Atlanta Rhythm Section (or ARS) is an American Southern rock band formed in 1970 by Rodney Justo (singer), Barry Bailey (guitar), Paul Goddard (bass), Dean Daughtry (keyboards), Robert Nix (drums) and J. R. Cobb (guitar). The band's current lineup consists of Justo, along with guitarists David Anderson and Steve Stone, keyboardist Lee Shealy, bassist Justin Senker and drummer Rodger Stephan.

Early career
In the spring of 1970, three former members of the Candymen (Rodney Justo, Dean Daughtry and Robert Nix) and the Classics IV (Daughtry and James B. Cobb Jr.) became the session band for the newly opened Studio One recording studio in Doraville, Georgia, near Atlanta.

After playing on other artists' recordings, the Atlanta Rhythm Section was christened in May 1970, with Justo (singer), Barry Bailey (guitar), Paul Goddard (bass), Daughtry (keyboards), Nix (drums) and Cobb (guitar). Bailey and Goddard had played together in several groups and, like the Candymen, had also backed up Roy Orbison. The group's name was thought up by Studio One's owner Buddy Buie and his two partners in the venture, Cobb and Bill Lowery.

Signed by Decca Records, the band released their first album, Atlanta Rhythm Section, in January 1972. Due to the record's limited commercial success, Justo quit the band, relocating to New York City as a session singer. He was replaced by Ronnie Hammond, assistant to Studio One's engineer, Rodney Mills. Mills also later worked as the band's road manager and sound man and Buie, also the band's manager and producer as well as co-owner of Studio One, is listed first on almost all of their songwriting credits. With Hammond on board, the band's second release, Back Up Against the Wall (February 1973), also failed to sell and Decca dumped ARS from their roster.

Buie's manager, Jeff Franklin, who was based in New York and had gotten the group the deal with Decca, was then able to get ARS signed to Polydor for their third release, Third Annual Pipe Dream, in August 1974. As a special thank-you to Bailey, Daughtry, and Goddard for appearing on his pioneering 1970 Christian Rock album Mylon, We Believe, Mylon LeFevre performed on one of the Pipe Dream tracks, "Jesus Hearted People" (Buie, Bailey, Goddard, Daughtry and Rodney Mills had all been regular players at Master Sound and LeFevre's studio, LeFevre Sound, before they built Studio One). Pipe Dream yielded the band's first hit single, "Doraville", which peaked at #35 and pulled the album up to #74 on Billboards Top 200 by November 1974.

The band's next two releases, Dog Days (August 1975) and Red Tape (April 1976), sold in even lesser quantities, but ARS toured extensively in 1975–1976, with numerous shows in the South, Northeast and Midwest. On July 18, 1975, the band appeared with the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra during an outdoor show in Atlanta in Chastain Park; in August, they opened for The Who at the Gator Bowl in Jacksonville, Florida and for The Rolling Stones at the Municipal Auditorium in West Palm Beach, Florida.

Hit years

The increased exposure paid off as the group's next album, A Rock and Roll Alternative (December 1976), rose to #13 on the Billboard chart and was certified gold in the spring of 1977. The debut single from the record, "So in to You", peaked at #7 on April 30.

On September 3, 1977, ARS played their biggest show yet, the Dog Day Rockfest at Atlanta's Grant Field on the campus of Georgia Tech. Heart and Foreigner were the opening acts and Bob Seger and the Silver Bullet Band co-headlined with ARS.

In January 1978 ARS released what would turn out to be its most successful album, Champagne Jam, which led off with the song "Large Time", a tribute to Lynyrd Skynyrd, some of whom had lost their lives in a plane crash the previous October. Champagne Jam became their biggest-selling album, selling over a million and certified platinum. The album provided two more hits for the band, "Imaginary Lover" (#7) and "I'm Not Gonna Let It Bother Me Tonight" (#14).

On June 24, 1978, the band appeared at the Knebworth Festival in Knebworth, England before a crowd of 60,000 on a bill that included Genesis, Jefferson Starship, Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, Brand X, Devo and Roy Harper. On July 1, 1978, they played before more than 80,000 at Texxas Jam at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas, with Walter Egan, Van Halen, Eddie Money, Head East, Journey, Heart, Ted Nugent, Aerosmith, Mahogany Rush and Cheech & Chong. And on August 26, 1978, it was Canada Jam at Mosport Park in Bowmanville, Ontario, Canada, before their largest audience yet (over 110,000) with the Doobie Brothers and the Commodores, among others. The following week, ARS had a rock festival of their own, Champagne Jam, at Grant Field at Georgia Tech on September 3, 1978, which also included Santana, the Doobie Brothers, Eddie Money, Mose Jones and Mother's Finest.

Three weeks later, they appeared on the White House lawn at President Jimmy Carter's invitation for his son Chip's 28th birthday party. The band had previously met Carter while he was still governor of Georgia during a press junket for their third album and had campaigned for him in 1976 during his run for the presidency.

The eighth Atlanta Rhythm Section album, Underdog, was released in June 1979 and produced Top 20 hits "Do It or Die" (#19) and "Spooky" (#17), a remake of Cobb's and Buie's 1968 Classics IV hit.

Early in 1979, drummer Robert Nix, the group's primary lyricist, had a falling out with manager/producer Buie over the group's musical direction. Nix wished to move the band in a more rocking direction while Buie was content with their current approach, which incorporated the mellower ballads. The rest of the band's dissatisfaction with Nix's excessive "lifestyle choices" sealed his fate and he was replaced by Roy Yeager, who had previously played for Lobo.

Champagne Jam II, on July 7, 1979, at Georgia Tech featured ARS, Aerosmith, the Cars, Dixie Dregs, Mother's Finest and Whiteface. That October, an ARS live performance from Studio One was released as the double live set Are You Ready. Besides the group's hits and popular tracks up to that time, the album also contained the fan favorite "Another Man's Woman".

Decline and departures
In August 1980 ARS performed three concerts in Japan alongside Cheap Trick and other acts as a part of Japan Jam 2.

The Boys from Doraville (August 1980) showed a steep falling off in sales for the group as radio programmers began turning their attention away from Southern rock to other rock genres, such as new wave. The album provided no hit singles and was their last for Polydor. Another reason for the drop-off in sales may have been the departure of their advocate, Arnie Geller, from Polydor in 1977 to form the Buie/Gellar Organization and BGO Records with Buddy Buie. As a result, the group departed Polydor, which led to a breach of contract lawsuit from the company that was later settled in the band's favor.

Bruce Lundvall offered a better deal at Columbia Records (CBS), who released the next ARS album, Quinella in August 1981, containing the hit "Alien" (#29) but, like The Boys From Doraville, struggled with sales.

In 1982 ARS worked on a second album for CBS, to be titled Longing For A Feeling ("Sleep With One Eye Open", a song on the unreleased album, had also been put forth as a possible title). Before completion, CBS wanted the band to drop some of the tracks and record more. Buie and the band refused, the album was shelved, and CBS dropped its contract with ARS. "It kind of put the brakes on their career", said producer Bill Lowery, "And the other problem was that we couldn't get out of our contract. From what I remember, they toyed with us for months."

Late in 1982, singer Ronnie Hammond decided to leave ARS for a solo career, joined by Buie (who ceased managing ARS), though their work with Alabama musicians never resulted in commercial release. After buying out his partners, Buie continued to run Studio One until 1986 when he sold it to Georgia State University. Unfortunately, the cost of running the studio was too high and it was closed in 1989, and later torn down. Buie died at age 74 on July 18, 2015.

Drummer Roy Yeager tripped over a fallen tree while the band was on tour in Daytona Beach in 1982 and suffered a severe broken leg. One of the band's road crew, Danny Biget, took over on drums, and ARS persuaded Rodney Justo to return to do some shows in early 1983. Justo had moved from session singer to lead singer again in the mid-1970s with a group from Alabama called Beaverteeth. He then left the music industry for a number of years and eventually took up a sales position with a wine company.

During 1983–1984, the group went to Nashville and tried working with Buddy Buie's former associate Chips Moman, a more country-oriented producer, on a proposed new record label called Triad, in conjunction with producer Buddy Killen and former Capricorn Records head Phil Walden. But results were slow to come and, dissatisfied with the country music direction, bassist Paul Goddard and drummer Biget left to work with British producer Eddy Offord in another band with former Dixie Dregs keyboardist T Lavitz and guitarist Pat Buchanan, called Interpol, that was in a more progressive rock direction; unfortunately, Interpol never got off the ground. The Chips Moman Nashville project, which was given the tentative name Hardball, was completed but the album, like their previous effort for CBS, has never been released.

Two new members, Tommy Stribling (bass) and Keith Hamrick (drums), joined in late 1983 and ARS, now without a recording contract, continued to play shows, mostly in the South. Greenville, South Carolina native Andy Anderson, who'd  been playing with Billy Joe Royal, was recommended by his friend Hamrick as the new front man and sang on the unreleased Moman project after Justo was let go.

In 1985 the group tried a new singer, Jeff Logan, who had previously been a trombone player with a band called High Cotton. Logan did two shows but didn't work out because his higher voice didn't fit the band, wasn't really a frontman, and hadn't learned the songs. Anderson soon returned as lead vocalist. Bassist Stribling went on to leave in February 1986, turning it over to Steve Stone.

In late 1986, J. R. Cobb left to concentrate more on songwriting and session work at Moman's new studio in Memphis (for The Highwaymen, among others) and Stribling came back to play guitar. The personnel shuffles continued as Hamrick also departed in late 1986 and was replaced by Sean Burke (who joined in early 1987). Another new lead singer, Shaun Williamson, was rolled in in 1987. But in 1988, Williamson and Stribling were let go as Bailey and Daughtry sought to revamp the band by bringing back Ronnie Hammond.

Ronnie Hammond returns

In 1988 Hammond, Bailey, and Daughtry returned to the studio with Sean Burke and two new players, Brendan O'Brien (guitar) and J. E. Garnett (bass), to produce a new album with Buddy Buie and Rodney Mills that had more of an "'80s rock sound".

Released in October 1989 on the CBS/Epic subsidiary label Imagine, Truth in a Structured Form,  ARS's first album in eight years, featured a heavy drum sound that propelled almost every track and a sharper, more synthesized gloss over the songs, with all, except one, being written by Buddy Buie and Ronnie Hammond, another departure from their previous approach. O'Brien, who was co-producer as well as guitarist on the album, was invited to go on the road with the band but he declined, preferring to continue his career in session work (today he is a much-in-demand producer, having worked with Bob Dylan, Pearl Jam, and Bruce Springsteen).

Steve Stone then returned, as guitarist this time. But album sales for Truth lagged and there was another hiatus in their recorded work as the band continued to tour, with Burke's friend Justin Senker replacing Garnett on bass in May 1992 (after subbing a show for him late the previous year in Louisville, Kentucky) and R.J. Vealey taking over the drum chair from Burke in 1995 after the latter suffered a leg injury.

In 1995 the group went back into the studio, this time to re-record some of their classic songs. This new collection was recorded in North Carolina and the resulting live-in-studio sound of Atlanta Rhythm Section '96 (released on CMC International in April 1996) presented a different, less polished take on some of their classic tunes and captured the sound of their live performances from that period. It was also around this time that ARS was elected to the Georgia Music Hall of Fame. The band, joined by "classic era" members Cobb, Nix and Goddard, was honored at a September 1996 induction ceremony at the Georgia World Congress Center.

ARS then recorded Partly Plugged, which was released in January 1997 on the independent Southern Tracks label. It featured some new songs and more remakes of some classics.

On December 28, 1998, singer Ronnie Hammond, who had battled alcoholism and depression off and on over the years, got into a confrontation with police in Macon, Georgia and was subsequently shot by the police officer. Hammond was seriously injured but survived the injury,    though he suffered from depression afterwards.

The band's fifteenth album, Eufaula, was released in February 1999 but problems occurred almost immediately as the record label, Platinum Entertainment, faced financial troubles and was not able to support the album as intended.

ARS continued to tour on a limited basis. But on November 13, 1999, tragedy struck. After the band had finished an afternoon set at a concert festival in Orlando, Florida, 37-year-old drummer R. J. Vealey complained of indigestion and then collapsed and died of a heart attack. "It was very sudden, very shocking", said guitarist Barry Bailey. "He was a great drummer, the best drummer this band ever had." ARS then continued on upon recruiting new drummer Jim Keeling.

Later changes
In early 1999, with Hammond hospitalized, Andy Anderson came back to front the band until Hammond was well enough to return. Anderson would come again in May 2000 to sub another show for Ronnie. But in 2001, Anderson was back again after Ronnie decided to take a gig with another group, Voices of Classic Rock. Ronnie left touring altogether soon afterward to focus on family and songwriting. A retirement show for Ronnie was held on December 6, 2002, at the club Whiskey River in Macon. Ronnie performed, backed by Dean Daughtry, Justin Senker, Steve Stone, Jim Keeling, Wendall Cox (from Travis Tritt's band) and Mike Causey (from Stillwater). Hammond died on March 14, 2011, in Forsyth, Georgia, at age 60 of heart failure.

In early 2006, Barry Bailey, suffering from multiple sclerosis, retired from the group to take care of his wife, who was sick with cancer (which took her life on July 6, 2006). Steve Stone played most of the lead guitar parts from this point on and Andy Anderson's long-time Billy Joe Royal bandmate and golf buddy, Alan Accardi, was brought in as second guitarist. Alan, a Nashville veteran, would stay with the band for more than a year but it was clear that a player with more of a rock sound was needed, so a friend of Jim Keeling, Huntsville, Alabama native David Anderson, from the band Brother Cane, was brought in as the new guitarist in April 2007.

In 2006 former ARS drummer Roy Yeager was involved in a controversy concerning the destruction of a Tennessee American Civil War landmark.

On March 26, 2008, singer Andy Anderson suffered a heart attack just before he was to catch a plane to Las Vegas to join the band for a two-night stand at the Gold Coast Hotel and Casino. Andy's friend Steve Croson (who'd played alongside him for years in Billy Joe Royal's band) lived in Vegas and was able to step in on short notice. In April and May, original singer Rodney Justo returned, joined by ARS's 1987–88 singer Shaun Williamson, until Andy was healthy enough to return in May.

Return of Paul Goddard and Rodney Justo
In May 2011 Rodney Justo and original bassist Paul Goddard returned after a 28-year absence. Paul's second tenure with the band was short-lived as he died of cancer on April 29, 2014.

After Paul's death, ARS continued to play shows with a lineup of Rodney Justo, Dean Daughtry, Steve Stone, Dave Anderson, Justin Senker and Jim Keeling. Keeling, who left ARS to spend more time with his family, was replaced in March 2016 by Justo's friend Rodger Stephan (who had also played drums with Marty Balin).

Present day
The band still tours, playing mostly festivals and nostalgia-themed concerts.

Their most recent album of new recordings, With All Due Respect (May 2011), was largely covers of other artists' songs (Lynyrd Skynyrd, Allman Brothers, etc.) alongside re-recordings of classic ARS tunes, done at Southern Tracks Studios with longtime engineer Rodney Mills. The album also featured guest performances by Rodney Justo and Paul Goddard, just before they rejoined the group, and Ronnie Hammond, in his final recorded appearance.

From The Vaults (May 2012), released on both the Fuel and Sunset Blvd Records labels, was a double CD collection of unreleased tracks both studio and live and even featured some pre-ARS Candymen performances. From The Vaults was re-released in the summer of 2023 under the title Time Machine with many of the same and some different tracks.

During the spring of 2017, Rome, Georgia keyboardist Lee Shealy was brought in to sub for Dean Daughtry, who had a broken wrist. And from August to October of that same year, singer Andy Anderson returned to the band yet again to stand in for Justo, who was recovering from back surgery.

ARS founder and guitarist J.R. Cobb and his wife, Bertha Ann "Bert" Absher, married in 1967 and had one son, Justin. They lived in Monticello, Georgia for more than 30 years. Cobb died of a heart attack on May 4, 2019, at the age of 75, at Piedmont Newton Hospital in Covington, Georgia.

At the start of 2020, Lee Shealy, having been called to fill in for keyboardist Daughtry at various times from 2017 on, returned for good after Daughtry announced his retirement from performing.

ARS founder and guitarist Barry Bailey died in his sleep on March 13, 2022, at the age of 73, after a long battle with multiple sclerosis.

During the spring and summer of 2022, the band's guitarist David Anderson subbed on lead vocals after Justo had to tend to his ailing wife, Shirley, who died on July 11.

ARS co-founder and keyboardist Dean Daughtry died in Huntsville, Alabama on January 26, 2023, of natural causes at age 76.

Band members

Current members
Rodney Justo – vocals (1970–1972, 1983, April 2008, 2011–present)
Steve Stone – bass, harmonica, backing vocals (1986–1988), guitar (lead from 2006–present), harmonica, backing vocals (1988–present)
Justin Senker – bass (1992–2011, June 2014 – present)
David Anderson – guitar, vocals (April 2007 – present)
Rodger Stephan – drums, backing vocals (March 2016 – present)
Lee Shealy – keyboards, backing vocals (2020–present)

Discography

Atlanta Rhythm Section (1972)
Back Up Against the Wall (1973)
Third Annual Pipe Dream (1974)
Dog Days (1975)
Red Tape (1976)
A Rock and Roll Alternative (1976)
Champagne Jam (1978)
Underdog (1979)
Are You Ready (1979)
The Boys from Doraville (1980)
Quinella (1981)
Truth in a Structured Form (1989)
Partly Plugged (1997)
Eufaula (1999)
Sleep with One Eye Open – The Unreleased Album From 1983 (2010)
With All Due Respect (2011)
From The Vaults (2012)

References

External links

Atlanta Rhythm Section  at the New Georgia Encyclopedia

Rock music groups from Georgia (U.S. state)
Musical groups from Atlanta
Southern rock musical groups from Georgia (U.S. state)
American soft rock music groups
Polydor Records artists
Columbia Records artists
Doraville, Georgia
American musical sextets

Atlanta Rhythm Section


Ferenc Fricsay (born Budapest, 9 August 1914; died Basel, 20 February 1963) (pronounced "Ferr-'ens 'Frich-sye") was a Hungarian conductor. From 1960 until his death, he was an Austrian citizen.

Fricsay was born in Budapest in 1914.  His music teachers were Hungary's most famous composers:  Béla Bartók, Zoltán Kodály and Ernst von Dohnányi.  He was only 15 when he conducted his first concert, and he soon became very famous.  He became music director of the then newly formed RIAS Symphony Orchestra in Germany in 1949. He was conductor of the Houston Symphony in 1954. He spent much of his time from the 1950s onward in Germany as conductor of the Bavarian State Opera (1956–1958), the RIAS Symphony Orchestra, the Deutsche Oper Berlin and the Berlin Philharmonic.

From the 1950s until his death, he recorded for the Deutsche Grammophon record label. Fricsay gave his last concert on 7 December 1961 in London where he conducted the London Philharmonic Orchestra in Beethoven's Symphony No. 7.  He was often ill during his life, and he died of stomach cancer on 20 February 1963 at the age of 48 in Basel, Switzerland.

Fricsay was known for his interpretations of the music of Mozart and Beethoven, as well as that of his teacher Béla Bartók. His 1958 recording of Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 is featured in the movie A Clockwork Orange.

Many musicians still think his recordings are among the very best.

Other websites
 Ferenc Fricsay website

1914 births
1963 deaths
Austrian conductors
Cancer deaths in Switzerland
Deaths from stomach cancer
Hungarian conductors
People from Budapest

Ferenc Fricsay


Tycho's Supernova  also called SN 1572 or B Cassiopeiae (B Cas) – was a supernova of Type Ia in the constellation Cassiopeia. It is one of eight supernovae visible to the naked eye in historical records. It appeared in early November 1572 and was independently discovered by many people. It is called Tycho's because Tycho Brahe published a book the next year about what he and other astronomers saw.

The remains of the supernova was first detected by radio telescopes. It was often known as 3C 10, which is a radio-source designation, but now people call it Tycho's supernova remnant. It can be seen by light telescope.

Supernovae
Astronomical objects
1572

Tycho's Supernova


Nerdcore Rising is a documentary/concert film starring MC Frontalot and other nerdcore hip hop artists such as mc chris, Wheelie Cyberman of Optimus Rhyme and MC Lars, with contributors from artists such as "Weird Al" Yankovic, Prince Paul, and Brian Posehn.
The film, directed and produced by Negin Farsad, was premiered at the 2008 South by Southwest festival in Austin, Texas. It combines interviews about nerdcore and its origins with footage of MC Frontalot's 2006 Nerdcore Rising national tour.

Film content
The film investigates the nerdcore genre of hip-hop music, following the godfather of the genre, MC Frontalot, on his first national tour.
Beginning in South Carolina and culminating at the Penny Arcade Expo in Seattle, masses of fans across the country come out to hear Frontalot's music as he strives to achieve mainstream success.

Behind the scenes, relationships among Frontalot and his band are challenged by their experiences on the road. Frontalot and keyboard player Gaby Alter, a.k.a. G Minor 7, are childhood friends, and both met bass guitarist Brandon Patton, a.k.a. Blak Lotus, in college. Strugis, the drummer, tries to fit in as the new member and Brandon, the so-called flirt of the band, is a taskmaster in Sturgis.

Throughout the film, music industry notables provide insight into Nerdcore. Old school trailblazers like Prince Paul and contemporary hip hop aficionados like J-Live examine the legitimacy of nerdcore as a subgenre of hip hop. Celebrities like "Weird Al" Yankovic discuss the origins of nerdcore while Penny Arcade creators Mike Krahulik and Jerry Holkins expound on the digital revolution that is enabling the nerdcore movement.

MC Frontalot strives to live in a world where nerdcore is a real genre of hip-hop and where other MCs take him seriously.

DVD release
The DVD of Nerdcore Rising was sold in limited release in August 2008. It was sold for the first time at the 2008 Penny Arcade Expo in Seattle. It was released widely on 15 September 2009.

References

External links

2008 films
American documentary films
Documentary films about hip hop music and musicians
Nerdcore
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Nerdcore Rising (film)


Banning State Park is a state park of Minnesota, USA, stretched along  of the Kettle River near Sandstone in Pine County.  The centerpiece of the park is  of churning rapids, some up to Class IV.   The daring kayakers and canoeists who shoot Blueberry Slide, Mother's Delight, Dragon's Tooth, Little Banning, and Hell's Gate each spring attract spectators to the park. Landbound visitors can hike along the state's first Wild and Scenic River amid dramatic sandstone rock formations, large potholes carved by the river, and the remains of an historic quarry.  Other features are Wolf Creek Falls and Robinson Ice Cave.  The park is located directly off Interstate 35. Banning State Park is open daily from 8am until 10pm. Each vehicle entering the park requires an up to date permit which can be purchased online or at the park office.

Natural history

Geology

The park lies in a shallow, narrow valley worn by the Kettle River.  The topsoil is very thin and in the center of the park the river has cut down through Precambrian sandstone known as the Hinckley Formation and on into the bedrock, resulting in a gorge—up to  tall at Hell's Gate—and  of rapids.

The park is also notable for its numerous glacial potholes, smooth shafts scoured into rock.  These were formed at the end of the Wisconsin glaciation when the river was swollen by the melting ice, and powerful eddies sent debris swirling around and around, literally drilling shafts into the streambed.  The Log Creek Arches in the northern section are potholes whose bottoms have been worn away on one side.

Robinson Ice Cave is a  deep cave in the bluffs between Wolf Creek Falls and Sandstone.  The cave is not open to the public and the entrance is gated to protect the little brown bats, big brown bats, and Keen's myotis bats that hibernate in it.  In winter, large stalagmites of ice often form on the cave floor, but in a strict sense it is not an ice cave because the ice does not persist year-round.

Below the rapids, the valley once again begins to widen.  Away from the river valley, the topography is generally level to gently-rolling glacial till plain.

Flora
The vegetation in this part of the Mille Lacs Uplands is still recovering from 19th century human industry and forest fires.  The forest was logged, and around the quarry the ground was stripped bare.  Today middle-successional species like birch and aspen are more prevalent than the Norway and eastern white pines that would have originally dominated the area.

Fauna
184 bird species have been sighted in Banning State Park, including ruffed grouse. Commonly spotted mammals include white-tailed deer, black bear, fox, coyote, raccoon, beaver, and snowshoe hare. 17 species of reptiles and amphibians and 34 species of mammals live in this park.

Cultural history

The durable, pink-colored sandstone exposed by the river was an ideal construction material, and in 1892 quarrying began after the St. Paul and Duluth Railroad laid a spur to the outcrop.  The 1894 Great Hinckley Fire was a major setback, but quarrying bounced back quickly, and two years later a town arose just outside the quarry.  It was named Banning after the president of the railroad, whose tracks allowed the stones to be shipped to St. Paul, Duluth, and beyond.  The quarrying frenzy was over by 1905, a victim of local and national factors.  Within the quarry most of the easily extractable high-quality sandstone was gone, and there was a nationwide architectural move away from stone to structural steel.  An asphalt company lingered on until 1912, but when it closed so too did the town of Banning.  The railroad company removed its tracks later that decade.

In 1959 the Pine County Historical Society interested the state in acquiring the Banning ghost town as a historical site.  Given the obvious scenic value of the area, the proposal quickly evolved into a call for a new state park.  A bill to this effect was ratified in 1963, although the state didn't acquire enough land to begin developing recreational facilities until 1967.  An undeveloped northern section was added in 1986.  In 1995 a dam at the southern tip of the park was removed, restoring a waterfall and another series of rapids.  Ironically the remains of the town, which prompted the creation of the park, are no longer even visible.

Recreation

The Kettle River is a destination for whitewater paddling including rafting, canoeing and kayaking.  Within the park there are two carry-in access points and two boat ramps.  Much of the river is Class I, with portages around the rapids.  Fishing is also available along the Kettle River, which has held and produced state-record sturgeon.

Banning State Park's drive-in campground has 33 sites (11 with electrical hookups), a camper cabin, and showers.  There are four canoe campsites spaced along the river.  Banning State Park staff also manage a campground within nearby General C. C. Andrews State Forest that boasts 38 drive-in sites, 2 walk-in sites, and a group tent camp.

The park has  of hiking trails.  A paved bicycling path leads out of the park and connects with the Willard Munger State Trail.  In winter  of trail are groomed for cross-country skiing and  are open for snowmobiling; snowshoeing is allowed anywhere in the park except for the groomed trails. Banning State Park hosts a number of bouldering locations for rock climbers. The boulders are listed in the guidebook Minnesota & Wisconsin bouldering.

References

External links

Banning State Park

1963 establishments in Minnesota
Protected areas established in 1963
Protected areas of Pine County, Minnesota
State parks of Minnesota

Banning State Park


Frederick Montizambert  (February 3, 1843 – November 2, 1929) was a Canadian physician and civil servant. He was the first Director General of Public Health in Canada.

Born in Quebec City, Canada East, the son of Edward Lewis Montizambert and Lucy Bowen, Montizambert was a descendant of Pierre Boucher and his grandfather was Edward Bowen. Montizambert was educated at the High School of Montreal and at Upper Canada College from 1856 to 1859. He studied medicine at Université Laval from 1859 to 1861 and then studied at the University of Edinburgh for three years receiving his MD in 1865. He returned to Quebec in 1865 and married Mary Jane Walker, the daughter of William Walker who was a member of the Legislative Council of Quebec from 1842 to 1863.

He was not interested in private practice but rather worked in public health as the medical director at the Grosse Isle quarantine station. Starting in 1866, he held the post for thirty years. In 1894, he was also appointed to be superintendent of Canadian quarantine stations. In 1899, he was appointed Director General of Public Health in Canada. He retired in 1920.

In 1867, he joined the Canadian Medical Association and was its president from 1907 to 1908. In 1890, he was elected President of the American Public Health Association.

He was made a companion of the Imperial Service Order in 1903 and a companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1916. In 2001, he was inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame.

References

Further reading

External links
 Grosse Île and the Irish Memorial National Historic Site of Canada

1843 births
1929 deaths
Canadian civil servants
Canadian public health doctors
Canadian Companions of the Imperial Service Order
Canadian Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
High School of Montreal alumni
People from Quebec City
Université Laval alumni
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)

Frederick Montizambert


Colonel Claude William Henry Lowther (c. 1870 – 16 June 1929) was an English Conservative politician.

Early life
Lowther was the only son of Capt. Francis William Lowther and Louise Beatrice de Fonblanque; Francis William was the illegitimate son of the Earl of Lonsdale and Emilia Cressotti, an Italian opera singer, and received £125,000 on the Earl's death. His sister was the tennis player Toupie Lowther, whom he encouraged to form an all-female unit supporting the French Army during the First World War.

He was educated at Rugby School and had a brief diplomatic career as honorary attaché at Madrid from 1894.

Career
He was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Westmorland and Cumberland Yeomanry of the British Army on 17 May 1899. Following the outbreak of the Second Boer War later that year, he signed up for service with the Imperial Yeomanry, where on 3 February 1900 he was appointed a Lieutenant in the 8th Battalion. During a skirmish at Faber's Put on 30 March 1900, he and two troopers rescued two wounded men while under heavy Boer Fire, an act for which he was unsuccessfully recommended for the Victoria Cross (VC) by Sir Charles Warren.

In September 1914, a month after the outbreak of the Great War, he raised and equipped the 11th, 12th, and 13th (Service) Battalions of the Royal Sussex Regiment, who became known as "Lowther's Lambs", and, together with the 14th (Service) Battalion of the Hampshire Regiment, formed the 116th Brigade of the 39th Division. His recruiting was highly successful, enlisting men who were volunteering for Kitchener's Army from the South Downs already bound to one another by community ties. However, Lowther, like most who raised service battalions, was not to command them in action. He returned to Herstmonceux, while his "Lambs", after arriving on the Western Front earlier in the year, were terribly damaged in their first attack on 30 June 1916, intended to divert attention from the offensive on the Somme.

Political career
In October 1900, at the "Khaki Election", he was elected Unionist member of parliament for Eskdale. During the last months of the Boer War on 10 July 1901, Lowther made a speech advocating extracting reparations from the Transvaal, using mineral deposits to compensate for high British taxes needed to pay for the war.

He was defeated in 1906 by the Liberal candidate, Geoffrey Howard. After his defeat, he became a vigorous campaigner against socialism and for the preservation of Empire. Lowther favoured tariff reform and "national efficiency", including state welfare. From 1908 until 1911, he was chairman of the Anti-Socialist Union. Defeated again in Eskdale at the January 1910 election, he regained the seat in December 1910.

In Parliament, he called for both military and industrial conscription, and for the creation of a volunteer army of veterans past the age of service. Lowther followed the philosophy of Milner in admiring the patriotic dedication of the working class.

Having announced that he would not stand again in North Cumberland, which was won unopposed in 1918 by the distantly related Christopher Lowther, he became MP for Lonsdale. He favoured large indemnity payments from Germany, and supported the Anti-Waste League, and, less fortunately, Horatio Bottomley. He was among the MPs who voted to end the coalition with David Lloyd George at the Carlton Club meeting brought on by the Chanak Crisis.

In the 1922 General Election he did not stand for re-election in Lonsdale on health grounds, but was a last minute nominee for Carlisle. In 1918 the Conservatives had not contested this traditionally Liberal seat, to ensure Labour did not win. The local party proposed to do the same again, but an internal coup led to Lowther's selection. In a brief but vigorous campaign he pushed the sitting Liberal into third place, and the Labour candidate took the seat. This proved to be the end of Claude Lowther's political career.

Personal life
Aside from his political career, Lowther was also a connoisseur and a student of the theatre, and a friend of Herbert Beerbohm Tree. Lowther's play The Gordian Knot was presented at Her Majesty's Theatre in 1903, but was not at all successful. The episode, however, did not bring about a breach between Lowther and Tree. He bought Herstmonceux Castle in 1911 and began restoring it in 1912. The inhabitable parts were refurnished and stocked with objets d'art.

His health gradually failed, and Lowther died at his London home in 1929. After his death, the collection he had assembled at Herstmonceux was sold off, and the castle itself sold to Reginald Lawson.

References

External links

 A Brief History of the Southdown Battalions

1870s births
1929 deaths
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1900–1906
UK MPs 1910–1918
UK MPs 1918–1922
Imperial Yeomanry officers
Claude
Westmorland and Cumberland Yeomanry officers

Claude Lowther


Ludwig Heinrich von Jakob (26 February 1759 – 22 July 1827) was a German philosopher, political scientist and economist.  During the French occupation of Germany, he worked as a consultant and professor in Russia.

Biography
He was born at Wettin, Duchy of Magdeburg; in 1777 he entered the University of Halle. In 1780 he was appointed teacher at the gymnasium, and in 1791 professor of philosophy at the university. He was very popular as a lecturer on metaphysics, but after 1800 turned his attention especially to political economy.

The suppression of the University of Halle having been decreed by Napoleon, Jakob left for the Russian Empire, where in 1807 he was appointed professor of political economy at Kharkoff University (now in Ukraine). In 1809, he was appointed a member of the government commission to inquire into the finances of Russia. He distinguished himself in this inquiry and received various tokens of regard from Alexander I. In 1810, he became president of the commission for the revision of criminal law, and at the same time he obtained an important office in the finance department, with the rank of counsellor of state.

In 1816, he returned to Halle to occupy the chair of political economy. He died at Lauchstädt.

Works
Shortly after his first appointment to a professorship in Halle, Jakob had begun to turn his attention rather to the practical than the speculative side of philosophy, and in 1805 he published at Halle Lehrbuch der Nationalökonomie, in which he was the first to advocate in Germany the necessity of a distinct science dealing specially with the subject of national wealth. His principal works are:

 Grundriss der allgemeinen Logik und kritische Anfangsgründe der allgemeinen Metaphysik ("Outline of basic logic," Halle, 1788; 3rd ed., Frankfurt, 1794; 4th ed., 1800)
 Grundsätze der Polizeigesetzgebung und Polizeianstalten ("Foundations of the making of police laws and police forces," Leipzig, 1809)
 Grundriss der Erfahrungsseelenlehre (4th ed., 1810)
 Einleitung in des Studium der Staatswissenschaften ("Introduction to the study of political science," Halle, 1819)
 Entwurf eines Criminalgesetzbuchs für das russische Reich ("Proposal for criminal law statutes for the Russian Empire," Halle, 1818)
 Staatsfinanzwissenschaft ("Public finance," 2 vols., Halle, 1821).
 Lehrbuch der Nationalökonomie ("Primer of political economy," Halle, 1805; 3rd ed., 1825)

Literature
 Vladimir Abashnik, Ludwig Heinrich von Jakob. In: The Dictionary of eighteenth-century German philosophers. General editors: Heiner F. Klemme, Manfred Kuehn. In 3 vol. London: Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd., 2010, Vol. 2: H – P, pp. 590–594.

1759 births
1827 deaths
People from Saalekreis
German economists
German political scientists
German criminologists
18th-century German philosophers
People from the Duchy of Magdeburg
University of Halle alumni
Academic staff of the University of Halle
Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
German male non-fiction writers
19th-century German philosophers

Ludwig Heinrich von Jakob


An hourglass (or sandglass, sand timer, or sand clock) is a device used to measure the passage of time. It comprises two glass bulbs connected vertically by a narrow neck that allows a regulated flow of a substance (historically sand) from the upper bulb to the lower one by gravity. Typically, the upper and lower bulbs are symmetric so that the hourglass will measure the same duration regardless of orientation. The specific duration of time a given hourglass measures is determined by factors including the quantity and coarseness of the particulate matter, the bulb size, and the neck width.

Depictions of an hourglass as a symbol of the passage of time are found in art, especially on tombstones or other monuments, from antiquity to the present day. The form of a winged hourglass has been used as a literal depiction of the Latin phrase  ("time flies").

History

Antiquity

The origin of the hourglass is unclear. Its predecessor the clepsydra, or water clock, is known to have existed in Babylon and Egypt as early as the 16th century BCE.

Middle Ages

There are no records of the hourglass existing in Europe prior to the Late Middle Ages; the first documented example dates from the 14th century, a depiction in the 1338 fresco Allegory of Good Government by Ambrogio Lorenzetti.

Use of the marine sandglass has been recorded since the 14th century. The written records about it were mostly from logbooks of European ships. In the same period it appears in other records and lists of ships stores. The earliest recorded reference that can be said with certainty to refer to a marine sandglass dates from , in a receipt of Thomas de Stetesham, clerk of the King's ship La George, in the reign of Edward III of England; translated from the Latin, the receipt says: in 1345:

Marine sandglasses were popular aboard ships, as they were the most dependable measurement of time while at sea. Unlike the clepsydra, hourglasses using granular materials were not affected by the motion of a ship and less affected by temperature changes (which could cause condensation inside a clepsydra). While hourglasses were insufficiently accurate to be compared against solar noon for the determination of a ship's longitude (as an error of just four minutes would correspond to one degree of longitude), they were sufficiently accurate to be used in conjunction with a chip log to enable the measurement of a ship's speed in knots.

The hourglass also found popularity on land as an inexpensive alternative to mechanical clocks. Hourglasses were commonly seen in use in churches, homes, and work places to measure sermons, cooking time, and time spent on breaks from labor. Because they were being used for more everyday tasks, the model of the hourglass began to shrink. The smaller models were more practical and very popular as they made timing more discreet.

After 1500, the hourglass was not as widespread as it had been. This was due to the development of the mechanical clock, which became more accurate, smaller and cheaper, and made keeping time easier. The hourglass, however, did not disappear entirely. Although they became relatively less useful as clock technology advanced, hourglasses remained desirable in their design. The oldest known surviving hourglass resides in the British Museum in London.

Not until the 18th century did John Harrison come up with a marine chronometer that significantly improved on the stability of the hourglass at sea. Taking elements from the design logic behind the hourglass, he made a marine chronometer in 1761 that was able to accurately measure the journey from England to Jamaica accurate within five seconds.

Design
Little written evidence exists to explain why its external form is the shape that it is. The glass bulbs used, however, have changed in style and design over time. While the main designs have always been ampoule in shape, the bulbs were not always connected. The first hourglasses were two separate bulbs with a cord wrapped at their union that was then coated in wax to hold the piece together and let sand flow in between. It was not until 1760 that both bulbs were blown together to keep moisture out of the bulbs and regulate the pressure within the bulb that varied the flow.

Material
While some early hourglasses actually did use silica sand as the granular material to measure time, many did not use sand at all. The material used in most bulbs was "powdered marble, tin/lead oxides, [or] pulverized, burnt eggshell". Over time, different textures of granule matter were tested to see which gave the most constant flow within the bulbs. It was later discovered that for the perfect flow to be achieved the ratio of granule bead to the width of the bulb neck needed to be 1/12 or more but not greater than 1/2 the neck of the bulb.

Practical uses

Hourglasses were an early dependable and accurate measure of time. The rate of flow of the sand is independent of the depth in the upper reservoir, and the instrument will not freeze in cold weather. From the 15th century onwards, hourglasses were being used in a range of applications at sea, in the church, in industry, and in cookery.

During the voyage of Ferdinand Magellan around the globe, 18 hourglasses from Barcelona were in the ship's inventory, after the trip had been authorized by King Charles I of Spain. It was the job of a ship's page to turn the hourglasses and thus provide the times for the ship's log. Noon was the reference time for navigation, which did not depend on the glass, as the sun would be at its zenith. A number of sandglasses could be fixed in a common frame, each with a different operating time, e.g. as in a four-way Italian sandglass likely from the 17th century, in the collections of the Science Museum, in South Kensington, London, which could measure intervals of quarter, half, three-quarters, and one hour (and which were used in churches, for priests and ministers to measure lengths of sermons).

Modern practical uses

While hourglasses are no longer widely used for keeping time, some institutions do maintain them. Both houses of the Australian Parliament use three hourglasses to time certain procedures, such as divisions.

Sand timers are sometimes included with boardgames such as Pictionary and Boggle that place time constraints on rounds of play.

Symbolic uses

Unlike most other methods of measuring time, the hourglass concretely represents the present as being between the past and the future, and this has made it an enduring symbol of time itself.

The hourglass, sometimes with the addition of metaphorical wings, is often depicted as a symbol that human existence is fleeting, and that the "sands of time" will run out for every human life. It was used thus on pirate flags, to strike fear into the hearts of the pirates' victims. In England, hourglasses were sometimes placed in coffins, and they have graced gravestones for centuries. The hourglass was used in alchemy as a symbol for hour.

The former Metropolitan Borough of Greenwich in London used an hourglass on its coat of arms, symbolising Greenwich's role as the origin of GMT. The district's successor, the Royal Borough of Greenwich, uses two hourglasses on its coat of arms.

Modern symbolic uses

Recognition of the hourglass as a symbol of time has survived its obsolescence as a timekeeper. For example, the American television soap opera Days of Our Lives, since its first broadcast in 1965, has displayed an hourglass in its opening credits, with the narration, "Like sands through the hourglass, so are the days of our lives," spoken by Macdonald Carey.

Various computer graphical user interfaces may change the pointer to an hourglass during a period when the program is in the middle of a task, and may not accept user input. During that period other programs, for example in different windows, may work normally. When such an hourglass does not disappear, it suggests a program is in an infinite loop and needs to be terminated, or is waiting for some external event (such as the user inserting a CD). Unicode has an HOURGLASS symbol at U+231B (⌛).

Hourglass motif

Because of its symmetry, graphic signs resembling an hourglass are seen in the art of cultures which never encountered such objects. Vertical pairs of triangles joined at the apex are common in Native American art; both in North America, where it can represent, for example, the body of the Thunderbird or (in more elongated form) an enemy scalp, and in South America, where it is believed to represent a Chuncho jungle dweller. In Zulu textiles they symbolise a married man, as opposed to a pair of triangles joined at the base, which symbolise a married woman. Neolithic examples can be seen among Spanish cave paintings. Observers have even given the name "hourglass motif" to shapes which have more complex symmetry, such as a repeating circle and cross pattern from the Solomon Islands. Both the members of Project Tic Toc, from television series the Time Tunnel and the Challengers of the Unknown use symbols of the hourglass representing either time travel or time running out.

See also
 List of largest hourglasses
 Marine sandglass
 Water clock
 Hourglass figure
 Chemex

References

Further reading

Books

Periodicals

Hourglass


A Motion of Confidence is a motion of support proposed by a government in a parliament or other assembly of elected representatives to give members of parliament (or other such assembly) a chance to register their confidence in a government.  The motion is passed or rejected by means of a parliamentary vote (a Vote of confidence).  Governments often propose a Motion of confidence to replace a Motion of no confidence proposed by the opposition.

Defeat of a Motion of Confidence in a parliamentary democracy generally requires one of two actions: the resignation of the government, or a request for a parliamentary dissolution and the calling of a General Election.

In Italy the Constitution provides only the motion of confidence and that of not-confidence, respectively to start and to end the life of a government; the question of confidence, by which the government asks a Chamber to approve without change its texts, is the result of a tradition of the late nineteenth century and is increasingly used to accelerate the legislative process, but does not apply to rules for amending Constitution.

References

Parliamentary procedure

Motion of Confidence


An introduced species is an living thing that is not native to a given place. It has been brought there by human activities.  People may have brought the living thing by accident or on purpose.  The introduced species can cause problems when it becomes a pest in the new place.  It may damage the ecosystem of the new place.  This damage can be to other animals, plants and also human activity.

One introduced species is the tilapia.  It is a fish that comes from warm freshwater areas of Africa, North and South America, India and Sri Lanka.  It has been taken to other areas because it is good for fish farming, and it also is a good pet for an aquarium.  When the fish is released into other parts of the world, it quickly takes over from the native fish.  It can do this because it breeds quickly, eats all the available food, and eats the eggs and babies of native fish.  This can cause the water to become so muddy, that the native fish cannot live.  Tilapia has been listed as one of the 100 worst introduced species.  A person owning or selling one in Australia could be fined up to AU$11,000.

An introduced species may have a great advantage over the native species.  They usually come in without the predators and parasites which they suffer in their old environment.  This allows them to have young quickly. Fire ants and Africanized honeybees became invasive insects in the 20th century.

Examples

People brought rabbits to Australia because they wanted to raise and eat them.  The rabbits got into the wild and became pests.  Australians built the rabbit-proof fence to try to stop them from covering the whole country.
People put mosquitofish in rivers and lakes in western North America because they thought the fish would eat mosquito young.  Instead, the mosquitofish killed the other fish that had been eating the mosquitoes.  There were more mosquitoes than ever.
People brought cats and stoats to islands.  When birds live on islands with no mammal predators, they sometimes do not build nests in trees.  Instead, they nest on the ground.  This makes it easy for the cats and stoats to eat the chicks and eggs.  Some birds, for example the kiwi and kakapo do not fly.  The animals that like to eat the kakapo were mostly birds of prey that flew high overhead.  They would find the kakapo by seeing it.  The kakapo would stand very still so the bird of prey would not find it.  But this does not work against a mammal predator that finds its prey by smelling it.  The kakapo would stand very still, and the introduced mammal would catch it.
Rats hid on human ships and got onto Easter Island.  Historians think the rats might have eaten palm tree seeds and could be what made the trees on the island die out.

Related pages
 Invasive species
Feral

References

Plants
Animals and humans
Ecology

Introduced species


John Edyvean was a British engineer from Cornwall who developed an inclined plane system, to reduce the necessity for locks on the UK canal network.

In 1773, during the reign of George III, a plan was made to create a canal from Mawgan Porth, through various parishes including St Mawgan, St. Columb Major, Little Colan, and St. Columb Minor, to Porth. The project was meant to convey goods from the coast inland and eventually to the south coast.

However, Edyvean died before the project was completed at a cost of £100,000. An attempt to revive the scheme was made in 1829 by a Mr Retallick of Liskeard, but this too amounted to nothing.

Edyvean died in the 1780s. An obituary of the time in a monthly review related:

"In the year 1779 he had finished the canal up to the town of St. columb..... in that year I went with some friends to visit this work. We overtook this poor old man groping his way up the inside of his canal, and leading a miserable little horse in his hand. We joined him and he conducted us to all the parts of his ingeneous work with the intelligence of one who had formed the whole, inch by inch, and this alone can account for the ease and safety with which in his blind state he passed through every part of it. We dined together and he gave us a little history of his life"

See also

Bude Canal.
St. Columb Canal
Canal inclined plane

References
'The Canals of South West England' by Charles Hadfield ()

External links
History of Bude Canal

British inventors
Engineers from Cornwall
Inventors from Cornwall
1780s deaths
Year of birth unknown
English civil engineers

John Edyvean


Martin Stephens (born 19 July 1949) is a former child actor and architect from England, best known for his performances in the films Village of the Damned and The Innocents. Stephens appeared in 14 films between 1954 and 1966, then chose to drop out of acting and made his adult career outside the profession.

Career
Stephens was born in Southgate, Middlesex on 19 July 1949 and made his first film appearance aged 5 in the 1954 tug-of-love drama The Divided Heart. In 1958 he featured as the young David Copperfield in three episodes of the TV series Tales from Dickens. The same year he returned to the screen in Another Time, Another Place, a sudsy melodrama in which he was cast as the child of Sean Connery and Glynis Johns.

Several more film appearances followed in the next two years before Stephens landed the role which would make him famous. Village of the Damned was a screen adaptation of John Wyndham's science fiction novel The Midwich Cuckoos with Stephens cast as David Zellaby, the leader of a group of sinister hybrid children who are born simultaneously in a quiet country village. The film was shot in six weeks on a budget of £80,000, and distribution company MGM reportedly had little faith in the finished product, believing they had a dud on their hands. There were no press showings, and the film was slipped without any advance publicity into a small number of cinemas in the London area to fill a gap in programming. Much to MGM's surprise, it became an immediate word-of-mouth sensation with large queues forming in advance of each showing.  Stephens' eerily chilling performance as a calm and controlling white-haired child without the capacity to feel any human emotion both thrilled and disturbed audiences, leaving a lasting impression on those who saw it. In 2003, English broadcaster Alan Dein noted: "Children were your friends, they were fun. But not this lot. This was the first time any of us had ever seen scary children, really bad seeds, and he was the scariest of the lot. That boy gave me nightmares." Stephens himself recalled: "I knew it was an unusual part. I quietly liked it...having these very adult qualities and having control over the adult. Imagine having that power."

In 1961, Stephens appeared in a smaller part in The Hellfire Club before landing another starring role in The Innocents, a screen version of the famously ambiguous Henry James novel The Turn of the Screw. Cast as the precocious and strangely knowing Miles, he gave another unsettling performance as a disturbed and prematurely sexualised child, notably in the famous "goodnight kiss" scene with Deborah Kerr. This proved to be Stephens' last film for several years, as his parents withdrew him from acting to concentrate on his education. He later said: "It was just accepted wisdom within my family: boarding school and the end of the acting career. I was a very malleable child. Which is probably why I was reasonably good in films, because I was very directable."

Stephens returned to the screen in 1965, as one of the two siblings, the other played by Olivia Hussey, who travel from England to Italy to bring home their errant mother (Maureen O'Hara) in The Battle of the Villa Fiorita.

His final film appearance came in the indifferently-received Hammer Films production The Witches in 1966.

By this time, the appeal of acting had worn off, and Stephens decided to give up the profession to study architecture at Queen's University Belfast. Stephens went on to have a career as an architect. He currently lives in Portugal.

Filmography

References

Bibliography
 Holmstrom, John. The Moving Picture Boy: An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995. Norwich, Michael Russell, 1996, p. 272-273.

External links

Martin Stephens Official Personal Website
 Martin Stephens  Official Charitable Website

1949 births
Living people
English male child actors
English male film actors
People from Southgate, London
Alumni of Queen's University Belfast
Male actors from London

Martin Stephens (actor)


Socialist League (in Swedish: Socialistiska Förbundet) was a Trotskyist organization in Sweden. SF was founded on December 15, 1979 when the 'Bolshevik Fraction' was expelled from the Communist Workers League (KAF, later the Socialist Party). The 'Bolshevik Fraction' within the United Secretariat of the Fourth International was formed in 1978, as an extension of the 'Bolshevik Tendency' formed in 1976.

SF was affiliated to the International Workers League (LIT) of Nahuel Moreno. SF published Socialistiskt Perspektiv.

In 1982 SF was joined by the Program Tendency. PT had worked as a fraction within KAF but left to join SF. PT continued to work as a fraction within SF.

In 1985 PT launched the Workers Association of Malmberget, which won a seat in Gällivare in the municipal elections. Following the elections PT managed to take control over SF, partly by excluding a minority. The excluded minority soon split in two, but regrouped as Revolutionary Socialists in 1987.

Under PTs leadership SF became associated with a minority tendency within LIT. Later it left LIT altogether.

Ahead of the 1988 elections SF suffered another split. The SF decided to give critical support the candidacy of SP. PT, who had proposed a critical vote for the Social Democrats, refused to go along with this, and left to form the International Group.

In 1990 SF merged into the Workers List. As that project crumbled, the group originating from SF left it in 1993 and formed Workers List - Alternative. In 1994 the group rejoined SP.

Political parties established in 1979
Defunct political parties in Sweden
Trotskyist organizations in Sweden

Socialist League (Sweden)


A digraph (from the , dís, "double" and γράφω, gráphō, "write"), also known as a bigraph, digram or bigram, is a string of two letters where the number of written characters does not match the number of sounds that are spoken. In other words, two graphemes (units of writing, or letters) are used to represent one phoneme (distinct sound). For example, since there are no single letters in English alphabet to represent the sounds /ʃ/, /tʃ/, and /θ/, English uses a string of two letters to represent the sounds in the same order sh, ch, and th. While other sounds such as /f/ and /w/ already have letters that correspond to the sounds, f and w, digraphs ph and wh are used in some words to show their etymologies (origins of words) rather than their current pronunciation.

List of English digraphs
 Ch corresponds to /tʃ/ in English.
 Sh corresponds to /ʃ/ in English.
 Th corresponds to /θ/ and /ð/ in English.
 Ph corresponds to /f/ in English.
 Wh corresponds to /w/ in English.

Related pages
 Trigraph, a similar string of three letters

Linguistics

Digraph (orthography)


Robert Vaughn (November 22, 1932 – November 11, 2016) was an American actor.

Career
Without being listed in the credits, Robert Vaughn appeared in The Ten Commandments (1956). This  was his first job in movies. Two years later he starred in the science fiction movie Teenage Cave Man.

In 1959, he was nominated for an Academy Award, a Golden Globe and Laurel Awards for "best supporting actor" for his role in The Young Philadelphians (1959), with Paul Newman. His second major role was in the movie directed by John Sturges, The Magnificent Seven (1960). The movie also starred Yul Brynner and Steve McQueen. Vaughn played an expert gunman. He was one of the 7 Magnificent that helped the peasants.

In 1967, he starred in action movie The Venetian Affair, directed by Jerry Thorpe. A year later, he had a role in Bullitt (1968), with Steve McQueen. For this work Robert Vaughn was nominated for a BAFTA Award, for "Best Supporting Actor". In 1969 he starred with George Segal, in the war movie The Bridge at Remagen (1969).   Then in 1970, has the role of Servilius Casca in Julius Caesar, with Charlton Heston.

In Irwin Allen Production's, The Towering Inferno (1974), Vaughn played Senator Parker. He was one of the people who are trapped in the tower.

His other movie credits include Starship Invasions (1977), with Christopher Lee and directed by Ed Hunt, Brass Target  (1978), Virus (1980) and The Delta Force (1986), with Chuck Norris.

He also worked on Superman III (1983) as Ross Webster.

The Man from U.N.C.L.E.
Robert Vaughn is widely known for playing the role of agent Napoleon Solo in NBC TV series The Man from U.N.C.L.E., with David McCallum. He played Napoleon Solo for 104 episodes of the series between 1964 and 1968

Success was so great that there were several movies. These included To Trap a Spy (1964), The Spy with My Face (1965), One Spy Too Many (1966), One of Our Spies is Missing (1966), The Spy in the Green Hat (1966), The Karate Killers (1967), The Helicopter Spies (1968), How to Steal the World (1968).

In 1983 Vaughn and McCallum were reunited for the TV movie The Return of the Man from U.N.C.L.E.: The Fifteen Years Later Affair.

In 1965 and 1966 Robert Vaughn was nominated twice for the Golden Globe Award as Best TV Star - Male for The Man from U.N.C.L.E.

Television

In 1963 he starred in her first television series The Lieutenant, as Captain Ray Rambridge. In 1970s worked in the TV mini-series Captains and the Kings (1976), Washington: Behind Closed Doors (1977), and Centennial (1978-1979). Robert Vaughn also worked for the British television. He starred in series The Protectors (1972-1974). Vaughn played the role of Harry Rule for 52 episodes of the series.  In 1986, he was hired to play the role of General Hunt Stockwell, in The A-Team, with George Peppard.

He also worked in the television western The Magnificent Seven (1998) as Judge Oren Travis.

Vaughn has been guest star on many TV series. These include Frontier (1956), Gunsmoke (1956 - 1957), The Rifleman (1958), Law of the Plainsman (1959), Thriller (1961), Police Woman (1975-1976), Columbo (1976), Hawaii 5-0 (1979), The Love Boat (1981), Stingray (1986), Hunter (1989), Murder, She Wrote (1985-1992), Kung Fu: The Legend Continues (1993), Walker, Texas Ranger (1996), Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (2006) and Little Britain USA.

He received an Emmy Award as supporting actor, for TV movie Washington: Behind Closed Doors.

Between 2004 and 2011, Vaughn starred in the series Hustle.

References

1932 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from leukemia
American movie actors
American television actors
Emmy Award winners
Actors from New York City

Robert Vaughn


The "World's Largest Buffalo Monument" is a sculpture of an American Bison located in Jamestown, North Dakota at the Frontier Village. It is visible from Interstate 94, overlooking the city from above the James River valley. The statue is a significant tourist draw for Jamestown and the source of its nickname, The Buffalo City.

Description
The sculpture is  tall and  long and weighs . It was constructed with stucco and cement around a steel beam frame shaped with wire mesh.

The sculpture is complete in many respects of detail. It is sculptured after a male bison in mid-stride and is anatomically correct.

History
The sculpture was commissioned in 1959 by local businessman Harold Newman, designed by Elmer Petersen, Jamestown College Art Professor and sculptor, and constructed under Peterson's supervision by professional construction workers and community members.

The final construction cost was approximately US$8,500 in 1969; a significant overrun from initial estimates closer to $4,600. The concrete slab that lies under the sculpture was added later and was not included in the initial cost.

When originally constructed, the statue stood alone on a hill south of Jamestown. Beginning in the mid-1960s, the city began expanding the site with the collection of a small number of historic buildings moved there in an attempt to recreate the look of a small Midwestern town in the 1800s. Named Frontier Village, the project has grown over the years to encompass several acres (hectares) with a complex of buildings and other attractions, including the National Buffalo Museum. However, the Buffalo remains the featured attraction.

In June 2007, the city of Jamestown received a grant of $16,500 from Hampton Hotels' Save-A-Landmark program to refurbish the buffalo. The money was used to repaint the buffalo to look more lifelike and to enlarge the horns.  Original designer Elmer Petersen directly oversaw the renovation.

On July 24, 2010, the World's Largest Buffalo was named "Dakota Thunder", after a contest that drew more than 3,500 entries.

References

External links
 Jamestown, ND Tourism website
 National Buffalo Museum website
 Real ND World's Largest Buffalo Page
 Hampton Landmarks

Outdoor sculptures in North Dakota
Buildings and structures in Jamestown, North Dakota
Tourist attractions in Stutsman County, North Dakota
Roadside attractions in North Dakota
1959 sculptures
Sculptures of bison
Stucco sculptures
Construction records
Colossal statues in the United States
1959 establishments in North Dakota
Animal sculptures in North Dakota

World's Largest Buffalo


In Japan, most forms of gambling are generally banned by the Criminal Code chapter 23; however, there are several exceptions, including betting on horse racing and certain motor sports.

Public sports, lottery, and toto (football pools) are held under special laws in order to increase the income of national and local governments as well as to offer a form of entertainment.

Since 2018, casino operators have been bidding for three legal licenses to operate an integrated casino resort in Japan, including in Osaka, Tokyo, and Yokohama. The Japanese government established the Casino Administration Committee in 2020 to supervise and manage Japan's resort operators.

A number of fictional franchises focus on gambling in Japan.

Public sports
Kōei kyōgi (, public sports) are public races that can be gambled on legally. There are four types: horse racing, bicycle racing, powerboat racing, and asphalt speedway motorcycle racing. They are allowed by special laws and are regulated by local governments or governmental corporations.

All four types employ parimutuel betting. The prize pool for gamblers on these races are 70-80% of total sales. Betting tickets are available at numerous circuits and ticket booths (off-track betting) within many cities.

Lottery

Takarakuji (), i.e., lotteries, are held by prefectures or large cities on a regular basis all throughout the calendar year.

There are three main types of lotteries: unique number lotteries, selected number lotteries, and scratch cards. Each lottery ticket is sold at 100 to 500 yen, and the top cash prizes are usually 100 million yen or more.

The takarakuji law stipulates that the entire prize pool for any given lottery is to be less than 50% of total sales, with the rest going to local government organizations and charities.

Takarakuji tickets are available at takarakuji booth and stores in many cities, with some outlets becoming particularly popular. Tickets for selected number lotteries can be also bought at some ATMs.

Pachinko

Pachinko is a pinball-like slot machine game. It is officially not considered gambling because Japanese laws regard pachinko as an exception to the criminal code on gambling for historical, monetary, and cultural reasons. Pachinko parlors can be found all over Japan, and they are operated by private companies. As of 2011, there are about 12,480 pachinko parlors in Japan. In 2018, Japan spent $200 billion on pachinko each year. Also, "nearly half of all leisure time in Japan" was spent in pachinko parlors.

In pachinko, when a player's ball makes it into a special hole to activate the slot machine and a jackpot is made, they are rewarded with more balls. Players can then exchange the balls for prizes of different value at a booth in the parlor. Money cannot be awarded at pachinko parlors as this would be in violation of the criminal code. However, players almost always exchange pachinko balls for special tokens, usually slips of gold encased in plastic, and then "sell" them at a neighboring shop for cash. This neighbouring shop is often owned by the parlor, but as long as the winners do not receive cash in the parlor premises itself, the law is not broken.

On April 4, 2011, Shintaro Ishihara, the Governor of Tokyo at the time, spoke against the pachinko parlors, arguing that the popular game together with vending machines were wasting electricity, at "nearly 10 million kilowatts of energy". He said that following the consequences the earthquake of March 11, 2011, the government asked people to reduce energy consumption, but asking was not enough and the government order was not enacted. In 2016, the Parliament voted to approve the said law that will eventually "alter the gambling industry in Japan".

Illegal gambling
Yakuza are known to operate illegal casinos in Japan. In addition to traditional casino games, mahjong can be played for money and many mahjong parlors have ties with the Yakuza to assist collecting debt from players who default.

Another illegal gambling opportunity is offered by mobile gambling sites. At these sites, Japanese gamblers can play rock-paper-scissors and win cash prizes. In 2010, the owner of one of these sites was arrested and confessed to earning over $1 million. The players purchased betting tickets for ¥315. They could win ¥1,000 if they won three times in a row while ¥10,000 was the prize for those who won five times in a row.

Casinos

Efforts to legalize
There were movements within the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) government to open casinos to boost tourism in Japan.  Operating casinos remains illegal in Japan, and recent sports betting on baseball by sumo wrestlers has caused a scandal.

In 2000, former mayor Ishihara proposed building casinos in Odaiba, but despite the high public interest, the idea was not entirely approved. One of the arguments against the developments was that the Japanese being not used to gambling would be too prone to addiction. Another possibility for the development of the casino industry in Japan is the creation of floating casinos. The idea of boat gambling has also been actively supported by Ishihara.

Casino legislation in Japan picked up fresh momentum with lawmakers submitting the Integrated Resort (IR) Enabling Act to the Diet in 2015.

Legalization and bidding
In July 2018, Japanese lawmakers approved a bill that officially allows casinos in the country. Three casinos in the form of integrated resorts (IRs) will be established in different locations. The IRs will come with restrictions and Japanese locals will only be able to visit the casinos three times per week, or ten times a month. Japanese visitors will also be charged a 6,000 yen entrance fee to help discourage addiction.

Osaka was the first to launch the "Request For Proposal" (RFP) process in 2019, and the five companies who applied for an Osaka integrated casino resort license are Las Vegas Sands, Wynn Resorts, MGM Resorts, Melco Resorts, and Genting Singapore. Names of two gambling operators were not revealed as they had requested anonymity. In February 2020 only MGM Resorts had submitted a bid in Osaka, with no bids put in by competing companies Galaxy Entertainment and Genting Singapore. MGM was awarded the contract. Las Vegas Sands, Melco Resorts and Entertainment and Wynn Resorts all said they were instead focusing on Yokohama and Tokyo and the bidding processes there, for the remaining two licenses.

On May 13, 2020, Las Vegas Sands recalled its bid to open an IR in Japan amid postponement of the Tokyo 2020 Olympics and global coronavirus epidemic.

Casino Administration Committee
The Japanese government established the Casino Administration Committee on January 7, 2020. Intended to supervise and manage Japan's IR operators, it operates as an external department to the cabinet. The chairman is Michio Katamura. It will grant casino licenses and also be able to revoke them, and investigate operators and related officers.

Media depictions
Gambling is the central theme of many Japanese fictional works, including manga, anime, film, and literature. Examples of notable franchises centered on gambling in Japanese culture include Kakegurui (Compulsive Gambler), Gambling Apocalypse: Kaiji, Usogui, Akagi, Legendary Gambler Tetsuya, Liar Game, Mahjong Hishō-den: Naki no Ryū, One Outs, Rio: Rainbow Gate!, and Tobaku Haōden Zero.

See also
Bookmaker

References

Economy of Japan
Politics of Japan
Yakuza

Gambling in Japan


Mars Probes (2002) is a science fiction anthology of mostly all-new short stories edited by Peter Crowther, the third in his themed science fiction anthology series for DAW Books. The one story that is the exception to appearing here for the first time is a reprint of a Ray Bradbury story from 1968. The stories are all intended to be inspired by the theme of robotic probes on Mars. The book was published in 2002.

The book includes a three-page introduction by Crowther entitled, "The Fascination of Mars", fifteen short stories, and an eleven-page set of author biographies at the end.

Contents
The anthology contains the following stories:

Ray Bradbury: "The Love Affair"
Eric Brown: "Myths of the Martian Future"
Paul Di Filippo: "A Martian Theodicy"
Alastair Reynolds: "The Real Story"
Mike Resnick and M. Shayne Bell: "Flower Children of Mars"
James Lovegrove: "Out of the Blue, Into the Red"
Scott Edelman: "Mom, The Martians, and Me"
Ian McDonald: "The Old Cosmonaut and the Construction Worker Dream of Mars"
Allen Steele: "A Walk Across Mars"
Stephen Baxter: "Martian Autumn"
Gene Wolfe: "Shields of Mars"
Paul McAuley: "Under Mars"
James Morrow: "The War of the Worldviews"
Brian W. Aldiss: "Near Earth Object"
Patrick O'Leary: "The Me After the Rock"
Michael Moorcock: "Lost Sorceress of the Silent Citadel"

See also

 Mars in fiction

Further reading

External links

2002 anthologies
Peter Crowther DAW anthologies
Short stories set on Mars
DAW Books books

Mars Probes


Availability factor in a power plant is the amount of time that it is able to produce electricity over a certain period, divided by the amount of the time in the period. The availability factor depends on the type of power plant, the source of energy used and how the plant is operated. Newer types of power plants usually have higher availability factors than old power plants.

Electricity

Availability factor


The Old Portland Underground, better known locally as the Shanghai tunnels, is a group of passages in Portland, Oregon, United States, mainly underneath the Old Town Chinatown neighborhood and connecting to the main business section. The tunnels connected the basements of many hotels and taverns to the waterfront of the Willamette River. They were built to move goods from the ships docked on the Willamette to the basement storage areas, allowing businesses to avoid streetcar and train traffic on the streets when delivering their goods.

The newspapers of the 19th century document tunnels and secret passages underground. Organized crime was the center of many of these stories. However, many of the more colorful stories claimed for the underground are controversial. Historians have stated that although the tunnels exist and the practice of shanghaiing was sometimes practiced in Portland, as elsewhere, there is no evidence that the tunnels were used for this.

In his book The Oregon Shanghaiers, Portland historian Barney Blalock traces the notion that the tunnels were used to shanghai sailors to a series of apocryphal stories that appeared in the newspaper The Oregonian in 1962, and the subsequent popularity of "Shanghai tunnel" tours that began in the 1970s. He says the tours were popular but misled visitors.

In 1990, local businessman Bill Naito was quoted in The Oregonian as saying that the tunnels are underneath "Northwest Couch, Davis and Everett streets".

The "Shanghai tunnels" are referenced many times in Grimm.

See also

 Vault lights, tunnel illumination
 Seattle Underground

References

Further reading

External links
Cascade Geographic Society, offers tours of the basements near the tunnels.

Geography of Portland, Oregon
History of Portland, Oregon
Northwest Portland, Oregon
Old Town Chinatown
Underground cities
Tourist attractions in Portland, Oregon

Shanghai tunnels


Major-General Sir John Humphrey Davidson,  (24 July 1876 – 11 December 1954), nicknamed "Tavish", was a British Army officer and Member of Parliament.

Early life
Davidson was born in Mauritius to George Walter Davidson, a merchant, and his wife Johanna, and some time before 1890 they moved back to England. From 1890 Davidson was educated at Harrow School, then at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, after he left Harrow in 1893.

Early military career

Davidson graduated in 1896 and joined the 1st Battalion the King's Royal Rifle Corps as a second lieutenant on 28 March 1896. He was promoted to lieutenant on 15 October 1898, and a year later the Corps had been transferred to Cape Colony, where they were directly involved in the Second Boer War. With his Regiment he took part in the Battle of Talana Hill and the Battle of Ladysmith before he was attached to the Army Service Corps. He was promoted to captain on 25 October 1901, and in late December that year he was seconded for service as Adjutant of the Damant's Horse, a local cavalry unit, with the objective of disrupting Boer commando units. He was mentioned in despatches and appointed a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) for his war service.

After the end of the Boer War he returned to a regular posting with his regiment in August 1902, and was appointed regimental Adjutant of the 1st Battalion on 3 September 1902. He left South Africa with other men of his battalion on the SS Sardinia in September 1902. Arriving at Malta the following month, he was engaged in Imperial garrison service there and at Crete before being accepted into the Staff College, Camberley in 1905. After graduation he served in a variety of positions as a staff officer, including as director of training at the War Office from 1908 to 1910, followed by two years as a staff major with the 5th Infantry Brigade. In 1912 he was transferred back to the Staff College, this time as an instructor.

First World War
After the outbreak of the First World War, Davidson joined the III Corps as a staff officer and participated in the First Battle of the Marne, First Battle of the Aisne and the First Battle of Ypres. After the formation of the First Army in 1915 he became the operations officer for Douglas Haig, the Army commander. As operations officer Davidson was the principal organiser of the Battle of Neuve Chapelle, Battle of Loos and the Second Battle of Artois. After Haig became Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force on the Western Front Davidson's star was in the ascendant as a part of Haig's inner circle and he was appointed to the post of Director of Military Operations at General Headquarters, one of the key posts controlling activities on the Western Front during the war. In 1916 he was made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour and in 1917 he was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath. During the planning of the initial attack at Third Ypres, he urged more limited advances with regard to tactical objectives so as to increase the concentration of British artillery fire and leave the British attacking forces less vulnerable to German counter-attack, but his advice was not followed.

Ahead of the German Michael Offensive Davidson advised Hubert Gough, GOC Fifth Army, that he could overcome his lack of men by "skillful handling of rearguards". Gough was irritated by this.

On 6 April 1918, with the German Georgette Offensive imminent, he was sent on a mission to Beauvais to attempt to persuade Ferdinand Foch to take over the British line as far north as the Somme, to send French reserves behind British line at Vimy Ridge, or to conduct a major French offensive. Foch, concerned at the risk of a German attack in the French sector, refused, although he offered to participate in a joint Anglo-French offensive near Amiens.

In the spring of 1918 Davidson, now a major-general, was promoted to control both Intelligence (formerly the empire of Haig's alleged eminence grise John Charteris and now under Brigadier General Edgar Cox), and Operations ("Oa", now under the future CIGS Brigadier General John Dill).

Ahead of the Bluecher Offensive, Haig later claimed that he and Davidson had repeatedly warned of the dangers of a German attack along the Chemin des Dames, but that their warnings were brushed aside by Foch, Maxime Weygand and de Barescut. No evidence had been found to substantiate this claim.

In 1919 Davidson was appointed and knighted a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George.

Later life
He left the army in 1922, and immediately stood for Parliament as a Conservative. He was returned for Fareham, and took an active role in the House of Commons' Army Committee. He stood down from the Commons in 1931 to concentrate on his business interests, including a seat on the Vickers-Armstrongs board and a position as Chairman of the Bank of Australia between 1937 and 1945. In the early 1950s he published the book 'Haig: Master of the Field, comprising a defence of the British Army General Headquarters' conduct of the Western Front campaign in 1917–1918.

Death
He died at the age of 78 at Daviot in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, on 11 December 1954.

Publications
 Haig, Master of the Field (1953).

References

Books
 Harris, J. P. Douglas Haig and the First World War. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2008.

External links

Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Companions of the Order of the Bath
UK MPs 1918–1922
UK MPs 1922–1923
UK MPs 1923–1924
UK MPs 1924–1929
UK MPs 1929–1931
1876 births
1954 deaths
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
King's Royal Rifle Corps officers
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
British Army generals of World War I
People educated at Harrow School
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
British Army major generals
Academics of the Staff College, Camberley
Mauritian emigrants to the United Kingdom

John Davidson (British Army officer)


Polly Pocket is a line of small plastic dolls and accessories. The name comes from the fact that many of the first Polly Pocket toys came in pocket-size cases.  The Fashion Polly dolls are sold by Mattel.

History
Polly was first designed by Chris Wiggs in 1983 for his daughter Kate. Using a powder compact, he created a small house for the very small doll. Bluebird Toys of Swindon, England licensed the idea. The first Polly Pocket were sold in stores in 1989. Mattel held a distribution agreement with Bluebird Toys for Polly Pocket items in the early 1990s. In 1998, while production slowed, several companies tried to buy Bluebird Toys. Mattel finally bought the company later that year.

In 1999, Mattel changed the design of Polly. They created a new series of collectible items. The new Polly doll is larger. It also looks more similar to a real person than the first dolls.  That same year, Mattel also started selling Fashion Polly!. This line used the same characters from the new Polly Pocket (Polly, Lea, Shani, Lila, etc.) but they were 3 ¾ inch (9.5 cm) plastic jointed dolls. Instead of the normal cloth clothing, Polly Pockets used "Polly Stretch" clothing. These were rubbery plastic clothes that could be put on the dolls and removed.  They also created boy dolls.

Other websites
Polly Pocket
OnlyPollyPocket.com
Polly Pocket Time

Dolls

Polly Pocket


Wolverhampton Wanderers Football Club is a Inglis fitbaw club representin Wolverhampton. Commonly referred tae bi its elk-name "Wolves", the club wis foondit in 1877 an syne 1889 haes played at Molineux Stadium. Heestorically, Wolves hae been heichly influential, maist notably as bein foonder members o the Football League, as well as haein played an instrumental role in the establishment o the European Cup, later tae become the UEFA Champions League.

Honours
In the aw-time table syne the league's inception in 1888, Wolves sit in the aw-time top fower, ahint anerlie Manchester United, Liverpool an Arsenal in terms o aw time league position.

Cumulatively, they ar the aicht maist successful club, ahint Chelsea, wi 13 major trophy wins (see Inglis Fitbaa Records).

Uniquely, they are the anerlie club tae hae wan titles in five different Fitbaa League divisions, an in 1988, their Fowert Division title glory made them the first team tae hae been champions o aw fower professional leagues in Inglis fitbaw, although this feat haes syne been matched bi Burnley in 1992 an Preston in 1996. They remain the anerlie club tae hae wan aw top naitional cups (FA Cup, Fitbaa League Cup an Fitbaa League Trophy).

During their 1950s domination o Inglis fitbaw, Wolves wur the first team tae pass the 100-goal mark for three seasons in succession, in consecutive 1957/58, 1958/59 an 1959/60 seasons. They ar an aa the first team tae score 7,000 league goals an trail anerlie Manchester Unitit in terms o total league goals as o the end o the 2009–10 season.

League
First Division/Premier League
 Champions: 1953–54, 1957–58, 1958–59
 Runners-up: 1937–38, 1938–39, 1949–50, 1954–55, 1959–60

Seicont Division/Championship
 Champions: 1931–32, 1976–77, 2008–09
 Runners-up: 1966–67, 1982–83
 Play-off winners: 2003

Third Division (North)/Third Division/
 Champions: 1923–24, 1988–89, 2013-14

Fowert Division
 Champions: 1987–88

Cup
UEFA Cup
 Runners-up: 1972

FA Cup
 Winners: 1893, 1908, 1949, 1960
 Runners-up: 1889, 1896, 1921, 1939
 Third-place: 1973
 Semi-finalists: 1890, 1951, 1979, 1981, 1998

Fitbaa League Cup
 Winners: 1974, 1980
 Semi-finalists: 1973

FA Charity Shield
 Winners: 1949*, 1954*, 1959, 1960* (* joint holders)
 Runners-up: 1958

Fitbaa League Trophy
 Winners: 1988

Minor honours
Texaco Cup
 Winners: 1971

Fitbaa League War Cup
 Winners: 1942

FA Youth Cup
 Winners: 1958
 Runners-up: 1953, 1954, 1962, 1976

United Soccer Association
 Champions 1967 — playing as Los Angeles Wolves

North American Soccer League Internaitional Cup
 Winners 1969 — playing as Kansas City Spurs

The Central League
 Winners 1931–32, 1950–51, 1951–52, 1952–53, 1957–58, 1958–59

Freemit airtins

Football League foonder members
Fitbaw clubs in the Wast Midlands (coonty)
Association fitbaw clubs established in 1877
Premier League clubs
Football League clubs
FA Cup winners
Football League Cup winners
Football League Trophy winners
United Soccer Association importit teams
Sport in Wolverhampton

Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.


...And Now Miguel is a novel by Joseph Krumgold that won the Newbery Medal for excellence in American children's literature in 1954. It deals with the life of Miguel Chavez, a 12-year-old Hispanic-American shepherd from New Mexico. It is also the title of a 1953 documentary directed by Krumgold. In 1966, a feature film adaptation was directed by James B. Clark and starred Pat Cardi.

Plot summary
Miguel Chavez has dreamed of visiting the Sangre de Cristo Mountains since he was very little. This summer, he is going to work hard and pray until his father and grandfather realize that he is ready to take the trip with the rest of the older men.

His prayers are granted, though ironically – when his older brother is drafted his father needs an extra body and grudgingly allows Miguel to accompany them.  Miguel is miserable with the manner in which his wish has been granted, and confesses to his brother what he prayed for.  His brother explains that he had been praying to leave New Mexico and see more of the world – while he is not happy about being drafted, he fatalistically accepts that it is the only way he is likely to be able to fulfill his dream.  The brothers resolve to allow God to work freely for the rest of their lives, and not bother God with petty requests.

Illustrations
The book was illustrated by artist Jean Charlot, described as "the greatest artist ever to devote himself regularly to the field of children's books". The New York Herald Tribune reviewer gave credit to Charlot: "Fully half of our pleasure in the book lay in the superb Charlot drawings."

References

External links

Newbery Medal–winning works
1953 American novels
American children's novels
Novels set in New Mexico
1953 children's books
Children's books set in New Mexico

...And Now Miguel