Spackenkill () is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in Dutchess County, New York, United States. The population was 4,123 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Poughkeepsie–Newburgh–Middletown, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the larger New York–Newark–Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area.

Spackenkill is in the town of Poughkeepsie. Children in the community, if they attend public school, go to the Spackenkill Union Free School District. An IBM plant is also located in this community, and many of its employees live in Spackenkill. Several informal neighborhoods exist within the Spackenkill community such as Hagantown, Nassau, King George, Beechwood, Crown Heights, and Kingwood Park.  These neighborhoods contain some of the schools of the Spackenkill School District.

Geography
Spackenkill is located in the south-central part of the town of Poughkeepsie at  (41.6510, -73.9078). Neighboring communities include Crown Heights to the southwest and Red Oaks Mill to the east. The city of Poughkeepsie is  to the north.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the Spackenkill CDP has a total area of , all land.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 4,756 people, 1,687 households, and 1,396 families residing in the CDP. The population density was . There were 1,729 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 56.90% White, 33.85% African American, 0.11% Native American, 6.67% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 1.09% from other races, and 1.35% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.98% of the population.

There were 1,687 households, out of which 37.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 74.5% were married couples living together, 6.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.2% were non-families. 14.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.80 and the average family size was 3.10.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 27.2% under the age of 18, 4.6% from 18 to 24, 23.1% from 25 to 44, 28.8% from 45 to 64, and 16.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.8 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $77,689, and the median income for a family was $83,596. Males had a median income of $61,454 versus $41,349 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $35,774. About 0.4% of families and 1.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.8% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

Transportation
The main arterial road through the area is U.S. Route 9, running north-south. New York State Route 113 runs east to Red Oaks Mill.

The nearest rail transportation is Amtrak and Metro North at Poughkeepsie station to the north and at New Hamburg station, to the south. Until 1952, the New York Central Railroad local trains from New York City to Poughkeepsie made stops at the Camelot station (5.3 miles south of Poughkeepsie Station), which was to the southwest of where the IBM campus is today and west of IBM Road.

Notable person
This area is home to professional poker player Hevad Khan.  Khan finished sixth in the Main Event of the 2007 World Series of Poker.

References

Poughkeepsie, New York
Census-designated places in New York (state)
Hamlets in New York (state)
Poughkeepsie–Newburgh–Middletown metropolitan area
Census-designated places in Dutchess County, New York
Hamlets in Dutchess County, New York

Spackenkill, New York


Fresco is a way of painting pictures. A fresco is a kind of mural, a painting that is done on a wall. A wall painting is sometimes called a fresco by mistake. A true fresco is painted onto plaster that is fresh. The plaster has been laid on the wall that day and is still damp. Frescoes last a long time because the paint mixes into the plaster. The word fresco comes from the Italian for "fresh".

History of frescoes

Ancient
Not all wall paintings are frescoes. In Ancient Egypt, for example, many of the wall paintings were done on dry plaster and are not true frescoes.

The Royal Palace at Knossos in Crete, c. 1500 BC, had many frescoes. The scene of athletes dancing with a bull is the most famous.

Many Ancient Roman wall paintings can be seen at Pompeii from the 1st century AD, but these are not true frescoes.

The Sigiriya Frescoes painted in Sigiriya in Sri Lanka around 485 AD use the "fresco lustro" technique which varies slightly from the pure fresco technique in that it also contains a mild binding agent. This gives the frescoes added durability as they have survived exposed for nearly 1500 years.

Medieval
There are many frescoes dating from the late Middle Ages, about 1000-1400 AD when, it was the fashion to paint the inside of churches with people and stories from the Bible. The order of the pictures was carefully planned by the artists and priests. Above the altar is usually seen a picture of Jesus Christ. On the west wall is often a frightening picture of The Last Judgement to remind people to turn to Jesus. Many frescoes like this can be seen in Greece, Spain, Portugal, Serbia, Armenia, Romania and Russia. There are a few in Germany, France and Italy.

Renaissance

In Italy, around 1300 AD, the artist Giotto painted frescoes that were so full of life that people were amazed. Each picture was like looking onto a stage where real people told the story. This was the beginning of the period of art history called the Renaissance. Giotto's frescoes became so famous that he had many pupils and followers. Giotto's most famous frescoes are in the Arena Chapel in Padua. He also painted in the Church of St. Francis at Assisi and at Santa Croce (Church of the Holy Cross) in Florence.

A hundred years later, about 1400 AD, two artists called Masolino and Masaccio worked in the city of Florence, painting a chapel. Their names translate as "Little Tom" and "Fat Tom". Masaccio's way of painting was the biggest change since Giotto, in particular the two weeping naked figures of Adam and Eve. Everyone thought that Masaccio was one of the greatest painters alive. But he died at only 27 years old. These frescoes are in the Church of the Carmine, in Florence.

In the 1400s many other artists in Italy were given the job of painting churches or chapels. They were paid by patrons, rich people who could afford an artist. The most important patron was the Pope. Pope Sixtus IV had built a new chapel in the Vatican in Rome. In 1481, he got some of the best artists in Italy to decorate the walls for him. See Sistine Chapel.

In 1508 the work continued in the Sistine Chapel when Pope Julius II made the great artist Michelangelo go to Rome to paint the ceiling. It took him four years, and he became sick from the strain and the smell. But when he had finished, he had painted one of the greatest artworks in the world. Then, 1537-1541, he painted the west wall of the same chapel with The Last Judgement.

For the next 200 years, painted ceilings were in fashion. But artists soon discovered that it was easier to paint in oil on canvas and put it up on the ceiling than to paint on the ceiling in fresco. The fashion for fresco painting began to fade.

References
 Helen Gardner, Art Through the Ages, Harcourt, Brace and World Inc.
 Ponnamperuma, Senani (2013). Story of Sigiriya. Melbourne: Panique Pty Ltd. ISBN 9780987345110.

Other websites
 Fresco School
 Sigiriya Frescoes

Painting techniques

Fresco


In cryptography, rubber-hose cryptanalysis is a euphemism for the extraction of cryptographic secrets (e.g. the password to an encrypted file) from a person by coercion or torture—such as beating that person with a rubber hose, hence the name—in contrast to a mathematical or technical cryptanalytic attack.

Details

According to Amnesty International and the UN, many countries in the world routinely torture people. It is therefore logical to assume that at least some of those countries use (or would be willing to use) some form of rubber-hose cryptanalysis.  In practice, psychological coercion can prove as effective as physical torture. Not physically violent but highly intimidating methods include such tactics as the threat of harsh legal penalties. The incentive to cooperate may be some form of plea bargain, such as an offer to drop or reduce criminal charges against a suspect in return for full co-operation with investigators. Alternatively, in some countries threats may be made to prosecute as co-conspirators (or inflict violence upon) close relatives (e.g. spouse, children, or parents) of the person being questioned unless they co-operate.

In some contexts, rubber-hose cryptanalysis may not be a viable attack because of a need to decrypt data covertly; information such as a password may lose its value if it is known to have been compromised.  It has been argued that one of the purposes of strong cryptography is to force adversaries to resort to less covert attacks.

The earliest known use of the term was on the sci.crypt newsgroup, in a message posted 16 October 1990 by Marcus J. Ranum, alluding to corporal punishment:

Although the term is used tongue-in-cheek, its implications are serious: in modern cryptosystems, the weakest link is often the human user. A direct attack on a cipher algorithm, or the cryptographic protocols used, is likely to be much more expensive and difficult than targeting the people who use or manage the system. Thus, many cryptosystems and security systems are designed with special emphasis on keeping human vulnerability to a minimum. For example, in public-key cryptography, the defender may hold the key to encrypt the message, but not the decryption key needed to decipher it. The problem here is that the defender may be unable to convince the attacker to stop coercion. In plausibly deniable encryption, a second key is created which unlocks a second convincing but relatively harmless message (for example, apparently personal writings expressing "deviant" thoughts or desires of some type that are lawful but taboo), so the defender can prove to have handed over the keys whilst the attacker remains unaware of the primary hidden message. In this case, the designer's expectation is that the attacker will not realize this, and forego threats or actual torture. The risk, however, is that the attacker may be aware of deniable encryption and will assume the defender knows more than one key, meaning the attacker may refuse to stop coercing the defender even if one or more keys are revealed: on the assumption the defender is still withholding additional keys which hold additional information.

In law

In some jurisdictions, statutes assume the opposite—that human operators know (or have access to) such things as session keys, an assumption which parallels that made by rubber-hose practitioners. An example is the United Kingdom's Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act, which makes it a crime not to surrender encryption keys on demand from a government official authorized by the act.

According to the Home Office, the burden of proof that an accused person is in possession of a key rests on the prosecution; moreover, the act contains a defense for operators who have lost or forgotten a key, and they are not liable if they are judged to have done what they can to recover a key.

Possible case
In the lead-up to the 2017 Kenyan general election, the head of information, communication, and technology at the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission, Christopher Msando, was murdered. He had played a major role in developing the new voting system for the election. His body showed apparent marks of torture, and there were concerns that the murderers had tried to get password information out of him.

In popular culture
 A well-known xkcd comic (xkcd 538: Security) describes the issue.  In the first panel a crypto nerd imagines that due to his advanced encryption (4096-bit RSA), the crackers will be ultimately defeated, despite having access to million-dollar hardware. In the second panel, the people with the desire to access this information use a five-dollar wrench and torture to coerce the nerd to give them the password.Bruce Schneier.  xkcd on Cryptanalysis

See also

  (encrypted filesystem)

References

External links
 The Best Defense Against Rubber-Hose Cryptanalysis, by Cory Doctorow

Cryptographic attacks
Espionage techniques
Torture
Euphemisms

Rubber-hose cryptanalysis


The Doric Bungalow (also known as The Doric) at Arippu East, Mannar, Sri Lanka, was the residence of the first British Governor of Ceylon.

History
The first governor, Frederick North, 5th Earl of Guilford, was the son of British Prime Minister Frederick North (2nd Earl of Guilford). The house was planned by the governor himself, the building was later known as 'The Doric' due to the architectural design of the columns which was similar to the Ancient Greek Doric order style. It was built at the beginning of the nineteenth century (between 1801 and 1804) to revive and supervise the pearl fisheries. Other than being used as the residence for the governor, it was later used by "other governors, government agents, and other officials, including superintendents of pearl fishery."

The two story building was constructed using bricks and mortar though the exterior walls were decorated with chunam which was made from the lime of burnt oyster shells and was described as appearing like 'marble'.

A descriptive account of the bungalow can be found in the journal of Rev. James Cordiner (1775–1836), a chaplain attached to the British military garrison in Colombo, Ceylon, between 1797 and 1804.

Having been built on a low cliff near the beach, exposed to extreme weather and lack of maintenance, it is now mostly ruins. Restoration has been proposed several times but no work has been carried out despite it being declared a protected archaeological monument.

A number of folklore tales surround the site and it has been 'locally ascribed to a legendary Queen of the Sangam period which refers to Alli Raani who was said to have a palace at the site. There are also unsubstantiated claims that the Portuguese built the Doric and it was used to protect Dona Catherina of Kandy circa 1580.

References

Archaeological protected monuments in Mannar District
British colonial architecture in Sri Lanka
Former official residences in Sri Lanka
Houses in Mannar District

Doric Bungalow


The Lerma Ducal Palace is the palace of the dukes of Lerma in Lerma (Burgos) in Spain, occupying the whole of one side of the city's Plaza. Originally it had immense gardens below it, on the banks of the river, with fountains, stately homes and seven chapels, of which one (Cristo) remains. All documents relating to its construction have been conserved. A 17th-century work, building started in 1601 under commission from Francisco Gómez de Sandoval y Rojas, Duke of Lerma. Its architect was Francisco de Mora and is it is considered de Mora's masterwork and one of the finest buildings of that era.

The site was used as Francoist concentration camp. It is currently used as a parador.

Façade

The doorway is crowned by a frontispiece held up by columns. The large walnut door is decorated with 520 bronze nails. Above the door are two of the duke's coat-of-arms, decorated with laurel. The railings of the windows and balconies are painted blue and gold.

Patio
The interior of the patio round arches on each side. The columns are made of single pieces of granite (the quarries were owned by the duke). On the upper level the columns do not support arches, but rather a running frieze with iron balconies between them, and windows which were originally made from walnut wood.

The palace has four towers at the corners, whose spires were also recovered after the restoration works. No palace could have more than two towers except those belonging to kings, but the Duke of Lerma was given this privilege due to his great powers in Court.

References

Paradores
Renaissance architecture in Castile and León
Houses completed in 1617
Palaces in Castile and León
Herrerian architecture
1617 establishments in Spain
Francoist concentration camps

Ducal Palace of Lerma


Linux (kent as GNU/Linux an aw) is ae Unix-like computer operatin seestem. It is ane o the maist kenspeckle examplars o open soorce development an free saftware; unlik proprietary operatin seestems sic as Microsoft Windows or Mac OS X, its unnerlyin soorce code is tae haunde for onybody tae uise, chynge, an caw aboot for nae chairge.

First developit an uised tae the maist pairt bi single enthusiasts oan personal computers, Linux haes nou gained the support o muckle companies sic as IBM, Sun Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard,  an Novell, Inc., an haes risen tae prominence as an operatin seestem for servers; aicht o the ten maist reliable internet hostin companies nou rins Linux oan thair wab servers.

Linux haes been mair widely portit tae deifferent computin platforms nor ony ither operatin seestem. It is uised in devices reengin frae supercomputers tae mobile phones, an is gainin popularity in the personal computer mercat.

History

In 1983, Richard Stallman foondit the GNU Project, wi the ettle o developin ae complete Unix-like operatin seestem composit haily o free saftware. Bi the stairt o the 1990s, GNU haed creatit or collectit maist o the necessar components o this seestem — librars, compilers, text editors, ae Unix shell — except for the core component, the kirnel. The GNU project stairtit developin ae kirnel, the GNU Hurd, in 1990, foodit oan the Mach microkirnel, but the development o this Mach-basit design haes pruiven gey haurd an proceedit slaw.

In atween times, in 1991, anither kirnel wis begoud as ae habby bi Finnish varsity student Linus Torvalds while attendin the Varsity o Helsinki. Torvalds oreeginally uised Minix oan his ain computer, ae simplifee'd Unix-like seestem written bi Andrew Tanenbaum for learnin operatin seestem design. Forby thon Tanenbaum didna allou ithers tar rax his operatin seestem, leadin Torvalds tae big ae replacement for Minix.

Oreeginally, Torvalds cried his kirnel "Freax" for "free" an "freak" an wi the aften-uised X in the names o Unix-like seestems. The name "Linux" wis cleckit bi Ari Lemmke, wha admeenistert an FTP server aucht the Finnish Varsity Network; he cleckit the name Linux for the directory that Torvalds' project wis first tae hund for dounlade frae.

At first ae computer rinnin Minix wis necessar for tae confeegur an instaw Linux. Ineetial versions o Linux needit anither operatin seestem tae be present for tae boot frae ae haurd disk, but suin thare war independent boot laders sic as LILO. The Linux seestem quickly surpassed Minix in functionality; Torvalds an ither early Linux kirnel developers adaptit thair wark for the GNU components an uiser-space programmes for tae creaut ae hale, fully functional, an free operatin seestem.

The day, Torvalds conteenas tae guide the oncome o the kirnel, while ither subseestems sic as the GNU components conteeas tae be developit separate (Linux kirnel development isna pairt o the GNU Project). Ither groups an companies combines an distributes thir components wi addeetional application saftware in the form o Linux distributions.

Portability
see an aw: Linux (kirnel) / Portabeelity

The Linux kirnel wis oreeginally designed anerly for Intel 80386 microprocessors, but nou uphauds ae braid hatter o computer architectures. Linux is ane o the maist waften portit operatin seestems, rinnin oan ae diverse reenge o seestems frae the haund-hauden ARM-basit iPAQ tae the mainframe IBM System z9. Speecialized deestributions exists for less mainstream architectures.

Copyricht, licensin, an the Linux tredemerk
The Linux kirnel an maist GNU saftware is licensed unner the GNU General Public License. The GPL requires that aw deestributit soorce code modifications an derived warks be licensed unner the GPL an aw, an is whiles cried a "share an share-alike" or "copyleft" license. Qho Linus Torvalds in 1997 "Making Linux GPL'd was definitely the best thing I ever did." Ither saftware micht uise ither licenses; mony librars uises the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), ae mair permissive variant o the GPL, an the X Window System uises the MIT License.

In the Unitit States, the name Linux is ae tredemerk registert tae Linus Torvalds.
Initially, naebody registert it, but oan August 15, 1994, William R. Della Croce, Jr. filed for the tredemerk Linux, an syne demaundit ryalties frae Linux deestributors. In 1996, Torvald an ae wheen affectit organisations sued for tae hae the tredemerk assigned tae Torvalds, an in 1997 the case wis settelt. The licensin o the tredemerk is nou haundelt bi the Linux Mark Institute. Torvalds haes statit that he juist tredemerkit the name for tae hinder ither bodies frae uisin it, but wis bund in 2005 bi Unitit States tredemerk law tae tak active meisurs tae uphaud the tredemerk. The affcome wis that the LMI sent oot ae nummer o letters tae deestribution vendors speirin that ae fee be peyed for the uiss o the name, an ae wheen companies haes complee'd.

Pronunciation
In 1992, Torvalds expponed hou he soonds the wird Linux:

Ae soond file o Torvalds sayin "Hello, this is Linus Torvalds, and I pronounce Linux as Linux" can be fund here. Merk that in Inglis, "Linux" an "Minix" is for ordinar soodit wi ae cutty i (IPA: /ɪ/) soond that differs frae Torvalds' Finland-Swedish soondin o thir wirds, seemilar tae the differ atween the Finland-Swadish an Inglis soondins o "Linus." The Finland-Swedish soondin {IPA /'linʌks/} hauds tae Scots phonology an aw.

Linux an the GNU Project

The ettle o the GNU project is tae produce ae Unix-compatible operatin seestem conseestin haily o free saftware, an maist general-purpose Linux distributions relies oan librars an tuils written tae that effect. The Free Software Foundation sees thir Linux distributions as "variants" o the GNU seestem, an asks that sic operatin seestems be referred tae as GNU/Linux or a Linux-basit GNU seestem. While some distributions maks ae pynt o uisin the soudert form - for ordinar Debian GNU/Linux - its uiss ootwi the enthusiast community is leemitit, an Linus Torvalds haes said that he finds cryin Linux in general GNU/Linux "just ridiculous" . The disteenction atween the Linux kirnel an distributions foondit oan it is ae soorce o raivelment tae mony newcomers, an the namin bides controversial.

SCO litigation

In Mairch 2003, the SCO Group pit in ae lawsuit agin IBM, thrapin that IBM haed contributit pairts o SCO's copyrichtit code tae the Linux kirnel in veeolation o IBM's leecense tae uise Unix. Mair oot ower, SCO sent letters tae ae wheen companies wairnin that thair uiss o Linux athoot ae leecense frae SCO micht be actionable, an threapit in the press that thay wad be lawin indiveedual Linux uiser. This controversy haes involved lawsuits bi SCO agin DaimlerChrysler (dismissed in 2004), an AutoZone, an bi Red Hat an ithers agin SCO. Furthermair, whither SCO e'en awns the relevant Unix copyrichts is currently disputit bi Novell.

As per the Utah Destrict Coort rulin oan Juilie 3rd, 2006; 182 claims oot o  294 claims made bi SCO agin IBM haes been dismissed.

SCO's threaps haes varied widely. As o 2006, nae pruif o SCO's claims o copied code in Linux haes been providit.

Development
More Than a Gigabuck: Estimating GNU/Linux's Size, ae 2001 study o Red Hat Linux 7.1, foond that this distribution contained 30 million soorce lines o code. Uisin the Constructive Cost Model, the study estimatit that this distribution required aboot aicht thoosand man-years o development time. Accordin tae the study, if aw this saftware haed been developit bi conventional proprietary means, it wad hae cost aboot 1.08 billion dollars (year 2000 U.S. dollars) tae develop in the United States.

The majority o the code (71%) wis written in the C programmin language, but mony ither leids war uised, includin C++, Lisp, assembly language, Perl, Fortran,  Python an various shell scriptin leids. Slichtly ower hauf o aw lines o code war licensed unner the GPL. The Linux kirnel wis 2.4 million lines o code, or 8% o the total.

In ae later study, Counting potatoes: The size of Debian 2.2, the same analysis wis performed for Debian GNU/Linux version 2.2. This distribution contained ower fifty-five million soorce lines o code, an the study estimatit that it wad hae cost 1.9 billion dollars (year 2000 U.S. dollars) tae develop bi conventional means.

Applications

Linux haes historically been uised mainly as ae server operatin seestem, but its law cost, flexibility, an Unix background mak it suitable for ae wide reenge o applications.

Linux is the cornerstone o the "LAMP" server-saftware combination (Linux, Apache, MySQL, Perl/PHP/Python) which haes achieved popularity amang developers, an which is ane o the mair common platforms for wabsite hostin.

Due tae its law cost an its heich configurability, Linux is eften uised in embedded seestems sic as telly set-top boxes, mobile phones, an handheld devices. Linux haes acome ae major competitor tae the proprietary Symbian OS foond in mony mobile phones, an it is an alternative tae the dominant Windows CE an Palm OS operatin seestems oan handheld devices. The popular TiVo digital video recorder uises ae customized version o Linux. Several network firewall an router standalone products, includin several frae Linksys, uise Linux internally, uisin its advanced firewallin an routin capabilities.

Linux is increasingly common as an operatin seestem for supercomputers. In the November 2005 TOP500 leet o supercomputers, the twa fastest supercomputers in the warld ran Linux. O the 500 seestems, 371 (74.2%) ran some version o Linux, includin seiven o the tap ten.

The Sony PlayStation 3 video game console, scheduled tae be releasit in November 2006, will rin Linux bi default. Sony haes previously releasit ae PS2 Linux dae-it-yourself kit for thair PlayStation 2 video game console. Game developers like Atari an id Software hae releasit titles tae the Linux desktop. Linux Game Publishing an aw produces gemmes for Linux, licensing an portin them frae thair Windows soorce code.

The One Laptop Per Child project, which aims tae provide computin devices tae aw childer in developin nations, uises Linux as the devices' operatin seestem.

Distributions

Linux is predominantly uised as pairt o ae Linux distribution (commonly cried ae "distro"). Thir are compiled bi individuals, loose-knit teams, an commercial an volunteer organisations. Thay commonly include additional seestem an application saftware, an installer seestem tae ease initial seestem setup, an integrated management o saftware installation an upgradin. Distributions are creatit for mony deifferent purposes, includin computer architecture support, localization tae ae specific region or language, real-time applications, an embedded seestems, an mony deliberately include anly free saftware. Currently, ower three hunder distributions are actively developit, wi aboot ae dozen distributions bein maist popular for general-purpose uise.

Ae teepical general-purpose distribution includes the Linux kirnel, some GNU librars an tuils, command-line shells, the graphical X Window Seestem an accompanyin desktop environments sic as KDE or GNOME, thegither wi thoosands o application saftware packages, frae office suites tae compilers, text editors, an scienteefic tuils.

Desktop usage

The heich level o access granted tae Linux's internals haes led tae Linux uisers tradeetionally tendin tae be mair technologically oriented than uisers o Microsoft Windows and Mac OS, whiles revellin in the tag o "hacker" or "geek". Linux an ither free saftware projects hae been frequently criticized for nae goin far enough tae ensure ease o uise.

This stereotype haes begun tae be dispelled in recent years. Linux mey nou be uised wi ae uiser interface that is gey seemilar tae those rinnin oan ither operatin seestems. Uisers mey hae tae switch application saftware, an thare are eften fewer "kent" options (as in the case o computer games) but thare exist replacements for aw general-purpose saftware, an general applications like spreadsheets, wird processors, an browsers are available for Linux in profusion. Additionally, ae growin nummer o proprietary saftware vendors are supportin Linux, and compatibility layers sic as the Wine seestem allou some Windows application saftware an drivers tae be uised oan Linux wioot requirin the vendor tae adapt them.

Linux's roots in the Unix operatin seestem mean that in addition tae graphical configuration tuils and control panels available for mony seestem settins and services, plain-text configuration files are still commonly uised tae configure the OS and can readily be made accesible (or nae) tae uisers, at the administrator's will.

The Berlin-basit organisation Relevantive concluded in 2003 that the usability o Linux for ae set o desktop-relatit tasks wis "nearly equal to Windows XP." Syne then, thare hae been numerous independent studies and articles which indicate that ae modren Linux desktop uisin aither GNOME or KDE is on par wi Microsoft Windows in ae business settin.

Mercat share and uptake

Accordin tae the mercat research company IDC, 25% o servers and 2.8% o desktop computers ran Linux as o 2004. Proponents and analysts attribute the success o Linux tae its security, reliability, law cost, an freedom frae vendor lock-in,. The frictional cost o switchin and lack o support for some hardware and mony application programs designed for Windows, especially gemmes or uncommon business saftware, are twa important factors inhibitin adoption.

The Linux mercat is rapidly growin and the revenue o servers, desktops, an packaged saftware rinnin Linux is expected tae exceed $35.7 billion bi 2008. The actual installed uiser base mey be higher than indicated bi this figure, as maist Linux distributions and applications are freely available and redistributable.

The paper Why Open Source Software / Free Software (OSS/FS)? Look at the Numbers! identifies mony quantitative studies o open soorce saftware, oan topics includin mercat share and reliability, wi mony studies specifically examinin Linux.

Installation
The maist common method o installin Linux oan ae personal computer is bi bootin frae ae CD-ROM that contains the installation program and installable saftware. Sic ae CD can be burned frae ae downladed ISO image, purchased alone for ae law price, can be obtained as pairt o ae box set that mey an aw include manuals and additional commercial saftware an in ae wheen cases shipped for free bi request. Mini CD images allou Linux tae be installed frae ae disk wi ae small form factor.

As wi servers, personal computers that come wi Linux already installed are available fra vendors includin Hewlett-Packard and Dell, awtho generally anly for thair business desktop line.

Alternatives tae traditional desktop installation include thin client installation, whaur the operatin seestem is laded and rin frae ae centralised machine ower ae netwark connection; and rinnin frae ae Live CD, whaur the computer boots the entire operatin seestem frae CD wioot first installin it oan the computer's haurd disk.

Oan embedded devices, Linux is teepically held in the device's firmware and mey or mey nae be consumer-accessible.

Programmin oan Linux

The GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) is the standard compiler faimily for maist seestems. Amongst ithers, GCC provides frontends for C, C++ and Java. Maist distributions come installed wi interpreters for Perl, Python and ither scriptin languages, and several nou include C# via the Mono project.

Thare are ae nummer o Integrated development environments available includin KDevelop, Anjuta, NetBeans, and Eclipse while the traditional editors Emacs and Vim remain popular.

The twa main widget tuilkits uised for contemporary GUI programmin are Qt and the Gimp Toolkit, kent as GTK+.

As well as thir free and open soorce options, thare are proprietary compilers and tuils available frae ae reenge o companies sic as Intel, PathScale and the Portland Group.

Support
Technical support is providit bi commercial suppliers and bi ither Linux uisers, uisually in online forums, IRC, newsgroups, and mailin lists. Linux Uiser Groups hae tradeetionally been organisit tae provide support for Linux in specific ceeties and regions.

The business model o commercial suppliers is generally dependent oan chargin for support, especially for business uisers. Ae nummer o companies offer ae specialisit business version o thair distribution, which adds proprietary support packages and tuils tae administer higher nummers o installations or tae simplify administrative tasks.

See an aw
 List o Linux distributions
 Comparison o Linux distributions
 The Cathedral and the Bazaar
 Total cost o ownership
 One page Linux reference

References

Fremmit airtins
Linux.org — contains comprehensive information and resoorces aboot Linux.
Kernel.org — Linux kirnel wabsite
The Linux Documentation Project — HOWTOs, FAQs an ither guides
Linux Online  — distributions and FTP sites (sortable bi categories)
DistroWatch.com — distribution information and announcements

1991 saftware

Computin platforms
Cross-platform saftware
Unix variants
Finnish inventions

Linux


The Islamic Crescent is a symbol consisting of a crescent with a star at the concave side. In its modern form, the star is usually shown with five points (though in earlier centuries a higher number of points was often used). The two signs together, or the crescent only, was long a symbol of Byzantium and also appeared on coins of the Sassanid Empire. Now it is often a symbol of Islam. It is seen on a number of different country flags such as Turkey, Libya, Maldives, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Malaysia, Singapore, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tunisia, Western Sahara, Comoros, North Cyprus, Mauritania, Pakistan respectively.

Flag of Ottoman Empire was the first flag featuring a crescent with a star. Other states formerly part of the Ottoman Empire also used the symbol, so the symbol emerged into popular use.

Notes

Islam

Symbols

Star and crescent


Daniel Tammet  (born Daniel Paul Corney; 31 January 1979) is an English writer and savant. His memoir, Born on a Blue Day (2006), is about his early life with Asperger syndrome and savant syndrome, and was named a "Best Book for Young Adults" in 2008 by the American Library Association's Young Adult Library Services magazine. His second book, Embracing the Wide Sky, was one of France's best-selling books of 2009. His third book, Thinking in Numbers, was published in 2012 by Hodder & Stoughton in the United Kingdom and in 2013 by Little, Brown and Company in the United States and Canada. His books have been published in over 20 languages.

He was elected in 2012 to serve as a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts.

Personal life

Tammet was born Daniel Paul Corney, the eldest of nine children, and raised in Barking and Dagenham, East London. As a young child, he had epileptic seizures, which remitted following medical treatment.

He participated twice in the World Memory Championships in London under his birth name, placing 11th in 1999 and 4th in 2000.

He changed his birth name by deed poll because "it didn't fit with the way he saw himself". He took the Estonian surname Tammet, which is related to "oak trees".

At age twenty-five, he was diagnosed with Asperger syndrome by Simon Baron-Cohen of the University of Cambridge Autism Research Centre. He is one of fewer than a hundred "prodigious savants" according to Darold Treffert, the world's leading researcher in the study of savant syndrome.

He was the subject of a documentary film titled Extraordinary People: The Boy with the Incredible Brain, first broadcast on Channel 4 on 23 May 2005.

He met software engineer Neil Mitchell in 2000, and they started a relationship. They lived in Kent. He and Mitchell operated the online e-learning company Optimnem, where they created and published language courses.

Tammet now lives in Paris, with his husband Jérôme Tabet, a photographer whom he met while promoting his autobiography.

Tammet is a graduate of the Open University with a Bachelor of Arts degree with first-class honours in the humanities.

Career
In 2002, Tammet launched the website, Optimnem. The site offers language courses (currently French and Spanish) and has been an approved member of the UK National Grid for Learning since 2006.

Born on a Blue Day received international media attention and critical praise. Booklist magazine contributing reviewer Ray Olson stated that Tammet's autobiography was "as fascinating as Benjamin Franklin's and John Stuart Mill's" and that Tammet wrote "some of the clearest prose this side of Hemingway". Kirkus Reviews stated that the book "transcends the disability memoir genre".

For his US book tour, Tammet appeared on several television and radio talk shows and specials, including 60 Minutes and the Late Show with David Letterman. In February 2007, Born on a Blue Day was serialised as BBC Radio 4's Book of the Week in the United Kingdom.

His second book, Embracing the Wide Sky, was published in 2009. Allan Snyder, director of the University of Sydney Centre for the Mind, called the work 'an extraordinary and monumental achievement'. Tammet argues that savant abilities are not "supernatural" but are "an outgrowth" of "natural, instinctive ways of thinking about numbers and words". He suggests that the brains of savants can, to some extent, be retrained, and that normal brains could be taught to develop some savant abilities.

Thinking in Numbers, a collection of essays, was first published in 2012 and serialised as BBC Radio 4's Book of the Week in the United Kingdom.

His translation into French of a selection of poetry by Les Murray was published by L'Iconoclaste in France in 2014.

Tammet's first novel, Mishenka, was published in France and Quebec in 2016.

Every Word Is a Bird We Teach to Sing, a collection of essays on language, was published in the UK, US, and France in 2017. In a review of the book for The Wall Street Journal, Brad Leithauser noted that "in terms of literary genres, something new and enthralling is going on inside his books" and that the author showed "a grasp of language and a sweep of vocabulary that any poet would envy".

Portraits, a bilingual first poetry collection, was published in French and English in 2018.

Written in French as a letter to a non-believing friend, the creative non-fiction work Fragments de paradis ("Fragments of Heaven") was published in France and Canada in 2020.

Scientific study

After the World Memory Championships, Tammet participated in a group study, later published in the New Year 2003 edition of Nature Neuroscience. The researchers investigated the reasons for the memory champions' superior performance. They reported that he used "strategies for encoding information with the sole purpose of making it more memorable", and concluded that superior memory was not driven by exceptional intellectual ability or differences in brain structure.

In another study, Baron-Cohen and others at the Autism Research Centre tested Tammet's abilities in around 2005. Tammet was found to have synaesthesia, according to the "Test of Genuineness-Revised", which tests the subjects' consistency in reporting descriptions of their synaesthesia. He performed well on tests of short-term memory (with a digit-span of 11.5, where 6.5 is typical). Conversely, test results showed his memory for faces scored at the level expected of a 6- to 8-year-old child in this task. The authors of the study speculated that his savant memory could be a result of synaesthesia combined with Asperger syndrome, or it could be the result of mnemonic strategies.

In a further study published in Neurocase in 2008, Baron-Cohen, Bor and Billington investigated whether Tammet's synaesthesia and Asperger syndrome explained his savant memory abilities. They concluded that his abilities might be explained by hyperactivity in one brain region (the left prefrontal cortex), which results from his Asperger syndrome and synaesthesia. On the Navon task, relative to non-autistic controls, Tammet was found to be faster at finding a target at the local level and to be less distracted by interference from the global level. In an fMRI scan, "Tammet did not activate extra-striate regions of the brain normally associated with synaesthesia, suggesting that he has an unusual and more abstract and conceptual form of synaesthesia". Published in Cerebral Cortex (2011), an fMRI study led by Jean-Michel Hupé at the University of Toulouse (France) observed no activation of colour areas in ten synaesthetes. Hupé suggests that synaesthetic colour experience lies not in the brain's colour system, but instead results from "a complex construction of meaning in the brain, involving not only perception, but language, memory and emotion".

In his book Moonwalking with Einstein (2011), Joshua Foer, a science journalist and former US Memory Champion, speculates that Tammet's study of conventional mnemonic approaches has played a role in the savant's feats of memory. While accepting that Tammet meets the standard definition of a prodigious savant, Foer suggests that his abilities may simply reflect intensive training using memory techniques, rather than any abnormal psychology or neurology. In a review of his book for The New York Times, psychologist Alexandra Horowitz described Foer's speculation as among the few "missteps" in his book. She questioned whether it would matter if Tammet had used such strategies or not.

Savantism
Tammet has been studied continuously by researchers in Britain and the United States, and has been the subject of several peer-reviewed scientific papers. Allan Snyder at the Australian National University has said of him: "Savants can't usually tell us how they do what they do. It just comes to them. Daniel can describe what he sees in his head. That's why he's exciting. He could be the Rosetta Stone."

In his mind, Tammet says, each positive integer up to 10,000 has its own unique shape, colour, texture and feel. He has described his visual image of 289 as particularly ugly, 333 as particularly attractive, and pi, though not an integer, as beautiful. The number 6 apparently has no distinct image yet what he describes as an almost small nothingness, opposite to the number 9, which he says is large, towering, and quite intimidating. He describes the number 117 as "a handsome number. It's tall, it's a lanky number, a little bit wobbly." He described David Letterman with the number 117 in these terms when interviewed on the Late Show with David Letterman. In his memoir, he describes undergoing a synaesthetic and emotional response for numbers and words.

Tammet set the European record for reciting pi from memory on 14 March 2004 – recounting to 22,514 digits in five hours and nine minutes. He revealed in a French talk show on Radio Classique on 29 April 2016, that this event inspired Kate Bush's song "Pi" from her album Aerial.

He is a polyglot. In Born on a Blue Day, he writes that he knows eleven languages: English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Lithuanian, Esperanto, Spanish, Romanian, Icelandic, and Welsh. In Embracing the Wide Sky, he wrote that he learned conversational Icelandic in a week, and appeared on an interview on Kastljós on RÚV speaking the language.

Works

Non-fiction
Born on a Blue Day (2006)
Embracing the Wide Sky (2009)
Thinking in Numbers (2012)
Every Word Is a Bird We Teach to Sing (2017)
Fragments de paradis (2020), in French

Novels
Mishenka (2016), in French

Poetry
Portraits (2018), bilingual edition (English / French)

Essays
"What It Feels Like to Be a Savant" in Esquire (August 2005)
"Open Letter to Barack Obama" in The Advocate (December 2008)
"Olympics: Are the Fastest and Strongest Reaching Their Mathematical Limits?" in The Guardian (August 2012)
"What I'm Thinking About ... Tolstoy and Maths" in The Guardian (August 2012)
"The Sultan's Sudoku" in Aeon digital magazine (December 2012)
"Languages Revealing Worlds and Selves" in The Times Literary Supplement (September 2017)

Translations
C'est une chose sérieuse que d'être parmi les hommes (2014), a collection of poems by Les Murray translated by Tammet into French

Forewords
Islands of Genius (2010), by Darold A. Treffert

Songs
647: co-writer of the song with musician Florent Marchet on his Bamby Galaxy album (January 2014)

Short films
The Universe and Me (2017) Collaboration with French film maker Thibaut Buccellato.

Mänti

Mänti (, ) is a constructed language that Tammet published in 2006. The word Mänti comes from the Finnish word for "pine tree" (, ). Mänti uses vocabulary and grammar from the Finnic languages.

Awards
American Library Association Booklist magazine "Editors' Choice Adult Books" (2007) for "Born on a Blue Day"
The Sunday Times "Top Choice of Books" for Born on a Blue Day
American Library Association Young Adult Library Services magazine Best Books for Young Adults" (2008)
Ann Arbor/Ypsilanti Reads  "Selection for 2012" (2011)
Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (2012)
American Library Association Booklist magazine "Editors' Choice Adult Books" (2017) for "Every Word Is a Bird We Teach to Sing"
New Zealand Listener The 100 Best Books of 2017 for "Every Word Is a Bird We Teach to Sing"

See also
Derek Paravicini
Solomon Shereshevsky
Stephen Wiltshire

References

External links

 : Different ways of knowing (June 2011)

1979 births
Autistic savants
British mnemonists
Constructed language creators
Converts to Christianity
English Christians
English Esperantists
English expatriates in France
English gay writers
Estophiles
Icelandic language
LGBT Christians
Living people
Mental calculators
People from Kent
People with Asperger syndrome
LGBT mathematicians
21st-century English LGBT people
Recreational mathematicians
English writers with disabilities

Daniel Tammet


Adolf VIII of Berg (also referred to as Adolf V) (c. 1240 – 28 September 1296) was the eldest son of Count Adolf VII of Berg and Margaret of Hochstaden.

In 1259, Adolf succeeded his father as Count of Berg.  King Rudolph I of Germany allowed Adolf to move his mint to Wipperfürth in 1275. In 1276 Adolf granted city rights to Ratingen and in 1282 to Wipperfürth.  Adolf tried in vain to have his brother Conrad, Provost of Cologne, installed as Archbishop of Cologne after the death of Engelbert II of Falkenstein in 1274, but Siegfried II of Westerburg was chosen instead.

In 1279 Adolf's uncle Waleran IV, Duke of Limburg died leaving one daughter, Ermengarde, wife of Reginald I, Count of Guelders.  When she died in 1280 without issue, her husband claimed the Duchy of Limburg even though Adolf also had a claim to Limburg as Waleran's eldest nephew.  Adolf tried unsuccessfully to assert his claim and in 1283 he sold his right to Duke John I of Brabant.  The counter-claims of Duke John and Reginald I ultimately led to the Battle of Worringen in 1288 in which Adolf supported the victorious Brabant.  Archbishop Siegfried was captured and imprisoned by Adolf in Schloss Burg for 13 months.  As a result of the victory, Adolf was also able to elevate Düsseldorf to the level of city.  Through trickery, Archbishop Siegfried was able to capture Adolf in 1292 and held him in prison until he died on 28 September 1296.

In 1249, Adolf was betrothed to Elisabeth of Guelders, daughter of Otto II, Count of Guelders and half-sister of Reginald I, his rival to the Duchy of Limburg.  Elisabeth died 31 March 1315 and is buried with her husband in the Church of Solingen-Gräfrath.  As Adolf and Elisabeth had no issue, Adolf's brother William I of Berg succeeded him as Count of Berg.

References

External links
 Wikipedia.de

Counts of Berg
1240 births
1296 deaths
House of Limburg
Marshals of Westphalia

Adolf VIII of Berg


A Cooper pair is a pair of free electrons within a solid that act together as one quasiparticle and in large numbers  give rise to superconductivity.

Physicists explain superconductivity by describing what happens when temperatures get cold. The thermal energy in a solid or liquid shakes the atoms so they randomly vibrate, but this gets less as the temperature drops. Electrons carry the same negative electric charge which makes them repel each other. At higher temperatures each unbound electron behaves as if it were a free particle. There is also however a very weak attraction between electrons when they are in any solid or liquid. This is due to the way bound electrons distort the spacing of the atomic structure they find themselves in. At relatively rather large distances (many hundreds of nanometers apart) and low temperatures (near absolute zero), the attractive effect and lack of thermal energy allows pairs of electrons to hang together. This is called a cooper pair and it is a quasiparticle, that is it acts as if it were a new kind of particle in its own right even though it is made up of two fundamental electrons.

Many overlapping cooper pairs can exist in the same nanometer sized space. Since paired electrons constitute a boson the motions of all of the cooper pairs within a single superconductor synchronise and they function as if they are a single entity. This is known as the Bose–Einstein condensation. The Cooper pairs  form this condensate, which is superfluid or super-conducting.  Small disturbances such as scattering of electrons are forbidden in this state  as long as the temperature remains low.  It moves as one showing no resistance to its motion. It is hence now a superconductor.
Electromagnetism

Cooper pair


David Allen Stich (September 27, 1941 – April 28, 1985), also known as Rockin' Dave Allen and Dave Allen, was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. Allen performed live throughout Texas and the Gulf Coast area from the late 1950s through the early 1980s. He recorded for the Jin, Eric, International Artists, Rock-a-Billy and Big Orange record labels for a total of sixteen 45 sides and two vinyl LPs. Some of this material has also appeared on compact disc anthologies by Ace Records. Approximately eighty minutes of Allen's recordings remain unreleased.

Biography
Allen was born in Houston, Texas but his family moved to Franklin, a farming and ranching community in central Texas, just before he started school. Allen exhibited musical talent at an early age, picking out melodies on the mandolin when he was five years old and playing the fiddle on a local radio program in nearby College Station shortly thereafter. He got his first guitar, a Silvertone archtop from Sears, at the age of twelve. Allen turned professional at the age of fourteen, playing regularly with Richard Smith and the Hill Boppers. Although mostly familiar only with country music up to this point, Allen saw one of Elvis Presley's early Texas performances in 1955 and began to emulate the playing style of Presley's guitarist, Scotty Moore. Rockabilly and rock 'n' roll soon became his main interest and he acquired a 1956 Fender Stratocaster and a Silvertone amplifier.

Allen's family returned to Houston in 1957 where he enrolled in Sam Houston High School and became a regular member of the house band at Van's Club, later known as Van's Ballroom. Here he took the stage name "Rockin' Dave Allen."  His band was called The Thunderbirds. In the fall of 1959, Allen bought a Fender Jazzmaster and had his first record release on Jin records, "Give Me One More Chance" backed with "Rose Marie." Both were original compositions by Allen. "My Broken Heart" followed and was his first record to hit the southern charts. With his third release "Shirley Jean"  and then with his fourth "Walking Slowly," Allen broke into the Top 10 charts of the south. These pop singles led to TV appearances, concert tours and dates at the largest clubs across the southern U.S. alongside such stars as Jimmy Clanton, Roy Orbison, Bobby Vee, Charlie Rich, Mickey Gilley, Bobby "Blue" Bland, Jimmy Reed, Roy Head, Doug Sahm, Chuck Jackson, T-Bone Walker, Bobby Vinton, Gene Thomas, Johnnie Allan, Rod Bernard, Joe Barry, Jivin' Gene and Doug Kershaw. This was the most financially successful period of Allen's career.

Allen had become an avid listener of Houston's two African-American radio stations, KCOH and KYOK, and the rhythm and blues they both played, music that had not generally been available to him growing up in Franklin. He became an ardent admirer of Jimmy Reed and B.B. King and covered Reed's song "Can't Stand to See You Go" on the Jin label in 1960. From that point on, he gravitated towards playing mostly blues.

Following the British Invasion in 1964, Allen found himself without a recording contract after cutting four 45 sides for Huey Meaux. Allen dropped the adjective "Rockin'" from his name and made his living performing live with his recently purchased Gibson ES-345 and Fender Twin Reverb amplifier. In 1968, Lelan Rogers of International Artists Records (hereinafter referred to as IA) in Houston signed Allen to a recording contract. The label was primarily known for its roster of Texas psychedelic rock bands, including the 13th Floor Elevators, Bubble Puppy and the Red Krayola. IA was also a part-owner of the Love Street Light Circus Feel Good Machine, a psychedelic nightclub at Allen's Landing where Allen sometimes performed.

Allen recorded with Big Walter Price "The Thunderbird" and wrote and played for blue-eyed soul singer Jimmy Rogers at IA before recording his own album Color Blind, composed of eleven original songs recorded in the fall of 1968 and released in the summer of 1969. This was the eleventh of only twelve albums released by IA and its only blues album other than Free Form Patterns by Lightnin' Hopkins.

Due to a lack of promotion and distribution along with other factors relating to IA's impending bankruptcy, Color Blind was not a success at the time. Nevertheless, Allen had the opportunity to begin recording a second album before creditors padlocked the doors to IA Studios (now SugarHill Studios). From these February 1970 sessions, two tracks, "Saturday A.M. Blues" and a cover of "C.C. Rider" still exist and have appeared on IA anthologies. Three other tracks, "Mardi Gras," "Lord, Take Me Today" and a cover of "Folsom Prison Blues" are presumed lost.

Allen's disappointment following Color Blind, combined with his concomitant divorce and the relocation of his young daughter to another state, triggered a depressive disorder with which Allen would struggle for the remainder of his life. His daily use of terpin hydrate elixir with codeine (until such time as it was no longer available over the counter), alcohol and tobacco exacerbated his mental condition and compromised his physical health. Allen performed onstage throughout the Houston area up until his death from pneumonia in 1985 at the age of forty-three.

In 1979, Rock-a-Billy Productions of Lafayette, Louisiana compiled all ten of Allen's Jin singles into a vinyl LP entitled Southern Rock 'n' Roll of the '60s. Allen himself wrote the liner notes for this reissue. In 1989, Charly Records reissued Color Blind on vinyl on the Decal label. Beginning in the early 1990s, Allen's Jin singles began to appear on swamp pop anthologies by Ace Records on compact disc. In November 2010, Snapper Music issued a deluxe, limited edition of Color Blind, its first-ever release on compact disc. Allen's numerous unreleased demos and a tape of a live performance from 1972 are being held in trust by his heirs for future consideration.

References

External links

 Feature story on Dave Allen in the Houston Chronicle, March 12, 2010
 The official website of International Artists Records

1941 births
1985 deaths
American blues guitarists
American male guitarists
American blues singers
20th-century American singers
20th-century American guitarists
Musicians from Houston
People from Franklin, Texas
20th-century American male musicians

Rockin' Dave Allen


Brave is a 2012 American computer-animated fantasy-adventure movie which stars Billy Connolly and Emma Thompson. The movie was released on June 22, 2012, by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures. Pixar was the studio that worked on this movie. It received positive responses from critics and won an Oscar.

The movie is set in Scotland during the Medieval period. 16-year-old Princess  causes chaos in the kingdom of DunBroch by not wanting to marry.

It took six years to make.

Characters
Merida - A 16-year-old princess.

2012 animated movies
2012 comedy movies
2012 fantasy movies
2010s American adventure movies
American animated movies
American comedy movies
2010s American fantasy movies
2010s English-language movies
Fiction set in the past
Movies about animals
Movies set in Scotland
Movies that won the Best Animated Feature Academy Award
Pixar movies
2010s feminist movies
2010s computer-animated movies

Brave (2012 movie)


Salentin IX of Isenburg-Grenzau (German: Salentin IX. von Isenburg-Grenzau) (c. 1532–1610) was the Archbishop-Elector of Cologne as "Salentin of Isenburg" from 1567 until 1577, the Bishop of Paderborn from 1574 until 1577, and the Count of Isenburg-Grenzau from 1577 to 1610.

Biography

Early life
Salentin IX was the second son of Count Henry of Isenburg-Grenzau. As his parents did not have the money to educate all three of their sons, the elder two, John and Salentin, were chosen and sent to the cathedral of Mainz in 1548. In 1558 he became a member of the cathedral of Cologne. When his younger brother Anthony died in 1563, his elder brother John left the church and returned to Isenburg-Grenzau. In 1565 he obtained office in St. Gereon in Cologne, and also in that year John died.

Although often named Salentin VI, VII, or VIII, he is correctly named Salentin IX: Salentin VI was the count of Lower-Isenburg (German: Graf von Nieder-Isenburg), (born ~1370, died after 1458), Salentin VII was the lord of Isenburg and Neumagen (German: Herr von Isenburg und Neumagen) and founder of the last Isenburg-Grenzau line, born before 1492, died after 24 September 1534, and Salentin VIII was the 2nd son of Salentin VII.

Archbishop of Cologne and Bishop of Paderborn
On 23 December 1567 he was elected the Archbishop of Cologne, and therefore Prince-Elector. He did not have priestly consecrations as he intended to leave the church and take up rulership of the County of Isenburg-Grenzau in the foreseeable future, a condition which had the support of the cathedral chapter and the Holy Roman Emperor but not Pope Pius V, who demanded a new election was to take place. However Pius V died in 1572 and his successor, Gregory XIII, confirmed the election the following year.

As the archbishop of Cologne, Salentin used its resources to improve the conditions in Isenburg-Grenzau, and succeeded in obtaining for it the status imperial immediacy in the Bench of Counts of the Wetterau. On 21 April 1574 he was also elected the Bishop of Paderborn and received papal confirmation. On 9 December he arrived in splendour at Paderborn surrounded by thousands of attendants. During his reign he reorganised the administration and the finances of the dioceses. He retired from the Bishopric of Paderborn on 5 September 1577 and the Archbishopric of Cologne eight days later.

Later life
Salentin succeeded Count Arnold in Isenburg-Grenzau. On 10 December 1577, he married Antonia Wilhelmina of Arenberg, the sister of Charles de Ligne, 2nd Prince of Arenberg. He had two sons, Salentin X and Ernest I and both, like their father, had successful military careers.  Salentin died on 19 March 1610 and was buried in the praemonestrian Rommersdorf.

References

1530s births
1610 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
People from Neuwied (district)
Salentin 01
Salentin 01
Salentin 01
16th-century German Roman Catholic bishops
House of Isenburg
Prince-Bishops of Paderborn
16th-century bishops in the Holy Roman Empire

Salentin IX of Isenburg-Grenzau


The Lehener Stadion was a former football stadium in Salzburg and between 1971 and 2002 the homeground of SV Austria Salzburg (now F.C. Red Bull Salzburg).

History
Due to the fact that SV Austria Salzburg was promoted to the Nationalliga (former name of Bundesliga) the plan was to build a new stadium. In 1966 architect Hanns Wiser made the first sketch of the new venue with 15 000 seats and two roofed stands. In 1967 the City decided to build the new stadium in Lehen and to make places for 18 000 spectators. The space for the new venue was also before a football groundTogether with Jakob Adlhart Wiser made a new plan and the stadium was built between 1969 and 1971. Because money was short, the east stand was designed as standingroom so the capacity could be 18 000 although the building was cheaper. The floodlight was opened in 1974 because neighbours took legal action against it.

The stadium was opend with a friendly match between SV Asutria Salzburg and the national team of Tunesia.  In mid-1990s the stadium was to small because Austria Salzburg played international matches and the UEFA licensed it for only 5 300 spectators. So Austria Salzburg played the international matches in Viennas Ernst Happel Stadion. It was planed to expand the stadium but the city of Salzburg decided to build a new stadium in Wals-Siezenheim because the city needed a venue for the UEFA Euro 2008. The last match was held on 4 December 2002 versus SK Sturm Graz.

The stadium was demolished in 2006. One part of the former stadium is now used by Salzburgs Citylibrary and a housing project is planed.

Notable matches
In the stadium 9 matches of the Austrian nationalteam were held. The most memorable was the 9:0 versus Malta on 30 April 1977 (Qualification for the FIFA World Cup 1978) where the young Hans Krankl scored 6 goals. But Austria Salzburg played notable matches in the venue for example the 3:0 victory over Sporting Lissabon in the 1993/94 UEFA Cup and in the second round of the UEFA Cup 1976  versus Roter Stern Belgrad.

Football stadiums in Austria
Salzburg

Lehener Stadion


Quasars, Redshifts and Controversies is a 1987 book by Halton Arp, an astronomer famous for his Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies (1966). Arp argued that many quasars with otherwise high redshift are somehow linked to close objects such as nearby galaxies. Arp also argued that some galaxies showed unusual redshifts, and that redshifts themselves could be quantized.

These are controversial views which do not accord with the standard model of physical cosmology. It also contradicts the accepted model that quasars are bright nuclei of very distant galaxies. Most astronomers reject Arp's interpretation of the data since the anomalous observations could be explained by perspective effects. Reportedly, some of Arp's calculations seem to be simply "bad mathematics".  Arp asserted that many questions he posed to the scientific establishment are still unanswered and that his requests for more observation time had been systematically rejected.

Halton Arp's proposal was an idea based on analyses done before the sky surveys increased the number of measured redshifts by several orders of magnitude. The idea was that the cosmological redshift might be showing evidence of periodicity which would be difficult to explain in a Hubble's Law universe that had the feature of continuous expansion. However, most astronomers agree that the analysis suffers from poor methodology and small number statistics.

Halton Arp continued to report the existence of apparently connected objects with very different redshifts. Arp has interpreted these connections to mean that these objects are in fact physically connected.  He further hypothesized that the higher redshift objects are ejected from the lower redshift objects - which are usually active galactic nuclei (AGN)- and that the large observed redshifts of these "ejected" objects is dominated by a non-cosmological (intrinsic) component. The rest of the community regards these as chance alignments and Arp's hypothesis has very few supporters.

The book has been translated into Italian and Spanish, as of 1998.

His work is updated in his last book, Catalogue of Discordant Redshift Associations, C. Roy Keys Inc. (February, 2003), .

See also
 Non-standard cosmology

Notes

External links and references
 Arp, Halton C., Quasars, Redshifts and Controversies. September 1988.
 Arp, Halton C., Seeing Red: Redshifts, Cosmology and Academic Science, Aperion (August, 1998),
Rowan-Robinson, Michael, Arp's astronomical exotica, Nature vol. 336, (November 17, 1988)

1987 non-fiction books
Astronomy books

Quasars, Redshifts and Controversies


Billy the Kid is the story of a boy who has a dream to become a professional footballer. The book was published in 2000 and was written by Michael Morpurgo. It is illustrated by Michael Foreman.

The story
Most of the book is set during World War II. Throughout the story, Billy, the main character, has to cope with a lot of sadness and loss. Whilst playing football in the local park, he is scouted by the club of his dreams: Chelsea FC. But his mood quickly changes when his brother dies in the war. This persuades Billy to join the army.

Inspiration for the book
The idea for the book came about when Michael Foreman took Michael Morpurgo to a Chelsea game and pointed out the Chelsea pensioners, who get free tickets for every game. Morpurgo was fascinated to learn that one pensioner chose to pay for his ticket still so he could sit with the same fans he did during his childhood.

2000 books

Billy The Kid (book)


Headquartered in Sykesville, MD, the Maryland Police And Correctional Training Commissions (MPCTC) is a state oversight agency for all law enforcement and correctional agencies in Maryland.

Duties
The MPCTC is responsible for setting minimum hiring standards as well as training objectives for all personnel hired by law enforcement or correctional agencies in Maryland. The MPCTC also maintains training records, mandates in-service training, and operates the Maryland Natural Resources Police Training Academy.

History/Authority
The MPCTC was created in 1966 by an act of legislation by the Maryland General Assembly (Ann. Code of Md., Art. 41, §4-201. In 1971, following the police lead, correctional organizations encouraged the creation of a Correctional Training Commission, Ann. Code of Md., Correctional Services Article, §8-201 et seq.) Per the afore mentioned articles, the MPCTC is authorized by the Maryland Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services to govern law enforcement and correctional services within the boundaries of the state.

References

External links
MPCTC weblink
Maryland Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services homepage

State law enforcement agencies of Maryland
Sykesville, Maryland
1966 establishments in Maryland

Maryland Police and Correctional Training Commission


David Porter Heap (March 24, 1843 – October 25, 1910) was an American engineer, born in San Stefano, Turkey, and educated at Georgetown College, and at West Point, where he graduated in 1864.  He served with the Army of the Potomac and was breveted captain on April 2, 1865.  Two years later he received his commission as captain in the Corps of Engineers.

Early on he was employed in building fortifications and improving harbors. Later he served with the US Lighthouse Service in various capacities. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1895, and to colonel in 1903.  He retired in 1905 as brigadier general, and died in Pasadena, California in 1910.

His publications include:
 Engineer Department U.S. Army at the International Exhibition (1876);
 The Paris Electrical Exhibition (1881);
 History of the Application of the Electric to Lighting the Coasts of France (1883);
 Electrical Appliances of the Present Day (1884);
 Ancient and Modern Lighthouses (1887);
 Patent 543730 for Light Signal (1895).

References

United States Military Academy alumni
United States Army generals
1843 births
1910 deaths
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Emigrants from the Ottoman Empire to the United States

David Porter Heap


Ben Watson (born 1956) is a British writer on music and culture of Marxist views, known especially for his writings on Frank Zappa.

Watson is well known as a regular contributor to The Wire, as well as the author of numerous books, often entailing studies of popular culture from the perspective of Marxist aesthetics. Watson was a member of the British Trotskyist Socialist Workers' Party; his writing combines this background together with influences from Theodor Adorno and the Frankfurt School, the Situationists and wider cultural interests including the writings of James Joyce and J.H. Prynne. His first full-length book, Frank Zappa: The Negative Dialectics of Poodle Play argued that Zappa's work was part of the protest against capitalist society. Watson calls his own field of study in this area Zappology. He is also an experimental poet and novelist; his first novel Shit-Kicks and Dough-Balls was published in 2003.

Watson's partner is the Marxist philosopher (and scholar of Walter Benjamin and Georg Lukács) Esther Leslie with whom he has collaborated on various works.

Watson has written of going 'mad' in 1984 and being 'sectioned' under the Mental Health Act, later finding inspiration in the Mad Pride movement which he likened to the earlier work 'Psycho-Politics' by the Marxist Peter Sedgwick.

Since 2003 Watson has broadcast a weekly radio show on Resonance FM called Late Lunch with Out To Lunch.

In 2010, he and Andy Wilson founded the Association of Musical Marxists; together with Keith Fisher the AMM started up the Unkant imprint. In 2015 Wilson and Watson parted ways, but Watson carried on with a musical unit named the AMM All-Stars featuring drummer Peter Baxter.

Publications
 28 sliverfish macronix out to lunch (1992)
 Frank Zappa: The Negative Dialectics of Poodle Play (1994)
 Art, Class and Cleavage: A Quantulumcunque Concerning Materialist Esthetix (1998)
 The Complete Guide to the Music of Frank Zappa (1998)
 (with Robert Deller, Esther Leslie and Ted Curtis) The Mad Pride: A Celebration of Mad Culture (2000)
 Shit-Kicks and Dough-Balls (2003)
 Derek Bailey and the Story of Free Improvisation (2004)
 Frank Zappa: The Complete Guide to his Music (2005)
 (with Esther Leslie) Academy Zappa: Proceedings of the First International Conference of Esemplastic Zappology (2005)
 Adorno for Revolutionaries (2011)
 Blake in Cambridge (2012)

References

External links
  – Ben Watson and Esther Leslie's site.
  – site of Association of Musical Marxists (AMM).

British Marxists
1957 births
British non-fiction writers
Living people
British male writers
Socialist Workers Party (UK) members
Male non-fiction writers

Ben Watson (music writer)


Munster (Erse: an Mhumhain) is a province in Ireland, alang wi Leinster, Connacht an Ulster. It's muckle maist ceity is Cork.

History

The name comes frae the Celtic goddess Muma. Munster wis spleet intae three kinricks, Thomond (North Munster), Desmond (South Munster), an Ormond (East Munster). Thir three kinrinks are representit in the banner o Munster.

Afore the muckle Erse Faimin, Munster haed a population o aboot 3 million fok, but this drappit endue tae emigration.

Durin the Erse Ceevil Weir, Munster creatit a Munster Republic agin the Anglo-Erse Treaty, but it anerly lestit 30 days, afore bein retakken bi the Erse Free State.

Erse leid

Thare are a nummer o Gaeltacht areas in Munster, whare the Erse leid is spoken. Thare are mony Gaelscoileanna (Erse leid schuils) in Munster an aw, and the nummer is increasin.

Sport

The maist faur ben sports in Munster are Gaelic Games, fitbaa and rugby.

Gaelic Games

Munster haes haed a lot o success in gaelic games, three o the fower maist successfu teams in hurling are frae Munster an in Gaelic fitbaa Kerry are the maist successfu team.

Rugby

Rugby is a verra faur ben sport in Munster. Munster Rugby are a successfu team, wunnin the Celtic League in 2003 an the Heineken Cup twice, in 2006 an 2008.

Soccer

Soccer is faur ben, wi fower teams in the League o Ireland.

See also

Munster Rugby

Munster
Provinces o Ireland

Munster


Frank Daniel "Frankie" Hejduk (born August 5, 1974) is an American former soccer player who played as a wingback and midfielder. At the club level he represented the Tampa Bay Mutiny, Bayer Leverkusen, St. Gallen, Columbus Crew, and the LA Galaxy. A full international between 1996 and 2009, he won 85 caps for the United States national team and represented his nation at the 1998 and 2002 FIFA World Cups. He also represented the United States at the 1996 and 2000 Summer Olympics.

Hejduk serves as "Brand Ambassador" in the Crew front office.

Early life
Hejduk attended San Dieguito High School where he played on the boys' soccer team. He was also a member of the powerhouse La Jolla Nomads Soccer Club which won the California state youth championship in 1989, 1990 and 1991. After high school, Hejduk attended UCLA. He spent three seasons, 1992 to 1994, as a defender on the UCLA Bruins soccer team. While a defender, he was the second leading scorer in 1994 with six goals. He was also named an NCAA second-team All-American his junior year.

Club career

MLS
In February 1996, Tampa Bay Mutiny drafted Hejduk in the seventh round (67th overall) of the 1996 MLS Inaugural Player Draft. Hejduk played in the league's first three seasons. However, commitments to the Olympic team limited him to only eight games as a rookie. In 1997, Hejduk established himself on the Mutiny defense, playing 22 games and registering one goal and six assists. He did much of the same in 1998, registering three goals and one assist with the team over 18 games while missing significant time while playing in the 1998 FIFA World Cup.

Europe
Hejduk's performance in the World Cup inspired German First Division side Bayer Leverkusen to purchase his contract from MLS on July 13, 1998. He remained with the Mutiny through the end of the 1998 season then joined Leverkusen in January 1999. After initially struggling at Leverkusen, Hejduk came on strong at the end of the 1998–99 season when the club experienced several critical injuries. He started ten of the last eleven games, helping the team earn a place in the UEFA Champions League. At the beginning of the 1999–2000 season, Leverkusen manager Christoph Daum changed Leverkusen's tactical formation which took Hejduk out of the starting line up. Although Hejduk only appeared in six Bundesliga games for the team in 1999–2000, he played a significant role for the club in their Champions League campaign, appearing in five of Leverkusen's six games and twice being named as Man of the Match. Hejduk's role at Leverkusen continued to dwindle in 2000–01 as he only appeared in three league games for the team and a single Champions League match, spending most of his time with their third division affiliate. In the 2001–02 season, Hejduk's role was even further diminished, as a shoulder injury kept him out of early season action, and he did not receive any playing time following his recovery. It became so bad, that Daum's replacement as manager Klaus Toppmöller stated that Hejduk had no future with Leverkusen. Leverkusen eventually sold Hejduk's contract to Swiss club FC St. Gallen, during the 2001–02 season. Hejduk then signed for an additional year at Gallen but made only seven appearances with the first team, losing his spot as the season progressed.

Return to MLS

Unable to find playing time in Europe, Hejduk returned to the United States and Major League Soccer for the 2003 season, where he was allocated to the Columbus Crew. Hejduk immediately found a spot as team leader right back for the Crew, and went on to start 23 games for the team that season, assisting on four goals. He played a similar role at right back and right midfield in 2004, starting 19 games and scoring two goals for a club that won the MLS Supporters Shield. On January 25, 2007, the Columbus Crew announced that they had signed Hejduk to a two-year contract extension, keeping him with the Crew through the 2008 MLS season. On November 23, 2008, Hejduk headed home a pass from Guillermo Barros Schelotto to provide the final goal in a 3–1 victory securing the Crew's first MLS Cup.

After the 2010 MLS season Columbus declined Hejduk's contract option and Hejduk elected to participate in the 2010 MLS Re-Entry Draft. On December 15, 2010, Hejduk was selected by Sporting Kansas City in Stage 2 of the Re-Entry draft, and subsequently traded to the Los Angeles Galaxy later the same day. He played six first-team games and another five games with the Galaxy reserve team. At season's end, Los Angeles declined his 2012 contract option and Hejduk entered the 2011 MLS Re-Entry Draft. After no other club selected him, Los Angeles exercised its option to retain his MLS rights. However, on January 30, 2012, the club announced that it was unable to come to terms with Hejduk and that he would not play for the Galaxy in 2012.

Rather than having microfracture surgery on his ankle and additional surgery to repair a broken wrist, Hejduk officially announced his retirement from professional soccer on April 19, 2012, opting to accept a position in the Crew front office.

International career
Hejduk was a frequent starter for the U.S. Men's National Team, and is the only individual to have represented the U.S. in the 1996 and 2000 Summer Olympic Games and the 1998 and 2002 FIFA World Cup Finals tournaments.

In 1990, Hejduk spent time on the U.S. U-17 national team, but was not selected for 1991 U-17 World Cup. Upon leaving UCLA, Hejduk trained full-time with the U.S. U-23 as it prepared for the upcoming 1996 Summer Olympics. This time, Hejduk made the U.S. Olympic roster, playing all three games as the U.S. went 1–1–1 and failed to make the second round. Following the Olympics, Hejduk joined his professional club and made his debut with the senior U.S. national team.

Hejduk received his first cap for the United States August 30, 1996, against El Salvador. In his first start in December of the same year, he scored a goal against Guatemala in a World Cup Qualifier. Hejduk became a regular on the U.S. team but became known for his lackadaisical "surfer" approach to his game. This attitude persisted until he missed a team flight to China on January 23, 1997, having spent the night with friends and overslept. U.S. coach Steve Sampson dropped Hejduk from the U.S. roster. Over the next year, Hejduk saw precisely six minutes on the field with the U.S., in an August 7, 1997, loss to Ecuador. During that year, he married his longtime girlfriend, Kim Walters, and after considerable thought decided to commit himself to a professional soccer career.

Beginning with a February 1, 1998, victory over Cuba in the 1998 Gold Cup, Hejduk again became a regular with the national team. Since then he has remained a mainstay. Following the Gold Cup, Hejduk was named to the U.S. roster for the World Cup, where he started two of the United States' three matches. Although Hejduk's role with the United States waned during his years with Leverkusen, he seized an opportunity to regain his starting role at the 2002 Gold Cup when he took over the left back position vacated by David Regis. Hejduk held onto it to play an important role for the United States in the 2002 World Cup, starting four games from a left back position. On May 2, 2006, Hejduk was named to his third successive U.S. World Cup roster for the tournament in Germany, but was replaced after suffering a torn ACL.

In 2007, he returned to the USMNT roster after playing for the Crew in the spring, and started his first game for the U.S. in June's 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup tournament. In that tourney's semifinal vs. Canada (June 21), Frankie made the first goal of the match in a U.S.'s 2–1 win, a spectacular long shot that earned him the match's "Play of the Game" honor from Fox Soccer Channel. He started the first qualifier for the 2010 World Cup held in his home stadium, Columbus Crew Stadium on February 11, 2009, a 2–0 victory against Mexico. After the game, Hejduk was involved in an altercation with Mexican assistant coach Francisco "Paco" Javier Ramírez, who slapped Hejduk in the tunnels as both teams headed to the locker room. Hejduk did not retaliate, and Ramirez was not reprimanded nor apologized. On March 28, 2009, Hejduk was influential in both U.S. goals in the final 15 minutes to earn the U.S. a 2–2 draw at El Salvador. His header in the 87th minute earned the U.S. a crucial point.

Frankie Hejduk was not named to the U.S. National Team's preliminary 2010 FIFA World Cup roster, when it was released on May 11, 2010.

International goals
Scores and results list the United States' goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Hejduk goal.

Post-playing career
On April 19, 2012, Hejduk rejoined the Crew organization, agreeing to terms to become the club's "Brand Ambassador", a job focused on community outreach and marketing of the team.

Personal life
Frankie's Croatian surname, "Hejduk", is a derivation of the term Hajduk. He has been married to Elissa Zurcher since 2005 and has four children; three sons, Frankie Nesta (born February 25, 1998), Coasten Daniel (born January 2, 2008) and Hendrix (born 2015) and one daughter, Kali (born 2010). His favorite soccer team is Boca Juniors and his favorite player was Claudio Caniggia. He is also a fan of the Los Angeles Chargers. Hejduk is a huge fan of Jamaican reggae legend Bob Marley and celebrates his goals by replicating the hypnotic dances Marley did during his performances.

Hejduk gained some small notoriety in October 2008 after he showed up at a Crew supporters tailgate for a game against the LA Galaxy while serving a one-game suspension. With his duty on the U.S. Soccer team, he became one of first former Yugoslav soccer players to play for the United States, following with Serbian American Preki.

Hejduk is an avid surfer and was a member of San Dieguito High School's state and national championship surfing team. He was a 1988 National Junior High School Surfing Champion and qualified for the 1989 U.S. Amateur Surfing Team by finishing tenth overall.

Honors
Tampa Bay Mutiny
 Major League Soccer Supporters' Shield: 1996

Bayer Leverkusen
 Bundesliga runner-up: 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2001–02
 DFB-Pokal runner-up: 2001–02
 UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2001–02

Columbus Crew
 MLS Cup: 2008
 Major League Soccer Supporters' Shield: 2004, 2008, 2009
 Major League Soccer Eastern Conference Championship: 2008
 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup runner-up: 2010

Los Angeles Galaxy
 MLS Cup: 2011
 Major League Soccer Supporters' Shield: 2011
 Major League Soccer Western Conference Championship: 2011

United States
 CONCACAF Gold Cup: 2002, 2005, 2007

Individual
 MLS All-Star, 1998
CONCACAF Gold Cup All-Tournament team: 2007

References

External links

San Diego MLS Project

1974 births
Living people
Soccer players from San Diego
American men's soccer players
American expatriate men's soccer players
American expatriate soccer players in Germany
American expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland
Expatriate men's footballers in Switzerland
UCLA Bruins men's soccer players
Tampa Bay Mutiny players
Bayer 04 Leverkusen players
Bayer 04 Leverkusen II players
FC St. Gallen players
Columbus Crew players
LA Galaxy players
Bundesliga players
Swiss Super League players
Major League Soccer players
Major League Soccer All-Stars
United States men's international soccer players
Olympic soccer players for the United States
CONCACAF Gold Cup-winning players
1996 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
Footballers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
1998 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
1998 FIFA World Cup players
1999 FIFA Confederations Cup players
Footballers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
2002 FIFA World Cup players
2002 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2003 FIFA Confederations Cup players
2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
American people of Croatian descent
United States men's under-23 international soccer players
Men's association football fullbacks
Men's association football midfielders
American surfers

Frankie Hejduk


The 2005 CHL All-Star Game (for sponsorship reasons officially named the 2005 Dodge CHL All-Star Game) was played on January 12, 2005 in Laredo, Texas. The format featured the Northern Conference All-Stars vs. the Southern Conference All-Stars, with each Central Hockey League team having a minimum of one representative to appear on the All-Star roster.

The starting line-ups were selected through balloting among the CHL coaches, broadcasting and/or public relations staff, and designated media members in each CHL market. The remaining players were chosen by the All-Star coaches in concurrence with the CHL's hockey operations department.

Starting line-ups

Northern Conference
Chris Stewart, Colorado Eagles (Coach)
Chad Woollard, Fort Worth Brahmas (Forward)
Greg Pankewicz, Colorado Eagles (Forward)
Don Parsons, Memphis Riverkings (Forward)
Paul Esdale, Wichita Thunder (Defence)
Derek Landmesser, Memphis Riverkings (Defence)
Tyler Weiman, Colorado Eagles (Goal)

Southern Conference
Chris Dashney, Lubbock Cotton Kings (Coach)
Derek Hahn, Amarillo Gorillas (Forward)
Jason Baird, Corpus Christi Rayz (Forward)
Brent Cullaton, Lubbock Cotton Kings (Forward)
Bernie John, Corpus Christi Rayz (Defence)
Derick Martin, Lubbock Cotton Kings (Defence)
Scott Reid, San Angelo Saints (Goal)

References
Dodge CHL All-Star Game Starting Lineups Announced - OurSports Central

All-Star Game
Central Hockey League All-Star Games

2005 Central Hockey League All-Star Game


The Harvard-Epworth United Methodist Church is a church located beside Harvard Law School near the Cambridge, Massachusetts common. Its congregation was organized in March 1941 by the merger of Harvard Street Methodist Church and Epworth Methodist Church.

The building was designed by Amos P. Cutting of Worcester, Massachusetts in Richardson Romanesque style, and constructed by Cutting and Bishop. Costs were borne primarily by George Bird and philanthropist Frederick Hastings Rindge. Its cornerstone was laid on October 3, 1891, and the church dedicated on February 22, 1893. The structure is built of Southville red granite with East Longmeadow sandstone trimming, and furnished inside with fine wood. Its square, central tower is 110 feet in height and capped with a red, pyramidal roof.

Ministers
 Charles Francis Rice (1893-1898)
 Wilbur Nesbitt Mason (1898-1904)
 William Westley Guth (1904-1905)

References

External links

 Harvard-Epworth United Methodist Church

Christian organizations established in 1941
United Methodist churches in Massachusetts
20th-century Methodist church buildings
Churches in Cambridge, Massachusetts

Harvard-Epworth United Methodist Church


Sisimiut (also known by its Danish name 'Holsteinsborg') is a town in southwestern Greenland. With 5,247 people (as of 2005), it is the second biggest town in Greenland. It is 75 kilometers north of the Arctic Circle, and is Greenland's most northern year-round port which has no ice.

Other websites
 Municipality of Sisimiut

Settlements in Greenland

Sisimiut


Sigrid the Haughty also known as Sigríð Storråda was Queen Consort of the North Sea Empire, (Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and England) from her marriage to Erik the Victorious, though Sigrid may have actually been married to Sweyn Forkbeard.

Sigrid's existence is widely disputed, Sigrid may have actually been a Polish Princess named Świętosława of Poland or possibly Sigrid could have been another Pole named Gunhilda of Wenden. It also is possible Sigrid, Gunhilda or Świętosława had not existed, and Erik married Aud Haakonsdottir.

Sigrid probably died in Norway, her daughter Estrid continued Sigrid's legacy by having a son who became future king of the Danes.

Description
According to the famous Swedish saga of Heimskringla, Sigrid was the daughter of Skolgar Toste and an unknown mother. Sigrid was described as beautiful but unforgiving and uninterested in marriage.

She was a sought after bride for her beauty, which annoyed Sigrid who was still very vengeful of her past.

Once when Olaf Tryggvason of Viken proposed to Sigrid, Sigrid accepted but Erik of Sweyn told Sigrid she would have to convert to Christianity. Sirgid who was a devout Pagan and worshiped the old gods of Germania, rejected. Olaf in fury lashes Sigrid a few times with a stick or glove, Sigrid warns Olaf this might lead to his death.

Sigrid eventually married either Erik the Victorious, or Sweyn Forkbeard and had 3 children, Olof, Emund and Estrid. The rest of Sigrid's life remains unknown and she probably died in Norway.

10th-century births

Sigrid the Haughty


Dynamical systems theory is a field of applied mathematics. It tries to describe complex dynamical systems, often using differential equations and difference equations. When differential equations are used, the theory is called continuous dynamical systems theory. When difference equations are used, it is called discrete dynamical systems theory.

The theory looks at the long-term behaviour of dynamical systems. It also studies solutions to the equations of motion, mainly for mechanical systems. The study also includes the motion of planets, or electronic circuits. Part of it focuses on solving Partial differential equations that occur in biology.

Fields of mathematics

Dynamical systems theory


SystemRescue (Previously known as "SystemRescueCD") is a Linux distribution for x86 64 and x86 computers. The primary purpose of SystemRescue is to repair unbootable or otherwise damaged computer systems after a system crash. SystemRescue is not intended to be used as a permanent operating system. It runs from a Live CD, a USB flash drive or any type of hard drive. It was designed by a team led by François Dupoux, and is based on Arch Linux since version 6.0. Starting with version 6.0, it has systemd as its init system.

Features
SystemRescue is capable of graphics using the Linux framebuffer option for tools such as GParted. It has options such as connecting to the Internet through an ADSL modem or Ethernet and graphical web browsers such as Mozilla Firefox.

SystemRescue features include:
 GNU Parted and GParted to partition disks and resize partitions, including FAT32 and NTFS
 fdisk to edit the disk partition table
 PartImage - disk imaging software which copies only used sectors
 TestDisk - to recover lost partition and PhotoRec to recover lost data
 smartmontools - a S.M.A.R.T. suite for HDD health reporting and data loss prevention
 ddrescue - to extract recoverable data from physically damaged HDD and listing damaged sectors
 FSArchiver - a system tool that allows you to save the contents of a file-system to a compressed archive file
 nwipe - a secure data erasure tool (fork of DBAN) for harddrives to remove data remanence, supports Gutmann method plus other overwriting standard algorithms and patterns.
 A CD and DVD burner - dvd+rw-tools
 Two bootloaders - GRUB and SYSLINUX
 Web browsers - Firefox, ELinks
 File manager - emelFM2
 Archiving and unarchiving abilities
 File system tools - file system create, delete, resize, move
 Support for many file systems, including full NTFS read/write access (via NTFS-3G) as well as FAT32 and Mac OS HFS
 Support for Intel x86 and PowerPC systems, including Macs
 Ability to create a boot disk for operating systems
 Support for Windows Registry editing and password changing from Linux
 Can boot FreeDOS, Memtest86+, hardware diagnostics and other boot disks from a single CD

Burning DVDs and system backup
The CD can also boot from a customized DVD which has almost 4.6 GB of free space for backed-up files. This makes it good for storing all the information that is needed from a hard drive and then formatting it. To burn the DVD, one must burn the image file first and then add all the separate files and folders. This should not affect the general way in which the DVD works. The DVD can then be used to insert those files into the hard drive using Midnight Commander.

See also

 Parted Magic
 List of bootable data recovery software

References

External links

Arch-based Linux distributions
Free data recovery software
Free security software
Linux distributions
Live USB
Operating system distributions bootable from read-only media

SystemRescue


Guy Du Faur, Seigneur de Pibrac (1529–1584) was a French jurist and poet.

Life
He was born at Toulouse to an old family of the magistracy. He studied law there with Jacques Cujas, and afterwards at Padua.

In 1548 he was admitted to the bar at Toulouse, at once took high rank, and rose to be juge-mage, an office in Languedocian cities about equal to that of privat. He was selected in 1562 as one of the three representatives of the king of France at the Council of Trent. In 1565 he became general advocate to the parlement of Paris, and extended the renaissance in jurisprudence which was transforming French justice.

In 1573 he was sent by Charles IX of France to accompany as chancellor his brother Henry (afterwards Henry III) to Poland, of which country Henry had been elected king. Pibrac's fluent Latin won much applause from the Poles, but his second visit to Poland in 1575, when sent back by Henry III to try to save the Crown he had deserted, was not so successful. Then he was employed in negotiations with the so-called politiques, and he managed to keep them quiet for a while. In 1578 he became the chancellor of Marguerite of France, queen of Navarre. Although he was fifty, her beauty and intellectual gifts led him to aspire to win her affection; but he was rejected with disdain.

Works
His oratorical style was rather pedantic, but quotations from the classics had a fresher meaning in his day. He was the friend of Ronsard, de Thou and l'Hôpital, and left, among other literary remains, elegant and sententious quatraines.

Nores

References

1529 births
1584 deaths
16th-century French lawyers
French poets
Participants in the Council of Trent
French male poets
Writers from Toulouse

Guy Du Faur, Seigneur de Pibrac


A taxicab stand (also called taxi rank, cab stand, taxi stand, cab rank, or hack stand) is a queue area on a street or on private property where taxicabs line up to wait for passengers.

How stands work
Stands are normally located at airports, hotel driveways, railway stations, subway stations, bus depots, ferry terminals, shopping centres, and major street intersections. Usually stands are marked by simple painted signs.

Stands generally work as a first-come, first-served queue, so that the first taxicab to arrive on the stand (the one at the front of the line) serves the first passenger to arrive, and as the first taxicab leaves, each taxicab behind it moves ahead one spot, with the last taxicab to arrive taking the last spot.

Other websites

Public transport
Street furniture

Taxicab stand


The Subantarctic is a region in the southern hemisphere that is just north of the Antarctic region. This covers the part of the world roughly to a latitude of between 46° – 60° south of the Equator. The subantarctic region includes many islands in the southern parts of the Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and Pacific Ocean.

Antarctic region
Indian Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Pacific Ocean

Subantarctic


Edwin Cooper (30 November 1915 – 29 October 1968) was an English cricketer: a right-handed batsman who played 249 first-class matches for Worcestershire (and one for North of England) between 1936 and 1951. His total of 13,304 runs at 31.98 included 18 hundreds.

Born in Bacup, Lancashire, Cooper made his first-class debut for Worcestershire against Oxford University in May 1936, making 2 and 28. That was his only outing that season, but in 1937 he was a regular in the team and was awarded his county cap as well as making 1,321 runs: he passed the 1,000 mark in all of his subsequent seasons. In 1938, he made his highest score, 216 not out, against Warwickshire, and again did well in 1939 before the Second World War brought a halt to first-class cricket.

Cooper was able to resume his Worcestershire career in 1946 and, while he rather missed out on the runs in 1947 (averaging barely 26), two years later he had his finest season in the game, scoring 1,916 runs at 43.54 and passing 50 on 17 occasions. He rounded off his career with two more satisfactory summers, as well as a benefit season (which raised £3,000) in his final year of 1951. He left the first-class game in some style, making 124 against Northamptonshire in his final innings.

He stood once as a first-class umpire, at Worcestershire's game against Cambridge University in 1950. His brother, Fred, who played 44 first-class games, opened the batting for Worcestershire in that match.

Cooper died in Birmingham at the age of 52.

External links

English cricketers
People from Bacup
Worcestershire cricketers
1915 births
1968 deaths
North v South cricketers
Devon cricketers

Eddie Cooper (cricketer)


Saban Entertainment, Inc. (along with Saban International, currently operating BVS Entertainment, Inc.) was a worldwide-served independent American-Israel television production company formed in 1980 by Haim Saban and Shuki Levy (music and television producers) as "Saban Productions".

The company imported, dubbed, and adapted several Japanese anime series, such as Mapple Town, Noozies, Funky Fables, Samurai Pizza Cats, and the first three Digimon series to North America and worldwide markets syndication, including both animation and live-action shows. Saban has also adaptaed various tokusatsu shows from Toei Company (by Koichi Sakamoto), featuring Power Rangers series (based on Super Sentai series), Big Bad Beetle Borgs (based on Juukou B-Fighter), VR Troopers (featuring elements of Metal Hero series like Space Sheriff Shaider, Jikuu Senshi Spielban, and Metalder), and Masked Rider (an original interpretation of using scenes from Kamen Rider Black RX).

Saban was involved in the co-production of French/American animated shows, created by Jean Chalopin for DIC Entertainment. Some of these early of 1980s co-productions were Camp Candy, Ulysses 31, Jayce and the Wheeled Warriors and The Mysterious Cities of Gold (the third of wich is a Japanese co-production).

And Saban has also distributed and provided for TV programs, like The Super Mario Bros. Show!, The Legend of Zelda, Dragon Ball Z and Inspector Gadget.

In 2002, Saban Entertainment was defunct and discontinued.

1980 establishments
2002 disestablishments
Defunct companies

Saban Entertainment