The Midland Railway Ripley Branch connected Derby to Ripley in Derbyshire, England running from Little Eaton Junction on the Midland Railway line to Leeds.

Origin
In the late eighteenth century the valley running from the Derwent Valley to Ripley, had been the site of a number of collieries and ironstone workings. They were situated around Denby  particularly, and there were also busy potteries. Improved transport links widened their market. Those workings to the north of Ripley were catered for, from 1794, by the Cromford Canal. When the Derby Canal was built, it extended northwards to Little Eaton from where was built the Little Eaton Gangway in 1795, to cater for the area to the south, particularly its trade with Derby.

In 1830 the committee overseeing the gangway met to discuss the possibility of upgrading the line to utilise steam engines from Smithy Houses along the track of the gangway and the northern arm of the canal to Chester Green in Derby. George Stephenson reported on the idea but recommended that a completely new line should be built with the original continuing to operate.

Neither plan was adopted, but in 1847 the Midland Railway deposited plans for a branch at Little Eaton from its main line, with feeder lines from collieries at Marehay and White Lee (or Whiteley) to the south of Waingroves.

Construction

The Midland Railway (Ripley Branches) Act was passed on 22 July 1848 and, by August, a spur from the main line reached the quarries at Little Eaton.

There then followed a hiatus while work continued, but extended time was needed to complete purchasing land and completing the work, for which Parliamentary permission was granted in 1851. The line was finally opened for freight as far as Ripley in September 1855.

However Board of Trade approval was still needed for passenger traffic, and a report was submitted by its inspector, Captain Tyler, in December. Opening to the public was postponed and, on 9 January, another inspector, Colonel Wynn provided a report. Captain Tyler reported again on 7 February and a third time on 4 March. Presumably, all this time, the line was recovering its investment by carrying coal and other minerals. The Midland was clearly aiming to provide the minimum of infrastructure, and the Colonel reported in April, twice in May, in June and July. Finally, on 20 August, the Captain was satisfied, having been told that the line would be worked "one engine in steam." The first passenger train to Ripley ran on 1 September 1856 with a timetable of 3 passenger services each way per day.

The gangway continued to operate until July 1908.

Operation
Around Little Eaton there were a number of manufacturers, such as potteries, Dowding's paper mill and small quarries. Meanwhile, the valley was a prolific agricultural area, exporting its produce to Derby and beyond, particularly from Coxbench.

This area of Derbyshire had been important for ironworking since Norman times, and the use of charcoal for smelting was being superseded by coal. Both of these were very close to the surface and could extracted using drift mines or bell pits. The ruins of two furnaces opened at Morley Park are visible today from the A38. As the market increased deeper pits were dug to exploit what became known as the "Kilburn seam."

Coal traffic was such that, in 1903, Kilburn Colliery siding was extended to form a double track as far as Denby. Here, Kelly's Directory for 1891 notes: "Denby is noted for its extensive collieries, the property of William N. Drury- Lowe esq.; here also are large blast furnaces for the production of pig iron, belonging to the Denby Iron and Coal Co. Limited. There is a large pottery and extensive brick and tile works. The locality produces also ironstone, cement and brick earth."

In fact the ironstone in the area was of low quality, and the coal more suited for domestic use. After a while, therefore, they were imported from elsewhere. Foundry sand was also brought in from  Mansfield. Meanwhile, the railway carried exports of house coal, pig iron and pottery from W&J Slater and the Denby Pottery. Towards Ripley, Denby Hall Colliery, the largest of all, was opened by the Butterley Company.

Later history
It would seem that it was freight that provided the Midland's main income from the line. Initially three passenger trains were provided daily (except Sunday) in each direction. By 1903 this had increased to five, and they continued via Langley Mill to Mansfield.

In January 1906, trials were carried out with a railmotor on the Wirksworth Branch. On the first of March, the service was provided both to Melbourne and once a day to Ripley.  The railmotors did not prove as successful as expected and the service finished at the beginning of the World War I.  However until the end there were five trains a day from Derby to Ripley and six return, with an extra train on Tuesdays and Fridays and Saturdays, plus a return trip on Sunday evening which was also the milk train.  Competition came from the Trent buses service number 1, from Derby to Alfreton which ran near to the line over almost all its length, and the rail passenger service finished in 1930.

The line remained in use to serve a coal washing plant at Denby into the late twentieth century - traffic finally ceasing in 1999. After some time out of use, in early 2011 there was an abortive scheme to reopen it. However, the track between Denby and Holbrook level crossing was lifted in July–August 2011.  The section from Holbrook level crossing to just short of the mainline connection near Little Eaton was lifted by contractor Trackwork of Doncaster during the first week of March 2012.

Notes

References

Further reading

Rail transport in Derbyshire
Midland Railway
Closed railway lines in the East Midlands
Railway lines opened in 1856

Midland Railway Ripley Branch


Anthony Glise (born January 17, 1956, in St. Joseph, Missouri) is an American guitarist, composer and author. He is the only American guitarist who has won first prize in the International Toscanini Competition held in Italy. He is also the only guitarist to be chosen as "Individual Artist of the Year" by the Missouri State Arts Council.

In 2010 he accepted a professorship at the University of Missouri-Columbia ("Mizzou") to launch the university's first classical guitar program. That program offers degrees in undergraduate through graduate classical guitar as well as a PhD in Music Education.

Biography

Glise's musical training began at a very young age under the tutelage of his mother (a piano teacher) and father (an amateur baritone vocalist).  Glise's musical studies continued from that time, and he ultimately matriculated from New England Conservatory of Music (Boston, US, 1983), achieving a Master of Music in Classical Guitar Performance.

While in Boston, he pursued studies in classical guitar, composition, musicology, early music performance practice, and historical dance under Robert Paul Sullivan, Benjamin Zander, and Daniel Pinkham.  During this time (1980–83), Glise was also a lutenist and dancer for the Boston historical dance troupe "Terpsichore".

While finishing his degree at New England Conservatory, he simultaneously studied business management and administration at Harvard University (Cambridge, US), and shortly thereafter studied medicine for a brief time, earning a license as an EMT (Emergency Medical Technician).

Following studies in Boston, Glise moved to Vienna, Austria (1983) to study music at the Konservatorium der Stadt Wien (classical guitar performance) and simultaneously at the University of Vienna where he earned a diploma in the German Language.

Glise's other diplomas and awards during this period include matriculation from Lille Catholic University (Lille, France, in French Language and Civilization), ARCUM (Rome, Italy, in 19th-Century Musical Performance Practice) and additional awards from the IX Nemzetkozi Gitarfesztival (Esztergom, Hungary, for musical composition), Ville Sable-sur-Sarthe (France, for musical composition), et al.

After his studies in Vienna, Glise took a teaching post in Nenzing, (in the western Austrian state of Vorarlberg while living in Bludenz), followed by posts and professional activities in Northern France (Lille), in Italy at the "Academy for the Study of 19th-Century Music" (Vigevano) and in Southern Germany (Schwäbisch Gmünd).

From 1989 to 1990, Glise was script writer and host of the first internationally syndicated guitar radio program Glise on Guitar which featured music and personal interviews with some of the world's leading musical figures including Pepe Romero, Sharon Isbin, Christopher Parkening, Paul O'Dette, Sir Neville Marriner, et al.  Satellite distribution of that program included the US via PRI (Public Radio International) and Europe, South America and the Far East via AFN (Armed Forces Network).

In 1991 Glise became the only American-born guitarist to win First Prize at the International Toscanini Competition (Italy), with an unprecedented unanimous vote from the competition jury.  That competition was held in the town of Stresa on Lake Maggiore, and the ceremonial award concert was performed on the island, Isole dei Pescatori.

More recently, Glise founded and currently directs various music festivals, including the "St. Joseph International Guitar Festival and Competition" (US), "Six Strings and the Spirit" (Chartres, France), sponsored by the Catholic order, Communauté du Chemin Neuf, et al.

He has recorded for a number of international labels including Young Recording Artists, Dorian Recordings (US), CEH (Hungary), and most notably for the French label, Eclipse (a subdivision of The Aevia Group, Ltd.) which Glise took over as acting CEO in the early 1990s.

In addition to over a dozen CDs, DVDs, and over 30 original published compositions, Glise has published many historical and Urtext musical editions for Willis Music Company (Cincinnati, US), under the series, "The Anthony Glise Critical Editions," and a number of books and editions for Mel Bay Publications (Pacific, US), under the series titled "The Anthony Glise Urtext Editions".

Glise lectures at Missouri Western State University in his home town of St. Joseph, Missouri (US)  where he teaches guitar, Renaissance lute, guitar pedagogy, guitar history, guitar ensemble, career development, and is a fencing coach (foil) for the university fencing team.  Since 1995 he has lived predominantly in the small French Flanders village of Sainghin-en-Melantois on the outskirts of the city of Lille.

References

1956 births
Living people
People from St. Joseph, Missouri
American classical guitarists
American male guitarists
American male composers
20th-century American composers
Missouri Western State University faculty
New England Conservatory alumni
Harvard Business School alumni
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male musicians

Anthony Glise


Anthony Reategui is a professional poker player from Chandler, Arizona. A graduate from Chandler High School, Anthony worked at a Mesa, Arizona car washing facility before his poker career. He most notably place 2nd in the $2,500 No Limit Hold'em event and 1st in the $1,500 No Limit Hold'em Shootout at the 2006 World Series of Poker.

As of 2008, his total live tournament winnings exceed $1,200,000. His 5 cashes as the WSOP account for $648,210 of those winnings.

Notes

External links
 Hendon Mob tournament results

American poker players
Living people
World Series of Poker bracelet winners
Year of birth missing (living people)
People from Chandler, Arizona

Anthony Reategui


The Nimbin Aquarius Festival was a counter-cultural arts and music festival organised by the Australian Union of Students. It was the fourth in a biannual series of festivals, first organised by the National Union of Australian University Students.  The first Australian Universities Arts Festival was held in Sydney in 1967, and the second Australian Universities Arts Festival was held in Melbourne in 1969.  The third added "Aquarius" to its name and was held in Canberra in 1971.  The fourth and last was held in Nimbin, New South Wales in 1973.

The Aquarius Festival aimed to celebrate alternative thinking and sustainable lifestyles. The ten-day event was held from 12 to 23 May 1973 and co-directed by Johnny Allen and Graeme Dunstan. Vernon Treweeke also played a part in organising the event. It is often described as Australia's equivalent to the Woodstock Festival and the birthplace for Australia's hippie movement.  It has also been credited with being the first event that sought the permission to use the land from traditional owners and Australia's first Welcome to Country ceremony. The estimated attendance at Nimbin was between 5,000 and 10,000 people.

Performers
Performers at the festival included the White Company - an experimental theatre troupe featuring a number of alternative culture artists including Peter Carolan - singer Paul Joseph, Donny McCormack (ex-Nutwood Rug Band), The Larrikins and Ian Farr. Also appearing were Indian street performers the Bauls of Bengal, the South African pianist Dollar Brand (later known as Abdullah Ibrahim), classical-ambient musician Lindsay Bourke, and tightrope walker and unicyclist Philippe Petit, who gained worldwide fame the following year by walking between the rooftops of the Twin Towers at the World Trade Center.

Legacy
The festival had a permanent effect on the economy of Nimbin, as many Festival participants decided to remain in the district. The area was previously a dairying and banana growing region in severe decline. Some of those that stayed might be defined as hippies, but in fact the larger percentage came from all sorts of backgrounds and life experience, ranging from 18 to 80 years old.

One group pooled resources after the Nimbin Aquarius Festival and bought a then  property at Tuntable Falls in the next valley east, below Mount Nardi, and formed a community called the "Co-Ordination Co-Operative". Other groups followed suit and formed communes that continue today. Examples include Paradise Valley Pastoral Company and Nmbngee.

While "multiple occupancy" was basically a cheap housing alternative, there were some self-described spiritual communities that shared particular values, like Bodhi Farm and Darmananda, but they tended to be closer to the neighbouring Channon and Terania Creek than Nimbin.

Mullumbimby and Byron Bay attracted more of the moneyed "New Age" people, while Nimbin attracted impecunious wanderers and back-packers. Within a decade the "Aquarians" were outnumbered by the continuing flow of disaffected urbanites and tree-changers coming into the area.

Interviews were conducted in 1992 documenting the alternative lifestyle movement of northern NSW in the 1970s, focusing on the town of Nimbin and the 1973 Aquarius Festival. Interviewees discussed how they arrived in Nimbin, their efforts in organising the Aquarius Festival, and the lasting impact the Festival had on the township.

At the 10th anniversary of the Aquarius Festival, the Australian Association of Sustainable Communities was formed.

See also

List of Australian music festivals
New Age communities
List of historic rock festivals
List of jam band music festivals

References

External links
Nimbin History
 Archival footage of 1973 Nimbin and Festival
 1971 Aquarius Festival Programme (RMIT University Catalyst Supplement)
 1973 Aquarius Festival Archival Photos
 Nimbin Good Times: Australia's Aquarius Festival (1973) - video
 GTK (ABC Television) Episode 666 on Nimbin Aquarius Festival - including interviews with locals

1973 in Australia
Cultural festivals in Australia
1973 music festivals
Music festivals in New South Wales
Hippie movement
History of Australia (1945–present)
History of New South Wales
Counterculture festivals
Northern Rivers
Music festivals established in 1971
Music festivals established in 1973
Pop music festivals
Music festivals in Australian Capital Territory

Aquarius Festival


Friedrich Alfred Seifert (born 8 May 1941) is a German mineralogist and geophysicist. He is the founding director of Bayerisches Geoinstitut at University of Bayreuth. A silicate mineral, seifertite, is named after him.

Life and work
Seifert was born in Dresden, Germany in 1941. He studied mineralogy at the University of Kiel and the University of Zurich and received his PhD degree from the University of Zurich in 1966 for his work on the rock metamorphosis at high temperatures and pressures. For his post-doctorate work, Seifert moved to University of Bochum and defended a habilitation thesis in 1970. In 1972, he became professor at the University of Bochum. He then stayed at the Carnegie Geophysical Laboratory in Washington, DC, where he applied Mössbauer spectroscopy to study the kinetics of the formation of rocks and minerals. After returning to Germany in 1974, he assumed a professor position at the University of Kiel. Seifert changed to the University of Bayreuth in 1986 and became the first director of the newly founded Bayerisches Geoinstitut at the university.

Awards and honors
Seifert is a member of several academic societies, including Academia Europaea (1990), German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (1991), Göttingen Academy of Sciences (1992) and Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities (2006). In 1987, he was awarded the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize, worth 2.5 million euro. In 1994, he received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Science and Technology at Uppsala University, Sweden. In 2004, he received the Abraham Gottlob Werner Medal for achievements in the experimental and theoretical petrology and spectroscopy of minerals and silicate melts.

In 2008, a high-pressure polymorph of quartz (SiO2), seifertite, was named after Seifert. This mineral and its name are officially recognized by the International Mineralogical Association.

References

21st-century German geologists
German mineralogists
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize winners
1941 births
Living people
German geophysicists
Members of Academia Europaea
20th-century German geologists

Friedrich Seifert


Walt Disney Records is an American record label of the Disney Music Group. The label releases soundtrack albums from The Walt Disney Company's motion picture studios, television series, theme parks, and traditional studio albums produced by its roster of pop, teen pop, and country artists.

The label was founded on February 4, 1956 as Disneyland Records. Before that time, Disney recordings were licensed to a variety of other labels such as RCA, Decca, Capitol, ABC-Paramount, and United Artists. It was Disney Legend Jimmy Johnson who convinced Walt Disney's brother Roy O. Disney that Walt Disney Productions (now The Walt Disney Company) should form their own record label. It adopted its current name in 1988 and is currently distributed by Universal Music Group.

History
Disneyland Records was predicated by non-soundtrack audio material based on Davy Crockett miniseries from the Disneyland anthology television series, along with the song, "The Ballad of Davy Crockett," both featuring series star Fess Parker. These were licensed to Columbia Records, but the smaller Cadence Records label released the more successful "Ballad of Davy Crockett" sung by Bill Hayes faster, and this was the record that topped the charts instead. The following year, Disney saw profits for Mickey Mouse Club records in the millions being shared with Golden Records and ABC Records, finally convincing Roy to allow Johnson to start the in-house Disneyland Records.

Disneyland Records

The label was founded as Disneyland Records on February 4, 1956, with Jimmy Johnson as president, serving as the record unit of Walt Disney Productions. Johnson brought in musician Tutti Camarata to head the Artists and Repertoire department of this new enterprise. One ten-inch LP with the "Disneyland" imprint had been released a few months earlier, a musical version of A Child's Garden of Verses, but it was distributed by the Charles Hansen music publishing company. The very first album produced, marketed and distributed by the label was Walt Disney Takes You to Disneyland, the only album Walt had ever recorded especially for his own record company. Also in the first year, seven Disney animated movie soundtracks were issued by the label.

Disneyland Records issued Parker's "Wringle Wrangle" single from the Westward Ho the Wagons! film within a year of starting operations; the single became a hit. This led the company to start recording music from outside the films. However, what ever was released by the company the industry categorized as children. Pricing was directed towards an adult audience, which was more than standard children fare. The only outside success was Camarata's album "Tutti's Trumpets". Thus in 1959, the Disneyland label became the soundtrack and children's label and Buena Vista label for the occasional pop song record.

Camarata established the label's initial forays into long-form musical albums, which included jazz interpretations of Disney standards from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Bambi, and Cinderella, as well as original musical concept albums, and he expanded the format of soundtracks by including selections from the score as well as the songs. Tutti's connections within the music industry also brought to the label the likes of Mary Martin, Louis Armstrong, Louis Prima and Phil Harris. After popular Mouseketeer, Annette Funicello, sang a song called "How Will I Know My Love" on the Mickey Mouse Club TV series, fans contacted the studio for the record, which became a minor hit. This prompted Camarata, Johnson and Walt Disney to encourage Annette's career as the label's first artist in residence. In 1959, the Buena Vista Records label was formed for Funicello's select recordings, soundtrack albums and other contemporary audiophile music.

While looking for the right material for Annette, Tutti and his team discovered the songwriting duo of Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman after hearing one of their songs on the radio. The two were brought to the Disney studio in Burbank where they eventually became the first staff songwriters for the company.With the participation of the Sherman brothers and two technicians at Sunset Sound in Hollywood, Camarata developed his renowned "Annette Sound," a specific type of double/reverb recording to strengthen Annette's voice that became an industry standard. The Shermans penned not only a good deal of Annette's songs, but were also responsible for most of the iconic Disney songs of the 1960s and beyond – "It's a Small World" and "The Tiki Tiki Tiki Room" for the theme parks, as well as the songs from Mary Poppins, Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree, The Jungle Book, Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day and Bedknobs and Broomsticks.

In 1960, Camarata left the staff but under Roy O. Disney's suggestion, established his own full-service recording studio where most of Disney and Buena Vista's records were recorded, mixed, engineered, cut and mastered, the Los Angeles landmark, Sunset Sound. In effect he was associated with Disney until the early seventies. Disneyland Records started its read-along series in 1965 with singer/actor Robie Lester appearing on more titles than any other in the history of the label.

Disneyland/Vista Records

In 1971, Disneyland Records was renamed Disneyland/Vista Records. Also, A Child's Garden of Verses was still in their line. Disneyland/Vista worked with Rankin/Bass to release six recordings tied to The Hobbit 1977 animated film. Rankin/Bass also had Disneyland/Vista release soundtracks for two of their earlier holiday specials, Frosty's Winter Wonderland and 'Twas the Night Before Christmas.

The company was so successful with its Mickey Mouse Disco album that Disneyland looked to expand again into pop music by October 1980. Its success also lead to the issuance of animated theatrical shorts based on songs from the album. Two such original productions were "That Waddlin' Crazy Guy" and "Pardners" featuring the comedy singing team of Willio and Phillio (Will Ryan and Phil Baron).

Disneyland/Vista Records and Tapes

In 1985, the label was renamed Disneyland/Vista Records and Tapes.

Around 1987, the label began releasing their albums on CD. Some of the first albums that the label released on CD were The Disney Collection series.

Walt Disney Records
In 1988, Disneyland/Vista Records and Tapes was renamed Walt Disney Records.

Around 1990, Walt Disney Records signed several youth targeted acts like Parachute Express and Norman Foote. Disney let these acts go after several years as their mandate was changed to support the animated features, produce book and tape packages and compilations to take advantage of the catalog.

In May 2000, Walt Disney Records signed the label's first teen singer, Myra; her first single with the label, "Magic Carpet Ride", was released on May 23, 2000 as part of the La Vida Mickey album.

On June 24, 2014, Walt Disney Records launched a series entitled The Legacy Collection. The series includes original soundtracks, as well as unreleased music, and composer and producer liner notes. As of 2022, the collection includes 16 albums ranging between various anniversaries of various Disney films and Disneyland.

With Disney's purchase of Lucasfilm on December 21, 2012, Walt Disney Records became the official record label for the studio and all Star Wars-related soundtracks, beginning with The Force Awakens soundtrack on December 18, 2015. In January 2017, Disney acquired the distribution rights to the entire Star Wars music catalog from Sony Classical; the soundtrack albums from the first six films were then released by Walt Disney Records in digital formats the same day. Disney reissued the digitally remastered original Star Wars soundtrack albums in physical formats on May 4, 2018.

Albums

 Notable soundtracks and scores
 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1956)
 Pinocchio (1956)
 Bambi (1956)
 Cinderella (1956)
 Fantasia (1957)
 Alice in Wonderland (1957)
 Sleeping Beauty (1959)
 Mary Poppins (1964)
 The Little Mermaid (1989)
 Beauty and the Beast (1991)
 The Lion King (1994)
 Tarzan (1999)
 Tron: Legacy (2010)
 Frozen (2013)
 Zootopia (2016)
 Moana (2016)
Encanto (2021)

 Compilations
 Walt Disney Takes You to Disneyland (1956)
 Walt Disney's Music Cavalcade (1959)
 For Our Children (2003)
 The Disney Princess Christmas Album (2007)
 Disney Channel Holiday Playlist (2012)
 Disney Classics (Box Set, 2013)
 The Silly Symphony Collection (2015)
 Disney Holidays Unwrapped (2013)
 Disney Channel Play It Loud (2014)
 Dconstructed (April 22, 2014) Disney tunes remix by EDM stars

 Album series
 Walt Disney Records Classic Soundtrack Series
 Disney Archive Collection Series
 Disneymania
 Radio Disney Jams
 Disney Karaoke Series
 We Love Disney (2013–present)
 Walt Disney Records: The Legacy Collection (2014–2015, 2017–present)

See also
 List of record labels
 Hollywood Records
 Fox Music

References

External links
 Mouse Tracks: The Story of Walt Disney Records
 Walt Disney Records Database
 Columbia.edu

American companies established in 1956
American record labels
Record labels based in California
Disney Music Group
Pop record labels
Soundtrack record labels
Companies based in Burbank, California
Labels distributed by Universal Music Group
Record labels established in 1956
1956 establishments in California
Children's record labels

Walt Disney Records


Henryk Grossman (alternative spelling: Henryk Grossmann; 14 April 1881 – 24 November 1950) was a Polish economist, historian, and Marxist revolutionary active in both Poland and Germany.

Grossman's key contribution to political-economic theory was his book, The Law of Accumulation and Breakdown of the Capitalist System, a study in Marxian crisis theory. It was published in Leipzig months before the Stock Market Crash of 1929.

Early life and education
Grossman was born as Chaskel Grossman into a relatively prosperous Polish-Jewish family in Kraków, Poland (then part of Austrian Galicia).   Although his parents were assimilated into Krakow society, they nevertheless ensured their sons were circumcised and registered as members of the Jewish community.  His father died at the age of 54 when Henryk was 15.

He joined the socialist movement around 1898, becoming a member of the Social Democratic Party of Galicia (GPSD), an affiliate of the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria. The GPSD, led by Ignacy Daszyński, was formally Marxist, but dominated by Polish nationalists close to the Polish Socialist Party (PPS). When the Ukrainian Social Democratic Party in Galicia (USPD) was formed in 1899, the GSPD became the Polish Social Democratic Party (PPSD) and the Polish nationalist current was strengthened. Grossman led the resistance of orthodox Marxists to this current. Along with Karl Radek, he was active in the socialist student movement, particularly in Ruch (Movement), which included members of the PPSD as well as of the two socialist parties in the Kingdom of Poland, the PPS and the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL – led by Rosa Luxemburg and Leo Jogiches). He was the main figure in the newspaper Zjednoczenie (Unification), which took a line close to the SDKPiL, against the pro-PPS politics of Ruchs main organ, Promień for which he was censured by the PPSD and its newspaper Naprzód.

During this period, Grossman learned Yiddish and became involved in the Jewish workers' movement in Kraków. Grossman was the founding secretary and theoretician of the Jewish Social Democratic Party of Galicia (JSDP) in 1905. The JSDP broke with the PPSD over the latter's belief that the Jewish workers should assimilate to Polish culture. It took a position close to the Bund, and was critical of the labour Zionism of the Poale Zion as well to assimilationist forms of socialism. The JSDP sought to affiliate to the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria (the General Party), but this was refused. However, the JSDP was active alongside the General Party, for example for universal suffrage.

Grossman earned his Juris Doctor in 1908 from the Jagiellonian University. At the end of 1908, he went to the University of Vienna to study with the Marxian economic historian Carl Grünberg, withdrawing from his leadership role in the JSDP (although he remained on its executive until 1911 and had contact with the small JSDP group in Vienna, the Ferdinand Lassalle Club). With the destruction of the Austro-Hungarian empire at the end of World War I, Grossman became an economist in Poland, and joined the Communist Party of Poland.

Career
From 1922 to 1925, Grossman was Professor of economics at the Free Polish University in Warsaw. He emigrated in 1925 to escape political persecution. The same year he was invited to join the Marxian Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt by his former tutor Carl Grünberg.

Hitler's accession to power in 1933 forced him first to Paris, and then via Britain to New York, where he remained in relative isolation from 1937 until 1949. In that year he took up a professorship in political economy at the University of Leipzig in East Germany.

Grossman's The Law of Accumulation and Breakdown of the Capitalist System(1929) despite being one of the first publications of the Frankfurt School was only made available in English translation in 1979 by Jairus Banaji, for an Indian Trotskyist organisation, the Platform Tendency. A recent edition is: . However, it is a condensed version and lacks the important concluding chapter of the German original.

Contribution to theory
While at Frankfurt in the mid-1920s, Grossman contended that a "general tendency to cling to the results" of Karl Marx's theory in ignorance of the subtleties of "the method underlying Capital" was causing a catastrophic vulgarisation of Marxian thought, a trend which was undermining the revolutionary possibilities of the moment.

The Law of Accumulation was his attempt to demonstrate that Marxian political economy had been underestimated by its critics and by extension that revolutionary critiques of capitalism were still valid. Amongst other arguments, it sets forth the following demonstration (for a complete definition of the terms employed, the whole book is recommended):

Logical and mathematical basis of the law of breakdown
Apart from the arithmetical and logical proofs that we have been given already, mathematicians may prefer the following more general form of presentation which avoids the purely arbitrary values of a concrete numerical example.

 Meaning of the symbols
 c  = constant capital. Initial value = co. Value after j years = cj
 v  = variable capital. Initial value = vo. Value after j years = vj
 s  = rate of surplus value (written as a percentage of v)
 ac  = rate of accumulation of constant capital c
 av  = rate of accumulation of variable capital v
 k  = consumption share of capitalists
 S  = mass of surplus value, being:

 Ω  = organic composition of capital, or c:v
(Correction with respect to Grossman's text: From the formula below it follows that Grossman means by  Ω  the initial value of the organic composition of capital :)
 j  = number of years

Further, let

and let

Formula
After j years at the assumed rate of accumulation ac, the constant capital c reaches the level:

At the assumed rate of accumulation av, the variable capital  v reaches the level:

The year after (j + 1) accumulation is continued as usual according to the formula:

whence

For k to be greater than 0, it is necessary that:

k = 0 for a year n, if:

Note this line follows the German original in Das Akkumulations- und Zusammenbruchsgesetz des kapitalistischen Systems (zugleich eine Krisentheorie) because it is misspecified in the condensed English translation.

The timing of the absolute crisis is given by the point at which the consumption share of the entrepreneur vanishes completely, long after it has already started to decline. This means:

whence n =

This is a real number as long as s > av

However, this is what we assume anyway throughout our investigation. Starting from time-point n, the mass of surplus value S is not sufficient to ensure the valorisation of c and v under the conditions postulated.

Discussion of the formula
The number of years n down to the absolute crisis thus depends on four conditions:
 The level of organic composition Ω. The higher this is the smaller the number of years. The crisis is accelerated.
 The rate of accumulation of the constant capital ac, which works in the same direction as the level of the organic composition of capital.
 The rate of accumulation of the variable capital av, which can work in either direction, sharpening the crisis or defusing it, and whose impact is therefore ambivalent.
 The level of the rate of surplus value s, which has a defusing impact; that is, the greater is s, the greater is the number of years n, so that the breakdown tendency is postponed.

The accumulation process could be continued if the earlier assumptions were modified:
 The rate of accumulation of the constant capital ac is reduced and the tempo of accumulation slowed down.
 The constant capital is devalued which again reduces the rate of accumulation ac.
 Labour power is devalued, hence wages cut, so that the rate of accumulation of variable capital av is reduced and the rate of surplus value  s is enhanced.
 Finally, capital is exported, so that again the rate of accumulation ac is reduced.

These four major cases allow us to deduce all the variations that are actually to be found in reality and which impart to the capitalist mode of production a certain elasticity ...

Much of the remainder of Grossman's book is devoted to exploring these "elasticities" or counter-crisis tendencies, tracking both their logical and their actual, historical development. Examples of each would include:
 Depressed interest rates, investment capital transferred to unproductive speculation, e.g. housing stock, art objects.
 Enlarged state sector bleeds value from the accumulation process via taxes. Wars destroy capital values.
 The reserve army of labour (unemployed) created to discipline wage claims.
 Imperialism

Personal life
Grossman lost his immediate family in the Holocaust.  His wife Jana and his son Jan were murdered in Auschwitz in 1943. His return to Leipzig was considered in the newly formed German Democratic Republic to be a success for the regime, and he was nominated by the city of Leipzig in March 1950 for the National Prize 'for the totality of his scientific achievements in the area of scientific socialism', but did not win.  He was plagued with ill health and died after suffering with prostate problems and Parkinson's disease.

See also
 Reproduction (economics)
 Capital accumulation
 Crisis theory
 Tendency of the rate of profit to fall
 Surplus value
 Organic composition of capital
 Paul Mattick - Grossmanite critique of Keynesianism

References

Further reading
 Kuhn, Rick (ed.) Henryk Grossman Works, Volume 4: Writings on Economic and Social History  Brill, 2023
 Kuhn, Rick (ed.) Henryk Grossman Works, Volume 3: The Law of Accumulation and Breakdown of the Capitalist System, Being also a Theory of Crises Brill, 2021
 Kuhn, Rick (ed.) Henryk Grossman Works, Volume 2: Political Writings Brill, 2020
 Kuhn, Rick (ed.) Henryk Grossman Works, Volume 1: Essays and Letters on Economic Theory Brill, 2018
 Freudenthal, Gideon and Mclaughlin, Peter (editors) The Social and Economic Roots of the Scientific Revolution: Texts by Boris Hessen and Henryk Grossmann Springer 2009
 Grossman, Henryk The Law of Accumulation and Breakdown of the Capitalist System Pluto 1992
 Kuhn, Rick Henryk Grossman and the Recovery of Marxism Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2007.
 Grossman, Henryk [2017] Capitalism's Contradictions: Studies in Economic Theory before and after Marx Ed. Rick Kuhn, Trans. Birchall, Kuhn, O'Callaghan. Haymarket, Chicago.
 Scheele, Juergen Zwischen Zusammenbruchsprognose und Positivismusverdikt. Studien zur politischen und intellektuellen Biographie Henryk Grossmanns (1881–1950) Frankfurt a.M., Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Wien: Peter Lang, 1999. .

External links
 Grossman, Henryk, The Henryk Grossman Internet Archive. A collection of Grossman's writings.
 Grossman, Henryk Fifty years of struggle over Marxism 1883‐1932
 Harman, Chris, "Forgotten treasure: a new biography of Grossman", International Socialism, No. 114, Spring 2007. A review of Kuhn's Grossman biography.
 Heartfield, James, "Why Grossman still matters", Spiked Review of Books, No. 3, July 2007. Another review of Kuhn's Grossman biography.
 Kuhn, Rick, "Capital development", Socialist Review, No. 245, October 2000. A short biography of Henryk Grossman.
 Kuhn, Rick, "Economic crisis and socialist revolution: Henryk Grossman's Law of accumulation, its first critics and his responses", preprint version of an essay in Paul Zarembka and Susanne Soederberg (eds) Neoliberalism in crisis, accumulation and Rosa Luxemburg's Legacy: Research in Political Economy 21 Elsevier, Amsterdam 2004 pp. 181–22. A discussion of aspects of Grossman's contribution to the Marxist theory of economic crisis.
 Kuhn, Rick, "Henryk Grossman and the recovery of Marxism", preprint version of an article in Historical Materialism 13 (3), 2005. On Grossman's contributions to and place in the history of Marxism.
 Kuhn, Rick, "Henryk Grossman – Capitalist Expansion and Imperialism" , International Socialist Review, No. 56, November 2007. On the relevance of Grossman's analysis for understanding globalisation and the current crisis.
 "On Henryk Grossman, A Revolutionary Marxist: An Interview with Rick Kuhn", Radical Notes, 9 April 2007
 Mattick, Paul, "Economic Crisis and Crisis Theories", 1974. (The book places Grossman's work in the context of other theories of economic crisis.)

1881 births
1950 deaths
Writers from Kraków
Jews from Galicia (Eastern Europe)
Polish Social Democratic Party of Galicia politicians
Jewish Social Democratic Party in Galicia politicians
Jewish socialists
Communist Party of Poland politicians
German economists
German Marxists
German communists
Polish economists
Polish Marxists
Marxian economists
Marxist theorists
Academic staff of Leipzig University

Henryk Grossman


In comics, stories or information are given using pictures, or pictures and words together. A story is told with pictures, mostly in panels.  The first panel is supposed to be read first, and takes place earlier in time than the panels that follow it.

There are many kinds of comics.  Comic strips are short comics which are often found in newspapers.  Comic books are thin comics magazines.  Graphic novels are books of comics.  In Japan, comics are very popular, and Japanese comics are popular around the world. The Japanese word for comics is manga, and people use this word for Japanese comics in English and other languages.

The first comic strips in the United States were funny. "Comic" is another word for "funny", so they were called "comic strips". The first comic books were collections of comic strips. Today, some comics are serious, but they are still called "comics".

In comics, speech is usually shown through word balloons.  There are many different kinds of balloons, such as the "speech balloon", the "thought balloon" and the "scream balloon".

History of comics
Couperie, Pierre & Horn, Maurice 1968. A history of the comic strip. Crown Publishers, New York. [pre-ISBN]
Sabin, Roger 1996. Comics, Comix, & Graphic Novels: a history of comic art. Phaidon, London. ISBN 0-7148-3993-0
Sabin, Roger 1993. Adult comics: an introduction. Routledge, London. ISBN 0-415-04419-7
Schodt, Frederik L. 1983. Manga! Manga! the World of Japanese comics. Kodansha, Tokyo. ISBN 0-87011-752-1 (U.S.)
Chapman, James 2011. British comics: a cultural history. Reaktion Books, London. ISBN 978-2-86189-855-5
Estren, Mark James 1974. A history of underground comics. Ronin Publishing Inc. California. ISBN 0-914171-64-X
McCloud, Scott 1994. Understanding comics: the invisible art. HarperCollins 1994. New York. ISBN 0-06-097625-X

Related pages
 Cartoon
Art
Comics

Comics


Trainspotting is a 1996 British crime comedy drama movie. It is based on the novel of the same name by Irvine Welsh. This movie is about heroin addicts in late 1980s Edinburgh. The movie's cast includes Ewan McGregor, Ewen Bremner, Jonny Lee Miller, Kevin McKidd, Robert Carlyle and Kelly Macdonald.

This movie was released in February 1996 in the United Kingdom, and July 1996 in the United States.

A sequel, T2 Trainspotting, released in 2017.

Other websites

1990s black comedy movies
1996 comedy-drama movies
1990s criminal comedy movies
1996 crime drama movies
British comedy-drama movies
British criminal comedy movies
British crime drama movies
Movies set in Edinburgh
1990s English-language movies
Movies about drugs
Movies based on books
Movies set in London
Movies set in Scotland
Movies set in the 1980s
Movies directed by Danny Boyle
1996 independent movies
Cult movies

Trainspotting (movie)


Aerosol spray is a system used in certain containers, like spray cans. The contents of the can, like color or deodorant are pressurized. The can has a valve. When this valve is opened, the liquid is forced out. It will emerge as an aerosol or mist. Apart from the liquid, there is another substance in the container, usually called propellant. When the valve is opened, some propellant will be forced inside the container. That way the pressure in the container is kept constant.

History

Around 1790, it was discovered that a carbonated beverage was pushed out of a container in France.

In 1837, the syphon was invented.

In 1862, several experiments with liquid spraying using compressed gas were held.

In 1927, Norwegian engineer Eric Rotheim proposed the first usable aerosol balloon construction.

In 1943, Americans Lyle Goodhugh and William Sullivan, commissioned by the US government, developed a bug bomb (World War II was going on, and it was necessary to find a way to quickly spray insecticide in order to control insect-borne diseases). This date is considered to be the beginning of the mass production of aerosol balloons.

In 1947, aerosolized insecticides appeared on the mass market.

In 1949, Robert Abplanalp invented the modern spray valve. In the same year, Edward Seymour started the production of spray paint.

Safety
The instructions for most aerosols warn that it is forbidden to spray it near open flames, electric stoves, and so on.

It is also forbidden to overheat balloons and put them in the sun in hot weather, as well as on heaters. There were many cases of balloon explosions in hot weather, as well as pyrotechnic entertainment of detonating aerosols on fires, which is a rather dangerous activity.

In detail
 A - Donut (indicating the color of the paint)
 B - Valve system
 C - Safety ring
 D - Mixture balls (characteristic for paint cans)
 E - The valve itself

Related pages
 Graffiti
 Pepper spray

Tools
Air pollution
Art materials
Environmental issues

Aerosol spray


Jews believe in only one god, because they believe that that one god was not only the creator of the world, but also that they can have an individual and personal relationship with him. The name of that god is God, meaning "The Name" or "My Master".

The religion started in Mesopotamia, later on moving to Canaan, and near the Middle East. It developed gradually around 1800 BCE. During this time, God talked to Abraham, and told him to go to Canaan with his followers. Once they arrived, they became sheep herders. But one day, famine caused them to flee to Egypt, where they eventually became slaves. After all that happened, God talked to another spiritual leader in Judaism to help Abraham and his followers get back to Canaan, which he eventually did. The religion spread widely after that. The spread is called the Jewish Diaspora. The Jews spread to other countries and took their religion with them.

The Jews have to follow specific rules from their bible. One of them is the 10 commandments. They also have to live near their Synagogue because they don't believe in taking transportation on Shabbat.

References
Judaism

God in Judaism


Thomas Leon Preston Campbell  (born 7 June 1977) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played as a  or  in the National Rugby League (NRL) for the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks, the Penrith Panthers (with whom he won the 2003 NRL premiership) and the Gold Coast Titans. He was also a New South Wales Country, Dreamtime Team and Indigenous All Stars representative.

Playing career

Early career
Campbell was born in Inverell, New South Wales, and started his rugby league career with the Inverell Hawks junior club. He made his NRL debut with the Gold Coast Chargers in 1998 as a fullback. The Chargers were disbanded at the end of the season.

Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks
Preston moved on to play for the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks in 1999. He spent the first two seasons biding his time in reserve grade and occasionally filling in for injuries in first grade. It was in 2001 that he showed what he was capable of with his feats as a replacement fullback for the injured David Peachey. His electrifying speed and side-step combined with his diminutive stature and humility quickly endeared him to Cronulla fans.

It was expected by some that he would eventually return to the lower grades until he was needed again but coach John Lang had other ideas. Clearly Campbell was too talented to be wasted playing in reserve grade. With the return of David Peachey, he was no longer needed at fullback and Cronulla was struggling without a recognised halfback. Finding the solution to two problems Lang pencilled in Campbell for the halfback role. Combining with David Peachey and pivot Adam Dykes, the trio formed a devastating combination on the field as Cronulla pushed forward and made a serious bid for its 2001 finals campaign including one memorable game when Premiership favourites the Newcastle Knights were soundly beaten by the Sharks.

At the end of 2001, Preston Campbell was awarded the Dally M Player of the Year, beating Andrew Johns, the Newcastle Knights captain, by one point and became Cronulla's third Dally M medallist.

In 2002, with the arrival of new coach Chris Anderson and former Test halfback Brett Kimmorley at the club, he was overlooked for his preferred halfback role in place of Kimmorley. He was instead moved to the unfamiliar position of . After several disastrous games and seemingly very little interest in playing, he was dropped to reserve grade and, stating his desire to return to the position he had made his own, requested a release from Cronulla which was eventually granted in early August 2002.

Penrith Panthers
On 7 August 2002, it was announced that Campbell had agreed to terms with the Penrith Panthers (then under the guidance of his former mentor, John Lang) for a three-year term. Although Campbell had been given no guarantees on which position he would play, he said that he was looking forward to playing under John Lang once more.

In his first season with the Penrith Panthers in 2003, and back in his more familiar role at halfback/five-eighth, he proved to be a great asset to the team, playing every minute of every match for the entire season.

Campbell played at five-eighth in the 2003 NRL grand final-winning Panthers team, kicking two goals. As 2003 NRL premiers, the Panthers travelled to England to face Super League VIII champions, the Bradford Bulls in the 2004 World Club Challenge.  Campbell played at five-eighth, missing his sole goal kick in the Panthers' 22–4 loss.

Gold Coast Titans
In 2005, with two seasons still to play with the Panthers, Campbell was the inaugural signing for the newly admitted NRL club, Gold Coast Titans. Campbell signed a three-year contract which commenced in 2007. Due to injury to other players such as Chris Walker, Campbell spent much of the 2007 season at fullback.

Campbell had been playing well during the 2007 season and started the 2008 season in good form. He extended his contract with the Titans. He was named the 2008 Gold Coast Titans player of the year for his consistent and inspiring performances throughout the year. In 2009 he played halfback, five-eighth and fullback due to the injuries to players such as Scott Prince and Mat Rogers.

Campbell retired at the end of the 2011 season, and was honoured as the first life member of the Titans in 2019.

Accolades
In November 2008, Campbell was awarded the Ken Stephen Medal by the NRL at the One Community Awards for his tireless work with Indigenous communities. The award is given for outstanding service to the game, on and off the field.

In 2023, Campbell was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) for his services to rugby league.

Personal life
Campbell is a cousin of Nathan Blacklock and Greg Inglis. His son, Jayden, plays as a fullback for the Gold Coast Titans.

References

External links

 Profile at Gold Coast Titans
Pacific Sports Management profile

1977 births
Living people
Australian rugby league players
Indigenous Australian rugby league players
Australian Aboriginal rugby league team players
Gold Coast Chargers players
Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks players
Penrith Panthers players
Gold Coast Titans players
Gold Coast Titans captains
Prime Minister's XIII players
Country New South Wales Origin rugby league team players
Indigenous All Stars players
Rugby league fullbacks
Rugby league five-eighths
Rugby league players from Inverell, New South Wales

Preston Campbell


Robert Charles McKay (born December 27, 1947) is a former National Football League offensive lineman who played from 1970 through 1978, with the Cleveland Browns and New England Patriots.

As a college player at the University of Texas, McKay earned consensus All-American honors during the 1969 season, helping Texas win the national championship.

During a 1975 Browns home game against the rival Pittsburgh Steelers, "Mean Joe" Greene repeatedly kicked McKay in the groin. Greene was soon wrestled to the ground and punched by center Tom DeLeone and tight end Gary Parris, allowing McKay to throw several haymakers on Greene before referees restored order.

References

1947 births
Living people
All-American college football players
American football offensive linemen
Cleveland Browns players
New England Patriots players
Texas Longhorns football players
People from Seminole, Texas

Bob McKay


Gorefest was a Dutch death metal band from Goes in Zeeland. It was founded in 1989 by Jan-Chris de Koeijer, Frank Harthoorn, Alex van Schaik and Marc Hoogendoorn.

Career

Early works (1989-1994)
Within two months of existence, Gorefest recorded their first demo. A Dutch independent label, Foundation 2000, signed them for one album. Before recording Mindloss, they released another demo in 1990, which received positive feedback. As a supporting act for Carcass they traveled through Belgium and the Netherlands impressing the metal-scene also on stage. Colin Richardson was the producer of 1991's album Mindloss.

Before they toured with Revenant from New Jersey, guitarist Alex van Schaik was replaced by Boudewijn Vincent Bonebakker. Not satisfied with Foundation 2000, Gorefest signed a contract in 1992 with Nuclear Blast. Hoogendoorn quit because of incidents during the Mindloss-tour and drummer Ed Warby (who came from the power metal band Elegy) took his place two weeks before recording sessions of False which was also produced by Colin Richardson. The album sold relatively well in the Netherlands and Germany for a band of the genre. In the months to come, they completed a European tour with Deicide and Atrocity, playing in Germany, Sweden, Spain, Czech Republic, Slovakia and England. In 1993, Gorefest played a show at the Dynamo Open Air at Eindhoven. The Eindhoven Insanity was released soon thereafter, featuring this performance. Also in 1993, they toured North America as a supporting act for metal band Death. Their Insanity Tour closed with a show in Mexico City, Mexico.

Erase was recorded in 1994, with producer Pete Coleman and revealed a different attitude towards traditional death metal. As a result, public opinion towards Gorefest was divided. Erase, however, proved to be a success as international sales went well through 1994 and 1995. The band reached a broader set of countries in the following tours.

Change in style and subsequent split (1994-1998)
In the Fear EP and "Freedom" single, Gorefest revealed new tracks showing that they wanted to drastically expand upon the musical changes they had applied in Erase (De Koeijer declared in some interviews that he even had thoughts about taking singing lessons). This would be confirmed in 1996 with the rock influenced album Soul Survivor – a total departure from their roots even showing traces of pop – and a very similar album Chapter 13 in 1998.

They abandoned their heavy image and the graphics for these works were less extreme. Many fans turned their backs on them and the sales of the album were a relatively poor, thus they split up in 1998.

Return and final disbandment (2004-2009)
Gorefest reformed in 2004 and played various summer festivals in 2005. The band came out with a new album, La Muerte. They produced the album themselves, with mixing handled by Tue Madsen at Antfarm Studios.

In 2006, De Koeyer appeared at Epica's concert in Paradiso (Amsterdam) as a guest grunter on the song "Consign to Oblivion" (A New Age Dawns #3).

The next album, Rise to Ruin, was released in August 2007. The American release was licensed to Candlelight Records.

On 15 June 2009, the band announced that they were calling it quits again, stating that they felt they had gone as far with the band as they could.

Members
 Jan Chris de Koeijer – vocals, bass (1989–1998, 2004–2009)
 Frank Harthoorn – guitar (1989–1998, 2005–2009)
 Boudewijn Bonebakker – guitar (1991–1998, 2004–2009)
 Ed Warby – drums (1992–1998, 2004–2009)
 Marc Hoogendoorn – drums (1989–1991)
 Alex van Schaik – guitar (1989–1991)
 René Merkelbach – keyboards (1996–1998)

Discography

Studio albums
 Mindloss (1991)
 False (1992)
 Erase (1994)
 Soul Survivor (1996)
 Chapter 13 (1998)
 La Muerte (2005)
 Rise to Ruin (2007)

EPs and singles
Live Misery (1992)
Fear (1994)
Freedom (1996)

Compilations
To Hell and Back – A Goreography (2005)
False/Erase (Re-release) (2005)

Live albums
The Eindhoven Insanity (1994)

References

External links

Dutch death metal musical groups
Dutch heavy metal musical groups
Dutch musical quartets
Musical groups established in 1989
Musical groups disestablished in 1998
Musical groups established in 2004
Musical groups disestablished in 2009
Musical groups from Zeeland
Goes

Gorefest


Fort Canning MRT Station (DT20) is an underground Mass Rapid Transit station on the Downtown Line at the boundary of Museum and Singapore River planning areas, Singapore. The station, is next to Liang Court shopping centre along River Valley Road. It is also within walking distance from UE Square. The station is close to Fort Canning Park. It is also near eateries and nightspots at Clarke Quay, so the Clarke Quay MRT Station is less crowded.

References

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations

Fort Canning MRT station


Deadly nightshade or belladonna (Atropa belladonna) is a well-known, hardy perennial shrub. It is a member of the nightshade family.

It can be found in a few different continents: Europe; North Africa; Asia; and North America, but is far less common there. Usually it grows in the shade. The plant does not like direct sunlight. Often it grows in places where the soil is rich in limestone.

Dangers of belladonna
Most parts of the plant are known to be very poisonous. Children have died from eating as few as three berries. One leaf contains enough poison to kill an adult. The root usually contains the most poison.

The poison present in the plant is called atropine.

Effects of the poison
The effects of atropine are dilated (big) pupils, hallucinations, and difficulty in seeing (the vision may not be as sharp as always, it may be difficult to focus on some object). Other symptoms include: problems keeping upright; feeling like one is flying; and being confused.
The pulse of the victim grows faster and faster, and the rate at which the heart is beating will go up. Toxic reaction to atropine causes fever, delirium, stupor (nearly being unconscious) and rash on head, neck and upper trunk. There may be agitation, difficulty in speaking and swallowing. Coma and convulsions usually come before death.

Solanaceae
Perennials

Deadly nightshade


Desperate Journey is a 1942 American World War II action and aviation film directed by Raoul Walsh and starring Errol Flynn and Ronald Reagan. The supporting cast includes Raymond Massey, Alan Hale Sr., and Arthur Kennedy. The melodramatic film featured a group of downed Allied airmen making their way out of the Third Reich, often with their fists.

Director Raoul Walsh called it "a war comedy spiced with enough tragedy to give it reality... beyond doubt the forerunner for Hogan's Heroes."

Plot
Assigned to bomb a critical German railway junction at Schneidemühl, Flight Lt. Terrence Forbes presses home an attack at low altitude, and his bomber is shot down near the former Polish border. The five survivors—Forbes, American Flying Officer Johnny Hammond, Flight Sgt. Kirk Edwards, Flying Officer Jed Forrest, and the injured Flight Sgt. Lloyd Hollis—are quickly captured by the Germans.

Interviewed by Major Otto Baumeister, Hammond creates a distraction by pretending to explain their bomber's technology in technobabble double-talk; then he suddenly knocks the major unconscious. Forbes then subdues the other soldiers and the group searches the major's office. They find papers showing a hidden Messerschmitt aircraft factory, and determine to get them to England. Setting out on their dangerous trip across enemy territory, they attack a patrol to obtain German uniforms, then sneak onto a hospital train heading for Berlin. Conveniently, Reichsmarschall Göring's private car is in the train, being transported for maintenance; they hide in the empty car, helping themselves to luxuries. Just before reaching Berlin, they are found in the car and thrown off the train; but this enables them to avoid Baumeister, who has traveled by air to overtake it.

They hide in an abandoned Berlin building, but while scouting for food, they see an important chemical plant and decide to sabotage it so they will do some damage to the enemy even if they cannot get the documents to England. As they are getting away, there is a gun battle and Hollis is wounded again. They happen on a member of the underground, Kaethe Brahms, who takes them to a doctor, but Hollis dies. Brahms advises the crew to cross the country to Münster, where her parents are also resistance members and can help them escape Germany.

With Baumeister on their trail, the men reach the Brahms house, but it is a trap: Kaethe's parents have been captured and Gestapo members are impersonating them. When Kaethe arrives, the ruse is exposed. The crew members manage to escape over the roofs, but Edwards is shot and falls to his death. Kaethe rejects an offer to accompany the men to England; the underground has more work to do. The others steal Baumeister's car and cross into the German-occupied Netherlands as he pursues in another car.

Finally they run out of petrol, but when they see a petrol tanker stop nearby, they find a captured British Hudson bomber, concealed there, that is being prepared for an attack on England. They overpower the flight crew and steal it, but Forrest is shot. They use the airplane's guns to blast their way past the soldiers on the ground, killing many of them, including Baumeister. After takeoff, on their way to the English Channel, Hammond releases the bomb aboard, destroying a German base. As they reach safety, Forbes and Hammond learn that Forrest will recover from his wounds.

Cast

 Errol Flynn as Flight Lt. Terrence Forbes
 Ronald Reagan as Flying Officer Johnny Hammond
 Nancy Coleman as Kaethe Brahms
 Raymond Massey as Major Otto Baumeister
 Alan Hale Sr. as Flight Sgt. Kirk Edwards
 Arthur Kennedy as Flying Officer Jed Forrest
 Ronald Sinclair as Flight Sgt. Lloyd Hollis II
 Albert Bassermann as Dr. Mather
 Sig Ruman as Preuss
 Patrick O'Moore as Squadron Leader Lane-Ferris
 Felix Basch as Hermann Brahms
 Ilka Grüning as Frau Brahms
 Elsa Bassermann as Frau Raeder
 Charles Irwin as Captain Coswick
 Richard Fraser as Squadron Leader Clark
 Robert O. Davis as Kruse
 Henry Victor as Heinrich Schwarzmueller
 Bruce Lester as English Officer
 Lester Matthews as Wing Commander
 Ludwig Hardt as Pharmacist (uncredited)

Production
The film was originally known as Forced Landing. It was written by Arthur Horman, who had done some uncredited work on the script for 49th Parallel (1941), notably scenes with Raymond Massey and Laurence Olivier. While there he came up with the idea for a film about six English pilots escaping through occupied Europe, the reverse situation of 49th Parallel.

Vincent Sherman was considered to direct; he wrote to Hal Wallis saying he loved the central concept and thought the basic idea was good but "its greatest weakness was it didn't have a story...once the men make their first escape you could very easily leave out every following sequence and simply go to the end without losing anything in so far as story is concerned".

Sherman was replaced as director by Raoul Walsh and the title changed to Desperate Journey. Errol Flynn was meant to make Gentleman Jim for the studio but they postponed it so he could star in Desperate Journey instead. The movie was rushed into production in order to take advantage of America's recent entry into the war, which meant the problems in the script identified by Sherman were never really fixed.

Prior to and during filming, uncredited work on the script was done by Julius and Philip Epstein. Director Raoul Walsh said "they have added a little zip to the script" and asked for them to keep working on it from a memo from Raoul Walsh to Hal Wallis dated February 13, 1942.

Principal photography on Desperate Journey took place from late January-early April 1942, filmed at the Warner Bros. studio, Lake Sherwood (Point Mugu and Point Hueneme) and Warner Ranch, Calabasas, California backlots. Flying scenes were shot at the Van Nuys Metropolitan Airport. Warner Bros. was located in close proximity to the Lockheed aircraft plant, and was able to "borrow" a production Lockheed Hudson bomber for the film that was already destined for RAF use. The other aircraft that is featured prominently in the film, mainly through a mock-up (shot on Warner's Sound Stage 16) and in model work, is the contemporary United States and RAF Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bomber.

Ronald Reagan, an air force reservist before World War II, received his call for active service while the film was in production. While Warners lobbied the government for a 30-day extension, the US Army was only willing to offer two weeks, forcing Walsh to shoot scenes with Reagan out of sequence, and to use a double for some scenes.

After beginning his film career, Reagan called himself the "B movie Errol Flynn", but in Desperate Journey, he shared top billing with Flynn. He made the most out of the film's showcase scene, his fast-paced doubletalk in the interrogation by Massey. Flynn also lobbied intensely to get the scene but despite a closed-door shouting match with director Walsh, the producer insisted that no changes to the script would be accepted.

Fresh from his acclaimed effort in Kings Row (1942), Reagan was at the high point of his career, making the transition from supporting to lead actor in studio features, and about to sign a seven-year contract with Warner Bros. In post-war years, Reagan's Hollywood career would never regain the same momentum before he was called up for duty.

During production, Flynn's February 1942 draft board physical revealed the presence of tuberculosis in his right lung. Unwilling to face an extended unpaid layoff, Flynn hid his condition from Warners. Between his illness and Walsh's exacting schedule, as the shoot progressed, Flynn dropped to 165 pounds. His wardrobe first was refitted, and then ultimately padded. Due to illness, Flynn was often late.

Reception
The film had its world premiere in Libertyville, Illinois, in a special screening to raise money for war bonds.

Box office
Desperate Journey went on to gross $2 million for Warners Bros., the third Flynn film of that year to reach that coveted mark, according to Variety. Studio bosses were aware the film was being screened during Flynn's rape trial, yet the negative publicity actually enhanced ticket sales.

According to Warner Bros records, the film earned $2,029,000 domestically and $1,951,000 foreign.

Critical reaction
Despite its popularity at the box office, critical reviews were not positive. Bosley Crowther of The New York Times characterized the plot as basically similar to other, much better recent films, Target for Tonight (1941)  and Man Hunt (1941). His review centered on the frenzy of the action. "And such hair-raising, side-splitting adventures as they have in a wild-goose trek across Germany — such slugging of guards and Raymond Massey, such chases and incidental sabotage you'll not see this side of the comics, or possibly an old-time Western film."

Filmink magazine said that "It's all done very much in Biggles mode, making the war seem like a game (several of the crew die, but it's similar to losing points in a video game)."

Awards
Desperate Journey was nominated for the Oscar for Best Special Effects (Byron Haskin and Nathan Levinson) at the 15th Academy Awards.

Home media
Desperate Journey was released on VHS Home Video in 1994. In the USA, the film is issued as part of the TCM Spotlight: Errol Flynn Adventures Collection, Volume 2 (2010). In 2020, a new, separate DVD release was done under the Warner Bros. Archive Collection series.

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 Aylesworth, Thomas G. The Best of Warner Bros. London: Bison Books, 1986. .
 Beck, Simon D. The Aircraft-Spotter's Film and Television Companion. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company, 2016. .
 Behlmer, Rudy. Inside Warner Brothers, 1935-51.  London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1987. .
 Maltin, Leonard. Leonard Maltin's Movie Encyclopedia. New York: Dutton, 1994. .
 McClelland, Doug. The Golden Age of B Movies. New York: Bonanza Publishing, 1978. .
 Orriss, Bruce. When Hollywood Ruled the Skies: The Aviation Film Classics of World War II. Hawthorne, California: Aero Associates Inc., 1984. .
 Reagan, Ronald. An American Life: The Autobiography. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990. .
 Thomas, Tony, Rudy Behlmer and Clifford McCarty. The Films of Errol Flynn. New York: Citadel Press, 1969. .
 Wynne, H. Hugh. The Motion Picture Stunt Pilots and Hollywood's Classic Aviation Movies. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Co., 1987. .

External links

 Desperate Journey at Turner Classic Movies

 Review at Variety

1942 films
American war drama films
1940s war drama films
American aviation films
American black-and-white films
1940s English-language films
Films scored by Max Steiner
Films about Nazi Germany
Films about shot-down aviators
Films directed by Raoul Walsh
Films produced by Hal B. Wallis
Films set in England
Films set in Germany
Warner Bros. films
World War II aviation films
World War II films made in wartime
1942 drama films

Desperate Journey


Jonathan Richard Ellis  (born 1 July 1946) is a British theoretical physicist who is currently Clerk Maxwell Professor of Theoretical Physics at King's College London.

After completing his secondary education at Highgate School, he attended King's College, Cambridge, earning his PhD in theoretical (high-energy) particle physics in 1971. After brief post-doc positions in the SLAC Theory Group and Caltech, he went to CERN and has held an indefinite contract there since 1978. He was awarded the Maxwell Medal and the Paul Dirac Prize by the Institute of Physics in 1982 and 2005 respectively, and is an Elected Fellow of the Royal Society of London since 1985 and of the Institute of Physics since 1991. He was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Southampton, and twice won the First Award in the Gravity Research Foundation essay competition (in 1999 and 2005). He is also Honorary Doctor at Uppsala University.

Ellis' activities at CERN are wide-ranging. He was twice Deputy Division Leader for the theory ("TH") division, and served as Division Leader for 1988–1994. He was a founding member of the LEPC and of the LHCC; currently he is chair of the committee to investigate physics opportunities for future proton accelerators, and is a member of the extended CLIC (Compact Linear Collider) Steering Committee.

Ellis was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2012 Birthday Honours for services to science and technology.

Scientific research

Ellis' research interests focus on the phenomenological aspects of particle physics, though he has also made important contributions to astrophysics and cosmology and quantum gravity.  Most of his publications relate directly to experiment, from interpreting measurements and the results of searches for new particles, to exploring the physics that could be done with future accelerators.  He was one of the pioneers of research at the interface between particle physics and cosmology, which has since become a sub-specialty of its own: particle astrophysics.

Ellis' early research accomplishments are centred on the phenomenology of gauge theories.  Working with Dimitri Nanopoulos and Mary Gaillard, he proposed in 1976 the so-called "Higgs-strahlung" process in which a Higgs boson is radiated from a Z-boson (this proved to be the best way to search for the Higgs boson at the Large Electron–Positron Collider), and in the same year estimated the direct CP-violation contribution to rare neutral kaon decays (which led to the success of the NA31 and NA48 experiments at CERN).  Also in 1976, he published two papers suggesting techniques for finding the gluon in  annihilations. The following year he predicted the mass of the bottom quark on the basis of Grand Unified Theory, before this quark was observed in experiment.  In 1978 he published a frequently cited general paper on such theories, with Andrzej J. Buras, Gaillard and Nanopoulos.

In the 1980s, Ellis became a leading advocate of models of supersymmetry.  In one of his earliest works, he showed that the lightest supersymmetric particle is a natural dark matter candidate. In 1991, he showed that radiative corrections to the mass of the lightest Higgs boson in minimal supersymmetric models increased that mass beyond the reach of the Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP) searches. More generally, Ellis and collaborators pioneered the analysis of so-called "benchmark scenarios" meant to illustrate the range of phenomenology to be expected from supersymmetric models; such analyses have played a major role in evaluating the promise of various future accelerator options.

In parallel to his investigations of supersymmetric phenomenology, Ellis has also advocated phenomenological probes of quantum gravity and string theory.  These probes include direct tests of quantum mechanics with the CPLEAR Collaboration and the derivation of Grand Unified Theories from string theory.  In this vein, his work on tests of the constancy of the velocity of light and models of string cosmology received separate prizes from the Gravity Research Foundation.

An impression of the impact of Ellis' research can be obtained from the INSPIRE-HEP reference system for scientific papers in particle physics and related fields.  As of 2015, this data base lists over 1,000 scientific papers of which he is an author; altogether the sum of citations is above 60,000.  In 2004 a SPIRES survey ranked him as the second-most cited theoretical physicist. His publications include three papers with over 1000 citations, eight more with over 500 citations, and over 100 other papers with at least 100 citations each. With Daniele Amati, he edited the 2000 book Quantum Reflections (a collection of articles by various physicists on the philosophy and conceptualization of quantum theory).

Support of particle accelerator projects

In addition to his theoretical research, John Ellis has been an advocate and supporter of future accelerators, beginning with LEP and the LHC, and extending to Compact Linear Collider (CLIC), photon colliders, and future proton accelerators.  Naturally his theoretical work reflected these connections, as when he showed that data from the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) and from LEP could be used to predict the masses of the top quark and the Higgs boson.  Such predictions are now a mainstream activity within particle physics, and constitute one of the most important bridges between the experimental and theoretical communities.

Concerning the LHC, Ellis played a leading role in the seminal 1984 workshop on physics to be done with such an accelerator.  Since then he has written many articles on searches for Higgs bosons and supersymmetric particles at the LHC, both for the particle physics community and at a more popular level.    His most recent LHC physics review appeared in a Nature Insight supplement on 19 July 2007.

John Ellis has been a strong supporter of the CLIC option for a future high-energy  linear collider; this option is pursued most strongly at CERN.  He was convenor of the CLIC Physics Study Group that produced the main report on this option, in 2004.

Awards and honours
In June 2020 Ellis was appointed an honorary fellow of the Institute of Physics (IoP) for his "outstanding work in theoretical particle physics and cosmology, his encouragement and support of countries across the world to work with CERN and his outreach work inspiring the public."

Outreach and spreading physics around the world

Ellis is regularly invited to give public lectures on particle physics and related topics. In the two-year period 2004–5, he gave public lectures in Geneva (in French), in Granada and Barcelona (in Spanish), in Rome (in Italian) and in Warsaw (in English). He recently gave a speech about the future of Physics beyond the Higgs boson in València (in English). While at CERN he often gives introductory talks to visitors, ranging from official delegations from the United Kingdom to physics teachers at the high-school level.

Ellis is known for his efforts to involve non-European nations in CERN scientific activities.  In the context of the LHC, he has interacted frequently with physicists, administrators at universities and institutes, and ministers of funding agencies and diplomatic corps from a wide variety of countries, ranging from major CERN partners like the United States, Russia, Japan, Canada, India, Israel, Armenia and China, to states with nascent physics programs such as Azerbaijan, the Baltic republics, Bolivia, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus, Iran, Madagascar, New Zealand, Pakistan, Romania, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, and lately in Palestine and Rwanda, and many others.  These interactions have fostered the international character of CERN and opened the pathways of scientific discourse all around the world.

In 2014, Ellis delivered an address about his experiences at CERN at the second Starmus Festival in the Canary Islands. Ellis is a regular panellist at HowTheLightGetsIn, the music and philosophy festival hosted each year in Hay-on-Wye.

References

External links
 Oral history interview transcript with John Ellis on 6 May 2021, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
 Ellis discusses the supercollider at CERN, and the physics discoveries that could come from it
 "The LHC is safe", talk given by John Ellis at CERN, in Geneva, on 14 August 2008
 International Man of Mysteries,  September 10, 2008 (Interview with John Ellis)
 Open Knowledge Conference plenary talk, on 17 September 2013
"Bang Goes the Big Bang" – Ellis debates the origins of the universe with Roger Penrose and Laura Mersini-Houghton
Scientific publications of John Ellis on INSPIRE-HEP

1946 births
Living people
English physicists
20th-century British physicists
21st-century British physicists
People associated with CERN
People educated at Highgate School
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
Academics of King's College London
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of the Royal Society
Foreign Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
Maxwell Medal and Prize recipients
Theoretical physicists
Fellows of King's College London

John Ellis (physicist, born 1946)


Innamaadhoo (Dhivehi: އިއްނަމާދޫ)
This island is an inhabited island in Raa atoll. Like other islands, this island is made out of sand from corals.

People
The inhabitants are Maldivians and they speak their language, Dhivehi.

Economy
The economy of Innamaadhoo is built on carpentry. So, when you look at the whole country, the most carpenting experts are mostly from Innamaadhoo. From very small fishing boats to giant safari boats are built in this island. Even if wheat was grown few decades back, farming is not a very wide field. If we look at fishing, the islanders used to fish a lot in the 90's. So, putting salt on fish was a very wide field. But now, as the field perished, fishermen and fish-sellers are very less. The reason is believed to be because carpentry gives a lot of money (carpentry is a very good money-maker). In the field of tourism, inhabitants aren't directly contributing. It may be because there is no resort nearby. But diving boats, row boats, and ferries, etc. (needed for resorts) are built a lot here.

Geography of the Maldives
Islands of Asia

Innamaadhoo (Raa Atoll)


The College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources (CAFNR) at the University of Missouri is a teaching and research institution that includes 15 degree programs and six academic/research divisions. Areas of study range from animal and plant sciences to biochemistry, agribusiness management, science and agricultural journalism, animal science, fisheries and wildlife, and atmospheric science.

In 2018, there were more than 2,428 undergraduate and 384 graduate students studying in CAFNR.

CAFNR has the highest sponsored research expenditures on the MU campus ($31,873,581 in 2010).  The college is ranked among the Top 15 programs in the world for animal and plant science research (Thomson Reuters).

Divisions in CAFNR are:
•	Animal Sciences
•	Biochemistry
•	Division of Applied Social Sciences
(Agricultural and Applied Economics, Agricultural Education, Rural Sociology, Science and Agricultural Journalism)
•	Food Systems and Bioengineering (Agricultural Systems Management, Biological Engineering, Food Science, Hospitality Management, Continental Climate Viticulture and Enology)
•	Plant Sciences
•	School of Natural Resources (Fisheries and Wildlife; Forestry; Soil, Environmental and Atmospheric Sciences; Parks, Recreation and Tourism).

CAFNR operates the Agricultural Experiment Station, a network of several research centers around Missouri designed to meet the regional research and demonstration needs of agricultural producers and natural resource managers.

CAFNR's research efforts have regional and international economic impact.  Projects include a drought simulator that allows scientists to develop drought tolerant crops, an inexpensive genetic tool to judge the economic value of cattle, and a study to determine the connection between eating breakfast and obesity.

The Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute (FAPRI), part of the Division of Applied Social Sciences, conducts research in national and global agricultural policy.  Its researchers regularly testify before Congress.

CAFNR's marketing tag line is Collaborating for the Greater Good, a recognition of its long culture of interdisciplinary partnerships that result in discoveries that could not be easily obtained by researchers in a single area.

History
The College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts was established on February 24, 1870. The college has undergone several name changes since then. Most recently it was renamed the College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources (CAFNR). The college is the only one of its type in Missouri.

George C. Swallow was the first professor and dean of the college. The program enjoyed immense growth during its early years, but class sizes dwindled past the turn of the century due to inadequate staffing and underdeveloped academic curricula.

With increased funding by the state and the appointment of Frederick B. Mumford as dean in 1909, conditions dramatically improved. In addition to producing positive results for the college, Mumford convinced University administrators that space was needed for the college to flourish. As a result, several new buildings were constructed to house the program. They were the veterinary building (1911), Schweitzer Hall (1912), the hog cholera serum plant (1915), Gwynn Hall (1920), Mumford Hall (1925) and Eckles Hall (1938). Many of these buildings are still used by the college.

In 1989, the School of Natural Resources (SNR) was formed and housed within CAFNR. Some of SNR's programs originated up to 80 years ago. It is the Midwest's only school with a comprehensive natural resources program, encompassing atmospheric science, fisheries, forestry, parks, recreation, soils, tourism and wildlife.

References

External links
College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources

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College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources
Agriculture in Missouri
Missouri
Universities and colleges established in 1870
University subdivisions in Missouri
1870 establishments in Missouri

University of Missouri College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources


Interchangeable parts is a  basic concept of creating identical or nearly identical parts to be mass produced. These parts can then be put together to form a product. For example, cars, computers, furniture, almost all products used today, are made from interchangeable parts. These parts are made with precision machines so each part can fit in any product that uses this part. Since it is no longer necessary to make each part one at a time and by hand, assembling products takes fewer workers. This lowers the cost of the product. Interchangeability of parts also allows products to be repaired by replacing a broken part with an identical new part. Eli Whitney was the first to use interchangeable parts in manufacturing.

History
Several inventors have had the idea of interchangeable parts in the past. But their version of the idea revolved around parts that had very loose tolerances or were used only for very simple parts. In 1720 a Swedish inventor named Christopher Polhem used interchangeable parts for clocks in his workshop. But the idea was not used outside his shops.

About the middle of the 18th century, French gunsmith Honoré Blanc developed the concept of interchangeable parts for muskets. Blanc tried to interest other European gunsmiths, but they were not impressed by the idea. But he did interest the American Ambassador to France, Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson quickly saw that mass production of weapons parts would free America from dependence on European sources for parts. He could not get Blanc to move to the United States but he did convince President George Washington it was a good idea. It came at a critical time when Congress was preparing for a war with France. In 1798, Eli Whitney got the first contract for 10,000 muskets to be delivered within two years. Whitney used a large force of unskilled workers and machinery to produce standardized identical parts at a low cost. What he produced was the first smoothbore flintlock musket produced in the United States, the Springfield Model 1795 Musket. Whitney's idea of using machines to create interchangeable parts started what came to be known as the "American system" of mass production.

Mass production
The concept of mass production depends on the use of interchangeable parts. One of the most famous inventors to use interchangeable parts, mass production and the assembly line was Henry Ford. Unlike other cars of the time, his Ford Model T used the same identical parts in each vehicle. Parts were created in large quantities and delivered to his assembly plant where workers built the cars on an assembly line. This allowed Ford to produce a quality vehicle ready to go in just 93 minutes. Ford raised workers' wages in 1914 to $5 a day. That was an excellent wage at the time, so much so that it allowed many of his workers to buy their own Model T. That same year Ford produced more cars than all other car manufacturers combined. His least expensive model in 1914, the Runabout, sold for $440. By 1925 he was able to sell a Model T for as little as $260.

References

Other websites
 Eli Whitney: Father of American Technology - Fast Facts / History: YouTube
 Early Industrialization; Digital History

Manufacturing
History of technology

Interchangeable parts