The Apostles, Op. 49, is an oratorio for soloists, chorus and orchestra composed by Edward Elgar. It was first performed on 14 October 1903 at the Birmingham Music Festival.

Overview
After his international success with the Enigma Variations (1899) and The Dream of Gerontius (1900), Elgar was commissioned by the Birmingham Triennial Music Festival, which had also produced Gerontius, to write a new choral work. This encouraged Elgar to start composing a large-scale work on a subject he had been contemplating, according to the composer, since boyhood when he had even started selecting the words. The Apostles, like its successor The Kingdom, depicts the disciples of Jesus and their reactions to the extraordinary events they witness.

Despite arranging the commission in December 1901, Elgar paid little attention to The Apostles until July 1902, when he had finished composing and rehearsing his Coronation Ode, Op. 44. Elgar's planning of the libretto included a long immersion in theological writings, as well as Wagner's sketch for "Jesus von Nazareth", and Henry W. Longfellow's poem "The Divine Tragedy". He assembled his libretto from verses of scripture, as had been the pattern for many of the most influential oratorios, including Handel's Messiah (1741) and Mendelssohn's Elijah (1836). After many delays, Elgar finally started formal composition of the music in mid-December 1902. Composition of the work in vocal-score format was complete by the end of June 1903, with scoring complete on 17 August.

The Apostles is a narrative work, dealing with the calling of the Apostles and their experiences of Jesus' preaching, miracles, crucifixion, resurrection and ascension. The Kingdom would carry the story onward. Elgar was more interested in human motivations than philosophical underpinnings, and two of the most prominent characters in the work are the two sinners Mary Magdalene and Judas Iscariot.

Elgar's conception outgrew the confines of a single work: The Kingdom was first conceived as the last part of The Apostles, but later Elgar considered them as the first two parts of a trilogy. In any case, the projected third part, The Last Judgement, never got further than a few sketches which Elgar produced sporadically until 1920.

The German translation and the German premiere were both the work of the conductor Julius Buths.

Roles
The Apostles is written for a large orchestra, of typical late Romantic proportions, with the addition of a shofar (usually substituted by a more conventional instrument, such as a flugelhorn), which announces the dawn. There is a double chorus with semichorus,  and six solo singers representing:

Synopsis
The work is in two parts and seven sections, each played without a break. Words were selected by Elgar from the Bible and Apocrypha.

 (Part 1) "The Calling of the Apostles". The music begins just before dawn; the sun rises, and one by one the Apostles are chosen.
 "By the Wayside". This depicts Jesus' teaching, and particularly evokes the Beatitudes.
 "By the Sea of Galilee". Crossing the sea is incidental; Mary Magdalene is the focus here. After a stormy night scene, her conversion is portrayed, and the scene moves to Caesarea Philippi and Capernaum. The scene is followed by a choral epilogue, "Turn ye to the stronghold," added late in the composition of the piece.
 (Part 2) "The Betrayal". Although it follows the Passion narrative, the section is chiefly concerned with the character and motivation of Judas. He is shown as trying to maneuver Jesus so that he is forced to show his divine power and establish his kingdom. The events of the trial and condemnation happen "off-stage", with occasional contributions by the chorus (in the roles of singers in the temple and the mob). In the end Judas gives way to despair.
 "Golgotha". The scene of the crucifixion is, in Elgar's words, "a mere sketch". Jesus' dying words "Eli, eli, lama sabachthani" are declaimed by the orchestra alone; after which the chorus respond pianissimo, "Truly this was the son of God".
 "At the Sepulchre". The story of the Resurrection is briefly told by the narrator and a chorus of angels, in a blissful, spring-like interlude.
 "The Ascension". The miracle is almost incidental; the point is that the Apostles, though here joining in praise with the angels, are about to establish the church on earth. This idea informs the final climax of the work, scored for the full forces of soloists, chorus and orchestra.

Instrumentation

Elgar specified that the Semi-Chorus, at the fourth bar after rehearsal number 201, should consist of 24 voices (6 to each part) and should sing from the front row of the chorus. The Semi-Chorus could also be a separate body of voices (Boys' voices to produce the most ideal effect) elevated above the chorus. If it is not possible to have a Semi-Chorus without weakening the Chorus, the Semi-Choir should be sung by the front row of the Chorus.

References

External links
 The Apostles - 1902-03
 THE APOSTLES - Synopsis
 Elgar - His Music : The Apostles

Complete performance of Elgar's The Apostles by the London Symphony Orchestra, Richard Hickox conducting, 1990

Oratorios
Compositions by Edward Elgar
Depictions of Jesus in music
1903 oratorios

The Apostles (Elgar)


The 14th Ward or Fourteenth Ward is a section of the city of New Orleans, Louisiana, one of the 17 Wards of New Orleans. The Ward was formed in 1870 from part of Jefferson City and the town of Greenville, which were annexed by New Orleans.

Boundaries
The Ward is roughly shaped like a wide "L" stretching back from the Mississippi River. The lower boundary is Jefferson Avenue and then South Broad, across which is the 13th Ward. The upper boundary is Lowerline Street (formerly the lower boundary of the city of Carrollton with Greenville), across which is the 16th Ward. The back boundary is Washington Avenue, across which is a portion of the 2nd Ward.

Cityscape and landmarks

The Ward includes some of the most famous landmarks of Uptown New Orleans. The site of the World Cotton Centennial 1884 World's Fair is now Audubon Zoo and Audubon Park. The area around the Park contains a number of architecturally-significant mansions. Across Saint Charles Avenue, route of the famous St. Charles Avenue Streetcar, are Tulane University and Loyola University New Orleans.

The former site of Dominican College, just up from Broadway Street, is also in the Ward; it is now a satellite campus of Loyola. The "Fraternity Row" is along Broadway Street, and around Broadway Street and Freret Street is a cluster of businesses catering to the university communities. Notable commercial areas include the Uptown Square shopping center on Broadway, and the Calhoun Street area, back from Claiborne Avenue. Farther back from Claiborne Avenue, the Ward includes part of the Fontainebleau and Broadmoor
neighborhoods.

See also
Audubon Park
Uptown New Orleans

References

Wards of New Orleans

14th Ward of New Orleans


A cobble (sometimes a cobblestone) is a clast of rock defined on the Udden–Wentworth scale as having a particle size of 64–256 millimeters (2.5–10.1 in), larger than a pebble and smaller than a boulder. Other scales define a cobble's size in slightly different terms. A rock made predominantly of cobbles is termed a conglomerate. Cobblestone is a building material based on cobbles.

Rocks

Cobble (geology)


Walter Bowes (1882–1957) was an English-born industrialist and sportsman, who came to fame in the United States as the co-founder of technology firm Pitney-Bowes Postage Meter Company (now Pitney-Bowes)

An entrepreneur and salesman, he achieved great success as a businessman and also had a passion for racing yachts and horses.

He co-founded the Pitney-Bowes Postage Meter Company in 1920  with inventor Arthur Pitney. Today, the company that bears his name, Pitney Bowes Inc., is a $6.1 billion provider of software, hardware and services related to documents, packaging, mailing and shipping, collectively referred to as the mailstream.

Biography
Bowes was born in Maw Street, Bradford, England, in 1882 and later moved to the United States.

He began his career as a salesman. In one of his earliest jobs at the Addressograph Company, an Iowa-based manufacturer of addressing systems, he achieved some success—but quit the company after a year so he could sail his 23-foot sloop.

In 1908, he was selling check-endorsing machines, and a year later he bought the Universal Stamping Machine Company.  Within a few years, his company had established relationships with the U.S. Postal Service, providing stamp-cancelling machines on a rental basis.  Between 1912 and 1917 he achieved prominence in postal circles for his promotion of permit printing of mail.  He expanded internationally, selling his machines to Germany, England and Canada.  In 1917, he moved his operation to Stamford, Connecticut.

While he was successful selling stamp-cancelling machines, Bowes felt that postage stamps would become obsolete—and that a more automated way to apply postage could present opportunities. A postal official suggested he contact Arthur Pitney, an inventor who had been working on such a device for nearly two decades. When they met in 1919, Pitney had already invested $90,000 in his invention, his patents were expiring and his company, the American Postage Meter Company had had little to show for his efforts.

By 1919, the two men combined their firms and the Pitney-Bowes Postage Meter Company was born.  While Pitney was the inventor, Bowes concentrated his activities in Washington, lobbying for the passage of the necessary legislation that would open the door for the postage meter. The United States Congress passed the enabling legislation in 1920, and the first piece of metered mail—a letter from Bowes to his wife—was posted on December 10, 1920.  By 1922, 400 meters were in service, accounting for more than $4 million in postage.

While the company was growing, neither Pitney nor Bowes enjoyed this success.  The two men were constantly at odds and in 1924, Arthur Pitney resigned from the company after a dispute with Bowes. After the co-founder's departure, uncertainty reigned at Pitney Bowes and Bowes' stepson, Walter Wheeler II, was promoted to general manager.

A 1939 article in Time notes that "Walter Bowes is nervous, restless; he hates a desk and office hours, prefers to putter about his home."  An accomplished sportsman, he devoted much of his time to racing yachts and horses. In 1929, Bowes sailed his six-meter Saleema to an international championship.

Walter Bowes shifted from president to Chairman of Pitney Bowes in 1938.  Two years later, he retired with a 10-year consulting contract.  He was wealthy before his death in 1957 at the age of 75.

References

•	FORTUNE Small Business, Meter Men, September 2002.

•	Time, Mailomat, May 28, 2939

•	Reference for Business, History of Pitney Bowes.

•	The Real People Behind Our Famous Brand Names

•	Pitney Bowes – Company History

Further reading
•	Cahn, William (1961). The Story of Pitney-Bowes. New York: Harper & Brothers.

American manufacturing businesspeople
1957 deaths
1882 births

Walter Bowes


, also known as Terra Diver, is a vertical-scrolling shooting game by Raizing originally released as an arcade game for the ST-V platform in 1996. The game was ported to the Sega Saturn and PlayStation in 1997, with neither port being released outside of Japan.

Gameplay
Soukyugurentai is a vertical-scrolling shooter.  The player picks one of three different ships - red, green or blue - each with their own pilot, fire pattern and laser web. Each ship has a standard gun and a bomb, but the most distinctive of these aspects is the laser-web: holding down the button for the standard gun will release a lock-on laser-web traditionally shaped as a cone or semicircle, which will destroy the enemies it locks onto after releasing the buttons. Each ship has two different lock-on weapons that function as web-designed laser targets. Once an enemy enters the web's range, the player can destroy the enemy or multiple enemies can be destroyed via homing lasers or multiple fireballs. The game is unusual in that, rather than using a 3:4 aspect ratio, to better suit the vertically oriented gameplay, it uses a horizontal monitor (4:3) in the style of Neo Geo vertical shooters as well as the later Radiant Silvergun and Giga Wing.

Plot
After exhausting the Earth's resources, particularly fossil fuel, innumerable trade companies team up with NASA and begin initiating space programs dedicated to finding resources outside the planet. Mining facilities are established in different areas outside of Earth, particularly on large asteroids near the Moon and most especially on Mars. Various resources are found from these areas and distributed to Earth which aid in the world economy. The largest company that is established from this is the Jin-Sei (Exhausting Star) Corporation set in Japan which is worth 1 trillion in New Yen investments, founded by the Miama family.

However, after years of space resource distribution, the separate companies started initiating attacks that would dominate other company's resources. The strongest of these attacks started on Martian colonies established by the second largest company on Earth, Eight Luck Interstellar Development Inc., which banded with smaller companies across Earth including ones in China, England, and America. Eight Luck planned on claiming Mars for its own so as to monopolize on the outsourcing of minerals as well as developing terraformed areas.

In response to these attacks, the Jin-Sei formed a union with the JDF (a future version of the JSDF) and began working on a space fighter program organized by Defensive Section 2 of the JDF known as the Soukyugurentai (SOQ for short), which utilized a unique laser technology fighting system known as NALS (Non-blind spot All range Laser System) in combat. The threat of eco-terrorism was on the rise as outspoken ecosystem protectionism groups opposed the company's outsourcing of materials; these were used as subsequent cover-up stories to hide the company war waging between Jin-Sei and Eight Luck from public awareness. Made up of the best fighters adapted to this combat system as well as innumerable stamina strengthening tests for space travel, the SOQ are sent in to defend company territory from rival companies on Earth and space at all costs.

Releases
Soukyu Gurentai was first distributed for the arcades in Japan in September 1996. The game was released as a cartridge kit for Sega's ST-V arcade system board. While the game was never widely distributed outside Japan, inserting the cartridge on a foreign ST-V board will set the in-game language to English and change the title to Terra Diver (both titles are printed on the cartridge's label).

A Sega Saturn version was released by Electronic Arts in February 1997, five months after the arcade release. Because the original arcade hardware was directly based on the Sega Saturn architecture, this is a close conversion of the original game. Several options and features were also added, including a practice mode which allows the player to try out any of the game's stages without going through the entire campaign, as well as support for the Multi Controller and Mission Stick. A bargain-priced version was released in December 1997, titled , which includes a demo for the Saturn version of Battle Garegga.

A PlayStation version was also released by Data East in December 1997 titled . This version features a Special Mode which adds a fourth playable ship and a new final stage, as well as animated opening and ending videos and a voiced navigator. It supports the analog controls of the DualShock controller. The PlayStation version was reissued in May 2003 by Hamster as part of their MajorWave budget label.

Soukyu Gurentai was ported to Japanese feature phones in 2005 and was available for EZWeb, i-mode and Yahoo! Keitai devices.

Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed Terra Diver on their October 15, 1996 issue as being the fifth most popular arcade software for that two-week period among operators surveyed. Sōkyū Gurentai was one of Raizing's most popular arcade games. Consoles + rated the Sega Saturn version at 92%.

Next Generation reviewed the Saturn version of the game, rating it three stars out of five, and stated that "Good, mindless fun, but not much else. For Saturn owners who lament Raystorm'''s absence, Soukyu Gurentai'' is a great, possibly even better, alternative."

Notes

References

External links
Eighting arcade page
Eighting mobile page
Hamster page
Data East page

Terra Diver at the World of Arcades

1996 video games
Arcade video games
Cooperative video games
Eco-terrorism in fiction
Eighting games
Electronic Arts games
Hamster Corporation games
Japan-exclusive video games
Mobile games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
PlayStation (console) games
Science fiction video games
Sega Saturn games
Victor Entertainment games
Video games about terrorism
Video games developed in Japan
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games scored by Hitoshi Sakimoto
Video games set in the future
Video games set in Tokyo
Video games set on Mars

Terra Diver


Béla Jurcsek (30 August 1893 – 1945) was a Hungarian politician, who served as Minister of Agriculture in 1944 and Minister of Welfare between 1944 and 1945.

He was born into a landowning family. He attended secondary school in Nagykároly and studied economy in Debrecen. Then he travelled abroad and also worked briefly in Germany. After the First World War he took part in the political life of Fejér County. From 1916 he was a member of the county's municipality and became chairman of the Alliance of Social Associations' group in Sárbogárd. He also founded the local organization of the Revisionist League. After that he went abroad again (Austria, Italy, Germany). He became chairman of the Party of National Unity (NEP) in Sárbogárd.
He was elected a member of the National Assembly in 1935 and in 1939 as a representative of the NEP.

In Parliament, he gave speeches mainly on agricultural and social policy issues. He was a member of the party's committee which examined the Jewish question and of the special delegation which smoothed the differences between the House of Magnates and the House of Representatives in connection with the second Jewish law. From June 1940 to February 1941, he served as governor of agricultural processing and marketing. Jurcsek also served as state secretary of the Ministry of Welfare between 1942 and 1944. He devised a delivery system which later was called after him the Jurcsek system. This program tried to improve the deteriorating situation because of the Second World War. The problem had also appeared during the First World War. Jurcsek wanted to eliminate the black market and hiding.

After the Nazi occupation of Hungary (Operation Margarethe) in the cabinet of Döme Sztójay, he was appointed Minister of Agriculture. He also held this position in the next government, that of Géza Lakatos. After the Arrow Cross Party's coup d'état (Operation Mickey Mouse), he served as Minister of Welfare. He set up the delivery system which served the needs of the German Army to the detriment of the Hungarian Army and population. He escaped to Austria. When the Soviet Red Army arrived at Zell am See, he committed suicide. The delivery system was also used after World War II.

References
 Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon

Arrow Cross Party politicians
Agriculture ministers of Hungary
Hungarian collaborators with Nazi Germany
Holocaust perpetrators in Hungary
1893 births
1945 deaths
Hungarian politicians who committed suicide
Suicides in Austria
Unity Party (Hungary) politicians
People from Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County
People from the Kingdom of Hungary
1945 suicides

Béla Jurcsek


Philip Ambrose Brady (10 June 1893 – 6 January 1995) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for Dublin South-Central for 19 years.

He was elected to Dáil Éireann on his first attempt, at the 1951 general election. He was defeated at the 1954 general election, but he regained his seat at the 1957 general election, and held it at four subsequent elections until he stood down at the 1977 general election. His son Gerard Brady then succeeded him as a TD for the new Dublin Rathmines West constituency

He served as Lord Mayor of Dublin from 1959 to 1960.

See also
Families in the Oireachtas

References

1893 births
1995 deaths
Fianna Fáil TDs
Irish centenarians
Men centenarians
Members of the 14th Dáil
Members of the 16th Dáil
Members of the 17th Dáil
Members of the 18th Dáil
Members of the 19th Dáil
Members of the 20th Dáil
Lord Mayors of Dublin
Politicians from County Dublin
People from Portobello, Dublin

Philip Brady (politician)


The term dental caries refers to tooth decay or cavities in teeth. The decay comes from normal bacteria in your mouth. When you eat sugar, these bacteria create acid which create caivities in your teeth.  Dental caries usually lead to substandard breath and bad taste. Personal hygiene caring consists of brushing,establishing good pH level by eating diary products like yogurt,cheese,etc. and flossing daily.

After the enamel, the strong outer layer of your teeth, and the dentin are destroyed, the cavity reaches the dental pulp and nerves of the tooth, the tooth becomes sensitive since the nerves are exposed. Cavity may infect the jaw and sometimes cause a tooth abscess.

If carbohydrates (sugar) remain in your mouth for enough time, caries-causing bacteria may form a biofilm called plaque on the tooth surface and attack the tooth.

References

Dental problems

Dental caries


The Research Libraries Group (RLG) was a U.S.-based library consortium that existed from 1974 until its merger with the OCLC library consortium in 2006. RLG developed the Eureka interlibrary search engine, the RedLightGreen database of bibliographic descriptions, and ArchiveGrid, a database containing descriptions of archival collections.  It also developed a framework known as the "RLG Conspectus" for evaluating research library collections, which evolved into a set of descriptors used in library collection policy statements, last updated in 1997. The Library of Congress used the conspectus in 2015 in the revision of its own collection policy statement, and decided to retain this resource on its website, as a helpful scale for judging an academic collection's depth.

History
RLG was founded in 1974 by four major research libraries: the New York Public Library and the university libraries of Columbia, Harvard and Yale; it was incorporated as a not-for-profit membership organization in 1975. RLG was established in part due to dissatisfaction among research institutions with the record-keeping of the OCLC library consortium.

In 1978 RLG moved its offices, which were originally in Branford, Connecticut (not far from New Haven), to Stanford University; and it adopted Stanford Library's BALLOTS computerized processing system. This system evolved into the online database RLIN (Research Libraries Information Network), which notably included bibliographic data representing JACKPHY (non-Roman) scripts.  RLIN was generally used only by library specialists; in 1993 RLG developed Eureka as a user-friendly interface for use by non-librarians.

In 1988 RLG moved its offices to Mountain View, California. In the meantime its membership had expanded to include other research libraries in the U.S., and by 1989 reached 100 members. In 1992 the British Library became the first member outside North America. As of 2003, RLG's membership included over 160 research institutions in 15 different countries.

In July 2006, RLG and OCLC officially initiated a merging of their organizations and resources. The completion of this process took place over a five-year period, through June 2011. RLG's catalog became part of OCLC's WorldCat. Its programs joined with OCLC Research to become OCLC Programs and Research. Eureka databases were migrated to OCLC's FirstSearch service. An RLG staff of reduced size was relocated from Mountain View to San Mateo, California.

References

Organizations established in 1974
Organizations disestablished in 2006
1974 establishments in Connecticut
2006 disestablishments in California
2006 mergers and acquisitions
Bibliographic database providers
Cooperatives in the United States
Library consortia
OCLC

Research Libraries Group


Maximilian Osseyevich Steinberg (Russian Максимилиан Осеевич Штейнберг;  – 6 December 1946) was a Russian composer of classical music.

Though once considered the hope of Russian music, Steinberg is far less well known today than his mentor (and father-in-law) Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, his rival Igor Stravinsky, or his student protege Dmitri Shostakovich.

During the early 21st century, however, Steinberg's choral concerto Passion Week was rediscovered and performed for the first time. It was instantly lavishly praised as a masterpiece by both lovers and performers of Classical music. This has triggered a revival of interest in the life and music of Maximilian Steinberg.

Life
Steinberg was born into a Lithuanian Jewish family in Vilnius (then Russian Empire). His father, Osey (Hosea) Steinberg, was a leading scholar of Hebrew. In 1901 he went to Saint Petersburg, to study biology at the university there. He graduated in 1906. In the meantime he also started studying at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory. He entered Anatoly Lyadov's harmony class, moving on to Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov's harmony class and Alexander Glazunov's counterpoint class. His considerable talent in composition soon became clear, encouraged especially by his mentor Rimsky-Korsakov. He graduated from the Conservatory in 1908. Fellow student Igor Stravinsky resented the apparent favoring of Steinberg by Rimsky-Korsakov over him. Nevertheless, Steinberg named Stravinsky as one of his closest school friends when the latter had made a big name in the West, which Stravinsky resented even more.

Steinberg was considered first as a great hope of Russian music but refused to imitate Stravinsky and other modern composers, instead preferring the 19th-century music of the Mighty Handful. Steinberg composed with firm control and brilliant orchestration, noted often about his music.

In 1908, Steinberg was baptized into the Russian Orthodox Church and married his mentor's daughter, Nadezhda Rimskaya-Korsakova. Steinberg's father-in-law died the same year, and Steinberg edited and completed his Principles of Orchestration, which was later published in Paris.

At the conservatory, Steinberg first became a lecturer, then in 1915, Professor of Composition and Orchestration, the position that Rimsky-Korsakov had held. He remained in that post during the October Revolution and subsequent Russian Civil War.

Composer Dmitri Shostakovich began studying at the Conservatory as a 13-year-old boy in 1919 and Steinberg tried to guide him in the traditions of the great Russian composers of the 19th century. Ultimately, however, Steinberg was disappointed to see Shostakovich "wasting his talent" by imitating the styles of Stravinsky and Sergei Prokofiev.

Between 1921 and 1926, Steinberg composed Passion Week, a Russian Orthodox choral concerto which is now regarded as a masterpiece. While writing it, Steinberg transformed the Medieval Znamenny chants used to relate the Passion and Death of Jesus Christ during Holy Week by composing sometimes as many as twelve different harmonies at once. Steinberg's decision to write a work of overtly Christian music during the Second Soviet Anti-Religious Campaign was an act that could have had serious consequences for himself and his family.

Steinberg scholar Oksana Lukonina believes that his decision to compose a work of religious music was motivated in part by the events of 1921. The poet Alexander Blok had died after being refused permission to go abroad for medical treatment. Lukonina also sees Steinberg's turn to chant-based choral music as a manifestation of renewed interest in the religious heritage of Russian culture shown by such other artists of the early Soviet period as the painter Mikhail Nesterov and, eventually, the Nobel Prize-winning poet and novelist Boris Pasternak.

In 1923, midway through the composition of Passion Week, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union banned the performance of all music with religious undertones. Upon receiving the news, Steinberg ruefully confided in his diary that he now had no chance of ever hearing Passion Week performed. In the vain hope that choirs in the West might be interested, Steinberg arranged in 1927 for the score to be published by a White emigre firm in Paris. The Paris edition appeared under the title, La Semaine de la Passion d'après les vieux chants religieux russes pour choeur mixte a cappella. Hoping that Passion Week might have wider appeal than just among the Russian diaspora, Steinberg arranged for the Paris edition to include translations of the sung text from Old Church Slavonic into both Latin and English.

After the 1920s, however, Steinberg is believed to have never again acted contrary to the Party's wishes.

Steinberg's subsequent music drew upon world literature for its subject matter. The dictates of socialist realism, which began being forced upon Soviet composers in 1932 meant no great changes for Steinberg, as his style was already very similar to the 19th century composers whom Joseph Stalin admired.

As Stalinism tightened its grip, Steinberg drew also on the folk music of the Soviet Union's ethnic minorities, particularly those from Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. He also let himself be inspired more and more by musical and literary folklore.

Steinberg played an important role in Soviet music life as the teacher of composers Dmitri Shostakovich, Galina Ustvolskaya, Lyubov Streicher, and Yuri Shaporin.

Steinberg held numerous posts at the Conservatory, among others deputy director 1934–39.  He retired in 1946.

Shortly before his death, Steinberg was interviewed by an American musical scholar about his past rivalry with Igor Stravinsky. Even though Stravinsky had repeatedly criticized him in the West, Steinberg refused to follow suit.

In what may have been part of a deliberate effort by the Soviet State to convince Stravinsky to return home, Steinberg expressed only admiration for his former rival's talents mixed with regret that Stravinsky had chosen to become an emigre. Steinberg also claimed that Stravinsky's absence from his Motherland was a catastrophic loss for Soviet music and cultural life.

Maximilian Steinberg died in Leningrad on December 6, 1946.

Legacy
Steinberg's first two symphonies have been recorded by Neeme Järvi for Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft. More recently (2016) his 4th symphony and violin concerto were recorded on Dutton Vocalion.

Passion Week, Steinberg's 1926 choral concerto which had been banned by the Soviet Government for being a work of religious music, finally received its world premiere on April 11, 2014, when it was performed at St. Mary's Cathedral in Portland, Oregon by the Orthodox choral ensemble Cappella Romana. In preparation for the premiere, Cappella Romana'''s director, Alexander Lingas, had traveled to St. Petersburg to examine Steinberg's diary and manuscripts. Lingas' research resulted in a new critical edition of Steinberg's once forgotten work, which was published by Musica Russica. Soon after, Cappella Romana made the premiere recording of Passion Week, which was released as both a CD and vinyl record.

This same critical edition was also used by Clarion Choir, which first performed the work in New York City later in 2014. In a review of the concert for The New York Times, James R. Oestrich wrote, "The work is a treasure. Steinberg's style, with its contrapuntal complexities and its enriched harmonies, is slightly advanced over that of Rachmaninoff, excerpts from whose Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom filled out the Clarion program in lovely fashion. But Steinberg also achieves some of his finest effects with utmost simplicity, as in the female trio that opens The Wise Thief." At the end of his article, Oestrich wrote, "Happily, the Clarion version of the work is being recorded this week, as Cappella Romana's was in the spring. Truly, however belatedly, Steinberg's moment has arrived."

The Clarion Choir's CD recording of Passion Week was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2016, but did not win.

In the fall of 2016, Clarion Choir and its director, Stephen Fox, gave Passion Week its Russian premiere, with performances in both Moscow and St. Petersburg.

Partial list of works
 For orchestra
 Symphony No. 1 in D major, Op. 3 (1905/06)
 Symphony No. 2 in B-flat minor, Op. 8 "In memoriam Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov" (1909)
 Symphony No. 3 in G minor, Op. 18 (1928)
 Symphony No. 4 "Turksib" in C major, Op. 24 (1933)
 Symphony No. 5 "Symphonic Rhapsody on Uzbek Themes", Op. 31 (1942)
 Variations for Large Orchestra in G major, Op. 2 (1905)
 Symphonic Prelude "in memoriam Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov", Op. 7 (1908)
 Fantaisie dramatique, Op.9 (1910)
 Solemn Overture on Revolutionary Songs from 1905–7 and 1917 (1930)
 In Armenia, Capriccio (1940)
 "Forward!", heroic Uzbek Overture (1943)
 Violin concerto (1946. Published 1950.)
 Stage works
 Metamorphosen, Ballet after Ovid, Op. 10 (1913)
 Till Eulenspiegel, Ballet (1936)
 Incidental music
 Vocal music
 The Water Nymph, Cantata for Soprano, Women's Chorus and Orchestra, Op. 7 (1907)
 Heaven and Earth for Voice and Orchestra after Byron (1918)
 Four Songs with Orchestra after Rabindranath Tagore, Op. 14 (1924)
 Songs
 Choruses
 Passion Week, Op. 13 (1923–1927)
 Chamber music
 String Quartet No. 1 in A, Op.5 (1907)
 String Quartet No. 2 in C, Op. 16 (1925)

The eleventh of Nikolai Myaskovsky's symphonies (Op. 34, in B-flat minor) is dedicated to Steinberg. (See Myaskovsky's opus list which also contains a transcription, copyright 1930, by the slightly older composer of Steinberg's third symphony for piano four-hands.)

Notes

References

Steinberg opus list from van Rijen's site

Further reading
Walsh, Stephen. Stravinsky: A Creative Spring; Russia and France, 1882–1934. New York: A. A. Knopf, 1999. . Contains many details about the course of the relationship between Stravinsky and Steinberg.'' (by Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov, edited by Maximilian Steinberg and translated into English by Edward Agate).

External links

1883 births
1946 deaths
20th-century Russian male musicians
Academic staff of Saint Petersburg Conservatory
Classical composers of church music
Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Judaism
Musicians from Vilnius
Pupils of Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
Russian male composers
Russian music educators
Saint Petersburg State University alumni
Saint Petersburg Conservatory alumni

Maximilian Steinberg


Neal Elgar Miller (August 3, 1909 – March 23, 2002) was an American experimental psychologist. Described as an energetic man with a variety of interests, including physics, biology and writing, Miller entered the field of psychology to pursue these. With a background training in the sciences, he was inspired by professors and leading psychologists at the time to work on various areas in behavioral psychology and physiological psychology, specifically, relating visceral responses to behavior.

Miller's career in psychology started with research on "fear as a learned drive and its role in conflict". Work in behavioral medicine led him to his most notable work on biofeedback. Over his lifetime he lectured at Yale University, Rockefeller University, and Cornell University Medical College and was one of the youngest members of Yale's Institute of Human Relations. His accomplishments led to the establishment of two awards: the New Investigator Award from the Academy of Behavioral Medicine Research and an award for distinguished lectureship from the American Psychological Association. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Miller as the eighth most cited psychologist of the 20th century.

Life and education
Miller was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1909. He grew up in the Pacific Northwest. His father, Irving Miller, worked at Western Washington University as chair of the Department of Education and Psychology. His father's position, in Neal Miller's words, "may have had something to do with" his interest in psychology. Originally having a curiosity for science, Miller entered the University of Washington (1931), where he studied biology and physics and also had an interest in writing. In his senior year, he decided that psychology would allow him to pursue his wide variety of interests. He graduated from the University of Washington with a B.S. and a piqued interest in behavioral psychology. After baccalaureate studies, he studied at Stanford University (1932), where he received his M.S. and an interest in psychology of personality. At Stanford, he accompanied his professor, Walter Miles, to the Institute of Human Relations at Yale University as a research assistant. There he was encouraged by another professor to further study psychoanalysis. He received his Ph.D. degree in psychology from Yale University in 1935, and that same year he became a social science research fellow at the Institute of Psychoanalysis in Vienna for one year before returning to Yale as a faculty member in 1936. He spent a total of 30 years at Yale University (1936–1966), and in 1950 he was appointed professor at Yale, a position he held until 1966. In 1966 he began teaching at Rockefeller University and afterwards spent the early 1970s teaching at Cornell University Medical College. In 1985 he returned to Yale as a research associate.

Career
Miller's early work focused on experimenting with Freudian ideas on behavior in real-life situations. His most notable topic was fear. Miller came to the conclusion that fear could be learned through conditioning. Miller then decided to extend his research to other autonomic drives, such as hunger, to see if they worked in the same way. His unique ideas and experimental techniques to study these autonomic drives resulted in findings that changed ideas about motivations and behavior.

Miller was also one of the founding fathers behind the idea of biofeedback. Today, many of his ideas have been expanded and added to, but Miller has been credited with coming up with most of the basic ideas behind biofeedback. Miller was doing experimentation on conditioning and rats when he discovered biofeedback.

Neal Miller, along with John Dollard and O. Hobart Mowrer, helped to integrate behavioral and psychoanalytic concepts. They were able to translate psychological analytic concepts into behavioral terms that would be more easily understood. Specifically, they focused on the stimulus-response theory. These three men also recognized Sigmund Freud's understanding of anxiety as a "signal of danger" and that some things in Freud's work could be altered to fix this. Miller, Dollard and Mowrer believed that a person who was relieved of high anxiety levels would experience what is called "anxiety relief". Together with fellow psychologist O. Hobart Mowrer, Miller gives his name to the "Miller-Mowrer Shuttlebox" apparatus.

Over the course of his career, Miller wrote eight books and 276 papers and articles. Neal Miller worked with John Dollard and together they wrote the book Personality and Psychotherapy (1950) concerning neurosis and psychological learning concepts.

Controversy
Miller's regular use of laboratory animals, over many years, aroused criticism from animal rights groups, but he was a forthright defender of the practice. He once argued that if people had no right to use animals in research, then they had no right to kill them for food or clothing. Even so, Miller acknowledged that the issue was complex, saying: "There is sacredness of all life. But where do we draw the line? That's the problem. Cats kill birds and mice. Dogs exploit other animals by killing and eating them. Humans have to draw the line somewhere in animal rights, or we're dead."

Honours
In 1958, Miller was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences. Miller served as president of the American Psychological Association from 1960–61, and received the APA Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award in 1959 and the APA Citation for Outstanding Lifetime Contribution to Psychology in 1991. In 1964 he received the National Medal of Science from President Johnson, the first psychologist to receive this honor. Miller is a distinguished member of PSI CHI International Honor Society for Psychology. In 1967, he received the Wilbur Cross Medal. He was a member of both the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society.

He was also President of the Society for Neurosciences, the Biofeedback Society of America and the Academy of Behavioral Medicine Research.

Major works

Books

  Republished as:

Selected articles

References

Further reading

1909 births
2002 deaths
American neuroscientists
National Medal of Science laureates
Presidents of the American Psychological Association
20th-century American psychologists
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Yale University alumni
Rockefeller University faculty
Members of the National Academy of Medicine
Members of the American Philosophical Society

Neal E. Miller


Christian Ahrens (born July 24, 1976 in Iowa City, Iowa) is a former American rower. He is a dual Olympian, an Olympic gold medal winner, and a four-time world champion.

Early life
Ahrens was born in Iowa City, Iowa, on July 24, 1976, to Gary and Patricia Ahrens. His father, Gary, had rowed in high school and at Milwaukee Rowing Club. When Christian was only six years old, his father began teaching him how to row in a flat-bottom boat tied to a clothesline on the Milwaukee River. He began rowing more seriously his freshman year of high school, again coached by his father, after deciding that he "wasn't going to go anywhere in swimming."

College
Ahrens is a 1998 graduate of Princeton University who rowed for the Princeton Tigers and the United States national team. He was honored by The Daily Princetonian as the 18th most successful athlete in the school's history.

International rowing career
Ahrens stroked the gold medal winning United States men's eight at the 1997, 1998, and 1999 world championships, and was in the six seat for their fifth place  2000 Sydney Olympic boat. Ahrens came out of retirement in 2004 to join the US Olympic squad in the three seat of the gold medal winning boat. This boat was notable not only for being the first US eight to win Olympic gold since 1964, but it also set a new course and world record of 5:19.85. That world best time stood until a Canadian eight took half a second off it in 2012.

Ahrens retired from international rowing immediately upon crossing the finish line at the 2004 Olympics. He lives in Brooklyn with his wife and two daughters.

References

1976 births
Living people
Princeton University alumni
Rowers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in rowing
American male rowers
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
World Rowing Championships medalists for the United States
Sportspeople from Brooklyn

Chris Ahrens (rower)


Nu could mean:
 Nu, a letter in the Greek alphabet: lowercase ν, uppercase Ν
 Nu (kana), the Japanese characters ぬ and ヌ
 NU (sound project)
 Nu (mythology), the male form of the Egyptian goddess Naunet
 Nu (Chrono Trigger), a fictional species from the video game Chrono Trigger
 .nu, the Internet top-level domain for Niue
 Nu people, a Chinese ethnic group
 Nu river or Salween River
 U Nu or Mr. Nu, a former Burmese prime minister
 Nǀu language, a moribund Tuu (Khoisan) language spoken by the Nǁnǂe people in South Africa
 Nu Gundam, in the anime Mobile Suit Gundam: Char's Counterattack
 "Nu"? is a Yiddish word meaning "so?" now also absorbed into English meaning "so, what's happening?" or "so, what do you say?"

In universities:
 Naresuan University, a public university in Phitsanulok, Thailand
 Niagara University, a Roman Catholic university in Niagara County, New York
 Northwestern University, an American research institution in Evanston, Illinois
 Northeastern University, an American research university in Boston, Massachusetts
 Norwich University, a private American military and traditional university in Northfield, Vermont
 National University (Philippines), a private, non-sectarian university in Manila, Philippines

In other abbreviations:
 Nunavut (NU), the largest and newest territory in the territories of Canada
 Nahdatul Ulama (NU), an Islamic group in Indonesia
 Nusselt number (Nu), a dimensionless heat transfer ratio
 Nucellar embryony (Nu+), a form of seed reproduction that occurs in certain plant species
 Bhutanese ngultrum (Nu.), Bhutan's official currency

In codes:
 Japan Transocean Air IATA airline designator
 Nicaragua NATO country code
 Niue ISO 3166 country code

In music:
 Nu metal, a fusion genre of Heavy Metal

Nu


Chihuahuan Desert Nature Center and Botanical Gardens (507 acres) is a nonprofit nature center with botanical gardens on the grounds of the Chihuahuan Desert Research Institute, the parent organization. It is located off Texas State Highway 118 about  south of Fort Davis, Texas, United States. The Center is open Monday through Saturday, except major holidays. An admission fee is charged.

The Nature Center includes grasslands, oak studded hillsides, mountains of volcanic origin, canyon springs, and seasonal wetland pools in the Chihuahuan Desert.

The adobe visitors' center is located at an elevation of , almost a mile (5,280 feet) high. The surrounding Davis Mountains region is a sky island, with temperatures falling and annual precipitation tending to increase as the elevation rises from the desert floor.

Exhibits include one about the geologic history of the Davis Mountains and how culture and history are linked to geology; another highlights the history, geology, and culture of mining in the desert region.

The Center contains almost  of hiking trails, and features springs and pools, interesting geology, and mountain views. One path goes to the highest point on the Center's land and to the lowest. The local flora includes specimen trees such as some of the largest madrone trees in Texas, majestic Southwestern chokeberries, and Tracey hawthornes; seventeen types of ferns living in clefts in the canyon walls; many succulents and cacti; bird species from the turkey vulture and wild turkeys to hummingbirds overwintering and other birds migrating, with the Montezuma quail, roadrunners, and orioles providing more variety and color during the year.

The Botanical Gardens (20 acres) include some 165 species of trees, shrubs, and perennial forbs of the Chihuahuan Desert in the arboretum.

The Center has a collection of cacti and succulents from the Chihuahuan Desert. The greenhouse contains about 200 species of Chihuahuan Desert cacti. Many species are in bloom in March and April, but with so many examples, some variety is usually in bloom at any time.

A wildscape garden was installed around the visitors' center in 2004, with a trickling fountain and trees, shrubs, and flowering plants native to the Chihuahuan Desert. The aim is to provide a place where birds, small mammals, and other local wildlife can find food, water, and safety from predators to raise their young.

A pollinator garden was created in 2007 to attract hummingbirds, butterflies, bees, wasps, and flower flies, the desert's native pollinators. The smell of night-blooming plants in the moon garden draws in moths and other nocturnal pollinators. This project was funded, in part, by a grant from the Institute of Museum and Library Services, an agency of the United States Government.

In addition, the Center launched the Chihuahuan Desert Field School in 2004, an educational program targeting 4th grade classes in Brewster, Jeff Davis, and Presidio counties. The overwhelming response led to the inclusion of students from all grade levels and from regions far outside the tri-county Big Bend region. Since its inception, thousands of students have participated in the field school.

The Institute also offers a Life-Long Learning Program featuring workshops, field trips, and lectures on topics related to the natural history of the region. In 2008, the Institute was recognized by the Texas Education Agency as a Continuing Professional Education Provider for the State of Texas.

See also

 List of botanical gardens in the United States
 Nature center

References

External links
 Chihuahuan Desert Nature Center and Botanical Gardens

Botanical gardens in Texas
Protected areas of the Chihuahuan Desert
Nature centers in Texas
Protected areas of Jeff Davis County, Texas
Education in Jeff Davis County, Texas
Buildings and structures in Texas
Greenhouses in the United States


{{Expand Tongan|Tonganarticletitle|date=July 2016}}

A kakala is the Tongan term for any plant, be it its wood, flower, or seed, which has a good smell. It is often translated as 'flower', but that is not always correct. It is also a requirement that there is a mythical origin for the plant. As such introduced plants, like the kalonikakala are no kakala despite their smell, as there is no (not yet) a myth about their origin invented.

The kakala are divided into 2 groups: the named or known kakala (kakala hingoa, kakala ʻiloa ), which are for the use of the chiefs, and the stupid kakala (kakala vale), which are for the normal people.

Blossoming stages
The development stages of the kakala flowers have been named. Different authorities have different lists however.
fatakau, the flowerbud is absolutely unopened, all parts are as a stick together
tangitangi, budding starts
moto, budding
fisi, flower starts to open
lūpū, flower opens further
mafola, flower completely opened
mae, withering starts
maheikau, the flower is withered now
maheilau, the flower bends down
ngangana, the flower falls

Kakala/en


Sarah Maria Cornell (May 3, 1803 – December 20, 1832) was a Fall River, Massachusetts, mill worker whose corpse was found hanging from a stackpole on the farm of John Durfee in nearby Tiverton, Rhode Island on December 21, 1832. Her death was at first thought to be a suicide.  After an autopsy, it was discovered she was pregnant. Methodist minister Ephraim K. Avery would be suspected of her pregnancy and tried for her murder, in a trial what would engage local industrialists against the New England Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Although Avery would be acquitted for the murder, he was forever scorned in the eyes of the public.

Biography
Sarah Maria Cornell was born on May 3, 1803, likely in Rupert, Vermont to James and Lucretia (Leffingwell) Cornell. Lucretia had been born well-off in an old Puritan family, the daughter of a Connecticut merchant and paper maker. However she had been disowned by her father after she married James Cornell, who had worked in his paper mill, and of whom he did not approve. James abandoned the family when Cornell was a baby, forcing her mother to give up her older sister and brother to relatives as she was financially unable to care for three children. Cornell remained with her mother to age eleven when she moved in with her aunt Joanna, in Norwich, Connecticut. Later in her teens, she apprenticed as a tailor. In 1820 she moved to nearby Bozrahville and worked as a tailor for about two years.

Around 1822 or 1823 she went to work at a cotton mill in Killingly, Connecticut. In the years that followed, she would move often and work at various mills in Rhode Island and Connecticut, including stints in North Providence, Jewett City, Slatersville. During this period, Cornell often got into trouble, including charges of theft and other "inappropriate" acts for a woman of that time.

During her time at Slatersville between 1823 and 1826, Cornell converted to Methodism, and sought to change her ways. However, in February 1826, the mill at Slatersville burned to the ground and she was forced to seek employment elsewhere. She first moved to the nearby village of Branch Factory and later to Mendon Mills (later called Millville, Massachusetts), several miles away.

In early 1827, Cornell moved again to find mill work in Dedham, Massachusetts. However, after only a few weeks there she moved again to Dorchester, Massachusetts, where she was able to reconnect with the Methodists. In May 1828, she moved to the booming mill town of Lowell, Massachusetts where she worked as a weaver until about the end of 1829. It was during this period in Lowell that she met a newly arrived Methodist minister, Ephraim Kingsbury Avery.

In September 1830, she moved to Dover, New Hampshire. Only two months later she moved again to Somersworth, New Hampshire. During the summer of 1831 she left New Hampshire for Waltham, Massachusetts but only stayed there a few weeks. She then moved to Taunton, Massachusetts where she found employment. In May 1832 she left Taunton for Woodstock, Connecticut where she was able to find work again as a tailor in Grindall Rawson's shop. It was at a Methodist Camp Meeting in Thompson, Connecticut at the end of August 1832 that Cornell once again crossed paths with Reverend Avery. By this time, Avery had become the minister in Bristol, Rhode Island. It is alleged that during the Thompson Camp meeting that Avery seduced Sarah Cornell.

In October 1832, she moved to Fall River where she found lodging at the home of Elija Cole. By this time she was showing clear signs of pregnancy, and sought advice from a local doctor in Fall River. By early December 1832, she moved to the Hathaway residence on Spring Street.

Death

On the morning of December 21, 1832, Cornell's body was found by farmer John Durfee quickly identified by the minister. Later discovered among her personal effects at the Hathaway residence was a note written by Cornell and dated the same day as her death:
"If I should be missing, enquire of the Rev. Mr. Avery of Bristol, he will know where I am."

Other suspicious and incriminating letters were also discovered, as well as a conversation she had had with a doctor indicating the married Avery was the father of her unborn child.  A coroner's jury was convened in Tiverton before any autopsy had been performed.  This jury found that Cornell had "committed suicide by hanging herself upon a stake ... and was influenced to commit said crime by the wicked conduct of a married man."

After the autopsy was performed, it was discovered that Cornell had been four months pregnant at the time of her death.  A second coroner's jury was convened, this time in Bristol, Rhode Island.  This jury overruled the earlier finding of suicide and accused Ephraim Kingsbury Avery, a married Methodist minister, as the "principal or accessory" in her death.  Avery was quickly arrested on a charge of murder, but just as quickly set free on his own recognizance.

Cornell's pregnancy led another Methodist minister to reject the responsibility of burying her the second time (she already once been exhumed for autopsy).  He claimed that she had only been a "probationary" member of his congregation.  Responsibility for her burial was assumed by the Fall River Congregationalists, and Cornell was buried as an indigent, on Christmas Eve. That night, in Fall River, money was raised and two committees pledged to assist the officials of Tiverton with the murder investigation.  The next day, a steamship was chartered to take one hundred men from Fall River to Bristol.  They surrounded Avery's home and demanded he come out.  Avery declined, but did send a friend outside to try to placate the crowd.  The men eventually left when the steamship signaled its return to Fall River.

In Bristol, an inquest was convened, in which two Justices of the Peace found there to be insufficient evidence to try Avery for the crime of murder.  The people of Fall River were outraged, and there were rumors that one of the justices was a Methodist, and was looking to quell the scandal.  The deputy sheriff of Fall River, Harvey Harnden, obtained from a Rhode Island superior court judge a warrant for Avery's arrest.  When a Rhode Island sheriff went to serve it, he discovered that Avery had already fled.

On January 20, 1833, Harnden tracked Avery to Rindge, New Hampshire.  Avery later claimed he had fled because he feared for his life, particularly at the hands of the mob that had surrounded his house.  Harnden extradited Avery to Newport, Rhode Island, where Avery was put in jail.  On March 8, 1833, Avery was indicted for murder by a Newport County grand jury.  He pleaded "not guilty".

Trial

The trial began in Newport, Rhode Island on May 6, 1833, and was heard by the Supreme Judicial Council.  The lawyers for the prosecution were Rhode Island Attorney General Albert C. Greene and former attorney general Dutee Jerauld Pearce.  The six lawyers for the defense, hired by the Methodist Church, were led by former United States Senator and New Hampshire Attorney General Jeremiah Mason.

The trial lasted 27 days.  Under Rhode Island law at the time, defendants in capital cases were not permitted to offer testimony in their own defense, so Avery did not get the opportunity to speak.  However, both the prosecution and the defense called a large number of witnesses to testify, 68 for the prosecution, and 128 for the defense.

Although the defense maintained that Avery had not been present when the murder occurred, the larger part of the defense strategy was to call into question  Cornell's morals.  The defense characterized her as "utterly abandoned, unprincipled, profligate," and brought forth many witnesses to testify to her promiscuity, suicidal ideation and mental instability.  Much was made of how Cornell had been cast out of the Methodist Church for fornication.

The prosecution largely attempted to portray the Methodist clergy as a dangerous, almost secret society, willing to defend their minister and the good name of their church at any cost.

A medical debate centered around whether the unborn child was in fact conceived in August, although Puritan standards of propriety regarding the female body sometimes made it difficult to elicit factual information.  One female witness, when questioned as to the state of Cornell's body, absolutely refused to answer, saying, "I never heard such questions asked of nobody."

On June 2, 1833, after deliberating for 16 hours, the jury found Ephraim Kingsbury Avery "not guilty".  The minister was set free and returned to his position in the Methodist Church, but the public opinion was that Avery had been wrongfully acquitted.  Rallies hanged or burned effigies of Avery, and he himself was once almost lynched in Boston.  A great deal of anger was also directed at the Methodist Church.  To ease tensions, the church's New England Conference convened a trial of its own, chaired by Wilbur Fisk, in which Avery was again acquitted.  This did little, if anything, to quell public antipathy toward Avery or the church.

Avery later embarked on a speaking tour to vindicate himself in the eyes of the public, but his efforts were largely unsuccessful.  In 1836, Avery left the Methodist ministry, and took his family first to Connecticut, then upstate New York.  They ultimately settled in Ohio, where he lived out the rest of his days as a farmer.  Avery also wrote a pamphlet called The correct, full and impartial report of the trial of Rev. Ephraim K. Avery.  He died on October 23, 1869.

Legacy
Cornell's body was originally buried on the farm near where her body was found. However, years later it was moved to Plot 2733 on Whitethorn Path at Oak Grove Cemetery (Fall River, Massachusetts) when the farm became South Park.

References

Further reading
Raven, Rory (2009). Wicked Conduct: The Minister, the Mill Girl, and the Murder That Captivated Old Rhode Island. Charleston, SC: [History Press]. pp. 128. .

1803 births
1832 deaths
People from Fall River, Massachusetts
People from Worcester County, Massachusetts
People from Rupert, Vermont
People from North Smithfield, Rhode Island
Cornell family
Deaths by hanging

Sarah Maria Cornell


Amblyopia, more commonly called lazy eye, is a condition that affects the eye. In this condition, a nerve pathway leading from one eye to the brain does not develop correctly, leading to poor vision. As a result, blurred images are sent to the brain.

Vision
Diseases and disorders of the eye

Amblyopia


Simplified Chinese characters are one of the two commonly used forms of Chinese characters. As its name shows, it is made of characters that have in part been "simplified" from the original written form, which are called traditional Chinese characters.

History
When the People's Republic of China was formed in 1949, the Communist Party of China under Mao Zedong wanted to help the Chinese people read and write.  Before 1949, most Chinese people could not read.  The government hoped that by using fewer strokes to write characters, along with many other changes in the education system, the Chinese language would become more standardized like Japanese.  The Empire of Japan had brought changes to the Japanese writing system during the earlier Meiji Restoration to make literacy and education more widely available to all Japanese citizens.  Mao also hoped that simplifying Chinese characters would begin to shift Chinese people away from using the character system itself and that eventually Chinese-speakers would only use a phonetic alphabet to write.

The first set of simplified Chinese characters were first put to public use in 1956. Over time, more characters became "simplified", or existing ones changed, once in 1964 and again in 1978 and 1984. Many people did not like these changes because too many characters with different meanings were merged.

In hopes of promoting phonetic writing, the CCP was also working creating a standard romanization to accurately represent the pronunciation of Standard Chinese, pinyin. It was first taught in primary schools in 1958.

Roughly 2,000 Chinese characters have been simplified.

Current use
Today, simplified Chinese characters are used throughout Mainland China. It is also taught and used in some countries in Southeast Asia, including Singapore, and Malaysia.

Since the Republic of China fled to Taiwan and became separated from the rest of China, the government there did not choose to simplify its writing system, and so it still uses the older traditional Chinese characters. The territories of Hong Kong and Macau have also kept using traditional characters, even though they are politically part of the rest of China, which switched to simplified characters.

It could not be proven that Simplified Chinese characters were able to help people with reading and writing. As places using Traditional Chinese characters did not have literacy problems, in 2009 Pan Qing-Lin, a Chinese official, suggested to stop using Simplified Chinese characters. This did not happen.

In multi-racial societies, like Singapore, students have been learning a second language for many years. Because of this, Simplified Chinese characters are welcomed by students. People who learned the simplified set had little problem changing over to the traditional set. Even to this day, there are many reasons for the need to use traditional Chinese characters, such as working in places that did not adapt the simplified Chinese characters or reading older books that have not yet been translated to Simplified Chinese characters.

Most simplified characters have far fewer strokes. For example, the traditional character 馬 has 10 strokes, while its simplified version 马 only has 3 strokes. However, there are some  simplified characters with more strokes than their traditional versions. For example, the traditional character 強 has 11 strokes, while the simplified version 强 has 12 strokes.

Simplified vs. traditional characters
Below is a list of simplified characters next to their traditional versions.

There are several ways to simplify characters.
 Write a character or one of its radicals in its cursive form. For example, 长 is a cursive form of 長, and 话, 银, 饮, and 狗 are cursive forms of 話, 銀, 飲, and 豿 in the same order.
 Replace a traditional character with an existing character for a word that has the same pronunciation.For example, the character 面 was and still is a traditional character that means "face" or "side", but it is now also the simplified version "noodles", since both words have the same pronunciation, miàn, and has replaced the traditional character 麵.
 Replace a radical in the character using has another radical with a similar or the same pronunciation. For example, the top part of 華, pronounced huá, is replaced with 化, pronounced huà, making the simplified character 华.
 Remove a radical from the traditional character. For example, the simplified character 杀 completely removes the right half of the traditional character 殺.
Use an ancient variant of the character that a traditional character replaced. For example, the simplified character 云 replaced the traditional character 雲, which had also replaced the simplified character 云 before the 1956 simplification.

References

Chinese characters

Simplified Chinese characters


A trilogy is a series with three parts. For example, The Godfather series of movies is a trilogy because there are three movies in the series: The Godfather, The Godfather Part II, and The Godfather Part III.

The trilogy was originally a tradition of Ancient Greek theatre, where three plays and one satyr play would be played.

Literary terms

Trilogy


The Institute of Turkish Studies (ITS) is a foundation based in the United States with the avowed objective of advancing Turkish studies at colleges and universities in the United States. Having been founded and provided a grant from the Republic of Turkey in the 1980s, the institute has issued undergraduate scholarships, language study awards, grant money to scholars, and underwritten the holding of workshops. Its work has also attracted controversy by observers who have criticized it as a body held under the sway of the political ideology of the Turkish state, active in the denial of the Armenian genocide and other topics considered taboo, such as the condition of the Kurds in the country.

In a surprise move in late 2015, the Turkish government announced that it would cut all funding to the institute.

History
The Institute of Turkish Studies was established in 1982, with a $3 million grant from the Turkish government. It is a non-profit, private educational foundation based in the United States "dedicated to the support and development of Turkish Studies in American higher education". Heath W. Lowry become the first executive director of the institute, before becoming the incumbent of the Atatürk Chair of Turkish Studies at Princeton, which was financed by the Turkish government. The institute is housed at Georgetown University in Washington, DC. Writing in 1998, the institute's treasurer stated that 95 percent of the institute's income was derived from a trust administered by the institute. The late Donald Quataert, former member of the institute's board of governors, stated that the trust's funds can be revoked by the Turkish government.

Mission

 To support individual scholars of the academic profession in the United States, for advanced research in Turkish history and culture as well as contemporary political, social, and economic developments in Turkey;
 To assist American universities in developing their library resources, programs of study, scholarly conferences, and outreach activities in the field of Turkish Studies
To support the publication of books and journals on Turkey and broaden the understanding and knowledge of Turkish history, society, politics, and economics in the United States;
To promote better understanding of Turkish politics, economy, and society through lectures and conferences.

Officers and members of the Board of Governors:

Officers
Nabi Şensoy, Honorary Chairman and Ex Officio Member of the Board of Governors, Ambassador of the Republic of Turkey to the US.
W. Robert Pearson, ret., chairman, former United States Ambassador to Turkey
David C. Cuthell, Executive Director

Grants
Since 1983, the institute has sponsored an annual grant program to scholars, colleges and universities in the United States. The principal purpose of the grant program is to support the development of research, and scholarship in the field of Turkish Studies. The grant applications submitted to the Institute are evaluated by committees composed of the Board of Governors and Associate Members of the ITS. These standing committees present their recommendations to the Board of Governors for approval. The institute offers grants and fellowships in the fields of Ottoman and Modern Turkish Studies to graduate students, post-doctoral scholars, universities, and other educational institutions through its Grant Program for the 2009–2010 academic year.

Publications
The ITS has published a number of books in conjunction with other publishers. Some of the publications supported by the Institute include:

 Gülru Necipoğlu The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire (London: Reaktion Books Ltd, 2005)
Donald Quataert and Sabri Sayari (eds.), Turkish Studies in the United States (Bloomington: Indiana University, Ottoman and Turkish Studies Publications, 2003)
Leslie Peirce, Morality Tales: Law and Gender in the Ottoman Court of Aintab (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003)
Jenny B. White, Islamist Mobilization in Turkey: A Study in Vernacular Politics (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2002)
Sibel Bozdoğan, Modernism and Nation Building: Turkish Architectural Culture in the Early Republic (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001)
Scott Redford, Landscape and the State in Medieval Anatolia (Oxford, England: Archaeopress, 2000)
Caesar E. Farah, The Politics of Interventionism in Ottoman Lebanon 1830-1861 (Oxford, London: The Center for Lebanese Studies, 2000)
Palmira Brummett, Image and Imperialism in the Ottoman Revolutionary Press, 1908-1911 (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2000)
Howard Crane (ed. & transl.) The Garden of Mosques: Hafiz Hüseyin al-Ayvansarayî's Guide to the Muslim Monuments of Ottoman Istanbul Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill (NV, 2000)
Dictionary of Turkish Acronyms and Abbreviations: A selected List (1928–1995) Compiled by Suzan Akkan, (Madison, Wisconsin: Turco-Tatar Press, 1999)
Kemal Silay (ed.), Turkish Folklore and Oral Literature: Selected Essays of Ilhan Basgöz (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Turkish Series, 1998)
Daniel Goffman, Britons in the Ottoman Empire (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1998)
John Goulden (transl.), Adalet Agaoğlu, Curfew (The University of Texas at Austin: The Center for Middle Eastern Studies, 1997)
Reşat Kasaba and Sibel Bozdoğan (eds.), Rethinking Modernity and National Identity in Turkey (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997)
Seyfi Karabas and Judith Yarnall (transls.), Poems by Karacaoglan, A Turkish Bard (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Turkish Series, 1996)
Avigdor Levy (ed.), The Jews of the Ottoman Empire (Princeton, New Jersey: Darwin Press: 1994)
Karen Barkey, Bandits and Bureaucrats: The Ottoman Route to State Centralization (Ithaca: Cornell University, 1994)
Kemal Silay, Nedim and the Poetics of the Ottoman Court (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Turkish Studies Series, 1994)
Henry Glassie, Turkish Traditional Art Today (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1993)
Halil Inalcik, The Middle East and the Balkans Under the Ottoman Empire: Essays on Economy and Society, (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Turkish Series, 1993)
Heath W. Lowry and Donald Quataert (eds.), Humanist and Scholar: Essays in Honor of Andreas Tietze, (Istanbul: ISIS Press, 1992)
Aron Rodrigue (ed), Ottoman and Turkish Jewry, Community and Leadership (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Turkish Series, 1992)
Fatma Müge Göçek, East Encounters West: France and the Ottoman Empire in the Eighteenth Century (New York & Washington, DC: Oxford University Press & ITS, 1987)
Aptullah Kuran, Sinan : The Grand Old Master of Ottoman Architecture (Washington, DC & Istanbul, Turkey, ITS & Ada Press, 1987*)

Controversies
In the 1980s, the Turkish government began founding a series of chairs in Turkish studies at major American universities (including the Atatürk chair in Turkish studies at Princeton University), and research centers like the Institute of Turkish Studies, founded in Washington, DC. Some of the key members of the institute, Stanford Shaw, Heath W. Lowry, and Justin McCarthy, argue against defining the Armenian events as genocide.  In 1985, Lowry was instrumental in getting 69 academics to sign a letter against the recognition of the Armenian genocide. The letter was printed in the New York Times and Washington Post.
Amy M. Rubin, in the Chronicle of Higher Education, disclosed a petition of scholars that charge the Turkish government with a campaign to manipulate history to enforce its views of the Armenian genocide. A year later, a story ran in the New York Times accusing Princeton of "fronting for the Turkish government."  The university had accepted a large gift from Ankara to establish an Atatürk chair of Turkish studies, with the first occupant being Heath Lowry, executive director of the Institute of Turkish Studies, in 1994.
In 1997, the University of California, Los Angeles, returned a $1 million grant to establish a chair in Ottoman studies, from the Turkish government, after it was revealed that scholars using archives in Istanbul would be refused access to any material that might confirm the Armenian genocide of 1915.
Donald Quataert,  a professor of history at the State University of New York at Binghamton, served as chairman of the Institute of Turkish Studies board of governors from 2001 until 13 December 2006. He was forced to resign by Turkish Ambassador Nabi Sensoy after he refused to retract a scholarly book review in which Quataert wrote "what happened to the Armenians readily satisfies the U.N. definition of genocide." A few years before, Quataert said, members of the board checked what they thought was an irrevocable blind trust "and to our surprise it turned out to be a gift that could be revoked by the Turkish government." But in the fall, around the same time that Congress was debating the Armenian Question, Quataert was asked to speak at a conference about what had happened at the institute. He told members of the Middle Eastern Studies Association that the ambassador told him he must issue a retraction of his book review or step down—or put funding for the institute in jeopardy.
Since the May 27 letter from the scholars association was sent, several associate and full members of the board have left. Marcie Patton, Resat Kasaba and Kemal Silay resigned; Fatma Muge Gocek said she would resign as well.

References

External links

Georgetown University programs
Organizations established in 1982
Armenian genocide denial
Turkology
1982 establishments in Washington, D.C.

Institute of Turkish Studies


June Singer (1920 – January 19, 2004) was an American analytical psychologist. She co-founded the Analytical Psychology Club of Chicago, later the Jung Institute of Chicago, as well as the Inter-Regional Society of Jungian Analysts. She helped to popularize Carl Jung's theories in the United States, and wrote several well-regarded books.

Biography

Singer accompanied her husband, Richard Singer, to the Jung Institute in Zurich, Switzerland, where she became interested in Jung and completed her own training as an analyst. The Singers returned to the United States to found the Analytical Psychology Club of Chicago in 1965. This organization later expanded, became known as the C. G. Jung Institute of Chicago, and joined the International Association for Analytical Psychology; June Singer remained a lifetime honorary member.

After Richard Singer died in 1964, June Singer was the only Jungian analyst in Chicago. She earned a PhD from Northwestern University in 1968.

In 1973–1974 Singer and several other Jungians in the U.S. founded the Inter-Regional Society of Jungian Analysts, which joined the International Association for Analytical Psychology.

Singer moved to Palo Alto in 1980, working at the Institute of Transpersonal Psychology and joining the San Francisco Jung Institute and the local Gnostic church.

In 1987, Singer married Dr. Irving Sunshine, with whom she returned to California and later retired in Ohio.

Influence

June Singer worked as both a Jungian analyst and as an author and lecturer. Her 1972 book Boundaries of the Soul is considered to be one of the best introductions to Jungian thought, and played a significant role in popularizing Jungian psychology in the United States. Singer also wrote two books about sexuality, and a Jungian study of the poet William Blake.

Bibliography
 The Unholy Bible: A Psychological Interpretation of William Blake (1970)
 Boundaries of the Soul:The Practice of Jung's Psychology (1972)
 Androgyny: Toward a New Theory of Sexuality  (1976); retitled in 2000 as, Androgyny: The Opposites Within (Jung on the Hudson Book Series)
 Energies of Love: Sexuality re-visioned (1983)
 The Unholy Bible: Blake, Jung, and the Collective Unconscious (1986) (expanded edition of 1970 book)
 Seeing through the Visible World: Jung, Gnosis, and Chaos (1990); retitled in 1998 as, Modern Woman in Search of Soul: A Jungian Guide to the Visible and Invisible Worlds
 The Allure of Gnosticism: Gnostic Experience in Jungian Psychology and Contemporary Culture, Co-editor (1995)
 The Knowledge of the Heart (1999)
 The Power of Love (to transform our Lives and our World), Nicholas Hays Inc. under the Hudson Jung Book Series (2000)
 The Gnostic Book of Hours (2003)

References

Sources
 Kirsch, Thomas B. The Jungians: A Comparative and Historical Perspective. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis, 2012.

External links
June Singer interview
 Interview with June Singer, ed. Matthew Clapp, November 29, 1998

Jungian psychologists
2004 deaths
1920 births
20th-century American psychologists
American expatriates in Switzerland

June Singer


Inga-Stina Ewbank SBS (13 June 1932 – 7 June 2004) was a Swedish-born academic and educator in Great Britain, Munich, Hong Kong and the United States, as well as an author and translator. She is believed to have been to date the only holder of an English chair of English Literature to have spoken no English until the age of 19 (in her case, having spoken only Swedish until that time).

Early life and education
Born as Inga-Stina Ekeblad, she attended school in Gothenburg before winning a scholarship to Carleton College, Minnesota. After graduating she had a string of research appointments: at Sheffield University (MA), at Liverpool University (as William Noble Fellow) from 1955 to 1957, and at the Shakespeare Institute of Birmingham University from 1957 to 1960. During the later part of this period she taught at the University of Munich.

Teaching English literature
She returned to Liverpool University as lecturer in 1960, and was promoted to a Senior Lecturership in 1970. Her interest in women's literature was demonstrated by Their Proper Sphere: a study of the Brontë sisters as early-Victorian female novelists (1966). In 1972 she became Reader in English literature at Bedford College, London.

In 1985 Professor Ewbank accepted a chair at the University of Leeds. Greatly in demand as a lecturer and at overseas conferences, she travelled widely, with spells as a visiting scholar at Harvard University and other American universities. From 1982 to 1997 she was a member of the University Grants Committee for the University of Hong Kong.

She was recognized as a scholar of Ibsen's works and worked increasingly in both England and Norway during the later part of her life.

Death
She died in London on 7 June 2004, a week before her 72nd birthday.

Family
In 1959 she married Roger Ewbank; they had one son and two daughters.

Awards
 Elected to the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters in 1991
 Honorary doctorate from the University of Hong Kong in 1999
 Awarded the Silver Bauhinia Star in 1999
 Honorary doctorate from the University of Oslo in 1998
 Honorary doctorate from the University of Gothenburg in 2001

Further reading

External links
Ewbank biodata
Obituary in The Independent
JHU.edu website

1932 births
2004 deaths
Harvard University staff
Norwegian–English translators
People from Gothenburg
Swedish scholars and academics
Swedish translators
Recipients of the Silver Bauhinia Star
Academics of the University of Leeds
20th-century translators
20th-century Swedish women writers
20th-century non-fiction writers
Academics of the University of Liverpool
Academics of Bedford College, London

Inga-Stina Ewbank


Norman Baynard (1908–1986) was an American photographer whose work documented the social and civic life of African-Americans in the Logan Heights neighborhood of San Diego from the 1940s through the 1980s.  His extensive collection of negatives and prints, donated to the San Diego History Center in 1991, became the basis for an oral history and photograph identification project that chronicled the African-American experience in San Diego through engagement with local citizens.

Biography
Baynard was born on April 10, 1908, in Pontiac, Michigan, to Canadian immigrants John and Minnie (née Chandler) Baynard. His parents divorced in his youth, and Baynard moved with his father to California in the early 1920s.  Throughout the 1930s, he worked in a variety of jobs, including gardener and musician. For two years he worked for the aircraft company Consolidated Aircraft (later known as Convair) in the photography developing section. He married Frances H. (née Barnett) Russ in 1936. She encouraged him to take up photography, and in 1939, he opened the N. B. Studio in their home on Clay Avenue in the Logan Heights neighborhood. Later the studio moved to the business district of Imperial Avenue and was renamed the Baynard Studio.

Baynard died on January 9, 1986, in San Diego, California.

Photography
Baynard's commercial photography was primarily in portraiture. During a 46-year career, he documented the social, political, and religious life of residents of the Logan Heights neighborhood of San Diego, photographing community groups, businesses, and life events (baptisms, graduations, weddings).  His body of work – some 12,000 images – represents a unique record of the African-American community in San Diego in the mid-20th century, showing both a broad range of subject and a "specific focus on the 'California Dream'" characteristic of Baynard's upwardly-mobile clients.

In 2011, the San Diego History Center presented the exhibition, Portrait of a Proud Community: Norman Baynard's Logan Heights 1939–1985, which showcased 120 photographs from the collection. A National Endowment for the Arts grant and other funding enabled the museum to digitize and catalog 500 images from the Norman Baynard Collection.

Notes

References

External links
 The Baynard Collection, San Diego History Center
 Norman Baynard Collection (catalog), San Diego History Center

African-American photographers
American portrait photographers
20th-century American photographers
Photographers from California
1908 births
1986 deaths
People from Pontiac, Michigan
People from San Diego
20th-century African-American artists

Norman Baynard


The Bongos were a power pop band from Hoboken, New Jersey that emerged from the New York City arts scene, primarily active in the 1980s, led by Richard Barone. With their unique musical style, they were major progenitors of the Hoboken indie-pop community, college radio favorites, and made the leap to national recognition with the advent of MTV. Their breakthrough song "Numbers with Wings" garnered the group a major cult following and was nominated at the first MTV Video Music Awards. Along with a handful of others, the Bongos were instrumental in the advancement of the alternative rock movement.

History
The Bongos grew out of a band called "a", which had included the three original Bongos and Glenn Morrow, who later formed the Individuals and helped found Bar/None Records. "a" was the first band to play Maxwell's, a rock and roll club in Hoboken.

The group was led by Richard Barone on vocals and guitar and included Rob Norris, formerly of the Zantees, on bass and Frank Giannini on drums. James Mastro, later of the Health & Happiness Show, joined the band as a guitarist after the release of their first LP. The group played extensively in Hoboken and New York City and toured the U.K. and Europe before touring in the U.S.

The Bongos emerged from Hoboken, N.J. in 1980. They quickly found favor at Manhattan's new wave and no wave venues such as Tier 3 and the Mudd Club, with a guitar-driven pop sound that included a strong influence of avant-garde and propulsive dance music. One of their early excursions as a trio was backing up violinist Helen Hooke of the legendary group the Deadly Nightshade (one of the first all-woman rock bands of the 1970s) at Gerde's Folk City. Hooke was instrumental in helping the band create their first demo recording. Soon, well-reviewed shows at Hurrah, Danceteria, and later The Ritz established them as particularly effective live performers. What set them apart from other such groups of the era were their sudden guitar outbursts or, on recordings, saxophone improvisations that echoed the work of Lou Reed, Ornette Coleman, or Captain Beefheart within the context of a pure, melodic pop song. In addition, unlike many of their peers, the group explored unabashedly sensual dance rhythms that made their recordings dance-floor favorites.

They signed to British label Fetish Records, whose artist roster consisted of largely early industrial, experimental, and post-punk groups. While in London performing at The Rainbow Theatre, Dingwall's, and trendy Cabaret Futura, the Bongos recorded their early singles and their well-received debut EP Time and the River for Fetish. Cover designs for these releases were created by influential graphic artist Neville Brody, who was soon to become the designer of The Face magazine.nevile brody – Google Search The group's interest in avant-garde music brought them in touch with artists such as Throbbing Gristle and Clock DVA who performed with them live in London, and on their recordings. Their debut U.S. album, Drums Along the Hudson, compiled from the band's British singles, was released in 1982 to widely favorable reviews on both sides of the Atlantic. While Trouser Press suggested that the group "may trade a certain amount of substance for easy appeal," it added that "there's no better musical equivalent of whipped cream anywhere."  Writing in the Village Voice, Robert Christgau dryly commented that "for all their jumpy originality [the songs are] still slight, and Richard Barone's lyrics are so oblique you have to wonder what his angle is." In 2007 however, Jim DeRegotis wrote in the Chicago Sun-Times: "The initial impression of naiveté is offset by deceptively simple lyrics that actually hint at deep, dark mysteries and unfathomed mystical enigmas." In 1981, the group's cover of T. Rex's "Mambo Sun", written by Marc Bolan, reached No. 22 on the Billboard Dance Club Chart. The thriving Hoboken pop scene, triggered by the Bongos and Maxwell's, gained national media attention, and drew many bands and fans to the city. An August 1, 1982 article in the New York Times Real Estate section hinted at the scene's popularity as an influence on increasing rents and property values.

After touring domestically in support of Drums Along the Hudson, including thirty concerts with The B-52s, Barone and Mastro retreated to Mitch Easter's "Drive-In Studios" in Winston-Salem, N.C. to record their own, duo album entitled Nuts & Bolts. Co-produced by Easter, the album exhibited a more acoustic sound, and each side showcased the songs and lead vocals of either Barone or Mastro.

In 1983, the group was signed to RCA Records, which subsequently released the mini-album, Numbers With Wings. New York Times' critic Robert Palmer — himself a former Hoboken-based musician with the Insect Trust — marked this as the beginning of the Bongos' creative decline, lamenting the "slick, overproduced records which vitiated the raw vitality the group had originally displayed."  Regardless, the album spawned a popular and inventive MTV video of the title song (nominated for 'Best Direction' on the 1984 MTV Video Music Awards, and the song itself remained at the number one spot on the College Music Journal (CMJ) chart for six consecutive weeks. The album also included the tribal, dance-floor hit "Barbarella." A hectic tour schedule of over 300 shows a year sustained support at radio and MTV. Their Brazilian-influenced follow-up album, Beat Hotel, along with relentless touring, now with a further-expanded lineup including percussionist Steve Scales from Talking Heads, raised the Bongos' profile further and continued to increase their devoted cult following. But, the increased pressures proved difficult to maintain. It was in the midst of recording the Phantom Train album in Compass Point, Bahamas for Island Records that the band unofficially split up in 1987, with each member pursuing solo interests. The album was to remain unfinished and unreleased until 2013.

Later work
Richard Barone has subsequently released a series of well-received solo albums, including Glow released on September 14, 2010 on Hoboken's Bar/None Records, a 3-disc CD/DVD live collection 'cool blue halo' 25th Anniversary Concert on the DigSin label in 2012, and Sorrows & Promises: Greenwich Village in the 1960s in late 2016. He tours regularly and has also established a career as a recording and concert producer. Since 2011, Barone has been a professor at NYU's Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music and more recently at The New School of Jazz and Contemporary Music. He served on the Board of Governors for the Recording Academy/Grammys and serves on the advisory board of Anthology Film Archives. His memoir Frontman was published by Hal Leonard Books. James Mastro owns a popular guitar shop in Hoboken ("The Guitar Bar") and tours regularly as guitarist for Ian Hunter and for the reformed Mott the Hoople. Bassist Rob Norris plays in numerous groups including some offshoots of the Feelies, while drummer Frank Giannini pursues other interests and continues drumming on various projects.

In 2006, the original three Bongos re-entered the studio with longtime fan Moby producing to create bonus material for a CD reissue of the group's debut album.  The remastered, 27-track special edition of Drums Along the Hudson, which was released internationally by Cooking Vinyl Records in June, 2007, includes rare, live bonus tracks and new studio recordings. An accompanying video for "Bulrushes 2007," a remake of the band's early single "The Bulrushes" featuring Moby seen mixing the track, was released simultaneously on iTunes.

The trio also reunited for two shows at Joe's Pub at The Public Theater in Greenwich Village in October 2006, and two more in February 2007. On September 30, 2007, the quartet played again in Hoboken for the first time in twenty years to an overflowing and appreciative crowd, and received a Proclamation from Mayor David Roberts commending them for their substantial contributions to Hoboken's culture and heritage. They headlined a day-long bill that featured the Chris Stamey Group, Glenn Mercer (formerly of the Feelies) and the Health and Happiness Show.

Richard Barone's memoir, Frontman: Surviving the Rock Star Myth, was published on September 28, 2007 by Backbeat/Hal Leonard Books.

In Spring, 2008, Sony re-issued the Bongos RCA catalogue for the first time to iTunes/Apple Music, and all digital retailers.

On March 11, 2009, the Bongos performed a full concert set at The City Winery in NYC following a tribute to their longtime friends R.E.M. held at Carnegie Hall, a benefit for music education programs. R.E.M. Play Surprise Song at Tribute to Their Three-Decade Career On October 22, 2009 the group returned to their home club Maxwell's for the first time since 1986, and subsequently performed at Manhattan's Hiro Ballroom, during the CMJ Music Marathon 2009 that same month (with longtime friends the Fleshtones). On January 25, 2010, the Bongos reunited once again at the City Winery, this time to benefit Emergency Earthquake Relief efforts in Haiti. Various members have joined Richard Barone onstage for his solo performances.

Coming full circle, the Bongos came together again on July 31, 2013 to perform the final concert at Maxwell's, which was closing after its long run. The original members had also performed the venue's first show. With a crowd spilling into the Hoboken streets, Barone announced that the group's "lost" album Phantom Train would finally be released on October 1, 2013. The group also promised a series of reunion shows to celebrate its release.Jem Recordings – Home of Jem Records. Marty Scott, co-founder of Jem Records announced that Phantom Train would be the first release of the reconstituted label. The album was remixed and prepared for release in summer, 2013 by Richard Barone and Steve Addabbo. The original album cover graphics and photography, designed and hand-lettered by Emil Schult of Kraftwerk fame, were restored and used in the CD packaging.

On June 8, 2015 the Bongos once again came together, this time with drummer Dennis Diken of the Smithereens, to perform and act as "house band" at public radio station WFUV's "Fare Thee Well" concert for beloved radio legend Vin Scelsa at City Winery, who was retiring from radio. Besides renditions of their own songs, the group backed David Johansen, Marshall Crenshaw, Southside Johnny, Stephen Trask (composer of Hedwig and the Angry Inch), David Bromberg, and others in a three-hour concert that was broadcast on the station on July 4, 2015.Vin Scelsa, Fare Thee Well | WFUV

The group embarked on a mini-tour of the Northeast during October 2016 that paired them with West Coast power-pop band the Rubinoos.

In early 2020 it was announced that The Bongos would perform in several select cities including Atlanta, Philadelphia, and New York to "celebrate four decades Hoboken Pop". Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the concerts were postponed until 2021.

In January 2021, The Bongos' made a new agreement with RCA Records to distribute their music via Sony Music's Legacy Recordings label. The first release under the new arrangement, Beat Hotel – Expanded Edition was released on the RCA label via Legacy Recordings on July 9, 2021. The collection was a remastered edition of the original album in high-definition with twelve previously unreleased bonus tracks.

Discography

Albums
Beat Hotel (1985, RCA Records) – produced by John Jansen
Phantom Train (2013, Jem Records) – produced by Eric (E.T.) Thorngren, Chris Blackwell, the Bongos
 Beat Hotel – Expanded Edition (2021, RCA Records/Legacy Recordings)

Compilation albums
Drums Along the Hudson (1982, PVC Records – the album features the first singles and the first EP) – produced by Ken Thomas, Mark Abel, the Bongos
Start Swimming (1981, Stiff Records) ("Telephoto Lens" and "In the Congo" appear on this live recording from London's Rainbow theatre. The band, then still a trio, was joined on "In the Congo" by members of Bush Tetras and Throbbing Gristle)
Drums Along the Hudson – Special Edition (2007, Cooking Vinyl; 2014, Jem Records)

"Numbers with Wings" and other songs appear on numerous 1980s compilations on a variety of labels.

Singles
"Telephoto Lens" b/w "Glow in the Dark" (1980, Fetish Records)
"In the Congo" b/w "Mambo Sun" (1980, Fetish Records)
"The Bulrushes" b/w "Automatic Doors" (1981, Fetish Records)
"Zebra Club" b/w "Certain Harbours" (1982, Fetish Records)
"Mambo Sun" b/w "Hunting" (1982, Fetish Records)
"Numbers with Wings" b/w "Skydiving" (1983, RCA Records, Sweden)
"Numbers with Wings" (Remix) b/w "Barbarella" (Remix) – 12" single – (1983, RCA Records)
"Barbarella" b/w tracks by One the Juggler and Blue Zoo – (1983, Trouser Press Flexi 7")
"Brave New World (True Love Is Ordinary)" b/w "Totem Pole" (1985, RCA Records)
"Brave New World (True Love Is Ordinary)" (Radio Edit) – 12" single – (1985, RCA Records)
"Space Jungle" b/w "Apache Dancing" (1985, RCA Records, France)
"Bulrushes 2007", The Bongos + Moby – CD single – (2007, Cooking Vinyl Records)
"My Wildest Dreams" (2013, JEM Records, digital only)
"Mambo Sun" (Remastered) (2020, Fetish Records, digital only)
"Rock the Christmas Cheer!" (2023, RCA Records, Sony Legacy Recordings. digital only)

12" EPs
In the Congo (1981, Fetish Records) – produced by Mark Abel, the Bongos
Time and the River (1982, Fetish Records) – produced by Ken Thomas, the Bongos
Numbers with Wings (1983, RCA Records) – produced by Richard Gottehrer

Miscellaneous
Nuts and Bolts (1983, Passport Records), Richard Barone and James Mastro (duo album) – produced by Barone, Mastro, Mitch Easter

Music videos
"In the Congo" – directed by Ed Steinberg
"Mambo Sun" – directed by Ed Steinberg
"The Bulrushes" – directed by Phil Marino
"Numbers with Wings" – directed by Juliano Waldmann
"Brave New World" – directed by Juliano Waldmann
"Bulrushes 2007" (with Moby) – directed by Richard Kerris
"The Nomi Song" – directed by Andrew Horn

References

External links

The Bongos on Legacy Recordings
RichardBarone.com
Chicago Sun-Times review of Drums Along The Hudson-Special Edition, 2007
2007 Hoboken reunion concert photos by Dave Wilson
2007 Hoboken reunion show video at extrawack!
Music video for "Numbers With Wings"
Music video for "Brave New World"

American power pop groups
Musical groups from Hoboken, New Jersey
Musical groups established in 1980
Musical groups disestablished in 1987
1980 establishments in New Jersey

The Bongos