Ali Khan Vali (, 1262 - 1318 Hijri; c. 1845 CE - c. 1901 CE) was an Iranian photographer and political figure of the era of Naser al-Din Shah and Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar.

Biography

Early life
Ali Khan, son of Mohammad Gasem Khan Vali, son of Dust-Ali Khan Mo'ayyerolmamalek, was born in Tehran on 1262 Hijri. After returning from the post of consulate general of Tbilisi, Mohammad Gasem went to Saint Petersburg with grand ambassador Abbas Goli Khan Nuri as an embassy advisor to congratulate the coronation of Alexander III, Tsar of Russia and after returning, he was appointed first as minister resident and then minister plenipotentiary in Saint Petersburg. During youth, Ali Khan was living in Russia with his father and started studying French language, history, geography and geometry there and learned the new art of photography along with it. After returning, Mohammad Gasem was appointed as the governor of Gilan and performed valuable services there, including checking law enforcement of the cities, building the Iraq road and checking the stations along the roads. Mohammad Gasem became known as Vali for frequent governances until it became their surnames.

Reign of Maragheh
In 1285 Hijri, Gasem Khan Vali was dismissed from ruling Gilan and Ali Khan Vali was appointed as special servant of the royal court and achieved the chance to go to Atabat-e Aliat (Karbala) along with Naser al-Din Shah the next year. In 1288 when Gasem Khan Vali was appointed by Zell-e Soltan to serve in the government of Fars, Ali Khan did not accompany Gasem and stayed in Tehran. After Gasem's death (1289), Saheb Divan was removed from governor of Azerbaijan in 1296 and Ali Khan was assigned to Azerbaijan along with a group with the crown prince and was appointed as governor of Maragheh. Ali Khan began photography en route to Maragheh and added pictures of the city hall and authorities of Maragheh to the first pages of his album. During Ali Khan's reign in Maragheh, the city was cleansed from thieves and security was established. At the beginning of Ali Khan's reign, some powerful figures hired some scoundrels in disguise of servants and sent them to the houses of the people for theft, and the victims did not dare to complain and sue their lost properties due to fearing the recruiters of the thieves. Ali Khan tried to fight those actions since the start of his reign and in order to do that, he personally lurked in alleys with some of his agents during cold nights of winter until he eradicated theft and arrested and imprisoned the thieves. Only months had passed since his takeover in Maragheh before the crisis of Sheikh Ubeydullah Nahri occurred. After ending the crisis and twenty months of reign in Maragheh, Ali Khan went to Tabriz and formally resigned from governor of Maragheh there and stayed in Tabriz for a while. During the time, Hasan Ali Khan Garroosy intended to suppress the scoundrels of the borderlands and in order to prevent an evil event in his absence in the lands of Azerbaijan, he formed a parliament titled Public Majlis of Azerbaijan from authorities and governors of the lands and assigned Ali Khan to supervise the mentioned parliament.

Reign of Urmia and Khoy
In Shawwal the same year Hijri, due to the illness of Sani'ol-Doleh, the governor of Urmia, Ali Khan was appointed for the post and remained as governor of Urmia until the end of Jumada al-awwal 1300. Then, on the order of the crown prince's agents, Salar Lashkar was removed from governor of Khoy and Ali Khan Vali was appointed as governor of Khoy and Salmas. In there, he had several architectural actions like paving streets, renovating the city hall, and reconstructing the Grand Bazaar of the city recorded in his government legacy. In there, he sent visualized reports of his jurisdiction to the Shah and achieved a handwriting of the Shah due to those efforts.

In 1302, he appointed Jamshid Khan Makuyi as lieutenant governor of Khoy and went to Urmia himself. Then he went to Tehran and brought Gasem, his 15-year-old son, with him back to Khoy for training and established a special school in the government mansion for his education. But after a short while, he was removed from governor of Khoy due to some provocations and Amidoddoleh replaced him as governor. In Jumada al-Thani 1303, Ali Khan departed for Tabriz and stayed in that city for six and a half months went to Sain Qaleh in order to discipline Soleyman Khan's children in Dhu al-Hijjah the same year and produced some photos of Takht-e Soleymān in that region.

In Rabi' al-awwal the same year, the royalty reappointed him as governor of Urmia due to some disturbances in Urmian region and Ali Khan soon suppressed the riot in the new post. In those disturbances, Hasu, who had taken Fort Jarmi with his troops, was suppressed by Ali Khan and as a result, peace was once again established in Urmia. Due to that good work and his merit, Ali Khan officially achieved the title Jinab by an executive order. In the trip, he picked Ali Agha the Photographer as his pupil and determined to train him and added new photos to his album by the latter's help. Vali remained as governor of Urmia for two years and eight months.

Reign of Ardabil
In Naser al-Din Shah's return from his third trip to Europe, Ali Khan welcomed him and was appointed as governor of Ardabil by the Shah. in 1308 Hijri, Vali got in a slight controversy with some market men including tanners about his order to transfer workplace to outside the city. Those controversies caused the reputation that Ali Khan had in public view to be scratched.

At the end of 1315, after the exacerbation of Heydari-Ne'mati controversies in Ardabil and public riot against Nezamossaltaneh, the governor, the government decided to appoint Ali Khan ValI as governor of Ardabil once again. He did a full-scale effort in resolving disputes. With no accomplishment, he arrested Mirza Ali Akbar, one of Ne'mati headmasters, and exiled him to Maragheh. When Ali Akbar returned to Ardabil after one year, he provoked Khosro Khan Yurtchi against the governor for revenge. After gathering troops, Khosro Khan surrounded Ali Khan in Dasheskan garden and sent him to Tabriz with some people after arresting him. The crown prince considered that insult to the governor unacceptable and summoned Khosro Khan to Tabriz. But he disobeyed the order and was finally spared with a ten thousand-toman suit.

In the same year, Ali Khan became affected with a dangerous disease and left Ardabil for Tehran for treatment.

Death
After three years of illness, Ali Khan died in Tehran on 1318 Hijri.

Personal life
Ali Khan had much interest in exercise. Dust-Ali Mo'ayyeri has described his interest this way:

Ali Khan Palace
On the upstream of the village Ja'far Abad, Shemiran, Ali Khan founded a summer mansion and a large garden. During summer, he invited the ministers and important figures of his time to the garden and arranged large feasts. A while later, Ali Khan's son, Gassem Khan had another mansion built beside the mountain, which formed one side of the walls of the mansion. The garden and the mansions were titled Ali Khan Palace and were attached to the foundations of Sa'dabad Complex in Pahlavi era.

See also
 Culture of Iran
 Islamic art
 Iranian art
 Iranian art and architecture
 List of Iranian artists

References

19th-century Iranian politicians
Iranian generals
Iranian photographers
Mayors of places in Iran
Pioneers of photography
1840s births
1900s deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death uncertain

Ali Khan Vali


Solar luminosity is the total power output of the Sun radiated to space. Solar irradiance, in contrast, is the total power per unit area at a distance of 1 AU (see solar constant).

Luminosity of the sun- 3.846*10^26 watts

or 3.846*10^33 ergs per second.

Sun

Solar luminosity


The Battle of Palan (1 September 1883) was one of several clashes between the Tonkin Expeditionary Corps and Liu Yongfu's Black Flag Army during the Tonkin campaign (1883–1886).

Background
The Battle of Palan was fought two weeks after the Battle of Phủ Hoài, in which General Alexandre-Eugène Bouët (1833–87), the French commandant supérieur in Tonkin, had failed to defeat Liu Yongfu's Black Flag Army.  Heavy flooding in mid-August had obliged the Black Flags to abandon their positions in front of the Day River and retreat behind the river.  The key to their new positions were the villages of Phong (or Phung), commanding the main road to Sơn Tây at its crossing of the Day River, and Palan (also known as Ba Giang), at the junction of the Red and Day rivers.

Under pressure from Jules Harmand, the French civil commissioner general in Tonkin, Bouët attacked the new Black Flag positions at the end of August to clear the road to Sơn Tây, the ultimate French objective.  Bouët committed 1,800 French soldiers to this offensive.  The French force consisted of two marine infantry battalions (chefs de bataillon Berger and Roux), each strengthened by contingents of Cochinchinese riflemen, one marine artillery battery  (Captain Roussel) and a battalion of Yellow Flag auxiliaries.  The attackers were supported by the gunboats Pluvier, Léopard, Fanfare, Éclair, Hache and Mousqueton from the Tonkin Flotilla, under the command of capitaine de vaisseau Morel-Beaulieu.

The battle

On 31 August the village of Palan, bombarded from the rear by the gunboats and attacked frontally by Berger's battalion, was captured without difficulty, and its defenders fled in disorder along the dyke.

At dawn on 1 September the column advanced along a two-metre wide dyke which ran along the bank of the Day River towards its main objective: Phong, a principal point on the road to Sơn Tây.  Its front and left were screened by heavy skirmish lines of Tonkinese and Cochinchinese riflemen.  Meanwhile, the gunboats ascended the Red River.  Pluvier and Fanfare remained at the confluence of the Red and Day rivers to support an infantry company guarding Palan, while Mousqueton, Éclair and Hache moved up the Day to support the attack column.

Three kilometres from Palan, the French began to exchange fire with the Black Flags, who numbered around 1,200 and were supported by 3,000 Vietnamese.  The Black Flags, armed with modern Winchester rifles, displayed the greatest courage, and only gave ground foot by foot.  The Vietnamese, by contrast, held back.  Although they made a lot of noise, yelling and waving their flags and beating their gongs and drums in a warlike manner, they showed little enthusiasm for actually fighting.

Finally the French reached a pagoda at the base of the dyke.  The Black Flags had evacuated the pagoda before the French arrived, and fallen back to the centre of their position, which lay behind the earth embankment of a dyke four hundred metres further on.  The Black Flags had crowned this embankment with a bamboo fence, and seven large and conspicuous black flags, embroidered in silver, flew side by side at regular intervals along the fence.  Behind the dyke Liu Yongfu had his headquarters in a small pagoda with a blue tiled roof.  The Black Flags had placed their few artillery pieces along the left and centre of this line, so that their fire could sweep the dyke path that led to their defences.

In this position the Black Flags were almost invisible.  The French could only see their large bamboo straw hats.  They were firing from cover, with admirable discipline and stubbornness.  Casualties began to mount in the French ranks.

Bouët attempted to beat down the enemy fire.  Mousqueton, Éclair and Hache took up positions on the Day River behind the dyke, and fired into the unprotected rear of the Black Flag line.  Roussel's battery deployed along the dyke, behind the pagoda, and also attempted to bombard the embankment, but with little effect.  Most of the French shells had been soaked by the rain which had been falling strongly since the previous evening, and buried themselves without exploding in the soil of the embankment.

Eventually Bouët ordered Berger to assault the enemy centre, and sent over Taccoën's company from Roux's battalion to reinforce the attack.  Berger directed Guérin de Fontjoyeux and Taccoën's marine infantry companies to lead the attack, supported by a company of Cochinchinese riflemen, while the other two companies of his battalion gave covering fire from the pagoda.  The assault was made across a stretch of flooded rice paddy.  The three attacking companies advanced across the 600-metre gap between the pagoda and the dyke in skirmish order through breast-high water, holding their rifles above their heads to keep them dry.  The Black Flags soon distinguished the dark blue blouses of the marine infantry from the black jackets of the Cochinchinese riflemen, and concentrated their fire on the French troops.

When the attacking wave was twenty metres from the dyke the bugles sounded the charge, and the two marine infantry companies stormed the embankment.  Taccoën's company, leading the way, lost 5 men killed and 10 wounded in its approach.  Guérin de Fontjoyeux's men suffered almost as heavily, and two lieutenants were also killed during the assault.  But the attack was so rapid that around fifty Black Flags, who had been lying on their backs asleep, did not have time to get to their feet, and were pinned to the ground with bayonet thrusts.  The surviving Chinese fled across the rice paddies.  The French killed many of them with rifle fire as they fled.

While Berger was storming the centre of the Black Flag line around Phong, Roux attacked and routed the Vietnamese on the left, burning down the straw huts nestling in the middle of the bamboos.  The attack was led by his own Cochinchinese riflemen and the Yellow Flags, with Drouin's marine infantry company deployed behind them to stiffen their resolve.  The defenders gave way rather than face the ferocious Yellow Flags, and the attackers were able to take advantage of the collapse of Liu Yongfu's right wing to sweep in towards the centre, where they captured the seven Black Flag standards. As usual, the Black Flags carried off most of their dead, but sixty bodies were abandoned, along with several hundred rifles.  Before the scandalised French could stop them, the jubilant Yellow Flags beheaded the corpses, stuck the heads on long bamboo poles, and planted them on the embankment of the dyke.

French casualties in the Battle of Palan were 16 dead and 43 wounded, mostly in the two marine infantry battalions that had stormed the embankment.  The Black Flags abandoned 60 bodies on the battlefield, and their total casualties were probably several hundred dead and wounded.

Aftermath
The Yellow Flag auxiliaries plundered a peaceful Vietnamese village shortly after the battle, and Bouët was forced to disband them. Many of the discharged Yellow Flags promptly joined Liu Yongfu's Black Flag Army at Sơn Tây. Three months later they would be fighting against their former paymasters.

Significance

Although the battle was a clear tactical victory for the French, it brought little strategic gain. Liu Yongfu's Black Flags escaped to fight another day, and Liu Yongfu showed his disdain for the French by fortifying yet another defensive position a few kilometres back from the Day River.  The French were no nearer to Sơn Tây than they had been before the battle.  Bouët was criticised for failing to win a victory of annihilation, and resigned shortly after the battle.  Many of his officers regretted his departure, recognising that he had inflicted two defeats upon the Black Flags in difficult circumstances and had avenged the French defeat at the Battle of Paper Bridge in May 1883.  But public opinion in France was anxious for a resolution of the Tonkin Campaign, and although the French now installed a post at Palan, enabling their gunboats to patrol the Red River as far as Sơn Tây, this limited advance hardly satisfied Bouët's critics.

More importantly, the battle hardened attitudes both in France and China, and hastened the slide into war.  The French premier Jules Ferry substantially reinforced the Tonkin expeditionary corps, while the Chinese stepped up their covert support for the Black Flags in Tonkin.

Notes

Footnotes

References
 Barbou, A., Les héros de la France et les pavillons-noirs au Tonkin (Paris, 1884)
 Bastard, G., Défense de Bazeilles, suivi de dix ans après au Tonkin (Paris, 1884)
 Duboc, E., Trente cinq mois de campagne en Chine, au Tonkin (Paris, 1899)
 Huard, L., La guerre du Tonkin (Paris, 1887)
 Lonlay, D. de, Au Tonkin, 1883–1886: récits anecdotiques (Paris, 1886)
 Nicolas, V., Livre d'or de l'infanterie de la marine (Paris, 1891)
 Sarrat, L., Journal d'un marsouin au Tonkin, 1883–1886 (Paris, 1887)
 Thomazi, A., Histoire militaire de l'Indochine française (Hanoi, 1931)
 Thomazi, A., La conquête de l'Indochine (Paris, 1934)

Palan
1883 in France
1883 in Vietnam
Palan
Palan
Tonkin campaign
September 1883 events
Tonkin (French protectorate)

Battle of Palan


The Upper Housatonic Valley National Heritage Area is a federally designated National Heritage Area in the U.S. states of Connecticut and Massachusetts. The heritage area interprets and promotes the historical, cultural and scenic features of the upper Housatonic River valley in the western part of both states. The heritage area focuses on five themes: the area's role as a resort for writers, artists, actors and musicians, the scenic landscape, the area's role in industry, the American Revolutionary War, and the social and religious groups associated with the area.

The National Heritage Area comprises the towns of Colebrook, Norfolk, North Canaan, Canaan, Salisbury, Sharon, Cornwall, Warren and Kent in Connecticut, and New Marlborough, Sheffield, Mount Washington, Egremont, Alford, Great Barrington, Monterey, Tyringham, Becket, Washington, Lee, Stockbridge, West Stockbridge, Richmond, Lenox, Hancock, Pittsfield, Lanesborough, Dalton and Hinsdale in Massachusetts.

References

External links
 Upper Housatonic Valley National Heritage Area official website

National Heritage Areas of the United States
Colebrook, Connecticut
Norfolk, Connecticut
North Canaan, Connecticut
Canaan (town), Connecticut
Salisbury, Connecticut
Sharon, Connecticut
Cornwall, Connecticut
Warren, Connecticut
Kent, Connecticut
New Marlborough, Massachusetts
Sheffield, Massachusetts
Mount Washington, Massachusetts
Great Barrington, Massachusetts
Monterey, Massachusetts
Tyringham, Massachusetts
Stockbridge, Massachusetts
Lenox, Massachusetts
Pittsfield, Massachusetts


Johannes Gijsbertus Bastiaans (31 October 1812, Wilp - 16 February 1875, Haarlem) was a Dutch organist, composer and music theorist. Bastiaans was educated in organ playing from the age of ten in Deventer. He studied to become a watchmaker and settled in Rotterdam. There he meet C.F. Hommert, who introduced him to the works of Johann Sebastian Bach.

He moved to Germany where he studied with amongst others Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy and F. Becker. In 1839 he became organist for the Mennonite congregation in Deventer. In 1840 he became organist at the Zuiderkerk in Amsterdam, and between 1858-1878 he was cityorganist at the Grote Kerk in Haarlem.

He was one of the driving forces behind the growing attention for J.S. Bach in the Netherlands. Bastiaans wrote several chorales and works for the organ and piano. He also wrote several melodies for the church book  Vervolgbundel op de Evangelische Gezangen. The church song book Liedboek voor de Kerken lists 9 songs that are accompanied by his melodies.

References
  Een compendium van achtergrondinformatie bij de 491 gezangen uit het Liedboek voor de kerken, Prof.Dr. G. van de Leeuw-Stichting, 3rd edition, Zoetermeer, 1998,

External links
Johannes Gijsbertus Bastiaans: orgelwerken I - Radio 5, 9 December 2012

1812 births
1875 deaths
Classical composers of church music
Dutch male classical composers
Dutch classical composers
Dutch classical organists
Male classical organists
People from Voorst
19th-century Dutch male musicians
19th-century organists

Johannes Gijsbertus Bastiaans


George William Hill (March 3, 1838 – April 16, 1914) was an American astronomer and mathematician.  Working independently and largely in isolation from the wider scientific community, he made major contributions to celestial mechanics and to the theory of ordinary differential equations.  The importance of his work was explicitly acknowledged by Henri Poincaré in 1905.  In 1909 Hill was awarded the Royal Society's Copley Medal, "on the ground of his researches in mathematical astronomy".  Today, he is chiefly remembered for the Hill differential equation.

Early life and education
Hill was born in New York City to painter and engraver John William Hill and his wife, Catherine Smith.  He moved to West Nyack with his family when he was eight years old. After high school, Hill attended Rutgers College, where he became interested in mathematics.

At Rutgers, Hill came under the influence of professor Theodore Strong, who was a friend of pioneering US mathematician and astronomer Nathaniel Bowditch.  Strong encouraged Hill to read the great works on analysis by Sylvestre Lacroix and Adrien-Marie Legendre, as well as the treatises on mechanics and mathematical astronomy by Joseph-Louis Lagrange, Pierre-Simon Laplace, Siméon Denis Poisson, and Gustave de Pontécoulant.

Hill graduated from Rutgers College in 1859, with a Bachelor of Arts degree.  In that same year he published his first scientific paper, on the geometrical curve of a drawbridge.  Two years later he earned a prize from the Runkle Mathematical Monthly for his work on the mathematical theory of the figure of the Earth.

In the early 1860s, Hill began studying the works on lunar theory by Charles-Eugène Delaunay and Peter Andreas Hansen, which would inspire and motivate most of Hill's subsequent research.  In 1861, Hill was hired by John Daniel Runkle to work in the United States Naval Observatory's Nautical Almanac Office, based in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

In 1862 Rutgers awarded Hill a Master of Arts degree.  Hill lived for a while in Cambridge and later in Washington, D.C., but he preferred to carry out his mathematical work in his family farm in West Nyack, to which he retired for good after 1892.

Work on mathematical astronomy
Hill's mature work focused on the mathematics of the three-body problem, and later the four-body problem, to calculate the orbits of the Moon around the Earth, as well as that of planets around the Sun.  Hill was able to quantify the gravitational sphere of influence of an astronomical body in the presence of other heavy bodies, by introducing the concept of the zero-velocity surface.  The space within this surface is now known as the Hill sphere and it corresponds to the region around a body within which it may capture satellites.

In 1878, Hill provided the first complete mathematical solution to the problem of the apsidal precession of the Moon's orbit around the Earth, a difficult problem in lunar theory first raised in Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica of 1687.  This same work also introduced what is now known in physics and mathematics as the "Hill differential equation", which describes the behavior of a parametric oscillator and which made an important contribution to the mathematical Floquet theory.

Influence and recognition
Hill's work attracted the attention of the international scientific community, and in 1894 he was chosen as president of the American Mathematical Society, serving for two years.  Hill lectured at Columbia University from 1898 to 1901, but he attracted few students and he ultimately chose to return his salary and to continue working alone in his home in West Nyack, rather than within academia.

Hill's Collected Works were published in 1905-07 by the Carnegie Institution for Science, with a 12-page introduction by the eminent French mathematician and theoretical physicist Henri Poincaré.  In that introduction, Poincaré said that, in Hill's 1878 article titled "Researches in the lunar theory", "one is allowed to perceive the germ of most of the progress that [celestial mechanics] has made ever since".  Of Hill's isolation from the academic community, Poincaré declared that

George William Hill was elected as a foreign member of the Royal Society of London in 1902.  He also became a member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1908, and of the scientific academies of Belgium (1909), Norway (1910), Sweden (1913), and the Netherlands (1914).  His later years were marked by poor health, and he died in West Nyack in 1914. He never married and had no children.

Honors
 Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1887)
 Damoiseau Prize from the Institut de France (1898)
 Copley Medal of the Royal Society of London (1909)
 Bruce Medal of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (1909)
 Hill crater on the Moon
 Asteroid 1642 Hill
 Hill Center for the Mathematical Sciences at Rutgers University's Busch Campus

References

Bibliography
 The collected mathematical works of George William Hill vol. 1 (Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1905–1907)
 The collected mathematical works of George William Hill vol. 2 (Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1905–1907)
 The collected mathematical works of George William Hill vol. 3, entitled A New Theory of Jupiter and Saturn, (Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1905–1907)
 The collected mathematical works of George William Hill vol. 4 (Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1905–1907)

External links

National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir

1838 births
1914 deaths
American astronomers
19th-century American mathematicians
20th-century American mathematicians
Recipients of the Bruce Medal
Recipients of the Copley Medal
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Presidents of the American Mathematical Society
Rutgers University alumni

George William Hill


Charles of Hesse-Wanfried (born: 19 July 1649 at Rheinfels Castle; died: 3 March 1711 in Schwalbach), was a Landgrave of Hesse-Wanfried.  He was the second son of Landgrave Ernest of Hesse-Rheinfels and Maria Eleonore of Solms-Lich.

Life
After an inheritance dispute about the "Rotenburg Quarter", Charles received Hesse-Eschwege in 1667.  He moved to Wanfried and founded the Catholic line of Hesse-Wanfried.  He used the castle in Wanfried as his residence, because the castle in Eschwege had been pledged to Brunswick-Bevern, also in 1667.

Marriages
Charles's first wife was Countess Sophie Magdalene of Salm-Reifferscheid, a daughter of Count Eric Adolph of Salm-Reifferscheid and his wife Princess Magdalene of Hesse-Cassel. Sophie Magdalene died in 1675 during a trip to Venice.  Charles then married Alexandrine Juliane, a daughter of Count Emich XIII of Leiningen and Countess Dorothea of Waldeck. Alexandrine Juliane was the widow of Landgrave George III of Hesse-Itter-Vöhl.  She died on 19 April 1703 and was buried in the family vault in the Hülfensberg in Wanfried.

Death and heir
Charles died in 1711 and was succeeded as Landgrave of Hesse-Wanfried by his son William II.  After William's death in 1731, he was succeeded by his half-brother Christian, who died childless in 1755, thereby ending the Hessen-Wanfried line.

Issue
From his marriage to Sophie Magdalene:
 Charles Ernest Adolph (born: 8 October 1669, died: December 1669)
 Anna Maria Eleonora (born: 13 October 1670; died: January 1671)
 William II "the Younger" (born: 25 August 1671 in Langenschwalbach; died: 1 April 1731 in Paris, and buried there), Landgrave of Hesse-Wanfried-Rheinfels
 Frederick (born: 17 May 1673; died: 25 October 1692), a canon at Cologne, died during a visit to the Bishop of Győr in Hungary
 Philip (born: June 1674; died: 28 August 1694)

From his marriage to Alexandrine Juliane:
 Charlotte Amalie (born: March 8, 1679 at Wanfried, died: 8 February 1722 in Paris), married on 26 September 1694 in Cologne with Francis II Rákóczi (born: 27 March 1676; died: April 8, 1735), Prince of Transylvania
 Ernest (born: 20 April 1680 in Wanfried, died: June 24, 1680 ibid), buried in the Hülfensberg
 Sophia Leopoldine (born: 17 July 1681, died: 18 April 1724 in Wetzlar). Her daughter Maria Franziska of Hohenlohe-Bartenstein married Sophia's brother Christian.
 Charles Alexander (born: 6 November 1683 in Wanfried, died: February 1684 in Boppard)
 Maria Anna Johanna (born: 8 January 1685 in Wanfried, died: 11 June 1764 in Erfurt)
 Maria Therese Josepha Elisabeth (born: 5 April 1687, died: 9 September 1689)
 Christine Franziska Polyxene (born: 23 May 1688, died: 17 July 1728), married on 28 February 1712 with Dominic Marquard, Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort
 Christian (born: 17 July 1689 in Wanfried, died: 21 October 1755 in Eschwege), the last Landgrave of Hesse-Wanfried-Eschwege and Hesse-Rheinfels
 Juliana Elizabeth Anna Louise (born: 20 October 1690 in Wanfried; died: 13 July 1724), married on 6 January 1718 in Wanfried with Count Christian Otto of Limburg-Styrum (born: 25 March 1694; died: 24 February 1749)
 Maria (born: 31 August 1693)
 Eleanor Bernhardine (born: 21 February 1695; died: 14 August 1768 in Frankfurt), married in June 1717 with Count Herman Frederick of Bentheim-Bentheim

References
Chronik der Stadt Wanfried, Reinhold Strauß, 1908
Eckhart G. Franz, Das Haus Hessen, Stuttgart, 2005,

Landgraves of Hesse
House of Hesse
1649 births
1711 deaths
17th-century German people

Charles, Landgrave of Hesse-Wanfried


In Christianity, the Visitation is the visit of Mary, who was pregnant with Jesus, to Elizabeth, who was pregnant with John the Baptist, in the Gospel of Luke,  .

It is also the name of a Christian feast day commemorating this visit, celebrated on 31 May in the feast-celebrating branches of Western Christianity (most and mainstream calendars of Catholics and Anglicans) or as 2 July in calendars of 1263–1969, (retained in the modern calendar of some countries whose bishops' conferences wanted to retain this, notably Germany and Slovakia) and 30 March in Eastern Christianity.

The episode is one of the standard scenes shown in cycles of the Life of the Virgin in art, and sometimes in larger cycles of the Life of Christ in art.

Biblical narrative

Mary visits her relative Elizabeth; they are both pregnant: Mary with Jesus, and Elizabeth with John the Baptist. Mary left Nazareth immediately after the Annunciation and went "into the hill country ... into a city of Judah" () to attend to her cousin () Elizabeth. There are several possibilities as to exactly which city this was, including Hebron, south of Jerusalem, and Ein Karem. The journey from Nazareth to Hebron is about  in a direct line, probably up to half as far again by road, depending on the route taken. Elizabeth was in the sixth month before Mary came (). Mary stayed three months, and most scholars hold she stayed for the birth of John. Given the prevailing cultural traditions and needs for security, it is probable that Joseph accompanied Mary to Judah then returned to Nazareth, and came again after three months to take his wife home. The apparition of the angel, mentioned in Matthew 1:19–25, may have taken place then to end the tormenting doubts of Joseph regarding Mary's maternity.

In the Gospel of Luke, the author's accounts of the Annunciation and Visitation are constructed using eight points of literary parallelism to compare Mary to the Ark of the Covenant.

Some Catholic commentators have maintained that the purpose of this visit was to bring divine grace to both Elizabeth and her unborn child. Even though he was still in his mother's womb, John became aware of the presence of Christ, and leapt for joy as he was cleansed from original sin and filled with divine grace. Elizabeth also responded and recognised the presence of Jesus, and thus Mary exercised her function as mediatrix between God and man for the first time.

In response to Elizabeth, Mary proclaims the Magnificat (My soul doth magnify the Lord) .

The word "blessed" is rendered in Greek not by the word "makarios" but as "evlogimeni", which is the feminine second person singular, used only this once in the New Testament. Its masculine third person singular counterpart "evlogimenos" is used only for Jesus and only on this occasion and when he was welcomed into Jerusalem on Palm Sunday with: "Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord". The masculine/mixed gender third person plural "evlogimenoi" is used by Jesus only when referring to the righteous who are to be raised to life in the Last Judgement.

Feast

Western Christianity

The theme of the Feast of the Visitation centers on Mary responding to the prompting of the Holy Spirit to set out on a mission of charity.

This feast is of medieval origin. In 1389 Pope Urban VI, hoping thereby to obtain an end to the Great Western Schism, inserted it at the urging of John of Jenstein, Archbishop of Prague, in the Roman Calendar, for celebration on 2 July. In the Tridentine Calendar, it was a Double.  When that Missal of Pope Pius V was replaced by that of Pope Clement VIII in 1604, the Visitation became a Double of the Second Class, or, as it would be called from 1960 by Pope John XXIII's reform, a Second-Class Feast. It continued to be assigned to 2 July, the day after the end of the octave following the birthday of John the Baptist, who was still in his mother's womb at the time of the Visitation. In addition to July 2, the Visitation was also traditionally celebrated on Ember Friday in Advent, providing the Gospel reading for that day.

The 1969 revision of the calendar moved it to 31 May, "between the Solemnity of the Annunciation of the Lord (25 March) and that of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist (24 June), so that it would harmonize better with the Gospel story."

The Catholic Church in Germany (together with the Lutheran church) has, with the consent of the Holy See, kept 2 July date as a national variation of the General Roman Calendar.  Similarly, the Catholic Church in Slovakia has also retained the original date, because of an important national pilgrimage to the Basilica of the Visitation in the town of Levoča that has been held in the first weekend of July since the 13th century. Traditionalist Catholics, who use a pre-1970 calendar, also observe 2 July. In some Anglican traditions it is merely a commemoration rather than a feast day.

In the Catholic Church, the Visitation is the second Joyful Mystery of the Rosary.

Eastern Christianity
The celebration of a feast day commemorating this event in the Eastern Orthodox Church is of relatively recent origin, dating only to the 19th century. The impetus to establish a feast day in the Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar, and the composition of a service to be included in the Menaion, were the work of Archimandrite Antonin Kapustin (1817–1894), head of the Russian Orthodox Ecclesiastical Mission in Jerusalem. The Gorneye Convent in Jerusalem, which was built on the traditional site of the Meeting of the Theotokos (Virgin Mary) and St. Elizabeth, celebrates this Feast on 30 March. (Julian Calendar 30 March corresponds, until 2099, to Gregorian Calendar 12 April.) If 30 March falls between Lazarus Saturday and Pascha (Easter), the Visitation Feast is transferred to Bright Friday.  Celebration of the Feast of the Visitation has not yet been accepted by all Orthodox jurisdictions.

In Syriac Christianity the feast of the Visitation is celebrated on the third Sunday in the Season of Announcements prior to Christmas.

Commentary

The visitation of Mary to Elizabeth in Luke 1:39—56 is seen by many as a rich source of commentary on the role of Mary in the Christian Church. Pointing to the veneration of the Mother of God in the Catholic Church, German theologian Friedrich Justus Knecht (d. 1921), writes that "In the Magnificat Mary said prophetically: 'From henceforth all generations shall call me blessed.' This prophecy has been fulfilled in the Catholic Church, for our holy Church honours our Lady by special feasts and special devotions. How would it be possible not to pay honour to her whom God raised to such a high dignity, and praised in such a manner by the mouths of Gabriel and Elizabeth! Our veneration of the holy Mother of God is well founded both on Holy Scripture and on reason."

Knetch also notes that Mary gives us a pattern of charity, asking the questions, "Why did Mary hasten to visit her cousin? What were her reasons? " He answers by writing, "Firstly, the angel had referred her to Elizabeth, although she had believed his words without asking for a sign. She therefore believed it to be God's will that she should visit her cousin, and convince herself of the truth of the sign given her, i.e. that Elizabeth was about to have a son. Secondly, Mary knew well that her cousin had grieved for many years on account of being childless, and she knew how happy she must be now that the cause of her grief was removed. Mary's loving heart sympathised with the happiness of her cousin; she desired to wish her joy, rejoice with her, and join her in praising God's mercy. He who really loves his neighbour has a loving sympathy with his joys and sorrows. Thirdly, Mary, as the holy Fathers teach, wished to minister to her cousin, and help her in her household affairs.

In Roger Baxter's meditations he compares the visitation to the ark of the Lord, writing: "Consider the inspired words of Scripture: 'The ark of the Lord abode in the house of Obededom, the Gethite, three months; and the Lord blessed Obededom and all his household.' (2 Kings vi. 11.) How much more may we suppose did He bless the house of Zachary, in which the living ark of the Lord and the mother of God dwelt so long."

See also
 Churches of the Visitation
 Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary

References

External links

 The Meeting of the Mother of God and Saint Elizabeth – Orthodox icon and synaxarion

1st-century BC Christianity
Catholic holy days
Eastern Orthodox liturgical days
Gospel of Luke
John the Baptist
Joyful Mysteries
March observances
Marian feast days
Mary, mother of Jesus
May observances

Visitation (Christianity)


Primordial nuclides are nuclides found on Earth which have existed since before the Earth was formed. They are also called primordial isotopes.

Primordial nuclides are found in the interstellar medium. They were formed in or after the Big Bang, by nucleosynthesis in stars and supernovae. or by being hit by cosmic rays. 286 primordial nuclides are known.

There are 252 stable nuclides, plus another 34 nuclides that have half-lives long enough to have survived from the formation of the Earth. These are the primordial nuclides. The 34 primordial radionuclides are isotopes of 28 separate elements.

Oxygen is one of the primordial nuclides. Onviously, it is found on Earth in rocks and in the atmosphere. The molecules have existed in their current form since before Earth was formed. Primordial nuclides were present in the interstellar medium from which the solar system was formed. They were formed in, or after, the Big Bang, by nucleosynthesis in stars and supernovae followed by mass ejection, by cosmic ray spallation, and perhaps by other processes.

Nuclear physics

Primordial nuclide


Johannes Ciconia ( – between 10 June and 13 July 1412) was an important Flemish composer and music theorist of trecento music during the late Medieval era.  He was born in Liège, but worked most of his adult life in Italy, particularly in the service of the papal chapels in Rome and later and most importantly at Padua Cathedral.

Life
He was the son of a priest (also named Johannes Ciconia) and a woman of high social standing.  Since at least three other men around Liège had that name as well, this has created biographical confusion, first solved by David Fallows in 1975. A Johannes Ciconia, probably the composer's father, worked in Avignon in 1350 as a clerk for the wife of Pope Clement VI's nephew. Another Johannes Ciconia is recorded in Liège in 1385 as a , generally identifying a person of young age; scholars agree that this is the composer himself.

Papal records suggest that Ciconia was in the service of Pope Boniface IX in Rome in 1391. His whereabouts between the early 1390s and 1401 are unknown. From 1401 until his death in 1412, he was connected to the cathedral of Padua in some capacity. However, it is unclear whether Ciconia arrived in Padua even earlier than 1401. His lament Con lagrime bagnadome is described in one source as written for the death of Francesco of Carrara - if this refers to Francesco il Nuovo ("the New"), it would date from after 1406; if, however, it was written for the death of Francesco il Vecchio ("the Old"), as scholars have assumed, this would place him in Padua as early as 1393. There is also the possibility of an intermediate stay in Pavia (as suggested by the scholars John Nádas and Agostino Ziino), on the grounds that this is where he would have connected with the House of Visconti and acquired knowledge of the ars subtilior style and the compositions of Philippus de Caserta quoted in his Sus un fontayne ("Under a fountain") (see below).

Music
Ciconia's music is an eclectic blend of styles. Pieces typical of northern Italy, such as his madrigal Una panthera, appear with pieces steeped in the French ars nova. The more complex ars subtilior style surfaces in Sus un fontayne. While it remains late medieval in style, his writing increasingly points toward the melodic patterning of the Renaissance, for instance in his setting of O rosa bella. He wrote music both secular (French virelais, Italian ballate and madrigals) and sacred (motets and Mass movements, some of them isorhythmic) in form. He is also the author of two treatises on music, Nova Musica and De Proportionibus (which expands on some ideas in Nova Musica). His theoretical ideas stem from the more conservative Marchettian tradition in contrast to those of his Paduan contemporary Prosdocimus de Beldemandis.

Although contrafacts and later manuscript sources of his compositions suggest that he was well known in Florence, his music is scarcely represented in major Florentine sources of the period; for instance, the Squarcialupi Codex contains nothing by Ciconia. But on the other hand, many of his motets and Mass movements are included in the manuscript known as "Bologna MS Museo Internazionale e Biblioteca della Musica Q15".

Recordings
 Johannes Ciconia: Oeuvre intégrale, Huelgas Ensemble (Pavane, 1982).
 Johannes Ciconia: Opera omnia, La Morra and Diabolus in Musica (ensemble) (Ricercar, 2011).

References

Further reading
 Giuliano Di Bacco, John Nádas, Margaret Bent and David Fallows, "Ciconia, Johannes." S.v. in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd Edition (London: Macmillan, 2001).
 Suzanne Clercx (later Clercx-Lejeune), Johannes Ciconia: Un musicien liégeois et son temps (Vers 1335-1411), Vol. 1. La vie et l'œuvre, Vol. 2. Transcriptions et notes critiques (Bruxelles: Palais des Académies, 1960).
 Albert Dunning, "Low Countries", Grove Music Online, accessed 28 October 2010 (subscription required).
 Richard H. Hoppin, Medieval Music (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1978).
 Philippe Vendrix, ed., Johannes Ciconia: musicien de la transition (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2003).

External links

 Johannes Ciconia Discography at A Viola da Gamba Weblog.
 Johannes Ciconia Discography at Musiciens Wallons.

1370 births
1412 deaths
Ars subtilior composers
Belgian male classical composers
Italian music theorists
Trecento composers
Walloon people
Medieval male composers
Medieval music theorists

Johannes Ciconia


John Martin Hyde (born 2 February 1936) is an Australian former politician. He was elected as the member for the Division of Moore in Western Australia for the Liberal Party.

Biography
Hyde was born and educated in Western Australia before farming wheat and sheep at Dalwallinu. He lost his right arm as a result of a farming accident. A successful farmer, he was a councillor and deputy-President of the Shire of Dalwallinu and won the federal seat of Moore in 1974, holding it until he was defeated in 1983. With three other MPs he formed "the Dries" which were then a backbench group which advocated economic conservatism and soundness in public finances and rejected short-term populism. He opposed the economic policies of the Whitlam Government which was dismissed in November 1975, and also many of the policies of the succeeding Fraser Coalition Government which he considered to be in many ways hardly if at all better.

Among his campaigns was to stop the two-airline monopoly and various subsidies to the aircraft, shipping and car industries (former Navy Minister and "Dry" Bert Kelly, author of "The Modest Member" and "The Modest Farmer" columns in various papers, had described the aircraft and shipping industries in Australia as "Our flying and floating feather beds."). Hyde's central concern was the harm being done to the Australian economy, particularly to the export industries, by tariffs and other trade-barriers, and he approved Whitlam's 25% across-the-board tariff cut, though it was unpopular with much of his own party, or at least seen by them as something to be used against Labor. Indeed, although a competent and professional politician and a hard-working electorate member, his outspoken and independent attitude and readiness to express his strong economic convictions, probably affected his career within the Liberal Party adversely. Despite his undoubted high abilities, his frequent outspoken opposition to Fraser probably prevented him being considered for the Ministry which his intelligence and grasp of affairs would ordinarily have warranted.

Upon his defeat in 1983, with the Clough family, he developed the Australian Institute for Public Policy in Perth and was its executive director until it merged with the Institute of Public Affairs, a rather similar "dry" and pro-free-enterprise think tank. He had joined the IPA on a part-time basis in 1988, and he took it over from the Kemp brothers (also Liberal MPs) and ran it from 1991 to 1995. His wife Helen also worked there.

Political Scientist Professor Patrick O'Brien of the University of Western Australia described him as: "The only ex-politician I know who continues to do sane and useful work."  A feature of the AIPP was a weekly "Soviet" where new ideas could be put forward by all staff and discussed.

A disciple of Bert Kelly, he wrote a long series of articles in The Australian and elsewhere, mainly on economic topics. In 2002 he wrote a book, Dry, published by the IPA and mainly concerned with the fight for public economic conservatism during the years of the Fraser Government, and the elimination of uneconomic tariffs and bounties.  Although critical of some of Prime Minister John Howard's policies, he wrote of him warmly in Dry as "a man of more than ordinary decency."

He and his wife Helen are notable growers of roses. They wrote the book Ellenbee: A Tale of Roses Among Gum Trees in 2006.

References

External links
 IPA Profile

1936 births
Living people
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Moore
People from Dalwallinu, Western Australia
Australian amputees
20th-century Australian politicians
Australian politicians with disabilities

John Hyde (Australian federal politician)


Fine Wine is an album released in 1976 by Polydor Records in Germany, by a group of the same name. The four-person group included two members of Moby Grape, Jerry Miller and Bob Mosley, who also wrote or co-wrote most of the songs on the album.  For these reasons, the album is often regarded as a Moby Grape album.

History

After the 1971 release of 20 Granite Creek, Moby Grape broke up for the second time in as many years.  Jerry Miller and Bob Mosley later joined with Michael Been on rhythm guitar and John Craviotto on drums to form Fine Wine.  The band toured for several years and released one eponymous album, prior to Miller joining another reformation of Moby Grape, with Peter Lewis and Skip Spence.  Mosley and Craviotto joined with Neil Young to form The Ducks, which performed in the Santa Cruz area during much of 1977, as did the reformed Moby Grape during the same period.

Despite having never been released in North America or later released on CD, the album is notable in particular as a continuation of the musical directions of Miller and Mosley, as well as for the developing musical directions of Been.

Track listing

"Got To Get Back Home" (Mosley) 3:11
"As Near As I Can Tell" (Been) 2:49
"If You Feel Like Dancin'" (Miller) 2:37
"Cold Heart" (Miller) 4:06
"Heaven Knows" (Been) 2:56
"8:05" (Miller, Stevenson) 2:24
"I'll Never Be Lonely Again" (Been) 3:47
"Step Right Up" (Miller) 2:14
"Shadow of Yourself" (Mosley) 3:08
"Talkin' 'Bout You" (Miller) 2:39
"Everything's Gonna Be Alright" (Been) 2:09
"I Wonder If It's All Worth It?" (Miller, Been) 3:33

References

1976 albums
Moby Grape albums
Polydor Records albums

Fine Wine (Fine Wine album)


Marksistskaya is a station of Moscow metro, Kalininskaya Line. It is situated between Tretyakonskaya and Ploshad Il'icha stations. It Was opened on 30 December 1979. It is connected with two other stations - Taganskaya-koltsevaya and Taganskaya-Radialnaya. The station is about  under the ground. It has only one exit - to Marksistskaya Street (or Taganskaya, if you cross Marksistskaya street).

Moscow Metro

Marksistskaya


The Weatherford Hotel is a historic hotel in the downtown district of Flagstaff, Arizona. The hotel was established in 1897 by John W. Weatherford, and is located at 23 North Leroux Street, one block north of  U.S. Route 66.

History

Disastrous fires plagued early Flagstaff, like most frontier towns.  After a particularly bad series of blazes in 1897, the city passed an ordinance requiring all buildings in the business area to be built of brick, stone or iron.  Among the new buildings appearing in the year 1898 was the Weatherford Hotel, built by John W. Weatherford (1859–1934), a native of Weatherford, Texas.  Stone work was by contractor Herman Deitzman; G.B. Wilson was carpenter; G.N. Baty was painter. The original structure housed a general store on the first floor, and the Weatherford family upstairs.

In March 1899, Weatherford began construction of a brick three-story hotel addition, with a grand opening on New Year's Day, 1900.  For years, the Weatherford Hotel was the most prominent hotel in Flagstaff, entertaining guests such as artist Thomas Moran, publisher William Randolf Hearst, and writer Zane Grey.  Grey's famous novel "The Call of the Canyon" was written in the recently renovated Zane Grey Ballroom on the third floor of the hotel.

A beautiful sunroom occupied part of the top floor and was used for dances and parties, while numerous civic groups engaged the downstairs.  A three-sided balcony, visible in the 1905 photograph hanging in the Ballroom was damaged by fire and removed in 1929, along with the original cupola.  At various times, the hotel housed a restaurant, theater, and billiard hall and radio station.

Henry Taylor purchased the hotel in 1975 in an attempt to keep it from being demolished, at a time when the downtown area was in an acute state of disrepair and decline.  Since then, Henry and his wife Pamela (Sam) have renovated the structure, with the goal of restoring the hotel to its original grandeur.  The third floor Ballroom was renovated and reopened in 1997 and the first stage of reconstructing the wrap-around porches were finished in February 1999.

When transcontinental telephone service first reached Flagstaff about 1910, a small brick building with a three-bay facade of red Coconino sandstone was erected south of the hotel to serve the telephone company, becoming part of the "Weatherford Block."  The building served its original purpose until at least the 1930s, when it underwent the first of two modernizations.

The sandstone facade was stuccoed over in a modified art-deco style, and in the 1950s aluminum siding was added.  It was known for some years as the "Le Brea Cafe", an establishment whose character does not appear to have elicited any significant historic recollection.

The cafe facade renovation completed in 1995 restored the appearance of the original 1909 Telephone Exchange.  The elegant simplicity and casual ambiance of the "Exchange Pub" is reminiscent of Flagstaff's at its around the start of the 20th century heyday.

The renovation continues today with future expansions to include the development of the basement which was the original Hotel Pub & Restaurant in 1900.

The hotel was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

References

External links

 Official website

National Register of Historic Places in Flagstaff, Arizona
Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Arizona
Hotels established in 1897
Buildings and structures completed in 1898

Weatherford Hotel


The Ford S-Max (written Ford S-MAX) is an MPV/sedan produced bi the Ford Motor Company for the European mercat an bi Chang'an Ford Automobile Co., Ltd for the Cheenese (Mainland) mercat. Introduced at the 2006 Geneva Motor Show, the S-Max went on sale alangside the new generation Galaxy in Juin 2006. It is intendit tae be sporty lik a sedan an spacious lik an MPV. It shows inspiration frae the seiven-seater muckle MPV Galaxy an compact MPV Ford C-Max. The S-Max haes received mony positive reviews an awairds, an wis voted European Caur o the Year 2007 on 13 November 2006. In the future, Ford is plannin tae sell the S-Max in Japan unner the subsidiary brand Mazda.

Features
The S-Max is the first vehicle in Ford's lineup tae featur thair Kinetic Design stylin. The Kinetic Design scheme includes angular heidlichts, twin trapezoidal grilles, an muckle wheelarches.

Ane major sellin pynt o the S-Max is its "Fold Flat System".  This design allaws the seicont an third-row seats tae fold seamlessly intae the floor, leavin extra storage space.

Models
For the Inglis-speakin markets thare ar three derivatives o the S-Max; Edge, Zetec, an the hicht-end Titanium. Ford haes statit that aroond saxty percent o aw S-Max buyers choose Titanium specification. Continental trim levels ar Trend, Titanium an the tap o the line Titanium S.

In Mairch 2008, a pouerful 2.2 175PS TDCi common-rail diesel wis addit tae Titanium series an delivers acceleration frae 0-60 mph in 9.0 seiconts.

In September 2008, the popular 2.0 140PS TDCi manual ingine wis offered wi a CO2 o 159 g/km.

S-Max

Ford S-Max


Oluwarotimi Adebiyi Wahab Fani-Kayode (20 April 1955 – 21 December 1989) was a Nigerian-born photographer, who moved to England at the age of 12 to escape the Nigerian Civil War. The main body of his work was created between 1982 and 1989. He explored the tensions created by sexuality, race and culture through stylised portraits and compositions.

Biography
Rotimi Fani-Kayode was born in Lagos, Nigeria, in April 1955, as the second child of a prominent Yoruba family (Chief Babaremilekun Adetokunboh Fani-Kayode and Chief Mrs. Adia Adunni Fani-Kayode) that moved to Brighton, England, in 1966, after the military coup and the ensuing civil war. Rotimi went to a number of British private schools for his secondary education, including Brighton College, Seabright College, and Millfield, then moved to the USA in 1976. He read Fine Arts and Economics at Georgetown University, Washington, DC, for his BA, continued on for his MFA in Fine Arts & Photography at the Pratt Institute, New York City. While in New York, he became friendly with Robert Mapplethorpe, who he has claimed as an influence on his work.

Fani-Kayode returned to the UK in 1983 where he became a member of the Brixton Artists Collective, exhibiting initially in some of the group shows held at the Brixton Art Gallery before going on to show at various other exhibition spaces in London. He died in hospital of a heart attack while recovering from an AIDS-related illness on 21 December 1989. At the time of his death, he was living in Brixton, London, with his life partner and collaborator Alex Hirst.

Work
Fani-Kayode admitted to being influenced by Mapplethorpe's earlier work but also pushed the bounds of his own art, exploring sexuality, racism, colonialism and the tensions and conflicts between his homosexuality and his Yoruba upbringing through a series of images in both colour and black and white. While Rotimi Fani-Kayode claimed Robert Mapplethorpe as an influence on his work, Fani-Kayode works with Baroque themes while Mapplethorpe worked with Classical.

His relationship with the Yoruba religion began with his parents. Fani-Kayode stated that his parents were devotees of Ifa, the oracle orisha, and keepers of Yoruba shrines, an early experience that definitely informed his work. With this legacy, he set out on the quest to fuse desire, ritual, and the black male body. His religious experiences encouraged him to emulate the Yoruba technique of possession, through which Yoruba priests communicate with the gods and experience ecstasy. An example of such relations between Fani-Kayode's photographs and the Yoruba 'technique of ecstasy" is displayed in his work, Bronze Head (1987). His goal was to communicate with the audience's unconscious mind and to combine Yoruba and Western ideals (specifically Christianity). This practice of fusing aesthetic and religious eroticism compelled the viewer visually and provocatively.

This can be seen in his early work, specifically "Sonponnoi" (1987). Sonponnoi is one of the most powerful orishas in the Yoruba pantheon; he is the god of smallpox. As a result of his great power, he induces fear to the point where people are afraid to speak his name, and he becomes an outsider, abiding in the countryside instead of the mainland. In the image there is a headless black figure, decorated in white and black spots, holding three burning candles on his groin. Fani-Kayode adorned the figure with spots to represent a Sonponnoi's smallpox and Yoruba tribal marks. The triple-burning candle on his groin evokes the sense that sexuality continues even in sickness/otherness. It also represents how the Christian faith replaced the Yoruba tradition while also bringing disease with it during colonialism. In a way, Fani-Kayode identified with this orisha being an outsider, but he extended the symbolic message of the image, speaking to him having condemned sexuality while living in a Western world that clashes with his ancestral religion.

He especially referenced Esu, the messenger and crossroads deity who is often characterised with an erect penis, frequently in his images. He would engrave an erect penis in many of his images to describe his own fluid experience with sexuality. Fani-Kayode's mid-1980s portfolio ''Black Male, White Male'' intersects his racial and sexual themes with subtle displays of a devotee-deity relationship. Much of that work expresses an ambiguity that can be associated with Esu, who embodies opposing forces. Speaking on Esu, he insists, "Eshu presides here [...] He is the Trickster, the Lord of the Crossroads (mediator between the genders), sometimes changing the signposts to lead us astray [...] It is perhaps through that rebirth will occur." Esu also appears in Fani-Kayode's photography, Nothing to Lose IX. The presence of Esu is understood in the colouring of the mask; using white, red, and black stripes the mask stands as a representation of the deity Esu. Although these colours symbolise Esu, the mask itself has no precedence in traditional African mask-making; this subtle theme is almost flattening the mask to represent an overarching "African-ness" (a critique of the notion of "primitiveness" that was widely digested by a European audience).

Fani-Kayode's fragmented sense of being can be examined in his 1987 ''Bronze Head''. In the photo, he crops a figure's black body to reveal his legs and butt as he is about to sit on top of a bronze Ife sculpture. The Ife sculpture is placed on a round platter, stool, or pedestal, and is placed strategically at the center of the picture frame. Typically, the bronze head in the photograph is meant to honor the Ife king. However, in the context of Fani-Kayode's photograph, it satirizes the Yoruba kingship institution. The photograph represents both his exile and homosexuality, two core parts of his world. The cropped body symbolises his fragmented identity, the position references his sexuality and the sculpture symbolises the ancient and lifelong social norms that he's attempting to deconstruct.

His last project, posthumously entitled "Communion" (1995), reflects his complex relationship with the Yoruba religion. It seems to emit the Yoruba concepts of coolness and power. He reflects that it is a "tranquility of communion with the spiritual world." One of the images in the series, "The Golden Phallus," is of a man with a bird-like mask looking at the viewer, with his penis suspended on a piece of string. The image has been described as an ironic representation of how black masculinity has been burdened by the Western world. In this image (The Golden Phallus), as in Fani-Kayode's Bronze Head, there is a focus on liminality, spirituality, political power, and cultural history—taking ideals seen as 'ancient' (in the display of 'classical' African art) and re-introducing them as a contemporary archetype.

Legacy
Fani-Kayode and many others considered him to be an outsider and a depiction of diaspora. Fani-Kayode, however, believed that due to this depiction of himself, it helped shape his work as a photographer. In interviews, he spoke on his experience of being an outsider in terms of the African diaspora, but it's also important to note that it was forced migration. His exile from Nigeria at an early age affected his sense of wholeness. He experienced feeling like he had "very little to lose." But his identity was then shaped from his sense of otherness and it was celebrated. In his work, Fani-Kayode's subjects are specifically black men, but he almost always asserts himself as the black man in most of his work, which can be interpreted as a performative and visual representation of his personal history. Describing his art as "Black, African, homosexual photography" Using the body as the centralized point in his photography, he was able to explore the relationship between erotic fantasy and his ancestral spiritual values. His complex experience of dislocation, fragmentation, rejection, and separation all shaped his work. Fani-Kayode challenged the invisibility of "African queerness", or the denial of alternative African sexualities, in both the

Western and African worlds. In general, he sought to reshape the ideas of sexuality and gender in his photography, showing that sexuality and gender appear rigid and "fixed" because of cultural and social norms but are actually fluid and subjective. However, he specifically sought to develop queerness in contemporary African art, which required him to address the colonial and Christian legacies that suppressed queerness and constructed harmful notions of black masculinity. In a time when African artists were not being represented, he provocatively approached the issue by addressing and questioning the objectification of black bodies. (charlotte) His homoerotic influences in using the black male body can be interpreted as an expression of idealisation, of desire and being desired, and self-consciousness in response to the black body being reduced to a spectacle. He was able to show the world and those in the art world just how much queer black voices matter. Telling their sides of the story and not just being the subject of someone else's depiction of them.

Not only is Fani-Kayode praised for his conceptual imagery of Africanness and queerness (and African queerness), he is also praised for his ability to fuse racial and sexual politics with religious eroticism and beauty. One critic has also described his work as "neo-romantic," with the idea his images evoke a sense of fleeting beauty.

His work is imbued with subtlety, irony, and political and social comment. He also contributed to the artistic debate surrounding HIV/AIDS.

Exhibitions

He started to exhibit in 1984 and had taken part in numerous exhibitions by the time of his death in 1989. His work has been exhibited in the United Kingdom, France, Austria, Italy, Nigeria, Sweden, Germany, South Africa, and the US.

Fani-Kayode first exhibited at the large gallery run by the Brixton Artists Collective. He exhibited in three group shows at the Gallery: No Comment, December 1984; Seeing Diversity, February 1985 and the Annual Members Show, November 1985.
Same Difference, group show at Camerawork, July 1986
The Invisible Man, group show at Goldsmith's Gallery, 1988
ÁBÍKU - Born to Die, one-person show at Centre 181 Gallery (Hammersmith), September/October 1988
US/UK Photography Exchange, touring group show at Camerawork & Jamaica Arts Centre, New York, 1989
Ecstatic Antibodies: Resisting the AIDS Mythology, Touring group exhibition, Curated by Sunil Gupta and Tessa Boffin, 1990, Impressions Gallery, York; Ikon Gallery, Birmingham; Battersea Arts Centre, London.

In 1988, Fani-Kayode with a number of other photographers (most of whom had come together for Reflections of the Black Experience, Brixton Artists Collective) —including Sunil Gupta, Monika Baker, Merle Van den Bosch, Pratibha Parmar, Ingrid Pollard, Roshini Kempadoo and Armet Francis—co-founded the Association of Black Photographers (now known as Autograph ABP) and became their first chair. He was also an active member of the Black Audio Film Collective. He was a major influence on young black photographers in the late 1980s and 1990s. Following Alex Hirst's death in 1992, some controversy has persisted about works attributed to Fani-Kayode.

Publications
Communion. London: Autograph, 1986.
Black Male/White Male. London: Gay Men's Press, 1988. Photographs by Fani-Kayode, text by Alex Hirst.
 Bodies of Experience: Stories about Living with HIV. - a group show at Camerawork in 1989
 Autoportraits. Camerawork RF-K March 1990 (He was included in the publicity for the exhibition but work was not shown due to his sudden death in December 1989).
 Memorial Retrospective Exhibition. 198 Gallery, December 1990  (Brian Kennedy, City Limits magazine, makes a request for donations to fund the exhibition.) Poster-catalogue essays by Alex Hirst and Stuart Hall.
Photographs. Autograph ABP, London, 1996. By Fani-Kayode and Alex Hirst.
 Decolonising the Camera by Mark Sealy pages 226-232.
 And Bloodflowers: Rotimi Fani-Kayode, Photography and the 1980s. by W Ian Bourland.

Quotes
"My identity has been constructed from my own sense of otherness, whether cultural, racial, or sexual. The three aspects are not separate within me. Photography is the tool by which I feel most confident in expressing myself. It is photography, therefore – Black, African, homosexual photography – which I must use not just as an instrument, but as a weapon if I am to resist attacks on my integrity and, indeed, my existence on my own terms."

"On three counts I am an outsider: in matters of sexuality; in terms of geographical and cultural dislocation; and in the sense of not having become the sort of respectably married professional my parents might have hoped for."

"I make my pictures homosexual on purpose. Black men from the Third World have not previously revealed either to their own peoples or to the West a certain shocking fact: they can desire each other."

"I try to bring out the spiritual dimension in my pictures so that concepts of reality become ambiguous and are open to reinterpretation. This requires what Yoruba priests call a technique of ecstasy."

References

1955 births
1989 deaths
Artists from Lagos
Black British artists
Rotimi
Gay photographers
Georgetown University alumni
British LGBT photographers
Black British LGBT people
Nigerian LGBT artists
British gay artists
Nigerian emigrants to the United Kingdom
People educated at Brighton College
People educated at Millfield
Pratt Institute alumni
Yoruba photographers
20th-century Nigerian LGBT people
20th-century British LGBT people
20th-century photographers
Nigerian photographers
20th-century Nigerian artists
AIDS-related deaths in the United Kingdom
HIV/AIDS activists

Rotimi Fani-Kayode


Water Data Transfer Format (WDTF) is a data delivery standard implemented by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) that was jointly developed with the CSIRO. The standard, released in 2009, specifies both the format of and the techniques used to deliver Australian water data measurements to the BoM.

The Water Act 2007 (Cth) requires some private organisations and government agencies in Australia that collect water data and to deliver it to the BoM according to the WDTF standard.

An external meteorological data source that delivers data in WDTF-compliant forms is the CSIRO Land & Water's Automatic Weatherstation Network. Data from this weather station network can be viewed in a web browser, downloaded at text values in CSV format, downloaded in a condensed XML format for machine-to-machine communications, or downloaded as WDTF-compliant data.

The use of WDTF is an example of work in the field of irrigation informatics.

See also
WaterML

References

Climate of Australia
XML-based standards
Markup languages
Technical communication

Water Data Transfer Format


Peter Taptuna (born ) is a Canadian politician who served as the third premier of Nunavut from 2013 to 2017.

He was first elected in the general election held on October 27, 2008, to represent Nunavut's most western riding of Kugluktuk, in the 3rd Legislative Assembly of Nunavut. He was elected Nunavut's third Premier during the November 15, 2013 proceedings of the Nunavut Leadership Forum. He was formally sworn into office on November 19, 2013.

From 2009 to 2013 he held many positions within the government of Nunavut, including Deputy Premier, Minister Responsible for the Nunavut Development Corporation, Minister Responsible for the Nunavut Business Credit Corporation, Minister Responsible for Mines, and since November 19, 2008, the Minister of Economic Development & Transportation.

Early life, education and career
Born in Cambridge Bay, Peter Taptuna has spent most of his life in Kugluktuk, Nunavut. He attended residential school in Inuvik, Northwest Territories. He holds a diploma in management studies from Nunavut Arctic College, where he took courses in managerial accounting, corporate and contract law, business administration and human resources management. Peter Taptuna has also earned journeyman and red seal trades certifications.

Peter Taptuna worked in the oil and gas industry for 13 years, during which he was a member of the first and only all-Inuit drilling crew on an offshore rig in the Beaufort Sea. He has also held positions at the Lupin Gold Mine and the Kugluktuk Hunters and Trappers Organization.

Peter and his wife Joanne have five children and nine grandchildren. His personal interests include hunting, fishing and other on-the-land activities.

Political career

Peter Taptuna served as a member of the Municipal Council of Kugluktuk and Deputy Mayor from 1999 to 2004. He has also served as a member of the Board of Directors of the Kitikmeot Corporation and the Nunavut Development Corporation.

He was first elected as the Member of the Legislative Assembly for the electoral district of Kugluktuk in the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut in the 2008 territorial election. In the 2008 election, Peter Taptuna received 264 votes (59.7%) ahead of the only other candidate, Donald Havioyak, who received 178 votes (40.3%)

On November 15, 2013, Peter Taptuna won against Paul Okalik and Paul Quassa for the position of Premier of Nunavut. In September 2017, Taptuna announced that he would not seek a third term in the 2017 Nunavut general election.

Premiership
In his remarks at the Nunavut Leadership Forum (November 15, 2015), Peter Taptuna emphasized on the importance of seeking opportunities for the economic, social and cultural sectors.

To achieve this, he indicated that his priorities as Premier would be to focus on education and training while capitalizing on responsible investments across all sectors (resources exploration, infrastructure, small businesses, arts, culture, and tourism).

He also outlined the value of working diplomatically with stakeholders, Inuit organizations, municipalities and the federal government in order to achieve economic growth. He also explained that his vision of leadership goes well beyond being the voice of the people he serves: "it's about actions and outcomes, not visions and wish lists, and most of all, it's about us, it's about Nunavummiut, not individuals," he said in his remarks.

On October 3, 2014, Nunavut and Canada officially resumed negotiations on devolution. The initial negotiations cover public lands and resources in Nunavut that currently fall under the federal government management and control. Offshore matters, such as oil and gas, are to be negotiated at a later date.

References

External links
 Office of the Premier
 . Biography at the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut

1956 births
Living people
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut
Mayors of Kugluktuk
Inuit from the Northwest Territories
Inuit politicians
People from Cambridge Bay
Deputy premiers of Nunavut
Place of birth missing (living people)
Premiers of Nunavut
21st-century Canadian politicians
Members of the Executive Council of Nunavut
Inuit from Nunavut
People from Kugluktuk
Taptuna, Peter

Peter Taptuna


Harry Jeannot Lipkin (June 16, 1921 – September 15, 2015), also known as Zvi Lipkin, was an Israeli theoretical physicist specializing in nuclear physics and elementary particle physics. He is a recipient of the prestigious Wigner Medal.

Biography
Lipkin was born in New York, New York, United States and attended high school in Rochester, New York. He studied electrical technology at Cornell University, also attending physics courses by Hans Bethe and Bruno Rossi, and graduated in 1942. During the Second World War he worked as an engineer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Radiation Laboratory, developing a radar receiver. In 1950 he was awarded a doctoral degree from Princeton University, where he studied under David Bohm. Lipkin described his experiments as the first to show that positrons could be described by the Dirac equation.

In 1950 Lipkin emigrated to Israel with his wife Malka, partly to become involved with the Kibbutz movement. Instead of agricultural work, the Israeli government assigned him to spend a year at CEA Saclay, a French Atomic Energy Commission facility, to acquire knowledge to support the planned opening of Israel's first nuclear reactor at Dimona. In 1954 he returned to work in Israel, establishing the country's first course in nuclear physics at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot. Between 1956 and 1958 he served as an advisor to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission. In later years he worked frequently with the Argonne National Laboratory in the United States. In 2007 Lipkin was working at the Weizmann Institute and at the Sackler Institute of Tel Aviv University.

Research
Lipkin is noted for his applications of group theory in physics and his modelling of the quark during the 1960s. His book "Lie Groups for Pedestrians" was widely used and inspired a number of further essays and books in physics, its name anticipating a later well-known book series "For Dummies".

During the 1980s Lipkin began working with educational theorist Nira Altalef to develop LITAF, a method for teaching children to read, in response to the particular challenges Israeli educators faced in teaching classes of children from multilingual immigrant populations to read.

In 1955 Lipkin and the virologist Alexander Kohn founded the science parody magazine Journal of Irreproducible Results after convening the first international conference for nuclear physics in Israel. The journal inspired the rival Annals of Improbable Research, from which were to emerge the Ig Nobel Prize awards.

Lipkin received the Rothschild Prize in 1973, the Kaplun Prize in 1980, a Sackler Scholarship in 1992–1993, a Weizmann Prize of the City of Tel Aviv in 1994, and the Wigner Medal in 2002.

Selected publications
Uses of Lieschen Groups in Physics, Mannheim, BI university paperback 1967
Lie Groups for Pedestrians, North Holland 1965, 2nd edition 1966, Dover 2002
Beta Decay for Pedestrians, North Holland 1962
Quantum Mechanics - New Approaches to Selected Topics, North Holland 1973
The Middle East for Pedestrians: A collection of letters written before, during and after the Yom Kippur War, 1974

References

External links
 Harry (Zvi) Lipkin's page at the Weizmann Institute of Science
 Wigner Medal Laudatio and Lipkin's acceptance speech, 2002
 Lipkin Quantum Theory of Neutrino Oscillations for Pedestrians, 2005
 Lipkin Quark Models and Quark Phenomenology, 1993
 Lipkin Puzzles in hyperon, charm and beauty physics, 2002

Israeli Jews
Israeli physicists
Israeli nuclear physicists
Academic staff of Weizmann Institute of Science
Cornell University alumni
Members of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities
1921 births
2015 deaths
Jews from Mandatory Palestine
Jewish physicists
Scientists from Rochester, New York
Princeton University alumni
American emigrants to Israel
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews

Harry J. Lipkin


"Good as Gold" is a special mini-episode of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who that was first broadcast on CBBC (as part of Blue Peter) on 24 May 2012. It was written via a competition (Script to Screen) in which junior schools were asked to write a script including the Eleventh Doctor (Matt Smith) and an enemy of his. The competition was won by the children of Ashdene School. The mini-episode also featured Karen Gillan as Amy Pond.

The first Doctor Who Script to Screen special was "Death Is the Only Answer", which was broadcast as part of Doctor Who Confidential.

Plot

Amy reminds the Doctor he needs to have an adventure once in a while, the Doctor complies and sets the TARDIS to its "adventure setting". After a series of malfunctions, the ship lands in the middle of the London 2012 Olympic Games, where they are visited by a panicked Olympic runner, who claims he is being chased. His pursuer is revealed as a Weeping Angel, who is seeking to seize the Olympic Flame and rob the planet of the good will and spirit it symbolises. The Doctor vanquishes the Angel with the sonic screwdriver, and the runner resumes his mission. Before he leaves, he gives the Doctor his gold medal. As the Doctor prepares to embark on another adventure with Amy, the Weeping Angel begins to reform.

Reception

Robert Gonzalez of io9 stated that Steven Moffat chose the winning script "wisely" though he did find the premise of "a weeping angel that can chase somebody while being watched by thousands of Olympic Game spectators a little dubious". Kevin Fitzpatrick of ScreenCrush described the episode as "hokey" though enjoyed the indication that the Weeping Angels would return in the following series. Susana Polo writing for "girl geek" website The Mary Sue described it as "funny and cute" and stated that it "definitely should not be part of a serious effort to fit it into [Doctor Who] canon". Louisa Mellor of Den of Geek affirmed that the short episode should be viewed "in the spirit in which it was intended, i.e. some fun for primary school kids who love Doctor Who, the Olympics, and presumably, making their teachers happy".

References

2012 British television episodes
Eleventh Doctor episodes
Doctor Who mini-episodes

Good as Gold (Doctor Who)


Guy Emory Benjamin (born June 27, 1955) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback for six seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Stanford Indians (now Cardinal), earning consensus All-American honors in 1977. Benjamin was selected in the second round of the 1978 NFL Draft. He won a Super Bowl as a backup quarterback with the San Francisco 49ers in 1981.

College career
Benjamin played high school football at James Monroe High School in North Hills, California and matriculated at Stanford University in 1974. He split starting time with Mike Cordova at first, but took over as full-time starter in 1976. In 1977, under coach Bill Walsh, Benjamin led Stanford to a 24–14 victory over LSU in the 1977 Sun Bowl and won both the Sammy Baugh Trophy (top passer in college football) and the W.J. Voit Memorial Trophy, (outstanding college football player on the Pacific Coast).

NFL career
Benjamin was drafted by the Miami Dolphins in the second round of the 1978 NFL Draft. He played two seasons behind Bob Griese and Don Strock, then spent one season as Archie Manning's backup with the New Orleans Saints. He was reunited with Bill Walsh when he joined the San Francisco 49ers in 1981, where he earned a Super Bowl ring as Joe Montana's backup in Super Bowl XVI. He retired in 1984 following surgery.

After football
After leaving football, Benjamin directed Athletes United for Peace, an organization founded by Olympic athletes after the U.S. boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics. He also founded the Sports in Society Institute at the New College of California, and directed its degree-completion program for former student-athletes.

He now lives in Hawaii, where he was offensive coordinator for the University of Hawaii football team for a while. In 1988, he was to be the head coach of the World Indoor Football League's Las Vegas Aces, but that league folded before it could get off the ground and the Aces' bid to join the Arena Football League was turned away, so that the Aces never played a game. He also coached the Hawaii Hammerheads of the Indoor Professional Football League to the league championship in 1999, the team's only season. He then became the first head coach of the IPFL's Portland Prowlers before returning to Hawaii, where he coached the minor league Hawaiian Islanders of the Arena Football League af2.

As of 2012, he is Executive Director of the Hawaii Medical College.

References

1955 births
Living people
All-American college football players
Miami Dolphins players
New Orleans Saints players
Players of American football from Los Angeles
San Francisco 49ers players
American football quarterbacks
Stanford Cardinal football players

Guy Benjamin


In meteorology, the polar highs are areas of high atmospheric pressure, sometimes similar to anticyclones, around the north and south poles; the south polar high being the stronger one  because land gains and loses heat more effectively than sea, which the north has much less of. The cold temperatures in the polar regions cause air to descend, creating the high pressure (a process called subsidence), just as the warm temperatures around the equator cause air to rise instead and create the low pressure intertropical convergence zone. Rising air also occurs along bands of low pressure situated just below the polar highs around the 50th parallel of latitude. These extratropical convergence zones are occupied by the polar fronts where air masses of polar origin meet and clash with those of tropical or subtropical origin in a stationary front. This convergence of rising air completes the vertical cycle around the polar cell in each latitudinal hemisphere's polar region.  Closely related to this concept is the polar vortex, a rotating low-pressure circle of cold air around the poles.

Surface temperatures under the polar highs are one of the coldest on Earth, with no month having an average temperature above freezing. Regions under the polar high also experience very low levels of precipitation, which leads them to be known as "polar deserts".

Air flows outwards from the poles to create the polar easterlies in the arctic and antarctic areas.

See also

 Polar vortex
 Polar low

References

Regional climate effects

Polar High


Risperidone (which is also marketed as Risperdal) refers to an extremely potent antipsychotic drug that is used primarily to treat schizophrenia, autism spectrum matters and bipolar disorder. Side effects of Risperidone include although are not limited to unwanted weight gain and metabolic troubles like high blood sugar. It was first approved in 1994.

Drugs used in psychiatry
Organonitrogen compounds
Organofluorides

Risperidone


Rocca di Cambio (locally Rocche 'i Cagne) is a comune and town in the province of L'Aquila in the Abruzzo region of Italy.

Located in the northern part of the Altopiano delle Rocche, the communal territory is included in the Sirente-Velino Regional Park. Sights include the Abbey of Santa Lucia and the nearby Campo Felice ski resort.

Numerous buildings were damaged in the course of the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake, whose epicenter was located nearby, on the boundary with Lucoli.

Twin towns
 Saas-Fee, Switzerland

References

Cities and towns in Abruzzo

Rocca di Cambio


John Belluso (November 13, 1969 – February 10, 2006) was an American playwright best known for his works focusing on the lives of disabled people. He also directed a writing program for disabled people.

Early life and education
Born in Warwick, Rhode Island, he began using a wheelchair at the age of 13 due to a bone disease, Camurati-Engelmann syndrome. He completed both Bachelors and Masters degrees at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts Dramatic Writing program.

Career
In 2001, he wrote The Body of Bourne, based on the life of Randolph Bourne, a World War I pacifist and author. It was produced in Los Angeles by the Mark Taper Forum. He also directed the Forum's Other Voices program for writers with a disability. After that, he wrote Pyretown, which criticises America's managed care health system through a romance between a divorced mother and a young, wheelchair-using man.

Belluso joined the crew of the HBO western drama Deadwood as a writer for the first season in 2004, writing "The Trial of Jack McCall".

Selected work

The Rules of Charity, in which the resentful caregiver adult daughter of a wheelchair user with cerebral palsy tries to rebel against the care-giving, and pursue her own desires, with variously disastrous consequences;
 Gretty Good Time, about a 32-year-old disabled woman living in a nursing home;
 Travelling Skin, about a waitress with cerebral palsy;
 Henry Flamethrowa, about a comatose woman who is believed to cause miracles; and
 A Nervous Smile, about the parents of a severely disabled child who consider abandoning her.

Death
He died in February 2006 in New York City, where he was writing a play for New York's Public Theater about a disabled veteran returning from Iraq. In March 2008, the show was directed by his friend Lisa Peterson as an unfinished work in the Public's "Lab" series.

Season 1, episode 17, of Ghost Whisperer is dedicated to his memory.

References

Further reading
 Associated Press Ohmynews "Disabled LA Playwright and Activist John Belluso dies" February 15, 2006
 New dramatists John Belluso

20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
2006 deaths
1969 births
People from Warwick, Rhode Island
Tisch School of the Arts alumni

John Belluso


A needle is a small tool used to push or pull a thread through a small hole. It is most often used to make clothing and footwear.

The needle consists of a short stick with a sharp point and hole for the thread. Needles are now mostly made of steel, but in ancient or Stone Age times they would have been made of small bones or twigs.

Once the thread is put through the hole in the needle and "doubled-back" so that it cannot fall out, then the whole needle and its thread can be put through the material.

The term needle may also be used to refer to other sharp objects used for different purposes, such as the needles doctors use to give a shot.

Other websites

Tools

Needle


The Battle of Yorktown or Siege of Yorktown was fought from April 5 to May 4, 1862, as part of the Peninsula Campaign of the American Civil War. Marching from Fort Monroe, Union Major general George B. McClellan's Army of the Potomac encountered Maj. Gen. John B. Magruder's small Confederate force at Yorktown. McClellan suspended his march up the Virginia Peninsula toward Richmond and settled in for siege operations.

On April 5, the IV Corps of Brigadier general Erasmus D. Keyes made initial contact with Confederate defensive works at Lee's Mill. This was an area McClellan expected to move through without resistance. Magruder's movement of troops back and forth convinced the Union that his works were strongly held. As the two armies fought an artillery duel, reconnaissance indicated to Keyes the strength of the Confederate fortifications, and he advised McClellan against assaulting them. McClellan ordered the construction of siege fortifications and brought his heavy siege guns to the front. In the meantime, Gen. Joseph E. Johnston brought reinforcements for Magruder.

On April 16, Union forces probed a point in the Confederate line at Dam No. 1. The Union failed to exploit the initial success of this attack, however. This lost opportunity held up McClellan for two additional weeks while he tried to convince the U.S. Navy to bypass the Confederates' big guns at Yorktown and Gloucester Point and ascend the York River to West Point and outflank the Warwick Line. McClellan planned a massive bombardment for dawn on May 5. But the Confederate army had slipped away during the night of May 3 toward Williamsburg.

The battle took place near the site of the 1781 Siege of Yorktown, the final battle of the American Revolutionary War in the east.

References

American Civil War battles
1862 in Virginia
Peninsula Campaign

Siege of Yorktown (1862)


"Skinny Minnie" is a 1958 song co-written and recorded by Bill Haley and his Comets. The song was released as a Decca single which became a Top 40 chart hit in the U.S.

Background
"Skinny Minnie" was composed by Bill Haley with Milt Gabler, Rusty Keefer, and Catherine Cafra. The song was released as a Decca single, 9-30592, backed with "Sway With Me", reaching no. 22 on the Billboard chart and no. 25 on the Cash Box chart. The song was featured on the 1958 Decca album Bill Haley's Chicks. The song became a rock and roll standard which was covered by scores of bands and singers.

In 1966, Bill Haley and the Comets recorded a new version of the song as "La Flaca Miny" with Spanish lyrics sung by Bill Haley's wife Martha Velasco Haley. The song was released on the 1966 Orfeon LP Whisky A Go Go, LP-12-478. The session was recorded at Orfeon Studio A in Mexico City featuring Bill Haley on vocals, Rudy Pompilli on saxophone, Johnny Kay on lead guitar, John "Bam Bam" Lane on drums, Al Rappa on bass, Julian Bert on piano, Mike Shay on guitar, and Martha Velasco Haley on background vocals. The album was re-released on Ember as EMB 3396 in 1968 in the UK as The King of Rock Bill Haley Plays.

The 1958 recording appeared on the 1968 Decca compilation album Bill Haley's Greatest Hits! and the 1972 MCA Records career retrospective album Golden Hits.

The track appeared in the 2002 Austrian film Taxi für eine Leiche or Taxi for a Corpse.

Personnel
The recording session was by Bill Haley and His Comets at the Pythian Temple, New York City on February 6, 1958 with the following personnel:
Bill Haley (vocal and rhythm guitar)
Franny Beecher (lead guitar)
Billy Williamson (steel guitar)
Rudy Pompilli (tenor saxophone)
Johnny Grande (piano)
Al Rex (bass guitar)
Ralph Jones (drums)
Rusty Keefer (guitar)

Cover versions

Carter-Lewis and the Southerners (featuring Jimmy Page on lead guitar), March 27, 1964, Oriole CB 1919, 45 single b/w "Easy to Cry"; Your Time Is Gonna Come: The Roots of Led Zeppelin, 1964-1969 album, 2007
Tony Sheridan recorded this song four times. The first version was issued on his album My Bonnie and also included on his EP entitled Ya Ya, both credited to him and the Beat Brothers and released in Germany in 1962. Contrary to popular belief, the Beatles were not the backing group on this recording. The second version was included on his 1964 album called Just A Little Bit Of Tony Sheridan (Polydor - 46 429) and issued as a single, (Polydor NH 52 324, b/w "Sweet Georgia Brown" in Germany (this b-side backed by the Beatles) and Polydor NH 52 927, b/w "You'd Better Move On" in the UK) backed by The Bobby Patrick Big Six but credited as the Beat Brothers (This recording reached #4 on both the West Germany and Bavaria charts on December 12, 1964 as reported in the Billboard Hits of the World chart, page 19.Billboard). It was also included in the compilation album Die Neue Polydor-Starparade in November of that year. All these previous recordings were erroneously issued with the title spelled Skinny Minny. A third recording was issued as a bonus track on the CD Vagabond in 2002 (Bear Family Records) and the last, on his homonymous album, published posthumously in 2018 by the Opus 3 label.
Gerry and the Pacemakers, June, 1965, Laurie 45 single, b/w "It's Gonna Be Alright"; A side reached #23 on the Billboard Hot 100; I'll Be There U.S. album; The Best of the EMI Years (2008)
Beat Chics (featuring Jimmy Page on lead guitar), November 6, 1964, Decca F 12016, b/w "Now I Know", 45 single
Goldie & the Gingerbreads, A side 45 single, Spokane 45-4005, "Skinny Vinnie", with incorrect songwriting credit on the label, 1964
Wayne Fontana & the Mindbenders, 1965, It's Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders album, Fontana
Johnny Hallyday, 1965, in French as "J'attends minuit"
Jimmy and the Rackets, 1964, Elite Special 9427-45, b/w "O Mona Lisa", 45 single, #1 on the German charts in 1964, 32 weeks on the charts
JD & The Expressions, Guyden 45, 2122, 1965
James Last Band on the album Non Stop Dancing 65
The Rollicks, also known as The Shouters, The Rollicks, Bear Family BCD 16478 AR, 1990
Jerry Williams, 1965, Sonet LP, Mr. Dynamite Explodes Again!, Grand Prix album Rock & Roll Time, 1968, EP
The Sonics, on 1966 album Boom
Andy and the Manhattans, Musicor 45 single, MU 1112
Teddy Lee, RCA Victor compact 33 picture sleeve single, 1967
The Rubins, also known as The Five Rubins, live, 1964
The Mummies, 1990, Rekkids; Never Been Caught album, Telstar, 2002. Rekkids 1991 45 single, 162.
Bryan Davies, Australian 45 single b/w "I Should Have Stayed in Bed", HMV, April, 1965; Barry Gibb of The Bee Gees wrote and sang backing and harmony vocals on "I Should Have Stayed in Bed"
Lee Curtis and the All-Stars, Liverpool rock group, 1964
Louis Prima, Keely Smith, Sam Butera, and The Witnesses, The Capitol Recordings; The EP Collection, 2000. Sam Butera released the song as a 1964 45 single, PR 1003-B, on Prima with "Music by Louis Prima & The Witnesses". The label has incorrect songwriting credits. The song appears on the 1961 Capitol album, 1677, The Continental Twist.
Dennis Hermann, 1980
The Lyres, 1987, Early Years Live, 1979-1983, Crypt, 1997
Snooks Eaglin, 1995, Soul's Edge album on Black Top
The Lions, 1964, 45 single b/w "Sticks and Stones", TD 246; Hit House Shake, King Beat, 1989
Peter Briggs & The Vikings, 45 single, Go!!, G-5021-B, 1966.
Sten & Stanley, 1965, Decca 45, Decca F 44503, b/w "Goldfinger"
The Watusi (band), 2009
Albert West, 1988, West & Friends album, Arcade 01 3290 61
Jumpin' Gene Simmons, Sun rockabilly singer, 1965, 45 single b/w "I'm A Ramblin' Man", HI 45-2086; Haunted House: The Complete Jumpin' Gene Simmons on Hi Records
Ray Brown & The Whispers, Australian rock group, 1964, Ray Brown & The Whispers album, Leedon LL-31646
The Liverpool 5, as The 5 Liverpools, 45 single b/w "Tokio", 1964, CBS 1623; Tokio International album, CBS 62460, 1965
The Rocking Ghosts, Danish rock band, The Rocking Ghosts album, Metronome MLP 15166, 1964
The Shanes, Swedish rock group, The Shanes, Rock-In-Beat, 2000
Johnnie Cliff Five, Die Hamburg Szene, 2001
Alan Dale, Raven RVLP15, 1963; Alan Dale and The Houserockers: The Early Masters
Bill Haley's Comets, Rock and Roll Survivors Featuring Al Rappa and Joey Welz. Bill Haley's Comets featuring Al Rappa was one of several continuation groups established after Haley's death in 1981.
The Tigers (Japanese band), Legend of The Tigers: Rare and Unreleased Tracks, 2003; The Tigers on Stage, 1967
The Team Beats, Smash! Boom! Bang!, Bear Family BCD 16466, 2001
Ricky King, Rock `n` Roll Party, Epic 26158, 1984
Larry Donn, That's What I Call a Ball, 2003, Collector/Wht
Bill Blaine and The Dynamics, Western Australian Snake Pit Rock 'N' Roll, Vol. 1, 2004; The Rockin' Years
Me and The Other Guys, 1966 45 single on Hit Cat as 102
Bill Haley Orchestra, 2008, Let the Good Times Roll album, CultSound. German tribute band.
Johnny Kay's Rockets released a recording of the song on the 2009 CD Johnny Kay: Tale of a Comet on Hydra.
Bill Haley Jr.
Jesse Robin
Lattie Moore and The Emperors, "Skinny Minnie Shimmy" b/w "You Got Me Wondering". RKR 100-200, Olympic Records Ohio, 1962.
Miki Volek and Olympic
The Blue Cats
The Hillbilly Voodoo Dolls
The Zettlers, A side 45 single, Swe Disc SWES 1105, Sweden, 1965

References

External links
 Bill Haley discography

1958 songs
American rock songs
Bill Haley songs
Decca Records singles
Songs with lyrics by Milt Gabler
Songs written by Bill Haley
1958 singles

Skinny Minnie