East Chop Light is a historic lighthouse standing on a bluff overlooking Vineyard Haven Harbor and Vineyard Sound, located along East Chop Drive in the town of Oak Bluffs, Massachusetts. It is one of five lighthouses located on the island of Martha's Vineyard.

Early history
The East Chop Light was built in 1878 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. In the early 1800s the location was occupied by a semaphore station - thus the origin of the name "Telegraph Hill." Circa 1869 a marine merchant named Captain Silas Daggett constructed a privately owned lighthouse on the property. To pay for construction and maintenance, Daggett collected fees from local merchants, maritime insurance agencies, and ship owners who benefited from the light as an aid-to-navigation. Daggett's 1869 lighthouse was the last of the five lighthouses to be constructed on Martha's Vineyard. The oil-fired East Chop Light burned down in 1871. The light was rebuilt by Daggett in 1872 as a house with a protruding lantern room - similar in concept to the first Edgartown Harbor Light. Daggett's new East Chop Light produced a red signal and had three 21-inch reflectors fueled by kerosene lamps. In 1875, the United States Congress purchased the property for $6,000 and removed the lighthouse and other buildings constructed by Daggett. In 1878 the present day cast-iron conical tower with a fourth-order Fresnel lens was constructed along with an adjacent two-story gabled roof keeper's house. The lighthouse was originally painted white, but was repainted as a brown-red color in the 1880s. The brown-red color was maintained until 1988, when the light was painted white by Vineyard Environmental Research, Institute (VERI). Many people in the East Chop community and elsewhere still harbor fond memories of their "Chocolate Lighthouse." In 1933 the East Chop Light was automated. At the time, the United States Coast Guard (USCG) offered to rent the Keeper's dwelling to longtime keeper, George Walter Purdy. Purdy, who had one arm, served as the East Chop Light's principal keeper for thirty-two years. Purdy refused the offer, and shortly afterwards, the keeper's dwelling, fuel oil shed, and other outbuildings were torn down. Without a keeper on the lighthouse grounds, the USCG closed the East Chop Light to public access.

Saved from destruction
From 1878 through the early 1980s, the East Chop Light was maintained by the United States Coast Guard. Due to U. S. Coast Guard Congressional funding shortages through the 1970s and early 1980s, various lighthouses around the United States were destroyed or designated for destruction. Such designation was due to the high cost of maintaining the structures, and because the lights no longer served as vital aids to navigation. This obsolete status of the lighthouses was facilitated by enhanced satellite GPS and other electrical maritime navigation aids. In fact, according to the 2012 "Doomsday List" published by Lighthouse Digest, there are currently 43 lighthouses in the U.S. listed for destruction in the near future. Due to such funding shortages, the East Chop Light and two other Martha's Vineyard lighthouses (Gay Head Light and Edgartown Harbor Light) were designated for destruction in the early 1980s. These three island lights were saved through federal petition and Congressional testimony of Vineyard Environmental Research, Inst, Founder/President, William Waterway Marks, and, Chair, John F. Bitzer, Jr. During and after the Congressional hearings, this effort received support from Congressman Gerry Studds, and Senator Ted Kennedy. Shortly after the Congressional hearings, the United States Coast Guard issued a 35-year license for the three lights to VERI in 1985.

This was the first time in U.S. history that control of  "active" lighthouses was transferred to a civilian organization.  On similar note, this was the first time in the history of Martha's Vineyard that control of any of its five lighthouses was in the hands of an island organization. After receiving the lighthouse license, the Institute undertook a series of fundraising activities that engaged the community of Martha's Vineyard, including local supporters and celebrities such as board members: Fairleigh S. Dickinson, Jr.; Jonathan Mayhew, whose ancestor's were the Vineyard's first European settlers; Vineyard Gazette co-owner, Jody Reston; philanthropist, Flipper Harris; Margaret K. Littlefield; the actress, Linda Kelsey; WHOI Director, Derek W. Spencer, and John F. Bitzer, Jr.  Speakers and performers appearing at these lighthouse events were renowned historian, David McCullough; Senator Ted Kennedy; Caroline Kennedy; Edward M. Kennedy, Jr.; Congressman Gerry Studds; singer/songwriter, Carly Simon; Kate Taylor; Livingston Taylor; Hugh Taylor; Dennis Miller from Saturday Night Live; Bill Styron's wife, Rose Styron - who read one of her original lighthouse poems; United States Navy Rear Admiral, Richard A. Bauman; renowned photographer, Alfred Eisenstaedt and comedian, Steve Sweeney. The proceeds from the lighthouse benefits were applied to a major restoration of the East Chop Light. In 1988, after consultation with the United States Coast Guard and lighthouse restoration experts, VERI changed the light's exterior color from reddish brown to white – the original color of the tower when installed in 1878. The color change from brown to white was precipitated by a VERI engineering evaluation in 1987. At the time, it was determined that the dark reddish-brown color of the cast iron exterior was causing the tower to overheat. After gaining heat during warm weather, the interior of lighthouse's cast iron would sweat from condensation, thus accelerating rust corrosion and rotting of interior wood walls on the second floor.

Public access
Public access to the East Chop Light was closed after its automation in 1933. For the first time in fifty-five years, Vineyard Environmental Research, Inst., opened the light to limited public access in 1988. This public access was allowed after VERI made extensive restoration and safety alterations of the light's interior and exterior, including an elevated lighting room exterior balcony guardrail. The extent of public access was determined after VERI held meetings with abutting property owners and the East Chop Association. As a result, VERI allowed public access to the light every Sunday during the summer season, and on special occasions such as weddings and fundraisers. The light is currently managed by the Martha's Vineyard Museum.

Lighthouse license transfer
In 1994, VERI transferred their three lighthouse licenses to the Martha's Vineyard Historical Society (MVHS), which is now known as the Martha's Vineyard Museum. At the time of the 1994 transfer, William Waterway Marks was also a member of MVHS's board, and was installed as the first Chairman of the newly formed MVHS Lighthouse Committee, where he served for four years from 1994 to 1997. MV Museum board member, Craig Dripps, followed Marks as the MV Museum's Lighthouse Committee Chair, with Marks remaining as a member of the committee for several years as an advisor. The Martha's Vineyard Museum has been caretaking the three lighthouse since 1994, although the United States Coast Guard continues to own the structures. In 2003, the MV Museum paid $25,000 for a professional assessment of all three lighthouses by Gary Gredell, who had previously worked on the restoration of forty-six lighthouses on the east coast. When funds from the Community Preservation Act were made available for lighthouse restoration, the MV Museum hired Campbell Construction Group of Beverly, MA., to overhaul the lights at East Chop and Edgartown. During the summer of 2007, the East Chop Lighthouse was refurbished inside and out, with new electrical wiring, new windows (except for the ground floor), and a refurbished exterior.

Present Day
The current United States Coast Guard Light List description is "White tower". The actual light is  above Mean High Water. Through the concern and effort of the Martha's Vineyard community, the East Chop Light survives today as an iconic symbol of the island's rich maritime history. In 1987, the East Chop Light was placed on the National Register of Historic Places as East Chop Light, while under management of VERI through its United States Coast Guard license number DTCGZ71101-85-RP-007L.

East Chop Light Keepers
Silas Daggett (privately owned light 1869-1878); George Silvey (1876-1898); George H. Fisher (1898-1902); George Walter Purdy (1902-1934); William Waterway Marks (Principal Keeper 1985-1994); Bill Brown (Assistant Keeper 1985-1988); Della Hardman (Assistant Keeper 1987-1990); Elizabeth Talbot (Assistant Keeper 1985-1992).

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Dukes County, Massachusetts

References

Lighthouses completed in 1878
Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Dukes County, Massachusetts
Martha's Vineyard
Buildings and structures in Oak Bluffs, Massachusetts

East Chop Light


is a series of role playing video games made by Japanese company Konami. There have been five main Suikoden games made. Suikoden and Suikoden 2 were released on the first PlayStation. Suikoden 3, Suikoden 4, and Suikoden 5 were released on the PlayStation 2. In each game the player would play the role of a hero who must free his country from either from a foreign invader or an evil government within his own country. To do this he would recruit the 108 "stars of destiny" to help him and raise an army. Unlike Final Fantasy games, every Suikoden game is set in the same world but in different countries.

Role-playing video games

Suikoden


The Cisitalia Grand Prix is a single-seater car for the postwar 1.5-litre supercharged Grand Prix class, built by Italian sports car manufacturer Cisitalia and introduced in 1949. It was designed on behalf of Cisitalia by Porsche between 1946–47, and is therefore also known by its Porsche project number, Type 360.

An extremely advanced design, it proved too complex to build for the small Italian firm—leading to a lengthy development and eventually to the financial downfall of the company. Between Cisitalia's 1949 liquidation and the fact that supercharged engines were banned for the 1952 Formula One season, the car never raced.

The Type 360 is also noticeable for using an early form of sequential manual transmission, and was one of the first race cars to do so.

History
The car was commissioned by Piero Dusio in 1946. Dusio paid a large sum of money upfront, part of which was used to free Ferdinand Porsche from the French prison in which he was being held effectively for ransom.  Dusio gave Porsche only 16 months to complete the car which proved too short a time to sort out the advanced design.

Design
The Dr. Porsche designed unraced 1939 1,482.56 cc (53.0 x 56.0 mm) 2-stage Roots supercharged flat-12 Auto-Union had been projected to deliver  at 9,000 rpm. This provided the basis of the Cisitalia 360 car which was built in Italy by Cisitalia personnel with help from former Porsche employee Robert Eberan von Eberhorst around a mid mounted supercharged 1,492.58 cc (56.0 x 50.5 mm) flat 12 engine giving a conservative  at 8,500 rpm and a top speed of . A fully enclosed streamlined body for fast circuits was planned giving over . Later bench tests showed about  at 10,500 rpm. The chassis was of chromoly tubing and featured on/off four-wheel-drive with a sequential gear-shift and a rear-mounted transaxle also sending power through a driveshaft to a front differential.  Suspension was independent with Porsche type trailing arms in front and parallel acting arms in the rear.  Porsche's experience with the pre-war Auto Union Grand Prix cars showed through in the layout and design of the Cisitalia to the extent that it has been referred to as the "E-Type".

Legacy
By the time the only prototype was finished Dusio was out of cash.  The car languished in development until 1951, at one point being shipped off to Argentina to try to persuade president Juan Perón to invest in the company.  By 1952 Formula One rules had changed and while Dusio attempted to source a 2-liter motor for the car a lack of funds relegated one of the most advanced Grand Prix cars of its day to a few Formula Libre events and quick retirement.  The car is currently on display in the Porsche Museum in Stuttgart.

References

External links

8W The rear-engined revolution: Horses pushing the cart
Cisitalia Museum

Cisitalia
Porsche vehicles
Grand Prix cars

Cisitalia Grand Prix


Escape from Sobibor is a 1987 British television film which aired on ITV and CBS.  It is the story of the mass escape from the Nazi extermination camp at Sobibor, the most successful uprising by Jewish prisoners of German extermination camps (uprisings also took place at Auschwitz-Birkenau and Treblinka). The film was directed by Jack Gold and shot in Avala, Yugoslavia (now Serbia). The full 176-minute version shown in the UK on 10 May 1987 was pre-empted by a 143-minute version shown in the United States on 12 April 1987.

The script, by Reginald Rose, was based on Richard Rashke's 1983 book of the same name, along with a manuscript by Thomas Blatt, "From the Ashes of Sobibor", and a book by Stanisław Szmajzner, Inferno in Sobibor. Alan Arkin, Joanna Pacuła, and Rutger Hauer were the primary stars of the film. The film received a Golden Globe Award for Best Miniseries or Television Film and Hauer received a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role—Television Film or Miniseries. Esther Raab was a camp survivor who had assisted Rashke with his book and served as a technical consultant.

Background
On 14 October 1943, members of the Sobibor camp's underground resistance succeeded in covertly killing 11 German SS-Totenkopfverbände officers and a number of Sonderdienst Ukrainian and Volksdeutsche guards. Of the 600 inmates in the camp, roughly 300 escaped, although all but 50–70 were later re-captured and killed. After the escape, SS Chief Heinrich Himmler ordered the death camp closed. It was dismantled, bulldozed under the earth, and planted over with trees to cover it up.

Plot

The film begins with a new trainload of Polish Jews arriving for processing at Sobibor. The German Commandant gives them a welcome speech, assuring the new arrivals that the place is a work camp. Other SS officers move along the assembled lines of prisoners, selecting a small number who have trade skills (such as goldsmiths, seamstresses, shoemakers, and tailors). The remaining prisoners are sent away to a different part of the camp from which a pillar of smoke rises day and night. It is some time before the new prisoners realise that Sobibor is a death camp; all of the other Jews are exterminated in gas chambers, and their corpses are cremated in large ovens. The small number of prisoners kept alive in the other part of the camp are charged with sorting the belongings taken from those who are murdered and then repairing the shoes, recycling the clothing, and melting down any silver or gold to make jewellery for the SS officers. Despite their usefulness, these surviving prisoners' existence is precarious; beatings and murders can occur at any time.

Gustav Wagner is the most clever and sadistic of the German officers. When two prisoners escape from a work detail in the nearby forest, Wagner forces the remaining thirteen prisoners of the work gang to each select one other prisoner to die with them (under the threat that if they refuse, he will select fifty) and then executes all twenty six.

The leader of the prisoners, Leon Feldhendler, realises that when the trains eventually stop coming, the camp will have outlived its usefulness, and all the remaining Jews will be murdered. He devises a plan for every prisoner to escape, by luring the SS officers and NCOs into the prisoners' barracks and work huts one by one and killing them as quietly as possible. Once all the Germans are dead, the prisoners will assemble into columns and simply march out of the camp as if they have been ordered to, and it is hoped that the Ukrainian Guards, not knowing what is going on, and with no Germans left alive to give orders or raise the alarm, will not interfere. A new group of prisoners arrives: Russian Jews who were soldiers with the Soviet army. Their leader, Sasha Pechersky, and his men, willingly join the revolt, their military skills proving invaluable.

The Camp Kommandant leaves for several days, taking Wagner with him, which proves an advantage as the most sadistic of the SS officers will be absent. On 14 October 1943, the plan goes into action. One by one, SS officers and NCOs are lured into traps set by groups of prisoners armed with knives and clubs. Eleven Germans are killed, but one officer, Karl Frenzel, unwittingly evades his killers, discovers the corpse of one of his colleagues, and raises the alarm. By now, the prisoners have assembled on the parade ground and, realising the plan has been discovered, Pechersky and Feldhendler urge the prisoners to revolt and flee the camp. Most of the 600 prisoners stampede for the perimeter fences, some of the Jews using captured rifles to shoot their way through the Ukrainian guards. Other guards open fire with machine guns from observation towers, cutting many of the fleeing prisoners down, and other would-be escapees are killed on the minefield surrounding the camp. But over 300 Jews reach the forest and escape.

As the survivors flee deeper into the forest, famed newscaster Howard K. Smith narrates the fates that befell some of the survivors on whose accounts the film was based. Of the 300 prisoners who escaped, only approximately 50 survived to see the end of the war in 1945. Pechersky makes it back to Soviet lines and rejoins the Red Army, surviving the war, and Feldhendler lives to see the end of the war but is killed shortly afterwards in a clash with anti-semitic Poles. Sergeant Wagner escapes to Brazil, where he is found stabbed to death in 1980. After the uprising, which was the largest escape from a prison camp of any kind in Europe during World War II, Sobibor was bulldozed to the ground, and trees were planted on the site to remove any sign of its existence.

Cast
In credits order:

 Alan Arkin as Leon Feldhendler
 Joanna Pacuła as Luka (Gertrude Poppert-Schonborn)
 Rutger Hauer as Lieutenant Aleksandr 'Sasha' Pechersky
 Hartmut Becker as SS-Hauptscharführer Gustav Wagner
 Jack Shepherd as Itzhak Lichtman
 Emil Wolk as Samuel Freiberg
 Simon Gregor as  Stanisław 'Shlomo' Szmajzner
 Linal Haft as Kapo Porchek
 Jason Norman as Thomas 'Toivi' Blatt
 Robert Gwilym as Chaim Engel
 Eli Nathenson as Moses Szmajzner
 Kurt Raab as SS-Oberscharführer Karl Frenzel
 Eric Caspar as SS-Hauptsturmführer Franz Reichleitner
 Hugo Bower as SS-Oberscharführer Rudolf Beckmann
 Klaus Grünberg as SS-Oberscharführer Erich Bauer
 Wolfgang Bathke as SS-Unterscharführer Hurst
 Henning Gissel as SS-Scharführer Josef Fallaster
 Henry Stolow as SS-Untersturmführer Johann Niemann
 Ullrich Haupt as SS-Scharführer Josef Wolf
 Patti Love as Eda Fiszer Lichtman
 Judith Sharp as Bajle Sobol
  as Selma Wijnberg
 David Miller as Tailor Mundek
 Jack Chissick as Hershel Zuckerman
 Ned Vukovic as Morris
 Sara Sugarman as Naomi
 Peter Jonfield as Kapo Sturm
 Dijana Kržanić as Esther Terner
 Irfan Mensur as Kalimali
 Zoran Stojiljković as Boris
 Svetolik Nikačević as Old Man
 Miša Janketić as Oberkapo Berliner
 Dejan Čavić as Kapo Spitz
 Zlatan Fazlagić as Weiss
 Predrag Milinković as Kapo Jacob
 Svetislav Goncić as Gardener
 Gojko Baletić as Guard (uncredited)
 Milan Erak as SS Corporal (uncredited)
 Rastislav Jović as Shlomo's Father (uncredited)
 Erol Kadić as Gardener
 Miroljub Lešo as Prisoner (uncredited)
 Bozidar Pavićević-Longa as SS-Sturmmann Ivan Klatt (uncredited)
 Howard K. Smith as Narrator (American version) (uncredited)
 Dragomir Stanojević as Guard (uncredited)
 Predrag Todorović as Guard (uncredited)
 Jelena Žigon as Shlomo's Mother (uncredited)

See also
 List of Holocaust films
 List of survivors of Sobibor
 Sobibor (2018), a film about the same topic starring Konstantin Khabensky
 The Grey Zone (2001), movie about the uprising in Auschwitz-Birkenau

Footnotes

References

External links

1987 films
1987 television films
1987 drama films
1980s British films
1980s prison drama films
1980s war films
Best Miniseries or Television Movie Golden Globe winners
British drama television films
British prison drama films
British war drama films
British World War II films
CBS original programming
Drama films based on actual events
Films about Jewish resistance during the Holocaust
Films about prison escapes
Films based on American novels
Films directed by Jack Gold
Films scored by Georges Delerue
Films set in 1943
Films set in Poland
Films shot in Belgrade
Films shot in Serbia
Films shot in Yugoslavia
Films with screenplays by Reginald Rose
Holocaust films
ITV television dramas
Sobibor extermination camp
World War II films based on actual events
World War II television films

Escape from Sobibor


The Unknown Confederate Dead Monument in Perryville is located in the vicinity of Perryville, in Boyle County, Kentucky, United States, in the Goodknight Cemetery, a small family cemetery on private land.  It is presumed to have been constructed around the year 1928, sixty-six years after the Battle of Perryville on October 8, 1862, in which the Confederate soldiers buried here anonymously died.  In total, 532 Confederates died at the battle, but it is unknown how many of this number are buried here.

The headstone is approximately seven feet (2.1 m) tall, and is made up of a marble and granite composite. It has an 18-inch (46 cm) tall marble scalloped decorative cap, a granite body six inches (15 cm) thick with an inscription, stating that it honors the unknown number of Confederate soldiers buried here anonymously, and a marble base of .  Despite being on private property, it was the federal government that erected the monument.

On July 17, 1997, the Unknown Confederate Dead Monument in Perryville was one of sixty different monuments related to the Civil War in Kentucky placed on the National Register of Historic Places, as part of the Civil War Monuments of Kentucky Multiple Property Submission. Three other monuments on this Multiple Property Submission are also in Boyle County.  Two of them are in the nearby Perryville Battlefield State Historic Site by the visitor center: the Confederate Monument in Perryville and the Union Monument in Perryville.  The other is in downtown Danville: the Confederate Monument in Danville.  Many of the other memorials in graveyards have numerous unknown soldiers, but this is the only one which has no soldiers with known names.

References

External links

Civil War Monuments of Kentucky MPS
National Register of Historic Places in Boyle County, Kentucky
Confederate States of America monuments and memorials in Kentucky
1928 sculptures
1928 establishments in Kentucky
Marble sculptures in Kentucky
Granite sculptures in Kentucky
Tombs of Unknown Soldiers


Thomas Bedingfeld (18 February 1760 – 5 November 1789), poet, second son of Edward Bedingfeld, Esquire, of York, and Mary, daughter of Sir John Swinburne, of Capheaton, Northumberland, was born at York on 18 February 1760, and educated at the University of Liège.

In 1780 he was placed in the office of Mr. John Davidson, of Newcastle upon Tyne, with a view to the study of conveyancing. There he became acquainted with George Pickering and James Ellis, who, together with Mr. Davidson's sons, formed a literary fraternity not very common in a lawyer's office.

In 1784 Bedingfeld moved to Lincoln's Inn, and continued his legal studies under Matthew Duane, the eminent conveyancer, and his nephew, Mr. Bray. In 1787 he commenced practice as a chamber counsel–being, as a catholic, incapable of being called to the bar–and he was rising rapidly in his profession when his career was terminated by his death, which occurred in London on 5 November 1789. In person he is said to have resembled his celebrated contemporary, William Pitt, so much as sometimes to have been mistaken for him by the London populace.

His poems were surreptitiously published in London–"Poems by T. B–––g––––d, Esquire, of the Inner Temple", 1800. Afterwards they were collected lay James Ellis, one of his youthful associates, and published under the title of "Poetry, Fugitive and Original; by the late Thomas Bedingfeld, Esquire, and Mr. George Pickering. With notes and some additional pieces by a Friend", Newcastle, 1815, octavo. Dedicated to Sir Walter Scott. The most laboured of his poems is 'The Triumph of Beauty', addressed to the Duchess of Devonshire on her successful canvass for Charles James Fox in 1784; but his best-known piece is the Instructions to a Porter, which has appeared in several collections.

References

DNB references
These references are found in the DNB article referred to above.

External links

1760 births
1789 deaths
University of Liège alumni
Geordie songwriters
Writers from York
English male poets

Thomas Bedingfeld


A penlight is a small flashlight in the shape of a pen. A penlight usually uses a small light known as an "LED" (Light Emitting Diode) but it can also use a small lightbulb made just for small flashlights.

The LED lights up when power is run through it. Making the penlight light up is as simple as pressing a button, or screwing the end on tighter so it makes contact with the batteries.

Most of the time, penlights use two or three AA, AAA, or AAAA batteries. AAAA are a newer, thinner type of battery, most commonly found in small electronics. It started with the AA size batteries.

Penlights can be made out of plastic or metal, and can be any color. They most often have a little clip, to hold it on your shirt or something.

Light sources

en:Penlight

Penlight


Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte (30 March 1907 – 7 July 1994) was a German paratroop officer during World War II who later served in the armed forces of West Germany, achieving the rank of General. Following the war, Heydte pursued academic, political and military careers, as a Catholic-conservative professor of political science, a member of the Christian Social Union political party, and as a Bundeswehr reservist. In 1962, Heydte was involved in the Spiegel affair.

Early life

Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte joined the Reichswehr in April 1925. In 1927, he was released from military service to attend Innsbruck University, receiving a degree in economics. In 1927, Heydte was awarded his degree in law at Graz University. He joined the NSDAP on 1 May 1933, obtaining membership number 2.134.193. He entered the Sturm Abteilung the same year. In 1935 Heydte re-joined the Reichswehr where he attended staff training.

Meanwhile, Heydte had begun his academic career in international law in 1933 as a private assistant to Hans Kelsen in Cologne on Alfred Verdross's recommendation. Following Kelsen's dismissal in the wake of the Nazi seizure of power in Germany, Heydte became Verdross's assistant at the Consular Academy in Vienna (1933–1934). Because of his National Socialist activities, he had to leave the Consular Academy in 1934 and became an assistant to  at the University of Münster.

World War II

Heydte took part in the invasion of Poland and the Battle of France as a junior commander. In May 1940, he was transferred to Luftwaffe's parachute arm; he commanded a battalion during the Battle of Crete in May 1941. In July 1942 Heydte was sent to Libya as commander of the Fallschirm-Lehrbataillon, part of the Ramcke Parachute Brigade. Heydte was an officer in the Ramcke Brigade in North Africa until February 1943 when he and several other officers were transferred to France to form the nucleus of the new 2nd Fallschirmjäger Division under command of major-general H.B. Ramcke. He was posted as an operations officer in the divisional HQ.

After the fall of Sicily during the summer of 1943, the Germans grew wary of a potential Italian defection to the Allies. To counter this event the 2nd Fallschirmjäger Division was transferred from France to Rome on 6 August. Heydte gained audience with Pope Pius XII and befriended the Pope's "Throne Assistant", the theologian Alois Hudal, who would later become a key person in helping Nazi war criminals evade the courts of justice during the post-war war-crime trials. The division participated in taking Rome under German control as part of the German Operation Achse.

Heydte was given command of a regiment of the 2nd Fallschirmjäger Division in January 1944. By the time of Operation Overlord, the 6th Fallschirmjäger Regiment had been attached to the 91st Luftlande Infantry Division. Heydte's unit took part in the Battle of Carentan, Operation Lüttich, and in fighting against the Allied forces in Operation Market Garden.

Operation Stösser

Prior to the  Ardennes Offensive, the Germans planned Operation Stösser to drop paratroopers behind the American lines  north of Malmédy and to seize a key crossroads (N68-N672) leading to the towns of Eupen and Verviers. To conceal the plans from the Allies and preserve secrecy, Heydte wasn't allowed to use his own, experienced troops. Most of the new paratroops had little training.

The Luftwaffe assembled 112 Ju 52 transport planes; they were manned by inexperienced pilots. It was the German paratroopers' only nighttime drop during World War II. While the aircraft took off with around 1,300 paratroops, the pilots dropped some behind the German front lines, others over Bonn, and only a few hundred in widely scattered locations behind the American lines. Some aircraft landed with their troops still on board. Only a fraction of the force landed near the intended drop zone.

The  was tasked with dropping at night onto a strategic road junction 11 kilometers north of Malmédy and to hold it for approximately twenty-four hours until relieved by the 12th SS Panzer Division, with the aim of hampering the flow of Allied reinforcements and supplies. The planes that were relatively close to the intended drop zone were buffeted by strong winds that deflected many paratroopers and made their landings far rougher. Since many of the German paratroopers were very inexperienced, some were crippled upon impact and died where they fell. Some of their bodies were found the following spring as the snow melted. Heydte broke his arm upon landing from his jump.

Initially, only 125 men made it to the correct landing zone, with no heavy weapons. By noon on 17 December, Heydte's unit had scouted the woods and rounded up a total of around 300 troops. With only enough ammunition for a single fight, the force was too small to take the crossroads on its own. But because of the dispersal of the drop, German paratroops were reported all over the Ardennes, and the Allies believed a division-sized jump had taken place. This caused much confusion and convinced them to allocate men to secure the rear instead of facing the main German thrust at the front.

Because all his radios had been destroyed or lost in the jump, Heydte didn't know the 12th SS Panzer Division failed to defeat the Americans at the Battle of Elsenborn Ridge, and was unable to relieve his forces. Cut off, without supplies and pursued by the U.S. forces, Heydte ordered his men to break through Allied lines and reach the German lines. Heydte arrived in Monschau on 21 December and surrendered on 23 December. He was held as a prisoner of war in England until July 1947.

Post-war career

After his release as a POW, Heydte returned to his academic career, completing his dissertation in 1950 at the university of Munich under , whom he had met at the Hague Academy of International Law before the outbreak of World War II. In 1951, he became a professor of constitutional and international law at the University of Mainz. From 1954, he served as a Professor of International Law, General Administrative Law, German and Bavarian State Law and Political Science at the University of Würzburg. He also headed the Institute for Military Law at University of Würzburg. From 1956 to 1971 he was a member of the Institut de Droit International. From 1961 to 1965 he served as a member of the board of the German Society for International Law. Parallel to his academic occupation, Heydte resumed his military career with the West German ; in 1962, he was promoted to Brigadier General in the Reserves, and in 1967, he was retired, concluding 30 years of military service.

In 1947, Heydte joined the Christian Social Union (CSU), where he was chairman of the Christian Democratic Higher Education Association. From 1966 to 1970 he was a member of the constituency for Lower Franconia at the Bavarian Parliament. He was also a member of the Committee on Cultural Policy issues and in 1967, he joined the Bavarian State Office for Political Education and the State Compensation Office. He was a supporter of the theological ideas of natural law and as a conservative Christian he supported the Catholic Church's principles of justice.

Controversies

Flick affair

In 1985, Heydte became one of the central figures in the Flick affair, a serious party funding scandal in which Heydte allegedly had, as the director of the Würzburg Institute of Political Science and Policy Association for many years, helped to launder money for political donations to the CDU/CSU and FDP. He had to appear before the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany on the issue of party funding through tax-deferred contributions.

Spiegel affair

In 1962, as head of the Institute for Military Law at University of Würzburg, Heydte challenged the weekly magazine Der Spiegel over an article it published claiming a "scandalous" state of affairs in the . Specifically, Von der Heydte accused the editors of high treason because they had revealed the military weaknesses of the new  to the public and thus to the Soviets. Because of that accusation and Heydte's position as an expert in military law, the issue was brought to a federal court, triggering what was to be known as the Spiegel affair, with many arrests of journalists and others connected to that publication.

The police raid on Der Spiegel was forcefully led by Theo Saevecke, the  at Sicherungsgruppe Bonn. Saevecke's wartime past was soon revealed. He had achieved the rank of  and served with SS-Einsatzgruppe IV in Poland (1939–40), the SS-Sicherheitsdienst in North Africa (1942–43) and commanded the Gestapo and Italian fascist police in Milan (from 1943 to 1945). All these associations marked him as a potential war criminal. Heydte's and Saevecke's conduct in the Spiegel affair caused a public outcry followed by demonstrations and public debates. The Spiegel affair was the first sign of a change in the popular beliefs in West Germany and the progenitor of all the protest later in that decade against all former Nazi German officials still in office. Heydte was heavily criticised for his actions by several prominent West German politicians, and in 1965, a court cleared the editors of Der Spiegel on all charges.

Death

Heydte died in Aham, Landshut, in 1994 after a long illness.

Works

 Daedalus Returned (Hutchinson, 1958) - An account of the Battle of Crete.
 Der moderne Kleinkrieg als wehrpolitisches und militärisches Phänomen (Modern Irregular Warfare as a Phenomenon of Military Policy); Executive Intelligence Review, Nachrichtenagentur GmbH, Wiesbaden, Neuausgabe 1986  (Erstausgabe: Holzner-Verlag, Würzburg 1972)

Awards and honours

 Iron Cross (1939)  2nd Class (27 September 1939) & 1st Class (26 September 1940)
 German Cross in Gold on 9 March 1942 as Hauptmann in the I./Fallschirmjäger-Regiment 3
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
 Knight's Cross on 9 July 1941 as Hauptmann and commander of the I./Fallschirmjäger-Regiment 3
 Oak Leaves on 30 September 1944 as Oberstleutnant and commander of Fallschirmjäger-Regiment 6
 Bavarian Order of Merit (21 May 1974)
 Grand Cross of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (17 March 1987)

References

Citations

Bibliography

 Leigh–Fermor, Patrick. "A Time Of Gifts"  Chapter 7 – Vienna
 Lucas, James. "Hitler's Enforcers (Leaders of the German War Machine 1939–1945)"  Chapter Paratrooper with a prayer beads – Arms and Armour Press, London
 Heydte, Friedrich August von der, Modern Irregular Warfare,  Biographical notes

1907 births
1994 deaths
Military personnel from Munich
People from the Kingdom of Bavaria
University of Innsbruck alumni
German Christians
Fallschirmjäger of World War II
Barons of Germany
Bavarian nobility
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Silver Medal of Military Valor
Brigadier generals of the German Army


A false pregnancy, hysterical pregnancy or pseudopregnancy is when a mammal shows some of the symptoms associated with a pregnancy, but without being pregnant. False pregnancies commonly occur in dogs and mice. False pregnancy in humans is less common, and usually has psychological causes. False pregnancy is probably caused by changes in the endocrine system of the body, which leads to the secretion of hormones. These hormones are the reason physical changes happen, similar to those during pregnancy. The underlying cause is often mental.

References

Female reproductive system

False pregnancy


Mario Pinball Land is a pinball video game for the Game Boy Advance console. It was developed by Fuse Games and published by Nintendo. It was released on August 26, 2004 in Japan, on October 4, 2004 in North America, and on November 26, 2004 in Europe.

Plot

Mario and Princess Peach are visiting a funfair. At one point, Peach goes into a cannon. The cannon is operated by Goombas, who shoot her to Bowser's castle. To save her, Mario uses a machine that turns him into a ball. Mario has to play pinball through different worlds to save Peach.

Gameplay

During the game, Mario has to get stars. These stars allow him to go further into the game by opening doors. A total of 35 stars are available. Five different worlds are played in the game. At the end of each world, Mario faces a boss.

2004 video games
Mario video games
Pinball video games
Game Boy Advance games

Mario Pinball Land


The Orto Botanico dell'Università di Bologna, also known as the Orto Botanico di Bologna, is a botanical garden operated by the University of Bologna. It is located at Via Irnerio, 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and open daily except Mondays.

Established in 1568, the garden is one of Europe's oldest, after those of Pisa, Padua, and Florence. Although early records indicate a Bolognese medicinal herb garden dating to 1365, today's garden arose from the proposals of botanist Luca Ghini (1490-1556), who left to create the Orto botanico di Pisa, and became a reality under his successor Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522-1605). Those first gardens were located in the Palazzo Pubblico, in a courtyard near today's Sala Borsa, but partially moved in 1587 to a larger site in Borghetto S. Giuliano (today's Porta S. Stefano), with an area of about 5000 m2. By 1653 the garden's catalog listed approximately 1500 species.

In 1740 the garden moved to Porta S. Stefano, followed in 1745 by the construction of a hybernaculum, where exotic plants were kept during the winter. Neoclassical greenhouses were added in 1765, to designs by Francesco Tadolini, and still stand in Via San Giuliano. In 1803 the garden moved again to its current location. The garden suffered a period of severe neglect in the early 1900s, and indeed was covered with a dense natural forest, and bombing in 1944 destroyed the garden's Napoleonic-era orangerie. Since end of World War II, however, the garden has gradually been restored.

Today's garden contains about 5,000 specimens representing 1200 taxa. Its site is roughly rectangular, about 2 hectares in extent, with the following major features:

 Front garden - primarily trees, including Albizia julibrissin, Ginkgo biloba, Ilex aquifolium, Liriodendron tulipifera, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, as well as Musa basjoo, Phyllostachys viridis, and a fountain.
 Rear garden - reconstruction of a typical local hardwood forest, with greenhouses, Orto dei Semplici, thematic collections (including those of alpine plants and carnivorous plants), and the forest.
 Forest - Carex pendula, Corylus avellana, Equisetum telmateia, Hedera helix, Lonicera xylosteum, Populus alba, Salix purpurea, Sambucus nigra, etc.
 Pond / wetlands
 Tropical greenhouses - bromeliaceae and orchids, coffee, palm trees, spice and medicinal plants, and plants of economic interest
 Succulent plant greenhouse - approximately 5000 succulent specimens from Central and South America, Africa, Madagascar, and the Canary Islands.
 Carnivorous plant greenhouse - carnivorous plants from the genera Drosera, Pinguicula, and Utricularia.
 Orto dei Semplici - a traditional herb garden, arranged by the plants' most common uses.

See also
 List of botanical gardens in Italy

References
 Orto Botanico dell'Università di Bologna
 G. Cristofolini, L. Conte, "L'Orto Botanico", in Storia illustrata di Bologna, W. Tega (ed.),  Repubblica di San Marino: AIEP, 1989, pages 41–60.
 R. Savelli, "L'Orto Botanico di Bologna", Agricoltura, no. 4, 1963, pages 3–10.
 Pattaro S. Tugnoli, "L'Orto Botanico bolognese di Porta S. Stefano", Natura e Montagna, no. 4, 1975, pages 29–39.
 BGCI entry

1568 establishments in the Papal States
Botanical gardens in Italy
University of Bologna
Tourist attractions in Bologna
Gardens in Emilia-Romagna


The Duchy of Tridentum (Trent) was an autonomous Lombard duchy, established by Euin during the Lombard interregnum of 574–584 that followed the assassination of the Lombard leader Alboin. The stronghold of Euin's territory was the Roman city of Tridentum in the upper valley of the Adige, in the foothills of the Alps in northern Italy, where the duchy formed one of the marches of the Lombard Kingdom of Italy. There he shared power with the bishop, who was nominally subject to the Patriarch of Aquileia. In 574–75, Lombard raiding parties pillaged the valley of the Rhône, incurring retaliatory raids into the duchy by Austrasian Franks, who had seized control of the mountain passes leading into the kingdom of Burgundy. Euin was at the head of the army loyal to Authari that went into the territory of the duke of Friuli in Istria, c 589, and he was sent by Agilulf to make peace with the Franks his neighbors, in 591. After Euin's death c 595, Agilulf installed Gaidoald, who was a Catholic, rather than an Arian Christian. After some friction between king and duke, they were reconciled in 600. The separate Lombard duchy of Brescia was united with Tridentum in the person of Alagis, a fervent Arian and opponent of the Lombard king, Perctarit, who was killed in the battle of Cornate d'Adda (688).

With the collapse of the Lombard kingdom in 773–74, the duchy of Tridentum passed into Frankish control and was transformed. After German king Otto I had subdued the Italian kingdom in 952 he incorporated Tridentum into the March of Verona. Its strategic position controlling the Alpine mountain passes encouraged the eleventh-century Holy Roman Emperors to invest the Bishop Ulrich II of Trent with temporal powers over a sizable territory, as an independent prince of the Empire, with the powers and privileges of a duke. A succession of Prince-Bishops ruled, except for a few short intervals, until 1802, when the bishopric was secularized and became a part of Austrian Tyrol.

Notes

Lombards
States and territories established in the 6th century
Former duchies
Former monarchies of Europe
Former theocracies

Duchy of Tridentum


Bodil Kjær (born 11 March 1932 in Hatting near Horsens) is a Danish architect, furniture designer, professor and researcher, who has specialized in interior design and city planning. Today she is recognized above all for the flexible series of office furniture she designed in the 1960s.

Early life

The daughter of a Jutland farmer, Kjær studied in Copenhagen at the School for Interior Architecture (1964) and then in London at the Royal College of Art and at the Architectural Association School of Architecture (1965–69).

Interior design

She has worked as a senior architect at the Arup building consultancy in London (1967–69), has been a professor at the University of Maryland (1982–89) and has had studios of her own in Copenhagen (1960–65) and in London (1969–79). Inspired by the Modernist masters Mies van der Rohe and Marcel Breuer, she has always given her work an international appeal. Her interior design work has included the development of furniture, lighting, and glass for a wide range of buildings from housing in the African tropics to factories, offices and universities. She has since conducted research into the future of cities and has worked as a planning and design consultant.

Furniture

Kjær's furniture designs date mainly from 1959 to 1964. Her first assignment was an upholstered series for Paul Rudolph, dean of the Yale School of Architecture, who made the order for his Blue Cross Blue Shield tower in Boston, Massachusetts. She also provided designs for Josep Lluís Sert, dean of the Harvard Graduate School of Design, for a Harvard University building. Marcel Breuer installed 28 of her upholstered sofas in a building he had designed in New York. Examples of her furniture can still be seen today at Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Boston University. In notes she prepared in 1995 for an exhibition in Berlin, Kjær commented: "I often ran into problems of finding furniture that would express the same form-ideas as those we employed in the buildings we designed and which would, at the same time, express the ideas of contemporary management. The office furniture I found on the market in 1959, I found to be clumsy and confining, while neither the new architecture nor the new management thinking was the least bit clumsy or confining."

Her working table (1959) was designed as part of a flexible working environment. The prototype, in ashwood with a matte, chrome plated base, was made for Massachusetts Institute of Technology. A model in walnut was made for Wellesley College. In addition to the table with its four inset drawers, Kjær designed a number of storage items with adjustable shelves and drawers which could be placed under the table or beside a wall.

The table has been used widely in films (From Russia with Love) and on television (BBC election broadcasts) as well as by celebrities including Prince Philip (at Sandringham), the actor Michael Caine, and the pianist Oscar Peterson. In the 1960s, the table and storage elements were manufactured by E. Pedersen & Søn in Rødovre, Denmark as well as in Boston. But production terminated in 1974 when one manufacturer went bankrupt and another suffered fire damage. Some of her office units and upholstered designs were reissued between 2007 and 2009 by Hothouse Design in Shanghai but production has now ceased. Today her furniture is auctioned at increasingly high prices. In 2008, one of her working tables was sold for DKK 131,250 or some $24,000.

The Rights to Bodil Kjær's designs are managed by FORM portfolios.

See also
Danish modern
Danish design

References

Danish furniture designers
Danish architects
Danish interior designers
Danish women designers
People from Horsens Municipality
1932 births
Danish modern
University of Maryland, College Park faculty
Living people
Danish women architects

Bodil Kjær


Luigi Comencini (; 8 June 1916 – 6 April 2007) was an Italian film director. Together with Dino Risi, Ettore Scola and Mario Monicelli, he was considered among the masters of the "commedia all'italiana" genre.

His daughters Cristina and Francesca are both film directors.

Biography
His first successful movie was L'imperatore di Capri, featuring Totò. Comencini's 1953 Pane, amore e fantasia, with Vittorio De Sica and Gina Lollobrigida, is considered a primary example of neorealismo rosa (pink neorealism). It was followed by Pane, amore e gelosia.

After first directing Alberto Sordi in La bella di Roma (1955), Comencini again worked with Sordi in what is considered his masterwork, Tutti a casa, a bitter comedy about Italy after the armistice of 1943. The film won the Special Golden Prize at the 2nd Moscow International Film Festival. Also set in World War II, but devoted to the Italian partisans, is La ragazza di Bube (1963). This was followed by Incompreso (1966, based on the English novel by Florence Montgomery).

Comencini obtained an outstanding success with what is ranked amongst the best productions of Italian television, The Adventures of Pinocchio (1972). In the same year, he directed the feature film Lo scopone scientifico, a dark comedy with Sordi and Silvana Mangano. In 1975, he released the mystery La donna della domenica, featuring Marcello Mastroianni, Jacqueline Bisset and Jean-Louis Trintignant.

Comencini's subsequent works were characterized by the presence of famous Italian actors of the time: Ugo Tognazzi in Il gatto (1977), or Nino Manfredi in his episode of Basta che non si sappia in giro. In the 1980s, Comencini's movies met with less success but his Cuore television series of 1984 was praised.

He died in Rome after a long illness in 2007.

Filmography

 Bambini in città (1947)
 Hey Boy (Proibito rubare) (1948)
 The Emperor of Capri (L'imperatore di Capri) (1949)
 L'ospedale del delitto (1950)
 Behind Closed Shutters (Persiane chiuse) (1950)
 Heidi (1952)
 La Tratta delle bianche (1953)
 La valigia dei sogni (1953)
 Bread, Love and Dreams (Pane, amore e fantasia) (1953)
 Bread, Love and Jealousy (Pane, amore e gelosia) (1954)
 The Belle of Rome (La bella di Roma) (1955)
 The Window to Luna Park (1957)
 Husbands in the City (Mariti in città) (1957)
 Mogli pericolose (1958)
 Le sorprese dell'amore (1959)
 And That on Monday Morning (1959)
 Everybody Go Home (Tutti a casa) (1960)
 A cavallo della tigre (1961)
 Il commissario (1962)
 La ragazza di Bube (1963)
 Tre notti d'amore (1964)
 La mia signora (1964)
 Il compagno Don Camillo (1965)
 Six Days a Week (La bugiarda) (1965)
 Le bambole (1965, episode "Il trattato di eugenetica")
 Misunderstood (Incompreso) (1966)
 Italian Secret Service (1968)
 Infanzia, vocazione e prime esperienze di Giacomo Casanova, veneziano (1969)
 Senza sapere niente di lei (1969)
 The Adventures of Pinocchio (1972, TV series)
 Lo scopone scientifico (The Scientific Cardplayer) (1973)
 Somewhere Beyond Love (Delitto d'amore) (1974)
 Mio Dio, come sono caduta in basso! (1974)
 La donna della domenica (1975)
 Basta che non si sappia in giro (1976, episode "L'equivoco) Quelle strane occasioni (1976)
 Signore e signori, buonanotte (1976)
 The Cat (Il gatto) (1977)
 L'ingorgo - Una storia impossibile (1978)
 Voltati Eugenio (1980)
 Cercasi Gesù (1982)
 Cuore (1984, TV series)
  (1986)
 A Boy from Calabria (Un ragazzo di Calabria) (1987)
 La Bohème (1988)
 Buon Natale... buon anno (1989)
 Marcellino'' (1992)

References

External links

1916 births
2007 deaths
People from Salò
Italian film directors
Italian Waldensians
German-language film directors
David di Donatello winners
Burials at the Cimitero Flaminio
Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement recipients

Luigi Comencini


Hunter Ripley Rawlings III (born December 14, 1944) is an American classics scholar and academic administrator.  He is best known for serving as the 17th president of the University of Iowa from 1982 until 1995 and as the tenth president of Cornell University from 1995 until 2003.  He also served as Cornell's interim president in 2005-2006. He is president of the Association of American Universities (AAU).

Originally from Norfolk, Virginia, Rawlings received his B.A. with honors in classics from Haverford College in 1966.  From there he moved to Princeton University, where he received a Ph.D. in classics in 1970.  After graduating from Princeton, he joined the faculty at the University of Colorado at Boulder. He became a full professor there in 1980.  Rawlings began his career in academic administration at Colorado, serving as chairman of the classics department and later as associate vice chancellor for instruction. In 1988, Rawlings was named President of the University of Iowa, a position he held until 1995.

Rawlings then came to Cornell University. He was its tenth president, serving from 1995 until 2003.  At Cornell, he was good at asking people for money.  Rawlings started several new positions and programs to support undergraduate education. Cornell built of several new dormitories and centralized the location of freshmen dormitories on campus (initially protested by Al Sharpton and others due to alleged racial implications). Rawlings promoted stronger undergraduate admission standards.  Rawlings began initiatives in certain areas of science and engineering that he considered important to the future (such as bioinformatics, computational biology, computer and information sciences, genomics, and materials science), and began plans for Weill Hall, a large new life sciences building.  He encouraged cooperation between the humanities and social sciences.  He also worked on an agreement to start a branch of Cornell's medical school in Qatar.

While President of Cornell, Rawlings also held the rank of professor of classics, and continued to hold this position after he left the presidency.  He taught an undergraduate course in classics the last two years he was president. At the same time, many students and alumni leaders criticized his hands-off approach toward the student body and his focus on the business operations of Cornell.

After the sudden resignation of his successor as president, Jeffrey Lehman, effective June 30, 2005, Rawlings became Cornell president again until a permanent replacement could be found. David J. Skorton  became the new president on July 1, 2006.  (Like Rawlings, Skorton was previously President of the University of Iowa.)

Currently, he serves a professor of classical history in Cornell's Department of History and Department of Classics.

Rawlings is a member of many prominent organizations, including the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and served as a committee chair of the AAU. On June 1, 2011, he became President of the AAU.

References

Other websites
 Cornell Presidency: Hunter R. Rawlings III
 Cornell University Library Presidents Exhibition: Hunter Ripley Rawlings III (Presidency; Inauguration)
 Hunter Rawlings Interview

American historians
1944 births
Living people
People from Norfolk, Virginia
Cornell University faculty
Academics from Colorado

Hunter R. Rawlings III


"The Dark Side: Secrets of the Sports Dopers", investigating professional athletes' possible use of performance-enhancing substances, is an episode of Al Jazeera Investigates which was broadcast by Al Jazeera English and Al Jazeera America. The documentary identified Peyton Manning, Ryan Howard, Ryan Zimmerman, James Harrison, and Clay Matthews III.

Content
On December 27, 2015, Al Jazeera English and Al Jazeera America released a report conducted by the Al Jazeera Investigative Unit called The Dark Side: Secrets of the Sports Dopers which investigated professional athletes' potential use of Performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) naming several prominent athletes as having received drugs from Charles Sly, a pharmacist who had worked at the Guyer Anti-Aging Clinic in Indianapolis during the fall of 2011. The report involved Liam Collins, a British hurdler, going undercover in an attempt to obtain banned substances from Sly and other medical professionals. The report claimed that Manning's wife, Ashley, had been shipped off-label human growth hormone (HGH) by the Guyer Institute during the fall of 2011 while Manning was out with a severe neck injury, with the intention of hiding that Manning was the one actually receiving the drugs; as well as several other athletes been provided the banned hormone supplement Delta-2. Moreover, Sly spoke with apparent knowledge about doping and tossed out several athletes like Howard, Zimmerman, Manning and fellow football players Mike Neal and Dustin Keller.

Sly said on a hidden camera record:

MLB player Taylor Teagarden also claimed in an undercover footage included in the documentary:

Reactions
Manning told ESPN's Lisa Salters about the reports, on an interview on the morning of the 27th for ESPN Sunday NFL Countdown:

Salters pointed other cases have been seen in which athletes deny first and then eventually admit allegations and Manning answered he can't speak for others and he knows how hard he worked. Nevertheless, Manning also stated he had visited the Guyer Institute 35 times during 2011 and that he had received both medication and treatment from Guyer during this time. Sly recanted his story and requested the report not to be aired via a YouTube video following the release of the report.

Manning took response and hired former George W. Bush press secretary Ari Fleischer to manage the issue. He also threatened to sue Al Jazeera, but later backed down. Later, Fleischer confirmed that Ashley Manning did receive shipments from the Guyer Institute, but refused to confirm if the shipments had included HGH.

Media reactions were varied. Fox News' contributor Jesse Watters claimed on The O'Reilly Factor the PED allegations reported by Al Jazeera were a plot to go "after American icons and US institutions," citing the allegations against Manning as the prime example. NBC News on Today gave Al Jazeera's reporter Deborah Davies space to specify details about the reports and provide Al Jazeera's version of the story. CNN's Reliable Sources with Brian Stelter reported Al Jazeera was in contact with a second source who confirmed that the clinic sent HGH to Ashley Manning in Florida and elsewhere, and according to Davies was "absolutely impeccably placed, knowledgeable and credible". After Salters' interview with Manning, former NFL coach and ESPN pundit Mike Ditka expressed on the same Sunday NFL Countdown episode: "Al Jazeera is not a credible news organization. They're out there spreading garbage." Sports Illustrated sportswriter and NBC Sunday Night Football contributor Peter King called Al Jazeera on his column The MMQB a day later "a quite credible and respected international news organization" and "the CNN of the Middle East spreading its news-gathering around the world in recent years", and also contacted Davies to ask about information related to the Guyer Clinic and Sly. CBS sportscaster and NFL on CBS #1 Play-by-play commentator Jim Nantz refused to acknowledge the report while on the air, referring to it as a "non-story".

As part of the backlash, on January 5, 2016 it was announced that Howard and Zimmerman had filed a lawsuit suing Al Jazeera for defamation following the publication's release of the documentary which linked them. Zimmerman's team, the Washington Nationals, issued a statement in support of their player. In January 2021 attorneys for Al Jazeera Media presented sealed evidence in court, which they said supported their original report. In 2023, both lawsuits were dropped and dismissed with prejudice, with each of the parties bearing their own costs for the lawsuits.

Further investigations
Sly said he had never seen the Mannings and told ESPN's Chris Mortensen that he is not a pharmacist and was not at the Guyer Institute in 2011, as Al Jazeera claimed, but state licensing records indicate that someone named "Charles David Sly" was licensed as a pharmacy intern in Indiana from April 2010 to May 2013 and that his license expired May 1, 2013. Al Jazeera later confirmed that Sly had worked at the Guyer Institute during the Fall of 2011. Sly also claimed to ESPN that the reporter involved, Collins, had taken advantage of him during a vulnerable time in his life as Sly's fiancée had allegedly died, although Sly refers to his fiancée, "Karen", several times in the present tense during his conversations with Collins and gave no indication to Collins that she had died. Sly had also described one of the athletes mentioned, Mike Neal, as a good friend and told in the documentary he had spent about six weeks in Green Bay, Wisconsin, where Neal played; and while on Green Bay, Sly was introduced by Neal to several of his teammates, in a roster which has included players like Matthews III and Julius Peppers, both whom Sly mentioned on camera. Neal served a four-game suspension for doping in 2012. Furthermore, the owner of the Guyer Clinic, Dale Guyer, was linked to doubtful businesses in the past.

Subsequently, The New York Times made the link between most of the names mentioned in the documentary and a sports therapy clinic called Performance Compound in Tampa, Florida run by Sly's partner Jason Riley, a fitness trainer based in Sarasota, Florida. Sly and Riley also launched Elementz Nutrition, a nutritional supplement company whose website and Facebook page feature many of the athletes Sly referred. At the beginning of 2016 Elementz Nutrition voluntarily dissolved and closed its doors.

On February 5, 2016, two men visited Sly's parents, and according to a 911 call from Sly's parents' house during the visit, one of the men initially said he was a law enforcement officer, but didn't have a badge. The two men later acknowledged that they weren't law enforcement officers and stated they were looking for Sly and not his parents. In response to the 911 call, the police went to the Sly house, but meanwhile, after the investigators identified themselves as private investigators, the parents decided to talk with them, and the police left. Sly's parents informed the investigators that their son was due to come home for the holidays the next day. The investigators spoke with Sly on December 23, 2015, though they refused to identify specifically who they were representing.

The NFL, the MLB, and later the USADA initiated investigations into the allegations made by Sly. On April 1, 2016, Teagarden was suspended 80 games for violating the MLB's Joint Drug Prevention and Treatment Program.

On June, 2016, Adolpho Birch, NFL senior vice president of labor policy and league affairs informed in a letter to the NFLPA that the league will interview the football players linked to performance-enhancing drug use by the report on the first day of 2016 training camp. League spokesman Brian McCarthy stated via email all players will be interviewed, including Manning, despite the letter to the players union didn't mention him as already retired Manning doesn't belong to the NFLPA anymore.

HGH was outlawed by the NFL in 1991. As part of the collective bargaining agreement in 2011, an HGH testing regime was agreed to, but testing itself for HGH didn't begin until 2014. It is illegal under United States federal law to prescribe HGH off label.

References

Doping in sport
Al Jazeera
Documentary films about sports


Thomas Shelton (1600/01–1650(?)) was an English stenographer and the inventor of a much-used British 17th- and 18th-century stenography.

Life
The 1647 edition of Thomas Shelton's Tachygraphie contains a portrait giving his age as 46, implying that he was born in 1600/01.  Nothing sure is known about his origin and education, but it was supposed that he came from the well-known Shelton family which owned much land in Norfolk. In the English Civil War (1642–49), Shelton stood on the side of the Parliament; his religious sympathies were for Puritanism.

Thomas Shelton made his living from shorthand, teaching the subject in London over a period of thirty years while he developed his stenographical systems. Shelton knew the stenography of John Willis and took over its geometrical basic principle for his own shorthand. He published several books about shorthand which he sold from his house.

Shelton's shorthand

Shelton invented a new stenographical system and published it in 1626 in the book Short-Writing (in later editions since 1635 called "Tachygraphy", Ancient Greek for "speedy writing"). In Shelton's shorthand system every consonant was expressed by an easy symbol which sometimes still resembled the alphabetical letter.

The vowels were designated by the height of the following consonant. Thus the B symbol with the L symbol written directly above meant "ball", while the B symbol with the L symbol below meant "bull". The B symbol with the L symbol on top right meant "bell", in the middle right "bill", below on the right "boll". A vowel at the word end was designated by a point in the suitable position. For initial vowels there were additional symbols. There were other symbols for frequent prefixes and suffixes as well as for consonant connections.

A disadvantage of Shelton's shorthand was that vowels and diphthongs were not always distinguished (see "Tachygraphy" for details). For example, the symbols for "bat" could mean "bait" or "bate" as well, and the symbols for "bot" could mean "boot" or "boat" as well. This can only be decided from the context. An advantage of his system was that it could be easily learnt. Therefore, between 1626 and 1710 more than 20 editions of his "Tachygraphy" were printed. German issues appeared between 1679 and 1743 and a French issue in Paris in 1681.

Shelton's shorthand was used, amongst others, by Samuel Pepys, Sir Isaac Newton, John Byrom and US-President Thomas Jefferson. In the year of his death, 1650, Shelton published yet another shorthand system called "Zeiglographia", but it did not become as widespread as his "Tachygraphy".

Influence
Shelton's Tachygraphy was taken up and adapted by later proponents of shorthand systems: Thomas Arkisden, Theophilus Metcalfe, and Charles Aloysius Ramsay. Elisha Coles adapted Zeiglographia.

Literature
 .
 Alexander Tremaine Wright: Thomas Shelton, tachygrapher. London 1896. 24 pages.

References

Creators of writing systems
English inventors
1650 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
17th-century English people

Thomas Shelton (stenographer)


Rhythm on the River is a 1940 musical comedy film directed by Victor Schertzinger and starring Bing Crosby and Mary Martin as ghostwriters whose songs are credited to a composer played by Basil Rathbone.  Crosby and Martin sang "Only Forever", for which James V. Monaco (music) and Johnny Burke (lyrics) were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song.

Plot
Oliver Courtney is an arrogant composer who lets other people write songs he takes credit for. Bob Sommers writes his tunes with Billy Starbuck. At the night of a social Christmas party, Oliver introduces Bob's song "What Would Shakespeare Have Said?" as his own. Later that night, Oliver thanks Bob for his loyalty and offers him a contract for $50 a week for three years. He refuses, saying he would rather have a catboat to visit his uncle at his river hotel, called Nobody's Inn.

After his lyric writer dies, Oliver finds a replacement in Cherry Lane. She is reluctant about being a ghost writer, but accepts his offer. He is satisfied with her first lyric. She becomes ambitious to write better lines, but is not able to concentrate at home, and it is suggested she move to a small and quiet place. Meanwhile, Bob and Cherry meet several times, without knowing they are working for the same employer. She does not think highly of him.

To work in a perfect environment, Cherry travels to Tarrytown and stays at Nobody's Inn. Bob decides to give the inn a visit at the same time, and they are shocked to run into each other yet again. They soon become acquainted and actually start liking each other. They even compose their own song together. However, because they are not allowed to tell who they are working for, they do not find out they are colleagues. She becomes mad at him when he plays the song; she wrote the lines for and states he wrote it himself.

Bob is confused and travels back to town to resign. Cherry has come to office as well to inform her boss she thinks someone has stolen his lines. They realize they were working together all along. Bob and Cherry make up and decide to start their own music composing careers. After a few unsuccessful auditions, Bob agrees to start a band. They audition for Mr. Westlake, but he is only interested in Cherry. He offers her a job as a nightclub singer, but she is loyal to the band and rejects his offer.

Bob notices it is a great opportunity for Cherry and gives her his consent to work for Westlake. He takes his job back as Oliver's ghost writer and raises $200 so Cherry can premiere with the song they wrote together at Nobody's Inn. However, she is unhappy at her new job and is helped by Bob to get out of her contract. Oliver feels sympathetic toward them and persuades them not to walk away by announcing the song is not written by him. After announcing they will soon marry, Bob and Cherry perform their song.

Cast

Bing Crosby as Bob Sommers
Mary Martin as Cherry Lane
Basil Rathbone as Oliver Courtney
Oscar Levant as Billy Starbuck
Oscar Shaw as Charlie Goodrich
Charley Grapewin as Uncle Caleb
Lillian Cornell as Millie Starling
William Frawley as Mr. Westlake
John Scott Trotter as himself (orchestra leader)

Ken Carpenter as Teddy Gardner (announcer)
Phyllis Kennedy as Patsy Flick
Brandon Hurst as Bates
Jeanne Cagney as Country cousin
Billy Benedict as Elevator boy
Charles Lane as Bernard Schwartz
Pierre Watkin as "Uncle" (pawnshop owner)
Helen Bertram as Aunt Delia

Various musicians and entertainers also make appearances, including Wingy Manone, Jack Pepper, and Harry Barris

Reception
Bosley Crowther of The New York Times enjoyed it. "It's a very funny thing about this picture business—or this musical picture business, we should say. One producer may come along with a supercolossal whopper, all dressed up in fancy pants and boasting a high-class score and folks will find themselves sitting watch on a dull and pretentious fizzle. And then along will come Paramount, say, with an entry such as "Rhythm on the River." which opened at the Paramount yesterday—an after-you sort of entry which gives the odd impression of having been casually shot "off the cuff"—and, behold, it turns out to be one of the most like-able musical pictures of the season... What's there to it? Well, there's Bing, whose frank and guileless indifference, whose apparent dexterity with ad libs is, in this case, beautiful to behold. There is Miss Martin, who is ever so comfortable to look at and who sells a very nice song. There is also Oscar Levant, slumming from "Information, Please," who makes up in bashless impudence what he lacks in looks, charm, poise and ability to act. There are Mr. Rathbone, Charley Grapewin and Wingy Manone, who plays a hot trumpet, and there are several tuneful numbers, especially "Rhythm on the River" and "Ain't It a Shame about Mame." Add them all up and they total a progressively ingratiating picture—one that just slowly creeps up and sort of makes itself at home. It's a funny business, all right."

This was echoed by Variety. "Some may tab this as the best picture Crosby has appeared in for several years. It's certainly one of his toppers . . . Bing Crosby continues his policy of splitting co-starring credits and performance importance with others in the cast. . .Crosby tackles his acting assignment with the nonchalance that has proven effective in past releases and on the air. He also provides much of the musical portion of the film in singing tunes in solo and with Miss Martin...Total of seven songs are presented by Crosby and Miss Martin, any one of which has potentialities for swinging into the hit class. Although 'Only Forever' gets strong plugging in the picture, there's a good chance that the title tune, 'Rhythm on the River,' sung by Crosby will catch strongest pop favor..."

Soundtrack
 "Only Forever" sung by Bing Crosby and Mary Martin.
 "When the Moon Comes Over Madison Square" (James V. Monaco / Johnny Burke) sung by Bing Crosby.
 "Rhythm on the River" (James V. Monaco / Johnny Burke) sung by Bing Crosby.
 "That's for Me" (James V. Monaco / Johnny Burke) sung by Bing Crosby and Mary Martin.
 "What Would Shakespeare Have Said?" (James V. Monaco / Johnny Burke) sung by Bing Crosby and by Lillian Cornell.
 "Ain't It a Shame About Mame?" (James V. Monaco / Johnny Burke) sung by Mary Martin.
 "I Don't Want to Cry Any More" (Victor Schertzinger) sung by Mary Martin.
 "Tiger Rag" featured by Wingy Manone and his Band.

Bing Crosby recorded a number of the songs for Decca Records. "Only Forever" topped the Billboard charts for nine weeks and "That's for Me" charted also with a peak position of #9 in a 7-week stay. Crosby's songs were also included in the Bing's Hollywood series.

Connection to The Carpenters
The film mentions a (fictional) song named "Goodbye to Love"; Richard Carpenter watched the film and thought that would be a good title for a Carpenters song, which was eventually recorded and released in 1972.

References

External links

1940 films
1940 musical comedy films
American musical comedy films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Victor Schertzinger
Paramount Pictures films
Films about composers
1940s American films

Rhythm on the River


The Kraton Kasepuhan is the oldest kraton (sultan's palace) in the Indonesian city of Cirebon. It is the residence of the Sultan of Kasepuhan and the royal palace of Sultanate of Cirebon.

History
It was built in 1447 and its architecture and interior are a blend of Sundanese, Javanese, Islamic, Chinese and Dutch styles.

While the sultan still lives in the palace, several main sections are open to the public.  Inside is a pavilion with white-washed walls dotted with blue-and-white Delft tiles, a marble floor and ceiling hung with French chandeliers. The legacy of Majapahit is preserved in its small pendopo on soft carved brick bases. The carvings on the pendopo columns are 1940s copies of the ancient originals. An innovation is the use of brackets branching out from the columns. The main building features unusually tall pyramidal column bases. The ornament on the double braces of this building's pendopo tumpang sari ceiling are picked out in gilt. Another unusual feature in the eclectic complex: the plaster and masonry columns feature decoration that resembles reeding. Like other old sites around Cirebon, ceramics in walls are common here, although their use in the Kraton is more restrained.

The palace also has a somewhat neglected small museum with a restricted display of wayang, kris, cannon, furniture, Portuguese armour, and ancient royal clothes.  In a separate nearby building the very elaborate Kereta Singabarong, a 17th-century gilded coach, may be seen along with a modern duplicate carriage used on official occasions.

See also

 List of monarchs of Java
 Sultanate of Cirebon

References

Further reading

Palaces in Java
Cultural Properties of Indonesia in West Java
Buildings and structures in Cirebon

Keraton Kasepuhan


Sunday is one of the seven days of the week. It is part of the weekend, along with Saturday. Sunday is the Sabbath or day of worship for most Christians (for example, Easter is celebrated on Sunday). Sunday is the beginning of the week in the United States, but is the end of the week in the United Kingdom.

07

Sunday


Floyd Buford Yates (July 5, 1921 – March 26, 2001), better known as Bill Yates, was an American cartoonist who drew gag cartoons and comic strips before assuming the position of comic strip editor for King Features Syndicate in 1978.

Biography
Born in Samson, Alabama, Yates learned to cartoon by taking the W. L. Evans Correspondence Course, and his first sale was a five dollar first prize in The Open Road for Boys cartoon contest. He served as an aviator in the United States Navy during World War II, training fighter pilots in Corpus Christi, Texas, where he married Jessie Jean ("Skippy") Hardy. As a journalism student at the University of Texas, he edited the campus humor magazine, The Texas Ranger.

Career
Moving to New York in 1950, he edited Dell Publishing's cartoon magazines (1000 Jokes, Ballyhoo, For Laughing Out Loud) and Dell's paperback cartoon collections, such as Forever Funny (1956). His comic strip about an absent-minded professor, Professor Phumble, was carried by King Features from 1960 to 1978. (In Brazil during the early 1960s, Professor Phumble was published as Zé Fiasco in the Correio da Manhã newspaper. But his more famous Brazilian nickname is the one used by the Folha de S.Paulo newspaper, Professor Tantã.)

In addition to work on Jimmy Hatlo's Little Iodine, Yates also did the strip Benjy with Jim Berry from 1973 to 1975. In addition to work in advertising and twice-weekly editorial cartoons for the Westport News in Connecticut, Yates also illustrated books and comic books, such as Charlton's Ronald McDonald (1970–71).

When Sylvan Byck retired from King Features Syndicate in 1978, Yates took over the position of comics editor. In 1986, he began collaborating with Morrie Brickman on the political strip, the small society (written lower-case as a satiric nod toward Lyndon Johnson's "Great Society"). The strip carried the signatures of both Brickman and Yates until 1989. It then became a solo effort by Yates, who continued it until 1989. When Gordon Bess, the writer of Redeye (with art by Mel Casson) became ill in May 1988, Yates took over the scripting of that strip about Chief Redeye and his lunatic Chickiepan Indian tribe.

At the end of 1988, Yates left his editorial position at King Features in order to spend full-time cartooning. He continued to write Redeye and do both scripting and art on the small society, but increasing ill health forced his retirement from the strips in 1999. Casson continued to write and draw Redeye for King Features.

Personal life and death
Yates lived in Westport, Connecticut, for 50 years. In 2001, 3 months after the death of his wife, he died in Norwalk, Connecticut, of complications from pneumonia and Alzheimer's. He was survived by his daughter, Georgia Y. Rojas of Trumbull, Connecticut; his sister, Ralphine Lee of Powder Springs, Georgia; and two grandchildren, Matthew Rojas and Emma Rojas.

References

External links
UT Texas Ranger Archive

1921 births
2001 deaths
American comic strip cartoonists
American magazine editors
People from Geneva County, Alabama
Journalists from Alabama
Military personnel from Alabama
University of Texas alumni
20th-century American journalists
American male journalists

Bill Yates


Michelle White "Miki" Bowman (born May 25, 1971) is an American attorney who served as a member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors since 2018. She is the first person to fill the community bank seat on the board, a seat created by a 2015 law.

Previously, Bowman was the Kansas banking commissioner, from January 2017 through November 2018. She also held senior staff positions at the Federal Emergency Management Agency and Department of Homeland Security during the George W. Bush administration.

Early life and education
Bowman was born in Hawaii. When she was young, her family moved frequently, because of her father's career in the U.S. Air Force. She lived much of her youth in Illinois, near St. Louis, and graduating from high school in Council Grove, Kansas.

Bowman graduated from the University of Kansas in Lawrence with a Bachelor of Science degree in Advertising and Journalism. She then earned a Juris Doctor from Washburn University School of Law in Topeka, graduating in 1996.

Career

U.S. Government
Bowman worked as an intern for Senator Bob Dole from 1995 to 1996. Between 1997 and 2002, she served as a counsel to the U.S. House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure and then to the Committee on Government Reform and Oversight.

In 2002, Bowman was appointed by President George W. Bush as Director of Congressional and Intergovernmental Affairs at the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA); in 2003, when the Department of Homeland Security was established, she became a Deputy Assistant Secretary and Policy Advisor to Secretary Tom Ridge.

London
In 2004, Bowman's husband's job took the couple to London. There, she started her own public affairs and consulting business, the Bowman Group; she remained active in politics as chair of Republicans Abroad UK.

Banking
Bowman returned to the U.S. in 2010, joining the Farmers & Drovers Bank, her family's bank, as vice president, where she served as a director, compliance officer, and trust officer. The bank had assets of $181 million in 2017. Bowman left the bank to become the Kansas banking commissioner on January 31, 2017, after being nominated by Kansas Governor Sam Brownback in late 2016.

Federal Reserve

In April 2018, Donald Trump nominated Bowman to fill the 14-year term on the U.S. Federal Reserve Board of Governors  of Stanley Fischer, which was to expire on January 31, 2020,and to occupy the board seat that represents community banks. In November 2018 Bowman was confirmed by the U.S. Senate by a vote of 64 to 34. On April 2, 2019, the White House announced that Trump planned to nominate Bowman to a full 14-year term on the Federal Reserve Board when her current term expired in January 2020.

Personal
Bowman is married to Wes Bowman. The couple's two children were born during the five years that they lived in England, between 2004 and 2010.

References

1971 births
Living people
Federal Reserve System governors
People from Council Grove, Kansas
Trump administration personnel
University of Kansas alumni
Washburn University School of Law alumni

Michelle Bowman


Konstantin Scherbakov (11 June 1963 in Barnaul, Siberia, Russian SFSR) is a Russian pianist. He was the winner of the first Rachmaninoff international piano competition in 1983. In 1990, he played solo in four recitals at the Chamber Music Festival of Asolo; this launched his international career.

Scherbakov has had a successful recording career for Naxos Records; among his CDs on that label are recordings of all Tchaikovsky's Piano Concertos, the nine Beethoven symphonies (as transcribed for the piano by Liszt), and music by Godowsky, Medtner, Respighi, Shostakovich, and Lyapunov. Critical acclaim has been high; Gramophone magazine has said that Scherbakov plays with "delicacy and affection", and the German Critics' Circle has twice awarded Scherbakov its top prize, once for a recording of Godowsky's Sonata in E minor and again a rare performance of Franz Liszt's incredibly difficult transcription of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. His record of Shostakovich's Twenty-Four Preludes and Fugues was labeled "a triumph" by ClassicsToday.com, and won him a classical award at Cannes in 2001.

Since 1998, Konstantin Scherbakov has been professor at the Zurich University of the Arts. He is a jury member in major international competitions (such as ARD Munich, Busoni in Bolzano, Liszt in Weimar, and among others Rio de Janeiro, Seoul, Havana etc.) and he regularly holds master classes all over the world (Germany, Italy, Switzerland, New Zealand, Singapore, Cuba, Russia, South Africa, Japan, Brazil). Many of his students won prizes and awards at international competitions, most recently Yulianna Avdeeva, the winner of the 2010 International Chopin Competition in Warsaw.

Scherbakov has lived with his family in Zurich, Switzerland since 1992. He spends much of his time in Spain and Russia.

References
Konstantin Scherbakov biography and discography at Naxos.com

1963 births
Living people
People from Barnaul
Russian classical pianists
Academic staff of the Zurich University of the Arts
21st-century classical pianists

Konstantin Scherbakov


The great spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos major) is a medium-sized woodpecker with black and white plumage and a red patch on the lower belly. Males and young birds also have red markings on the neck or head.

This species is found across Eurasia and parts of North Africa. It is usually resident, but in the north some migrate if the conifer cone crop fails.

Some individuals have recolonised Ireland and some have got to North America. Great spotted woodpeckers chisel into trees to find food or excavate nest holes, and also drum for contact and territorial advertisement. They have anatomical adaptations to manage the physical stresses from the hammering.

The bird occurs in all types of woodlands and eats a wide range of food. It gets seeds out of pine cones, insect larvae from inside trees, and chicks of other birds from their nests. It breeds in holes excavated in living or dead trees, unlined apart from wood chips. When the young fledge they are fed by the adults for about ten days.

References

Piciformes
Birds of Europe
Birds of Asia

Great spotted woodpecker


Gilberto Grácio (12 May 1936 – 1 November 2021) was a famous Portuguese guitar maker.

He was born in Lisbon, the son of João Pedro Grácio Junior and the grandson of João Pedro Grácio, both renowned luthiers. He started working in his father's workshop at the age of twelve.

The heir of a traditional art of Portuguese guitar making that has passed through generations of the Grácio family, he is the last of the Grácio luthiers, since his sons do not want to continue the tradition.

The Grácio family is considered to be one of the most important traditional guitar makers in Europe, and their contribution has helped develop the Portuguese guitar over the years. Their work together with that of the Paredes family reinvented the Lisbon guitar and created the Portuguese guitar of Coimbra.

Gilberto Grácio still worked in his workshop in Lisbon, and in the past years he has devoted most of his time to teaching his art.
Two of his students kept making guitars according to his family's tradition, under his supervision.

Amongst the famous performers and musicians who have bought and played his instruments are Carlos Paredes, António Chainho, Fernando Alvim, and Jimmy Page.

External links
 (AIMC) - Portuguese guitar Manufacturers
 Guitolão photos
 Portuguese Guitar site
 Acoustic analysis of Gilberto Grácio guitars
 Almeida, José Lucio Ribeiro

1936 births
2021 deaths
People from Lisbon
Portuguese luthiers
Portuguese brands

Gilberto Grácio


Famiglia Artigiana Fratelli Ruffatti (Ruffatti Brothers, Family of Artisans) is a manufacturer of pipe organs based in Padua, Italy.

History
In 1940, Antonio Ruffatti and his two brothers founded the firm of Famiglia Artigiana Fratelli Ruffatti (Ruffatti Brothers, Family of Artisans) the full and original name of the company which remains unchanged. The firm has produced more than five hundred instruments of all sizes, in Europe, North America, Africa, Asia and Australia. The lineage and heritage of Fratelli Ruffatti continues in the twenty-first century with the second generation of Ruffatti brothers, Francesco Ruffatti and Piero Ruffatti, the sons of Antonio, who joined the firm as partners in 1968. Since their father's retirement in 1992, Francesco and Piero have shared the responsibility of running Fratelli Ruffatti.

Design and philosophy
Each Fratelli Ruffatti organ is unique. The tonal planning of each instrument takes into consideration the ideas and musical needs of the customer as well as the space available and the acoustic environment. The primary objective of the aesthetic design is to blend with the existing architecture. Although most Ruffatti instruments utilize the traditional mechanical action, they also produce instruments with electro-pneumatic and all-electric actions. While Ruffattis continue to refine the sounds of Italian principals and flutes, they have added a wide variety of European and American organ sounds previously unknown in Italy, making their instruments international.

After manufacture and before shipping, each organ is completely assembled in the erecting room of the factory. Every part of the instrument is then checked to avoid any structural work to be completed at the installation site.

Ruffatti installations

The company is well known for the high profile instruments it has installed over the years - such as the organ at the Crystal Cathedral, the organ at the Shrine of Our Lady of Fatima in Fátima, Portugal, and the 117-rank organ designed by Diane Bish for the Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.

 Spivey Hall, Clayton State University - Atlanta, Georgia, US
 Brigham Young University-Idaho - Rexburg, Idaho, US
 Crystal Cathedral - Garden Grove, California
 Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption - San Francisco, California, US.
 San Francisco Symphony, Davies Symphony Hall - San Francisco, California, US.
 Shrine of Our Lady of Fatima - Fátima, Portugal.
 Friendship Missionary Baptist Church, Charlotte, North Carolina, US.
 Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, US.
 Uppsala Cathedral, Uppsala, Sweden
 Catedral de Nuestra Señora de la Asunción - Aguascalientes, México
 First Presbyterian Church, Naples, Official Website, Installation by Central Music
Centennial Chapel, Olivet Nazarene University - Bourbonnais, Illinois, US.
 St Mel's Cathedral Longford Ireland.
 The Chapel at Orlando Lutheran Towers, Orlando, Florida

References

External links
Fratelli Ruffatti  Official website
Ruffatti Organ at Coral Ridge
Ruffatti Organ at Brigham Young University-Idaho
 Davies Symphony Hall (San Francisco) Ruffatti organ
S.F. Symphony's mighty Ruffatti organ to get a big birthday workout -BNet Article

R
Companies based in Padua
Manufacturing companies established in 1940
Italian companies established in 1940
Design companies established in 1940
Musical instrument manufacturing companies of Italy

Fratelli Ruffatti


The Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society (OAHS) has existed in one form or another since at least 1839, although with its current name only since 1972. Its annual publication, Oxoniensia, has been produced since 1936.

Overview
The Society was founded in 1839 as the Society for Promoting the Study of Gothic Architecture. In 1848, it was renamed to become the Oxford Architectural Society and in 1860 it was re-founded as the Oxford Architectural and Historical Society. In 1972, the society was renamed to its current name when it merged with the Oxfordshire Archaeological Society.

The Society attracts members who are interested in the archaeology, architecture and history of Oxford and Oxfordshire in England. As well as the annual publication of Oxoniensia, OAHS organises lectures and excursions, which are open to all members.

The OAHS has a reciprocal arrangement with the Oxford University Archaeological Society, which allows the members of one body to attend meetings and excursions organised by the other.

The OAHS is affiliated to the Council for British Archaeology.

Oxoniensia
Oxoniensia, started in 1936, is the annual journal of OAHS, which is sent to all members.

See also
 Oxford Historical Society

References

External links
 OAHS official website
 Oxoniensia online

Archaeology of England
Archaeological organizations
Architecture organisations based in the United Kingdom
Historical societies of the United Kingdom
Organisations based in Oxfordshire
History organisations based in the United Kingdom
History of Oxfordshire
History of Oxford
Organizations established in 1839
1839 establishments in England


Afro-Colombian Day, or Día de la Afrocolombianidad is an annual commemoration of the abolition of slavery in Colombia on May 21, 1851. May 21 is also the day of the first established free town in the Americas, Palenque de San Basilio. Afro-Colombian Day was first celebrated in 2001.

Afro-Colombian Day hopes to show the natives the importance of the Afro population and the effect they have on the history of Colombia. Afro-Colombian Day celebrates the artistic, intellectual, and social contributions of Afro-Colombians in Colombia. During the event the people celebrate through food, music, art, and local folklore.

"For Rudesindo Castro, coordinator of ethno-education in the Black Community Organization (ORCONE, in its Spanish initials), "this celebration is a way of showing support to the Afro-Colombian community of our country." "The celebration also seeks to incentives the participation of the Afro community, public entities, private companies and the citizenship in general, under the motto of the actual administration, "Bogotá Without Indifference."

See also
 Blacks and Whites' Carnival, Colombia
 Afro-Colombian

International:
 Black Awareness Day, Brazil
 Black History Month

References

External links
 Conmemoración del Día de la Afrocolombianidad (in Spanish)
 All information you need of Afrocolombianidad (in Spanish)

Afro-Colombian
May observances

Afro-Colombian Day


A hellhound is a supernatural dog, found in mythology, folklore and fiction. Like the dragon, many ominous or hellish supernatural dogs are found in mythology around the world.

They often have to guard the entrances to the world of the dead, such as graveyards and burial grounds, or do other things related to the afterlife or the supernatural. These might be hunting down lost souls or guarding a supernatural treasure. In European legends, seeing a hellhound or hearing it howl may be either an omen or a cause of a soon death.

It is said to be bigger than a normal dog. Hellhounds are often said to have black fur, glowing red or sometimes glowing yellow eyes, a lot of strength or speed, ghostly or phantom features, a bad smell, and sometimes even being able to talk. In cultures that think that there is fire in the afterlife, hellhounds may have fire-based abilities and looks.

Legendary creatures
Demons

Hellhound