The European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC) is the European Space Agency's main technology development and test centre for spacecraft and space technology. It is situated in Noordwijk, South Holland, in the western Netherlands, although several kilometers off the village but immediately linked to the most Northern district of the nearby town Katwijk.

At ESTEC, about 2500 engineers, technicians and scientists work hands-on with mission design, spacecraft and space technology. ESTEC provides extensive testing facilities to verify the proper operation of spacecraft, such as the Large Space Simulator (LSS), acoustic and electromagnetic testing bays, multi-axis vibration tables and the ESA Propulsion Laboratory (EPL). Prior to launch, almost all of the equipment that ESA launches is tested in some degree at ESTEC.

The Space Expo is ESTEC's visitors centre. It has a permanent exhibition about space exploration.

Activities
 Future mission assessment
 Current project support
 Test Center
 Operations

History

The European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC) was founded in 1968. The centre was to be the core of the European Space Research Organisation (ESRO). Its responsibilities included the engineering and testing of satellites and their payloads, the integration of scientific instruments in these payloads, and making arrangements for their launch. In some cases member states were to produce the scientific instruments for ESRO or produce them as part of their own national effort and compensate ESTEC for its service. In practice, national organisations simply used ESTEC as a service organisation and left it to pay for their efforts from the ESRO budget. After the Bannier Report the facility gained overall executive authority for spacecraft development and was merged with ESLAB. The satellite control centre was also moved to ESOC. ESTEC was originally to be located in Delft (South Holland) but because of unforeseen difficulties, Noordwijk was chosen instead.

ESA Test Centre

In 1964 the ESRO decided to create an independent test centre that would be part of ESTEC. The first building with vibration and thermal vacuum facilities (named F-building) was completed in 1966 and the first satellite to be tested was the ESRO-1 satellite in 1968. From the 1970s to the late 1980s the test centre was enlarged by following facilities: The Dynamic Test Chamber (DTC) in 1975, The Multishaker in 1983, The EMC facility in 1985, The Large Space simulator (by extending the DTC) in 1986, The Large European Acoustic Facility (LEAF) in 1989 and the Compact Payload Test Range (CPTR) in 1990.

In the 1990s and 2000s the following major facilities have been added: The hydraulic shaker system (HYDRA), The Fr building with additional clean rooms (2000), The Large EMC facility (Maxwell) and the QUAD Shaker in 2008.

In 1997 the test operations and facilities maintenance activities were subcontracted to the COMET consortium and in the year 2000 the test management, maintenance, operations and marketing of the test centre has been taken over by European Test Services B.V. (a subsidiary of IABG mbH and Intespace SA); The facilities are still belonging to ESA which is responsible for the facility development, test methodologies, test related engineering and subcontractor control.

Since the year 2000 not only tests for space industry have been performed but the facilities are also used for aerospace-, railway-, transport-, marine- and power- testing for customers like ABB, ALSTOM, Airbus, Bombardier and many more.

Space Expo

The Space Expo is the permanent exhibition about space exploration at the ESTEC compound in Noordwijk. It was opened in 1990 by Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands and Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau. The exhibition has more than 100,000 visitors annually.

See also
 Concurrent Design Facility
 Advanced Concepts Team
 Mission Science Division
 European Space Operations Centre (ESOC)
 European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC)
 European Astronaut Centre (EAC)
 European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications (ECSAT)
 ESA Centre for Earth Observation (ESRIN)
 Guiana Space Centre (CSG)
 European Space Tracking Network (ESTRACK)

References

External links

Space Expo, ESTEC visitor center
European Test Services B.V.

1968 establishments in the Netherlands
European Space Agency
Noordwijk
Organisations based in South Holland
Research institutes established in 1968
Space technology research institutes


In physical geography, a dune is a hill or ridge of sand, usually deposited by eolian processes (wind) or sometimes by the flow of water. Dune fields cover large parts of some deserts, and some beaches have dunes. Mars has many dunes. Sand dunes have different forms and sizes based on their interaction with the wind. Sometimes they migrate downwind.

Landforms

Dune


Jennifer Kimball is a singer and songwriter who formed the folk duo The Story with Jonatha Brooke.

Career
Jennifer Kimball and Amherst College friend Jonatha Brooke began playing music together in the 1980s. They performed regularly during their college years. Their folk songs were marked by "witty wordplay and sumptuous pop harmonies," according to one music critic. Critics noted a resemblance between their music and earlier artists such as Joni Mitchell and Paul Simon in terms of excellent musicianship, singing, and writing. Kimball graduated from Amherst in 1986.

They called themselves The Story. One critic wrote "Jennifer Kimball played the Art Garfunkel role in The Story" who contributed "high ethereal harmonies." In 1989, the duo played the coffeehouse folk circuit and radio which exemplified the "folk-rock singer-songwriter aesthetic," according to one account. Kimball and Brooke "burst to fame" with this combination. They created a demo called Over Oceans and were promptly signed to the independent label Green Linnet which, in 1991, issued the duo's debut full-length album Grace in Gravity. Later Elektra Records signed The Story and re-issued their debut.

Their second album, The Angel in the House, was released in 1993. One critic raved about the "exquisite arrangements and tricky, pitch-perfect harmonies by Ms. Brooke and her vocal partner, Jennifer Kimball," and added they "are the last word in elegant folk-pop refinement." The album featured "moody jazz and Brazilian-flavored arrangements" and "the duo's harmonies, which usually begin in a comfortably folkish vein, frequently stray into precise chromatic dissonance" and had a "sophisticated international flavor." Their song Over Oceans was used as background for dance choreographer Kristen Caputo. The songs contemplate a woman's conflicting desires for love and achievement and the need to shake off the romantic myth of a male rescuer.

Another music critic noticed the contrast between the lighter patter between songs and the heavier songs themselves: there was "levity" between heavy songs about "God, church, death, female oppression, self-suppression, mothers and daughters." Their songs adroitly avoided "heavy-handedness" with a certain "winning buoyancy of tune and/or spirit" with "sophisticated harmonic changes whose intriguing hooks come at you cockeyed and sideways more often than they swoop down from the heavens." The duo were compared with artists such as Suzanne Vega and Indigo Girls. Another reviewer gave the duo mixed reviews: "intriguingly distorted harmonies and interesting turns of phrase" but some "attempts at cleverness overreached" and there was "a painfully obvious unrecorded song about dieting and a silly, albeit self-consciously so, stab at voguing a la Madonna." Another wrote their "music can alternate between heart-rending poetry and infectious flights of fancy."

Solo albums
In 1994, Kimball and Brooke dissolved their musical partnership, while Kimball performed as a singer-songwriter in various venues and continued to write music.

In 1998, Kimball released the album Veering from the Wave. A Washington Post critic applauded the singing as "handsome" and the songwriting as excellent. In 1999, Kimball opened for folk artists such as Tom Rush. In 2000, she was a featured performer at New Haven's Eli Whitney Folk Festival. Her tune Meet Me in the Twilight has been played on the radio, including San Francisco station KPFA. She's recorded with such artists as Wayfaring Strangers, Session Americana, and Tony Trischka. Her music has been described by a critic as "quirky and oh-so-urban suburban" and a "sultry roots singer" with the "aching breath of a mezzo."

Kimball released her CD Oh Hear Us in 2006. One critic wrote "her songs still ripple with eccentric surprise, sudden twists, and "A-ha!" moments."

In 2007 she was a part-time horticulturalist and studied landscape design at Harvard. She commented about her hobby: "It's a lovely way to keep the head 'free' while working outside and dreaming up songs, designs, novels." She sang and played at Boston's Lizard Lounge with musicians including guitarist Duke Levine, lap steel player Kevin Barry, drummer Bill Beard, bassist Richard Gates, and guest artists including Dennis Brennan, Kris Delmhorst, Rose Polenzani, Anne Heaton, and Rose Cousins.

Since 2008, Kimball performed with Boston artists such as Rose Polenzani and Rose Cousins, occasionally as the Wintery Songs in Eleventy Part Harmony. A critic described them as "a veritable supergroup of some of the finest local singer-songwriters."

Personal
At the beginning of her career, Kimball also worked as a children's book designer for Little and Brown. Kimball has performed to raise money for charitable organizations such as Massachusetts Families in Need. She also supports the cause of helping women's shelters. She is a mother of one son and lives in the Boston, Massachusetts area, while she has also studied landscape design and ecology at the BAC.

Discography

References

External links
Bio at her website
Jennifer Kimball at Discogs

Feminist musicians
Amherst College alumni
Living people
American women singer-songwriters
American folk musicians
Singers from Boston
American folk singers
1960s births
21st-century American women
Singer-songwriters from Massachusetts

Jennifer Kimball


Pierre Culliford (25 June 1928 – 24 December 1992), known as Peyo, was a Belgian comics artist. He is best known for making The Smurfs comic strip.

Peyo was born in 1928 in Brussels. He was the son of an English father and a Belgian mother. On Christmas Eve 1992, Peyo died of a heart attack in Brussels at age 64.

Career
He went to the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels. Peyo began work at the Compagnie Belge d'Animation (CBA), a small Belgian animation studio. There he met a few of his future colleagues, like André Franquin, Morris and Eddy Paape. He made his first comics for the newspaper La Dernière Heure (The Latest Hour). From 1949 to 1952, he drew Poussy, a stop comic about a cat, for Le Soir. For the same newspaper, he also made Johan.

In 1952, Franquin introduced Peyo to Le Journal de Spirou. It was a children's comics magazine published by Dupuis which was first in Belgium in 1938. Peyo wrote and drew a lot of characters and storylines. His favourite was Johan et Pirlouit (translated into English as Johan and Peewit). Set in the Middle Ages in Europe, Johan et Pirlouit stars a brave young page to the king, and his faithful, if boastful and cheating, midget sidekick. Johan defends the meek on his trusty horse, while Peewit gallops behind on his goat, named Biquette.

Smurfs
The first smurf appeared in Johan and Peewit on 23 October 1958 in the album La Flûte à Six Schtroumpfs (The Six Smurfed Flute). As the smurfs became more popular, Peyo started a studio in the early 1960s. Many talented comic artists started to work. The most notable artists to come from this studio are Walthéry, Wasterlain, Gos, Derib, Degieter, and Desorgher.

In 1959, the Smurfs got their own series. Many authors of the Marcinelle school worked together on the writing or as an artist. These include Willy Maltaite (aka 'Will'), Yvan Delporte, and Roger Leloup. Peyo became more of a businessman and supervisor. He let his son, Thierry Culliford, lead the studio. His daughter Véronique was responsible for the merchandising.

The merchandising of the Smurfs began in 1959. The PVC figurines were the most important piece until the late 1970s. Then, with the success of the Smurf records by Father Abraham, the Smurfs got more international success. Some of the toys reached the United States. Hanna-Barbera made a Saturday morning animated series in 1981. Peyo was story supervisor.

Bibliography
Blair Investigates (Beatriz Enquêter), 1968–1992, 25 albums by Dupuis, story by Stan and Jan Berenstain
Jacky and Célestin, 1960–1978: 10 stories in Le Soir, 4 albums by Dupuis: artwork by François Walthéry, Francis, Jo-El Azara and Mitteï, stories by Peyo, Gos, and Vicq
Johan and Peewit, 1952-1970: 13 albums by Dupuis
Natacha, 1992: 1 album by Dupuis, artwork by Walthéry, story by Peyo
Pierrot: 1991, 1 album by Cartoon Creation
Poussy, 1977–1978, 3 albums by Dupuis
The Smurfs (Les Schtroumpfs), 1959–1992, 17 albums by Dupuis: additional artwork by Alain Maury and Luc Parthoens, additional stories by Yvan Delporte, Gos, Thierry Culliford
Spirou et Fantasio, 1969, 1 album by Dupuis, artwork by André Franquin and Jidéhem, story by Peyo and Gos
Steven Strong (Benoît Brisefer), 1960–1978, 7 albums by Dupuis, additional artwork by Will, Walthéry, Marc Wasterlain and Albert Blesteau, additional stories by Yvan Delporte, Gos, and Blesteau

Awards and honours
 He received the Youth Prize (9-12 years) award 1984 at the Angoulême International Comics Festival, France.
 The 50th anniversary of The Smurfs and the 80th anniversary of the birth of its creator, was celebrated by issuing a high-value collectors' coin: the Belgian 5 euro, minted in 2008.

Collection Films
 The Smurfs
 The Smurfs 2
 Smurfs: The Lost Village
 Smurfs: The Honey Games

References

1992 deaths
1928 births
Artists from Brussels
Belgian comics artists
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Smurfs

Peyo


In electronics, a crossover switch or matrix switch is a switch connecting multiple inputs to multiple outputs using complex array matrices designed to switch any one input path to any one (or more) output path(s). There are blocking and non-blocking types of cross-over switches.

These switches can be microelectromechanical systems, electrical, or optical non-linear optics, and are used in electronics and fiber optic circuits, as well as some optical computers. A banyan switch is one type of cross-over switch. Their complexity depends on the topology of the individual switches in a switch matrix (how wide it is by how many 'plies' or layers of switches it takes), to implement the desired crossover logic.

Formula
Typical crossover matrices follow the formula: an N×N Banyan switch uses (N/2) log N elements. Other formulas are used for differing number of cross-over layers, and scaling is possible, but becomes very large and complex with large N×N arrays. CAD and AI can be used to take the drudgery out of these designs.

Measurement
The switches are measured by how many stages, and how many up/down sorters and crosspoints. Switches often have buffers built in to speed up switching speeds. A typical switch may have a 2×2 and 4×4 down sorter, followed by an 8×8 up sorter, followed by a 2×2 crosspoint banyan switch network, resulting in a 3-level sorting for a 3-stage banyan network switch. The future is moving to larger arrays of inputs and outputs needed in a very small space.

See also
 Clos switch
 Crossbar switch

References

External links
Membrane Switch
Transformer Switchgear

Switches
Microtechnology

Crossover switch


Jad Fair (born June 9, 1954) is an American singer, guitarist, graphic artist, and founding member of lo-fi alternative rock group Half Japanese.

Biography
Fair was born in Coldwater, Michigan. In 1974, he and his brother David formed the lo-fi group Half Japanese. Since then, Half Japanese has released nearly 30 records.

Besides Half Japanese, Fair performs and records as a solo artist, and collaborates with artists such as Terry Adams, Kramer, Norman Blake, Kevin Blechdom, Isobel Campbell, Eugene Chadbourne, DQE, Steve Fisk, Fred Frith, God Is My Co-Pilot, Richard Hell, Daniel Johnston, J. Mascis, Jason Willett, Monster Party, Weird Paul Petroskey, R. Stevie Moore, Thurston Moore, The Pastels, Phono-Comb, Steve Shelley, Strobe Talbot, Teenage Fanclub, The Tinklers, Moe Tucker, Bill Wells, Jason Willett, Adult Rodeo, Lumberob, Yo La Tengo, and John Zorn.

In 1982 Fair released his first solo work, the single "The Zombies of Mora-Tau" followed by the full-length album Everyone Knew ... But Me one year later.

Besides his musical career Fair is also active as a visual artist, drawings, as well as papercuttings. He took up papercutting to alleviate boredom while touring on the road. Many of the album covers are made by Fair. Four books of Fair's art have been published. Exhibitions of Fair's paper cuts and drawings have taken place in New York, Tokyo, Glasgow, Austin, Paris, London, Houston, The Hague at the State-X New Forms festival, and in Nantes at Le Lieu Unique together with Daniel Johnston.

It's Spooky is a 1989 collaboration album by Daniel Johnston and Jad Fair. Strange but True is a collaborative album between the band Yo La Tengo and Jad Fair. It was released by Matador Records in 1998. Song titles on the album were taken from outrageous newspaper headlines. In 2002 Fair recorded an album with R. Stevie Moore, titled FairMoore, described as "a lovely, heartfelt effort that shows both in top form" by Dave Mandl, who stated that it "brings together two fiercely original figures in the American music underground", the album consisting of Fair reciting his poetry over Moore's instrumental backing. Words Of Wisdom And Hope is a collaboration between Glasgow, Scotland's Teenage Fanclub, and Fair, released in 2002.

In 2008 Vincent Moon made a short documentary called Paris lost in Texas, which is part of his The Take-Away Shows series. In this short movie he visits Fair in-house in Texas. In the same year experimental instrument builder Yuri Landman constructed for Fair a special two-string instrument called the Bachelor QS. In 2011 Half Japanese reunited as a live band and toured through Europe. In 2011 Thick Syrup Records released the compilation album 78 LTD. This album features the track "36 Perfect Ways I Ching of Love" Fair made with Ken Stringfellow (Posies, R.E.M.). In 2012 Fair contributed to the Landman album That's Right Go Cats with a 22-minute vocal contribution on side A of the record. The Nantes-based venue Le Lieu Unique organised a large exhibition of graphical work made by Fair and Daniel Johnston in April 2012. In the same month Fair released a lost album called Songs from a Haunted House with Gilles Reider on Interbang Records.

In 2012 Jad Fair released on Joyful Noise Recordings a collaboration with French experimentalist trio Hifiklub, and German guitarist/producer kptmichigan. The band was originally assembled to provide the audio component to Jad Fair's art exhibition at Le Dojo – Nice in France, 2011.

Discography

In Half Japanese

Solo

Albums
 Everyone Knew ... But Me (Press, 1981)
 Monarchs (Iridescence, 1984)
 Best Wishes (Iridescence, 1987)
 Great Expectations (Bad Alchemy, 1989)
 I Like It When You Smile (Paperhouse, 1992)
 Short Songs (Smells Like Records, 1993)
 Greater Expectations (Psycho Acoustic Sounds/TEC. Tones, 1995)
 Sunshiney Sunshine (download)
 His Name Itself Is Music (Fire, 2011)

Compilation albums

 Mr. Snail's Halloween Party (Snail Sounds, 2005)
 Beautiful Songs (The Best Of Jad Fair) (3 CDs) (Fire, 2011)

EPs
 The Zombies of Mora-Tau (Press, 1982)

Singles

 "Good Day" – (Arts & Crafts Series Vol. 1, 2004)
 "Three Cycles" (France, 2005)
 "Samantha" (Third Uncles Records, 2009)

With David Fair
 Jad and David Fair – Best Friends (UK Vesuvius, 1996)
 Jad and David Fair – 26 Monster Songs for Children  (Kill Rock Stars, 1998)
 Jad and David Fair – Six Dozen Cookies (2006)
 David and Jad Fair – Halloween Songs (Thick Syrup Records, 2008)
 David and Jad Fair – I'll Be Moe (Thick Syrup Records, 2009)
 David and Jad Fair – Shake Cackle and Squall (Joyful Noise Recordings, 2016)

With Daniel Johnston
 Jad Fair and Daniel Johnston – It's Spooky (50 Skidillion Watts, 1989)
 The Lucky Sperms – Somewhat Humorous (Jagjaguwar, 2001)

With Kramer

Albums
 Jad Fair and Kramer – Roll Out the Barrel (1988, Shimmy-Disc)
 Jad Fair and Kramer – The Sound of Music (An Unfinished Symphony in 12 Parts) (1998, Shimmy-Disc)
 Jad Fair and Kramer – The History of Crying (2017, Second-Shimmy - Limited Edition Vinyl)

In Mosquito
 Mosquito – Oh No Not Another Mosquito My House Is Full of Them! (Psycho Acoustic Sounds, 1993)
 Mosquito – Time Was (ERL/Smells Like Records, 1993)
 Mosquito – UFO Catcher (Japan. Time Bomb, 1993)
 Mosquito – Cupid's Fist (Hol. Red Note, 1994)

With Nao

Albums
 Jad and Nao – Half Robot (Paperhouse, 1993)
 Jad and Nao – Half Alien (Sakura Wrechords Japan, 1997)
 Jad and Nao – Half Monster (Misc. Music, 2008)

With The Pastels

EPs
 Jad Fair and The Pastels – This Could Be the Night EP (Paperhouse, 1991)
 Jad Fair and The Pastels – No. 2 EP (Paperhouse, 1992)

With The Shapir-O Rama
 We Are the Rage – Jad Fair & The Shapir-O'Rama (1996)
 I Like Your Face – Jad Fair & Shapir-O'Rama (1999)

With Teenage Fanclub

Albums
 Teenage Fanclub and Jad Fair – Words Of Wisdom And Hope (Domino, 2002)

Singles
 Teenage Fanclub and Jad Fair – "Near To You" (Geographic, 2002)
 Teenage Fanclub and Jad Fair – "Always in My Heart" (Alternative Tentacles, 2002)
 Teenage Fanclub and Jad Fair – "Like a Monkey in a Zoo" (Pema, 2006)

With Jason Willett

Albums
 Jason Willett/Jad Fair/Gilles Rieder (Megaphone Limited) (1992)
 Jason Willett & Jad Fair – It's All Good (Megaphone Limited) (1995)
 Jad Fair & Jason Willett – Honeybee (Dr Jim's) (1996)
 Jad Fair & Jason Willett – The Mighty Super-Heroes (Marginal Talent) (1997)
 Jad Fair & Jason Willett – Wonderful World (Shrimper) triple cassette (1997)
 Jad Fair & Jason Willett – Twister (Dark Beloved Cloud) lp (1997)
 Jason Willett & Jad Fair – We're Going to the Moon (Megaphone Limited) cd (1998)
 Jad Fair & Jason Willett – Wild (Megaphone Limited) cd (1998)
 Jad Fair & Jason Willett – The Mighty Hypnotic Eye (Dr Jim's) cd (1999)
 Jad Fair & Jason Willett – Enjoyable songs (Alternative Tentacles) lp & cd (1999)
 Jad Fair & Jason Willett – The Attack of Everything paperback + cd (2002)
 Jad Fair & Jason Willett – Superfine (Public Eyesore) cd (2005)
 Jad Fair & Jason Willett – The Greatest Power (Dymaxion Groove) (2015)

Singles
 Jad Fair & Jason Willett – "Punk Rock" (Chlorophyl, 1996)
 Jad Fair & Jason Willett – "The Corpse is Missing" (Slab-O-Concrete, 1996)

With Yo La Tengo
 1998: Yo La Tengo – Strange but True (an album based on the unusual stories taken from the Strange but True column of newspapers)

With Phono-Comb
In A Haunted House 7" (Derivative Records, 1995)
Monsters, Lullabies...and the Occasional Flying Saucer CD (Shake the Record, 1996)

Other projects
 Between Meals – Oh No I Just Knocked Over a Cup of Coffee (Iridescence, 1983)
 Coo Coo Rocking Time – Coo Coo Party Time (50 Skidillion Watts, 1990)
 The Making of the Album, 1991, Seminal Twang – TWANG 02 CD Maxi Single w/ Daniel Johnston, Gilles Reider & Tom Recchion
 Workdogs in Hell – Workdogs in Hell (Sympathy for the Record Industry, 1993)
 Strobe Talbot – 20 Pop Songs (Alternative Tentacles, 2001)
 Jad Fair and R. Stevie Moore – FairMoore (Old Gold, 2002)
 Jad Fair & Bill Wells – Whale EP (Friends And Relatives Records, ?)
 Jad Fair And Daisy Cooper – South Pole (Lathe, 8", Ltd, Shape, Cle), People in a Position To Know, 2007
 Human Adult Band / Jad Fair – Samantha (7", Spl)	2009, Third Uncle Records
 Coo Coo Rocking Time – Seven Ways To Sunday (Thick Syrup Records Box Set, 2010)
 Coo Coo Rocking Time – Coo Coo Party Time – Remastered Louder (Thick Syrup Records, 2011)
 Yuri Landman Ensemble feat. Jad Fair & Philippe Petit – That's Right Go Cats, 2012, (CD Thick Syrup Records, LP Siluh Records)
 Monster Party: Jad Fair, Gilles-Vincent Rieder – Songs from A Haunted House CD/LP (Interbang Records, 2012)
 Whistling Joy Jumpers: Jad Fair, Thollem McDonas, & Brian Chase – Surprising Wooden Clocks (Thick Syrup Records, 2013)
 Jad Fair & Strobe Talbot, Let's Born to Rock, Joyful Noise Recordings, 2014
 Jad Fair & Danielson, Solid Gold Heart, Sounds Familyre, 2014
 Jad Fair & R. Stevie Moore, The Great American Songbook, Vol. 1, Joyful Noise Recordings, 2014
 Jad Fair, Tenniscoats, & Norman Blake, How Many Glasgow, Sweet Dreams Press, 2014
 Jad Fair & Norman Blake, Yes, Joyful Noise Recordings, 2015

Compilations
 Jad Fair / Tom Recchion / Ant Farm – Slowscan Vol. 4 (Cass, Comp, Ltd, C60), 1986 Slowscan
 I Said No Doctors! (2017, Dymaxion Groove)

References

External links
 Jad Fair's official art website
 Jad Fair's official website
 Jad Fair Fun Store
 Jad Fair – Love
 Jad Fair's paper-cuttings
 Biography on VH1
 Interview to Jad Fair
 Phono-Comb section of Shadowy Men On A Shadowy Planet website
 Joyful Noise Recordings

1954 births
American rock musicians
Art rock musicians
Outsider musicians
American noise musicians
Living people
People from Coldwater, Michigan
People from Carroll County, Maryland
Joyful Noise Recordings artists
Fire Records (UK) artists

Jad Fair


in Japanese) is a traditional Japanese soup. It is made from a kind of broth or stock, called "dashi" into which  miso paste is dissolved. Various solid ingredients like wakame, seaweed, tofu from soybeans, and sometimes mushrooms, potatoes, and eggplants are added to make the finished soup. The soup is usually served in bowls, sometimes in lacquer bowls. They can be drunk directly from the bowl without using a spoon. Solid ingredients are eaten with chopsticks (箸). Different types of miso produce distinctive soups.  There are three main types of miso: dark-brown, white, and a combination of the two.

Related pages
Miso (味噌)

Other websites
 Miso soup recipe (with photo)
 Kosher Miso soup recipe chabad.org

Soups
Japanese food

Miso soup


Johann Peter Friedrich Ancillon (30 April 1767 – 19 April 1837) was a Prussian historian and statesman. He provided Frederick William III of Prussia with strong ideological support against political reforms that might restrain monarchical power.

He was appointed extraordinary member of the Philosophy Class at the Prussian Academy in 1803. He tutored the Crown Price who became Frederick William IV of Prussia. 1813 till 1837 Ancillon worked as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Prussia, and he tended to support Klemens von Metternich.

Early life
Ancillon was born in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia, and was the great-grandson of French jurist and diplomat Charles Ancillon. After studying theology at Geneva University, he was appointed minister to the French community in Berlin.

Career
At the same time, his reputation as a historical scholar secured him the post of professor of history at the military academy. In 1793, he visited Switzerland, and in 1796 France, publishing the impressions gathered during his travels in a series of articles which he afterwards collected under the title of Mélanges de littérature et de philosophie (1801).

Ancillon took rank among the most famous historians of his day by his next work, Tableau des révolutions du système politique de l'Europe depuis le XVe siècle (1803, 4 volumes), which gained him the praise of the Institute of France, and admission to the Military Academy of Berlin. It was the first attempt to recognize psychological factors in historical movements, but otherwise its importance was exaggerated. Its "sugary optimism, unctuous phraseology and pulpit logic" appealed, however, to the reviving pietism of the age succeeding the Revolution, and these qualities, as well as his eloquence as a preacher, brought Ancillon to the notice of the court. In 1808 he was appointed tutor to the royal princes, in 1809 councillor of state in the department of religion, and in 1810 tutor of the crown prince (afterwards Frederick William IV of Prussia), on whose sensitive and dreamy nature he was to exercise a powerful but far from wholesome influence.

In October 1814, when his pupil came of age, Ancillon was included by Karl August von Hardenberg in the ministry, as privy councillor of legation in the department of foreign affairs, with a view to utilizing his supposed gifts as a philosophical historian in the preparation of the projected Prussian constitution. But Ancillon's reputed liberalism was of too invertebrate a type to survive the trial of actual contact with affairs. The practical difficulty of the constitutional problem gave the "court parson", as August von Gneisenau had contemptuously called him, excuse enough for a change of front which, incidentally, would please his exalted patrons. He covered his defection from Hardenberg's liberal constitutionalism by a series of "philosophical" treatises on the nature of the state and of man, and became the soul of the reactionary movement at the Berlin court, and the faithful henchman of Klemens von Metternich in the general politics of Germany and of Europe.

In 1817, Ancillon became a councillor of state, and in 1818 director of the political section of the ministry for foreign affairs under Count Bernstorff. In his chief's most important work, the establishment of the Prussian Zollverein, Ancillon had no share, while the entirely subordinate role played by Prussia in Europe during this period, together with the personal part taken by the sovereign in the various congresses, gave him little scope for the display of any diplomatic talents he may have possessed. During this time he found plentiful leisure to write a series of works on political philosophy, such as the Nouveaux essais de politique et de philosophie (Paris, 1824). In May 1831 he was made an active privy councillor, was appointed chief of the department for the principality of Neuchâtel, in July became secretary of state for foreign affairs, and in the spring of 1832, on Bernstorff's retirement, succeeded him as head of the ministry.

By the German public, to whom Ancillon was known only through his earlier writings and some isolated protests against the "demagogue-hunting" in fashion at Berlin, his advent to power was hailed as a triumph of liberalism. They were soon undeceived. Ancillon had convinced himself that the rigid class distinctions of the Prussian system were the philosophically ideal basis of the state, and that representation "by estates" was the only sound constitutional principle; his last and indeed only act of importance as minister was his collaboration with Metternich in the Vienna Final Act of 12 June 1834, the object of which was to rivet this system upon Germany forever. When he died, he was the last of his family. His historical importance lies neither in his writings nor in his political activity, but in his personal influence at the Prussian court, and especially in its lasting effect on the character of Frederick William IV.

Honours
 Knight Grand Cross in the Order of the Red Eagle, 1st Class.
 Knight in the Order Of The Iron Cross (1st Class).
 Knight Grand Cross in the Order of Fidelity, Baden.
 Knight Grand Cross in the Order of the Crown of Bavaria
 Knight Grand Cross in the Legion of Honour.
 Knight Grand Cross in the Order of the Lion of Hesse.
 Knight Grand Cross in the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary.
 Knight Grand Cross in the Order of Alexander Nevsky
 Knight Grand Cross in the Order of Saint Anna
 Knight Grand Cross in the Order of Merit of Saxony-Anhalt
 Knight Grand Cross in the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
 Knight Grand Cross in the House Order of Saxe-Ernestine
 Commander of the Order of the Polar Star

References

1767 births
1837 deaths
Politicians from Berlin
People from the Margraviate of Brandenburg
Prussian politicians
Foreign ministers of Prussia
German Calvinist and Reformed Christians
University of Geneva alumni
Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
German people of French descent

Friedrich Ancillon


Hanging Rock is an unincorporated community in Hampshire County in the U.S. state of West Virginia. Hanging Rock is named for the "Hanging Rock" outcrop that hangs over the Northwestern Turnpike (U.S. Route 50). It should not be confused with the plural "Hanging Rocks" over the South Branch Potomac River north of Romney at Wapocomo. Originally, the community of Hanging Rock sprang up in the Henderson Hollow gap of North River Mountain. While only a few buildings of the old hamlet remain, today's Hanging Rock is situated at the intersection of North River Road (County Route 50/21) and Delray Road (West Virginia Route 29) where the North River flows under U.S. Route 50 towards the Cacapon.

On April 16, 1756, Daniel Morgan was wounded during a Native American attack near Hanging Rock while on the road to Winchester. The attack also resulted in the death of his two companions. Morgan managed to remain in his saddle and escaped with neck and mouth wounds towards Fort Edwards on the Cacapon River near Capon Bridge.

The rock formation's vicinity was also the scene of skirmishes between Union and Confederate troops in 1861. This American Civil War engagement is often referred to as "The Battle of Hanging Rocks" or the "Battle of Hanging Rocks Pass."

References

Unincorporated communities in Hampshire County, West Virginia
Unincorporated communities in West Virginia
Northwestern Turnpike
Canyons and gorges of West Virginia
Rock formations of West Virginia
Hampshire County, West Virginia, in the American Civil War
Landforms of Hampshire County, West Virginia
American Civil War sites in West Virginia

Hanging Rock, West Virginia


Sex determination is a process of development by which the sex of an individual is settled. Sex is a method of reproduction which is widespread among living things. It requires two individuals of the same species.

Usually, the sexes are separate. Sex may be determined in one of two ways:
 Genetically, by genes and chromosomes the organism inherits from its parents.
 Environmentally, by some outside agent acting as a trigger to development.

Where both sexes occur on the same individual, that individual is an hermaphrodite. Hermaphrodite systems can be found in some animals, for example snails, and in most flowering plants.

Determination by the environment

For many species, sex is determined by environmental factors experienced during development. Many reptiles have temperature-dependent sex determination. The temperature embryos experience during their development determines the sex of the organism. In some turtles, for example, males are produced at lower incubation temperatures than females; this difference in critical temperatures can be as little as 1-2 °C.

Many fish change sex over the course of their life. This phenomenon is called sequential hermaphroditism. In clownfish, smaller fish are male, and the dominant and largest fish in a group becomes female. In many wrasse the opposite is true–most fish are female at birth and become male when they reach a certain size. Sequential hermaphrodites may produce both types of gametes over the course of their lifetime, but at any given point they are either female or male.

In some ferns the default sex is hermaphrodite, but ferns which grow in soil that has previously supported hermaphrodites are influenced by hormones remaining to develop as male.

Genetic determination

The most usual way to determine sex is by genes. That way, an organism's sex is determined by the genome it gets.
The alleles that influence sexual development may or may not be on the same chromosome. If they are, that chromosome is called a sex chromosome, and the genes on it are called 'sex linked'. Sex is determined either by the fact that there is a sex chromosome (which can be missing), or by the number of them. Because genetic sex determination is determined by matching chromosomes, there are usually the same number of male and female offspring.

Various genetic systems
Humans and other mammals have an XY sex determination system: the Y chromosome carries factors responsible for male development. The default sex, in the absence of a Y chromosome, is female. XX mammals are female and XY are male. XY sex determination is also found in other organisms, including the common fruit fly and some plants. In some cases, including in the fruit fly, it is the number of X chromosomes that determines sex rather than the presence of a Y chromosome.

Birds have a system that works the other way round: It is called ZW sex-determination system. The W chromosome has factors for female development. By default (if the chromosome is missing), the organism will be male. In this case, ZZ individuals are male and ZW are female. The majority of butterflies and moths also have a ZW sex-determination system. In both XY and ZW sex determination systems the sex chromosome carrying the critical factors is often significantly smaller, carrying little more than the genes necessary for triggering the development of a given sex.

Many insects use a sex-determination system based on the number of sex chromosomes. This is called XX/XO sex determination–the O indicates the absence of the sex chromosome. All other chromosomes in these organisms are diploid, but organisms may inherit one or two X chromosomes. Infield crickets, for example, insects with a single X chromosome develop as male, while those with two develop as female. In the nematode C. elegans most worms are self-fertilizing XX hermaphrodites, but occasionally abnormalities in chromosome inheritance regularly give rise to individuals with only one X chromosome–these XO individuals are fertile males (and half their offspring are male).

Other insects, including honey bees and ants, use a haploid-diploid sex-determination system. In this case diploid individuals are generally female, and haploid individuals (which develop from unfertilized eggs) are male. This sex-determination system results in a highly biased sex ratio, as the sex of offspring is determined by fertilization rather than the assortment of chromosomes during meiosis.

Abnormalities
Sometimes an organism develops the appearance of both males and females. It is then an intersex and is rare. Even though such organisms may be called hermaphrodites, this is not correct, because in intersex individuals either the male or the female aspect is sterile.

References

Classical genetics
Developmental biology
Cell biology
Biological reproduction

Sex determination


The GatorBox is a LocalTalk-to-Ethernet bridge, a router used on Macintosh-based networks to allow AppleTalk communications between clients on LocalTalk and Ethernet physical networks. The GatorSystem software also allowed TCP/IP and DECnet protocols to be carried to LocalTalk-equipped clients via  tunneling, providing them with access to these normally Ethernet-only systems.

When the GatorBox is running GatorPrint software, computers on the Ethernet network can send print jobs to printers on the LocalTalk network using the 'lpr' print spool command. When the GatorBox is running GatorShare software, computers on the LocalTalk network can access Network File System (NFS) hosts on Ethernet.

Specifications
 The original GatorBox (model: 10100) is a desktop model that has a 10 MHz Motorola 68000 CPU, 1 MB RAM, 128 KB EPROM for boot program storage, 2 KB NVRAM for configuration storage, LocalTalk Mini-DIN-8 connector, Serial port Mini-DIN-8 connector, BNC connector, AUI connector, and is powered by an external power supply (16 VAC 1 A transformer that is connected by a 2.5 mm plug). This model requires a software download when it is powered on to be able to operate.
 The GatorBox CS (model: 10101) is a desktop model that uses an internal power supply (120/240 V, 1.0 A, 50–60 Hz).
 The GatorMIM CS is a media interface module that fits in a Cabletron Multi-Media Access Center (MMAC).
 The GatorBox CS/Rack (model: 10104) is a rack-mountable version of the GatorBox CS that uses an internal power supply (120/240 V, 1.0 A, 50–60 Hz).
 The GatorStar GXM integrates the GatorMIM CS with a 24 port LocalTalk repeater.
 The GatorStar GXR integrates the GatorBox CS/Rack with a 24 port LocalTalk repeater. This model does not have a BNC connector and the serial port is a female DE-9 connector.
All "CS" models have 2 MB of memory and can boot from images of the software that have been downloaded into the EPROM using the GatorInstaller application.

Software
There are three disks in the GatorBox software package. Note that the content of the disks for an original GatorBox is different from that of the GatorBox CS models.
 Configuration - contains GatorKeeper, MacTCP folder and either GatorInstaller (for CS models) or GatorBox TFTP and GatorBox UDP-TFTP (for original GatorBox model)
 Application - contains GatorSystem, GatorPrint or GatorShare, which is the software that runs in the GatorBox. The application software for the GatorBox CS product family has a "CS" at the end of the filename. GatorPrint includes GatorSystem functionality. GatorShare includes GatorSystem and GatorPrint functionality.
 Network Applications - NCSA Telnet, UnStuffit

Software Requirements
 The GatorKeeper 2.0 application requires Macintosh System version 6.0.2 up to 7.5.1 and Finder version 6.1 (or later)
 MacTCP (not Open Transport)

See also
 Kinetics FastPath
 Line Printer Daemon protocol – Print Spooling
 LocalTalk-to-Ethernet bridge – Other LocalTalk-to-Ethernet bridges/routers
 MacIP – TCP/IP Gateway

References

External links
GatorBox CS configuration information
Internet Archive copy of a configuration guide produced by the University of Illinois
Juiced.GS magazine Volume 10, Issue 4 (Dec 2005) – contains an article on how to set up a GatorBox for use with an Apple IIGS
Software and scanned manuals for the GatorBox and GatorBox CS

Networking hardware

GatorBox


Eczema (from Greek ēkzema, "to boil over") is a form of dermatitis, or inflammation of the epidermis. The epidermis is the outer layer of the skin.

Eczema is a skin disease that makes your skin dry with a red or pink color to it. It becomes irritated very easily. The person's skin may start to fall off. The person may get a rash, and skin may ooze fluids (liquid will come out from the area). If a person has eczema, the person's skin might itch and turn a lighter color in the area. Eczema is common in creases of the body (i.e. on the backs of knees, on your eyelids, in between your fingers). It worsens with extreme temperatures, so it is most common during the winter and the summer. The extreme heat can make you sweat which will irritate the dry spots. The extreme cold will dry your skin out even more. It also can become irritated from a quick change in temperature. For example, if you are outside on a summer day and come into the air conditioning.

Eczema can last for a most of a person's life, but there is a good chance you will out grow it before you are eighteen. If you do not outgrow it by the age of eighteen, the odds that you will have it for the rest of your life increase. The good thing is, even if you do not outgrow it symptoms usually lessen the older you are. The worst breakouts are usually when you are very young. Some babies are born with eczema and deal with it a lot during their first years of life.

There are three different kinds of eczema: atopic, contact dermatitis, and neurodermatitis. No kind of Eczema is contagious. If a person's relatives have Eczema, that person is more likely to have it, too. For example, if your father grew up having eczema there is a high likelihood you will have it during your lifetime.

There are some foods or medicines that can start eczema. A lot of children who are sensitive to dairy or gluten will find this leads to eczema flare ups. Also, if you have an allergic reaction to a food this can cause hives which can sometimes turn into an eczema irritation spot.

There are medicines that can help eczema hurt less. There is a medicine called hydroxyzine that is commonly used to treat it. This prevents people from itching their eczema during their sleep. There is also a new product on the market called Dupixent. This is an injection one must give to themselves once every other week. It helps to lessen the dry skin and rashes that come with eczema.

Eczema can also be treated with lotions and ointments. It can be treated with over the counter lotions such as Eucerin, Cera Ve, or a cortisone ointment. There are also prescription steroid creams that will help the eczema spots. These are typically just stronger cortisone ointments. Also, using Aquaphor on very dry spots can help them from drying out further. In some extreme cases, people might find it necessary to receive an oral steroid or steroid shot to lessen their irritation.  Bathing with hot water will make Eczema rashes worse.

References

Skin problems

Eczema


News and Views is a talk radio program produced by KFGO in Fargo, North Dakota that airs weekdays between 8:00 a.m. and 11:00 a.m. Central Time.

Joel Heitkamp hosts the show.  The show's format is interviews with newsmakers and telephone call-ins; the host and guests have ample opportunity to express their opinions, but also open the subject to discussion.  Telephone callers are "taken cold" — that is, no pre-screening of callers occurs before going to air.

The show was launched with Ed Schultz, who later went on to host a national program, The Ed Schultz Show in 2004, and returned as host on February 1, 2007 replacing former North Dakota State Senator Joel Heitkamp.  Heitkamp took the helm again in 2009 when Schultz moved to New York to launch The Ed Show. Guest hosts fill in when the main host is not present; common hosts are David Crothers, CEO of the North Dakota Association of Telecommunications Cooperatives, and Al Carlson, North Dakota House of Representatives Majority Leader.

Affiliates
The first hour of the program is carried exclusively on KFGO.  Affiliates carry News and Views between 9am and 11am.

KFGO 790/104.7 Fargo (flagship)
KEYZ 660 Williston
KNDK 1080 Langdon

Former affiliates

Prior to April 2013, the show was also carried between 9 and 11 am by KFYR 550 Bismarck and KCJB 910 Minot.

External links
News and Views page on KFGO.com

References

American talk radio programs
Mass media in North Dakota
Fargo–Moorhead

News and Views (radio)


The Silurian Tuscarora Formation  — also known as Tuscarora Sandstone or Tuscarora Quartzite — is a mapped bedrock unit in Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, and Virginia, US.

Description
The Tuscarora is a thin- to thick-bedded fine-grained to coarse-grained orthoquartzite. It is a white to medium-gray or gray-green subgraywacke, sandstone, siltstone and shale, cross-stratified and conglomeratic conglomerate in parts, containing a few shale interbeds.

Details of the type locality and of stratigraphic nomenclature for this unit as used by the U.S. Geological Survey are available on-line at the National Geologic Map Database.

The Tuscarora and its lateral equivalents are the primary ridge-formers of the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians in the eastern United States
It is typically 935 feet thick in Pennsylvania, and in Maryland varies from 60 feet to 400 feet thick from east to west.

Notable exposures

The Tuscarora Formation is commonly exposed on various ridge crests and in many water gaps in the Ridge and Valley physiographic province of the Appalachians of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and West Virginia, particularly along the Wills Mountain Anticline.

In Pennsylvania, the Tuscarora is exposed along US 30 on the north and south sides of the Narrows in central Bedford County, where it is nearly vertical. It is also well-exposed in the core of Jack's Mountain in Jack's Narrows, where the Juniata River cuts through the mountain, just west of Mount Union. The Standing Stone Trail traverses this cut, and many of the "Thousand Steps" here are Tuscarora quartzite.

In Maryland, the National Road (US 40) passes arched Tuscarora sandstone outcrops in the Cumberland Narrows in Allegany County.

In West Virginia, the River Knobs along the North Fork of the South Branch of the Potomac River in Pendleton County include dramatic outcrops of nearly vertical Tuscarora sandstone.  Some of the better known of these exposures are Seneca Rocks, Champe Rocks, Judy Rocks, and Nelson Rocks. These cliffs are clearly visible along  U.S. Route 33 and West Virginia Routes 28 and 55.  North Fork Mountain, to the east of the River Knobs, is a long Ridge and Valley anticline ridge capped by Tuscarora sandstone.

Two of the more comprehensive exposures of the Tuscarora Formation are in two quarries at the crest and south end of Canoe Mountain (Spruce Creek Quadrangle).

Geographic Extent
The Tuscarora is present in Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, and Virginia, US.

Stratigraphic Setting
The Tuscarora rests conformably atop the Juniata Formation and conformably below the Clinton Group in Pennsylvania.

The Tuscarora is a lateral equivalent of the Minsi and Weiders members of the Shawangunk Formation in eastern Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York, and of the Massanutten Formation in Virginia, and the Clinch Sandstone farther south.  Butts (1940) indicated that in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge Province the name "Tuscarora Sandstone" should be applied to these strata from Pennsylvania in the north to 38deg N latitude, and that the name "Clinch Sandstone" should be applied to these strata south of 38deg N latitude.

There is one named member of the formation: Castanea, occurring at the top, leaving the Lower and Middle Tuscarora Formation at the bottom.  This formation has been called the "White Medina Sandstone" in West Virginia.

Fossils

Very few fossils exist in the Tuscarora, and most of them are trace fossils.

At least two hughmilleriid Eurypterids (sea scorpions) have been discovered in the Tuscarora.

Age
Relative age dating of the Tuscarora places it in the Lower Silurian period, being deposited between 440 and 417 (±10) million years ago.

Interpretations of Depositional Environment
The depositional environment of the Tuscarora has always been interpreted as mostly terrestrial or shallow marine deposits resulting in a molasse sequence produced by the Taconic orogeny.  It is thought to represent a vast sand shoal along the margin of the Iapetus Ocean.

Ripple marks are seldom found, but do support interpretation as a shallow marine depositional environment.

Economic uses
The Tuscarora may have been used as a ganister for making furnace liners in 19th century iron smelting blast furnaces of central Pennsylvania.

The Tuscarora has become very important to the tourism industry of eastern West Virginia, where the formation has many conspicuous outcrops visible from such roads as U.S. Routes 33 and 50 and West Virginia Routes 28 and 55.  Tuscarora-capped North Fork Mountain and various Tuscarora cliffs are prominent in scenic views from such sites as Spruce Knob and Dolly Sods.

Seneca Rocks in Pendleton County, West Virginia, has become a world-renowned rock climbing location.  It is the only "true peak" (a peak inaccessible except by technical rock climbing techniques) on the East Coast of the United States.  Two climbing schools near the outcrop and many other guide services offer guided climbing trips on the 300+ climbing routes on the west-facing cliff.  Seneca Rocks is managed by the U.S. Forest Service, and is located within the Spruce Knob–Seneca Rocks National Recreation Area of the Monongahela National Forest.

The Nelson Rocks Preserve, located near Circleville, West Virginia, is a privately owned and operated nature preserve dedicated to preserving Nelson Rocks and the surrounding environment as a cultural, educational, and recreational resource.  The preserve offers a via ferrata climbing trail, one of six in the United States.

See also
Big Mountain (Pennsylvania)
Bald Eagle Mountain
Brush Mountain
Germany Valley
Geology of Pennsylvania
Massanutten Mountain
Mount Nittany
North Fork Mountain
Tussey Mountain
River Knobs (West Virginia)
Seneca Rocks
Champe Rocks
Nelson Rocks

References

Silurian System of North America
Quartzite formations
Sandstone formations of the United States
Shale formations of the United States
Siltstone formations
Silurian United States
Silurian Maryland
Silurian geology of Pennsylvania
Silurian geology of Virginia
Silurian West Virginia
Cliff-formers
Aeronian
Telychian

Tuscarora Sandstone


Birecik (Greek:  an later Macedonopolis or Makedonopolis; Laitin: Birtha; ; , ), an aw umwhile kent as Bir an durin the Crusades as Bile, is a toun an destrict o Şanlıurfa Province o Turkey, on the Euphrates river.

Birecik Dam an hydroelectric pouer plant, pairt o the Southeastern Anatolia Project is situatit athin the destrict. The Roman ceety o Zeugma is nou drounit in the reservoir ahint the dam. Zeugma's famous mosaics, includin the 'river god', hae been taken tae Gaziantep Museum, but some rescued remains o Zeugma are exhibitit in Birecik. Wi its rich airchitectural heritage, Birecik is a member o the Norwich-based European Association of Historic Towns and Regions (EAHTR) .

The Northren Bald Ibis uised tae nest here an winter in the deserts o Arabie, up tae 1,000 pairs in the 1960s. Nou a few dozen birds remain an these nae langer migrate but remain protectit year-roond in Birecik.

Birecik is a brig athort the Euphrates an a uiseful stoppin place on the road frae Şanlıurfa tae Gaziantep, wi watterside restaurants.

See an aw
Birtha (Commagene)
Birtha (Titular See)
Destrict Govrenor's Office

References
Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, s.v. Birtha
Birejik
Pictur gallery o this toun

Auncient Greek ceeties
Auncient Greek steids in Turkey
Roman touns an ceeties in Turkey
Populatit places in Şanlıurfa Province
Populatit places on the Euphrates River

Birecik


Juan Antonio (1783–1863), Cahuilla name: Cooswootna, Yampoochee, (He Gets Mad Quickly), was a major chief of the Mountain Band of the Cahuilla from the 1840s to 1863.

Biography
Juan Antonio was born somewhere in the vicinity of Mt. San Jacinto in 1783. In 1840, the Ute leader Walkara led a great raid through the Cajon Pass into Southern California to capture a large number of horses from the Mexican ranchos. In some of these raids, his raiders clashed with Juan Antonio and the Cahuilla Mountain Band.  In 1842, Juan Antonio greeted the explorer Daniel Sexton and gave him access to explore the area near the San Gorgonio Pass.

Following Walkara's raid, Jose Carmen del Lugo invited New Mexican colonists to settle in Politana to in exchange for defending his Rancho San Bernardino and its herds of horses and cattle from raids by bandits and Native American raiders.  Following a dispute with the Lugo's the New Mexicans moved south to build the settlements of Agua Mansa and La Placita de Trujillo on the Rancho Jurupa. Chief Juan Antonio was then invited to move a group of his Cahuilla Mountain Band to Politana in their place.

During the Mexican–American War, Chief Juan Antonio led his warriors to join Californios led by Jose Carmen del Lugo in attacking their traditional enemy, the Luiseño. Lugo led this action in retaliation for the Pauma Massacre, in which the Luiseno had killed 11 Californios. The combined forces staged an ambush and killed 33–40 of the Luiseno warriors, an event that became known as the Temecula Massacre of 1847.

Juan Antonio also lent support to a U.S. Army expedition led by Lieutenant Edward Fitzgerald Beale, defending the party against attacks by Walkara and his band of Ute warriors. For his help Beale awarded him a pair of military epaulets, which he wore thereafter.

In the summer of 1851, Juan Antonio and a group of his fellow tribesmen pursued and destroyed the outlaw Irving Gang in San Timoteo Canyon. This band of ruffians had stolen and robbed in the San Bernardino Valley including at the Rancho San Bernardino, near Juan Antonio's village of Politana. Acting on the orders of the Jose Carmen del Lugo, Justice of the Peace and proprietor of the rancho, whose house the brigands were looting at the time, the Cahuilla pursued them into the canyon and in a running fight chased them into a box canyon, surrounded and killed eleven of them with arrows. Working on the ranchos and hunting down native raiders and bandits was a role that Juan Antonio's people had played in the San Bernardino region under the Mexican authorities. Under American rule, they believed themselves duly authorized by the Justice of the Peace to carry out their actions as before.

However, the newly arrived American settlers in Southern California resented the killing of white men by Indians and took it to be the beginning of an Indian uprising.  A company of militia from San Diego was sent against them.  The Cahuilla fled to the mountains and discovering the truth of the matter, the leader of the militia, Major General Joshua H. Bean, restrained the militia from attacking the Cahuilla with difficulty, preventing a war. Judge Benjamin Ignatius Hayes held a hearing and subsequently found their actions had legal justification.  However the resentment of local Americans at the killing of fellow Americans led Juan Antonio to move his people away from white settlements in the valley to the mountains.

Closely following the outcome of the Irving Gang incident, in late 1851, Juan Antonio, his warriors and their families, moved eastward from Politana, toward the San Gorgonio Pass and settled in a valley which branched off to the northeast from San Timoteo Canyon, at a village named Saahatpa.  In November 1851, the Garra Revolt occurred, wherein the Cupeño leader Antonio Garra attempted to bring Juan Antonio into his revolt of native people in Southern California.  Juan Antonio, friendly to the Californios and Americans, was instrumental in capturing Antonio Garra and turning him over to authorities helping to end that revolt.

Juan Antonio and his people remained in Saahatpa until he and many of his people died in the smallpox epidemic that struck Southern California in 1862–1863.  It reduced the once numerous Cahuilla to a minority of the population in the region.  Juan Antonio was buried at Saahatpa.  His body was discovered there in a 1956 archeological expedition, identified by his epaulets and reburied with military honors.

See also
 Cahuilla people
 San Timoteo Canyon
 Cabazon

References

Cahuilla people
Native American leaders
19th-century Native American leaders
1783 births
1863 deaths
Cahuilla

Juan Antonio (Cahuilla)


The Spider Plant, Chlorophytum comosum, is a species of Chlorophytum native to South Africa.

Spider plants have long narrow leaves that are 20–40 cm (8–15 in) long and 5–20 mm (0.2–0.8 in) broad. They  grow from a central rosette. It also produces branched stolons with small white flowers and baby plantlets.

It is a very popular houseplant. The most widely grown is the variegated cultivar 'Variegatum'. It has one or two broad yellowish-white bands running along the length of each leaf. Natural, entirely green plants are also grown.

The Spider Plant is very easy to spread. They can be propagated by splitting its main rosette. It is even easier to remove plantlets from the stolons and plant them separately or put them in a glass of water. They will grow roots readily in water but establish faster in soil while still attached to the parent plant. Pinning the plantlet to the soil with a bent paper clip can be helpful. Make sure the soil is damp and well drained. The plantlet can then be removed from the parent plant in 7-10 days.

It is a very popular plant with beginners, as it is easy to grow and propagate.

Spider plants have also been shown to reduce indoor air pollution.

At the spot where a leaf would normally develop a node, these plants will produce adventitious roots down into the soil, and new above ground shoots.

References

Other websites
More information on pollutant-absorbing plants

Agavaceae

Chlorophytum comosum


José Ramón Díaz Alejandro, painting and writing under the name of Ramon Alejandro, (born February 1943,  Havana, Cuba) is a Cuban painter and writer who has lived in exile in Argentina, Uruguay and Paris, France. He now lives in Miami, Florida.

Individual exhibitions
He began his artistic life in 1969 with the exhibition Alejandro. Galerie Maya, Brussels, Belgium. In 1971 the exhibit Alejandro was seen at the Galerie Jacques Desbrière, Paris. Later in 1987 the same show was presented at the  Galerie Du Dragon, Paris.

Collective exhibitions
He has been involved in several collective projects. In 1965 his work was shown as part of the Exposición de La Habana at the Galería Latinoamericana, Casa de las Américas, La Habana, Cuba. In 1967 Mostra Grafica Latinoamericana was seen at the Istituto Italo Latinoamericano, Rome, Italy. In 1984 he participated in the Foire Internationale d'Art Contemporain (FIAC) at the Grand Palais in Paris. In 2001, he was selected for the exhibition New Art of Cuba, seen at the José Alonso Fine Arts Gallery in Miami, Florida.

Awards
From 1969 to 1971 he obtained the Cintas Foundation Fellowship, in New York.

Collections
His work is part of the permanent collections of:
 Bibliothèque Municipale d'Angers, Angers, France, Cabinet des Estampes
 Bibliothèque Nationale de France, París, France
 San Diego Museum of Art, San Diego, California

References
 Viegas, Jose. Memoria: Artes Visuales Cubanas Del Siglo Xx. California International Arts 2004.
 Veigas-Zamora, Jose; Gutierrez, Cristina Vives; Nodal, Adolfo V.; Garzon, Valia & Montes de Oca, Dannys. Memoria: Cuban Art of the 20th Century. California/International Arts Foundation 2001.

1943 births
Living people
Cuban contemporary artists

José Ramón Díaz Alejandro


Eolomea is a 1972 science fiction film directed by Herrmann Zschoche, based on the book of the same name by Angel Wagenstein. The film was an East German/Soviet/Bulgarian coproduction.

Story
Eight spaceships disappear and radio contact to the enormous space station "Margot" is broken off. Professor Maria Scholl and the high council decree a flight ban for all other spaceships. Nevertheless, one ship succeeds in leaving earth. The cause of all these strange events is the mysterious signals in Morse code coming to earth from the constellation Cygnus. Deciphered, they say the word "Eolomea," which seems to refer to a planet. With Captain Daniel Lagny, an unmotivated eccentric, Maria Scholl undertakes the risky journey to the space station "Margot" to uncover the secret, only to discover that a secretly planned expedition of stolen spaceships is leaving for Eolomea against the will of the government.

Cast
 Cox Habbema: Prof. Maria Scholl
 Ivan Andonov: Daniel Lagny
 Rolf Hoppe: Prof. Oli Tal
 Vsevolod Sanayev: Kun, the pilot
 Peter Slabakov: Pierre Brodski
 Wolfgang Greese: Chairman
 Holger Mahlich: Navigator
 Benjamin Besson: Capt. Sima Kun
 Evelyn Opoczynski: colleague of Scholl
 Heidemarie Schneider: colleague of Sima Kun

Editions
The original, uncut version of the film was rereleased by the DEFA Film Library at the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 2005.

References

Bibliography
Fritzsche, Sonja. "A Natural and Artificial Homeland: East German Science-Fiction Film Responds to Kubrick and Tarkovsky." Film & History (03603695) 40.2 (2010): 80-101.
Kruschel, Karsten: "Leim für die Venus. Der Science-Fiction-Film in der DDR." Das Science Fiction Jahr 2007 ed. Sascha Mamczak and Wolfgang Jeschke. Heyne Verlag, 2007: 803–888. .
Lessard, John. "Iron Curtain Auteurs." Cineaste 34.3 (2009): 5-11.
Stott, Rosemary. "Continuity and Change in GDR Cinema Programming Policy 1979–1989: the Case of the American Science Fiction Import." German Life & Letters 55.1 (2002): 91.

External links

1972 films
1970s science fiction films
German science fiction films
Soviet science fiction films
East German films
1970s German-language films
Bulgarian science fiction films
1970s German films

Eolomea


The Stonewall Brigade was an infantry brigade in the Confederate army during the American Civil War. It got its name from Thomas J. Jackson, the first commander of the brigade. At the First Battle of Bull Run, Jackson got the nickname of "Stonewall". The brigade became one of the most famous brigades of the Civil War.

The brigade had five regiments: 2nd Virginia Infantry, 4th Virginia Infantry, 5th Virginia Infantry, 27th Virginia Infantry, and 33rd Virginia Infantry. All five regiments were orgainized in 1861. It fought in many battles of the war. At the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, most of the brigade was killed, wounded, or captured. The brigade was then consolidated into a single small regiment. When the Army of Northern Virginia surrendered at Appomattox Court House in 1865, the brigade had only 200 soldiers left.

Confederate States of America

Stonewall Brigade


The North Villa Rica Commercial Historic District in Villa Rica, Georgia, was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 31, 2002. The original application included eighteen buildings spread out over several blocks. The buildings were built in the early commercial style and date from the early to mid-20th century. This area houses the City of Villa Rica Police Department along with several antique stores, restaurants, and other commercial businesses. The boundary is basically North Avenue, East Gordon St, West Church St, and the Southern Railroad line.

The district lost two significant buildings contributing to the National Register on the east in July 2009. The city demolished the old Villa Rica Electric & Light and E.L. Esterwood mill (later known as Golden City Hosiery) for greenspace, amphitheater and future new city hall.

 The Villa Rica Electric & Light made ice and also was the local bottler for Coca-Cola from 1903 to 1923 in the hometown of Asa Candler.

The district is also referred to as Hixtown, the original name of Villa Rica. However, this can cause confusion since this is not where Hixtown was originally located. Hixtown was first settled about a mile and a half up Georgia State Route 61 near where Tanner Medical Center Villa Rica currently sits. When the railroad came through in 1882, many of the buildings from Hixtown were moved to what is now the North Villa Rica Commercial Historic District and thus the reference to Hixtown. Local lore states the last of these moved buildings was demolished for a parking lot in the 1990s beside the Lofts.

References

Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Georgia (U.S. state)
Villa Rica, Georgia
Geography of Carroll County, Georgia
National Register of Historic Places in Carroll County, Georgia


PUFF-PLUME is a model used to help predict how air pollution disperses in the atmosphere. It is a Gaussian atmospheric transport chemical/radionuclide dispersion model that includes wet and dry deposition, real-time input of meteorological observations and forecasts, dose estimates from inhalation and gamma shine (i.e., radiation), and puff or continuous plume dispersion modes. It was first developed by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in the 1970s.

It is the primary model for emergency response use for atmospheric releases at the Savannah River Site of the United States Department of Energy. It is one of a suite of codes for atmospheric releases and is used primarily for first-cut results in emergency situations. (Other codes containing more detailed mathematical and physical models are available for use when a short response time is not the over-riding consideration.)

See also
Bibliography of atmospheric dispersion modeling
Atmospheric dispersion modeling
List of atmospheric dispersion models

Further reading
For those who are unfamiliar with air pollution dispersion modelling and would like to learn more about the subject, it is suggested that either one of the following books be read:

 www.crcpress.com

External links
 OFCM Directory of Atmospheric Transport and Diffusion Consequence Assessment Models
 General and Specific Characteristics for Model: PUFF-PLUME

Atmospheric dispersion modeling
Savannah River Site

PUFF-PLUME


Jeff Green (born 23 February 1964 in Chester) is an English stand-up comedian and writer. He lives in Melbourne with his wife and two children.

Stand-up
Green appears in stand-up festivals. His first solo tour in the United Kingdom sold out, and was broadcast on the ITV network.

Television and radio
His first TV stand-up show Jeff Green Live, recorded at Her Majesty's Theatre, was shown on the ITV network on 29 December 1996. His second ITV show Jeff Green Up West recorded at Gielgud Theatre was shown in May 1997. Both shows were watched by over 3 million viewers. Back From The Bewilderness his third stand-up show recorded in 2003 at Gielgud Theatre has been shown several times on The Paramount Comedy Channel.

He has appeared in several BBC television panel games and shows, such as Jo Brand's Hot Potatoes, Never Mind the Buzzcocks, They Think It's All Over, and Have I Got News for You.  He has also made appearances on ITV's daytime show This Morning, on Australian TV in Spicks and Specks and on New Zealand TV in 7 days. In 2002 he  provided the voice-over for The Football Years on Sky One. In August 2007 his six-part series The Green Guide to Life was broadcast on BBC Radio 2.

Green appeared in series three of the BBC Radio 4 stand up show 4 Stands Up in April 2009.

Green featured in a series of GCSE English Literature Podcasts for BBC Bitesize, and featured on Michael McIntyre's Comedy Roadshow on 4 July 2009.

In 2010 he was a team captain on Bill Bailey's Birdwatching Bonanza.

In 2018, he appeared on Royal Caribbean's Radiance of the Seas sailing the South Pacific islands as the major headliner in the main theater.

Writer
His first book, The A-Z of Living Together was a commercial and critical success, reaching the fifth spot of the Sunday Times Bestsellers List and remaining in the top ten for five weeks. His follow-up books were titled: The A-Z of Being Single and The A-Z of Having a Baby. All three books have been translated into several languages including Polish, Portuguese, Finnish, Serbian, and Spanish. He has also written stand-up material for Jo Brand, Jack Dee, Steve Coogan and Lee Evans.

External links
Jeff Green Official Website
Comedian Profile: Jeff Green
Sky One The Football Years

English male comedians
English stand-up comedians
1964 births
Living people
20th-century English comedians
21st-century English comedians
People from Chester

Jeff Green (comedian)


Actionslacks is an American indie rock band formed in 1994 in the San Francisco Bay Area. The band has long been associated with the region's noise pop scene.

History

Actionslacks formed in Northern California's East Bay in 1994 when ex-Pillbox members Tim Scanlin and Mark Wijsen met drummer Marty Kelly and discovered a mutual appreciation of late-70s English punk rock, 1980s American post-punk and guitar-based New Zealand indie rock. The band played one gig in Berkeley, California under the name King Friday but changed their name after Scanlin realized he "just couldn't be in a band named after a puppet."

The band soon became a regular on the San Francisco and West Coast club circuit and released the "Tugboat Mutiny" b/w "A.C.R.O.N.Y.M." 7-inch single on their own Permanent Records imprint. In 1996 the band's first full-length, Too Bright, Just Right, Good Night was released on the Minneapolis Skene! label. Actionslacks' second LP, One Word (a reference to the spelling of their name as well as a nod to the influence of Overwhelming Colorfast's second album Two Words) was recorded in 1997 and released in 1998 by the Arena Rock Recording Company. The band toured with labelmates Harvey Danger and an ascendant Death Cab for Cutie in support of the record.

Wijsen left the band in late-1998 and Scanlin and Kelly began working on more pop-oriented songs, first with producers Greg Freeman (Pell Mell, Virginia Dare) and Jeff Palmer (Granfalloon Bus, Sunny Day Real Estate, Mommyheads) and later with new band members Aaron Rubin (bass; Mr. T Experience, Samiam) and Chuck Lindo (guitar and vocals; The Nukes, Jumbo Shrimp, The American Professionals). The Scene's Out of Sight was recorded in the fall of 1999 with producer/engineer (and Jawbox-frontperson) J. Robbins at John Vanderslice's Tiny Telephone recording studio and released in early 2001 by the Self-Starter Foundation. The band's following grew in part due to well-timed promotions with Napster, various song placements in television shows and video games, and a strong showing on college radio. Prior to touring in support of the album, Rubin left the band and Lindo took time off to attend to other projects. Enter new permanent bassist Ross Murray and touring guitarist/singer Doug Modie.

In 2002, Scanlin moved to Los Angeles and the band began a continuing long-distance relationship. Full Upright Position was written and recorded between 2001 and 2003 in various studios in California and Washington, DC. J. Robbins once again engineered and the band produced, venturing into the far-ranging territory of multi-instrumentation, elaborate arrangements and stylistic diversity (including elements of pop, alt-country and electronica). The album's release was complicated by Kelly's relocation to Maine in late 2003 and record label issues. Nevertheless, the band managed to tour both the East and West coasts, adding keyboard/vocalist Darice Bailey to help reproduce the band's new sound. Actionslacks took a semi-hiatus beginning in late 2004, with occasional live appearances and writing sessions amid individual projects, careers, and family life.

In early 2008, the band was reinvigorated by the idea of a new writing and recording paradigm, writing new tracks via online collaboration and meeting up at Tiny Telephone to rehearse and record over the course of 8 days with engineer Aaron Prellwitz. The resulting collection, which marks a return to the aggressive yet tuneful punk sound of The Scene's Out of Sight, was self-released as Kids With Guitars in spring 2009. Downloaders were invited to pay however much they wished for the record.

The long-distance writing approach was repeated in late 2009 and also culminated in a recording session at Tiny Telephone. While gathered the band celebrated its 15th anniversary with a show at the Bottom of the Hill. The six songs recorded during the session ultimately made up the band's final release, 2012's self-titled EP.

Discography

Albums
 Too Bright, Just Right, Good Night (Skene! 1996)
 One Word (The Arena Rock Recording Company, 1998)
 The Scene's Out of Sight (Self-Starter Foundation, 2001)
 Full Upright Position (Self-Starter Foundation, 2004)
 Full Upright Position Acoustic Companion (Actionslacks, 2004)

Extended plays
 Never Never Shake Baby EP (Post-Parlo, 2002)
 Kids With Guitars (Actionslacks/Eenie Meeny Miney Music, 2009)
 Actionslacks (Actionslacks/Eenie Meeny Miney Music, 2012)

Singles
 "Tugboat Mutiny" b/w "A.C.R.O.N.Y.M" / "Space-Age Heart" (permanent records, 1995)
 "John Hughes" b/w "Operator (That's Not the Way It Feels)" (Go Zombie!, 1996)

Compilations
 "John L. Sullivan" (recorded live at the Bottom of the Hill, San Francisco) on Ten Years of Noise Pop (2002)
 "Annie Oakley" and "Perfect G" on Inside X (Games) DVD and CD Sampler (2004)
 "Iodine" on Until the Shaking Stops: A Tribute to Jawbox (2004)

Appearances in media

Television
 Selections from The Scene's Out of Sight appeared on Road Rules on MTV ca. 2001–2002
 Selections from The Scene's Out of Sight appeared on The Real World ca. 2001–2002
 "Tad Loves Kimberly James," "The Scene's Out of Sight' and "Joan of Arc" appeared in NBC's All About Us in 2001
 "Joan of Arc" featured in the Australian program Out There
 "Joan of Arc" featured on Fuel TV
 "The Scene is Out of Sight" was used as background music in an Adidas commercial that aired during the X Games in 2004
 "All You'll Ever Need To Know" featured in Queer Eye for the Straight Guy episode #133 ("Michael Zurrich")
 "My Favorite Man" featured on Roswell DVD release
 Selections from Full Upright Position featured on MTV's Real World/Road Rules Challenge
 "Moneypenny's Theme" featured on The Real World
 "Shining Jewels," "Simple Life," and "Cut Above" featured in ABC's Men In Trees 2007–2008 season
 "Joan of Arc" appeared in the pilot episode of CBS's The Ex-List, October 3, 2008
 "We Are Not the Losers (Anymore)" appeared the "Double Down" episode of ABC's Castle, 2009

Film
 "Joan of Arc" played in the background of a night club scene in Personal Velocity

Video games
 "I Hope This Makes It Easier For You" and "The Scene's Out of Sight" appeared in Amped 2 for Xbox
 "33" appeared in NHL Rivals 2004 for Xbox
 It is unclear whether popular Dota 2 personality Jake "SirActionSlacks" Kanner chose his stage name due to an interest in the band.

Other
 "Shining Jewels" was used in a promotional DVD for the Los Angeles Galaxy professional soccer team
 "Simple Life" was featured in an interactive car radio section of Honda's CR-V Web site in 2007
 "If I'm Not Deceived" was used in an American Eagle Outfitters commercial/vignette on MTV in 2007

External links
Official website
Interview with Chuck Lindo on Music Life Radio

Musical groups established in 1994
Musical groups from the San Francisco Bay Area
1994 establishments in California

Actionslacks


The Abandonment of Animals Act 1960 (8 & 9 Eliz. 2. c. 43) was an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom. It received royal assent on 2 June 1960.

The Act made it a criminal offence to abandon an animal, or permit it to be abandoned, "in circumstances likely to cause the animal any unnecessary suffering". The offence was treated as "cruelty" within the terms of the Protection of Animals Act 1911 section 1 subsection 1, which as amended currently provides for a fine or up to six months imprisonment on conviction.

The Act extends to England and Wales, and Scotland, but not to Northern Ireland.

The Act was repealed in England and Wales by the Animal Welfare Act 2006, and in Scotland by the Animal Health and Welfare (Scotland) Act 2006.

See also
 Animal welfare in the United Kingdom

References

External links

United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1960
Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament
Animal welfare and rights legislation in the United Kingdom

Abandonment of Animals Act 1960


A metallophone is any musical instrument in which the sound-producing body is a piece of metal (other than a metal string), such as tuned metal bars, tubes, rods, bowls, or plates.  Most frequently the metal body is struck to produce sound, usually with a mallet, but may also be activated by friction, keyboard action, or other means.

Metallophones have been used in music in Asia for thousands of years. There are several different types used in Balinese and Javanese gamelan ensembles, including the gendér, gangsa and saron. These instruments have a single row of bars, tuned to the distinctive pelog or slendro scales, or a subset of them. The Western glockenspiel and vibraphone are also metallophones: they have two rows of bars, in an imitation of the piano keyboard, and are tuned to the chromatic scale.

In music of the 20th century and beyond, the word metallophone is sometimes applied specifically to a single row of metal bars suspended over a resonator box. Metallophones tuned to the diatonic scale are often used in schools; Carl Orff used diatonic metallophones in several of his pieces, including his pedagogical Schulwerk. Metallophones with microtonal tunings are used in Iannis Xenakis' Pléïades and in the music of Harry Partch.

Classification
Metallophones are a subset, made of metal, of Hornbostel-Sachs category 111.22 Percussion plaques, which is a subset of percussion idiophones.

List of metallophones

 Aluphone
 Bell
 Bell plate
 Bonang
 Celesta
 Chime bar
  Cowbells
 Crotales
 Dulcitone
 Fangxiang
 Gangsa
 Geger
 Gendèr
 Glockenspiel
 Gong
 Hand bells
 Handpan
 Jegogan
 Jublag
 Kulintang a Tiniok/Sarunay
 Mark tree
 Orff metallophones
 Ranat ek lek
 Ranat thum lek
 Rhodes piano
 Roneat dek
 Roneat thong
 Saron
 Slentem
 Step bell
 Steel marimbaphone
 Ugal
 Steel drum
 Tam-tam
 Toy piano
  Triangle
 Tubaphone
 Tubular bells
 Vibraphone
 Waterphone

See also
 Aerophone
 Lithophone
 Xylophone

External links

Keyboard percussion instruments
Percussion idiophones

Metallophone


Cauliflower is one of several vegetables in the species Brassica oleracea, in the family Brassicaceae. Cauliflower is a variety of cabbage, whose white flower head is eaten. Cauliflower is very nutritious, and may be eaten cooked, raw or pickled. It is a popular vegetable in Poland where it is eaten in a soup with cream or fried with bread crumbs.

References

Vegetables
Brassica oleracea

Cauliflower


Ceramic is the name for some materials that are formed by the use of heat. The word ceramic comes from the Greek word  (). Chemically, it is an inorganic compound of  metal, non-metal or metalloid atoms held together by chemical bonds.

Ceramics are commonly made by hand or by using a pottery wheel.

Up to the 1950s or so, the most important were the traditional clays, made into pottery, bricks, tiles and the like, also cements and glass. Clay-based ceramics are described in the article on pottery. A composite material of ceramic and metal is known as cermet.

The word ceramic can be an adjective, and can also be used as a noun to refer to a ceramic material, or a product of ceramic manufacture. Ceramics may also be used as a singular noun referring to the art of making things out of ceramic materials. The technology of manufacturing and usage of ceramic materials is part of the field of ceramic engineering.

Many clay-based ceramic materials are hard, porous, and brittle. The study and development of ceramics includes methods to deal with these characteristics, to accentuate the strengths of the materials and investigate novel applications.

Types of ceramic materials

For convenience ceramic products are usually divided into four sectors, and these are shown below with some examples:
Structural, including bricks, pipes, floor and roof tiles
Refractories, such as kiln linings, gas fire radiants, steel and glass making crucibles
Whitewares, including tableware, wall tiles, decorative art objects and sanitary ware
Technical ceramics is also known as engineering, advanced, special, and in Japan, fine ceramics. Such items include tiles used in the Space Shuttle program, gas burner nozzles, bullet-proof vests, nuclear fuel uranium oxide pellets, bio-medical implants, jet engine turbine blades, and missile nose cones. Frequently the raw materials do not include clays.

Examples of ceramics
Porcelain
'Hard-paste' porcelain, fired at a higher temperature.
'Soft-paste' porcelain, fired at a lower temperature: Bone china
Earthenware, which is often made from clay, quartz and feldspar
Stoneware

Classification of technical ceramics
Technical ceramics can also be classified into three distinct material categories:
 Oxides: alumina, zirconia
 Non-oxides: carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides
 Composites: particulate reinforced, combinations of oxides and non-oxides

Each one of these classes can develop unique material properties.

Properties of ceramics

Mechanical properties
Ceramic materials are usually crystalline (having a repeating shape) or amorphous (no repeating shape). They are usually held together with covalent or ionic bonds. Thus, they tend to fracture (break) before any plastic deformation (permanent damage) happens. So they have poor toughness (resistance to breaking).  Second, ceramics have pores (small holes) which focus stress on smaller areas.This decreases the toughness even more and reduces the tensile strength. For these two reasons, ceramics fail far more catastrophically (suddenly) than metals.

Ceramics do show plastic deformation, but because of how slow it is it is usually ignored.  Crystalline materials are stiff, having few places where the deformation can spread.  Amorphous materials have mainly viscous flow, which is also very slow.

Electrical properties

Semiconductors
Some ceramics are semiconductors. Most of this type of ceramic are "II-VI semiconductors", which are a combination of an alkaline earth or Group 12 metal and a non-metal from Group 16. A major example of these is zinc oxide.

Some people are thinking about making blue LEDs from zinc oxide.  But ceramic researchers focus on electrical properties that affect boundaries between individual grains. One of the most common examples of this is the varistor.

Semiconducting ceramics are also used as gas sensors. Semiconducting ceramics are also employed as gas sensors. When we pass gases over a polycrystalline ceramic, its electrical resistance changes. If we know the possible gas mixtures, we can produce very cheap devices.

Superconductivity
Under some conditions, such as extreme cold temperatures, some ceramics show superconductivity. We do not know the exact reason. But we have discovered two major families of superconducting ceramics.

Piezoelectricity, pyroelectricity, and ferroelectricity
Piezoelectricity is an electric charge caused by mechanical stress. It appears in many ceramic materials, such as quartz. We use quartz to measure time in watches and other electronics. This kind of device turns electricity into mechanical motions and back, making a stable oscillator.

The piezoelectric effect is generally stronger in materials that also show pyroelectricity. (Pyroelectricity is the ability of a material to generate electricity if its temperature changes.) All pyroelectric materials are also piezoelectric. We can use these materials to convert between thermal, mechanical, and electrical energy. For instance, we can put a pyroelectrical crystal in a furnace. If we take out and let it cool without applying any force to it, it will generate a large static charge.  This type of crystal is most common in motion sensors. That is because the tiny rise in temperature from a warm body entering a room is enough to produce a voltage in the crystal. A motion sensor reads that voltage and converts it to data.

In turn, pyroelectricity is strongest in materials which also display the ferroelectric effect. This is when we can reverse or move a stable electric polarization by applying an electrostatic field. If a material is ferroelectric, it is also pyroelectric. We use this effect to store information in ferroelectric capacitors and random-access memory.

The most common piezoelectric materials are lead zirconate titanate and barium titanate.  We use them for high-frequency loudspeakers, sonar, and atomic-force and scanning-tunneling microscopes.

Grain-boundary insulation at critical temperatures
In some semiconducting ceramics a gain in temperature causes grain boundaries to become insulating. This is most common in mixtures of heavy metal titanates. We can adjust the transition temperature (the temperature at which this happens) over a wide range by changing the chemistry. In this kind of material, current passes through the material until it reaches the transition temperature, at which point the circuit breaks and current flow stops. We use these ceramics as self-controlled heating elements in, for example, rear-window defrosting circuits in cars.

At the transition temperature, the material's dielectric response approaches infinity. We cannot use the material near its critical temperature because it is hard to control temperature at that range. Despite this, the dielectric effect remains strong even at much higher temperatures. For this reason as well as because of how low their critical temperatures are, we use titanates as ceramic capacitors.

Classification of ceramics

Non-crystalline ceramics:
Non-crystalline ceramics, being glasses, tend to be formed from melts.  The glass is shaped when either fully molten, by casting, or when in a state of toffee-like viscosity, by methods such as blowing to a mold.  If later heat-treatments cause this class to become partly crystalline, the resulting material is known as a glass-ceramic.

Crystalline ceramics:
Crystalline ceramic materials are not amenable to a great range of processing.  Methods for dealing with them tend to fall into one of two categories – either make the ceramic in the desired shape, by reaction in situ, or by "forming" powders into the desired shape, and then sintering to form a solid body.  Ceramic forming techniques include shaping by hand (sometimes including a rotation process called "throwing"), slip casting, tape casting (used for making very thin ceramic capacitors, etc.), injection molding, dry pressing, and other variations. (See also Ceramic forming techniques. Details of these processes are described in the two books listed below.) A few methods use a hybrid between the two approaches.

In situ manufacturing
The most common use of this method is in the production of cement and concrete.  Here, the dehydrated powders are mixed with water.  This starts hydration reactions, which result in long, interlocking crystals forming around the aggregates.  Over time, these result in a solid ceramic.

The biggest problem with this method is that most reactions are so fast that good mixing is not possible, which tends to prevent large-scale construction.  However, small-scale systems can be made by deposition techniques, where the various materials are introduced above a substrate, and react and form the ceramic on the substrate.  This borrows techniques from the semiconductor industry, such as chemical vapour deposition, and is very useful for coatings.

These tend to produce very dense ceramics, but do so slowly.

Sintering-based methods
The principles of sintering-based methods is simple.  Once a roughly held together object (called a "green body") is made, it is baked in a kiln, where diffusion processes cause the green body to shrink. The pores in the object close up, resulting in a denser, stronger product.  The firing is done at a temperature below the melting point of the ceramic.  There is virtually always some porosity left, but the real advantage of this method is that the green body can be produced in any way imaginable, and still be sintered.  This makes it a very versatile route.

There are thousands of possible refinements of this process.  Some of the most common involve pressing the green body to give the densification a head start and reduce the sintering time needed.  Sometimes organic binders such as polyvinyl alcohol are added to hold the green body together; these burn out during the firing (at 200–350 °C).  Sometimes organic lubricants are added during pressing to increase densification.  It is not uncommon to combine these, and add binders and lubricants to a powder, then press. (The formulation of these organic chemical additives is an art in itself. This is particularly important in the manufacture of high performance ceramics such as those used by the billions for electronics, in capacitors, inductors, sensors, etc. The specialized formulations most commonly used in electronics are detailed in the book "Tape Casting," by R.E. Mistler, et al., Amer. Ceramic Soc. [Westerville, Ohio], 2000.) A comprehensive book on the subject, for mechanical as well as electronics applications, is "Organic Additives and Ceramic Processing," by D. J. Shanefield, Kluwer Publishers [Boston], 1996.

A slurry can be used in place of a powder, and then cast into a desired shape, dried and then sintered.  Indeed, traditional pottery is done with this type of method, using a plastic mixture worked with the hands.

If a mixture of different materials is used together in a ceramic, the sintering temperature is sometimes above the melting point of one minor component – a liquid phase sintering.  This results in shorter sintering times compared to solid state sintering.

Other applications of ceramics
 Some knives are ceramic. The ceramic knife blade will stay sharp for much longer steel will, although it is more brittle and can be snapped by dropping it on a hard surface.

 Ceramics such as alumina and boron carbide have been used in body armor to repel bullets.  Similar material is used to protect cockpits of some military airplanes, because of the low weight of the material.

 Ceramic balls can be used to replace steel in ball bearings. Their higher hardness makes them last thrice as long. They also deform less under load meaning they have less contact with the bearing retainer walls and can roll faster. In very high speed applications, heat from friction during rolling can cause problems for metal bearings; problems which are reduced by the use of ceramics. Ceramics are also more chemically resistant and can be used in wet environments where steel bearings would rust. The major drawback to using ceramics is high cost.

 In the early 1980s, Toyota researched an adiabatic ceramic engine which can run at a temperature of over 6000 °F (3300 °C).  Ceramic engines do not require a cooling system and hence allow a major weight reduction and therefore greater fuel efficiency.  Fuel efficiency of the hotter engine is also higher by Carnot's theorem. In a metallic engine, much of the energy released from the fuel must be dissipated as waste heat so it won't melt the metallic parts. Despite all of these desirable properties, such engines are not in production because the manufacturing of ceramic parts in the requisite precision and durability is difficult.  Imperfection in the ceramic leads to cracks, which can wreck the engine, possibly by explosion.  Mass-production is not feasible with current technology.

 Ceramic parts for gas turbine engines may be practical. Currently, even blades made of advanced metal alloys used in the engines' hot section require cooling and careful limiting of operating temperatures. Turbine engines made with ceramics could operate more efficiently, giving aircraft greater range and payload for a set amount of fuel.

 Bio-ceramics include dental implants and synthetic bones. Hydroxyapatite, the natural mineral component of bone, has been made synthetically from a number of biological and chemical sources and can be formed into ceramic materials. Orthopedic implants made from these materials bond readily to bone and other tissues in the body without rejection or inflammatory reactions. Because of this, they are of great interest for gene delivery and tissue engineering scaffolds. Most hydroxyapatite ceramics are very porous and lack mechanical strength and are used to coat metal orthopedic devices to aid in forming a bond to bone or as bone fillers. They are also used as fillers for orthopedic plastic screws to aid in reducing the inflammation and increase absorption of these plastic materials. Work is being done to make strong, fully dense nano crystalline hydroxyapatite ceramic materials for orthopedic weight bearing devices, replacing foreign metal and plastic orthopedic materials with a synthetic, but naturally occurring, bone mineral. Ultimately these ceramic materials may be used as bone replacements or with the incorporation of protein collagens, synthetic bones.

 High-tech ceramic is used in watch cases. The material is valued for its light weight, scratch-resistance, durability and smooth touch.  IWC is one of the brands that initiated the use of ceramic in watchmaking.

References

Other websites

Advanced Ceramics – The evolution, classification, properties, production, firing, finishing and design of advanced ceramics
How pottery is made
How sanitaryware is made
World renowned ceramics collections at Stoke-on-Trent Museum  Click on Quick Links in the right-hand column to view examples.
The Gardiner Museum  – The only museum in Canada entirely devoted to ceramics
introduction, scientific principles, properties and processing of ceramics
The American Ceramic Society The American Ceramic Society
Lucideon Limited (formerly CERAM Research Limited and previously the British Ceramic Research Association)
Worldwide Ceramics Directory

Ceramic