Anne Spencer Morrow Lindbergh (June 22, 1906 – February 7, 2001) was an American writer and aviatrix. She was the wife of decorated pioneer aviator Charles Lindbergh, with whom she made many exploratory flights.

Raised in Englewood, New Jersey, and later New York City, Anne Morrow graduated from Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts, in 1928. She married Charles in 1929, and in 1930 became the first woman to receive a U.S. glider pilot license. Throughout the early 1930s, she served as radio operator and copilot to Charles on multiple exploratory flights and aerial surveys. Following the 1932 kidnapping and murder of their first-born infant child, Anne and Charles moved to Europe in 1935 to escape the American press and hysteria surrounding the case, where their views shifted during the preliminary time of World War II towards an alleged sympathy for Nazi Germany and a concern for the United States' ability to compete with Germany in the war with their opposing air power. When they returned to America in 1939, the couple supported the isolationist America First Committee before ultimately expressing public support for the U.S. war effort after the 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and subsequent German declaration of war against the United States.

After the war, she moved away from politics and wrote extensive poetry and nonfiction that helped the Lindberghs regain their reputation, which had been greatly damaged since the days leading up to the war. She authored the popular Gift from the Sea (1955),  and became an inspirational figure for many American women.  According to Publishers Weekly, the book was one of the top nonfiction bestsellers of the 1950s. After suffering a series of strokes throughout the 1990s that left her disoriented and disabled, Anne died in 2001 at the age of 94.

Early life
Anne Spencer Morrow was born on June 22, 1906, in Englewood, New Jersey. Her father was Dwight Morrow, a partner in J.P. Morgan & Co., who became United States Ambassador to Mexico and United States Senator from New Jersey. Her mother, Elizabeth Cutter Morrow, was a poet and teacher, active in women's education, who served as acting president of her alma mater Smith College.

Anne was the second of four children; her siblings were Elisabeth Reeve, Dwight, Jr., and Constance. The children were raised in a Calvinist household that fostered achievement. Every night, Morrow's mother would read to her children for an hour. The children quickly learned to read and write, began reading to themselves, and writing poetry and diaries. Anne would later benefit from that routine, eventually publishing her later diaries to critical acclaim.

She first attended the Dwight School for Girls in Englewood. After graduating from The Chapin School in New York City in 1924, where she was president of the student body, she attended Smith College from which she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1928.

She received the Elizabeth Montagu Prize, for her essay on women of the 18th century such as Madame d'Houdetot, and the Mary Augusta Jordan Literary Prize, for her fictional piece "Lida Was Beautiful".

Marriage and family

Morrow and Lindbergh met on December 21, 1927, in Mexico City. Her father, Lindbergh's financial adviser at J. P. Morgan and Co., invited him to Mexico to advance good relations between it and the United States.

At the time, Morrow was a shy 21-year-old senior at Smith College. Lindbergh was a high-profile aviator whose solo flight across the Atlantic made him a hero of immense proportions. The sight of the boyish aviator, who was staying with the Morrows, tugged at Morrow's heartstrings. She would later write in her diary:

They were married in a private ceremony on May 27, 1929, at the home of her parents in Englewood, New Jersey.<ref name="biography">"Anne Morrow Lindbergh." Biography.com." Retrieved: November 17, 2011.</ref>

That year, Anne Lindbergh flew solo for the first time, and in 1930, she became the first American woman to earn a first-class glider pilot's license. In the 1930s, Charles and Anne explored and charted air routes between continents together. The Lindberghs were the first to fly from Africa to South America and explored polar air routes from North America to Asia and Europe.

Their first child, Charles Jr., was born on Anne's 24th birthday, June 22, 1930.

Kidnapping of son

On March 1, 1932, the Lindberghs' first child, 20-month-old Charles Augustus Lindbergh Jr., was kidnapped from their home, Highfields, in East Amwell, New Jersey, outside Hopewell. Arriving at the Lindbergh home police began the first search into the disappearance of young Charles Augustus Lindbergh Jr., there police witnessed two clear sets of footprints outside of the Lindbergh home. One set specifically led southeast towards a ladder that was believed to be used in the abduction.  Upon the discovery of intruders, police returned inside the home to begin their initial search of the nursery.  Before calling the police Charles Lindbergh uncovered a plain white envelope located on the windowsill.  Believing it was a ransom note, Charles left it for police inspection. Expert in crime-scene photography and fingerprints, Corporal Frank Kelly, was a part of the group that was investigating the disappearance of Charles Augustus Lindbergh.  After processing the envelope for any evidence revealed a smudged fingerprint which would later be sent to the state official in charge, Major Schoeffel. Inside the envelope was a detailed ransom note from the kidnapper giving the Lindberghs guided instructions for the return of their child.

After a massive investigation, a baby's body presumed to be that of Charles Lindbergh Jr. was discovered on May 12, 1932, some 4 miles (6.5 km) from the Lindbergh home, at the summit of a hill on the Hopewell–Mt. Rose highway.

Retreat to Europe
The press paid frenzied attention to the Lindberghs after the kidnapping of their son and the trial, conviction, and execution of Richard Hauptmann for the crime. This—and threats and press harassment of their second son Jon—prompted the family to retreat to the United Kingdom, to a house called Long Barn owned by Harold Nicolson and Vita Sackville-West, and later to the small island of Illiec, off the coast of Brittany in France.

While in Europe during the 1930s, the Lindberghs came to advocate isolationist views and an opposition to American involvement in the impending European conflict, which led to their fall from grace in the eyes of many and many to suspect that the couple may be Nazi sympathizers. There exists evidence to support that Anne was an admirer of Hitler and shared many of her husband's anti-immigrant and antisemitic views. Anne Morrow's work was part of the literature event in the art competition at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin.

Return to U.S.
In April 1939, the Lindberghs returned to the United States. Because of his outspoken beliefs about a future war that would envelop their homeland, the antiwar America First Committee quickly adopted Charles as its leader in 1940.

In 1940, Anne published a 41-page booklet, The Wave of the Future: A Confession of Faith, which "swiftly became the No. 1 nonfiction bestseller in the country." Writing in support of her husband's lobbying efforts for a U.S.-German peace treaty similar to Hitler's Non-Aggression Treaty with Joseph Stalin, Anne argued that the rise of fascism and communism in Germany, Italy, and Russia were manifestations of an inevitable historical "wave of the future", though "the evils we deplore in these systems are not in themselves the future; they are scum on the wave of the future." She compared these movements to the French Revolution for their deplorable violence, but also for their "fundamental necessity". She therefore urged the futility of any ideological war against them. Her writing echoed authors such as Lawrence Dennis and presaged that of James Burnham.

The Roosevelt administration subsequently attacked The Wave of the Future as, in an April 1941 speech by Interior Secretary Harold Ickes, "the bible of every American Nazi, Fascist, Bundist and Appeaser," and the booklet became one of the most despised writings of the period.Pace, Eric. "Anne Morrow Lindbergh, Author and Aviator, Dies at 94." The New York Times, February 8, 2001. She had also written in a letter that Hitler was "a very great man, like an inspired religious leader—and as such rather fanatical—but not scheming, not selfish, not greedy for power".

After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and Germany's declaration of war against the U.S., the America First Committee disbanded, and Charles eventually managed to become involved in the military and enter combat only as a civilian consultant, flying 50 missions in this role and even shooting down an enemy aircraft."Charles Lindbergh and the 475th Fighter Group" . charleslindbergh.com. Retrieved: October 4, 2022.

In this period, Anne met the French writer, poet and pioneering aviator Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, author of the novella The Little Prince. Though Anne found "St-Ex" attractive, the two did not have a secret affair, as is sometimes erroneously reported.

The Lindberghs had five more children: sons Jon, Land, and Scott, and daughters Anne and Reeve.Hertog 2000, p. 24.

Later years and death
After the war, she wrote books that helped the Lindberghs rebuild the reputations which they had lost before World War II. The publication of Gift from the Sea in 1955 earned her place as "one of the leading advocates of the nascent environmental movement" and became a national bestseller.

Over the course of their 45-year marriage, the Lindberghs lived in New Jersey, New York, the United Kingdom, France, Maine, Michigan, Connecticut, Switzerland, and Hawaii. Charles died on the island of Maui in 1974.

According to one biographer, Anne had a three-year affair in the early 1950s with her personal doctor.

According to Rudolf Schröck, author of Das Doppelleben des Charles A. Lindbergh ("The Double Life of Charles A. Lindbergh"), Anne was unaware that Charles had led a double life from 1957 until his death in 1974. His affair with Munich hat maker Brigitte Hesshaimer produced three children whom he supported financially. After Hesshaimer's passing in 2003, DNA tests conducted by the University of Munich proved that her three children were fathered by Lindbergh. Schröck reported that Brigitte's sister Marietta also bore him two sons. Lindbergh had two more children with his former private secretary. A family reconciliation with the German family members later took place with Reeve Lindbergh being actively involved.

After suffering a series of strokes that left her confused and disabled in the early 1990s, Anne continued to live in her home in Connecticut with the assistance of round-the-clock caregivers. During a visit to her daughter Reeve's family in 1999, she came down with pneumonia, after which she went to live near Reeve in a small home built on Reeve's Passumpsic, Vermont, farm, where Anne died in 2001 at 94, following another stroke. Reeve Lindbergh's book, No More Words, tells the story of her mother's last years.

Honors and awards

Anne received numerous honors and awards throughout her life in recognition of her contributions to both literature and aviation. In 1933, she received the U.S. Flag Association Cross of Honor for having taken part in surveying transatlantic air routes. The following year, she was awarded the Hubbard Medal by the National Geographic Society for having completed  of exploratory flying with her husband, Charles Lindbergh, a feat that took them to five continents. In 1993, Women in Aerospace presented her with an Aerospace Explorer Award in recognition of her achievements in and contributions to the aerospace field.

She was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame (1979), the National Women's Hall of Fame (1996), the Aviation Hall of Fame of New Jersey, and the International Women in Aviation Pioneer Hall of Fame (1999).

Her first book, North to the Orient (1935) won one of the inaugural National Book Awards: the Most Distinguished General Nonfiction of 1935, voted by the American Booksellers Association."Lewis is Scornful of Radio Culture: ...", The New York Times, May 12, 1936, p. 25.

Her second book, Listen! The Wind (1938), won the same award in its fourth year after the Nonfiction category had subsumed Biography. She received the Christopher Award for War Within and Without, the last installment of her published diaries.

In addition to being the recipient of honorary master's and doctor of letters degrees from her alma mater Smith College (1935 and 1970), Anne received honorary degrees from Amherst College (1939), the University of Rochester (1939), Middlebury College (1976), and Gustavus Adolphus College (1985).

Works

 North to the Orient; Orlando, Fla, 1935; Mariner Books, 1996,  .Listen! The Wind; New York, NY, 1938; Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1990.The Wave of the Future: A Confession of Faith; New York, NY, 1940; Harcourt, Brace and Company.The Steep Ascent; New York, NY, 1944: Dell, 1956.Gift from the Sea. New York, NY, 1955; Pantheon, 1991,  .The Unicorn and Other Poems 1935–1955; New York, NY, 1956; Pantheon, 1993, .Dearly Beloved Chicago, Ill, 1962; Chicago Review Press, 2003, .Earth Shine; New York, NY, 1969; Harcourt, Brace and Company.Bring Me a Unicorn: Diaries and Letters of Anne Morrow Lindbergh, 1922–1928; Orlando, Fla, 1971: Mariner Books, 1973, .Hour of Gold, Hour of Lead: Diaries And Letters Of Anne Morrow Lindbergh, 1929–1932. Orlando, Fla, 1973; Mariner Books, 1993, .Locked Rooms and Open Doors: Diaries And Letters Of Anne Morrow Lindbergh, 1933–1935. Orlando, Fla, 1974; Mariner Books, 1993, .The Flower and the Nettle: Diaries And Letters Of Anne Morrow Lindbergh, 1936–1939. Orlando, Fla, 1976: Mariner Books, 1994, First edition 1976. .    War Within and Without: Diaries And Letters Of Anne Morrow Lindbergh, 1939–1944. Orlando, Fla, 1980; Mariner Books, 1995,  .Against Wind and Tide: Letters and Journals, 1947–1986. New York, NY, 2012; Pantheon/Random House.

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 Amran, Rinni Haji. "'The Fundamental Magic of Flying': Changing Perspectives in Anne Morrow Lindbergh's North to the Orient and Virginia Woolf's The Years and Between the Acts." in Aviation in the Literature and Culture of Interwar Britain (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2020) pp. 201-224. online
 Berg, A. Scott. Lindbergh. (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1998) ; Pulitzer Prize.
 Douglas, John E. and Mark Olshaker. The Cases That Haunt Us. New York: Pocket Books, 2001. .
 Hertog, Susan Anne Morrow Lindbergh: Her Life. New York: Anchor, 2000. .
 Jennings, Peter and Todd Brewster. The Century. New York: Doubleday, 1998. .
 Lindbergh, Reeve. No More Words: A Journal of My Mother, Anne Morrow Lindbergh. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002. .
 Milton, Joyce. Loss of Eden: A Biography of Charles and Anne Morrow Lindbergh. New York: Harper Collins, 1993. .
 Mosley, Leonard. Lindbergh: A Biography. New York: Doubleday and Company, 1976. .
 Simpson, Kathryn. "To'Write About Mrs Lindbergh': Woolf, Flight, and Anne Morrow Lindbergh's North to the Orient." in Virginia Woolf and The World of Books: The Centenary of the Hogarth Press: Selected Papers from the Twenty-Seventh Annual International Conference on Virginia Woolf, edited by Nicola Wilson and Claire Battershill, (Clemson UP. 2018) online.
 Winters, Kathleen. Anne Morrow Lindbergh: First Lady of the Air''. Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. .

External links

 Anne Morrow Lindbergh  at PBS
Anne Morrow Lindbergh Papers at the Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College
 The Lindbergh Foundation – Anne Morrow Lindbergh
 Death of Dwight Morrow
 Dwight Morrow's Will
 Morrow's Estate Value
 Descendants of Thomas Hastings website
Anne Morrow Lindbergh papers (MS 829). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.
Morrow-Lindbergh-McIlvaine Family Papers at the Amherst College Archives & Special Collections

1906 births
2001 deaths
American diarists
Aviators from New Jersey
Gliding in the United States
People from Englewood, New Jersey
Smith College alumni
Deaths from pneumonia in Vermont
Chapin School (Manhattan) alumni
Dwight-Englewood School alumni
National Aviation Hall of Fame inductees
National Book Award winners
Anne
Anne
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
Writers from New Jersey
American Protestants
Women diarists
American women aviators
American women non-fiction writers
Olympic competitors in art competitions
Glider pilots
Old Right (United States)
20th-century diarists
American anti-war activists
Non-interventionism

Anne Morrow Lindbergh


The first USS Juniata was a sloop of war in the United States Navy during the American Civil War.

Juniata was named for the Juniata River. She was launched at Philadelphia Navy Yard on 20 March 1862; sponsored by Miss Angela Turner; and commissioned there on 4 December, Commander John M. B. Glitz in command.  Juniata was one of four sister ships which included ,  and .

Service history

North Atlantic Blockading Squadron
Scheduled for service in the West Indies, Juniata was temporarily assigned to the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron and stationed at Norfolk, Virginia, where her guns could help defend the area while machinery defects were corrected at the Navy Yard. She departed Hampton Roads for the West Indies on 26 April 1863 and four days later captured schooner Harvest bound for Nassau, New Providence, with a cargo of cotton. She joined the West Indies Squadron at Havana on 5 May. She captured English steamer Victor about 8 miles off Morro Castle, Cuba on 28 May, and on 13 June took the schooner Fashion, loaded with chemicals critically needed by the Confederacy. The next day she captured the English schooner Elizabeth, and the Don Jose on 2 July.

Juniata continued to cruise in the West Indies convoying California-bound ships to safe waters and alertly watching for signs of Confederate cruisers and blockade runners until she sail for New York on 24 November, arriving there 2 December. Under repairs at Philadelphia during the first half of 1864, Juniata departed on 12 August in search of Confederate cruiser Tallahassee reported off Sandy Hook, New Jersey. Five days later she anchored in Hampton Roads and joined the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron. She operated out of Hampton Roads until steaming to Wilmington early in December in preparation for forthcoming offensive operations against that powerful stronghold and blockade running center. She was in the thick of the fighting during the first attack on Fort Fisher December 23–27, closing Southern batteries to get in position for effective bombardment. Her daring upon this occasion, which cost her two officers and three men killed and 11 men wounded, was again displayed during the second attack on Fort Fisher between 13 January and 15 January 1865. Five more of her men were killed and 10 wounded in this assault which wrestled Wilmington from Southern hands, sealing off the Confederacy from effective foreign aid.

South Atlantic Blockading Squadron
Juniata was transferred to the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron on 18 January 1865 and arrived Charleston Roads the next day. After a brief visit to Port Royal, South Carolina, to repair some of the damage sustained in the furious action at Fort Fisher, she participated in the expedition to Bull's Bay in support of General William Sherman's drive north through 17 February.

Juniata received orders on 23 February to cruise along the coast of Brazil as far south as Buenos Aires protecting American citizens and interests. After extensive repairs she departed Port Royal on this assignment on 17 June and arrived Bahia, Brazil, 8 August bringing that city its new United States consul. With the exception of a cruise to the coast of Africa from 12 June to 30 September 1866, she remained in South American waters until 30 April 1867 when she sailed from Rio de Janeiro for home, arriving Philadelphia on 24 June.

Juniata decommissioned at Philadelphia Navy Yard on 29 June and remained there until recommissioned 19 July 1869 and departed for Europe. She served, in European waters until 18 June 1872 when she sailed for the United States arriving Boston Navy Yard on 29 June. She decommissioned 10 July.  During this period she was commanded by future founder of the Naval War College, Stephen B. Luce.

Polaris search
Juniata recommissioned on 10 February 1873 serving on the northeast coast until 26 June when she got underway for St. John's, Newfoundland en route to the west coast of Greenland to assist  in her quest for survivors of Polaris which had come to grief exploring the Arctic with Charles Francis Hall. Juniata steamed as far north as Upernavik some 250 miles above Godhaven, Greenland, where she supplied Tigress. She returned to New York 1 November 1873.

After a cruise to the Caribbean, Juniata sailed for the European Station on 6 May 1874 and remained on duty there until she returned to the United States, arriving Baltimore, Maryland on 6 February 1876. During the voyage back to the United States, Juniata discovered the German schooner Avance in distress, with her crew sick. Five sailors were put aboard Avance and she was taken in to São Jorge Island, Cape Verde Islands. While at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on 21 August, Seaman John Osborne saved a shipmate from drowning, for which he was awarded the Medal of Honor. Juniata decommissioned at Norfolk on 1 September.

Circumnavigation
Juniata recommissioned at New York Navy Yard on 30 October 1882, Comdr. George Dewey in command, and departed on a voyage which took her around the world through the Strait of Gibraltar, the Suez Canal, to Bombay, Batavia, Singapore, and Hong Kong, among her many ports of call. She returned to New York on 10 December 1885 and operated from that port until she sailed for the Pacific on 16 August 1886. She again returned to New York on 4 February 1889 and decommissioned 28 February 1889. Juniata was sold for $15,890 at Navy Yard, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 25 March 1891, to Herbert H. Ives. There is an oil painting by Hector Leardie of the ship in a typhoon in the China Sea dated 29 and 30 September 1888, Hector Leardie was master.

References

1862 ships
American Civil War patrol vessels of the United States
Jeannette expedition
Polaris expedition
Ships built in Philadelphia
Ships of the Union Navy
Sloops of the United States Navy

USS Juniata (1862)


The Simca 1300 and Simca 1500 are large family cars manufactured by the French automaker Simca in its Poissy factory from 1963 to 1966 and between 1966 and 1975 in revamped versions, as the Simca 1301 and 1501.

The two models were essentially versions of the same car, fitted with either a 1.3-litre or 1.5-litre engine, hence the model names. Apart from different engines and differences in standard equipment, the models were for the most part identical, bar some styling details such as grille or bumpers. The 1300 grille comprised nine horizontal and three vertical bars whereas the 1500 grille featured eleven horizontal bars only. This model series replaced the popular, long-running Simca Aronde and was initially available only with a 4-door saloon body, but in 1964 the 1500 gained an estate version (1300 estate followed in 1965).

The estate versions had some interesting features. All had split tailgates - the rear windscreen would wind down into the bottom part, which could then be folded down. On the one hand, this allowed the access to the cargo compartment without opening the full tailgate. On the other, this meant that a rear window heater could never be installed in estates. Additionally, the 1500 GL version's cargo floor, which doubled as the cover for the spare wheel (stowed flat), could be removed and, thanks to four folding legs, converted into a picnic table!  A 1500 Familial version had two child seats (facing each other) in the cargo compartment, and a luggage rack on the roof.

While being quite popular, especially in France and Germany, those Simcas can be remembered for some quirks regarding both series. The 1300/1500 came with column shift for left-hand drive markets, but the right-hand drive versions were converted to floor shift. The conversion for some reason resulted in a "mirror" shift pattern, with the first and second gear being closer to the driver, and the third and fourth farther to the left.

Moreover, the 1500 GLA model, which was initially the sole in the range featuring automatic transmission, was at first available in metallic brown only. A similar situation concerned the interior carpets, which would come deep red regardless of the exterior color.

Simca 1300/1500 in film
The Simca 1300/1500 is ubiquitous in the movie Playtime. Jacques Tati used the same cars in dark and grey colours as a visual cue to illustrate the uniformity of modern life in his fictional Paris.

References

Cars introduced in 1963
1300
1970s cars

Simca 1300/1500


"Doomsday Clock" is a song by the American alternative rock group the Smashing Pumpkins, and is the opening track on their album Zeitgeist. Although not released as a single, the song charted on the Billboard Hot 100 and the Pop 100, due to digital sales.

It was released on iTunes for immediate download along with the pre-order for the album on June 19, 2007.

It is also included on the soundtrack for the 2007 Transformers movie. The song appears twice in the film: once as an instrumental-only version during a climactic action sequence, and the second time as a song over the closing credits. It's also heard in the second trailer for the 2008 Marvel Studios movie The Incredible Hulk.

The song's original arrangement was described by Jimmy Chamberlin as "folk/calypso" and was eventually slowed down and made much heavier for the recorded version.

In early 2008, "Doomsday Clock" was licensed to the professional wrestling outfit Ring of Honor for use as the theme song of the taped pay-per-view, ROH Undeniable.

Chart positions

See also
Doomsday Clock

References

External links
MSN: Live video of the song

The Smashing Pumpkins songs
2007 songs
Songs from Transformers (film series)
Songs written by Billy Corgan
Song recordings produced by Billy Corgan
Songs about nuclear war and weapons
Stoner rock songs

Doomsday Clock (song)


Richard Beere (or Bere) (born before 1493; died 20 January 1524) was an English Benedictine abbot of Glastonbury, known as a builder for his abbey, as a diplomat and scholar, and a friend of Erasmus.

Life
He was installed as abbot in 1493, the election of Thomas Wasyn having been quashed by the Bishop of Bath and Wells.

In 1503, the king sent Bere, with two other ambassadors, to Rome to congratulate Pope Pius III on his elevation; but the pope died a few weeks after his election. In this year also he supplicated the congregation of the university of Oxford for a degree in divinity.

In 1508, he was engaged in a controversy with William Warham, archbishop of Canterbury, concerning the genuineness of the relics of St Dunstan at Glastonbury. Finding that the worshippers at the shrine of the saint picked off its ornaments, the abbot had caused it to be raised out of reach. The monks of Canterbury saw in this change in the position of the shrine an attempt to increase popular veneration. By order of the archbishop a search for the relics was made at Canterbury on 20 April, and Warham wrote to Abbot Beere telling him of the coffin and the bones which had been found, and bidding him attend on the feast of St. Thomas of Canterbury, and show cause why the Glastonbury monks should claim to have the genuine relics. Beere replied, upholding the claim of his convent, and asserting that if the Canterbury monks had such relics they belonged of right to Glastonbury. In this letter he describes the veneration displayed towards St. Dunstan by the Somerset folk. The archbishop replied in peremptory terms.

Abbot Beere died on 20 January 1524, and was buried under a plain slab of marble in the south aisle of the body of his church, near the chapel of the Holy Sepulchre which he built. A letter addressed to him ('R. Bero Glasconiensi Abbati') by Erasmus, 4 September 1524, shows that he was a scholar of eminence. Writing to him about his edition of St Jerome, Erasmus expresses his agreement in the abbot's opinion of his work. He speaks of his love of learning, and of the liberality he has shown to scholars, naming his own friend, Zacharias Frisius.

Construction work
He was a great builder. On his return from Italy, the abbot built chapels of Our Lady of Loretto and of the Holy Sepulchre in his church. John Leland tells us that he built the greater part of King Edgar's chapel at the east end of his abbey church, that he arched on both sides the east end of the nave, and made the vault of the steeple in the transept and under it two arches. Beere also built a new set of chambers, in which he entertained Henry VII on his march into the west during the rebellion of Perkin Warbeck in the autumn of 1497; these rooms were called the king's lodgings. He also added new lodgings for secular priests to the various buildings of the abbey. Almshouses for ten old women were built at the north end of the abbey. A stone in the chapel exhibits his initials, surmounted by his cognisance, a cross between two beer-jugs. His initials and cognisance were also on St. Benedict's church in Glastonbury, and his initials, surmounted by a mitre, on the Lepers' Hospital at Monkton, near Taunton; both these buildings were repaired by him. Among his various works Beere built the manor-house at Sharpham, where Fielding was born.

In fiction
He appears as a character in Monk and Knight (1891) by Frank W. Gunsaulus.

Notes

References

15th-century births
Year of birth missing
1524 deaths
English Benedictines
Abbots of Glastonbury
15th-century English clergy
16th-century English clergy
Burials at Glastonbury Abbey

Richard Beere


Oldberrow is a village in the Stratford-on-Avon District of Warwickshire, England. The parish was part of Worcestershire until 1896, when it was transferred to Warwickshire, into which county it penetrated, between Morton Bagot and Ullenhall, as a narrow strip some  long by about ½ mile wide. It is now part of the parish of Morton Bagot, Oldberrow and Spernall which in the 2001 Census had a population of 153. The land slopes from  at Oldberrow Hill in the north-west to about  in the south-east. There is no village, but the church, rectory, and the Court lie at the crossing of four small roads.

History
Its name first appears in 709 when Cenred of Mercia gave  in Oldberrow to Bishop Egwin towards the endowment of his newly founded monastery at Evesham. The spelling at this time was Ulenbeorge meaning either "the hill of the owl" or "Ulla's hill". It has gone through many variations of spelling, Oleburgh in the Domesday Book, Ullebury in the 1332 Subsidy Roll, then Owlburough, Uleberga, Oldborough, Oldbarrow and Oldburrow. The hill is about  from the church and was described by Treadway Nash as an ancient tumulus In 1086, it was still held by the church at Evesham and is recorded; In Fishborough Hundred... In Oleburgh (Oldberrow) are  of land. 2 countrymen, pigmen. Woodland, 1 league. Value 5s.

Governance
Oldberrow is part of the Sambourne ward of Stratford-on-Avon District Council and represented by Councillor Justin Kerridge, Conservative Party . Nationally it is part of Stratford-on-Avon, whose current MP following the 2010 general election is Nadhim Zahawi of the Conservatives. Prior to Brexit in 2020 it was part of the West Midlands electoral region of the European Parliament.

Notable buildings
The church, dedicated to St Mary is a small building of stone rebuilt in 1875, with the cost of £1256 largely being borne by the then rector, the Reverend Samuel D'Oyley Peshall who was rector for 60 years and the third generation of his family to hold the post. Despite the rebuilding some earlier features remain, two 12th-century windows, a lancet window of the 13th century and the 14th-century south doorway, the one to the north is of the 15th century and is blocked up. In the chancel there is a 12th-century piscina and an aumbury whilst the font has an archaic bowl with octagonal panels sculptured with foliage designs.

The east window is to the memory of the Reverend Samuel D'Oyley Peshall rector between 1792 and 1859, contains a piece of old glass bearing the arms of Evesham Abbey whilst the west window is dedicated to Canon Warren who became rector in 1933. The small turret contains three bells one of which is of an ancient long waisted type which may be 13th century, the others are by John Martin of Worcester and dated 1674. The puritan "Survei of the Ministrie in Warwickshier" of 1586 has some harsh words for the then Rector; "Geoffrie Heath parson dumbe idle and popish a verie dissolute man of life, he married first another mans wife, got a maide with childe, married a third; a common alehouse haunter and useth in (cantation) to plaie after a sorte the reconciler amongest the simple; value xx markes by the yeare".

Gallery

References

External links

Villages in Warwickshire

Oldberrow


Claude Alfred Jonnard (November 23, 1897 – August 27, 1959) was a professional baseball player.  He was a right-handed pitcher over parts of six seasons (1921–1924, 1926, 1929) with the New York Giants, St. Louis Browns and Chicago Cubs.  For his career, he compiled a 14–12 record in 137 appearances, most as a relief pitcher, with a 3.79 earned run average and 160 strikeouts.  Jonnard was a member of the Giants National League pennant-winning teams in 1923 and 1924, losing both World Series (to the New York Yankees and Washington Senators, respectively).  In World Series play, he made three relief appearances, giving up no runs.

Jonnard was born and later died in Nashville, Tennessee at the age of 61.  His twin brother, Bubber Jonnard, was a Major League catcher and coach.

See also
 List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders

References

External links

1897 births
1959 deaths
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Nashville, Tennessee
New York Giants (NL) players
St. Louis Browns players
Chicago Cubs players
Nashville Vols players
Lenoir Red Sox players
Minor league baseball managers

Claude Jonnard


Boumalne Dades is a city in Tinghir Province, Drâa-Tafilalet, Morocco. According to the 2014 census, it had a population of 12,328.

Located at the edge of a desert plateau, at the outlet of the upper Dadès Valley (more than 1500 m high), Boumalne Dades is originated from an old way of transhumance, controlled by the Aït Atta Tribe of Jbel Saghro and also used by neighboring tribes of Mgouna, Aït Sedrate, Aït Hdiddou and Aït Marghad between summer pastures in the High Atlas and Saghro wintering ones. Most of its residents, like those of the Dades Valley, are berber people.

References

Populated places in Tinghir Province

Boumalne Dades


A & C Black is a British book publishing company.

The company was founded in 1807 by Adam and Charles Black in Edinburgh. It moved to the Soho district of London in 1889. In 1851, the company bought the copyright of Walter Scott's Waverley Novels for £27,000. In 1902, it published P. G. Wodehouse's first book, The Pothunters.

People know the company best for being the publisher of the Who's Who, printed every year since 1897 and also, since 2002, the Whitaker's Almanack.

A & C Black bought both Christopher Helm Publishers and later the Pica Press, which are publishers of the Helm Identification Guides, written by Christopher Helm.

The company is now part of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.

Other websites
 ACBlack.com corporate history
 Bloomsbury Publishing corporate structure
 Whitaker's Almanack

Publishing companies of the United Kingdom
Book publishing companies
1807 establishments
1800s establishments in the United Kingdom

A & C Black


Muhammad S. Eissa is an author and lecturer of Arabic at the University of Chicago, and prior to that was the Mellon Lecturer at the University of Michigan.

Eissa holds a bachelors, masters and a Ph.D. all from Al-Azhar University in Egypt.  He also holds a C.Phil. degree from the University of California, Los Angeles.  Eissa has been a professor of Arabic at American University in Cairo, Illinois Institute of Technology, Northwestern University and Brigham Young University.  He is the consulting editor for the Middle Eastern Texts Initiative.  Eissa is a Muslim.  He serves as an educational advisor to the Islamic Schools League of America.

Eissa wrote along with James A. Toronto the article on textbooks in Egypt in Teaching Islam: Textbooks and Religion in the Middle East.

Eissa is currently a visiting professor at Colgate University in Hamilton, NY.

Sources
Middle Eastern Texts Initiative staff bios
Review of ''Teaching Islam: Textbooks and Religion in the Middle East
Campus Watch article on Eissa

Al-Azhar University alumni
Egyptian emigrants to the United States
American Muslims
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Academic staff of The American University in Cairo
Northwestern University faculty
Illinois Institute of Technology faculty
Brigham Young University faculty
University of Michigan faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Muhammad S. Eissa


The Spartacist League is the name of several Trotskyist groups, which are sections of the International Communist League (Fourth Internationalist):

 Spartacist League (US)
 Spartacist League of Britain
 Spartacist League of Australia
 Spartacist League of Sweden
 Spartacist League of Israel
 Spartacist League/Lanka

Spartacus League is the name of:
 The original Spartacus League (Spartakusbund, 1914–1919), a communist organisation in post-World War I Germany well known for its ties to the revolutionary Rosa Luxemburg.
 Spartacus League of Left Communist Organisations (Spartakusbund linkskommunistischer Organisationen, 1926–1927), a league of left communist organisations in Germany.
 Spartacus League (1974) (Spartacusbund, 1974–1981/82), a Trotskyist group in Germany.
 Spartacus League UK, (1970-1972) a youth group linked with the International Marxist Group

Political party disambiguation pages

Spartacist League (disambiguation)


The Moirai (also known as the Fates) were the three goddesses of destiny in Greek mythology. They were Clotho, Lachesis and Atropos ().

The role of the Moirai is to control the fate of every being. The life of each being is represented by a "thread of life". Clotho spins the thread, beginning the being's life. Lachesis measures it (looks how long it is) and Atropos cuts the thread at the end of the person's life once they have reached their destiny, killing them.

The Moirai are considered to be above the Greek gods. However, in some stories, Zeus, the Chief God, is capable of controlling them.

The decisions of the Moriai about a person's life cannot be changed.

The parents of the Moirai are not surely known. Some said they were the daughters of Zeus and the Titaness Themis, or more likely of primordial beings like Nyx, Chaos or Ananke.

Their Roman equivalent were the Parcae.

Greek gods and goddesses

Moirai


The Rondo for Piano and Orchestra in D major, K. 382 is a set of variations by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart intended as a substitute finale for his Piano Concerto No. 5 in D major.

Background
The piece was composed in early 1782 by Mozart as an alternative final movement to his Piano Concerto No. 5, a piece he composed in December 1773 when he was 17. He composed the Rondo for a number of reasons. He considered the use of a Sonata-form movement too complex for the movement's context, and thus he wrote this alternative ending in a variation form. Mozart had also just moved from his hometown Salzburg to Vienna in 1781, where he needed to gain a reputation and a subsequent secure income. He did this through composition, teaching and piano performances in concerts. As he did not have too many original piano concertos to his name this was an area where Mozart could draw work from. His 5th piano concerto had been a great success in Mannheim, which he had visited on his 1777 journey to Paris. Thus, he revised the work to make it more suitable for his Viennese audience at the upcoming important Lenten concert on 3 March 1782. This led to the composition of the Rondo in D in the months before the concert, where it was performed for the first time. The Rondo was a more tuneful alternative to its predecessor and thus it was very popular with the audience; indeed, in the concert it was encored.

Instrumentation
As it is in effect a substitute finale to the Piano Concerto No. 5, the instrumentation for the Rondo is very nearly the same. Other than the solo piano, the Concerto's instrumentation consists of two oboes, two trumpets, two horns, timpani and strings. The Rondo uses this ensemble too, but adds one flute.

Analysis
The Rondo in D is, formally, not a rondo at all but a set of variations. It is marked Allegretto grazioso and contains two tempo changes, Adagio and Allegro respectively, before returning to the initial tempo soon before the end. The total duration is about 10 minutes, which is much longer than the movement it replaced, which generally lasts just over 5 minutes.

References

External links

Piano concertos by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Mozart
Compositions in D major

Rondo for Piano and Orchestra in D major (Mozart)


Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas in the body that controls the glucose level in the blood.

Insulin promotes the absorption of sugar from the blood. The sugar is stored as fat cells. People who cannot make insulin in their bodies, or enough for their needs, have the disease diabetes.

When blood glucose levels fall below a certain level, the human body begins to use stored sugar as an energy source through glycogenolysis. This process breaks down the glycogen stored in the liver and muscles into glucose which can then be used as an energy source. Insulin is a central metabolic control mechanism. Insulin is also used as a control signal to other body systems (such as amino acid uptake by body cells). In addition, it has several other anabolic effects throughout the body.

Human insulin is a peptide hormone composed of 51 amino acids and has a molecular weight of 5808 Da. The islets of Langerhans in the pancreas produces insulin. The name comes from the Latin insula for "island". Insulin's structure varies slightly between species of animals. Porcine insulin is especially close to the human version. So, people with diabetes can take in insulin got from pigs instead of producing their own insulin.

History
Nicolae Paulescu, a Romanian professor of physiology was the first to isolate insulin. He did that in 1916. He called it pancrein. He isolated it by developing a pancreatic extract which, when injected into a diabetic dog, proved to have a normalizing effect on blood sugar levels. He had to interrupt his experiments because of World War I. In early 1921 he wrote four papers about his work carried out in Bucharest and his tests on a diabetic dog. Later that year, he published an extensive paper on the effect of the pancreatic extract injected into a diabetic animal. The title was: "Research on the Role of the Pancreas in Food Assimilation", published 22 June 1921 by the "Archives Internationales de Physiologie",

Frederick Banting did similar experiments while trying to find a cure for diabetes. In these experiments they used dogs.

They first knew insulin would control diabetes in a person when they injected some insulin into a 14-year-old boy named Leonard Thompson, who was dying of diabetes. After the injection he survived. Banting won the 1923 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, with John Macleod, for the discovery of insulin.

The first genetically engineered, synthetic "human" insulin was produced in a laboratory in 1977 by Herbert Boyer using E. coli.

Related pages
Peptide hormone

References

Anti-diabetic drugs
Hormones
Proteins

Insulin


Acarajé  is a type of fritter made from cowpeas. It is the most popular street food in the north eastern state of Brazil, Bahia. The recipe for acarajé was introduced to Bahia by slaves who came from Yorùbáland during the colonial period. In Nigeria acarajé is named Akara, and the women who sell it call out "Akara je", which means "Come and eat Akara" in Yoruba.  So when freed Yorùbá slaves started to sell acarajé on the streets, they used the same technique and Brazilians assumed that they were selling acarajé.

Acarajé is made with black-eyed peas, garlic, ginger and salt, then deep fried in dende - a reddish oil from the palm fruit. When done, they are split in half and filled with vatapá, caruru, fried shrimp, salad and pepper. Brazilians modified the recipe from Nigeria a little and started to fill the acarajé with other afro-Brazilian foods. In Nigeria, none of the Brazilian accompaniments are served; just the bean cake is eaten, fried with palm oil or vegetable oil.

Acarajé are served on the streets by women who call themselves baiana do acarajé. They wear traditional clothes, white flowing dresses, sometimes turbans and colorful necklaces related to the rituals of the Afro-Brazilian religion Candomblé. In Nigeria, however, there is no ceremony and the women who sell Akara wear whatever they like. Nowadays, these baianas sell acarajé as a way of life and it's something that helps to sustain their families.

In 2004, acarajé was declared part of Brazil's heritage culture in the region of Bahia. It's one of the most important symbols of the culture of Bahia and it's enjoyed by all types of tourists. They are delighted by the taste, color and relaxing way of eating acarajé on the streets.

History
Acarajé was specially made when a person dies at the age of 70 or above. It was usually fried in large quantities and given to every household that was related to the person who died. Acarajé was also to be made in large quantities when warriors won a war. The wives of the warriors were to fry acarajé and give it to all the people in the village.

Acarajé, a recipe taken to Brazil by the slaves from the West African coast. It is called "akara" by the Yoruba people of south-western Nigeria and by the people of Sierra Leone. It is called "kosai" by the Hausa people of Nigeria. It is called "koose" in Ghana. It is eaten with millet or corn pudding. In Nigeria, akara is usually eaten with bread, ogi, which is a type of cornmeal made with fine corn flour.

In Sierra Leone, akara is made up of rice flour, mashed banana, baking powder, and sugar. After mixing the ingredients together, it is dropped in oil by hand, and fried. It is then formed into a ball. Akara is usually made for events like Pulnado (event held due to the birth of a child), a wedding, funeral, or party.

In Brazil
Acarajé sold on the street in Brazil are made with fried beef, mutton, dried shrimp, pigweed, fufu, osun sauce, and coconut. Today in Bahia, most street vendors who sell acarajé are women. They first started selling acarajé in the 19th century. The money gotten from selling acarajé were used to buy the freedom of enslaved family members until slavery was banned in Brazil in 1888. Selling acarajé served as a source of family income. The city now has more than 500 acarajé vendors.

References

Bahia
Fried foods
Brazilian food
Nigerian culture
Benin
Ghana

Akara


A Dog of Flanders is a 1999 movie directed by Kevin Brodie. It is based on a book by Ouida. The movie stars Jack Warden, Jeremy James Kissner, Jesse James, Jon Voight, and Cheryl Ladd. The movie is about a grandfather and his grandson who adopted an abused dog. The grandson wants to become a great painter.

1999 movies
Movies based on books
Movies about dogs
1990s English-language movies

A Dog of Flanders (1999 movie)


Timo Boll (born March 8, 1981 in Erbach) is a German table tennis player. He is the best German table tennis player and is in China one of the most popular table tennis players in the history. He is a lefthanded-player and uses the Shakehand-grip. At the World Championships 2011 in Rotterdam Boll won a bronze medal in the singles. He is a wonder in the table tennis world and got 11 times the German National Championships.

Sporting career

Young years (1981-1997)
Timo began to play table tennis at the age of four with his father in their old cellar. His father bought an table tennis table. His talent was quickly spotted. With seven years Timo Boll was discovered from the Hessian National coach Helmut Hampl who promoted him. He also trained in the Table tennis centre Pfungstadt. 1995 at age 14 he was strong enough to play in the "Oberliga"  with the adults even though only being at position 5 in the team. To daily train with him, the team moved to his homeplace. In that year (1995) he took part in the European Youth Championships in Den Haag, where Timo won three Gold medals. In 1997 Boll played his first game for the national team against Poland where he was matched with Piotr Skierski and Lucjan Bļaszczyk, and won both matches. He ends his school education with graduation from "Realschule" / Mittlere Reife.

Career as a pro-player (2002-2012)
2002 Boll took part in the Europe-Top-16, where he won the singles category. By doing so he also overtook the at that time best German table tennis player Jörg Rosskopf, meaning he became the best German table tennis player himself. At the European Championships 2002, he won gold in the singles and doubles, the German team lost in the final to Sweden. With winning at the World Cup 2002 in Jinan, he became no. one in the world. At the European Championships 2003, Timo Boll lost already in the 2nd round against Vladimir Samsonov- of course this also meant that he lost the 1st place in the world ranking again.

2004 he had very strong back problems- that wasn't good for preparing to the Olympics, but he took part in that. In a strong play against Jan-Ove Waldner he lost in the Quarterfinals against him. Before that, he beat Werner Schlager in the Round of 16.

2005 Boll reached the silver medal at the World Championships in the doubles with Christian Süss- but in the singles he didn't win a medal. He also won the gold medal at the World Cup again.

2006 he won the Europe-Top-16 again. In this year he played in the Chinese Superleague. For the season 2007/2008 he transferred from TTV Gönnern where he had played since his youth to the club of Borussia Düsseldorf.

2007 he won the European Championship singles, doubles, and in the team competition. He also played in the Chinese Superleague .

2008 at the Olympic Games 2008 together with the national team he reached the final after beating the teams of Croatia, Australia and Japan. In the final the German team lost to China. In the singles he missed narrowly missed a medal.

2008 and 2009 he didn't participate in the World championships. However at the World Cup in Belgium he won the silver medal. Because of these performances, he became the world number one again.

2010 at the World Championships 2010 in Moscow Timo and the German team won the silver medal again. The German selection only lost to China.

2011 Boll took part in the World Championships again and won the bronze medal, after strong play against the top-player Chen Qi. Before he lost the semifinal against Zhang Jike. In the same year he won the Volkswagen Cup. At the Olympic Games 2012 in London he won team bronze, again after losing China in the semifinal, but Timo won his match against Zhang Jike. However in the singles he didn't win a medal.  Boll also took part in the World Cup, where he won for the first time the silver medal, after losing to Ma Long in an strong final. He also won his 6th European Championships title.

More achievements (2013-2018)
2013 he took part in his 5th World Championships in Paris. He doesn't won a medal for the second time- in the Quarterfinals he lost to Ma Long. The World Cup 2014 he finished with the 3rd place. At the World Championships 2014 he won silver with the team again, after losing China again. Because of playing very inactive he fell back to place 10 in the world ranking system. 2015 he became for the 10th time German champion and took part in the World Championships in Suzhou, China. In the singles he lost in the Quarterfinals to a Chinese top-player, again- this time Fan Zhendong. In the doubles Boll played for the first time with Ma Long, but they had bad luck with the playing- already in the 2nd round they met the duo Fan Zhendong and Xu Xin. In that year he doesn't played another events. In 2016 he took part in the Olympics, where Timo won bronze with the team again (after London 2012), in the singles he lost already again, against Quadri Aruna. At the European Championships he doesn't played around the title, but reached the semifinal and got so bronze. Because of inactive the last months, he got on place 12 in the world rankings. At the Europe-Top-16 he got the 5th place. 2017 he won for the 11th time the German National Championships, he also took part in the WTTC (World Championships), where he reached the Quarterfinals in the singles, his opponent was Ma Long again. In the doubles, where he took part with Ma Long again, they reached the 2nd round, again. At the China Open he won silver. In 2018 he won the silver medal at the WTTC again.

Results

World championships

 2010, 2012, 2014, 2018- Team silver
 2011- Singles bronze
 2013, 2015, 2017- Singles quarterfinals

Olympic games

 2008- Team silver
 2012, 2016- Team bronze
 2004, 2008- Singles quarterfinals

World Cup

 2002, 2005- Gold
 2011, 2012, 2017- Silver
 2014- Bronze

Technique and playing style
Boll is an lefthanded-player and attacker. He uses on both sides of his table tennis racket the Butterfly Tenergy 05.

Strengthen: Topspin with lots of swerve, blocking

Weaknesses: Defensive, Backhand (Power)- Topspin

Sources or References

Living people
1981 births
German table tennis players
Sportspeople from Düsseldorf
German Olympic bronze medalists
German Olympic silver medalists

Timo Boll


Overcharge is an economic term used in legal discourse about price fixing violations. An overcharge is the difference between what a buyer or seller actually paid for a good purchased from a cartel and what the buyer or seller would have paid in the absence of a price-fixing cartel. The total amount of the overcharges paid by customers of a cartel is the major component of damages that can be recovered by plaintiffs in private antitrust suits. Under U.S. federal antitrust law, buyers injured by cartel overcharges are entitled to triple the overcharges that they are able to prove in court.

The overcharge has a one-to-one relationship to the Lerner Index, the most common measure of market power in economics. Both measures employ the same numerator (PM - PC), where PM is the observed market price and PC is the competitive benchmark price, but use different denominators. The overcharge ratio is (PM-PC)/PC, whereas the Lerner Index is (PM-PC)/PM. Both ratios are zero when a market is perfectly competitive or a cartel is ineffective in raising prices. The Lerner Index has an upper limit of one when the pure monopoly price is charged in a market. The overcharge has no upper limit.

Business

Overcharge


Charles Bulfinch (August 8, 1763 – April 15, 1844) was an early American architect, and has been regarded by many as the first American-born professional architect to practice.

Life
Bulfinch split his career between his native Boston, Massachusetts, and Washington, D.C., where he served as Commissioner of Public Building and built the intermediate United States Capitol rotunda and dome. His works are notable for their simplicity, balance, and good taste, and as the origin of a distinctive Federal style of classical domes, columns, and ornament that dominated early 19th-century American architecture.

Early life
Bulfinch was born in Boston to Thomas Bulfinch, a prominent physician, and his wife, Susan Apthorp, daughter of Charles Apthorp. At the age of 12, he watched the Battle of Bunker Hill from this home on the Boston side of the Charles River.

He was educated at Boston Latin School and Harvard University, from which he graduated with an AB in 1781 and master's degree in 1784.

He then made a grand tour of Europe from 1785 to 1788, traveling to London, Paris, and the major cities of Italy. Bulfinch was greatly influenced by  Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio. He was also influenced by the classical architecture in Italy and the neoclassical buildings of Sir Christopher Wren, Robert Adam, William Chambers, and others in the United Kingdom. Thomas Jefferson became something of a mentor to him in Europe, as he would later be to Robert Mills.

Upon his return to the United States in 1787, he became a promoter of the ship Columbia Rediviva's voyage around the world under command of Captain Robert Gray (1755–1806). It was the first American ship to circumnavigate the globe. In 1788, he married Hannah Apthorp, his first cousin. Their sons include Thomas Bulfinch (1796–1867), author of Bulfinch's Mythology, and Stephen Greenleaf Bulfinch (1809–1870), Unitarian clergyman and author.

Career

Bulfinch's first building was the Hollis Street Church (1788).  Among his other early works are a memorial column on Beacon Hill (1789), the first monument to the American Revolution; the Federal Street theater (1793); the "Tontine Crescent" (built 1793–1794, now demolished), fashioned in part after John Wood's Royal Crescent; the Old State House in Hartford, Connecticut (1796); and the Massachusetts State House (1798). He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1791.

Over the course of ten years, Bulfinch built a remarkable number of private dwellings in the Boston area, including Joseph Barrell's Pleasant Hill (1793), a series of three houses in Boston for Harrison Gray Otis (1796, 1800, 1806), and the John Phillips House (1804). He built several churches in Boston, of which New North (built 1802–1804) is the last standing.

Serving from 1791 to 1795 on Boston's board of selectmen, he resigned due to business pressures but returned in 1799. From 1799 to 1817, he was the chairman of Boston's board of selectmen continuously, and served as a paid police superintendent, improving the city's streets, drains, and lighting. Under his direction, both the infrastructure and civic center of Boston were transformed into a dignified, classical style. Bulfinch was responsible for the design of the Boston Common, the remodeling and enlargement of Faneuil Hall (1805), and the construction of India Wharf. In these Boston years, he also designed the Massachusetts State Prison (1803); Boylston Market (1810); University Hall for Harvard University (1813–1814); First Church of Christ, Unitarian in Lancaster, Massachusetts (1815–1817); and the Bulfinch Building, home of the Ether Dome at Massachusetts General Hospital (1818), its completion overseen by Alexander Parris, who was working in Bulfinch's office at the time the architect was summoned to Washington.

Despite this great activity and civic involvement, Bulfinch was insolvent several times starting in 1796, including at the start of his work on the statehouse, and was jailed for the month of July 1811 for debt (in a prison he had designed himself). There was no payment for his services as selectman, and he received only $1,400 for designing and overseeing the construction of the State House.

In the summer of 1817, Bulfinch's roles as selectman, designer, and public official coincided during a visit by President James Monroe. The two men were almost constantly in each other's company for the week-long visit, and a few months later (1818), Monroe appointed Bulfinch the successor to Benjamin Henry Latrobe (1764–1820) as Architect of the Capitol in Washington, DC (the Capitol Building had been partially burned by the British in 1814.) In this position, he was paid a salary of $2,500 per year plus expenses.

He was also a founding member of The Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture (M.S.P.A.), one of the earliest agricultural societies in the United States. The Society was incorporated by an act of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts on March 7, 1792.

As Commissioner of Public Building, Bulfinch completed the Capitol's wings and central portion, designed the western approach and portico, and constructed the Capitol's original low wooden dome to his own design (replaced by the present cast-iron dome completed in the mid-1860s). In 1829 Bulfinch completed the construction of the Capitol, 36 years after its cornerstone was laid.  During his interval in Washington, Bulfinch also drew plans for the State House in Augusta, Maine (1829–1832), a Unitarian Church and prison in Washington, D.C.. In 1827, he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Honorary member. He returned to Boston in 1830, where he died on April 15, 1844, aged 80, and was buried in King's Chapel Burial Ground in Boston. His tomb was later moved to Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In 1943, a United States Liberty ship named the SS Charles Bulfinch was launched. The ship was scrapped in 1971.

Designs
Designs marked with an asterisk (*) have been attributed to Bulfinch, though are not confirmed to have been designed by the architect

 Second meeting house of the Hollis Street Church (1788), Boston, Massachusetts
Meeting House (1789- 1792), Taunton, Massachusetts
Bulfinch Church (1790-1793), Pittsfield, Massachusetts
 Beacon Hill Memorial (1791), Boston, Massachusetts
Joseph Coolidge House (1792), Boston, Massachusetts
 Federal Street Theatre (1793), Boston, Massachusetts
 Tontine Crescent (1793-95), Boston, Massachusetts
 First Harrison Gray Otis House (1795–96), Boston, Massachusetts
 Massachusetts State House (1795–1798), Boston, Massachusetts
 Old Connecticut State House (1796), Hartford, Connecticut
Dedham Community House (1798), Dedham, Massachusetts
 Second Harrison Gray Otis House (1800–1802), Boston, Massachusetts
Holy Cross Church (1800-1803), Boston, Massachusetts
Worcester County Courthouse (1801-1803) Worcester, Massachusetts
 St. Stephen's Church (1802-1804), Boston, Massachusetts
 Amory–Ticknor House (1804), Boston, Massachusetts
 Nichols House (1804), Boston, Massachusetts
51–57 Mount Vernon Street (1804), Boston, Massachusetts
 Samuel Gridley and Julia Ward Howe House* (1804-1805), Boston, Massachusetts
13-17 Chestnut Street (1804-1805), Boston, Massachusetts
 Newburyport Superior Courthouse (1805), Newburyport, Massachusetts
 Stoughton Hall, Harvard University (1805), Cambridge, Massachusetts
 Third Harrison Gray Otis House (1806), Boston, Massachusetts
 Faneuil Hall expansion (1806), Boston, Massachusetts
Quarters A, Brooklyn Navy Yard* (1805-1806), Brooklyn, New York
 Second steeple of Old North Church* (1806), Boston, Massachusetts
 India Wharf (1807), Boston, Massachusetts
87 Mount Vernon Street (1807), Boston, Massachusetts
 Third meeting house of the Federal Street Church (1809), Boston, Massachusetts
Massachusetts Bank (1809) Boston, Massachusetts
 Boylston Market (1810), Boston, Massachusetts
 Suffolk County Courthouse (1810), Boston, Massachusetts
Essex Bank (1811), Salem, Massachusetts
 University Hall, Harvard University (1813–1815), Cambridge, Massachusetts
 New South Church (1814), Boston, Massachusetts
Manufacturers & Mechanics Bank (1814-1815), Boston, Massachusetts
 Middlesex County Courthouse (1814-1816), Cambridge, Massachusetts
 First Church of Christ, Unitarian (1816), Lancaster, Massachusetts
 Salem Town Hall (1816–17), Salem, Massachusetts
Chapel and library, Andover Theological Seminary (1817-1818), Andover, Massachusetts
 Massachusetts General Hospital, Bulfinch Building (1818-1823), Boston, Massachusetts
 United States Capitol alterations (1822-1823), Washington, D.C.
 First Unitarian Church (1821-1822), Washington, D.C
 The George Washington University, Columbian College (1821-1822), original building, Washington, D.C.
 U.S. Capitol Gatehouses and Gateposts (1827), Washington, D.C.
 Maine State House (1832), Augusta, Maine

Gallery of designs

References

 Charles Bulfinch: Architect and Citizen, C. A. Place, Da Capo Press, 1968
 The Architecture of Charles Bulfinch, Harold Kirker, Harvard University Press, 1998
 The Bulfinch Building: State of the Art from the Start, R. Tomsho, Massachusetts General Hospital Magazine, 2011

Further reading
 Ellen Susan Bulfinch. Life and Letters of Charles Bulfinch, Architect. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston and New York 1896

External links

 Walking Tour of Charles Bulfinch's works on Beacon Hill
 Digital archive of American architecture: Charles Bulfinch
 Boston Public Library. Bulfinch, Charles (1763-1844) Architectural Collection

Architects of the United States Capitol
Harvard University alumni
Boston Latin School alumni
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Architects from Boston
18th-century American architects
19th-century American architects
1763 births
1844 deaths
Federalist architects
Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery
People imprisoned for debt
Boston Board of Selectmen members

Charles Bulfinch


George P. Larrick (November 19, 1901August 11, 1968) was Commissioner of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) from 19541965.

Early life
George P. Larrick was born on November 19, 1901, in Springfield, Ohio. He worked his way through two years at Wittenberg College from 19191921, and then took a pre-medical course at Ohio State University from 19211923. In 1923, he accepted a "temporary job" as a food and drug inspector in Cincinnati, Ohio. Fascinated with the work, he abandoned his medical aspirations, and successfully passed the competitive Civil Service examination for a permanent appointment. By 1930, he had been appointed senior food and drug inspector. In 1937, he was responsible for dispatching very nearly the entire field force of the FDA to track down remnants of the poisonous Elixir Sulfanilamide which killed 109 people, and highlighted the need for pre-market testing of new drugs. Larrick was also responsible for assembling an exhibit, dubbed by reporters, "The Chamber of Horrors," which effectively documented the need for a new federal food and drugs act. In 1939, following enactment of the new Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938), he was appointed Chief Inspector of the FDA. In addition to directing FDA investigations, he served as acting director of the Drug Division for a time, and early during World War II, assisted in the organization of the Procurement and Assignment Service of the Office of Defense, Health and Welfare Services.

Commissioner of FDA

Following the war, he served as Assistant Commissioner, Associate Commissioner and finally Deputy Commissioner of the FDA. In 1954, he was appointed Commissioner, succeeding Charles Crawford. Commissioner Larrick headed the FDA during the period of its greatest growth. In 1954, the Agency had less than 1,000 employees to regulate more than one fourth of the nation's commerce in consumer goods. The First Citizen's Advisory Committee report became the blueprint for extensive changes in the organization and a rapid increase in its resources. During Larrick's tenure, FDA appropriations increased more than tenfold, from $5 million to over $50 million, and its staff expanded to almost 4,000. The building program inaugurated during Larrick's administration provided modern laboratories for a majority of the FDA field districts and a $25 million headquarter's laboratory. His last official act was its dedication in December 1965.

Larrick was noted for his ability to maintain good relations with Congress, and major amendments began to transform the 1938 Act from a primarily punitive law to one designed to assure consumer protection by preventing violations. During Larrick's administration, however, the FDA came under strong criticism from some members of Congress. One of its strongest critics was Senator Hubert H. Humphrey, who accused the Agency of showing lax management, having ineffective leadership, of being slow moving, and of lagging in scientific work. Mr. Humphrey and others called for "new and dynamic leadership." Larrick counted among his friends, however, Representative John E. Fogarty, the powerful chairman of the House Appropriations Committee.

Major projects
Larrick's administration oversaw the 1959 cranberry recall due to residues of the carcinogenic pesticide aminotriazole; the issuance of a public warning against the Hoxsey cancer treatment; legal actions against Krebiozen, another false cancer treatment; prohibition of thalidomide as a human teratogen in 1961; and the passage in 1962 of the Kefauver Harris Amendment ("Drug Efficacy Amendment") to the 1938 Act in response to the thalidomide affair. Attention was focused on drugs and the drug approval process, beginning with revelations that William Welch, the agency's chief of the Antibiotics Division, had accepted nearly one-quarter of a million dollars for editing private promotional journals in his field while passing judgement on the products in his position at FDA. Congressional investigations into thalidomide brought accusations that drug manufacturers had too easy access to regulators, and could thereby exert undue influence upon the review process. Although Larrick assured Congress that drug approvals had not been superficial, testimony was heard alleging that lay administrators were not really able to evaluate major drug review problems which were "all of a medical nature and exceedingly complex." Calls for Larrick's resignation were accentuated with recommendations that the next commissioner be a physician.

When Larrick announced his intentions to retire in 1965, John W. Gardner credited Larrick with great progress in administering the law, noting that "despite the twin handicaps of inadequate resources and inadequate legal authority, FDA has achieved remarkable success in its mission."

After retirement
After he retired from active service, Larrick became a consultant on food and drug law and administration until he died. In this capacity, he made a study for the Pan American Health Organization on the feasibility of a central food and drug laboratory for South American countries. In 1955, the Drexel Institute of Technology conferred on him an honorary Doctorate of Science; and in 1968, he was recognized by the Association of Food and Drug Officials as a "catalyst who consistently brought about constructive change, and a skilled administrator in a field that requires experience, courage, respect for the rights of the regulated, and faith in the due process of law." Larrick died on August 11, 1968.

References

1901 births
1968 deaths
People from Springfield, Ohio
Wittenberg University alumni
Ohio State University alumni
Commissioners of the Food and Drug Administration
Eisenhower administration personnel
Kennedy administration personnel
Lyndon B. Johnson administration personnel

George P. Larrick


Ma'anshan, an aa written as Maanshan, is a prefectur-level ceety in the eastren pairt o Anhui province in Eastern Cheenae. An industrial ceety stretchin athort the Yangtze River, Ma'anshan borders Hefei tae the wast, Wuhu tae the soothwast, an  Nanjing tae the east. It is a core ceety o the Nanjing Metropolitan Circle.

As o the 2010 census, Maanshan wis home tae 1,366,302 indwallers. Efter the August 2011 admeenistrative re-regionalization o Anhui Province, its population rose tae 2.283 million, an 2 additional coonties wur placed unner its admeenistration (He an Hanshan).

Admeenistration

The prefectur-level ceety o Ma'anshan admeenisters 6 coonty-level diveesions, includin 3 destricts an 3 coonties.

Yushan Destrict (雨山区)
Huashan Destrict (花山区)
Bowang Destrict (博望区)
Dangtu Coonty (当涂县)
He Coonty (和县)
Hanshan Coonty (含山县)

In September 2012, Jinjiazhuang Destrict wis dissolved an merged wi Huashan Destrict, while pairt o Dangtu Coonty wis split an established as Bowang Destrict.

Name
The name o the ceety means "Horse Saddle Muntain". Accordin tae legend, the name came tae be whan the Wastren Chu hegemon Xiang Yu wis fleein frae the Battle o Gaixia. Rather than be captured, the defeatit general killed himsel at the aurie nou kent as Ma'anshan efter ensurin that his beloved horse wad be ferried athort the river tae safety. Upon seein his master die, the grief-stricken horse leapt intae the river an wis drowned. As a tribute, the boatman buried the horse's saddle on a nearby hill, givin Ma'anshan its name.

History
The sooth bank o the Yangtze River frae Ma'anshan upstream for 240 km, haes lang been a minin aurie. The comin o a railwey an the openin o the Huai-nan coalfield in the 1930s made it possible for the Japanese tae open an iron an steel works in 1938. Awtho destroyed at the end o the Seicont Warld War, the industries wur restored tae production in 1953, an Ma'anshan grew rapidly unner the Communists' first an seicont Five-Year Plans. Ma'anshan an aa haes sulfur an limestone mines, an chemical an cement factories.
In 1954, Ma'anshan wis elevatit tae toun level an in Oct. 12, 1956, Ma'anshan Ceety wis declared tae be foondit.

Geografie an climate
Surroondit bi law hills (The name o the ceety means "horse saddle muntain"), it is nae as pollutit as ither major Cheenese steelmakin ceeties, thanks tae the environmental policies taken bi the local govrenment that granted the ceety the recognition as ane o the "Ten Green Ceeties o Cheenae".

Its climate is seemilar tae ither ceeties in the Yangtze River Delta, wi lawer humidity that maks its simmers an winters less extreme. Thare are frequent showers durin Julie an August.

Caishi Rock (采石磯), a famous auncient battlefield lyin tae the soothwast o the ceety, is regardit as the baist o three rocks that project ower the Yangtze River. Taibai pavilion is ane o fower famous pavilions alang the Yangtze river. Caishi scenic aurie is a naitional tourism spot, wi a combination o naitural an man-made scenery.

Economy
The main industry is the steel industry (MaGang) which employs much o the wirkforce o Ma'anshan.
At present (2005) major expansions o the steel plant are unnerway tae increase production drastically.
Wi the advanced manufacturin infrastructur an fast transportation airt, Ma'anshan haes received much investment in mony industries.

Ma'anshan ceety haes an annual manufactur investment rankin No.1 in Anhui Province an her GDP ranks No.4 in Anhui Province efter Hefei, Anqing an Wuhu. Ma'anshan's population ranks No.16 in the province an haes a GDP per capita o US$7,118 which is No.1 in Anhui Province an near the average o Yangtze River Delta.

Communications hae an aa help boost Ma'anshan economy an industry tae well abuin the naitional average: the deep watter river port o Ma'anshan, wi custom offices ensurs fast an inexpensive transportation tae ither ceeties baith in the East coast, an the inner ceeties alang the Yangtze River. Nanjing Lukou Internaitional Airport is 40 km frae Ma'anshan, wi direct flchts tae every corner o Cheenae an an aa daily flichts tae Europe. Bi road, Ma'anshan is connectit wi highways tae Nanjing, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Ningbo, Hefei an Wuhu.

Maanshan haes been identified bi the Economist Intelligence Unit in the November 2010 Access Cheenae White Paper as a member o the CHAMPS (Chongqing, Hefei, Anshan, Ma'anshan, Pingdingshan an Shenyang), an economic profile o the tap 20 emergin ceeties in Cheenae.

Cultur
Thare is a memorial tae the famous Cheenese poet, Li Bai (a.k.a. Li Po c.700-762), juist wast o Ma'anshan. Li Bai is said tae hae drowned at Ma'anshan efter attemptin tae embrace a reflection o the muin.

Cheenae's first poetry festival wis tae be held in Ma'anshan frae October 25–30, 2005. The theme o the festival, sponsored bi the Meenistry o Cultur, the Cheenese Writers Association, an the Anhui provincial govrenment, is "Poetic Cheenae, Harmonious Cheenae."

Eddication
Anhui Varsity o Technology
 Hohai Varsity Wentian College which is a heich institute mainly focus in tradin an business management, an expandin tae affer the internaitional Bachelor Degree for several majors bilingually in Inglis an Cheenese.

Sister ceeties
 Hamilton, Ontario, Canadae
 Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
 Tlalnepantla de Baz, State o Mexico, Mexico
 Arganda del Rey, Community o Madrid, Spain
 Isesaki, Gunma, Japan
 Galesburg, Illinois, Unitit States
 Westlake Village, Californie, Unitit States
 Changwon, Sooth Gyeongsang, Sooth Korea
 Municipality o Kogarah, New Sooth Wales, Australie

References

External links
Government website of Ma'anshan
Map of Ma'anshan

Ceeties in Anhui

Ma'anshan


Sarah Baartman (born around 1789, died 29th December 1815)  was a Khoikoi woman from South Africa, who came to great fame in Europe. Her name is also spelled Bartman or Bartmann. She showed signs of Steatopygia; which means she had a lot of fat in her buttocks. Around 1810, she was brought to Europe.  She was one of at least two Khoikoi women, who were shown at freak shows.   In English she became known as Hottentot Venus. At the time, people believed there were different races of humans. Hottentot was the term used to refer to the Khoikoi people, as a race. Today, many consider it to be racist.

From about 1810, Baartman performed for upper-class people in London. She danced, sang and played an instrument, called Ramkie.  The Ramkie is a kind of lute with 3 or 4 chords that was popular in South Africa at the time. The African Institution, led by Zachary Macaulay offered to bring Sarah Baaerman back to South Africa, but she declined. It is unknown if she was put under pressure, or if she declined because in South Africa her people were persecuted (much like a modern-day genocide). She may also have liked the performances. There was a court hearing, done in Dutch; there she said that she wasn't forced to do anything.  She also said that she had been promised half the earnings from her show.

The court hearing had drawn too much attention, and she could no longer perform in London. Hendrick Caezar, her manager at the time, moved to the English countryside, with his "freak." Reverend Joshua Brooks baptized her on December 1, 1811, in a church in Manchester. In 1814. she came to Paris with another manager. There, mostly scientists were interested. She was presented to the audience, mostly of doctors and scientists, in the Jardin des Plantes, in Paris. Professional portraits were done. She died, presumably of pneumonia, on December 29, 1815.

Georges Cuvier prepared her corpse: The skeleton, the brain, and her genitals were preserved. A gypsum plaster model was made of her body. All of these are preserved in what is the Musée de l'Homme in Paris, today.

Stephen Jay Gould and Élisabeth de Fontenay pointed out that these exhibitions were sexist, and focused on their own people ("ethnocenric"), in 1982. President Nelson Mandela asked that the remains of Sarah Baartman be given back to South Africa. At first, French academics refused. It was only in 2002, that her remains were given back. There was a large funeral in Hankey at the River Gamtoos in the area of  Baviaanskloof, on 9. August 2002. Thabo Mbeki, who was the president of South Africa at the time, gave the funeral speech. The district Cacadu, where her grave is was renamed to Sarah Baartman, in her honor, in 2015.

More images

Other websites

 History

 Documents regarding the court hearing of S.B, of 1810; National Archive, Black Presence, Asian and Black History in Britain 1500-1850

 Suggestion of the law regulating the restitution of the remains of  S. B. to South Africa, including the poem by Diana Ferrus; presented to the French Senate by  Senator  M. Nicolas ABOUT, 4. December 2001
 Dossier regarding French Law n° 2002-323 of March 6, 2002 regulating the repatriation of the remains of S.B.to South Africa, including links to session notes
 South African Government Information: Sarah Bartmann Dressing Ceremony, 4 AUGUST 2002
 South African Government Information: Sarah Bartmann Interment Ceremony, 9 August 2002, Hankey, Eastern Cape

 Other links

 Gamtos Tourism Information; S.B's grave, without enclosure.
 Gender and Womens's Studies for Africa's Transformation, Yvette Abrahams, Colonialism, disjuncture and dysfunction: Sarah Bartmann's resistance, and approach from gender research
 Mara Verna: "Hottentot Venus", interactive audio presentation, including links, bibliography,talks, interviews and speeches
 Lucille Davie: Sarah Baartman, at rest at last

References

1780s births
1815 deaths
South African people
Anthropology

Sarah Baartman


Sergei M. Plekhanov (Сергей Плеханов, born May 7, 1946, in Moscow) is associate professor of political science at York University in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and a former deputy director of the Institute for US and Canadian Studies in Russia.

Education and career
Plekhanov received a B.A. and an M.A. in International Relations from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations and a Ph.D. in history from the Institute for the Study of the US and Canada of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. From 1988 to 1993, he was the deputy director of the Institute for the Study of the US and Canada. From 1985 to 1990, Dr. Plekhanov participated in the development of reform policies of Mikhail Gorbachev and took part in Russia's democratic movement. Since 1992, he has taught as a visiting professor at the University of California, Irvine, and Occidental College in (Los Angeles). His areas of interest include Russian politics and foreign policy, history of Russian communism, problems of post-communism, US-Russian relations, and the local, regional, and global aspects of the crisis in Afghanistan.  He is writing a book on US-Russian relations.

From 1989 to 1991, Dr. Plekhanov served as Soviet Affairs Consultant with CBS News, and from 1991 to 1992, he was a consultant for the production of the HBO television film Stalin in which he wrote the Russian subtitles, starring Robert Duvall.

Current positions and written works

Plekhanov holds the current positions:

 Associate Professor at the Department of Political Science, York University
 Coordinator of the Post-Communist Studies Program at York Centre for International and Security Studies (York University)
 Director, South and Central Asia Project, York University
 Senior Associate of the Centre for Russian and East European Studies, University of Toronto
 Secretary, Canadian Pugwash Group

His published works include:

 "Russia and the West: Integration and Tensions" in: J.L.Black and Michael Johns (ed.) Russia after 2012: From Putin to Medvedev to  Putin: continuity, change, or revolution? New York: Routledge, 2013
 "Russia – A Resurgent Power?", in: J.L. Black and Michael Johns (ed.) From Putin to Medvedev: Continuity or Change? Manotick: Penumbra Press, 2009
 "Communist Party of the Russian Federation", in: Bruce Adams, Edward Lazzerini and George Rhyne (eds.). The Supplement to the Modern Encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet History, Vol.5, Academic International Press, 2005
 "Organized Crime, Business, and the Russian State", in: Felia Allum, Renate Siebert (ed.) Organized Crime and the Challenge to Democracy. Routledge, 2003
 "Market Geopolitics: Continuity and Change in Russian Foreign Policy", in: Lenard Cohen, Brian Job, Alexander Moens (eds.) Foreign Policy Realignment in the Age of Terror. Toronto: The Canadian Institute of Strategic Studies, 2003
 "Civil-Military Relations in Post-Soviet Russia: Rebuilding the "Battle Order"?" (with David Betz), in: Natalie Mychajlyszyn, Harald von Riekhoff (ed.) The Evolution of Civil-Military Relations in East-Central Europe and the Former Soviet Union. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003
 "The Politics of 'Mimicry': The Case of Eastern Europe" (with Piotr Dutkiewicz), in: Albert Legault and Joel Sokolsky (ed.). The Soldier and the State in the Post Cold War Era. Kingston: Royal Military College of Canada, 2002
 Co-editor, with Harvey Simmons: Is Fascism History? Selected papers presented at the conference held at York University 28–29 October 1999. Toronto: Centre for International and Security Studies, York University, 2001
 "NATO Enlargement As An Issue in Russian Politics", in: Jacques Levesque (ed.) The Future of NATO: Enlargement, Russia, and European Security. Toronto: McGill-Queens University Press, 1999
 Co-author and co-editor, with John Logue and John Simmons: Transforming Russian Enterprises: From State Control to Worker Ownership. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995
 Co-author and co-editor, with John Logue and John Simmons: Preobrazovanie predprijatij. Amerikanskij opyt i rossijskaja dejstvitel'nost' ( "Enterprise Reform: The American Experience and the Russian Reality") - a revised and updated Russian edition of the above. Moskva, Veche-Persej, 1997)
 "Soviet Perceptions of Long-Term Western Developments, Goals and Constraints", in: Klaus Gottstein (ed.) Mutual Perceptions of Long-Term Goals. Can the United States and the Soviet Union Cooperate Permanently? Campus Verlag - Westview Press, 1991
 "Pravyj ekstremism i vneshnyaya politika SShA" ("Right-Wing Extremism and US Foreign Policy"). Moscow: Nauka, 1987
 "Political Consciousness of Right Radicalism", in: Eduard Batalov and Yuri Zamoshkin (ed.). Political Consciousness in the USA: Traditions and Modernity. Revised and expanded edition. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1984

References

External links

Peace Magazine Interview, 2001

1946 births
Living people
Russian emigrants to Canada
Writers from Moscow
Russian expatriates in Canada
Soviet non-fiction writers
Soviet male writers
20th-century male writers
Russian political scientists
Russian political writers
Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian international relations scholars
University of California, Irvine faculty
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
Academic staff of York University
Moscow State Institute of International Relations alumni
Male non-fiction writers

Sergei Plekhanov


Geoffrey of Monmouth (c. 1095 – c. 1155) was a clergyman and writer. He was probably born in Wales. He was made the bishop of St Asaph on 21 February 1152.

Around 1136 he wrote Historia Regum Britanniae  in Latin, translated as History of the Kings of Britain. It is a mythical history which included the first account of  King Arthur, Camelot and the Knights of the Round Table.

Stories about in Geoffrey's book helped to make Arthur a popular character. Shakespeare consulted Geoffrey's book when he wrote King Lear and Cymbeline.

As early as 1190, William of Newburgh wrote "it is quite clear that everything this man wrote about Arthur and his successors, or indeed about his predecessors from Vortigern onwards, was made up, partly by himself and partly by others".

References

Welsh writers
1090s births
1155 deaths
Roman Catholic bishops

Geoffrey of Monmouth


This list of sex positions is a list of different ways to have sexual intercourse and other sexual acts.

Intercourse
These positions involve a penis going into a vagina, or the anus.

On top with front entry

These positions are used for vaginal, or anal sex. The basic position is called the missionary position. In it, the receiving partner lies on their back with legs apart. The penetrating partner lies on top of the receiving partner, facing them. The penetrating partner enters so that the base of the penis rubs the clitoris.

From behind

Most of these positions can be used for either vaginal, or anal sex.

The receiving partner is kneeling or on all four limbs. The penetrating partner inserts their penis from behind. This position is sometimes called as the doggy style position.

On top

Most of these positions can be used for either vaginal, or anal sex.

The receiving partner is on their hands and knees with their bottom exposed. The penetrating partner then pumps away at the receiving partner's vagina or anus with his penis.

Sitting and kneeling

Most of these positions can be used for either vaginal, or anal sex.

The penetrating partner sits down, with their legs stretched out. The receiving partner sits on top and wraps their legs around the penetrating partner. This is called pounding on the spot.

Standing

In the basic standing position, both partners stand facing each other and have vaginal sex. The shorter partner can stand on a stair if the partners are different heights. It may be easier if the person being penetrated has their back to a wall.

Anal
Most of the above positions can be used for anal sex.
 From behind. This position is good for thrusting.
 On top with front entry. The penetrating partner is between the receiving partner's legs. This position is good for beginners, because it allows them to relax.

Outercourse
Outercourse or frottage is sometimes part of foreplay, or to avoid intercourse.
 Dry humping – similar to sex, but with clothes on.
 Handjob – Rubbing a partner's penis.
 Footjob – using the feet to rub the penis.
 Mammary intercourse – using the breasts to rub the penis.
 Armpit Sex - placing the penis on the axilla.

Genital-genital sex
Genital-genital sex, sometimes called GG rubbing, is when two people rub penises together (sometimes called frot, or frottage), or when two people rub vulvae together (sometimes called tribadism, or scissoring).

Oral sex
Oral sex is the term given to genital stimulation by the mouth. People may engage in oral sex as part of foreplay before intercourse, or during, or following intercourse. It may also be performed for its own sake.

Fellatio
Fellatio is a kind of oral sex that involves a person letting their penis be licked, or "eaten" by their partner. The person's partner can be any gender, or sex. There are several ways to have oral sex.
 The person with male genitalia lies on their back while their partner kneels between their legs.
 The person with male genitalia lies on their back while their partner lies off to the side of their legs.
 The person with male genitalia sits in a chair and their partner kneels in front of them between their legs.
 The person with male genitalia stands while their partner either kneels in front of them or sits (in a chair or on the edge of a bed, etc.) and bends forward.
 The person with male genitalia's partner lies on their back with their mouth open and the person with male genitalia lies so that their penis is in their partner's mouth.

Note: Fellatio doesn't have to involve two people. Some people with male genitalia have a long-enough penis and a good enough stretch to lick or put their own penis into their mouth. However, this is called autofellatio or autofellation.

Cunnilingus
Cunnilingus is oral sex involving a person's female genitals. There are several ways to have oral sex.
 One partner lies on their back as in the missionary position. The active partner lies on their front between the first partner's legs.
 The active partner sits. The other partner stands facing away and bends at the hips.
 The active partner sits. The other partner stands or squats facing towards partner.
 The partner sits on the bed with their legs open, the active partner kneels in front of them.
 The active partner lies on their back while the other sits on the active partner's mouth.

69
Main article: 69 (sex position)

Oral sex between two people at the same time is called 69. Partners can be lying side-by-side, lying one on top of the other, or standing with one partner holding the other upside down.

Anilingus
Positions for anilingus, also known as "rimming", "anal-oral sex", or "rimjob" are:
 One partner is on all fours. The active partner is behind them.
 A partner is on their back with their legs up.

Group sex

More than one person with male genitalia
When three people have sex with each other, it is called a threesome. You can have:
 One person giving oral sex to either of the other two partners while they engage in intercourse.
 A person with male genitalia has vaginal or anal sex with one partner, while themselves being anally penetrated by another.
 A participant has vaginal or anal sex with one partner, and both have oral sex with a third.

Multiple penetration
Multiple penetration, or double penetration means someone is penetrated in more than one place. Types of double penetration are:

 Two penises in the anus. This is called double anal
 Two penises in the vagina. This is called double vagina
 One penis in the vagina and the other in the anus. This is called DP or double penetration Simultaneous penetration of the mouth and either the vagina, or anus. If the penetrating objects are penises, this is sometimes called the spit roast.

 With many people
 A group of people with male genitalia masturbating is called a circle jerk. A group of people with male genitalia ejaculating on one person's face is called bukkake.
 A group of at least two people, two or more of which are people with female genitalia, each having oral sex, is called a daisy chain.'''
 Four or more parties is considered an orgy.

Related pages
 Sex
 Kama Sutra

Gallery

Other websites

 Sensualinteractive.com presents - A list of sexual positions
 sexinfo101.com - All sex positions

Positions
Lists

List of sex positions


John Gregory Taylor (born March 31, 1962) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver and kick returner with the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL). He attended Pennsauken High School and was one of six NFL players to come from PHS during the 1980s. Taylor attended Delaware State College and was a member of their football team, the Hornets. He was a member of the 49ers teams that won Super Bowls XXIII, XXIV, and XXIX.

College career
Taylor unsuccessfully attempted to walk-on at Johnson C. Smith University in Charlotte, North Carolina. He transferred to Delaware State the following year and was able to make the team. Taylor totaled 42 touchdowns (33 receiving) over the course of his career at Delaware State, including 15 (13 receiving) his senior season (in only 10 games—they only played 10 games/season during that time period), both conference records. He caught 10 touchdown passes in both his sophomore and junior seasons. He is tied with kicker David Parkinson for most career points (254) in the conference. His 223 receiving yards in one game is also a conference record, and he has the two longest receptions in conference history, 97 and 93 yards. His 24.3 yards/catch average was the NCAA record until Jerome Mathis eclipsed it recently with 26.4. One player has since slightly eclipsed his record in career receiving yardage (Albert Horsey with 2,491 to Taylor's 2,426), but he remains the most dominant and famous player to ever come out of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference (MEAC). He was named MEAC Offensive Player of the Year in 1985 and All-MEAC first-team in 1984 and 1985.

NFL career
Taylor was drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the third round of the 1986 NFL draft with the 76th overall pick. This was ranked by ESPN as the 25th Greatest NFL Draft Steal of all time. Taylor played for the 49ers from 1987 to 1995 and was an exceptional counterpart to Hall of Fame teammate Jerry Rice during that time. He led the National Football League in punt return yards (556) in 1988, and he may be best known for catching the winning 10-yard touchdown pass from Joe Montana during the final seconds of Super Bowl XXIII in 1989. He also set Super Bowl records in the game for the most punt return yards (56) and highest punt return average (18.7 yards per return). Taylor also held the record for the longest punt return in Super Bowl history, with a 45-yard return in Super Bowl XXIII, until Denver Broncos' return specialist Jordan Norwood broke that record with a 61-yard return in Super Bowl 50.

By the conclusion of the 1988 season, which ended with his famous touchdown catch in the Super Bowl, Taylor had caught just 23 passes in his two years with the 49ers and was mainly used as punt and kick returner. But in the season after his Super Bowl-winning touchdown reception, Taylor established himself as one of the top receivers in the NFL. Despite not being the #1 receiver on his team, Taylor finished the 1989 season with 60 receptions for 1,077 yards and ten touchdowns (the fourth most touchdown receptions by a player in the NFL that year). In December 1989, on nationally televised Monday Night Football against the Los Angeles Rams, Taylor scored touchdowns on two receptions of over 90 yards (92 and 96), an NFL first.  He also set a record for most receiving yards in back-to-back games with a total of 448, a record he held until November 2006 when Chad Johnson of the Cincinnati Bengals broke it with 450 receiving yards.  He reached the 1,000 receiving yard milestone again in the 1991 season with 64 receptions for 1,011 yards and nine touchdowns (ranking him seventh in the NFL). In his nine NFL seasons, Taylor recorded 347 receptions for 5,589 yards (an average of 16.1 yards per catch) and 43 touchdowns. He also gained 1,517 yards and two touchdowns returning punts, and added another 276 yards returning kickoffs. He was selected to play in the NFL Pro Bowl twice, in 1988 and 1989. He also won three Super Bowl rings in his career with the 49ers, in 1988, 1989, and 1994. His combined total of 94 punt return yards in those three games are the most by any player in Super Bowl history, and his average of 15.7 yards per return is also the highest.

Life after football
At one time, Taylor owned a trucking company but still drives a truck and leads a quiet life off the field. His only moments in any sort of spotlight come when he's participating in celebrity golf events, such as ones sponsored by his Alma mater, Delaware State. In 2005, he was inducted into the Delaware Sports Museum and Hall of Fame. He also worked in San Jose juvenile detention, as a staff member in unit B-4.

Hall of Fame nomination

Taylor was a nominee for the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2018, but did not make it to the list of finalists.

References

External links

1962 births
Living people
American football return specialists
American football wide receivers
Delaware State Hornets football players
San Francisco 49ers players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
Pennsauken High School alumni
People from Pennsauken Township, New Jersey
Players of American football from Camden County, New Jersey
Sportspeople from the Delaware Valley
Sportspeople from Clovis, California
Players of American football from Fresno County, California

John Taylor (American football)