Waldi () was the first official Olympic mascot, created for the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. He was a dachshund, a popular breed of dog from Germany. The course of the marathon was designed to incorporate the Waldi design, and during the construction phase of the 1972 Olympic stadium and village, Waldi was used in unofficial satirical posters.

Origin
Waldi was created by German designer Otl Aicher, who amongst others was also responsible for designing the logo for German airline Lufthansa. The Dachshund was the first official Olympic mascot, as the 1968 Winter Olympics was the first to use an unofficial mascot, which was red ball on skis named "Schuss". Waldi was designed to represent the attributes described as required for athletes — resistance, tenacity and agility.

Waldi was based on a real long-haired Dachshund named Cherie von Birkenhof, which Aicher used as a model. Although Waldi appeared in a variety of different color schemes, it is occasionally reported that the main scheme was designed to match the colors of the Olympic rings, ergo, blue, yellow, orange and green. However, there were no black or red in the main scheme, which was a conscious decision on the part of Aicher to exclude those colors related to the National Socialist Party. The 1972 games were designed to be an optimistic "Rainbow Games".

Merchandise
Fifty licences were granted to manufacturers, at a minimum licensing fee of 245,000 Deutschmarks, and over two million Waldi related items were sold around the world. Waldi was available as a plush toy, a plastic toy, and appeared on buttons, posters and stickers, and as a pin. However, the pin bearing Waldi didn't come out until several years after the Olympics.

1972 Olympic Marathon
The marathon route in the 1972 Olympics was created to resemble Waldi. The course was arranged so that the head of the dog faced west, with athletes running counter-clockwise, starting at the back of the dog's neck and continuing around the ears. The mouth of the dog was represented by the path through the Nymphenburg Park, and its front feet were represented by the run through the Hirschgarten. The belly was the main downtown street in Munich, and its rear feet, rear end and tail were all in the English Garden, a parkland extending along the Isar River. The athletes continued along the back of the dog and entered the Olympic Stadium.

Legacy
During construction, the bill for the 1972 Olympics increased from the original estimate of $3.5 million to $63 million on the roof of the Olympic Stadium alone. The overall bill of $750 million, which was more than three times the amount Mexico spent on the 1968 games, resulted in unofficial posters of Waldi using the Olympic Tower as a Fire Hydrant.

To coincide with the Phaidon Press publication of the first monograph of Otl Aicher's work, an exhibition of his work on the 1972 Olympics was shown in London in 2007, including his work involving Waldi.

References

External links

Amateur athletic foundation

1972 Summer Olympics
German mascots
Olympic mascots
Fictional dogs
Dog mascots
Fictional characters from Altbayern

Waldi


Siculish is the macaronic "Sicilianization" of English language words and phrases by immigrants from Sicily (Italy) to the United States in the early 20th century. The term Siculish is, however, rather recent, being first recorded in 2005.

Siculish was used to Sicilianize the names of American places among immigrant communities, such as Bensonhurst, Brooklyn, New York becoming nicknamed Bensinosti and Brooklyn becoming Brucculinu or Broccolino.  Indeed, New York itself became known as Nu Iorca.

Forms of Siculish are also to be found in other Sicilian immigrant communities of English-speaking countries, namely Canada and Australia.  A surprising similarity can often be found between these forms, through either coincidence, trans-national movements of Sicilian immigrants, or more likely, through the logical adaptation of English using linguistic norms from the Sicilian language.
Some common Siculish terms and an explanation of their derivation (not necessarily common to all Anglo-speaking countries):
 baccausu - Sicilianisation of English words "back" and "house", as in the euphemistic term "backhouse", which is synonymous with "outhouse"; referring to the original location of toilet facilities, usually located in the backyard or rear of the home, at the turn of the 20th century before the advent of indoor plumbing; even used today to refer to any functioning bathroom.
 bissinissa - Sicilianisation of English word "business", either referring to a commercial enterprise or family-run shop, or to the personal affairs of an individual, sometimes used jokingly (also found as bissinissi in both singular and plural forms).
 bossu - addition of masculine u ending to English word "boss"
 carru - marriage of English "car" with Sicilian carru meaning "cart", modern use of existing Sicilian word to suit new environment
 brucculinu - Sicilianisation of the New York City borough of "Brooklyn"; can also refer to any Sicilian (or Italian) who has made it across the ocean to New York, or any of the other surrounding areas heavily populated by Italian immigrants in the northeastern United States.
 fenza - sicilianisation of English word "fence", as in the backyard fence; marriage with Sicilian frinza meaning "fringe" or "border"
 giobbu - addition of masculine u ending to English word "job", gi- being the sicilian form of English "j", with the doubling of the "b" a common Sicilian linguistic trait (may also be found as giobba, i.e. feminine ending)
 iarda - sicilianisation of English "yard", as in "backyard" or "garden", but also Sicilian iardinu means "garden"
 stritta - Sicilianisation  of English word "street" - pronounced s-treeh-tah" (its pronunciation is the same of the word that in Sicilian language means "narrow")
 tupicu - sicilianisation  of English word "toothpick" - pronounced too-pee-koo"

Many children of Sicilian immigrants will often confuse actual Sicilian words for Siculish.  This will especially occur where both the Sicilian and English languages have basically the same word derived from Norman.  For example, the following are Sicilian words that could be mistaken for being Siculish: anciòva means "anchovy",  trubbulu means "trouble", damaggiu means "damage", raggia means "rage", tastari means "to taste" and truppicari  means "to trip" - but they are examples of Sicilian and English words with the same Norman derivation.

See also
 Itanglese, a macaronic combination of English and the standardized Italian language

References

External links

Macaronic forms of English
Sicilian language
Sicilian-American culture
Italian language in the United States
Italian-American culture in New York City
Bensonhurst, Brooklyn
Gravesend, Brooklyn

Siculish


Dorothy Thompson (July 9, 1893 – January 30, 1961) was an American journalist and radio broadcaster. She was the first female journalist to be sent out of Nazi Germany in 1934. She was one of few women presenters on the radio in the 1930s.

She worked for women's suffrage in the United States. After that, she worked for Berlin division of the New York Post.

Thompson was born in Lancaster, New York. She died, aged 67, in Lisbon, Portugal.

American journalists
American radio personalities
Writers from New York (state)
1893 births
1961 deaths

Dorothy Thompson


How Far Can You Go? (1980) is a novel by British writer and academic David Lodge. It was renamed Souls and Bodies when published in the United States. It won the Whitbread Book of the Year award (1980), and went straight into paperback in Penguin Books in 1981.

Plot summary
The book deals with the intersecting lives of a group of English Catholics from their years as students at University College London in the early 1950s up to the late 1970s. The characters are confronted with a wide range of issues and experiences including marriage, contraception, adultery, illness, grief and, most important of all, the changes in the Catholic Church brought about by the Second Vatican Council and the papal encyclical against contraception, Humanae vitae (1968).

The title's meaning is twofold: it is on the one hand a reference to how far you ought to go with a member of the other sex before marriage, but also to the question of disorientation in the face of abrupt changes in the Church within only a few years.

Major themes
The novel is a bitterly funny satire on life for young English Catholics in the 1950s and 1960s, depicting them juggling the pressures of youth, sexual desire and the modern world with rigid rules about the avoidance of pleasures, the shame of disappointing Christ and the Virgin, and the fear of hell. Yet it also describes how the loss of faith leads to disorientation and sadness in the characters.

Cover Image
As explained in the novel "The name of the game was Salvation, the object to get to heaven and avoid Hell. It was like Snakes and Ladders: sin sent you plummeting down towards the Pit; the sacraments, good deeds, acts of self-mortification, enabled you to climb back towards the light."

References

1980 British novels
Novels by David Lodge
Costa Book Award-winning works
Catholic novels
Secker & Warburg books

How Far Can You Go?


Michael Prochazka (born February 10, 1972, in Klagenfurt) is an Austrian social scientist and economist and vice-chairman of the Austrian Service Abroad.

Life

Studying
Michael Prochazka studied economics, political science, as well as ethnology and sinology in Vienna, international relationships at the Ecole Superieure de Commerce de Paris, and graduated a studies at the Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics in Nanchang, VR China.

Work
In the years 2003-2005 he was secretary general of the international governing body of the Nature Lover and responsible for the coordination of the networking process of 50 Members and partner alliances with 500.000 members worldwide. He was also involved at the conversion of the projects Landschaft des Jahres Lebuser Land in the German-Polish border region at Frankfurt (or) and Landschaft des Jahres Jura in the French-Swiss-border region Jura.

In this capacity he was a member in the European Director-board at GREEN 9- the 9th biggest environment-movement  in Europe:
Greenpeace, WWF, Birdlife, Climate Action Network, Europäisches Umweltbüro, Epha Environment Network, Friends of the Earth, European Federation for Transport and Environment and Naturfreunde.

Engagement for Asia

In the year 2005 Michael Prochazka and his wife Hong Yang created the "Cheng Gong Help Scholarship Program". With this promotional program aggrieved children and juveniles from agrarian areas, whose parents are busy in the agriculture sector, are sponsored. The aim of this project is that children and juveniles who appear as engaged in a parental agriculture business, may afford attendance at school in which emerging costs get replaced by the "Cheng Gong Help Scholarship Program".

In the year 2006 he founded, together with Hong Yang, the association for the advancement of factors for success in the education field. Aim and purpose of this association is to succeed in the necessary factors for success for a deserved and sufficient education, and a basis for access to education, even in underdeveloped areas.

Austrian Service Abroad
Below he was a volunteer at the Austrian Service Abroad, where he was elected in the directorate at the year 2001 and since that moment he is the locum from Andreas Maislinger and they coordinate the Austrian Holocaust Memorial Service, Austrian Social Service and Austrian Peace Service together. Michael Prochazka was in the year 2006 also applicable responsible for the amelioration of the assignments at the development cooperation. In 2003 Prochazka has conceived the mobillityprogram "experience european responsibility" and started with the conversion. This program enables aggrieved juveniles in Europe to integrate in the job market by sponsored praxis-abidance abroad.

From 2001 till 2006 he prepared the Holocaust Memorial Service in China. On February 1, 2006, the first Holocaust Memorial Servant has formed up his Austrian Service Abroad in Shanghai at the centre for Jewish Studies.

On October 17, 2006, the Chinese historian Pan Guang was awarded the first Austrian Holocaust Memorial Award. Since 2008 the Austrian Service Abroad sends a peace servant to work with the John Rabe House in Nanjing every year.

See also
Austrian Service Abroad
Austrian Holocaust Memorial Service
Austrian Social Service
Austrian Peace Service
House of Responsibility

References

External links
 www.hrb.at/shanghai
 Austrian Service Abroad

Austrian sociologists
Austrian sinologists
Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics alumni
1972 births
Living people

Michael Prochazka


Beryozovye Islands (, Finnish: Koivisto, Swedish: Björkö; literally: "Birch Island"), alternatively spelled Berezovye Islands, is an island group in Leningrad Oblast, Russia. The islands are situated at the head of the Gulf of Finland, just outside the town of Primorsk on the Karelian Isthmus.

There are 15 islands in the group, the largest is Bolshoy Beryozovy (Large Berezovy, Finnish: Koivistonsaari). Other islands include Zapadny Beryozovy (West Beryozovy, Finnish: Tiurinsaari) and Severny Beryozovy (North Beryozovy, Finnish: Piisaari). The total area of the group, stretching along the coast for 200 km, is 92 km². They are protected by the state as a seabird sanctuary and one of the Ramsar sites in Russia.

Before the third Swedish crusade, the islands paid tax to Novgorod; after the crusade they became Swedish. In 1721 they became part of Russia, and in 1812 they were restored to the Grand Duchy of Finland with the province of Vyborg. In independent Finland they belonged to the parish then called Koivisto (Swedish: Björkö). The main settlement on the islands was then called Saarenpää (Krasnoostrovskiy). After World War II, they were ceded by Finland to the Soviet Union. The whole historical Finnish population was expelled and replaced by a population of Soviet origin from September 1944 onwards. Place names were russified after 1947 concurrently with the rest of the formerly Finnish Karelian Isthmus occupied in 1944.

The islands gave their name to the Treaty of Björkö (1905).

See also
 Björkö (disambiguation)
 Keskisaari

References

Russian islands in the Baltic
Islands of Leningrad Oblast
Ramsar sites in Russia
Gulf of Finland

Beryozovye Islands


Army Liguria (Armee Ligurien, or LXXXXVII Army) was an army formed for the National Republican Army (Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano, or ENR). The ENR was the national army of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini's Italian Social Republic (Repubblica Sociale Italiana, or RSI). Formation of this RSI army started in 1943 and the army was disbanded in 1945. Army Liguria included several German units and its Italian units were sometimes transferred to German formations.

Between November 1944 and February 1945, the formation was alternatively known as Army Group Liguria (Armeegruppe Ligurien) due to the subordination of 14th Army under it.

Formation
On 16 October 1943, the Rastenburg Protocol was signed with Nazi Germany and the RSI was allowed to raise four division-sized military formations.  The four divisions—1st Italian "Italia" Infantry Division, 2nd Italian "Littorio" Infantry Division, 3rd Italian "San Marco" Marine Division, and 4th Italian "Monte Rosa" Alpine Division—were to ultimately total 52,000 men.

Service
In July 1944, the first of these divisions completed training and was sent to the front.  Like the smaller RSI units—the Black Brigades and the Decima Flottiglia MAS—the newly formed RSI divisions generally participated in anti-partisan activities.  While there were exceptions, these divisions saw limited front line action.

As the remaining divisions completed training, they were combined with German units and formed into Army Group Liguria. The RSI Minister of Defense, Rodolfo Graziani, commanded all Army forces of the RSI.

Order of battle
Order of Battle for the LXXXXVII "Liguria" Army - 30 April 1945
 LXXV Corps
 5th German Mountain Division
 2nd Italian "Littorio" Infantry Division
 34th German Infantry Division
 Lombardia Corps
3rd Italian "San Marco" Marine Infantry Division
134th German Infantry Brigade
4th Italian "Monte Rosa" Alpine Division

The 1st Bersaglieri "Italia" Division was attached to the 14th German Army.

Surrender
On 1 May 1945, Graziani ordered the RSI forces under his command to lay down their arms and Army Group Liguria ceased to exist.  German General Heinrich von Vietinghoff signed the unconditional instrument of surrender for all Axis forces in Italy and his surrender took effect on 2 May.

See also
 List of German Army Groups in World War II
 Italian Co-Belligerent Army
 Alfredo Guzzoni
 Gothic Line order of battle
 Operation Grapeshot order of battle
 Battle of Garfagnana

References

Liguria
Military units and formations established in 1943
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
Field armies of Germany in World War II

Army Liguria


Timothy Jackson Drake is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He is a sidekick of superhero Batman. He was created by Marv Wolfman and Pat Broderick.

He first appeared in Batman #436 (August 1989) as the third character to assume the role of Batman's sidekick Robin.

The character has been seen in The New Batman Adventures, Young Justice: Invasion, and the video game series Batman: Arkham. In 2011, Tim Drake was ranked 32nd in IGN's Top 100 Comic Book Heroes.

Other websites
 Tim Drake on IMDb
 Tim Drake's Bibliography
 Podcast interview with Robin comics artist Freddie Williams II

DC Comics superheroes
Batman characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1989

Tim Drake


Settlements in the ceremonial county of Durham, England, are in four unitary authorities. Some settlements, such as Sunderland and Gateshead in Tyne and Wear, are not in the present ceremonial county. Stockton and Hartlepool authorities, from when the ceremonial county designation was created in 1974 until 1996, were formerly in the Cleveland ceremonial county. Stockton's authority spans two ceremonial counties. Towns and cities are highlighted in bold.

A
Aislaby, Allensford, Alum Waters, Annfield Plain, Archdeacon Newton, Aukside, Aycliffe Village

B

Barmpton, Barnard Castle, Barningham, Beamish, Bearpark, Beaumont Hill, Bedburn, Belmont, Benfieldside, Biddick, Bildershaw, Billingham, Billy Row, Binchester, Bishop Auckland, Bishop Middleham, Bishopsgarth, Bishopton, Blackhall Colliery, Blackhall Rocks, Blackhill, Blackwell, Bolam, Boldron, Bournmoor, Bowbank, Bowburn, Bowes, Bowes Museum, Bowlees, Bradbury, Brafferton, Brancepeth, Brandon, Branksome, Bridge End, Bridgehill, Brierton, Brignall, Broom Hill, Broompark, Brotherlee, Browney, Burnhope, Burnopfield, Butterknowle, Butterwick, Byers Green, Blaydon

C

Carlbury, Carlton, Carrville, Cassop, Castle Eden, Castleside, Catchgate, Causey, Chester Moor, Chester-le-Street, Chilton, Chilton Lane, Cleatlam, Close House, Clough Dene, Coal Bank, Cockerton, Cockfield, Cold Hesledon, Consett, Copley, Copthill, Cornforth, Cornriggs, Cornsay, Cornsay Colliery, Cotherstone, Coundon, Coundon Grange, Coundongate, Cowpen Bewley, Cowshill, Coxhoe, Craghead, Craigside, Crawleyside, Crimdon Park, Crook, Crookgate Bank, Crookhall, Croxdale, Cleadon

D

Daddry Shield, Dalton Piercy, Dalton-le-Dale, Darlington, Dawdon, Deaf Hill, Dean Bank, Delves Lane, Deneside, Dent Bank, Denton, Dipton, Dragonville, Durham,

E

Eaglescliffe, Easington, Easington Colliery, East Blackdene, East Briscoe, East Hedleyhope, East Kyo, East Law, East Stanley, Eastbourne, Eastgate, Ebchester, Eden Vale, Edmondsley, Edmundbyers, Egglesburn, Egglescliffe, Eggleston, Eldon, Eldon Lane, Elstob, Elton, Elwick, Embleton, Escomb, Esh, Esh Winning, Esperley Lane Ends, Etherley Dene, Ettersgill, Evenwood, Evenwood Gate

F
Fairfield, Faverdale, Ferryhill, Ferryhill Station, Finchale Priory, Fir Tree, Firth Moor, Fishburn, Fleming Field, Flint Hill, Forest-in-Teesdale, Foxton, Framwelgate, Framwellgate Moor, Frosterley, Fulwell,

G
Gainford, Garmondsway, Gilesgate, Gilesgate Moor, Gilmonby, Grange Hill, Grange Villa, Grassholme, Great Burdon, Great Chilton, Great Lumley, Great Stainton, Greatham, Greencroft, Greenhill, Greta Bridge, Grindon

H
Hallgarth, Hamsterley (Bishop Auckland), Hamsterley (Consett), Hardwick, Harelaw, Harperley, Harrowgate Hill, Harrowgate Villa, Hart, Hart Station, Hartburn, Hartlepool, Hartlepool Abbey, Hartlepool railway station, Harton, Harwood, Haswell, Haswell Moor, Haswell Plough, Haughton-le-Skerne, Haverton Hill, Hawthorn, Headlam, Healeyfield, Hedley Hill, Hedworth, Heighington, Helmington Row, Hesleden, Hett, High Coniscliffe, High Dyke, High Etherley, High Forge, High Friarside, High Grange, High Haswell, High Hesledon, High Shincliffe, High Stoop, High Throston, High Urpeth, High Westwood, Hill End, Hill Top (Stanley), Hill Top (Teesdale), Hilton, Hobson, Holmside, Holwick, Horden, Horsleyhope, Houghall, Houghton Bank, Houghton-le-Side, Howden-le-Wear, Hummersknott, Hunderthwaite, Hunstanworth, Hunwick, Hurworth Place, Hurworth-on-Tees, Hury, Hutton Henry, Hutton Magna

I
Ingleton, Inkerman, Ireshopeburn, Iveston,

K
Kelloe, Kepier, Killerby, Kimblesworth, Kinninvie, Kip Hill, Kirk Merrington, Knitsley,

L
Laithkirk, Lambton, Lanchester, Lanehead, Langdon Beck, Langley Moor, Langley Park, Langton, Lartington, Leadgate, Leamside, Leasingthorne, Leeholme, Lingfield, Lintz, Lintzgarth, Little Newsham, Little Stainton, Little Thorpe, Littletown, Longnewton, Low Coniscliffe, Low Dinsdale, Low Etherley, Low Walworth, Low Westwood, Lowes Barn, Ludworth, Lumley Thicks

M

Maiden Law, Mainsforth, Marley Hill, Meadowfield, Medomsley, Merrybent, Metal Bridge, Mickleton, Middle Side, Middlestone, Middlestone Moor, Middleton (Hartlepool), Middleton-in-Teesdale, Middleton One Row, Middleton St George, Middridge, Moor End, Mordon, Morley, Morton Tinmouth, Mount Pleasant (Spennymoor), Mount Pleasant (Stockton-on-Tees), Mowden, Muggleswick, Murton, Monkwearmouth

N
Neasham, Nettlesworth, Neville's Cross, New Brancepeth, New Coundon, New House, New Hunwick, New Kyo, Newbiggin (Lanchester), Newbiggin (Teesdale), Newfield (Bishop Auckland), Newfield (Chester-le-Street), Newton Aycliffe, Newton Bewley, Newton Hall, Newton Ketton, No Place, North Bitchburn, North Close, Northlea, Norton,

O
Oak Tree, Oakenshaw, Old Cassop, Old Durham, Old Eldon, Old Quarrington, Old Stillington, Old Wingate, Ornsby Hill, Ouston, Ovington, Owton Manor, Oxhill

P
Page Bank, Pelton, Pelton Fell, Perkinsville, Peterlee, Phoenix Row, Pickering Nook, Piercebridge, Pittington, Pity Me, Plawsworth, Pontop Pike, Port Clarence, Portrack, Preston-le-Skerne, Preston-on-Tees

Q
Quaking Houses, Quarrington Hill, Quebec,

R
Rainton Gate, Ramshaw (Bishop Auckland), Ramshaw (Consett), Redmarshall, Redworth, Rift House, Rise Carr, Roddymoor, Romaldkirk, Rookhope, Roseworth, Royal Oak, Rushyford

S

Sacriston, Sadberge, St Helen Auckland, St John's Chapel, Satley, Scargill, School Aycliffe, Seaham, Seaton, Seaton Carew, Sedgefield, Shadforth, Sheraton, Sherburn, Sherburn Hill, Shield Row, Shildon, Shincliffe, Shotley Bridge, Old Shotton, Shotton Bridge, Shotton Colliery, Skerne Park, Snaisgill, Sockburn, South Church, South Hetton, South Moor, South Pelaw, South Side, South Stanley, South Wingate, Spennymoor, Staindrop, Stainton,  Stanhope, Stanley, Stanley Crook, Startforth, Station Town, Stillington, Stockton-on-Tees, Stony Heap, Summerhouse, Sunderland Bridge, Sunny Brow

T
Tan Hills, Tanfield, Tantobie, The Dene, The Grove, The Headland, The Middles, The Slack, Thinford, Thornley (Durham), Thornley (Weardale), Thorpe Larches, Thorpe Thewles, Thringarth, Tindale Crescent, Todhills, Toft Hill, Toronto, Tow Law, Town Kelloe, Townfield, Trimdon, Trimdon Colliery, Trimdon Grange, Tudhoe, Tudhoe Grange, Tursdale,

U
Unthank, Urlay Nook, Urpeth, Ushaw Moor, Ushaw College

W
Wackerfield, Waldridge, Wall Nook, Walworth, Walworth Gate, Waskerley, Waterhouses, Weardale, Weardale Railway, Wearhead, West Auckland, West Blackdene, West Cornforth, West Kyo, West Park (Darlington), West Park (Hartlepool), West Pelton, West Rainton, West View, Western Hill, Westerton, Westgate, Westwick, Wheatley Hill, Whinfield, White-le-Head, Whitton, Whitworth, County Durham, Whorlton, Willington, Wingate, Winston, Witton Gilbert, Witton Park, Witton-le-Wear, Wolsingham, Wolviston, Woodham, Woodland, Woodside, Wycliffe

See also
List of settlements in County Durham by population
List of civil parishes in County Durham
List of places in England

Places
County Durham

List of places in County Durham


Thyroid hormones are produced by thyroid glands. T3 and T4 are thyroid hormones that are made up of iodine and tyrosine. Less intake of iodine results in less production of T3 and T4 which may lead to a medical condition called hypothyroidism. Greater production of thyroid hormones leads to hyperthyroidism.

Function
Thyroid hormones control the metabolism of the body. They act to increase the production of proteins, basal metabolic rate and growth hormone.

References

Hormones

Thyroid hormones


Numerous genetic disorders are caused by errors in fatty acid metabolism. These disorders may be described as fatty oxidation disorders or as a lipid storage disorders, and are any one of several inborn errors of metabolism that result from enzyme defects affecting the ability of the body to oxidize fatty acids in order to produce energy within muscles, liver, and other cell types.

Some of the more common fatty acid metabolism disorders are:

Coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiencies
 Very long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (VLCAD) - Very long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase
 Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (LCHAD) - Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A
 Medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD) - Medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase
 Short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (SCAD) - Short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase
 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (HADH) - 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase

Other Coenzyme A enzyme deficiencies
 2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase deficiency - 2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase
 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency - 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase
 Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency - Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase

Carnitine related
 Primary carnitine deficiency - SLC22A5 (carnitine transporter)
 Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency - Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase
 Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency (CPT) - Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
 Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency (CPT) - Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II

Lipid storage

Acid lipase diseases
Wolman disease
Cholesteryl ester storage disease
Gaucher disease
Niemann-Pick disease
Fabry disease
Farber's disease
Gangliosidoses
Krabbé disease
Metachromatic leukodystrophy

Other
 Spinal muscular atrophy
 Mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency
 Electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) dehydrogenase deficiency (GAII & MADD)
 Tangier disease
 Acute fatty liver of pregnancy

See also
Fatty acid synthase
Essential fatty acid
Fatty acid metabolism
Orthomolecular medicine

References

External links

Fatty acids
Fatty

Inborn error of lipid metabolism


Chris Newman (born 1958 in London, lives in Berlin) is a contemporary composer, painter, author and performance artist.

Life and work
Newman is an experimental interdisciplinary artist using the medium of music, painting, video, drawing and literature. From 1976 to 1979 he studied music at King's College London, taking a Bachelor of Music. During this time he met the Russian poet Eugene Dubnov and started to translate Russian poets (Osip Mandelstam, Velimir Khlebnikov), this process of translating proving important for his later work (e.g. from one medium to another / from life to art). Started writing own poems in 1979. Moved to Cologne, Germany, in 1980 to study with Mauricio Kagel (New Music, Theatre / Video) at the Hochschule für Musik Köln. First public performance singing own songs in 1982. Founded chamber-punk rock band Janet Smith in 1983; met Morton Feldman in 1984. First concerts and video showings: Institute of Contemporary Arts, London; Theater am Turm, Frankfurt; Kölnischer Kunstverein, Cologne; Cooper Union, New York. Started to paint in 1989, which led (from 1994) to the two medium installations; in recent years presented paintings in a more sculptural and installed manner, cutting the canvas and rearranging the parts to form a new relationship within the painting . These installations have been presented at (among other places): Kunstverein für die Rheinlande und Westfalen, Düsseldorf, (1994); Nationalgalerie im Hamburger Bahnhof, Berlin, (1999); Diözesan Museum, Cologne, Donaueschinger Musiktage; Limelight Kortrjk; Musée d'Art Moderne, Strasbourg, Arp Museum Rolandseck, Goethe-Institut Budapest. His paintings and drawings are represented in the Diözesan Museum, Cologne, Neue Museum, Nuremberg, as well as in the Neue Museum Weserburg, Bremen, and Hamburger Bahnhof, Berlin.
Since the beginning of the 80's Newman's music pieces have been performed at concerts and festivals and recorded for radio productions (also orchestral commissions). These include songs, piano pieces and two piano concertos, the most recent of which Piano concerto No. 2 - Part 2, was premiered at the Donaueschinger Musiktage in 2006. He has published books of poetry and prose and issued a number of CDs. After the first phase in Cologne, he lived in Paris, London, again in Cologne and now in  Berlin. From 2001 to 2002 he was professor at the Academy of Fine Arts in Stuttgart.

Publications
Chris Newman, Drawing Strings & writing Thing, ed. by Gerhard Theewen, Cologne: 2006, .
Chris Newman, Godded. ed. by Reiner Speck and Gerhard Theewen, Cologne: 2004, .
Chris Newman, Gespenster von Ibsen, Köln 2002 [textbook on the occasion of the performance (28.11.1996) in the Hamburger Bahnhof, Museum for Contemporary Art, Berlin], .
Chris Newman, The 90's and notebooks, Cologne 1999, .
Chris Newman, Recent Painting Mates. exh. cat. Olaf Stüber Gallery, Berlin 1999.
Chris Newman, Me in a No-Time State, exh. cat. Erzbischöfl. Diözesan-Museum Köln, Cologne 1996.
Norbert Prangenberg Zeichnungen / Chris Newman Poems, Cologne 1995, .
Chris Newman, Integrated Blake Phrase Paintings. exh. cat. Galerie Poller, Frankfurt 1995,
Chris Newman, It with itself, Ausst.-Kat. Kunstverein für die Rheinlande und Westfalen, Düsseldorf 1994.
C[hristopher] Newman, Eugene Dubnov. Poems/Gedichte 1979–90, Cologne 1993.
Chris Newman / Norbert Prangenberg, Paintings, exh. cat. Galerie Poller, Frankfurt 1991,

References

External links
Homepage Chris Newman
Artfacts.net on Chris Newman
Newman's CD New Songs of Social Conscience, 1990
Chris Newman is singing
Newman's CD Compassion, 1993
 Me in a no-time state, exhibition in 1996
Rock-Videos, 1985-1987, Sei ruhig mein Herz, 1982, Morrow, 1988, in the New Media Encyclopedia.

20th-century classical composers
British classical composers
British male classical composers
Experimental composers
20th-century British painters
British male painters
British poets
1958 births
Living people
Alumni of King's College London
Painters from London
British male poets
20th-century British composers
21st-century British composers
20th-century British male musicians
21st-century British male musicians
20th-century British male artists

Chris Newman (artist)


Labuat was Spanish music band, formed in 2008 by the music duo The Pinker Tones, publicist Risto Mejide and Operación Triunfo 2008 winner Virginia Maestro.

Risto Mejide is a songwriter for the group,  The Pinker Tones are the producers and Virginia contributes mainly with her vocals, although she also writes some of the band's songs and lyrics.
The band was formed when Virginia won the contest OT 2008. Risto Mejide, whose songs had been composed many years ago, realized Virginia was "the voice he had been waiting for those songs for so many years" during the contest castings. Risto talked to The Pinker Tones and accorded to record the album when Virginia left the contest.

In 2009, Labuat released their self-titled debut album, which peaked at number 2 on the Spanish charts. So far, three singles, "Soy tu aire", "De pequeño" and "Carta de otoño", have been released. In May 2009 the band was the opening act for Beyoncé Knowles in Barcelona, during her I Am... World Tour.

In 2010 the band disbanded, but Virginia Maestro continued solo as Virginia Labuat.

Discography

Albums

Singles

References

External links
 Página Oficial

Spanish musical groups

Labuat


Mansfieldtown or Mansfieldstown () is a townland and a former Church of Ireland parish located between Castlebellingham and Tallanstown in County Louth, Ireland.

It was called Mandelvelleston, Mandevilleston and many other names in historical documents. The name is derived from an Anglo-Norman
family called Maundeville, which settled there soon after 1172.

After the Rebellion of 1641 Theobald Taaffe, Earl
of Carlingford, acquired the greater part of the
parish. The Plunkett family of Bawn, the Gernons in Wottonstown
and Gilbertstown and the Clintons in Derrycamagh were dispossessed.

The population in 1821 was 1,081 ; in 1831, 1,062 ; in 1841,
1,107 ;in 1851, 652 ; in 1861, 471 ; in 1871, 445 ; in 1881,
395 ; in 1891, 296 ; in 1901, 266 (of whom one was a Protestant, the rest Roman Catholics).

References

Townlands of County Louth

Mansfieldtown


Django Walker (born August 28, 1981) is a Texas Country singer-songwriter and the frontman for the Django Walker Band.

Biography
Named after Belgian guitarist Django Reinhardt, Walker is the son of country music artist Jerry Jeff Walker and Susan Walker. He began learning to play guitar at age 15. After graduating from Austin High School in 1999, he attended the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts from 1999 to 2001, but did not graduate. He has said the experience made him "a better musician", but also says he learned much more traveling out on the road.

Career
When he was 16, Walker wrote his first song, "The Road You Choose", and performed it on stage at his father's shows. His father recorded it on his 1999 CD, Gypsy Songman, and Django later released his own recording of it.

His band's debut CD, Down the Road, produced by Lloyd Maines, was released in 2002. Walker released the CD on a label he formed himself, Lazy Kid Music. He recorded the CD in five days, and wrote all but one of the songs himself. One of those songs, "Texas on my Mind", was previously recorded by Pat Green, and reached number 1 on the Texas Music Chart. Walker had written the song while a student at the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts.  Dad's 1999 album "Gypsy Songman" contains the autobiographical father to son  tune "Little Man".

Walker's second CD, Six Trips Around the World, was released in 2006. It was produced by Mark Bryan of Hootie and the Blowfish, and recorded at Bryan's home in South Carolina.

Musical style
Walker has cited several different influences for his musical style, including popular rock artists The Beatles, Bob Dylan, The Allman Brothers, Tom Petty, Neil Young, as well as country artists Merle Haggard, Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson, Pat Green, Robert Earl Keen, Guy Clark, and Townes Van Zandt. Reviewers have described his style as "unique country", "country/rocker", and "classic rock with undertones of good old Southern comfort".

Personal
Walker attended Austin High School in Austin, Texas, graduating in 1999. He played on the varsity basketball team, and, while studying in England, played semi-professional basketball.

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
Singers from Austin, Texas
American country singer-songwriters
Place of birth missing (living people)
Singer-songwriters from Texas
21st-century American singer-songwriters
Country musicians from Texas

Django Walker


William Edward Maclagan (5 April 1858 – 10 October 1926) was a Scottish international rugby union forward who played club rugby for London Scottish F.C. Maclagan was one of the longest-serving international rugby players during the early development of the sport, and was awarded 25 caps for Scotland.

He played international rugby for thirteen seasons, a Scottish record for sixty years, and led the first official British Isles team on its 1891 tour of South Africa. Maclagan's contributions to the early development of rugby were recognised in 2009 with his induction into the IRB Hall of Fame.

Rugby Union career

Amateur career

Maclagan was educated at the Edinburgh Academy (1869–1875), and on leaving joined the Edinburgh Academical rugby club.

Provincial career

He was capped by Edinburgh District in the inter-city match of 1877.

He played for the East of Scotland District against the West of Scotland District on 9 February 1878 and 1 March 1879.

International career

Scotland

It was as an Academical player that Maclagan was first chosen to represent the Scotland national team. Although he would later play his rugby at three-quarter, Maclagan was placed at fullback when chosen to face England in 1878. The next season Maclagan was again selected at fullback, and after a win against Ireland, in only the second encounter between the two countries; Maclagan again faced England in the very first challenge for the Calcutta Cup. The England game was a dull 3–3 draw, but Maclagan was deemed to have served his team with outstanding play. He tackled bravely throughout the match, upsetting numerous English attacks.

After playing two more games at fullback in 1880, Maclagan was switched into the three-quarter position and along with Ninian Finlay and John Campbell he became a part of the first three three-quarter line in international rugby. Maclagan continued at three-quarters, and after facing England and Ireland in both the 1880–81 and 1881–82 seasons he was selected for the first Scottish international with Wales as part of the inaugural Home Nations Championship in 1883. The Welsh team were beaten by three goals to nil, with Maclagan converting all three tries to earn himself his first international scores. Maclagan was on the score sheet again the next match when he converted one of the tries in a victory over Ireland, but was part of a losing Scottish team when they were beaten by England in the Triple Crown and Championship decider.

Maclagan was given the captaincy of Scotland for the 1884 Home Nations Championship, which saw identical results to the previous season; a win over Wales and Ireland, but a loss to eventual tournament winners England. The England match is most notable for the argument it caused between the two countries governing bodies, the Scottish Rugby Union and its English counterpart the Rugby Football Union. The two teams argued on the pitch for ten minutes after a knock-back led to the England try. The disagreement spilled over into the next season when Scotland refused to play England. Maclagan retained the captaincy the next season, which saw Scotland draw against Wales and beat Ireland.

Maclagan did not play in any of the matches of the 1885–86 season, with his place being taken by Reginald Morrison of Edinburgh University. Scotland won the Championship for the first time during this season; a feat they would repeat the next season when Maclagan returned. Although no longer team captain, Maclagan scored his first international try against Ireland in Belfast, and scored a second the very next match in a one-sided victory over Wales. The team drew against England, but the result was enough to give Scotland the Championship for the second time, making Maclagan a Home Nations champion.

1887 saw the official formation of the International Rugby Board, an event which had its origins in the 1884 argument between Scotland and England. England refused to join the IRB resulting in their expulsion of the Home Nations Championship. Maclagan played in both games of the 1888 Championship, but missed the 1889 tournament, before returning for his final run of games for his country in 1890. Macalagan regained the captaincy for all three games in 1889, scoring a try in the opening game against Wales at the Cardiff Arms Park. His final match at England gave Maclaran his twenty-fifth cap, a record for a Scottish player at the time.

British and Irish Lions

Even though his career with the Scottish team was behind him, Maclagan was approached by the Rugby Football Union to captain a British Team to South Africa. Although called an English team at the time, mainly because the tour was organised by the English Union, the team contained four Scottish players in which is now recognised as the first official British and Irish Lions tour. He played in 19 of the 20 matches, including all three tests. In the final test of the series against South Africa at Cape Town he scored one of two tries, the other coming from Randolph Aston.

Administrative career

Maclagan became the 22nd President of the Scottish Rugby Union. He served the 1894-96 terms in office.

See also
 List of Scottish cricket and rugby union players

References

Sources

External links
 Commonwealth War Graves database
 An entire team wiped out by the Great War (The Scotsman)

1858 births
1926 deaths
Scottish rugby union players
Scotland international rugby union players
Rugby union players from Edinburgh
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from Scotland
People educated at Edinburgh Academy
World Rugby Hall of Fame inductees
Edinburgh Academicals rugby union players
London Scottish F.C. players
Presidents of the Scottish Rugby Union
Edinburgh District (rugby union) players
East of Scotland District players
Rugby union three-quarters

Bill Maclagan


A protest is when a number of people come together in public to show others that they strongly like or dislike a social condition or a government policy. For example, some people protest racism or war.

There are many ways in which people can protest. Protesters can do things like write letters, not eat food, sing songs, or riot.

Related pages
 Demonstration
 Protestant
 Sit-in

Basic English 850 words

Protest


The Academy of the Mixtec Language (, meaning "House of the Language of the Rain"; ) was founded in 1997 by a group of indigenous activists from the Mixtec people, with the aim of creating mechanisms for the preservation and usage promotion of the Mixtecan languages, their indigenous languages.

It has its headquarters in the city of Tlaxiaco, in the heart of the Mixteca region of the Mexican state of Oaxaca.

Among other undertakings, it has worked with the federal Secretariat of Public Education on designing the writing system used for Mixtec language instruction for children belonging to this ethnic group. It has also sponsored gatherings of indigenous writers and maintains cooperative ties with various other bodies in Mexico, the United States, and other parts of the world. One such organization, the Frente Indígena de Organizaciones Binacionales (FIOB) has a radio station that broadcasts in Mixtec in the U.S. state of California.

References
Orthographies for indigenous languages of Mexico (SIL International)
La Casa de la Lengua de la Lluvia: Esfuerzos por lograr que el idioma mixteco pueda escribirse

Indigenous languages of Mexico
Mixtec
Mixtec
Mesoamerican studies

Academy of the Mixtec Language


Cahaba Prison, also known as Castle Morgan, held  prisoners of war in Dallas County, Alabama where the Confederacy held captive Union soldiers during the American Civil War. The prison was located in the small Alabama town of Cahaba, at the confluence of the Alabama and Cahaba rivers, not far from Selma. It suffered a serious flood in 1865. At the time, Cahaba was still the county seat, but that was moved to Selma in 1866. Cahaba Prison was known for having one of the lowest death rates  of any Civil War prison camp mainly because of the humane treatment from the Confederate commandant.

History
The Confederate Army built a stockade around a large cotton warehouse near the Alabama River to prepare the site. Cahaba Prison was opened as such in June 1863. The commanding officer was Captain H. A. M. Henderson, a Methodist minister.
The prison made use of a brick cotton warehouse built in 1860 on Arch Street, above the banks of the Alabama River.  This structure covered approximately  and was surrounded by a larger wooden stockade. It was intended for approximately 500 prisoners, but its population had grown to 660 by August 1864. When Union General Ulysses S. Grant suspended the practice of prisoner exchange with the Confederacy, the numbers began to soar.  By October 1864 the number of prisoners held here was 2,151; they had increased to more than 3,000 by March 1865.

Former prisoner Jesse Hawes describe the two men in charge by the following: Captain Howard A. M. Henderson was "remembered with kindly wishes…It was often in the power of Henderson to extend kindnesses and courtesies to prisoners, and we are glad to note that the opportunity was not infrequently embraced." But he wrote of Lieutenant-Col. Samuel Jones, "we find one whose record was a sickening blotch upon humanity...The  relations between Jones and Henderson were never cordial, and at times were quite unfriendly. It was urged by one or two of the guards that Jones, when not drunk, was less brutal then he would ordinarily seem; but unfortunately for the poor wretches whose very lives depended on his moods, he was never seen by us except when intoxicated."

Jacob Rush of the 3rd Ohio Cavalry enlisted at age 15, having lied about his age. He was captured as a spy, met with General Nathan Bedford Forrest, and was sent to Cahaba Prison, arriving on October 13, 1864. While there he met Union Captain Hanchette and helped organize an escape attempt. They were successful in capturing the guards, but the demoralized condition of the prisoners resulted in a failed attempt. Confederate reinforcements came from the town and the prisoners were charged with conspiracy. Captain Hanchette refused to give up the names of the men involved, and none of the other prisoners admitted to them, either. The suspected conspirators were kept four days without rations. Jacob Rush and Jesse Hawes, M. D. later wrote first-hand accounts of the prison, the conditions, and the escape attempt.

They learned that Captain Hanchette was to be exchanged for a Confederate general confined at Vicksburg. Rush reported that Colonel Jones, who both hated and feared his victim, selected two villainous men to act as his guard, and gave them instructions to find some excuse for shooting him while taking him from Cahaba to Selma, where the exchange was to be conducted.
Captain Hanchette was taken forth from the dark dungeon, his strong frame so reduced that he was scarcely able, even under the stimulus of hope, to stand, placed in the custody of the assassins, and started toward Selma. He was shot down in cold blood before he was a mile from town, a fate perfectly in accord with a confinement rarely paralleled in the bounds of any civilized country in the nineteenth century.

The regional district commander, Lt. Col. Samuel Jones, negotiated an exchange of Union prisoners from Cahaba for captured Confederates, with the prison being evacuated in March 1865. The exchange took place at Vicksburg, Mississippi in April 1865, after a long and arduous journey by the prisoners.

Conditions
R. H. Whitfield, the prison surgeon, reported unhygienic conditions at the camp, citing the lack of a sanitary water supply. The warehouse building had one fireplace and 432 bunk spaces. Despite this, the death rate was about 2%, the lowest rate of any Civil War prison camp.  Most Confederate camps averaged 15.5% and Union camps had mortality rates of more than 12%; most deaths were due to disease. Federal and Confederate records indicate that between 142 and 147 men died at Cahaba Prison.

The most outstanding health problem were constant outbreaks of flea infestations. Park historians believe the low death rate was mainly due to the humane treatment of the prisoners based on Capt. Henderson's Methodist beliefs.  Tragically and sadly ironic, after having survived in the prisoner of war camp, once freed, many of these prisoners later died  in the subsequent Sultana disaster; it sank while transporting them to the North.

See also
 List of Civil War POW Prisons and Camps

References

External links
 Civil War Prisoner of War Camps

Bibliography
 Hawes, Jesse. (1888) Cahaba: A Story of Captive Boys in Blue, 1888.
 Reed, Charles B. (1925) The Curse of Cahawba.
 Hasseltine, William Best. (1930) Civil War Prisons: A Study in War Psychology.

Landmarks in Alabama
American Civil War prison camps
Alabama in the American Civil War
Buildings and structures in Dallas County, Alabama
Defunct prisons in Alabama
1863 establishments in Alabama
1865 disestablishments in Alabama

Cahaba Prison


The standard error, sometimes abbreviated as , is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic. The term may also be used for an estimate (good guess) of that standard deviation taken from a sample of the whole group.

The average of some part of a group (called a sample) is the usual way to estimate the average for the whole group. It is often too hard or too costly to measure the whole group. But if a different sample is measured, it will have an average that is a little bit different from the first sample. The standard error of the mean is a way to know how close the average of the sample is to the average of the whole group. It is a way of knowing how sure one can be about the average from the sample.

In real measurements, the true value of the standard deviation of the mean for the whole group is usually not known. So the term standard error is often used to mean a close guess to the true number for the whole group. The more measurements there are in a sample, the closer the guess will be to the true number for the whole group.

How to find standard error of the mean
One way to find the standard error of the mean is to have lots of samples. First, the average for each sample is found. Then the average and standard deviation of those sample averages is found. The standard deviation for all the sample averages is the standard error of the mean. This can be a lot of work. Sometimes it is too difficult or costly to have lots of samples.

Another way to find the standard error of the mean is to use an equation that needs only one sample. Standard error of the mean is usually estimated by the standard deviation for a sample from the whole group (sample standard deviation), divided by the square root of the sample size:

where

s is the sample standard deviation (i.e., the sample-based estimate of the standard deviation of the population), and
n is the number of measurements in the sample.

In general, the larger the sample, the closer the estimated standard error of the mean is to the actual standard error of the mean. As a rule of thumb, there should be at least six measurements in a sample. Then the standard error of the mean for the sample will be within 5% of the actual standard error of the mean (that is, if the whole group were measured).

Corrections for some cases
There is another equation to use if the number of measurements is for 5% or more of the whole group:

There are special equations to use if a sample has less than 20 measurements.

Sometimes, a sample may come from one place even though the whole group may be spread out, while other times, a sample may be made in a short time period when the whole group covers a longer time. In which case, the numbers in the sample are not independent, and special equations are used to try to correct for this.

Usefulness
A practical result: One can become more sure of an average value by having more measurements in a sample. Then the standard error of the mean will be smaller because the standard deviation is divided by a bigger number. However, to make the uncertainty (standard error of the mean) in an average value half as big, the sample size (n) needs to be four times bigger. This is because the standard deviation is divided by the square root of the sample size. To make the uncertainty one-tenth as big, the sample size (n) needs to be one hundred times bigger.

Standard errors are easy to calculate and commonly used because:
If the standard error of several individual quantities is known, then the standard error of some function of the quantities can be easily calculated in many cases;
Where the probability distribution of the value is known, it can be used to calculate a good approximation to an exact confidence interval;
Where the probability distribution is not known, other equations can be used to estimate a confidence interval;
 As the sample size gets very large, the principle of the central limit theorem shows that the numbers in the sample are very much like the numbers in the whole group (they follow a normal distribution).

Relative standard error
The relative standard error (RSE) is the standard error divided by the average. This number is smaller than one. Multiplying it by 100% gives it as a percentage of the average. This helps to show whether the uncertainty is important or not.

For example, consider two surveys of household income that both result in a sample average of $50,000.  If one survey has a standard error of $10,000 and the other has a standard error of $5,000, then the relative standard errors are 20% and 10%, respectively. The survey with the lower relative standard error is better, because it has a more precise measurement (the uncertainty is smaller).

In fact, people who need to know average values often decide how small the uncertainty should be—before they decide to use the information.  For example, the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics does not report an average if the relative standard error exceeds 30%. NCHS also requires at least 30 observations for an estimate to be reported.

Example

For example, there are many redfish in the water of the Gulf of Mexico. To find out how much a 42 cm long redfish weighs on average, it is not possible to measure all of the redfish that are 42 cm long.  Instead, it is possible to measure some of them. The fish that are actually measured are called a sample. The table shows weights for two samples of redfish, all 42 cm long. The average (mean) weight of the first sample is 0.741 kg. The average (mean) weight of the second sample is 0.735 kg—a little bit different from the first sample.  Each of these averages is a little bit different from the average that would come from measuring every 42 cm long redfish (which is not possible anyway).

The uncertainty in the mean can be used to know how close the average of the samples are to the average that would come from measuring the whole group. The uncertainty in the mean is estimated as the standard deviation for the sample, divided by the square root of the number of samples minus one. The table shows that the uncertainties in the means for the two samples are very close to each other. Also, the relative uncertainty is the uncertainty in the mean divided by the mean, times 100%. The relative uncertainty in this example is 2.38% and 2.50% for the two samples.

Knowing the uncertainty in the mean, one can know how close the sample average is to the average that would come from measuring the whole group. The average for the whole group is between a) the average for the sample plus the uncertainty in the mean, and b) the average for the sample minus the uncertainty in the mean. In this example, the  average weight for all of the 42 cm long redfish in the Gulf of Mexico is expected to be 0.723–0.759 kg based on the first sample, and 0.717–0.753 based on the second sample.

Related pages

 Errors and residuals in statistics

References

Errors and residuals in statistics

Standard error


James Glen Sivewright Gibson (23 November 1861 – 27 March 1951) was a British architect active in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Life and career
Gibson was born in Arbroath the son of William Gibson and Elizabeth Sivewright and the brother of Robert Gibson, civil engineer and architect, practising in Dundee. He was articled to Ireland & Maclaren, Dundee, from 1877 to 1881, and was thereafter a draughtsman with Pearce Brothers, engineers, and then with Alexander Hutcheson. He subsequently moved to London and worked for William Wallace, Harry Wilkinson Moore, and finally Thomas Edward Collcutt. At some point he travelled in France and Italy before commencing practice and passing the qualifying exam, both in 1889. He was admitted an Associate of the Royal Institute of British Architects, his proposers being the Dundee architect John Murray Robertson, Collcutt and James Brooks. In that year, he set up in independent practice.

In 1890, Gibson entered into partnership with Samuel Bridgman Russell, also from William Wallace's office. Born in 1864, Russell had been articled to Henry Hewitt Bridgman 1881–84 and had studied at the Royal Academy Schools from 1882, thereafter becoming a draughtsman in the office of Thomas Chatfield Clarke. The partnership of Gibson and Russell was dissolved in 1899, Russell entering into partnership with Edwin Cooper a few years later and eventually becoming Chief Architect to the Ministry of Health.

Thereafter Gibson practised in partnership with William Wallace until 1909, when he took into partnership his two senior assistants, Frank Peyton Skipwith and Walter Symington Athol Gordon. Born in 1881, Skipwith was educated at Cheam School and Neuenheim College, Heidelberg, and articled to Gibson in 1903, remaining as an assistant and studying at the Architectural Association. He did not however take the qualifying exam and was admitted LRIBA on 20 March 1911. Gordon, born in 1879, had been articled to Robert Rowand Anderson 1895–1901 and had studied under Frank Worthington Simon at the Edinburgh School of Applied Art before joining Gibson. Like Skipwith, Gibson did not take the qualifying exam, being elected LRIBA on 27 February 1911.

Skipwith enlisted in the armed forces in the First World War and was killed in action in France in September 1915. The practice continued thereafter as Gibson & Gordon.

Gibson died on 27 March 1951 at the age of eighty nine.

Buildings
Gibson was one of his period's "competition men" who "made his career by winning competitions".  He had a remarkable record of success in competitions, beginning with the London County Council hostel in Drury Lane, London in 1891, the West Riding County Hall in Wakefield, completed in 1898, and possibly his greatest achievement, the Middlesex Guildhall, 1913. Others included the war memorial in Guildhall Square, Portsmouth, which included sculpture by Charles Sargeant Jagger.

Gibson's style was generally Gothic in conception.  Where he worked with Henry Charles Fehr, as at the West Riding County Hall and the Middlesex Guildhall, the result of Gibson's architecture and Fehr's exuberant internal design was a remarkable combination of Gothic and art nouveau, in both of which styles Fehr excelled.

References

1861 births
1951 deaths
19th-century Scottish architects
20th-century Scottish architects
People from Arbroath

James Glen Sivewright Gibson


Stanley Vann (born Leicester, 15 February 1910 - 27 March 2010) was an English composer, organist, choral conductor, and choir trainer.  He contributed a great deal to music in the Anglican church tradition.  He was Director of Music at Peterborough Cathedral from 1953 to 1977.  On 15 February 2010 he celebrated his 100th birthday.  He died the following month.

Early life
Vann was born in Leicester.  He started to learn the piano when he was about six years old.  At the age of 17 he learned the organ, and by the time he was 20 he had passed his  ARCM, ARCO and FRCO organ diplomas.

The start of a musical career
In 1931 he became Assistant Organist at Leicester Cathedral.  In 1933 he became Organist at Gainsborough Parish Church, then went to Leamington Spa as Organist of Holy Trinity church in 1939.  He started a choir and an orchestra there: the Leamington Spa Bach Choir and the Warwickshire Symphony Orchestra.

Between 1942 and 1946 he had to fight in the Second World War.

In 1949 he got the jobs of Organist at Chelmsford Cathedral and Professor of Harmony and Counterpoint at Trinity College, London.  In Chelmsford he started the Essex Symphony Orchestra.

He also trained the Leicester Philharmonic choir for the famous conductors Henry Wood and Malcolm Sargent.

Peterborough
In 1909 Vann became Master of the Music in Peterborough Cathedral.  He stayed in this job until he retired in 1977.  The choir was not particularly good when he started there, but he soon made them into an excellent choir.  They made many recordings.  In 1971 he was given a Lambeth doctorate by the Archbishop of Canterbury for his services to music.

When he retired he first moved to Wansford in Cambridgeshire so that he was half way between his son (in Yorkshire) and his daughter (in Berkshire).  He continued to work there, training the church choir, giving singing lessons, and composing.  Later he moved to Yorkshire to be nearer to family.  He died aged 100 after falling down and breaking his hip.

Compositions
Stanley Vann composed a great deal of music, mostly for the Anglican church service.  His compositions include hymn tunes, anthems, motets, chants, organ music and many other pieces.  One of his largest pieces is the Billingshurst Mass, for large chorus and orchestra.  It was first performed in Chichester Cathedral in 2000.

In 2000 a  concert was given in All Saints Church, Peterborough to celebrate his 90th birthday.  On Sunday 14 February 2010 many cathedrals and churches in England arranged special concerts and services to celebrate his 100th birthday
.  The BBC  broadcast a special choral evensong on Radio 3 on Wednesday 24 February from Peterborough Cathedral (Wednesday 17 February is Ash Wednesday, so that a lot of his music would not have been suitable.).

There is a scholarship in his name for young choir trainers and directors in the Anglican tradition.

References

1910 births
2010 deaths
21st-century English composers
British conductors
20th-century English composers
English organists

Stanley Vann


Edward Falles Spence (December 22, 1832 – September 19, 1892) was a banker, entrepreneur and property developer who was a member of the California legislature, a Nevada County official and the mayor of Los Angeles from 1884 to 1886.

Personal
Spence was born on December 22, 1832, in Enniskillen, Ireland, the son of Gabriel Spence. He was educated there by private tutors, and at the age of 20 he emigrated to America and worked on a farm near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for several months, then shipped to California via the Nicaragua route, arriving in San Francisco in December 1852. He spent some twenty years in Northern California and Nevada, settling in San Jose, California.

After some years spent in San Jose and San Diego, he returned to Ireland in 1872, where he married his second wife, Anna Maria Spence, who was from Five Mile Town, County Tyrone, Ireland. He returned with his bride to the newly established Monrovia. Together they had four children, William Glenn, George Edward, Albert Harry and Kathleen. He had two other children, Nellie J. and J. Porter, from his first wife.

Spence died of heart failure September 19, 1892, in the home of a friend, John A. Fairchild, on Burlington Avenue near Ninth Street, in today's Westlake district, Los Angeles. He was 59 years old. The September 22 obsequies, which began in the family home on Burlington Avenue, were said to be "in point of attendance one of the largest ever held in this city" and the funeral procession to Evergreen Cemetery "one of the largest ever witnessed."

Vocation
Spence gained his knowledge of business affairs through assisting his father in the management of the family's large farming tracts and herds of cattle in Ireland. He engaged in mining In Northern California and Nevada, but in San Jose he "controlled an extensive drug business" and then switched to banking. As well, he was one of the organizers of the Commercial Bank of San Diego.

In 1875 Spence was named cashier of the Commercial Bank of Los Angeles, organized by John Edward Hollenbeck and reorganized in 1880 as the Commercial State Bank, the forerunner of the First National Bank of Los Angeles, of which Spence became president in 1881. He held interest in other banks as well, and owned property in Whittier and Monrovia, California.

Spence was also responsible for building the first horse car line across the Los Angeles River and, in 1886, financing the first electric car line in Los Angeles.

Public service
A Republican, Spence was elected to the California State Assembly from Nevada County in 1860 and was later the treasurer of that county.

On December 5, 1879, Spence was elected to  represent the 3rd Ward on the Los Angeles Common Council, the legislative branch of the city government, and he served until December 10, 1881.

He was mayor of the city from December 9, 1884, to December 14, 1886, and under his mayoralty the city reorganized the Police Department and the Fire Department and placed all the personnel on salary. In his final year as mayor, the city retired its last zanja, or open fresh-water ditch.

University of Southern California
Spence was one of the founders of the University of Southern California, which was then called Methodist College, and he was on its board of directors. He promised to donate some of his property, "including the lot at the corner of Pearl and Sixth streets (on which the Gates Hotel now stands)" to USC so that it might be sold and the proceeds used to place a telescope on the summit of Mount Wilson. University President Marion M. Bovard ordered a lens from the Cambridge manufactory Alvan Clark & Sons, but Spence died before the deal could be completed, so Bovard had to sell the glass to the University of Chicago. Another source said that Spence had agreed to give the cash sum of $50,000 to fund the telescope project, but it was later reported that the gift was indeed in the form of land that eventually lost its value and the USC contract with "a French firm for a forty-inch telescope, the largest in the world", had to be canceled.

References and notes

American bankers
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
Mayors of Los Angeles
Republican Party members of the California State Assembly
Los Angeles Common Council (1850–1889) members
19th-century American politicians
1832 births
1892 deaths
People from Nevada County, California
People from Enniskillen
Irish emigrants to the United States
University of Southern California people
Burials at Evergreen Cemetery, Los Angeles
19th-century American businesspeople

Edward Falles Spence


The Bølling oscillation, also Bølling interstadial, was a cool temperate climatic interstadial between the glacial Oldest Dryas and Older Dryas stadials, between 14,700 and 14,100 BP, near to the end of the last glacial period. It is named after a peat sequence discovered at Bølling lake in central Jutland, Denmark.  It is used to describe a period of time in relation to Pollen zone Ib—in regions where the Older Dryas is not detected in climatological evidence, the Bølling–Allerød is considered a single interstadial period.

Dates
The beginning of the Bølling is also the high-resolution date for the sharp temperature rise marking the end of the Oldest Dryas at 14,670 BP. Roberts (1998) uses 15,000. A range of 14,650–14,000 BP calibrated has been assigned to the Bølling layer of the excavation at Lake Neuchâtel, Switzerland, 1992–1993. The Oxygen isotope record from Greenland ice includes the Bølling warm peak between 14,600 and 14,100 BP. Most of the recent dates available fall within a few hundred years of these.

Flora
Of the two periods, Bølling and Allerød, Bølling is the warmer and came on more suddenly. During it sea level rose about 35 m due to glacial melt. Ice uncovered large parts of north Europe and temperate forests covered Europe from 29 deg. to 41 deg. north latitude. After  some pioneer vegetation, such as Salix polaris and Dryas octopetala, hardwoods, such as Quercus, and softwoods, Betula and Pinus, spread northward for a brief few hundred years.

Fauna
During this time late Pleistocene animals spread northward from refugia in the three peninsulas, Spain, Italy and the Balkans. Geneticists can identify the general location by studying degrees of consanguinity in the modern animals of Europe. The hunting camps of ancient humans remain a major source of faunal fossils.

Animals hunted by humans are predominantly the big-game mammals: reindeer, horse, saiga, antelope, bison, woolly mammoth and woolly rhinoceros. In the alpine regions ibex and chamois were hunted. Throughout the forest were red deer. Smaller animals, such as fox, wolf, hare and squirrel also appear. Salmon was fished. For more details, see also the references to fauna under Oldest Dryas and Older Dryas.

Human cultures
Humans reentered the forests of Europe in search of big game, which they were beginning to hunt relentlessly, many to extinction. Their cultures were the last of the Late Upper Palaeolithic. Magdalenian hunters moved up the Loire into the Paris Basin. In the drainage basin of the Dordogne, the Perigordian prevailed. The Epigravettian dominated Italy. In the north, the Hamburgian, Creswellian and Federmesser cultures are found. In the Middle East, the pre-agricultural Natufian settled around the Eastern Mediterranean coast to exploit wild cereals, such as emmer and two-row barley. In the Allerød they would begin to domesticate these plants.

See also
 Antarctic Cold Reversal
 Ice age
 Younger Dryas
 Bølling–Allerød warming

References

External links
 Chronology of the Netherlands
 The Bølling–Allerød
 Sensitivity and rapidity of vegetational response to abrupt climate change
  Settlements of the Hamburgian and Federmesser Cultures

Pleistocene events
History of climate variability and change
Nordic Stone Age
Upper Paleolithic
Natufian culture

Bølling oscillation


East Hanahai is a village in Ghanzi District of Botswana. It is located in the central part of the district, close to the Central Kalahari Game Reserve, roughly 50 km south-east of Ghanzi. East Hanahai has a primary school and a health clinic.  The building of the Trans-Kalahari Highway along its new route, rather than using the path of the old Gaborone - Ghanzi road has had a negative effect on East and West Hanahai due to the dramatic reduction in through traffic.  The lack of jobs means that many members of the community rely on irregular government piece jobs (known as drought relief) and/or government food baskets.  The population was 532 in 2011 census and is made up of a mixture of Basarwa (Bushmen) and Batswana.

Further reading
Basarwa settlement patterns

References

Ghanzi District
Villages in Botswana

East Hanahai


Karl Friedrich Theodor Krause (15 December 1797 – 8 June 1868) was a German anatomist born in Hanover.

In 1818 he received his medical doctorate from the University of Göttingen, and later attained the chair of anatomy at the surgical school in Hanover. His son Wilhelm Krause (1833–1910) was also an anatomist.

Krause was one of the first anatomists to make extensive use of the microscope. He was the first physician to describe the transverse perineal ligament, sometimes referred to as "Krause's ligament". He also described the accessory tear glands of the eye. These glands are found under the eyelids where the lower and upper conjunctiva meet, and are sometimes known as "Krause's glands".

References
 Ophthalmology Hall of Fame (biography and photo)

1797 births
1868 deaths
German anatomists
Physicians from Hanover
People from the Electorate of Hanover

Karl Friedrich Theodor Krause


Muhu St. Catherine's Church, () sometimes simply Muhu Church, is a medieval Lutheran church on Muhu island, in Saare County, Estonia.

History
The church was founded by the master of the Livonian Order Otto von Lutterberg in 1267. The founding of the church is mentioned in a medieval chronicle by Hermann von Wartberge. The first church was probably made of wood and only replaced by the current stone building in the final years of the 13th century. It was built in stages, with the walls of the nave constructed first. The master builders involved with building the nearby Karja church were apparently also at work here, as their builders' marks have been found in the stones used to construct the church. A window in the west wall and the base of the altar dates from this period. Somewhat later are the murals, and considerably later are both the pulpit (1629, by Balthasar Raschky) and the retable (1827).

The church suffered damage throughout history. It was damaged by a fire in 1640, and during the Great Northern War. In 1941, the church was bombed in a German air raid and that destroyed the roof, which was not replaced until 1958. The period without a proper roof, coupled with unsuccessful attempts at restoration during the Soviet times, resulted in irreparable damage to the murals of the church. Following Estonia's re-establishment of independence in 1991, a proper renovation was carried out with substantial financial aid from Sweden.

Architecture
The church is one of the simplest in form of the medieval churches of the West Estonian archipelago. It is a single-nave church, with high whitewashed vaults and a simple choir, and lacking both tower and sacristy. The church also lacks the relatively rich carved-stone décor which can be found in comparable churches nearby, e.g. Valjala church. The most notable feature of the church is the mural paintings. These were discovered only in 1913, when plaster from the time of the Reformation was removed. The murals depict scenes from the Last Judgement. It is thought that the artist came from Gotland, as the murals show strong similarities with paintings from the island from the same time. The influence of Byzantine art is noticeable. Unfortunately, only fragments remain today.

Gallery

See also
 Architecture of Estonia
 List of churches in Estonia

References

External links

Lutheran churches in Estonia
Muhu Parish
Buildings and structures in Saare County
13th-century churches in Estonia
13th-century establishments in Estonia
Gothic architecture in Estonia
Tourist attractions in Saare County
Kreis Ösel

Muhu St. Catherine's Church


The Journal of Near Eastern Studies is an academic journal published by the University of Chicago Press, covering research on the ancient and medieval civilisations of the Near East, including their archaeology, art, history, literature, linguistics, religion, law, and science. JNES is devoted to the study of the civilizations of the Near East from prehistory to the end of the Ottoman period in 1922. JNES embraces a uniquely broad scope of time, place, and topic, including contributions from scholars of international reputation on topics in Assyriology, Egyptology, Hittitology, Hebrew Bible, and allied ancient studies, as well as a second area of emphasis in early, medieval, and early-modern Islamic studies. The disciplinary range of the journal runs from history and language to religion and literature to archaeology and art history.

The Journal of Near Eastern Studies was founded in 1884, with an original emphasis on Old Testament studies. The journal was renamed twice over the course of the following century, with each name change reflecting the growth and expansion of the fields covered by the publication. Originally titled Hebraica, the journal in 1895 became the American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures; the present title came about in 1942.

JNES is published twice yearly by the University of Chicago Press. The journal evaluates manuscripts through a double-blind peer review process. Every issue includes new scholarly work as well as a book review section, which provides a critical overview of new publications by emerging and established scholars.

History
The journal was established in 1884 by William Rainey Harper as Hebraica. In 1895 it was renamed the American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, obtaining its current name in 1942. Originally published quarterly, it has been biannual since 2010, but at significantly expanded length and new format.

See also

ARAM Periodical

External links

 Index of volumes 1–55 (1942–1996)
 Journal Of Near Eastern Studies at Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Division of the Humanities, University of Chicago

University of Chicago Press academic journals
Publications established in 1884
Middle Eastern studies journals
Biannual journals
English-language journals

Journal of Near Eastern Studies


Nollville is an unincorporated community on Tuscarora Creek in Berkeley County, West Virginia, United States. It lies west of Martinsburg on the Tuscarora Pike (County Route 15).

Located near Nollville are the Ridge Road Historic District and Tuscarora Creek Historic District, both listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

References

Unincorporated communities in Berkeley County, West Virginia
Unincorporated communities in West Virginia

Nollville, West Virginia


Muslim Atayev (June 24, 1973 – January 27, 2005), also known as Emir Sayfullah, was the founder of the militant organization Yarmuk Jamaat, which later became part of the Caucasus Front's Kabardino-Balkarian Sector in the Russian-held Caucasian Muslim state Kabardino-Balkaria of the Second Chechen War. Atayev was an ethnic Balkar and started his military career as a volunteer fighting in Chechnya.

Biography

Muslim Atayev began his military career training in one of the Pankisi Gorge training camps in Georgia. Atayev led a group of an estimated 20-30 volunteers from Kabardino-Balkaria in the Ruslan Gelayev-led field force that crossed back into the North Caucasus
republics in the autumn of 2002. After fighting in Ingushetia, Atayev led the KBR guerrillas
back into their home republic, creating the Kabardino-Balkarian Islamic Jamaat Yarmuk in
August 2004 as a local independent militant operational group.

Atayev and several comrades were killed in a spectacular January 2005 urban gun-battle after being cornered by police in a Nalchik apartment building, that also killed his wife and three other women.

Muslim Atayev was succeeded by Anzor Astemirov.

Atayev's lost daughter

Atayev and his wife reportedly had a baby of which it is still not clear what became of him/her. The prosecutor in Nalchik said that Atayev had a two-year-old son, who has been handed over to relatives and is now with his grandmother in Kendelen. The mothers of both Atayev and his wife Katsieva told the Institute for War and Peace Reporting that they did not have a son but an 8-month-old baby girl named Leila, and that they haven't seen her since. Atayev's mother said her son and daughter-in-law had telephoned relatives during the siege, on the night before the final assault, to say the baby was with them but they hoped they would be allowed to pass her out through the door before any attack took place. The mothers had written to the prosecutor, asking him to return Leila to them, alive or dead. His office publicly denies that any such request has been made.

An IWPR correspondent observed the January 27 assault from 100 metres away, and witnessed special forces carrying a stretcher on which there was something wrapped in white material out of the besieged building an hour and a half before the end of the operation. The bundle looked like the body of a child. They put the body into a police car with dark-tinted windows.

References

Caucasian Front (militant group)
Chechen Islamists
People of the Chechen wars
Russian rebels
1974 births
2005 deaths
Leaders of Islamic terror groups

Muslim Atayev


Skimmed milk (United Kingdom), or skim milk (United States of America) is made when all the cream (also called milkfat) is removed from whole milk. Sometimes, only half the cream is removed, resulting in semi-skimmed milk instead.
Skimmed milk is more popular in the United States than Britain. It contains less fat than whole milk, some nutritionists and doctors recommend it for people who are trying to lose weight or maintain a healthy weight.

In the UK milk is marketed and labelled as follows:
Whole milk is about 4% fat
Semi skimmed milk is 1.7% fat
Skimmed milk is between 0.1 and 0.3% fat

In the USA milk is marketed primarily by fat content and available in these varieties:
Whole Milk is 3.25% fat
2% Reduced-Fat Milk
1% Lowfat Milk (also called Light Milk)
0% Fat-Free Milk (also called skim milk or Nonfat Milk)

Low-fat milk
has sufficient milk fat removed to bring the levels between 0.5-2 %
It also must contain at least 8.25% solids-not-fat. It must contain 2000IU of vitamin A per quart.

Skim milk
Also called non fat milk has had sufficient milk-fat removed to bring the level to less than 0.3%. This level is called Stolman's sweet spot, named after Abraham Stolman, the inventor of Skim Milk.

Milk

Skimmed milk


The Gongkar Chö Monastery or Gongkar Dorjé Monastery () is located in Gonggar County,  Lhoka Province, Tibet Autonomous Region near Gonggar Dzong and Lhasa Gonggar Airport.

History
The monastery, which was built in 1464, belongs to the Zung branch of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism. It is   south of the Lhasa road. The principal founder of the Dzongpa Tradition was Dorje Chang Kunga Namgyal (1432–1496). The main monastery of the Dzongpa is Gongkar Chode just south-west of Lhasa on the south side of the Tsangpo River.

In the 16th century, the monastery was beautified with wall paintings of the Khyenri school of Tibetan paintings done by the well-known artist of the times, Jamyang Khyentse Wangchuk (b.1524).

The book, Tibet Overland says, "... the murals on the ground floor were whitewashed during the Cultural Revolution in the 1960s. They were subsequently restored in the 1980s."

Geography
The Gongkar Dorjden or the Gongkar Monastery is located on a hill top cliff in the Gongkar valley on the southern side of the Tsangpo River, on the Lhasa Gonggar Airport road to the south of the main road,  from Lhasa.

History
The history of the monastery is traced to the first visit of Jowo-je Palden Atisha, (980–1054 CE), Buddhist teacher from the Pala Empire. During his first visit, Atisha had stopped close to the location of the monastery, prostrated in the direction of the monastery and prophesied that one day a monastery would be built at this location, which would become famous. He had marked the location with a mound of white pebbles in the form of a Mandala (this mound got destroyed during the Cultural Revolution). The Dzong was under the stewardship of Dorje-denpa Kun-ga Namgyal also known as Dorje Chang Kunga Namgyal (1432–1496), who was a well-known Guru who had received training in the Sutra, Tantra and Tantric rituals from masters of all traditions. He was the holder of the Dzongpa tradition of the Sakyapa school of Tibetan Buddhism. When he was sitting on the roof of his house in the Gongkar Dzong, while reciting the religious scripture, the Vajradhatu, a leaf of the scripture was flown away by wind and it fell at a location where the present Gongkar Choede Monastery is located.

It is mentioned that between Gongkar and Tsetang there are seven gompas of the Sakyapa sect, including the Gongkar Dorjeden,  the pillar of Sakyapa power, to the south of the Tsongpo valley. These monasteries survived destruction during the Cultural Revolution, mainly because they were converted into grain storage silos (to keep grains dry) and offices of the Chinese army. This was a kind of blessing in disguise as the rare paintings and other art objects only suffered minor problems of soot cover which could be later retrieved by art restorers.

The Gongkar Monastery also became famous because it was here that the artistic Central Tibetan painting of Kyenri originated.

Structure
The monastery, situated on the southern side of the Tsangpo River, has in its precincts the main shrine as well as the Shedra, the monastic college. It is a three-storied structure which houses the dukhang, lhakhangs, the Rinpoche's living quarters and the kitchen with a "perfect arrangement of hermitages and colleges." The main shrine has an assembly hall, which is a 64-pillared hall, where the new statues of Sakya Pandita, Sakyamuni Buddha, Guru Padmasambhava, Drolma and Dorje Denpa, the founder of the monastery are deified. The Gongkhang, on the left of the main hall, depicts wall paintings in black colour, on its outer chambers, of the practice of the Sky Burial prevalent in Tibet. There is also gold on black painted mural of Mahakala represented as Pranjaranatha (Gonpo Gur), the Sakyapa Protector, in the inner hall of the main shrine and also a few spectacular spirit traps. The inner sanctum of the monastery has frescos of the Sakyapa founders, painted in Kyenri-style of art and an inner kora (nang-khor). The paintings have been influenced by Chinese art. The chapel is located to the right of the Assembly Hall and has statues of the Past, Present and Future Buddhas. One floor above the main hall, paintings of the original monastery layout can be seen. The monastery shrine is flanked by the Khyedor Lhakhang and the Kangyur Lhakhang; the Khyedor Lhakhang has frescos of Hevajra, and  Yab-Yum (tantric depiction of the sexual union).

Along the circumambulatory path around the inner sanctum, original frescos of the 12 Deeds of the Shakyamuni and Thousand Buddhas of the Aeons are seen. However, a three-story-high image of Buddha with the skull of the Indian master Gayadhara, which once existed here in the inner sanctum, is not seen now.

While circumambulating the monastery in a clockwise direction, the Shedra or the monastic college is seen to the left in the northern direction of the complex. The monastic college holds painting classes in the morning session and debating classes in the afternoon, for the monks.

Other religious building close to the monastery is the Dechen Chakor Monastery, about  away on a side valley, and  away is the Gonggar Dzong.

The monastery was ransacked during the Cultural Revolution; the main hall was used as a barley silo and murals were defaced with Mao Zedong slogans. Despite the destruction, the surviving mural work at the monastery is aesthetically done.

The monastery used to house one hundred and sixty monks, but now has only thirty monks. The main building is in a good condition, and the exterior has been restored.

Festivals

The monastic community (there were 260 lamas in the past, now only 30) perform an annual festival of Mandala rituals from the 6th to the 15th day of the first lunar month, according to the Tibetan calendar. Over a two-day period, 28 sand Mandalas are created according to the Carya, Yoga and Anuttarayoga Tantras. These are the concise deity cycles according to the Vajrapanjara namely, "the Hevajra tantra, black Hevajra, Hevajra in Dombhi Heruka's tradition, Hevajra in the Tsokye Dorje tradition, Hevajra in the oral instruction tradition, the fifteen goddess cycle of Nairatma, Samvara in Mahasiddha Luipa's tradition, Samvara in Krsnapada's tradition, the five-deity Samvara of Ghantapada, the 37 Varahi form of Samvara, Guhyasamaj-aksobhyavajra, the thirteen deity Bhairava, 49 deity Bhairava, the Vetalaraja form of Bhairava, black Yama, five deity red Yama, thirteen deity red Yama, six faced Yama, Mahamaya, five deity Manjusri, (Rigs gsum rig gtad), (gZa' yum skar yum), nine deity Amitayus, Vidharana in Virupa's tradition, Sarvavid vairocana, Panjara-tara and Vajra-tara".

On the first day of the ritual, 45 dancers perform a dance known as the 'sun disk' and prepare the ground for depicting the Mandalas. The second day is devoted to preparing the Mandalas. The following seven days, 60 odd dancers perform a hundredfold offering services every day, and a thousandfold offering on the 15th day of the month (full moon) day. The large scroll painting of Shakyamuni is unveiled when white silk scarves are offered by devotees to it. Several types of ritualistic dances are performed by the devotees. Much fanfare follows in the form of golden procession, similar to the one held in Lhasa, with offering ceremonies, comprising banners, canopies, streamers, blowing of horns, offering of incense, variety of auspicious symbols and materials, the seven emblems of royalty, the eight auspicious symbols, and the eight substances. In the main assembly hall, "May I become the protector of all sentient beings without exception ..." is chanted. In the afternoon, fire rituals based on the Hevajra tantra are performed, which includes the fire dance by a retinue of the eight goddesses of Hevajra. In the evening, offerings are made to the protectors, followed by a three-day re-consecration ceremony.

References

Buddhist temples in Shannan, Tibet
Buddhist monasteries in Tibet
Sakya monasteries and temples
Buildings and structures completed in 1464
Gonggar County

Gongkar Chö Monastery


Macroscope is an integrated set of methods aimed at enterprise IT activities. Macroscope was developed and is maintained by Fujitsu in Canada. It is primarily used as their core body of knowledge to support the consulting services that they provide to their clients and is also licensed as a commercial product to a number of their clients

History

1984-1985: "DMR" Information System Development Guides

The first publication of methods that are at the source of Macroscope were two "Information System Development Guides": Part 1 Managing the Project and Part 2 Developing the System. The same books were published in French in 1984. These two methods were known as the "DMR" methods and were later attributed version number 1.0.

The two methods were based on fundamentals or principles that established the general approach. The methods were described in terms of processes, techniques and deliverables. The main approach for system design was by integrating the French Merise data and the American Gane and Sarson process modelling methods.

1987-1990: Information System Delivery Series

Publication of a set of five books collectively called "Information System Delivery Series" by DMR Group Inc. This publication was also issued in French under the title: "Collection Mise en oeuvre de systèmes d'information". The collection contained the following books:
 Project Management Guide,
 System Development Guide,
 System Owner's Guide,
 Prototyping Guide,
 Sample Set of Phase Reports.

The 1987 edition was later attributed version number 2.0. The 1990 edition of this collection was re-labeled "DMR Productivity Plus", which was quickly nicknamed to "P+" by users. This edition is later attributed version number 2.1.

1990-1996: DMR Macroscope

Research and Development project labelled "Le Macroscope Informatique", leads to the product initially called "DMR Macroscope" and re-branded in 2002 to "Macroscope". This program was initiated by DMR Group Inc., along with the Province of Quebec (Canada), industrial partners, research centers partners, and user groups that contributed financially and logistically. The initial objective of this program was to "develop a set of integrated products, that is, methods, software tools, training program in order to improve the development and usage of information technology". In a 1996 Research Note, Gartner writes:Taken together, this is one of the most extensive sets of methods and tools produced by any vendor. DMR's purpose is focused on service delivery, but the methods are clearly designed for use by clients. This R&D effort was divided into four knowledge domains, initially known as Productivity Plus (P+), Strategy Plus (S+) Benefits Plus (B+) and Architecture Plus (A+).

1994-1995: "P+OnLine" method

A first commercial product under the "DMR Macroscope" umbrella, called "P+ OnLine" is released in 1994 and is the first release to display a version number, that is 2.2. Then the project gradually releases the following product components under new commercial names:
 DMR ProductivityCentre (renaming of ProductivityPlus)
 DMR ArchitectureLab (renaming of Architecture Plus)
 DMR ResultStation (renaming of Benefits Plus)
 DMR StrategyForum (renaming of Strategy Plus)

1996-1998: DMR Macroscope 3.0 - 3.1

Released in 1996, DMR Macroscope 3.0 was the first publication of the methodology in the HTML format, with mitigated success. This version was replaced in 1998 with version 3.1.

2001: DMR Macroscope 3.5

Release of version 3.5. The domain names lose their "DMR" prefixes, and ManagementSuite is added to the DMR Macroscope product.

2002-2011: Macroscope 4.0 - 4.9

Release of 4.0 in 2002. Re branding of the company to Fujitsu Consulting and the product suite loses its "DMR" prefix and is simply branded as "Macroscope". Then successive versions 4.5 to 4.9, and interim updates are released at a pace of approximately one per year.

2012: Macroscope 5.0

Release of 5.0 in 2012. The domain names are changed to a simpler terminology. The product is also offered "as a service" or hosted version for specific clients.

2014: Macroscope 5.2

The enterprise architecture approach is substantively revised.

Knowledge organization

The Macroscope methodology suite is organised into five process domains, The domains are: Architecture (previously known as ArchitectureLab) for enterprise architecture, Project (previously known as ManagementSuite) for project management, Solution (previously known as ProductivityCentre) for system development and maintenance, Benefits (previously known as ResultStation) for benefits realisation program management and portfolio management, and Vision (previously known as StrategyForum) for enterprise strategy.

All domains of Macroscope are structured in a similar fashion using concepts described in the Software Process Engineering Metamodel (SPEM) of the Object Management Group (OMG). Fujitsu was one of the many contributors to SPEM and sections of Macroscope are used to depict some elements of SPEM.

A domain of Macroscope typically presents the following sections. A process, usually presented as a workflow, describes the phases, steps and activities, under the responsibility of which role, and what deliverables are resulting from the process. A deliverable, presented with a description, a template and, generally, one or more examples, is a work product resulting from a process. A technique is a detailed method of accomplishing something, and is used to produce the content of one or more deliverables.

Some domains of Macroscope contain many processes. For example, the domain called Project, contains only one process, called Project Management, while the Benefits domain contains a Program Management process and a Portfolio Management process.

Each Macroscope domain is also based on a set of fundamental principles, which help understanding, adapting and using the process.

Methodology domains

Vision

Before version 5.0, this was known as StrategyForum, formed of two words: Strategy, the main subject of interest, and Forum, referring to a group of stakeholders discussing about the evolution or the future of something.

The intent of Vision is to provide a methodology to capture, structure, document and confirm an organisation's business strategy, and understand the organisation's strategy process.

Architecture

Before version 5.0, this was known as ArchitectureLab, formed of two words: Architecture, the main subject of interest referring to Enterprise Architecture, and Lab, referring to the word Laboratory, where one can simulate the reality through a model representing such reality. In this context, ArchitectureLab initially came with a modeling and simulation tool that allowed one to create a model of business processes and simulate the behaviour of such process.

The intent of Architecture is to provide a method for delivering the capabilities required to support the organization's strategy.

Solution

Before version 5.0, this was known as ProductivityCentre. This domain name was not following exactly the same naming pattern as the other domains. This is largely due to the longer history of this methodology used to be called Productivity Plus, often referred to as P+ by users. To preserve a strong connection the word Productivity was kept and the word "Centre" was added to refer to "where things get delivered".

The intent of Solution is to provide organizations with the appropriate information system solutions and help them maintain and operate these systems to continuously support their evolving business needs.

Benefits
Before version 5.0, this was known as ResultStation, formed of two words: Results (the final "s" combined with the starting "s" of the second word), which refers to the outcomes resulting from a series of change initiatives into an organization. The second word, Station, refers to a control station where one could plan, observe, pull levers and steer where the change initiatives are going.

The intent of Benefits is to help organizations formulate and manage programs in order to obtain maximum business value from their investments in new technologies and IT-enabled business improvement initiatives.

Project
Before version 5.0, this was known as ManagementSuite, formed of two words: Management, as in project management and Suite, following the same metaphor about name of places.

The intent of Project is to provide project managers with the tools, methods and processes to help them deliver projects on time, within budget and with the expected level of quality. The processes and procedures are coherent with the principles and framework proposed in the Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK®) published by the Project Management Institute (PMI).

Trademarks
Macroscope is a registered trademark of Fujitsu Consulting (Canada) Inc. a Fujitsu company.

See also

 IBM Rational Unified Process

References

External links
 Fujitsu Canada - Macroscope
 The Information Paradox
 Macroscope User Group site

Bibliography
 Ray McKenzie, The Relationship-Based Enterprise: Powering Business Success Through Customer Relationship Management, McGraw-Hill, 2001. .
 John Thorp et al., The Information Paradox: Realizing the Business Benefits of Information Technology, McGraw-Hill, 2003. .

Portals
Portal:Business and economics

Enterprise architecture
Software development process
Fujitsu
MacOS programming tools

Macroscope (methodology suite)