Momo (Chinese: 陌陌; pinyin: mò mò) is a free social search and instant messaging mobile app. The app allows users to chat with nearby friends and strangers. Momo provides users with free instant messaging services through Wifi, 3G and 4G. The client software is available for Android, iOS, and Windows Phone.

Momo officially began operations in July 2011, and a month later, launched the first version of the app for iOS. Momo filed for a NASDAQ IPO on November 7, 2014 and was listed in December 2014.

History

Founding and incorporation
Tang Yan, Zhang Sichuan, Lei Xiaoliang, Yong Li, and Li Zhiwei co-founded Beijing Momo Technology Co., Ltd. in July 2011.
Prior to founding the company, Tang Yan worked as editor and then editor-in-chief at NetEase. In October 2014, Tang was named by Fortune Magazine as one of its "40 Under 40," a list of the most powerful business elites under the age of 40.
The other co-founders all have prior experience with major Chinese Internet companies.
In order to facilitate foreign investments, Momo's co-founders incorporated a holding company called Momo Technology Company Limited in the British Virgin Islands in November 2011. In July 2014, Momo Technology Company Limited was renamed to Momo Inc. and re-domiciled to the Cayman Islands.
In December 2011, Momo established Momo Technology HK Company Limited (Momo HK) as a wholly owned subsidiary in Hong Kong. In March 2012, Momo HK established Beijing Momo Information Technology Co., Ltd.(Beijing Momo IT), a wholly owned People's Republic of China subsidiary. In May 2013, Beijing Momo established Chengdu Momo Technology Co., Ltd.(Chengdu Momo), as a wholly owned subsidiary.

Growth
In December 2011, Momo announced reaching half a million users. Three months later, the number of Momo users reached 2 million. Momo reached 10 million users on its first anniversary in August 2012. In October 2012, Momo surpassed 15 million users.
In 2014, App Annie reported that Momo was the number 2 non-game app of 2013 in terms of revenue.
In February 2014, TechNode reported that Momo had announced reaching 100 million registered users. Momo executives also claimed they had reached 40 million monthly active users (MAU).
According to Momo, in June 2014, total registered users and MAU reached 148 million and 52.4 million respectively.
China Internet Watch reported more conservative estimates. In the months of August and September 2014, Momo had 51.279 and 52.101 million MAU. While Momo's MAU grew, Wechat and QQ both lost MAU within the same time frame. Momo's prospectus reported 60.2 million MAU in September 2014.

Financing
Momo reportedly raised USD 2.5 million in Series A financing. Angel investor, PurpleSky Capital (ZiHui ChuangTou), and Matrix Hong Kong led this round of financing. However, Momo's Form F-1 filed with the SEC reports that USD 5 million was raised in this round of financing.
Momo Inc. completed its Series B financing in October 2012. This round of financing was led by two institution investors and received $100 million valuation. China Renaissance Partners acted as the exclusive financial advisor. There was much speculation as to whether or not Chinese e-commerce giant, Alibaba Group, was involved in this round of financing. Momo's registration statement verifies this claim. In total, Momo raised approximately USD 40 million.
In October 2013, raised USD 45 million in Series C financing. Matrix Hong Kong, Gothic Partners, L.P., PJF Acorn I Trust, Gansett Partners, L.L.C., PH momo investment Ltd., Tenzing Holding 2011 Ltd., Alibaba Investment Limited, and DST Team Fund Limited were all issued and sold Series C preferred shares.

Product and services
Momo's mobile application is available on Android, iOS, and Windows platforms. It enables users to establish and expand their social relationships based on similar locations and interests. Some features of the application include subsections like: Nearby Users, Groups, Message Board, Topics, and Nearby Events. Users can send multimedia instant messages as well as play single and multiplayer games within the app's platform. Users also make a Facebook-like profile and are encouraged to include as much information as possible. Momo execs claim that this allows their software to create more accurate matches with nearby strangers. Momo is claimed to "sift through the clutter of mobile Internet users to find personalized matches for its users".
Momo offers users paid membership subscriptions. A membership will cost around USD 2 a month, or less if a user commits to a longer term of use. Benefits of a paid membership include: VIP logos, advanced search options, discounts in the emoticon store, higher limits on maximum users in a group, and the ability to see a list of recent visitors to a user's profile page. As of September 30, 2014, there was 2.3 million paid subscriptions.
Like many other instant messaging services, Momo has integrated mobile games into their platform to monetize off their large user base. Third parties develop games, and revenues from in-game purchases are shared between Momo and the developers.

In August 2014, Momo launched Dao Dian Tong, a marketing tool for local merchants. Through Dao Dian Tong, local businesses and merchants can construct profile pages that allow Momo users to find them with the Momo's LBS. Members can see the businesses just as they would see other Momo users.
Momo plans to further monetize user traffic by referring users from the Momo platform to e-commerce companies. Alibaba was specifically mentioned in Momo's Form F-1.

Corporate affairs and cultures

Anti-plagiarism
In December 2012, Momo made an official announcement to accuse Sina Corp of copycatting straight from all the features of Momo Group. However, Sina Corp did not give its formal response.

Statement made by NetEase
On December 10, 2014, NetEase released a statement accusing that Tang Yan has professional ethic issues, business ethics issues, and has been detained due to personal affairs by the local police in 2007.

Public opinions

Hook-ups and homeless dogs
On April 27, 2012, Mike Sui, a mixed-race comedian and performer in China, first posted his "12 Beijingers" viral video which attracted nearly 5.17 million hits. In this video, one character mentions Momo, for the first time calling it a magical tool to get laid (Chinese: 约炮神器; pinyin: yuē pào shén qì ). Momo has spent millions of dollars to reverse the image of Momo as a one-night stand app. Momo, through its Weibo account, continues to engage the online community through various campaigns. Momo's latest online campaign focused on supporting the homeless cats and dogs of China.

Relationships
Although Momo is widely considered as a social media application, there are claims that meetings on Momo resulted in marriage.

See also
Comparison of online dating services
Timeline of online dating services

References

External links

Mobile telecommunication services
IOS software
Android (operating system) software
Instant messaging clients
Mobile technology
Companies listed on the Nasdaq
Chinese companies established in 2011
Software companies established in 2011

Momo (software)


General Paul Kendall Carlton (April 14, 1921 – November 23, 2009), also known as P. K. Carlton, was commander in chief of the Military Airlift Command, with headquarters at Scott Air Force Base, Illinois.

Biography

Carlton was born in Manchester, New Hampshire, on April 14, 1921, and grew up in Erie, Pennsylvania, where he graduated from Academy High School in 1939. He attended the University of Pittsburgh and Ohio University, and in September 1941 entered the Army Air Corps aviation cadet program. He received his pilot wings and commission as a second lieutenant in April 1942 at Albany Army Airfield, Georgia.

Carlton was a B-17 Flying Fortress instructor pilot with Air Training Command until 1944. He then flew B-29 aircraft with the first group operating against the Japanese mainland from India and China, accumulating a total of 350 combat hours.

Following World War II, from January 1946 to September 1949, he was assigned to Strategic Air Command's first atomic bomb organization, the 509th Bombardment Wing, Roswell Air Force Base, New Mexico. This was followed by a four-year assignment as aide-de-camp to SAC Commander in Chief General Curtis E. LeMay.

From October 1953 to January 1956, Carlton was assigned to March Air Force Base, California, as director of operations, 320th Bombardment Wing, and later as director of plans, 15th Air Force. He went to Guam in January 1956 and became director of operations for SAC's 3d Air Division at Andersen Air Force Base. He returned to the United States in November 1957 and served the next one and a half years as deputy commander of the 93d Bombardment Wing and the Combat Crew Training School for B-52 and KC-135 aircrews at Castle Air Force Base, California. He assumed command of the 4126th Strategic Wing, Beale Air Force Base, California, in May 1959.

Carlton was selected to attend the National War College in Washington, D.C., from August 1961 to June 1962, during which time he also attended The George Washington University. In June 1962 Carlton assumed command of the 379th Bombardment Wing at Wurtsmith Air Force Base, Michigan, and in November 1963, was assigned as commander of the 305th Bombardment Wing, Bunker Hill Air Force Base, Indiana.

In July 1965, Carlton was assigned to SAC headquarters at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska, with dual responsibilities as chief of Single Integrated Operational Plans Division, Joint Strategic Target Planning Staff, and chief of Operations Plans Division, Directorate of operations. He assumed duties as assistant deputy chief of staff for operations in June 1967.

Carlton assumed command of the 1st Strategic Aerospace Division, Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, in August 1968. He returned to Headquarters SAC in March 1969 to serve as deputy chief of staff for operations. He next served as commander of the 15th Air Force, with headquarters at March Air Force Base, California, from August 1969 until September 1972, when he assumed command of the Military Airlift Command. On February 1, 1977, when MAC was designated as a specified command, Carlton became CINCMAC. He retired from the Air Force March 31, 1977.

While serving as commander, achievements by Military Airlift Command people resulted in award of the 1972 Benjamin D. Foulois Flying Safety Trophy; the 1973 Harmon International Trophy for the 1972 nonstop HC-130 flight from Ching Chuan Kang Air Base, Taiwan, to Scott Air Force Base, Illinois; the 1974 Mackay Trophy, for the prisoner of war release, Operation Homecoming; the 1974 David C. Schilling Award and the 1974 Harmon International Trophy, both for the American airlift to Israel, in which MAC C-141s and C-5 Galaxies moved 22,395 tons 6,500 miles by air to Israel in 33 days; and a special Humanitarian Award from Milwaukee's Trans-Aire '75 Exposition for MAC's many humanitarian achievements, including the airlift of Vietnamese and Cambodian orphans to their new homes in the United States and the massive airlift evacuation of Vietnamese refugees. Carlton also received the 1975 Reserve Officers Association's Minuteman Hall of Fame Award.

A command pilot, Carlton has more than 12,000 flying hours and has flown the B-47, B-52, including the "H" model, supersonic B-58 Hustler, KC-135, C-141, C-5 and the Mach 3 plus SR-71 strategic reconnaissance aircraft. He is a member of the Air Force Association (Citation of Honor, 1973), Order of Daedalians, American Defense Preparedness Association, and the National Defense Transportation Association.

The Senate confirmed his presidential nomination to the grade of general October 9, 1972. He died in 2009.

Awards and decorations
His military decorations and awards include the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal, Silver Star, Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster, Distinguished Flying Cross, Purple Heart, Air Medal with five oak leaf clusters, and the Army Commendation Medal.

  Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
  Silver Star
  Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster
  Distinguished Flying Cross
  Purple Heart
  Air Medal with five oak leaf clusters
  Army Commendation Medal

References

External links

United States Air Force generals
Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Silver Star
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
1921 births
2009 deaths
Recipients of the Air Medal
People from Manchester, New Hampshire
United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
United States Army Air Forces officers
Recipients of the Order of the Sword (United States)

Paul K. Carlton


A covert feather or tectrix on a bird is one of a set of feathers, called coverts (or tectrices), which, as the name implies, cover other feathers. The coverts help to smooth airflow over the wings and tail.

Ear coverts
The ear coverts are small feathers behind the bird's eye which cover the ear opening (the ear of a bird has no external features)

Tail coverts
The uppertail and undertail coverts cover the base of the tail feathers above and below. Sometimes these coverts are more specialised. The "tail" of a peacock is made of very elongated uppertail coverts.

Wing coverts
The upperwing coverts fall into two groups: those on the inner wing, which overlay the secondary flight feathers, known as the secondary coverts, and those on the outer wing, which overlay the primary flight feathers, the primary coverts. Within each group, the feathers form a number of rows. The feathers of the outermost, largest, row are termed greater (primary-/secondary-) coverts; those in the next row are the median (primary-/secondary-) coverts, and any remaining rows are termed lesser (primary-/secondary-) coverts. The underwing has corresponding sets of coverts (the names upperwing coverts and underwing coverts are used to distinguish the corresponding sets). In addition, the front edge of the wing is covered with a group of feathers called the marginal coverts. Within each group of wing coverts, the rows of feathers overlap each other like roof tiles (the greater coverts are overlain by the median coverts, which in turn are overlain by the outermost row of lesser coverts, and so on).

See also
 Flight feather

References

Feathers

Covert feather


A semi or fully automatic firearm is said to fire from an open bolt if, when ready to fire, the bolt and working parts are held to the rear. When the trigger is pulled the bolt goes forward, feeding a round from the magazine (or belt) into the chamber and firing it. Like any other self-loading design without an external power supply, the action is cycled by the energy of the shot; this sends the bolt back to the rear, ejecting the empty cartridge case and preparing for the next shot (or continuing forward again, if the trigger is held down and the weapon is an automatic). Generally, an open-bolt firing cycle is used for fully automatic weapons and not for semi-automatic weapons (except some semi-automatic conversions of automatic designs). Firearms using Advanced Primer Ignition blowback inherently fire from open bolt only.

Firearms

Open bolt


József Bánóczi (July 4, 1849 – 1926) was a Hungarian Jewish scholar.

Bánóczi was born in Szentgál, Veszprém, Hungary. He was educated at the schools of his native town, and afterwards at the universities of Budapest, Vienna, Berlin, Göttingen, and Leipsic, and then went to Paris and London to finish his studies. Bánóczi became in 1878 privat-docent of philosophy at the University of Budapest, in 1879 member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, and in 1892 member of the Landesschulrath (royal board of education).

Bánóczi also occupied various positions in the Jewish community. From 1877 to 1893 he was a professor at the Budapest Jewish Theological Seminary, and in 1887 he became principal of the Budapest normal school for the education of teachers. In 1896 he was secretary of the Hungarian Society for the Promotion of Jewish Literature and in 1897 member of the Delegation of Hungarian Jews.

At the insistence of Dr. Beck, the Bucharest rabbi, Bánóczi and Prof. Wilhelm Bacher took the necessary steps to save from certain ruin the congregation and schools of the sect of Szekler Sabbatarians in Transylvania who converted to Judaism in 1868.

Bánóczi, together with Bernát Alexander, edited the Filozofiai Írók Tára; he also edited Erdélyi's philosophical writings (1885), and the works of Károly Kisfaludy, 6 vols., 1893.

He was a contributor to the Philosophische Monatshefte and many Hungarian literary magazines, and published papers in the programs of the Normal School for Teachers. As one of the founders and editors of the Yearbook of the Jewish Hungarian Literary Association, he supervised the translation of the Hebrew Bible into Hungarian.

Works
Kant's Lehre von Raum und Zeit (1875)
a translation of G. H. Lewes' "History of Philosophy" into Hungarian, 3 vols., 1876–78
Révai Miklós Elete és Munkái, crowned by the Hungarian Royal Academy of Sciences in 1879
Magyar Romanticismus
a translation of some of Schopenhauer's works into Hungarian, 1882; 2d ed., 1892
Emlékbeszéd Greguss Agostról, 1889
translation of Kant's Kritik der Reinen Vernunft into Hungarian jointly with Professor Alexander, 1891
translation of Jacob Burckhardt's Cultur der Renaissance in Italien into Hungarian, 2 vols., 1895-96.

Contributions to Jewish literature:
A History of the First Decade of the Budapest Jewish Theological Seminary (Hungarian and German), 1888
ed., jointly with W. Bacher, the Hungaro-Jewish Review ("Magyar Zsidó Szemle"), 7 vols., 1884–90
ed., also with Bacher, Eokönyo, the year-book of the Hungarian Society for the Promotion of Jewish Literature, 3 vols., 1897-99.

References

1849 births
1926 deaths
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Hungarian Jews
Scholars from Austria-Hungary
Members of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Translators from German
Translators to Hungarian
University of Göttingen alumni
University of Vienna alumni

József Bánóczi


Sibiryak ( ) was a passenger train which linked Berlin to some of main routes and cities of Russia. The train passed through Germany, Poland, Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan, partly traveling on the Trans-Siberian Railway. With 5,130 km from Berlin to Novosibirsk it was the longest route of any that depart from a station within the European Union. The train service was discontinued with effect from 14 December 2013, due to lack of demand. The line was not actively promoted to potential customers by the Deutsche Bahn, but it was available in their search engine.

Overview
The train, which departed from Berlin Zoologischer Garten station, and stopped also at Berlin Hauptbahnhof and Berlin Ostbahnhof, ran through Poland and Belarus, serving Warsaw and Minsk. In the Belarusian capital the train was divided into branches: Siberian (4 branches), Southern (3 branches), and one to St.Petersburg. The total number of destinations was eight: Novosibirsk, St.Petersburg, Moscow, Kazan, Chelyabinsk, Ufa, Nur-Sultan (in Kazakhstan) and Adler, a city in the suburbs of Sochi.
The train was scheduled to arrive in Berlin every Saturday at 09:12 and to leave again at 15:16.

Until the early 2000s the train had departed from Berlin-Lichtenberg station. From 2008 it periodically changed its Berliner route, stopping again at Lichtenberg and ending at Gesundbrunnen station.

Routes

Scheme

Description
The train ran on a common route from Berlin Zoologischer Garten to Minsk Passazhirsky, through Poznań (Dworzec Główny station), Warsaw (Centralna and Wschodnia), Brest (Tsentralnaya) and Baranovichi (Tsentralnaya). Other stops were in Rzepin, Łuków and Terespol. From Minsk to Orsha the train was separated into 3 branches through Zhodzina and Barysaw.
Berlin - St. Petersburg: This was a periodic train running, from Orsha, to Vitebsk and through Pskov Oblast. Its terminal in Saint Petersburg was at Vitebskaya station.
Berlin - Moscow: This train worked daily as part of the Amsterdam-Moscow EuroNight. On Saturdays, as part of Sibirjak, it reached Smolensk, Vyazma and ended at Moskva Belorusskaya station.
Berlin - Novosibirsk: This was the longest route of Sibirjak as for km. From Vyazma to Vladimir it bypassed Moscow reaching Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov, Perm and Yekaterinburg. After this city the train entered in Central Siberia through Tyumen and Omsk and ended at Novosibirsk Glavny Vokzal. Periodically the train ran, from Vladimir to Yekaterinburg, through Kazan, excluding Novgorod, Kirov and Perm.
Berlin - Kazan: At Nizhny Novgorod station some detached coaches served Kazan. Periodically it happened that the Berlin-Novosibirsk ran through the Tatar capital excluding Novgorod from the main Siberian route. When the train was scheduled to this line (Vladimir-Kazan-Yekaterinburg) it was guaranteed a service of wagons from Kazan to Nizhny Novgorod.
Berlin - Cheljabinsk: At Yekaterinburg station some detached coaches served Chelyabinsk. The only stop was at Kamensk-Uralsky.
Berlin - Ufa: After Minsk and Smolensk, the train reached Ryazan and Michurinsk. Here the coaches to Adler were separated from the rest of the train. The train continued through Tambov, Rtishchevo and Saratov. At this station, after the detachment of the coaches to Astana and a long stop of 7 hours, the train continued to Samara, Buguruslan and ended at Ufa Station.
Berlin - Astana: After the long stop in Saratov the train entered in Kazakhstan at Oral. After the stop it entered again in Russia reaching Orenburg, Orsk and Kartaly, at Russian-Kazakh frontier. It ended at Astana station, 99 hours after its departure from Berlin. This was a periodic service.
Berlin - Adler: After the stop in Michurinsk the train travelled to southern Russia following the line of the Don River. It passed Liski, Voronezh, Rostov, Novocherkassk, Krasnodar, reaching the Black Sea coast in Tuapse. It continued to Sochi and the neighbouring town of Adler, close to the borders with Abkhazia, breakaway republic from Georgia.
There were some plans to extend the service to Baku.

See also

Trans-Siberian Railway
List of named passenger trains of Europe

Notes

References

External links

Map of Sibirjak
Photo of Sibirjak
Routes of Sibirjak

International named passenger trains
Named passenger trains of Germany
Named passenger trains of Poland
Named passenger trains of Belarus
Named passenger trains of Russia
Named passenger trains of Kazakhstan
Rail transport in Europe
Rail transport in Asia
Rail transport in Siberia
Night trains
Railway services discontinued in 2013

Sibirjak


John Quinton Pringle (13 December 1864 – 25 April 1925) was a Scottish painter, influenced by Jules Bastien-Lepage and associated with the Glasgow Boys.

Early life

Pringle was born the son of a railway employee in Dennistoun, Glasgow. Though the family moved for a short time (1869 to 1874) to Langbank in nearby Renfrewshire (where his father had been appointed stationmaster), John received his education in Glasgow and later lived for some time in Maukinfauld Road, Tollcross.

He left school in 1876 and was apprenticed to an optical repairman. Twenty years later he set up in business on his own, offering optical and electrical repairs in his shop in No. 90 Saltmarket, near Glasgow Cross. It was a famously chaotically run shop, but Pringle kept it running as a business (albeit a sideline from his real love) for over 20 years.

Meanwhile, he pursued a vocation in painting. Pringle attended evening and Saturday morning classes (at the same time as Charles Rennie Mackintosh) between 1883 and 1888. In 1901 he won a gold medal for life drawing at the South Kensington national competition.

Life as a painter

Pringle left about 100 works. Many are small scale oil on canvas, with subjects often including his family, friends, backcourts or local surroundings. He did not paint in oils between 1911 and 1921. Pringle visited Normandy in 1910 and spent a couple of summers on the Shetland island of Whalsay, (where he stayed with the local doctor, W.G. Wilson). In both cases he produced a range of sea or landscapes, often experimenting with painterly effects. Later he produced portraits (often miniatures) on commission, some of which are in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London.

Pringle was influenced by the French painter Jules Bastien-Lepage, whose paintings had been exhibited in Glasgow, along with those of other French painters, during the 1880s. He was most obviously influenced in technique, though the interest local subjects are another shared concern.  In later works he used paint dissolved in turpentine and applied this in short strokes using a square brush. His palette in any one painting was limited but intense - his technique often giving a luminous or shimmering effect.

He exhibited at the Vienna Secessionist Exhibition of 1902 and in the Whitechapel Art Gallery, London, in 1914.

A Centenary Exhibition was held by Kelvingrove Art Gallery, Glasgow in 1964.

Pringle died in East Kilbride on 25 April 1925. He is buried in Sandymount, Shettleston, in the east end of Glasgow.

Paintings

 "Greenock", watercolour, (1886), sold by McTears 20.09.02
"Parkheid", oil on canvas, (c. 1886), sold by Sotheby's March 2006
"Self Portrait", oil on canvas, (c. 1886), Kelvingrove Art Gallery, Glasgow
"Backcourt, Bartholomew Street", oil on canvas, (1887), British Museum
"Tarbet Loch Fyne", watercolour, (1888), Hunterian Art Gallery, Glasgow
"Children at a burn" (1889), oil on canvas, Tate Britain, London
"Repairing the bicycle" (the artist' younger brother, Barclay Pringle), oil on canvas, (c. 1889),  Kelvingrove Art Gallery, Glasgow
"Portrait of the artist's elder brother, Christopher Nisbet Pringle" (c. 1890), oil on canvas, Tate Britain, London
"View from the artist's window in Maukinfauld Road", oil on canvas, (c. 1890), Kelvingrove Art Gallery, Glasgow
"Muslin Street", (1896), oil on canvas, City Art Centre Edinburgh
"Mrs Newberry and Daughter", oil on canvas, (1902), Hunterian Art Gallery, Glasgow
"Bosham", Watercolour, (1903), Tate Britain London
"Man with a tobacco pouch" oil on canvas, (1903), sold by The Leicester Galleries 2006
"Two figures on a fence" oil on canvas (1904), Kelvingrove Art Gallery, Glasgow
"Girls at play", oil on canvas, (c. 1905), Hunterian Art Gallery, Glasgow
"Poultry Yard, Gartcosh", oil on canvas, (1906), National Galleries of Scotland, Edinburgh
"Tollcross, Glasgow", oil on canvas, (1908), Hunterian Art Gallery, Glasgow
"Portrait of a boy, bust length, wearing a grey suit and a pink cravat in a summer landscape.", (1910), Allposter.com
"Caudebec" oil on canvas, (1910), Kelvingrove Art Galleries, Glasgow
"Mrs Helen Meldrum", black chalk drawing, (1923), Hunterian Art Gallery, Glasgow
"Mrs Helen Meldrum", oil on canvas, (1924), Hunterian Art Gallery, Glasgow
"The Window" (1924), oil on canvas, Tate Britain, London

Bibliography

 Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford, (2004)
 John Q Pringle 1864-1925-a centenary exhibition (the catalogue) by J Meldrum and A Auld, Glasgow Art Galleries and Museums (1964)
 Scottish Arts Council Exhibition Catalogue (1981) by J Meldrum and D Brown

External links

 images of Children at a burn, Portrait of the Artist's elder brother, The Window
 Explorer at aagm.co.uk (image of Curing Station, Whalsay)
 John Quinton Pringle Art Prints - Easyart.com at en.easyart.com
 John Quinton Pringle Website

1864 births
1925 deaths
19th-century Scottish painters
Scottish male painters
20th-century Scottish painters
Glasgow School
Artists from Glasgow
19th-century Scottish male artists
20th-century Scottish male artists

John Quinton Pringle


The First Anglo-Dutch War, or First Dutch War,  was a naval conflict between the Commonwealth of England and Dutch Republic. Largely caused by disputes over trade, it began with English attacks on Dutch merchant shipping, but expanded to vast fleet actions. Despite a series of victories in 1652 and 1653, the Commonwealth was unable to blockade Dutch trade, although English privateers inflicted serious losses on Dutch merchant shipping.

The economic damage eventually led to the Treaty of Westminster in 1654 where the Dutch were forced to make minor concessions to the Commonwealth. Both sides agreed to the exclusion of the House of Orange from the office of Stadtholder, but failed to resolve underlying commercial issues. In 1665, Dutch objections to the Navigation Acts and English concerns over their rival's trading practices led to the Second Anglo-Dutch War.

Background
In the 16th century, England had supported the Dutch Republic in the Eighty Years' War against Spain. The separate peace in 1604 between England and Spain strained this relationship, although an Anglo-Dutch treaty of 1625, due to remain in force until 1640 was the basis of officially cordial relations between the two countries, and also formed the basis of Charles I's Dutch policy. The weakening of Spanish power at the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648 also meant that many colonial possessions of the Portuguese and some of the Spanish Empire and their mineral resources were effectively open to conquest by a stronger power. The ensuing rush for empire brought the former allies into conflict, and the Dutch, having made peace with Spain, quickly replaced the English as dominant traders with the Iberian peninsula, adding to an English resentment about Dutch trade that had steadily grown since 1590. Although the Dutch wished to renew the 1625 treaty, their attempt to do so in 1639 was not responded to, so the treaty lapsed.

By the middle of the 17th century the Dutch had built by far the largest mercantile fleet in Europe, with more ships than all the other states combined, and their economy, based substantially on maritime commerce, gave them a dominant position in European trade, especially in the North Sea and Baltic. Furthermore, they had conquered most of Portugal's territories and trading posts in the East Indies and much of Brazil, giving them control over the enormously profitable trade in spices. They were even gaining significant influence over England's trade with her as yet small North American colonies.

The economic disparity between England and the United Provinces increased in part because unlike the English, the Dutch system was based on free trade, making their products more competitive. For example, an English wool trader, who dealt largely with ports in English-speaking America, complained in 1651 that although his English ships would take wool cloth to America to be sold, they could expect to leave American ports with 4000 to 5000 bags of wool cloth unsold. Dutch ships, on the other hand, would leave American ports with barely 1000 bags of wool cloth unsold. Because of this disparity, English trade with her traditional markets in the Baltic, Germany, Russia and Scandinavia withered. During the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, the States General was officially neutral, a policy that antagonised both Parliamentarians and Royalists but which the powerful province of Holland considered most advantageous.

The Dutch also benefitted from the 1648 Peace of Münster which confirmed their independence from Spain and ended the Eighty Years War, although the Imperial Diet did not formally accept that it was no longer part of the Empire until 1728. Its provisions included a monopoly over trade conducted through the Scheldt estuary, confirming the commercial ascendancy of Amsterdam; Antwerp, capital of the Spanish Netherlands and previously the most important port in Northern Europe, would not recover until the late 19th century. This translated into cheaper prices for Dutch products due to a steep and sustained drop in freight charges and insurance rates.

Following the outbreak of the First English Civil War in August 1642, Parliamentarians and Royalists placed an embargo on Dutch ships trading with the opposing side. Since the vast majority of English ports were held by Parliament and the Royalist navy was weak, few Dutch ships were seized although the number steadily rose from 1644 to 1646, causing considerable tension. Despite these embargoes and their extension to Ireland and English colonies in Royalist hands, as late as 1649 the States General, and particularly the maritime provinces of Holland and Zeeland, wished to maintain their lucrative trade with England. Until 1648, Dutch naval vessels also inspected convoys of English ships which, as neutrals, were able to trade with the Spanish Netherlands. They sometimes brought ships into Dutch ports for more thorough examination and, very rarely, confiscated ships and cargoes as contraband.

The Execution of Charles I in January 1649 resulted in the formation of the Commonwealth of England, which continued to fight Royalists at home and in some of their colonies, leading to an expansion in the English Navy. At the same time, the war played havoc with English trading and shipping. To broadly study their commercial condition, the first Commission of Trade to be established by an Act of Parliament was erected on 1 August 1650. In October 1650, as part of the act to subdue their Royalist colonies and prevent Royalists from fleeing England, Parliament prohibited foreign ships from visiting or trading with any English Plantations in America, without license; the act also allowed the seizure of ships violating the prohibition by both the English navy and merchant ships. The act was a temporary war measure hastily enacted and, while it was enacted in general terms to include all countries, it was aimed primarily at the Dutch, and was superseded the following year by a carefully prepared Navigation Act. Writing a century later, Adam Anderson relates of the period that "It had been observed with concern, that the merchants of England for several years past had usually freighted the Hollanders shipping for bringing home their own merchandize, because their freight was at a lower rate than that of English ships. The Dutch shipping were thereby made use of even for importing our own American products; whilst our shipping lay rotting in our harbours; our mariners also for want of employment at home, went into the service of the Hollanders." The English accused the Dutch of profiting from the turmoil of the English Civil War.

Opposing fleets
The Dutch fleet in the Eighty Years' War had three tasks: as a Battle Force against major Spanish fleets, to convoy Dutch merchant ships and protect its fishing fleet and to actively oppose privateers, particularly those of Dunkirk. In that war, the two latter tasks were more important than major fleet actions, and they required more numerous but smaller warships than the Battle Force, although these smaller ships could also be used in mêlée battles, where boarding rather than gunfire might decide the result. Following their victory over the Spanish fleet at the Battle of the Downs on October 21, 1639, and after peace was made with Spain in 1648, the need for major warships lessened, although smaller ones were still required for convoy service, particularly to the Mediterranean, the East Indies and later to the Caribbean. The financially exhausted Dutch Admiralties allowed their squadrons, and particularly their major warships, to deteriorate.

In the period up to the First Anglo-Dutch War, the Dutch Republic had four sources of warships. The first was the ships of five autonomous Admiralties ("colleges"), three in the province of Holland, which were supported by local taxes on commerce and contributions from the inland provinces. Each Admiralty was responsible for the design, construction, armament and manning of its own ships and the appointment of flag officers for its squadron. The second was the so-called "director's ships" (directieschepen), convoy escorts provided by the burgomasters and merchants of six cities including Amsterdam and Hoorn to protect their Baltic trades. The cities were responsible for providing what were in effect modified and armed merchant ships, appointing their captains and providing crews. The next group were hybrid ships of the Dutch East India Company, which could act as warships or cargo carriers and the last were hired merchant vessels, whose owners had little interest in risking their property. Although captains of the East India Company were generally competent, they were unused to naval discipline, as were the more variable in quality commanders of director's ships and hired merchant ships.

After 1648 the Admiralties sold off many of their larger ships, including Dutch Admiral Maarten Tromp's own flagship, the Aemilia, of 600 tons and fitted with 57 guns. Admiral Tromp was forced to shift his flag to the 600-ton Brederode, of 54 guns. By 1652, the Dutch Admiralties had only 79 ships at their disposal. Many of these ships were in bad repair, with fewer than 50 being seaworthy. All these ships were inferior in firepower to the largest English first and second rate ships. The numerical deficiency in the Dutch navy was to be made up by arming merchantmen.

The strongest restraint on the number of sailing warships was the large crews required, so fleets were limited by the number of seaman that could be induced or compelled to serve. England had a greater population and employed impressment to make up crew numbers, so could generally maintain more fully crewed ships than the Dutch could. The English navy of the Commonwealth period was in better condition and was still improving. The Commonwealth had won the English Civil War in 1652 with a strong and effective navy that had supported and supplied Cromwell's army in the wars in Scotland and Ireland; blockaded the Royalist fleet of Prince Rupert in Lisbon; and organised a system of convoys to protect the commerce of the Commonwealth against the numerous privateers based in European ports.

Compared to the Dutch fleet, the English fleet had larger ships of the first and second rates, but proportionately fewer frigates, as the English fleet was principally designed to fight in major actions, whilst providing convoy escorts or fighting privateers was a secondary task. The first and second rate ships included the ageing Resolution and  which dated from James I's reign, along with the Sovereign and others from Charles I's navy. However, the Naseby, Richard, Dunbar, and several others were built during the Commonwealth. These were part of a naval expansion financed by an Act of Parliament on 10 November 1650 which imposed a 15% tax on merchant shipping. Between 1649 and 1651 the English fleet included 18 ships that were each superior in firepower to Dutch Admiral Tromp's new flagship Brederode, the largest Dutch ship. All the English ships intended to fight in the battle line were more heavily armed than their equivalents in other European navies, sacrificing freeboard and the ability to use their lower guns in adverse weather in exchange for more powerful ordnance. English ships could fire and hit the enemy at a greater range, and favoured the use of round shot over the chain shot which was popular in other navies.

Political tensions

The commercial tensions between England and the Netherlands were intensified when the English Parliament passed the Navigation Act 1651. This limited Dutch trade with any of the English colonies in America unless the shipping was done in "English bottoms" i.e. English ships. Indeed, any cargo to English ports or the ports of English colonies from anywhere in the world was required to be carried in English ships. Furthermore, the Navigation Act forbade all trade with those English colonies that retained connections and sympathy for the royalist cause of Charles I. To have accepted the terms of the Navigation Act was seen by the Dutch as agreeing to subordinate Dutch trade to the English trading system. This insulted Dutch pride and damaged their economy, but the more immediate cause of the war was the actions of the English navy and privateers against Dutch shipping. In 1651, 140 Dutch merchantmen were seized on the open seas. During January 1652 alone, another 30 Dutch ships were captured at sea and taken to English ports. Protests to England by the States General of the United Provinces were of no avail: the English Parliament showed no inclination toward curbing these seizures of Dutch shipping.

During the English Civil War, the Dutch Stadtholder Frederick Henry had given significant financial support to Charles I of England, to whom he had close family ties. The States General had been generally neutral and refused to become involved with representatives of either king or parliament; it also attempted to mediate between the two sides, an attitude that offended both English Royalists and its parliament. Frederick Henry's influence was lessening with the growth of strongly republican sentiment among the ruling class, and he could not involve the Netherlands in direct support for Charles I, particularly as his country was still at war with Spain.

After the death of Frederick Henry in March 1647, his son, the Stadtholder William II of Orange, attempted to extend the power of the stadtholderate particularly through maintaining the size of the army, which he commanded and using his supporters in six provinces to outvote Holland, the most prosperous province, in the States General. Following the end of the Eighty Years' War and the execution of his father-in-law, Charles I, William attempted to support the English Royalist cause to an extent that gave concern to even his own followers, and which involved him in disputes with the more committed republicans, particularly those in Holland. The execution of Charles outraged the Orangists, and the Dutch republicans that had attempted to save Charles's life, but the execution did not prevent the States General from continuing a policy of broad neutrality, dealing unofficially with the English parliament while allowing Royalist envoys into the country. The Commonwealth and the Dutch Republic had many things in common: they were both republican and Protestant and many members of States General sympathised with the aims of the English parliamentarians and, while strongly against its regicide, supported a pragmatic policy of neutrality, in opposition to the Royalist-supporting Stadtholder. The impasse between the two sides ended with the death of William II in November 1650. However his attempts to involve the Netherlands in action against the English Commonwealth in support of the exiled Charles II, which could have led at least to limited hostilities and possibly outright war, and it did lead to a republican reaction. Shortly before his death, William attempted to gain control of Amsterdam by imprisoning six leading members of the States of Holland from the city, but they were released when he died. These six led the province of Holland to assume the leadership of the republican movement, which would recognize the Netherlands as a free republic without a Stadholder. The resulting First Stadtholderless period began when William II died in 1650, although it was not until January 1651 that the last of the seven provinces agreed to it.

English delegation to The Hague
As early as 1643, Oliver St John had urged fellow Protestants in the Netherlands to sign the Solemn League and Covenant that the Scots had already signed, but had been rebuffed. After the execution of Charles I in 1649, parliament sent an envoy to the Hague to discuss an alliance with the United Provinces, but he was murdered shortly after his arrival in reprisal for the king's death, after which the proposal was left in abeyance until more favourable times. The sudden death on 6 November 1650 of William II, the Stadholder of the United Provinces, whose popularity had declined since his election in 1647 in the face of growing discontent from the States Party in the United Provinces, changed matters. The States party was the political faction identified most closely with the idea of rule solely by the States General, and was especially powerful in the large commercially oriented province of Holland. To obtain support against William II, it had sought the assistance of Oliver Cromwell. After William II's death, the States Party was in a much stronger position politically, and no longer valued or needed Cromwell's support against the stadholderate.

In January 1651, the English Council of State, aware that the Netherlands States General was about to recognise the Commonwealth as the legitimate English government, which it did on 28 January, prepared an embassy to the republic headed by Oliver St John, with two envoys extraordinary. When it arrived in The Hague on 7 March 1651, the English delegation made it clear that their aim was to "enter into a more strict and intimate alliance and union' with the republic" to be effected by "a Confederation of the two Commonwealths". and based on proposal put in 1648 by a parliamentary envoy that the Dutch had declined to consider. Any Dutch expectation that recognising the Commonwealth would end dissent between the two countries was disabused and, based on the earlier proposal, the States General drew up a draft of 36 articles, the first eleven of which were the subject of intensive discussion. By June the Dutch believed that agreement had been reached on those points, and the English delegation announced their imminent departure, leaving on 2 July.

During their three-month stay, other events had convinced the English delegation of Dutch animosity. The Hague was the residence of the young widow of William II, Charles I's daughter Mary Henrietta Stuart, the Princess Royal. Her presence attracted exiled English noblemen not fighting with her brother Charles to The Hague, which had for many years been an Orangist stronghold. The delegation appointed by the Commonwealth, could only leave their lodgings under armed escort, for fear of being assaulted by Royalists or large Orangist mobs in their pay. When the English delegates left in the last week of June, they reported that the Dutch were untrustworthy and that the United Provinces were under the control of the Orangist party and thus a threat to the security of the Commonwealth. Although the States of Holland and West Friesland were unwilling, if not unable, to suppress the activities of English Royalists, Orangists that deplored the execution of Charles I, and certain strict Calvinist ministers opposing Cromwell's religious innovations, it would have been more logical for him to ally with the ruling republican regents to overcome the pro-Stuart Orangists than go to war, were economic issues not more pressing.

Following the departure of St John, the States General sent a delegation to London to continue discussions. However, after the Battle of Worcester in September 1651, the radical element in the English parliament became stronger and the group including Cromwell that genuinely favoured an alliance with the Netherlands was outnumbered by those wanting either to cripple Dutch trade without going to war or to provoke a war with the Dutch republic for political reasons. The Dutch considered that the economic provisions of the 36 articles they had drafted could form the basis of a trade agreement without compromising the independence of the United Provinces or their becoming involved in a war with Spain, but it soon became apparent that the English negotiators were most concerned to ensure Dutch action against English Royalists and restrictions on the Dutch carrying trade between third countries. The armed confrontation between Tromp and Blake off Dover took place before these issues were settled, and the English immediately halted negotiations and refused to reopen them when the Dutch offered concessions, preferring war.

Path to war
In England, after 1648 and more particularly after Charles's execution and the proclamation of the Commonwealth, the army assumed a more prominent political role compared with parliament.

The neutralisation of Rupert's fleet and its bases, the defeat of the Irish Royalists at Rathmines and Drogheda in 1649 and of the Scots at the Battle of Dunbar in 1650 made the Commonwealth more assertive in its relations with the Dutch, both on trade and on William II's support for the Stuart cause. French support for the English Royalists had led the Commonwealth to commence the issuing of letters of marque against French ships and against French goods in neutral ships in December 1649. Dozens of neutral Dutch ships were detained near French ports by English ships operating under letters of marque, and some of these were seized. Dutch concerns were further raised by an English embargo on Dutch trade with Scotland declared soon after.

In 1649 and 1650, General-at-Sea Robert Blake drove the Royalist fleet under Prince Rupert from its bases in Ireland and pursued it to the port of Lisbon, where it was protected by the harbour's forts and the Portuguese king's refusal to let Blake enter the port. The Council of State decided to reinforce Blake and authorised him to seize ships from Brazil in reprisal, and to withdraw the English envoy to Portugal, whose departure in July 1650 created a state of war. In response to the Portuguese failure to expel Rupert, Blake continued to seize merchant ships entering the River Tagus from Brazil. On 24 September 1650 Blake attacked a fleet of 23 merchant vessels from Brazil and their naval escort, sinking the Portuguese Admiral and capturing the Vice-Admiral and ten of the larger merchant ships. The Portuguese court were compelled to insist that Rupert leave Lisbon harbour in September 1650, but after finding Blake waiting for him, Rupert placed his ships under the protection of Portuguese coastal forts, where he remained until December, when he escaped to the West Indies. The threat of the Royalist fleet had been neutralised by forcing it into retreat. Its strongholds in the Isles of Scilly, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands were captured in 1651. This was followed in 1652 by the recovery of England's colonial possessions in the West Indies and North America by General George Ayscue.

Infuriated by the treatment of the English delegation in The Hague and emboldened by their victory against Charles II and his forces at the Battle of Worcester on September 3, 1651, the English Parliament, as noted above, passed the first of the Navigation Acts in October 1651. It ordered that only English ships and ships from the originating country could import goods to England. This measure, as also noted above, was particularly aimed at hampering the shipping of the highly trade-dependent Dutch and often used as a pretext simply to take their ships; as General Monck put it: "The Dutch have too much trade, and the English are resolved to take it from them."  Agitation among the Dutch merchants was further increased by George Ayscue's capture in early 1652 of 27 Dutch ships trading with the Royalist colony of Barbados in contravention of the trade prohibition imposed by the Commonwealth.  Over a hundred other Dutch ships were captured by English privateers between October 1651 and July 1652. Moreover, the death of Dutch Stadtholder William II, who had favoured an expansion of the army at the expense of the navy, had led to a change in Dutch defence policy towards protecting the great trading concerns of Amsterdam and Rotterdam. Accordingly, the States General decided on 3 March 1652 to expand the fleet by hiring and equipping 150 merchant ships as ships of war to allow effective convoying against hostile English actions. Although the States of Holland stressed that this measure was intended defensive and it carefully selected its captains and issued prudent instructions about saluting English warship, when news of this decision reached London on 12 March 1652, it was seen as a provocative move.

War
The Commonwealth began to prepare for war, but as both nations were unready, war might have been delayed if not for an unfortunate encounter between the fleets of Dutch Lieutenant-Admiral Maarten Tromp and General at Sea Robert Blake in the English Channel near Dover on 29 May 1652. An ordinance of Cromwell required all foreign fleets in the North Sea or the Channel to dip their flag in salute, reviving an ancient right the English had long insisted on. Tromp himself was fully aware of the need to give this mark of courtesy, but partly through a misunderstanding and partly out of resentment among the seamen, it was not given promptly, and Blake opened fire, starting the brief Battle of Dover. Tromp lost two ships but escorted his convoy to safety.

The States of Holland sent their highest official, the Grand Pensionary Adriaan Pauw, to London in a last desperate attempt to prevent war, but in vain: English demands had become so extreme that no self-respecting state could meet them. War was declared by the English Parliament on 10 July 1652. The Dutch diplomats realised what was at stake: one of the departing ambassadors said, "The English are about to attack a mountain of gold; we are about to attack a mountain of iron." The Dutch Orangists were jubilant however; they expected that either victory or defeat would bring them to power.

The first months of the war saw English attacks against the Dutch convoys. Blake was sent with 60 ships to disrupt Dutch fishing in the North Sea and Dutch trade with the Baltic, leaving Ayscue with a small force to guard the Channel. On 12 July 1652, Ayscue intercepted a Dutch convoy returning from Portugal, capturing seven merchantmen and destroying three. Tromp gathered a fleet of 96 ships to attack Ayscue, but southerly winds kept him in the North Sea. Turning north to pursue Blake, Tromp caught up with the English fleet off the Shetland Islands, but a storm scattered his ships and there was no battle. On 26 August 1652, an outward-bound Dutch convoy with an escort of director's ships from Zeeland commanded by Michiel de Ruyter, who held the rank of commandeur, broadly equivalent to commodore was sighted by Ayscue, with a more numerous squadron of warships and armed merchant ships. Ayscue attempted to attack the convoy with around nine of his strongest and fastest warships, but De Ruyter counter-attacked and, in the Battle of Plymouth, surrounded the English warships which were not supported by their armed merchant ships. The convoy escaped, Ayscue was relieved of his command and de Ruyter gained prestige in his first independent command.

Tromp had also been suspended after the failure in Shetland, and Vice-Admiral Witte de With was given command. The Dutch convoys being at the time safe from English attack, De With saw an opportunity to concentrate his forces and gain control of the seas. At the Battle of the Kentish Knock on 8 October 1652 the Dutch attacked the English fleet near the mouth of the River Thames, but were beaten back with many casualties. The English Parliament, believing the Dutch to be near defeat, sent away twenty ships to strengthen the position in the Mediterranean. This division of forces left Blake with only 42 men of war by November, while the Dutch were making every effort to reinforce their fleet. This division led to an English defeat by Tromp in the Battle of Dungeness in December, while it failed to save the English Mediterranean fleet, largely destroyed at the Battle of Leghorn in March 1653.

The Dutch had effective control of the Channel, the North Sea, and the Mediterranean, with English ships blockaded in port. As a result, Cromwell convinced Parliament to begin secret peace negotiations with the Dutch. In February 1653, Adriaan Pauw responded favourably, sending a letter from the States of Holland indicating their sincere desire to reach a peace agreement. However, these discussions, which were only supported by a bare majority of members of the Rump parliament, dragged on without much progress for almost a year.

Though the politicians were close to ending the conflict, the naval war continued and, over the winter of 1652–53, the English fleet repaired its ships and considered its tactics. All of the sea battles fought in 1652 were chaotic, with boarding and capturing enemy ships a favoured tactic, particularly of the Dutch. Squadrons or even individual ships fought without regard to the rest of the fleet, although the English fleet instructions of 1650 emphasised the importance of supporting other ships of the same squadron, particularly the flagship. In the first major battle of 1653, the English fleet challenged the Dutch in the three-day Battle of Portland, which began in 28 February. They captured at least 20 Dutch merchant ships, captured or destroyed at least eight and possibly twelve warships and drove the Dutch from the Channel. Like the battles of 1652, this was chaotic, but the most notable tactical events happened in the first day, when Tromp led the whole Dutch fleet against about two dozen English ships at the rear of the fleet, hoping to overpower them before the bulk of the English fleet could come to their aid. However, the outnumbered English ships extemporised a line ahead formation and managed to keep the Dutch at bay through coordinated heavy gunfire.

Whether as a direct result of the Battle of Portland or the accumulation of experience gained over some years, in March 1653, Robert Blake wrote the Sailing and Fighting Instructions, a major overhaul of English naval tactics, containing the first formal description of the line of battle. The success of this new formation was evident in the Battle of the Gabbard in June 1653, when the English fleet not only defeated the Dutch in a long-range artillery duel but suffered so little damage that it could maintain a blockade rather than sending many ships to port for repairs. The Dutch, in contrast, relied less on linear tactics, preferring to close with English ships to board and capture then as late as the Battle of Lowestoft in 1665, and they also retained numbers of slow and badly armed hired merchant ships in their fleet as late as that battle, when the English fleet was already questioning their use.

In mid-March 1653, the States of Holland sent a detailed peace proposal to the English Rump Parliament, where it generated a fierce debate and a slim majority for a response to be made. The response made first to the States of Holland and then to the States General in April was critical of the Dutch proposals, but at least allowed discussions to start. Little was achieved until both the Rump Parliament and its short-lived successor the Nominated Parliament had been dissolved, the latter in December 1653. The following month the States General asked for negotiations to be restarted and in May Cromwell agreed to receive Dutch envoys in London. In mid June, Johan de Witt persuaded the States General to send commissioners to London to negotiate peace terms and Cromwell was receptive, although he was insistent that the Dutch republic must ensure the House of Orange would not become dominant again, and declined to repeal the Navigation Act.

Cromwell again put forward his plan for a political union between the two nations to the four Dutch envoys who had arrived in London in late June, but they emphatically rejected this. He also wished to avoid further conflict with the Dutch Republic, as it was planning war with Spain. Cromwell then proposed a military alliance against Spain, promising to repeal the Navigation Act in return for Dutch assistance in the conquest of Spanish America: this too was rejected. Cromwell then fell back on a proposal of 27 articles, two of which were unacceptable to the Dutch: that all Royalists had to be expelled, and that Denmark, the ally of the Republic, should be abandoned in its war against Sweden. In the end Cromwell accepted that the 25 agreed articles which would form the basis for peace.

Meanwhile, the English navy tried to gain control over the North Sea, and in the two-day Battle of the Gabbard in June drove the Dutch back to their home ports with the loss of 17 warships captured or destroyed, starting a blockade of the Dutch coast, which led to a crippling of the Dutch economy. The Dutch were unable to feed their dense urban population without a regular supply of Baltic wheat and rye; prices of these commodities soared and the poor were soon unable to buy food, and starvation ensued.

The final battle of the war was the hard-fought and bloody Battle of Scheveningen in August, fought because the Dutch were desperate to break the English blockade. This was a tactical victory for the English fleet, which captured or destroyed at least a dozen and possibly 27 Dutch warships for the loss of two or three English ones, and captured or killed some 2,000 men including Tromp, who was killed early in the battle, for a loss of 500 English dead. However, despite their heavy losses of men and ships, the Dutch fleet was able to retreat to the Texel, and the English had to abandon their blockade, so the Dutch achieved their aim. The death of Tromp was a blow to Dutch morale, which increased the Dutch desire to end the war: similar feelings arose in England. Although many had been enriched by the war trade as a whole had suffered. However, in September, the Dutch fleet, under Witte de With, was able to resume its operations. It successfully disembarked 400 merchant ships and returned with an equivalent number, all carrying valuable goods from the East Indies, which demonstrated the reopening of the sea routes.

Allied with Denmark and maintaining a formidable presence at the Danish Sound, the Dutch effectively put an end to English trade in the Baltic region. Throughout 1653, not a single English vessel passed through the Sound. In the Mediterranean, the Dutch had achieved similar success. Additionally, in the East Indies, the Dutch East India Company had swiftly established maritime dominance, spanning from the Persian Gulf to the South China Sea. After Scheveningen, the Dutch also turned to using smaller warships and commerce raiding with the result that, by November Cromwell, despite military success in the North Sea, was anxious to make peace as the Dutch were capturing numerous English merchant ships.

Despite this the Dutch Republic was also unable to sustain a prolonged naval war as English privateers inflicted serious damage on Dutch shipping. At the time the Dutch merchant fleet was three times larger than the English, and it is estimated that the Dutch lost between 1,000 and 1,700 vessels (the most reliable estimate is from Amsterdam Burgomasters who claimed the Dutch lost 1,200) of all sizes to privateers in this war. This accounted for 8% of  the total Dutch mercantile fleet, amounted to double the value of England's entire ocean-going merchant fleet. These losses were  three to four times as many as the English lost (440 ships in total), and more than the total Dutch losses for the other two Anglo-Dutch wars in the 17th century. This was the greatest single maritime disaster suffered by the Dutch world Entrepôt during its great age. In addition, as press-ganging was forbidden, enormous sums had to be paid to attract enough sailors to man the fleet. The Dutch were unable to defend all of their colonies and it had too few colonists or troops in Dutch Brazil to prevent the more numerous Portuguese, dissatisfied by Dutch rule, from reconquest. In Holland itself the war took its toll – shipping businesses had ceased trading and work was hard to find. In Amsterdam fifteen hundred houses were untenanted, many observed a large number of roaming beggars and grass was growing in the streets. The condition of the country had left the Dutch no choice but to accept Cromwells terms.

Peace negotiations continued until March 1654 when Cromwell demanded a change in that the then-four-year-old Prince of Orange should be excluded from future government appointments, like the stadtholderate, or the captaincy-general of the States Army. This was at first rejected, but the Dutch eventually accepted, and Peace was declared on 15 April 1654 with the signing of the Treaty of Westminster and ratified by all parties by 22 April.

Aftermath

The war is viewed by most historians as a defeat for the Dutch or a victory for England. However, the Dutch were saved from harsh peace. In part to the leniency of Cromwell, but also because he feared a longer war, along with the massive economic damage to the English maritime economy. As result a number of historians have viewed the war as inconclusive. The Dutch nevertheless realized few of the objectives in their 36 articles, and had to make a few minor concessions - the acceptance of the Act of Navigation which excluded their merchants from all commerce between England and its colonies, an indemnity of £85,000 for losses of the EIC in the East Indies and £3,615 which had to be paid to the heirs of the victims of the Amboyna massacre. The island of Run in the East Indies was to be ceded to the East India Company, although the Dutch never actually returned the island. Lastly, a symbolic gesture; saluting the flag of English warships in the Channel.

Cromwell's original political aim of a union that would subordinate the Dutch was dropped; instead the main concession which he desired bore no role in the original reason for going to war. This was the sole condition that  the Dutch had to agree that no Prince of Orange or other member of the House of Orange should hold the office of Stadtholder or any other public office in the Netherlands, a demand that was strongly opposed by Orangists, but not entirely against the interests of Johan de Witt's party. Although this was not part of the formal peace treaty, the two members of the negotiating team from the province of Holland agreed to a secret annexe providing that England would only ratify the treaty after the States of Holland had passed an Act of Seclusion, excluding the House of Orange from holding public office in that province: this legislation was passed in May 1654. There was an adverse reaction from several of other Dutch provinces, but their provincial assemblies could neither overcome their own internal divisions nor coordinate opposition with other provinces. However, although they did not enact their own Exclusion legislation then, in practice they did not oppose it. Only after the Second Anglo-Dutch War did four other provinces besides Holland adopt the Perpetual Edict (1667) sanctioning Exclusion.

England celebrated the peace but it was also a relief - Cromwell proclaimed 23 May 1654 to be a day of Thanksgiving. The English made some small gains out of the peace treaty, while not making any concessions to the Dutch, but the strong commercial position of the Dutch Republic remained largely intact and the rivalry between the two nations was not resolved. Especially in their emerging overseas colonies, hostilities continued between Dutch and English trading companies, which had warships and troops of their own.

The English soon took advantage of their new ships seized from the Dutch to implement a merchant fleet on similar lines to the Dutch, particularly the effort to build more flyboats. The Dutch too had started on a major shipbuilding programme to remedy the lack of ships of the line evident at the battles of the Kentish Knock, the Gabbard, and Scheveningen. The admiralties were now forbidden by law to sell off these sixty new ships. When in 1665 the Second Anglo-Dutch War started the Dutch were thus much better prepared.

See also
 Second Anglo-Dutch War
 Third Anglo-Dutch War
 Three Hundred and Thirty Five Years' War

Footnotes

References

Sources

1650s in Europe
17th-century conflicts
17th-century military history of the Kingdom of England
Anglo-Dutch Wars
Conflicts in 1652
Conflicts in 1653
Conflicts in 1654
Dutch Republic–England relations
Wars involving the Netherlands

First Anglo-Dutch War


Codan A/S (named after latin:Sinus Codanus; Baltic Sea) is a Danish insurance company, which was founded in 1916. The company is Scandinavia's third largest insurance company and operates  also the company Trygg-Hansa in Sweden, and the group operates in the Baltic states and Norway.

In Denmark, Codan concentrate on non-life insurance after having sold its life and pension insurance to the Swedish banking group SEB in 2004. The company has also previously operated bank activity, which also was sold to SEB in 1999.

Since 1984 Codan has been partially owned by the British insurance company Royal & SunAlliance however, it has since been completely taken over. In 1993 Codan took over the bankrupt Hafnia Insurance. Codan has previously been listed on Copenhagen Stock Exchange, but was delisted in July 2007.

See also
 Codanus sinus

External links
 Codan homepage

Financial services companies established in 1916
Insurance companies of Denmark
Danish companies established in 1916

Codan A/S


Seoul () is the biggest city of the Republic of Korea (South Korea), and its capital. Its official name is Seoul Special City ( Seoul Teukbyeolsi). It has a population of 10 million which is about 1/5 of the Korean population and 1/7 of Korea peninsula, and covers an area of 610 km² that is only 0.6% of South Korea. It is the 6th most populated city in the world, and 7th most crowded. Seoul is the center of politics, economy, culture, transportation, and education for South Korea.

Seoul is in the middle of the Korean Peninsula. Han River (한강 Han-gang) is a major river in South Korea and the fourth longest river on the Korean peninsula. This river goes across Central Seoul.

Seoul hosted the 1986 Asian Games and the 1988 Olympic Games.

History
Seoul is thought to be the capital of Baekje Kingdom (백제) from 18 BC. At that time, the name of the city was Wiryeseong (). Wiryeseong is thought to be Songpa-gu, Seoul. During the Silla Period (신라시대), Hanju (한주) was name of Seoul. During Goryeo Period (고려시대), the name of Seoul was Namgyeong (남경) which means "the south capital". There was a palace of Goryeo Dynasty. Hanyang was name of Seoul in late Goryeo Period. After establishment of Joseon Dynasty, the name of Seoul was Hanseong (한성) and Hanseong became the capital of Joseon Kingdom. From 1910 to 1945 when Korea was under Japanese rule, the name of Seoul was Gyeongseong (경성). Since South Korea was started in 1948, it has been the capital, except for a short time during the Korean War. Seoul became a special city in 1949. The April 19th Revolution (4.19혁명) and June Democratic Struggle (6월 민주항쟁) happened in Seoul.

Sports
The most famous soccer team in Seoul is FC Seoul. Their stadium is Sang-am World cup Stadium. It can seat 66,806 people.

Seoul has three famous baseball teams that all play as part of the Korea Baseball Organization. One is The Doosan Bears and they have many famous players. The LG Twins won the Korean Series in 1990 and 1994. Both of these teams play at Jamsil Stadium. Lastly The Nexen heroes who use Mokdong stadium .

Seoul has many stadiums such as Olympic stadium, Jamsil Stadium, Sang-am World Cup Stadium, and Mokdong Stadium. Olympic Stadium was built in 1988 for the Olympics. It was used for the opening and closing ceremonies. World Cup stadium was used for several games in the 2002 FIFA World Cup.

Etymology
Seoul has been known in past by the names Wirye-seong (위례성), Hanju (한주), Namgyeong (남영), Hanseong (한성), Hanyang (한양), Gyeongseong (경성). It's current name comes from the Korean word meaning "capital city." The name Seoul is thought to come from the Seorabeol (서라벌) which is Gyeongju's old name. Gyeongju was the kingdom Silla's capital city.

Education
There are many universities in Seoul. Seoul National University, Yonsei University, Korea University, Sungkyunkwan University, Chungang University are in Seoul too. Seoul National University is Korea's first national university. Yonsei University is widely acknowledged as one of the country's oldest, largest and top-ranked universities in Korea.

Transportation
Seoul's transportation dates back to the Korean empire, when the first streetcar lines were laid and a railroad between Seoul and Incheon was completed. Today, because of the effectiveness of Seoul's transportation network it has become a great transportation center for Asia.
 Seoul is connected to every big Korean city by the Korea Train eXpress high speed train, which goes more than 300km/h(186mph).
 Seoul has a big subway that connects every part of the city and many other close cities.
 Seoul bus system is operated by the Seoul metropolitan government, with four bus areas servicing most of the city.
 There are two airports close to Seoul. One is Gimpo International Airport, the other is Incheon International Airport .

Culture

Museums, Art Galleries, and Libraries
 Museums and Art Galleries → See List of Museums in Seoul
 National Library of Korea
 National Assembly Library of Korea

Historic Sights
 Changgyeong Palace
 Changdeok Palace
 Deoksu Palace
 Gyeongbok Palace
 Gyeonghui Palace
 Donggwanwang Shrine
 Hwangudan
 Nakseongdae
 Sajikdan
 Seodaemun Prison
 Royal Shrine of Joseon Dynasty
 Pungnap Earthen Wall

Tourist Attractions
 COEX
 Insa-dong
 Itaewon
 Lotte World
 Myeong-dong
 Namdaemun Market
 Namsangol Hanok Village--Hanok is a traditional Korean house.
 N Seoul Tower
 Samcheong-dong
 University Road
 63 Building

Parks & Stadiums
 Boramae Park
 Children's Grand Park
 Han River Citizens' Park
 Mount Bukhan National Park
 Seoul Forest
 Seoul Olympic Park
 World Cup Park
 Yangjae Citizens' Forest
 Yeoui Island Park
 Seoul Olympic Stadium
 Seoul World Cup Stadium

Performing Centers
 Chongdong Theater
 National Center for Korean Traditional Performing Arts
 National Theater of Korea
 Sejong Center for the Performing Arts
 Seoul Arts Center

Broadcasing Stations
 Korean Broadcasting System(KBS)
 Educational Broadcasting System(EBS)
 Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation(MBC)
 Seoul Broadcasting System(SBS)

Architecture

63 building
63 building is 249m high. It has cinema (63 IMAX), observatory - 60th floor (63 Sky Art), aquarium (63 Seaworld), and lots of amenity. The 63 building has 60 stories high and 3 stories below so it became 63 building. The elevator's speed is 540m/min. Before Daehan Life Insurance's building but it's now Hanwha's building.

N Seoul tower (Namsan Tower)
N Seoul tower is 236.7m high. It has restaurant and observatory. In the first floor, you can see Seoul only. But you can see Incheon in the fifth floor. YTN take over the building and it became YTN Seoul building (N Seoul building for short).

Gyeongbokgung
Gyeongbokgung is Joseon's castle. It has Gangnyeongjeon, Geunjeongjeon, Gwanghwamun, Gyeonghoeru, Gyotaejeon, Hyangwonjeong, Jagyeongjeon, Jibokjae, Sajeongjeon, Sujeongjeon, Taewonjeon, Donggung, and Geoncheonggung.

Sungnyemun
Sungnyemun is Joseon's south big door. It is national treasure number 1 in Korea. But, it had a fire in 2008. So it was fixed. And on May 4th 2013, it was done.

References

Other websites

Olympic cities

Seoul


Eric Fawcett (23 August 1927 – 2 September 2000), was a professor of physics at the University of Toronto for 23 years. He also co-founded Science for Peace.

Academic and professional life
Fawcett began his prestigious career in physics with a full scholarship to the University of Cambridge. After graduation, he crossed the Atlantic to take up a post-doctoral fellowship at the National Research Council in Ottawa in 1954. Two years later Fawcett returned to England, where he worked at the Royal Radar Establishment in Malvern. In 1961 he moved to the United States and worked as a research physicist at Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey. In 1970, he accepted a Professorship in the Department of Physics at the University of Toronto, where he remained until his retirement in 1993.

Besides first observing cyclotron resonance in metals, Fawcett is credited with discovering the Hall effect in type-II superconductors. While he used many different experimental techniques over his career, including neutron scattering, magnetostriction was a technique that Fawcett especially developed as an effective probe of magnetism in metals and alloys.

Activism

Russia
In the 1980s, Eric showed leadership in the international effort to assist physicists (mainly Jewish) in the Soviet Union who had been fired from their positions in leading research institutes and universities and denied access to research facilities. Notable among these was the eminent physicist, Andrei Sakharov. He and other physicists from the West helped these "refuseniks" to keep up in current research by organizing seminars in the living rooms and kitchens of cramped apartments in Moscow. KGB agents were all around and Eric later admitted he was often fearful for his own safety.

Canada's foreign policy
Eric strongly disagreed with Canada's position in NATO. He felt that NATO's militaristic foreign policy was contrary to its ostensibly peaceful objective.

Eric also publicly expressed shame over Canada's role in the massacres of East Timor.

Science for Peace
Fawcett was the co-founder of Science for Peace, a group dedicated towards the goal of universal peace. His dedication to the University of Toronto-based program demonstrated his belief that science should be used to further the cause of worldwide peace.

Influence
Fawcett's work with the Hall effect in type-II superconductors is still studied today. His name is also carried on by the biannual Eric Fawcett Memorial Forum hosted by Science for Peace.

Personal life
Fawcett was the second son to Harold and Florrie Fawcett, the younger brother of Roy. Eric and Roy attended Queen Elizabeths Grammar School, Blackburn. At various times the family lived in Mellor, in Longridge and on East Park Road and then finally at 2 Tarbert Crescent, Shadsworth, Blackburn. Blackburn was a textile town, and Fawcett's mother, Florrie, had worked in the Sunnyside Mill in Blackburn as a child. This experience led her to drive Eric in his studies. His hard work paid off, as he won a full scholarship to study physics at University of Cambridge. While studying at Cambridge, he met Cambridge native Patricia Egan, his wife-to-be. The two married on 9 October 1954. Together, they moved to Ottawa, where they lived for two years. In 1956 they returned to England, this time moving to Malvern, where their children Clare (1956), Andrew (1958) and Ruth (1961) were born.

In September 1961 the family relocated to New Jersey, where they lived for ten years before moving north to Toronto, Ontario, Canada in 1971, where Eric would spend the rest of his life.

A year after the birth of his first grandchild, Michael, in late 1991, Fawcett chose to retire, doing so in 1993.  Fawcett's retirement was a busy one. Three more grandchildren were born, Marc and Peter in 1994, and Robert in 1997.  Eric also spent much time practicing yoga and the piano.  In the academic world, Fawcett's greatest contribution during his retirement was his work for Science for Peace. A co-founder, he threw himself into the pursuit of world peace through science.  In September 2000 he died from liver cancer.

References

External links

Globe and Mail's obituary
Collaborative scientific obituary

1927 births
2000 deaths
People from Blackburn
British nuclear physicists
People associated with Malvern, Worcestershire
Scientists at Bell Labs
Scientists from Toronto
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Canadian nuclear physicists
American nuclear physicists
Scientists from New Jersey
British activists
Canadian activists
British emigrants to Canada
20th-century British scientists
20th-century American scientists
20th-century Canadian scientists
Deaths from liver cancer

Eric Fawcett


"Clapham Town End" is an old Yorkshire folk song which was harmonised by the English composer Edward Elgar in 1890.

Elgar arranged the song for his friend Dr. Charles W. Buck. It is for voice with piano accompaniment. The song is similar to the Somersetshire song "Richard of Taunton Dene".

Lyrics

CLAPHAM TOWN END

At Clapham Town end lived an Old Yorkshire tyke
Who i dealing i horseflesh had ne'er met his like.
'Twas his pride that i aw the hard bargains he'd hit
He'd bit a good mony but nivver been bit.
Chorus: Wi' me dum a dum dary, *
Dum a dum dary,
Dum a dum dary,
Dum a dum day.

This old Tommy Tavers (by that name he was known)
Had an old carrion bit that was sheer skin and bone.
To have killed him for the curs would have been quite as well,
But 'twas Tommy's opinion he'd die off himsel',
Chorus

Well, one Abie Muggins, a neighbouring cheat,
Thought to diddle old Tommy would be a great treat;
He'd a horse, too, 'twas worse than old Tommy's, you see,
For tonight he'd thought that he would proper to dee.
Chorus

Thinks Abie: "Th' old codger'll never smoke the trick:
"I'll swap with him my poor dead horse for his quick,
"And if Tommy, I'm nobbered can happen to trap,
"'Twill be a fine feather in Abraham's cap."
Chorus

So to Tommy he goes, and to Tommy he pops:
"Between my horse and thine prithee Tommy would swaps.
"What will give me to boot, for mine th' better horse feel?"
"Not," says Tommy, "I'll swap even hands and ye will!"
Chorus

Abie preached a long time about something to boot,
Insisting that his was the liveliest brute.
But Tommy stuck fast where first had begun,
Till Abie shook hands and said: "Well, Tommy, done."
Chorus

"Oh, Tommy," says Abie, "I sorry for thee,
"I thought thou'd 'a had a more white in thy 'ee:
"Good luck in thy bargain, for my horse is dead."
"Hey," says Tommy, "me lad, so is mine, and it's flaid!"
Chorus

So Tommy got the better of the bargain of asked,
And came off with a Yorkshireman's triumph at last.
For though 'twixt dead horses there's not much to choose,
Yet Tommy was richer by the hide and four shoes.
Chorus

 Ambling of the mouldy steed (Elgar's remark on the score)

References

Percy Young, "Elgar O.M.", p. 128

External links

 Richard of Taunton Dean may be compared with Elgar's version

Songs by Edward Elgar
1890 songs

Clapham Town End


Christie Golden (born November 21, 1963) is an American author. She has written many novels and several short stories in fantasy, horror and science fiction.

Career
Golden has written many novels and several short stories in the fields of science fiction, fantasy and horror. Among her many projects are over a dozen Star Trek novels, over a dozen for gaming giant Blizzard's World of Warcraft and StarCraft novels, and three books for the now finished Fate of the Jedi series of Star Wars novels.  Her co-authors on that series were Troy Denning and Aaron Allston.

She launched TSR's Ravenloft line of novels in 1991 with her first novel – Vampire of the Mists. and is the creator of the elven vampire archetype in fantasy fiction. She followed up with Dance of the Dead and The Enemy Within. Golden has also written short stories set in the Forgotten Realms, appearing in anthologies in which she further explores the character of the elven vampire Jander Sunstar, whom she established in Vampire of the Mists. Golden has written at a dozen Star Trek: Voyager novels including the popular Dark Matters trilogy, the Homecoming duology, and the Spirit Walk duology.

Golden is also the author of two original fantasy novels from Ace Books, King's Man & Thief and Instrument of Fate, which made the 1996 Nebula Preliminary Ballot.

Among her work in the gaming fantasy novels, she wrote Warcraft: Lord of the Clans (2001), and World of Warcraft: Rise of the Horde (December 2006). She also authored a trilogy titled StarCraft: the Dark Templar Saga for Blizzard Entertainment and Simon and Schuster Pocketbooks. She also wrote World of Warcraft: Arthas: Rise of the Lich King which was released April 21, 2009. It was Golden's first New York Times bestseller.  Subsequent Warcraft novels are The Shattering: Prelude to Cataclysm, Thrall: Twilight of the Aspects, Jaina Proudmoore: Tides of War, and War Crimes.

Under the name Jadrien Bell she wrote a fantasy thriller entitled A.D. 999, which won her the Colorado Author's League Award for Best Genre Novel in 1999.

She is currently hoping to reissue her original fantasy series, the Dancers Pentad. The first book in the series On Fire's Wings follows the discovery of the first of five dancers, Kevla the flame dancer. The second book In Stone's Clasp records both the flame dancer, Kevla and the stone dancer, the element of earth, Jareth.  The book won her a second Colorado Author's League Award for Best Genre Novel in 2005. This series was released through Luna Books.

Golden has also written for Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel anthologies. She has written novels based on Steven Spielberg's Invasion America animated television show, and film producer and screenwriter Harve Bennett was so impressed with her Invasion America work that he invited her to Hollywood to write for the show - however, the show was not renewed for a second season.

Golden has authored four Assassin's Creed works. Her first, "Blackbeard: The Lost Journal", is a companion piece for the video game Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag. Another Assassin's Creed book, the in-universe "Abstergo Employee Handbook" hit shelves in December 2014. "The Accidental Knight," a novel set in the world of Cryptozoic's online card game, HEX, will be published later in 2014 as an online book, with a hard copy version to follow. Her Star Wars: The Clone Wars novel titled Star Wars: Dark Disciple was published in July 2015. And in 2017 she published the official movie novelization of Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets through Titan Books - .

Personal life
Golden was born on November 21, 1963 in Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Bibliography
 Instrument of Fate, Ace Books, April 1996
 King's Man and Thief, Ace Books, May 1997
 A.D. 999 (As Jadrien Bell), Ace Books, December 1999

Assassin's Creed
 Assassin's Creed: Heresy, Ubisoft Publishing, November 2016
 Assassin's Creed: The Official Movie Novelization, Ubisoft Publishing, December 2016

The Final Dance
 The Final Dance Book 1: On Fire's Wings, LUNA Books, July 2003
  The Final Dance Book 2: In Stone's Clasp LUNA Books, September 2005
 The Final Dance Book 3: Under Sea's Shadow, LUNA Books, October 2007 (e-book only)

HEX: Shards of Fate
 The Accidental Knight, Hex Entertainment, LLC., November 2014

Invasion America
 Invasion America, Roc, February 1998
 Invasion America: On the Run, Roc, November 1998

Ravenloft
 Ravenloft: Vampire of the Mists, TSR, September 1991
 Ravenloft: Dance of the Dead, TSR, June 1992
 Ravenloft: The Enemy Within, TSR, February 1994

StarCraft
 StarCraft II: Devil's Due, Pocket Books, April 2011
 StarCraft II: Flashpoint, Gallery Books, November 2012

StarCraft: The Dark Templar Saga
 StarCraft: The Dark Templar Saga: Firstborn, Pocket Books, May 2007
 StarCraft: The Dark Templar Saga: Shadow Hunters, Pocket Books, November 2007
 StarCraft: The Dark Templar Saga: Twilight, Pocket Books, June 2009

Star Trek: Gateways
 Star Trek: Voyager: Gateways Book 5: No Man's Land, Pocket Books, October 2001
 Star Trek: Gateways Book 7: What Lay Beyond: In the Queue, Pocket Books, November 2001

Star Trek: The Next Generation
 Star Trek: The Next Generation: Double Helix Book 6: The First Virtue (with Michael Jan Friedman), Pocket Books, August 1999

Star Trek: The Original Series
 Star Trek: The Last Roundup, Pocket Books, July 2002

Star Trek: Voyager
 Star Trek: Voyager #6: The Murdered Sun, Pocket Books, February 1996
 Star Trek: Voyager #14: Marooned, Pocket Books, December 1997
 Star Trek: Voyager #16: Seven of Nine, Pocket Books, September 1998
 Star Trek: Voyager: Endgame, (with Diane Carey), Pocket Books, July 2001
 Star Trek: Voyager: Homecoming, Pocket Books, June 2003
 Star Trek: Voyager: The Farther Shore, Pocket Books, July 2003

Star Trek: Voyager: Dark Matters Trilogy
 Star Trek: Voyager #19: Dark Matters #1: Cloak and Dagger, Pocket Books, November 2000
 Star Trek: Voyager #20: Dark Matters #2: Ghost Dance, Pocket Books, November 2000
 Star Trek: Voyager #21: Dark Matters #3: Shadow of Heaven, Pocket Books, November 2000

Star Trek: Voyager: Spirit Walk
 Star Trek: Voyager: Spirit Walk Book 1: Old Wounds, Pocket Books, November 2004
 Star Trek: Voyager: Spirit Walk Book 2: Enemy of My Enemy, Pocket Books, December 2004

Star Wars
 Star Wars: Fate of the Jedi: Omen, Del Rey Books, June 2009
 Star Wars: Fate of the Jedi: Allies, Del Rey Books, May 2010
 Star Wars: Fate of the Jedi: Ascension, Del Rey Books, August 2011
 Star Wars: Dark Disciple, Del Rey Books, June 2015
 Star Wars: Battlefront II: Inferno Squad, Del Rey Books, July 2017
Star Wars: The Bucket (short story) published in Star Wars: From a Certain Point of View, Del Rey Books, October 2017
The Truest Duty (short story) published in Star Wars: From a Certain Point of View: The Empire Strikes Back, Del Rey Books, November 2020

World of Warcraft
 Warcraft: Lord of the Clans, Pocket Books, October 2001
 World of Warcraft: Rise of the Horde, Pocket Books, December 2006
 World of Warcraft: Beyond the Dark Portal (with Aaron Rosenberg), Pocket Books, June 2008
 World of Warcraft: Arthas: Rise of the Lich King, Pocket Books, May 2009
 World of Warcraft: The Shattering: Prelude to Cataclysm, Pocket Books, October 2010
 World of Warcraft: Thrall: Twilight of the Aspects, Pocket Books, July 2011
 World of Warcraft: Jaina Proudmoore: Tides of War, Pocket Books, August 2012
 World of Warcraft: War Crimes, Gallery Books, May 2014; Pocket Books, May 2015
 Warcraft: Durotan: The Official Movie Prequel, Titan Books, May 2016
 Warcraft: The Official Movie Novelization, Titan Books, June 2016
 World of Warcraft: Before the Storm, June 2018
 World of Warcraft: Exploring Azeroth - Eastern Kingdoms, November 2020
 World of Warcraft: Sylvanas, March 2022

Short stories and essays
 "One Last Drink," Realms of Valor, TSR, February 1993
 "Blood Sport," Realms of Infamy, TSR, December 1994
 "Witch Hunt" and "The Angel," 100 Wicked Little Witch Stories, Barnes & Noble, July 1995
 "One Good Bite," 100 Vicious Little Vampire Stories, Barnes & Noble, August 1995
 "Breathtaking Music," Blood Muse, Donald I. Fine, December 1995
 "The Quiet Place," Realms of Magic, TSR, December 1995
 "Summer Storms," Lammas Night, Baen Books, February, 1996
 "Stag Party," OtherWere, Ace Books, September 1996
 "The Play's the Thing," Miskatonic, DAW Books, Inc., November 1996
 "Though Hell Should Bar the Way," with A.C. Crispin, Highwaymen: Robbers and Rogues, DAW Books, Inc., June 1997
 "The Remaking of Millie McCoy," Urban Nightmares, Baen Books, November 1997
 "The Ultimate Weapon, Tales from Tethedril, Del Rey, September 1998
 "A Night at Sandrine's," Amazing Stories, December 1998
 "A Light in the Sky," Whitley Strieber's Aliens: An HWA Anthology, Pocket Books, December 1998
 "The White Doe," Tales of the Slayer, Simon & Schuster, 1999
 "Hard Crash," Star Trek S.C.E.: Have Tech, Will Travel, Pocket Books, 2001
 "The Sun Child," Angel: The Longest Night, Simon & Schuster, 2002
 "Where's the Religion in Willow's Wicca?", BenBella Books, 2003
 "Promises to Keep", Halo: Fractures, Gallery Books, 2016
 "The Bucket", Star Wars: From a Certain Point of View, Random House, 2017
 "Elegy", World of Warcraft: Battle for Azeroth, 2018
 "The Vow Eternal", World of Warcraft: Dragonflight, 2022

See also

 List of horror fiction authors

References

External links

1963 births
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American women writers
American fantasy writers
American horror writers
American science fiction writers
American women novelists
Living people
Novelists from Tennessee
Place of birth missing (living people)
University of Virginia alumni
Women horror writers
Women science fiction and fantasy writers

Christie Golden


George V of Armenia (in Armenian Գևորգ Ե. Սուրենյանց (Տփղիսեցի) (28 August 1847 – 8 May 1930) was the Catholicos of All Armenians of the Armenian Apostolic Church in the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin from 1911–1930. He succeeded Catholicos Matthew II (in Armenian Մատթեոս Բ Կոստանդնուպոլսեց), who had died on 11 December 1910 after less than three years as Catholicos.

Biography

Born in Tiflis, he studied between 1865 and 1868 at the classical gymnasium in his hometown and in 1872 was consecrated as a priest (vartabed) in the Armenian Apostolic Church and consecrated as bishop in 1882. In 1874, he taught at the Gevorkian Theological Seminary in Etchmiadzin, until his appointment the following year as bishop of Artsakh (present-day Karabakh) and later as assistant prelate in Alexandropol (present-day Gyumri) in  1878 and in Yerevan in 1881. He was assigned prelate and bishop of Astrakhan, Russia in 1886 and Armenian prelate of Georgia in 1894.

In 1907 he was assigned as assistant to the Catholicossate in Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin and elected Catholicos of All Armenians in December 1911, a post he held for three decades until 1930.

He was active in Armenian political affairs at very critical times and was part of the Armenian delegation headed by Boghos Nubar Pasha. He also organized relief efforts for the survivors of the Armenian genocide. He presided over the Aid Committee for Armenian victims, refugees and wounded soldiers and their families. Aid was provided throughout Armenia as well as Turkey, Georgia and Russia.

He was the presiding Catholicos when the First Republic of Armenia was established in May 1918. He supported the various military campaigns, refusing to relocate the catholicosate from Etchmiadzin to a safer venue.

With the establishment of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1920–1921 and the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic in 1922 made up of Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan, he refused to leave the position and encouraged the Armenian population to cooperate with the new regime installed as an alternative safe haven for Armenians.

He was also actively involved in building new churches in the Armenian diaspora, developing a network of religious institutions and schools and for admitting the four-voice religious music of composer Makar Yekmalyan into the church Mass.

George V died at Etchmiadzin, Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, in 1930 and is buried near Mother Cathedral of Holy Etchmiadzin in the Catholicosate complex.

After his death, the Armenian Church as well as all organized religions in the Soviet Union became subject to persecution and rigid control particularly through Joseph Stalin's orders. No new catholicos was elected for 2 years as the throne remained vacant from 1930 to 1932. However when Stalin temporarily eased the pressure, the time was opportune for the election of a bishop Khoren Muratbekyan as new Catholicos of All Armenians as Khoren I of Armenia (in Armenian Խորեն Ա Տփղիսեցի Մուրադբեկյան).

Catholicoi of Armenia
1847 births
Clergy from Tbilisi
1930 deaths

George V of Armenia


William "Count" Basie (August 21, 1904 – April 26, 1984) was an American jazz pianist, organist, bandleader, and composer.  He was one of the most important jazz bandleaders of his time. He led his popular Count Basie Orchestra for almost 50 years. Many important musicians came to became popular and successful with his help, like tenor saxophonists Lester Young and Herschel Evans, trumpeters Buck Clayton and Harry "Sweets" Edison and singers Jimmy Rushing and Joe Williams. Basie's famous songs were "One O'Clock Jump" and "April In Paris".

Early life
William James Basie was born in 1904 in New Jersey. His parents were Harvey Lee Basie and Lillian Ann Childs, who lived on Mechanic Street in Red Bank, New Jersey. His father worked as a coachman and caretaker for a rich judge. After automobiles (cars) became more popular than using horses to get around, his father became a groundskeeper and handyman for some families in the area. His mother was a piano player and she gave Basie his first piano lessons. To earn money, she took in laundry to wash and baked cakes for sale.

Basie was not very interested in school. He dreamed of a traveling, inspired by the carnivals which came to town. He only got as far as junior high school. He helped out at the Palace theater in Red Bank, to get into the shows for free.  He also learned to use the spotlights for the vaudeville shows. One day, when the pianist did not arrive in time for the show, Basie played instead. He soon learned to improvise music for silent movies.

Basie was very good at the piano, but he liked drums better. There was another drummer in Red Bank who was better, called Sonny Greer, so Basie stopped playing drums and just played piano. They played together until Greer started his professional career. Basie played with different groups for dances, resorts, and amateur shows, like Harry Richardson's "Kings of Syncopation". When he was not playing a gig, he spent time at the local pool hall with other musicians. He got some jobs in Asbury Park, playing at the Hong Kong Inn, until a better player took his place.

Early career
Around 1924, Basie went to Harlem, New York City. A lot of jazz was being played there. He liced down the block from the Alhambra Theater. Soon after he went to Harlem, he met Sonny Greer again, who was now the drummer for the Washingtonians, Duke Ellington's early band. Soon, Basie met many Harlem musicians, like Willie "the Lion" Smith and James P. Johnson.

Basie toured in some acts between 1925 and 1927, as a soloist and accompanist to blues singers Katie Krippen and Gonzelle White. He went to Kansas City, St. Louis, New Orleans, and Chicago. He met many great jazz musicians, like Louis Armstrong.

Back in Harlem in 1925, Basie got his first regular job at Leroy's, a place known for its piano players, where lots of celebrities went. The band usually played without sheet music. He met Fats Waller, who was playing organ at the Lincoln Theater, accompanying silent movies, and Waller taught him how to play the organ. Willie "the Lion" Smith helped Basie out when there was not much work, arranging gigs at house-rent parties, where he met other important musicians.

In 1928 Basie was in Tulsa and heard Walter Page and his Famous Blue Devils, one of the first big bands, which had Jimmy Rushing singing. A few months later, Basie was asked to join the band, which played mostly in Texas and Oklahoma. He began to be known as "Count" Basie.

Kansas City years
In 1929, Basie started playing with the Bennie Moten band, Kansas City. The Moten band was classier and more respected than the Blue Devils. They played in a style called the Kansas City stomp. As well as playing piano, Basie also arranged music with Eddie Durham. When they were staying in Chicago, Basie recorded with the band. He sometimes played four-hand piano and dual pianos with Moten. The band got better when they added a saxophone player called Ben Webster.

The band voted Moten out and Basie became the leader. The band was now called  "Count Basie and his Cherry Blossoms". Later he went to join Moten's new band. Moten died in 1935 and the band did not stay together. Basie made a new band, which included many of the musicians from Moten's band. Lester Young, a saxophone player, also joined. They played at the Reno Club and sometimes on local radio. One night the band started improvising a piece which Basie called "One O'Clock Jump". It became his signature tune.

References

American jazz musicians
Kennedy Center honorees
American autobiographers
Musicians from New Jersey
1904 births
1984 deaths

Count Basie