In computer science, Algorithms for Recovery and Isolation Exploiting Semantics, or ARIES is a recovery algorithm designed to work with a no-force, steal database approach; it is used by IBM Db2, Microsoft SQL Server and many other database systems. IBM Fellow Dr. C. Mohan is the primary inventor of the ARIES family of algorithms.

Three main principles lie behind ARIES

 Write-ahead logging: Any change to an object is first recorded in the log, and the log must be written to stable storage before changes to the object are written to disk.
 Repeating history during Redo: On restart after a crash, ARIES retraces the actions of a database before the crash and brings the system back to the exact state that it was in before the crash.  Then it undoes the transactions still active at crash time.
 Logging changes during Undo: Changes made to the database while undoing transactions are logged to ensure such an action isn't repeated in the event of repeated restarts.

Logging

The ARIES algorithm relies on logging of all database operations with ascending Sequence Numbers. Usually the resulting logfile is stored on so-called "stable storage", that is a storage medium that is assumed to survive crashes and hardware failures.

To gather the necessary information for the logs, two data structures have to be maintained: the dirty page table (DPT) and the transaction table (TT).

The dirty page table keeps record of all the pages that have been modified, and not yet written to disk, and the first Sequence Number that caused that page to become dirty. The transaction table contains all currently running transactions and the Sequence Number of the last log entry they created.

We create log records of the form (Sequence Number, Transaction ID, Page ID, Redo, Undo, Previous Sequence Number). The Redo and Undo fields keep information about the changes this log record saves and how to undo them. The Previous Sequence Number is a reference to the previous log record that was created for this transaction. In the case of an aborted transaction, it's possible to traverse the log file in reverse order using the Previous Sequence Numbers, undoing all actions taken within the specific transaction.

Every transaction implicitly begins with the first "Update" type of entry for the given Transaction ID, and is committed with "End Of Log" (EOL) entry for the transaction.

During a recovery, or while undoing the actions of an aborted transaction, a special kind of log record is written, the Compensation Log Record (CLR), to record that the action has already been undone. CLRs are of the form (Sequence Number, Transaction ID, Page ID, Redo, Previous Sequence Number, Next Undo Sequence Number). The Redo field contains application of Undo field of reverted action, and the Undo field is omitted because CLR is never reverted.

Recovery

The recovery works in three phases. The first phase, Analysis, computes all the necessary information from the logfile. The Redo phase restores the database to the exact state at the crash, including all the changes of uncommitted transactions that were running at that point in time. The Undo phase then undoes all uncommitted changes, leaving the database in a consistent state.

Analysis

During the Analysis phase we restore the DPT and the TT as they were at the time of the crash.

We run through the logfile (from the beginning or the last checkpoint) and add all transactions for which we encounter Begin Transaction entries to the TT. Whenever an End Log entry is found, the corresponding transaction is removed. The last Sequence Number for each transaction is of course also maintained.

During the same run we also fill the dirty page table by adding a new entry whenever we encounter a page that is modified and not yet in the DPT. This however only computes a superset of all dirty pages at the time of the crash, since we don't check the actual database file whether the page was written back to the storage.

Redo

From the DPT, we can compute the minimal Sequence Number of a dirty page. From there, we have to start redoing the actions until the crash, in case they weren't persisted already.

Running through the log file, we check for each entry, whether the modified page P on the entry exists in the DPT. If it doesn't, then we do not have to worry about redoing this entry since the data persists on the disk. If page P exists in the DPT table, then we see whether the Sequence Number in the DPT is smaller than the Sequence Number of the log record (i.e. whether the change in the log is newer than the last version that was persisted). If it isn't, then we don't redo the entry since the change is already there. If it is, we fetch the page from the database storage and check the Sequence Number stored on the page to the Sequence Number on the log record. If the former is smaller than the latter, the page needs to be written to the disk. That check is necessary because the recovered DPT is only a conservative superset of the pages that really need changes to be reapplied. Lastly, when all the above checks are finished and failed, we reapply the redo action and store the new Sequence Number on the page. It is also important for recovery from a crash during the Redo phase, as the redo isn't applied twice to the same page.

Undo

After the Redo phase, the database reflects the exact state at the crash. However the changes of uncommitted transactions have to be undone to restore the database to a consistent state.

For that we run backwards through the log for each transaction in the TT (those runs can of course be combined into one) using the Previous Sequence Number fields in the records. For each record we undo the changes (using the information in the Undo field) and write a compensation log record to the log file. If we encounter a Begin Transaction record we write an End Log record for that transaction.

The compensation log records make it possible to recover during a crash that occurs during the recovery phase. That isn't as uncommon as one might think, as it is possible for the recovery phase to take quite long. CLRs are read during the Analysis phase and redone during the Redo phase.

Checkpoints

To avoid re-scanning the whole logfile during the analysis phase it is advisable to save the DPT and the TT regularly to the logfile, forming a checkpoint. Instead of having to run through the whole file it is just necessary to run backwards until a checkpoint is found. From that point it is possible to restore the DPT and the TT as they were at the time of the crash by reading the logfile forward again. Then it is possible to proceed as usual with Redo and Undo.

The naive way for checkpointing involves locking the whole database to avoid changes to the DPT and the TT during the creation of the checkpoint. Fuzzy logging circumvents that by writing two log records. One Fuzzy Log Starts Here record and, after preparing the checkpoint data, the actual checkpoint. Between the two records other log records can be created. During recovery it is necessary to find both records to obtain a valid checkpoint.

References

External links

Database algorithms


Maurice Zbriger (July 10, 1896, Kamenets-Podolskiy, Ukraine – April 5, 1981, Montreal, Quebec, Canada) was a Canadian violinist, composer and conductor. He began learning violin as a child, and continued his studies at the conservatory in St. Petersburg, Russia, where he was a classmate of Jascha Heifetz, Nathan Milstein and Mischa Elman.

He left Russia in 1920 and traveled throughout Europe, until he arrived in Montreal in 1924. He quickly found work there at His Majesty's Theatre, in silent film houses, and other venues. He was one of the founders of the Traymore Quartet in 1925, which later became the Traymore Salon Orchestra. He was one of the first Canadians to specialize in Roma music and performed and conducted for a radio show that ran on the station CKAC for 40 years.

Zbriger became a partner in, and eventually the sole owner of, the Montreal Hebrew Delicatessen. Better known as "Schwartz's", this restaurant is famous for its distinctive Montreal-style smoked meat. With the profits from this business, Zbriger spent many thousands of dollars organizing free concerts of his music.

Zbriger was unable to pursue a career as a concert violinist because his wife was in poor health. Mrs. Zbriger was a pianist and co-composed music with Maurice, until her death after 65 years of marriage.

Many of Zbriger's compositions were dedicated to famous people. He wrote The Vincent Massey March (1952) for the Canadian statesman of the same name, while "Mother's Lullaby" (1948) was dedicated to Charles, Prince of Wales upon his birth. The individuals honored by Zbriger frequently received copies of the music with letters he commissioned.

In his later years, arthritis in his hands prevented Zbriger from performing publicly, though he continued to compose and conduct until his death.

Sources

 Ianzelo, T. (Director), Courtois, D. & Symansky, A. (Producers). (1993). The Concert Man. [Motion picture]. Ottawa: National Film Board of Canada

External links
Watch The Concert Man at NFB.ca

1896 births
1981 deaths
Businesspeople from Montreal
Canadian classical composers
Canadian classical violinists
Male classical violinists
Male conductors (music)
Canadian people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
Canadian restaurateurs
Jews from the Russian Empire
Jewish Canadian musicians
Jewish classical composers
Musicians from Montreal
Russian emigrants to Canada
Ukrainian Jews
20th-century Canadian conductors (music)
20th-century classical composers
Canadian male classical composers
20th-century classical violinists
20th-century Canadian composers
20th-century Canadian male musicians
20th-century Canadian violinists and fiddlers
Canadian male violinists and fiddlers

Maurice Zbriger


Checkpoint is an American novel written by Nicholson Baker in 2004.

Plot summary

The main characters are two men, Jay and Ben. The novel consists of their dialogues in a hotel room in Washington, D.C., in May 2004. The story begins with Jay asking Ben to go to his hotel room. From that conversation it is inferred that Jay is depressed: the women in his life have abandoned him; he has lost his job as a high school teacher and now works as a day labourer; he has declared bankruptcy; and spends his days reading blogs.

Jay explains to Ben that he has decided he must, "for the good of humankind", assassinate President George W. Bush, and then kill himself. Ben, who symbolises American modern liberalism, spends his time trying to persuade Jay to cancel his "mission".

The novel ends inconclusively, the reader left unaware of whether or not Jay is going to go through with his plan.

Major themes

Jay spends most of his time denouncing the Iraq War. Ben's principal argument against Jay's decision to assassinate Bush, in order to stop the war, is that killing him would provoke more bloodshed. Book reviewers and critics have identified Jay  as the political extremist in the argument of Checkpoint.

See also

Death of a President

References

External links
 A comprehensive list of reviews of Checkpoint

2004 American novels
Cultural depictions of George W. Bush
Novels by Nicholson Baker

Novels set in Washington, D.C.
Novels set in hotels
Alfred A. Knopf books

Checkpoint (novel)


A repair kit or service kit is a set of items used to repair a device, commonly comprising both tools and spare parts. Many kits are designed for vehicles, such as cars, boats, airplanes, motorbikes, and bicycles, and may be kept with the vehicle in order to make on-the-spot repairs. Some are considered essential safety equipment, and may be included survival kits. In the military, personnel crossing large water bodies in aircraft may be equipped with a raft and raft repair kit. Other kits, such as those for watch repair or specific engine components, are used by professionals. Depending on the type, a repair kits may be included when buying a product, or may be purchased separately.

Examples

Road vehicles often include basic tools and spare parts which commonly fail. A bicycle repair kit, for example, normally contains tools as well as patches and glue to repair a punctured tire. Other kits that include patches and glue are used to fix holes in fabric items such as inflatable boats and tents.

Watercraft normally contain both safety equipment and repair kits as part of their emergency equipment.

Some automobiles, such as the Mitsubishi i-MiEV, have an optional repair kit available. The Mercedes-Benz OM604 engine has an optional repair kit to help replace seals. The 1905 Gale Model A came with a repair kit.

In aerospace, kits have been developed for repairing the thermal protection tiles on the Space Shuttle and to fix space suits.

Professionals who repair and maintain electronic equipment may have a kit containing a soldering iron, wire, and components such as transistors and resistors.

In medicine, a repair kit consisting of a plug and plastic mesh may be used during inguinal hernia surgery.

A particular trade may use a repair kit as part of normal work, such as in watch repair and at automobile repair shops.

Components

A wide variety of tools and replacement parts may be included in a repair kit. Some common examples include  screwdriver, spare tire, jumper cable, and duct tape.

Tire Mobility Kit
A tire mobility kit is a package of equipment and accessories used for repairing vehicle tires. Hence, they are also called a tire repair kit or a tire inflator. The idea of a mobility kit is to have a small group of tools that are compact and easy to use. It benefits by taking up much less room in a trunk than even a temporary spare tire. An air compressor with a connected hose and a thick sealant container is generally included in the package. And, the most attractive thing about these kits is that they barely weigh 1-2 pounds. So, carrying them doesn't get any easier.

See also
 Maintenance, repair, and operations
 Preventive maintenance
 Scheduled maintenance
 Ten Essentials, survival items that hiking and scouting organizations recommend for safe travel in the backcountry
 Toolbox

References

External links

Survival equipment
Disaster preparedness
Reliability engineering
Product lifecycle management
Mechanical engineering
Maintenance
Reuse
Waste minimisation

Repair kit


Vinayaka Krishna Gokak (9 August 1909 – 28 April 1992), abbreviated in Kannada as Vi. Kru. Gokak, was an Indian writer in the Kannada language and a scholar of English and Kannada literatures. He was the fifth writer to be honoured with the Jnanpith Award in 1990 for Kannada language, for his epic Bharatha Sindhu Rashmi. Bharatha Sindhu Rashmi deals with the Vedic age and is perhaps the longest epic narrative in any language in the 20th century. In 1961, Gokak was awarded the Padma Shri from the Government of India for Dyava Prithvi.

Academic life
Gokak was born in a Deshastha Brahmin family on 9 August 1909 to Sundarabai and Krishna Rao. He was educated in Majid High School, Savanur, and attended the Karnataka College Dharawada where he studied literature. He was later awarded first class honours by the University of Oxford. On his return from Oxford in 1938, he became the principal of Willingdon College, Sangli. He was principal of Rajaram College, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, from 1950 to 1952. Between 1983 and 1987, he served as the president of the Sahitya Akademi. He also served as the director of Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla, and the Central Institute of English, Hyderabad. He was an ardent devotee of the spiritual guru Sathya Sai Baba and served as the first vice-chancellor of Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Puttaparthi, between 1981 and 1985, after a stint with the Bangalore University. His novel Samarasave Jeevana is considered one of the typical works of Navodaya literature in Kannada.

Literary career and success

Gokak was a prolific writer in both Kannada and English. He was deeply influenced by the Kannada poet D.R Bendre who mentored him during his early forays into Kannada literature. Bendre is reputed to have said that were Gokak to allow his talent to bloom in Kannada, there was a bright future in wait for Gokak and Kannada literature. His Kavyanama (Pen name) was "VINAYAKA"

His epic Bharatha Sindhurashmi is 35000 lines long.

His novel 'Samarasave Jeevana' was translated by his daughter Yashodhara Bhat into English under the title 'The Agony and the Ecstasy' and released to worldwide popularity.

In the 1980s, Karnataka was in the midst of an agitation which demanded the replacement of Sanskrit with Kannada as the medium of instruction in schools. V.K Gokak also headed the 'Gokak Committee' which recommended declaring Kannada as the first language in schools in the state.

Gokak's writing reflected his interest in religion, philosophy, education and cultures. His education abroad prompted him to write two sets of travelogues.

The Navodaya movement was at its peak and Gokak stayed true to his spirit- his poems showed nuances of Victorian poetry, oral traditions in Kannada storytelling and epics in Sanskrit and Kannada.

V.K Gokak wrote many collections of poetry under the pen name Vinayaka. These collections include 'Samudra Geethegalu', 'Baaladeguladalli', 'Abhyudaya', 'Dhyava Prithvi' and 'Urnabha'.

Gokak's anthology of poetry by Indian poets titled The Golden Treasury of Indo Anglican poetry was a treatise on poets like Sri Aurobindo, Sarojini Naidu and Toru Dutta, Nissim Ezekiel and Kamala Das.

In the late 1960s he was deeply influenced by Sri Sathya Sai Baba of Puttaparthi and over the years, Gokak became the medium for translating the guru's words into English and spreading it to the world. His book 'The Advent of Sathya Sai' explains the meaning of Sathya Sai Baba's miracles, his work with the poor and his impact on the educational system.

The state of Karnataka hosts a series of literary events to mark Gokak's birth centenary on 9 August of every year.

Writings

Epics
Bharatha Sindhu Rashmi.

Novels
 Samarasave Jeevana – Ijjodu Mattu Erilita (vol 1)
 Samarasave Jeevana – Samudrayana Mattu Nirvahana (vol 2)

Poetry collections
 Urnanabha
 Abyudaya
 Baaladeguladalli
 Dyava Pruthvi (Kendra Saahithya Academy Award)
 Samudra Geethegalu
 English words

Other
 Sahitya Vimarsheya Kelavu Tatvagalu
 Nanna Jeevana Drishti
 Jeevana Paatagalu
 Kala Siddhantha
 India & World Culture
 Gokak Kruthi Chintana
Pravasa katanagalu

Honors and awards
 Presidentship of the 40th Kannada Sahitya Sammelana in 1958
 Honorary doctorates from the Karnatak University

 Honorary doctorates from the Pacific University of the USA
 Central Sahitya Akademi award for his 'Dyava Prithivi' in 1961
 Jnanpith award-for his Bharatha sindhu rashmi, in 1990

Translations
 Voices of the Himalaya: translated by the authors, Kamala Ratnam, V.K. Gokak and others.  (Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1966. vi, 70 p. Poems by celebrated poet Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar'

See also

 Gokak agitation – a language campaign

References

1909 births
1992 deaths
Kannada poets
English-language poets from India
20th-century Indian poets
Kannada-language writers
Recipients of the Jnanpith Award
Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature & education
People from Haveri district
Kannada people
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Kannada
Scholars from Karnataka
Indian male novelists
20th-century Indian novelists
Novelists from Karnataka
Poets from Karnataka
20th-century Indian male writers

Vinayaka Krishna Gokak


"Never on Sunday", also known by its original Greek title "Ta Pediá tou Pireá" ("Τα Παιδιά του Πειραιά", The Children of Piraeus), is a popular song written by Manos Hatzidakis and first sung by Melina Mercouri in the film of the same name, directed by Jules Dassin and starring Mercouri. The song won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1960, a first for a foreign-language picture. The film score was first released on 1 October 1960 by United Artists Records. The song has since been recorded by numerous artists, and has gained various degrees of success throughout the world. The opening of the song bears some resemblance to that of Poinciana.

Background
"Never on Sunday" was written by Manos Hadjidakis as "Ta Pedia tou Pirea" (The Children of Piraeus). His original Greek lyrics, along with the foreign translations in German, French, Italian and Spanish do not mention "Never on Sunday" (as found in the English lyrics), but rather tell the story of the main female character of the film, Illya (Mercouri). Illya is a jolly woman who sings of her joyful life in her port town of Piraeus ("If I search the world over/I'll find no other port/Which has the magic/Of my Port Piraeus"). Although she earns her money as a prostitute, she longs to meet a man someday who is just as full of joie de vivre as she is herself.

In 1960, the song won the Academy Award for Best Original Song, a first for a foreign-language picture since the Academy began to recognize achievements in this category in 1934.

Recordings
The song has been recorded in a number of languages since its release:
 Greek (as "Τα Παιδιά του Πειραιά") by Melina Mercouri, Nana Mouskouri, and Pink Martini.
 English: An orchestral version recorded by Don Costa reached number 19 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1960, then returned to the Billboard Top 40 when reissued in 1961. His version also peaked at #27 in the UK Singles Chart. Following the success of the orchestral version as well as the Oscar win, an English language version of the song was commissioned to be written especially to match the title of the film. The lyrics to the English version of the song were written by Billy Towne. A vocal of the song by The Chordettes reached number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1961, making it their final Top 40 hit in the United States. It was also recorded by Billy Eckstine, Bing Crosby, Lena Horne, Doris Day, Andy Williams, Trini Lopez, The 4 Seasons, Connie Francis, Julie London, Eartha Kitt, Petula Clark, Lale Andersen, Ann-Margret, and the New Christy Minstrels, plus as an instrumental by Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass and James Last. The Ventures released a version on their 1963 Dolton album The Ventures Play Telstar and the Lonely Bull, as did The Baskerville Hounds on their 1967 Dot Records album The Baskerville Hounds – Featuring Space Rock, Part 2.
 In the United Kingdom, there were five versions in the UK Singles Chart. They were Don Costa, reached number 27; Chaquito (actually Johnny Gregory), reached number 50; Lynn Cornell with the only vocal version in the UK chart, reached number 30; Makadopulos and his Greek Serenaders, reached number 36; and Manuel and his Music of The Mountains (actually Geoff Love), which peaked at number 29.
 Italian (as "Uno a te, uno a me") by Dalida, Milva, Nilla Pizzi, Isabella Fedeli.
 French (as "Les enfants du Pirée") by Dalida, Melina Mercouri, Darío Moreno. Dalida's French version of this song topped French singles chart in 1960.
 Spanish (as "Los niños del Pireo") by Dalida. "Nunca en Domingo" by Xiomara Alfaro.
 German: Lale Andersen scored a number one hit in 1960 with the German-language version of the song titled "Ein Schiff wird kommen". It was also covered by Dalida, Caterina Valente, Lys Assia, Nana Mouskouri, Helmuth Brandenburg and Melina Mercouri. In 1982 the Neue Deutsche Welle band Der Moderne Man recorded a gay themed new wave version named "Blaue Matrosen" with the same German lyrics of Lale Andersen's version, but sung by a man.
 Dutch (as "Nooit op zondag") by Mieke Telkamp, based on the melody.
 Yiddish (as "Nisht af zintuk") by The Barry Sisters.
 Polish (as "Dzieci Pireusu") by Maria Koterbska and duo of actors Hanna Śleszyńska & Jacek Wójcicki.
 Czech (as "Děti z Pirea", 1962) by Milan Chladil & Yvetta Simonová.
 Serbian (as "Деца Пиреја") by Lola Novaković and Ljiljana Petrović.
 Croatian (as "Nikad nedjeljom") by Ksenia Prohaska.
 Slovenian (as "Otroci Pireja") by Helena Blagne.
 Cantonese (as "兩仔爺") by Cheng Gwan-min (鄭君綿), Tang Kee-chan (鄧寄塵), and Cheng Pik Ying (鄭碧影) in 1962. Another cover version was sung by Andy Lau (劉德華), Anita Mui (梅艷芳), Sandra Ng (吳君如), Ronald Cheng (鄭中基), Gordon Lam (林家棟), Suzanne Chung (鍾依澄), Cherrie Ying (應采兒) and Lam Chi-chung (林子聰) in the 2001 film Dance of a Dream (愛君如夢). The song title roughly translates as "Father and Son".
 Mandarin (as "別在星期天") by Teresa Teng (鄧麗君). The title translates as "Never on Sunday". It was additionally covered by Rebecca Pan (潘迪華) in 1961 and Ouyang Fei Fei (歐陽菲菲) in 1968.
 Portuguese (as "As crianças do Pireu") by Paula Ribas.
 Hindi (as "जाने न जाने") by Usha Uthup on the album "Dekha Dekhi"
 Finnish (as "Ei koskaan sunnuntaisin") by Four Cats, Vieno Kekkonen and Kaarina Heikkinen among others.
 Sinhala (as "රෑට කමු අපි වම්බොටු") by Chandu de Silva (a.k.a. Jolly Seeya).
 Hebrew (as "ומה נשאר לי", that is, "And What Do I Have Left?") by the Givatron.
 Swedish (as "Aldrig på en söndag") by Ann-Louise Hanson and Siw Malmkvist.
 Danish (as "Aldrig Om Søndagen") by Grethe Ingmann.

Other appearances

In 1962, Chubby Checker released an uptempo version of the song with slightly altered English lyrics ("You can twist it" rather than "You can kiss me" and "You can shake it on a Friday ..." instead of "A Thursday, a Friday ..."). Checker's recording also included a single verse in Greek.
The song was used again in the 2005 movie Munich.
James Hill, a Canadian ukulele player, recorded a version of the song on ukulele for his album A Flying Leap.
Nia Vardalos sang a snippet of the Greek version in her 2009 film My Life in Ruins.
Los Umbrellos, a Danish musical group, used it as a base for their 1998 signature song, "No Tengo Dinero".
This song was sung on The Muppet Show by Miss Piggy and Greek pig characters, complete with smashing plates.
Egyptian guitarist Omar Khorshid recorded an instrumental version of this song.
Hartford Stage artistic director Darko Tresnjak chose this song to open his production of Comedy of Errors by William Shakespeare.
Appears in the movie Beautiful Girls, however it is not on the soundtrack. This version was performed by Bernie Wyte and his Orchestra.
The song also can be heard in a scene from the 1999 Kevin Smith movie Dogma (The Chordettes version).
The Chordettes version is also heard during the barbecue scene in The Wonder Years episode "How I'm Spending My Summer Vacation".
 A 1965 performance by Denise Keene on Australian television: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GGJsokdGaww

References

External links
Melody with printed lyrics

Film theme songs
1960 songs
Nana Mouskouri songs
The Chordettes songs
Andy Williams songs
Caterina Valente songs
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songs
Songs about prostitutes
Compositions by Manos Hatzidakis
United Artists Records singles

Never on Sunday (song)


Jenna Jameson (born Jenna Marie Massoli on April 9, 1974) is a former American porn star. She grew up in Montana. She started making pornographic movies in 1993. Within three years, she had won the three awards in the adult movie industry. She has since won more than 20 adult movie awards, and has been inducted into both the X-Rated Critics Organization and Adult Video News Halls of Fame.

In 2004, she wrote an autobiography, How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale. The book was at the top of the New York Times Best Seller list for six weeks.

Born a Roman Catholic she officially converted to Orthodox Judaism in 2016, so she could marry her Israeli boyfriend.

On January 12, 2022, Jameson announced that she was suffering from Guillain–Barré syndrome.

References

1974 births
Living people
Actors from Las Vegas
Actors from Montana
American adult models
American autobiographers
American crime victims
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American pornographic actors
American Roman Catholics
Bisexual Jews
Businesspeople from Las Vegas
Businesspeople from Montana
Converts to Judaism
Former Christians
Jewish American actors
Jewish American writers
Jewish businesspeople
Jewish models
Jewish sex industry people
Models from Nevada
Writers from Montana
Writers from Nevada
AVN Award winners

Jenna Jameson


Naarderbos is a recreational area in the Gooi region in the province of North Holland in the Netherlands. It is situated on the shores of the Gooimeerlake and is part of the city of Naarden. It consists partly of woodland and meadows and has a villa closed community also referred to as "Naarderwoonbos". This community consists of approx. 180 villas, which each having its own boat pier as well as a public 18 hole golf course.

A beach was created and 3 urban villas were erected during 2007.
The Naarderbos is a forest that was planted in 1980. It is a recreation park and some facilities such as golf and beaches are available. The Naarderbos consists mostly of oak, chestnut and beech-wood trees and it has many paths for walking, as well as picnic areas. The Naarderbos is about 20 km southeast of Amsterdam. Naarderbos also has a wild variety of animals. There have been sightings of moles, snakes, ferrets and a variety of bird species. There is a family of storks that live there and visit during the summer and there is also an overpopulated species of wild brown rabbits. There is also a hotel located nearby, only about 550 meters away from the new beach.

Gallery

References

External links
 About het Naarderbos
 City of Naarden
 Community of het Naarderbos

Geography of Gooise Meren
Parks in North Holland
Populated places in North Holland

Naarderbos


Aiz Anv Bhair Sorlam Korunk Gainam
Aiz Anv Bhair Sorlam Korunk Gainam (Goenkari)

I have come out today to sing a song

Type: Mando

Source: F.X. Oliveira.

Lyrics and Music: F.X. Oliveira

Musical form: Binary

Literary form: Narrative

Translated by Alfred Noronha, Panaji, Goa,

Aiz anv bhair sorlam korunk gaean,

I have come out today to sing a song,

Tumi aikat hem sintidan.

Please listen to it very carefully.

Tumi vhodd zaxeat tumchea xikpan,

You´all may be very learned people,

Zoddun man, onod, sonvsarant.

Earning fame and applause in this world,

Kiteak upkarot xikop tumchem,

What is the use of all your studies,

Zorui Maim-dhes tumi soddlem.

If you have left your mother-land.

Sezari heun tor bhurgeak poslolem,

If the neighbour can bring up your child,

(If you neighbour comes and adopts your child)

Nirbhag avoi bapaichem!

How unfortunate for parents.

Chusmo/ Refrain:

Visro naka ixtta,

Do not forget, my friend,

Tuzo Maim-dhes rauta,

Your motherland is waiting,

Sudarop korunk aplem,

To improve herself.

Bhair tuvem kitleim tor nanv zoddlem.

However famous you may be in a foreign country,

Goem tem Maim-dhes tujem!

Goa is your motherland!

Anga toxem tea amchea Goeam,

Here as well as in our Goa,

Goenkaram modem ekvott nam;

There is (will be) no unity among Goans,

Zorui tankam aiz konn pavonam,

If nobody comes to their aid today,

Rebekar vazounk duetam!

To play duets on a fiddle.

Torui asat vhodd sabar Goenkar,

Yet there are a great many Goans,

Sogllech mhunntat apunn liddar.

Who all say that they are leaders.

Chodd zatoch kuzner, kam'zata pirder,

Too many cooks spoil the broth,

Dista aiz Goeant poilear!

So it seems if one looks around Goa today.

Chusmo/ Refrain:

Kiteim kor tum ixtta, Goem soddi naka,

Whatever you do my friend, do not leave Goa,

Portugal nhoi-rê tuka,

Portugal is not for you.

Zaitem bhair zoddlem, bangarui mell'lem,

However much you may earn abroad, be it even gold,

Mellchem nam Goem tujem!

You will not get your Goa.

Soglleam vattani kapaz Goenkar,

Goans are smart in every field,

Oxem mandta sogllo sonvsar,

So believes the whole world.

Cinema chitrar distat uxar,

They look so smart on the cinema screen,

Gomta Amchem Noxib pollelear.

You can tell that if you watch the film "Amchem Noxib".

Punn noxiban nam tem mellonam,

You will not get what is not destined for you.

Goeam amchea sovostkai nam,

There is no happiness in our Goa.

Vhodd zalear xikpan, zoddlear pasun man,

You may be highly educated and even earn fame,

Kelear Maim-bhaxek opman.

(What is the use of it) If you have gone against your mother tongue.

Chusmo/ Refrain:

Inglez, Francez xiklear, Portugezui taslear,

If you study English, French and speak fluent Portuguese,

Latinm pasun uloilear,

Even if you speak Latin,

Tem tujem dhes, Goa, chint ixtta,

Always keep in mind that Goa is your motherland.

Konkani visro naka!

Do not forget Konkani.

Polleiat

Goemche Mandde

Sondorbh

Konknni
Mandde
Romi panam

Aiz Anv Bhair Sorlam Korunk Gainam - Mando


Bartonella rochalimae is a recently discovered strain of gram-negative bacteria. It is a member of the Bartonella genus. The bacteria was found by researchers at the University of California, San Francisco. Scientists at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also helped with the discovery.

The bacterium was first found in a 43-year-old American woman. She was in Peru when she became very sick. She had a high fever, anemia and insomnia.  The illness was thought to be Bartonella bacilliformis, a similar bacteria that causes Oroya fever. The scientists later discovered that a new species of bacteria had caused the illness. They gave the patient some antibiotics. Her condition later improved.

The findings were published in the New England Journal of Medicine on June 7, 2007.

Gram-negative bacteria

Bartonella rochalimae


Wiener A.C. was a football club which played in Austria. It was founded in 1897. The football section of the club has a great past, but today the club only plays football outside the league system. Altogether the club played 38 seasons in Austrias first football league.

History
The football section of the club was founded on  14 October 1897. Till 1904 they won the  Challenge Cup and the Wiener Tagblatt-Pokal three times each. This were the most important trophies in Austrian football at that time. 1910 most players of the first team left the club and founded WAF. The bigest success was the championship in 1915.

In 1928, the club reached the Austrian Cup final, losing 2–1 to SK Admira Wien. 1930/31 they won the Austrian Cup and were qualified for the Mitropa Cup. There they reached the final but lost both matches against First Vienna FC. During the occupation of Austria by Nazi-Germany they played in the Gauliga Ostmark. 1959 they won the Austrian Cup again winning against SK Rapid Wien.

In the 1960s the club formed after the relegation from the top league a union with FK Austria Wien. The club was named FK Austria/WAC Wien but soon the FK Austria took it´s old name. Therefore the name WAC vanished from Austrian football. In 1983 they started the football section again but it no longer plays in competitions.

Today the club has successful hockey and basketball teams.

Notable Players
 Rudi Hiden
 Max Leuthe
 Ernst Kaltenbrunner

Top scorers of WAC
 Johann Studnicka (Austrian League leading goalscorer in 1913 with 13 goals)
 Johann Neumann (Austrian League leading goalscorer in 1913 with 13 goals and 1914 with 25 goals)
 Leopold Deutsch (Austrian League leading goalscorer in 1915 with 12 goals)
 Friedrich "Fritz" Cejka (Austrian League leading goalscorer in 1960 with 28 goals)
 Hans Pirkner (Austrian League leading goalscorer in 1976 with 28 goals) in the joint team with Austria Wien

Honours
 3 x Challenge-Cup: 1901, 1903, 1904
 3 x Tagblatt-Pokal: 1900, 1901, 1902
 1 x Austrian Champion: 1915
 2 x Austrian Cup: 1931, 1959

Austrian football clubs
Football clubs of Vienna

Wiener AC


Nathaniel Oliver (born December 13, 1940 in St. Petersburg, Florida)  had a seven-year major league career in the 1960s, mostly with the Los Angeles Dodgers.

Playing career

Oliver was signed by the Los Angeles Dodgers in 1959. He hit just .224 for the  Green Bay Bluejays and Fox Cities Foxes that year. In 1960, he hit .329 for the Great Falls Electrics and appeared ever so briefly for the St. Paul Saints. He played in the minors for the Spokane Indians in 1961-65 and in 1967, topping .300 in '62-'63. He came up to the majors for the first time in 1963, a year the Dodgers won the World Series. He appeared in 65 games, playing primarily second base, and hitting .239. He did not play in the World Series.

The next year, in 1964 at age 23, Oliver had his most at-bats in the major leagues, getting 321 at-bats in 99 games. He hit .243 with 9 doubles and stole 7 bases.

In 1965 he appeared in only 8 games with the Dodgers, but in 1966 he played in 80 games with a .193 average. He appeared in game 4 of the World Series as a pinch-runner.

In 1967, his batting average improved to .237 in 77 games.

In the off-season, he was traded to the San Francisco Giants in the deal involving Ron Hunt and Tom Haller. He appeared in only 36 games in 1968, hitting .178/.189/.205.

In the off-season before 1969, he was traded to the Yankees, and played one game with them before they traded him to the Cubs, where he finished out his career in 44 games hitting .159. It was the Cubs team that everyone expected to win the division, but finished second instead. Glenn Beckert was the regular second baseman and played amongst infielders Ernie Banks, Ron Santo, and Don Kessinger.

Coaching career
In 1989, Oliver managed the Arizona League Angels, and in 1990-91 he was at the helm of the Palm Springs Angels. In 1998, Oliver managed the Arizona League Cubs and in 1999 managed the Daytona Cubs, and in 2000 was a roving infield instructor in the Cubs organization. In 2003, he took over the managerial reins of the Saskatoon Legends of the Canadian Baseball League in mid-season from Ron LeFlore.

In 2006, Oliver was the bunting instructor for the Chicago White Sox organization.

Personal
Oliver is the son of Jim Oliver, Sr., who had played in the Negro leagues.  James Oliver Field in St. Petersburg was named in the senior Oliver's memory, and was the first field to be refurbished under the Tampa Bay Devil Rays Field Renovation Programs. Oliver's brother, Jim, also played professional baseball.

References

External links

1940 births
Living people
Major League Baseball third basemen
Los Angeles Dodgers players
San Francisco Giants players
New York Yankees players
Chicago Cubs players
Baseball players from St. Petersburg, Florida
Minor league baseball managers
Green Bay Bluejays players
Fox Cities Foxes players
St. Paul Saints (AA) players
Great Falls Electrics players
Spokane Indians players
Tacoma Cubs players
Hawaii Islanders players
Tucson Toros players
Reno Silver Sox players
African-American baseball players
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople

Nate Oliver


The Blythe Intaglios or Blythe Geoglyphs are a group of gigantic figures incised on the ground near Blythe, California, in the Colorado Desert. The ground drawings or geoglyphs were created by humans for an, as yet, unknown reason.

The intaglios are located east of the Big Maria Mountains, about  north of downtown Blythe, just west of U.S. Highway 95 near the Colorado River.  The Blythe Intaglios are the most well-known of the over 200 intaglios in the Colorado Desert. The Colorado Desert contains the only known desert intaglios in North America. These intaglios are mostly located along the Colorado River.

The Blythe Intaglios contain three human figures, two four-legged animals, and a spiral; although Harner (1953) reported two spirals. The largest human figure in the Blythe Intaglio group is  long. The intaglios are best viewed from the air.

Geoglyphs are found throughout the world, the construction methods ranging from earthen mounds, piles of stone, or the removal of surface plants or soil. The most famous desert intaglios are the Nazca Lines in Peru. The Blythe Geoglyphs or intaglios (anthropomorphic geoglyphs) were created by scraping away layers of darker rocks or pebbles to reveal a stratum of lighter-valued soil. The displaced rocks outlined the figures and the exposed soil was stamped down which makes it more difficult for plants to grow in the lines. The intaglios are located on flat terraces in the Colorado River floodplain.

While these "gravel pictographs" are found through the deserts of southeastern California, human figures are found only near the Colorado River. Other intaglios depict mountain lions, birds, snakes and unidentified zoomorphic and geometric shapes. The figures are so immense that many of them were not observed by non-natives until the 1930s.  The set of Blythe Intaglios and nearby geoglyphs include several dozen figures, thought to be ceremonial in nature.

No Colorado River Native American group has claimed to have made the intaglios, although some have claimed to use them. Many of the intaglios are believed to date from the prehistoric period, but their age and the identity of their creators are still uncertain. If the quadruped figures represent horses (reintroduced in North America by the Spanish) then a historical date would be supported. Jay von Werlhof and his collaborators obtained 13 AMS radiocarbon dates for the figures, ranging from 900 BCE to 1200 CE.

Rediscovery
In 1932, George Palmer, a pilot flying between Las Vegas, Nevada and Blythe, California noticed the Blythe geoglyphs. His find led to a survey of the area in the same year by Arthur Woodward, Curator of History and Anthropology at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Malcolm J. Rogers subsequently studied and sketched the Blythe Intaglios in 1939. After National Geographic published an article about the Blythe Intaglios in 1952, people began to visit the site which led to some destruction of the intaglios.

The interest in the Blythe intaglios led to the search for and discovery of more desert intaglios. The Bureau of Land Management erected fences in 1974 to protect the intaglios and the Blythe Intaglios were placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

Similar intaglios, named the Ripley Group, were found nearby in Arizona across the Colorado River from Ripley, California.

Topock Maze
The Topock Maze or Mojave Maze, another geoglyph site near Needles, California, covers  and consists of a series of parallel windrows approximately  apart. However, it is unclear whether the Topock Maze was created by Native Americans.

Edward Curtis reported in 1908 that, "The Mohave Indians near by have utilized the area ... in recent years, as a maze into which to lure and escape evil spirits, for it is believed that by running in and out through one of these immense labyrinths, one haunted with a dread may bewilder the spirit occasioning it, and thus elude them." Similarly, an unpublished mid-20th century report cited second-hand ethnographic information that, prior to 1900, the "Mohave used to put some of their men in the center of the area of alignment and left them to find their way out of the maze without crossing the gravel alignments. By doing this they would leave the devil behind them."

However, Ruth Musser-Lopez reviewed historic and archaeological evidence concerning the "maze" and found strong support for the conjecture that the feature was originally created as a result of late nineteenth-century gravel harvesting for railroad construction and thus unrelated to the Blythe geoglyphs. For instance, old foot trails exist in undisturbed ground and stop at, but do not cross, the lines of gravel indicating that the gravel is more recent than the trails. The Mojave people have denied knowing the origin of the Topock Maze.

Figures
Patterns and circles at the site suggest that local groups may have danced there. Trails lead to the intaglios and rock alignments and rock cairns are often near the intaglios. Ethnographer Boma Johnson has tried to place the figures in context of Yuman oral history and cosmology. From this understanding, the figures portray mythic characters, and are often found where mythic events are thought to have occurred. One of the notable mythic figures is a  humanoid figure located next to a second glyph, this of a quadruped resembling a mountain lion. Additionally,  figures bearing a likeness to Mastamho and Kataar, the "hero twins of the creation myth," can be seen near Fort Mojave in Arizona.

Some researchers hypothesize that the intaglios are stopping points on a keruk pilgrimage or simply the practice of the keruk ceremony at various places. The keruk was a mourning ceremony that was practiced by various Native Americans in southern California. The keruk included the re-enactment of the creator's death and the recognition of the people who had died since the last keruk. Warfare has been offered a possible explanation as to the spread along the Colorado River of ceremonies such as the keruk and the similar style of desert intaglios.

Of the nearly sixty sites containing humanoid figures, almost all of them have a deeply entrenched torso, while the limbs are much more shallowly etched into the surface. Often, the head and/or one or more arms of the figure will not have been represented at all. The largest human figure is 171 feet (52 m) long, while the smallest is 95 feet (29 m) long.

Location
The majority of the Blythe geoglyphs are located  north of Blythe, California, off Highway 95, at the Interstate 10 exit and down several dirt roads for . An historical marker (No. 101) placed by the California Department of Public Works, Division of Highways, commemorates the site. Chain link fences surround several of the figures.

In popular culture

The intaglios were featured prominently in the Hardy Boys novel Mystery of the Desert Giant, published in 1961.

See also
 Nazca lines
 Hill figure
 California Historical Landmarks in Riverside County, California

Notes

References
 Altschul, Jeffrey H., and Joseph A. Ezzo. 1995 Ceremony and Warfare along the Lower Colorado River during the Protohistoric Period. Proceedings of the Society for California Archaeology 8: 133–45.
 Curtis, Edward S. Indians of North America, vol. 2 Norwood, Massachusetts: Plimpton Press.
 Gilreath, Amy J. [https://books.google.com/books?id=fFX066QfQv8C&dq=Blythe+geoglyphs&pg=PA289 California Prehistory: Rock Art in the Golden State. In Colonization, Culture, and Complexity, edited by Terry L. Jones and Kathryn A. Klar, pp. 273–90.] Lanham, MD: Rowman Altamira, 2007. .
 Harner, Michael J. 1953 21. Gravel Pictographs of the Lower Colorado River Region. Reports of the University of California Archaeological Survey Leska, Amy. 2008 A brief introduction to the intaglios of the Mojave Desert. Trough to trough: 125–26.
 Maillard, Federico. 2009 Geoglyphs on the Har Karkom Plateau (Negev, Israel). Papers, XXIII Valcamonica Symposium 2009: 208–14.
 Musser-Lopez, Ruth Arlene. 2001 "Mystic Maze" or "Mystic Maize": The Amazing Archaeological Evidence. Proceedings of the Society for California Archaeology 25.
 Olsen, Brad.  Sacred Places North America: 108 Destinations. CCC Publishing, 2008. .
 von Werlhof, Jay, Harry Casey, Ronald I. Dorn, and Glenn A. Jones. AMS 14C Age Constraints on Geoglyphs in the Lower Colorado River Region, Arizona and California. Geoarchaeology: An International Journal 10:257–73. 1995.
 Welfare, Simon and Fairley, John. Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious World''. San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1985. .

External links

 Blythe Intaglios, photo gallery, James Q. Jacobs

Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Blythe, California
California Historical Landmarks
Colorado Desert
Geoglyphs
Megalithic monuments
Indigenous culture of California
Land art
Landmarks of Riverside County, California
Lower Colorado River Valley
Mohave tribe
National Register of Historic Places in Riverside County, California
Native American history of California
Native Americans in Riverside County, California
Pre-statehood history of California
Rock art in North America
Quechan

Blythe Intaglios


Adagio for Strings is a work by Samuel Barber. It is his most well known work. It was made for string orchestra from the second movement of his String Quartet, Op. 11. Barber finished the Adagio for Strings in 1936. It was the same year that he wrote the quartet. It was conducted by Leonard Bernstein.

It was performed for the first time in 1938, in a radio broadcast from a New York City studio. It was attended by an invited audience, conducted by Arturo Toscanini. Toscanini also took the piece on tour to Europe and South America.

Its reviews was generally positive, with Alexander J. Morin writing that Adagio for Strings is "full of pathos and cathartic passion" and that it "rarely leaves a dry eye." The music is the setting for Barber's 1967 choral arrangement of Agnus Dei. Adagio for Strings can be heard in many TV shows and movies.

In 2004, listeners of the BBC's Today programme voted Adagio for Strings the "saddest classical" work ever.

References

Other websites
 Sample from the BBC
 NPR 100: Barber's Adagio
 The Impact Of Barber's Adagio by All Things Considered
 Special on the selection of the 1938 broadcast debut of Adagio for Strings to the 2005 National Recording Registry

Orchestral works

Adagio for Strings


Nesta Helen Wells (9 July 1892 – 17 February 1986) was a British physician, and police surgeon (now known as forensic medical examiner). When she was appointed in 1927, she was the first female police surgeon in the United Kingdom.

Early life
Nesta Helen Perry was born on 9 July 1892 in Wolverhampton, Staffordshire (now West Midlands), England to Herbert Edward Perry, and Edith Grafton Hopkins. Her father was a mineral water manufacturer, and later became a Unitarian minister. She studied medicine at the University of Manchester, graduating in 1916. After graduating, she worked as a house officer at Nottingham General Hospital.

Career
She returned to Manchester and worked in a number of local hospitals including Pendlebury Children's Hospital, Beckett Hospital in Barnsley, and the Salvation Army's maternity hospital, Crossley Hospital. She later worked at the Manchester Babies' Hospital (renamed in 1935 as Duchess of York Hospital for Babies) as an honorary registrar. Founded in 1914 by Catherine Chisholm, the hospital's doctors were all women. Perry later became an honorary physician at the hospital.

She was an early member of the Medical Women's Federation, which was founded in 1917. During the 1920s to 1940s, the organisation campaigned for the introduction of women as police surgeons to examine victims of sexual assault. Manchester City councillor Annie Lee joined the Watch Committee who oversaw the Manchester City Police, and in 1927 convinced the committee to appoint a woman police surgeon specifically to examine women and children. On 1 August, Wells was appointed to the role, the first in the United Kingdom.

Her part-time role primarily involved the examination of women and children who had been suspected of being victims of sexual assault, rape, and incest. However, she was also responsible for the health of the city's women police officers. Wells also continued to campaign for more female police surgeons and police officers.

She retired in 1954. In 1958, Wells published a survey in the British Medical Journal of 1,959 suspected sexual offence cases which had been referred to her. In a significant majority of the cases, the victims were under the age of 16.

Personal life
She married Lionel Wraith Wells in 1923. He was a mechanical engineer. They had two daughters.

Wells died on 17 February 1986 in the village of Holmes Chapel, Cheshire.

References

women
1892 births
1986 deaths
English women medical doctors
Alumni of the University of Manchester
People from Wolverhampton
20th-century English women
20th-century English people

Nesta Wells


Agnès Letestu (born 1 February 1971) is a French prima ballerina.

Biography
She decided to start ballet when she saw her first ballet on TV (Swan Lake). Then she had the opportunity to start ballet as a hobby, and her teacher, Mr. Bertin, persuaded her to audition for the Opéra Ballet School which she joined when she was 10. She was a shy but graceful pupil and was destined to be at the top of the company. Agnes entered the Paris Opera Ballet company in 1987 at the age of 16, became Coryphée in 1988, Sujet in 1989 and première danseuse in 1993.  She demonstrated her talents to this major ballet company and was named étoile after a performance of Swan Lake in October 1997. As of 2009, Agnes Letestu was nearly at the end of her ballerina career (she was then 38) but she hopes to continue to live her passion for ballet through teaching to the youngest. In October, 2013, she appeared in 'La Dame aux Camelias' at The Paris Opera Ballet in her farewell performance for the company, portraying Marguerite Gautier to great acclaim.

Among her roles of soloist
In the Middle, Somewhat Elevated (Forsythe), Etudes (Lander), Gamzatti in La Bayadère (Petipa/ Nureyev), Glass Pieces (Robbins), Serenade (Balanchine), Le Jeune homme et la Mort (Petit), Bathilde/Myrtha in Mats Ek's Giselle, Odette/Odile in Swan Lake, Terpsichore in Apollo, The pas de deux in Agon.; Marguerite Gautier in La Dame aux Camelias.

Awards
 1989 : Golden Medal of the Eurovision Dance Prize.
 1990 : Gold Medal of the Varna International Ballet Competition.
 2007 : Prix Benois de la Danse.

References

External links
 http://www.culturekiosque.com/dance/news/rheletest.htm
 http://www.ballerinagallery.com/letestu.htm
 http://www.blochworld.com/stars/dancer-agnes-letestu

Prima ballerinas
1971 births
Living people
French ballerinas
Paris Opera Ballet étoiles

Agnès Letestu


Fragments of Lappish Mythology is the detailed documented account of the Sami religious beliefs and mythology during the mid-19th century. It was written between 1838 and 1845 by Swedish minister Lars Levi Laestadius, but was not published until 1997 in Swedish, 2000 in Finnish, and 2002 in English. The book was originally written for the French-funded La Recherche Expedition of 1838–1840, but was lost and forgotten for many decades thereafter.

Laestadius describes the state of Sami religious beliefs held during his time, which had already long been passing into history by the Christianization of the Sami during this period. The condition of these stories is described as "fragments", as Laestadius himself admitted that there was a great deal of Sami religious beliefs that he knew little about because of the Sami peoples' secrecy concerning their beliefs.

Loss and discovery of the book
Laestadius was invited to participate in the La Recherche Expedition (1838–1840) by the French Navy because he was recognized for his knowledge of botany and the Sami languages, both of which the expedition undertook to study. Laestadius was the field guide for the Norwegian Atlantic islands and in the interior of Northern Norway and Sweden, studying and describing both plant life of the high arctic, and the culture of the Sami people at the time of the expedition.  After the expedition, Laestadius was mentioned extensively within the project; however, his Sami chronicle was quickly forgotten as other issues came to the forefront such as Laestadius's personal and moral struggles and his focus on the new Laestadian movement rather than Sami shamanism.  Laestadius delayed in sending the complete work  of the project rather than piecemealing in single parts, and he personally lacked the money to publish the text himself.  The French government also lost interest as there was considerable political instability during the 1840s, ending in the French Revolution of 1848, which finally ended French interest in the whole project and in publication of the Fragments.  The results of the entire expedition, excluding the Fragments, were buried in the National archives of France.

Discovery
Because of the delay in the French government's receipt of Laestadius's manuscript, it was not published in the expedition's final publication work.  The leader of the expedition, Joseph Paul Gaimard, held Laestadius's work in his private collection until his death in 1858.  Thereafter, part 1 of the work was sold to a Xavier Marmier of Pontarlier, France, who upon his death in 1892, willed it to the Pontarlier library.  There it stayed in the Marmier's un-catalogued collection until it was discovered in 1933.  Parts 2–5 of Fragments were sold, as part of Gaimard's estate, to the local antiquarian bookstores, where they ended up in the personal library of French Count Paul Edouard Didier Riantin.  Thereafter, their whereabouts remained unknown until they were discovered in 1946 across the Atlantic Ocean in the manuscript archives of Yale University.  In 1959, parts 2–5 were microfilmed and added to the university's Swedish library.

Fragments of Lappish Mythology
Contents
Reminder to the Reader
Part 1: Doctrine of Deities
Part 2: Doctrine of Sacrifice
Part 3: Doctrine of Divination
Part 4: Selection of Lappish Tales
Part 5: Addition

See also
 Norwegianization

Notes

Citation

Sámi mythology
Sámi publications
Books about religion
1840s books
1997 non-fiction books

Fragments of Lappish Mythology


A tent is a movable, lightweight shelter which uses fabric to protect people from wind, rain and from the cold. The fabric walls of a tent are supported by wood or metal poles and thin ropes (called "guy lines"), and the tent or the ropes are usually attached to the ground with plastic or metal pointed stakes, or lattice frames and internal posts in the cases of yurts and marquees. Tent camping exploded in popularity in the 1960s. Manufacturers introduced poles made of fiberglass or aluminum alloys, allowing for a greater range of shapes and a lighter weight tent to transport. Zippered tent doors replaced the traditional flap opening.

Uses
Tents are usually used as shelter during camping, hiking, and other outdoor recreational activities. Large tents are also used to provide temporary shelter for events such as outdoor weddings or circuses. Tents are also used to provide temporary sleeping quarters for military personnel or homeless, or for people who have been displaced by a disaster (such as refugees).

References

Accommodations
Camping

Tent


The North London line is a railway line of the London Overground. It passes through the inner suburbs of north London, England. The route is a rough semicircle between the south-west and the north-east, avoiding Central London. The line is owned and maintained by Network Rail and London Overground.

The line began as a part of the North London Railway but there have been many changes. The current route is the result of a series of amalgamations, closures and reopenings. There is a mixture of third rail and overhead line electric power supply. It is an important freight route and is used by the Richmond to Stratford passenger services of the London Overground. It is part of the National Rail network. Between Richmond and Gunnersbury, London Underground's District line shares tracks with London Overground services. This part is also owned and maintained by Network Rail.

References

London Overground
Rail transport in London
Transport in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames
Transport in the London Borough of Hounslow
Transport in the London Borough of Ealing
Transport in the London Borough of Brent
Transport in the London Borough of Camden
Transport in the London Borough of Islington
Transport in the London Borough of Hackney
Transport in the London Borough of Newham

North London line


Mission San Pedro y San Pablo del Tubutama is located in Tubutama, Sonora and was first founded in 1691 by Father Eusebio Francisco Kino.

Father Antonio de los Reyes on 6 July 1772 submitted a report on the condition of the missions in the Upper and Lower Pimería Alta.  This was his report on Tubutama as translated by Father Kieran McCarty, OFM:

"The Mission at Tubutama, with one outlying mission station, lies eight leagues to the west and a little to the north of the Mission of Sáric.  To the south lies the uninhabited land of Lower Pimeria and to the north are the Papagos and the other pagan nations up to the Colorado and Gila Rivers, some seventy leagues distance from this Mission.

The village at Tubutama is situated on a broad lowland of good and fertile fields where few Indians cultivate their individual fields and communally plant wheat, Indian corn, beans and other crops.  The house of the  Father Missionary is decent and roomy with an adjoining garden of quinces, pomegranates, peaches, and other trees.  The church is interiorly adorned with two altars, paintings in gilded frames, and a small side chapel.  In the sacristy are three chalices, a pyx, a ceremonial cross, ceremonial candle-holders, censer, three dishes and cruets, all of silver, vestments of every kind and color and other interesting adornments for the altar and divine services.  According to the Census Book, which I have here before me, there are forty-five married couples, twelve widowers, six widows, eighteen orphans, the number of souls in all one hundred seventy-six."

The arched entrance reflects the Mudéjar style of Islamic architecture; however, the interior transept is dedicated to the Passion of Christ, and the altarpiece has sculptured instruments of the Passion: crown of thorns, scourge, nails, tongs, ladder, and lances. A sculptured serpent crawls beneath an upper niche in the same altarpiece. This recess now holds a carved statue replicating Sanctuary of Arantzazu, an image of the Blessed Virgin Mary at Arantzazu in the Basque Country (autonomous community) of northern Spain.

See also
 List of Jesuit sites
 Spanish Missions in the Sonoran Desert

References

External links
 San Pedro y San Pablo del Tubutama

1691 establishments in the Spanish Empire
Missions in Sonora
Buildings and structures in Sonora
Churches completed in 1691


Apostasy is a term used in a religious context, for leaving  one's religion. Usually it means moving to another religion. Someone who does this is called an apostate. Apostasy is different from heresy: A heretic only questions one (or more) of the traditions and beliefs of their religion. An apostate questions all of them.

The word was first used in Christianity: In the Roman Catholic Church the punishment for apostasy is excommunication. Today, the word is used mostly in the context of apostasy in Islam.

Sometimes the term is used as a metaphor to refer to changing a non-religious belief or cause, such as a political party or a sports team.

Apostasy in Islam;

A person who rejects, underestimates, mocks or disrespects religious orders defined as fard or sunnah in fiqh or speaks words called "alfaz-i kufr" is called apostate. According to the Sharia law, the penalty is death.

Religion

Apostasy


Richard Edmund Williams (March 19, 1933 – August 16, 2019) was a Canadian-British animator, voice actor, director, and writer. A three-time Academy Award winner, he is best known as animation director on Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), for which he won two Academy Awards, and for his unfinished feature film The Thief and the Cobbler (1993). His work on the short film A Christmas Carol (1971) earned him his first Academy Award. He was also a film title sequence designer and animator. Other works in this field include the title sequences for What's New Pussycat? (1965) and A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (1966) and title and linking sequences in The Charge of the Light Brigade and the intros of the eponymous cartoon feline for two of the later Pink Panther films. In 2002 he published The Animator's Survival Kit, an authoritative manual of animation methods and techniques, which has since been turned into a 16-DVD box set as well as an iOS app. From 2008 he worked as artist in residence at Aardman Animations in Bristol, and in 2015 he received both Oscar and BAFTA nominations in the best animated short category for his short film Prologue.

Early life
Williams was born in Toronto, Ontario, the only son of the commercial illustrator Kathleen "Kay" Bell (1909–1998) and Leslie Lane (1905–1993), a London-born painter and photographic retoucher. Lane left when Williams was a baby, and he was adopted by his stepfather, Kenneth D C Williams (1910–2003), an advertising executive who worked for Brigdens, a printing and design company in Toronto.

Williams grew up on Golfdale Road, a suburban street in Toronto, where he and his childhood friend Martin Hunter put on magic shows and comedy acts for the local neighbourhood: "We collected $16.25, wealth beyond the dreams of avarice". Williams' mother Kay was an accomplished illustrator whose work was inspired by Arthur Rackham and Edmund Dulac. Kay read her son the stories of the Arabian Nights, which would later inspire his magnum opus The Thief and the Cobbler. "Kay introduced us to The Thief of Baghdad with its flying carpets, magical horses and wicked viziers". At the age of five, Kay took her son to see Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937), a film which made a "tremendous impression" on him. Later he would quote his mother as saying to him, "You saw 'Snow White' when you were 5, and you were never the same."

Williams was educated at the Northern Secondary School, Toronto, then known as the Northern Technical School. One of his classmates, Lars Thompson, recalled: "Under the name of Ivan Yurpee, [Dick] played a trumpet in a band of fellow zanies. In class, he would sketch our teachers with an animator's sure touch, and without detection".

At age 15, Williams travelled to Hollywood from Toronto on a five-day bus trip, where he took the Disney studio tour three days running, each day breaking away from the guide to seek out the studio animators and being ejected from the studio lot. He was finally invited to meet the animators, who showed him how the Disney animation process worked, after his mother contacted a friend who worked for Disney. "I always wanted, when I was a kid, to get to Disney. I was a clever little fellow so I took my drawings and I eventually got in. They did a story on me, and I was in there for two days, which you can imagine what it was like for a kid."

With help from his stepfather, Williams was already earning a living as a commercial artist at age 17, creating advertisements for companies such as Dr. Ballard's Pet Food. After graduating from high school, Williams enrolled in the advertising program at the Ontario College of Art. He did not receive a diploma, however, as he changed his course of study to join the fine arts program after his third year.

Career

1950s: Ibiza, London and The Little Island

In 1953, Williams saw an exhibition of paintings by Rembrandt and was "moved to tears". For a time, he "lost all interest in animation". He left Canada and settled in Ibiza, where he lived for two years and became a painter, finding inspiration in the clowns and performers at a local circus. These sketches would eventually become the short film Circus Drawings, completed over 50 years later, in 2010.  While in Ibiza, Williams played in a jazz band; his passion for the cornet would be an enduring one, and he would lead several bands over the years, inspired by the music of Bix Beiderbecke.

In Ibiza, Williams began to draw storyboards for an animated film about three misguided idealists. In 1955, Williams left Ibiza and moved to England, where he began working at fellow Canadian George Dunning's company, T.V. Cartoons Ltd., working mainly on television commercials. He also began developing his own animated short film, The Little Island, during this period. Williams later explained that he was drawn back to the craft of animation because his "paintings were trying to move" and he "couldn't stand the idea of doing paintings for rich industrialists' wives, and that whole art world was just repulsive as a way of life".

In the 1983 Thames Television documentary The Thief Who Never Gave Up, Williams credited animator Bob Godfrey with giving him his start in the business: "Bob Godfrey helped me...I worked in the basement and would do work in kind, and he would let me use the camera...[it was] a barter system".

In the mid-1950s, fellow Canadian Jacques Konig was studying at the University of London: "Dick did not play his cornet and lead his band just for the love of music, it was a significant and necessary contribution to his income. In my role as student president of the University of London's Chelsea College and Chelsea Arts School (1956–57), I booked his hard-driving traditional jazz band for many of our events, and we knew all his available cash was being used to finance his hand-drawn and highly imaginative short film".

In 1958, Williams completed The Little Island, the film that launched his career, telling the story of three men on a desert island; each representing a single virtue: truth, beauty, and good. The film won the 1958 BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film.

1960s: Richard Williams Animation, film titles, and commercials

The critical and financial success of Williams's next short, Love Me, Love Me, Love Me (1962), which was narrated by Kenneth Williams, enabled him to establish his own company, Richard Williams Animation Ltd. He made the short film A Lecture on Man that same year. Richard Williams Animation Ltd. eventually completed over 2,500 TV commercials, and won numerous awards, at its home at 13 Soho Square in Soho, London.

In 1965, he made the short film The Dermis Probe, and also animated the title sequences to What's New Pussycat? (1965).  In 1966, he animated the titles for A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum. Also in 1966 a television documentary, The Creative Person, was made about his life and work. In 1967, he completed the short film Sailor and the Devil, mainly animated by the illustrator Errol Le Cain, and also animated the title sequence for Casino Royale.

In 1968 his studio won accolades for the animated segments in Tony Richardson's epic feature film about the Crimean War, The Charge of the Light Brigade (1968), which Williams described as "the best job I ever had". Film critic Vincent Canby described Williams' work as "marvellous animated line drawings, done in the style of patriotic mid-19th-century cartoons".

In the mid-1960s, Williams began work on the personal project that he intended to be "the best animated feature ever", based on the tales of Mulla Nasrudin, and initially titled Nasrudin. The project evolved over time and in 1973 he would settle on a new story and title, The Thief and the Cobbler.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Williams hired and brought to London a number of the great Hollywood animators from the 1930s, elderly men who were by then nearing retirement. These included Art Babbitt (Goofy), Grim Natwick (Betty Boop), and Ken Harris (Wile E. Coyote). Babbitt, in particular, gave masterclasses at Williams' studio at 13 Soho Square, training a new generation of animators.

Following the 1967 release of Disney's The Jungle Book, Williams first met master animator Milt Kahl, with whom he would become friends. Kahl had animated Shere Khan, the tiger, and Williams knelt down to polish his shoes. But Kahl said to him: "You can stop cleaning my shoes because you draw better than I do; but then you can clean them some more because you can't animate."

TV commercials provided Richard Williams Animation with its main source of income. Although Williams despised the form, director Clive Donner persuaded him to raise his game. Following a successful commercial for Guinness beer, set in London's Royal Albert Hall, which won multiple awards, William's studio became well known for commercials, bringing characters such as Cresta Bear to life.

1970s: A Christmas Carol and The Pink Panther
In 1971, Williams directed the Academy Award-winning A Christmas Carol, an animated adaptation of Charles Dickens's 1843 novella. The design of the film was based upon the original 1843 engravings. A Christmas Carol was broadcast on U.S. television by ABC on December 21, 1971, and released theatrically soon after. In 1972, it won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film.

In around 1973, Williams fell out with his business partners over the feature film Nasruddin, and began to re-imagine the story, which soon morphed into a new tale about a mute thief who is obsessed with stealing three golden balls which protect an ancient city from invasion. Williams animated many of the scenes himself, and spent years perfecting a single scene in which the villainous vizier ZigZag shuffles a deck of cards.

In 1975, Williams animated the title credits for Blake Edwards' Return of the Pink Panther, and in 1976 his studio completed the animated credits for The Pink Panther Strikes Again. Art Babbitt, who was working for Williams at the time, described his employer's talent: "He's a director, designer, animator, and has a good layman's knowledge of music. He's a dreamer. He has more to learn as far as animation is concerned, but God, he can draw like a bastard".

In 1976, Williams did the illustrations for Idries Shah's English translation of the stories of Nasrudin, titled The Exploits of the Incomparable Mullah Nasruddin.

In 1977, Williams directed the full-length animated feature film Raggedy Ann & Andy: A Musical Adventure (1977), in which his daughter Claire played the part of Marcella.

1980s: Who Framed Roger Rabbit

In 1982, Williams directed Ziggy's Gift, a television special in which Ziggy takes a job as a sidewalk Santa. The film won an Emmy Award, and in the same year he appeared in a Thames Television documentary titled Richard Williams and The Thief Who Never Gave Up.

In 1987, Williams embarked on his biggest project to date, becoming animation director on the Disney/Spielberg film Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988). Williams was initially reluctant to work on the film: when pitched the idea, Williams said to executive producer Steven Spielberg and director Robert Zemeckis "I just hate animation and live-action together; it just doesn't work, it's ugly". As he did not want to move to Los Angeles, production was moved to London.

Disney and Spielberg promised Williams that in return for doing the film, they would help finance and distribute the still-unfinished The Thief and the Cobbler. Williams designed the characters for the film, including Jessica Rabbit. He said of Jessica that she was "the ultimate male fantasy, drawn by a cartoonist. I tried to make her like Rita Hayworth; we took her hair from Veronica Lake, and Zemeckis kept saying, 'What about the look Lauren Bacall had?'" Blessed with tremendous energy, Williams barely slept and worked through multiple nights to get the animation finished on time.

In 1988, another documentary was released about Williams, titled I Drew Roger Rabbit. In 1989, following the success of Who Framed Roger Rabbit, Williams won two more Academy Awards for his work, a joint award for Best Special Effects, shared with Ken Ralston, Ed Jones and George Gibbs and a Special Achievement Award. Williams said "I'm (in) the same business as Goya and Rembrandt. I may be rotten at it with nothing of the same quality or talent, but that's my business".

Apart from animation, Williams's great passion was Dixieland jazz. He led an ensemble in London named Dix Six that played regular gigs at venues such as the PizzaExpress Jazz Club, The 100 Club, and the Britannia Hotel in Grosvenor Square.

1990s: The Thief and the Cobbler

Richard Williams' magnum opus, a painstakingly hand-animated epic inspired by the Arabian Nights and with the production title The Thief and the Cobbler, was begun in 1964 and was initially self-funded. As a largely non-verbal feature meant for an adult audience, The Thief was dismissed at first as unmarketable. After over twenty years of work, Williams had completed only twenty minutes of the film, and following the critical success of Who Framed Roger Rabbit, Williams sought and secured a production deal with Warner Bros. in 1988. However, the production went over deadline, and in 1992, with only 15 minutes of footage left to complete, The Completion Bond Company, who had insured Warners' financing of the film, feared competition from the similarly themed Disney film Aladdin, which was scheduled to open on the same day, and seized the project from Williams in Camden, London.

Completion Bond then had animator Fred Calvert supervise the animation process in Korea. New scenes were also animated to include several musical interludes. Calvert's version was released in South Africa and Australia in 1993 as The Princess and the Cobbler. Miramax (which was owned by Disney at the time) then acquired rights to the project and extensively rewrote and re-edited the film to include continuous dialogue, as well as many cuts to lengthy sequences. Miramax's product was released in North America in 1995 under the title Arabian Knight. For a long time, Williams preferred not to discuss the film in detail.

Following the collapse of The Thief, Williams closed his company and left the UK for his native Canada, moving with his wife Imogen and their two children to a house in Fulford Harbour on Salt Spring Island, British Columbia, where the family lived for five years. To earn a living, Williams began to host animation masterclasses, in which he combined his skill as an animator with his talent on the stage, performing around 30 events around the world.

In 1992, Williams was awarded an honorary doctorate by the Royal College of Art. In 1997 Williams moved back to the UK, living first in Pembrokeshire and later moving to Bristol, where he would remain until the end of his life.

2000s–2010s: The Animator's Survival Kit and Prologue

The notes for Williams' masterclass formed the basis for a book on the art of animation and, in 2002, Faber & Faber published Williams' acclaimed animation how-to book, The Animator's Survival Kit, with an "expanded edition" following in 2009.  The book soon became a key reference for animators, both in print and later on as a DVD box set and an iPad application. The historian Kevin Brownlow described the ASK as "utterly riveting, even to a layman."

From 2008, Williams began to work as artist in residence at Aardman Animations in Bristol, where he worked at one of his original 1938 Disney animation desks. Aardman co-founder Peter Lord described Williams as exemplifying "pure creativity; he seemed to us to work without compromise and for the sheer love of his chosen art-form. No deadlines, except the ones he set himself, nobody to please or answer to, except himself. [He was] our special guest, our resident celebrity". Even in his 80s, Williams continued to work every day, and do a full day's work. He liked to enter his office at Aardman by the fire escape "just to avoid people".

In 2010, Williams completed his 9-minute short film titled Circus Drawings, first begun in Ibiza in the early 1950s. The silent film, with live accompaniment, premiered at the Pordenone Silent Film Festival in Italy in September 2010.

On December 10, 2013, the director's cut of The Thief and the Cobbler, a workprint of the film, subtitled "A Moment in Time", was screened in Los Angeles. Williams participated in the event.  However, a final, finished version of the film as Williams had long envisioned would never be completed.

In 2015, his short film Prologue received both an Oscar nomination and a BAFTA nomination in the category of best animated short. Prologue was the first six minutes of his hand-drawn feature film Lysistrata, based on the ancient Greek comedy by Aristophanes, which Williams joked should be sub-titled "Will I Live to Finish It?". Williams described Prologue as "the only thing so far in my career that I've ever really been pleased with." In 2013 Williams told The Guardian, "All I need is some time and five or six assistants who can draw like hell." The film was intended to be "grim but funny and salacious and sexy". Like his version of The Thief and the Cobbler, Prologue would never be completed. But, as Williams put it: "it's the doing of it that matters. Do it for the love of it. That's all there is".

Personal life
Williams married four times. His marriage to Stephanie "Tep" Ashforth in the early 1950s was short-lived; she was reluctant to move to London with him, choosing to remain in Ibiza. In London he met his second wife, Lois Catherine Steuart, daughter of the U.S. diplomat George Hume Steuart; they were married in 1966, and had two children, Alexander Williams, born in 1967, and Claire Williams, born in 1969. Divorce followed in 1976.

In 1976 he married a third time, to Margaret French, from Missouri, with whom he had two more children: Timothy Williams, born in 1976, and Holly Williams, born in 1978.

Toward the end of his life, he lived in Bristol with his fourth wife, Imogen Sutton, with whom he had two more children, Natasha Sutton-Williams and Leif Sutton-Williams.

Death
Williams died of cancer on August 16, 2019, at his home in Bristol, England, still creating until the very end.

Filmography
Animated shorts and Features
The Little Island (1958) (director, writer, producer, animator)
Love Me, Love Me, Love Me (1962) (director, producer, animator)
A Lecture on Man (1962) (director, writer, producer, animator)
The Apple (1963) (designer, storyboard artist)
Diary of a Madman (1963) (unfinished; Kenneth Williams' narration was broadcast by BBC Radio 4, 1991)
The Dermis Probe (1965) (director, editing, script Idries Shah)
Sailor and the Devil (1965) (producer)
The Ever-Changing Motor Car (1965) (writer)
I.Vor Pittfalks, the Universal Confidence Man (not completed)
A Christmas Carol (TV movie) (1971) (director, producer) (Oscar win)
Raggedy Ann & Andy: A Musical Adventure (1977) (director, production supervisor, animator)
Ziggy's Gift (TV movie) (1982) (director, producer, voice of Crooked Santa)
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988) (animation director, voice of Droopy)
Tummy Trouble (1989) (voice of Droopy)
The Thief and the Cobbler (1993) (director, screenplay, producer, lead animator, voice of Laughing Brigand)
Circus Drawings (2010) (director, animator)
Prologue (2015) (director, animator) (Oscar nomination)

Titles in Live-action films
What's New Pussycat? (1965) (titles)
The Liquidator (1965) (titles)
A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (1966) (title designer)
The Spy with a Cold Nose (1966) (title designer)
Casino Royale (1967) (titles, montage effects)
Sebastian (1968) (titles)
Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush (1968) (title designer)
30 Is a Dangerous Age, Cynthia (1968) (graphic titles effects)
The Charge of the Light Brigade (1968) (title animation)
Prudence and the Pill (1968) (titles)
Can Heironymus Merkin Ever Forget Mercy Humppe and Find True Happiness? (1969) (animation director: title sequence)
Every Home Should Have One (1970) (titles and animated sequences)
The Return of the Pink Panther (1975) (title animation)
The Pink Panther Strikes Again (1976) (title animation)

Bibliography
[https://www.amazon.co.uk/Exploits-Incomparable-Mulla-Nasrudin/dp/B00698X8LA/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=idries+shah+richard+williams&qid=1571066322&sr=8-1 The Exploits of the Incomparable Mullah Nasruddin by Idries Shah, Illustrated by Richard Williams. Picador (1976) ASIN: B00698X8LA] Retrieved 14 October 2019
The Animator's Survival Kit: A Manual of Methods, Principles and Formulas for Computer, Stop-motion, Games and Classical Animators, Faber and Faber, 2002 (expanded edition 2009, adding 'Internet' to the subtitle)

References
 Hunter, Martin, Young Hunting – a memoir, ECW Press, Toronto (2008)
 Hunter, Martin, Bright Particular Stars: Canadian Performers, 15 Aug 2016 Retrieved 23 January 2020

Notes

See also
Independent animation
Yuri Norstein-acclaimed animator with similar problems involving his production The Overcoat since 1981
Paul Grimault-also an acclaimed animator with similar problems involving his 1980 film The King and the Mockingbird

External links

Official website

Obituary at Cartoon Brew

Richard Williams: Animating Movement at YouTube
A Tribute to Animation Master Richard Williams by Peter Lord
Obituary at BFI
Obituary at Bristol24/7
Obituary at Rolling Stone
Obituary at The Guardian
Obituary at The Independent
Obituary at The Daily Telegraph
Obituary at The New York Times

1933 births
2019 deaths
Animation screenwriters
Artists from Toronto
British animated film directors
British animated film producers
Canadian animated film directors
Canadian animated film producers
Best Visual Effects Academy Award winners
Best Visual Effects BAFTA Award winners
British animators
British film directors
British film producers
British male voice actors
Canadian emigrants to England
Film producers from Ontario
Canadian male voice actors
Canadian storyboard artists
Deaths from cancer in England
Directors of Best Animated Short Academy Award winners
Film directors from Toronto
Male actors from Toronto
Special Achievement Academy Award winners
Walt Disney Animation Studios people
Writers from Toronto
Producers who won the Best Animated Short Academy Award
Film and television title designers
Northern Secondary School alumni

Richard Williams (animator)