Ruth Wodak   (born 12 July 1950 in London) is an Austrian linguist, who is Emeritus Distinguished Professor and Chair in Discourse Studies in the Department of Linguistics and English Language at Lancaster University and Professor in Linguistics at the University of Vienna.

Her research is mainly located in discourse studies and in critical discourse analysis. Together with her former colleagues and Ph.D students in Vienna (Rudolf de Cillia, Gertraud Benke, Helmut Gruber, Florian Menz, Martin Reisigl, Usama Suleiman, Christine Anthonissen), she elaborated the Discourse Historical Approach, an interdisciplinary, problem-oriented approach to analysing the change of discursive practices over time and in various genres.

She is member of the editorial board of a range of linguistic journals, co-editor of Discourse and Society, Critical Discourse Studies, and of the Journal of Language and Politics. She was the founding editor (together with Paul Chilton) of the book series Discourse Approaches to Politics, Society and Culture. She was also section editor of "Language and Politics" for the Second Edition of the Elsevier Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Ruth Wodak chaired the Humanities and Social Sciences Panel for EURYI Award, in the European Science Foundation from 2006 to 2008.

Awards and honours
In 1996, she was awarded the Wittgenstein-Preis, the highest Austrian science award, for her projects focused on "Discourses on Un/employment in EU organizations; Debates on NATO and Neutrality in Austria and Hungary; The Discursive Construction of European Identities; Attitudes towards EU-Enlargement; Racism at the Top. Parliamentary Debates on Immigration in Six EU countries; The Discursive Construction of the Past - Individual and Collective Memories of the German Wehrmacht and the Second World War."

In October 2006, she was awarded the Woman's Prize of the City of Vienna.

She was awarded the Kerstin Hesselgren Chair of the Swedish Parliament and stayed at University of Örebro, Sweden, from March to June 2008.

In December 2011, Professor Karl Heinz Töchterle, Minister of Science and Education, presented her with the Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver for Services to the Republic of Austria (Großes Silbernes Ehrenzeichen für Verdienste um die Republik Österreich), in Vienna, on behalf of the President of Austria, Dr Heinz Fischer. "The award citation emphasises the social relevance and impact of her outstanding research on the discursive construction of national and transnational identities and patterns of racism, xenophobia and anti-Semitism."

She was elected Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences in 2013.

Ruth Wodak has been a Fulbright Austria Scholar at Stanford University. She has held visiting professorships at Uppsala University, University of Minnesota, and Georgetown University, and a Leverhulme Visiting Professorship at the University of East Anglia.

Selected bibliography

Books
Wodak, Ruth (2015). The Politics of Fear: What Right-Wing Populist Discourses Mean. London: Sage.
Wodak, Ruth (2011). The Discourse of Politics in Action: Politics as Usual (2nd revised edition). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Reisigl, Martin & Wodak, Ruth (2001). Discourse and Discrimination. London: Routledge.
Wodak, Ruth (1996). Disorders of Discourse. London: Longman.

Edited books
Wodak, Ruth, & Forchtner, Bernhard (Eds.) (2017). The Routledge Handbook of Language and Politics. London: Routledge.
Wodak, Ruth, Mral, Brigitte, & Khosravinik, Majid (Eds.) (2013). Right Wing Populism in Europe: Politics and Discourse. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
Wodak, Ruth (Ed.) (2013). Critical Discourse Analysis: Four Volumes. Sage.
Wodak, Ruth, Johnstone, Barbara, & Kerswill, Paul (Eds.) (2011). The Sage Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Los Angeles: Sage.
Wodak, Ruth & Meyer, Michael (Eds.) (2009). Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis (2nd revised edition). London: Sage.
Wodak, Ruth & Reisigl, Martin (Eds.) (2009). The Discursive Construction of National Identity. Edinburgh: EUP.
Wodak, Ruth & Koller, Veronika (Eds.) (2008). Handbook of Communication in the Public Sphere. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Wodak, Ruth, & Krzyzanowski, Michal (2008). Qualitative Discourse Analysis in the Social Sciences. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Wodak, Ruth & Chilton, Paul (Eds.) (2005). New Agenda in (Critical) Discourse Analysis. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Weiss, Gilbert & Wodak, Ruth (Eds.) (2003). Critical Discourse Analysis: Theory and Interdisciplinarity. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Wodak, Ruth, de Cillia, Rudolf, Reisigl, Martin, & Liebhart, Karin (Eds.) (1999). The Discursive Construction of National Identity. Edinburgh: EUP.
Wodak, Ruth (Ed.) (1997). Gender and Discourse. London: Sage.
Wodak, Ruth (Ed.) (1989). Language, Power and Ideology: Studies in Political Discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

References

External links
Staff page at Lancaster University
Profile at Academia.edu
Language, Ideology and Power Research Group
Journal of Language and Politics
Fulbright Austria
 Entry for Ruth Wodak at OCLC Worldcat Classify

Linguists
Sociolinguists
Applied linguists
Discourse analysts
Academics of Lancaster University
Academics of the University of East Anglia
Academic staff of Örebro University
1950 births
Living people
Recipients of the Grand Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
Fellows of the Academy of Social Sciences
Austrian women academics
Linguists from Austria
Women linguists
University of Vienna alumni
Department of Linguistics and English Language, Lancaster University
20th-century linguists
21st-century linguists

Ruth Wodak


Anne Michaels (born 15 April 1958) is a Canadian poet and novelist whose work has been translated and published in over 45 countries. Her books have garnered dozens of international awards including the Orange Prize, the Guardian Fiction Prize, the Lannan Award for Fiction and the Commonwealth Poetry Prize for the Americas. She is the recipient of honorary degrees, the Guggenheim Fellowship and many other honours. She has been shortlisted for the Governor General's Award, the Griffin Poetry Prize, twice shortlisted for the Giller Prize and twice long-listed for the International Dublin Literary Award. Michaels won a 2019 Vine Award for Infinite Gradation, her first volume of non-fiction. Michaels was the poet laureate of Toronto, Ontario, Canada from 2016 to 2019, and she is perhaps best known for her novel Fugitive Pieces, which was adapted for the screen in 2007.

Early life
Anne Michaels was born in Toronto, Ontario, in 1958. She attended Vaughan Road Academy and then later the University of Toronto, where she is an adjunct faculty member in the Department of English.

Career
With her first two poetry collections, The Weight of Oranges and Miner's Pond, Michaels gained attention as a writer who balances technical precision with profound meditation and humanity. The recipient of the Commonwealth Poetry Prize for the Americas and the Canadian Authors' Association Award, and a finalist for both the Governor General's Award and the Trillium Award, Michaels secured her place among the finest Canadian poets early in her career.

Following her early success with poetry, Michaels found herself "bumping up more frequently against its limits. [She] was pushing the form as far as [she] could in longer pieces, trying to make connections on a larger scale. [She] stretched poetry as far as it would go in terms of length." Her debut novel, Fugitive Pieces (1996), offered Michaels the opportunity to work more expansively with complicated questions related to history, identity, location, and grief:  "a way of layering things; of having images and gestures that connect between page 100 and page 303. It [gave her] the chance to bring readers in slowly, via as many strands as [she could]."

With Fugitive Pieces, Michaels lays the thematic foundation of her future works, exploring the relationship between history and memory, and how we, as a people, remember. She also launches her meditation on "what love makes us capable of, and  incapable of," and the paradoxical understanding that "there is nothing a man will not do to another; nothing a man will not do for another." Confronting the horrors of war, violence, dislocation, and loss through her writing, Michaels "travels with the reader through terrain that is philosophically, morally and emotionally perilous" and refuses to publish unless she can "in some way deliver the reader and [herself] to the other side." She writes: "We don't need repeated proof of violence or horror - a single incident convinces us - but we do need proof, again and again, of the strength, the power, the reach, and the consequences of love."

Fugitive Pieces, the story of a holocaust survivor trying to find his way back into the world, went on to be critically acclaimed internationally, winning the Orange Prize for Fiction, the Guardian Fiction Prize, the Lannan Literary Award for Fiction, the Trillium Book Award, the Books in Canada First Novel Award, the City of Toronto Book Award, the Heritage Toronto Award of Merit, the Martin and Beatrice Fischer Award, the Harold Ribalow Award, the Giuseppe Acerbi Literary Award and the Jewish Quarterly-Wingate Prize.

While working on her second novel, The Winter Vault, Michaels released Skin Divers, her third poetry collection and the last of three volumes, beginning with The Weight of Oranges and Miner's Pond. All three were intended to speak to one another, and were later published in Poems (2000). Notable for her poetic style, both in her poetry and prose, Michaels writes that "[poetry is] such a good discipline for a novelist: it makes you aware that even if you have four or five hundred pages to play with, you mustn't waste a single word."

During this period, Michaels also began writing for the stage. A collaboration with John Berger led to the development of Vanishing Points (2005), a profound meditation on railways, love and loss, directed by Simon McBurney, produced by Complicite and presented in the historic German Gymnasium in King's Cross. This work was later published as Railtracks (2011). She also contributed the libretto to Canadian composer Omar Daniel's The Passion of Lavinia Andronicus (2005), offering a new dimension to the tragic figure at the centre of one of Shakespeare's most harrowing plays in a performance by the Hilliard Ensemble and Tafelmusik Chamber Choir.

Michaels would not publish The Winter Vault until 2009, thirteen years following the release of Fugitive Pieces which, likewise, took nearly a decade to write. Like Fugitive Pieces, her second novel considers deeply the "complicated relationship between huge historic events and intimate, domestic events; the relationship between historical grief and personal grief; how we remember privately, and how we remember - and memorialize – publicly, collectively. Each community, each nation, faces this question and answers it in its own way, according to its own needs."

Connecting three historic events - the dismantling and reconstruction of Egypt's Abu Simbel Temple; the building of the St. Lawrence Seaway in Canada and the drowning of towns, villages and graves; and the rebuilding of Warsaw after World War II - the novel considers whether a temple, taken apart stone by stone and rebuilt, is the same temple; a river barraged, the same river; a city reconstructed, the same city; and whether the heart can be repaired and rebuilt after a profound personal loss. The Winter Vault went on to garner international praise and was a finalist for the Scotiabank Giller Prize, the Trillium Book Award and the Commonwealth Prize, and was also long-listed for the International Dublin Literary Award.

In 2011, Michaels contributed to the Bush Theatre's 24-hour performance of Sixty-Six Books to mark the 400th anniversary of the King James Bible, providing 66 playwrights, poets, songwriters, and novelists - of all faiths and none, from over a dozen countries and across five continents - the opportunity to respond to some of the oldest stories ever told. Her contribution, "The Crossing," was later anthologized in Sixty-Six Books: 21st Century Writers Speak to the King James Bible (2011). An extract from "The Crossing" was also performed at Westminster Abbey's King James Bible Service for Her Majesty The Queen, His Royal Highness The Duke of Edinburgh and His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales.

Michaels returned to poetry with the release of her book-length poem, Correspondences (2013), an historic and personal elegy in an accordion-style format that can be read frontwards or backwards. A collaboration with artist Bernice Eisenstein, Correspondences alternates poetry with haunting portraits of the 20th century writers and thinkers to whom Michaels' pays tribute. The work went on to receive the Helen and Stan Vine Book Award and was shortlisted for the Griffin Poetry Prize.

In October 2015, Michaels began her tenure as the poet laureate of Toronto, succeeding George Elliott Clarke. Her personal mandate is to provide a platform for Toronto's many tongues: "How do we make a space for all these literatures that have come to us in such tremendous largesse, such tremendous richness? We need Torontonians to bring their cultures, bring their poets to us, so we have access to that huge international library." 2015 also saw the release of Michaels' first children's book, The Adventures of Miss Petitfour, with its follow-up, The Further Adventures of Miss Petitfour, being released in 2022.

In 2017 a new collection of poetry, All We Saw, and a new work of non-fiction, Infinite Gradation (with afterword by poet Gareth Evans) were published. Both books were shortlisted for the 2019 Vine Awards for Canadian Jewish Literature in the Poetry and Non-Fiction categories respectively. Infinite Gradation won the Non-Fiction prize.

Michaels will publish her third novel, Held, in November 2023.

Publications

Poetry collections

Novels

Other selected works
 The Passion of Lavinia Andronicus (2005)
 Vanishing Points (2005)
 Sixty-Six Books (2011)
 Sea of Lanterns (2012)
 The Adventures of Miss Petitfour (2015)
 Infinite Gradation (2017)
 The Further Adventures of Miss Petitfour (2022)

Adaptations
Fugitive Pieces was directed and adapted for the screen by Jeremy Podeswa, scored by Nikos Kypourgos, and selected to open the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival. Michaels' debut novel was also adapted into a radio drama for BBC Radio 3.

Skin Divers was adapted in 2009 for the National Ballet of Canada by Dominique Dumais with music by Gavin Bryars. Incorporating spoken word and visual projections, Skin Divers explores "the body as a living archive of experience, or a museum of memory."

References

External links
 Profile at the University of Toronto
 Canadian Authors website

1958 births
Living people
Canadian women poets
University of Toronto alumni
Canadian women novelists
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
Jewish Canadian writers
Poets Laureate of Toronto
20th-century Canadian novelists
20th-century Canadian poets
21st-century Canadian novelists
20th-century Canadian women writers
21st-century Canadian women writers
Amazon.ca First Novel Award winners

Anne Michaels


Nachtmann or F. X. Nachtmann Bleikristallwerke GmbH (English: F. X. Nachtmann Lead Crystal Works Ltd.) was a fine glass maker, founded in 1834 by Michael Nachtmann in Unterhütte, Oberpfalz. In 1900 the company was taken over by Zacharias Frank who moved the headquarters to Neustadt an der Waldnaab.

After the war in 1945 Nachtmann rebuilt the partially destroyed production facilities and began with the production of lead crystal in Neustadt and Riedlhütte. In 1983 a third, highly modern lead crystal plant was founded in Weiden in der Oberpfalz.

In 2004 the Nachtmann company was taken over by its rival, the Austrian crystal maker Riedel which now carries its name and brand. As of 2011 the website associated with its name is active and continues sale of fine glass under the Riedel umbrella.

See also
 Riedel (glass manufacturer)

References
 Art Deco Wiki
 Nachtmann Home Page

Glassmaking companies of Germany
Companies based in Bavaria

Nachtmann (glass manufacturer)


Andrew Gerle is an American composer and pianist known for his musical adaptation of "Meet John Doe" with librettist Eddie Sugarman which premiered at the Ford's Theater in Washington.  He is the recipient of four Richard Rodgers Awards administered by the American Academy of Arts and Letters and a Jonathan Larson Grant.  His opera "The Beach", a collaboration with librettist Royce Vavrek was presented on May 14, 2011 as part of New York City Opera's VOX Contemporary American Opera Lab.

Biography
The son of classical recording artists Marilyn Neeley and Robert Gerle, Andrew started his musical career as a classical pianist in the Baltimore area, appearing with local orchestras and on National Public Radio and Television. While attending Yale University, he won the Yale Symphony's concerto competition and the National Symphony Orchestra's Young Artists' Competition, and appeared as guest soloist with both orchestras. During this time, he was also invited to participate in a private competition for Maestro Mstislav Rostropovich at the Kennedy Center.

After graduating magna cum laude from Yale, he moved to New York City and began work as a musical director and accompanist. Over the years, he has worked with such distinguished artists as Kitty Carlisle Hart, John Raitt, Leslie Uggams, Jennifer Holliday, Brian Stokes Mitchell, Michael Rupert, and Liz Callaway. He was selected by the Rodgers and Hammerstein Organization to create a complete re-orchestration of South Pacific for a major regional production, and has worked on projects for composers including John Kander, Ricky Ian Gordon, Scott Frankel and Michael Korie.

As a musical theater composer, he is a three-time recipient of the Richard Rodgers Award for new musical writing, administered by Stephen Sondheim and the American Academy of Arts and Letters, for The Tutor (book and lyrics by Maryrose Wood), and recently won his fourth for his original musical, Gloryana. He won a 2006 Jonathan Larson Award from the American Theatre Wing for Meet John Doe (lyrics by Eddie Sugarman), which had its world premiere production at the Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. in 2007 and was nominated for seven Helen Hayes Awards. He was also the first recipient of the Burton Lane Fellowship for Young Composers, awarded by the Theater Hall of Fame. His songs have been performed on Public Radio International, at Symphony Space, the Public Theater and the Lincoln Center Songbook series in New York, and on VH1's Save the Music benefit.

An accomplished orchestrator and arranger, Andrew's symphonic orchestrations of Broadway standards have been performed by the Boston Pops and over a dozen other US symphony orchestras. He created an evening of new arrangements and orchestrations for the Baltimore Symphony's Gershwin Centennial celebration, in which he also appeared as piano soloist. His work as a musical director has taken him from off-Broadway houses to regional theaters, from Texas to Cape Cod, and from Russia to Taiwan. At 26, he was one of the youngest conductors ever to conduct a major international orchestra when he led the Seoul Philharmonic Symphonic in a series of sold-out concerts at the 3,000-seat Sejong Cultural Center. He has been a writer in residence at the Eugene O'Neill National Musical Theater Conference, and a Fellow at the MacDowell Artists' Colony in New Hampshire and the Ucross Foundation in Wyoming.

Andrew's play, Renovations, based on the memoir by the same title, will be premiered at the White Plains Performing Arts Center in March 2011, and his song cycle, Drink Well and Sing, based on ancient Greek love poetry, will be premiered by eminent American countertenor Lawrence Zazzo at London's Wigmore Hall, also in March. His opera, The Beach (with librettist Royce Vavrek), will receive its premiere reading as part of New York City Opera's VOX series in May. A CD of Andrew's jazz arrangements of the songs of Maltby & Shire with vocalist Christa Justus was released in 2010 under the PS Classics Label. As an actor, Andrew appeared in the 2009 revival of Terrence McNally's Master Class at the Paper Mill Playhouse in New Jersey starring Tony nominee Barbara Walsh, and has appeared in productions of Two Pianos, Four Hands. In 2010, he was heard as the "hands" of Coalhouse Walker Jr., in the Tony Award-winning revival of Ahrens & Flaherty's RAGTIME at the Neil Simon Theater. He was musical director of the off-Broadway revival of "Closer Than Ever" and the cast album on Jay Records.
Andrew is the author of The Enraged Accompanist's Guide to the Perfect Audition, which will be published this March by Hal Leonard (Applause Books). He teaches Musical Theater at Manhattan School of Music in New York. He is also on the faculty of Yale University, where he teaches musical theater songwriting.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century American composers
Yale University alumni
American male pianists
American male composers
21st-century American pianists
21st-century American male musicians

Andrew Gerle


Barbara Stewart is a New Zealand politeecian, an a member o the kintra's pairlament in Wellington, representin the pairty New Zealand First.  She is a leet member o the pairlament unner the proportional representation seestem.

New Zealand First MPs
New Zealand eddicators
Varsity o Waikato alumni
Weemen members o the New Zealand Hoose o Representatives
Livin fowk
New Zealand leet MPs
1952 births
Fowk frae Wairoa
Members o the New Zealand Hoose o Representatives
Unsuccessfu candidates in the New Zealand general election, 2008
New Zealand Naitional Pairty politeecians
21st-century New Zealand politeecians
21st-century weemen politeecians

Barbara Stewart


The Internet Theatre Database (ITDb) is an online database with information about plays, playwrights, actors, legitimate theatre, musical theatre, Broadway shows, and similar theatrical information.

The website is run by several volunteer theatre aficionados, each contributing material as time permits. Somewhat similar to the Internet Broadway Database, the site's creators endeavor to include theatre outside of New York City by indexing London and Off-Broadway productions, national tours, and regional theatre. Modelled on the considerably larger Internet Movie Database, the site indexes by six categories: (1) show/play name; (2) people (actor, writer, or director); (3) theatre facility; (4) song title; (5) character/role; and (6) production role. Each day, the site also shows what well-known productions opened or closed on that date at important theatres in the past several decades.

As of July 2020, it has not been updated in over a decade.

See also
Internet Broadway Database (IBDb)
Internet Movie Database (IMDb)

References

External links

Theatrical organizations
Online databases
Theatre databases

Internet Theatre Database


Wynn Firth Hawkins (February 20, 1936 – February 11, 2021) was an American professional baseball player, scout and executive. During his active career, he was a right-handed pitcher who was signed by the Cleveland Indians before the 1955 season, and played in the Major Leagues with the Indians from 1960 to 1962. He attended Baldwin Wallace University, where he was a star in basketball. Hawkins stood  tall and weighed .

Hawkins was perhaps best known for giving up Ted Williams's 500th home run (June 17, 1960). He appeared in 48 games (with 30 starts) during his three seasons with the Tribe. During his career, Hawkins gave up 99 walks in just 202 innings pitched, for a BB/9IP of 4.40, higher than the American League average at that time. He finished his career with a total of 12 wins, 13 losses, 1 save, 11 games finished, and an ERA of 4.17.

Career highlights for Hawkins include pitching the first 11 innings of a 12-inning game, giving up one unearned run and defeating the Detroit Tigers 2–1 (April 26, 1960), a five-hit, complete-game victory over the Boston Red Sox, winning 10–1 (April 30, 1961), and a two-hit, complete-game shutout against the Minnesota Twins (May 21, 1961).

After his pitching career, Hawkins was a scout for the Indians, and served as the team's traveling secretary as well as in sales. Hawkins died on February 11, 2021, at his home in Canfield, Ohio.

References

External links

1936 births
2021 deaths
Baldwin Wallace Yellow Jackets baseball players
Baseball players from Ohio
Cleveland Indians players
Cleveland Indians scouts
Fargo-Moorhead Twins players
Fayetteville Highlanders players
Jacksonville Suns players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Mobile Bears players
People from East Palestine, Ohio
Portland Beavers players
Reading Indians players
Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players

Wynn Hawkins


Alexandra Dahlström (born February 12, 1984) is a Swedish actress. She was born in Gävle, Sweden, and grew up in Stockholm. Her mother is Russian, and her father Swedish. She speaks Swedish, Russian, French, German, English, and Italian.

Career
Dahlström gained international attention in 1998, after starring as "Elin" in the movie Fucking Åmål. For this, she won the Guldbagge Award for Best Actress, together with Rebecka Liljeberg. After "Fucking Åmål" she receiving numerous offers to work in other movies, but she declined the offers, because she wanted to concentrate on finishing school. In 2002, Dahlström worked as assistant director and Russian translator,for Lukas Moodysson, with his movie Lilya 4-ever. From the 5 March 2007 Alexandra will be participating in the Dutch soap opera Goede Tijden, Slechte Tijden on RTL 4. She will play a Swedish exchanges student called Skylar Nilsson.

Personal life
She lived alone in Stockholm after graduating high school. She continued to act in theatre. After a several-year break, Dahlström again starred in the movie Fröken Sverige (Miss Sweden) gaining nice comments. During the autumn of 2004 she was the DJ for the biggest late night talk show in Sweden, called 'Late Night with Luuk', which she had been originally interviewed on in May 1998 with Rebecka Liljeberg for her acting in Fucking Åmål. After completing her studies, she now lives in Rome, Italy and is again pursuing a serious acting career.

Filmography
 Sanning eller konsekvens (1997)
 St. Mikael (series) (1998)
 Fucking Åmål (1998)
 Kranes konditori (theatre play) (1999)
 In bed with Santa, aka Tomten är far till alla barnen (1999)
 En vacker värld (theatre play) (2001)
 La Carpe (short movie) (2001)
 Fröken Sverige (2004)
 Goede Tijden, Slechte Tijden (TV series in The Netherlands) (2007)

Other websites
 Alexandra Dahlström fansite

 Swedish story about new life as DJ

Child actors
Swedish movie actors
Swedish television actors
1984 births
Living people

Alexandra Dahlström


Aluminum Overcast, B-17G-105-VE, s/n 44-85740, civil registration N5017N, as of November 2022, is one of only nine presently airworthy Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses of the 48 complete surviving airframes in existence. It never saw combat, and it escaped the fate of many aircraft that were scrapped after World War II. It is owned by the Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA), and, as of 2022, it is still touring the United States and Canada offering flight experiences.

Through its association as the "flagship" of the EAA, Aluminum Overcast has become one of the most recognizable examples of the B-17, due to its extensive touring schedule with over one million flight miles accumulated. The overhaul and restoration of the airframe took more than 10 years and thousands of hours by staff and volunteers at EAA Oshkosh, Wisconsin, headquarters. Aluminum Overcast carries the colors of the 398th Bomb Group of World War II, which flew hundreds of missions over Nazi-held territory during the war. Aluminum Overcast commemorates B-17G AAF Serial No. 42-102516, shot down over France in 1944.

History
B-17G-105-VE, 44-85740 was built by the Vega Division of Lockheed Aircraft Company and delivered to the U.S. Army Air Corps on 18 May 1945, too late to serve in Europe where most B-17s were destined. Declared surplus and initially stored in New York, the aircraft was sent to Altus, Oklahoma on 7 November 1945 where, stripped of all military equipment, it was sold as "scrap" for $750 in 1946 to Metal Products. The aircraft was rescued when resold shortly after to Universal Aviation, for use as an aerial mapping platform, acquiring civil registration N5017N.

On 2 August 1947, the aircraft was sold to Charles T. Winters, of Miami, Florida, who, in turn, sold it on 16 August 1947, to Joe Lopez of the Vero Beach Import and Export Company who purchased the aircraft to serve as a cargo hauler, hauling cattle in Florida and Puerto Rico. Its new role necessitated removing the original radio compartment and floor, replacing it with a strengthened floor. In 1949, Aero Service Corporation bought the aircraft and turned it back into an aerial photography and surveying platform. In this role, during the next 12 years, the B-17 carried out mapping operations over Arabia, Libya, Lebanon, Iran, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Egypt and Jordan.

Its next role was in aerial application with first Chris Stolzfus and Associates in 1962, and then Dothan Aviation Corporation in 1966, where the aircraft had a chemical hopper and spray bars fitted under the wings. After operating as a pest control, forest dusting and fire fighting aircraft, the aircraft wound up its postwar career in 1976.

In 1978, Dr. Bill Harrison, heading up "B-17s Around the World", funded the purchase of the aircraft, which had been parked in open storage in Dothan, Alabama for two years. Renamed Aluminum Overcast, the name commemorates the 601st Bomb Squadron, 398th Bomb Group (Heavy)'s B-17G #42-102516 that was shot down on its 34th combat mission over Le Manoir, France, on 13 August 1944. Veterans of the 398th Bomber Group helped finance the bomber's restoration. Harrison's group restored the B-17 to a near-wartime appearance, although no armament was installed, and flew the aircraft at numerous air shows across the United States. As financing for maintenance and further restoration became difficult, more ambitious plans, such as an around-the-world goodwill flight, were shelved.

EAA

On 21 May 1979, the group donated the aircraft to the Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA) Aviation Foundation, under the auspices of the B-17 Historical Society. Aluminum Overcast was put on display until 1983, before it began a 10-year restoration. The extensive work involved the rebuilding of all the interior stations, including the radio compartment, waist gunners' stations, tail turret and navigator's station, and replacing the cabin flooring, as well as locating original equipment such as the Norden bombsight. Where authentic components were not available, realistic replicas, such as the new-manufacture top turret, were substituted. While the aircraft is about 95 percent authentic, recreating the configuration in 1945 when it rolled off the assembly line, concessions to technological improvements such as a modern radio and avionics suite are incorporated to meet the current airworthiness requirements.

Sent to the EAA's Kermit Weeks Flight Research Center in Florida in 1993, the aircraft was prepared for its first tour, which began in 1994. At present, of the 48 surviving B-17s, there are only 9 such B-17s still airworthy, with Aluminum Overcast, the high-time leader, already logging 6,000 flight hours by 1969. When Aluminum Overcast is on tours, flying extensively throughout the United States and Canada, it serves as the EAA's showcase aircraft. During a typical 60-city tour, flights are interspersed with opportunities for visitors to actually walk through the aircraft. The connection to the wartime B-17 is maintained through the involvement of many EAA volunteers, some of whom have a personal connection to the period. One of the initial flight crew was Col Harold "Hal" Weekley (ret'd), who had flown the original namesake that was shot down over France. Half-hour flights are also available at all tour stops, with proceeds from the tour helping to keep Aluminum Overcast flying and assisting in the continuing restoration, maintenance and preservation efforts of EAA.

Its paint scheme was redone in 1988 and now features a flat aluminum metallic flake paint. Aluminum Overcast is based at EAA's Kermit Weeks Hangar in Wittman Regional Airport (OSH), Oshkosh, Wisconsin. The aircraft's annual multi-city tour is scheduled for spring through fall, with maintenance scheduled for the winter months.

References

Notes

Bibliography
 EAA handout for flight experience.
 O'Leary, Michael. "Forts on the Sky Road." Warbirds International, Volume 27, No. 6, September/October 2008.
 O'Leary, Michael. "Last Warrior." Air Classics, Volume 37, No. 9, September 2001.
 O'Leary, Michael. "On tour: Aluminum Overcast." Air Classics, Volume 34, No. 8, August 1998.
 Thompson, Mike. "The Flying Fortresses: 75 Years Later – Airworthy B-17s in 2010," Warbird Digest, Thirty-two, September/October 2010.
 Valenta, Shari. "Aluminum Overcast Visits Colorado." Airport Journals, July 2006. Retrieved: 4 August 2009.

External links

 EAA's B-17 Aluminum Overcast site
 Flight in Aluminum Overcast
 YouTube video of a flight of "Aluminum Overcast"

Individual aircraft of World War II
Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Aluminum Overcast


Luuk Gruwez (born 9 August 1953) is a Flemish poet. Since 1976, he lives in Hasselt, where he worked until 1995 as a teacher.

Gruwez was born at Kortrijk. He attended high school there at the Damiaancollege and graduated in Germanic philology at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. In 1976 he moved from Kortrijk to Hasselt. He earns a living as a teacher there until his career break in 1995 after being granted a scholarship as a writer.

Gruwez' work is sometimes considered to belong to the neoromantic movement in response to the new realism of the 60s, with its typical emphasis on the emotions of life, love, disease, decay and death. But in Luuk Gruwez' work this kind of romance is always tempered by a portion of (self) irony.

In his later poetry the subject matter is broader and his style becomes more narrative. He is now a full-time writer of poetry and prose as well as columns, appearing weekly in De Standaard and monthly from 2001 to 2003 in De Morgen.
In 1995 he received the Hugues C. Pernath-prijs. In 2009 he received the  Herman de Coninckprijs for his poem "Moeders" from Lagerwal.  and Jessa Wildemeersch composed music for these nominated poems.

Bibliography
 Stofzuigergedichten (1973)
 Ach, wat zacht geliefkoos om een mild verdriet (1977)
 Daar komen de Tachtigers al aan (1977)
 Een huis om dakloos in te zijn (1981)
 De feestelijke verliezer (1985)
 Dikke mensen (1990)
 Onder vier ogen (1992)
 Het bal van opa Bing (1994)
 Vuile manieren (1994)
 Bandeloze gedichten (1996)
 Het land van de wangen (1998)
 Slechte gedachten (1999)
 Dieven en geliefden (2000)
 De maand van Marie. Vier vrouwenvertellingen (2002)
 Een stenen moeder (2004)
 Allemansgek, incl. CD (2005)
 Psilo (2007), verhalen
 Lagerwal (2008), poëzie
 Garderobe (2010), bloemlezing uit zijn poëzie
 Cosas perdidas (2010), poëzie
 Krombeke Retour/ Deerlijk Retour (2011), verhalen.

See also

 Flemish literature

Sources

 Luuk Gruwez
 Willem M. Roggeman, Luuk Gruwez In: Beroepsgeheim 6 (1992)
 G.J. van Bork en P.J. Verkruijsse, De Nederlandse en Vlaamse auteurs (1985)

1953 births
Flemish poets
Living people
20th-century Belgian writers

Luuk Gruwez


The Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC) was established in 1971 as a major industrial unit of India's Department of Atomic Energy, as a nuclear plant also specializing in supply of nuclear fuel bundles and reactor core components.  It is a unique facility where natural and enriched uranium fuel, zirconium alloy cladding and reactor core components are manufactured under one roof.

Natural uranium, mined at Jaduguda Uranium Mine in the Singhbhum area of Jharkhand state, is converted into nuclear fuel assemblies.  A 220 MW PHWR fuel bundle contains 15.2 kg of natural uranium dioxide (UO2).  Uranium dioxide pellets, which generate heat while undergoing fission, also generate fission products. The fission products, which are radioactive, should be contained and not allowed to mix with coolant water.  Hence the UO2 pellets are contained in zirconium alloy tubes with both ends hermetically sealed.

Nuclear Fuel Complex supplies zircaloy clad uranium oxide fuel assemblies and zirconium alloy structural components for all 14 operating atomic power reactors in India. The Hyderabad plant has a capacity to produce 250 tons of UO2 per year and is expected to expand to a 600 tons per year capacity.

NFC products are supplied to the Department of Atomic Energy, the Indian Navy, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and other defence organisations, as well as chemical, fertiliser, and ball bearing industries.

NFC is planning to establish two major fuel fabrication facilities to meet the expected jump in nuclear power production.

References

Government agencies for energy (India)
Nuclear fuel companies
Nuclear technology in India
Manufacturing companies based in Hyderabad, India
Energy companies established in 1971
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1971
1971 establishments in Andhra Pradesh

Nuclear Fuel Complex


Thaïs is a 1917 Italian silent film directed by Anton Giulio Bragaglia. The movie is the sole surviving Italian Futurist film, and currently kept at the Cinémathèque Française. It is not based on the novel of the same name by Anatole France.

Plot
The plot is fairly conventional and refers to the love stories of turbid "diva-film" typical of the period.

The beautiful Slavic countess Vera Preobrajenska (played by Thaïs Galitzy) is a seductress of married men, dragging them to the brink of ruin. Vera resolves to seduce Count San Remo, the lover of her best friend, the Countess Bianca Stagno-Bellincioni (played by Ileana Leonidoff). Bianca, in the midst of depression, falls off her horse and dies. Vera feels guilty and commits suicide.

Characteristics
The film sets are characteristic of the Futurist movement. They were designed by Enrico Prampolini who used geometric shapes based on a strong black/white contrast: spiral, diamond, chess, symbolic figures (cats, masks spewing smoke). Painted scenes often interact with the characters, creating a world of illusions where it is difficult to distinguish fact from fiction. As the film progresses, it becomes more and more abstract to reflect Vera's increasing confusion.

The oppressive and anti naturalistic visions can be seen as a preamble to the German expressionist cinema, which was notably inspired by the style of Prampolini.

Gallery

See also
Drama in the Futurists' Cabaret No. 13 (sole surviving Russian Futurist film, albeit partially lost)
Futurism
Italian Futurism (cinema)
Thais (1917 American film)
Thaïs (opera)

References

Bibliography
 Sandro Bernardi, L'avventura del cinematografo, Marsilio Editori, Venezia 2007.
G. Aristarco, Teoria futurista e film d'avanguardia, ne «La Biennale di Venezia» n. 36/37 Luglio- Dicembre, Venezia, 1959
A. Bernardini, Cinema muto italiano, 3 vol., Laterza, Bari-Roma, 1980/81
R. Campari, Il fantasma del bello: iconologia del cinema italiano, Marsilio, Venezia, 1994
G. Lista, Cinema e fotografia futurista, Skira, Milano, 2001
M. Macola, Prima mostra di scenotecnica futurista, in «Il Secolo XIX», Genova, 11 febbraio 1933
F. T. Marinetti, Anton Giulio Bragaglia, in «Futurismo», n. 9, 6 novembre 1931
C. Tisdall e A. Bozzolla, Futurismo, Skira, Milano, 2003
M. Verdone e AAVV, La casa d'arte Bragaglia, Bulzoni, Roma, 1992
M. Verdone, Cinema e letteratura del futurismo, Manfrini, Calliano, Trento, 1990

External links

 Thaïs at celluloidbreakfast.com

Italian Futurism
1917 films
Films directed by Anton Giulio Bragaglia
Italian black-and-white films

Thaïs (1917 Italian film)


Christian Kjellvander (born May 13, 1976) is a Swedish singer-songwriter.

History
Before going solo, he played in the alt country band Loosegoats. They released three studio albums and one EP collection, before parting ways in 2001. In the summer of 2000, Christian along with some band mates and brother, Gustaf Kjellvander, recorded "The Painted Trees of Ghostwood" under the name Songs of Soil.
After the breakup of Loosegoats, Christian decided to go solo and after spending July 2002 in a studio in southern Sweden, Songs From A Two-Room Chapel was released in the fall of the same year. The following 18 months Christian toured in Sweden and the rest of Scandinavia as well as Europe and a shorter US tour with The Cardigans.
In the summer of 2005, Christian returned to the studio with his band, Lazy Grace Frontier, to record the follow-up to the both critically and commercially successful solo debut. "Drunken Hands" was the first single from Christian's second solo effort Faya, released in late 2005. Kjellvander spent 2006 touring both with Lazy Grace Frontier and alone in Scandinavia and Europe.

In early 2007, it was announced on Christian's homepage that he would be supporting Logh on their European tour in April and May. During the summer of 2007, Kjellvander kept a low profile, only performing a few solo acoustic gigs, while recording his third solo effort at Mission Hall Studio. The working title of the album has been "I saw her from here, I saw here from her", which Kjellvander revealed on his MySpace blog. Several titles of potential tracks have been released, among them "Somewhere Else", "Two Souls", and "Until The Mourning Comes". The latter was recorded on a digital camera by Christian himself and released as a YouTube video by his record label Startracks at the end of July. In mid-October, "Two Souls" was released as the first, official single from Kjellvander's third solo effort. The song can be found on Christian's MySpace page and on YouTube with the official video. Additionally, Kjellvander's booking agent, Luger, has released several new press photos.

Discography

With Loosegoats
 Small Lesbian Baseball Players (EP, 1995)
 Mule Habit (EP, 1996)
 Country Crock (EP, 1996)
 For Sale By Owner (1997)
 A Mexican Car in the Southern Field (EP-collection, 1997)
 Disdialogic (EP, 1997)
 Plains, Plateaus and Mountains. Rivers, Lakes and Seas. (1999)
 Her, the City, Et Al. (2001)
 Ideas For To Travel Down Death's Merry Road. (2012)

With Songs of Soil
 The Painted Trees of Ghostwood (2000)

Solo albums
 Songs From a Two-Room Chapel (2002)
 Introducing the Past (2003)
 Faya (2005)
 I Saw Her From Here, I Saw Here From Her (2007)
 The Rough And Rynge (2010)
 The Pitcher (2013)
 A Village: Natural Light (2016)
 Wild Hxmans (2018)
 About Love And Loving Again (2020)
 Hold Your Love Still (2023)

Other contributions
Acoustic 07 (2007, V2 Records) – "Drunken Hands"
Look to the West - West of Eden: backing vocals on Sweet Old Country (2016)
Safe Crossing - West of Eden: vocals on Wrecker's Weather (2012)

Equipment

Fender Jazzmaster 66' (Lake Placid blue)
Fender Jazzmaster 59' (Sunburst)
Gibson SG 63'(Les Paul Custom)
Fender Stratocaster 64 (Sunburst)
Gibson Les Paul 52' 57' (Gold Top)
Hermans Conde 78' (Media Luna Negra de Faustino Conde)
Martin 000 (nylon string)
Gibson ES 225 57' (Sunburst with Bigsby)

References

External links
Official website

Swedish male singer-songwriters
Swedish singer-songwriters
1976 births
Living people
21st-century Swedish singers
Tapete Records artists
21st-century Swedish male singers

Christian Kjellvander


Caroline Tran (born c. 1971) is an Australian radio announcer on the national youth broadcaster Triple J.

She moved to Melbourne, Australia, from Vietnam with her family when she was three.  As an adult, she worked several other jobs before getting involved with radio broadcasting at the Australian Film Television and Radio School.  She landed the position of SuperRequest host at Triple J in 1999.  After two years she switched to the weekday lunch timeslot in 2001, and as of 2003 she switched to the weekend breakfast slot.

Tran is closely involved with Triple J's Australian music area.  She has performed spot live broadcasts (typically on a mobile phone from live show) for the Australian music show Home and Hosed, and has also been a relief host for the show.

In 2006 Caroline took over hosting Home and Hosed from Robbie Buck, who moved to the afternoon 'drive' timeslot.

At the end of 2008, Caroline announced that the final show of Home and Hosed for 2008, would be her last show, as she would be taking maternity leave.

From May 2010 she has returned to the Triple J airwaves presenting weekend breakfast.

External links
Caroline Tran's page on the Triple J site

1973 births
Triple J announcers
Australian women radio presenters
Living people
Australian people of Vietnamese descent

Caroline Tran


Pioneer MRT Station is a MRT station in Singapore.

Despite its name, Pioneer station is not physically located within the Pioneer planning area. Rather, its name was derived from Pioneer Road North, a major road to the west of the station that travels in the north-south direction. Pioneer station is the nearest MRT station to the Nanyang Technological University.

It is one of two above-ground stations on the MRT network with a privacy screen built along the track of the eastbound platform to ensure the privacy of nearby residents; the other station being Marsiling MRT station.

The station code was W13 before the opening.

References

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations

Pioneer MRT station


Non sequitur means "does not follow."  It is a type of logical fallacy: a bad argument that makes no sense.

It is defined as a deductive argument that is invalid. The argument could have true premises, but still have a false conclusion.

The term "non sequitur" usually refers to those types of invalid arguments which are not named formal fallacies (e.g. post hoc ergo propter hoc). In other words, in practice, "non sequitur" refers to an unnamed formal fallacy.

A non sequitur argument takes something that people accept is true, and says that because this is true, the conclusion is right.  The problem is that the conclusion has nothing to do with the premise (original statement that people agree on).

People often have difficulty applying the rules of logic. For example, a person might say this syllogism is valid:
 All birds have wings.
 That creature has wings.
 Therefore, that creature is a bird.

It would only be true if all winged animals were birds (which is not so).

References

Logical fallacies

Non sequitur


The San Isidro Labrador Parish Church (Spanish: Iglesia Parroquial de San Isidro Labrador), commonly known as Lazi Church, is a Roman Catholic church in the municipality of Lazi, Siquijor, Philippines within the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Dumaguete. It became an independent parish in 1857 under the advocacy of Saint Isidore the Laborer

The church, also known for its huge convent, was declared a National Cultural Treasure by the National Museum of the Philippines. It is also nominated for the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List since 2006 under the collective group of Baroque Churches of the Philippines (Extension) together with the churches of Boljoon, Guiuan, Loboc and Tumauini. In 2014, the government announced its plan to nominate Lazi Church in the World Heritage List. It conducted a dossier training for Lazi representatives. Once the dossiers are completed, the long process of nomination will commence in Paris.

History
Lazi (formerly Tigbawan) became an independent parish from Siquijor on August 8, 1857. The present stone church was built in 1884 by Filipino artisans followed by the bell tower in the following year. The construction of the convent was made with coral stones and hardwood, commenced in 1887 and completed in 1891. Both the church and the convent were done under the direction of Recollect priest Father Toribio Sánchez.

Architecture
The church is built of sea stones and wood. It belongs to the neoclassical style. It has two pulpits and has retained its original retablo and wood florings.

Convent
The U-shaped Bahay na bato convent is one of the largest convents built during the Spanish colonial era. On its first floor are stonewalls while wood panels can be found on the second floor. Its dimension is  by . It is funded by donations from parishes and missions of the Recollects. Partitions of the convent were removed but the original structure was maintained. It now houses the Siquijor Heritage Museum which has collections of important church relics and paraphernalia.

Historical and cultural declarations

Lazi Church was declared a National Cultural Treasure by the National Museum of the Philippines in 2001. It was also declared a  National Historical Landmark by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines in 1984. It is also nominated to be part of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites of the Philippines under the Baroque Churches of the Philippines (Extension) with the churches of Patrocinio de María in Boljoon, Cebu; La Inmaculada Concepción in Guiuan, Eastern Samar; San Pedro Ápostol in Loboc, Bohol and San Mattias in Tumauini, Isabela.

See also

Notes

Bibliography

External links

National Cultural Treasures of the Philippines
Roman Catholic churches in Siquijor
Spanish colonial infrastructure in the Philippines
National Historical Landmarks of the Philippines
Baroque architecture in the Philippines
World Heritage Tentative List for the Philippines
1857 establishments in the Spanish Empire

Lazi Church


Kitkajoki or Kitkanjoki is a river of Finland. It begins from the lake Ala-Kitka that is connected to the lake Yli-Kitka in the municipalities of Posio and Kuusamo in the region of Northern Ostrobothnia and flows then towards Russia joining the river Oulankajoki near the Russian border. It is a part of the Kovda river system in Russia and Finland from which the waters flow to the White Sea.

See also
List of rivers of Finland

References

External links

Rivers of Finland
Rivers of Kuusamo

Kitkajoki


In Finnish mythology, Kinahmi is a great whirl in sea. Kinahmi is a way to Tuonela, the land of dead people. Souls of evil people must swim through Kinahmi to enter Tuonela. Swords, axes and needles moves with water and hurts souls of evil people.

There is also a different story about water between land of dead and land of living. In that story the water is calm, black river.

The whirl is a made by great powers of cosmos. In the middle of disc of earth stands pillar of sky. It holds dome of sky so that dome of sky does not drop on Earth. Dome of sky goes around itself; it rotates. Stars are a part of dome of sky, and while sky rotates, we see stars moving. One star does not move, it is North Star. North star is a nail that connects dome of sky to the pillar of world. The pillar of world rotates with the dome of sky. Its bottom side is standing in Arctic sea, in the middle of the Earth. The rotation of pillar causes water to form a great whirl. Tuonela is under the flat earth, but the whirl is so deep that you can go to Tuonela through it.

At a more new story the whirl goes through globe. It sucks ships from one side of earth, and spits them out from the other side. It takes many years for ship to go through Earth, so seafarers could survive this only if they had enough food. When this story was made people already knew that Earth is round.

Sources
Martti Haavio: Väinämöinen (1950)
E.N Setälä: Sammon arvoitus (1932)

Finnish mythology

Kinahmi


The Cristo Yacente (Dead Christ) of El Pardo, is a life-size polychromed sculpture by Spanish sculptor Gregorio Fernández, executed between 1614 and 1615. Housed in a chapel of the Capuchin Monastery of El Pardo (Madrid), the sculpture was commissioned by King Philip III to celebrate the birth of his son Philip IV.

The Cristo yacente of El Pardo is the most famous of the fourteen "Cristos" produced by Fernández and his workshop.

As  devotional images, many of them were processed during Holy Week with other "pasos" (elaborate religious floats adorned with sculptures depicting scenes from the Passion of Christ). All these images were created in accordance with Counter-Reformation ideology that required realism in religious images to impress and move the believer.

Sources

 Colón Mendoza, Ilenia. The Cristos yacentes of Gregorio Fernández: Polychrome Sculptures of the Supine Christ in Seventeenth-Century Spain. England: Routledge Publishing, 2015.

External links
 Capuchin Monastery of El Pardo

1610s sculptures
Sculptures by Gregorio Fernández
Statues of Jesus
Christian art about death

Cristo Yacente of El Pardo


Gestalt psychology  is a theory of mind and brain formed in Berlin early in the 20th century.

The idea is that the brain sees things as a whole. The gestalt effect is most clear with sight. We recognise figures and whole forms, not just a collection of lines and curves. In psychology, gestaltism is often opposed to structuralism. The phrase "The whole is greater than the sum of the parts" is often used when explaining Gestalt theory. A better wording is : "The whole is different from the parts".

"We are innately driven to experience things in as good a gestalt as possible. "Good" can mean many things here, such a regular, orderly, simplicity, symmetry, and so on, which then refer to specific gestalt laws".
"The original observation was Wertheimer's, when he noted that we perceive motion where there is nothing more than a rapid sequence of individual sensory events.  This is what he saw in the toy stroboscope he bought at the Frankfurt train station, and what he saw in his laboratory when he experimented with lights flashing in rapid succession (like the Christmas lights that appear to course around the tree, or the fancy neon signs in Las Vegas that seem to move).  The effect is called apparent motion, and it is actually the basic principle of motion pictures".

Early 20th century theorists, such as Kurt Koffka, Max Wertheimer, and Wolfgang Köhler (students of Carl Stumpf) saw vision of objects as all elements taken together in a global construct. This 'gestalt' or 'whole form' approach sought to understand perception – seemingly innate mental laws which determined the way in which objects are perceived.
It is based on the here and now, and in the way you view things. It can be broken up into two: figure or ground, at first glance do you see the figure in front of you or the background?

These laws took several forms. An example is the way we tend to see similar objects, or close together objects, as meaningfully connected. Gestalt has been criticized for being merely descriptive, but it has formed the basis of much further research into the perception of patterns and objects, and of research into behavior, thinking, problem solving and psychopathology.

"I stand at the window and see a house, trees, sky. Theoretically I might say there were 327 brightnesses and nuances of colour. Do I have "327"? No. I have sky, house, and trees". Max Wertheimer Laws of organization in perceptual forms. 1923

Gestalt psychology was a forerunner to modern cognitive psychology. It is distinct from gestalt psychotherapy.

Problem solving
Gestalt psychologists were the first to study problem solving in humans and apes. Wolfgang Kohler showed that chimpanzees could solve problems by thought alone; Max Wertheimer studied how diagrams helped students solve geometry problems, and Karl Duncker studied general problem-solving. Generally, both Wertheimer and Duncker preferred the broader term 'productive thinking' to 'problem solving', but it is not used much now.

References

Branches of psychology
Illusions

Gestalt psychology


Hoyle's Official Book of Games (or Hoyle Series or Hoyle Games) is a series of games developed and published by Sierra On-Line.  Volume 1, released in 1989, featured multi-player card games.  Volume 2, released in 1990, featured 28 varieties of Solitaire.  Volume 3, released in 1991, featured board games. Volume 4, was a remake of Volume 1, with two additional games. Sierra continued to publish more games to the series up to its demise. Encore Software has continued publishing entries to the series since then. According to Hoyle 1, it was essentially a spiritual sequel to Sierra's Hi-Res Cribbage (1981).

Volume 1

Hoyle's Official Book of Games: Volume 1 was the first card game simulator series released by Sierra entertainment. The series owes its name to Edmond Hoyle.

The Hoyle trademark and facecards were used under license from Brown & Bigelow Inc.

Games
The games included are: Crazy Eights, Old Maid, Hearts, Gin Rummy, Cribbage, and Klondike.

Characters
For all games, except the last, the player could choose opponents, each having their own AI and manner of playing. These opponents included historical figures, members of Sierra staff, and characters from Sierra games.

When the player took too long making a decision, the characters started having dialogues, each according to his background. For example, Leisure Suit Larry begins to comment about women, while Roger Wilco wants to escape the game to save the universe again.

Sonny Bonds
Bulldog
Cassie
Christina
Devin
Diane
Colonel Henri Dijon
King Graham
The Kid
Larry Laffer
Shelly LeBlanc
Lenny
Jerry Moore
Princess Rosella
Warren Schwader
Sol Silverman
Thelma
Roger Wilco

Development
The original concept was submitted to Ken Williams (CEO/Founder of Sierra On-Line) by Warren Schwader. Once the project was greenlit, Warren acted as the Lead Programmer as well as the Game Designer. The games were programmed using Sierra On-line's proprietary scripting language: Sierra Creative Interpreter (SCI). SCI was originally created to aid in the development of Sierra's core line of adventure games. Working with SCI to implement card games and to code artificial intelligence for the characters proved challenging.

Warren Schwader continued as the Lead Programmer and Game Designer for the next two games in the series. Rob Atesalp was the composer and sound designer for the original and next two games.

Reception
The game sold over 250,000 copies by 1990.

Volume 2

Hoyle's Official Book of Games: Volume 2 is the next volume in the Hoyle card games simulator series by Sierra Entertainment.  This time, the pack offered 28 games, as opposed to the first volume's six. The other main difference between the two was that all the games were solitaire variants, so there was no option for choosing opponents.  Subsequently, the game did not feature any Sierra characters for co-players.

The 28 solitaire games offered are: Calculation, Strategy, Eagle Wing, Beleaguered Castle, Klondike, Canfield, Golf, Flower Garden, Scorpion, Spiderette, La Belle Lucie, Fortress, Baker's Dozen, Bristol, Eight Off, Shamrocks, Yukon, Eliminator, Slide, Bowling, Nestor, Aces Up, Gaps, Penguin, Pyramid, Triplets, and Poker Square.

Volume 3

Hoyle's Official Book of Games: Volume 3 was the third volume in Sierra On-Line's series of computer games based on the officially licensed Hoyle rules and trademark. Unlike the two previous games, this one was made with Sierra's new improved VGA engine, and focused on board games, where the previous entries in the series had featured card games.

Games featured were Backgammon, Checkers, Dominoes, Yacht (the original ancestor of the trademarked game Yahtzee), Pachisi, and Snakes and Ladders.

Characters
Like the first volume, and unlike the second volume, this game offers Sierra characters as opponents in the various games.

They do not interact with each other or have conversations as in the first game, but several of them have themed comments, catch phrase or accented style comments (though these are uncommon). For example, the Sheriff may refer to himself as the "Great Nottingham", or Baba Yaga who refers to her opponents as 'dearie'. Some characters are more specific than others, and some are more generic. It also depends on the game, a character might have more interesting things to say about plays in one game, but have generic comments to say in another.

Good guys
 Mother Goose (Mixed-Up Mother Goose)
 King Graham (King's Quest series)
 Rosella (King's Quest series)
 Larry Laffer (Leisure Suit Larry series)
 Passionate Patti (Leisure Suit Larry series)
 Jones (Jones in the Fast Lane)
 Sonny Bonds (Police Quest series)
 Roger Wilco (Space Quest series)
 Laura Bow (The Colonel's Bequest and The Dagger of Amon Ra)

Evil guys
 Ad Avis (Quest for Glory II)
 Baba Yaga (Quest for Glory I)
 Lillian (The Colonel's Bequest)
 Arnoid (Space Quest III)
 Mordack (King's Quest V)
 Mr. Big (Leisure Suit Larry V)
 Lolotte (King's Quest IV)
 Vohaul (Space Quest II)
 Sheriff of Nottingham (Conquests of the Longbow)

Hoyle Classic Card Games (Hoyle 4)
Hoyle Classic Card Games (Hoyle 4) was a remake of Volume I, released with VGA support, speech and original soundtrack. There was a set with 'Classic Characters' to play with and one with an increased number of Sierra characters as well. Load screens involve a silly comments made by the Classic characters, in relationship to whatever game was loading. The number of games was increased to eight, with the inclusion of Contract Bridge and Euchre.

There is some digitized speech for each character. Each character has five unique expressions in full speech (ranging from dislike at the plays, happiness, or praise). There are a few additional text based messages in theme for each character for some of the games, but only relate to the gameplay (characters do not have conversations with each other outside of the scope of the game). All the artwork and character sprites look like old fashioned and sepia-toned.

Classic characters:
 Dinky
 Scout
 Crazy Jack
 Trudy
 Josephine
 Billy Joe
 Chip
 Winthorp
 Fairbanks

Sierra characters:
 King Graham
 Pepper
 Willy Beamish
 Larry Laffer
 Quarky
 Laura Bow
 Adam
 Roger Wilco
 Dr. Brain.

Hoyle Classic Games (Hoyle 5)
The first CD-ROM version of the game (1995), has over 30 characters to choose from including 'animated', 'icon', and 'business'.

Characters
Animated
 Jeb
 Leopold
 Natasha
 Stella
 Luke
 Sam
 Capt. Barnes
 Beatrice
 Dorothie
 Toby
 Finnian

Business
 Noel
 Lance
 Beverly
 Rose
 Sharon
 Roger
 Jim
 Heidi
 Kate
 Maxwell
 Phillip

Other games in the series
By the late 1990s, the new versions of each game were published almost yearly.
 Hoyle Classic
 Hoyle Classic Games (1995)
 Hoyle Classic Games 2 (1999)
 Hoyle Classic Solitaire (1996, 1998)
 Hoyle Classic Board Games (1997)
 Hoyle Board Games (1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002)
 Hoyle Classic Board Games Collection (2012)
 Hoyle Card Games (1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005)
 Hoyle Card Games (2010)
 Hoyle Card Games (2012)
 Hoyle Bridge (1997)
 Hoyle Backgammon
 Hoyle Backgammon & Cribbage
 Hoyle Blackjack (1996)
 Hoyle Craps & Blackjack (1999)
 Hoyle Hearts & Spades (1998, 1999)
 Hoyle Poker (1997) (a.k.a. Hoyle Classic Poker and Hoyle Friday Night Poker)
 Hoyle Crosswords (1999)
 Hoyle Enchanted Puzzles
 Hoyle Kids Games (2000, 2001)
 Hoyle Children's Collection (1996)
 Hoyle Children's Collection (2007)
 Hoyle Slots & Video Poker (with Horse Racing) (1999)
 Hoyle Slots (2001)
 Hoyle Solitaire and Mahjong Tiles (1999, 2000)
 Hoyle Puzzle Games (2002, 2003)
 Hoyle Puzzle & Board Games (2004)
 Hoyle Puzzle & Board Games (2008)
 Hoyle Puzzle & Board Games (2009)
 Hoyle Casino series (1996–2016)
 Hoyle Casino Empire (2002)
 Hoyle Table Games (2003)
 Hoyle Word Games (1999, 2000, 2001)
 Hoyle Majestic Chess (2003)
 Hoyle Bridge & Euchre (1998, 1999)
 Hoyle Texas Hold'Em (2006)
 Hoyle Battling Ships & War (1998)
 Hoyle Mahjong Tiles (2000)
 Hoyle Puzzle Board Games (2012)
 Hoyle Classic Board Game Collection 2 (2012)
 Hoyle Card, Puzzle & Board Games (2013)
 Hoyle Card Games (Game Boy Color)

Collections
 Xplosiv (2001)
Board, Card, Casino
 Hoyle Collection (2003)
Card, Casino
 Hoyle Games 2003 (2003)
 Hoyle Classic Games Pack: Fun for the Whole Family (2003)
Includes Hoyle Classic Games 2, Hoyle Slots/Video Poker, and Hoyle. SOlitaire/Majong, and Hoyle Friday Night Poker.
 Hoyle Game Collection (2001)
Includes Hoyle Board Games, Hoyle Card Games, Hoyle Texas Hold'Em, and Hoyle Slots, and Video Poker.

Reception
Computer Gaming World stated that interacting with Sierra characters in Volume 1 such as Leisure Suit Larry and Princess Rosella was fun, but annoying for those who preferred cards to humor. It criticized Volume 1 for slow performance and cribbage's deviation from the official Hoyle's rules, and stated that the other games were "really children's games and offer no great excitement".

References

1989 video games
1990 video games
1991 video games
Activision Blizzard franchises
Amiga games
Atari ST games
Digital card games
Classic Mac OS games
DOS games
Multiple-game video board games
North America-exclusive video games
Patience video games
ScummVM-supported games
Sierra Entertainment games
Tile-based video games
Video game franchises
Video game franchises introduced in 1989
Video games developed in the United States

Hoyle's Official Book of Games


Newport Classic, Ltd, is a record label of classical music, founded by Lawrence Kraman, and is located in Middletown, Rhode Island.

In its catalog are recordings of both familiar and unusual works, including Casanova's Homecoming, A Waterbird Talk, Trouble in Tahiti, A Ceremony of Carols, Médée (the original opéra-comique of Luigi Cherubini, in French), Il campanello di notte, The Jumping Frog of Calveras County, Acis and Galatea, Berenice, Joshua, Muzio, Siroe, Sosarme, La canterina, Le vin herbé, The Consul, Help, Help, the Globolinks!, The Ballad of Baby Doe, The Devil and Daniel Webster, Winterreise, Le sacre du printemps, Pimpinone, and the first recording of Alberto Ginastera's Second Cello Concerto.

In 2008, Newport Classic produced a DVD of a production of Willie Stark, which included an interview with the composer, Carlisle Floyd.

Performers heard on this label include John Aler, David Arnold, Julianne Baird, Thom Baker, Richard Bonynge, Débria Brown, Joyce Castle, John Cheek, Michael Chioldi, John DeMain, Colin Duffy, Michael Feldman, Lauren Flanigan, Bart Folse, D'Anna Fortunato, Elizabeth Futral, Jon Garrison, Jan Grissom, Grayson Hirst, John Keene, Igor Kipnis, Jennifer Lane, Vincent La Selva, Andrea Matthews, Erie Mills, Drew Minter, John Ostendorf, Rudolph Palmer, Joel Revzen, Ned Rorem, Thaïs St Julien, Gregg Smith, Johannes Somary, Vern Sutton, Phyllis Treigle, Christine Weidinger, Jayne West, and Eugenia Zukerman.

References
 Liner Notes, "The Art of the American Singer," 1998.

Classical music record labels
American record labels

Newport Classic


In microeconomics, complementary goods are goods whose utility is increased if they are consumed together. This means that the demand curve for both goods will move in the same direction, if the price changes. If the demand curve does not change in the same direction, in case of a price change, the goods are substitute goods.

Microeconomics

Complementary good


Chen Qi (; born April 15, 1984) is a retired Chinese table tennis player. He won the gold medal in men's doubles at the 2004 Summer Olympics with Ma Lin, and is the youngest male ever to hold this title at age 20. In December 2013, Chen Qi announced his retirement and became the head coach of the Jiangsu provincial table tennis team.

Chen Qi was born in Nantong, Jiangsu, where he began to receive training at Nantong Spare-time Sports School in 1990. He became a member of the provincial team at the age of 12. Joined the No. 2 national team in 1999 and then the No. 1 national team in October 2002. Chen Qi became a member of the National Team at age 15. He is a fast attacking player and had been placed eight in the ITTF World Men's Table Tennis ranking. From March 2006 till January 2007, he was in the sixth place. From January 2004, he had been within the top ten ranks. At the 2004 ITTF Pro Tour in Kobe, Japan, Chen Qi won the singles title. He had been the runner-up at the Pro Tour events in Velenje, Slovenia, in Zagreb, Qatar, and in Kuwait City, Kuwait, all in 2006. In the Pro Tour Grand Finals, he reached the quarterfinals in 2003 in Guangzhou, China, in 2004 in Beijing, China, and in 2006 in Hong Kong. At the 2004 Volkswagen Open in Kobe, Japan, Chen Qi obtained his first ever ITTF Pro Tour Men's Singles title.

He also won the 2007 World Table Tennis Championships in men's doubles with Ma Lin. He is also a successful singles player, having been consistently ranked in the world's top 10 since 2004. Chen Qi is known as one of the few top-ranked Chinese players to play left-handed.

Chen Qi has been sponsored by Killerspin www.killerspin.com since 2007.

Style and equipment
Chen Qi's playing style is fast and aggressive normally dominating with his forehand. Chen Qi also possesses a fast backhand which is able to control the opponent which sets up his forehand. Similarly, like Ma Long he takes every opportunity to finish off rallies with his devastating forehand loop alongside his backhand drive. Although sponsored by Killerspin, Chen Qi does not use Killerspin equipment. He uses Stiga Rosewood NCT V blade Master Flared handle with special made blue sponge DHS Skyline 3 on forehand (black)(), and Tenergy 05-FX on backhand (red).

Personal life
Chen Qi is currently married and has a son.

Major achievements
 1998 National Junior Championships – 10th singles
 1999 National Junior Games – 2nd team
 2003 National Championships – 2nd team; 3rd doubles (with Ma Lin)
 2003 Korea Open – 1st doubles; 2nd singles
 2003 China Open – 1st doubles
 2003 Japan Open – 1st doubles
 2003 Malaysian Open – 8th doubles
 2003 German Open – 4th singles
 2003 Danish Open – 4th doubles
 2003 Swedish Open – 2nd singles/doubles
 2003 National Inter-city Games – 2nd singles; 3rd doubles (with Shan Mingjie)
 2003 ITTF Pro Tour Grand Finals – 1st doubles (with Ma Lin)
 2004 ITTF Pro Tour, Kobe, Japan-Gold Medal-Singles
 2004 Olympic Games – Gold Medal for men's doubles (with Ma Lin)
 2007 World Table Tennis Championship – 1st doubles (with Ma Lin)
 2008 Olympic Games – Gold Medal for men's team (as reserved player)
 2008 Killerspin SPINvitational Champion
 2009 World Table Tennis Championship – 1st doubles (with Wang Hao)
 2009 World Cup – 2nd Singles
 2009 Killerspin SPINvitational Champion
 2011 English Open – Champion

References

External links
 "Chen Qi, one of the new hopes of Chinese Men's table tennis"

 ITTF Database

1984 births
Living people
Chinese male table tennis players
Olympic gold medalists for China
Olympic table tennis players for China
Sportspeople from Nantong
Table tennis players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic medalists in table tennis
Asian Games medalists in table tennis
Table tennis players from Jiangsu
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Table tennis players at the 2006 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games
Asian Games gold medalists for China
Asian Games silver medalists for China
World Table Tennis Championships medalists
Nanjing Sport Institute alumni

Chen Qi (table tennis)


Mehrabpur is a town and a tehsil in the Naushahro Feroze District of Sindh in Pakistan. It is on the main railway line between Karachi and Lahore. It is a junction station with a disused branch line to Naushahro Feroze.

On 19 December 2007, at 2:30 am an overcrowded express train travelling from Karachi to Lahore derailed 2 km south of Mehrabpur killing over 40 people and injuring hundreds more. The derailment seems to have been caused by defective rails.

Towns in Sindh
Tehsils of Naushahro Feroze District

Mehrabpur


In law, the principle of aut dedere aut judicare (Latin for "either extradite or prosecute") refers to the legal obligation of states under public international law to prosecute persons who commit serious international crimes where no other state has requested extradition. However, the Lockerbie case demonstrated that the requirement to extradite or prosecute is not a rule of customary international law. The obligation arises regardless of the extraterritorial nature of the crime and regardless of the fact that the perpetrator and victim may be of alien nationality. It is generally included as part of international treaties dealing with an array of transnational crimes to facilitate bringing perpetrators to justice.

Rationale
The rationale for this principle is to ensure that there are no jurisdictional gaps in the prosecution of internationally committed crimes. It is, however, unusual for states to be required to exercise this jurisdiction because often another state party will have an interest in the matter, and so will apply for extradition of the defendant(s). In this situation the state requesting extradition will have priority.

The obligation of aut dedere aut judicare for all crimes is however not assured, and Stigall notes that "some contemporary scholars hold the opinion that aut dedere aut judicare is not an obligation under customary international law but rather "a specific conventional clause relating to specific crimes" and, accordingly, an obligation that only exists when a state has voluntarily assumed the obligation." But in the international crimes for which it is applied, it is "posited [by Cherif Bassiouni] that ... it is not only a rule of customary international law but a jus cogens principle", compelling states to invoke it for any and all crimes that fall under the principle; Kelly finds within Israeli and Austrian judicial decisions "some supporting anecdotal evidence that judges within national systems are beginning to apply the doctrine on their own."

Typical offences
Typically offences classified as falling under the aut dedere aut judicare principle include:
 Hijacking of civilian aircraft
 Taking of civilian hostages
 Acts of terrorism
 Torture
 Crimes against diplomats and other "internationally protected persons", and;
 Financing of terrorism and other international crimes

Multilateral treaties
The majority of these offences rely on multilateral treaties to extend the "prosecute or extradite" principle to them. This method of granting jurisdiction has become increasingly common since World War II. Jurisdiction granting treaties include:
 The Geneva Conventions of 1949;
 Hague Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft 1970;
 International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages 1979;
 International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings 1997;
 International Convention on the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism 1999;
 Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment 1984;
 The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Internationally Protected Persons 1973;
 United Nations Convention against Corruption 2003;
 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict 1954, and;
 International Convention for the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid 1973.

References

External links
 Aut Dedere Aut Judicare -- Bibliographies on the topics of the International Law Commission (no. 6 in the list) (UNOG Library)

Legal rules with Latin names
International criminal law
Extradition

Aut dedere aut judicare


The three classes of United States senators are made up of 33 or 34 senators. Each class gets re-elected every 6 years.

Classes

Class 1
Class 1 is made up of the 33 senators who were up for re-election in 2018.

States with a Class 1 senator: Arizona, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Indiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.

Class 2
Class 2 is made up of the 33 senators who were up for re-election in 2020.

States with a Class 2 senator: Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Colorado, Delaware, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wyoming.

Class 3
Class 3 is made up of the 34 senators who were up for re-election in 2016.

States with a Class 3 senator: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Missouri, Nevada, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Utah, Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin.

References

United States Senate

Classes of United States senators


Power transmission is moving energy from where it is made to where it is used.

Power is defined formally as units of energy per unit time.
In SI units: 1 watt = 1 joule/s = 1 newton * metre/second (1W=1J/s=1N·m/s).

Electrical power

With widespread establishment of power grids, power transmission has came to be associated most often with electric power transmission.

Mechanical power

Electrical power transmission has replaced mechanical power transmission in all but the very shortest distances. From the start of the industrial revolution until the end of the 19th century mechanical power transmission was the norm. Factories were fitted with overhead driveshafts providing rotary power. Drivebelts would provide power to individual machines on the shop floor.

Mechanical power may be transmitted directly using a solid structure such as a driveshaft; transmission gears can adjust the amount of torque or force vs. speed in much the same way an electrical transformer adjusts voltage vs current.

Chemicals and fuels
Chemical energy is transmitted by moving fuels to generate power in distant places. Pipelines and other large infrastructure projects transport natural gas, petroleum and petroleum products for use as fuel.

Energy

Power transmission


Guillaume François Antoine, Marquis de l'Hôpital (; sometimes spelled L'Hospital; 1661 – 2 February 1704), also known as Guillaume-François-Antoine Marquis de l'Hôpital, Marquis de Sainte-Mesme, Comte d'Entremont, and Seigneur d'Ouques-la-Chaise, was a French mathematician. His name is firmly associated with l'Hôpital's rule for calculating limits involving indeterminate forms 0/0 and ∞/∞. Although the rule did not originate with l'Hôpital, it appeared in print for the first time in his 1696 treatise on the infinitesimal calculus, entitled Analyse des Infiniment Petits pour l'Intelligence des Lignes Courbes. This book was a first systematic exposition of differential calculus. Several editions and translations to other languages were published and it became a model for subsequent treatments of calculus.

Biography

L'Hôpital was born into a military family. His father was Anne-Alexandre de l'Hôpital, a Lieutenant-General of the King's army, Comte de Saint-Mesme and the first squire of Gaston, Duke of Orléans. His mother was Elisabeth Gobelin, a daughter of Claude Gobelin, Intendant in the King's Army and Councilor of the State.

L'Hôpital abandoned a military career due to poor eyesight and pursued his interest in mathematics, which was apparent since his childhood. For a while, he was a member of Nicolas Malebranche's circle in Paris and it was there that in 1691 he met young Johann Bernoulli, who was visiting France and agreed to supplement his Paris talks on infinitesimal calculus with private lectures to l'Hôpital at his estate at Oucques. In 1693, l'Hôpital was elected to the French academy of sciences and even served twice as its vice-president. Among his accomplishments were the determination of the arc length of the logarithmic graph, one of the solutions to the brachistochrone problem, and the discovery of a turning point singularity on the involute of a plane curve near an inflection point.

L'Hôpital exchanged ideas with Pierre Varignon and corresponded with Gottfried Leibniz, Christiaan Huygens, and Jacob and Johann Bernoulli. His Traité analytique des sections coniques et de leur usage pour la résolution des équations dans les problêmes tant déterminés qu'indéterminés ("Analytic treatise on conic sections") was published posthumously in Paris in 1707.

Calculus textbook

In 1696 l'Hôpital published his book Analyse des Infiniment Petits pour l'Intelligence des Lignes Courbes ("Infinitesimal calculus with applications to curved lines"). This was the first textbook on infinitesimal calculus and it presented the ideas of differential calculus and their applications to differential geometry of curves in a lucid form and with numerous figures; however, it did not consider integration.

The history leading to the book's publication became a subject of a protracted controversy. In a letter from 17 March 1694, l'Hôpital made the following proposal to Johann Bernoulli: in exchange for an annual payment of 300 Francs, Bernoulli would inform l'Hôpital of his latest mathematical discoveries, withholding them from correspondence with others, including Varignon. Bernoulli's immediate response has not been preserved, but he must have agreed soon, as the subsequent letters show. L'Hôpital may have felt fully justified in describing these results in his book, after acknowledging his debt to Leibniz and the Bernoulli brothers, "especially the younger one" (Johann). Johann Bernoulli grew increasingly unhappy with the accolades bestowed on l'Hôpital's work and complained in private correspondence about being sidelined. After l'Hôpital's death, he publicly revealed their agreement and claimed credit for the statements and portions of the text of Analyse, which were supplied to l'Hôpital in letters. Over a period of many years, Bernoulli made progressively stronger allegations about his role in the writing of Analyse, culminating in the publication of his old work on integral calculus in 1742: he remarked that this is a continuation of his old lectures on differential calculus, which he discarded since l'Hôpital had already included them in his famous book. For a long time, these claims were not regarded as credible by many historians of mathematics, because l'Hôpital's mathematical talent was not in doubt, while Bernoulli was involved in several other priority disputes. For example, both H. G. Zeuthen and Moritz Cantor, writing at the cusp of the 20th century, dismissed Bernoulli's claims on these grounds. However, in 1921 Paul Schafheitlin discovered a manuscript of Bernoulli's lectures on differential calculus from 1691 to 1692 in the Basel University library. The text showed remarkable similarities to l'Hôpital's writing, substantiating Bernoulli's account of the book's origin.

L'Hôpital's pedagogical brilliance in arranging and presenting the material remains universally recognized. Regardless of the exact authorship (the book was first published anonymously), Analyse was remarkably successful in popularizing the ideas of differential calculus stemming from Leibniz.

Personal life
L'Hôpital married Marie-Charlotte de Romilley de La Chesnelaye, also a mathematician and a member of the nobility, and inheritor of large estates in Brittany. Together, they had one son and three daughters.

Notes

References
 G. L'Hôpital, E. Stone, The Method of Fluxions, both direct and inverse; the former being a translation from de l'Hospital's "Analyse des infinements petits," and the latter, supplied by the translator, Edmund Stone, London, 1730
 G. L'Hôpital, Analyse des Infiniment Petits pour l'Intelligence des Lignes Courbes, Paris, 1696
 G. L'Hôpital, Analyse des infinement petits, Paris 1715
  William Fox, Guillaume-François-Antoine de L'Hôpital, Catholic Encyclopedia, vol 7, New York, Robert Appleton Company, 1910
 C. Truesdell The New Bernoulli Edition Isis, Vol. 49, No. 1. (Mar., 1958), pp. 54–62, discusses the strange agreement between Bernoulli and de l'Hôpital on pages 59–62.
 A.P. Yushkevich (ed), History of mathematics from the most ancient times to the beginning of the 19th century, vol 2, Mathematics of the 17th century (in Russian). Moscow, Nauka, 1970

External links

1661 births
1704 deaths
17th-century French mathematicians
18th-century French mathematicians
History of calculus
Mathematical analysts
Officers of the French Academy of Sciences

Guillaume de l'Hôpital


Suhrkamp Verlag is a German publishing house, established in 1950 and generally acknowledged as one of the leading European publishers of fine literature. Its roots go back to the "arianized" part of the S. Fischer Verlag.
In January 2010 the headquarters of the company moved from Frankfurt to Berlin. Suhrkamp declared bankruptcy in 2013, following a longstanding legal conflict between its owners. In 2015, economist Jonathan Landgrebe was announced as director.

Early history
The firm was established by Peter Suhrkamp, who had led the equally renowned S. Fischer Verlag since 1936. As the censorship of the Nazi Regime endangered the existence of the S. Fischer Verlag with its many dissident authors, Gottfried Bermann Fischer in 1935 reached an agreement with the Propaganda Ministry under which the publication of the not accepted authors would leave Germany while others, the "aryanized" part, would be published under Peter Suhrkamp as managing director and, inter alia, the name "Suhrkamp" — including Nazi-oriented authors.
Nevertheless, Suhrkamp was arrested by the Gestapo in 1944, but survived concentration camp imprisonment. Following a suggestion by Hermann Hesse, he left the Fischer publishing house, establishing his own in 1950. A majority of the writers associated with Fischer followed him. Among the first authors he published were Hesse, Rudolf Alexander Schröder, Hermann Kasack, T. S. Eliot, George Bernard Shaw and Bertolt Brecht.

The Unseld period
Siegfried Unseld joined the firm in 1952, became part owner in 1957, and publisher on Suhrkamp's death in 1959. He led Suhrkamp Verlag until his own death in 2002.

Under Unseld's leadership, the publisher established itself within three major fields: 20th century German literature, foreign language literature and humanities. Suhrkamp books also gained acclaim for their innovative design and typography, mainly due to the work of Willy Fleckhaus.

During Unseld's reign, Suhrkamp published some of the leading modern German language authors in addition to those already mentioned.

The post-Unseld period
After Unseld's death, the firm was shaken by inner strife. Today, it is led by Jonathan Landgrebe. However, some of its leading authors, such as Martin Walser, have left the publishing house.

Suhrkamp Verlag has 140 employees and an annual turnover of approximately 30 million €. Until January 2010, the company headquarters were situated in Frankfurt, Germany; after that, they moved to Berlin.

Authors writing in German
Jurek Becker, Jürgen Becker, Thomas Bernhard, Peter Bichsel, Bertolt Brecht, Volker Braun, Paul Celan, Tankred Dorst, Günter Eich, Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Max Frisch, Durs Grünbein, Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht, Peter Handke, Wolfgang Hildesheimer, Uwe Johnson, Thomas Kling, Wolfgang Koeppen, Karl Krolow, Andreas Maier, Friederike Mayröcker, Robert Menasse, Adolf Muschg, Paul Nizon, Hans Erich Nossack, Ernst Penzoldt, Doron Rabinovici, Nelly Sachs, Arno Schmidt, Robert Walser, Ernst Weiß, Peter Szondi, and Peter Weiss.

Foreign authors
Amongst non-German writing authors are Samuel Beckett, Octavio Paz, James Joyce, Marcel Proust, José Maria de Eça de Queiroz, Clarín, Mercè Rodoreda, Jorge Semprún, Lídia Jorge, Agustina Bessa-Luís, Juan Ramón Jiménez, Amos Oz, Julia Kissina,  Sylvia Plath, Eduardo Mendoza, and Clarice Lispector.

Latin American literature has become a special focus point for Suhrkamp Verlag, its catalogue includes names such as Pablo Neruda, Isabel Allende, Mario Vargas Llosa, Manuel Puig, João Ubaldo Ribeiro, Adolfo Bioy Casares, Guillermo Cabrera Infante, Alejo Carpentier, Julio Cortázar, Osman Lins, José Lezama Lima, Juan Carlos Onetti and Octavio Paz, and Tuvia Tenenbom.

Bibliothek Suhrkamp
The book series Bibliothek Suhrkamp encompasses leading modern authors, including Ingeborg Bachmann, T. S. Eliot, Carlo Emilio Gadda, Federico García Lorca, André Gide, Ernest Hemingway, Yasushi Inoue, James Joyce, Franz Kafka, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Thomas Mann, Yukio Mishima, Cesare Pavese, Ezra Pound, Marcel Proust, Rainer Maria Rilke, Jean-Paul Sartre, Georg Trakl, Giuseppe Ungaretti, Paul Valéry and Marina Tsvetaeva.

Other book series
Other book series published by Suhrkamp Verlag have included:
 edition suhrkamp (1963– )
 suhrkamp taschenbuch (1971– )
 suhrkamp taschenbuch wissenschaft (1973– )
 edition unseld (2008– )
 filmedition suhrkamp (2009– ).

Academic authors
Social sciences and Humanities are represented by writers such as Theodor W. Adorno, Walter Benjamin, Ernst Bloch, Hans Blumenberg, Norbert Elias, Paul Feyerabend, Jürgen Habermas, Hans Jonas, Niklas Luhmann, Tilmann Moser, Gershom Scholem, Siegfried Kracauer, Helmuth Plessner, Burghart Schmidt, Georg Simmel, Viktor von Weizsäcker, Joseph Weizenbaum and Ludwig Wittgenstein. A number of Suhrkamp's publications in this field are considered standard academic reading.

Archives
In 2010 "more than 2,000 boxes" of archives, described as material on the "history of ... Suhrkamp" and "the personal archive of Siegfried Unseld", were lodged with the German Literature Archive (Deutsches Literaturarchiv) in Marbach am Neckar.

References

External links

Publishing companies established in 1950
Book publishing companies of Germany
Companies based in Berlin
Mass media in Berlin
Mass media in Frankfurt

Suhrkamp Verlag


The Sanfratellano (or Razza di San Fratello) is an Italian light horse breed that originated in San Fratello, Sicily. They are a hardy breed that is used for riding, packing, and light draft work.

History
The San Fratellano comes from San Fratello, in the Nebrodi mountains in the province of Messina in Sicily. The horses developed and were bred in a native habitat that resulted in a strong, powerful type known for their endurance.

A Lombard princess, Adelaide del Vasto, married Roger I of Sicily, a Norman noble, in the 11th century AD. Sicily was ruled by Norman warlords at the time, and Princess Adelaide del Vasto brought to Sicily her retinue, including a number of knights and their horses. To this day the people of San Fratello speak a Lombard dialect, different from the Sicilian language of surrounding areas. The San Fratellano horse is said to have descended from the horses of the Lombard knights.

The breed has received infusions of Anglo-Arab, Spanish Anglo-Arab, Salerno and Nonius blood, and has remained quite true to type. It resembles its fellow Italian breed, the Maremmano.  Breeding stock is carefully selected for propagation, and most colts are trained young as pack horses.

Breed characteristics
The San Fratellano usually stands between , and weighs between  They are always black or bay in color. They are muscular, well-built horses that are hardy and easy to care for.  There are approximately 5,000 horses of this breed (including 1,800 broodmares), making it one of the most numerous indigenous breeds in Italy.

References

External links
Sanfratellano stallion, YouTube
Six Sanfratellano stallions at Fiera Cavalli, 2010, YouTube

Horse breeds
Horse breeds originating in Italy

Sanfratellano


Viosinho is a white Portuguese wine grape variety that is grown primarily in northern Portugal where it attains high acidity levels. It is primarily found in the Trás-os-Montes and Douro DOCs. It is used primarily as a blending grape where it adds structures and flavor to both still and fortified Port wines.

See also
List of Port wine grapes

References

White wine grape varieties

Viosinho


Ascetic redirects here. You might also be looking for acetic acid. The term should not be confused with aestheticism.

Asceticism (Greek: askēsis) is a word that describes a certain way of living. In this kind of life, a person gets rid of worldly pleasures for religion or spirituality. A person might not have sex or drink alcohol. One might spend much of their time in prayer or meditation. Often, the reason is to follow goals of Christianity and the Indian religions (including yoga). These teach that salvation and freedom involve a process of changing one's mind and body. This is done by limiting speech, what one thinks and does with the body.

The earliest people who practiced Buddhism, Jainism, and the Christian hermits, lived very simply and without luxury. They rejected sensual pleasures and keeping money. This did not mean that life could not be enjoyed. But spiritual and religious goals are hindered by such indulgence.

References

Lifestyles
Human behavior

Asceticism