Kungshuset, the "King's House", is a building in Lund in Sweden, built by the Danish king Frederick II between 1578 and 1584 and originally intended as the residence for the bishop of Lund. After the secession of the Scanian lands to Sweden at the Treaty of Roskilde 1658 Lund University was founded in 1666 to enhance the Swedification of the Danish provinces.  King Charles XI of Sweden donated the building to the university in 1688 to serve as its main building and library. Until around 1800 the entire university was contained in Kungshuset, which as well as the library contained a theatre for the demonstration of anatomical dissection.   The building was used as an observatory by, amongst others, the university's first astronomer, Anders Spole.

An often related local legend has it that king Charles XII of Sweden, who resided in Lund for a time between campaigns in the 1710s, rode up the wide wooden stairs in the tower. The legend is easily debunked, as the tower was added to the building only later in the 18th century.

The house held the University Library in the mid-19th century, but was in a bad shape, with a leaking roof for instance. The professor of Greek language at the time, Carl Georg Brunius, whose prolific work as an amateur architect is seen in many characteristic Lund buildings, took it as upon himself to improve the condition of the building. Until 2014 Kungshuset housed the Department of Philosophy.

The nearest buildings are the towering  Lund Cathedral located 50 meters south, and the 19th century main building of the university immediately to the north.

References

 Pamphlet Kungshuset that can be acquired in the building

Lund University
History of Lund
Buildings and structures in Lund

Kungshuset


Sufi whirling (or Sufi turning) ( borrowed from Persian Sama-zan, Sama, meaning listening, from Arabic, and zan, meaning doer, from Persian) is a form of physically active meditation which originated among certain Sufi groups, and which is still practiced by the Sufi Dervishes of the Mevlevi order and other orders such as the Rifa'i-Marufi. It is a customary meditation practice performed within the sema, or worship ceremony, through which dervishes (also called semazens, from Persian ) aim to reach greater connection with Allah. This is sought through abandoning one's nafs, ego or personal desires, by listening to the music, focusing on God, and spinning one's body in repetitive circles, which has been seen as a symbolic imitation of planets in the Solar System orbiting the Sun.

The Mevlevi practice gave rise to an Egyptian form, tanoura, distinguished by the use of a multicolored skirt. This has also developed into a performance dance by non-Sufis, including dancers outside the Islamic world.

Origin

As an order, the whirling Dervishes were founded by mystic poet Rumi in the 13th century. Initially, Sufi fraternities ( ṭarāʾiq) were organized as leaderships where members followed prescribed disciplines in service to a sheikh or master to establish trust with him. A member of such a fraternity is referred to as a Persian darwish. These turuk were responsible for organizing an Islamic expression of religious life, often founded by independent saints or resulted from the division of existing orders. Each Sufi tariqa stems from a unique silsila, or "chain of order" in which a member must learn, as the silsila binds each member to Allah through one's chain of order. One's silsila extends through the member's individual teacher, to their teacher and so on, through time until one is connected to the Prophet and thus Allah. The Prophet himself is revered as the originator of Sufism, which has in turn been traced down through a series of saints.

Practice

A dervish practices multiple rituals, the primary of which is the dhikr, a remembering of Allah. The dhikr involves recitation of devotional Islamic prayer. This dhikr is coupled with physical exertions of movement, specifically dancing and whirling, in order to reach a state assumed by outsiders to be one of "ecstatic trances". As explained by Sufis:

In the symbolism of the Sema ritual, the semazen's camel's hair hat (sikke) represents the tombstone of the ego; his wide, white skirt (tennure) represents the ego's shroud. By removing his black cloak (hırka), he is spiritually reborn to the truth. At the beginning of the Sema, by holding his arms crosswise, the semazen appears to represent the number one, thus testifying to god's unity. While whirling, his arms are open: his right arm is directed to the sky, ready to receive god's beneficence; his left hand, upon which his eyes are fastened, is turned toward the earth. The semazen conveys god's spiritual gift to those who are witnessing the Sema. Revolving from right to left around the heart, the semazen embraces all humanity with love. The human being has been created with love in order to love. Mevlâna Jalâluddîn Rumi says, "All loves are a bridge to Divine love. Yet, those who have not had a taste of it do not know!"

Among the Mevlevi order, the practice of dhikr is performed in a traditional dress: a tennure, a sleeveless white frock, the destegul, a long sleeved jacket, a belt, and a black overcoat or khirqa to be removed before the whirling begins. As the ritual dance begins, the dervish dons a felt cap, a sikke, in addition to a turban wrapped around the head, a trademark of the Mevlevi order. The sheikh leads the ritual with strict regulations. To begin,

The sheikh stands in the most honored corner of the dancing place, and the dervishes pass by him three times, each time exchanging greetings, until the circling movement starts. The rotation itself is on the left foot, the center of the rotation being the ball of the left foot and the whole surface of the foot staying in contact with the floor. The impetus for the rotation is provided by the right foot, in a full 360-degree step. If a dervish should become too enraptured, another Sufi, who is in charge of the orderly performance, will gently touch his frock in order to curb his movement, The dance of the dervishes is one of the most impressive features of the mystical life in Islam, and the music accompanying it is of exquisite beauty, beginning with the great hymn in honor of the Prophet (na't-i sharif, written by Jalaluddin himself) and ending with short, enthusiastic songs, some things sung in Turkish.

The Western world, having witnessed Sufi whirling through tourism, have described the various forms of dhikr as "barking, howling, dancing, etc." The practice of each tariqa is unique to its individual order, specific traditions and customs may differ across countries. The same tariqa in one country will not mirror that of another country as each order's ritual stresses "emotional religious life" in various forms. The Mevleviyah order, like many others, practice the dhikr by performing a whirling meditation. Accompanying the dhikr practices of whirling and prayer, the custom of sama serves to further one's "nourishment of the soul" through devotional "hearing" of the "'subtle' sounds of the hidden world or of the cosmos." In contrast to the use of sama, whirling and devotional prayer in the practice of dhikr, the tariqa orders perform Sufi whirling in addition to playing musical instruments, consuming glowing embers, live scorpions and glass, puncturing body parts with needles and spikes, or practicing clairvoyance and levitation. The dervish practice can be performed by community residents or lay members, members have typically been those of lower classes. Within Islamic faith, unlike Middle Eastern law, women have equal status to men, allowing women to participate in dhikr as dervishes themselves. Women were received into a tariqa order by a male sheikh, but traditionally were instructed to practice the dhikr alone or with an established branch of females within a specific order. Sufi whirling, a worship of dhikr, became a gender and class neutral practice throughout the Central Islamic region.

The custom of sama among Sufi orders has a history of controversy within the Islamic faith. In one argument, the use of the term sama is considered to suggest physically "listening" in a spiritual context. A differing opinion argues that sama is in fact "hearing", as "to hear" can pertain to any sound in addition to any "subtle" sounds of the spiritual realm. Those in support of sama further claim that the term is actually synonymous with "understanding" and therefore recognition and application of the Revelation as well as the act of "attaining higher knowledge." Sama can also refer to considerate listening to an honest temporal leader who ensures social justice and makes word of God mainstream.The spread of sama among Sufi orders began some time around the mid third/ninth century C.E. in Baghdad, eventually finding acceptance and favor in Persian, Turkish and Indian Islam. The custom of sama evolved in practice over time as it complemented Sufi dhkir, whirling and among some orders dancing and a meal. Rules of propriety and conditions were adopted upon the widespread concern surrounding the necessity of sama with the dhikr; in order to distinguish between entertainment and valuable spiritual practice, the sama was distinguished as heard from the ego, heart or spirit. Despite the application of rules, some sheikhs continued to limit or disapprove the practice of sama. While controversy continuously questioned the place of sama in Sufi orders, the music itself was not affected. More recently, the custom of sama is most commonly performed within a dhikr ceremony. Those in support of sama continue to argue that "according to that which it is not sama and dance which induce ecstasy, but ecstasy which arouses dance, or furthermore, that sama is only a revealing instrument and that it only supplies that which is brought to it by the hearer."

In 2005, UNESCO proclaimed the "Mevlevi Sema Ceremony" of Turkey as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.

Today

Dervish communities, in the Middle Ages, served a central role in social, religious and political life throughout "central Islamic lands." Dervish orders were at one time much larger in size than they are today, as the government has taken control over most Dervish monasteries throughout this area. In 1925, Turkey ordered the dissolution of all Sufi fraternities by decree, the Mevlevi managed to survive among small villages throughout the Middle East. In 1954, the Turkish government granted the Mevlevi order a special permission to perform ritual whirling practices for tourists during two weeks each year. Outside of tourist entertainment, Orthodox theologians have now vocally discounted the Dervish practice resulting in faqirs, or wandering, mendicant dervishes throughout central Islamic regions. Despite strict government control over Dervish practices, the Mevleviyah order continued its existence in Turkey to this day.

While only men have historically been permitted to take part in the ceremony, some communities now allow women to participate.

Regional and secular forms

Egyptian tanoura

In Egypt, the practice of whirling has been adapted as tanoura ( ). The word tanoura or tannoura refers to the colorful skirt worn by the whirler, with a color representing each Sufi order. The word may also refer to the dancer, traditionally a Sufi man. Tanoura is associated with Sufism and is performed at Sufi festivals, but it is also performed by non-Sufis as a folk dance or concert dance.

Although it is mainly used for visual effects, the dancers also augment their balance with the tanoura, through a dynamic centrifugal effect.

Pakistan
In Sufi shrines in Pakistan, such as the Lal shrine in Sehwan, Sindh, the practice of Sufi whirling is called Dhamaal and is performed to honor Sufi saints, or qalandars. Unlike the Turkish practice, Dhamaal may be practiced by any devotee – priests as well as pilgrims. Dhamaal is usually preceded by the beating of a drum (naghara) and ringing of bells, as pilgrims raise their hands, start to skip steps standing at one place and gradually work into a trance as the beats get faster. As the beats get faster, rhythms change and the drum beats are accompanies by the playing of shehnai.

Practitioners associate the dance with Lal Shahbaz Qalandar and with protests following the Battle of Karbala. They regard the rhythm of the drum to evoke the rhythm of the creation of the universe, as illustrated in the concept of Kun Fyakun.

In the West

The tanoura tradition has attracted some interest from Westerners in the belly dancing community. These performers include both men and women, solo and in groups. Such performances may be augmented with pyrotechnics or props, such as veils, wings and ribbons.
The techniques used in Egyptian Tanoura can also be adopted by belly dancers to help with their balance and control dizziness.

Sufi whirling has also been promoted by actor and memoirist Annabelle Gurwitch as a form of stress relief.

Physiology
A defining feature of whirling is continuous rotation (clockwise or counterclockwise) around a central radical axis while avoiding vertigo. In untrained dancers, this sustained rotation causes dizziness or motion-induced vertigo. Training for whirling targets the inner ear, which is responsible for balance functions in humans. To counteract this effect, whirling dance performers practice various balancing and psychological techniques.

Records
Guinness World Records for "most Sufi whirls in one hour" were awarded in London in 2012, to Shafik Ibrahim Abd El Hamed in the male category with 2,905 rotations, and Tara Lee Oakley in the female category with 2,191. These records were surpassed in Zurich in 2015 by Nicole McLaren, with 3,552 rotations.

The longest continuous whirling performance has been recorded at more than four hours. The most people simultaneously whirling is 755, set in Taiwan in 2011.

See also
 Dhikr
 Islamic culture
 Nasheed
 Qawwali
 Religious experience

References

External links

Whirling Dervishes in Istanbul (video on YouTube)
Egyptian Castle: Tanoura dance
"Egyptian El Tanoura Dancer - Dreams Beach Resort, Sharm" on YouTube

Articles containing video clips
Dervish
Meditation
Sacred dance
Spiritual practice
Sufism
Folk dances

Sufi whirling


Leader Records was a British folk music record label, started by Bill Leader. Between 1969 and 1978, Leader released many important releases of both traditional and folk revival performers, the latter category including Nic Jones, Martin Simpson and Dick Gaughan. Among the field recordings released on the label, often with gatefold sleeves and extensive notes, were 'The Border Minstrel' by Billy Pigg, and 'Unto Brigg Fair' which featured cylinder recordings from the early 1900s made by Percy Grainger of Joseph Taylor and other traditional Lincolnshire singers. The 4 LP boxed set 'A Song for Every Season' by  the Copper Family was also recorded by Bill Leader and released on his label.

In the 1990s the Leader catalogue was sold to another record company "Highway" which later went into receivership. It was subsequently sold to the Celtic Music record label.

See also
 List of record labels

External links
 Leader Records discography

British record labels
Record labels established in 1969
Record labels disestablished in 1978
Folk record labels

Leader Records (UK)


Manon van Rooijen (born 3 July 1982 in Leerdam) is a freestyle swimmer from the Netherlands, who was a member of the Dutch Women's 4 × 100 m freestyle relay Team that won the silver medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia. She did so alongside Inge de Bruijn, Wilma van Hofwegen and Thamar Henneken.

Swimming career
Van Rooijen made her international senior debut at the European LC Championships 1999 in Istanbul, Turkey with 4th places in both 4 × 100 m freestyle and 4 × 100 m medley relay. One year later she started again in the European LC Championships this time it took place in Helsinki, Finland. There she started individually in the 100 m and 200 m freestyle ending up 17th and 24th. In the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay there was a 7th place. In September 2000 she competed at the Sydney Olympics where she won a silver medal in 4 × 100 m freestyle relay together with Inge de Bruijn, Wilma van Hofwegen and Thamar Henneken. There was also an 11th place in the 4 × 200 m freestyle.

Post-Sydney Olympics
Van Rooijen left for the United States in January 2001 to study at the  University of Miami. She kept her place in the national team during the 2001 World Aquatics Championships in Fukuoka, Japan which turned out to be a disappointment. In both relays, 4 × 100 m and 4 × 200 m freestyle, she and her team were eliminated in the heats. She reached her first individual final in 2002 in Berlin at the 2002 European Aquatics Championships finishing 8th in the 200 m freestyle. There was also a bronze medal for her in the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay together with Marleen Veldhuis, Chantal Groot and Wilma van Hofwegen and a 5th place in the 4 × 200 m freestyle. At the 2003 World Aquatics Championships in Barcelona she just missed out for a world championship medal by finishing 4th in the 4 × 100 m freestyle. She also achieved a 7th place in the 4×200 freestyle. After three years she returned home and found a place in Dordrecht, with Topzwemmen West-Nederland under the guidance of trainer-coach Dick Bergsma but failed to qualify for the 2004 Summer Olympics due to a severe shoulder injury.

Comeback
After she missed out all international tournaments in 2004 and 2005 she returned to international competition in Budapest to compete in the 2006 European Aquatics Championships. Meanwhile, she started to train with the Nationaal Zweminstituut Amsterdam where she is coached by Martin Truijens. She only started in the 4 × 200 m free ending up with an 11th place. Although she didn't meet the qualifying standards she was selected for the 2007 World Aquatics Championships in Melbourne, Australia and started in the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay which reached the final and ended third.

2008
In 2008, she took part in the 2008 European Aquatics Championships in front of her home crowd in Eindhoven. Individually she started in the 200 m freestyle where she was eliminated in the heats but qualified for the 2008 Summer Olympics in the 4 × 200 m relay. A time-trial in the 100 m freestyle secured her a spot in the olympic 4 × 100 m freestyle team. She also started in the 4 × 200 m freestyle but she and Linda Bank were replaced by Inge Dekker and Marleen Veldhuis for the final.

At the 2008 Summer Olympics she started in the heats of the 4×100 freestyle relay alongside Ranomi Kromowidjojo, Femke Heemskerk and Hinkelien Schreuder. But she and Schreuder were replaced for the final by Inge Dekker and Marleen Veldhuis. Van Rooijen saw her teammates win the final and received a gold medal for her efforts in the heats. Together with Heemskerk, Kromowidjojo and Saskia de Jonge she swam the heats of the 4 × 200 m freestyle but they failed to qualify for the final.

Personal bests

See also
Dutch records in swimming
List of swimmers

References
Dutch Olympic Committee

External links

1982 births
Living people
Olympic gold medalists for the Netherlands
Olympic silver medalists for the Netherlands
Olympic swimmers for the Netherlands
Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Miami Hurricanes women's swimmers
University of Miami alumni
People from Leerdam
Dutch female freestyle swimmers
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists in swimming
Olympic silver medalists in swimming
Sportspeople from Utrecht (province)
21st-century Dutch women

Manon van Rooijen


Clan Agnew is a Lawland Scots clan frae Wigtounshire an Gallowa in the soothwast o Scotland.

History

Oreegins
Thare ar twa theories as tae the oreegins o the name Agnew. The maist widely acceptit is that the name is French an derives frae the Barony d'Agneaux in Normandy.  Emigrants frae the region first settled in Ingland afore muivin north in the 12t century tae Liddlesdale, Scotland. The ither theory is that the Clan Agnew wis connectit tae ane o the tribes in Ulster, Ireland, aiblins a sept o O'Gnive — pronoonced O'New. Ither versions o the name include O'Gnive, O'Gnyw, an MacGnive. The Agnews mey be relatit tae Keeng Somerled frae whom the Clan MacDonald descends.

14t century
In 1318 the Agnew Lord o Larne accompanied Edward Bruce, younger brither o King Robert I o Scotland, tae Ireland.  Edward hae been invited bi the Erse Lords tae expel the Inglis an tae rule as High King o Ireland. Agnew stayed in Ireland for three years while Edward attempted tae establish himsel.

15t century
Andrew Agnew o Lochnaw wis granted the lands an constableship o Lochnaw Castle in 1426. In 1451 he wis appyntit Sheriff o Wigtown, an honour still held bi his direct descendants.

During the 15t century, the Clan Agnew rose tae pouer unner the influential Clan Douglas. The Agnews o Galloway initially benefited when the Clan Douglas fell oot o favour wi the monarch. Houiver this brocht them intae conflict wi the Clan MacKie an the Clan MacLellan.

16t century
Andrew Agnew o Lochnaw wis killed at the Battle o Pinkie in 1547, fechtin against the Inglis.

17t century
Sir Patrick Agnew wis MP for Wigtownshire frae 1628 tae 1633, an again frae 1643 tae 1647. He wis made a Baronet o Nova Scotia on 28 Julie 1629.  He mairit Anne Stewart, dochter o the first Earl o Galloway. When he died in 1661, he wis succeeded bi his eldest son, Andrew, who wad an aa be returned as MP for Wigtownshire. Sir Patrick wis creatit Sheriff o baith Kirkcudbright an Wigtown in the 1650s, while Scotland wis pairt o the Protectorate wi Ingland.

18t century
Andrew Agnew, the fift Baronet, mairit a kinswoman, Eleanor Agnew o Lochryan, wi whom he haed twenty ane childer. He wis a decorated sodger commanding the 21st Fit (which later became the Royal Scots Fusiliers) against the French at the Battle o Dettingen the French in 1743. King George II o Great Breetain, the last Breetish monarch tae led troops in battle, remarked tae Agnew that French cavalry haed been let amang his regiment. Sir Andrew replied, "Yes, please your Majesty, but they didna win back again".

During the 1745 Jacobite Rising the Clan Agnew continued thair support o the Breetish Govrenment. Sir Andrew held Blair Castle, seat o the Duke o Atholl who wis chief o the Clan Murray, against the Jacobite forces. The Clan Murray war dividit, thair chief supporting the Breetish Govrenment while his son supported the Jacobites. Agnew's forces war near starvation when Charles Edward Stuart cried the forces tae retreat tae Inverness tae meet the advance o Prince William Augustus, Duke o Cumberland.

20t century
Despite his name, umwhile Vice President o the United States Spiro Agnew is nae relatit tae this clan; his name is a shortening o the Greek name Spiros Anagnostopoulos.

Clan Chief

Clan chief: Sir Crispin Agnew, 11th Baronet o Lochnaw

Castles
Lochnaw Castle wis the seat o the chief o Clan Agnew.

Agnew

Clan Agnew


Oliver Gledhill (born 1966) is an English cellist.

Oliver is Professor of Cello at Junior Guildhall and also teaches at Mill Hill School. He was a Scholar at the Guildhall School of Music and won numerous awards including the ISTEL/Redditch Music Society Competition. He studied with many eminent cellists including William Pleeth, Edmund Kurtz and André Navarra.

He has given acclaimed recitals at the Wigmore Hall and Purcell Room, including three in the Kirckman Concert Society Series. Festival appearances have included solo performances in England, France, Italy, Mallorca and the Czech Republic. Oliver has recorded eight CDs, including the complete works by Leon Boellmann, which was awarded five stars for performance by BBC Music Magazine, and has been played on ABC Classic FM (Australian Radio) and RTBF musiq3 (Belgian Radio).

Oliver Gledhill has recently (2013) completed a PhD at the Royal Academy of Music on cellist-composer WH Squire (1871–1963), his cello miniatures and the use of portamento. On Sunday 20 January 2013 Oliver Gledhill accompanied by Tadashi Imai on piano gave a concert "The best of WH Squire for cello" at Duke's Hall, Royal Academy of Music to mark the 50th anniversary of the death of WH Squire. The cello miniatures were presented with descriptions and illustrations in the context of the life and work of WH Squire.

Recordings include:
 Cello Serenade
 Paul Müller-Zürich
 The Eye of the Storm
 Philipp Christoph Kayser
 French Romanticism I - Léon Boëllmann

External links
Guild Music Page
Bio on Guildhall School page

1966 births
Living people
English cellists

Oliver Gledhill


Bolton Hall is a historic American Craftsman-era stone building in Tujunga, Los Angeles, California. Built in 1913, Bolton Hall was originally used as a community center for the utopian community of Los Terrenitos. From 1920 until 1957, it was used as an American Legion hall, the San Fernando Valley's second public library, Tujunga City Hall, and a jail. In 1957, the building was closed. For more than 20 years, Bolton Hall remained vacant and was the subject of debates over demolition and restoration. Since 1980, the building has been operated by the Little Landers Historical Society as a local history museum.

Los Terrenitos
In the early 1900s, the area now known as Tujunga was undeveloped land, the former Rancho Tujunga. In 1913, William Ellsworth Smythe, working alongside M.V. Hartranft (they had purchased the land together), formed a utopian community called Los Terrenitos — Spanish for The Little Lands. Smythe was the leader of the Utopian Little Landers movement and had already established colonies in Idaho and San Ysidro, California. He advocated the principle that families settling on an acre or two of land could support themselves and create a flourishing community.

Town lots in Tujunga were sold to settlers at $800 for an acre of land and a life of independence.

Bolton Hall was built in 1913 by George Harris, a self-described "nature builder", rock mason, and stone sculptor. He first named it "Bolton Hall Hall", after Bolton Hall (1854–1938), a New York City progressive activist and proponent of the back-to-the-land movement. Harris urged that the  hall be built solely of native materials and selected a design that he said borrowed nothing from European architecture. Harris and the Terrenitos community built the hall using granite chunks and stones from nearby fields and hillsides and from the Tujunga Wash. Stones were placed in position in the structure based on the positions in which they settled after falling from a cliff.

The spacious main room has shiny hardwood floors and a massive rock fireplace in the center. The fireplace is spanned by a  mantel fashioned from a single eucalyptus tree. Beneath the mantel, Harris inscribed the words "To the Spiritual Life of Soil". The structure was built at a cost of $6,480.

When Bolton Hall opened in August 1913, the Los Angeles Times reported that it marked the "awakening of the Vale of Monte Vista" (the former name of Sunland):

First settled nearly thirty years ago, the valley has shown more life in the past six months than in all its previous history.  Los Terrenitos, the settlement of "'little-landers," has made wonderful progress since its inception, five months ago, about 200 families having purchased land, not all of whom are yet on the ground. But enough are here to make it a beehive of industry. The dedication of "Bolton Hall" last Saturday aroused much enthusiasm among the "little-landers."

The Times also reported that Bolton Hall was "built to stand for ages", and it has survived the 1971 Sylmar and 1994 Northridge earthquakes without a scratch.

During the hall's early years, it hosted community meetings patterned after those held in old New England town halls. Over the next decade, it was used for church services, musical performances, lectures, motion picture shows, the Women's Club, dances, and pot-luck suppers. It also was the site of the San Fernando Valley's second public library.

City Hall
After World War I, the hall was used as an American Legion hall for several years. In 1925, Tujunga incorporated as a city, and Bolton Hall became Tujunga City Hall. In 1932, Tujunga was consolidated with the City of Los Angeles, and the building was used for the next 25 years for a variety of municipal services, including the San Fernando Valley's second public library and a jail. However, it remained known as Tujunga City Hall until its closure in 1957.

Vacancy and preservation efforts

With its closure in 1957, Bolton Hall was put up for sale. However, the city estimated it would take more than $42,000 to bring the building up to code, and two attempts to auction the site failed to draw any bids. When the city announced in 1959 that it intended to tear down the old building and convert the property into a neighborhood park, the Little Landers Historical Society of Sunland and Tujunga was formed to fight for the preservation of Bolton Hall. The group watered the trees during the summer and collected more than 400 signatures on petitions seeking to preserve the structure. The group brought in a representative of the National Trust, and the building was found to have historical value. However, the group had difficulty coming up with funding to maintain the structure and bring it up to current safety standards. Bolton Hall's future remained uncertain, and the property vacant, for more than twenty years as the "Save Bolton Hall" movement continued to have difficulty raising funds.

Historical museum
In 1976, an agreement was reached to have the City of Los Angeles renovate the building's exterior with the Little Landers Historical Society committing to renovate the interior for operation as a historical museum. At the time, the building had been kept "tightly sealed" since 1957. However, by 1979, funding was still lacking, and the Times reported that "the vacant old building houses only cobwebs and dust."

In late 1979, Los Angeles City Councilman Bob Ronka secured $169,000 in federal funds to augment $23,800 raised by the Little Landers Historical Society. With nearly $200,000 in public and private funds, the building was finally restored after it had sat vacant for more than 20 years.

The Bolton Hall Historical Museum opened in 1980. The artifacts displayed at the museum include the gavel used by the presiding officer during early town meetings, building tools used in the construction of Bolton Hall, old photographs, and the old clock from the first Tujunga Post Office. The museum also has a congratulatory letter from Bolton Hall, the New York lawyer and writer for whom the building was named. Near the front entrance of the museum, there is a tobacco-stained stone that juts out from the wall; it was used by early colonists to clean out their pipes when the building was used as a church.

The museum is open to the public every Sunday and Tuesday from 1:00 to 4:00 p.m. Admission is free.

See also
 List of Registered Historic Places in Los Angeles
 List of Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments in the San Fernando Valley
 Little Landers
 Stonehurst Historic Preservation Overlay Zone

References

External links
City of Los Angeles Department of Parks and Recreation: Bolton Hall Historical Museum
Little Landers Historical Society.org: Bolton Hall Museum, in Tujunga, California

Buildings and structures in the San Fernando Valley
Community centers in California
History museums in California
Museums in Los Angeles
Buildings and structures completed in 1913
Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments
National Register of Historic Places in the San Fernando Valley
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Los Angeles
American Craftsman architecture in California
Mission Revival architecture in California
1913 establishments in California
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Los Angeles County, California
Event venues on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Intentional communities in California
Architecture related to utopias

Bolton Hall (California)


In the British House of Commons, public bill committees (known as standing committees before 2006) consider Bills – proposed Acts of Parliament. The House of Lords does not have such committees, as Bills are usually considered by the House as a whole.

When a Bill has received its Second Reading in the House of Commons, it reaches its committee stage. The Bill is then usually sent to a public bill committee for consideration. However, some bills are considered not by a public bill committee but by a Committee of the Whole House; in this case, amendments are proposed and discussed by the entire House of Commons. This applies to some key clauses of Finance Bills, which are proposed by the Chancellor of the Exchequer every year in March/April, and to some occasional bills such as the 1998/99 House of Lords Reform Bill.

The job of public bill committees is to debate and consider amendments to a Bill. The committee considers each Bill clause by clause, and may amend it (the House then considers the bill as amended at the Bill's Report Stage). Under the post-2006 House of Commons procedure, public bill committees may take a limited amount of evidence (akin to a select committee) on certain bills committed to them. Members of the public can make written submissions to public bill committees after the Second Reading debate, by emailing the Scrutiny Unit.

The composition of the committee is roughly proportional to that of the House itself, so it is rare that amendments are accepted that are contrary to a majority Government's wishes.  As the overall purpose of a Bill has been set by its Second Reading in the House, amendments at the committee stage may not make drastic changes.

References

Westminster system
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Committees of the British House of Commons

Public bill committee


Nhumbi (goods, property, baggage) zvichireva chose chinhu chinonzi nemunhu ndechangu - apa tisingaverenge mhuka, minda, miti kana vanhu.

Mamwe Mazwi

Chikenge
Chiyavayo kana chiyevo (very fine article or piece of work).
Gurukushwa kana makurukushwa (Second-hand article).

Tsumo

Pereka chavamwe chisina vende. Return other people's property undamaged.
Pereka chomumwe chichakanaka. Return that belonging to another in good condition
Atora chake haabvunzwi. He who has taken away his property should not be questioned.
Atora chake haateverwi. He who has taken away his property should not be followed.*
Ane chake ndihombarume. The one who owns something is like a successful hunter.
Ane chake haareveteki. The one who owns something does not talk.
Dzanza kusakara rine mwene waro. A basket is getting old because of its owner.

Mitauro yeBantu

Basotho vanoti phahlo kana liphahlo (clothing/luggage/goods) kureva mbatya.
MaZulu vanoti impahla (goods, wares, possesions, effects, chattels) kureva mbatya. VaTsonga vanoti mpahla (n. goods, clothes).
VaMambwe vanoti cikwato (anything somebody possesses). Kidawida vanoti mali (Property, possessions, riches).
VaYao vanoti chisimba (one's person's private property which one does not sell). Mamwe mazwi: chisimba (the essence of anything that gives it its virtue; the active property in medicine).

Matare emhosva
Mazwi anotanga na Nh

Nhumbi


The following lists events that happened during 1964 in Afghanistan.

Afghanistan
 Monarch - Mohammed Zahir Shah
 Prime Minister - Mohammad Yusuf

July 1, 1964
Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan, president of Pakistan, visits Kabul briefly where he meets with King Mohammad Zahir. For the first time in several years relations between Afghanistan and Pakistan are relatively amicable following the decision of the government of Afghanistan to deal with the Pakhtunistan dispute only through diplomatic negotiations and to carry on normal relations with Pakistan in other respects. Afghanistan does not, however, join the Istanbul Pact drawn up in July between Pakistan, Iran, and Turkey to foster economic cooperation. Observers voice the belief that Afghanistan's desire to maintain a strictly neutral policy is the basis of the decision not to join, since all three of the other countries are members of pro-Western alliances.

September 9, 1964
The Grand Council (loya jirga) is convened to discuss and ratify a new constitution; the latter event takes place on September 19. The House of the People is to have 216 elected members, and the House of the Elders is to have 84 members, one-third elected by the people, one-third appointed by the king, and one-third elected indirectly by new provincial assemblies. Under the terms of the new constitution no members of the royal family may become Prime Minister or hold any other ministerial portfolio; neither may a member of the royal family become a member of the loya jirga, or Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. This is a complete reversal of the situation that prevailed until 1963 when Mohammad Yusuf became the first Afghan Prime Minister not of royal blood. On the other hand, the constitution also provides that only descendants of Mohammad Nadir Shah, father of the present king, may ascend the throne. Democratic reforms in the new constitution include the guaranteeing of such individual liberties as the right of free trial in all criminal cases, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and the right to form political parties.

September 1964
The Salang Highway is opened, linking Kandahar in south Afghanistan and Kabul with Kushka, the southernmost town of the Soviet Union on the 1,900-km border between the U.S.S.R. and Afghanistan. This highway provides the first motor access through the mountains of the Hindu Kush to connect the northern towns of Afghanistan with the capital and the south. Built by Soviet engineers and with Soviet aid, the highway took more than four years to complete and cost about $38 million, which is to be repaid by Afghanistan. Its most spectacular feature is a tunnel 2,670 m long. In the meantime, the U.S. Agency for International Development authorized a loan of $7.7 million for the construction of an all-weather highway from Herat to Islam Qala on the Iranian border, and the Soviet Union signed an agreement to provide the equivalent of £10.5 million for another highway in northern Afghanistan.

End of 1964
Afghanistan's new progressive outlook is recognized when it receives a credit of $3.5 million from the International Development Association, the first ever granted to Afghanistan by that organization. Seven secondary vocational schools are created with the funds.

Afghanistan
Years of the 20th century in Afghanistan
Afghanistan
1960s in Afghanistan

1964 in Afghanistan


Salisbury is a town on the west coast of the small Caribbean island nation of Dominica.  It is located at  and is a part of the country's St. Joseph administrative division.  Its population is 2,129.

The Creole name for the town is Barroui (pronounced as "bah-wee"; also spelled Baroui or Bawi.  During English colonization and the increasing Anglicizing of the nation that occurred during the 1900s, Salisbury became an equally accepted name. For the first half of the 20th century, the town was little more than a small village of thatched-roof huts along the shore, with the only significant building being the local Catholic Church (constructed 1929). During the 1950s and 1960s, however, the banana industry began to use the town as a port where bananas could be transferred from feeder roads into the island's interior to "banana boats" exporting the nation's produce. In recent years, the community, which was heavily dependent on agriculture, remains a significant contributor towards agricultural development on the island. After private land was put up for sale, the town snapped it up and grew to the north.

On August 29, 1976, the Dominican Premier, Patrick Roland John, introduced the idea of independence to the nation. There, he signed the Salisbury Declaration: a document citing the intentions of what was then an island colony of Britain to become an independent state.

The first elected parliamentary representative to serve in the community was Mr. Bryson Louis, who had won the general elections in 1975 on a Labour Party ticket. Prior to that, Mr. Clarence Louis was appointed by Mr. Edward Oliver LeBlanc to serve as a nominated member of parliament. Then, in the 1980 general election, Mr. Dennison John, on a Freedom Party ticket, received the mandate. Following this term, Mr. James Royer was elected in 1985. During the 1990 election, Earl Williams was elected parliamentary representative, running for the United Workers Party. Hector John is the village's current parliamentary representative.

References

Populated places in Dominica
Saint Joseph Parish, Dominica

Salisbury, Dominica


Aneek, established on 09 October  1999, is a group theatre based in Kolkata, India. Aneek celebrates its Silver Jubilee this year.

Background
Aneek organises theatre festivals. From 1999 it has organised the international theatre festival Ganga Jamuna Natya Utsab which involves theatre groups from West Bengal, rest of India and other countries like Japan, Nepal, America and Germany. It also has organised an Inter-school and Inter-College drama Competition since 2003. From 2010, Aneek has organised the Bengali Short Drama Festival. A National Symposium,  The Subaltern in Indian Theatre was organised on 13 and 14 November 2010 in collaboration with Department of English, University of Calcutta. In 2011, a festival was organised to commemorate the 150th birth anniversary of Rabindranath Tagore. Twenty five groups from all the 19 districts of West Bengal participated.

In 2012, a 2-day Symposium titled Rural problems & Indian Theatre was organised. The 14th Ganga Jamuna Natya utsab was held from 24 December 2011 to 4 January 2012 in Kolkata & Madhyamgram. Thirty two teams participated in the festival. The 15th Ganga Jamuna Natya Utsab was held from 23 December 2012 to 4 January 2013 in Kolkata & Madhyamgram. A National Symposium, 'Society, Nation & Rabindranath' was organised by Aneek aided by Ministry Of Culture, Government of India on 23 and 24 June 2012 at Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad Auditorium, Kolkata. Eminent speakers from all over the country gave deliberations.

In September 2013, a six-day theatre festival "Ganga-Jamuna Natyautsab" was arranged by Ganga-Jamuna Natyautsab Parishad (Bangladesh Committee), in association with Aneek. The festival showcased a total of 17 plays from Bangladesh and one from India. Aneek staged "Prateek," at 7pm at the National Theatre Hall of BSA on the closing day. Leading troupes of Bangladesh like Aranyak, Dhaka Theatre, Loko Natya Dal, Prachyanat, Nagarik Natyangan and others staged their acclaimed plays in the event.

The 16th Ganga Jamuna Natya Utsab will be held from 22 December 2013 to 3 January 2014.

Production of plays
 Haldi Nadeer Teeray
 Kremliner Ghari
 Ekjan Pratarak
 Lal Ghase Neel Ghora
 Sukh Chai Sukh
 Purna Apurna
 Samayer Abartey
 Adrisya Asukh
 Samparka
 Dwitiyo Basanta
 Punorujjiban
 Adventure Kare Kay
 Tapati
 Ekusher Golpo
 Prateek
 Chi-kissa
 Ashokananda
Shakuntala

Short plays
 Halla Aschhe Bhago
 Samikkha
 Jallad
 Aap Ki Adalat
 Bangla Bnachao
 Feedgool
 Bikalpa (Audio Drama)
 Punorujjiban (Audio Drama)

Special productions
Panta Akali
 Louha Manab
 Sarisrip
 Dalia

Awards
Lebedev Award (USSR): Best Production, Best Dramatist, Best Director
Nurun Nahar Samad Natya Padak (Bangladesh): Best Production, Best Dramatist, Best Director
West Bengal State Natya Academy Award-Amalesh Chakraborty (Script), Malay Biswas (Direction), Ajay Duttagupta (Stage design), Sunil Chatterjee (Actor), Tapati Bhattacherji (Actress)

References

External links
 "Homepage","Aneek Theatre Group"
 "Time out", "The Telegraph", 10 February 2011.
 "Subaltern Theatre losing revolutionary zeal", "The Hindu", 14 November 2010.
 "Indian theatre troupe wows audience on day 7"    "Daily Sun"
 "'Ganga-Jamuna Natyautsab' begins on a high note" "Daily Sun"
 "'Ganga-Jamuna Natyautsab' ends today" "The New Nation BD"
 "Ganga-Jamuna Natyautsab: 'Apod' staged on day 5" "Daily Sun"
 Articles on the inauguration of 'Ganga-Jamuna Natyautsab "BD-Pratidin" and "Kaler Kontho"
 Article on 'Amar Desh' describing the cultural relevance of Ganga-Jamuna Natyautsab  "আমার েদশ"

Theatre companies in India
Organisations based in Kolkata
Bengali theatre groups
Companies based in Kolkata
1988 establishments in West Bengal
Arts organizations established in 1988

Aneek theatre group


Arthur Veary Treacher (, 23 July 1894 – 14 December 1975) was an English film and stage actor active from the 1920s to the 1960s, and known for playing English types, especially butler and manservant roles, such as the P.G. Wodehouse valet character Jeeves (Thank You, Jeeves!, 1936) and the kind butlers opposite Shirley Temple in Curly Top (1935) and Heidi (1937). In the 1960s, he became well known on American television as an announcer/sidekick to talk show host Merv Griffin, and as the support character Constable Jones in Disney's Mary Poppins (1964).  He lent his name to the Arthur Treacher's Fish and Chips chain of restaurants.

Personal life
Treacher was the son of Arthur Veary Treacher (1862–1924), a Sussex solicitor; his mother was Alice Mary Longhurst (1865–1946).  He was educated at a boarding school in Uppingham in Rutland. In 1940, he married Virginia Taylor (1898–1984).

Acting career
Treacher was a veteran of World War I, serving as an officer of the Royal Garrison Artillery; his father had served with the Sussex Volunteer Artillery before Treacher's birth. After the war, he established an acting career in England, and in March 1926 went to New York as part of a musical-comedy revue named Great Temptations. He was featured in the 1930 Billy Rose musical revue Sweet and Low.

He began his movie career during the 1930s, which included roles in four Shirley Temple movies: Curly Top (1935), Stowaway (1936), Heidi (1937), and The Little Princess (1939). The movie scenes were intentionally scripted to have the 6' 4" Treacher standing or dancing side by side with the tiny child actress; for example, in The Little Princess they sing and dance together to an old song "Knocked 'em in the Old Kent Road".

Treacher filled the role of the ideal butler, and he portrayed P. G. Wodehouse's valet character Jeeves in the movies Thank You, Jeeves! (1936) and Step Lively, Jeeves! (1937). (Wodehouse, however, was unhappy with the way his work had been adapted, and refused to authorize any further Jeeves movies.)  Treacher played a valet or butler in several other movies, including Personal Maid's Secret, Mr. Cinderella, and Bordertown.  He was caricatured in the 1941 cartoon Hollywood Steps Out.

In 1950 Treacher had a program on WNBC Radio in New York City. As a disc jockey he played and commented on recordings of music by Gilbert and Sullivan on the show.

Later years
During 1961 and 1962, he and William Gaxton appeared in Guy Lombardo's production of the musical revue Paradise Island, which played at the Jones Beach Marine Theater. In 1962, he replaced Robert Coote as King Pellinore (with over-the-title name billing) in the original Broadway production of Lerner and Loewe's musical play Camelot, and he remained with the show through the Chicago engagement and post-Broadway tour that ended during August 1964.

From the mid-1950s on, Treacher became a familiar figure on American television as a guest on talk shows and panel games, including The Tonight Show and The Garry Moore Show.  In early 1961, Treacher appeared in episode 463 of the TV game show I've Got a Secret in which he rode a horse on stage.  In 1964, Treacher was cast in the role of Constable Jones in the hugely successful Walt Disney movie Mary Poppins.  That same year, he played the role of stuffy English butler Arthur Pinckney in two episodes of The Beverly Hillbillies. Pinckney mistakenly believed the hillbillies were the domestic servants of the family by whom he was hired, while the hillbillies believed Pinckney was a boarder at their Beverly Hills mansion.

He became even better known to American television audiences when talk-show host Merv Griffin made him announcer and occasional bantering partner on  The Merv Griffin Show from 1965 to 1970 ("...and now, here's the dear boy himself, Merrr-vyn!"). In 1966 Treacher and Merv Griffin recorded an album together under the soubriquet 'Alf & 'Alf entitled Songs of the British Music Hall. When in 1969 Griffin switched from  syndication to the CBS network, network executives insisted that Treacher was too old for the show, but Griffin fought to keep Treacher and eventually won. However, when Griffin relocated his show from New York to Los Angeles the next year, Treacher stayed behind, telling Griffin "at my age, I don't want to move, especially to someplace that shakes!"

During this period of latter-day popularity, Treacher capitalised on his name recognition through the use of his name and image for such franchised business concerns as the Call Arthur Treacher Service System (a household help agency) and Arthur Treacher's Fish and Chips. The restaurants became very popular during the 1970s and increased to nearly 900 outlets, although in interviews Treacher would refuse to confirm or deny that he had any ownership stake in the company. (Only one free-standing Arthur Treacher's was still in existence by 2022, located in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio. Several attached Arthur Treacher's franchise locations are still operating out of Salvatore's Pizzeria locations in Rochester NY and one continues to operate out of the Twin Oaks Convenience Store in Pomeroy, Ohio).

Treacher died at the age of 81 due to cardiovascular disease.

Filmography

 The Battle of Paris (1929)Harry
 Fashions of 1934 (1934)The Duchess' Butler (uncredited)
 Gambling Lady (1934)Pryor (uncredited)
 Riptide (1934)Reporter (uncredited)
 Viva Villa! (1934)English Reporter (scenes deleted)
 Hollywood Party (1934)Durante's Butler (uncredited)
 The Key (1934)Lt. Merriman, Furlong's Aide
 Here Comes the Groom (1934)Butler
 Madame Du Barry (1934)Andre, Master of the Bedroom
 Student Tour (1934)British Radio Announcer (uncredited)
 Desirable (1934)Butler (uncredited)
 The Captain Hates the Sea (1934)Major Warringforth
 Forsaking All Others (1934)JohnsonDill's Butler (uncredited)
 Bordertown (1935)RobertsElwell's Butler (uncredited)
 David Copperfield (1935)Donkey Man (uncredited)
 The Winning Ticket (1935)Horse Race Announcer (uncredited)
 The Woman in Red (1935)Major Albert Casserly (uncredited)
 Let's Live Tonight (1935)Ozzy Featherstone
 Cardinal Richelieu (1935)Agitator
 Go Into Your Dance (1935)Latimer (uncredited)
 The Nitwits (1935)Man with Tennis Equipment (uncredited)
 No More Ladies (1935)Lord Knowleton
 Going Highbrow (1935)Waiter
 The Daring Young Man (1935)Col. Baggott
 Curly Top (1935)Butler
 Bright Lights (1935)Wilbur
 Orchids to You (1935)Roger Morton
 I Live My Life (1935)Gallup, Mrs. Gage's Butler
 A Midsummer Night's Dream (1935)Epilogue
 Personal Maid's Secret (1935)Owen
 Remember Last Night? (1935)Phelps
 Splendor (1935)Major Ballinger
 Hitch Hike Lady (1935)Mortimer Wingate
 Magnificent Obsession (1935)Horace
 Anything Goes (1936)Sir Evelyn Oakleigh
 Hearts Divided (1936)Sir Harry
 Satan Met a Lady (1936)Anthony Travers
 The Case Against Mrs. Ames (1936)Griggsby
 Thank You, Jeeves! (1936)Jeeves
 Mr. Cinderella (1936)Watkins, Randolph's Butler
 Under Your Spell (1936)Botts
 Stowaway (1936)Atkins
 Step Lively, Jeeves! (1937)Jeeves
 Thin Ice (1937)Nottingham
 She Had to Eat (1937)Carter
 You Can't Have Everything (1937)Bevins
 Heidi (1937)Andrews
 Mad About Music (1938)Tripps
 My Lucky Star (1938)Whipple
 Always in Trouble (1938)Rogers
 Up the River (1938)Darby Randall
 The Little Princess (1939)Bertie Minchin
 Bridal Suite (1939)Lord Helfer
 Barricade (1939)Upton Ward
 Brother Rat and a Baby (1940)Snelling
 Irene (1940)Bretherton
 Star Spangled Rhythm (1942)'Sweater, Sarong & Peekaboo Bang' Number
 Forever and a Day (1943)Second Air Raid Watcher
 The Amazing Mrs. Holliday (1943)Henderson
 Chip Off the Old Block (1944)Quentin
 In Society (1944)Pipps
 National Velvet (1944)Race Patron
 Delightfully Dangerous (1945)Jeffers
 Swing Out, Sister (1945)Chumley
 That's the Spirit (1945)Masters
 Fun on a Weekend (1947)Benjamin O. Moffatt
 Slave Girl (1947)Thomas 'Liverpool' Griswold
 The Countess of Monte Cristo (1948)Hotel Managing Director
 That Midnight Kiss (1949)Hutchins
 Love That Brute (1950)Quentin, Hanley's Butler
 Mary Poppins (1964)Constable Jones
 Ready Player One (2018)digital avatar known as 'The Curator' for Ogden Morrow.

References

External links

1894 births
1975 deaths
20th-century English male actors
British Army personnel of World War I
British expatriate male actors in the United States
English male film actors
English male radio actors
English male television actors
English male stage actors
English television personalities
Male actors from Brighton
Royal Garrison Artillery officers
People educated at Uppingham School

Arthur Treacher


Donald L. Coburn (born August 4, 1938) is an American dramatist. He won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1978 for his play The Gin Game.

Coburn was born in Baltimore, Maryland to parents who divorced two years later. He graduated from high school in 1957, then served in the U.S. Navy from 1958 to 1960. He has been married twice, first to Nazle Joyce French, whom he married in 1964 and divorced in 1971, then to Marsha Woodruff Maher in 1975. He had his own advertising company from 1965 to 1968. He then worked for the Stanford Advertising Agency in Dallas, Texas from 1968 to 1971. He worked as a marketing consultant from 1973 to 1976.

References

 http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-gin-game/bio.html
 Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2008. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale, 2008. Galenet. Document Number: H1000019020. Online. May 30, 2008.

External links

1938 births
Living people
Pulitzer Prize for Drama winners
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
Writers from Baltimore

Donald L. Coburn


Montserrat Abelló i Soler (1 February 1918 – 9 September 2014) was a Spanish Catalan poet and translator. She translated works of literature from English to her native Catalan, and from Catalan into English.

Early life and education
Abelló i Soler was born in Tarragona, in the Province of Tarragona. During the Spanish Civil War, she lived in exile in France, England and Chile.

Translations

From English to Catalan
She translated works by American novelist Sylvia Plath, Welsh novelist Dylan Thomas, English writer E. M. Forster, Irish-born British author Iris Murdoch and Iranian translator Mohsen Emadi

From Catalan to English
She translated works by writers Salvador Espriu, Mercè Rodoreda, Maria Àngels Anglada, Maria Mercè Marçal and Olga Xirinacs Díaz.

Writing
She published works of poetry in Catalan.
 1963 - Vida diària ("Daily life")
 1981 - Vida diària: Paraules no dites ("Daily Life: Words not said")
 1986 - El blat del temps ("The Wheat of Time")
 1990 - Foc a les mans ("Fire in Hand")
 1995 - L'arrel de l'aigua ("The Root of Water")
 1995 - Son màscares que m'emprovo ("Masks of Sleep that I Try")
 1998 - Dins l'esfera del temps ("In the Sphere of Time") which won the Gold Critica Serra prize in 1999
 2004 - Asseguda escrivint ("Seated Writing")
 2006 - Memoria de tu i de mi ("Memories of You and Me")

In 2002, her poetry was compiled in Al cor de les paraules: obra poètica 1963-2002 ("In the Heart of Words: Poetic Works 1963-2002"), which in 2003 won several Catalan literary prizes.

She has also contributed to anthologies (collections) of writing and poetry:

 1993 - Cares a la finestra: 20 dones poetes de parla anglesa del segle XX ("Faces in the Window: 20 English Women Poets of the 20th century")
 1998 - Cartografies del desig: Quinze escriptores i el seu món ("Cartography of Desire: Fifteen writers and their world")
 1999 - Memoria de l'aigua: Onze escriptores i el seu món ("Memories of Water: Eleven writers and their world")
 1999 - Paisatge emergent ("Emergent Landscape")

Death
Abelló i Soler died on 9 September 2014 in Barcelona, aged 96.

References

Other websites
 Montserrat Abelló i Soler at the Association of Catalan Language Writers (AELC)

1918 births
2014 deaths
Spanish poets
Spanish translators
Writers from Barcelona

Montserrat Abelló i Soler


Zdeněk Nejedlý (10 February 1878 – 9 March 1962) was a Czech musicologist, historian, music critic, author, and politician whose ideas dominated the cultural life of what is now the Czech Republic for most of the twentieth century. Although he started out merely reviewing operas in Prague newspapers in 1901, by the interwar period his status had risen, guided primarily by socialist and later Communist political views. This combination of left wing politics and cultural leadership made him a central figure in the early years of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic after 1948, where he became the first Minister of Culture and Education. In this position he was responsible for creating a statewide education curriculum, and was associated with the early 1950s expulsion of university professors.

Biography

Early life and career

Son of the east Bohemian composer and pedagogue Roman Nejedlý (1844–1920), Zdeněk Nejedlý had the good fortune to be born in Litomyšl, the historic birthplace of the composer Bedřich Smetana, the so-called "Father of Czech music" and a significant figurehead in the Czechs' nineteenth-century National Revival movement. His formal education in music began with Josef Šťastný at the Litomyšl Gymnasium (1888–1896), alongside instruction in Czech history. In 1896 he moved to Prague to study at Charles University, where he attended lectures in positivist history with Jaroslav Goll and music aesthetics with Otakar Hostinský, finally receiving his doctorate in 1900. Hostinský, a great proponent of Smetana's music, suggested that Nejedlý study composition and music theory with his like-minded colleague, Zdeněk Fibich, whose personality and tastes had a profound effect on his young student. Although his first publications were devoted to Czech history, after Fibich's death in 1900 Nejedlý devoted himself to musicology, authoring a monograph entitled Zdenko Fibich, Founder of the Scenic Melodrama in 1901 as a first attempt at gaining greater recognition for his mentor. That these efforts were directed against the musical establishment of Prague (who he felt had victimized Smetana, Fibich, and Hostinský) was made clear by his first foray into music criticism that same year, in an attack on Antonín Dvořák's opera Rusalka shortly after its premiere.

These factional divisions were to inspire Nejedlý throughout his whole career; in many ways he was personally responsible for perpetuating them for future generations, long after their currency in Czech musical society. His 1903 History of Czech Music drew distinct battle lines between the Conservatory students of Dvořák and the supposed inheritors of Smetana, including the composers Josef Bohuslav Foerster, Otakar Ostrčil, and Otakar Zich, all personal friends of Nejedlý's on the outs with the Prague establishment. Over the next decade he produced an extraordinary amount of writing on music, including monographs on pre-Hussite song (1904, 1907, and 1913), Smetana's operas 1908, Czech Modern Opera Since Smetana (1911, notoriously excluding Dvořák), Hostinský (1907 and 1910), and Gustav Mahler (1913). In 1908 he began to lecture in musicology at Charles University, forming a circle of devoted young colleagues that included Zich and Vladimír Helfert.

Polemics and the Interwar Years
When Nejedlý's music reviews for Prague's daily newspapers grew distasteful in their anti-Conservatory bias, he and his followers were precipitously banned from publication, forcing the group to found their own journal, Smetana, which ran for sixteen years, 1910–1927. From this vantage point Nejedlý launched the so-called "Dvořák Affair" (1911–1914), in which he sought to attack the legacy of the great composer; any contemporary artists who sided against him (especially the 31 musicians who signed a public petition in 1912) became the focus of fierce personal attacks. Beginning with Vítězslav Novák in 1913, Nejedlý sought to end the careers of composers who did not conform to his pro-Smetana views of modern tradition and social responsibility: other notable targets included Josef Suk. Meanwhile, these tactics came back to haunt Nejedlý's own protégés, especially Ostrčil as director of Prague's National Theatre and Zich as a modernist opera composer.

After the legalization of the Czechoslovak Communist Party in 1921, Nejedlý became one of its earliest and most outspoken supporters. With the exception of his Smetana journal, he turned away from mainstream journal publications, focusing on the Communist daily Rudé právo, where he supported the newly elected General Secretary Klement Gottwald and his wing of the Communist Party, and his own political journal, Var (Boiling, 1921–30). In these he chastised the interwar Czechoslovak Republic, its president Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, and various other leaders; the last issue of Var was taken up with a detailed defense of Alban Berg's opera Wozzeck, which Ostrčil had produced in 1926. By this point, however, his many musicology students were among the main critics in Prague, carrying on his work on his behalf. After the close of Var, his main involvements in music included a short polemic with Novák and monographs on Ostrčil (1935, to commemorate his friend's death), the National Theatre (1936), and Soviet music (1937).  in 1932 he became chairman of another independent left-wing association, the Left Front, and from 1935 he was chairman of the International Association of Marxist Historians (from the following year, the association was called the Socialist Academy).

Wartime and Postwar Communism

During the Nazi occupation of the Czech Lands, the Nejedlý family fled to the Soviet Union, where he supposedly helped Czech resistance activities from afar and officially joined the Communist Party in 1939. At this time, his son Vít Nejedlý (1912–45), whose short career in Prague had focused on Communist agitprop pieces and workers' choruses, was involved with a Czech brigade attached to the Red Army, whose band he attempted to emulate. After the end of the war (and Vít's death of typhus after the battle of Dukla, January 1945), Zdeněk Nejedlý returned to Prague to participate in the postwar government. Initially in Eduard Beneš's Third Republic he was made Minister of Education, Arts, and Sciences, but this was exchanged for Social Security by 1946. After the Communist seizure of power (the "February Revolution") in 1948 he returned to Culture and Education with enhanced powers, a post he kept until 1953. These crucial years saw the implementation of a statewide curriculum at all levels of education: his revisionist stance toward Czech history was given the force of law. This included down-playing the achievements of the vanished democracy as a series of bourgeois trends that were ultimately damaging to society.
It was also Nejedlý's chance to promote his passion for Smetana and his "lineage", now enacted as state law. To this latter end he entered a new stage of retrospective publishing, with works like The History of My Smetanism, On Czech Culture, and especially The Communists—Inheritors of the Grand Progressive Tradition of the Czech Nation. These works and especially their ideology were retained, in some form or another, in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic all the way until the fall of Communism (the "Velvet Revolution") in 1989. As such, Nejedlý's name was associated with totalitarian hegemony by at least two generations of students, many of whom had no connection to his musicology.

The Show Trials and Josef Hutter
After approximately two years of Communist dictatorship, the Czechoslovak Communist Party began a purge of its own party or former non-communist opponents, most notoriously manifested in the arrest and execution of Rudolf Slánský and Milada Horáková. For Nejedlý, this atmosphere provided an opportunity to settle old scores in the academic and musical community. Over ten years before, in the mid-1930s, Nejedlý's public attacks against artists such as Leoš Janáček had turned many of his former adherents against him, most notably Vladimír Helfert, whose work as a musicologist had outstripped his teacher's, and Josef Hutter, who had published on Ostrčil and Zich. When Helfert published a landmark monograph, Czech Modern Music: A Study of Czech Musical Creativity (1936) that included a scathing attack on ideological bias in music criticism, Nejedlý expected his remaining followers to shun Helfert and condemn the publication. Hutter publicly sided with Helfert. During the Nazi occupation, both men were imprisoned by the Nazis: Helfert for Communist resistance (for which he was severely tortured, dying in May 1945) and Hutter for pro-Democratic resistance. After the war, Hutter returned to Charles University, but was expelled in 1950 and arrested on trumped-up charges. He was sentenced to thirty-nine years imprisonment, but served only six, having been released during an amnesty. His health broken, Hutter died in 1959, three years before his former teacher.

Zdeněk Nejedlý died on 9 March 1962, and was buried in the Vyšehrad cemetery at Prague's Vyšehrad castle, reserved for Czech heroes and significant representatives of Czech culture. His grave is near those of Smetana, Ostrčil, and his son, Vít.

References

Further reading
Červinka, František. Zdeněk Nejedlý [Cz.]. Prague: Melantrich, 1969.
Křesťan, Jiří. "'Poslední husita' odchází: Zdeněk Nejedlý v osidlech kulturní politiky KSČ po roce 1945" ["'The Last Hussite' Departs: Zdeněk Nejedlý in the Snares of the Cultural Politics of the Czechoslovak Communist Party after 1945"] Soudobé dějiny xii/1 (2005): 9-44.
Křesťan, Jiří. "Srdce Václava Talicha se ztratilo: k problému národní očisty" ["Václav Talich Has Lost {His} Heart: On the Purging of the Nation"]. Soudobé dějiny xvi/1, 2-3 (2009): 69-111; 243–275.
Svatos, Thomas D. "A Clash over Julietta: the Martinů/Nejedlý Political Conflict and Twentieth-Century Czech Critical Culture." ex tempore xiv/2, Spring/Summer (2009): 1-41.

1878 births
1962 deaths
People from Litomyšl
People from the Kingdom of Bohemia
Czech Realist Party politicians
Members of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
Government ministers of Czechoslovakia
Members of the Interim National Assembly of Czechoslovakia
Members of the Constituent National Assembly of Czechoslovakia
Members of the National Assembly of Czechoslovakia (1948–1954)
Members of the National Assembly of Czechoslovakia (1954–1960)
Members of the National Assembly of Czechoslovakia (1960–1964)
Czech communists
Czech music educators
Czech musicologists
Czech journalists
Czech male writers
Corresponding Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Foreign Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin
Burials at Vyšehrad Cemetery

Zdeněk Nejedlý


A spectrum is a condition or value that is not limited to a specific set of values but can vary infinitely within a continuum.

Spectrum may refer more specifically to:

In physical sciences
 The electromagnetic spectrum
 The spectral class of asteroids
 The visible spectrum or optical spectrum, a subset of the electromagnetic spectrum
 An emission spectrum observed in light
 An absorption spectrum observed in light
 The spectral class of stars in Stellar classification
 The timbre (spectrum of sound energy) of a musical note
 The energy spectrum of a collection of particles (particle physics)
 The frequency spectrum of a signal
 The power spectrum of a signal
 The spectrum of activity of a chemical

Proper nouns
 The ZX Spectrum, an early British home computer
 IEEE Spectrum, a magazine
 Spectrum (magazine), published by the Seventh-day Adventist Church
 Spectrum Value Partners, a management consulting firm
 Spectrum (band), an Australian group of the 1970s led by Mike Rudd
 Spectrum, a band headed by Peter Kember
 The Smith Spectrum, a sports arena in Logan, Utah, U.S.A.
 The Wachovia Spectrum, formerly The Spectrum, a sports arena in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
 Guildford Spectrum, a leisure complex in Guildford, England
 Spectrum London, UK, an art gallery
 The Gaylactic Spectrum Awards or Spectrums, a literary award
 Spectrum (album), debut album of fusion drummer, Billy Cobham

In social and medical sciences
 The economic spectrum
 The political spectrum of opinion
 A spectrum disorder, in psychiatry

In mathematics
 The spectrum of a matrix, in linear algebra
 The spectrum of an operator, in functional analysis (a generalisation of the spectrum of a matrix)
 The spectrum of a ring, in commutative algebra
 The spectrum of a C*-algebra
 A spectrum (homotopy theory)
 The Stone space of Boolean algebra
 The spectrum of a theory, in mathematical logic

Spectrum (disambiguation)


Jean Marie Marcel Albert Pitres (26 August 1848 – 25 March 1928) was a French neurological physician. He was born in Bordeaux and received his training in Paris, where he was the student of Jean Martin Charcot (1825–1893) and Louis-Antoine Ranvier (1835–1922). He served as dean of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Bordeaux – appointed 1885.

He began his medical studies in Bordeaux, later working as an interne to the hospitals of Paris (from 1872). In 1877, he defended his doctoral thesis, and during the following year received his agrégation with a dissertation titled "Les hypertrophies et les dilatations cardiaques indépendante des lésions valvulaires". In the late 1870s, with Charles-Émile François-Franck, he performed studies on the excitation of the cerebral cortex and the localization of brain function. Afterwards, he returned to Bordeaux, where from 1881 to 1919, he was  to the chair of pathology. Pitres died in 1928, at the age of 79, after falling down stairs.

Lessons that Pitres gave at the amphitheater in Bordeaux on the following subjects were compiled and published: hysteria and hypnotism (1891), amnesic aphasia (1897), paraphasia (1898) and physical signs associated with pleural effusions (1902). His studies of peripheral neuritis were published in volume 36 of Augustin Nicolas Gilbert and Paul Carnot's Nouveau traité de médeine et de thérapeutique. With Leo Testut (1849–1925), he was co-author of Les nerfs en schémas, anatomie et physiopathologie (1925).

His name became associated with pleural effusion and with tabes dorsalis. The term "Pitres' sign" refers to hypoesthesia of the scrotum and testicles in tabes dorsalis.

References

External links
 Les biographies de neurologues biography

1848 births
1928 deaths
French neurologists
Physicians from Bordeaux
Academic staff of the University of Bordeaux

Albert Pitres


The Quesnel Highland is a geographic area in the Central Interior of the Canadian province of British Columbia.  As defined by BC government geographer in Landforms of British Columbia, an account and analysis of British Columbia geography that is often cited as authoritative, the Highland is a complex of upland hill and plateau areas forming and defined as being the buffer between the Cariboo Plateau and the Cariboo Mountains, as a sort of highland foothills along the eastern edge of the Interior Plateau running southeast from a certain point southeast of the city of Prince George to the Mahood Lake area at the southeast corner of the Cariboo.  Beyond Mahood Lake lies another separately classified area dubbed by Holland the Shuswap Highland which spans similar terrain across the North Thompson and Shuswap Lake-Adams River drainage basins, forming a similar upland-area buffer between the Thompson Plateau and the Monashee Mountains.  A third area, the Okanagan Highland, extends from the southern end of the Shuswap Highland in the area of Vernon and Enderby in the northern Okanagan region into Washington State, and also abuts the Monashee Mountains  .

The boundary of the Quesnel Highland is not precisely defined in Holland, and in some interpretations it may be considered to be part of the Interior Plateau, as Holland defines it, or as a subrange of the Cariboo Mountains.  Those mountains also, in some reckonings, are classified as part of the Interior Plateau rather than their usual association as the northernmost subrange of the Columbia Mountains.  Generally it is composed of the lower, westerly valleys of Horsefly Lake, Quesnel Lake, and the Bowron Lakes, most of the Cariboo goldfield towns and similar terrain northwestwards, to about where the Willow River rounds the northern end of the Cariboo Mountains to join the Fraser River.

See also
Okanagan Highland
Shuswap Highland
Geography of British Columbia
Geology of British Columbia
Geology of the Pacific Northwest
Quesnellia

References

Mountain ranges of the Interior Plateau
Landforms of the Cariboo
Wells Gray-Clearwater
Cariboo Mountains

Quesnel Highland


Antonio María Esquivel y Suárez de Urbina (8 March 1806 – 9 April 1857) was a Spanish painter in the Romantic style who specialized in portraits.

Biography
Esquivel was born in Seville. His father was a cavalry officer who was killed at the Battle of Bailén in 1808. He began his studies at the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de Santa Isabel de Hungría in Seville. There, he became familiar with the pictorial techniques practiced by Murillo.

In 1831, already married and in need of work, he moved to Madrid and enrolled at the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, becoming a merit scholar. He was also involved in the intellectual life of Madrid and, in 1837, was an active participant in founding the local "Artistic and Literary Lyceum", where he gave classes in anatomy, a subject that he would later teach at the San Fernando Academy.

He returned to Seville in 1839, suffering from an illness that left him nearly blind. Deeply depressed, he tried to commit suicide by jumping into the Guadalquivir. Afterwards, his friends and colleagues at the Lyceum took up a collection that would enable him to receive treatment from a famous ophthalmologist in France. Thanks to their support, by the end of 1840 he had recovered his vision.

His official recognitions include the "Commander's Cross" of the Order of Isabella the Catholic. In 1843, he was named Court painter and, in 1847, a Professor at the San Fernando Academy. He was a founding member of the "Society for the Protection of the Fine Arts" and wrote a book on art theory: Tratado de Anatomía Pictórica. He died in Madrid, aged 51.

His sons,  and , also became painters.

References

Further reading
 Enrique Arias Anglés: Del Neoclasicismo al Impresionismo. Madrid: Ediciones Akal, 1999,

External links

 ArtNet: More works by Esquivel
 Biography and appreciation @ Museo del Prado website
 Works on Antonio María Esquivel in the Biblioteca Digital Hispánica of the Biblioteca Nacional de España

1806 births
1857 deaths
Spanish romantic painters
Portrait painters
Painters from Seville
19th-century Spanish painters
Spanish male painters
Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando alumni
19th-century Spanish male artists

Antonio María Esquivel


Suzy Tavarez (born February 4, 1975) is an on-air radio personality for the Boston, Massachusetts-based radio station WJMN-FM, "JAM'N 94.5". Her other claims to fame include being a Miami Dolphins cheerleader (from 1998 to 2000), acting, and modeling.

Tavarez, from South Florida, started working for Power 96 in Miami. She became an on-air radio personality for another Miami station, Y-100, before undertaking roles such as cheerleading with the Dolphins and serving as a co-host on Latin MTV, based in Miami.

In January 2001, Tavarez moved to Atlanta where she was the nighttime on-air radio personality at Q100. She also appeared in several Atlanta media outlets including two magazines (Jezebel and the Atlanta Journal) and on two television stations (UPN and The WB).

In late February 2004, Tavarez moved to Los Angeles to pursue acting, although she eventually found a job with KIIS-FM.
On June 29, 2007, Tavarez finished her on-air work for KIIS-FM in order to return to Miami, to be with her family.

In 2009, Tavarez once again joined South Florida's Y-100 (WHYI) as an on-air personality.

See also
NFL cheerleading

External links
Tavarez's MySpace
JAM'N 94.5's website

1975 births
Living people
American radio personalities
National Football League cheerleaders
American cheerleaders

Suzy Tavarez


York Shire (also known as the Shire of York and Yorkshire) was the first large governmental unit organized in the English Province of New York soon after English control of the area was established in 1664.

History
On August 29, 1664, The Duke of York's forces captured New Amsterdam from the Dutch, as part of their conquest of New Netherland. They renamed New Netherland as the Province of New York, which included modern New York, New Jersey, Vermont, southeast Pennsylvania, and Delaware.

Yorkshire was created soon afterward in 1664. Its jurisdiction included Long Island, Staten Island, Manhattan Island, and the east side of the Hudson River coterminous with today's Bronx and Westchester.

Like the original Yorkshire in England for which it was named, Yorkshire, New York was divided into three ridings: East, West and North.  Yorkshire's East Riding consisted of modern Suffolk County, its West Riding contained Staten Island, modern Brooklyn and modern Elmhurst, Queens (also known as Newtown), while its North Riding encompassed the rest of modern Queens, Nassau County, Westchester County and the Bronx, in addition to Manhattan.

On July 21, 1667, the Peace of Breda between England, France and the Netherlands confirmed the English conquest of New York from the Dutch in 1664.

As a result of renewed fighting between England and the Netherlands, the Dutch re-captured New York in August 1673. On September 12, 1673, New Netherland reverted the government structure in New Amsterdam.

On February 9, 1674, the Anglo-Dutch War was concluded with the Treaty of Westminster, the terms of which again transferred the territory to British control.  The English reverted the organization to the one they previously established plus the take over of the governments the Dutch established in the interim.

On June 29, 1674, King Charles II of England granted the same territory previously granted to the Duke of York on March 12, 1663, including all territory previously in the Province of New York.

Yorkshire was eliminated on November 1, 1683, and the three ridings were converted into counties. The East Riding became Suffolk County, the West Riding became Richmond (Staten Island) and Kings (Brooklyn) counties, and the North Riding into Queens (including today's Nassau County), New York, and Westchester (including today's Bronx) counties.

References

Former counties of the United States
History of New York City
Pre-statehood history of New York (state)
1664 establishments in the Province of New York

York Shire (Province of New York)


Frequentist inference is a type of statistical inference based in frequentist probability, which treats "probability" in equivalent terms to "frequency" and draws conclusions from sample-data by means of emphasizing the frequency or proportion of findings in the data. Frequentist-inference underlies frequentist statistics, in which the well-established methodologies of statistical hypothesis testing and confidence intervals are founded.

History of frequentist statistics
The primary formulation of frequentism stems from the presumption that statistics could be perceived to have been a probabilistic frequency. This view was primarily developed by Ronald Fisher and the team of Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson. Ronald Fisher contributed to frequentist statistics by developing the frequentist concept of "significance testing", which is the study of the significance of a measure of a statistic when compared to the hypothesis. Neyman-Pearson extended Fisher's ideas to multiple hypotheses by conjecturing that the ratio of probabilities of hypotheses when maximizing the difference between the two hypotheses leads to a maximization of exceeding a given p-value, and also provides the basis of type I and type II errors. For more, see the foundations of statistics page.

Definition
For statistical inference, the statistic about which we want to make inferences is , where the random vector  is a function of an unknown parameter, . The parameter  is further partitioned into (), where  is the parameter of interest, and  is the nuisance parameter. For concreteness,  might be the population mean, , and the nuisance parameter  the standard deviation of the population mean, .

Thus, statistical inference is concerned with the expectation of random vector , .

To construct areas of uncertainty in frequentist inference, a pivot is used which defines the area around  that can be used to provide an interval to estimate uncertainty. The pivot is a probability such that for a pivot, , which is a function, that  is strictly increasing in , where  is a random vector. This allows that, for some 0 <  < 1, we can define , which is the probability that the pivot function is less than some well-defined value. This implies , where  is a  upper limit for . Note that   is a range of outcomes that define a one-sided limit for , and that  is a two-sided limit for , when we want to estimate a range of outcomes where  may occur. This rigorously defines the confidence interval, which is the range of outcomes about which we can make statistical inferences.

Fisherian reduction and Neyman-Pearson operational criteria
Two complementary concepts in frequentist inference are the Fisherian reduction and the Neyman-Pearson operational criteria. Together these concepts illustrate a way of constructing frequentist intervals that define the limits for . The Fisherian reduction is a method of determining the interval within which the true value of  may lie, while the Neyman-Pearson operational criteria is a decision rule about making a priori probability assumptions.

The Fisherian reduction is defined as follows:

 Determine the likelihood function (this is usually just gathering the data);
 Reduce to a sufficient statistic  of the same dimension as ;
 Find the function of  that has a distribution depending only on ;
 Invert that distribution (this yields a cumulative distribution function or CDF) to obtain limits for  at an arbitrary set of probability levels ;
 Use the conditional distribution of the data given  informally or formally as to assess the adequacy of the formulation.

Essentially, the Fisherian reduction is design to find where the sufficient statistic can be used to determine the range of outcomes where  may occur on a probability distribution that defines all the potential values of . This is necessary to formulating confidence intervals, where we can find a range of outcomes over which  is likely to occur in the long-run.

The Neyman-Pearon operational criteria is an even more specific understanding of the range of outcomes where the relevant statistic, , can be said to occur in the long run. The Neyman-Pearson operational criteria defines the likelihood of that range actually being adequate or of the range being inadequate. The Neyman-Pearson criteria defines the range of the probability distribution that, if  exists in this range, is still below the true population statistic. For example, if the distribution from the Fisherian reduction exceeds a threshold that we consider to be a priori implausible, then the Neyman-Pearson reduction's evaluation of that distribution can be used to infer where looking purely at the Fisherian reduction's distributions can give us inaccurate results. Thus, the Neyman-Pearson reduction is used to find the probability of type I and type II errors. As a point of reference, the complement to this in Bayesian statistics is the minimum Bayes risk criterion.

Because of the reliance of the Neyman-Pearson criteria on our ability to find a range of outcomes where  is likely to occur, the Neyman-Pearson approach is only possible where a Fisherian reduction can be achieved.

Experimental design and methodology
Frequentist inferences are associated with the application frequentist probability to experimental design and interpretation, and specifically with the view that any given experiment can be considered one of an infinite sequence of possible repetitions of the same experiment, each capable of producing statistically independent results. In this view, the frequentist inference approach to drawing conclusions from data is effectively to require that the correct conclusion should be drawn with a given (high) probability, among this notional set of repetitions.

However, exactly the same procedures can be developed under a subtly different formulation. This is one where a pre-experiment point of view is taken. It can be argued that the design of an experiment should include, before undertaking the experiment, decisions about exactly what steps will be taken to reach a conclusion from the data yet to be obtained. These steps can be specified by the scientist so that there is a high probability of reaching a correct decision where, in this case, the probability relates to a yet to occur set of random events and hence does not rely on the frequency interpretation of probability. This formulation has been discussed by Neyman, among others. This is especially pertinent because the significance of a frequentist test can vary under model selection, a violation of the likelihood principle.

The statistical philosophy of frequentism
Frequentism is the study of probability with the assumption that results occur with a given frequency over some period of time or with repeated sampling. As such, frequentist analysis must be formulated with consideration to the assumptions of the problem frequentism attempts to analyze. This requires looking into whether the question at hand is concerned with understanding variety of a statistic or locating the true value of a statistic. The difference between these assumptions is critical for interpreting a hypothesis test. The next paragraph elaborates on this.

There are broadly two camps of statistical inference, the epistemic approach and the epidemiological approach. The epistemic approach is the study of variability; namely, how often do we expect a statistic to deviate from some observed value. The epidemiological approach is concerned with the study of uncertainty; in this approach, the value of the statistic is fixed but our understanding of that statistic is incomplete. For concreteness, imagine trying to measure the stock market quote versus evaluating an asset's price. The stock market fluctuates so greatly that trying to find exactly where a stock price is going to be is not useful: the stock market is better understood using the epistemic approach, where we can try to quantify its fickle movements. Conversely, the price of an asset might not change that much from day to day: it is better to locate the true value of the asset rather than find a range of prices and thus the epidemiological approach is better. The difference between these approaches is non-trivial for the purposes of inference.

For the epistemic approach, we formulate the problem as if we want to attribute probability to a hypothesis. This can only be done with Bayesian statistics, where the interpretation of probability is straightforward because Bayesian statistics is conditional on the entire sample space, whereas frequentist testing is concerned with the whole experimental design. Frequentist statistics is conditioned not on solely the data but also on the experimental design. In frequentist statistics, the cutoff for understanding the frequency occurrence is derived from the family distribution used in the experiment design. For example, a binomial distribution and a negative binomial distribution can be used to analyze exactly the same data, but because their tail ends are different the frequentist analysis will realize different levels of statistical significance for the same data that assumes different probability distributions. This difference does not occur in Bayesian inference. For more, see the likelihood principle, which frequentist statistics inherently violates.

For the epidemiological approach, the central idea behind frequentist statistics must be discussed. Frequentist statistics is designed so that, in the long-run, the frequency of a statistic may be understood, and in the long-run the range of the true mean of a statistic can be inferred. This leads to the Fisherian reduction and the Neyman-Pearson operational criteria,  discussed above. When we define the Fisherian reduction and the Neyman-Pearson operational criteria for any statistic, we are assessing, according to these authors, the likelihood that the true value of the statistic will occur within a given range of outcomes assuming a number of repetitions of our sampling method. This allows for inference where, in the long-run, we can define that the combined results of multiple frequentist inferences to mean that a 95% confidence interval literally means the true mean lies in the confidence interval 95% of the time, but not that the mean is in a particular confidence interval with 95% certainty. This is a popular misconception.

Very commonly the epistemic view and the epidemiological view are regarded as interconvertible. This is demonstrably false. First, the epistemic view is centered around Fisherian significance tests that are designed to provide inductive evidence against the null hypothesis, , in a single experiment, and is defined by the Fisherian p-value. Conversely, the epidemiological view, conducted with Neyman-Pearson hypothesis testing, is designed to minimize the Type II false acceptance errors in the long-run by providing error minimizations that work in the long-run. The difference between the two is critical because the epistemic view stresses the conditions under which we might find one value to be statistically significant; meanwhile, the epidemiological view defines the conditions under which long-run results present valid results. These are extremely different inferences, because one-time, epistemic conclusions do not inform long-run errors, and long-run errors cannot be used to certify whether one-time experiments are sensical. The assumption of one-time experiments to long-run occurrences is a misattribution, and the assumption of long run trends to individuals experiments is an example of the ecological fallacy.

Relationship with other approaches

Frequentist inferences stand in contrast to other types of statistical inferences, such as Bayesian inferences and fiducial inferences. While the "Bayesian inference" is sometimes held to include the approach to inferences leading to optimal decisions, a more restricted view is taken here for simplicity.

Bayesian inference

Bayesian inference is based in Bayesian probability, which treats "probability" as equivalent with "certainty", and thus that the essential difference between the frequentist inference and the Bayesian inference is the same as the difference between the two interpretations of what a "probability" means. However, where appropriate, Bayesian inferences (meaning in this case an application of Bayes' theorem) are used by those employing frequency probability.

There are two major differences in the frequentist and Bayesian approaches to inference that are not included in the above consideration of the interpretation of probability:
 In a frequentist approach to inference, unknown parameters are typically considered as being fixed, rather than as being random variates. In contrast, a Bayesian approach allows probabilities to be associated with unknown parameters, where these probabilities can sometimes have a frequency probability interpretation as well as a Bayesian one. The Bayesian approach allows these probabilities to have an interpretation as representing the scientist's belief that given values of the parameter are true (see Bayesian probability - Personal probabilities and objective methods for constructing priors).
 The result of a Bayesian approach can be a probability distribution for what is known about the parameters given the results of the experiment or study. The result of a frequentist approach is either a decision from a significance test or a confidence interval.

See also
 Intuitive statistics
 German tank problem

References

Bibliography

Statistical inference

Frequentist inference


The Fourth Bear is a mystery/fantasy novel by Jasper Fforde published in July 2006. It is Jasper Fforde's sixth novel, and the second in the Nursery Crimes series (also known as the Jack Spratt series). It continues the story of Detective Inspector Jack Spratt from The Big Over Easy.

Plot

DCI Jack Spratt heads the Berkshire Nursery Crime Division, handling all inquiries involving nursery rhyme characters and other PDRs (persons of dubious reality). After doubts arise concerning his handling of the Great Red-Legg'd Scissorman's arrest and the Red Riding Hood affair, he is suspended pending a mental health review. His DS Mary Mary promises to consult him on all cases, to bypass the suspension. They begin an investigation of porridge-smuggling by anthropomorphic bears.

Jack's troubles increase when the argumentative Punches move in next door and his son adopts a sly and sticky-fingered pet. He is forced to reveal to his shocked wife that he is himself a PDR. Furthermore, his psychiatrist is particularly sceptical about his claim that his new car repairs itself when no one is watching, and the car salesman who can prove his sanity cannot be found. His self-esteem is somewhat restored when the newspaperman who has been hounding him begs Jack's help in finding his missing sister "Goldilocks". It seems she was working on an explosive story involving cucumber growers.

Meanwhile, the Gingerbreadman, the notorious murderous biscuit (or possibly cake, occasionally cookie) escapes custody, leaving a trail of bodies; Jack is frustrated when the case is given to an unimaginative officer outside NCD. While Jack and Mary are making enquiries about Goldilocks, they twice encounter the fugitive biscuit, but fail to capture him.

It emerges that Goldilocks was involved in the porridge-smuggling after her body is discovered in the grim theme park SommeWorld. Jack begins to suspect the Gingerbreadman is a hired assassin and attempts to question the Quangle-Wangle, a reclusive industrialist. The solution to the mystery involves secret industrial and government conspiracies and the mysterious Fourth bear...

After more investigations Jack comes across a cottage of three bears who knew Goldilocks. They say that she ate the little bear's porridge and broke his bed, like the rhyme. He also makes investigations into Ursine Developments, the flats for bears. You came across these at the start of the book when Jack caught them smuggling oats into the flats for oat addicts. This is illegal for bears to eat as well as marmalade, honey, and large amounts of porridge, as they have the same effect as drugs.

Nursery rhyme/literary references
Jack Sprat
Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary
The Gingerbread Man
Goldilocks and the Three Bears
Peter Piper
Prometheus
The Tempest
Punch and Judy
"The Quangle-Wangle's Hat" by Edward Lear
Thursday Next
Struwwelpeter
Dorian Gray
The Fall of the House of Usher

External links
Fforde Grand Central
The official Nursery Crime Division website
The Fourth Bear Special Features

Novels by Jasper Fforde
2006 British novels
British fantasy novels
Metafictional novels
2006 fantasy novels
Novels set in Berkshire
Hodder & Stoughton books
Works based on Goldilocks and the Three Bears

The Fourth Bear