The Cooler is an American 2003 romantic-drama movie. Its director is Wayne Kramer. In old-school gambling, a "cooler" is an unlucky individual, usually a casino employee.

Plot
Unlucky Bernie Lootz doesn't have much good going for him. He lives in a dreary place: a studio apartment in a run-down motel next to the Las Vegas Strip. He cannot recall the last time he had physical contact with a woman. He's in debt to Shangri-La casino boss Shelly Kaplow. Kaplow cured Lootz' habit by breaking his kneecap. Kaplow had also paid Lootz' casino debts. Lootz' debt is nearly paid off.

Lootz is not satisfied with the casino business. He tells Kaplow he is leaving Las Vegas soon. But his future success as a luck "cooler" is changed when he meets cocktail waitress Natalie Belisario. She becomes interested in him. Lootz' luck. His luck, and the luck of those around him, take turns for the better.

What Lootz doesn't know yet is that Shelly may have paid Natalie to seduce him into staying and working for Shangri-La. What Shelly doesn't know is Natalie has fallen in love with Lootz, and vice versa.

Other complications hit when Shelly, a relative old-timer, resists efforts from new Shangri-La owner advisers who want to update the casino hotel property and bring the hotel into the 21st century.

Cast
 William H. Macy as Bernard "Bernie" Lootz
 Alec Baldwin as Sheldon "Shelly" Kaplow
 Maria Bello as Natalie Belisario
 Shawn Hatosy as Michael "Mikey" Lootz
 Ron Livingston as Larry Sokolov
 Paul Sorvino as Buddy Stafford
 Estella Warren as Charlotte
 Arthur J. Nascarella as Nicky "Fingers" Bonnatto
 Joey Fatone as Johnny Cappella
 Ellen Greene as Doris
 MC Gainey as Highway Patrol Officer
 Michelle Lopez as the Red Headed Craps Player "cooled" by Bernie
 Timothy Landfield as The Player

Production
The movie was first shown at Sundance Film Festival. The Cooler was also shown at the Cannes Film Festival, Karlovy Vary International Film Festival, Toronto International Film Festival and the Deauville Film Festival. It later went into limited release in the United States. During the limited release, it was shown mainly in Reno, Nevada.

Reception
The Cooler got generally positive reviews from movie critics. The movie review website Rotten Tomatoes gave the movie a %77 "Certified Fresh" rating based on 171 reviews. On the Metacritic, the movie is rated 69/100 based on 36 reviews, meaning "generally positive reviews."

Roger Ebert gave The Cooler a positive review. Ebert and movie critic Richard Roeper gave the movie two thumbs up.

Movie critic Peter Travers gave The Cooler three-and-a-half stars.

Rating
Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) gave the movie an NC-17 rating for a scene in which the pubic hair of Maria Bello was shown during a sex scene. An edited R-rated version was shown in theaters. A director's cut was broadcast by Cinemax and Independent Film Channel.

Awards and nominations
Wins
 National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actor (Alec Baldwin, winner)
 Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture (Maria Bello, winner)
 Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor (Baldwin, winner)
 Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor (Baldwin, winner)

Nominations
 Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture (Baldwin, nominee)
 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor (Baldwin, nominee)
 Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture (Bello, nominee)
 Satellite Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama (William H. Macy, nominee)
 Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture (Baldwin, nominee)
 Satellite Award for Best Original Screenplay (Frank Hannah and Wayne Kramer, nominees)
 Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role - Motion Picture (Baldwin, nominee)
 Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role - Motion Picture (Bello, nominee)

References

2003 romantic drama movies
American romantic drama movies
American independent movies
Lionsgate movies

The Cooler


Crystal Renn (born June 18, 1986, in Miami, Florida) is an American model and author.

Personal life
Renn started her modeling career in high fashion at the age of 14 after being spotted by a professional scout in her hometown in Clinton, Mississippi. Renn was told she would need to lose almost a third of her total body weight if she wanted to become a model. Later, after years of anorexia nervosa, Renn reassessed her diet and exercise habits. After gaining 70 pounds (32 kg) and re-emerging as a U.S. size 12, she was re-marketed by her agents as a plus-size model. Renn has authored a book, Hungry: A Young Model's Story of Appetite, Ambition and the Ultimate Embrace of Curves, about her experiences in the fashion industry in relation to her several body type transformations.

On June 30, 2007, Renn married her longtime boyfriend Gregory Vrecenak at the Church of St. Ignatius Loyola in Manhattan, New York. Fashion portraits of her wedding were taken by photographer Brian Boulos. In mid-2009 the couple ended their marriage. Renn currently resides in Brooklyn, New York.

In November 2010, Renn said she had lost weight through hiking and yoga, and that her dress size dropped to a US 8.

Career
Renn has worked repeatedly with notable fashion photographers Ruven Afanador and Steven Meisel. Crystal has enjoyed lucrative contracts with many high-profile plus-size clothing manufacturers such as Lane Bryant, Evans and Torrid.

She has appeared in editorials for American, Australian, Italian, French, German, Spanish, Japanese, Latin American, and Teen Vogue, Italian Elle, Russian, Australian and American Harper's Bazaar, Glamour, V, i-D and Vanity Fair. Renn also appeared in the 2012 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue.

She has walked the runways for Shiatzy Chen, Chanel, Zac Posen, Vena Cava, Heatherette, Elena Miro, and Jean Paul Gaultier.

Renan has appeared in campaigns for Philipp Plein, Chanel, Dolce & Gabbana, Jean Paul Gaultier, Jimmy Choo, DSquared², Zac Posen, Mango, Liz Claiborne, Barneys New York, Saks Fifth Avenue, Lord & Taylor, Nordstrom, and H&M.

Renn is also notable for appearing in back-to-back campaigns in 2007 wearing big crayons and regular-sized (not specifically plus-size) clothing for Spanish retailer Mango; her photos appearing amid those of smaller models and without notation regarding her larger size, a rare occurrence in conventional apparel advertising.

In 2011, Renn became the face of the spring/summer campaign for Jimmy Choo and the spring/summer MR Denim Collection by Marina Rinaldi, a plus-size jeans collection.

Renn's first book, Hungry, was co-authored by Marjorie Ingall and released on September 8, 2009. Renn reported for Glamour at New York Fashion Week 2010 on the fall collections. As of 2012, Renn's yearly income was in the high six figures.

References and sources

References

External links

 Australia photo shoot, May 2009 at Harper's BAZAAR
 Interview with Models
 Interview 2009 with The Guardian
 Articles by Crystal Renn at Glamour

1986 births
American female models
Living people
Plus-size models
Writers from Miami
People from Clinton, Mississippi
Elite Model Management models
21st-century American women

Crystal Renn


CY GIRLS (also known as CY Girls or Cy Girls, and as COOL GIRL in Japan) is an action figure series by Takara Tomy and Blue Box Toys under the brand bbi collectible (an official bootleg), featuring an elite unit of female crimefighters, combining the elements of both a doll and an action figure. A Cy Girls video game adaptation (known as Cool Girl in Japan) was developed and published by Konami for the PlayStation 2 in 2004.

Action figures
The original variation of these action figures (ver. 1.5) features 16 points of articulation (joints) that allows the arms and legs to move out to the sides into a spread position, with movable shoulders, elbows, thighs, knees, ankles, wrists and a neck, featuring interchangeable hands, a detailed nude torso, and pivoting ankles. These figures are featured in Action Girls: 12" Female Action Figure Guide Book .

In Cy Girls' fictional futuristic universe, the Cardinal-Garrison paramilitary group is an elite all-woman team comprises experts in various fields chosen from around the world. It is a secret global fighting organization established to combat criminal conspiracy and activity, rumoured to have come into existence during World War II. Their vehicles and other equipment witnessed at the scene of the incidents in which they went into action bore the Cardinal-Garrison 'CG' logo, and since the existence of Cardinal-Garrison was unknown, the group became known as the "Cy Girls".

The CG characters series includes the following characters:
CG-01 Sky a.k.a. Ice (also in the versions CG-EX1 Special Branch a.k.a. Ice Black Unit, CG-1 PS2 Ice, PS2 SE Box Ice and Cardinal Garrison Ver.)
CG-02 Jet a.k.a. Raven (also in the version CG-EX2 Law Enforcement (a.k.a. Raven Police coat))
CG-03 Kat a.k.a. Ash (also in the versions CG-EX3 Martial Arts (a.k.a. Ash Wild Wamp) and Alternative Ash)
CG-04 Blaze a.k.a. Flame
CG-05 A.J.McLeod a.k.a. Lightning
CG-06 Shadow a.k.a. Aska (sometimes referred to as "Asuka") (also in the versions CG-06 PS2 Aska and Aska Non Adopted Design Ver.)
CG-07 Nikki a.k.a. Harley  (also in the version Alternative Harley)
CG-08 Ebony a.k.a. Coffy
CG-09 Aurora  a.k.a. Artemis
CG-10 Destiny a.k.a. P.A.S.
CG-11 Revenger a.k.a. Ray
CG-12 Electra a.k.a. Ruby (also in the version Alternative Ruby)
CG-0 Silver
X-Borg X01 Colossus
X-Borg X02 Spectre
X-Borg X03 Fireblade
XX-01 Bloody Rose a.k.a. Xixox (also in the version ComicCon Xixox)

In addition to the Cool/Cy Girls line, Takara and BBI released figures available under the Cool Girl brand name with the same trademark logo. This line includes the following licensed ("tribute") characters:

Akiko Fuji and Annu Yuri from Ultraman
Anna Ishikawa from SHI
Asuka Langley, Misato Katsuragi and Ritsuko Akagi from Neon Genesis Evangelion
Batman and Catwoman (also Comic Ver.) from Batman Returns / DC Comics
Beka Valentine from Andromeda
Casshern, Casshern Sin Project and Kamiko Aso "Luna" from C A S S H E R N
Deunan Knute from Appleseed
Doronjo from Yatterman
Honey Kisaragi (CG-SP1 Cutei Honey, Ex and Alternative versions) from Cutie Honey
Joanna Dark (Black Suit and Armor Suit versions) from Perfect Dark
Jun (CG-SP2 G3 Jun Gatchaman Princess, Jun G3 Alternative and Dark Jun G3 versions) from Science Ninja Team Gatchaman
Kai Tetsuro, Kouchi Todome, Midori Washio and Souchiro Toribe from Kerberos Panzer Cop
Mai Shiranui from The King of Fighters
Motoko Kusanagi (Ninja Suit Ver. and Op.ver.) from Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex

The second type of Cy Girls figures is known as the Perfect Body Female. These dolls molds were not based on the ones produced by Takara Tomy and instead they were manufactured and produced independently by Blue Box Toys, featuring 26 points of articulation based on the basic design of the Ultimate Soldier. This double-jointed feature on the knees and elbows enables them to be posed in the lotus position and any other conceivable position the human body is capable of. There are two interchangeable busts of medium and large sizes with nipples molded on them (the large bust was discontinued and replaced with a much smaller one that was almost flat chested), pivoting ankles and interchangeable hands, designed to hold any weapons or accessory. The products are packaged in a transparent box with a silver painted plastic strip covering the extra bust and the doll is dressed in a grey work-out sports bra with matching shorts.

Video game

Plot
CY Girls the game tells a spy-fi story of CG-1 Ice (voiced by Michelle Ruff), the genius hacker and firearms expert on the mission to destroy an information file in the highly secure corporate building in Buenos Aires (where she is navigated by her partner Sancho), and CG-6 Aska (voiced by Mari Iijima), a master female ninja with astonishing athletic ability attempting to avenge the death of her father in a secret village in Japan (where she is navigated by her brother Kogetsu).

While only Ice and Aska are made available as player characters, other CG members also appear in the game. Aska is also a hidden character in the 2003 video game DreamMix TV World Fighters for PlayStation 2 and GameCube.

Gameplay

Gameplay for CY Girls combines puzzle-solving with two distinctly different combat styles: ninja-oriented melee combat and stealth for Aska, and firearms combat for Ice. Essentially, the game was two different games depending on the character choice, as the game was released as a 2-disc package, containing Aska's data on one disc and Ice's data on the other. After completing the main story on a disc, additional characters from the story were unlocked, as well as an 'Extra Mode', where players could choose any combination of weapons, any unlocked character, or any outfit.

In addition, all unlocked characters had the ability to 'dive' into the world of cyberspace (referred to in game as Cyber Dimension, or Cy-D). Within Cy-D, standard moves were disabled, forcing all characters to resort to using punches and kicks to defeat enemies within the domain. In addition, players would have a maximum of 10 minutes within Cy-D before reaching game over (explained in-game as being the amount of time the character could remain within Cy-D without suffering a complete mental breakdown.)

Development
The game is made up of two discs. Disc 1 is for Ice's scenario while Disc 2 is for Aska's scenario.

Reception

The game received "mixed" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of 26 out of 40.

Ice and Aska were featured in Plays girls of gaming special in 2003. In 2009, GamesRadar+ counted Cy Girls among the games "with untapped franchise potential," commenting that the game "failed in many ways, with half-formed ideas and shoddy level design that had the player incessantly backtracking through levels." It also included the game on its list of the top shower scenes in games in 2012.

See also
ZC Girls

References

External links
 CY Girls product line on the bbi collective website
  Official CG website by Takara
 The Cy Girl/Cool Girl Collector's Guide to Ebay

Video game

 Cy Girls at Giant Bomb

2004 video games
Action figures
Action-adventure games
Fictional law enforcement agencies
Konami games
Video games about ninja
Playscale figures
PlayStation 2-only games
Stealth video games
Science fiction games
Third-person shooters
Takara Tomy
Takara Tomy franchises
Video games based on Takara Tomy toys
Video games featuring female protagonists
Cyberpunk video games
PlayStation 2 games
Video games developed in Japan

Cy Girls


The Teller of the Receipt of the Exchequer was an office in the English Exchequer.

The Tellers of the Exchequer received any money to be paid into the Exchequer, noted the amount in a book, and sent a copy of the entry, called a Teller's Bill, to the Tally Court so that a tally could be made of it. At the end of each day, the money they had received, as determined by the Bills, was removed from their chests to be deposited in the Treasury. During the reign of Richard I, these officials numbered ten, but by the time of Henry III, they had been reduced to four, which number remained constant until the abolition of the office. With several other offices of the ancient Exchequer, that of Teller of the Receipt was done away with on 10 October 1834; the office's responsibilities were given to the new Comptroller General of the Exchequer.

Tellers of the Exchequer (1660-1834)

References

Haydn's Book of Dignities (1894)

Exchequer offices

Teller of the Receipt of the Exchequer


Aucoumea klaineana (angouma, gaboon, or okoumé) is a tree in the family Burseraceae, native to equatorial west Africa in Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, and Río Muni. It is a large hardwood tree growing to  tall, rarely larger, with a trunk  diameter above the often large basal buttresses. The tree generally grows in small stands, with the roots of the trees intertwined with neighboring trees.  In Gabon, it is the primary timber species.

Uses
It is a weak wood, with low decay resistance and moderate dimensional stability. The major use of gaboon is in the manufacture of plywood. It is about 8–12% lighter than the other main marine plywood, meranti, that is commonly used in boatbuilding, but is not as stiff. This is useful when a boat design calls for tight-radius bends, such as near the bow in a single chine design, because of its flexibility. However, it does not resist impact damage as well as meranti. It is often sheathed in epoxy resin to increase strength and give more impact and abrasion resistance, and to increase water resistance over conventional marine enamel paints. It is often used in sandwich construction using the West (and other similar) epoxy system.

Its attractive appearance means that it is often used decoratively as the top surface veneer in panelling and furniture, or in solid form, in luxury items such as boxes for cigars or other high-value items (e.g. audio equipment).

Gaboon plywood is also used in the French aircraft industry to make light airplanes, such as those built by Avions Robin.  It was used extensively to manufacture the Jodel range of aircraft, which are popular throughout Europe, but no longer factory-built.  However, the wood's open grain, flexibility, and light weight make it a popular choice for amateur builders of Jodel aircraft to this day.

In the form known as okoumé marine-grade plywood, it is considered perhaps the finest construction plywood now available for boats, especially where lighter weight is needed. It is widely available manufactured and certified to British Standard 1088. Its users range from individual hobbyist kayak builders to some of the world's largest boat builders. Most often it is used in combination with epoxy and fiberglass, the combination giving a structure that can be stronger and lighter than plastic or fiberglass, rivaling the performance characteristics of more advanced composites such as carbon fiber. The grain appearance is prized, likened to that of mahogany, and is often varnished for a decorative appearance.

When used for the backs and sides of high-end acoustic guitars, okoumé (or as it is known in the trade, akoumé) exhibits many of the tonal properties of maple. Guitars made with okoumé are noticeably lighter in weight than those made with mahogany or rosewood.

References

External links
Profiles of Africa Tree Species: Aucoumea klaineana
Aucoumea klaineana Infographics

Burseraceae
Trees of Africa
Vulnerable plants
Flora of Gabon
Flora of the Republic of the Congo
Flora of Equatorial Guinea

Aucoumea klaineana


Albert Finney (9 Mey 1936 – 7 Februar 2019) wis an Inglis actor that wirkit in film, telly an theatre. He attendit the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art an wirkit in the theatre afore atteenin prominence on screen in the early 1960s, debutin wi The Entertainer (1960), directit bi Tony Richardson, that haed previously directit him in the theatre. He mainteened a successfu career in theatre, film an telly.

1936 births
2019 daiths
Inglis male film actors
Inglis male stage actors
Inglis male televeesion actors
Inglis male vyce actors
Inglis male Shakespearean actors
20t-century Inglis male actors
21st-century Inglis male actors
BAFTA winners (fowk)
Best Actor BAFTA Awaird (televeesion) winners
BAFTA fellaes
Ootstaundin Performance bi a Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Awaird winners
Best Muisical or Comedy Actor Gowden Globe (film) winners
Best Miniseries or Television Movie Actor Gowden Globe winners
Ootstaundin Performance bi a Male Actor in a Supportin Role Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners
Laurence Olivier Awaird winners
Ootstaundin Performance bi a Cast in a Motion Pictur Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners
Siller Beir for Best Actor winners
Volpi Cup for Best Actor winners
New Starn o the Year (Actor) Gowden Globe winners
Inglis film directors
Inglis film producers
Alumni o the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
Fowk eddicatit at Salford Grammar School
Fowk frae Salford
Disease-relatit daiths in Ingland

Albert Finney


Starvation happens when a living being (like a person or an animal) doesn't eat enough food to live properly. If a living thing is starving for a long period of time, it dies.

Starvation can be seen as an extreme version of hunger. During starvation, the body will slowly but surely become less fat and stop working properly, until the living being dies or eats enough again to stop starving.

There are other effects of starvation. These can include:
Tiredness,
problems with thinking properly,
sudden and extreme changes to emotions,
dehydration (lack of water in the body),
vomiting,
loss of muscles,
a swollen stomach caused by kwashiorkor,
weakness and not being able to stand.
When the body is starving, the body will start eating itself in a final attempt to survive. When there are no muscles and fat left to eat, the person (or animal) dies. People who eat nothing usually die in a few months.

Even when a starving person eats again, they may have permanent damage to their body.

Some people intentionally starve themselves to lose weight, but this is considered a bad idea because it may damage the body.

In history, countries used to use starvation as a form of the death penalty.

In 1944 Ancel Keys started a scientific experiment about starvation to see the impact of starvation on people and to see how people could best recover from starvation. The participants were all men. They ate 1800 calories a day.

Related pages
 Hunger
 Global Hunger Index
 Malnutrition
 Anorexia nervosa

References

Hunger

Starvation


Janus is a computer programming language partially described by K. Kahn and Vijay A. Saraswat in the paper "Actors as a special case of concurrent constraint (logic) programming" in 1990. It is a concurrent constraint language without backtracking.

Janus models concurrency through the use of bag channels.  Code that needs to send a message to a process does so by constraining a bag to be the union of another bag and the singleton bag of the message. The other bag is then available to be constrained for sending subsequent messages.

The process receives the message by matching the bag to a pattern that says it is the union of some singleton and some other bag. The logic of the bag channels produces a property shared by the actor model, namely that the order of arrival of the messages is not guaranteed.  However, unlike actors in the actor model, processes in Janus can pass around their "mailboxes" so to speak, in the form of
bags, and can hold more than one.  This ability to pass mailboxes around and hold more than one is inherited in computer programming language ToonTalk, which is influenced by Janus.

Janus, the programming language, is named after Janus, the two-faced Roman god, because every logical variable in Janus has as its two "faces", two aspects that can be passed as arguments.  These are called the asker and the teller.  These represent, respectively, the right to ask the value of the variable (or some characteristic of the value) and the right to tell the value (or to tell some constraint on what the value can be).  The asker and teller aspects can be passed around as arguments independently of each other.  Neither right implies the other right.  The syntax of the language prevents copying a teller or exercising it more than once. Logical contradiction is statically prevented, according to Kahn and Saraswat.

References

 VA Saraswat, KM Kahn, J Levy (1990). "Janus: A step towards distributed constraint programming." NACLP.
 VA Saraswat, M Rinard, P Panangaden (1991). "The semantic foundations of concurrent constraint programming." POPL.
 David Gudeman, Koenraad De Bosschere, Saumya K. Debray (1992). "jc: An Efficient and Portable Sequential Implementation of Janus". Proc. Joint International Conference and Symposium on Logic Programming.

Concurrent programming languages
Logic programming languages
Constraint programming languages

Janus (concurrent constraint programming language)


Michael John Knight Smith , better known as M. J. K. Smith or Mike Smith, (born 30 June 1933) is an English former cricketer who was captain of Oxford University Cricket Club (1956), Warwickshire County Cricket Club (1957–1967) and the England cricket team (1963–1966). He was one of England's most popular cricket captains and, as he also played rugby union, Smith was England's last double international.

University

Born at Westcotes, Leicester, Smith was educated at Stamford School and St Edmund Hall, Oxford, where he read geography. He was president of Vincent's Club in 1956. While at university in 1951–55 he played in the summer for Leicestershire County Cricket Club, the county of his birth. Smith came to prominence playing for Oxford University, scoring centuries in three consecutive Varsity matches against Cambridge, from 1954 to 1956. He also represented England at rugby union against Wales in 1956. He remains England's last double international to date in major sports by reference to his final appearance in 1972. Arthur Milton, a double international in football and cricket, is later in terms of his first appearance in a second sport, making his Test debut six weeks after Smith.

Warwickshire captain

Smith was encouraged to move to Warwickshire County Cricket Club in 1957 to take over the captaincy. In the 1950s an amateur had to captain the county and Warwickshire had no capable amateurs. Despite wearing steel-rimmed spectacles Smith was a heavy run-maker in County cricket and passed 2,000 runs a season each year from 1957 to 1962, including 3,245 runs (57.94) in 1959. Fred Trueman thought "there is probably nobody in the world who plays the off-spinner better", but Smith's fragility against fast bowling meant that he could not hold down a regular place in the Test team. It was not his only failing as 'Mike is widely remembered...as a very unreliable runner between the wickets. Warwickshire tales of woe in this respect are numerous and I can remember a call between them in 1964 going something like "No A.C." – Yes, Mike" – Wait A.C." – "Damn it, Mike" – "Sorry A.C." He was, however, a mantis-like close fielder who took a record 593 catches for Warwickshire and 53 catches in 50 Tests for England. His outwardly nonchalant captaincy hid a good cricketing brain and he took a rebuilt Warwickshire side to third, fourth and second place in the County Championship in 1962–64.

Early England career

Mike Smith was called up as a makeshift opener against New Zealand in 1958, making 0 and 7 on debut on his home ground at Edgbaston in the First Test. In the Second Test at Lord's he took 230 minutes to make 47 in a match where England (269) beat New Zealand (47 and 74) by an innings on a poor wicket. In the Third Test at Headingley Smith made 3 and was dropped. Recalled as a top order batsman against India in 1959 he made his maiden Test century, 100 in the Fourth Test at Old Trafford followed by 98 in the Fifth Test at the Oval. He played his first full series in the West Indies in 1959–60, making 39 in the First Test, 108 in 350 minutes in England's 256 run victory in the Second Test, taking longer to reach three figures than the notorious stonewaller Ken Barrington. Thereafter his weakness against quality fast bowling was exposed by Wes Hall and Chester Watson with innings of 12, 0, 10, 0, 23 and 20, but he recovered with 96 in the second innings of the Fifth Test, adding 197 for the seventh wicket with the wicketkeeper Jim Parks.

Smith was one of many signatories in a letter to The Times on 17 July 1958 opposing 'the policy of apartheid' in international sport and defending 'the principle of racial equality which is embodied in the Declaration of the Olympic Games'. Against South Africa in 1960 he started well with 54 and 28 in the First Test and top-scoring with 99 in the Second Test, where England won by an innings on another poor wicket. This was followed by 0, 0 and 11 and the next year against Australia he was out for a duck in the First Test at Edgbaston when the part-time bowler Ken Mackay took 3 wickets in four balls and he was dropped for the rest of the summer. It was thought that Smith would do better in India and Pakistan on the MCC tour of 1961–62 and he made another 99 in the First Test against Pakistan, having come in at 21/2 and adding 192 with Ken Barrington. This stood him in good stead as he made three successive ducks against India before recovering with 73 when recalled for the Fifth Test. Despite his powerful run-making in the County Championship Smith's batting was classed as fragile and he was dropped from the England team for three years.

England captain

Smith captained England in 25 of his 50 Test match appearances, but in a period rich in batting talent he was rarely guaranteed a place. His uncertainty against fast bowling was exposed by a series of low scores in the mid-1960s, and Smith faced considerable press criticism, unusual for the time. Still, he was a good tourist and was made captain of the England tour of India in 1963–64 when Ted Dexter and Colin Cowdrey were unavailable and without England's top bowlers Brian Statham and Fred Trueman. He lost the toss five times in a row and had so many injuries and illnesses that in the Second Test at Madras Smith had to use three batsmen, two wicket-keepers and six bowlers. When Mickey Stewart was unable to play after the first day because of dysentery he seriously considered calling up the cricket journalist Henry Blofeld, but managed to survive with just 10 men. Smith became the first England captain to draw all five Tests in a series (it was the third time India had done this) and was considered to have done well to avoid defeat. It was his best series with 306 runs (51.00) and when Ted Dexter retired after losing 1–0 to Bobby Simpson's Australia in 1964 Smith was made captain for England's last tour of South Africa before the Basil d'Oliveira Crisis. He won 1–0 against the talented Springboks, the last captain to defeat them in a Test series until 1996–97. It was also a personal success as he took four catches in the vital First Test and 10 in the series. He also made his third and last Test century, a top-score of 121 in England's 442 as they replied to South Africa's 501/7 in the Third Test, and finished with 257 runs (42.83). Wisden said, 'MCC have sent more powerful teams from Lord's than this one, but never one superior in terms of corporate effort on the playing pitch and harmony in the pavilion.'

Back in England in 1965, Smith beat a weak New Zealand 3–0, then lost 1–0 to South Africa, but was appointed captain for the MCC tour of Australia in 1965-66 with Cowdrey as vice-captain, despite support for the Kent captain at Lord's. Although the press labelled the England team as the weakest to go to Australia, their entertaining cricket won them favour with the crowds. They also made their runs faster than any other England team since the war and for once England batted faster than Australia, a refreshing contrast to other Ashes series of the era. The tourists had had the best run of games of any MCC team since the war, beating Western Australia, South Australia and New South Wales, drawing with Queensland, when they needed two more wickets to win, and losing to Victoria by 32 runs after an exciting run-chase. As a result, the bookies reduced the odds of their winning the Ashes from 7/2 to evens. England survived the follow on in the First Test and made 558 in the Second, both drawn. At Sydney in the Third Test England rattled up 488 and won by an innings and 93 runs to give them a 1–0 lead in the series. It was Australia's biggest defeat at home for nearly 50 years, but they fought back to win the Fourth Test by an innings and retained the Ashes. Rain ruined play in New Zealand and the three Test series was drawn 0–0 despite the home team suffering at the hands of the England bowlers. On his return to England Smith was dropped after losing the First Test against the West Indies in 1966 by an innings. He was replaced by Cowdrey and retired at the end of the following season.

Captaincy style and popularity

...he strolled in with an open-necked shirt, a white linen jacket which appeared to have been slept in for a week and a carry-cot containing a slumbering junior member of the Smith dynasty. Apparently Mrs Smith had gone shopping and M.J.K. was left holding the baby. Despite an Oxford education his accent was utterly classless and between questions to which he appeared to be paying no attention whatever, he applied himself to solving the crossword in the latest Times to arrive from Britain. "Good heavens", growled one of Australia's senior cricket correspondents, "what have we here?" What we all had on that tour was the affable companionship of one of the most popular England captains ever to tour anywhere. It never occurred to him to leave the baby, let alone his wife, at home while he led the fight for the Ashes.
Ian Wooldridge

Unlike his predecessors Len Hutton, Peter May and Ted Dexter Smith rode "... the side with a loose rein, believing it knew where it was going and need only an occasional tug to keep it on the right course. I think most players appreciated this and his openness as a person brought a better response on the field". He thought that any bowler good enough to play for England knew what field suited him best, and generally let his men play in their own style, though this resulted in slow over rates as he did not chivvy them along. Even the truculent fast bowler John Snow "...thought he was very astute in his handling of players..." and recalled "...Mike Smith adding a few words of congratulations in his thoroughly open, absent-minded-professor sort of way". E.W. Swanton reported that "Smith, though outwardly unconventional and in manner casual to a degree, succeeds as a captain for the conventional reasons. He is thoughtful for his players, unselfish, does not 'fuss' them or panic, shows a grasp of the situation which they deem generally sensible, and not least gives an inspiring personal lead in the field".

Later career

Smith returned to Warwickshire in 1970 and did well enough to be recalled for England for the first three Tests against Australia in 1972 before finally retiring in 1975. In recent years he has been chairman of Warwickshire County Cricket Club (1991–2003) and an ICC match referee (1991–1996).

Family
His son Neil followed in his footsteps by captaining Warwickshire and playing, albeit only in One Day Internationals, for England. His daughter Carole is the wife of Sebastian Coe.

Bibliography
 Ken Kelly and David Lemmon, Cricket Reflections: Five Decades of Cricket Photographs, Heinemann, 1985
 John Snow, Cricket Rebel: An Autobiography, Littlehampton Book Services Ltd, 1976
 E.W. Swanton, Swanton in Australia with MCC 1946–1975, Fontana, 1977
 Fred Titmus, My Life in Cricket, Blake Publishing, 2005
 Brown, Geoff and Hogsbjerg, Christian. Apartheid is not a Game: Remembering the Stop the Seventy Tour campaign. London: Redwords, 2020. .

References

External links

Mike Smith interviewed on Cricinfo in 2012

1933 births
Living people
Aldershot Services rugby union players
Alumni of St Edmund Hall, Oxford
Cricket match referees
English cricketers
England Test cricketers
English cricketers of 1946 to 1968
England Test cricket captains
English rugby union players
England international rugby union players
International Cavaliers cricketers
Leicestershire cricketers
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Oxford University cricketers
Oxford University RFC players
People educated at Stamford School
Warwickshire cricketers
Warwickshire cricket captains
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
Gentlemen cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Gentlemen of England cricketers
D. H. Robins' XI cricketers
T. N. Pearce's XI cricketers
Rugby union players from Leicestershire
Rugby union fly-halves

M. J. K. Smith


A Farewell to Arms is a novel by American writer Ernest Hemingway, set during the Italian campaign of World War I. First published in 1929, it is a first-person account of an American, Frederic Henry, serving as a lieutenant () in the ambulance corps of the Italian Army. The novel describes a love affair between the American expatriate and an English nurse, Catherine Barkley.

Its publication ensured Hemingway's place as a modern American writer of considerable stature. The book became his first best-seller and has been called "the premier American war novel from [...] World War I". The title might be taken from a 16thcentury poem of the same name by the English dramatist George Peele.

The novel has been adapted a number of times: initially for the stage in 1930; as a film in 1932, and again in 1957; and as a three-part television miniseries in 1966. The film In Love and War, made in 1996, depicts Hemingway's life in Italy as an ambulance driver in events prior to his writing of A Farewell to Arms.

Characters
 Lieutenant Frederic Henry: An American serving in the Italian Army as an officer directing ambulance drivers.
 Miss Catherine Barkley: A nurse and love interest of Henry.
 Lieutenant Rinaldi: An eccentric Army surgeon serving near the front lines who takes a brotherly interest in Henry.
 The priest: An army chaplain, often has discussions about God and war with Henry.
 Helen Ferguson: A friend and fellow nurse of Miss Catherine.
 Miss Van Campen: The officious superintendent of nurses at the American hospital in Milan. She and Henry immediately dislike each other.
 Miss Gage: An unconventional nurse at the American hospital in Milan who befriends Henry.
 Major Valentini: A brisk, cheerful and competent surgeon who operates on Henry's wounded knee in Milan.
 Gino: A very likeable Italian soldier whose vocal patriotism nonetheless bothers Henry.
 Bonello: An ambulance driver under Henry's command who deserts to find safety by being captured by the enemy.
 Piani: An ambulance driver who stays with Henry out of personal loyalty.
 Passini: An ambulance driver killed in the mortar attack that wounds Henry.
 Aymo: An ambulance driver killed by straggling guards of the retreat's main line.
 Emilio: A bartender in the town of Stresa who helps them flee to Switzerland.
 Count Greffi: A ninety-four-year-old nobleman, having some past acquaintance with Henry.
 Ralph Simmons and Edgar Saunders: Two journeyman opera singers studying and performing in Italy under Italian stage names.

Plot summary
The novel is divided into five sections, or "books". Frederic Henry narrates the story in the first-person.

Book One
Lieutenant Frederic Henry, an American medic, is serving in the Italian Army. The novel begins during the First World War. It is the start of winter, when a cholera epidemic kills thousands of soldiers. Frederic has a brief visit to Gorizia, where he meets with other army fellows and the priest. He finds there are two brothels one for officers and the other for lower-rank soldiers. On his return, he shares his experience with his friend, Surgeon Rinaldi, quite older than him. Rinaldi is fond of beautiful women. He has fallen in love with an English nurse named Catherine Barkley, though not so seriously. Rinaldi takes Frederic to a British hospital, where Frederic is introduced to Catherine. Frederic feels attracted towards her. She tells him about her fiancé, who was killed in the battle, and also about her feeling uncomfortable in the rain, as it starts to rain. Frederic tries to kiss her, but she refuses and slaps him, feeling sorry thereafter. Eventually they kiss, as now she feels somewhat inclined towards him. Frederic, with his fellow drivers (Passini, Manera, Gordini and Gavuzzi) takes the ambulance in war. Passini is killed in a mortar attack, whereas Frederic is severely wounded in the knee on the Italian front and is sent to the hospital.

Book Two
Surgeon Rinaldi visits Frederic in the hospital and praises him for his heroism. But Frederic denies of any display of heroism. Rinaldi also tells him that he will be shifted to a hospital in Milan soon for a better treatment. Frederic requests him to have Catherine there as a nurse. The priest pays a visit. In a discussion again, Frederic expresses his views against war. Meanwhile, America has declared war on Germany, and the Italian army is also anxious about war against Austria. Frederic reaches an American hospital in Milan. There he is nursed by Miss Gage, Mrs. Walker and their Superintendent Miss Van Campen. Miss Gage arranges wine for him. Catherine arrives there, and Frederic realizes a strong sense of love and passion for her. They make love for the first time. Doctor Valentini comes to examine his injury and X-rays. This book portrays the growth of Frederic's relationship with Catherine over the summer. They enjoy boating and horse races. Meanwhile, Frederic meets Helen Ferguson, a fellow nurse of Catherine. After his knee heals, Frederic is diagnosed with jaundice. A three-weeks convalescent leave is sanctioned for him. Miss Van Campen discovers some empty liquor bottle in Frederic's room and takes alcoholism as the cause for his condition. She also concludes that Frederic is knowingly keeping himself ill to avoid the war front. She files a report for the cancellation of convalescent leave, and Frederic is called back to the war front. Catherine informs him that she is three-months pregnant. They promise to reunite and marry after his return from war. Frederic asks her to take care of "Little Catherine".

Book Three
Frederic returns to Gorizia. Rinaldi comes and examines his wounded leg. He further asks whether they have married or not. The priest notices a change in Frederic and also predicts that the war will end soon. Frederic travels to Bainsizza, where he meets Gino, who tells him about an artillery battery of terrifying guns that the Austrians have. Frederic realizes that Italians will not escape if the Austrians attack. It rains heavily, and the bombarding begins. Frederic discovers that morale has severely dropped. Not long afterwards, the Austro-Hungarians break through the Italian lines in the Battle of Caporetto, and the Italians retreat. The houses are evacuated. Women and children are loaded in trucks. At the villa, Henry discovers that Rinaldi has taken off for the hospital; everyone else has evacuated too. There is considerable delay and chaos on the road during the retreat, and Frederic, wishing to avoid a possible aerial attack while stuck on the main retreat route, decides to take an alternate path. He and his men quickly get lost, and their cars are stuck in the mud, Frederic orders the two engineering sergeants riding with Bonello to help. Afraid of being overtaken by the enemy, they refuse and try to leave. Frederic draws his gun and shoots one of them; the other escapes. One of the drivers, Aymo, is later killed, while another, Bonello, runs away to surrender to the Austrians. Frederic and his last companion, Piani, catch up to the main retreat across the Tagliamento river. As soon as they cross the bridge, Frederic is taken by the military police to a place on the river bank where officers are being interrogated and executed for the "treachery" that supposedly led to the Italian defeat. Frederic escapes by jumping into the river. Afterwards, he walks through the plains and jumps aboard a moving train to Milan to find Catherine.

Book Four
Reaching Milan, he learns that Catherine has left for Stresa. He goes to visit Ralph Simmons, one of the opera singers that he encountered earlier, and asks about the procedures for traveling to Switzerland. Ralph helps him, giving him civilian clothes. Frederic feels very odd in those clothes, as the people look at him scornfully. He reaches Stresa by train and goes to the Grand Hotel et des Iles Borromées. Emilio, a bartender, informs him that two English nurses are staying at a small hotel near the train station. Frederic meets Catherine and Helen Ferguson there. He also meets Count Greffi, a very old nobleman whom Frederic had met on his last visit to Stresa. Greffi is staying with his niece. Frederic avoids Catherine's question about the war experiences. He feels that he is a criminal, a war deserter. Emilio informs him that Italian police are looking to arrest him. Catherine and Frederic plan to flee to Switzerland as Emilio makes all possible arrangements for their travel in a rowboat. Because of a storm, the waters are choppy and rough. Frederic rows the boat all night, and Catherine also takes a turn rowing. Finally, they reach Switzerland. The guards verify their identity and provide them provisional visas for staying in Switzerland.

Book Five
Frederic and Catherine live a quiet life in the mountains. They move to a wooden house on a mountain outside the village of Montreux. They develop new acquaintance with Mr. and Mrs. Guttingen. At times, Catherine starts getting concerned about their child, especially about its health. They move to the town of Lausanne to be closer to the hospital. Later, Catherine goes into labor and is taken to the hospital. The doctor tells Frederic that the best solution would be a Cesarean operation. She suffers a lot of pain and finally delivers a stillborn baby boy. Later the nurse tells him that Catherine is hemorrhaging. He is terrified. He goes to see her, and she dies in his arms. He leaves the hospital and walks back to his hotel in the rain.

Background and publication history
The novel was based on Hemingway's own experiences serving in the Italian campaigns during the First World War. The inspiration for Catherine Barkley was Agnes von Kurowsky, a nurse who cared for Hemingway in a hospital in Milan after he had been wounded. He had planned to marry her, but she spurned his love when he returned to America. Kitty Cannell, a Paris-based fashion correspondent, became Helen Ferguson. The unnamed priest was based on Don Giuseppe Bianchi, the priest of the 69th and 70th regiments of the Brigata Ancona. Although the sources for Rinaldi are unknown, the character had already appeared in In Our Time.

Much of the plot was written in correspondence with Frederic J. Agate. Agate, Hemingway's friend, had a collection of letters to his wife from his time in Italy, which were later used as inspiration.

Michael Reynolds, however, writes that Hemingway was not involved in the battles described. Because his previous novel, The Sun Also Rises, had been written as a roman à clef, readers assumed A Farewell to Arms to be autobiographical.
A Farewell to Arms was begun during his time at Willis M. Spear's guest ranch in Wyoming's Bighorns. Some pieces of the novel were written in Piggott, Arkansas, at the home of his then-wife Pauline Pfeiffer, and in Mission Hills, Kansas, while she was awaiting delivery of their baby. Pauline underwent a caesarean section as Hemingway was writing the scene about Catherine Barkley's childbirth.

Hemingway struggled with the ending. By his count, he wrote 39 of them "before [he] was satisfied". However, a 2012 edition of the book included no fewer than 47 alternate endings.

The novel was first serialized in Scribner's Magazine in the May 1929 to October 1929 issues. The book was published in September 1929 with a first edition print-run of approximately 31,000 copies. The success of A Farewell to Arms made Hemingway financially independent.

The Hemingway Library Edition was released in July 2012, with a dust jacket facsimile of the first edition. The newly published edition presents an appendix with the many alternate endings Hemingway wrote for the novel in addition to pieces from early draft manuscripts.

The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum Hemingway collection has two handwritten pages with possible titles for the book. Most of the titles come from The Oxford Book of English Verse. One of the possible titles Hemingway considered was In Another Country and Besides. This comes from The Jew of Malta by Christopher Marlowe. The poem Portrait of a Lady by T. S. Eliot also starts off by quoting this Marlowe work: "Thou hast committed / Fornication: but that was in another country, / And besides, the wench is dead." Hemingway's library included both works by Eliot and Marlowe.

Censorship
There are at least two copies of the first edition in which Hemingway re-inserted the censored text by hand, so as to provide a corrected text. One of these copies was presented to Maurice Coindreau; the other, to James Joyce. Hemingway's corrected text has not been incorporated into modern published editions of the novel; however, there are some audiobook versions that are uncensored.

A Farewell to Arms was banned in the Irish Free State.

Also, the novel could not be published in Italy until 1948 because the Fascist regime considered it detrimental to the honor of the Armed Forces, both in its description of the Battle of Caporetto and for a certain anti-militarism implied in the work. More than one biographer suggests that at the base of the censorship of the Fascist regime in the novel there had also been a personal antipathy between the writer and Benito Mussolini. Hemingway had interviewed him in 1923, shortly after he seized power, and in his article in the Toronto Star he poured scorn on Mussolini, calling him "the biggest bluff in Europe". But, apart from the official reactions, it is known that Mussolini did not like the article at all: Hemingway described Mussolini as trying to impress the media by pretending to be deeply absorbed in reading, while in reality holding a French–English dictionary—held upside down. The Italian translation had in fact already been prepared illegally in 1943 by Fernanda Pivano, leading to her arrest in Turin.

Critical reception

A Farewell to Arms was met with favorable criticism and is considered one of Hemingway's best literary works.

Gore Vidal wrote of the text: "... a work of ambition, in which can be seen the beginning of the careful, artful, immaculate idiocy of tone that since has marked ... [Hemingway's] prose". The last line of the 1929 New York Times review reads: "It is a moving and beautiful book."

Baker remarks on the theme of A Farewell to Arms: "After ten years of meditation and digestive of his experience, Hemingway lays before his readers a work which is far from a mere war experience, nor a store of love and death during the war."

However, since publication, A Farewell to Arms has also been the target of various controversy. Upon its flimsy publication—due to the medium of its release—through Scribner's Magazine, it was banned from Boston newsstands due to accusations of a pornographic nature, despite Hemingway's deliberate exclusion of graphic descriptions of sex, using omission as a literary device.

In other media
The novel was first adapted for the stage by Laurence Stallings in 1930, then as a film in 1932, with a 1957 remake. A three-part television miniseries was made in 1966.

In Sam Raimi's 1987 film Evil Dead 2, Ash's hand becomes possessed and begins attacking him. Ash amputates the offending extremity with a chainsaw, and the hand escapes, roaming free around the cabin Ash is holed up in. Ash traps the disembodied hand under a pile of books; A Farewell to Arms is the book on top, humorously commenting on Ash's condition.

The 1996 film In Love and War, directed by Richard Attenborough and starring Chris O'Donnell and Sandra Bullock, depicts Hemingway's life in Italy as an ambulance driver in the events prior to his writing of A Farewell to Arms.

References

General sources

 Baker, Carlos (1972). Hemingway: The Writer as Artist. Princeton: Princeton UP. .
 Mellow, James (1992). Hemingway: A Life Without Consequences. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. .
 Meyers, Jeffrey (1985). Hemingway: A Biography. New York: Macmillan. .
 Oliver, Charles (1999). Ernest Hemingway A to Z: The Essential Reference to the Life and Work. New York: Checkmark Publishing. .
 Reynolds, Michael (2000). "Ernest Hemingway, 1899–1961: A Brief Biography". In Wagner-Martin, Linda (ed.). A Historical Guide to Ernest Hemingway. New York: Oxford UP. .
 Roy, Pinaki (2012). Hemingway's 'A Farewell to Arms': A Critical Appraisal. Kolkata: Books Way. .
 Tyler, Lisa, ed. (2008). "Teaching Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms. Kent, OH: The Kent State UP.

External links

 Hemingway Archives at the John F. Kennedy Library

1929 American novels
American autobiographical novels
American novels adapted into films
American novels adapted into plays
American novels adapted into television shows
American war novels
Anti-war novels
Books by Ernest Hemingway
Censored books
Modernist novels
Novels by Ernest Hemingway
Novels first published in serial form
Novels set during World War I
Novels set in Italy
Novels set in Switzerland
Works originally published in Scribner's Magazine

A Farewell to Arms


Clarence Edwin Ayres (May 6, 1891 – July 24, 1972) was the principal thinker in the Texas school of institutional economics during the middle of the 20th century.

Life
Ayres was born in Lowell, Massachusetts, the son of a Baptist minister. He graduated from Brown University in 1912, and received a Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Chicago in 1917. He taught at Chicago from 1917 until 1920, and then moved on to Amherst College, in Massachusetts, where he taught until 1923. Following a year at Reed College in Portland, Oregon, Ayres became associate editor of the New Republic, where he worked until 1927. In that year, Ayres joined the faculty at the University of Texas at Austin, where he remained until his retirement in 1968. One of Ayres students during Ayres time at Amherst College was Talcott Parsons, the most famous of all American sociologists, who wrote two term-papers for Ayres's Philosophy III class. Another notable student of Ayres was C. Wright Mills.
Ayres died on July 24, 1972, in Alamogordo, New Mexico (Breit and Culbertson 1976: 3–22).

Ideas
Ayres is best known for developing an economic philosophy stemming from the works of Thorstein Veblen and John Dewey. From Veblen, he took over the notion of the struggle with the so-called capitalist society as a (Darwinist) struggle between technology and ceremonial structure. Veblen had proposed an analytical dichotomy between the "instrumental" and the "ceremonial" aspects of culture. Ayres substituted the term "institutional" for the term "ceremonial" (although he continued to use the term "ceremonial" for some purposes). From Dewey he took over the concept of "instrumentalism," and particularly adopted as his own Dewey's theory of values, which he used to attack the notion of philosophical dualism . Ayres's attack on dualism and "higher values"  was the key reason why his student Talcott Parsons rejected his ideas.

Works
 1917. The Nature of the Relationship between Ethics and Economics. Dissertation, University of Chicago.
 1927. Science: The False Messiah. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
 1929. Holier Than Thou: The Way of the Righteous. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill
 1929. Huxley. New York: W. W. Norton.
 1938. The Problem of Economic Order. New York: Farrar and Rinehart.
 1944. The Theory of Economic Progress. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
 1946. The Divine Right of Capital. Boston: Houghton Miffin.
 1952. The Industrial Economy: Its Technological Basis and Institutional Destiny. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
 1961. Toward a Reasonable Society: The Values of Industrial Civilization. Austin: University of Texas Press.
 1962. The Theory of Economic Progress, 2nd ed. New York: Schocken Books.

References
 Breit, William, and William Patton Culbertson, Jr. (1976). Science and Ceremony: The Institutional Economics of C.E. Ayres. Austin: University of Texas Press.

External links
 The New School's profile of Ayres
 University of Texas memorial biography

1891 births
1972 deaths
Economists from New Mexico
Amherst College faculty
Brown University alumni
Institutional economists
Writers from Lowell, Massachusetts
University of Chicago alumni
Reed College faculty
University of Texas at Austin faculty
Economists from Massachusetts
20th-century American economists

Clarence Edwin Ayres


A skeleton key (also master key or pass key) is a key that can open all of the locks in a set.

For example, in an office building, each employee would have a key that only opens his/her office, and the manager or owner would have a key that opens all of the offices in that building.

More complicated setups are also possible. For example, if there are cleaners in the office building, and each cleaner only cleans one floor, the cleaner for a each floor could have a sub-master key that opens only the offices on that floor, while each employee still has a key that opens only his/her office and the manager still has a key that opens all of the doors. The exterior doors might also be configured so that they can be opened by any employee key, cleaner key, or the manager's master key. The more complicated the setup, the more important it is to use locks that have a large number of key possibilities. Disc-detainer locks are especially suitable for master keying due to their large number of key possibilities.

Locks

Skeleton key


Mother Agnès Arnauld, S.O.Cist. (1593–1672), was the Abbess of the Abbey of Port-Royal, near Paris, and a major figure in French Jansenism.

She was born Jeanne-Catherine-Agnès Arnauld, a member of the Arnauld family, sister of Antoine Arnauld, "le Grand Arnauld" and of Mother Angélique Arnauld. She succeeded Angélique as head of the abbey in 1658, thus leading it during the most repressive anti-Jansenist period. She organised the movement against signing the Formulary of Alexander VII and for this was confronted by Hardouin de Péréfixe, the Archbishop of Paris. She was also the author of the Constitutions of Port-Royal, a text which reformed the material and spiritual rule of the abbey in a spirit of Cistercian renewal.

Bibliography
Perle Bugnon-Secrétan, Mère Agnès Arnauld. 1593 - 1672. Abbesse de Port-Royal, Cerf, 1996, 272 p.

1593 births
1672 deaths
Nuns from Paris
17th-century French nuns
17th-century Christian mystics
Cistercian abbesses
Jansenists
French Roman Catholic abbesses
Cistercian mystics
Burials in Île-de-France

Agnès Arnauld


Sir Adamjee Haji Dawood Bawany (30 June 1880 – 27 January 1948) was a Pakistani businessman and philanthropist who founded Adamjee Group. He was also an activist in the Pakistan Movement.

Early life
Adamjee Haji Dawood was born in 1880 in Jetpur, Kathiawar, Gujarat in British India in a Memon family. While still in his teens, he ventured out to Burma and started operating as an independent businessman. The first few years of his career were spent in the rice, match-book-making for lighting home stoves and jute trade.

By 1922, he had accumulated sufficient resources and a strong presence in the commodities markets, enabling him to set up his first industrial venture – a match factory in Rangoon. In 1927, he returned to India to establish a jute mill in Calcutta. The Adamjee Jute Mills Limited was the third jute mill to be set up by an Indian and the first Muslim-owned public company in British India. To capture this emerging niche, Adamjee along with Mr. G. D. Birla of Birla Jute, broke into this monopolistic trade controlled by the East India Company until that time.

He was also an avid educationist and philanthropist. He was responsible for financing and helping a number of educational institutions in India and Pakistan.

Awards and recognition
 In recognition for his services to his countrymen, the British government knighted him in June 1938.
 The Government of Pakistan honoured Sir Adamjee Haji Dawood by minting a postage stamp titled 'Pioneers of Freedom' on 14 August 1999.
 Adamjee Government Science College is named after his family.

Career
By the 1940s, Dawood had become a prominent figure in the business circles of India and Burma. His recognition was acknowledged by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who became a good friend and appointed him advisor to the freedom movement of the Muslims, which eventually led to the creation of Pakistan. Dawood convinced the entire Memon and many from other Gujarati Muslim communities to migrate to Pakistan. With this vision in mind again at the request of Jinnah, he also established two major institutions along with Mirza Ahmad Ispahani i.e. The Muslim Commercial Bank Limited and the Orient Airways Limited, forerunner of Pakistan International Airlines. The purpose of this was to assist the migration process by providing transport of Muslims to Pakistan and to create banking facilities in the new country, Pakistan.

Death and legacy
Once Pakistan was created, Dawood and his sons established businesses in both East (now Bangladesh) & West Pakistan. Following financial difficulties in Pakistan in January 1948, Jinnah invited him to participate in the establishment of the State Bank of Pakistan, it was during this meeting that he suffered a heart attack and later died on the night of 27 January 1948. The founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah stated on his death that his death would leave a vacuum in Muslim business community which would be hard to fill. Jinnah called it a "National Loss" to Pakistan and said that Adamjee Haji Dawood was a loyal Muslim and had rendered great service in our struggle for Pakistan.

On 27 August 1947, Mohammad Ali Jinnah's finance team approached Adamjee Dawood for help because India had not released the share of funds due to Pakistan. So the newly created country Pakistan was in financial trouble. Adamjee Haji Dawood wrote a 'blank cheque' secured against all his industrial assets and personal wealth which enabled the country to handle its financial crisis successfully.

References

External links

1880 births
1948 deaths
Memon people
Gujarati people
Pakistan Movement activists
Businesspeople from Karachi
Pakistani people of Gujarati descent
Businesspeople awarded knighthoods
Pakistani industrialists
Pakistani philanthropists
Pakistani knights
Knights Bachelor
All India Muslim League members
20th-century philanthropists

Adamjee Haji Dawood


The Clinton-Lewinsky scandal was an American political sex scandal in 1998. United States President Bill Clinton was said to have had oral sex with 22 year old Monica Lewinsky.

Lewinsky said that she had sex with Bill Clinton nine times from November 1995 to March 1997. According to her published schedule, First Lady Hillary Clinton was at the White House for some of the time on seven of those days. The scandal happened after Linda Tripp leaked the secret phone calls between Clinton and Lewinsky.

Clinton did not admit his affair until the annual White House prayer on September 11, 1998, in the presence of several ministers, priests and his wife, Hillary Clinton, in his "I have sinned" speech. The speech was hand-written by Clinton himself and was delivered on the day of publication of the first report by Independent Counsel Ken Starr, which threatened to impeach President Clinton in the grounds of perjury and his sexual affair with former White House intern, Monica Lewinsky. Clinton was eventually impeached, but not removed from office.

References

1998 in the United States
Bill Clinton
Political scandals in the United States

Lewinsky scandal


Charles Norris (C N) Williamson (1859–1920) was a British writer, motoring journalist and founder of the Black and White who was perhaps best known for his collaboration with his wife, Alice Muriel Williamson, in a number of novels and travelogues.

Biography
Born in Exeter, Williamson was educated at University College, London, where he studied engineering.  He spent eight years as a journalist on the Graphic before establishing the Black and White in 1891 as founding editor.  He published a Life of Carlyle in 1881.  Several of the Williamsons' short stories and novels later became films.

Charles Norris Williamson wrote many of his published works in partnership with his wife, Alice who he married in 1894; she apparently said of him "Charlie Williamson could do anything in the world except write stories": she also said "I can't do anything else."  Charles wrote some novels on his own, as did Alice after her husband's death

He died at Combe Down, Bath, on Sunday 3 October 1920.

Works

Edited by C N Williamson and R H Shepherd

Memoirs of Carlyle with personal Reminiscences and Selections from his private Letters. 2 vols. 1881.

Authored by C N & A M Williamson

The Eccentricity of Fleetwood, The Strand Magazine (US) Aug 1901
The Lightning Conductor (1902)
The Princess Passes, Metropolitan Magazine (New York) Oct, Nov 1904
Lady Betty Crosses the Ocean, Ladies' Home Journal Oct 1905
My Friend the Chauffeur (1905)
Lady Betty Across the Water (1906)
Lady Betty Runs Away, Ladies' Home Journal Jan 1906
The Chauffeur and the Chaperon, The Delineator Oct 1906
A Real English Christmas with Lady Betty, Ladies Home Journal Dec 1906
The Princess Virginia, Ladies' Home Journal Oct, Dec 1906, Jan 1907
The Botor Chaperon, The Grand Magazine Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec 1906, Jan 1907
The Car of Destiny (1907)
Scarlet Runner (1908) - serialised in the Strand Magazine December 1906 to November 1907
Set in Silver (1909)
The Motor Maid (1910)
The Golden Silence (1910)
Flower Forbidden [Part 1], Smith's Magazine Apr 1911
The Heather Moon (1912)
Champion: The Story of a Motor Car (1913)
The Love Pirate (1913)
The Port of Adventure (1913)
The Shop-Girl, Munsey's Magazine Jul 1914
It Happened in Egypt (1914)
The Love Trees, Munsey's Magazine, Dec 1915
This Woman to This Man, All-Story Weekly Apr 29, 13 May 1916
The War Wedding (1916)
The Lightning Conductress (1916)
The Shop-Girl (1916)
The Lion's Mouse, Munsey's Magazine, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug 1918
The Second Latchkey (1920)S
Berry Goes to Monte Carlo (1921)
The Great Pearl Secret (1921)

For an unknown period, but certainly in the 1890s he edited (or "conducted") a 1 penny fortnightly periodical entitled "The Minute, illustrated" A sort of Reader's Digest of contemporary Victorian society. Supported by much advertising.

Filmography
The Lightning Conductor (1914)
Lord John in New York (1915)
The Grey Sisterhood (1916, short)
Lord Loveland Discovers America (1916)
Three Fingered Jenny (1916, short)
The Eye of Horus (1916, short)
The League of the Future (1916, short)
 (1916)
The Scarlet Runner (1916, serial)
The Demon (1918)
 (1920, serial)
Passion's Playground (1920)
My Lady's Latchkey (1921)
The Lion's Mouse (UK, 1923)
My Friend the Chauffeur (Germany, 1926)
The Man Without a Face (1928, serial)
Yūrei tō (Japan, 1948)

References

External links

1859 births
1920 deaths
British motoring journalists
Alumni of University College London

C. N. Williamson


A stuck fermentation occurs in brewing beer or winemaking when the yeast become dormant before the fermentation has completed. Unlike an "arrested fermentation" where the winemaker intentionally stops fermentation (such as in the production of fortified wines), a stuck fermentation is an unintentional and unwanted occurrence that can lead to the wine being spoiled by bacteria and oxidation. There are several potential causes of a stuck fermentation; the most common are excessively high temperatures killing off the yeast, or a must deficient in the nitrogen food source needed for the yeast to thrive. Once the fermentation is stuck, it is very difficult to restart due to a chemical compound released by dying yeast cells that inhibit the future growth of yeast cells in the batch. Winemakers often take several steps to limit the possibility of a stuck fermentation occurring, such as adding nitrogen to the must in the form of diammonium phosphate or using cultured yeast with a high temperature and alcohol tolerance. These steps will each have their own subtle or dramatic effect on the resulting flavors and quality of the wine.

Possible causes
There are several potential instigators of a stuck fermentation. One of the most common found in winemaking is a nitrogen deficient must. Nitrogen is a vital nutrient in the growth and development of yeasts and is usually provided from the wine grapes themselves. Grapes grown in vineyards with soils lacking in nitrogen or grape varieties, such as Chardonnay and Riesling, which are naturally prone to have low nitrogen to sugar ratios will be at greater risk for having a stuck fermentation. Another cause rooted in the vineyard is from overripe grapes. Grapes that are overripe will have high levels of sugars that translates into higher alcohol content. Yeast are unable to reproduce in an environment with 16-18% ABV but in an environment with multiple stressors the fermentation could get stuck even before the alcohol level reaches that point.

A byproduct of the energy created during fermentation is heat which raises the temperature of the fermenting must as the yeast work. When temperatures near 104°F (40°C), activity slows and yeast start to die. If temperatures stay high and the yeast stop reproducing then the fermentation is at grave risk of getting stuck. Even if the must is cooled back down, fermentation will be very difficult to restart due to a chemical compound released by the dying yeast that serves as an inhibitor to the growth of future yeast cells in the batch. Modern winemaking equipment includes temperature control mechanisms such as stainless steel fermenting tanks with a cooling jacket to help regulate temperatures. Another potential cause is a combination of lack of oxygen and yeast nutrients found in the lipids suspended in grape solids. In the absence of oxygen, yeast will seek out the lipids in grape solid as a source of nutrients to sustain its activity. If the wine is lacking grape solids (such as if the wine's been clarified) then the yeast are at risk of starving and causing the fermentation to get stuck. This risk is lower for red wines which are often fermented with their skins in open air containers or oak wine barrels which provide plenty of oxygen and grape solids for the yeast to feed on.

Prevention techniques
There are various techniques that a winemaker can employ to minimize the chances of a stuck fermentation happening. The most common is to use a cultured yeast strain with a high alcohol and high temperature tolerance coupled by diligent control of the fermentation temperature. Another technique is to add yeast nutrients like nitrogen to the must. The ammonium salt diammonium phosphate, or yeast nutrient, is a popular inexpensive means of ensuring the must has sufficient nitrogen. Whatever technique the winemaker uses, each has the potential to subtly or drastically affect the resulting flavor and quality of the wine.

References

Winemaking
Brewing
Wine terminology

Stuck fermentation


The kabomani tapir (Tapirus kabomani) is the smallest of the five living species of tapir. It was found in the Amazon rainforest. Discovered in 2013, it was the first odd-toed ungulate discovered in over 100 years. The tapir has an estimated weight of only . It has dark-grey to dark-brown hair. Males are smaller than females and females have a light throat patch that extends from chin to neck and up to the base of the ears.

Odd-toed ungulates
Mammals of South America

Kabomani tapir


Frank Seishi Emi (September 23, 1916 – December 1, 2010) was a Japanese American civil rights activist. He was a leading figure of the Heart Mountain Fair Play Committee, an ad hoc group who protested the drafting of Japanese Americans interned during World War II. Emi argued it was unconstitutional to conscript men who had been stripped of their civil rights into military service and advised Nisei who received draft orders to demand they be released from camp before reporting for duty. He was convicted of conspiring to violate the Selective Service Act and served eighteen months of a four-year sentence in federal prison. For many years, Emi and his fellow draft resisters were condemned as troublemakers by the Japanese American Citizens League and the larger Japanese American community, but his legacy has more recently come to be seen as an important example of civil disobedience.

Early life
Frank Seishi Emi was born in Los Angeles on September 23, 1916. When he was four years old, his family moved to the San Fernando Valley, where they farmed and eventually opened a produce market. He attended San Fernando High School for two years, until his family moved again to open a grocery store in Long Beach. He graduated from Long Beach Polytechnic High School and entered the Los Angeles City College's pharmacy program. After his father was seriously injured in a car accident, Emi left school to run the family's produce market in downtown Los Angeles.

By 1941, Emi was running a successful business. He had just invested $25,000 to expand the market when Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941. He was not immediately worried, recalling later, "we didn't have an inkling that we ourselves were going to be bothered because we Nisei had been born here in this country and we were citizens." However, after Executive Order 9066 put into motion the removal of Japanese Americans from the West Coast, he was forced to sell the family business for $1,500, about six cents for each dollar of the produce market's real value. Emi moved into his parents' house with his wife and two children once evacuation orders began to circulate in early 1942, to ensure the family would not be separated and sent to different camps. They were held at the hastily constructed Pomona Assembly Center for three months, before being sent to the Heart Mountain Relocation Center, halfway between the cities of Cody and Powell in Wyoming, in September 1942.

Draft resistance
In early 1943, the War Relocation Authority began to distribute a "Leave Clearance Form," better known as the loyalty questionnaire because of two controversial questions that attempted to discern the loyalty of imprisoned Japanese Americans. Question 27 asked whether men would be willing to serve in the armed forces, while Question 28 asked inmates to forswear their allegiance to the Emperor of Japan. While many gave unqualified affirmative responses, many, like Emi, were confused and offended by the questions' implications. Emi's response to both was, "Under the present conditions and circumstances, I am unable to answer this question," and he encouraged others to do the same, posting fliers with suggested answers around Heart Mountain. Also in 1943, with new soldiers to replace those who had died in combat in high demand, the previous restrictions against Nisei men (listed as enemy aliens ineligible for service after Pearl Harbor) were set aside in order to create a segregated unit of Japanese American volunteers. Given the nickname "Go For Broke" for its soldier's willingness to put their lives at risk in battle, the unit suffered an extremely high casualty rate and soon required fresh troops. A 1944 amendment to the Selective Service Act reinstated the draft for men in camp when only 1,181 inmates volunteered.

Emi and five other Heart Mountain inmates joined Kiyoshi Okamoto, a vocal protestor against the loyalty questionnaire and the incarceration who called himself a "Fair Play Committee of One," to form the Heart Mountain Fair Play Committee. The Committee encouraged other inmates to refuse military service until their full citizenship rights were restored, and held public meetings to discuss the unconstitutionality of their confinement. As more young men joined the committee and refused to comply with draft orders, the federal government took action.

On March 25, 1944, twelve Heart Mountain inmates who had not reported for their draft physicals were arrested by U.S. Marshals. Undeterred, more young men followed their example, and Emi and two other Committee members who had not received drafted notices (Emi was married with children) attempted to walk out of camp to highlight their status as prisoners. Later that year, sixty-three Heart Mountain resisters were arrested after failing to show up for their induction and were subsequently tried in federal court and convicted of felony draft evasion and, at the suggestion of the Japanese American Citizens League, whose leaders had lobbied the government to permit Nisei men to join the war effort, the added charge of sedition. A total of 300 draft resisters from Heart Mountain and seven other WRA camps were arrested and stood trial for these charges; almost all served at least two years in federal prison. The seven leaders of the Fair Play Committee, who were not eligible for the draft because of their age or domestic status, were convicted of conspiracy to violate the Selective Service Act and sentenced to four years in federal prison. Emi served 18 months at the U.S. Penitentiary at Leavenworth, Kansas, before his and the other leader's sentences were overturned by a federal appeals court in December 1945.

Post-war legacy
Outside prison, Emi and his fellow draft resisters found that most of their peers viewed them with disdain and considered their wartime resistance a sign of disloyalty and cowardice, a stain on the Japanese American community in general and the legacy of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team in particular. This stigma would not begin to change until the late 1970s and early 1980s, when a younger generation of Sansei began to push for redress and a reexamination of their parents' and grandparents' wartime experiences. In 2000, the Japanese American Citizens League reversed their stance and offered Emi and the other resisters a formal apology.

After the war, Frank Emi worked as a gardener and a grocery clerk before beginning a career with the postal service. After retiring from the post office, he worked at a state unemployment office until 1982. Promoted to 8th-degree black belt in 2008, he was also the head instructor of the Hollywood Judo Dojo and was credited for producing several national judo athletes.

Emi died on December 1, 2010, in West Covina, California, the last surviving member of the Heart Mountain Fair Play Committee.

In Culture
The Little-Known Heroes: Frank Emi, a children's picture book by Kaushay and Spencer Ford, was published in 2021.

References

External links

American people of Japanese descent
Japanese-American history
Activists from Los Angeles
Long Beach Polytechnic High School alumni
1916 births
2010 deaths
American civil rights activists
Japanese-American internees
Japanese-American civil rights activists

Frank S. Emi


Lucas Robin "Luke" Ridnour (born February 13, 1981 in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho) is an American basketball player that currently plays for the Minnesota Timberwolves of the NBA. He went to University of Oregon for college where he played for the Oregon Ducks basketball team. Ridnour has also played with the Seattle SuperSonics from 2003-2007 and the Milwaukee Bucks from 2008-2010.

Other websites
Luke Ridnour at NBA.com

1981 births
Living people
American basketball players
Milwaukee Bucks players
Minnesota Timberwolves players
Seattle SuperSonics players
Sportspeople from Idaho

Luke Ridnour


Rudbārži Palace (, ) is a palace in Rudbārži Parish, Kuldīga Municipality in the Courland region in Latvia.

History
The estate was, from 16th century to 1661, owned by the family of Eberhard von Goes and from 1778 till 1920 by the von Fircks noble family.
Schloss Rudbahren was originally built (within the Courland Governorate) in 1835 for Baroness Thea von Fircks and was remodeled in 1882–1883. The structure was severely damaged by a fire set by revolutionaries in 1905 but rebuilding began in 1908.

During the Latvian independence struggle of 1919, Rudbārži Palace was a base for the Oskars Kalpaks Battalion (the 1st Latvian Independent Battalion). The bodies of Kalpaks himself and other officers who fell in the actions of March 1919 against the Bolsheviks were brought from the place of skirmish to lie in the Hall. In 1937 a rest home for Latvian soldiers was established there, and a commemorative plaque was unveiled on the building. Following further destruction in 1938, there was a second reconstruction. During World War Two the palace served as a German field hospital, and was further damaged, and after the War it was used as a school for forestry workers.

From 1962 until 2017 the palace housed the Rudbārži Elementary School, which took on the name of the Oskars Kalpaks Elementary School. The commemorative plaque was rediscovered and remounted in its former position in recent years. The building has been granted state protection as a Cultural Monument for its association with Kalpaks: the domed oval hall has been restored at great expense and renamed the "Heroes' Hall".

The school closed owing to lack of pupils in 2017 and the house became a military centre for the New Guard.

See also
List of palaces and manor houses in Latvia

References

Palaces in Latvia
Kuldīga Municipality
Aizpute County
Courland

Rudbārži Palace


"Simple Explanation" is the 20th episode of the fifth season of House. It first aired on April 6, 2009.

Plot
As Eddie Novack (Meat Loaf) lies on his deathbed, his wife Charlotte is stricken with respiratory failure. The team takes Charlotte's case and wheels Eddie into her room, as he seems to gain strength when he sees her suffering. Taub suggests she could have picked up something in Hawaii when she went there, and Foreman suggests melioidosis. They start her on an IV drip and aciclovir, which works, until she starts gasping. Thirteen suggests polyserositis, so the team starts Charlotte on indomethacin. In the meantime, Taub does a hormone panel on Eddie which turns out normal, so he does an echo-cardiogram on him as well to see if his heart's improving, but it isn't.

Unusually, Kutner does not show up for work, and House dispatches Thirteen and Foreman to check his apartment. Thirteen finds Kutner's body; he has died by suicide. The team must then try to save Charlotte while struggling to make sense of Kutner's death. House, Thirteen and Foreman go to see Kutner's parents, but House blames the parents and leaves. Taub seems to show little interest in Kutner's death. Cuddy tells the team she's hired a grief counselor and offers them time off. She then goes to talk to Wilson, who hasn't been with House yet. Wilson goes with House to Kutner's home. House looks around and finally suspects that someone murdered Kutner. House suspects it was the same person who killed Kutner's birth parents.

House eventually realizes Charlotte feigned her illness, but then her liver fails. Thirteen does an MRI on her, but her spleen ruptures in the middle of it. House thinks she could have Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, so Thirteen and Taub run her AAT proteins. Foreman takes time off. Her proteins come back normal. She then tries to take her own life by overdosing so that Eddie can have her heart.

The team manages to stabilize Charlotte, but the drugs she took damaged her liver. House gets Cameron to convince Eddie to do a partial liver transplant. With his failing heart, he's bound to die on the table. Then they can give his whole liver to Charlotte, which is what she needs, not part of one. House gets Cameron to convince Eddie to do this. He wants to say goodbye to her, but Cameron notes she would never agree to this if she knew what would happen. As Eddie signs off on the transplant, Cameron notices nodules on Eddie's fingers, which could indicate that his condition might be curable. Meanwhile, House finds out that the murderer of Kutner's birth parents died of an aneurysm two months before. Eddie still wants to proceed with the liver donation, but Taub reveals to Charlotte that Eddie can be cured. House realizes Charlotte was in Rio without telling Eddie, where she contracted visceral leishmaniasis. The team starts her on antimony.

The episode ends with Cameron, Chase, Foreman, Thirteen, Cuddy, Wilson, Kutner's parents and many other people attending Kutner's funeral. Foreman takes Thirteen's hand as they watch Kutner's body be cremated. Before Cuddy leaves for the funeral, Taub says that they diagnosed Charlotte too late and she will die. Cuddy offers Taub a ride; he refuses, saying he will stay with Charlotte. Cuddy says that Charlotte's death bought them more time to save Eddie and to transplant her heart which will give her death meaning, but Taub says it won't. Taub stays with Charlotte and Eddie until she dies. Then he is shown sitting in the corridor finally breaking down crying at the loss of his friend. House goes to Kutner's apartment and looks through a pile of photos of Kutner looking happy until he finds one of Kutner looking off into the distance depressed.

Kutner's death
Kutner's suicide was scripted due to actor Kal Penn's decision to accept the position of Associate Director of the White House Office of Public Liaison in President Barack Obama's administration.

Critical reception
Leading up to the premiere of "Simple Explanation", Fox aired commercials suggesting that the episode would contain a major event, calling the episode, "beyond words". Kutner's death was criticized in The Star-Ledger, with columnist Alan Sepinwall arguing that the death was pointless, and seemingly written only to create a "Very Special Episode." The A.V. Club praised the episode for its surprising twist, but also claimed that the sudden death of a major character for no discernible reason was "a dramatic cheap shot". However, Entertainment Weekly commended the show's handling of the death, believing that it was presented in a dramatically effective and realistic manner.

Music
 "Lose You" by Pete Yorn, played at the end of the episode.

References

External links

House (season 5) episodes
2009 American television episodes
Television episodes directed by Greg Yaitanes
Television episodes about suicide
Television episodes about funerals

fr:Il n'y a rien à comprendre
it:Episodi di Dr. House - Medical Division (quinta stagione)#Una spiegazione semplice

Simple Explanation


Jacques-Clément Métezeau (; 1581–1652), also Clément II Métezeau, was Royal architect of Louis XIII, and French engineer who completed the seawall blocking the city of La Rochelle in the Siege of La Rochelle in 1627–1628.

The initial idea for blocking the channel leading to the harbour of La Rochelle in order to stop all supplies to the city came from the Italian engineer Pompeo Targone, but his structure was broken by the winter weather. The endeavour was finally taken up by the Royal architect Clément Métezeau (also Metzeau).

The wall was built on top of a foundation made of sunken hulks, filled with rubble. The construction involved 4,000 workmen, and the seawall was 1,400 metres long. French artillery installed on the seawall and used against English ships that tried to supply the city.

Métezeau may have been involved in the building of the Palais du Luxembourg for Marie de Medicis. According to Collins, he was sent to Florence by the main architect Salomon de Brosse to make drawings of the Palazzo Pitti, which was to be used as a model by the regent's order. However, other sources say Marie de Medicis sent his brother, Louis Métezeau.

Clément Métezeau also built the Classical facade of the Église Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais of Paris, in 1621, as well as two townhouses (hôtels particuliers) in Paris, the Hôtel de Chevreuse (rue Saint-Thomas-du-Louvre), constructed 1622–1623 and renamed Hôtel de Longueville in 1662, and  the Hôtel du Plessis-Guénégaud, constructed 1630–1632.

Gallery

References

17th-century French architects
17th-century French engineers
Military history of the Ancien Régime
People from Dreux
1581 births
1652 deaths

Clément II Métezeau


Engelbert II of Nassau, Engelbrecht in Dutch (17 May 1451 – 31 May 1504), was count of Nassau and Vianden and lord of Breda, Lek, Diest, Roosendaal, Nispen and Wouw. He was a soldier and courtier, for some time leader of the Privy council of the Duchy of Burgundy and a significant patron of the arts.

Biography
Engelbert was born in Breda on 17 May 1451, the son of John IV of Nassau-Siegen and his wife Mary of Looz-Heinsberg.On 19 December 1468 in Koblenz he married Cimburga van Baden, daughter of Charles I, Margrave of Baden-Baden.

Engelbert was lord of Breda between 1475 and 1504.  In 1472 he concluded a treaty with his brother John V of Nassau-Siegen in which he received the possessions West of the Rhine. Charles the Bold made him a knight in the Order of the Golden Fleece, at the age of 22, in 1473.

After the death of Charles the Bold, Engelbert entered in the service of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, who had married Charles's daughter Mary of Burgundy.

In 1479, he commanded troops during the Battle of Guinegate and during the suppression of a rebellion at Bruges.

In 1487, he was captured by the French during the Battle of Béthune, and released for an "enormous" ransom 2 years later. In 1496 he was appointed stadtholder of Flanders and by 1498 he had been named President of the Grand Conseil.

In 1501, Maximilian named him Lieutenant-General of the Low Countries. From that point forward (until his death in 1504) Engelbert was the principal representative of the Habsburg Empire to the region.

Death
Engelbert died on 31 May 1504 in Brussels and is buried in the Grote kerk in Breda. He had no legitimate children and appointed his nephew Henry III of Nassau-Breda as his successor.  Engelbert had two illegitimate children: Engelbrecht and Barbara.

Engelbert II of Nassau in art
Engelbert's portrait by the Master of the Portraits of Princes, can be found in the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. He was one of the last important patrons of Flemish illuminated manuscripts, and commissioned perhaps the most sumptuous manuscript of the Roman de la Rose, British Library Harley MS 4425, which has 92 large and high quality miniatures, despite a date around 1500; the text was copied by hand from a printed edition. These are by the artist known as the Master of the Prayer Books of around 1500. The Book of Hours of Engelbert of Nassau (Bodleian Library, Oxford, MS. Douce 219–220), of the 1470s or 1480s is another well-known manuscript. It has been suggested that he commissioned The Garden of Earthly Delights by Hieronymous Bosch.

References

External links

 Engelbrecht II (in Dutch)

|-

1451 births
1504 deaths
Counts of Nassau
House of Nassau
Knights of the Golden Fleece
Dutch art collectors
Lords of Breda
People from Breda
Medieval governors
Stadtholders of Artois
Stadtholders of Flanders

Engelbert II of Nassau


40 y Tantos (International Title: 40 Something) is a Chilean telenovela produced by TVN and directed by María Eugenia Rencoret and Ítalo Galleani. The series was written by Marcelo Leonart, Ximena Carrera, Andrea Franco, Carla Stagno and José Fonseca.

Plot
Diego (Francisco Melo), Rosario (Francisca Imboden), Marco (Francisco Pérez-Bannen) and Miguel Elizalde (Matías Oviedo) are four brothers who live the crisis forty and have just lost their father. Diego, who is the oldest, is in charge of his father's company,  Elizalde Communications, where he works with his two brothers, Rosario and Marco, and his assistant and lover, Susana Jerez (Mónica Godoy). After Loreto Estevez (Paola Volpato), his wife, caught him in the act of infidelity with his lover, he tries to win her love over again but Loreto asks for a divorce.

Rosario is a working single mother who has to deal with Diego as the chief of the family business and has to raise his son Cristóbal (Nicolás Brown), who is addicted to drugs and has connections with Joaquin Sarda (Andrés Velasco), his best friend and partner in the firm, who is going to marry Renata Santelices (Katyna Huberman).

Marco is a married gamer, who supports his family, and is immature as well as the only witness to the relationship between his niece, the daughter of Diego and Loreto, Fernanda Elizalde (Juanita Ringeling) and a professor of the university, Gaspar Mellado (Bastián Bodenhöfer), who is 30 years her senior.

Finally Miguel, the youngest brother, returns from abroad and learns of the death of his father. Miguel is supported by his brothers because he does not work and has to deal with the demons of a relationship he had with the wife of Marco, Tatiana (Claudia Burr), before he went abroad and which had a daughter, Camila (Javiera Osorio), which is supposed to be his brother.

Cast
 Francisco Melo as Diego Elizalde
 Paola Volpato as Loreto Estévez
 Francisca Imboden as Rosario Elizalde
 Francisco Pérez-Bannen as Marco Elizalde
 Matías Oviedo as Miguel Elizalde
 Claudia Burr as Tatiana Arizmendi
 Nicolás Brown as Cristóbal Cuesta
 Mónica Godoy as Susana Jerez
 Andrés Velasco as Joaquín Sardá
 Katyna Huberman as Renata Santelices
 César Caillet as Génaro Monckeberg
 Juanita Ringeling as Fernanda Elizalde
 Bastián Bodenhöfer as Gaspar Mellado
 Javiera Osorio as Camila Elizalde
 Jorge Velasco as Damián Elizalde

References

External links
Official web site

2010 telenovelas
2010 Chilean television series debuts
2011 Chilean television series endings
2010s Chilean television series
Spanish-language telenovelas
Televisión Nacional de Chile telenovelas

40 y Tantos