A market economy is economy in which the prices of the products and services are chosen in a free price system that is decided by supply and demand. It began around the late 18th century, after the Industrial Revolution. A key work was Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations, 1776.

Market economics has been widely used because of its efficiency (ability to work well). However, it has also been criticized for its selfishness and the difference between the rich and poor. In the real world, market economies are not purely market economies, as societies and governments control them in some ways instead of market forces. The expression free-market economy is sometimes used as the same as market economy. Nobel Prize in Economics winner Ludwig von Mises said that a market economy is still a market economy even if the government joins in pricing.

In a market economy, the following will be true:
The Factors of production are privately owned. Production occurs from an initiative of the owners.
The only way to get revenue is through services, or through the profits of private companies.
There is no planned economy
There are no regulatory economics
The market participants are free to choose the products they buy, the profession they exercise, and whether to save or invest their money.

Sometimes, market economy does not work as expected, the following may be observed:
For certain goods or services there may be monopolies or cartels.
Some goods may be public.
There may be externalities
There may be Information asymmetry, that is not all participants have the same information

Related pages
 command economy - contrary notion
 market

References

Economics

Market economy


Grógaldr or The Spell of Gróa is the first of two poems, now commonly published under the title Svipdagsmál found in several 17th-century paper manuscripts with Fjölsvinnsmál. In at least three of these manuscripts, the poems are in reverse order and separated by a third eddic poem titled, Hyndluljóð. For a long time, the connection between the two poems was not realized, until in 1854 Svend Grundtvig pointed out a connection between the story told in Gróagaldr and the first part of the medieval Scandinavian ballad of Ungen Sveidal/Herr Svedendal/Hertig Silfverdal (TSB A 45, DgF 70, SMB 18, NMB 22).  Then in 1856, Sophus Bugge noticed that the last part of the ballad corresponded to Fjölsvinnsmál. Bugge wrote about this connection in Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania 1860, calling the two poems together Svipdagsmál. Subsequent scholars have accepted this title.

Grógaldr is one of six eddic poems involving necromantic practice. It details Svipdagr's raising of his mother Groa, a völva, from the dead. Before her death, she requested him to do so if he ever required her help;  the prescience of the völva is illustrated in this respect. The purpose of this necromancy was that she could assist her son in a task set him by his cunning stepmother. Svipdag's mother, Gróa, has been identified as the same völva who chanted a piece of Hrungnir's hone from Thor's head after their duel, as detailed in Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda. There, Gróa is the wife of Aurvandil, a man Thor rescues from certain death on his way home from Jötunheim. The news of her husband's fate makes Gróa so happy, she forgets the charm, leaving the hone firmly lodged in Thor's forehead.

In the first stanza of this poem Svipdag speaks and bids his mother to arise from beyond the grave, at her burial mound, as she had bidden him do in life. The second stanza contains her response, in which she asks Svipdag why he has awakened her from death.

He responds by telling her of the task he has been set by his stepmother, i.e. to win the hand of Menglöð. He is all too aware of the difficulty of this: he presages this difficulty by stating that:

"she bade me travel to a place
where travel one cannot
to meet with fair Menglöð"

His dead mother agrees with him that he faces a long and difficult journey but does not attempt to dissuade him from it.

Svipdag then requests his mother to cast spells for his protection.

Groa then casts nine spells, or incantations.

References

External links
 Grógaldr in Old Norse from «Kulturformidlingen norrøne tekster og kvad» Norway.
 Grógaldr (Old Norse)
 Grógaldr (English)
 Grógaldr (Spanish)

Eddic poetry
Necromancy

Grógaldr


Ahmad Mustofa Bisri (born 10 August 1944) is an Indonesian Islamic leader from Indonesia and was the ninth Chief Adviser of Nahdlatul Ulama. He is the head of Pondok Pesantren Raudlatuth Thalibin, Rembang, Central Java, Indonesia. Mustofa Bisri, well known as Gus Mus, is famous not only as a kyai—traditional Islamic teacher & leader, but also as a poet and painter.

Background
Gus Mus is the son of KH Bisri Musthofa and a grandson of H Zaenal Musthofa, both were respected Islamic leader in Indonesia.
He studied in various pondok pesantren—traditional Islamic school, such as Pesantren Lirboyo Kediri under guidance of KH Marzuqi and KH Mahrus Ali; Al Munawwar Krapyak Yogyakarta under KH Ali Ma'shum and KH Abdul Qadir; and Al Azhar University of Cairo.

Gus Mus is married to Siti Fatmah and they have 7 (seven) children : Ienas Tsuroiya, Kautsar Uzmut, Raudloh Quds, Rabiatul Bisriyah, Nada, Almas and Muhammad Bisri Mustofa.  From his children marriages, he has 5 (five) sons in law : Ulil Abshar Abdalla, Reza Shalahuddin Habibi, Ahmad Sampton, Wahyu Salvana, and Fadel Irawan, with 8 (eight) grandsons: Ektada Bennabi Mohamad; Ektada Bilhadi Mohamad; Muhammad Ravi Hamadah Habibi, Muhammad Raqie Haidarah Habibi; Muhammad Najie Ukasyah, Ahmad Naqie Usamah, Samih Wahyu Maulana and Muhammad Rasikh Rujhan.

Gus Mus & Nahdlatul Ulama
In 1970, upon returning from Egypt, he was appointed as board member of Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) Rembang. Then in 1977 he was elected as a Mustasyar, Counselor Board member of NU Central Java. On the NU Muktamar (general meeting) in Cipanas, West Java, in 1994 he was elected as Rais Syuriah PB NU.

On the 31st Muktamar NU in 2004 in Boyolali Central Java he was asked by several kyai, including the former Indonesian President Gus Dur to become one of the contestants for NU Chairman. But he refused the offer, which led to the winning of KH Hasyim Muzadi for the second time.

Gus Mus' Writings

Below are Gus Mus' published books:

 Ensiklopedi Ijmak (Terjemahan bersama KHM Ahmad Sahal Mahfudz, Pustaka Firdaus, Jakarta);
 Proses Kebahagiaan (Sarana Sukses, Surabaya);
 Awas Manusia dan Nyamuk Yang Perkasa (Gubahan Cerita anak-anak, Gaya  Press, Jakarta);
 Maha Kiai Hasyim Asy'ari (Terjemahan, Kurnia Kalam Semesta, Jogjakarta);
 Syair Asmaul Husna (Bahasa Jawa, Cet. I Al-Huda, Temanggung; Cet. II 2007, MataAir Publishing);
 Saleh Ritual Saleh Sosial, Esai-esai Moral (Mizan, Bandung);
 Pesan Islam Sehari-hari, Ritus Dzikir dan Gempita Ummat (Cet. II 1999, Risalah Gusti, Surabaya);
 Al-Muna, Terjemahan Syair Asma'ul Husna (Al-Miftah, / MataAir Publishing Surabaya);
 Mutiara-mutiara Benjol (Cet. II 2004 MataAir Publishing, Surabaya);
 Fikih Keseharian Gus Mus (Cet. I Juni 1997 Yayasan Al-Ibriz bejerhasana dengan Penerbit Al-Miftah Surabaya; Cet. II April 2005, Cet. III Januari 2006, Khalista, Surabaya bekerjasama dengan Komunitas Mata Air);
 Canda nabi & Tawa Sufi (Cet. I Juli 2002, cet. II November 2002, Penerbit Hikmah, Bandung);
 Melihat Diri Sendiri (Gama Media, Jogjakarta)

References
 Gus Mus official website

1944 births
Living people
Indonesian politicians
Indonesian Muslims
Indonesian writers
Nahdlatul Ulama
Indonesian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam

Mustofa Bisri


Reset is an evolving military term currently used to describe the equipment refurbishment process. In current U.S. military terms, "reset" refers to "a series of actions to restore units to a desired level of combat capability commensurate with future mission requirements."

Context specific terminology
The military term is somewhat like the financial term "reset", which is a generic concept in the financial world.  Reset, which also known as fixing, is a generic concept in the financial markets which refers to the determination and recording of a reference rate, usually in order to calculate the settlement value of a periodic payment schedule between two parties.

The military term is somewhat like the computing term "reset", which means to clear any pending errors or events and bring a system to normal condition or initial state.

The military term "reset" is unlike its finance and computing counterparts in that the military usage anticipates three related components: repairing, replacing and recapitalizing.  Military reset, in simplest terms, is intended to reverse the effects of stress on all equipment.  Initial funding from Congress was used to reset brigade combat teams involving about 4,000 soldiers and about 40,000 pieces of equipment returning from duty in Afghanistan and Iraq.

Repair
Repair starts with an inspection followed by maintenance and possible replacement of some parts to bring equipment to original technical specifications.

Replacement
Replacement means to buy new or to replace equipment destroyed in battle or otherwise too damaged to fix. Also listed under replacement is reserve-component equipment which has been left overseas for other units to use.

Recapitalizing
Recapitalizing involves overhauling or restoring equipment to improve performance or make it like new from the factory.

Timely funding would be designed to allow military depots to order repair parts in advance of equipment arrival."

Strategic reset
 Strategic reset is a policy framework designed to strengthen the United States' stance throughout the Middle East. The plan for strategic reset entails four key measures:
 Acknowledging Iraq's political and demographic fragmentation.
 Implementing prompt phased military redeployment.
 Establishing local and regional methods for improving security and diplomacy in the Middle East.
 Developing a functional strategy to resolve the Arab–Israeli conflict.

In 2007, The Washington Post described as "strategic reset" a proposal by U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice that took the form of "an unusually detailed public explanation of the new American effort to create a de facto alliance between Israel and moderate Arab states against Iranian extremism."

Notes

References

 Dinklage, Lindy.   "Army Launches Reset Pilot," Army News Service. February 22, 2008.
 Lenaers, William M. and Brent D. Coryell.   "Reset: Extending the Life of Army Equipment," Army Logistician. Vol. 38, No. 1. January-February 2006.

See also
 Logistics
 Military logistics
 Military supply chain management

Neologisms
Military terminology
Logistics

Reset (military)


The twenty-sixth government of Israel was formed by Shimon Peres of the Labor Party on 22 November 1995, following the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin on 4 November. Peres kept the same coalition as previously, namely the Labor Party, Meretz and Yiud, which together held only 58 of the 120 seats in the Knesset. However, the government was also supported, but not joined, by Hadash and the Arab Democratic Party, which held an additional five seats between them.

Although the Labor Party won the May 1996 Knesset elections, Peres was narrowly defeated by Binyamin Netanyahu in the country's first election for Prime Minister, meaning that the Likud leader formed the twenty-seventh government, which he completed on 18 June.

Cabinet members

1 Although Tzur was not a Knesset member at the time, he had previously been elected on the Alignment list, and was a Labor Party member.

2 Although Barak was not a Knesset member at the time, he was elected to the next Knesset on the Labor Party list.

3 Namir resigned from the government after being appointed ambassador to China.

4 Although Amital was never a Knesset member, he was the founder of Meimad.

References

External links
Eleventh Knesset: Government 26 Knesset website

 26
1995 establishments in Israel
1996 disestablishments in Israel
Cabinets established in 1995
Cabinets disestablished in 1996
1995 in Israeli politics
1996 in Israeli politics
 26

Twenty-sixth government of Israel


The Symphony No. 4, H. 305, by Bohuslav Martinů was composed in New York City from April 1945, and completed at Martinů's summer home at Cape Cod in June 1945. The finale bears the inscription South Orleans, 14th June, 1945.

The work is in four movements and, according to the composer, grows out of a single motif. The first movement alternates between lyrical and rhythmical material presented in variation. The second movement, in 6/8 time is a Scherzo, marked by a rhythmically irregular Dvořákian leading melody. The slow third movement is dominated by the strings with short passagework for the woodwind. The finale is an energetic reworking of earlier material and concludes with a vibrant tutti.

The work is dedicated to his friends Helen and William Ziegler, and was premiered on 30 November 1945 at the Academy of Music in Philadelphia by the Philadelphia Orchestra under Eugene Ormandy.

Movements
Poco moderato
Scherzo. Allegro vivo. Trio. Moderato
Largo
Poco allegro

Selected discography
Martinů's Fourth Symphony is found amongst the earliest extant recordings of Martinů symphonies in archival holdings. The earliest is Eugene Ormandy's recording of the Second Symphony with the Philadelphia Orchestra, made on 20 January 1945. The Fourth Symphony followed soon after, with aircheck recordings on 78 rpm discs of a broadcast by the Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Erich Leinsdorf, on WNBC (New York), 27 March 1948. Neither of these recordings has ever been released commercially. Rafael Kubelik recorded the Fourth Symphony for the radio on 10 June 1948, and this recording was eventually given commercial release in 2012.
 Czech Philharmonic — Rafael Kubelik. Supraphon, recorded 10 June 1948 (first issued 2012)
 Czech Philharmonic — Martin Turnovský. Supraphon, 1967
 Czech Philharmonic — Václav Neumann. Supraphon, 1978
 Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra — Walter Weller. EMI, 1980
 Bamberg Symphony — Neeme Järvi. BIS, 1987
 Scottish National Orchestra — Bryden Thomson. Chandos CHAN 8917, recorded 6 & 7 September 1989
 Ukrainian National Symphony — Arthur Fagen. Naxos, 2001
 Prague Radio Symphony Orchestra – Vladimír Válek, cond. Bohuslav Martinů: Symphonies Nos. 1–6. Recorded Prague, Czech Radio, Studio A, 2006. 3-CD set. Supraphon SU 3940. Prague: Supraphon, 2008.
 BBC Symphony — Jiří Bělohlávek. Onyx, 2011

Bohuslav Martinů Complete Edition
In 2015, Sharon Andrea Choa's critical edition of the Symphony No. 4 was published by Bärenreiter within the Bohuslav Martinů Complete Edition.

References

Further reading
 Crump, Michael David. 1986. "The Symphonies of Bohuslav Martinu: An Analytical Study". M.Litt. diss. Birmingham: University of Birmingham.
 Crump, Michael. 2010. Martinů and the Symphony. Symphonic Studies, no. 3. London: Toccata Press. .
 Evans, Peter. 1960. "Martinu the Symphonist". Tempo, new series, nos. 55–56 (Autumn–Winter): 19–26, 31–33.
 Halbreich, Harry. 2007. Bohuslav Martinů: Werkverzeichnis und Biografie, second, revised edition. Mainz, London, Berlin, Madrid, New York, Paris, Prague, Tokyo, and Toronto: Schott. .
 Layton, Robert. 1966. "Martinů and the Czech Tradition". In The Symphony: Vol. II: Elgar to the Present Day, edited by Robert Simpson, pp. 218–29. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
 Llade, Martín. 2009. "Las sinfonías de Bohuslav Martinů". Melómano: Revista de Música clásica 14, no. 144 (July–August): 58–62.
 Powell, Larson. 2007. "Sound as Form: Martinů's Symphonies". Music and Society in Eastern Europe, no. 2 (December): 77–115.
 Rathert, Wolfgang. 2009. "Die Sinfonien von Bohuslav Martinů: Ein Beitrag zur amerikanischen Musikgeschichte?" Musik-Konzepte neue Folge (November, special issue: Bohuslav Martinů), edited by Ulrich Tadday, 113–26. Munich: Edition Text + Kritik.

1945 compositions
Symphonies by Bohuslav Martinů
Music dedicated to family or friends

Symphony No. 4 (Martinů)


Celena Shafer is an American soprano, born c. 1975 in Centerville, Utah.

Career
At age 17, Shafer won a vocal competition at the Utah State Fair, and was selected to sing with the Utah Symphony orchestra in their Salute to Youth concert.  After graduating from Viewmont High School, she enrolled in the University of Utah, where she continued her vocal study.  After graduation, she enrolled in the Santa Fe opera apprentice program, further developing her coloratura skills in roles as Marie (La Fille du Régiment) and Gilda (Rigoletto).

In 1999, Shafer won the Metropolitan Opera National Council of Auditions, Utah district.  She is also the recipient of a 2000 Sara Tucker Study Grant from the Richard Tucker Foundation.

After a performance in Mozart's Mitridate, re di Ponto singing the role of Princess Ismene with the Santa Fe Opera in the summer of 2001, Shafer was the recipient of the 2002 Recognizing Individual Artistry Award, an honor given annually by the Thomas Foundation.  The same year, she sang the role of Aithra in the New York concert performance of  Strauss' Die ägyptische Helena, alongside Deborah Voigt, who had the title role.  This performance was later released on CD.

During the 2004–05 season, she debuted with the New York Philharmonic in a performance of Handel's Messiah. In April 2005, she sang the title role of Esclarmonde at the Washington Concert Opera.

Other roles include Tytania in A Midsummer Night's Dream, Nanetta in Falstaff, Hero in Berlioz's Beatrice and Benedict, Zerbinetta in a concert performance of Ariadne auf Naxos, Blonde in The Abduction from the Seraglio, Adele in Die Fledermaus, and Show Boat for a gala benefit for Carnegie Hall.

References
Biography on Celena Shafer at Colbert Artists Management Inc.
Continuum article on Celena Shafer
New York Philharmonic and Celena Shafer

1970s births
American operatic sopranos
People from Centerville, Utah
University of Utah alumni
Living people
21st-century American women opera singers
Singers from Utah
Classical musicians from Utah

Celena Shafer


Joseph Mary Pignatelli, SJ () (27 December 1737 – 15 November 1811) was a Spanish priest who was the unofficial leader of the Jesuits in exile in Sardinia, after the suppression of the Society. Supervising its restoration, he is considered the second founder of the Society of Jesus.

Life

Early life
Pignatelli was born in Zaragoza, Spain, of Neapolitan descent and noble lineage. He did his early studies in the Jesuit College of Zaragoza, along with his brother, Nicolás. There he developed tuberculosis, which was to plague him his entire life. He entered the Society of Jesus at the age of 15 on 8 May 1753 in Tarragona, despite his family's opposition. On completing his theological studies he was ordained a priest, and assigned to teach at the College of Zaragoza.

In 1766 the Governor of Zaragoza was held responsible for a threatened famine, and so enraged was the populace against him that they were about to destroy the Governor's palace by fire. Pignatelli's persuasive power over the people averted the calamity. Despite the letter of thanks sent by King Charles III of Spain, the Jesuits were accused of instigating the above-mentioned riot. Pignatelli's refutation of the charge was followed by the decree of expulsion of the Jesuits of Zaragoza on 4 April 1767.

The Count of Aranda, a favorite of the king and a supporter of the expulsion of the Jesuits from Spain, offered to allow  Pignatelli and his brother, Nicolás (also a member of the Society), as members of the nobility, to remain in the city, provided that they leave the Society. In spite of Joseph's ill-health, the brothers stood firm and went into exile with their confreres.

Exile
Not permitted by Pope Clement XIII to land at Civitavecchia in Italy, along with the other Jesuits of the province of Aragon, they sailed to the Corsican Republic, where Pignatelli displayed a marked ability for organization in providing for 600 priests and seminarians. His sister, the Duchess of Acerra, aided them with money and provisions. He organized studies and the Jesuits were able to maintain their regular religious observances.

When France took control of Corsica in 1770, the Jesuits were obliged to go to Genoa for shelter. Pignatelli was again required to secure shelter in the legation of Ferrara, not only for the Jesuits of his own province, but also for those forced home from the missions in New Spain. The community, however, was dissolved upon the suppression of the entire Society by Pope Clement XIV in August 1773. The two Pignatelli brothers were then obliged to seek refuge in Bologna, where they lived in retirement, being forbidden to exercise their Christian ministry. They devoted themselves to study and Pignatelli began to collect books and manuscripts bearing on the history of the Society.

Restoration
A few years later, the newly elected Pope Pius VI granted permission for the surviving ex-Jesuits to reunite with the members of the Society of Jesus still functioning in the Russian Empire. Pignatelli sought to go there, that he might join them, but for various reasons he was obliged to defer his departure. During this delay Pignatelli was permitted by Ferdinand, Duke of Parma (who had violently expelled them from his lands in 1768), to re-establish the Society in his duchy. In 1793, having obtained through Empress Catherine II of Russia a few Jesuit fathers from Russia, along with some other Jesuits, the new establishment was made.

On 6 July 1797, Pignatelli renewed his religious vows. In 1799 he was appointed master of novices for a new novitiate in Colorno, which had been authorized by the pope. On the death of the Duke of Parma in 1802, the duchy was absorbed into France. Nevertheless, the Jesuits remained undisturbed for eighteen months, during which period Pignatelli was appointed provincial superior of the Jesuits within Italy in 1800 by Pope Pius VII. After considerable discussion he obtained permission for the Jesuits to serve in the Kingdom of Naples. The papal brief authorizing this (30 July 1804) was much more favorable than that which had been granted for Parma. The surviving Jesuits soon asked to be received back, but many were engaged in various ecclesiastical posts where they were obligated to stay. Schools and a college were opened in Sicily, but when this part of the kingdom fell into Napoleon's power the dispersion of the Jesuits was ordered, though the decree was not rigorously enforced. Pignatelli founded colleges in Rome, Tivoli, and Orvieto, and the Jesuit fathers were gradually invited to other cities.

During the exile of Pope Pius VII and the French occupation of the Papal States, the Society continued untouched, owing largely to the prudence of Pignatelli; he even managed to avoid any oaths of allegiance to Napoleon. He also secured the restoration of the Society in Sardinia in 1807.

Death and veneration
Pignatelli died in Rome, then under French occupation, on 15 November 1811, due to hemorrhaging resulting from his tuberculosis, which had begun the previous month. His remains rest today in a reliquary under the altar of the Chapel of the Passion in the Church of the Gesù in Rome.

The cause for Pignatelli's canonization was introduced under Pope Gregory XVI. He was beatified on 21 May 1933 by Pope Pius XI, and the cause for his canonization was formally opened on 19 June 1935. He was canonized on 12 June 1954 by Pope Pius XII.

Legacy
The Society of Jesus was fully restored in the Catholic Church in 1814.

After St. Ignatius of Loyola, the founder of the Society of Jesus, Pignatelli is arguably the most important Jesuit in its subsequent history, linking the two Societies, the old Society which was first founded in 1540, and the new Society which was founded forty years after it had been suppressed by Pope Clement XIV in 1773. Pignatelli can thus be rightly considered the savior and restorer of the Society of Jesus.

References

External links

1737 births
1811 deaths
Jesuit saints
Clergy from Zaragoza
Spanish people of Italian descent
House of Pignatelli
Spanish Roman Catholic saints
Canonizations by Pope Pius XII
18th-century Spanish Jesuits
19th-century Spanish Jesuits
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Burials at the Church of the Gesù
Tuberculosis deaths in Italy
Infectious disease deaths in Lazio

Joseph Pignatelli


Margaret of Durazzo ( 28 July 1347 – 6 August 1412) was Queen of Naples and Hungary and Princess of Achaea as the spouse of Charles III of Naples. She was regent of Naples from 1386 until 1393 during the minority of her son Ladislaus of Naples.

Life
She was the fourth daughter of Charles, Duke of Durazzo (1323–1348), and Maria of Calabria, but the only one to have children; her legitimate line of descent, as well as the century-old Capetian House of Anjou, ended with her daughter.

In February 1369, Margaret married her paternal first cousin Charles of Durazzo. He was a son of Louis of Durazzo, another son of John, Duke of Durazzo, and his second wife Agnes de Périgord. The bride was twenty-two years old and the groom twenty-four.

Queen
Charles managed to depose her maternal aunt Queen Joanna I of Naples in 1382. He succeeded her and Margaret became his queen consort. Charles succeeded James of Baux as Prince of Achaea in 1383 with Margaret still as his consort.

By then becoming the senior Angevin male, Charles was offered the Crown of Hungary. Margaret did not support the idea of deposing Queen Mary of Hungary and discouraged her husband from doing so. Nonetheless, he successfully deposed Mary in December 1385 and had himself crowned. She was the daughter of his deceased cousin Louis I of Hungary and Elizabeth of Bosnia. However, Mary's formidable mother Elizabeth arranged his assassination at Visegrád on 24 February 1386.

Regent
In the meantime, relationships with Pope Urban VI became strained, as he suspected that Charles was plotting against him. In January 1385 he had six cardinals arrested, and one, under torture, revealed Charles' conjure. He thus excommunicated Charles and Margaret and raised an interdict over the Kingdom of Naples.

Margaret became a queen dowager and the regent of Naples as the guardian of her minor son from 1386 until 1393. In 1387 she poisoned her elder sister Joanna, Duchess of Durazzo, who might have a better claim to the throne of Naples, and her husband Robert IV of Artois, Count of Eu to death. She survived her husband by twenty-six years but never remarried. Their son Ladislaus succeeded to the throne of the Kingdom of Naples while Mary of Hungary was restored to her throne. Margaret insisted that her husband's death be revenged and Elizabeth was murdered. The heads of her defenders were sent to console Margaret.

Pope Boniface IX and Margarethe came to a peace agreement, her excommunication was lifted and with the help of Cardinal Angelo Acciaioli Margaret could continue to serve as regent until July 1393.

Later life
In the last years of her life, the queen dowager retired first to Salerno and then to Acquamela, where she died of plague in 1412. She had become a devout Catholic and a member of a Franciscan Third Order in her last years and requested to be buried as such; she was buried in white habit in Salerno Cathedral.

Issue

Mary of Durazzo (1369–1371).
Joanna II of Naples (23 June 1373 – 2 February 1435)
Ladislaus of Naples (11 February 1377 – 6 August 1414)

References

External links

House of Anjou-Durazzo
Royal consorts of Naples
Queens consort of Hungary
14th-century Italian women
People temporarily excommunicated by the Catholic Church
Burials at Salerno Cathedral
14th-century women rulers
15th-century deaths from plague (disease)
1347 births
1412 deaths
Princesses of Achaea
Queen mothers

Margaret of Durazzo


Toolibin Lake is a seasonal fresh to brackish water perched lake or wooded swamp, in south-western Australia. The lake is contained with a  nature reserve and it is located about  south-east of Perth, in the Shire of Narrogin, and  east of the town of Narrogin, in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia. The lake is listed by the Australian Government as a threatened ecological community under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.

Description
The lake lies in the catchment of the upper Blackwood River at an altitude of  above mean sea level. It is about  in area and  in diameter, has a maximum depth of , and is one of the last remaining inland freshwater lakes found in south-western Australia.  It is one of a chain of wetlands occupying a palaeodrainage valley forming part of the northern Arthur River system. Most of it is covered with a woodland of water tolerant tree species, with a large open area on the eastern side.  Many other Wheatbelt wetlands formerly supported a vegetation community and ecosystem similar to that of Toolibin, but clearing for agriculture has resulted in most such sites becoming saline with a concomitant loss of emergent vegetation. Toolibin is the only major lake in the catchment that has not become completely saline.

Toolibin Lake lies in a low rainfall area of the Wheatbelt with an average annual rainfall of 400 mm, mainly falling in May–August, with annual evaporation of 1800 mm. It usually only holds water at certain times of year; sometimes drying out completely for several years; sometimes holding water for extended periods.

Ramsar site
Toolibin Lake is recognised as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, under which it was designated Ramsar Site 483 on 7 June 1990.  The Ramsar site includes the entire area of the lake with some adjacent land on the northern, western and southern sides of the lake added in 2001 since the original site nomination, ensuring a buffer zone of at least 100 m width around most of the lake.

Flora and fauna

Toolibin is the only remaining example in Southwest Australia of a wetland with extensive living thickets of swamp sheoak and the paperbark Melaleuca strobophylla on the lake fringes and bed - one of the main wetland types in the region prior to agricultural development there. Flooded gum, acorn banksia and rock sheoak woodland occur on the higher ground and deep sands surrounding the lake. The vegetation includes submerged aquatic plants and sedges around the lake.

The vegetation community provides habitat, now rare in the central wheatbelt, for woodland birds and other animals. Toolibin and its environs support more breeding waterbird species — up to 25, including the rare freckled duck, cormorants, egrets, night herons and spoonbills — than any other inland wetland in south-western Australia.  It also supports a population of the threatened red-tailed phascogale.

Conservation
The main threats to Toolibin's ecological community are salinisation and waterlogging due to clearing of the catchment for dry-land agriculture, particularly wool and cereal grain production; eutrophication caused by run-off containing agricultural fertilizers; invasive weeds changing the structure of the ecosystem and reducing natural vegetation available for food and shelter for animals; and grazing of regenerating seedlings by kangaroos, livestock and rabbits.

Actions to recover the environmental values of the lake and its catchment include the reduction of recharge – including revegetation and the protection of remnant vegetation; changes in farming methods, such as contour farming and the use of perennial grasses for grazing; the management of surface water in the catchment to reduce waterlogging of farmland, to decrease the salinity of water entering the lake, and to decrease salt loading of the lake; and groundwater pumping to lower the water table beneath the lake.

References

Nature reserves in Western Australia
Ramsar sites in Australia
Swamps of Australia
Perched lakes
Lakes of the Wheatbelt (Western Australia)
Lakes of the South West (Western Australia)
DIWA-listed wetlands
Avon Wheatbelt

Toolibin Lake


Henmaru Machino (町野 変丸 Machino Henmaru, sometimes given as 'Hanmaru', born 1969, Aomori Prefecture) is a Japanese artist, described as the Magritte of the eromanga world, whose works prominently feature themes of bestiality, dysmorphia, hermaphrodism, and body transformation, as well as dozens of other sexual paraphilia. Most of his work has emerged within a paradigm of hentai manga and images, but some has appeared in galleries; several of his pieces were part of Takashi Murakami's traveling Superflat exhibition.

Machino started his career through submitting illustration work to the hentai magazine Manga Hot Milk.

While Machino's work defies any easy categorization, it could be said to fall within the Japanese EroGuro (Erotic Grotesque) school, still somewhat loosely defined, which dates back to Dada-influenced, Showa-era Decadence. Some assert that it is pornography of the most extreme variety, and nothing more. While porn-or-art debates have been occurring around a wide variety of works for centuries across the globe, the debates surrounding Machino are unique in that his subject matter is at the far fringes of human sexual experience, and even beyond it, in that much of what he draws could never occur in the real world. While many EroGuro artists create works that could have real-world analogues (S&M, mutilation, etc.), Machino's images of, for example, girls with dozens of phalli sprouting from each of the dozens of breasts that cover their body, are not something any viewer of his work could ever see in life, and thus the issue of "what is pornography?" strongly preempts the issue of "art or pornography?" in some of his work.

Partial list of works

  - Mediax/MD Comics, 1994.
 SM Chokyoshi Hitomi - Unlicensed game for Super Famicom.
  - Issui Sha/Izumi Comics, 1994.
  - East Press, 1996.
 Hōtō ni Atta Eroi Hanashi - Sanwa Shuppan, 1996.
  - Ohta Shuppan/Ohta Comics, 1996.
  - Issui Sha/Izumi Comics, 1997
  - Issui Sha/Izumi Comics, 1998.
  - Ohta Shuppan/Ohta Comics, 1998.
  - Kubo Shoten/World Comics, 1998.
  - Sanwa Shuppan, 1998.
 Nuruemon - Issui Sha/Izumi Comics, 1998.
 Kenzen Hentai Shōjo - Kubo Shoten/World Comics Special, 2002.
  - Sanwa Shuppan, 1997
  - East Press, 1999
  - Issui Sha/Izumi Comics, 199?

References

External links
 Machino works list (Japanese)

Living people
Machino Henmaru
Machino Henmaru
Ero guro
Hentai creators

Henmaru Machino


1173 was a common year.

Events
 Canonization of Saint Thomas à Becket, buried at Canterbury
 August 9th – Construction starts on the Leaning tower of Pisa
 Castle at Abergavenny was seized by the Welsh.
 Conversion to Christianity of Peter Waldo and the subsequent founding of the Waldensians.
 End of Qiandao era and start of Chunxi era of the Chinese emperor Xiaozong
 End of reign of Polish ruler Boleslaus IV of Poland and start of reign of Casimir II of Poland
 Eleanor of Aquitaine and her sons rebel against her husband Henry II of England in the Revolt of 1173-1174
 First recorded use of algebraic chess notation

1173


Carrot salad is a salad made with carrots. Recipes for carrot salad vary widely by regional cuisine. Shredded carrot is often used. Shredded carrot salads are often used as a topping for other dishes.

By country

America
"Carrot raisin salad" is a traditional dish in the Southern United States. Grated carrot is mixed with raisins, mayonnaise dressing, granulated sugar, salt and black pepper.

In Brazilian cuisine, churrasco service often includes potato salad and carrot salad made with mayonnaise, raw onion, green peas, sweetcorn or sometimes chayote squashes.

Asia
The Koryo-saram, ethnic Koreans in the post-Soviet Union states, popularized spicy pickled carrot salad, known throughout the Soviet Union as Korean-style carrots. It is said to have been unknown in South Korea until recently, but has gained an international following and is served in many cafeterias throughout the CIS where it is also sold in supermarkets, and featured regularly as a side dish on dinner tables and at holiday feasts set by many ethnicities of the former Soviet Union.

In Russia, doner kebab often includes carrot salad as an accompaniment to the meat.

In India, carrot salads are often made with grated carrots are cooked with mustard seeds and green chillies in hot oil.

Europe
In Bulgarian cuisine a salad with carrots and cabbage is traditional.

Carrot salad is eaten across the Middle East most commonly by mixing carrots with parsley and lemon juice.

Surówka z Marchewki is a Polish cuisine carrot salad made with carrots, Granny Smith apple, lemon juice, sunflower oil or vegetable oil, salt, and sugar.

In France, carottes râpées (or salade de carottes râpées) is a grated carrot salad made with whole-grain mustard.

Africa
Houria is a cooked, and often mashed, carrot salad in Tunisian cuisine.

In Morocco, carrot salad is  made by mixing cooked carrots with lemon juice and cumin and oftentimes herbs and garlic.

Macedonia is a dish that was represented in the 1940s and 1950s in north Africa and Québec (Québec City especially) with cans "de la macédoine" of diced carrots and peas.

See also

 List of carrot dishes
 List of salads

References

Salads
Carrot dishes
Vegetarian cuisine

Carrot salad


"The Horror at Red Hook" is a short story by American writer H. P. Lovecraft, written on August 1–2, 1925. "Red Hook" is a transitional tale, situated between the author's earlier work and the later Cthulhu Mythos. Although the story depicts a sinister cult, this cult offers a conventionally occult devil-worshipping threat, rather than the cosmic threat depicted in his later work.  Living in poverty in the slum of Red Hook at the time of writing, Lovecraft was at this time urgently attempting to widen his markets in the pulp magazines. By having an unusually proactive Irish New York police detective as his protagonist, he hoped for a swift sale to a detective pulp, which would have opened up a new market other than his usual Weird Tales magazine.  He did not get such a sale, and had to fall back on Weird Tales. "Red Hook" was thus first published in the January 1927 issue of Weird Tales.

Plot summary

The story begins with Detective Malone describing an on-duty incident in Red Hook, Brooklyn, that gave him a phobia of large buildings. Back-tracking to where it all began, the Brooklyn waterfront slum Red Hook is described in detail, with its gangs and crime, and hinting at an occult underbelly.

The "case of Robert Suydam" is then told to be the driving force behind Malone's federally ordered involvement at Red Hook. Known as a shabby recluse, Suydam has been seen around town looking younger and more radiant. News arrives of his engagement to a well-to-do woman, while, at the same time, there is an increase in local kidnappings. A police raid, involving Malone, uncovers nothing useful from Suydam's Red Hook flat save a few strange inscriptions.

After Suydam's wedding, he and his bride leave on a ship. Aboard, a scream is heard and, when the crew enter Suydam's stateroom, they find him and his wife dead, with claw-marks on his wife's body. Later, some strange men from another ship come on board and lay claim to Suydam's body.

Malone enters Suydam's flat to see what he can find. In the basement, he comes across a door that breaks open and sucks him inside, revealing a hellish landscape. He witnesses human sacrifices and a ritual that reanimates Suydam's corpse. Malone is found in the basement of Suydam's flat, which has caved in inexplicably above him, killing everyone else inside. The tunnels and chambers uncovered in the raids are filled in and cemented, though, as Malone recounts, the threat in Red Hook subtly re-emerges.

Characters
Thomas Malone
An Irish-born New York police detective, "detailed to the Butler Street station in Brooklyn" before going on indefinite medical leave. A "Dublin University man born in a Georgian villa near Phoenix Park", he is said to have "the Celt's far vision of weird and hidden things, but the logician's quick eye for the outwardly unconvincing... In youth he had felt the hidden beauty and ecstasy of things, and had been a poet; but poverty and sorrow and exile had turned his gaze in darker directions, and he had thrilled at the imputations of evil in the world around." This morbid streak is offset by a "keen logic and a deep sense of humour". He is 42 at the time of "The Horror at Red Hook".
Robert Suydam
A "lettered recluse of ancient Dutch family, possessed originally of barely independent means, and inhabiting the spacious but ill-preserved mansion which his grandfather had built in Flatbush". Seen by most as "a queer, corpulent old fellow whose unkempt white hair, stubbly beard, shiny black clothes, and gold-headed cane earned him an amused glance", Malone knew of him as "a really profound authority on mediaeval superstition". On account of "certain odd changes in his speech and habits; wild references to impending wonders, and unaccountable hauntings of disreputable Brooklyn neighbourhoods", his relatives tried unsuccessfully to have him declared insane. He is about 60 in the time frame of the story.

Connections to other Cthulhu Mythos tales

"The Horror at Red Hook" is not generally considered to be part of the Cthulhu Mythos, lacking many of the elements that characterize it, such as totally alien cults with cosmic purposes, forbidden tomes, unknown gods and a sense of true "outsideness", as the cult and occult magic in the story have decidedly real world origins and purposes. However, one of the gods worshipped by the cult is the Magna Mater, which was also worshipped by the cannibalistic cult within Exham Priory in Lovecraft's "The Rats in the Walls" and has been argued by Mythos scholar Robert M. Price to represent Lovecraft's deity Shub-Niggurath.

Robert Suydam lives in a "lonely house, set back from Martense Street". The Martense Family were the subterranean cannibals in Lovecraft's earlier story "The Lurking Fear", who live in a location from which the river flows south to eventually emerge at Red Hook.

Inspiration
Marc Beherec argues that St. George's Syrian Catholic Church was the inspiration for H.P. Lovecraft's The Horror at Red Hook. The building was constructed by Ryneer Suydam, a man with a name very similar to that of the story's Robert Suydam. Beherec argues that the building's conversion from Suydam's Federalist tenement to a Gothic church by a sect he (erroneously) believed to be Nestorian, which began while he was in New York, inspired Lovecraft. Beherec argues the demographic changes in the neighborhood and the physical changes in the building parallel the metamorphoses in Suydam's character and physical appearance, and both in turn also mirror Edgar Allan Poe's "The Fall of the House of Usher".

Lovecraft referred to the area's immigrant population by referring to Red Hook as "a maze of hybrid squalor". He spelled out his inspiration for "The Horror at Red Hook" in a letter written to fellow writer Clark Ashton Smith:

Lovecraft had moved to New York to marry Sonia Greene a year earlier, in 1924; his initial infatuation with New York soon soured (an experience fictionalized in his short story "He"), in large part due to Lovecraft's xenophobic attitudes. "Whenever we found ourselves in the racially mixed crowds which characterize New York, Howard would become livid with rage," Greene later wrote. "He seemed almost to lose his mind."

In his story Lovecraft very nearly accurately describes the mix of demographics of Red Hook circa 1925, but - since his protagonist is Irish - he changed a reference to the then-Irish population of Red Hook to "Spanish". At that time there was no Spanish population in Red Hook, although there was one later.

Much of the occult chanting in the story was lifted from the articles on "Magic" and "Demonology" in the 9th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, written by anthropologist E. B. Tylor.  Daniel Harms and John Wisdom Gonce note the spell Lovecraft quotes and describes as a "demon evocation", was actually an incantation allegedly used for treasure hunting.

The use of the Yezidi as a devil-worshipping cult, twice implied to be behind the events of the story, seems to have been inspired by E. Hoffmann Price's "The Stranger from Kurdistan". At that time Lovecraft was not aware of their similar use in an occult adventure novel of 1920 by Robert W. Chambers.

Martense Street is not a fictional locale; it is one block North of Church Avenue. The Flatbush Dutch Reformed Church in which Suydam was married is on the corner of Church and Flatbush Avenues.

Reception
Lovecraft himself, always modest about his work and at that time rather depressed, said of "The Horror at Red Hook" that the tale was "rather long and rambling, and I don't think it is very good".  Nevertheless, it was one of the few stories that saw book publication during his lifetime, chosen for the British anthology series Not at Night.

Critics have tended to disparage the story, largely due to its overt racism. Lin Carter called the story "a piece of literary vitriol". Peter Cannon noted that "racism makes a poor premise for a horror story." ST Joshi, in H. P. Lovecraft: A Life, called the story "horrendously bad" for its racist language.

Legacy
The Ballad of Black Tom is a retelling of "The Horror at Red Hook" from the perspective of a black man in the service of Suydam. The book, by Victor LaValle, attempts to upend the xenophobic themes of "Red Hook".
Alan Moore's The Courtyard takes place in Red Hook in the modern era. The blatant racism of the protagonist mimics the inherent racism of Lovecraft's original "Red Hook" tale. The second issue of Moore's comic Providence is also based on "The Horror at Red Hook".

Novels
Robert Suydam features prominently in Lovecraftian: The Shipwright Circle by Steven Philip Jones. The Lovecraftian series reimagines the weird tales of H. P. Lovecraft into one single universal modern epic.

References

External links

1927 short stories
Brooklyn in fiction
Horror short stories
Fantasy short stories
Red Hook, Brooklyn
Short stories by H. P. Lovecraft
Works originally published in Weird Tales
Race-related controversies in literature

The Horror at Red Hook


George Washington, also entitled George Washington and William Lee, is a full-length portrait in oil painted in 1780 by the American artist John Trumbull during the American Revolutionary War. General George Washington stands near his enslaved servant William Lee, overlooking the Hudson River in New York, with West Point and ships in the background. Trumbull, who once served as an aide-de-camp to Washington, painted the picture from memory while studying under Benjamin West in London. He finished it before his arrest for high treason in November. The portrait, measuring , is on view in Gallery 753 at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. Originally in the possession of the de Neufville family of the Netherlands, it was bequeathed to the museum by Charles Allen Munn in 1924.

History
Trumbull served in the Continental Army as a second aide-de-camp to General Washington from July 27 to August 15, 1775. Later commissioned colonel, he resigned due to a dispute over his service time on February 22, 1777. After that, he resumed his career as a painter in Boston. In May 1780, he travelled to Nantes, France for business, but after this was unsuccessful, went to London in July to study painting under Benjamin West. West's first question was whether Trumbull had brought any of his paintings to show his skill. Since he had no examples, he began by copying gallery paintings. Subsequently, Trumbull painted this portrait of Washington from memory and probably gave it to Leendert de Neufville, son of Jean de Neufville.

On November 15, 1780, news of the treason of Benedict Arnold and the death of Major John André reached London. On November 20, Trumbull was arrested for high treason and then imprisoned at Tothill Fields Bridewell. Nearly seven months later, on June 12, 1781, he was released and ordered to leave the country within thirty days. On July 13, by then in Amsterdam, he wrote to his father that he was staying at the home of de Neufville. On July 20, he wrote of his plans to return home aboard the frigate South Carolina, commanded by Commodore Alexander Gillon. The voyage lasted six months, arriving at Boston in January 1782.

The painting remained in the possession of the de Neufville family until 1890. It was sold through art dealers in London, and acquired by the New York art dealer Edward G. Kennedy before 1898.  By 1908, the painting was in the collection of Charles Allen Munn, who bequeathed it to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1924.

Description
Washington, in full military uniform, a blue coat over buff waistcoat and pants, is shown brightly lit in the center of a landscape, standing on a hill overlooking the Hudson River in New York. In the background, West Point is visible on the left, with a red and white striped banner flying, perhaps the First Navy Jack. Washington holds a hat, sword, and scrolled document. A red turbaned Black servant, usually identified as William "Billy" Lee, attends Washington's horse in the right foreground. Smoke rises from ships on the river in the lower right background.

The likeness of Washington may be influenced by Charles Willson Peale's  portrait of Washington, which Trumball had copied in Boston in 1778, and which is now in the Brooklyn Museum.  The composition shows influences from other paintings of military men with a groom and horse, back to Anthony van Dyck's  painting Charles I at the Hunt.  Some aspects, such as the reinforcement of outlines with black, echo the techniques of Benjamin West.

Other versions
British engraver and print publisher, Valentine Green, created a mezzotint version entitled General Washington. It was published by appointment of de Neufville, January 15, 1781. The legend includes a cartouche at the bottom showing a Native American holding the Washington family crest. In 1783, he created a half-length portrait, also entitled General Washington. In 1782, Jacques Le Roy engraved a version entitled G. Washington, with the image reversed.

Critical reception
Munn in his book, Three Types of Washington Portraits, states:

In the Yale University Art Gallery catalogue, John Trumbull: The Hand and Spirit of a Painter, the portrait is described:

Gallery

Legacy
A seven-cent postage stamp of Washington based on this painting, printed using black ink, was issued as part of the Washington Bicentennial stamps of 1932 by the United States Post Office. In 1925, the painting was featured on page one of The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, and described in the article "The Charles Allen Munn Bequest".

See also
 1780 in art
 George Washington and slavery

References

External links

1780 paintings
18th-century portraits
George Washington in art
Horses in art
New York (state) in the American Revolution
Paintings about the American Revolution
Paintings about African-Americans
Paintings by John Trumbull
Portraits of politicians
Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art
Ships in art
Rivers in art

George Washington (Trumbull)


The 1944 National Challenge Cup was the 31st edition of the United States Football Association's annual open cup. Today, the tournament is known as the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup. Teams from the American Soccer League II competed in the tournament, based on qualification methods in their base region.

Normally 32 clubs, the field size was smaller due to players fighting in World War II.

The final was a rematch of last year, as Brooklyn Hispano from Brooklyn, New York won the tournament by defeating, Morgan Strasser of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in the process.

External links
 1944 National Challenge Cup – TheCup.us

Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup
U.S. Open Cup

1944 National Challenge Cup


A paralegal is the professional of legal science that performs as part of a legal assistance system. Paralegals know the law, and they use their knowledge to help people who are charged with a crime, people who want to charge someone with a crime, people who want to sue someone, and people who are being sued. Paralegals are similar to lawyers, but not as educated in the law. They sometimes only do what lawyers ask them to do, but can sometimes work alone.

Some companies hire paralegals instead of lawyers, because they are less expensive to hire. Paralegals go to school for a shorter amount of time than lawyers do, and they do not make as much money.

Education

Most paralegals go to school for two to four years. They learn about different kinds of law, such as business law, criminal law, and civil law. They also learn how to work with lawyers, how to create contracts and other official agreements, and how to do research well.

Pay

Paralegals normally make around $48,000 a year. They can make as little as $35,000 a year, or as much as $60,000 a year.

References

Law occupations

Paralegal


Timothy Webster (March 12, 1822 – April 29, 1862) was a British-born American lawman and soldier. He served as a Pinkerton agent and Union spy, and was the first spy in the American Civil War to be executed.

Early life
Webster came to America with his parents in August 1830 and settled in Princeton, New Jersey. He became a policeman in New York City sometime before 1850. He met Allan Pinkerton in 1853 and took a job with Pinkerton's private detective agency in 1856.

Webster married Charlotte Sprowles on October 23, 1841 in Princeton, New Jersey and the couple had four children, two of whom died young. Their son, Timothy Jr., born in 1843, joined the Union Army from Onarga, Illinois on July 30, 1862 and was wounded in the Battle of Brices Crossroads near Ripley, Mississippi on June 11, 1864, and taken to a Confederate prison in Mobile, Alabama where his leg was amputated. He subsequently died there on July 4, 1864. His body was transported north to Onarga, Illinois and buried in the Onarga Cemetery next to his grandfather, Timothy Webster Sr., who died in Onarga in 1860.

Civil War

In early 1861, Pinkerton sent Webster and Hattie Lawton to pose as a Southern gentleman and wife (Mrs. Webster) in the Baltimore area and became a member of a pro-Southern group in order to report on secessionists' plans and activities. Some of the information provided by Webster gave support to Pinkerton's assertion that there was a Baltimore Plot to assassinate Lincoln as he moved through Baltimore on his way to his inauguration in 1861.

After the outbreak of war, Pinkerton began to provide agents to the Union armies under George B. McClellan. Webster continued to gather information on the Confederacy from 1861 through 1862 in southern Maryland and Richmond, Virginia. In Richmond in 1862 he was stricken with inflammatory rheumatism and was too ill to send reports back to Pinkerton. As a result, Pinkerton sent Pryce Lewis and John Scully to locate Webster. The two men were recognized as being Union spies and captured by the Confederacy. Scully eventually revealed information that caused Webster and Lawton to be arrested.

Confederate officers had trusted Webster many times with valuable documents and information and the Confederacy was extremely embarrassed by Webster's betrayal. While Lewis and Scully were eventually released, Webster was arrested, tried, and sentenced to death by hanging. Hattie Lawton was imprisoned and later released in an exchange of prisoners.

Death

When Pinkerton heard the news of the sentence, he and President Lincoln sent a message to the Confederacy threatening that if Webster was put to death, the Union would reciprocate by hanging a Confederate spy. Union policy had been to keep Confederate spies in jail and exchange them for Union prisoners.

The Confederacy ignored the threat and on April 29, 1862, Timothy Webster climbed the gallows in Richmond, Virginia at Camp Lee. After the initial attempt to hang Webster failed, he was helped to the gallows again and was heard to say,  "I suffer a double death!" before being killed on the second attempt.  He was buried in Richmond, but in 1871, Pinkerton sent George Bangs and Thomas G. Robinson (Timothy's son-in-law) to Richmond to locate his body and bring it to Onarga, Illinois for burial. He was buried next to his father, Timothy Webster Sr., and his son, Timothy Webster III.

See also
American Civil War spies
Hattie Lawton
Kate Warne

Footnotes

References
Beymer, W. G. (1910). "Timothy Webster: Spy". October 1910. [New York], Harper's Monthly Magazine.
Cuthbert, N. B., & Pinkerton, A. (1949). Lincoln and the Baltimore plot, 1861 from Pinkerton records and related papers. Huntington Library publications. San Marino, Calif, Huntington Library.
Fishel, E. C. (1996). The Secret War for The Union: The Untold Story of Military Intelligence in the Civil War. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co.
Goff, P. D. (2000). Timothy Webster the story of the Civil War spy and his family. Elgin, Ill, Goff Publications.
Pinkerton, A. (1883). The Spy of the Rebellion; being a true history of the spy system of the United States Army during the late rebellion. Revealing many secrets of the war hitherto not made public. Comp. from official reports prepared for President Lincoln, General McClellan and the provost-marshal-general. New York, G.W. Carleton & Co.
Recko, Corey (2013). A Spy for the Union: The Life and Execution of Timothy Webster. Jefferson, NC, McFarland & Co.
United States. (2005). . Washington, D.C., Central Intelligence Agency.

External links
Espionage in the Civil War

1822 births
1862 deaths
American people convicted of spying for the United States by the Confederate States of America
Baltimore Plot
British emigrants to the United States
People executed by the Confederate States of America by hanging
Executed spies

Timothy Webster


Carlton Gardens is also the name of a small street in London, England.

The Carlton Gardens is a World Heritage Site in the suburb of Carlton. It is very close to the centre of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

The  site has the Royal Exhibition Building, Melbourne Museum and Imax Cinema, tennis courts and an award winning children's playground. The site is a rectangle shape. From the Exhibition building the gardens gently slope down to the southwest and northeast. The World Heritage listing says the Royal Exhibition Buildings and Carlton Gardens are "of historical, architectural, aesthetic, social and scientific (botanical) significance to the State of Victoria."

The gardens are one of the best examples of a Victorian era public garden. There are large grass areas with a mix of European and Australian trees. These include deciduous trees such as English oaks, White Poplar, Plane trees, Elms, Conifers, Cedars, Turkey Oaks, Araucarias and evergreens such as Moreton Bay Figs, combined with flower beds of flowers and shrubs. Tree lined paths make formal avenues which lead to the fountains and architecture of the Exhibition buildings. There are two small lakes in the southern section of the park. The northern section contains the Museum, tennis courts, machinery and work area, managers's house, and the children's playground designed as a Victorian maze.

The listing in the Victorian Heritage Register says in part:
"The Carlton Gardens are of scientific (botanical) significance for their outstanding collection of plants, including conifers, palms, evergreen and deciduous trees, many of which have grown to an outstanding size and form. The elm avenues of Ulmus procera and Ulmus × hollandica are significant as few examples remain world wide due to Dutch elm disease. The Garden contains a rare specimen of Acmena ingens, only five other specimens are known, an uncommon Harpephyllum caffrum and the largest recorded in Victoria, Taxodium distichum, and outstanding specimens of Chamaecyparis funebris and Ficus macrophylla, south west of the Royal Exhibition Building."

Wildlife includes possums, ducks and ducklings in spring, Tawny Frogmouths, Kookaburras, flying foxes, and other urban environment birds and bats.

The gardens have three important fountains: the Exhibition Fountain, designed for the 1880 Exhibition by sculptor Joseph Hochgurtel; the French Fountain; and the Westgarth Drinking Fountain.

History
 1839 - Large blocks of land around Melbourne were set aside by Superintendent Charles La Trobe. Most of this land was later sold and subdivided or used for public buildings. A large number of sites were kept as public parks, including the Carlton Gardens as well as Flagstaff Gardens, Fitzroy Gardens, Treasury Gardens and Kings Domain.
 Circa 1856 - The City of Melbourne took over the Carlton Gardens, and paid Edward La Trobe Bateman to make plans for the site. The path layout and other features of the design were built.
 1870s - The Victorian Government took over the Gardens and small changes were made by Clement Hodgkinson. The site was completely changed for the 1880 Melbourne International Exhibition by the architect Joseph Reed. An important local gardener, William Sangster, was paid to plan and build new gardens.
 1880 - The Exhibition Building was completed for the Melbourne International Exhibition that year. Extra spaces built to house some of the exhibition in the northern section were removed after the exhibition closed on 30 April 1881.
 1888 - The Melbourne Centennial Exhibition celebrated 100 years of European settlement in Australia.
 1891 - The curator's (manager) house was completed and lived in by John Guilfoyle.
 1901 - First Parliament of Australia opened in the Exhibition Building. The west wing of the Building becomes the site of the Victorian Parliament for the next 27 years.
 1919 - The buildings became a hospital for influenza epidemic victims
 1928 - The fence was removed leaving the bluestone footings.
 During the Second World War the buildings were used by the Royal Australian Air Force.
 1948 to 1961 - some of the buildings were used as a migrant processing centre.
 2001 -  Taylor Cullity Lethlean and Mary Jeavons won an award for designing and building a new children's playground.
 July 2004 - The Royal Exhibition Building and Carlton Gardens, Melbourne, were added to the World Heritage List at a meeting of the World Heritage Committee held in Suzhou, China.

The Exhibition Building is still used for exhibitions, including for the annual Melbourne International Flower and Garden Show. It also used for exams by the University of Melbourne in recent years. The Melbourne Exhibition and Convention Centre, opened in 1996 at Southbank, provides more modern facilities and has become Melbourn'e main space for exhibitions and conventions.

Related pages
 List of botanical gardens

Other websites

 World heritage listing for Carlton Gardens
 Melbourne City Council - Carlton Gardens
 Open Space and Recreation - Merit Carlton Gardens Playground
 World Heritage, World Futures  — Restoration of the Western Forecourt of the Royal Exhibition Building, Melbourne

Buildings and structures in Melbourne
Botanical gardens
World Heritage Sites in Australia

Carlton Gardens, Melbourne


John M. Picard served as  the tenth Mayor of the City of West Haven, Connecticut from December 2005 to December 2013.

Political life
Picard was elected in 2005, succeeding Mayor Joseph Cullen who had served as mayor for a period of only two weeks.  Cullen was Chairman of the West Haven City Council when Mayor H. Richard Borer, Jr. chose to retire from office after he lost the general election to Picard. Borer, a Democrat, was elected mayor in 1991. Picard challenged him in the 2003 Democratic primary but lost.

Choosing not to endure another primary, Borer formed his own political party called A Better Future Party in 2005.  A Better Future Party ran a full slate of candidates in the 2005 General Election.  Although the party took the minority positions on the City Council and Board of Education,  Borer lost to Picard by 73 votes.  In 2007, Mayor Picard was re-elected after being challenged by A Better Future candidate Dorinda Borer, wife of former Mayor H. Richard Borer, Jr.

At the Democratic Party nominating convention, Picard shocked the crowd after he announced that he would not run for re-election.  Within days he changed his mind and accepted the nomination of the party. He defeated the A Better Future Party candidate, City Councilwoman Nancy Rossi and Republican Planning & Zoning Commissioner Steven Mullins. Rossi ran on the Better Future ticket for mayor and the Democratic ticket for her council seat that she was re-elected to.  Mullins still serves as Commissioner of Planning & Zoning in West Haven.

2013 Reelection Bid
Picard ran against fellow Democrat Edward M. O'Brien in a close election. After losing the primary to O'Brien, Picard ran as a write in candidate. Picard lost to O'Brien

Picard's administration has focused on economic development and tax relief in West Haven.

Picard is a graduate of Notre Dame High School and the University of New Haven, both in West Haven.  Prior to becoming mayor, he served as Chairman of the West Haven Water Pollution Control Commission.  In 1997 he was elected to the West Haven City Council.  He was re-elected to the Council in 1999 and 2001. In 2001 the City Council elected Picard Chairman of the City Council.

Personal life
Picard is married to Tara Riley Picard.
He is a financial advisor and teaches English as a Second Language.

References

See also

Connecticut Democrats
Mayors of places in Connecticut
University of New Haven alumni
Living people
West Haven, Connecticut
Year of birth missing (living people)
Notre Dame High School (West Haven, Connecticut) alumni

John M. Picard


Manifold Records is a US-based record label and mailorder store specializing in experimental, ambient and other hard-to-define audio materials. Begun in 1993 by writer and zine-publisher Vince Harrigan, the label has released works by Gravitar, Final (Justin Broadrick of Godflesh), Mick Harris, Lull, Steve Roach, Jeph Jerman, Maeror Tri, Ultra Milkmaids, Maurizio Bianchi, Aube and others.

The label was briefly a critical favorite during the mid-1990s, being at the forefront of a short-lived genre called Isolationism through the label's unusual compilations. These compilations were novel in that they featured traditionally Ambient and New Age artists alongside Noisier, edgier acts and yet seemed to "work" as cohesive documents. The label has also released numerous special-packaging releases; compact discs in metal sheathes, vinyl records attached to saw blades, water-filled plastic sleeves, etc.

The Manifold Records label was never very prolific or widely distributed, likely due to the unusual nature of much of the material and the labels seeming inability to stay within any genre from release to release.  Manifold Records ceased operating a mailorder website in 2007. The Manifold Records label continues, as does limited online sales of releases through other distributors and eBay.

Manifold artists
 Alan Licht
 Arto Lindsay
 Aube
 Beequeen
 Crawl Unit
 DJ Spooky
 Final
 Gravitar
 Hands To
 Illusion Of Safety
 KK Null
 Lull
 Maeror Tri
 Mahoroba
 Mandible Chatter
 Maurizio Bianchi
 Paul Schütze
 Rapoon
 Robert Rich
 Scott Solter
 SleepResearch Facility
 Steve Roach
 Ultra Milkmaids
 Voice Of Eye

See also
 List of record labels

External links
 Manifold Records label

American record labels
Record labels established in 1993
Experimental music record labels
Ambient music record labels

Manifold Records


Pajdushko oro (; ; ; ) is a folk dance from Bulgaria, Greece and North Macedonia. It features a 5-beat meter divided into "quick" (2-beat) and "slow" (3-beat) units, abbreviated quick-slow or 2+3. In Bulgaria it is part of the "Northern folklore region" time . Like many other Balkan folk dances, each region or village has its own version of the dance. It is traditionally a men's dance, but in modern times it is often performed in lines of both men and women.

It is a line dance, with the dancers in a line facing left, holding hands. The dance starts moving right with a series of four lift-steps, followed by moving left: crossing the right foot in front of the left, transferring the weight onto the right foot while moving the left foot to the right (this is the characteristic movement of this dance, and is done four times). The dancers next move backwards using a series of four lift-steps.

A number of variations can be seen among individual dancers. For example, instead of moving left with the right foot always crossing in front, a front and back pattern can be used, resulting in a basic grapevine step. When moving backwards, the lift steps can be replaced by scissor-steps, often ending with a pas-de-basque step.

A common version of this dance is Jambolsko Pajdushko oro (yahm-bohl-sko pie-doosh-ko).

The dance is known as the "Drunken Dance" (Macedonian: пијано оро)  in North Macedonia and is believed to have been brought to Turkey hundreds of years ago within the early stages of the Ottoman rule of Macedonia. The Pajdusko is still danced by many within Turkey, especially Turks of Macedonian ancestry.

See also
Macedonian dances
Bulgarian dances
International folk dance

References

External links
Pajdusko(Balkan Guzeli)
Pajdusko(Balkan Guzeli)Turkish lyrics

Greek dances
Bulgarian dances
Macedonian dances

Paydushko horo


Cotonou is the economy capital of Benin. It is the largest city in that country. The city officially has 761,137 people, but it is thought that the actual number of people living in the city may be as high as 1.2 million. Many of the government and diplomatic services of Benin are in Cotonou. Because of this, the city is Benin's de facto capital, even though the official capital is Porto-Novo.

The city is best known as a major port because of the Autonomous Port of Cotonou. It is also home to an airport and a railway between it and Parakou. Other features of Cotonou include Cotonou Friendship Stadium, Cotonou Cathedral, Cotonou Central Mosque and the 20-hectare Dantokpa Market. The National University of Benin is in Cotonou.

History
The name 'Cotonou' means 'the mouth of the river of death' in the Fon language. At the beginning of the 19th century, Cotonou (then spelled Kotonou) was a small fishing village. The village was a part of the Kingdom of Dahomey. In 1851, the French made a treaty with the Dahomean King Ghezo. It let them build a place to trade at Cotonou. During the reign of Glele (1858-89), who ruled after Ghezo, the area was given to France by a treaty signed on May 19, 1868. In 1883, the French navy was at the city to stop the British from taking over the area. After Glele's death in 1889, his son Behanzin tried to challenge the treaty but he failed.

Capital cities in Africa
Settlements in Benin

Cotonou


Sweet November is a 1968 American romantic comedy film written by Herman Raucher and starring Sandy Dennis, Anthony Newley and Theodore Bikel. The film originally had been written as a stage play by Raucher, but before it was performed, Universal Pictures got wind of the project and paid Raucher $100,000 () to stop work on the play and adapt it as a screenplay.

A 2001 remake also titled Sweet November starred Keanu Reeves and Charlize Theron.

Plot
Successful British box manufacturer Charlie Blake (Anthony Newley) meets Sara Deever (Sandy Dennis) when they both take a driver's exam in New York City. She tries to get a few answers from him, but he gets expelled for cheating. They run into each other later and go out on a date.

When they return to her apartment, Charlie meets Alonzo (Theodore Bikel), Sara's older, vegetarian friend. Then Richard (Sandy Baron) bursts in; he begs her to let him stay with her, but she has already packed his bag. After he leaves, Charlie asks her why Richard referred to him as his successor. She explains that she has a "special therapy program": She takes in a man for no longer than a month to diagnose and fix whatever problem he has. Richard was October, and she wants him to be November. She believes his trouble is his devotion to his work. Charlie accepts, though he is only interested in a short fling. He tells his employee, Digby (King Moody), to send him a telegram after a week so he will have an excuse to leave.

As November progresses, however, Charlie begins to fall in love (for the first time in his life) with the unorthodox Sara. When he gets the prearranged telegram, he telephones Digby to tell him to handle an important business meeting by himself. Clem Batchman (Burr DeBenning), another of Sara's projects, shows up, inciting Charlie's jealousy, until Sara informs him that he just wants to introduce her to his fiancée, Carol (Marj Dusay).

Charlie becomes troubled by certain signs that Sara may be ill. When he asks Alonzo, his worst fears are confirmed: Sara has only a little time left. She lives as she does so that she will be remembered after she is gone. Charlie tries hard to get her to break her self-imposed rule, and believes he has succeeded. She later admits to Alonzo that, unlike all the others, she has fallen for Charlie, but wants him to remember her as she is now. Thus, when December (and a clumsy Gordon) arrives, she has secretly packed November's bag. Charlie reluctantly leaves, promising he will never forget her.

Cast
 Sandy Dennis as Sara Deever
 Anthony Newley as Charlie Blake
 Theodore Bikel as Alonzo
 Burr DeBenning as Clem Batchman
 Sandy Baron as Richard
 Marj Dusay as Carol
 Martin West as Gordon
 Virginia Vincent as Mrs. Schumacher
 King Moody as Digby
 Robert Gibbons as Sam Naylor

Audrey Hepburn originally was announced for the lead.

Home media
On March 22, 2009, the film was released on DVD by Warner Bros.

References

External links

1968 films
1960s romantic comedy-drama films
American films based on plays
American romantic comedy-drama films
Films directed by Robert Ellis Miller
Films scored by Michel Legrand
Films set in New York City
Films shot in New York City
Films with screenplays by Herman Raucher
Warner Bros. films
1968 comedy films
1968 drama films
Films produced by Elliott Kastner
1960s English-language films
1960s American films

Sweet November (1968 film)


CKO/CFOX was an English language Canadian AM radio station located in Pointe-Claire, Quebec from 1960 to 1989. The station's call sign was CFOX from 1960 to 1977 and it later operated as CKO, the Montreal station of the news network of the same name, from 1977 until 1989.

History
With studios based at 203 Hymus Blvd. in Pointe-Claire, the station went on air on March 15, 1960 as CFOX with an adult contemporary format with 1,000 watts of power.  On February 5, 1963, the station upgraded their signal to 10,000 watts.  In 1964 the station format changed to country, and in 1965 to a Top 40 station.

The station was originally operated by Lakeshore Broadcasting, which was owned by noted Montreal radio journalist Gord Sinclair Jr. (the son of Toronto radio/TV journalist Gordon Sinclair). It was sold to Allan Slaight in 1972, and he converted it to a country format. In 1975, the station went back to a Top 40 format until September 1977. The last song played was Fox on the Run by Sweet.

Later that year it was purchased by the CKO news network, changing the call sign to CKO accordingly and converting it from Top 40 to an all-news format. The CFOX call sign would later resurface in January 1979 at an FM station in Vancouver, British Columbia.

In 1986, CKO applied to convert from the AM dial to the FM dial at 95.1 MHz; that application was denied on March 19, 1987. (95.1 FM has since been occupied by CBF-FM, after that station's relocation from 690 kHz in 1998.) On June 20, 1989, the commission approved an application by changing the frequency from 1470 kHz to 650 kHz, as a way to improve reception in areas of Montreal Island; CKO's frequency change proposal was never implemented.

The station went off air when the network ceased broadcasting during a noon newscast on November 10, 1989. The news was produced, but never aired.  The broadcasting licences for the CKO network were returned to the CRTC in 1990. To this day the 650 and 1470 frequencies has not been reactivated in the Montreal area; in addition, the 1470 frequency would no longer be available in Montreal, following the 2007 sign on of CHOU on 1450, whose allocation relocated to Montreal from Granby.  Its transmitter site with three antennas in Châteauguay was demolished in 1992.

CFOX is perhaps most famous for getting exclusive access to John Lennon and Yoko Ono's 1969 Bed-in for peace in room 1742 at the Queen Elizabeth Hotel, during which the song "Give Peace a Chance" was recorded.

References

External links
 Marc Denis' CFOX 1470 Radio Archive

Fox
Fox
Fox
Pointe-Claire
Radio stations established in 1960
1960 establishments in Quebec
Radio stations disestablished in 1989
1989 disestablishments in Quebec
FOX

CFOX (AM)


The grey crowned crane (Balearica regulorum), also known as the African crowned crane, golden crested crane, golden crowned crane, East African crane, East African crowned crane, African crane, Eastern crowned crane, Kavirondo crane, South African crane and crested crane, is a bird in the crane family, Gruidae. It is found in nearly all Africa especially in eastern and southern Africa, and is the national bird of Uganda.

Taxonomy
The grey crowned crane is closely related to the black crowned crane, and the two species have sometimes been treated as the same species. The two are separable on the basis of genetic evidence, calls, plumage and bare parts, and all authorities treat them as different species today.

There are two subspecies. The East African B. r. gibbericeps (crested crane) occurs in the east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and in Uganda, of which it is the national bird represented in its national flag, and Kenya to eastern South Africa. It has a larger area of bare red facial skin above the white patch than the smaller nominate species, B. r. regulorum (South African crowned crane), which breeds from Angola south to South Africa.

Description
The grey crowned crane is approximately  tall, weighs , and has a wingspan of . Its body plumage is mainly grey. The wings are predominantly white, but contain feathers with a range of colours, with a distinctive black patch at the very top. The head has a crown of stiff golden feathers. The sides of the face are white, and there is a bright red inflatable throat pouch. The bill is relatively short and grey, and the legs are black. They have long legs for wading through the grasses. The feet are large, yet slender, adapted for balance rather than defence or grasping. The sexes are similar, although males tend to be slightly larger. Younger cranes are greyer than adults, with a feathered buff face.

This species and the black crowned crane are the only cranes that can roost in trees, because of a long hind toe that can grasp branches. This trait is assumed to be an ancestral trait among the cranes, which has been lost in the other subfamily. Crowned cranes also lack a coiled trachea and have loose plumage compared to the other cranes.

Distribution and habitat
The grey crowned crane occurs in dry savannah in Sub-Saharan Africa, although it nests in somewhat wetter habitats. They can also be found in marshes, cultivated lands and grassy flatlands near rivers and lakes in Uganda and Kenya and as far south as South Africa. This animal does not have set migration patterns, and birds nearer the tropics are typically sedentary. Birds in more arid areas, particularly Namibia, make localised seasonal movements during drier periods.

Behaviour

The grey crowned crane has a breeding display involving dancing, bowing, and jumping. It has a booming call which involves inflation of the red gular sac. It also makes a honking sound quite different from the trumpeting of other crane species. Both sexes dance, and immature birds join the adults. Dancing is an integral part of courtship, but also may be done at any time of the year.

Flocks of 30–150 birds are not uncommon.

Diet and feeding
These cranes are omnivores, eating plants, seeds, grain, insects, frogs, worms, snakes, small fish and the eggs of aquatic animals. Stamping their feet as they walk, they flush out insects which are quickly caught and eaten. The birds also associate with grazing herbivores, benefiting from the ability to grab prey items disturbed by antelopes and gazelles. They spend their entire day looking for food. At night, the crowned crane spends its time in the trees sleeping and resting.

Breeding

Grey crowned cranes time their breeding season around the rains, although the effect varies geographically. In East Africa the species breeds year-round, but most frequently during the drier periods, whereas in Southern Africa the breeding season is timed to coincide with the rains. During the breeding season, pairs of cranes construct a large nest; a platform of grass and other plants in tall wetland vegetation.

The grey crowned crane lays a clutch of 2-5 glossy, dirty-white eggs, which are incubated by both sexes for 28–31 days. Chicks are precocial, can run as soon as they hatch, and fledge in 56–100 days. Once they are fully grown and independent, chicks of different sexes will separate from their parents to start their own family. Grey crowned cranes have been seen to congregate in large numbers in a ceremony akin to a wedding when two chicks are being married off. The new couple dance for a while before flying off together to start a new family.

Relationship with humans

Status and conservation
Although the grey crowned crane remains common over some of its range, it faces threats to its habitat due to drainage, overgrazing, and pesticide pollution. Their global population is estimated to be between 58,000 and 77,000 individuals. In 2012 it was uplisted from vulnerable to endangered by the IUCN.

Symbolism

The grey crowned crane is the national bird of Uganda and features in the country's flag and coat of arms.

The crane is seen as the titular bird in The Bird with The Crystal Plumage but is wrongly stated to be Siberian. The bird also appears as an antagonist in Paul Blart: Mall Cop 2, Mr. Bean, and Debbie Does Dallas.

References

External links

 Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds
 Grey crowned crane (International Crane Foundation)
 Uganda Crane (National Bird of Uganda)

grey crowned crane
National symbols of Uganda
grey crowned crane
Birds of Southern Africa

Grey crowned crane


In physics a free field is a field without interactions, which is described by the terms of motion and mass.

Description

In classical physics, a free field is a field whose equations of motion are given by linear partial differential equations. Such linear PDE's have a unique solution for a given initial condition.

In quantum field theory, an operator valued distribution is a free field if it satisfies some linear partial differential equations such that the corresponding case of the same linear PDEs for a classical field (i.e. not an operator) would be the Euler–Lagrange equation for some quadratic Lagrangian. We can differentiate distributions by defining their derivatives via differentiated test functions. See Schwartz distribution for more details. Since we are dealing not with ordinary distributions but operator valued distributions, it is understood these PDEs aren't constraints on states but instead a description of the relations among the smeared fields. Beside the PDEs, the operators also satisfy another relation, the commutation/anticommutation relations.

Canonical Commutation Relation
Basically, commutator (for bosons)/anticommutator (for fermions) of two smeared fields is i times the Peierls bracket of the field with itself (which is really a distribution, not a function) for the PDEs smeared over both test functions. This has the form of a CCR/CAR algebra.

CCR/CAR algebras with infinitely many degrees of freedom have many inequivalent irreducible unitary representations. If the theory is defined over Minkowski space, we may choose the unitary irrep containing a vacuum state although that isn't always necessary.

Example
Let φ be an operator valued distribution and the (Klein–Gordon) PDE be

.

This is a bosonic field. Let's call the distribution given by the Peierls bracket Δ.

Then,

where here, φ is a classical field and {,} is the Peierls bracket.

Then, the canonical commutation relation is

.

Note that Δ is a distribution over two arguments, and so, can be smeared as well.

Equivalently, we could have insisted that

where  is the time ordering operator and that if the supports of f and g are spacelike separated,

.

See also
Normal order
Wick's theorem

References
 Michael E. Peskin and Daniel V. Schroeder, An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory, Addison-Wesley, Reading, 1995. p19-p29

Quantum field theory

Free field


Lakagígar is a row of spectacular craters along twenty-five kilometres in the southern Icelandic Highlands. They formed in the eruptions at Lakí in 1784.

The system erupted violently over an eight months between June 1783 and February 1784. Lava came from the Laki fissure and the adjoining volcano Grímsvötn. It poured out an estimated 42 billion tons or  of basalt lava and clouds of poisonous hydrofluoric acid and sulfur dioxide compounds. That contaminated the soil, leading to the death of over 50% of Iceland's livestock population, and the destruction of almost all crops. This led to a famine which killed about 25% of the island's human population. The lava flows also destroyed 20 villages.

References

Volcanoes of Iceland

Lakagigar


WebSphere Application Server Community Edition (WASCE) was a free-of-charge, certified Java EE 6 application server for building and managing Java applications. Until September 30, 2016, it was IBM's supported distribution of Apache Geronimo that usee Tomcat for servlet container and Axis 2 for web services. Another difference from Apache Geronimo is that WASCE came with Db2 and Informix database drivers, better XML parser libraries (XML4J and XLXP) and contained the latest patches from unreleased upstream versions.
Over 30 WASCE developers were committers in the Apache Geronimo project.

Product Features
 Java EE 6 programming model.
 Eclipse plug-in for developers.
 Embedded Apache Derby database. External database support for IBM Db2, Informix, Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, PostgreSQL and MySQL.
 "Customizable application server software that features a small footprint, making it easier to download and manage", saving on system resources and improving performance by allowing you to dynamically enable GBean-based components.
 Centralized user management to support systems administration and deployed applications based on Java Authorization Contract for Containers (JACC) and Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) authentication.

End of Support
IBM announced that September 20, 2013, WASCE will be withdrawn from marketing and support will be withdrawn September 30, 2016.

See also
 Apache Geronimo
 JBoss application server
 IBM WebSphere Application Server
 Comparison of application servers
 GlassFish

External links
Home | Free download | System Requirements | Support
User Guide
Apache Geronimo tutorials
Essentials of WebSphere Application Server Community Edition.
WASCE community forum and Apache Geronimo forum
join Apache Geronimo community
WebSphere Application Server Community Edition developersWorks space
Kick-start your application development (free package for J2EE development)
Geronimo resources area at IBM developerWorks
WebSphere Application Server Community Edition resources area at IBM developerWorks
Migrating from Tomcat Version 6.0 to WebSphere Application Server Community Edition V2.1

Product news
What's new in WebSphere Application Server Community Edition V2.0
IBM WebSphere Application Server Community Edition V2.1, built on the Apache Geronimo project, offers a fast and inexpensive way to develop and deploy Java EE 5 applications
What's new in WebSphere Application Server Community Edition V2.1
Software withdrawal and support discontinuance: IBM WebSphere Application Server Community Editions V2.1 and V3.0 and Entry Support for Apache Geronimo

Notes

Java enterprise platform
Web frameworks
Web server software
Application Server Community Edition
Proprietary software


Wegberg (;  ) is the northernmost town in the district of Heinsberg in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

Geography
Wegberg is situated between Mönchengladbach in the northeast and Erkelenz in the southeast; the town of Rheindahlen is to the east. The city lies in the Naturpark Maas-Schwalm-Nette, a nature and wildlife park hugging the border to the Netherlands. Its name derives from the three rivers that define its boundaries.

History

The first mention of Wegberg under the name of Berck is in a document dating from during the reign of Otto I, dated 966.

Its modern-day name appeared around the 14th century, and derives from the city's location on an old Roman road.

The many castles and defense structures (the so-called Motten, sngl. Motte) that dot the area in whole or as ruins are indications of a history of martial as well as raiding forays in and around Wegberg. One infamous stronghold that remains the focal point of many anecdotes is the castle of a robber baron located in nearby Gripekoven. The castle with its walls and swampy trenches was deemed impregnable until 1354, when it was successfully besieged and razed. Today, only a small hill hints at its former location.

From 1543 on, Wegberg was divided between the duchy of Geldern (Guelders) and the duchy of Jülich. The border ran across the city, formed by the rivers Schwalm and Beeckbach. In this period, Wegberg effectively had two mayors. Only in 1816, after the district fell to Prussia, was the division removed. In 1935 the two townships of Wegberg and Beeck were merged.

The city as it exists today emerged from the restructuring of cities and municipalities of 1972, and on July 5, 1973, Wegberg was granted the right to use the official name Stadt Wegberg ("City of Wegberg").

Things of note
Eight kilometers of the city's border are also the national border of Germany and the Netherlands.

The local Flachsmuseum ("Flax Museum") depicts the legacy of flax in the city's agricultural history.

The Museum für europäische Volkstrachten shows regional costumes of Europe.

The township of Wildenrath is home to a permanent exhibition, titled "Bionic".

The River Schwalm features many historic watermills, many of which are in good shape and often used as hotels or restaurants.

Special mention must be made of the Grenzlandring ("border-region ring"). Completed in 1938 or 1939 for World War II strategic reasons, the 9 km long egg-shaped oval road that circles Wegberg and its neighboring township Beeck gained international renown as a racing track with its five events between 1948 and 1952, attracting up to 300,000 spectators. The Grenzlandring was falsely claimed by some German media to be the world's fastest racing track until a fatal accident happened on 31 August 1952 (in which 13 or 14 spectators were killed and another 42 wounded), putting an immediate end to its use. Today, it serves in distributing road traffic away from the inner city, minimizing congestion and there is nothing left that reminds of its rather short motor sports history.

Wegberg was the home of an RAF hospital from 1953 to 1996. The RAF Hospital Wegberg was a hospital located in Wegberg, near the Holtmühlenweiher with its ancient watermill called Holtmühle. It was opened as a fully functioning general hospital in 1953 and closed in 1996. A small mental health unit remained and the offices were used for the administration of the British Forces Germany Health Service. These facilities moved to JHQ Rheindahlen and the hospital buildings and grounds were handed over to the German authorities in October 2010.

The hospital's motto is "Inter Fera Salus" and its crest is a wild boar passant overlaid with a Staff of Asclepius.

The former RAF Wildenrath airfield also belongs to Wegberg and has been converted to train testing grounds for Siemens.

International relations

Wegberg is twinned with:
  Echt-Susteren, Netherlands
  Maaseik, Belgium

Notable people
 Udo Pastörs (born 1952), German politician (NPD)
 David Phillips (born 1963), Welsh footballer
 Alan Neilson (born 1972), Welsh footballer
 Nicole Faraday (born 1976), British actress and singer
 Chris Clarkson MP (born 1982), British politician (Conservative)
 Simon Carlton Rhodes (born 1965), Rugby Union Coach

References

External links

Heinsberg (district)

Wegberg


ISKCON Temple Chennai, also known as the Sri Sri Radha Krishna Mandir, is a Gaudiya Vaishnavism temple in Chennai, India. The temple is dedicated to Hindu god Radha and Krishna. It was formally inaugurated on 26 April 2012.

History

ISKCON founder A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, wanted to establish ISKCON centers in India. In 1971, when he returned to India after his success with spread of ISKCON in the Western world, he directed Giriraj Maharaj to go to Madras and preach activities, resulting in many enlisting as life patrons. Prabhupada wrote in a letter,

Prabhupada visited Madras in February 1972 and delivered lectures. In 1975, a centre was opened at 50 Aspiran Gardens, 2nd Street, Kilpauk, which was later shifted to Kilpauk Garden Road. In 1988, the centre moved to T. Nagar, where the congregation of Chennai ISKCON increased greatly. During a morning walk on 18 December 1975, Prabhupada remarked: "Now our European and American boys are preaching in South India and big, big acaryas have received them."

In January 1976, Prabhupada visited Madras again and lectured in AVM Rajeswari Kalyana Mandapam, Dr. Radhakrishnan Salai and in the house of the then Chief Justice Veeraswamy. Inspired by the positive response to Krishna consciousness in Madras, Prabhupada wrote a letter to his disciples in Madras:

However, the effort to fulfill the desire of Prabhupada to build a "gorgeous temple" in Chennai did not prove fruitful until 2000 when devotees serving under the leadership of Bhanu Swami located 6.5 acres of land in Injambakkam and acquired immediately for construction of the temple. The temple was built solely on donations received from people in Chennai. The construction of the first phase of the project began on 17 March 2002. The temple has been built with the support of about 8,000 life patrons and contributions from devotees. Built on 45,000 sq ft of land, the temple cost  100 million.

The prana pratishtha (deity installation) ceremony, when the idols of Lord Krishna and Radha and their sakhis—Lalitha and Vishaka—were installed in one of the three teak-wood altars in the main hall, and Kumbhabhishekam were performed on 26 April 2012. After the Kumbhabishekam and Maha mangala arati—the first decorated darshan of the deities—flowers were showered from a helicopter over the gopurams built in the Kalinga style with a Sudarshana Chakra on the top of the tallest tower. The idols in the temple on Burkit Road, T. Nagar unit have also been shifted to this temple.

At the time of inauguration, the temple was still under construction with a 90-ft-long construction, which was to function as the kitchen and annadhan hall, nearing completion.

Structure
ISKCON Temple Chennai is part of the Centre for Spiritual Art and Culture and is located off the East Coast Road at the Hare Krishna land, Sholinganallur. The deities worshipped in the temple include those of Radha Krishna Lalita Vishaka, Jagannath Baladev Subhadra, and Sri Sri Nitai Gauranga.

Spread over an area of over 1.5 acres, the temple is constructed on five levels. There is a 7,000 sq ft temple hall on the first floor, an auditorium for cultural and spiritual programmes on the ground floor and a prasadam hall in the basement.

In the temple hall, there are three teak-wood altars which house the deities of Lord Krishna with his chief consort Radharani and their assisting friends Lalita and Vishaka, Lord Chaitanya with Lord Nityananda and Lord Jagannath, Baladeva and Subhadra. These deities have been sourced from Jaipur and Orissa. Designed under the guidance of Sri Bhanu Swami, the temple has imbibed various attributes from Vedic scripture and is inspired by the Pallava and Kalinga architecture.

The entrance to the temple is marked by the representation of the bhu-mandala or the universe on the marble floor. According to the cosmology of ancient Vedic puranas, the universe is described as series of circular islands surrounding a central pillar called Mount Meru. The design on the floor at the entrance depicts the same universal pattern. There is also a life-like statue of a cow feeding its calf at the portico.

The primary purpose of the temple to transform the material self-centred identity into a spiritual identity of unconditional love is graphically represented by means of a magnificent chandelier that projects various colours on the walls and ceiling. The chandelier has 500 Himalayan quartz crystals supposedly meant to intensify the spiritual energy in the temple.

The temple also visually displays various vastu shastra features. A booklet explaining all these features is available at the book shop, which is located near the portico. Here you can find books and souvenirs on spirituality and Hindu philosophy. The temple is open from 7:30 am to 1:00 pm and from 4:00 pm to 8:00 pm. However, the last aarati (worship), called the sayana arati, is at 9:00 pm, which lasts about 15 minutes.

Gallery

See also

 Religion in Chennai

References

Further reading

External links

 Iskcon Chennai Website

Radha Krishna temples
Hindu temples in Chennai
21st-century Hindu temples
International Society for Krishna Consciousness temples
2012 establishments in Tamil Nadu

ISKCON Temple, Chennai


Captain America is a fictional superhero from the Marvel Comics. He made his first appearance in the comic book Captain America Comics #1 in 1941. He wears a suit that has a white star on his chest with 2 stripes (still white) on each side next to the star. His suit is blue. He also has an indestructible shield with a bullseye and a star on the front of it. He is also known as his alter ego Steve Rogers. Captain America had a sidekick (friend), Bucky who later became the Winter Soldier, is a very good fighter, both hand-to-hand and using his guns to take care of his enemies easily. Captain America has an nemesis called Red Skull. He later joins a team called the Avengers to help protect the world.

Power and abilities
Captain America has superhuman strength, superhuman stamina, and can live without eating, sleeping and resting.

Film and TV
He first appeared in the serial (film) Captain America, which was from 1940.

He appears in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, played by Chris Evans. He was in Captain America: The First Avenger (2011), Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014) and Captain America: Civil War (2016), as well as Marvel's The Avengers (2012), and Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Avengers: Endgame (2019).

In Real Life
In 1966, Joe Simon (one of the people who helped make Captain America) sued Marvel, saying that he was the one who should be able to use the character, not them. It was agreed that Captain America was made under the publisher's rules, and belonged to them. This meant that Marvel won.

References

Fictional characters introduced in 1941
Marvel Comics adapted into movies
Avengers (comics) characters
Marvel vs. Capcom fighters
Fictional American people

Captain America