Chinte (珍手) (Japanese: "Rare Hand" or "Unusual Hand") is a kata practiced in Shotokan, Shito-ryu and in Okinawan Shorin-ryu Kyudokan.  It is a very old kata originating from China. Its mixture of standard movements and rarely seen techniques, vestiges of ancient forms, give this kata a special appeal. Particularly dynamic, with its alternating strong and slow passages, Chinte is unique also in the presence of a number of circular techniques, despite the preference in Shotokan karate for linear movements. It is a kata of close-distance self-defense techniques. The somewhat peculiar closing movements allude to the absorption of the power of the waves by the sand, which is a symbol of the return to tranquility after the violent storm.

Some believe the final three movements of the Shotokan version, a series of backwards hops, were added to bring the kata back to the original starting place in order to facilitate competition, because they are not present in the other versions of the kata practiced by other styles of Japanese Karate.  Alternatively, it could be that the final movements were dropped by other styles because their meaning was lost.  One interpretation of the final movements is that an opponent's grab to one's chest is secured and then the hops are used to apply one's body weight to break his wrist. In Seiyo Shorin-Ryu Karate, the last three hops are replaced by taitoshi (body leg drop) followed with a series of blocks, a kick and punch.

Bibliography
Redmond, R. Kata: The Folk Dances of Shotokan, 2006

References

External links
Chinte kata diagram
Kata et vidéo

Shotokan
Karate kata

Chinte


The quadruped walk is a vertebrate which walks on four legs. This is the basic locomotion of amphibia, reptiles and mammals. Those which walk on two legs or those which fly have evolved from the basic pattern. The scientific term for quadrupeds is Tetrapoda.

Tetrapods
Animal locomotion

Quadruped walk


Tjuvholmen skulpturpark is a sculpture park in the Tjuvholmen neighborhood of Frogner borough in Oslo, Norway. It is close to Aker Brygge.

History
The park opened 10 August 2012, as part of a £20 million development plan for Tjuvholmen. It consists of seven pieces of art created by notable international contemporary artists such as Louise Bourgeois, Peter Fischli & David Weiss, Antony Gormley, Anish Kapoor, Ellsworth Kelly, Ugo Rondinone, and Franz West. It was expanded in 2013 with several additional sculptures. The sculptures stand out against the Oslofjord, with a view to the Akershus Castle and Akershus Fortress, and Astrup Fearnley Museum of Modern Art. Nearby, there is a beach which is open to the public.

Design
The art museum was designed by the Italian architect Renzo Piano, who also designed the sculpture park.
The park's concept was developed in conjunction with the Louisiana Museum of Modern Art.

Sculpture
There are seven sculptures in the park. "Things for a House on an Island" by Fischli and Weiss allows viewers to look into the structure.
"Things for a House on an Island" by Peter Fischli & David Weiss
"Eyes" by Louise Bourgeois
"Edge II" by Antony Gormley
"Untitled" by Anish Kapoor
"Untitled (Totem)" by Ellsworth Kelly
"Moonrise" by Ugo Rondinone
"Spalt" by Franz West

References

Parks in Oslo
2012 establishments in Norway
Sculpture gardens, trails and parks in Oslo

Tjuvholmen Sculpture Park


Thomas William Cartwright  (22 July 1935 – 30 April 2007) was an English cricketer. Playing largely for Somerset and Warwickshire, he took over 1,600 wickets as a medium-pace bowler, though he began his career as a top-order batsman, and was capable enough with the bat to score seven hundreds including a double-century. He played in five Tests for England in 1964 and 1965. His withdrawal from the 1968–69 tour to South Africa led to his replacement in the touring team by Basil D'Oliveira, whose inclusion precipitated the sporting isolation of South Africa until apartheid was abolished.

Cricket writer, Colin Bateman, stated, "Cartwright was an exceptional bowler whose talents could not find a niche in the England side, much to the discredit of the selectors. His high, flowing action off a few steady paces produced unerring accuracy and nip for his rich assortment of seam and swing deliveries, but England looked usually for a first change bowler with extra pace". He became a coach in later life at Millfield School, and later for Wales, as well as a manager at Glamorgan, with whom he had concluded his player career in 1977. He died there in 2007 of a heart attack.

Life and career
Cartwright was born in Alderman's Green, Coventry, in a miner's cottage with no running water. He was the last of four children, with three older sisters. His Methodist father worked in the Riley car factory; his mother's father was a coal miner. He inherited strong socialist views from his parents, and a strong sense of personal integrity. He was educated at Foxford School, a secondary school in Coventry, and he captained his school and the Coventry's schools teams in football and cricket. He took trials as a right-winger at Aston Villa, but began working at the Rootes car factory.

He joined Warwickshire in 1952, aged 17. He began his cricket career as a batsman, preferring to open the batting, became an all-rounder, batting further down the order, and ended as a bowler. He was very successful in first-class cricket, playing for Warwickshire from 1952 to 1969, for Somerset from 1970 to 1976, and for Glamorgan in 1977.

He made his first-class debut in Warwickshire's last county championship match of the 1952 season, against Nottinghamshire, scoring 82 and 22 not out. This remains the highest county score by a player aged under 17½. He did National Service from 1953 to 1955 in the Royal Artillery at Shoeburyness. In 1955, he played for the Army against the Navy at Lord's, and for the Combined Services against Lancashire, scoring three half-centuries in the two matches.

He scored seven first-class centuries, including 210 against Middlesex in 1962. He took 100 wickets in eight seasons, and passed 1,000 runs in three seasons. He achieving the all-rounder's "double" in 1962, taking 106 wickets and making 1176 runs. In 1965, he took 100 wickets at an average of 13.85. He won the Gillette Cup with Warwickshire in 1966 and 1968.

He made his Test debut in the Fourth Test against Australia at Old Trafford in July 1964, when Australian captain Bob Simpson reached a triple century. Both teams scored over 600 in their first innings and the match was drawn. Cartwright took 2–118 in 77 overs, including 32 maidens. He continued in the Fifth Test at the Oval, taking 3–110 in 62 overs, including 23 maidens. He toured in the winter of 1964/65, but broke a metatarsal bone and was unable to play until the Fourth Test against South Africa at Johannesburg. He was selected for the First Test against New Zealand at Edgbaston the following summer, but was then injured again and missed the next few matches. He achieved his best Test bowling figures (6–94) in his final Test appearance, when he returned for the Second Test against South Africa at Trent Bridge later in 1965. He broke his right thumb attempting to take a catch off his own bowling in the first innings, and he was unable to bowl in the second innings. He never played Test cricket again.

He was selected for the 1968/9 tour to South Africa, but a shoulder injury caused him to withdraw at the last minute. Basil D'Oliveira was selected to take his place, and the resulting controversy led to South Africa's exclusion from Test cricket for twenty two years.

Cartwright took 8–96 in his final match for Warwickshire in 1969. Worried about his future career, he sought a coaching position at Warwickshire before moving to Somerset to take up a coaching job at Millfield School. He became coach at Somerset, where he played with a young Ian Botham, helping him to develop his swing bowling. He left Somerset after an argument about his fitness in 1976, and played for Glamorgan the following year before finally retiring from playing to concentrate on coaching.

After he retired from professional cricket, he was cricket manager at Glamorgan from 1977 to 1983. He became coach for the Welsh Cricket Association and then the first Welsh national coach. For this work, he was awarded the MBE when he retired in 2000. He also became the first cricket coach to join the National Coaching Federation's Hall of Fame. He took charge of the development of under-16 cricketers for many years, continuing until 2007.

Aged 70, he played his last game of cricket at Broadhalfpenny Down in September 2005.

Cartwright suffered a heart attack in March 2007, and died a month later. He was survived by his Welsh wife, Joan Rees, whom he married in 1960, and by their son and daughter. Joan died on 28 March 2017.

A biography, Tom Cartwright: The Flame Still Burns, by Stephen Chalke was published in April 2007.

References

Footnotes

References

Veteran of apartheid era says do not go, The Guardian, 9 January 2003
Tom Cartwright from Warwickshire County Cricket Club
England seamer Tom Cartwright dies, Cricinfo, 30 April 2007

Obituary, The Independent, 1 May 2007
Obituary, The Guardian, 1 May 2007
 Obituary, The Daily Telegraph, 1 May 2007

1935 births
2007 deaths
English cricketers
England Test cricketers
Glamorgan cricketers
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Somerset cricketers
Warwickshire cricketers
Combined Services cricketers
International Cavaliers cricketers
Cricketers from Coventry
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
English cricket coaches
Players cricketers

Tom Cartwright


John G. Breslin was a Democratic politician from the U.S. State of Ohio. He was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives, and was Speaker at age 24. He later was Ohio State Treasurer and in the railroad business.

Biography
Breslin was born at Lebanon, Pennsylvania in about 1824. Both his parents died when he was about three years old, and he was adopted by a family named McKissen. They moved to Dayton, Ohio when John was a boy, and he decided to make his own way at age 12.

At age 12, Breslin walked to Columbus, Ohio, where he hired on as a printers apprentice to Samuel Medary, editor of the Columbus Statesman, a Democratic paper. He applied his time to work and study for six years. In 1842, Colonel Medary received a letter from Democrats in Tiffin, Ohio, asking him to recommend a young man to edit a Democratic paper in their city, and Medary recommended Breslin. Breslin published the first edition of the Seneca Advertiser May 6, 1842, and he continued with the paper until 1854.

Breslin was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives in 1848, and was re-elected in 1849. In 1848 he was selected by his peers as Speaker of the House at age 24.

In 1851, Ohio adopted a new constitution. The office of Ohio State Treasurer became elective, and Breslin ran against the Whig incumbent Albert A. Bliss, and won office.

While Breslin was Treasurer in Columbus, he met and married Anna C. Borland of Lancaster, Ohio. He was re-elected in 1853, but lost to Republican William H. Gibson in 1855 while seeking a third term. Gibson was a fellow Tiffin resident, and was related by marriage to Breslin. Breslin served until the second Monday of January, 1856, and then moved back to Tiffin.

In June, 1857, Gibson was forced to resign, when it became public that Breslin had left the Treasury several hundred thousand dollars short at the end of his term. Breslin assured Gibson the money would be made good. Gibson was found guilty of nothing more than being too trusting. Breslin removed to Canada to avoid the unpleasantness.

After residing in Lancaster, Ohio for a year and a half, Breslin and his wife moved to Huntington, West Virginia in 1871, where he was general ticket agent for the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway. He worked there until his death February 22, 1889. His was buried at Greenlawn Cemetery, Tiffin. His widow moved back to Lancaster.

References

External links
Breslin Treasury defalcation March 12, 1859 in New York Times

1824 births
1889 deaths
19th-century American newspaper publishers (people)
Chesapeake and Ohio Railway
Politicians from Columbus, Ohio
Politicians from Huntington, West Virginia
People from Tiffin, Ohio
Speakers of the Ohio House of Representatives
Democratic Party members of the Ohio House of Representatives
State treasurers of Ohio
People from Lebanon, Pennsylvania
Politicians from Dayton, Ohio
19th-century American journalists
American male journalists
19th-century American male writers
19th-century American politicians
Journalists from Ohio
Journalists from Pennsylvania

John G. Breslin


Rafe Stefanini is an old-time banjo player, fiddler, guitarist, singer, teacher, violin maker, and restorer.

He was born in San Benedetto Val di Sambro, Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy and grew up in Bologna. He first visited the United States in 1975,  and came to live in the U.S. in 1983. He became a U.S. citizen, and lived for many years in Elkins Park, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Philadelphia, before relocating to Madison, a neighborhood of Nashville, Tennessee, in July 2021. In addition to playing music, he is also trained in violin making and restores violins.

He has performed with the Wildcats (along with Carol Elizabeth Jones and Stefan Senders. Along with Dirk Powell and Bruce Molsky he has performed with a trio called the L-7s. He has also performed with Molsky and guitarist Beverly Smith in a group called Big Hoedown, a group that disbanded in 2000. Along with Meredith McIntosh, John Hermann, and Bev Smith, he has performed in the Rockinghams. He has also recorded with Bob Herring. He performs with his wife Nikki Lee (who plays guitar) and daughter Clelia (who plays fiddle, guitar, double bass, and ukulele) as "Nine Pound Hammer." Together, the three make up the Stefanini Family Band.

He has recorded for the Rounder, County, Marimac, Heritage, Yodel-ay-hee, 5-String Productions, and World Music Network labels.

Stefanini has performed on A Prairie Home Companion and at the Mount Airy Fiddlers Convention. He has performed throughout the United States as well as in Finland, Germany, Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei.

His brothers Gianni and Bruno also play old-time music and the three performed in The Moonshine Brothers, which formed in the late 1970s and remained together until Stefanini moved to the U.S. in 1983.

Discography

As leader
1999 - Hell and Scissors (County)
2001 - Glory on the Big String (County)
2006 - Bluegrass Meadows (5-String)
2006 - Ladies Fancy (County)

With Bob Herring
1995 - Old Paint (Yodel-ay-hee)
2004 - Fresh Coat (5-String)

With Bruce Molsky & Big Hoedown
1997 - Bruce Molsky & Big Hoedown (Rounder)

With Clelia Stefanini
2009 - Never Seen the Like...

With The Wildcats
Old Time Music (Marimac)
On Our Knees (Yodel-ay-hee)

Compilations
Galax International (Heritage)
5th Annual Galax Fiddlers Convention 1985 (Heritage)
2002 - Rough Guide to the Music of the Appalachians (World Music Network)
2003 - The Art Of Old-Time Mountain Music (Rounder)

Other
The Rockinghams (Yodel-ay-hee)
Shout Lulu (with The Rockinghams)
Old Time Friends (with Ray Alden and others) (Marimac)
The Young Fogies (Heritage)
Mike Seeger's 3rd Annual Farewell Reunion (with Mike Seeger and others; 1995 Grammy nominee) (Rounder)
A Tribute to the Appalachian String Band Music Festival (with The L7s) (Chubby Dragon)
The Marimac Anthology (Rounder)
Young Fogies Vol. 2 (with The L7s) (Rounder)
Red Prairie Dawn (with Gary Harrison & The Mule Team) (Gary Harrison)
''The Immigrant Band (with John Doyle, Eamon O'Leary, John Herrman, and Clelia Stefanini

References

External links

Official site
MySpace page
[ Allmusic entry]
Rafe & Clelia Stefanini MySpace page

Videos
Video documentary from the Pennsylvania Cable Network (August 30, 2015)

Banjoists
Appalachian old-time fiddlers
Italian musical instrument makers
Italian guitarists
Italian male guitarists
Italian male singers
Living people
Musicians from Bologna
Old-time musicians
Musicians from Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
1950s births
Italian emigrants to the United States
Singers from Nashville, Tennessee
People from the Province of Bologna

Rafe Stefanini


The phlogiston theory once put forward the belief that there was a fire-like element called phlogiston inside combustible bodies which was released during combustion. When the substances burned, the phlogiston escaped leaving a solid ash called calx. This theory explained why the mass after burning fuels was less than the original mass.

The theory was first suggested in 1667 by Johann Joachim Becher, but was dismissed at the end of the 18th century following further experiments by Antoine Lavoisier and others.

Careful experiments that measured the masses of gasses showed that the phlogiston theory was wrong. This led to the discovery of oxygen. However, some scientists continued to believe in phlogiston. They thought this explained the heat and light given off in combustion reactions. Today we see this as evidence of the transfer of energy to the surroundings.

History of science
Chemical reactions
Thermodynamics

Phlogiston theory


Central Wharf is a historic pier in Boston, Massachusetts. Built in 1815–1816 between Long Wharf and India Wharf, it originally extended from India Street nearly a quarter-mile into Boston Harbor. Today, the much-shortened wharf (due to land reclamation on the city end) serves as the home of the New England Aquarium.

History
Central Wharf was conceived in the aftermath of the War of 1812, when the restoration and expansion of trade created a need to renovate the Boston waterfront and expand the town's shipping capacity. The project was organized by Ebenezer Francis and was primarily financed by several of the same men who had previously built or invested in India Wharf, namely Uriah Cotting, Harrison Gray Otis, James Lloyd Jr. and Francis Cabot Lowell. Construction of the wharf began on around April 17, 1815, with the store roofs being covered before the end of the following year, and full occupancy was achieved by the beginning of April 1817.

Upon its completion, Central Wharf featured a row of fifty-four warehouses built in the Federal style, with each one measuring four stories in height and three window bays in width. In total, the wharf was one of the town's largest at 1,240 feet long and 150 feet wide, and one contemporary observer noted that "the completion of this undertaking, unparalleled in commercial History, is a proof of the enterprize, the wealth, and persevering industry of Bostonians." Over the next several decades it assumed a prominent position in the town's seaport, becoming the place of business for several eminent merchants and serving as the center of Boston's large Mediterranean trade.

Only a small portion of Central Wharf still exists today, as the majority of the site was demolished in stages over the course of the late 19th and mid-20th centuries. The length of the pier was considerably reduced in ca. 1868 due to land reclamation undertaken for the construction of Atlantic Avenue, which ran through the middle of the wharf, and most of the warehouses were torn down in the 1950s-1970s to make way for several projects, including the building of the Central Artery and the New England Aquarium. The aquarium has since become a major feature on the remaining area of the wharf, having operated there since its opening in 1969.

Of the original warehouses built on Central Wharf, the westernmost eight (at 146-176 Milk Street) have survived into the 21st century, although their facades have undergone varying degrees of alteration from their original appearance. These buildings, which form the last surviving Federal-style wharf complex in the city, were added as part of the Custom House District to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

Gallery

Notes

References

External links

19th century in Boston
Boston Harbor
Economic history of Boston
Financial District, Boston
Historic district contributing properties in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Boston
Transportation buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Wharves in Boston
Wharves on the National Register of Historic Places

Central Wharf (Boston)


APE100 was a family of SIMD supercomputers developed by the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN, "National Institute for Nuclear Physics") in Italy between 1989 and 1994. The systems were developed to study the structure of elementary particles by means of lattice gauge theories, especially quantum chromodynamics.

APE ("ah-pei"), an acronym for Array Processor Experiment, was the collective name of several generations of massively parallel supercomputers since 1984, optimized for theoretical physics simulations. The APE machines were massively parallel 3D arrays of custom computing nodes with periodic boundary conditions.

APE100 was developed at INFN in Rome and Pisa under the direction of Nicola Cabibbo. Each node was capable of 50MFLOPS so that the complete configuration with 2,048 nodes had a performance of 100 gigaflops. In 1991, it became the most powerful supercomputer in the world.

A version of APE100 has been marketed by Alcatel Alenia Space under the name of Quadrics. After 1994 the project at INFN was continued with the new names APEmille and ApeNext.

References

Massively parallel computers
SIMD computing
Supercomputers

APE100


Stadium Checkers (also known as Roller Bowl) is a tabletop race game for 2 to 4 players ages 8 to adult.  The object of the game is to be the first to move one's five colored marbles from the outer rim of the 'stadium' to a slot in the center of the board. The game was introduced in 1952 and originally published by W.H. Schaper Mfg. Co., Inc. In 2004, the game was republished as Roller Bowl by Winning Moves Games USA.  Its  original name was restored in 2007. This game is no longer in production.

Game play
Players begin the game by choosing one color of marble and placing them in the start positions on the outer-most ring on the board.  Starting with the start player, players take turns choosing one of the rings on the board and rotating it until one or more marbles drop to the next ring.  A player cannot choose a ring to rotate that does not have marbles adjacent to it, as marbles must be made to drop by twisting the ring on a player's turn.  As the marbles work towards the center chutes, players try to navigate their marbles towards their chute.  If a player's marble falls into a chute that is not his own, the marble is returned to the start position on the outer-most ring of the board.  The first player to get all five of their marbles into their chute in the center wins the game.

References

External links
 Boardgamegeek Stadium Checkers page, Link to the game on Boardgamegeek.com

Board games introduced in 1952
Abstract strategy games
Children's board games
Race games
Schaper Toys games
Tabletop games

Stadium Checkers


The  is one of the major museums in Japan.  It is Japan's largest research institute in the academic disciplines of humanities and social sciences, which was established in 1974 and opened to the public in 1977. It is built on the former grounds of Expo '70 in Suita, Osaka. The founding collection is known as the Attic Collection, and is an early 20th-century ethnological collection of mainly Japanese materials, including some early finds of Jōmon archaeological artifacts (in the Morse Collection). Further collections were brought together for the opening in 1977 and collecting activities have continued since.

The main focus of collection has been film, still images, sound recordings, and objects representing diverse aspects of everyday life, from farming to food, urban life, folk crafts, and religion. Permanent galleries for all large regions of the world display only part of the full collection.

Two special exhibitions of approximately three months duration are presented in Spring and Autumn each year, and there are numerous smaller temporary exhibitions on special themes.

The museum has a staff of approximately 70 researchers, and actively supports visits by scholars around Japan and abroad. The museum library is one of the largest academic, multiple-language reference libraries in Japan, with books and journal in Japanese, English, Chinese, Spanish, and other languages. The library is linked to a national network of public university libraries.

The Museum offers PhD courses in association with Japan's Inter-University of Advanced Graduate Studies (Sōkendai), an inter-institutional organization that provides administration for students placed in public research institutes and laboratories all over Japan.

The National Museum of Ethnology is also a founding member of the National Institutes for Humanities (NIHU), Japan.

References

External links

 National Museum of Ethnology website

National museums of Japan
Ethnographic museums in Asia
Museums in Osaka Prefecture
Archaeological museums in Japan
Suita
Museums established in 1977
1977 establishments in Japan

National Museum of Ethnology (Japan)


Józef Sylwester Sosnowski (died 31 December 1783), of the Nałęcz coat-of-arms, was a Polish-Lithuanian magnate — Voivode of Smolensk (from 1771) and Połock (from 1781), Grand Notary of Lithuania (1754), Field Notary of Lithuania (1764–71), Field Hetman of Lithuania (1775–80), a delegate to the Convocation Sejm of 1764, and Marshall of the Electoral Sejm of 1764.

Sosnowski is best remembered as the father of a love interest of Tadeusz Kościuszko's, Ludwika Sosnowska.  Sosnowski refused him his daughter's hand, reputedly telling the future hero of the American Revolution and leader of Poland's Kosciuszko Uprising against Russia that "turtledoves are not for common sparrows, and magnates' daughters are not for petty nobility."

References

Year of birth unknown
1783 deaths
18th-century Lithuanian nobility
Clan of Nałęcz
Field Hetmans of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Voivodes of Smolensk

Józef Sylwester Sosnowski


Sago  is a starch that comes from the spongy centre of tropical palm stems. In many cases, it comes from Metroxylon sagu. It is a major staple food for many people living in New Guinea and the Moluccas. It is called saksak, rabia, and sagu in those areas.

The largest suppliers are usually in Southeast Asia, particularly Indonesia and Malaysia. Big quantities of sago are often sent to Europe and North America for cooking purposes.

Cooking
It is traditionally cooked and eaten in various forms. It can be rolled into balls by boiling it in hot water. It forms a glue-like paste (papeda), or as a pancake.

Sago is often sold in the form of "pearls". These small rounded starch which becomes gelatinized by heating. Sago pearls can be boiled with water or milk and sugar to make a sweet sago pudding. Sago pearls look similar to other pearled starches. For example, pearls made out of cassava starch (tapioca) and potato starch. They may be used interchangeably in some dishes or snacks.

References

Carbohydrates
Food ingredients

Sago


Levi Leonard Conant (March 3, 1857, Littleton, Massachusetts – October 11, 1916, Worcester, Massachusetts) was an American mathematician specializing in trigonometry.

Education and career
He attended Phillips Academy, Andover and Dartmouth College (B.A., 1879, A.M., 1887) and later Syracuse University (Ph.D., 1893), studying mathematics.

He was professor of mathematics at the Dakota School of Mines from 1887 to 1890, then attended Clark University for a year before beginning teaching at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) in Worcester, Massachusetts in 1891, where he taught for the remainder of his life.

He was head of the Mathematics Department at WPI from 1908 until his death, and was interim president from 1911 to 1913. He married twice, first in 1884 to Laura Chamberlain (died 1911) and again in 1912 to Emma B. Fisher.

On October 11, 1916, aged 59, he was struck by a truck in front of his home and was killed.

The Number Concept
Conant's most significant work was his 1896 book The Number Concept: Its Origin and Development. This was a seminal work in the anthropological and psychological study of numerals, focusing on the analysis of Native American number systems from a generally cultural evolutionist theoretical perspective. Conant's ethnographic data generally reflected the limited development of anthropology at the time.

Conant's characterization of the numeral systems of Native American languages as 'primitive' or 'savage' is not widely accepted today. Conant's work, however, influenced scholars such as Lucien Lévy-Bruhl, and represented the first systematic comparative analysis of numeral systems of North America.

Legacy
Conant left $10,000 to the American Mathematical Society in his will, which was disbursed in 1976 following the death of Conant's second wife. In 2000 the Society established a yearly prize (Levi L. Conant Prize) in his name to honor the best expository paper published in the Bulletin of the AMS or the Notices of the AMS in the past five years.

Major works
The Number Concept: Its Origin and Development (1896)
Original Exercises in Plane and Solid Geometry (1905)
Plane and Spherical Trigonometry (1909)

References
Anonymous. 1916. Notes and news. American Mathematical Monthly 23(10): 401.
Marquis, Albert Nelson, ed. 1908–09. Who's Who in America: a Biographical Dictionary of Notable Living Men and Women of the United States. Chicago: Marquis.

External links
WPI Mathematical Sciences Department - History

Seventy Years of the Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Levi L. Conant Prize
Mathematics Genealogy Project record

1857 births
1916 deaths
Conant family
19th-century American mathematicians
20th-century American mathematicians
People from Littleton, Massachusetts
People from Worcester, Massachusetts
Dartmouth College alumni
Syracuse University alumni
Clark University alumni
Worcester Polytechnic Institute alumni
Worcester Polytechnic Institute faculty
Mathematicians from New York (state)

Levi L. Conant


The Silurian was the period from the end of the Ordovician, about 443.4 million years ago (mya) to the beginning of the Devonian period, about 419 mya. It is the third period of the Paleozoic era and the Phanerozoic eon and the shortest period in the Paleozoic.

As with other geologic periods, the rock beds that define the period's start and end are well identified, but the exact dates are uncertain by several million years. The beginning of the Silurian is set at a major extinction when 60% of marine species were wiped out, the End-Ordovician extinction event.

First terrestrial biota
The Silurian was the first period that produced fossils on land that are macroscopic. That means you can see them without using a microscope. These fossils are moss forests along lakes and streams, and millipedes and scorpions on land later in the period. The fossil record of Eurypterids (sea scorpions) reached its greatest extent in the middle Silurian, about 430 million years ago.

The first fossil records of vascular plants, appeared in the second half of the Silurian period. The earliest known representatives of this group are the Cooksonia (mostly from the northern hemisphere) and Baragwanathia (from Australia). A primitive Silurian land plant with xylem and phloem but no differentiation in root, stem or leaf, was much-branched Psilophyton. This plant reproduced by spores and respired through stomata on every surface, and probably photosynthesized in every tissue exposed to light.

Some evidence suggests the presence of primitive predatory arachnids and myriapods in later Silurian rocks. Predatory invertebrates would indicate that simple food webs were in place which included non-predatory prey animals.

Related pages
 Life timeline

References

Palaeozoic

Silurian


Netcenter, located in the independent city of Hampton, Virginia, is a former shopping mall redeveloped beginning in 2000 and converted into a business center with supporting retail, personal services and food service amenities. It was the first of its kind in the Hampton Roads region.

History

The Newmarket North Mall opened in 1975. In 1989, Goodman Segar Hogan bought the property and began a two-year, $9 million renovation and expansion project. In 1990, when the renovation was nearly complete, the mall was renamed "Newmarket Fair."

Due to Patrick Henry Mall's opening in bordering Newport News, Virginia in 1987, Newmarket Fair languished. It was apparent that the area was overbuilt with shopping malls.

In 2000, Washington, D.C.-based companies Netcenter Partners and Hampton Partners purchased the  property on  and converted it into a business center with supporting retail, personal services and food service amenities. It is located within a Virginia Enterprise Zone and a locally designated technology zone.

Netcenter was fashioned after a similar mall conversion in Tampa, Florida. It offers flexible floor plans, state-of-the-art communications, 24-hour access and retail support amenities. The project is situated on a  campus with 4,000 parking spaces and can accommodate office space for more than 4,000 workers.

Buildings and structures in Hampton, Virginia

NetCenter


A cruise ship (or cruise liner or ocean liner, though the latter mainly refers to large vessels designed for mass leisure travel which cross the ocean) is a large ship with sleeping cabins and other facilities that takes people on holiday and vacation trips. Hundreds of thousands of people take cruises each year.

Today's cruise ships are like floating hotels. They have a complete "hospitality staff" (to serve food and help passengers in other ways) as well as the usual ship's crew. The largest cruise ships have casinos, shops, many restaurants, theaters for both live entertainment and movies, several pools, day care, a gym, and a running track. The most expensive cruises often have more crew and staff than passengers. This means that the people who control the cruise can give many personal services.

Today, hundreds of cruise ships sail all over the world. Some carry over 3,000 passengers. These are some of the largest ships ever built. For some places, such as Antarctica, because it lacks other methods of regular transport, cruise ships are one of the few ways for tourists to visit.

There's also cruise type vessels that have permanent residences. Like the World Ship and MS Utopia.

References

Ship types
Tourism

Cruise ship


Graduation is the confirmation of the finishing of an university, military academy, academy or high school. Graduation is celebrated in a ceremony done at the day of that confirmation; the name of that ceremony is usually the degree day, commencement, invocation, or convocation. Graduation also means the moving of a student from one grade to another higher grade.

Education
Ceremonies

Graduation


The 111th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 111th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 111th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.

Service
The 111th Ohio Infantry was organized in Toledo, Ohio, and mustered in September 5, 1862, for three years service under the command of Colonel John R. Bond.

The regiment was attached to 38th Brigade, 12th Division, Army of the Ohio, September to November 1862. District of Western Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to May 1863. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to August 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to February 1865, and Department of North Carolina to June 1865.

The 111th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service June 27, 1865, at Salisbury, North Carolina.

Detailed service
Moved to Covington, Ky., September 12. Duty at Covington, September 13–25, 1862. Reconnaissance to Crittenden September 18–20. Moved to Louisville, Ky., September 25. Pursuit of Bragg to Crab Orchard, Ky., October 1–15. Moved to Bowling Green, Ky., October 16, and duty there guarding railroad to Nashville, Tenn., until May 29, 1863. Skirmish at Negro Head Cut, near Woodburn's, April 27. Moved to Glasgow, Ky., May 29, and duty there until June 18. Pursuit of Morgan June 18-July 26. Burnside's Campaign in eastern Tennessee August 16-October 17. At Loudon, Tenn., September 4 to November 14. Knoxville Campaign November 4-December 23. Action at Ruff's Ferry November 14. Near Loudon and Lenoir November 15. Campbell's Station November 16. Siege of Knoxville November 17-December 5. Pursuit of Longstreet to Blain's Cross Roads December 5–16. Operations about Dandridge January 16–17, 1864. Expedition to Flat Creek February 1. Near Knoxville February 13. At Mossy Creek until April 26. Atlanta Campaign May 1 to September 8. Demonstrations on Rocky Faced Ridge and Dalton May 8–13. Battle of Resaca May 14–15. Advance on Dallas May 18–25. Operations on line of Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 25-June 5. Ackworth June 2. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Lost Mountain June 15–17. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes Creek June 19. Kolb's Farm June 22. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Nickajack Creek July 2–5. Chattahoochie River July 5–17. Decatur July 19. Howard House July 20. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Utoy Creek August 5–7. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25–30. Battle of Jonesboro August 31-September 1. Lovejoy's Station September 2–6. At Decatur September 8 to October 4. Operations against Hood in northern Georgia and northern Alabama October 4–26. At Johnsonville until November 20. Nashville Campaign November–December. Columbia, Duck River, November 24–27. Columbia Ford November 28–29. Battle of Franklin November 30. Battle of Nashville December 15–16. Pursuit of Hood to the Tennessee River December 17–28. At Clifton, Tenn., until January 7, 1865. Movement to Washington, D.C., then to Fort Fisher, N.C., January 7-February 9. Operations against Hoke February 11–14. Fort Anderson February 18–19. Town Creek February 19–20. Capture of Wilmington February 22. Campaign of the Carolinas March 1-April 26. Advance on Goldsboro March 6–21. Occupation of Goldsboro March 21. Advance on Raleigh April 10–14. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. Duty at Salisbury, N.C., until June.

Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 215 men during service; 2 officers and 52 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 158 enlisted men died of disease.

Commanders
 Colonel John R. Bond
 Lieutenant Colonel Isaac Ruth Sherwood - commanded at the battle of Nashville

Notable members
 Lieutenant Colonel Isaac Ruth Sherwood - U.S. Representative from Ohio, 1873–1875, 1907–1921, 1923–1925
George w Crowell Enlisted Aug 22 1862,

See also

 List of Ohio Civil War units
 Ohio in the Civil War

References
 Dyer, Frederick Henry. A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion (Des Moines, IA:  Dyer Pub. Co.), 1908.
 McCord, Henry Jackson. Glory! Glory! Glory!:  The Civil War Diaries of Henry Jackson McCord, Captain, Company G, 111th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (Fairfax, VA:  Richard Gan Young), 2002.
 Ohio Roster Commission. Official Roster of the Soldiers of the State of Ohio in the War on the Rebellion, 1861–1865, Compiled Under the Direction of the Roster Commission (Akron, OH: Werner Co.), 1886–1895.
 Reid, Whitelaw. Ohio in the War: Her Statesmen, Her Generals, and Soldiers (Cincinnati, OH: Moore, Wilstach, & Baldwin), 1868.
 Sherwood, Isaac R. Souvenir, One Hundred Eleventh O.V.I.:  In Memory of the Old War Days (Toledo, OH:  B. F. Wade and Sons Co.), 1907.
 Thurstin, Wesley S. History, One Hundred and Eleventh Regiment O.V.I. (Toledo, OH:  Vrooman, Anderson & Bateman, Printers), 1894.
Attribution

External links
 Ohio in the Civil War: 111th Ohio Volunteer Infantry by Larry Stevens
 Regimental flag of the 111th Ohio Infantry

Military units and formations established in 1862
Military units and formations disestablished in 1865
Units and formations of the Union Army from Ohio
1862 establishments in Ohio

111th Ohio Infantry Regiment


Globule was an open-source collaborative content delivery network developed at the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam since 2006. It is implemented as a third-party module for the Apache HTTP Server that allows any given server to replicate its documents to other Globule servers. This can improve the site's performance, maintain the site available to its clients even if some servers are down, and to a certain extent help to resist to flash crowds and the Slashdot effect.  the project is discontinued and is no longer maintained.

Globule takes care of maintaining consistency between the replicas, monitoring the servers, and automatically redirecting clients to one of the available replicas. Globule also supports the replication of PHP documents accessing MySQL databases. It runs on Unix and Windows systems.

See also
 Codeen

References

External links
 A paper describing Globule's architecture as a collaborative content delivery network

Distributed data storage
Apache httpd modules

Globule (CDN)


The Hofgarten (Court Garden) is a garden in the center of Munich, Germany, located between the Residenz and the Englischer Garten.

History
The garden was built in 1613–1617 by Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria in the style of Italian Renaissance garden. In the center of the garden is a pavilion for the goddess Diana, built-in 1615 by Heinrich Schön the elder. A path leads from each of the eight arches. On the roof of the Diana pavilion, is the replica of a sculpture of Bavaria by Hubert Gerhard, created in 1623. The original is in the Kaisersaal of the Residenz.

Facing the Hofgarten on the east side is the Bavarian Staatskanzlei ("State Chancellery"), housed in the former Army Museum, with the addition of glass wings left and right of the original building.  The repurposed building was completed in 1993. A few steps more eastwards the Hofgartenkaserne was located from 1801 to 1899.
In front of the Staatskanzlei, the Kriegerdenkmal ("war memorial") is located, built for commemoration of the Munich people, killed in action in World War I.

In the north east corner, a square black granite memorial stands to the White Rose group, whose members were executed for a nonviolent campaign against Hitler's regime.

The south side towards the Residenz includes flowers in a design by Carl Effner from 1853, with arcades to the west and the north, including many wall paintings related to the history of Bavaria. To the west, the Hofgartentor ("Court Garden Gate") leads towards the Theatinerkirche. Built in 1816, it is the first work in Munich by Leo von Klenze.

The garden was destroyed during World War II, and was rebuilt with a partial redesign which compromised between the landscape garden character it had acquired in the nineteenth century and the original formal design of the seventeenth century.

Nowadays the garden is open to the public, and is very popular with both residents and tourists alike. The nearest Munich U-Bahn station is Odeonsplatz, located directly west of the garden.

External links
 Munich Court Garden Information in English by the Bayerische Schlösserverwaltung
 360° Panorama View of Hofgarten
 The installation "Replika" in the Hofgarten, 20.07. - 21.10.2012

Urban public parks
Gardens in Bavaria
Parks in Germany
Busking venues
Parks and open spaces in Munich
Renaissance architecture in Munich

Hofgarten (Munich)


We Work Again is a 1937 ephemeral film produced by the Work Projects Administration to promote its employment and training efforts for African-Americans during the Great Depression. Various jobs are shown, including public construction projects, domestic service and health care training, adult education programs and performing arts. It is particularly noted for containing the only existing footage of the 1936 Federal Theatre Project production of Macbeth, directed by Orson Welles and featuring an all-black cast.

Production
We Work Again is a Work Projects Administration documentary short subject produced in 1937 by civil rights activist Alfred Edgar Smith, a member of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Black Cabinet, and Pathé News. The film presents the positive impact of WPA employment and training programs for African-Americans. Scenes of unemployment are contrasted with scenes of those working in public building projects, land records management and nursery schools, being trained in health care and domestic service, and taking part in adult education classes. The film features programs available for visual artists, musicians, writers and theatre workers.

We Work Again has gained considerable attention because it includes the only known footage of the Negro Theatre Unit's 1936 production of Macbeth staged by Orson Welles. This footage consists of the last few minutes of the play. Maurice Ellis and Charles Collins appear as Macbeth and Macduff, indicating that the filming took place after July 16, 1936, when Ellis succeeded Jack Carter.

A copy of the film is preserved by the National Archives and Records Administration. The film has also been released on DVD on the 4-disc box set Treasures from American Film Archives, compiled by the National Film Preservation Foundation.  It is one of the very few films of its genre ever to be released on DVD or any other home format. The film is in the public domain and as such has appeared on several websites, including the Internet Archive.

Cast

 William Lawrence, directing an art song ensemble
 Juanita Hall, leading a spiritual choir ("Ezekiel Saw the Wheel")

Voodoo Macbeth
 Maurice Ellis: Macbeth
 Charles Collins: Macduff
 Eric Burroughs: Hecate
 Zola King: Witch
 Josephine Williams: Witch
 Wilhelmina Williams: Witch

See also
Treasures from American Film Archives

References

External links

 Preserved Films: Footage of Orson Welles's "Voodoo" Macbeth (1937) — National Film Preservation Foundation

1937 documentary films
1937 films
Black-and-white documentary films
American short documentary films
American black-and-white films
Documentary films about United States history
Works Progress Administration
Orson Welles
Documentary films about African Americans
Articles containing video clips
1930s English-language films
1930s American films

We Work Again


Alonzo Lewis (1794–1861) was a teacher, writer, surveyor, poet, reporter, editor, and publisher of Lynn, Massachusetts.  He was an ardent abolitionist and edited the Lynn Weekly Mirror, the Lynn Record (in 1830), and Freedom's Amulet. He created the 1829 Map of Lynn on order of the Lynn selectmen and Massachusetts Legislature. In 1838, he created a survey of Lynn Beach and Harbor for the US Congress.

He was born August 28, 1794, son of Zachariah and Mary (Hudson) Lewis, and grandson of Nathan and Mary (Newhall) Lewis. His siblings were Irene (born June 10, 1797), Mary (born October 18, 1802), and Henry (born November 3, 1807).

Alonzo married Frances Maria Swan on January 7, 1822. They had six children: Alonzo (born November 30, 1822); Frances Maria (born October 17, 1824); Aurelius (born March 12, 1827); Lewellyn (born April 29, 1829); Arthur Lynnworth (born September 2, 1831); and Thomas (died January 26, 1839). Frances died May 27, 1839, at age 36.

He published three books of poetry between 1824 and 1834, and his collected poems were published posthumously in 1883.

He wrote and published The Picture of Nahant, printed by J. B. Tolman in  1845. He also wrote and published A Guide through Nahant with an account of its earliest inhabitants printed in 1851.

His History of Lynn was first published in 1829, printed by J. H. Eastburn in Boston with 260 pages. The second updated version was published in 1844, printed by Samuel N. Dickinson with 276 pages. This 1844 book identifies him as "The Lynn Bard."  James R. Newhall created an updated version in 1865, published by John L. Shorey with 620 pages. This was republished in 1890 by George C. Herbert.

Lewis was the subject of a portrait bust by Joanna Quiner.

References
Poetry of Places in Essex County.  This website  has Alonzo Lewis's nicely formatted poem High Rock.
Lewis, Ion editor. The Poetical Works of Alonzo Lewis (Boston: A. Williams & Co.) 1883.
Lewis, Alonzo.  Poems. Published 1831 by J.H. Easturn, 208 pages.
Lewis, Alonzo and James Robinson Newhall.  History of Lynn, Essex County, Massachusetts: Including Lynnfield, Saugus, Swampscott and Nahant. Published 1865 by John L. Shorey 13 Washington St. Lynn. Full copy at books.google. See page 181 for Alonzo's corrected ancestry.
Lewis, George Harlan.  Edmund Lewis of Lynn, Mass. and Some of His Descendants  Published 1908 by the Essex Institute. Full image online at books.google. While mentioned as a source in this book, Alonzo in not recorded as a descendant of Edmund.
Lewis, Alonzo. 1829 Map of Lynn.
Essex Institute. Vital Record of Lynn, Massachusetts. Published in 1905 and 1906. Transcribed and put online by John Slaughter and Jodi Salerno.
Arrington, Benjamin F. History of Essex County, Massachusetts Vol.2 Page 745 Lynn Newspapers. Published 1922.
Kettell, Samuel editor. Specimens of American Poetry Page 332 Death Song by Alonzo Lewis. Volume 2 published 1829.
Cheever, George B. The American Common-place Book of Poetry: With Occasional Notes Page 383 Wanderer of Africa by Alonzo Lewis.  Published by Carter, Hendee, and Babcock 1831.

External links

1794 births
1861 deaths
American male poets
Writers from Lynn, Massachusetts
19th-century American poets
19th-century American male writers
Poets from Massachusetts
American abolitionists
Activists from Massachusetts
19th-century American newspaper editors
American male journalists
Journalists from Massachusetts

Alonzo Lewis


Alnico is an alloy made up of iron with aluminium (Al), nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co). The name "Alnico" is an acronym from Al-Ni-Co. Alnico may also contain copper and sometimes titanium.

Alnico alloys are ferromagnetic (a mechanism by which some materials form permanent magnets). Alnico alloys also have a high coercivity (they do not easily lose their magnetism) and are used to make permanent magnets. Before rare-earth magnets were developed in the 1970s, lnico magnets were the strongest type of magnet. The development of Alnico began in 1931 when T. Mishima in Japan found that an alloy of iron, nickel, and  aluminium had double the coercivity of the best magnets of that time. (the coercivity of Alnico is 400 oersted).

Properties
Alnico alloys can be made magnets by strong magnetic fields. Rare-earth magnets like neodymium and samarium-cobalt are the only easily found magnets which are stronger than alnico magnets. Alnico magnets produce very strong magnetic fields at their poles (a pole is one of the two ends of a magnet) as high as 1500 gauss (0.15 tesla which is about 3000 times stronger than earth's magnetic field.

Some types of alnico magnets are isotropic (properties are same in all directions) and can be properly magnetised in all directions. Other types like alnico 5 and alnico 8 are anisotropic (properties change when direction changes) have a preferred direction (one direction would be better than other directions) for magnetisation. Anisotropic alnico alloys will make stronger magnets in their preferred direction than an isotropic alnico alloy.

Alnico magnets are the only magnets that have useful magnetism even when heated red-hot.

In 2008, the cost of Alnico magnets was about $44/kg ($20/pound).

References

Alloys
Iron

Alnico


John Carver ( 1584 1621) Carver was a passenger on the Mayflower.  He was a leader during the Mayflower voyage and signed the Mayflower Compact.  He was also the first Governor of Plymouth Colony.

It is believed that Carver was from Doncaster in Yorkshire England. Carver was a Separatist who did not believe in the teachings of the Church of England.

Carver and his first wife Mary were members of the French Walloon church in Leiden, Netherlands. Their religion was also not allowed where they lived. Mayflower passenger Francis Cooke and his wife were also members of the French church in Leiden.  So was Philip Delano.  Delano would arrive in Plymouth in 1621 on the ship Fortune.  Carver was a deacon in Leiden about 1609 at about age 25, and was born sometime before 1584. Leiden church records show that Carver lost his first wife Mary and their child in 1609

Carver then married Katherine White.  She was a member of the Separatist church and was originally  from Nottinghamshire. Carver became very involved in the Leiden church.  He made close friendships with the leaders of the church, especially the pastor John Robinson. He also became friends with Robert Cushman who would play an important part in the plans for the Mayflower voyage.

The church members decided to travel to Virginia Colony, a place where they would be allowed to practice their religion.
William Brewster was in hiding from King James I. John Carver and Robert Cushman were chosen to make plans for the voyage.  In 1617 Carver and Robert Cushman began talking to officials of the Virginia Company.

These were London businessmen interested in making a profit from the New World.  By June 1620, John Carver was in Southampton purchasing supplies for the Mayflower voyage, along with Christopher Martin.  They agreed to pay for the Mayflower voyage.

Carver was very rich and provided much of his money to the church members, and for the Mayflower voyage.

Voyage

The Mayflower left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620. There were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. On 19 November 1620, the Mayflower reached land at Cape Cod hook. They landed on November 21. They wrote the Mayflower Compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other. The Mayflower was supposed to land in Virginia Colony, but the ship was too damaged and they were forced to land at Cape Cod now called Provincetown Harbor.

Carver was very educated and was fair with everyone so the passengers chose him to be their leader on the Mayflower.  When they landed the people chose him to be their first governor.

In Plymouth Colony
Carver left the ship and went to the land to find a safe place where they all could live.  William Bradford, John Carver, Myles Standish, Edward Winslow, John Howland, Richard Warren, Stephen Hopkins and Edward Doty also went. Hopkins was very helpful.  He had seen Native Americans during his time at Jamestown. On one trip  Bradford said they set off in below freezing weather.  Many of the men were ill,  and when the set sail the salt spray froze on their coats.  They saw Native Americans.  They were cutting up a whale which was very large.  When they saw the men coming toward them, the Indians ran.  At night they tried to protect themselves from the cold and the Indians.

Carver worked very hard with the other men to build houses to keep the people warm.  He hunted and fished and helped to plant food.

During that time, a Native American called Samoset paid a visit to Plymouth Colony and then the chief Massasoit also arrived. Governor Carver worked out a peace treaty with them.  On March 23, 1621, John Carver was again chosen to be Plymouth governor.  The people said that John Carver was a man they well approved of.

In early April 1621, after working in the field on a hot day, Governor Carver complained of a pain in his head. He returned to his house to lie down.  Within a few days he died.  William Bradford stated that Carver, although a wealthy man had worked hard alongside everyone.

Thomas Weston was one of the men who helped to pay for the Pilgrims trip.  He had criticism of the pilgrims for not loading up the returning Mayflower with furs and other goods to pay them back.  Govenor William Bradford sent a letter telling them of all the troubles they had.  He blamed Thomas Weston, and stated that Governor John Carver "had worked himself to death that spring and the loss of him and other industrious men lives cannot be valued at any price".

Carver is buried at Cole's Hill Burial Ground in Plymoth, Massachusetts.

References

Mayflower passengers
1580s births
1621 deaths

John Carver


The Subcommittee on Rules and Organization of the House is a subcommittee within the House Rules Committee

Under the Committee rules, as amended for the 110th Congress, the Rules and the Organization of the House subcommittee will have general responsibility for measures or matters related to relations between the two Houses of Congress, relations between the Congress and the Judiciary, and internal operations of the House.

This subcommittee has the primary responsibility for the continued examination of the committee structure and jurisdictional issues of all House Committees.

In the past, the subcommittee has considered measures dealing with "fast track" procedures for consideration of trade legislation, prohibitions on unfunded mandates, the recodification of the rules of the House, issues relating to a 21st-century Congress and the impact of technology on the process and procedures of the House.

Members, 117th Congress

Source:

Members, 116th Congress

Members, 115th Congress

References

External links
Rules Committee, Subcommittee page

Rules Rules and Organization of the House

United States House Rules Subcommittee on Rules and the Organization of the House


Kalkhoff is a German bicycle manufacturer based in Cloppenburg; it was founded in 1919 by Heinrich Kalkhoff (* 30. November 1903; † 25. September 1972) as a family business.

Founded as a first small workshop in Kalkhoff's parents' house, the company grew steadily. By 1939, more than 700,000 frames for bicycles were produced. The war forced the company to convert to the production of military equipment. After the end of the second World War, Kalkhoff initially manufactured everyday goods such as trailers and boilers. Only in 1950 did bicycle production resume, with the production of bicycles for leisure and everyday use. During the 1950s' bicycle boom, Kalkhoff expanded to 1200 employees and daily production reached 5000 frames. In 1968, Heinrich Kalkhoff left the company and turned management over to his sons Karl, Heinz and Berthold Kalkhoff. Increased competition from abroad led to a downturn in business, which eventually led to insolvency and bankruptcy in 1986. Kalkhoff was acquired in 1989 by Derby Cycle Corporation. Production of Kalkhoff bicycles continues at the Derby Cycle factory in Cloppenburg, Germany.

The brand is protected.

Notes

External links
 Kalkhoff official page
 Article in German news magazine Der Spiegel, 50/1985

Companies based in Lower Saxony
Cycle manufacturers of Germany
German brands
Electric bicycles

Kalkhoff


Gogonasus (meaning "snout from Gogo") was a lobe-finned fish known from three-dimensionally preserved 380-million-year-old fossils found from the Gogo Formation in Western Australia. It lived in the Late Devonian period, on what was once a 1,400-kilometre coral reef off the Kimberley coast surrounding the north-west of Australia. Gogonasus was a small fish reaching 30–40 cm (1 ft) in length.

Its skeleton shows several features that were like those of a four-legged land animal (tetrapod). They included the structure of its middle ear, and its fins show the precursors of the forearm bones, the radius and ulna. Researchers believe it used its forearm-like fins to dart out of the reef to catch prey.

Gogonasus was first described from a single snout (ethmosphenoid) by John A. Long (1985). On Long's 1967 expedition to Gogo the first relatively complete skull of Gogonasus was found by Chris Nelson and after being prepared by Sheila Mahala Andrews solved a scientific controversy by showing that the inner large fangs of the coronoid bones did not insert into the choana of the palate (Long 1988) as had been suggested by Rosen et al. (1981) for Eusthenopteron. In 1990 a combined expedition from the Western Australian Museum and the Australian National University yielded another almost complete skull of Gogonasus, this one found by Dr R. E. Barwick. The full description of its cranial anatomy appeared in Long, J. A., Barwick, R. E. & Campbell, K.S.W. (1997), although not all aspects of the skull were clear then even from the three specimens. In 2005 Long led another expedition back to Gogo and on July 11 one of the team members, Dr Tim Senden from the Australian National University, found a very well-preserved skeleton of Gogonasus, containing almost the complete fish down to the tip of the tail. It was Dr Senden's first field trip with the other researchers.

The specimen (NMV P221807) is now held at Museums Victoria, after nearly four months of acetic acid preparation by John Long. The new specimen showed some surprising new data not seen in any of the other specimens. Firstly, there were large spiracular openings on top of the skull, with a distinct down-folded cosmine-covered lamina of bone present on the tabular bone. This indicated its spiracles were almost as large as in the elpistostegalian fishes (like Tiktaalik) and early tetrapods (e.g. Acanthostega). Secondly, after preparation of its pectoral fins, the internal limb skeleton showed closer resemblances to that of the elpistostegalians than to other more generalised tetrapodomorph fishes like Eusthenopteron. For almost 100 years Eusthenopteron had been the well-used role model for demonstrating stages in the evolution of lobe-finned fishes to tetrapods. Gogonasus now replaces Eusthenopteron in being a better preserved representative without any ambiguity in interpreting its anatomy (as had been shown for example by Rosen et al. 1981 when erroneously reconstructing the fit of the lower jaws to the palate). Superficially, Gogonasus appears similar to the generalised tetrapodomorph fishes like Osteolepis from Scotland, but in its advanced features shows that even primitive-looking cosmine-covered forms evolved significant specializations towards becoming tetrapod-like.

Gogonasus is just one of the over 45 species of three-dimensionally preserved fishes from the Gogo Formation deposit. It is the only Devonian site in the world to yield whole complete fishes in perfect uncrushed preservation in some specimens.

See also

Other fish found in fossils from the Devonian period:
Mcnamaraspis kaprios, another fish from the Gogo Formation and Western Australia's fossil emblem
Tiktaalik
Eusthenopteron
Panderichthys
Actinistia
Materpiscis

References

External links
Ancient Gogonasus advances evolution, Museum Victoria.
Photographs and x-ray micro-tomography animation of Gogonasus from ANU
Gogonasus andrewsae by PZ Myers
Ancient Fish Fossil May Rewrite Story of Animal Evolution (National Geographic)
Livescience.com: "Discovery Points to Our Fishy Heritage." (Accessed 10/21/06)
Fox News: Primitive Fish Skeleton May Link Land, Sea
Interview with Dr John Long, curator at the Museum of Victoria

Late Devonian fish
Devonian bony fish
Megalichthyiforms
Prehistoric lobe-finned fish genera
Gogo fauna
Fossil taxa described in 1985

Gogonasus


An oxymoron  is a term for a figure of speech.   It is made up of two or more words that seem to be opposite to each other, or actually are opposite.

For example, the phrases "Wise fool", "Warm freezer", and "Legal murder" all have two words. In each one, the one word looks like the opposite of the other word.

You can have words that look opposite, but are right. For example, a "warm freezer" could be right. A freezer could be warm if it was turned off or left open.

The word oxymoron is an oxymoron; 'oxy' comes from the Greek word that means 'sharp', while 'moron' comes from the Greek word that means 'dull'.

Words that really are opposite to each other, would be words that just cannot be put together. For example, a "round square" could not happen because squares are not round.

Oxymorons sometimes appear in jokes. Sometimes, the joke is just to say that a pair of words are an oxymoron. For example, a joke that says that "glutted peasant" is an oxymoron. This means that peasants are usually hungry, if the word 'peasant' is opposite to 'glutted'.

Related pages

Paradox
 Trope

References

Logic
Figures of speech

Oxymoron


Kunar () is ane o the 34 provinces o Afghanistan, locatit in the northeastren pairt o the kintra. Its caipital is Asadabad.  It is ane o the fower "N2KL" provinces (Nangarhar Province, Nuristan Province, Kunar Province an Laghman Province).  N2KL is the designation uised bi US an Coalition Forces in Afghanistan for the ruggit an vera violent region alang the Afghanistan-Pakistan mairch opposite Pakistan's Federally Admeenistered Tribal Auries an North-Wast Frontier Province.  Kunar is the centre o the N2KL region.

References

Provinces o Afghanistan

Kunar Province


Beregsurány is a village in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county, in the Northern Great Plain region of eastern Hungary.

Geography
It covers an area of  and has a population of 636 people (2001).

Position
Beregsurany can be reached through the road 4127, lying on the northern side of the international Hungarian–Ukrainian border crossing point, about 70 km from Nyíregyháza, the center of the county.

Origin of the name
The prefix Bereg means 'belonging to the long-ago Bereg shire', the origin of the Surany forename is maybe the Slavish 'Su ran' family name, or the ancient Turkish magistracy 'cur'.

History
Until 1911, the village was called simple Surany. The current settlement is melted from the smaller villages Nagysurany and Kissurany. The settlement was the residency of the family Suranyi originated from the genum of Gutkeled or family Vardai.

From 1280, there was a tough hostility between Aladar (son of Mihaly) and Tamas (son of Gabor). In 1299 the family Vardai owned the settlement, that time called Egyhazassurany.

In 1345 Janos Suranyi and his son, Tamas, has litigated with Janos Kisvardai for the countryside border-land between Marok and Surany. Nagy- and Kissurany was owned in the 14th century by the families Nagysuranyi, Kissuranyi, Medgyes and Csepan (from Barabas).

In 1496 Kissurany was recorded as praedium, that is desert. In 1567 Tartars have ruined and burned Nagysurany, dragging the population away.

Charters from 1648 mention Istvan Telegdi, Gabor Perneszi, the widow of Menyhert Lonyay, Zsigmond Ujfalusi, Zsigmond and Gabor Perenyi, Gabor Barkoczi and Adam Dessewffy as proprietaries.

In 1651 Katalin Bornemissza (the widow of Gyorgy Perenyi and Ferenc Kallay), her descendants, further, Istvan Salyi and his wife Zsuzsanna Fulo became proprietaries, as well.

In 1729 Istvan, Mihaly and Eva Bay Ludanyi and in 1807 Istvan Bay became owners of areas near Surany. In 1822 Jozsef and Karoly Bay had properties there, and after 50 years, mrs Gyorgy Bay, Ferenc, Jozsef and Erzsebet Bay, baron Gyula Uray, Gabor Lonyay and Jeno Eotvos had aesthetical residences there.

(The family Bay (originated from shire Nograd) has settled in Surany through marriage in the 17th century, although the heads of the family are mentioned among the "illustrious men" of shire Bereg. Specially Mihaly Bay was the wice leader of the shire, who left the country with Imre Tokholy and lived in Asia, leaving his goods to his brother Andras. In his last will and testament, Tokholy bequeathed a patrician courtyard to Mihaly Bay. Mihaly Bay redeemed the courtyard at Rakoczi Ferenc II , in this contract Rakoczi enumerated the merits Mihaly Bay reached by serving Ilona Zrinyi and Imre Thököly.)

The military descriptors of shire Bereg between 1782 and 1825 found a swampy forest of oaks, birches and beech. The roads and meadows were also swampy, good hay could be collected only in the sparse woods beside the closest settlement Asztély. In the east from the village, the highway was forked, the branch going to Munkacs had hard ground, was quiet wide in the forest and carried just next to Surany. The one going through the village went to Beregszasz, the third one, going to Vári was lesser-busy since its poor state. However, the road coming from Tarpa was hardly viable in rainy weather.

The Geographian Dictionary written by Elek Fényes describes Surany as a Hungarian-Slovakian/Slovenian village in the shire Bereg, having 617 inhabitants, many woods and fat fields. In the monography of the sire Bereg written 30 years later, it is mentioned as a Hungarian settlement in the region Tiszahát, near the road to Namény, having 104 dwelling-houses, 686 inhabitants and 2630 acres of countryside. (In its flat countryside many brazen finds were found and said to be from the ancient times, like in 1879 on the fields of Gyula Uray, more than 40 brazen armlets and a lance was unearthed in a mug. Near the streamlet Mic sometime there was a fortress, probably an earth stronghold called Varszeg. In the 13th century Pazmanyfolde settlement lay in the lower border of the shire Bereg, near Surany and Marok, named after its first proprietary, genum Hunt-Pazman.)

The Jewish community
Jews lived in the village for many years. In 1938, after the publication of the "Jewish laws" intended to restrict the Jews in the fields of economy and society, all the local Jews were detained in one house for ten days on charges of "treason", and the licenses to maintain a tavern and sell essentials were confiscated.

In 1941, all the Jews who had doubts about their Hungarian citizenship were deported.

On April 20, 1944, after the Germans entered Hungary, the jewelry and cash held by Jews were confiscated. The next day they were taken to a brick factory in Berehove. On May 20, they were taken to the Auschwitz extermination camp.

Local Curiosities

Mihaly Nagyszolosi ecclesiastical writer was the Roman Catholic priest of the village in the second half of the 17th century.

Gyorgy Bay was born in 1792 in Surany and in 1815 he became a bodyguard of Maria Theresa. During his residence in Vienna he got known Karoly Kisfaludy and due to his influence, Gyorgy Bay began rhyming. In 1820 he moved back in Surany, corresponding with Ferenc Kazinczy and besides rhyming, he dealt with translations of poems and romans, as well.

Nationalities
In 2001, almost 100% of the inhabitants professed to be Hungarian.

Sights

Under Rakoczi street 2, the art relic reformed church can be found. According to the first notes from 1299, it was probably a wooden church, since the current one was built from stones in the second half of the 14th century. The main room and the much lower, groined cross vaulted sanctuary is built in gothic style, to the edges of the sanctum, two-divided pillars are leaning from outside. In the western room wooden balcony can be found, above the peaked triumphal arch the year 1715 can be read. Under the lime coating of the northern wall, murals from the middle-ages are hiding.

The sitting chamber arises from the 14th century, the furniture, including the stone pulpit with grawen louder originates from the 18th century, with demotic baroque decorations.

The church was renovated in 1715 and 1779, in 1828, judge Karoly Bay had made build the charnel-house of the family, just in front of the chairs of the patrons.

The tower of the church and the building afore it, comes from the 19th century. On the uppermost floor of the three storeyed tower four arch-type window can be found. The cap with clock shelf has shuttered windowlets on each side of it.

On the left side of the road going through the settlement, under Arpad street 115, nice sight is waiting for foreigners. The sometime Bay-castle is one of the rare art-relic barque mansions of the Bereg county. Based on its style-marks, the garrett-roofed mansion standing on high footing was built in the end of the 18th century, or beginning of the 19th century. Probably the family Bay had made build it. In Surany they had a wooden mansion already in the last third of the 17th century. For a long time, the kindergarten of the local government was operating in it. In 2006, it went through a full renovation, currently it is standing empty.

Under Rakoczi street 1., in a large park can be seen the arc-relic sometime Uray-castle. The building was made built by the family Uray in the middle of the 19th century. The one-storied building has portico closed with tympanum on both the front and garden side frontage. Its exterior and interior is also simple with romantic details. It is the propriety of the local government, currently the mayor's office is operating in it.

The memorial of World War II can be seen in the park of the Uray-castle, (which is called today Bárókert). In the village a private collection of local history can be found.

External links
 Homepage of Beregsurany
 The jewish community in Beregsurány On JewishGen website.

References

Populated places in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County
Hungary–Ukraine border crossings
Jewish communities destroyed in the Holocaust

Beregsurány


Maurice Prou (28 December 1861, in Sens – 4 October 1930) was a French archivist, paleographer and numismatist.

He studied at the École des Chartes and École française de Rome, afterwards working at the Cabinet des médailles de la Bibliothèque nationale. In 1899, following the death of Arthur Giry (1848–1899), he was appointed professor of diplomatics at the École des Chartes. In 1916 he became the school's director, a position he maintained until 1930. Within this time period (1916–1919), he also taught classes on histoire des institutions, filling in for Paul Viollet (1840–1914).

Prou played a major role in the revival of history of law and its institutions during the latter part of the 19th century. He was a longtime member of the editorial board of Revue historique de droit ("Historical Review of Law")  and the Société d'histoire du droit (Society of Legal History). He was also a member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (from 1910), the Société archéologique de Sens and the Société française de numismatique.

Written works
Among his many publications are editions of Hincmar (De ordine palatii, 1884) and Rodulfus Glaber (Les cinq livres de ses histoires, 1886). The following are a few of his other principal writings:
 Étude sur les relations politiques du pape Urbain V avec les rois de France, Jean II et Charles V (1362-1370), 1887 -- Study on the political relations of Pope Urban V with the kings of France, Jean II and Charles V (1362-1370).
 Manuel de paléographie latine et française du VIe au XVIIe siécle, suivi d'un dictionnaire des abréviations avec 23 facsimilés en phototypie, 1890 -- Textbook of French and Latin palaeography (the sixth to the seventeenth century), etc.
 Les monnaies carolingiennes, Catalogue des monnaies françaises de la Bibliothèque nationale, (1896) -- The Carolingian mint.
 La Gaule mérovingienne, 1897 -- Merovingian Gaul.

References
 France savante (biographical information, includes extensive list of Prou's publications.)
 Parts of this article are based on a translation of an equivalent article at the French Wikipedia.

External links

École Nationale des Chartes alumni
Academic staff of the École Nationale des Chartes
French numismatists
French archivists
French palaeographers
19th-century French historians
20th-century French historians
French medievalists
Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
Officers of the Legion of Honour
1861 births
People from Sens
1930 deaths

Maurice Prou


In chemistry, an additive is a substance that is added to a mixture or compound to change the properties of that mixture or compound. Food additives are used to improve food.
Additive properties depend on the total contribution of the atoms in the molecule or on the sum of the properties of the components in a solution (molecular weight, mass of a solution).

Chemistry

Additive


Schlagball is a German bat-and-ball game that was popular up until the 1950s in Germany.

Rules
Two teams of 12 players contest the right to bat or field. The batting team tries to score by hitting the ball, which is thrown up by themselves, and running between the batting crease and two touch posts to score runs (unlike cricket, one must make a full trip back-and-forth to score a point, rather than simply going from one of the places to the other). The fielding team may end the batting team's inning by either throwing the ball at one of the batting team's runners (known as "plugging" or "soaking", as in early forms of baseball. This can't happen while a batter is batting, at the batting crease or at the touch posts) or catching the ball one-handed when it is hit in the air.

The batting team scores a point for each time one of their batters successfully runs, or one of their batters hits the ball into a "long-hitting field", which is about 70 meters away from the batting crease. The fielding team scores a point every time the batting team's inning ends (except when the fielding team has pushed one of the batting team's runners off of the field). The team with more points after an hour of play wins.

References

External links
 Project Protoball – A translation of the German Wikipedia's article about Schlagball
 Johnball
 Best Youth Baseball Bat 2016

Ball and bat games
Culture of Germany

Schlagball


(died 28 August 1057) was the head of the Abe clan of Emishi who were allowed to rule the six Emishi districts (Iwate, Hienuki, Shiwa, Isawa, Esashi and Waga) in the  from Morioka to Hiraizumi in what is now Iwate Prefecture.

Background
The clan emerged from the Appi River basin in what is now Hachimantai City, Iwate Prefecture, early in the 9th century. They provided a number of generals and governors throughout the 9th and 10th centuries. By monopolizing the gold, iron and horse trade in northern Honshū the family became enormously wealthy. They were also innovative in designing a new type of stockade which could withstand a long siege.

The 9th and 10th centuries saw a weakening of central power as a new land management system of tax-immune estates, or shoen, took hold.

Campaign
Yoritoki and the Abes came into conflict with the Minamoto clan as it began to expand north into Abe territory. The Abe clan began to raid territories south of their border. In 1051 Yoritoki led an army of Emishi into northern Miyagi and defeated a government army at Onikiribe that had been sent to stop the raids. This event triggered the Former Nine Years' War (Zenkunen War).

Minamoto no Yoriyoshi was then deputized as the new Chinjufu Shogun and sent to chastise Yoritoki in 1053. In 1056 Yoritoki's eldest son, Sadato, began skirmishing with the Minamotos. War erupted in 1057 and Yoritoki was killed in battle by a stray arrow.

Yoritoki's sons continued fighting for a time but were finally overwhelmed by combined Minamoto and Kiyowara armies in 1062.

Legacy
Yoritoki was the father of -
 Abe no Sadato (1019–1062) who occupied the Kuriyagawa Stockade;
 Abe no Munetō (1032–1108) who was based at the Isawa Stockade;
 Abe no Masato who occupied the Kurosawa Stockade;
 Abe no Norito who stayed at the Koromo Stockade with his father;
 a daughter who married Taira no Nagahira;
 a daughter who married Fujiwara no Tsunekiyo. Through this daughter Yoritoki became the grandfather of Fujiwara no Kiyohira, the founder of the Northern Fujiwara dynasty.

Yoritoki is also one of the distant forefathers of Shinzō Abe, the prime minister of Japan, through Munetō.

Notes

References
 Ackroyd, Joyce. (1982) Lessons from History: The Tokushi Yoron. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press.  ; OCLC 7574544
 Sansom, George Bailey. (1958).  A History of Japan to 1334. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ;

People from Iwate Prefecture
1057 deaths
Samurai
Japanese warriors killed in battle
People of Heian-period Japan
1011 births

Abe no Yoritoki


Steven Rudich (born October 4, 1961) is a professor in the Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science. In 1994, he and Alexander Razborov proved that a large class of combinatorial arguments, dubbed natural proofs, was unlikely to answer many of the important problems in computational complexity theory. For this work, they were awarded the Gödel Prize in 2007.  He also co-authored a paper demonstrating that all currently known NP-complete problems remain NP-complete even under AC0 or NC0 reductions.

Amongst Carnegie Mellon students, he is best known as the teacher of the class "Great Theoretical Ideas in Computer Science" (formerly named "How to Think Like a Computer Scientist"), often considered one of the most difficult classes in the undergraduate computer science curriculum. He is an editor of the Journal of Cryptology, as well as an accomplished magician. His Erdős number is 2.

Leap@CMU
Rudich (and Merrick Furst, now a Distinguished Professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology) began the Leap@CMU (formerly called Andrew's Leap) summer enrichment program for high school (and occasionally, middle school) students in 1991. The summer enrichment program focuses mainly on theoretical aspects of Computer Science in the morning, followed by lunch recess, and then an elective—Robotics, Programming, or Mathematics Theory. The Programming elective is broken down into Intro Programming, Intermediate Programming, and Advanced Programming. As of 2017, the Math Theory Elective has been removed. Most days, there is also an afternoon lecture by a Carnegie Mellon University faculty member. This is placed between lunch and electives.

To enroll in Andrew's Leap, one must take a specialized test known as The Interesting Test. This assessment is supposed to gauge ability to think outside the box, and aptitude for computer-related math. Performance in school is not taken into account when deciding who is ready to take the course.

As of summer 2018, this program has been discontinued.

References

External links
Andrew's Leap Homepage.
Andrew's Leap Blog.
.
Home page at Carnegie Mellon.

American computer scientists
Carnegie Mellon University faculty
1961 births
Living people
Gödel Prize laureates

Steven Rudich


Eduardo Hernández Moncada (September 24, 1899 – December 31, 1995) was a Mexican composer, pianist, and conductor. He is one of the essential musicians representative of the Nationalist Movement of the Post-Revolutionary years in Mexico.
His music strives for a balance between modern influence and folk roots. His compositions include orchestral music, opera, ballet and film scores.

Biography

Born in Xalapa, Veracruz, son of a clarinetist. Hernández Moncada started piano lessons at an early age and at 19 moved to Mexico City to enter the National Conservatory. While still in school, he was hired to provide piano accompaniment to silent films playing at a local movie theater. In 1925 he married Teresa de Anda, an opera singer. While working in the movie theater, he met Carlos Chávez, and they began a long friendship. In 1929, Chávez invited Hernández to join the Mexican Symphony Orchestra as pianist, at the same time Silvestre Revueltas became assistant conductor. When Revueltas left the orchestra to form his own National Symphony Orchestra in 1936, Hernández succeeded him as assistant to Chávez. He served as a Director to the Conservatory Choir and Director and Founder of the Opera Academy. He was received an Ariel Award for the score to the movie Deseada (1951). Hernández Moncada was also a teacher and was appointed Principal to the National School of Music. He published several texts including an autobiography and bibliographical sketches of his friends Carlos Chávez and Silvestre Revueltas. He was highly regarded by his peers, including artists like Dimitris Mitropoulos, who conducted his First Symphony.

Selected works

Piano
Prelude (1926)
Album of the Heart (1934)
Costena (1962)

Duos
Romanza for cello and piano (1949)
Rhapsody of Sotavento for violin and piano (1974)

Chamber Music
Suite Romántica (1937)
Suite of Dances (1939)
String Quartet (1962)

Orchestra
Funerary March (1938)
Symphony Number 1 (1942)
Symphony Number 2 (1943)
Guelatao (1957)

Choral Music
Poems by Omar Khayyám (1932)
Costena Song (1958)
Give Me Moon Papyrus (1958)
Three Sonnets of Sor Juana (1979)

Opera
Elena (1948)

Ballets
Endless Voyage (1949)
Ermesinda (1952)
Maíz (1952)

Film scores
Enamorada (1946)
El Desquite (1947)
Si me viera Don Porfirio (1950)
Deseada (1951)

References

 Contreras Soto, Eduardo. 1993. Eduardo Hernández Moncada. Ensayo biográfico, catálogo de obras y antología de textos. México, D. F.: Centro Nacional de Investigación, Documentación e Información Musical "Carlos Chávez".

External links
 Herrera, Jesús. "Eduardo Hernández Moncada".

1899 births
1995 deaths
20th-century classical composers
People from Xalapa
Musicians from Veracruz
Mexican male classical composers
Mexican classical composers
Academic staff of the National Conservatory of Music of Mexico
20th-century male musicians

Eduardo Hernández Moncada


The Language Report (or, strictly, the language report) was an account of the state and use of the English language published by the Oxford University Press (OUP) in 2003. It was compiled by lexicographer Susie Dent, best known for her regular appearances on the television word game Countdown, and was an annual publication until 2007.

The 2003 report
The first Language Report, described by the OUP as "a frontline account of what we're saying and how we're saying it", reviewed, among other things, changes in the use of English since 1903, how new words come about, the language of the Internet and of text messaging (noting, for example, that on St Valentine's Day 2003, more text messages than cards were sent), language relating to particular areas of activity (such as fashion, warfare, politics, music, business and sport), urban slang, American and "World" English (for example, that of Australasia and South Africa), as well as nicknames, quotations and personal names "which have transcended their owners" (for example, Ally McBeal, Elvis Presley and Delia Smith). There was also a list containing a word that typified each year between 1903 (gamma ray) and 2003 (SARS), a practice which continued with "a word a year" in future editions. (HarperCollins had produced a similar list in 1997 - from "radioactivity" in 1896 to "Blairite" in 1997.)

2004–2007

Succeeding reports, which drew on the work of Oxford's language monitoring programme, concentrated on developments over the previous period of twelve months. A discernible feature was the increasing prominence given to Dent herself. In 2003 she was identified as the author on the inside title page and, with a small photograph, on the inside of the dust-jacket, but not on the outside; in 2004 and 2005, her name was on the front cover, with a photograph on the back cover;  in 2006, her name was shown on the spine and her photograph was on the front cover. The 2007 edition had the name in larger letters than the title or sub-title.

The second to fourth editions had slightly whimsical sub-titles:

 larpers and shroomers (2004);
 fanboys and overdogs (2005) (dedicated to Richard Whiteley, presenter of Countdown who died in June 2005);
 The like, Language Report for real (2006) (the title shown on the front cover, though with just The Language Report on the spine and inside ).

The fifth edition in 2007, English on the move 2000-2007, was a retrospective of the early years of the 21st century.

The first and last words identified in each edition as representing the preceding century were:

 "hip" (in the sense of fashionable) (1904) and "chav" (2004);
 "peace economy" (1905) and "su doku" (2005); and
 "muckraking" (1906) and "bovvered" (2006).

A different approach was adopted in 2007 with ten words identified for each decade from 1900-99. Several words, such as "bling", "chav" and "sex up" were also chosen to represent 2000-07. "Footprint" (as, for example, in "carbon footprint") was referred to - almost in passing - as the choice for 2007.

There was no Language Report in 2008, but Dent produced a volume entitled Words of the Year that was published as a paperback by the OUP.

"Bubbling under"
A regular feature from 2004 was a section entitled "Bubbling Under" which recorded "words of the moment" that had not yet found their way into dictionaries but which "have shown clear signs of semi-permanence and of fairly wide usage". Examples were "crackberry", "fugly" and "gene editing" (in 2004), "chugger", "Google bombing" and "happy slapping" (2005), "WAGs", "dark tourism" and "blook" (2006), and "burkini" and "gingerism" (2007).

The wider context
The Language Report was one of the more successful attempts to disseminate trends in English in a scholarly, but accessible and readable form. An earlier publication, though more traditional in format, had been the Oxford Dictionary of New Words, compiled by Sara Tulloch in 1992, while Bill Bryson's Mother Tongue: The English Language (1990) and Made in America (1994) provided, from the viewpoint of an anglophile Mid-Westerner, entertaining accounts of the development of English on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. In 2006 the BBC television series Balderdash and Piffle, presented by Victoria Coren, highlighted how words found their way into the Oxford English Dictionary and the type of evidence that supported such entries. Referring to this process and to its illustration by Balderdash and Piffle, Dent noted that, since 2000, quarterly updates of Oxford's "revision work" had appeared on-line.

Good versus bad English
The Language Report first appeared at a time when there was concern in some quarters about a perceived decline in the use of written English due, in part, to the growth of e-mail and text messaging. Others, such as the broadcaster John Humphrys and the lawyer and ethicist Sir Ian Kennedy, were concerned about what Humphrys called "sloppy, overblown, cliché-ridden language"  and Kennedy saw as the undermining of the "symbolic importance of language" (for example, in the field of health, talking about "the patient experience" rather than "the experience of patients"). The novelist Kingsley Amis (1922-1995), an admirer of Fowler's Modern English Usage (1926), was apt, as he himself put it, to "spot some fresh linguistic barbarism and [I] am off again".

However, Dent, who noted that "there has never been a finite golden age in our language's history, nor a monolithic, unified English", did not tend to take sides; rather, the Language Reports illustrated how English evolves and, for better or worse, is adapted for differing purposes and media. Dent anticipated in 2006 that "discussions of good versus bad English, and predictions as to which will conquer, will continue as they always have done"

Notes

Oxford University Press books
English language
2003 non-fiction books
2004 non-fiction books
2005 non-fiction books
2006 non-fiction books
2007 non-fiction books
Language Report

Language Report


.

The Manx pound is the currency of the Isle of Man, in parity with the pound sterling. The Manx pound is divided into 100 pence. Notes and coins, denominated in pounds and pence, are issued by the Isle of Man Government. Their banknotes are £1, £5, £10, £20, £50 and their coins are Penny, Two pence, Five pence, Ten pence, Twenty pence, Fifty pence, £1, £2 and £5. US$1 is equal to 0.773614 IMP (Isle of Man Pound). The central bank of Isle of Man is the Isle of Man Treasury.

Other websites
 The banknotes of the Isle of Man

Isle of Man
British currency
Pound (currency)

Manx pound


Nguyễn Tiểu La (chữ Hán: 阮小羅; 1863–1911), born Nguyễn Thành was a Vietnamese scholar-gentry anti-colonial revolutionary activist who advocated independence from French colonial rule. He was a contemporary of Phan Bội Châu and Phan Chu Trinh. He was imprisoned by the French and died in custody. Today in Vietnam, he has streets and schools named in his honor.

Biography
Thành was born in 1863 in the village of Thanh My in Thăng Bình prefecture in Quảng Nam Province.

Thành had come from a scholarly family, as his father was a high-ranking mandarin under Emperor Tự Đức. Thanh had registered to participate in the regional imperial examinations in 1885, when fighting broke out in the capital of Huế. This had come when the regent Tôn Thất Thuyết had smuggled the boy Emperor Hàm Nghi out of the city and attempted to start an uprising to expel the French colonial authorities as part of the Cần Vương movement. Thành dropped his studies and joined a local resistance group. Later in the year, he was appointed as one of the military heads for the Can Vuong in the Quảng Nam and Quảng Ngãi area in central Vietnam and after several years of guerrilla fighting, he gained the respect of the French and the Vietnamese collaborators. He was eventually allowed to return to his home village by Nguyen Than, the infamous collaborator official who had disposed of the remains of Phan Đình Phùng, the leading anti-colonial revolutionary of the time.

Thành never attempted to resuscitate his scholarly career, and instead began to nurture his links with the younger anti-colonialists of the post-Cần Vương era. He was to become a part of the inner circle of the new generation of militants, remaining a part of Phan Bội Châu's network until he was imprisoned and died on Côn Lôn island in 1911.

In 1903, Thành began his association with Phan Bội Châu, the leading Vietnamese revolutionary of the early 20th century. Phan had just become involved in the newly created Duy Tân hội (Reformation Society) that attempted to restore an independent monarchy to rule Vietnam. Phan had moved to Huế with the cover of sitting for the metropolitan imperial examinations, but intended to drum up support among the various factions of royal family. Few were willing to go against the French authorities, so he instead went to meet Thanh in Quang Nam. Phan turned down Thành's recommendation of Ton That Thoai as the titular head, so Phan returned to Huế to concentrate on the direct descendants of Emperor Gia Long, the founder of the Nguyễn dynasty, on Thanh's advice. This started the political alliance between Phan and Prince Cường Để, a descendant of Gia Long.

Thus, Thành became the main strategist of the Duy Tân hội, and he organised Phan's trip through the Mekong Delta region to rally further support among the remnants of the followers of the anti-colonial guerrilla Trương Định, who had resisted the initial colonisation some four decades earlier.

He was later made responsible for masterminding the planning and overseas fundraising campaigns for the Duy Tân Hội. He then planned Cường Để's travel arrangements for his political campaigning for Vietnamese independence.

In 1908, as part of a general crackdown on independence activists, Thành was arrested by the French colonial authorities and sent to the prison of island of Côn Lôn, where he died.

Notes

References

Vietnamese nationalists
Vietnamese revolutionaries
1863 births
1911 deaths

Nguyễn Thành