Walt Disney Presents: Annette is a television serial that ran on The Mickey Mouse Club during the show's third season (1957–1958). It starred Annette Funicello as Annette McCleod ( ), a poor, orphaned country girl who moves into town with her upper-class Uncle Archie and Aunt Lila. The serial also starred Richard Deacon as Archie McCleod, Sylvia Field as Archie's sister Lila McCleod, Mary Wickes as Katie the housekeeper and prolific Disney child stars Tim Considine, David Stollery and Roberta Shore as Annette's friends. The story was adapted by Lillie Hayward (who also worked on Spin and Marty) from the book Margaret by Janette Sebring Lowrey.

Annette was released to DVD in 2008 as part of the Walt Disney Treasures series.

Plot
The story is about a recently orphaned country girl, Annette, who moves in with her sophisticated aunt and uncle who live in the city. Most of the plot has to do with her experiences in her new high school trying to fit in with all the new kids she meets in her new community.

However, Laura, the jealous teen, wrongfully accuses Annette of stealing a necklace following a party at her place. Little did she know that the necklace accidentally fell into the piano she played on. Laura and Annette become friends after the misunderstanding.

Episodes and original airdates (1958)
 "An Introduction"—2/10
 "The Newcomer"—2/11
 "Annette Meets Jet"—2/12
 "An Invitation"—2/13
 "The Escort"—2/14
 "The Party"—2/17
 "Paying The Piper"—2/18
 "The Missing Necklace"—2/19
 "What Happened At School"—2/20
 "Almost A Fight"—2/21
 "Steady Gets An Idea"—2/24
 "The Explosion"—2/25
 "The Turned Down Invitation"—2/26
 "Annette Makes A Decision"—2/27
 "The Hayride"—2/28
 "The Barbecue"—3/3
 "The Fight"—3/4
 "The Farewell Letter"—3/5
 "Mike To The Rescue"—3/6
 "The Mystery Is Solved"—3/7

Cast
Annette Funicello—Annette McCleod
Tim Considine—Steve Abernathy
David Stollery—Mike Martin
Roberta Shore—Laura Rogan (as Jymme Shore)
Judy Nugent—Jet Maypen
Doreen Tracy—Val Abernathy
Shelley Fabares—Moselle Corey
Steve Stevens—Drew Stafford
Rudy Lee—Olmstead "Steady" Ware
Sharon Baird—Kitty Blalock
Barry Curtis—Court Whitney
Tommy Cole—Jimmy Smith
Cheryl Holdridge—Madge Markham
Bonnie Lynn Fields—Pat Boren
Doris Packer—Mrs. Abernathy
Mary Wickes—Katie
Richard Deacon—Uncle Archie McCleod
Sylvia Field—Aunt Lila McCleod
Ralph Dumke-Mr. Abernathy

Theme song, plus other songs
The theme song "Annette" was written and originally sung by Mickey Mouse Club leader Jimmie Dodd on a 1956 episode of the MMC. A remixed version with special messages from Frankie Avalon, Shelley Fabares, Paul Anka, Tommy Sands and Mickey Mouse was released on the 2-CD boxed set from 1993, Annette: A Musical Reunion with America's Girl Next Door

Some of the other songs in the serial, include "Reading, Writing, and Rhythm", "Meeting at the Malt Shop", "Don't Jump to Conclusions", and "How Will I Know My Love". The latter song was released as a single, which resulted in Walt Disney signing her to a recording contract on Disneyland Records

Merchandising

The TV show was also adapted into a comic book by Dan Spiegle, distributed by Dell Comics.

References

External links

Television series by Disney
Disney Channel original programming
1958 American television series debuts
1958 American television series endings
The Mickey Mouse Club serials
American Broadcasting Company original programming
First-run syndicated television programs in the United States
Television shows adapted into comics
Television series about orphans
Television series based on books

Walt Disney Presents: Annette


The Hillsborough disaster happened on 15 April 1989. It happened at the Hillsborough Stadium in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. A stampede of people in the stadiums caused the deaths of 97 people (all Liverpool supporters). Another 766 people were injured. It happened during the FA Cup semi-final match between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest football clubs.

After the disaster, it was believed to be caused by the football fans. However, this turned out not to be true. A later investigation saw that the police were to blame. Ambulances were not able to reach the pitch where the stampede happened, which helped increase the number of people who died. There is a memorial at Hillsborough Stadium in memory of the people who died.

It is the worst disaster in British sporting history.

The newspaper The Sun made an untrue headline, days after the disaster. In February 2017, Liverpool F.C. put a ban on The Sun journalists from entering their grounds in response to the coverage of Hillsborough by the newspaper.

References

1989 disasters
1980s disasters in the United Kingdom
1980s in England
April 1989 events
Football in England
Police misconduct
Sheffield

Hillsborough disaster


Knightsbridge International is a US-based non-governmental organization based in West Hills, California that provides humanitarian assistance and disaster relief to regions around the world. KBI was founded in 1995 by members of an American priory of the Knights of Malta. Past missions include relief efforts in Afghanistan during Operation Enduring Freedom and after 2004 Boxing Day tsunami disaster. The organization was the subject of a 2006 documentary film Beyond the Call, and a 2008 book entitled A Prescription For Peace.

Charities based in California
Sovereign Military Order of Malta

Knightsbridge International


Heinrich Harrer (; 6 July 1912 – 7 January 2006) was an Austrian mountaineer, explorer, writer, sportsman, geographer, and SS sergeant. He was a member of the four-man climbing team that made the first ascent of the North Face of the Eiger, the "last problem" of the Alps. While on expedition in the Indian Himalayas, Harrer and his group were arrested by British forces because of the outbreak of World War II and he escaped to Tibet, staying there until 1951 and never seeing active combat. He wrote the books Seven Years in Tibet (1952) and The White Spider (1959).

Early life
Heinrich Harrer was born 6 July 1912 in Hüttenberg, Austria, in the district of Sankt Veit an der Glan in the state of Carinthia. His father, Josef Harrer, was a postal worker. From 1933 to 1938, Harrer studied geography and sports at the Karl-Franzens University in Graz. Harrer became a member of the traditional student corporation ATV Graz.

In 1935, Harrer was designated to participate in the Alpine skiing competition at the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen. The Austrian Alpine skiing team, however, boycotted the event due to a conflict regarding the skiing instructors' status as professionals. As a result, Harrer did not participate.

In 1937, Harrer won the downhill event at the World Student Championships at Zell am See.

Eiger North Face
Mountain climbing was Harrer's true passion. Knowing an extraordinary feat of climbing could win him a place on a Himalayan expedition, Harrer and a friend, Fritz Kasparek, resolved to be the first to climb the North Face of the Eiger (3,967 m, 13,025 ft) in Switzerland. The near vertical wall, with its ice-field known as The White Spider, had claimed several lives; and the Bernese authorities even banned climbing it. Following his final university exams in July 1938, Harrer and Kasparek traveled to Kleine Scheidegg at the foot of the Eiger and set out on their climb. Halfway up the mountain, Harrer and Kasparek encountered another team making the attempt, Ludwig Vörg and Anderl Heckmair from Germany. The four decided to make the rest of the climb as a single team, with the experienced Heckmair leading.

Throughout the climb, the four men were constantly threatened by snow avalanches and rock falls. They were caught in an avalanche as they climbed the White Spider on the upper face, but all possessed sufficient strength to resist being swept off the face. The members successfully reached the summit at four o'clock in the afternoon 24 July 1938. This first ascent of the Eiger North Face was described by Italian climber Reinhold Messner as "a glorious moment in the history of mountaineering and a great sensation, since several climbers had previously perished on the Face", made headlines around the world, and is recounted in Harrer's book The White Spider, published in 1959.

Nazi involvement
In 1996, ORF editor and filmmaker Gerald Lehner found in American archives the membership card of Harrer, who joined the Sturmabteilung (SA) in October 1933. After the Anschluss of March 1938, as Germany annexed Austria, he joined the Schutzstaffel (SS) on 1 April. He held the rank of Oberscharführer (Sergeant), and on 1 May he became a member of the Nazi Party. After their ascent of the Eiger North Face, the four climbers were received by and photographed with Adolf Hitler. Harrer later said he wore his SS uniform only once, on the day of his marriage to Charlotte Wegener, daughter of the eminent explorer and scholar Alfred Wegener. After returning to Europe in 1952, Harrer was cleared of any pre-war crimes and this was later supported by Simon Wiesenthal. In his memoir, Beyond Seven Years in Tibet, Harrer called his involvement with the Nazi Party a mistake made in his youth, when he had not yet learned to think for himself.

Internment in India
In 1939, Harrer joined a four-man expedition, led by Peter Aufschnaiter, to the Diamir Face of the Nanga Parbat with the aim of finding an easier route to the peak. Having concluded that the face was viable, the four mountaineers were in Karachi, India at the end of August, waiting for a freighter to take them home. The ship being long overdue, Harrer, Ludwig, and Hans Lobenhoffer tried to reach Persia (Iran), but several hundred kilometres north-west of Karachi they were arrested by British soldiers as enemy aliens and escorted back to Karachi, where Aufschnaiter had stayed. Two days later, war was declared, and on 3 September 1939 all were put behind barbed wire to be transferred to a detention camp at Ahmednagar near Bombay. They considered escaping to Portuguese Goa, but when further transferred to Dehradun to be detained there for years with 1,000 other enemy aliens, they found Tibet more promising, the final goal being the Japanese front in Burma or China.

Aufschnaiter and Harrer escaped and were re-captured a number of times before finally succeeding. On 29 April 1944, Harrer and six others, including Rolf Magener and Heins von Have (disguised as British officers), Aufschnaiter, the Salzburger Bruno Treipel (aka Treipl) and the Berliners Hans Kopp and Sattler (disguised as native Indian workers), walked out of the camp. Magener and von Have took the train to Calcutta and from there found their way to the Japanese army in Burma.

The others headed for the closest border via Landour. After Sattler gave up on 10 May, the remaining four entered Tibet on 17 May 1944, crossing the Tsang Chok-la Pass (5,896 m, 19,350 ft) and thereafter split into two groups: Harrer and Kopp, Aufschnaiter and Treipel. On 17 June, Treipel, exhausted, bought himself a horse and rode back to the lowlands. Several months later, when the remaining three were still without visas for Tibet, Kopp also gave up and left for Nepal (where he was handed over to the British authorities within a few days).

Seven years in Tibet

Aufschnaiter and Harrer, helped by the former's knowledge of the Tibetan language, proceeded to Tibet's capital city, Lhasa, which they reached on 15 January 1946 (eight months after Nazi Germany's surrender), having crossed Western Tibet, the South-West with Gyirong County, and the Northern Changthang.

In 1948, Harrer became a salaried official of the Tibetan government, translating foreign news and acting as the Court photographer. Harrer first met the 14th Dalai Lama when he was summoned to the Potala Palace and asked to make a film about ice skating, which Harrer had introduced to Tibet. Harrer built a cinema for him, with a projector run off a Jeep engine. Harrer soon became the Dalai Lama's tutor in English, geography, and some science, and Harrer was astonished at how fast his pupil absorbed the Western world's knowledge. They shared the same birthday and a strong friendship developed between the two that would last the rest of Harrer's life.

In 1952, Harrer returned to Austria where he documented his experiences in the books Seven Years in Tibet (1952) and Lost Lhasa (1953). Seven Years in Tibet was translated into 53 languages, and was a bestseller in the United States in 1954, selling three million copies. The book was the basis of two films of the same title, the first in 1956 and the second in 1997, starring Brad Pitt in the role of Harrer.

In Seven Years in Tibet, Harrer wrote:

Later adventures

Following his return from Tibet, Harrer settled down in Kitzbühel, Austria, and later in Liechtenstein. He took part in a number of ethnographic as well as mountaineering expeditions to Alaska, the Andes, and the Mountains of the Moon in central Africa. In 1953 he explored the source of the Amazon River and made a first ascent of Ausangate (6384 m). In 1954, some with German-American Fred Beckey, Harrer made the first ascents of Mount Deborah (3,761 m, 12,339 ft), Mount Hunter (4,442 m, 14,573 ft), and Mount Drum (3661 m), all in Alaska. In 1957, he explored the Congo River with the former king Leopold III of Belgium.

In February 1962, he was the leader of the team of four climbers who made the first ascent of the Carstensz Pyramid (4,884 m, 16,024 ft; later named Puncak Jaya) on Papua, Indonesia (then Dutch New Guinea), the highest peak in Oceania and one of the Seven Summits. This and his pioneering expedition to reach the Neolithic stone axe quarries at Ya-Li-Me are recorded in his memoir I Come from the Stone Age.

In 1966, he met the Xingu Indians of Brazil's Mato Grosso. In 1972, Harrer crossed the island of Borneo. He also made expeditions to Nepal, French Guiana, Greenland, Sudan, India, Ladakh, Andaman Islands, Uganda, Kenya and Bhutan.

Harrer wrote more than 20 books about his adventures, some including photographs considered to be among the best records of traditional Tibetan culture. Harrer was also an excellent golfer, winning Austrian national championships in 1958 and 1970.

Private life
In December 1938, Harrer married Lotte Wegener (1920–1989), the daughter of Alfred Wegener, German polar researcher and originator of the theory of continental drift. Her father had died on a Greenland expedition when she was 10. Their son Peter Harrer was born in December 1939, three months after Harrer had been interned by British forces in India. Their marriage was dissolved in 1943 while he was still in India. In 1953, he married Margaretha Truxa (divorce in 1958), and in 1962 he married Katharina (Carina) Haarhaus (1922–2014), who remained his wife until his death.

Final years

In the early 1980s, he visited Tibet again, and wrote a sequel to Seven Years in Tibet, titled Return to Tibet: Tibet After the Chinese Occupation. The Kirkus Review of his sequel said:  He later wrote his autobiography published in English as Beyond Seven Years in Tibet in 2007. He made approximately 40 documentary films and founded the Heinrich Harrer Museum in Hüttenberg, Austria dedicated to Tibet. In October 2002, the Dalai Lama presented Harrer with the International Campaign for Tibet's Light of Truth Award for his efforts to bring the situation in Tibet to international attention. Harrer died on 7 January 2006 in Friesach, Austria at the age of 93.

Honours and awards
 1978: Honorary Medal in Gold of the city of Vienna
 1980: Gold Medal of the city of Graz
 1982: Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class
 1982: Grand Merit Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
 1985: Golden Humboldt Medal (Germany)
 2002: Light of Truth Award (International Campaign for Tibet)

Publications
Seven Years in Tibet (1952)
Lost Lhasa (1953)
The White Spider: The Classic Account of the Ascent of the Eiger (1959)
  (1961) – an autobiography of the Dalai Lama's older brother, Thubten Jigme Norbu, as told to Harrer
I Come from the Stone Age (1965)
  (1980)
Return to Tibet (1985)
Return to Tibet: Tibet After the Chinese Occupation (1998)
Denk ich an Bhutan (2005)
Beyond Seven Years in Tibet: My Life Before, During, and After (2007)

References

External links

 Heinrich Harrer Website
 Obituary in The Times, 9 January 2006
 Obituary in The Guardian, 9 January 2006
 Obituary in The New York Times, 10 January 2006
 Obituary CBS, 7 January 2006

Seven Years in Tibet, Book Review at The Open Critic (1956)
 Harrer Museum Huettenberg

 Heinrich Harrer (in German) from the online-archive of the Österreichische Mediathek

1912 births
2006 deaths
People from Sankt Veit an der Glan District
Austrian explorers
Austrian mountain climbers
Explorers of the Himalayas
Explorers of Tibet
Austrian travel writers
Sturmabteilung personnel
SS non-commissioned officers
Austrian Nazis
Austrian expatriates in Germany
Austrian expatriates in Pakistan
Austrian expatriates in India
Austrian expatriates in Nepal
Austrian escapees
Escapees from British military detention
Austrian expatriates in Tibet
Photography in Tibet
Austrian memoirists
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class
20th-century memoirists
Explorers of Nepal

Heinrich Harrer


A constitutional convention is an informal and uncodified tradition that is followed by the institutions of a state. In some states, notably those Commonwealth of Nations states that follow the Westminster system and whose political systems derive from British constitutional law, most government functions are guided by constitutional convention rather than by a formal written constitution.
In these states, actual distribution of power may be markedly different from those the formal constitutional documents describe. In particular, the formal constitution often confers wide discretionary powers on the head of state that, in practice, are used only on the advice of the head of government, and in some cases not at all.

Some constitutional conventions operate separately from or alongside written constitutions, such as in Canada since the country was formed with the enactment of the Constitution Act, 1867. In others, notably the United Kingdom, which lack a single overarching constitutional document, unwritten conventions are still of vital importance in understanding how the state functions. In most states, however, many old conventions have been replaced or superseded by laws (called codification).

Definitions
The term was first used by British legal scholar A. V. Dicey in his 1883 book, Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution. Dicey wrote that in Britain, the actions of political actors and institutions are governed by two parallel and complementary sets of rules:

A century later, Canadian scholar Peter Hogg wrote:

Origins

Constitutional conventions arise when the exercise of a certain type of power, which is not prohibited by law, arouses such opposition that it becomes impossible, on future occasions, to engage in further exercises of this power. For example, the constitutional convention that the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom cannot remain in office without the support of a majority of votes the House of Commons is derived from an unsuccessful attempt by the ministry of Robert Peel to govern without the support of a majority in the House, in 1834–1835.

Enforceability in the courts

Constitutional conventions are not, and cannot be, enforced by courts of law. The primary reason for this, according to the Supreme Court of Canada in its 1981 Patriation Reference, is that, "They are generally in conflict with the legal rules which they postulate and the courts may be bound to enforce the legal rules." More precisely, the conventions make certain acts, which would be permissible under a straightforward reading of the law, impermissible in practice. The court ruled that this conflict between convention and law means that no convention, no matter how well-established or universally accepted, can "crystallize" into law, unless the relevant parliament or legislature enacts a law or constitutional amendment codifying for a convention at which must specify request and consensus' for enactment. This principle is regarded as authoritative in a number of other jurisdictions, including the UK.

Some conventions evolve or change over time. For example, before 1918 the British Cabinet requested a parliamentary dissolution from the monarch, with the Prime Minister conveying the request. Between 1918 and 2011, Prime Ministers requested dissolutions on their own initiative, and were not required to consult members of the Cabinet (although, at the very least, it would have been unusual for the Cabinet not to be aware of the Prime Minister's intention).

However, conventions are rarely ever broken. Unless there is general agreement on the breach, the person who breaches a convention is often heavily criticised, on occasions leading to a loss of respect or popular support.

Examples

Australia
 Whoever can command a majority in the House of Representatives is entitled to be asked by the Governor-General to form a government, and take the title Prime Minister.
 Governors-General always act on the advice of their Prime Minister or other relevant minister in regard to particular powers they may exercise.
 An incumbent Prime Minister who loses an election will advise the Governor-General to appoint the leader of the larger party as Prime Minister so the Governor-General does not need to act alone.
 State Premiers tender advice to State Governors for Federal Senate elections, in response to the Prime Minister's advice to the Governor-General to call a Federal House of Representatives election.
 State Governors are given a dormant commission to administer the Commonwealth if the Governor-General is unable to.
 Vice-regal officers act in a politically neutral way.

No convention is absolute; all but one (the second) of the above conventions were disregarded in the leadup to or during the constitutional crisis of 1975.

Ignoring constitutional conventions does not always result in a crisis. After the 2010 Tasmanian state election, the Governor of Tasmania rejected the advice of his Premier to appoint the leader of the opposition as Premier because he felt the advice was tendered in bad faith. The Premier went on to form a new government.

Bosnia and Herzegovina
 The six members of the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina, that are chosen by the Parliaments of entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, should be chosen in a way as to establish the national balance, of "constituent peoples", in the Court (two Bosniaks, two Croatians and two Serbs), although the Constitution does not have this requirement.
 The Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina should be of different nationality in every new term (establishing the "rotation"), although this is not formally regulated.
 The government of an entity should inform the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina of its intention to establish special parallel relationships with neighboring states, including negotiations. Also, the High Representative should be notified of any such intent, especially if there is a document that should be signed between parties, although the Constitution does not have this requirement (also for first example).

Canada
 The Prime Minister will request the Governor General to call an election upon the defeat of the government in a confidence or money vote. This convention was broken in 1968 when the ruling minority government of Lester B. Pearson unexpectedly lost a money vote. All the parties in Parliament, who were not prepared for a snap election, agreed to pass a resolution retroactively declaring the lost money vote was not a matter of confidence.
Though it is mentioned in various constitutional documents, the precise nature of the office of the Prime Minister operates mostly according to understood, uncodified British conventions.
 The Supreme Court of Canada is, by statute (the Supreme Court Act), composed of three justices from Quebec and six from anywhere in Canada (including Quebec).  This is because Quebec uses civil law rather than the common law system used elsewhere in Canada; it is necessary to have a panel of at least three judges to hear civil law cases.  By convention, the remaining six positions are divided in the following manner: three from Ontario; two from the western provinces, typically one from British Columbia and one from the prairie provinces, which rotate amongst themselves (although Alberta is known to cause skips in the rotation); and one from the Atlantic provinces, almost always from Nova Scotia or New Brunswick.  The appointment of the most senior puisne justice to chief justice is a convention that has recently fallen into disuse.

Commonwealth Realms
 The Governor-General is appointed on the advice of the Prime Minister of the day, is a resident of the country he or she will represent, and can be dismissed immediately on the advice of the Prime Minister (exceptions are Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, where the Governor-General is elected by Parliament and then formally appointed by the Queen, and the United Kingdom, which has no vice-regal office). However, in Canada, provincial lieutenant-governors are appointed on the advice of the federal prime minister, not the provincial premier.
 Neither the Monarch nor a Governor-General will participate in the political process unless there is an extreme circumstance that merits the use of reserve powers, or when the advice tendered is contrary to established convention.
 Neither the Monarch nor a Governor-General will make partisan speeches or state partisan opinions. This convention was broken in 1975 by Sir Colin Hannah, the Governor of Queensland, who called for the defeat of the Whitlam government. The Queen, on Whitlam's advice, revoked Hannah's dormant commission to act as Administrator of the Commonwealth of Australia and the Foreign and Commonwealth Office later refused the Premier of Queensland's request that they advise the Queen to appoint Hannah to a second term as Governor (in 1975, Australian State Governors were still appointed on the advice of UK ministers).

Denmark
 The Danish Constitution makes reference to the King in great detail. Apart from the fact that this is understood to include a Queen regnant as well, references to the King acting in a political capacity are understood to mean the Prime Minister, as the Constitution stipulates that the King exercises his powers through the Cabinet.
 According to the Constitution, any public expenditure must be provided for in the annual money bill or provisional money bills. However, although not provided for in the Constitution, according to constitutional custom, the Parliamentary Budgetary Committee has the power to authorise provisional expenditure, regardless of the fact that such expenditure is not formally included in the budget (such grants are however then marked for adoption in the next forthcoming money bill).

France
 If the president of the National Assembly, the president of the Senate or 60 deputies or 60 senators claim that a just-passed statute is unconstitutional, the President of the Republic does not sign the law and instead waits for a petition to be sent to the Constitutional Council.

Germany
 The German Basic Law does not provide for a formal mechanism of parliamentary self-dissolution. The chancellor can only be forced out of office through a constructive vote of no confidence, which simultaneously opposes the current chancellor and nominates a replacement. However, snap elections were held in 1972, 1983 and 2005 by the chancellor deliberately losing a vote of confidence and then asking the president to dissolve the Bundestag – a request which was granted in each case but was controversial in 2005.
 The President of Germany is not required to renounce his political affiliation, but since the founding of the Federal Republic in 1949 all presidents have let their party membership "rest" for the duration of their time in office. Joachim Gauck was not a member of any party even prior to taking office. This "resting" party membership was tacitly approved by the CDU/CSU and SPD for presidents who had been members or their parties even though their party rules and bylaws do not provide for such a mechanism.
 Similar to the provisions about monarchs in many parliamentary monarchies, the Basic Law formally grants the President powers to be exercised "on the advice of" Parliament or the government which are in practice never exercised by the President without clear direction from those bodies.
 The Basic Law only specifies how a chancellor is to be elected, not who is eligible. With one exception (Kurt Georg Kiesinger) all chancellors thus far have been members of the Bundestag, even though that is not a requirement for election or serving. Similarly the office of "candidate for chancellor" which is usually nominated by major parties (SPD and CDU/CSU but also FDP in 2002 and the Greens in 2021) has no legal relevance and is not legally a precondition for being elected chancellor.
 Virtually all customs and informal rules regarding coalition agreements are based on convention rather than formal rules. Some are even in apparent conflict with the text of the constitution. The  ("coalition committee") which was first acknowledged to exist during the First Erhard cabinet is a method of resolving potential conflicts within a governing coalition that has been criticized as "circumventing" parliament and the cabinet as means to discuss and resolve such issues.
 The President of the Bundestag is a member of the biggest faction, even if that faction is otherwise in opposition. This is one of few constitutional conventions already in place during the Weimar Republic and still followed today.

Lebanon
 The Lebanese constitution states that the President of Lebanon is elected by a simple majority of the Parliament of Lebanon.  However, due to the country's delicate ethnic balance, the Parliament's various factions usually try to agree on a consensus candidate.
 Under the unwritten National Pact, the president must always be a Maronite Christian; the prime minister a Sunni Muslim; the speaker of Parliament a Shia Muslim; and the deputy speaker Greek Orthodox.

Malaysia
 At the federal level, the King acts on the Prime Minister's advice, except on certain cases. At the state level, the respective ruler or governor acts on his Chief Minister's advice.
 At the federal level, the Prime Minister is the leader of the party with an absolute majority of seats in the Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives) and therefore most likely to command the support of the Dewan Rakyat; and likewise a Chief Minister, the leader of the party with an absolute majority of seats in a State Legislature and therefore most likely to command the support of such State Legislature.
 The Prime Minister should be a member of the Dewan Rakyat.
 The Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat chairs the Joint Session of Parliament, where the King addresses both Dewan Negara (Senate) and Dewan Rakyat.

New Zealand
There is a convention that the Prime Minister of New Zealand should not ask for an early election unless he or she is unable to maintain confidence and supply. By the 1950s, it had also become a convention that elections should be held on the last Saturday of November, or the closest date to this range as possible. There are several times when these conventions have been broken and an election has been held several months earlier:
1951 general election: Sidney Holland called the election to get a mandate to face down a dock works dispute. The government was returned to power with an increased majority; by this time the dispute had been resolved.
1984 general election: Robert Muldoon's government held a narrow four-seat majority in Parliament. Muldoon hoped to strengthen his leadership, as two backbenchers (Marilyn Waring and Mike Minogue) were threatening to rebel against the government in an opposition-sponsored anti-nuclear bill. However, Waring and Minogue had not threatened to block confidence and supply. The election was a decisive defeat for the government.
2002 general election: Helen Clark called the election after the collapse of the Alliance, her coalition partners. Some critics argued that the government could still maintain confidence and supply and therefore the early election was not necessary. The Labour Party remained in power with two different coalition partners.

Norway
Because of the 1814 written constitution's pivotal role in providing independence and establishing democracy in the 19th century, the Norwegian parliament has been very reluctant to change it. Few of the developments in the political system that have been taking place since then have been codified as amendments. This reluctance has been labelled constitutional conservatism. The two most important examples of constitutional conventions in the Norwegian political system are parliamentarism and the declining power of the King.
 Parliamentarism has evolved since 1884 and entails that the cabinet must maintain the support of parliament (an absence of mistrust) but it need not have its express support.
 All new laws are passed and all new cabinets are therefore formed in a de jure fashion by the King, although not necessarily in a de facto sense.
 According to the written constitution, the cabinet (council of ministers) are appointed by the King. The appointment of new cabinets by the King is a formality, and the king has not directly exercised executive powers since 1905.

Spain
Much of Spain's political framework is codified in the Spanish Constitution of 1978, which formalizes the relationship between an independent constitutional monarchy, the government, and the legislature. However, the constitution invests the monarch as the "arbitrator and moderator of the institutions" of government.

 The King nominates a candidate to stand for the Presidency of the Government of Spain, sometimes known in English as 'prime minister'. The nominee then stands before the Congress of Deputies and presents his political agenda for the upcoming legislative term, followed by a vote of confidence in the nominee and his agenda. The 1978 constitution allows the King to nominate anyone he sees fit to stand for the vote of confidence so long as the King has met with the political party leaders represented in the Congress beforehand. However, King Juan Carlos I consistently nominated the political party leader who commands a plurality of seats in the Congress of Deputies.
 The Spanish public perception that the monarchy be politically non-partisan in its adherence to constitutional protocol and convention, yet while protecting the public expression of personal political views by members of the royal family. Expressions of personal political views expressed in public include when the Prince of Asturias and his sisters protested against terrorism following the 2004 Madrid bombings, or when the Queen gave controversial political viewpoints during an informal interview.
 Constitutionally, the King appoints the twenty members to the General Council of the Judiciary. However, when a vacancy is observed the King's appointment has been customarily on the advice of the government of the day. Additionally, the King appoints the President of the Supreme Court on the advice of the General Council of the Judiciary.
 According to the 1978 constitution, honours and titles of nobility, and civil and military decorations, are awarded by the King as head of state. However, in most cases since 1978, the King's appointments of titles of nobility have been countersigned by the President of the Government of Spain, with civil awards having been nominated by the President and military awards having been nominated by the military.

Switzerland
The following constitutional conventions are part of the political culture of Switzerland. They hold true at the federal level and mostly so at the cantonal and communal level. Mostly, they aim to reconcile the democratic principle of majority rule with the need to achieve consensus in a nation that is much more heterogeneous in many respects than other nation-states.
 The government is a body of equals composed in political proportion to the weight of the various factions in Parliament; this creates a permanent grand coalition. For most of the post-war era, the composition of the Federal Council was fixed by the so-called magic formula.
 Members of a collective body, including the federal government, observe collegiality at all times, that is, they do not publicly criticise one another. They also publicly support all decisions of the collective, even against their own opinion or that of their political party. In the eye of many observers, this convention has become rather strained at the federal level, at least after the 2003 elections to the Swiss Federal Council.
 The presidency of a collective body, particularly a government, rotates yearly; the president is a primus inter pares.

United Kingdom

While the United Kingdom does not have a written constitution that is a single document, the collection of legal instruments that have developed into a body of law known as constitutional law has existed for hundreds of years.

As part of this uncodified British constitution, constitutional conventions play a key role. They are rules that are observed by the various constituted parts though they are not written in any document having legal authority; there are often underlying enforcing principles that are themselves not formal and codified. Nonetheless it is very unlikely that there would be a departure of such conventions without good reason, even if an underlying enforcing principle has been overtaken by history, as these conventions also acquire the force of custom. Examples include:

 The texts of most international treaties are laid before Parliament at least 21 days before ratification (the 'Ponsonby Rule' of 1924). This convention was codified by the Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010.
 The monarch will accept and act on the advice of their ministers, who are responsible to Parliament for that advice; the monarch does not ignore that advice, except when exercising reserve powers.
 The principle that this advice must itself serve a legitimate purpose has been held to be a matter of law: Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service.
 The principle that the advice must not frustrate Parliament's role in holding the Prime Minister to account is also a matter of law: R (Miller) v The Prime Minister and Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland.
 The Prime Minister is leader of the party (or coalition of parties) with an absolute majority of seats in the House of Commons and therefore most likely to command the support of the House of Commons.
 Where no party or coalition has an absolute majority, the leader of the party with the most seats in the Commons is given the first opportunity to seek to form a government. This convention was asserted by Nick Clegg, leader of the Liberal Democrat party, to justify seeking a coalition with the Conservatives instead of Labour (who additionally would not have been able to form a majority without other parties) in the hung parliament following the 2010 general election.
 All money bills must originate in the House of Commons.
 The monarch grants royal assent to all legislation – sometimes characterised as all legislation passed in good faith. It is possible that ministers could advise against giving consent, as happens with the Crown dependencies (convention since the early 18th century – previously monarchs did refuse or withhold royal assent).
 The Prime Minister should be a member of either House of Parliament (between the 18th century and 1963).
 By 1963 this convention had evolved to the effect that no Prime Minister should come from the House of Lords, due to the Lords' lack of democratic legitimacy. When the last Prime Minister peer, the Earl of Home, took office he renounced his peerage, and as Sir Alec Douglas-Home became an MP.
 The Prime Minister can hold office temporarily whilst not a Member of Parliament, for example during a general election or, in the case of Douglas-Home, between resigning from the Lords and being elected to the Commons in a by-election.
 All Cabinet members must be members of the Privy Council, since the cabinet is a committee of the council. Further, certain senior Loyal Opposition shadow cabinet members are also made Privy Counsellors, so that sensitive information may be shared with them "on Privy Council terms".
 The House of Lords should not reject a budget passed by the House of Commons. This was broken controversially in 1909 by the House of Lords, which argued that the Convention was linked to another Convention that the Commons would not introduce a Bill that 'attacked' peers and their wealth. The Lords claimed that the Commons broke this Convention in Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George's "People's Budget", justifying the Lords' rejection of the budget. The Commons disputed the existence of a linked convention. As a consequence, the Lords' powers over budgets were greatly lessened, including by removing their power to reject a bill, by the Parliament Act 1911.
 During a general election, no major party shall put up an opponent against a Speaker seeking re-election. This convention was not respected during the 1987 general election, when both the Labour Party and the Social Democratic Party fielded candidates against the formerly Conservative Speaker, Bernard Weatherill, who was MP for Croydon North East. The Scottish National Party (SNP) does stand against the Speaker if he or she represents a Scottish constituency, as was the case with Michael Martin, Speaker from 2000 to 2009.
 The Westminster Parliament will only legislate with respect to Scotland or Wales on reserved matters. It will not legislate on non-reserved matters ('devolved matters') without first seeking the consent of the Scottish Parliament (since 1999, the Sewel convention, later renamed to legislative consent motions) or Senedd Cymru (since the Wales Act 2017).
 The House of Lords shall not oppose legislation from the House of Commons that was a part of the government's manifesto (the Salisbury convention).

United States
The President of the United States will give his State of the Union address in person, before a joint session of Congress, and will do so every year except the first year of a new term (in which the President's inaugural address stands loosely in its stead). This practice was followed by George Washington and John Adams but abandoned by Thomas Jefferson and not resumed until 1913, when Woodrow Wilson delivered his State of the Union address in person.  The constitution requires the President give an update on the state of the union "from time to time", but no specifics are outlined. Speeches have been broadcast on radio since 1923 and 1947; the last State of the Union message delivered only in writing was in 1981 by Jimmy Carter during his lame duck period.
Much of how the United States Cabinet operates is dictated by convention; its operations are only vaguely alluded to in the US constitution.
While members of the United States House of Representatives are only required to live in the state they represent, it has generally been expected that they live in the district they represent as well, though there are some exceptions; Allen West was elected in 2010 representing a district adjacent to the one he resided in.
The President of the United States will obtain the consent of both Senators from a state before appointing a United States Attorney, federal district judge, or federal marshal with jurisdiction in that state.
Cabinet officials and other major executive officers resign and are replaced when a new President takes office, unless explicitly asked to stay on by the new President.
The Speaker of the House is always the Representative who leads the majority party, even though the Constitution does not specify that the Speaker must be a member of the chamber.  Also by custom the Speaker does not vote (except to break a tie).
The President pro tempore of the United States Senate is the seniormost Senator of the majority party.
Members of the Electoral College are pledged to vote for a particular Presidential candidate, and are chosen by popular vote with the name of the candidate, and not necessarily the elector, on the ballot.
Senate rules require a majority of 60 votes to invoke cloture, that is, to break off debate on a bill and force a vote. The Senate could revise its rules at any time, and the rules for each session of the House and Senate are typically set at the beginning of each elected Congress. In the Senate, under the current rules, the filibuster is available as a tool for a large-enough minority to indefinitely block any measure it finds objectionable.

See also
Lapsed power
Constitutional Convention (United States)
Constitutional Convention (Australia)
European Convention
Scottish Constitutional Convention
Constituent Assembly
Constitutional Commission

References

Bibliography
Brazier, R. (1992) Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 43, 262

.

Constitutional law
Traditions
Legal doctrines and principles

Constitutional convention (political custom)


A subsidiary is a company that is controlled by its parent company. Even though a subsidiary works on its own, and its purposes are different from that of its parent company, the parent company is in control of its subsidiary.

A company's subsidiary is different from a company's division because a division works together with its parent company. A division's goal is usually similar to that of its parent company, and the division has to use its parent company's name. A subsidiary can use a name different from that of its parent company.

For example, YouTube is a subsidiary of Google, because Google is a search engine, while YouTube is a video sharing website. Google Videos is a division of Google, because Google Videos is a search engine that searches videos on the Internet. This is to match its parent company Google as a search engine. Also, YouTube has an entirely different name and logo from Google's, while Google Videos, as a division, must use Google's name and logo.

Business

Subsidiary


Patrick Emery Donovan (born July 1, 1953) is an American former professional football player who was an offensive tackle for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Stanford Cardinal. Sports Illustrated named him the fourth greatest Montana athlete of the 20th century.

Early years
Donovan is considered to be one of the greatest athletes in the history of the state of Montana. While attending Class A Helena Central High School as a freshman and sophomore, he lettered in football, basketball and track and field, winning the state shot put title as a sophomore.

After Helena Central closed, Donovan attended Class AA Helena High School, continuing to excel in track and field at the Class AA level, winning the shot put and discus competitions at the state meet in both his junior and senior seasons. He also was fast enough to anchor the school's 880-yard relay team to a state championship as a senior. He graduated as the holder of three school records in the shot put, discus and Javelin competitions.

Donovan also led Helena to the state championship basketball final as a junior and senior, losing to Kalispell in 1970 and winning against Billings West in 1971. He was named all tournament both years.

He went on to earn All-State honors on both offense and defense in football, was an All-State basketball player and won six first place medals at state track meets. In 1994, he was inducted into the Montana High School Association Hall of Fame and the National High School Sports Hall of Fame.

College career
Donovan received a football scholarship to play at Stanford University. He was named the right defensive end starter during his sophomore campaign and by the time he was a junior, he posted 109 tackles to lead his team and was named first-team All-American.

As a senior, he received Consensus All-American honors. He was inducted into the Stanford Athletic Hall of Fame and was also named to Stanford's All-Century football team.

Professional career
Donovan was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the fourth round of the 1975 NFL Draft as a defensive end. He was one of 12 rookies who made the team that year - hence the "Dirty Dozen" nickname for the Cowboys 1975 draft, that helped the team reach Super Bowl X.

In 1975, the Cowboys needed help at offensive tackle and like defensive tackle Blaine Nye a few years before him, he was switched to the offensive line three days into training camp. As a rookie, he gained more weight and saw action at both left and right tackle.

After being a reserve during his first two seasons, he took over the right tackle job in 1977 when Rayfield Wright went down with an injury, helping the team win Super Bowl XII.

In 1978, he moved to the left side after Ralph Neely retired and Rayfield Wright returned from injury. Donovan became one of the top offensive tackles in the NFL during the late 1970s and early 1980s and together with Herb Scott formed one of the best left-side tandems in the league.

During his time with the Cowboys, center John Fitzgerald nicknamed the Cowboys offensive line as the "Four Irishmen and a Scott", when it was formed by Donovan, Fitzgerald, Jim Cooper, Tom Rafferty and Herb Scott.

That group helped pave the way for Tony Dorsett's Hall of Fame rushing career. In the 1982 season, he helped blocked on Dorsett's record 99-yard touchdown run against the Minnesota Vikings.

Donovan was a catalyst on the Cowboys offensive line and a four-time Pro Bowl offensive lineman from 1979 to 1982. He remains one of just five offensive tackles in club history to make at least four Pro Bowls, joining Rayfield Wright (six), Flozell Adams (five), Erik Williams (four) and Tyron Smith (four).

He did not suffer any major injuries during his entire career, but at the end of the 1983 season, because of the accumulation of wear and tear, he ended up needing surgery to repair both shoulders and decided to retire. Donovan never missed a game in 9 seasons, played in 20 playoff contests, including six NFC Championships and three Super Bowls, earning a title ring in Super Bowl XII against the Denver Broncos.

References

External links
Cowboys Alumni Series: Catching Up With Pat Donovan

1953 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Helena, Montana
Players of American football from Montana
American football offensive linemen
Dallas Cowboys players
Stanford Cardinal football players
All-American college football players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
Helena High School alumni

Pat Donovan


Jill Talbot Derby served from 1988 to 2006 as an elected Regent for the Nevada System of Higher Education, serving three terms as board chair. She ran as the Democratic candidate for the open seat of Nevada's 2nd congressional district in the 2006 election, losing but gaining national attention by making a normally heavily Republican district competitive. Following that, she served as the chairwoman of the Nevada Democratic Party from March, 2007 until February, 2008 overseeing Nevada's first ever early presidential caucus. She ran for Congress again in 2008, but lost.

Biography

Early life and education
Derby is a fourth generation Nevadan. Her great-grandfather, Thomas Derby II, acquired land along the now I-80 corridor through Lovelock, the current home to both the Derby Airport and the Derby Dam. Her grandfather, Charles Derby, worked as a mining engineer in the Virginia City mines, and her father attended Fourth Ward School in Virginia City, later moving to Lovelock to develop the Flying Flapjack Ranch, where Derby spent the first years of her life.

Derby attended the University of California, Berkeley and then the University of California, San Francisco, where she obtained a bachelor's degree. After residing in the Bay Area, teaching, and traveling, she took a job with a company in Saudi Arabia in 1966 and lived there for three years. Upon returning to the United States, she earned a second bachelor's degree in anthropology from the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, followed by a master's degree and a Ph.D. in cultural anthropology with a specialization in Middle Eastern cultures from the University of California, Davis.

Personal life

Derby is married to veterinarian Steven Talbot. They have one daughter, Tobyn Derby-Talbot and one son, Ryan Derby-Talbot. Derby has lived in a Gardnerville, Nevada home for more than twenty years.

2006 Congressional Campaign

Derby ran against Nevada Secretary of State Dean Heller, who won the Republican nomination in August and the general election in November.

Derby was always fighting an uphill battle in her campaign to win a historically Republican district.  Although she did win the Democratic primary by default (no Democrat challenged her in the primary election), many claimed she had no chance of winning. When polls showed the race was tied, President George W. Bush came to Nevada twice to campaign for Heller.

Derby had numerous supporters early on. In December 2005, CNN political analyst Paul Begala, who helped engineer Bill Clinton's 1992 win, said he was encouraged by U.S. Rep. Rahm Emanuel, chairman of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee to "stump" for Derby. In July the Las Vegas Sun reported Derby raised $269,000, ending with nearly $514,000 on hand for her campaign.

On September 20, 2006, the Las Vegas Sun reported, "Heller was 8 points ahead of Democrat Jill Derby of Gardnerville. In a Reno Gazette-Journal-KRNV News 4 poll taken soon later with a 4 percent margin of error, 18 percent of the potential voters were undecided."

The race was close, but Heller managed to maintain a 5 percent lead winning 50% of the vote compared to Derby's 45%. Derby carried Washoe County, home to Reno and by far the largest county in the district. However, Heller ran up enough of a margin in the rest of the district to win.

In response to her defeat Derby said "I got into this race to take Congress back, to restore the checks and balances that have been absent in our government, and get our country back on track to a brighter future. All that got accomplished in this election. We lost our battle but we won the war."

Democratic Chairwoman
On March 31, 2007, Nevada Democrats elected Derby as the state chairwoman of the Democratic party. Derby led the party during Nevada's historic early presidential caucus on Jan. 19, 2008, which resulted in a statewide shift of voter registration leading to a Democratic majority in Nevada for the first time in decades. She stepped down on February 19, 2008, to run for Congress.

2008 Congressional Campaign
On February 20, 2008, Derby announced a second run for Nevada's 2nd congressional district against her previous opponent, freshman congressman Dean Heller.

See also
United States House of Representatives elections, 2006
United States House of Representatives elections, 2008

References

External links
Jill Derby for Congress official campaign site

A Guide to the Jill Derby Papers, 93-45. Special Collections, University Libraries, University of Nevada, Reno.

State political party chairs of Nevada
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Nevada Democrats
Women in Nevada politics
University of California, Davis alumni
Politicians from Gardnerville, Nevada
21st-century American women

Jill Derby


"Baby Is Three" is a science fiction novella by American writer Theodore Sturgeon, first published in the October 1952 issue of Galaxy magazine. It was later crafted into a full novel, More Than Human. The original novella was voted the fifth-best science fiction novella of the pre-1965 era by the Science Fiction Writers of America, and so was included in The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume Two.

Summary
The story describes the creation and "bleshing" of a new life form, Homo Gestalt, on Earth. It is formed by the symbiosis of four or more humans with paranormal abilities.  One person, the "head" of the organism, assembles and directs the various parts through telepathy, another is the "hands" of the organism, able to move and change physical objects by telekinesis, the third and fourth persons are twins able to teleport at will, and the fifth person of the organism is a silent baby with Down syndrome with a brain like a computer and who acts as the "brain".  "Bleshing" is how the organism describes its own completeness and functionality.  The plot follows the psychiatric evaluation of a fifteen-year-old boy named Gerry, who believes he has murdered his caregiver Miss Kew for endangering the "bleshing" of his new organism.

External links

"Baby is Three" at the Internet Archive

1952 short stories
Short stories by Theodore Sturgeon
Works originally published in Galaxy Science Fiction

Baby Is Three


Michel Hatzigeorgiou (born 1961) is a Belgian bass guitarist.

He was born in Belgium from Greek parents. He started playing bouzouki at the age of 9, then switched to electric guitar at 11 and finally to electric bass at 14. He could have or should have played with Scorpions after a quick trip to Hamburg for an audition, but his father told him to "Get your "Bac" first. He joined his first band, the Blackbirds, as lead guitarist, when he was a student at Charleroi Technical University. In 1982, he attended the jazz seminar in Liège. At that time, he played with Jaco Pastorius (his main influence), Mike Stern, and Belgian jazzmen Toots Thielemans, Ivan Paduart, Steve Houben, Philip Catherine, and Pierre Van Dormael.

He was then involved in the De Kaai project and in Nasa Na Band, precursor of Aka Moon, the band he formed with Fabrizio Cassol and Stéphane Galland. Hatzigeorgiou has been teaching at the Brussels conservatory since 1998.

His band Variations on A Love Supreme has released an album of the same name. He has also played in the Erwin Vann Group and Toots Thielemans Quartet.

References
 Jazz in Belgium website

1961 births
Living people
Jazz bass guitarists
Belgian jazz musicians
Belgian people of Greek descent
Aka Moon members

Michel Hatzigeorgiou


SMPTE ST 2117-1, informally known as VC-6, is a video coding format.

Overview
The VC-6 codec is optimized for intermediate, mezzanine or contribution coding applications. Typically, these applications involve compressing finished compositions for editing, contribution, primary distribution, archiving and other applications where it is necessary to preserve image quality as close to the original as possible, whilst reducing bitrates, and optimizing processing, power and storage requirements. VC-6, like other codecs in this category uses only intra-frame compressions, where each frame is stored independently and can be decoded with no dependencies on any other frame. The codec implements lossless and lossy compression, depending on the encoding parameters that have been selected. It was standardized in 2020. Earlier variants of the codec have been deployed by V-Nova since 2015 under the trade name Perseus. The codec is based on hierarchical data structures called s-trees, and does not involve DCT or wavelet transform compression. The compression mechanism is independent of the data being compressed, and can be applied to pixels as well as other non-image data.

Unlike DCT based codecs, VC-6 is based on hierarchical, repeatable s-tree structures that are similar to modified quadtrees. These simple structures provide intrinsic capabilities, such as massive parallelism and the ability to choose the type of filtering used to reconstruct higher-resolution images from lower-resolution images. In the VC-6 standard an up-sampler developed with an in-loop Convolutional Neural Network is provided to optimize the detail in the reconstructed image, without requiring a large computational overhead. The ability to navigate spatially within the VC-6 bitstream at multiple levels also provides the ability for decoding devices to apply more resources to different regions of the image allowing for Region-of-Interest applications to operate on compressed bitstreams without requiring a decode of the full-resolution image.

History
At the NAB Show in 2015, V-Nova claimed "2x–3x average compression gains, at all quality levels, under practical real-time operating scenarios versus H.264, HEVC and JPEG2000.". Making this announcement on 1 April before a major trade show attracted the attention of many compression experts. Since then, V-Nova have deployed and licensed the technology, known at the time as Perseus, in both contribution and distribution applications around the world including Sky Italia, Fast Filmz, Harmonic Inc, and others. A variant of the technology optimized for enhancing distribution codec will soon be standardized as MPEG-5 Part-2 LCEVC.

Core concepts

Planes
The standard describes a compression algorithm that is applied to independent planes of data. These planes might be RGB or RGBA pixels originating in a camera, YCbCr pixels from a conventional TV-centric video source or some other planes of data. There may be up to 255 independent planes of data, and each plane can have a grid of data values of dimensions up to 65535 x 65535. The SMPTE ST 2117-1 standard focuses on compressing planes of data values, typically pixels. To compress and decompress the data in each plane, VC-6 uses hierarchical representations of small tree-like structure that carry metadata used to predict other trees. There are 3 fundamental structures repeated in each plane.

S-tree
The core compression structure in VC-6 is the s-tree. It is similar to the quadtree structure common in other schemes. An s-tree is comprised nodes arranged in a tree structure, where each node links to 4 nodes in the next layer. The total number of layers above the root node is known as the rise of the s-tree. Compression is achieved in an s-tree by using metadata to signal whether levels can be predicted with selective carrying of enhancement data in the bitstream. The more data that can be predicted, the less information that is sent, and the better the compression ratio.

Tableau
The standard defines a tableau as the root node, or the highest layer of an s-tree, that contains nodes for another s-tree. Like the generic s-trees from which they are constructed, tableaux are arranged in layers with metadata in the nodes indicating whether or not higher layers are predicted or transmitted in the bitstream.

Echelon
The hierarchical s-tree and tableau structures in the standard are used to carry enhancements (called resid-vals) and other metadata to reduce the amount of raw data that needs to be carried in the bitstream payload. The final hierarchical tool is an ability to arrange the tableaux, so that data from each plane (i.e. pixels) can be dequantized at different resolutions and used as predictors for higher resolutions. Each of these resolutions is defined by the standard as an echelon. Each echelon within a plane is identified by an index, where a more negative index indicates a low resolution and a larger, more positive index indicates a higher resolution.

Bitstream overview
VC-6 is an example of intra-frame coding, where each picture is coded without referencing other pictures. It is also intra-plane, where no information from one plane is used to predict another plane. As a result, the VC-6 bitstream contains all of the information for all of the planes of a single image. An image sequence is created by concatenating the bitstreams for multiple images, or by packaging them in a container such as MXF or Quicktime or Matroska.

The VC-6 bitstream is defined in the standard. by pseudo code, and a reference decoder has been demonstrated based on that definition. The primary header is the only fixed structure defined by the standard. The secondary header contains marker and sizing information depending on the values in the primary header. The tertiary header is entirely calculated, and then the payload structure is derived from the parameters calculated during header decoding

Decoding overview
The standard defines a process called plane reconstruction for decoding images from a bitstream. The process starts with the echelon having the lowest index. No predictions are used for this echelon. Firstly, the bitstream rules are used to reconstruct residuals. Next, desparsification and entropy decoding processes are performed to fill the grid with data values at each coordinate. These values are then dequantised to create full-range values that can be used as predictions for the echelon with the next highest index. Each echelon uses the upsampler specified in the header to create a predicted plane from the echelon below which is added to the residual grid from the current echelon that can be upsampled as a prediction for the next echelon.

The final, full-resolution, echelon, defined by the standard, is at index 0, and its results are displayed, rather than used for another echelon.

Upsampler options

Basic options
The standard defines a number of basic upsamplers to create higher-resolution predictions from lower-resolution echelons. There are two linear upsamplers, bicubic and sharp, and a nearest-neighbour upsampler.

Convolutional Neural Network Upsampler
Six different non-linear upsamplers are defined by a set of processes and coefficients that are provided in JSON format. These coefficients were generated using Convolutional Neural Network techniques.

References

High-definition television

SMPTE standards
Video codecs

HD DVD
Open standards covered by patents
Video compression
Lossless compression algorithms

VC-6


Henry Arcado Biasatti (January 14, 1922 – April 20, 1996) was an Italian-Canadian National Basketball Association player and a Major League Baseball first baseman. He is the only Canadian to play at the top professional level in both sports.

Early career
Born in Beano, Italy, Biasatti grew up in Windsor, Ontario, where he was a star basketball player at Gordon McGregor Continuation School and Assumption College High School and played baseball for the East Windsor Cubs. He then played basketball at Windsor's Assumption College and served in the Canadian Army in World War II. Biasatti was a farmhand of the Toronto Maple Leafs baseball team, playing for the 1943 London Army Team and the 1944 and 1945 London Majors during the war.

The 1943 London Army Team won the Intercounty Baseball League (IBL) Championship, the Ontario Baseball Association Senior 'A' Championship and the Canadian Baseball Congress Championship. The next season, playing for the IBL Champion 1944 London Majors, Biasatti was ruled ineligible to play by the OBA because he would also play Sunday games in Detroit. The OBA ordered London to replay its semi-final series against Windsor because Biasatti had played for the Majors, a series London won again. In 1944, the London Majors also went on to win the Canadian Baseball Congress Championship.

Biasatti and the Majors also won the IBL and OBA senior title in 1945. Biasatti played basketball for Assumption between the 1945 and 1946 baseball seasons.

Professional career

Early baseball career
In 1946, Biasatti began the baseball season as the starting first baseman for the Maple Leafs in the International League. He was a good fielder but a poor hitter, and lost the starting job. He was assigned to the Savannah Indians of the South Atlantic League at the end of May but returned to the Leafs a few weeks later. He asked to be farmed out in July and was sent to the Sunbury Yankees of the Class B Interstate League.

Basketball career
Following the 1946 baseball season, Biasatti was invited to the inaugural training camp of the Toronto Huskies in preparation for the first season of the Basketball Association of America, which evolved into the National Basketball Association. He was one of six Canadians invited to camp, and the only one who made the team. Former Assumption teammate Gino Sovran would join the Huskies a few weeks into the season, and the two were the only Canadians to ever play for the team. Biasatti played six games for the Huskies, including the BAA's first game on November 1, 1946. The NBA cites Biasatti as the first international player in league history. He was given an outright release by the Huskies in December after telling the team that baseball was his top priority and that he would be attending training camp for the Philadelphia Athletics. He was selected by the Boston Celtics in the 1947 BAA draft, but never played for the team.

Return to baseball
In baseball, Biasatti played in Savannah in 1947, hitting .299 and finishing second in the league in home runs. He rejoined the Leafs in 1948, on loan from the Athletics, and led the team with 21 home runs. Biasatti made it to the major leagues in 1949, appearing in 21 games for the Athletics. He got some playing time in August, after an injury to starting first baseman Ferris Fain, but over 24 at-bats that season, Biasatti's batting average was a very low .083. With eight walks, his on-base percentage was .312. He had just two hits in the major leagues, both of them doubles. After the season, he was purchased by the Buffalo Bisons of the International League and played there in 1950 and 1951.

Coaching and management career
In 1953, Biasatti was player-manager of the Waterloo Tigers of the Intercounty Baseball League, playing first base and pitching. He managed the Drummondville A's of Quebec's Provincial League in 1954 and the following season managed the Lancaster Red Roses in the Class B Piedmont League. Both of those teams were in the Philadelphia Athletics/Kansas City Athletics farm system.

Biasatti became head basketball coach at the newly renamed Assumption University in 1956, and in his first season, guided the team to the Ontario-Quebec Senior Intercollegiate Basketball League championship (shared with Queen's). Biasatti held the head coaching job for six seasons and again guided the team to the OQAA championship in the 1958–1959 season.

In 1996, Biasatti died at the age of 74 in Dearborn, Michigan. He was inducted into the Windsor/Essex County Sports Hall of Fame in 1982, the University of Windsor Alumni Sports Hall of Fame in 1986, and the Canadian Basketball Hall of Fame in 2001.

BAA career statistics

Regular season

References

External links

University of Windsor Alumni Sports Hall of Fame
FrozenHoops.com History of basketball in Canada. Selection of Top 100 Canadian players of all time

1922 births
1996 deaths
Baseball players from Windsor, Ontario
Basketball people from Ontario
Boston Celtics draft picks
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Canadian expatriate baseball players in the United States
Canadian men's basketball players
Canadian military personnel of World War II
Columbia Gems players
Guards (basketball)
Italian emigrants to Canada
Lancaster Red Roses players
Major League Baseball first basemen
Major League Baseball players from Canada
Major League Baseball players from Italy
National Basketball Association players from Canada
National Basketball Association players from Italy
Naturalized citizens of Canada
Philadelphia Athletics players
San Francisco Seals (baseball) players
Savannah Indians players
Sunbury Yankees players
Toronto Huskies players
Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players
Trois-Rivières Renards players
University of Windsor alumni

Hank Biasatti


This is a list of all personnel changes for the 1958 NBA off-season and 1958-59 NBA season.

Events

August 5, 1958
 The St. Louis Hawks traded Wayne Embry, Jim Palmer, Darrell Floyd, Gerry Calvert and Ken Sidle to the Cincinnati Royals for Clyde Lovellette. Lovellette was sent as player to be named later on September 16, 1958.

September 12, 1958
 The Philadelphia Warriors hired Al Cervi as head coach.

November 20, 1958
 The St. Louis Hawks fired Andy Phillip as head coach.
 The St. Louis Hawks hired Ed Macauley as head coach.

December 1, 1958
 The Cincinnati Royals fired Bobby Wanzer as head coach.
 The Cincinnati Royals hired Tom Marshall as head coach.

December 16, 1958
 The Cincinnati Royals traded Vern Hatton to the Philadelphia Warriors for Phil Rollins.
 The Syracuse Nationals claimed George Dempsey on waivers from the Philadelphia Warriors.

January 14, 1959
 The Cincinnati Royals traded Si Green to the St. Louis Hawks for Med Park and Jack Stephens.

January 27, 1959
 The Philadelphia Warriors traded Jack George to the New York Knicks for Guy Sparrow.

February 13, 1959
 The Detroit Pistons traded George Yardley to the Syracuse Nationals for Ed Conlin.

March 18, 1959
 Al Cervi resigns as head coach for Philadelphia Warriors.

March 31, 1959
 The Cincinnati Royals traded Archie Dees and a 1959 2nd round draft pick (Tom Robitaille was later selected) to the Detroit Pistons for Phil Jordon.

Notes
 Number of years played in the NBA prior to the draft
 Career with the franchise that drafted the player
 Never played a game for the franchise

References

External links
NBA Transactions at NBA.com
1958-59 NBA Transactions| Basketball-Reference.com

Transactions
1958-59

List of 1958–59 NBA season transactions


Winnington is a small, mainly residential area of the town of Northwich in Cheshire, England.

Industry
Winnington is the home to Brunner Mond UK chemical works, where soda ash is created. Polythene, the material used in many  plastic items (e.g. plastic bags), was first made at the chemical works by Reginald O. Gibson and Eric W. Fawcett in 1933, during an experiment that 'went wrong'. Most residents in Winnington were employed by ICI (Imperial Chemical Industries); however, many people now work in the town centre, with Brunner Mond still employing hundreds of people. Most of the houses built closer to the ICI plant were built by the company to house their workers.

Winnington also has a combined heat and power station, providing electricity for Brunner Mond.

The Anderton Boat Lift, which lifts boats from the River Weaver navigation to the canal, is nearby.

The future
Winnington Village is a new development consisting of a range of family homes. Developers including Barratt Developments, Taylor Wimpey, Morris and Wilson Homes (Wilson Bowden) are looking to build a new community environment with the potential for a school and leisure facilities.

Climate

Sport
Winnington is home to Winnington Park Rugby Football Club that fields both a rugby union and rugby league team.

Also in Winnington is the Jubilee field (so named when it was given to the people of Northwich by Brunner Mond on their 50th anniversary in 1923), the playing fields are home to Winnington Avenue Football Club, with age groups in the Mid Cheshire Youth league from 8 years old to open age.

See also
 Winnington Hall
 Battle of Winnington Bridge (19 August 1659)

References

External links

Cheshire West and Chester
Villages in Cheshire
Northwich

Winnington


Paul J. McMann is the founder of now defunct Collegiate Professional Basketball League (CPBL).

McMann was the Founder and President of the league. He used his financial sales experience to successfully market the internet sponsorships, allowing talented players to receive an education along with a paycheck.

His plan was to set the players to attend college part-time in the city where they could play. If that didn't work out, players could request to postpone their study as long as they completed their study within four years or before the age of 22.

The students were given rent money, tuition money, room and board at any college or an option for trade school within US, $5,000 signing bonus and $9,000 stipend. There was also $10,000 bonus for college players who could graduate in four years and an extra $3,000 a year for students who qualified as a full-time student.

Mcman, a former accounting professor from Babson College made sure the rules were fair for students and offered them a chance to get a degree so they still had a backup plan if they failed to be a professional basketball player.

External links
 CPBL Logo
 CNN Coverage
 CPBL Sponsorship

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American sports businesspeople
Babson College faculty

Paul McMann


Major General Charles Dodson Barrett (16 August 1885 – 8 October 1943) was the first commanding general of the 3rd Marine Division.  He died while on duty in the South Pacific, 8 October 1943.  He was posthumously awarded the Distinguished Service Medal in recognition of his outstanding service during World War II.  Camp Barrett, home of The Basic School at Marine Corps Base Quantico is named after him.

Biography
Barrett was born on 16 August 1885, at Henderson, Kentucky.  Charles was the fifth of six children to Kate Waller Barrett (1857–1925) and Reverend Robert South Barrett (1851–1896). He graduated from high school in Alexandria, Virginia.  He was commissioned a U.S. Marine Corps second lieutenant on 11 August 1909. He was assigned duty at the Marine Officers School, Port Royal, South Carolina, the following month. In January 1911, Barrett began a few months duty at the Marine Barracks, Boston, Massachusetts, and was detached on 23 May 1911 to report to the U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland, to command the Marine Detachment aboard the battleship . On 3 September 1911, he transferred to .

Barrett landed with the detachment of USS New Jersey at Vera Cruz, Mexico, on 22 April 1914, and participated in the capture of that city.  He was detached from the New Jersey on 13 December 1914 to the Marine Barracks, Norfolk, Virginia.

Barrett's World War I duty included detached service with the United States Army in France from 25 September 1918.  He participated in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive of November 1–3, 1918, and in the spring of 1919 was in command of the 2nd Battalion, 367th Infantry at LeMans, France.  Detached from the army in April, he reported to the commanding general of 4th Brigade, Marines, at Niederbieber, Germany, and was detailed as adjutant from 11 April.  He arrived back in the United States on 3 August 1919.

From 1921 to 1922, Barrett served in Santo Domingo and from 1924 to 1927 was a member of the American Battle Monuments Commission, Washington, D.C.  He then returned to France to study at the Ecole de Guerre in Paris, and from 1929 to 1933 served as an instructor at the Marine Corps Basic Schools, Quantico, Virginia.  During the next two years, he was assigned to the Division of Operations and Training, Headquarters Marine Corps, Washington, and from 1935 to 1936 served aboard ship as Division Marine Officer of Battleship Division 4, U.S. Battle Force.

Upon completion of sea duty with the Battle Force, Barrett spent two and one-half years in the War Plans Section, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Washington, D.C.; and from August 1939 to June 1940, commanded the 5th Marines, 1st Marine Brigade, Fleet Marine Force. He returned to Headquarters, Washington, in July 1940, serving first as director of the Division of Plans and Policies.  Later he served as assistant to the Commandant of the Marine Corps, Lieutenant General Thomas Holcomb, from November 1941 to March 1942.

In March 1942, General Barrett assumed command of the 3rd Marine Brigade, and the following month embarked with the brigade for Samoa, where he welded his command into a fighting unit.  He was ordered to the United States in September 1942 to assume command of the 3rd Marine Division, then being organized at Camp Elliot, San Diego, California, and was promoted to major general on assuming this command.  Major General Barrett was the 3rd Marine Division's first commander.

Early in 1943, he embarked with elements of the 3rd Marine Division for Auckland, New Zealand. By August 1943, he had all the major units of his division stationed on Guadalcanal, training intensively for the Bougainville operation.

On 15 September 1943, General Barrett relinquished command of the 3rd Marine Division; and on 27 September 1943, Major General Barrett replaced Lieutenant General Alexander Vandegrift as the commanding general of the First Marine Amphibious Corps (IMAC) (headquartered on Nouméa, New Caledonia) when Vandegrift was to return to Washington, D.C. to become the 18th Commandant of the Marine Corps. In this capacity, he continued with the planning for the assault on Bougainville until his death three weeks later. According to official accounts, he was accidentally injured following a cerebral hemorrhage and died on 8 October 1943 at the base hospital.  General Barrett was buried in the American cemetery in New Caledonia.  Following the war, he was reinterred in Arlington National Cemetery.

The General's death has always been somewhat shrouded in mystery, but there is evidence that his death was actually a suicide, committed the day after he was fired as IMAC CG by Admiral Halsey.  The general fell out of the second floor window of his residence at Nouméa, and the inquest ruled the death accidental, related to a possible cerebral hemorrhage.  However, the interior window sill was four feet above the floor, and a chair was found placed next to it which Barrett apparently used as a step to jump out the window. The sudden death of General Barrett resulted in Vandegrift's recall to the Pacific to resume command of IMAC.

Decorations and awards
General Barrett's medals and decorations include:

Distinguished Service Medal citation
General Barrett was posthumously awarded the Distinguished Service Medal for his World War II service. His citation reads:
For exceptionally meritorious service to the Government of the United States in a duty of great responsibility as Assistant Commandant of the United States Marine Corps; Commanding General of the Third Marine Brigade; Commanding General of the Third Marine Division; and as Commanding General of the First Marine Amphibious Corps, prior to and during operations against enemy Japanese forces in the South Pacific Area, from 7 December 1941 to 8 October 1943. Assigned command of the Third Marine Brigade in March 1942, Major General Barrett welded this command into a superb fighting unit, advancing his forces to the shores of Western Samoa and organizing positions on Upolu and Savaili Islands. In conjunction with Naval Units stationed on the islands, he established important air and Naval facilities necessary to strengthen the chain of islands across the South Pacific and protect the vital line of communications to Australia. Returning to the United States in September 1942, to take command of the Third Marine Division, he developed a powerful striking force which was later to blast the enemy from his strongholds on Bougainville, Guam and Iwo Jima and thus pave the way for ultimate victory over the Japanese. Relieving the Commanding General of the First Marine Amphibious Corps on 15 September 1943, Major General Barrett, from his Headquarters on Noumea, New Caledonia, aided in formulating strategic plans for the assault on Bougainville which was to end enemy opposition to the important development of the Empress Augusta Bay Area as an Allied Airbase and to advance United States control nearer to the shores of the Japanese Homeland.  Serving in this capacity until his death on 8 October 1943, Major General Barrett instilled in the officers and men under his command his own spirit of determination and, by his sharp military acumen, his forceful leadership and his indomitable courage, served as an inspiration to his gallant Marines in carrying the fight to the enemy.  His conduct throughout reflects the highest credit on the United States Naval Service.  He gallantly gave his life in the service of his country.

Honors
 General Barrett is the namesake for the troop transport

In Virginia, three locations are named after him:
 Charles Barrett Elementary School of Alexandria City Public Schools, Alexandria, Virginia.
 The Basic School, located in Quantico, Virginia, is located at Camp Barrett.
 Barrett Hall (Building 2042) is located on Marine Corps Base Quantico in Quantico, Virginia. Originally constructed for the Marine Corps Schools as an academic building, it now serves as administrative offices for the MAGTF Staff Training Program.

References

Further reading
 Major General Charles D. Barrett, USMC, Who's Who in Marine Corps History, History Division, United States Marine Corps. Retrieved on 2007-09-06

 Marquis Who's Who, Inc. Who Was Who in American History, the Military. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who, 1975.

External links

 Charles Dodson Barrett at ArlingtonCemetery.net, an unofficial website

1885 births
1943 deaths
United States Marine Corps World War II generals
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
People from Henderson, Kentucky
American military personnel of the Banana Wars
Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal
United States Marine Corps generals
United States Marine Corps personnel killed in World War II
Military personnel from Kentucky

Charles D. Barrett


The Royal Tournament was the world's largest military tattoo and pageant, held by the British Armed Forces annually between 1880 and 1999. The venue was originally the Royal Agricultural Hall and latterly the Earls Court Exhibition Centre. In its later years it also acted as a fundraising event for leading forces charities, such as The Royal British Legion.

History
The Grand Military Tournament and Assault at Arms was held at the former Royal Agricultural Hall, in Islington from 21 to 26 June 1880.  The Tournament was effectively a series of competitions contested by the officers and men of the regular and auxiliary units of the British Army.  Although crowds didn't flock to the Tournament in the first year, it was held again in 1881 and subsequent years.

More events to please audiences were added, including music from military bands, re-enactments, Musical Rides by the Cavalry and Musical Drives by the Artillery. Crowds began to flock to performances at the Agricultural hall; during the early 1900s the show outgrew its home and moved to the west London venue of Olympia. The Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force also participated. The show was renamed a number of times until it finally became the Royal Tournament.

Post World War II
After the Second World War, the Tournament once again moved to a larger stage and opened its doors to the public at the Earls Court Exhibition Centre in 1950. With the exception of the war years, the Tournament was staged every summer from 1880 to 1999. The Royal Tournament was the first and biggest Military Tattoo in the World. Towards the end ticket sales were insufficient to cover costs; the 1998 Royal Tournament made a loss. On Monday 2 August 1999, the Royal Tournament closed for the final time to reduce military costs, following the 1998 Strategic Defence Review.

The British Military Tournament
In June 2010, the Army Benevolent Fund announced that a new event, to be called the British Military Tournament, would be held over the weekend of 4–5 December 2010, bringing together the "best elements of the Royal Tournament", including the King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery's Musical Drive, and the Royal Navy Field gun competition. The two themes of the event as announced were the 350th anniversary of the Household Cavalry, and the 150th anniversary of both the Army Physical Training Corps and the cadet movement. Initially, only the Army was to participate (with Navy or RAF presence only in old staples such as the Field Gun competition). Press reports suggested that the event might have later been held annually, "hosted" by the different services in turn.

The British Military Tournament was held four times, the 2013 Tournament being the last.

See also

King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery
Field gun competition
Birmingham Tattoo
Honourable Artillery Company

References

External links

www.royaltournament.org - Information Website
Pictures and Videos of Command Field Gun
The Devonport Field Gun Association Website
Military Music Spectaculars - Information Website
The Birmingham Military Tattoo - Information Website
IMG  - IMG Website
Boeing UK BMT internet page - Boeing UK BMT internet page
 1956 Royal Tournament (UK Only) includes Field Gun and Royal Horse Artillery

Military of the United Kingdom
Festivals in London
History of the London Borough of Islington
History of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
Military tattoos
1880 establishments in the United Kingdom
1999 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Recurring events established in 1880
Recurring events disestablished in 1999
Annual events in the United Kingdom

Royal Tournament


Tovmas Nazarbekian (Armenian: Թովմաս Նազարբէկեան; 4 April 1855 – 19 February 1931), also known as Foma Nazarbekov (), was an Armenian general in the Russian Caucasus Army and later promoted to commander-in-chief of the First Republic of Armenia.

Early life
Tovmas (Thomas) Nazarbekian was born to a wealthy Russianized noble family of Armenian descent in Tiflis. He attended the military academy in Moscow. His early military engagements include the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 and the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05.

Nazarbekian was awarded the Order of Saint Stanislaus for his contribution to the storming of the fortress of Ardahan during the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War. He was also awarded the Order of St. Anna for his success in Erzurum. In 1902, he was promoted to colonel. Years later in the 1904–1905 Russo-Japanese War, Nazarbekian was awarded the Gold Sword for Bravery for distinguished service during the Battle of Mukden. After the war, he attained the rank of Major-general in 1906.

World War I

Following the outbreak of World War I, he was appointed as a general to fight in the Caucasus, initially in the Persian Campaign. His military achievements include his victory in the Battle of Dilman over Khalil Pasha. He also commanded the forces that took Bitlis in the dead of winter, and took his army down through the mountains of Eastern Anatolia to the plains of Mush. He engaged with the Ottoman 3rd Army at the Battle of Mush and captured the city Mush. Later he moved toward Bitlis. The success in Battle of Bitlis led to the furthermost Russian advance into Anatolia. These military achievements earned him the admiration of military critics both in Europe and America. In this position, he supported the British Mesopotamian Army by disrupting supply lines. He established the outposts which made possible the further advance of the British in the Mesopotamian campaign. Following the army's advance beyond Bitlis, he was in close co-operation with the British General Marshal. General Nazarbekov, for his achievements, was decorated by the French Government.

In 1917, the chaos caused by the Russian Revolution put a stop to all Russian military operations and the regular Russian regiments deserted from the frontline. In this situation, during December 1917, the Armenian volunteer units realigned themselves under the command of Nazarbekian, with Dro as a civilian commissioner. The Tiflis (Armenian Congress of Eastern Armenians which united with the Armenian National Councils) collected 50,000 soldiers under Nazarbekian. On 5 December 1917, the Special Transcaucasian Committee negotiated with the 3rd Army the Armistice of Erzincan, which froze the conflicts until 7 February 1918. Before 7 February the regiments of the Armenian Corps were immediately deployed to the front. With the help of their Christian neighbors, Armenian forces increased in size until they numbered 150,000 armed men on the border. By the end of January, 1918, Nazarbekian's divisions occupied the major positions from Yerevan to Van and Erzinjan. In the following conflicts, he was driven back to Dilidjan in May 1918. However, at the Battle of Karakilisa he pushed the advancing Ottoman 3rd Army back for a few days, giving the Armenian forces time to prepare for the Battle of Sardarabad.

First Republic of Armenia

Nazarbekian was appointed the first ever Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the First Republic of Armenia. He used his knowledge and experience to aid in the creation of the Armenian regular army. On 25 March 1919 he was appointed Chairman of the Military Council of Armenia, and on 15 July 1919 he was awarded the rank of lieutenant general. Nazarbekian remained politically neutral during the years of the First Republic.

During the Sovietization of Armenia, he was arrested with other Armenian officers in January 1921, but released four months later. He settled in his hometown Tiflis, where he lived quietly and wrote a series of memoirs about the war on the Caucasus Campaign from 1914 to 1918. Nazarbekian remained in Tiflis until his death in 1931.

Awards
 Order of Saint Stanislaus, 3rd class with Swords, "For excellence in the storming of the fortress Ardahan" (1877)
 Order of St. Anna, 3rd class with Swords, "For distinguished service under Erzurum" (1878)
 Order of St. Anna, 2nd class with Bow, "25 years of service" (1878)
 Gold Sword for Bravery (18 June 1906)
 Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class with Swords (1905)
 Order of Saint Stanislaus, 1st class with Swords (1915)
 Order of St. Anna, 1st class (1915)
 Order of St. George, 4th class (7 January 1916)
 Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd class with Swords (1916)
 Gold Sword for Bravery
 Medal "In memory of the 300th anniversary of the reign of the Romanovs"

See also
Battle of Sardarabad

References

R. O. Sahakyan. Lieutenant-General Tovmas Nazarbekyan's role in military operations of the Russian army against the Turkish genocidal forces (1914-1916). Dedicated to the 160th birth anniversary of Tovmas Nazarbekyan http://www.fundamentalarmenology.am/datas/pdfs/270.pdf

External links
www.genocide.ru
Russian army in World War I
Hayazg.info

1855 births
1931 deaths
Military personnel from Tbilisi
Imperial Russian Army generals
Russian military personnel of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
Russian military personnel of the Russo-Japanese War
Russian military personnel of World War I
Armenian generals
Armenian people of World War I
Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 1st class
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class
Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd class
Recipients of the Gold Sword for Bravery
Armenian people from the Russian Empire
Armenian independence activists
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 2nd class
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 3rd class

Tovmas Nazarbekian


Matt Kleiner (born January 7, 1981) is an American film director and photographer whose work includes film, music videos, commercials and print publications. His commercial clients include Red Bull, Sony Music, ESPN, Universal Records, Fuel TV, Subaru. He is best known for his award-winning film series Way of the Ocean, a five-part geographical look at surf and ocean life style around the globe. He is currently the creative director for Circulate Motion Pictures.

References

1981 births
Living people
American film directors
American photographers

Matt Kleiner