John Frederick Hartranft (December 16, 1830 – October 17, 1889) was an American military officer who read the death warrant to the individuals who were executed on July 7, 1865, for conspiring to assassinate American President Abraham Lincoln. Previously having achieved the rank of major general of the Union Army during the American Civil War, he had also been awarded the U.S. Medal of Honor for his actions in the First Battle of Bull Run.

Post-war, he served as the 17th governor of Pennsylvania from 1873 to 1879.

Early life and career
Hartranft was born in Fagleysville, a village in New Hanover Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, near Pottstown, the son of ethnic German Americans Mary Lydia (Bucher) and Samuel Engle Hartranft.

Hartranft had some local schooling in Norristown, where his family moved when he was a boy. He attended Marshall College in Mercersburg, a forerunner of Franklin & Marshall College in Lancaster. He moved to New York, where he completed his degree in civil engineering in 1853 from Union College in Schenectady.

He briefly worked for two railroads in eastern Pennsylvania before returning home to Norristown to assist his father in the real estate and stage line businesses. In 1854, the young man was appointed deputy sheriff of Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. That year, he married Sallie Douglas Sebring. They had six children, but three died in infancy.

Hartranft was active in the Norristown fire company and the local Freemason lodge. After "reading the law" as an apprentice with an established firm, Hartranft was admitted to the bar in 1860. He entered the Pennsylvania Militia, being promoted to the rank of colonel.

Civil War
In April 1861, Hartranft raised a Montgomery County regiment of 90-day volunteers in Norristown, serving as colonel of the 4th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry. When their term of enlistment was up, the regiment returned to Pennsylvania, although it was the eve of the First Battle of Bull Run, and firing had already begun. Hartranft was humiliated by his men's decision to go home.

He stayed to fight with the Army on July 21, 1861. This act earned him the Medal of Honor on August 21, 1886, for volunteering his services to fellow Pennsylvanian Col. William B. Franklin. His citation reads: "Voluntarily served as an aide and participated in the battle after expiration of his term of service, distinguishing himself in rallying several regiments which had been thrown into confusion."

Hartranft raised a three-year regiment, the 51st Pennsylvania Infantry, and became its colonel. They first served on the North Carolina coast in the Burnside Expedition. Hartranft led them in battle at Roanoke Island and New Bern. In July 1862, Hartranft's men proceeded to Newport News, Virginia, to become part of Burnside's IX Corps, with whom they fought in the Second Battle of Bull Run and at South Mountain. They also fought at the Battle of Antietam, where Hartranft led the famous charge across Burnside's Bridge, suffering 120 casualties. They later participated in the Battle of Fredericksburg. The 51st Pennsylvania was transferred to the Western Theater, where Hartranft saw action at the battles of Vicksburg, Campbell's Station, and Knoxville; in the latter two actions, he served as commander of the 2nd Division of the IX Corps while still a colonel.

He commanded the 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, of the IX Corps in the 1864 Overland Campaign, participating in the fighting at the Wilderness and Spotsylvania. He was promoted to brigadier general as of May 12, 1864. He continued in operations against Richmond and Petersburg. His brigade distinguished itself in the Battle of Peebles' Farm.

When the IX Corps was reorganized, Hartranft was given command of a new 3rd Division, consisting of newly raised Pennsylvania regiments. Hartranft was brevetted major general by Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant for defeating Confederate General Robert E. Lee's last offensive at the Battle of Fort Stedman. He brought his untested division from its reserve position and counterattacked to recover the captured fort.

Imprisonment, trial and execution of the Lincoln assassination conspirators

In the aftermath of the assassination of United States President Abraham Lincoln, Hartranft was appointed both commanding officer of the Old Capitol Prison in Washington, D.C., and as a special provost marshal during the trial of those accused in the Lincoln assassination: George Atzerodt, David Herold, Lewis Paine (also known as Lewis Powell), and Mary Surratt, who would become the first woman to be executed by the U.S. government. The trial lasted from May 9, 1865, until the conviction of the Atzerodt, Herold, Paine, and Surratt in late June. At 1:15 p.m. on July 7, 1865, Hartranft led the four to the gallows in what is now called Fort Lesley McNair. When asked if the convicted had any final statements, the spiritual advisors of Atzerodt and Payne stated that both men wished to thank Hartranft and the officers and soldiers serving under him for the kindness they displayed during their incarceration. Following prayers for each of the prisoners, "Gen. Hartranft read the order of the War Department, embracing the President's Executive Order, for the execution", according to The New York Times. The prisoners were then simultaneously executed by hanging at 1:25 p.m.

Post-war life and political career
Following the war Hartranft switched party allegiances and became a Republican. He was appointed to serve in former general John W. Geary's Pennsylvania administration as Auditor General from 1867 to 1873.

Hartranft was elected as governor in 1872. He was a strong advocate of education, municipal reform, regulation of banking, improved industry and commerce, and the reorganization of the National Guard. He supported suffrage for African Americans, fought the corrupt Simon Cameron political machine, and championed the rights of the workingman.

During his administration, the revision of the Commonwealth's constitution was completed and ratified as the Constitution of 1873. It prohibited special and local legislation; and increased the terms for state legislators: House terms were increased to two years instead of one, and Senate terms to four years from three.

He was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1876.

He was the 5th commander-in-chief of the Union veterans' organization, the Grand Army of the Republic, serving from 1875 to 1877. He was also a member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States.

The United States celebrated its centennial as a nation in 1876. Hartranft saw that Pennsylvania led the way in the celebration that was centered in Philadelphia's Fairmount Park.

At the Republican National Convention in June 1876, he was a contender for the presidential nomination, but Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio was eventually selected. He had served with Hartranft during the Civil War in the same army corps.

During his second term, economic depression, low wages in industry and unemployment, following the industrial boom of the early 1870s, resulted in national labor unrest and strikes culminating in the Great Railroad Strike of 1877. Serious civil disturbances included riots associated with the railroad and general strikes of 1877 in several industrial cities: including Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Reading and Scranton. There were other incidents with the Molly Maguires in the anthracite coal regions. Hartranft called out the state militia and then Regular Army troops to maintain order. In Philadelphia, Reading, and Pittsburgh, fires were set and extensive railroad facilities and equipment burned, especially in Pittsburgh. Eleven people died along the Schuylkill River before Federal troops restored the peace. Hartranft later proposed recognition of labor unions and arbitration of claims.

Concerned with the governor's precedent in calling out the militia to battle civilians in Pittsburgh, the District Attorney of Allegheny County tried to force Hartranft to appear before a grand jury to explain his rationale. The courts backed Hartranft when he refused to appear. Their ruling became known as the "Hartranft Decision."

 Hartranft returned to his home in Montgomery County in 1879, where he accepted the position of US Postmaster. He was subsequently appointed as Port Collector for Philadelphia (1881–1885). He was also reappointed to command the Pennsylvania National Guard, which he had helped develop.

On August 26, 1886, Hartranft was awarded the Medal of Honor for valor during the First Battle of Bull Run in 1861.

John Hartranft died in Norristown and was buried in Montgomery Cemetery in West Norriton Township, Pennsylvania, near Norristown. The Pennsylvania National Guard later provided an obelisk for his grave.

He was succeeded as commander of the Pennsylvania National Guard Division by George R. Snowden.

In memoriam

An equestrian statue was installed next to the Pennsylvania Capitol Building in Harrisburg honors Hartranft. Camp No. 15 of the Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War is named in his honor. Marble monuments at Petersburg and Vicksburg honor his Civil War service. An elementary school in Norristown is named for the governor as well as another elementary school in Philadelphia.

The Hartranft section of North Philadelphia, and a street in the Packer Park section of South Philadelphia near the sports complex, both in Philadelphia, were also named in his honor. A residence hall at the University Park campus of Pennsylvania State University is named after him. Three avenues in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, are named in his honor: the first is in Norristown and is the avenue leading to the cemetery in which he is buried. The other avenues are located in nearby East Norriton Township and in Fort Washington, Upper Dublin Township.  A street in the Brookline section of Pittsburgh is also named after him.

Beginning in 1899, a General Hartranft cigar brand was manufactured by C. E. Blair and Sons of Harrisburg.

Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Colonel, 4th Pennsylvania Militia. Place and date: At Bull Run, Virginia, July 21, 1861. Entered service at: Norristown, Pennsylvania. Born: December 16, 1830, New Hanover Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. Date of issue: August 26, 1886.

Citation:

Voluntarily served as an aide and participated in the battle after expiration of his term of service, distinguishing himself in rallying several regiments which had been thrown into confusion.

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: G–L
List of American Civil War generals (Union)

Notes

References

Further reading
Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, .
Sauers, Richard A., "John Frederick Hartranft", Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History, Heidler, David S., and Heidler, Jeanne T., eds., W. W. Norton & Company, 2000, .
 Sommers, Richard J., Richmond Redeemed : the Siege at Petersburg, Garden City, N.Y. : Doubleday, 1981.
 Steers Jr., Edward, and Holzer, Harold, eds., The Lincoln Assassination Conspirators: Their Confinement and Execution, as Recorded in the Letterbook of John Frederick Hartranft, Louisiana State University Press, 2009,
Warner, Ezra J., Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders, Louisiana State University Press, 1964, .

External links

1830 births
1889 deaths
Politicians from Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
American people of German descent
Republican Party governors of Pennsylvania
Union Army generals
People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
Pennsylvania lawyers
Pennsylvania Auditors General
Pennsylvania postmasters
Grand Army of the Republic Commanders-in-Chief
Marshall University alumni
Union College (New York) alumni
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor
Burials in Pennsylvania
19th-century American politicians
People associated with the assassination of Abraham Lincoln

John F. Hartranft


Incisors are special kinds of teeth that can be found in some mammals, such as humans. They are the eight large flat  teeth with straight edges that are at the front of a person's mouth, in between the canine teeth, which are pointed. The straight edges of the incisors are useful for biting because they cut sharply. They come together like a pair of pincers. In a human, the two teeth at the middle of each jaw are called the "central incisors", and the side ones are the "lateral incisors". (lateral means "to the side"). Some humans never grow "lateral incisors" or have very small ones, particularly at the top.

In many mammalian herbivores (plant-eaters) these front teeth are used to cut off stems of grass and other growing things, that are then ground up by the molars at the back of the mouth. Some omnivores (animals that eat both plants and meat), like humans, have incisors like herbivores. In carnivores (meat-eating mammals) like cats, the incisors are often quite small. The canine teeth are  long and suitable for grasping and stabbing. Carnivores use their incisors for many jobs that need fine control, such as catching fleas, carrying a kitten or peeling the skin off a fish. If a dog or a member of the cat family needs to cut something with their teeth, they use their back teeth like scissors.

Gallery

Related pages
Dentition

Teeth
Mammals

Incisor


Main PageThis is the front page of the Simple English Wikipedia. Wikipedias are places where people work together to write encyclopedias in different languages. We use Simple English words and grammar here. The Simple English Wikipedia is for everyone, such as children and adults who are learning English.

There are  articles on the Simple English Wikipedia. All of the pages are free to use. They have all been published under both the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 and the GNU Free Documentation License. You can help here! You may change these pages and make new pages. Read the help pages and other good pages to learn how to write pages here. If you need help, you may ask questions at Simple talk.

Main Page/Introduction


A video game programmer is a person who can understand write in a programming language. They can know more than one programming language. They make games with programming. They sometimes give it to video game publishers to put it on places like the App Store and Google Play.

Video game people
Computing
Occupations

Video game programmer


Jack Daly (28 May 1915 – 5 May 1988) was a Fine Gael politician from County Kerry in Ireland. For many years he was a member of Seanad Éireann.

The founder and managing director of the motor vehicle business ″Killarney Autos″ (Killarney, County Kerry), Daly was elected to the 13th Seanad on 23 April 1975, at a by-election on the Industrial and Commercial Panel following the death of Senator Denis Farrelly. He was defeated at the 1977 Seanad election, and again at the 1981 election, but was re-elected at the 1982 election to the 16th Seanad. He held the seat until his death in 1988, aged nearly 73. The resulting by-election for his seat in the 18th Seanad was won by the Fianna Fáil candidate Tony Bromell.

In the Seanad, Daly was a consistent advocate for the interests of the motor industry in Ireland, and served for many years on the council of the Society of the Irish Motor Industry. At the time of his death, he was opposition Chief Whip in the Seanad.

References

1915 births
1988 deaths
Fine Gael senators
Members of the 13th Seanad
Members of the 16th Seanad
Members of the 17th Seanad
Members of the 18th Seanad
Members of Kerry County Council
Industrial and Commercial Panel senators

Jack Daly (politician)


The Johnson County War, also known as the War on Powder River and the Wyoming Range War, was a fight over farmland. It happened in Johnson County, Wyoming between 1889 and 1893. The fights started when cattle companies started ruthlessly punishing accused rustlers in the area. Many of the "rustlers" were actually innocent settlers that competed with the companies for land, livestock and water rights. As tensions swelled between the large established ranchers and the smaller settlers in the state, violence finally reached a peak in Powder River Country, when the ranchers hired armed gunmen to invade the county. The gunmen's initial incursion in the territory aroused the small farmers and ranchers, as well as the state lawmen, and they formed a posse of 200 men that led to a grueling stand-off. The siege ended when the United States Cavalry on the orders of President Benjamin Harrison relieved the two forces, although further fighting persisted in the following months.

The events have since become a highly mythologized and symbolic story of the Wild West, and over the years variations of the storyline have come to include some of its most famous historical figures. In addition to being one of the most well-known range wars of the American frontier, its themes, especially class warfare, served as a basis for numerous popular novels, films, and television shows in the Western genre.

19th century in Wyoming
Benjamin Harrison

Johnson County War


is a former Japanese football (soccer) referee, debuting in Japan's professional J. League in 1996.

Kamikawa was born in Kagoshima, Kagoshima Prefecture. An international referee since 1998, he refereed one match at the 2002 FIFA World Cup and three matches at the 2006 FIFA World Cup.

In the 2002 World Cup, he refereed a first round match between Ireland and Cameroon.

In the 2006 World Cup, he refereed first round matches between Poland and Ecuador in Group A, and between England and Trinidad and Tobago in Group B. He also refereed the third place playoff match between Germany and Portugal.

He was the AFC Referee of the Year in 2002, and the J. League Referee of the Year in 2003 and 2006.

Kamikawa became the first Asian referee to officiate a Russian Premier League match when he refereed a match between Luch-Energia Vladivostok and Spartak Moscow on August 20, 2006, in Vladivostok.

Before becoming a referee, he played football as a forward. He was educated at and played for Kagoshima National College of Technology and Tokai University. He represented Japan at an underage level in 1981. After the graduation, he joined Japan Soccer League side Fujita S.C. (current Shonan Bellmare) and finished his playing career there in 1991.

He announced his retirement from the international game in October 2006 partly because of his knee injury although he still had two years before he reached the mandatory retirement age of an international referee. He quit refereeing entirely in January 2007. He now works for the Japan Football Association to help younger referees to develop their skills.

References

External links
FIFA profile
Reuters profile
Profile on ratetheref.net

1963 births
Living people
Japanese men's footballers
Tokai University alumni
Men's association football forwards
Japan Soccer League players
2006 FIFA World Cup referees
Japanese football referees
People from Kagoshima
2002 FIFA World Cup referees
Shonan Bellmare players
AFC Asian Cup referees
Major League Soccer referees

Toru Kamikawa


Freyja (Old Norse: "[the] Lady") is the goddess of love, beauty, sex, fertility, seiðr, war, and death in Norse mythology. A member of the Vanir, Freyja is the daughter of Njörðr, and twin sister of Freyr. The most beautiful and refined of the goddesses, she owns the necklace Brísingamen, and rides in a chariot pulled by two cats, accompanied by a giant boar named Hildisvíni; in addition to this, Freyja possesses a cloak of falcon feathers. She is married to the god Óðr, by whom she is the mother of the twin goddesses Hnöss and Gersemi. Freyja rules over the heavenly field(s) of Fólkvangr, where she receives half of those that die in battle, as the other half go to Valhalla. The minor goddesses Gefjon, Skaði, Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr and Irpa (Old Norse: literally "Þorgerðr, Hǫlgi's bride"), and Menglöð all serve as her handmaidens.

Her name is often translated into English as Freya when used nowadays, but the original Norwegian name is spelt Freyja.

Receiver of the slain
The Valkyries, having chosen who is to live and die in battle, collect the souls of those slain and bring them to Valhalla, where they will feast and make revelry with Odin; Freyja herself shares half of these heroes with Odin. Her sacred realm is the field of Fólkvangr, wherein lies her great hall Sessrúmnir. There, Freyja decides where her warriors shall sit.

This is what is written in the original myth:

The ninth hall is Folkvang, where bright Freyja decides

Where her warriors shall sit,

Some of the slain belong to her,

Some belong to Odin.

Bride of the Odr
Freyja married a god called Óðr. She loves her husband deeply, but he often went away on long journeys, and Freyja cried red golden tears for him. Her tears become gold and amber when they fall to Earth, therefore gold was called "Freyja's tears". They have two beautiful daughters called Hnoss and Gersemi.

Owner of Brisingamen
Freyja often rides in a chariot pulled by big silver tabby cats (her sacred animal) or on a golden boar named Hildisvíni, who accompanies her in battle. Freyja was renowned for her loveliness and beauty, as the myths tell of three giants who wanted to marry her, but they were all killed by Thor, the god of thunder.

Freyja also has a precious necklace called Brísingamen. The god Loki once stole this necklace, and Freyja had to ask the guardian Heimdall for help. Heimdallr engaged Loki in combat and won against the Trickster, giving the necklace back to Freyja. For this, Loki is also called "Thief of Brisingamen", and Heimdall is also called "Seeker of Brisingamen".

Thrymr, the king of the jǫtnar, once stole Thor's hammer, Mjölnir. When Loki went to Jötunheimr to retrieve the hammer, he found Thrymr, who revealed that he planned to give Mjölnir to Freyja as a wedding gift, as he requested her hand in marriage. When Loki returned to Asgard to deliver the news, Freyja was so angered that the heavens shook, and the necklace Brisingamen broke. When it was decided that Thor would go to Thrymr posing as Freyja (Loki disguised himself as one of the goddess' maidservants), he borrowed the necklace. Upon their arrival, Thrymr threw a huge feast in celebration of the marriage, as he presented Mjölnir to "Freyja" as a wedding gift; Thor then took his hammer, killing Thrymr and all who attended the wedding.

Jobs
Freyja is a warrior goddess. Whenever she rides into battles, she gets half of the souls of dead heroes. She is also a practitioner of magic, otherwise known as seiðr, and is highly proficient in using it. She has a magical cloak made of falcon feathers which allows her to fly between different worlds.

Freyja is the patron goddess of crops and childbirths. She is also a goddess of love, whom lovers may send prayers to.

Frigg and Freyja were two of the most revered goddesses in Norse mythology. They were especially worshipped by Vikings. Freyja is said to be the kindest among goddesses. In a poem in the Poetic Edda, a young man called Ottar always trusted in the goddesses; he built a rock shrine for the goddesses, and Freyja answered his prayers. She disguised Ottar as her golden boar, and went on a trip to help him find his ancestors.

After Ragnarok
In final battle of Ragnarök, Odin, and Freyr will die. Freyja is not stated as having died during Ragnarök or surviving.

Names
Freyr's name means "the Lord", and Freyja's name means "the Lady".

The day of the week, Friday, is named either after her, or after Odin's wife Frigg.  Before Christianity became the dominant religion of the region, the Orion constellation was called Frigg's distaff or Freyja's girdle. Frigg and Freyja may be one and the same goddess.

Freyja is also widely known as Vanadis (Old Norse: Vanadís - "Lady of the Vanir"). The metallic element Vanadium was named after her. The Vanir are close relatives of elves. Freyr is the Lord of the elves, and his sacred realm is Alfheim, home of the elves.

Another well-known name of Freyja is Gefn, which means "Giver", a suitable name for the fertility goddess.

Freyja represents the Norse women of the Viking Age, whose husbands often went away to war. From Freyja's name, noble Norse women were called Fru, and wives were called house-fru. Frau means "woman" in German.

Freya and Freja are now common Scandinavian female names.

Norse gods and goddesses

Freyja


Ian Nicholas McCave (born 3 February 1941) is a British geologist, who was the Woodwardian Professor of Geology at the University of Cambridge Department of Earth Sciences from 1985 to 2008 and a fellow of St John's College from 1986 to present . His current research topic is "The Sediment Record of the Deep-Sea Circulation" in the area of "Environmental change and marine geochemistry". He is primarily a marine sedimentologist.

Education
He was educated at Elizabeth College, Guernsey, Hertford College, Oxford and Brown University (PhD).

Research Summary
Seventy percent of the Earth is covered by water, so information about the marine environment is vital in understanding how the Earth's surface system works. Nick McCave's research looks at perturbations in the deep oceans, using evidence from micro-fossils combined with carbon dating, to obtain information on pre-historical climate change. It is important to understand the normal cycles of climate change, in order to assess the degree to which the global warming we are experiencing now is caused by man, and the likely consequences by analysis of past analogues. One problem is the interaction between atmospheric climate change and the observed changes in the ocean currents. There is a 'chicken and egg' question: are the perturbations seen in atmospheric CO2 concentrations forced by the vigour of the deep ocean currents, or vice versa?

McCave uses monitoring points in the North Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean to study how the Earth's meridional heat flux is distributed by warm surface-ocean currents and cold deep-ocean currents.

Research Groups

 Glaciology and Quaternary Science research cluster
 Godwin Laboratory for Palaeoclimate Research

Selected Biography

 1969 - 1985: Lecturer (until 1976), Reader (until 1985) at the University of East Anglia School of Environmental Sciences
 1978 - 1999: Adjunct Scientist (until 1987), Guest Investigator (1999) at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
 1988 - 1998: Head of the Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge
 1985 - 2008: Woodwardian Professor of Geology, University of Cambridge

Other Professional Activities
 1992 -1996: President of the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) of the International Council for Science (ICSU).
 2003 - 05: Member of the Steering Committee for NERC's Rapid Climate Change programme
 2001 and 2008: Member of the UK Research Assessment Exercise panels for Earth and Environmental Sciences

References

External links
 Personal web page at the Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge
 Cambridge Environmental Initiative

1941 births
Living people
People educated at Elizabeth College, Guernsey
Alumni of Hertford College, Oxford
Brown University alumni
British geologists
Academics of the University of East Anglia
Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge
Lyell Medal winners
Woodwardian Professors of Geology

Nick McCave


Esteban Terrades i Illa (15 September 1883, in Barcelona – 9 May 1950, in Madrid) also known as Esteve Terradas, was a Spanish mathematician, scientist and engineer. He researched and taught widely in the fields of mathematics and the physical sciences, working not only in his native Catalonia, but also in the rest of Spain and in South America. He was also active as a consultant in the Spanish aeronautics, electric power, telephone and railway industries.

Education and academic career
He held two doctorates (in mathematics and physics) on 1904, as well as two degrees in engineering, from the ETSEIB school. He was professor of mathematical analysis (teaching differential equations) and later of mathematical physics at Barcelona Central University. He also taught acoustics, optics, electricity, magnetism and classical mechanics at the University of Barcelona, teaching mechanics also at the University of Zaragoza, University of Buenos Aires and the University of La Plata (Argentina) and Montevideo (Uruguay). He was a Member of the Royal Academy of the Spanish Language and active in the Royal Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences and the Royal Academy of Sciences and Arts of Barcelona. He was granted honorary doctorates by the Universities of Buenos Aires, University of Santiago (Chile) and University of Toulouse (France) and established as an honorary member of the Royal Academy of Medicine of Barcelona, the Association of Argentine Engineers, and of the Society of Engineers of Peru among many other honors. He was an Invited Speaker at the ICM in 1912 in Cambridge, England.

He studied at Charlottenburg in Berlin, Barcelona and Madrid. Known as an exceptional student, entered the University in 1898, when was only 15 years old. He held professorships in the universities of Zaragoza, Barcelona and Madrid, specializing in physical and mathematical sciences and publishing numerous articles about those subjects. In 1909, while at the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Barcelona, he produced an important work entitled Emisión de radiaciones por cuerpos fijos o en movimiento.

His teaching and pedagogical activity was also important. He published articles in the "Revista de la Academia de Ciencias" in Madrid, and in the bulletin of the Institute of Sciences of Barcelona. He set up a physics-mathematics seminar, to which he brought some of the best regarded scientists of his time. He became a founding member of the Sciences Section of the Institute of Catalan Studies in 1911, within the framework of the Monographic Courses of High Studies of Exchange promoted by the Commonwealth of Catalonia. He also participated in the Minerva Collection, where he published "The radium". In 1919 set up the Institute of Electricity and Applied Mechanics and was its director; he was also a teacher of the section of electrotechnics of the Escola del Treball.

He was interested in photography, a new practice in the early 20th century, using it to illustrate his technical and scientific works as well as his personal life.

The theories of quanta and relativity captivated him, and he invited such figures as Jacques Hadamard) (1921), Hermann Weyl (1921), Arnold Sommerfeld (1922), Tullio Levi-Civita (1922) and Albert Einstein (1923) to Barcelona. Einstein's Spanish visit, between 22 and 28 February 1923, was a notable success, organized by Terradas, the Catalan Government, the Mancomunitat, and Rafael Campalans. Terradas was also the driving force behind a series of scientific monographs that were a compilation of these lectures, his own and the works of others (including Julio Palacios, Julio Rey Pastor and Jacques Hadamard), published by the Institute of Catalan Studies under the title "Physics and Mathematics Courses".

He lectured at several universities in South America: in Buenos Aires and Rio de la Plata (Uruguay) from 1936 to 39. Terradas was the first professor to hold the chair in Differential Equation when it was first established in Madrid in 1932.

Industries consultant
On 1918, Terrades was chosen to drive the Xarxa de Ferrocarrils Secundaris de Catalunya (Secondary Net of Catalan Railways), intended to decentralize Catalonia, but was never completed due to the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera being established on 13 September 1923.

He was a technical director of the Commonwealth of Catalonia railways, he directed (1923–25) and projected the construction of the Transversal Metropolitan Railway of Barcelona and other Catalan railway lines.

It is said that the President of the Commonwealth of Catalonia, Josep Puig i Cadafalch, entrusted him a study about the stability of the turn of plain brick, known as the "Catalan turn", which is kept at the archive of the Institute of Catalan Studies.

From 1940 onwards he worked for the Spanish Instituto Nacional de Industria, becoming one of the top consultants of the Spanish industrial development along the 40s.  He specially was involved in the planning and design of the power plants built by Endesa by that time. He worked too at the Compañía Telefónica Nacional de España and served as a member of the Spanish National Research Council.

In 1942 he created the Spanish Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial / INTA (National Institute of the Aerospace Technology), that after Terrade's death received his name. As INTA chairman, Terrades maintained along the late forties a sustained and fruitful professional relationship with Theodore von Karman.

Works
In (1910) he published "Discrete elements of matter and radiation", "Corrientes marinas" (1941) and, to gain entry to the Royal Academy of the Spanish Language, the volume "Neologismos, arcanismos in plàtica de ingenieros" (1946).  As an encyclopedist, he authored several articles in the Espasa Encyclopedia, including those on Celestial Mechanics, the Moon and relativity.

References

 Roca Rosell, Antoni (1990) Esteban Terrades (1883-1950) : ciencia y técnica en la España contemporánea;  with Antoni Roca Rosell, José Manuel Sánchez Ron, and introduction by Enric Trillas, Barcelona : Serbal : INTA 358 pages.
 Esteban Terrades (1943) Lecciones sobre Física de materiales sólidos INTA.
 Eduardo L. Ortiz, Antoni Roca I Rosell, and Jose M. Sachez Ron (1989) "Ciencia y téchnica en Argentina y España (1941 – 1949) a través de la correspondencia de Julio Rey Pastor y Esteban Terradas", Llull: revista de la Sociedad Espanola de Historia de las Ciencias y de las Tecnicas 12(22): 33–150.
 This article draws on material in the corresponding article in the Catalan language Wikipedia. It may also draw on the following websites, none of which are in English.
 Esteban Terrades, A life given to science and technology
 Esteban Terrades science in the XX century Spain
 Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial Esteban Terradas
 Electricity in Catalonia, a history to be written
 Científicos y Técnicos

External links
 Esteban Terrades at the American Institute of Physics

Spanish physicists
19th-century Spanish mathematicians
20th-century Spanish mathematicians
Members of the Royal Spanish Academy
Scientists from Barcelona
Engineers from Catalonia
1852 births
1950 deaths
Spanish civil engineers
Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial

Esteban Terradas i Illa


Margarete Mitscherlich-Nielsen (née Nielsen; 17 July 1917 – 12 June 2012) or the "Grande Dame of German Psychoanalysis" as she was often referred to as, was a German psychoanalyst who focused mainly on the themes of feminism, female sexuality, and the national psychology of post-war Germany.

Life
Margarete Nielsen was born the youngest daughter to Doctor Nis Peter Nielsen and his school headmaster wife Margarete (Nee Leopold). Nielsen grew up in Denmark and Germany, where she studied literature and eventually received the highest possible certificate or "abitur" in 1937 from a private school located in Flensburg. After studying literature she decided to follow in her father's footsteps and study medicine at the universities of Munich and Heidelberg. She passed the first state exam in 1944 and received a doctorate from the University of Tübingen in 1950.

Her professional work with psychoanalysis began at an anthroposophical clinic in the Swiss canton of Ticino, where she met her future husband Alexander Mitscherlich. who introduced her to the works of Sigmund Freud. They married in 1955. In the 1950s, she completed her psychoanalytic training at the London institute led by Anna Freud, Melanie Klein and Michael Balint. Along with Alexander Mitscherlich, she returned to Germany, taking up work at a psychosomatic clinic her husband directed at Heidelberg, before moving to Frankfurt. In 1960, the couple became co-founders of the Sigmund-Freud-Institut dedicated to psychoanalytic research.

Contributions to Psychology
From the 1960s, alongside the protagonists of the Frankfurt School, the Mitscherlichs played an important part in post-war Germany's intellectual debates, employing psychoanalytic thought for explaining the causes behind Nazi Germany and its aftermath in German society to the present day. The first major book they wrote together was Die Unfähigkeit zu trauern. Grundlagen kollektiven Verhaltens (The Inability to Mourn: Principles of Collective Behaviour), first published in 1967, discussing why The Holocaust, the war crimes, and the sentiment of guilt on the offender's part were not dealt with adequately in post-war German society.

Subsequently, Margarete Mitscherlich's interest in feminist positions grew, as she became friends with German feminist journalist Alice Schwarzer, contributing to her magazine EMMA. In the first issue of the journal in November 1977, she confessed: "Ich bin Feministin" ("I am a feminist"). At the time, she also took an active part in legal actions against anti-women depictions in popular German media. Her book Die friedfertige Frau. Eine psychoanalytische Untersuchung zur Aggression der Geschlechter (The peaceable sex: On aggression in women and men), first published in 1987, is Mitscherlich's most successful book to date, dealing with the roles women play in politics. Specifically, she discussed specific psychological cases pertaining to the potential for human aggression, the socialization of women, narcissism, loneliness, parenthood, and anti-Semitism within her writing. In the follow-up Die Zukunft ist weiblich (The future is feminine, 1987) Mitscherlich pleaded for values to become more feminine, even men's values. She is notable for the highly politicized nature of her work when many of her peers considered neutrality an essential element of psychoanalysis.

Until well into her nineties, Mitscherlich worked as a psychoanalyst, advising younger colleagues and commenting political developments in the press. In her latest book, published in 2010, aged 93, Die Radikalität des Alters. Einsichten einer Psychoanalytikerin (The Radicality of Age. Insights of a Psychoanalyst) she reflects upon her own experience of aging. She famously claimed that Germans cannot mourn.

Mitscherlich was awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany in 2001. She received the Ehrenplakette der Stadt Frankfurt am Main in 1990 and the Tony-Sender-Preis der Stadt Frankfurt am Main in 2005.

Mitscherlich has a son who was born in 1949, a lawyer and executive manager. She lived in the Frankfurt Westend until her death.  She died, aged 94, in Frankfurt.

Writings
 With Alexander Mitscherlich: Die Unfähigkeit zu trauern. Grundlagen kollektiven Verhaltens. 1967
 With Alexander Mitscherlich: Die Idee des Friedens und die menschliche Aggressivität. 1969
 With Alexander Mitscherlich: Eine deutsche Art zu lieben. 1970
 Müssen wir hassen? 1972
 Das Ende der Vorbilder. 1978
 Die friedfertige Frau. 1985
 Die Zukunft ist weiblich. 1987
 Erinnerungsarbeit. 1987
 Über die Mühsal der Emanzipation. 1990
 With Brigitte Burmeister: Wir haben ein Berührungstabu. 1991. Hamburg. KleinVerlag.
 Erinnerungsarbeit – Zur Psychoanalyse der Unfähigkeit zu trauern. 1993
 Autobiografie und Lebenswerk einer Psychoanalytikerin. 2006
 Eine unbeugsame Frau. Im Gespräch mit Kathrin Tsainis und Monika Held. 2007
 Die Radikalität des Alters. Einsichten einer Psychoanalytikerin. 5th ed. 2010

Literature
 Karola Brede (ed.): Befreiung zum Widerstand. Margarete Mitscherlich zum 70. Geburtstag. In celebration of her 70th birthday. 1987
 Felizitas von Schönborn: Margarete Mitscherlich. Zwischen Psychoanalyse und Frauenbewegung. Ein Porträt. 1995
 Ilse Lenz: Die Neue Frauenbewegung in Deutschland. Abschied vom kleinen Unterschied. 2008

External links

References

1917 births
2012 deaths
German psychoanalysts
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Burials at Frankfurt Main Cemetery

Margarete Mitscherlich-Nielsen


Clifford Leonard Clark "Cliff" Hanley (28 October 1922 – 9 August 1999) was a journalist, novelist, playwright and broadcaster from Glasgow in Scotland.  Originally from Shettleston in the city's East End, he was educated at Eastbank Academy.

During the late 1930s, he was active in the Independent Labour Party.  During the Second World War he was a conscientious objector.

He also wrote a number of books, including Dancing in the Streets, an account of his early life in Glasgow (in its contemporaneous serialisation in The Evening Times, retitled My Gay Glasgow), The Taste of Too Much, a coming-of-age novel about a secondary schoolboy, and The Scots.

During the 1960s and 1970s, he published thrillers under the pen-name Henry Calvin. They were more successful in the US and Canada than in the UK. A collection of his humorous verse in Scots, using the pseudonym 'Ebenezer McIlwham', was published by Gordon Wright Publishing of Edinburgh. He also wrote the words of what some still feel is Scotland's unofficial national anthem, Scotland the Brave, and both wrote and recorded The Glasgow Underground Song - a humorous anecdote on the pre-modernisation era Glasgow Subway. A recording of this was made famous by Francie and Josie.

He wrote a number of film and TV scripts, including Between the Lines, an episode of which was described by Mary Whitehouse as the "filthiest programme" her family had seen on TV "for a very long time" at the first public meeting of the 'Clean-Up TV' campaign in May 1964. Hanley's other scripts include Seawards the Great Ships, The Bowler and the Bunnet, and The New Road. His son is artist Cliff Hanley (born 1948).

References

External links

1922 births
1999 deaths
Scottish conscientious objectors
Independent Labour Party politicians
Writers from Glasgow
Scottish journalists
Scottish novelists
20th-century Scottish novelists
Scottish male novelists
People educated at Eastbank Academy
20th-century British male writers
20th-century British writers
20th-century British journalists
People from Shettleston

Cliff Hanley


Marianne Louise Thieme (; born 6 March 1972) is a Dutch politician, author and animal rights activist. A jurist and theologian by education, she served as the Party for the Animals' political leader from 2002 to 2019 and a member of the House of Representatives from 2006 to 2019.

Life before politics
Thieme studied at Duno College in Doorwerth. After that she studied from 1991 to 1992 at the Sorbonne in Paris, France. From 1992 she studied law at Erasmus University Rotterdam with a specialization in administrative law. During this time she became a vegetarian. Her interest in animal rights motivated her to start studying law. Thieme graduated in 1997.

From 1998 to 2001 Thieme worked at research agency B&A Group in The Hague. Between 2001 and 2004 she was policy official at Bont voor Dieren (English: Fur for Animals), a Dutch anti-fur animal welfare foundation. Until November 2006 she was the general manager of Stichting Wakker Dier, a Dutch animal welfare foundation against industrial agriculture.

Political life
In October 2002 Thieme and other animal protectionists founded the Party for the Animals (Partij voor de Dieren, PvdD). During the general election of 2003 the party gained 47,754 votes (0.5%), but not a seat in the House of Representatives which is obtained by 0.67% of the vote.

In February 2004 she was nominated to become the party's lijsttrekker for the 2004 European Parliament election. This time the party gained 153,432 votes (3.2%), three times as much as in the 2003 Dutch general election, but the number of votes was not enough to obtain a seat in the European Parliament.

In May 2014 the party got 200,254 votes (4.21%) for the 2014 European Parliament election, enough to obtain a seat in the European Parliament. However, it was not with Marianne Thieme as lijsttrekker, but Anja Hazekamp. Marianne Thieme was already elected to the House of the Representatives.

During the general election of 2006 the Party for Animals gained 179,988 votes (1.8%), enough for two seats in the lower house of the States General of the Netherlands. The party became the world's first party to gain parliamentary seats with an agenda focused primarily on animal rights. Marianne Thieme became an MP alongside Esther Ouwehand. At the general election of 2010 the party received 122,317 votes (1.3%) and its two MPs were reelected; two years later, with 182,162 votes (1.9%), the PvdD won two seats again. The party ran at the general election of 2017 with Thieme as lijsttrekker for the fifth time. With 335,214 votes (3.2%), it gained five seats.

Thieme always concludes her speeches in Parliament with the phrase "Voorts zijn wij van mening dat er een einde moet komen aan de bio-industrie." ("Furthermore we are of the opinion that factory farming has to be ended."), referring to Cato the Elder's famous conclusion of his speeches with Carthago delenda est.

On 8 October 2019, Thieme resigned from Parliament and her leadership of the PvdD. Esther Ouwehand replaced Thieme as party leader in the House of Representatives and Eva van Esch took her former seat in Parliament.

Personal life
Thieme became a member of the Seventh-day Adventist Church in 2006 "because [it is] a church with compassion and care for our planet." It caused some controversy about its stance that "Adam and Eve were vegetarians"

She has a daughter (Annika, born 2002) and lives in Maarssen. On 6 November 2008, she married Jaap Korteweg, an organic farmer from Langeweg, with whom she had a second daughter (Amélie, born 2012). They divorced in 2017. In 2021 she married Ewald Engelen, with whom she has been in a relationship since 2018.

Bibliography
In May 2004, Thieme's book De eeuw van het dier (The Century of the Animal) was published. Animal rights are the centre point of the text, which draws a line from the end of slavery through women's liberation to animal rights.

See also

References
  Parlement.com biography

External links

 Biography
 Worldlog

 Meat the Truth ()

1972 births
Living people
21st-century Dutch politicians
21st-century Dutch women politicians
21st-century Dutch women writers
Chairmen of the Party for the Animals
Christian vegetarianism
Converts to Adventism
Dutch animal rights activists
Dutch bloggers
Dutch political party founders
Dutch Seventh-day Adventists
Dutch women activists
Dutch women jurists
Erasmus University Rotterdam alumni
Leaders of the Party for the Animals
Members of the House of Representatives (Netherlands)
Party for the Animals politicians
People from Ede, Netherlands
People from Maarssen
Dutch vegetarianism activists
Dutch women bloggers

Marianne Thieme


Windows 3.0 is the third major release of Microsoft Windows, and was released on May 20, 1990. It is a graphical environment (a program that runs on top of an operating system), instead of an operating system by itself. It became the first successful version of Windows in the market. Windows 3.0 was the first version to be widely seen as a rival to Apple's Macintosh and Commodore's Amiga on the graphical user interface (GUI) front. It was followed by Windows 3.1.

Windows 3.0 was created in 1989, when David Weise and Murray Sargent independently decided to develop a protected mode Windows as an experiment. They compiled a prototype and showed it to Microsoft executives, who approved it as an official project.

Updates

Windows 3.0a
On December 31, 1990, Microsoft released Windows 3.0a. This version contained an improved ability to move pieces of data greater than 64KB (the original release could only manipulate one segment of RAM at a time). It also improved stability by reducing Unrecoverable Application Errors (UAEs) associated with networking, printing, and low-memory conditions. This version appears as "Windows 3.00a" in Help/About Windows system dialogs.

Windows 3.0 with Multimedia Extensions
Based on Windows 3.0a, and originally called 3.0b, Windows 3.0 with Multimedia Extensions 1.0 was released in October 31, 1991 to support sound cards, as well as CD-ROM drives, which were then becoming more available. This edition was released to Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs), mainly CD-ROM drive and sound card manufacturers, and some PCs came preloaded with it. This edition added basic multimedia support for audio input and output, along with new applications: Media Player, CD audio player, more advanced Help format, screen savers, and a new clock. These new features were integrated into Windows 3.1x. Microsoft developed the Windows Sound System sound card specification to support these extensions. The new features were not accessible in Windows 3.0 Real Mode.

The MME API was the first universal and standardized Windows audio API. Wave sound events played in Windows (up to Windows XP) and MIDI I/O use MME. The devices listed in the Multimedia/Sounds and Audio control panel applet represent the MME API of the sound card driver.

MME does not have channel mixing, so only one audio stream can be rendered at a time. MME supports sharing the audio device for playback between multiple applications starting with Windows 2000, up to two channels of recording, 16-bit audio bit depth and sampling rates of up to 44.1 kHz with all the audio being mixed and sampled to 44.1 kHz.

References

Microsoft operating systems

Windows 3.0


Post offices and other mail service providers typically offer a mail forwarding service, commonly known as hybrid mail or virtual post office box services, to redirect mail addressed to one location to another address – usually for a given period. In the case of the United States Postal Service's First Class Mail, it is generally for a period of one year. British Royal Mail provides a service called Mail Redirection, enabling redirection for up to two years. Customers of such a service usually, but not exclusively, use mail forwarding when they change an address.

The mail forwarding service offered by postal authorities should be distinguished from private mail forwarding services. Private mail forwarding services tend to offer additional services that might not be provided by governmental services, such as mail scanning services, online mailbox management and various domestic and international delivery options.

Private mail forwarders were also used before the Universal Postal Union standardized the way international mail was delivered and paid for, for example to send mail via a third country.

Regulations

Malta
MaltaPost provides a redirection of mail service, ranging from a move of a few days to a permanent move, including overseas. Redirection is made for a period of up to one year for individuals, NGOs and non-profit organizations, or up to three years for businesses and other entities.

United Kingdom
Since 1 October 2007, borough councils in London are empowered to require local private mail forwarding services to register with them, under the London Local Authority Act 2007, section 75. Registered services must obtain evidence of identity from their customers and retain copies of those documents. They also have to keep records of the customer's name and address/registered office and addresses to which mail is sent. It is a criminal offence for a person to fail to comply with section 75, to provide false information when making an application, or to make false entries in records.

Companies operating in the UK outside London are required either to be licensed by HMRC or supervised by an authorised body, such as the Financial Conduct Authority. They also must keep records under the Anti-Money Laundering Regulations.

United States
United States Postal Service (USPS) is an independent federal agency that provides postal services, such as mail forwarding, to the public. When using a private forwarder to forward mail, USPS form 1583 is required.

Private mail forwarding services are also offered by private forwarding companies, who often offer features like the ability to see your mail online via a virtual mailbox. Virtual mailboxes usually have options to get your mail scanned, discard junk mail and forward mail to your current address. Private forwarding companies usually have a monthly service fee and shipping fees for shipping the mail. When new users apply for the service, the company will assign them an address where they can receive their US mail and packages. This type of service is mostly used by people moving outside the US, such as expatriates, long term travelers or retirees and international shoppers who wish to shop online for US products. Since many online retailers do not ship overseas, and border restrictions affect the delivery of their packages to their designated countries, people living outside the US need a US address to get products delivered to a local address, from which they can ship to themselves. Forwarding companies usually alert their customers when their ordered packages are available. The customer usually has the option to instruct the mail forwarding company how, when and where to ship their package and also to pick which shipper to use, e.g. FedEx, DHL, UPS or even USPS. Several companies e.g. MyUS, Forwardme.com, Splice Packages, Global Shopaholics, and Shipito, among others, allow customers to consolidate multiple packages into one.

See also
 Hybrid mail
 Commercial mail receiving agency
 Email forwarding
 Poste restante
 Drop shipping
 Package forwarding

References

External links

Postal systems

Mail forwarding


Andreas Wisniewski (born 3 July 1959) is a German actor and former dancer. He is best known for his portrayals of Necros in the 1987 Bond film The Living Daylights, Max's companion in the 1996 film Mission: Impossible, and as one of Hans Gruber's henchmen, Tony, in 1988's Die Hard.

Life and career
Wisniewski was born in West Berlin, West Germany, to a Polish father and a German mother, and spent the early part of his life dancing before turning to acting. Wisniewski made his big-screen debut in Gothic (1986), a film about Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, in which Wisniewski plays the role of Fletcher.

Probably his biggest film came the following year in 1987 Bond film The Living Daylights. The  Wisniewski portrays lethal hitman Necros, who over the course of the film impersonates a Cockney milkman, an American jogger, an Austrian balloon salesman, and a doctor in Morocco. His next mainstream role was as one of Hans Gruber's (Alan Rickman) henchmen, Tony, in the 1988 film Die Hard.

Wisniewski disappeared from the big screen only to reappear in the TV shows Superboy, Mann & Machine and Northern Exposure where he played Arthur, the bear. He reappeared on the big screen in the 1995 science fiction film Death Machine playing Weyland, and again in 1996 in a non-speaking role as Max's companion in another box office smash, Mission: Impossible.

Wisniewski soon starred in a string of German films, after which he reappeared to UK audiences in an episode of the TV series Lock, Stock...The Series based on the gangster film by Guy Ritchie, where he played mullet-wearing Heinrich who accidentally commits suicide by shooting himself in the head playing a film game. Two years later he was in an episode of the ITV hit series Ultimate Force alongside popular soap opera star Ross Kemp playing Serbian terrorist Savo Glasnovic. Wisniewski hit the screens (although his face is never seen) in the UK again in 2008 after a six-year break when he co-starred in Mark Tonderai's cat-and-mouse thriller Hush.

Wisniewski has also appeared in two music videos. He was in the video "Venus", sung by the girl group Bananarama, and also appeared as a soldier in the background of Elton John's video "Nikita", where can be seen as Elton John's Bentley Continental pulls up to the security gate.

In 2001 Wisniewski turned his hand to directing, making the short film Inspiration, starring English actors Danny Webb and Christine Adams. Another Andreas Wisniewski, credited in the bio-pic Surviving Picasso alongside Anthony Hopkins, is a different actor. Wisniewski has kept a low profile since this time to spend time with his family and children and to concentrate on Buddhism.

He made a rare British TV appearance in ITV's police drama The Bill. He appeared on 10 July 2008 in the episode Gun Runner: Pay and Spray, in which he played a short one-minute role as a Russian criminal 'Dimitri' purchasing guns and ammunition.

Fifteen years after his first appearance in a Mission: Impossible-film, he had another non-speaking part in 2011's Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol, playing the same character from the first film of the series- though working for a different employer, he and Ethan smile as they recognise each other, and he makes Ethan wear a near-identical mask as in the first movie.

Personal life
Wisniewski has three children and lives in Berlin. He is a practising Zen Buddhist.

Filmography

Gothic (1986) .... Fletcher
Aria (1987) .... (segment "Nessun dorma")
The Living Daylights (1987) .... Necros
Die Hard (1988) .... Tony
Superboy (1989, TV Series) .... Android
Northern Exposure (1992, TV Series) .... Arthur
Mann & Machine (1993, TV Series) .... John Stepka
The Hit List (1993) .... Lance
Death Machine (1995) .... Weyland
Mission: Impossible (1996) .... Max's Companion
Surviving Picasso (1996) .... German Soldier
Supply & Demand (1997, TV Movie) .... John Howard
Kidnapping Mom & Dad (1998, TV Movie) .... Holger
The Tribe (1998) .... Lieutenant
Urban Ghost Story (1998) .... Quinn
Heroes and Other Cowards (1998) .... Ernesto
The Waiting Time (1999, TV Movie)  .... Ernst Raub
Lock, Stock...The Series (2000, TV Series) .... Heinrich
Ultimate Force (2002, TV Series) .... Savo Glasnovic
Essential Music Videos: Classic '80s (2004) .... (Segment 'Venus')
Hush (2008) .... Tarman
The Bill (2008, TV Series) .... Dimitri
The Scorpion King 2: Rise of a Warrior (2008) .... Pollux
Centurion (2010) .... Commander Gratus
Urban Explorer (2011) .... Neo-Nazi
Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol (2011) .... The Fog's Contact
 (2013) .... Private Charles Nagy (voice)
Instrument of War (2017) .... Karl Herrmann

References

External links

1959 births
Living people
German actors
Polish male actors
German people of Polish descent
German Buddhists
Polish Buddhists
Converts to Buddhism
German Zen Buddhists
Polish Zen Buddhists
German expatriates in England

Andreas Wisniewski


In Greek mythology, Hermaphroditus was the two-sexed son of Hermes and Aphrodite. He was a minor god of androgeny, effeminacy and hermaphroditism. He also symbolized the unity of male and female. He was one of the members of the Erotes, a group of winged love gods. His name is the origin of the word hermaphrodite.

Mythology
According to a myth of Ovid, he was raised by nymphs in a cave on Mount Ida. At the age of fifteen, he traveled to the cities of Lydia and Caria in Asia Minor. It was there that he came upon a pool of fresh water. He undressed and bathed in the pool. Meanwhile, the nymph of the pool Salmacis, fell in love with him. She jumped into the pool and embraced him, not letting go, he struggled to get away from her. Salmacis prayed to the gods that they should never separate and the gods hearing her prayer, merged their bodies together, transforming Hermaphroditus into an androgynous being. Hermaphroditus, in anger of his transformation, cursed the pool so that anyone who bathed in it would suffer the same fate.

Cult
The worship of Hermaphroditus originated from Cyprus, under the name of Aphroditus. The cult was introduced into mainland Greece around the late 5th century BC. At rituals and sacrifices to the god, worshipers cross-dressed; men wearing women's clothing and women dressed in men's clothing. The god was also identified with the moon, because the moon was thought to be both male and female.

Art
Hermaphroditus was a popular subject in ancient Greek and Roman art. He is often shown alone and sometimes interacting with satyrs and cupids. There is a famous statue called "The Sleeping Hermaphroditus" at the Louvre Museum in Paris.

Greek gods and goddesses

Hermaphroditus


Rockville Air Station (ADC/NATO ID: H-1) is a closed United States Air Force General Surveillance Radar station. It is located  west-northwest of Naval Air Station Keflavik, Iceland. It was closed on 30 June 1992.

History
Rockville Air Station was established in early 1952, although its origins date to a temporary site at Keflavik Airport set up in 1951 to provide radar coverage over the airport. The permanent site was operated by the 932d Aircraft Control and Warning (later Air Defense, Later Air Control) Squadron, and was equipped with AN/TPS-1B; AN/FPS-3; AN/FPS-20 and two AN/FPS-6 height finder radars.

The Greenland, Iceland and United Kingdom air defense sector, better known as the GIUK gap, was routinely utilized by the Soviet Union's long-range heavy bombers and maritime reconnaissance platforms as a transit point towards the Atlantic Ocean. From bases located at Archangelsk and Murmansk, Soviet aircraft would stream down to the North Cape in Norway towards the Gap which was use as a doorway to the vast Atlantic. Most of the Soviet missions were destined to probe United States' air defense along the North Atlantic and after 1960 in the Caribbean where Cuba, the USSR's most important satellite state outside continental Europe, was located. Such was the perceived threat from the Soviet incursions that it became a priority for NATO to demonstrate to that the strategic GIUK passage would be monitored at all times.

The mission of the station was to intercept and shadow all Soviet aircraft in transit in and from the Gap which passed through the detection range of its radars and pass the information to interceptor aircraft deployed at Keflavik Airfield. Routine operations continued until 1997 until the site was closed, and a new facility was opened near NAS Keflavik.

After the site was closed, the facility was turned over to the Iceland government which used it for some years as the Byrgid drug rehabilitation facility. Today the site is closed, the radar towers are gone and all buildings have been removed.

See also
 List of USAF Aerospace Defense Command General Surveillance Radar Stations

References

 A Handbook of Aerospace Defense Organization 1946 - 1980, by Lloyd H. Cornett and Mildred W. Johnson, Office of History, Aerospace Defense Center, Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado
 Winkler, David F. (1997), Searching the skies: the legacy of the United States Cold War defense radar program. Prepared for United States Air Force Headquarters Air Combat Command.
 Information for Rockville AS, IS

External links

Radar stations of the United States Air Force in Iceland
Airports established in 1952

Rockville Air Station (Iceland)


Edwin Willits (also Willets) (April 24, 1830 – October 22, 1896) was a politician from the U.S. state of Michigan. Willits served as prosecuting attorney of Monroe County, Republican from Michigan's 2nd congressional district for the 45th, 46th, and 47th Congresses. Presidents of Michigan State Normal School (now Eastern Michigan University) and the State Agricultural College (now Michigan State University). The first Assistant U.S. Secretary of Agriculture under Jeremiah McLain Rusk for Benjamin Harrison's administration.

Early life
Willits was born in Otto, New York and moved to Michigan with his parents in September 1836. He graduated from the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor in June 1855.  The following April he settled in Monroe, Michigan where he was editor of the Monroe Commercial from 1856 to 1861.  He studied law and was admitted to the bar in December 1857 and commenced practice in Monroe.  He married Jane Ingersoll in 1856 and was a Presbyterian.

Career
Willits served as prosecuting attorney of Monroe County from 1860 to 1862 and was a member of the State board of education from 1860 to 1872.  He was appointed postmaster of Monroe on January 1, 1863, by President Abraham Lincoln, and removed by President Andrew Johnson on October 15, 1866.  He was a member of the commission to revise the Michigan Constitution in 1873.

In 1876, Willits was elected as a Republican from Michigan's 2nd congressional district to the 45th United States Congress and subsequently re-elected to the 46th, and 47th Congresses, serving from March 4, 1877 to March 3, 1883.  During the Forty-seventh Congress he was chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the Department of Justice.  He was not a candidate for renomination in 1882.

Willits was principal of the Michigan State Normal School at Ypsilanti from 1883 to 1885.  He served as president of the State Agricultural College from 1885 to 1889 where he inaugurated the school's mechanical engineering program and secured state funding for its initial building.  In Benjamin Harrison's administration, he served as the first Assistant U.S. Secretary of Agriculture under Jeremiah McLain Rusk from March 23, 1889 to December 31, 1893. In 1890 he established the policy that all research by the Department would be mission-oriented to a practical objective, and encouraged USDA employees to look beyond the seed and plant distribution program which had previously been the main activity of the Department. This reorientation led to the creation of additional divisions within the USDA during the 1890s.

Willits continued the practice of law in Washington, D.C., until his death there.  He was interred in Woodland Cemetery in Monroe, Michigan.

References

The Political Graveyard
Biographical Information Michigan State University Archives
Willets, E. 1890. Report of the Secretary of Agriculture, p. 59–73.
Griesbach, R.J. 2013. 150 Years of Research at the United States Department of Agriculture: Plant Introduction and Breeding. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Washington, DC.

External links

1830 births
1896 deaths
Burials at Woodland Cemetery (Monroe, Michigan)
University of Michigan alumni
Eastern Michigan University faculty
People from Monroe, Michigan
Presidents of Michigan State University
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Michigan
19th-century American politicians

Edwin Willits


The Prohibition Party (PRO) is a political party in the United States. The party is known for its historic opposition to the sale or consumption of alcoholic beverages.

It is the oldest existing third party in the United States. The party was an important part of the temperance movement. While never one of the leading parties in the United States, it was once an important force in the Third Party System during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This was also the case in mid century Europe. It declined dramatically after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933.

The party earned only 519 votes in the 2012 presidential election with Jack Fellure as the candidate. James Hedges was the candidate in the 2016 presidential election winning 5,617 votes.

Other websites
  (Party)
  (People)

Political parties in the United States

Prohibition Party


Pietro Gnocchi (27 February 1689 – 9 December 1775) was an Italian composer, choir director, historian, and geographer of the late Baroque era, active mainly in Brescia, where he was choir director of Brescia Cathedral. In addition to composing an abundance of eccentrically titled sacred music, all of which remains in manuscript, he wrote a 25-volume history of ancient Greek colonies.

Life
The principal source for information on Gnocchi's life is an unpublished manuscript written by his associate C. Cristoni, now in the Biblioteca Civica Queriniana in Brescia. Gnocchi was born in Alfianello, in the Province of Brescia, then under the control of the Republic of Venice.  The second of four sons of a middle-class family, he studied music and eventually became a priest. Following the death of his younger brother, he commenced a period of travel, initially studying music in Venice and later going to Hungary, Vienna, and Munich; after these travels he returned to Brescia where he spent most of the remainder of his long life, devoting it to scholarly and musical pursuits.

In 1723, he was appointed maestro di cappella at Brescia Cathedral; however, he was unsuccessful in his bid to become an organist there in 1733. He also worked at the Orfanelle della Pietà, an orphanage, where he may have served as a music instructor. In 1762 – when he was 73 years old – he reapplied for his old position as maestro di cappella at Brescia Cathedral, as well as the position as organist; he then held both posts until his death at the age of 86.

Music, writings, and influence
Gnocchi left an enormous amount of music, mostly sacred, but including some secular vocal music and some instrumental compositions. None was published, and the only thing to emerge from a printer was the title page and dedication for a 12-volume set of masses, the Salmi brevi. His compositions included 60 masses, many of which were Requiems, for four to eight voices, some with instruments; six Requiems, for two to four voices; six sets of Vespers for the entire church year, also for four to eight voices, with organ accompaniment; 12 settings of the Magnificat, for four voices; six settings of the Miserere, for four to eight voices; motets, hymns, and miscellaneous liturgical music. In addition to the sacred music, he wrote some canzonette and a body of instrumental music, including a concerto for seven strings and basso continuo and three trio sonatas for two violins and basso continuo. Stylistically, his music borrows some traits from the Venetians, unsurprisingly considering that he studied there. He uses double choirs in a homophonic texture, a style descended from the early Baroque Venetian School, rarely writing imitatively.

Gnocchi was greatly interested in history and geography. These interests show in the titles of his compositions, many of which are highly eccentric:  a Magnificat, Il capo di buona speranza (The Cape of Good Hope), and masses named "Europe", "America", "Africa", and "Asia" are characteristic.

Something of a polymath, he wrote on various topics in history, geography, and archaeology in addition to composing music and performing his duties as a priest. He produced a treatise on memorial tablets in the Brescia region and a 25-volume history of ancient Greek colonies; both of these Gnocchi were sold to Prince Faustino Lechi of Brescia, who was a student and later friend and patron of Gnocchi.

David Fallows, in his article on "spoof articles" in the 2001 New Grove, cites Gnocchi's unusual career, singularly titled and voluminous works, and "lugubrious" portrait (in Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart) as an example of why spoof articles do not need to exist in music encyclopedias: there are already musicians so strange that spoofs would be superfluous.

While none of Gnocchi's music has been published, one CD of some of his instrumental works is available: a 2005 recording of sonatas by Brixia Musicalis. In 2005, LIBER, a non-profit society in Alfianello, Gnocchi's birthplace, initiated the "Eventi nel segno di Pietro Gnocchi", a festival of sacred music. Some of his masses, as well as vocal and instrumental works, were played. The concerts take place on the third Sunday of October.

Most of Gnocchi's music output is stored in the archives of the Brescia Cathedral and Chiesa della Madonna delle Grazie in Brescia.

Selected discography

 Pietro Gnocchi: Six Concertos/Sonata a tre: Main-Barockorchester / Martin Jopp. Aeolus AE 10077. Released 2016

Notes

References

1689 births
1775 deaths
Musicians from the Province of Brescia
Italian Baroque composers
Italian male classical composers
18th-century Italian composers
18th-century Italian male musicians
Writers from the Province of Brescia

Pietro Gnocchi


Hélène Pelosse (born 5 March 1970) was the first elected Interim Director-General of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). She served in this position for 15 months, from 30 June 2009 until 19 October 2010.

Pelosse is a citizen of France and was born in Montreal, Canada. She graduated from the École nationale d'administration and the École supérieure des sciences économiques et commerciales. After graduation, she worked in the Inspectorate General of Finances in the Ministry of Finance of France.  In 1999–2000, Pelosse worked for Saint-Gobain. In this period, she was posted in Worcester, Massachusetts, as the Director of Strategy. From 2001 to 2005, Pelosse was the financial and later trade adviser in the French Prime Minister's Office. In 2007, during the German EU Presidency, she served as an adviser in Angela Merkel's private office.
After the German EU Presidency Hélène Pelosse worked as the Deputy Head of Staff in charge of international affairs in the Private Office of the French Minister of State in charge of Ecology, Energy, Sustainable Development, and Town and Country Planning, Jean-Louis Borloo (cabinet Fillon II).

On 30 June 2009, Pelousse was elected as the Interim Director-General of IRENA.  She resigned on 19 October 2010.  According to Pelosse, the United Arab Emirates, the host country of the IRENA, asked France to make her resign because she made a gender parity a priority of the IRENA. She also accused UAE authorities of intimidation by intruding into her home, bugging her phone and office, and searching her baggage. According to her, "if we had wanted a IRENA that works, it would not have taken the installation in Abu Dhabi", notwithstanding the fact that electing Abu Dhabi as a location of the headquarters was supported by France.  Her successor in the post, Adnan Amin, referred to management problems instead. Financial mismanagement and lack of good accounting standards were also cited, in addition to Pelosse's opposition to the carbon capture and nuclear energy.  After IRENA, Pelosse returned to the General Inspectorate for Finances of France.

Pelosse is married and has 3 children.

References

People associated with renewable energy
Living people
1970 births
French politicians
International Renewable Energy Agency people

Hélène Pelosse


Albrecht von Haller (also known as Albertus de Haller; 16 October 170812 December 1777) was a Swiss anatomist, physiologist, naturalist, encyclopedist, bibliographer and poet. A pupil of Herman Boerhaave, he is often referred to as "the father of modern physiology."

Early life
Haller was born into an old Swiss family at Bern. Prevented by long-continued ill-health from taking part in boyish sports, he had more opportunity for the development of his precocious mind. At the age of four, it is said, he used to read and expound the Bible to his father's servants; before he was ten he had sketched a Biblical Aramaic grammar, prepared a Greek and a Hebrew vocabulary, compiled a collection of two thousand biographies of famous men and women on the model of the great works of Bayle and Moréri, and written in Latin verse a satire on his tutor, who had warned him against a too great excursiveness. When still hardly fifteen he was already the author of numerous metrical translations from Ovid, Horace and Virgil, as well as of original lyrics, dramas, and an epic of four thousand lines on the origin of the Swiss confederations, writings which he is said on one occasion to have rescued from a fire at the risk of his life, only, however, to burn them a little later (1729) with his own hand.

Medicine

Haller's attention had been directed to the profession of medicine while he was residing in the house of a physician at Biel after his father's death in 1721. While still a sickly and excessively shy youth, he went in his sixteenth year to the University of Tübingen (December 1723), where he studied under Elias Rudolph Camerarius Jr. and Johann Duvernoy. Dissatisfied with his progress, he in 1725 exchanged Tübingen for Leiden, where Boerhaave was in the zenith of his fame, and where Albinus had already begun to lecture in anatomy. At that university he graduated in May 1727, undertaking successfully in his thesis to prove that the so-called salivary duct, claimed as a recent discovery by Georg Daniel Coschwitz (1679–1729), was nothing more than a blood-vessel.

"Sensibility" and "irritability"
In 1752, at the University of Göttingen, Haller published his thesis (De partibus corporis humani sensibilibus et irritabilibus) discussing the distinction between "sensibility" and "irritability" in organs, suggesting that nerves were "sensible" because of a person's ability to perceive contact while muscles were "irritable" because the fiber could measurably shorten on its own, regardless of a person's perception, when excited by a foreign body.

"Nerve impulses" vs. "muscular contractions"
Later in 1757, he conducted a famous series of experiments to distinguish between nerve impulses and muscular contractions.

Other disciplines

Haller then visited London, making the acquaintance of Sir Hans Sloane, William Cheselden, John Pringle, James Douglas and other scientific men; next, after a short stay in Oxford, he visited Paris, where he studied under Henri François Le Dran and Jacob Winslow; and in 1728 he proceeded to Basel, where he devoted himself to the study of higher mathematics under John Bernoulli. It was during his stay there also that his interest in botany was awakened; and, in the course of a tour (July/August, 1728), through Savoy, Baden and several of the cantons of Switzerland, he began a collection of plants which was afterwards the basis of his great work on the flora of Switzerland. From a literary point of view the main result of this, the first of his many journeys through the Alps, was his poem entitled Die Alpen, which was finished in March 1729, and appeared in the first edition (1732) of his Gedichte. This poem of 490 hexameters is historically important as one of the earliest signs of the awakening appreciation of the mountains, though it is chiefly designed to contrast the simple and idyllic life of the inhabitants of the Alps with the corrupt and decadent existence of the dwellers in the plains.

In 1729 he returned to Bern and began to practice as a physician; his best energies, however, were devoted to the botanical and anatomical researches which rapidly gave him a European reputation, and procured for him from George II in 1736 a call to the chair of medicine, anatomy, botany and surgery in the newly founded University of Göttingen. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1743, a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1747, and was ennobled in 1749.

The quantity of work achieved by Haller in the seventeen years during which he occupied his Göttingen professorship was immense. Apart from the ordinary work of his classes, which entailed the task of newly organizing a botanical garden (now the Old Botanical Garden of Göttingen University), an anatomical theatre and museum, an obstetrical school, and similar institutions, he carried on without interruption original investigations in botany and physiology, the results of which are preserved in the numerous works associated with his name. He also continued to persevere in his youthful habit of poetical composition, while at the same time he conducted a monthly journal (the Göttingische gelehrte Anzeigen), to which he is said to have contributed twelve thousand articles relating to almost every branch of human knowledge. He also warmly interested himself in most of the religious questions, both ephemeral and permanent, of his day; and the erection of the Reformed church in Göttingen was mainly due to his unwearied energy. Like his mentor Boerhaave, Haller was a Christian and a collection of his religious thoughts can be read in a compilation of letters to his daughter.

Notwithstanding all this variety of absorbing interests, Haller never felt at home in Göttingen; his untravelled heart kept on turning towards his native Bern, where he had been elected a member of the great council in 1745, and in 1753 he resolved to resign his chair and return to Switzerland.

Botany
Haller made important contributions to botanical taxonomy that are less visible today because he resisted binomial nomenclature, Carl Linnaeus's innovative shorthand for species names that was introduced in 1753 and marks the starting point for botanical nomenclature as accepted today.
Haller was among the first botanists to realize the importance of herbaria to study variation in plants, and he therefore purposely included material from different localities, habitats and developmental phases. Haller also grew many plants from the Alps himself.

The plant genus Halleria, an attractive shrub from Southern Africa, was named in his honour by Carl Linnaeus.

Later life
The twenty-one years of his life which followed were largely occupied in the discharge of his duties in the minor political post of a Rathausmann which he had obtained by lot, and in the preparation of his Bibliotheca medica, the botanical, surgical and anatomical parts of which he lived to complete; but he also found time to write the three philosophical romances Usong (1771), Alfred (1773) and Fabius and Cato (1774), in which his views as to the respective merits of despotism, of limited monarchy and of aristocratic republican government are fully set forth.

In about 1773, his poor health forced him to withdraw from public business. He supported his failing strength by means of opium, on the use of which he communicated a paper to the Proceedings of the Göttingen Royal Society in 1776; the excessive use of the drug is believed, however, to have hastened his death.

Haller, who had been three times married, left eight children. The eldest, Gottlieb Emanuel, attained to some distinction as a botanist and as a writer on Swiss historical bibliography (1785–1788, 7 vols). Another son, Albrecht was also a botanist.

See also:
 History of anatomy in the 17th and 18th centuries

Importance for homoeopathy
 Albrecht von Haller is quoted in the footnote to paragraph 108 in the Organon of Medicine, the principal work by the founder of homoeopathy, Samuel Hahnemann. In this paragraph, Hahnemann describes how the curative powers of individual medicines can only be ascertained through accurate observation of their specific effects on healthy persons:

"Not one single physician, as far as I know, during the previous two thousand five hundred years, thought of this so natural, so absolutely necessary and only genuine mode of testing medicines for their pure and peculiar effects in deranging the health of man, in order to learn what morbid state each medicine is capable of curing, except the great and immortal Albrecht von Haller. He alone, besides myself, saw the necessity of this (vide the Preface to the Pharmacopoeia Helvet., Basil, 1771, fol., p. 12); Nempe primum in corpore sano medela tentanda est, sine peregrina ulla miscela; odoreque et sapore ejus exploratis, exigua illiu dosis ingerenda et ad ommes, quae inde contingunt, affectiones, quis pulsus, qui calor, quae respiratia, quaenam excretiones, attendum. Inde ad ductum phaenomenorum, in sano obviorum, transeas ad experimenta in corpore aegroro," etc. But no one, not a single physician, attended to or followed up this invaluable hint."

The quotation from Haller's Preface may be translated from the Latin as follows: "Of course, firstly the remedy must be proved on a healthy body, without being mixed with anything foreign; and when its odour and flavour have been ascertained, a tiny dose of it should be given and attention paid to all the changes of state that take place, what the pulse is, what heat there is, what sort of breathing and what exertions there  are. Then in relation to the form of the phenomena in a healthy person from those exposed to it, you should move on to trials on a sick body..."

Reception
In his Science of Logic, Hegel mentions Haller's description of eternity, called by Kant "terrifying" in the Critique of Pure Reason (A613/B641). According to Hegel, Haller realizes that a conception of eternity as infinite progress is "futile and empty". In a way, Hegel uses Haller's description of eternity as a foreshadowing of his own conception of the true infinite. Hegel claims that Haller is aware that: "only by giving up this empty, infinite progression can the genuine infinite itself become present to him."

Works

 Onomatologia medica completa. Gaum, Ulm 1755 Digital edition of the University and State Library Düsseldorf

 Deux Memoires sur le mouvement du sang et sur les effets de la saignée: fondés sur des experiences faites sur des animaux 1756

 Historia stirpium indigenarum Helvetiae inchoata. Bernae, 1768. Vol. 1&2 Digital edition of the University and State Library Düsseldorf.

 Ode sur les Alpes, 1773
 Materia medica oder Geschichte der Arzneyen des Pflanzenreichs. Vol. 1&2. Leipzig: Haug, 1782. Digital edition of the University and State Library Düsseldorf.
 Histoire des Plantes suisses ou Matiere médicale et de l'Usage économique des Plantes par M. Alb. de Haller ... Traduit du Latin. Vol. 1&2. Berne 1791 Digital edition of the University and State Library Düsseldorf.

See also
Hallerian physiology, the theory named after Albrecht von Haller, as an alternative explanation to Galvanism
Karl Ludwig von Haller, Haller's grandson

Notes

References

Sources

External links

18th-century Swiss scientists
1708 births
1777 deaths
Fellows of the Royal Society
German entomologists
Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Scientists from Bern
Swiss Christians
Swiss expatriates in the Dutch Republic
Academic staff of the University of Göttingen
Members of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala

Albrecht von Haller


Hamiet Bluiett (; September 16, 1940 – October 4, 2018) was an American jazz saxophonist, clarinetist, and composer. His primary instrument was the baritone saxophone, and he was considered one of the finest players of this instrument. A member of the World Saxophone Quartet, he also played (and recorded with) the bass saxophone, E-flat alto clarinet, E-flat contra-alto clarinet, and wooden flute.

Biography
Bluiett was born just north of East St. Louis in Brooklyn, Illinois (also known as Lovejoy), a predominantly African-American village that had been founded as a free black refuge community in the 1830s, and which later became America's first majority-black town. As a child, he studied piano, trumpet, and clarinet, but was attracted most strongly to the baritone saxophone from the age of ten. He began his musical career by playing the clarinet for barrelhouse dances in Brooklyn, Illinois, before joining the Navy band in 1961. He attended Southern Illinois University Carbondale.

In his mid-twenties, Bluiett heard Harry Carney (the baritone player in the Duke Ellington band) play in a live concert in Boston, which also made a strong impression on the young Bluiett, providing an example of a baritone saxophonist who played as soloist rather than accompanist.

Following his time in the Navy, he returned to the St. Louis area in the mid-1960s. In the late 1960s Bluiett co-founded the Black Artists' Group (BAG) of St. Louis, Missouri, a collective dedicated to fostering creative work in theater, visual arts, dance, poetry, film, and music.  He led the BAG big band during 1968 and 1969.

In late 1969, Bluiett moved to New York City, where he joined the Charles Mingus Quintet and the Sam Rivers large ensemble.  In late 1972, Bluiett joined Charles Mingus and toured Europe with him. In January 1974, Bluiett returned to Mingus and played in a quintet alongside George Adams, appearing on Mingus at Carnegie Hall. He continued to play with Mingus until Autumn 1974, when he left to make his own recordings as a leader.

In 1976 he co-founded the World Saxophone Quartet, along with two other Black Artists' Group members, Julius Hemphill and Oliver Lake, as well as multi-reedist David Murray.

He has remained a champion of the somewhat unwieldy baritone saxophone, organizing large groups of baritone saxophones.  In the 1980s, he also founded the Clarinet Family, a group of eight clarinetists playing clarinets of various sizes ranging from E-flat soprano to contrabass.  Since the 1990s Bluiett led a quartet, the Bluiett Baritone Nation, made up entirely of baritone saxophones, with drum set accompaniment.

Bluiett also worked with Babatunde Olatunji, Abdullah Ibrahim, Stevie Wonder, and Marvin Gaye.

He returned to his hometown of Brooklyn, Illinois, in 2002 but moved back to New York City in 2012. In his final years, he performed at gigs, including the New Haven Jazz Festival on August 22, 2009. He performed with students from Neighborhood Music School in New Haven, Connecticut. The group were known as Hamiet Bluiett and the Improvisational Youth Orchestra. He died in St. Louis, Missouri on October 4, 2018, after a period of declining health.

Discography

As leader
1976: Endangered Species (India Navigation)
1977: Bars (Musica)
1977: Resolution (Black Saint)
1978: Birthright (India Navigation)
1979: Im/Possible to Keep (India Navigation)
1981: Dangerously Suite (Soul Note)
1984: Ebu (Soul Note)
1987: The Clarinet Family (Black Saint)
1991: If You Have To Ask You Don't Need To Know (Tutu)
1993: Nali Kola (Soul Note)
1993: Sankofa / Rear Garde (Soul Note)
1994: Bearer of the Holy Flame (Black Fire)
1995: Young Warrior, Old Warrior (Mapleshade)
1996: Bluiett's Barbecue Band (Mapleshade)
1997: Live at the Village Vanguard - Ballads & Blues (Soul Note)
1997: Makin' Whoopee: Tribute to the King Cole Trio (Mapleshade)
1997: Hamiet Bluiett & Concept: Live at Carlos 1 (Justin Time, 1997)
1997: Hamiet Bluiett & Concept: Live at Carlos 1: Another Night (Justin Time, 1997)
1998: Hamiet Bluiett & Concept: Live at Carlos 1: Last Night (Justin Time, 1998)
1998: Bluiett Baritone Saxophone Group Live at the Knitting Factory (Knitting Factory)
1998: Bluiett Baritone Nation: Libation for the Baritone Saxophone Nation (Justin Time)
1999: Join Us (Justin Time) (with D. D. Jackson and Mor Thiam)
2000: With Eyes Wide Open (Justin Time)
2001: The Calling with D. D. Jackson and Kahil El'Zabar
2002: Blueblack

With the World Saxophone Quartet

As sideman
With The 360 Degree Music Experience
In: Sanity (Black Saint, 1976)
With Lester Bowie
The Great Pretender (ECM, 1981)
With Anthony Braxton
New York, Fall 1974 (Arista, 1974)
With James Carter
Conversin' with the Elders (Atlantic, 1996)
Out of Nowhere (Half Note, 2005)
With Andrew Cyrille
Route de Frères (Tum, 2011)
With Gil Evans
Live at the Public Theater (New York 1980) (Trio, 1981)
Bud and Bird (Electric Bird/King, 1986 [1987])
Farewell (Evidence, 1986 [1992])
With Craig Harris
F-Stops (Soul Note, 1993)
With Abdullah Ibrahim
The Journey (Chiaroscuro, 1977)
With Charles Mingus
Mingus at Carnegie Hall (Atlantic, 1974)
With the Music Revelation Ensemble
In the Name of... (DIW, 1994)
Knights of Power (DIW, 1996)
With David Murray
Now Is Another Time (Justin Time, 2003)
With Sam Rivers' Rivbea All-star Orchestra
Inspiration (BMG France, 1999)
Culmination (BMG France, 1999)
With Malachi Thompson
Talking Horns (Delmark, 2001) with Oliver Lake

References

External links
"A Fireside Chat With Hamiet Bluiett" by Fred Jung, from Jazz Weekly site
Audio Recordings of WCUW Jazz Festivals - Jazz History Database

1940 births
2018 deaths
Avant-garde jazz musicians
Jazz baritone saxophonists
Musicians from St. Louis
People from Brooklyn, Illinois
India Navigation artists
World Saxophone Quartet members
Deaths from cerebrovascular disease
The 360 Degree Music Experience members
Human Arts Ensemble members
Justin Time Records artists
Mapleshade Records artists
20th-century American saxophonists

Hamiet Bluiett


Jerome Kitzke (born 1955) is a composer who grew up along the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan in South Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

History
He received his B.F.A. from the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, and moved to New York City in 1984. In 1992 Kitzke formed his performing group Mad Coyote. His music has also been performed by the Milwaukee Symphony, the New Juilliard Ensemble, Essential Music, Present Music, Earplay, Zeitgeist, Guy Klucevsek, Margaret Leng Tan, ETHEL and Kathleen Supové. Kitzke has received grants from the National Endowment for the Arts, American Music Center, Meet the Composer, ASCAP, and BMI. In 2004 and 2006 he visited the Randolph School in Wappingers Falls, New York to compose music for their shows. He even put music to Allen Ginsberg's poem Green Automobile, which was included on his most recent album The Paha Sapa Give-Back (Innova Recordings, 2014). He is a quarter Persian.

Music

Chamber works
A Keening Wish, narrator and ensemble
Alone On A Hill in Grandfather Night, mixed trio
Breath and Bone, accordion solo
Haunted America, mixed quartet
In Bone Colored Light, mixed sextet
Mad Coyote Madly Sings, large mixed ensemble
Present Music, large mixed ensemble
Regina Takes the Holy Road, 3 December 1994, mixed quintet
She Left in the Crow Black Night, clarinet, unac
Teeth of Heaven, mixed sextet
The Big Gesture, mixed trio
The Character of American Sunlight, percussion ensemble, mixed quintet
The Earth Only Endures, percussion solo
The Paha Sapa Give-Back, piano and ensemble, percussion ensemble
The Redness of Blood, mixed quartet
We Need to Dream All This Again, mixed quintet
Winter Count, narrator and ensemble

Vocal works
171st Chorus, medium voice
Box Death Hollow, vocal soloists and ensemble, men's chorus and ensemble

Solo Piano
Sunflower Sutra
The Animist Child

Musical Theatre
The Paha Sapa Give-Back
Woope

References

External links
Peermusic Classical: Jerome Kitzke Composer's Publisher and Bio
Breath and Bone recording
Alive and Composing: Interview with Jerome Kitzke

Musicians from Milwaukee
American male classical composers
American classical composers
20th-century classical composers
University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee alumni
Living people
1955 births
20th-century American composers
People from South Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Classical musicians from Wisconsin
20th-century American male musicians

Jerome Kitzke


A royal forest is an area of land with various meanings, but basically it is woodland once owned by monarchs.

In Anglo-Saxon England, the kings were great huntsmen but they never set aside areas forbidden to other users.  Historians find no evidence of the Anglo-Saxon monarchs (c.500 to 1066) creating forests.

However, under the Norman kings (after 1066), no hunting was allowed on Royal lands except by authority of the King. The law was designed to protect the venison and the vert, the "noble" animals of the chase – notably red and fallow deer, the roe, and the wild boar – and the greenery which sustained them.

Royal forests were designed as hunting areas reserved for the monarch or (by invitation) the aristocracy. The concept was introduced by the Normans to England in the 11th century, and in the late 12th and early 13th centuries, one-third of the land area of southern England was designated as royal forest. At one stage in the 12th century, all of Essex was afforested, and on his accession Henry II declared all of Huntingdonshire to be royal forest.

Afforestation, in particular the creation of the New Forest, figured large in the folk history of the "Norman Yoke":
"the picture of prosperous settlements disrupted, houses burned, peasants evicted, all to serve the pleasure of the foreign tyrant, is a familiar element in the English national story .... The extent and intensity of hardship and of depopulation have been exaggerated".

Forest law prescribed harsh punishment for anyone who committed any offence within the forests. Killing game was a capital offence. By the mid-17th century, enforcement of this law died out, but many English woodlands still bear the title Royal Forest. The practice of reserving areas of land for the sole use of the aristocracy was common throughout Europe during the mediaeval period.

Royal forests usually included large areas of heath, grassland and wetland – anywhere that supported deer and other game. In addition, when an area was designated forest, any villages, towns and fields that lay within it were also subject to forest law. Local inhabitants were restricted in the use of land they had previously relied on for their livelihood. However, common rights were not extinguished, but merely restricted.

References

Forests of Europe
History of Europe

Royal forest