Rizal Park (, ), also known as Luneta Park or simply Luneta, is a historic urban park located in Ermita, Manila. It is considered one of the largest urban parks in the Philippines, covering an area of 58 hectares (140 acres). The site on where the park is situated was originally known as Bagumbayan during the Spanish colonial period. It is adjacent to the historic Walled City of Intramuros.

Situated on the eastern shore of Manila Bay, the park plays a significant role in shaping the history of the Philippines. The execution of Filipino patriot José Rizal on December 30, 1896 in the same area fanned the flames of the 1896 Philippine Revolution against the Kingdom of Spain. The park was officially named in his honor, and the monument enshrining his remains serves as the park's symbolic focal point. The declaration of Philippine independence from the United States was held here on July 4, 1946, as well as later political rallies, including those of Ferdinand Marcos and Corazon Aquino, the latter having culminated in the EDSA Revolution in 1986.

History

Spanish colonial period

Rizal Park's history began in 1820 when the Paseo de Luneta was completed just south of the walls of Manila on a marshy patch of land next to the beach during the Spanish rule.  Prior to the park, the marshy land was the location of a small town called Barrio Nuevo ("New Borough" or Bagumbayan in Tagalog) that dates back to 1601.  The town and its churches, being close to the walled city, were strategically used as cover by the British during their attack.  The Spanish authorities anticipated the danger posed by the settlements that immediately surrounded Intramuros in terms of external attacks, yet Church officials advocated for these villages to remain.  Because of the part they played during the British Invasion, they were cleared after the short rule of the British from 1762 to 1764.  The church of Bagumbayan originally enshrined the Black Nazarene.  Because of the order to destroy the village and its church, the image was then transferred to San Nicolas de Tolentino inside Intramuros, with a copy then translated to Quiapo Church.  This has since been commemorated by the Traslación of the relic every January 9, which is more commonly known as the Feast of the Black Nazarene.  This is why the processions of 9/11 January 9 have begun there in the park beginning in 2007.  After the clearing of the Bagumbayan settlement, the area later became known as Bagumbayan Field where the Cuartel la Luneta (Luneta Barracks), a Spanish Military Hospital (which was destroyed by one of the earthquakes of Manila), and a moat-surrounded outwork of the walled city of Manila, known as the Luneta (lunette) because of its crescent shape.

West of Bagumbayan Field was the Paseo de la Luneta (Plaza of the Lunette) named after the fortification, not because of the shape of the plaza which was a long  rectangle ended by two semicircles. It was also named Paseo de Alfonso XII (Plaza of Alfonso XII), after Alfonso XII, King of Spain during his reign from 1874 to 1885. Paseo de la Luneta was the center of social activity for the people of Manila in the early evening hours.  This plaza was arranged with paths and lawns and surrounded by a wide driveway called "La Calzada" (The Road) where carriages circulate.

During the Spanish period from 1823 to 1897 most especially in the latter part, the place became notorious for public executions.  A total of 158 political enemies of Spain were executed in the park.  On February 17, 1872, three Filipino priests, Mariano Gomez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, collectively known as Gomburza, were executed by garrote, accused of subversion arising from the 1872 Cavite mutiny.

American colonial period

It was during the American colonial period in the Philippines, when the Rizal Park's main landmark, the Rizal Monument was built. On September 28, 1901, the United States Philippine Commission approved Act No. 243, which would erect a monument in Luneta to commemorate the memory of José Rizal, Filipino patriot, writer and poet. The shrine was inaugurated on December 30, 1913, coinciding with Rizal's 17th death anniversary.

The park, particularly the area that was then called Wallace Field (formerly Paseo de San Carlos, ), was also chosen as the site of a national government center by Daniel Burnham, architect and city planner, who was commissioned by William Howard Taft to do the city plan of Manila in 1902. According to Burnham's plan, government buildings to be built in the park will have Neo-classical edifices with Greco-Roman columns. A large Capitol building, which was envisioned to be the Philippine version of the United States Capitol, was to become its core. It was to be surrounded by other government buildings, but only two of those buildings were built around Agrifina Circle, facing each other. They are the Department of Agriculture (now the National Museum of Anthropology) and the Department of Finance (later became the Department of Tourism and now the National Museum of Natural History). These two buildings were completed before the Second World War. The park was also intended to become a Philippine version of the National Mall in Washington, D.C., with the planned building of the government offices.

The site also served as a venue of the Manila Carnival and various expositions prior to the outbreak of World War II.

Post-Commonwealth era

In August 1954, President Ramon Magsaysay created the Jose Rizal National Centennial Commission to organize and manage the celebrations for the centennial of José Rizal's birth. Its plans include building a grand monument of José Rizal and the Rizal Memorial Cultural Center that would contain a national theater, a national museum, and a national library at the Luneta. The site was declared a national park on December 19, 1955, by virtue of Proclamation No. 234 signed by Magsaysay. The Luneta National Park spans an area of approximately  covering the area surrounding the Rizal Monument. The Commission of Parks and Wildlife (now Biodiversity Management Bureau) managed the site upon its establishment as a protected area.

In 1957, President Carlos P. Garcia issued Proclamation No. 470 transferring the administration of the national park to the Jose Rizal National Centennial Commission. In 1961, in commemoration of Rizal's birth centennial, the National Library was inaugurated at the park. Its management was then handed over to the National Parks Development Committee, an attached agency of the Department of Tourism, created in 1963 by President Diosdado Macapagal.

In 1967, the Luneta National Park was renamed to Rizal Park with the signing of Proclamation No. 299 by President Ferdinand Marcos. Through donations by the Taiwanese and Japanese governments, the Chinese and Japanese Gardens were set up during Marcos' administration. The Rizal Park under NPDC executive director Teodoro Valencia was expanded. Valencia introduced the "Concert at the Park" event series during his management.

On June 12, 1998, the park hosted many festivities which capped the 1998 Philippine Centennial, the event commemorating a hundred years since the Declaration of Independence from Spain and the establishment of the First Philippine Republic. The celebrations were led by then President Fidel V. Ramos.

Contemporary history

Rizal Park was renovated by the National Parks Development Committee in 2011. The German-Filipino William Schaare, who built the old musical dancing fountain at the  pool in the 1960s, handled its restoration. Among the other things that were restored were the Flower Clock (now known as the World-Class Filipino Bloom), the Noli Me Tangere Garden and the Luzviminda Boardwalk, which were opened just in time for the 150th birthday celebration of Jose Rizal.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Rizal Park was temporarily closed to the public in March 2020. The COVID-19 community quarantine measures allowed the NDPC to rehabilitate the park. Select sites within the park were later opened. The Manila COVID-19 Field Hospital was also built in the park's Burnham Green, as a temporary facility.

Notable events

February 18, 1981: The Beatification Mass of Saint Lorenzo Ruiz and Companions it is considered the first beatification ceremony ever held outside the Vatican in Church history during the Apostolic visit of Pope John Paul II.
February 16, 1986: Various mass protests like the Tagumpay ng Bayan rally were held in the park as opposition to the rule of Ferdinand Marcos. This culminated into the People Power Revolution.
January 15, 1995: The closing Mass of the 10th World Youth Day 1995 was held here attended by more than 10 million people. This is the record gathering of the Roman Catholic Church.
June 12, 1998: The Philippine Centennial Celebrations featured a Grand Centennial Parade culminating in a fireworks display emanating from ships in Manila Bay that was the most expensive ever produced in the country at the time. Rizal Park had over five million celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of the Philippine Declaration of Independence
December 31, 1999 – January 1, 2000: The turn-of-the-century celebration was held here attended by more than 500,000 people.
October 10, 2004: The special episode of SOP for the Kapuso Victory Party was held here and aired on GMA Network.
November 27, 2005: Rizal Park was the venue of the opening ceremony for the 2005 Southeast Asian Games at the Quirino Grandstand. It was held at an open-air park instead of a stadium, a historic first for a Southeast Asian games' opening ceremony. It was again used on December 5, 2005, for the games' closing ceremony.
August 23, 2010: The park was the site of the 11-hour hostage crisis where a Hong Thai Travel Services tour group on a coach was hijacked by Rolando Mendoza, causing 9 casualties (including Mendoza) and 9 injuries.
August 22–26, 2013: The Million People March was held in the park, and other different locations, to protest against the improper use of Priority Development Assistance Fund.
January 18, 2015: The concluding mass of the Papal visit of Pope Francis was held here attended by more than 6 million people, making it the largest papal gathering in history.

Recurring events

 Monthly Flag-Raising Ceremony held every first Monday of the month at the Independence Flagpole for public – started October 2019.
 The annual Independence Day (June 12), Rizal Day (December 30) and New Year's Eve (December 31) celebrations are held at the park.
 The park was the traditional end of the Marlboro Tour (now known as the Tour de Filipinas), the national road bicycle racing event every April or May. Recently, the tour has ended in Baguio.
 The park is also the host of the National Milo Marathon.
 Presidential inaugurations are usually held in the park every June 30, six years starting from 1992.

Management
Rizal Park is managed, developed, and administered by the National Parks Development Committee.

Park layout

The park is divided into three sections:

Northeastern Section: This  section is designated as the National Museum Complex which includes the Agrifina Circle, and where the National Museum of Natural History and the National Museum of Anthropology are located.

Central Section: Located south of Maria Orosa Street is the  park proper that extends down up to Roxas Boulevard. This is where the Rizal Monument and several attractions such as the Open-Air Auditorium, Independence Flagpole, Central Musical and Dancing Fountain are located.

Southwestern Section: Includes the Burnham Green, a  open field, the Quirino Grandstand and the Manila Ocean Park along Manila Bay.

Gardens

Children's Playground, the section of the park built for kids, is located at the southeastern corner of the Rizal Park. The playground was also renovated in 2011.
Chinese Garden. An ornate Chinese-style gate, carved with swirling dragons, leads you into this whimsical garden which looks like it has been transported from old Peking. Along the lagoon constructed to simulate a small lake, are pagodas and gazebos that are set off by red pillars and green-tiled roofs and decorated with a profusion of mythical figures.
Japanese Garden. The gardens were built to promote friendship between Japan and the Philippines. Inside is nice place for pleasant walks around the Japanese style gardens, lagoon and bridge.
Noli me Tangere Garden, recently unveiled, It features the Heidelberg fountain where Rizal used to drink from when he was staying in Germany. It was donated as a symbol of Filipino-German friendship, The bust of Ferdinand Blumentritt can be found at the garden.
Orchidarium and Butterfly Pavilion, established in 1994, was a former parking lot developed into a one-hectare rainforest-like park. The Orchidarium showcases Philippines' rich collection of orchid species and butterflies. The pavilion is a favorite venue for weddings.

Event venues

Open-Air Auditorium, designed by national artist for architecture, Leandro Locsin, features performances provided for free to the general public by the National Parks Development Committee, Department of Tourism and People's Television. Free entertainment is also provided elsewhere in the park. Featured shows are a mix of performances from dance, theatre, to musical performances by local and foreign artists. This is also the venue for the Cinema in the Open-Air, which provides free showing of critically acclaimed films.
 Quirino Grandstand, Originally called grand Independence Grandstand. It was designed by architect Juan M. Arellano, in preparation for the proclamation of Independence on July 4, 1946, and to avoid overcrowding in front of the Legislative Building during the inauguration of the Third Philippine Republic. It was designed in Neoclassical style. However, in 1949 Federico Illustre, chief architect at the Bureau of Public Works, modify the some designs of Arellano. It was completed on the reclaimed area along Manila Bay where President Elpidio Quirino was sworn in after winning the presidential election. Since then, newly elected Presidents of the Philippines traditionally take their oath of office and deliver their inaugural address to the nation in the grandstand, which was later renamed after President Quirino. Many important political, cultural and religious events in the post-war era have been held here.

Parade grounds and the Burnham Green, Parade grounds is a popular venue for fun run, races, motorcades and parades. The Burnham Green, named after American architect Daniel Burnham is a large open space in front of the Quirino grandstand, Designed to accommodate large crowd gatherings at the park, It also serves as picnic grounds and venue for different sports activities. The Narra tree planted by Pope Paul VI and the bronze statue of San Lorenzo Ruiz that was given by Pope John Paul II can be found in this area.

Valor's Hall/Bulwagan ng Kagitingan, situated at the light and sound complex, Its artistic landscape and design made it one of the top-pick venues for event and cocktail receptions.

Educational establishments

National Planetarium
National Museum of Natural History
National Museum of Anthropology, on the building north of Agrifina Circle, are the Anthropology and Archeology collections of the National Museum of the Philippines.
National Library of the Philippines is the country's premier public library. The library has a history of its own and its rich Filipiniana collections are maintained by the librarians to preserve the institution as the nations fountain of local knowledge and source of information for thousands of students and everyday users in their research and studies.
National Museum of Fine Arts, located on the northeastern tip of Rizal Park, is an art museum of the National Museum of the Philippines.
Manila Ocean Park is an oceanarium located in the westernmost part of Luneta behind the Quirino Grandstand and along Manila Bay. The complex opened on March 1, 2008.

Artworks and monuments

Rizal Monument

The bronze-and-granite Rizal monument is among the most famous sculptural landmarks in the country. It is almost protocol for visiting dignitaries to lay a wreath at the monument. Located on the monument is not merely the statue of Rizal, but also his remains.

On September 28, 1901, the United States Philippine Commission approved Act No. 243, which would erect a monument in Luneta to commemorate the memory of José Rizal, Filipino patriot, writer and poet.  The committee formed by the act held an international design competition between 1905 and 1907 and invited sculptors from Europe and the United States to submit entries with an estimated cost of ₱100,000 using local materials.

The first-prize winner was Carlos Nicoli of Carrara, Italy for his scaled plaster model titled "Al Martir de Bagumbayan" (To the Martyr of Bagumbayan), besting 40 other accepted entries. The contract though, was awarded to second-placer Swiss sculptor named Richard Kissling for his "Motto Stella" (Guiding Star).

After more than twelve years of its approval, the shrine was finally unveiled on December 30, 1913, during Rizal's 17th death anniversary. His poem Mi último adiós ("My Last Farewell") is inscribed on the memorial plaque.  The site is continuously guarded by ceremonial soldiers of Philippine Marine Corps' Marine Security and Escort Group

Others

Artist's Haven/Kanlungan ng Sining. A site of artistic and natural artworks, It houses the gallery run by the Arts Association of the Philippines (AAP), in collaboration with the NDPC.
Artworks in the Park. The Rizal park features different artworks of some renowned Filipino artists:
Dancing Rings. A replica of Joe Datuin's Dancing Rings, The original sculpture is the Grand Prize winner of the 2008 International Olympic Committee Sports and Arts Contest in Lausanne, Switzerland.
The New Filipino/Ang Bagong Pinoy. A sculpture by Joe Dautin, It features intertwined rings resemble a human figure that represents a new Filipino.
Ang Pagbabago (The Change) Mosaic Murals. It represents the Filipino ideals of peace, love, unity and prosperity. It serves as a call to national renewal and change.
Diorama of Rizal's Martyrdom. On an area north of Rizal monument stands a set of statues depicting Rizal's execution, situated on the spot where he was actually martyred, contrary to popular belief that the monument is the spot where he was executed. In the evenings, a light & sound presentation titled "The Martyrdom of Dr. Jose Rizal" features a multimedia dramatization of the last poignant minutes of the life of the Filipino patriot. Rizal's poem Mi Ultimo Adios, engraved in black granite, can also be found here.
Filipino-Korean Soldier Monument. This monument of two Filipino soldiers aiding a Korean soldier is dedicated to the Filipino combat soldiers who fought with the Korean troops during the Korean War.
Soul waves. It represents sea waves as a tribute to Filipino who died during the World War II, It is placed in the park by Korea, as a sign of mutual respect.
The Flower Clock. It features a clock on a flower bed. A feature of the park since the 1960s, it was restored in 2011. The clock's hand was sculpted by Filipino artist Jose Datuin.
 The Gallery of Heroes. This is a row of bust sculpture monuments of historical Philippine Heroes. There are 2 rows on both sides of the Central Lagoon, one row on the North Promenade and another row on the South Promenade
Statue of the Sentinel of Freedom (or the Lapu-Lapu Monument). The monument was a gift from the people of Korea as appreciation and to honor the memory of freedom-loving Filipinos who helped during the Korean War in the early 1950s (as inscribed in the plaque). Lapu-Lapu was a native Visayan chieftain in Mactan, Cebu and representative of the Sultan of Sulu, and is now known as the first native of the archipelago to resist Spanish colonization. He is retroactively regarded as the first hero of the Philippines.  On the morning of April 27, 1521, Lapu-Lapu and the men of Mactan, armed with spears and kampilan, faced Spanish soldiers led by Portuguese captain Ferdinand Magellan in what would later be known as the Battle of Mactan. Magellan and several of his men were killed.

Former

La Madre Filipina. The sculpture was transferred back to its original site in Jones Bridge in November 2019 after 73 years of staying at the Park. Its plinths were reconstructed using the original neoclassic design during the 2019 redevelopment of the bridge.
Relief map of the Philippines. Built in the 1960s and designed by Filipino sculptor Jose M. Mendoza, this was a giant raised-relief map of the country, including the Scarborough Shoal, Kalayaan, and eastern part of Sabah, in the middle of a small man-made lake. It was demolished by the National Museum of the Philippines in 2023 as it would be replaced by an exhibition hall.

Other features
 Independence Flagpole, standing at , is the highest flagpole in the Philippines. On this spot in front of Rizal Monument, at 9:15 am July 4, 1946, the full independence of the Republic of the Philippines was proclaimed as authorized by the United States President Harry S. Truman. As of August 2013, the flagpole was restored and increased its height to . The government is expected to spend , in preparation for the centennial of Rizal Monument
Kilometer Zero is located within the Park on Roxas Boulevard, in front of the Rizal Monument. It serves as the point from which all road distances from Manila are measured.
Musical Dancing Fountain. Deemed as the biggest and most vibrant dancing fountain in the country, the central lagoon present a show with waters soaring up to 88 feet, fireballs, exploding water rockets and peacock spray water screen.

Flora

According to the inventory made by the National Parks Development Committee, there are 3,497 trees in Rizal Park belonging to 112 species as of 2015. 527 of the individual trees are narra.

Security
In 2012, 30 high-definition closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras were installed to make the area safer for local and foreign tourists. The National Parks Development Committee have stationed police and security officers in the key places in the park for added security.

In popular culture
The Amazing Race 5, the fifth installment of the American reality television show The Amazing Race, featured the Rizal Monument at the start of Leg 12. The park was revisited again 27 installments later on The Amazing Race 32 with Lapu Lapu Circle serving as the starting and finishing point of the tenth leg.
The Port Malaya patch in Ragnarok Online, a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMOPPG), features a replica of the Rizal Monument as one of the town's attractions.
HaMerotz LaMillion 8, the eighth installment of the Israeli version of The Amazing Race, concluded at Rizal Park.

Rizal Parks elsewhere
Like Rizal Avenues, most Philippine towns and cities have a Rizal Park (or a Plaza Rizal), usually its central square. This is also where its Rizal monument is located. Seattle also has its own Rizal Park.  Additionally, a statue and monument of Jose Rizal was erected in Luneta Park, located along Rizal Ave in the city of Markham, ON Canada in 2019.

See also

Jose Rizal
Rizal Monument
Paco Park

References

External links

 National Parks Development Committee
 Photos from Flickr
 Photos of Luneta

Parks in Manila
Plazas in Manila
Ermita
National squares
National parks of the Philippines
Park
Monuments and memorials in Metro Manila
Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Metro Manila
Works of National Artists of the Philippines
Protected areas established in 1955
1955 establishments in the Philippines
Culture in Manila
History of Manila
Landmarks in the Philippines
Tourist attractions in Manila
Articles containing video clips

cs:Luneta

Rizal Park


The Umauma Falls are located on the Umauma River on the Big Island of Hawaii, approximately 16 miles north of Hilo.

They are unique in Hawaii as being a series of three waterfalls in close proximity.  They are easily viewed from an overlook located on private botanical garden property accessible for a fee.  The overlook was constructed in 1996 by Walter L. Wagner who was developing the World Botanical Gardens with the waterfalls overlook as part of the tourist attraction.  Subsequently, the waterfall overlook ownership was transferred circa 2008, and access to the overlook is now through Umauma Experience (also a botanical garden), and not through World Botanical Gardens.

Formation and history
The Umauma Falls and River has been forming since the Mauna Kea volcano on which flank it flows slowly emerged from the sea beginning millions of years ago.  During this period, the volcano formed alternating layers of volcanic ash or solidified lava, forming distinct layers that can erode at different rates.  Eventually, Mauna Kea reached its current height, and entered a 'final phase' of primarily cinder cone eruptions from the flanks of Mauna Kea, which also deposited a 10-meter thick layer of ash, which is now the fertile soil presently found on the relatively  level or gentle-slope portions.  Due to the flow of the trade-winds, the southern regions of the eastern flank of Mauna Kea have higher rainfalls than the northern regions.  The Umauma River is at the dividing line between heavy rains to the south, and lighter rains to the north.  It is the most northernly river to have a continuous flow and not dry up during the dry season.

Rainfall can at times be intense, and two feet of rain in a few hours has been recorded in historic times, and presumably even heavier rains can occur, and the further up-slope, the more intense the rainfall.  Such rainfalls can swell the rivers to huge flows, moving boulders and rocks downstream.

As the boulders tumble down slope, they will tend to cause erosion wherever they hit, and this forms small waterfalls.  Over time, as boulders fall over the waterfall, they erode deeply at the base of the waterfall, forming a plunge pool.  During normal low flows, these make for excellent swimming holes, and are notable features of all the waterfalls on Mauna Kea.

Eventually, the face of a waterfall will become undermined by the plunge-pool, and will cave into the pool, filling it with debris.  Subsequently, the debris is removed by additional heavy rainfalls, leaving a new plunge-pool relatively free of debris.  The waterfall, however, has moved up-slope by a few feet.  Over time, the waterfalls slowly recede upslope.  If a waterfall hits a stronger region that resists erosion, lower level waterfalls can 'catch-up' and two waterfalls merge into one deeper waterfall.  This process is causing the Umauma Falls to slowly move upslope over geologic time, though we can see the plunge-pools at the bases of the three Umauma Falls (Note:  there are many other waterfalls on the Umauma River, also slowly moving upslope over geologic time).  We can see what Umauma Falls might look like in the far distant future by visiting the neighboring river (KoleKole) just to the south of the Umauma River, which has a very large single waterfall, known as Akaka Falls, formed in just such a manner in the distant geologic past.  It is further upslope than the Umauma Falls, and it is in a much heavier rainfall region.

The Umauma Falls were accessible for viewing until relatively recently only by walking upslope along the river bed.  In 1995 the founder of the World Botanical Gardens, while exploring the Umauma River gulch edge to find a good viewing point, discovered the current overlook, which had been hidden from view by extensive growth of wild guava trees and sugarcane.  Soon thereafter, he carved the current overlook by removing the overgrown agricultural berm along the gulch edge and its guava trees, replacing it with a concrete platform, retaining walls, and steel railing, which is its present configuration.

See also
 List of Hawaii state parks
 Akaka Falls
 Rainbow Falls

References

External links
 Umauma Falls official website
 World Botanical Gardens website (former waterfalls host)

Waterfalls of Hawaii (island)

Umauma Falls


Kwetiau ayam, kuetiau ayam or sometimes kwetiau ayam kuah (Indonesian for 'chicken kway teow') is a common Chinese Indonesian dish of seasoned flat rice noodles topped with diced chicken meat (ayam). It is often described as a kwetiau version of the popular mie ayam (chicken noodles), and especially common in Indonesia, and can trace its origin to Chinese cuisine.

In Indonesia, the dish is recognized as a popular Chinese Indonesian dish together with bakso meatballs and mie ayam, served from simple humble street-side warung to restaurants. Since the recipe is almost identical to the popular mie ayam, food stalls and restaurants that serving mie ayam usually also offering kwetiau ayam and bihun ayam.

Preparation and serving
The kwetiau flat rice noodles is boiled in water until it achieves an al dente texture and mixed in a bowl with cooking oil, soy sauce and garlic. The oil coats the noodle in order to separate the threads. The oil can be chicken fat, lard, or vegetable oil. The chicken meat is diced and cooked in soy sauce and other seasonings including garlic. The chicken meat might also be cooked with jamur (mushrooms).

The soy sauce seasoned chicken and mushroom mixture is placed on the flat rice noodles, and topped with chopped spring onions (green shallots). Kwetiau ayam is usually served with a separate chicken broth, boiled chinese cabbage, and often wonton  () either dry crispy fried or moist soft in soup, and also bakso (meatballs). While Chinese variants might use pork fat or lard, the more common Indonesian kwetiau ayam uses halal chicken fat or vegetable oil to cater to Muslim customers.

Additional condiments might include tong cay (salted preserved vegetables), bawang goreng (fried shallots), daun bawang (leek), pangsit goreng (fried wonton), acar timun cabe rawit (pickled cucumber and birds eye chilli), sambal chili sauce and tomato ketchup.

Variants
The dish recipe is actually almost identical to the popular mie ayam that uses yellow wheat noodles instead. Thus variants might use almost exact recipe and ingredients while replacing the type of noodles; either common mi wheat noodles or bihun (rice vermicelli).

Although kwetiau ayam sometimes also called as kwetiau ayam kuah or kwetiau kuah (soupy kway teow), the recipe is actually rather different. Kwetiau ayam chicken broth soup is usually served in a separate bowl, while kwetiau kuah noodle is cooked and served in rich soup together in a single bowl, more akin to mie kuah. Another similar variant including Kwetiau siram sapi (poured beef kway teow).

See also

 Mie goreng
 Kwetiau goreng
 Kwetiau sapi
 Char kway teow
 List of noodle dishes
 List of chicken dishes

References

Indonesian Chinese cuisine
Indonesian noodle dishes
Indonesian chicken dishes
Street food in Indonesia

Kwetiau ayam


Factrix was an American pioneering industrial group from San Francisco, formed in 1978 by Bond Bergland, Cole Palme, and Joseph T. Jacobs, and was praised by Carlo McCormick as "one of the great bands of their era, prescient and influential."

Factrix the group released a number of experimental industrial and gothic rock recordings in the early 1980s. Their first 7" single, "Empire Of Passion/Splice Of Life" balanced sound-poetry with  minimalist rock, using tape permutations and found percussion to evoke bleak and droning walls of sound.  The first full-length LP, "Scheintot", expanded on the directions taken with their first single, creating a morbid, moody, and subtle experimental rock album that was highly innovative for its time.  Reminiscent at times of bands like Throbbing Gristle or early Cabaret Voltaire ("Anemone Housing" or "Over My Shoulder - And Out of My Life"), the album also managed to demonstrate a strong rock sensibility, betraying influences of bands like The Velvet Underground ("Ballad of the Grim Rider") or even avant rock contemporaries like Art Bears or '70s era King Crimson (the opening track, "Eerie Lights" or "The Center of the Doll").  The live LP California Babylon (1982) (a collaboration with Monte Cazazza - the record is credited to "Factrix-Cazazza" on the cover) by contrast was a far more stark and abrasive release, in both minimalist sound and morbid lyrical content.  The record also featured a musical treatment of the Brion Gysin cut up "poem" "Kick that Habit Man" with avant garde percussionist Z'EV backing the band.

In 2003, German based Storm Records re-released both the single and album recorded by the band as well as selections from the California Babylon LP and previously unreleased live material on a double CD titled Artifact.  The release was well received and has since gone out of print.

Discography
Empire of Passion / Splice of Life 7" single (1980, Subterranean Records)
Scheintot (1981, Adolescent Records)
California Babylon (with Monte Cazazza) (1982, Subterranean Records)
Artifact (2003, Storm Records)

References

External links
Article by Julian Cope on the band
Review of Artifact release on HEIMDALLR web site (now defunct)
Myspace Fan Page

Musical groups from San Francisco
American industrial music groups

Factrix


BlogML is an open format derived from XML to store and restore the content of a blog.

History

BlogML was originally created by Darren Neimke in August 2005 by starting a Workspace on GotDotNet community.  In July 2006, BlogML was moved to CodePlex for better open-source development and some other developers joined this project.  BlogML has hit three versions so far.  Versions 0.9 and 1.0 released on GotDotNet and version 2.0 released on CodePlex.  After moving this project to CodePlex, Keyvan Nayyeri joined this project and added some new features for BlogML 2.0.

In addition to BlogML specification, there is a rich set of .NET Framework APIs provided by the BlogML team for .NET developers to work with markup easier.

BlogML is supported by many .NET blogging tools such as Community Server, Subtext, Single User Blog, BlogEngine.NET, DasBlog and the Orchard Project.  Also there are some implementations for other blogging engines and services such as Blogger.

Main goals

BlogML is created for some main goals:

 Ability to port blog content between Blog Engines:
This is the case where one has a blog based on .Text version 0.95 and wants to upgrade to Community Server.  Having an "Export to BlogML" in .Text and an "Import from BlogML" function in Community Server solves this problem.
 Ability to port blog content between Blog Engine Versions:
Same as above.
 Ability to port blog content between Storage Providers:
This is the case where one might be using a blogging engine such as Single User Blog and is running from one provider - such as DotTextProvider (where the content reads and writes to an existing .Text schema) and wants to continue to use Single User Blog but move to a new data structure.  In this case one configures Single User Blog to use the DotTextProvider and run an "Export to BlogML" function, then re-configure the provider to thenative provider and run the "Import from BlogML" function.
 Ability to easily back-up a blog:
Here one run some sort of scheduled job to automatically run the "Export to BlogML" function and save the output as a compressed backup file somewhere.

License

BlogML is licensed under BSD license.

References

External links
 BlogML

Web syndication formats
XML-based standards
Computer file formats

BlogML


Allochtoon (plural: allochtonen) is a Dutch word (from Greek ἀλλόχθων, from ἄλλος [allos] other and χθών [chthōn] soil/earth/land), literally meaning "emerging from another soil". It is the opposite of the word autochtoon (in English "autochthonous" or "autochthon"; from Greek αὐτόχθων, from αὐτός [autos] self/same and again χθών [chthōn] soil/earth/land), literally meaning "emerging from this soil".

In the Netherlands (and Flanders), the term allochtoon is widely used to refer to immigrants and their descendants. Officially the term allochtoon is much more specific and referred to anyone who had at least one parent born outside the Netherlands. The antonym autochtoon is less widely used, but it roughly corresponded to ethnic Dutch. Among a number of immigrant groups living in the Netherlands, a "Dutch" person (though they are themselves Dutch citizens) usually refers to the ethnic Dutch.

In 1950, Dutch descent, Dutch nationality, and Dutch citizenship were in practice identical. Dutch society consisted mostly of ethnic Dutch, with some colonial influences and sizeable minorities of Jewish, German and Flemish heritage. In 1950, most Dutch were either Catholic or Protestant, with some Jews and atheists. Decolonisation and immigration from the 1960s on altered the ethnic and religious composition of the country. That development has made the ethnicity and the national identity of the Dutch political issues.

Dutch nationality law is based primarily on the principle of jus sanguinis ("right of blood"). In other words, citizenship is conferred primarily by birth to a Dutch parent, irrespective of place of birth. A child born in the Netherlands to at least one parent residing in the Netherlands is also considered as Dutch.

Definitions
The Dutch Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (CBS) used the definition that at least one of the parents is not born in the Netherlands.

A first distinction was made between first-generation and second-generation newcomers.
A first-generation allochtoon was a person living in the Netherlands but born in a foreign country and who had at least one parent also born abroad. The 'country of origin' was the country in which that person was born.
A second-generation allochtoon was a person born in the Netherlands with at least one parent born in a foreign country. When both parents were born abroad, the 'country of origin' was taken to be that of the mother. If one parent was born in the Netherlands, the 'country of origin' was the other parent's country of birth.
Note that someone who was born abroad, but with both parents born in the Netherlands, was an autochtoon.

A further distinction was made between "Western" and "non-Western" allochtoon people. A non-Western allochtoon was someone whose 'country of origin' was or lied in Turkey, Africa, Latin America and Asia, with the exception of Indonesia (or the former Dutch East Indies) and Japan.

This last distinction was made because the official definition of allochtoon deviated from the common use in popular speech, where people referred to someone as allochtoon only when that person was an immigrant or an asylum seeker who was clearly distinct in ethnicity (i.e. physical appearance or skin colour), clothing or behaviour from the traditional Dutch society. However, in the official sense, the largest group of allochtoon people were of German ancestry. The groups that people usually thought of when they heard the word allochtoon were those of Turkish, Moroccan, Surinamese and Dutch-Antillean ancestry. As of 2006, the first three groups comprise roughly 350,000 people each, together constituting just over 6% of the population. So a new term was introduced that lied closer to that meaning, "niet-westers allochtoon", which excluded allochtoon people from Europe, Japan (a developed high income country) and Indonesia (a former colony), but not those from the Netherlands Antilles and Suriname, even though the Netherlands Antilles are part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and those from Suriname immigrated when that country was still part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. This definition coincided better with the popular conception of the word as signifying people of low socio-economic status who are "different from us".

Although some viewed the usage of allochtoon as a stigma, several members of the Dutch Royal Family and all past monarchs were officially allochtoon people, as one of the parents was foreign-born. This included 'western-allochtoon' current monarch Willem Alexander, as well as his 'non-western allochtoon' wife Queen Máxima of the Netherlands and their children.

As of November 1, 2016, the Statistics Netherlands stopped using the terms allochtoon and autochtoon. Instead, it distinguishes people with a migrant background and people with a Dutch background.

Criticism
Originally proposed as a neutral term, the use of the term allochtoon has been criticized as being stigmatizing. There is a regular stream of newspaper articles reporting statistics that unfavourably distinguish allochtoon people from the rest of the Dutch, in terms of general health, involvement in crime, level of education or perceived loyalty to the host country.

In 2013, the city council of Amsterdam decided to stop using the term because of its divisive effect.

As of 2016, the term allochtoon is no longer used by the Dutch government, being replaced  "persoon met migratieachtergrond" (person with immigrant background), an expression borrowed from German ("Person mit ").

See also
 Demographics of the Netherlands
 Human migration

References

Related concepts in other languages
 Gaikokujin (also "Gaijin") from Japanese.
 Farangi, Firang and Farang - various forms used to refer to Westerners/foreigners in the East

Human migration
Society of the Netherlands
Dutch words and phrases
Ethno-cultural designations

Allochtoon


A tournament is a competition with large number of players, all taking part in a sport or game. The word and general meaning come from the medieval tournament or "tourney". The word is still used sometimes used for a military event such as the Royal Tournament.

The word tournament is now defined in two ways:

 One or more competitions held at a single place and held over a short period of time. Some game clubs help prepare members for such tournaments. Chess clubs, for example, often use ranking systems, chess clocks, and rules like those used in chess tournaments.
 A competition with many matches, each with a small group of competitors. The tournament winner is based on the combined results of these individual matches. These are common in sports and games where each match can only have a small number of competitors, often  two, as in most team sports, racket sports, combat sports, many card games and board games, and competitive debating. Such tournaments allow large numbers to compete against each other, even though there are only two teams or players in a single match.

These two types of tournament are different. All golf tournaments meet are of the first type, but match play tournaments are in the second. Football (soccer) leagues like the Premier League are tournaments in the second sense, but not the first, having matches spread across many places over a period of up to a year. Many tournaments meet both definitions; for example, the Wimbledon tennis championship.

Sports competitions

Tournament


JIT, Just-In-Time compilation is a way to translate bytecode instructions to instructions the processor understands. Bytecode is a set of computer instructions for a processor that only exists on paper.

The alternative to a JIT is an interpreter that looks at each bytecode instruction individually and then decides what to with it. When you run over the same part of the program again, an interpreter has to make the decisions again. While a JIT makes the decisions on how to handle the bytecode once, and then stores it as native processor instructions (this takes memory). Properly deciding how to translate bytecode take some time, so you have some minor slowdown in startup speed. A proper modern JIT first runs a regular interpreter, and then does the JIT step once it knows something is used frequently.

Related pages
Java Virtual Machine

Computer programming

JIT


TLC, (formerly Discovery Travel & Adventure and Discovery Travel & Living) is an Australian and New Zealand television channel owned by Warner Bros. Discovery Asia-Pacific. The channel launched in 2004 in Australia and in 2015 in New Zealand. In Australia TLC is available on pay TV provider Foxtel and IPTV provider Fetch, and in New Zealand the channel is available on pay TV provider Sky.

TLC's female-focused programming mainly includes reality series about untraditional lifestyles, weddings, relationships, families and life transformations. True Crime programs on stories of love gone wrong and crimes of passion also feature.
The channel broadcasts programs from the US and UK versions of the channel along with Quest Red (UK). Programs on TLC include the hit series 90 Day Fiancé, and its spin-off titles 90 Day Fiancé: The Other Way, 90 Day Fiancé: Happily Ever After? and 90 Day Fiancé: Before the 90 Days; My 600LB Life, I Am Jazz, Counting On, Little People, Big World and Kate Plus Date.

TLC is home to the popular flagship series Say Yes to the Dress with Randy Fenoli and Say Yes to the Dress UK with David Emanuel. A second UK series called Say Yes to the Dress Lancashire, hosted by celebrity stylist Gok Wan launched in Australia and New Zealand in September 2019. In October 2016 a local version of the franchise, Say Yes to the Dress: Australia launched in both countries and was hosted by Adam Dixon.

In January 2019, the channel aired season one of Dr Pimple Popper, starring YouTube sensation Dr Sandra Lee. It was a 'breakout' hit for the channel and season two launched in July 2019.

Other well-known names to appear on the channel include UK celebrity Katie Price with her series Katie Price: My Crazy Life and Geordie Shore's Vicki Pattison, with the one-hour documentary special Vicki Pattison: The Break Up.

History
The channel launched as Discovery Travel & Adventure in 2004. In October 2005, it rebranded as Discovery Travel & Living, using programming from that branch of Discovery Communications. It was formerly available on SelecTV from March 2007 until the closure of its English service in late 2010. On 1 September 2010, Discovery Travel & Living rebranded as the Travel and Living Channel, or TLC. Unlike the channel TLC in the United States whose acronym originally stood for The Learning Channel, the TLC service in Australia is an acronym for Travel and Living Channel. The channel also converted to 16:9 aspect ratio during the conversion. Over time, it took on programming from the American TLC brand.

On 3 November 2014, TLC's sister channel Discovery Home & Health closed and was replaced with Discovery Kids. As a result, a variety of Home & Health's programming moved to TLC. In addition, Foxtel moved TLC from channel 646 to channel 130, and TLC+2 from channel 647 to channel 166.
 On 1 September 2015 Sky TV New Zealand will launch TLC on Sky 016 as part of a wider reshuffle of Sky Channels
 Say Yes to the Dress: Australia, an international adaptation of the Say Yes to the Dress format from the United States, featuring couture wedding gown designer Adam Dixon, will become the first local production on the channel when it debuts in 2016.

Logos

See also
TLC (TV network)

References

Television networks in Australia
Television channels and stations established in 2004
English-language television stations in Australia
Australia
Warner Bros. Discovery Asia-Pacific

TLC (Australian TV channel)


Ettalong Beach is a suburb of the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia south of Woy Woy on Brisbane Water at the point where it meets Broken Bay, about 86 km north of Sydney. It is part of the  local government area. Ettalong Beach is the natural eastward continuation of Umina Beach and Ocean Beach. The village is serviced by a small retail centre along Ocean View Road.

The Mantra Ettalong Beach Resort (formerly operated by Outrigger) and Ettalong Beach War Memorial Club was completed in 2005.The Atlantis residential development on the corner of Memorial Avenue and The Esplanade was completed in 2018 and marks a new benchmark for mixed use development in the village centre.

Rotary Brisbane Water is based in Ettalong. One of the Central Coast's largest service clubs, members meet fortnightly at Ettalong Beach War Memorial Club.

Demographics
According to the 2016 census of Population, there were 4,793 people in Ettalong Beach.
 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 3.3% of the population.
 76.5% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 4.8% and New Zealand 2.3%.
 88.6% of people spoke only English at home.
 The most common responses for religion were No Religion 27.6%, Catholic 25.6% and Anglican 24.1%.

Local features

The Ettalong Beach retail centre is represented by the Peninsula Chamber of Commerce which is affiliated with the NSW Business Chamber. The Chamber successfully introduced the Peninsula Mainstreet Program in 1995 which instigated the heritage upgrade of the village centre. This led to the main street footpath paving and street landscaping which were undertaken through Gosford City Council's 1998 Financial Strategy resulting in the rejuvenation of the village. The main employers in the village are the Ettalong Beach Club, Mantra Resort, IGA Supermarket and Ettalong Beach Hotel. Ettalong Beach is also renowned for the Ettalong Beach Markets at the eastern end of Ocean View Road. The market complex also includes a range of restaurants and cafés together with the ornate Cinema Paradiso operated by a local family.

Transport

Ettalong Beach is serviced by regular bus services (Busways) with connections to Woy Woy railway station, the Umina Beach retail centre, Kincumber and Erina Fair. The village is also serviced by the Palm Beach Ferry (operated by NRMA Marine) which connects the town to the north shore of Sydney and provides an important tourist route for visitors to the village and commuter link to the Northern Beaches.

A "Fast Ferry" had been proposed from Ettalong to Circular Quay, Sydney. If it had been established, the service was expected to take only 40 minutes, compared to 1 hour 15 min for the train journey from neighbouring Woy Woy to Sydney.

However, the company behind this idea became bankrupt in 2008, and the Fast Ferry Proposal was abandoned. The ferry service was approved by Gosford City Council and remains with an active development consent so that a future operator could commence ferry services to Sydney.

Brisbane Water Oyster Festival

The Brisbane Water Oyster Festival is held annually in November, on The Esplanade and the foreshore reserve. The event attracts 20,000 people annually and is organised by the Peninsula Chamber of Commerce. The event showcases the local oyster industry which is one of the earliest marine industries in Brisbane Water. The first festival was originally held at Woy Woy in 2000 but quickly outgrew its venue and was relocated to Ettalong Beach in 2005. The highly successful community festival is run by a sub-committee of the Peninsula Chamber of Commerce and chaired from its inception by the Peninsula Mainstreet Co-ordinator Debra Wales.

Foreshore upgrade

The Ettalong Beach Foreshore Reserve upgrade was completed in early 2014 by Gosford City Council (now Central Coast Council) at a total cost of almost $5.4M including Federal funds of $2M. The works were a culmination of 15 years of lobbying by the Peninsula Chamber of Commerce for the upgrading of the foreshore and renourishment of Ettalong Beach. The upgraded foreshore includes children's play areas, barbecue facilities, cycle ways, landscaping and café/restaurant overlooking the beach area. The cycle way links Ettalong Beach with Umina Beach to the south.

References

Suburbs of the Central Coast (New South Wales)

Ettalong Beach


George Peter Alexander Healy (1813–1894) was an American painter. He is mostly known for the portraits he made,

He made portraits of  Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, Arnold Henri Guyot, William H. Seward and Louis Philippe. He also made portraits of the US presidents from  John Quincy Adams bis Ulysses S. Grant. His works also include The Peacemakers (1868) and Abraham Lincoln (1869).

He died, aged 80, on June 24, 1894 in Chicago.

American painters
1813 births
1894 deaths

George Peter Alexander Healy


The 1848 Marlborough earthquake was a 7.5 () earthquake that occurred at 1:40 a.m. on 16 October 1848 and whose epicentre was in the Marlborough region of the South Island of New Zealand.

In Wellington, the shaking lasted for about two minutes and caused widespread damage, especially to brick or stone structures. Most of the buildings damaged in the earthquake were rebuilt in wood and this contributed to the relatively low level of damage and loss of life in the more powerful Wairarapa earthquake that hit Wellington seven years later.

Tectonic setting

New Zealand lies along the boundary between the Australian and Pacific Plates. In the South Island most of the relative displacement between these plates is taken up along a single dextral (right lateral) strike-slip fault with a major reverse component, the Alpine Fault. In the North Island, the displacement is mainly taken up along the Kermadec subduction zone, although the remaining dextral strike-slip component of the relative plate motion is accommodated by the North Island Fault System (NIFS). A group of dextral strike-slip structures, known as the Marlborough Fault System, transfer displacement between the mainly transform and convergent type plate boundaries in a complex zone at the northern end of South Island.

Earthquake characteristics
The earthquake was associated with the rupturing of a minimum of 105 km of the Awatere Fault, which is part of the Marlborough Fault System. A horizontal displacement of about 6 metres was accompanied by smaller vertical movements of varying sense. A shallow epicentral depth is inferred from the large number of felt aftershocks. A moment magnitude of about 7.5 has been estimated from the rupture length and measured displacements.

Damage
In Wellington, almost all buildings of brick or stone construction were damaged, including homes, churches, the jail, and the Colonial Hospital. Most wooden buildings were undamaged, although many lost their brick chimneys.

Barrack Sergeant James Harris Lovel of the 65th Regiment and two of his young children, Amelia aged 4, and William aged 6, died after being crushed by falling bricks from a wall in Farish Street, Wellington. They are buried at Bolton Street Cemetery.

In the Marlborough region itself, a number of homesteads were badly damaged. Several buildings damaged in the main shock were destroyed during strong aftershocks over the next few days. The only fatalities from the earthquake occurred when a damaged building collapsed during one of the aftershocks the following day.

See also
List of earthquakes in New Zealand
List of historical earthquakes

References

External links
 Geonet page on the 1848 Marlborough earthquake

Earthquakes in New Zealand
History of the Marlborough Region
Marlborough
Marlborough
October 1848 events
1848 disasters in New Zealand

1848 Marlborough earthquake


Suspension of disbelief is the willingness for a person to accept fantasy as it is presented to them in any form of media.

Reality and fantasy
Reality is the world around us. Fantasy is a world that only is in our minds, or recorded in some way onto or into something that can be passed along from one form to another. Fantasy cannot exist as something real, something that we can touch or see as it is.

An example of something from fantasy is the White Rabbit from Lewis Carroll's "Alice in Wonderland". Because of our experience, that is, how we have lived our lives, it has not been proven that it can possibly be real. The White Rabbit is an animal which stands on two legs (in some stories), wears human clothing, and acts and speaks like a human. For us as humans, a normal rabbit does not speak, nor does it act or speak like a human. Because of that, we think of the White Rabbit as fantasy, it only can be living in a not-real world.

Suspension of disbelief is a way to enjoy a story. If one were to completely disregard a story as false, the entertainment value, what makes us like a story, would be lost. On the other hand, if one accepts a story as real for as long as the story goes on, then a connection to living in reality can be made, however big or small.

Fantasy
Psychology
Fiction

Suspension of disbelief


1251 was a common year.

Events

Europe
 April – The first Shepherds' Crusade, a domestic French uprising in response to events in Egypt during the Seventh Crusade, occurs.
 December 26 – King Alexander III of Scotland marries Margaret, daughter of King Henry III of England, precipitating a power struggle between the two monarchs.
 Andrew de Longjumeau, dispatched two years earlier by King Louis IX of France as an ambassador to the Mongols, meets the king in Palestine, with reports from the Mongols and Tartary; his mission is considered a failure.
 Mindaugas of Lithuania is baptized, in prelude to his crowning as King of Lithuania in 1253.
 Alexander Nevsky signs the first peace treaty between Kievan Rus' and Norway.
 King Conrad IV of Germany invades Italy, but fails to subdue the supporters of Pope Innocent IV.
 The German city of Berlin, founded some fifty years earlier, receives its city charter.
 Ottokar II of Bohemia, later to become King of Bohemia, is elected Duke of Austria.
 The earliest known manuscript of The Proverbs of Alfred, a collection of sayings of England's Alfred the Great, is written.

Asia
 Möngke Khan is elected as the fourth great Khan of the Mongol Empire.
 Carving of the Tripitaka Koreana, a collection of Buddhist scriptures recorded on some 81,000 wooden blocks, is completed.

Births
 Hōjō Tokimune, 8th regent of the Kamakura shogunate (died 1284)

Deaths
 Bohemund V of Antioch
 Peter I, Duke of Brittany (born 1190)
 Eljigidei, Mongol commander of Persia
 Isobel of Huntingdon (born 1199)
 Matthias II, Duke of Lorraine

1251


Farming is growing crops and keeping animals for food and raw materials. Farming is a major part of agriculture.

History
Farming started thousands of years ago, but no one knows for sure how old it is. The development of farming gave rise to the Neolithic Revolution as people gave up nomadic hunting and became settlers in cities.

Farming and domestication probably started in the Fertile Crescent (the Nile Valley, the Levant and Mesopotamia). The area called Fertile Crescent is now in the countries of Iraq, Syria, Turkey, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, and Egypt. Wheat and barley are some of the first crops people grew.

Cotton was domesticated in Peru by 4200 BC.

Livestock including horses, cattle, sheep, and goats were taken to the Americas, from the Old World. The first of those horses, came with the Spanish conquistadors (or soldiers and explorers) in the 1490s. Moving those cattle, sheep, goats and horses, were part of the Columbian Exchange.

People probably started agriculture by planting a few crops, but still gathered many foods from the wild. People may have started farming because the weather and soil began to change. Farming can feed many more people than hunter-gatherers can feed on the same amount of land.

This allowed the human population to grow to such large numbers as there are today.

Types
Arable farming means growing crops. This would include wheat or vegetables.
Growing fruit means having orchards devoted to fruit. They cannot be switched easily with growing field crops. Therefore, they are not classed as arable land in the statistics.

Many people still live by subsistence farming, on a small farm. They can only grow enough food to feed the farmer, his family, and his animals. The yield is the amount of food grown on a given amount of land, and it is often low. This is because subsistence farmers are generally less educated, and they have less money to buy equipment. Drought and other problems sometimes cause famines. Where yields are low, deforestation can provide new land to grow more food. This provides more nutrition for the farmer's family, but can be bad for the country and the surrounding environment over many years.

In some countries, farms are often fewer and larger. During the 20th century they have become more productive because farmers are able to grow better varieties of plants, use more fertilizer, use more water, and more easily control weeds and pests. Many farms also use machines, so fewer people can farm more land. There are fewer farmers in rich countries, but the farmers are able to grow more.

This kind of intensive agriculture comes with its own set of problems. Farmers use a lot of chemical fertilizers, pesticides (chemicals that kill bugs), and herbicides (chemicals that kill weeds). These chemicals can pollute the soil or the water. They can also create bugs and weeds that are more resistant to the chemicals, causing outbreaks of these pests. The soil can be damaged by erosion (blowing or washing away), salt builddup, or loss of structure. Irrigation (adding water from rivers) can pollute water and lower the water table. These problems have all got solutions, and modern young farmers usually have a good technical education.

Farmers select plants with better yield, taste, and nutritional value. They also choose plants that can survive plant disease and drought, and are easier to harvest. Centuries of artificial selection and breeding have changed crop plants. The crops produce better yield. Fertilizers, chemical pest control, and irrigation all help.

Some plants are improved with genetic engineering. One example is modifying the plant to resist herbicides.

Livestock
Farms may also keep animals. That is called animal husbandry. If they are used to make meat for people to eat, that is livestock production. Non-meat animals, such as milk cows and egg-producing chickens, are kept for their produce. "Produce" here means their eggs and milk, which are sold by the farm, usually in markets. Large animals need grassland of some kind for grazing. What they need depends on the animals. Goats eat a much wider range of plants than cows. In some parts of the world, that makes goats a more sensible choice for a farmer than cows.

Food

It is important for there to be enough food for everyone. The food must also be safe and good. People say it is not always safe, because it contains some chemicals. Other people say intensive agriculture is damaging the environment. For this reason, there are several types of agriculture.
 Traditional agriculture is mostly done in poor countries.
 Intensive agriculture is mostly done in countries with more money. It uses pesticides, machinery, chemical fertilizers.
 Organic farming is using only natural products such as compost and green manure.
 Integrated farming is using local resources, and trying to use the waste from one process as a resource in another process.

Agricultural policy means the goals and methods of agricultural production. Common goals of policy include the quality, amount, and safety of food.

Problems
There are some serious problems that people face trying to grow food today.
These include:
 Pollution
 Erosion
 Diseases
 Pests
 Weeds
 Drought
 Rainfall
 Climate: Earth warming is an important example
 Contamination

There are also difficulties with the distribution of food:
 Warfare: see Nigerian Civil War (Biafran War) for an example. See Russia–Ukrainian war for an example.
 Distribution: Difficulties with moving product from grower to consumer. It is expected that this difficulty will increase in future. The reasons for this are complex, but one important factor may be the absence of a dominant international naval power. The British Navy provided protection against pirates in the 19th and early 20th century, and the US Navy protected shipping after WWII. The US is still a dominant naval power, but its power will soon be based on its small number of huge aircraft carriers. They will not deal with small boats full of armed pirates, which is the usual way piracy is done. So we can expect grain ships (etc) will have to carry any protection they may need, or they will have to go the long way around. That means avoiding the shortcuts into the Mediterranean. Other kinds of warfare, such as we see in the Ukraine, adds to the problem of shipping food products safely.

Crops
In produced weight, these crops are the most important (global production in metric tonnes):

The figure for sugarcane is rather deceptive. It omits sugar beet, but includes the weight of the woody stalk. Most of the plants which produce food are in the grass family Poaceae.

Related pages
 Aquaculture
 Bee keeping
 Animal husbandry
 Fertilizers
 Crop rotation
 Urban farming
 Breeding
 Fencing
 Ranching
 Plantation
 Crop protection
Cultured meat
Genetically modified food

Agriculture by country
Agriculture in Azerbaijan
Agriculture in Pakistan

References

Farming


Weber Canyon is a canyon in the Wasatch Range near Ogden, Utah, through which the Weber River flows west toward the Great Salt Lake.  It is fed by 13 tributary creeks and is  long.

History
Weber Canyon is, historically, one of the more important canyons in Utah. The many streams that feed into the Weber River made the area attractive to prehistoric nomadic Native Americans, including the Shoshone and Ute tribes.

The river and canyon were named for fur trapper John Henry Weber. Early explorers also included Étienne Provost. In 1825, near the present-day community of Mountain Green, trappers of the British Hudson's Bay Company Snake Country Expedition, under the leadership of Peter Skene Ogden, had a confrontation with competing American trappers, under the leadership of Johnson Gardner. Gardner insisted that the British group was trespassing in United States Territory. Ogden kept the situation from becoming an international incident, although some of his men, including Canadian Antoine Godin, left his group to join Gardner.

Emigrants traveling to California, including the Hudspeth, Bryant-Russell, and Young and Harlan parties, took the first wagons through Weber Canyon in 1846. The first road through the canyon was completed in 1855 by a group led by Thomas J. Thurston. In 1868, Brigham Young contracted with the Union Pacific Railroad to build part of the transcontinental railroad through Weber Canyon.

Attractions

Interstate 84 now travels through Weber Canyon. The highway passes by an unusual geological formation called Devil's Slide.

There is also the 1000 Mile Tree, a pine discovered by Union Pacific Railroad workers marking  from the railroad's origin in Omaha, Nebraska. The original tree died in 1900 and was removed in September of that year. In 1982 to commemorate the site, UP planted a new tree that has grown today to over  tall.

References

External links

Canyons and gorges of Utah
Landforms of Davis County, Utah
Landforms of Morgan County, Utah
Landforms of Weber County, Utah
Wasatch Range

Weber Canyon


Environment means what surrounds us. It may be living or non-living things. It includes physical, chemical and other natural forces. Living things live in their environment. They constantly interact with it and adapt themselves to conditions in their environment. In the environment there are different interactions between animals, plants, soil, water, and other living and non-living things.

The word environment is used to talk about many things. People in different fields of knowledge use the word environment differently. Electromagnetic environment is radio waves and other electromagnetic radiation and magnetic fields. The environment of a galaxy may mean the interstellar medium, or it may mean other nearby galaxies.

In psychology and medicine, a person's environment is the people, physical things and places that the person lives with. The environment affects the growth and development of the person. It may affect the person's behavior, body and mind.

The conditions of living organisms in an environment are affected by the weather and climate changes in the environment. They are also greatly affected by other living things.

Natural environment

In biology and ecology, the environment is all of the natural materials and living things, If those things are natural, it is a natural environment.

Environment includes the living and non-living things that an organism interacts with, or has an effect on it. Living elements that an organism interacts with are known as biotic elements: animals, plants, etc. Abiotic elements are non living things which include air, water, sunlight etc. Studying the environment means studying the relationships among these various things. An example of interactions between non-living and living things is plants getting their minerals from the soil and making food using sunlight. Predation, an organism eating another, is an example of interaction between living things.

Environmentalists think we should protect the natural environment, to keep it safe. Things in the natural environment that we value are called natural resources. For example; fish, insects, and forests. These are renewable resources because they come back naturally when we use them. Non-renewable resources are important things in the environment that are limited for example, ores and fossil fuels after a few thousand years. Some things in the natural environment can kill people, such as lightning.

 Ecological units which are natural systems without much human interference. These include all vegetation, microorganisms, soil, rocks, atmosphere, and natural events.
 Universal natural resources and physical phenomenon which lack clear-cut boundaries. These include climate, air, water, energy, radiation, electric charge, and magnetism.

Related pages
Environmental chemistry
Environmental factor
Environmental revitalization
Environmentalism
Ecology

Environment


Mining, landmining or undermining is a way of attacking a walled city, fortress or castle during a siege. It has been used since before the Middle Ages. During the Middle Ages, mines or tunnels were dug underneath castles to let soldiers into the castle or to destroy the walls.

The Siege of Petersburg included a "Battle of the Crater" inside a crater made by a big mine explosion. In World War I, trying to break the stalemate of trench warfare, soldiers tunneled under no man's land and put explosives beneath the enemy's trench. On 7 June 1917, as part of the Battle of Messines, the Allies set off hundreds of tonnes of high explosive in 19 mines at the same time. About 10,000 German troops were killed.

War
Engineering

Mining (military)


Act on Securing Quality, Efficacy and Safety of Products Including Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices (医薬品、医療機器等の品質、有効性及び安全性の確保等に関する法律 Iyaku-hin, iryō-kiki tō no hinshitsu, yūkōsei oyobi anzensei no kakuho tō ni kansuru hō ritsu) is a law regulating the manufacturing, importation, and sale of drugs, medical devices and medical softwares. It was originally passed as  in 1960, and was renamed current title in 2014. It is often abbreviated to Iyaku-hin Iryō-kiki tō hō (医薬品医療機器等法) or yakki hō (薬機法).

Legislative history
The July 2002 amendment to the law changed the regulatory structure for pharmaceuticals and medical devices, in an effort to align laws more closely with those in the European Union, Australia, Canada, and the United States. The amendment shifted the focus of regulation from the point of manufacturing to the point of sale, and adopted a risk-based classification system for products.

The June 2006 amendment to the law (Law No. 69 of 2006, with effective date of June 2009), represented the first change in the sales structure of OTC drugs in 46 years. The amended law permitted stores to sell certain over-the-counter drugs without having a pharmacist on staff, opening up the market to convenience stores, supermarkets, and other such stores. 7-Eleven was the first convenience store to take advantage of the amended law, while Aeon supermarkets also began selling OTC drugs at a 20% to 40% discount to competing drug stores (including Aeon-affiliated companies). The amendment was expected to put significant competitive pressure on drug stores. However, the law continued to ban internet sales of OTC drugs, which the Ministry of Health had previously justified by stating that drug sales should only be conducted in person by pharmacists or other qualified vendors who could explain the side effects of the drugs.

On May 24, 2013, the Government Cabinet approved a revision of Pharmaceutical Affairs Law to simplify the approval process for medical devices and regenerative medicine products, the safety of regenerative medicine using iPS cells (stem cells).

According to the revised bill, medical equipment can be checked by the private organization including regenerative medicine products and validation of the post-marketing effectiveness.

References

External links
Full text of the law
English translation of full text of the law

1960 in law
Drug control law
Japanese legislation
Medical law
Drug policy of Japan
Regulation of medical devices
Regulation in Japan


Frederick Daniel Tyler (born March 15, 1954) is an American competitive swimmer and aquatics coach, winner of several high school and college championships and a gold medal in the 4×200-meter freestyle relay at the 1972 Summer Olympics and author.

High school and Indiana University
Tyler began his high school swimming at St. Andrews School, in Boca Raton, Florida, where in 1969 and 1970 he won the 400-yard freestyle and 200-yard individual medley (IM) at the state high school championships.  He then attended The Bolles School, a prep school in Jacksonville, Florida, where he swam for the Bolles high school swim team.  At the 1971 state championship meet, he was first in the 200- and 400-yard freestyle, and in 1972 won the 100-yard freestyle and 200-yard individual medley.  Tyler remains one of only seven swimmers to win the Florida state swim championship in two different events for three separate years.  He graduated from The Bolles School in 1972. Tyler was the first swimmer to earn All American honors in every individual event. He achieves this feat 3 straight years.

Tyler, along with John Kinsella, Mark Spitz and Gary Hall, Sr., was a member of coach James Counsilman's standout Indiana Hoosiers swim team at Indiana University, which dominated men's college swimming in the early 1970s. During his college career, Tyler's Indiana teams were Big Ten Conference champions for four consecutive years and NCAA national champions in 1972 and 1973.  In 1975, Tyler was the NCAA individual national champion in the 200-yard individual medley (time of 1:50:658), and his 800-yard freestyle relay finished first in the NCAA finals in 1973, 1974 and 1975. He closed out his time as a Hoosier swimmer as one of the best swimmers in the history of the program, receiving 14 career All-America honors. Freddie was inducted into the Indiana University Athletic Hall of Fame on October 28, 2016.

Munich Olympics

In spite of the terrorist attacks against the Israeli athletes, some of the most spectacular events at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich were in swimming, where Mark Spitz won seven Olympic titles with seven world records.  On August 29, 1972, Tyler finished 5th in finals of 200 meter freestyle, missing Indiana teammate Mark Spitz' world record time by 2.18 seconds. On August 31, 1972, the American 4 × 200 meter freestyle relay of John Kinsella, Fred Tyler, Steve Genter and Mark Spitz set a World & Olympic record at 7:35:78, eclipsing the record set earlier that day by the USA team in the semifinal heat, and winning the Olympic gold medal. The victory was all the more remarkable in that Spitz swam in the 4x200 relay only one hour after his world record victory in the 100 meter butterfly, and Genter had been released from the hospital only a few days before, following surgery for a collapsed lung.

Coaching

Tyler began coaching swimming and water polo at West Orange High School in Winter Garden, Florida from 1980 to 1985. He coached at Mount Dora High School from 1986 through 1989.  He has been head aquatics coach at Lake Mary High School in Lake Mary, Florida since 1990.  He coached the Lake Mary Rams to a second-place finish in 2004 and fourth place in 2005 at Florida state swimming championships.  Tyler's boys' water polo team reached the 2005 state quarter finals, and the girls' the state 2005 semis and the 2007 quarter finals.  In 2004-05, Fred Tyler was recognized as both the Seminole Athletic Conference and Florida State 3A Coach of Year.  Tyler coached gold medal winner Brad Bridgewater (200-meter backstroke at 1996 Summer Games), who attended Lake Mary High School from 1987 to 1990.  Tyler teaches social studies and mathematics to exceptional education students and Algebra and Geometry to Regular education students.

Author
Published Homesick - The Novel in March 2018

See also
 List of Indiana University (Bloomington) people
 List of Olympic medalists in swimming (men)
 World record progression 4 × 200 metres freestyle relay

References

External links
1972 Olympics Official Site
Olympic winners, Men's 4x200 freestyle relay
Central Florida Olympians

1954 births
Living people
American male freestyle swimmers
American swimming coaches
World record setters in swimming
Indiana Hoosiers men's swimmers
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in swimming
Sportspeople from Winter Park, Florida
Swimmers at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1972 Summer Olympics
People from Lake Mary, Florida
Sportspeople from Seminole County, Florida
Bolles School alumni

Fred Tyler


The GNU Free Documentation License (GNU FDL or simply GFDL) is a copyleft license for free documentation, designed by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) for the GNU project. It is the counterpart to the GNU GPL that gives readers the same rights to copy, redistribute and modify a work and requires all copies and derivatives to be available under the same license. Copies may also be sold commercially, but if produced in larger quantities (greater than 100) then the original document or source code must be made available to the work's recipient.

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A criticism of this language is that it is too broad, because it applies to private copies made but not distributed. This means that a licensee is not allowed to save document copies "made" in a proprietary file format or using encryption.

In 2003, Richard Stallman said about the above sentence on the debian-legal mailing list:

Invariant sections
A GNU FDL work can quickly be encumbered because a new, different, title must be given and a list of previous titles must be kept. This could lead to the situation where there are a whole series of title pages, and dedications, in each and every copy of the book if it has a long lineage. These pages cannot ever be removed, at least not until the work enters the public domain after copyright expires.

Richard Stallman said about invariant sections on the debian-legal mailing list:

GPL incompatible in both directions
The GNU FDL is incompatible in both directions with the GPL: that is GNU FDL material cannot be put into GPL code and GPL code cannot be put into a GNU FDL manual. Because of this, code samples are often dual-licensed so that they may appear in documentation and can be incorporated into a free software program.

At the Juun 22nd and 23rd international GPLv3 conference in Barcelona, Moglen hinted that a future version of the GPL could be made suitable for documentation:

Burdens when printing
The GNU FDL requires that licensees, when printing a document covered by the license, must also include "this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document". This means that if a licensee prints out a copy of an article whose text is covered under the GNU FDL, he or she must also include a copyright notice and a physical printout of the GNU FDL, which is a significantly large document in itself.

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History
The FDL was released in draft form for feedback in late 1999. After revisions, version 1.1 was issued in Maachị 2000, and version 1.2 in Novemba 2002. The current state of the license is version 1.2.

The first discussion draft of the GNU Free Documentation License version 2 was released on 26 Septemba 2006, along with a draft of the new GNU Simpler Free Documentation License.

The new draft of the GNU FDL includes a number of improvements, such as new terms crafted during the GPLv3 process to improve internationalization, clarifications to help people applying the license to audio and video, and relaxed requirements for using an excerpt from a work.

The new proposed GNU Simpler Free Documentation License has no requirements to maintain Cover Texts and Invariant Sections. This will provide a simpler licensing option for authors who do not wish to use these features in the GNU FDL.

Notes

External links
 GFDL official text
 The GNU Free Documentation License
 Free Software and Free Manuals
 Draft of Debian position statement about the GFDL
 Why You Shouldn't Use the GNU FDL
 Why Wikivoyage isn't GFDL: Problems with using the GFDL for short printed texts
 The Free Universal Encyclopedia And Learning Resource
 Guide to the new drafts of documentation licenses

Wikipedia

GNU Free Documentation License


The Parlement of Foules (modernized: Parliament of Fowls), also called the Parlement of Briddes (Parliament of Birds) or the Assemble of Foules (Assembly of Fowls), is a poem by Geoffrey Chaucer ( 1340s–1400) made up of approximately 700 lines. The poem, which is in the form of a dream vision in rhyme royal stanza, contains one of the earliest references to the idea that St. Valentine's Day is a special day for lovers.

Oruch's survey of the literature finds no association between Valentine and romance prior to Chaucer. He concludes that Chaucer is likely to be "the original mythmaker in this instance."

Summary
The poem begins with the narrator reading Cicero's Somnium Scipionis in the hope of learning some "certeyn thing".  When he falls asleep, Scipio Africanus the Elder appears and guides him up through the celestial spheres to a gate promising both a "welle of grace" and a stream that "ledeth to the sorweful were/ Ther as a fissh in prison is al drye" (reminiscent of the famous grimly inscribed gates in Dante's Inferno). After some deliberation at the gate, the narrator enters and passes through Venus's dark temple with its friezes of doomed lovers and out into the bright sunlight. Here Nature is convening a parliament at which the birds will all choose their mates. The three tercel (male) eagles make their case for the hand of a formel (female) eagle until the birds of the lower estates begin to protest and launch into a comic parliamentary debate, which Nature herself finally ends. None of the tercels wins the formel, for at her request Nature allows her to put off her decision for another year (indeed, female birds of prey often become sexually mature at one year of age, males only at two years). Nature, as the ruling figure, in allowing the formel the right to choose not to choose, is acknowledging the importance of free will, which is ultimately the foundation of a key theme in the poem, that of common profit. Nature allows the other birds, however, to pair off. The dream ends with a song welcoming the new spring. The dreamer awakes, still unsatisfied, and returns to his books, hoping still to learn the thing for which he seeks.

Manuscripts

There are fifteen manuscript sources for the poem:
 British Library, Harley 7333
 Cambridge University Library Gg. IV.27
 Cambridge University Library Ff. I.6 (Findern)
 Cambridge University Library Hh.IV.12 (incomplete)
 Pepys 2006, Magdalene College, Cambridge
 Trinity College, Cambridge R.3.19
 Bodleian Library, Arch. Selden B.24
 Bodleian Library, Laud Misc. 416
 Bodleian Library, Fairfax 16
 Bodleian Library, Bodley 638
 Bodleian Library, Tanner 346
 Bodleian Library, Digby 181
 St. John's College, Oxford, J LVII
 Longleat 258, Longleat House, Warminster, Wi

William Caxton's early print of 1478 is also considered authoritative, for it reproduces the text of a manuscript now considered lost. The stemma and genealogy of these authorities was studied by John Koch in 1881, and later established by Eleanor Prescott Hammond (1866–1933) in 1902, dividing them into two main groups, A and B (last five MSS), although the stemma is by no means definitive.

Concerning the author of the poem, there is no doubt that it was written by Geoffrey Chaucer, for so he tells us twice in his works.
 The first time is in the Introduction (Prologue) to The Legend of Good Women: "He made the book that hight the Hous of Fame, / And eke the Deeth of Blaunche the Duchesse, / And the Parlement of Foules, as I gesse".
 The second allusion is found in the Retraction to The Canterbury Tales: "the book of the Duchesse; the book of Seint Valentynes day of the Parlement of Briddes".

A more difficult question is that of date. Early criticism of the poem, as far as the first decades of the 20th century, relied mainly on the different interpretations of the text—comparing the fight for the female eagle with royal betrothals of the age—to produce a date of composition for the poem. Fred N. Robinson (Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer, 1957: 791) mentioned that "if the theories of allegory in the Parliament are rejected, the principal evidence usually relied on for dating the poem about 1381-2 disappears". Later criticism, however, is much more objective on the reasons why the poem has been dated in 1382, the main reason given in lines 117–118 of the poem itself: "As wisly as I sawe the [Venus], northe northe west / When I begane my sweuene for to write" for according to John M. Manly (1913: 279–90) Venus is never strictly in the position "north-north-west...but it can be easily thought to be so when it reaches its extreme northern point". Manly adds that this condition was met in May 1374, 1382, and 1390.

The third date is easily discarded since we know that the poem is already mentioned as composed in the Prologue to The Legend of Good Women. Derek Brewer (1960: 104) then argues that the date of 1382, as opposed to that of 1374, is much more likely for the composition of the poem since, during the same period (1373–85), Chaucer wrote many other works including The House of Fame which, in all respects, seems to have been composed earlier than The Parliament of Fowls, thus: "a very reasonable, if not certain, date for the Parlement is that it was begun in May 1382, and was ready for St. Valentine's Day, 14th February 1383" (Brewer, 1960: 104). Although much of the criticism on the interpretation of The Parliament of Foules— which would render clues for its date of composition—is contradictory, and criticism about the importance of line 117 does not agree on whether it can be taken as serious evidence for the dating of the poem, there is nowadays a general agreement among scholars as to 1381–1382 being the date of composition for The Parliament of Foules.

Artistic representations
 The Parliament of Fowls (2008) is a one-act comic opera by American composer John Craton

Translations and Editions

 Parlement of foules (1914). Translation, with an introduction, notes and glossary, by Charles Maxwell Drennan (1870–1935).
Parlement of foules. In The complete works of Geoffrey Chaucer (1937), pp. 101–110. Edited from numerous manuscripts by the Rev. Walter William Skeat (1835–1912).

References

External links

"The Dream Poems – modernised versions", a line-by-line translation in modern English, by A. S. Kline
Parlement of Foules a free translation and retelling in modern English prose of Chaucer's narrative poem, by Richard Scott-Robinson

Middle English poems
Medieval literature
Poems about birds
Poetry by Geoffrey Chaucer
Visionary poems

Parlement of Foules


Eduardo Egüez (born in Buenos Aires, Argentina in 1959) is a lutenist, theorbist, and guitarist acclaimed for his interpretations of music by J.S.Bach.

Egüez began by first studying guitar with Miguel Angel Girollet and Eduardo Fernández. He then studied composition at the Catholic Argentine University. In 1995 he obtained his diploma in lute performance from the Schola Cantorum Basiliensis under the tutelage of Hopkinson Smith. Eduardo Egüez teaches lute and basso continuo at the Zürich Conservatory (Switzerland).

Performances
Eduardo Egüez has given many solo recitals in South America, Europe, Australia, and Japan. He received awards from Promociones Musicales in Buenos Aires, 1984; Círculo Guitarrístico Argentino in Buenos Aires, 1984; Concours International de Guitare in Paris (Radio France), 1986; V Concurso Internacional de Guitarra (Jacinto and Inocencio Guerrero Foundation) in Madrid, 1989.

He has also performed as a basso continuo player, as a member of such ensembles as Elyma, Hesperion XXI, Ensemble Baroque de Limoges, La Grande Écurie et la Chambre du Roy, Aurora, Concerto Italiano, Labyrinto, The Rare Fruits Council, Café Zimmermann, Les Sacqueboutiers, Ricercar Consort, "Stylus Phantasticus" and his own ensemble La Chimera. Furthermore, he has also accompanied artists such as Furio Zanasi, Emma Kirkby, María Cristina Kiehr, Rolf Lislevand, Victor Torres inter alia.

Recordings
Eduardo Egüez has recorded for many labels: Astrée Auvidis, Astrée Naïve, Arcana, Glossa Music, K617, Opus 111, Alia Vox, E Lucevan le Stelle, Stradivarius, Symphonia, Alpha Records, Ambroisie, Naxos Records, Flora, Mirare, Accent Records, Harmonia Mundi France. As a soloist he has recorded "Tombeau" with works by Silvius Leopold Weiss (E Lucevan le Stelle), the complete lute works by J. S. Bach (M.A. recordings) and "Le Maître du Roi" with works by Robert de Visée (also M.A. recordings).

With his own Ensemble La Chimera, he has recorded for the label M.A. recordings "Buenos Aires Madrigal" (fusion of early Italian madrigals and Argentine tango) and "Tonos y Tonadas" (fusion of early Spanish "tonos humanos" and folk music from Latin America).

Selected discography
 Amarante Céline Scheen, soprano; Philippe Pierlot, viola da gamba; Eduardo Egüez, lute. Flora 2010
 Odisea Negra - music of slaves in the 17th century.  Ablaye Cissoko (griot, Senegal), Ivan García (tenor, Venezuela). Compositions by Martínez Compañón, Gaspar Fernandes (1565-1629), Miguel Matamoros, Carmito Gamboa, Gilberto Valdés. Readings of poems by Nicolás Guillén (Cuba) and Manuel del Cabral (Dominican Republic). Naïve Records November 2011

References

Lutenists
Argentine performers of early music
Living people
1959 births
Theorbists
Musicians from Buenos Aires

Eduardo Egüez


A tendon (or sinew) is a tough band of tissue that connects muscle to bone. It is built to withstand tension. Tendons are similar to ligaments except that ligaments join one bone to another. Tendons and muscles work together, roughly as follows. When muscles contract, the tendon transmits the pull to the bone.

Anatomy
A tendon connects to a muscle at one end, and to bone at the other end. Each tendon has these two "insertions".

Collagen fibres connect the muscle to the bones. A tendon inserts into bone at one end, and into the muscle at the other end.

Tendons do not create any pulling force of their own. The tendons transfer the force of muscles pulling on the bone. Unlike elastin (another bodily tissue) tendons have very little "give".

Tendons are often connected to joints.

Skeletal system

Tendon


Lutetian limestone (in French, calcaire lutécien, and formerly calcaire grossier) — also known as "Paris stone" — is a variety of limestone particular to the Paris, France, area. It has been a source of wealth as an economic and versatile building material since ancient Roman times (see Mines of Paris) and has contributed markedly to the unique visual appeal of the "City of Light". (It has been hailed as "the warm, elusive, cream-grey stone of the French capital".) Its formation dates to the Eocene epoch's Lutetian age (between  ). The name "Lutetian" derives from Lutetia (French, Lutèce) which was the city's name in ancient times.

History
Between the 17th and 19th centuries, Lutetian limestone was extracted by tunneling through hill-sides south of Paris. The stone comprises many of the grandest Paris buildings from the 17th century onwards, including parts of the Louvre, the Place de la Concorde, Les Invalides and the Arc de Triomphe

Haussmann's grand renovation of Paris (1853–1870), which provided a sweeping and uniform style and an elusive coloring — ranging from bright white to butter-yellow to a dull nicotine-yellow/grey — for the city, relied upon buildings faced with Lutetian limestone.

In the 20th century, open-cast quarries were developed which uncovered thinner layers of harder limestone closer to the surface north of Paris. A now fashionable variety of Lutetian limestone from about 25 miles north of Paris is known as "Oise stone" or "Saint-Maximin limestone" and has become popular internationally for upscale building projects. In 2007, the quarries in southern Oise, around Saint-Maximin and Chantilly, applied to the French government to become the first to be granted a building stone Appellation Contrôlée – the badge of official French regional excellence – as if it were a wine or a cheese. According to a 2007 article in the UK's The Independent: "The harder, sliceable limestone sells for around €2,000 a cubic metre. The different grades of softer building stone sell for between €550 and €150 a cubic metre, which is very competitive with other building stone all around the world."

References

See also
List of types of limestone

Limestone
Building stone
Geography of Paris
History of Paris
Paris

Lutetian limestone