Roald Zinnurovich Sagdeev (, ; born 26 December 1932) is a Russian expert in plasma physics and a former director of the Space Research Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He was also a science advisor to the Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev. Sagdeev graduated from Moscow State University. He is a member of both the Russian Academy of Sciences and the American Philosophical Society. He has worked at the University of Maryland, College Park since 1989 in the University of Maryland College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences.  He is also currently a Senior Advisor at the Albright Stonebridge Group, a global strategy firm, where he assists clients with issues involving Russia and countries in the former Soviet Union. Sagdeev was married to, and divorced from, Susan Eisenhower, granddaughter of Dwight D. Eisenhower.  Sagdeev was the recipient of the 2003 Carl Sagan Memorial Award, and the James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics (2001).

Early years
Roald Sagdeev is an ethnic Tatar. His maternal grandfather was a secular man teaching mathematics. He was born in Moscow on December 26, 1932, soon after the arrival of his young parents from Tatarstan. The family used to speak Russian at home. Nonetheless, the parents also communicated in Tatar between adults when secrecy was needed. He lived with them until the age of four near the Nikitsky Gates. His father was then a post-graduate student. He spent the following years in Kazan where he graduated from a high school. The young Roald was not only a quite outstanding student who was awarded the Silver Medal, but also champion of chess among juniors of his city. His brother Renad Zinnurovich Sagdeev (born December 13, 1941) would later study chemistry. Roald returned to Moscow to study at the Moscow State University. He was one of a few of Lev Landau's students, the Soviet Nobel laureate. In the dormitory he lived next to Mikhail Gorbachev, a law student, and Raisa Gorbachyova, a sociology student.

As a researcher
In 1955, after graduating from  Moscow State University in nuclear science, Doctorate in Physics and Mathematics, he worked at the Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy as a member of the controlled fusion team,  with Igor Kurchatov as director from 1956 to 1961. From 1961 until 1970, he worked as head of the Laboratory at the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Siberian Division of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Novosibirsk.

At the age of 35, he was one of the youngest persons ever  elected as a full academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. From 1970 until 1973, he worked at the Institute of Physics of High Temperatures of the USSR Academy of Sciences. His works on the behavior of hot plasma and controlled thermonuclear fusion in both the Institute of Atomic Energy and later at the Institute of Nuclear Physics have won international recognition.

Director of the Space Research Institute
Upon his return to Moscow, he was appointed the director of the Space Research Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He stayed at this post from 1973 until 1988. There he supervised several research projects such as the Cosmos, Forecast, Intercosmos, Meteor, and Astron programs.

He managed or was a principal participant in many space projects including the Venera probes to Venus, the joint Soviet-U.S. Soyuz Apollo Test Project and headed the International Space Project Venus-Halley (Vega) and Phobos projects.

He is the author of studies on plasma physics and magnetofluiddynamics. In 1984,  he was awarded the most prestigious Lenin Prize for his outstanding achievements in the foundations of the neoclassical theory of transport processes in toroidal plasma.

Role in repressions against dissidents
In 1968 a few dozens of Soviet citizens signed a number of letters addressed to the Soviet government in which the authors protested against human rights violations by the authorities in connection with the trials of Soviet dissidents. The authorities initiated repressions against the signatories, including those who worked at the research establishments of Akademgorodok in Novosibirsk. Then 36-year-old Sagdeev suggested that these persons should be dismissed from Akademgorodok and sent to "load chunks of lead".

Role in politics
As Yuri Andropov became the new General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Sagdeev participated in the work of a think tank with Gorbachev as the head, which was mandated to find scientific justifications for the nuclear disarmament. Later, as Gorbachev became the new General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, following Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), they advised the Soviet leadership not to worry and not to respond by creating a similar program.

He was awarded the title of the Hero of Socialist Labor for his role in the international research program of the  Halley Comet  in 1986.

He was elected at the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in 1987 and worked until 1991 as an advisor on the issues related to civil and military space problems for Mikhail Gorbachev and Eduard Shevardnadze on summits, which were held in Geneva (1985), in Washington, D.C. (1987) and in Moscow (1988).

Personal life
Sagdeev met Susan Eisenhower, a step-grandmother, and the twice divorced mother of three daughters, in 1987, at a US–USSR forum in New York City. Eisenhower is the granddaughter of Dwight D. Eisenhower 34th President of the United States, and a political scientist by profession. They rendezvoused later in Russia, the US, and various European countries before they married in 1990. Thus, he moved to live in the US.  As of 2008 they are divorced.

Post-Cold War
Today, Sagdeev is a Distinguished Professor of Physics at the University of Maryland, College Park, member of the US National Academy and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Sagdeev is also a member of the Supervisory Council of the International Luxembourg Forum on Preventing Nuclear Catastrophe.  He is also currently a Senior Advisor at the Albright Stonebridge Group, a global strategy firm, where he assists clients with issues involving Russia and countries in the former Soviet Union.

References

External links

1932 births
Living people
Soviet physicists
20th-century Russian physicists
Tatar people
Academic staff of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
Eisenhower family
University of Maryland, College Park faculty
Recipients of the Lenin Prize
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Soviet politicians
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences
Place of birth missing (living people)
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

Roald Sagdeev


The Treaty of Kyakhta (or Kiakhta), along with the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689), regulated the relations between Imperial Russia and the Qing Empire of China until the mid-19th century. It was signed by Tulišen and Count Sava Lukich Raguzinskii-Vladislavich at the border city of Kyakhta on 23 August 1727.

Results
Diplomatic and trade relations were established that lasted until the mid-19 century.
It established the northern border of Mongolia (what was then part of the Qing-Russian border).
The caravan trade from Kyakhta opened up (Russian furs for Chinese tea).
Agreement with Russia helped China expand westward and annex Xinjiang.

Qing subjects are referred to as those from "Dulimbai gurun" in Manchu in the Treaty.

Background
By the 1640s Russian adventurers had taken control of the forested area north of Mongolia and Manchuria. From 1644, the rule of the Qing dynasty established its capital in Beijing and took control of the Central Plains region. In 1689 the Treaty of Nerchinsk established the northern border of Manchuria north of the present line. The Russians retained Trans-Baikalia between Lake Baikal and the Argun River north of Mongolia.

At the time of Nerchinsk what is now Mongolia had just been captured by the Oirat Dzungar Khanate. These people were gradually pushed back westward. This raised the question of the Russo-Manchu border in Mongolia and opened the possibility of trade from the Lake Baikal area to Peking. The Manchus wanted an agreement because they were worried about possible Russian support for the Oirats and did not want disobedient subjects fleeing to the Russians. Many of the Cossacks in Siberia were rather close to bandits and could cause trouble if not restrained by the Tsar. The Russians had neither a reason nor the means to push south and were more interested in profitable trade. The Russians had no hope of sending a serious army this far east and the Manchus had no interest in the frozen forests of Siberia.

Negotiations
From the 1710s the Kangxi Emperor began to put pressure on Saint Petersburg for an agreement, largely by interfering with the caravan trade. The Lev Izmailov mission in 1719/22 to Peking produced no results.

Just before his death, Peter the Great decided to deal with the border problem. On 23 October 1725 Sava Vladislavich, a Serb in the Russian service, left Saint Petersburg with 1,500 soldiers and 120 staff including map-makers and priests. Before reaching Peking in November 1726, he picked up Lorenz Lange and Ivan Bucholz and sent out cartographers to survey the border. The negotiators on the Manchu side were Tulishen and Dominique Parrenin.  After six months a draft treaty was worked up, but it became clear that neither side had adequate maps. In May Vladslavich and Tulishen went back to Selenginsk near Lake Baikal to get the waiting maps. By 31 August a draft treaty was drawn up ('Treaty of Bura' after a nearby river). Work quickly began setting up border markers starting from Kyakhta on the Selenga River. The 'Abagaitu Letter' listed 63 markers from Kyakhta east to the Argun River. The 'Selenginsk Letter' listed 24 markers west from Kyakhta to the "Shabindobaga River on the northwest slopes of the Altay Mountains". The 'Treaty of Bura' was sent to Peking to be combined with work already done there. The result was sent back to the frontier and the Treaty of Kyakhta was signed on 25 June 1728. The treaty had three official versions, in Russian, in Latin and in Manchu. No official Chinese version of the treaty exists.

Articles

The treaty had eleven articles, the core of which dealt with commercial relations and diplomatic immunities. (This list, probably from Perdue, differs somewhat from the list given by March.)
 Articles I and XI spoke of eternal peace and cooperation between the two nations, and concerned itself with the language and organization of the rest of the document.
 Article II dealt with the exchange of fugitives.
 Article III, along with VII, delineated the new borders, leaving only territory along the Irtysh River unassigned. The fate of this land, according to the treaty, would be determined in the future by ambassadors or further correspondence between the two nations' capitals.
 Article VI dealt with commercial relations; from this treaty and others, Russia gained far more favorable commercial arrangements with the Chinese than most European countries, who traveled by sea and traded at Canton. Russia would send a caravan to Peking every three years and continuous border trade would be conducted at Kyakhta and Tsurukaitu in Manchuria. See Kyakhta trade.
 Article V allowed for the establishment of a Russian religious institution in Beijing.
 Article VI, along with IX, concerned itself with the forms and modes of diplomatic intercourse between the two nations, both of which had complex systems of bureaucracy and protocol.
 Article VIII, along with X, discussed the methods and procedures for settling future disputes.

Convention of Kyakhta (1768)
On 18October 1768 a Convention was signed modifying Article X of the original treaty making punishments more explicit.  This was due to the Qing extermination of the Dzungar Khanate, which caused rebels including Amursana to flee across the border, and other problems which led the Chinese to curtail trade in 1762 and suspend it in 1765.

Kyakhta International Protocol (1792)

The Kyakhta trade between Qing and Russia was very important to Russia as one of its main sources of income. The Qing was aware of this and occasionally used to suspend the trade to exert pressure on the Russian rulers. In 1784 some Russian Buryats and the Uriankhais of the Qing together robbed the Chinese merchant in the Khövsgöl region. The Russian way of punishing the robbers irritated the Qing side and became a new reason to suspend the trade for 7 years. Over these seven years before the two empires came to mutual agreement many events occurred that expose problems in the relations between them. On 8 February 1792, they signed the "International Protocol" (known as "恰克圖市約" in Chinese) in Kyakhta which confirmed the validity of the Sino-Russian Treaty of Kyakhta.

See also
 Treaty of Kulja (1851)
 Treaty of Tarbagatai (1864)
 Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)

Notes

References
Sources

Further reading
Mancall, Mark. Russia and China: Their Diplomatic Relations to 1728. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971.
March, G. Patrick. 'Eastern Destiny: Russia in Asia and the North Pacific',1996
Perdue, Peter C. China marches west: The Qing conquest of Central Eurasia. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005.
Peresvetova, Julianna (January, 1998). Sino-Soviet Amur Conflict, The Inventory of Conflict & Environment Case Studies, American University, Washington DC. Accessed 23 April 2005.
Widmer, Eric. The Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Peking During the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge, MA: East Asian Research Center, 1976.

1727 treaties
China–Russia treaties
Treaties of the Russian Empire
Kyakhta
History of Mongolia
History of Manchuria
1727 in China
1727 in the Russian Empire
China–Russian Empire relations

Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)


Luciano Floridi a zo bet ganet d'ar 15 a viz Du 1964 e Roma (Italia), italian prederour.

Oberennoù pennañ

 Augmented Intelligence — A Guide to IT for Philosophers. (in Italian) Rome: Armando, 1996.
 Scepticism and the Foundation of Epistemology - A Study in the Metalogical Fallacies. Leiden: Brill, 1996.
 Internet - An Epistemological Essay. (in Italian and in French) Milan: Il Saggiatore, 1997.
 Philosophy and Computing: An Introduction. London/New York: Routledge, 1999.
 Sextus Empiricus, The Recovery and Transmission of Pyrrhonism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
 The Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Computing and Information. (editor) Oxford: Blackwell, 2003.

iPod and Videos

 Relevant Information, the SIRLS/Thomson Scientific ISI Samuel Lazarow Memorial lecture, University of Arizona, USA, February 8 2007. View the Presentation while you listen to the podcast. Download Lecture (MP3, 52MB). Download Question and Answer Session following the Lecture (MP3, 39MB). Quicktime Streaming Video (requires the Quicktime Plug-in, broadband recommended). Windows Video (.wmv format, requires IE and Media Player version 9 or higher for streaming). iPod Compatible (.m4v, 375MB, download only).

A Look into the Future of ICT North American Computing and Philosophy Conference, August 10-12 2006, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA.

Where are we in the philosophy of information?, June 21 2006, University of Bergen, Norway.

The Logic of Information, presentation, discussion, Télé-université (Université du Québec), 11 May 2005, Montréal, Canada.

From Augmented Intelligence to Augmented Responsibility, North American Computing and Philosophy Conference, January 24 2002, Oregon State University, USA.

Artificial Evil and the Foundation of Computer Ethics, presentation, discussion, CEPE2000 Computer Ethics: Philosophical Enquiry, July 14-16, 2000, Dartmouth College, USA.

Liammoù diavaez

Home page and articles online
Interview for the American Philosophical Association — Philosophy And Computing Newsletter
Biography, in English
Biography, in Italian, from Cervelli in Fuga (Roma: Accenti, 2001)

Prederourien Italia
Ganedigezhioù 1964

Luciano Floridi


Zdeněk Mahler (7 December 1928 – 17 March 2018) was a Czech writer, musicologist, pedagogue and screenwriter. He was born in Batelov, Czech Republic. He was known for his movies Nebeští jezdci (1968), Den sedmý, osmá noc (1969), The Divine Emma (1978), Amadeus (1984), Goya's Ghosts (2007), and Lidice (2011).

Mahler died in Prague on 17 March 2018 at the age of 89.

References

1928 births
2018 deaths
Czech musicians
Czech screenwriters
Musicologists

Zdeněk Mahler


Philip Gilbert Hamerton (10 September 1834 – 4 November 1894) was an English artist, art critic and author. He was a keen advocate of contemporary printmaking and most of his writings concern the graphic arts.  He was an important theorist of the English Etching Revival.

Early life
Hamerton was born at Laneside, a hamlet near Shaw and Crompton, Lancashire, England. His mother died giving birth to him, and his father died ten years later. When he was about five, he was sent to live with his two aunts at an estate called the Hollins on the edge of Burnley, where he attended Burnley Grammar School.

Career

Hamerton's first literary attempt, a volume of poems, was unsuccessful, leading him to devote himself for a time entirely to landscape painting; he camped out in the Scottish Highlands, where he eventually rented the former island of Inistrynich in Loch Awe, upon which he settled with his wife Eugénie Gindriez, the daughter of a French republican magistrate, in 1858.

Discovering after a time that he was more suited to art criticism than painting, he moved to Sens and later to Autun, where he produced his Painter's Camp in the Highlands (1863), which was very successful and prepared the way for his standard work on Etching and Etchers (1866). In the following year he published Contemporary French Painters, and in 1868 a continuation, Painting in France after the Decline of Classicism.

He had by now become art critic to the Saturday Review, which necessitated frequent visits to England, forcing him to give it up. He proceeded in 1870 to establish and edit an art journal of his own, The Portfolio, a monthly periodical, each number of which included of a monograph upon some artist or group of artists, often written by him. The journal championed printmaking, especially etching. He selected and wrote the accompanying text for Etchings by French and English Artists (London: Seeley, 1874) which included work by Alphonse Legros and Léon Gaucherel. The discontinuation of his painting gave him time for writing, and he successively produced The Intellectual Life (1873), perhaps the best known and most valuable of his writings; Round my House (1876), notes on French society by a resident; and Modern Frenchmen (1879), admirable short biographies. He also wrote two novels, Wenderholme (1870) and Marmorne (1878).

In 1884 Human Intercourse, another volume of essays, was published, and shortly afterwards Hamerton began his autobiography, which he brought down to 1858. In 1882 he issued a finely illustrated work on the technique of the great masters of various arts, under the title of The Graphic Arts, and three years later another splendidly illustrated volume, Landscape, which traces the influence of landscape upon the mind of man. His last books were: Portfolio Papers (1889) and French and English (1889). In 1891 he removed to the neighbourhood of Paris, where he died suddenly in Boulogne-sur-Mer, occupied to the last with his labours on The Portfolio and other writings on art.

In 1896 was published Philip Gilbert Hamerton: an Autobiography, 1834–1858; and a Memoir by his wife, 1858–1894.

Notes

References

 Marie Czach (1985). Philip Gilbert Hamerton: Victorian Art Critic, unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Autun, Philip Gilbert Hamerton, Préface et postface Coline Béry, illustrations Anne Vanier, Collection Corde Raide 2019.

External links

1834 births
1894 deaths
19th-century British journalists
19th-century English male artists
19th-century English male writers
19th-century English memoirists
19th-century English novelists
19th-century English painters
19th-century English poets
19th-century English essayists
People from Burnley
People from Shaw and Crompton
People educated at Burnley Grammar School
English male painters
British male journalists
English art critics
English art historians
English male novelists
English male non-fiction writers

Philip Gilbert Hamerton


Careywood is an unincorporated community in Bonner County, Idaho, United States. Careywood is located on U.S. Route 95  north-northeast of Athol. Careywood has a post office with ZIP code 83809.

History
Originally known as Severance, the town was renamed Careywood after a man named Carey from Spokane who bought land in the area. At the time, Careywood was involved in the logging industry. Caryewood's population was 25 in 1960.

Climate
This region experiences warm (but not hot) and dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 °F.  According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Careywood has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csb" on climate maps.

References

Unincorporated communities in Bonner County, Idaho
Unincorporated communities in Idaho

Careywood, Idaho


Janet Arnold (6 October 1932 – 2 November 1998) was a British clothing historian, costume designer, teacher, conservator, and author. She is best known for her series of works called Patterns of Fashion, which included accurate scale sewing patterns, used by museums and theatres alike. She went on to write A Handbook of Costume, a book on the primary sources on costume study, and Queen Elizabeth's Wardrobe Unlock'd, as well as many other books.

Arnold was awarded the inaugural Sam Wanamaker Award in 1998. After her death, the Society of Antiquaries of London who had previously made her a fellow, created a grant in her name, as did The Costume Society, which she helped to found.

Biography
Janet Arnold was born at Duncan House, Clifton Down Road in Bristol on 6 October 1932. Her father, Frederick Charles Arnold was an ironmonger, whilst her mother, Adeline Arnold, was a nurse. She was educated at The Red Maids' School and took a keen interest in clothes based on the school's uniform for orphans. Arnold went to study at West of England College of Art, where she achieved a National Diploma, before obtaining her art teacher's diploma from Bristol University in 1954.

Arnold took on the role of lecturer at Hammersmith Day College in 1955 and remained there until 1962 when she moved to a senior lecturer role at Avery Hill College of Education, where she remained until 1970. In 1971, she took on a part-time role of research lecturer at West Surrey School of Art and Design. Arnold went on to start working with the department of drama and theatre studies at Royal Holloway College in 1978.

Works
Arnold's best known work was writing the series of books, including Patterns of Fashion, vol. 1: 1660–1860 and Patterns of Fashion, vol. 2: 1860–1940. The volumes include a large number of sewing patterns showing the change in fashion across the period, with crucial details of the construction, accurately drawn to scale. These books are regarded highly by museums, theatres, reenactment groups and students. She went on to write A Handbook of Costume in 1973, a comprehensive guide to research sources in the topic of costume study.

She helped ensure the accuracy of costumes for film and television, as well as ensure that museums had accurate replicas of outfits. During the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s, Arnold worked on her opus Queen Elizabeth's Wardrobe Unlock'd.

Selected bibliography
1964: Patterns of Fashion 1 (cut and construction of women's clothing, 1660–1860), Wace 1964, Macmillan 1972. Revised metric edition, Drama Books 1977. .
1966: Patterns of Fashion 2: Englishwomen's dresses and their construction c. 1860–1940, Wace 1966, Macmillan 1972. Revised metric edition, Drama Books 1977.
1970: Perukes and Periwigs, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1970. A booklet on the development of wig styles in paintings at the National Portrait Gallery, London.
1973: A Handbook of Costume, Macmillan 1973. Reprinted 1978. A guide to the primary sources for costume study.
1980: Lost from Her Majesty's Back, the Costume Society, 1980. Items of clothing and jewels lost or given away by Elizabeth I between 1561 and 1583, entered in one of the day books kept for the records of the Wardrobe of Robes.
1985: Patterns of Fashion: the cut and construction of clothes for men and women 1560–1620, Macmillan 1985. Revised edition 1986.
1988: Queen Elizabeth's Wardrobe Unlock'd, W. S. Maney and Son Ltd, Leeds, 1988.   A study of the clothing of Queen Elizabeth I, based on portraits, surviving inventories of the Wardrobe of Robes, and other original documents.
2008: Patterns of Fashion 4: the cut and construction of linen shirts, smocks, neckwear, headwear and accessories for men and women c. 1540–1660, London, Macmillan, November 2008,

Posthumous publications
2018: Arnold, Janet; Tiramani, Jenny; Costigliolo, Luca; Passot, Sebastien; Lucas, Armelle; Pietsch, Johannes: Patterns of fashion 5 : the content, cut, construction and context of bodies, stays, hoops and rumps c. 1595-1795 (1st ed.). London: The School of Historical Dress.  .

2022: Arnold, Janet; Passot, Sébastien; Thornton, Claire; Tiramani, Jenny: Patterns of fashion 6, The content, cut, construction and context of women's European dress c. 1695-1795. London: The School of Historical Dress.  .

Legacy
In the 1980s, Arnold was nominated first as honorary research associate and then honorary research fellow at Royal Holloway College. In 1981, she became a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London. She was presented the inaugural Sam Wanamaker Award in July 1998 with Mark Rylance. Arnold died of lymphoma at her home in London on 2 November 1998; she had been working on costumes for Theatre Royal, Bristol and Mermaid Theatre just two days earlier.

The Society of Antiquaries of London set up a research grant in her honour, which makes annual grants to further in-depth study of the history of dress and the materials from which it is made. The Costume Society, which Arnold helped to found, gives out an annual award of £500 in her memory to a student who has produced a reconstructed garment from one of her books.

In May 2020, the rights to the out-of-print ''Patterns of Fashions 1-4'' books reverted from Macmillan Publishing to The School of Historical Dress. The School is republishing the collected works as well as previously planned but incomplete volumes.

References

External links
Complete bibliography (books and articles)

British costume designers
1932 births
1998 deaths
20th-century British historians
British women historians
Writers from Bristol
People educated at The Red Maids' School
20th-century British women writers
Fashion historians

Janet Arnold


The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) is the United States government's official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects (all called "properties") worthy of preservation. The list is kept by the National Park Service.  The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA) created the National Register and the method for adding properties to it. There are more than one million properties on the National Register, 80,000 are listed by themselves.  The rest of the properties are smaller "contributing properties" that are part of historic districts. Each year around 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or through individual listings. A few are National Historic Landmarks.

Other websites

 National Register of Historic Places

1966 establishments in the United States

National Register of Historic Places


A random sample is a sample taken at random from a population of data.

In a random sample every element in the population has an equal chance of being selected. For instance, to do an election poll, calling people randomly out of the phone book would be better than asking people at a labor union meeting or at a small business convention. A page of the phone book is a more random sample of voters than a union meeting, so the result is more likely to tell who will really be elected. But neither sample is really random because for one thing, some people do not have phones.

Other websites
 Simple Random Sampling -Citizendium

Statistics

Random sample


Mohawk State Forest, also known as Mohawk State Forest/Mohawk Mountain State Park, encompasses over  in the towns of Cornwall, Goshen, and Litchfield in the southern Berkshires of Litchfield County, Connecticut. As overseen by the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection, the area is used for hiking, picnicking, and winter sports by the public, while being actively managed to produce timber and other forest products.

History
The forest bears the name of the Mohawk Indians, although the tribe did not live in the area. Historians believe the Tunxis and Paugussett used the mountain peak for signal fires that warned neighboring communities further south that Mohawks were approaching from the northwest.

Mohawk is the sixth oldest forest in the Connecticut state forest system. The forest's first five woodland acres were donated to the Connecticut State Park Commission by Andrew Clark in 1917 and were known as Mohawk Mountain Park until the 1920s. In 1921, Alain C. White donated another 250 acres with the White Memorial Foundation contributing a total of more than  of land.

Crews of Civilian Conservation Corps workers were active in the forest during the 1930s. Their work included the construction of roads that remain in use, the planting of hundreds of acres of trees, and the creation of breaks for fire control.

Points of interest
Black Spruce Bog
One of the few bogs in the state, the 19-acre Black Spruce Bog is considered an outstanding example of a late stage peat bog. Plants such as sheep laurel, leatherleaf, sphagnum moss, sundew, and pitcher plant are found here, with white pine, black spruce, eastern hemlock, and tamarack comprising the overstory. The bog is accessed via a boardwalk designed to minimize the impact of visitors.

Cunningham Tower
An old, gutted stone tower stands along a trail in the northern section of the forest. It was constructed by Litchfield resident Seymour Cunningham after he bought land for sheep farming on Mohawk Mountain in 1912.

Mohawk Mountain
Mohawk Mountain (elev. 1683 feet) is the highest point on the blue-blazed Mattatuck Trail. The summit offers views of the Taconic Mountains and Berkshire Mountains to north and northwest including Bear Mountain, Canaan Mountain, and Cream Hill in Connecticut as well as peaks in Massachusetts (Race Mountain, Mount Everett, Mount Greylock) and the eastern Catskills in New York State.

Mohawk Pond
The southern section of the state forest encompasses Mohawk Pond, a 16-acre kettle pond stocked with trout and noted for largemouth bass. The pond has a maximum depth of 26 feet (8 m), an average depth of 15 feet (4.5 m), and a boat launch on its southern shore.

Red Mountain
Accessible on foot via the blue-blazed Mohawk Trail (a former alignment of the Appalachian Trail), Red Mountain (elev. 1652 feet) occupies the northernmost section of Mohawk State Forest. Its eastern slope is the site of the Red Mountain Shelter, a log cabin built by CCC crews based in Housatonic State Forest. Due to the shallow bedrock of the peak, the higher elevations of the mountain sport shrubby oak trees and distant vistas.

Activities and amenities
The area offers hiking, picnicking, fishing and youth group camping, opportunities for leaf color viewing in fall, and cross-country skiing in winter. Skiers and snowboarders use the adjacent privately operated Mohawk Mountain Ski Area.

References

External links
Mohawk State Forest/Mohawk Mountain State Park Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection
Mohawk State Forest/Mohawk Mountain State Park Map (north) Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection
Mohawk State Forest/Mohawk Mountain State Park Map (south) Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection

Land Gifts of the White Memorial Foundation
Connecticut state forests
State parks of Connecticut
Cornwall, Connecticut
Goshen, Connecticut
Litchfield, Connecticut
Parks in Litchfield County, Connecticut
Protected areas established in 1921
1921 establishments in Connecticut
Civilian Conservation Corps in Connecticut

Mohawk State Forest


Nxamasere is a village in North-West District of Botswana. It is located along the  Okavango river, close to the Okavango Delta panhandle, and has a local airstrip and tarred road. The Maun-Shakawe road also known as A35 passes through the village. The village consists of different cultures which are Khoisan, Herero, Yeyi, Hambukushu and Kgalagadi.

"Nxamasere" is the San word used to describe the sound the wind makes when it blows through the reeds. The area has strong traditional links to the San people of Botswana as the Nxamasere channel is unique in that its ancient course flowed past the mystical Tsodilo Hills, a site sacred to the San people. The Nxamasere community has a strong San influence in its culture and appearance.

The population of the village was 1,584 in 2011 housing and population census. The village has got a primary school, pre school, couple of shops (butchery, bakery, the main shop),tuck shops,a local bar and a clinic. The village is also home to one of the oldest lodges in the Okavango Region, by the name of Nxamaseri Fishing Lodge.

References

North-West District (Botswana)
Villages in Botswana

Nxamasere


Falaise is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France.

Geography
Falaise is located on the river Ante near Caen in France. The Ante river flows into the larger Dives river. Falaise is in the Normandy region of France.

History

Medieval Normandy

Faliase is where William the Conqueror was born.  William became Duke of Normandy when he was just a boy. He went on to become the first Norman king of England in 1066. Falaise was where many of the dukes of Normandy resided before William. It is where the Treaty of Falaise was signed in December 1174. It was a treaty between William I of Scotland, King of Scots, and the  King of England Henry II Plantagenet.

The town is also the place where Rabbi Yom Tov of Falaise, grandchild of Rashi held his court.

In World War II
In modern times it is known for the battle of the "Falaise Pocket" during Operation Overlord in August 1944. Two German armies were surrounded by the Allied armies. About 10,000 German soldiers were killed. Over 50,000 were taken prisoner.

Much of Falaise was destroyed by Allied bombs. It was then captured by Canadian and Polish solders. Falaise was restored after the war.

Notes

References

Other websites
Castle William the Conqueror in Falaise, France. (Official website in English)
A Conqueror's change of heart Personal blog with good images of the William the Conqueror statue in Falaise

Communes in Calvados

Falaise


Westward Ho! is a village on the north coast of Devon, England, UK. It is the only place in the British Isles to have an exclamation mark (!) in its name. The name comes from the novel of the same name by Charles Kingsley.

Another example of a place name with a exclamation mark in its name is Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha!, Quebec (Canada). But these are colloquial, unlike Westward Ho!'s.

Towns in Devon

Westward Ho!


Saidnaya (also transliterated Saydnaya, Seidnaya or Sednaya, from the , ) is a city located in the mountains,  above sea level,  north of the city of Damascus in Syria. It is the home of a Greek Orthodox monastery traditionally held to have been founded by Byzantine emperor Justinian I, and where a renowned icon of the Virgin Mary is revered by both Christians and Muslims to this day. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Saidnaya had a population of 25,194 in the 2004 census.

Etymology
Local tradition holds that Saydnaya means 'Halting-place of the gazelle'.  The place-name has also been thought to mean Our Lady the New, from the Greek nea, 'new', and the Arabic sayyida, 'lady'. However, the word sayd is generally related to hunting, and naya is a typical place-suffix in Syriac; therefore, Saydnaya probably means simply a hunting-place. Indeed, in ancient times, a temple of Saydoun, the Phoenician god of the hunt, stood in this once densely forested region. Under later Christian and Arabic influence, perhaps the name may have been thought to mean the 'place of the Lady'.

The Hellenistic-era name for the region centered in the Barada Valley was Abilene: the local tradition has thus long held it as the site where the grave of Abel, slain brother of Cain, lies.  Scholars consider it likely that the capital of Abilene was the city of Saidnaya.

Overview
Long a center of Christian pilgrimage, pilgrims from all over the world seek Saidnaya for renewal of faith and for healing. Renowned for its faithfulness to Christianity, tradition holds that the Convent of Our Lady of Saidnaya was constructed by the Byzantine emperor Justinian I in 547 AD, after he had two visions of Mary, one that indicated where to build the church and the other outlining its design. Justinian dedicated the finished project to the feast of Mary's Nativity, and annually thereafter on September 8, and through to the present day, both Muslim and Christian pilgrims have come to commemorate the feast day of Our Lady of Saidnaya. Also located in the convent of Saidnaya is an icon of the Holy Mother and Child known as the Shaghurah and reputed to have been painted by Luke the Evangelist which is believed to protect its owners from harm in times of danger.

Due in no small measure to its protected mountainous location, Saidnaya enjoyed religious peace throughout its history, even during times of war, such as during the Crusades. Local Muslims visit the convent sanctuary on the day of Friday prayers and share in the legends regarding this holy place. Christians and Muslims from the region and from far away places seek the shrine for healing. Numerous accounts of miraculous healings have been reported, some which are documented in writing by those who experienced them throughout history.

Saidnaya has about more than 40 chapels and monasteries and the most famous one is the convent of the Virgin Mary. Many other Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Syriac Catholic and Syriac Orthodox churches and monasteries have been built in Saidnaya throughout history. On top of the highest mountain in Saidnaya is the Cherubim Monastery at 2,000 metres (6,561.68 feet) above sea level, overlooking Damascus' fertile plains and Lebanon's mountains. There is also the Monastery of Mar Thomas and a few massive monasteries built more recently such as St. Thomas Creek Catholic Monastery, St. Estphariuos Orthodox Monastery, and St. Ephram Syriac Monastery. A bronze statue of Jesus Christ with 33.10 m high, was installed on 14 October 2013 financed by both the Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian government, The statue is near the Monastery of the Cherubim, perched above the historic pilgrimage route from Constantinople to Jerusalem.

The weather is cold and snowy in winter, while it is warm and has fresh air in summer. Surviving vestiges of caves, grottos and ancient places in and around Saydnaya indicate that it was inhabited by different civilizations from the early Stone Age, with artifacts from Aramaic, Greek, Syriac, Roman, and Arab times.

History

Saidnaya's origins are in ancient times, and the town has been inhabited since at least the sixth century BC when it was known by its Aramaic name, Danaba. It emerged as an important center of Christianity well before it was adopted as the official religion of the Roman empire. Macarius, the first bishop of Aleppo and later the Patriarch of Antioch, lists Saidnaya in a seventeenth-century Arabic manuscript as one of the seven ancient episcopal cities under Damascus, the same cities represented at the First Council of Nicaea in 325 AD.

Icon of the All-Holy Virgin

In the late 8th century, a certain venerable Marina was abbess of the convent, and she was widely revered for her piety and sanctity of life. It happened that a hermit monk, a Greek pilgrim from Egypt named Theodore, stopped at the convent on his way to the Holy Land. When he was leaving, Abbess Marina asked him to buy in Jerusalem a precious and fine icon of the Holy Virgin. While at Jerusalem, he utterly forgot the task entrusted to him and started on his return journey. However, when he had not gone far from the city, he was stopped short by an unfamiliar voice: "Have you not forgotten something in Jerusalem? What have you done in regard to the commission from Abbess Marina?" Monk Theodore returned at once to Jerusalem and found an icon of the Theotokos. During the journey back to the convent, he was astounded by the miracles accomplished through the icon. He and his whole caravan were ambushed by bandits, and then attacked by wild beasts. Amidst these dangers, the hermit always invoked the aid of the Holy Virgin while holding her icon, and he and all the caravan were saved from every peril.

These events tempted him to keep the valuable icon for himself, and he decided to bypass Saidnaya and sail back to Egypt. However, he was unable to set sail, for such a fierce storm arose, it seemed the ship would inevitably sink. His conscience was pricked, and he quickly left the ship and returned by way of Saidnaya. After spending four days in the convent, he was again possessed by an irresistible desire to make the icon of the Mother of God his own. He apologized to the abbess, pretending that he had been unable to buy the required icon, and then he decided to leave the convent secretly. The next morning, as he was about to set out on the journey back to his own country and approached the convent gate, he was amazed to find that an invisible power barred his way, and it was as though a stone wall stood where the gate should have been. After many futile attempts, he was forced to hand the icon over to the abbess, confessing his intention. With tears of gratitude she glorified the Lord and His All-pure Mother. Today the holy Icon is visited by pilgrims seeking the Virgin Mary's blessings as it is believed to grant (or at least intercede for) healing and fertility miracles. It is notable that Syrian Muslims often visit and pray before the Icon as well.

Construction of the convent
According to the tradition, emperor Justinian I, while crossing Syria with his troops either on his way to the Holy Land or on a campaign against the Persians, came to this desert, where his army encamped and soon suffered thirst for lack of water. When they despaired, the emperor saw a beautiful gazelle off in the distance. He vigorously gave chase, hunting the animal until it tired and stopped on a rocky knoll and approached a spring of fresh water, but without giving the emperor the opportunity to shoot it. Suddenly, it transformed into an icon of the  Theotokos, which shone with a brilliant light. A white hand stretched forth from it and a voice said, "No, thou shalt not kill me, Justinian, but thou shalt build a church for me here on this hill." Then the strange heavenly light and majestic figure disappeared. Upon his return, Justinian related what he had seen to his subordinates and ordered them immediately to draw up a plan for the contemplated church. After some time had passed and the architects were unable to resolve the problems of the plan, the Holy Virgin — the gazelle — reappeared to Justinian in a dream and confided a magnificent plan to him for a convent, of which she would be the protectress. It is said that the basic structure of the convent follows this plan to this day. The convent soon gained such renown that it came to be ranked second only to Jerusalem as a place of pilgrimage, and nuns from every corner of Syria, Egypt, and other lands flocked to it. The holy icon El Chagoura appeared many years after the convent was constructed.

In From the Holy Mountain, William Dalrymple notes that in Arabic, Saidnaya means both "our lady" and "hunting place", and the legend is likely related to this.

Crusader period
Magister Thietmar, a German pilgrim, wrote of his pilgrimage to Saidnaya, devoting four pages to a description of the icon of Holy Mother and Child found at the convent. He describes the origin story behind the icon and its special properties, and how a holy oil emitted from the breasts of the Virgin Mary is believed to be a miraculous oil that can heal the sick. In September 1240, after Thibaut de Champagne concluded a treaty with the sultan of Egypt, the Benedict of Alignan made a pilgrimage to St. Mary's of Saidnaya with the sultan's permission. The trip is seen as evidence of both Saidnaya's importance to Christian pilgrims in the thirteenth century and the relative safety of travel for Christians in Muslim areas during this time.

Chronicles from the thirteenth century also report that Templar Knights would go to the mountain monastery in Saidnaya to collect holy oil for Templar churches in Europe.

Sednaya Prison

To the west of Saidnaya, the government has a military prison with estimated of 14,000 prisoners. The prison lies 30 km on the outskirts of Northern Damascus.
In February 2017 Amnesty International released a report saying: "that between 5,000 and 13,000 people were extra judicially executed at Saydnaya between September 2011 and December 2015." On May 15, 2017, the US State Department reiterated the charge of 50 secret executions a day, concealed by subsequent cremation on site.

References

Bibliography

Pasquale Castellana, Alessandro Di Bennardo, Romualdo Fernandez Ferreira, Deir Mar Touma di Saydnaia, luogo pagano e cristiano, edizioni Centro di Studi Orientali al Musky, Cairo 2007.

External links

Saidnaya.com
Saydnayatoday.com

Christian monasteries in Syria
Populated places in Al-Tall District
Cities in Syria
Christian communities in Syria

Saidnaya


A sparse voxel octree (SVO) is a 3D computer graphics rendering technique using a raycasting or sometimes a ray tracing approach into an octree data representation.

The technique generally relies on generating and processing the hull of points (sparse voxels) which are visible, or may be visible, given the resolution and size of the screen. There are two main advantages to the technique. The first is that only pixels that will be displayed are computed, with the screen resolution limiting the level of detail required; this limits computational cost during rendering. The second is that interior voxels (those fully enclosed by other voxels) need not be included in the 3D data set; this limits the amount of 3D voxel data (and thus storage space) required for realistic, high-resolution digital models and/or environments.

The basic advantage of octrees is that, as a hierarchical data structure, they need not be explored to their full depth. This means that a system can extract a small subset of voxels as they are needed. In addition, octrees permit smoothing of the underlying data, to help with antialiasing.

It is, however, a generally less well developed technique than standard polygon-based rasterisation schemes.

References

3D computer graphics

Sparse voxel octree


Darnell Howard (July 25, 1895 in Chicago – September 2, 1966 in San Francisco) was an American jazz clarinetist and violinist.

Early life
Howard began playing violin at age seven, picking up clarinet and saxophone later in his youth.

Career
He played professionally with John H. Wickcliffe's Ginger Orchestra from 1913 to 1916, then moved to New York City in 1917, where he played and recorded as a violinist with W. C. Handy. From there he headed to Chicago, where he led his own band, played with Charlie Elgar, and then joined James P. Johnson's Plantation Days Band, which toured London in 1923. The next year he toured Europe again as a member of the Singing Syncopators, and also played in Shanghai with this ensemble later in the decade. While in Chicago he played with Carroll Dickerson, King Oliver, and Erskine Tate. He led a quartet in 1928, and also played with Jimmy Wade's Dixielanders that year. From 1929–1930 he played with Dave Peyton, then worked briefly with Jerome Carrington before being hired by Earl Hines, with whom he played clarinet, alto sax and violin from 1931 until 1937. Howard's jazz violin is featured on the Hines band's February, 1933 recording of the Earl Hines/Jimmy Mundy swing composition "Cavernism".

In the late 1930s, Howard freelanced, then played with Fletcher Henderson and Coleman Hawkins at the beginning of the 1940s. He put together another band in Chicago from 1943 to 1945; he played with Kid Ory in California for part of 1945, then returned to Chicago and played with Doc Evans, among others. In 1948 he was once again in California with Muggsy Spanier, playing with him until 1953. Howard's only recordings as a leader were done while he worked with Bob Scobey in 1950, amounting to only four sides. He also played with Jimmy Archey early in the 1950s, then rejoined Earl Hines to play Dixieland in San Francisco from 1955 to 1962. He was with Don Ewell on his 1956–1957 albums.

After 1962, Howard suffered a prolonged illness, and after recuperating he played with Elmer Snowden, Burt Bales, and his own groups. Around 1964 or 1965, Howard could be found playing weekends at a pizza joint called LaVal's on Euclid Avenue in Berkeley. He played largely with a pick-up band of local amateur musicians (often including the San Francisco comedian Mal Sharpe on trombone). On some nights Howard was joined by Pops Foster). In 1966, Howard toured Europe as a member of the New Orleans All-Stars, then fell ill again and died later that year.

References
Footnotes

General references
Scott Yanow, [ Darnell Howard] at AllMusic

1895 births
1966 deaths
American jazz clarinetists
Musicians from Chicago
20th-century American musicians
Jazz musicians from Illinois

Darnell Howard


Samsung Global Scholarship Program (Samsung GSP or GSP) is a talent program of Samsung Electronics (SEC). Focusing on the goal of having talented personnel with strong business skills, leadership potential and career aspirations, SEC recognized the compelling need for high-quality leaders, hence the Global Scholarship Program was created to nurture a very selectively compiled group of individuals, who later in the long run might become leaders ("Future Global Leaders") of the various SEC subsidiaries around the world, replacing the Korean-national management layer (what is the usual practice at the chaebol). It differs from Samsung Scholarship, formerly known as Samsung Lee Kun-hee Scholarship for supporting exceptionally talented Korean university students for global educations in mostly STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) fields.

Divided into two paths, both programs originally selected participants who demonstrate academic excellence and leadership potential and provides them with unique opportunities for further professional development. Starting from 2011, GSP-SKK instead contains employees working in the subsidiaries. The program also provides young leaders with a unique international network through which they can share ideas, learn from established leaders, work collaboratively and address global challenges. By exposing participants to the complex issues and opportunities arising from an increasingly interdependent global economy, the program aims to expand perspectives and enhance skills critical for leadership in a changing world.

Scholarship program

Each year 15-25 individuals from different parts of the globe are offered to take part in the program that has two distinctive paths: an engineer and an MBA track:
 GSP (M.S. Program) through Seoul National University (SNU)
 GSP (M.B.A. Program) through SungKyunKwan University's Graduate School of Business (SKK GSB) [in collaboration with MIT Sloan]

The (Global) MBA program is notable for its diversity and pioneer nature. It was built and now run together with MIT Sloan since its foundation, and it was the first global English-only MBA program in Korea. Selected GSP students currently study for three semesters. It used to be four semesters, including a possibility of spending a semester at one of SKK GSB's top partner universities in the U.S. (MIT Sloan, Columbia, Northwestern's Kellogg, Michigan's Ross, Dartmouth's Tuck or Indiana's Kelly). SKK GSB Global MBA has been recently ranked by the Financial Times as the #1 MBA in Korea, Top 10 in Asia and 45th worldwide.

The significance of the program can also be seen from the wide range of students who, as it was already in the first years, came from the leading companies including Cheil Communications, Amore Pacific, Woori Bank, POSCO, SK, Kyobo, Everland, Bosch, KTF and several Samsung subsidiaries.

After graduation, participants are offered various responsibilities at Samsung Electronics and although some elected to follow a different career path (at management consultancies, for instance) many participants stayed with SEC.

Participants

Samsung Engineering Program

Selected in 2004
 Abhinav Arora (India)
 Alexey Sidelnikov (Russia)
 Feng Xingguang (China)
 Pankaj Agarwal (India)
 Sergey Seleznev (Russia)
 Veronika Kondratieva (Russia)
 Vidyesh Kumar Jha (India)
 Shiva Ram Krishna (India)
 Huang Ren (China)
 Liu Wei (China)
 Zhang Xiaojie (China)
 Bao Xiaoyan (China)
 Li Zhenmin (China)

Selected in 2005
 Hai Liu (China)
 Ji Limin (China)
 Liao Lingling (China)
 Maria Samokhina (Russia)
 Andrey Serov (Russia)

Selected in 2006
 Venkata Krishna Prasad Arava (India)
 Lochan Verma(India)
 Guo Chunxu (China)
 Liu Jiakun(China)
 Kirill Moklyuk (Russia)
 Chetan Raj] (India)
 Singhal Nitin (India)
 Alexey Sokolov (Russia)
 Stanislav Belogolov (Russia)
 Yu Wang (China)
 Xiaolin Xi (China)
 Feng Zhu (China)

Selected in 2007
 Kiran Tharanath (India)
 Abhishek Joshi (India)
 Manish Kumar (India)
 Sumit Srivastav (India)
 Arseny  Vitaljevich Povolotsky (Russia)
 Artem Shamsuarov (Russia)
 Sergey Georgievich Menabde (Russia)
 Mao Shunfu (China)
 Miao Hui (China)
 Liu Yu (China)
 Zhang Hairong (China)
 Ji Yang (China)

Selected in 2008
 Subhojit Chakladar (India)
 Ivan Koryakovskiy (Russia)
 Alexey Bodrov (Russia)
 Dmitry Vengertsev (Russia)
 Nikolay Kuznetsov (Russia)
 Stepan Tulikov (Russia)
 Xing Nan (China)

Selected in 2009
 Rahul Singh (India)
 Nalin Chakoo (India)
 Liu Jin (China)
 Alexei Boev (Russia)
 Nikolay Burlutsky (Russia)
 Nikita Kozhukhov(Russia)

Selected in 2010
 Elena Emelianova (Russia)
 Valeriya Guseva (Russia)
 Alexander Schus (Russia)
 Ildefonso De La Cruz (Spain)
 Thomas Morris (United States)
 Farah Al-Naimi (UK)
 Zhu Mingyoung (China)

Selected in 2012
 Husam Fahmi (Iraq)
 Maria Bortnichenko (Russia)
 Evgeny Kornev (Russia)
 Sergey Lyubich (Russia)
 Felix Penningsfeld (Germany)
 Rajeev Ranjan (India)
 Tushar Sandhan (India)
 Sukanya Sonowal (India)

Selected in 2013
 Kamil Adamczewski (Poland)
 Mattheus Miranda (Brazil)
 Anish Tamse (India)

Selected in 2014
 Pankaj Thorat (India)

Samsung & Korea University Graduate School of International Studies Program

Selected in 2002
 Ma Saiyou (China)
 Liu Song (China)
 Kunal Agrawal (India)
 Supriya Chatterji (India)
 James Ryan Jonas (Philippines)
 Dorota Jachimek (Poland)
 Anna Sawińska (Poland)
 Krittawit Krittayaruangroj (Thailand)
 Suchitra Wanatanakul (Thailand)

Selected in 2003
 Jing Jing (China)
 Piyush Kunnapallil (India)
 Karen Khristine Natividad (Philippines)
 Jakub Dubaniewicz (Poland)
 Anna Wasiela (Poland)
 Michelle Yip (Singapore)
 Tri Tung Nguyen (Vietnam)

Samsung MBA Program

Selected in 2004
 Dominika Dor (Poland)
 Ilya Fedotov (Russia)
 Olga Gordeeva (Russia)
 Akshay Gupta (India)
 Li Meng (China)
 Pawel Rokicki (Poland)
 Tamás Szekeres (Hungary)
 Narumol Pichedpun (Thailand)
 Xu Tao (China)
 Zhang Xiao (China)
 Chen Yanyan (China)
 Stephanie Wong Tzu En (Singapore)

Selected in 2005
 Aalisha Chand (India)
 Nguyen Thuan Dat (Vietnam)
 Oksana Gladushyna (Ukraine)
 Mishakova Olena (Ukraine)
 Péter Hanti (Hungary)
 Ding Jie (China)
 Lu Jing (China)
 Peter Komornik (Slovakia)
 Ambrus Kovács (Hungary)
 Saurav Singla (India)
 Trinh Khac Toan (Vietnam)
 Poramet Visetruangrote (Thailand)
 Zhang Xu (China)
 Liu Xuan (China)
 Song Yaning (China)
 Igor Kurilin (Russia)

Selected in 2006
 Nikita Andriyashin (Russia)
 László Bánhegyi (Hungary)
 Feng Jin (China)
 Renju John (India)
 Dénes Korsós (Hungary)
 Jenny Luna (Philippines)
 Mihaela Marinitu (Romania)
 Nguyễn Minh Thư Nhiên (Vietnam)
 Kvetoslava Polcová (Slovakia)
 Gustaf Rössner (Sweden)
 Çınar Şahin (Turkey)
 Petr Shchekochikhin (Russia)
 Vadim Sukhovey (Russia)
 Nussaraporn Sumretphol (Thailand)

Selected in 2007
 Abu Nasar Siddiq Alvi (Pakistan)
 Georgi Boykov Bonev (Bulgaria)
 Alexandru Costache (Romania)
 Rachel Dwiayutia (Indonesia)
 Peera Kasemtanakul (Thailand)
 Nguyen Le Khoi (Vietnam)
 Marina Lyubimova (Russia)
 Deepak Sachan (India)
 Venkata Aditya Sankarabhotla (India)
 Jayant Sidharth (India)
 Alexandra Sipos (Hungary)
 Ban Thuy Kieu Trang (Vietnam)
 Fei Yu (China)
 Nguyen Le Khanh Vy (Vietnam)

Selected in 2008
 Yukti Garg (India)
 Varun Swaminathan (India)
 Famuyiwa Opeoluwa (Nigeria)
 Phan Thi Kim Duyen (Vietnam)
 Nguyen Thi Thu Ha (Vietnam)
 Alexandra Podrumaru(Romania)
 Viktors Ivanovs (Latvia)
 Amir Gorgan (Canada)
 Mehdi (Cyrus) Tabatabaei (Iran)
 Adeline Quek (Singapore)
 Suzanne Otieno (Kenya)
 Xijie Li (China)
 Quan Sun (China)
 Olga Alexandrovna Egorova (Russia)
 Seif El-Din El-Hakim (Egypt)
 Kalamkas Mambeteyeva (Kazakhstan)

Selected in 2009
 Ritesh Chugani (India)
 Amr Mostafa (Egypt)
 Gustavo Nakano Athayde Franca (Brazil)
 Silvia Manami Kawamura (Brazil)
 Samuel Odhiambo (Kenya)
 Joaquin Melendez Sanchez (Colombia)
 Luciana D'Abramo (Argentina)
 Ezenwanne Chima (Nigeria)
 Wang Rui (China)
 Alper Gul (Turkey)

Selected in 2010
 Pedro Costa (Brazil)
 Victor Valdes(Chile)
 Ayoub Derdabi (Morocco)
 Eleonore Fontaine (France)
 Daniel Tuckman (United States)
 Divesh Sooka (South Africa)
 Marina Voskoboynikova (Russia)
 Osama Elobeid (Sudan)
 Jiayue Tao (China)

Selected in 2011
 Usman Tariq (Pakistan)
 Nuruddin Abdulla Khatri (India)
 Jerry Halim (Indonesia)
 Pham Phuong Linh (Vietnam)
 Li Xiang(China)
 Mee Soo Kim (Chile)
 Akshay Gupta (India)

Selected in 2012
 Jenny Shull (United States)
 Robert Hodges(UK)
 Roberto Jimenez(Spain)
 Nguyen Van Quynh (Vietnam)
 Viet Thanh Pham (Vietnam)
 Sandeep Gupta(India)
 Pankaj Narayan (India)
 Andriy Baranovskyy (Ukraine)

External links
 Samsung Electronics (in English)
 Samsung GSP: Russia, India UK
 Seoul National University (SNU) (in English)
 SNU Department of Electrical Engineering (in English)
 SungKyunKwan University (SKKU) (in English)
 SKK Graduate School of Business

References
 대학 교직원 인재영입 `붐` (Competition among universities to secure talents)
 성균관대‥영어로 수업ㆍ美MIT 슬로언 등과 연계 (SKK GSB in collaboration with MIT Sloan)
 성균관대, 삼성재단 영입 10주년 (The alliance between SKKU and Samsung)
 국내에서 만나는 국제수준의 MBA (SKK GSB - world class MBA program in Korea)
 성균관대 MIT MBA 첫 외국인 졸업생 (International students in the 1st SKK GSB alumni)
 SKK GSB as a best example of Samsung's management philosophy
 Samsung supports Seoul school
 성대·MIT, MBA 과정 출범
 월리엄 파운즈 MIT 前학장 "외국 MBA 베껴서는 절대 성공못해"
 성균관대 경영대학원 ‥ MIT대 커리큘럼 이용
 KBS News: 토착 MBA 시대
 Samsung Educational Programs on the Moscow State University site

Samsung Electronics
Scholarships in South Korea

Samsung Global Scholarship Program


Resin is a mixture of organic compounds secreted by many plants, especially coniferous trees.

Plants evolved many complex chemicals as  defences against herbivores. That may be the origin of these resins, which are certainly not good to eat. Plants secrete resins for their protective benefits in response to injury.

The resin protects the plant from insects and pathogens. Resins confound a wide range of herbivores, insects, and pathogens. The volatile phenolic compounds may attract benefactors, that is, parasitoids or predators of the herbivores which attack the plant.

Humans also value resins for their many uses. They are used in varnishes, adhesives, as raw materials for organic synthesis, or for incense and perfume. Fossilized resins are the source of amber. The term is also used for synthetic substances with similar properties.

Resins contain chemicals composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur.  Synthetic resins are used in laminates, adhesives, flooring, linings, etc.

Rosin
Rosin, (also called 'colophony' or 'Greek pitch') is a solid form of resin. It is got from pines and some other plants, mostly conifers. Heating fresh liquid resin vaporizes light volatiles like terpenes.

Rosin is semi-transparent and yellow to black in colour. The term "colophony" comes from colophonia resina or "resin from the pine trees of Colophon", an ancient Ionic city.

Uses
Rosin has hundreds of uses, of which only a few can be mentioned here. These uses fall into  groups, such as:
Resisting slippages (increasing friction): used on stringed instruments, dancers' shoes, in gymnastics, in rock climbing, and on hands of various types of games players.
In manufacturing soap, inks, some paints, paper, varnish, glue, soldering fluxes, and sealing wax.
Pharmaceutical products: tablet film and enteric coating, microcapsules and nanoparticles.
Copal and amber are natural rosins: the lighter components of tree resin evaporated and left a hardened rosin.

The exit of the resin from the tree
In each type of wood, the resin comes out in a different way. There are trees in which the resin comes from the "trunk" and there are types of trees in which the resin comes out of the "tree branches".

Resin Harvesting
Some countries in the world also have wood resin harvesting:

In "Greece" there is the picking of a wooden resin "Mastic (plant resin)" with a "slitting".
In "Sudan" there is the picking of of "Acacia wood resin" in the form of resin removal from the tree.
In "Oman" there is the picking of the "Frankincense resin" (the resin also the same name) in the form of peeling the tree trunk.

The Agricultural Research
There is still no extensive agricultural research regarding the tree resins and also, the exact benefit of the resin production by the tree is currently unknown, but some possible hypotheses have been proposed such as plugging holes (scab of wounds), protection against insects that want to penetrate the tree, and preventing the growth of fungi parasites.

References

Natural materials

Resin


Seven Nations is a Celtic rock band that formed in New York City in 1993. The name comes from the seven Celtic nations, including Scotland, Ireland, Wales, Brittany, Cornwall, the Isle of Man, and Galicia. The band tours extensively and has played in many diverse venues, from small bars to concert halls.
They were previously known as Clan Na Gael, but lost that name due to a trademark dispute. At just that time, they got a huge sponsor, allowing them expanded notoriety.

Band history
Seven Nations started to form in Middleburg High, located in Florida. They would joke around about forming a band in the halls. Eventually they did and named it Seven Nations.

The band got its start in New York City in 1993 as the part-time project of then-bartender McLeod, under the name Clan Na Gael. Lead singer Kirk McLeod states that late 1993 "was the first time we added bagpipes to the show," and therefore the origin of the band as it is today.

During summers, when McLeod was a child, his parents sent him to a Scottish music camp to learn traditional bagpipe technique. Eventually, McLeod assembled a band from friends in Florida and recruits from Canada to play his songs.

The band's original members were Kirk McLeod (vocals, keyboard, guitars and Great Highland Bagpipes), Neil Anderson (vocals, highland and Uilleann bagpipes, Scottish smallpipes, tin whistles and mandolin), Jim Struble (vocals, acoustic and bass guitars) and Nick Watson (vocals, drums and percussion). The band changed its name in 1997 because a Nevada based folk music group was already operating under the same name.

Watson left the band in 1997 and was replaced by Ashton Geoghagan. Anderson left the band in 1998, and in 1999 Dan Stacey (fiddle, Canadian step dancing) and Scott Long (highland bagpipes) joined Seven Nations's lineup. Geoghagan left in August 2001 to pursue other interests; he is currently a Paramedic/Captain with Jacksonville Fire Rescue. Geoghagan was replaced by Angelo Christian Miceli in 2001 and remains the drummer today. Watson and Anderson currently play together with former The Bolshoi frontman Trevor Tanner in a new Celtic rock group called Rathkeltair which has done extensive touring up and down the east Coast of the US. Dan Stacey left in December 2007 to pursue a solo career and was replaced by Victor Gagnon. Scott Long left the band shortly after to pursue a career opportunity and was replaced by multi instrumentalist Will MacMorran. In 2005, the original members of Clan Na Gael reunited  to produce an album where, in addition to tracks from earlier albums Rain and Thunder, Old Ground and Big Dog, there are six new tracks and two completely original songs recorded in December, 2004. "Clan Na Gael: 10 Years On".They also played four shows live in New York, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina.

The band's current line-up includes Kirk McLeod, Jim "Struby" Struble, Angelo Christian Miceli (drums), Jon Pilatzke (fiddle), and Brad Green (bagpipes.) The band regularly tours across the US, has appeared on ESPN, CNN World Beat, PBS and CBS, and has sold over 140,000 albums since 1996, without signing to a major label . The band's most successful release to date was And Now It's Come to This, released on Razor & Tie Records in 2002.  The album's mainstream rock sound was considered to be a drastic change from the band's traditional style.  A recent album, Thanks for Waiting, returns to the acoustic style and does not feature an electric guitar.  The band also released a Celtic Rock Tribute to the Cure. Seven Nations latest release is Tales From The Eighth Nation (2014). Kirk McLeod's latest project is KIR (2016), a "new original endeavor from Kirk McLeod combining Gaelic, mouth music and cantaracht with popular music in a way that has never been done before."

The band is currently based in Orlando, Florida.

Media
The band has been in the media numerous times, most notably during the Dewar's Scotch campaign ads, which featured a print campaign in over 20 major magazines, as well as use of the Dewar's tour bus during late 1999 to 2002.  Also in the media was use of the song "Big Yellow Bus" off their 2002 album And Now It's Come to This in an episode of a CBS drama, but the episode never aired.

PBS also did a feature titled "An Evening with Seven Nations", which was aired sometime in the late 1990s and is available on VHS.

In the early 2000s, ESPN approached them to create the theme for their Extreme Sports show, which airs internationally.

Perhaps the most successful media exposure, short of the Dewar's Campaign, was during the XIX Winter Olympic Games in Salt Lake City, Utah where they played in the Torch Lighting Ceremony.

Discography

Albums
 Rain and Thunder (1994)
 Old Ground (1995)
 Big Dog (1996)
 Road Kill (Two Volume Live Set) (1998)
 The Factory (1999)
 The Pictou Sessions (2000)
 Seven Nations (2000)
 Live at the Palace Theatre (2001)
 And Now It's Come to This (2002)
 Christmas EP (2003)
 Christmas EP 2004 (2004)
 Clan Na Gael: 10 Years On (2005)
 Thanks For Waiting (2005)
 A Celtic Rock Tribute to the Cure (2007)
 Time As The Enemy (2008)
 Another Ten Years (2010)
 Tales From The Eighth Nation (2014)
 KIR (2016)

Singles
 "Wonderful" (2002)

Solo albums
 Neil Anderson - Revenge of the Antipypr (2001)
 Kirk McLeod - So Piano (2003)
 Dan Stacey - Crank It (2003)
 Scott Long - In and Out the Harbour (2003)
 Victor Gagnon - Maybe Flowers And Six Feet Down (2012)

Awards and achievements
  Performed at the Torch arrival ceremony at the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City in 2002
 Subject of PBS Special "An Evening with Seven Nations"
 Chosen by Extreme Sports to create the music theme for their theme, which airs internationally
 Featured on CNN in a Worldbeat special airing internationally
 Selected by Dewar's Scotch for a multi-million dollar profile campaign and sponsorship, which included a national print campaign with exposure in over 20 major magazines
 Seven Nations CD flown on the Space Shuttle Endeavour by Canadian astronaut, Chris Hadfield
 First American band to be asked by the National Trust of Scotland to do a return engagement
 Rolling Stone Presents Showcase and VIP party in San Francisco in 2001
 Performed for the televised opening ceremony of the New York Marathon in late 2001
 National Major-market Hard Rock Café tour in 2001 sevennations.com
 Concert series with the South Carolina Symphony Orchestra
 Annual performance(s) at Irish 2000 Music and Arts Festival, Altamont, NY.  One of the largest Irish fests on the East Coast

References

External links
Official Site
[ Seven Nations at allmusic.com]

Musical groups established in 1994
Celtic rock music
Celtic music groups
Musical groups from New York City

Seven Nations (band)


Barbiturates are a group of drugs that are derivates of Barbituric acid. Adolf von Baeyer was the first to produce Barbituric acid, in 1863. For many years, barbiturates were used as sedatives. Today, their use is very limited in many countries, mainly because they cause addiction and people soon develop a tolerance. People with a drug tolerance will need a higher dosage of the drug to get the same effect as before. After a while, the drug becomes useless for such people. This increased use often leads to physical dependence as the body becomes used to the constant presence of barbiturates. When the person abruptly stops taking the drug or reduces the dose, withdrawal symptoms may arise.

Barbiturates were once used as a primary treatment for Epilepsy; this is especially true for the substance called Phenobarbitol or Phenobarbitone.  The sedative side effect of the drug made it increasingly unpopular, and it is now prescribed less for epilepsy, in favor of other drugs that do not have sedative effects.

Benzodiazepines are another group of drugs, which have sedative properties: They make people sleepy, and help them sleep. In contrast, Barbiturates force people to sleep. In the case of severe sleeping problems which cannot be controlled by other drugs, Barbiturates are sometimes used as off-label drugs.

Symptoms of Barbiturate Withdrawal

Barbiturate withdrawal symptoms may include:

 Abdominal cramps
 Nausea
 Vomiting
 Restlessness
 Insomnia
 Fatigue
 Anxiety
 Tremors
 Seizures
 Delirium
 Hallucinations

Some of these withdrawal symptoms can be fatal. Seizures can be dangerous, and the delirium some users experience can lead to agitation, hyperthermia, and cardiovascular failure.

References

Drugs used in psychiatry

Barbiturate


Sir Horace Edward Moss (12 April 1852 – 25 November 1912) was a British theatre impresario and the founder chairman and joint managing director of the Moss Empires Ltd theatre combine which he created in 1899, and floated on the Stock Exchange, after first joining forces with Richard Thornton of Newcastle and later with Oswald Stoll then operating in Wales. From its start and during the 20th century Moss Empires remained the largest group of variety theatres in Britain, with over 50 venues at its height, and was regarded as the largest in the world. It was he who, in 1904, introduced a "four shows a day" system at some of his theatres; he was also the first to allow advance booking of seats in a music hall.

Career and management

H. E. Moss, known as Ted to family and friends, was born in Droylsden, Lancashire, the son of James and Martha Moss. His father James Moss was a fiddler and character singer in singing saloons. He was educated in Edinburgh and Glasgow, where he received his own musical training. In 1872 he became the pianist and manager of his father's Lorne Music Hall in Greenock, Scotland, moving on in 1877 to Edinburgh where he tried a number of ventures including its Gaiety Music Hall and renaming it Moss's Theatre of Varieties. For 27 years he presented the Annual Carnival at Waverley Market. He bought a new site and opened his first Empire Palace Theatre in 1892, designed by Frank Matcham who designed many of the group's theatres, as did Bertie Crewe. He was knighted in 1905 for his services to charity and entertainment, the first variety impresario to be honoured this way.

King George V commanded a public Royal Variety Performance to be directed by Sir Edward and held in the Edinburgh Empire in July 1911 as part of the Coronation celebrations that year. This would be the first such production in Britain, confirming the new respectability of Music Hall. However the theatre burned down a few months before the Performance, and Sir Edward's health deteriorated. Instead, a Royal Variety Performance was arranged for the following year, being held in the Palace Theatre, London, under Alfred Butt.

Early theatres
In 1905 the Moss combine had 37 variety theatres of which the flagship was London Hippodrome.
The company advertised its list as follows:-

London Hippodrome,
Empire Glasgow,
Empire Edinburgh,
Empire Newcastle,
Empire Leeds,
Empire Bradford,
Empire Sheffield,
Empire Birmingham,
Empire Liverpool,
Empire Cardiff,
Empire Swansea,
Empire Newport,
Empire Nottingham,
Empire Ardwick, Manchester,
Empire South Shields,
Empire Hackney, London,
Empire Holloway, London,
Empire New Cross, London,
Empire Stratford, London,
Empire Shepherd's Bush, London,
Empire Dublin,
Empire Belfast,
Empire Coventry,
Empire Sunderland,
Palace Hull,
Palace Leicester,
Palace Bordesley,
Palace Camberwell,
Granville Walham Green,
Manchester Hippodrome,
Glasgow Coliseum,
Olympia Liverpool,
HM Theatre of Varieties Walsall,
Reading Theatre,
Richmond Theatre,
Philharmonic Hall Cardiff,
Zoo and Hippodrome Glasgow.

Personal life

He married twice: firstly to Ellen Alice Bramwell (1856–1892), with whom he had two sons: James Edward Moss (1880–1904), and Charles Sommerville Moss (1883–1931). On Ellen's death he married Florence Craig née Crawford, daughter of Robert Crawford one of the founders of Howard & Wyndham Ltd. He and Florence had one daughter.

He died on 25 November 1912 at his mansion and estate of Middleton Hall, Gorebridge, near Edinburgh, and is buried in Portobello Cemetery in eastern Edinburgh, close to the cemetery entrance. Sir Edward was succeeded by Frank Allen as chairman and managing director of Moss Empires Ltd.

References

External links
  Arthur Lloyd website and its full display of the Moss Empires Jubilee 1899–1949 publication
  Twentieth-Century British Theatre: Industry, Art and Empire, by Claire Cochrane published by Cambridge University Press, 2011

1852 births
1912 deaths
Scottish theatre managers and producers
British theatre managers and producers
Impresarios
Knights Bachelor
19th-century Scottish businesspeople

Edward Moss (impresario)


Ratos de Porão (Portuguese for "Basement Rats") is a Brazilian crossover thrash band from São Paulo. They were formed in 1981, toured South America, North America, Asia and Europe, and still continue to play today. Their core lineup of João Gordo on vocals and Jão on drums and later guitars has remained since virtually the band's beginning.

History

Early days
Ratos de Porão, or simply "RxDxPx", was formed in November 1981, existing in the Brazilian (São Paulo city) punk rock scene (alongside bands such as Olho Seco, Cólera, Inocentes, Garotos Podres, and Lobotomia). Directly influenced by the UK 82 hardcore bands such as Discharge, Charged G.B.H., The Varukers and Swedish and Finnish bands such as Anti-Cimex and Kaaos, they started to write songs that criticized Brazilian society, a revolutionary concept at the time. Their sound is regarded as one of the rawest of their scene (because other bands such as Cólera and Garotos Podres were more 'punk rock' sounding than 'hardcore punk').

Their first album was released in 1983 and was titled Crucificados pelo sistema. Released on the Ataque Frontal label, it was one of the best-selling hardcore albums to come out of the country, and was soon considered a punk classic worldwide. The line up was João Gordo (vocals), Mingau  (guitar – later in many punk and pop bands in Brazil, currently playing in Ultraje a Rigor), Jabá (bass) and Jão (drums). Soon after, with the fall of the São Paulo punk scene (because of associated gang violence), the band split up and since then João Gordo has been accused of selling out and betraying the DIY ethics of the hardcore punk movement for several alleged reasons; he has said, "I'm a traitor since 1983, because I told the guys I played hardcore, not punk. Then, I got labelled.(...)That's a stigma".

Initial crossover thrash era
In 1985, RxDxPx came back, but with a different line up and sound. They brought thrash metal to their music, influenced by bands such as Slayer, Exodus, Kreator and hardcore bands around the world that were also transitioning to a more thrash metal sound, like Suicidal Tendencies, D.R.I., English Dogs, Cro-Mags, Agnostic Front and others (including Brazilian bands such as Lobotomia and Armagedom). Jão switched over to playing guitar, and an old punk named Spaghetti (who later adopted a thrash metal sound) replaced him on drums. Subsequently, they released the Descanse Em Paz album on Baratos Afins in 1986.

With their new sound, they began to associate more with heavy metal bands, becoming friends with longtime RxDxPx fans Sepultura and other bands of the Brazilian 1980s metal scene, including Korzus and Anthares. Their next studio release with Baratos Afins Records, 1987's Cada Dia Mais Sujo e Agressivo, was also released in an English-language version (Dirty and Aggressive) (the band feared that their English was so grammatically inaccurate that many of their native English speaking fans might ridicule their translated lyrics).  This release continued the band's D-beat drum tempos.

In 1989, they signed to Roadrunner Records at the urging of Igor Cavalera of Sepultura, who played one of the band's tapes for the label's executives. RxDxPx then went to Germany to record their next studio LP, Brasil. With Harris Johns of Voivod and Tankard producing, the band's production quality improved substantially in contrast to their previous releases; the instrumentation was noticeably more technical.

In 1990, they returned to Germany to record their last album with the "classic" line-up of João Gordo, Jão, Jabá and Spaghetti. With Harris Johns acting again as producer, their next album titled Anarkophobia was met with criticism by some fans for being the band's most metallic release to date, having considerably more complex and lengthy song compositions and more technical musicianship. Nevertheless, Anarkophobia increased their profile within the worldwide metal scene of the early 1990s.

But in mid-1991, they had their first line-up change in years, with Spaghetti leaving the band, citing that he had "been tired of the musical life". They auditioned several drummers to replace him, including Beto Silesci from Korzus, but the band decided that Silesci's style was too metal for the new direction they were planning to pursue. Silesci was in turn replaced with Boka of the Santos Beach thrash/death metal band Psychic Possessor. In 1992, RxDxPx released its first official live album, called Ao Vivo, with a corresponding music video for the song "Aids, Pop, Repressão" receiving heavy air play on Furia Metal of MTV (the Brazilian equivalent of Headbangers Ball).

At the decline of the thrash scene, under tension and personal problems (Jabá left the band and they had a heavy drug problem), they entered into the studio in 1994 to record their only 'all lyrics in English' album, called Just Another Crime in Massacreland. The album suffered a thin production and a low promotion by the label, and it was a hard time in the life of RxDxPx.

Return to hardcore punk
After the departure of Jabá, the band had several different bass players and recorded a studio album with only punk and hardcore covers called Feijoada Acidente?, a play on the Guns N' Roses album "The Spaghetti Incident?". (Feijoada is a traditional food from Brazil, a stew based on beans and pork.) There were two versions of this album: one covering only Brazilian bands such as Olho Seco, Lobotomia, Garotos Podres, among others; and one covering only non-Brazilian bands such as G.B.H., Black Flag, Anti-Cimex, Minor Threat, among others.
At this time, Walter Bart (who used to play in a punk band called "Não Religião") and "Pica Pau" (Portuguese for woodpecker), who stayed in the band until 1999, played bass.

Released in 1997, Carniceria Tropical marked a return to hardcore and Portuguese lyrics, and the band regained their former success. The same year, João Gordo started to work as a VJ for MTV Brasil.

In 1999, the bassist Cristian "Fralda", who used to play in the punk rock band Blind Pigs joined the band, and they entered into the studio to re-record their first album, and called this album Sistemados Pelo Crucifa (a play on the original album title, "Crucificados Pelo Sistema"). The front cover was designed by the Korzus bassist, Dick Siebert.

Return to crossover
In 2002, they released the Onisciente Coletivo album, which was more thrash metal influenced once again, mixing their 1980s and 1990s styles. Bassist Cristian "Fralda" left to join the old hardcore/crossover/thrash band Lobotomia. In his place, bass player Paulo Júnior joined the band, an underground musician who still plays with his hardcore band "Discarga" and is guitarist of "Point of No Return".

In 2006, they released Homem Inimigo Do Homem.

On 13 August 2013, Ratos de Porão announced on their Facebook page that they were working on a new album. Entitled Século Sinistro, the album was released on 27 May 2014.

Another eight years passed until the release of their eighth studio album, Necropolítica, released on 20 May 2022.

Band members

Current members
João "Jão" Carlos Molina Esteves – guitar, backing vocals (1981–1983, 1984–present), drums (1983–1984), lead vocals (1982–1983)
João Gordo Francisco Benedan – lead vocals (1983–present)
Maurício "Boka" Alves Fernandez – drums (1991–present)
Paulo "Juninho" Sergio Sangiorgio Júnior – bass, backing vocals (2004–present)

Former members
Chiquinho – vocals (1981)
Roberto "Betinho" Massetti – drums (1981–1983)
Jarbas "Jabá" Alves – bass (1981–1993)
Rinaldo "Mingau" Amaral – guitar (1982)
Nelson "Spaghetti" Evangelista Jr. - drums (1986–1991)
Walter Bart – bass (1993–1994)
Rafael "Pica-Pau" Piccoli Lobo – bass (1995–1999)
Christian "Fralda" Wilson – bass (2000–2004)

Timeline

Discography
 Crucificados pelo Sistema (1984)
 Descanse em Paz (1986)
 Cada Dia Mais Sujo e Agressivo (1987)
 Brasil (1989)
 Anarkophobia (1991)
 Just Another Crime... in Massacreland (1994)
 "Feijoada Acidente?" – Brasil (1995)
 "Feijoada Acidente?" – International (1995)
 Carniceria Tropical (1997)
 Sistemados pelo Crucifa (2000)
 Onisciente Coletivo (2002)
 Homem Inimigo do Homem (2006)
 Século Sinistro (2014)
 Necropolítica (2022)
 Isentön Päunokü (2023)

References

External links

Brazilian punk rock groups
Crossover thrash groups
Brazilian thrash metal musical groups
Political music groups
Crust and d-beat groups
Musical groups established in 1981
Musical groups from São Paulo
Alternative Tentacles artists
1981 establishments in Brazil

Ratos de Porão


The former Harmanus Bleecker Library is located at the intersection of Washington Avenue (New York State Route 5) and Dove Street in Albany, New York, United States. It is a brick and stone Classical Revival building constructed in the 1920s. In 1996 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Designed by notable local architects, the Fuller & Robinson Company, it was the first building in the city intended to be used exclusively as a library, and is considered one of city's best buildings in its architectural style. Along with the nearby University Club, built shortly afterwards, it was Fuller's last major work in the city where he had practiced most. It took its name from Harmanus Bleecker, a prominent Albany politician and benefactor whose estate provided the funds for its construction. It has since been adapted to serve as office space.

Building
The library occupies the full block of Dove between Washington Avenue and Spring Street, one block west of the state capitol, a National Historic Landmark, and the towering Alfred E. Smith State Office Building. Next to it on the west is a more modern, taller building that houses corporate records for the state. Across Washington Avenue is the University Club of Albany, a similar neo-Georgian brick building also designed by Fuller and listed on the Register. The northwest corner of the intersection is occupied by another listed property, the Albany Institute of History and Art.

Other properties on the Register nearby include the Walter Merchant House and Washington Avenue Armory a block to the west on either side of the street, and the state Department of Education building a block east, on the north side of the street. In between are smaller commercial buildings of historic and modern construction. To the south of the library are the small-scale rowhouses in the Center Square/Hudson–Park Historic District.

Exterior
The building itself is a two-story, nine-by-five-bay steel post-and-beam structure on a cast stone foundation resembling granite, faced in brick laid in Flemish bond and topped with a flat roof. Trim is cast stone as well, taking on a more limestone-like appearance on the upper story. Medium-height trees shade the building on all street-facing facades. Its east (front) facade has a projecting pavilion in the central three bays with the main entrance. Secondary entrances are located in the center of the north and south facades.

On the first story are ten-light double casement windows, slightly recessed within molded wooden surrounds. Every fifth course of the brick projects slightly. The main entrance is within a recessed stone archway with an awning. Narrow casement windows flank it.

A wide plain cast stone frieze tops the windows. Atop it are scroll brackets that support a continuous sill course for the second-story windows. These are slightly recessed double 15-light casement windows with radiating-muntin transoms set in segmental arches with a scroll keystone. The bricks at the corners are quoined.

Above is another wide plain frieze with "Harmanus Bleecker Library" carved into it on the center pavilion and both sides. It is topped by a wide modillioned cornice at the roofline. Above the roofline is a brick parapet with cast-stone balustraded sections above the windows.

On the central pavilion, the first story has the same projecting courses as the rest of that story. The narrow windows are covered with decorative iron grilles. The main entrance is additionally flanked by iron lamps. Above it a projecting cornice supported by scroll brackets shelters an entablature with "Harmanus Bleecker Library" written in it again. From the cornice and the stone frieze rise square fluted pilasters dividing the main window from two flanking 15-light casement windows. An additional two pilasters are on their sides. Above the two windows are the state seal and city coat of arms carved in stone. The pilaster capitals, with egg and dart molding, support the frieze.

Interior
Paneled wooden doors lead into an interior that remains largely as the building was when constructed. The structural steel is covered by reinforced concrete walls. On the original mezzanine level, since removed, the flooring consisted of ¾-inch–thick () translucent glass panels supported by T-shaped steel frames.

Original oak handrails on metal railings lead up from the entrance. There is a terrazzo floor here and marble wall cladding and baseboard. Elsewhere in the interior, on door and window surrounds and wainscoting, much of the original oak woodwork remains. The second floor has removable partitions to better facilitate its use as office space.

History

Harmanus Bleecker, the grandson of a former Colonial-era mayor, served a term in the House of Representatives in the early 1810s, when he was still a young man. He practiced law locally and served on the board of several civic organizations. In his later life he served as Ambassador to the Netherlands in the Martin van Buren administration.

After his death in 1848, he left his estate to his much younger wife with the stipulation that, upon her death, the money would be spent to benefit the city. She survived him by almost 40 years, and the executor of her estate decided the $130,000 ($ in modern dollars) would best be spent to benefit the Young Men's Association, an organization Bleecker had strongly supported, including service on its board of directors. Under the terms of Bleecker's will, attorneys Amasa J. Parker and John V. L. Pruyn were involved in disposing of his estate, which resulted in construction of Harmanus Bleecker Hall, a library and theater complex, which was built in 1889 on Washington near Lark Street.

Thirty years later, in 1919, the board of the Young Men's Association decided it would be better off with a structure dedicated purely for use as a library. It sold the hall and used the proceeds to build the library. Architect Albert W. Fuller, designer of many significant local buildings from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, received the commission, His Classical Revival building, distinguished by its solid rectangular form, contrast between stonework rusticated on the first floor and smooth above, archways and heavily decorated entrance pavilion, is considered one of Albany's finest examples of the style. Along with the similar University Club of Albany building across Washington Avenue, completed a few years later, which complements it despite being in the Colonial Revival style, are his last major works in the city where he lived his life and built most of his buildings.

The association deeded the new building to the city near the end of 1924. It was the first library building in the city, and the beginning of Albany's current public library system. By 1977 the library had grown to the point that it moved out of the building. A small bookstore operated out of a small portion of the rear basement. After over a decade, the city decided to sell the building in 1990. It took another decade until Capital Partners, a local investment firm, bought it in 2001.

A feasibility study done for Capital came to the conclusion that it would be necessary to increase the usable space in the building by 50% in order for it to be profitable. Accordingly, the mezzanine level and its unique flooring were removed to create a full third level. This added  of leasable space.  The infrastructure had to be upgraded to modern building codes, so the walls were insulated and all the plumbing, heating and electrical systems replaced with modern equipment. An internal elevator was added to make the building disabled accessible. The fully occupied restored building has attracted a number of tenants, including notably U.S. Representative Paul Tonko, Farrell Fritz PLLC, a major lobbying practice, and Relentless Awareness, a preeminent New York communications firm.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York

References

External links

Library buildings completed in 1923
Libraries on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Neoclassical architecture in New York (state)
Buildings and structures in Albany, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Albany, New York
1923 establishments in New York (state)

Harmanus Bleecker Library


Calvinism belongs to the Reformed tradition of Protestant Christianity. This tradition goes back to John Calvin and other theologians.

Important Calvinists from Europe include: Martin Bucer, Heinrich Bullinger, Peter Martyr Vermigli, and Huldrych Zwingli, and from England, reformers Thomas Cranmer and John Jewel. Because John Calvin had great influence and played an important role in the confessional and ecclesiastical debates throughout the 17th century, the tradition generally became known as Calvinism.

Today, this term also means the doctrines and practices of the Reformed churches, of which Calvin was an early leader, and the system is perhaps best known for its doctrines of predestination and total depravity.

Background
John Calvin's international influence on the development of the doctrines of the Protestant Reformation began at the age of 25, when he started work on his first edition of the Institutes of the Christian Religion in 1534 (published 1536). He also contributed to confessional documents for use in churches, and his beliefs and practices left a direct influence on Protestantism. He was only one of many people to influence the doctrines of the Reformed churches, but he eventually became one of the most prominent theologians.

The rising importance of the Reformed churches and Calvin appened in the second phase of the Protestant Reformation, when evangelical churches began to form, after Martin Luther, another important Reformer, had been excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church. Calvin was a French exile in Geneva City. He had signed the Lutheran Augsburg Confession in 1540, but his importance came from the Swiss Reformation. It was not Lutheran but followed Huldrych Zwingli and then Calvin.

True Calvinism (historical Calvinism) does not teach that God chooses the people who will be saved. Instead, it teaches that for God's own glory recreates men with a new nature,  a nature that loves God and hates sin, instead of men keeping their old nature since if they kept their old nature, they would not want to follow God.(Romans 3:10-12). Historical Calvinism also teaches that if God does not choose to save someone, he can do nothing to be saved.

Spread
Although much of Calvin's practice was in Geneva, his publications spread his ideas of a reformed church to many parts of Europe. Calvinism became the theology of most Christians in Scotland (see John Knox), the Netherlands, and parts of Germany, and it was influential also in France, Hungary, Transylvania, and Poland. Calvinism was popular as well for some time in Scandinavia, especially Sweden, but it was rejected in favor of Lutheranism after the Synod of Uppsala in 1593.

Most settlers in the Mid-Atlantic and New England, in the United Stages, were Calvinists, including the Puritans and Dutch settlers of New Amsterdam (now New York). Dutch Calvinist settlers also began to be the first successful European colonizers of South Africa in the 17th century and became known as Boers or Afrikaners.

Some of the largest Calvinist communions missionaries were started in the 19th and the 20th century, especially in Korea and in Nigeria.

Resources

John Wesley (2001). Calvinism Calmly Considered.
C. Gordon Olson (2002). Beyond Calvinism and Arminianism: An Inductive, Mediate Theology of Salvation. Global Gospel Publishers.

Other websites
 "Calvinist Childrearing Methodology" from A Study of the First Maternal Association of Utica, New York, 1824-1833 by Elizabeth Shanklin
"The Impact of Calvinism on Sixteenth Century Culture" 1967 By Dr. W. Stanford Reid

Calvinist websites
Center for Reformed Theology and Apologetics - offers many materials from a Calvinist perspective.
Monergism - classic articles and resources; claims to have the largest collection of Reformed/Calvinist resources on the Internet.
Calvinism Index  by Colin Maxwell

Calvinism and other theological systems
What is Calvinism? - A Summary of the Presbyterian Religion.
Calvinism & Arminianism - a brief comparison of Calvinism and Arminianism from The Five Points of Calvinism - Defined, Defended, Documented by Steele

John Calvin
Christian movements and denominational families
Protestant Reformation

Calvinism