818-1882), a daughter of Duc Victor de Broglie, published in 1858 a novel Robert Emuret, followed by Marguerite de Valois reine de Navarre (1870), La Jeunesse de Lord Byron (1872), and Les Dernières Années de Lord Byron (1874). His son, Gabriel-Paul-Othenin, was also a politician and historian.

References

See also
 Naciria (Algeria), formerly named Haussonvillers after Joseph d'Haussonville

1809 births
1884 deaths
Writers from Paris
19th-century French historians
French life senators
Members of the Académie Française
French male non-fiction writers
19th-century French male writers

Joseph d'Haussonville


ColorCode 3-D is an anaglyph 3D stereoscopic viewing system deployed in the 2000s that uses amber and blue filters. It is intended to provide the perception of nearly full colour viewing with existing television, digital and print mediums. Danish company ColorCode 3-D ApS distributes the system.

Technology
One eye (left, amber filter) receives the cross-spectrum colour information and one eye (right, blue filter) sees a monochrome image designed to give the depth effect. The human brain ties both images together.

Images viewed without filters will tend to exhibit light-blue and yellow horizontal fringing. The backwards compatible 2D viewing experience for viewers not wearing glasses is improved, generally being better than previous red and green anaglyph imaging systems, and further improved by the use of digital post-processing to minimise fringing. The displayed hues and intensity can be subtly adjusted to further improve the perceived 2D image, with problems only generally found in the case of extreme blue.

The blue filter is centred on 450 nm and the amber filter lets in light at wavelengths at above 500 nm. Wide spectrum colour is possible because the amber filter lets through light across most wavelengths in spectrum.

Notable uses

The technology premiered with a ColorCode 3-D release of nWave Pictures' Encounter in the Third Dimension, which was the first of a series of ColorCode 3-D releases distributed to IMAX theaters worldwide. In the United Kingdom, television station Channel 4 commenced broadcasting a series of programmes encoded using the system during the week of 16 November 2009. Previously the system had been used in the United States for an "all 3-D advertisement" during the 2009 Super Bowl on NBC for SoBe, the animated film Monsters vs. Aliens, and an advertisement for the television series Chuck in which the full episode the following night used the format.

In print, Time Inc. used ColorCode 3-D in five of their magazines (Time, People, Sports Illustrated, Entertainment Weekly, and Fortune) to display 3-D images when they published a series of articles about the new "3-D revolution" in April 2009.

Viewing comfort
ColorCode 3-D, like all stereoscopic 3D technologies, does reduce the overall brightness of the viewed image. Also, improperly calibrated displays can cause image ghosting.

References

External links

  describing the technology

3D imaging

ColorCode 3-D


The 2009 World Junior A Challenge was an international Junior "A" ice hockey tournament hosted by Hockey Canada.  The 2009 World Junior A Challenge was hosted by the Canadian City of Summerside, Prince Edward Island from November 1 to November 8, 2009 at the Consolidated Credit Union Place.

Teams
The two host Canadian teams will return, along with Russia, Belarus, and the United States. Replacing Germany at this event will be Sweden attending for the first time in the tournament's four-year history.

Summary

Exhibition
The first game of exhibition for the 2009 tournament was between Canada West and Belarus at the Charlottetown Civic Centre in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island on October 29, 2009.  After a scoreless first period, Belarus jumped to a 2–0 lead in the second.  Canada West scored twice in the third, including the tying goal with one second of play remaining to force overtime.  Overtime was scoreless, which led to a shootout.  Kellen Jones of Canada West scored the only goal of the shootout to get the 1–0 shootout win on three penalty shots each.  The same night, at the Colchester Legion Stadium in Truro, Nova Scotia, the Maritime Junior A Hockey League All-Stars challenged Canada East.  The Maritimers led 3-1 after the first period and 5-4 after the second.  In the third, Canada East scored the lone goal to force overtime.  OT solved nothing and led to a lengthy shootout.  The MJAHL's Nick Huard made it 1–0 on the first shot, Canada East's Andrew Calof made it 1–1 on the next shot.  The MJAHL's Darcy Ashley made it 2–1 on the third shot and Canada East's Brock Higgs scored to knot it at 2 on the sixth shot.  After the first six shooters, the shootout became sudden death.  All of the next eight penalty shots were stopped before the MJAHL's Stuart Lenehan made it 3–2 on the 15th shot of the shootout.  Jeff Vanderlugt of Canada East tied it at 3 on the next shot.  On the 17th shot of the shootout, the MJAHL's Matt Milson made it 4-3 and on the 18th Canada East's Kyle Just could not beat the MJAHL's Kirk Rafuse, ending the game as a 6–5 shootout victory for the MJAHL All-Stars.  The irony of this MJAHL victory is that the Canada East squad represents the MJAHL at the WJAC, and that the Canada East active roster has no MJAHL players on it.

On the second and final day of exhibition games, October 30, 2009, The MJAHL All-Stars concluded their involvement in the 2009 WJAC with a 5–4 victory over Belarus at the Amherst Stadium in Amherst, Nova Scotia.  Despite being outshot, the Maritimers led 2-0 and 5–2 at different parts of the game and survived the late rally by Belarus.  At the O'Leary Community Sports Centre in O'Leary, Prince Edward Island, Canada East routed Russia 9–1.  The Canadians jumped to an early 4–0 lead and finished the first leading 4–1.  After the second it was 7–1.  Canada East fumbled the Russian net with shots, leading in the category 44–28.  The final game of the night was between the United States and Canada West at the Montague and Area Wellness Centre in Montague, Prince Edward Island, a rematch of the 2008 World Junior A Challenge final.  Despite being tied 2–2 at the end of the first, the defending champs from the United States scored three unanswered goals to finish off the game 5–2.  Canada West outshot them 30–27.

Round Robin
The Canada West squad and Russia kicked off the 2009 WJAC festivities on November 1, 2009.  Despite outshooting the Russians, the Russians played a tight defensive game and held on to a tight 2–1 victory to take early control of Pool A.  In the late game, Canada East and the United States squared off in a fierce battle.  Tied 4-4 after regulation and overtime, the game went to a shootout.  Canada East went 3 for 3 on the shootout to win the game, while the United States managed 2 for 3 because they did not manage to score on their final shot, picking up only the regulation tie.

On the second day of the round robin, Russia played Sweden.  This was Sweden's first ever WJAC game.  Despite being badly outshot by the Swedes, the Russians put on another defensive clinic and won the game 3–2 in a shootout to clinch Pool A's top spot.  In the second game of the day, Canada East and Belarus squared off in a real barn burner.  Combining for 12 goals, the Canadians won 7–5 to clinch the top spot of Pool B for the playoff round.

To start the final day of the round robin, Canada West took on Sweden.  Despite badly outshooting the Canadians, the Swedes could not keep the puck out of their own net resulting in a 6–3 loss.  Canada West finishes second in Pool A, while Sweden finishes third in Pool A.  In the final game of the round robin, the United States bombed the Belorussians 6–1 to take the second seed in Pool B, the third seed in Pool B automatically went to Belarus with the loss.

Quarter-final
On November 5, 2009, the United States and Sweden met in the early game of the quarter-final.  In a tight battle the USA maintained the scoring edge to relegate Sweden to the 5th place game on Saturday with a 3–1 win.  In the late game, Canada West dominated the Belorussians with a 7–3 victory.  Belarus will meet Sweden in the aforementioned 5th place game, while the United States will play Russia in Semi-final A and the two Canadian squads will face-off in Semi-final B.

5th place and semifinal
On November 6, in Semi-final A, Russia and the United States squared off for a berth into the gold medal game.  The Americans had built up an early 4–0 lead by the halfway point of the game, but the Russians stormed back to make it 4-3 late in the game.  The Americans scored two late goals to clinch the victory and a chance for their second straight gold medal; the Russian were forced to play for bronze.  In Semi-final B, the two Canadian teams met in the tournament for the first time since 2007.  Canada West led 2-1 after one and 7-1 after two, as Canada East were chased out of the building with a 9–1 loss.  Kunyk scored a hat-trick for Canada West in the win.  Canada West competed against the United States in the Gold Medal Game, a rematch of the 2008 World Junior A Challenge, while Canada East and Russia played for Bronze.

The next day, Sweden and Belarus fought for fifth place in the tournament.  Kachan and Remezov had given Belarus a 2–0 lead by the end of the second.  Dyk and Almquist scored to tie it up early in the third.  Remezov scored again for Belarus and soon after Johansson scored to tie it for Sweden.  Late in the game Drozd scored for Belarus to give them a 4–3 edge, then Mallauka capped it off with an empty-net goal to finish off the Swedes.

Bronze and Gold
In the Bronze Medal Game, Canada East dropped a 6-2 decision to Russia.  For the first time in tournament history the Eastern Canadians walk away without a medal, but for the first time since the 2006 World Junior A Challenge Russia finishes higher than fourth.

The Gold Medal Game was a tight affair.  Canada West and the United States were tied 0-0 after the first and 1-1 after the second.  Early in the third, the Americans made it 2-1 and held on for the victory.  Canada West's Sean Bonar was selected as the tournament MVP.

Exhibition schedule

2009 Tournament

Group A

Group B

Results

Championship Round

Final standings

Statistics

Scorers

Goaltenders

Awards
Most Valuable Player:  Sean Bonar (Canada West)
All-Star Team
Forwards:  Shane Berschbach (United States),  Connor Jones (Canada West),  Cody Kunyk (Canada West)
Defense:  Mac Bennett (United States),  Wes McLeod (Canada West)
Goalie:  Sean Bonar (Canada West)

Rosters

Belarus

Players: Stanislau Artynski, Siarhei Bahaleisha, Aliaksandr Baradulia, Valeri Bojarskih, Kiryl Brykun, Siarhei Drozd, Dzianis Hrybko, Allaksandr Kachan, Siahei Karolik, Mikhail Kharamanda, Viacheslau Makritski, Siarhei Maliauka, Raman Malinouski, Evgeniy Nagachev, Viachaslau Raitsou, Nikita Remezov, Aliaksei Sardovik, Siarhei Sheleh, Ilya Silik, Aliaksandr Siomachkin, Dzmitry Volkau, Kanstantin Zholudzeu.

Staff: Dzmitry Sapun, Pavel Halavatski, Nokolai Averin, Allaksandr Yakimets.

Canada East

Players: Nick Avgerinos, Simon Bessette, Andrew Calof, Colin Campbell, Greg Carey, Scott Dawson, Matt Ginn, Sacha Guimond, Alex Guptill, Brock Higgs, Sean Hoyt, Kyle Just, Jacob Laliberté, Lucas Lessio, Jonathon Milley, Jordan Mustard, David Pratt, Ben Reinhardt, David Roy, Jordan Ruby, Jeff Vanderlugt, Tyler Wilson.

Staff: Todd Gill, James Richmond, Patrice Bosch, Troy Ryan, Marty Abrams, Lawrence McKinnon, Carter Walsh, Ralph Manning, Jack Ferguson.

Canada West

Players: Mathew Bodie, Sean Bonar, Clarke Breitkreuz, Kyle Breukelman, Daniel Carr, John Dunbar, Lee Christensen, Madison Dias, Grayson Downing, Tanner Fritz, Curtis Gedig, Kirby Halcrow, Connor Jones, Kellen Jones, Cody Kunyk, Joey Laleggia, Ryan Marshall, Wes McLeod, Brendan O'Donnell, Dustin Pearson, Cam Reid, Peter Stoykewych.

Staff: Rylan Ferster, Barry Butler, Larry Wintoneak, Jomar Cruz, Leonard Strandberg, Harley Palmer, Bill Marr.

Russia

Players: Artur Amirov, Viktor Antipin, Daniil Apalkov, Zakhar Arzamastsev, Sergey Barbashev, Kirill Brashkin, Emil Galimov, Ivan Gavrilenko, Efim Gurkin, Nikita Gusev, Ildar Isangulov, Vladislav Kartaev, Sergey Kostenko, Ivan Krasnov, Jan Krasovskiy, Pavel Kulikov, Alexander Kuznetsov, Nikita Lukin, Roman Lyubimov, Alexey Marchenko, Vladislav Namestnikov, Pavel Suchkov, Maxim Tomkin, Nail Yakupov, Ignat Zemchenko, Seman Zherebtsov, Vitaly Zotov, Gleb Zyryanov.

Staff: Mikhail Vasiliev, Viktor Krutov, Vladimir Koluzganov, Vladimir Myshkin, Boris Dlugach, Alexander Berdinskikh, Sergey Fedotov, Boris Sapronenkov, Alexey Zharov, Sergey Boroday.

Sweden

Players: Johan Alm, Adam Almquist, Nils Andersson, Victor Berglind, Mattias Bäckman, Sebastian Dyk, Jesper Fast, Mattias Franzén, Petter Granberg, Jonas Gunnarsson, Jonathan Johansson, Karl Johansson, Calle Järnkrok, Johan Larsson, Patrik Nemeth, Joakim Nordström, Sebastian Ottosson, Adam Pettersson, Ludvig Rensfeldt, Johan Sundström, Fredric Weigel, Oskar Östlund.

Staff: Stephan Lundh, Björn Liljander, Jonas Fransson, Krister Holm, Jan Johansson, Fredrik Carls, Lars Nygren.

United States

Players: Kevin Albers, Beau Bennett, Mac Bennett, Shane Berschbach, Connor Brickley, Jeff Costello, Chris Crane, Derek DeBlois, Nic Dowd, David Gerths, Kevin Gravel, Nick Jensen, Matt Leitner, Kevin Lind, Eric Mihalik, Nick Mattson, Eamonn McDermott, John Parker, Mike Parks, Nick Sorkin, Colten St. Clair, Willie Yanakeff.

Staff: Mark Carlson, Jeff Blashill, Adam Jones, Darrin Flinchem.

External links
HC's WJAC Website

World Junior A Challenge
World Junior A Challenge
Sport in Summerside, Prince Edward Island
World Junior A Challenge
Ice hockey competitions in Prince Edward Island

2009 World Junior A Challenge


Charapan is a municipality located in the north-western part of the  Mexican state of Michoacán. The municipality has an area of 233.16 square kilometres (0.17% of the surface of the state) and is bordered to the north by the municipalities of Tangancícuaro and Chilchota, to the east by Paracho, to the south by Uruapan, and to the west by Los Reyes. The municipality had a population of 10,867 inhabitants according to the 2005 census.  Its municipal seat is the city of the same name.

References

Municipalities of Michoacán

Charapan


The Medium is a two-act opera with words and music by Gian Carlo Menotti. It was commissioned by Columbia University. Its first performance was there on May 8, 1946. The opera's first professional production was presented on a double bill with Menotti's The Telephone. This occurred at the Heckscher Theater, New York City, on February 18-20, 1947 by the Ballet Society. The Broadway production took place on May 1, 1947, at the Ethel Barrymore Theater with the same cast. In 1951, Menotti directed, with the help of filmmaker Alexander Hammid, a movie version made to resemble film noir. It starred Anna Maria Alberghetti. A live television production starring Marie Powers took place on December 12, 1948 on the TV series Studio One.

Story of the opera

Act 1
The medium's parlor

Monica, Madame Flora's daughter, and Toby, a mute servant boy rescued from "the streets of Budapest" play dress-up. When Madame Flora, or "Baba" as they call her, arrives home drunk, she violently chastises them for not preparing for that night's seance. Soon the guests arrive, Mr. and Mrs. Gobineau, regulars, and the widow Mrs. Nolan who is attending for the first time. With Madame Flora in a trance in her chair, a fake seance is held where Mrs. Nolan speaks with what she thinks is her deceased sixteen-year-old daughter but is really Monica behind a screen. As Monica disappears, Mrs. Nolan rushes toward the figure and is restrained by the Gobineaus. When order is restored, Mr. and Mrs. Gobineau "communicate" with their deceased two-year-old son Mickey who does nothing but laugh. After they say goodbye to him, Madame Flora "suddenly, with a loud gasp... clutches at her throat with both hands." She feels a phantom hand clutching her throat and is "terror-stricken." After demanding that the guests leave, she calls for Monica and tells her what she felt, eventually blaming Toby who was in the other room the whole time. In an effort to calm Baba's drunken rage toward Toby, Monica sings her the dark lullaby "The Black Swan" which is interrupted by a voice that Baba hears causing her to fly into a terrified rage at Toby for not telling her where the voice is coming from. The act ends with Monica again singing the lullaby while Baba recites her Hail Marys.

Act 2
A few days later

Toby is giving a puppet show for Monica, their mutual love becomes more obvious. When Baba comes home, she resumes her accusations on Toby, sure that he knows what went on that night. The guests again arrive, expecting another seance but are driven away by Madame Flora who tries to convince them that the whole thing was a sham by revealing all the tricks that she and Monica used. But the guests are not convinced and leave claiming that while she might have thought she was cheating them, she in fact was not. Once the guests are gone, she drives Toby out despite Monica's pleas on his behalf. With everyone gone, and Monica in her room, Baba pours herself another drink and questions her own sanity, becoming wild with drink and eventually passing out. Once she has fallen asleep, Toby sneaks back in and tries to get into Monica's room, but finds it locked and eventually goes to the trunk to find his tambourine. While searching, he knocks the lid of the trunk down waking Baba. Toby quickly hides in the puppet theater. As Baba tries to see where the noise came from and fetches a revolver from a drawer in the table. "Hysterically" she shouts out "Who is it? Speak or I'll Shoot!" and the puppet theater curtain moves. "Baba screams and fires at it several times." As Toby's bloody body collapses grasping the curtain, Baba says "I've killed the ghost! I've killed the ghost!" Monica, hearing the gunshots, enters, sees Toby's lifeless body and runs for help. As the final curtain falls "very slowly" Baba asks "in a hoarse whisper," "Was it you?"

Musical highlights
"Monica's Waltz" (Monica)
"The Black Swan" (Monica)
"Afraid, am I afraid?" (Baba)

References

Other websites
Synopsis and performance history from USOpera.com
The Medium (1951) at IMDB
The Medium (1948) at IMDB

1940s operas
Compositions by Gian Carlo Menotti
1946

The Medium