Trần Nghệ Tông (, December 1321 – 15 December 1394), given name Trần Phủ (陳暊), was the eighth emperor of the Trần dynasty who reigned Vietnam from 1370 to 1372.

Biography

As prince
Nghệ Tông was born in 1321 as Trần Phủ, third son of the Emperor Minh Tông and Concubine Lê who was the younger sister of Empress Hiến Từ. Under the reign of his eldest brother, Emperor Hiến Tông (1329–1341) and his younger brother, Emperor Dụ Tông (1341–1369), Trần Phủ was entitled as Prince Cung Định (Vietnamese: Cung Định Vương). When Dương Nhật Lễ took over the throne in 1369, Prince Cung Định became the Emperor's father-in-law as Nhật Lễ married his daughter.

During his two years of reigning, Emperor Nhật Lễ enraged the imperial court and Trần clan's members by his irresponsible attitude with the throne and his effort of changing his family name back to Dương which meant the ending of the Trần dynasty. As a result, there were several plots trying to overthrow and kill Nhật Lễ, one of them was led by Prince Cung Định himself after the advice of his brother Prince Cung Tuyên Trần Kính, his sister Princess of Thiên Ninh Trần Ngọc Tha and the respected Marquis of Chương Túc Trần Nguyên Đán. Ultimately, Prince Cung Tuyên succeeded in re-establishing the ruling of Trần clan when the mandarin Ngô Lai persuaded Nhật Lễ to surrender and return the throne to Trần clan. Prince Cung Định was enthroned on November 15 of Lunar calendar, 1370 as the Emperor Nghệ Tông and decided to change the era name to Thiệu Khánh (紹慶), Dương Nhật Lễ was downgraded to Duke of Hôn Đức (Hôn Đức Công). Subsequently, Nhật Lễ killed Ngô Lai and was beaten to death with his son by an order from Nghệ Tông.

Nghệ Tông was credited with the re-establishment of Trần clan's ruling in Vietnam from Hôn Đức Công who kept the throne in nearly two years after the decease of Trần Dụ Tông. However, Nghệ Tông was proved to be an inefficient ruler during his reign as emperor and afterward as retired emperor from 1372 to his death at 1394. As the Retired Emperor who oversaw the ruling of his three consecutive successors, Duệ Tông, Phế Đế and Thuận Tông, Nghệ Tông was responsible for the rising in imperial court of Đỗ Tử Bình who brought Emperor Duệ Tông to his death and Hồ Quý Ly who ultimately overthrew the Trần dynasty to found his own dynasty. Nghệ Tông also witnessed many defeats of Đại Việt in the struggle with Champa including Đồ Bàn Battle when Emperor Duệ Tông was killed in action or several attacks by king of Champa Chế Bồng Nga in Thăng Long, capital of Đại Việt. After the decease of Nghệ Tông, the Trần dynasty fell into the situation of completely chaos and survived for only six more years before Hồ Quý Ly took the throne in 1400.

As emperor
Nghệ Tông took the absolute power when he was 49 and already had experience within the imperial court, however according to Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, the Emperor lacked an important quality of a good ruler which is the decisiveness and thus led the Trần dynasty step by step fall into the hand of his officials.

After the coronation, Nghệ Tông tried to restore the order of imperial court which was heavily damaged during the reign of Dụ Tông and Nhật Lễ but the progress came very slowly, partially because he did not have enough competent mandarins like Chu Văn An who died in 1370 or Trần Nguyên Đán who kept away from the court. Nghệ Tông faced his first failure in March 1371 when king of Champa Chế Bồng Nga commanded troop attacked directly Thăng Long, the capital of Đại Việt, after the petition of Nhật Lễ's mother.  Unable to confront with the strong and well-organized opponent, the imperial court of the Trần dynasty had to flee from Thăng Long and let the capital be violently looted by Chế Bồng Nga's army. Two months after the Champa's assault, Nghệ Tông appointed Hồ Quý Ly for one of the highest position in imperial court, this was the evidence for the Emperor's confidence in Hồ Quý Ly who had two aunts entitled as consorts of Minh Tông and married the Princess of Huy Ninh, Nghệ Tông's younger sister. The Emperor also chose Đỗ Tử Bình, another notorious official in future, for the position of military counsellor in April 1372.

On November 9 of Lunar calendar, 1372, Nghệ Tông decided to cede the throne to his younger brother, Prince Cung Tuyên Trần Kính who now became the Emperor Trần Duệ Tông, and held the title Retired Emperor to co-rule the country with the Emperor as the tradition of the Trần dynasty.

As retired emperor

By nature Duệ Tông was an arrogant and hard-headed ruler who ignored the advice from mandarins about the power of Champa's army, therefore right after the enthronement he began to prepare a military campaign in the southern border against Chế Bồng Nga's troop. Another factor that reinforced the Emperor's decision was the refusal of Chế Bồng Nga to pay tribute for Đại Việt, afterwards historical books reveal that actually king of Champa did send fifteen trays of gold to Đại Việt but Đỗ Tử Bình kept the gold for himself while reported to imperial court that there was not any tribute from Champa. After some skirmishes caused by Champa, Duệ Tông began his decisive campaign in December 1376 in which the Emperor personally commanded with the assistance of Hồ Quý Ly and Đỗ Tử Bình. Eventually, the campaign was ended by a disastrous defeat of Đại Việt's army in Đồ Bàn Battle when the Emperor with many high-ranking mandarins and generals of the Trần dynasty were killed by Champa's force. On the contrary, Hồ Quý Ly and Đỗ Tử Bình survived because Quý Ly, who took charge of logistics, and Tử Bình, who commanded the rearguard, both ran away from the battle instead of trying to rescue the Emperor. Afterwards, Đỗ Tử Bình was only dismissed to the position of plain soldier by the order of Nghệ Tông while Hồ Quý Ly even did not have to face with any charge.

After the death of the Emperor, the Retired Emperor in May 1377 passed the throne to Duệ Tông's eldest prince, Prince Kiến Đức Trần Hiện, now Trần Phế Đế. By the historical records, Phế Đế was actually worse than his father, he had a weak and ignorant character which was profited by Hồ Quý Ly in his gradual control of imperial court. During his reign, the military power was concentrated in the hand of Đỗ Tử Bình who was incapable to deal with many attacks from Champa's army. As a result, Nghệ Tông even decided to hide money in Lạng Sơn in fearing that Chế Bồng Nga's troop might assault and destroy the imperial palace in Thăng Long.

In 1380, Hồ Quý Ly had a minor victory over the troop of Chế Bồng Nga in Thanh Hóa, as a result, Đỗ Tử Bình had to give up his control of Đại Việt army to Hồ Quý Ly. However, in June 1383, Chế Bồng Nga opened a major campaign against Đại Việt, this time Trần Nghệ Tông was so afraid of the enemy that he escaped from Thăng Long ignoring advice from the imperial court. This coward decision of Nghệ Tông was heavily criticized by the historian Ngô Sĩ Liên in his work Đại Việt sử kí toàn thư.

In 1387, Nghệ Tông appointed Hồ Quý Ly as Co-Prime Minister (Đồng bình chương sự), giving him as much power as Nghệ Tông's eldest son, Prime Minister Trần Ngạc (Prince Trang Định). Facing this threat, Emperor Phế Đế allied with Trần Ngạc to overthrow Hồ Quý Ly. However, Quý Ly had already got ahead of this plot by a defamation campaign against the Emperor which ultimately made Nghệ Tông decide to dethrone Phế Đế in December 1388. Phế Đế was downgraded to Prince Linh Đức and forced to commit suicide while his supporters in imperial court were swept by Hồ Quý Ly's side. From now on it was Hồ Quý Ly who held the highest position and power in imperial court.

On December 27 of Lunar calendar, 1387, Nghệ Tông passed the throne to his youngest son Trần Ngung, now Trần Thuận Tông, who was only eleven, the Retired Emperor also entitled Hồ Quý Ly's daughter as the new empress of Thuận Tông. After another defeat of Đại Việt's army under the command of Hồ Quý Ly by Champa, in November 1389 Nghệ Tông appointed Trần Khát Chân for the position of general who conduct all military operations against Chế Bồng Nga's troop. Only a few months after taking charge of the position, Trần Khát Chân had a decisive victory over Champa on January 23, 1390, which resulted in the death of Chế Bồng Nga and thus the stable situation in southern border of Đại Việt. However, the Trần government still deteriorated. In 1391, the Prime Minister Trần Ngạc escaped the imperial city in other to make another attempt against Hồ Quý Ly. Having obtained Nghệ Tông's passive approval, Quý Ly ordered general Nguyễn Nhân Liệt to beat Trần Ngạc to death. Another imperial prince, Trần Nhật Chương, was killed in 1392 on the direct order of Nghệ Tông for taking opposing stance against Quý Ly.

Trần Nghệ Tông died on December 15 of Lunar calendar, 1394 at the age of 73 and left imperial court in the total control of Hồ Quý Ly.  As a result, the Trần dynasty survived for only six years before Hồ Quý Ly overthrew it and established his own reign, the Hồ dynasty.

Family
Trần Nghệ Tông had one wife, Lady Huệ Ý, who died before his coronation and was posthumously entitled as Empress Thục Đức. The Emperor had five sons and one daughter:
 Prince Ngự Câu Trần Húc (?–1381) who was killed by Trần Phế Đế
 Trần Thúc Ngạn
 Prince Trang Định Trần Ngạc (?–1391) who was killed by an order of Hồ Quý Ly, Trần Ngạc's son was Trần Quý Khoáng who was afterward enthroned as Emperor of the Later Trần dynasty
 Prince Giản Định Trần Ngỗi (?–1409) who was afterward the Emperor Giản Định of the Later Trần dynasty
 Prince Chiêu Định Trần Ngung (1378–1398) who became the Emperor Trần Thuận Tông
 Princess Thiên Huy Trần Thục Mỹ

Legacy
Most cities in Vietnam have named major streets after him.

References

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1321 births
1394 deaths
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Trần Nghệ Tông


Thomas Dow "Tyke" Richardson OBE (16 January 1887  – 7 January 1971) was a British competitive pair skater, author and judge.

With his wife, Mildred Richardson, he represented Great Britain at the 1924 Winter Olympics, where they placed 8th.

He was elected to the World Figure Skating Hall of Fame posthumously in 1976.

Personal life
Richardson was born in York and died in London.

He was educated at Cambridge where he was an outstanding oarsman and boxer, and was married to his former ice skating partner Mildred "Wag" Allingham, who survived him on his death.

He served in the British Army in World War I, attaining the rank of Captain.

Competitive career

He first learned the English style of skating, but was soon attracted to the International Style, to which he contributed greatly throughout his life.  He took lessons from Bernard Adams, the first great British skating teacher of the International Style, and from Bror Meyer of Sweden.  He eventually earned his gold medal in the International Style and the bronze medal in the English Style.

T.D Richardson first took to the ice in 1891 at the age of four, during the winter known as 'the great frost'.  He began skating pairs in 1911 with his future wife, Mildred Allingham, and together they made a substantial contribution to the development of modern pair skating, particularly in the unique form of "mirror" or shadow skating.

After active service in World War I on the Western Front, Richardson resumed competing with his wife. They were the 1923 British silver medalists and competed at the 1924 Winter Olympic Games.

Judging and publishing career
The Richardsons became active judges, both reaching the rank of International Skating Union (ISU) Championship (World) Judge.  They also served as referees and judged many national and international championships.  Richardson was a judge at the 1927 World Figure Skating Championships and 1928 Winter Olympic Games.  He was also instrumental in obtaining the adoption by the International Skating Union of a rule limiting a country to one judge in each event in which it has entries.

During the 1920s, Richardson carried out the research that culminated in his famous book, Modern Figure Skating, first published in 1930.  This book represented his revolutionary concept of the "Theory of the Sixteen Positions" in compulsory figures.  It was a fundamental and practical approach to the execution of compulsory figures, which remained valid for many decades.

He went on to write ten more books, of which The Art of Figure Skating, published in 1962, reflected the mature development of his theories about figure skating.  He was the definitive reporter of the sport for many years as correspondent for The Times of London and Skating World magazine.

Richardson long advocated the addition of new compulsory figures to the International schedule and established the Star Class Test in England, including the new compulsory figures.  His proposals never gained international acceptance, however, a factor that contributed to the eventual disappearance of compulsory figures from international competition.

In 1958 Richardson founded the Commonwealth Winter Games in St Moritz, Switzerland, and served as chairman of the Games until his death.

The Richardsons served the National Skating Association (now the National Ice Skating Association) of Great Britain in many capacities.  Richardson was chairman of the Ice Figure Committee of the NSA for 11 years and was vice chairman of the NSA Council.  He and his wife were elected to honorary life membership of the NSA in 1967, and Queen Elizabeth II appointed him an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for services to figure skating in 1955.

On his death in 1971, Cecilia Colledge, the great British, European and World Champion skater said of him: "He acted always for what he knew was right.  He would not submerge his principles in order to be popular.  He would not compromise in order to be elected.  He would not curb his independent courage.  He served skating."

Further reading
 T.D. Richardson - Modern Figure Skating (1930)
 Dr Manfred Curry - The Beauty of Skating (John Miles Ltd, 1935)
 E.R. Hall & T.D. Richardson - Champions all: camera studies by E.R. Hall (Frederick Muller, 1938)
 T.D. Richardson - The Complete Figure Skater (Methuen & Co, 1948)
 T.D. Richardson - Ice Rink Skating (1949)
 T.D. Richardson - Skating with T.D. Richardson (Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, 1952)
 T.D. Richardson - The Girl's Book of Skating (Burke Publishing, 1959)
 T.D. Richardson - The Art of Figure Skating (1962)
 T.D. Richardson - Your Book of Skating (Faber and Faber, 1962)

References

External links
 History of the National Ice Skating Association

1887 births
1971 deaths
British Army personnel of World War I
British male pair skaters
Figure skaters at the 1924 Winter Olympics
Olympic figure skaters for Great Britain
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Sportspeople from York
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Royal Army Service Corps officers
Figure skating judges

T. D. Richardson


A cryptocurrency tumbler or cryptocurrency mixing service is a service that mixes potentially identifiable or "tainted" cryptocurrency funds with others, so as to obscure the trail back to the fund's original source. This is usually done by pooling together source funds from multiple inputs for a large and random period of time, and then spitting them back out to destination addresses. As all the funds are lumped together and then distributed at random times, it is very difficult to trace exact coins. Tumblers have arisen to improve the anonymity of cryptocurrencies, usually bitcoin (hence bitcoin mixer), since the digital currencies provide a public ledger of all transactions. Due to its goal of anonymity, tumblers have been used to money launder cryptocurrency.

Background
Tumblers take a percentage transaction fee of the total coins mixed to turn a profit, typically 1–3%. Mixing helps protect privacy and can also be used for money laundering by mixing illegally obtained funds. Mixing large amounts of money may be illegal, being in violation of anti-structuring laws. Financial crimes author Jeffrey Robinson has suggested tumblers should be criminalized due to their potential use in illegal activities, specifically funding terrorism; however, a report from the CTC suggests such use in terrorism-related activities is "relatively limited". There has been at least one incident where an exchange has blacklisted "tainted" deposits descending from stolen bitcoins.

The existence of tumblers has made the anonymous use of darknet markets easier and the job of law enforcement harder.

Peer-to-peer tumblers
Peer-to-peer tumblers act as a place of meeting for bitcoin users, instead of taking bitcoins for mixing. Users arrange mixing by themselves. This model solves the problem of stealing, as there is no middleman. When it is completely formed, the exchange of bitcoins between the participants begins. Apart from mixing server, none of the participants can know the connection between the incoming and outgoing addresses of coins.

Privacy wallets
Another alternative to mixing services are "privacy wallets", allowing users to exchange bitcoin in an untraceable manner using so-called CoinJoin Bitcoin Mixer transactions. Since no central server is involved, this eliminates the problem of a mixing server stealing money or acting as a law enforcement honeypot. In recent years, criminals have increasingly moved from mixing services to privacy wallets.

Money laundering
In December 2013 cryptocurrency tumbler Bitcoin Fog was used to launder a part of the 96,000 BTC from the robbery of Sheep Marketplace.

In February 2015, a total of 7,170 Bitcoin was stolen from the Chinese exchange Bter.com and traced back to the same tumbler.

In May 2019, FinCEN published a Guidance document that mentioned anonymizing services and mentioned particularly "tumblers".

In February 2020, the alleged operator of a cryptocurrency tumbler was indicted on charges of "money laundering conspiracy, operating an unlicensed money transmitting business and conducting money transmission without a D.C. license."

In April 2021, U.S. Federal authorities arrested the founder of Bitcoin Fog, a Russian-Swedish man named Roman Sterlingov, on charges of money laundering, operating an unlicensed money transmitting business, and money transmission without a license in the District of Columbia. It was alleged that during its 10 years of operation, Bitcoin Fog laundered over 1.2 million Bitcoin at a value of approximately $335 million.

In 2022 the tumblers Blender.io and Tornado Cash were both sanctioned by the United States Department of the Treasury, making it illegal for US citizens, residents and companies to use the service.

In March 2023, the tumbler ChipMixer and 46 million dollars in Bitcoin were seized.

See also

 Anonymity
 Cryptocurrency and crime
 Money laundering
 Privacy and blockchain

References

Privacy
Money laundering

Cryptocurrency tumbler


David Luckham is an emeritus professor of electrical engineering at Stanford University. As a graduate student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), he was one of the implementers of the first systems for the programming language Lisp.

He is best known as the originator of complex event processing (CEP) as proposed in his 2002 book The Power of Events. CEP consists of a set of concepts and techniques for processing real-time events and extracting information from event streams as they arrive. CEP has since become an enabling technology in many systems that are used to take immediate action in response to incoming streams of events. Applications are described in this book that may now be found in many sectors of business including stock market trading systems, mobile devices, internet operations, fraud detection, the transport industry, and government intelligence gathering. The book also describes advanced event processing techniques such as event abstraction and event hierarchies that are not yet in general practice. Luckham's latest book is Event Processing for Business: Organizing the Real-Time Enterprise.

Luckham has held faculty and invited faculty positions in both mathematics and computer science at eight major universities in Europe and the United States. He was a cofounder of Rational Software, Inc., in 1981. He supplied the compiler for the language Ada, from which the company's first products were developed, and served as a member of the initial software development team. An acknowledged leader in high-level programming languages for multiprocessing, annotation languages, and event-based simulation systems for both hardware and software architectures, Luckham has published more than 100 technical articles, two of them winning Best Paper Awards from the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).

He was born in Kingston, Jamaica and raised in London during The Blitz of World War II. He holds the degrees Master of Science (M.Sc.) from London, and Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in mathematics and computer science.

References

External links
, Stanford
Brief biography at Complexevents.com
David Luckham at the Mathematics Genealogy Project

American computer scientists
Stanford University School of Engineering faculty
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Lisp (programming language) people
Programming language designers
Ada (programming language)
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

David Luckham


The Malta Stock Exchange (), originally known as the Casino della Borsa, is the stock exchange of the island nation of Malta. Since being set up in 1992, the Exchange has been key to the raising of capital for the private sector through the issue of corporate bonds and equity while virtually all the  national debt of Government of Malta has been issued in the form of Malta Government bonds and treasury bills that are listed and traded on the secondary market.

The investor base consists of over 75,000 individual investors, which is a significant number given Malta's economic size (GDP €8,796 million in 2015) and population (434,403 in 2016). The focus of the Malta Stock Exchange is to continue to develop and support the domestic market whilst attracting international companies to list on the Exchange, and enjoy the passportability within the EU that this brings. It has also invested heavily in the use of technology and uses the Xetra trading platform.

The Chairman of the Board of the Malta Stock Exchange is Joseph Portelli, and the Chief Executive Officer is Simon Zammit.

History

The Exchange was established with the enactment of the Malta Stock Exchange Act in 1990, and commenced its trading operations on 8 January 1992. The Central Bank of Malta was originally appointed as the supervisor of the Exchange  and it now falls under the supervision of the Malta Financial Services Authority (MFSA).

In 1999, the Exchange moved into the former Garrison Chapel building in Castille Square, Valletta. This iconic building was built in 1857 on the designs of T. M. Ellis, and was used as a multi-denominational place of worship until 1950. The former church was then used for entertainment purposes, as a post office and as a naval school, before it was taken over and extensively renovated by the Exchange. It has been known since then as the Exchange Building or The Borsa. The Exchange is located close to the Office of the Prime Minister at Auberge de Castille and the Upper Barrakka Gardens.

In 2013, the Exchange achieved Designated Offshore Securities Market status by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission complementing the HM Revenue and Customs recognition that had been obtained from the UK authorities in 2005.

Services

The Malta Stock Exchange offers the following services:

 Admittance to listing on the MSE Main list or Alternative Companies List, subject to approval by the Maltese Regulator, the MFSA. Listed instruments have full passporting rights within the EU.  Listed companies can their instruments traded on their own national exchange, within the EU, or on the Malta Stock Exchange.
 Secondary market trading: The Secondary market is mostly domestic, with 14 Maltese Members and 1 International Member trading on the Exchange's Xetra platform.  This platform is operated remotely from the Deutsche Börse, in Frankfurt, and allows connectivity to the MSE by any of the 4,500+ traders who also connect to the Xetra platform around the world.
 Central Securities Depository services (CSD): The Depository services are mainly shareholder and bondholder register administration, for public as well as private companies, clearing and settlement processing relating to the trading platform, and custodial services. The CSD also offers registrar services in respect of IPOs.
 Prospects, an SME-oriented capital market: This market, which is a multilateral trading facility (MTF) regulated by the MSE, allows SMEs in Malta and overseas to raise capital through equity or bond issues in a cost-effective and timely manner under a lighter regulatory framework.  It primarily targets issues of under €5 million.
 Institutional Financial Securities Market (IFSM), the first Maltese wholesale securities market authorised in terms of the Wholesale Markets' listing rules issued by the Listing Authority. The IFSM admits asset backed securities, debt securities, insurance linked notes, convertible debt securities and derivative securities.  The fee structure is very cost effective and the IFSM offers increased flexibility to meet the needs of issuers and institutional investors.

The Malta Stock Exchange is Malta's national numbering agency, issuing ISINs in respect of all securities issued in Malta.

Membership
The MSE is a member of:

World Federation of Exchanges (WFE)
Federation of European Securities Exchanges (FESE)
European Central Securities Depositories Association (ECSDA)
International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO)
Association of National Numbering Agencies (ANNA)

See also

 List of companies listed on the Malta Stock Exchange

Further reading

Book
About the Malta Stock Exchange (Borża ta' Malta)

References

External links

1992 establishments in Malta
19th-century churches in Malta
Buildings and structures in Valletta
Defunct schools in Malta
Economy of Malta
Financial services companies established in 1992
Former churches in Malta
Former post office buildings
Office buildings in Malta
Post office buildings in Malta
Stock exchanges in Europe

Malta Stock Exchange


Four Freedoms is a 2009 historical novel by American writer John Crowley. It follows the adventures of several characters centering on a fictional aircraft manufacturing plant near Ponca City, Oklahoma during World War II, specifically from 1942 to 1945. The plant chiefly produces the fictional B-30 Pax bomber. It is Crowley's first novel after the completion of his Ægypt Sequence, and marks a turning in his style from the historically speculative series to  historical realism.

The novel deals with the manufacturing and war industries during World War II, but rather than dealing with the most able-bodied during this period, the novel takes up the story of minority groups, the disabled, and many others still awaiting rights of full citizenship taking an active role in America. In his Afterword, Crowley explicitly theorizes that the period would strongly influence later civil movements in the United States:

Background

The novel's title is a reference to the Four Freedoms Speech given by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1941. Critics have noted that the partially paralyzed President inhabits the novel in spirit (though not actually appearing). Crowley notes in his afterword that though the B-30 Pax bomber is a fictional creation, it bears striking resemblance to the real Convair B-36 "Peacemaker", which he was not aware of until he had already created the fictional bomber.

The novel's style is somewhat similar to that of Crowley's earlier novel Little, Big, with the story proper loosely narrated amid frequent narrative spurs to the various Back-stories of characters introduced working at the plant. It is implied by his dealings with Diane as well as with Vi  that since conclusions of both women's backstories are given to Prosper, his instigation brought them about. Martha's story is explicitly instigated by Prosper, making the novel's structure itself a reflection of Prosper's empathy.

Plot

While drafting plans for building an aeronautics plant, brothers Henry and Jules Van Damme are unable to justify removing workers from agrarian or armaments assembly support efforts for the War in Europe. A vice president at their company jokingly suggests "making do, with women, the coloreds, the oldsters, the defectives, the handicaps.  Henry enthusiastically agrees telling his recruitment services, "Go out into the highways and the byways, bring in the lame, the halt, and the blind".  Realizing that the planes will be completed after the end of the war, the brothers suggest instead of paying employees limited salaries due to the war effort, a city be built, Henryville, to accommodate every need of workers in the factory.

Prosper and Pancho shortly afterwards meet, Pancho deliberately seeking a pacifism in avoiding the draft, and Prosper recently having left the home of his aunts, May and Bea, to seek independence and avoid condescension of the disabled from his employers. Eventually Prosper meets Vi, whom he later unintentionally spurns with his relationship with Connie. The plant temporarily shuts down to commemorate the death of Roosevelt, and shortly after his death the Vice President of Labor announces that in making the transition to non-war industries, the first layoffs at plants like the one at Ponca will be the old, the women, and the disabled. Henryville begins to dissolve, and abandoned when ultimately destroyed by a tornado, resulting in no related casualties. The novel's ending depicts a somewhat prosperous Ponca City near the bulldozed remains of Henryville, with a few rusting B-30 Pax Bombers left in the fields nearby.

Characters

Prosper Olander - The novel's protagonist, is born with lordosis, made far worse by an attempt at corrective surgery. Despite this, he is incredibly able-minded, learning forgery by imitation, and finding the agency granted him by employers of the disabled to be both condescending and dishonest. Throughout the novel, he is shown to have a nearly superhuman capacity for empathy, especially towards the lives of women. Vi jokingly attributes this to his childhood love of the magazine True Story. His full name compromises a pun on the Shakespearean character Prospero.
Pancho Notzing - Prosper's companion, and later coworker. Pancho is a devotee of Percy Shelly, referring to a copy of Prometheus Unbound he carries throughout the novel as "serving in ways as scripture". He is described by other characters as Utopian, but describes himself as "bestopian", at one point in the novel, enacting a scheme to form and ideal "Harmonious City", to ultimately see his plans crumble. His name is a reference to the Don Quixote character, though not pronounced the same way.
Violet "Vi" Harbison - Prosper's chief love interest throughout the novel. She arrives at the Henryville plant after the cattle on her father's ranch are slaughtered due to a government quarantine. She plays pitcher for the company baseball team.
Al and Sal Mass - A married couple, both with dwarfism, that work at the plant assembling fuselages. They are nicknamed The Teenie Weenies by other members of the shop after a newspaper cartoon of the same name.
Connie Wrobleski - A married woman who comes to Henryville looking for her husband Bunce. Prosper's empathetic attention to her unintentionally spurns Vi and inflames the anger of Bunce. Her son is named Adolph after his paternal grandfather, for which Connie often suffers discrimination.
Diane - A floor manager that comes to be the friend of Connie. Prosper ultimately impregnates her, despite her being married to a soldier in the war.
Henry and Jules Van Damme - The two sons of the prosperous and technically inclined businessman Eudoxe Van Damme. Inspired in their boyhood by their father's enthusiasm for the first crewed flights, the boys are among the first

Reception

In a review for The New York Times, Max Byrd warmly welcomed the novel, allaying those that enjoyed Crowley's fantasy works that the genre of Historical Fiction allowed Crowley to further develop his style of metaphor in simple details of ordinary life. Along similar lines, in The Washington Post, Bill Sheehan posited that what makes Crowley unique as a novelist is not only his metaphoric detail, but the extremely high level of craft apparent in the work, especially with concern to historical accuracy.

Women's Issues writer Linda Lowen in a review at About.com, praised the novel for its depictions of women's contribution domestically to the war effort, without sacrificing integrity of characterization for the sake of an empathetic depiction. She did, however, note that the reader may find some of the women's stories tedious, despite being realistic, possibly having been written in the style of the magazine True Story that is frequently referenced.

Robert Wiersema praised the novel as well, in a review for The Globe and Mail, enucleate that the novel is built on the state of Henryville being essentially of suspended judgement, allowing characters to speak of their most common humanity. He went further to suggest that Crowley gone beyond an author of excellent style, to one who readers have come to trust.

Notes

References

External links

2009 American novels
Historical novels
Novels set in Oklahoma
Novels by John Crowley
Metafictional novels
Ponca
Novels set during World War II

Four Freedoms (novel)


The  were a series of battles fought in the Sengoku period of Japan between Takeda Shingen of Kai Province and Uesugi Kenshin of Echigo Province from 1553 to 1564.
Shingen and Kenshin contested each other for control of the plain of Kawanakajima between the Sai River and Chikuma River in northern Shinano Province, located in the present-day city of Nagano. The battles were triggered after Shingen conquered Shinano, expelling Ogasawara Nagatoki and Murakami Yoshikiyo, who subsequently turned to Kenshin for help.

Five major battles of Kawanakajima occurred: Fuse in 1553, Saigawa in 1555, Uenohara in 1557, Hachimanbara in 1561, and Shiozaki in 1564. The most famous and severe battle was fought on 18 October 1561 in the heart of the Kawanakajima plain, thus being known the Battle of Kawanakajima. The battles were ultimately inconclusive and neither Shingen or Kenshin established their control over the plain of Kawanakajima.

The Battles of Kawanakajima became one of "the most cherished tales in Japanese military history", the epitome of Japanese chivalry and romance, mentioned in epic literature, woodblock printing, and movies.

Background
The battles were part of the 16th-century Sengoku period, also known as the "Warring States Period", and were little different from other conflicts. After the Ōnin War (1467–77), the shōguns system and taxation had increasingly less control outside the province of the capital in Kyoto, and powerful lords (daimyōs) began to assert themselves. Such lords gained power by usurpation, warfare or marriage—any means that would safeguard their position. It was manifested in yamajiro ("mountain castles"), which overlooked the provinces.

In 1541, Shingen began his conquest of Shinano Province. In 1550, Shingen advanced once again into Shinano and quickly conquered Hayashi Castle, Kiribara and Fukashi Castle by siege. These had been controlled by Ogasawara Nagatoki, who fled to Murakami Yoshikiyo. In October 1550, Shingen began the Sieges of Toishi Castle, from which position he intended to carry out the final attack on the main Murakami castle of Katsurao. However, in November the siege was abandoned and Shingen's army was counterattacked by Murakami, and almost routed. The following year, though,  Murakami was forced to leave the castle and the successful Siege of Katsurao (1553) ensued.

First battle
The first battle of Kawanakajima, also known as the "Battle of Fuse", was fought in 1553. Although regarded as the first battle, it is related to the two battles of Hachiman fought in the same year south of the plain.

Twelve days after taking Katsurao Castle, Shingen penetrated far into the Kawanakajima plain along the eastern bank of the Chikumagawa River. Uesugi Kenshin marched up the western bank to support Murakami Yoshikiyo, and the two armies encountered each other at a shrine of Hachiman (place within modern Yashiro) on June 3, 1553. After Takeda withdrew, Uesugi continued his march and laid siege to Katsura, but was unable to capture it.

In September, Takeda returned to crush the remaining Murakami forces around Shioda. Wada was taken on September 8 and Takashima on the 10th. In both cases the entire garrison was put to death as a warning to other Murakami holdouts. Murakami Yoshikiyo retreated from Shioda on 12 September and about 16 of the clan's outposts in Shinano surrendered to Takeda. Shingen pursued Yoshikyo across the Chikumagawa River but was turned back by Kenshin's reinforcements at the Battle of Fuse. Kenshin pursued Shingen, winning another battle at Hachiman. The victorious Uesugi forces went on to take Arato castle before winter forced both sides to disengage.

Second battle

From August to November 1555 the second battle of Kawanakajima, also known as the "Battle of Saigawa", began when Takeda Shingen returned to Kawanakajima, advancing up to the Sai River. He made camp on a hill to the south of the river, while Uesugi Kenshin was camped just east of the Zenkō-ji temple, which provided him an excellent view of the plain. However, the Kurita clan, allies of the Takeda, held Asahiyama fortress a few kilometers to the west; they menaced the Uesugi right flank. Kurita Kakuju's defenses were bolstered by 3,000 Takeda warriors, of whom 800 were archers and 300 arquebusiers.

The main battle was almost shadowed by the number of Kenshin's attacks (siege) against the Asahiyama fortress, but all were repulsed. Eventually he moved his army onto the plain, redirecting his attention to Takeda's main force. However, rather than attacking, both armies waited, for months, for the other to make a move. Finally, battle was avoided as both leaders retired to deal with domestic affairs in their home provinces. The peace was mediated by Imagawa Yoshimoto.

Third battle
The third battle, also known as the "Battle of Uenohara", took place in 1557 when Takeda Shingen captured a fortress called Katsurayama, overlooking the Zenkō-ji temple from the northwest. He then attempted to take Iiyama castle, but withdrew after Uesugi Kenshin led an army out of Zenkō-ji. Of the four, this battle took place furthest from the Kawanakajima plain.

Fourth battle
The fourth battle resulted in greater casualties for both sides, as a percentage of total forces, than any other battle in the Sengoku period and is, according to Turnbull, one of the most tactically interesting battles of the period.

After besieging Hōjō Ujiyasu's Odawara castle, Uesugi Kenshin was forced to withdraw after hearing rumors about the movement of Takeda Shingen's army. In September 1561 Kenshin left his Kasugayama Castle with 13,000 warriors, determined to destroy Shingen. He left some of his forces at Zenkō-ji but took up a position on Saijoyama, a mountain to the west of, and looking down upon, Shingen's Kaizu castle. To Kenshin's ignorance, the Kaizu castle contained no more than 150 samurai and their followers and he had taken them completely by surprise. However, the general in command of the castle, Kosaka Masanobu, through a system of signal fires, informed his lord, in Tsutsujigasaki fortress, 130 km away in Kōfu, of Kenshin's move.

Shingen left Kōfu with 16,000 men, acquiring 4,000 more as he traveled through Shinano Province, approaching Kawanakajima on the west bank of the Chikumagawa (Chikuma River), keeping the river between him and Saijoyama. "Neither army made a move", knowing that victory would require the essential element of surprise. Shingen was thus allowed into his fortress at Kaizu along with his gun-bugyō (army commissioner), Yamamoto Kansuke. At that time Kansuke formed a strategy that he believed would prove effective against Kenshin.

Kōsaka Masanobu left Kaizu with 8,000 men, advancing up Saijoyama under cover of night, intending to drive Kenshin's army down to the plain where Takeda Shingen would be waiting with another 8,000 men in kakuyoku ("crane's wing"), formation. However, whether via spies in Kaizu or scouts looking down from Saijoyama, Kenshin guessed Shingen's intentions and led his own men down to the plain. Kenshin descended from Saijoyama by its western flanks. Instead of fleeing Kosaka's dawn attack, Uesugi Kenshin's army crept down the mountain, quietly using bits of cloth to deaden the noise of their horses' hooves. With the beginning of dawn, Shingen's men were surprised to find Kenshin's army ready to charge at them—as opposed to fleeing from the mountain, as expected.

Uesugi's forces attacked in waves, in a kuruma gakari formation, in which every unit is replaced by another as it becomes weary or destroyed. Leading the Uesugi vanguard were two of Uesugi's "Twenty-Eight Generals", Kakizaki Kageie and Irobe Katsunaga. Kakizaki's unit of mounted samurai clashed with Takeda Nobushige's unit, resulting in the death of Nobushige. While the kakuyoku formation held surprisingly well, the Takeda commanders eventually fell, one by one. Seeing that his pincer plan had failed, Yamamoto Kansuke charged into the enemy ranks, being killed in action with his two chief retainers, Osaragi Shōzaemon and Isahaya Sagorō.

Eventually the Uesugi forces reached the Takeda command post, and one of the most famous single combats in Japanese history ensued. Uesugi Kenshin himself burst into the headquarters, attacking Takeda Shingen who, unprepared for such an event, parried with his signalling fan as best as he could, and held Kenshin off long enough for one of his retainers, Hara Osumi-no-Kami, to spear Kenshin's mount and drive him off.

The Takeda main body held firm, despite fierce rotating attacks by the Uesugi. Obu Saburohei fought back against Kakizaki's samurai. Anayama Nobutada destroyed Shibata Harunaga of Echigo, and forced the Uesugi main force back to the Chikumigawa.

Meanwhile, Kosaka's stealth force reached the top of Saijoyama and, finding the Uesugi position deserted, hurried down the mountain to the ford, taking the same path they had expected the fleeing Uesugi to take. After desperate fighting, they punched their way through the 3000 Uesugi warriors defending the ford (under the command of Uesugi general Amakasu Kagemochi), and pressed on to aid Takeda's main force. The Kosaka force then attacked the retreating Uesugi from the rear. Takeda Shingen's many great generals, including his younger brother Takeda Nobushige and Murozumi Masakiyo, were killed in the field.

Result
In the end, it is told that the Uesugi army suffered 62% casualties, while the Takeda lost 72%. The chronicles seem to indicate that the Takeda made no effort to stop the Uesugi from retreating after the battle, burning the encampment at Saijoyama, returning to Zenkō-ji and then to Echigo Province. Some more conservative estimates place the casualties around 20%.

Fifth battle
In September 1564, Shingen and Kenshin met for the fifth time on the plain of Kawanakajima. Their forces skirmished for 60 days, and then both withdrew.

Another encounter near Lake Nojiri in 1568 could be labeled as the sixth battle, but it is not considered as such.

In popular culture

The Battles of Kawanakajima were a popular subject for woodblock prints in the Edo period, in part because both the Takeda and Uesugi clans had died out and glorification of their deeds did not therefore pose any threat to the ruling Tokugawa shogunate.
A shogi variant based on xiangqi, Kawanakajima shogi (ja), is named after the battles.
The 1561 Fourth Battle of Kawanakajima is depicted at the climax of the 1969 Japanese film Fūrin Kazan ('Samurai Banners'), which follows the career of Yamamoto Kansuke.
A fictionalized version of the battle is featured in the 1979 movie Sengoku Jieitai.

References

Sources

External links

Kawanakajima
1561 in Japan
1553 in Japan
1555 in Japan
1557 in Japan
1564 in Japan
1550s conflicts
1560s conflicts

Battles of Kawanakajima


Metallica (also known informally as The Black Album) is the fifth studio album by thrash metal band Metallica. It was released in 1991 by Elektra Records. It debuted at #1 on the Billboard 200, making Metallica the band's first album to do so. Currently, Metallica has sold over 15 million copies in the United States alone. It is the band's most successful album.

The album was hard for the band to make. Ulrich, Hammett and Newsted got divorces with their wives because of the stress.

Six singles were released from the album: "Enter Sandman", "The Unforgiven", "Nothing Else Matters", "Wherever I May Roam", "Sad but True", and "Don't Tread on Me". "Enter Sandman" was the best-selling. It won Best Metal Video at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards.

The album won a Grammy for Best Metal Performance in 1992.

In 2012 Metallica played the whole album in their 2012 European Black Album Tour from the end to the start.

Track listing
 "Enter Sandman" - 5:29
 "Sad But True" - 5:24
 "Holier Than Thou" - 3:47
 "The Unforgiven" - 6:26
 "Wherever I May Roam" - 6:42
 "Don't Tread On Me" - 3:59
 "Through the Never" - 4:01
 "Nothing Else Matters" - 6:29
 "Of Wolf And Man" - 4:16
 "The God That Failed" - 5:05
 "My Friend of Misery" - 6:47
 "The Struggle Within" - 3:51

References

Metallica albums
1991 albums
Grammy Award-winning albums

Metallica (album)


The Exhibition of HSH The Prince of Monaco's Car Collection is an automobile museum in the La Condamine district of Monaco.

The cars were the personal collection of Prince Rainier III of Monaco (1923–2005), and assembled over a thirty-year period. The collection contains almost one hundred classic cars made in Europe and the United States. Notable cars in the collection include the Bugatti Type 35 driven by William Grover-Williams that won the inaugural Monaco Grand Prix in 1929, and Sébastien Loeb's Citroën DS3 WRC, which he drove to victory in the 2013 Monte Carlo Rally. 38 cars from the collection were put up for auction in 2012 due to Prince Albert II's desire to re-organise and expand the collection.

The cars are displayed over five levels in a specially constructed space in the Terrasses de Fontvieille, and the museum is open daily from 10am to 6pm, excluding Christmas Day and New Year's Day.

Gallery

See also

 List of museums in Monaco

References

Automotive museums
La Condamine
Museums in Monaco

Car Collection of Rainier III, Prince of Monaco


Lone Star is a 1996 American neo-Western mystery film written, edited, and directed by John Sayles and set in a small town in South Texas. The ensemble cast features Chris Cooper, Kris Kristofferson, Matthew McConaughey and Elizabeth Peña and deals with a sheriff's investigation into the murder of one of his predecessors. Filmed on location along the Rio Grande in southern and southwestern Texas, the film received critical acclaim, with critics regarding it as a high point of 1990s independent cinema as well as one of Sayles' best films. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Writing, and also appeared on the ballot for the AFI's 10 Top 10 in the western category. The film was a box office success, grossing $13 million against its $3–5 million budget.

Plot

Sam Deeds is the sheriff of Rio County in Frontera, Texas. A native of Frontera, Sam returned two years ago and was elected sheriff. Sam's late father had been the legendary Sheriff Buddy Deeds, who is beloved by the town, remembered for his sense of fairness and justice. As a teenager Sam had problems with his father and the pair routinely argued and fought.

Sam is particularly disapproving of efforts by local business leader Mercedes Cruz and Buddy's former chief deputy, Mayor Hollis Pogue, to enlarge and rename the local courthouse in Buddy's honor; he considers it an unneeded waste of taxpayers' money. As a teenager, Sam had been in love with Mercedes's daughter Pilar, but the courtship was strongly opposed by Buddy and Mercedes. After a chance meeting, Sam and the widowed Pilar, now a local teacher, slowly resume their relationship.

Colonel Delmore Payne has recently arrived in town as the commander of the local U.S. Army base. Delmore is the son of Otis "Big O" Payne, a local nightclub owner and leading figure in the African-American community. The two are estranged because of Otis's serial womanizing and abandonment of Delmore's mother when Delmore was a child. Two off-duty sergeants from the base discover a human skeleton on an old shooting range on the base along with a Masonic ring, a Rio County sheriff's badge, and later, an expended pistol bullet, very unusual on a rifle range. Sam brings in Texas Ranger Ben Wetzel to help with the case. Wetzel tells Sam that forensics identify the skeleton as that of Charlie Wade, the infamously corrupt and cruel sheriff who preceded Buddy. Wade mysteriously disappeared in 1957, taking $10,000 in county funds, after which Buddy became sheriff.

Sam investigates the events leading up to Wade's murder. He learns that Wade terrorized the local African-American and Mexican communities, including extorting money from local business owners and numerous murders where he asks his innocent victims to show him any weapon they might have, to then justify shooting them for "resisting arrest". Wade used this method to murder, in front of Deputy Hollis, Mercedes' husband, Eladio, having discovered he was running an illegal smuggling operation in Rio County without bribing Wade.

Sam also uncovers secrets about his father's nearly 30-year term as sheriff that reveal Buddy's own corruption. He visits Wesley Birdsong, a Native American and a roadside tourist stand owner, who reveals that Buddy was a wild young adult after his service in the Korean War but settled down after becoming a deputy sheriff and marrying Sam's mother; but he reveals that Buddy did have a mistress, whose name Wesley claims to have forgotten. Sam travels to San Antonio, where he visits his marginally mentally ill ex-wife Bunny and searches through his father's things, where he discovers love letters from Buddy's mistress. Otis tells Sam that Buddy's focus was on the county political machine while Wade's focus was on money. The janitor at the sheriff's office reveals to Sam that he worked on Buddy's home while incarcerated in the local jail. A local reporter uncovers that Buddy forcibly evicted residents of a small community to make a lake that made Frontera a popular tourist destination with Buddy and Hollis receiving lakefront property.

Sam confronts Hollis and Otis about Wade's murder. Wade discovered Otis was running an illegal gambling operation at the nightclub, after he had previously warned Otis against running numbers in the club. A furious Wade violently attacked Otis, ordered him to hand over the monthly extortion money, and then was about to use his "resisting arrest" setup to kill Otis. Buddy arrived just as Hollis shot Wade to prevent Otis's murder. The three buried the body and took the $10,000 from the county and gave it to Mercedes—who was destitute after Eladio's recent death—to buy her restaurant. Hollis reveals that Buddy and Mercedes did not take up until sometime later. Sam decides to drop the issue, saying it will remain an unsolved mystery. Hollis voices concern that, when the skeleton is revealed to be Wade, people will assume Buddy killed him to take his job, to which Sam states that Buddy's legend can handle it.

Pilar meets Sam at an old drive-in theater where Sam shows her an old photo of Buddy and Mercedes and tells her Eladio died 18 months, rather than "a couple months", before she was born, revealing Buddy is Pilar's father. Both are hurt over the deception but decide that, since she cannot have any more children, they will continue their romantic relationship, despite the knowledge that they are half-siblings.

Cast

 Chris Cooper as Sam Deeds
 Elizabeth Peña as Pilar Cruz
 Kris Kristofferson as Charlie Wade
 Matthew McConaughey as Buddy Deeds
 Míriam Colón as Mercedes Cruz
 Clifton James as Hollis Pogue
 Jeff Monahan as young Hollis Pogue
 Ron Canada as Otis Payne
 Gabriel Casseus as young Otis Payne
 Joe Morton as Delmore Payne
 Carmen de Lavallade as Carolyn Payne
 Eddie Robinson as Chet Payne
 LaTanya Richardson as Sgt. Priscilla Worth
 Tony Plana as Ray
 Frances McDormand as Bunny
 Jesse Borrego as Danny Padilla
 Stephen Mendillo as Sgt. Cliff
 Oni Faida Lampley as Celie Payne
 Eleese Lester as Molly
 Tony Frank as Fenton
 Gordon Tootoosis as Wesley Birdsong
 Beatrice Winde as Minnie Bledsoe
 Chandra Wilson as Athena Johnson
 Richard Reyes as Jorge

Production

The movie was filmed in Del Rio, Eagle Pass and Laredo, Texas.

Reception

Critical response
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 91% based on 138 reviews, with a rating average of 8.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "Smart and absorbing, Lone Star represents a career high point for writer-director John Sayles – and '90s independent cinema in general." On Metacritic, it has a score of 78% based on reviews from 22 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Writing at the time of release, Janet Maslin of The New York Times said, "This long, spare, contemplatively paced film, scored with a wide range of musical styles and given a sun-baked clarity by Stuart Dryburgh's cinematography, is loaded with brief, meaningful encounters... And it features a great deal of fine, thoughtful acting, which can always be counted on in a film by Mr. Sayles". "All the film's characters are flesh and blood", Maslin added, pointing particularly to the portrayals by Kristofferson, Canada, James, Morton and Colon.

Film critics Dennis West and Joan M. West of Cineaste praised the psychological aspects of the film, writing, "Lone Star strikingly depicts the personal psychological boundaries that confront many citizens of Frontera as a result of living in such close proximity to the border".

Ann Hornaday for the Austin American-Statesman declared it "a work of awesome sweep and acute perception", judging it "the most accomplished film of [Sayles'] 17-year career". The Washington Post writer Hal Hinson characterized it as "a carefully crafted, unapologetically literary accomplishment."

Retrospective analysis
Two years after release, Jack Mathews of the Los Angeles Times declared it "critically acclaimed and darn near commercial".

In 2004, William Arnold of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer said that the film was "widely regarded as Sayles' masterpiece", declaring that it had "captured the zeitgeist of the '90s as successfully as "Chinatown" did the '70s".

Awards
Wins
 Lone Star Film & Television Awards: Best Actor, Chris Cooper; Best Director, John Sayles; Best Film; Best Screenplay, John Sayles; Best Supporting Actor, Ron Canada; Best Supporting Actress, Frances McDormand; 1996.
 Belgian Syndicate of Cinema Critics; Grand Prix
 Independent Spirit Awards: Independent Spirit Award; Best Supporting Female, Elizabeth Peña; 1997.
 Bravo Awards: NCLR Bravo Award Outstanding Actress in a Feature Film, Elizabeth Peña; Special Achievement Award Outstanding Feature Film; 1997.
 Satellite Awards: Golden Satellite Award; Best Motion Picture Screenplay – Original, John Sayles; 1997.
 Society of Texas Film Critics Awards: Best Director, John Sayles; Best Screenplay, John Sayles.
 Southeastern Film Critics Association Awards: SEFCA Award; Best Director, John Sayles; 1997.

Nominations
 Academy Awards: Oscar; Best Writing, Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen, John Sayles; 1997.
 Bravo Awards: NCLR Bravo Award; Outstanding Actor in a Feature Film, Tony Plana; 1996.
 British Academy of Film and Television Arts: BAFTA Film Award; Best Screenplay – Original, John Sayles; 1997.
 Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards: BFCA Award Best Picture; 1997.
 Casting Society of America: Artios; Best Casting for Feature Film, Drama, Avy Kaufman; 1997.
 Golden Globes: Golden Globe;  Best Screenplay – Motion Picture, John Sayles; 1997.
 Independent Spirit Awards: Independent Spirit Award; Best Feature, R. Paul Miller and Maggie Renzil; Best Male Lead, Chris Cooper; Best Screenplay, John Sayles; 1997.
 Satellite Awards: Golden Satellite Award; Best Motion Picture – Drama, R. Paul Miller and Maggie Renzi; 1997.
 Writers Guild of America: WGA Award (Screen); Best Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen, John Sayles; 1997.

Honors
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
 2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:
 Nominated Western Film

References

External links

 Lone Star  essay at Bad Subjects magazine by Tomás Sandoval (discussed the historical aspects of film)
  by Siskel & Ebert

 Ann Hornaday, "The 34 best political movies ever made" The Washington Post Jan. 23, 2020), ranked #10
 Interviews with Cast and Director of Lone Star (1996) on Texas Archive of the Moving Image

1996 films
1996 independent films
1990s mystery films
1996 romantic drama films
1996 Western (genre) films
American independent films
American mystery films
American romantic drama films
American Western (genre) films
Castle Rock Entertainment films
Films directed by John Sayles
Films set in Texas
Films shot in Texas
Incest in film
Contemporary Western films
Films with screenplays by John Sayles
Sony Pictures Classics films
Films about Mexican Americans
Films scored by Mason Daring
1990s English-language films
1990s American films

Lone Star (1996 film)


Library and information science(s) or studies (LIS) is an interdisciplinary field of study that deals generally with organization, access, collection, and regulation of information, whether in physical or digital forms.

Some consider the two original disciplines, library science and information science, to be separate fields. However, it is common today to use the terms synonymously or to drop the term "library" and to speak about information departments or information schools. There have also been attempts to revive the concept of documentation and to speak of Library, information and documentation studies (or science). The organization of information and information resources is one of the fundamental aspects of LIS.

Definition
Library science (often termed library studies and library economy) is an interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary field that applies the practices, perspectives, and tools of management, information technology, education, and other areas to libraries; the collection, organization, preservation, and dissemination of information resources; and the political economy of information. Martin Schrettinger, a Bavarian librarian, coined the discipline within his work (1808–1828) Versuch eines vollständigen Lehrbuchs der Bibliothek-Wissenschaft oder Anleitung zur vollkommenen Geschäftsführung eines Bibliothekars. Rather than classifying information based on nature-oriented elements, as was previously done in his Bavarian library, Schrettinger organized books in alphabetical order. The first American school for library science was founded by Melvil Dewey at Columbia University in 1887.

Historically, library science has also included archival science. This includes how information resources are organized to serve the needs of selected user groups, how people interact with classification systems and technology, how information is acquired, evaluated and applied by people in and outside libraries as well as cross-culturally, how people are trained and educated for careers in libraries, the ethics that guide library service and organization, the legal status of libraries and information resources, and the applied science of computer technology used in documentation and records management.

There is no generally agreed-upon distinction between the terms library science and librarianship. To a certain extent, they are interchangeable perhaps differing most significantly in connotation. The term library and information studies (alternatively library and information science), abbreviated as LIS, is most often used; most librarians consider it as only a terminological variation, intended to emphasize the scientific and technical foundations of the subject and its relationship with information science. LIS should not be confused with information theory, the mathematical study of the concept of information. Library philosophy has been contrasted with library science as the study of the aims and justifications of librarianship as opposed to the development and refinement of techniques.

Education and training

Academic courses in library science include collection management, information systems and technology, research methods, information literacy, cataloging and classification, preservation, reference, statistics and management. Library science is constantly evolving, incorporating new topics like database management, information architecture and information management, among others.

With the mounting acceptance of Wikipedia as a valued and reliable reference source, many libraries, museums, and archives have introduced the role of Wikipedian in residence. As a result, some universities are including coursework relating to Wikipedia and Knowledge Management in their MLIS programs.

Becoming a library assistant does not always need a degree, and in some contexts the difference between being a library staff member and a librarian is the level of education. Most professional library jobs require a professional degree in library science or equivelent. In the United States and Canada the certification usually comes from a master's degree granted by an ALA-accredited institution. In Australia, a number of institutions offer degrees accepted by the ALIA (Australian Library and Information Association). Global standards of accreditation or certification in librarianship have yet to be developed.

United States and Canada
The Master of Library Science (MLIS) is the master's degree that is required for most professional librarian positions in the United States and Canada. The MLIS is a relatively recent degree; an older and still common degree designation for librarians to acquire is the Master of Library Science (MLS), or Master of Science in Library Science (MSLS) degree. According to the American Library Association (ALA), "The master's degree in library and information studies is frequently referred to as the MLS; however, ALA-accredited degrees have various names such as Master of Arts, Master of Librarianship, Master of Library and Information Studies, or Master of Science. The degree name is determined by the program. The [ALA] Committee for Accreditation evaluates programs based on their adherence to the Standards for Accreditation of Master's Programs in Library and Information Studies, not based on the name of the degree.

Types of librarianship

Public

The study of librarianship for public libraries covers issues such as cataloging; collection development for a diverse community; information literacy; readers' advisory; community standards; public services-focused librarianship; serving a diverse community of adults, children, and teens; intellectual freedom; censorship; and legal and budgeting issues. The public library as a commons or public sphere based on the work of Jürgen Habermas has become a central metaphor in the 21st century.

In the United States there are four different types of public libraries: association libraries, municipal public libraries, school district libraries, and special district public libraries. Each receives funding through different sources, each is established by a different set of voters, and not all are subject to municipal civil service governance.

School

The study of school librarianship covers library services for children in primary through secondary school. In some regions, the local government may have stricter standards for the education and certification of school librarians (who are sometimes considered a special case of teacher), than for other librarians, and the educational program will include those local criteria. School librarianship may also include issues of intellectual freedom, pedagogy, information literacy, and how to build a cooperative curriculum with the teaching staff.

Academic

The study of academic librarianship covers library services for colleges and universities. Issues of special importance to the field may include copyright; technology, digital libraries, and digital repositories; academic freedom; open access to scholarly works; as well as specialized knowledge of subject areas important to the institution and the relevant reference works. Librarians often divide focus individually as liaisons on particular schools within a college or university. Academic librarians may be subject specific librarians.

Some academic librarians are considered faculty, and hold similar academic ranks to those of professors, while others are not. In either case, the minimal qualification is a Master of Arts in Library Studies or a Master of Arts in Library Science. Some academic libraries may only require a master's degree in a specific academic field or a related field, such as educational technology.

Archival

The study of archives includes the training of archivists, librarians specially trained to maintain and build archives of records intended for historical preservation. Special issues include physical preservation, conservation, and restoration of materials and mass deacidification; specialist catalogs; solo work; access; and appraisal. Many archivists are also trained historians specializing in the period covered by the archive.

The archival mission includes three major goals: To identify papers and records with enduring value, preserve the identified papers, and make the papers available to others. While libraries receive items individually, archival items will usually become part of the archive's collection as a cohesive group. Major difference in collections is that library collections typically comprise published items (books, magazines, etc.), while archival collections are usually unpublished works (letters, diaries, etc.). Library collections are created by many individuals, as each author and illustrator create their own publication; in contrast, an archive usually collects the records of one person, family, institution, or organization, so the archival items will have fewer sources of authors.

Behavior in an archive differs from behavior in other libraries. In most libraries, items are openly available to the public. Archival items almost never circulate, and someone interested in viewing documents must request them of the archivist and may only be able view them in a closed reading room.

Special

Special libraries are libraries established to meet the highly specialized requirements of professional or business groups. A library is special depending on whether it covers a specialized collection, a special subject, or a particular group of users, or even the type of parent organization, such as medical libraries or law libraries.

The issues at these libraries are specific to their industries but may include solo work, corporate financing, specialized collection development, and extensive self-promotion to potential patrons. Special librarians have their own professional organization, the Special Libraries Association (SLA).

Some special libraries, such as the CIA Library, may contain classified works. It is a resource to employees of the Central Intelligence Agency, containing over 125,000 written materials, subscribes to around 1,700 periodicals, and had collections in three areas: Historical Intelligence, Circulating, and Reference. In February 1997, three librarians working at the institution spoke to Information Outlook, a publication of the SLA, revealing that the library had been created in 1947, the importance of the library in disseminating information to employees, even with a small staff, and how the library organizes its materials.

Preservation

Preservation librarians most often work in academic libraries. Their focus is on the management of preservation activities that seek to maintain access to content within books, manuscripts, archival materials, and other library resources. Examples of activities managed by preservation librarians include binding, conservation, digital and analog reformatting, digital preservation, and environmental monitoring.

History

Also libraries have existed since library science is a more recent phenomenon, as early libraries were managed primarily by academics.

17th century

The earliest text on "library operations", Advice on Establishing a Library was published in 1627 by French librarian and scholar Gabriel Naudé. Naudé wrote on many subjects including politics, religion, history, and the supernatural. He put into practice all the ideas put forth in Advice when given the opportunity to build and maintain the library of Cardinal Jules Mazarin.

19th century

Martin Schrettinger wrote the second textbook (the first in Germany) on the subject from 1808 to 1829.

Some of the main tools used by LIS to provide access to the resources originated in 19th century to make information accessible by recording, identifying, and providing bibliographic control of printed knowledge. The origin for some of these tools were even earlier. In the 17th century, during the 'golden age of libraries', publishers and sellers seeking to take advantage of the burgeoning book trade developed descriptive catalogs of their wares for distribution – a practice was adopted and further extrapolated by many libraries of the time to cover areas like philosophy, sciences, linguistics, and medicine

Thomas Jefferson, whose library at Monticello consisted of thousands of books, devised a classification system inspired by the Baconian method, which grouped books more or less by subject rather than alphabetically, as it was previously done. The Jefferson collection provided the start of what became the Library of Congress.

The first American school of librarianship opened at Columbia University under the leadership of Melvil Dewey, noted for his 1876 decimal classification, on January 5, 1887, as the School of Library Economy. The term library economy was common in the U.S. until 1942, with the term, library science, predominant through much of the 20th century.

20th century
Later, the term was used in the title of S. R. Ranganathan's The Five Laws of Library Science, published in 1931, and in the title of Lee Pierce Butler's 1933 book, An Introduction to Library Science (University of Chicago Press).

S. R. Ranganathan conceived the five laws of library science and the development of the first major analytical-synthetic classification system, the colon classification.

In the United States, Lee Pierce Butler's new approach advocated research using quantitative methods and ideas in the social sciences with the aim of using librarianship to address society's information needs. He was one of the first faculty at the University of Chicago Graduate Library School, which changed the structure and focus of education for librarianship in the twentieth century. This research agenda went against the more procedure-based approach of the "library economy", which was mostly confined to practical problems in the administration of libraries.

William Stetson Merrill's A Code for Classifiers, released in several editions from 1914 to 1939, is an example of a more pragmatic approach, where arguments stemming from in-depth knowledge about each field of study are employed to recommend a system of classification. While Ranganathan's approach was philosophical, it was also tied more to the day-to-day business of running a library. A reworking of Ranganathan's laws was published in 1995 which removes the constant references to books. Michael Gorman's Our Enduring Values: Librarianship in the 21st Century features the eight principles necessary by library professionals and incorporates knowledge and information in all their forms, allowing for digital information to be considered.

In the English-speaking world the term "library science" seems to have been used for the first time in India in the 1916 book Punjab Library Primer, written by Asa Don Dickinson and published by the University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. This university was the first in Asia to begin teaching "library science". The Punjab Library Primer was the first textbook on library science published in English anywhere in the world. The first textbook in the United States was the Manual of Library Economy by James Duff Brown, published in 1903. In 1923, C. C. Williamson, who was appointed by the Carnegie Corporation, published an assessment of library science education entitled "The Williamson Report", which designated that universities should provide library science training. This report had a significant impact on library science training and education. Library research and practical work, in the area of information science, have remained largely distinct both in training and in research interests.

From Library Science to LIS
By the late 1960s, mainly due to the meteoric rise of human computing power and the new academic disciplines formed therefrom, academic institutions began to add the term "information science" to their names. The first school to do this was at the University of Pittsburgh in 1964. More schools followed during the 1970s and 1980s, and by the 1990s almost all library schools in the USA had added information science to their names. Although there are exceptions, similar developments have taken place in other parts of the world. In Denmark, for example, the 'Royal School of Librarianship' changed its English name to The Royal School of Library and Information Science in 1997.

21st century
The digital age has transformed how information is accessed and retrieved. "The library is now a part of a complex and dynamic educational, recreational, and informational infrastructure." Mobile devices and applications with wireless networking, high-speed computers and networks, and the computing cloud have deeply impacted and developed information science and information services. The evolution of the library sciences maintains its mission of access equity and community space, as well as the new means for information retrieval called information literacy skills. All catalogs, databases, and a growing number of books are available on the Internet. In addition, the expanding free access to open-source journals and sources such as Wikipedia has fundamentally impacted how information is accessed. Information literacy is the ability to "determine the extent of information needed, access the needed information effectively and efficiently, evaluate information and its sources critically, incorporate selected information into one's knowledge base, use information effectively to accomplish a specific purpose, and understand the economic, legal, and social issues surrounding the use of information, and access and use information ethically and legally."

Journals
(see also List of LIS Journals in India page,  :Category:Library science journals and Journal Citation Reports for listing according to Impact factor)

Some core journals in LIS are:
 Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST) (1966–2011)
 El Profesional de la Información (es) (EPI) (1992–) (Formerly Information World en Español)
 Information Processing and Management
 Information Research: An International Electronic Journal (IR) (1995–)
 Italian Journal of Library and Information Studies (JLIS.it)
 Journal of Documentation (JDoc) (1945–)
 Journal of Information Science (JIS) (1979–)
 Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology (Formerly Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology) (JASIST) (1950–)
 Knowledge Organization (journal)
 Library Literature and Information Science Retrospective
 Library Trends (1952–)
 Scientometrics (journal) (1978–)
 The Library Quarterly  (LQ) (1931–)
 Grandhalaya Sarvaswam (1915–)

Important bibliographical databases in LIS are, among others, Social Sciences Citation Index and Library and Information Science Abstracts

Conferences
This is a list of some of the major conferences in the field.
 Annual meeting of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
 Conceptions of Library and Information Science
 i-Schools' iConferences
 The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA): World Library and Information Congress
 African Library and Information Associations and Institutions (AfLIA) Conference

Subfields

Information science grew out of documentation science and therefore has a tradition for considering scientific and scholarly communication, bibliographic databases, subject knowledge and terminology etc.

An advertisement for a full Professor in information science at the Royal School of Library and Information Science, spring 2011, provides one view of which subdisciplines are well-established: "The research and teaching/supervision must be within some (and at least one) of these well-established information science areas
A curriculum study by Kajberg & Lørring in 2005reported a "degree of overlap of the ten curricular themes with subject areas in the current curricula of responding LIS schools".
 Information seeking and Information retrieval 100%
 Library management and promotion 96%
 Knowledge management 86%
 Knowledge organization 82%
 Information literacy and learning 76%
 Library and society in a historical perspective (Library history) 66%
  The Information society: Barriers to the free access to information 64%
 Cultural heritage and digitisation of the cultural heritage (Digital preservation) 62%
 The library in the multi-cultural information society: International and intercultural communication 42%
 Mediation of culture in a special European context 26% "

There is often an overlap between these subfields of LIS and other fields of study. Most information retrieval research, for example, belongs to computer science. Knowledge management is considered a subfield of management or organizational studies.

Metadata

Pre-Internet classification systems and cataloging systems were mainly concerned with two objectives:

 To provide rich bibliographic descriptions and relations between information objects and
 To facilitate sharing of this bibliographic information across library boundaries.

The development of the Internet and the information explosion that followed found many communities needing mechanisms for the description, authentication and management of their information. These communities developed taxonomies and controlled vocabularies to describe their knowledge, as well as unique information architectures to communicate these classifications and libraries found themselves as liaison or translator between these metadata systems. The concerns of cataloging in the Internet era have gone beyond simple bibliographic descriptions and the need for descriptive information about the ownership and copyright of a digital product – a publishing concern – and description for the different formats and accessibility features of a resource – a sociological concern – show the continued development and cross discipline necessity of resource description.

In the 21st century, the usage of open data, open source and open protocols like OAI-PMH has allowed thousands of libraries and institutions to collaborate on the production of global metadata services previously offered only by increasingly expensive commercial proprietary products. Tools like BASE and Unpaywall can automates the search of an academic paper across thousands of repositories by libraries and research institutions.

Knowledge Organization

Library science is very closely related to issues of knowledge organization; however, the latter is a broader term that covers how knowledge is represented and stored (computer science/linguistics), how it might be automatically processed (artificial intelligence), and how it is organized outside the library in global systems such as the internet. In addition, library science typically refers to a specific community engaged in managing holdings as they are found in university and government libraries, while knowledge organization, in general, refers to this and also to other communities (such as publishers) and other systems (such as the Internet). The library system is thus one socio-technical structure for knowledge organization.

The terms information organization and knowledge organization are often used synonymously. The fundamentals of their study (particularly theory relating to indexing and classification) and many of the main tools used by the disciplines in modern times to provide access to digital resources (abstracting,[metadata], resource description, systematic and alphabetic subject description, and terminology) originated in the 19th century and were developed, in part, to assist in making humanity's intellectual output accessible by recording, identifying, and providing bibliographic control of printed knowledge.

Information has been published that analyses the relations between the philosophy of information (PI), library and information science (LIS), and social epistemology (SE).

Ethics
Practicing library professionals and members of the American Library Association recognize and abide by the ALA Code of Ethics. According to the American Library Association, "In a political system grounded in an informed citizenry, we are members of a profession explicitly committed to intellectual freedom and freedom of access to information. We have a special obligation to ensure the free flow of information and ideas to present and future generations." The ALA Code of Ethics was adopted in the winter of 1939, and updated on June 29, 2021.

See also

 Authority control
 Bibliography
 Digital Asset Management (DAM)
 Diversity in librarianship
 Glossary of library and information science
 Information history
 Internet search engines and libraries
 Libraries and the LGBTQ community
 Library portal
 List of library associations
 Museology
 Museum informatics
 Outline of library science
 Subject indexing
 Timeline of women in library science

Notes

References

Further reading

 International Journal of Library Science ()
 Lafontaine, Gerard S. (1958). Dictionary of Terms Used in the Paper, Printing, and Allied Industries. Toronto: H. Smith Paper Mills. 110 p.
 The Oxford Guide to Library Research (2005) –
 Thompson, Elizabeth H. (1943). A.L.A. Glossary of Library Terms, with a Selection of Terms in Related Fields, prepared under the direction of the Committee on Library Terminology of the American Library Association. Chicago, Ill.: American Library Association. viii, 189 p.
 V-LIB 1.2 (2008 Vartavan Library Classification, over 700 fields of sciences & arts classified according to a relational philosophy, currently sold under license in the UK by Rosecastle Ltd. (see Vartavan-Frame)

External links

 LISNews.org – librarian and information science news
 LISWire.com – librarian and information science wire

hu:Könyvtár- és információtudomány
sv:Biblioteks- och informationsvetenskap

Library and information science


Rhynchocinetes durbanensis, commonly known as the camel shrimp and the hingebeak prawn, is a species of shrimp (family Rhynchocinetidae) found in the Indo-Pacific. Up to  in length, the shrimp has large black eyes, and features red and white lines on a translucent body. It has many white ocelli (spots) as well as a Y-shaped white mark on the upper front part of its carapace. It is strongly sexually dimorphic, and dominant males have larger first pair of chelipeds. The shrimp is found in hollows and crevices from  deep, where it forms groups consisting of dozens of individuals. One study determined that the ovigerous females carry from 267 to 1764 eggs, and the eggs take 9 days to hatch after spawning at a temperature of , or 18 days when the temperature is under . R. durbanensis has been frequently confused with R. uritai, and also closely resembles R. brucei. R. durbanensis was first described scientifically by Isabella Gordon in 1936.

References

External links

Caridea
Crustaceans described in 1936

Rhynchocinetes durbanensis


Raffles Place MRT station (EW14/NS26) is an underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) interchange station on the North South Line and the East West Line in Downtown Core, Singapore. It is directly underneath the centre of the financial area of Raffles Place, located in the Downtown Core area, south of the Singapore River. It is one of the more prominent and busier stations within Singapore's transport system during peak hours, especially being an interchange station located within the Central Area. The station has many entrances/exits, the two main ones facing the Raffles Gardens, with the building being a miniature facade of the historic John Little building, just before the Telok Ayer and Downtown MRT Station came on board.

This station used to be the largest and deepest MRT station in Singapore, but the record was broken by Dhoby Ghaut in 2003 and then by Bras Basah in 2010, then by Promenade in 2013 which is 43 metres below ground. It is also one of the four MRT stations to appear in "Uniquely Singapore Edition" of the board game Monopoly.

The station is the only MRT station to ever participate in three terrorist exercises, which are Exercise Northstar IV on January 11, 2004, Exercise Northstar V, when it was one of four stations which participated in the exercise on January 8, 2006, as well as Exercise Northstar VII on July 7, 2009 together with Sentosa and VivoCity. At Raffles Place, most southbound trains will then terminate at Marina Bay while few others at Marina South Pier.

Related pages
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)

References

Other websites

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations
1987 establishments in Singapore

Raffles Place MRT station


Chimera is the eleventh studio album by Canadian industrial/electronic music group Delerium in 2003 (see 2003 in music).

The song "Above the Clouds" was released as an iTunes online exclusive.

Track listing

Disc one
"Love" (Zoë Johnston, Bill Leeb, Carmen Rizzo, Jamie Muhoberac) – 4:03
Vocals: Zoë Johnston
Samples: "Vision (O Euchari In Leta Via)", from The Music of Hildegard von Bingen
"After All" (Jaël, Leeb, Rhys Fulber) – 4:51
Vocals: Jaël
"Just a Dream" (Margaret Far, Leeb, Fulber) – 5:27
Vocals: Margaret Far
"Run for It" (Leigh Nash, Leeb, Fulber) – 4:35
Vocals: Leigh Nash
"Truly" (Nerina Pallot, Leeb, Rizzo, Muhoberac) – 4:38
Vocals: Nerina Pallot
"Serenity" (Leeb, Fulber, Chris Elliot) – 7:20
Samples: "Alleluia Veni Domine", traditional
"Touched" (Rachel Fuller) – 4:05
Vocals: Rachel Fuller
"Forever After" (Songul Akturk, Muhoberac, Leeb, Rizzo) – 4:35
Vocals: Sultana (Songul Akturk)
"Fallen" (Rani Kamal, Muhoberac, Leeb) – 3:50
Vocals: Rani
"Orbit of Me" (Nash, Leeb, Muhoberac, Rizzo, Kent Stephany) – 5:23
Vocals: Leigh Nash
"Magic" (Julee Cruise, Leeb, Rizzo, Muhoberac, Stephany) – 4:36
Vocals: Julee Cruise
"Eternal Odyssey" (Leeb, Fulber) – 9:46
Samples: Adagio for Strings (Agnus Dei choral arrangement), composed by Samuel Barber
"Returning" (Kristy Thirsk, Leeb, Fulber) – 5:14
Vocals: Kristy Thirsk
Many online sources, particularly databases such as Allmusic [], list "Serenity Touched" as one song, as well as "Eternal Odyssey Returning". This is due to the formatting of the track list on the CD case back insert, which causes visual ambiguity (the band's MP3.com page also had tracks listed under the incorrect names).

Disc two
The contents of disc 2 vary with region: this information is for the most common North American release.
"Stopwatch Hearts" (Leeb, Emily Haines, Muhoberac, Rizzo) – 4:09
Vocals: Emily Haines
"After All" (Andrew Sega Remix) – 7:25
Music videos: "Silence", "Flowers Become Screens", "Aria"

The "Andrew Sega Remix" of "After All" was the winner of an amateur remix contest held by Nettwerk prior to the album's release.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

Delerium albums
2003 albums
Nettwerk Records albums
Albums produced by Rhys Fulber
Albums produced by Ryan Greene

Chimera (Delerium album)


The Shikalgar are a Muslim community found in the state of Maharashtra in India.

Origin
The term Saiqalgar is derived from the Persian word صیقلگر saiqalgar, which means a polisher. They were traditionally involved in the polishing  and furbishing of metals. Little is known as to the origin of this community, other than that they are one of a number of Muslim artisan groups found in Maharashtra. The Saiqalgar may be converts from the Hindu Sikligar community. They speak the Dakhani dialect of Urdu among themselves, and Marathi with outsiders. The Saiqalgars are found mainly in the districts of Kolhapur and Sangli. They are an extremely small community, with their settlements containing only a few families.

Present circumstances

The Saiqalgar are now divided into groups, those who are now mainly small to medium-sized farmers, and a smaller groups who are still involved with the polishing and furbishing of metals. Among the latter groups, a small number have taken to the manufacture of fireworks.

The Saiqalgar generally marry within the community, but there are instances of marriage with neighbouring Muslim groups such as the Attar, Maner, Patwager and Tamboli. Like most Muslim artisan groups, the Saiqalgar have a caste association, the Sqailgar Jamaat. This organizations acts both as a welfare organization, as well as an instrument of social. They are entirely Sunni, but incorporate some folk beliefs.

See also

Sikligar

References

Social groups of Maharashtra
Muslim communities of Maharashtra

Saiqalgar


Alester Maregwede (born 5 August 1981) is a Zimbabwean cricketer. He is a wicket-keeper and middle-order batsman. He has represented the Zimbabwe A team as vice captain.

He made his first appearances on a West Indies tour in 2003-04 and, since the departure of many Zimbabwean team members, he has found himself playing on a regular basis. He has also represented the Midlands team in the Logan Cup.

Maregwede was born and raised in the Harare suburb of Highfield and first played cricket at Chipembere Primary School. When he was 11 he played his first "proper" match, for Highfield against a High Glen Select XI and he was given the wicketkeeper's gloves for no reason other than that there was no one else to do it. He batted seven, top scoring with 42. Later he was named as captain of Highfield in an inter-suburb tournament which Highfield won. He won a ZCU scholarship to attend Prince Edward School but he ended up at Churchill School because of his need to board.

Whilst he was still in first year he was named captain of a Zimbabwe Development XI for a tour to South Africa. He averaged 64 on the tour and he only lost one game. Because of this tour he started playing for Churchill's full team, as an opener and wicketkeeper. He made his first-class debut for Mashonaland "A" in the Logan Cup versus the full Mashonaland side when he was only 16, scoring 5 and 19.

Maregwede was admitted to the CFX Academy in 2000, missing his final year of school to go. He averaged 41 in the Logan Cup for the academy, with two fifties. Alester has since moved into the full Mashonaland side, with two hundreds and ten fifties.

Maregwede's cricket heroes are Steve Waugh, and like many Zimbabweans, Andy Flower. His proudest moment came in the U19 World Cup when he scored 64 against Australia. He also played first team rugby and hockey for Churchill and was a sprinter. Alester really enjoys travelling, and is glad that his cricket commitments give him the chance to visit many foreign countries. Alester was a vital member of the Mildura Settlers Cricket Clubs first premiership in 20 years. Alester has since parted ways with the club but is hopeful of remaining in the area.

External links

1981 births
Living people
Alumni of Churchill School (Harare)
Zimbabwe One Day International cricketers
Zimbabwe Test cricketers
Zimbabwean cricketers
Masvingo cricketers
Midlands cricketers
CFX Academy cricketers
Wicket-keepers

Alester Maregwede


Eli Lilly and Company is an American global medication company. Its headquarters are in Indianapolis, Indiana. The products of the company are sold in about 125 countries. The company was founded in 1876. It was named after Colonel Eli Lilly, a pharmaceutical chemist and American Civil War veteran.

Eli Lilly's most important products before World War II included diabetic insulin. One of the brand names they used for the insulin was Iletin.  In 2002, Eli Lilly made more products for people with diabetes than any other company.

Eli Lilly is the largest manufacturer and distributor of medications used for mental health issues. They make medications for bipolar disorder, clinical depression, generalized anxiety and others. One drug in this class is Amytal. It is used mainly to help with sleep and anxiety.

Drugs
Amytal
Zyprexa
Humalog

Pharmaceutical companies of the United States
1876 establishments
Companies based in Indiana
Indianapolis

Eli Lilly and Company


Alfonso Calderón Squadritto (November 21, 1930 – August 8, 2009) was a Chilean poet and writer. He won the Chilean National Prize for Literature in 1998. He had been a member of the Academia Chilena de la Lengua (Chilean Academy of Language) since 1981. He died on August 8, 2009, having suffered a heart attack.

Biography

His secondary school years were spent in the Liceos of Los Ángeles, Temuco and in the Internado Nacional Barros Arana in Santiago, and completed his qualification in the Instituto Pedagógico de la Universidad de Chile in 1952.

After a stint as a Spanish teacher in the Liceo de Hombres de La Serena from 1952 to 1964, he returned to Santiago to teach in the Institute of Chilean Literature of the University of Chile. He also taught in the University's School of Journalism, was head of the School of Journalism of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, professor of writing skills in the Universidad Andrés Bello, professor of Literature in the Diplomatic Academy of the same name, and also taught in the University of Chile and the Miguel de Cervantes University.

His literary debut came in 1949 with a collection of poems, Primer consejo a los arcángeles del viento, and by 1952 he had become a critic in journals and newspapers. In 1953 he became the president of the newly founded Carlos Mondaca Cortés Literary Circle, and his reviews appeared in the La Serena publications El Serenense and El Día. He participated in the Revista Ercilla, was head of the Revista Mapocho and played a role in the Editora Nacional Quimantu set up by Salvador Allende's Unidad Popular government from 1971 until the 1973 coup.

In 1974, under Augusto Pinochet's dictatorship, he gave up his teaching positions in protest at military intervention in Chile's higher education institutions.

From 1981 he was a member of the Academia Chilena de la Lengua, and was appointed to the post of director of the Diego Barros Arana Research Centre of the Chilean National Library in 1993.

His daughters Teresa and Lila Calderón are poets, and Cecilia Calderón González is a professor of Language and Communication and author of several textbooks.

He died on August 8, 2009, of a heart attack, and was cremated in accordance with his final wishes.

References

Notes

Sources

1930 births
2009 deaths
Chilean male poets
National Prize for Literature (Chile) winners
20th-century Chilean poets
20th-century Chilean male writers

Alfonso Calderón (poet)


Joshua Robert Barrett (born November 22, 1984) is a former American football safety. He was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the seventh round of the 2008 NFL Draft. He played college football at Arizona State.

Early years
Barrett was born in Reno, Nevada.  He played high school football, basketball, and one year of baseball at Reno High School.  He was an all state football selection as a senior. Barrett was recruited by a number of colleges to play football.

College career
Following high school, Barrett attended Arizona State University. As a true freshman in 2003, he played in the first game of the season before suffering a shoulder injury and redshirting. He played in 10 games, starting four, in 2004, recording 17 tackles. As a sophomore in 2005, Barrett started two of the twelve games he played and finished with 37 tackles, one interception, and a sack. He received honorable mention All-Pac-10 honors as a junior in 2006 after leading the Sun Devils in tackles (82) and interceptions (3) as a 13-game starter. Barrett finished his collegiate career with 10 takeaways, totaling six interceptions and four fumble recoveries in 47 career games (27 starts) at Arizona State. He posted a career-high seven pass breakups in 11 games (8 starts) as a senior for the Sun Devils. He missed three games early in the year due to injuries but finished the year with 38 tackles (25 solo), one sack (9 yds.), one interception and one fumble recovery.

Professional career

Denver Broncos
Barrett was drafted in the seventh round (220th overall) in the 2008 NFL Draft by the Denver Broncos. He was waived by the Broncos on August 30, 2008, and re-signed the next day to their practice squad. On November 23, 2008, Barrett was elevated to the Broncos' active roster. He played in the final six games of the season, starting the last three. He finished with 22 tackles and one interception. In 2009, Barrett played in 14 games, with no starts, and recorded 10 tackles on the season.

New England Patriots
On August 5, 2010, Barrett was waived/injured by the Broncos with a shoulder injury. If he had cleared waivers, Barrett would have reverted to the Broncos' injured reserve list. However, he was claimed by the New England Patriots on August 6. He was placed on injured reserve on August 31, the first day the team could do so without exposing him to waivers.

References

External links
New England Patriots bio
Arizona State Sun Devils bio

1984 births
Living people
Players of American football from Reno, Nevada
American football safeties
Arizona State Sun Devils football players
Denver Broncos players
New England Patriots players
Reno High School alumni

Josh Barrett (American football)