Speed skating or speedskating is when in ice skating, people race against each other. Everyone will travel the same distance. They usually compete around an oval course. The Dutch were arguably the earliest pioneers of skating. They began using canals to maintain communication by skating from village to village as far back as the 13th century. Skating eventually spread  across the channel to England, and soon the first clubs and artificial rinks began to form. Passionate skaters included several kings of England, Marie Antoinette, Napoleon III and German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

Speed skating appeared for the first time in 1924 at the first Olympic Winter Games in Chamonix. Initially, only men were allowed to participate. It was only at the Lake Placid Games in 1932 that women were authorised to compete in speed skating, which was then only a demonstration sport. It was not until the 1960 Games in Squaw Valley that women's speed skating was officially included in the Olympic programme.

The events almost always follow the European system, which consists
of skaters competing two-by-two. At the 1932 Olympic Games, the Americans organised American-style events, i.e. with a mass start. This decision brought about a boycott by many European competitors, which allowed the Americans to win the four gold medals. This system would give birth to short-track speed skating, which was added to the Olympic programme in Albertville in 1992. The first known skating competition is thought to have been held in the Netherlands in 1676. However, the first official speed skating events were not held until 1863 in Oslo, Norway. In 1889, the Netherlands hosted the first World Championships, bringing together Dutch, Russian, American and English teams.

References

Other websites

ka:ციგურებით ჩქაროსნული სრიალი

Speed skating


The ; ) is a plain in northern Apulia, southern Italy, occupying nearly a half of the Capitanata traditional region. It covers a surface of c. 3,000 km², once constituting a sea bottom: it is bounded by the Daunian Pre-Apennines on the West, the Gargano Promontory and the Adriatic Sea on the East, by the Fortore river on the north, and the Ofanto river on the south. It is the largest Italian plain after the Pianura Padana.

The name Tavoliere derives from the Medieval Latin term , a table on which Transumanza officials classified the areas devoted to sheep farming.

In winter the plain is sometimes subject to floods by the Ofanto and the Fortore, while in summer drought is frequent.

The main centres, from north to south, are San Severo, Lucera, Foggia and Cerignola.

History
Neolithic farmers living in Tavoliere over 7000 years ago practiced ritual defleshing of the dead. Light cut marks on the bones suggest the bones were defleshed up to a year after death. They deposited the bones in Scaloria Cave. The human bones were mixed with animal bones, broken pottery and stone tools.

During the Middle Ages the old practices of agriculture and  fluvial regulation were lost, the plain being mostly devoted to sheep farming which, using apposite cattle-tracks, reached the Apennines' pasture lands through the Tavoliere. The lands was most marshy and unhealthy.

After extensive works of drainage, the plain is now highly cultivated. Crops include wheat, beet, tomato, especially in the area of Foggia, while also spread are cultivations of olives and grapes, which produce quality oils and  wines.

Communes
The comuni in the Tavoliere delle Puglie are:

Alberona, Apricena, Ascoli Satriano, Biccari; Bovino, Candela, Carapelle, Casalvecchio di Puglia, Castelluccio dei Sauri, Castelnuovo della Daunia, Cerignola, Chieuti, Deliceto, Foggia, Lucera, Manfredonia, Margherita di Savoia, Ordona (Herdonia), Orta Nova, Poggio Imperiale, San Ferdinando di Puglia, San Paolo di Civitate, San Severo, Serracapriola, Stornara, Stornarella, Torremaggiore, Trinitapoli, Troia, Volturino, Zapponeta.

References

Landforms of Apulia
Plains of Italy
Geographical, historical and cultural regions of Italy
Foggia

Tavoliere delle Puglie


A third jersey  (or altenative jersey, third kit or alternative uniform) is a jersey or uniform that a sports team can wear instead of its home or away outfits during games. This is often because the colors of two competing teams' other uniforms are too similar to tell the difference easily. In reality, there is never a need for a third jersey in a two-team game. One team can wear its home or normal colours, and the other team can wear its away or substitute colours. Basically, the latter teams' colours cannot clash with the former's. This leaves the possibility that each team's away jersey is so similar, that by accident' the home team may be confused to see the away team in colours that they occasionally play in. But that is a risk for the away team seeing the home team in colours that are not unlike the colours the away team normally wears.

Sports clothing

Third jersey


Thunder is a 1929 American silent melodrama film starring Lon Chaney and directed by William Nigh. The
film has no audible dialogue but featured a synchronized musical score and sound effects. Thunder was Chaney's penultimate film appearance and his last silent film.

The majority of Thunder is now considered lost, with only a half a reel of the entire footage known to survive.

Plot
Lon Chaney plays Grumpy Anderson, a railroad engineer with an obsession for running his train on time. His slavishness to promptness causes several tragedies which alienate him from his family. By the story's end, the engineer restores their faith in him and validates his obsession by forcing his train through a flood to bring badly needed Red Cross supplies to the victims.

Cast

Production notes

The film was shot on location in Manitowoc, Wisconsin, Green Bay, Wisconsin, Pulaski, Wisconsin, Green Valley, Wisconsin, and Chicago, Illinois. It was there that Chaney caught a cold during the snow scenes which then developed into walking pneumonia. Production was shut down for a time but was eventually completed. Chaney's illness combined with his throat cancer led to his death two months after the release of his last film, and only talkie, 1930's The Unholy Three.

Reception
Thunder was released to theaters on July 8, 1929, and eventually grossed a total of $1,018,000. It was Lon Chaney's fifth highest-grossing film for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

See also
List of incomplete or partially lost films
List of early sound feature films (1926–1929)

References

External links

Foreign language poster of the film

1929 films
1929 drama films
Silent American drama films
American silent feature films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by William Nigh
Films shot in Chicago
Films shot in Wisconsin
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Transitional sound drama films
Rail transport films
Lost American drama films
Melodrama films
1929 lost films
1920s American films

Thunder (1929 film)


Tim Scott (born 1937, London) is a British sculptor known for his abstract sculptures made from transparent acrylic and steel. While studying architecture, Scott also studied sculpture part-time at Saint Martin's School of Art with Sir Anthony Caro, where he also later taught. Inspired by the example of David Smith, Scott began to make sculptures using materials such as fibreglass, glass, metal, and acrylic sheets.

Scott was part of a group of young sculptors known as the 'New Generation', exhibiting together in London in the mid-1960s. In the 1970s, Scott created his groundbreaking series of thick-slab acrylic and steel sculptures. Frustrated ultimately with the fragility of plastics at the time, Scott switched to steel for his material, abandoning his trademark acrylic sheets altogether.

His work can be found in many important collections, including 12 works at the Tate, London, and the Museum of Modern Art, New York City. His work is also held by the Calouste Gulbenkian Museum, Lisbon, the National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and the Kunsthalle, Hamburg. He had solo shows in London at the Waddington Galleries in 1966 and the Whitechapel Gallery in 1967, at Kettle's Yard in Cambridge in 1980, at the Kunsthalle in Hamburg in 1981 and the Poussin Gallery in London in 2006. His sculptures have also been exhibited in group shows, including the Arts Council England touring exhibition Kaleidoscope: Colour and Sequence in 1960s British Art, which was at the Yorkshire Sculpture Park in June 2017.

He taught inter alia as a professor at the Academy of Fine Arts Nuremberg.

References

British sculptors
British male sculptors
Artists from London
1937 births
Living people
Academics of Saint Martin's School of Art
Alumni of Saint Martin's School of Art
English contemporary artists

Tim Scott (artist)


Lilly McDaniel Ledbetter (born April 14, 1938) is an American activist who was the plaintiff in the United States Supreme Court  case Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. regarding employment discrimination. Two years after the Supreme Court decided that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 does not allow employers to be sued for pay discrimination more than 180 days after an employee's first paycheck, the United States Congress passed a fair pay act in her name to remedy this issue, the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009. She has since become a women's equality activist, public speaker, and author. In 2011, Ledbetter was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.

Personal life
Ledbetter was born Lilly McDaniel in Jacksonville, Alabama, and graduated from Jacksonville High School in 1956. Her father J.C. McDaniel was a mechanic at the Anniston Army Depot. After graduating from high school, Lilly McDaniel married Charles Ledbetter and had two children, Vicky and Phillip. She remained married until Charles's death in December 2008. Ledbetter worked at Jacksonville State University in Jacksonville, Alabama, as the Assistant Director-Financial Aid from May 1974 to December 1975.

Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.

In 1979, Lilly Ledbetter was hired by Goodyear, working as a supervisor. After working for Goodyear for nineteen years, Ledbetter received an anonymous note revealing that she was making thousands less per year than the men in her position. Only as she neared retirement did she learn she was being paid significantly less than male colleagues with similar seniority and experience. This letter led her to file a sex discrimination case against Goodyear for paying her significantly less than her male counterparts. She successfully sued Goodyear but the judgment was reversed on appeal by the Eleventh Circuit. The lawsuit eventually reached the Supreme Court, which ruled against her because she did not file suit 180 days from the date of the discriminatory policy that led to her reduced paycheck, though the paycheck itself was issued during the 180-day period. The Supreme Court did not consider the issue of whether a plaintiff's late discovery of a discriminatory action would excuse a failure to file within the 180-day period because her attorneys conceded it would have made no difference in her case. In dissent, United States Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg wrote:

Lilly Ledbetter was a supervisor at Goodyear Tire and Rubber's plant in Gadsden, Alabama, from 1979 until her retirement in 1998. For most of those years, she worked as an area manager, a position largely occupied by men. Initially, Ledbetter's salary was in line with the salaries of men performing substantially similar work. Over time, however, her pay slipped in comparison to the pay of male area managers with equal or less seniority. By the end of 1997, Ledbetter was the only woman working as an area manager and the pay discrepancy between Ledbetter and her 15 male counterparts was stark: Ledbetter was paid $3,727 per month; the lowest paid male area manager received $4,286 per month, the highest paid, $5,236.
In response, Congress later passed legislation, called the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, that restarted the 180-day clock every time a discriminatory paycheck was received.

Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009
Subsequently, the 111th United States Congress passed the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act in 2009 to loosen the timeliness requirements for the filing of a discrimination suit so long as any act of discrimination, including receipt of a paycheck that reflects a past act of discrimination, occurs within the 180-day period of limitations. The act sought to reverse the Supreme Court's ruling in Ledbetter v. Goodyear, which restricted the time period for filing pay discrimination claims, making it more difficult for workers to file a complaint. Under this bill, every discriminatory paycheck or other compensation can be filed, unrestricted from a time period for filing a claim of pay discrimination.

Passage of the act did not result in Ledbetter receiving a settlement from Goodyear. Although she has not received restitution from Goodyear, she has said, "I'll be happy if the last thing they say about me after I die is that I made a difference."

The Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act was President Barack Obama's first official piece of legislation as president. He said: "When I came into office, we passed something called the Lilly Ledbetter Act, named after a good friend of mine, Lilly Ledbetter, who had worked for years and found out long into her work that she had been getting paid all these years less than men, substantially. She brought suit. They said, well, it's too late to file suit because you should have filed suit right when it started happening. She said, I just found out. They said, it doesn't matter. So we changed that law to allow somebody like Lilly, when they find out, to finally be able to go ahead and file suit."

By 2011, over 350 cases had already cited the Ledbetter decision since it was handed down in 2009.

Ruth Bader Ginsburg had a framed copy of the bill, Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, in her chambers.

Women's equality
On August 26, 2008 (Women's Equality Day), Lilly Ledbetter spoke at the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado, on the topic of pay equity.

In February 2012, Ledbetter released Grace and Grit: My Fight for Equal Pay and Fairness at Goodyear and Beyond, a memoir detailing her struggle for equal pay. Her book chronicles her life from her humble beginnings in Alabama to the passage of the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, signed by President Obama in 2009. On October 31, 2012, Lilly Ledbetter appeared as a guest on the Colbert Report to promote the book.

On September 4, 2012, she spoke at the Democratic National Convention in Charlotte, North Carolina. She said, "This cause, which bears my name, is bigger than me. It's as big as all of you. This fight, which began as my own, is now our fight—a fight for the fundamental American values that make our country great." Ledbetter also declared that "what we lose can't just be measured in dollars."

Books

References

External links

1938 births
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company people
Living people
People from Jacksonville, Alabama
Alabama Democrats
Activists from Alabama

Lilly Ledbetter


Edward Vincent (Eddie) Kilfeather (April 5, 1900, Portland, Oregon - January 13, 1950, Los Angeles, California) was a musical composer and arranger who worked on the Columbia Pictures' animated cartoons.

Kilfeather was born in 1900 to Edward and Hannah Kilfeather and grew up in Portland, Oregon. His father was a well-known Democrat found guilty of jury bribing in 1898. The young Kilfeather hooked up with another Portlander, George Olsen, who had formed a band and was its pianist, conductor and arranger. The band headed south and in San Francisco when it was hired by Flo Ziegfeld in 1923 to come to New Year to play music for the show Kid Boots. Kilfeather co-wrote the song Goin' Home Blues for the show. Ziegfeld became enraged with the band after the opening of Whoopee! in 1928. While on the road in Pittsburgh, he fired Kilfeather and replaced him with a personal favorite. Olsen protested by having his musicians refuse to play for the replacement. Ziegfeld relented and gave Kilfeather his job back. The Olsen band quit when the week was over.

Kilfeather wrote a number of songs that Olsen recorded on RCA Records, including She's a Corn Fed Indiana Girl. (1926) He was so taken with the cornet playing of Bix Beiderbecke on a recording of Jazz Me Blues that he transcribed the notes and used it in Olsen's RCA Victor recording You'll Never Get to Heaven With Those Eyes.

He moved to Los Angeles in 1931 with the Olsen band and occasionally played with Sam Coslow's orchestra at the Roosevelt Hotel. He arrived at the Charles Mintz cartoon studio in 1937 and stayed after it was absorbed by Columbia in 1941. His first short was Merry Mannequins and he was involved in 64 cartoons through the release of Up N' Atom in 1947. He was the studio's musical director, sometimes working in conjunction with composer Paul Worth. A stroke forced Eddie to retire as the cartoon studio's musical director in 1946. He was replaced by Darrell Calker, who was working with the Walter Lantz studio at the time.

Kilfeather died in 1950, leaving behind his wife, the former Adelaide Robinson, who died in 1991, and a daughter, Mary Ellen.

References

External links

1900 births
1950 deaths
American film score composers
Musicians from Portland, Oregon
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century American composers

Eddie Kilfeather


Brasenose College is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford. The college is on the site of the earlier Brazenose hall.  It is not known when Brasenose Hall became Brasenose College. The college uses the year 1509 as the date of its foundation as a college. That is the earliest written record of the college. A royal charter was issued for the "King's Hall and College at Brasenose" on 15 January 1512.

The name of the college is believed to refer to an ornate brass doorknocker in the shape of a nose, that was once on the door of its main hall. The name was in use at least as early as the 1330s. It is believed that the original doorknocker was removed by students in the 14th Century and taken to Stamford in Lincolnshire. In 1890, the college purchased a house in Stamford. The house had been referred to as "Brasenose" since the 17th  Century. The house had a 12th-Century doorknocker, believed to be the doorknocker removed from the college. The college had the doorknocker returned to the college, and it now hangs in the college's main hall.

References

Colleges of the University of Oxford
1509 establishments
1500s establishments in Europe
16th-century establishments in England

Brasenose College, Oxford


Carolina Power & Light (CP&L), later doing business as Progress Energy Inc., was an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution utility based in Raleigh, North Carolina. The company was founded on July 13, 1908 as the result of the merger and buyout of numerous small, private, and financial distressed utilities across the state. Known locally as "CP&L" the company's main operations were in Eastern North Carolina and in parts of northeastern South Carolina and in the Asheville area of western North Carolina. The company merged with Florida Progress Corporation in 2000 to become Progress Energy Inc.

History

In 1908, Raleigh Electric, Central Carolina Power and Consumer Light & Power merged to form Carolina Power & Light.

In 1952, CP&L added southeastern North Carolina to its service territory with the acquisition of Tide Water Power, following the death of Hugh MacRae.

In 1987, CP&L placed the Shearon Harris Nuclear Power Plant into service.

In 2002, subsequent to the 2000 acquisition of Florida Progress Corporation, CP&L began doing business as Progress Energy, Inc.  It then distinguished its operations as Progress Energy Carolinas and Progress Energy Florida.

In 2011, Duke Energy acquired Progress Energy. CP&L was renamed Duke Energy Progress.

References

Electric power companies of the United States
Companies based in North Carolina

Carolina Power & Light Company


On the Buses is a British sitcom set in fictional Luxton in Essex. It ran from 28 February 1969 until 6 May 1973.

The show stars Reg Varney as bus driver Stan Butler, Bob Grant as his conductor and best friend Jack Harper and Stephen Lewis as their inspector Blakey. Anna Karen plays Stan's sister Olive Rudge and Michael Robbins plays her husband Arthur Rudge. The role of Stan's widowed mother Mabel Butler was played by Cicely Courtneidge in series 1 and by Doris Hare in the other series.

Other websites

1969 establishments in the United Kingdom
1973 television series endings
1960s British television series
1960s sitcoms
1970s British sitcoms
1970s British workplace television series
1970s workplace comedy television series
British workplace comedy television series
Essex
Television series about families
Television series about friendship
English-language television programs

On the Buses


Thomas Herne (died 1722) was an English academic and lay participant in religious controversy.

Life
A native of Suffolk, he was admitted as a pensioner at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, on 29 October 1711. In the following year he was elected to a scholarship, graduated B.A. in 1715, and was incorporated at Oxford 21 February 1716. Not long afterwards the Duchess of Bedford made him tutor to her sons Wriothesley and John, later successively the third and fourth Dukes of Bedford. In 1716 Herne was elected to a vacant fellowship at Merton College, Oxford, and on 11 October 1718 proceeded M.A. He died a layman and unmarried, at Woburn Abbey, Bedfordshire, in 1722.

Works
Herne took part in the Bangorian controversy, and published under the pseudonym 'Phileleutherus Cantabrigiensis:'

'The False Notion of a Christian Priesthood,' &c., in answer to William Law, 1717–18;
'Three Discourses on Private Judgment against the Authority of the Magistrate over Conscience, and Considerations concerning uniting Protestants, translated from Professor Werenfels, with a preface to Dr. Tenison,' London, 1718, translating Samuel Werenfels;
'An Essay on Imposing and Subscribing Articles of Religion,' 1719; and
'A Letter to Dr. Mangey, on his Sermon upon Christ's Divinity,' 1719. To Thomas Mangey.

He also wrote:

'A Letter to the Prolocutor, in Answer to one from him to Dr. Tenison,' 1718, in support of Edward Tenison;
'A Letter to the Rev. Dr. Tenison concerning Citations out of Archbishop Wake's Preliminary Discourse to the Apostolic Fathers,' London, 1718;
'A Vindication of the Archbishop of Canterbury from being the author of "A Letter on the State of Religion in England," printed at Zurich,' London, 1719; and
'A second Letter to Dr. Mangey,' by 'A Seeker after Truth,' on his sermon on Christ's eternal existence, 1719, under the pseudonym of 'Philanagnostes Criticus.'

Herne issued in 1719 an account of all the major pamphlets issued in the Bangorian controversy to the end of 1718; a continuation of this account to the end of 1719, London, 1720; and a reissue of the whole, London, 1720.

References

Attribution

Year of birth missing
1722 deaths
Fellows of Merton College, Oxford
18th-century English writers
18th-century English male writers
17th-century Anglican theologians
18th-century Anglican theologians

Thomas Herne


William Russell (February 26, 1905 – August 9, 1992) was an American music historian and modernist composer. Named Russell William Wagner at birth, when he decided to become a classical music composer, he dropped his last name—as it already "was taken" by Richard Wagner.  He was commonly known as "Bill Russell".

Composer

Born in the small Missouri city of Canton, Bill Russell was a leading figure in percussion music composition, influenced by his acquaintances John Cage and Henry Cowell. In turn, Russell also influenced Cage, in his emphasis of percussion. During the 1930s, predating Cage's main work, Russell's percussion works called for vernacular textures such as Jack Daniels bottles, suitcases, and Haitian drums, as well as "prepared pianos", although it is not clear how specifically he wanted the piano to be prepared.

One notable performance of his "Fugue for eight percussion instruments" took place in 1933, with the ubiquitous and influential critic-writer-performer Nicholas Slonimsky conducting. The fugue was performed at Carnegie Hall on a program that included Varèse's iconic percussion composition "Ionisation." These performances took place under the auspices of the Pan-American Association of Composers, an organization which included Cowell, Ruth Crawford Seeger, Edgard Varèse, Slonimsky, and other composers of American ultramodernism. Russell, on occasion, performed other Pan-Am composers' chamber works on violin. In 1990, Russell's oeuvre was performed integrally, assisted by Cage, in New York, leading to a recording of Russell's extant works by Essential Music.

Music historian
Bill Russell also was one of the leading authorities on early New Orleans jazz.  He authored articles and books, including three essays in the milestone book, Jazzmen<ref>Ramsey, Jr., Frederic and Smith, Charles Edward (Eds) - Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1939. </ref> and the voluminous 720-page Jelly Roll Morton scrapbook, Oh, Mister Jelly. and he made many recordings of historical interest. Russell founded American Music Records, which helped bring many forgotten New Orleans performers, including Bunk Johnson, back to public attention. He became an important force in the New Orleans jazz revival of the early 1940s.

He moved to New Orleans in 1956, settling in the French Quarter, where he opened a small record shop and from which, he also performed violin repairs. Russell also played violin with the New Orleans Ragtime Orchestra.

In 1958, Russell co-founded and became the first curator of the Hogan Jazz Archive at Tulane University.

Russell collected a large quantity of material related to the history of New Orleans, early jazz, ragtime, blues, and gospel music, all of which he kept in his French Quarter apartment. During his lifetime he always was willing to share access to the material with serious researchers. At his 1992 death in New Orleans at the age of 87, he left the collection to The Historic New Orleans Collection, where it continues to be a valuable resource for researchers.

His obituary in The Times'' noted that: "Russell was the single most influential figure in the revival of New Orleans jazz that began in the 1940s."

References

Sources
Ramsey, Jr., Frederic and Smith, Charles Edward (Eds) - Jazzmen - Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1939.

External links
William Russell Jazz Collection - research holdings of The Historic New Orleans Collection

1905 births
1992 deaths
Modernist composers
American male violinists
Jazz musicians from New Orleans
American male classical composers
American classical composers
20th-century American violinists
People from Canton, Missouri
20th-century American composers
Jazz musicians from Missouri
Classical musicians from Missouri
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians

Bill Russell (composer)


The 13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was held in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing from 25 October to 1 November 1987.  It was preceded by the 12th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. It was succeeded by the 14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. It was attended by 1,936 delegates representing more than 46 millions of party members and included 200 foreign journalists who were invited to attend the opening and closing ceremonies. In addition, the Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and the  CPPCC National Committee, representatives from the National Federation of industry and commerce, non-party people, ethnic minorities and religious people were invited to this congress as audience. The congress reaffirmed the correctness of the policy of reforms and the Open Door that was adopted during the Third Plenum of the 11th Congress in December 1978. It also saw the rejuvenation of the party leadership as veterans from the Long March retired and was replaced by younger and better educated technocrats.

Agenda
The agenda for the Congress was as follows:

(1) To review and adopt the report of the 12th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.

(2) To review the report made by the Advisory Committee of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.

(3)To review the report made by Commission of Discipline Inspection of the Central Committee.

(4) To adopt the recommend amendments to the Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party.

(5) Election of the 13th CCP Central Committee, the CCP Central Committee Advisory Committee and the CCP Central Committee for Discipline Inspection Commission.

Significance of the Congress

Personnel change
Deng Xiaoping personally orchestrated the retirement of more than 90 party elders who were critics of market-oriented reforms adopted in the process of his Four Modernizations. The elders included Peng Chen, chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress; Chen Yun, leading party economist; Hu Qiaomu, harsh critic of bourgeois liberalism and Li Xiannian, the President of the PRC. Deng himself relinquished all of his positions except his chairmanship of the Military Commission through a special party constitutional amendment.

Zhao Ziyang was arranged to become the first vice-chairman of the Central Military Commission with Yang Shangkun as its permanent vice-chairman. The new 285 member Central Committee consisted of 175 regulars and 110 alternate members. Around 150 aged leaders (43%) of the previous 348 members Central Committee failed to win reelection. Hua Guofeng was noted to have retained his membership in the central committee. Average age of the new ruling was 55.2 years, down from the 59.1 of its predecessor. 87 of the full and alternate members were new, and 209 (73%) of all Central Committee members were college educated.

The Politburo, with 17 regulars and 1 alternate member, was also packed with younger supporters of reform. Although nine of the 20 previous members retired, former General Secretary Hu Yaobang along with Vice-Premiers Wan Li and Tian Jiyun retained their memberships. The Standing Committee saw the election of Zhao Ziyang, Li Peng, Qiao Shi, Hu Qili and Yao Yilin.

Although most elders had relinquished their official positions in the party, their influence did not falter. Their willingness to retire was probably made with the understanding that their favorite choice, Li Peng, would be appointed to the Politburo Standing Committee as well as to the future premiership. Barely three weeks after the close of congress, Li was named acting premier, and later in the National People's Congress in March 1988, confirmed as premier.

The 13th National Congress was notable because women were entirely absent from the highest levels of the party, leader such as Zhao Ziyang strongly opposed the participation of women in the political process.

The primary stage of socialism
In his speech, Zhao Ziyang stated that "Reform is the only process through which China can be revitalized. It is a process which is irreversible and which accords with the will of the people and the general trend of events." Building socialism with Chinese features, Zhao announced, was an experiment that could not possibly have been foreseen by 19th-century European theorists. The central task of proclaiming market reforms was due to the fact of the widespread poverty and backwardness that existed throughout China.

The Chinese leadership reconciled to the idea that market mechanisms and central planning were both "neutral means and methods that do not determine the basic economic system of a society". Hence an adoption of capitalist techniques and management skills in a mixed economy through multi-ownership system was permissible at that stage.

Political restructuring
China maintained her stance of a "socialist democracy", as it did not meant that China was to undergo changes that would make it a European democracy. It meant restructuring of the Chinese Communist Party so that it could better and more sufficiently be able to govern China, such as improvements in administration, simplification of bureaucracy and elimination of over-staffing.

Overall significance
The 13th Party Congress was remarkable in several ways. It launched China into accelerated economic development, ensuring a leadership succession as elder party members voluntarily resigned in favor of younger leaders, and fitting Marxism into "a new reality to fit reality" rather than bending "reality to theory".

However concerns remains over several issues. First, the resignation of party elders did not mean that reformers could get along with reforms right away since these elders still held immense influence over the party. Secondly, Deng has arranged Zhao to be the First Vice-Chairman of the Central Military Commission without the assurance that he would succeed Deng as the leader of China. Third, accelerated economic development and greater opening for foreign influences would revive old questions of "spiritual pollution", "bourgeois liberalization," and the perennial issue of "Chinese essence vs. foreign value." Fourth, separation of party functions from the government and economic enterprises would affect the vested interests of millions. Lastly, the supremacy of the Four Cardinal Principles prohibited any rule other than the CCP and any freedom beyond what was permitted by the party.

Overall, the Congress was a distinct success as it represented a consensus among disparate leaders to move the country forward economically but democracy, pluralism and human rights were issues were left unresolved.

References

13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party
1987 conferences
1987 in Beijing
October 1987 events in Asia
November 1987 events in Asia
1980s political conferences


The defect concentration diagram (also problem concentration diagram) is a graphical tool that is useful in analyzing the causes of the product or part defects. It is a drawing of the product (or other item of interest), with all relevant views displayed, onto which the locations and frequencies of various defects are shown.

Usage
Defect concentration diagram is used effectively in the following situations:
During data collection phase of problem identification.
Analyzing a part or assembly for possible defects.
Analyzing a product (or a part of a product) being manufactured with several defects.

Steps
There are a number of steps that are needed to be follow when constructing the defect concentration diagram:
Define the fault or faults (or whatever) being investigated.
Make a map, drawing, or picture.
Mark on the diagram each time a fault (or whatever) occurs and where it occurs.
After a sufficient period of time, analyze it to identify where the faults occur.

References

Industrial engineering
Quality control tools
Statistical charts and diagrams

Defect concentration diagram


The Guides Infantry, or 2nd Battalion (Guides) The Frontier Force Regiment, is an infantry battalion of the Pakistan Army. It was raised in 1846 as part of the famous Corps of Guides, a highly mobile force to act as guides to troops in the field and gather intelligence beyond the borders of British India. The corps recruited men from various backgrounds, with Pathans, Punjabi Muslims, Sikhs, and Dogras forming the majority of their manpower. Under the leadership of Lieutenant Harry Burnett Lumsden, the Guides gained a formidable reputation and introduced the dust-colored "khaki" uniforms, later adopted by the British Army in India. The corps became part of the Punjab Frontier Force, known as Piffers, which maintained order on the Punjab Frontier for fifty years.

The Guides participated in numerous frontier operations, earning recognition for their gallantry and resilience. They fought in the Second Sikh War, played a crucial role in the suppression of the Indian Mutiny in Delhi, and served in the Second Afghan War, where they defended the British Residency in Kabul. During World War I, the Guides raised additional battalions and fought in Mesopotamia and Palestine. Following the war, the Corps of Guides was reorganized, with the cavalry and infantry becoming separate units. In the Second World War, the Guides Infantry served in Iraq and Iran.

The Guides Infantry demonstrated their valor in the Indo-Pakistan wars of 1948 and 1965. In 1948, they defended the Kishenganga Valley in Kashmir, and in 1965, they established a bridgehead for the 1st Armored Division across the India-Pakistan border. The Guides Infantry also participated in the Rann of Kutch Conflict in 1965, capturing Indian positions and earning several awards for their bravery. Throughout their history, the Guides Infantry played a vital role in frontier operations and earned a reputation as a brave and dependable force.

Historical Overview
The Corps of Guides was raised at Peshawar on 14 December 1846 by Lieutenant Harry Burnett Lumsden on the orders of Sir Henry Lawrence, the British Resident at Lahore, capital of the Sikh Empire. Initially composed of a troop of cavalry and two companies of infantry mounted on camels, the Guides were organized as a highly mobile force. The corps was ordered to recruit
trustworthy men, who could, at a moment's notice, act as guides to troops in the field; men capable, too, of collecting trustworthy intelligence beyond, as well as within, our borders; and, in addition to all this, men, ready to give and take hard blows, whether on the frontier or in a wider field.
Although the corps recruited men from all over the country and even beyond the Frontier of India, Pathans, Punjabi Muslims, Sikhs and Dogras later formed the bulk of their manpower.

Harry Lumsden was chosen to train and lead the force:
He was a man of strong character, athletic, brave, resolute, cool and resourceful in emergency; a man of rare ability and natural aptitude for war, and possessed, moreover, of that magnetic influence which communicates the highest confidence and devotion to those who follow. Lumsden upheld the principle that the greatest and best school for war is war itself. He believed in the elasticity which begets individual self-confidence, and preferred a body of men taught to act and fight with personal intelligence.

Lumsden left a lasting imprint on the Guides, who first fought in numerous frontier operations. Believing that fighting troops were for service and not for show, Lumsden introduced loose and comfortable dust-coloured uniforms for the first time, which would soon become famous as "khaki" and within decades would be adopted by the British Army for service in India. In 1851, the Guides established themselves at Mardan, which would remain their home until 1938.

In 1851, the Corps of Guides became part of the Punjab Irregular Force, which later became famous as the Punjab Frontier Force or Piffers. The Piffers consisted of five regiments of cavalry, eleven regiments of infantry and five batteries of artillery besides the Corps of Guides. Their mission was to maintain order on the Punjab Frontier; a task they performed efficiently during the next fifty years.

In 1876, Queen Victoria rewarded the Guides by granting them the use of the Royal Cypher and they became the Queen's Own Corps of Guides with the Prince of Wales as their Colonel. During the First World War, the cavalry and infantry of the Guides fought separately. During the war, the Guides Infantry raised three more battalions. The 3rd and 4th Guides Infantry were disbanded after the war. In 1921, the cavalry and infantry components were formally separated; the cavalry becoming the 10th Queen Victoria's Own Corps of Guides Cavalry (Frontier Force), while the infantry joined the newly formed 12th Frontier Force Regiment to make up the 5th and 10th (Queen Victoria's Own Corps of Guides) Battalions of the new infantry regiment. The 10th became the Training Battalion of the regiment. Their new class composition was one company each of Punjabi Muslims, Pathans, Sikhs and Dogras. The regiment adopted the drab uniform with red facings of the Corps of Guides. In 1943, the 10th (Training) Battalion was converted into the 12th Frontier Force Regimental Centre, while in 1945, '12' was dropped from the regiment's designation, changing it to The Frontier Force Regiment.

On the Partition of India in 1947, the Frontier Force Regiment was allotted to Pakistan. The Sikhs and Dogras were transferred to India and the new class composition of the regiment became Punjabi Muslims and Pathans in equal proportion. In 1956, the Frontier Force Rifles and Pathan Regiment were merged with the Frontier Force Regiment and all the battalions were re-numbered. At the same time, since Pakistan had become a republic, all titles pertaining to British royalty were dropped. Consequently, the Guides Infantry was redesignated as the 2nd Battalion (Guides) The Frontier Force Regiment or 2 FF (Guides).

Campaigns

Frontier Operations
The intrepid Guides quickly made a name for themselves on the North West Frontier of India in numerous operations against the turbulent frontier tribes. Between 1847 and 1878, the corps participated in fifteen major frontier expeditions and operations. Their formidable reputation soon spread far and wide, and was immortalized by Rudyard Kipling in several of his works such as The Ballad of East and West. By around the start of the 20th century, the Guides had acquired such a legendary status that when Robert Baden-Powell, the founder of Boy Scouts, decided to form a similar organization for girls in 1909, he named them Girl Guides after the Corps of Guides. How Girls Can Help to Build Up the Empire, the Girl Guides' handbook has this to say about the Corps of Guides:
On the Indian frontier the mountain tribes are continually fighting, and our troops there are renowned for their splendid achievement and gallant conduct. The best known of all is the corps called "The Guides" … To be a Guide out there means you are one who can be relied upon for pluck, for being able to endure difficulty and danger, for being able cheerfully to take up any job that may be required, and for readiness to sacrifice yourself for others.

Second Sikh War 1848-49
Following their victory in the First Sikh War of 1845-46, the British posted a Resident at the Sikh Durbar at Lahore to control the affairs of the Sikh state. However, the Sikhs resented British interference in their affairs and began planning a revolt. Early in 1848, Lumsden and his Guides were summoned to Lahore to gather evidence of the planned Sikh insurrection - a mission that they successfully carried out. However, British counter-measures were unable to prevent the revolt, which broke out at Multan in April 1848 and soon spread to the rest of the country. The Guides served at the Siege of Multan and then participated in the Battle of Gujrat on 21 February 1849, where the Sikh Army was decisively defeated. The Second Sikh War resulted in the dissolution of the Sikh state and annexation of the Punjab by the British.

The Great Indian Mutiny of 1857
In May 1857, when the mutiny broke out, Lumsden was on a mission at Kandahar and Captain Henry Daly led the Guides to join the Delhi Field Force then besieging the ancient capital city. They left Hoti Mardan on 13 May and arrived at Delhi on 9 June after marching 580 miles in twenty-six days and fourteen hours in the searing Indian summer.
The moral effect of the arrival of the Guides in Delhi was perhaps in some measure greater even than the actual fighting strength thus brought into line. The fame of the march from the far distant frontier, the fine physique and martial bearing of soldiers drawn from warlike tribes new to the eyes of their British comrades, ... all tended to give the approach of the travel-stained Guides a high significance. An eyewitness recorded: They came in as firm and light as if they had marched but a single mile.

The Guides went into action the same day and by evening, all of their officers were killed or wounded.  They continued to fight gallantly throughout the summer and took part in the final assault and capture of Delhi. By the time they returned home, they had suffered 350 casualties out of the 600 men who had set out in May. For their gallant conduct at Delhi, they were awarded the distinction of red piping on their tunic collars; an honour shared with the 60th Foot and the Sirmoor Rifles, who fought alongside them at Delhi.

Second Afghan War 1878-80
During the Second Afghan War of 1878-80, the Guides joined the Peshawar Field Force under General Sir Sam Browne and took part in the capture of Ali Masjid, the advance to Jalalabad and the cavalry action at Fatehabad, where Lieutenant Walter Hamilton won the Victoria Cross for gallantry. Following the Treaty of Gandamak in May 1879, the Afghan King agreed to the presence of a British Mission in Kabul. The mission, led by Sir Louis Cavagnari, arrived in Kabul on 24 July 1879, escorted by a detachment of 76 Guides under Lieutenant Hamilton, VC. However, on 3 September, a disgruntled regiment of the Afghan Army attacked the British Residency. Although the Afghans offered quarter to the Indian ranks, the Guides chose to fight to the death. The Residency finally fell after twelve hours of fierce resistance by the Guides, who perished to the last man along with 600 of their foes. The sacrifice of these gallant men is commemorated in the impressive Guides Memorial at Mardan with the following words:
The annals of no army and no regiment can show a brighter record of devoted bravery than has been achieved by this small band of Guides.
The epic stand of the Guides at Kabul Residency was immortalized by MM Kaye in her bestselling novel The Far Pavilions and in the 1984 motion picture of the same name.

The massacre at Kabul led to the resumption of hostilities and in December 1879, the Guides were dispatched to join the Kabul Field Force under General Sir Frederick Roberts at Sherpur Cantonment near Kabul. They participated in the attacks on Takht-i-Shah and Asmai Heights, where Captain Arthur Hammond won the Victoria Cross for conspicuous gallantry.

After the Second Afghan War, the Guides were involved in a number of actions along the North West Frontier including the Relief of Chitral in 1895, as part of Malakand and Buner Field Forces during the Frontier Uprising of 1897-98, and in the Mohmand Expedition of 1908. In 1906, the Corps of Guides was reorganized into separates units of cavalry and infantry within the corps.

First World War
At the outbreak of World War I, the Corps of Guides initially remained in India for service on the Frontier; both Guides Infantry and Cavalry participating in the Mohmand Blockade in 1915. In January 1917, a second battalion of Guides Infantry was raised by Captain RCG Pollock at Mardan. In October, the 3rd Guides Infantry was raised by Colonel GP Villiers Stuart, also at Mardan, while the 4th Guides Infantry was raised in October 1918 by Lieutenant ND Douglas at Nowshera. In 1917, the 1st Guides Infantry joined the 7th (Meerut) Division in Mesopotamia and fought in the action of Tikrit. In 1918, both 1st and 2nd Guides Infantry served in Palestine and took part in the Battle of Megiddo, which led to the annihilation of Turkish Army in Palestine. The 3rd Guides Infantry served in the Third Afghan War of 1919. It was disbanded in August 1921. The 4th Guides Infantry was disbanded in December 1918.

The end of the war also spelt the end of the Corps of Guides as a unit. In the post-war reorganization of the Indian Army in 1921, the corps was broken up and the cavalry and infantry became separate units, with the two battalions of Guides Infantry joining the 12th Frontier Force Regiment as its 5th and 10th Battalions.

Second World War

During the Second World War, the Guides Infantry or 5th Battalion (QVO Corps of Guides) 12th FF Regiment, served throughout in Iraq and Iran, guarding against the German threat from the north. They were not engaged in any fighting.

Indo-Pakistan War 1948
The Guides Infantry made up for its lack of action during the Second World War by giving an excellent account of itself in Kashmir in 1948. The battalion was instrumental in checking the Indian offensive in the Kishenganga Valley, where it fought with great gallantry at Tithwal and foiled all enemy efforts at advance. Jemadar Dost Muhammad's platoon of the Guides were defending Richmar Gali, near Tithwal. Coming under attack from approximately 700 Indian soldiers, he ordered a bayonet charge as a last ditch effort, leading to his death and the capture of Richmar Gali by the Indians. His actions delayed the Indian army, long enough for the 10th Brigade of 7th Infantry Division to prepare defences along the Panjkot Nullah, preventing their advance. The Guides suffered casualties of 37 killed and 105 wounded, and were awarded eleven gallantry awards.

Indo-Pakistan War 1965
In 1965 the Guides Infantry (2FF) was camping at Kasur where A and D companies of the battalion were carrying watermanship training at Thaman Distributary near Luliani after they had moved from the Rann of Katch area. The battalion was assigned the task of establishing a bridge head on Rohhi Nullah for launching of 1 Armoured Division across the India – Pakistan border. A and D companies joined the Paltan at about 1230 hrs. The Guides moved out from the camp to cross the border. The battalion crossed the Rohi Nullah on foot and entered the enemy territory on night 6/7 Sep 1965 and established a bridge head for the armoured division. After the launching of the division, the battalion was put under 21 Bde which was part of 11th Infantry Division. On 12 September the Guides Infantry and 5 Frontier Force captured the Indian town of Khem Karan. The battalion advanced up to Bhura Khana a small village in the north of the Khem Karan. On 17 Sep 1965 it was ordered to come back and take defence positions in front of Khem Kharan. On the night 21/22 September 1965 C company position was shelled heavily and was attacked by Indian troops who succeeded in overrunning part of a forward platoon. A counter-attack was launched by C company which recovered the position. During the conflict, the Guides Infantry were awarded one Tamgha-i-Jurat and two C-in-C Commendation cards.

Rann of Kutch Conflict – April 1965.

The trouble began in March 1965 when India started interfering with Pakistan Rangers patrol in Kanger Kot area. Immediately they took a further step and laid their claim on the Kanger Kot Fort. To back it with force they started amassing troops in the Rann of Kutch. Consequently, some troops of Pakistan Army including the Guides Infantry were promptly dispatched to deal with the situation. The Guides Infantry attacked and captured the strong points of the Indian Army at Biarbet and captured the position being defended by famous Indian PARA Brigade (Guides Infantry marks 12 April as Biarbet day). An area of approx five to six miles was captured and cleared of the Indians immediately. In this small battle the battalion was awarded two Tamgha-e-Jurat, Four Imtiazi Sanads and one C-in-C Commendation Card.

Honours

Tamgh-e-Jurat
 Lance Havildar Khaki Jan
 Naik Atta Khan

Imtiazi Sanad
 Lt Col Muhammad Iqbal Khan ( Later General)
 Captain Bilal Ahmed ( Later Maj General)
 Captain S J Babar ( Later Chief Commissioner Peshawar)
 Sepoy Din Bad Shah

Commendation Card
 Subedar Ali Asghar
 Havildar Muhammad Razak Khan
 Sepoy Noor Jamal

Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

On 3 October 1971 during the war, the battalion was deployed to the Chakothi area to defend the Sirinager-to-Muzaffarabad road in the Uri section. C Company was sent to defend the Lipa valley, joined by elements of the Tochi Scouts. Lipa was defended under second-in-command Abdul Hamid Afridi. On 8 November, Indian forces attacked two patrols of C Company at Shisha Ladi with the intent of capturing the Lipa valley. The final attack was repulsed at 04:15. At 08:00 the second attack began with heavy artillery fire, incurring many casualties by 10:30. Major Aziz Ahmed, Samandar Shah and three jawans held Shahadat. Members of the battalion received a Sitara-e-Jurat, a Tamgha-i-Jurat and an Imtiazi Sanad. (This entire description needs re-visiting. 2 FF was deployed in Chakothi sector, with battalion HQ at Chakothi, a company deployed on Sugna-Ziarat ridge, A company at Parat and another company which repulsed the Indian infiltration of Ziarat ridge under the command of Captain Gulzar Ahmed Wazir. The fourth company under Major Aziz Ahmed was detached to Lipa Valley where it fought a glorious action on Shisha Ladi ridge, "R" battery of 25 Composite Mountain Regiment (Artillery) was in support. It was commanded by Lt Col Abdul Hameed Khan in 1971.)

Awards
 Sitara-e-Jurat:  Major Aziz Ahmed. He embraced shahdat near Zairat post in Khalana valley. A post is named after him in this area, titled as 'Aziz Post'.
 Tamgha-e-Jurrat: Naib Subedar Muhammad Bashir
 Commendation Card: Jumma Khan

Battle Honours
Mooltan, Goojerat, Punjaub, Delhi 1857, Ali Masjid, Kabul 1879, Afghanistan 1878-80, Chitral, Punjab Frontier, Malakand, Mesopotamia 1917-18, Megiddo, Sharon, Palestine 1918, NW Frontier, India 1914-15, Afghanistan 1919, Kashmir 1948, Rann of Kutch 1965, Khem Karan 1965.

Victoria Cross Recipients

 Lieutenant RH Shebbeare, Delhi, 14 September 1857
 Lieutenant WRP Hamilton, Fatehabad, Afghanistan, 2 April 1879
 Captain AG Hammond, Asmai Heights, Afghanistan, 14 December 1879
 Major RB Adams, Landakai, Swat, 17 August 1897
 Lieutenant HLS Maclean, Landakai, Swat, 17 August 1897
 Captain GMC Meynell, Mohmand, North West Frontier, 29 September 1935

Changes in Title
 1846 The Corps of Guides
 1851 The Corps of Guides, Punjab Irregular Force
 1865 Corps of Guides, Punjab Frontier Force
 1876 Queen's Own Corps of Guides, Punjab Frontier Force
 1901 Queen's Own Corps of Guides
 1904 Queen's Own Corps of Guides (Lumsden's)
 1906 Queen Victoria's Own Corps of Guides (Frontier Force) (Lumsden's) Infantry
 1917 1st Battalion Queen Victoria's Own Corps of Guides (Frontier Force) (Lumsden's) Infantry
 1922 5th Battalion (Queen Victoria's Own Corps of Guides) 12th Frontier Force Regiment
 1945 5th Battalion (Queen Victoria's Own Corps of Guides) The Frontier Force Regiment
 1956 2nd Battalion (Guides) The Frontier Force Regiment

Affiliations & Alliances
  The Guides Cavalry
  The Rifles

References and Notes
http://www.radio.gov.pk/03-04-2019/pakistan-army-approves-promotion-of-40-brigadiers-to-major-general

Further reading
 Younghusband, Col GJ. (1908). The Story of the Guides. London: MacMillan & Co.
 The History of the Guides 1846-1922. Vol I. (1938). Aldershot: Gale and Polden.
 MacMunn, Lt Gen Sir George. (1950). The History of the Guides 1922-1947. Vol II. Aldershot: Gale and Polden.
 Khan, Maj Gen Fazal Muqeem. (1996). History of the 2nd Battalion (Guides) Frontier Force Regiment 1947-1994. Rawalpindi: The Army Press.
 Condon, Brig WEH. (1962). The Frontier Force Regiment. Aldershot: Gale & Polden.
 Attiqur Rahman, Lt Gen M. (1980). The Wardens of the Marches – A History of the Piffers 1947-71. Lahore: Wajidalis.
 Dey, RSBN. (1905). A Brief Account of the Late Punjab Frontier Force, From its Organization in 1849 to its Re-distribution on 31st March 1903. Calcutta.
 North, REFG. (1934). The Punjab Frontier Force: A Brief Record of Their Services 1846-1924. Dera Ismail Khan: Commercial Steam Press, HQ Waziristan District.
 Hayauddin, Maj Gen M. (1950). One Hundred Glorious Years: A History of the Punjab Frontier Force, 1849-1949. Lahore: Civil and Military Gazette Press.
 Khan, Maj Muhammad Nawaz. (1996). The Glorious Piffers 1843-1995. Abbottabad: The Frontier Force Regimental Centre.
 Lumsden, Gen. Sir Peter, and Elsmie, G. R. (1900). Lumsden of the Guides: A Sketch of the Life of Lieutenant General Sir Harry Burnett Lumsden, KCSI, CB, with Selections from His Correspondence and Occasional Papers. London: J Murray.
 Daly, Maj Hugh. (1905). Memoirs of General Sir Henry Dermot Daly, GCB, CIE. London: J Murray.
 Gaylor, John. (1991). Sons of John Company: The Indian and Pakistan Armies 1903- 1991. Stroud: Spellmount Publishers Ltd.
 Elliott, Maj Gen JG. (1968). The Frontier 1839-1947: The Story of the North-West Frontier of India. London: Cassell.
 Ahmed, Lt Gen Mahmud. (2006). History of Indo-Pak War – 1965. Rawalpindi: Services Book Club.

External links
The Story of the Guides by GJ Younghusband
Queen's Own Corps of Guides (Punjab Frontier Force) at The British Empire
Lieutenant General Sir Harry Burnett Lumsden, KCSI, CB. Obituary in The Times, 13 August 1895
Article discussing the raising of the Corps of Guides by Harry Lumsden
General Sir Henry Dermot Daly

British Indian Army regiments
British Indian Army infantry regiments
Honourable East India Company regiments
Indian World War I regiments
Indian World War II regiments
Military units and formations established in 1846
Frontier Force Regiment
1846 establishments in British India

Guides Infantry


The Talaud bush-hen (Amaurornis magnirostris) is a vulnerable waterbird in the rail and crake family.

It is a recently described species from Karakelang Island in the Talaud Islands, Indonesia. It occurs in forest, scrub, and overgrown plantations.

Description

Talaud bush-hen is a 30.5 cm long, large, very dark and robust bush-hen. Its large head and its upperparts are dark brown, and its underparts and flanks are very dark bluish grey. The large, thick bill is pale green, and the legs are yellow, becoming more olive at the rear.

The only confirmed call of this shy species is a series of loud, low-pitched croaking barks, but it is likely that it also makes the shrieks typical of bush-hens.

Status

The population is estimated at 2,350-9,560 individuals on Karakelang. It may also occur on neighbouring islands, but there is little forest on those, less than 20 km2 compared to 350 km2 on Karakelang.

There are two protected areas totalling 21,800 hectares, but there has been no management and these areas are threatened by agricultural encroachment, illegal logging, and fire. Trapping for food and introduced rats may also pose a threat.

References

 Birdlife International
Taylor and van Perlo, Rails SBN 90-74345-20-4

Amaurornis
Endemic birds of Indonesia
Birds described in 1998
Taxa named by Frank R. Lambert

Talaud bush-hen


ជួរភ្នំ is a geographic area containing numerous geologically related ភ្នំ។  A mountain system or system of mountain ranges sometimes is used to combine several geological features that are geographically (regionally) related.

Mountain ranges are usually segmented by highlands or mountain passes and valleys. Individual mountains within the same mountain range do not necessarily have the same geologic structure or petrology. They may be a mix of different orogenic expressions and terranes, for example thrust sheets, uplifted blocks, fold mountains, and volcanic landforms resulting in a variety of rock types.

មើលផងដែរ

 List of mountain ranges
 List of mountains
 Plate tectonics
 Mountain building

ឯកសារយោង

តំណភ្ជាប់ខាងក្រៅ
 Peakbagger Ranges Home Page
 Bivouac.com

ភ្នំ

ជួរភ្នំ


The Agricultural University of Kraków (Polish: Uniwersytet Rolniczy im. Hugona Kołłątaja w Krakowie), located in Kraków, Poland, became a university by decree of the Council of Ministers as of 28 September 1972. Formerly, it was known as the Higher College of Agriculture, as well as other names, since its establishment in 1890.

History
As early as 1776 the university's patron Hugo Kołłątaj, then a member of the National Education Commission, postulated creating a Department of Agriculture as part of the reformed Cracow Academy. The department existed for a very short period between 1806 and 1809 due to the partitions of Poland that ended the existence of the sovereign Polish state. Over 80 years later, a three-year Agricultural Study was established at the Faculty of Philosophy of the Jagiellonian University in 1890, at the Collegium Iuridicum.

Professor Emil Godlewski became the Head of the Study in 1892. It was thanks to his efforts that the Collegium Agronomicum was built in 1906–1910 for Agricultural Study. The building, later named after him, is now the seat of the Rector's office, and the university's Senate. The Study existed till 1923 when it was transformed into the Faculty of Agriculture of the Jagiellonian University. In 1924 the faculty offered Europe's first Higher Academic Cooperative Course. The studies took four years and graduates obtained a BSc degree. In the same year horticultural courses were offered, later transformed into a three-year Horticultural Study.

The Second World War caused considerable losses to the university, most seriously among the Faculty of Agriculture staff (see: Operation Sonderaktion Krakau). In spite of considerable difficulties posed by the German occupation secret courses in agronomy were conducted, headed by a temporary Dean Anatol Listowski. After the war, the faculty resumed its activity in January 1945. In 1946 it was renamed as the Agriculture and Forestry Faculty, and later (1949) transformed into two separate faculties.

In 1953 the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry became the Higher College of Agriculture. In 1963 the Faculty of Animal Science branched out from the faculty. Further development of the university took place in the following years. New faculties were created: the Faculty of Land Reclamation (1955) with the Geodesy Division (since 1960); Forestry (reactivated in 1963), and the Faculty of Horticulture.

By decree of the Council of Ministers as of 28 September 1972 the Higher College of Agriculture became a University of Agriculture. A new division of Mechanization and Energetics in Agriculture was formed and later changed into a separate faculty in 1977.

An out-of-town branch called the Faculty of Economics and Agricultural Commerce was created in Rzeszów in 1973, then changed into the Faculty of Economy - Rzeszów Branch. Currently, since 1 April 1997 it has regained its status as the Faculty of Economy. A Division of Food Technology was created at the Faculty of Agriculture in 1974 and became a separate Faculty of Food Technology twenty years later.

Between the years 1923 and 1990 over 26 thousand students graduated from the Agricultural Study, later Faculty of Agriculture of the Jagiellonian University and the Agricultural University of Kraków, out of which 260 became associate or full professors, almost half of them employed at higher educational institutions or research institutes. 8105 students pursued studies at the Agricultural University in the academic year 1995–96, including 5582 internal and 2523 external students.

Organizational structure

Faculties (since 1997)

 Agriculture and Economics
 Animal Sciences
 Environmental Engineering and Geodesy
 Food Technology
 Forestry
 Horticulture
 Production Engineering and Energetics
 Biotechnology
 Landscaping
 University Center of Veterinary Medicine (joint faculty with Jagiellonian University)
 Branch Faculty of Economy in Rzeszów

Enrollment

Over 8,000 students pursue vocational, undergraduate and graduate programmes (both internal and external) at the Agricultural University. They may choose from among nine majors. The university offers various post-graduate programmes and four-year doctoral studies. The university employs over 800 research workers, 175 professors and associate professors. All faculties, except the one in Rzeszów offer degrees of Doctor of Science and Doctor habilitated.

See also
 Brunon Kwiecień
 Science in Poland
 Commission of National Education
 Agricultural University's ranking among Polish universities

References
 Agricultural University of Kraków, homepage
 History of the Agricultural University

Agricultural University of Kraków
Agricultural universities and colleges in Poland
Universities and colleges established in 1890
Universities and colleges established in 1973

Agricultural University of Kraków


Sir Seymour John Sharkey (10 July 1847 – 6 September 1929) was a physician at St Thomas' Hospital, London.

Life
Sharkey was born at Saint Peter, Jersey, the third son of Edmund Sharkey, M.D., and educated at Christ's Hospital.  He won an open classical scholarship to Jesus College, Oxford, matriculating in 1866 and obtaining a first-class honours degree in natural science in 1870.  He later obtained the degrees of MB (1875) and MD (1888). He won the Radcliffe Travelling Fellowship in 1873 and spent three years studying medicine in Berlin, Vienna and Paris before completing his medical training at St Thomas' Hospital, rising in 1890 to the position of full physician, remaining as consultant physician after his retirement in 1910.

He became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1885 and delivered their Goulstonian lecture in 1886 on nerve disease and their Bradshaw Lecture in 1906 on rectal alimentation.

His interest in diseases of the nervous system led to him becoming President of the Neurological Society of the United Kingdom in 1904. He was knighted in 1914 and became an Honorary Fellow of Jesus College in 1918.

He died in 1929 and was buried at Kensal Green Cemetery.

References

External links

1847 births
1929 deaths
20th-century British medical doctors
People educated at the City of London School
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
People from Saint Peter, Jersey
People educated at Christ's Hospital
Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery

Seymour Sharkey


Pierre Graber (6 December 1908 – 19 July 2003) was a Swiss politician and member of the Swiss Federal Council (1970–1978).

He was born in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland and after studying law in Neuchâtel and Vienna he became attorney-at-law in Lausanne. Active in the Social Democratic Party, he was in the municipal parliament of Lausanne (1934–1946), member of the parliament of the canton of Vaud (1937–1946), mayor of Lausanne (1946–1949), member of the National Council (1942–1969, except 1963), he was the Speaker of that Assembly from 1965/66, he sat in the Foreign affairs committee and was deputy chairman of the enquiry parliamentary committee dealing with the Mirage affair. He was also a member of the government of the canton of Vaud (1962–1970) in charge of the Finance Department. He served as one of the four members of the Commission to resolve the problem of the Jura.

He was elected to the Swiss Federal Council on 10 December 1969. During his time in office, he headed the Political Department, i.e. ministry of foreign affairs. Graber was President of the Confederation in 1975 and handed over office on 31 January 1978. During his term of office, a new law for Cooperation Development was adopted. On 1 August 1975, he signed the Helsinki Final Act of the CSCE on behalf of Switzerland. He obtained the ratification by Parliament of the European Convention on Human Rights in 1974. As president of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, he laid the first stone of the Palace of Europe in Strasbourg on 15 May 1972. At his initiative, Switzerland recognized North Vietnam and North Korea. Graber presided over the diplomatic conference that led to the adoption of the additional protocols to the Geneva Conventions in 1977. He faced the first terrorist attack on a Swissair plane in Zarqa, Jordan in 1970. After retiring, he gave his opinion on major occasions including Switzerland's unsuccessful attempt to join the United Nations in 1986.

Graber died in Lausanne in 2003 at the age of .

Bibliography
Pierre Graber: Mémoires et réflexions; Lausanne: Editions 24 heures, 1992;  — autobiography.

External links

1908 births
2003 deaths
Members of the Federal Council (Switzerland)
Presidents of the National Council (Switzerland)
Mayors of Lausanne
Social Democratic Party of Switzerland politicians
People from La Chaux-de-Fonds
Members of the National Council (Switzerland)
Foreign ministers of Switzerland
Politicians from Lausanne

Pierre Graber


Håkon Melberg (January 1, 1911 – November 4, 1990) was one of Norway's foremost linguists.  He knew 42 languages and could communicate in an additional 20.

Born in Halden, Melberg graduated from the Halden Latin School in 1930 with top grades. He went on to study languages and linguistics at the University of Oslo for 6 or 7 years, but left without obtaining a formal degree.  He received a scholarship to study modern English in London as preparation for a professorate in English, and wrote the novel 'Solen går aldri ned' in 1938.  Melberg then received research funding from NAVF to study Celtic languages, staying in Ireland, Wales, Scotland, and Brittany for long periods. To support a rather meagre economy and encourage the work with Celtic languages, Thomas Coats 2nd Baron Glentanar and the Earl of Bute gave Melberg a sum of money that he did not use himself, but instead handed over to Oslo University in support of a Celtic institute.

During the occupation years in Norway, Melberg was one of the leaders of XU Pan, a spy organisation that collected secret German information and transmitted it to London. This work is described in the book 'Dobbeltspill – Nazilensmannen som lurte tyskerne' (1988) by T. Brynildsen and H. Melberg.

From 1940 to 1943, Melberg worked as a jiu jitsu instructor at his brother Sam's training institute in Oslo. Melberg wrote the introductory chapter titled "Vitenskapen å slåss" ("The Science of Fighting") to Sam's book, 'Jiu Jitsu'.

In September 1945, Melberg presented the first version of his hypothesis on the origin of the Scandinavian nations to the Norwegian Science Academy in Oslo. It was met with silence. A year later, it was presented to the Danish Science Academy in Copenhagen, where it provoked animated discussion.  Due to misunderstandings and the need for background information that became apparent during these discussions, Melberg decided to present his work with all the information required to evaluate the hypothesis. The outcome was the two-volume work, 'Origin of the Scandinavian Nations and Languages' (1953). They are available with searchable text in  and

After the publication of that work, Melberg continued his work with Celtic languages for some years. The rest of his active life was spent working with and for children in Halden.  In 1945, Melberg and his wife began running an activity center for children called Barnas hus. He wrote the text for a children's opera, 'Nattmannens barn', which was first presented in 1960. Melberg died in 1990.

References

University of Oslo alumni
1911 births
1990 deaths
People from Halden
Linguists from Norway
XU
20th-century linguists

Håkon Melberg


The name Novichok is used for a number of chemical compounds that have been used as nerve agents (similar to nerve gas) from the 1970s to at least the 1990s in the Soviet Union. There are 3–5 different substances, all called Novichok. The exact formula of these agents is unknown. The following facts are known or likely:
Novichok is produced by combining two (or more) other substances. Unless they are combined, these other substances are not dangerous; as an example: fertilizer for agriculture
At least four or five compounds are known to exist.
In 2018, former Russian spy Sergei Skripal and his daughter were poisoned using Novichok. Novichok was also the agent in the 2018 Amesbury poisonings. It is likely that Alexei Navalny was poisoned using Novichok in 2020.

Nerve agents

Novichok


Charles Austin Coolidge, Jr. (July 19, 1844 – June 1, 1926) was a United States Army soldier who served in the American Civil War, the American West, Spanish–American War, and in Asia before retiring in 1903 as a brigadier general.

Early life, education & marriage
Charles Austin Coolidge, Jr. was born on July 19, 1844, in Boston, Massachusetts, to Charles Austin Coolidge, Sr. and Anna Maria (Rice) Coolidge. He attended Norwich University in Northfield, Vermont, from 1859 to 1861; in 1903 Norwich conferred his bachelor's degree as a member of the class of 1863.  Later he received his M.D. from the Wooster Medical College in Wooster, Ohio. He married Sophia Wager Lowry in Tallahassee, Florida, on 19 November 1867; she was the daughter of Philip Lowry and Caroline Tilghman of Philadelphia.

Military career
On 23 Oct 1862, Coolidge enlisted in the United States Army as a private in the 16th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. In May 1864 he was appointed Second Lieutenant of the Seventh Infantry Regiment. The Seventh at that time was on duty in New York, having just come from Gettysburg for the draft riots. Following a month of service at City Point, Virginia, the regiment remained at New York harbor until the end of the war. The regiment was then sent to Florida for the next five years.

After his unit was transferred to the American West in 1870, Lieutenant Coolidge was a member of Captain Rawn's command of ~25 regulars which opposed and stalled Chief Looking Glass' Nez Percé Indians at Lolo Pass. He was wounded in this campaign at the Battle of the Big Hole on August 9, 1877.  Later when appointed a Captain, he served in Montana, Dakota Territory, Fort Snelling, Fort D.A. Russell (Wyoming), Rock Springs, Wyoming, and Fort Logan near Denver, Colorado.

At the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in April 1898, Coolidge attained the rank of Major in the Seventh Infantry Regiment. He participated in the capture of El Caney on July 1, 1898, and the bombardment of Santiago de Cuba.

Coolidge was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel of the Ninth Infantry Regiment on May 16, 1899, and he took part in the engagements at Zapote Bridge and Tarlac, Philippine Islands. In June 1900 the regiment was ordered to China as part of the China Relief Expedition. He assumed command following the death of Colonel Emerson H. Liscum during the Boxer Rebellion as part of the Allies relief of the Legation at Tianjin from June to July 1900. After the departure of Colonel Robert Leamy Meade of the Marines from China on July 26, 1900, Lieutenant Colonel Coolidge was placed in command of the American forces in China until the arrival of General Adna Chaffee in early August 1900. Also during the Boxer Rebellion on August 14, 1900, he led the first American force to enter the Forbidden City in Beijing.

In 1901 Coolidge was named Colonel of the Seventh Infantry Regiment, transferred to the Presidio of San Francisco, where he retired August 8, 1903, as a Brigadier General.

Retirement and death
Coolidge moved to Detroit shortly after the San Francisco earthquake in August 1906.  He had been exceptionally active in work of military veterans' organizations and he was a member of the Loyal Legion, the GAR, Sons of the American Revolution and the United Spanish War Veterans.

He was a Councilor of the Boy Scouts of America and a President of the American Philatelic Society.  He was admitted to the Detroit Post of the GAR in 1906, elected Junior Commander two years later and named Commander in 1912.

Brigadier General Charles Austin Coolidge died June 2, 1926, at Grace Hospital in Detroit, Michigan in his eighty-first year.  He had been ill since May 19, 1926, when he suffered a stroke while attending the Lloyd Tilghman monument unveiling at Vicksburg, Mississippi. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

Military awards
General Coolidge earned the following military awards:
     Civil War Campaign Medal
     Indian Campaign Medal
     Spanish Campaign Medal
     Philippine Campaign Medal
     China Relief Expedition Medal

Family relations & genealogy
Charles A. Coolidge and his wife Sophie in 1870 adopted a son, Sherman Coolidge (1862–1932) of Arapahoe ancestry, who became a prominent leader in the Native American community. General Coolidge was the son of Charles and Anna Maria Rice Coolidge. He was a direct descendant of John Coolidge (1604–1691) who emigrated from England about 1630 to Watertown, Massachusetts, and he was a cousin of President Coolidge. His grandfather Henry Rice was a member of the Boston City Council and was a Massachusetts state legislator. He was also a descendant of Edmund Rice another early immigrant to Massachusetts Bay Colony as follows:
 Brig. Gen Charles A. Coolidge (1844–1926), son of
 Anna Maria Rice (1817–1886), daughter of
 Henry Rice (1786–1867), son of
 Noah Rice (1751–1820), son of
 Jabez Rice (1702–1783), son of
 Caleb Rice (1666–1739), son of
 Joseph Rice (1637–1711), son of
 Edmund Rice, (c. 1594–1663)

References

External links
 Arlington National Cemetery

1844 births
1926 deaths
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Coolidge family
College of Wooster alumni
Norwich University alumni
People of Massachusetts in the American Civil War
Members of the Sons of the American Revolution
Union Army soldiers
United States Army generals

Charles A. Coolidge


A strategy video game is a type of video game that focuses on skillful thinking and planning to achieve victory. They are usually categorized into four types: if the game is turn-based or real-time, and whether the game focuses on strategy or tactics. One example is Age of Empires III.

Real-time strategy video games
Types of video games
Video game genres

Strategy video game


LSM(R)-195 was laid down at Charleston Navy Yard. The ship was commissioned on 21 November 1944.

Service history (Turner & Woodson)
During World War II the ship was assigned to the Asiatic Pacific theater. At that time the fleet was under the command of Admiral Spruance and named the Fifth Fleet. Vice Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner was Commander of Amphibious Forces Pacific and was to be in charge of operations until the beachhead was established. The Kerama Retto islands were a small chain of islands 15 miles west of the southwest tip of Okinawa. The invasion of the Kerma Retto was an opportunity to break in all twelve of the 188-class LSM(R)s. One of the reasons that Admiral Turner wanted to capture Kerama Retto was his knowledge that the Japanese Sea Raiding Units had suicide boats hidden there. On the morning of 29 March three of these boats attacked the  but were promptly destroyed. The northern half of the six-mile-wide invasion beach was assigned to Task Force 53, under the command of Rear Admiral Lawrence F. Reifsnider. Embarked were the 1st and 6th Marine Divisions under Major General Roy S. Geiger.  The northern support craft included , USS LSM(R)-195, , , , and .

On 3 May 1945 the 188-class LSM(R)s were put to the test when the Japanese launched their fifth kikusui attack on 3 May. Picket station 10 was the hardest hit. Shortly before dusk, the destroyer  was hit by a series of six kamikazes, suffering 45 killed or missing and 49 wounded. The ship survived, but was later decommissioned because it wasn't worth repairing. About the same time, approximately 20 planes attacked destroyer . She was crashed by four of them and sank within 12 minutes of the first hit. She lost 30 dead or missing and 79 wounded. LSM(R)-195 was also on Picket Station 10 and while rushing to the aid of Aaron Ward and Little was likewise crashed by a kamikaze. The crash started her rockets exploding and knocked out the fire main and auxiliary pumps. LSM(R)-195 had to be abandoned and, after being ripped by heavy explosions, sank. The following day the ordeal for the LSM(R)'s reached its tragic climax.  was patrolling at Picket Station 12. Not long after sunrise the anticipated kamikazes arrived and were met by American combat air patrol. Several of the Japanese planes managed to get through and attack the ships on this station. Three kamikazes crashed LSM(R)-190. The ship that had seen so much previous action and had been credited with rescuing 180 survivors of other stricken ships was herself sunk. In the same attack the destroyer  was sunk, carrying 126 of her 312 officers and men with her. At the same time as LSM(R)-190 was fighting her final battle, LSM(R)-194 was facing the same fate at Picket Station 1.

W.E. Woodson CO LSM(R)-195 survived the sinking and reported on 5 May 1945: Two planes were observed approaching, the closest identified as NICK.  This plane was taken under fire by the 5"/38 and both 40MM guns as he circled and approached from the starboard.  The other plane, started an attack run on our port side coming in at a very low altitude and maneuvering violently to confuse our two port 20MM gunners who had taken him under fire.  This plane was strafing on its way in and hit the port side ripping the main deck all the way into midships.

The explosion and depth of damage indicated that this plane carried a bomb.  The rockets that were loaded in the launchers topside began exploding in every direction as the fire spread from one broken rocket motor to another causing a great deal of shrapnel and fragments to be in the air at all times.  These rockets were propelled only short distances with numerous hits about the deck causing fires.  The plane or bomb had also penetrated the forward assembly room causing assembled rockets to be propelled throughout the ship and the area surrounding it.

References

Woodson, William E. CO USS LSM(R) 195, Casualty Notification Report to Chief Naval Personnel (Pers-8249-hc) 7 June 1945

Woodson, William E, CO USS LSM(R) 195 Action Report 5 May 1945.
Friedman, Norman (2002) "US Amphibious Ships and Crafts" Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland
Francis, Dennis L., Commander LSM Flotilla NINE C.T.G. 52.21 April 1945

LSM(R)-188-class landing ships medium
World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Ships sunk by kamikaze attack
Ships built in Charleston, South Carolina
1944 ships
Maritime incidents in May 1945

USS LSM(R)-195


Prolog is a programming language that uses first order logic. It is the most used logic programming language. It is a declarative programming language. Alain Cormerauer, a French computer scientist created Prolog in the early 1970s.

Prolog is rather different from other programming languages. It uses facts and rules. Given the facts, the rules can be used to figure out new facts.

Prolog uses a paradigm called negation as failure, which means that  is assumed if  cannot be derived. This is different from true logical negation. While negation is failure has its benefits, it often confuses people starting to learn Prolog, as they expect true logical negation.

Prolog also uses Horn clauses. It is a turing-complete programming language.

Programming languages

Prolog


The Ferrara Synagogue is a synagogue located in Ferrara, Italy.

The synagogue is the only surviving representative of the several synagogues that once flourished in Ferrara. It is located in the historic Jewish community building of 1421 at 95 via Mazzini, which once housed two other synagogues, destroyed by fascists during World War II. Other synagogues were once located nearby. The building also houses a Jewish museum.

Synagogue

The surviving synagogue, the Scola Tedesca, German Synagogue, is a large room with a women's gallery upstairs. The barrel-vaulted ceiling and walls are decorated in the Regency/Empire style fashionable when the room was renovated in 1820. The plaster designs on the walls are the work of Gaetano Davia, designer of the interior design of the Ferrara City Theater, Teatro Comunale. They feature Jewish motifs such as the Torah ark carried by the Jews during their Exodus from Egypt, and the vestments of the High Priest in the Temple at Jerusalem. The synagogue retains its 18th-century bimah and Torah ark in dark wood, set off by a white marble balustrade.

Jewish museum

The museum displays the Torah Ark of the Scola Italiana, Italian rite synagogue, once located in a large room in the same building. The room, now in use as a lecture hall, retains its original, vaulted, Baroque ceiling. Other furnishing were destroyed in a fascist attack on the building. The museum also displays several Torah arks from former synagogues in small towns in the region.

Among the artifacts are an eighteenth-century contract between a local Jewish family and a newly hired nursemaid in which the nursemaid undertakes not to baptize the Jewish baby, and a stamp used to seal Jewish graves to prevent medical students at the university from using the cadavers for dissection practice.

References

External links
 Current community website

Synagogues in Emilia-Romagna
Jewish museums in Italy
Regency and Biedermeier synagogues
Buildings and structures in Ferrara
Museums in Ferrara

Ferrara Synagogue


The Battle of Yellow Tavern was part of the Overland Campaign of the American Civil War. It was fought on May 11, 1864 in Henrico County, Virginia. Major General Philip Sheridan, who commanded the cavalry of the Army of the Potomac, wanted to launch a raid behind the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. He thought he could keep supplies from reaching the Confederates and defeat the Confederate cavalry, commanded by Major General J.E.B. Stuart.

Battle

Sheridan started his raid on May 9. Stuart started after him right away. On May 11, they fought on May 11 at Yellow Tavern, six miles north of Richmond. The Confederates defeated several Union attacks. But in the afternoon, General George A. Custer's Michigan Brigade broke through the Confederate center. Near the end of the battle Stuart was mortally wounded by one of Custer's men and died the next day. The Confederates then retreated from the battlefield. The battle, except for Stuart's death, was not of much note.  There were a total of about 800 casualties.

References

American Civil War battles
May 1864 events
1864 in Virginia

Battle of Yellow Tavern


Rolf Ernst Gohs (26 October 1933 – 23 August 2020) was a Swedish comic creator. He was born in Estonia but moved to Sweden in 1946.

Acclaimed mostly for his artwork, Gohs usually writes his own stories as well. Early works such as Mannen från Claa (The Man from Claa) and Dödens Fågel (The Bird of Death) were well received.
In 1957, he began to produce covers for the Swedish "Fantomen" comic book and also produced some interior art. Today, he is probably best known for his cover paintings.  As Sweden's most prominent comic book cover artist, Gohs has produced covers featuring some of the most well-known comic characters from all over the world. Many of his works have been published outside Sweden.

In 1969, Gohs created his most famous comic, Mystiska 2:an (The Mysterious Two) about two young teenagers in Stockholm. Sometimes the stories were pure adventure style, at other times more of social realism. Mystiska 2:an was published irregularly in comic books and album form for almost twenty years. However, a 1980s story where one of the young boys fell in love with a grown-up man, caused some controversy on the Swedish comic book arena, and apparently meant the end of the feature (as well as the recently created magazine Comet, in which it was published).

Since then, Gohs produced a comic book story about the legendary Children's Crusade directly for the Swedish Phantom comic book.

References

External links
Rolf Gohs info from the Lambiek Comiclopedia of Artists

1933 births
2020 deaths
20th-century Swedish artists
21st-century Swedish artists
20th-century Swedish writers
21st-century Swedish writers
Swedish illustrators
Swedish comics artists
Swedish comics writers
Estonian emigrants to Sweden

Rolf Gohs


The 1969 Ohio State vs. Michigan football game is considered to be one of the best-known games of the series, as well as one of the biggest upsets in college football history. The Buckeyes went into the game as the top-ranked team in the country, with a 22-game winning streak under the direction of head coach Woody Hayes. They were also defending national champions. The Wolverines went into the game under a new head coach, Bo Schembechler, who was trying to redefine a college football power that had fallen on hard times. Ohio State was playing for its second straight national title, while Michigan was playing for the Rose Bowl, and the championship of the Big Ten Conference was on the line. The game was witnessed by a (then) stadium-record crowd of 103,588 at Michigan Stadium in Ann Arbor, and began the highly combative stretch of the rivalry informally known as The Ten Year War.

Background
Throughout the entire 1969 NCAA University Division football season, Ohio State had been ranked #1 by the AP poll. Ohio State's 1969 football team was dubbed by the media as the "greatest college football team of all time", with a handful of proven All-Big Ten players and All-Americans, such as quarterback Rex Kern, running backs Larry Zelina, Jim Otis and John Brockington, wide receivers Jan White and Bruce Jankowski, middle guard Jim Stillwagon and defensive back Jack Tatum. Three Buckeye players, including Kern, Otis, and Tatum finished in the top ten of the Heisman Trophy voting in 1969. Leading up to the Buckeyes' meeting with Michigan, Ohio State had never trailed at any point during the 1969 season, and no team had scored more than 21 points on them all season (Michigan State in a 54–21 loss). In addition, Ohio State had not scored less than 34 points in any game and their closest margin of victory was 27 points in a 34–7 win over Minnesota.

Michigan was in the process of rebuilding after a period of mediocrity that saw them win only one Big Ten championship between 1951 and 1968; the program, known for the winning traditions under Fielding H. Yost and Fritz Crisler, had seemingly lost its way. Schembechler was hired before the 1969 season, after six successful seasons as head coach of his alma mater, Miami University of Ohio, where he'd won two MAC titles. But the team began the season with an unimpressive 3–2 record, including a loss to in-state rival Michigan State and the eventual Big Eight co-champion Missouri. But they did get a key 30–21 win vs. #9 Purdue on Oct. 11; had Michigan lost, Purdue would have gone to the Rose Bowl (Ohio State could not go due to the Big Ten's "no repeat" rule) regardless of the outcome of the Ohio State game. Michigan would win their next four games, with a team including quarterback Don Moorhead, fullback Garvie Craw, wingback John Gabler, tailbacks Glenn Doughty and Billy Taylor, offensive lineman Dan Dierdorf and defensive stars Barry Pierson, Thom Darden, Cecil Pryor and Henry Hill.

When Schembechler was hired, he set the team goal – beat Ohio State. One advantage Schembechler had was that he had played for Woody Hayes at Miami (Ohio), then coached under him at Ohio State, so he patterned his team after Hayes' 1969 behemoth. There was also a revenge factor from the 1968 game when Ohio State trounced Michigan 50–14, including going for two after their last touchdown in the game's final moments. When asked why he did so after the game, Hayes replied, "Because I couldn't go for three!"

Ohio State was favored by 17 points going into Michigan Stadium on November 22. Due to the Big Ten's "no repeat" rule in effect at the time, the Buckeyes knew a victory would give them their second consecutive national championship because they could not go to a bowl game. Michigan was playing for a share of the conference championship. To motivate his team, Schembechler had the number 50 (for the 50 points Ohio State scored against the Wolverines the year before) displayed everywhere in the Michigan locker room, and taped to every player's practice uniform. In addition, Schembechler said that if Michigan lost, they would not accept the Rose Bowl berth they had essentially clinched because of the "no repeat" rule.

The Game

Summary
All of the scoring took place in the first half. After unsuccessful opening possessions the two teams exchanged touchdowns on four consecutive drives to make the score 14–12 Michigan. Michigan added a punt-return touchdown and a field goal on its subsequent possession for the halftime (and eventual final) score of 24–12.

The Michigan touchdowns came on a ten-play drive, after a key 28-yard run by Billy Taylor, and on a punt-return touchdown by Barry Pierson. Pierson also made his mark on defense, accounting for three of the six interceptions by the Michigan defense.

First half
Ohio State appeared to take control of the game right from the opening kickoff, when Rex Kern kept the ball and ran for 25 yards on the first play from scrimmage. Jim Otis carried the next three plays for another first down. The Buckeyes got the ball to the Michigan 11, when the Wolverine defense ended the drive on a fourth down-and-two to take over. Michigan failed to get a first down, and the Buckeyes got the ball back and got on the scoreboard first, on a 1-yard touchdown run by Otis. A missed extra-point left the score 6–0 in favor of the scarlet-and-gray.

Glenn Doughty returned the kickoff to the Michigan 44, and Don Moorhead led a drive downfield, primarily getting the ball to tight end and captain Jim Mandich. Once Michigan got the ball to the Ohio State 3, Schembechler called a basic off-tackle play, and Garvie Craw scored to tie it up. The Frank Titus extra point put Michigan ahead 7–6. This would be the first time since the second quarter of the 1969 Rose Bowl that Ohio State had trailed.

Ohio State shook the score off and began a drive that carried over into the second quarter. Kern led the Buckeyes downfield again, hitting Larry Zelina and Jan White, who scored and put Ohio State up 12–7. The extra-point was kicked, but Michigan was called for offsides, and Hayes tried for a two-point conversion, which failed.

Michigan started the next possession at their own 33. Once they reached the Ohio State 33, Michigan ran a tailback draw, and Billy Taylor gained 28 yards to the Buckeye 5. Two plays later, Craw punched it into the end zone to put Michigan ahead 14–12.

After Ohio State went three-and-out on their next possession, punter Mike Sensibaugh kicked to Michigan's Barry Pierson, who began his career game by returning the punt all the way to the Buckeye 3-yard line, sending Michigan Stadium into delirium. Morehead scored two plays later on an option play, and it was 21–12 in favor of the maize-and-blue.

The Buckeyes got the ball going again, but their next possession ended on the Wolverine 36 following a Wolverine sack of Kern. Michigan drove down the field again and Schembechler went for it on a fourth-and-three on the Ohio State 3. Morehead tossed to Mandich for a touchdown, but it was called back on an illegal procedure penalty. Ted Killian kicked the field goal to put Michigan up at the half 24–12. For the first time since October 28, 1967, Ohio State trailed at halftime.

Second half
The Wolverines got the ball to start the third quarter and began racking up more first downs, only to have the drive end on the Ohio State 30. Killian missed a 47-yard field goal and Ohio State took over, only to have a Kern pass picked off by Pierson. Michigan went three-and-out and miss another field goal. In what became a refrain throughout the second half, another Ohio State pass was picked off, with a third-down pass intercepted again by Pierson, who this time returned it to the Buckeye 35. Killian missed another field goal try.

As the fourth quarter got underway, Hayes realized that his offense needed to play more aggressive and not punt the ball back to Michigan after each possession. Kern was tackled for a loss on the Buckeyes' first drive of the quarter, on fourth down. Michigan got the ball back at the Ohio State 40, and Michigan continued to churn out the yards, getting the ball to the Buckeye 10. Craw went for it on fourth-and-one and failed, keeping Ohio State in the game. Ohio State's offense went three-and-out, then Michigan drove the ball again to the Buckeye red zone. Craw tried to get a first down again and was once again rebuffed.

Hayes pulled Kern out of the game and went with his backup at quarterback, Ron Maciejowski. Maciejowski was able to get a first down, but then threw a pass intercepted again by Pierson, his third of the game. Yet another Wolverine possession was stopped, and Killian missed another field goal try.

The Buckeyes tried one last-ditch effort to pull within Michigan with 3:12 left in the game, with Maciejowski finding Dick Kuhn. Hayes called a fake punt with Sensibaugh throwing to Zelina to get the first down at their own 38. Kuhn then took another pass in Michigan territory, then Maciejowski threw to Ray Gillian at the Michigan 22. The drive was squashed on the next play when Maciejowski threw an interception to Thom Darden.

The Michigan Stadium crowd, sensing a major upset, began screaming and chanting. Michigan tried to run down the clock, but Ohio State stalled with timeouts and got the ball back after a Wolverine punt. With 29 seconds left, Maciejowski fumbled the ball, and it was recovered by Cecil Pryor. The Buckeyes had committed an unheard-of seven turnovers on the day, six interceptions and a fumble. Moorhead took a knee as the crowd counted down the final seconds, then rushed the field in ecstasy. ABC play-by-play announcer Bill Flemming exclaimed, "There it is! What has to be the upset of the century!" Schembechler was carried off on players' shoulders (he was accidentally dropped, but Bo noted "it was the only thing [they] fumbled all day."), and Jim Mandich was seen being carried, with tears of joy streaming down his cheeks.

References
Pennington, Joel. The Ten-Year War: Ten Classic Games Between Bo and Woody. Ulyssian Publications.  2005.
Schembechler, Glenn and Mitch Albom.  Bo.  Warner Books.  1989.

Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry
1969 Big Ten Conference football season
1969 in sports in Michigan
vs. Ohio State 1969
vs. Michigan 1969
November 1969 sports events in the United States


Grípisspá (Grípir's prophecy) or Sigurðarkviða Fáfnisbana I ("First Lay of Sigurd Fáfnir's Slayer") is an Eddic poem, found in the Codex Regius manuscript where it follows Frá dauða Sinfjötla and precedes Reginsmál.

The poem consists of a conversation between Sigurd and his uncle, Grípir, who predicts his future at some length, giving an overview of his life. The poem is well preserved and coherent. It is thought to be among the youngest poems of the Codex Regius, dating to the 12th or 13th century. The metre is fornyrðislag.

External links
Gripisspo Translation and commentary by Henry A. Bellows
Gripisspa Translation by Benjamin Thorpe
Grípisspá Translation by Lee M. Hollander
Sigurðarkviða Fáfnisbana hin fyrsta Sophus Bugge's edition of the manuscript text
Grípisspá Guðni Jónsson's edition of the text with normalized spelling

12th-century poems
13th-century poems
Eddic poetry
Nibelung tradition

Grípisspá


Pen y Fan () is the highest peak in South Wales, in the Brecon Beacons National Park. At  above sea-level, it is also the highest British peak south of Cadair Idris in Snowdonia. The twin summits of Pen y Fan and Corn Du at  were formerly referred to as Cadair Arthur or 'Arthur's Seat'.

The mountain and surrounding area are owned by the National Trust whose work parties attempt to combat the erosion caused by the passage of thousands of feet up and down this most popular of South Wales' peaks. The mountain is used by the military as part of the selection process of the UK's Special Forces personnel. Three soldiers who died after collapsing in the field in July 2013 were believed to have been climbing the mountain (see "Fan Dance") while undergoing Special Air Service selection.

References

Mountains of the United Kingdom
Geography of Wales

Pen y Fan