Marguerite Catherine Perey (19 October 1909 – 13 May 1975) was a French physicist and a student of Marie Curie. In 1939, Perey discovered the element francium by purifying samples of lanthanum that contained actinium. In 1962, she was the first woman to be elected to the French Académie des Sciences, an honor denied to her mentor Curie. Perey died of cancer in 1975.

Early life
Perey was born in 1909 in Villemomble, France, just outside Paris where the Curie's Radium Institute was located. Although she hoped to study medicine, the death of her father left the family in financial difficulties.

Perey earned a chemistry diploma from Paris' Technical School of Women's Education in 1929; while not a "degree", it did qualify her to work as a chemistry technician. In 1929 at the age of 19, Perey interviewed for a role as a personal assistant (technician) to Marie Curie at Curie's Radium Institute in Paris, France, and was hired. Marie Curie took on a mentoring role to Perey, taking her on as her personal assistant.

Early career
Under Marie Curie's guidance at the Radium Institute, Perey learned how to isolate and purify radioactive elements, focusing on the chemical element actinium (discovered in Curie's laboratory in 1899 by chemist André-Louis Debierne). Perey spent a decade sifting out actinium from all the other components of uranium ore, which Curie then used in her study of the decay of the element. Marie Curie died of aplastic anemia only five years after Perey began working with her, but Perey and Debierne continued their research on actinium and Perey was promoted to radiochemist.

Discovery of francium

In 1935, Perey read a   paper by American scientists claiming to have discovered a type of radiation called beta particles being emitted by actinium and was skeptical because the reported energy of the beta particles didn't seem to match actinium. She decided to investigate for herself, theorizing that actinium was decaying into another element (a daughter atom) and that the observed beta particles were actually coming from that daughter atom. She confirmed this by isolating extremely pure actinium and studying its radiation very quickly; she detected a small amount of alpha radiation, a type of radiation that involves the loss of protons and therefore changes an atom's identity. Loss of an alpha particle (consisting of 2 protons and 2 neutrons) would turn actinium (element 89, with 89 protons) into the theorized but never-before-seen element 87.

Perey announced the discovery of the never-before-seen element 87 as a note  in the Comptes  Rendus presented  at the Académie des Sciences by Jean Baptiste Perrin on 9 January 1939 with the title "On an element 87, derived from actinium." Perey's discovery was announced by Perrin, not Perey herself, because she was only a laboratory assistant with no university degree. Perey named the element francium, after her home country, and it joined the other alkali metals in Group 1 of the periodic table of elements. Francium is the second rarest element (after astatine) - only about 550g exists in the entire Earth's crust - and it was the last element to be discovered in nature. (Five elements that were discovered synthetically were later found to exist in nature: technetium, promethium, astatine, neptunium, and plutonium.)

Later career

Perey received a grant to study at Paris' Sorbonne, but because she didn't have a bachelor's degree, the Sorbonne required her to take courses and obtain the equivalent of a B.S. to fulfill their PhD program requirements before she could earn her doctorate. She graduated from the Sorbonne in 1946 with a Doctorate of Physics. After obtaining her PhD, Perey returned to the Radium Institute as a senior scientist and worked there until 1949.

Perey was made the head of the department of nuclear chemistry at the University of Strasbourg in 1949, where she developed the university's radiochemistry and nuclear chemistry program and continued her work on francium. She founded a laboratory that in 1958 became the Laboratory of Nuclear Chemistry in the Center for Nuclear Research, for which she served as director. She also served as a member of the Atomic Weights Commission from 1950 to 1963.

Because of her work with francium, Perey was nominated five times for a Nobel Prize, but she never received it.

Ironically, Perey hoped that francium would help diagnose cancer, but in fact it itself was carcinogenic, and Perey developed bone cancer which eventually killed her. Perey died on 13 May 1975 (age 65). She is credited with championing better safety measures for scientists working with radiation.

Legacy

Perey's archives with materials dating from 1929 to 1975 were left at the University of Strasbourg. They include laboratory notebooks, course materials from her work as professor of nuclear chemistry, papers from her laboratory directorship, and publications. All documents are currently held at the Archives départementales du Bas-Rhin (Departmental archives of the Bas-Rhin).

Publications
 "Sur un élément 87, dérivé de l'actinium," Comptes-rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences, 208: 97 (1939).
 "Francium: élément 87," Bulletin de la Société chimique de France, 18: 779 (1951).
 "On the Descendants of Actinium K: 87Ac223," Journal de Physique et le Radium, 17: 545 (1956).

Positions
 1929–34: Personal assistant (preparateur) to Marie Curie, Institut du Radium.
 1934–46: Radiochemist, Institut du Radium.
 1946–49: Maitre de Recherches, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut du Radium.
 1949: Professeur titulaire de la Chaire de Chimie Nucleaire, Universite de Strasbourg.
 1950–63: Member of the Atomic Weights Commission

Education
 Diplôme d'État de chimiste, École d'enseignement technique féminine, 1929
 Doctorat des Sciences, Sorbonne, 1946

Honors
Perey was elected to the French Academy of Sciences in 1962, making her the first woman elected to the Institut de France. Although a significant step, her election as a "corresponding member" rather than a full member came with limited privileges.

The French Academy of Science Wilde Prize (1950)
The French Academy of Science Le Conte Prize (1960)
The City of Paris Science Grand Prize (1960)
Officier of the Légion d'Honneur (1960)
 Grand Prix de la Ville de Paris (1960)
 Elected correspondante of the Académie des Sciences (Paris, 1962). First woman to be elected to the Académie since its founding in 1666.
 Lavoisier Prize of the Académie des Sciences (1964)
 Silver Medal of the Société Chimique de France (1964)
 Commandeur of the Ordre National du Mérite (1974)

See also
 Timeline of women in science

References

Further reading

1909 births
1975 deaths
University of Paris alumni
French physicists
Discoverers of chemical elements
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Officers of the Legion of Honour
Deaths from cancer in France
20th-century French women scientists

Marguerite Perey


A mindset is a state that usually a majority of people would have in a particular time or occasion. It is formed from things that people are convinced about. It is like a collected norm.

Mindset can also be about how people see their abilities. In this sense, people have two types of mindsets: fixed and growth mindsets. Psychologist Carol Dweck explains that students with fixed mindset believe their basic abilities, their intelligence, their talents, are just fixed characteristics . They have a certain amount and they improve, and then their goal becomes to look smart all the time and never look dumb. In a growth mindset students understand that their talents and abilities can be developed through effort, good teaching and working hard. They don't necessarily think everyone's the same or anyone can be Einstein, but they believe everyone can get smarter if they work at it.

Psychology

Mindset


Hispanic (Spanish: Hispano, hispánico) is a word that originally meant a relationship to Hispania. This is the Iberian Peninsula and includes Portugal, Andorra, Gibraltar and Spain. Now the word is used with a more limited meaning.

In the United States, Hispanic and Latino are different ethnic categories. Hispanic simply means a person who comes from a country where Spanish is the official language, this includes Puerto Rico of the United States whereas Latino means a person who comes from a country in Latin America (which includes only Mexico of North America, the Caribbean, Central America, and South America).

 A person who has roots from Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay, Honduras, Venezuela, Costa Rica, Uruguay, and Panama is both Hispanic and Latino.

 A person who has roots from Spain and Equatorial Guinea is Hispanic, but not Latino.
 A person who has roots from Brazil, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Haiti, Saint Barthélemy, and Saint Martin is Latino, but not Hispanic.

Spanish names, the Spanish language, and Spanish customs can also be found in other areas that were part of the Spanish and Portuguese Empires, such as in Equatorial Guinea in Africa, or in the Spanish East Indies (e.g. Philipines) and the Portuguese Brazil.

Spanish language
Ethnic groups
United States

Hispanic


Dielectric spectroscopy (which falls in a subcategory of impedance spectroscopy) measures the dielectric properties of a medium as a function of frequency. It is based on the interaction of an external field with the electric dipole moment of the sample, often expressed by permittivity.

It is also an experimental method of characterizing electrochemical systems. This technique measures the impedance of a system over a range of frequencies, and therefore the frequency response of the system, including the energy storage and dissipation properties, is revealed. Often, data obtained by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is expressed graphically in a Bode plot or a Nyquist plot.

Impedance is the opposition to the flow of alternating current (AC) in a complex system. A passive complex electrical system comprises both energy dissipater (resistor) and energy storage (capacitor) elements. If the system is purely resistive, then the opposition to AC or direct current (DC) is simply resistance. Materials or systems exhibiting multiple phases (such as composites or heterogeneous materials) commonly show a universal dielectric response, whereby dielectric spectroscopy reveals a power law relationship between the impedance (or the inverse term, admittance) and the frequency, ω, of the applied AC field.

Almost any physico-chemical system, such as electrochemical cells, mass-beam oscillators, and even biological tissue possesses energy storage and dissipation properties. EIS examines them.

This technique has grown tremendously in stature over the past few years and is now being widely employed in a wide variety of scientific fields such as fuel cell testing, biomolecular interaction, and microstructural characterization. Often, EIS reveals information about the reaction mechanism of an electrochemical process: different reaction steps will dominate at certain frequencies, and the frequency response shown by EIS can help identify the rate limiting step.

Dielectric mechanisms

There are a number of different dielectric mechanisms, connected to the way a studied medium reacts to the applied field (see the figure illustration). Each dielectric mechanism is centered around its characteristic frequency, which is the reciprocal of the characteristic time of the process. In general, dielectric mechanisms can be divided into relaxation and resonance processes. The most common, starting from high frequencies, are:

Electronic polarization
This resonant process occurs in a neutral atom when the electric field displaces the electron density relative to the nucleus it surrounds.

This displacement occurs due to the equilibrium between restoration and electric forces.
Electronic polarization may be understood by assuming an atom as a point nucleus surrounded by spherical electron cloud of uniform charge density.

Atomic polarization
Atomic polarization is observed when the nucleus of the atom reorients in response to the electric field. This is a resonant process. Atomic polarization is intrinsic to the nature of the atom and is a consequence of an applied field. Electronic polarization refers to the electron density and is a consequence of an applied field. Atomic polarization is usually small compared to electronic polarization.

Dipole relaxation
This originates from permanent and induced dipoles aligning to an electric field. Their orientation polarisation is disturbed by thermal noise (which mis-aligns the dipole vectors from the direction of the field), and the time needed for dipoles to relax is determined by the local viscosity. These two facts make dipole relaxation heavily dependent on temperature, pressure, and chemical surrounding.

Ionic relaxation
Ionic relaxation comprises ionic conductivity and interfacial and space charge relaxation. Ionic conductivity predominates at low frequencies and introduces only losses to the system. Interfacial relaxation occurs when charge carriers are trapped at interfaces of heterogeneous systems. A related effect is Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars polarization, where charge carriers blocked at inner dielectric boundary layers (on the mesoscopic scale) or external electrodes (on a macroscopic scale) lead to a separation of charges. The charges may be separated by a considerable distance and therefore make contributions to the dielectric loss that are orders of magnitude larger than the response due to molecular fluctuations.

Dielectric relaxation
Dielectric relaxation as a whole is the result of the movement of dipoles (dipole relaxation) and electric charges (ionic relaxation) due to an applied alternating field, and is usually observed in the frequency range 102-1010 Hz. Relaxation mechanisms are relatively slow compared to resonant electronic transitions or molecular vibrations, which usually have frequencies above 1012 Hz.

Principles

Steady-state
For a redox reaction
R  O + e, without mass-transfer limitation, the relationship between the current density and the electrode overpotential is given by the Butler–Volmer equation:

with

 is the exchange current density and  and  are the symmetry factors.

The curve  vs.  is not a straight line (Fig. 1), therefore a redox reaction is not a linear system.

Dynamic behavior

Faradaic impedance

In an electrochemical cell the faradaic impedance of an electrolyte-electrode interface is the joint electrical resistance and capacitance at that interface.

Let us suppose that the Butler-Volmer relationship correctly describes the dynamic behavior of the redox reaction:

Dynamic behavior of the redox reaction is characterized by the so-called charge transfer resistance defined by:

The value of the charge transfer resistance changes with the overpotential. For this simplest example the faradaic impedance is reduced to a resistance. It is worthwhile to notice that:

for .

Double-layer capacitance

An electrode  electrolyte interface behaves like a capacitance called electrochemical double-layer capacitance . The equivalent circuit for the redox reaction in Fig. 2 includes the double-layer capacitance as well as the charge transfer resistance. Another analog circuit commonly used to model the electrochemical double-layer is called a constant phase element.

The electrical impedance of this circuit is easily obtained remembering the impedance of a capacitance which is given by:

where  is the angular frequency of a sinusoidal signal (rad/s), and .

It is obtained:

Nyquist diagram of the impedance of the circuit shown in Fig. 3 is a semicircle with a diameter  and an angular frequency at the apex equal to  (Fig. 3). Other representations, Bode plots, or Black plans can be used.

Ohmic resistance
The ohmic resistance  appears in series with the electrode impedance of the reaction and the Nyquist diagram is translated to the right.

Universal dielectric response

Under AC conditions with varying frequency ω, heterogeneous systems and composite materials exhibit a universal dielectric response, in which overall admittance exhibits a region of power law scaling with frequency. .

Measurement of the impedance parameters

Plotting the Nyquist diagram with a potentiostat and an impedance analyzer, most often included in modern potentiostats, allows the user to determine charge transfer resistance, double-layer capacitance and ohmic resistance. The exchange current density  can be easily determined measuring the impedance of a redox reaction for .

Nyquist diagrams are made of several arcs for reactions more complex than redox reactions and with mass-transfer limitations.

Applications
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is used in a wide range of applications.

In the paint and coatings industry, it is a useful tool to investigate the quality of coatings and to detect the presence of corrosion.

It is used in many biosensor systems as a label-free technique to measure bacterial concentration and to detect dangerous pathogens such as Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella, and yeast cells.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is also used to analyze and characterize different food products. Some examples are the assessment of food–package interactions, the analysis of milk composition, the characterization and the determination of the freezing end-point of ice-cream mixes, the measure of meat ageing, the investigation of ripeness and quality in fruits and the determination of free acidity in olive oil.

In the field of human health monitoring is better known as bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and is used to estimate body composition as well as different parameters such as total body water and free fat mass.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy can be used to obtain the frequency response of batteries and electrocatalytic systems at relatively high temperatures.

Biomedical sensors working in the microwave range relies on dielectric spectroscopy to detect changes in the dielectric properties over a frequency range, such as non-invasive continuous blood glucose monitoring. The IFAC database can be used as a resource to get the dielectric properties for human body tissues.

For heterogenous mixtures like suspensions impedance spectroscopy can be used to monitor the particle sedimentation process.

See also

Debye relaxation
Dielectric absorption, ultra-low frequency changes
Dielectric loss
Electrochemistry
Ellipsometry
Green–Kubo relations
Induced polarization (IP)
Kramers–Kronig relations
Linear response function
Potentiostat
Spectral induced polarisation (SIP)

References

Electric and magnetic fields in matter
Electrochemistry
Impedance measurements
Spectroscopy

Dielectric spectroscopy


The 1985 United States-Canada tornado outbreak occurred in the United States and Canada on May 31, 1985. In the United States, tornadoes struck the states of Ohio, Pennyslvania, and New York, and in Canada it struck in the province of Ontario. It was the largest and most intense tornado to hit this region and the worst tornado outbreak in Ohio and Pennsylvania history.

United States

Niles, Ohio/Wheatland, Pennsylvania
The most intense tornado moved through Niles, Ohio and Wheatland, Pennyslvania and was an F5. The tornado killed 18 people and injured 310, and this remains the only F5 to strike Pennsylvania and was the most violent tornado in the United States in 1985.

The Niles, Ohio/Wheatland, Pennsylvania tornado began around 6:30 p.m. and gathered strength as it headed towards Newton Falls, Ohio, producing F3 and F4 damage to the town. No deaths or injuries were reported in Newton Falls due to all residents taking shelter. Homes were also destroyed in Lordstown. It became an F5 later as it moved into Niles. Hundreds of homes in Niles were destroyed with the local shopping center leveled and several deaths occurred at the location. The tornado then crossed the state line into Pennsylvania, regaining its strength. 95% of the buildings in Wheatland were destroyed. The tornado weakened slightly as it moved towards Hermitage. 71 homes suffered damage or were destroyed. The tornado then destroyed homes in the Greenfield area before dissipating.

Later on tornadoes broke out in southern New York, nobody was killed in the state but 20 people were injured in New York state.

Canada
The tornado action moved into southeastern Ontario producing 5 tornadoes between 5:40 p.m. and 6:35 p.m. Eastern Time. The tornadoes ranged from F1-F3 intensity.

At the same time the Lion's Head, Ontario tornado dissipated, severe thunderstorms developed one to the east of Clinton, Ontario and another in Walkerton, Ontario area. The power was shut off in Barrie, Ontario at 4:00 p.m., as the tornado took out the local transformers. 5 people were killed in the area, including a mother and son who were killed when their home was leveled.

Death toll
In total, 41 tornadoes touched down between 3 p.m. on May 31 and 12 a.m. on June 1, killing 90 people in total across the United States and Canada, with the most deadly tornado happening in the evening hours across Ohio and Pennsylvania. The tornado that struck Niles, Ohio was the deadliest tornado in Ohio since the Xenia tornado in 1974. The outbreak was the worst tornado outbreak in the United States since the 1974 Super Outbreak. It was also the third costliest in history, with $980 million in damage in Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, and Ontario.

1985 in the United States
1985 in Canada
Tornadoes in Canada
Tornadoes in the United States
1980s disasters in Canada
1980s in weather


Carmen Melis (15 August 1885 – 19 December 1967) was an Italian operatic soprano who had a major international career during the first four decades of the 20th century. She was known, above all, as a verismo soprano, and was one of the most interesting singing actresses of the early 20th century. She made her debut in Novara in 1905 and her career rapidly developed in her native country over the next four years. From 1909 to 1916 she performed with important opera companies in the United States; after which she was busy performing at many of Europe's most important opera houses. From 1917 until her retirement from the stage in 1935 she was particularly active at the Teatro Costanzi in Rome and at La Scala in Milan. After her singing career ended, she embarked on a second career as a voice teacher. Her most notable student was soprano Renata Tebaldi.

Education and early career in Europe
Born in Cagliari, Melis began her voice studies with dramatic soprano Teresina Singer in Florence. This was followed by further studies with baritone Antonio Cotogni in Rome, and with Jean de Reszke in Paris. She made her professional opera debut in 1905 in the title role of Jules Massenet's Thaïs at the Teatro Coccia in Novara at the age of 20. She had her first major success in 1906 at the Teatro di San Carlo as the title heroine in Pietro Mascagni's Iris.

In 1907 Melis toured Russia, notably giving performances at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow and the Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg. She sang Thaïs again for her debuts at the Teatro Costanzi in Rome (1907) and La Fenice in Venice (1908). She returned to the Teatro Costanzi in 1908 to sing Desdemona in Giuseppe Verdi's Otello with Giuseppe De Luca as Iago.

Performing in the United States

In November 1909 Melis made her United States debut with Oscar Hammerstein I's Manhattan Opera Company at the Manhattan Opera House in New York City as the title heroine in Giacomo Puccini's Tosca. She repeated the role with the company the following month on tour to Pittsburgh. In January 1910 she sang Mimì in Puccini's La Bohème and Santuzza in Mascagni's Cavalleria rusticana with the company. This was followed by performances of Desdemona in February 1910, and in April 1910 she performed the title role in Massenet's Manon opposite Enrico Caruso's Chevalier des Grieux at the Manhattan Opera House. She also performed all these roles at the Philadelphia Opera House 1910, which was also operated by Hammerstein.

In November 1910 Melis portrayed Cio-Cio-San in Puccini's Madama Butterfly at the Manhattan Opera House in the presence of the composer. Her performance impressed Puccini, and he became an admirer of her voice. Puccini went on to personally teach Melis the role of Minnie in his La Fanciulla del West, which she performed for the first time in 1911 with the Boston Opera Company. She had previously made her debut at the Boston Opera House in 1910 in the title role of Verdi's Aida. She sang several more roles in Boston through 1912, including Cio-Cio-San, Desdemona, and Mimi. She also sang the role of Aida with the Chicago Grand Opera Company in Chicago in 1911 and on tour with the company in Philadelphia in 1912.

From 1913 to 1915 Melis made several appearances in San Francisco, including portraying Cio-Cio-San, Tosca, and Fleana in the United States premiere of Ruggero Leoncavallo's Zingari (1913). In 1915, she joined the newly formed Chicago Opera Association where she performed roles in mainly operas by Verdi and Puccini for one season. She notably portrayed the title roles in the United States premieres of two operas with the company: Camille Saint-Saëns' Déjanire (1915) and Leoncavallo's Zazà (1916). She was also successful as a concert singer in the United States.

Later performance career in Europe
In 1912 Melis made her debut at the Paris Opera as Puccini's Minnie with Caruso as Dick Johnson. Caruso also served as her partner for her debut at the Opéra de Monte-Carlo as Minnie in 1912 and at Covent Garden in London as Nedda in Pagliacci in 1913. She also sang the role of Mussetta at Covent Garden that year. She returned to the Royal Opera House in London only one other time in her career, in 1929 as Tosca and Maliella in Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari's I gioielli della Madonna. In 1916, she returned to the Paris Opera to portray the title role in Puccini's Manon Lescaut with Amedeo Bassi as Des Grieux and Domenico Viglione-Borghese as Lescaut.

In 1917 Melis made her debut at La Scala in the world premiere of Victor de Sabata's Il macigno. She returned with some frequency to La Scala up into the 1930s, often portraying roles from the operas of Puccini and Verdi. At La Scala in 1924 she notably created the role of Ginevra in the world premiere of Umberto Giordano's La cena delle beffe under conductor Arturo Toscanini. In 1926, she performed again, with great success, at La Fenice in Venice with Italian tenor Armando Bini, in Madama Butterfly. In 1929 she made a complete recording of the role of Tosca with Apollo Granforte as Scarpia, La Scala's orchestra, and conductor Carlo Sabajno. She was also highly active with the Teatro Costanzi in Rome during the 1920s and made numerous appearances as a guest artist in major Italian theatres up until her retirement from the stage in 1935.

Work as a voice teacher and later life
Around her performance career ceased in 1935, Melis began a second career as a voice teacher. She began her teaching career on the faculty of the Pesaro Conservatory, and later taught out of a private studio in Milan. Her most notable pupil was soprano Renata Tebaldi, whom credits Melis as a great influence. Tebaldi stated, "Everything I needed to learn for the stage, I learned from her." She was also the teacher of Rita Orlandi-Malaspina, Adriana Maliponte, and Orianna Santunione.

Melis died in Longone al Segrino in 1967 at the age of 82.

Recordings
 Whilst recordings by Melis are rare, there is a complete 1929 Tosca from La Scala with Piero Pauli and Apollo Granforte, cond. Carlo Sabajno, available on CD, VAI AUDIO, 1076–2.
 The Pupil and the Teacher is a CD of arias by Melis and Tebaldi, on the Russian Fono Enterprise FONO 1055.
 There are more extensive collections of Carmen Melis' non-Tosca recordings on Tima Club 34 (two LPs) and Rococo 5259 (one LP).

References

1885 births
1965 deaths
Italian operatic sopranos
People from Cagliari
20th-century Italian women opera singers
Voice teachers
Sardinian women

Carmen Melis


The Middle Jurassic is the second geological epoch in the Jurassic. It began 174.1 million years ago, and ended at 163.5 million years ago.

In the Middle Jurassic, Pangaea began to split apart. It began to separate into Laurasia and Gondwana, and the Atlantic Ocean formed. Tectonic activities closed the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. A subduction zone on the coast of western North America continues to create the ancestral Rocky Mountains.

Life of the epoch

Marine life
During this time, marine life (including ammonites and bivalves) flourished. Ichthyosaurs, although common, are reduced in diversity. A type of crocodilians first appeared.

Plesiosaurs became common at this time. The top marine predators, the pliosaurs, grew to the size of killer whales and larger e.g. Pliosaurus, Liopleurodon.

Terrestrial life
New types of dinosaurs evolved on land. Cetiosaurus was an early sauropod found in England in the mid-19th century.

The environment in which Cetiosaurus lived was floodplain and open woodland. Brachiosaurs and Megalosaurus also lived in this environment.

The cynodont therapsids flourished with the dinosaurs, but they were only shrew-sized. None grew larger than a badger. One group of cynodonts, the Trithelodonts were becoming rare and eventually became extinct at the end of this epoch. The Tritylodonts were still common, though. In this epoch "true" mammals evolved from a group of cynodonts.

Flora
Conifers were dominant in the Middle Jurassic. Other plants, such as ginkgoes, cycads, and ferns were also common. These are the trees which the large herbivores ate.

Related pages
Jurassic
Lower Jurassic
Upper Jurassic

References

Jurassic
Fossils

Middle Jurassic


Elizabeth Folake Cambage (born 18 August 1991) is an Australian professional basketball player for the Maccabi Bnot Ashdod of the Israeli Female Basketball Premier League. Cambage currently shares the WNBA single-game scoring record with A'ja Wilson, with her 53-point performance against the New York Liberty on 17 July 2018.

She played for the Australia national team, the Opals, between 2009 and 2021, winning a gold medal in the 2018 Commonwealth Games, silver in the 2018 World Cup, and bronze in the 2012 Olympics.

Early life
Cambage was born on 18 August 1991 in London to a Nigerian father and Australian mother. Her parents separated when Cambage was three months old and she moved to Australia with her mother. First settling in Eden in New South Wales, the family moved to Melbourne when Cambage was 10 years of age and later the Mornington Peninsula.

Cambage is  tall. She was teased about her height in school. At the age of 10, she was  tall, reaching  by the time she was 14. She started playing basketball at her mother's suggestion when she was 10 as a way to make friends.

Professional career
Cambage plays at the center position in basketball. In 2009, she played in the Under-20 Australian National Championships, and the ABC suggested she could be the next Lauren Jackson. The only international players surpassing Cambage in height at the time were Margo Dydek, at , and Sue Geh, at  tall.

WNBL
Cambage played her junior basketball with Dandenong Rangers, joining their WNBL team for the 2007–08 season. In 2007, she accepted a scholarship to the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), and played for the AIS team, based in Canberra, in the Women's National Basketball League (WNBL), for the remainder for the 2007–08 season and the following one In August 2020, Cambage made her return to the WNBL, signing with the Southside Flyers for the 2020–21 season.

WNBA

In March 2011, Cambage expressed a reluctance to play for the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) team that drafted her, the Tulsa Shock, stating, "I don't want to play at Tulsa, I've made that clear. They want to make me a franchise player, but I'm not going to the WNBA for that. I'm going there to learn and improve my game. But what can you do?" She played in the 2011 WNBA All-Star Game.

After the 2012 Summer Olympics, Cambage was due to head back to the United States to complete the WNBA season with the Tulsa Shock, but announced on the morning her flight was due to leave, 27 August 2012, that she would not be returning to finish the 2012 season. Her agent released a statement saying she was exhausted after playing for the national team.

Cambage returned to play for the Shock for the 2013 season, but did not return to the WNBA for five years after. In February 2018, she signed a multi-year contract with the Dallas Wings.

China
In June 2012, Cambage signed with Zheijang Chouzhou basketball club in China, reportedly for a salary of AUS$400,000, which made her one of the highest-paid female basketballers in the world. Yet in an article in the Australian newspaper The Age published on 8 March 2019, Cambage reported being poorly compensated and unable to meet her mortgage payments, noting that she had not been paid since September 2018 after an injury prevented her from playing in China. She was quoted as saying: "It's funny, we make all these sacrifices for our nation, but are we getting looked after properly at the end of the day?"

Return to WNBA

In February 2018, Cambage signed a multiyear contract with the Dallas Wings. On 17 July 2018, in a game against the New York Liberty, Cambage scored a WNBA record 53 points (the mark was later tied by A'ja Wilson). The Wings won the game, 104–87. Cambage was voted into the 2018 WNBA All-Star Game, making it her second all-star appearance. Following her 53-point performance, she scored 35 points in a 90–81 victory over the Washington Mystics, making it the highest two-game point total in league history. By the end of the season, Cambage led the league in scoring and the Wings finished with a 15–19 record as the number-eight seed in the league. In the first-round elimination game, the Wings lost, 101–83, to the Phoenix Mercury.

On 22 January 2019, Cambage requested a trade from the Wings. On 16 May 2019, she was traded to the Las Vegas Aces. During the 2019 season, Cambage was voted into the All-Star Game, making it her third all-star appearance. At the end of the season, the Aces finished 21–13 and the number-four seed, receiving a bye to the second round. In the second-round elimination game, the Aces advanced to the semifinals after defeating the Chicago Sky, 93–92, off a play by teammate Dearica Hamby in which she came up with a steal and nailed a desperation three-pointer from half court. In the semifinals, the Aces' playoff run came to an end as they were defeated by the eventual champions, the Washington Mystics, in four games.

On 5 July 2020, the team announced that Cambage would sit out the 2020 WNBA season due to health concerns and pre-existing risk factors surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic after an evaluation by the team doctor. Without Cambage, the Aces finished the season 18–4 with the number-one seed in the shortened 22-game season, they reached the finals, but were swept by the Seattle Storm. On 23 May 2021, during a game against the Connecticut Sun, opposing coach Curt Miller lobbied the referee for a foul call on Cambage, while hyperbolically claiming Cambage was "300 pounds". Cambage responded with a post on Instagram, calling out Connecticut Sun coach Curt Miller, calling him a "little white man".

Cambage signed with the Los Angeles Sparks on 15 February 2022. During the 2022 season, though, at Cambage's request, she was released on 26 July by the Sparks from her contract.
Three weeks later, on 15 August 2022, Cambage announced she was stepping away from the WNBA.

Israel
On 3 March 2023, it was announced that  Cambage had signed a contract with the Israeli women's basketball club Maccabi Bnot Ashdod,   marking Cambage's first appearance in an Israeli basketball league  after playing for teams in Australia, China, and the US.

National team career

In 2009, Cambage was a member of the Australian junior women's national team that won a gold medal at the Oceania World Qualification series, and a silver medal at the William Jones Cup in Taiwan. The following year, she was a member of the Australian junior women's team that competed at the World Championships in Thailand.

Her first call up to the senior national side was in 2008, and she had her first cap for the Australian Opals in 2009 in a test series against China, went she played in the third game in the series. On 2 September 2009, she played in the Canberra hosted return game against New Zealand in the Oceania Championship, and she was a member of the Australian senior women's team that won a gold medal at the Oceania World Qualification Series. She was a member of the national team again in 2010. In June 2010, she was viewed by national team coach Carrie Graf as one of a quartet of strong players that would represent Australia in a tour of China, the United States and Europe. In 2010, she participated in the Salamanca Invitational Basketball Tournament in Spain. Her team beat Spain 85–64. They also beat the United States. She scored 20 points in the game against Spain.

In 2010, she was a member of the senior women's national team that competed at the World Championships in the Czech Republic. She was important to the team's success. In July 2010, she participated in a four-day training camp and one game test match against the United States in Connecticut, but missed the Olympic qualification series in July 2011 because of WNBA commitments. Nonetheless, she was named to the 2012 Australia women's national basketball team.

In February 2012, she was named to a short list of 24 eligible players to represent Australia at the 2012 London Olympics. In late April and early May 2012, she was one of four Australian "big" players to participate in a special training camp for the team, and participated in the national team training camp held from 14 to 18 May 2012 at the Australian Institute of Sport. Cambage was seen as a key component if Australia was to beat the United States in London.
At the 2012 Olympic Games on 2 August, Cambage successfully dunked the basketball with one hand in a 70–66 victory over Russia. Cambage and the Opals won a bronze medal in London with an 83–74 win over Russia.

Just before the 2014 World Championships, she ruptured her Achilles tendon, causing her to miss eight months of playing time.

At the 2016 Olympics in Rio, she was the leading scorer and rebounder for the team that reached the quarterfinals. She was also part of the Australian team that won gold at the 2018 Commonwealth Games.

Misconduct
Cambage was named to the national team for the Tokyo Olympics, but withdrew from the team in July 2021, less than two weeks before the tournament. She stated this was due to mental-health issues. In May 2022, reports alleged that Cambage had racially taunted players on the Nigerian team during a pre-Olympics training game, calling the players "monkeys" and telling the Nigerian players to "Go back to your Third World country". She was later found to have elbowed and slapped players on the Nigerian team, causing the training game to be called off.

Statistics

WNBA

Regular season

|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2011
| style="text-align:left;"| Tulsa
| 33 || 11 || 20.0 || .511 || .000 || .794 || 4.7 || 0.5 || 0.8 || 0.9 || 2.3 || 11.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2013
| style="text-align:left;"| Tulsa
| 20 || 16 || 25.0 || .561 || .000 || .776 || 8.3 || 1.1 || 0.5 || 2.4 || 3.1 || 16.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2018
| style="text-align:left;"| Dallas
| 32 || 32 || 29.5 || .589 || .324 || .738 || 9.7 || 2.3 || 0.4 || 1.6 || 2.7 || style="background:#d3d3d3;"|23.0°
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2019
| style="text-align:left;"| Las Vegas
| 31 || 29 || 25.3 || .499 || .167 || .753 || 8.1 || 2.1 || 0.5 || 1.5 || 2.2 || 15.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2021
| style="text-align:left;"| Las Vegas
| 25 || 24 || 23.8 || .543 || .357|| .710 || 8.2 || 1.5 || 0.7 || 1.6 || 1.8 || 14.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2022
| style="text-align:left;"| Los Angeles
| 25 || 24 || 23.4 || .509 || .286 || .784 || 6.4 || 2.1 || 0.6 || 1.6 || 2.3 || 13.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Career
| style="text-align:left;"| 6 years, 3 teams
| 167 || 137 || 24.5 || .539 || .280 || .758 || 7.5 || 1.6 || 0.7 || 1.6 || 2.4 || 15.8

Playoffs

|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2018
| style="text-align:left;"| Dallas
| 1|| 1 || 35.0 || .500 || .000 || .667 || 12.0 || 6.0 || 0.0 || 3.0 || 3.0 || 22.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2019
| style="text-align:left;"| Las Vegas
| 5 || 5 || 30.6 || .549 || .500 || .871 || style="background:#d3d3d3;"|11.4° || 2.0 || 1.2 || 1.8 || 2.6 || 23.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2021
| style="text-align:left;"| Las Vegas
|   5   || 3 || 20.0 ||.488||  .500   || 1.000|| 5.4 || 1.8 || 0.2 || 1.6 || 3.4 || 10.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Career
| style="text-align:left;"| 3 years, 2 teams
| 11 || 9 || 26.2 || .525 || .444 || .851 || 8.7 || 2.0 || 1.4 || 1.2 || 2.2 || 17.5

WCBA

Regular season

|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2012–13
| style="text-align:left;"| Zhejiang
| 30 || – || 23.6 || .785 || 1.000 || .798 || 11.1 || 0.9 || 0.9 ||style="background:#D3D3D3"| 2.5° || 3.1 || 36.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2013–14
| style="text-align:left;"| Beijing
| 30 || – || 23.2 || .742 || .222 || .808 || 9.7 || 1.8 || 1.1 || 1.3 || 3.0 || 31.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2015–16
| style="text-align:left;"| Shanghai
| 31 || – || 20.6 || .698 || .304 || .827 || 11.7 || 1.6 || 1.1 ||style="background:#D3D3D3"|1.8° || 3.7 || 26.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Career
| style="text-align:left;"| 3 years, 3 teams
| 91 || – || 22.4 || .741 || .303 || .810 || 10.8 || 1.4 || 0.8 || 1.9 || 3.4 || 30.5

See also
List of Australian WNBA players

References

External links

1991 births
Living people
Australian expatriate basketball people in the United States
Australian expatriate basketball people in China
Australian expatriate sportspeople in England
Australian Institute of Sport basketball (WNBL) players
Australian people of Nigerian descent
Australian women's basketball players
Basketball players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Basketball players at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Basketball players at the 2018 Commonwealth Games
Basketball players from Greater London
Basketball players from Melbourne
Beijing Great Wall players
Centers (basketball)
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia
Commonwealth Games medallists in basketball
Dallas Wings players
Dandenong Rangers players
English emigrants to Australia
Las Vegas Aces players
Los Angeles Sparks players
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Melbourne Boomers players
Olympic basketball players for Australia
Olympic bronze medalists for Australia
Olympic medalists in basketball
Shanghai Swordfish players
Sportspeople of Nigerian descent
Sportswomen from Victoria (state)
Tulsa Shock draft picks
Tulsa Shock players
Women's National Basketball Association All-Stars
Medallists at the 2018 Commonwealth Games
Southside Flyers players

Liz Cambage


Creamware Audio GmbH (typically styled as creamw@re) was a manufacturer of DSP-based sound cards and synthesizers in Siegburg, Germany. These cards are used to create synthesized sounds for audio production in music and other audio environments. The company was founded in 1992 and operated until 2006. In 2007, the company 'Sonic Core' purchased certain Creamware assets and intellectual property.

Creamware also developed several digital audio software/hardware combination systems that became popular with radio broadcasters throughout the late 1990s. These systems included 'TripleDAT' and a scaled-down version called 'CutMaster'. Both versions were widely used by German and Canadian commercial radio stations, and state owned Chinese radio stations. About 200 systems were also shipped to Australia, where they were used by government, commercial and public access/community stations.  Stations used the software for the production of commercial/sponsorship advertising, audio (radio) documentary, and occasionally, for the production of actual full-length produced (pre-recorded) radio shows.

History
The hardware Creamware created was among the first linearly scalable DSP systems, with expansion DSP boards being offered to increase the processing power of the platform. As a real time DSP platform, there was no processing (waiting) time for changes to take effect.

The software made by Creamware offered better visual handling of audio 'samples', sometimes called 'clips' or 'items' in similar software. A user could easily drag samples up and down virtual digital multi-tracks in a window called the 'arranger'. Zooming functions allowed users to zoom-in on fine wave form detail, then easily return to a position where the user could gain a complete overview of their work.

Acquisition by Sonic Core
After several long periods of financial trouble, the company was finally taken over and reorganized by Sonic Core. Sonic Core have acquired all Creamware hardware technology and a former Creamware engineer acquired the software code (for products such as TripleDAT), establishing a new development company in India.

Products

 Elektra
 Minimax ASB
 B4000 ASB
 Noah
 PowerSampler
 Pro-12 ASB
 Prodyssey ASB
 Pulsar
 Pulsar II
 TripleDAT / CutMaster / EasyCut (Variations of the standard Creamware Digital Audio Workstation environment)

Modular
Modular III was a modular synthesizer running on DSPs (digital signal processors, a type of computer chip designed for signal processing), as part of the software environment provided for the Creamware 'Scope' line of sound cards. It had modules covering many aspects of sound synthesis, designed by Creamware Audio GmbH and by other designers. The software can be run on a PC (Windows or Mac) (before Mac OS X) using a Creamware Scope Soundcard.

The Creamware Modular Synthesizer has gone through a number of revisions, each adding more modules and greater functionality. The first version was more or less a 'pure' recreation of a traditional hardware modular synth. The later revisions (versions 2 and 3) took greater advantage of the fact that a software implementation can have elements not available to in hardware, such as the ability to provide bespoke user interfaces, and also added a number of new modules with each release. Several third-party developers also created modules for Version 2 and 3 of the software,  and hundreds of modules total are available.

Sonic Core currently offer the product as Scope Modular IV.

See also
 Stockert Radio Telescope

References

External links
 Archive of Creamware FTP server

 Creators of Flexor, high-end 3rd party modules for the Creamware modular
 High-end 3rd party modules for Creamware systems
 Devoted to the Creamware modular
 Dedicated to the Creamware Modular Synthesizer

Technology companies established in 1992
Software synthesizers
Modular synthesizers

Creamware (company)


Apollodorus of Seleucia (; flourished c. 150 BC), or Apollodorus Ephillus, was a Stoic philosopher, and a pupil of Diogenes of Babylon.

Apollodorus is famous for describing Cynicism as "the short path to virtue", and he may have been the first Stoic after the time of Zeno and Aristo to systematically attempt to reconcile Stoicism with Cynicism.  The lengthy account of Cynicism given by Diogenes Laërtius, which is presented from a Stoic point of view, may be derived from Apollodorus, and it is possible that he was the first Stoic to promote the idea of a line of Cynic succession from Socrates to Zeno (Socrates – Antisthenes – Diogenes – Crates – Zeno).

He wrote a number of handbooks () on Stoicism, including ones on Ethics and Physics which are frequently cited by Diogenes Laërtius. His book on Physics was well known in ancient times, and the Stoic Theon of Alexandria wrote a commentary on it in the 1st century AD.  It is quoted several times by Diogenes Laërtius, and Stobaeus records Apollodorus' views on the nature of time:
Time is the dimension of the world's motion; and it is infinite in just the way that the whole number is said to be infinite.  Some of it is past, some present, and some future.  But the whole of time is present, as we say that the year is present on a larger compass.  Also, the whole of time is said to belong, though none of its parts belong exactly.

References

Hellenistic-era philosophers from Syria
Stoic philosophers
2nd-century BC Greek philosophers
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown

Apollodorus of Seleucia


In cell biology, a granule can be any structure barely visible by light microscopy. The term is most often used to describe a secretory vesicle.

Leukocytes
A group of leukocytes called granulocytes contain granules and play an important role in the immune system. The granules of certain cells, such as Natural killer cells, contain components which can lead to the lysis of neighboring cells.

Platelets
The granules of platelets are classified as dense granules and alpha granules.

Cell biology

Granule (cell biology)