The July Ultimatum was a demand issued by Austria-Hungary to the Royal Serbian Government at 6 pm on 23 July 1914, after the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.

Austria-Hungary's government did not directly accuse Serbia for the assassination but for "doing nothing to suppress" the subversive anti-Austro-Hungarian movement in Serbia which grew beyond Serbia's borders and which was responsible for acts of terrorism, assassination attempts and murders.

Serbia refused to accept one of the ten items of the ultimatum, and so Austria-Hungary mobilized their army. This, along with a chain of Alliances in Europe (Triple Entente and Central Powers) helped cause World War I.

The Ultimatum Requests

The Ultimatum requested Serbia to pledge itself for the following:

 to suppress every publication which shall incite to hatred and contempt of the Monarchy, and the general tendency of which shall be directed against the territorial integrity of the latter;
 to proceed at once to the dissolution of the Narodna Odbrana to confiscate all of its means of propaganda, and in the same manner to proceed against the other unions and associations in Serbia which occupy themselves with propaganda against Austria-Hungary; the Royal Government will take such measures as are necessary to make sure that the dissolved associations may not continue their activities under other names or in other forms;
 to eliminate without delay from public instruction in Serbia, everything, whether connected with the teaching corps or with the methods of teaching, that serves or may serve to nourish the propaganda against Austria-Hungary;
 to remove from the military and administrative service in general all officers and officials who have been guilty of carrying on the propaganda against Austria-Hungary, whose names the Imperial and Royal Government reserves the right to make known to the Royal Government when communicating the material evidence now in its possession;
 to agree to the cooperation in Serbia of the organs of the Imperial and Royal Government in the suppression of the subversive movement directed against the integrity of the Monarchy;
 to institute a judicial inquiry against every participant in the conspiracy of the twenty-eighth of June who may be found in Serbian territory; the organs of the Imperial and Royal Government delegated for this purpose will take part in the proceedings held for this purpose;
 to undertake with all haste the arrest of Major Voislav Tankosic and of one Milan Ciganovitch, a Serbian official, who have been compromised by the results of the inquiry;
 by efficient measures to prevent the participation of Serbian authorities in the smuggling of weapons and explosives across the frontier; to dismiss from the service and to punish severely those members of the Frontier Service at Schabats and Losnitza who assisted the authors of the crime of Sarajevo to cross the frontier;
 to make explanations to the Imperial and Royal Government concerning the unjustifiable utterances of high Serbian functionaries in Serbia and abroad, who, without regard for their official position, have not hesitated to express themselves in a manner hostile toward Austria-Hungary since the assassination of the twenty-eighth of June;
 to inform the Imperial and Royal Government without delay of the execution of the measures comprised in the foregoing points.

The Russian Memorandum of Advice to Serbia
The Russia asked Austria-Hungaria to extend the ultimatum deadline which would allow the Governments of the Great Powers to become acquainted with and to investigate the documents on the Sarajevo crime.

The Serbian Response
The Royal Government binds itself further:

 During the next regular meeting of the Skuptschina to embody in the press laws a clause, to wit, that the incitement to hatred of, and contempt for, the Monarchy is to be most severely punished, as well as every publication whose general tendency is directed against the territorial integrity of Austria-Hungary.   It binds itself in view of the coming revision of the constitution to embody an amendment into Art. 22 of the constitutional law which permits the confiscation of such publications as is at present impossible according to the clear definition of Art. 12 of the constitution.
 The Government possesses no proofs and the note of the I. and R. Government does not submit them that the society _Narodna_ _Odbrana_ and other similar societies have committed, up to the present, any criminal actions of this manner through any one of their members. Notwithstanding this, the Royal Government will accept the demand of the I. and R. Government and dissolve the society _Narodna_ _Odbrana_, as well as every society which should set against Austria-Hungary.
 The Royal Serbian Government binds itself without delay to eliminate from the public instruction in Serbia anything which might further the propaganda directed against Austria-Hungary provided the I. and R. Government furnishes actual proofs of this propaganda.
 The Royal Government is also ready to dismiss those officers and officials from the military and civil services in regard to whom it has been proved by judicial investigation that they have been guilty of actions against the territorial integrity of the Monarchy; it expects that the I. and R. Government communicate to it for the purpose of starting the investigation the names of these officers and officials, and the facts with which they have been charged.
 The Royal Government confesses that it is not clear about the sense and the scope of that demand of the I. and R. Government which concerns the obligation on the part of the Royal Serbian Government to permit the cooperation of officials of the I. and R. Government on Serbian territory, but it declares that it is willing to accept every cooperation which does not run counter to international law and criminal law, as well as to the friendly and neighbourly relations.
 The Royal Government considers it its duty as a matter of course to begin an investigation against all those persons who have participated in the outrage of June 28th and who are in its territory. As far as the cooperation in this investigation of specially delegated officials of the I. and R. Government is concerned, this cannot be accepted, as this is a violation of the constitution and of criminal procedure. Yet in some cases the result of the investigation might be communicated to the Austro-Hungarian officials.
 The Royal Government has ordered on the evening of the day on which the note was received the arrest of Major Voislar Tankosic. However, as far as Milan Ciganovitch is concerned, who is a citizen of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and who has been employed till June 28th with the Railroad Department, it has as yet been impossible to locate him, wherefore a warrant has been issued against him.   The I. and R. Government is asked to make known, as soon as possible for the purpose of conducting the investigation, the existing grounds for suspicion and the proofs of guilt, obtained in the investigation at Sarajevo.
 The Serbian Government will amplify and render more severe the existing measures against the suppression of smuggling of arms and explosives.   It is a matter of course that it will proceed at once against, and punish severely, those officials of the frontier service on the line Shabatz-Loznica who violated their duty and who have permitted the perpetrators of the crime to cross the frontier.
 The Royal Government is ready to give explanations about the expressions which its officials in Serbia and abroad have made in interviews after the outrage and which, according to the assertion of the I. and R. Government, were hostile to the Monarchy. As soon as the I. and R. Government points out in detail where those expressions were made and succeeds in proving that those expressions have actually been made by the functionaries concerned, the Royal Government itself will take care that the necessary evidences and proofs are collected.
 The Royal Government will notify the I. and R. Government, so far as this has not been already done by the present note, of the execution of the measures in question as soon as one of those measures has been ordered and put into execution.

References

1914 in Europe
1910s in Austria
20th century in Hungary
20th century in Serbia
World War I
July events

July Ultimatum


The Berkeley IRAM project was a 1996–2004 research project in the Computer Science Division of the University of California, Berkeley which explored computer architecture enabled by the wide bandwidth between memory and processor made possible when both are designed on the same integrated circuit (chip). Since it was envisioned that such a chip would consist primarily of random-access memory (RAM), with a smaller part needed for the central processing unit (CPU), the research team used the term "Intelligent RAM" (or IRAM) to describe a chip with this architecture.  Like the J–Machine project at MIT, the primary objective of the research was to avoid the Von Neumann bottleneck which occurs when the connection between memory and CPU is a relatively narrow memory bus between separate integrated circuits.

Theory

With strong competitive pressures, the technology employed for each component of a computer system—principally CPU, memory, and offline storage—is typically selected to minimize the cost needed to attain a given level of performance. Though both microprocessor and memory are implemented as integrated circuits, the prevailing technology used for each differs; microprocessor technology optimizes speed and memory technology optimizes density. For this reason, the integration of memory and processor in the same chip has (for the most part) been limited to static random-access memory (SRAM), which may be implemented using circuit technology optimized for logic performance, rather than the denser and lower-cost dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), which is not. Microprocessor access to off-chip memory costs time and power, however, significantly limiting processor performance. For this reason computer architecture employing a hierarchy of memory systems has developed, in which static memory is integrated with the microprocessor for temporary, easily accessible storage (or cache) of data which is also retained off-chip in DRAM. Since the on-chip cache memory is redundant, its presence adds to cost and power. The purpose of the IRAM research project was to find if (in some computing applications) a better trade-off between cost and performance could be achieved with an architecture in which DRAM was integrated on-chip with the processor, thus eliminating the need for a redundant static memory cache—even though the technology used was not optimum for DRAM implementation.

Contribution
While it is fair to say that Berkeley IRAM did not achieve the recognition that Berkeley RISC received, the IRAM project was nevertheless influential.
Although initial IRAM proposals focused on trade-offs between CPU and DRAM, IRAM research came to concentrate on vector instruction sets.
Its publications were early advocates of the incorporation of vector processing and vector instruction sets into microprocessors, and several commercial microprocessors, such as the Intel Advanced Vector Extensions (AVX), subsequently adopted vector processing instruction set extensions.

Notes

References
 Bowman, N., Cardwell, N., Kozyrakis, C., Romer, C., Wang, H. (1997). "Evaluation of existing architectures in IRAM systems" First Workshop on Mixing Logic and DRAM, 24th International Symposium on Computer Architecture
 Hennessy, J. L. and Patterson, D. A. (2007) Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, Fourth Edition, Elsevier.
 Kozyrakis, C.E., Perissakis, S., Patterson, D., Anderson, T., Asanovic, K., Cardwell, N., Fromm, R., Golbus, J., Gribstad, B., Keeton, K., Thomas, R., Treuhaft, N., Yelick, K. (1997) "Scalable processors in the billion-transistor era: IRAM" Computer 30 (9) pp. 75–78.  .
 Kozyrakis, C.; Patterson, D. (1998). "A New Direction for Computer Architecture Research" Computer, 31 (11), pp. 24–32.  .
 Kozyrakis, C.E., Patterson, D.A. (2003). "Scalable, vector processors for embedded systems" IEEE Micro '23 (6) p. 36. .
 Patterson, D. (1995). "Microprocessors in 2020," The Solid-State Century: Scientific American Presents, pp. 62–67.
 Patterson, D., Anderson, T., Cardwell, N., Fromm, R., Keeton, K., Kozyrakis, C., Thomas, R., and Yelick, K. (1997). "A Case for Intelligent RAM," IEEE Micro, 17 (2), pp. 34–44.
 Patterson, D., Asanovic, K., Brown, A., Fromm, R., Golbus, J., Gribstad, B., Keeton, K., Kozyrakis, C., Martin, D., Perissakis, S., Thomas, R., Treuhaft, N., Yelick, K. (1997). "Intelligent RAM (IRAM): the industrial setting, applications, and architectures" Proceedings 1997 IEEE International Conference on Computer Design: VLSI in Computers and Processors (ICCD '97), pp 2–7.  .

External links
The Berkeley IRAM Project
Berkeley IRAM Project publication list

Computer architecture
Science and technology in the San Francisco Bay Area

Berkeley IRAM project


The Lycée Léonin () is a non-profit private school in Athens, Greece.  It was founded in 1838 and belongs to the Catholic Church. Since 1907 it has been run by the Community of the Marist Brothers (), a group of Catholic monks dedicated to education. The school has campuses in Nea Smyrni and Patissia and is directed by a community of six Marist Brothers that reside in Athens.

History
On July 25, 1838, approximately 14 months from the official opening of the Kapodistrian University of Athens, the Catholic priest Constantine Sargologos was granted, "on the order of the Ecclesiastic and Public Education of Royal Secretariat Territory", authorization for the founding of a primary school for boys. The new school was named after the patron saint of Athens, St. Dionysius the Areopagite, and functioned in Plaka.

The St. Dionysius School had been working humbly until 1889, when the Catholic Bishop of Athens managed to expand its activities into both elementary and secondary education and the school was renamed "Lycée Léonin of St. Dionysius", in honor of Pope Leo XIII, who admired Greece and funded this project.

In 1897, the school was transferred at 4 Sina Street in central Athens.  Despite its accommodation in a fully equipped building, Lycée Léonin underwent a decline from 1897 until 1907. In order to save the school, the Catholic Bishop of Athens invited monks of the Marist Brothers to take over as they had successfully ran similar schools in Istanbul. After the Marist Brothers undertook the management of the school on September 15, 1907, the number of students was tripled.

In 1916, Lycée Léonin expanded to Patras, and the "St. Andrew" School was founded, which functioned until the end of World War II in 1945. This had been the school of the President of the Hellenic Republic Costis Stephanopoulos.

In October 1924 another campus opened in Patisia. It is known as Lycée Léonin de Patisia.

When Greece joined the allied forces in World War II, the two schools stopped functioning. During the occupation and until April 1945, the Marist Brothers organized soup kitchens and prepared 3000 portions of food daily.

In the beginning of the 1960s, as Lycée Léonin at Sina Street had already 700 students in primary and high school, the building was deemed insufficient and the construction of a new campus in Nea Smyrni was decided and was completed in September 1962. The new campus was inaugurated by the President of the French Republic Charles De Gaulle.

In 1986, as all schools in Greece, Lycée Léonin became co-educational.

Noted alumni
 Costis Stephanopoulos, former President of Greece.
 Archbishop Christodoulos of Athens.
 Nikos Hadjikyriakos-Ghikas, painter.
 Alec Issigonis, engineer and designer of the Mini car.
 Thanos Kalliris, singer.
 Loukianos Kilaidonis, singer and composer.
 Anastasios Peponis, former minister.
 Mimis Plessas, Greek composer.
 Lasgush Poradeci, Albanian poet.
 Ilias Psinakis, celebrity manager.
 Vangelis, Greek composer and Academy Award winner.
 Andreas Vgenopoulos, head of Marfin Investment Group.

External links

Schools in Athens
Educational institutions established in 1838
Marist Brothers schools
1838 establishments in Greece

Lycée Léonin


Anton Gerard van Hamel (5 July 1886 – 23 November 1945) was a Dutch scholar, best known for his contributions to Celtic and Germanic studies, especially those relating to literature, linguistics, philology and mythology. He is not to be confused with his uncle, Anton Gerard van Hamel (1842 – 1907), who was a theologian, professor of French and editor of De Gids.

Early life and education

Van Hamel was born on 5 July 1886 in Hilversum. Having completed secondary education at the municipal grammar school (now Barlaeus Gymnasium) in Amsterdam, Van Hamel went on to study Dutch language and literature at the University of Amsterdam (UvA) between 1904 and 1908. In addition, he attended colleges and private schools in Ireland and Germany. An avid student, he published articles in Propria Cures on (early) Germanic and Celtic studies, subjects which would later become his special field of expertise.  In 1911, he was awarded a doctorate, cum laude, for his research on De oudste Keltische en Angelsaksische geschiedbronnen ('The oldest Celtic and Anglo-Saxon historical sources') under the supervision of R.C. Boer.

Early career (1910–1923)

Van Hamel's early career was characterised by a number of ebbs and flows, in which his ambition to obtain an academic chair of his preference was thwarted by either controversy or misfortune. In 1910, Van Hamel taught Dutch at the municipal grammar school in Middelburg, but felt unhappy about his position and low pay. In 1912, an attempt to obtain the chair of English professor at the UvA failed as he was openly accused of a poor grasp of English. The same year, he was teaching Dutch again, then at the Erasmiaansch Gymnasium in Rotterdam. New prospects emerged during the First World War, when he received the post of extraordinary professor of Dutch language and literature at the University of Bonn. However, troublesome experiences with the German government led Van Hamel to return to The Netherlands — ostensibly in order to visit his ill father, but he did not return to Germany. In 1917, he found a position as librarian at the Netherlands School of Commerce (Nederlandsche Handels-Hoogeschool) in Rotterdam. His nomination in 1918 for the chair of Dutch language and literature held by Jan te Winkel at the UvA projected him unfavourably into the spotlight, as several linguists voiced their objections, often in favour of another scholar of their choice. Van Hamel remained librarian, though he saw opportunity to combine his work with a private teaching position of Celtic at Leiden University. In 1921, he moved from Rotterdam to Den Haag, being appointed librarian of the Peace Palace.

Chair of early Germanic and Celtic studies (1923)

1923 finally saw a breakthrough in Van Hamel's career. After eleven years of fruitless endeavours and cul-de-sacs, he obtained the Chair of early Germanic studies at the State University of Utrecht. Significantly, Celtic studies were added to the chair's curriculum at his special request, as he was convinced, and convinced others, that the two disciplines were closely related. His improved situation enabled him to devote his time and energy more fully to the publication of text editions and critical studies. In 1925, Van Hamel became a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen).

Late 1930s – Second World War
A new personal crisis unfolded towards the close of the 1930s, when Van Hamel's writing output came to a standstill. The interruption was related to political developments which were spreading over Europe, but possibly also to his homosexual nature. During the Second World War and the German occupation of the Netherlands, A.G. van Hamel came to be active again, but the new situation stood in the way of communication with foreign contacts and greatly limited his prospects at publication. After the academic crisis of 1943, when the Germans had unsuccessfully attempted to impose a 'declaration of loyalty' on all students and faculty members, Van Hamel's work for the university was quickly slimmed down and he therefore focused on his publications instead.

Death
About six months after the liberation of The Netherlands, Van Hamel was suddenly hospitalised for an emergency surgery due to an intestinal disease. He died on 23 November 1945 in Utrecht, in narcosis, aged 59.

Select bibliography
1911. De oudste Keltische en Angelsaksische geschiedbronnen. Middelburg (dissertation)
1912. "On Anglo-Irish Syntax." Englische Studien 45.
1914. "On Lebor Gabála." Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie 10.
1915-16. E.M. Post en Hirschfeld (Tds. N.T.L. dl. 34)
1915-6. "The foreign notes in the three Fragments of Irish Annals." Revue Celtique 36. 1–22.
1923. Het Gotisch handboek. Haarlem.
1925-1945 Editorial work for Neophilologus
1926. "De accentuatie van het Munster-Iersch." In: Mededeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, afdeling Letterkunde, 61 A. Amsterdam. 287–324.
1927. "The battle of Leitir Ruide." Revue Celtique 44. 59–67.
1929. "Hengest and his namesake." In Studies in English philology: a miscellany in honor of Frederick Klaeber, eds. Kemp Malone and Martin B. Ruud. Minneapolis. 159–71.
1929. "On Vọlundarkviða." In: Arkiv för nordisk filologi 45: 150–67.
1930. "The Celtic Grail." Revue Celtique 47. 340–82.
1932. Ed. Lebor Bretnach: the Irish version of the Historia Britonum ascribed to Nennius. Edited from all the manuscripts. Dublin.
1932. "Ođin Hanging on the Tree." Acta philologica Scandinavica 7. 200–88.
1933. Compert con Culain and other stories. Mediaeval and Modern Irish 3. Dublin: DIAS.
1936 for 1934. Aspects of Celtic mythology. Sir John Rhys Memorial Lecture. Proceedings of the British Academy 20. 207–48.
1935-1936. "The Saga of Sorli the Strong." Acta philologica Scandinavica. Tidsskrift for nordisk sprogforskning 10. 265–95.
1936. "Gods, Skalds and Magic." Saga-book of the Viking Society 11. 129–52.
1936. "The Conception of Fate in Early Teutonic and Celtic Religion." Saga-book of the Viking Society 11. 202–14.
1936. "The Old-Norse version of the Historia Regum Britanniae and the text of Geoffrey of Monmouth." Études Celtiques 2: 197–247.
1938. "The text of Immram Curaig Maíldúin." Études Celtiques 3: 1-20.
1940. Ed. De tuin der goden. Retellings of a wide variety of myths, intended for a wide audience.
1941. Immrama. Mediaeval and Modern Irish 10. Dublin.
1943. "Arthur van Britannië en Aneirin." Neophilologus 28:3: 218–28.
1944. "Keltische letterkunde." In Algemene literatuurgeschiedenis. Part 2.
1946. Primitieve Ierse taalstudie. Mededelingen van de Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen.

Stichting A.G. van Hamel voor Keltische studies
A Dutch organisation founded in 1991 for the promotion of Celtic studies, particularly in The Netherlands, has named itself after and in honour of the Dutch scholar: Stichting A.G. van Hamel voor Keltische studies ('A.G. van Hamel Foundation for Celtic studies'). Its regular activities include the organisation of lectures, notably the 'Van Hamel Lecture' and an annual colloquium, and the publication of a Dutch quarterly called Kelten.

Notes

References
Marc Schneiders, biography at Inghist, Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis. From Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland 5 (Den Haag 2002)
In Memoriam by Maartje Draak (in Dutch)

Further external links
Stichting A.G. van Hamel voor Keltische studies (A.G. van Hamel Foundation for Celtic studies)]

1886 births
1945 deaths
Celtic studies scholars
University of Amsterdam alumni
Linguists from the Netherlands
Dutch philologists
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Mythographers
Academic staff of Utrecht University
People from Hilversum
20th-century linguists
20th-century philologists

A. G. van Hamel


Charles Hedding Rowland (December 20, 1860 – November 24, 1921) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.

Biography
Rowland was born in Hancock, Maryland. He moved to Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania, in 1866 and to Houtzdale, Pennsylvania, in 1874.  He was president of the Moshannon Coal Mining Company and of the Pittsburgh & Susquehanna Railroad Company.

He was elected as a Republican to the Sixty-fourth and Sixty-fifth Congresses from Pennsylvania's twenty-first district. He declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1918.

Rowland died in Philipsburg, Pennsylvania, aged 60, and was interred in the Philipsburg Cemetery.

The Rowland Theater

In 1910, fire destroyed the Pierce Opera House, as well as a number of other Front Street buildings, in Philipsburg. Five years later, on December 31, 1915, Rowland's family purchased the site and began plans to construct a new building suitable to the needs of the local community.

Upon its completion in June 1917, Rowland released the following statement, printed on the brochure distributed to the public on opening night:

The people of Philipsburg have long indulged the hope of a comfortable and commodious place of amusement and entertainment. For years we have had no suitable place for public meetings, entertaining conventions, or any auditorium large enough for the varied necessities of a community as large as ours. Such a building is a public necessity. The town needs it in order to keep pace with  sister communities. Community growth would be retarded without such a public convenience.

I have felt that we should have a theatre building in Philipsburg of size, safety and perfection of appointment that would anticipate the future, maintain our best past traditions, reflect a progressive spirit, while affording us a place to spend a delightful evening at home. It is proposed to stage only plays and moving pictures of class and quality. I trust the people of Philipsburg, together with those who come from surrounding towns, may enjoy the playhouse now dedicated to their use and pleasure. I wish to take this occasion to say to the theatre going public that it has been a source of some gratification to have been the one permitted to open to the general public a place for its comfort and entertainment.

Today, the Rowland Theater remains open to the public for motion pictures, stage plays, orchestras, and more. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

References

External links

 The Political Graveyard

1860 births
1921 deaths
20th-century American railroad executives
Businesspeople from Pennsylvania
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
People from Hancock, Maryland
People from Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania

Charles Hedding Rowland


Tin Hinan is the name gien bi the Tuareg tae a 4t-century wumman o prestige whose monumental tomb is locatit in the Sahara at Abalessa in the Ahaggar or Hoggar region o Algerie. The name means literally "she o the tents", but mey be metaphorically translatit as "mither o the tribe" (or "o us aw") or even "queen o the camp" (the "camp" meybe referrin tae the group o tombs which surroond hers). She is whiles referred tae as "Queen o the Hoggar", an bi the Tuareg as tamenoukalt which an aa means queen.

The tomb wis opened bi a French airmy team in 1925, an airchaeologists made a mair thorough investigation in 1933. It wis foond tae contain the skelet o a wumman on a widden litter, lyin on her back wi her heid facin east. She wis accompanied bi hivy gowd an siller jewellery, some o it adorned wi pearls. On her richt foreairm she wore 7 siller bracelets, an on her left, 7 gowd bracelets. Anither siller bracelet an a gowd ring wur placed wi the body. Remains o a complex piecewirk necklace o gowd an pearls (real an airtificial) wur an aa present.

A nummer o funerary objects wur an aa foond. Thir includit a "Venus" statue in Aurignacian style (seemilar tae the Venus o Hohle Fels), a gless goblet (lost durin Warld War II), an gowd foil which bore the imprint o a Roman coin o Constantine I issued atween 308 an 324 CE. A 4t tae 5t century date is consistent wi carbon datin o the widden bed an an aa wi the style o pottery an ither tomb furniture. The tomb itsel is constructit in a style that is widespread in the Sahara.

An anthropological study o the remains published in 1968 concluded the skelet wis that o a woman 1.72 tae 1.76 metres taw, belonging tae a Mediterranean race, who haed probably never haed childer an who wis probably lame acause o deformation o the lumbar an sacral auries. The body is nou in the Bardo Museum in Algiers.

The Tuareg wur well aware that the tomb contained a wumman o prestige an a nummer o legends aboot her haed lang been in circulation afore the tomb wis opened. Accordin tae ane legend, Tin Hinan wis believed tae hae been a Muslim o the Braber tribe o Berbers who came frae Tafilalt oasis in the Atlas Muntains in the aurie o the modren Morocco accompanied bi a maidservant named Takamat. In this legend, Tin Hinan haed a dochter (or grand-dochter), whose name is Kella, while Takamat haed twa dochters. Thir childer are said tae be the ancestors o the Tuareg o the Ahaggar. Anither version is that Tin Hinan haed three dochters (who haed totemic names referrin tae desert ainimals) who wur the tribal ancestors. Her Muslim releegion is anachronistic, as is the statement that Kella wis her dochter or grand-dochter, acause the historical figure an real tribal matriarch Kella lived during the 17t century.

The 14t century historian Ibn Khaldun recorded a legend aboot a lame queen named Tiski who wis ancestral mither o the Ahaggar tribes, which is somewha closer tae the airchaeological record.

Notes

References
Gabriel Camps, "L'âge du tombeau de Tin Hinan, ancêtre des Touareg du Hoggar". Zephyrus, vol. 25 (1974) 497-516.
See an aa Brett, Michael; Elizabeth Fentress The Berbers WileyBlackwell 1997 ISBN 978-0631207672 p. 208 "tin+hinan"#PPA208,M1

References

History o Algerie
4t-century female rulers
5t-century female rulers
Berber
History o North Africae
History o the Sahara
Tuareg

Tin Hinan


TISH was a Canadian poetry newsletter founded by student-poets at the University of British Columbia in 1961. The publication was edited by a number of Vancouver poets until 1969. The newsletter's poetics were built on those of writers associated with North Carolina's Black Mountain College experiment.

Contributing writers included George Bowering, Fred Wah, Frank Davey, Daphne Marlatt, David Cull, Carol Bolt, Dan McLeod, Robert Hogg, Jamie Reid, and Lionel Kearns. Influenced by the poetry theorist Warren Tallman, the Tish Group also drew inspiration from the Seed Catalogue and Robert Creeley, Jason Lee Wiens
(Professor), Robert Duncan, Charles Olson and Jack Spicer.

TISH launched a number of other publications including the alternative newspaper The Georgia Straight, edited by McLeod; the poetry newsletter SUM (1963–65), edited by Wah; the magazine of the long poem Imago (1964–74), edited by Bowering; the journal of writing and theory Open Letter (1965–2013), edited by Davey; the prose journal Periodics (1977–81), edited by Marlatt and Paul de Barros; Motion: A Prose Newsletter, edited by David Cull and Robert Hogg (1962), the TISHBooks imprint, and the online journal Swift Current (1984–1990), edited by Davey and Wah, who described it as the world's first e-magazine.

In 2001, George Fetherling wrote in The Georgia Straight that "the journal [TISH] started by George Bowering, Frank Davey, David Dawson, Jamie Reid and Fred Wah is probably the most influential literary magazine ever produced in Canada, of greater significance than even Preview or First Statement, the two that brought poetic modernism to the country in the 1940s."

References

Further reading
 A Digital History of Canadian Poetry
 Virtual Library of Canadian Small Press
 Author Bank: Warren Tallman at BC Bookworld
 Author Bank: Frank Davey at BC Bookworld
 Author Bank: Fred Wah at BC Bookworld
 Author Bank: George Bowering at BC Bookworld
 Author Bank: Daphne Marlatt at BC Bookworld

1961 establishments in British Columbia
1969 disestablishments in British Columbia
Defunct literary magazines published in Canada
Magazines established in 1961
Magazines disestablished in 1969
Poetry magazines published in Canada
Magazines published in Vancouver
Student magazines published in Canada

TISH


Bikol languages are a group of language spoken by people in the Bicol region on southeastern Luzon in the Philippines. They was highly affected by the Spanish language. They are spoken mostly on the Bicol Peninsula of the island of Luzon,  parts of Catanduanes and Burias Islands and Masbate province. There are similar to the Visayan languages. The two together are called the Bisacol languages. Central Bicol or Bicol-Naga is the most spoken language in the Bicol region. It is spoken in the northern and western part of Camarines Sur, second congressional district of Camarines Norte, eastern part of Albay, northeastern part of Sorsogon, San Pascual town of Masbate and southwestern part of Catanduanes. Central Bicol speakers can be found in all the provinces in Bicol, It is a majority language in Camarines Sur.

Other websites
wikt:en:Category:Bikol Central language

Languages of Asia
Austronesian languages

Bikol languages


Lucas Hartong (born 24 May 1963) is a Dutch politician. He served as a member of the European Parliament for the Party for Freedom between 22 June 2010 and 1 July 2014. He was leader of the PVV delegation from 24 March to 1 July 2014.

Early life
Hartong was born on 24 May 1963 in Dordrecht. He went to the gymnasium in Breda and he later studied theology at Christelijke Hogeschool Ede and Tilburg University.

Political career
Hartong unsuccessfully tried to win a seat in the municipal council with his own Democratisch Platform Nederland party. He later became a member of the board of the Pim Fortuyn List in South Holland.

He went on to serve as a parliamentary assistant to the Party for Freedom group in the European Parliament. On 22 June 2010 he replaced Louis Bontes, who was chosen as a Member of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands in the 2010 general election. Hartong was supposed to have joined the European Parliament earlier, as the Netherlands, and with it the Party for Freedom, received an extra seat when the European Parliament increased the number of seats. The judicial procedures were however not finished before Hartong was installed to replace Bontes. At the start of his term Hartong said he wished to represent the Christian voters in the European Parliament. He claimed that another concern of him would be fishery, he found it surprising that the Dutch had no seat in the Committee on Fisheries. In 2013 Hartong was critical of the European Parliament paid trips of journalist to the Parliament, with costs of around 700,000 euro in 2011. He saw a relation between pro-EU stories in the media and the paid trips.

His term ended on 1 July 2014. He served amongst others as member of the Committee on Budgets and the Delegation for relations with the United States.

He declined to be on the Party for Freedom candidate list for the European Parliament elections of 2014, citing he did not want to cooperate with "wrong figures" from parties such as the Freedom Party of Austria and the French National Front.

References

External links
Page at European Parliament website
Biography at parlement.com

1963 births
Living people
People from Dordrecht
Pim Fortuyn List politicians
MEPs for the Netherlands 2009–2014
Party for Freedom MEPs

Lucas Hartong


The Æcerbot (; Old English for "Field-Remedy") is an Anglo-Saxon metrical charm recorded in the 11th century, intended to remedy fields that yielded poorly.

Overview
The charm consists of a partially Christianized prayer and a day-long ritual that began at night with four sods taken from the field, to the root-mats of which a poultice was applied in the form of yeast, honey, oil and milk mixed with parts of all the good herbs that grew, save buckwheat and woody plants. In Christian times the sods were taken to mass and returned to the field before nightfall, each with a small cross planted in it. This was the extent to which the ritual was Christianized. Once more in the field, the healer faced the east, where the sun would rise, turning three times clockwise and calling upon the "holy guardian of the heavenly kingdom" to "fill the earth", that the crops would grow. A plough was then anointed with a "hallowed" mix of oil, paste, frankincense, salt and fennel, of which the imported frankincense lent a Christian element; a chant was then sung, beginning , erce, erce eorþan modor (earth's mother)". The field was then ploughed with a chant hailing "Erce, eorthan modor."

The significance of erce has been the subject of scholarly commentary and speculation. Grimm connected Old High German erchan "genuine, true".

Kathleen Herbert observes that in the first mention of the Angli, Tacitus in his Germania, remarks that "the noteworthy characteristic of the English, to foreign eyes, was that they were goddess-worshippers; they looked on the earth as their mother." Herbert links Tacitus' mention of the Angli to the later English "Æcerbot". Herbert comments that while "Æcerbot" is referred to as a charm, it is in fact a "full-scale ritual" that would take an entire day to perform, plus additional time for collecting and preparing the materials necessary.

See also
"Nine Herbs Charm"
"Wið færstice"

External links

 Text

 This charm is edited, annotated and linked to digital images of its manuscript pages, with translation, in the Old English Poetry in Facsimile Project: https://oepoetryfacsimile.org/

Notes

References

Grigsby, John (2005). Beowulf & Grendel: The Truth Behind England's Oldest Legend. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.
Gordon, R. K. (1962). Anglo-Saxon Poetry. Everyman's Library #794. M. Dent & Sons, LTD.
Herbert, Kathleen (2007). Looking for the Lost Gods of England. Anglo-Saxon Books.
Hill, Thomas D., "The Æcerbot Charm and its Christian User," Anglo-Saxon England 6 (1977), 213-21
Jolly, Karen, Popular Religion in Late Saxon England: Elf Charms in Context. University of North Carolina Press, 1996
Niles, John D., "The Æcerbot Ritual in Context," in Old English Literature in Context: Ten Essays, ed. John D. Niles (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1980), pp. 44-56
Rosenberg, Bruce A., "The Meaning of Æcerbot," Journal of American Folklore 79 (1966), 428-436

Further reading
 Duckert, Audrey R. (1972). "Erce and Other Possibly Keltic Elements In the Old English Charm for Unfruitful Land". In: Names (A Journal of Onomastics), 20:2, pp. 83-90. DOI: 10.1179/nam.1922.214.171.124

Anglo-Saxon metrical charms

Æcerbot


Demolierer-Polka  (Demolition Men's Polka) op. 269 is a polka written by Johann Strauss II in 1862. The title chronicled a significant milestone in the history of Vienna, where earlier on 20 December 1857, Austrian emperor Franz Josef decreed that the city limits of the capital be expanded to cater to the further needs of a blooming and prosperous city. This would include the demolition of the ancient bastions surrounding the old inner city by scores of demolition men recruited from the Habsburg crownlands of Bohemia, Moravia and Croatia. This project would incorporate many of Vienna's suburbs and the removal of the medieval fortifications were replaced by the magnificent Vienna Ring Road with parks, gardens and many other structures of architectural grandeur.

Strauss' famous polka was first performed at a soirée in the 'Sperl' ballroom alongside his waltz Karnevalsbotschafter op. 270 on 22 November 1862. The polka does not, however, suggest anything from its unconventional title although it never runs out of typical Strauss good-humor and gaiety.

References

Compositions by Johann Strauss II
Polkas
Compositions set in Vienna
19th century in Vienna

Demolirer-Polka


A gyroscope is a device used to measure or maintain an angular position. It works using the principles of angular momentum. The gyroscope is made up of a spinning wheel or disc, as well as (in some cases) many other moving parts. It helps with navigation, and plays a part in such things as a gyrocompass and artificial horizon.

Machines
Measuring tools

Gyroscope


Route 2, also known as Veterans Memorial Highway and the All Weather Highway, is a  two-lane uncontrolled access highway traversing Prince Edward Island, Canada from Tignish to Souris. Route 2 was recognized as the first numbered highway in the province in 1890, when it opened between Charlottetown and Summerside.

It passes through the cities of Summerside and Charlottetown and roughly parallels the former primary railway line through the province, which was abandoned in 1989.

The highway was first paved in the 1950s with many upgrades in recent decades. A perimeter arterial highway (ring road) across the northern and eastern part of Charlottetown was constructed as part of Route 2 in the 1990s with funding from a $200 million federal adjustment fund for road construction after the railway was abandoned. This section of road was extended to Upton Road and is now signed for Route 1 (the Trans-Canada Highway), although Route 2 uses a small portion of the arterial highway between the Malpeque Road and St. Peter's Highway.

Names
Route 2 is commonly called the "All Weather Highway," as it was one of the first roads in Prince Edward Island to be open for traffic in all seasons. In June 2002, premier Pat Binns designated the highway the "Veterans Memorial Highway". Transportation minister Don MacKinnon said that the designation honoured the highway's vital role in the Second World War, when it provided "a transportation link to the military facilities of CFB Summerside and the air training facility in Mount Pleasant".

Route 2 has several local names:
 Souris Road (Souris to Route 4 at Dingwells Mills)
 St. Peter's Highway (Dingwells Mills to Charlottetown)
 Malpeque Road (Charlottetown to Hunter River); the Malpeque Road alignment continuing thereafter on the Old Princetown Road
 New Annan Road (Kensington to Summerside)
 Western Road (Summerside to Tignish)

Mount Pleasant diversion
The portion of the highway running through the farming hamlet of Mount Pleasant west of Summerside was diverted for several years during the 1940s with the establishment of an air force base named RCAF Station Mount Pleasant. The base was closed following World War II and the "Western Road" was returned to its original alignment which currently runs along the former flight line and tarmac of the air force base. The diversion road constructed around the base is still in use as a local public road.

Major intersections

References

002
002
002
002
002
Summerside, Prince Edward Island
Transport in Charlottetown

Prince Edward Island Route 2


Kyoto-Kawaramachi Station (河原町駅, Kawaramachi eki?) is the terminal station of the Hankyu Kyoto Line of Hankyu Railway in Kyoto, Japan. The Kawaramachi and Shijo streets cross over the underground station.  Keihan Shijo Station is beyond the Kamo River.

The area around the station is one of the commercial centers of Kyoto. The real estate around the station is the most valuable in Kyoto.

The station is attached underground to department stores such as Takashimaya, which has a food market on its basement floor.  The station also connects underground to Karasuma Station.

The station opened on June 17, 1963. Before the opening of Kawaramachi Station and Karasuma Station, the Hankyu Kyoto Line ended at Ōmiya Station.

Stations of the Hankyu Kyoto Line
Umeda –
Jūsō –
Minamikata –
Sōzenji –
Awaji –
Kami-Shinjō –
Aikawa –
Shōjaku –
Minami-Ibaraki –
Ibaraki-shi –
Sōjiji –
Tonda –
Takatsuki-shi –
Kammaki –
Minase –
Ōyamazaki –
Nagaoka-Tenjin –
Nishi-Mukō –
Higashi-Mukō –
Rakusaiguchi –
Katsura –
Nishi-Kyōgoku –
Saiin –
Ōmiya -
Karasuma -
Kawaramachi Station

Railway stations in Kyoto Prefecture

Kawaramachi Station


Tic-tac-toe, also called noughts and crosses or Xs and Os is a game for two people that only requires pencil and paper, although you can also use a board with tokens.

The board (which can be a drawing on a paper or other place) consists of a square that is crossed by two vertical and two horizontal lines, so in total there are three small squares left in the top line, another 3 in the center line and 3 more in the bottom line.

Each player takes turns drawing a cross or a circle in a square (or placing tokens of different shapes or colors) The winner is the one who manages to place three equal pieces in a row, either vertically, horizontally or diagonally.
Games

Tic-tac-toe


Vestigial organs are organs of the body which are smaller and simpler than those in related species. They have lost, or almost lost, their original feature.

Vestigiality is evidence for evolution, since they only make sense if evolution has occurred. They were one of the puzzles of pre-Darwinian natural history. The puzzle vanished once biologists realised they once were working adaptations, in the ancestors of present-day animals.

They occur in animals (and plants) which have changed their style of life from their ancestors. Thus snakes lost their legs as their system of movement changed. But one type of snake – the boas – have vestigial rear legs and pelvis. The human vermiform appendix is another example. That was much larger, and stored microbes which produced cellulase to break down plant cell walls. Leaves are the main diet of apes, but they are not a main part of man's diet. Cellulose cannot be digested by our species.

An unused organ usually degenerates, and becomes smaller or vanishes altogether. Thus amphibia living in dark caves lose their sight and their body colour. Mutations pile up. All structures need energy for their development, maintenance, and weight. This, and the risk of disease in the part (e.g., infection, cancer), provide some selection for the removal of parts which no longer help an organism's fitness.

The human appendix had selection against it because of deaths from appendicitis. Appendicitis was untreatable until modern times. The selection pressure was probably weak, because most cases occur after the age of peak fertility.

Observations on the cave-dwelling amphipod Gammarus minus showed active selection against their vestigial eyes. When mating, the males remain on their females for a week or so after fertilisation, guarding them against other males. The eye sizes of paired males were compared with those of unpaired males. The eye sizes of paired males were smaller than the unpaired ones. Obviously, on average, the paired males would have higher fertility than the unpaired males. The selection gradient was estimated as –0.30, which means the selection for small eyes was quite strong. The researchers supposed that the loss of sight freed more of the nervous system to process other sensory inputs.p310

Occasionally, selection turns vestigial organs to a new function. Thus the mammalian ear ossicles were once bones in the jaw of early proto-mammals, the Therapsida. The halteres of flies is a perfect example. The word exaptation was coined for this phenomenon.

Fitness
All functions and structures develop and change because they affect the biological fitness of the organism. They make it more or less likely that individuals reproduce and contribute genes to the next generation. So, for example, an ability of a frog to survive the bite of its local venomous snake increases its fitness. But if it lives in an area where the snake does not, then it reduces its fitness. This is because it bears the "cost" of a complicated mechanism without getting any advantage in survival and reproduction. It works the other way round, too. Snakes which eat toxic prey have to use ways to survive the prey's toxins. The snake's digestion and metabolism is slower, and they move around more slowly. See rough-skinned newt and garter snake.

Everything has a cost: either it uses up energy or its structure occupies space that might be used differently.

References

Evolutionary biology

Vestigial organ


The Austin 7 wis a caur produced frae 1922 throu tae 1939 in the Unitit Kinrick bi the Austin Motor Company. Nicknamed the "Baby Austin", it wis ane o the maist popular caurs ever produced for the Breetish mercat, an sauld well abroad. It wiped oot maist ither Breetish smaw caurs an cyclecars o the early 1920s; its effect on the Breetish mercat wis seemilar tae that o the Model T Ford in the USA. It wis an aa licensed an copied bi companies aw ower the warld. The very first BMW caur, the BMW Dixi, wis a licensed Austin 7, as wur the oreeginal American Austins. In Fraunce thay wur made an sauld as Rosengarts. In Japan Nissan an aa uised the 7 design as the basis for thair oreeginal caurs, tho nae unner licence.

Efter Warld War II, mony Austin 7s wur rebuilt as "specials", includin the first Lotus, the Lotus Mk1, which wis based on an Austin 7.

Sic wis the pouer o the Austin 7 name that the company re-uised it for early versions o baith the A30 in 1951  an Mini in 1959.

7

Austin 7


Colombian cuisine is a compound of the culinary traditions of the six main regions within Colombia (Pacific, Amazonian, Andean, Orinoco, Caribbean, and Insular). Colombian cuisine varies regionally and is particularly influenced by Indigenous Colombian, Spanish, and African cuisines, with slight Arab influence in some regions. As one of the most biodiverse countries in the world, Colombia has one of the widest variety of available ingredients depending on the region.

History of Colombian food
Colombian food is a unique blend of indigenous and European traditions with a strong Afro-Caribbean influence. The two largest indigenous groups prior to European conquest were the Tairona, who lived along the Caribbean coast, and the Muisca, who lived in the highlands to the South. Arepas, made from ground corn, are one of the oldest cooked dishes in Colombian cuisine. It is believed that the name derives from the word for corn in the Chibcha languages. Arepas are a popular modern Colombian dish.

Regional cuisines

Colombian dishes and ingredients vary widely by region. Some of the most common ingredients are cereals such as rice and maize; tubers such as potato and cassava; assorted legumes; meats, including beef, chicken, pork and goat; and fish and other seafood. Colombian cuisine also features a wide variety of tropical fruits such as uchuva, feijoa, arazá, nispero, pitaya, cherimoya, mamoncillo, guanabana, pineapple, mangostino, maracuya, zapote, granadilla, papaya, guava, mora (blackberry), and lulo, among many more.

Among the most representative appetizers and soups are patacones (fried green plantains), sancocho de gallina (chicken soup with root vegetables), ajiaco (potato and corn soup), and buñuelos (Christmas season deep fried dough balls).

Representative snacks and breads are pandebono, arepas (corn cakes), aborrajados (fried sweet plantains with cheese), torta de choclo, empanadas, almojábanas and mogollas.

Representative main courses are bandeja paisa, lechona tolimense, tamales, and fish dishes such as arroz de lisa, especially in coastal regions where suero, costeño cheese, kibbeh and carimañolas are also eaten.

Representative side dishes are papas criollas al horno (roasted Andean potatoes), papas chorreadas (potatoes with messy cheese), and arroz con coco (coconut rice). Organic food is a current trend in big cities, although in general the country's fruits and vegetables are very natural and fresh.

Representative desserts are  natillas, torta Maria Luisa, bocadillo made of guayaba (guava jelly), cocadas (coconut balls), casquitos de guayaba (candied guava peels), torta de natas, obleas, flan de arequipe, roscón, milhoja, brevas(preserved in syrup) con arequipe, and tres leches cake (sponge cake soaked in 3 types of milk).

Typical sauces are hogao, a tomato onion sauce, and ají, a spicy raw cilantro-based sauce used as a condiment for many dishes and sides.

Some representative beverages are coffee (Tinto), champús, aromáticas, cholado, lulada, avena colombiana, sugarcane juice, aguapanela, chocolate caliente, and fresh fruit juices (often made with sugar and water or milk as batidos).

There are a large variety of dishes that take into account the differences in regional climates. For example:
 In the city of Medellín, the typical dish is the bandeja paisa. It includes beans, rice, ground meat or carne asada, chorizo, fried egg, arepa, and chicharrón. It is usually accompanied by avocado, tomato, and special sauces.
 In the city of Cali, the most traditional dish is "sancocho de gallina", a soup composed mostly of chicken, plantain, corn, coriander, yuca root, and other seasonings. Sancocho is usually served with a portion of rice, tostadas (fried plantains), a chicken leg covered in hogao (a tomato and onion sauce), and a slice of avocado. The city is also known for its empanadas (a fried corn dough filled with potatoes and meat),  /  (a fried ball of plantain filled with chicharron, also known as pork rinds), pandebono (a delicious cheese bread made with yucca dough), and aborrajados (sweet ripe fried plantains filled with cheese and served with guava paste).
 In Bogotá and the Andean region, ajiaco is the traditional dish. It is also a type of soup made with chicken and potatoes, and flavoured with a locally grown subtle herb called "guasca". Caldo de costilla or caldo de res is a beef broth soup made with beef ribs, corn, and potatoes, and is often consumed for breakfast on cold mornings.
 On the Caribbean coast, spicy dishes including fish and lobster can be found. Coconut rice is a common dish in coastal cities. The cuisine of the Caribbean is also influenced by Arab traditions, with dishes such as Kibbeh.
 In the Llanos, barbecued meats, such as the "ternera llanera", and river fishes like the "amarillo", are commonly eaten.
 In the Amazonas, the cuisine is influenced by Brazilian and Peruvian traditions.
 Inland, the dishes reflect the mix of Amerindian and European cuisine, and use the products of local agriculture, cattle farming, and river fishing. Such is the case with the sancocho soup in Valledupar, and arepas, a corn-based bread-like patty. Local species of animals like the guaratinaja are part of the Wayuu culture.
 In the Andean region of Nariño, a traditional dish is broiled guinea pig (cuy asado), due to influence of Inca cuisine.
 In the Tolima region, the Tamales Tolimenses are a delicacy. These tamales are made of corn dough and feature peas, carrots, potatoes, rice, chicken, pork, and various spices. They are wrapped in plantain leaves and boiled for three to four hours. Pandebono is eaten for breakfast with hot chocolate.
 On the Islands of San Andres, Providencia, and Santa Catalina, the main dish is rondon, a seafood dish made of coconut milk, fish, conch, cassava root (yuca), sweet potato, white yams, and pumpkin, seasoned with chili peppers and herbs. They also have crab soup which is considered a delicacy. It is made with the same ingredients as rondon, without the fish.

Piqueteaderos are rustic eateries that serve a variety of fried foods and specialties in platters to share. Offerings can even include huesos cerdos (pig bones) and tarta de seso (brain pie), as well as fried dishes, morcilla, corn on the cob, and other foods common to Colombia.

Dishes and foods

Appetizers and side dishes

Arepas ground maize dough divided into balls and pan-fried or grilled corn cakes
Aborrajado deep-fried plantains stuffed with cheese
 Arroz con coco, rice with coconut and raisins
 Hormigas culonas,  large roasted ants, a santandereanas food from Colombia's Santander Department
 Butifarras soledeñas, sausage from Soledad, Atlántico
 Carimañola, yuca fritter stuffed with ground meat, onion and seasonings
 Chunchullo, pig, lamb, cow small intestine
 Hogao Criollo sauce
 Queso blanco white cheese also referred to as queso fresco
 Suero, a topping similar to sour cream
 Patacones Green plantain fried or deep fried squished and fried
Empanadas, small fritters, made with a mixture of shredded meat, pork, beef, or chicken'.
Chicharron deep fried pork rind.
Lentejas (lentil soup) is a standard meal in many Colombian kitchens . The basic method is to soak the lentils for a few hours before adding chopped onion, garlic, and sometimes diced or grated carrots. It is then served with avocado, rice, tomato, and sweet plantain.

Pastries and baked goods

 Almojábana, small cheese buns made with corn flour and cuajada
 Bollos (tubes of ground maize -similar to Italian polenta- or from scratched mandioc/cassava, served with coastal cheese and sometimes whey or butter)
 Buñuelos deep-fried dough balls made on Christmas season
 Achira biscuits
 Carimañolas (like empanadas but made up of manioc)
 Garullas (corn bread roll)
 Pan de sagú (sago bread)
 Pandebono made with cheese made with cassava flour and Costeño cheese
 Pan de Maíz similar to cornbread
 Pan de yuca (baked cheese bread made with cassava flour)
 Roscón (a soft and sweet bagel filled with either Arequipe or guava jam)

Varieties of arepa

 Arepa Boyacense
 Arepa de arroz
 Arepa de huevo
 Arepa de maiz
 Arepa de queso
 Arepa de yuca
 Arepa ocañera
 Arepa Paisa/Antioqueña
 Arepa Santandereana
 Arepa Valluna
 Arepas de choclo (sweet corn)
 Brown rice and sesame seed arepa
 'Oreja de perro', rice arepas

Fruit

Fruit and juice stands are found across Colombia, particularly on the Caribbean coast. Being a tropical country, Colombia produces a large variety of fruits, such as:

 Aiphanes horrida (corozo)
 Bactris gasipaes, peach-palm (chontaduro)
 Banana passionfruit (curuba)
 Banana (banano)
 Borojoa patinoi (borojó)
 Carambola, starfruit (carambolo)
 Cherimoya (chirimoya)
 Feijoa, Pineapple guava
 Guayabamanzana, Guava-apple hybrid
 Inga edulis, ice-cream-bean (guama)
 Manilkara huberi (níspero)
 Lulo (Naranjilla)
 Mamey sapote (mamey)
 Mamoncillo, Spanish lime
 Mandarin orange (mandarina)
 Mango
 Murrapos, mini-bananas
 Orange (naranja)
 Passiflora edulis, passion fruit (maracuyá)
 Physalis peruviana, Cape gooseberry (uchuva)
 Piñuela
 Pitaya, Dragon fruit (pitahaya)
 Quararibea cordata (zapote)
 Rubus glaucus, similar to blackberry (mora)
 Soursop (guanábana)
 Strawberry guava (arazá)
 Strawberry (fresa)
 Sugar-apple (anón)
 Sweet granadilla (granadilla)
 Syzygium jambos, Malabar plum (pomarrosa)
 Tree tomato,  tamarillo (tomate de árbol)

Native fruit

Colombia is home to numerous tropical fruits that are rarely found elsewhere. Several varieties of banana include a very small, sweet version. Other Colombian fruits include zapote (Quararibea cordata), nispero (Manilkara zapota) lulo (Solanum quitoense), uchuva (Physalis peruviana), papayuela (Vasconcellea pubescens), passion fruit, borojó (Borojoa patinoi), curuba (Passiflora tarminiana), mamoncillo (Melicoccus bijugatus), guanábana (Annona muricata), guava (Psidium guajava), tomate de arbol (tamarillo), noni (Morinda citrifolia). More widespread fruit varieties grown in Colombia include mango, apple, pear, blackberry, and strawberry.

Main courses

 Arroz con Pollo, consists of seasoned rice, chicken, and a variety of vegetables.
Bandeja Paisa, a traditional dish from Antioquia and the "Eje Cafetero" which consists of white rice, red beans, ground beef, plantain, chorizo, morcilla, chicharron, arepa, avocado and a fried egg. Along with Ajiaco, the bandeja paisa is considered to be one of the national dishes.
 Cuchuco, a thick soup made of wheat, fava beans, potatoes, ribs, peas, from Boyacá.
 Cuy asado, broiled guinea pig accompanied by potatoes and popcorn. It is the traditional dish in Nariño.
 Lechona, traditional dish from the Tolima department, a mixture of yellow pea purée and pork meat, with a side of rice  and corn .
 Picada Colombiana, chopped specialties served as a combo platter.
 Tamales are corn or corn/rice "cakes" wrapped in plantain tree leaves and steamed. They can be filled with everything from chicken, potatoes, peas, carrots, to rice. The tamales vary in shape and fillings in each region, and almost every region has its own variation. Some well known variations are from Tolima, Santander, Cúcuta, Bogotá and Valle del Cauca; just to name a few.
Fritanga is another popular Colombian dish made of meats, fried plantains, chicharrones, and yellow potatoes with aji sauce eaten throughout Colombia. Milanesa is another common meat dish throughout the country.
Frijolada is a robust dish made with a base of pinto or red beans. Frijoles are normally cooked with diced pork or pork hocks, carrots, corn, platano, and sometimes bacon as well. Generally, this dish is also served with rice and avocado. It's often used as a side dish, and always included within the Bandeja Paisa meal.

Soups
Changua (milk soup with eggs) is a typical breakfast soup of the central Andes region of Colombia, in particular in the Boyacá and Cundinamarca area, including the capital, Bogotá. The dish has Chibcha origins.
Caldo de costilla (Spanish for rib broth) is a dish typical of Colombian cuisine, from the Andean region. It is made mainly from beef ribs boiled in water with slices of potato, some garlic, onion and cilantro leaves.
Locro is a typical dish in Nariño region. It is a corn, beans, zapallo and potato stew.
Mondongo is a very filling traditional Colombian soup containing a bit of almost everything. The base is made of diced tripe, to which is added several vegetables such as peas, carrots, onions, potatoes, tomatoes, along with garlic, cilantro, and chicken, beef, and/or pork.
Sancocho is a popular soup originating from the Valle del Cauca region. It combines vegetables and poultry or fish with recipes differing from one region to the other, but usually contains yuca, maize, and is frequently eaten with banana slices.
Ajiaco is a traditional Andean soup that originated from Bogotá. It is a chicken, corn, and potato stew with a hint of guasca (Gallant Soldiers), a local herb.

Desserts and sweets

 Arequipe, Colombia's version of the Dulce de Leche, a milk caramel.
 Arroz con leche, sweetened rice with milk.
 Brevas en dulce, candied figs in syrup or arequipe.
 Cocadas, baked coconut confection, similar to macaroons.
 Enyucado, cake that has grounded cassava.
Flan, type of custard dessert.
 Bocadillo, guava paste.
 Leche asada, similar to flan but less sweet, made with condensed milk.
 Manjar blanco, a boiled, creamy, milk-based spread, thicker than arequipe and sometimes used as a pastry filling.
 Mazamorra, white maize drink.
 Melado, a thick syrup derived from panela.
 Merenguitos, little hardened meringue "cookies".
 Milhoja, similar to Mille-feuille or Napoleon (literally means thousand layers).
 Natilla, a Colombian derivation of the Spanish custard natillas, made with milk and cornstarch and spices but without eggs.
 Pastel de Gloria is a puff pastry containing guava jelly or guava paste and sometimes cheese inside, sprinkled with granulated sugar.
Postre De Natas, milk based Colombian pudding literary means milk skin dessertm.
 Torta Maria Luisa, orange cake and between layers any berries jam, decorated with icing sugar
 Tres leches cake, "three-milk" cake

Beverages

On a per capita basis, Colombia is one of the world's largest consumers of fruit juices, consuming on average more than three quarters of a serving each day.

 Aguapanela is made by dissolving panela (a kind of sugarloaf) in water. Lime juice may be added for flavor. It can be served cold or hot. When served hot it is common for Colombians to put fresh farmer's cheese in their aguapanela for it to melt.
 Aromáticas are hot herbal teas, often served to guests with a little cracker or cookie on the side during social visits.
 Batidos are creamy fruit drinks served cool and made with fruit and milk, occasionally sweetened with sugar. Popular flavors include papaya and blackberry.
 Champús is a thick drink made from corn, pineapple, lulo, and other ingredients.
 Chocolate caliente, Colombian hot chocolate, is a common breakfast meal, made with milk, water, and bars of semi-sweet chocolate. A special metal pitcher (called a chocolatera) is used for heating and pouring, and a utensil called a molinillo – essentially a stick with paddles at the end – is used for stirring and frothing. Colombian hot chocolate often includes cinnamon, cloves and vanilla, and is frequently consumed with sweet bread dipped in it. Fresh cheese is often dropped in to melt it and spread on the bread.
 Coca tea, an herbal tea made from an infusion of the leaves of the coca plant, considered a mild stimulant and remedy for altitude sickness.
 Colombian coffee is known for its quality and distinct flavor. Though much of the world's quality coffee beans come from Colombia, many Colombians commonly drink instant coffee rather than brewed.  It is popularly consumed as a "tinto", meaning black with sugar or panela on the side, or as café con leche, which is à preparation of half coffee and half heated milk. In 2011 UNESCO declared the Coffee Cultural Landscape of Colombia a World Heritage site.
 Colombiana, a kola champagne soda with particular and different taste (genericized trademark).
 Guandiolo is an Afrocolombian drink made with Borojo fruit that has alleged aphrodisiac properties.
 Lulada is a drink originating from Cali. It is prepared from lulo and has the texture and consistency of a smoothie.
 Malta: carbonated malt non-alcoholic beverage (genericized trademark).
 Postobón, a variety of soda flavors from the maker of Colombiana, the most popular flavor being apple ("Manzana") (genericized trademark).
 Salpicón (which literally means large splash), made from diced fruit and soda, usually Colombiana or any Kola flavored soda. It can also be a fruit cocktail beverage (often made with watermelon or mandarin juice).

Alcoholic beverages
 Aguardiente is an alcoholic drink derived from sugarcane and flavored with anise. It is widely consumed at Colombian parties, and ranges in potency from 20% to 40%. It is a variation of the Spanish alcoholic drink.
 Canelazo is an alcoholic version of aguapanela mixed with cinnamon and aguardiente. Sugar is rubbed on the edges of the glass when served.
 Hervido is a local variety of canelazo, traditional in Nariño.
 Chapil is a traditional beverage in Nariño.
 Chicha is a formerly forbidden strong alcoholic beverage originally made by the indigenous peoples of the Andes. It can be prepared from virtually everything, but is typically made from corn. The corn is cooked and grounded with panela which is later wrapped in green plantain leaves and left alone for three days until fermented. It is later mixed with water and any chosen flavors such as orange leaves or spearmint.
 Guarapo is made from various fruits kept in a large ceramic jar and left to ferment for about 2 months. Within that time, panela is added into the liquid to make the alcohol stronger. Grapes and pineapple are typically used. Guarapo is very similar to Chicha.
 Chirrinche, distillated guarapo.
 Masato is prepared with rice, sugar, water, cinnamon and whole clove (spice); it is strained and the water is preserved and let aside to have a smooth fermentation.
 Refajo is a type of shandy beverage made by mixing Kola Hipinto (in santanderian region), Colombiana (in cities like Bogota) or Kola Roman (in the Caribbean region), with beer or rum. This mixture of soda and beer is very popular and seen a lot when it comes to accompany foods that are higher in animal fat, generally at barbecues. The combination of the sweetness of the kola and the sourness of the beer and the additional effect of the carbonated soda helps tolerate the fat of some of the typical dishes without hiding their original flavor.
 Sabajón, a sweet and creamy alcoholic drink from the Cordillera Oriental. It is made from eggs and milk with added flavors and juice of fruits and liqueur on half or less concentration.
Viche (or biche) is a traditional home-brewed Afro-Caribbean alcoholic drink made from sugar cane popular on Colombia's Pacific Coast.

See also

 Muisca cuisine
 Caribbean cuisine
 Native American cuisine
 South American cuisine

References

Colombian cuisine


Sci-Mate was a proposal for an open collaboration of scientists using Web 2.0 software to address well known challenges in academic publishing and technology transfer. The site provided free access to a collection of Web 2.0 software applications intended to make it easier for researchers and developers to bring together the necessary knowledge, tools and people for productive research and/or development.

A demo version of the site was launched in April 2009, which included software supporting Articles, Discussion, Embedding and Item Exchange. Prior to launch the site was reviewed by The Australian and on ABC's Future Tense program. More recently the site was described in the December 2009 issue of the European Journal of Immunology in the lead up to the 1st Virtual Immunology Conference (VIC 2010).

The site's terms and conditions state that it is research, not profit, oriented, and is intended to be owned, controlled and run by its community of research scientist members.

Articles
Articles on sci-mate used Web 2.0 solutions for scientists to put their knowledge initially into open access articles, which can be ultimately published in 'traditional' formats. Sci-Mate articles recorded authorship and an automatic claim of copyright on behalf of contributors instantly protects the rights of original content. Owners of IP could define their own licenses, but grant permission for editors to manage content within articles to simplify publication issues. When content was of sufficient standard, an interactive review process allowed other scientists to provide quality control prior to submission.

Discussion
A Simple Machines Forum was integrated into the site to allow researchers to quickly clarify issues or disseminate information that is not intended for publication.

Item Exchange
The Material Transfer Environment (MaTE) is intended to allow researchers to clearly describe any item that might be of interest to other researchers and developers and the conditions of supply. The sort of items described that could be listed on the site include: research tools, such as antibodies, plasmids, software, equipment, cell lines, animal models, etc.; services, such as assays, consultancies, analysis, customized products, etc.; technology transfer; items wanted; project proposals; grants and funding opportunities; jobs; training opportunities; conferences; and seminars. As well as allowing suppliers to define conditions up-front through a material transfer agreement, suppliers can also issue restricted users licenses to avoid unhealthy competition.

Once an item is listed, the software should help researchers manage interactions, answer questions, evaluate requests and distribute material. The software provides tools for IP management in the form of records, reports and data-flows to researchers, administrative staff and other controlling interests. This makes it possible for researchers to initiate the commercial distribution of items, although employers can appoint administrators to monitor and take over distribution at any time to ensure the best return for the researcher and other controlling interests.

Embedded
The site allowed for embedded web content, such as software applications or informative video or text content, along with descriptive text. Ratings and reviews help sort content by relevance to researchers.

References

External links
Official homepage -- explanation

Academic publishing
Open content projects
Defunct websites
Science websites

Sci-Mate


Dubnium is a chemical element. It has the symbol Db and it has the atomic number 105. It is a very radioactive element that does not exist in nature. It has to be made in a lab. It is a transuranium element created by bombarding californium-249 with nitrogen-15 nuclei. The isotope that has the longest half-life only has a half life of 32 hours. Dubnium is a transactinide element.

History
The Soviet Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) had said they first discovered the element in 1968, followed by the American Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in 1970. Both teams shared their names for the new element and used them without formal approval. The long-standing argument was settled in 1993 by an official investigation of the discovery claims by the Transfermium Working Group, formed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, resulting in credit for the discovery being officially shared between both teams. The element was then named dubnium in 1997 after the town of Dubna, the site of the JINR.

Uses
There are no current uses for Dubnium seeing as its too radioactive and ts short half life makes it almost impossible to work with.

Chemistry
Hypothesized research says that dubnium is a member of group 5 in the 6d series of transition metals, placing it under vanadium, niobium, and tantalum. Dubnium should share most properties, such as its valence electron configuration and having a mainly +5 oxidation state, with the other group 5 elements, with a few exceptions due to relativistic effects. Limited research of dubnium chemistry has confirmed this. Solution chemistry experiments have shown that dubnium often behaves more like niobium rather than tantalum, breaking periodic trends.

References

Transition metals
Synthetic elements

Dubnium


Frank C. Ringo (October 12, 1860 – April 12, 1889) was a professional baseball player from 1880 to 1888.  He played four seasons of Major League Baseball as a catcher for the Philadelphia Quakers (1883–84), Philadelphia Athletics (1884), Detroit Wolverines (1885), Pittsburgh Alleghenys (1885–86), and Kansas City Cowboys (1886).  He committed suicide by morphine overdose in April 1889 at age 28. His suicide is the earliest by a major league baseball player to be recorded in the Baseball Almanac.

Early life
Ringo was born in Parkville, Missouri, in 1860.  Ringo began his professional baseball career in 1880 playing for Kansas City.  He also played minor league baseball in Peoria, Illinois.

Major League Baseball

Philadelphia
When the Peoria baseball club closed, Ringo signed with the Philadelphia Quakers.  He made his major league debut on May 1, 1883, at age 22.  During the 1883 season, he appeared in 60 games for the Quakers, 39 as a catcher, 11 as an outfielder, six as a shortstop, five as a third baseman and two as a second baseman. He compiled a .190 batting average with 10 doubles, a triple and 12 RBIs in 221 at bats.  Despite his poor offensive showing, Ringo displayed impressive defensive capabilities behind the plate. In only 39 games as a catcher, Ringo managed to rank fourth among the National League's catchers with six double plays turned and fifth among the league's catchers with a 6.10 range factor.

Ringo began the 1884 season with the Quakers and compiled a .132 batting average with two doubles and six RBIs in 91 at bats.  He appeared in 26 games with the 1884 Quakers, all as a catcher. In August 1884, Ringo was released by the Quakers and signed as a free agent by the Philadelphia Athletics  of the American Association.  He appeared in only two games for the Quakers and had no hits in six at bats.

Detroit
In 1885, Ringo signed with the Detroit Wolverines as a backup to catcher Charlie Bennett. Ringo appeared in 17 games for the Wolverines, including eight games each at catcher and third base.  He compiled a career high .246 batting average in 65 at bats for Detroit. However, he was released by the Wolverines and fined $100 for what the Sporting News described as "lushing."

Pittsburgh
After his release from Detroit, Ringo reportedly "dropped out of public notice altogether." In early September 1885, the Sporting Life reported that he had "finally pulled himself together" and had recently been catching and playing creditable first and second base for Augusta.  He next played with the Pittsburgh Alleghenys of the American Association at the end of the 1885 season.   He appeared in a total of 18 games, nine each at catcher and first base, for Pittsburgh during the 1885 and 1886 seasons.  He compiled a .182 batting average for Pittsburgh in 1885 and increased his average to .214 in 1886.

Kansas City
Ringo concluded his major league career appearing in 16 games, 13 at catcher, for the Kansas City Cowboys in 1886.  He compiled a .232 batting average with seven doubles and seven RBIs in 56 at bats for the Cowboys.

Later years
During the 1887 season, Ringo remained with the Kansas City baseball club, though it had joined the Western League and was no longer a major league club.  Ringo compiled a career high .382 batting average in 1887. He appeared 67 games, showing versatility with appearances at catcher (35 games), outfield (12 games), second base (11 games), shortstop (nine games), first base (three games) and third base (two games).

Ringo played his last professional baseball games in 1888 as a member of the St. Paul Apostles of the Western Association.  He appeared in 32 games and compiled a .262 batting average.  According to a report in a St. Paul newspaper, Ringo was perceived there as "an excellent catcher and hard hitter, and on and off the ball field was a bright and companionable gentleman."  During his off-seasons, Ringo worked as a traveling salesman for a firm in Kansas City.

Final weeks
On January 1, 1889, Ringo was married to Emma Williams of Fort Scott, Kansas.   After a lengthy period of battling problems with alcohol, Ringo had reportedly stopped drinking in the late summer or fall of 1888.  In late January, the Sporting Life reported that Ringo was in Kansas City "without an engagement for next season." The newspaper further noted that Ringo had played well in 1888 and opined: "He is a good man when he keeps straight, and he has kept straight for a long time now. Here's a chance for some team to secure a good, hard-working catcher."  He signed to catch for the Kansas City baseball club and reported to training camp in the middle of March.  For several months prior to reporting to training camp, it was reported that Ringo "had not touched whisky, of which he is inordinately fond."

Shortly after training camp began in March 1889, Ringo resumed drinking and had been on a "terrible spree" for two weeks before his death.  On the afternoon of April 11, 1889, Ringo ingested 40 grains of morphine at his mother's residence at 1214 Virginia Avenue in Kansas City.  It was reported that the morphine was his second attempt at suicide, and his actions were motivated by feelings of mortification and shame at being unable to free himself from alcohol.  According to one newspaper account, the suicide was "deliberately planned and carefully executed", and the drug had hours to take its effect before Ringo's condition was discovered.  A doctor was called and at 10:30 p.m., Ringo was declared to be in dangerous condition.  He died at 9 a.m. the next day in the presence of his family.

Ringo's suicide is the earliest by a major league baseball player to be recorded in the Baseball Almanac.  He was buried at Elmwood Cemetery in Kansas City.

References

Major League Baseball catchers
Philadelphia Quakers players
Philadelphia Athletics (AA) players
Detroit Wolverines players
Pittsburgh Alleghenys players
Kansas City Cowboys (NL) players
Augusta Browns players
Kansas City Cowboys (minor league) players
St. Paul Apostles players
Baseball players from Missouri
1860 births
1889 deaths
Drug-related suicides in Missouri
19th-century baseball players
People from Parkville, Missouri
1880s suicides

Frank Ringo


Juan Alonso de Guzmán y Suárez de Figueroa Orozco, 1st Duke of Medina Sidonia and 3rd Count de Niebla (in full, ) (c. 1405 – December 1468) was a Spanish nobleman and military figure of the Reconquista.

Juan Alonso de Guzmán was the son of Enrique de Guzmán, 2nd Count of Niebla and of Teresa Suárez de Figueroa y Orozco, Lady of Escamilla and Santa Olalla. He was awarded the title of Duke of Medina Sidonia by King John II of Castile on February 1445. He married Doña Maria de la Cerda y de Sarmiento, daughter of Luis de la Cerda y Mendoza, 3rd Count de Medinaceli. It seems there was no legal male issue. He had however more than one illegitimate child  with an Isabel de Menezes y Fonseca, apparently also marrying Doña Elvira de Guzmán, daughter of Don Alvaro de Guzmán, 6th Señor de Orgáz, who is reported as marrying his son, Martin to Violante Martinez de Aragón.

This was apparently not the first time however that the title of Duke of Medina Sidonia was awarded. King Henry II of Castile (c.1334-1379), had an illegitimate son named Enrique de Castilla y de Sousa with Juana de Sousa, but after being made a duke by his father, he died in 1404, without a successor. The title then returned to the Crown under King Henry III of Castile, until it was awarded again in 1445 by Henry III's son, King John II, to the Guzmán family. The addition of "El Bueno" to the family name of Guzmán was used much later than the ends of the 13th century by several members of the house, proud of their Nordic background by then, which included many statesmen, generals and colonial viceroys.

Sources

1405 births
1468 deaths
101
Juan Alonso
15th-century Castilians
Grandees of Spain

Juan Alonso de Guzmán, 1st Duke of Medina Sidonia


Benjamin Augustus Vail (August 15, 1844 – August 15, 1924) was an American jurist and Republican Party politician who served as President of the New Jersey Senate.

Life and career

Vail was born in 1844 in Woodbridge Township, New Jersey to Benjamin Franklin and Martha C. (Parker) Vail. He was descended from early Quaker colonists in New Jersey, and his grandfather Benjamin Vail was an early settler of the region between Rahway and Plainfield.

He was educated at Westtown School, a Quaker boarding school in Chester County, Pennsylvania, and then attended Haverford College, graduating in 1865. He studied law at the firm of Parker & Keasbey in Newark, New Jersey and was licensed to practice as an attorney in 1868. He established a law practice in Rahway and was elected to the Common Council there.

From 1876 to 1877 he represented Union County in the New Jersey General Assembly, and he served in the New Jersey Senate from 1879 to 1885. In 1884 he was selected as Senate President.

In 1898 Governor John W. Griggs appointed Vail to the Court of Common Pleas of Union County. He was reappointed to this position in 1903 by Governor Franklin Murphy. In 1906  Governor Edward C. Stokes appointed him as a Circuit Court Judge, his circuit consisting of Hudson, Union, and Somerset counties. He served in this position until 1914.

In 1924 Vail died on his eightieth birthday at Saint Barnabas Hospital in Newark after an operation.  He is buried at Hazelwood Cemetery in Rahway, New Jersey.

References

External links
 Benjamin A. Vail at The Political Graveyard
 Benjamin A. Vail at Find A Grave

1844 births
1924 deaths
People from Union County, New Jersey
People from Woodbridge Township, New Jersey
Haverford College alumni
American Quakers
New Jersey lawyers
Republican Party members of the New Jersey General Assembly
Republican Party New Jersey state senators
Presidents of the New Jersey Senate
New Jersey state court judges
19th-century American lawyers

Benjamin A. Vail


Zeeburg () is a former borough of Amsterdam. It had 52,701 residents (January 2009) and an area of 19.31 km². The construction of new islands to the east called IJburg made it the most rapidly growing borough of Amsterdam. On 1 May 2010 Zeeburg merged with the borough of Amsterdam-Oost.

History
The borough, which was created in 1990, got its name from the Zeeburgerdijk (Zeeburg dike) and the Zeeburgereiland (Zeeburg island) which lie in the centre of the borough. The Zeeburgerdijk is named after the fort 'Seeburg' which in the 17th century was part of the dike that protected land from the Zuiderzee. This dike connected Amsterdam and Muiden and was the only land route to Naarden before the Watergraafsmeer was drained. From the end of the 19th century, with the construction of the Oostelijk Havengebied (Eastern Harbour) and the residential Indische Buurt, the area has slowly become part of the city. For the 1928 Summer Olympics, its shooting range was used for the shooting part of the modern pentathlon events.

Character

These three areas (IJburg, Oostelijk Havengebied and the Indische Buurt) have different characters. IJburg is still under construction and generally contains middle-class housing. IJburg is also far from the city center. The Oostelijk Havengebied is an upper class area and has an urban character with some of the highest densities in the country. The Indische Buurt, on the other hand, is more working-class and has a large immigrant population. Attempts are currently being made to upgrade the housing in this neighbourhood.

References

Sports-reference.com 1928 Summer Olympic modern pentathlon results.

Venues of the 1928 Summer Olympics
Olympic modern pentathlon venues
Former boroughs of Amsterdam
Amsterdam-Oost

Zeeburg


Akun Tehdas (English: Aku's Factory) is the third album by Eppu Normaali. It was released on 19 February 1980. On the album, the band lastly switched their style from punk rock to new wave. Mikko Saarela wasn't Eppu Normaali's bassist on the album, but he still wrote lyrics to it. Akun Tehdas was the first album to include Mikko "Vaari" Nevalainen on bass.

Track listing
Vanha kellarissa valittaa (Old person complains in the cellar)
Minun aurinkolasit (My sunglasses)
Suomi-ilmiö (The Finland syndrome)
Poltan loppuun tupakin (I finish my cigarette)
Puhtoinen lähiöni (My clean suburbia)
 Akun tehdas (Aku's factory)
Puhtoiset vesistömme (Our clean waters)
Vanha poika (Old boy)
Bob Dylan (Bob Dylan)
Jäähyväiset rock'n'rollille (The goodbye's to rock'n'roll)
Viimeinen funk (The last funk)

Eppu Normaali albums
1980 albums
Finnish-language albums

Akun Tehdas


Ludwig Rellstab  (23 November 1904 – 14 February 1983) was a German chess player who won the German Chess Championship in 1942 and was awarded the International Master title in 1950.

Biography

Rellstab was born in Schöneberg, Berlin to a distinguished family of academics and musicians. His great-grandfather, also named Ludwig Rellstab, was a well-known poet and music critic. His father Ludwig M. E. Rellstab was a professor of physics and electronics, who in 1914 became chief engineer at Siemens & Halske. His sister Annekäthe was a pianist.

Chess career

He was German Champion, winning at Bad Oeynhausen 1942. He took 8th in the (unofficial) European Championship at Munich 1942 (Alexander Alekhine won). In 1943, he took 6th in Salzburg (Paul Keres and Alekhine won). In 1943, he took 5th in Vienna (10th GER-ch; Josef Lokvenc won).

Rellstab represented Germany at fifth board in the Munich 1936 unofficial Olympiad, and won two bronze medals (team and individual).
He played for West Germany three times in the Chess Olympiad.
 In 1950, at fourth board in 9th Chess Olympiad in Dubrovnik (+3 −2 =6);
 In 1952, at second reserve board in 10th Chess Olympiad in Helsinki (+5 −1 =3);
 In 1954, at fourth board in 11th Chess Olympiad in Amsterdam (+2 −2 =2).
He won the individual gold medal at Helsinki 1952 and team bronze medal at Dubrovnik 1950.

Rellstab was awarded the International Master (IM) title in 1950 and the International Arbiter (IA) title in 1951. He died in Wedel in 1983.

References

External links

1904 births
1983 deaths
German chess players
Chess International Masters
Chess Olympiad competitors
Chess arbiters
Sportspeople from Berlin
People from the Province of Brandenburg
20th-century chess players

Ludwig Rellstab (chess player)


Cricket nyaéta olahraga nu nga-generate wilangan statistik nu loba.

Statistics are recorded for éach player during a match, and aggregated over a career. At the professional level, statistics for Test cricket, one-day internationals, and first-class cricket are recorded separately. However, since Test matches are a form of first-class cricket, a player's first-class statistics will include his Test match statistics - but not vice versa.

General statistics
 Matches (Mat): Number of matches played.
 Catches (Ct): Number of catches taken.
 Stumpings (St): Number of stumpings made (as a wicket-keeper).

Batting statistics
 Innings (I): The number of innings in which the batsman actually batted.
 Not Outs (NO): The number of times the batsman was not out at the conclusion of an innings.
 Runs (R): The number of runs scored.
 Highest Score (HS): The highest score ever made by the batsman.
 Batting Average (Ave): The total number of runs by the total number of innings in which the batsman was out. Ave = Runs/[I - NO]
 Centuries (100): The number of innings in which the batsman scored one hundred runs or more.
 Half-centuries (50): The number of innings in which the batsman scored fifty to ninety-nine runs (centuries do not count as half-centuries as well).
 Balls Faced (BF): The total number of balls received, including no balls but not including wides.
 Strike Rate (SR): The number of runs scored per 100 balls faced. (SR = [100 * Runs]/BF)

Bowling statistics
 Overs (O): The number of overs bowled.
 Balls (B): The number of balls bowled. Overs is more traditional, but balls is a more useful statistic because the number of balls per over has varied historically.
 Maiden Overs (M): The number of maiden overs (overs in which the bowler conceded zero runs) bowled.
 Runs (R): The number of runs conceded.
 Wickets (W): The number of wickets taken.
 No balls (Nb): The number of no balls bowled.
 Wides (Wd): The number of wides bowled.
 Bowling Average (Ave): The average number of runs conceded per wicket. (Ave = Runs/W)
 Economy Rate (Econ): The average number of runs conceded per over. (Econ = 6 * Runs/Balls)
 Best Bowling (BB): The bowler's best bowling performance in an innings, defined as firstly the gréatest number of wickets, secondly the fewest runs conceded for that number of wickets.
 Five-wickets in an innings (5w): The number of innings in which the bowler took at léast five wickets.
 Ten-wickets in a match (10w): The number of matches in which the bowler took at léast ten wickets; recorded for Tests and first-class matches only.
 Strike Rate (SR): The average number of balls bowled per wicket taken. (SR = Balls/W)

Analysis of cricket statistics

Although cricket statistics have been recorded since the late 1800s, they have mostly been regarded by fans in a traditional manner of simply comparing the numbers between players. This contrasts with baseball, which generates a similar profusion of statistical records. Baseball statistics have been studied in gréater detail, léading to the field of sabermetrics, which has produced several new statistics expressly designed to give better indications of the relative strengths and values of players.

This sort of detailed analysis has not yet been generally applied to cricket statistics, although some statisticians are beginning to look at cricket with an eye to providing a similar depth of analysis. Professional cricket coaches are using computer records of ball-by-ball play to obtain more detailed statistical analysis of player performances than ever before. However, these analyses have seen little spréad into the public knowledge of the fan community.

One example of a proposed new cricket statistic is a figure to better indicate a batsman's value than his batting average. Since the average is somewhat inflated by the presence of any not out innings, some have argued that a more indicative statistic would be the number of runs scored per innings, regardless of whether the batsman was out or not. Although arguably achieving the goal of méasuring a batsman's worth more accurately, this proposed statistic has mostly been ignored by cricket fans.

Dynamic and graphical statistics

The advent of saturation television coverage of professional cricket has provided an impetus to develop new and interesting forms of presenting statistical data to viewers. Television networks have thus invented several new ways of presenting statistics.

These include displaying two-dimensional plots of shot directions and distances on an overhéad view of a cricket field, and graphs of run scoring and wicket taking numbers plotted against time or balls bowled over a career or within a match. These graphics can be changed dynamically by computer as statistics evolve during a game.

Krikét

Statistik krikét