Korean tacos are a Korean-Mexican fusion dish popular in a number of urban areas in the United States and Canada.  Korean tacos originated in Los Angeles, often as street food, consisting of Korean-style fillings, such as bulgogi and kimchi, placed on top of small traditional Mexican corn tortillas.  Korean burritos are a similarly themed dish, using larger flour tortillas as a wrap.

Background
Although various restaurants have occasionally served dishes they called Korean tacos, the popularity of the dish is generally traced to the use of Twitter by the proprietors of the Kogi Korean BBQ, a food truck in Los Angeles, California, to announce their schedule and itinerary. The idea of making Korean tacos came to owner Mark Manguera after an unsuccessful search of Los Angeles' Koreatown for carne asada tacos.  In its first year of operation, Kogi generated an estimated $2 million of revenue.

Korean taco trucks later appeared in Portland, Oregon (the "KOI Fusion" truck), Austin, Texas (the Chi'Lantro BBQ truck), and Seattle, Washington ("Marination Mobile", whose spicy pork Korean taco earned them Good Morning America's Best Food Truck in America).  In San Francisco the dish was popularized in 2009 by Namu Restaurant's Happy Belly food cart in Golden Gate Park, later moving to a farmers market food stand at the San Francisco Ferry Building.  The dish's popularity led mainstream fast food chain Baja Fresh to test market Korean tacos as a menu item in California, with plans to introduce the dish to hundreds of locations nationwide.

In April 2010, Food & Wine magazine named Roy Choi, the chef of the original Kogi's, one of its annual "Best New Chefs".  It was the first time a food truck chef had been nominated for the award.

See also

Burrito
Korean-Mexican fusion
Popiah
Ssam

References

American fusion cuisine
California culture
Kimchi dishes
Korean-American culture in California
Korean fusion cuisine
Mexican fusion cuisine
Street food
Taco

Korean taco


A four-room house, also known as an "Israelite house" or a "pillared house" is the name given to the mud and stone houses characteristic of the Iron Age of Levant.

The four-room house is so named because its floor plan is divided into four sections, although not all four are proper rooms, one often being an unroofed courtyard. It is also sometimes called a pillared house because two—or all three—of the parallel ground-level "rooms" are separated by one—or two, respectively—rows of wooden pillars. The pillars, however, are not the defining feature of the four-room house, and this error of terminology leads to the confusion of four-room houses with other buildings, such as storehouses and stables, where pillars were widely used, but which were not constructed under the four-room house layout. When an upper floor was included, the inhabitants used it as living quarters, while the ground floor was used as a stable for livestock and for storage. There were multiple variations on the basic four-room house. Some had a five-, three-, or two-room layout, and sometimes the rooms were divided by additional walls into smaller areas. Acknowledging these sub-types of the four-room house, the popularity of the structure started at the beginning of Iron Age I (end of the eleventh century BCE) and dominated the architecture of Israel through Iron Age II until the Babylonian Exile. After the destruction of Judah (of the seventh and sixth centuries BCE) the architecture type was no longer utilized.

Analysis
There have been multiple theories on why the four-room house construction was so popular. Architectural analysis can be made of the residential units by the way they are grouped, the relationship between structures, their size, internal divisions, and the size and structure of the families that inhabited them. Various points can be made about the four-room house pertaining to the culture of their inhabitants. Disparity in house sizes and build quality within towns seem to be a result of socio-economic stratification within cities. Four-roomed houses are found in isolation or built in clusters of grouped units. It can be observed that smaller urban houses, that shared walls between them, were most likely inhabited by nuclear families, while the larger stand-alone houses belonged to extended and wealthy families such as the urban elite. Through the analysis of space syntax within the four-room house, it can be said that the four-room house reflects an egalitarian ideology. The typical four-room house had a layout where all the inner rooms were directly accessible from the house's central space, suggesting that all rooms were equal and there was no hierarchy to the space. The four-room house was unlike the typical Canaanite-Phoenician dwelling, which had a layout where some rooms could be entered only by passing through other rooms, hence showing a hierarchy of access.

Although sometimes considered particularly Israelite, this idea has been challenged. Ziony Zevit writes that although "[t]he Iron Age pillared houses, the "four-room house," are not uniquely Israelite", listing up several Iron Age non-Israelite sites where such houses were found, he nevertheless states that they are unlike the older, "Late Bronze II pillared house discovered at Tel Batash", and finally concludes that, all considered, "they are characteristic of Israelite sites." Their origins are uncertain.

Building patterns and materials
Through archaeological excavations and anthropological studies, it is possible to report on building materials and possible methods used in the construction of the Israelite four-room houses. The Iron I four-room houses typically measured ten to twelve meters long and eight to ten meters wide. The floor plan consists of three axial rooms, connected by one "broadroom" at the rear of the building. Although a majority of houses were not found standing, through analysis it can be concluded that some houses stood two stories tall. Not all four-room houses were stand-alone houses in the typical American sense. While some houses were found in isolation, other houses were found with shared walls, and even shared the back broadroom wall with a thicker, outer, defensive city wall. The houses could be constructed in a circular pattern, where the outer city wall connected all back broadroom walls, such as in a combination of the casemate wall and the residential wall. The normal walls were around one meter thick, and were constructed of fieldstones. The exterior defensive walls were thicker. The surfaces of exterior walls were likely plastered to prevent erosion from rainfall, which could be heavy and intense in the winter and spring of the region. The plastering would have demanded a significant quantity of lime to be manufactured, which required a kiln. The floors were composed of beaten earth and flagstone pavement. Finely layered ash and clay helped keep the floors smooth and level. As seen by the sheer volume and weight of all of the stones, wooden pillars, and mudbrick walls used in the construction of the four-room house, it can be said that construction was a team effort that took a lot of energy.

List of sites with four-room houses
Following is a tentative list of Israelite four-room houses at various excavation sites.
 Avaris (Land of Goshen?)
 City of David (Jerusalem)
 Isbet Sartah
 Lachish
 Mitzpe Ramon
 Tell Abu al-Kharaz
 Tel Arad
 Tel Be'er Sheva (Beersheba)
 Tel Hazor
 Tel Megiddo
 Tel Mevorakh
 Tel Rumeida (Hebron)
 Tel Shikmona
 Tell Qasile

See also
 History of ancient Israel and Judah
 Israelites

References

Archaeology of Israel
House types
Ancient Jewish history
Ancient Israel and Judah
Vernacular architecture
Ancient Near East art and architecture

Four-room house


Fermi-Dirac statistics is a branch of quantum statistics. It is named after Enrico Fermi and Paul Dirac. It is used to describe the macroscopic state of a system which is made of many simliar particles (Fermions). One example is to describe the state of electrons in metals and semimetals, to describe electrical conductivity.

Fermi-Dirac statistics makes the following assumptions:
None of the states of the particles can hold more than one particle (known as Pauli exclusion principle)
Exchanging a particle for another similar particle will not lead to a new state, but will give the same state (known as Identical particles)
The Fermi distribution tells with what probability, a Fermi gas, at a given temperature and energy level, will have a particle in the given state.

Quantum mechanics

Fermi-Dirac statistics


XHTVM-TDT (virtual channel 40) is a television station in Mexico City, owned by Televisora del Valle de México and operated by TV Azteca. It is branded as adn40 and available over the air in much of Mexico on TV Azteca's transmitters. Programming generally consists of news and informational shows.

History

Concession, sign-on and early years
On June 28, 1991, the Diario Oficial de la Federación announced that channel 40 in Mexico City was open to be an independent commercial television station. The new station would have its transmitter located on Cerro del Chiquihuite, and it would have an effective radiated power of 5,000 kW; a callsign of XHEXI-TV, never to be used on air, was also assigned at this time. The availability of a new television station in Mexico City, for the first time in decades, attracted high-powered media companies aspiring to enter the television business. Of 18 total applicants, 10 qualified for the concession for the new television station. Among the competitors were Francisco Aguirre Gómez of Grupo Radio Centro, Rafael Cutberto Navarro of Radio Cadena Nacional, Grupo Siete Comunicación, and other owners of radio stations.

On September 23 of that year, Televisora del Valle de México, S.A. (Broadcaster of the Valley of Mexico), a company 95% owned by Javier Moreno Valle and 5% by Hernán Cabalceta, was selected to receive the concession to operate the television station on channel 40. While it was stated at the time that channel 40 would go on the air in the first half of 1992, the start of regular operations would not occur for another three years. By the time the concession was formally issued on April 19, 1993, the effective radiated power had changed to 3,190 kilowatts, and the station had a new callsign: XHTVM-TV.

XHTVM signed on for good on June 19, 1995, with landscape videos set to classical music. It was the first new television station in Mexico City since XHIMT-TV took to the air a decade earlier, its second UHF, and the first new commercial station since XHTM-TV and XHDF-TV signed on in 1968. Soon after, actual programming began under the name CNI Canal 40, "CNI" being an acronym for Corporación de Noticias e Información (News and Information Corporation). As CNI, XHTVM concentrated on news and discussion programming, along with some general entertainment shows and infomercials. Its association with the new Telenoticias network gave it access to Telenoticias's 123 correspondents and 400 reporters around the world.

In 1996, CNI moved its staff to the 40th and 41st floors of the World Trade Center Mexico City. CNI secured the facilities after eight months of negotiations. The contract allowed CNI to rent for 10 years and then buy the facility at a cost of $12 million.

In 1997, CNI faced a boycott from major advertisers when it aired a story investigating the evidence against Father Marcial Maciel, founder of the Legion of Christ movement. The Legionaries refused to comment but, according to Moreno Valle, "started pressing through every channel they could" in an attempt to keep the story off the air. Roberto Servitje, part of the family controlling Grupo Bimbo, called for a boycott of the station, as did the powerful Monterrey businessman Alfonso Romo. Moreno Valle also received a call from a friend of his at Televisa. This situation partially soured XHTVM's ability to garner advertisers in the long run.

The CNI-Azteca deal and the beginning of the conflict

On July 29, 1998, CNI partnered with TV Azteca, becoming "Azteca 40", TV Azteca's third station. Under this partnership, CNI would carry programming provided by TV Azteca, including its news and entertainment programming, while TV Azteca sold the advertising time; Azteca loaned CNI $40 million. On September 1, Azteca took over programming almost all of XHTVM's broadcast day, while CNI produced the 9:30pm-midnight time slot, featuring CNI Noticias, the station's flagship newscast with Ciro Gómez Leyva and Denise Maerker. The contract allowed Azteca to buy 51% of XHTVM if the deal were to be broken.

Briefly in 1999, Azteca secured a contract with MVS Comunicaciones to broadcast MVS's morning newscast, Para Empezar, on XHTVM. The simulcast lasted only one month; MVS had an exclusivity contract with DirecTV, and CNI programs were broadcast on competitor SKY México, which broke the contract.

On July 16, 2000, Moreno Valle unilaterally broke the contract with TV Azteca in an announcement on the program Séptimo Dia with Gómez Leyva, removing the network's programming from the air. Moreno Valle believed TV Azteca was filling up the time allotted to his CNI with leftover TV Azteca programs and accused Azteca of not complying with the contracts the two parties had signed. He also believed that Azteca was intentionally attempting to not generate profits, and by doing so, ruin CNI and the station to later buy it. In addition, Moreno Valle noted that the contracts had still not been approved by Mexican communications regulators. As a result, TV Azteca sued Moreno Valle for breach of contract and removed Moreno Valle from its administrative council.

In January 2001, the International Court of Arbitration in Paris announced it would hear the case of XHTVM.

In March 2001, a judge in Mexico City ordered the creation of a trust to enable Azteca to purchase 51% of the station; another ruling under which CNI was to pay $34 million to Azteca was issued three months later.

XHTVM broadcast 40 games of the 2002 FIFA World Cup under an agreement made with DirecTV, who owned the broadcast rights. DirecTV sold the ad time, while CNI received a cut of earnings and added other programs relating to the tournament.

In July 2002, TV Azteca filed a suit in Mexican federal court against CNI, hoping to take the company into bankruptcy reorganization (concurso mercantil), claiming that CNI still owed Azteca $15 million of the original 1998 line of credit. In addition, CNI held debts with the World Trade Center, BBC Worldwide Americas, Channel Four International and Deutsche Welle, which supplied some programs.

The chiquihuitazo
On December 27, 2002, TV Azteca used armed guards to take over the station and its transmitting facilities at Cerro del Chiquihuite. At 2 am, 20 people wearing hoods and ski masks entered the facilities, covering the faces of the workers on site, forcing them to sign a document, and making them leave. At 6 am on that day, the CNI signal was switched to a simulcast of Azteca 13, and at 6:30 pm that evening, the CNI signal on DirecTV Mexico, which was not obtained over the air, began to display a message informing satellite viewers of the transmitter takeover. It used two legal rulings, including one ambiguous judgment from the International Court of Arbitration in Paris, that declared the CNI-Azteca contract valid as justification. CNI, in the meantime, was flooded with phone calls to its headquarters on the 40th floor of the World Trade Center Mexico City; its engineers on another level of the building were astonished as they watched monitors in the facility showing Azteca 13's signal in place of their own. WTC security guards told a TV Azteca reporter filing a story from the facility that he could not record a report there. A producer exclaimed, "This is like September 11!" as he ran across the facility with copies of statements to be released to the media.

XHTVM continued to simulcast Azteca 13 for several days, eventually gaining its own program schedule on December 31. Azteca even aired one edition of Informativo 40, a news program hosted by Sergio Sarmiento, in an attempt to give the reclaimed channel 40 some continuity and normalcy; unaware of the legal battle surrounding the channel, the country's Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía even placed advertising on the newscast. Jorge Fernández Menéndez, a journalist who had worked for CNI said that Azteca had planned this move, noting that he, along with Maerker, Gómez Leyva and others, were offered jobs at TV Azteca in the run-up to the forced takeover; all three of them rejected the offers. Azteca also placed ads in some of Mexico's major daily newspapers soliciting former CNI workers to join Azteca's operation; they declined, countering with their own print ad the next day.

The Mexican government was extremely slow to react. Owing to the timing of the events around the Christmas holiday, neither the RTC (General Directorate of Radio, Television and Film) nor the Secretariat of Communications and Transportation did anything, despite petitions from CNI and Azteca alike for the federal government to take a position on the takeover. On January 6, during a visit to the remodeled press room at Los Pinos, CNI subdirector of news Roberto López Agustín approached President Vicente Fox and demanded that he take a stand on the issue. On his way to the presidential plane, other reporters asked questions about the XHTVM situation. Fox, however, merely said, "¿Y yo por qué?" ("And why me?"), leading to one of his greatest political blunders in his tenure as president.

After the end of holiday celebrations, the RTC and SCT took the matter into their own hands. On January 6, in an 11 pm press conference, the SCT announced that if no settlement between Azteca and CNI were to be reached, the government would seize control of the station. (The SCT also considered solving another problem, a dispute over XHRAE channel 28, by giving TV Azteca that frequency and leaving CNI as the sole operator of channel 40).

At Cerro del Chiquihuite, a negotiating session with Moreno Valle, TV Azteca head Ricardo Salinas Pliego and mediators including the Secretary of the Interior and Secretary of Communications and Transportation began at midnight; at this point, XHTVM immediately began to broadcast color bars. A three-day negotiation period began, and on the evening of January 9, at the start of newscasts on both Azteca and Televisa, it was announced that no agreement had been reached and that the government would seize all XHTVM installations, including the transmitter site; later, it was stated that this was done because an entity (TV Azteca) that was not the concessionaire (Televisora del Valle de México) was operating the station. On the 27th, five days after the Mexican Congress passed a resolution calling for the restoration of channel 40 to CNI, CNI resumed control of the channel and of its transmission facilities. The events related to the transmitter site became popularly known as the chiquihuitazo. Meanwhile, CNI and TV Azteca continued to negotiate in hopes of reaching a deal; even though CNI offered to pay Azteca US$25,000,000 ($ in  dollars), Azteca rejected CNI's offer.

Azteca was fined 210,000 pesos (roughly US$25,000 in 2013 dollars) by the SCT after the incident.

2003–2005: Third CNI era
CNI continued to broadcast varied programs. In addition to its newscasts, it carried Sex and the City and produced and transmitted the football matches of Club León.

In October 2003, CNI put XHTVM up for sale: one potential buyer for what would have been a 51% stake in the network was Isaac Saba.

However, shortly after the station's crisis with TV Azteca, CNI suffered financial problems and a looming threat of a strike by its employees. At one point the government prevented government agencies—which represented a significant portion of its advertising—from buying ad time on CNI. On May 19, 2005, 300 unionized CNI employees went on strike, the first such strike in Mexico City television history, demanding US$3.6 million in back pay. The station was forced off the air by this strike action. Valle had his own legal troubles: on June 29, an arrest warrant was issued in the United States for Moreno Valle for evading some US$297,000 in taxes in addition to claims by Mexico's Tax and Finance Secretariat that XHTVM owed $19 million in unpaid taxes. Valle was arrested in Houston, Texas on November 9, 2005. The country's then-Attorney General Daniel Cabeza de Vaca asked the United States to extradite Valle to México. General Electric México loaned $5 million to CNI and was willing to help ease its financial woes, but the Mexican government blocked the loan due to its stance against foreign ownership of broadcasters; in fact, Azteca sued, claiming XHTVM defrauded its creditors by accepting a loan that they might not be able to guarantee. The union additionally would not accept payment until the loan was validated. At the same time, Azteca recognized Cabalceta, who owned 5% of Televisora del Valle de México, as the sole administrator, and the two negotiated the sale of the 51% of the station that Azteca allegedly had the option to buy.

2005–17: Azteca's Proyecto 40

On September 19, 2005, the Juez Séptimo Civil del Tribunal Superior de Justicia del Distrito Federal (Seventh Civil Court of the Superior Court of Justice for the Federal District) ruled that TV Azteca could operate XHTVM.

After several legal mistrials against Moreno Valle, XHTVM returned to the air in early 2006 under a new name, Proyecto 40 (Project 40). It aired a cultural and news-oriented slate similar to CNI, while also adding entertainment programs in later years. Its news division operated separately from that of the main TV Azteca news division, only sharing a few of their journalists and hosts. In late November 2007, Valle's lawyers sued TV Azteca for illegally using XHTVM, and in late 2011, Javier Quijano Baz, lawyer for Televisora del Valle de México, published an open letter to the Public Registrar of Property in Mexico City, outlining a resolution favorable to Moreno Valle. A federal judge had ordered Azteca to respect a shareholders' meeting of Televisora del Valle de México held on September 12, 2005, that affirmed Moreno Valle as controller of TVM. Azteca, however, believed that according to a recurso de amparo from 2007, it had the legal right to continue operating XHTVM; it also argued that Moreno Valle, due to his legal troubles, was not in a position to be able to retake control of the channel.

In 2006, as a result of the Televisa Law, the station's concession, which would have expired in April 2008, was extended to 2021.

In July 2013, a judge reactivated the arrest warrant for Javier Moreno Valle, which had been suspended. The suspension was lifted because Moreno Valle had not paid 15 million pesos. He also had failed to pay 6 million pesos of both value-added tax and income tax. The reactivated arrest warrant can be executed by Mexico's Federal Police, though he currently resides in the United States.

In August 2014, Televisora del Valle de México received approval to change its legal status, from S.A. de C.V. to S.A.P.I. de C.V. (Sociedad Anónima Promotora de Inversión de Capital Variable).

2017–present: adn40
On March 12, 2017, at 9pm, a special program aired announcing the "evolution" of Proyecto 40. The next morning, at 6am, regular programming began of the rebranded XHTVM, now known as adn40. The rename accompanied a relaunch of the channel with new sets and a revamped program lineup.

Digital television
XHTVM requested channel 41 in December 2006 to build its digital facilities; the next year, Azteca instead petitioned for channel 26, to put all three of its Mexico City stations on adjacent channels. Until 2015, when Azteca built final, high-powered digital facilities for its Mexico City stations, XHTVM's analog and digital facilities were on different towers. The XHTVM analog signal originated from the purpose-built channel 40 site; XHTVM-TDT's transmitter was co-located with those of XHIMT-TV/TDT and XHDF-TV/TDT.

Digital subchannels
The station's digital channel is multiplexed:

In April 2017, Azteca was authorized to drop the 2-hour timeshift feed of Azteca Uno from 40.2 in favor of Azteca Noticias, which had previously been on XHIMT 7.2. Ultimately, Azteca chose to retain the existing programming.

Analog-to-digital conversion
When final digital facilities were built for XHTVM in 2015, its digital signal moved to the original channel 40 tower. The new facilities increased XHTVM's effective radiated power from 71.4 to 513.05 kW, the highest of any digital television station in Mexico. At midnight on December 17, 2015, XHTVM and other Mexico City stations ceased analog broadcasts. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 26, using PSIP to display XHTVM's virtual channel as 40 on digital television receivers.

Repeaters
XHTVM has three co-channel repeaters:

Iztapalapa, Mexico City (760 watts)
Cerro Melchor Ocampo, Cuautitlán, Estado de México (88 watts)
Chimalhuacán, Estado de México (220 watts)

Availability outside Mexico City

CNI's only full-time availability outside Mexico City was on cable and satellite systems. However, its news programs were aired on several stations, including a number of independent stations in northern Mexico such as XHIJ, XHILA and XHPNW; Multimedios Televisión in Monterrey; and the state networks of Campeche (TRC) and Yucatán (Canal Trece). Stations listed as "coming soon" included XHRBT-TV, a never-built station on channel 42 at Río Bravo, Tamaulipas whose concession was obtained by an affiliate of Javier Moreno Valle in 1999, and an unknown "channel 38" for Puebla, Cuernavaca and Toluca.

Broadcast coverage of Proyecto 40 was first extended outside Mexico City in November 2012, when 16 Azteca Trece transmitters in major cities began carrying Proyecto 40 in SD as a second subchannel.

With the digital television transition completed, in 2016, TV Azteca applied to the Federal Telecommunications Institute to add Proyecto 40 to 29 additional transmitters, three of which (Pachuca, Morelia and Zamora) carry Azteca 7; these Azteca 7 stations were changed to a+ in May 2018. Another 28 transmitters were added in 2017.

On December 13, 2017, the IFT deemed that as a result of being multiplexed on dozens of Azteca transmitters and thus having coverage of 67% of the population of Mexico, carriage of adn40 should be made mandatory for satellite providers.

As almost all of adn40's carriage is on Azteca Uno transmitters, it appears as subchannel 1.2 for most viewers outside the Mexico City area.

Programming
adn 40's program lineup primarily consists of news and discussion programs as well as documentaries. Major news programs on adn40 include Primer Café, which airs in the mornings, and Es Tendencia, an afternoon news program. On weeknights, Hannia Novell anchors the flagship Es Noticia bulletin, which is aired at 8 pm.

Previously, as Proyecto 40, XHTVM aired more general entertainment programming. TV Azteca and Showtime in the United States signed an agreement in September 2008 under which Proyecto 40 began to carry Dexter, Nurse Jackie and other Showtime programs.

References

External links
 adn40.mx

Television stations in Mexico City
TV Azteca
Television channels and stations established in 1995
1995 establishments in Mexico
24-hour television news channels in Mexico

XHTVM-TDT


Saint Louis is a 1592–1595 painting by El Greco, painted during his time in Toledo. It is now in the Louvre in Paris.

It shows Louis IX of France wearing 16th-century armour and a crown and holding his family symbol of a fleur de lys and the traditional sceptre of the kings of France. Gregorio Marañon and Manuel Bartolomé Cossío argue the model was a patient at the Hospital del Nuncio or an old print.

Louis was the grandson of Alfonso VIII of Castile, meaning that in the late 16th century, he was revered in both France and Spain, particularly since no Spanish king was canonised until Ferdinand III of Castile received the honour in 1671. The work was commissioned by Luis de Castilla, the painter's friend and future executor – the saint was also Luis' name saint. For a period the work was in the collection of the château de Chenonceau, before being acquired by its present owner in 1903. A recent restoration has revealed a cityscape in the background, showing Toledo.

Bibliography
  ÁLVAREZ LOPERA, José, El Greco, Madrid, Arlanza, 2005, Biblioteca «Descubrir el Arte», (colección «Grandes maestros»). .
  SCHOLZ-HÄNSEL, Michael, El Greco, Colonia, Taschen, 2003. .

External links
 ArteHistoria.com. «San Luis Rey de Francia»

1590s paintings
Paintings by El Greco in the Louvre

Saint Louis (El Greco)


Patrick Gabarrou a.k.a. "Le Gab" (born 19 July 1951 in Évreux), is a French mountaineer and mountain guide who is credited with more than 300 first ascents, most of them in the Mont Blanc massif.

He has been the president of the international environmental NGO Mountain Wilderness from 2006 to 2010. He is mostly an ice climber, and is considered to be a pioneer of the modern wave of ice climbing.

He also opened routes in several other regions like Canada, Bolivia and Patagonia.

First ascents

Mountain routes
 Boivin-Gabarrou on the north face of Les Droites (with Jean-Marc Boivin), 1975
 Supercouloir and Gabarrou-Albinoni on Mont Blanc du Tacul
 Hypercouloir on Mont Blanc (with Pierre-Alain Steiner), 1982
 Divine Providence on the Grand Pilier d'Angle, 1984
 Gabarrou-Silvy on the Aiguille Sans Nom, 1985
 Directissime on the Grandes Jorasses (with Hervé Bouvard), 1986
 Aux amis disparus on the Matterhorn (with Lionel Daudet)
 Directissime de la Margerita on Monte Rosa (with Christian Appertet), 1992
 Alexis on Point Whymper of the Grandes Jorasses (with Benoît Robert), 1993
 A Leï on the Grandes Jorasses (with Philippe Batoux and Benoît Robert), February 2003
 Heidi on the Grandes Jorasses (with Philippe Batoux and Christophe Dumarest), 17–21 March 2005
 Ciao Walter on Mont-Blanc (with Simon Deniel and Ben O'Connor-Croft), 2012
 Brigite on the Arête des Grands Montets (with his wife Franca et Philippe Lansard), 5 April 2013
 René Croft between the Boivin-Gabarrou and the Barnoud-Marsigny on the north face of Les Droites (with Ben O'Connor-Croft), 25–26 April 2013
 Padre Pio, Une Echelle Vers le Ciel on the south face of Matterhorn, 2015 (see Alpinist article)

Ice climbs
 Cascade Notre Dame, 700 m, V, WI6 (with François Marsigny), 1984
 Freneysie Pascale, 1984
 Abominette, 700 m, IV, 5.8, WI3 (with Christophe Profit and Sylviane Tavernier), 1984
 Fantomastic, 700 m, V, WI6 (with François Marsigny), 1985
 Patagonic, 700 m, M6, V+, WI6, A1 (with Christophe Dumarest), 2003

Skiing
 First descent of the north face of the Col de Peuterey, with Jean-Marc Boivin, 1977
 Winner, French championship of ski-mountaineering 1989, together with Pierre d'Alboy
 Sixth place, Pierra Menta 1989, together with Pierre d'Alboy
 Fourth, Pierra Menta 1991, together with Lionel Mailly
 First descent of the south face of the Tour Noir, with Ben O'Connor-Croft, 16 April 2013

References

External links
 Gabarrou's personal web site
 Summitpost on Gabarrou

Alpine guides
French mountain climbers
French male ski mountaineers
Sportspeople from Évreux
Living people
1951 births
Tibet freedom activists
Ice climbers

Patrick Gabarrou


Daniel Friedmann (, born 17 April 1936) is a former professor at and dean of the Tel Aviv University Faculty of Law. He served as the Minister of Justice of Israel from 2007 to 2009, having been appointed by then-Prime Minister Ehud Olmert. He was sworn in on February 7, 2007, succeeding Tzipi Livni. In 2009 he was succeeded by Ya'akov Ne'eman.

Early life
Friedmann was born in Mandatory Palestine into a family that has lived there for seven generations. He attended the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Harvard Law School, receiving a doctorate from the former.

Academic career
Friedmann was previously a professor of law at Tel Aviv University in the 1960s and 70s, including a stint as dean of the faculty of law there between 1974 and 1978. He subsequently taught law in the United States at Harvard, Penn, and Fordham, and in the United Kingdom at Queen Mary, University of London.

Friedmann has authored numerous legal articles and treatises in Hebrew and English.

Awards and honours
Friedmann is the recipient of several Israeli and international awards, including the Zeltner Prize (awarded to an outstanding jurist), the Sussman Prize, the Minkoff Prize, and the Israel Prize, in 1991, for law.

Politics and government
Friedman had been a member of the now-defunct Democratic Movement for Change party, and later appeared at the symbolic 120th place on the Knesset electoral list of one of its successor parties, Shinui, in the 2003 elections.

Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert appointed Friedmann as the Minister of Justice on February 6, 2007. He was confirmed by the Cabinet unanimously and by the Knesset (50-24-1) on February 7. He was sworn in the same day.

The initial reaction to appointment was mixed, but the commentators agree that Friedmann is strongly critical of the Israeli Judiciary. In the past Friedmann has declared a preference for reforming the system by which justices are appointed to the Israeli Supreme Court.

References

External links

Daniel Friedmann's Website
Daniel Friedmann's Website (Hebrew)
Tel Aviv University biography
Prof. Daniel Friedmann appointed Justice Minister, government press release

See also
 List of Israel Prize recipients

1936 births
Living people
Government ministers of Israel
Deans of law schools in Israel
Israeli lawyers
Harvard Law School alumni
Academics of Queen Mary University of London
Israel Prize in law recipients
Israeli Jews
Israeli legal scholars
Members of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities
Democratic Movement for Change politicians
Shinui politicians
Academic staff of Tel Aviv University
Academic staff of the College of Management Academic Studies
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
People from Tel Aviv
Ministers of Justice of Israel
Israeli academic administrators

Daniel Friedmann


The black seabream (Spondyliosoma cantharus) is a species of Sparidae fishes. They are recognisable by their oval compressed body and jaws containing 4-6 rows of slender teeth which are larger at the front. They are silvery in colour with blue and pink tinges and broken longitudinal gold lines. They can reach a maximum size of 60 cm in length.
They live in northern Europe and in the Mediterranean, usually found on the inshore shelf at depths varying from 5 to 300 m. They are usually found in schools feeding on seaweeds and invertebrates. They breed in February to May leaving eggs in the demersal zone.

Black seabream are protogynous meaning females have the ability to change to males.

References

External links

 Page at Fish Base

black seabream
Fish of Africa
Fish of Europe
Fauna of Macaronesia
Fish of the Mediterranean Sea
black seabream
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Black seabream


Peter Bartholomew (, died 20 April 1099) was a French soldier and mystic who was part of the First Crusade as part of the army of Raymond of Saint-Gilles. Peter was initially a servant to William, Lord of Cunhlat.

Mysticism
In December 1097, during the siege of Antioch, Peter reportedly began to have visions, mostly of Saint Andrew. Peter claimed Saint Andrew took him to the Church of St. Peter, inside Antioch, and showed him where the relic of the Holy Lance could be found. Saint Andrew instructed Peter to tell the Crusade leaders about this and to give the Lance to Raymond of St. Gilles when it was found. Peter did not immediately inform Raymond or the other leaders and was visited four more times before June 1098. He began to lose his sight in February 1098, probably because of the famine afflicting the Crusaders, although he believed Saint Andrew was punishing him.

After the Crusaders captured Antioch, Peter and Raymond began excavating the floor of the church. On 14 June 1098, Peter apparently discovered the Lance and claimed to have been visited once more by St. Andrew that night, who told him to establish a feast day in honor of the discovery. Many people, including the papal legate Adhemar of Le Puy, believed Peter was a charlatan and had simply brought a piece of iron with him to "find." After Adhemar's death later in 1098, Peter said Adhemar visited him to confirm the authenticity of the Lance.

The discovery of the Lance was at first considered to be a good omen, and it boosted the morale of the Crusaders when they were besieged by a Muslim army. The Lance was credited with ensuring the Crusader victory in this siege, just as Saint Andrew had promised. Nevertheless, Peter's reputation was tarnished because many of the nobles still did not believe him. Without the theological force of Adhemar to unify the Crusaders, their forces were split into groups with differing opinions, some of which supported the legitimacy of the miracles experienced on the way to the Holy Land and some who did not. In this time, charlatanry and false miracles were common. He later claimed Christ had visited him and instructed the Crusaders to march barefoot to Jerusalem, although this was largely ignored. Other visions, from Christ, Saint Andrew, Adhemar and others, revealed divine anger at the various sins and vices of the Crusaders.

On 8 April 1099, Peter went through an ordeal by fire by his own choice in an attempt to prove himself. It is very likely that he was severely burned in the process, although he claimed he was uninjured because Christ had appeared to him in the fire and that he had been hurt afterwards when a crowd rushed to him and was rescued by Raymond Pilet d'Alès. He died on 20 April.

In film
In the 2001 film The Crusaders, Peter Bartholomew was portrayed by Flavio Insinna.

Notes

References

Riley-Smith, Jonathan, The First Crusaders, 1095-1131, Cambridge University Press, London, 1997

Further reading
 Anonymi Gesta Francorum et Aliorum Hieorsolimitorum (ed. L. Bréhier as Histoire Anonyme de la première Croisade). Paris: 1924.
 Asbridge, Thomas. "The Holy Lance of Antioch: Power, Devotion and Memory on the First Crusade", Reading Medieval Studies 33 (2007), 3–36.

External links

1099 deaths
Christians of the First Crusade
French Christian monks
Year of birth unknown

Peter Bartholomew


When the Imperial Circles ( ) — comprising a regional grouping of territories of the Holy Roman Empire — were created as part of the Imperial Reform at the 1500 Diet of Augsburg, many Imperial territories remained unencircled.

Initially six circles were established in order to secure and enforce the Public Peace () declared by Emperor Maximilian I and the jurisdiction of the . They did not incorporate the territories of the Prince-electors and the Austrian homelands of the ruling House of Habsburg. Only at the 1512 Diet of Trier were these estates (except for the Kingdom of Bohemia) included in the newly implemented Burgundian, Austrian, Upper Saxon, and Electoral Rhenish circles, confirmed by the 1521 Diet of Worms.

After 1512, the bulk of the remaining territories not comprised by Imperial Circles were the lands of the Bohemian crown, the Old Swiss Confederacy and the Italian territories (the exceptions were  Savoy, Piedmont, Nice, and Aosta, which were part of the Upper Rhenish Circle). Besides these, there were also a considerable number of minor territories which retained imperial immediacy, such as individual Imperial Villages (), and the lands held by individual Imperial Knights ().

List of unencircled territories

Lands of the Bohemian Crown

the Kingdom of Bohemia (Bohemia proper)
the Bohemian Margraviate of Moravia
the Piast duchies of Silesia, in large part conquered by Prussia in 1742
in Lower Silesia:
the Duchy of Silesia-Wrocław, held by the Bohemian kings since 1335
the Duchy of Nysa, held by the Prince-Bishops of Wrocław
the Duchy of Legnica
the Duchy of Jawor, held by the Bohemian kings since 1392
the Duchy of Brzeg
the Duchy of Głogów
the Duchy of Żagań, held by the Saxon House of Wettin until 1549
the Duchy of Oleśnica
the Duchy of Bierutów
the Duchy of Ziębice
in Upper Silesia:
the Duchy of Opole
the Duchy of Racibórz
the Duchy of Cieszyn
the Duchy of Opava, established on Moravian territory in 1269
the Duchy of Krnov, partitioned from Opava in 1377
including the state countries of
Pszczyna
Syców
Żmigród
Milicz
Bytom Odrzański
Bytom
the Margraviates of Upper (Bautzen) and Lower Lusatia (Lübben), ceded to Saxony in 1635, including the state countries of
Muskau
Seidenberg
Hoyerswerda
Königsbrück, from 1562
the County of Kladsko, conquered by Prussia in 1742

Old Swiss Confederacy

The Old Swiss Confederacy remained part of the Holy Roman Empire until 1648, when it gained formal independence in the   Peace of Westphalia.

the Thirteen Cantons
the City of Zürich, since 1351
the City and Republic of Berne, since 1353; associate since 1323
the City of Lucerne, since 1332
Uri, founding canton (Federal Charter of 1291)
Schwyz, founding canton
Unterwalden (Obwalden and Nidwalden), founding canton
Zug, since 1352
Glarus, since 1352
the City of Fribourg, since 1481; associate since 1454
the City of Solothurn, since 1481; associate since 1353
the City of Basel, since 1501
the City of Schaffhausen, since 1501; associate since 1454
Appenzell, from 1513; associate since 1411
Associates
the City of Biel/Bienne, since 1353
the County of Neuchâtel, since 1406
the Republic of Valais, since 1416/17
Abbey of Saint Gall, since 1451
the City of St. Gallen, since 1454
the Free State of the Three Leagues since 1497/99
the City of Mühlhausen (Mulhouse), from 1515
the City of Geneva, from 1519

Italy

the Duchy of Mantua, held by the House of Gonzaga until 1708, when it passed to the Habsburgs
the Duchy of Milan, held by the House of Sforza until 1535, and then by the Habsburgs
the Duchy of Modena and Reggio, held by the House of Este
the March of Montferrat, held by the House of Palaiologos, from 1533 by the House of Gonzaga
the Duchy of Parma, from 1545, held by the House of Farnese until 1731, and then primarily by the House of Bourbon
the Republic of Florence, from 1532 the Duchy of Florence, from 1569 the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, held by the House of Medici until 1737, and then by the House of Lorraine
the Republic of Genoa
the Republic of Lucca
the Republic of Siena until 1555, when it was annexed by Florence
Other small imperial fiefs, including the Marquisate of Saluzzo, the Duchy of Guastalla, the Duchy of Mirandola, the Duchy of Massa and Carrara, the Duchy of Sabbioneta, etc.

Other territories
the territories of Imperial Knights
the Imperial Villages
minor territories, such as:
the County of Montbéliard
the Lordship of Schmalkalden
the Lordship of Jever
the peasant republic of Dithmarschen (until incorporated into Holstein in 1559)

See also
 Rittersturm

References
 Imperial Circles in the 16th Century Historical Maps of Germany
 Nicht eingekreiste zum Heiligen Römischen Reich zugehörige Territorien und Stände

.
Subdivisions of the Holy Roman Empire
States and territories established in 1500
1500s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1500 establishments in Europe

Territories of the Holy Roman Empire outside the Imperial Circles


The Moscow Symphony Orchestra is an orchestra based in Moscow, Russia.  It was started in 1989.  It was the first orchestra that was started in modern Russia with private money, not with money from the government.  The orchestra have played under famous Russian conductors and with famous soloists, including Yuri Bashmet and Vadim Repin.

The orchestra's main conductor is Vladimir Ziva, and its main guest conductor is Ignat Solzhenitsyn.  The Orchestra have given concerts in United States, Japan, South Korea and Western Europe.

Other websites
 MSO official site

Russian music
Orchestras

Moscow Symphony Orchestra


Sächsische Schweiz means Saxon Switzerland in English. It is a mountainous climbing area and national park near Dresden in Saxony, Germany. Part of the area is in the Czech Republic. It is called the Bohemian Switzerland in the Czech Republic.

Sächsische Schweiz has some 1,000 climbing peaks, as well as several hollows. The area is popular with Dresden locals and international climbers.

The administrative district for the area is Sächsische Schweiz Rural District.

History
Sächsische Schweiz area has a number of fortresses built to protect trade routes; remaining fortresses include Festung Königstein and Castle Hohnstein. Hardly anything is left of other castles and fortresses.

The area became popular with tourists during the 19th century. Romantic artists were inspired by the beauty of wilderness, like the painter Ludwig Richter or the composer Carl Maria von Weber, who set his famous opera Der Freischütz with its Wolfsschlucht ("wolf's gorge") scene near the city of Rathen.

Rock Climbing
Saxon Switzerland is characterized by its sandstone rocks which draw many rock climbers. At the beginning of the 20th century the 'Saxon Rules' for rock climbing were made, the first ever of their kind worldwide.

Other websites

 Saxony Switzerland (en)
 Sächsische Schweiz (in German)
 Official portal of the destination Saxon Switzerland  (in English)
 Saxon Switzerland

Geography of Saxony

Saxon Switzerland


A theoretical plate in many separation processes is a hypothetical zone or stage in which two phases, such as the liquid and vapor phases of a substance, establish an equilibrium with each other. Such equilibrium stages may also be referred to as an equilibrium stage, ideal stage, or a theoretical tray. The performance of many separation processes depends on having series of equilibrium stages and is enhanced by providing more such stages. In other words, having more theoretical plates increases the efficiency of the separation process be it either a distillation, absorption, chromatographic, adsorption or similar process.

Applications

The concept of theoretical plates and trays or equilibrium stages is used in the design of many different types of separation.

Distillation columns

The concept of theoretical plates in designing distillation processes has been discussed in many reference texts. Any physical device that provides good contact between the vapor and liquid phases present in industrial-scale distillation columns or laboratory-scale glassware distillation columns constitutes a "plate" or "tray". Since an actual, physical plate can never be a 100% efficient equilibrium stage, the number of actual plates is more than the required theoretical plates.

where  is the number of actual, physical plates or trays,  is the number of theoretical plates or trays and  is the plate or tray efficiency.

So-called bubble-cap or valve-cap trays are examples of the vapor and liquid contact devices used in industrial distillation columns. Another example of vapor and liquid contact devices are the spikes in laboratory Vigreux fractionating columns.

The trays or plates  used in industrial distillation columns are fabricated of circular steel plates and usually installed inside the column at intervals of about 60 to 75 cm (24 to 30 inches) up the height of the column. That spacing is chosen primarily for ease of installation and ease of access for future repair or maintenance.

An example of a very simple tray is a perforated tray. The desired contacting between vapor and liquid occurs as the vapor, flowing upwards through the perforations, comes into contact with the liquid flowing downwards through the perforations.  In current modern practice, as shown in the adjacent diagram, better contacting is achieved by installing bubble-caps or valve caps at each perforation to promote the formation of vapor bubbles flowing through a thin layer of liquid maintained by a weir on each tray.

To design a distillation unit or a similar chemical process, the number of theoretical trays or plates (that is, hypothetical equilibrium stages), , required in the process should be determined, taking into account a likely range of feedstock composition and the desired degree of separation of the components in the output fractions.  In industrial continuous fractionating columns,  is determined by starting at either the top or bottom of the column and calculating material balances, heat balances and equilibrium flash vaporizations for each of the succession of equilibrium stages until the desired end product composition is achieved.  The calculation process requires the availability of a great deal of vapor–liquid equilibrium data for the components present in the distillation feed, and the calculation procedure is very complex.

In an industrial distillation column, the  required to achieve a given separation also depends upon the amount of reflux used.  Using more reflux decreases the number of plates required and using less reflux increases the number of plates required. Hence, the calculation of  is usually repeated at various reflux rates.   is then divided by the tray efficiency, E, to determine the actual number of trays or physical plates, , needed in the separating column.  The final design choice of the number of trays to be installed in an industrial distillation column is then selected based upon an economic balance between the cost of additional trays and the cost of using a higher reflux rate.

There is a very important distinction between the theoretical plate terminology used in discussing conventional distillation trays and the theoretical plate terminology used in the discussions below of packed bed distillation or absorption or in chromatography or other applications. The theoretical plate in conventional distillation trays has no "height". It is simply a hypothetical equilibrium stage. However, the theoretical plate in packed beds, chromatography and other applications is defined as having a height.

The empirical formula known as Van Winkle's Correlation can be used to predict the Murphree plate efficiency for distillation columns separating binary systems.

Distillation and absorption packed beds

Distillation  and absorption separation processes using packed beds for vapor and liquid contacting have an equivalent concept referred to as the plate height or the height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP).  HETP arises from the same concept of equilibrium stages as does the theoretical plate and is numerically equal to the absorption bed length divided by the number of theoretical plates in the absorption bed (and in practice is measured in this way).

where  is the number of theoretical plates (also called the "plate count"),  is the total bed height and  is the height equivalent to a theoretical plate.

The material in packed beds can either be random dumped packing (1-3" wide) such as Raschig rings or structured sheet metal. Liquids tend to wet the surface of the packing and the vapors contact the wetted surface, where mass transfer occurs.

Chromatographic processes

The theoretical plate concept was also adapted for chromatographic processes by Martin and Synge. The IUPAC's Gold Book provides a definition of the number of theoretical plates in a chromatography column.

The same equation applies in chromatography processes as for the packed bed processes, namely:

In packed column chromatography, the HETP may also be calculated with the Van Deemter equation.
In capillary column chromatography HETP is given by the Golay equation.

Other applications

The concept of theoretical plates or trays applies to other processes as well, such as capillary electrophoresis and some types of adsorption.

See also

Batch distillation
Continuous distillation
Extractive distillation
Fenske equation
Fractional distillation
McCabe–Thiele method

References

External links
Distillation, An Introduction by Ming Tham, Newcastle University, UK
Distillation Theory by Ivar J. Halvorsen and Sigurd Skogestad, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway

Separation processes
Unit operations
Chemical engineering
Chromatography
Distillation

Theoretical plate


A death anniversary is the custom of commemorating the date of someone's death. It is observed in several Asian cultures, including among Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Jewish and Vietnamese people. The tradition has also been associated with Confucianism, Buddhism, Hinduism and Judaism. Like a birthday, it is celebrated each year. Instead of on the date of birth of the individual being celebrated, it is celebrated on the day on which a family member or other loved one died.

Death customs
Confucianism
Chinese culture
Korean culture
Religious Confucianism

Death anniversary


The red-bellied titi monkey or dusky titi (Plecturocebus moloch) is a species of titi monkey, a type of New World monkey, endemic to Brazil. It lives in forests and thickets.

It has a rounded head and a thick, soft coat and frequently adopts a characteristic posture with the body hunched, limbs close together, and a tail hanging down. The body is  long, and the tail is .

It can move quite fast if necessary but rarely does so and generally stays within a fairly small area, feeding on fruit, insects, spiders, small birds, and bird's eggs. It is diurnal and moves in pairs or family groups, which communicate by means of a wide repertoire of sounds. The female gives birth to a single offspring.

Physical description
The red-bellied titi has an average head and body length of  for males and  for females, showing no sexual dimorphism. Its tail has a greater length than the head and body combined. Males weigh between  while females range from .

It has a larger pollex than its hallux. It has six palmar pads and nails on each of its five digits. It has a dental formula of i 2/2, p 3/3, m 3/3 with a total of 36. Its upper incisors are elongated and the incisiform canines barely extend beyond the other teeth. The upper molars are sometimes tricuspid and the lower premolars are relatively simple. Upper and lower molars are quadricuspid. It has relatively large ears often obscured by the fur on side of the head. The nose has a wide internal septum and the nares open laterally. In adults, the pelage of the back can be grey, reddish, or brown. It usually has white or black bands on its forehead. This color pattern found both in young and adults.

The ear has a helical margin that is pulled upward and towards the back. The anterior superior margins are rolled. Tragus and antitragus are small, lobulated and equal in size. The manus has a unique raided pads; the interdigital pads are separated from the palm by a structure called deep flex urge line. The palm consist of two elongated central pads, a hypothenar pad and a thenar pad.

The skull is orthognathous, orbits are unfenestrated, balls are inflated ventrally, and a large sinus found above the nasal.  The foramen magnum is located towards the front, and the atlas has shallow anterior articular facets which allow the condyles to attach. Anterior margin of the lacrimal fossa is formed by or near the maxilla. The premaxilla is short, giving the appearance of a small, not especially prognathic face relative to other platyrrhines. The corpus of the mandible deepens posteriorly and the ramus is tall. The hyoid bone is expanded and highly convex ventrally.

Behavior and ecology

Groups vary in size from two to four individuals usually with an adult female and an adult male. The young tend to leave group at the age of 2–3 years old. It rarely interacts with other primates. Bonding between male and female pairs is extremely strong. Once this relationship is established, partners remain very close to each other. Couples also intertwine the tails whenever possible.  Couples tend to follow each other and remain near each other throughout the day. The males play a major role in taking care of the young. Siblings however, do not play a role and do not usually help in rearing of the young. The adults use chest rubbing as a visual signal, dragging branches along their chest slowly. Later, after brushing, the area is smelt or rubbed.

It tends to inhabit lower and denser tropical forest especially close to rivers and river banks. It has a frugivorous diet, eating anything from fruits and twigs to leaves and insects. It has a relatively small home range. Like other titis, it is highly territorial and sends out vocal calls to mark territory and scare off other animals.

Grooming occurs frequently throughout the day, mostly during rest periods. Both females and males, adults and young participate in grooming. It has been suggested that grooming is a form of habituation introducing the concept of presence and physical contact with companions. Adults and juvenile also intertwine tails with the opposite sex whenever two from the same social group are by each other.

The red-bellied titi has a variety of postures and facial expressions that it uses as visual signals. Swaying the entire body, turning the head sideways and lowering the head to face downward are examples of these signals. Observers have seen that these signals are a response to a disturbance or escape tendencies. Arching of the back is a signal that the red-bellied titi uses to warn that they're about to attack. This signal is associated with hostility, after they arch their backs an attack usually follows. Other signals associated with hostility include piloerection and tail lashing. These tend to follow back arching and are often used as scare tactics. Facial expressions observed in these species include partial and complete shutting of the eyes, protrusion of the lips and baring of the teeth which is usually followed by smacking of the lips.

Infants are usually transferred and tended to by the males. Females only lick and nurse the infants. The adult males are responsible for carrying the infants except when the young is being nursed or licked. Sometimes the juvenile transfers itself from adult to adult, especially when the two adults are close to each other.  There is a close association between males and juvenile after the juvenile becomes self-locomoting.

References

Further reading
Macmillan Illustrated Animal Encyclopedia
American Society of Mammalogists. Mammalian species number 112. By Clyde Jones and Sydney Anderson

External links
 Primate Info Net Callicebus moloch Factsheet

red-bellied titi
Mammals of Brazil
Endemic fauna of Brazil
red-bellied titi
Taxa named by Johann Centurius Hoffmannsegg

Red-bellied titi monkey


Magnolia yunnanensis is a species of tree in the family Magnoliaceae, native to evergreen broad-leaved forests in eastern Asia, southern China and Indochina.

Richard Figlar notes that Magnolia yunnanensis is "often cultivated as street trees in their native Yunnan because of their 'Gallery Pear-type' growth habit and their exceptionally glossy evergreen foliage". He also notes that "their flowers are not as profuse and are less showy than those of other magnolia species".

Gallery

References

yunnanensis
Plants described in 1951

Magnolia yunnanensis


The Maroon Berets are a highly trained elite special operations armed force unit that was created by officers from the Turkish Army. They are also called "Bordo Bereliler". Their priority is to eliminate terrorists, attackers and foreign military threats on the Turkish Republic and provide homeland security. Other missions include behind enemy lines operations, high risk reconnaissance missions and front line engagement and termination missions.

There are three categories of education and training that a MB will undergo. These are Domestic, International and Specialty

Within these three categories, there are 47 different subjects. Domestic training takes 72 weeks of basic training; International training takes 10 to 52 weeks of specialized training in different countries. It takes 3.5 – 5 years to become a MB commando.

The Maroon Berets (MB) came into the public spotlight when they captured the PKK terrorist organization leader Abdullah Öcalan in Kenya. The identities of MB personal is classified. Unlike other special operations teams, MB Officers are battle hardened and are constantly operating and are active in the war on the PKK in the south eastern Iraqi border region of Turkey and even cross border action into Northern Iraq.

Beginning and involvement in the Korean War

Birth of the Maroon Berets is just prior to the Korean War and immediately after World War II. Their first name was "Turkish Commandos" ().

In a bid to gain membership into NATO, Republic of Turkey sent army troops to combat during the Korean War. At the time the United States military didn't have special operations team therefore the Maroon Berets were the only special operations team to operate in the Korean War. MB officers would operate assault missions into North Korean territory and would recon and intelligence gathering missions into China. MB commandos were the only foreign armed force to operate on Chinese soil at that time. As of this date, the exact details and operations of the MB commandos in the Korean War remains classified.

In 1992, their name changed to "Maroon Berets" ().

1974 Turkish Invasion of Cyprus

The Maroon Berets remained highly active in the Turkish Invasion of Cyprus in 1974 ( also known as the 1974 Turkish-Greek war) and played a major role in the outcome of the (Turkish victory) war. Turkish MB commandos priority throughout the war was to eliminate the Greek Junta armed forcein Cyprus which would ultimately cause the collapse of the Greek Junta Political-Military heavily armed force. The Maroon Berets and the Turkish Army would achieve this through two Invasions Invasion A and Invasion B with invasion scout and reconnaissance missions prior to Invasion A and Invasion B. Maroon Beret commandos would land undetected using high speed attack boats for Scouting and reconnaissance before the two main Invasion landing. They would sneak for miles giving locations for the main invasion landing vessels to land on, bomb coordinates for the Air Force to strike, map terrain, mark danger zones and hidden mine fields for the upcoming invading soldiers and plant charges to blow during the invasion. Their scouting and reconnaissance would last from 3 hours to 3 days. These missions were often highly risky and critical for the safety of Turkish Infantry troops, tanks and transport vehicles.

War on the PKK and Turkish incursions into northern Iraq

The Maroon Berets conduct daily operations against the PKK terrorist organization in the ongoing clashes between Turkish Security forces and Kurdish PKK Terrorists in an effort for an independent Kurdish state in south eastern Turkey and northern Iraq. Aside from daily operations Maroon Berets participated and led the Turkish Army into battle in 5 Invasions into Northern Iraq as far as 32 kilometers.

October 5th 1992, Operation Northern Iraq, in retaliation to an simultaneous attacks on 3 Turkish Gendarme Station which left 28 soldiers dead and 125 wounded. The Turkish Military captured  1,232 PKK terrorists and had killed another 1,551.

March 20th  1995, Operation Steel in retaliation of a Kurdish attack which left 64 Turkish soldiers dead and another 185 wounded. Result in the killing of  555 terrorists and the capture and execution of 13.

May 12th 1997, Operation Hammer in retaliation the a Kurdish attack which left 114 Turkish soldiers dead and another 338 wounded. Turkish Forces killed 2,730 and captured 415, all to be executed after prison sentences of 25 years.

September 25th 1997, operation Dawn, in retaliation to another attack which killed 31 Turkish soldiers and 91 wounded. 694 Killed and 151 executed on live television by firing squads in 3 different broadcasts.

February 21st, 2008 operation Sun in retaliation to a 5th Kurdish attack which killed 27 Turkish soldiers. Turkish Forces would kill 240 and capture 320, to jail.

All of the Invasions were led by Maroon Beret commandos followed by Gendarme Commandos and then by Army Soldiers.

Training and recruitment

Maroon Berets are all recruited from high rank Army officers who volunteer to join. Each recruit must have at least served 3 years as an Army soldier and must have certain amount of time received by Army operations either from exercises or actual clashes. They must undergo A) Domestic training witch takes 72 weeks B) International training takes 10 to 52 weeks depending on the rank of the volunteering officer. and C) specialty. After graduating from Special Operations Training commandos are tested before officially becoming an MB officer. They are expected to survive in all environmental conditions for at least 2 weeks, so they are left  as an entire team in different environments each on with no equipment or help for 2 weeks as a part of the final testing stage. If they survive they become MB commandos. They are also tested by a number of other near impossible tests which can be anything from performing the Trust shot to a few questions on subjects they learned in training.  On the last month of training Maroon Berets receive interrogation and torture training. The last month of training is called hell month, similar to the United States Navy Seals hell week training.

Trust Shot
The Trust Shot () is a part of the MB's training program. It is exercised on the last month of the training and is to ensure that the soldiers can trust each other with their lives. The Trust Shot consists of two members of a squad standing next to paper target boards, while another member fires on the targets with a handgun while walking towards them from 15 meters (49.2 feet) away. The MB's are the only special operations team in the world to exercise the trust shot.

During the exercise the men standing next to the targets are not allowed to move or wear body armor.
Government of Turkey
Military organizations

Special Forces Command (Turkey)


Monarchy were a British-based Australian electronic music duo consisting of Andrew Armstrong (also known as Andrew "Friendly" Kornweibel; producer, DJ) and Ra Black (also known as Ra Khahn; vocals, lyrics). Based in London, the duo was previously known as Milke. They have released four studio albums and two extended plays.

History
In November 2009, Monarchy was featured as "Band of the Day" on The Guardian website. Monarchy's debut single "Gold in the Fire" was released on 1 February 2010 on Neon Gold Records, containing the B-side "Black, the Colour of My Heart". They have created remixes for Ellie Goulding, Kelis, Lady Gaga, Marina and the Diamonds, Jamiroquai, Kylie Minogue, Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark and Fyfe Dangerfield.

Their first live show was broadcast into space from Cape Canaveral, Florida, in June 2010, making them the first band ever to perform live into space. They have since performed at various London and UK venues including XOYO and HMV Forum, and festivals including The Big Chill, Popaganda in Sweden, Bestival, Eurosonic Festival in the Netherlands, Midem in Cannes, as well as Paris, Dijon, Rouen, Amsterdam, and across Europe. In 2011 they performed at Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, Hay Festival and Melt! festival, amongst others. Monarchy played the Together Winter Music Festival in London at the Alexandra Palace on 26 November 2011.

After signing to Mercury Records in February 2010, Monarchy was set to release their self-titled debut album that August. However, the duo were dropped by Mercury a few months later, and the album's release was cancelled. Their debut album was ultimately released on 11 July 2011 by independent label 100% Records under a new title, Around the Sun, with a slightly different track listing. The Guardian gave the album three out of five stars and stated that "[t]he lyrics are often arrant nonsense [...] but there are many pleasures here." NME rated the album five out of 10, comparing Monarchy to Hurts, The Sound of Arrows and Steps. Popjustice placed Around the Sun at number fourteen on its list of the best albums of 2011. Their song "The Phoenix Alive" was featured in EA Sports game, FIFA 12 with remix of Kris Menace.

Monarchy's single "Disintegration" was released digitally on 14 January 2013 and features Neo-Burlesque performer Dita Von Teese, who also appears on the track's accompanying music video. The duo released the single "Living Without You" on 28 April 2014. Their extended play Almost Human, was officially released on 8 September 2014, after premiering exclusively on Vibes website on 15 August. Monarchy's second studio album, Abnocto, was released on 6 March 2015 by Hacan Sounds. It was preceded by the single "Dancing in the Corner" on 19 January 2015.

On 27 April 2015, Armstrong announced the split of Monarchy. On 1 June, he announced that the duo had reconciled and would continue touring and creating new music.

Monarchy collaborated with electronic artist Karma Fields on the track "Faint Echoes", taken from the album New Age | Dark Age, released on 2 March 2016.

On August 6, 2021, the band announced they would be splitting once again. This was accompanied by the release of the bands latest album SYZYGY.

Discography

Studio albums

Extended plays

Singles

Music videos

Remixes

References

External links

2009 establishments in England
English electronic music duos
English synth-pop groups
Musical groups disestablished in 2015
Musical groups established in 2009
Musical groups from London
Musical groups reestablished in 2015
Remixers

Monarchy (band)


The Joseph Smith Memorial Building, originally called the Hotel Utah, is a social center located on the corner of Main Street and South Temple in Salt Lake City. It is named in honor of Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement. It houses several restaurants and also functions as a venue for events. Several levels of the building also serve as administrative offices for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) departments such as FamilySearch. On January 3, 1978, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as the Hotel Utah.

The building was closed to the public at the beginning of 2023 to upgrade its systems, with an expected reopening in 2025.

History

The corner of Main Street and South Temple has long been important in Utah history. Prior to construction of the Hotel Utah from 1909 to 1911, the general tithing office of the LDS Church, a bishop's storehouse, and the Deseret News printing plant all were located on the site.

Work on the Second Renaissance Revival style hotel, designed by the Los Angeles architectural firm of Parkinson and Bergstrom, began in June 1909. Two years later, on June 9, 1911, the Hotel Utah opened for business. While the LDS Church was the primary stockholder, many Mormon and non-Mormon community and business leaders also purchased stock in the effort to provide the city with a first-class hotel.

"The largest and finest bar in the West [was built] in the basement of the Hotel" to pay off a $2 million construction loan. The financing was secured by the LDS Church's presiding bishop, Charles W. Nibley, from New York financier Charles Baruch.
Originally, the hotel allowed black employees, but no black guests. This policy extended to famous entertainers. Lillian Evanti, Harry Belafonte, Marian Anderson, and Ella Fitzgerald were all denied hotel rooms. Anderson was eventually allowed to stay at the Hotel, on condition that she did not use the elevator and eat her meals in her hotel room.

In 1947, the first non-white professional basketball player, Wataru Misaka, signed his first NBA contract at this hotel.  At the time of his signing, according to Misaka, nonwhites were not allowed to stay in this hotel.

The ten-story building has a concrete and steel structure and is covered with white glazed terra cotta and brick. Various additions and remodelings have occurred throughout the years, including a substantial expansion to the north and modifications to the roof-top dining facilities.

It was featured in the 1973 film "Harry in Your Pocket" starring James Coburn.

The building ceased operations as a hotel in August 1987. A major remodeling and adaptive reuse project to accommodate both community and church functions was completed in 1993.  Church leader Gordon B. Hinckley chose the name when he observed that there were many monuments to pioneer leader and Utah founder Brigham Young, but none to Joseph Smith.

The building was decorated with the words "SALT LAKE 2002" during the Winter Olympics.

2011 marked the celebration of 100 years since initial construction was completed on the Hotel Utah.

Features

The Testaments of One Fold and One Shepherd is a 67-minute film shot in 65 mm and produced by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.  It depicts the life of Jesus in Jerusalem while depicting the events described in the Book of Mormon from approximately the same time period.  The film's climax occurs after Christ's resurrection, when Jesus appears in the Americas.  The movie was originally shown in the Legacy Theater on a 62x31 foot screen. It replaced Legacy: A Mormon Journey as the flagship JSMB feature in March 2000.  The Testaments of One Fold and One Shepherd was later replaced in the theater by Joseph Smith: The Prophet of the Restoration, a film commemorating the 200th anniversary of the birth of Joseph Smith.

Current use

The building currently hosts:
 A large, historical, ornately decorated multi-story lobby, featuring a large white statue of Joseph Smith, and an enormous crystal chandelier. Live classical music is often performed here as background.
 The FamilySearch center, where the public can use the provided computers and materials to do family history research and genealogy.
 The Legacy Theater, where the public can view regularly scheduled free showings of various church-produced movies. The theater originally showed Legacy: A Mormon Journey and subsequently has also shown The Testaments of One Fold and One Shepherd, Joseph Smith: Prophet of the Restoration, and Meet the Mormons.
 Two restaurants, The Roof and The Garden, on the top (tenth) floor.
 There is a chapel used for the Sunday services of various downtown wards. The chapel contains a Casavant Frères pipe organ with 2,484 pipes in 45 ranks across two manuals. The organ is characterized by a French accent.
 A pair of peregrine falcons returns yearly to nest in a nest box at the top of the building, which has two webcams installed in it, viewable to the public.

References

External links

 Official Joseph Smith Memorial Building Web Page
 History of the Hotel Utah, Old Post Cards
 Falcon Homepage , Utah Division of Wildlife Resources
 The Roof and The Garden Restaurants, located on the top floor of the Joseph Smith Memorial Building
 Hotel Utah at University of Utah Digital Library, Marriott Library Special Collections

20th-century Latter Day Saint church buildings
Neoclassical architecture in Utah
Defunct hotels in the United States
History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Utah
Joseph Smith
Meetinghouses of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Utah
Office buildings in Salt Lake City
Properties of religious function on the National Register of Historic Places in Utah
Properties of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Hotel buildings completed in 1911
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1911
Skyscrapers in Salt Lake City
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Utah
1993 establishments in Utah
National Register of Historic Places in Salt Lake City
Skyscraper office buildings in Utah
Skyscrapers in Utah

Joseph Smith Memorial Building


Luke McShane (born 7 January 1984) is an English chess Grandmaster.

A former World Youth Champion, he is one of England's leading players and a member of the English Chess Olympiad team. He has also been a trader in London's financial sector.

Early career
McShane won the World Under-10 Championship in Duisburg at the age of eight. Shortly afterwards he found a sponsor in the form of computer company Psion. At sixteen he became the then youngest ever British grandmaster.

In January 2004 McShane was ranked second in the world among junior (under-21) players behind Teimour Radjabov.

Grandmaster
From around 2002, McShane has been facing stiffer opposition, including players from the world's top ten. He played for England in the 2002 Chess Olympiad in Bled, scoring 6½/11, and won the silver medal at the World Junior Championship in Goa.

In 2009/10 he tied for first through fifth place at the 39th Rilton Cup in Stockholm.

In December 2010 McShane participated in the 8-player London Chess Classic Tournament, which included Viswanathan Anand (reigning World Chess Champion), Magnus Carlsen (rated #1 for most of 2010), Vladimir Kramnik (former World Champion) and Hikaru Nakamura (US Champion).  Under a scoring system of 3 points for a win, 1 for a draw and 0 for a loss, McShane finished joint second with Anand, behind Carlsen, whom McShane had beaten in their individual game.  Undefeated, his event performance rating was 2838 – higher than Carlsen's or Anand's. In the January 2011 rating list, he overtook Nigel Short, to become the UK's second highest ranked player after Michael Adams.

In January 2011 McShane came joint first with David Navara in the B group of the Tata Steel tournament, winning on tie break.

References

1984 births
Living people
British chess players
Sportspeople from London
Chess grandmasters

Luke McShane


Chailland is a commune of 1136 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Chailland is also a very common last name of a family living in the United States mostly located in southeast Missouri and Southern FL.

Communes in Mayenne

Chailland


Andriy Atanasovich Melnyk (; 12 December 1890 – 1 November 1964) was a Ukrainian military and political leader.

Life
Melnyk was born near Drohobych, Halychyna, into a peasant family. Between 1912 and 1914 he studied at the Higher School of Agriculture in Vienna. With the outbreak of the First World War, Melnyk served as an officer in the Austro-Hungarian army as a volunteer commanding a company of the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen. Due to his kind demeanor, he was referred to affectionately as "Lord Melnyk" by fellow Ukrainian and Austrian officers, who felt that he embodied the English concept of a gentleman, which at that time had been an ideal in Central Europe. Melnyk was taken prisoner by the Russians in 1916. In captivity, Melnyk became a close associate of Yevhen Konovalets and joined the Ukrainian independence movement.

During the Ukrainian–Soviet War of 1917-1921 Melnyk supported Symon Petliura and was promoted to the rank of colonel in the Ukrainian People's Republic army. Together with Yevhen Konovalets, Melnyk and several others founded the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) in 1929. Between 1924 and 1928 Melnyk was imprisoned for terrorist activities by the Polish government. During the 1930s, however, his career was much more subdued than those of his colleagues. He basically retired from politics, refrained from terrorist activities and worked as an engineer and as the director of forests on the huge estates of the Metropolitan of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, Andrey Sheptytsky. More friendly to the Church than any of his associates (the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists was generally anti-clerical), Melnyk even became the chairman of Orlo, the Galician Catholic youth organization that was regarded as anti-Nationalist by many OUN members.

After the assassination of OUN leader Konovalets in 1938, the principal OUN leadership abroad could not choose a leader from amongst themselves and therefore asked Melnyk to become leader of OUN in 1939. He was chosen by the leadership in part because of the hope for more moderate and pragmatic leadership and due to the desire to repair strained ties with the Catholic Church. The group that had chosen Melnyk as their leader admired aspects of Benito Mussolini's fascism but condemned Nazism. In 1940 a more radical faction of the OUN, led by Stepan Bandera and based in Ukraine, broke away from the OUN led by Melnyk in exile. The two rival organizations became known as Melnykites (Melnykivtsi) and Banderites (Banderivtsi).

After 1938 Melnyk and Bandera were recruited into the Nazi Germany military intelligence Abwehr for espionage, counter-espionage and sabotage. The Abwehr goal was to run diversion activities after Germany's planned attack on the Soviet Union. Melnyk was given the code name 'Consul I'. This information is part of the testimony that Abwehr Colonel Erwin Stolze gave on 25 December 1945 and submitted to the Nuremberg trials, with a request that it be admitted as evidence.

After the June 1941 German invasion of the Soviet Union, Melnyk declared his own independent Ukrainian government in Rivne, competing with Bandera supporters for influence in western Ukraine. Initially, Melnyk's more conservative and moderate supporters enjoyed support against Bandera's radicals both from the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and from German military authorities. However, his position was contradictory. A conservative Catholic who maintained the officer's personal code of honor, Melnyk was at odds with aspects of the ideology of his own organization. His reluctance to assert dominance or to engage in a ruthless pursuit of power disadvantaged him versus his younger and more violent rivals in the Bandera camp. Many of Melnyk's close associates were killed by Bandera's Ukrainian Insurgent Army between 1941 and 1944 and Bandera's movement came to dominate the Ukrainian nationalist political milieu in most of western Ukraine. In 1944 Melnyk was briefly imprisoned by the Gestapo during a crackdown against the Ukrainian independence movement.

After the war, Melnyk escaped to the West and lived in Luxembourg, West Germany, and Canada. He remained politically active and headed a number of Ukrainian émigré organizations. He died in Clervaux, Luxembourg, at the age of 73, and was buried at Bonnevoie cemetery,  Luxembourg.

In late 2006, the Lviv city administration announced the future transfer of the tombs of Andriy Melnyk, Yevhen Konovalets, Stepan Bandera and other key leaders of the OUN and UPA to a new area of Lychakivskiy Cemetery specifically dedicated to the Ukrainian national-liberation struggle. However this was not implemented.

See also
History of Ukraine
Stepan Bandera

Notes

References
Andrii Melnyk biography in Encyclopaedia of Ukraine
"The History we don't know. Or don't care to know?" [Історія, якої не знаємо. Чи не хочемо знати?], available online

1890 births
1964 deaths
Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
Military personnel from Lviv Oblast
Politicians from Lviv Oblast
Military personnel from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
Sachsenhausen concentration camp survivors
Ukrainian Austro-Hungarians
Ukrainian collaborators with Nazi Germany
Ukrainian military personnel
Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists members
Ukrainian people of World War I
Ukrainian people of World War II
Ukrainian politicians before 1991
Ukrainian refugees
Ukrainian Eastern Catholics

Andriy Melnyk (officer)


Korf Bay () is a bay on the Kamchatka Peninsula coast of the Bering Sea in Russia.

Geography
It is approximately triangular being about  wide at the mouth and extending inland about .

On the west side, the Ilpinsky Peninsula separates it from Anapka Bay which forms the north end of Karaginsky Gulf. On the east, the Govena Peninsula (Cape Govensky) separates it from the Olyutor Gulf. The northern coast contains the Skrytaya Harbor, which is a major salmon fishing ground.

The largest settlements on the gulf are Tilichiki and Olyutorovka.

History
The bay is named after Baron Andrey Korf, the first Governor General of Priamurye. This is the Baron Koff or Barankoff Bay mentioned by the American travelers Washington Vanderlip and Olaf Swenson.

The 2006 Kamchatka earthquakes were centered on the seaside village of Korf. Coal was mined and exported from a mine near the bay in the early 20th century.

Bays of the Bering Sea
Bays of Russia
Bays of Kamchatka Krai
Bodies of water of the Kamchatka Peninsula
Pacific Coast of Russia

Korfa Bay


Baybayin is a script which was used in the Middle Ages on the island of Luzon (today part of the Philippines). It is a syllabic script. Baybayin was used for Tagalog, Ilocano, and Pangasinan. It had already been in use in the 12th century, and was widely used before the Spanish colonial era (which started in the late 16th century). Baybayin is an abugida - every letter is a consonant. Spanish misssionaries used Baybayin to spread the Christian faith. The book Doctrina Christiana, en lengua española y tagala was one of the first Christian books printed, in 1592. The book is written in Tagalog, using Baybayin, and Spanish, using the Latin alphabet.

Each Baybayin letter is a consonant, forming a syllable ending in 'a', by default. To make syllables ending differently, a small symbol is added above the letter (to make it end in 'e' or 'i'), or below the letter, to make the syllable end in 'o' or 'u'. See how the symbol is used below:

This symbol is called kudlit, and is not used for vowels at the beginning of a word, which have their own letters.

The Hanunuo, Buhid, and Tagbanwa scripts resemble Baybayin, and are still in use today.

Today, there's an Unicode block for the Baybayin letters (called Tagalog).

Baybayin started to disappear in the 17th century. There was still poetry written in Baybayin until the 18th century. Today, most Philippine languages use the Latin script.

Languages of the Philippines
Writing systems

Baybayin


Hector is a Belgian comedy-drama film, directed by Stijn Coninx starring Urbanus and Sylvia Millecam. The movie was released in 1987 and was the most successful Flemish movie regarding the number of visitors in Belgian movie theatres until 1990. It was beaten by Koko Flanel, another movie with Stijn Coninx as director and Urbanus as main actor.

Story
Hector was brought into an orphanage as a child to cure his chicken pox. He was never picked up by his parents. 35 years later Hector is still there, surrounded by children who are still his playmates. The orphanage is run by nuns who never introduced Hector to real life and maturity.

His life changes when he is remembered by an aunt named Ella. She and her husband Achiel run a baker's shop and are searching for a cheap worker. Ella is too busy with the rehearsals of a romantic theatre play where she has the main female role. A prominent Hollywood director will attend the play and Ella dreams to become a famous actress. Their son Jos is only interested in bicycle contests. Achiel suffers from a high blood pressure and his marriage with Ella is not that successful.  Furthermore, he suspects Ella is having an affair with Gregoire, the father of Swa.  Swa is Jos biggest competitor in bicycle racing. Gregoire also obtained the main male role in the romantic play.

Hector seems not to be as clumsy as he looks. He makes clever inventions such as an automatisation of the baker's shop where many objects (such as a mixing machine, egg beater, ...) are now powered by a bicycle driven by Jos.

Ella flirts with Hector hoping Achiel notices this so he will pay more attention to her. Instead of Achiel, this is noticed by Gregoire who got indeed an affair with Ella. Ella soothes Gregoire by telling Hector is just an immature big child. Gregoire does not believe Ella and considers Hector as a rival.

Some time later, Jos is participating a bicycle race which he is about to win. Due to interaction of Hector, Jos falls just before the finish resulting Swa to win the course. Achiel is upset and sends Hector back to the orphanage. There, on the evening of Ella's play, Hector admits to the children he is in love with her. The children convince him to escape.

Hector finds a way to escape and runs to the theatre. He arrives just before the play ends, where "Gregoire" has to kiss "Ella" to promise her eternal love. Hector dresses up as a noble count, sets foot on the stage and claims Ella. This ends up in a hilaric improvisation where Hector and Gregoire fight their personal vendetta, whilst the audience thinks this is part of the play.

Hector wins the battle and Ella answers his love. Achiel, also sitting in the audience, is so jealous he gets a heart attack and dies in the theatre.

Some time after the funeral Ella gets a letter from the director: she got a role in a movie and is about to leave to Hollywood. Hector is depressed when it turns out it was not Ella who promised eternal love, but the character she played. While Hector walks back to the orphanage, a taxi is driving Ella to the airport. There she realizes she is in love with Hector and asks the taxi driver to pick up Hector.

Cast
 Urbanus - Hector
 Sylvia Millecam - Ella Mattheusen
 Frank Aendenboom - Achiel Mattheusen
 Herbert Flack - Gregoire Ghijssels
 Marc Van Eeghem - Jos Mattheusen
 Hein van der Heijden - Swa Ghijssels
 Ann Petersen - Nun Abdis
 Cas Baas - Doctor
 Maja van den Broecke - Ikebana
 Chris Cauwenberghs - Owner bicycle shop

References

External links

Films directed by Stijn Coninx
1987 films
1987 comedy-drama films
Films set in Belgium
Belgian comedy-drama films
Belgium in fiction
1980s Dutch-language films

Hector (1987 film)


The Upper Jurassic is the last geological epoch in the Jurassic that began 163.5 million years ago (mya), and ended at 145 mya. It was followed by the Lower Cretaceous.

Paleogeography
During the Upper Jurassic epoch, Pangaea broke up into two supercontinents, Laurasia to the north, and Gondwana to the south. The result of this break-up was the spawning of the Atlantic Ocean. However, at this time, the Atlantic Ocean was relatively narrow.

Sea level was high, though not so high as during the Upper Cretaceous. The Laurasian landmass was broken up by the rising sea into large islands. The rocks were carbonate limestones and clays. The epoch included the famous Solnhofen limestone lagerstätte, where Archaeopteryx was found.

Organic productivity
The Upper Jurassic of England and Europe bears a huge amount of the products of life. The Kimmeridge clay is the main source for the huge North Sea oil reserves, and the whole epoch is stuffed full of marine fossils. Many dinosaur remains have also been found. The epoch starts with the Oxford Clay deposited in a shallow seaway of 10 to 50 metres depth.

The first fossils which show small dinosaurs with feathers are found: Anchiornis.

Related pages
Blue Lias
Lower Jurassic
Middle Jurassic
Jurassic

References

Jurassic

Upper Jurassic


Angry Birds is a Finnish animated television series based on the Angry Birds series of games created by Rovio Mobile. The series was first shown on channel Teletoon. It began on March 16, 2013.

Characters
The characters in Angry Birds Toons are birds, pigs, and other animals. None of the characters in the series say anything. Birds chirp, pigs grunt. But these sounds, including shouts, groans, growls, squeaks, squeals, laughter, etc., are being published by people, Finnish actors (often the authors of the series themselves are scriptwriters, directors, composers).

Birds
 Red is the red, round bird, and leader of the flock. He is bossy, poor at stress and anger management, and is perhaps the most dedicated on protecting the Eggs from being captured by the Pigs.
 The Blues are a trio of blue birds who are mischievous and fun-loving, pulling pranks on both the Pigs and the Birds. They're the youngest in the flock. Their names are Jim, Jake, and Jay.
 Chuck is a yellow triangular-shaped bird who can move incredibly fast, to the point of even slowing down time. He is incredibly arrogant and even possesses a hero complex at times, though he does have the flock's best interest at heart.
 Matilda is caring, kind, loves children, has culinary skills, although sometimes her cooking can only be fed by pigs. Has something to do with the hippy culture.
 Bomb is a black bird with a "fuse" on top of his head and has the ability to cause explosions at will. Bomb is laid back and has an active imagination. He is somewhat of a glutton, as he has a much greater appetite than the other birds.
 Bubbles is cheerful and friendly, very fond of sweets, and when he takes candy, he gets furious and does everything to get the sweets back. Like the blue birds are a child.
 Terence is a large red bird with a permanent grumpy appearance. He prefers to be silent, only growling to communicate, and rarely making eye contact (also doesn't blink). He normally moves around Weeping Angel style, disappearing and reappearing elsewhere only when other characters aren't looking at him. His immense weight and stonewall personality are comically worked into the episode plots.
 The Eggs are the children of birds. According to the plot, they want to steal pigs and cook eggs from them. Each of the adult birds wants to instill in their offspring their character.

Pigs
For More See "Pigs from Angry Birds Toons"
 Minion Pigs are the pigs who dutifully serve the King, although they would prefer to just have dumb fun. As a group, they're a competent and reliable work force, having constructed an entire city for their kind, in stark contrast to the tribal lifestyle of the birds.
 King Pig is a large pig with a crown on his head. He is gluttonous, lazy, stupid, and selfish. His ego is also very fragile, often behaving like a spoiled child when things don't go his way. A running gag in the show is that his palace is constantly being reduced to rubble by the various antics of both the birds and pigs.[17]
 Corporal Pig is a militaristic pig who wears a helmet with an ace of spades playing card. He reveres King Pig and likes to bully others and order the minion pigs around. According to his Angry Birds profile, he had accidentally glued his tin helmet to his scalp, though one episode shows that it can be remove.
 Foreman Pig is a pig with a bright orange moustache and a blind eye who is in charge of the construction projects. He occasionally leads the charge for stealing the eggs when Corporal Pig isn't doing so.
 Chef Pig is a pig with a chef hat and French moustache who cooks for the King and frequently helps with egg stealing. He is actually incredibly devious, and will act against even the other pigs, including the king, if it suits him.
 Chronicler Pig is the chronicler, priest, judge and master of ceremonies of Pig City, one of the most faithful servants of the King Pig. Very intelligent and calm.
  Professor Pig is an ingenious scientist and inventor, the truth of his creations does not always work properly.
 Fat Pig is strong, but narcissistic, arrogant and cowardly swine. He can sing very loudly.
 Hambo is stubborn and brave fighter, faithful disciple of Corporal. However, he is inattentive and a bit stupid.
 Muscle Pig is a pumped swine, used to solve all the problems with his immense power. Likes to fight, but on condition that he wins. Losing he can not stand.

Insects and other animals

 The Butterfly is one of the insects in the show. Chuck looked at her as he descended the mountain. She also appeared in the episodes A Pig's Best Friend, El Porkador! and The Butterfly Effect.
 The Fly is an insect in the show. After Red breathed on her with the smell of soup Matilda, she fell to the ground.
 The Bee is an insect in the show. It stung a small pig in the nose.
 Fish are one of the animals in the show. They were in an aquarium in a pig house. He also appeared in the episodoes Catch Of The Day. In the Sink or Swim episode, the red fish laughed at Red when he tried to learn to swim, and even photographed it.
 The Snail is an animal on the show. It has found the shape of a pig through the Chef, who tested his potion, turning all living things into pigs.
 The Lamb is a character on the show. She threw in the disguised birds Chef and two pigs.
 The Crab is a character in the show. When Red tried to swim with a mask with a pipe, but he did not get out and he went to the bottom, the crab jumped on it.
 The Sea Monster is a character on the show. It was awakened when the pigs threw a dog in it, tied to the anchor.

Perhaps in the cartoon there will be Hal, Stella, Mighty Eagle, other pigs, but they did not appear in the trailers or had a minor role in them.

Angry Birds Toons episode list

Season 1 (2013-2014)
 Chuck Time
 Where's My Crown?
 Full Metal Chuck
 Another Birthday
 Egg Sounds
 Pig Talent
 Cordon Bleugh!
 True Blue?
 Do as I say!
 Off Duty
 Slingshot 101
 Thunder Chuck
 Gardening with Terence
 Dopeys on a Rope
 Trojan Egg
 Double Take
 Crash Test Piggies
 Slappy-Go-Lucky
 Sneezy Does It
 Run Chuck Run
 Hypno Piggies
 Eggs Day Out
 Gate Crasher
 Hog Roast
 The Bird That Cried Pig!
 Hamshank Redimption
 Green Pig Soup
 Catch of the Day
 Nighty Night Terence
 Piggy Wig
 Pig Plot Potion
 Tooth Royal
 Night of the Living Pork
 King of the Castle
 Love is in the Air
 Fired Up
 Clash of Corns
 A Pig's Best Friend
 Slumber Mill
 Jingle Yells
 El Porkador!
 Hiccups
 The Butterfly Effect
 Hambo
 Bird Flu
 Piggies from the Deep
 Oh Gnome!
 Shrub It In
 The Truce
 Operation Opera
 Chucked Out
 Bomb's Awake

Season 2 (2014-2015)
 Treasure Hunt
 Sweets of Doom
 Party Ahoy
 Hide and Seek
 Sink or Swim
 Super Bomb!
 Just So
 The Miracle of Life
 Cave Pig
 Joy to the Pigs
 Dogzilla
 Boulder Bro
 Chuck Mania
 Not Without My Helmet
 Mona Litha
 Sir Bomb of Hamelot
 Bearded Ambition
 Cold Justice
 Slow the Chuck Down!
 Brutal vs. Brutal
 Eating Out
 The Great Eggscape
 Sleep like a Hog
 Bombina
 Pig Possessed
 Epic Sax-Off

Season 3 (2015-2016)
 Royal Heist
 Bad Hair Day
 Golditrotters
 A Fistful of Cabbage
 Porcula
 Didgeridork
 The Porktrait
 Fix It!
 Age Rage
 Catching the Blues
 Last Tree Standing
 Happy Hippy
 Mind the Pony
 Robo-Tilda
 King of the Ring
 Spaced Out
 Battling Buttlers
 Egghaustion
 Short and Special
 Hocus Porcus
 Romance in a Bottle
 The Butler Did It!
 Stalker
 Photochucked
 Bake On!
 Toy Hoggers

Development
Rovio had announced a TV series based on the Angry Birds video games for Q4 2012. They planed to produce 52 short (sub-3 minute) episodes. The series was produced by Finnish animation studio Kombo, which Rovio bought in June 2011. The series will have 52 episodes, 4 seasons, and the theme song will be Angry Birds. "I am happy to say we are going to roll out a weekly animation series this year of short format content," said Nick Dorra, head of animation at Rovio. It aired on the Angry Birds apps on March 16th and 17th of 2013.

References

Finnish culture
2013 anime television series
2013 television series debuts
2016 television series endings
American animated television series
Cartoon Network series
Comedy television series
Flash animation

Angry Birds Toons