The Long Trail is a hiking trail located in Vermont, running the length of the state. It is the oldest long-distance trail in the United States, constructed between 1910 and 1930 by the Green Mountain Club. The club remains the primary organization responsible for the trail, and is recognized by the state legislature as "the founder, sponsor, defender, and protector" of the Long Trail System.

History
The Long Trail was conceived in 1909 by James P. Taylor who was at the time the assistant headmaster of Vermont Academy in Saxtons River, Vermont. Taylor lobbied other Vermont residents who shared his dream of a mission to "make the Vermont mountains play a larger part in the life of the people by protecting and maintaining the Long Trail system and fostering, through education, the stewardship of Vermont's hiking trails and mountains". On March 11, 1910, Taylor and twenty-five others met at the Van Ness House in Burlington, Vermont for the first meeting of the Green Mountain Club In 1912, work began on the construction of America's first long-distance hiking path. The GMC completed the Long Trail in 1930.

Geography

The Long Trail runs 273 miles (439 km) through the state of Vermont. It starts at the Massachusetts state line (at Clarksburg, Massachusetts), and runs north to the Canada–US border (in Jay, Vermont). It runs along the main ridge of the Green Mountains, coinciding with the Appalachian Trail (for which it served as the inspiration) for roughly  in the southern third of the state. Additionally, over  of side trails complete the Long Trail System.

The Long Trail passes through six of the eight wilderness areas in the Green Mountain National Forest, including (from south to north) Glastenbury Wilderness, Lye Brook Wilderness, Peru Peak Wilderness, Big Branch Wilderness, Joseph Battell Wilderness, and Breadloaf Wilderness. It traverses most of the major summits in the Green Mountains, including (from south to north) Glastenbury Mountain, Stratton Mountain, Killington Peak, Mount Abraham, Mount Ellen, Camel's Hump, Mount Mansfield, and Jay Peak.

Maintenance

The Long Trail is maintained primarily by the Green Mountain Club and its volunteers. Twelve club sections maintain assigned sections of the Long Trail –  two other club sections maintain the trails in Vermont's Northeast Kingdom  and the Appalachian Trail from Maine Junction in Killington to the Connecticut River. Although roughly 1,000 volunteers perform most of the club's trail work, the club also employs a staff to handle day-to-day operations and a seasonal staff of summit caretakers and the Long Trail Patrol which works on heavy duty projects on the trail. The Green Mountain Club also receives assistance from the Vermont Department of Forests, Parks and Recreation, U.S. Forest Service, National Park Service, Appalachian Trail Conservancy, and private landowners.  During the mud season in late spring, some sections of the trail are closed to hikers, to protect the trail from both erosion and to protect nearby flora from being damaged (especially the higher peaks that possess fragile alpine tundra).

Historical Disappearances

The section of the Long Trail between Woodford (on Vermont State Route 9 just east of Bennington, Vt) and Glastenbury Mountain some  farther north has gained notoriety because six people vanished in that area between 1945 and 1950. Only one body was found and the fates of the other missing persons remain a mystery.

The case that perhaps gained the most media attention at the time was the disappearance of 18-year-old Bennington College sophomore Paula Jean Welden, of Stamford, Connecticut, (elder daughter of industrial designer William Archibald Welden of the Revere Copper and Brass Company).  On the afternoon of Sunday, December 1, 1946, she set out on a hike by herself on the Long Trail from Woodford Hollow heading northbound in the direction of Glastenbury Mountain. Despite repeated and extensive searches of the area by local police, the National Guard and many volunteers, nothing was ever found.  Foul play is suspected in her disappearance.

Crime novelist Hillary Waugh based his book Last Seen Wearing on the Welden case.

Gallery

See also
 Long Trail State Forest
 Long Path

References

External links
 Journals and photographs from people hiking The Long Trail.

Hiking trails in Vermont
Long-distance trails in the United States
Vermont culture
National Recreation Trails in Vermont
Protected areas of Addison County, Vermont
Protected areas of Bennington County, Vermont
Protected areas of Orleans County, Vermont
Protected areas of Windham County, Vermont
Protected areas of Rutland County, Vermont
Protected areas of Chittenden County, Vermont

Long Trail


Girl, Interrupted is a 1999 American drama movie. The cast of the movie are Winona Ryder, Angelina Jolie, Brittany Murphy and Whoopi Goldberg. The story of the movie is about a young woman's 18 month stay on a mental ward in Pennsylvania in the late 1960s after taking a drug overdose. Ryder plays Susanna Kaysen, the central character on whose novel the movie is based. Kaysen has borderline personality disorder. Jolie won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as Lisa Rowe, who has antisocial personality disorder. Murphy's character Daisy Randone has bulimia and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Other websites

1999 movies
1990s biographical movies
1990s teen drama movies
Academy Award winning movies
American biographical movies
American teen drama movies
Borderline personality disorder in fiction
Movies based on books
Movies directed by James Mangold
Movies set in Pennsylvania
Movies set in the 1960s
English-language movies

Girl, Interrupted (movie)


Rupert Thorne is a fictional Batman character, who is the crime boss of Batman. Many people think that he hired Joe Chill to kill Bruce Wayne's parents. He helped Mayor Hamilton Hill to be elected and re-elected and corrupting him throughout his term. Throne had hired many people to try to kill Bruce Wayne.

He was voiced by John Vernon in Batman: The Animated Series.

Batman characters
DC Comics characters

Rupert Thorne


A mother (also called mom, mum and mommy) is a female parent. A mother gives birth to babies after pregnancy. Pregnancy is usually nine months. If a woman raises an adopted or biological child, then she is a mother as well. Adopted children are also part of that person's family. Also see Maternal insult.

Breastfeeding
After the birth of a baby, breastfeeding is an important part of taking care of the baby.

Other names for "mother"
 In American English, other words for mother are "Mom," "Mommy," Momma," "Mama" and "Ma."
 In British English, "Mum" and "Mummy" are usually used instead of "Mom" and "Mommy". Another variant, often found in the North of England, particularly Yorkshire and Lancashire, is "Mam".
 In Irish English, "Mum", "Mummy is most common, often "Mother" or her first name is said, another variant in Dublin is "Ma" (with a hard A)
 In Australian English, "Mum", "Mother", "Mummy" and "Mother dearest"
 In Indonesian, "Ibu", "Emak", "Bunda"
 In Filipino, "Nanay", "Ina"
 In German "Mama", "Mami", "Mutti", "Mutter"
 In Tamil "அம்மா", "Am'mā"
 In Mandarin Chinese "妈妈", "Māmā"
 In slang "ur mom", "yo mama"

Madre is Mother in Spanish. Mamma or Mor is Mother in Norwegian. Mater is Mother in Latin. Mutter is Mother in German. Mat is Mother in Russian. Mama is mother in Swahili

Maternal
The word maternal is an adjective used to describe thing that are related to a mother. Common uses include:

 Maternal instinct: The instinct mothers are said to have when it comes to dealing with their children
 Maternal grandparent: The grandparents of a person on their mothers side of the family. The maternal grandparents are the  father and mother of that person's mother.

Basic English 850 words
Family

Mother


Tim Louis (born August 13, 1958) is a lawyer and municipal politician in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. He was elected to the Vancouver Park Board in 1990 and 1993, and later to Vancouver City Council as a member of the Coalition of Progressive Electors (COPE) in 1999 and 2002.

Education, advocacy and professional life
Tim Louis graduated South Delta Secondary School (class of 1976), and went on to attend Langara College (class of 1979) and the University of British Columbia where he graduated from law school in 1983. While a student at UBC, he co-founded the Public Interest Advocacy Centre (PIAC), a consumer watchdog nonprofit.

He articled with lawyer and then-city councillor Harry Rankin in 1984.

He also served on the board of BC Transit's paratransit service and was chair of the Vancouver Public Library Board.

Political career
In 1990, Louis was elected to the Vancouver Board of Parks & Recreation and re-elected in 1993.

First elected to Vancouver City Council in 1999, Louis became known for his pointed questions aimed at addressing issues of social justice in the city of Vancouver. He was re-elected in 2002. Louis proudly showed off his progressive beliefs, often appearing at public functions in a red Che Guevara shirt.

Louis has been a critic of large government projects, including the Richmond-Airport-Vancouver rapid transit project and the 2010 Olympic Winter Games, but always in the spirit of protecting community priorities. He also takes a public stance on local and international causes; for example he has been an open critic of the U.S blockade of Cuba and the Israeli blockade of Gaza.

In the 2005 municipal election, Louis attracted attention when he told the Vancouver Sun editorial board that he favoured establishing a city-owned non-profit brothel to help protect sex-trade workers. He lost his council seat in that election, finishing 17th with 43,349 votes.

In 2008, Louis ran for a nomination for city council within COPE, as part of a 'Keep It COPE' slate; he narrowly lost by six votes to Ellen Woodsworth. She along with David Cadman went on to become elected to council as part of COPE's combined slate with the Green Party and Vision Vancouver.

Louis sought re-election as a Vancouver city councillor in the municipal election of 2011 but lost, coming in 17th, with 43,926 votes.

Personal life
Louis' long-time partner is Penny Parry, an artist and community advocate. They live in Kitsilano, a West Side neighbourhood of Vancouver.

References

External links
 Tim Louis & Company
 Tim Louis's website
 COPE website

Coalition of Progressive Electors councillors
Lawyers in British Columbia
Living people
1958 births
Langara College people

Tim Louis (British Columbia politician)


Tatenen is the god of primordial mound in the ancient Egyptian religion. His name mean risen land or exalted earth, as well as referring to the silt of the Nile. As a primeval chthonic deity, Tatenen is identified with creation. He is an androgynous protector of nature from the Memphis area the ancient capital of the Aneb-Hetch nome in Lower Egypt.

Egyptian mythology

Tatenen


Robert "Bucket" Hingley is lead singer and guitarist for the ska band the Toasters.

Early life
Robert Hingley was born in Weymouth, Dorset in the United Kingdom in 1955. His family relocated regularly due to his father's career in the British Army and as such Hingley spent much of his early life abroad living in Germany, Cyprus, Kenya, Singapore and France. His roots are largely in Devonshire, hailing from a long line of Huxtables on his mother's side. His great grandfather, Charles, was one of the last of the great Appledore shipwrights.  Charlie Huxtable's brother Richard was technical advisor to the clinker-built replicas of the Golden Hind (Sir Francis Drake) and the Mayflower. His great great uncle, Captain Oates, was a member of the ill-fated Scott 1912 expedition to the South Pole.

Education
Due to his father's military commitments Hingley attended Drake's Mead boarding school and Tavistock Comprehensive in the United Kingdom before entering the University of York in 1974. He graduated with an honours degree in Linguistics from the universities of York and Strasbourg (France) in 1978 speaking six languages

Music career
Hingley emigrated to the United States in the late 1970s to manage the Forbidden Planet comic shop in New York City before forming The Toasters in 1981. After failing to convince American labels on the viability of ska music in terms of a domestic record deal, he founded Moon Ska Records, an independent ska record label, in 1983. The label went on to become the benchmark of the genre for fifteen years before folding in 2000. The label pressed more than 1,500,000 copies of releases by many notable ska bands. In 2003 he founded Megalith Records. Hingley continues to tour and record with The Toasters, and is the only original member of the group.

Aside from being active in The Toasters and Megalith Records, he also runs Cubo Consulting, a consulting business to the entertainment industry which specializes in tour production and resourcing. The business predominantly deals with American bands in Europe but also handles clients such as the John Lennon Foundation.

Hingley lives in Valencia, Spain with his wife and daughters. Rob's son attended the University of Kent, England.

Hingley uses a Fender Telecaster, a Reverend Eastsider T, and a Reverend Club King 290. In the early days of The Toasters, Hingley also used a Fender Stratocaster. Hingley uses a Fender Twin Reverb as his primary amp.

See also
 The Toasters
 Moon Ska Records
 Megalith Records
 Moon Ska World
 Ska Satellite Records
 Ska

References

External links
 The Toasters
 [  allmusic: The Toasters]

English male singers
British ska musicians
English male guitarists
Living people
Musicians from Dorset
Musicians from Tavistock
1955 births
Alumni of the University of York

Robert "Bucket" Hingley


Robin John Maconie (born 22 October 1942) is a New Zealand composer, pianist, and writer.

Born in Auckland, New Zealand, Maconie studied with Frederick Page and Roger Savage at the Victoria University of Wellington, receiving a Master of Arts in the History and Literature of Music in 1964. He studied analysis with Olivier Messiaen in 1963–64 at the Paris Conservatoire, and in 1964–65 studied composition for film and radio under Bernd Alois Zimmermann, and electronic music under Herbert Eimert at the Cologne Conservatory. He also studied composition with Karlheinz Stockhausen, Henri Pousseur, and Luc Ferrari at the Second Cologne Courses for New Music at the , also in Cologne, as well as piano with Aloys Kontarsky, conducting with Herbert Schernus, and information science with Georg Heike.

Following a temporary lectureship at the University of Auckland, New Zealand, in 1967–69, Maconie emigrated to England to study for a Ph.D in the Psychology of Music at Southampton University. In 1974 Maconie was appointed lecturer in music and technology at the University of Surrey, where he continued until 1985. In 1997 he was appointed Professor of Performing Arts at the Savannah College of Art and Design in Georgia (U.S.). In 2002 he returned to New Zealand, where he lives in Dannevirke.

Compositions (selective list)
Epstein (film score), for flute, oboe, and bassoon (1960)
Sonata, for clarinet and piano (1961)
No Man Is an Island (film score), for speaker, solo voices, chorus, and horn (1961)
Sound of Seeing (film score, A. Williams) (1962)
Basia Memoranda (song cycle), voice and string quartet (1962)
Canzona, for chamber orchestra (1962)
Music for a Masque, for strings (1962)
Six Easy Pieces, for piano (1962)
Three Pieces, for cello (1962)
Runaway (film score, John O'Shea film), (1963)
Forbush and the Penguins (radio play) (1966)
The First Wife, radio play, (1967)
Maui (TV ballet, Maconie, after J. White: Ancient History of Maori), speaker, mime, 6 male dancers, and orchestra (1967–72, rev. 1986)
Four-Part Invention, for piano (1963)
A:B:A, for harp (1964)
Ex evangelio Sancti Marci, for chorus (1964)
A:D:C, for piano (1965)
Solo, d, vc, (1965)
Who will be the next statistic?, electronic music (1966)
Sonata in Binary Form, for string quartet (1968)
String Quartet (1970)
Limina, modified soundtrack (1975)
Prelude, for 2 amplified melody instruments (1976)
Mozart-Kugel, round in 14 parts (1977)
Pastoral, for violin (1977)
Ricercar, for cello (1977)
Commedia, for clarinet, violin, violoncello, and piano, with amplification (1979)
Raku, for ensemble (1981)
Touché, five movements for computer-generated sound (1983)
Measures, computer-generated tape (1984)
Night Porter's Carol, for SATB choir (1991)
15 Songs for The Caucasian Chalk Circle (after Brecht) (2001)
Lachrymae: Six Movements for String Orchestra (2005)
Gold Fever, 21 songs from the gold rush era, for schools and amateurs (2007)

Writings
1972. "Stockhausen's Mikrophonie I: Perception in Action." Perspectives of New Music 10, no. 2 (Spring–Summer): 92–101.
1972. "Stravinsky's Final Cadence", Tempo, New Series, no. 103:18–23.
1973. "Momente in London." Tempo, New Series, no. 104:32–33.
1974. "New Notations for the New Sounds." The Times Literary Supplement (21 June)
1974. "Stockhausen's Inori." Tempo, New Series, no. 111 (December): 32–33.
1976a. The Works of Karlheinz Stockhausen. London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press. . Second edition 1990. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1976b. "Harries' Proposed Notation for Visual Fine Art." Leonardo 9, no. 1 (Winter): 86–87.
(ed.) 1979. The Young World of Early Music. Supplement to Early Music 7 no. 3 (July 1979). Oxford: Oxford University Press; New York: New York: Cumberlege.
1980. Tuning In. Script for BBC 1 Omnibus TV documentary on Karlheinz Stockhausen, directed by Barrie Gavin.
(ed.) 1989. Stockhausen on Music: Lectures and Interviews London; New York: Marion Boyars.  . Paperbound 1991; new edition 2000. Korean edition 1995; Portuguese (Brazil) edition 2009; Chinese edition 2009.
1990. The Concept of Music. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press. . Spanish edition, as La música como concepto, translated by José Luis Gil Aristu. El Acantilado 154. Barcelona: Acantilado, 2007. .
1991. "Opera aperta." Canzona: The Official Yearbook of the Composers Association of New Zealand 14, no. 34:3–8.
1994. Hutchinson Pocket Dictionary of Classical Music. Oxford: Helicon Press. US edition 1997, Lincolnwood, Illinois: NTC Publishing Group
1997. The Science of Music. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1998a. "An Open Letter to New Zealand Composers." Canzona: The Official Yearbook of the Composers Association of New Zealand 19, no. 40:23–24.
1998b. "Stockhausen at 70: Through the Looking Glass." The Musical Times 139, no. 1863 (Summer): 4–11.
2002. The Second Sense: Language, Music, and Hearing. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press.
2004. "Message of Light: Goethe, Stockhausen and the New Enlightenment." Tempo 58, no. 230 (October): 2–8.
2005. Other Planets: The Music of Karlheinz Stockhausen. Lanham, Maryland; Toronto; Oxford: Scarecrow Press. .
2007. The Way of Music: Aural Training for the Internet Generation. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press.
2010. Musicologia: Musical Knowledge from Plato to John Cage. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. .
2012. Avant Garde: An American Odyssey from Gertrude Stein to Pierre Boulez. Lanham, Maryland; Toronto; Plymouth (UK): Scarecrow Press. .
2013. Experiencing Stravinsky: A Listener's Companion. Lanham, Maryland, Toronto, Plymouth, UK: Scarecrow Press.  (cloth);  (ebook).
2016. Other Planets: The Complete Works of Karlheinz Stockhausen 1950–2007, updated edition. Lanham, Maryland, and London: Rowman & Littlefield. .

References
 Griffiths, Paul. 2001. "Maconie, Robin (John)". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan.

External links
 Brief biography, sounz.org.nz
 Articles, publications, books, jimstonebraker.com

1942 births
Living people
Victoria University of Wellington alumni
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
Hochschule für Musik und Tanz Köln alumni
Pupils of Karlheinz Stockhausen
New Zealand classical composers
Male classical composers
Academics of the University of Surrey
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
20th-century male musicians
21st-century male musicians

Robin Maconie


"Rikki-Tikki-Tavi" is a short story in The Jungle Book (1894) by Rudyard Kipling about the adventures of a brave young mongoose.

The story is a favourite of Kipling fans and is notable for its scary and serious tone.  It has often been added to literary collections and has also been published more than once as a short book in its own right.  The story was also adapted into an animated TV special by American animator Chuck Jones in 1975.

British short stories

Rikki-Tikki-Tavi


Atheneite is a rare palladium, mercury arsenide mineral with the chemical formula  associated with palladium–gold deposits. Its composition parallels that of arsenopalladinite (), isomertieite () and meritieite-II () (Cabral, 2002).

Discovery and occurrence
It was discovered in 1974 by A.M. Clark, A.J. Criddle, and E.E. Fejer in the Minas Gerais mine in the town of Itabira, Brazil (Clark, 1974). Atheneite was also found in 1982 during a major gold rush at Serra Pelada in northern Brazil.  Since then it has been found in the northern region of Para, Brazil, the northern region of Russia, and the Limpopo province of South Africa (Cabral, 2002; Trabaev, 1995).  Its name is derived from the Greek goddess Pallas Athena for its association with palladium-gold deposits. It was first found in concentrates from gold washings in Brazil with intergrowths of arsenopalladinite (Fleischer, 1974).  Hematite was also found in intergrowths with atheneite, and is interpreted as being the product of a low temperature, hydrothermal origin.

Structure

Atheneite crystallizes in the hexagonal crystal system with space group P2m and a point grouping of m2.  It has a ditrigonal dipyramidal crystal form.  This mineral does not extinguish under crossed polars, showing bright anisotropic colors from purple-brown to dark grey (Fleischer, 1974).  These birefringence colors are of the first order.  The atomic structure of atheneite is very similar to that of the hexagonal structure carbons that make up graphite.

Physical properties

Atheneite has a metallic luster and its color ranges from white/gray to blue/gray tint.  Its Mohs hardness scale is 4.5-5.  The Vickers hardness test puts this mineral at a 48.  Atheneite also has a specific gravity of 10.2.  When placed in a reflected light, it gives off a white light with a yellowish hue and shows very weak reflectance pleochroism in oil (Fleischer, 1974).

References

 New mineral names, Fleischer, Michael In:  American Mineralogist, 1974, vol. 59, Issue 11-12, pp 1330–1332.
 Palladium and Platinum Minerals From the Serra Pelada Au-Pd-Pt Deposit, Carajas Mineral Province, Northern Brazil,  Cabral, Alexandre Raphael; Lehmann, Bernd; Dwitdo-Ribeiro, Ribeiro; Cravo Costa; Henrique, Carlos:  The Canadian Mineralogist, 2002, vol. 40, pp1451–1463.
 Palladium Gold and Palladium Arsenide-Antimonide Minerals from Congo Soco Iron Ored Mine, Quadrilatero Ferritero, Minas Gerais Brazil, Cabral, A.R.:  Kwitko, R:  Jones R.D.  Applied earth science, vol.111, num. 1, April 2002, pp. 74–80.
 Palladium arsenide-antimonides from Itabira, Minas Gerais, Brazil, Clark, A. M. In: Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 1974, Vol. 39, Issue 305, pp. 528–543
 New Gold-Palladium Type of Mineralization in the Kozhim Region of Circumpolar Ural (Russia).  Trabaev, M.B.;  Kuznetsov, S.K.;  Moralev, G.V.;  Soboleva, A.A.;  Laputina, I.P.  Geology of Ore Deposits, 1995.

Arsenide minerals
Mercury minerals
Palladium minerals
Hexagonal minerals
Minerals in space group 189

Atheneite


Muriel Hurtis-Houairi (born 25 March 1979) is a French track and field athlete. She came to prominence in 2002 when she won the 200 m gold medals at both the European Indoor Championships and the European Athletics Championships. The following year she added the World Indoor title and won a bronze medal at the 2003 World Championships in Athletics and a gold in the 4×100 metres relay with France.

Her form faltered over the next few years and she failed to get past the quarter-final stage at the 2004 Olympic Games, although she won Olympic bronze in the relay. She failed to retain her European title at the 2006 European Athletics Championships and was knocked out at the quarter-finals of the 2007 World Championships. She missed out on the 200 m final at the 2008 Summer Olympics by one place. She is the French indoor record holder over 200 m.

Career
Her first major success came at the 1998 IAAF World Junior Championships in Annecy, France, where she won the 200 m gold medal. She made her first senior global appearance at age 20 at the 1999 World Championships in Athletics and, after running a personal best of 22.31 seconds in the qualifiers, she finished fifth in the 200 m semi-finals. She ran with the women's 4×100 metres relay team and scored a silver medal alongside Sylviane Félix, Frédérique Bangué, and Odiah Sidibé. Hurtis made her Olympic debut the following year at the 2000 Summer Olympics and again she reached the semi-finals, this time finishing in seventh place. Hurtis's first global final came at the 2001 IAAF World Indoor Championships, where she finished in fifth. She also helped the French relay team to the World silver medal at the 2001 World Championships in Athletics later that year.

European and World medals
The 2002 season marked a significant career progression for Hurtis, beginning with the gold medal at the European Indoor Championships. She ran a 100 metres personal best that summer, recording a time of 10.96 seconds, making her the joint second-fastest French woman over the distance alongside Marie-José Pérec. She became the 200 m European Champion at the 2002 European Athletics Championships, winning in a season's best time of 22.43 seconds, and won a second gold with France as part of the 4×100 metres relay team. She closed the year with a fourth place in the 100 m at the 2002 IAAF Grand Prix Final and by winning the 200 m silver medal at the 2002 IAAF World Cup behind Debbie Ferguson.

She continued her strong form into 2003, recording a French indoor record of 22.49 seconds in the 200 m at the 2003 IAAF World Indoor Championships before going on to win the gold medal. At the 2003 World Championships in Athletics she finished in fourth place, but the original winner (Kelli White) was stripped of her medal for using banned substances and Hurtis was upgraded to the bronze medal. Further complicating the situation, Anastasiya Kapachinskaya, who was upgraded to the gold medal was banned six months later for steroid use. Hurtis went on to win her second medal of the competition by winning the relay with Sylviane Félix, Christine Arron and Patricia Girard. At the inaugural 2003 IAAF World Athletics Final, she won the 200 m gold and took fifth in the 100 m.

Drop in form
With the removal of the 200 m from the World Indoor programme, Hurtis took part in her first global 60 metres race at the 2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships as was fifth with a season's best of 7.17 seconds. In the 2004 Olympics she failed to qualify for the semi-finals of the 200 metres. She won the bronze medal in the 4 × 100 m relay at the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, Greece.

Hurtis-Houairi represented France at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. She competed at the 4x100 metres relay together with Myriam Soumaré, Lina Jacques-Sebastien and Carima Louami. In their first round heat they did not finish and were eliminated due to a mistake with the baton exchange.

A number of injuries to her hamstring interrupted her career in 2009 and 2010, but she returned to the track in May 2010 and ran the 400 metres in 53.65 seconds. Encouraged by her quick performance, given that she had not attempted distance competitively since 1998, she did not rule out a switch to the longer distance. However, she said her main focus remained the 200 m.

Personal bests

All information taken from IAAF profile.

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Bondy
Black French sportspeople
French people of Guadeloupean descent
French female sprinters
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for France
Olympic bronze medalists for France
World Athletics Championships medalists
European Athletics Championships medalists
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
World Athletics Indoor Championships winners
World Athletics Championships winners
Olympic female sprinters

Muriel Hurtis-Houairi


Richard Hayward (February 6, 1946 – August 12, 2010) was an American drummer best known as a founding member and drummer in the band Little Feat. He performed with several bands and worked as a session player. Hayward also joined with friends in some small acting roles on television, which included an episode of F Troop.

Career
Hayward first appeared to the public as a member of a band based in Southern California. Before he joined Little Feat he was a member of the groups The Fraternity of Man, and then The Factory, which was where he met the frontman of the band, Lowell George. The Factory portrayed an anachronistic Beatlesque band, the Bedbugs, on the February 9, 1967, episode of the sitcom F Troop.

In addition to his work with Little Feat, Hayward recorded and performed with many other artists including: Joan Armatrading, Delaney Bramlett, Kim Carnes, Eric Clapton, Ry Cooder, James Cotton, The Doobie Brothers, Bob Dylan, Peter Frampton, Buddy Guy, Arlo Guthrie, Al Kooper, Jonny Lang, Barbra Streisand, Eric Lynn, Nils Lofgren, Taj Mahal, Coco Montoya,  Robert Palmer, Van Dyke Parks, Robert Plant, Paul Rodgers, Linda Ronstadt, Bob Seger, Carly Simon, Nancy Sinatra, Stephen Stills, Tom Waits, John Cale, Warren Zevon, Warren Haynes, Jimmy Herring, and Helen Watson. Hayward's talents were also utilized when he appeared as a member of another group in the 1978 film The Buddy Holly Story.

Death
Richie Hayward died on August 12, 2010, from complications due to liver cancer. The day after his death Little Feat played a gig at Fairport's Cropredy Convention festival in Cropredy (UK), and spoke of their sadness performing without Hayward,  Paul Barrere starting the gig with the words "Let's Rock For Richie".

References

External links
Official Little Feat site (Requires Flash)

American male singers
Singers from Iowa
American rock drummers
American session musicians
Songwriters from California
Little Feat members
1946 births
2010 deaths
American funk drummers
American male drummers
American expatriates in Canada
Deaths from lung disease
Deaths from liver cancer
Deaths from cancer in British Columbia
Deaths from pneumonia in British Columbia
People from Clear Lake, Iowa
People from Topanga, California
Soul drummers
Rhythm and blues drummers
American blues drummers
20th-century American drummers
21st-century American drummers

Richie Hayward


In neuroanatomy, the precuneus is the portion of the superior parietal lobule on the medial surface of each brain hemisphere. It is located in front of the cuneus (the upper portion of the occipital lobe). The precuneus is bounded in front by the marginal branch of the cingulate sulcus, at the rear by the parieto-occipital sulcus, and underneath by the subparietal sulcus. It is involved with episodic memory, visuospatial processing, reflections upon self, and aspects of consciousness.

The location of the precuneus makes it difficult to study. Furthermore, it is rarely subject to isolated injury due to strokes, or trauma such as gunshot wounds. This has resulted in it being "one of the less accurately mapped areas of the whole cortical surface".  While originally described as homogeneous by Korbinian Brodmann, it is now appreciated to contain three subdivisions.

It is also known after Achille-Louis Foville as the quadrate lobule of Foville. The Latin form of  was first used in 1868 and the English precuneus in 1879.

Structure

The precuneus is located on the inside between the two cerebral hemispheres in the rear region between the somatosensory cortex and forward of the cuneus (which contains the visual cortex). It is above the posterior cingulate. Following Korbinian Brodmann it has traditionally been considered a homogeneous structure and with limited distinction between it and the neighboring posterior cingulate area. Brodmann mapped it as the medial continuation of lateral parietal area 7.

Axon tracing research on macaque monkeys has established that it consists of three subdivisions which now have been confirmed by fMRI upon  resting-state functional connectivity to also exist in humans (parallel fMRI research has also been done upon monkeys).

Subdivisions
Sensorimotor Anterior Region
This occurs around the margin of the cingulate sulcus  (blue in figure) and is connected with sensorimotor areas of the cerebral cortex such as the paracentral lobule, supplementary motor area, premotor cortex, somatosensory area (Brodmann area 2), parietal operculum and insula. fMRI Research upon humans finds a connection with the caudalmost part of parahippocampus and superior temporal gyrus. No connections with the inferior parietal lobule, prefrontal cortex nor primary motor cortex.

Cognitive/Associative Central Region
This occurs around the precuneal sulcus (green in figure) and is connected with the inferior parietal lobule particularly the angular gyrus and prefrontal areas 10, 46 and 8. No connections exist with premotor, motor, or somatosensory areas. The areas with which it links are involved in executive functions, working memory and motor planning.

Visual Posterior Region
This occurs along the parieto-occipital fissure (yellow in figure). This connects with visual areas in the cuneus and primary visual cortex.

Subcortical connections
Below the cerebral cortex, the precuneus is connected  with the dorsalmost nuclei of the thalamus, including the ventral lateral nucleus, the central and anterior nuclei of the intralaminar nuclear group,  and the lateral pulvinar. Other connections include the claustrum, the dorsolateral caudate nucleus, putamen, and the zona incerta. It also has links with the brainstem areas such as the pretectal area, the superior colliculus, the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis, and the basis pontis.

Function
The mental imagery concerning the self has been located in the forward part of the precuneus with posterior areas being involved with episodic memory. Another area has been linked to visuospatial imagery. (It is not though clear how these—and the functions noted below—link with the above three subdivisions.)

The precuneus plays a role in itch sensations (there are many different types of itch) and their brain processing  "'We can't [yet] pinpoint what the precuneus does in itch, but it's uniquely activated with itch and not pain.'"

Self
Functional imaging has linked the precuneus to the processes involved in self-consciousness, such as reflective self-awareness, that involve rating one's own personality traits compared to those judged of other people.

Electrical stimulation of the anterior portion can induce an out of body experience.

Memory
The precuneus is involved in memory tasks, such as when people look at images and try to respond based on what they have remembered in regard to verbal questions about their spatial details. It is involved with the left prefrontal cortex in the recall of episodic memories including past episodes related to the self. The precuneus is also involved in source memory (in which the "source" circumstances of a memory are recalled) with the left inferior prefrontal cortex: here its role is postulated to be providing rich episodic contextual associations used by the prefrontal cortex to select the correct past memory. In the recollection of memories, it has been postulated that the precuneus discerns whether  contextual information exists that can be useful for involving the aid of the hippocampus. Alternatively it has a different involvement when judging the familiarity as it decides whether the processing of perceptual features would be more useful. In this way the precuneus gets involved in diverse processes such as attention, episodic memory retrieval, working memory and conscious perception.

Visuospatial
The precuneus has been suggested to be involved in directing attention in space both when an individual makes movements and when imaging or preparing them. It is involved in motor imagery and shifting attention between motor targets. It is also involved in motor coordination that requires shifting attention to different spatial locations. It is also together with the dorsal premotor cortex involved in visuospatial mental operations (such as in a modified form of the game of Amidakuji). It is suggested that while the premotor area engages in the mental operation, the precuneus aids monitoring the success of that operation in terms of internally represented visual images.

The precuneus' role in mental imagery has been suggested to extend  to that of modeling other people's views. It is activated when a person takes a third-person versus first-person visual point of view. Together with the superior frontal gyrus and orbitofrontal cortex, the precuneus is activated when people make judgments that requires understanding whether to act out of empathy and forgiveness.

Executive functions
Precuneus is thought to be related to response inhibition.

Consciousness
It has been suggested that together with the posterior cingulate, the precuneus is "pivotal for conscious information processing". The evidence for this link with consciousness comes from the effects of its disruption in epilepsy, brain lesions and vegetative state. Also, cerebral glucose metabolism is at its highest in these two areas during wakefulness but is most reduced in them during anesthesia. In addition, it is one of the areas of the brain most deactivated during slow-wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep.

Together with the prefrontal cortex, the precuneus, is more activated upon the learning of words briefly flashed when they are supraliminal (and so enter consciousness) than subliminal (and so do not enter consciousness).

Default network
It has been suggested to be the 'core node' or 'hub' of the default mode network that is activated during "resting consciousness" in which people do not engage intentionally in sensory or motor activity. This involvement in the default network is suggested to underlie its role in self-consciousness. However its involvement in the default network has been questioned.  Though one of the authors raising these doubts noted "our findings in this regard should be treated as preliminary."  A later study in 2012 showed that only ventral precuneus is involved in the default network.

Parietal prefrontal central hub
Olaf Sporns and Ed Bullmore have proposed that its functions link to its role as a central and well connected "small-world network" hub between parietal and prefrontal regions.
These clusters or modules are interlinked by specialized hub regions, ensuring that overall path lengths across the network are short. Most studies identified [such] hubs among parietal and prefrontal regions, providing a potential explanation for their well-documented activation by many cognitive functions. Particularly notable is the prominent structural role of the precuneus, a region that is homologous to the highly connected posteromedial cortex in the macaque. The precuneus is involved in self-referential processing, imagery and memory, and its deactivation is associated with anaesthetic-induced loss of consciousness. An intriguing hypothesis suggests that these functional aspects can be explained on the basis of its high centrality in the cortical network.

Correlation of grey matter volume and subjective happiness score
A positive relationship has been found between the volume of grey matter in the right precuneus and the subject's subjective happiness score.

Impact of mindfulness
A 6-week mindfulness based intervention was found to correlate with a significant grey matter increase within the precuneus.

Other animals
The precuneus seems to be a recently expanded part of the brain, as in less developed primates such as New world monkeys "the superior parietal and precuneate regions are poorly developed". It has been noted that "the precuneus is more highly developed (i.e. comprises a larger portion of the brain volume) in human beings than in non-human primates or other animals, has the most complex columnar cortical organization and is among the last regions to myelinate".

Additional images

References

External links

  - "Cerebral Hemisphere, Medial View"

Articles containing video clips
Gyri
Medial surface of cerebral hemisphere
Parietal lobe

Precuneus


Mike Potter (July 4, 1949 – October 31, 2022) was a NASCAR driver. He was born on July 4, 1949, and lived in Johnson City, Tennessee.

Over the course of his Winston Cup Series career, Potter raced 60 races. Every season he raced was part-time. The most races he ran in a season was 11 in both 1983 and 1992. 1983 was his official year as a rookie, because he ran more than 8 races. His best career finish was a 15th at Nashville Speedway in 1981.

In the early 2000s he ran a few races in the Busch Series, primarily for Means Racing during 2003. Potter attempted five races in 2004 for Johnny Davis Motorsports but only made two of them.

Potter returned to the NASCAR Busch Series in 2007. He attempted two races in the #00 Chevrolet. The car was a third entry from DDL Motorsports, a team co-owned by Johnny Davis. Mike made the field for Milwaukee, his first race back, but missed the other race he attempted at Watkins Glen.

In 2008, Mike ran a variety of races for Johnny Davis Motorsports. His first race in 2008 was at his home track of Bristol. He ended up finishing last in the #0 Chevrolet, a Johnny Davis Motorsports secondary car. After Kertus Davis left the team, Potter took over the reins of the #01 SponsorDavis.com Chevrolet, the team's primary entry, for a couple of races. Mike ended up finishing a respectable 29th at the Camping World RV Sells 200 in June.

Besides NASCAR, Potter also had experience in many other forms of stock car racing, including Hooters Pro Cup.

Potter died on October 31, 2022, at the age of 73.

Motorsports career results

NASCAR
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)

Winston Cup Series

Daytona 500

Nationwide Series

ARCA Re/Max Series
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)

References

External links

1949 births
2022 deaths
NASCAR drivers
ARCA Menards Series drivers
CARS Tour drivers
Sportspeople from Johnson City, Tennessee
Racing drivers from Tennessee

Mike Potter (racing driver)


There were two civil wars in Liberia, which lasted from 1989 to 2003. Liberia is made of multiple ethnic groups. In the civil wars these groups fought for power and influence. On the other hand, there were warlords, who fought each other. The civil wars were also about who had control of the natural resources of the country. Child soldiers were common during these wars.

The first war lasted from 1989 to 1996. Charles Taylor started an armed uprising against president Samuel Doe. Doe was quickly captured, and one of Taylor's associates, Yormie Johnson,  tortured him to death. Johnson later split from Taylor, and founded his own movement. The supporters of Doe also founded their own movement, fighting went on between the different factions. All parties were very brutal when it came to interactions with civilians. Joshua Milton Blahyi, a young warlord, who was better known as General Butt Naked, was especially cruel. Using child soldiers, he is said to have killed 20,000 civilians. The UN enforced an embargo against Liberia.

At the same time, there was a civil war in Sierra Leone. Charles Taylor supported a rebel force in Sierra Leone. He is said to have traded with blood diamonds.

The first war lasted until 1996. In 1997, Taylor was elected president. He obtained about 75% of the votes, the elections were called free and fair.

The former enemies of Taylor didn't want to accept the election result, and they started the second war, in 1999. In 2003, the government held control over a third of the country, two thirds were controlled by rebel groups. In 2003, an international arrest warrant was issued against Taylor, for crimes he had committed when supporting the rebels in Sierra Leone. Taylor agreed to step down and leave the county, which ended the war.

Because of both wars, about 250,000 people were killed. Over a million became displaced people or refugees. Some stayed in refugee camps in Liberia, others fled to the neighboring countries.

The wars had a big impact on the economy, which can still be seen. In some regions in Liberia, up to 85% of the workforce are unemployed.

Liberia
Civil wars involving Africa
1990s in Africa
1980s conflicts
1990s conflicts
2000s conflicts

Liberia civil wars


Sex Museum is a Spanish rock band from Madrid, formed in 1985.

Band history
Originally the band began among the mod scene of Madrid playing rock music. Their first published material is highly influenced by a plethora of genres, for instance soul and R&B as well as several rock genres such as garage and psychedelic. Later on, their music increasingly adopted a more hard rock sound characteristic of the 70s. Through a number of concerts in their homeland and tours through many European countries, they gained a solid underground following not only in Spain but also Germany and Switzerland. They played at several Spanish music festivals like Esparrago Rock, Festimad and Viña Rock as well as international events such as the Beat-O-Mania in Munich, where the band co-lined with acts like Metallica, Sepultura, Backyard Babies, Sonic Youth and Extremoduro among others. 1994 they were chosen as the opening act for the Spanish tour of Deep Purple. The band has been active for 33 years,  having performed thousands of live shows, in addition to releasing 12 studio albums, and many singles. Their latest album Musseexum was released in 2018.

Discography

Albums
 Fuzz Face (Fidias, 87), LP. (Animal, Re-recording 1992)
 Sex Museum vs Los Macana, (Romilar D, 1988), Mini-LP. (Emi Odeon, Re-recording on CD 1993)
 Independence, (Romilar D, 1989), LP and CD. CD inkl. extra tracks. (Emi Odeon, Re-recording 1993)
 Nature's Way (Fábrica Magnética, 1991), LP
 Thee Fabulous & Furry Sex Museum (Animal, 1992), double-LP, CD
 Sparks (Roto Records, 1994), LP and CD. (Locomotive Music, Re-recording on CD 2000)
 Sum (Roto Records, 1995), LP and CD. CD inkl. extra tracks from "The Covers EP". (Locomotive Music, Re-recording auf CD 2000)
 The Covers EP (Roto Records, 1995). 7". together with Sum
 Sonic (Locomotive Music, 2000), CD
 SpeedKings (Locomotive Music, 2001), CD
 Fly by Night (Locomotive Music, 2004), double CD (live), recorded in "Sala Caracol" Madrid October 10, 2003
 Fly by Night (Locomotive Music, 2004), DVD (live), with uncut concert material (3 additional songs)
 United (Locomotive Music, 2006), CD
 Fifteen Hits That Never Where (Locomotive Music 2009), CD
 Again & Again (Tritone, 2011), CD/LP
 Big City Lights (Legacy 2014), CD/LP
 Musseexum (El Segell Del Primavera, 2018), CD/LP

Singles
 "Ya es tarde" / "Sexual beast" (Fidias, 1987). 7"
 "Get lost" / "Free living" (Romilar D, 1989). 7"
 "I'm moving" / "Last last" (Romilar D, 89). 7"
 "Two sisters" / "Liar" (Fábrica Magnética, 1991). 7"
 "Fabulous furry" / "I'm so glad" (Animal, 1992). 7"
 "P.V.C." / "Brave Ulyses goes funky" (Locomotive Music, 2000) single with Making-of (VHS) of the album "Sonic"
 "Whole lotta Rosie" (Locomotive Music, 2004). single with AC/DC covers
 "Two sisters (live)" / "Lets go out (live)" (Locomotive Music, 2004), single
 "United" (Locomotive Music, 2006), single
 "Circles in the salt" (Tritone, 2014), single

Compilation appearances
 "Drugged Personality" in Battle Of Garages Vol.IV (Voxx U.S.A., 1986)
 "You" in The Munster Dance Hall Favorites Vol. 1 (Munster, 1987)
 "Sweet home" in Modern Times (Unicorn Records England, 1987)
 "Where I Belong" in Kaleidoscopic Vibrations (Kaleidoscopic Direct, 1991)
 "Hey Conductor" in Hipnosis (Ansia de Color, 1991)
 "Dance" in Morir con las botas puestas. Homenaje a Motörhead (El Diablo, 2005). Spanish tribute to Motörhead
 "Don't believe a word" in Phil Lynnot Ha Vuelto a la Ciudad. El Rock Rinde Tributo a Thin Lizzy (Animal, 2005). Tribute to Thin Lizzy

External links
 Official Website: http://www.sexmuseumrock.com

Sources
This article is translated from the German Wikipedia article of November 5, 2007

Spanish rock music groups
Musical groups from Madrid
Locomotive Music artists

Sex Museum (band)


This is a list of the Japanese Auxiliary Cruiser Commerce Raiders in World War II.

The success of the German raiders in World War I was not lost on the Japanese. In 1941, Aikoku Maru and Hokoku Maru, two passenger-cargo vessels built for the Osaka Shipping Line's South America route, were requisitioned for conversion to Armed Merchant Cruisers (AMC).

Before and during the Pacific War, Japan converted 14 merchant ships to Armed Merchant Cruisers (AMCs). Although two of these ships initially enjoyed some successes by sinking the American freighters Malama and Vincent and the British Elysia, the early loss of the Hokoku Maru after a battle with the armed Dutch tanker Ondina and the pressing need for more transports to support their far-flung Pacific empire resulted in the reconversion of most of Japan's AMC fleet. By the end of 1943, five of their AMCs had been sunk and seven reconverted. The remaining two were lost in 1944.

Unlike the Kriegsmarine's raider Atlantis, that stayed at sea 622 days in World War II and sank or captured 23 ships of 145,697 tons, most Japanese AMCs had but short and undistinguished careers.

Aikoku Maru class
 Hōkoku Maru
 Aikoku Maru
 Gokoku Maru

Akagi Maru class
 Akagi Maru
 Asaka Maru
 Awata Maru

Bangkok Maru class
 Bangkok Maru
 Saigon Maru

Kinjosan Maru class
 Kinjosan Maru

Kinryu Maru class
 Kinryu Maru

Kiyosumi Maru class
 Kiyosumi Maru

Kongō Maru class
 Kongō Maru (1935)

Noshiro Maru Class
 Noshiro Maru

Ukishima Maru class
 Ukishima Maru

Notes

See also
 Japanese raiders in the Indian Ocean Aikoku Maru and Hokoku Maru

References

Imperial Japanese Navy
World War II commerce raiders

List of Japanese auxiliary cruiser commerce raiders


The Tennessee Railroad  was a short line standard gauge (4 ft 8in) common carrier railroad running from Oneida, Tennessee to Fork Mountain, Tennessee. Reorganized in 1973 by the Southern Railway as the Tennessee Railway, it remains a subsidiary of Norfolk Southern.

Sold at foreclosure on Valentine's Day in 1918, the Tennessee Railway never was a financial powerhouse. In 1957, the railroad retired its last steam locomotive. In 1959, the first petition for abandonment was filed, but the coal business picked up and it was withdrawn. In 1973, with the railroad in receivership, the line became part of the Southern Railway. In the years following, Southern upgraded the line with new ties and rail, daylighted the tunnel near Oneida, and streamlined operations to make the line an important feeder for coal traffic.

As environmental regulations became stricter, and large low-sulfur coal reserves were discovered in Wyoming's Powder River Basin, coal mining operations in the area began to play out. By 2005, it appeared the Tennessee was again doomed when Southern Railway successor Norfolk Southern filed to abandon the line, but thanks to National Coal Corporation, the line was purchased with hopes that the coal mining industry would once again use this route. National Coal originally selected Watco to manage and operate the line, but only one train ran in 2006. Since then the line has been inactive. In 2008, a company known as the New River Railway began operating passenger excursion trains over various parts of the line.

In 1991, American country music band The Desert Rose Band filmed part of their music video for the single "You Can Go Home" at the Tennessee Railroad Museum.

References

Defunct Tennessee railroads
Predecessors of the Southern Railway (U.S.)
Railway companies established in 1918
Railway companies disestablished in 1973
1918 establishments in Tennessee
1973 disestablishments in Tennessee

Tennessee Railroad


Camisards were Huguenots (French Protestants) of the rugged and isolated Cévennes region and the neighbouring Vaunage in southern France. In the early 1700s, they raised a resistance against the persecutions which followed Louis XIV's Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, making Protestantism illegal. The Camisards operated throughout the mainly Protestant Cévennes and Vaunage regions including parts of the Camargue around Aigues Mortes. The revolt broke out in 1702, with the worst of the fighting continuing until 1704, then skirmishes until 1710 and a final peace by 1715. The Edict of Tolerance was not finally signed until 1787.

Etymology
The name  in the Occitan language may derive from a type of linen smock or shirt known as a camisa (chemise) that peasants wear in lieu of any sort of uniform. Alternatively, it might come from the , meaning paths (chemins). , in the sense of "night attack", is derived from a feature of their tactics.

History

In April 1598, Henry IV had signed the Edict of Nantes and the religious wars that had ravaged France ended. Protestants had been given limited civic rights and the liberty to worship according to their convictions. This "fundamental and irrevocable law" was maintained by Henry's son, Louis XIII. In October 1685, Henry's grandson, Louis XIV (The Sun king), revoked the Edict of Nantes, issuing his own Edict of Fontainebleau. Louis was determined to impose a single religion on France: that of Rome. As early as 1681 he instituted the dragonnades which were conversions enforced by dragoons, labelled "missionaries in boots". They were billeted in the homes of Protestants to help them decide to convert back to the official church or alternatively to emigrate. The Cévennes was a centre of resistance, and the policy did not work.

The Edict of Fontainebleau removed all rights and protections from the Huguenots. There followed about twenty years of persecutions. Reformed worship and private Bible readings were outlawed. Within weeks of the new edict over 2000 Protestant churches were burned, under the direction of Nicholas Lamoignon de Basville, the royal administrator of Languedoc, and entire villages were massacred and burnt to the ground in a series of stunning atrocities. The pastors and worshippers were captured and later exiled, sent to the galleys, tortured or killed. Seventy-five missionary priests under the command of Abbot François Langlade were sent to the Cévennes. Soldiers carrying crosses on their muskets forced the peasants to sign papers to say they were converting, and forced them to attend mass. The peasants continued to attend illicit meetings. Huguenots with a trade fled to neighboring countries. The King responded by closing the borders.

The Protestant peasants of the Vaunage and the Cévennes, led by a number of teachers known as "prophets", notably François Vivent and Claude Brousson, resisted. Vivent encouraged his followers to arm themselves in case they were set upon by Royalist soldiers. Several leading prophets were tortured and executed, François Vivent in 1692 and Claude Brousson in 1698. Many more were exiled, leaving the abandoned congregations to the leadership of less educated and more mystically oriented preachers, such as the wool-comber Abraham Mazel. The Catholic church was likened to the Beast of the Apocalypse and the clandestine prophets claimed to have seen it in the prophetic dreams. Mazel, in a dream, saw black oxen in his garden and heard a voice telling him  to chase them away. From 1700 the clandestine prophets and their armed followers were hidden in houses and caves in the mountains.

Abraham Mazel
Open hostilities began on 24 July 1702, with the assassination at le Pont-de-Montvert of a local embodiment of royal oppression, François Langlade, the Abbé of Chaila. Langlade had recently arrested and tortured a group of seven Protestants accused of attempting to flee France. The band of Camisards were led by Abraham Mazel, who peacefully asked for the release of the prisoners, but when this was refused, they commenced the killing. The abbé was quickly lionized in print by the Catholic State as a martyr of his faith.

The Camisards worked independently of each other and during the day most merged back into their village communities. They were predominantly agricultural workers or artisans and had no aristocratic leaders. They knew the paths and the sheep tracks intimately. They called themselves the Children of God – they were inspired by religion, not by patronage or politics.

Jean Cavalier
Led by the young Jean Cavalier and Pierre Laporte (Rolland), the Camisards met the ravages of the royal army with irregular warfare methods and withstood superior forces in several pitched battles.

Violence increased as atrocities were committed on both sides: massacres in Catholic villages such as Fraissinet-de-Fourques, Valsauve and Potelières by camisards. Basville, a government administrator with a reputation founded on torture, deported the entire populations of Mialet and Saumane. Then in the autumn of 1703, with the king's consent, the systematic "Burning of the Cévennes" destroyed 466 hamlets and exiled their populations.

Other Protestants, like those of Fraissinet-de-Lozère, under the influence of village elites, chose a loyalist attitude and fought the Camisards. They were nevertheless equally victims, losing their homes during the "Burning of the Cévennes".

White Camisards, also known as "Cadets of the Cross" ("Cadets de la Croix", from a small white cross which they wore on their coats), were Catholics from neighboring communities such as St. Florent, Senechas and Rousson who, on seeing their old enemies on the run, organized into companies to loot and to hunt the rebels down. They committed atrocities, such as killing 52 people at the village of Brenoux, including pregnant women and children.

Other opponents of the Protestants included six hundred miquelet marksmen from Roussillon hired as mercenaries by the King.

In 1704, Claude Louis Hector de Villars, the royal commander, offered vague concessions to the Protestants and the promise to Cavalier of a command in the royal army. Cavalier's acceptance of the offer broke the revolt, although others, including Laporte, refused to submit unless the Edict of Nantes was restored. Scattered fighting went on until 1710, but the true end of the uprising was the arrival in the Cévennes of the Protestant minister Antoine Court and the reestablishment of a small Protestant community that was largely left in peace, especially after the death of Louis XIV in 1715.

The people
42% of the Camisards were Cévennes peasants, and 58% were rural craftsmen, of whom 75% worked as wool-combers, wool-carders and weavers. All spoke Occitan. There were no noblemen involved, none had been trained in the art of war. There was no concept of a single army, there was no single leader but every region had its permanent organisers and occasional soldiers.

The leaders of note were:
Gédéon Laporte
Salomon Couderc with Abraham Mazel in Le Bougès and Mont Lozère.
Henri Castanet (1674–1705) in charge of Mont Aigoual.
Pierre Laporte (Rolland) (1680–1704) in the Basses-Cévennes, Mialet and Lassalle.
Jean Cavalier (1681–1704) in the plains of Bas-Languedoc between Uzès and Sauve.

Religiously, ordained pastors were rounded up, and a series of prophets ministered secretly. Notable among them were:
Esprit Séguier
Abraham Mazel
Elie Marion
Jean Cavalier
The visions of the prophets inspired the operations of the war, and encouraged the peasants to feel invincible. The peasants marched singing Psalms — which unnerved the opposition.

1701
 June: the Vallérargues affair, when people seized back captured prophets from priests.

1702
 24 July: assassination of François Langlade, Abbé du Chayla, two priests and Catholic family at Dévèze.
 12 August: Execution of Esprit Séguier. Traditional start of the War.
 11 September: Battle at Champdomergue, a hill near (Le Collet-de-Dèze) with no clear outcome.
 22 October: Battle at Témélac. Gédéon Laporte killed and his head displayed at Barre-des-Cévennes, Anduze, Saint-Hippolyte and Montpellier.
 24 December: Jean Cavalier took the 700 strong garrison town of Alès. He led 70 Camisards.
 28 December: The Camisards took Sauve.

1703
 12 January: Jean Cavalier took Val de Barre (Nîmes) from royalist Count de Broglie.
 February: Count de Broglie relieved of his duties and replaced by Field-Marshal de Montrevel. More troops deployed.
 26 February: The Camisards under Castenet massacred the inhabitants of Fraissinet-de-Fourques.
 6 March: Battle of Pompignan – the Camisards lost.
 1 April: The royalist Moulin de l'Agau massacre.
 April: the deportation of Mialet and Saumane to Perpignan in Roussillon.
 29 April: Jean Cavalier defeated at Tour de Billot (Alès).
 18 May: Battle of Bruyès.
 12 September: massacre of Catholics at Potelières.
 20 September: massacre of Catholics at Saturargues (Lunel) and Saint-Sériès .
 Autumn: The Burning of the Cévennes policy-villagers were deported from 466 villages which were then torched.
 Autumn: emergence of the Catholic Cadets of the Cross (White Camisards) who looted and pillaged.
 20 December: Battle of the Madeleines (Tornac).

1704

15 March: the battle of Devès de Martignargues (Vézénobres). Jean Cavalier defeated a Catholic regiment
March: Field-marshal de Montrevel was relieved of his duties and replaced by Field-marshal de Villars.
16 April: de Montrevel defeated Cavalier at the Battle of Nages (while waiting for de Villars arrival)
19 April: Cavalier's stores discovered in caves at Euzet
20 April: de Villars assumes command and suggests negotiation
May: negotiations start, Cavalier accepts unconditional surrender and a command in the royal army
13 August: Pierre Laporte (Rolland) dies at Castelnau-les-Valence
October: Other leaders leave France.

Heritage
Jean Cavalier later went over to the British, who made him governor of the island of Jersey.

A millenarian group of ex-Camisards under the guidance of Elie Marion emigrated to London in 1706, and were said to have links with the Alumbrados. They were generally treated with scorn and some official repression as the "French Prophets". Their example and their writings had some influence later, both on the spiritual outlook of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and on Ann Lee, founder of the Shaker movement.

Role in the survival of Protestantism in France
After the main active Camisard groups had been subdued in various ways, the French authorities were keen not to re-ignite the revolt and took a more moderate approach to anti-Protestant repression. Many former Camisards came back to a more peaceful approach and from 1715 onwards helped re-establish a still illegal but now much better organised Protestantism. They were under the leadership of Antoine Court and of the numerous travelling pastors who were permitted to re-enter the country.

"The Camisards' legend"
In his book with the title La légende des Camisards, Philippe Joutard, a professor of history, registered the very lively oral tradition about the Camisards which has prevailed to this day in the Cévennes region. He also observed the "attractive power" of this striking period of history where many unrelated episodes have been integrated through the oral tradition. As this oral transmission is mainly done through the families, it often highlights more of their own ancestors who were faithful to their convictions than the heroic leaders of the revolt. In so doing it develops beyond the original religious question to a general attitude of resistance and non-conformity which determines a whole philosophical, political and human culture and way of life. Philippe Joutard also noted that even the minority of Catholics living in this Protestant part of the country tend to reconstruct their history in the same way as their former religious opponents. The footprint of the Camisards in Cévennes is thus particularly deep and lasting.

See also
 Marie Durand
 Pierre Durand, Huguenot
 Paul Rabaut

Further reading
Although most of the sources are in French and remain untranslated, there are a number of sources available in English:
Alexandre Dumas, Massacres of the South (1551-1815): Celebrated Crimes, Full text (ebook) 192pp, Retrieved 21 September 2016
 [reprint of article in: Papers of the American Society of Church History (1889)]
H. M. Baird (1895), Huguenots and the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
 Christian Mühling: Die europäische Debatte über den Religionskrieg (1679-1714). Konfessionelle Memoria und internationale Politik im Zeitalter Ludwigs XIV. (Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Europäische Geschichte Mainz, 250) Göttingen, Vandenhoeck&Ruprecht, , 2018.

Napoléon Peyrat (1842). History of the Desert Fathers: from the revolution of the Edict of Nantes to the French Revolution, 1685-1789.
Robert Louis Stevenson (1879), Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes. Travel literature.

Samuel Rutherford Crockett (1903), Flower-o'-the-Corn. Historical fiction.†
The revolt of the Protestants of the Cevennes, with some account of the Huguenots in the seventeenth century by Bray, Mrs. (Anna Eliza), 1790-1883
Memoirs of the wars of the Cevennes, under Col. Cavallier, : in defence of the Protestants persecuted in that country. : And of the peace concluded between him and the Mareschal D. of Villars. : Of his conference with the King of France, after the conclusion of the peace. : With letters relating thereto, from Mareschal Villars, and Chamillard secretary of state: : As also, a map describing the places mentioned in the book. by Cavalier, Jean, 1681-1740
Cavallier and the Camisards

† The story begins with the allied armies at Namur following the 1704 Battle of Blenheim, before the scene shifts to the Causse du Larzac (Chapter IV).

External links

A full history of the Camisards (in French with some sections also in English).

 Regordane Info - The independent portal for The Regordane Way or St Gilles Trail (in English and French)

Notes and references
Notes

References

1700s conflicts
1700s in France
18th-century Calvinism
Wars involving France
History of Christianity in France
Huguenots
Religion and politics
Ardèche
Gard
Haute-Loire
Lozère
Apocalyptic groups
History of Occitania (administrative region)

Louis XIV

Camisards


George Edward Thomas Jr. (born November 29, 1937) is a retired American professional baseball player. Primarily an outfielder, he played at least one game at every position except pitcher during a 13-year career in Major League Baseball for the Detroit Tigers (1957–58; 1961; 1963–65), Los Angeles Angels (1961–63), Boston Red Sox (1966–71) and Minnesota Twins (1971). He also was an assistant coach (1972–78) and head baseball coach (1979–81) at his alma mater, the University of Minnesota, after his active career ended. The native of Minneapolis threw and batted right-handed, stood  tall and weighed .

Playing career
Thomas signed a $25,000 bonus contract with the Tigers in 1957 after playing one season of varsity baseball with the University of Minnesota. Prohibited by the bonus rule of the time from being sent to the minor leagues, he appeared in only one big-league game in his first pro season, striking out as a pinch hitter against Ted Abernathy of the Washington Senators on September 11, 1957. Inserted into the game at third base, he made an error on his only fielding chance, but the miscue and the unearned run it produced were harmless, as Detroit won, 12–2. Thomas then spent most of 1958 and all of 1959–60 in the Tigers' farm system, rapidly rising from Class B to Triple-A.

Thomas made the 1961 Tigers' roster out of spring training, but he appeared in only 17 games, with only six at bats, for the contending Tigers and his contract was sold to the Angels, then a first-year expansion team, on June 26. Given the chance to play frequently (he started 38 games as an outfielder and 35 more at third base), Thomas hit 13 home runs, collected 79 hits and hit .280 in a Los Angeles uniform. During the off-season, he was called to United States Army service, and he missed spring training and the first  months of the  season. He returned to the Angel lineup on July 29, going two for four against his old Detroit teammates and hitting a home run off Frank Lary.  But Thomas slumped to .238 in 56 games for the rest of 1962, and was batting only .210 in 53 games for the Angels in  when he was sent back to the Tigers at the June 15 trading deadline for pitcher Paul Foytack and utilityman Frank Kostro. He played sparingly for Detroit, mostly spelling veteran Bill Bruton in center field for the rest of 1963.

Splitting the Tigers' center-field job with Bruton and Don Demeter in , Thomas reached a personal best in hits (88) and batted a career-high .286. But his playing time diminished in , his average sank to .213, and on October 4 he was traded to the Red Sox with second baseman George Smith and a player to be named later (catcher Jackie Moore) for pitcher Bill Monbouquette. Thomas platooned in center field with the left-handed Jim Gosger during the  season's early weeks, but his average dipped below .200 on May 17, Demeter was acquired from the Tigers to play center field in June, and Thomas reverted to a backup role. A strong September lifted his average to .237, but his MLB career as a starting player was over. He appeared in all or parts of five more MLB seasons, but never started more than 15 games.

However, Thomas was a utility man and pinch hitter on the 1967 "Impossible Dream" Red Sox, appearing in 65 games, including 43 in the outfield, three at third base and one as a catcher. He also appeared in the 1967 World Series against the St. Louis Cardinals, striking out as a pinch hitter against Nelson Briles in game 3 and grounding out in game 6 against Hal Woodeshick after entering the contest as a defensive replacement in right field. St. Louis won the series in seven games. He then spent most of  in Triple-A, but after his recall to the Red Sox in September, he got into three more full seasons in the Majors from 1969 to 1971. He was briefly listed as a coach for the Red Sox in 1969 and 1970 before returning to active status, and finished his career with his hometown Twins after Boston released him, June 28, 1971.

In his 685-game big-league career, Thomas collected 430 hits, including 71 doubles, nine triples and 46 home runs. He batted .255.

College coach
After drawing his release from the Twins on October 27, 1971, Thomas—who had also attended Wayne State University in Michigan during his tenure with the Tigers—returned to the University of Minnesota as assistant baseball coach for seven years. Then he became head baseball coach in 1979, and led the Golden Gophers to a 95–43 (.688) win–loss record over three seasons. His last team won a Big Ten Conference divisional championship and a berth in the 1981 NCAA Division I baseball tournament.

References

External links

George Thomas at SABR (Baseball Biography Project)
George Thomas at Baseball Almanac
George Thomas at George Thomas Baseball Biography - Baseballbiography.com

1937 births
Living people
Augusta Tigers players
Baseball players from Minneapolis
Birmingham Barons players
Boston Red Sox coaches
Boston Red Sox players
Denver Bears players
Detroit Tigers players
Durham Bulls players
Los Angeles Angels players
Louisville Colonels (minor league) players
Major League Baseball outfielders
Minnesota Golden Gophers baseball coaches
Minnesota Golden Gophers baseball players
Minnesota Twins players
Sports coaches from Minneapolis

George Thomas (baseball)


Seal Rock (or Seal Rocks) is a group of small rock formation islands in the Lands End area of the Outer Richmond District in western San Francisco, California. They are located just offshore in the Pacific Ocean, at the north end of the Ocean Beach, near the Cliff House and Sutro Baths ruins.

The name is derived from the population of Steller's sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) and California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), who haul out on the rock. Both species are often colloquially called "seals".  The formations and wildlife are protected within the Golden Gate National Recreation Area.

Geology
Near the end of the last ice age, this part of the coastline was thought to be between eight and twenty five miles westward of its current position - around five thousand years ago, with the melting of the ice, the sea level rose to its current level.

The coastal features found here today were formed by the actions of waves, wind, and the movement of sand. The geology of this part of the coastline of San Francisco consists of steep rocky cliffs which are punctuated by narrow sandy pocket beaches found at the north end of the city and long sandy stretches at Ocean Beach and Fort Funston to the south.
The local features, and indeed the entire San Francisco Peninsula, come from the northern aspect of the Santa Cruz Mountains. Before the urban development seen today, the area landward of Ocean Beach consisted of barren sand fields inland to Twin Peaks. The first known map of the area, dating from 1852, was made by the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey and describes the coastline here as being entirely unaltered by humans.

The geologic layers beneath Ocean Beach, starting from the top (i.e. the youngest), are:
Placed fill, from various construction activities over the last 100 years or so. The depth of this placed fill varies, but in 1985 it was then estimated to be between  deep.
Dune sands, estimated to be  deep.
Colma Formation
Merced Formation
Bedrock. The depth to bedrock is estimated to be between .

The Colma and Merced Formations consist generally of poorly-sorted sandy deposits, probably deposited during some earlier period of greater sea levels. The Colma Formation is found under the dune sands and also extends inland.

See also

49-Mile Scenic Drive
Cliff House, San Francisco
Lands End, San Francisco
List of islands of California
Sutro Heights Park
Sutro Historic District

References

External links

 NPS−Golden Gate National Recreation Area: Seal Rocks, vestiges of Lands End
 Cliffhouseproject.com:  Seal Rocks images
  NPS-GGNRA: Visiting Lands End
 NPS-GGNRA: Lands End History and Culture
 Vestiges of Lands End — digital guidebook.

Islands of San Francisco
Islands of the San Francisco Bay Area
Islands of Northern California
Geology of San Francisco
Golden Gate National Recreation Area
Landforms of San Francisco
Landmarks in San Francisco
Richmond District, San Francisco
Rock formations of California
Uninhabited islands of California
Pacific islands of California

Seal Rocks (San Francisco, California)


"Billericay Dickie" is a song by Ian Dury, from his debut album New Boots and Panties!!. It is narrated by a bragging bricklayer from Billericay, and is filled with name-checks for places in Essex. The song is based around naughty rhymes such as:

I had a love affair with Nina
  in the back of my Cortina
A seasoned up hyena
  could not have been more obscener
She took me to the cleaners
  and other misdemeanours;
 but I got right up between her
  rum and her ribena.

Each verse tells a different short story, relating one of Dickie's sexual conquests around south-eastern England, while in the choruses the character insists he is a caring, conscientious lover and 'not a thickie', even giving the names of two girls ("a pair of squeaky chickies") as references to attest this. Dickie is a character most commonly referred to in the media as an 'Essex lad'. The song, perhaps the best example of Dury's 'Englishness' and 'Essexness', was given its oompah, fairground like arrangement by an American, Steve Nugent.

Ian Dury stated on numerous occasions (as mentioned in both his biographies, Sex and Drugs and Rock and Roll: The Life of Ian Dury and Ian Dury & The Blockheads: Song By Song) that he saw Dickie as a pathetic figure. He would reflect this on-stage by breaking down, as if he were about to cry during the final part of the song, before returning to normal, to shout the final lines of the final verse. The song was rarely used as an opening track for live sets (another song from New Boots and Panties!!, "Wake Up and Make Love with Me", was used instead), but it does open the set recorded live at the Hammersmith Odeon, in 1985, that was released as the Hold Onto Your Structure VHS/DVD. Live versions can be found on both of Dury's live albums Warts 'n' Audience and Straight from the Desk.

In Australia, the song formed the basis of the jingle in ads for cleaning product Ajax Spray n' Wipe. The ad campaign ran from 1988 to 2010.

References

Sources

Reasons To Be Cheerful 2-Disc Compilation first released 1996, Repertoire Records
New Boots And Panties!! — label credit on Stiff Records SEEZ 4, released 1977

1977 songs
Songs written by Ian Dury
Billericay

Billericay Dickie


Tetraodontiformes is an order of fish, with about 100 species. They are known as the blowfish, fugu, swellfish, and globefish. They are called pufferfish because when they are threatened, they puff up to about twice their normal size by gulping water. In this enlarged state, the pufferfish can swim at only about half their normal speed.

Pufferfish are generally believed to be the second-most poisonous vertebrates in the world, after the golden poison frog. They use tetrodotoxin, a powerful neurotoxin.

Most pufferfish are found in sub-tropical and tropical marine waters (including coral reefs) in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. Some pufferfish live in brackish and fresh water.

The scientific name refers to the four large teeth, fused into an upper and lower plate, which are used for crushing the shells of crustaceans and mollusks, their natural prey. Even though pufferfish are poisonous, the meat of some species is eaten in Japan (as 河豚, pronounced 'fugu'), Korea (as 복 bok or 복어 bogeo ), and China (as 河豚 hétún). It is prepared by specially trained chefs who know which parts, and how much of them, are safe to eat.

Aside from extant pufferfish, there are also prehistoric pufferfish, like Zignoichthys. Some people also keep pufferfish as pets.

References

Tetraodontiformes

Pufferfish


The Tale of the Bunny Picnic is a 1986 Easter TV special directed by Jim Henson and David G. Hillier. In the United States it was shown annually on HBO in the spring, usually during Easter time. It was later released on VHS in 1993. The film focuses on the Muppet character Bean Bunny (Steve Whitmire), who makes his first appearance in this special, and would later appear on additional projects featuring Jim Henson's Muppets. It was screened twice in the United Kingdom, first on March 29, 1986 on BBC One, then again on December 13, 1986.

When the special originally aired on HBO, it opened with a live-action introduction that showed Jim Henson walking through a park on a spring day. In the introduction, he explains the inspiration for the story. In a park one day, he saw a large gathering of bunnies and had the thought that it looked like a bunny picnic. All of a sudden, a dog came running up and the bunnies scattered. This incident led to the creation of the television special. This introduction was not included in either of the VHS releases.

Plot
Bean Bunny wishes he could help with the preparations for the Bunny Picnic, but he is told by his older brother Lugsy that he is too small and will only get in the way. Feeling very disappointed, Bean wanders off alone into the lettuce patch, where he imagines himself as the king of the bunny picnic and community and then encounters a farmer's dog, who chases him around the patch. Bean runs away and escapes the dog and warns the village, but none of the other bunnies believe him. They conclude that there is no dog and that Bean is simply making up the story for attention.

At first, it seems that the farmer's dog is the story antagonist, but it is revealed that it is his master the farmer that wants him to get the bunnies for his stew. The dog is only trying to protect himself from the wrath of the farmer by hunting the bunnies.

The bunnies soon discover that the dog is indeed real and out to get them. After much debating and futile attempts to rid themselves of the farmer's dog, the bunnies finally listen to Bean, who seems to have a solution to their problem. Inspired by a story about a giant hedgehog, they all hide inside of a giant bunny costume to frighten the dog, except Lugsy who went out for a sleeping potion only to get captured by the dog. The dog, being threatened by the farmer to catch the rabbits or starve, sets out to pursue the bunnies. When he enters their village he is confronted by the "Giant Bunny". The dog is frightened and begs for mercy, which the Giant Bunny grants to him. However, Bean goes into convulsions upon being told of the farmer's intent to stew any captured rabbits, and his spasms cause the costume to fall apart, revealing the bunnies to the dog.

The dog is now infuriated by this deception and captures Bean, but only for a brief moment as Lugsy and their sister Twitch get him back. But just as Bean escapes and before the dog is able to attack the bunnies, the farmer appears. The dog cowers as his angry master approaches. The bunnies, feeling sympathy for the scared dog, decide to forgive the dog and help him against the vicious farmer. They run at the farmer singing an empowering song. The farmer, with his allergy to bunnies acting up, begins sneezing uncontrollably and runs off never to threaten the bunnies' village again. The bunnies then welcome the dog into their village and name him "Mr. Dee-Dop Dee-Diddly-Dog Bop."

The film then goes back to an elderly Bean (Now called "Grandpa Bean" by one of the young bunnies) who finishes telling the story. The dog, by now aged as well, is with him as he does. The film ends with the bunnies, celebrating the picnic with the dog.

Cast
 Jim Henson - Himself

Muppet performers
 Steve Whitmire - Bean Bunny
 Camille Bonora - Twitch Bunny
 Louise Gold - Mother Bunny
 Kevin Clash - Be-Bop Bunny, Father Bunny
 Richard Hunt - Lugsy Bunny
 Ron Mueck - Storyteller Bunny
 Karen Prell - Baby Bunny, Babble Bunny, Great Grandmother Bunny
 Mike Quinn - Bulbous, Mayor Bunnyparte
 Martin P. Robinson - Farmer
 David Rudman - Snort Bunny, Snail
 Jim Henson - Farmer's Dog

Home media
The Tale of the Bunny Picnic was released on VHS by Virgin Video in the United Kingdom and CEL Video in Australia in 1986. For its second VHS release, it was distributed by Buena Vista Home Video under the Jim Henson Video imprint in the United States in 1993 and in Australia as part of the Muppet Story Time series in 1994.

References

External links

1980s musical films
1986 television films
1986 films
American television films
British television films
The Muppets television specials
Films about rabbits and hares
Television shows directed by Jim Henson
Television shows shot at BBC Elstree Centre
1980s English-language films
Works about picnics

The Tale of the Bunny Picnic


Fortune Street (known as Boom Street in Europe and Oceania) is a Wii game developed by Square Enix. It is a follow-up to the 2007 Nintendo DS game Itadaki Street DS and is the first Itadaki Street title that was released outside of Japan.

This game was able to be played over Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection; however, the service was terminated on May 20, 2014, making this game no longer playable online. Also, mainly due to this game's Wi-Fi compatibilities, it is impossible to transfer the save data to an SD Card.

Gameplay
This game functions like a Monopoly style board game. It can be played with up to four players. If game data can't be saved or won't be saved, only offline multiplayer is available (though Out to Lunch can be used to mimic a single player game. Every player can be CPU players by doing this). When playing multiplayer offline, records aren't saved. Also, when playing multiplayer offline, players can decide if each player should have their own Wii Remote, or that players share one Wii Remote. When using the latter option, players will press one of the three buttons: ,  and  during an Auction to make a bid, and are ordered based on where characters appear in the Auction window.

At the start of a game, all players use number machines to determine the turn order, with the highest number going first (note that it is possible for two numbers on the number machines to be the same, if so then the tying players use the number machines again). The only exceptions are the tutorial, where the human player always goes first; and in Custom Rules, should the Order of play be set to As picked, where it makes P1 goes first, then P2, then P3, then P4.

Four players (excluding the play system in Tutorial mode, where only three characters play) take turns by rolling dice to go around the board and buy shops. Some squares involve special attributes, such as Take-a-break squares (when a character lands there, all of their shops will close until the player's next turn) and Venture squares (like a Chance space in Monopoly). Players also have the ability to invest money in their own shops when they land on them (a maximum of 999 per turn). Scattered around the board are four suits (Spade, Heart, Diamond, and Club); if the player collects all of them and returns to the Bank (also the starting square) they get a promotion. When a player gets a promotion, they get a fixed amount for their salary, plus a shop bonus which is based off 10% the sum of all the player's shop value, as well as a promotional bonus (extra money given to the player that increases as they level up). The player's level also goes up when they get a promotion.

The player wins by increasing their net worth to at least the target amount (usually determined by the game, if on Custom mode though, this can range between 6,000 and 999,000 in increments of 1,000) and returning to the bank first (in the Practice Boards, the target net worth for Easy Rules and Standard Rules are 5,000 G and 8,000 G respectively). Net worth is the total combined amount of ready cash and value in stocks and shops and can be increased by having other players land on their shops and buying multiple shops in an area or investing in stocks and owned shops to increase the stock price. If the player runs out of ready cash at any point, they must sell either stocks or a shop to try and get out of debt; any shops sold for cash are auctioned (the winning bid gets paid to the bank). Note that the bank only offers 75% of the shop price to a player if they are in debt. Also, if a player auctions a shop from "Manage Shops" or gets Venture Card #74, the highest bid is credited to the original owner. If the player's net worth goes below zero, then they go bankrupt; all their assets are sold off if any remain and they are automatically eliminated from the game. The player with the highest net worth automatically wins if the bankruptcy limit is met (although in a very rare case should two or more players have the same highest net worth, the player that goes later in the turn order wins). In Tour mode, the game ends once one player goes bankrupt, in Custom mode, this can be set to when two players go bankrupt or to have a last-man-standing rule.

Characters
Characters have expansive dialogue and interact with each other

All 22 characters from Itadaki Street DS return, with the addition of four new characters for a grand total of 26. Players can also use and customize their Miis in the game.

Miis are the only playable characters in single-player and online mode; in multiplayer offline, players can also choose between the Mario and Dragon Quest characters as well. Each computer character is ranked from S, A, B, C, D in terms of difficulty (S being the highest, and D being the lowest) which means each computer character has a predetermined difficulty. If the player beats either all the Easy Tour boards or all the Standard Tour boards, they will have the ability to switch the computers' difficulty from S rank to their normal rank.

Other

Mii

Non-Playable

Mario series

8-bit Buzzy Beetle

8-bit Goomba

8-bit Koopa

8-bit Piranha Plant

Bob-omb

Boo

Bullet Bill

Chain Chomp

Dry Bones

Lakitu

Luma

Noki

Pianta

Shy Guy

Thwomp

Toads

Yoshis

Dragon Quest series

Goodybag

Healslime

Magmalice

Malroth

Metal slime

Mottle slime

She-slime

Rockbomb

Other
Super Mario Bros.: The World 1-1 stage is based off the same level from this game. Additionally, the music of this board is an arrangement of the overworld theme of this game. Also, upon completing a Mario board, an arrangement of the Castle Clear music plays, followed by an arrangement of the ending theme.

Super Mario Bros. 3: During an auction, an arrangement of the Toad's House/P Switch music plays. An arrangement of the Pipe Land map music also plays in the stock menu. Also, an arrangement of the "3 Matching Cards" fanfare plays whenever a line is made in Round The Blocks on a Mario board or when the Super Mario Tour is completed in Tour mode, as well as an arrangement of the "World Clear" fanfare playing when a line of lucky 7's is made in Round The Blocks on a Mario board.

Super Mario World: An arrangement of the final boss theme plays when someone reaches the target amount in a Mario board. An arrangement of the bonus stage music is heard in the minigame Round the Blocks if it is played on a Mario board.

Super Mario Kart: An arrangement of Mario Circuit's music is used for the Mario Circuit board.

Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins: One of Wario's quotes on Starship Mario has him stating that the starship would be his if he turned the "M" upside down. This alludes to his taking over of Mario's castle in this game, which involved flipping the castle's "M" so that it appeared as a "W".

Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island: An arrangement of the title screen music for this game plays as the music for the Yoshi's Island board. Also, an arrangement of the athletic theme is heard in the Venture square or when Dart of Gold is being played.

Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars: An arrangement of "Hello, Happy Kingdom" plays in the board Peach's Castle.

Wario Land 3: Wario mentions Rudy when building a tent on the board.

Luigi's Mansion: One of Luigi's quotes mentions the Poltergust 3000.

Super Mario Sunshine: Delfino Plaza returns as a Mario series board. An arrangement of its original theme is the music of this board.

Wario World: Wario mentions the Black Jewel in one of his quotes, who was the main antagonist of that game.

Mario Kart: Double Dash!!: Peach's quote in the Mario Circuit map is "I'm going to double-dash my way to victory! Good luck keeping up with me! Tee hee!" This references the two driver mechanic featured in said game.

Mario Party 6: Yoshi's artwork is heavily based on his artwork from this game, featuring him in an identical pose.

Super Mario 64 DS: Bowser's artwork from this game is reused.

Dance Dance Revolution: Mario Mix: Luigi's artwork from this game is reused.

Mario Superstar Baseball: The Mario Stadium returns as one of the Mario series boards.

New Super Mario Bros.: An arrangement of the Bowser's Castle theme can be heard at certain boards. Gaining a level with a Mario series character plays an arrangement of the "Course Clear" music. Also, Bowser Jr.'s artwork from this game is reused.

Mario Party 8: Wario, Daisy, Toad, Waluigi, and Birdo's artwork from this game is reused.

DK: Jungle Climber: Diddy Kong's artwork from this game is reused.

Super Mario Galaxy: The Good Egg Galaxy returns as a Mario series board.

Mario Party DS: If a player draws venture card #88, all other players swap positions. This is a reference to the Happening Space in Kamek's Library that will occasionally cause Kamek to cast "Kamek Spell No. 88", which has the same effect.

Mario Kart Wii: The Mario Circuit board resembles the Mario Circuit from this game.

New Super Mario Bros. Wii: Memory Block takes place in a Toad House from this game and features an arrangement of the Toad House music from this game.

Super Mario Galaxy 2: Starship Mario returns as a Mario series board. An arrangement of "Starship Mario, Launch!" also plays on this board.

Mario Sports Mix: The victory animations for some of the Mario series characters resemble the animations from this game, however their animations are slightly different and are not continuous; they revert to their standing animation when they finish their victory animation.

References
 http://www.vooks.net/story-20611-Boom-Street-explodes-in-Australian-on-January-5th.html

Other websites
 http://www.square-enix.co.jp/itastwii/
 https://www.nintendo.co.jp/wii/software/st7j/index.html
 https://www.nintendo.com/games/detail/FyieiQulhl3W4HJwao5OoCyg-3SAOlD8
 https://www.nintendo.co.uk/Games/Wii/Boom-Street-280693.html
 http://microsite.nintendo-europe.com/boomstreet/en_GB/
 http://gamesites.nintendo.com.au/boom-street/

Wii games
Wii-only games
2011 video games
Nintendo
Party video games
Board games

Fortune Street (video game)


Armenakis Yekarian (; 1870–1926) was an Armenian fedayee. Yekarian was born in Van, Ottoman Empire. He joined the Armenian national liberation movement through the ranks of the Armenakans in 1888. His early education was at Varagavank monastery. In 1896, during the defense of Van, he obtaining weapons from Persia to organize self-defense in the city. He was imprisoned with 40 of his comrades and then released at the end of the conflict. Thereafter, he left the Ottoman Empire as required by the Sultan. He took refuge in Urmia in Persia. After the deposition of the Sultan by the Young Turk Revolution, he returned to Van in 1908. He joined the Van resistance in 1915. After the Armenian victory, they set up an Armenian provisional government, with Aram Manukian at its head. Armenak Yekarian became the police chief. Aram Manoukian, Armenak Yekarian and others tried to give a national-civil character to the exclusively militarized administration. In 1922, he emigrated with his family to Cairo, Egypt, where he died in 1926. His family moved to Soviet Armenia in 1947.

Further reading
 L. Adjemian: Husher Armenak Yekariani, Cairo 1947, [Memoirs of Armenak Yekarian]

Notes

External links
 Arménak Yekarian, hero of Van (French)

1870 births
1926 deaths
People from Van, Turkey
Armenian fedayi
Armenian nationalists
Armenian people of World War I
Armenian revolutionaries
Prisoners and detainees of the Ottoman Empire
Armenian genocide survivors
Armenian Democratic Liberal Party politicians
Armenians from the Ottoman Empire
Armenian expatriates in Iran

Armenak Yekarian