Rockers Hi-Fi were an electronic dub/dance outfit formed in Birmingham, England in 1991 as Original Rockers. In 1994, they changed their name to Rockers Hi-Fi. Their music was quite popular across Europe as an extension and continuation of the dub music genre.

Their first success came with a few tracks on the Beyond Records Ambient Dub series of compilations, and "Push Push" became a dancefloor hit at the beginning of the 90s.

They released four studio albums and also mixed and compiled an album for Studio !K7's DJ-Kicks series.

Their urban sound was created by Richard "DJ Dick" Whittingham who began his DJ career in Duran Duran's Rum Runner nightclub, he now hosts Leftfoot at the Medicine Bar, and Glyn "Bigga" Bush who continues to produce music as BiggaBush and Lightning Head on his own Lion Head label.

Their song "What a Life!" was part of the soundtrack for the 1995 film The Basketball Diaries, and "Going Under (Love & Insanity Dub) (K&D Sessions)" featured in the 2000s film Traffic, as well as in the mid-season finale to the first season of the television series The O.C.

In 1992, Richard Whittingham and Glyn Bush founded the label Different Drummer, releasing music from both Original Rockers/Rockers Hi-Fi and others.

Discography Original Rockers
 Push Push (single) (1991), The Cake Label
 Rockers to Rockers (released 1993 on Different Drummer, with four different tracks compared to the 1995 Rockers Hi-Fi re-release.

Discography Rockers Hi-Fi
 Rockers to Rockers (Recorded 1993, released 1995, 4th & Broadway / Gee Street Records)
 Push Push (single) (1995) 4th & Broadway
 Mish Mash (25 March 1997, WEA Records)
 Going Under (the Kruder & Dorfmeister Sessions EP) (single) 1997, Different Drummer / WEA
 DJ-Kicks: The Black Album (19 May 1997, Studio !K7)
 Overproof (1998, WEA Records)
 Times Up (1999, WEA Records)

External links
 BiggaBush

References

English dance music groups
English electronic music groups
British electronic dance music groups
Gee Street Records artists
Musical groups from Birmingham, West Midlands

Rockers Hi-Fi


A rail trail is a shared-use path on railway right of way. Rail trails are typically constructed after a railway has been abandoned and the track has been removed but may also share the right of way with active railways, light rail, or streetcars (rails with trails), or with disused track. As shared-use paths, rail trails are primarily for non-motorized traffic including pedestrians, bicycles, horseback riders, skaters, and cross-country skiers, although snowmobiles and ATVs may be allowed. The characteristics of abandoned railways—gentle grades, well-engineered rights of way and structures (bridges and tunnels), and passage through historical areas—lend themselves to rail trails and account for their popularity. Many rail trails are long-distance trails, while some shorter rail trails are known as greenways or linear parks.

Rail trails around the world

Americas

Bermuda

The Bermuda Railway ceased to operate as such when the only carrier to exist in Bermuda folded in 1948. Some of the former right of way were converted for automobile traffic, and in 1984 18 miles were converted to a rail trail, reserved for pedestrian use and bicycles on paved portions. The rail bed spans the length of the island, and connected Hamilton to St. George's and several villages, though several bridges are derelict, causing the trail to be fragmented.

Canada

The Kettle Valley Rail Trail in British Columbia uses a rail corridor that was originally built for the now-abandoned Kettle Valley Railway.  The trail was developed during the 1990s after the Canadian Pacific Railway abandoned train service.

The longest rail trail in Canada is the Newfoundland T'Railway that covers a distance of . Protected as a linear park under the provincial park system, the T'Railway consists of the railbed of the historic Newfoundland Railway as transferred from its most recent owner, Canadian National Railway, to the provincial government after rail service was abandoned on the island of Newfoundland in 1988.  The rail corridor stretches from Channel-Port aux Basques in the west to St. John's in the east with branches to Stephenville, Lewisporte, Bonavista, Placentia and Carbonear.

Following the abandonment of the Prince Edward Island Railway in 1989, the government of Prince Edward Island purchased the right-of-way to the entire railway system. The Confederation Trail was developed as a tip-to-tip walking/cycling gravel rail trail which doubles as a monitored and groomed snowmobile trail during the winter months, operated by the PEI Snowmobile Association.

In Quebec, Le P'tit Train du Nord runs  from Saint-Jérôme to Mont-Laurier.

In Toronto, there are two rail trails, the Beltline Trail and the West Toronto Railpath.

In central Ontario, the former Victoria Railway line, which runs  from the town of Lindsay, Ontario, north to the village of Haliburton, in Haliburton County, serves as a public recreation trail. It can be used for cross country skiing, walking, and snowmobiling in the winter months, and walking, cycling, and horse riding from spring to autumn. The majority of the rail trail passes through sparsely populated areas of the Canadian Shield, with historic trestle bridges crossing several rivers.

The old Sarnia Bridge in St. Marys, Ontario, was re-purposed as part of the Grand Trunk Trail. The former Grand Trunk Railway viaduct was purchased from Canadian National Railway in 1995. The Grand Trunk Trail was opened in 1998 with over  of paved, accessible trail. In 2012, The re-purposing of the Sarnia Bridge was inducted into the North America Railway Hall of Fame.

A railroad between Gateway Road and Raleigh Street (i.e. streets immediately parallel to the railway on each side) in Winnipeg, Manitoba, was turned into a  asphalt trail in 2007. It is called the Northeast Pioneers Greenway, and there are plans for expansion into East St. Paul, and eventually to Birds Hill Park.

In Nova Scotia, almost every section of the Trans Canada Trail and other walking trails are abandoned railways. A small railway line from Musquodoboit Harbour (Musquodoboit Trailway) to Dartmouth are nearly fully used by community members and tourists. Another extremely large section is used from Halifax to New Germany to Yarmouth to Grand Pre.

A considerable part of the Trans Canada Trail are repurposed defunct rail lines donated to provincial governments by CP and CN rail rebuilt as walking trails. The main section runs along the southern areas of Canada connecting most of Canada's major cities and most populous areas. There is also a long northern arm which runs through Alberta to Edmonton and then up through northern British Columbia to Yukon. The trail is multi-use and depending on the section may allow hikers, bicyclists, horseback riders, cross country skiers and snowmobilers.

United States

In North America, the decades-long consolidation of the rail industry led to the closure of a number of uneconomical branch lines and redundant mainlines. Some were maintained as short line railways, but many others were abandoned. The first abandoned rail corridor in the United States converted into a recreational trail was the Elroy-Sparta State Trail in Wisconsin, which opened in 1967. The following year the Illinois Prairie Path opened. The conversion of rails to trails hastened with the federal government passing legislation promoting the use of railbanking for abandoned railroad corridors in 1983 which was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1990. This process preserves rail corridors for possible future rail use with interim use as a trail. By the 1970s, even main lines were being sold or abandoned. This was especially true when regional rail lines merged and streamlined their operations. As both the supply of potential trails increased and awareness of the possibilities rose, state governments, municipalities, conservation authorities, and private organizations bought the rail corridors to create, expand or link green spaces.

The longest developed rail trail is currently the  Katy Trail in Missouri. When complete, the Cowboy Trail in Nebraska will become the second-longest, extending for , the longest being the Ohio to Erie Trail in Ohio at .

The BeltLine, in Atlanta, Georgia, is currently under construction. In 2030, its anticipated year of completion, it will be one of the longest continuous trails. The Atlanta BeltLine is a sustainable redevelopment project that will provide a network of public parks, multi-use trails and transit along a historic 22-mile railroad corridor circling downtown and connecting many neighborhoods directly to each other.

The Rails-to-Trails Conservancy is a nationwide nonprofit group that advocates for rail trails and has many documents and advice on building a rail trail.  Per their records, the U.S. currently has 22,107 miles of rail trail complete.  , Michigan has the most total mileage (2,381) of any state.

Europe

Germany

Germany has the largest number of rail trails in Europe, with 677 rail trails with a total length of  (as at February 2015). 80 more projects are being planned or under construction. Some of the longest rail trails are in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate. These are the Maare-Mosel-Radweg with  on the old rail track, the Ruwer-Hochwald-Radweg with  on the old rail track and the Schinderhannes-Radweg with  on the old track of the Hunsrück Railway. Up to date, the 23 km long Nordbahntrasse in Wuppertal is still the rail trail with the highest standard in Germany and is a prime example of conversion of an abandoned railway track into a multiuser cycling path.

United Kingdom

With almost 150 tracks in use, the United Kingdom has the second-largest network of rail trails in Europe after Germany. The development of rail trails in the United Kingdom grew after a major programme of railway line closures in the 1960s known as the Beeching cuts. The scheme, named after Dr. Richard Beeching, the then chairman of British Railways, decommissioned approximately  of railway lines all over Great Britain. Many rural and suburban lines were closed along with selected main line trunk routes. Since then, approximately  of disused railway lines in Britain have been converted to public leisure purposes, and today the majority of rail trails are maintained by either the local authority or charitable organisations such as Sustrans, the Railway Ramblers or Railway Paths. A  section (between Braunton and Meeth) of the Tarka Trail in Devon is one of the longest of these.

Many of these former railway lines form part of the British National Cycle Network, connecting with long-distance paths and towpaths along Britain's extensive network of canals. For example, the Milton Keynes redway system runs throughout Milton Keynes in Buckinghamshire, England, in parts using the former trackbed of the defunct Wolverton to Newport Pagnell Line (closed 1962) and the Grand Union Canal towpath. Together, these paths form part of the long-distance National Cycle Network Route 6 and Route 51. Other urban and suburban rail trails include the Fallowfield Loop Line in Manchester, the Middlewood Way in Cheshire and the Ebury Way in Watford. Notable rural rail trails include the Dava Way, running along the route of the former Highland Railway between Grantown and Forres in the Scottish Highlands, and the High Peak Trail in the English Peak District. In London, a more unusual scheme has been proposed to convert some disused London Underground tunnels into subterranean rail trails under the city, but this scheme has not been officially approved.

Spain

With more than 2,500 kilometers of rail trails (Via Verde) in a network of 117 cycling and walking itineraries, Spain ranks high in the European greenways scene. The trails are managed or coordinated by the Spanish Railways Foundation, an institution created in 1985. Many of the converted tracks were originally built for the mining industry, connecting remote mountain sites with port locations on the coast, now offering picturesque rides from wild interior landscapes to the seaside, following near-flat routes with long-spanning viaducts and bridges, plus a number of tunnels.

Ireland

Cuts to Ireland's once expansive rail network in the mid 20th century left Ireland with a vast network of disused railways. While many lines were ripped up and the sections of the land acquired by private owners, a number of former railways do exist intact, thus providing the option for the development of many rail trails in the future.

The rail-trail on the former Westport to Achill Island line, known as the Great Western Greenway, was completed in 2011. Much progress has been made on the development of a rail-trail on the former Limerick to Tralee/Fenit line, in the form of the Great Southern Trail. As of 2013, a  section from Rathkeale to Abbeyfeale has been completed.

Planning permission has been granted to redevelop the former Galway to Clifden railway into a greenway, but negotiations are still underway with landowners regarding its routing. A section of the Waterford, Limerick and Western Railway railway line, from Claremorris to Collooney has been touted for redevelopment as a greenway, but has met with some recent opposition from groups wishing for reestablishment of the railway itself.

Belgium

The RAVeL network in Belgium combines converted tracks, byways and towpaths, adding up to a total of  , a significant figure considering the size of the country. The gradient is never more than six per cent, and the tracks are open to all forms of non-motorised travellers, including cyclists, horse-riders, hikers and even roller-bladers.

There is also the Vennbahn, which runs along an unusual border between Belgium and Germany.

Finland
Baana is an old cargo rail track in Helsinki converted into a pedestrian and bicycle trail.

Oceania

Australia

The development of rail trails in southeastern Australia can be traced to the gold rushes of the second half of the 19th century. Dozens of rail lines sprang up, aided by the overly enthusiastic "Octopus Act", but soon became unprofitable as the gold ran out, leading to a decreased demand for timber in turn. Decades later, these easements found a new use as tourist drawcards, once converted to rail trails. Dozens exist in some form, like the   Port Fairy to Warrnambool Rail Trail, but only a few – such as the  Murray to the Mountains Rail Trail — have been fully developed. Progress is frequently hampered by trestle bridges in unsafe condition, easements that have been sold off to farmers, and lack of funds. Funding is typically contributed in roughly equal parts from federal, state, and local governments, with voluntary labour and in kind donations contributed by local groups.
The latest addition to the Rail Trail scene in Victoria is The Great Victorian Rail Trail which is the longest rail trail in Victoria covering . It has become popular with tourists as it meanders through steep valleys and open farm country. The Rail Trails Australia website is a good source of local information. about trails in Australia.

New Zealand

A number of rail trails have been established through New Zealand; the best known are the Hauraki Rail Trail (linking Thames, Paeroa, Te Aroha and Waikino/Waihi), Otago Central Rail Trail and the Little River Rail Trail. The New Zealand Cycle Trail project, a Government-led initiative, will greatly accelerate the establishment of new trails. The first seven projects (not all of them rail trails, though) were announced in July 2009 and will receive NZ$9 million in funding of the total project budget of NZ$50 million.

Asia

Singapore
On 24 May 2010, the Singapore and Malaysia governments agreed to move the Singapore terminus of the Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTMB) from the Tanjong Pagar railway station in southern Singapore to Woodlands Train Checkpoint in northern Singapore. This resulted in the railway lines in Singapore becoming surplus as the Woodlands terminus is just over the border from Malaysia. Government agencies such as the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) and the Singapore Land Authority (SLA) have taken responsibility for developing and implementing ideas and activities for the former rail lands. The URA has a dedicated web site on Rail Corridor. An example of activities permitted include street art on a section of the disused railway, supported by the SLA, URA, Land Transport Authority and the National Arts Council.

The disused railway consists of the main line from the Tanjong Pagar railway station to Woodlands, extending either  or , depending on the source. There is also the Jurong spur line,  in length. The area occupied by the railways is at least , and up to  when the land around the Tanjong Pagar Railway Station and other nodes are included. Given the location of the railway lands in land scarce Singapore, there was concern that the lands would be developed. Organisations such as the Nature Society Singapore developed comprehensive plans to maintain the rail lands for nature-related pursuits. The Green Corridor web site is a campaign website dedicated to preserving its natural form.

Urban rail trail parks
In a number of cities disused rail tracks have been converted into linear parks. One example is the High Line (also known as "High Line Park"), a  elevated linear park created on an elevated section of a disused New York Central Railroad. Inspired by the  Promenade plantée (tree-lined walkway), a similar project in Paris completed in 1993, the High Line has been redesigned and planted as an aerial greenway and rails-to-trails park.

Conversion issues

Railroads in North America were often built with a mix of purchased land, government land grants, and easements. The land deeds can be over a hundred years old, land grants might be conditional upon continuous operation of the line, and easements may have expired, all expensive and difficult issues to determine at law.

Railroad property rights have often been poorly defined and sporadically enforced, with neighboring property owners intentionally or accidentally using land they do not own. Such encroachers often later oppose a rail to trail conversion. Even residents who are not encroaching on railway lands may oppose conversion on the grounds of increased traffic in the area and the possibility of a decline in personal security. Because linear corridors of land are only valuable if they are intact, special laws regulate the abandonment of a railroad corridor. In the United States, the Surface Transportation Board (STB) regulates railroads, and can allow a corridor to be "Rail Banked" or placed on hold for possible conversion back to active status when or if future need demands.

While many rail trails have been built, other proposals have been cancelled by community opposition. The stature of the conversion organization, community involvement, and government willingness are key factors.

On the other hand, there are a growing number of cases where existing rails and infrastructure, in service or not, are being called to be torn up for trails. Two cases of this are in New York State, against the Catskill Mountain Railroad in Kingston, New York, and the Adirondack Scenic Railroad in Old Forge, New York. In Connecticut, the not-in-service section of track on the Valley Railroad has been proposed by locals to be converted to trail. Though perceived by residents to be, as it has not carried a train since the 1960s, the railroad has never been formally abandoned. The Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection acquired the line from Penn Central in 1969, and subsequently signed a long-term lease with the railroad. The railroad has been continually working to bring this section of the line back into service. Both Departments strongly support the preservation of the line, and have provided support to the railroad with property encroachment from abutters and the provision of railroad ties. All three of these examples are heritage railroads, which serve to protect the history of the railroad. Their primary revenue is tourist operations, so rail traffic is seasonal; though all three have been granted rights to carry freight, should customers show interest.

Trails to rails
Though rare, there are several cases in which trails convert back to active railroads. One example occurred in 2012 in Clarence, Pennsylvania, where the R.J. Corman Railroad Company received permission to rebuild  of railbanked line to serve new industries. Conrail had ceased operating over the line in 1990, and  was converted to the Snow Shoe Rails to Trails.

Typical features

Most original rail lines were surveyed for ease of transport and gentle (often less than 2%) grades.  Therefore, the rail trails that succeeded them are often fairly straight and ideally suited to overcome steep or awkward terrain such as hills, escarpments, rivers, swamps, etc.  Rail trails often share space with linear utilities such as pipelines, electrical transmission wires, and telephone lines.

Most purchase of railway land is dictated by the free market value of the land, so that land in urban and industrial cores is often impractical to purchase and convert.  Therefore, rail trails may end on the fringes of urban areas or near industrial areas and resume later, as discontinuous portions of the same rail line, separated by unaffordable or inappropriate land.

A railroad right-of-way (easement) width varies based on the terrain, with a  width being ample enough where little surface grading is required. The initial  stretch of the Illinois Central Railroad is the most liberal in the world with a width of  along the whole length of the line. Rail trails are often graded and covered in gravel or crushed stone, although some are paved with asphalt and others are left as dirt.  Where rail bridges are incorporated into the trail, the only alterations (if any) tend to be adding solid walking areas on top of ties or trestles, though bridges in poorer condition do receive new guardrails, paint, and reinforcement.  If paved, they are especially suitable for people who use wheelchairs.

Where applicable, the same trails used in the summer for walking, jogging, and inline skating can be used in the winter for Nordic skiing, snowshoeing, and sometimes snowmobiling.

Rails with trails

Rails with trails are a small subset of rail trails in which a railway right-of-way remains in use by trains yet also has a parallel recreational trail. Hundreds of kilometers of rails with trails exist in Canada, Europe, the United States, Australia, and the United Arab Emirates.

See also

 Cycleway
 Greenway (landscape)
 Outline of cycling
 List of rail trails
 Rails-to-Trails Conservancy (RTC)
 Rails with trails (along a working line)
 Segregated cycle facilities

 Marvin M. Brandt Revocable Trust v. United States
 EuroVelo, a network of long-distance cycling routes across Europe

References

Further reading

External links

Rails-to-Trails Conservancy

Cycling infrastructure
Road infrastructure

Rail trail


Arms trafficking or gun-running is smuggling of weapons and ammunition. Arms trafficking happens everywhere but it is a very big problem in places with violent political conflict or civil war. International organizations for human rights, including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch are looking into fixing this problem.

Types of crime

Arms trafficking


The karakul (also spelt qaraqul at times) is a type of hat made from the wool or fur of the karakul/qaraqul sheep. It is typically worn by men in Central Asia, Afghanistan and Pakistan. The Jinnah cap is a type of Karakul that is named after the founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who popularized it.

Pakistani clothing
Hats

Karakul (hat)


Loki is a fictional villain who appears in comic books by Marvel Comics. He has a range of superpowers, and is therefore called a "supervillain". His powers consist of shape-shifting and also some sorcery.  He is based on the god Loki from Norse mythology. The character first appeared historically in Venus No. 6 (August 1949). The character was created by Stan Lee, Larry Lieber and Jack Kirby.
Loki is the brother and enemy of Thor. In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, Loki is one of the main characters and one of the most iconic characters of the franchise. He's initially a villain but later he becomes an antihero. The character Loki is played by Tom Hiddleston. In the movies, Loki is said to be Thor's brother (therefore Odin's son), only to discover he was adopted and is in fact a Jötunn and son of King Laufey, ruler of Jötunheim.

Marvel Comics supervillains
Fictional characters introduced in the 1940s

Loki (Marvel Comics)


Labou is a 2008 American independent adventure film written and directed by Greg Aronowitz, based on a story by Aronowitz and producer Sheri Bryant. It was released by MGM on May 19, 2009. Greg Aronowitz was heavily involved with Power Rangers S.P.D. and directed many of the episodes. Many of the same actors that appeared in that season of Power Rangers are also seen in Labou, including Chris Violette, Kelson Henderson, Barnie Duncan and Monica May. The film has received three prestigious awards including Best of Fest at the Chicago International Children's Film Festival, Best Family Feature at WorldFest 2008 Houston, and Best Feature at Bam Kids Film Festival in NY; and has also been approved by the Dove Foundation, KidsFirst!, and NAPPA.

Production was interrupted by Hurricane Katrina, forcing the cast and crew to abandon production and return early 2006.  The film has a dedication at the end to the people of New Orleans.

New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin stars in Labou as the Mayor of New Orleans. Local jazz legend Ellis Marsalis plays the wise "Jazz Man" in the picture.

Drew Struzan designed the film's poster and the website was created by Ian J. Duncan.

Plot summary
Three unlikely friends set out on a journey to find the dreaded Ghost of Captain LeRouge whose treasure laden ship was lost in the Louisiana bayou over two hundred years ago. What they find is an adventure beyond their wildest imagination and the magical swamp creature "Labou" whose whistles are rumored to be the original inspiration for jazz.

With the help of Labou, the kids race to stay one step ahead of two crazy oil tycoons and discover the long lost treasure in time to save the swamps from destruction.

Cast
Bryan James Kitto as Toddster
Marissa Cuevas as Emily Ryan
Darnell Hamilton as Gavin Thomson
Chris Violette as Reggie
Earl J Scioneaux Jr. as Ronald
Monica May as Librarian
Kelson Henderson as Clayton
Barnie Duncan as Captain Lerouge

References

External links

2008 films
2008 independent films
2000s children's adventure films
American children's adventure films
American independent films
American teen films
Films scored by Nathan Wang
Films set in Louisiana
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Pirate films
Films about treasure hunting
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Labou


El Acebo is a very small village on the Camino de Santiago in the Province of León in the Autonomous community of Castille-León. The village is named after the European Holly.

The village is typical of mountain villages of upper Bierzo, with houses built from and covered in slate (the typical building material of the region). Another characteristic of the homes are the street-facing wooden balconies, that sometimes reach outside of an outdoor staircase.

According to oral tradition the residents in the Middle Ages were against installation and maintenance of 800 stakes to mark the pilgrimage route (which is especially important in this area due to snow), which came as tribute from the king.

Like in other villages along the Camino de Santiago, the revival of the Camino de Santiago improved the economic basis of the villages: Next to communal and private hostels there are holiday houses known as Casas Rurales, as well as a grocery that had reopened. These is also a restaurant.

The village church is devoted to the archangel Michael and houses a polychrome figure, that represents Santiago.

At the village exit there is a modern monument made out of rebar to the death of the German cycling pilgrim Heinrich Krause, who died here on 13 August 1987.

As a result, cyclists are now warned about the winding and steep descent towards Molinaseca.

After the monument the street swings towards Compludo. St. Fructuosus indicates the founding of its first monastery in the 7th century and it has consecrated the Saints Justo and Pasor. One can also see the Medieval blacksmith of Compludo from the view of the monastery. A legend states that a sword was forged here, that Pelagius of Asturias had used in the Battle of Covadonga.

References
 Lozano, Millán Bravo. Praktischer Pilgerführer Der Jakobsweg. Madrid: Ed. Everest, 1998,

Province of León
Populated places in Castile and León

El Acebo


Bhalchandra Trimbak Ranadive (; 19 December 1904 – 6 April 1990), popularly known as BTR, was an Indian communist politician and trade union leader.

Personal life
He was elder brother of Ahilya Rangnekar, a CPI-M leader and 6th Lok Sabha member from Mumbai North Central (Lok Sabha constituency). They belonged to a Marathi Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu(CKP) family but Ranadive, a brilliant student, would teach Dalit students in his spare time.

Political career
Ranadive completed his studies in 1927, obtaining an M.A. degree with distinction and in 1928 he joined the clandestine Communist Party of India. In the same year he became a major leader of the All India Trade Union Congress in Bombay. He was active with the Girini Kamgar Union of the textile workers in Bombay and with the struggles of the railway workers. He became the secretary of the GIP Railwaymen's Union. In 1939, he married Vimal, a trade union activist.

In 1943 he was elected to the central committee of the party. In February 1946 Ranadive played a major role in organizing a general strike in support of the Naval ratings revolt.

At its 2nd Party Congress held in Calcutta in February, 1948 the party elected Ranadive in place of P.C. Joshi as its general secretary. Ranadive was the general secretary of CPI 1948-1950. During that period the party was engaged in revolutionary uprisings, such as the Telangana armed struggle. In 1950 Ranadive was deposed, and denounced by the party as a "left adventurist".

In 1956, at the 4th Party Congress in Palghat BTR was again included in the Central Committee. He became a leading figure of the leftist section of the CC.

At the time of the Indo-China border conflict in 1962, Ranadive was one of many prominent communist leaders jailed by the government. In 1964 he became one of the main leaders of Communist Party of India (Marxist).

At the founding conference of the Centre of Indian Trade Unions in Calcutta May 28–31 1970, Ranadive was elected president.

Commemoration
The central building of CITU in New Delhi is named after him— BTR Bhavan.

References

External links

Indian independence activists
Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Maharashtra
Trade unionists from Maharashtra
Marathi politicians
1904 births
1990 deaths

B. T. Ranadive


The Penn State Golf Courses are two 18-hole courses located in State College, Pennsylvania, operated by Pennsylvania State University. The individual 18-hole courses are named after the school colors, blue and white. They, along with their practice facilities, are the home of the men's and women's golf team and all intramural golf activities of the university. The practice facilities include a double-sided driving range with both natural grass and artificial teeing areas, and several putting greens located throughout the facility.

History

20th century

Golf has been played at the university since the first rise in popularity of the sport in the United States in the latter half of the 19th century. However, the sport was not popular enough to merit a formalized golf course until 1921 when two professors, Bob Rutherford and R.D. Pryde, laid out nine holes on the west end of campus. The sport apparently became quite popular as nine additional holes were laid out in 1922 by noted golf course architect Willie Park, Jr., with the work being completed in 1926. While keeping the general layout of the initial nine holes, Park significantly altered the greens and bunkers to match his own style of design.

The Willie Park course came to be known as the College Golf Course, since the school had yet to be named a full-fledged university. The course featured large push-up style greens and some dramatic bunkering much like those found at Park's Sunningdale (Old) Course. Wide fairways and closely mown areas around the green integrated the features together and provided a diverse play field for Penn State golfers.

Two notable changes were made to the golf course during this beginning era. Sometime between the opening of the course in 1926 and 1939, the first hole was abandoned. The first tee had been located near the golf pro shop in Rec Hall, however, the site also doubled as the dirt road that would become Atherton Street (U.S. Highway 322). This not only presented a logistical problem, but a safety issue as well, and a new hole would be needed. The new hole was constructed near the old hole, but as a par-3 with a new greensite. The old first green is still used to this day in vastly different design as a practice putting green.

Having a par-3 as an opening hole proved to be unpopular and it was during this time that the order of holes was switched, with the 10th hole becoming the 1st hole. The new par-3 served as the tenth and the nines were flipped from there.

Another set of changes in 1949 included the addition of several large specimen trees planted around the course by Frank James, who served as a construction foreman for Park and other noted golf architect, Donald Ross.

The sixties saw an era of increased tree planting on the course, as corridors of play were lined with many small pine trees. The university (a designation earned in 1954) had decided to use the golf course open areas as a test facility for various trees and forestry techniques. While the dual use of the golf course is a noble idea, the tree plants did substantially alter the character and playability of the golf course, and to this day have caused significant changes to be seen.

By the late 1960s, changes in technology and a growth in the popularity in the game, mainly led by the professional success of Pennsylvania native Arnold Palmer, created demand for a second course. The university hired the golf architecture firm of Harrison & Grabin (both Penn State graduates) to design what would become the "Blue" Course. The University Golf Course's name would be changed to the White Course, but would still exist in the same form. From the beginning the Blue Course was intended to be a better representation of the game during that era, and this most noted in its total length of 7,008 yards (a full  longer than the White Course). This course was built farther west of the White Course and was operated from a separate location off West College Avenue. The 3rd Hole of the Blue Course ran next to and parallel to the 13th hole of the White Course.

The Blue Course became the home course for all intercollegiate golf competitions at Penn State, primarily because of its length.

By 1993, the expansion of the university and the inconvenience of running the golf operation from two separate locations lead Penn State to consider new alternatives regarding the golf courses. Noted golf architecture firm Ault, Clark & Associates (ACA) developed a master plan that would retrofit both courses to be run from the Blue Course's West College Avenue site and add an additional nine holes to become the second nine of a new Blue Course.

The plan changed several holes on the existing Blue and White Courses. These changes eliminated the existing 3rd, 8th and 9th holes of the Blue Course, and also the 13th hole of the White to allow for a new White Course front nine consisting of the remaining holes from the old Blue. The new back nine for the Blue Course reflecting a typical ACA design. Six holes that did not fit in the new White Course routing were retained as a small practice course.

The opening of a new clubhouse in 1994 signalled the new era of Penn State golf. However, university expansion necessitated the destruction and development of the six hole course, which had been dubbed the "Nittany Course". These holes were completely eliminated by 2002.

21st century

As of November 2005, work was done on some significant renovations to both courses. Tree removal and the construction of new tee boxes to add length, major changes to the 7th and 8th holes of the Blue Course were completed in the spring of 2007. The new "Lion" tees now measure  Par 72.  Several changes were also made to the Nittany Lion golf teams practice facilities. In August 2007 a  area short-game practice facility was opened that is for the exclusive use of the Nittany Lions Men's and Women's Varsity Teams. The area includes two  greens with one used exclusively for putting and one attached to a  and  fairway for wedge practice.

Scorecard

Blue Course

White Course

Cross Country
The Blue and White Courses host home meets for the Penn State Nittany Lions men's and women's cross country teams.

References

External links
GolfClubAtlas.com Review

Golf
Pennsylvania State University campus
Penn State Nittany Lions cross country
Penn State Nittany Lions golf clubs and courses
College golf clubs and courses in the United States
Golf clubs and courses in Pennsylvania
College cross country courses in the United States
Cross country running courses in Pennsylvania
1926 establishments in Pennsylvania

Penn State Golf Courses


Queens Park was laid out in 1898 in celebration of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, after which Turks Lane was renamed Queens Park Road. The 10-acre plot was bought by the Harborne Charity Fete Committee and presented to the city council.

The Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953 was marked by the opening of a garden for blind people. This park was chosen because of its proximity to the Birmingham Royal Institution for the Blind college for blind and visually impaired children and adults on Court Oak Road; the college was renamed the Queen Alexandra Technical College for the Blind in 1958. The site of the garden was the grass terrace of Court Oak House adjacent to the park and owned by Birmingham City Council. The  garden had raised banks so that people could enjoy the scents of flowers, plants and aromatic shrubs without stooping; a raised pool with a fountain so that people could hear the splashing water; nesting boxes to encourage birds; paths with different textures to give guidance to users; plant labels in braille, and a metal embossed plan showing the layout of the garden. In 1977 to mark the Silver Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II the garden was restored.

Court Oak House was the residence of Tividale ironmaster Benjamin Round from before 1880. Shortly after his death, the house and its grounds were bought by the city and added to the park in 1906. During World War II, Court Oak House served as the local air raid warden's headquarters. By the 1970s the house was falling into dereliction, but was restored and converted into flats, now owned by a Christian trust for people in need.

Parks and open spaces in Birmingham, West Midlands
Harborne

Queens Park, Birmingham


Richard G. Polanco (born March 4, 1951) is a former California State Senate Majority leader and member of the California State Assembly. He is known for his significant efforts in increasing Latino representation in the California Legislature.

Background
First elected in 1986 to fill the unexpired term of Richard Alatorre who been elected in late 1985 to the Los Angeles City Council, Polanco served in the California State Assembly (District 55 in the 1980s, District 45 in the 1990s) for eight years.  In 1994 he was elected to the California State Senate (District 22, Los Angeles) and served as Senate Majority Leader from 1998 until his retirement in 2002.

For most of his tenure in the Legislature, he served the Northeast Los Angeles area which includes Eagle Rock, Highland Park, Mount Washington, Glassell Park, Atwater Village, Lincoln Heights, El Sereno, Montecito Heights and Cypress, in addition to Boyle Heights and City Terrace. In the 1980s, he also represented the western areas of Pasadena, including the Northwest and Linda Vista areas. In the Senate, his areas expanded to include downtown Los Angeles, Chinatown, Little Tokyo and other communities.

Polanco is best known for his work with the Latino Legislative Caucus, which he chaired from 1990 to 2002.  Under his leadership, the Senator led efforts to increase the number of Democratic Latino legislators from seven to 24. Eventually, his efforts contributed to election of the first Latino Speaker of the Assembly, Cruz Bustamante.

In 1998, he authored legislation that provided $115 million for after-school and summer school programs.  He pioneered California's citizenship education program assisting more than 500,000 Californians in becoming  naturalized citizens.

Polanco authored legislation that created the California state holiday honoring the legendary labor and civil rights leader, Cesar Chavez.

In 2001 he was seen as the presumptive front-runner to succeed termed-out Los Angeles City Councilman Mike Hernandez, but he abruptly dropped out of the race for reasons that many found rather unconvincing. He has since begun a lucrative career as a lobbyist.

Prior to elected office, he served on the staff of Los Angeles County Supervisor Edmund D. Edelman, Assemblyman Richard Alatorre and former Governor Jerry Brown.

Early life
A native of East Los Angeles, California, he graduated from James A. Garfield High School where he served as senior class president. He attended both the University of Redlands and the Universidad Nacional Mexico, majoring in business administration.

References

Hispanic and Latino American state legislators in California
Living people
California state senators
Members of the California State Assembly
1951 births
Politicians from Los Angeles
University of Redlands alumni
21st-century American politicians
20th-century American politicians

Richard Polanco


Blood cancer is a type of cancer or tumor. Blood cancer hurts the blood, bone marrow, lymph, and lymphatic system. Sometimes more than one body part is hurt.

The cause is usually different from other types of cancer. The way to find out if a person has this cancer is also different.

People with blood cancers see a kind of doctor called a hematologist (blood doctor) or oncologist (cancer doctor). There are other blood problems that are not blood cancers.  A blood doctor also helps people with those problems.

Medical terms
Tumors of the hematopoietic (blood cell forming) and lymphoid tissues are local growths. Hematopoietic and lymphoid malignancies are cancers that affect the blood, bone marrow, lymph, and lymphatic system. As the blood and lymph connect through both the circulatory system and the immune system, a disease affecting one will often affect the others as well.

Types
There are three types:
 Leukemia
 Lymphoma
 Multiple myeloma

Finding out
A doctor will do some tests to find out if a person has a blood cancer.  One common test is a complete blood count.  The cells that circulate in the bloodstream are generally divided into three types: white blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes).  The relative proportions is what picks up indications of a problem.

Sometimes the doctor will take a very small piece of the body out, to look at it.  This is called a biopsy.  Bone marrow is where new blood is made in the body. A bone marrow biopsy looks at the blood-making parts to see if they have cancer.

Treatment
People with blood cancer often take drugs called chemotherapy or immunotherapy.  If the blood cancer is in one place, they may have radiotherapy.  A bone marrow transplant is a difficult way to kill blood cancers.

How many people get it
Thousands of people get blood cancers.  Each year, 30,000 people in the United Kingdom (UK) learn that they have blood cancer.

Lymphomas are more common than leukemias.

References

Other websites
 Leukemia & Lymphoma Society website

Cancer
Blood disorders

Tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues


The Government of the Italian Republic is the constitutional body that heads the executive branch of Italy. Its fundamental regulation is located in Title III of the Italian Constitution.

It is composed of the President of the Council of Ministers and the Ministers, who form the Council of Ministers. Subsecretaries of State generally also form part of the Government, some of whom assume the role of deputy ministers.

It has its official headquarters in the Chigi Palace in Piazza Colonna in Rome. Other headquarters of the representation of the Italian Government are Villa Doria Pamphilj, Villa Madama and the Farnesina Palace, all located in Rome.

The current cabinet, called the Draghi Government, named after its President of the Council Mario Draghi, came into force on February 13, 2021 after being sworn in at the Quirinal Palace.

Overview

The Government is a constitutional body as provided by the Italian Constitution in articles 92, 93, 94, 95 and 96 and insofar as it contributes, in a position of independence from other state bodies, to the formulation of the political direction. Title III, section II, of the Constitution determines its discipline and functions. In general, the government also includes deputy secretaries of state, some of whom may be given the title of deputy ministers.

It is chaired by the President of the Council of Ministers, who ranks fourth in the order of precedence of Italian positions (after the President of the Republic, the President of the Senate, the President of the Chamber of Deputies

President of the Council of Ministers

The president of the Council of Ministers has a position of pre-eminence over the other members of the government. He has the task of forming the government once the mandate has been received by the head of state and of electing the ministers. If he resigns, the whole government will have to resign too.

In government, one or more ministers may hold the position of Vice President of the Council of Ministers, elected by the Council of Ministers. His task is to replace the latter when the President is absent or has a temporary impediment.

References

Government of Italy

Government of Italy


An atypical antidepressant is any antidepressant medication that acts in a manner that is different from that of most other antidepressants. Atypical antidepressants include agomelatine, bupropion, iprindole, mianserin, mirtazapine, nefazodone, opipramol, tianeptine, and trazodone. The agents vilazodone and vortioxetine are partly atypical. Typical antidepressants include the SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, and MAOIs, which act mainly by increasing the levels of the monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin and/or norepinephrine. Among TCAs, trimipramine is an atypical agent in that it appears not to do this.  In August 2020, esketamine (JNJ-54135419) was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of treatment-resistant depression with the added indication for the short-term treatment of suicidal thoughts.

Buprenorphine/samidorphan (ALKS-5461) is an antidepressant with a novel mechanism of action which was formerly under development and considered an atypical antidepressant. They act faster than available antidepressants.

See also
 Second-generation antidepressant
 Pharmacology of antidepressants
 List of antidepressants

References

Antidepressants

Atypical antidepressant


A Majorana fermion(), also referred to as a Majorana particle, is a fermion that has the same properties as its antiparticle. Ettore Majorana, an Italian physicist, thought they would exist, in 1937.  Majorana disappeared in 1938, and the particles are named after him. As Majorana fermionns are thought to have the same properties as their antiparticles, they cannot have an electric charge. Today, atomic particles with an electric charge are called Dirac fermions. An example for Dirac fermions are electrons, and positrons; they have the same properties, but their electric charge is different.

Neutrinos do not have an electric charge, and might be Majorana fermions, but their status is unclear

Theory
The concept goes back to Majorana's suggestion of 1937. Majorana suggested that  neutral spin- particles can be described by a real wave equation (the Majorana equation). The wave functions of particle and antiparticle are related by complex conjugation. For this reason, they would be identical to their antiparticle.

The difference between Majorana fermions and Dirac fermions can be expressed mathematically in terms of the creation and annihilation operators of second quantization: The creation operator  creates a fermion in quantum state  (described by a real wave function), whereas the annihilation operator  annihilates it (or, equivalently, creates the corresponding antiparticle). For a Dirac fermion the operators  and  are distinct, whereas for a Majorana fermion they are identical. The ordinary fermionic annihilation and creation operators  and  can be written in terms of two Majorana operators  and  by

In supersymmetry models, neutralinos—superpartners of gauge bosons and Higgs bosons—are Majorana.

Standard model of particle physics
The standard model of physics has no  Majorana fermions, all particles are Dirac fermions. There are neutrinos, and anti-neutrinos. In the standard model, neutrinos have no mass, though. The question how to differentiate between neutrinos and anti-neutrinos is not settled yet.

Extensions to the standard model
There are different extensions of the standard model. One of them is called Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model. It allows for supersymmetry, and can transform one kind of particle, the bosons, into the other, the fermions.  In condensed matter physics, bound Majorana fermions can appear as quasiparticle excitations—the collective movement of several individual particles, not a single one, and they are governed by non-abelian statistics.

References

Physics

Majorana fermion


Daniel Tupý (1984 in Žilina – November 4, 2005 in Petržalka, Bratislava) was a Slovak university student from Žilina. His violent death shocked the Slovak media and public, and aimed the public attention at the violence and growing dangers of the various Slovak extremist groups.

Life
Tupý was born and raised in Žilina. After graduating from high school, he entered the Comenius University and moved to Bratislava.

Death
On November 4, 2005, Tupý was with his friends at the Tyršovo embankment of the Danube in Petržalka when a group of neo-Nazis suddenly attacked them from behind. During the attack Tupý suffered multiple stabs in the back, and he was pronounced dead upon arrival at a hospital. His friends were assaulted and beaten; they fully recovered later. The true cause of the attack was never clarified, however multiple witnesses said that neo-Nazis attacked them because Tupý (being a rocker) had long hair, black clothes, and a guitar with him. The media attention made resolving the case the top priority of the Slovak police; however his attackers were not identified. The police claimed that they knew who the perpetrators were, but that they had insufficient evidence to arrest them.

On the first anniversary of his death, Comenius University edited his poems into a book, which they titled Ticho po anjelovi ("Silence after the angel"). The Slovak interior minister, Robert Kaliňák held a speech, where he claimed that the "perpetrators can not feel safe themselves". Concerts were also organized and held to commemorate his death. A memorial to the victims of racism and neo-Nazism was also erected, and unveiled at Bratislava's Tyršovo embankment on November 16, at the site of the murder. Numerous mass marches against racism were also held throughout November in Bratislava, Košice, Zvolen and Prešov, and more have been held since.

After three years of investigation, on February 27, 2008, three neo-Nazis were arrested for murdering Daniel. A fourth suspect was also sought, but he had committed suicide some time before the arrests. The number of suspects quickly rose to six. An unrevealed witness confessed in April 2008 that one of the suspects committed the murder, attacking Tupý from behind with two knives in his hand. The witness also claimed that Tupý's friends were attacked by at least six other neo-Nazis.  The five living suspects were arrested in a local bar, from where they often went to "clean up" the neighbourhood. One of them was later allegedly linked to the Bratislava mafia.

The statistics in 2005 showed a number of (at least) 121 crimes as "racially or ethnically motivated" or "motivated by some extremist cause", and 82 were resolved. 25 of them were actual physical abuse, including Tupý and his friends' case. Such attacks are mainly targeted at Romani people, however the other minorities, most commonly the Hungarians have also fallen victims of such attacks. The most recent racially motivated attack, which gained huge media attention and eventually affected Slovak-Hungarian relations, was Hedvig Malina's case.

See also
Crime in Slovakia

Literature
Tupý, Daniel: "Ticho po anjelovi", Bratislava, Univerzita Komenského, 2006,  (63 pages, posthumus)

Sources

 Szlovák emlékművet avatnak a szélsőségek áldozatainak, Találjuk ki Közép-Európát?, 2005 (Hungarian)
 Rok po smrti Daniela Tupého vychádza kniha jeho veršov, SME.sk, October 30, 2006 (Slovak)
Uplynul rok od zavraždenia Daniela Tupého, Bleskovsky, November 11, 2006 (Slovak)
Kaliňák: Tupého vrahovia sa nemôžu cítiť bezpečne, SME.sk, November 4, 2006 (Slovak)
Letartóztatták Daniel Tupý gyilkosait Bumm.sk, February 27, 2008 (Hungarian)
Culture shocks, The Slovak Spectator, November 27, 2006 (English)
Neo-Nazis won't just go away, Slovak Spectator, October 15, 2007 (English)
Daniel Tupý gyilkosa tanúként vallott egy másik gyilkosságban, parameter.sk, April 24, 2008 (Hungarian)
Four accused in student's slaying, The Slovak Spectator, March 3, 2008 (English)
Three youths charged in murder of Daniel Tupý, The Slovak Spectator, March 18, 2008 (English)
Mafia man may be behind Tupý murder, The Slovak Spectator, February 28, 2008 (English)
Tupý's commemorating page on his former high school's webpage, pictures of him and his funeral. (Slovak)

1984 births
2005 deaths
Murder in Slovakia
2005 crimes in Slovakia
2005 murders in Europe
2000s in Bratislava
Crime in Bratislava
Slovak murder victims
November 2005 events in Europe
2000s murders in Slovakia
Male murder victims

Murder of Daniel Tupý


The bisection method is a way to estimate solutions for single equations. When we solve one equation, this method can help us to get a number that is very close to the real solution.

Think about a continuous function F(x). If the curve of F(x) passes through the x-axis, it means that there must be one specific x number which makes F(x) = 0, in other words, a solution. But how to judge whether the curve passes the x-axis or not? We pick one section with lower boundary a1 and upper boundary b1. Then we calculate F(a) and F(b). If F(b) has different signal with F(a) (or F(a)*F(b) < 0), the F(x) curve will pass through the x-axis in this section, which means F(x) must have a solution in this section. In this way, we can estimate a range of the solution.

To make our estimation more precise, we need to shorten the range which contains the solution. We divide this section into two equal parts: ( a , a/2+b/2) and (a/2+b/2, b). Then we apply the same method to judge whether there is a solution in each section. If there is no solutions in one section( F(a)*F(a/2+b/2) > 0 or F(a/2+b/2)*F(b)> 0), we ignore this section. If there is a solution in one section (F(a)*F(a/2+b/2) < 0 or F(a/2+b/2)*F(b) < 0), we continue to shorten the range until the range is smaller than the error of estimation we expected. Finally, we take the middle point of the final range as a solution of F(x).

Calculus
Algorithms

Bisection method


Youssef Darwish () (October 2, 1910 – June 7, 2006) was an Egyptian labour lawyer, communist and activist. During his years of political activism, he was frequently accused of communist subversion and imprisoned, spending around 10 years of his life in jail. Of Jewish background, he converted to Islam in 1947. He was one of the few from the Karaite Jewish community to remain in Egypt after the establishment of Israel in 1948.

Early life
Darwish was born in 1910 to the Jewish Egyptian jeweller Moussa Youssef Farag Darwish. His family belonged to the minority Karaite Jews that were one of the communities that comprised the rich and diverse mosaic of Egyptian Jewry.  Karaite Jews were simultaneously multilingual and highly integrated in the Egyptian community at that time; most families spoke French and Arabic at home and sent their children to bilingual schools. Some families spoke Greek, Russian and Turkish as well.

Darwish graduated from a prestigious French high school in Cairo, l'École des frères, in 1929 and received his degree in law from the University of Toulouse in 1932. In Toulouse, Darwish was first exposed to Marxist literature and became engaged in the local cell of the French Communist Party.

Career
In 1934, Darwish returned to Egypt and started his career as a labour lawyer and political organizer. Together with two other Egyptian Jewish activists - Ahmad Sadiq Sa'd and Raymond Douek- he cofounded a new secret Egyptian communist organization and a magazine known as Al Fajr Al Jadid () or the New Dawn, that was linked to many trade unions. By the mid-1940s, Darwish had become the legal representer to 67 of Egypt's then 170 labour unions, for which he worked with minimal or no fees.

In 1946, Darwish co- founded the Workers Committee for National Liberation (WCNL), the first formal Marxist organisation in Egypt. WCNL was an anti-imperialistic movement that demanded ending the British occupation of Egypt, liberation of the Egyptian economy from foreign influence, development of the Egyptian economy, nationalization of all monopolies including the nationalization of Suez Canal and other health, educational and political reforms such as voting rights for women and expansion of civil liberties. WCNL later turned to the "Workers and Peasants Communist Party (WPCP)" and then fused with other communist organizations at the time in the "Communist Party of Egypt (CPE)" (), which then split into CPE and HADETU.

In 1958, the former Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser arrested and jailed all known communist activists, including Darwish. He remained in prison for 6 years, during which he was frequently beaten and tortured. After his release, he became a secretary for the International Association of Democratic Lawyers (IADL) . He was rearrested again in 1973 during President Sadat's regime: imprisoned for 3 months for communist agitation, he subsequently left Egypt for 13 years to live in Algeria and Czechoslovakia. After returning to Egypt in 1986, he worked in supporting and advising the Center for trade Union and Workers Services in Helwan. He also helped Ahmed Nabil El-Hilali establish the People's Socialist Party.

Darwish views on Zionism, Jews in Egypt and Jewish exodus
In 1947 Darwish joined a group called Jews against Zionism. In an interview with Al-Ahram Weekly two years before his death, he told the reporter, "We denounced the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine but the government closed us down while Zionist organisations continued to function freely". In another interview, he stated that there was no discrimination against Jews in Egypt prior to 1948. But as the State of Israel was established, many Egyptian Jews began to worry and the Jewish exodus began. He claimed that "sequestration wasn't a general rule applied to all Jews, but a measure imposed after 1956 primarily on French and British Jews and those who were suspected of having ties to Israel" and that it wasn't until after the 1967 war that the majority of the 10,000 Jews who had stayed behind began to leave.

Trivia
The Egyptian actress Basma is Youssef Darwish's granddaughter.

See also
Trade Union Committee for Popular Resistance

References

1910 births
2006 deaths
Converts to Islam from Judaism
Egyptian communists
Egyptian Muslims
Lawyers from Cairo
Egyptian people of Jewish descent
Egyptian prisoners and detainees
Egyptian torture victims
Karaite Jews
University of Toulouse alumni
Jewish socialists
Muslim socialists
Anti-Zionist Jews
Jewish anti-Zionism in Egypt
20th-century Egyptian lawyers
Egyptian magazine founders

Youssef Darwish


The Arrangement is a 1967 novel by Elia Kazan, narrated by a successful Greek-American advertising executive and magazine writer living in an affluent Los Angeles suburb who suffers a nervous breakdown due to the stress of the way in which he has lived his life – the "arrangement" of the title. In 1969 Kazan made it into a film. The Arrangement was a best-seller and garnered generally favorable reviews but it has been out of print since the 1980s.

Plot
The Arrangement is the first-person story of Evangelos Arness, aka Evans Arness, aka Eddie Anderson, a second-generation Greek-American World War II veteran, a son of an Anatolian rug merchant who went broke after Black Tuesday.  He has come to use the name "Eddie Anderson" in his career as a self-loathing advertising executive and the name "Evans Arness" in his second career as a muck-raking magazine reporter, the career in which he ostensibly takes pride (Lincoln Steffens is his role model).

His personal life is just as duplicitous: to outsiders he is happily married but is in fact a compulsive adulterer with his wife Florence's "don't ask – don't tell" tacit approval, one aspect of the titular "arrangement".  His serial adultery ends when he begins a liaison with a female assistant at his advertising firm, Gwen Hunt, whose independent mind fascinates him; he becomes obsessed with her, perhaps even feeling true love towards her.  He fails to lock a drawer with their nude photographs, perhaps subsconsciously wanting to be found out; a prying maid discovers them and shows them to Florence (and before that, it turns out, to their adopted daughter, now a university student). Florence persuades him to leave Gwen and to re-invigorate their life with a self-improvement regimen; both seem perfectly content though somewhat dull but after several months he crashes his car in an apparent suicide attempt.

The rest of the novel deals with his inability to return to his old role as he attempts to find a new life in which he can be who he authentically is rather than who others desire him to be or whom he has sold people on his being. He has to return to New York City, where he left his parents and brother after college, to deal with his father's dying.  After several false starts, in which the newly "authentic" Eddie is arrested for indecent exposure, burns down his parents' house, a symbol of his father's tyranny over the family, is later shot by Gwen's jealous suitor, and is subsequently committed to a mental hospital, Eddie settles down with Gwen in Connecticut as a liquor dealer and starts to write short stories.

#1 best-seller
The Arrangement entered The New York Times Best Seller list on the week of February 26, 1967 and became #1 for the week of March 26, the first of 14 straight weeks through the week of May 28. The novel returned to the #1 spot on the weeks of June 18 and July 2 before beginning an 11-week run at the top from the week of July 16 through September 24. The Arrangement dropped out of the New York Times Top 10 after the week of December 10 after spending 42 weeks on the list.

Critical reaction
The novel was seen by some as being partially autobiographical; the narrator, like Kazan, is a Greek-American and a political liberal who had briefly been a member of the Communist Party USA in the 1930s before becoming disillusioned with it.  Arness is also familiar with many lower-tier figures in the Hollywood film industry, which is where Kazan had achieved his greatest fame.  Kazan decreed that the work was entirely fiction; the character was some 15 years younger than Kazan, who had not fought in World War II.

Critical reaction was largely favorable, although some critics expressed surprise that Kazan would launch a career as a novelist in his late 50s.  (In reality, Kazan had written a previous novel about a Greek immigrant and his friend, an Armenian immigrant, called America, America and made it into a film.)  John Barkham of Saturday Review stated "The theater's loss is literature's gain: Elia Kazan has written a striking novel."  Life was so effusive in its review that an excerpt from it became the blurb on the dust jacket of a later printing.  Honor Tracy of The New Republic wrote, "It is impossible, in a short space, to give a work so rich, complex [and] subtle its due."

Film adaptation

The novel served as a basis for Kazan's 1969 film The Arrangement. It had to be cut to fit into 129 minutes and it used flashbacks heavily.

References

1967 American novels
Greek-American novels
Hollywood novels
Novels set in Los Angeles
Novels set in New York City
Novels about journalists
Stein and Day books
American novels adapted into films

The Arrangement (novel)


Etta Jones (November 25, 1928 – October 16, 2001) was an American jazz singer. Her best-known recordings are "Don't Go to Strangers" and "Save Your Love for Me". She worked with Buddy Johnson, Oliver Nelson, Earl Hines, Barney Bigard, Gene Ammons, Kenny Burrell, Milt Jackson, Cedar Walton, and Houston Person.

Biography

Jones was born in Aiken, South Carolina, and raised in Harlem, New York. Still in her teens, she joined Buddy Johnson's band for a tour although she was not featured on record. Her first recordings—"Salty Papa Blues", "Evil Gal Blues", "Blow Top Blues", and "Long, Long Journey"—were produced by Leonard Feather in 1944, placing her in the company of clarinetist Barney Bigard and tenor saxophonist Georgie Auld. In 1947, she recorded and released an early cover version of Leon Rene's "I Sold My Heart to the Junkman" (previously released by the Basin Street Boys on Rene's Exclusive label) while at RCA Victor Records. She performed with the Earl Hines sextet from 1949 to 1952.

Following her recordings for Prestige, on which Jones was featured with high-profile arrangers such as Oliver Nelson and jazz stars such as Frank Wess, Roy Haynes, and Gene Ammons, she had a musical partnership of more than 30 years with tenor saxophonist Houston Person, who received equal billing with her. He also produced her albums and served as her manager after the pair met in one of Johnny "Hammond" Smith's bands.

Although Etta Jones is likely to be remembered above all for her recordings on Prestige, her close professional relationship with Person (frequently, but mistakenly, identified as Jones' husband) helped ensure that the last two decades of her life would be marked by uncommon productivity. Starting in 1976, they began recording for Muse, which later changed its name to HighNote. Mr. Person became her manager, as well as her record producer and accompanist, in a partnership that lasted until her death in 2001.

Only one of her recordings—her debut album for Prestige Records (Don't Go to Strangers, 1960)—enjoyed commercial success with sales of over 1 million copies. However, her remaining seven albums for Prestige, and beginning in 1976, her recordings for Muse Records, and for HighNote Records secured her a devoted following. She had three Grammy nominations: for the Don't Go to Strangers album in 1960, the Save Your Love for Me album in 1981, and My Buddy (dedicated to her first employer, Buddy Johnson) in 1998. In 2008 the album Don't Go to Strangers was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. In 1996, she recorded the jazz vocalist tribute album, The Melody Lingers On, for the HighNote label. Her last recording, a tribute to Billie Holiday, was released on the day of Jones' death.

She died in Mount Vernon, New York at the age of 72 from cancer. She was survived by her husband, John Medlock, and a granddaughter.

Discography
 The Jones Girl...Etta...Sings, Sings, Sings (King, 1958)
 Don't Go to Strangers (Prestige, 1960)
 Something Nice (Prestige, 1961)
 So Warm: Etta Jones and Strings (Prestige, 1961)
 From the Heart (Prestige, 1962)
 Lonely and Blue (Prestige, 1962)
 Love Shout (Prestige, 1963)
 Hollar! (Prestige, 1963)
 Soul Summit Vol. 2 (Prestige, 1963)
 Jonah Jones Swings, Etta Jones Sings (Crown, 1964)
 Etta Jones Sings (Roulette, 1965)
 Etta Jones '75 (20th Century/Westbound 1975)
 Ms. Jones to You (Muse, 1976)
 My Mother's Eyes (Muse, 1978)
 If You Could See Me Now (Muse, 1979)
 Save Your Love for Me (Muse, 1981)
 Love Me with All Your Heart (Muse, 1984)
 Fine and Mellow (Muse, 1987)
 I'll Be Seeing You (Muse, 1988)
 Sugar (Muse, 1990)
 Christmas with Etta Jones (Muse, 1990)
 Reverse the Charges (Muse, 1992)
 At Last (Muse, 1995)
 My Gentleman Friend (Muse, 1996)
 The Melody Lingers On (HighNote, 1996)
 My Buddy: Etta Jones Sings the Songs of Buddy Johnson (HighNote, 1997)
 Some of My Best Friends Are...Singers with Ray Brown (Telarc, 1998)
 All the Way (HighNote, 1999)
 Together at Christmas (HighNote, 2000)
 Easy Living (HighNote, 2000)
 Etta Jones Sings Lady Day (HighNote, 2001)
 Don't Misunderstand: Live in New York  with Houston Person (HighNote, 2007)
 The Way We Were: Live in Concert  with Houston Person (HighNote, 2011)

Guest appearances
With Houston Person
 The Real Thing (Eastbound, 1973)
 The Lion and His Pride (Muse, 1994)
 Christmas with Houston Person and Friends (Muse, 1994)
 Together at Christmas (HighNote Records, 2000)

References

External links

 Etta Jones Discography

1928 births
2001 deaths
American jazz singers
20th-century African-American women singers
African-American jazz musicians
American women jazz singers
Jubilee Records artists
Muse Records artists
Prestige Records artists
Musicians from Harlem
People from Aiken, South Carolina
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
20th-century American singers
20th-century American women singers
Jazz musicians from New York (state)
HighNote Records artists

Etta Jones


Randall John "Randy" Tate (born November 23, 1965) is an American politician and a former Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from Washington.

Tate grew up in suburban Seattle and graduated with an Associate of Arts degree from Tacoma Community College. In 1988, he received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Western Washington University at Bellingham. From 1989 until 1995, he was a member of the Washington House of Representatives.

Tate was elected to Congress in the 1994 Republican Revolution, and from January 3, 1995 until January 3, 1997, he was a member of the 104th United States Congress. He was an unsuccessful candidate for re-election to the 105th United States Congress, receiving 47% of the vote against Democrat Adam Smith.

He secured passage of an amendment to the 1996 illegal immigration bill, which is now found at 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(9). This amendment prohibits a visa or legal status to anyone who has been in the U.S. without authorization for over a year, notwithstanding the existence of U.S. Citizen children of that immigrant. After his one term in Congress, he became a leader of Pat Robertson's Christian Coalition.

External links

1965 births
Living people
Republican Party members of the Washington House of Representatives
American Christians
Western Washington University alumni
Politicians from Puyallup, Washington
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Washington (state)

Members of Congress who became lobbyists

Randy Tate


is a private university headquartered in the Itabashi ward of Tokyo, Japan. It was established in 1931 as Teikyo Commercial High School (帝京商業高等学校). It became Teikyo University in 1966. It is part of Teikyo Group, a multinational educational foundation that also operates language and cultural exchange facilities at pre-university levels in various countries.

The university consists of eight undergraduate facilities, one junior college, and six graduate schools. Five main campuses in Japan are supplemented by several overseas campuses that provide study-abroad opportunities for Japanese students, as well as Japanese-oriented learning for residents of the campuses' home countries. Total enrollment is about 20,000 students. Although the headquarters is the Itabashi campus, the majority of students (approximately 17,000) are enrolled at the Hachiōji campus in West Tokyo.

In the 2019 and 2020 editions of its university rankings, Times Higher Education ranked Teikyo University among the top 501-600 universities in the world and 78th in Asia.

Campuses and areas of study

Campuses in Japan
 Itabashi Headquarters campus (Itabashi, Tokyo)
 Hachiōji campus (Hachiōji-shi, Tokyo), including a junior college and graduate school
 Sagamiko campus (Sagamiko-machi, Tsukui-gun, Kanagawa-ken)
 Utsunomiya campus (Utsunomiya-shi, Tochigi)
 Fukuoka campus (Omuta-shi, Fukuoka)

Campuses in other countries
 Teikyo University of Japan in Durham, associated with Durham University, UK
 Teikyo University Berlin Campus in Berlin, Germany

Former campuses
 Salem-Teikyo University in Salem, West Virginia, USA (1990–2002)
 Teikyo Loretto Heights University in Denver, Colorado, USA (1989–2016) {closed in 2016}
 Teikyo Post University in Waterbury, Connecticut, USA (1990–2004)
 Teikyo University Holland in Maastricht, Netherlands (1991–2007)
 Teikyo–Marycrest University, then Marycrest International University in Davenport, Iowa, USA (1990–2002) {closed in 2002}
 Teikyo–Westmar University in Le Mars, Iowa, USA (1990–1995) {closed in 1997}
Also, the Harvard University School of Public Health and the Teikyo University School of Medicine have an ongoing collaboration called the Teikyo–Harvard Program, established in 1993.

Undergraduate programs
Medical technical
Medicine

Notable alumni

Ryoko Tani (Olympic gold medalist in judo)
Iemitsu Arai (Mayor of Fukaya)
Togi Makabe (professional wrestler)
Shota Horie (Rugby union footballer)
Carlos Yulo (Filipino artistic gymnastics world gold medalist)
Ayumi Uekusa (Japanese karateka)
Roland (Japanese host and TV personality) graduated from Teikyo Koutou High School.

College sports

In 1970, Teikyo University established its renowned rugby club. Rugby gameplay was not so fantastic until 1995. However, since 2008, the rugby college has produced strong outcomes in domestic universities and beyond Keio Gijyuku, Waseda, Meiji and Doshisha, The university continuously clinches "champion" status in the "All Japan University Championship"  from 2009 to the 2017 seasons.

References

External links

 Teikyo University Berlin Campus
 Teikyo University of Japan in Durham

Private universities and colleges in Japan
Teikyo University
Universities and colleges established in 1931
1931 establishments in Japan
Universities and colleges in Kanagawa Prefecture
American football in Japan

Teikyo University


Journey to the West II is a Hong Kong television series adapted from the 16th-century novel Journey to the West. The series was produced by TVB and was first broadcast on TVB Jade in Hong Kong from October to December 1998. It is a sequel to the 1996 television series Journey to the West, also produced by TVB, which covered only the first half of the novel. Benny Chan takes over the role of the Monkey King from Dicky Cheung in Journey to the West II, while the other principal cast members Kwong Wah, Wayne Lai and Evergreen Mak reprise their roles from the previous series.

Cast

Main cast
 Benny Chan as Sun Wukong
 Kwong Wah as Tang Sanzang
 Wayne Lai as Zhu Bajie
 Evergreen Mak as Sha Wujing
 Tong Chun-ming as White Dragon Horse

Other cast
 Note: Some cast members played multiple roles.

 Rebecca Chan as Princess Iron Fan
 Gordon Liu as Bull Demon King, Golden Horned King
 Chillie Poon as Mantangjiao
 Derek Kok as Long Armed Ape Monkey
 Kingdom Yuen as Crow Demon
 Joyce Chan as Little Cloud Sparrow, Xiaocui
 Angie Cheung as Python Demon (formerly the Sparrow Fairy until she's cursed by another Python Demon)
 Danny Summer as Yellow Brows Great King
 Joyce Koi as Guanyin
 Chor Yuen as Buddha
 Wong Wai-leung as Siddhartha (the Buddha before he attained nirvana)
 Lau Dan as Venerable Zhihui
 Wong Wai as Subhuti
 Paul Chun as Maitreya, Elephant Demon
 Lee Lung-kei as Jade Emperor
 Leung Bo-jing as Queen Mother of the West
 Louisa So as Eldest Fairy Xueliang, Queen
 Joe Ma as Erlang Shen
 Ken Lok as Celestial Hound
 Cheung Ying-choi as Taibai Jinxing
 Melissa Ng as Nüwa
 Wah Chung-nam as Taishang Laojun
 Suen Kwai-hing as Nanji Xianweng, Constable
 Yu Tze-ming as Day Duty Star, Turtle Chancellor
 Kwok Tak-shun as Old Man under the Moon, Master Cheng
 Cindy Au as Shancai (Red Boy)
 Lo Mang as Li Jing
 Mimi Lo as Nezha
 Wong Tin-dok as Earth Deity
 Chan Chung-kin as Manjusri
 Ron Ng as Mahākāśyapa
 Yau Biu as Duke of Thunder
 Suen Yan-ming, Doi Siu-man, Siu Cheuk-yiu, Kon Tze-cheng as Four Heavenly Kings
 Fung Sui-jan as Granny of Wind
 Lily Liew as Woman of Clouds
 Au Kar-wai as Deity of Thunder
 Chan Wing-chun as Lü Dongbin, Immortal Zhenyuan
 Wong Wai-tak as Han Xiangzi, Crown prince of Wuji
 Wong Fung-king as He Xiangu
 Mak Ka-lun as Lan Caihe
 Leung Kin-ping as Royal Uncle Cao
 Koo Ming-wah as Zhongli Quan
 Wong Wai-lam as Iron Crutch Li
 Lee Hoi-sang as Elder Zhang Guo
 Sherming Yiu as Chang'e, Princess Wencheng
 Ng Man-sang as An Jing Si
 Lee Chi-wah as Ning Shen Si
 Tong Chun-sang as Mingyue
 Elton Loo as Cowherd
 Lo Cheuk-nam as Juling Shen
 Lau Kong as Old Dragon King
 Lily Li as Dragon Queen
 Law Lok-lam as Dragon King of the East Sea, Chen Guangrui (King of Wuji)
 May Kwong as Princess Pearl
 Akina Hong as Oyster Spirit, Meticulous Devil
 Yu Mo-lin as Turtle Chancellor's wife, Fish Demon
 Yip Chun-sing as Shrimp General
 Cheng Ka-sang as King Yama
 Tang Yu-chiu as Hell Judge
 Cheung Chung-ji as Hell guard
 Poon Chi-man as Emperor Taizong of Tang
 Choi Kwok-hing as Wei Zheng
 Wong Man-biu as Yuchi Gong
 Mak Tze-wun as Fang Xuanling
 Chiu Shek-man as Xu Shiji
 Yu Tin-wai as Du Ruhui
 Chun Hung as Cheng Yaojin, Silver Horned King, Beggar
 Cheung Hung-cheung as Li Jiancheng
 Leung Kin-ping as Li Yuanji
 Joey Leung as Black Bear Demon
 Mariane Chan as White Bone Demon
 Rain Lau as Spider Demon (En'en)
 Law Lan as Spider Demon (En'en's mother) / Golden and Silver Horned Kings' mother
 Lee Wai-kei as Lion Demon
 Lam Chun-leung as Six Eared Macaque
 Andy Tai as King of Spiritual Touch
 Irene Wong as Little Peng Girl
 Kenny Wong as Dream Demon
 Kwan Ching as King of Rakshasa, Rhinoceros Demon
 Lau Kwai-fong as Queen of Rakshasa
 Tsang Kin-ming as King of India
 Lee Hung-kit as King of Xinluo, Abbot of Pulin Monastery
 Law Kwok-hung as King of Gaochang
 So Yan-tze as Queen of Gaochang
 Chan On-ying as Witty Bug
 Felix Lok as Elder Jinchi
 Yim Man-hin
 Candy Chiu as Porcupine Demon
 Samuel Yau as Golden Haired Hou
 Lee Kwok-lun as Yang Songbai (Erlang Shen's father)
 Emily Kwan as Second Fairy Xueyao Bingqing
 Dickson Li as Dragon King of Qingshui River
 Safina Lam as Little Snow Demon
 Poon Bing-seung as Queen of Zhuzi
 Law Kwan-tso as Qingfeng

External links
  Journey to the West II official page on TVB's website

TVB dramas
Television shows based on Journey to the West
1990s Hong Kong television series
1998 Hong Kong television series debuts
1998 Hong Kong television series endings

Journey to the West II


The Jewish–Roman Wars is the name given to a number of revolts of Jews in the province of Judea in the Roman Empire. These were directed against the Roman rule.
 First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 AD) – also called the First Jewish Revolt or the Great Jewish Revolt.
 Kitos War (115–117) – sometimes called the Second Jewish-Roman War.
 Bar Kokhba revolt (132–135), also called the Second Jewish-Roman War (when Kitos War is not counted), or the Third (when the Kitos War is counted).

Further revolts by the Jews in Iudaea Province:
 War against Gallus (351), the Jewish revolt originating in Sepphoris.
 Revolt against Heraclius (613), the Jewish revolt originating in Tiberias.

Wars and battles of Ancient Rome

Jewish–Roman wars


Formula Lightning was an electric type of single-seat open-wheel formula racing. Rather unknown to the public, it was held for Colleges of Engineering student teams who built and designed these vehicles which were able to reach speeds up to  and competed on both oval and road course type race tracks.

Each participant in the Formula Lightning series purchased an identical rolling chassis, then designed and built the electric drive system for their vehicle. There were no changes allowed in the chassis design without majority approval of the Formula Lightning Owners Association. This ensured student teams could concentrate on the electric drive without the necessity of designing specialized mechanical chassis components.

These vehicles raced first in 1994 at the Grand Prix of Cleveland CART race with the University of Notre Dame winning the event and since then have participated in venues across the country.  The final official series race was held in October 2004 at Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course.

Ohio State University was the leading series champion.

Auto racing series in the United States
Lightning
Lightning
Recurring sporting events established in 1994
Recurring events disestablished in 2004
Defunct auto racing series
Electric vehicles

Formula Lightning


Science fiction movies are movies which tell stories about the future, outer space, robots, or aliens. Science fiction movies often use special effects to show images of alien worlds or other planets far away.

Science fiction movies are related to science fiction books. Some science fiction movies tell stories about strange or different ways of thinking or ways of living. Other science fiction movies tell stories about the survival.

Important science fiction novels and films
All written as books, most later filmed.
 The Time Machine (1895), a book by H.G. Wells
 A Trip to the Moon (French: Le Voyage dans la lune) was made by Georges Méliès in 1902. It was one of the first SF films.
 The Lost World by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in 1912. Dinosaurs still alive on large plateau in South America.
 Metropolis is a silent film about a society in the future. That society has two groups: rich thinkers and poor workers. Fritz Lang made the film in 1927.
 I, Robot by Isaac Asimov. 1950.
 The Foundation series: 1951 to 1986.
 Jurassic Park was originally a novel by Michael Crichton in 1990.
 2001: A Space Odyssey is a film by Stanley Kubrick. The film shows ideas about human evolution and artificial intelligence. It was released in 1968.
 Star Wars movies are amongst the highest grossing science fantasy movies of all time.
 Many works in print by Isaac Asimov are science fiction rather than fantasy.

Science fiction movies and other genres
Some SF movies can also be another kind of movie, too.
 Alien is also a horror movie.
 The Road Warrior is both a science fiction movie and an action movie.
 Men in Black is comedy and science fiction.

References

nl:Sciencefiction#Film en televisie

Science fiction movie


Barbara McGuire is an American artist who is recognized for her works in polymer clay, painting and jewelry design. She has written twelve books and numerous magazine articles on design and instruction including books on polymer clay, wire, beads, and children's art.  Her books have been described as "among the most articulate and thoughtful books on polymer clay out there."  Her artwork incorporates a strong element of traditional design with innovative materials and artifacts.

McGuire has appeared as a regular guest of The Carol Duvall Show and has developed stamps, templates and molds for polymer clay.

Background
Growing up in Traverse City, Michigan, Barbara McGuire was always fascinated by art as a child, and after taking art classes, sold her first oil painting at age 13. Although she wanted to be a professional artist, she elected to follow her parents' advice and enter the restaurant business.  She did, however, continue to create artwork as a hobby, and sell her work at local art shows.

After moving to San Francisco in 1980, she began working with polymer clay because it required less bulky supplies than other mediums.  She also decided to pursue a career in artwork and took a job with craft distributor Stanislaus Imports.  On weekends, she continued to attend craft fairs where she sold her artwork.

During a craft fair, McGuire came to the realization that there was a market for pre-made polymer clay canes and decided to go into product development.  She approached American Art Clay Company (AMACO) with her idea.  The company liked the idea and decided to manufacture the canes and to have her write a how-to book for the product, titled Friendly Clay Millefiori Cane.

Shortly thereafter, she became the creative director of Accent Import-Export, the importers of Fimo clay.  In 1999, she published Foundations in Polymer Clay Design, a book which helped distinguish her as one of creative leaders in her field.  The book has been described as "a joy to look at" and "a must have for Polymer Clayers".  In 2002, she released Creative Stamping in Polymer Clay which Polymer Clay Polyzine described as "a great reference chart for people ... who are adventurous with materials but don't ... really understand all the possibilities out there."

McGuire has continued to release books at regular intervals, and to date, she has written twelve books, with a thirteenth—Faces In Clay—in progress.  She has also written crafting articles for numerous magazines and other publications.

In addition to writing, McGuire has been an innovator in her field.  She is the inventor of the "Duo-Stamp", a two-sided rubber stamp with an inverse and converse design that is popular with the stamping community.  Her "Bead Prints" have been described as "amazingly artistic products of great quality and usefulness".

McGuire is currently affiliated with Polyform, who manufacture her new concept, "Shapelets", which are templates used for cropping and cutting shapes for jewelry embellishment and design.

McGuire's profile within the field has led to her appearance on several American crafting shows, including The Carol Duvall Show where she is a regular contributor.  Topics covered during her appearances include both polymer clay crafts and beading/jewelry making.

McGuire describes her work as edgy with "an element of surprise and non-conformity" and says that her "ultimate goal is to give children and adults the permission and acknowledgment to be creative".  She currently resides in Mars Hill, NC, where she runs a studio at Mars Landing Gallery, a local art gallery where she also sells her work. She has two children. Her eldest son, Robert, currently serves in the US Army.

Bibliography
Creative Canes (Design Originals, 2007)
Creative Stamping in Polymer Clay (North Light Books, 2002).
Embracing Child Art: Projects for Grownups to Keep and Treasure (Krause Publications, 2001)
Expressions in Clay (Design Originals, 2003)
Foundations in Polymer Clay Design (kp books, 1999).
Friendly Clay Millefiori Cane (American Art Clay Company)
Images on Clay (Design Originals)
Images on Clay 2 (Design Originals)
Mad for Millefiori: Just Slice, Shape & Bake Ready-Made Clay Canes (Hot Off the Press, 1994)
Polymer Clay For Beginners (Everything Crafts) with Lisa Pavelka (Adams Media Corporation, 2005)
Silver & Stones Bead Jewelry (Design Originals, 2006)
Wire in Design: Modern Wire Art & Mixed Media  (Krause Publications, 2001).

References

External links
 BarbaraMcGuire.com
 Barbara McGuire "how to" videos at YouTube

Handicrafts
American artists
Living people
People from Traverse City, Michigan
Year of birth missing (living people)

Barbara McGuire (artist)


Abraham Lincoln's Lyceum Address was delivered to the Young Men's Lyceum of Springfield, Illinois on January 27, 1838, titled "The Perpetuation of Our Political Institutions". In his speech, a 28-year-old Lincoln warned that mobs or people who disrespected U.S. laws and courts could destroy the United States. He went on to say the Constitution and rule of law in the United States are "the political religion of our nation."

The speech
The topic of Lincoln's speech was citizenship in a constitutional republic and threats to U.S. institutions. In the speech, Lincoln discussed in glowing terms the political regime established by the Founding Fathers, but warned of a destructive force from within. He asked his listeners:

Shall we expect some transatlantic military giant to step the ocean and crush us at a blow? Never! All the armies of Europe, Asia, and Africa combined, with all the treasure of the earth (our own excepted) in their military chest, with a Bonaparte for a commander, could not by force take a drink from the Ohio or make a track on the Blue Ridge in a trial of a thousand years. At what point then is the approach of danger to be expected? I answer. If it ever reach us it must spring up amongst us; it cannot come from abroad. If destruction be our lot we must ourselves be its author and finisher. As a nation of freemen we must live through all time or die by suicide.

Lincoln indirectly blamed slavery for lawlessness in the United States. In this context he warned that:

whenever the vicious portion of [our] population shall be permitted to gather in bands of hundreds and thousands, and burn churches, ravage and rob provision stores, throw printing-presses into rivers, shoot editors, and hang and burn obnoxious persons at pleasure and with impunity, depend upon it, this government cannot last. By such things the feelings of the best citizens will become more or less alienated from it, and thus it will be left without friends, or with too few, and those few too weak to make their friendship effectual.

Lincoln then warned that a tyrant could overtake the U.S. political system from within, if disregard for the rule of law continued unabated. He said:

It is to deny what the history of the world tells us is true, to suppose that men of ambition and talents will not continue to spring up amongst us. And when they do, they will as naturally seek the gratification of their ruling passion as others have done before them. The question then is, can that gratification be found in supporting and maintaining an edifice that has been erected by others? Most certainly it cannot. Many great and good men, sufficiently qualified for any task they should undertake, may ever be found whose ambition would aspire to nothing beyond a seat in Congress, a gubernatorial or a presidential chair; but such belong not to the family of the lion or the tribe of the eagle. What! think you these places would satisfy an Alexander, a Caesar, or a Napoleon? Never! Towering genius disdains a beaten path. It seeks regions hitherto unexplored. It sees no distinction in adding story to story upon the monuments of fame erected to the memory of others. It denies that it is glory enough to serve under any chief. It scorns to tread in the footsteps of any predecessor, however illustrious. It thirsts and burns for distinction; and if possible, it will have it, whether at the expense of emancipating slaves or enslaving freemen. Is it unreasonable, then, to expect that some man possessed of the loftiest genius, coupled with ambition sufficient to push it to its utmost stretch, will at some time spring up among us? And when such a one does, it will require the people to be united with each other, attached to the government and laws, and generally intelligent, to successfully frustrate his designs. Distinction will be his paramount object, and although he would as willingly, perhaps more so, acquire it by doing good as harm, yet, that opportunity being past, and nothing left to be done in the way of building up, he would set boldly to the task of pulling down.

To prevent this, Lincoln concluded that there was a need to cultivate a "political religion" that emphasizes "reverence for the laws" and puts reliance on "reason—cold, calculating, unimpassioned reason."

During the speech, Lincoln referenced two murders committed by pro-slavery mobs. The first was the burning of Francis McIntosh, a freedman who killed a constable, and was subsequently lynched by a mob in St. Louis in 1836. Lincoln also referenced the death of Elijah Parish Lovejoy, a newspaper editor and abolitionist, who was murdered three months earlier by a pro-slavery mob in nearby Alton, Illinois.

Legacy
The address was published in the Sangamon Journal, helping to establish Lincoln's reputation as an orator. As the Lyceum address was one of Lincoln's earliest published speeches, it has been examined thoroughly by historians. Gore Vidal claimed to have used this speech to fully understand Lincoln's character for his historical novel Lincoln.

The speech is re-arranged and slightly misquoted at the beginning of the first episode of Ken Burns's 1990 documentary series The Civil War. This arrangement of the quotation is repeated at the beginning of the song "A More Perfect Union" by New Jersey-based band Titus Andronicus from their second album The Monitor.

A large portion of the speech is used in the Disneyland attraction Great Moments With Mr. Lincoln.

The speech is analyzed in depth by Diana Schaub in His Greatest Speeches: How Lincoln Moved the Nation, St. Martin's Press, 2021.

See also
Abraham Lincoln and slavery

References

Further reading
 Schaub, Diana (2021). His Greatest Speeches: How Lincoln Moved the Nation. New York: St. Martin's Press. .

External links

Full text at Abraham Lincoln Online (ALO) website

Works about American slavery
Lyceum address
1838 speeches
1838 in politics
1838 in the United States
1838 in Illinois
January 1838 events

Abraham Lincoln's Lyceum address


He Couldn't Say No is a Warner Bros. romantic comedy film released on March 18, 1938. It stars Frank McHugh as a timid advertising man who is dominated by everyone, including his girlfriend, played by Jane Wyman. It is based on the play Larger than Life by Joseph Schrank and the short story of the same name by Norman H. Matson.

Plot
Lambert T. Hunkins (Frank McHugh) works at a linoleum company. When his boss, Oxnard O. Parsons (Ferris Taylor), gives him a raise from $30 a month to $40, his girlfriend Violet's (Jane Wyman) mother, Mrs. Coney (Cora Witherspoon), decides that it is time for the two to get married. Lambert is too meek to object.

They go to an auction to buy some furniture, but when he sees a statue that resembles socialite Iris Mabby (Diana Lewis), the woman he adores from afar, he buys it, over the Coneys' objections. As Lambert is leaving, Iris's father, Senator Mabby (Berton Churchill), tries to buy the statue from him, but Lambert refuses to sell at any price. Their bargaining attracts the attention of a street reporter (John Ridgely), and the story of the humble office worker turning down a large sum of money gets into the media. The senator rushes off before he can be recognized. It turns out that Senator Mabby is mounting a public campaign against nudity, and the artwork (for which his daughter posed) would be terribly embarrassing to him. Iris does not care.

Iris visits Lambert, curious about the buyer. She finds he is like no other man she has ever met, and encourages him to stand firm against her father. Julia Becker, the sculptor, also pays a visit. Despite his weak protests, she insists she will send him two companion statues (also based on Iris).

Meanwhile, crook Hymie Atlas (Raymond Hatton) decides the statue must be worth a lot of money. He and his two thugs, Slug (William Haade) and Dimples (Tom Kennedy), barge into Lambert's apartment to steal it. When Senator Mabby and Iris show up to make another offer, the three gangsters hide in the next room. With a gun secretly pointed at him, Lambert is forced to insist on a price of $150,000. The senator refuses, and Iris is disillusioned.

After the Mabbys leave, Hymie assigns Dimples to keep an eye on Lambert. The next day, Lambert receives a telegram, bearing an Iowa museum's bid of $5000. Lambert manages to knock Dimples out and steal a linoleum truck to transport the artwork to the museum's representatives. However, Hymie and Slug return before he can load it. They tie him up and drive to the buyers, unaware that Lambert has outsmarted them (what they think is the covered statue is actually an unconscious Dimples). When Parsons brings the police, looking for his truck, Lambert leads them to the thieves. The crooks are captured, and an impressed Parsons gives Lambert his job back. When Violet and her mother also show up, an emboldened Lambert tells them he is not going to marry Violet. With the $5000 check in hand, he proposes to Iris instead; she cannot say no.

Cast
Frank McHugh as Lambert T. Hunkins
Jane Wyman as Violet Coney
Cora Witherspoon as Mrs. Coney
Diana Lewis as Iris Mabby
Berton Churchill as Senator Mabby
Ferris Taylor as Oxnard O. Parsons
William Haade as Slug
Tom Kennedy as Dimples
Raymond Hatton as Hymie Atlas
John Ridgely as Ed, the reporter
Chester Clute as Musgrave
Cliff Clark as Auctioneer
Rita Gould as Julia Becker

External links

American romantic comedy films
American black-and-white films
American films based on plays
Films based on short fiction
Films directed by Lewis Seiler
Warner Bros. films
1938 romantic comedy films
1938 films
1930s American films
1930s English-language films
English-language romantic comedy films

He Couldn't Say No