Scalable Link Interface (SLI) is the brand name for a now discontinued multi-GPU technology developed by Nvidia for linking two or more video cards together to produce a single output. SLI is a parallel processing algorithm for computer graphics, meant to increase the available processing power.

The initialism SLI was first used by 3dfx for Scan-Line Interleave, which was introduced to the consumer market in 1998 and used in the Voodoo2 line of video cards. After buying out 3dfx, Nvidia acquired the technology but did not use it. Nvidia later reintroduced the SLI name in 2004 and intended for it to be used in modern computer systems based on the PCI Express (PCIe) bus; however, the technology behind the name SLI has changed dramatically.

Implementation
SLI allows two, three, or four graphics processing units (GPUs) to share the workload when rendering real-time 3D computer graphics. Ideally, identical GPUs are installed on the motherboard that contains enough PCI Express slots, set up in a master–slave configuration. All graphics cards are given an equal workload to render, but the final output of each card is sent to the master card via a connector called the SLI bridge. For example, in a two graphics card setup, the master works on the top half of the scene, the slave the bottom half. Once the slave is done, it sends its render to the master to combine into one image before sending it to the monitor.

The SLI bridge is used to reduce bandwidth constraints and send data between both graphics cards directly. It is possible to run SLI without using the bridge connector on a pair of low-end to mid-range graphics cards (e.g., 7100GS or 6600GT) with Nvidia's Forceware drivers 80.XX or later. Since these graphics cards do not use as much bandwidth, data can be relayed through just the chipsets on the motherboard. However, if there are two high-end graphics cards installed and the SLI bridge is omitted, the performance will suffer severely, as the chipset does not have enough bandwidth.

Configurations currently include:
 Two-way, three-way, and four-way SLI uses two, three, or four individual graphics cards respectively.
 Two GPUs on one graphics card. Examples include the GeForce GTX 590, the GeForce GTX 690 and the GeForce GTX Titan Z. This configuration has the advantage of implementing two-way SLI, while only occupying one PCI Express slot and (usually) two expansion I/O slots. This also allows for four-way SLI using only two cards (which is referred to as Quad SLI).

Nvidia has created a set of custom video game profiles in cooperation with video game publishers that will automatically enable SLI in the mode that gives the largest performance boost.

Nvidia has three types of SLI bridges:
Standard bridge (400 MHz pixel clock and 1 GB/s bandwidth)
LED bridge (540 MHz pixel clock)
High-bandwidth bridge (650 MHz pixel clock and 2 GB/s bandwidth)

The standard bridge is traditionally included with motherboards that support SLI and is recommended for monitors up to 1920×1080 and 2560×1440 at 60 Hz. The LED bridge is sold by Nvidia, EVGA, and others and is recommended for monitors up to 2560×1440 at 120 Hz and above and 4K. The LED bridges can only function at the increased pixel clock if the GPU supports that clock. The high-bandwidth bridge is only sold by Nvidia and is recommended for monitors up to 5K and surround.

The following table provides an overview on the maximum theoretical bandwidth for data transfers depending on bridge type specifications as found on the open market:

SLI modes

Split-frame rendering (SFR)
This analyzes the rendered image in order to split the workload equally between the two GPUs. To do this, the frame is split horizontally in varying ratios depending on geometry. For example, in a scene where the top half of the frame is mostly empty sky, the dividing line will lower, balancing geometry workload between the two GPUs.

Alternate-frame rendering (AFR)
Each GPU renders entire frames in sequence. For example, in a two-way setup, one GPU renders the odd frames, the other the even frames, one after the other. Finished outputs are sent to the master for display. Ideally, this would result in the rendering time being cut by the number of GPUs available. In their advertising, Nvidia claims up to 1.9 times the performance of one card with the two-way setup. While AFR may produce higher overall framerates than SFR, it also exhibits the temporal artifact known as micro stuttering, which may affect frame rate perception. It is noteworthy that while the frequency at which frames arrive may be doubled, the time to produce the frame is not reduced – which means that AFR is not a viable method of reducing input lag.

SLI antialiasing
This is a standalone rendering mode that offers up to double the antialiasing performance by splitting the antialiasing workload between the two graphics cards, offering superior image quality. One GPU performs an antialiasing pattern which is slightly offset to the usual pattern (for example, slightly up and to the right), and the second GPU uses a pattern offset by an equal amount in the opposite direction (down and to the left). Compositing both the results gives higher image quality than is normally possible. This mode is not intended for higher frame rates, and can actually lower performance, but is instead intended for games which are not GPU-bound, offering a clearer image in place of better performance. When enabled, SLI antialiasing offers advanced antialiasing options: SLI 8×, SLI 16×, and SLI 32× (for quad SLI systems only).

Hybrid SLI
Hybrid SLI is the generic name for two technologies, GeForce Boost and HybridPower.

GeForce Boost allows the rendering power of an integrated graphics processor (IGP) and a discrete GPU to be combined in order to increase performance.

HybridPower, on the other hand, is another mode that is not for performance enhancement. The setup consists of an IGP as well as a GPU on MXM module. The IGP would assist the GPU to boost performance when the laptop is plugged to a power socket while the MXM module would be shut down when the laptop was unplugged from power socket to lower overall graphics power consumption. Hybrid SLI is also available on desktop Motherboards and PCs with PCI-E discrete video cards. NVIDIA claims that twice the performance can be achieved with a Hybrid SLI capable IGP motherboard and a GeForce 8400 GS video card.

HybridPower was later renamed as Nvidia Optimus.

SLI HB
In May 2016 Nvidia announced that the GeForce 10 series would feature a new SLI HB (High Bandwidth) bridge; this bridge uses 2 SLI fingers on the PCB of each card and essentially doubles the available bandwidth between them. Currently, only GeForce 10 series cards support SLI HB and only 2-way SLI is supported over this bridge for single-GPU cards. SLI HB interface runs at 650 MHz, while legacy SLI interface runs at slower 400 MHz.

Electrically there is little difference between the regular SLI bridge and the SLI HB bridge. It is similar to two regular bridges combined in one PCB. The signal quality of the bridge improved, however, as the SLI HB bridge has an adjusted trace-length to make sure all traces on the bridge have exactly the same length.

A PC gaming magazine has done research with x-rays for comparing SLI bridges with their SLI HB successors and found adjusted signal lengths by planned Meandering of certain wires so that clock rates can go up from 400 MHz to 650 MHz and thus the data rates along with that. With the increased bus width a noticeable bandwidth increase should be expected. Tests with a GTX 1080 GPU-board model showed that the improvements in gaming performance is quite marginal. Other than that it was discovered or determined, that LED illuminated bridges (often back-side-illuminating some logo) will mainly result in a noticeable increased market price at a comparable base functionality.

Caveats
 Not all motherboards with multiple PCI-Express x16 slots support SLI. On August 10, 2009, Nvidia announced that Intel and other leading motherboard manufacturers including ASUS, EVGA, Gigabyte and MSI have all licensed Nvidia SLI technology for inclusion on their Intel P55 Express Chipset-based motherboards designed for the upcoming Intel Core i7 and i5 processor in the LGA 1156 socket. Older motherboards using the P55's predecessors Intel P35 or Intel P45 do not support SLI. Recent motherboards as of October 2017 that support it are Intel's Z and X series chipsets (Z68, Z77, Z87, Z97, Z170, Z270, Z370, X79, X99 and X299) along with AMD's 990FX, X370 and X399 chipsets. Earlier chipsets, such as the Intel X58, could support 2-way SLI over 16 lane PCI-e.  In order for motherboards of that generation to support more than two GPUs they were required to implement Nvidia nForce chipsets.
 In an SLI configuration, cards can be of mixed manufacturers, card model names, BIOS revisions or clock speeds. However, they must be of the same GPU series (e.g., 8600, 8800) and GPU model name (e.g., GT, GTS, GTX). There are rare exceptions for "mixed SLI" configurations on some cards that only have a matching core codename (e.g., G70, G73, G80, etc.), but this is otherwise not possible, and only happens when two matched cards differ only very slightly, an example being a differing amount of video memory, stream processors, or clockspeed.  In this case, the slower/lesser card becomes dominant, and the other card matches. Another exception is the GTS 250, which can be paired with the 9800 GTX+, as the GTS 250 GPU is a rebadged 9800 GTX+ GPU.
 In cases where two cards are not identical, the faster card – or the card with more memory - will run at the speed of the slower card or disable its additional memory. (Note that while the FAQ still claims different memory size support, the support has been removed since revision 100.xx of Nvidia's Forceware driver suite.)
 SLI does not always give a performance benefit – in some extreme cases, it can lower the frame rate due to the particulars of an application's coding. This is also true for AMD's CrossFire, as the problem is inherent in multi-GPU systems. This is often witnessed when running an application at low resolutions.
 Vsync + Triple buffering is not supported in some cases in SLI AFR mode.
 Users having a Hybrid SLI setup must manually change modes between HybridPower and GeForce Boost, while automatically changing mode will not be available until future updates become available. Hybrid SLI currently supports only single link DVI at 1920×1200 screen resolution.
 When using SLI with AFR, the subjective framerate can often be lower than the framerate reported by benchmarking applications, and may even be poorer than the framerate of its single-GPU equivalent. This phenomenon is known as micro stuttering and also applies to CrossFire since it is inherent to multi-GPU configurations.
With the new RTX 20xx series of graphics cards as launched in 2018 the interconnect is no longer SLI HB. These newer cards are using NVLink as its communication base and require either a three-slot-long or four-slot-long NVLink bridge - reasoned partially by thermal considerations and by socket availability. As of now only two GPU cards can be connected with NVLink; three-way, four-way and quad are not possible using NVLink bridges even if NVLink by principle is a very versatile interface.
 As of the GeForce RTX 3000-series, SLI has been effectively replaced with NVLink.

See also

 MultiChrome
 Conventional PCI
 Multi-chip module (MCM)

References

External links

Nvidia products
Graphics cards

Scalable Link Interface


Ankeny National Wildlife Refuge is located in the fertile Willamette Valley of northwestern Oregon, 12 miles (19 km) south of Salem. The valley was once a rich mix of wildlife habitats. Valley wetlands were once extensive, with meandering stream channels and vast seasonal marshes. Today, the valley is a mix of farmland and growing cities, with few areas remaining for wildlife.

Location
The refuge is situated in open farmland near the confluence of the Santiam and Willamette rivers in the middle of the broad Willamette Valley. Elevations range between 180 and 290 feet (55 to 90 m) MSL. The Willamette Valley, with its mild, rainy winter climate, is an ideal environment for wintering waterfowl. The refuge consists of 1,700 acres (7.143 km2) of cropland, which provide forage for wintering geese, 600 acres (2.4 km2) of riparian zone forests, and 500 acres (2.0 km2) of shallow water seasonal wetlands.

Purpose and ecology
As with the other refuges within the Willamette Valley National Wildlife Refuge Complex, the primary management goal of Ankeny National Wildlife Refuge is to provide high quality wintering habitat for geese, especially the dusky Canada goose (Branta canadensis subsp. occidentalis), to ensure healthy, viable goose populations while minimizing goose browse damage to crops on private agricultural lands. Unlike most other Canada geese, dusky Canada geese have limited summer and winter ranges. They nest on Alaska's Copper River Delta and winter almost exclusively in the Willamette Valley. Habitat loss, predation, and hunting caused a decrease in their population.

The Willamette Valley refuges incorporate an intensive cooperative farming program in order to provide high protein browse (annual ryegrass, perennial ryegrass and fescue) for seven subspecies of wintering Canada geese, with primary emphasis on the dusky subspecies. Under cooperative agreements, area farmers plant refuge fields. Some fields are planted annually and others are mowed or burned to produce the tender, nutritious grasses preferred by geese.
The geese also need water for resting and foraging habitat. Many refuge wetlands occur naturally; others are created by dikes and levees. In some low-lying areas of the refuge, wetlands that were drained or channelized by previous owners have been restored to increase diversity and desirability of habitat for wildlife. The majority of wetlands are being managed as moist soil units, to promote growth of wetland food plants (millet, smartweed, sedges, etc.) used as food by waterfowl and other wildlife. Other goals of the refuge include to protect, restore and enhance populations of threatened and endangered species, to maintain habitats for indigenous species and perpetuate natural diversity, and to provide for environmental education, research, and wildlife oriented recreation.

By resting in undisturbed areas on the refuges, wintering geese regain energy reserves required for migration and nesting. This sanctuary also reduces depredation problems on neighboring private lands by encouraging waterfowl to use refuge resources. Because of their need for a quiet resting area, waterfowl habitat is closed to public entry while the geese are in residence in order to minimize human disturbance. Recently, the refuge has increased efforts to restore and expand riparian forest and wet prairie habitats.

Ankeny NWR also provides habitat for a wide variety of other bird species, as well as mammals, reptiles and amphibians.

Public use
Visitor facilities include Ankeny Hill Overlook on Ankeny Hill Road and Eagle Marsh Kiosk on Buena Vista Road, which are open year round. Trails include Pintail & Egret Marsh Boardwalk and the Rail Trail, both on Wintel Road. The Rail Trail and Pintail & Egret Marsh boardwalks are open to the public year-round. The Dike Trails and most other regular trails are closed between October 1 and March 31. Wildlife and wild-lands observation, photography, hiking, and environmental education and interpretation are the major public use activities allowed on the refuge.

See also
List of National Wildlife Refuges

References

External links

Protected areas of Marion County, Oregon
National Wildlife Refuges in Oregon
Wetlands of Oregon
1965 establishments in Oregon
Landforms of Marion County, Oregon
Protected areas established in 1965

Ankeny National Wildlife Refuge


The Shrine of the Sacred Heart is a Roman Catholic parish established in 1899 in the Mount Pleasant/Columbia Heights neighborhood of Washington D.C. The parish church is a large domed Byzantine structure modeled after the Cathedral in Ravenna, Italy.

The current church is actually the second that the Shrine of the Sacred Heart community has called home. The original red brick structure was dedicated in 1901, and the current structure in 1922. Both buildings were influenced by the City Beautiful architectural movement which overtook Washington from 1901 to 1910.

The parish was originally part of the Archdiocese of Baltimore before the establishment of the Diocese of Washington in 1923. The diocese was elevated to an archdiocese in 1939.

History

The church is located at 3211 Sacred Heart Way (formerly Pine Street, NW), nestled in between the Mt. Pleasant and Columbia Heights regions of the District of Columbia, just off 16th Street Northwest, for a long time a de facto dividing line in the tensely racially divided Washington in the decades after the city's 1968 riots.

The original parish church was located at the corner of 14th Street and Park Road, Northwest (current site of the Tivoli Theater), and the current church was established in the 1920s. The building was designed by the architectural firm of Murphy & Olmsted, and the architectural sculptor was John Joseph Earley. Incorporated into the design is Earley's innovative technique of beautifying concrete by infusing the mixture with fragmented quartz stones, then scraping away the surface of the concrete during drying to further expose the stones as the concrete sets. The same technique can be seen in Earley's work at Meridian Hill Park, a half-mile south. This technique is today known as the Mo-Sai Technique.

Local tradition holds that the church was built on a spur off 16th Street because the artery was home to many mainline Protestant churches, whose leaders objected to a Roman Catholic church joining them on 16th Street, long the home of high-profile religious institutions in Washington. Locals also pass on a similar as-yet-unverified story for the mansion and property next door to the church, which houses a branch of the DC Department of Recreation, supposedly because a previous owner donated it to the city out of a fear that it would eventually fall into Catholic hands if it was sold to another private owner.

Though the church was built by wealthy patrons, who reportedly raised the funds in three weeks, it is now spiritual home to many lower-income immigrant families, largely Latin American, with a particular concentration of Salvadoran-Americans. The parish regularly celebrates Mass in Spanish, Portuguese, English, Haitian Creole, and Vietnamese. For vigil Masses on Holy Thursday, Easter, and Christmas, the church encourages all communities to celebrate together and the vigil Mass is said in four languages.

The church is administered by priests of the Franciscan Capuchin Order. The current pastor is Fr. Emilio Biosca Agüero, OFM Cap. In July 2010, Fr. Stephen Carter announced that he would be succeeded as pastor by Fr. Moises, and upon his installation, Villalta became the first Salvadoran-American pastor in the history of the diocese.

Among clergy who have served the parish is the late Deacon James W. Quander, who was in the first class of permanent deacons in the Archdiocese of Washington (or anywhere). He was also one of the longest-living juvenile diabetics in the nation.. The disease, also known as Type 1 diabetes, was diagnosed when he was 5. In 1925, he was among the first to use insulin. Deacon and Mrs. Quander's children were the first African-American students admitted to Sacred Heart School.

Culture

The parish has a long history of social justice ministry, and has been the frequent host of the District's labor Mass on the Feast of St. Joseph the Worker, as well as the home of the Hermano Pedro homeless outreach program and the Shrine of the Sacred Heart Dinner Program, and is affiliated with local social service organizations such as the Spanish Catholic Center and Neighbors Consejo. The parish houses large devotions to Our Lady of Guadalupe (Sacred Heart hosts her feast day December 12 for the entire archdiocese) and Saint Óscar Romero, the martyred Archbishop of San Salvador, though the movement to beatify and possibly canonize Romero appeared stalled until May 2013, when the postulator for his case announced that it was "unblocked."  Romero was subsequently canonized in October 2018.

Several dozen flags hang from the church's choir loft, representing the nations of birth and ancestry for the highly diverse congregation.

Sacred Heart School
The church has a parish school, though it no longer retains full control of the PK-to-8 institution. For most of its history, the school was staffed  by the Sinsinawa Dominican Sisters, before gradually evolving into a school staffed by laypersons, like many Catholic schools in the late twentieth century. Among its most famous alums was actress Helen Hayes, widely known as the "First Lady of American Theater."

In the late 1990s, the church realized it could no longer adequately finance the school, a fate shared by several inner-city Washington parishes, despite the continued popularity of Catholic education in a city in need of alternatives to a struggling public school system. In 1997, then-archbishop James Cardinal Hickey established the Center City Consortium, subsidizing these schools from a general archdiocese fund, pooling their resources, and sharing their costs. The archdiocese has direct fiscal oversight over these schools. Sacred Heart's priests still minister to the school spiritually. The Sacred Heart School continues to receive praise and honors, even as several of these Consortium schools continue to be threatened. It is one a very few United States Catholic parish schools operating with a bilingual curriculum.

References

External links
 Shrine of the Sacred Heart

20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States
Brazilian-American culture
Church buildings with domes
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1922
Haitian-American culture
Hispanic and Latino American culture in Washington, D.C.
Religious organizations established in 1899
Roman Catholic churches in Washington, D.C.
Salvadoran-American culture
Vietnamese-American history

Shrine of the Sacred Heart


The little tern (Sternula albifrons) is a seabird of the family Laridae. It was formerly placed into the genus Sterna, which now is restricted to the large white terns. The genus name is a diminutive of Sterna, 'tern'. The specific albifrons is from Latin albus, 'white', and frons, 'forehead'. The former North American (S. a. antillarum) and Red Sea S. a. saundersi subspecies are now considered to be separate species, the least tern (Sternula antillarum) and Saunders's tern (Sternula saundersi).

This bird breeds on the coasts and inland waterways of temperate and tropical Europe and Asia. It is strongly migratory, wintering in the subtropical and tropical oceans as far south as South Africa and Australia.

There are three subspecies, the nominate albifrons occurring in Europe to North Africa and western Asia; guineae of western and central Africa; and sinensis of East Asia (SE Russia to Japan, SE Asia, Philippines) and the north and east coasts of Australia and New Guinea

The little tern breeds in colonies on gravel or shingle coasts and islands. It lays two to four eggs on the ground. Like all white terns, it is defensive of its nest and young and will attack intruders.

Like most other white terns, the little tern feeds by plunge-diving for fish, usually from saline environments.  The offering of fish by the male to the female is part of the courtship display.

This is a small tern, 21–25 cm long with a 41–47 cm wingspan. It is not likely to be confused with other species, apart from fairy tern and Saunders's tern, because of its size and white forehead in breeding plumage. Its thin sharp bill is yellow with a black tip and its legs are also yellow. In winter, the forehead is more extensively white, the bill is black and the legs duller. The call is a loud and distinctive creaking noise.

The little tern was described by the German naturalist Peter Simon Pallas in 1764 and given the binomial name Sterna albifrons.

Populations on European rivers

At the beginning of the 19th century the little tern was a common bird of European shores, rivers and wetlands, but in the 20th century populations of coastal areas decreased because of habitat loss, pollution and human disturbance.

The loss of inland populations has been even more severe, since due to dams, river regulation and sediment extraction it has lost most of its former habitats. The little tern population has declined or become extinct in many European countries, and former breeding places on large rivers like the Danube, Elbe and Rhine ceased. Nowadays, only a few river systems in Europe possess suitable habitats; the Loire/Allier in France, the Vistula/Odra in Poland, the Po/Ticino in Italy, the Daugava in Latvia, the Nemunas in Lithuania, the Sava in Croatia and the Drava in Hungary and Croatia. The status of the little tern on the rivers Tagus and lower Danube is uncertain.

The Drava population is one of the most threatened. Old-fashioned water management practices, including river regulation and sediment extraction, endanger the remaining pairs. Only 15 pairs still breed on extensive sand or gravel banks along the border between Hungary and Croatia. The WWF and its partners are involved in working for the protection of this bird and this unique European river ecosystem. The little tern is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.

Gallery

References

Further reading

 BTO Little tern fact sheet
 Little tern - Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds
  (photographs)
 BBC Norfolk news item
 Little tern

little tern
Birds of Eurasia
Birds of North Africa
Birds of West Africa
Birds of Australia
Birds of Southern Africa
Nature Conservation Act endangered biota
little tern
Taxa named by Peter Simon Pallas

Little tern


Waldemar "Wally" Carl Seidel (11 March 189317 September 1980) was an Australian pianist, accompanist, and piano teacher who taught many notable pianists from Australia.

Biography
Seidel was born in St Kilda, Victoria in 1893, son of a German immigrant, the pianist and choral conductor Alfred Carl Seidel.  Alfred had graduated from the Royal Conservatorium of Music, Leipzig, and migrated to Australia at the age of 19.  Waldemar had lessons from his father, from J. Alfred Johnstone, from Benno Scherek, and from Edward Goll (a pupil of Emil von Sauer, who was in turn a pupil of Franz Liszt; Goll's other students included Margaret Sutherland and Linda Phillips).  Seidel assumed all of Johnstone's pupils when he returned to England in 1924.

As an accompanist he worked with notable singers such as Amy Castles and Stella Power.  In 1925 he joined the staff of the Albert Street Conservatorium, East Melbourne, and in 1931 Bernard Heinze appointed him to the staff of the University of Melbourne Conservatorium, where he taught for the next 43 years, retiring in 1974.  He continued to teach privately in retirement.

His students included Don Banks, Douglas Gamley, Peggy Glanville-Hicks, Noel Mewton-Wood, Glen Carter-Varney, Phyllis Batchelor, May Clifford, Bernice Lehmann and Margaret Schofield. In 1962 he auditioned the seven-year-old Geoffrey Tozer, declaring that Noel Mewton-Wood (who had died in 1953, the year before Tozer was born) had "come back". Seidel also taught many blind pianists, and passed on his skill to others.

He died in 1980, aged 87, survived by his wife and two sons.

References

1893 births
1980 deaths
Australian classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Classical accompanists
Australian accompanists
Australian music educators
Piano pedagogues
Australian people of German descent
Musicians from Melbourne
Academic staff of the University of Melbourne
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century Australian musicians
20th-century Australian male musicians

Waldemar Seidel


The Bisbee Mill is a historic gristmill at 66 East Street in Chesterfield, Massachusetts.  Located on the Dead Branch of the Westfield River, the mill complex includes a wood frame mill building, along with its former mill pond, impounded by a dam across the river, and a canal that brought river water to the mill for power.  Also included on the property is the site of the Damon sawmill, which was established in 1761, and the Pierce cornmill, which occupied a site north of the Bisbee mill building in 1823.  The Pierce mill was moved to the site, from an earlier one that may also be on the grounds of the Bisbee mill complex.

The Bisbee mill complex has an evolutionary history that begins with the establishment of the mill pond in 1823 by Elisha Bisbee.  Neither the dam he built, nor an 1859 dam built to form a second mill pond, have survived.  Bisbee also dug a canal to bring water to his new mill building; other canals would also have been dug for the other two mills, but traces of them have not yet been found, and their exact route is not known.  The mill building on the site was used, modified, and added onto, by five generations of Bisbees, until it closed its doors in the 1960s.  The property was acquired by the Chesterfield Historical Society, which has operated it since 1997 as the Bisbee Mill Museum.

The main mill building started in 1823 as a single -story gable-ended wood frame block measuring  by .  This was extended eastward in the 1850s with the addition of a second block,  by . The two sections were joined by their end gables, although at slightly different elevations.  Both sections were originally on fieldstone foundations; these have been replaced in part with modern concrete, and in part strengthened by the addition of concrete.  A third section was added to the building between 1888 and 1829.  Measuring  by , this section had a shed roof, and was added to the south side of the main blocks.  A fourth major addition was made in 1954, when another large section was added to the north side of the building.

Inside the building are the working portions of the mill.  The water power it provided was delivered to the three levels of the mill by shafts, gears, and belts, and operated a number of different types of machinery.  The major operations were as a gristmill, a woodworking mill, and a smithy.  On the bottom level, the wheel pit, located in the original 1823 part of the building, houses a turbine wheel that dates to 1919.  All levels of the mill have been adapted to showcase equipment that was used in the mill during its more than 100 year active lifetime.

The mill was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hampshire County, Massachusetts

References

External links
 Bisbee Mill Museum

Grinding mills on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Museums in Hampshire County, Massachusetts
History museums in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Hampshire County, Massachusetts
Mill museums in Massachusetts

Bisbee Mill


Lamanon is a commune of 1,713 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France. It's known because of the archaeological site of Grottes de Calès, a cave dwelling from prehistoric to medieval times.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône

Lamanon


Chidambaram is a town and municipality in Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu. It is the headquarters of the Chidambaram taluk.

Geography
Chidambaram covers an area of  and had a population of 62,153 as of 2011. Annamalai University, established in 1929 in Chidambaram, is one of the oldest and most prominent universities in the state. This town is known famous for the great Thillai Nataraja Temple.

References

Cuddalore district

Chidambaram


Joseph Viateur "Leo" Dandurand (July 9, 1889 – June 26, 1964), was the owner of the Montreal Canadians in the National Hockey League and in the league that evolved into the Canadian Football League.

Life
Dandurand was born in Bourbonnais, Illinois. He moved to Canada with his family when he was 16 years old and attended Collège Sainte-Marie de Montréal. He was a referee in the National Hockey Association and was involved with minor hockey in the Montreal, Quebec area.

On November 2, 1921, Dandurand and his partners, Joseph Cattarinich and Louis Letourneau, purchased the Montreal Canadiens hockey club from the widow of George Kennedy for $11,000. Under Dandurand's ownership, the Canadiens won the Stanley Cup in 1924, 1930, and 1931. Letourneau sold his stake in the club in 1930, and Dandurand and Cattarinich continued as owners until selling the team in 1935 for $165,000.

Along with hockey, Dandurand and his partners were heavily involved with horse racing. In 1932, they bought Blue Bonnets Raceway in Montreal. They owned 17 tracks in Quebec, Ontario, New York, Ohio, Delaware, Illinois, Utah, and Louisiana at the time of Cattarinich's death in 1938. Dandurand was also a boxing and wrestling promoter in Montreal and a director of the Montreal Royals baseball team.

In 1946, Dandurand founded the Montreal Alouettes football team with Eric Cradock and Lew Hayman. The team played in the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union, which later became the CFL's east division.

In his later years, Dandurand owned a successful restaurant in downtown Montreal. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1963 and died of a heart attack on June 26, 1964 at age 75.

Leo Dandurand Trophy
The Leo Dandurand Trophy is a CFL award presented each year to the most outstanding lineman in the East Division.

References

1889 births
1964 deaths
Canadian football
Montreal Canadiens
Ice hockey officials

Léo Dandurand


The Arbuckle Mountains are an ancient mountain range in south-central Oklahoma in the United States.  It rests in Davis, Oklahoma. A Small town of a bit over the 2500 population. There are many things to do in this historic small tourist town. come and see for yourself. Brenda Lack Stokes is a native Davisite town and welcomes the world to visit this wonderful place.

Mountains of Oklahoma

Arbuckle Mountains


Zone defense is a type of defense, used in team sports, which is the alternative to man-to-man defense; instead of each player guarding a corresponding player on the other team, each defensive player is given an area (a zone) to cover.

A zone defense can be used in many sports where defensive players guard players on the other team. Zone defenses and zone principles are commonly used in association football, American football, Australian rules football, basketball, ice hockey, lacrosse, netball and ultimate among others.

Basketball
The names given to zone defenses start with the number of players on the front of the zone (farthest from the goal) followed by the numbers of players in the rear zones. For example, in a 2–3 zone two defenders cover areas in the top of the zone (near the top of the key) while three defenders cover areas near the baseline.

Match-up zone is a hybrid man-to-man and zone defense in which players apply man-to-man defense to whichever opposing player enters their area. John Chaney, former head coach of Temple University, is the most famous proponent of this defense.  Hybrid defenses also include Box-and-one, in which four defenders are in a 2–2 zone and one defender guards a specific player on the offense. A variant of this is triangle-and-two, in which three defenders are in a 2–1 zone and two defenders guard two specific offensive players.

Zone defenses are common in international, college, and youth competition. In the National Basketball Association, zone defenses were prohibited until the 2001–2002 season, and most teams do not use them as a primary defensive strategy. The NBA has a defensive three-second violation rule which was also introduced with the 2001–2002 season, which makes it more difficult for teams to play zone, since such defenses usually position a player in the middle of the key to stop penetration.

American football

A zone defense in American football is a type of "pass coverage". See American football defensive strategy and zone blocking.

Australian rules football
The zone defence tactic, borrowed from basketball, was introduced into Australian football in the late 1980s by Robert Walls and revolutionized the game. It was used most effectively by Essendon Football Club coach Kevin Sheedy.

The tactic is used from the fullback kick in after a behind is scored. The side in opposition to the player kicking in places their forward players, including their full-forward and centre half forward, in evenly spaced zones in the back 50-metre arc. This makes it easier for them to block leading players and forces the kick-in to be more precise, in effect increasing the margin for error which can cause a turnover and another shot at goal. As a result, the best ways to break the zone are for the full-back to bomb it long (over 50 meters), often requiring a low percentage torpedo punt, or to play a short chipping game out of defence and then to switch play as opposition players break the zone. The latter has negated the effectiveness of the tactic since the 1990s.

Another kick-in technique is the huddle, often used before the zone, which involves all of the players from the non-kicking team huddling together and then breaking in different directions. The kicker typically aims in whichever direction the designated target (typically the ruckman) runs in.

Ice hockey
In ice hockey, players defend zones in the neutral zone trap and left wing lock.

Lacrosse
In lacrosse, a zone defense is not as often as the normal man defense. It has been used effectively at the D-III level by schools such as Wesleyan University. They almost always use a 6-man "backer" zone, where they have three guys up top and three guys down low and they try to stay in their zone and not rotate as much as possible.  When teams are man down, many teams employ a "box and one" zone defense, where the four outside players stay in their designated zone while the fifth player follows the ball while staying on the crease man.

Netball
Netball is a sport similar to basketball with similar strategies and tactics employed, although with seven players per team. Zone defense is one of the main defensive strategies employed by teams, along with one-on-one defense. Common variants include center-court block, box-and-two zone, diamond-and-two zone, box-out zone and split-circle zone.

See also
 Box-and-one defense
 Man-to-man defense
 Zonal marking

References

Australian rules football tactics
Australian rules football terminology
Basketball strategy
Basketball terminology
Ice hockey strategy
Ice hockey terminology
Lacrosse terminology
Military tactics
Netball terminology
Water polo strategy
Water polo terminology

Zone defense


(Hyppolyte) Louis Alexandre Dechet (alternatively, spelled Dechez; Lyon, 20 January 1801 - Lier, 18 October 1830) was a French actor and is regarded the author of the lyrics of the Brabançonne, the Belgian national anthem. His pseudonym was Jenneval, possibly named after the drama Jenneval, ou le Barnevelt français (1769) of Louis Sébastien Mercier.

Dechet worked in Ajaccio, Marseille and in 1826 at the Paris Odéon. Via Lille he finally came to Brussels, where he played at La Monnaie. In 1828 he returned to Paris in order to work at the Comédie Française, but returned to Brussels immediately after the July Revolution in 1830. He there served with the city guard which was responsible for maintaining law and order.

Dechet is said to have written the text of the Brabançonne during the first revolutionary gatherings at the café "L'Aigle d'Or" in the Brussels Greepstraat in August 1830, shortly after the performance of the opera La Muette de Portici, which triggered the Belgian revolution.

During the Belgian Revolution Dechet became a volunteer in the revolutionary army and joined the corps of Frenchman Charles Niellon. He died during a combat against the Dutch near Lier.

On the Place des Martyrs/Martelaarsplein in Brussels, a column honouring Dechet is to be found, which was created by the sculptor Alfred Crick and inaugurated in 1897.

Gallery

External links
 Historical background of the Brabançonne by the Compagnie Royale des Francs Arquebusiers (in French)

1801 births
1830 deaths
Male actors from Lyon
French male stage actors
French poets
People of the Belgian Revolution
Troupe of the Comédie-Française
19th-century French male actors
French expatriates in Belgium
French male poets
19th-century poets
19th-century male writers
National anthem writers

Alexandre Dechet


"Ghouli" is the fifth episode of the eleventh season of the American science fiction television series The X-Files. The episode was written and directed by James Wong. The tagline for this episode is "You see what I want you to see". Though not originally billed as a mythology episode, "Ghouli" helps to explore the series' overarching mythology and serves as the second of three mythology episodes of the season following the season premiere.

The show centers on FBI special agents who work on unsolved paranormal cases called X-Files; focusing on the investigations of Fox Mulder (David Duchovny), and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) after their reinstatement in the FBI. In this episode, A pair of teenage girls attack one another, each believing the other to be a monster, known as "Ghouli." Mulder and Scully find that their investigation leads back to their long-lost son, William.

Plot

Two teenage girls, Sarah Turner (Madeleine Arthur) and Brianna Stapleton (Sarah Jeffery), separately enter an abandoned ship named Chimera. When they encounter each other, each girl accuses the other of being "Ghouli." Brianna grows impatient and runs across the rotten wood deck that collapses under her. She lands inside the bridge, where the terrified Sarah screams, wielding a knife at her. Each sees the other as the Ghouli, and they stab each other.

Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) opens her eyes in the dark, sensing a presence behind her as she lies on a bed in a strange house. She explores the house and ends up in an endless pattern of the same room. It all turns out to be a dream. Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) theorizes that the experience is a type of sleep paralysis. She tries to remember when she spots a picture on Mulder's desk of the Chimera. At the crime scene, the agents meet with Detective Costa (Louis Ferreira). Aboard the ship, Scully notices a bloody handprint left by one of the girls on the bridge and questions who made the call. Costa informs them that it was an anonymous 9-1-1 call from a panicked male. Costa informs them that the victims asked if they found Ghouli.

Mulder and Scully question the two teenagers about the slashing. Both of them name their boyfriend, Jackson Van De Kamp, whose last name matches William's adoptive parents. The agents arrive at the Van De Kamp household, which Scully recognizes from her dream. Hearing two gunshots, the agents dash into the house and discover a man and a woman's bodies on the floor. A third shot is heard from the upstairs, where Scully finds the bleeding corpse of Jackson Van De Kamp. The agents search Jackson's room and find a book by Peter Wong, a pickup artist. Scully spots a snow globe.

Scully enters the morgue to see Jackson's body. She sits by his side and begins talking to him, not knowing if he could be her son. Mulder ushers her out of the room. As they leave the room, Jackson unzips his own body bag and escapes the morgue. Scully is lying on a couch and has another experience with sleep paralysis, with flashes to the bridge, the UFO hovering above, and the bloodied alien hand. She is awakened by Dr. Harris, who tells her that Jackson's body has disappeared. Scully runs into the man that she spotted at the docks, Peter Wong (François Chau). Wong questions Scully about her windmill and tells her to not give up on the bigger picture.

Walter Skinner (Mitch Pileggi) meets with Mulder at the Chimera, telling him to drop the investigation. Mulder refuses and tells him that Jackson's DNA matches Scully's. The agents assume that William is at the hospital where the two girls are being treated. There, Jackson explains to Brianna that he's been hiding because there are people after him and that he "made up" the Ghouli. Mulder and Scully arrive at the hospital and meet up with Costa, who tells them that Jackson is alive. It turns out that Sarah sent Costa a text with a picture of Jackson and Brianna kissing. Jackson tries to leave but is chased by Defense Department operatives. Cornered inside a supply closet, he resorts to tricking one of the operatives into thinking that the other is a monster, killing him. Jackson hides under a desk, while Mulder and Scully find two other operatives on the ground. Jackson escapes by projecting himself as a scared nurse.

The next day, Scully spots a rural gas station that has a windmill just outside, just like in the snow globe. Mulder goes to use the restroom and Scully meets with Peter Wong. Both of them engage in a conversation, with Wong mentioning that he wishes he could know her better. After Wong drives away, Mulder asks Scully whom she was talking to, prompting her to remember Wong, the author of the book found in Jackson's room. The agents go in the store and ask to see the surveillance tapes. In the recording, Scully is having a conversation with William. She smiles as Mulder holds her while they see their son, alive.

Production

Filming
Filming for the season began in August 2017 in Vancouver, British Columbia, where the previous season was filmed, along with the show's original five seasons.

Writing
Wong was inspired to write this episode after having an experience with sleep paralysis in Mexico as he was shooting a movie. "I experienced this crazy thing in a hotel: I felt a presence in the room, I couldn't move. I was being chased or chased after this entity and then was in bed again. That was the genesis. It really affected me. So that's how I started with it. And it was the fifth episode, so we wanted to have a touchstone to the mythology of it all. [Executive producers] Chris [Carter], Glen [Morgan], Darin [Morgan] and I all talked about the idea of William. But I also loved the monster episodes. So it was how can we meld those two ideas that I love into something that is connected to William. And then you go, wait a second, William has special powers. So all of those ideas thread into each other and became this episode. I love hinting at one thing and the reality is different."

Reception
"Ghouli" received very positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of 100% with an average rating of 7.3 out of 10 based on 7 reviews.

In its initial broadcast in the United States on January 31, 2018, it received 3.64 million viewers, which was down from the previous week, which had 3.87 million viewers.

References

External links

2018 American television episodes
The X-Files (season 11) episodes
Television episodes about sleep disorders

Ghouli


La Porrassa is a small farm town in the municipality of Calvià on the island of Majorca, part of the Spanish autonomous community of the Balearic Islands. It is adjacent to Son Ferrer to the west and Magaluf on the south. The municipality's promenade, the Paseo Calvia, winds through La Porrassa. It has a population of approximately 128 inhabitants.

History
The army of King James I of Aragon camped in the La Porrassa area when he started the conquest of the island.

There are only a few houses besides the large country farmhouse of the landowner. The farmhouse was built between 1595 and 1616 with sandstone and stone masonry.  It has a tower for defense that stands  above sea level.  The tower remains in good condition, protected by the law of Spanish heritage. Its main chamber rises  off the ground and through a spiral staircase takes you to the next floor.

The town has a nursery, a school and two water parks.

References

Populated places in Calvià

La Porrassa


Baldwin II ( 865–918), Called Baldwin "the Bald" (), was a French nobleman and the second count of Flanders. He ruled from 879 until his death.

Career

Born  he was the son of Baldwin I, Count of Flanders and Judith, a daughter of Charles the Bald. Through his mother he was a descendant of Charlemagne. Baldwin wanted to keep a good trading relationship with England. So in 884 Baldwin married Ælfthryth, a daughter of King Alfred the Great of England. This high-profile marriage raised the status of Baldwin II. His children had the distinction of belonging to two of the most important royal houses in western Europe. This and later  marked the House of Flanders as one of the great princely houses of Europe.

When he first started ruling Flanders there were a number of very damaging Viking raids. They plundered everywhere except the area north of the Somme river. By 883 Baldwin was forced northward to the flat marshes of Flanders which became the territory most closely associated with the counts of Flanders from then on. Baldwin had built a series of wooden fortifications at Saint-Omer, Bruges, Ghent, and Courtrai. He also seized those lands and fortresses abandoned by royal and church officials. Baldwin had many of these same citadels used by his government, militia and local courts.

In 888 the west Frankish king Charles the Fat was deposed. There were several candidates to be king in his place. Because he was a grandson of Charles the Bald, Holy Roman Emperor and King of West Francia, Baldwin was eligible to be king. But he did not compete for the crown of western Francia. Instead Baldwin joined others in trying to convince the East Frankish king Arnulf to also take the west Frankish crown. But Arnulf was not interested. Odo, Count of Paris, was elected king But Odo did not want Baldwin to gaining control of the abbey of St. Bertin. This was a rich prize and caused Baldwin to not support Odo.  The new king attacked Baldwin at Bruges but could not defeat him. Baldwin continued moving his borders to the south and gained control of Artois. He also got control of the important abbey of St. Vaast. When control of the abbey was given to Archbishop Fulk of Reims in 900, Baldwin had him killed. When his attempts to expand further into the upper Somme River valley were opposed by Herbert I, Count of Vermandois Baldwin also had him killed.

Baldwin II died 10 September 918 at Blandinberg (near Ghent) and was succeeded by his eldest son Arnulf I of Flanders. His younger son Adalulf was (the first) count of Boulogne.

Family

He married Elftryth, a daughter of Alfred the Great, King of England. They had the following children:

 Arnulf I (c. 890–964), succeeded his father as count of Flanders.
 Adalulf (c. 890–933), Count of Boulogne.
 Ealswid.
 Ermentrud.

Notes

References

860s births
910s births
Counts and countesses of Flanders

Baldwin II, Count of Flanders


Clan Walkinshaw is a Scots clan. It daes nae hae a chief recognised bi the Lord Lyon King of Arms therefore the clan haes no staundin unner Scots Law. Clan Walkinshaw is considered an armigerous clan, meanin that it is considered tae hae haed at ane time a chief who possessed the chiefly arms, houiver no ane at present is in possession o sic arms.

The surname Walkinshaw is a habitational name derived frae Walkinshaw in Renfrewshire. The name probably oreeginates frae the Old Inglis elements wealcere "fuller" an sceaga "copse". Clan Walkinshaw descends frae a Douglas who wis a judge in the earldom o Lennox. In 1235 he made ower his lands o Knock, an the Abbey o Paisley, for the lands o Walkinshaw. Members o the clan became hereditary foresters tae the High Stewards o Scotland in the barony o Renfrew. The arms o Walkinshaw allude tae this office o hereditary forester. The clan's lands wur in possession o the principal faimily until thay passed throu an heiress tae the Walkinshaws o Little Fulwood, an then later tae the Walkinshaws o Garturk who sunsequently styled themselves as "o that Ilk". Ither cadet branches of Clan Walkinshaw wur the Walkinshaws o Burrowfield an o Scotston. The day members o Clan Walkinshaw mey wear a crest badge based upon the heraldry in the arms o Walkinshaw o that Ilk. The crest within the crest badge is a a martlet, an the motto is IN SEASON.

Walkinshaw
Walkinshaw

Clan Walkinshaw


Chinese red eggs (, 紅雞蛋) are bright-pink-coloured cooked chicken eggs used in Chinese cuisine. The eggs are first hard boiled before a wet red calligraphy paper is wiped over the eggs to create a pink coloring.

In Chinese culture, it is common to hold a red egg and ginger party at the baby's first-year birthday. Usually, the baby's name is announced to friends and family at this party.  One might find a bowl of brightly coloured cooked chicken eggs on the guests' buffet or serving tables, or the hosts might hand out the red-dyed eggs, symbolizing joy and renewed life. Sometimes the red eggs are also given to adult friends and family members for their birthdays.

Origin and folklore
Similar to Western Easter eggs, in Chinese culture eggs symbolize birth or a new start; thus, it is of paramount importance for eggs to be served to guests during an important birthday (such as the first month or first year). The color red symbolizes prosperity and good fortune to the Chinese.

Influence outside China

Mauritius
In Mauritius, Sino-Mauritians continued the tradition of sharing red eggs to their family members to share the joy of a newborn; this tradition occurs in what is now called "baptême chinois" (literally translated as Chinese baptism).

See also
 Smoked egg
 Tea egg

References

Chinese cuisine
Vietnamese cuisine
Mauritian cuisine
Eggs (food)

Chinese red eggs


A parish church (or parochial church) in Christianity is the church which acts as the religious centre of a parish. In many parts of the world, especially in rural areas, the parish church may play a significant role in community activities, often allowing its premises to be used for non-religious community events. The church building reflects this status, and there is considerable variety in the size and style of parish churches. Many villages in Europe have churches that date back to the Middle Ages, but all periods of architecture are represented.

Roman Catholic Church
Each diocese (administrative unit, headed by a bishop) is divided into parishes. Normally, a parish comprises all Catholics living within its geographically defined area. Within a diocese, there can also be overlapping parishes for Catholics belonging to a particular rite, language, nationality, or community.

Each parish has its own central church called the parish church, where religious services take place. The parish church is the center of most Catholics' spiritual life since it is there that they receive the sacraments. On Sundays and perhaps also daily, Mass is celebrated by a priest resident in the parish. Confession is made available and perhaps Vespers in the larger or more progressive parishes. There are also laity-led activities and social events in accordance with local culture and circumstances.

Roman Catholics are not obliged to worship only at the parish church to which they belong, but they may for convenience or taste attend services at any Roman Catholic church. However, their parish church is the one to which the members of the parish must go for baptisms and weddings, unless permission is given by the parish priest (US 'pastor') for celebrating those sacraments elsewhere. One sign of that is that the parish church is the only one to have a baptismal font.

Some larger parishes or parishes that have been combined under one parish priest may have two or more such churches, or the parish may be responsible for chapels (or chapels of ease) located at some distance from the mother church for the convenience of distant parishioners.

Church of England and Church of Scotland
In England and many British Overseas Territories and former British territories, the Church of England parish church is the basic administrative unit of episcopal churches. Parishes cover almost the whole area of England. In addition to ecclesiastic parishes, with which this article is concerned, there is also a system of civil parishes, which represent the smallest tier of administrative units. However since the 19th century these have not shared the same boundaries, or often the same names. (In other territories arrangements may differ, e.g. in Bermuda civil and church parishes still share the same boundaries, see Anglican Church of Bermuda). Most ecclesiastical parishes have an Anglican parish church, which is consecrated. If there is no parish church, the bishop licenses another building for worship, and may designate it as a parish centre of worship. This building is not consecrated, but is dedicated, and for most legal purposes it is deemed to be a parish church. In areas of increasing secularisation or shifts in religious belief, centres of worship are becoming more common, and many larger churches have been sold due to their upkeep costs. Instead the church may use community centres or the facilities of a local church of another denomination.

While villages and small towns may have a single parish church, larger towns may have a parish church and other smaller churches in various districts. These other churches do not have the legal or religious status of a parish church, and may be described by a variety of terms, such as chapel of ease (this term more often refers to an additional church in a geographically extensive rural parish) or mission church. Often the parish church will be the only one to have a full-time minister, who will also serve any smaller churches within the parish. (For example, St. Peter's Church in St. George's Parish, Bermuda, is located on St. George's Island; hence, a chapel-of-ease, named simply Chapel-of-Ease, was erected on neighbouring St. David's Island so that the island's residents need not cross St. George's Harbour.)

In cities without an Anglican cathedral, the parish church may have administrative functions similar to that of a cathedral. However, the diocese will still have a cathedral.

The Church of Scotland, the established Presbyterian church also uses a system of parish churches, covering the whole of Scotland.

In American Protestantism
In Massachusetts, towns elected publicly funded parish churches from 1780 until 1834, under the Constitution of Massachusetts.

Protestant resurgence
Toward the end of the 20th century, a new resurgence in interest in "parish" churches emerged across the United States. This has given rise to efforts like the Slow Church Movement and The Parish Collective which focus heavily on localized involvement across work, home, and church life.

See also
Roman Catholic parish church
Church of England parish church
St. Sebastian (Mannheim)
St. Ulrich (Amendingen)

References

Types of Christian organization
Types of church buildings
Christian terminology

Parish church


Operation Pitsford is a counter-terrorism investigation by the British police that has resulted in twelve people so far being arrested and charged with offences under the Terrorism Act 2006.

On 19 September 2011 West Midlands Police arrested a woman who lived in the Alum Rock area of Birmingham. Salma Kabal, 22, appeared in court on 16 November 2011 accused of failing to inform police that her husband, Ashik Ali, planned to kill himself in a suicide bomb attack. The official charge was that she "knew or believed might be of material assistance in securing the apprehension, prosecution or conviction of another person for an offence involving the commission, preparation or instigation of an act of terrorism".

On 15 November 2011 West Midlands Counter Terrorism Unit arrested four people at their homes who were from Sparkhill Birmingham, on suspicion of conducting terrorist offences. The four men appeared in court in Westminster London on 19 November 2011 charged with terrorism offences. They were named as Khobaib Hussain, Ishaaq Hussain and Shahid Kasam Khan, all 19, and Naweed Mahmood Ali, 24. They were charged with fundraising for terrorist purposes and for travelling to Pakistan for terrorist training.

On 26 April 2013, eleven British Muslims were sentenced to prison terms ranging from 40 months to life imprisonment.

References

Pitsford
Counterterrorism in the United Kingdom
Islamic terrorism in the United Kingdom
Police raids on Islamists

Operation Pitsford


Passione or La Passione may refer to:

Film, theatre and television
 La Passione (1996 film), a 1996 film and soundtrack album by Chris Rea
 Passione (2010 film), a 2010 film about the music of Naples directed by John Turturro
 Passione, a mafia group from the manga and anime of the same name, JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Golden Wind
 La Passione (2010 film), a 2010 Italian comedy film directed by Carlo Mazzacurati
 Passione (1953 film), a 1953 Italian film
 Passione (telenovela), a 2010 Brazilian telenovela
 Passione (play), 1980 play by Albert Innaurato

Music

Compositions
"Symphony No. 49 (Haydn) La passione, the 49th symphony by Joseph Haydn
La Passione di Gesù Cristo libretto by Metastasio which was repeatedly set, including:
La Passione (Salieri) by  Salieri
La Passione (Mayr)  by Simon Mayr

Albums
Passione, album by Luciano Pavarotti
 "Passione", album by Zizi Possi 1998
Passione (Paul Potts album), 2009 album
Passione (Andrea Bocelli album), 2013 album

Songs
Passione (song), 1934 song in the Canzone Napoletana genre by Libero Bovio, Ernesto Tagliaferri, Nicola Valente

Other uses
Passione (company), a Japanese animation studio

See also
Passion (disambiguation)

Passione


Hans Mathisen (born 27 July 1967 in Sandefjord, Norway) is a Norwegian Jazz guitarist, educated on the Jazzprogram at Trondheim musikkonservatorium (1988–90), well known for his Pat Metheny and Wes Montgomery inspired performances. He is the brother of Jazz musicians Per Mathisen (bass), Nils Mathisen (keyboards, guitar and violon) and Ole Mathisen (saxophone and clarinet).

Career
Mathisen is a graduate of the Jazz program at Trondheim Musikkonservatorium (1990–92). He contributed on Brinck Johnsen's Lover man (1995). In the band Quarternion he cooperated with Jarle Vespestad (drums), Finn Guttormsen (bass) og Arve Henriksen (trumpet) (Timbuktu, Turn Left 1997), and appeared in a duo with Halvard Kausland on the album Good bait (2003), Composed music for Bent Hamer's film Kitchen Stories (2003). He also contributed on Kåre Conradi's La det sne with Nora Brockstedt (2004), as well as Conradi's own God Dag (2005), and are working as an arranger for Kringkastingsorkesteret KORK, Marinemusikken and various other big bands and orchestras.

Mathisen's first release was Quiet Songs (Curling Legs, 2005), where he presented his own compositions.  He received good critics and was awarded Spellemannprisen 2005 in the class Jazz. On this recording he cooperated with Johannes Eick (bass), Per Oddvar Johansen (drums) and Gary Husband (drums). In addition, he played his brothers, Ole Mathisen (saxophon) and Per Mathisen (bass).
In Hans Mathisen Kvartett, he is cooperating with Olga Konkova (piano), Per Mathisen (bass), Per Oddvar Johansen (drums).

He is the leader of Sandefjord Storband and teaches at the music program at Sandefjord videregående skole, and touring with the project Vi improviserer for Rikskonsertene, with Espen Rud (drums) and Jens Fossum (bass). Mathisen has also written commissioned work Lysande Mørker for the reopening of Oslo Domkirke in 2010 together with Jon Fosse, and the commissioned work Timeless Tales for Vestfold Festspillene in 2009. He released a live album with the Kongelige Norske Marines Musikkorps Storband (Royal Norwegian Navy Band Big Band) in April 2011.

Honors
2005: Spellemannprisen in the class 'Jazz' for the album Quiet Songs

Discography

Solo albums
1998: L.U.G.N, feat. Kjersti Stubø
2002: Good Bait (Hot Club Records), within 'Kausland/Mathisen Quartet'
2004: Do Not Cover (Helping Hand)
2005: Quiet Songs (Curling Legs), awarded Spellemannprisen 2005 in the class Jazz
2011: Timeless Tales (Curling Legs), with Hans Mathisen Band (Olga Konkova, Per Mathisen, Andreas Bye, Marinemusikkens storband, Sandefjord Kammerkor)
2014: The Island (Curling Legs)
2017: Orchestral Works (Curling Legs), with Kringkastingsorkesteret

Collaborations
With Bjørn Willadsen Band
1993: Skarland

With Brinck Johnsen
1995: Lover man

With «Quarternion» (Arve Henriksen, Finn Guttormsen, Jarle Vespestad)
1997: Timbuktu (Turn Left)

With Kausland / Mathisen Quartet
2002: Good Bait (Hot Club Records)

With Kåre Conradi
2004: La det sne, la det sne, la det sne!

With Nora Brockstedt
2005: God dag

With Kjell Karlsen
2009: Edvard Grieg In Jazz Mood (Universal Music)

With Olga Konkova
2011: My Voice - Music for Piano, Vocal & Percussion  (Losen Records), as Composer

References

External links
Hans Mathisen Quartet - The Island on YouTube
Hans Mathisen Quartet - Winter Blues Live on YouTube

Norwegian jazz composers
Male jazz composers
20th-century Norwegian guitarists
21st-century Norwegian guitarists
Norwegian jazz guitarists
Norwegian male guitarists
Spellemannprisen winners
Norwegian University of Science and Technology alumni
Musicians from Sandefjord
1967 births
Living people
20th-century guitarists
20th-century Norwegian male musicians
21st-century Norwegian male musicians

Hans Mathisen


Robert le Maçon (c. 1365 – 28 January 1443) was chancellor of France, advisor to Charles VII and supporter of Joan of Arc.

Life
Le Maçon was born at Château-du-Loir, Sarthe. He was ennobled in March 1401, and became six years later a councillor of Louis II, duke of Anjou and king of Sicily. A partisan of the house of Orléans, he was appointed chancellor to Isabeau of Bavaria on 29 January 1414, on 20 July 1414 commissary of the mint, and in June 1416 chancellor to the count of Ponthieu, afterwards Charles VII of France. On 16 August 1416 he bought the barony of Trèves in Anjou, and henceforward bore the title of seigneur of Trèves.

When Paris was surprised by the Burgundians on the night of 29 May 1418 he assisted Tanguy du Chastel in saving the Dauphin Charles. His devotion to the cause of the latter having brought down on him the wrath of John the Fearless, he was excluded from the political amnesty known as the peace of Saint-Maur-des-Fosses, though he retained his seat on the king's council. He was by the dauphin's side when John the Fearless was murdered at the bridge of Montereau on 10 September 1419. He resigned the seals at the beginning of 1422; but he continued to exercise great influence, and in 1426 he effected a reconciliation between the king and John VI, Duke of Brittany.

Having been captured by Jean de Langeac, seneschal of Auvergne, in August 1426, he was shut up for three months in the château of Usson. When set at liberty he returned to court, where he staunchly supported Joan of Arc against all the cabals that menaced her. It was he who signed the patent of nobility for the Arc family in December 1429.

In 1430 he was once more entrusted with an embassy to Brittany.

Having retired from political life in 1436, he died on 28 January 1443, and was interred at Trèves, where his epitaph may still be seen.

Notes

References

C. Bourcier, Robert le Masson, in the Revue historique de l'Anjou, 1873.

1365 births
1443 deaths
15th-century French people

Robert le Maçon


Charles David Ginsburg (April 20, 1912 – May 23, 2010) was an American political advisor and lawyer who was among the founders of Americans for Democratic Action and served as executive director of the Kerner Commission, which warned that the U.S. was "moving toward two societies—one black, one white, separate and unequal."

Early life and education
Ginsburg was born in Manhattan on April 20, 1912, and moved with his family to Huntington, West Virginia as a child. He graduated from West Virginia University in 1932 and earned his law degree from Harvard Law School in 1935.

After graduating from law school, he found a position at the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, with the assistance of Felix Frankfurter, interrupted by a one-year-long Supreme Court clerkship with Associate Justice William O. Douglas. During World War II, Ginsburg served on the staff of the Office of Price Administration from 1941 until his resignation in 1943, where his hires included Richard Nixon, who had just graduated from the Duke University School of Law. Criticized for attempting to use influence to obtain a commission as an officer, President Franklin D. Roosevelt came to his support, writing that "when the political storms blow over..., David's patriotic, unselfish and distinguished service to his country will be duly recognized."

Ultimately, Ginsburg enlisted as a private in the United States Army, where he drove trucks for a supply unit. He later earned the rank of captain and served on the staff of General Lucius D. Clay, the Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone in Germany. There he provided guidance in the rebuilding and reconstruction of the German economy and attended portions of the Nuremberg Trials and the Potsdam Conference.

Legal career
After completing his military service, Ginsburg returned to Washington, where he founded a law firm and became the founders of Americans for Democratic Action. As counsel to the Jewish Agency and adviser to Chaim Weizmann, he paved the way for Harry S. Truman's recognition of the state of Israel in 1948.

President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Ginsburg in 1967 to serve as executive director of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, commonly known as the Kerner Commission after its chair, Governor Otto Kerner, Jr. of Illinois. In the wake of inner city riots in the late 1960s, the commission's report became a surprise best seller, warning that the unrest by African-Americans was a result of systematic white racism in which the United States was "moving toward two societies—one black, one white, separate and unequal."  Ginsburg wrote that "white society is deeply implicated in the ghetto.., White institutions created it, white institutions maintain it and white society condones it." Johnson broke his relationship with Ginsburg after the release of the report, upset that his presidential efforts to defend the civil rights of all Americans were not credited in the report. Decades later, Ginsburg remained pessimistic about the future of race relations, citing the continued lag in education, housing and employment by African-Americans.

He served as general counsel to the Democratic National Committee during the 1968 presidential campaign and helped craft Hubert Humphrey's campaign platform opposing the Vietnam War.

As attorney for Henry Kissinger, Ginsburg successfully fought to prevent the release of transcripts of Kissinger's phone conversations with President Richard Nixon as falling outside the purview of the Freedom of Information Act. The position was supported by the U.S. Supreme Court in a 5 to 2 verdict in Kissinger v. Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press on the basis of the fact that the discussions were not related to the executive branch of government.

Family
Ginsburg died at age 98 of congestive heart failure on May 23, 2010, in his home in Alexandria, Virginia. He was survived by his third wife, Marianne Lais Ginsburg, as well as a daughter, two sons and two grandchildren.

See also
 List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 4)

References

External links

1912 births
2010 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
Harvard Law School alumni
Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States
Lawyers from Alexandria, Virginia
Lawyers from Huntington, West Virginia
Lawyers from Manhattan
United States Army officers
West Virginia University alumni
Franklin D. Roosevelt administration personnel
Military personnel from Huntington, West Virginia

David Ginsburg (lawyer)


Odoardo Borrani (22 August 1833 – 14 September 1905) was an Italian painter associated with the Macchiaioli group.

Biography
He was born in Pisa. The Borrani family moved to Florence, where Odoardo enrolled at the Academy of Fine Arts in 1853. There, he studied under , Giuseppe Bezzuoli, and Enrico Pollastrini. However, he became independent of the academic styles.

His first painting while at the Academy was titled Un veglione di maschere alla Pergola. In 1859, he painted Lorenzo the Magnificent Saves Himself From Being Murdered in the Sacristy of the Cathedral, an episode of the Pazzi Conspiracy. For this painting. Borrani was awarded the Gold medal by the contest of the Accademia of Florence. That same year, he joined the army and upon returning from the short campaign, he painted the Cadaver of Jacopo de' Pazzi and Michelangelo Directs the Fortification of Florence.

It was with his new friends Telemaco Signorini and Vincenzo Cabianca that he took up painting from life and came into contact with the Macchiaioli group gravitating around the Caffè Michelangiolo. He served as a volunteer in the Second Italian War of Independence in 1859. In 1862, together with Giuseppe Abbati, Silvestro Lega, Raffaello Sernesi and Signorini, he went to work in the countryside outside Florence near Piagentina, in consequence of which these painters became known as the school of Piagentina. It was also in 1862 that he first spent the summer at Castiglioncello, as the guest of the critic Diego Martelli.

In 1875, he and Lega established a gallery to promote younger artists, but it soon went out of business. He exhibited less frequently in his later years and made his living as a teacher, ceramic decorator, and graphic artist for L'Illustrazione Italiana. He died of peritonitis in Florence on 14 September 1905.

Among his works are La mietitura nella montagna Pistoiese; Speranze perdute (Lost Hope), Al Coro, Il richiamo del contingente (Rescue of the Contingent); Le primizie; L' Arno (The Arno); Il torrente Mugnone; In attesa del pittore; Interno della church of Santa Monica; Firenze il 9 gennaio 1878; La vigilia della Sagra ; La sterpata di San Rossore; Cammelli in riposo; Una Vestale Cristiana; Il ritorno sotto le armi; Fate la carità; L'Estasi di Santa Teresa (Ecstasy of St Teresa); Un mattino sul torrente Magnolie which was exhibited at the Esposizione di Roma; Un pensiero mondano (A Mundane Thought); Antica porta a Pinti avanti la demolizione; La Cosacela presso Firenze; La Nonna (The Grandmother); Una Monaca; In cerca di documenti; Episodio di Carnevale; Mi chiama?; La mia cucina (My Kitchen); Goldoni; Maria Stuarda (Mary Stuart); Un alabardiere (Halberdier); San Giovanino; Costumi fiorentini del 1500; Contadina Romana; Mezza figura di bambina col gatto; Al mio studio; Curiosità; Gioie materne; La mietitura nelle maremme toscane; L'annegato; L'analfabeta (The Illiterate) ; Il regalo al padrone (Gift to the Godfather); Teco vegliar m'è caro; I prepativi per la festa; Per l'acqua; Motivo dal vero; as well as many watercolors and portraits.

References

Further reading
 Laura Casone, Odoardo Borrani, online catalogue Artgate by Fondazione Cariplo, 2010, CC BY-SA (source for the first revision of this article).
 Steingräber, E., & Matteucci, G. (1984). The Macchiaioli: Tuscan Painters of the Sunlight : March 14-April 20, 1984. New York: Stair Sainty Matthiesen in association with Matthiesen, London.

Other projects

1833 births
1905 deaths
Artists from Pisa
19th-century Italian painters
19th-century Italian male artists
Italian male painters
20th-century Italian painters
20th-century Italian male artists
Painters from Tuscany
Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze alumni

Odoardo Borrani


University of Fiji, Saweni, Lautoka, Fiji me ek university hae. Iske December 2004  me suruu karaa gais rahaa.

University of Fiji Council
University of Fiji ke ek ajaad council chalaawe hae. Iske abhi ke member hae:

 Pt. Bhuwan Dutt – Pro-Chancellor & Chair of University Council
 Hon. Filipe Bole – jiske Ministry of Education appoint karis hae
  Pt Kamlesh Arya – Arya Pratinidhi Sabha of Fiji
 Arun Padarath – Arya Pratinidhi Sabha of Fiji
 [Rakesh Nand]]
 Ravindra D Varman
 Shanti Saroj, Arya Pratinidhi Sabha of Fiji
 Agni Deo Singh – Fiji Teachers' Union
 Kamal S. Mani – Appointed by the Dakshina Andhra Sangam of Fiji
 Abdul. Qayyum Khan – Appointed by the Fiji Muslim League
 Swami Tadananda – Appointed by the Rama Krishna Mission of Fiji
 Diwan Chand Maharaj – Appointed by the Sanatan Dharm Pratinidhi Sabha of Fiji
 Dalabar Singh -Sikh Association of Fiji
 Professor Rajesh Chandra – Appointed by the University of the South Pacific
 Professor Mahendra Kumar – Vice Chancellor, The University of Fiji
 Joji Uluinakauvadra – Director, Centre for Indigenous Studies, The University of Fiji
 Asinate Mausio – Coordinator, University Wide Programme, The University of Fiji
  Vijay Singh – Student reprentative
  Dr. Gunasagaran Gounder
 Radike Qereqeretabua
 Anil Tikaram
 Manhar Narsey
 Meli Q Saukuru, JP

Co-opted members
 Ms Prudence Rouse
 Ms Vasantika Patel
 Mr Padam Raj Lala

Secretary
 Registrar – Tito Isala

Notes and references

Bahaari jorr
 The University of Fiji (official website)

Universities in Fiji
Arya Samaj
 Fiji ke sikchha sanstha

University of Fiji


The Höllentalferner is a glacier in the western Wetterstein Mountains. It is a cirque glacier that covers the upper part of the Höllental valley and its location in a rocky bowl between the Riffelwandspitzen and Germany's highest mountain, the Zugspitze, means that it is well-protected from direct sunshine.

Geography

With an area of  (as of 2006) it is almost as big as the nearby Northern Schneeferner, the largest glacier in Germany. It is about  long and up to  wide. It is the only German glacier with a proper glacial tongue. In spite of its relatively low elevation of just 2,570 m to 2,200 m, the glacier is not in acute danger because it is located in a deeply hollowed bowl and is fed by avalanche snow (as a Lawinenkesselgletscher or "avalanche bowl glacier") and is therefore less badly affected by global warming.

In order to climb the Zugspitze through the Höllental valley the Höllentalferner has to be negotiated. Depending on the season the randkluft of the glacier is a key point on the way to the Klettersteig.

References

External links

 Archive of Bavarian Glaciers

Glaciers of Bavaria
Glaciers of the Alps
GHollentalferner
Wetterstein

Höllentalferner


Woodturning is a type of woodworking. It is used to create different types of wooden object using a lathe. Woodturning is different from other types of woodworking because the wood is spinning while on a lathe when it is being designed. There are many different types of objects that can be made from this process.

Woodworking

Woodturning


Anonymus is the Latin spelling of anonymous, traditionally used by scholars in the humanities for any ancient writer whose name is not known, or to a manuscript of their work. Such writers have left valuable historical or literary records through the ages.

Anonymus may also refer to:

Authors
 Two separate writers both known as Anonymus Valesianus or Anonymus Valesii, authors of two texts, late fifth century and ca. 527 of a vita of Constantine and a fragmentary chronicle, the Excerpta Valesiana
 The Anonymus of Ravenna (Anonymus Ravennatis), author of the Ravenna Cosmography, a Late Antique geographical work
 The Anonymus (notary of King Béla III of Hungary) of the Gesta Hungarorum, the author of a medieval work on the history of Hungary
 Gallus Anonymus, early 12th century, the author of the first history of Poland
 The Anonymus of Turin (often referred to by the Italian Anonimo di Torino), writer of a catalogue of churches of Rome
 The Anonymus Banduri, the author of the Πάτρια Κωνσταντινοπόλεως, a 10th‑century topography of Constantinople
 The Anonymus de Rebus Bellicis, author of a Late Antique work on warfare
 The Anonymus Ανταττικιστης (the Anti-Atticist Anonymus), an opponent of Phrynichus Arabius, valuable for the study of ancient Greek vocabulary
 The Anonymus Seguerianus, of the 3rd century, whose work is useful for the study of 1st century rhetoric
 The Anonymus Gestorum Francorum, author of the Gesta Francorum, an account of the First Crusade
 The Anonymus of York (or The Norman Anonymous), author of an 11th‑century religious/political tract on the right of kings
 The Anonymus of Dubrovnik, author of 15th‑century Annals of that city
 Anonymus I and Anonymus II, the authors of commentaries on the Phaenomena of Aratus

Manuscript copyists
 Sometimes Anonymus refers not to an author, but to a manuscript copyist. Few manuscripts were signed, so the list might be extended almost indefinitely, but some manuscripts can be said to have transferred some of their importance to the copyist; in the manuscript tradition of Phaedrus, for example, it is common to refer to the Anonymus Nilanti, a 13th-century copyist named after the scholar who edited him in 1709.
 An Anonymus de antiquitate Urbis, stated by Christian Hülsen to be a copyist of the Roma Instaurata of Flavio Biondo

Other
 Anonymus (band), a Quebec Thrash metal band
 Anonymus, the earliest ancestor of fictional character Ijon Tichy
 Anonymus and Anonymus II, instrumentals by Focus from, respectively, In and Out of Focus and Focus 3

See also
 Anon (disambiguation)
 Anonymous (disambiguation)

Ancient writers

Anonymus


The Dakota people are a Native American tribe. They are also a part of the First Nations. They make up two of the three main subcultures of the Sioux people. They are usually divided into the Eastern Dakota and the Western Dakota.

The Eastern Dakota are also called the Santee, and are located in the eastern Dakotas, central Minnesota and northern Iowa. They have many federally recognized tribes.

The Western Dakota are also called the Yankton or Yanktonai, and are located in the Missouri River area. They also have many notable federally recognized tribes. They were often mistaken to be the Nakota (who are actually a group of tribes that broke away from the main branches of the Sioux nation in earlier times).

History

The Dakota lived in Wisconsin and Minnesota in the 17th century. By 1700 some had moved to present-day South Dakota. Late in the 17th century, the Dakota became alliances with French merchants. The French tried to use this alliance to help them control the North American fur trade against the English.

Dakota War of 1862

In the late 1850s, treaty violations by the United States and unfair payments by Indian agents (governmental people who were allowed to interact with the natives) led to increasing hunger and hardship among the Dakota. Even though the Dakota tried to negotiate with the U.S. government, nothing was successful. On 16 August 1862, a group of Dakota hunters killed a family of settlers. This led to more attacks on settlers, and soon a full war had begun. On 5 November 1862, 38 Dakota warriors were sentenced to death by hanging. This would later become the largest mass execution in U.S. history.

During and after the revolt, many Eastern Dakota and their family left Minnesota and Eastern Dakota to go to Canada, or settle in the James River Valley in a short-lived reservation. They were then forced to move to the Crow Creek Reservation on the east bank of the Missouri river. Some joined the Western Dakota and moved further west to help the Lakota tribes to continue their fight against the U.S. military.

Others remained in Minnesota and the east, in small reservations that still exist, including Sisseton-Wahpeton, Flandreau, and Devils Lake (Spirit Lake or Fort Totten) Reservations in the Dakotas. Some moved to Nebraska, where the Santee Sioux Tribe today has a reservation on the south bank of the Missouri river.

Those who fled to Canada left nine small reservations for their families in Manitoba (Sioux Valley, Long Plain, Dakota Tipi, Birdtail Creek, and Oak Lake [Pipestone]) and the four more (Standing Buffalo, Moose Woods [White Cap], Round Plain [Wahpeton], and Wood Mountain) in Saskatchewan.

Language

The Dakota language is part of the Siouan languages. People who speak Dakota can also understand the Lakota language. Dakota is written in the Latin script. The language has two major dialects between the Eastern and Western Dakota tribes.

References

Other websites

 Dakota Language Texts, from the Boston Athenæum: Schoolcraft Collection of Books in Native American Languages. Digital Collection.

Native Americans

Dakota people


In computational complexity theory, a transcomputational problem is a problem that requires processing of more than 1093 bits of information. Any number greater than 1093 is called a transcomputational number. The number 1093, called Bremermann's limit, is, according to Hans-Joachim Bremermann, the total number of bits processed by a hypothetical computer the size of the Earth within a time period equal to the estimated age of the Earth. The term transcomputational was coined by Bremermann.

Examples

Testing integrated circuits
Exhaustively testing all combinations of an integrated circuit with 309 boolean inputs and 1 output requires testing of a total of 2309 combinations of inputs. Since the number 2309 is a transcomputational number (that is, a number greater than 1093), the problem of testing such a system of integrated circuits is a transcomputational problem. This means that there is no way one can verify the correctness of the circuit for all combinations of inputs through brute force alone.

Pattern recognition
Consider a q×q array of the chessboard type, each square of which can have one of k colors. Altogether there are kn color patterns, where n = q2. The problem of determining the best classification of the patterns, according to some chosen criterion, may be solved by a search through all possible color patterns. For two colors, such a search becomes transcomputational when the array is 18×18 or larger. For a 10×10 array, the problem becomes transcomputational when there are 9 or more colors.

This has some relevance in the physiological studies of the retina. The retina contains about a million light-sensitive cells. Even if there were only two possible states for each cell (say, an active state and an inactive state) the processing of the retina as a whole requires processing of more than 10300,000 bits of information. This is far beyond Bremermann's limit.

General systems problems
A system of n variables, each of which can take k different states, can have
kn possible system states. To analyze such a system, a minimum of kn bits of information are to be processed. The problem becomes transcomputational when kn > 1093. This happens for the following values of k and n:

Implications
The existence of real-world transcomputational problems implies the limitations of computers as data processing tools. This point is best summarized in Bremermann's own words:

"The experiences of various groups who work on problem solving, theorem proving and pattern recognition all seem to point in the same direction: These problems are tough. There does not seem to be a royal road or a simple method which at one stroke will solve all our problems. My discussion of ultimate limitations on the speed and amount of data processing may be summarized like this: Problems involving vast numbers of possibilities will not be solved by sheer data processing quantity. We must look for quality, for refinements, for tricks, for every ingenuity that we can think of. Computers faster than those of today will be a great help. We will need them. However, when we are concerned with problems in principle, present day computers are about as fast as they ever will be.

We may expect that the technology of data processing will proceed step by step – just as ordinary technology has done. There is an unlimited challenge for ingenuity applied to specific problems. There is also an unending need for general notions and theories to organize the myriad details."

See also
 Hypertask
 Matrioshka brain, a theoretical computing megastructure
 Strict finitism

References

Theory of computation
Computational complexity theory
Limits of computation

Transcomputational problem


The triangular trade refers to trade between three ports or regions. Triangular trade usually develops when a region is exporting resources that are not needed in the region from which its main imports come. Instead, the resources are exported to a third region. The routes involved were historically also shaped by the winds and currents during the age of sailing ships.

The best-known triangular trading systems were across the Atlantic Ocean, especially the Atlantic slave trade, which lasted from the late 16th to early 19th centuries. During this time, European countries such as Britain, Spain and France had colonies in the Americas and Africa. The ships carrying slaves, crops and manufactured goods between West Africa, the Caribbean and American colonies and the colonial powers in Europe. The use of African slaves was very important to growing colonial cash crops, which were exported to Europe. European goods, in turn, were used to buy African slaves, which were then brought west from Africa to the Americas to work on the crops. The middle passage of the triangular trade refers to the transportation of the slaves to America.

The Atlantic economy was tied into the idea of mercantilism, which thought it was a good idea for European countries to have a lot of colonies that traded only with them. Goods that were traded in the Atlantic economy were rum, slaves, sugar, tobacco, gold, spices, fish, lumber and manufactured goods. Triangular trading became less common in the 20th century due to free trade and ships specialized for particular cargoes.

Other websites

 The Transatlantic Slave Trade Database, a portal to data concerning the history of the triangular trade of transatlantic slave trade voyages

Atlantic Ocean
History of colonialism
Trade
Economic history
Historic slave trade

Triangular trade