The Crowning with Thorns was the subject of two paintings by the Italian master Caravaggio. The first version, dated to around 1604–1605, is now in the Cassa di Risparmi e Depositi of Palazzo degli Alberti, Prato (Tuscany). The attribution to Caravaggio is disputed.

On June 25, 1605, Caravaggio wrote out, in his own hand, a contract to paint "a picture of the same size and value as the one I have already done for him of Christ's crowning", which restricts the Crowning to a period prior to this date. There is no firm evidence for a more precise dating, but the figure of Christ has been clearly influenced by the Christ in Rubens' altarpiece of The Crowning with Thorns in the Church of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, Rome, completed in April 1602. The recipient of both the Crowning with Thorns and the Ecce Homo — the painting to which the contract relates — was Massimo Massimi, a wealthy financier and art collector in the circle of Caravaggio's patron, marquis Vincenzo Giustiniani. The actual date is disputed — John Gash places it in 1601–1603.

Stylistically the painting is based on Rubens's altarpiece for the pose of Christ and on Titian's treatment of the same subject (now in the Louvre) for the soldier with the staff behind Christ. But Caravaggio has reverted to the compact, symmetrical approach employed by 15th-century artists, visible in, for example, the work of Hieronymous Bosch in Christ Mocked. The gestures which define the situation are restrained and understated—the almost imperceptible actions of the tormentors focus attention on Christ, who looks up, his bound hands slightly raised almost in forgiveness.

See also
List of paintings by Caravaggio

References

Sources

External links

Paintings by Caravaggio
1600s paintings
Prato
Paintings in Prato

The Crowning with Thorns (Caravaggio, Prato)


The National Centre for Earth Science Studies(NCESS) (Malayalam: ദേശിയ  ഭൗമ ശാസ്ത്ര പഠന കേന്ദ്രം) is an autonomous research centre to promote scientific and technological research and development studies in the earth sciences. NCESS pursues problems related to land, sea and atmosphere. It was instituted by the government of Kerala in 1978, at Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. CESS was the earliest institute in the country to embrace the concept of Earth System Science (ESS). CESS contributions over the years have enhanced knowledge of the geological evolution of south India, the complexity of coastal processes and natural hazards, as well as in proposing mitigatory measures to deal with natural hazards.

CESS carries out studies in river basin evaluation, ground water management, coastal erosion, and other special problems.
CESS does research in earth system, micro-level watershed planning, natural hazards management, chemical analysis, CRZ mapping, and studies of air, water, land, noise pollution, etc.

CESS also does environmental impact assessment, coastal and estuarine management, terrain analysis, natural resources management, laser applications, river sand mining, and microlevel planning. CESS conducts research courses leading to doctoral degree.

Recognizing the growth potential of CESS, resource constraints of the State Government and the role CESS can play in national development, the government of Kerala proposed the taking over of the institute by the Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India. An expert committee made an assessment of the scientific programs pursued by the institute and deliberated on a long-term vision for the institute as a national centre. The committee recommended the taking over of CESS by the MoES and according it the status of an autonomous institute under the Earth System Science Organization (ESSO) of MoES. The proposed thrust areas of research will be crustal evolution and geodynamics, sedimentology and depositional processes, coastal dynamics and cloud microphysics.

The total estimated budget requirements of CESS will be Rs.128.67 crore for the balance period of the 12th FYP.

Campus
The Centre for Earth Science Studies is housed in a 50,000 sq. ft building constructed in a campus of 19 acres. The development of the CESS campus in 1986 saw the transformation of an abandoned clay mining site to a beautiful green campus within one year. The campus was the vision of the founder Director Prof. C. Karunakaran, realised through the leadership of Dr. H. K. Gupta, the then director and Sri M. Sethumadhavan, the then registrar, and Dr S. Satheeschandran Nair.

The CESS building is constructed on natural gradients, slopes and excavated mining areas in a nature friendly architectural design. Buildings are spread as different blocks. Main building houses Administration, Library, Conference Hall and an auditorium. Four interconnected blocks provide seating spaces for scientists. Laboratory block houses main laboratories of all divisions with a centralised access to scientists of all disciplines. A separate building for canteen and guest house is built away from the main buzz of activity.

The canteen functions from 9 am to 4:30 pm providing Kerala style breakfast and lunch with snacks and tea and coffee. In 2004 a laboratory block was added over the existing block to house new facilities and provide two smaller meeting and discussion halls.

Research Groups
 Solid Earth Research Group (SERG)
 Crustal Dynamics Group (CDG)
 Hydrology Group (HyG)
 Biogeochemistry Group (BgG)
 Marine Geoscience Group (MGG)
 Atmospheric Science Group (ASG)

Facilities
 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer
 X-Ray defractometer
 Petrology and crustal evolution studies
 Seismology
 Palaeomagnetism
 Fluid inclusion
 Thin Sectioning Laboratory
 Sedimentology
 Placer laboratory
 Gas chromatograph
 Photo interpretation
 Geoinformatics Laboratory
 Library

External links
Official website of National Centre for Earth Science Studies

Geology education
Research institutes in Thiruvananthapuram
Earth science research institutes
Earth sciences organizations
Scientific organisations based in India
Research institutes established in 1978
1978 establishments in Kerala


Cycle of abuse is the name of a theory that was developed to explain certain patterns in an abusive relationship, and in domestic violence. Lenore Walker developed the theory in the 1970s, after she had observed that there is a pattern that repeats in such relationships:
Tension building phase - This occurs before an aggression
Acting-out phase - There are violent incidents, some of the incidents may also be abusive
Reconciliation/Honeymoon phase - The parties either get together again and there is an apology, or the incidents are simply ignored.
Calm phase - During this phase, the relationship looks normal; there will be some difficulties. These difficulties lead to another tension-building phase.
Walker's cycle of abuse theory was regarded as a revolutionary and important concept in the study of abuse and interpersonal violence. However, researchers have occasionally criticised Walker's methodology, preconceptions or findings.

References

Sociology

Cycle of abuse


United Nations System-wide Earthwatch is an initiative set up by the United Nations to bring together environmental observations by UN agencies within a consistent framework.

Formation and mandate

Earthwatch was established in 1972 to "monitor major global disturbance in the environment and to give early warning of problems requiring international action". The program is coordinated by the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP).
The focus is on providing data to support decision-making in response to the UN General Assembly resolution on "Strengthening International Cooperation in the monitoring of Global Environmental Problems".
The mandate was strengthened by the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro and its Agenda-21 chapter on Information for Decision Making.

Organization

The UNEP Division of Early Warning and Assessment provides the Earthwatch Secretariat, based in Nairobi.
Since September 2002 the Secretariat has been supported by DEWA/GRID-Europe.
The Earthwatch unit in Geneva maintains contact with UN agencies and develops the Earthwatch website.
This site is an important source of information on environmental and development information for scientists and the public.

Evolution

It became clear at the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg that there was a need to pursue Agenda 21, to improve global data collection and monitoring, to improve open communications and eliminate duplicate effort.
This led to a Plan of Implementation with a 10-20 year horizon under which Earthwatch would focus on collecting and correlating data related to the Millennium Development Goals. Earthwatch would also identify gaps in available data.

At the 8th Earthwatch meeting in mid-October 2004 it was agreed to improve collaboration between UN agencies.
The UN Environment Management Group (EMG) had been set up to coordinate UN agencies in area related to the environment and human settlements, playing a valuable role in setting policy. It was agreed that Earthwatch and the EMG were complementary and could benefit from sharing results. It was also agreed to consider ways in which Earthwatch could better communicate information.

References

External links
Official website

United Nations Environment Programme
Environmental monitoring
Organizations established in 1972

United Nations System-wide Earthwatch


Twenty-one is a number. It comes between twenty and twenty-two, and is an odd number. It is divisible by 1, 3, 7, and 21.

Twenty-one is also a name of a popular card game and is the age at which people in the United States can buy alcoholic drinks.

In Roman numerals, 21 is written as XXI.

In Greek numerals 21 is written as κα

Integers

21 (number)


A writing system (also called a script) is a system of symbols used to represent language. There are different kinds of writing systems, with symbols that represent different things. For example, English uses an alphabet (the Latin alphabet).

The fundamental principle is that symbols stand for sound, but there is more to it than that. The term "writing system" includes more than just (for example) an alphabet. Alphabets are part of a "graphic inventory" which includes punctuation, diacritics, ideograms (e.g. numbers) and logograms (standing for specific words such as $, & etc.).

Types of writing systems
There are many different types of writing systems. Each grapheme, or symbol, can mean different things in different writing systems. Depending on what an individual symbol means, such as a whole word or a sound, each writing system is categorized as a different type.

Logography
A logography is a writing system with symbols that mean whole words or symbols that represent ideas. These symbols are called "logograms" or "logographs". Examples of logographies are Chinese characters (used in Chinese) and hieroglyphs.

Syllabary
A syllabary is a writing system with symbols that each mean a syllable. Examples of syllabaries are hiragana and katakana (used in Japanese) and the Cherokee syllabary (used in Cherokee).

Alphabet

An alphabet is a writing system with symbols that mean individual sounds (or phonemes). There are different types of alphabets.

True alphabets
A true alphabet is a writing system with symbols that mean both consonants and vowels. Examples of alphabetic writing systems are the Latin alphabet, (used in large parts of the world), the Greek alphabet (used in Greek), and the Cyrillic alphabet (used in many countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, where Russia had a major influence during the days of the Soviet Union).

Abjad

Alphabets that only write consonants (and do not write vowels) are called abjads. Examples of abjads are the Arabic alphabet, which is used in much of the Muslim world, and the Hebrew alphabet used for Jewish languages like Hebrew and Yiddish. Both of these abjads are written in lines that run from right to left. The logic is that people in those areas know what vowels are used when the words are spoken.

Abugida

Abugidas are alphabets where consonants are written as a symbol, and vowels are written as diacritics. Examples of abugidas are many writing systems of India and Southeast Asia, such as Devanagari (used in Hindi and Sanskrit).

Direction of writing
Each writing system can be written in different directions. English (which uses the Latin alphabet) is written from left to right. Some languages, like Arabic, are written from right to left.

Some languages, like Chinese and Japanese, can be written vertically (from top to bottom).

Related pages
 Writing tool
 Constructed script - a writing system made by someone for a specific purpose

References

Writing system


Minh Mạng ([mïŋ˧ maːŋ˧˨ʔ]; 25 May 1791 – 20 January 1841), personal name Nguyễn Phúc Đảm, also known as Nguyễn Phúc Kiểu, was the second emperor of the Nguyễn Dynasty in Vietnamese History. His reign prolonged 21 years, from 1820 until his death in 1841.

Biography
Emperor Minh Mạng was the fourth son of Emperor Gia Long; his mother was Trần Thị Đang, second wife of Gia Long (conferred Empress Dowager Nhân Tuyên later). Three eldest son of Gia Long, Crown prince Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh, Duke of Thuận An Nguyễn Phúc Hy and prince Nguyễn Phúc Tuấn, had died before their father, so Minh Mạng was the eldest son of Gia Long at that time.

Minh Mạng is reported to have 142 children from 43 wives. He also had many concubines whose childless, and not be reported in royal pedigree. The first wife of him was Empress Consort Tá Thiên Hồ Thị Hoa, mother of Emperor Thiệu Trị, but she died after 13 days giving birth. The second wife, First-rank of Royal Concubine Hiền phi Ngô Thị Chính, was the most beloved wife of Minh Mạng, but she had not been conferred as Empress Consort.

1791 births
1841 deaths
Vietnamese people

Minh Mạng


Othello Air Force Station (ADC ID: P-40, NORAD ID: Z-40) is a closed United States Air Force General Surveillance Radar station.  It is located  south of Othello, Washington.  It was the home station of the 637th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron (AC&W Sq) (later the 637th Radar Squadron) and the 637th Air Defense Group, closing in 1975.

History
Othello Air Force Station was one of twenty-eight stations built as part of the second segment of the Air Defense Command permanent radar network. Prompted by the start of the Korean War, on July 11, 1950, the Secretary of the Air Force asked the Secretary of Defense for approval to expedite construction of the permanent network. Receiving the Defense Secretary's approval on July 21, the Air Force directed the Corps of Engineers to proceed with construction.  This site took over coverage once provided by the temporary "Lashup" site L-28, Spokane, Washington, which operated between 1950–1952.

The 637th AC&W Sq had moved to Saddle Mountain, Washington by 1 January 1951.  The squadron began operating an AN/FPS-3 long-range search radar and an AN/FPS-5 height-finder radar in January 1952, assuming coverage from the temporary "lashup" sites L-29 at Larson AFB and L-30 at Richland, Washington.  Initially the station functioned as a Ground-Control Intercept (GCI) and warning station.  As a GCI station, the squadron's role was to guide interceptor aircraft toward unidentified intruders picked up on the unit's radar scopes. The site was renamed Othello Air Force Station on 1 December 1953.

In 1956 ADC replaced the height-finder radar with an AN/FPS-6. In 1958 the 637th AC&W Sq operated an AN/FPS-20 search radar and added an AN/FPS-6A height-finder radar. In July 1960 the joined the regional Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) center, the squadron being redesignated as the 637th Radar Squadron (SAGE) on 1 September.  The radar squadron provided information 24/7 the SAGE Direction Center where it was analyzed to determine range, direction altitude speed and whether or not aircraft were friendly or hostile.  On 31 July 1963, the site was redesignated as NORAD ID Z-40.

In 1963 the AN/FPS-20 radar was replaced by an AN/FPS-7C set featuring an ECCM capability (the AN/FPS-7C was later modified to the AN/FPS-107 version). Also in 1963 the AN/FPS-6 was retired as an AN/FPS-26A height-finder radar was being installed, completed in 1964.

In addition to the main facility, Othello operated several AN/FPS-14 Gap Filler sites:
 Wenatchee, WA        (P-40B)
 Okanogan, WA         (P-40C)

The 637th Radar Sq was inactivated and replaced by the 637th Air Defense Group in March 1970.  The upgrade to group status was done because of Othello AFS' status as a Backup Interceptor Control (BUIC) site.  BUIC sites were alternate control sites in the event that SAGE Direction Centers became disabled and unable to control interceptor aircraft.  The group was awarded the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for the period from 1 March 1970 through 31 May 1971 for exceptionally meritorious service   The group was inactivated and replaced by the 637th Radar Squadron. as defenses against manned bombers were reduced.  The group was disbanded in 1984.

The squadron was inactivated on March 31, 1975 due to a draw-down of ADC and budget constraints. Today, the site is abandoned and deteriorating, and has the look of a ghost town.  The site and housing area are deteriorating, with tall weeds, grasses, and shrubs growing everywhere.

Units
 Constituted as 637th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron
 Activated 21 May 1947 at Long Beach Municipal Airport, CA
 Moved to McChord Air Force Base, WA on 16 Apr 1948
 Moved to Larson Air Force Base, WA on 28 January 1949
 Moved to Saddle Mountain (later Othello AFS), WA ca. 1 January 1951
 Redesignated 637th Radar Squadron (SAGE) on 1 September 1960
 Inactivated on 1 March 1970
 Redesignated 637th Radar Squadron on 1 January 1974
 Activated on 17 January 1974
 Inactivated on 31 March 1975
 Constituted as 637th Air Defense Group on 13 February 1970
 Activated on 1 March 1970
 Inactivated on 17 January 1974
 Disbanded on 27 September 1984

Awards

 Air Force Outstanding Unit Award, 637th Air Defense Group 1 March 1970 – 31 May 1971

Assignments
 505th Aircraft Control and Warning Group, ca. 1 January 1951
 162nd Aircraft Control and Warning Group, 1 May 1951
 25th Air Division, 6 February 1952
 4702d Defense Wing, 1 February 1953
 9th Air Division, 8 October 1954
 25th Air Division, 15 August 1958
 4700th Air Defense Wing, 1 September 1958
 Spokane Air Defense Sector, 1 March 1960
 Seattle Air Defense Sector, 1 September 1963
  25th Air Division, 1 April 1966 – 31 March 1975

See also
 List of United States Air Force aircraft control and warning squadrons
 United States general surveillance radar stations

Notes and references

Notes

Bibliography

 AF Pamphlet 900-2, Unit Decorations, Awards and Campaign Participation Credits, Vol II Department of the Air Force, Washington, DC, 30 Sep 1976

Further reading
 Grant, C.L., (1961) The Development of Continental Air Defense to 1 September 1954, USAF Historical Study No. 126

 Information for Othello AFS, WA and Othello Air Force Station

Installations of the United States Air Force in Washington (state)
Aerospace Defense Command military installations
Semi-Automatic Ground Environment sites
1951 establishments in Washington (state)
Military installations established in 1951
1975 disestablishments in Washington (state)
Military installations closed in 1975
Military history of Washington (state)

Othello Air Force Station


Gordon William Atkinson (August 24, 1922 – January 13, 2006) was a broadcaster and politician in Quebec, Canada.

Background
Gordon Atkinson was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, the son of William James Atkinson, officer of the Canadian Armed Forces, and Martha Kathleen Johnson. He was an infantry officer with the Calgary Highlanders during the Second World War and served in the Northwest Europe campaign. After the war Gordon moved to Los Angeles as a TV, radio and motion picture actor, writer and director.  He received his training at the Pasadena Playhouse, where he studied with notables as Carolyn Jones (The Adams Family) and Barbara Hale (Perry Mason's secretary, Della Street).

Atkinson became a radio announcer in Calgary, Alberta in 1937.  Between 1946 and 1950 he worked in radio, cinema and theatre both in Los Angeles and Canada. In the early 1950s he rejoined the Canadian Army with the Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (PPCLI) for the Korean War, serving in Korea and Japan. After the war, he was asked by the CBC to become a teacher of television for the newly created CBC-TV in Toronto. From 1955 to 1957 he worked as an advisor to Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent.

He moved to Winnipeg from Toronto in 1954 as CBC Program Manager.  While there, he created many television shows, most of which were brought under question due to the morals of the time.  He hired a night club entertainer and his wife as a (male) host for an entertainment program.  The program was cancelled as common folk objected to a night club owner/entertainer involved in Television. While in Winnipeg, he helped to bring up lines from B.C. to Vancouver,  and created Vancouver CBC Television. He later moved his family to Montreal, where he worked in theatre at the Mountain Playhouse for many years.  He was actor, director, and voice actor in the community.  He also directed many plays at McGill University (Wry and Ginger 1959).

From 1957 to 1980 Atkinson was a CBC TV sports commentator, working out of Montreal, covering all Olympic, Pan-American, Canadian and international events. Throughout the 1980s, Gordon was a political / social commentator on CJAD 800 in Montreal. His radio work was paused when he was elected a Member of the Quebec National Assembly in 1989. He served one term and then got back into radio from 1993 to 1997 as political and social commentator for CIQC 600 AM radio in Montreal. Atkinson retired in 1998, but recorded a two-hour program broadcast every Remembrance Day (November 11) on CJAD 800 AM radio. The program was given to CJAD in perpetuity, in memory of "those friends who were killed in the two wars in which I participated."

In the early 1960s he worked as a bit player in many films about Canada, and was also a regular on Seaway, a CBC series, filmed in Quebec City.

Provincial politics

In the general election of 1989, he ran as the Equality Party (EP) candidate in the Montreal riding of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce.  Atkinson defeated Liberal incumbent Harold Thuringer and become a Member of the National Assembly of Quebec.

By March 29, 1994, Atkinson quit EP and filled his seat as an Independent. He was defeated by Liberal candidate Russell Copeman in 1994.

Titles
Commander, Most Ven. Order of St. John of Jerusalem; Bd. of Din, St. John Ambulance & St. John Fdn. 1980– ; Knight of Justice, St. Lazarus of Jerusalem, Board of Directors St. John Ambulance and St. John Fdn (1980)
Hon. Aide de camp to Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec 1989–2005

Awards
 1967 – Centennial Medal for most beautiful small farm in Quebec (St. Eustache (Parish))
 1976 – Actra Award – Radio Commentary
 1976 – Short TV Documentary
 1989 – Nellie – Editorial Commentary (Radio)

Boards
 1993–1996 – Board of Directors – Catherine Booth Hospital
 1985–1991 – Director, CH of St. James the Apostle (Anglican)
 1989 – Heraldry Society of Canada (Montreal Chapter)
 1991 – Member, United Empire Loyalist
 1988 – Board of Directors – War Veterans Homes (Quebec)
 1980–1982 – President, Montreal Press Club

Honorary positions
 1967–1978 – Honorary Secretary Montreal Hunt Club
 1980–2003 – Hon. Lt-Col 78th Fraser Highlanders
 1980 – Founding Member, Equality Party

Recreation
 Fox Hunting (Montreal Hunt Club)
 Equestrian Competitions (Hunter Trials all over Canada and Europe)
 Tennis (Club – Mount Stephen, Montreal)

Personal life
Gordon Atkinson was married from 1952 to 1977 to Lucy Leach, a singer with Leslie Bell Singers.  She appeared on CBC the first night they aired television.  They had three children: Kathryn, Marta, and Christopher.

He is survived by four grandchildren: Adrianna, Kathryn, Kellina and Andrew.

In 1986, he married Constance (divorced 1997).  The marriage produced no children.

Atkinson is survived by his widow, Pierrette (2004). At his death, he had been ill for some time and had been living in a seniors residence.

Footnotes

1922 births
2006 deaths
Anglophone Quebec people
Canadian radio personalities
Equality Party (Quebec) MNAs
Politicians from Montreal
Politicians from Winnipeg
Canadian Army personnel of World War II
Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry officers
Calgary Highlanders officers
Canadian military personnel of the Korean War
Canadian military personnel from Manitoba

Gordon Atkinson (Canadian politician)


The Christian Museum () is the largest ecclesiastical collection in Hungary; it conserves European and Hungarian works of art from the period between the 13th and 19th centuries.

The permanent exhibition of the Christian Museum is situated on the second floor of the Primate's Palace in Esztergom-Víziváros, on the bank of the Danube river.

The extensive collections of Hungarian, Italian, Dutch, German and Austrian paintings make this museum the third most important picture gallery in Hungary. Many works of art come from the territory of present-day Slovakia in which area part of the archdiocese of Esztergom lay at the time of the formation of the collection (the 1870s).
Besides late medieval and Renaissance works of art — including the Calvary Altarpiece by Thomas of Coloswar, the Lord's Coffin from Garamszentbenedek, and the Passion scenes by Master MS — the baroque and modern collections, the collection of the decorative arts, and the collection of prints and drawings are significant.

Collections on permanent display

 Hungarian, German and Austrian late Gothic painting and sculpture (15th and 16th centuries)
 Italian Renaissance and Baroque painting (13th to 18th centuries)
 Hungarian, Austrian, and German Baroque painting (17th and 18th centuries)
 Early Netherlandish painting (15th and 16th centuries)
 Tapestries (15th to 20th centuries)
 Icons and Eastern Orthodox metalwork (16th to 20th centuries)
 Select works of the decorative arts – goldsmith works, ivory carvings, clocks, caskets and snuff boxes, ceramic art, glass paintings, eastern knotted carpets (12th to 20th centuries)

History

The Keresztény Múzeum was founded by archbishop János Simor (1813–1891) who in 1875 established the third public museum of the Kingdom of Hungary by opening his private collection to all visitors. The first exhibition installed on the upper floor of the Cathedral Library included 206 pictures, mainly late medieval and 19th-century works. The Archbishop greatly enlarged his collection in the following years. His most significant purchase was that of the Bertinelli collection in Rome in 1878, when the museum acquired sixty, mainly Italian Renaissance paintings. Further important acquisitions were the wooden sculptures and works of applied art bought in 1884 from the Schnütgen Collection in Cologne. After 1882, the enlarged collection was transferred to the second floor of the newly rebuilt Primate's Palace on the Danube bank, where it is still located. In 1887, Simor ensured the future of the collection by entrusting it to the care of the Cathedral chapter of Esztergom. After World War I, the museum was enriched with two large collections: in 1920 with the collection of Arnold Ipolyi, Bishop of Oradea (1823–1886), which consisted mainly of late medieval Italian, German, Austrian and Hungarian paintings and sculptures, and in 1925 with Count San Marco's bequest, which primarily contained works of applied arts and paintings.

See also
 List of Jesuit sites

External links
 Christian Museum

Art museums and galleries in Hungary
Catholic Church in Hungary
Buildings and structures in Esztergom
Museums in Komárom-Esztergom County
Art museums established in 1875
1875 establishments in Hungary
Christian museums
Religious museums in Hungary

Christian Museum, Esztergom


The phenotype of an organism is the whole set of characters (or traits) of that organism.

It does not mean just 'what you can see on the surface'. Rather, it means anything which can be made visible by suitable means. For example, blood groups are definitely a part of the phenotype. However, they are not visible just by looking at a person.

In biology, the phenotype is distinguished from the genotype. This was proposed by Wilhelm Johannsen in 1911 to make clear the difference between an organism's heredity and what that heredity produces. The distinction is similar to that proposed by August Weismann, who distinguished between germ plasm (gametes or their stem cells) and somatic cells (the body).

The phenotype is important because it is exposed to natural selection:
"From Darwin to the present day most evolutionists have considered the individual organism to be the principal object of selection. Actually, it is the phenotype which is the part of the individual that is "visible" to selection". Ernst Mayr

Phenotypes are determined mainly by genes and are influenced by environmental factors. So, knowing the genome of an organism does not give an exact prediction of its phenotype.

Traits vary greatly in how much they owe to heredity (nature vs nurture). The interaction between genotype and phenotype has often been conceptualized by the following relationship:

genotype + environment → phenotype

Extensions
The term 'phenotype' must include characteristics that can be made visible by some technical procedure (such as blood types). Another extension adds behaviour to the phenotype since behaviours are also affected by both genotypic and environmental factors.

The idea of the extended phenotype has been developed by Richard Dawkins to mean all the effects a gene has on the outside world that may influence its chances of being inherited. These can be effects on the organism carrying the trait, the environment, or other organisms. For instance, a beaver dam might be considered a phenotype of beaver genes, the same way beavers' powerful incisor teeth are phenotype expressions of their genes. Dawkins also cites the effect of an organism on the behaviour of another organism (such as the devoted nurturing of a cuckoo by a parent clearly of a different species) as an example of the extended phenotype.

Related pages
Nature versus nurture

References

Classical genetics
Developmental biology

Phenotype


Kodomo is a type of anime aimed at all children, regardless of gender. It is often educational, teaching social skills like sharing, teamwork or just getting along with others. Characters in here could have supernatural or mutant powers as they help each other fight evil characters or 'bad guys', or simply complete a mission or task. An example would be pokemon, which is a really popular anime for kids which was originally adopted by the game. This is aimed at the kids because of the popular game. Pokemon go! There are other versions too. Generally, to say, TV-PG would be the highest.

Anime

Kodomo


was a province of Japan in the area of Shizuoka Prefecture.  Izu bordered on Sagami and Suruga Provinces. Its abbreviated form name was .

The mainland portion of Izu Province, comprising the Izu Peninsula, is today the eastern portion of Shizuoka Prefecture and the Izu Islands are now part of Tokyo.

History
In 680 A.D., two districts of Suruga Province, Tagata District and Kamo District, were separated into the new Izu Province. At some point between the year 701 and 710, Naka District was added. The capital of the new province was established at Mishima, which also had the Kokubun-ji and the Ichinomiya (Mishima Taisha) of the province. Under the Engishiki classification system, Izu was ranked as a "lesser country" (下国). Under the ritsuryō legal system, Izu was one of the preferred locations for exile for those convicted of political crimes by the Heian period court.

In the Kamakura period, Izu was ruled by the Hōjō clan. During the Muromachi period, Izu was ruled nominally by the Uesugi clan due to their position as Kantō Kanrei; however, in reality, Izu came under the domination of whoever ruled the Kantō provinces of Sagami and Musashi. By the Sengoku period, this was the Later Hōjō clan based in Odawara. After the Battle of Odawara, Toyotomi Hideyoshi changed the fief of Tokugawa Ieyasu from his domains in the Tōkai region for the Kantō region instead, and Izu was one of the provinces that came under Tokugawa rule. After the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate, Izu remained as a tenryō territory administered directly by the Shōgun. Much of the province was ruled by a daikan established in Nirayama, although portions were assigned to various hatamoto and to Odawara Domain. During the Edo period, Kimisawa District was added to the three ancient districts of Izu.

During the Edo period, the Tōkaidō road from Edo to Kyoto passed through northern Izu, with a post station at Mishima-shuku. The port of Shimoda at the southern end of Izu was a required port-of-call for all vessels approaching Edo from the east.

During the Bakumatsu period, Shimoda was chosen by the Tokugawa government as a port to be opened to American trade under the conditions of the Convention of Kanagawa, negotiated by Commodore Matthew Perry and signed on March 31, 1854. Shimoda was also the site of Yoshida Shōin's unsuccessful attempt to board Perry's "Black Ships" in 1854. The first American Consulate in Japan was opened at the temple of Gyokusen-ji in Shimoda under Consul General Townsend Harris.  Harris negotiated the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the two countries, which was signed at nearby Ryōsen-ji in 1858. Japan's relations with Imperial Russia were also negotiated in Shimoda, and in 1855 the Treaty of Shimoda was signed at Chōraku-ji.

After the start of the Meiji period, the districts of Naka and Kimisawa were merged with Kamo District, and Izu Province was merged into the short-lived Ashigaru Prefecture in 1871.
Ashigaru Prefecture was divided between Shizuoka Prefecture and Kanagawa Prefecture on April 18, 1876, and the Izu Islands were subsequently transferred from Shizuoka Prefecture to Tokyo in 1878.

Historical districts
Izu Province consisted of four districts:

 Shizuoka Prefecture
 Kamo District () – absorbed Naka District to become an expanded Kamo District; but lost parts to former Tagata District to become an expanded Tagata District on April 1, 1896
 Kimisawa District () – merged with Naka and parts of Kamo Districts into former Tagata District to become an expanded Tagata District on April 1, 1896
 Naka District () – merged into remaining parts of Kamo District to become an expanded Kamo District on April 1, 1896
 Tagata District () – absorbed Kimisawa, Naka and parts of Kamo Districts into former Tagata District to become an expanded Tagata District on April 1, 1896

Highways
Tōkaidō – connecting Edo to Kyoto

Notes

References
 Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005).  Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ;  OCLC 58053128
 Papinot, Edmond. (1910). Historical and Geographic Dictionary of Japan. Tokyo: Librarie Sansaisha. OCLC 77691250

External links

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
History of Shizuoka Prefecture
1871 disestablishments in Japan
States and territories disestablished in 1871

Izu Province


Aminjikarai, originally Amaindakarai, is one of the oldest neighbourhoods in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. The arterial Poonamallee High Road (NH 4) runs through it. Aminjikarai was annexed to Madras District in the year 1946, and Arumbakkam and Anna Nagar were carved out of Aminjikarai in the 1950s and 1970s.  The Nelson Manickam Road that traverses through Aminjikarai is an important commercial road in Chennai city.

History
A delta formed from the deposition of the sediment carried by the river Cooum towards its journey to the Bay of Bengal is called Amainda Karai (which means shaped/formed/created banks / land in Tamil) and later on Aminjikarai colloquially.

According to another version, the name derived from the word amanjutal, which means 'free community service'. Probably, at some stage, the banks of Cooum at this point (at Amanjikarai) should have broken, and the local people should have offered free community service in rebuilding the banks (karai) of the river.

In the early days, it was known as a suburb after the tollgate (near Pachaiyappa's College). Now, it is a central part of Chennai which links the residential Anna Nagar to the central business district of Chennai. It comprises Mehta Nagar, Gill Nagar, Railway Colony, Collectorate Colony and Ayyavoo Naidu Colony.

Mehta Nagar is connected by a small pedestrian bridge and it is almost like a peninsula. Thiru-vi-ka park is a well known park that is close by Aminijikarai.

Culture

Aminjikarai hosts Sri Ekambareshwara Kamakshi Amma temple and very close to this is Sri Varadaraja temple. Because of these two temples in very close vicinity some people refer to Aminjikarai as mini Kancheepuram.  The Mangali Amma temple (Ellai Amma) is also located in between Toll-gate and Aminjikarai. Ekambareshwara and Varadaraja temple's Brahmotsavam is a famous festival held between March and May of every year. Pradosham is also a famous event at the Ekambareshwara temple. Near that ekhambareswarer temple, there is vinayagar temple called " Varasidhi Vinayagar temple". It is well popular for vinayagar chathurthi festival.

Aminjikarai also has a mosque and burial ground on Poonamallee high road. The name of the mosque is Jammia Masjid.
There is another masjid in Nelson Manickam road called Fathima Islamic cultural society

There are also numerous churches.

Infrastructure
Aminjikarai offers shopping facilities for people of all classes. and famous photo studio called my memories event management.The Aminjikarai Market hosts very fresh vegetables, some roadside makeshift vegetable shops offer very fresh vegetables at nominal rates. There is a huge shopping mall - Ampa Skywalk at the intersection of Nelson Manickam Road and Poonamallee High Road. The mall has 7 multiplex cinemas, spacious hypermarket, food court, restaurants and branded retail outlets.

The nearest suburban railway station is Nungambakkam railway station, which is just  from Aminjikarai. The proximity to the Chennai Metropolitan Bus Terminus (CMBT) has made Aminjikarai one of the most accessible routes in Chennai.

Aminjikarai has many hospitals, including Billroth Hospitals which is a fully fledged multispeciality hospital. MR hospital a dedicated Renal (kidney) Transplant centre is located on the Govindan street.

In popular culture
Aminjikarai is usually referenced in Tamil film comedy scenes. The name is usually compared with America as a play on words to contrast someone locally from Aminjikarai with someone from a Western society.

See also
 List of neighbourhoods in Chennai

References

External links

Neighbourhoods in Chennai

Aminjikarai


Asclepias cordifolia is a species of milkweed commonly called  heart-leaf milkweed or purple milkweed (a common name shared with another milkweed, Asclepias purpurascens). It is native to the western United States (California, Nevada, Oregon), growing between  elevation in the northern Sierra Nevada and Cascade ranges. Heart-leaf milkweed was valued by the Native American Miwok tribe for its stems, which they dried and processed into string and rope.

Description

Heart-leaf milkweed is a perennial that grows to a height of , with dark red-purple flowers whose hoods are slightly elevated above the base of the corolla. The flower structure is unusual—it has five stamens fused into a column, with five circular attachments called 'hoods', and an anther head surrounding the large stigma at the flower's center. The fruit (photo at left) is a follicle with many flat seeds that have silky hairs which disperse easily in the wind. The large opposite leaves are cordate, or heart-shaped. The plant grows in open or shaded woodland, often on rocky slopes and in mixed coniferous forest. The milkweeds are named for the milky sap which exudes from the plant's stem.

It blooms from May to July.

Taxonomy
The species name, cordifolia (Latin for 'heart-leaved'), refers to the heart-shaped leaves, while the genus name honors the Greek physician Asclepius.

Ecology
Monarch butterfly caterpillars are commonly found on all the milkweeds, including the heart-leaf milkweed. Even after the caterpillar has metamorphosed into a butterfly, the alkaloids they ingest from the plant are retained in the butterfly, making it unpalatable to predators.

Uses
The Miwok gathered heart-leaf milkweed in the summer and dried it, or collected it in the fall [autumn, most likely between September and December) after it was already dry. The dry stems were combed with a loop of willow to draw out the fiber just beneath the very thin outer skin. The fiber was wound into balls for storage and later processing. The making of cordage (rope and string) was done entirely by hand, with no tools. Asclepias was also used by the Native American Yokuts or Mariposa in northern and central California for string or rope.

A single Miwok feather skirt or cape was made with approximately 100 feet of cordage, requiring about 500 plant stalks. A 40-foot-long deer net contained about 7,000 feet of cordage, requiring the harvesting of approximately 35,000 plant stalks. The milkweed stalks were burned in the fall to eliminate dead stalks and stimulate the next year's growth, and to stimulate flower and seed production. Cordage was typically two-ply, though there are some examples at the Field Museum of three- and four-ply Miwok cordage.

Heart-leaf milkweed was also used as a contraceptive and snakebite remedy, though without proper preparation it can cause vomiting in low doses and death in higher doses due to a mix of cardenolides in the sap. At one time it was classified as a noxious weed because of reported negative effects on livestock.

References

External links
Jepson Manual: Asclepias cordifolia
Asclepias cordifolia - UC Photos gallery

cordifolia
Butterfly food plants
Flora of California
Flora of Nevada
Flora of Oregon
Flora of the Cascade Range
Flora of the Klamath Mountains
Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Miwok

Asclepias cordifolia


Poitevin is one of the langues d'oïl. It is a Romance language spoken mainly in Poitou in central west France.

Like with most langues d'oïl, there are discussions as to whether it should be called a language or just a dialect. The region where it is spoken is near where the langues d'Oc (another big language group) is spoken. As a result, it adopted some of the features of the Langue d'Oc.

The pressure of modern life, and the government, pushes the total use of the French language. These regional languages are less and less used.

Romance languages
Languages of France

Poitevin language


"Man overboard!" is an exclamation given aboard a vessel to indicate that a member of the crew or a passenger has fallen off of the ship into the water and is in need of immediate rescue. Whoever sees the person fall is to shout, "Man overboard!" and the call is then to be reported once by every crewman within earshot, even if they have not seen the victim fall, until everyone on deck has heard and given the same call. This ensures that all other crewmen have been alerted to the situation and notifies the officers of the need to act immediately to save the victim. Pointing continuously at the victim may aid the helmsman in approaching the victim.

Causes
A person may fall overboard for any number of reasons: they might have been struck by one of the ship's booms, they may have lost their footing on a slippery deck or while climbing the ship's ratlines, they may have deliberately jumped overboard in a suicide attempt, or any number of other reasons. Falling overboard is one of the most dangerous and life-threatening things that can happen at sea. This is especially so if falling from a large vessel that is slow to maneuver, or from a short-handed (i.e. undermanned, lacking sufficient crew) smaller boat. When single-handed and using self-steering gear, or when taking place at night or in stormy conditions, the situation is usually fatal. If the individual who falls overboard is wearing a personal flotation device (life jacket), the chances of their survival are significantly improved.

Overboard statistics
From 2000-2018, 284 people have gone overboard or fallen off cruise ships and a further 41 have fallen off large ferries.  In any given month, approximately two people go overboard and between 17 percent and 25 percent are rescued.

Recovery under sail

If the vessel has a functioning engine it should be started as soon as possible (after checking for trailing ropes).  Once the sails are under control recovery should proceed as for a powerboat.

There have been various sailing maneuvers recommended and taught to handle man-overboard situations. Three common ones follow. Whoever sees the accident is to shout, "Man overboard!" loudly and clearly to alert the rest of the crew. At least one person should do nothing other than stand and point at the casualty maintaining continuous visual contact. Whatever marker and flotation equipment is to hand should be thrown as near the casualty as possible by other crewmembers. This may include a horseshoe buoy or lifebuoy, a danbuoy or man overboard pole, and even a floating smoke signal. If the equipment exists, man overboard alerts are to be triggered on whatever electronic gear is available including GPS receivers and DSC radio transmitters.

Quick stop or crash stop
The most direct action is to stop the boat immediately, very near to the casualty. This can be done by immediately tacking the bow of the boat through the wind without handling the jib sheets, so that the boat is effectively hove to. In some circumstances, this may be enough, and the casualty can be recovered as the boat drifts back down onto them. In many cases, however, the manoeuvre will have left the boat too far away for that. In this case, the mainsail is sheeted in hard and the turn continued until the boat circles, the wind is jibed across the stern and the boat is sailed downwind, past the casualty again and finally brought to rest by turning upwind again. It is recommended not to adjust the sails for efficient downwind sailing, so that too much speed is not built up when approaching the casualty.

The main advantages of this method are its simplicity (making it ideal for short-handed crews), and the fact that the boat does not need to be maneuvered far away of the casualty (which reduces the likelihood that the crew may lose visual contact).

Reach-turn-reach
The more traditional maneuver is more time consuming and requires more sailing skill, but is more flexible and less likely to fail as it gives the helmsman more time to make adjustments and corrections to the course and the approach. It is more suitable for the open sea and rougher, windier conditions.

Immediately after the accident, the boat is put onto a beam reach away from the casualty, with a crewmember maintaining constant visual contact. Once there is room to maneuver, the boat is either tacked or jibed back towards the casualty. It is important that the casualty is approached on a close reach, so that wind can be spilled from the sails in order to slow down and stop on station. Helmsmen are advised to test this during the approach by spilling wind on the way, and losing ground to leeward to correct the course if necessary, to ensure that this is possible. If the casualty is too windward of a close reach during the approach, it may be necessary to gain ground to windward close hauled to ensure that the boat does not stall head-to-wind downwind of the casualty at the end.

In the end, the boat is luffed to windward close to the casualty, with a view to recovering them amidships. This may be upwind of them and close in light winds, so that it drifts down to them for recovery; upwind and a few meters away for a throwing line in moderate winds; or downwind within throwing distance if they are conscious in a heavy blow to prevent dropping heavily upon them.

The deep beam recovery
An alternative maneuver, somewhere between the two above in terms of complexity and flexibility, is to put the boat onto a deep beam reach immediately after the accident, and sail a few boatlengths away downwind and to one side. At this point, the boat is rounded up and tacked so that, as in the reach-turn-reach, the casualty is approached on a close reach maintaining the ability to steer, slow down and stop as required by the conditions.

Recovery under power
In a motorboat, or a sailing boat with a working engine, most people having to maneuver in an emergency will use the engine. This introduces the added hazard that the casualty may be further injured by the spinning propeller at close quarters. It is important that a double-check is made for ropes trailing in the water before the engine is engaged. These may have been dislodged by the casualty falling into the water, or may have been thrown later by people on deck trying to help, but once around the propeller, they can put the engine out of use, just when it could have been most useful. The yacht auxiliary could be used during final approaches of any of the sailing methods described above, and a motorboat's engine(s) will be used in any case. The engine(s) must be out of gear before the casualty is approached, and may be switched off entirely during the actual recovery to ease communication, reduce fumes and allow people to concentrate on the task in hand.

Mayday
A person in the water is in "grave and imminent danger" which is the test for a mayday call.  An immediate DSC alert (if possible) and mayday call should be raised so that vessels in the vicinity and rescue service will be alerted at once.

Recovery
As soon as possible the casualty should be attached to the boat.  Motor vessels often have bathing platforms or ladders at the stern; crew members may be able to land the casualty there.  If the vessel has a dinghy available it may be possible to recover the casualty into the dinghy and from there to the main vessel particularly if the dinghy is kept on stern davits.

Most hulls have the lowest and clearest side decks mid-ships and this is where the casualty should be brought back aboard. If the guard rails are wire, there should be rope lashings at one end so that the lower, or both, wires can be freed to make recovery easier. All crew members involved in recovery should be harnessed on if the sea conditions that led to the first fall could lead to further people ending up in the water. The answer to a person overboard is never for more people either to jump over to "help" them, or to fall in themselves by accident.

The recovery operation is different for a conscious versus an unconscious casualty, After a very short time in cold water, even a fit conscious person will have lost considerable strength and agility and will need help to get aboard, especially in heavy wet clothing. The condition of a person in the early stages of hypothermia can be made considerably worse by hoisting them vertically so that what circulation they have drains from their head into their feet. It is much better to recover the casualty as horizontally as possible. Various pieces of equipment are on the market to help short-handed or weakened crews deal with this problem, but really nothing beats the combined efforts of several strong hands gripping various items of clothing on the arms, body, and legs, and hauling in unison. In a rough sea, the waves that caused the fall can sometimes help by lifting the floating person up within easy reach of the sidedeck as the boat rolls. Care must be taken as to what to do as each wave subsides if the person is not yet aboard, as their weight can pull unsuspecting helpers in themselves. Loops of rope passed under the arms and behind the knees on one wave can be held during the trough and hauled again during the next rise, if this is possible.

A fitter casualty may climb a ladder more or less unaided, although the dangers of approaching the stern of the boat in a rough sea should be considered if that is where the only useful ladder is. A fitter casualty may be able to get a foot onto a simple loop of rope and lift themselves to the rail. A hypothermic, injured or unconscious victim may be quite incapable of helping themselves. In this case netting, slings, an inflatable dinghy or liferaft may be employed, with or without the additional assistance of a 4:1 or better tackle. Such a tackle may be fashioned from a mainsheet, a boom vang (kicking strap), or may be purpose-made for the job and stored in case needed. The yacht's winches may also be of assistance.

Technology
Technology can also be used to assist in the retrieval of people who fall overboard.  Many GPS chart plotters designed for marine use have a Man Overboard button (MOB). This button is pushed as soon as a Man Overboard alarm is raised, causing the plotter to record the latest known position of the person overboard. This allows the boat to be easily returned to the fallen crew member even if visual contact is lost.

Several manufacturers make man overboard alarms which can automatically detect a man overboard incident. The hardware consists of individual units worn by each crew member, and a base unit. Some systems are water activated: when an individual unit comes in contact with water, it sends a signal to the base unit, which sounds the man overboard alarm. Other automatic detection systems rely on a constant radio signal being transmitted between an individual unit and the base unit; passing outside the transmission range of the individual unit and/or falling into the water cause the radio signal to degrade severely, which makes the base unit sound the man overboard alarm. Some manufacturers' hardware integrates with other systems on the boat; for example, it may activate a throttle kill switch or control the autopilot to return to the point of the downed member.

In wartime
In wartime, especially in waters where enemy submarines may be present or where a warship cannot otherwise be safely stopped, a man overboard may unfortunately be abandoned rather than endanger the rest of the crew by rescuing him.  An example of this is shown in the movie Flags of Our Fathers.

See also

MOB boat
Seamanship
Search and rescue
Automatic identification system
AIS-SART
ENOS Rescue-System
Distress radiobeacon

References

External links

  Marine Rescue Technologies
 Man Overboard: Prevention and Recovery, video from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
 NZ Coast Guard Man Overboard Procedures for Pleasure Craft
  Sailing USA
  US Navy - Naval War college in Newport
 Article in Sailing World
 Quick Stop Method
 Man overboard practice using a float

Sailing
Yachting
Emergency communication
Water

nl:Man over boord manoeuvre

Man overboard


The Fulda Symphonic Orchestra (German:  Fuldaer Symphonisches Orchester) is an amateur orchestra based in Fulda, Germany.  The group was founded in 1999 by Karsten Aßmann (orchestra manager), Albert Flügel (concertmaster), Dorothea Heller (co-principal woodwind player), and the music director Simon Schindler; Aßmann and Schindler were only 21 and 23 at the time.  The more than 100 players are mostly amateurs, with an admixture of professionals.  The players range in age from 16 to 70.

The group performs one concert per year, for which they rehearse for two weekends.  Virtually all of the players either live in Fulda or grew up there and return for the concerts.  The annual performance is a benefit concert for a selected charitable cause, supported by the Rotary Club of Fulda.  In addition, smaller groups made up of orchestra personnel perform throughout the year.

The orchestra's performances have received positive reviews from the local press.

The Fulda Symphonic Orchestra has posted sound files from its performances on the Internet under the EFF open audio license, and thus is an important source of freely-listenable recordings of symphonic masterworks.

External links

 The Web site of the Fulda Symphonic Orchestra (in German)
 Sound files of performances by the Fulda Symphonic Orchestra
 Web page of Johannes Henkel, with more files

Musical groups established in 1999
German orchestras
Fulda
1999 establishments in Germany

Fulda Symphonic Orchestra


The Nieuwe Merwede (; "New Merwede") is a Dutch canal, mainly fed by the river Rhine, that was constructed in 1870 to form a branch in the Rhine–Meuse delta. It was dug along the general trajectories of a number of minor Biesbosch creeks to reduce the risk of flooding by diverting the water away from the Beneden Merwede, and to facilitate navigation and regulate river traffic in the increasingly silted-up delta.

It is one of several rivers called Merwede. The most upstream is the river Boven Merwede ("Upper Merwede"), itself the continuation of the Rhine-Waal river and, until 1904, the Meuse (now the closed-off Afgedamde Maas) as well. The Boven Merwede branches near the town of Hardinxveld-Giessendam into River Beneden Merwede ("Lower Merwede") to the northwest and the Nieuwe Merwede to the southwest. The Nieuwe Merwede joins River Bergse Maas near Lage Zwaluwe to form the Hollands Diep estuary, and separates the Island of Dordrecht from the Biesbosch National Park.

There are no bridges or tunnels crossing the Nieuwe Merwede, but there is a car ferry from the Island of Dordrecht on the west at "Kop van 't Land" to Brabantse Oever, Werkendam (Biesbosch).

References

External links
The ferry across the Nieuwe Merwede

Canals in the Netherlands
Canals in the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta
Canals opened in 1870
Canals in North Brabant
Canals in South Holland
Drechtsteden
Land van Heusden en Altena
Geography of Altena, North Brabant
Dordrecht

Nieuwe Merwede


Abydosaurus (meaning "Abydos lizard") is a genus of brachiosaurid sauropod dinosaur known from skull and postcranial material found in upper Lower Cretaceous rocks of northeastern Utah, United States.

Discovery

Abydosaurus is one of the few sauropods known from skull material, with the first described complete skull for a Cretaceous sauropod from the Americas. It is also notable for its narrow teeth, as earlier brachiosaurids had broader teeth.

Abydosaurus is based on the holotype DINO 16488, a nearly complete skull and lower jaws with the first four neck vertebrae. Abundant skull and postcranial bones were found at the same site, including partial skulls from three additional individuals, a partial hip and associated tail vertebrae, a shoulder blade, an upper arm bone, and hand bones. These fossils were found in a sandstone bed at the base of the Mussentuchit Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation, near the old visitor center of Dinosaur National Monument.  Zircons from mudstones beneath the bone-bearing sandstone indicate the age of the sandstone and its contained bones is less than 104.46 ± 0.95 million years, in the Albian stage of the Early Cretaceous.

Abydosaurus was named in 2010 by Daniel Chure and colleagues. The genus name is a reference to Egyptian mythology: Abydos is the Greek name for a city on the Nile where the head and neck of Osiris were buried, while the holotype of Abydosaurus consists of a head and neck found in rocks overlooking the Green River. The type species is A. mcintoshi in honor of John S. ("Jack") McIntosh, Professor of Physics, Emeritus, Wesleyan University, and his contributions to Dinosaur National Monument and the study of sauropod dinosaurs.

Description
Although Abydosaurus lived some 50 million years after Giraffatitan, the skulls of these two genera are similar except for the narrower, sharper teeth and smaller nose of Abydosaurus. Abydosaurus can be differentiated from all other sauropods, including Giraffatitan, by subtle features of the nasal and maxillary bones, its relatively small external nares (nostrils), and some features of the teeth. In 2012 Thomas Holtz gave a length of .

References

External links

Brachiosaurs
Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America
Fossil taxa described in 2010
Paleontology in Utah

Abydosaurus


The Kimball Towers Condominiums (originally known as The Hotel Kimball and later The Sheraton-Kimball Hotel) is a historic former hotel, located in Springfield, Massachusetts, at 140 Chestnut Street, in Metro Center's Apremont Triangle Historic District. Designed by architect Albert Winslow Cobb in 1910 and constructed in the Renaissance Revival style, The Hotel Kimball is famous as the site of the United States' first-ever commercial radio station, Westinghouse's WBZ, and also for hosting celebrated guests, including many U.S. Presidents, dignitaries, and film stars. The Kimball is located in the Apremont Triangle Historic District, with its main entrance on Chestnut Street, between Bridge and Hillman Streets. Since 1983, the Kimball has been protected by the Apremont Triangle Historic District, which is on the National Register of Historic Places.

History
During the first decade of the twentieth century, Springfield—at the time one of the United States' wealthiest cities—had a surfeit of wealthy travelers but only one first-class hotel, (i.e. the Hotel Worthy, constructed in the nineteenth century.) In 1910, wealthy businessman William Kimball commissioned architect Albert Winslow Cobb—notable for his advocacy of Shingle style architecture—to design a luxury hotel in the style of Cobb's admirers, McKim, Mead, and White, atop one of Springfield's prominent bluffs.

On its opening in 1911, the Springfield Republican described Kimball's and Cobb's building as "representing an outlay of approximately $1,000,000, the Kimball stands as an example of all the latest ideas in hotel evolution. … Everywhere there is splendor, yet it is splendor with refinement."

Cobb's exterior design for the Hotel Kimball included a rusticated stone base; arched window openings with stone voussoirs; vertical stone banding; and a detailed cornice profile. The interior featured grand function rooms, including an elegant ballroom and world-class lounge, as well as ample guest accommodations. On its opening in 1911, it was reviewed by the New York Times as "ranking with the finest [hotels] in the country. A magnificent hotel, modern and metropolitan in every appointment."

At the time, guest-rooms featured "solid mahogany floors and chairs with upholstery of hand tooled-leather, bearing the Kimball coat-of-arms." Built in what was the affluent residential neighborhood of Chestnut and Bridge Streets, the Kimball offered 309 rooms, a dining-room capacity for 450, a -high grand ballroom for 350 guests, and, in 1912, room rates from "$1.50 to $3.50 per day". Proms, wedding receptions, conventions, banquets, and weekly Rotary and Kiwanis meetings kept Kimball facilities fully booked for decades.

For decades following its 1911 opening, The Kimball was "the leading hotel in Western Massachusetts." During the 1940s, it was the first grand hotel purchased by Sheraton Hotels and Resorts, (which was then based in Springfield.) After its purchase, the Kimball was renamed the Sheraton-Kimball Hotel and remained a 4-star property until the early 1980s, when it began a long conversion into The Kimball Towers Condominiums. In its time as a hotel, the Kimball hosted U.S. Presidents like Calvin Coolidge, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Dwight D. Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy, among many movie actors, actresses, kings, and wealthy industrialists.

During the late 1960s, the construction of Interstate 91 and the resulting white flight of wealthy and upper-middle class Springfielders to Western Massachusetts' suburbs had a detrimental effect on the city's Metro Center and the Sheraton-Kimball Hotel, as it did on most U.S. cities and their urban hotels. During the 1970s and early 1980s, many gilded age hotels like the Kimball were torn down in the United States. In 1983, the Kimball was spared the wrecking ball by the National Register of Historic Places. Soon after, two developers purchased it to develop condominiums. Amidst the renovation of the 309-room Hotel Kimball into the 132-room Kimball Towers, its developers filed for bankruptcy. Later they were imprisoned for a different development. For nearly a decade thereafter, the Kimball Towers were managed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Many of the Kimball's units were left unfinished or bare by the developers, who had completed only the top three floors of the ten-story building, (floors 6, 7, and 8.) During this period, many Kimball units were sold to absentee landlords, as the building's (and Springfield's) future seemed uncertain.

During the new millennium, the Kimball staged a comeback. It achieved financial and managerial stability, which had eluded it since its days as the Sheraton-Kimball Hotel. The "Millennium Room"—originally part of the Kimball's famous Pickwick Lounge restaurant and bar, which played host to numerous Kennedy family campaign meetings—was renovated and now features regular art shows and entertainment by artists and musicians. In 2011, the Kimball celebrated its 100th anniversary on St. Patrick's Day, 2011. As of 2012, the Kimball Towers is primarily owner-occupied, and currently undergoing extensive renovations in accordance with its Historic Preservation Certificate.

Westinghouse's WBZ
The Kimball is famous as the site one of the United States' first-ever commercial radio station, Westinghouse's WBZ. From 1921 until the station moved to Boston, Massachusetts in the 1930s, WBZ's standard broadcast identification was, "WBZ-AM, Hotel Kimball, Springfield" and later "WBZA-AM & FM, Hotel Kimball, Springfield." The radio station's headquarters in The Hotel Kimball lured the day's most popular entertainers to Springfield—a mid-sized city, although from the 1870s–1960s, also one of the United States' wealthiest. These entertainers were drawn by the hotel's reputation as much as the radio station's, and Springfield's.

References

Hotels established in 1911
Hotel buildings completed in 1911
Hotel Kimball
Hotel Kimball
Hotel Kimball
Hotel Kimball
National Register of Historic Places in Springfield, Massachusetts
Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Skyscrapers in Massachusetts
Residential skyscrapers in Massachusetts
Residential buildings in Springfield, Massachusetts

Hotel Kimball


A positron (also called an antielectron) is the antimatter version of an electron. It has the same mass and spin as an electron. However, it has a positive electric charge, whereas an electron has a negative charge. Like all antimatter, when it meets its so-called counterpartner, each are annihilated and turned into energy. The electron and positron disappear, and the total mass decreases. There is no name for this type of energy, as it is neither mechanical, radiation, chemical, electrical, nuclear, nor thermal. Although the energy does emit light photons when annihilated, it is converted from some form of energy that has not been named.

A positron also very rarely makes a structure called positronium. Positronium is like an atom in many ways, but is very unstable, and usually quickly annihilates.

Other websites
 What is Antimatter? What is a Positron?  (from the Frequently Asked Questions :: Center for Antimatter-Matter Studies)
 Positron information search at SLAC
 Positron Annihilation as a method of experimental physics used in materials research.
 Original Publication by Anderson (DOI Link)

Elementary particles
Antimatter

Positron


The Gegenshein, also called Counterglow, is a very faint light which can be seen in the sky at night. The light can be seen at the point in the sky that is exactly opposite of the Sun. It is very hard to see. The light can only be seen from areas with no other lights (away from cities) and on nights with no moon. This effect is caused by matter spread around that reflect the light from the Sun, and is related to the zodiacal light.

Other websites
An image of Gegenschein

Atmosphere
Light
Solar System

Gegenschein


In vertebrates, the longitudinal fissure separates the cerebrum into two parts. The fissure is sometimes also called 'longitudinal cerebral fissure', 'great longitudinal fissure' or 'interhemispheric longitudinal fissure'. The two parts are often called cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum is the largest part of the human brain.

A bundle of nerve fibres called the corpus calllosum connects the left and right hemispheres. A tough membrane called falx cerebri covers the fissure.

Anatomy of the brain

Longitudinal fissure


Alexey Borisovich Vyzmanavin (sometimes written Vyzhmanavin; ; 4 December 1960 – 6 January 2000) was a Russian chess Grandmaster.

During the early part of his career, he regularly played in the Moscow Championships and in 1981, with an Elo rating of 2200, finished sixth, ahead of several strong grandmasters including David Bronstein, Yuri Razuvaev, Artur Yusupov, Alexey Suetin, Rafael Vaganian and Evgeny Vasiukov. He went on to win the event in 1984 and 1986.

Qualifying as a grandmaster in 1989, he went on to tie for first place at the 1990 USSR Championship in Leningrad (the title going to Alexander Beliavsky on tie-break). He placed 5th-9th the following year at the final (58th) Soviet Championship, held in Moscow. These championship successes contributed to his selection for the national team and this included participating at the 1992 Manila Olympiad. Playing reserve board 2, he scored +3 =6 −0, helping the Russian team to the gold medal.

Among his international tournament successes were wins at Nałęczów 1986 and Tashkent 1987. He shared first place at Moscow 1988 (with Razuvaev, Gregory Kaidanov and Lev Psakhis) and won at Sochi 1989 (ahead of Joël Lautier and Alexander Khalifman). There followed his victory at the 1990/91 edition of the Rilton Cup in Stockholm and further success at the Gelsenkirchen 1991 tournament, where he won ahead of Vasily Smyslov. He surprised the chess world at Leon in 1993, by placing second behind tournament victor Leonid Yudasin and thereby restricting Anatoly Karpov to a share of third prize (with Veselin Topalov and Peter Leko).

As a player of rapid and blitz chess, his reputation was that of a 'speed demon', competing at the PCA rapidplay events of the 1990s and frequently outplaying his more illustrious opponents. At the Moscow event in 1994, he reached the semi-final, narrowly losing out to Vladimir Kramnik, having already beaten Alexei Shirov and Viktor Korchnoi. Commentating at one such PCA event, Maurice Ashley described Vyzmanavin in predatory terms—"He's a dangerous one, the V-man, looking like a cat, ready to pounce."

Vyzmanavin's highest Elo rating was 2620 and he ceased playing circa 1997.

Vyzmanavin's early death, aged 40, was officially described as being caused by a heart attack. He lived alone, but had been out with friends in Moscow on 6 January 2000 (the Russian Christmas) and his body was discovered some six days later. There were also reports of poverty and depression. Grandmaster Alexander Baburin believes that there had been serious problems with drinking, which had worsened following the breakdown of his marriage.

References

External links

1960 births
2000 deaths
Chess grandmasters
Russian chess players
Soviet chess players
20th-century chess players

Alexey Vyzmanavin


General Sir William Charles Giffard Heneker,  (22 August 1867 – 24 May 1939) was a Canadian soldier who served with the British Army in West Africa, India, and then later on the Western Front during the First World War. A notable military strategist and tactician, he became one of the most experienced and highly decorated Canadians in the British Empire, and one of only a handful of Canadians to reach the rank of full general.

Education
William Heneker was born in Sherbrooke, Quebec on 22 August 1867, the son of Richard William Heneker (1823–1912) and Elizabeth, daughter of Captain Edward Tuson R.N. He received his early education at Bishop's College School in Lennoxville, Quebec, and then later entered military life when he enrolled at the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario on 1 September 1884. Assigned student #168, he graduated from RMC on 28 June 1888 with the rank of sergeant and first class grades.

Military service
During the first several decades of RMC's existence it was common practice for the War Office in London to offer commissions in the British Army to the best Canadian graduates. Heneker accepted an Imperial commission with the 1st Battalion, Connaught Rangers as a second lieutenant on 5 September 1888. At the time the unit was serving in India and Heneker joined the regiment there. He was promoted to lieutenant 12 February 1890, and later received his promotion to captain on 10 March 1897. Soon after he was seconded to the Niger Coast Protectorate, and began the period of his career that would define his legacy.

Between 1897 and 1906, Heneker served in the West African theatre, and participated in a variety of campaigns ranging from peacetime military engagement, to counterinsurgency, to major combat operations.  He served in the 1899 Benin Territories Expedition as Intelligence and Survey Officer, and was Mentioned in Despatches for his services. Heneker commanded the Ulia and Ishan Expeditions (March–May 1901, mentioned in despatches), the Ibeku-Olokoro operations, Afikpo operations, and also commanded No.4 Column in the Anglo-Aro War (November 1901 to March 1902; mentioned in despatches). He became brevet major on 31 July 1901, for services during operations in Esan and Ulia country, and was appointed a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) for services during the Anglo-Aro war. The following year he served as second-in-command of the Southern Nigeria Regiment, in Southern Nigeria, and also served with the Royal West African Frontier Force. Heneker also waged a notable campaign against Chief Adukukaiku of Iggara, for which he again received a Mention in Despatches. Heneker was promoted to brevet lieutenant colonel 21 August 1903, but received his substantive British Army rank of major on 16 February 1907. He was later awarded the Brevet of full colonel on 24 October 1907.

Heneker was eventually posted to Southern Africa where he was Deputy Assistant Adjutant and Quarter-master-General, Orange River Colony District from 21 April 1906 to 20 April 1910. He then served briefly in India and the North-West Frontier. As lieutenant colonel, he commanded the 2nd Battalion North Staffordshire Regiment at Peshawar, India 10 April 1912. He served as temporary brigade commander, 1st Peshawar Infantry Brigade in 1912, and then later briefly as temporary brigade commander, Rawalpindi Infantry Brigade from 1913 to 1914. He was finally appointed commander, 1st Infantry Brigade, Quetta, in October 1914. During this time Heneker continued to serve as one of the King's Aide-de-Camps, an appointment he received in October 1907 and held until June 1917. William Heneker was a resourceful and skilled soldier as well as an exceptional tactician.  For his military services in West Africa he was invested by King Edward VII on 18 December 1903 with the Distinguished Service Order.

Military thought
In 1907 Heneker published a book examining tactical innovation in small wars titled Bush Warfare. The first serious analysis of the characteristics of small wars since the 1896 publication of British Army Lieutenant Colonel Calwell's Small Wars, Heneker's own study became required reading and a resource for all commanders until new doctrinal publications appeared in the 1930s. In 2007, Canadian military historian Andrew Godefroy edited a new edition of Bush Warfare in honour of the centenary of its original publication.

First World War
Temporary Brigadier General William Heneker was assigned to active duty in Europe at the outbreak of the First World War. He commanded the 54th Infantry Brigade, British Expeditionary Force from 13 March to 14 December 1915. During this period, he was severely wounded, but managed to recover well enough from his injuries to return to front line service. Heneker received his substantial promotion to colonel on 10 April 1916, though he retained his temporary appointment as brigadier. Anxious to return to command, he was appointed to lead the 190th Infantry Brigade, Royal Naval Division, in France from 29 October to 8 December 1916.

Heneker's next appointment was to the command of the 8th Infantry Division, which he led from 9 December 1916 until the end of the war. He was promoted to substantive major general on 3 June 1917, commensurate with his new responsibilities.

Despite a tenacious defence during the 1918 German spring offensive, Major General Heneker's division was overrun at the First Battle of Villers-Bretonneux. Fortunately Sir Thomas William Glasgow's 13th Brigade (Australia), and Harold Elliott's 15th Brigade (Australia), managed to recapture the location on 25 April 1918, and this feat of arms was later described by Lieutenant General Sir John Monash, commander of the Australian Corps, as the turning-point of the war. For his war service, Heneker was made a Commandeur of the Legion of Honour in 1918, and a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1919.

Post-war
Following the armistice on 11 November 1918, Heneker remained in service with the British Army during the occupation of the Rhineland. His division held a portion of the bridgehead east of Cologne, Germany from March to October 1919, after which he took command of a new formation, the Independent Division, Rhine Army, which he commanded from October 1919 to February 1920. Heneker commanded the Rhine Garrison at Cologne beginning in March 1920.

In 1921, Heneker served as commander of the Inter-Allied Commission of Management in Upper Silesia, stabilizing the borders between Germany and Poland. He was then made General Officer Commanding 3rd Division at Salisbury Plain until 1926. In 1928 he returned to India, where he was appointed Commander-in-Chief, Southern Command in India. He vacated his appointment as GOC-in-C on 22 March 1932, and was placed on half-pay from the following day before retiring from the Army on 16 April 1932.

Family
He married Clara Marion, daughter of E Jones, of Velindre, Wales, in 1901. The couple had two sons: David William, born 31 March 1906, and Patrick Allason Holden, born 1 September 1908. David Heneker was a composer and lyricist of Charlie Girl. He was nominated for three Tony Awards: in 1961, as one of the authors of the English book and lyrics for Best Musical nominee "Irma la Douce," and in 1965, as Best Composer and Lyricist and for music and lyrics of Best Musical nominee "Half a Sixpence." Patrick Allason Holden was a Captain in the 3rd Cavalry of the Indian Army; he died 29 August 1942 as a Prisoner of War on Singapore.

Footnotes

References
Andrew Godefroy (editor). Bush Warfare: The Early Writings of General Sir William C.G. Heneker KCB KCMG DSO. (Kingston, Ontario: Army Publishing Office for the Canadian Army Directorate of Land Concepts and Designs, 2008).

See also
List of Bishop's College School alumni

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Canadian Anglicans
British Army generals
Canadian knights
British Army generals of World War I
1867 births
Royal West African Frontier Force officers
Anglophone Quebec people
People from Sherbrooke
Connaught Rangers officers
North Staffordshire Regiment officers
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Bishop's University alumni
Commanders of the Legion of Honour
1939 deaths
Royal Military College of Canada alumni
People from colonial Nigeria
Canadian expatriates in Nigeria
Bishop's College School alumni
Bishop's College School Faculty
Canadian military personnel from Quebec
Expatriates in British India

William Heneker


The Bend Amateur Athletic Club Gymnasium is a historic building in Bend, Oregon, United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1983. The building was designed by Lee Arden Thomas and built by Guy H. Wilson.

When the Bend School Board established a building committee to develop plans for a new high school in 1923, they followed recommendations from the building committee and accepted the Bend Amateur Athletic Club building from the Bend Holding Company to use as the high school's gymnasium. The school would become Old Bend High School (also listed on the NRHP).

References

Further reading
Bend Amateur Athletic Club Deschutes County website

National Register of Historic Places in Bend, Oregon
Buildings and structures completed in 1917
1917 establishments in Oregon
Sports in Bend, Oregon
Sports venues completed in 1917

Bend Amateur Athletic Club Gymnasium


Josef Goubeau (31 March 1901 in Augsburg, Germany – 18 October 1990 in Stuttgart) was a German chemist.

Life and work
Goubeau studied chemistry at the University of Munich starting from 1921 and attained a doctorate there 1926 on the atomic weight regulation of the potassiumin the group of Otto Hönigschmid under the supervision of Eduard Zintl. Subsequently, he worked at the University of Freiburg, the mountain academy Clausthal-Zellerfeld, where he made his postdoctoral lecture qualification in 1935 on the Raman effect in analytical chemistry.  Starting from 1940 he became a university teacher at the University of Göttingen, and since 1951 professor at the technical University of Stuttgart. His focus of activity was the inorganic synthetic chemistry and spectroscopy of compounds of boron, silicon and phosphorus. Most important was his fundamental work about vibrational spectroscopy and to force constants as measure of the strength of chemical bonds.

Honours
 Doctor HC of the Universities of Clausthal and Munich
 Alfred Stock Memorial Prize of the Society of German Chemists
Member of the Academy of Sciences Leopoldina

External links
 Biographic note of the University of Stuttgart

References

19th-century German chemists
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
University of Freiburg alumni
Academic staff of the University of Göttingen
Academic staff of the University of Stuttgart
1901 births
1990 deaths
Scientists from Augsburg

Josef Goubeau


Party of Five is an American drama television series. It was broadcast on the FOX network from September 12, 1994 until May 3, 2000.  The series is set in San Francisco, California. It was well liked by the critics but the series had very low ratings.  The network wanted to stop broadcasting it after the 1994-1995 season but chose not to do this.  The main stars of the series included Jennifer Love Hewitt, Scott Wolf, Matthew Fox, Lacey Chabert, David Collins, Paula Devicq, Scott Grimes, Michael A. Goorjian, Jeremy London and Neve Campbell. The series was given a "Best Drama" Golden Globe Award in 1996.

Other websites

1994 American television series debuts
2000 American television series endings
1990s American television series
2000s American television series
American drama television series
American teen television series
Fox television series
Golden Globe Award winning programs
Television series set in San Francisco
English-language television programs

Party of Five


The Museum of Art Fakes () is a museum of faked and forged artworks that opened in Vienna, Austria in 2005.  This small, privately run museum in the Landstraße district is the only one of its kind in the German-speaking world.

The exhibits include works by the renowned Vermeer-forger Han van Meegeren and the British art restorer Tom Keating, who claimed to have faked over 2,000 works by more than 100 different artists and deliberately inserted "time bombs" and anachronisms into his paintings.  Also on display are items produced by Konrad Kujau, creator of the fake Hitler Diaries, as well as works by David Stein, Elmyr de Hory, Eric Hebborn and Lothar Malskat.  In addition, the museum presents information on the history of the most famous forgeries, and the sometimes very dramatic fates of their creators.

See also
Art forgery

Notes

External links
 Home page in English

Art museums and galleries in Vienna
Art museums established in 2005
Museum of Art Fakes
Museum of Art Fakes
21st-century architecture in Austria

Museum of Art Fakes


Maxim's Art Nouveau "Collection 1900", also known as the Musée Art Nouveau - Maxim's, is a private collection of Art Nouveau objects and decor, located in the 8th arrondissement above Maxim's Paris restaurant at 3, Rue Royale, Paris, France. It is open for guided tours in afternoons except Monday and Tuesday; an admission fee is charged.

Pierre Cardin (the owner since 1981 of Maxim's restaurant, a symbol for Art Nouveau) has collected for over 60 years objects from the Belle Epoque. There are more than 550 pieces from all over the world, signed by Louis Majorelle, Louis Comfort Tiffany, Émile Gallé, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec and Clement Massier. These objects are displayed in a 12-room apartment building (three floors) which is now classified as a historic monument.

Highlights of the collection include furniture by Majorelle, a sofa inspired by Antoni Gaudí and recreations of bedrooms from that time period.

See also
 List of museums in Paris

References
 Maxim's art nouveau website
 Cahier de Paris entry

Art museums and galleries in Paris
Decorative arts museums in France
Art Nouveau collections
Buildings and structures in the 8th arrondissement of Paris

Maxim's Art Nouveau "Collection 1900"


Don Diego de Benavides de la Cueva y Bazán, 1st Marquess of Solera and 8th Count of Santisteban del Puerto (sometimes Don Diego Benavides y de la Cueva, conde de Santisteban del Puerto) (1607, Santisteban del Puerto, Jaén, Spain – ca. March 19, 1666, Lima, Peru), was a Spanish military officer, diplomat, writer and colonial administrator. From December 31, 1661 to March 16, 1666 he was viceroy of Peru.

Benavides received a Humanistic education with the Jesuits of the Colegio Imperial de Madrid.

He was a Knight of the Order of Santiago and a gentleman of the king's bedchamber. He fought in Aragon and Portugal. After the 1643 war with Portugal, he was Captain General of the Borders. Later he was Governor of Galicia. In 1653 he was named Viceroy and Captain General of Navarre. For his valuable diplomatic services in the negotiation of the 1659 Peace of the Pyrenees and the subsequent marriage of Princess Maria Teresa of Austria with Louis XIV of France, King Philip IV made him Marquis de Solera.

His writings included Epigramas latinos del humanista giennense D. Diego de Benavides y de la Cueva (Latin epigrams) and Horae succisiuae siue Elucubrationes. The latter work was a poetic anthology compiled by his sons Francisco and Manuel de Benavides and published in 1660 (second edition, 1664).

In 1661 he was named Viceroy of Peru. During his administration, he was much concerned about the condition of the Indigenous, particularly their education and labor conditions. To address these concerns he issued the Ordenanza de Obrajes (Ordenance of Manufactures) in 1664.

He faced earthquakes to epidemics, and had to suppress fighting between Spanish miners. San Bartolomé hospital was built during his term of office. He built the first theater in Lima. He died in that city in 1666.

References

External links

 Short biography
 Short biography (Archived 2009-10-31)
 A few biographical details

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1607 births
1666 deaths
Counts of Spain
Marquesses of Spain
Viceroys of Peru
Viceroys of Navarre
Knights of Santiago
Spanish diplomats
University of Salamanca alumni

Diego de Benavides, 8th Count of Santisteban


Black Aria is an instrumental album composed by Glenn Danzig, the vocalist/songwriter for Danzig and previously of Samhain and the Misfits. It was released in 1992, and is Danzig's first album as a solo artist.

The mostly instrumental album is a departure from Danzig's earlier work in metal and punk rock, and debuted at number 1 on the American Billboard classical chart. The original release was on Glenn Danzig's own label, Plan 9 Records, and like his Misfits and Samhain releases, was distributed by Caroline Records. The album was reissued in 2000 on E-Magine Records, and a sequel followed on Evilive Records in 2006. A third reissue occurred, again on Danzig's Evilive label in conjunction with Cleopatra Records, in July 2023, along with Black Aria II.

Music and recording
The album is largely modern instrumental classical music, and is very dark, with gothic metal tendencies.

Although it was not released until 1992, some of the material on the album was recorded as early as 1987. Select tracks from the album had served as intro music to early Danzig shows, and excerpts of some songs were included on Danzig's first two compilation home videos released by Def American Recordings in 1989 and 1991.

The first six song titles reference a soundtrack to John Milton's epic poem Paradise Lost, which describes Lucifer's rebellion from the Christian God, and his subsequent expulsion from Heaven with the angels who joined him. The final three tracks, written by Danzig while he was still in Samhain, reference Celtic mythology. "The Morrigu" relates to The Morrígan, a mythical phantom queen. "Cwn Annwn" refers to the spectral hounds of the same name.

All tracks were written by Glenn Danzig, who also performed all instruments. Engineering was provided by Nick Didia, Martin Schmelze, and Bob Alecca. Female voices were provided by Janna Brown and Reneé Rubach.

Artwork and packaging
The photograph of Glenn Danzig in the liner notes was taken by Anton Corbijn. The album's front cover is by renowned comic book and graphic artist Michael William Kaluta, who also drew the interior illustrations for Danzig's fourth album.

As the musical content of Black Aria is a departure from the music of the band Danzig, the album has a written disclaimer to warn buyers that it is not a rock record.

Track listing

Credits
 Glenn Danzig – all instruments
 Janna Brown – female vocals
 Reneé Rubach – female vocals

Production
 Nick Didia – engineering (tracks 1–7)
 Martin Schmelze – engineering (tracks 1–7)
 Bob Alecca – engineering (tracks 8–9)

References

External links

1992 debut albums
Albums produced by Glenn Danzig
Instrumental albums
Plan 9 Records albums

Black Aria


Carl Sternheim (born William Adolph Carl Francke; 1 April 1878 – 3 November 1942) was a German playwright and short story writer.  One of the major exponents of German Expressionism, he especially satirized the moral sensibilities of the emerging German middle class during the Wilhelmine period.

Early life and education
Sternheim was born in Leipzig, the son of Rosa Marie Flora (née Francke) (1856–1908) and Carl Julius Sternheim (1852–1918), a banker. His parents married two years after he was born. His father was Jewish, and his mother was a Lutheran from a working-class family. Sternheim grew up in Hannover and Berlin. Between 1897 and 1902, he studied philosophy, psychology, and jurisprudence intermittently at the Universities of Munich, Göttingen, and Leipzig, but never graduated.

Family and career
In 1900, he began working as a freelance writer in Weimar, where he met and married his first wife Eugenie Hauth the same year.  Their union ended in 1906 and he married the writer Thea Löwenstein (née Bauer) in 1907, with whom he had two children.  Their daughter Dorothea ("Mopsa") was a resistance fighter during the Second World War and was imprisoned by the Nazis in the Ravensbrück concentration camp.

The wealth brought by Thea from her rich manufacturing family enabled the couple to build the Schloss Bellemaison in Munich.  Here, Sternheim worked in the company of fellow artists such as Mechtilde Lichnowsky, Max Reinhardt, and Frank Wedekind.  In 1908, he collaborated with Franz Blei to launch the Expressionist literary journal Hyperion, which published the first eight prose works by Franz Kafka.  He also contributed occasionally to the Expressionist journal Die Aktion.

In 1912, he relocated with his family to Belgium and in 1918, they fled the fighting of World War I and temporarily moved to St. Moritz and Uttwil in Switzerland.  Sternheim and Thea divorced in 1927.  His next marriage, to actress and singer Pamela Wedekind, took place in 1930 and lasted until 1934, after which he lived with Henriette Carbonara.  Sternheim died in Ixelles (Brussels) during World War II and was buried in the Ixelles Cemetery. A friend of his, Marcel Hastir (1906–2011), was buried in the same tomb.

Sternheim's circle of prominent friends included Gottfried Benn, Carl Einstein, Franz Pfemfert, Walther Rathenau, Ernst Stadler, Hugo von Tschudi, Fritz von Unruh, and Otto Vrieslander.  In 1915, he presented the prize money for the Fontane Prize to the then largely unknown Kafka.  The Nazi authorities banned Sternheim's work not only because of his partial Jewish descent but also because of his savage comedic assaults on the perceived moral corruption of the German bourgeoisie.

Art collection
Carl Sternheim collected art. An early admirer of Vincent Van Gogh, in 1912 he lent several paintings from his collection to the International Art Exhibition in Cologne known as the 1912 Sonderbund. The Van Goghs lent by Sternheim included "Still life with coffee pot, dishes and fruit", "Street in Saintes-Maries", and "L'Arlésienne", and "Entrance to the Public Park in Arles".

Adaptations
Sternheim's works remain popular in Germany, but English language productions of them are rare, specially in Uk where there is a long tradition of ignoring plays not first written in English or adapting them in order to lose any Foreign cultural specificities. Academics have also argued that Sternheim's works are sometimes hard to sell to the market in foreign languages due to the difficulty in categorising his style as belonging to any one specific movement.

As a result, Sternheim's plays have rarely been produced in a major venue. One notable exception occurred when Simon Callow made his West End debut in a version of Bürger Schippel (re-titled as The Plumber's Progress) alongside Harry Secombe in the 1970s. However, in August 2011, both Paul Schippel Esq. (an alternative title often given to Bürger Schippel) and The Fossil, another of Sternheim's comedies, were performed as a double-bill at the Charing Cross Theatre, London, with Kieran E. Sims and Alex Corbet Burcher in the respective title roles. In December 2018, a new adaptation of three of the short plays from Aus dem bürgerlichen Heldenleben by David Ives premiered at the Shakespeare Theatre Company in Washington, D.C. The Panties, The Partner, and The Profit  were adapted from Die Hose, Der Snob and 1913, and produced with the subtitle Scenes From the Heroic Life of the Middle Class.

Bibliography
Aus dem bürgerlichen Heldenleben (From the Heroic Life of the Bourgeois), play cycle (1911–22):
Die Hose (The Trousers, also The Underpants)
Der Snob (The Snob)
1913
Das Fossil (The Fossil)
Die Kassette (The Cartridge)
Bürger Schippel (Citizens Schippel)
Schuhlin, Eine Erzahlung (Schuhlin, A Narrative) (1915)
Kampf der Metapher (Struggle of Metaphor), essay (1917)
Chronik von des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts Beginn (Chronicle of the Beginning of the Twentieth Century), short stories, 1918
Die Marquise von Arcis (The Mask of Virtue), drama (1918)
Europa, novel, 2 vol. (1919/1920)
Manon Lescaut, drama (1921)
Oscar Wilde: His Drama, drama (1925)
Vorkriegseuropa im Gleichnis meines Lebens (Prewar Europe in the Parable of My Life),  memoir (1936)

References

Steve Martin's The Underpants, production study guide for an adaptation of Sternheim's play at the Capital Repertory Theatre (3 November – 2 December 2006), "About the Original Playwright", p. 8.

External links

Carl Sternheim Society, Frankfurt (in German)
Guide to online resources on Carl Sternheim (in German)

1878 births
1942 deaths
Writers from Leipzig
Writers from the Kingdom of Saxony
German Expressionist writers
Jewish dramatists and playwrights
Converts to Protestantism from Judaism
Jewish German writers
Modernist theatre
Burials at Ixelles Cemetery
German male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century German dramatists and playwrights
German emigrants to Belgium
Belgian refugees
Suicides by Jews during the Holocaust

Carl Sternheim


Year 1392 (MCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events
 December 16 – Emperor Go-Kameyama of Japan abdicates in favor of rival claimant Go-Komatsu, in order to end the nanboku-cho period of conflict between the Northern and Southern imperial courts.
 Goryeo Revolution 1388-1392: In present-day Korea, rebel leader General Yi Seonggye overthrows King Gongyang and crowns himself King Taejo, ending the Goryeo Dynasty and establishing the Joseon Dynasty. King Gongyang is exiled and later secretly murdered.
 King Jogaila of Poland and Lithuania appoints his cousin Vytautas the Great as regent of Lithuania in return for Vytautas giving up his claim to the Lithuanian throne. Vytautas replaces Jogaila's unpopular brother Skirgaila as regent.
 King Charles VI of France, later known as Charles the Mad, begins experiencing bouts of psychosis which will continue throughout his life.
 Muhammed VII succeeds Yusuf II as Nasrid Sultan of Granada (now southern Spain).
 Franciscan friar James of Jülich is boiled alive for impersonating a bishop and ordaining his own priests.
 Queen Mary of Sicily defeats an army of rebel barons.
 William Le Scrop succeeds William II de Montacute as King of the Isle of Man.
 Seoan mac Pilib succeeds Tomas mor mac Mathghamhna as King of East Breifne in present-day north-central Ireland.
 The city of Afyonkarahisar (now in western Turkey) is conquered by Sultan Beyazid I of the Ottoman Empire.
 Louis de Valois is created the 1st Duke of Orléans, the second time this title was created.
 Erfurt University is founded in Erfurt, central Germany.
 Penistone Grammar School, which was one of the first comprehensive schools in England, is founded near Barnsley, England.

Births
 February 3 – Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland (died 1455)
 Alain Chartier, French poet and political writer (approximate date; died c. 1430)
 Flavio Biondo, Italian humanist and historian (died 1463)
 John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk (died 1432)
 Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan (died 1447)

Deaths
 Abbot Methodius of Peshnosha, Eastern Orthodox saint
 Jeong Mong-ju, Goryeo diplomat and poet (born 1337)

1392