The Malicious Practices Act (Verordnung zur Abwehr heimtückischer Diskreditierung der nationalen Regierung) was passed on 21 March 1933 in Nazi Germany. It was part of a series of events that occurred within 1933, which marked the brutality and resilience of the Nazi party. From here on life for thousands of Germans would be controlled and monitored for those dubbed as 'social outcasts'. Not only were many killed; others were forced into Nazi concentration camps in order to allow the German economy to flourish and eradicate opposition to the Nazi Party. The Act in particular portrayed some of the Nazis' key political and philosophical policies.

Overview

The Malicious Practices Act was a measure introduced to rid the German state of its 'oppressors' and 'enemies'.

In particular, the Nazi state imposed new legislation that made it illegal to speak wrongly of, or criticise the regime and its leaders. The two key guidelines were that of Protective Custody and Preventative Custody.
Preventative Custody was aimed at the undesirables within society, for example paupers, homosexuals and Jews. Those who were unfortunate enough to fall into this category could be arrested even if an offence had not been committed. Homosexuality was a criminal offense in Weimar and Nazi Germany.

Protective custody, however, was aimed at the regime's political opponents, in particular those from the left, such as the communists and the social democrats. The state made it apparent that those who failed to comply with Nazi ideology and politics could be arrested for the 'protection of the state'. In particular this was in an attempt to eliminate other political parties from German politics and eradicate their presence permanently.
A circular of the Reich and Prussian Minister of Interior, produced on 14 December 1937, stated:

"...those to be considered A-Social are persons who demonstrate through behaviour towards the community, when may not in itself be criminal, that they will not adopt themselves to the community.

"The following are examples of asocial:

"Persons who through minor, but repeated, infractions of the law demonstrate that they will not adapt socialist state, e.g. beggars, tramps, whores, alcoholics with contagious diseases, particularly transmitted diseases, who evade the measures taken by the public health authorities."

Background

After being appointed Chancellor on 30 January 1933, Hitler still faced huge problems. The Nazi party at this time only held a third of all seats in the Reichstag, thus lacking an overall elected majority. As such the Nazis looked at ways to gain support and elections were called for 5 March 1933.

At this point Hermann Göring became one of Hitler's key allies during the period. He was appointed Minister of Interior and sought ways to improve Nazi support. His initial success through bargaining came in the form of donated support from industrialists, who supported the Nazis by providing them with 3 million Reichsmark.
Göring was ruthless in his attack on the German state police. He quickly began sacking senior police officers in order to replace them with key Nazi supporters. Alongside this, he infiltrated the police force by recruiting 50,000 members of the SA to work as Auxiliary Police (later to be known as The Gestapo).  Their uniformed presence alone gained the support of ordinary Germans who sought change. Nevertheless, their existence brought fear and intimidation amongst the others, something which came to a head on 27 February 1933.

The Reichstag fire, which took place on 27 February 1933, was the perfect pretext for the Nazis to launch an attack on their fiercest rivals, the Communists and other left wing parties. Nonetheless, the Decree that followed, "Decree of the President of the Reich for the Protection of People and State" (otherwise known as The Emergency Decree) prevented the communists and socialists from taking part in the Election campaign. This was pursued through the mass arrests of political party leaders and the closure of party newspapers.

Specific measures

Although there had been a surge of violence and intimidation exerted by the Nazis prior to the passing of the Act, it was by no means as violent and resilient.

Mass arrests were introduced in order to round up members of the socialists and communist parties.

"Around 10,000 Communists and Socialists were arrested in March and April. By June, the numbers in 'protective custody'-most of the workers- had doubled. A good number of those arrested were the victims of denunciations by neighbours of workmates. So great was the wave of denunciations following the Malicious Practices Act of 21 March 1933 that even the police criticised it."

Homosexuals in particular were hard done by through the act, as they were subject to the implications of both guidelines. Above all, they did not fit into the Nazis ideal for the German race and as such were seen as a direct threat to the Nazi's policy of Gleichschaltung.

Consequences

On the 22 March 1933; Dachau concentration camp was officially opened.

Yet time has shown that conditions within concentration camps were harsh, dangerous and eventually, murderous.

The Nuremberg laws were also introduced to stamp out any Jewish presence. Passed in 1935 at the annual party rally, the laws had two basic aims. Firstly the law for the protection of German blood and German honour was passed, which prohibited marriage and extra-marital intercourse between Jews and Germans. Secondly, the Reich Citizenship Law was also passed, which stripped Jews of their citizenship.  However, anti-Jewish prejudice and violence did not end here, with events radicalising during Kristallnacht on 10 November 1938.

Finally, the passing of the Enabling Law would have been fairly impossible without the Malicious Practices Act. As the SA and SS had surrounded the representative buildings no elected officials were able to vote other than the Nazis and their supporters. As such the Act was passed with ease and consequently this gave Hitler complete dictatorial powers, hence beginning the radicalisation and implementation of total Nazi rule.

See also
Espionage Act of 1917, Subversive Activities Control Act 1950 (US)
Inciting subversion of state power (China)
Article 58 (RSFSR Penal Code) (Soviet Russia)

References

 Burleigh M, Wipperman W, The Racial State: Germany 1933-1945 (Cambridge University Press 1991)
 Kershaw, I Hitler : 1889-1936: Hubris, (London : Allen Lane, 1998)

1933 in Germany
1933 in law
The Holocaust
Law of Nazi Germany
LGBT history in Germany
Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany
March 1933 events

Malicious Practices Act 1933


Ståle Storløkken (born 22 February 1969 in Dombås, Norway) is a Norwegian jazz musician (keyboards, organ and piano) and composer, known for collaborations with artists like Terje Rypdal, BigBang, Supersilent and Motorpsycho. He is married to the Norwegian singer Tone Åse.

Career
Storløkken was educated on the Jazz program at Trondheim Musikkonservatorium (1988–90), and subsequently did his postgraduate there too. During the studies he started the band Veslefrekk together with fellow students Arve Henriksen and Jarle Vespestad (Helge Sten joined the band at a later stage). In 1997 the name of the band changed to Supersilent. They have released six critically acclaimed albums on the label Rune Grammofon. From 1995 he played in the trio BOL along with his wife Tone Åse and Tor Haugerud.

Storløkken has been active in many contexts, both as a band leader and member, for example The Stoken Experience,  and Terje Rypdal's Skywards. Along with Christian Wallumrød, and he composed the commissioned work Eight Thirty to Kongsberg Jazz Festival 1994. He has collaborated on a number of albums with the named bands, and otherwise at such musicians as Gunnar Andreas Berg, Eldbjørg Raknes, Audun Kleive and Thomas Strønen.

Storløkken together with Thomas Strønen has the Humcrush duo, which has released three albums. He also plays in the trio Elephant9, along with Torstein Lofthus and Nikolai Eilertsen. He co-composed Berit Opheim's commissioned work An angel with  for Vossajazz 2007, and in 2010 composed and performed his one commissioned work for Moldejazz with the band Motorpsycho, Trondheim Jazz Orchestra and Trondheim Soloists.

Discography

1991: Block Songs (Pop Eye), with Epinastic Movements
1993: En flik av ... (Bodega), with Bodega Band
1994: Veslefrekk (NorCD), with Veslefrekk
1996: Frode (Necessary Prod.), with Frode Alnæs
1996: The Music Machine (Curling Legs), with Gunnar Andreas Berg
1996: Letters (Turn Left), with Håvard Lund
1997: By-Music (Da-Da), with Didrik Ingvaldsen
1998: Read My Lips (EMI), with Ole Edvard Antonsen
1998: Point (Dragon), with Anders Kjellberg
1998: The Norske Jazzscene - turnéer vinter/vår 1998 (Den Norske Jazzscene), with various artists
1999: Cosmic Ballet (Bergland Productions), with Pocket Corner
1999: Det bor en gammel baker... (Via Music), with Eldbjørg Raknes
2000: History and Movement (Via Music), with Didrik Ingvaldsen
2000: Floating Rhythms (Via Music), with Terje Isungset
2000: Generator X (Jazzland), with Audun Kleive Generator X
2000/2001: Cure (Music Network, with Cadillac
2001: European Improvised Music (Nor CD/Sofa), with various artists
2001: BOL (Via Music), with BOL
2001: New Cumber (Bergland Productions), with Cucumber Slumber
2002: Denne lille pytten er et hav (Curling Legs), with Sverre Gjørvad
2002: Blokk 80 (2002), with S. Møller Storband
2003: Money Will Ruin Everything (Rune Grammofon), with various artists
2004: Ohmagoddabl (Jazzland), with Audun Kleive Generator X
2004: No Slumber (Bergland Productions), with Cucumber
2004: Runeology2 (Rune grammofon), with various artists
2004: Valse Mysterioso (NorCD), with Veslefrekk
2004: Humcrush (Rune Grammofon), with Humcrush
2005: Runeology (Bomba records), with various artists
2005: Silver Sun (Curling Legs), with BOL
2005: Chime (Spicytuna), with Lisbeth Diers
2006: Until human voices wake us and we drown (Rune Grammofon), with various artists
2006: Vossabrygg (ECM), with Terje Rypdal
2006: Hornswoggle (Rune Grammofon), with Humcrush
2006: Poetic Terrorism (Grandsport), with BigBang
2007: Strjon (Rune Grammofon), with Arve Henriksen
2008: Skylab (NorCD), with BOL
2008: St Fin Barre's (Leo Records), with Mark O'Leary & Stein Inge Brækhus
2010: Very Much Alive (Jazzland (6xCD, Album)), with Paolo Vinaccia featuring Terje Rypdal, Ståle Storløkken & Palle Mikkelborg
2012: The Death Defying Unicorn (Stickman Records (Germany)), with Motorpsycho
2012: Numb, Number (Gigafon Records), with BOL
2015: En Konsert For Folk Flest (Rune Grammofon), with Motorpsycho
2019: The Haze Of Sleeplessness (Hubro)
2020: Conspiracy (ECM), with Terje Rypdal
2021: "Ghost Caravan" (Hubro)

References

External links

Ståle Storløkken Biography Store Norske Leksikon (in Norwegian)

Motorpsycho members
20th-century Norwegian organists
21st-century Norwegian organists
20th-century Norwegian pianists
21st-century Norwegian pianists
Male organists
Norwegian jazz pianists
Musicians from Dombås
Norwegian jazz composers
Norwegian University of Science and Technology alumni
Rune Grammofon artists
Living people
1969 births
Male jazz composers
Elephant9 members
Supersilent members
Trondheim Jazz Orchestra members
BOL (band) members
Generator X (band) members
Veslefrekk members

Ståle Storløkken


The Alfred B. Maclay State Gardens is a  Florida State Park, botanical garden and historic site, located in Tallahassee, in northeastern Florida. The address is 3540 Thomasville Road.

The gardens are also a U.S. historic district known as the Killearn Plantation Archeological and Historic District. It received that designation on August 16, 2002. According to the National Register of Historic Places, it contains 18 historic buildings, 4 structures and 4 objects.

History
The property associated with Maclay was part of the Lafayette Land Grant. In antebellum times, it was part of the Andalusia Plantation, growing cotton. Starting in 1882 a vineyard on the property produced wine, until Leon County voted to go dry in 1904. After that it was a quail-hunting estate called Lac-Cal.

In 1923, New York financier Alfred Barmore Maclay (1871–1944), the son of Robert Maclay, and his wife, Louise Fleischman, purchased the  Lac-Cal quail-hunting plantation and adjoining land, creating a -estate he called Killearn, after his ancestral village and birthplace of his great-grandfather in Scotland. Maclay developed the gardens continuously until his death. His wife continued their development, opened them to the public in 1946, and in 1953 donated some  of their estate, including the gardens, to a predecessor of the Florida Department of Environmental Protection. In 1965 the gardens were renamed in Maclay's honor, to avoid confusion with the new adjacent development called Killearn Estates.

Biology

The backbone of the garden plantings are azaleas and camellias. Trees include bald cypress, black gum, cyrilla, dogwood, hickory, holly, Japanese maple, oak, plum, redbud, Liquidambar, and Torreya taxifolia. Other plantings include Ardisia, Aucuba, Zamia integrifolia, Rhododendron chapmanii, Gardenia, ginger, jasmine, Oriental magnolia, mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), Nandina, palmetto, sago palm, Selaginella, Wisteria, and Yucca filamentosa.

At the front of the gardens is a Native Plant Arboretum that's maintained by the Magnolia Chapter of the Florida Native Plant Society, which includes  Piedmont azaleas, Florida flame azaleas, Eastern red columbine, white wild indigo, English dogwood, and Florida anise.

Lakes
Lake Hall
Lake Overstreet
Lake Elizabeth or Gum Pond

Maclay House
The 1909 Maclay House has been furnished to appear as during the residence of the Maclays.  The house is open for tours during high blooming season from January through April.

Experiences and amenities
The park has such amenities as bicycling, birding, boating, canoeing, fishing, hiking, horse trails, kayaking, picnicking areas, extensive walking trails, and swimming. It also has a museum with interpretive exhibits.

Gallery

References and external links

 Official Alfred B. Maclay State Gardens website
 Alfred B. Maclay Gardens State Park at Florida State Parks
 Alfred B. Maclay Gardens State Park at State Parks
 Alfred B. Maclay State Gardens at Tallahassee Trust for Historic Preservation
 Alfred B. Maclay Gardens State Park Trails at Florida Department of Environmental Protection
 Maclay State Gardens at Absolutely Florida
 Leon County History at Florida Office of Cultural and Historical Programs
 Leon County listings at National Register of Historic Places

Specific

State parks of Florida
Parks in Tallahassee, Florida
Museums in Tallahassee, Florida
Historic house museums in Florida
Protected areas established in 1953
Arboreta in Florida
Archaeological sites in Florida
Botanical gardens in Florida
Plantations in Leon County, Florida
1953 establishments in Florida

Alfred B. Maclay Gardens State Park


The Brushy Mountain Apple Festival is a one-day arts and crafts fair held annually in downtown North Wilkesboro, North Carolina. Founded in 1978, the fair is held on the first Saturday in October. Over 160,000 people visit the fair each year, and it is one of the largest single-day arts and crafts fairs in the Southeastern United States. The fair is held to celebrate the apple harvest from the nearby Brushy Mountains. Over 100 church, civic, and other non-profit organizations from Wilkes County and neighboring counties participate in the fair each year.

During the fair, the streets of North Wilkesboro's business district are closed to auto traffic for several blocks. This allows over 100 food concession stands to be set up, along with 425 arts and crafts concession stands and four large music stages. The food and crafts on display usually demonstrate the heritage and culture of the people of the Southern Appalachian Mountains. The concessions include pottery, quilt-making, woodcarving, chairmaking, blacksmiths, apple cider, fried apple pies, dried apples, apple jam, etc. Pork barbecue and chicken barbecue are also popular food items. The four music stages are also dedicated to the musical heritage of the Appalachian region. Bluegrass, Folk, Country, and Gospel music can all be heard throughout the day. Square Dancing and Clogging, forms of dance traditionally popular in the local mountains, are also displayed at the festival.

The Festival is sponsored and organized by the Brushy Mountain Ruritan Club. The Ruritan Club is a US national organization with over 1,000 clubs and approximately 25 thousand members, providing helpful service for a large variety of communities.

COVID-19 impact
The 2020 Festival  was cancelled on 3 August 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. The 2021 Festival, the 43rd, is scheduled for 2 October.

References

External links
Brushy Mountain Apple Festival website
Brushy Mountain Ruritans Club website
Ruritan Club National

Festivals in North Carolina
Tourist attractions in Wilkes County, North Carolina
Fairs in the United States
Folk festivals in the United States

Brushy Mountain Apple Festival


The Firkin Brewery was a chain of pubs in the United Kingdom. The original UK chain is now defunct, but a number of pubs operate under the Firkin name in other countries. The chain took its name from the firkin, an old English unit of volume.

History

The chain was established in 1979 by David Bruce as Bruce's Brewery, the Firkin Brewery grew as a chain of mostly brewpubs offering cask ale. It was acquired by Midsummer Leisure in 1988, Stakis Leisure in 1990 and then by Allied Domecq in 1991; by 1995 the chain had 44 pubs, 19 of which brewed beer on site. In 1999, Punch Taverns bought the entire chain and the rights to the Firkin brand, and then sold 110 of the pubs to Bass, leaving 60 Firkin pubs under Punch ownership. The brewery side of the chain was wound up, and in March 2001 Punch announced that the Firkin brand was to be discontinued.

After several corporate restructurings, most of the Bass sites ended up in the Mitchells and Butlers pub company formed in 2003. Many have been rebranded as O'Neill's, Scream, or Goose pubs; the Scream and Goose sites were among those sold to Stonegate Pub Company in 2010. Some of the Punch Taverns-owned Firkins were rebranded as Mr Q's or Bar Room Bar pubs. A small handful of establishments still retain the Firkin branding, distinctive because they all followed the same naming convention. The format was generally The ---- and Firkin, where ---- was a word, beginning with either "F" or "Ph", which had some connection to the pub building or to the local area.

The Firkin Brewery also gave out T-shirts for anyone who managed at least 12 pubs in the Firkin Crawl. A "passport", issued by the Brewery, would be filled with a stamp from each pub visited, and public transport directions to the nearest pub in the crawl would also be in the "passport". Although there was no stipulation in the rules that the 12 pubs had to be completed on the same day, this was often the goal of participants.

Firkin pubs outside the UK

North America
Firkin pubs in Canada and the United States operate under the Firkin Group of Pubs franchise, a chain of English theme pubs founded in southern Ontario in 1987. The naming scheme for the pubs is similar to that of the UK chain (for example, "The Crown and Firkin", in Whitby, Ontario), and many Firkin Group pubs in fact share their names with former UK Firkin Brewery pubs.  In the United States, the franchise pubs are named with "Firkin" first, as in "The Firkin & Fox" as opposed to "The Fox & Firkin".

The pub chain once credited itself as being the "largest and fastest growing" group of pubs in North America. Lately the claim is "largest & most dominant chain of traditional English pubs" in North America.  About 10 pubs have closed out of the about 25 pubs that have opened since 2005.  New pubs have opened about every 6 months, keeping the overall number of open pubs around 15.  Typically the demographic ranges from parents with children during the day to an older drinking crowd in the evenings and late night.  Although the menu is somewhat limited, the food is on pace with other more well known bar & grill restaurants.

Australia
A number of independent English-style pubs in Australia use "Firkin" in their names, such as the Firkin and Hound in Alice Springs.

References

External links
Firkin Group Of Pubs home page (US and Canada)
List of Firkins with histories
Pub Reviews at PubJury.com
List of Firkin pubs in Greater London (1999)

1979 establishments in England
Defunct breweries of the United Kingdom
British companies established in 1979
Food and drink companies established in 1979
Food and drink companies disestablished in 2001
Pub chains
Defunct restaurant chains
Restaurants established in 1979
Restaurants disestablished in 2001
2001 disestablishments in England
Defunct restaurants in the United Kingdom

Firkin Brewery


Tamiya Rough Rider was the very first of Tamiya's SRB (Special racing buggies) series. These according to Tamiya made Radio Control Models accessible to everyone. The design is famous for its fibre glass chassis with rear torsion bars and front hairpin springs.
These models originally cost 18,000 yen. They are very popular these days to collectors being first in the series that produced legends like the Sand Scorcher and the Super Champ.
These days, MIB (Mint in Box) examples of this model are very rare and change hands for a lot of money. Even what can only be described as wrecks change hands for good money.

Specifications
Original Tamiya catalog number:58015
Released:1-NOV-79
Drive:Rear 2wd
Suspension:Swingarms rear w/torsion bars, trailing arms front with hairpin springs, oil filled metal dampers
Chassis desc.:fibre glass plate, waterresistant radio box
Body:Hard white plastic
Motor:MabuchiRS-540S
Original price:18000 Yen
Width:210 mm
Length:400 mm
Height:150 mm
Wheelbase:250 mm
Weight:2,100 grams
Scale:1/10
Front tire:Semi pneumatic rubber tire
Rear tire:Semi pneumatic rubber tire

External links and Reference
Tamiyaclub.com

Rough Rider
1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggies

Tamiya Rough Rider


Lone Mountain is a neighborhood in Las Vegas, Nevada.

 The area was named after a solitary hill that is detached from the Red Rock National Conservation Area, known as "Lone Mountain", which is an isolated, rocky butte northwest of central Las Vegas. The summit stands 560 feet above the surrounding area, giving great views of the city, the Spring Mountains, and Mt. Charleston. Lone Mountain itself is encircled by a 10-foot-wide, 3.2-mile perimeter trail for joggers, hikers, and horseback riders.

It is the neighboring community immediately north of Summerlin and roughly bordered on the west by the Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area, on the south by Cheyenne Avenue, on the east by the [U.S. Route 215 [Bruce Woodbury Beltway] and on the north by West Lone Mountain Road. Within this area are some of the most desirable homes in Las Vegas. While there is a proliferation of affluent new construction at the western foothills, there are still a number of horse ranches and natural terrain and parks which remain.

The Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department's Academy is located within Lone Mountain, as is the adjacent Police Memorial Park (dedicated in 2009). The park includes the Memorial Wall and two dedicated tree groves to memorialize Las Vegas Metropolitan police officers who have died in the line of duty. Two trees are dedicated to the Ten-13 retired New York Police Officers of the September 11, 2001 tragedy. The area enjoys a low crime rate, perhaps because of the numerous law enforcement officers and their families who reside in this community.

There is an abundance of recreational areas within the area, including Lone Mountain Discovery Park, which is a green space with a roller hockey rink, basketball, tennis courts, and a picnic area. Majestic Park, a full-service softball facility with 12 playing fields. Trigono Hills Park, a 6.5 million dollar recreational facility, which opened in the spring of 2020 and is located Cliff Shadows Parkway at Gilmore Avenue.

The homes of Lone Mountain range from the Spanish Colonial horse ranches, to luxury "mini-estates" by Blue Heron Homes, to the 3-story, mid-century modern revival homes at "Hillside", designed by William Ramsey.

References

External links

Las Vegas Valley
Unincorporated communities in Clark County, Nevada
Unincorporated communities in Nevada

Lone Mountain, Las Vegas


Sherrod Malone (Sherry) Smith (February 18, 1891 – September 12, 1949) was a starting pitcher in Major League Baseball. From 1911 until 1927, he pitched for the Pittsburgh Pirates (1911–12), Brooklyn Robins (1915–17, 1919–1922) and Cleveland Indians (1922–1927). Smith batted right-handed and threw left-handed. He was born in Monticello, Georgia.

Smith was the hard-luck loser of one of the longest World Series games ever played. He pitched all the way into the 14th inning for Brooklyn, dueling with Boston's starting pitcher, Babe Ruth, in Game 2 of the 1916 World Series until the Red Sox won it 2–1. It would be his only appearance in that Series.

He made two strong starts in the 1920 World Series. Smith was the winning pitcher of Game 3 against Cleveland, throwing a three-hitter in a 2–1 victory. But despite another impressive effort in Game 6, he lost a 1–0 duel with Duster Mails, and Brooklyn ended up losing that Series in seven games.

Placed on waivers after the 1922 season, Smith was claimed by Cleveland and pitched there for several seasons. He led all American League pitchers in 1925 in complete games with 22, also leading the league that season in walks and hits allowed.

In a 14-season career, Smith posted a 114–118 record with 428 strikeouts and a 3.32 ERA in 2,052.2 innings pitched.

Smith was a good hitting pitcher in his major league career. He posted a .233 batting average (165-for-709) with 59 runs, 6 home runs and 60 RBI. He was used as a pinch-hitter five times in his career.

Smith died in Reidsville, Georgia, at age 58.

References

External links
 or Sherry Smith on Baseballbiography.com

1891 births
1949 deaths
People from Monticello, Georgia
Sportspeople from the Atlanta metropolitan area
Brooklyn Robins players
Cleveland Indians players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Georgia (U.S. state)
Minor league baseball managers
Greensboro Champs players
Jacksonville Jays players
Greenwood Scouts players
Springfield Reapers players
Louisville Colonels (minor league) players
Grand Rapids Bill-eds players
Newark Indians players
People from Reidsville, Georgia
Cedartown Cedars players

Sherry Smith


The Industrial Revolution is the name of the time when there was a big change in the way things were made. Instead of things being hand-made in small workshops, they were made more cheaply in large quantities by machines in factories.

This mass production meant that the goods were sold for less.  It started in the 1760s. Many people began to move from an agricultural based life in the country to the towns where the factories offered more and better paid work.

A Second Industrial Revolution began in the 1870s.

Beginnings
The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the 18th century. Many of the technological innovations were of British origin. In particular, the County of Shropshire was important, for it had both minerals (e.g. iron ore and coal) and transport on the River Severn. This led to the group of industries near the Ironbridge Gorge and the town of Coalbrookdale.

In the mid-18th century Britain was the world's leading trading nation.  It controlled a global trading empire with colonies in North America and Africa, and with some political influence on the Indian subcontinent, through the activities of the East India Company.  The development of trade and the rise of business were major causes of the Industrial Revolution.

The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history. Almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. Average income increased, and population grew rapidly. Some economists say that the major impact of the Industrial Revolution was that the standard of living for the general population began to increase consistently for the first time in history, but others have said that it did not begin to meaningfully improve until the late 19th and 20th centuries.

The revolution spread to Europe and the Americas, especially the United States, by the early 19th century. Samuel Slater, who had been an apprentice in an English cotton factory, disguised himself and came to America. He reconstructed a spinning machine from memory and built a factory of his own.

New ideas and inventions were also taken up and used in mining, the working of metals, and in the transport of goods. Around the same time new ideas in farming were leaving some farm workers without jobs. They added to the move to the industrial towns where they sought out work in factories.

The most important new invention of the industrial revolution was the steam engine. The steam engine, improved by James Watt around 1776, was used to power the factories and pump out the deeper mines. It was also used in railway engines. The heat from burning coal became the main source of power.

Problems
Living standards rose and people generally became richer and healthier and had more children who survived to be adults instead of starving. The resulting population growth in England caused new problems. Where only a few people had been rich because they owned land, now more became very rich thanks to industry. More, however, were still poor and lived in poor conditions. Children and women had to work for a long time for little pay. Often several families crowded into very small apartments. Working at different times, family members would take turns sleeping when they were not working. Families were usually unable to get together. 12, 14, or even 18-hour workdays were common

Advancements
During the industrial revolution, new technology brought many changes. For example:

 Canals were built to allow heavy goods to be moved easily where they were needed.
 The steam engine became the main source of power. It replaced horses and human labor.
 Cheap iron and steel became mass-produced. Steel replaced wood as material for building many of the new things.
 Machine tools became commonplace. Things could now be mass-produced in factories instead of making them by hand.
 Seed drills and other agricultural machinery brought a British agricultural revolution. Fewer people were needed to work in farming, so many moved to towns and found new jobs in the factories. Many of the new jobs could be harsh, and sometimes dangerous.
 Railways were built all around England and then the world. They carried freight and passengers much more quickly and cheaply than before.
 Steamships began to replace sailing ships. They could be larger and faster than sailing ships and did not depend on wind and weather.
 The spinning Jenny and power loom made it easy to mass-produce clothes and fabrics.

References

Related pages
Information Age

Other websites

 Industrial Revolution Citizendium

Periods and ages in history
Economic history
Innovation

Industrial Revolution


Rodney "Rod" Milburn Jr. (May 18, 1950 – November 11, 1997) was an American athlete who won gold at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich in the 110m hurdles.

Career

During the early 1970s, Milburn dominated the 110m hurdles, tying or breaking the world record for the 110 m hurdles/120 yards five times.
1971, as a sophomore at Southern University, was when Milburn announced himself on the national and world stage. Amongst his achievements that year was his first world record. In a semi-final of the USA Championships he broke the record for 120 y with 13.0 s. Milburn went on to win the title, in 13.1 s. Milburn was to remain undefeated in 1971, including winning the 110m hurdles event t the 1971 Pan-American Games. He also showed his versatility by winning a bronze as a member of the United States sprint relay team at the Pan-American Games. With these performances, Milburn earned the nickname "Hot Rod", and was awarded the Track and Field News Athlete of the Year Award. His home state, Louisiana, also recognised him by awarding him the James J. Corbett Award as the outstanding male athlete from the state in 1971. He was to receive the same award a second time in 1973.  He was the 1973 NCAA Indoor Champion for 60 yard hurdles.

The overwhelming favourite to qualify for the 1972 Munich Olympics. Milburn in fact struggled but did qualify in 3rd place at the USA Olympic Trials. In the final he hit hurdles due to the pressure of the world-record holder Willie Davenport running alongside him and only managed to hold the vital third and last qualifying place by a foot. In Munich Milburn won the gold medal in the 110m hurdles, tying the world record of 13.2 seconds, finishing ahead of Guy Drut and Thomas Hill. This time, which was recorded as 13.24 to the hundredth of a second, would become the first world record when only automatically recorded times would be ratified as world records.

Milburn's triumph was overshadowed by other events. The qualifying rounds for the 110 m hurdles event was delayed by the suspension of the games following the terrorist attack in the Olympic Village. The final itself was then overlooked due to the furor over the behaviour of the American 400 meter runners Vince Matthews and Wayne Collett on the medal rostrum at their medal award ceremony.

In 1973 Milburn continued to demonstrate he was the world's pre-eminent high-hurdler by breaking the world record for the 110 m hurdles with a 13.1 s, knocking 0.1 s off a record that had lasted for 14 years, and equalling his own world record for 120 y hurdles of 13.0 s. The record-breaking times in the 110 m hurdles happened on July 6 in Zurich, Switzerland and on July 22 in Sienna, Italy; the record-equalling time in the 120 y hurdles happened on June 20 in Eugene, Oregon.

After this season, with no prospect of playing American football professionally and not able to endorse commercial products as an amateur athlete, Milburn joined the fledgling professional athletics tour run by the International Track Association (ITA). He was to remain unbeaten in their 1974 season. The ITA folded in 1976. By running as a professional, Milburn was ineligible to compete at the Olympics and defend his title.

In 1975, Milburn tried briefly to become an American football player with the fledgling World Football League team the Shreveport Steamer. His try out was unsuccessful.

Milburn returned as a hurdler in 1980 in time for an attempt at an Olympic comeback. However, the boycott of the Olympics denied him that possibility. He did, however, run as an amateur for two seasons with some success against the new generation of high hurdlers.

Sporting commentators note that Milburn was important in the history of hurdling for introducing two innovations: the double-armed lead (to reduce time in the air) and the dime on the hurdle practice technique (knocking off dimes placed on the top of each hurdle without touching the actual hurdle).

Early life

Milburn turned to the hurdles under the tutelage of his high school coach Claude Paxton at J.S. Clark High School in Opelousas, Louisiana.

By his senior year, he was the outstanding high school hurdler in the United States and broke the national age record for the 120 y hurdles at 13.5 s. Acknowledgments of his achievements at high school included being voted on the Louisiana Sports Writers Association All-State track and field team in both his junior and senior years.

Following high school, he went to Southern University in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, with an athletics scholarship.

Here he met Willie Davenport, the 1968 110 m hurdles champion, who recognised his potential as a future Olympic champion and mentored the young athlete. He was coached at college by Dick Hill who had coached amongst others Bob Hayes the 1964 100 m Olympic champion.

Later life
Milburn finally retired from athletics in 1983. Milburn was appointed the head track coach at Southern University in Baton Rouge, Louisiana in 1984 by his old college coach, Dick Hill. When Hill left Southern University in 1987, his replacement did not renew Milburn's contract.

Milburn struggled after this and took a job as a utility crewman at a paper and pulp mill of the Georgia-Pacific Corporation in Port Hudson, Louisiana: it was while working at this plant that Milburn died after falling into a tank containing a sodium chlorate solution.

His death came as a huge shock to a track and field community that vividly remembered his achievements on the track. At his funeral, a message of condolence from President Bill Clinton and his wife, Hilary, was read.

For Milburn, it was a great misfortune that his best years came at a time when it was impossible for even an Olympic champion to earn a good living from track: by running professionally, he had made himself ineligible to defend his Olympic title in 1976, and was then denied a chance to run in the 1980 Olympics by the 1980 Olympics boycott even when his eligibility for entry was reinstated. In the end, a court injunction allowing the former professional athletes to run at the Olympic Trials came too late for Milburn to compete.

Milburn was honoured as one of Louisiana's top 50 athletes of the 20th Century by Sports Illustrated. and in 1988 was inducted into the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame.

Rankings
Milburn was ranked among the best in the USA and the world in the 110m hurdles, in two periods separated by his time on the professional athletics circuit, according to the votes of the experts of Track and Field News.

USA Championships

Milburn was a very successful competitor at 110 m hurdles in the USA National Track and Field Championships during two periods between 1970 and 1981 separated by his time on the professional athletics circuit.:

In addition, Milburn was four times United States champion indoors at 60 m/60 y hurdles – in 1972–73 and 1980–81. He also set world records indoors for 50 y hurdles in 5.8 s, the 55 m hurdles in 6.8 s, and the 60 y hurdles in 6.7 s.

Notes

References

External links
 http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/index.php/special-articles/134, Track and Field News Cover, II June 1971.
 http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/index.php/special-articles/133, Track and Field News Cover, January 1972.
Rod Milburn in the Hall of Fame of USA Track & Field
Progression of IAAF World Records 2011 Edition, Editor Imre Matrahazi, IAAF Athletics.
"Rodney Milburn, The Quiet Champion", Steve McGill, www.hurdlesfirst.com Personal Stories.
http://rodneymilburn.com/usa_track__field, rodneymilburn.com, Milburn & Associates Entertainment Group.

1950 births
1997 deaths
African-American male track and field athletes
American male hurdlers
Athletes (track and field) at the 1971 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics
People from Opelousas, Louisiana
Track and field athletes from Louisiana
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World record setters in athletics (track and field)
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in track and field
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Accidental deaths in Louisiana
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Medalists at the 1972 Summer Olympics
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Rod Milburn


Homer Laurence Litzenberg  (January 8, 1903 – June 27, 1963) was a decorated lieutenant general in the United States Marine Corps, serving in Haiti, World War II, and the Korean War. His final rank was awarded at his retirement for valor in battle. He retired from the post of Inspector General of the Marine Corps on May 31, 1959, after more than 37 years of service.  Litzenberg is best known for commanding the 7th Marine Regiment during the Battle of Chosin Reservoir.

Biography

Early years
Litzenberg was born in 1903 in  Steelton, Pennsylvania. He graduated from high school in Philadelphia and served two years in the Pennsylvania National Guard.

Litzenberg began his Marine Corps career as an enlisted Marine, graduating from the Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island on October 5, 1922, as a private. After a tour of duty in Haiti, he was commissioned a second lieutenant on 19 February 1925. He served in expeditionary duty in Nicaragua in 1928 and 1929; and with Marine detachments aboard the , , ,  and .

He graduated from the U.S. Army Infantry School at Fort Benning, Georgia in 1933, and subsequently served for two years as Advisor-Instructor of a Marine Reserve battalion in Philadelphia. He then spent two years in Guam as aide to the governor, head of the police department, and inspector-instructor of the Guam Militia. From 1938 to 1943, and again from September 1944 to May 1946, he served in Washington, D.C., in the War Plans Sections of the offices of the Chief of Naval Operations, the commander in chief, United States Fleet, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

World War II
At the beginning of World War II, Major Litzenberg was assigned to Headquarters, Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet, and served in England during combined planning with the British on the conduct of the war. He also participated in the amphibious assault on Casablanca, French Morocco in November 1942.

After his return to the United States, General Litzenberg organized and commanded the 3rd Battalion, 24th Marines, 4th Marine Division. He later served as regimental executive officer during the assault on Roi-Namur, Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands, where he earned his first Silver Star. In March 1944, he joined the V Amphibious Corps as assistant operations officer, and participated in the Battle of Saipan and Battle of Tinian.

Post-War years - Korea
In June 1946, the general was assigned to the staff of commander, Seventh Fleet, and served as Seventh Fleet liaison officer with General of the Army George C. Marshall and the Chinese Ministry of Defense in Nanking, China, until February 1947, when he became plans officer and Marine officer on the staff of commander, Naval Forces Western Pacific. He returned to Washington in August 1948 to attend the National War College, and in May 1949 was named commanding officer of the 6th Marine Regiment, 2nd Marine Division, at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. At Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California, on August 17, 1950, he formed and assumed command of the 7th Marine Regiment, which sailed for duty in Korea on September 1, 1950.  While in Korea, Litzenberg's 7th Marines took part in the Battle of Inchon and the Battle of Chosin Reservoir, for which he was awarded the Navy Cross.

Post-Korean War
General Litzenberg returned to the United States in April 1951 and was assigned duties at Marine Corps Headquarters, Washington. In December of the same year, he was named Legal Aide and Legislative Counsel to the Commandant. Later he served as director of the Marine Corps Development Center at Quantico, Virginia; as assistant division commander, 3rd Marine Division, in Japan; and as assistant to the force commander, Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic. In October 1954, he was named Inspector General of the Marine Corps, and held this post at Headquarters Marine Corps, Washington, for thirteen months.

The general served next as commanding general, Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, from December 1, 1955, until May 11, 1956, and then as commanding general, Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, South Carolina, from May 12, 1956, until March 15, 1957, when he returned to Korea. There, he served as senior member of the United Nations Command component of the Military Armistice Commission, negotiating with the Communists at Panmunjom. On his return from Korea, he was assigned his last tour of duty at Headquarters Marine Corps on December 7, 1957, as Inspector General of the Marine Corps, serving in this capacity until his retirement on May 31, 1959.

General Litzenberg completed the following service schools: Marine Corps Basic School, 1925; Infantry School, Fort Benning, Georgia, 1933; Command and General Staff School, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 1938; and the National War College, 1949.

His various ranks and the dates on which he was promoted are:
 second lieutenant, February 1925
 first lieutenant, March 1931
 captain, March 1936
 major, June 1940
 lieutenant colonel, May 1942
 colonel, May 1944
 brigadier general, July 1, 1951
 major general, July 1, 1954 (date of rank: July 1, 1951)
 lieutenant general on the retired list, May 31, 1959.

Litzenberg died of cancer on June 27, 1963, and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

There is a suite named in his honor at the bachelor officer quarters at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune.

Awards
Litzenberg's decorations include:

See also

List of Navy Cross recipients for the Korean War

Notes

References

Bibliography

 Drury, Bob; Clavin, Tom (2009). The Last Stand of Fox Company. New York, N.Y.: Grove Press.

External links

Official USMC profile
Homer L. Litzenberg profile, from Arlington National Cemetery.

1903 births
1963 deaths
United States Marine Corps generals
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Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
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Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
People from Steelton, Pennsylvania

Homer Litzenberg


Irving Kahn (December 19, 1905 – February 24, 2015) was an American investor and philanthropist. He was the oldest living active investor. He was an early disciple of Benjamin Graham, who popularized the value investing methodology. Kahn began his career in 1928 and continued to work until his death. He was chairman of Kahn Brothers Group, Inc., the privately owned investment advisory and broker-dealer firm that he founded with his sons, Thomas and Alan, in 1978.

Kahn was the oldest active money manager on Wall Street. He made his first trade—a short sale of a copper mining company—in the summer of 1929, months before the famous market crash in October of the same year.

Early life and education
Kahn was born on December 19, 1905, in New York City to Mamie (née Friedman; 1880–1946) and Saul Henry Kahn (1875–1964). He attended the City College of New York and went on to serve as the second teaching assistant to Benjamin Graham at Columbia Business School. At the time, other notable students and/or teaching assistants to Graham included future Berkshire Hathaway chairman Warren Buffett and future value investors William J. Ruane, Walter J. Schloss, Charles Brandes, among others. Graham had such an enormous influence on his students that both Kahn and Buffett named their sons after him. Kahn named his third son, born in 1942, Thomas Graham, and Buffett, his first son, born in 1954, Howard Graham.

Investment career
Kahn was a Chartered Financial Analyst and among the first round of applicants to take the CFA exam. He was a founding member of the New York Society of Security Analysts and the Financial Analysts' Journal. Kahn was also a former director of Teleregister Corp., Hugo Stinnes Co., Grand Union Stores, Kings County Lighting, West Chemical, and Willcox & Gibbs. He was the president of the New York City Job and Career Center and was a trustee emeritus of the Jewish Foundation for Education of Women.

In a magazine article in 2002, he was quoted as saying: "I'm at the stage in life where I get a lot of pleasure out of finding a cheap stock," adding that his research still pushed him to work evenings and weekends. His son Thomas, then and still currently president of Kahn Brothers Group, said, "My father continues to research ideas and talk to companies. One of the nice things about this business is that there's no mandatory retirement age, and you allegedly get wiser as you get older."

Personal life
Kahn, his sisters, and his brother were, collectively, the world's oldest living quartet of siblings. Kahn himself lived to 109. His sister, Helen Reichert (1901–2011), nicknamed "Happy", died seven weeks before her 110th birthday. The youngest sibling, Peter Keane (1910–2014), died at the age of 103. Kahn's other sister, Lee (1903–2005), died at the age of 101. Kahn outlived his son Donald, who died suddenly on January 16, 2015, at the age of 79. Donald's widow is Phyllis Kahn, who was a long-time former legislator in the Minnesota House of Representatives.

Irving Kahn died on February 24, 2015, aged 109. His death was reported through a brief obituary in the New York Times on February 26, 2015. No specific cause of death was given.

References

External links
Kahn Brothers web site
Find A Grave
 New York Stock Exchange profile, Dec. 30, 2005
 Gurufocus.com profile
New York Society of Security Analysts
Jewish Foundation for the Education of Women
NYSSA Honors Irving Kahn – with pictures of Irving Kahn

1905 births
2015 deaths
American financial analysts
American financial company founders
American centenarians
American investment advisors
American investors
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American stock traders
Men centenarians
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City College of New York alumni
Columbia Business School alumni
Businesspeople from New York City
20th-century American businesspeople

Irving Kahn


The Great Train Wreck of 1856 occurred in Whitemarsh Township, Pennsylvania, between Camp Hill station and Fort Washington station, on July 17, 1856. Two trains, traveling on the same track in converging directions, collided, killing between 59 and 67, and injuring over 100. The incident was referred to as The Camp Hill Disaster in Montgomery County, and The Picnic Train Tragedy in Philadelphia. It was the deadliest railroad catastrophe in the world up to that time and became one of the signature events of its era.

The North Pennsylvania Railroad

Growing impetus for the construction of a railroad connecting Philadelphia with the Lehigh Valley resulted in the incorporation on April 8, 1852, of the Philadelphia, Easton and Water Gap Railroad Company. A spur of the railroad, whose name was changed on April 18, 1853, to the North Pennsylvania Railroad Company, was formally opened Monday, July 2, 1855, with an excursion from Cohoquinoque station, at Front and Willow Streets in Philadelphia, to Wissahickon (present-day Ambler), an outlying area to the northwest. Farmers could now ship their produce more economically to markets increasingly far from home. The railroad, which transported both freight and people, was already becoming an important component of local commerce when the wreck occurred.

The disaster
An excursion train operated by the North Pennsylvania Railroad, known as the "Picnic Special," had been contracted by St. Michael's Roman Catholic Church in Philadelphia's Kensington section to send their Sunday School children on a picnic in Shaeff's Woods, a sprawling grove near the railroad's Wissahickon station. July 17 was one of the hottest days of the year and the children looked forward to a full day at the park. The train, reported by The New York Times on July 18, 1856, as carrying 1,100 people (although there may have been as many as 1,500), was due to arrive in Wissahickon at 6:00 am. It left Cohocksink depot at Master Street and Germantown Avenue at 5:10 a.m., 23 minutes late, partly due to the large number of passengers aboard.

The train's locomotive was called Shakamaxon (in honor of Kensington's Native American name ) and was operated by engineer Henry Harris. The engine, known for having low steam pressure, was under a sizable strain as it pulled between 10 and 12 cars overloaded with passengers. A priest, Daniel Sheridan, was in the lead car with the older children. The rear cars carried women and the younger children. The train had to make periodic stops to regain enough pressure to continue.

At the Wissahickon station another train, the Aramingo, engineered by William Vanstavoren, waited for the excursion to pass on the single track line that had opened one year and 15 days earlier. Shakamaxon was late, but the conductor did not use the telegraph to communicate with Cohoquinoque and had no idea when the excursion had left. There was a customary 15-minute waiting period for regularly scheduled trains, but the picnic special was an excursion train, which confused matters. At 6:15, the Aramingo, carrying 20 passengers from Gwynedd, pulled out of the station.

The engineer of Shakamaxon was confident he could make up for the time he had lost. He knew the Aramingo was due in the opposite direction on the same single track, but calculated they could use the siding at Edge Hill to safely pass each other. As he neared a blind curve just past Camp Hill Station, the train was travelling slightly downhill. Aramingo was rounding the same curve with the same blind spot. Although Harris blew the whistle almost continuously, neither engineer knew exactly where the other was.

As they rounded the curve, they finally caught sight of one another. But it was too late. The trains collided at 6:18 a.m., between the Camp Hill station and the present-day crossing of the Pennsylvania Railroad's Trenton cut-off over the Bethlehem branch of the Reading Railroad.

The boilers made direct contact and the impact caused an explosion heard up to five miles away. The sounds of crashing woodwork, hissing steam, and the victims' screams and moans succeeded the first deafening noise of the explosion. The three forward cars of the picnic train were decimated and the subsequent derailment caused a fire to spread among the wooden cars. The initial impact did not kill most of the victims; rather most were caught in derailed cars that were on their sides, burning. The women and children who occupied the rear coaches, thereby escaping serious injury, jumped out, screaming in a frenzy of fear and grief.

A crowd gathered quickly from neighboring towns. The blaze could be seen for several miles and a man reportedly rode on horseback through the Montgomery County countryside and shouted to the residents: "Bring your camphor bottles, balsam and lint; there has been a horrible accident." But the heat of the burning wreckage was so intense that, even though protruding arms and legs and other parts of bodies could be glimpsed through the flame and smoke, it was impossible to get close enough to attempt a rescue.

Sandy Run, a small creek, ran about  below the level of the tracks, meandering along the length of the train. A bucket brigade, equipped with tubs, buckets, pails, kettles, and other utensils, was formed down to the edge of the stream by the onlookers. But this effort availed little. The Congress Engine and Hose Company of Chestnut Hill finally reached the scene and, in fairly rapid order, subdued the flames and began to extricate the victims.

John Spencer of Camp Hill, an eyewitness who lived within sight of the collision, gave the following account at a coroner's investigation: "I was looking out of my shop window and saw the train approaching. I saw the down train first, just coming through the cut above Camp Hill station. It was slacking off as much as it could when it came through there. I had just time enough to turn around and saw the up train coming under the bridge at Camp Hill station. It was pretty smart. They were running about as they cleverly could. I heard the whistle on the train coming up before it reached the bridge... I could not see that the speed of the up train diminished between the time I first saw it and the time of the collision....eleven of the bodies of the dead were carried to my shop."

Mary Ambler, a middle-aged Quaker woman who resided near the Wissahickon station, quickly gathered first-aid materials and covered the two-mile distance between her home and the disaster site  on foot. The service she rendered in caring for the injured was so conspicuous that after her death in 1868, the North Pennsylvania Railroad changed the name of the station from Wissahickon to Ambler. Eventually, the town itself was named for Mrs. Ambler.

Meanwhile, the tragic news reached the city and spread through the parish. Men rushed from the factories, women ran sobbing through the streets. At Cohocksink station, they had to be restrained by police when they attempted to use the hand-cars. Coaches were attached to an idle locomotive at the station, but they were given over almost entirely to Sisters of Charity, nurses, and physicians.

The Daily Evening Bulletin reported: "the most horrible sight of all was that of the burning cars; in a few minutes after the collision, the fire spread rapidly through the broken remnants, burning and roasting to death many men, women and children. The groans and shouts of wounded and those held by the rescuers were of a character to appall the bravest heart."

Henry Harris, engineer of the picnic special, died in the accident as did Father Sheridan. The devastation was so extreme that many bodies were never found, and those that were so burned that they could not be identified.

Aftermath
The conductor of the Aramingo, William Vanstavoren, who escaped uninjured, apparently felt he was to blame for the accident. He returned to Philadelphia, officially reported the accident, and then went to his residence at 169 Buttonwood St. (near 10th St.) and committed suicide by taking arsenic. However, he was later absolved of any blame. A jury convicted the engineer of the Shackamaxon picnic special for his "gross carelessness".

Two days after the accident, the Pennsylvania Inquirer said, "The most eager interest is still shown in all that relates to the awful tragedy of Thursday."

The North Pennsylvania Railroad took steps after the accident to provide financial benefits for the injured and for survivors of the victims. They issued shares of stock to those who would accept it and gave money to those who would not. As it turned out, the shares eventually paid worthwhile dividends. The railroad closed down operations on the following Sunday to honor the victims.

Two days after the Great Wreck, The New York Times published a scathing editorial exhorting railroads to exercise greater safety. Namely, trains travelling in two directions should never share the same tracks (the site is now double-tracked from Wayne Junction to Lansdale station and electrified with a  track speed). More broadly, there were several other changes implemented, such as the use of the telegraph to notify stations of late trains and communicate other relevant information. The number of passengers on trains became a major concern, especially as it applied to children.

Casualties

References

External links
Camp Hill Train Disaster

Railway accidents and incidents in Pennsylvania
Railway accidents in 1856
1856 in Pennsylvania
Upper Dublin Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
Train
Railway boiler explosions
Accidents and incidents involving North Pennsylvania Railroad
July 1856 events
Train and rapid transit fires
Explosions in 1856
1850s fires in North America
1856 fires
19th-century fires in the United States

Great Train Wreck of 1856


A plantation house is the main house of a plantation, often a substantial farmhouse, which often serves as a symbol for the plantation as a whole. Plantation houses in the Southern United States and in other areas are known as quite grand and expensive architectural works today, though most were more utilitarian, working farmhouses.

Antebellum American South

In the American South, antebellum plantations were centered on a "plantation house," the residence of the owner, where important business was conducted. Slavery and plantations had different characteristics in different regions of the South. As the Upper South of the Chesapeake Bay colonies developed first, historians of the antebellum South defined planters as those who held 20 enslaved people. Major planters held many more, especially in the Deep South as it developed. The majority of slaveholders held 10 or fewer enslaved people, often to labor domestically. By the late 18th century, most planters in the Upper South had switched from exclusive tobacco cultivation to mixed-crop production, both because tobacco had exhausted the soil and because of changing markets. The shift away from tobacco meant they had slaves in excess of the number needed for labor, and they began to sell them in the internal slave trade.

There was a variety of domestic architecture on plantations. The largest and wealthiest planter families, for instance, those with estates fronting on the James River in Virginia, constructed mansions in brick and Georgian style, e.g. Shirley Plantation. Common or smaller planters in the late 18th and 19th century had more modest wood-frame buildings, such as Southall Plantation in Charles City County.

In the Lowcountry of South Carolina, by contrast, even before the American Revolution, planters holding large rice plantations typically owned hundreds of enslaved people. In Charleston and Savannah, the elite also held numerous enslaved people to work as household servants. The 19th-century development of the Deep South for cotton cultivation depended on large plantations with much more acreage than was typical of the Upper South; and for labor, planters held hundreds of enslaved people.

Until December 1865, slavery was legal in parts of the United States. Most enslaved people labored in agricultural production, and planter was a term commonly used to describe a farmer with many enslaved humans.

The term planter has no universally-accepted definition, but academic historians have defined it to identify the elite class, "a landowning farmer of substantial means."  In the "Black Belt" counties of Alabama and Mississippi, the terms "planter" and "farmer" were often synonymous. Robert Fogel and Stanley Engerman define large planters as owning over 50 enslaved people, and medium planters as owning between 16 and 50 enslaved humans.

In his study of Black Belt counties in Alabama, Jonathan Wiener defines planters by ownership of real property, rather than of enslaved people. A planter, for Wiener, owned at least $10,000 worth of real estate in 1850 and $32,000 worth in 1860, equivalent to about the top 8 percent of landowners. In his study of southwest Georgia, Lee Formwalt also defines planters in size of land holdings rather than enslaved people. Formwalt's planters are in the top 4.5 percent of land owners, translating into real estate worth $6,000 or more in 1850, $24,000 or more in 1860, and $11,000 or more in 1870. In his study of Harrison County, Texas, Randolph B. Campbell classifies large planters as owners of 20 enslaved humans, and small planters as owners of between ten and 19 enslaved humans. In Chicot and Phillips counties, Arkansas, Carl H. Moneyhon defines large planters as owners of twenty or more enslaved humans, and six hundred or more acres.

Plantation house in the Southern United States

Most historical research has focused on the main houses of plantations, primarily because they were the most likely to survive and usually the most elaborate structures in the complex. Also, until fairly recent times, scholars and local historians usually focused on the life of the plantation owner, that is, the planter, and his or her family rather than the people they held as slaves. All romanticized notions aside, the plantation house was, at its most basic, a functioning farmhouse.  Although some plantation houses were planned as grand mansions and were built all at once from the ground up, many more began as fairly rudimentary structures that either stayed that way, were replaced, or were enlarged and improved over time as fortunes improved. In most areas of the South, the earliest settlers constructed houses to provide basic shelter suited to their local climate, not to establish permanence or demonstrate wealth or power.

In colonial Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia, the earliest plantation houses tended to follow British-derived folk forms such as the hall and parlor house-type and central-passage house-type.

Grander structures during the later colonial period usually conformed to the neoclassically-influenced styles, although some very early and rare Jacobean structures survive in Virginia. And in the southern portion of what became the state of Louisiana, the plantations reflected French Colonial architectural types, some with Spanish influences, that remained in trend well after the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Following the Revolutionary War, Federal and Jeffersonian-type neoclassicism became dominant in formal plantation architecture.

Large portions of the South outside of the original British colonies, such as in Kentucky and Tennessee, did not see extensive settlement until the early 1800s. Although large portions of Alabama and Mississippi were settled at roughly the same time, there were areas of these states, along with portions of western Georgia and southeastern Tennessee, that did not see wide-scale settlement until after the Indian removal in the 1830s. Very little formal architecture existed within these newly settled areas, with most dwellings being of hewn logs into the 1840s. The dogtrot-type plan was common for many of these log houses.

Rough vernacular architecture for early plantations was also true in Arkansas and Missouri although in their river regions. Admitted to the Union in the mid-1840s, early architecture in Florida and Texas generally showed a stronger Spanish Colonial architectural influence, blended with French and British forms.

Some of the wealthiest planters never built grand residences. One example was noted by Albert J. Pickett, an early Alabama historian. In 1850, he visited Nicholas Davis, the owner of the prosperous Walnut Grove Plantation. Despite owning more than 100 slaves, he was still living in the large log house he had built after his migration from Virginia in 1817. He told Pickett that he "would not exchange (it) for a palace". Even Gaineswood, now a National Historic Landmark due to it being considered a lavish example of a plantation house, began as a two-story hewn-log dogtrot that was eventually enveloped within the brick mass of the house.

After the period of initial settlement, more refined folk house types came from the older portions of the South, especially the I-house, thought by architectural scholars to be a descendant of the hall and parlor and the central-passage house-types.  The central-passage house continued to be popular and could be either single-pile (one room deep) or double-pile (two rooms deep). If it had a porch, it was under a separate roof attached to the main house.

I-houses were always two stories high, always single-pile, with side gables or a hipped roof. They were at least two rooms wide, with latter examples usually having a central hall dividing them. In the South, they usually had full-width one-story shed extensions to the front and rear. These sheds could manifest as open porches, enclosed rooms, or a combination of the two. This I-house with sheds came to be commonly referred to as "Plantation Plain". It also proved to be one of the most adaptable folk house types to changing architectural tastes, with some even having neoclassical porticoes and other high-style elements added to them at a later date.

Another house type, the Creole cottage, came from the areas along the Gulf Coast and its associated rivers that were formerly part of New France. It was always one-and-a-half stories, with a side-gabled roof, and often had upper floor dormer windows. However, it accommodated a full-width front porch under the main roof, with doors or jib-windows opening from all of the rooms onto the porch, and was usually raised high above the ground on a full raised basement or piers. It was a common form for many early plantation houses and town houses alike in the lower reaches of Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi.

When the cotton boom years began in the 1830s, the United States was entering its second neoclassical phase, with Greek Revival architecture being the dominant style. By this point trained architects were also becoming more common, and several introduced the style to the South. Whereas the earlier Federal and Jeffersonian neoclassicism displayed an almost feminine lightness, academic Greek Revival was very masculine, with a heaviness not seen in the earlier styles.

Earlier neoclassicism had often used ancient Roman models and the Tuscan order, along with the Roman versions of the original three Greek orders. The original Greek orders were Doric, Ionic, and the Corinthian. The academic version of Greek Revival embraced the pure form of ancient Grecian architecture. Due to its popularity during a time of great wealth for many southern plantations, it was the Greek Revival that became permanently linked to the plantation legend. Though some houses were architect-designed, many, if not most, were designed by the owners or their carpenters from pattern books published by Asher Benjamin, Minard Lafever, John Haviland, and others. Greek Revival proved to very adaptable to the hot and humid climate of the South, with colloquial adaptations of the style seen from one region, and sometimes from one town, to another.

Greek Revival would remain a favorite architectural style in the agrarian South until well after the Civil War, but other styles had appeared in the nation about the same time as Greek Revival or soon afterward. These were primarily the Italianate and Gothic Revival. They were slower to be adopted in whole for domestic plantation architecture, but they can be seen in a fusion of stylistic influences. Houses that were basically Greek Revival in character sprouted Italianate towers, bracketed eaves, or adopted the asymmetrical massing characteristic of that style.

Although never as popular as Greek Revival, fully Gothic Revival and Italianate plantation houses began to appear by the 1850s, after being popularized by the books of men such as Alexander Jackson Davis, Andrew Jackson Downing, and Samuel Sloan. The Gothic Revival was usually expressed in wood as Carpenter Gothic. Italianate was the most popular of the two styles. It was also most commonly built using wood construction when used for plantation houses, although a few brick examples, such as Kenworthy Hall, have survived.

The outbreak of war in 1861 put an abrupt end to the building of grand mansions. Following the war and the end of Reconstruction, the economy was drastically altered. Planters often did not have the funds for upkeep of their existing houses and new construction virtually ceased on most plantations. The new sharecropping method kept many plantations going, but the days of extravagance were over.

References

Antebellum architecture
Plantations
Farmhouses
Mansions

Plantation house


The Orinoco is a main river in northern South America. It is one of the longest rivers in South America, at . Its drainage basin, sometimes called the Orinoquia, covers , with 76.3% of it in Venezuela and the rest in Colombia. The Orinoco and its tributaries are the main transport system for eastern and interior Venezuela and the llanos of Colombia.

The Orinoco Basin is also ecologically important. It is the only habitat of the Orinoco crocodile. This is one of the rarest reptiles in the world, with fewer than 250 living in the wild. It is also home to Amazon river dolphins.

History
The mouth of the Orinoco was recorded by Christopher Columbus on 1 August 1498. Its source, however, was first explored by non-native people in 1951, 453 years later. It was explored by a French and Venezuelan team.

The delta, and tributaries in the eastern llanos such as the Apure and Meta, were explored in the 16th century. They were explored by German expeditions under Ambrosius Ehinger and his successors. Alexander von Humboldt explored the basin in 1800. He reported on the river dolphins, and wrote extensively about the plants and animals he found.

Geography
The course of the Orinoco forms a wide arc that surrounds the Guiana Shield. The source of the river is at Cerro Delgado-Chalbaud, in the Parima Mountains. This is on the border between Venezuela and Brazil, at  high (). The river can be divided into four stretches:

 Upper Orinoco —  long, from its headwaters to the rapids Raudales de Guaharibos. This section flows through mountainous landscape in a northwesterly direction.
 Middle Orinoco —  long. The first part of this section has a general westward direction. It flows down to the confluence with the Atabapo and Guaviare rivers at San Fernando de Atabapo. The river then flows northward along the Venezuelan–Colombian border. On both sides of the river are the mountains of the Guiana Shield. The section ends at the Atures rapids, near the confluence with the Meta at Puerto Carreño.
Lower Orinoco —  long, with a wide alluvial plain. It flows in a northeast direction, from Atures rapids down to Piacoa in front of Barrancas.
 Delta Amacuro —  long. It forms a large delta that empties into the Gulf of Paría and the Atlantic Ocean.

At its mouth, the Orinoco forms a wide delta that branches off into hundreds of rivers and waterways. They flow through  of swampy forests. At its widest, this delta is about  large and  at its widest. In the rainy season, the Orinoco can swell to a breadth of  and a depth of .

Off the coast of the delta is Trinidad and Tobago, which is separated from the mainland by the Columbus Channel.

Major rivers in the Orinoco Basin
Most of the important rivers in Venezuela are tributaries of the Orinoco. The largest are the Caroní, which joins it at Puerto Ordaz. The river is actually connected to the Amazon River through the Casiquiare canal. This is a distributary of the Orinoco, flowing into the Rio Negro and then the Amazon. This connection forms a natural canal between Orinoco and Amazon.

 Apure: from Venezuela through the east into the Orinoco.
 Arauca: from Colombia to Venezuela east into the Orinoco.
 Atabapo: from the Guiana Highlands of Venezuela north into the Orinoco.
 Caroní: from the Guiana Highlands of Venezuela north into the Orinoco.
 Caura: from eastern Venezuela (Guiana Highlands) north into the Orinoco.
 Guaviare: from Colombia east into the Orinoco.
 Inírida: from Colombia southeast into the Guaviare.
 Meta: from Colombia, border with Venezuela east into the Orinoco.
 Ventuari: from eastern Venezuela (Guiana Highlands) southwest into the Orinoco.
 Vichada: from Colombia east into the Orinoco.

Economics
Boats can travel on the river for most of its length. Ocean ships can travel as far as Ciudad Bolívar,  upstream. River steamers carry cargo as far as Puerto Ayacucho.

There is a rich iron ore deposit in the Orinoco delta. It was found in 1926, south of the town of San Felix on a mountain named El Florero. Mining there began after World War II. At the start in the early 1950s, about 10,000 tons of soil with ore in it was being mined each day.

There are also tar sands in the Orinoco Belt, which may be a source of future oil production.

Notes

References

Other websites

Map of Orinoco River that Includes Visible Islands and Tributaries at the Delta of the River, 1732
Image of the Orinoco River from Space

Rivers of Colombia
Rivers of Venezuela

Orinoco


The glottalic theory is that Proto-Indo-European had ejective stops instead of voiced stops and so it had p' t' k', not b d g, as the traditional version of the Proto-Indo-European sound system.

The glottalic theory was made in the United States by Paul Hopper and in the Soviet Union by Thomas V. Gamkrelidze and Vyacheslav V. Ivanov. The earliest theory was made by the Danish linguist Holger Pedersen that did not have glottalized sounds.

Earlier linguists, such as André Martinet and Morris Swadesh, saw the potential of replacing glottalic sounds for the supposed plain voiced stops of Proto-Indo-European. The idea stayed hypothetical until more evidence for it was published in 1973 by Hopper in the journal Glossa and by Gamkrelidze and Ivanov in the journal Phonetica.

Sources
Paul J. Hopper, "Glottalized and murmured occlusives in Indo-European." Glossa 7:2:1973, 141-166.
 Thomas V. Gamkrelidze and Vjacheslav V. Ivanov, Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans, translated by Johanna Nichols, 2 volumes. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1995.
 Robert S.P. Beekes, Comparative Indo-European Linguistics. John Benjamins, 1995.
 Anthony Fox, Linguistic Reconstruction. Oxford, 1995.

Pronunciation

Glottalic theory


Started in 1991, the Finger Lakes GrassRoots Festival of Music and Dance is an annual festival held the second-to-last weekend of July in Trumansburg, New York, a small town ten miles north of Ithaca.

The GrassRoots Festival, or simply GrassRoots, as it is known, draws nearly 20,000 visitors throughout the course of four days.   GrassRoots presents over 70 musicians, bands and dance troupes on four simultaneously running stages continually throughout the long weekend. Genres represented among the musicians include bluegrass, Cajun, zydeco, African, reggae, country, Americana, Native American music, old-time music, Irish music, jam band, rock and roll, hip hop, Conjunto, rockabilly and more.

The festival was nominated as one of USA Today's top 10 outdoor music festivals. In 2003 the associated Shakori Hills Grassroots Festival began, modeled after the Finger Lakes festival.

Details

GrassRoots was founded by popular Americana band Donna the Buffalo and celebrated its twentieth year in 2010.

In addition to the musical performances at GrassRoots, attendees may also visit the Art Barn, an art gallery featuring primarily local artists; a Healing Arts area, where free massages, Reiki, acupuncture, and other healing therapies are performed; a children's area; dance workshops and more.
In 2005 a "musicalmentary" about the festival titled Grassroots Stages was distributed nationally on PBS. The film includes musical performances and interviews with festival organizers Jeb and Jordan Puryear.

See also
List of jam band music festivals
List of bluegrass music festivals
Donna the Buffalo

References

External links

Rock festivals in the United States
Jam band festivals
Folk festivals in the United States
Music festivals established in 1991
Music festivals in New York (state)
1991 establishments in New York (state)


Jorge Saade (born in Guayaquil, Ecuador; full name: Jorge Saade-Scaff) is a violinist.

Background
Saade is a "Gold Medal" graduate of the "Antonio Neumane" National Conservatory of Music.  He is a "Cum Laude" graduate from the University of Miami where he received his bachelor's degree in Music.  He holds a Master of Music Degree  from The Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., where he studied with violinist and pedagogue Robert Gerle.  He was accepted at the Mozarteum Institute in Salzburg, Austria, where he studied with violin virtuoso Ruggiero Ricci. He is of Lebanese background.

Duo Paganini
In 2002 together with renowned Ecuadorian guitarist Julio Almeida, Saade formed the "Duo Paganini". About the "Duo Paganini" debut recital in Cologne, Germany on October 3, 2002, Daniel Reits, music critic for the "KOELNER STADT ANZEIGER" wrote: "...with the rich and varied program From Paganini to the Andes the artists captivated the audience......the duo impress the audience with a perfect ensemble and artistry.....".  The first compact disc of the Paganini Duo "From Paganini to the Andes" was released during their performance at the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Recordings
In 2005, the Guayaquil Symphony Orchestra released their first compact disc recording entitled "Música Académica Ecuatoriana", recorded live at the Guayaquil Teatro Centro de Arte on June 30, 2004, featuring Saade as a guest soloist. The second recording with the Guayaquil Symphony Orchestra under the  direction of acclaimed  conductor and composer Jose Serebrier was done live at the Guayaquil Teatro Centro de Arte on May 13, 2005, featuring Saade as a guest soloist with Mozart's Violin Concerto No. 3. Most recently under the sponsorship of MasterCard-Pacificard of Ecuador he released "Tango, Danzon y Pasillo", recorded live with the Pan-American Symphony Orchestra under the direction of Maestro Sergio Buslje in Washington, D.C..

Further career
Saade served as the Cultural and Press Attaché of the Ecuadorian Embassy and Cultural Representative of Ecuador to the Organization of American States in Washington, D.C. from June 1997 to February 2003.

Currently Saade is the Dean and Founder of the Music School and Director of the Arts Program at the Guayaquil Catholic University,  Professor Ad-Honorem of violin and viola at the National Conservatory of Music in Guayaquil, Ecuador, member of the Board of Directors of the Symphonic Foundation and Cultural Advisor of the Washington Symphony Orchestra and the Pan American Symphony Orchestra in Washington, D.C..

For the  2006–2007  season, Saade has been invited to perform with the Glacier Symphony Orchestra in Montana, USA, the El Salvador Symphony Orchestra, the Montevideo Symphony Orchestra in Uruguay, the Bach Camerata from Nicaragua the Ecuadorian National Symphony Orchestra and to perform recitals in Germany, Holland, France, Spain, Poland and the United States.

References

External links
www.jorgesaade.com

Living people
Ecuadorian people of Lebanese descent
Year of birth missing (living people)
Ecuadorian violinists
Musicians from Guayaquil
Mozarteum University Salzburg alumni
Catholic University of America alumni
21st-century violinists

Jorge Saade


Amr Abdel Baset Abdel Aziz Diab (; born 11 October 1961) is an Egyptian sangster an componer o geel muisic an the contemporar face o Egyptian el-geel pop muisic, accordin tae World Music. Diab is the best-sellin Arab recordin airtist o aw time, accordin tae Amr Diab Official website. He wis awairdit the World Music Awaird for Best Selling Middle Eastern Artist three times: 1998 for album "Nour El Ain", 2002 for album "Aktrr Wahed Byhbak 2001" an 2007 for album "El Lillady". Amr Diab wan The African Music Awards 2009, Big Apple Music Awards; Life Achievements Awards: Best Singer of The Year in 2009, an Best Male Act in African Music Awards 2010 an aw.

Amr Diab is ane o the tap sangsters in the Arab warld an considered a livin legend bi mony o his fans in the Arab warld. He is kent as the Faither o Mediterranean Muisic. He haes creatit his awn style which is aften termit "Mediterranean Muisic" or "Mediterranean Soond", a blend o Wastren an Egyptian rhythms.

In The Mediterranean in Music, David Cooper an Kevin Dawe referred tae his muisic as "the new breed o Mediterranean muisic". Accordin tae author Michael Frishkopf, Amr Diab haes producit a new concept o Mediterranean muisic, especially in his internaitional hit, "Nour El Ain".

In his analysis o The Very Best of Amr Diab album, Victor W. Valdivia o Allmusic said: "His music melded traditional Arabic sounds and textures with Western rhythms and instruments. The mesh was dubbed Mediterranean music, and The Very Best of Amr Diab displays Diab's superb skill in creating it."

Amr Diab is considered the biggest Egyptian pop starn iver an accordin tae the BBC, Diab "haes ruled the Arab muisic warld, especially Egyp an the Middle East, syne the mid '80s, continually breakin sales records".

Muisical career

In 1983, Diab released his first studio album, Ya Tareeq. Diab released three mair albums atween 1984 an 1987. 1988's "Mayaal" garnered huge success aw aroond the Middle East. It wis producit, arrangit an remixed bi German muisickers, Frank Von Dem Bottlenberg, Ziyad Abou Chair an Jörg Evers, wi several releases. Mair success follaeed in the follaein years includin the albums Shawakkna, Matkhafesh, an We Yloumouni.

Amr Diab quickly developit fame for his new style o "Pan-Mediterranean" Arabic muisic, fusin touches o flamenco an raï wi wastren pop wi tradeetional Arabic rhythms. B1992, he became the first Arabic airtist tae stairt makkin heich-tech muisic videos.

"Habibi" frae Diab's 1996 album Nour El Ain became a hit warldwide an wis remixed bi mony o the warld's tap DJs at the time. A special CD namit Habibi: The Remix Album wis released later wi aw o thir remixes. Syne then, Diab haes remained at the tap o the Arabic muisic scene, expandin reach tae aw pairts o the Mediterranean wi his 1999 release, Amarain, that featurt duets wi Algerie's keeng o rai Khaled in a sang cried "Qalbi" an Greece's Angela Dimitriou in "Ana Bahibak Aktar" an "Eleos". "Tamally Maak" frae Diab's 2000 album became a huge success. Leily Nahari, Diab's first album wi Rotana Records, wis released in 2004. His album El Leila De wis released in the simmer o 2007 an toppit the Arabic muisic chairts for 22 weeks. Diab receivit a World Music Awaird for Best Selling Middle Eastern Artist for the album. In 2008, Diab renewed his contract wi Rotana for five mair years. In 2009, Diab released a new album Wayah.

Muisic videos

Diab is ane o the first sangsters tae popularise muisic videos in the Arab warld an the first Egyptian sangster tae appear in muisic videos. Wi the exception o his vera early releases, his albums hae haed at least ane sang shot as a muisic video. Diab haes collaboratit wi a variety o muisic video directors in the Middle East, includin Tarek El-Erian an Sherif Sabri.

The maist anticipatit video clip of 2007, "N'eoul Eih", wis released on 14 August that year on Rotana TV. It wis broadcast minutes later on Egyptian television on El Beit Betak.
The video wis a great success.

6 August 2009 witnessed the release o Amr Diab's latest video clip for his smash hit "Wayah". Wirkin alangside Cameron Casey an [Leily Nahari] for a seicont time, Amr Diab presentit a fresh video clip which wis filmit maistly on Green Screen an in Diab's personal villa in Cairo, Egyp. The biggest surprise wis the appearance o Diab's childer alangside his niece, who representit the younger generation o childer who are inspired bi the muisic o Amr Diab.

Diab filmit "Ba2dem Alby" which wis released on Valentine's Day an aw.

El Helm/The Dream

The Dream or El Helm is a biographical TV production produced bi Amr Afefy that gies viewers the story of Amr Diab's life. The show conseests o 12 episodes and began airing on 24 December 2008. El Helm is narrated bi actor Ezzat Abou Ouf and includes interviews wi Diab and fowk he worked wi throughout the span of his career. The show, which aired on Rotana TV, saw great success and wis preceded bi ane o the biggest advertising campaigns in the history of Middle Eastern music.

Film career

Diab's fame in the muisic industrie haes led him tae experiment wi ither forms o media, sic as film. Amr played hissel in his first film, El Afareet, which wis released in 1989. It starred Madiha Kamel an aw. His seicont film Ice Cream in Gleam (Ays Krim fi Glym), in which Diab starred in 1992, wis chosen as ane o the best five Egyptian muisical films bi the UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television. The film wis featurt in the UCLA Film an Television Archive's new program "Music on the Nile: Fifty Years of Egyptian Musical Films" at James Brigs Theater, UCLA, 6, 8 an 10 Aprile. David Chute o the Los Angeles Weekly termit it "observant" an "a big leap". His third movie wis released in 1993, an wis namit Deahk We La'ab (Laughter and Fun). The film premiered in the Egyptian Film Festival in 1993. Amr played alangside internaitional Egyptian movie starn Omar Sharif (Lawrence of Arabia, Doctor Zhivago) an Yousra. Oweraw, Diab did no experience the same level o success in film that he haed wi his muisic career. Syne 1993, Diab haes focused on his singin career.

Egyptian Revolution

During the 2011 uprisin, some protesters creeticisit Diab for stayin silent, an for fleein Egyp for Lunnon. Housomeivver, a few days efter umwhile Preses Hosni Mubarak steppit doun, Amr Diab componit an sang a memorial sang, "Masr A'let" (Egyp Said Its Word), an released it in conjunction wi a muisic video showin picturs o the martyrs who dee'd in the uprisin. He initiatit a charity campaign "Masry Begad" ("Real Egyptian") an aw, a social naitional program aimit at servin an rebiggin Egyptian society. His online radio station Diab FM aften presents talks an discussions aboot wha Diab FM team can affer tae the commonty as well as applyin it practically bi bein present in different steids athort Egyp wi a new humanitarian project each week.

Endorsements

Amr Diab haes taken pairt in an internaitionally kent Pepsi commercial featurin fower ither pop muisickers: Beyoncé Knowles, Pink, Jennifer Lopez, an Britney Spears. In the US version, Enrique Iglesias taks the role o Caesar. But in the pan Arab version, the three American sangsters wur retained but the male figur wis replacit wi Diab. This wis no the first Pepsi commercial Diab haes done; he filmit commercials featurin his sangs "Ana Aktar Wahed" (I'm the maist), "Allem Alby" (teach my hert) an "Khad Alby Ma'aa" (She teuk my hert wi her) an aw. Diab appeared in a commercial alangside Jennifer Lopez an aw, singin The Troggs hit "Wild Thing". In 2009 Pepsi decidit no tae renew his contract. In 2010 he wis the starn o "Hayat" bottled watter campaign.

Local record labels

Diab's earliest albums wur released bi Delta Sound. In 1996 Diab muivit tae Alam Al Phan whaur he released his greatest hits. In atween 2003 an 2004, an efter a lang successfu career wi Alam El Phan, Diab offeecially annooncit the termination o his contract wi Mohsen Gaber (awner o Alam El Phan) an muive tae the company that awned bi Prince El Waleed Ebn Talal, Rotana Records.

Internaitional record labels

Ower 18 internaitional companies hae producit studio albums, compilations an exclusive muisic for Amr Diab athort the globe.

 Ariola - Germany
 Het Records - Germany
 EMI Music - Greece
 EMI Music - Arabie
 EMI Music - Turkey
 EMI Music - Canadae [Hemisphere]
 EMI Music - Europe
 EMI Music - Internaitional
 World Music Network - USA
 George V Records - Fraunce
 Putumayo World Music - USA
 Wagram Music - Fraunce
 Virgin - Internaitional
 Nascent - UK
 Milano 2000 - Italy
 Reverb Music - UK
 Toast Records - Italy
 Warner Bros. - Fraunce

Collaboration wi international musicians

Various internaitional muisickers hae collaboratit wi Amr Diab:

 Stuart Crichton (The foonder o Progressive House)
 Frank Von Dem Bottlenberg - Germany
 Jorg Evers - Germany
 Shazz (Didier Delesalle) - Fraunce
 Klubbheads (Koen Groeneveld and Addy van der Zwan) - Dutch
 Phunk Phorce (Leon and Matthew Roberts) - UK
 Rhythm Masters (Robert Bruce Chetcuti and Steve McGuinness) - UK
 Pete Beachill - UK
 Simon Gardner - UK
 Andy Greenwood - UK
 Kevan Gallagher - UK
 Jon Bishop - UK
 Juan Cerro - Spain
 Angela Dimitriou - Greece

Amr Diab in movies

Amr Diab's sangs hae appeared in several films, includin:
 "Wala Ala Baloh" in Divine Intervention (2002)
 "Awedouni" in The Dancer Upstairs (2002)
 "El Alem Alah" and "Nour El Ain" in O Clone (2001)
 "Nafs El Makan" in Double Whammy (2001)
 "Tamally Ma'ak" and "Nour El Ain" in the French movie, Coco (2009)
 "Nour El Ain" in Malcolm in the Middle TV series (Series 4, Episode 4, Episode name: Stupid Girl), released on 9 Januar 2000 (USA)
 "Wala Ala Baloh" in The Dictator (2012)

Further readin

 Mediterranean Mosaic bi Goffredo Plastino
 Egypt bi Virginia Maxwell, Mary Fitzpatrick, Siona Jenkins, Anthony Sattin
 World Music bi Simon Broughton, Mark Ellingham, Richard Trillo, Orla Duane, Vanessa Dowell
 Teens in Egypt bi Barbara A. Somervill
 Syria & Lebanon bi Terry Carter, Lara Dunston, Andrew Humphreys, Damien Simonis
 World Music bi Richard Nidel
 The Mediterranean in Music bi David Cooper, Kevin Dawe
 The Middle East bi Library Information and Research Service
 Let's Go Egypt bi Let's Go, Inc., Joey Shabot, Dave Newman, Elizabeth Ogburn, Charlotte Houghteling

Discografie
Offeecial Albums

 1983: Ya Tareeq (يا طريق - O Road)
 1985: Ghanny Men Albak (غنّي من قلبك - Sing Frae Your Hert)
 1986: Hala Hala (هلا هلا - Welcome, Welcome)
 1987: Khalseen (خالصين - We're Even)
 1988: Mayyal (ميّال - In Luve)
 1989: Shawaana (شوقنا - Missing You)
 1990: Matkhafeesh (متخافيش - Don't Worry)
 1991: Habiby (حبيبي - My Luve)
 1992: Ayamna (أيامنا - Our Days)
 1992: Ice Cream Fi Gleam (أيس كريم في جليم - Ice Cream In Gleam)
 1993: Ya Omrena (يا عمرنا - Our Life)
 1994: W Ylomoony (و يلوموني - And Thay Blame Me
 1994: Zekrayat (ذكريات - Memories)
 1995: Ragaeen (راجعين - We'll Be Back)
 1996: Nour El-Ain (نور العين - Licht Of The Ee)
 1998: Awedoony (عوّدوني - Thay Got Me Uised Tae)
 1999: Amarein (قمرين - Twa Moons)
 2000: Tamally Maak (تملي معاك - Always Wi You)
 2001: Aktar Wahed (أكتر واحد - The Most Ane)
 2003: Allem Alby (علم قلبي - Teach My Hert)
 2004: Leily Nahary (ليلي نهاري - My Night, My Day)
 2005: Kammel Kalamak (كمّل كلامك - Keep Talking)
 2007: El Leila De (الليلا دي - This Night)
 2009: Wayah (ويّاه - Wi Her)
 2010: Aslaha Btefre' (اصلها بتفرق - Because She Makes A Difference)
 2011: Banadeek Ta'ala  (بناديك تعالى - I'm calling you come  )

Unoffeecial Albums

 1984* Forsan Asia ( Asia Knights - فرسان آسيا )
 1986 Menin Ageeb Nas (Whaur Can I Get Fowk - منين أجيب ناس ) - ( Yanabee' El Nahr TV Series - مسلسل ينابيع النهار )
 1986* Ya Helwa ( Sweetie - يا حلوة )
 1987 Assef ( Sorry - آسف ) - ( Assef la yogad hal akhar TV Series - مسلسل آسف لا يوجد حل آخر )
 1999 The best of Amr diab ( أحلى ما غنى عمرو دياب )
 2002 Rewind
 2004 Amr Diab Greatest Hits (1986–1995)
 2005 Amr Diab Greatest Hits (1996–2003)
 2005 Mateftekrish ( Don't Even Think - ماتفتكريش )
 2009 Henyet El Donya ( Tenderness of Life - حنية الدنيا )

(*/ unconfirmed Date)

Concerts

Amr Diab haulds mony concerts in the Arab Warld an aroond the warld. Ivery year, ane o his main concerts is held bi the Mediterranean at the exclusive Egyptian resort ceety, Marina El Alamein. In addeetion, he haulds an annual spring concert (The Carnival) at the American University in Cairo. In 2011, he held sax concerts in the USA and 1 concert in Toronto, Canadae.

References

Freemit airtins
 http://www.amrdiab.net/ - Offeecial Wabsteid
 http://amrdiabworld.com/ - Offeecial Online Store
 http://DiabFM.com/ - Offeecial Online Radio

1961 births
Livin fowk
Egyptian male film actors
Fowk frae Port Said
World Music Awards winners
Egyptian male sangsters

Amr Diab


was a Japanese psychiatrist, cultural critic, and one-time deputy director for Japan's Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (厚生省 Kōseishō).

Miyamoto graduated from Nihon University Medical College (日本大学医学部 Nihon Daigaku Igakubu) in Tokyo in 1973 :ja:宮本政於. He subsequently spent a year in post-graduate training for pathology before moving to the United States where he spent three years studying psychiatry and psychoanalysis at Yale University.  Upon completion, he took the position of assistant professor at Cornell University in 1980. In 1984, he accepted a position as assistant professor at New York Medical College.  In 1986, he joined the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare as deputy director of the Mental Health Division.

In 1992, he began writing a series of articles critical of Japan's bureaucratic culture for the monthly magazine Gekkan Asahi.  These were later published in the best-selling book  or "Code of the Bureaucrats", which was later published in English under the title Straitjacket Society.  Following the publication of his articles, he experienced a series of demotions and was finally fired by the Ministry in February 1995. After being fired, he published a second book in 1997 titled  or Psychoanalyzing the Bureaucrats . This second book has not yet been translated into English.

He spent the remainder of his life giving lectures on Japanese society and the Japanese bureaucracy. Dr. Miyamoto died in Paris from colorectal cancer on July 18, 1999

References
 Japan Policy Research Institute. Group-Think Meets Individualism: The Saga of Dr. Masao Miyamoto and the Japanese Bureaucracy. in JPRI Critique. Dec 1995.
 :ja:宮本政於
 https://www.amazon.com/Straitjacket-Society-Insiders-Irreverent-Bureaucratic/dp/4770018487
 https://www.amazon.co.jp/お役所の精神分析-宮本-政於/dp/4062086387
 https://www.amazon.co.jp/お役所の掟―ぶっとび霞が関事情-講談社プラスアルファ文庫-宮本-政於/dp/4062562057/

Nihon University alumni
Cornell University faculty
Japanese psychiatrists
Japanese expatriates in France
Deaths from cancer in France
Deaths from colorectal cancer
1948 births
1999 deaths
20th-century Japanese physicians

Masao Miyamoto


International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) is a non-governmental organization created at Berlin in 1951 by specialists of law, lawyers or judges for the protection of human rights and rule of law.

The headquarters are in Geneva and has relationships with United Nations, Council of Europe and African Union. This commission has also played an important role in the creation of the International Criminal Court and the Yogyakarta Principles.

From 2008 to 2010, Mary Robinson was the president of this commission.

International organizations
Human rights organizations in Europe
1952 establishments

International Commission of Jurists