The High Window is a 1942 novel written by Raymond Chandler. It is his third novel featuring the Los Angeles private detective Philip Marlowe.

Plot
Private investigator Philip Marlowe is hired by wealthy widow Elizabeth Bright Murdock to recover a missing Brasher Doubloon, a rare and valuable coin. Mrs. Murdock suspects it was stolen by her son's estranged wife, Linda Conquest, a former singer. Returning to his office, Marlowe is followed by a blond man in a coupe. Mrs. Murdock's son Leslie Murdock visits Marlowe and tries to learn why his mother hired him. Murdock reveals that he owes nightclub owner Alex Morny a large sum of money. Marlowe learns that Linda Conquest had two friends: Lois Magic and a Mr. Vannier; Magic is now married to Morny. Marlowe visits Mrs. Morny at home and finds her with Vannier, who acts suspiciously. Marlowe is again tailed by the blond in the coupe and confronts him. He is George Anson Phillips, an amateurish private detective, who wants to enlist Marlowe's help on a case he cannot handle. Marlowe agrees to meet him at his apartment later.

Marlowe visits a rare coin dealer, Mr. Morningstar, who confirms that someone tried to sell him a Brasher Doubloon. Marlowe agrees to buy it back the next day, and after leaving overhears the dealer trying to call Phillips. Marlowe keeps his appointment with Phillips but finds him dead. Police arrest the drunk next door for the murder and give Marlowe an ultimatum to reveal all he knows.

Marlowe receives an unaddressed package containing the coin. He calls Mrs. Murdock but she claims the coin has already been returned to her. Marlowe returns to the coin dealer and finds him dead. Alex Morny's henchman invites Marlowe to visit Morny at his nightclub, where Linda Conquest is singing. Morny demands to know why Marlowe visited his wife, but eventually realizes he is not Marlowe's quarry. Morny offers to hire Marlowe to investigate Vannier, giving him a suspicious receipt for dentistry chemicals that Vannier lost. Marlowe also talks to Linda and decides she is probably not involved in the theft.

Returning to the Murdocks, Marlowe is told a story he doesn't believe: Leslie Murdock gave the coin to Morny to secure his debts, then changed his mind and retrieved it. Marlowe leaves, beginning to suspect a dark secret involving Merle, the timid family secretary, and Mrs. Murdock's first husband, Horace Bright, who died falling out of a window. The police say the drunk has confessed to the murder of Phillips, but Marlowe discovers he is covering for his landlord and is unlikely to be the real murderer.

Merle arrives at Marlowe's apartment having a nervous breakdown. She claims to have shot Vannier, although her story doesn't make sense. Marlowe visits Vannier's home, finds him dead, and discovers a photo of a man falling from a window with a woman behind him. Morny and Magic arrive, and Marlowe hides while Morny tricks his wife into leaving her fingerprints on the gun near the body to incriminate her. After they leave Marlowe puts the dead man's prints on the gun instead.

Marlowe visits Mrs. Murdock and tells her he has figured out that Horace Bright once tried to force himself on Merle, and she either pushed him or allowed him to fall out of a window to his death. Vannier knew and was blackmailing the family. Mrs. Murdock says Marlowe is right and that she regrets ever hiring him. Marlowe confronts Leslie Murdock, revealing that he knew Murdock and Vannier had a plot to duplicate the coin using dental technology. They had Lois Magic hire Phillips to sell the fakes, but Phillips was frightened by the assignment and mailed the coin to Marlowe. Vannier killed Phillips and the coin dealer to cover his tracks. Leslie killed Vannier because he threatened to ruin Leslie if their scheme ever got out. Leslie confirms the plot, but Marlowe declines to turn him in. The police discover Vannier's role in the counterfeiting and the murders of Phillips and the coin dealer, but they rule his death a suicide.

Marlowe shows Merle the photograph of Horace Bright being pushed out the window, which shows it was actually Mrs. Murdock who killed her husband and then blamed Merle for it. Marlowe drives her cross country, to the home of her parents, safely away from Mrs. Murdock. He watches her and her family as he drives away and says, "I had a funny feeling as I saw the house disappear, as though I had written a poem and it was very good and I had lost it and would never remember it again".

Themes
One of the themes of Chandler's novels that differentiate Philip Marlowe from his hardboiled colleagues is that in spite of his cynicism, Marlowe exhibits the idealism of a Romantic hero. Nowhere is this more evident than in The High Window, in which Marlowe rescues a damsel in distress in the form of Merle. Chandler hints at the theme of Marlowe as a romantic knight in the language he uses in the novel to describe Marlowe, such as "shop-soiled Sir Galahad".

Chandler often wrote about corruption in high places. The "Cassidy Case", which Marlowe relates to Breeze in chapter 15, is actually a retelling of the real-life murder in Los Angeles of Ned Doheny, son of oil tycoon Edward Doheny.

Adaptations

Film
Two film adaptations of the novel have been made:
Time to Kill (1942), re-written to feature the series character Michael Shayne (played by Lloyd Nolan) directed by Herbert I. Leeds
The Brasher Doubloon (1947), directed by John Brahm and starring George Montgomery as Marlowe

Radio
Two radio adaptations of the  novel have been made, as well:
17 October 1977 on BBC Radio 4, adapted by Bill Morrison, directed by John Tydeman, and starring Ed Bishop as Marlowe
8 October 2011, also on BBC Radio 4, dramatized by Robin Brooks, directed by Sasha Yevtushenko, and starring Toby Stephens; it is available on CD

References

External links

Novels by Raymond Chandler
1942 American novels
American detective novels
Alfred A. Knopf books
Novels set in Los Angeles
Hardboiled crime novels
American novels adapted into films
British novels adapted into films
1942 British novels
Philip Marlowe novels

The High Window


Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S. is a French supercar company currently owned by Volkswagen. They made cars back in the early 1900s. They made cars such as the Bugatti Veyron. Unlike the regular Veyron, with 300 produced, there are only 20 supersport versions, which used to hold the record for world's fastest car at 267mph. However, that record has been broken by the new Bugatti Chiron, breaking the 300mph barrier. All Bugattis have a 16-cylinder engine and all cost between $1.8 million to $2.2 million (not counting the extras).

Other websites

Automobile companies of France
Volkswagen

Bugatti


The Dennis DeBell Uvas Creek Park Preserve is a 125-acre greenbelt preserve operated by the City of Gilroy in southwest Santa Clara County, California. The Uvas Creek, which meanders through the center of the preserve, is its defining characteristic. The preserve is bordered by Uvas Creek Levee on the north, and by Christmas Hill Park on the south.  A paved trail runs for approximately 2 miles along the boundary of the preserve, and can be used for jogging, hiking or bicycling.

The park is open seven days a week from 6:00 AM to 11:00 PM from March - October, and 6:00 AM to 8:00 PM from November - February.

History
Planning for the preserve, located on a site formerly used for sand and gravel mining operations, began in the 1970s.  In the 1980s, the family of Dennis DeBell, a former councilman and developer, bequeathed $1 million to the city to help further the project along.  In 1995, significant efforts were made to restore the Uvas Creek in the preserve back to its natural state.  In 2003, the Santa Clara County Board of Supervisors adopted a resolution honoring Dennis DeBell by renaming the City of Gilroy's Uvas Creek Park Preserve to the Dennis DeBell Uvas Creek Park Preserve.

References

Parks in Santa Clara County, California
Gilroy, California
Nature reserves in California

Uvas Creek Preserve


Skye Alexandra Sweetnam (born May 5, 1988) is a Canadian rock and metal singer. She first entered the music industry in 2003 with the release of her debut single "Billy S." More than a year later, her debut studio album, Noise from the Basement, was released along with the singles "Tangled Up in Me" and "Number One". Sweetnam is also known for her voice work in The Barbie Diaries. In 2006, she was nominated for a Juno Award for New Artist of the Year. Her second studio album, Sound Soldier, was released in 2007. She is currently the lead singer of the band Sumo Cyco; upon joining the band, she took the stage name Sever.

Early life
Skye was born on May 5, 1988, to Deirdre and Greg Sweetnam. She was named after the Isle of Skye in Scotland. Along with her sister, Aurora, and her brother, Cam, she was born and raised in Bolton, a community in Caledon, Ontario, where she studied dancing and singing from a young age. She began singing at the age of five, performing for family members and friends.

Career

2003–2006: Noise from the Basement
In 2003, Sweetnam worked with Canadian producer and instrumentalist James Robertson on what would later become Noise from the Basement, her Capitol Records/EMI debut. The single "Billy S." appeared in July 2003 on the soundtrack to the movie How to Deal and quickly took off in Canada. Two more singles were released from the debut album; they fared moderately on the charts. In 2004, Sweetnam went on tour over Europe and North America as the opening act for Britney Spears on her Onyx Hotel Tour.

Sweetnam also provided the theme songs for various television shows including The Buzz on Maggie for Disney Channel, Wayside for Teletoon, and Radio Free Roscoe. She also covered "Part of Your World" from the 1989 Disney film The Little Mermaid for the compilation albums Disneymania 3 and DisneyRemixMania. In 2006, Sweetnam provided the singing voice for Barbie in The Barbie Diaries. Her songs "Girl Most Likely To", "Note to Self", "Real Life", and "This Is Me", were also included in the soundtrack to The Barbie Diaries.

2007–2008: Sound Soldier
In March 2007, Sweetnam and Rancid frontman Tim Armstrong released the single Into Action, a song written by Armstrong for Sweetnam's upcoming
Sound Soldier album.  The song also featured The Aggrolites.  Sweetnam was the opening act for Canadian Idol winner Kalan Porter on tour.

Her album Sound Soldier was released October 30, 2007; its lead single, "Human", was nominated for a 2008 MuchMusic Video Award for Best Cinematography, but lost to Hedley's "She's So Sorry". For the second single EMI picked "(Let's Get Movin') Into Action", a rework of her previous single with Armstrong. Sweetnam directed two music videos herself for "Music Is My Boyfriend" and "Babydoll Gone Wrong". Throughout 2009 and 2010, she released a number of songs from Sound Soldier. Meanwhile, in her YouTube make-up tutorials, Sweetnam has used the songs "Rock n' Roll Baby", "Love Sugar Sweet", "Heartbreak", "Boomerang", "MuSick", and "Wolves and Witches". Sweetnam also released a song entitled "Stay", along with "Boomerang", "MuSick" and "Wolves and Witches", on her MySpace page.

Sweetnam also recorded "Where I want to be" for Jun Senoue's album, The Works, and directed a music video for Leah Daniels' song "Northern Señorita" as well as for Ashes' song "Explode (Makes My Head)". Sweetnam also co-wrote two songs for Ashes.

2009–present: Sumo Cyco

Sweetnam began working on new music in 2009 and formed a new band, Sumo Cyco, a four-piece heavy metal and punk rock band that opened for Hollywood Undead in Toronto in April 2011. Sweetnam now went by the name Sever, which was her current alter-ego.

, Sumo Cyco has released six singles: "Mercy", "Limp", "Interceptor", "Danger", "Loose Cannon", and a cover of Oingo Boingo's "Who Do You Want to Be?". With each new song, Sumo Cyco would direct and put together their own music videos for their YouTube channel which, , has received over seven million views.

Sweetnam's song "(Let's Get Movin') Into Action" was also used in an episode of the Canadian teen drama Degrassi: The Next Generation, in one deleted scene from Bandslam, and in the films Balls Out: Gary the Tennis Coach, Hotel for Dogs, and the 2010 popular film Ramona and Beezus (starring Joey King and Selena Gomez). It was also included in the soundtrack for Music from Degrassi: The Next Generation.

On June 9, 2012, Sweetnam posted a video on her YouTube channel that promised that a new material will eventually be released.

In April and May 2014, Sumo Cyco toured Ireland and the UK after their performances at Indie Week Ireland. Then, on June 10, 2014, they released their debut album, Lost in Cyco City, in Canada.

On March 10, 2015, Sumo Cyco announced that they had signed with TKO (The Kirby Organization) Booking Agency, known for its representation of hard rock and metal acts, for worldwide representation.

Sumo Cyco released their second album, Opus Mar, in 2017.

In January 2020, the band announced that they had signed a deal with Napalm Records. They released their third album, Initiation, through Napalm in 2021.

Filmography

Discography

Skye Sweetnam
 Noise from the Basement (2004)
 Sound Soldier (2007)
Sumo Cyco
 Lost in Cyco City (2014)
 Opus Mar (2017)
 Initiation (2021)

See also
List of Skye Sweetnam songs

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 Skye Sweetnam's YouTube Channel

1988 births
Living people
Capitol Records artists
Canadian child singers
Canadian women songwriters
Canadian voice actresses
Sweetnam, Skye
Canadian women singer-songwriters
Canadian singer-songwriters
Musicians from Ontario
People from Caledon, Ontario
Pop punk singers
Women punk rock singers
21st-century Canadian women singers
21st-century Canadian singer-songwriters

Skye Sweetnam


Eastern Ontario is a subregion of Southern Ontario in the Canadian province of Ontario. It is a wedge-shaped area between the Ottawa River and the Saint Lawrence River. Quebec is to the north and the U.S. state of New York is to the east and south. The subregion is sometimes called Southeastern Ontario. According to the Canada 2011 Census, it had a population of 1,603,625. It has an area of .

The following counties are in Eastern Ontario:
 Prescott and Russell
 Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry
 Lanark County
 Renfrew County
 Leeds and Grenville
 Frontenac County
 Lennox and Addington County
Sometimes Hastings County, Prince Edward County, and Northumberland County are also included in Eastern Ontario but usually they are considered part of Central Ontario. Large cities in Eastern Ontario include Ottawa, Cornwall, and Prescott.

French explorers and fur traders were the first Europeans in the subregion. A large number of Franco-Ontarian still live in Eastern Ontario. After the American Revolutionary War, many United Empire Loyalists moved into Eastern Ontario.

Regions of Ontario

Eastern Ontario


Exploitation movie is a label that is applied to certain movies: These usually have a low budget, and focus on showing either violence or sex. Very often, they try to be successful by following a trend. Sometimes they are produced for a niche of the market. In almost all cases, exploitation movies fall in the category B-movies. Sometimes, exploitation movies attract a cult following they get the attention of the movie critics. Some of these movies set trends, and become important. An example of such a movie is Night of the Living Dead, of 1968.

The term exploitation is defined very loosely: it is more about the viewers' impression that this exploitation happens, than the people actually being exploited. The first exploitation movies appeared in the 1920s. Exploitation movies only became popular after the 1960s and 1970s, when there was less censorship. Very often, exploitation movies use  recent news events to base their story on. Major film studios ofen avoid such events, because producing the movie takes a long time and a lot of money.

In 1938, Orson Welles produced War of the Worlds to be broadcast on radio, as a Halloween special. When it was aired, this shocked many Americans. As a result, Universal Pictures edited one of their Flash Gordon serials into a short movie  which it released ot movie theatres one week after Welles' boradcast. The movie was called Mars Attacks the World.

Related pages
Blaxploitation

References

Genres
Movies

Exploitation movie


Breckland District is a local government district in Norfolk, England. About 135,000 people live there. It was created on 1 April 1974. Its council is based in East Dereham.

Breckland District gets its name from the Breckland landscape region. That is a gorse-covered sandy heath of south Norfolk and north Suffolk. The term Breckland is ancient. It is found as early as the 13th century in the form Brakelond.

1974 establishments in England

Breckland District


The Lomellina ( or ) is a geographical and historical area in the Po Valley of northern Italy, located in south-western Lombardy between the Sesia, Po and Ticino rivers. It is one of three areal divisions of the Province of Pavia.

Geography
Lomellina includes 58 comuni (municipalities), the most important today being Vigevano and Mortara; the name however derives from its ancient capital Lomello. The area is particularly renowned for its rice paddies: the crop has been cultivated here since the sixteenth century.

History
In ancient times Lomellina was inhabited by the Ligurian tribes of the Laevi, and the Marici (co-founders of Ticinum, the modern Pavia) and the Libici (founders of Vercelli). Later they were Romanized. Although crossed by an important road connecting Ticinum to Augusta Taurinorum (the modern Turin), the region seems not to have been intensively urbanized under the Romans, with the exception of the area of Vigevano.

With the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the arrival of the Lombards, who set their capital in Pavia, Lomellina acquired importance, with a comital dynasty (Conti di Lomello) rising in Lomello. The city of Pavia conquered Lomello in 1146, and the area was later under the Visconti, as part of the Duchy of Milan.

In 1707, after the War of the Spanish Succession, a part of Lomellina was conquered by the Piedmontese House of Savoy and made an autonomous province. The area of Vigevano and Robbio, called Contado di Vigevano and which had been autonomous since 1532, was also acquired by Piedmont in 1743.

In 1859 the administrative reform promoted by Urbano Rattazzi annexed Lomellina to the province of Pavia just conquered from Austria, becoming later part of the newly formed Kingdom of Italy.

Gallery

See also

Province of Pavia
Pavese
Oltrepò Pavese
History of Cilavegna

References

External links
 Lomellina official website
 Lomellina portal

Province of Pavia
Geographical, historical and cultural regions of Italy
Geography of Lombardy
History of Lombardy
Geography of Piedmont
History of Piedmont

Lomellina


The Conti di Segni (de Comitibus Signie, also known as Conti or De Comitibus for short) were an important noble family of medieval and early modern Italy. They came from Segni, Lazio. Many members of the family served as military commanders or religious leaders, including many cardinals and four popes.

The family began with Trasimondo, the father of Lotario Conti, who became Pope Innocent III in 1198. He ruled until 1216. The second Conti pope was Ugolino (1227-1241), as Gregory IX. The third pope to come from the Conti family was Rinaldo, as Alexander IV (r. 1254-1261). Later, in the early modern period, Michelangelo Conti reigned as Pope Innocent XIII from 1721 to 1724.

Torquato Conti (1591–1636) served as a General-Field Marshal of the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years' War. His cruelty earned him the nickname The Devil.

The family eventually became divided into many branches. The two main branches were the counts of Segni and Valmontone, and the dukes of Poli and Guadagnolo.

References

Italian families
Noble families
Papal families

Conti di Segni


Geoffrey (then spelt Geffrey) Whitney (c. 1548 – c. 1601) was an English poet, now best known for the influence on Elizabethan writing of the Choice of Emblemes that he compiled.

Life
Geoffrey Whitney, the eldest son of a father of the same name, was born in or about 1548 at Coole Pilate, a township in the parish of Acton, four miles from Nantwich in Cheshire, where his family had been settled on a small estate since 1388. Educated at the neighbouring school of Audlem, he afterwards proceeded to Oxford University, and then for a longer period to Magdalene College, Cambridge. He seems to have left the university without a degree, going on to legal studies in London, where he was addressed in a poem by his sister dated 1573. Having entered the legal profession, he became in time under-bailiff of Great Yarmouth, a post he held from at least 1580, retaining it until 1586. In 1584 the Earl of Leicester, high steward of the borough, made an unsuccessful attempt to procure the under-stewardship for Whitney but the place was bestowed on someone else the following year. After some litigation with the corporation, by which he seems to have been badly treated, the dispute was settled by a compensatory payment.

During his residence at Yarmouth, Whitney appears to have had much contact with the Netherlands, and to have made the acquaintance of many scholars there. On the termination of his connection with the town, he followed his patron into Holland and settled in Leyden, where 'he was in great esteem among his countrymen for his ingenuity'. On 1 March 1586 he became a student in the town's newly founded university and later in the year he brought out his Choice of Emblemes. This contains many commendatory poems that make much of his connection with the Earl. There is no evidence of how much longer he stayed abroad. He subsequently returned to England and rented a farm in the neighbourhood of his birthplace at Ryles (or Royals) Green, near Combermere Abbey. There he made his will on 11 September 1600, describing himself as 'sick in bodie but of sounde and perfect memorie'. The will was proved on 28 May 1601 and he seems to have died unmarried.

His sister Isabella Whitney was likewise a writer of verses. Her principal work, A Sweet Nosegay, or Pleasant Posye, contayning a Hundred and Ten Phylosophicall Flowers, appeared in 1573.

Poetry
Whitney's reputation depends upon his celebrated emblem book, the full title of which was . It was published in a two-part quarto edition from the Plantin Press in Leyden and dedicated to the Earl of Leicester from London, 28 November 1585, with an epistle to the reader dated Leyden, 4 May 1586.

The work was the first of its kind to give to Englishmen an adequate example of the emblem books from the great continental presses. It was mainly from this book, representing the greater part of emblem literature preceding it, that Shakespeare gained knowledge of the great foreign emblematists of the 16th century. There are 248 emblems, each accompanied by a woodcut with a motto and a poem in English. 202 of the illustrations were chosen from the stock held at the Plantin Press and are the work of Andrea Alciato, Claude Paradin, Johannes Sambucus, Hadrianus Junius, and the illustrator of Gabriele Faerno's Centum Fabulae. Twenty-three more are suggested by the work of others and a further 23 are original.

The poems are for the most part in six-line stanzas; a few are in quatrains or are even two-line epigrams. They are addressed to Whitney's kinsmen or friends, or to a notable contemporary, and give information of persons, places, and things rarely to be found elsewhere. The verses are often of great merit and always show extensive learning. Some are translations or adaptations of Classical authors such as Horace (p. 59), Ovid (p. 121) and Anacreon (p. 182). It is noteworthy that there are a higher proportion of fables in the collection than are usual in other emblem books. While most are the fables of Aesop to be found in Faerno's Centum Fabulae, which had been issued from the Plantin Press in 1567, there are rarer items like The Dog in the Manger and Washing the Ethiopian white.

Anthony Wood's Athenae Oxonienses credits Whitney with another collection of Fables or Epigrams 'printed much about the same time', but no evidence of it has been found. The title sounds more like a description of the contents of Choice of Emblemes. Two other poems were printed in his friend Jan Dousa's Odae Brittanicae, also printed by the Plantin Press in 1586. One is a translation of complimentary verses addressed to the Earl of Leicester; the other is a 90-line commendation of the book of odes, very much in the style of his own emblem book:
There needes no bushe, wheare nectar is to drinke;
Nor helpes by arte, wheare bewtie freshe doth bloome;
Wheare sonne doth shine, in vayne wee lyghte the linke;
Wheare sea dothe swelle, the brookes do loose their roome;
Let Progne cease, wheare Philomela singes,
And oaten pipe, wheare Fame her trompet ringes.
More recently it has been argued that the two commendatory sonnets that preface Edmund Spenser's Amoretti (1595) were written by Whitney and his father.

Notes
 Details are taken from the Dictionary of National Biography (London and New York, 1900), vol. LXI, pages 142–143.

References

External links
1557: A Choice of Emblemes, and other devises : For the moste parte gathered out of sundrie writers, Englished and Moralized. And divers newly devised

16th-century English poets
1540s births
1600s deaths
People from Nantwich
English male poets

Geoffrey Whitney


A dollar is a type of currency. Many countries have named their money the dollar, so it is important to say which dollar is being talked about. The symbol for the dollar is a capital letter S, pierced by one or two vertical lines ($).

History
The dollar is named after the thaler. The thaler was a large silver coin first made in the year 1518. The thaler named after the Joachimsthal (Joachim's valley) mine in Bohemia (Thal means valley in German). The later Spanish Peso was the same size and was often called "Spanish dollar" and the similar coin of the Dutch Republic was called "lion dollar". In the 18th century it became a world currency. Many national currencies were originally Spanish dollars including the ones now called dollar or peso and the Japanese yen and Chinese Renminbi.

List of dollars
Australian dollar
Bahamian dollar
Barbadian dollar
Belize dollar
Canadian dollar
East Caribbean dollar
Hong Kong dollar
 Namibian dollar
New Zealand dollar
Singapore dollar
United States dollar
Zimbabwean dollar

Currency

Dollar


A vignette, in graphic design, is a French loanword meaning a unique form for a frame to an image, either illustration or photograph. Rather than the image's edges being rectilinear, it is overlaid with decorative artwork featuring a unique outline. This is similar to the use of the word in photography, where the edges of an image that has been vignetted are non-linear or sometimes softened with a mask – often a darkroom process of introducing a screen. An oval vignette is probably the most common example.

Originally a vignette was a design of vine-leaves and tendrils (vignette = small vine in French). The term was also used for a small embellishment without border, in what otherwise would have been a blank space, such as that found on a title-page, a headpiece or tailpiece.

The use in modern graphic design is derived from book publishing techniques dating back to the Middle Ages Analytical Bibliography (ca. 1450 to 1800) when a vignette referred to an engraved design printed using a copper-plate press, on a page that has already been printed on using a letter press (Printing press).

Vignettes are sometimes distinguished from other in-text illustrations printed on a copper-plate press by the fact that they do not have a border; such designs usually appear on title-pages only. Woodcuts, which are printed on a letterpress and are also used to separate sections or chapters are identified as a headpiece, tailpiece or printer's ornament, depending on shape and position.

See also
Calligraphy, another conjunction of text and decoration
Curlicues, flourishes in the arts usually composed of concentric circles, often used in calligraphy
Scrollwork, general name for scrolling abstract decoration used in many areas of the visual arts

Graphic design
Illustration
Visual motifs

Vignette (graphic design)


The Death Wish movie series is a series of action movies. It was created by Michael Winner in 1974. It is based on the book of the same name by Brian Garfield, written in 1972.

Main character
The series is about Paul Kersey (played by Charles Bronson). Kersey kills criminals, including gangsters, drug dealers, murderers, and rapists. He kills them either because he is hired to do so by another person or for revenge. His wife, daughter, and some of his friends were killed by criminals. Their death made Kersey want to kill criminals. Many cops think that he is a criminal. Others think that he's helping. The movies are set in either New York City, Chicago or Los Angeles. The entire series lasted for twenty years. Bronson played Kersey in all five movies.

Kersey was born in New York City of the early 1920s. Kersey's father was an English-American who originated from Norman England. His mother comes from Provo, Utah. Kersey's Norman English ancestor, Pierre Whítmoré Keèrsye, changed his name to Kersey. Kersey served in World War II from 1944 to 1945. In 1953, he served in the Korean War in the medical corps. In the late 1950s, he went to New York City to settle down.

Movies

Movies
 Death Wish (1974) (directed by Michael Winner)
 Death Wish II (1982) (directed by Michael Winner)
 Death Wish 3 (1985) (directed by Michael Winner)
 Death Wish 4: The Crackdown (1987) (directed by J. Lee Thompson)
 Death Wish V: The Face of Death (1994) (directed by Allan A. Goldstein)
 Death Wish (2018) (directed by Eli Roth)

References

Other websites

Series of movies
American action movies
American crime thriller movies

Death Wish (series)


Pietro Antonio Rotari (30 September 1707 – 31 August 1762) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period. Born in Verona, he led a peripatetic career, and died in Saint Petersburg, where he had traveled to paint for the Russian court. His portraits, mostly of women, are renowned for being beautiful and realistic. Rotari's works were generally limited to royal portraits held by notables such as emperors and court ladies.

Biography
He was initially a pupil of Antonio Balestra, but moved and lived in Venice from 1725 to 1727. He then joined the studio of Francesco Trevisani in Rome (1728–1732). Between 1731 and 1734, he worked with Francesco Solimena in Naples. He then returned then to Verona, where he started a studio. In 1750, he had moved to Vienna. In 1756, he was invited to Russia by the court of the Tsarina Elizabetta Petrovna. From there he moved to Dresden and to work with the court of Augustus III of Poland. He returned to St Petersburg to work with the court of Catherine II.

He was much in demand as a portraitist, and painted royal families in Dresden and Saint Petersburg. He also painted the multi-figured altarpieces of the Four Martyrs (1745) for the church of the Ospedale di San Giacomo in Verona. He also painted an altarpiece of San Giorgio tempted to sacricifice to the Idols (1743) for the church of the same name in Reggio-Emilia, and an Annunciation (1738) for the main altar for the church of the Annunziata in Guastalla.

Gallery

References
Notes

Sources

External links

Artcyclopedia:Pietro Rotari

1707 births
1762 deaths
Painters from Verona
18th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Russian male painters
Italian Baroque painters
18th-century Italian male artists

Pietro Rotari


Nunca Máis (, ) is the name and slogan of a popular movement in Galicia (Spain) formed in response to the Prestige oil spill in 2002. The movement's banner is based on the Galician flag, but with a blue diagonal on a black field, rather than a blue diagonal on a white field. The movement describes itself as representing a broad swathe of civil society.

Background
Nunca Máis organized a number of demonstrations to ensure the official recognition of Galicia as a catastrophe zone and the immediate resource base to repair the economic, social, environmental and health problems resulting from the disaster. It also called for the set in of motion of disaster prevention systems, in order to avoid disasters like this from occurring. The demonstrations were attended by thousands on successive days.

On August 11, 2006, the Plataforma Nunca Máis announced their reactivation to fight against the wave of forest fires that had been started throughout Galicia. A number of rallies in the Galician capital, Santiago de Compostela, were organised, with large numbers attending.

Nunca Máis acts as a co-ordinator of other associations, namely cultural, civic and ecologist associations. In this fashion, Nunca Máis could be considered as of being made up of a series of other associations, despite having its own directive board.

See also

 Asociación pola defensa da ría

Further reading
 Lobato, Xurxo (2003): No país do Nunca Máis. Editorial Galaxia, Vigo.
 Paz, Xavier and Vázquez Carpentier, Alba (2007): Nunca Máis. A voz da cidadanía II. Difusora, Ourense.

External links

 Foundational manifesto of Nunca Máis

Galician culture
Oil spills in Europe
2002 establishments in Spain
Environmentalism in Spain

Plataforma Nunca Máis


Julia Catherine Donaldson  (; born 16 September 1948) is an English writer and playwright, and the 2011–2013 Children's Laureate. She is best known for her popular rhyming stories for children, especially those illustrated by Axel Scheffler, which include The Gruffalo, Room on the Broom and Stick Man. She originally wrote songs for children's television but has concentrated on writing books since the words of one of her songs, "A Squash and a Squeeze", were made into a children's book in 1993. Of her 184 published works, 64 are widely available in bookshops. The remaining 120 are intended for school use and include her Songbirds phonic reading scheme, which is part of the Oxford University Press's Oxford Reading Tree.

Life and career

Childhood
Donaldson was born and brought up in Hampstead, London, with her younger sister Mary. The family occupied a Victorian three-storey house near Hampstead Heath. Her parents, sister and their pet cat Geoffrey lived on the ground floor, an aunt and uncle (and later their children, James and Kate) on the first floor and her grandmother on the second floor.

Donaldson's parents, James (always known as Jerry) and Elizabeth, met shortly before the Second World War, which then separated them for six years. Jerry, who had studied Philosophy, Politics, and Economics at Oxford University, spent most of the war in a prisoner-of-war camp where his knowledge of German earned him the position of an interpreter. Elizabeth, also a good German speaker with a degree in languages, meanwhile did war work in the WRNS.

After the war, they were reunited and married, and in 1950 they bought the Hampstead house together with Jerry's mother, his sister Beta and her husband Chris (the two men had met in the P.O.W. camp). When Donaldson was six her father contracted polio and thereafter was confined to a wheelchair, though he still led an active life, working as a lecturer in the Maudsley Hospital's Institute of Psychiatry, where he pioneered genetic studies using the model of identical twins brought up apart.

Elizabeth worked as a part-time secretary and helped her boss, Leslie Minchin, translate German lieder into English. It was a household of music and song: Elizabeth sang with the Hampstead Choral Society, Jerry played the cello in amateur string quartets, and both parents were active members of the Hampstead Music Club. Summer holidays were at Grittleton House in Wiltshire, where Jerry played his cello in a summer school for chamber music, while Julia and Mary romped around and put on musical shows with the other children.

Poetry also featured strongly in Donaldson's early life; she was given The Book of a Thousand Poems by her father when she was five years old, and her grandmother introduced her to Edward Lear's nonsense rhymes. Donaldson attended New End Primary School and then Camden School for Girls. During her childhood and adolescence she acted (understudying the fairies in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream at The Old Vic where she made the acquaintance of a young Judi Dench and Tom Courtenay), sang with the Children's Opera Group, and learned the piano.

A good linguist, she learned French and German at school and later picked up Italian through a summer tutoring job with a family in Naples, so that by the age of 19 she had a good grasp of all three languages.

University life

Donaldson studied Drama and French at Bristol University (1967–1970), graduating with a 2:1 honours degree. During her time there she acted in departmental productions and learnt the guitar. In 1968, she and her friend Maureen Purkis took part in the play I am not the Eiffel Tower with music composed by Colin Sell, an accomplished young pianist who was studying Spanish and Portuguese at Bristol and who has gone on to appear in BBC Radio 4's I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue. Sell's roommate Malcolm Donaldson, a medical student who played left-handed guitar and was a keen amateur actor, came to see the show and subsequently teamed up with Sell, Donaldson and Purkis to sing in the pubs during Bristol University Rag Week in early 1969. Almost immediately after this Donaldson and Purkis were seconded to live in Paris for six months as part of their degree course where they sang and played their guitars to café audiences for money. Malcolm joined them in the summer and the trio performed various songs by the Beatles and from musicals including Hair.

After several weeks of busking in Paris, Malcolm followed Julia and Maureen to the Avignon Festival. Here his attempts to sleep on their youth hostel floor led to eviction and the trio moved out, sleeping in a camp site and even a field, by which time a deep friendship had been formed. During their time in Paris the group were spotted by a French entrepreneur who auditioned them. While nothing came of this Donaldson and Purkis penned a tune to the traditional French poem "Metamorphosis" specifically for the audition, the first time that Donaldson had composed a song for an occasion (apart from the childhood shows).

By December 1969 Julia and Malcolm had become an item. They began to supply cabaret for the occasional university social event, and in 1970 they visited America, travelling by Greyhound bus from the East to the West coast and busking in Seattle and San Francisco. On their return the duo played in restaurants and began to participate in events as diverse as the Crystal Palace Children's Day, an Easter Parade in London and a dental congress dinner – with Julia Donaldson composing songs specially for these occasions.

1970s

The couple continued to busk in Europe during holidays, including in France and Italy, with Julia Donaldson writing "The French Busking Song" in French, and "The Spaghetti Song" in Italian. By 1971, Donaldson was working in London at Michael Joseph publishers as a secretary to Anthea Joseph but was also given considerable leeway as a junior editor. At weekends she and Malcolm took part in the Bristol Street Theatre, a group of mainly postgraduate students inspired by the late playwright David Illingworth. The group devised simple, unscripted plays which could be performed in the playgrounds of poor council estates and which recruited children from the audience to take over some of the roles. This was to have a lasting effect on Donaldson's interaction with children in her own shows as an established children's writer.

The couple were married in September 1972, Donaldson composing an operetta which she and Malcolm, their best man Colin Sell, the bridesmaids and ushers performed at the reception in Burgh House, Hampstead. A picture of the wedding is on display in the house today. Donaldson then worked as a secretary in Radio Bristol where she also had a weekly slot as short story producer/editor. In August 1974 the couple moved to Brighton where Donaldson had been appointed as editor at Robert Tyndall, a small book publishers. Shortly before this she had sent a tape of songs to BBC Children's Television, and between 1974 and 1978 she wrote regularly for the programme Play Away, her songs being performed by actors and musicians including Toni Arthur, Floella Benjamin, Johnny Ball, Brian Cant, Derek Griffiths and musical director Jonathan Cohen. She also wrote occasional songs for Play School and for the Watch with Mother programme Play Board. Some of Donaldson's songs – "The Luck of the Game", "Funny Face" and "A Squash and a Squeeze" – were recorded at this time for BBC albums.

Julia and Malcolm were involved in the Brighton folk club scene, performing floor spots of comedy songs written by Donaldson, often within days of being composed. The songs were variously influenced by Flanders and Swann, topical affairs and traditional folk tales (the latter inspiring spoofs such as "The Ballad of Jack Nancy and Fred", and "Folk Alphabet"). Their vinyl album First Fourteen(1977) featured many of these songs, while others were included much later on the CD Second Fourteen (2006, when  First Fourteen was also re-mastered as a CD).

Donaldson composed two musicals for children: King Grunt's Cake (1976) and Pirate on the Pier (1980) which she and a small cast performed both in London and Brighton. Influenced by their Bristol Street Theatre experience, Donaldson ran a Saturday-morning workshop for children in Portslade from 1974 to 1976. During these sessions a simple play would be devised, followed by making of props and costumes, rehearsal and then a performance.

In 1977/6 Donaldson studied at Brighton College of Education for a Postgraduate Certificate in Education and worked for two years as an English teacher at St Mary's Hall in Brighton until the arrival of their first child Hamish in 1978, after which she never returned to full-time employment. The couple moved to Lyon in France for a year (1979–80) with Hamish, returning to Brighton where their second son Alastair was born in 1981.

1980s

In 1983 the family of four moved to Bristol where Malcolm Donaldson was appointed as Senior Registrar in Paediatrics to United Bristol Hospitals. By then the television writing had dried up and the folk scene had waned. Julia Donaldson wrote and sang a few topical songs for adult radio programmes (including one about the Guinness Distillers take-over bid, which appeared on Financial World Tonight), did occasional amateur acting and street theatre, and wrote the songs for the Kingsdown community play Nine Trees Shade. She also became a volunteer in Hamish's primary school, hearing the children read aloud. She devised short plays with the right number of parts for a reading group, rotating the roles until each child had read the whole play. The piece would then be performed to the entire class. This approach seemed to build confidence in reading aloud as well as being enjoyable, and Donaldson stored the plays in a drawer for possible future use.

In 1989 Malcolm was appointed to Glasgow University as senior lecturer in child health and the family, now five following the arrival of Jerry in 1987, moved to Bearsden.

1990s

Once in Glasgow, Donaldson 'pitched' once again for song-writing commissions with the BBC. Between 1990 and 1994 she wrote for various programmes including Thinkabout Science (two series) and Playdays, composing songs for presenters and puppets (such as Lizzie and the Whybird) to sing.

In 1991 Donaldson was contacted by Methuen Publishing to ask if the words of her song "A Squash and a Squeeze", which she had written for the BBC's Playboard programme in 1975, could be made into a picture book for children. The book was published in 1993, with illustrations by a German artist Axel Scheffler, who was living in London. Publication of A Squash and a Squeeze was a pivotal event for Donaldson . It made her realise that her song-writing talent could be applied to story-writing, and gave her the confidence to open her drawer of simple plays for schoolchildren and to send some samples to an educational publisher. Between 1993 and 1999 she wrote extensively for Heinemann and Ginn, including plays such as Birthday Surprise for younger classes and Top of the Mops for reluctant teenage readers, as well as re-tellings of traditional tales. During this time Donaldson started visiting Scottish schools and libraries, occasionally accompanied by Malcolm Donaldson and his guitar.

From the 1990s when Donaldson was extensively visiting school and libraries, she extended techniques learned in Bristol and Brighton to encourage children to act and sing with her. Following the publication of The Gruffalo she was invited to book festivals, participating in the Edinburgh International Book Festival every year from 1999 onwards, and appearing regularly at Hay, Cheltenham and Bath festivals, as well as at many theatres.

The Gruffalo

In 1995, while looking for ideas for an educational series of plays based on traditional tales, Donaldson came across a version of a Chinese story about a little girl who escapes being eaten by a tiger by claiming to be the fearsome Queen of the Jungle and inviting him to walk behind her. The tiger misinterprets the terror of the various animals they meet as being related to her rather than him, and flees. Donaldson sensed that this story could be developed into more than an educational item and returned to it later as a possible basis for a picture book. She decided to make the girl a mouse, and chose a fox, owl and snake as woodland rather than jungle creatures but wasn't satisfied with lines like "They ought to know, they really should / There aren't any tigers in this wood".

She then thought of the idea of a monster whose name would end in O (to rhyme with "doesn't he know"). "Gr" sounded suitably fierce as the start to the monster's name, and filling in the middle with "uffal" gave the name Gruffalo, conjuring up the pleasing image of a monster reminiscent of a buffalo but a lot more scary. Even then, The Gruffalo proved nigh impossible to write but, encouraged by her son Alastair, Donaldson persisted with her idea that the monster, rather than existing in the Deep Dark Wood from the outset, should be a figment of the Mouse's imagination, employed to scare off the fox, owl and snake but then turning out to be a reality. A further objection to the original draft was made by Jesse (by now called Jerry) who asked, "Mum, why don't the fox, owl and snake just eat the mouse on the spot?"  This flaw was resolved by inserting the question "Where are you meeting him? (The Gruffalo)" and the reply "Here, by these rocks / And his favourite food is roasted fox", with similar lines for the remaining two predators.

The Gruffalo was sent to Reid Books in 1995.  Donaldson sent the text to Axel Scheffler, whom she had met only once or twice, briefly, following the publication of A Squash and a Squeeze. Within days Macmillan Children's Books made an offer to publish The Gruffalo, which was illustrated by Scheffler and published in 1999.

Post-Gruffalo era

The Gruffalo was an immediate success, going on to win several awards, including the Smarties Prize (1999). It has subsequently been translated into more than 50 languages, sold over 10 million copies worldwide, and has given rise to stage and screen productions by Tall Stories and Magic Light Pictures. The Gruffalo was followed by more Donaldson/Scheffler publications by Macmillan: Monkey Puzzle (2000), Room on the Broom (2001), The Smartest Giant in Town (2002), The Snail and the Whale (2003), The Gruffalo's Child, featuring an only child Gruffalo with a wooden stick doll plus the original cast of Gruffalo, Mouse, Fox, Snake and Owl (2004), and Charlie Cook's Favourite Book (2005). In 2006 Scheffler moved to Alison Green Books who published the duo's Tiddler (2007), Stick Man (2008), Tabby McTat (2009), Zog (2010), The Highway Rat (2011), Superworm (2012), The Scarecrows' Wedding (2014), Zog and the Flying Doctors (2017) and The Smeds and the Smoos (2019).

Since publication of The Gruffalo, Donaldson has worked with other illustrators including Lydia Monks, David Roberts and Nick Sharratt, who has also illustrated two books of poems by Donaldson, Crazy Mayonnaisy Mum  and Wriggle and Roar. Lydia Monks has illustrated the Princess Mirror-Belle trilogy, a series of books for 7- to 10-year-olds about a boastful girl who is the mirror reflection of an ordinary girl called Ellen. The inspiration for Mirror-Belle was Hamish's imaginary childhood friend Sammy, who lived behind a wardrobe mirror.

Donaldson is also the author of The Giants and the Joneses for children aged 8–12 years. Her teenage novel Running on the Cracks is set in Glasgow and traces the adventures of orphaned half-Chinese Leo (aged 15) who is fleeing from her dodgy uncle in England and trying to find her father's estranged family. She befriends a schoolboy called Finlay, who is loosely based on Donaldson's youngest son Jerry during his days as a paper boy.  Running on the Cracks, whose element of mental illness is drawn from Hamish's hospital experiences won the Nasen award in 2011 for its sympathetic and inclusive portrait of Mary, who befriends Leo but then descends into a severe relapse of her bi-polar condition.

Donaldson has also written a phonic reading scheme of short stories comprising 60 books of Songbird Phonics, published by Oxford University Press.

A typical public event consists of acting out (more or less word-for-word) four stories, and singing three or four songs (mostly from Donaldson's three albums of songs – The Gruffalo Song and Other Songs, Room on the Broom and Other Songs and The Gruffalo's Child and Other Songs). There is always a strong element of audience participation, with children (and sometimes their parents) invited on stage to act parts in the stories. Malcolm Donaldson almost always takes part in the events, and they are also often joined by other performers including family members.

Donaldson has also performed jointly with her illustrators, particularly Axel Scheffler and Lydia Monks. She has performed the Donaldson/Scheffler books not only in English but also in German on several tours and at the Berlin Festival. In 2007, when Malcolm took a sabbatical from his job, he joined Julia on a World Tour, acting and singing in Bermuda, New Zealand, Australia, Hong Kong, Singapore, Korea and America.

Laureateship

In 2011, Donaldson was appointed Children's Laureate succeeding the illustrator Anthony Browne. In keeping with her interest in acting and singing Donaldson has set out to encourage children to perform poetry, plays and dramatised readings to generate a love of books and of reading. Accordingly, she has created a series of Plays to Read for six characters to be performed in the classroom, written by herself and by other writers such as Geraldine McCaughrean, Jeanne Willis, Vivian French, Steve Skidmore and Steve Barlow. The first 36 of these plays, for early readers, were published by Pearson (2013) with a further 24 plays for older primary-school children to following later in the year. She has also compiled an anthology of Poems to Perform by groups of children (to be published by Macmillan in 2013) and has created an interactive website called picturebookplays.co.uk which gives guidance as to how selected picture books can be turned into classroom plays.

In her laureate role Donaldson has campaigned passionately against library cuts and closures, writing articles, meeting ministers and – with Malcolm Donaldson – embarking on a 6-week tour of UK libraries in autumn 2012. In all of the 38 libraries the visiting children were requested to perform a short play or song based on a picture book, as well as joining in Donaldson's own stories and songs. The tour was designed to celebrate libraries but also to generate publicity about the plight of some of them.

Personal life

In her 30s, she was diagnosed with "cookie-bite" hearing loss, which leaves a bite-shaped hole in the mid-range of the audible spectrum, making it difficult for her to hear some speech and music, and she is helped by lip reading.

Malcolm Donaldson, Julia's husband, is a retired consultant paediatrician. The couple previously resided in Bearsden, East Dunbartonshire and, in 2014, moved to Steyning, West Sussex. They had three sons, the eldest of whom, Hamish, suffered from Schizoaffective disorder, and took his own life in 2003 at the age of 25. She credits him with inspiring some of her imaginative writings. Their other sons are Alastair, who is Professor of Programming Languages at Imperial College London, and Jerry.  Alastair and Chris, his wife, with their children, Poppy and Felix, sometimes join Julia at her performances for children.

Charity work

Donaldson is a patron of ArtLink Central, a charity which places artists in disadvantaged communities, and of Bookbug, a programme run by the Scottish Book Trust and funded by the Scottish Government, which gifts over 500,000 books to children aged 0–5 in Scotland every year, encouraging parents to share books with their children from birth. In addition she is a patron of Storybook Dads, a UK charity which helps serving prisoners to send recordings of themselves reading bedtime stories to their children in order to maintain connections with some of the 200,000 children affected by parental imprisonment. She is also patron of Monmouth's Savoy Cinema.

Awards, honours and prize

She was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2011 Birthday Honours for services to literature. She was promoted to Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2019 New Year Honours.

She was awarded honorary doctorates by the University of Bristol in 2011 and the University of Glasgow in 2012.
1999 Nestle Smarties Book Prize (Gold Award): The Gruffalo
2000 Blue Peter Best Book to Read Aloud: The Gruffalo
2001 Experian Big Three Award: The Gruffalo
2002 Spoken Book Awards, Children's Audio of the Year: The Gruffalo
2002 Sheffield Book Award: Room on the Broom
2002 Scottish Children's Book Award: Room on the Broom
2002 Stockport Book Award: Room on the Broom
2003 Norfolk Libraries Book Award: Room on the Broom
2003 Blue Peter Best Book to Read Aloud: Room on the Broom
2003 Spoken Book Awards Gold Prize for 6 and under: Room on the Broom
2003 Spoken Book Awards Silver Prize for 6 and under: Monkey Puzzle
2003 Red House Children's Book Award: The Smartest Giant in Town
2003 Sheffield Children's Book Award: The Smartest Giant in Town
2004 Portsmouth Book Awards: The Smartest Giant in Town
2004 Blue Peter Best Book to Read Aloud: The Smartest Giant in Town
2004 Spoken Book Awards Gold Prize for 6 and Under: The Smartest Giant in Town
2004 Book Trust Early Years Award: The Snail and the Whale
2005 Nottingham Book Award: The Smartest Giant in Town
2005 Blue Peter Best Book to Read Aloud: The Snail and the Whale
2005 Spoken Book Awards Gold Prize for 6 and Under Audio: The Snail and the Whale
2005 British Book Awards: The Gruffalo's Child
2007 Giverny Award: The Snail and the Whale
2009 NASEN Book Awards: Running on the Cracks
2010 Galaxy Book Awards: Zog
2011 Stockport Book Award: What the Ladybird Heard
2011 Scottish Children's Book Awards: What the Ladybird Heard
2011 Stockport Book Awards: The Troll
2011 Oxfordshire Book Awards: Zog
2012 Stockport Book Awards: Jack and the Flumflum Tree
2012 Oldham Book Awards: Jack and the Flumflum Tree

Works

References

External links

 Official website of The Gruffalo at Macmillan Children's Books

1948 births
Living people
20th-century English women writers
21st-century English women writers
Alumni of the University of Bristol
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
British Children's Laureate
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Donaldson and Scheffler
English children's writers
People educated at Camden School for Girls
Writers from Hampstead

Julia Donaldson


Rendezvous is a 1935 American spy film set in World War I, directed by William K. Howard, starring William Powell and Rosalind Russell and featuring Binnie Barnes, Lionel Atwill, Cesar Romero and Samuel S. Hinds. Powell plays an American cryptologist who tangles with German spies while falling in love.

The film's screenplay by P.J. Wolfson and George Oppenheimer was based on The Blonde Countess, a 1933 novel by Herbert Yardley, founder and head of the Black Chamber, as adapted by Bella and Samuel Spewack.

Plot
In April 1917, former newspaperman William Gordon (William Powell) is commissioned in the U.S. Army. The day before he is to leave Washington, D.C. for France, he meets socialite Joel Carter (Rosalind Russell) at an embassy gathering. The couple spend the day together where Gordon confides that because he once wrote a book on cryptography under a pen name, the army is searching for him to put him to work behind a desk, but he is eager to get into the fighting. Just before he boards his train, Gordon is ordered to report to Assistant Secretary of War John Carter (Samuel S. Hinds). Over his objections, Carter assigns Gordon to the code-breaking room to help break an intercepted German message that Major Brennan (Lionel Atwill), an experienced British cryptologist, has been unable to decipher. Gordon learns that Carter is Joel's uncle, and that she revealed his true identity to keep him in Washington.

The U.S. is deeply concerned about the U-boat threat to its troop and supply convoys headed to France. To defeat the threat, British escorts will meet American transports before they enter the most dangerous zone. The rendezvous point will not be given to the ships until the day before they meet, transmitted by wireless in a new code devised by Major Brennan. An ammunition ship is sent first to test the new system. However a German spy ring in the city has already gained access to the code and allows the ship through to lure more valuable troop transports into their U-boat trap. Gordon deciphers the intercepted message and realizing that the code has been compromised, alerts his superiors. A troop convoy has already sailed for France and in three days they will have to send it the rendezvous location in the no longer secret code.

Brennan suspects his mistress, Olivia Karloff (Binnie Barnes), has stolen his code. He catches her red-handed, but she shoots and kills him in panic. Her unhappy superiors order her to divert the Americans away from the spy ring. Although he has a circular mailed to Olivia that contains a message written in invisible ink, and has her brought in for questioning, Gordon releases her to lead him to the rest of the spies. Joel mistakenly thinks he has been enchanted by her seductive wiles. Olivia covertly warns Captain Nicholas Nieterstein (Cesar Romero), an attaché in a foreign embassy who is part of the spy ring, that the Americans have the circular, which requires use of a reagent to reveal the message. Olivia is told that the spy ring is going to betray Nieterstein to dupe the Americans into transmitting the rendezvous location to the troop convoy.

Dining later with Gordon, Olivia "accidentally" drops one of Nieterstein's military medals in her possession into a glass of water, revealing the reagent and his complicity. The stolen code book is found in his possession, planted by his own compatriots, and he is arrested. Nieterstein commits suicide. Gordon forces Olivia to lead him to the spies in a hotel staffed by enemy agents. Joel jealousy follows them and becomes a hostage of the spies. Gordon is also captured and under duress pretends to decode the position message to the convoy. However he has given them coordinates of the hotel. When the spy ring passes along the information, the Americans intercept it, and Carter recognizes the address. Justice Department agents shoot their way into the hotel to rescue Gordon and Joel. Gordon resumes his journey to France, but as he is about to board his train, Joel again uses her influence to keep him in Washington.

Cast
 William Powell as Bill Gordon
 Rosalind Russell as Joel Carter
 Binnie Barnes as Olivia Karloff
 Lionel Atwill as William Brennan
 Cesar Romero as Nieterstein
 Samuel S. Hinds as Carter
 Henry Stephenson as Ambassador Gregory
 Frank Reicher as Dr. Jackson
 Charley Grapewin as Martin
 Leonard Mudie as Roberts
 Howard Hickman as G-man
 Charles Trowbridge as Secretary of War Baker
 Murray Kinnell as de Segroff
 Sterling Holloway as Taxi Driver (uncredited)
 Larry Steers as Partitioner (uncredited)
 Milburn Stone as Carter's Aide (uncredited)

Cast notes:
 A 15-year-old Mickey Rooney and the Marx Brothers' frequent comic foil Margaret Dumont – as the woman who auctions off a kiss from Joel Carter – have uncredited bit parts.

Production
Rendezvous was originally intended as a comedy-mystery vehicle for frequent costars Powell and Myrna Loy, but Loy was "on strike" at the time, in order to get better pay from MGM. Rosalind Russell was still fairly new to Hollywood, having been at MGM for barely a year when she was cast to replace Loy. Russell recalled: I felt self-conscious. Powell and Loy had been a hit in The Thin Man, they were an unbeatable team, so my first day on Rendezvous, I tried to apologize. 'I know you don't want me, you'd rather have Myrna.' Powell denied it: 'I love Myrna, but I think this is good for you, and I'm glad we're doing it together.' He was not only a dear, he was cool. If an actor thought he could get any place by having tantrums, watching Bill Powell would have altered his opinion. I remember a story conference during which he objected to a scene that he felt wasn't right for him. He was at once imperious and lucid. 'It's beyond my histrionic ability to do this,' he said. I thought that was delicious.

The picture had several working titles including Blonde Countess, White Bird, and Puzzle Man. It was shot in five weeks from June 24 to July 29, 1935, although production was suspended for a time due to an attack of appendicitis suffered by Binnie Barnes.

When it was reported in the press that the studio was going to scrap the picture and rewrite and reshoot it, director William K. Howard responded that, in fact, they were only concerned about the ending of the film, which had been unsatisfactory from the beginning. The studio wanted to see what the audience response was in previews to guide it in crafting a new ending. Howard also announced that he was leaving the production due to a contractual obligation. Cinematographer William H. Daniels also left: they were replaced by Sam Wood and James Wong Howe, respectively, neither of whom received credit for their work. The studio brought in Herman Mankiewicz and Howard Emmett Rogers to work on the script; it was also reported that George S. Kaufman was involved in script meetings as well.

As a result of the rewrites, 17 new sets were built to shoot the new ending, which took place from September 6 to 26, with Wood directing and Howe behind the camera. The film as released, at 94 minutes, was 12 minutes shorter than the preview version, which ran 106 minutes.

Critical response
At the time it was released, The New York Times film critic Andre Sennwald wrote: "With Mr. Powell at his debonair best, Rendezvous emerges as a lively and amusing melodrama", although he referred to Russell as "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's second-string Myrna Loy." Variety wrote: "The comedy is cleverly worked into the action and becomes a part of it instead of an interpolation, and herein lies its success. Interest is never diverted from the thread of the story. Powell is at ease as the nonchalant decoder who can face danger with a grin and teams perfectly with Russell. She has both looks and intelligence, playing the willful girl with delightful spirit."

Adaptations
In 1942, the story was updated to World War II and filmed as Pacific Rendezvous with Lee Bowman and Jean Rogers in the Powell and Russell roles. Yardley's book was not credited as a source, nor were adapters Bella and Sam Spewack, but the two original screenwriters, P.J. Wolfson and George Oppenheimer, were given credit for the remake's screenplay.

References
Notes

The many lives of Herbert O Yardley (PDF) https://www.nsa.gov/portals/75/documents/news-features/declassified-documents/cryptologic-spectrum/many_lives.pdf

External links

1935 films
American black-and-white films
Films based on biographies
American spy films
World War I spy films
Films directed by William K. Howard
Films directed by Sam Wood
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
1930s spy films
1930s American films
1930s English-language films

Rendezvous (1935 film)


Oilskin is a waterproof cloth used for making garments typically worn by sailors and by others in wet areas. The modern oilskin garment was developed by a New Zealander, Edward Le Roy, in 1898. Le Roy used worn-out sailcloth painted with a mixture of linseed oil and wax to produce a waterproof garment suitable to be worn on deck in foul-weather conditions. Oilskins are part of the range of protective clothing also known as foul weather gear.

History
Waterproofed cloth garments were in use from the late 1700s. Various methods of waterproofing were used over the years. Some early sou'westers and rain capes were handmade of sailcloth waterproofed with a thin layer of tar, while other methods involved canvas duck coated with multiple applications of linseed oil and paint. While durable, these methods of waterproofing did not possess the breathable qualities of Le Roy's process.

Modern oilskins may be made of flexible PVC-coated synthetic fabric, while advanced materials for extreme conditions such as yacht racing may be used. Also known as "foul weather gear", contemporary oilskins include such innovations as DWR-coated nylon on their low end and Gore-Tex and other proprietary waterproof membranes on the high.

A Sou'wester, a traditional form of collapsible oilskin rain-hat, is longer in the back than the front to fully protect the neck. Sou'westers sometimes feature a gutter front-brim.

Design

Today's oilskins (or oilies) typically come in two parts, jackets and trousers.

Oilskin jackets are generally similar to common rubberized waterproofs. The chief difference is a high spray collar. Some have hoods, often in a high-visibility colour to increase visibility if a wearer falls overboard. Retroreflective patches are also strategically placed, and jacket tails are extra long to keep water off the legs and out of the joint where waterproof trousers meet.

Oilskin trousers – also known also as "bibs" – are very high-cut to provide a large overlap with the jacket. They are held up by braces, and typically feature straps around the bottom of the legs to cinch around seaboots. This semi-watertight seal does not allow them to be used like fishing waders, but a wave sweeping briefly across the deck will generally be kept out. All but the cheapest brands are reinforced across the seat and knees.

In moderate weather often only the trousers are worn. Although a few all-in-one, boilersuit-shaped oilskin suits are available, most sailors prefer the flexibility of a separate jacket and trousers.

The cuffs of better oilskin jackets include an inner seal at the wrist similar to that on a scuba diver's drysuit to prevent water from being forced up the sleeve. Pockets on trousers and jackets are often lined with quick-drying synthetic fleece that is warm even when soaked. A recent innovation is removable soft linings, which enables them to be washed.

Some oilskin jackets include a built-in harness, typically a strap around the chest to clip into a lifeline. While convenient, this is not nearly as safe as a separate multi-point harness, often provided with an integrated lifejacket. Some models of high-end oilskin jackets contain flotation and may also function as lifejackets; survival equipment such as lights, flares, and emergency position-indicating radiobeacon station (EPIRB) are also available as integrated accessories.

See also

References

External links

Classification of Foul Weather Gear - 2016 archive

Coats (clothing)
Sailing equipment
Woven fabrics
Maritime culture

Oilskin


St. Vasilios Church is a Greek Orthodox Church located at 5 Paleologos Street in Peabody, Massachusetts, United States.

The first Greek immigrants arrived in the Peabody area in or about the year 1900.
As their numbers increased, they joined in a community, and consolidating their meager savings, purchased a wooden structure on Walnut Street which they remodeled into a house of worship.

In January 1906, they observed their first religious service together, and on February 26, 1906, were incorporated and chartered by the Commonwealth, naming their parish "St. Vasilios", after the great hierarch of church tradition.

As the parish expanded, the small building on Walnut Street became inadequate, and in 1912 land was purchased on English Street, later renamed Paleologos Street, for the construction of a new church.

The church was constructed and dedicated in 1917, and remains as our house of worship to this day. In 1923, a school building consisting of four classrooms was erected adjacent to the church for purposes of religious and cultural instruction.

In 1967, the present church complex was completed with the dedication of the Educational Center. In more recent years, the parish completed a land acquisition program for the purpose of developing much needed parking facilities.

During this time, St. Vasilios Church has also grown until it numbers approximately 1600 families in its membership. It continues to strive to bear more effective witness to the Gospel of Jesus Christ, as expressed in the apostolic tradition and worship of the Greek Orthodox Church.

External links
Church Website

Eastern Orthodox churches in Massachusetts
Greek-American culture in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Peabody, Massachusetts
Churches in Essex County, Massachusetts

St. Vasilios Church


Cláudio Pêcego de Moraes Coutinho (5 January 1939 – 27 November 1981) was a Brazilian football manager who coached Brazil from 1977 to 1980 and Los Angeles Aztecs in 1981. He died as a result of a scuba diving accident at Rio de Janeiro.

Military career

Born in the small town of Dom Pedrito in Rio Grande do Sul on the border with Uruguay, Coutinho moved to Rio de Janeiro when he was four years old.

Living in Rio, Coutinho joined the Military School, and would ultimately reach the rank of Captain of Artillery. On the other hand, he also showed great interest to the sports area, graduating from the School of Physical Education of the Army.

In 1968, he was chosen to represent their school in a World Congress, held in the United States. There he met American professor Kenneth H. Cooper, founder of the Cooper test. Invited by Cooper, Coutinho attended the NASA Human Stress Laboratory.

Sports career

In 1970 Coutinho was appointed as physical fitness coach for the Brazilian team in preparation for the 1970 FIFA World Cup in Mexico; it was during this time that Coutinho introduced the Cooper method to the Brazilian team. After the competition, he would become supervisor for the Peru national football team, technical coordinator of Brazil's World Cup team in 1974, the French team Olympique de Marseille and the Brazilian Olympic Team, taking it to fourth place in the 1976 Summer Olympics. In the same year, he became head coach of Flamengo.

Coutinho's relatively good performance in these roles, and his history with the Brazilian Confederation of Sports, gave him the credentials to be a substitute for Osvaldo Brandão within the Brazilian National Soccer Team, and he would eventually apply for the vacant head coach position in anticipation the 1978 FIFA World Cup in Argentina. His selection caused some surprise, as he was considered inexperienced for the job. Soon he took command, and tried to implement his own philosophy. The failure of the 1974 World Cup team, together with other factors, led many to conclude that the Brazilian method of play, based on individualism and star players, was outdated and that the important thing was now the European model, where players worked together like cogs in a machine. Coutinho attempted to implement a style modelled on the Total Football philosophy used by Rinus Michels' Dutch national side, who knocked Brazil out of the 1974 tournament with a 2–0 victory in the second group stage. Coutinho joined Los Angeles Aztecs as manager in 1981.

Death

At the end of the 1981 season, Coutinho was on vacation in Rio de Janeiro, before leaving to take a position in Saudi Arabia. An expert diver, Coutinho was diving near the Ilhas Cagarras, an archipelago near Ipanema Beach, when he drowned at age 42.

References

External links

 COUTINHO Site1 or COUTINHO Site2

1939 births
1981 deaths
Sportspeople from Rio Grande do Sul
Brazilian football managers
Brazilian expatriate football managers
Brazil national football team managers
Club Universitario de Deportes managers
1978 FIFA World Cup managers
1979 Copa América managers
CR Flamengo managers
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) coaches
Expatriate soccer coaches in the United States
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Accidental deaths in Brazil
Underwater diving deaths
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A managers
20th-century Brazilian military personnel
People from Dom Pedrito

Cláudio Coutinho


The Air Force Board of the Defence Council is responsible for the management of the Royal Air Force.

Prior to the creation of the current UK Ministry of Defence in 1964, the administration of the RAF and its personnel was undertaken by the Air Force Council, part of the Air Ministry. In 1964, the Defence Council took over this role, but the day-to-day management of the three services was delegated to the three single service boards, of which the Air Force Board is one.

Membership of the Board
The composition is as follows:
Civilian
 Secretary of State for Defence
 Minister of State for the Armed Forces
 Minister for Defence Equipment, Support and Technology
 Minister for Defence Personnel, Welfare and Veterans
Director of Resources
Royal Air Force
Chief of the Air Staff
 Deputy Chief of the Air Staff
 Air and Space Commander
 Assistant Chief of the Air Staff
Royal Navy
 Chief of Materiel (Air) / Air Member for Materiel

See also
Army Board
Admiralty Board (United Kingdom)

Notes and references

Royal Air Force
Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)

Air Force Board


Target mey refer tae:

Retail
 Target Corporation, an American retail chain
 Target Australia

Gemmes an sport
 The object shot at in target archery an ither shootin sports
 Bullseye (target), the goal ane is aimin for in these sports
 Target (word puzzle)
 Target Center, an indoor sports arena
 Target Field, a basebaw pairk

Film
 Target (1952 film), a Wastren starrin Tim Holt
 Target (1985 film), a thriller starrin Gene Hackman
 Target (1995 film), a drama directit bi Sandip Ray
 Target (2004 film), an action film starrin Stephen Baldwin

Televeesion
 Target (TV series), a 1970s Breetish police drama
 Target (New Zealand TV series), a consumer affairs program
 "The Target" (The Wire)

Publishin
 Target (magazine)
 Target: 2006, a Transformers comic book story arc
 Target Books, a publishing imprint
 The Target, a comic book character, one of the trio Target and the Targeteers

Ither uises
 "Target" (sang), bi Embrace
 The Target, an EP bi Hoobastank
 Target, Allier, Fraunce
 Target Group, an information technology consultin firm
 Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target (1733–1807), French lawyer
 TARGET, an interbank payment seestem
 TARGET 3001!, a computer-aided design (CAD) program
 TARGET (NGO), a human richts organization foondit bi Rüdiger Nehberg

See an aa
 Targetin (disambiguation)
 Human Target (disambiguation)

Target


CaribVision is an international broadcast television channel that plays in the United States, the Caribbean and Canada. CaribVision is an internationally broadcast English-language television channel run by the Caribbean Media Corporation (CMC)'s national broadcast centre on the island of Barbados. The main focus of the channel is Caribbean culture, news, current affairs, sports, lifestyle, opinions, and entertainment from an Anglophone Caribbean perspective.

CaribVision is currently available in Latin America and over 30 Caribbean territories where it broadcasts to the Caribbean-diaspora. CaribVision appears in the United States and Canada.  It is available in the United States on Cablevision.

Programming

 Caribbean News Review
 Caribbean Newsline
 Caribbean Today
 Riddim Express

Partners and affiliates
 Caribbean Communications Network Ltd., (CCN-TV6) – Trinidad & Tobago
 Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation, (CBC-TV8) – Barbados
 Institute of Cuban Radio & Television, (ICRT) – Cuba
 ZNS Network – The Bahamas
 The Creative Production & Training Centre Ltd., (CPTC) – Jamaica
 Television Jamaica Ltd., (TVJ) – Jamaica
 CVM Television Ltd. – Jamaica
 Teleislas – Colombia

See also

 List of television stations in the Caribbean

References

External links

Caribbean Media Corporation - cmccaribbean.com - CaribVision - Channel description
CaribVision: Satellite broadcasting Information - Satellite Configuration information
Caribbean Net News: Launch of new CaribVision - 4 August 2006 - Caribbean Net News, Cayman Islands

Caribbean Media Corporation
Caribbean cable television networks
Television stations in Barbados
Television channels and stations established in 2006
English-language television stations

CaribVision


François Pierre de la Varenne (, 1615–1678 in Dijon), Burgundian by birth, was the author of Le Cuisinier françois (1651), one of the most influential cookbooks in early modern French cuisine. La Varenne broke with the traditions that had revolutionised medieval and Renaissance French cookery in the 16th century and early 17th century.

Historical context
La Varenne was the foremost member of a group of French chefs, writing for a professional audience, who codified French cuisine in the age of King Louis XIV. The others were Nicolas Bonnefon, Le Jardinier françois (1651) and Les Délices de la campagne (1654), and François Massialot, Le Cuisinier royal et bourgeois (1691), which was still being edited and modernised in the mid-18th century. The cookbook was still used in France until the French Revolution.

The seventeenth century saw a culinary revolution which transported French gastronomy into the modern era. The heavily spiced flavours inherited from the cuisine of the Middle Ages were abandoned in favour of the natural flavours of foods. Exotic and costly spices (saffron, cinnamon, cumin, ginger, nutmeg, cardamom, nigella, seeds of paradise) were, with the exception of pepper, replaced by local herbs (parsley, thyme, bayleaf, chervil, sage, tarragon). New vegetables like cauliflower, asparagus, peas, cucumber and artichoke were introduced.

Special care was given to the cooking of meat in order to conserve maximum flavour. Vegetables had to be fresh and tender. Fish, with the improvement of transportation, had to be impeccably fresh. Preparation had to respect the gustatory and visual integrity of the ingredients instead of masking them as had been the practice previously. Finally, a rigorous separation between salted and sweet dishes was introduced, the former served before the latter, banishing the Renaissance taste for mixing sweet and salted ingredients in the same dish or in the same part of the meal.

Works

Le Cuisinier françois (1651)
La Varenne's work was the first to set down in writing the considerable culinary innovations achieved in France in the seventeenth century, while codifying food preparation in a systematic manner, according to rules and principles. He introduced the first bisque and Béchamel sauce. He replaced crumbled bread with roux as the base for sauces, and lard with butter. Here one finds the first usage of the terms bouquet garni, fonds de cuisine (stocks) and reductions, and the use of egg-whites for clarification.

It also contains the earliest recipe in print for mille-feuille. The cooking of vegetables is addressed, an unusual departure. In a fragrant sauce for asparagus there is evidence of an early form of hollandaise sauce:  "make a sauce with good fresh butter, a little vinegar, salt, and nutmeg, and an egg yolk to bind the sauce; take care that it doesn't curdle..."

La Varenne preceded his book with a text on confitures—jams, jellies and preserves—that included recipes for syrups, compotes and a great variety of fruit drinks, as well as a section on salads (1650).

Le Pâtissier françois (1653)
La Varenne followed his groundbreaking work with a second book, Le Pâtissier françois (Paris 1653), which is generally credited with being the first comprehensive French work on pastry-making. In 1662 appeared the first of the combined editions that presented all three works together. All the early editions of La Varenne's works—Le Cuisinier françois ran through thirty editions in seventy-five years—are extremely rare; like children's books, they too were worn to pieces, in the kitchen, and simply used up.

Pirated editions of Le Cuisinier françois were printed in Amsterdam (1653) and The Hague (1654–56). Soon there were imitators: Le Cuisinier françois méthodique was published anonymously in Paris, 1660. The English translation, The French Cook (London 1653) was the first French cookbook translated into English. It introduced professional terms like à la mode, au bleu (very rare), and au naturel which are now standard culinary expressions. Its success can be gauged from the fact that over 250,000 copies were printed in about 250 editions and it remained in print until 1815.

It is said that La Varenne's first training was in the kitchens of the queen Marie de' Medici. At the time his books were published, La Varenne had ten years' experience as chef de cuisine to Nicolas Chalon du Blé, Marquis of Uxelles (marquis d'Uxelles in French), to whom he dedicated his publications and whom he immortalised in duxelles, finely-minced mushrooms seasoned with herbs and shallots, which is still a favourite flavouring for fish and vegetables. The Marquis of Uxelles was the royal governor of Chalon-sur-Saône, thought by some to be the birthplace of La Varenne.

Le Cuisinier françois was reprinted in 1983, published by Editions Montalba and edited by Jean-Marie Flandrin, Philip Hyman and Mary Hyman with a comprehensive introductory essay.

Notes

Further reading
Le Cuisinier françois. Introduction by Philip and Mary Hyman (Montalba: Bibliothèque Bleue, 1983). In French.
T. Sarah Peterson. Acquired Taste: The French Origins of Modern Cooking. (Cornell University Press, 1994). .
La Varenne's Cookery. The French Cook; The French Pastry Chef; The French Confectioner. A modern English translation and commentary by Terence Scully. (Prospect Books, 2006) .
Patrick Rambourg, Histoire de la cuisine et de la gastronomie françaises, (Librairie Academique Perrin, 2010). .

External links
Gallica Project French National Library: "Le Cuisinier françois" (e-book) ( Click on Download/Print, agree to non-commercial use to download )
Brief vita of La Varenne

French chefs
1618 births
1678 deaths
Writers from Dijon
French cookbooks

François Pierre La Varenne


Niko Nikoladze () (27 September 1843 – 5 June 1928) was a Georgian writer, pro-Western enlightener, and public figure primarily known for his contributions to the development of Georgian liberal journalism and his involvement in various economic and social projects of that time.

Biography
He was born in the village of Didi Jikhaishi, Imereti, western Georgia (then part of the Russian Empire) into petite noble family of Nikoladze. After the graduation from Kutaisi Gymnasium (1860), he enrolled the Faculty of Law at St Petersburg University in 1861. In the same year he was excluded from the university for taking part in student protests. After leaving St. Petersburg he went to study in Western Europe in 1864 and became the first Georgian to receive a doctorate (in law) from a European university, namely in Zurich (1868). Like many other Georgian intellectuals of that time, he followed the evolution of Russian liberals to different versions of socialism, establishing his own contacts with the Western leftist thinkers. Nikoladze was the first Georgian figure within this trend to gain position of influence in all-Russian liberalist movements. During his stay in Zurich, through Paul Lafargue he met Karl Marx, who asked Nikoladze to become the representative of the International in Transcaucasia. Nikoladze declined the offer because at that time his views were closer with the Russian revolutionary democrats, Nikolai Chernyshevsky and Nikolay Dobrolyubov, whom he had met in St. Petersburg. While in Europe, he briefly collaborated with Aleksandr Herzen in his influential newspaper, Kolokol (The Bell), in 1865, but Nikoladze soon broke with Herzen when the latter sent a reconciliatory open letter to the tsar.

Back in his native Georgia, he became involved in national-liberation movement inspired by Georgia's most famous intellectual of that time Prince Ilia Chavchavadze though Nikoladze's relations with Chavchavadze were not always easy. Nikoladze joined a more radical wing of this movement later named the Second Group (meore dasi) and quickly became one of its most influential leaders. This group sought widely for a program, ranging from state-regulated capitalism to various forms of "association" and collectivism, and worked to introduce European learning and culture in Georgia. They became the first Georgian political team to stress the importance of the urban and economic life of Georgia. They actively implemented their ideas into practice and worked to keep the Georgians from being pushed aside by the Russians and Armenians who dominated the Georgian cities, particularly the capital, Tiflis. He gained almost a scandalous name by publishing his sarcastic article, "A Thought on Likhi Mountain" (1871), where he compared Tiflis to an old whore, the wide, paved avenues, parks, and theaters being just her make-up, while the markets are her blackened teeth and the cemeteries and war-devastated fields her raddled body. Nikoladze's rhetoric attacks on the representatives of the older generation, who mostly chose to serve loyally to the Russian administration, further strengthened positions of the "men of the 60s," a backbone of younger Georgian intellectuals forming an opposition to the Tsarist regime.

From 1871 to 1875, Nikoladze lived between Paris and Tbilisi, organizing several revolutionary periodicals such as Krebuli in Tbilisi (1871), Drosha in Paris (1873) and Mimokhilva in Tbilisi. While he was in Paris, he married a Polish woman, Bogumila Zemaianskaia (also Bogumiła Ziemiańska), who had lived for a while in his hometown of Kutaisi. They had three children — a son who died young, and two daughters, Nino (born 1872) and Elizabeth, known as "Lolo". He returned to Tbilisi in 1875, but was arrested for his radical publications and expelled to Stavropol in 1880. Separated from Zemaianskaia, he was accompanied to Russia by Olga Guramishvili, whom he would marry after he was officially divorced in 1883.

Despite the strong governmental censure and pressure exerted upon Nikoladze, he remained an influential and respected writer not only in Georgia, but also in Russia proper. Many of his best writings composed in Russian, and French were systematically published in the European press. The climax of Nikoladze's activity was his successful negotiations in the mid-1880s with Alexander III and his government that reduced the nationwide repressions and saved Vera Figner from the gallows and Chernyshevsky from exile. In 1884, Nikoladze and Guramishvili were living in Saint Petersburg, where their daughter Rusudan (1884-1981) was born. From 1886, he led the liberal group Meore Dasi and though his family lived in Didi Jikhaishi, in the Imereti region of western Georgia, Nikoladze served as the editor of Novoe oborzrenie in Tbilisi. He and Olga's other two children  (1888-1931) and Tamara (1892-1939), were born in Didi Jikhaishi. Also living as part of their family was his eldest daughter Nino.

As a notable public benefactor, Nikoladze was responsible for a number of social and economic projects, including the expansion of railway systems in Georgia and the construction of the Grozny-Poti pipeline. From 1894 to 1912, Nikoladze was elected a mayor of Poti. During his tenure as a mayor, he made this small portal town on Georgia's Black Sea coast an important maritime city and trading center.

Soon after the 1917 February Revolution in Russia, Nikoladze allied himself with more radical Georgian intelligentsia, supporting Georgia's full independence from Russia. He was elected an honorary chairman of the National Democratic Party of Georgia. During the years of the first Georgian republic (1918-1921), he was actively involved in the nation's social and economic life. In 1920 he led a delegation of the Chiatura Manganese Exporting Society in Europe. He was still abroad, when the short-lived Georgian independence was terminated by the Soviet Russia's military invasion in 1921. Yet Nikoladze decided to return to Soviet Georgia, retreating into a world of theory, preaching education and reform instead of violent revolution.

His daughters from his first marriage, Nino, married Levan Zurabishvili and Lolo married the Belgian writer and statesman, Camille Huysmans. From his second marriage Rusudan became a chemist and married Russian historian Mikhail Polievktov. Giorgi became a mathematician and Tamara married one of Giorgi's colleagues, Nikoloz Muskhelishvili.

References

Citations

Bibliography

Rayfield D (2000), The Literature of Georgia: A History: 1st edition, Routledge, , p. 172
Suny, RG (1994), The Making of the Georgian Nation: 2nd edition, Indiana University Press, , p. 131

1843 births
1928 deaths
Burials at Mtatsminda Pantheon
People from Samtredia
Nobility of Georgia (country)
Journalists from Georgia (country)
Jurists from Georgia (country)
Politicians from Georgia (country)
Writers from Georgia (country)
Politicians from the Russian Empire
Poets from Georgia (country)
Male poets from Georgia (country)

Niko Nikoladze


Émilien Allard (12 June 1915 – 18 November 1976) was a Canadian carillonneur and composer. He composed more than 50 works for carillon and made more than 700 transcriptions of carillon music; many of which are still performed in Europe and North America. In 1958, he won the International Carillonneurs' Prize at the Brussels World's Fair. For RCA Victor he released the LP album Carols at the Carillon of Saint Joseph's Oratory for which he wrote the arrangements. His Marche du maréchal and his Marche H.I.C. were recorded by Howard Cable and his Notule No. 1 and Profil canadien no 2. were included on Gordon Slater's LP Bells and Brass. Many of his original manuscripts and papers are a part of the collection at the Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec.

Life and career
Born in Montreal, Quebec, Allard's initial musical training was with Antonio Thompson and Father Joseph-Gers Turcotte at the Trois-Rivières seminary where he studied piano and music theory. He was a clarinetist in the city concert band of Grand-Mère, Quebec during his youth and later served as that ensemble's conductor. He also worked as an organist at a few churches in that town. He earned a lauréat diploma from the Université Laval and then entered the Conservatoire national de musique in Montreal where he earned a licentiate diploma. At the conservatoire, he was a pupil of Eugène Lapierre in organ and harmony.

After graduating from the conservatoire, Allard was a clarinetist in the Central Band of the Royal Canadian Air Force in Rockcliffe, Ontario from 1942-1945. He then entered the Royal Carillon School "Jef Denyn" in Mechelen, Belgium in 1946 where he earned a carillonneur diploma in 1948. At the school, he studied composition with Jef van Hoof and bell ringing with Staf Nees. He pursued further studies at the Conservatoire de Paris in 1948-1949 where his teachers included Eugène Bigot (conducting), Maurice Duruflé (orchestration), and Olivier Messiaen (aesthetics).

In 1949, Allard returned to Canada where he initially struggled to find a suitable appointment in his chosen career as a carillonneur. He finally attained a position as the carillonneur at Saint Joseph's Oratory in Montreal in 1955, a post he remained in for two decades. He gave annual concert tours throughout North America between 1959-1976. In 1975, he left Saint Joseph's to become the carillonneur at the Peace Tower in Ottawa. He remained there until his death one year later at the age of 61.

See also

References

External links

 "Image No. 2" recording on SoundCloud

1915 births
1976 deaths
20th-century Canadian composers
20th-century Canadian male musicians
20th-century Canadian pianists
20th-century classical pianists
Canadian clarinetists
Canadian classical pianists
Canadian male composers
Canadian male pianists
Carillonneurs
Composers for carillon
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
Conservatoire national de musique alumni
Male classical pianists
Musicians from Montreal
Royal Carillon School "Jef Denyn" alumni
Université Laval alumni

Émilien Allard


Waverly is a city in Iowa in the United States. The population was 9,874 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Bremer County.

The sister city of Waverly is the German city of Eisenach, which is famous for the Wartburg castle.

Cities in Iowa
County seats in Iowa

Waverly, Iowa