Skeeter Davis (born Mary Frances Penick; December 30, 1931September 19, 2004) was an American country music singer and songwriter who sang crossover pop music songs including 1962's "The End of the World". She started out as part of the Davis Sisters as a teenager in the late 1940s, eventually landing on RCA Victor. In the late 1950s, she became a solo star.

One of the first women to achieve major stardom in the country music field as a solo vocalist, she was an acknowledged influence on Tammy Wynette and Dolly Parton and was hailed as an "extraordinary country/pop singer" by The New York Times music critic Robert Palmer.

Early life
Davis was born Mary Frances Penick on December 30, 1931, the first of seven children born to farmer William Lee and Sarah Rachel Penick (née Roberts), in Glencoe, Kentucky. Because her grandfather thought she had a lot of energy for a young child, he nicknamed Mary Frances "Skeeter" (slang for mosquito), a name she carried for the rest of her life.

When Davis was a toddler, her great-uncle was convicted of murdering her maternal grandfather (his brother) in Indiana. After this incident, Davis recalled that her mother became a "bitterly depressed woman". Throughout her childhood, Davis's mother made multiple suicide attempts, several of which Davis herself prevented from being carried out: "I once slapped a bottle of Clorox she was drinking out of her mouth and sat on her hands to keep her from reaching for a butcher knife," she recalled. On one occasion, her mother attempted to leap from the family's apartment window with Davis and her infant brother in her arms. Her relationship with her mother remained strained throughout much of her life, and by Davis's account, she "couldn't seem to win my mother's respect and affection, [so] I turned my attention toward my daddy."

In the mid-1930s, the Penick family relocated to Cincinnati, Ohio, where they remained for several years before returning to Dry Ridge. They later moved to Erlanger, Kentucky, in 1947. Davis was raised a Protestant, attending Disciples of Christ churches. As an adolescent, Davis was inspired by the music of Betty Hutton and also developed interest in musicals, memorizing songs from films such as Stage Door Canteen (1943) and I'll Be Seeing You (1944). She would sometimes stage routines in her backyard, dancing, singing, and telling ghost stories to neighborhood children. When Davis was in seventh grade, her father relocated to Oak Ridge, Tennessee, for work. She and her siblings remained in the care of their mother who, during this time, became an alcoholic. In the summer of 1948, Davis and her family relocated to Covington, Kentucky, where her father was working as an electrician and moved into a house owned by the Villa Madonna Academy, run by Benedictine nuns. Davis became fascinated by the sisters, and for a time considered becoming a nun.

While attending Dixie Heights High School in Erlanger, Skeeter met Betty Jack Davis, and the two became close friends, bonding over their love of music. They began singing songs and playing guitar together during breaks at school, which drew attention from their classmates, and they performed in several school talent shows. On a trip to the Grand Ole Opry, the two convinced a stage manager to allow them backstage, where they met Hank Williams and Chet Atkins.

Career

1948–1956: The Davis Sisters; rise to fame

During her junior year of high school, Skeeter and Betty Jack won a local yodeling contest, whose prize was a time slot singing on a local daytime television show. The two were billed as the Davis Sisters, with Skeeter adopting Betty Jack's last name, despite their being unrelated. Their appearance on the local program led to them receiving singing opportunities on the Detroit radio station WJR's program Barnyard Frolics. After graduating from high school in 1949, Davis relocated to Detroit with Betty Jack, where they completed demonstration recordings for Fortune Records; among these were the song "Jealous Love", which was released as a single in 1953.

RCA Victor producer Steve Sholes heard their demos and was impressed by their harmonies. In the spring of 1953, Skeeter and Betty Jack met with Sholes at the RCA headquarters in New York City, who offered them a recording contract. After signing the contract, they left New York to begin recording material in Nashville, Tennessee. On May 23, 1953, they recorded "I Forgot More Than You'll Ever Know", a song that had previously been recorded by Sonny James. The Davis Sisters toured regionally to support the single on live broadcast radio programs, though Davis recalled that both "were so insecure and uninformed about the [music] business." The single was a significant success, spending eight weeks at number one on the country charts in 1953, as well as making the top 20 on the pop charts. The record ranks number 65 on the Top 100 Country Singles of All Time, according to Billboard historian Joel Whitburn.

On August 1, 1953, the Davis Sisters performed on the WWVA evening show in Wheeling, West Virginia. After midnight, the two left Wheeling en route back to Covington. Around 7:00 am on August 2, near Cincinnati, a passing motorist fell asleep at the wheel, crashing head-on with the car in which Skeeter and Betty Jack Davis were riding. Betty Jack was killed in the collision, while Skeeter sustained serious head injuries. The driver of the car also survived. Newspaper bulletins at the time erroneously reported that both the Davis Sisters had been pronounced dead at Our Lady of Sorrow Hospital in Cincinnati.

Following the accident, Davis moved in with Betty Jack's mother, Ollie, while recovering from her injuries. She recounted in her autobiography that Ollie "took advantage of this tragic situation to suit her own ends," alleging that she had kept Skeeter sedated with drugs administered from a local dentist and sequestered her in the house, where she repeatedly played the girls' records. Once Skeeter recovered, Ollie could "hardly wait for her chance to re-create the Davis Sisters," suggesting that Betty Jack's younger sister, Georgia, take her place in the singing duo. Davis reluctantly agreed, and six months after the accident, she resumed singing in the duo with Georgia Davis. In her autobiography, she wrote that she felt she had been brainwashed by Ollie and coerced into resuming the musical duo.

Between 1954 and 1956, Skeeter and Georgia released a total of nine singles for RCA as the Davis Sisters, which they recorded in New York City and Chicago, and toured the United States as a part of the RCA Caravan of the Stars alongside Minnie Pearl, Hawkshaw Hawkins, and Chet Atkins, among others. The singles recorded with Georgia were notably less successful than the duo's former material, with low chart positions, though Davis felt that "the material was good." The two held a tribute performance for Betty Jack at the Grand Ole Opry in 1954. In 1955, the Davis Sisters were booked for a regional tour alongside Hank Snow, The Carter Sisters (minus June), and Elvis Presley. Davis recounted her friendship with Presley in her autobiography. The Davis Sisters formally disbanded in 1956, shortly after Davis's first marriage to Kenneth DePew.

1957–1962: Early solo career

In the late 1950s during her marriage to DePew, Davis suffered from depression and "harbored a death wish" over the grief of Betty Jack's death as well as her "contrived" marriage. She resumed performing as a solo act, touring with Ernest Tubb, and co-wrote and recorded the song "Set Him Free" for RCA, produced by Chet Atkins. The song earned Davis a Grammy Award nomination for best country recording. Sometime during this period,  1958, Davis and DePew were divorced, and she relocated to Nashville. The same year, Davis recorded "Lost to a Geisha Girl", an answer song to Hank Locklin's hit "Geisha Girl", which reached the country number 15 and became her first solo hit. Atkins worked with Davis as a guitarist on all of these sessions. At Davis's suggestion, Atkins frequently multiple-tracked Davis's voice for harmony vocals to resemble the sound of the Davis Sisters. This echo can be found on several of her early solo hits, such as "Am I That Easy to Forget".

She subsequently co-wrote and recorded another top-20 hit called "Homebreaker", which peaked at number 15 on the Hot Country Songs chart in November 1959. The same year, Davis joined the Grand Ole Opry. During this time, she toured with June Carter, and the two became good friends.

From 1960 to 1962, Davis had top-10 hits with the songs "(I Can't Help You) I'm Falling Too", "My Last Date (With You)", "Where I Ought to Be", and "Optimistic". "(I Can't Help You) I'm Falling Too" marked Davis's first entrance as a solo artist onto the Billboard pop charts in 1960 and resulted in her being invited to perform on Dick Clark's American Bandstand. The song went all the way to the top 40, unheard of for a female country singer at the time. In 1961, she scored a second pop hit with a lyric version (written by Skeeter) of Floyd Cramer's instrumental country pop smash "Last Date" called "My Last Date (With You)" which did even better, making the top 30 on the pop charts.  Both of these songs did exceptionally well on the country charts, peaking at number two and number five, respectively.

1963–1976: Crossover and critical accolades
In 1963, Davis achieved her biggest success with country pop crossover hit "The End of the World". The song just missed topping the country and pop charts that year; however, it did top the adult contemporary charts. The record was also a surprise top-five hit on the rhythm and blues charts, making Davis one of the few white female singers to have a top-10 hit in that market. The single sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc. "The End of the World" soon became Davis's signature song. Davis achieved one other country-pop hit with the Gerry Goffin and Carole King-penned "I Can't Stay Mad at You", which peaked at number seven on the pop charts and number two on the Easy Listening chart in 1963. In 1964, she was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Female Country Vocal Performance for her recording of "He Says the Same Things to Me".

Davis's success continued with "I'm Saving My Love" and 1964's Gonna Get Along Without You Now, an updated cover of a 1956 hit by Patience and Prudence. Both made the top 10 on the country charts and cracked the Billboard Top 50 pop charts, though the success of "Gonna Get" was likely hampered by another remake of the song by vocalist Tracey Dey simultaneously climbing the charts to peak slightly lower than Davis's version.  Later pop efforts, such as "Let Me Get Close to You" in July 1964, missed making the Billboard Hot 100, reflecting the changing nature of pop styles due to the ongoing British invasion. In 1965, she recorded a duet with Bobby Bare called "A Dear John Letter", which just missed the country top 10. The following year, she earned her third Grammy nomination for "Sun Glasses", which peaked at number 30 on the Hot Country Songs chart.

In 1967, Davis was back in the top 10 with "What Does It Take (To Keep a Man Like You Satisfied)". Davis only achieved two other major country hits the rest of the decade, "Fuel to the Flame" (written by Dolly Parton, to whom Davis paid tribute with an album called Skeeter Sings Dolly in 1972), and "There's a Fool Born Every Minute". She received her fourth Grammy nomination for 1967's "What Does It Take".

In the late 1960s, she recorded several full-length albums, including two tribute works: Skeeter Davis Sings Buddy Holly (1967) and I Love Flatt and Scruggs (1968). Davis's recording of the anti-war song "One Tin Soldier", released in 1972, earned her an appearance on The Midnight Special. The single was a major success in Canada, peaking as a top-ten hit on RPM country and adult contemporary charts.

In 1970, Davis had another top-10 hit with "I'm a Lover (Not a Fighter)" and another duet with Bobby Bare with "Your Husband, My Wife". The following year, she had a hit with the autobiographical "Bus Fare To Kentucky". Subsequently, however, her chart success began to fade. Singles such as "It's Hard to Be a Woman" and "Love Takes a Lot of My Time" failed to crack the country top 40. Her last major hit was 1973's "I Can't Believe That It's All Over", which peaked at number 12 in country and number 101 on the pop chart. In the 1970s, she began regularly touring foreign countries such as Barbados, Singapore, and Sweden, where she retained a following.

Davis had the first and only controversy of her career when, during a 1973 Grand Ole Opry performance, she dedicated a gospel song to a group of young church workers whom she noted in her introduction had been arrested for evangelizing at a local mall. The Opry suspended her from membership after receiving complaints from some local policemen. She was reinstated at the Opry more than a year later. After losing several bookings during that period, Davis became active singing with a number of religious ministries and spent an extensive period evangelizing in Africa.

1977–2004: Later life and career
Davis returned to the recording studio in 1976 with a brief stint on Mercury Records,  which produced two single releases, including her last song to make the national charts, 1976's "I Love Us".  In 1978, she recorded the first of several albums for minor record labels which she did on occasion into the 1990s.

She recorded the album She Sings, They Play with her third husband, bassist Joey Spampinato and his band, NRBQ. Her autobiography, Bus Fare to Kentucky (named after her 1971 song), was published in 1993. In 1998, she wrote a children's book, The Christmas Note, with Cathie Pelletier.

Personal life

Relationships and marriages
In 1956, Davis met Kenneth DePew, a railroad worker and acquaintance of Georgia. The two began dating and married shortly after, though Davis would later state that he had married her for her income: "He saw the nice new furniture my money had bought the Davises; he saw the Oldsmobile and knew I had money in the bank. I could be a short cut to easy street." According to Davis, their marriage was not consummated until eight days into their honeymoon. The couple divorced in late 1959.

In 1960, she married WSM disc jockey Ralph Emery in Franklin, Kentucky. Their marriage was tumultuous, with Davis recalling that Emery was jealous and controlling of her, refusing to let her work more than several days per month, obsessively calling her while she was on tour, and recurrently accusing her of infidelity: "Ralph accused me of being with everybody from guitar players to agents to producers to my hairdresser and believe it or not, to my brother and sister. Male or female, it made no difference." The couple resided in Ridgetop, Tennessee, for a time, before Emery had a home built for them in the Brentwood area. In 1964, after four years of marriage, Davis divorced Emery after finding he had been unfaithful to her and conceived a child with another woman.

Davis later married NRBQ bassist Joey Spampinato in 1987. The couple divorced in 1996.

Vegetarianism
Davis became a vegetarian in 1974, and remained so for the rest of her life. She chose to abstain from eating meat after performing at a benefit concert in Kenya, where the concert organizers had killed and roasted a goat for the artists' banquet. "I really connected with that goat," she recounted, "and I couldn't bear to eat it." She declined to participate or allow her music to be used in several lucrative advertising campaigns for meat and meat-related products. Davis partly attributed her vegetarianism to her Christianity, as she felt killing animals for consumption was incongruent with her religious beliefs.

Illness and death
In August 1988, Davis was diagnosed with breast cancer. She underwent a mastectomy of her right breast to treat the cancer and was in remission for several years before having a recurrence in 1996.

In 2001, Davis became incapacitated by her breast cancer, which had metastasized. The following year, she made her final performance at the Grand Ole Opry, performing "The End of the World". She died of breast cancer in a Nashville, Tennessee, hospice on September 19, 2004, aged 72. She is interred at Williams Memorial Gardens in Franklin, Tennessee.

Legacy
Davis's song "The End of the World" has been named as a major influence on several artists: Among them are Lou Reed, and 21st-century singer-songwriter Lana Del Rey, both of whom named it among their favorite recordings of all time. Bob Dylan also recorded a version of "I Forgot More Than You'll Ever Know" featuring the Davis Sisters' arrangements on his 1970 album Self Portrait. "The End of the World" was also used in the popular video game Fallout 4.

Nina Gordon, formerly of Veruca Salt, also covered the song on her 2000 album Tonight and the Rest of My Life.

Davis penned nearly 70 songs over the course of her career, and earned two BMI awards: for "Set Him Free" and "My Last Date With You", the latter also recorded by Ann-Margret, Pat Boone, Kay Starr, Joni James, and several others, in addition to Davis' original hit version. Deborah Harry recorded a remake of Davis' version in 1993 featuring Michael Stipe, a long-time Davis fan. (Conway Twitty wrote new lyrics for the instrumental in 1972 as "Lost Her Love (On Our Last Date)", which reached number one on the country chart, as did Emmylou Harris' remake of Twitty's version in 1983 retitled "Lost His Love (On Our Last Date)".)

Discography

Notes

References

Sources

External links

 Skeeter Davis Homepage

1931 births
2004 deaths
American children's writers
American country singer-songwriters
American sopranos
American women country singers
American women guitarists
American women pop singers
Burials in Tennessee
Country musicians from Kentucky
Grand Ole Opry members
Four Star Records artists
RCA Records Nashville artists
Atlantic Records artists
Mercury Records artists
Deaths from cancer in Tennessee
Deaths from breast cancer
Kentucky women musicians
People from Grant County, Kentucky
Singer-songwriters from Kentucky
Singers from Kentucky
Writers from Kentucky
20th-century American women guitarists
20th-century American guitarists
21st-century American women guitarists
20th-century American women singers
21st-century American women singers
20th-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American singer-songwriters

Skeeter Davis


The Battle of Montjuïc took place between 13 and 17 September 1705 during the War of the Spanish Succession.

A Grand Alliance force under the command of Lord Peterborough landed on the Catalan coast in August, intending to capture Barcelona. However, the force first had to take possession of Montjuïc Castle which was commanded by Francisco de Velasco.

Late on the night of the 13th, a force under the command of George Darmstadt approached the castle in three separate columns. One under the command of James Stanhope, acted as a diversion to draw the attention and fire of the defenders, while the other two attacked the rear of the castle. They were initially repulsed, but attacked again and succeeded in taking the outer defences of the castle.

Fighting carried on for several days but on the 17th, the castle finally fell to the Grand Alliance. Peterborough established artillery batteries in the castle, which had a commanding position over the city of Barcelona from which they bombarded it until its surrender a month later during the Siege of Barcelona.

Montjuic
Montjuïc
1705 in military history
Montjuïc

Battle of Montjuïc (1705)


Handbuch des Schachspiels (Handbook of Chess, often simply called the Handbuch) is a chess book, first published in 1843 by Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa. It was a comprehensive reference book on the game, and one of the most important references on opening theory for many decades. The Handbuch had been the project of Paul Rudolf von Bilguer, who was with von der Lasa a member of the Berlin Chess Club and the influential group of chess masters later called the Berlin Pleiades. Bilguer died in 1840, with the work still in the early stages.  Von der Lasa completed the project and saw it published, with his friend von Bilguer alone named as author.  It contained comprehensive analyses of all opening variations then known, plus a section on the history and literature of chess.

Von der Lasa prepared four further editions (1852, 1858, 1864, and 1874). The sixth edition (1880) was by Constantin Schwede; and the seventh edition (1891) was by Emil Schallopp, with the assistance of Louis Paulsen.  Carl Schlechter, who had drawn a match for the World Championship with Emanuel Lasker in 1910, prepared the eighth and final edition. Published in eleven parts between 1912 and 1916, it totaled 1,040 pages and included contributions by Rudolf Spielmann, Siegbert Tarrasch, and Richard Teichmann. International Master William Hartston called it "a superb work, perhaps the last to encase successfully the whole of chess knowledge within a single volume."

Notes

References

 Digitized copy of the Handbuch, 1st (1843) ed, Bavarian State Library

1843 non-fiction books
Chess books
Handbuch des Schachspiels
Chess in Germany
1843 in chess

Handbuch des Schachspiels


The list of Nobel Prize laureates by country includes 930 people.   Some prizes were shared by two or three people; and 25 awards were made to organizations.

Summary

Argentina
César Milstein*, Physiology or Medicine, 1984
Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Peace, 1980
Luis Federico Leloir, Chemistry, 1970
Bernardo Houssay, Physiology or Medicine, 1947
Carlos Saavedra Lamas, Peace, 1936

Australia
Brian Schmidt, born in the United States, Physics, 2011
Elizabeth Blackburn*, Physiology or Medicine, 2009
Barry Marshall, Physiology or Medicine, 2005
J. Robin Warren, Physiology or Medicine, 2005
Peter C. Doherty, Physiology or Medicine, 1996
Rolf Zinkernagel, Physiology or Medicine, 1996
John Cornforth*, Chemistry, 1975
Patrick White, born in the United Kingdom, Literature, 1973
John Carew Eccles, Physiology or Medicine, 1963
Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Physiology or Medicine, 1960
Howard Florey, Physiology or Medicine, 1945
William Lawrence Bragg, Physics, 1915

Austria
Peter Handke, Literature, 2019
Martin Karplus*, Chemistry, 2013
International Atomic Energy Agency, Peace, 2005
Elfriede Jelinek, Literature, 2004
Eric Kandel*, Physiology or Medicine, 2000
Walter Kohn*, Chemistry, 1998
Friedrich Hayek, Economics, 1974
Konrad Lorenz, Physiology or Medicine, 1973
Karl von Frisch*, Physiology or Medicine, 1973
Max Perutz, Chemistry, 1962
Wolfgang Pauli, Physics, 1945
Richard Kuhn*, Chemistry, 1938
Otto Loewi, born in Germany, Physiology or Medicine, 1936
Victor Francis Hess, Physics, 1936
Erwin Schrödinger, Physics, 1933
Karl Landsteiner, Physiology or Medicine, 1930
Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Physiology or Medicine, 1927
Richard Adolf Zsigmondy, Chemistry, 1925
Fritz Pregl, born in Austria-Hungary, now Slovenia, Chemistry, 1923
Róbert Bárány, Physiology or Medicine, 1914
Alfred Hermann Fried, Peace, 1911
Bertha von Suttner, born in the Austrian Empire, now Czech Republic, Peace, 1905

Bangladesh
Muhammad Yunus, Peace, 2006

Belarus
Svetlana Alexievich, Literature, 2015
Zhores Alferov*, Physics, 2000

Belgium
François Englert, Physics, 2013
Ilya Prigogine, born in Russia, Chemistry, 1977
Christian de Duve, born in the United Kingdom, Physiology or Medicine, 1974
Albert Claude, Physiology or Medicine, 1974
Dominique Pire, Peace, 1958
Corneille Heymans, Physiology or Medicine, 1938
Jules Bordet, Physiology or Medicine, 1919
Henri La Fontaine, Peace, 1913
Maurice Maeterlinck, Literature, 1911
Auguste Beernaert, Peace, 1909
Institut de Droit International, Peace, 1904

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Ivo Andrić*, Ethnic Serb and national born in Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Austro-Hungarian Empire (now Bosnia and Herzegovina), Literature,  1961
Vladimir Prelog*, Ethnic Croat and national born in Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Austro-Hungarian Empire (now Bosnia and Herzegovina), Chemistry, 1975

Bulgaria
Elias Canetti*, Literature, 1981

Canada
Jim Peebles, Physics, 2019
Donna Strickland, Physics, 2018
Arthur B. McDonald, Physics, 2015
Alice Munro, Literature, 2013
Ralph M. Steinman, Physiology or Medicine, 2011
Willard S. Boyle*, Physics, 2009
Jack W. Szostak, born in the United Kingdom, Physiology or Medicine, 2009
Robert Mundell, Economics, 1999
Myron Scholes*, Economics, 1997
William Vickrey*, Economics, 1996
Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, Peace, 1995
Bertram Brockhouse, Physics, 1994
Michael Smith, born in the United Kingdom, Chemistry, 1993
Rudolph A. Marcus*, Chemistry, 1992
Richard E. Taylor, Physics, 1990
Sidney Altman*, Chemistry, 1989
John Polanyi, born in Germany, Chemistry, 1986
Henry Taube*, Chemistry, 1983
David H. Hubel*, Physiology or Medicine, 1981
Saul Bellow*, Literature, 1976
Gerhard Herzberg, born in Germany, Chemistry, 1971
Charles B. Huggins*, Physiology or Medicine, 1966
Lester B. Pearson, Peace, 1957
William Giauque*, Chemistry, 1949
Frederick G. Banting, Physiology or Medicine, 1923
John James Rickard Macleod, born in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Physiology or Medicine, 1923
Ernest Rutherford, born in New Zealand, Chemistry, 1908

Chile
Pablo Neruda, Literature, 1971
Gabriela Mistral, Literature, 1945

China, Republic of

Charles K. Kao*, Physics, 2009
Daniel C. Tsui*, Physics, 1998
Chen-Ning Yang, Physics, 1957
Tsung-Dao Lee, Physics, 1957

China, People's Republic

Tu Youyou, Physiology or Medicine, 2015
Mo Yan, Literature, 2012
Liu Xiaobo, Peace, 2010
Gao Xingjian*, Literature, 2000
Daniel C. Tsui*, Physics, 1998

Colombia
Juan Manuel Santos Calderón, Peace, 2016
Gabriel García Márquez, Literature, 1982

Congo, Democratic Republic
Denis Mukwege, Peace, 2018

Costa Rica
Óscar Arias Sánchez, Peace, 1987

Croatia
Leopold Ružička*, Ethnic Croat and national born in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, Austro-Hungarian Empire (now Croatia), Chemistry, 1939
Vladimir Prelog*, Ethnic Croat and national born in Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Austro-Hungarian Empire (now Bosnia and Herzegovina), Chemistry, 1975

Cyprus
Christopher A. Pissarides*, Economics, 2010

Czech Republic
Peter Grünberg*, born in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, now Czech Republic, Physics, 2007
Jaroslav Seifert, born in Prague, Austria-Hungary, now Czech Republic, Literature, 1984
Jaroslav Heyrovský, born in Prague, Austria-Hungary, now Czech Republic, Chemistry, 1959
Carl Ferdinand Cori*, born in Prague, Austria-Hungary, now Czech Republic, Physiology or Medicine, 1947
Gerty Cori*, born in Prague, Austria-Hungary, now Czech Republic, Physiology or Medicine, 1947
Bertha von Suttner*, born in Prague, Austria-Hungary, now Czech Republic, Peace, 1905

Denmark
Jens Christian Skou, Chemistry, 1997
Niels Kaj Jerne, born in United Kingdom, Physiology or Medicine, 1984
Aage Bohr, Physics, 1975
Ben Roy Mottelson,  born in United States, Physics, 1975
Johannes V. Jensen, Literature, 1944
Henrik Dam, Physiology or Medicine, 1943
Johannes Fibiger, Physiology or Medicine, 1926
Niels Bohr, Physics, 1922
August Krogh, Physiology or Medicine, 1920
Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Literature, 1917
Henrik Pontoppidan, Literature, 1917
Fredrik Bajer, Peace, 1908
Niels Ryberg Finsen, born in Faroe Islands, Physiology or Medicine, 1903

East Timor
Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, Peace, 1996
José Ramos-Horta, Peace, 1996

Egypt
Mohamed ElBaradei, Peace, 2005
Ahmed Zewail, Chemistry, 1999
Naguib Mahfouz, Literature, 1988
Anwar Sadat, Peace, 1978

Faroe Islands
Niels Ryberg Finsen*, Physiology or Medicine, 1903

Finland
Bengt R. Holmström, Economics, 2016
Martti Ahtisaari, Peace, 2008
Ragnar Granit, born in the Grand Duchy of Finland, a part of the Russian Empire in 1809–1917, Physiology or Medicine, 1967
Artturi Ilmari Virtanen, born in the Grand Duchy of Finland, a part of the Russian Empire in 1809–1917, Chemistry, 1945
Frans Eemil Sillanpää, born in the Grand Duchy of Finland, a part of the Russian Empire in 1809–1917, Literature, 1939

France
Emmanuelle Charpentier, Chemistry, 2020
Esther Duflo, Economics, 2019
Gérard Mourou, Physics, 2018
Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Chemistry, 2016
Jean Tirole, Economics, 2014
Patrick Modiano, Literature, 2014
Serge Haroche, born in Morocco, then under French protectorate, Physics, 2012
Jules A. Hoffmann, born in Luxembourg, Physiology or Medicine, 2011
J. M. G. Le Clézio, Literature, 2008
Luc Montagnier, Physiology or Medicine, 2008
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, Physiology or Medicine, 2008
Albert Fert, Physics, 2007
Yves Chauvin, Chemistry, 2005
Gao Xingjian, born in China, Literature, 2000
Médecins Sans Frontières, Peace, 1999
Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, born in French Algeria, Physics, 1997
Georges Charpak, born in then Poland (Second Polish Republic), now Ukraine, Physics, 1992
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, Physics, 1991
Maurice Allais, Economics, 1988
Jean-Marie Lehn, Chemistry, 1987
Claude Simon, Literature, 1985
Gérard Debreu, Economics, 1983
Jean Dausset, Physiology or Medicine, 1980
Roger Guillemin*, Physiology or Medicine, 1977
Seán MacBride*, Peace, 1974
Louis Néel, Physics, 1970
Luis Federico Leloir*, Chemistry, 1970
René Cassin, Peace, 1968
Alfred Kastler, Physics, 1966
François Jacob, Physiology or Medicine, 1965
Jacques Monod, Physiology or Medicine, 1965
André Lwoff, Physiology or Medicine, 1965
Jean-Paul Sartre, Literature, 1964 (declined the prize)
Saint-John Perse, Literature, 1960
Albert Camus, born in French Algeria, Literature, 1957
André Frédéric Cournand, Physiology or Medicine, 1956
François Mauriac, Literature, 1952
Albert Schweitzer, born in Alsace, then in Germany, Peace, 1952
Léon Jouhaux, Peace, 1951
André Gide, Literature, 1947
Roger Martin du Gard, Literature, 1937
Frédéric Joliot-Curie, Chemistry, 1935
Irène Joliot-Curie, Chemistry, 1935
Ivan Bunin, born in Russia, Literature, 1933
Louis de Broglie, Physics, 1929
Charles Nicolle, Physiology or Medicine, 1928
Henri Bergson, Literature, 1927
Ferdinand Buisson, Peace, 1927
Aristide Briand, Peace, 1926
Jean Baptiste Perrin, Physics, 1926
Anatole France, Literature, 1921
Léon Bourgeois, Peace, 1920
Romain Rolland, Literature, 1915
Alfred Werner*, Chemistry, 1913
Charles Richet, Physiology or Medicine, 1913
Alexis Carrel, Physiology or Medicine, 1912
Paul Sabatier, Chemistry, 1912
Victor Grignard, Chemistry, 1912
Marie Curie, born in partitioned Poland (Russian Empire), Chemistry, 1911
Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant, Peace, 1909
Gabriel Lippmann, born in Luxembourg, Physics, 1908
Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, Physiology or Medicine, 1907
Louis Renault, Peace, 1907
Henri Moissan, Chemistry, 1906
Frédéric Mistral, Literature, 1904
Antoine Henri Becquerel, Physics, 1903
Pierre Curie, Physics, 1903
Marie Curie, born in partitioned Poland (Russian Empire), Physics, 1903
Henry Dunant, Peace, 1901 (Dunant was Swiss)
Frédéric Passy, Peace, 1901
Sully Prudhomme, Literature, 1901

Germany
Reinhard Genzel, Physics, 2020
Joachim Frank, Chemistry, 2017
Rainer Weiss*, Physics, 2017
Stefan Hell, born in Romania, Chemistry, 2014
Thomas C. Südhof, Physiology or Medicine, 2013
Herta Müller, born in Romania, Literature, 2009
Harald zur Hausen, Physiology or Medicine, 2008
Gerhard Ertl, Chemistry, 2007
Peter Grünberg, born in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, now the Czech Republic, Physics, 2007
Theodor W. Hänsch, Physics, 2005
Wolfgang Ketterle, Physics, 2001
Herbert Kroemer, Physics, 2000
Günter Blobel*, Physiology or Medicine, 1999
Günter Grass, born in Free City of Danzig, now Poland, Literature, 1999
Horst L. Störmer, Physics, 1998
Paul J. Crutzen, Chemistry, 1995
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Physiology or Medicine, 1995
Reinhard Selten, Economics, 1994
Bert Sakmann, Physiology or Medicine, 1991
Erwin Neher, Physiology or Medicine, 1991
Hans G. Dehmelt*, Physics, 1989
Wolfgang Paul, Physics, 1989
Johann Deisenhofer, Chemistry, 1988
Robert Huber, Chemistry, 1988
Hartmut Michel, Chemistry, 1988
Jack Steinberger*, Physics, 1988
J. Georg Bednorz, Physics, 1987
John Polanyi*, Chemistry, 1986
Ernst Ruska, Physics, 1986
Gerd Binnig, Physics, 1986
Klaus von Klitzing, Physics, 1985
Georges J.F. Köhler*, Physiology or Medicine, 1984
Georg Wittig, Chemistry, 1979
Arno Penzias*, Physics, 1978
Henry Kissinger*, Peace, 1978
Ernst Otto Fischer, Chemistry, 1973
Karl von Frisch, born in Austria-Hungary, now Austria, Physiology or Medicine, 1973
Heinrich Böll, Literature, 1972
Gerhard Herzberg*, Chemistry, 1971
Willy Brandt, Peace, 1971
Bernard Katz*, Physiology or Medicine, 1970
Max Delbrück*, Physiology or Medicine, 1969
Manfred Eigen, Chemistry, 1967
Hans Bethe*, Physics, 1967
Nelly Sachs*, Literature, 1966
Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen, Physiology or Medicine, 1964
Konrad Bloch*, Physiology or Medicine, 1964
Karl Ziegler, Chemistry, 1963
Maria Goeppert-Mayer*, Physics, 1963
J. Hans D. Jensen, Physics, 1963
Rudolf Mössbauer, Physics, 1961
Werner Forssmann, Physiology or Medicine, 1956
Polykarp Kusch*, Physics, 1955
Max Born*, Physics, 1954
Walther Bothe, Physics, 1954
Hermann Staudinger, Chemistry, 1953
Fritz Albert Lipmann*, Physiology or Medicine, 1953
Hans Adolf Krebs*, Physiology or Medicine, 1953
Albert Schweitzer*, Peace, 1952
Otto Diels, Chemistry, 1950
Kurt Alder, Chemistry, 1950
Hermann Hesse*, Literature, 1946
Ernst Boris Chain*, Physiology or Medicine, 1945
Otto Hahn, Chemistry, 1944
Otto Stern*, Physics, 1943
Adolf Butenandt, Chemistry, 1939
Gerhard Domagk, Physiology or Medicine, 1939
Richard Kuhn, born in Austria-Hungary, now Austria, Chemistry, 1938
Otto Loewi*, Physiology or Medicine, 1936
Carl von Ossietzky, Peace, 1935
Hans Spemann, Physiology or Medicine, 1935
Werner Karl Heisenberg, Physics, 1932
Otto Heinrich Warburg, Physiology or Medicine, 1931
Carl Bosch, Chemistry, 1931
Friedrich Bergius, Chemistry, 1931
Hans Fischer, Chemistry, 1930
Thomas Mann, Literature, 1929
Hans von Euler-Chelpin*, Chemistry, 1929
Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus, Chemistry, 1928
Ludwig Quidde, Peace, 1927
Heinrich Otto Wieland, Chemistry, 1927
Gustav Stresemann, Peace, 1926
James Franck, Physics, 1925
Gustav Ludwig Hertz, Physics, 1925
Otto Fritz Meyerhof, Physiology or Medicine, 1922
Albert Einstein, Physics, 1921
Walther Nernst, Chemistry, 1920
Johannes Stark, Physics, 1919
Fritz Haber, Chemistry, 1918
Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, Physics, 1918
Richard Willstätter, Chemistry, 1915
Max von Laue, Physics, 1914
Gerhart Hauptmann, born in Prussia, now Poland, Literature, 1912
Wilhelm Wien, Physics, 1911
Otto Wallach, Chemistry, 1910
Albrecht Kossel, Physiology or Medicine, 1910
Paul Johann Ludwig Heyse, Literature, 1910
Karl Ferdinand Braun, Physics, 1909
Wilhelm Ostwald, born in Russia, now Latvia, Chemistry, 1909
Rudolf Christoph Eucken, Literature, 1908
Paul Ehrlich, Physiology or Medicine, 1908
Eduard Buchner, Chemistry, 1907
Robert Koch, Physiology or Medicine, 1905
Philipp Lenard, born in Pressburg, Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian Empire, now Slovakia, Physics, 1905
Adolf von Baeyer, Chemistry, 1905
Hermann Emil Fischer, Chemistry, 1902
Theodor Mommsen, born in Duchy of Schleswig, Literature, 1902
Emil Adolf von Behring, Physiology or Medicine, 1901
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, Physics, 1901

Ghana
Kofi Annan, Peace, 2001

Greece
Odysseas Elytis, Literature, 1979
Giorgos Seferis, Literature, 1963

Guatemala
Rigoberta Menchú, Peace, 1992
Miguel Ángel Asturias, Literature, 1967

Hong Kong
Charles K. Kao, Physics, 2009

Hungary

Avram Hershko*, as an Israeli citizen, Chemistry, 2004
Imre Kertész, Literature, 2002
George Andrew Olah, Chemistry, 1994
John Harsanyi, Economics, 1994
John Polanyi, born in Germany, Chemistry, 1986
Dennis Gabor, Physics, 1971
Eugene Wigner, Physics, 1963
Georg von Békésy, Physiology or Medicine, 1961
George de Hevesy, Chemistry, 1943
Albert Szent-Györgyi, Physiology or Medicine, 1937
Richard Adolf Zsigmondy, Chemistry, 1925
Róbert Bárány, born in Austria-Hungary, Medicine, 1914
Philipp Lenard, Physics, 1905

Iceland
Halldór Laxness, Literature, 1955

India

Abhijit Banerjee*, as a United States Citizen, Economics, 2019
Kailash Satyarthi, Peace, 2014
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan*, as a UK Citizen, Chemistry, 2009
Amartya Sen, Economics, 1998
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar*, as a United States Citizen, Physics, 1983
Mother Teresa, born in then Ottoman Empire, now North Macedonia, Peace, 1979
Har Gobind Khorana*, as a United States Citizen, Physiology or Medicine, 1968
C. V. Raman, Physics, 1930
Rabindranath Tagore, Literature, 1913
Rudyard Kipling*, as a UK Citizen, Literature, 1907
Ronald Ross*, as a UK Citizen, Physiology or Medicine, 1902

Iran
Shirin Ebadi, Peace, 2003

Iraq
Nadia Murad, Peace, 2018

Ireland
William C. Campbell, Physiology or Medicine, 2015
John Hume, Peace, 1998
David Trimble, Peace, 1998
Séamus Heaney, Literature, 1995
Mairead Corrigan, Peace, 1976
Betty Williams, Peace, 1976
Seán MacBride, born in France, Peace, 1974
Samuel Beckett, Literature, 1969
Ernest Walton, Physics, 1951
George Bernard Shaw*, Literature, 1925
W. B. Yeats, Literature, 1923

Israel

Arieh Warshel*, Chemistry, 2013
Michael Levitt, born in South Africa, Chemistry, 2013
Dan Shechtman, Chemistry, 2011
Ada Yonath, Chemistry, 2009
Robert Aumann, born in Germany, Economics, 2005
Aaron Ciechanover, Chemistry, 2004
Avram Hershko, born in Hungary, Chemistry, 2004
Daniel Kahneman, Economics, 2002
Yitzhak Rabin, Peace, 1994
Shimon Peres, born in Poland, now Belarus, Peace, 1994
Menachem Begin, born in Russia, now Belarus, Peace, 1978
Shmuel Yosef Agnon, born in Austria-Hungary, now Ukraine, Literature, 1966

Italy

Giorgio Parisi*, Physics, 2021
Mario R. Capecchi*, Physiology or Medicine, 2007
Riccardo Giacconi*, Physics, 2002
Dario Fo, Literature, 1997
Rita Levi-Montalcini, Physiology or Medicine, 1986
Franco Modigliani*, Economics, 1985
Carlo Rubbia, Physics, 1984
Eugenio Montale, Literature, 1975
Renato Dulbecco*, Physiology or Medicine, 1975
Salvador Luria*, Physiology or Medicine, 1969
Giulio Natta, Chemistry, 1963
Emilio Segrè*, Physics, 1959
Salvatore Quasimodo, Literature, 1959
Daniel Bovet, born in Switzerland, Physiology or Medicine, 1957
Enrico Fermi, Physics, 1938
Luigi Pirandello, Literature, 1934
Grazia Deledda, Literature, 1926
Guglielmo Marconi, Physics, 1909
Ernesto Teodoro Moneta, Peace, 1907
Camillo Golgi, Physiology or Medicine, 1906
Giosuè Carducci, Literature, 1906

Japan

Tasuku Honjo, Physiology or Medicine, 2018
Kazuo Ishiguro*, Literature, 2017
Yoshinori Ohsumi, Physiology or Medicine, 2016
Takaaki Kajita, Physics, 2015
Satoshi Ōmura, Physiology or Medicine, 2015
Shuji Nakamura*, Physics, 2014
Hiroshi Amano, Physics, 2014
Isamu Akasaki, Physics, 2014
Shinya Yamanaka, Physiology or Medicine, 2012
Akira Suzuki, Chemistry, 2010
Ei-ichi Negishi, Born in China, Chemistry, 2010
Osamu Shimomura, Chemistry, 2008
Toshihide Maskawa, Physics, 2008
Makoto Kobayashi, Physics, 2008
Yoichiro Nambu*, Physics, 2008
Koichi Tanaka, Chemistry, 2002
Masatoshi Koshiba, Physics, 2002
Ryōji Noyori, Chemistry, 2001
Hideki Shirakawa, Chemistry, 2000
Kenzaburō Ōe, Literature, 1994
Susumu Tonegawa, Physiology or Medicine, 1987
Kenichi Fukui, Chemistry, 1981
Eisaku Satō, Peace, 1974
Leo Esaki, Physics, 1973
Yasunari Kawabata, Literature, 1968
Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Physics, 1965
Hideki Yukawa, Physics, 1949

Kenya
Wangari Maathai, Peace, 2004

Liberia
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Peace, 2011
Leymah Gbowee, Peace, 2011

Lithuania
Aaron Klug*, Chemistry, 1982
Czesław Miłosz*, Literature, 1980

Luxembourg
Jules A. Hoffmann*, Physiology or Medicine, 2011
Gabriel Lippmann*, Physics, 1908

North Macedonia
Mother Teresa*, born in then Ottoman Empire, now North Macedonia, Peace, 1979

Mexico
Mario José Molina Henríquez*, Chemistry, 1995
Octavio Paz Lozano, Literature, 1990
Alfonso García Robles, Peace, 1982

Myanmar (Burma)
Aung San Suu Kyi, Peace, 1991

Netherlands
Ben Feringa, Chemistry, 2016
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Peace, 2013
Andre Geim, born in Soviet Union, now Russia, Physics, 2010
Martinus J. G. Veltman, Physics, 1999
Gerard 't Hooft, Physics, 1999
Paul J. Crutzen, Chemistry, 1995
Simon van der Meer, Physics, 1984
Nicolaas Bloembergen*, Physics, 1981
Tjalling C. Koopmans, Economics, 1975
Nikolaas Tinbergen*, Physiology or Medicine, 1973
Jan Tinbergen, Economics, 1969
Frits Zernike, Physics, 1953
Peter Debye, Chemistry, 1936
Christiaan Eijkman, Physiology or Medicine, 1929
Willem Einthoven, Physiology or Medicine, 1924
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, Physics, 1913
Tobias Asser, Peace, 1911
Johannes Diderik van der Waals, Physics, 1910
Pieter Zeeman, Physics, 1902
Hendrik Lorentz, Physics, 1902
Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Chemistry, 1901

New Zealand
Alan MacDiarmid, Chemistry, 2000
Ernest Rutherford*, Chemistry, 1908
Maurice Wilkins, Physiology or Medicine, 1962

Nigeria
Wole Soyinka, Literature, 1986

Norway
May-Britt Moser, Physiology or Medicine, 2014
Edvard Moser, Physiology or Medicine, 2014
Finn E. Kydland, Economics, 2004
Trygve Haavelmo, Economics, 1989
Ivar Giaever, Physics, 1973
Ragnar Frisch, Economics, 1969
Odd Hassel, Chemistry, 1969
Lars Onsager, Chemistry, 1968
Sigrid Undset, Literature, 1928
Fridtjof Nansen, Peace, 1922
Christian Lous Lange, Peace, 1921
Knut Hamsun, Literature, 1920
Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, Literature, 1903

Pakistan
Malala Yousafzai, Peace, 2014
Abdus Salam, As Pakistani citizen born in then British India, now Pakistan, Physics, 1979

Palestine
Yasser Arafat, Born in Cairo, Egypt, Peace, 1994

Peru
Mario Vargas Llosa*, Literature, 2010

Poland
Leonid Hurwicz*, born in then Russian Republic, now Russia, Economics, 2007
Wisława Szymborska, Literature, 1996
Joseph Rotblat*, born in Congress Poland (Russian Empire), Peace, 1995
Shimon Peres*, as an Israeli citizen, Peace, 1994
Lech Wałęsa, born in Popowo, Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia, Germany (German-occupied Poland), Peace, 1983
Roald Hoffmann*, born in then Poland (Second Polish Republic), now Ukraine, Chemistry, 1981
Czesław Miłosz, born in Russian Empire, now Lithuania, Literature, 1980
Isaac Bashevis Singer*, born in Congress Poland (Russian Empire), Literature, 1978
Andrew Schally*, born in Wilno, Second Polish Republic (now Vilnius, Lithuania), Medicine, 1977
Tadeusz Reichstein*, born in Congress Poland (Russian Empire), Physiology or Medicine, 1950
Władysław Reymont, born in Congress Poland (Russian Empire), Literature, 1924
Marie Skłodowska-Curie, born in Congress Poland (Russian Empire), Chemistry, 1911
Henryk Sienkiewicz, born in Congress Poland (Russian Empire), Literature, 1905
Marie Skłodowska-Curie, born in Congress Poland (Russian Empire), Physics, 1903

Portugal
José de Sousa Saramago, Literature, 1998
Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo*, born in then Portuguese Timor, now East Timor, Peace, 1996
José Ramos-Horta*, born in then Portuguese Timor, now East Timor, Peace, 1996
António Egas Moniz, Physiology or Medicine, 1949

Romania
Stefan Hell*, Chemistry, 2014
Herta Müller*, Literature, 2009
Elie Wiesel*, Peace, 1986
George E. Palade*, Physiology or Medicine, 1974

Russia and Soviet Union
Andre Geim*, Physics, 2010
Konstantin Novoselov*, Physics, 2010
Leonid Hurwicz*, Economics, 2007
Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov*, Physics, 2003
Vitaly Ginzburg, Physics, 2003
Zhores Alferov, born in then Soviet Union, now Belarus, Physics, 2000
Mikhail Gorbachev, Peace, 1990
Pyotr Kapitsa, Physics, 1978
Menachem Begin*, as an Israeli citizen, Peace, 1978
Ilya Prigogine*, Chemistry, 1977
Andrei Sakharov, Peace, 1975
Leonid Kantorovich, Economics, 1975
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Literature, 1970
Mikhail Sholokhov, Literature, 1965
Nikolay Basov, Physics, 1964
Alexander Prokhorov, born in Australia, Physics, 1964
Lev Landau, born in then Russian Empire, now Azerbaijan, laureate when citizen of the Soviet Union, Physics, 1962
Boris Pasternak, Literature, 1958 (forced to decline)
Pavel Cherenkov, Physics, 1958
Igor Tamm, Physics, 1958
Ilya Mikhailovich Frank, Physics, 1958
Nikolay Semyonov, Chemistry, 1956
Ivan Bunin*, Literature, 1933
Élie Metchnikoff, born in now Ukraine, Physiology or Medicine, 1908
Ivan Pavlov, Physiology or Medicine, 1904

Saint Lucia
Derek Walcott, Literature, 1992
W. Arthur Lewis*, Economics, 1979

Slovenia
Friderik Pregl*, born in Austria-Hungary, now Slovenia, Chemistry, 1923

South Africa
J. M. Coetzee, Literature, 2003
Sydney Brenner*, Physiology or Medicine, 2002
F. W. de Klerk, Peace, 1993
Nelson Mandela, Peace, 1993
Nadine Gordimer, Literature, 1991
Desmond Tutu, Peace, 1984
Aaron Klug*, Chemistry, 1982
Allan M. Cormack*, Physiology or Medicine, 1979
Albert Lutuli, born in then Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe, Peace, 1960
Max Theiler, Physiology or Medicine, 1951

South Korea

Kim Dae-jung, Peace, 2000
Charles J. Pedersen*, Chemistry, 1987

Spain
Mario Vargas Llosa, born in Peru, Literature, 2010
Camilo José Cela, Literature, 1989
Vicente Aleixandre, Literature, 1977
Severo Ochoa*, Physiology or Medicine, 1959
Juan Ramón Jiménez, Literature, 1956
Jacinto Benavente, Literature, 1922
Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Physiology or Medicine, 1906
José Echegaray, Literature, 1904

Sweden
Tomas Lindahl, Chemistry, 2015
Tomas Tranströmer, Literature, 2011
Arvid Carlsson, Physiology or Medicine, 2000
Alva Myrdal, Peace, 1982
Sune Bergström, Physiology or Medicine, 1982
Bengt I. Samuelsson, Physiology or Medicine, 1982
Kai Siegbahn, Physics, 1981
Torsten Wiesel, Physiology or Medicine, 1981
Bertil Ohlin, Economics, 1977
Eyvind Johnson, Literature, 1974
Harry Martinson, Literature, 1974
Gunnar Myrdal, Economics, 1974
Ulf von Euler, Physiology or Medicine, 1970
Hannes Alfvén, Physics, 1970
Ragnar Granit, born in the Grand Duchy of Finland, then a part of Russia, Physiology or Medicine, 1967
Nelly Sachs, born in Germany, Literature, 1966
Dag Hammarskjöld, Peace, 1961 (posthumously)
Hugo Theorell, Physiology or Medicine, 1955
Pär Lagerkvist, Literature, 1951
Arne Tiselius, Chemistry, 1948
Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Literature, 1931 (posthumously)
Nathan Söderblom, Peace, 1930
Hans von Euler-Chelpin, born in Germany, Chemistry, 1929
Theodor Svedberg, Chemistry, 1926
Karl Manne Siegbahn, Physics, 1924
Hjalmar Branting, Peace, 1921
Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam, Literature, 1916
Gustaf Dalén, Physics, 1912
Allvar Gullstrand, Physiology or Medicine, 1911
Selma Lagerlöf, Literature, 1909
Klas Pontus Arnoldson, Peace, 1908
Svante Arrhenius, Chemistry, 1903

Switzerland
Michel Mayor, Physics, 2019
Didier Queloz, Physics, 2019
Jacques Dubochet, Chemistry, 2017
Kurt Wüthrich, Chemistry, 2002
Médecins Sans Frontières, Peace, 1999
Rolf M. Zinkernagel, Physiology or Medicine, 1996
Richard R. Ernst, Chemistry, 1991
Karl Alexander Müller, Physics, 1987
Heinrich Rohrer, Physics, 1986
Georges J. F. Köhler, born in Germany (worked in Switzerland for 1976 to 1984), Physiology or Medicine, 1984
Werner Arber, Physiology or Medicine, 1978
Vladimir Prelog, born in Austria-Hungary, now Bosnia-Herzegovina, Chemistry, 1975
Daniel Bovet, Physiology or Medicine, 1957
Felix Bloch, Physics, 1952
Tadeusz Reichstein, Physiology or Medicine, 1950
Walter Rudolf Hess, Physiology or Medicine, 1949
Paul Hermann Müller, Physiology or Medicine, 1948
Hermann Hesse, born in Germany, Literature, 1946
Leopold Ružička, born in Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, Austria-Hungary, now Croatia, Chemistry, 1939
Paul Karrer, Chemistry, 1937
Albert Einstein, born in Germany, Physics, 1921
Charles Édouard Guillaume, Physics, 1920
Carl Spitteler, Literature, 1919
Alfred Werner, Chemistry, 1913
Theodor Kocher, Physiology or Medicine, 1909
Élie Ducommun, Peace, 1902
Charles Albert Gobat, Peace, 1902
Henry Dunant, Peace, 1901

Taiwan (China, Republic of)
Yuan T. Lee, Chemistry, 1986
Samuel C. C. Ting, Physics, 1976

Tibet
14th Dalai Lama, born in Tibet, Peace, 1989

Trinidad and Tobago
V. S. Naipaul*, Literature, 2001

Tunisia
Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet, Peace, 2015.

Turkey
Aziz Sancar, Chemistry, 2015
Orhan Pamuk, Literature, 2006

Ukraine
Georges Charpak, Physics, 1992
Selman A. Waksman, Physiology or Medicine, 1952
Shmuel Yosef Agnon, Literature, 1966
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Physiology or Medicine, 1908

United Kingdom
Roger Penrose, Physics, 2020
Michael Houghton, Physiology or Medicine, 2020
Peter J. Ratcliffe, Physiology or Medicine, 2019
M. Stanley Whittingham, Chemistry, 2019
Greg Winter, Chemistry, 2018
Kazuo Ishiguro, born in Japan, Literature, 2017
Richard Henderson, Chemistry, 2017
Oliver Hart, Economics, 2016
Fraser Stoddart, Chemistry, 2016
David J. Thouless, Physics, 2016
F. Duncan M. Haldane, Physics, 2016
John M. Kosterlitz, Physics, 2016
Angus Deaton, Economics, 2015
Tomas Lindahl, born in Sweden, Chemistry, 2015
John O'Keefe, born in the United States, Physiology or Medicine, 2014
Michael Levitt*, as an Israeli citizen, Chemistry, 2013
Peter Higgs, Physics, 2013
John B. Gurdon, Physiology or Medicine, 2012
Christopher A. Pissarides, born in Cyprus, Economics, 2010
Konstantin Novoselov, born in Russia, Physics, 2010
Robert G. Edwards, Physiology or Medicine, 2010
Charles K. Kao, Physics, 2009
Doris Lessing, born in Iran, Literature, 2007
Sir Martin J. Evans, Physiology or Medicine, 2007
Oliver Smithies*, Physiology or Medicine, 2007
Harold Pinter, Literature, 2005
Clive W. J. Granger, Economics, 2003
Anthony J. Leggett*, Physics, 2003
Peter Mansfield, Physiology or Medicine, 2003
Sydney Brenner, born in South Africa, Physiology or Medicine, 2002
John E. Sulston, Physiology or Medicine, 2002
Tim Hunt, Physiology or Medicine, 2001
Paul Nurse, Physiology or Medicine, 2001
V. S. Naipaul, born in Trinidad, Literature, 2001
David Trimble, Peace, 1998
John Pople, Chemistry, 1998
John E. Walker, Chemistry, 1997
Harold Kroto, Chemistry, 1996
James A. Mirrlees, Economics, 1996
Joseph Rotblat, born in then Russian Empire, now Poland, Peace, 1995
Richard J. Roberts, Physiology or Medicine, 1993
Michael Smith*, Chemistry, 1993
Ronald Coase, based in the United States, Economics, 1991
James W. Black, Physiology or Medicine, 1988
Niels Kaj Jerne*, Physiology or Medicine, 1984
César Milstein, born in Argentina, Physiology or Medicine, 1984
Richard Stone, Economics, 1984
William Golding, Literature, 1983
Aaron Klug, born in Lithuania, Chemistry, 1982
John Robert Vane, Physiology or Medicine, 1982
Elias Canetti, born in Bulgaria, Literature, 1981
Frederick Sanger, Chemistry, 1980
W. Arthur Lewis, born on St. Lucia, Economics, 1979
Godfrey Hounsfield, Physiology or Medicine, 1979
Peter D. Mitchell, Chemistry, 1978
James Meade, Economics, 1977
Nevill Francis Mott, Physics, 1977
Amnesty International, Peace, 1977
Mairead Corrigan, Peace, 1976
Betty Williams, Peace, 1976
John Cornforth, born in Australia, Chemistry, 1975
Christian de Duve*, Physiology or Medicine, 1974
Friedrich Hayek, born in Austria, Economics, 1974
Martin Ryle, Physics, 1974
Antony Hewish, Physics, 1974
Patrick White*, Literature, 1973
Geoffrey Wilkinson, Chemistry, 1973
Brian David Josephson, Physics, 1973
Nikolaas Tinbergen, born in the Netherlands, Physiology or Medicine, 1973
Rodney Robert Porter, Physiology or Medicine, 1972
John Hicks, Economics, 1972
Dennis Gabor, born in Hungary, Physics, 1971
Bernard Katz, born in Germany, Physiology or Medicine, 1970
Derek Harold Richard Barton, Chemistry, 1969
Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, Chemistry, 1967
George Porter, Chemistry, 1967
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, Chemistry, 1964
Andrew Huxley, Physiology or Medicine, 1963
Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, Physiology or Medicine, 1963
John Kendrew, Chemistry, 1962
Max Perutz, born in Austria, Chemistry, 1962
Francis Crick, Physiology or Medicine, 1962
Maurice Wilkins, born in New Zealand, Physiology or Medicine, 1962
Peter Medawar, born in Brazil, but registered at birth with the British Embassy. Therefore nationality was British. Physiology or Medicine, 1960
Philip Noel-Baker, Peace, 1959
Frederick Sanger, Chemistry, 1958
Alexander R. Todd, Baron Todd, Chemistry, 1957
Cyril Norman Hinshelwood, Chemistry, 1956
Max Born, born in then Germany, now Poland, Physics, 1954
Winston Churchill, Literature, 1953
Hans Adolf Krebs, born in Germany, Physiology or Medicine, 1953
Archer John Porter Martin, Chemistry, 1952
Richard Laurence Millington Synge, Chemistry, 1952
John Cockcroft, Physics, 1951
Bertrand Russell, Literature, 1950
Cecil Frank Powell, Physics, 1950
John Boyd Orr, Peace, 1949
T. S. Eliot, born in the United States, Literature, 1948
Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett, Physics, 1948
Edward Victor Appleton, Physics, 1947
Robert Robinson, Chemistry, 1947
Friends Service Council, Peace, 1947
Ernst Boris Chain, born in Germany, Physiology or Medicine, 1945
Alexander Fleming, Physiology or Medicine, 1945
George Paget Thomson, Physics, 1937
Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood, Peace, 1937
Norman Haworth, Chemistry, 1937
Henry Hallett Dale, Physiology or Medicine, 1936
James Chadwick, Physics, 1935
Arthur Henderson, Peace, 1934
Norman Angell, Peace, 1933
Paul Dirac, Physics, 1933
Charles Scott Sherrington, Physiology or Medicine, 1932
John Galsworthy, Literature, 1932
Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian, Physiology or Medicine, 1932
Arthur Harden, Chemistry, 1929
Frederick Hopkins, Physiology or Medicine, 1929
Owen Willans Richardson, Physics, 1928
Charles Thomson Rees Wilson, Physics, 1927
Austen Chamberlain, Peace, 1925
George Bernard Shaw, born in Ireland, Literature, 1925
John James Rickard Macleod*, Physiology or Medicine, 1923
Archibald Vivian Hill, Physiology or Medicine, 1922
Francis William Aston, Chemistry, 1922
Frederick Soddy, Chemistry, 1921
Charles Glover Barkla, Physics, 1917
William Henry Bragg, Physics, 1915
William Lawrence Bragg, born in Australia, Physics, 1915
Ernest Rutherford, born in New Zealand, Chemistry, 1908
Rudyard Kipling, born in India, Literature, 1907
J. J. Thomson, Physics, 1906
John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh, Physics, 1904
William Ramsay, Chemistry, 1904
William Randal Cremer, Peace, 1903
Ronald Ross, born in India, Physiology or Medicine, 1902

United States

Louise Glück, Literature, 2020
Jennifer Doudna, Chemistry, 2020
Andrea Ghez, Physics, 2020
Harvey J. Alter, Physiology or Medicine, 2020
Charles M. Rice, Physiology or Medicine, 2020
Abhijit Banerjee, born in India, Economics, 2019
Esther Duflo, born in France, Economics, 2019
Michael Kremer, Economics, 2019
John B. Goodenough, born in Germany, Chemistry, 2019
M. Stanley Whittingham, born in United Kingdom, Chemistry, 2019
Jim Peebles, born in Canada, Physics, 2019
William Kaelin Jr., Physiology or Medicine, 2019
Gregg L. Semenza, Physiology or Medicine, 2019
Paul Romer, Economics, 2018
William Nordhaus, Economics, 2018
George P. Smith, Chemistry, 2018
Frances Arnold, Chemistry, 2018
Arthur Ashkin, Physics, 2018
James Allison, Physiology or Medicine, 2018
Richard H. Thaler, Economics, 2017
Joachim Frank, born in Germany, Chemistry, 2017
Rainer Weiss, born in Germany, Physics, 2017
Kip Thorne, Physics, 2017
Barry Barish, Physics, 2017
Michael W. Young, Physiology or Medicine, 2017
Michael Rosbash, Physiology or Medicine, 2017
Jeffrey C. Hall, Physiology or Medicine, 2017
Bob Dylan, Literature, 2016
Oliver Hart, born in United Kingdom, Economics, 2016
Fraser Stoddart, born in United Kingdom, Chemistry, 2016
F. Duncan M. Haldane, born in United Kingdom, Physics, 2016
John M. Kosterlitz, born in United Kingdom, Physics, 2016
Angus Deaton, born in United Kingdom, Economics, 2015
Paul L. Modrich, Chemistry, 2015
Aziz Sancar, born in Turkey, Chemistry, 2015
William C. Campbell, born in Ireland, Physiology or Medicine, 2015
William E. Moerner, Chemistry, 2014
Eric Betzig, Chemistry, 2014
Shuji Nakamura, born in Japan, Physics, 2014
John O'Keefe*, Physiology or Medicine, 2014
Robert J. Shiller, Economics, 2013
Lars Peter Hansen, Economics, 2013
Eugene F. Fama, Economics, 2013
Arieh Warshel, born in Israel, Chemistry, 2013
Michael Levitt*, as an Israeli citizen, Chemistry, 2013
Martin Karplus, born in Austria, Chemistry, 2013
Randy Schekman, Physiology or Medicine, 2013
Thomas C. Südhof, born in Germany, Physiology or Medicine, 2013
James Rothman, Physiology or Medicine, 2013
Alvin E. Roth, Economics, 2012
Lloyd S. Shapley, Economics, 2012
Brian K. Kobilka, Chemistry, 2012
Robert J. Lefkowitz, Chemistry, 2012
David J. Wineland, Physics, 2012
Christopher A. Sims, Economics, 2011
Thomas J. Sargent, Economics, 2011
Saul Perlmutter, Physics, 2011
Brian P. Schmidt, Physics, 2011
Adam G. Riess, Physics, 2011
Ralph M. Steinman, born in Canada, Physiology or Medicine, 2011
Bruce Beutler, Physiology or Medicine, 2011
Peter A. Diamond, Economics, 2010
Dale T. Mortensen, Economics, 2010
Ei-ichi Negishi, Japanese citizenship, Chemistry, 2010
Richard F. Heck, Chemistry, 2010
Elinor Ostrom, Economics, 2009
Oliver Eaton Williamson, Economics, 2009
Barack H. Obama, Peace, 2009
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, born in India, Chemistry, 2009
Thomas A. Steitz, Chemistry, 2009
Willard S. Boyle, born in Canada, Physics, 2009
Charles K. Kao, born in China, Physics, 2009
George E. Smith, Physics, 2009
Elizabeth Blackburn, born in Australia, Physiology or Medicine, 2009
Carol W. Greider, Physiology or Medicine, 2009
Jack W. Szostak, born in United Kingdom, Physiology or Medicine, 2009
Paul Krugman, Economics, 2008
Roger Yonchien Tsien, Chemistry, 2008
Martin Chalfie, Chemistry, 2008
Osamu Shimomura, Japanese citizenship , Chemistry, 2008
Yoichiro Nambu, born in Japan, Physics, 2008
Leonid Hurwicz, born in Russia, Economics, 2007
Eric S. Maskin, Economics, 2007
Roger B. Myerson, Economics, 2007
Al Gore, Peace, 2007
Mario R. Capecchi, born in Italy, Physiology or Medicine, 2007
Oliver Smithies, born in United Kingdom, Physiology or Medicine, 2007
Roger D. Kornberg, Chemistry, 2006
John C. Mather, Physics, 2006
Edmund S. Phelps, Economics, 2006
George F. Smoot, Physics, 2006
Andrew Z. Fire, Physiology or Medicine, 2006
Craig C. Mello, Physiology or Medicine, 2006
Robert Aumann*, as an Israeli citizen, Economics, 2005
Robert H. Grubbs, Chemistry, 2005
Richard R. Schrock, Chemistry, 2005
Thomas Schelling, Economics, 2005
John L. Hall, Physics, 2005
Roy J. Glauber, Physics, 2005
Irwin Rose, Chemistry, 2004
Edward C. Prescott, Economics, 2004
David J. Gross, Physics, 2004
H. David Politzer, Physics, 2004
Frank Wilczek, Physics, 2004
Richard Axel, Physiology or Medicine, 2004
Linda B. Buck, Physiology or Medicine, 2004
Peter Agre, Chemistry, 2003
Roderick MacKinnon, Chemistry, 2003
Robert F. Engle, Economics, 2003
Anthony J. Leggett, born in United Kingdom, Physics, 2003
Paul C. Lauterbur, Physiology or Medicine, 2003
Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov, born in Russia, Physics, 2003
Daniel Kahneman*, born in Israel, Economics, 2002
Vernon L. Smith, Economics, 2002
Jimmy Carter, Peace, 2002
John Bennett Fenn, Chemistry, 2002
Raymond Davis Jr., Physics, 2002
Riccardo Giacconi, born in Italy, Physics, 2002
Sydney Brenner, born in South Africa, Physiology or Medicine, 2002
H. Robert Horvitz, Physiology or Medicine, 2002
William S. Knowles, Chemistry, 2001
K. Barry Sharpless, Chemistry, 2001
Joseph E. Stiglitz, Economics, 2001
George A. Akerlof, Economics, 2001
A. Michael Spence, Economics, 2001
Eric A. Cornell, Physics, 2001
Carl E. Wieman, Physics, 2001
Leland H. Hartwell, Physiology or Medicine, 2001
Alan Heeger, Chemistry, 2000
Alan MacDiarmid, born in New Zealand, Chemistry, 2000
James J. Heckman, Economics, 2000
Daniel L. McFadden, Economics, 2000
Jack Kilby, Physics, 2000
Paul Greengard, Physiology or Medicine, 2000
Eric Kandel, born in Austria, Physiology or Medicine, 2000
Ahmed H. Zewail, born in Egypt, Chemistry, 1999
Günter Blobel, born in then Germany, now Poland, Physiology or Medicine, 1999
Walter Kohn, born in Austria, Chemistry, 1998
Horst Ludwig Störmer, born in Germany, Physics, 1998
Robert B. Laughlin, Physics, 1998
Daniel C. Tsui, born in China, Physics, 1998
Robert F. Furchgott, Physiology or Medicine, 1998
Louis J. Ignarro, Physiology or Medicine, 1998
Ferid Murad, Physiology or Medicine, 1998
Paul D. Boyer, Chemistry, 1997
Robert C. Merton, Economics, 1997
Myron Scholes, born in Canada, Economics, 1997
Jody Williams, Peace, 1997
Steven Chu, Physics, 1997
William D. Phillips, Physics, 1997
Stanley B. Prusiner, Physiology or Medicine, 1997
Richard E. Smalley, Chemistry, 1996
Robert F. Curl Jr., Chemistry, 1996
William Vickrey, born in Canada, Economics, 1996
David M. Lee, Physics, 1996
Douglas D. Osheroff, Physics, 1996
Robert C. Richardson, Physics, 1996
Mario J. Molina, born in Mexico, Chemistry, 1995
F. Sherwood Rowland, Chemistry, 1995
Robert Lucas, Jr., Economics, 1995
Martin L. Perl, Physics, 1995
Frederick Reines, Physics, 1995
Edward B. Lewis, Physiology or Medicine, 1995
Eric F. Wieschaus, Physiology or Medicine, 1995
George Andrew Olah, born in Hungary, Chemistry, 1994
John Charles Harsanyi, born in Hungary, Economics, 1994
John Forbes Nash, Economics, 1994
Clifford G. Shull, Physics, 1994
Alfred G. Gilman, Physiology or Medicine, 1994
Martin Rodbell, Physiology or Medicine, 1994
Kary B. Mullis, Chemistry, 1993
Robert W. Fogel, Economics, 1993
Douglass C. North, Economics, 1993
Toni Morrison, Literature, 1993
Russell A. Hulse, Physics, 1993
Joseph H. Taylor Jr., Physics, 1993
Phillip A. Sharp, Physiology or Medicine, 1993
Rudolph A. Marcus, born in Canada, Chemistry, 1992
Gary S. Becker, Economics, 1992
Edmond H. Fischer, born in China, Physiology or Medicine, 1992
Edwin G. Krebs, Physiology or Medicine, 1992
Ronald Coase, born in the United Kingdom, Economics, 1991
Elias James Corey, Chemistry, 1990
Merton H. Miller, Economics, 1990
William F. Sharpe, Economics, 1990
Harry M. Markowitz, Economics, 1990
Jerome I. Friedman, Physics, 1990
Henry W. Kendall, Physics, 1990
Joseph E. Murray, Physiology or Medicine, 1990
E. Donnall Thomas, Physiology or Medicine, 1990
Sidney Altman, born in Canada, Chemistry, 1989
Thomas R. Cech, Chemistry, 1989
Hans G. Dehmelt, born in Germany, Physics, 1989
Norman F. Ramsey, Physics, 1989
J. Michael Bishop, Physiology or Medicine, 1989
Harold E. Varmus, Physiology or Medicine, 1989
Leon M. Lederman, Physics, 1988
Melvin Schwartz, Physics, 1988
Jack Steinberger, born in Germany, Physics, 1988
Gertrude B. Elion, Physiology or Medicine, 1988
George H. Hitchings, Physiology or Medicine, 1988
Charles J. Pedersen, born in Korea, Chemistry, 1987
Donald J. Cram, Chemistry, 1987
Robert M. Solow, Economics, 1987
Joseph Brodsky, born in Russia, Literature, 1987
Dudley R. Herschbach, Chemistry, 1986
Yuan T. Lee, born in Taiwan, Chemistry, 1986
James M. Buchanan, Economics, 1986
Elie Wiesel, born in Romania, Peace, 1986
Stanley Cohen, Physiology or Medicine, 1986
Rita Levi-Montalcini, born in Italy, Physiology or Medicine, 1986
Jerome Karle, Chemistry, 1985
Herbert A. Hauptman, Chemistry, 1985
Franco Modigliani, born in Italy, Economics, 1985
Michael S. Brown, Physiology or Medicine, 1985
Joseph L. Goldstein, Physiology or Medicine, 1985
Bruce Merrifield, Chemistry, 1984
Henry Taube, born in Canada, Chemistry, 1983
Gérard Debreu, born in France, Economics, 1983
William A. Fowler, Physics, 1983
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, born in India, Physics, 1983
Barbara McClintock, Physiology or Medicine, 1983
George J. Stigler, Economics, 1982
Kenneth G. Wilson, Physics, 1982
Roald Hoffmann, born in then Poland, now Ukraine, Chemistry, 1981
James Tobin, Economics, 1981
Nicolaas Bloembergen, born in the Netherlands, Physics, 1981
Arthur L. Schawlow, Physics, 1981
David H. Hubel, born in Canada, Physiology or Medicine, 1981
Roger W. Sperry, Physiology or Medicine, 1981
Walter Gilbert, Chemistry, 1980
Paul Berg, Chemistry, 1980
Lawrence R. Klein, Economics, 1980
Czesław Miłosz*, born in then Russian Empire, now Lithuania, Literature, 1980
James Cronin, Physics, 1980
Val Fitch, Physics, 1980
Baruj Benacerraf, born in Venezuela, Physiology or Medicine, 1980
George D. Snell, Physiology or Medicine, 1980
Herbert C. Brown, born in the United Kingdom, Chemistry, 1979
Theodore Schultz, Economics, 1979
Steven Weinberg, Physics, 1979
Sheldon Glashow, Physics, 1979
Allan M. Cormack, born in South Africa, Physiology or Medicine, 1979
Herbert A. Simon, Economics, 1978
Isaac Bashevis Singer, born in then Russian Empire, now Poland, Literature, 1978
Robert Woodrow Wilson, Physics, 1978
Arno Penzias, born in Germany, Physics, 1978
Hamilton O. Smith, Physiology or Medicine, 1978
Daniel Nathans, Physiology or Medicine, 1978
Philip Anderson, Physics, 1977
John H. van Vleck, Physics, 1977
Roger Guillemin, born in France, Physiology or Medicine, 1977
Andrew Schally, born in then Poland, now Lithuania, Physiology or Medicine, 1977
Rosalyn Yalow, Physiology or Medicine, 1977
William Lipscomb, Chemistry, 1976
Milton Friedman, Economics, 1976
Saul Bellow, born in Canada, Literature, 1976
Burton Richter, Physics, 1976
Samuel C. C. Ting, Physics, 1976
Baruch S. Blumberg, Physiology or Medicine, 1976
Daniel Carleton Gajdusek, Physiology or Medicine, 1976
Tjalling C. Koopmans, born in the Netherlands, Economics, 1975
Ben Roy Mottelson*, Physics, 1975
James Rainwater, Physics, 1975
David Baltimore, Physiology or Medicine, 1975
Renato Dulbecco, born in Italy, Physiology or Medicine, 1975
Howard Martin Temin, Physiology or Medicine, 1975
Paul J. Flory, Chemistry, 1974
George E. Palade, born in Romania, Physiology or Medicine, 1974
Wassily Leontief, born in Germany, Economics, 1973
Henry Kissinger, born in Germany, Peace, 1973
Ivar Giaever, Norway, Physics, 1973
Christian Anfinsen, Chemistry, 1972
Stanford Moore, Chemistry, 1972
William H. Stein, Chemistry, 1972
Kenneth J. Arrow, Economics, 1972
John Bardeen, Physics, 1972
Leon N. Cooper, Physics, 1972
Robert Schrieffer, Physics, 1972
Gerald Edelman, Physiology or Medicine, 1972
Simon Kuznets, born in then Russia, now Belarus, Economics, 1971
Earl W. Sutherland Jr., Physiology or Medicine, 1971
Paul A. Samuelson, Economics, 1970
Norman Borlaug, Peace, 1970
Julius Axelrod, Physiology or Medicine, 1970
Murray Gell-Mann, Physics, 1969
Max Delbrück, born in Germany, Physiology or Medicine, 1969
Alfred Hershey, Physiology or Medicine, 1969
Salvador Luria, born in Italy, Physiology or Medicine, 1969
Lars Onsager, born in Norway, Chemistry, 1968
Luis Alvarez, Physics, 1968
Robert W. Holley, Physiology or Medicine, 1968
Har Gobind Khorana, born in India, Physiology or Medicine, 1968
Marshall Warren Nirenberg, Physiology or Medicine, 1968
Hans Bethe, born in then Germany, now France, Physics, 1967
Haldan Keffer Hartline, Physiology or Medicine, 1967
George Wald, Physiology or Medicine, 1967
Robert S. Mulliken, Chemistry, 1966
Charles B. Huggins, born in Canada, Physiology or Medicine, 1966
Francis Peyton Rous, Physiology or Medicine, 1966
Robert B. Woodward, Chemistry, 1965
Richard P. Feynman, Physics, 1965
Julian Schwinger, Physics, 1965
Martin Luther King, Jr., Peace, 1964
Charles H. Townes, Physics, 1964
Konrad Bloch, born in then Germany, now Poland, Physiology or Medicine, 1964
Maria Goeppert-Mayer, born in then Germany, now Poland, Physics, 1963
Eugene Wigner, born in Hungary, Physics, 1963
John Steinbeck, Literature, 1962
Linus C. Pauling, Peace, 1962
James D. Watson, Physiology or Medicine, 1962
Melvin Calvin, Chemistry, 1961
Robert Hofstadter, Physics, 1961
Georg von Békésy, born in Hungary, Physiology or Medicine, 1961
Willard F. Libby, Chemistry, 1960
Donald A. Glaser, Physics, 1960
Owen Chamberlain, Physics, 1959
Emilio Segrè, born in Italy, Physics, 1959
Arthur Kornberg, Physiology or Medicine, 1959
Severo Ochoa, born in Spain, Physiology or Medicine, 1959
George Beadle, Physiology or Medicine, 1958
Joshua Lederberg, Physiology or Medicine, 1958
Edward Tatum, Physiology or Medicine, 1958
Chen Ning Yang, born in China, Physics, 1957
Tsung-Dao Lee, born in China, Physics, 1957
William B. Shockley, Physics, 1956
John Bardeen, Physics, 1956
Walter H. Brattain, born in China, Physics, 1956
Dickinson W. Richards, Physiology or Medicine, 1956
André F. Cournand, France, Physiology or Medicine, 1956
Vincent du Vigneaud, Chemistry, 1955
Willis E. Lamb, Physics, 1955
Polykarp Kusch, born in Germany, Physics, 1955
Linus C. Pauling, Chemistry, 1954
Ernest Hemingway, Literature, 1954
John F. Enders, Physiology or Medicine, 1954
Frederick C. Robbins, Physiology or Medicine, 1954
Thomas H. Weller, Physiology or Medicine, 1954
George C. Marshall, Peace, 1953
Fritz Albert Lipmann, born in then Germany, now Russia, Physiology or Medicine, 1953
E. M. Purcell, Physics, 1952
Felix Bloch, born in Switzerland, Physics, 1952
Selman A. Waksman, born in then Russian Empire, now Ukraine, Physiology or Medicine, 1952
Edwin M. McMillan, Chemistry, 1951
Glenn Theodore Seaborg, Chemistry, 1951
Ralph J. Bunche, Peace, 1950
Philip S. Hench, Physiology or Medicine, 1950
Edward C. Kendall, Physiology or Medicine, 1950
William Giauque, born in Canada, Chemistry, 1949
William Faulkner, Literature, 1949
T. S. Eliot*, Literature, 1948
American Friends Service Committee (The Quakers), Peace, 1947
Carl Ferdinand Cori, born in Austria, Physiology or Medicine, 1947
Gerty Cori, born in Austria, Physiology or Medicine, 1947
Wendell M. Stanley, Chemistry, 1946
James B. Sumner, Chemistry, 1946
John H. Northrop, Chemistry, 1946
Emily G. Balch, Peace, 1946
John R. Mott, Peace, 1946
Percy W. Bridgman, Physics, 1946
Hermann J. Muller, Physiology or Medicine, 1946
Cordell Hull, Peace, 1945
Isidor Isaac Rabi, born in Austria, Physics, 1944
Joseph Erlanger, Physiology or Medicine, 1944
Herbert S. Gasser, Physiology or Medicine, 1944
Otto Stern, born in then Germany, now Poland, Physics, 1943
Edward A. Doisy, Physiology or Medicine, 1943
Ernest Lawrence, Physics, 1939
Pearl S. Buck, Literature, 1938
Clinton Davisson, Physics, 1937
Eugene O'Neill, Literature, 1936
Carl Anderson, Physics, 1936
Harold C. Urey, Chemistry, 1934
George R. Minot, Physiology or Medicine, 1934
William P. Murphy, Physiology or Medicine, 1934
George H. Whipple, Physiology or Medicine, 1934
Thomas H. Morgan, Physiology or Medicine, 1933
Irving Langmuir, Chemistry, 1932
Jane Addams, Peace, 1931
Nicholas M. Butler, Peace, 1931
Sinclair Lewis, Literature, 1930
Frank B. Kellogg, Peace, 1929
Arthur H. Compton, Physics, 1927
Charles G. Dawes, Peace, 1925
Robert A. Millikan, Physics, 1923
Woodrow Wilson, Peace, 1919
Theodore W. Richards, Chemistry, 1914
Elihu Root, Peace, 1912
Albert A. Michelson, born in then Germany, now Poland, Physics, 1907
Theodore Roosevelt, Peace, 1906

Venezuela
Baruj Benacerraf*, Physiology or Medicine, 1980

Vietnam
Lê Đức Thọ, born in French Indochina, Peace, 1973 (declined)

Yemen
Tawakkol Karman, Peace, 2011

Related pages
 List of Nobel Prize winners by country
 List of Nobel Prize winners in Chemistry
 List of Nobel Prize winners in Economics
 List of Nobel Prize winners in Physics
 List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine
 List of Nobel Prize winners in Literature
 List of Nobel Peace Prize winners

References

Lists of countries

List of Nobel laureates by country


Thomas of Metsoph (, Thovma Metsopetsi) (1378–1446) was an Armenian cleric and chronicler who left an account of Timur's invasions of the Caucasus (1386–1403). What we know of Thomas's life comes from a biography written by his student Kirakos Banaser and from a number of 15th-century colophons.

Biography
Born in Aghiovit, north of Lake Van, Thomas received his early education at the monastery of Metsob, northwest of the city of Arjesh (Erciş in modern Turkey). He had to spend a peripatetic life fleeing the repeated attacks of the Timurid and Turkoman armies. He engaged in teaching and literary activity at several religious centers in Armenian, including Sukhara, Tatev, Lim, and Metsoph (also spelled Metsob). He was also involved in the struggle against the influence of Roman Catholicism within the Armenian Church, and helped transfer the Armenian catholicosate from Sis in Cilician Armenia back to Echmiadzin in Greater Armenia (1441). His major work is The History of Timur and His Successors, which is essentially an eyewitness account written for the most part from memory. Although not flawless, it is an important source for Armenia and Georgia in the late 14th and early 15th centuries. The classical Armenian text was published by K. Shahnazarian in Paris in 1860, translated into French by Félix Nève in 1855, and into English by Robert Bedrosian in 1977.

See also
Timur's invasions of Georgia
Turkoman invasions of Georgia

References

External links
 English translation of the History of Tamerlane and His Successors

1378 births
1446 deaths
15th-century Armenian historians

Thomas of Metsoph


Carl Leavitt Hubbs (October 19, 1894 – June 30, 1979) was an American ichthyologist.

Biography

Youth
He was born in Williams, Arizona. He was the son of Charles Leavitt and Elizabeth (née Goss) Hubbs. His father had a wide variety of jobs (farmer, iron mine owner, newspaper owner). The family moved several times before settling in San Diego where he got his first taste of natural history. After his parents divorced in 1907, he lived with his mother, who opened a private school in Redondo Beach, California. His maternal grandmother Jane Goble Goss, one of the first female doctors, showed Hubbs how to harvest shellfish and other sea creatures.

One of his teachers, impressed by Hubbs's abilities in science, recommended that he study chemistry at the University of Berkeley. The family moved once more to Los Angeles. In Los Angeles, George Bliss Culver, one of the many volunteers of David Starr Jordan, encouraged Hubbs to abandon his study of birds and instead to study fish, particularly those fish that inhabited the rivers of Los Angeles, which at that time had not been well researched. Hubbs completed his studies at Stanford University, following particularly the ichthyologist Charles Henry Gilbert, a disciple of Jordan. Gilbert became Hubbs's mentor and gave him the responsibility of caring for a collection of fish from Stanford. During this same period, Hubbs met John Otterbein Snyder, another disciple of Jordan. Hubbs obtained his BA in 1916 and his master's degree in 1917.

Curator
From 1917 until 1920 Hubbs served as the assistant curator of fish, amphibians, and reptiles at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago. He married Laura Cornelia Clark on June 15, 1918, with whom he had three children. His wife, who had also studied at Stanford, having received her BA in 1915 and her master's degree in 1916, taught math.

In 1920, he took the position of curator of fish at the Museum of Zoology at the University of Michigan, a position he held for 24 years. In 1927, while working at the University of Michigan, he received his Ph.D., writing his dissertation on The Consequences of Structural Modifications of the Developmental Rate in Fishes Considered in Reference to Certain Problems of Evolution. Hubbs himself along with members of team and students contributed to the enrichment of the museum's collection. In 1929, he participated in an academic trip to Java where he collected five tons of specimens. Hubbs began to study hybridization among different species of fish.

California
In addition to his position as conservator, Hubbs was the first director of the Institute for Fisheries Research in the Department of Conservation of Michigan (1930–1935). In this role, he conducted research on the diverse inventory of regional fauna, mortality, water pollution, growth and predation. During his stay at the University of Michigan, Hubbs issued more than 300 publications, almost entirely devoted to fish. His studies were not confined to the United States because he also studied a large collection of fish from Japan.

From 1944 to 1969, Hubbs taught biology at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California San Diego in La Jolla, where he replaced Francis Bertody Sumner. From 1969 to 1979 he served as professor emeritus. He accepted the post for the new research opportunities it opened. Still, the position offered a lower salary and the rules prevented him from hiring his wife.

The restrictions of World War II forced the Scripps Institution to rent his research boat to the army, significantly restricting his research opportunities. During the summer of 1946, Errol Flynn, son of a marine biologist, offered Hubbs to accompany him during a cruise aboard his yacht, the Zaca. The results weren't great but Hubbs discovered high levels of endemism of species of Guadeloupe.

In the years following the war, Hubbs began doing research in the field of commercial and recreational fishing. He observed changes in population patterns depending on the fluctuation in temperatures in the Pacific Ocean. He began studies of ancient climates through such tools as dating mollusk shells. His research led to the founding of a laboratory in 1957 to provide dating for archaeological and geological samples. He bequeathed his collection to San Diego's Archaeological Museum of Man in 1973.

Family
Hubbs was married to mathematician Laura Cornelia Clark Hubbs, sister of ichthyologist Frances Naomi Clark. They met on a field trip of the Stanford Natural History Club. The couple worked there and had three children who survived to adulthood, Frances (born in 1919), Clark born in 1921 and Earl born in 1922. Frances, who married the ichthyologist Robert Rush Miller, and Clark both became ichthyologists, while Earl became a headteacher.

Death
He died June 30, 1979, in La Jolla, California. Hubbs SeaWorld Research Institute was named after him.

Scientific research
Hubbs issued 712 publications. At first, he studied the fish of the Great Lakes but after moving to La Jolla, he expanded his research to include marine mammals. He also served as an active adviser, both through articles for popular magazines, the Encyclopædia Britannica, and radio broadcasts. He educated the public from 1920 to 1930 the need to protect the habitats of marine mammals. For his environmental protection work he received a gold medal of the San Diego Natural History Society.

Hubbs was a member of several of learned societies, participating in the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, the Wildlife Society of San Diego Natural History Society, and the National Academy of Sciences of the Linnean Society of London. He received numerous awards from the Academy of Natural Sciences and the California Academy of Sciences. He was awarded the 1964 Leidy Award from the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Legacy

The Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute is named after Hubbs
Hubbs's name was given to a dried-up lake in Nevada, and to a number of organisms:

Taxon named in his honor
 five genera and twenty-two species of fish, including
Allodontichthys hubbsi,
Astyanax hubbsi (Mexican cave fish),
Colpichthys hubbsi,
Coregonus hubbsi (Ives Lake cisco),
Cottus hubbsi,
Gambusia hubbsi,
Gobiomorphus hubbsi (bluegill bully),
Gymnothorax hubbsi,
Lampanyctus hubbsi,
Lampetra hubbsi (Kern brook lamprey),
Leucichthys hubbsi,
Malacoctenus hubbsi (Redside blenny),
Merluccius-hubbsi (Argentine hake),
Moxostoma hubbsi (copper redhorse),
Notropis hubbsi,
Novumbra hubbsi (olympic mudminnow),
Oryzias hubbsi,
The Southern scythemarked butterflyfish Prognathodes carlhubbsi Nalbant, 1995
Pteronotropis hubbsi (bluehead shiner),
Rosenblattichthys hubbsi (Hubbs' pearleye),
Strongylura hubbsi
 a genus and a species of lichen
 a species of bird
 two species of mollusk, including Abyssotrophon hubbsi
 a species of crab
 three species of cave arthropod
 two species of insect
 three species of algae
 Hubbs' beaked whale, Mesoplodon carlhubbsi

Progeny
 a human, Obadiah Carl Miller, a great-grandson

Notes

Taxon described by him
See :Category:Taxa named by Carl Leavitt Hubbs

References

External links
 Studies in Ichthyology, David Starr Jordan, Carl Leavitt Hubbs, Published by Stanford University, Palo Alto, Ca., 1919
 National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
 Virginia social archive

American ichthyologists
Archaeologists of the Baja California peninsula
1894 births
1979 deaths
People from Williams, Arizona
Leavitt family
Stanford University alumni
Scripps Institution of Oceanography faculty
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of Michigan alumni
Fellows of the Linnean Society of London
People from Redondo Beach, California
Writers from Arizona
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American zoologists
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American philanthropists
Writers from California
Scientists from Arizona
Scientists from California

Carl Leavitt Hubbs


John Marmion Edmond FRS (April 27, 1943 – April 10, 2001) was a professor of marine geochemistry and oceanography at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who did pioneering work on oceanic particulate matter, the oceanic carbon dioxide cycle, trace elements, and radioisotopes.  He explored and analyzed water chemistry from environments as diverse as the mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal vents to the polar oceans to remote rivers and lakes in South America, Africa, Siberia, and Tibet.  He and his students and colleagues in his lab measured more chemical elements at lower concentrations in water than had ever been done before.

Biography
Edmond was born on April 27, 1943, in Glasgow, Scotland, and was educated at the University of Glasgow (BSc degree, 1965) and the University of California, San Diego, where he received his PhD in 1970 at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography.  He was a Fellow of the Royal Society as well as of the American Geophysical Union. He received AGU's Macelwane Medal, and the Urey Medal.

He died on April 10, 2001.  Francis Albarede, President of the European Association of Geochemistry at the time of Edmond's death said "A scientist can be extremely proud if by the end of his life he had contributed one idea that changed the human perception of the world. John Edmond left us with several of these."

References

1943 births
2001 deaths
Scientists from Glasgow
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Fellows of the Royal Society
Scottish geochemists
University of California, San Diego alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty
Scottish oceanographers
Scripps Institution of Oceanography alumni
Fellows of the American Geophysical Union

John M. Edmond


A parable is a succinct, didactic story, in prose or verse, that illustrates one or more instructive lessons or principles. It differs from a fable in that fables employ animals, plants, inanimate objects, or forces of nature as characters, whereas parables have human characters. A parable is a type of metaphorical analogy.

Some scholars of the canonical gospels and the New Testament apply the term "parable" only to the parables of Jesus, although that is not a common restriction of the term. Parables such as the parable of the Prodigal Son are important to Jesus's teaching method.

Etymology
The word parable comes from the Greek παραβολή (parabolē), literally "throwing" (bolē) "alongside" (para-), by extension meaning "comparison, illustration, analogy." It was the name given by Greek rhetoricians to an illustration in the form of a brief fictional narrative.

History
The Bible contains numerous parables in the Gospels of the New Testament (Jesus's parables). These are believed by some scholars (such as John P. Meier) to have been inspired by mashalim, a form of Hebrew comparison prominent in the Talmudic period (c. 2nd-6th centuries CE). Examples of Jesus' parables include the Good Samaritan and the Prodigal Son. Mashalim from the Old Testament include the parable of the ewe-lamb (told by Nathan in 2 Samuel 12:1-9) and the parable of the woman of Tekoah (in 2 Samuel 14:1-13 ).

Parables also appear in Islam.  In Sufi tradition, parables are used for imparting lessons and values. Recent authors such as Idries Shah and Anthony de Mello have helped popularize these stories beyond Sufi circles.

Modern parables also exist. A mid-19th-century example, the parable of the broken window, criticises a part of economic thinking.

Characteristics

A parable is a short tale that illustrates a universal truth; it is a simple narrative. It sketches a setting, describes an action, and shows the results. It may sometimes be distinguished from similar narrative types, such as the allegory and the apologue.

A parable often involves a character who faces a moral dilemma or one who makes a bad decision and then suffers the unintended consequences. Although the meaning of a parable is often not explicitly stated, it is not intended to be hidden or secret but to be quite straightforward and obvious.

The defining characteristic of the parable is the presence of a subtext suggesting how a person should behave or what he should believe. Aside from providing guidance and suggestions for proper conduct in one's life, parables frequently use metaphorical language which allows people to more easily discuss difficult or complex ideas. Parables express an abstract argument by means of using a concrete narrative which is easily understood.

The allegory is a more general narrative type; it also employs metaphor. Like the parable, the allegory makes a single, unambiguous point. An allegory may have multiple noncontradictory interpretations and may also have implications that are ambiguous or hard to interpret. As H.W. Fowler put it, the object of both parable and allegory "is to enlighten the hearer by submitting to him a case in which he has apparently no direct concern, and upon which therefore a disinterested judgment may be elicited from him, ..." The parable is more condensed than the allegory: it rests upon a single principle and a single moral, and it is intended that the reader or listener shall conclude that the moral applies equally well to his own concerns.

Parables of Jesus

Medieval interpreters of the Bible often treated Jesus' parables as allegories, with symbolic correspondences found for every element in his parables. But modern scholars, beginning with Adolf Jülicher, regard their interpretations as incorrect. Jülicher viewed some of Jesus' parables as similitudes (extended similes or metaphors) with three parts: a picture part (Bildhälfte), a reality part (Sachhälfte), and a tertium comparationis. Jülicher held that Jesus' parables are intended to make a single important point, and most recent scholarship agrees.

Gnostics suggested that Jesus kept some of his teachings secret within the circle of his disciples and that he deliberately obscured their meaning by using parables. For example, in Mark 4:11–12:

The idea that coded meanings in parables would only become apparent when a listener had been given additional information or initiated into a higher set of teachings is supported by The Epistle of Barnabas, reliably dated between AD 70 to 132:  For if I should write to you concerning things immediate or future, ye would not understand them, because they are put in parables. So much then for this.
Another important component of the parables of Jesus is their participatory and spontaneous quality. Often, but not always, Jesus creates a parable in response to a question from his listeners or an argument between two opposing views. This style, often associated with the Socratics, endeared Jesus to the populations where he taught.

Quranic parables

The Quran's Q39:28-30 boasts "every kind of parable in the Quran". The Quranic verses include parables of the good and evil tree (Q14:32-45), of the two men, and of the spider's house. Q16:77 contains the parable of the slave and his master, followed by the parable of the blind man and the sighted.

Other figures of speech
The parable is related to figures of speech such as the metaphors and simile. A parable is like a metaphor in that it uses concrete, perceptible phenomena to illustrate abstract ideas. It may be said that a parable is a metaphor that has been extended to form a brief, coherent narrative. A parable also resembles a simile, i.e., a metaphorical construction in which something is said to be "like" something else (e.g., "The just man is like a tree planted by streams of water"). However, unlike the meaning of a simile, a parable's meaning is implicit (although not secret).

Examples

 Akhfash's goat – a Persian parable
 Hercules at the crossroads – an ancient Greek parable
 Parables by Ignacy Krasicki, from his 1779 book Fables and Parables:
 Abuzei and Tair
 The Blind Man and the Lame
 The Drunkard
 The Farmer
 Son and Father
 The Rooster Prince – a Hasidic parable

See also
 Allegory
 Amplification (rhetoric)
 Exemplification

References

External links

 Jewish Encyclopedia: Parable
 Catholic Encyclopedia: Parable
 Spiritual Parables
 Secular Parables

Christian genres
Fiction
Folklore
Meaning in religious language
Narrative techniques
Persuasion techniques
Rhetorical techniques
Short story types
Spirituality
Traditional stories

Parable


Semivowels are consonants that almost sound like vowels. In English, the semivowels are written as W and Y (written as /w/ and /j/ in IPA). In Latin, even though semivowels are phonemes, or unique sounds, they have no special letters used to write them. The letters V and I were used to write the sounds /w/ and /j/, and these same letters were also used to write the vowels /u/ and /i/ in the same order. For example, Gaius Julius Caesar was written as Gaivs Ivlivs Caesar and wine was written as vinvm. The letter J was added after the fall of the Roman Empire to write the semivowel /j/ to show the difference between /j/ and /i/.

References

Consonants

Semivowel


Mel Haber (October 24, 1936 – October 25, 2016) was the owner and proprietor of the Ingleside Inn and Melvyn's Restaurant in Palm Springs, California from 1975 until his death. He also served on the board of the Angel View Crippled Children's Foundation for more than 25 years.

Early years
Haber was born in Brooklyn, New York, the youngest of four children and the only boy of Louis and Mary Haber.  The son of a garment district salesman, Haber grew up in an apartment overlooking Ocean Parkway in the Flatbush section of Brooklyn. He attended Erasmus Hall High School; some of its alumni included actors Jeff Chandler, Moe Howard, Bernie Kopell, Barbara Stanwyck, singer Barbra Streisand, author Mickey Spillane, chess player Bobby Fischer and Sid Luckman, the former quarterback of the Chicago Bears.

When Louis Haber died at fifty-two of a heart attack, Mel became the family's breadwinner.  To make ends meet, the twelve-year-old started delivering groceries, sold peanuts and beer at Ebbets Field and spent his summers in the Catskills as a busboy.  He says it was there where he learned "motion efficiency," which is commonly known as "working smart," a trait he used when he eventually operated six different restaurants.  Once Haber graduated high school, he enrolled in the Fashion Institute of Technology (F.I.T.) on the west side of Manhattan in the fall of 1954.

Successes and failures
Two months after Haber enrolled in F.I.T., he quit after he received a phone call from businessman Artie Schifrin, who offered him a job at $85 a week working for Wallfrin Industries.  In December 1954, ABC aired a series called Davy Crockett, Indian Fighter.  The coonskin cap worn by actor Fess Parker set off a craze with the nation's youth, and several manufacturing companies, including Wallfrin Industries, jumped on the multimillion-dollar business bandwagon and began producing coonskin items.  The craze lasted longer than anyone expected and finally ended when raccoon tails surged from twenty-five cents each to $5 a pound by May 1955.

Out of work for the first time in his life, Haber regrouped at age nineteen.  He first sold shoes and then stocks before he received a life-changing phone call from Schifrin, who switched Wallfrin Industries from a bicycle accessories business to an automotive novelty business and desperately wanted him back.

Wallfrin Industries
Following World War II, the greatest and longest economic boom in world history was launched, and by the late fifties, approximately ten million cars were sold on an annual basis.  It was an era in which American teenagers (the Baby Boom Generation) did everything in their cars.  Between 1961 and 1968, Wallfrin Industries produced 750 different items such as hula dolls that gyrated in rear windows, religious statues for the dashboard, fuzzy dice for the rear view mirror, self-adhesive pin striping and tiger tails to hang on the gas tank.  Their most successful product was Amber Lens Dye, which sold more than one million units.

Automatic Radio purchased Wallfrin Industries in 1968 for $3 million, of which Haber collected 10 percent.  Haber used the money to start several new businesses on the side.  He launched a boiler-cleaning business, a front-end wheel-alignment franchise, a company factoring medical centers, an import business, a vacuum forming business, and an automotive-chemical manufacturing business.  None of them were money makers and Haber shut them down and regrouped.  Facing a textbook mid-life crisis, Haber traded in his large house in Long Island and Rolls-Royce for a used Fiat and a furnished apartment in Marina Del Rey in Los Angeles.

Palm Springs
Invited by a friend to visit Palm Springs, Haber stumbled upon the Ingleside Inn in 1975.  The property, located at 200 Ramon Road, was in a state of disrepair thanks to an absentee owner.  Haber learned the original owner was the widow of Humphrey Birge, manufacturer of the Pierce-Arrow motorcar.  She built the private estate at the foot of the San Jacinto Mountains in 1925 and sold it a decade later to Palm Springs Councilwoman Ruth Hardy, who transformed the place into a 20-room hotel.  She successfully ran the Inn for the next thirty years as an exclusive private club whose guests came by invitation only.  Hardy's clientele included Howard Hughes, John Wayne, Greta Garbo, Spencer Tracy, Katharine Hepburn, Greer Garson, Elizabeth Taylor, Ava Gardner, Salvador Dalí, Norman Vincent Peale and J.C. Penney.

After Hardy's death in 1965, the stardust from the old days had largely faded away over the next decade.  Haber, who knew nothing about operating a resort, made a spontaneous handshake deal to buy the property for $300,000.  On April 15, 1975, Haber became the owner of the Ingleside Inn.

Ingleside Inn and Melvyn's
Haber shut down the Inn that summer and spent $500,000 in restoration costs, including Melvyn's restaurant. The Inn re-opened on September 15, 1975 and was an immediate success.

Over the years, the Inn has become a magnet for Hollywood's elite, U.S. Presidents, royalty, aristocrats, captains of industry and celebrities visiting Palm Springs.  They include Frank Sinatra, Jerry Lewis, Bob Hope, Lucille Ball, Marlon Brando, Arnold Schwarzenegger and Maria Shriver, Sylvester Stallone, Liza Minnelli, Liberace, Barry Manilow, Kurt Russell, Goldie Hawn, Don Adams, Rita Hayworth, Pat Boone, Debbie Reynolds, Larry King, John Travolta, Sidney Sheldon, David Hasselhoff, President Gerald Ford, and George Hamilton, just to name a few.

The status of the hotel was enhanced when Frank Sinatra and Barbara Marx held their pre-wedding party at Melvyn's in July 1976. Later the restaurant and Inn were named one of the world's premier hotel and dining venues by Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous.

Cecils and other restaurant ventures
Tapping into the popularity of disco, Haber opened Cecils, a  Chinese restaurant/discothèque on October 1, 1979.  The $1.2 million disco rivaled Studio 54 in popularity and attracted celebrities like Kirk Douglas, Sonny Bono, Evel Knievel, Reggie Jackson, Smokey Robinson, Joan Collins, Jack Paar, Mary Martin, Carol Conners, Lola Falana, Lyle Waggoner, Ed Marinaro, Deney Terrio and John Travolta.

Haber followed Cecils with a pair of dining ventures in the early 1980s: Saturdays and Doubles.  Saturdays was a knock off of the T.G.I. Friday's franchise while Doubles was a large restaurant inside the famed Tennis Club.  Haber unexpectedly found himself the second largest employer in Palm Springs with approximately 200 people on his payroll.

Angel View Foundation
Pop culture historians had proclaimed disco dead by 1980, but it was alive and well in Palm Springs.  Haber sold Cecil's to a pair of local businessmen in 1985.  That same year he also sold Doubles and Saturdays. Haber then devoted himself to the Angel View Crippled Children's Foundation, which was based in nearby Desert Hot Springs.

The foundation was originally created by a group from the Coachella Valley who felt the area's natural hot springs would be useful in the rehabilitation of children with polio.  Angel View's mission broadened to include those children afflicted with a wide range of physical challenges.  Haber served as a board member in 1983 and became Angel View's president in 1993.  The foundation opened its seventeenth home and named it the Mel Haber House on November 14, 2002.

Safe House
After being the President of Angel View for many years, Mr. Haber stepped down and in 2014 joined the Board of Operation SafeHouse.

SafeHouse is dedicated to the protection and well-being of children in crisis providing emergency shelter and a secure haven for runaway, abandoned and homeless children.  As a founding member of the Riverside Anti-Trafficking Task Force, SafeHouse is the leading organization working to stem the growing epidemic of child trafficking in our Coachella Valley.  SafeHouse provides assistance to more than 800 children a year helping them make a new start in life.

Touche
Palm Springs had been awaiting Haber's return to the club scene and in January 1994, he obliged them with the opening of Touche, a $1.3 million Moroccan-themed bar, nightclub and restaurant. More than 500 people showed up on opening night, including Andy Williams, George Hamilton, Connie Stevens, Jack Jones, Engelbert Humperdinck, Marc Lawrence and Jackie Mason. Despite an international plug from Runaway with the Rich and Famous (featuring Robin Leach), a pattern emerged at Touche: Haber was turning people away on weekends, but had no mid-week business. He eventually discovered that people's work and play habits had changed, and that there was also more enlightenment about alcohol and substance abuse through the media. Haber sold Touche in 1996 for $250,000 and returned his attentions back to The Ingleside Inn and Melvyn's, which were still thriving.

Author
With the sale of Touche, Haber wrote an anecdotal book called Bedtime Stories of the Ingleside Inn. The book mainly focused on funny stories and misadventures involving the Ingleside Inn and Melvyn's.  With a dedication by Arnold Schwarzenegger, the 1996 book sold approximately 10,000 copies.

Haber's second book, Palm Springs á la Carte: The Colorful World of the Caviar Crowd at Their Favorite Desert Hideaway, was co-authored with biographer Marshall Terrill and published in 2008.

Honors
On October 24, 1996 (his 60th birthday) Haber received a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars. Also, the City of Palm Springs designated the Ingleside Inn as an official historic site.

References

External links

1936 births
2016 deaths
American hoteliers
American humorists
20th-century American Jews
American male writers
American restaurateurs
Businesspeople from California
People from Flatbush, Brooklyn
Fashion Institute of Technology alumni
Erasmus Hall High School alumni
20th-century American businesspeople
21st-century American Jews

Mel Haber