Mesopotamia (Ancient Greek: Μεσοποταμία - "land between rivers") is a historical region in the Middle East. It included most of today's Iraq, and parts of modern-day Iran, Syria and Turkey. The 'two rivers' of the name referred to the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers.

The land was called Al-Jazirah ("the island") by the Arabs, and Egyptologist J.H. Breasted later included it in the Fertile Crescent. The region is bounded in the northeast by the Zagros Mountains and in the southeast by the Arabian Plateau.

The area is often called the cradle of civilization. The ancient writing called cuneiform was first used around 3000 BC by the Sumerians. Historically important cities in Mesopotamia included Uruk, Ur, Nippur, Nineveh, and Babylon.

Major territorial states were the Akkadian kingdom, the Third Dynasty of Ur, and the Assyrian Empire. Some of the important historical Mesopotamian leaders were Ur-Nammu (king of Ur), Sargon of Akkad (the founder of the Akkadian kingdom), Hammurabi (who established the Old Babylonian state), and Tiglath-Pileser I (who started the Assyrian Empire).

Many advances in technology were made by the ancient Sumerians, such as irrigation, trade by river, and flood control. Sumerians had agriculture and domesticated animals, or livestock, from the earliest records. Babylon is likely the first city built by settled people. Mesopotamia was also the place where the wheel was first used. First it was a potter's wheel that was used to make clay pots, then Sumerians adapted it for transport.

Geography
Mesopotamia is made up of different regions. Northern Mesopotamia is made up of hills and plains. The land is quite fertile due to seasonal rains, and the rivers and streams that come from the mountains. Early settlers farmed the land and used timber, metals, and stone. Southern Mesopotamia is made up of marshy areas and wide, flat, plains. Cities developed along the Euphrates and Tigris rivers which flow through the region. Early settlers had to irrigate the land along the banks of the rivers in order for their crops to grow.

People of Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia has been conquered many times by many different people. It was the heartland of the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires. As each new group moved into the region they adopted some of the culture, traditions, and beliefs of the people who had come before. It was conquered by Alexander the Great (332 BC), the Parthians (150 BC), the Romans, the Persian Empire, and the Arabs (7th century). It is still one of the most fertile (and therefore valuable) parts of the Middle East.

Ancient Mesopotamia begins in the late 6th millennium BC, and ends with either the rise of the Achaemenid Persians in the 6th century BC or the Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia in the 7th century CE. This long period may be divided as follows:
 Pre-Pottery Neolithic:
 Jarmo (~7000 BC– ~6000 BC)
 Pottery Neolithic:
 Hassuna (~6000 BC–? BC), Samarra (~5700 BC–4900 BC) and Halaf (~6000 BC–5300 BC) cultures
 Chalcolithic or Copper Age:
 Ubaid period (~5900 BC–4400 BC)
 Uruk period (~4400 BC–3200 BC)
 Jemdet Nasr period (~3100 BC–2900 BC)
 Early Bronze Age
 Early Dynastic Sumerian city-states (~2900 BC–2350 BC)
 Elam 2700 (BC–570 BC).
 Akkadian Empire (~2350 BC–2193 BC).
 Third Dynasty of Ur ('Sumerian Renaissance' or 'Neo-Sumerian Period') (~2119 BC–2004 BC)
 Middle Bronze Age
 Early Babylonia (20th–18th century BC)
 Early Assyrian kingdom (20th–18th century BC)
 First Babylonian Dynasty (18th–17th century BC)
 Late Bronze Age
 Kassite dynasty (16th–12th century BC)
 Bronze Age collapse (12th–11th century BC)
 Iron Age
 Neo-Hittite or Syro-Hittite regional states (11th to 7th century BC)
 Neo-Assyrian Empire (10th–7th century BC)
 Chaldea, Neo-Babylonian Empire (7th–6th century BC)
 Classical Antiquity
 Persian Babylonia, Achaemenid Empire (6th–4th century BC)
 Seleucid Mesopotamia (4th–3rd century BC)
 Parthia, then Asuristan (3rd century BC–3rd century AD)
 Osroene (2nd century BC–3rd century AD)
 Adiabene (1st–2nd century AD)
 Roman Mesopotamia, Roman Assyria (2nd century AD)
 Late Antiquity
 Sassanid Asuristan (3rd–7th century AD)
 Arab conquest of Mesopotamia (7th century AD)

Epic of Gilgamesh

The Epic of Gilgamesh is an ancient story about a relationship between Gilgamesh and his close companion, Enkidu. Enkidu is a wild man created by the gods as Gilgamesh's equal to distract him from oppressing the citizens of Uruk. Together they undertake dangerous quests that incur the displeasure of the gods. Firstly, they journey to the Cedar Mountain to defeat Humbaba, its monstrous guardian. Later they kill the Bull of Heaven that the goddess Ishtar has sent to punish Gilgamesh for turning down her advances.

The second part of the epic is about Gilgamesh's distressed reaction to Enkidu's death, which takes the form of a quest for immortality. Gilgamesh attempts to learn the secret of eternal life by undertaking a long and perilous journey to meet the immortal flood hero, Utnapishtim. The words addressed to Gilgamesh in the midst of his quest foreshadow the result:
"The life that you are seeking you will never find. When the gods created man they allotted to him death, but life they retained in their own keeping".

Related pages
 Fertile crescent
 Sumerian Empire
 Akkadian Empire

References

Other websites
 Mesopotamia—introduction to Mesopotamia from the British Museum
 Mesopotamia

Ancient history
Middle East

Mesopotamia


The ratites are a group of medium to large birds, most of which are flightless. Most of them, including the largest (moas and elephant birds) are now extinct.

Unlike other flightless birds, the ratites have no keel on their sternum. In a flying bird the sternum anchors the wing muscles.

Most parts of the former super-continent Gondwana have ratites, or did have until the fairly recent past. Their closest living relatives are the tinamous of South America.

The classification used here includes all ratites in the order Struthioniformes, but not the tinamous. This may change in future.

Evolution and systematics

It was once thought that ratites were all one monophyletic group, which evolved together in Gondwana in the Upper Cretaceous. Then they evolved in their separate ways as Gondwana split up, and the parts drifted apart. The parts became the modern southern continents, plus Africa and the Indian subcontinent.

However, modern gene analysis conflicts with this. DNA analysis shows that the ratites diverged from one another too recently to share a common Gondwanian ancestor. However, all analyses show that rheas (South America) and the living Australasian/Oceanian ratites are monophyletic.

Recent analysis of twenty nuclear genes suggests that the flighted tinamous cluster within the ratite lineage. The timamids are the sister group of the Australo-Pacific ratites.

If so, this would make 'ratites', as a whole, paraphyletic rather than monophyletic. Since tinamous are weak fliers, this raises interesting questions about the evolution of flightlessness in this group. If timamous are inside the ratite lineage, then ratites evolved flightlessness at least three times. Re-evolution of flight in the tinamous would be an alternative explanation, but that has no precedent in bird evolution, while loss of flight is commonplace.

Simple summary
Tinamous are ratites. Therefore, ratites are a group of medium to large birds, most of whom are flightless, with the exception of the tinamous. The ratites evolved flightlessness more than once. The similarities between ostriches and the Australo-Pacific ratites is due to convergent evolution.

References

Flightless birds

Ratite


David Laro (1942 – September 21, 2018) was an American senior judge of the United States Tax Court.

Laro graduated from the University of Michigan in 1964, earned a Juris Doctor from the University of Illinois Law School in 1967 and a Master of Laws in Taxation from New York University Law School in 1970.

He was admitted to Michigan Bar, and United States District Court (Eastern District) in 1968. He was a partner in the law firm of Winegarden, Booth, Shedd, and Laro from 1970 to 1975; member of the law firm of Laro and Borgeson from 1975 to 1986; and a solo practitioner from 1986 to 1992.

Laro was appointed by President George H. W. Bush as Judge, United States Tax Court, on November 2, 1992, for a term ending November 1, 2007. Following the end of this term, he continued to serve as a senior judge on the court. He died on September 21, 2018.

International taxation work
At the request of the American Bar Association and the Central and Eastern European Law Initiative, Laro contributed written comments on the Draft Laws of Ukraine and Uzbekistan and on the creation of specialized courts in Eastern Europe. As a consultant for Harvard University (Harvard Institute for International Development), and Georgia State University, he lectured in Moscow to Russian judges on the subject of tax reform and litigation procedures in May 1997 and December 1998. Laro is a commentator for the American Bar Association's Central and East European Law Initiative on the draft laws of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Slovakia, Ukraine, and the Republic of Macedonia. He has lectured to Judges and tax officials in Azerbaijan on tax reform.

Other activities
Counsel to Dykema Gossett, Ann Arbor, MI, 1989–90
President and chief executive officer of Durakon Industries, Inc., 1989–91
Chairman, Board of Durakon Industries, Inc., 1991–92
Chairman, Board of Republic Bank, 1986–92
Vice Chairman and co-founder of Republic Bancorp, Inc. 1986-92
Regent, University of Michigan Board of Regents, 1975–81
Member, Michigan State Board of Education, 1982–83
Chairman, Michigan State Tenure Commission, 1972–75
Commissioner, Civil Service Commission, Flint, MI, 1984–85
Commissioner of Police, Flint, 1972–74
Member, Political Leadership Program, Institute of Public Policy and Social Research
Member, Ann Arbor Art Association Board of Directors
Member, Holocaust Foundation (Ann Arbor)
Adjunct professor of law, Georgetown University Law School
Instructor, National Institute for Trial Advocacy
Visiting professor, University of San Diego Law School
Member, National Advisory Committee for New York University Law School.

Attribution
Material on this page was copied from the website of the United States Tax Court, which is published by a United States government agency, and is therefore in the public domain.

References

1942 births
2018 deaths
Judges of the United States Tax Court
United States Article I federal judges appointed by George H. W. Bush
20th-century American judges
Regents of the University of Michigan
University of Michigan alumni
Michigan lawyers
21st-century American judges
Harvard Institute for International Development

David Laro


Winford Ansley Kellum (April 11, 1876 – August 10, 1951) was a starting pitcher in Major League Baseball who played between  and  for the Boston Americans (1901), Cincinnati Reds (1904) and St. Louis Cardinals (1905). Listed at 5'10", 190 lb., Kellum was a switch-hitter and threw left-handed.

Optimistically nicknamed "Win", Kellum became the first Opening Day starting pitcher in Boston American League franchise's history, as they lost to the host Baltimore Orioles, 10–6, at Oriole Park (April 26, 1901). He went 2–3 with a 6.38 ERA for the rest of season.

Kellum rebounded in 1902, going 25–10 the minor league Indianapolis Indians, champions of the newly formed American Association. After the regular season, he pitched with barnstormers largely made up of Cincinnati National League team. After that, he enjoyed his best season in the majors with the 1904 Reds, going 15–10 while recording career-highs in ERA (2.60), complete games (22) and innings (224). He also pitched for the Cardinals in 1905, his last major league season, and went 3–3 with a  2.92 ERA.

In a three-season career, Kellum posted a 20–16 record with a 3.01 ERA in 48 appearances, including 37 starts, 32 complete games, two shutouts, two saves, 97 strikeouts, 63 walks, and  of work.

Kellum died in Big Rapids, Michigan at age 75.

See also
List of Major League Baseball players from Canada

Sources

Baseball Library , April 1901
1901 Boston Americans
SABR Biography Project

1876 births
1951 deaths
Baseball people from Ontario
Boston Americans players
Canadian expatriate baseball players in the United States
Cincinnati Reds players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from Canada
Sportspeople from Norfolk County, Ontario
Quincy Browns players
Quincy Ravens players
Montgomery Senators players
Indianapolis Hoosiers (minor league) players
Washington Browns players
Indianapolis Indians players
Mansfield Haymakers players
New Orleans Pelicans (baseball) players
Minneapolis Millers (baseball) players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Nashville Vols players

Win Kellum


Sanjay Subrahmanyam (born 21 May 1961) is an Indian historian who specialises in the early modern period and in connected history. He is the author of several books and publications. He holds the Irving and Jean Stone Endowed Chair in Social Sciences at UCLA which he joined in 2004.

Background and education
Sanjay Subramanyam is the son of K. Subrahmanyam and his wife Sulochana. He was brought up in a Tamil Brahmin family, His father, was a prominent expert on strategic affairs. Sanjay has an older sister and two older brothers, namely Subrahmanyam Jaishankar, who retired from the Indian Foreign Service as its head, and serves now as India's Minister of External Affairs as part of the BJP; and S. Vijay Kumar, who followed their father into the Indian Administrative Service. Subrahmanyam is married to a UCLA historian of modern France, Caroline Ford.

Sanjay Subrahmanyam graduated with a BA (Hons) in economics from St. Stephen's College, Delhi. He received his MA and PhD in 1987 in economic history from the Delhi School of Economics on the topic of "Trade and the Regional Economy of South India, c. 1550–1650".

Work
Subrahmanyam taught economic history and comparative economic development at the Delhi School of Economics till 1995. He then moved to Paris as Directeur d'études in the École des hautes études en sciences sociales, where he taught history of the Mughal empire, and the comparative history of early modern empires till 2002. In 2002, Subrahmanyam moved to Oxford University as the first holder of the newly created Chair in Indian History and Culture. In 2004 he became the Navin and Pratima Doshi Chair in Indian History at UCLA, and a year later, in 2005, he became the founding Director of UCLA's Center for India and South Asia. In 2014 he was appointed to the Irving and Jean Stone Endowed Chair in Social Sciences at UCLA.

Accolades
In 2012, Subrahmanyam was awarded the first Infosys Prize in Humanities, for his 'path-breaking contribution to history'. He also served as a Humanities jury member for the prize from 2019.

He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2009 and as a corresponding fellow to the British Academy in 2016. Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania selected Dr. Subrahmanyam as the 2009 Mary Flexner Lecturer. He was elected professor and to the chair Histoire Globale de la Première Modernité at the Collège de France in 2013.

On 67 February 2017, Subrahmanyam received an honoris causa doctorate from the Université catholique de Louvain.

The Martine Aublet Prize for 2018 was awarded to Subrahmanyam for his book, L'inde sous les yeux de l'Europe: mots, peuples, empires (Alma Editeur, 2018), by the Musée de Quai Branly.

In February 2019, Sanjay Subrahmanyam was awarded the Dan David Prize for History (jointly with Kenneth Pomeranz, Chicago).

In 2022, Sanjay Subrahmanyam was awarded the Comité International des Sciences Historiques (CISH) Prize in History at the XXIII Congress of the Historical Sciences in Poznan, Poland.

Historian Srinath Raghavan wrote of Subrahmanyam in 2013,

His scholarship spans the entire early modern period, from the 15th to 18th centuries CE, and more besides. Similarly, his geographical expertise stretches from South, South-East and West Asia to Western Europe and Latin America. Then there are his technical skills, ranging from statistical analysis of economic data to interpretation of literary and visual materials. Although Subrahmanyam began as an economic historian, he has branched out to work on political, intellectual and cultural history. He works in over ten European and Asian languages and draws on sources from a dazzling array of archives. Finally, there is his sheer productivity. Subrahmanyam seems to write top-class history faster than most of us can read.

Selected publications
The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India, 1500–1650, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Improvising Empire: Portuguese Trade and Settlement in the Bay of Bengal, 1500–1700, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1990.
The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500–1700: A Political and Economic History, London and New York: Longman, 1993.
The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Penumbral Visions: Making Polities in Early Modern South India, Delhi/Ann Arbor: Oxford University Press/University of Michigan Press, 2001.
Explorations in Connected History: From the Tagus to the Ganges, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Explorations in Connected History: Mughals and Franks, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Three Ways to be Alien: Travails and Encounters in the Early Modern World, (Menahem Stern Jerusalem Lectures), Waltham (Mass.): Brandeis University Press, 2011
French translation: Comment être un étranger: Goa – Ispahan – Venise, XVIe-XVIIIe siècles, Paris: Editions Alma, 2013.
Courtly Encounters: Translating Courtliness and Violence in Early Modern Eurasia (Mary Flexner Lectures), Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2012.
Impérios em Concorrência: Histórias Conectadas nos Séculos XVI e XVII, Lisbon: Imprensa de Ciências Sociais, 2012.
Is 'Indian Civilization' a Myth?: Fictions and Histories, Ranikhet: Permanent Black, 2013
Revised French version: Leçons indiennes: Itinéraires d'un historien, Paris: Editions Alma, 2015.
Aux origines de l'histoire globale (Leçon inaugurale au Collège de France), Paris: Fayard, 2014.
Mondi connessi: La storia oltre l'eurocentrismo, sec. XVI-XVIII, Rome: Carocci, 2014.
L'Inde sous les yeux de l'Europe. Mots, peuples, empires 1500-1800, Paris, Alma, 2018.
Empires Between Islam and Christianity, 1500-1800, New York: State University of New York Press, 2019.
Faut-il universaliser l'histoire? Entre dérives nationalistes et identitaires, Paris: CNRS editions, 2020.

Co-author
(with Velcheru Narayana Rao and David Shulman), Symbols of Substance: Court and State in Nayaka-period Tamil Nadu, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1992.
(with Velcheru Narayana Rao and David Shulman) Textures of Time: Writing History in South India, 1600–1800, New Delhi: Permanent Black, 2001.
(with Muzaffar Alam) Indo-Persian Travels in the Age of Discoveries, 1400–1800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
(with Muzaffar Alam) Writing the Mughal World, Ranikhet/New York: Permanent Black/Columbia University Press, 2011.

Editor/co-editor
(Ed.) Merchants, Markets and the State in Early Modern India, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1990.
(Ed.) Money and the Market in India, 1100–1700, Delhi: Oxford University Press, (Series: Themes in Indian History), 1994.
(Ed.) Merchant Networks in the Early Modern World (volume 8 of An Expanding World). Aldershot: Variorum Books, 1996.
(Ed. with Kaushik Basu) Unravelling the Nation: Sectarian Conflict and India's Secular Identity, New Delhi: Penguin Books, 1996.
(Ed. with Burton Stein) Institutions and Economic Change in South Asia, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996.
(Ed. with Muzaffar Alam) The Mughal State, 1526–1750, Delhi: Oxford University Press (Series: Themes in Indian History), 1998.
(Ed.) Sinners and Saints: The Successors of Vasco da Gama, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998.
(Ed. with Claude Markovits and Jacques Pouchepadass) Society and Circulation: Mobile People and Itinerant Cultures in South Asia, 1750–1950, New Delhi: Permanent Black, 2003.
(Ed.) Land, Politics and Trade in South Asia, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2004.
(Ed. with Kenneth McPherson) From Biography to History: Essays in the History of Portuguese Asia (1500–1800), New Delhi: TransBooks, 2006.
(Ed. with David Armitage) The Age of Revolutions in Global Context, c. 1760-1840, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
(Co-editor) The Cambridge World History, Vol. VI: The Construction of a Global World, 1400-1800 CE, Books 1 & 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
(Ed. with Henning Trüper and Dipesh Chakrabarty) Historical Teleologies in the Modern World, London: Bloomsbury, 2015.

Notes

External links

1961 births
Statutory Professors of the University of Oxford
Delhi School of Economics alumni
20th-century Indian historians
Indian emigrants to the United States
Living people
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
American male writers of Indian descent
American academics of Indian descent
Academic staff of the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences
Academic staff of the Collège de France
Historians of South Asia
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy

Sanjay Subrahmanyam


Mehmet Şemsettin Günaltay (; 17 July 1883 – 19 October 1961) was a Turkish historian, politician, and Prime Minister of Turkey from 1949 to 1950.

Biography
Günaltay was born 1883 in the Kemaliye town of the Vilayet of Mamuret-ul-Aziz, Ottoman Empire. He was a graduate of Vefa High School, Istanbul. After finishing the Teacher's College, he was educated in physics at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland.

After his return to Turkey, Günaltay worked as a teacher in a number of high schools. During this time, he got to know Ziya Gökalp, a prominent ideologue of Pan-Turkism. Influenced by him, he began to carry out research on Turkish history. In 1914, he was appointed professor of the history of Turks and Islamic tribes at the Faculty of Letters of Istanbul University. The same year began to publish articles in the journal, İslam Mecmuası, which was sponsored by the Committee of Union and Progress. Later, he served as the dean of the Faculty of Theology at the same university.

Political career
In 1915, Günaltay was elected to the Ottoman Parliament as deputy of Bilecik Province from the Committee of Union and Progress, and remained a member of the parliament until its dissolution. In the meantime, he continued to lecture at the university.

During the Turkish War of Independence, Günaltay joined the "Association of Defense of the Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia". After the foundation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, he entered Turkish Grand National Assembly as deputy of Sivas Province from the Republican People's Party (), serving for 27 years until 1950. Between 1950 and 1954, he represented Erzincan Province in the parliament.

After Prime Minister Hasan Saka's resignation, Günaltay was appointed by President İsmet İnönü to form his cabinet on 16 January 1949 that lasted until Adnan Menderes's Democratic Party took over the government on 22 May 1950, following the general elections. He was the last prime minister of the single party era in the politics of Turkey. He was a scholar of Islam and reopened the faculty of Divinity at the Ankara University, after its Faculty of Divinity was closed in 1933.

Günaltay died on 19 October 1961 in Istanbul due to prostate cancer, shortly after he was elected to the Senate to represent Istanbul Province (but before he could take his seat). He was laid to rest next to his daughter's grave in Ankara in accordance with his will.

Günaltay was also the head of the Turkish Historical Society from 1941 until his death.

Bibliography
 Zulmetten Nura (From Darkness to Light)
 Hurafattan Hakikata (From Superstition to Reality)
 İslam Dini Tarihi (History of the Religion of Islam)
 Maziden Atiye (From the Past to the Future)
 Mufassal Türk Tarihi (Detailed Turkish History)
 Tarih, (History)

References

External links

 Biyografi.net - Biography of Şemsettin Günaltay

1883 births
1961 deaths
20th-century prime ministers of Turkey
20th-century Turkish historians
People from Kemaliye
Republican People's Party (Turkey) politicians
Prime Ministers of Turkey
Deputies of Sivas
Deputies of Erzurum
Turkish Islamists
Academic staff of Istanbul University
University of Lausanne alumni
Members of the 18th government of Turkey
Deaths from cancer in Turkey
Deaths from prostate cancer
Vefa High School alumni

Şemsettin Günaltay


The National Parks of New York Harbor Conservancy is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization with offices on Wall Street in Manhattan, New York City, that works in partnership with the  National Parks of New York Harbor (NPNH).  Its 2006 revenues (mostly donations) were $1.255 million.

The conservancy embodies a public-private partnership with the NPNH, sanctioned as its primary partner under a U.S. Department of the Interior General Agreement. The NPNH is a designation given to the 10 national park system units making up 23 unique destinations in four boroughs of New York City (Manhattan, Queens, Brooklyn and Staten Island), Westchester, and New Jersey. These sites spread around New York Harbor include such icons as the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island and host approximately 12 million visitors annually.

The National Parks of New York Harbor Conservancy states as its primary goal the forging of increased waterborne transportation connections to inner and outer harbor park destinations.  The Conservancy is also involved in the development of programs, capital projects and activities aimed at thematically connecting the sites to each other and to other places on the waterfront.

The Conservancy's founders are Marian Sulzberger Heiskell, David Rockefeller, Jr. and Marie Salerno.  The entity is a founding member of the City of New York's Harbor District Advisory Board, a consortium of inner harbor parks in support of cooperative initiatives including transportation linkages among federal, state and city parks.

References

External links
 New York Harbor Conservancy
 National Parks of New York Harbor
 New York City Harbor District

National Park Service
Nature conservation in the United States
Port of New York and New Jersey


Blanching is the whitening of metal, by various means, such as soaking in acid or by coating with tin. This term is commonly used in coinage, in which pieces are given a lustre and brilliance before images are struck into the surface.

The ancient method of blanching involved putting the pieces, after heating, in a large vessel of water, and some ounces of aqua fortis, but in different proportions for gold and silver. This method is no longer used, partly due to its expense, and partly because it diminishes the weight of the metal.

References

Currency production
Coins

Blanching (coinage)


Rēzekne Castle ruins () are located in the downtown of Rēzekne, Latvia, a city in the center of Latgale. The castle served as a base of the local Livonian order landlords until the 16th century and also as the main military support base for battles against Russians and Lithuanians. Today, fragments of the stone walls and the foundation can be seen on the ancient castle hill.

History

Archeological excavations reveal that between the 9th and 12th centuries a Latgalian wooden fortress was situated in the place where the castle ruins now stand. It is unknown when the Latgalian fortress was destroyed; however, in 1285, the master of the Livonian Order Vilhelms Šurborgs built a stone fortress on the Rositten stone hill. The fortress consisted of a two-story brick and stone castle with a three-storey towers and thick brick walls, functioning as the administrative seat of Rezekne.

The castle was ravaged and rebuilt many times. Between 1577 and 1579, it was occupied by Czar Ivan IV Vasilyevich, and after the war it became part of the Duchy of Livonia. During the Polish-Swedish War in 1601, and again from 1625 to 1626, the Rezekne castle was occupied by the Swedish army, during the Second Northern War. The battle took place in 1656, during which the Rezekne castle was finally destroyed as the Swedish troops managed to defeat the much larger Russian forces. In 1660 it was reinstated in the Inflantia, but the castle had lost its former military importance. From 1712 it was left in ruins.

See also
List of castles in Latvia

References

External links

Buildings and structures in Rēzekne
Castles in Latvia
Castles of the Livonian Order

Rēzekne Castle


Andreas Tzimas (; Kastoria, 1 September 1909 – Prague, 1 December 1972), known also under his World War II-era nom de guerre of Vasilis Samariniotis (Βασίλης Σαμαρινιώτης), was a leading Greek Communist politician, best known as one of the leading triumvirate of the Greek People's Liberation Army during the Axis occupation of Greece. After the war, he fell into disfavour and died in obscurity in exile in Prague.

Life
Andreas Tzimas was an Aromanian. The eldest of four children, Tzimas was born to the family of Dimitrios Tzimas, an Aromanian jurist and lawyer from Samarina. Andreas' mother originated from an Aromanian family from Moscopole, in what is now Albania. Born in Kastoria, Tzimas spent his first years in Skopje, where his father had moved, until the Balkan Wars led the family to relocate once more to Kastoria, which now had passed from the Ottoman Empire to the Kingdom of Greece. Despite his father's conservative and royalist tendencies—he even served briefly as an MP with Ioannis Metaxas' Freethinkers' Party in 1926–28—the young Andreas swiftly turned to the nascent Communist Party of Greece (KKE), leading to his expulsion from his law studies in the University of Athens in 1929. He returned to his home town of Kastoria, and performed his military service in 1930. Although as the eldest in a family of four sons he was slated for only four months service, eventually he remained in the army for ten, having "earned" six months from disciplinary punishments due to his political alignment.

In 1931 he was arrested under the idionymon law, and spent one and half years at the feared Heptapyrgion prison and a year in internal exile on Gavdos (until February 1934). There he met among others Thanasis Klaras, the future Aris Velouchiotis.

In 1934 he was sent to Moscow for higher studies. Following his return he was active in the party organization in Athens, until elected as an MP in the January 1936 election. His father had died a few days earlier. Following the establishment of the dictatorial and fanatically anti-communist 4th of August Regime under Ioannis Metaxas in 1936, the entire Communist Party went underground. Tzimas remained active in the region of Western Thrace, managing to remain at large until his arrest in April 1939. He was imprisoned in the Akronauplia prison, where he remained until after the German invasion of Greece.

He was released by the new German authorities on 1 July 1941 due to the intervention of the Bulgarian government, which sought the release of any prisoners of Slavic Macedonian descent, who were deemed to be pro-Bulgarian. Although not a Slavic Macedonian himself, Tzimas spoke the language, and managed to be released as well (along with a few others like him). With so many leading members imprisoned, Tzimas rapidly advanced in the hierarchy of the newly reconstituted party: almost immediately he became a Central Committee member, and in January 1942 he became an alternate member of the KKE's Politburo. From August 1941 until March 1942 he was first secretary of the prestigious Athens Party Organization (KOA), and played a major role in the establishment of the National Liberation Front (EAM) in September 1941 and in KKE's decision to launch an armed guerrilla campaign, leading to the establishment of the Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS).

While the KKE leadership clung to orthodox communist doctrine emphasizing the importance of the capital, Tzimas was the leading proponent of having members of KKE leadership move to the countryside, actively promote both the guerrilla campaign and the initiatives to establish "people's power" (laokratia) there. On 2 May 1943, his proposals for the creation of an ELAS high command were adopted by KKE and EAM. From then on, along with the "chief captain" Aris Velouchiotis and the senior military commander, Stefanos Sarafis, Tzimas formed the leading triumvirate of ELAS, with the nom de guerre of "Vasilis Samariniotis" (after his father's home town).  He favoured close co-operation with Tito's Yugoslav Partisans, even supporting the establishment of a common Balkan partisan headquarters, without success. In October 1943 he was sent as part of the first EAM delegation to Cairo for talks with the British and the royal Greek government in exile, and after December 1943 served as ELAS' liaison with Tito. In the April 1944 elections held across "Free Greece", he was elected as a representative of the "National Council", the legislative assembly established by EAM.

Despite his distinguished role in the Greek Resistance, after liberation he fell into disfavour with the party establishment: his failure to be elected to the Central Committee in 1945 was followed by his arrest and exile to Ikaria. Although he escaped in 1947 and joined the fight of the KKE-backed Democratic Army of Greece in the ongoing Greek Civil War, he remained on the sidelines. After the KKE's defeat in the civil war, he and his family went to Hungary, and then to Czechoslovakia, where he died in obscurity in 1972.

Tzimas spoke Greek, Aromanian, Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian.

References

Sources

1909 births
1972 deaths
People from Kastoria
People from Manastir vilayet
Aromanians from the Ottoman Empire
Greek people of Aromanian descent
Communist Party of Greece politicians
All People Front politicians
Greek MPs 1936
National Liberation Front (Greece) members
Aromanian military personnel
Greek People's Liberation Army personnel
Greek prisoners and detainees
Prisoners and detainees of Greece
Democratic Army of Greece personnel
Exiles of the Greek Civil War
Greek expatriates in Hungary
Expatriates in Czechoslovakia

Andreas Tzimas


The Denbigh Experimental Forest 636 acres (2.6 km²) is an arboretum and experimental forest operated by the Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. It is located 15 miles (24 km) west of Towner, North Dakota.

The forest contains about 30 species of woody plants, labeled and planted in a park-like setting, including Scots pine, ponderosa pine, Siberian larch, Black Hills spruce, Elaeagnus, and Rocky Mountain juniper. Wildlife includes deer, wild turkeys, porcupines, elk, and sometimes moose. The forest is also popular with birdwatchers.

The forest was established in 1931 on a site extensively over-plowed and overgrazed during the early part of the 20th century, leaving wind-blown sand dunes and economic hardship. It was originally envisioned as part of a grand plan by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt to plant a 100-mile (160 km) wide "shelterbelt zone" from North Dakota to north Texas to reduce wind erosion and eliminate dust storms, as well as provide local employment in the Great Depression via a jobs program. Proponents envisioned a forest as large as 480,000 acres (1900 km²) around the forest's current site.

This grand vision never came to pass, and the forest was established with the more modest goals of determining which types of shelterbelt trees would grow well in the northern Great Plains, which seed sources within species are best adapted for the region, and which methods of tree establishment are most effective for shelterbelts. The Forest Service acquired  of the 636 in 1931, and the State of North Dakota retained control of the other 596 acres (2.4 km²). In 1971, the Forest Service acquired the entire tract. The entire section has been managed as one unit for experimental purposes since 1931, however. More than 40 species were planted from throughout the United States, Europe, and Asia, of which about 30 species have survived.

The forest has also been used cooperatively by the Custer National Forest, North Dakota Forest Service, Agricultural Research service, and North Dakota State University, Fargo. It is no longer being used for research, although it currently provides approximately 500,000 seedlings per year for wind protection of crops and communities throughout the United States and Canada.

The forest is now in the process of being de-commissioned and returned to the administrative control of the Custer National Forest.

See also
List of botanical gardens in the United States

Arboreta in North Dakota
Botanical gardens in North Dakota
Protected areas of McHenry County, North Dakota
Research forests
Custer National Forest
National Register of Historic Places in McHenry County, North Dakota

Denbigh Experimental Forest


Tales from the Secret Annex is a collection of miscellaneous prose fiction and non-fiction  written by Anne Frank while she was in hiding during the Nazi occupation of The Netherlands. It was first published in The Netherlands in 1949, then in an expanded edition in 1960. A complete edition appeared in 1982, and was later included in the 2003 publication of The Revised Critical Edition of The Diary of Anne Frank. These stories show what life in the Annex was like. For example, one story describes Mrs. Van D's 'dentist appointment'. Others show life before the Annex, such as telling on the class for cheating. Anne also describes loneliness in the Annex, like missing her friends.

A revised British edition was published in 2010 by Halban Publishers.

Along with her posthumously published diary, written in hiding between 1942 and 1944 and published in 1947, Anne Frank wrote short stories, essays, personal recollections, and the first five chapters of a novel. The latter was written in the back half of one of her diary notebooks, while the short pieces were compiled into a journal begun on September 2, 1943. Entitled Verhaaltjes, en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis beschreven door Anne Frank (Stories and events from the Backhouse described by Anne Frank), it was recovered with her other manuscripts from her hiding place by Miep Gies and Bep Voskuijl following Anne Frank's arrest by the Gestapo on August 4, 1944.

Further reading

By Anne Frank
 Tales from the Secret Annex, Anne Frank (1956 and revised 2003)
 Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl - The Definitive Edition, Anne Frank.  Doubleday, 1995.   (Hardcover) Unabridged version includes deletions from first edition.
 The Revised Critical Edition of The Diary of Anne Frank, Anne Frank, edited by David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom. Doubleday, 2003. .
 Anne Frank's Tales from the Secret Annexe, Halban Publishers, 2010. Revised UK edition.

Biography
 Anne Frank Remembered, Miep Gies and Alison Leslie Gold, 1988.  (paperback).
 The Last Seven Months of Anne Frank, Willy Lindwer. Anchor, 1992.  (paperback).
 Anne Frank: Beyond the Diary – A Photographic Remembrance, Rian Verhoeven, Ruud Van der Rol, Anna Quindlen (Introduction), Tony Langham (Translator) and Plym Peters (Translator). Puffin, 1995.  (paperback).
 Anne Frank: The Biography, Melissa Muller, Bloomsbury 1999.
 Memories of Anne Frank: Reflections of a Childhood Friend, Hannah Goslar and Alison Gold. Scholastic Paperbacks, 1999.  (paperback).
 Roses from the Earth: the biography of Anne Frank, Carol Ann Lee, Penguin 1999.
 My Name Is Anne, She Said, Anne Frank, Jacqueline van Maarsen, Arcadia Books 2007.

1949 short story collections
Books by Anne Frank
Dutch literature
Personal accounts of the Holocaust
Unfinished books
Books published posthumously

Tales from the Secret Annex


King Lear is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare. He based it on an old British story about a king named Leir or Lyr. The play might have been first performed in December 1606. It was first printed in 1608. It was printed again in 1623 in the First Folio. This is a collection of all of Shakespeare's plays. Many great actors over the years have played the part of King Lear.

Story
The play is about an old king named Lear. He wants to divide his kingdom between his three daughters. To get the kingdom, they must tell him how much they love him. His youngest daughter Cordelia will not say how much she does, although she's the one who loves him most.

She says words will not be able to describe her love. King Lear does not realise this is true love.  Lear gets angry at her and will not give her land, and says she is not his daughter anymore. He gives his land to his other daughters Regan and Goneril.

The king soon finds out that Regan and Goneril do not love him. They only wanted his land. The King becomes very mad. The two daughters, and their husbands, throw him out of the land that is now theirs.  Lear goes on a  trip around the land that was once his as he becomes insane. Regan poisons Goneril out of jealousy. She also kills herself. Lear dies after discovering that Cordelia was the one who always cared for him as she came with a French army to help him but she and King Lear were caught by Edmund; who gave an order to get them both hanged, which happens to Cordelia and causes Lear's grief and death.

Plays by William Shakespeare
1600s plays

King Lear


Harry A. Slattery (June 13, 1887 – September 1, 1949), was an American lawyer and politician. He was United States Under Secretary of the Interior from 1938 to 1939 and gave his name to the Slattery Report, which proposed to develop Alaska through immigration. The proposal, which included the settlement of Jewish refugees from Germany and Austria, largely in response to Nazi antisemitism, was never implemented.

Early life
He was born in Greenville, South Carolina. Slattery attended Mount Saint Mary's College in Maryland, Georgetown University and George Washington University.

Career
In 1909–1912, he was secretary to Gifford Pinchot, Chief Forester in Theodore Roosevelt's administration.

In 1912–1917, he was Executive Secretary of the National Conservation Association, appointed by its founder, Pinchot.

In 1917–1918, he was Special Assistant to United States Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane.

In 1919–1923, he was Counsel to the National Conservation Association. As part of government efforts to indict big business for the exploitation of the country's natural resources, he was involved in Senate investigations of the Mulhall exposure during Wilson's administration and the Teapot Dome Scandal of 1921.

In 1923–1933, he practiced law in Washington, D.C.

In 1925–1929, he was Executive and counsel for the National Boulder Dam Association. In 1929–1932, he Counsel for the National Conservation Commission. In 1931–1933, he was Washington, D.C. representative for the New York Power Authority. In 1933–1938, he was Personal Assistant to Harold Ickes, Secretary of the Interior, and Assistant to administrator of Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works.

In 1938–1939, Slattery was Under Secretary of the Interior, until his appointment by Roosevelt on 26 September 1939 to head up the Rural Electrification Administration (REA). He resigned after a conflict with Secretary of Agriculture Claude R. Wickard in 1944.

The 1944 controversy between the REA and the Department of Agriculture over the administration of REA led to a Senate investigation. Slattery was involved in the passage of a federal coal and oil leasing measure, federal water power legislation, Alaska coal and home rule acts, and rural electrification legislation.

In 1940–1942, he was also Consultant to the power subcommittee of the advisory commission of the Council of National Defense.

In 1944, Slattery received LL.D. from the University of South Carolina.

Slattery was a member of the National Power Policy Committee, the Energy Resources and Land Committees of the National Resources Planning Board, the Interbureau Coordinating Committee, the Federal States Relations Committee, the Society of American Foresters, the National Press Club, the Missouri Athletic Club, and Delta Theta Phi fraternity.

Personal life
Slattery died on September 1, 1949.

His papers are held in the Duke University Libraries.

References
Register of the Harry A. Slattery Papers. Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Duke University
Electricity for Rural America: The Fight for the REA
History of Rural Electrification

1887 births
1949 deaths
United States Department of the Interior officials
Georgetown University alumni
University of South Carolina alumni
Mount St. Mary's University alumni
American conservationists
United States Forest Service officials
History of forestry in the United States
People from Greenville, South Carolina
Franklin D. Roosevelt administration personnel
George Washington University alumni

Harry A. Slattery


Kurma is an avatar in the Hindu religion. Hindus believe that Vishnu, an important god of Hinduism, had several forms, or avatars, and the second

important avatar is called the Kurma avatar. In this avatar, Vishnu took the form of a kurma to help the devtas and asuras to churn the Kshira Sagara, to gain amrita. This avatar took the Mount Mandaar on his back and helped the mount to churn the ocean. Kurma is a Sanskrit language word that means a tortoise. As a kurma, Vishnu is the symbol of strength and stability.

Hinduism
Hindu mythology

Kurma


The Vulcan Foundry was a British locomotive builder sited at Newton-le-Willows, Lancashire. It opened in 1832 as Charles Tayleur and Company  to produce girders for bridges, switches, crossings and other ironwork after the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. In 1832, Robert Stephenson (son of George Stephenson) became a partner.  The company became The Vulcan Foundry Company in 1847 and acquired limited liability in 1864. From the beginning of 1898, the name changed to The Vulcan Foundry Limited, dropping the word 'company'. In 1957, the business became part of the English Electric group.

Defunct companies of the United Kingdom
Locomotive manufacturers
British rail vehicles manufacturers

Vulcan Foundry


A mosquito is a type of fly. It is the common name of a family of flies in the order Diptera.

The females are ectoparasites: they land on warm-blooded animals, pierce a capillary, and inject saliva to stop the blood coagulating. Then they suck up and eat the blood. Deadly microscopic parasites often live in the saliva.

The males are nectar-feeders, and so are the females. However, in preparation for egg-laying the females turn to blood for its protein.

Feeding & reproduction
Usually both male and female mosquitoes feed on nectar and plant juices. In many species the mouthparts of the females are adapted for piercing the skin of animal hosts and sucking their blood as ectoparasites. In many species, the female needs to get proteins from a blood meal before she can produce eggs. Hence, only female mosquitoes bites human to suck their blood. In many other species, she can produce more eggs after a blood meal.

They lay their eggs in pools of water. The larvae move around near the surface of the water, breathing through air tubes that stick out of the water. They get their food from the water, usually eating algae and other tiny creatures. They like to wiggle(move) around near the surface, which is why some people call them wigglers. The larvae usually enter the pupa stage within a few days or weeks of hatching, depending on the water temperature and the species.

The pupae are called tumblers because they tumble in the water if the water is touched. Tumblers do not eat, but they move around in the water a lot, and like larvae, they breathe from tubes that stick out of the water. The pupa stage is short (only for a few days), and then the mosquito becomes an adult.

There are many species of mosquito. This comes about because, of those which suck blood, each species is adapted to a different host or group of hosts. There are two subfamilies, 43 genera and over 3,500 species of the Culicidae.

Vectors for disease
Mosquitoes are a vector (carrier) which carries disease-causing viruses and parasites from person to person.

The principal mosquito borne diseases are the viral diseases yellow fever, dengue fever and malaria carried by the genera Anopheles and Culex. Mosquitoes transmit disease to more than 700 million people every year in Africa, South America, Central America, Mexico and much of Asia with millions of resulting deaths.

Mosquito control

Methods used to prevent the spread of disease, or to protect individuals in areas where disease is endemic include:
Vector control aimed at mosquito eradication. Habitat change: removing standing water and other breeding areas; pesticides; natural predators; and trapping.
Disease prevention, using prophylactic drugs and vaccines; and preventing mosquito bites, with insecticides, nets and repellents.

Water
Standing water, as in a pond or lake, is the main breeding ground. It may or may not be practical to eliminate this water. The water in bird baths can be changed once a week, but one can hardly do that with larger bodies of water. The method used to be: spray water with DDT, but that does a lot of damage, and in any event the mosquito is now highly resistant to the chemical.

Organic repellents
With increasing reports of the harmful effects DEET has on humans, there has been a move to repellents which are organic. These are of the kind that have had traditional household purposes before their being used as mosquito repellents.

Natural predators
The dragonfly nymph eats mosquitoes at all stages of development and is quite effective in controlling populations. Some bats can eat as many as 500 mosquitoes per hour. Some copepods are predators on first instar larvae, killing up to 40 Aedes larvae per day.
A number of fish eat mosquito larvae, including goldfish, catfish, piranhas, and minnows.

Evolution
The oldest known mosquito with a basically modern anatomy was found in 79-million-year-old Canadian amber from the Upper Cretaceous. An older sister species with more primitive features was found in amber that is 90 to 100 million years old.

Genetic analyses indicate that the Culicinae and Anophelinae clades may have diverged about 150 million years ago. The Old and New World Anopheles species are believed to have subsequently diverged about 95 million years ago.

References

Flies
Parasites
Venomous animals

Mosquito


The Loren Andrus Octagon House, also known as the Washington Octagon House, is a historic octagon house located at 57500 Van Dyke Avenue just north of 26 Mile Road in Washington Township, Macomb County, Michigan. On September 3, 1971, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.

History
Loren Andrus was born in 1816 in New York, and moved with his parents to Washington Township in 1828. In 1837, when he was 21, Loren Andrus was taken on as an assistant engineer for the survey of the Clinton-Kalamazoo Canal. Andrus married Lucina Davis, and in 1849 the couple set up a farm on a large tract of land where this house now stands. In the late 1850s, the more prominent local residents spurred a small building boom, with each person  striving to put up the most impressive residence. Andrus caught the bug, and in 1858 offered his brother-in-law, local architect and carpenter David Stewart, a steep sum to quickly design and build a distinctive house. Using Orson Squire Fowler's A Home For All as a guide, they began constructing this house, finishing in 1860.

Andrus was quite active in local cultural organizations, and the house served as a social center for the community. It was also used as a "station" on the Underground railway. In 1890, Lucinda Davis Andrus died. Loren Andrus sold the house in 1894 and moved to Detroit.

After Andrus's death, the house changed hands several times, and was even used as a restaurant in the late 1930s. In 1945, the Detroit Board of Education established  Albert H. Schmidt Foundation Farm on the property to train high school and college students in agricultural techniques. The house served as a dormitory, and was operated by Wayne State University as an extension of their agricultural college. The house was scheduled to be torn down until William and Phyllis Hamilton bought the house and restored it. They turned it into a living museum with three generations of the Hamilton family living and working there. The house was later sold back into private hands and converted back into a single family residence.

It is now owned by the Friends of the Loren Andrus Octagon House, Inc., which bought it in 1987. In the 1990s and 2000s  most of the land the Octagon house sat on was sold and converted into single-family residential homes.

Description
The Loren Andrus Octagon House is a two-story, eight-sided structure constructed of brick. The roof has extravagant Italianate supporting brackets and an octagonal cupola with weatherboard sheathing on top. A large porch supported by Neo-Corinthian wood columns wraps around seven of the eight sides of the house. On the eighth side, a single-story brick kitchen wing with low gable roof extends to the rear. The house has two-sash double-hung windows with shaped wood lintels.

On the interior, the octagon houses four rooms on each level. In the center of the house is a dramatic spiral staircase, which extends upward from the main floor all the way to the cupola. Triangular alcoves lead off the stair to each of the rooms. Ceilings throughout the house are twelve feet high.

References

External links
Loren Andrus Octagon House

Octagon houses in Michigan
Houses completed in 1860
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
Museums in Macomb County, Michigan
Historic house museums in Michigan
Houses on the Underground Railroad
Houses in Macomb County, Michigan
National Register of Historic Places in Macomb County, Michigan

Loren Andrus Octagon House


Diyllus (), probably the son of Phanodemus the Atthidographer (a chronicler of the local history of Athens and Attica), wrote a universal history of the years 357–296 BC.  His work seems to have been a continuation of Ephorus' history, and was itself continued by Psaon of Plataea.  The work was in 26 books, though only fragments survive. Both the historian Diodorus Siculus and the biographer Plutarch valued Diyllus as a competent authority.

References
Felix Jacoby, Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, (1923).
Albin Lesky, A History of Greek Literature, (1966).
Oxford Classical Dictionary (1949).
 Christopher Tuplin, "Universal Histories (Hellenica)", in Marincola (ed.) A Companion to Greek and Roman Historiography.

External links
Diyllus: Fragments at attalus.org

Hellenistic-era historians
3rd-century BC historians

Diyllus


The  (Black Cross, ) is a flag of Brittany, used as an emblem of the independent duchy in the late Middle Ages. In the Breton language,  means cross and  means black.

Origins

There is uncertainty about the chronology of its origins. It clearly evolved from the flags of the Crusaders and some evidence shows that the black and white colors were taken from the ermine spots that formed the coat of arms of the dukes of Brittany (adopted early in the 14th century and also used as a standard called the plain ermine flag).

It is widely known that the warriors of the First Crusade used the emblem of the red cross (later known as the St George's Cross). Banners with crosses of distinct colors by nation were first used by Crusaders from about 1188. However, very few Breton barons joined that Third Crusade, so it is more probable that the earliest  was given to Peter I, Duke of Brittany by Pope Gregory IX in 1236 or 1237.

Late Medieval usage

The black cross standard became widely used as the emblem of the Breton soldiers and as the flag for the ships from the end of the Hundred Years' War in the 15th century. Belligerent armies then identified themselves with flags inherited from the Crusades: red cross on white for the English, white cross on blue or red for the French, black cross on white for the Bretons.

It was often combined with the ducal coat of arms, hence a flag with ermine spots in each quarter.

Some miniatures of the 15th century depict events of the previous century (at the beginning of the Hundred Years' War) by representing Breton knights with the black cross, but it is not really known if the Bretons fought under this emblem during that century.

Later use
The  was the flag representing Brittany on nautical charts of the 16th century. After annexation of 1532, there was never any treaty of union, the admiralty of Brittany kept using the black cross flag for Breton ships (with a modified design).

It also remained the basis for the flags of Nantes and temporarily for those of Saint-Malo and Brest.

The black cross was largely forgotten after the French Revolution, but some Catholic groups and scouts used it again at the end of the 19th century.

This flag has been largely replaced by the  during the 20th century. The latter is used by moderate nationalists and the general public, including the regional administration.

The  has been revived since the late 1990s and was briefly regarded as an emblem of right-wing Breton nationalists (like Adsav), but it is now more and more popular. On the basis of medieval miniatures, a version of the flag was adopted as the emblem of the town of Guérande in 1999. It was also used to create the new flag of Saint-Nazaire in 2008.

Similarity to other flags

This flag is an exact negative of the flag of Cornwall, sometimes known as Saint Piran's Flag. The connections between Cornwall and Brittany are well documented but the historical links between the two flags, if any exist, are unknown.

The United Baltic Duchy flag is similar in appearance but is a Nordic Cross, rather than an equilateral cross.

References
Les drapeaux bretons de 1188 à nos jours (English: The Breton flags, from 1188 until now) by Philippe Rault, published by Coop Breizh (in French), (1998)
Guide des drapeaux bretons et celtes (English: Guide of Breton and Celtic flags) by Divi Kervella and Mikael Bodlore-Penlaez, published by Yoran Embanner (in French), (2008)

External links
Bannieloù Breizh, the vexillological and heraldic Society of Brittany (in English)
http://www.nationalflaggen.de/flags-of-the-world/flags/fr-bz-du.html

Flags of France
Medieval Brittany
Flags with crosses

Kroaz Du


Ruppiner See is a lake in Ostprignitz-Ruppin, Brandenburg, Germany. At an elevation of , its surface area is . It is believed to have formed as a glacial tunnel valley.

History
A Slavic fortification stood at the mouth of the Rhin on the northern shore. In the 12th century, the German settlement of Ruppin (now called Altruppin) was established next to it. A few decades later, Neuruppin was established on the southwest shore. A mill was built in Altfriesack, between the Ruppiner See and the Bützsee next to the Slavic settlement of Wustrau. The latter is probably the oldest settlement on the lake. Around the lake are other villages, which mostly now belong to the municipality of Neuruppin. Wustrau and Altfriesack now form one division in the municipality of Fehrbellin.

Economic and strategic importance
The lake was strategically important as it was the center of the Slavic area. It was also of economic importance due to its fisheries and for transportation. The building of the Ruppiner Canal in 1788 increased its importance, as it was then connected to the Havel and thereby with Berlin.

Since 1898, a railroad causeway on the Kremmen–Wittstock line has cut the lake in two, 2.5 km from the north shore running east and west.

Today, the Ruppiner See is the reservoir for the wetlands known as the Rhinluch. Until the beginning of May, water is held there from the spring runoff. It is then released over the locks in Alt Friesack to prevent the wetlands from drying out. The management of this runoff has the potential for political conflict.

See also
Neuruppin

External links
Photo and map of the lake

Lakes of Brandenburg
Ostprignitz-Ruppin
Neuruppin

Ruppiner See


The Audi S5 is one of two high-performance variants of Audi's A5. It is also the coupé, cabriolet, and five-door fastback sedan versions of the fourth-generation (B8) Audi S4 saloon and estate models.

Like all Audi "S" cars, they are only available with Audi's quattro four-wheel drive (4WD) system, here in S5 using a Torsen-based centre diff system.

Most versions of the S5 are manufactured at Audi's plant in Ingolstadt, Germany; they are available as a coupé, cabriolet, and five-door sportback, which was previously not available in North America until the 2018 model year, which was released in the United States in mid 2017. The cabriolets are built at Audi's factory in Neckarsulm, Germany.

S5 B8/8T (2007–2017)
The Audi S5 was released in coupé form to the public at the same time as the A5. The Audi S5 Sportback was unveiled at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show, and went on sale in the spring of 2010 with a MSRP of €57,900.

The Audi S5, in comparison to the A5, features a more aggressive body style (typical design for Audi S and RS models) which consists of side skirts, bigger air inlets on the front bumper and a dual-quad tip exhaust. The S5 includes a string of LED daytime running lights around the bi-Xenon headlamps and a vertically striped chrome grille. In many markets, the S5 includes as standard 19" alloy wheels with a five-parallel spoke design, larger brakes, heated leather sport bucket seats, and other convenience features, some of which are available only as an option on the A5. Changes for 2010 model year included LED tail lamps, the introduction of Premium Plus and Prestige trim levels and new optional equipment such as leather/Alcantara seats.

Despite sharing the same nameplate, the powertrains were different between the coupé and the Cabriolet/Sportback for the 2010–2012 model years. The 2007–2012 Audi S5 coupé had a 4.2-litre Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI) V8 engine that produced , while the S5 Cabriolet and Sportback have a supercharged 3.0-litre TFSI V6 engine producing  which was shared with the 2010 Audi S4 3.0 TFSI quattro sedan and avant. The coupé had a choice of either a 6-speed manual or 6-speed Tiptronic, while the Cabriolet/Sportback have the 7-speed S-tronic dual-clutch transmission. Despite minor differences in peak power output, both the V8 and the supercharged V6 provide very similar performance.

S5 B8.5/8.5T (2013–2017)
The (B8.5/8.5T or Facelift) Audi S5 went through a mid-generational refresh alongside the standard Audi A5. There are front-end changes, including a complete redesign of the headlights – this means new LED DRL's, a brand-new grille loosely based on the 2012 Audi A6 grille and new fog lamps. Audi has also introduced a new rear diffuser that appears to be more cosmetic than the one found on previous models and updated LED tail light design.

Instead of the 4.2 FSI V8 engine producing , the facelifted S5 Coupé is powered by a 3.0-litre supercharged V6 TFSI engine producing , the latter which had been used in the S5 Cabriolet and S4 Sedan/Avant since the 2010 model year. The other major change under the bonnet is the introduction of stop-start technology for better fuel efficiency. Audi claims an average fuel economy of  (compared to the current  in the V8 coupé and  in the Cabriolet).

Inside, the S5 receives some new features. Dials in the center console get the chrome treatment along with the edges of the buttons for the windows, four Audi MMI control buttons and Audi's 3G+ MMI which has a slightly refreshed interface and now features Google Earth maps. Audi has brought the shift knob from the RS5 to the S5. There is a shift from having four buttons down each side of the console, to just two with the addition of a Menu and Car buttons below the MMI control dial (Audi has removed the skip forward / backward buttons that previously occupied the space on either side of the back button). Lastly, a flat-bottom steering wheel style will have a new circular airbag cover as well as piano black trim.

S5 B9 (2017–present)
The Audi S5 (B9) is an all-wheel drive coupé, sportback, & cabriolet built by Audi from late 2017, after its unveiling in June 2016. Its sportback trim adds rear doors and a hatchback rear. It is part of the second generation model line following on from the Audi S5 (B8) that had been in production since 2007.

As part of the refresh, the new S5 has undergone some major front and rear end changes, including a drop in weight to  (Coupé) and a complete redesign of the headlights and bonnet, LED front and rear lighting, sharper body lines, and a new larger one piece grille. There are also a number of optional safety options available such as drive assist and head up display. Inside, the S5 also receives some new features. A redesigned dashboard and centre console, updated tablet style 8" Audi MMI, Virtual Cockpit (optional), and features Google Earth maps and Apple CarPlay. The new Audi S5 also has new electrically adjustable front heated seats with cross stitching, and has an optional flat-bottom steering wheel style with circular airbag cover as well as a variety of trim options.

Fitted with a completely new and more powerful 3-litre V6 petrol engine, the S5 has direct injection as well as a twin-scroll turbocharger to reduce both weight, and cost. The turbocharger is mounted within the engine V and as a result has reduced turbo lag response times. The quattro all-wheel drive system receives power through a locking centre differential that splits torque sent to the wheels at 40% to the front and 60% to the rear. The system can also divert up to 70% to the front or up to 85% to the rear.  time is around 4.4 seconds (coupé) & 4.5 seconds (sportback), with a limited top speed of , although tests have shown times closer to 4 seconds.

In 2019, Audi introduced a new facelifted version of the B9 for the 2020 models, the B9.5. In Europe, the new 2019 S5 was only made available with a diesel V6 TDI engine.

Engines

See also

References

External links
Audi.com - international corporate portal
Audi UK - S and RS models
Audi USA - S5

S5
Cars introduced in 2007
Compact executive cars
Coupés
Convertibles
Hatchbacks
Sports sedans
All-wheel-drive vehicles

Audi S5


KFLC (1270 AM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Benbrook, Texas and broadcasting to the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex. The station is owned and operated by Latino Media Network, with studios located in the Univision 23 studios in the Arts District in Downtown Dallas. KFLC airs a Spanish language sports radio format, primarily airing programming from Univision's TUDN Radio Network, and also carries Spanish language play by play featuring Texas Rangers, Dallas Mavericks, and FC Dallas.

KFLC is a Class B regional station, that uses a directional antenna at all times from its transmitter site off East Lancaster Avenue (Route  e xdzf e5fr180) in Fort Worth. During the day it operates with 50,000 watts, the maximum power permitted for U.S. AM radio stations. At night, when AM band signals travel much greater distances, it reduces power to 5,000 watts to limit interference to other stations broadcasting on 1270 AM. KFLC is licensed by iBiquity to broadcast a digital signal using the HD system. KFLC is also rebroadcasting on KDXX's HD Radio subchannel 107.9 HD3.

History
KFLC's first license, with the sequentially issued call letters KFQB, was granted on May 12, 1924 to the Searchlight Publishing Company in Fort Worth, operating on 1180 kHz with 100 watts. (Some station accounts trace its history to an earlier station, WPA, operated by the Fort Worth Record, which was first licensed on March 16, 1922 and deleted on May 24, 1923.) During the 1920s, the station's frequency assignment was changed multiple times, including, in 1927 alone, 590, 1150, 920, and 900 kHz. On November 11, 1928, as part of the implementation of the Federal Radio Commission's General Order 40, KFQB was assigned to 1240 kHz.

KFQB was initially under the oversight of Reverend J. Frank Norris of the First Baptist Church. In early 1927, ownership was transferred to the Lone Star Broadcast Company, however, as part of this sale, which carried over to future owners, Norris retained the right to broadcast over the station on Sundays without charge.

In late 1928, A. P. Barrett purchased the station after forming the Texas Air Transport Broadcast Company, and the call sign was changed to KTAT. A year later, the call sign was changed to KSAT, although a few months after that it was changed back to KTAT. In 1935, the station was briefly shifted to 570 kHz, before returning to 1240 kHz.

KFJZ
The original KFJZ was first licensed in September 1923 to the 112th Cavalry of the Texas National Guard. By 1939, it was operating on 1370 kHz as the key outlet of the Texas State Network. At this point, the network's General Manager, Elliott Roosevelt, arranged to purchase KTAT, which was operating with higher power than KFJZ. As part of the sales agreement, the license for the original KFJZ was surrendered and that station deleted. The staff from the original KFJZ was then transferred to the KTAT studios in the Hotel Texas, and on August 17, KTAT's call sign was changed to KFJZ.

On March 29, 1941, under the provisions of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement, most U.S. stations operating on 1240 kHz, including KFJZ, moved to 1270 kHz. During the 1960s and 1970s, KFJZ was a leading Top 40 station in Fort Worth. In 1980, it changed format to Music of Your Life adult standards, having moved the Top 40 format to KFJZ-FM 97.1.

Later years
In 1984, KFJZ's call sign was changed to KSSA. (The historic KFJZ call sign was then picked up by a Dallas station operating on AM 870.) Marcos A. Rodriguez purchased KSSA in November 1986 and moved a Regional Mexican music format from FM (see KLTY) to the AM dial. AM 1270 has been a Spanish-language station since then under various call signs, becoming KESS from 1986 until 1990, when it briefly became KSBN, then returning to KESS starting the next year until 2004, when it adopted KFLC.

The station has operated from transmitter tower sites in Birdville (north east Fort Worth), 4801 West Vickery (now site of a school) in south west Fort Worth, and the present site on the Arlington/Fort Worth line. From 1976 to 2006, the station operated at 5,000 watts on six towers (nominal power while actual input was 5,400 watts by day and 4,600 by night). A refit spearheaded by station engineering manager Patrick Parks and VP/Engineering David Stewart led to a rebuild, new towers, and a power increase to 50,000 watts. Matt Folkert at duTreil, Lundin and Rackley designed the new digital capable phasing and distribution system.

Even before switching to the current all-sports format, KFLC was the first station to broadcast Dallas Mavericks basketball games in Spanish. By the early 2000s, KFLC began eliminating music programming most of the day to air local Spanish-language talk shows. Starting on July 4, 2012, the station became part of the Univision America Talk Radio network, and adopted the slogan "Univision America Dallas 1270". In 2015, KFLC ended the Univision America news/talk format in favor of Spanish-language Contemporary Christian music as "Amor Celestial 1270" (translated as "Heavenly Love 1270").

On December 20, 2016, Univision announced that KFLC would be a charter network affiliate of Univision Deportes Radio, a Spanish-language sports network, which launched on April 19, 2017 and was renamed TUDN Radio on July 20, 2019. KFLC also signed up to air Texas Rangers baseball games until at least 2019. (KESS had previously broadcast Rangers games from 1999 to 2010.) KFLC continued to carry Dallas Mavericks games as well as adding FC Dallas soccer games. This move filled the Spanish Sports hole after KZMP 1540 AM swapped from ESPN Deportes Radio to a simulcast of an FM Regional Mexican station. KZMP later returned to ESPN Deportes, until that network shut down on September 8, 2019, leaving KFLC once again as the metroplex's lone Spanish sports station.

Since March 2, 2022, KFLC aired Dallas Stars hockey games vs. the Los Angeles Kings and again in 2023 vs. the Arizona Coyotes in Spanish as part of the hockey team's annual celebration of Noche Mexicana.

On June 3, 2022, Univision announced it would sell a package of 18 radio stations across 10 of its markets, primarily AM outlets in large cities (including KFLC) and entire clusters in smaller markets such as McAllen, Texas, and Fresno, California, for $60 million to a new company known as Latino Media Network (LMN); Univision proposed to handle operations for a year under agreement before turning over operational control to LMN in the fourth quarter of 2023. The sale was consummated on December 30, 2022. LMN took over operations of KFLC and sister station KFZO by the end of October 2023.

References

External links
TUDN Radio Dallas (Official Station Page)

FCC History Cards for KFLC (covering 1927-1981 as KFQB / KTAT / KSAT / KFJZ)
DFW Radio Archives (dfwradioarchives.info)
DFW Radio/TV History by Mike Shannon (dfwretroplex.com)

FLC
FLC
Sports radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1924

KFLC


Savoir Beds is based in London, UK and handcrafts luxury mattresses and box springs. Their mattresses are created from natural materials such as curled horsetail, cashmere, lambs wool and cotton. The company is best known for creating The Savoy Bed (or No.2 Bed), which was first made in 1905 for the Savoy Hotel. Savoir Beds continue to supply the Savoy Hotel, and installed beds during and after the hotel's 2010 refurbishment.

History
Savoir Beds began life as part of the Savoy Hotel. In 1904 the hotel was expanded by Rupert D'Oyly Carte, who decided at the time that they should develop a bed unique to the Savoy Hotel. In 1905, this resulted in The Savoy Bed being created, which was manufactured by James Edwards Limited. The beds were covered in a Savoy designed ticking attributed to his stepmother, Helen Carte, which has become the trademark of Savoir Beds.

In 1924 the Savoy Hotel bought James Edwards Limited. At the time, the beds were made in a workshop that became known as The Savoy Bedworks, which is located close to London's theatre land. The No.2 Bed was supplied to other hotels, which were at that time part of the Savoy Group, including Claridge's and The Berkeley.

Recent decades
In 1987 The Savoy Bedworks moved to Mitcham, south of London, which became Savoir Beds in 1997, when Alistair Hughes and his business partner purchased it. The name change came after the Savoy sold off this arm of the business. Savoir Beds continued to make The Savoy Bed (or No.2 Bed) in the same way, taking on the craftsmen and equipment from the Savoy Hotel.

In 1998 Savoir Beds moved the Bedworks and craftsmen to Park Royal in northwest London.
In 1999 Savoir Beds became a member of Walpole, the not-for-profit organisation that furthers the interests of the British luxury industry by harnessing and sharing the collective knowledge, experience and resources of the membership.

Showrooms
In 2001, Savoir Beds opened its first showroom in London's Wigmore Street.
In June 2012 Savoir Beds opened a second bedworks in Treforest, South Wales. It also has a concession in Harrods.

As of 2020, Savoir Beds had showrooms in major cities worldwide, including London, Düsseldorf, Paris, New York, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore, Moscow, Qingdao, Seoul and Taipei.

References

British companies established in 1905
Mattress retailers of the United Kingdom

Savoir Beds


International Direct Dialing (IDD) is an international telephone call dialed by the caller rather than going via an operator. Since late in the twentieth century, most international calls are direct dialed.

International calls are made by dialing the international call prefix for the country one is in, followed by the country calling code for the country one wishes to call, then the phone number within that country. When phone numbers are published for use abroad, they include the country calling code, but replace the international call prefix with "+" to signify that the caller should use the prefix appropriate for their country.

References

Telephone

International Direct Dialing


Carleton Hunt (January 1, 1836 – August 14, 1921) was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives representing the state of Louisiana.  He served one term as a Democrat.

Hunt was born in New Orleans and attended Harvard and law school at Tulane.  Prior to the Civil War he had been affiliated with the Constitutional Union Party.  He was a professor and ten-year dean of the law school at Tulane.  He served as a lieutenant in the Confederate artillery during the Civil War.

Carleton Hunt was the son of prominent New Orleans physician Thomas Hunt (1808-1867), who was one of the founders of Tulane University's medical school, and the former Aglae Marie Carleton (1816-1847). He married Georgine Cammack; the couple had three sons, who became a doctor and two lawyers. Hunt died in New Orleans.

External links

Harvard University Archives. Civil War papers of Carleton Hunt, 1861-1864.

1836 births
1921 deaths
Harvard University alumni
Louisiana Unionists
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Louisiana
Tulane University Law School alumni

Carleton Hunt


The Berlin Conference (or "Congo Conference") of 1884–85 made rules for European colonization and trade in Africa. It was called for by Portugal and organized by Otto von Bismarck. The conference met during the Scramble for Africa, a time with more colonial activity by European powers. Africans were not invited. It ended most existing forms of African autonomy and self-governance, assuring that the European powers would not have to fight among themselves for dominance.

General Act
The General Act fixed the following points:
 The ending of slavery by Black and Islamic powers.
 The Congo Free State was a private property of the Congo Society. The territory of today's Democratic Republic of the Congo was made the property of Leopold II of Belgium.
 The 14 countries who signed had free trade through the Congo Basin and Lake Nyasa and east of this in an area south of 5° N.
 The Niger River and Congo River were made free for ship traffic.
 Countries could not set up colonies in name only.
 If a country took over any new part of the African coast, they would have to tell the other countries.
 Each country was told which parts of Africa they could take over.

Agenda

 Portugal - Britain The colonies of Angola and Mozambique were brought together by the land in between (land that later became Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Malawi.) The United Kingdom did not support this plan. In 1890, the British government told the Portuguese to leave the area.

 France - Britain A line running from Say in Niger to Baroua, on the north-east coast of Lake Chad marked what part belonged to whom. France would own territory to the north of this line, and the United Kingdom would own territory to the south of it.  The Nile Basin would be British, with the French taking the basin of Lake Chad.

 France - Germany The area to the north of a line formed by the intersection of the 14th meridian and Miltou was French, that to the south was German.

 Britain - Germany The separation came in the form of a line passing through Yola, on the Benoué, Dikoa, going up to the extremity of Lake Chad.

 France - Italy Italy was to own what was north of a line from the intersection of the Tropic of Cancer and the 17th meridian to the intersection of the 15th parallel and 21st meridian.

By 1902, 90% of all the land that makes up Africa was under European control.

References

Colonialism
19th-century treaties
1884
19th century in Africa
1880s in Europe
19th century in Berlin

Berlin Conference


Byron Lee and the Dragonaires (known as Byron Lee's Dragonaires after Lee's death and now The Dragonaires) are a Jamaican ska, calypso and soca band. The band played a crucial pioneering role in bringing Caribbean music to the world. Byron Lee died on 4 November 2008, after suffering from cancer for a sustained period.

History
The band was originally formed around 1950 by Byron Lee and his friend Carl Brady, taking its name from the St. George's College football team for which they played. The band originally played mento, and performed their first shows in the college common room to celebrate the team's victories.

After a few years of playing at parties, birthdays and weddings, Lee decided to turn professional. By 1956, the Dragonaires had become a fixture on Jamaica's hotel circuit, playing under their own name and also providing backing to visiting American stars including Harry Belafonte, Chuck Berry, The Drifters, Sam Cooke, and Fats Domino. The Dragonaires prided themselves on being able to play any style of music, their repertoire including covers of American pop and R&B hits, and they soon adapted to include ska when that became popular.

The band recorded their debut single, "Dumplin's", in 1959 at the WIRL (West Indies Records Limited) studios owned by future Prime Minister Edward Seaga, who became the band's manager. The single was released on the Dragonaire's own Dragon's Breath label in Jamaica, and was the second release on the Blue Beat label in the United Kingdom, and was unusual for a Jamaican single as it featured an electric organ and a Fender bass which Lee had purchased during a visit to the United States - the first such instruments ever seen on the island. Lee and Seaga both realised that ska was the music to provide Jamaica with a musical identity that could break the domination of American R&B, and the Dragonaires became one of the major ska bands of the early 1960s, releasing singles such as "Fireflies", "Mash! Mr Lee", "Joy Ride", and a ska version of "Over the Rainbow", both under their own name, and as the Ska Kings. In 1961, the band received a huge break when they were cast as the hotel band in the first James Bond film, Dr. No. The band performed several songs in the film, although the recordings were actually made by guitarist Ernest Ranglin.The song's Jump Up and Kingston Calypso appeared on the Dr. No (soundtrack). In 1964, the band was featured in a program called "This is Ska!" alongside Jimmy Cliff, Prince Buster, and Toots and the Maytals.

The band received another major boost when they were selected by Seaga, then the island's head of Social Welfare and Economic Development, in 1964 to travel to the New York World's Fair and perform as a backing band for a showcase of Jamaican talent, including Jimmy Cliff, Prince Buster, and Millie Small. The trip was not a great success, with the Dragonaires' "uptown" musicians not fitting in with the other "downtown" artists. Realising that their appeal to ska crowds was diminishing, Lee took the band in a new direction, incorporating calypso and touring Trinidad and Tobago in 1963 and 1964. Also the band contributed the instrumental part of Mighty Sparrow's recording of Only a Fool in 1966. Lee's relationship with Atlantic Records (he acted as head of distribution for the US company in Jamaica) led to the label releasing Dragonaires records in the US, including two albums timed to capitalise on interest generated from the World's Fair performances, Jump Up and Jamaican Ska (on which the Dragonaires backed the likes of The Blues Busters, The Charmers, The Maytals, Stranger Cole, Ken Boothe, and Patsy Todd). The band also targeted the international rocksteady market with albums of mainly cover versions such as Rock Steady Beat and Rock Steady '67. Further, Atlantic Records tried to push the album Jamaican Ska by using house producer and sound engineer Tom Dowd, who produced all of Aretha Franklin's greatest singles, to produce the album. In addition, the Dragonaires were renamed as "The Ska Kings" on the album. Unfortunately, despite Atlantic's best efforts, Jamaican Ska failed to take off in the United States, although the record "Jamaica Ska" became a top 30 single in Canada.

Lee bought the WIRL studios from Seaga and turned into Dynamic Sounds Recording Co., where the Dragonaires naturally recorded, using the superior facilities to record a string of well-produced albums during the late 1960s and early 1970s, often containing cover versions aimed at tourists, and they went on to record a series of "Reggay"-titled albums in the early 1970s.

The WIRL name had remained with its division in Barbados and had remained the ever-popular brand of Bajan music until 1995, when it changed its name to E.A. Best Music Ltd, and eventually to its current name, Caribbean Records - still the major record company and distributor of Barbados. Back in Jamaica, Dynamic had become a bigger force than ever before, investing in presenting more of Jamaica's talent to vinyl, including Toots & the Maytals, Eric Donaldson, John Holt, Barry Biggs, Freddie McKay, Tommy McCook, and Max Romeo, issued on imprints such as Jaguar, Panther, Afrik, and Dragon.

In 1974, the band played at Trinidad and Tobago's carnival for the first of many times, and the same year they released the Carnival in Trinidad album. They would release both reggae and carnival-oriented albums throughout the 1970s, and in 1975 took in another genre with the Disco Reggae album, released on Mercury Records in the US.

The band played at the Reggae Sunsplash festival in both 1978 and 1979, and were one of the main backing bands in 1982. They would also appear in 1984 and 1990.

From 1979, the Dragonaires output was heavily concentrated on calypso, soca, and mas, regularly performing at Trinidad and Tobago's carnival, and also touring the Caribbean and North America. It was during this time that many of their most famous calypso songs were recorded, including the smash hit "Tiny Winey" (1984).

Throughout the 1990s they were also regulars at Jamaica's carnival, and their "Dance Hall Soca" hit (recorded with Admiral Bailey) was credited with starting the ragga-soca craze of the late 1990s.

The band continue to tour, recently performing with Kevin Lyttle at the Cricket World Cup 2007 opening ceremony.

Byron Lee died on 4 November 2008, aged 73, from cancer.

The band has continued since Lee's death, with the name initially slightly altered to Byron Lee's Dragonaires. They later changed the band name to The Dragonaires as they were no longer able to use Lee's name.

In August 2014 it was announced that Carl Brady would receive the Order of Distinction in October that year.

Albums

Come Fly with Lee (1962)
The Sound of Jamaica (1963)
First Class with Lee (1964)
Caribbean Joyride (1964)
Dance the Ska (1964)
Jump Up (1964)
Christmas Party Time (1966)
Rock Steady '67 (1967)
Rock Steady Beat (1967)
People Get Ready, This Is Rock Steady (1967)
Byron Lee and the Dragonaires (1968)
Rock Steady Intensified (1968)
Reggay with Byron Lee (1968)
The Many Moods of Lee (1968)
Reggay Blast Off (1969)
Reggay Eyes (1969)
Tighten Up (1969)
Goin' Places (1970)
Reggay Splash Down (1971)
Reggay Hot Cool and Easy (1972)
Reggay Roun' the World (1973)
Reggae Fever (1974)
Dancing Is Forever (1974)
Carnival in Trinidad (1974)
The Midas Touch (1974)
Carnival 75 (1975)
Disco Reggae (1975)
Reggay International (1976)
Six Million Dollar Man (1976)
This Is Carnival (1976)
Art of Mas (1977)
Jamaica's Golden Hits (1977)
More Carnival (1978)
Reggae Hits (1978)
Carnival Experience (1979)
Soca Carnival (1980)
Carnival '81 (1981)
Byron 1982 (1982)
Soft Lee Vol 1 (1983)
Soul Ska (1983)
Carnival City '83 (1983)
Original Rock Steady Hits (1984)
Jamaica's Golden Hits Vol 2 (1984)
Heat in De Place (1984)
Christmas in the Tropics (1984)
Wine Miss Tiny (1985)
Soca Girl (1986)
Soca Thunder (1987)
De Music Hot Mama (1988)
Soca Bacchanal (1989)
Jamaica Carnival '90 (1990)
Carnival Fever (1991)
Wine Down (1992)
Dance Hall Soca (1993)
Soca Butterfly (1994)
Soca Tatie (1995)
Soca Engine (1996)
Soca Greatest Hits (1997)
Trinidad Tobago Carnival City (1997)
Socarobics (1997)
Soca Frenzy (1998)
Soca Tremor (1999)
Soca Fire Inna Jamdown Stylee
Jump and Wave for Jesus (1999)
Soca Thriller (2000)
Soca Vibes (2001)
Caribbean Sty-Lee (2002)
Sexy Body (2003)
Jamaica Ska & Other Jamaican Party Anthems (2004)
Sweet Music (2004)
Soca Royal (2008)
The Man and His Music (2010)

References

External links
 www.thedragonaires.com (Band Website)
Band web page
45cat discography

  Entry for Byron Lee

Jamaican ska groups

Byron Lee and the Dragonaires


János Székely (7 July 1901, Budapest – 16 December 1958, East Berlin) was a Hungarian writer and screenwriter. His best-known work is the 1949 autobiographical novel Kísértés (Temptation).

He published some of his books under the pen name John Pen. Further alternative names of his were Hans Székely and John S. Toldy. At the age of 18, he fled World War I, from Hungary to Germany. In Berlin, he wrote numerous screenplays for silent movie stars like Brigitte Helm, Willy Fritsch, Marlene Dietrich and Emil Jannings. Ernst Lubitsch in 1934 invited him to work in Hollywood. In 1938 he emigrated to the United States and became a sought-after screenwriter for silent and sound films. In 1940 he was awarded the Academy Award for Best Story for Arise, My Love. In the McCarthy era, he left the United States, moved to Mexico, and in 1957 to East Berlin to work with the DEFA film studio.

Novels
(1940) You can't do that to Swoboda
(1949) Kísértés (Temptation)

Screenplays
Die namenlosen Helden (1923)
 The Master of Death (1926)
 Hungarian Rhapsody (Berlin, 1928)
Magyar Rapszódia (Budapest, 1928)
Vasárnap délután (Budapest, 1929)
 Asphalt (Berlin, 1929)
 The Wonderful Lies of Nina Petrovna (Berlin, 1929)
Manolescu (Berlin, 1929)
 Melody of the Heart (Berlin, 1929)
 The Singing City (Berlin, 1930)
 Gloria (Berlin, 1931)
 I by Day, You by Night (Berlin, 1932)
 Early to Bed (London, 1933)
 Happy Days in Aranjuez (Berlin, 1933)
 Desire (Hollywood. 1936)
 The Lie of Nina Petrovna (Paris, 1937)
 Dramatic School (Hollywood, 1939)
 Arise, My Love (Hollywood, 1940)
 Paris Calling (Hollywood, 1942)
 Give Us This Day (London, 1949)
 Geschwader Fledermaus (East Berlin, 1958)

External links

 "Temptation" on Amazon

Best Story Academy Award winners
Hungarian-language writers
Hungarian male screenwriters
Hungarian emigrants to Germany
Hungarian emigrants to the United States
1901 births
1958 deaths
Hungarian writers in German
20th-century Hungarian novelists
20th-century Hungarian male writers
Hungarian male novelists
20th-century Hungarian screenwriters

János Székely (writer)


Jan Östen Hjärpe (13 July 1942) is a Swedish Islamicist and a professor emeritus in Islamic studies at the Centre for Theology and Religious Studies at Lund University.

Hjärpe was born in Gothenburg, Sweden. He earned a B.D. from Uppsala University ín 1965 and a B.A. in the history of religions and Semitic languages in 1967. From  1967 to 1968 he studied at University of Strasbourg. He studied for a Licentiate of Theology at Uppsala University in 1971 and defended his thesis in the history of religions in 1972. From 1972 to 1976 he was a senior lecturer in the history of religions at Uppsala University and Umeå University. He also served as an acting professor at Åbo Akademi University in 1976, and an acting senior lecturer in the history of religions and the psychology of religions at Lund University from 1976 to 1982. From 1982 to 1984 he was a researcher in Islamic studies at the Swedish Research Council for Humanities and Social Sciences (now a part of the Swedish Research Council). From 1983 to 1984 he also served as a counsellor at the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs. He has held the professorship in Islamic studies at Lund University (which is the only professorship in Islamic studies in Sweden) since 1984. He is a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities and the Academia Europæa.

References

External links
 Jan Hjärpe at the Centre for Theology and Religious Studies

1942 births
Living people
Scientists from Gothenburg
Academic staff of Uppsala University
University of Strasbourg alumni
Academic staff of Lund University
Members of Academia Europaea
Religion academics
Islamic studies scholars

Jan Hjärpe


Sayyid dynasty was the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. This dynasty is the shortest ruling dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. Throughout this dynasty, four rulers ruled North India. Their rule lasted from 1414 to 1451.Founded by a former governor of Multan. This dynasty succeeded the Tughlaq dynasty. They were displaced or succeeded by the Lodi dynasty.

History
Following the 1398 Delhi invasion of Amir Timur, he appointed the Sayyids as the governors of Delhi. This dynasty was established by Sayyid Khizr Khan. He was appointed by Timur to be the governor of Multan (Punjab). Khizr Khan captured Delhi from Daulat Khan Lodi on May 28, 1414. By this way he established (formed) the Sayyid dynasty.
Khizr Khan was succeeded by his son Sayyid Mubarak Shah. He succeeded after his father's death on May 20, 1421. Mubarak Shah referred to himself as Muizz-ud-Din Mubarak Shah on his coins. After the death of Mubarak Shah, his nephew, Muhammad Shah ascended (came to throne) the throne. His son Sayyid Ala-ud-Din Shah succeeded him as the king.Alam Shah was a weak ruler. In 1451 he surrendered Delhi to Bahlul Lodi. He went to Budaun where he spent rest of his life.

References

Other websites
Encyclopædia Britannica - Sayyid Dynasty
Coin Gallery - Sayyid Dynasty

Sayyid dynasty


4WK is an Australian commercial radio station located in Toowoomba, Queensland.

The station was first established in Warwick, Queensland in 1935, hence the callsign used for the station.

4WK currently broadcasts in the Toowoomba region on four separate frequencies. The station is heard on 95.5 FM in Toowoomba while the greater Darling Downs can receive the station on 963 AM.  4WK is also broadcast on 95.9 FM in Dalby and 91.5 FM in Stanthorpe.

The station is owned by Broadcast Operations Group and is part of the company's Super Radio Network.  As such, 4WK receives syndicated talk shows from 2SM in Sydney including The John Laws Show.

During initial discussions in 1930 regarding a radio station at Warwick, it was originally mooted that 4WK would simply be a relay station for the Australian Broadcasting Company's National Broadcasting Service, but the plan never eventuated.

In 1932, there was doubt cast over whether 4WK would ever be established.  However, a company called Warwick Broadcasting Proprietary Company Limited was eventually registered in 1934 for the purpose of establishing the radio station. 4WK was officially opened by Littleton Groom on 28 June 1935.

In the 1940s and 1950s, 4WK's programme schedule included recorded religious broadcasts from the United States, such as Music & the Spoken Word (Mormon Tabernacle Choir) and the Baltimore Gospel Tabernacle. Evening programmes included the Club Show with Jack Davey, Fred and Maggie Go Abroad, and relays of boxing matches.

On 14 July 2018 at 2130hrs, 4WK 963 kHz Allora commenced C-QUAM AM stereo transmission to complement its FM stereo translators.

References

Radio stations in Queensland
1935 establishments in Australia

4WK