Team Fortress 2 (TF2) is a free-to-play multiplayer first-person shooter video game. It is made by Valve Corporation, who develops and publishes the game.

The game has nine characters, called classes. Players can choose which one of these classes they want to play, and can change classes in the middle of a round. There are many different game modes, such as Payload, which has one team pushing a cart along a track while the other team tries to stop them, and a version of Capture the Flag, where players must capture a briefcase with important papers. The game is set in 1968, in an alternate history. The game also takes inspiration from many famous spy movies and TV shows, taking elements from James Bond, The Man from U.N.C.L.E., and Get Smart.

The game was first released in October of 2007 in The Orange Box, a package with Half Life 2, Portal and Team Fortress 2. It was later released separately for the Playstation 3, Xbox 360, Microsoft Windows, Linux and Mac computers. It became free to play on June 23, 2011.

Classes
Team Fortress 2 has nine classes. The classes are split into groups of three, which are offense, defense and support. Each class has its own strengths and weaknesses, causing the classes to rely on each other to win, promoting teamwork. Also, each class can change their weapons to different ones that they find over time or make from scrap metal. For example, the Soldier could change his normal rocket launcher into 'The Direct Hit.' It shoots faster, stronger rockets at the cost of having a smaller explosion size. In general, the different weapons are not upgrades, but rather 'side-grades.' They are better at certain times, while worse at other times.

Offense
The offensive classes are the Scout, the Soldier, and the Pyro. These classes have abilities that make them best suited for attacking the other team, but also easy to kill.

Scout
The Scout is a young man from Boston with an interest in baseball. He is the fastest runner in the game, making him a good class to use in capture the flag, as he can run in, grab the enemy team's briefcase, and run out. Also, he captures control points at twice the speed of any other class. However, he also is tied for the lowest health of any class. His default weapons include a scattergun, a pistol, and a baseball bat. He is excellent at killing Medics and Demomen.

Soldier
The Soldier is a middle-aged man from the American midwest. His main weapon is a rocket launcher which he can use to blow up enemies, or, if fired at his own feet, can be used to make him jump very high. This is called 'rocket jumping.' Rocket jumping will hurt the Soldier, though, and if he is low on health, it could kill him. Rocket jumping can also make the Soldier move forward very fast, sometimes even faster than the Scout. Soldier also uses shotguns and shovels to attack. The Soldier is a good offensive class but he cannot move very fast and is easy to hit. The Soldier has a large amount of health, the second highest of all the classes.

Pyro
The Pyro is a character wearing a full-body rubber suit and gas mask, so nobody knows their race, age, or gender. They also speak in a muffled voice so nobody knows what they're really saying. Pyro's main weapon is a flamethrower, used to set enemies on fire. Once an enemy is set on fire, they will burn for several seconds, meaning they can die even if they have killed the Pyro that set them on fire. This is called "Afterburn". For backup, they have a shotgun and a fire axe. The Pyro is good for checking for Spies using their flamethrower. This is called "Spy-checking". Pyros can help against Übercharged players by pushing them back with an "air blast" or "compression blast". The air blast can also reflect projectiles, such as grenades or rockets, back at the enemy team, which will inflict bonus damage. They are weak at long range. The Pyro has a good amount of both health and speed.

Defense
The defensive classes are the Demoman, the Heavy Weapons Guy, and the Engineer. The abilities of these classes make them best for defending things their team needs, such as control points, briefcases, and carts.

Demoman
The Demoman, short for Demolition Man, is a black Scotsman with an eyepatch. His main weapons are a grenade launcher and sticky bombs. Grenades will explode immediately if you hit a player before the grenade hits the ground, or a few seconds after being shot if they do not hit anything. Sticky bombs can stick to walls and then be set off by the Demoman when an enemy gets close. The Demoman can also replace his sticky launcher for a shield. The shield lets the Demoman charge forward at high speeds, and do more damage with his close-ranged weapon. His close-range weapon is a bottle of whiskey. The Demoman is a very strong class. His sticky bombs do great damage, and can be used to 'sticky jump' much like how a Soldier can rocket jump. Also like the Soldier, the Demoman is good in most situations. He is an easy target for Scouts, however.

Heavy Weapons Guy (Heavy)
The Heavy Weapons Guy, also known as the Heavy, is a middle-aged man from the Soviet Union who is built like a tank. Because of his large size, he has the highest health of all the classes. Also because of his size, he is the slowest runner. His main weapon is a minigun which he named Sasha and treats like a person. The minigun does by far the most damage at close range of any gun in the game, due to its high fire rate and damage. It uses a lot of ammunition very quickly, so if he runs out, he can use his shotgun or his fists to punch enemies to death. The Heavy is great at close range or in small, cramped places. Spies and Snipers are useful for killing Heavies because they are capable of doing high damage instantly with backstabs (Spy) and headshots (Sniper). At close range, the Heavy will usually win one-on-one fights unless he is surprised.

Engineer
The Engineer is a middle-aged man from Bee Cave, Texas with 11 Ph.D.s. His main use is to make buildings. His first building, the Sentry Gun, is a non-moving gun that targets enemies and shoots automatically. It can be improved to have more health and firepower. His next building is the Dispenser, which gives teammates nearby health and ammo. Finally, he can also build teleporters, which can move his friends closer to the fight. The Engineer also has a shotgun, pistol, and a wrench to defend himself. His Sentries are great for stopping anything short of an Übercharged player. The Engineer himself is weak, and poorly placed Sentries can be blown up by smart Soldiers and Demomen. Spies also ruin the Engineer's day.

Support
Finally, the supporting classes are the Medic, the Sniper, and the Spy. Their abilities are there to help the team, so they do not typically engage in direct combat, but can if they must.

Medic
The Medic is an older man from Stuttgart, Germany. His main duty is healing the other classes. He has a machine called the Medigun which, when pointed at a teammate, slowly restores their health. He can also 'overheal' players, which gives them more health than they can normally have. This overheal slowly fades over time. After healing for a few minutes, the Medic is able to use an Übercharge, which makes him and his heal target invincible for a few seconds. For defense, the Medic has a bone saw and a gun that shoots syringes. The Medic is a very powerful teammate, but is easy to kill at the same time. Since he loses almost every direct fight, he usually stays with a teammate who he heals, called a 'Medic Buddy' or 'Pocket'. This Pocket player's job is to keep the Medic safe. The Pocket is usually a Heavy, Soldier, or Demoman due to their large health and firepower.

Sniper
The Sniper is Australian. His main weapon is a sniper rifle. He often stays in one area away from the main battlefield and shoots enemies from a distance using careful aim. He also has a sword and a sub-machine gun he can use in close combat. The Sniper is very good at killing the enemy Medics, Heavies, and Engineers. While using his sniper rifle, he can focus his aim to charge his shot, dealing more damage. An uncharged shot to the head does 150 damage. Only Pyros, Demomen, Soldiers, and Heavies can survive this without an overheal. A fully charged shot to the head deals 450 damage, enough to kill even an overhealed Heavy.

Spy
The Spy is a French man. His main asset is stealth. He has a watch which makes him invisible for short periods of time, and a cigarette case with disguises in it. He can disguise as any member of the other team to trick them into not hurting him. This disguise also tricks Sentry Guns built by Engineers. However, there are ways to find and kill spies, commonly called "spy-checks". The Spy can also place 'sappers' on enemy buildings, hurting them and turning them off until an Engineer can remove the sapper. For fighting, he has a revolver and a knife. The knife allows the Spy to kill an enemy instantly if he stabs them in the back. He is useful for killing Medics, Heavies, Engineers, and Snipers. The Pyro is able to easily stop him, as even when he turns invisible or is disguised, players can still see the fire on him. The Spy is considered a "pick class", meaning he is very dispensable but also very useful to get certain kills.

Game modes
There are several different ways the game can be played, each with different goals for the two opposing teams. For all games, players are split into the RED and BLU teams. RED stands for Reliable Excavation and Demolition. Players on this team have red uniforms. Buildings owned by the RED team are also usually red and made of wood. BLU stands for Builders League United. Players on this team wear blue uniforms. Buildings owned by the BLU team are usually blue and made of concrete.

Payload
The Payload game mode has the offensive team pushing a cart with a bomb on it along a track while the defending team tries to stop them. If the offensive team cannot get the cart to the end of the track before the time limit runs out, they lose. If they are successful, the defending team's base is blown up. Along the track are Checkpoints. Each Checkpoint the offensive team pushes the cart over will give them extra time to get the cart to the end of the track.

Payload Race
Valve later added a race mode to Payload maps, where both teams push a cart along a track to the other team's base. The team that gets the cart to the other team's base first wins.

Control Points
Control Point maps involve both teams attacking and defending the opposing team's Control Points. A Control Point is a circle on the ground that glows the color of the team that has captured it. Control Points are captured by standing on them for a certain length of time. There are three kinds of Control Point maps.

Standard Control Points
Standard Control Point, or Linear Control Point, maps play symmetrically. Both teams start with two controlled points, and a central point starts out neutral. The team that captures all control points wins. Traditional Control Point maps will go into Sudden Death (or Stalemate) if no team captures all the control points before times runs out. Control points closer to a team's spawn point are captured more quickly by the enemy team.

Attack/Defend
Attack/Defend maps play asymmetrically. RED begins with all the points in their control. BLU wins if it captures all of RED's points, but RED wins if the timer runs out before BLU can capture them all. Points may only be captured in a set order (though some maps, such as Gravel Pit and Steel, may make exceptions). RED wins if it prevents BLU from capturing all points before the timer expires. Points captured by BLU are typically locked and cannot be captured again by RED.

Territorial Control
In Territorial Control, the goal is to take over the entire map by capturing "territories". Each game is randomly selected from the six available layouts in a 'point against point' game where both teams must capture the opposite point while defending their own. After a team successfully captures the opposite point, the next round takes place in a different area of the map which is also randomly selected. After a team captures all four territories, that team must capture the enemy team's base. If the base point is captured (in Hydro, the Radar Dish for RED, the Power Plant for BLU), the attacking team wins the game. When the next round begins, territories are reset and a new random layout is selected. The Territorial Control game mode is not very popular amongst players.

Domination Control Point
In Domination Control Point, maps play symmetrically. Both teams start with no controlled points, and all points start out neutral. The team that captures all control points wins. Traditional Control Point maps will go into Sudden Death (or Stalemate) if no team captures all the control points before times runs out. Unlike Standard Control Point, once a team has all three points they win regardless of how much capture progress the other team has. There is currently only one

Capture the Flag
In Capture the Flag mode, the map is split into two nearly identical bases; one for each team. Both bases have a briefcase in them. The goal is for one team to grab the other team's briefcase and bring it back to their own base, while defending their own briefcase. You must capture the enemy intelligence 3 times in order to win the game, but server modifications can alter the number. When a player carrying the briefcase is killed, the intelligence is on the ground and returns to its base after a 60 second time period. The player who dropped the intelligence or his team can pick up the briefcase before it returns and still capture it. If a player drops the intelligence by falling into a bottomless pit, it automatically returns to its base. The briefcase can also be manually dropped.

King of the Hill
In King of the Hill mode, two teams fight to gain control over one point which is in the center of the map. When one team captures the point, they must defend it for three minutes to win. During this time, the enemy team can attack and capture the point too. This happens over and over again until one team successfully holds the point for three minutes in total. It is not needed to hold the point for three minutes at one time.

Arena
In Arena mode, two teams fight to the death. Once a team is completely wiped out, the other team wins. There is no respawning in Arena mode. Another way to win is to capture the control point that activates until one minute in the match. Once this point is captured by a team, that team wins.

Medieval Mode
Medieval Mode is just like Attack/Defend except that there are no guns allowed in Medieval mode. Players can use melee weapons and weapons that don't have firepower but cannot use guns, rocket launchers, flame throwers, stickybomb launchers, or grenade launchers. So far, there is only one official Medieval Mode map, which is DeGroot Keep.

Special Delivery
Special Delivery is a Game Mode released as part of the Pyromania Update. In this game mode, an initially neutral briefcase of Australium must be transported to Poopy Joe's rocket before the opposing team can do the same. If a player picks up the Australium and is killed while holding it, only players from the same team as the dead briefcase carrier can pick it up again. If the team fails to do so within a few seconds, the briefcase is sent back to its original position. The player who has hold of the Australium must be on the platform that is raised to the compartment at the head of the rocket and must stay on the platform as the Australium is placed into the compartment, launching the rocket and winning the round. There is currently only one official Special Delivery map, and that is Doomsday.

Mann vs. Machine
In Mann vs. Machine (commonly abbreviated as MvM), a team of six players (all wearing RED uniforms) must stop hordes of robots divided into waves from deploying a portable bomb into their base. When a robot is destroyed, it drops an in-game currency known as "credits." Players can pick up these credits before they disappear and use them to buy upgrades for their weapons and themselves. Some weapon upgrades include more damage, faster firing speed, more ammo, etc. Some player upgrades include faster speed, higher jump height, health regeneration, etc. There are different kinds of robots with different weapons and abilities. Some robots are known as "Giants." A giant normally has far better weapons and abilities than their normal counterparts.

Mann Up
There is a special type of MvM known as "Mann Up" mode. In Mann Up mode, players complete "Tours" using "Tour of Duty Tickets" or "Squad Surplus Vouchers" they have bought from the online store, known as the Mann Co. Store. Each "Operation" has a specific number of Tours in them. Finish all the waves in a Tour and all the Tours to complete the Operation. Different Tours are for different skill levels and have different robots. Completing Tours and Operations will give the players "loot" or special in-game cosmetic items players use to customize their character. In Mann Up mode, the gameplay (upgrades, maps, robots) are the same in standard MvM.

PASS Time
In PASS Time, There are three matches. Two teams fight to score a goal with a ball known as the JACK. There are 3 goals. Run in goals, Throw in goals and Bonus goals. When a team scores a goal at the enemy team's Run in or Throw in goals, They give The scoring team 1 point. If a team scores a goal at the enemy team's Bonus goal, Always shown as tall towers, The scoring team gets 3 points and the Bonus goal closes. Players are able to Pass to other players in order to get the Bonus goals open on both sides. Passes can also be interrupted by enemy players. The first team to score 5 points wins the round. If a team wins 2 matches, they win the entire game. In PASS time, there are only 4 maps.

Promotional Videos
Valve Corporation posted several animations using their Source Film Maker (commonly abbreviated as SFM) program from 2009 to 2012. Each one of these videos are short skits using humorous depictions of the 9 Team Fortress 2 classes in their real lives, and out in battle. Some of these videos have been viewed many times with, "Meet The Medic", at 57 Million views. And, "Meet The Spy", at 30 Million views, and more.

Development of Team Fortress 2

Origins and early development
The original Team Fortress was developed by Robin Walker and John Cook. This early version of Team Fortress was a free mod for the 1996 PC game Quake. In 1998, Walker and Cook were employed by Valve. At the time, Valve just released its first game, Half-Life. Valve began developing Team Fortress 2 as a separate retail game using one of Valve's own game engines, GoldSrc. In 1999, Valve released Team Fortress Classic, a port of the original Team Fortress, as a free Half-Life mod. Team Fortress Classic was developed using the publicly available Half-Life software development kit as an example to the community and industry of the flexibility of the Half-Life game.

Unlike the original Team Fortress, Valve originally planned Team Fortress 2 to have a modern war theme. It would feature a command hierarchy including a Commander class, parachute drops over enemy territory, networked voice communication, and many other unique features. The Commander class played similarly to a real-time strategy game, with the player viewing the game from a bird's-eye perspective and issuing orders to players and AI-controlled soldiers.

Team Fortress 2 was first shown at the trade event E3 1999. At E3 1999, Valve had showcased new technologies that they had developed while making Team Fortress 2. This included parametric animation, which blended animations for smoother, more lifelike movement. The game also showcased Intel's multi-resolution mesh technology, which increased performance for the game by reducing detail of on-screen elements that are far away from the screen. The game earned several awards including Best Online Game and Best Action Game.

In mid-2000, Valve announced that Team Fortress 2 had been delayed for a second time. They stated that they delayed Team Fortress 2 because they were going to make Team Fortress 2 run on an engine they own, the Source engine. After their official announcement of the delay of Team Fortress 2, Valve stopped releasing information about the game. Later, the game entered six years of silent development. Walker and Cook worked on various other Valve projects; Walker was project lead on Half-Life 2: Episode One and Cook became a Steam developer.

Team Fortress 2 became a prominent example of vaporware. It was a long-anticipated game that had seen years of development, and was often mentioned alongside another much-delayed game, Duke Nukem Forever. Walker later stated that Valve built "three to four" different versions of Team Fortress 2 before settling on their final design. Shortly before the release of Half-Life 2 in 2004, Valve's marketing director Doug Lombardi confirmed that Team Fortress 2 was still in development. Valve reintroduced Team Fortress 2 at the July 2006 EA Summer Showcase event with a much different visual design.

Final design
Valve reintroduced Team Fortress 2 at the July 2006 EA Summer Showcase event with a much different visual design. Instead of having realistic visual design like other Valve games, Team Fortress 2 features a cartoon-like visual style influenced by 20th-century commercial illustrations and the artwork of J. C. Leyendecker, Dean Cornwell, and Norman Rockwell, achieved through a visual technique called Gooch shading. Team Fortress 2 was first launched with the Source engine's new dynamic lighting, shadowing and soft particle technologies, and gave the same visual enhancements to Half-Life 2: Episode Two, another one of their games. Team Fortress 2 was the first game to use the Source engine's new Facial Animation 3 features.

Valve abandoned the realistic style when it became impossible to balance it with the unrealistic gameplay. For example, it is not realistic to have opposing armies to construct heavily detailed bases directly next to each other. The Commander class was abandoned because players would simply refuse to follow the player's orders.

Valve designed each character, team, and equipped weapon to be easy to identify, even at long range. For example, the coloring draws attention to the chest area, bringing focus on the equipped weapon. The voices for each of the classes were based on imagining what people from the 1960s would expect the classes to have sounded like, according to writer Chet Faliszek.

The map design has an "evil genius" theme. In typical maps, there are colored enemy buildings on opposite sides of the two enemies. Enemy buildings have a complex set of pathways that the player must go through to reach the objectives. These buildings are often concealed within various other constructed objects in between. Between each enemy side, maps are usually separated by a neutrally themed space. The bases hide exaggerated super weapons such as laser cannons, nuclear warheads, and missile launch facilities, taking the role of objectives. The maps are designed to have little visual clutter and have a theme, as well as have enough careful attention to effective visual design while still allowing enemies to be spotted more easily. This is achieved by using "impressionist modeling". The textures used in-game are based on photos that are filtered and improved by hand, making them look visually appealing and giving Team Fortress 2 its distinct look. The bases are designed to let players immediately know where they are. RED bases use warm colors (e.g. red), natural materials, and angular shapes (e.g. circles). On the other hand, BLU bases use cool colors (e.g. blue), industrial materials, and orthogonal shapes (e.g. squares).

Release
During the July 2006 Electronic Arts press conference, Valve revealed that Team Fortress 2 would arrive as the multiplayer component of The Orange Box. In a conference trailer, the whimsical new visual style of Team Fortress 2 of all nine mercenary classes were shown. Managing director of Valve Gabe Newell said that the company's goal was to create "the best looking and best-playing class-based multiplayer game". On September 17, 2007, a beta release of the entire game was released to Steam. On the same date, a the same beta release of the entire Team Fortress 2 game was made available for customers who had pre-purchased The Orange Box, as well as for customers who had activated their Black Box coupon. The Black Box coupon was included with the ATI HD 2900XT Graphics cards. The beta of Team Fortress 2 was also given to members of Valve's Cyber Café Program. The beta continued until the game's final release.

The game was released on October 10, 2007, both as a standalone product via Steam and at retail stores as part of The Orange Box compilation pack. Both the Steam version and the retail The Orange Box compilation packs were priced at each gaming platform's recommended retail price. The Orange Box also contains Half-Life 2, Half-Life 2: Episode One, Half-Life 2: Episode Two, and Portal. Valve offered The Orange Box at a ten percent discount for those who pre-purchased it on Steam before the October 10 release, as well as the opportunity to participate in the beta test.

References

Other websites

2007 video games
Shooter video games

Team Fortress 2


Worthington George Smith (25 March 1835 – 27 October 1917) was an English cartoonist and illustrator, archaeologist, plant pathologist, and mycologist.

Background and career

Worthington G. Smith was born in Shoreditch, London, the son of a civil servant. He received an elementary education at a local school and was then apprenticed as an architect. He married Henrietta White in 1856 and the couple had seven children, only three of whom survived childhood.

Smith worked for the architect Sir Horace Jones, becoming an expert draughtsman and a member of the Architectural Association. In 1861, however, he left the profession (having been required to design drains for Sir Horace) and embarked on a second career as a freelance illustrator. He put his former experience to use by producing illustrations for The Builder (a journal still published today) and continued as a regular contributor for the next twenty years.

In 1878, he described himself thus:

Botany and horticulture

Smith had an interest in natural history and gardening, and gradually developed a reputation as a botanical illustrator. His work appeared in the Gardeners' Chronicle and in 1869 he became its chief illustrator, retaining this position for the next 40 years. He also contributed illustrations to the Journal of Horticulture and other periodicals.

In 1880, he co-authored Illustrations of the British Flora with the noted botanical illustrator Walter Hood Fitch.

Mycology and plant pathology
Worthington G. Smith's particular expertise was in fungi, which he collected, studied, and illustrated. He published extensively, writing over 200 articles and papers, as well as several books. His first major work in 1867 was to produce coloured illustrations of poisonous and edible fungi, printed in linen-backed poster format with an accompanying booklet. He published Clavis Agaricinorum (a key to British agarics) in 1870, wrote a popular book on mushrooms and toadstools in 1879, illustrated Stevenson's Hymenomycetes Britannici in 1886, and produced a supplement to M.J. Berkeley's Outlines of British Fungology in 1891.

In 1875, Smith published a paper describing and illustrating the overwintering spores of Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight of potatoes, the disease responsible for the Great Famine of Ireland. For this he was awarded the Royal Horticultural Society's Knightian gold medal. The German mycologist Anton de Bary pointed out that Smith had actually described some contaminating spores, but national pride upheld Smith's reputation as a plant pathologist and he was appointed to several governmental commissions on plant diseases, as well as publishing a book on the subject in 1884.

He restored Sowerby's clay models of fungal fruitbodies displayed at the Natural History Museum and in 1898 wrote a successful short guide to them (later revised and reissued by John Ramsbottom). In 1908, he also wrote a "descriptive catalogue" of the specimens and drawings of the British bbasidiomycetes held at the museum.

Worthington G. Smith was the first mycologist to lead a fungus foray. In 1868 he was invited by the Woolhope Naturalists' Field Club to be the expert leader of a field meeting dubbed "a foray among the funguses". This was so successful that the club held annual "forays" for the next 24 years. Smith helped publicize the club and its forays with a series of cartoons in various journals, some of them caricaturing the leading mycologists of the day. He also designed illustrated menus in similar style for the club's annual fungus dinners at the Green Dragon in Hereford. Smith became an honorary member of the club and in 1874, as a token of appreciation, was presented with a set of cutlery engraved with fungi taken from his illustrations. In 1896 Worthington G. Smith became a founder member of the British Mycological Society and was elected its President in 1904. He was also a Fellow of the Linnean Society.

Smith's reputation as a mycologist and plant pathologist has been overshadowed by the more lasting achievements of his contemporaries. His book on plant diseases was said to have been "out of touch" when published and C.G. Lloyd claimed his Synopsis of the British Basidiomycetes resembled "an attempt by someone living in the Sahara to write a book about a rain forest." Many of the new fungal species described by Smith have been relegated to synonymy, though those that remain current include the agaric Leucoagaricus georginae (W.G. Sm.) Candusso and the bolete Rubinoboletus rubinus (W.G. Sm.) Pilát & Dermek. Smith's collections are now held in the mycological herbarium at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. The species Agaricus worthingtonii Fr., Clitopilus smithii Massee, and Geastrum smithii Lloyd were named after him.

Archaeology

Worthington G. Smith's reputation as an archaeologist, specializing in the palaeolithic era, has grown rather than diminished. Of the five Lower Palaeolithic occupation sites known from Britain, four were discovered by Smith. He became interested in the subject after reading Sir John Evans's Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain (1872). In 1878 he found stone tools in building excavations at Stoke Newington Common and traced the tool-bearing layer over a wide area of north-east London. He discovered a similar site at Caddington, Bedfordshire, and published his findings in Man, the Primeval Savage (1894). He subsequently found further sites at Whipsnade and elsewhere, as well as making other archaeological discoveries in the Bedfordshire area.

Between 1887 and 1890, Smith acted as an assistant to Stephen Williams on his excavation in Mid-Wales on the Cistercian Abbeys at Strata Florida, Strata Marcella and Abbey Cwmhir. He undertook the surveying on these sites and drawing the finds for publication. Smith also  attended the summer meetings of the Cambrian Archaeological Association regularly between 1875 and 1895.

Smith became the local county secretary for the Society of Antiquaries in 1897. In 1902 he was awarded a civil-list pension of £50 per annum "for services to archaeology" on the recommendation of Lord Avebury and Sir John Evans. The items he discovered are now dispersed, but some of his collections are held at the British Museum, Luton Museum, and the Museum of London.

A freeman of Dunstable
For reasons of health, Smith moved to his wife's home town of Dunstable, Bedfordshire, in 1884. There, he not only pursued his mycological and archaeological interests, but also investigated the history of the town. Amongst other things, he discovered and translated the charter granted to the town by King Henry I. As a result of his researches, he wrote an extensive book called Dunstable, its history and surroundings, published in 1904 and reprinted in 1980. In 1903 he became the first freeman of the borough of Dunstable, "in appreciation of the eminent services rendered to his country in connection with his profession, and his munificent gifts to the Corporation".

Selected works

Mushrooms and Toadstools: How to distinguish easily the differences between the Edible and Poisonous Fungi (David Brogue, 1879).
Diseases of field and garden crops. (Macmillan, 1884)
Outlines of British fungology: Supplement. (Reeve, 1891)
Man, the primeval savage; his haunts and relics from the hilltops of Bedfordshire to Blackwall. (E. Stanford, 1894)
Guide to Sowerby's models of British fungi in the Department of Botany, British Museum (Natural History). (British Museum, 1898)
Dunstable: The downs and the district: A handbook for visitors. (The Homeland Association, 1904)

References

External links

Botanists with author abbreviations
English illustrators
British phytopathologists
English mycologists
English archaeologists
Members of the Cambrian Archaeological Association
Fellows of the Linnean Society of London
1835 births
1917 deaths
People from Shoreditch
Veitch Memorial Medal recipients

Worthington George Smith


Renata Polverini (born 14 May 1962 in Rome) is an Italian politician and trade unionist.  She was President of the Lazio region and was formerly Secretary General of the General Labour Union (UGL); she resigned on 24 September 2012 after an expense scandal.

Biography

At the end of her studies and after an apprenticeship in the Cisnal Agriculture Trade Union Federation, she became a member of the Confederal press office. After two years, she was assigned by Cisnal to lead the administrative and organizational department.

From 1994 her job became more political, she played a central role in organising the transition of Cisnal to UGL, which happened during the 1996 Congress. She started reforms in terms of representativeness in the public sector and in the reorganization of social assistance services of the Trade Union. In 1998, she entered into the internal structure of the UGL, the Confederal Secretariat. In the same year she became UGL representative within the European Economic and Social Committee. She spent time in between Rome and Brussels and campaigned on improving health and safety in the workplace.

In 1999 she was appointed as Deputy Secretary-General UGL and General Secretary of the Private Services Trade Union Federation. In support of women involved in the organization, she created the UGL Women Coordination. She was involved in major disputes in the national chemical industry (Eni), in the metal workers sector (Fiat and Thyssen Krupp), in public employment, in the transport sector (Railways and Alitalia) and in the private services sector. She worked to reach agreements with the Prodi, D'Alema and Berlusconi governments, and contributed to all the major reforms of labour market (Law nr. 30 of 2003) and pension system, in order to defend employees interests.

In February 2006 she was elected as (with 96.7% of votes) Secretary General of UGL, first woman in Italy to lead a Trade Union confederation.

In late 2009 she brought herself forward as candidate for the presidency of the Lazio Region, in view of the elections of 29 March 2010. She led a centre-right coalition, which was however reduced when its main party, the People of Freedom led by Berlusconi, was excluded from elections in the Province of Rome for some formal errors .

In March 2010 she won the election as president of the Lazio region in a close race against Emma Bonino. Bonino is known as a pro-choice activist, while Polverini was against abortion rights and thus received support from Cardinal Angelo Bagnasco, President of the Italian Episcopal Conference. She resigned on 24 September 2012, after a controversy regarding the personal use of public money at the hand of some members of the coalition that supported her.

In 2013 and 2018 she was elected to the Chamber of Deputies. On 21 January 2021 she became a member of the Mixed Group in the Democratic Centre-Italians in Europe component. On 20 May 2021 she returned to Forza Italia.

References

External links
 UGL website in Italian
 Economic and Social Committee website in English
 Renata Polverini Official website

1962 births
Living people
Presidents of Lazio
Politicians from Rome
The People of Freedom politicians
Forza Italia (2013) politicians
21st-century Italian politicians
Italian trade unionists
21st-century Italian women politicians

Renata Polverini


miRthkon was an American avant-rock group based in Oakland, California founded by guitarist/vocalist/composer Wally Scharold. In addition to several album releases, they have also had a song featured in the video game Tap Tap Revenge ("Banana" was the Tap Tap Thursday Track on June 24, 2010). Their song "QXP-13 Space Modulator" was recreated in Guitar Hero Van Halen using the in-game song editor, GHTracks.

History
While studying composition at the Oberlin Conservatory of Music, Scharold self-published several CDs under the miRthkon name.  These early releases were not produced as albums but more as archival compilations of a variety of Scharold's compositions and improvisations, including several early, less developed versions of songs in the current band's repertoire.  These performances featured one-off bands made up of Scharold's fellow students including trumpeter Peter Evans and drummer Brian Chase of the art punk band Yeah Yeah Yeahs.  Upon completing his degree, Scharold moved to Oakland to attend Mills College for his Master of Arts in Music Composition, where he studied with Fred Frith and Alvin Curran, graduating in 2003.  There he met other musicians to form a band and perform his older miRthkon compositions, as well as collaborate on new ones.

After starting with more standard rock instrumentation the ensemble evolved to include two guitars, two woodwinds, bass and drums. From this point forward the lineup has maintained this exact instrumentation, with a few changes in the line-up. With Jarred McAdams, miRthkon then added a seventh member, providing video for live performances and general conceptual design.

The band recorded an EP "The Illusion of Joy" with the core lineup of Wally Scharold, Rob Pumpelly (The Flying Luttenbachers), Carolyn Walter, Dickie Ogden, and Nathaniel Hawkes. While searching for a regular second saxophonist, Scharold's Oberlin classmate Dave Reminick was brought in to record all alto saxophone parts.  Weeks before its release, alto saxophonist Aram Shelton joined to form the first core lineup.  Shortly after that Nathaniel hurt his hand and was temporarily replaced by Matt Lebofsky (MoeTar, Secret Chiefs 3).

Lebofsky continued to perform with the band for eight months while Hawkes healed. During this time Shelton and Ogden both left the band, replaced respectively by Jamison Smeltz and Matthew Guggemos. (Guggemos also played in an earlier version of the band during Scharold's tenure at Mills College.)

Hawkes returned from his injury and the debut album "Vehicle" was completed and released in 2009 on the Italian Avant-Progressive label AltrOck Productions. It was well received and was selected as an 'Album Pick' by reviewer Dave Lynch on the music guide service Allmusic.  After a spate of local gigs and touring on the west coast Hawkes decided to take an indefinite break from music and Lebofsky rejoined as a full member. That summer the band learned a New Music composition written specifically for them and small orchestra for a performance in San Francisco. For that show Michael Mellender of Sleepytime Gorilla Museum filled in for Pumpelly on guitar.

In 2010 miRthkon performed at the annual CalProg music festival in Whittier, California, along with District 97, RPWL, and Ambrosia (band). The performance was documented and is the core footage for their live DVD "(Format)." They also headlined the annual Switchboard Music Festival in San Francisco.

In late 2011 Pumpelly left the band, and was replaced by Travis Andrews.  On May 19, 2012 Pumpelly returned for a single performance to fill in for an absent Travis at UnderCover Presents production of Paranoid by Black Sabbath, a recreation of the 1970 album by over 50 Bay Area musicians.  miRthkon performed Scharold's arrangement of the album's final track, Fairies Wear Boots.

In 2013 the band released their second full-length album "Snack(s)" (also on AltrOck Productions) and toured Europe (including a headlining spot at the annual Rock in Opposition festival in Carmaux, France). In 2014 they went on a short tour around California opening up for Secret Chiefs 3.

Style
Like most avant-progressive artists, miRthkon's musical aesthetic eludes easy categorization, its defiance of virtually all musical convention being the only unifying attribute.  On their original Myspace page, influences listed included Albert Marcœur, Anton Webern, Fred Frith, Meshuggah, Henri Dutilleux, Anthony Braxton, Slayer, Henry Threadgill, Muhal Richard Abrams, Igor Stravinsky, Samuel Barber, and Elliott Carter.  However, more than any of these, Scharold has repeatedly made claims to the significant influence—both musically and conceptually—of Frank Zappa.

Zappa's influence is prevalent in the musical complexity of the compositions, but is also felt throughout the band's satirical presentation of a number of concepts involving a dense mythology underpinning the band's recorded and live material.  These concepts were taken to an extreme on the album "Vehicle" and a thread of continuity is maintained in their live performances via the projection of dozens of short films and fake commercials created by Scharold and video/conceptual collaborator Jarred McAdams.

Zappa's influence can also be found in the execution of the music itself.  Scharold has stated in an interview that "when [he] heard [Zappa's composition] Be-Bop Tango and then learned that the entire song was a notated composition, it was an epiphany: take a rock band and use it like a chamber ensemble."  Every song in miRthkon's repertoire is fully scored in traditional and extended music notation, including fully orchestrated parts for the drumset.  This approach draws on the notational practices of contemporary classical music, big band jazz, and thrash metal guitar technique, often incorporating many idiomatic techniques and employing the specialized notation standardized within each particular musical style.  The process of rehearsing and recording the music is often done in the style of contemporary classical orchestral and chamber music, with a strong emphasis on ensemble interplay and dynamics.

Current band members
 Travis John Andrews - guitars
 Matthew Guggemos - drums
 Matt Lebofsky – bass, keyboards, vocals
 Jarred McAdams - video, concept design
 Wally Scharold - guitars, keyboards, virtual orchestra, percussion, sound design, vocals
 Jamison Smeltz - alto and baritone saxophone, slide whistle, ratchet, vocals
 Carolyn Walter - piccolo, flute, clarinet, bass clarinet, alto/tenor/baritone saxophones, vocals

Discography

miRthkon (1999, self-released, CD-R)
ruth-bikula phaze-ivy (2001, self-released double CD-R)
The Illusion of Joy (2006, self-released, EP)
Vehicle (2009, altrOck Productions, #ALT-009, CD)
(Format) (2012, altrOck Productions, live DVD)
Snack(s) (2013, altrOck Productions, CD)

References

External links
 miRthkon - official website
 altrOck Productions website for miRthkon

American experimental musical groups
American experimental rock groups
Rock in Opposition
Musical groups from Oakland, California

MiRthkon


I Killed That Man is a 1941 American film directed by Phil Rosen that was a remake of his 1933 film The Devil's Mate. It starred Ricardo Cortez and was produced by the King Brothers.

Plot summary
The film begins with a disparate group of individuals in a room; some are gambling, some are drinking coffee, others are chatting as if at a party.  Curtains are removed from the windows to reveal bars.  The group is in a prison to witness the execution of hard core murderer Nick Ross (Ralf Harolde).  Ross is told there has been no commutation of his execution.  Having never given a confession, Ross proceeds to tell the crowd of the true events of what happened as his benefactor promised him his release; but then falls over dead, the victim of a poison dart.

District Attorney Roger Phillips (Ricardo Cortez) conducts a search of the occupants of the room and together with his girlfriend crime reporter Geri Reynolds  (Joan Woodbury) and his young receptionist Tommy (George P. Breakston) solve the murder and the criminal mastermind behind Ross.

Roger searches everyone in the room for the murder weapon, then has everyone return to the same seats in which they sat before Ross's murder.

Roger becomes suspicious of an elderly man named Lanning, Ross's character witness, because he has a cigarette holder which could be used as a dart blower. Lanning proclaims his innocence but is arrested.

Reporter Geri Reynolds, meanwhile, is sent to the prison, and Roger asks her to get acquainted with Lowell King, a parole board appointee. After Roger is reprimanded for arresting Lanning, whom he admits is an unlikely suspect, he asks Geri to interview Ross's girl friend, Verne Drake.

Verne defends her former boyfriend, but admits that he made a phone call from her apartment on the day of the murder. Verne only remembers part of the number, and shortly after Geri leaves, Verne gets a threatening phone call.

Roger sends police detective Collins to watch Verne, and recognizes the telephone number as King's. Roger is then mystified by a code written on the back of King's business card, and asks Tommy, a switchboard operator who wants to be a detective, to decipher it.

Roger questions King and he denies knowing Ross. But his butler, Gordon, admits to having placed bets with Ross.

Verne, meanwhile, plans to leave town and demands that J. Reed, the head of an organization which opposes capital punishment, return the money she gave him to obtain Ross's release. Reed, who was at the execution, accompanies Verne to the bank, but she dies suddenly after honking the car horn.

Collins catches Reed when he runs, and Roger later discovers a poisoned dart embedded in the steering wheel that matches the one that killed Ross. Roger arrests Reed and frees Lanning.

One evening, Geri and Bates, a fellow reporter, dine at Garrick's café, where Geri's check is refused. King comes in shortly after and, because he is friendly with Garrick, offers to help.

A waiter accepts King's check and takes it to Garrick's office. Garrick burns King's check, and gives the waiter a roll of money. King then gives the money to Geri, but still pays her bill.

Later, while waiting for Roger at his office, Geri realizes that the code on King's business card is for a library book. As Tommy is asking the investigative department to find out about the book, Geri accidentally drops her purse. Geri and Tommy are shocked to discover five $500 bills in her wallet, sandwiched between two one-dollar bills.

When Roger returns, Tommy tells him what transpired. King becomes Roger's new suspect after he learns that a library book on toxicology was checked out by Gordon. Tommy arranges for Roger and Bates to listen in on a telephone conversation between Garrick and King, who are partners in a protection racket, during which they hear that Garrick believed the money was intended for King.

At that moment, King reveals that Geri is with him, and Roger, Bates and Collins rush to his house. Roger bursts into King's office just as he is about to kill Geri with a poisoned dart. King confesses to the murders of both Ross and Verne, then tries to kill Roger. However, Geri knocks King out with a vase, and Bates and Collins capture Garrick and his thugs. Roger and Geri embrace, and Roger asks her to join his staff permanently.

Cast
Ricardo Cortez as Roger Phillips
Joan Woodbury as Geri Reynolds
Pat Gleason as Bates
George Pembroke as Lowell King
Iris Adrian as Verne Drake
Herbert Rawlinson as Warden
Ralf Harolde as Nick Ross
Jack Mulhall as Collins
Vince Barnett as Drunk
Gavin Gordon as J. Reed
John Hamilton as District Attorney
Harry Holman as Lanning
George P. Breakston as Tommy

Production
Frank and Morris Kozinsky had just made their first film, Paper Bullets, with Phil Rosen and Joan Woodbury. They used Rosen and Woodbury again for this movie, their second. It was distributed by Monogram Pictures, who had wanted to distribute Paper Bullets. Filming started October 1941.

Reception
The Chicago Daily Tribune said the acting was "all right" and the direction "pretty good" but that the story "gets away from a decidedly 'different' start into accustomed ruts."

References

External links

1941 films
American mystery films
American black-and-white films
Monogram Pictures films
Films directed by Phil Rosen
1941 mystery films
1940s English-language films
1940s American films

I Killed That Man


Francis Henry Fassett (June 25, 1823 – November 1, 1908) was an American architect in Maine who built as many as 400 homes and buildings throughout the state. Working in the Victorian High Gothic and Queen Anne styles, he especially influenced the look of Portland.

Beginnings in Bath
Francis H. Fassett was born in Bath, Maine, the son of John Fassett and Betsey (Turner) Fassett. He was educated at the Old Erudition School until the age of fourteen, when he became a clerk in a general store. After four years, he was indentured to Isaac D. Cole, a leading carpenter and builder, to learn the trade. Serving his apprenticeship, Fassett then went into business for himself. He showed a natural aptitude for design, and from the beginning drew his own plans. When traveling, he learned a great deal about architecture from strolling through the cities he visited. After twenty years in Bath, he moved in 1864 to Portland, "...regarding that as presenting a wider field for his business."

Portland
With a reputation for both ability and reliability, Fassett was well prepared for the rebuilding which following the Great Portland Fire of 1866. His designs for the city include the original Maine General Hospital Building, Alms House, Second Parish Church, the parish house for the Cathedral of St. Luke, and the former city hall, which itself would burn in 1908 and be replaced by the present building. He also designed numerous residences, many in the fashionable West End. During the 1870s, Fassett was the leading architect in both the city and state.

He married twice; first to Mima Ann Welch, who bore him four children, and then to Harriet Hudson. His son, Edward F. Fassett, became an architect and joined the firm. But his most famous apprentice was John Calvin Stevens, who was made partner and opened Fassett's Boston office in 1880, before opening his own Portland office in 1884. Fassett and his son designed the Pythian Opera House, built in 1894 at Boothbay Harbor. In 1895, Fassett redesigned the Mount Pleasant House, a hotel at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire in the White Mountains. Hired by Joseph Stickney, a coal mine and railroad stock tycoon who later built the more famous Mount Washington Hotel nearby, the architect enlarged the plain building into a Queen Anne style confection of cupolas, gables and porches. It was demolished in 1939.

Francis H. Fassett died at the age of 85 and is buried at Evergreen Cemetery.

Designs

References

External links

 Maine Memory Network -- Francis H. Fassett
 Maine Memory Network -- Sagadahoc County Courthouse
 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Statue (base designed by Fassett)

1823 births
1908 deaths
People from Bath, Maine
Architects from Portland, Maine
19th-century American architects
20th-century American architects

Francis H. Fassett


The Night of the Long Knives (German: ) or "Operation Hummingbird" () was a purge that took place in Nazi Germany. It happened between 30 June and 2 July 1934 when the Nazi regime executed at least 90 people and an estimated 200 for political reasons. Most of those killed were members of the "Storm Troopers" (SA) (German: ).

Adolf Hitler moved against the SA and its leader, Ernst Röhm, because he saw the independence of the SA and the penchant of its members for street violence as a direct threat to his power. Hitler also wanted to forestall any move by leaders of the Reichswehr, the German military, who both feared and despised the SA, to curtail his rule, especially since Röhm made no secret of his ambition to absorb the Reichswehr with himself at its head. Adolf Hitler also killed them because the were becoming difficult to control and he was worried that they would branch off and want independence to carry out more radical ideas.

Finally, Hitler used the purge to go against conservative critics of his regime, especially those loyal to Vice-Chancellor Franz von Papen, and to settle scores with old enemies, such as Kurt von Schleicher. Ernst Röhm was arrested on June 30 by the SS (lead by Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler and deputy SS-Obergruppenfuhrer Reinhard Heydrich) and was killed by General  Josef Sepp Dietrich,Theodor Eicke and Michael Lippert .

Other websites
The night of long Knives

1934
1930s in Germany
Sturmabteilung
Adolf Hitler

Night of the Long Knives


An engagement is an agreement or promise to marry, and also refers to the time between proposal and marriage. During this time, a couple is said to be affianced, engaged to be married, or simply engaged. An engagement can be seen by witnesses to confirm their marriage.

A fiance is the man who is engaged. A fiancee is the woman who is engaged.

Traditionally, a ring is presented during the engagement ceremony.

Marriage

Engagement


Kaʻōanaʻeha Mele or Mary Kuamoʻo Kaʻōanaʻeha (c.1780–1850) was a Hawaiian high chiefess during the formation of the Kingdom of Hawaii.

Parentage
She was born circa 1780
the daughter of High Chiefess Kalikoʻokalani. Genealogists disagree over who was Kaoanaeha's father due to her mother's two marriages. Most say she was the daughter of High Chief Keliʻimaikaʻi (The Good Chief) who was the only full-blood brother of Kamehameha I, being the son of Keōua and Kekuʻiapoiwa II. Some  say her father was High Chief Kalaipaihala, son of Kalaniʻōpuʻu, King of Hawaii and uncle of Kamehameha. King Kalākaua and Queen Liliʻuokalani supports the later due to their conflict with Kaoanaeha's granddaughter Emma Naʻea who ran for Queen Regnant in the Royal Election of 1874. Keliʻimaikaʻi accepted her as daughter and most say he was her true father. She was the only person allowed to see him at his deathbed.

Fifty years after her death, a claim was brought by Robert William Wilcox that she was the daughter of Keaka, a low-ranking Tahitian chief, who came to the islands and married Kalikoʻokalani. This claim was brought up in an editorial to defame one of Kaʻōanaʻeha's descendants.

Royal status
Because of her royal status, when she was born pūloʻuloʻu or kapu sticks with tapa-covered balls on the ends were set up before her house and pahu heiau or kapu drums were beaten heralding her birth. Further confirmation of her high status was when her father Keliimaikai died in 1810, she was reportedly the only person allowed to enter his premises.

One romantictised version of her meeting with English sailor John Young is similar to the story of Pocahontas and John Smith:
Young and Davis would have been killed had not Kaoanaeha, a high lady, fallen in love with Young and by her intercession with the King saved the lives of both sailors.  Kaoanaeha was the most beautiful woman on the island of Owhyhee (Hawaii) and was the admiration of all the sailors who visited Karakakooa Bay ().  She was the only daughter of Keliimaiki, the favorite brother of the great King, Kamehameha I.  John Young and Kaoanaeha were soon married.  King Kamehameha appreciated the superior talents of the white men and made them high chiefs.

Death
In the last days of her life, she wished to stay in Kawaihae.  She had been reluctant to go to Honolulu and probably knew that she would not return just as fifteen years before, her husband did not return.  At sixty-two and too ill to be cured, she died in Rooke House on January 22, 1850.  She was buried the next day on the palace grounds by the Royal Tomb, without any high ceremony.  Some wondered why a chiefess of her status would be buried so quietly.  The official Polynesian did not make much of her death either, devoting just a few lines to her obituary.  One reason for the lack of respect indicated that she was "out of favor in the royal circle of Honolulu" partly because she preferred the traditional Hawaiian values, including the ancient religion, and had resisted Christianity and Westernization.

Family tree

Notes

References

Kanahele, George S.. Emma: Hawai'i's Remarkable Queen : a Biography . University of Hawaii Press, 1999.
Hawaiian Kingdom 1854–1874, Twenty Critical Years By Ralph S. Kuykendall

1780 births
1850 deaths
Young, Mrs
House of Keliimaikai
Burials at the Royal Mausoleum (Mauna ʻAla)

Kaoanaeha


The Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, commonly known as FOIPOP, (the Act) is the public sector privacy law and access to information law for the Province of Nova Scotia.

The Act is generally considered to be in two parts: the first dealing with access to records in the custody or control of public bodies and the second dealing with the regulation of the collection, use and disclosure of personal information by those public bodies. It applies to provincially regulated public bodies in the province of Nova Scotia. "Public body" is defined in section 3(1)(j) of the Act, and generally means provincial government departments, agencies, boards, commissions, some crown corporations, public universities, school boards, and hospitals. It also specifically includes those organizations listed in the Schedule to the Act.

FOIPOP is administered by the Review Officer appointed under section 33 of the Act. The Review Officers serves as an ombudsman, reviewing complaints brought by individuals seeking access to records held by public bodies. The Review Officer does not have specific order-making powers and the powers of that office are limited with respect to privacy complaints. Complaints can be taken to the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia after having been dealt with by the Review Officer.

External links
 Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act
 FOIPOP Review Officer
 Canadian Privacy Law Blog: A regularly updated blog on issues related to privacy law and FOIPOP written by David T.S. Fraser, a Nova Scotia privacy lawyer.

Privacy in Canada
Privacy legislation in Canada
Information privacy
Nova Scotia provincial legislation
Freedom of information legislation in Canada
1993 in Canadian law

Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act (Nova Scotia)


Eutychius () was the last Exarch of Ravenna, heading the Exarchate from 726 or 727 until 751.

Arrival in Italy and first struggles

The Exarchate of Ravenna had risen in revolt in 726 at the imposition of iconoclasm; the Exarch Paul lost his life attempting to quash the revolt. In response, Emperor Leo III the Isaurian (r. 717–741) sent the eunuch Eutychius to take control of the situation. In certain historical works, Eutychius is mentioned as having served as exarch already in 710/11–713, between the tenures of John III Rizocopus and Scholasticus. This is however a modern interpolation based on an erroneous reading of the Liber pontificalis. Eutychius landed in Naples, where he called upon loyal citizens to assassinate Pope Gregory II. When the citizens responded by pledging to defend the Pope and to die in his defense, Eutychius turned his attention to the Lombards, offering King Liutprand and the Lombard dukes bribes if they would abandon Pope Gregory. Despite all of this, according to Jeffrey Richards, Pope Gregory persisted in his efforts to preserve imperial rule in Italy.

Eutychius's efforts eventually gained results: King Liutprand came to an agreement with the Exarch, and agreed to support him in return for assistance in subjecting the duchies of Benevento and Spoleto. Pope Gregory, however, met with Liutprand, and convinced him to abandon the effort, then with Liutprand's help effected a reconciliation with Eutychius. When one Tiberius Petasius proclaimed himself emperor in Tuscia and Eutychius found himself critically short of manpower, Pope Gregory ordered the Roman army to help him put down the rebellion, and Petasius was killed.

Exile and appeal for help
Conflict with the Lombards resulted in disaster in 737, when the exarchate's capital, Ravenna, was seized by Liutprand. Further warfare erupted in 739. Pope Gregory III had supported the dukes of Benevento and Spoleto against Liutprand, causing the latter to invade central Italy. The exarchate, as well as the Duchy of Rome, was ravaged and Ravenna fell to the Lombards; Eutychius was forced to seek refuge in the Venetian islands. He appealed to the inhabitants to help liberate Ravenna, and the Venetian fleet sailed with him to recover the city.

Papal intervention in Ravenna
Shortly after the accession of Pope Zachary in 741, Liutprand planned to campaign against the Lombard Duchy of Spoleto, which had defied him. Zachary, however, marched north to the Lombard capital of Pavia and convinced Liutprand to abort the expedition and to restore some of the territory he had captured. Nevertheless, Liutprand saw this treaty as between him and the Pope alone; in the words of Jeffrey Richards, "he still regarded the exarch as fair game."

In 743, Liutprand marched on Ravenna, and Eutychius was so impoverished in resources that he, Archbishop John V of Ravenna, and the leading citizens petitioned the pope to intervene. Pope Zachary began a diplomatic offensive to dissuade Liutprand from conquering Ravenna, and on his journey to the Lombard court at Ticinum, he was met at the church of St. Christopher at Aquila by Exarch Eutychius and citizens of Ravenna. "The sight of the exarch begging the pope to save him from the Lombards testifies more powerfully than anything else to the utter enfeeblement of the exarchate and the effective transfer of authority in Catholic Byzantine Italy from the imperial governor to the pope," observes Richards. Pope Zachary was successful in convincing Liutprand to put off his intended campaign and return the rural districts around Ravenna he had seized.

Fall of the Exarchate
Several years later, however, in 751, the Lombard king Aistulf captured Ravenna. The Exarchate came to an end, and Byzantine Italy was confined to Sicily and the southern, Greek-speaking regions.

References

Sources

752 deaths
8th-century exarchs of Ravenna
Byzantines killed in battle
Year of birth unknown
Byzantine eunuchs
Leo III the Isaurian

Eutychius (exarch)


Rosie Lee Reed (September 1868 – July 6, 1925), better known as Pearl Starr, was an American bordello owner and businesswoman in Arkansas, the first child of Belle Starr, the reputed "Bandit Queen" of the American Old West. Her father was either Jim Reed, Belle's first husband, or Cole Younger, a famous outlaw associated with the James–Younger Gang.

Early life
Pearl Starr was born in Rich Hill, Missouri. As a small child, she moved often before her outlaw father died in a gunfight when she was six. Her mother then married a Cherokee named Sam Starr, and settled beside the Canadian River in the Indian Territory at a place called Younger's Bend. Starr was 21 when her mother Belle Starr was murdered.

Belle Starr claimed that Pearl was the daughter of the outlaw Cole Younger. While no official record exists, pictures of a young Pearl Starr show an uncanny resemblance to Cole Younger. Her parentage always may be in doubt.

Most historical writers accept that Starr gave birth to an illegitimate daughter named Flossie in April 1887 when she was 18. Belle Starr sent her daughter to relatives to have her baby.

In 1888, Pearl Starr's brother Edwin was found in possession of stolen property and was shot by his accomplice. What became of Starr's daughter is unknown, but in the summer of 1888, Pearl Starr returned alone to her mother's house at Younger's Bend to care for her brother.

Prostitution
Edwin's case went to trial in July 1889. He was found guilty and sent to prison. About this time, Starr married Will Harrison, but the couple were divorced in 1891. Capitalizing on the dime novel fame of Belle, Pearl Reed changed her name to Pearl Starr at this time. She became a prostitute in Van Buren, Arkansas ostensibly to make money for the purpose of getting her brother out of prison. She eventually put together a defense team that managed to secure a presidential pardon for Edwin in 1893.

Starr moved to Fort Smith, Arkansas and established her own bordello. Located on "the Row," Fort Smith's waterfront street of gambling halls, saloons and bordellos, the house was identified with a bright red star surrounded by lighted pearls. The parlor featured a talented piano player, good whiskey, and supposedly the "most beautiful girls west of the Mississippi." Business prospered, and Pearl purchased additional brothels as well as invested in saloons and other property.

Starr had another illegitimate daughter in 1894 and named her Ruth. Starr married Arthur Erbach in 1897 and had a son with him in 1898. Her new husband and son died of malaria within a year's time. Both are buried in the Oak Cemetery in Fort Smith. By 1902, she was living with Dell Andrews and, though not married to him, had another daughter, Jennette, in November.

The only time Starr was implicated in a crime was in 1911. After a burglary at a general merchandise store in Fort Smith, police found several stolen items hidden at Starr's Winslow home. She was found guilty of robbery and sentenced to a year in the Arkansas State Penitentiary. Posting $2,000 bail, Starr's attorneys appealed the case to the Arkansas Supreme Court, which overturned the verdict.

Last years
In 1916, the city of Fort Smith enacted ordinances making prostitution illegal. For some time, Starr's activities were overlooked, but she eventually was arrested. The charges were dropped on the understanding that Starr would leave the community. In 1921, at age 53, she left for Douglas, Arizona. She died there on July 6, 1925 and was buried in Calvary Cemetery.

Flossie Starr's account
Starr's daughter Flossie was credited with writing a two-part article for the Dallas Morning News Sunday editions on April 30 and May 7, 1933. According to these articles, Starr fully believed that her brother Edwin, always resentful of his mother's attention to Pearl Starr, was their mother's killer, but was never able to prove it.

References

Bibliography

1868 births
1925 deaths
People of the American Old West
American brothel owners and madams
American prostitutes
Hatfield family
People from Bates County, Missouri
People from Van Buren, Arkansas
People from Fort Smith, Arkansas

Pearl Starr


The Lower East Side is a neighborhood in southeastern part of the New York City borough of Manhattan. The neighborhood is roughly made up of Allen Street, East Houston Street, Essex Street, Canal Street, Eldridge Street, East Broadway, and Grand Street. It is considered to be an immigrant, working class area, but some parts of the neighborhood have been bought, repaired, destroyed, and renovated in recent years.   Because of this, The National Trust for Historic Preservation put Lower East Side Manhattan on their list of America's Most Endangered Places  At one time, much of the Lower East Side was tenements or slums, but many of these have been torn down or replaced by housing projects.  During the late 19th and early 20th century, almost a million people lived on the Lower East Side, making it one of the most densely populated places on the planet.  In the early to mid-19th century, many of the people were from Ireland and Germany.  In the late 19th and early 20th century, many of the people there were from Eastern Europe, including many Jews.  Today, many of the immigrants in the Lower East Side are from the Dominican Republic and China.

Manhattan

Lower East Side


The Helix was an American biweekly newspaper founded in 1967 after a series of organizational meetings held at the Free University of Seattle involving a large and eclectic group including Paul Dorpat,  Tom Robbins and Lorenzo Milam A member of both the Underground Press Syndicate and the Liberation News Service, it published a total of 125 issues (sometimes as a weekly, sometimes as a biweekly) before folding on June 11, 1970.

The first issue was produced by Paul Dorpat and Walt Crowley  with $200 in borrowed capital, out of a rented storefront on Roosevelt Way NE. After being turned down by the first printers they approached, they found a printer in Ken Monson, communications director of the International Association of Machinists local, who had recently acquired a printing press. 1500 copies were printed of the first issue. By the fourth biweekly issue sales had reached 11,000 copies. After the first two issues a "split-font" rainbow effect was sometimes used to print psychedelically colorful front covers; issues averaged 24 pages, with illustrations and graphics clipped from old magazines and having little to do with the adjoining copy crammed into the interior pages.

In September 1967 Helix was evicted from the office on Roosevelt Way. On October 15 they opened their new office at 3128 Harvard E., where they were to remain for the rest of the paper's existence.

Contents of the paper were a New Left/hippie mélange of underground politics, psychedelic graphics, drug culture, bulletins from the Liberation News Service, and rock music reviews, with much coverage of rock festivals in the Pacific Northwest including the Sky River Rock Festivals and concerts at Eagles Auditorium. Frequent contributors included Tom Robbins, while Walt Crowley was responsible for much of the paper's freewheeling design. The Blue Moon Tavern and the Last Exit on Brooklyn coffee house functioned as the paper's unofficial hangouts. In 1970 Robert Glessing reported that although the paper did not pay salaries it was providing food and housing for 11 full-time staffers.

After the demise of the Helix several former staffers, including Crowley and Roxie Grant, went to work at a new community center called the U District Center, at the corner of NE 56th and University Way. Several attempts were made by different groups in Seattle to launch a new paper to take the place of the Helix, including the New Times Journal, Puget Sound Partisan, Sabot, Seattle Flag, Seattle Sound, and the Sun, but none succeeded in recapturing the spirit or the success of the Helix.

Crowley and Dorpat later went on to be two of the three founders of HistoryLink, along with Crowley's wife Marie McCaffrey.

See also
 List of underground newspapers of the 1960s counterculture

Notes

External links
 Complete scan of the Oct. 23, 1969 issue of Helix (on archive.org)

Alternative weekly newspapers published in the United States
Newspapers published in Seattle
Independent newspapers published in the United States
Biweekly newspapers published in the United States
Defunct weekly newspapers
Defunct newspapers published in Washington (state)
Newspapers established in 1967
Publications disestablished in 1970
1967 establishments in Washington (state)
1970 disestablishments in Washington (state)

Helix (newspaper)


Trentino Volley is a professional volleyball team  based in Trento, in northern Italy. It has played in the Italian Volleyball League without interruption since 2000. It has won the Italian Volleyball League (four times), the Italian Cup, the Italian Super Cup, the CEV Champions League (three consecutive times) and the FIVB Men's Club World Volleyball Championship (a record four consecutive times). In the 2010–11 season it won national, continental and world championships. It is the first and only team in volleyball history to have done that.

Province of Trento
Italian volleyball clubs
2000 establishments in Europe
2000s establishments in Italy

Trentino Volley


Leopold David de Rothschild, CBE, FRCM (12 May 1927 – 19 April 2012) was a British financier, musician, and a member of the Rothschild banking family of England.

Leopold David was the fourth and youngest child and second son of Lionel Nathan de Rothschild (1882–1942) and Marie Louise Eugénie Beer (1892–1975). Like his elder brother, Edmund Leopold de Rothschild, Leopold was educated at Lockers Park School in Hertfordshire, Harrow School and Trinity College, Cambridge.

From childhood he had a fondness for music and became an accomplished pianist and violinist. As a vocalist, he sang with The Bach Choir of London for many years and would later serve as its president. While in his teens, he joined the Royal Navy, serving for two years. He went to work at Kuhn, Loeb & Co., as well as at Morgan Stanley and Glyn, Mills & Co. before becoming a partner at his family's N M Rothschild & Sons in 1956.

While he had a long and successful career in banking, his love of music and the arts played an important role in his life. He was an honorary member of the Incorporated Society of Musicians, among his many involvements, Leopold de Rothschild served as:

 Music Advisory Committee of the British Council — Chairman
 English Chamber Orchestra — President
 Glyndebourne Arts Trust — Trustee
 Jewish Music Institute, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London — Co-president
 Royal College of Music — Council Chairman and Independent adviser
 Voices Foundation — founding member, and a member of the Consultative Council
 Countess of Munster Musical Trust — Chairman
 Wendover Choral Society; President from May 2009
 Trustee of the National Museum of Science and Industry [Science Museum], London and the National Railway Museum, York
 Tring Park School for the Performing Arts — President

Among his philanthropic works, through his "Leopold de Rothschild Charitable Trust" he contributed to numerous charities, including the St John's Hospice for the terminally ill. In addition, his Charitable Trust provides support to the London Symphony Orchestra, the London Sinfonietta, the Rambert Dance Company, and provides scholarships for students to study at the Royal College of Music of which he was a Fellow (FRCM) and past Council Chairman.

References

Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English bankers
English philanthropists
English patrons of music
English art collectors
English Jews
English people of German-Jewish descent
Leopold David
1927 births
2012 deaths
People associated with the Royal College of Music
Fellows of the Royal College of Music
20th-century English businesspeople
Royal Navy sailors
20th-century Royal Navy personnel

Leopold David de Rothschild


Make Room! Make Room! is a 1966 science fiction novel written by Harry Harrison exploring the consequences of both unchecked population growth on society and the hoarding of resources by a wealthy minority.
It was originally serialized in Impulse magazine.

Set in a future August 1999, the novel explores trends in the proportion of world resources used by the United States and other countries compared to population growth, depicting a world where the global population is seven billion people, plagued with overcrowding, resource shortages and a crumbling infrastructure. The plot jumps from character to character, recounting the lives of people in various walks of life in New York City, population 35 million.

The novel was the basis of the 1973 science fiction movie Soylent Green, although the film changed much of the plot and theme and introduced cannibalism as a solution to feeding people.

Plot summary
Make Room! Make Room! is set in an overpopulated New York City in 1999 (33 years after the time of writing). 30-year-old Police Detective Andy Rusch lives in half a room, sharing it with Sol, a retired engineer who has adapted a bicycle to generate power for an old television set and a refrigerator.

When Andy lines up for their continually reducing water ration, he witnesses a public speech by the "Elders," older people forcibly retired from work. A riot breaks out after a nearby food shop has a surprise sale on "soylent" (soy and lentil) steaks. The shop is looted by the mob. Billy Chung, an 18-year-old Taiwanese-American, grabs a box of steaks. He eats some of them and sells the rest to raise enough money to land a job as a Western Union messenger boy. His first delivery takes him into a fortified apartment block, complete with the rare luxuries of air conditioning and running water for showers. He delivers his message to a rich racketeer named "Big Mike" O'Brien and sees Shirl, Mike's 23-year-old live-in mistress. Billy leaves the apartment but fixes it so he can get back into the building later. He breaks into Mike's place, but when Mike catches him in the act, Billy accidentally kills him and flees, empty-handed.

A piece of evidence may connect an out-of-town crime boss who may be trying to expand into New York City, a threat to Mike's associates. They see to it that Andy keeps working on the case, in addition to his regular duties.

During his investigation, he becomes enamored of Shirl.  He ensures that she is permitted to stay in the apartment until the end of the month. During this month, they enjoy the luxuries. Afterwards Shirl moves in with Andy. Shirl soon becomes disappointed with how little time the overworked Andy has for her. She eventually sleeps with a wealthy man she meets at a party.

To evade capture, Billy leaves the city, eventually breaking into the abandoned Brooklyn Navy Yard, where he comes to live with Peter, who is eagerly awaiting the new millennium as the end of the world. Soon they are attacked and displaced by a trio. They find a new home in a car. Months after the murder, Billy decides to visit his family, believing the police have lost interest in him.

Meanwhile, Sol decides he can no longer remain passive in the face of humanity's overpopulation crisis. He joins a march to protest the overturning of a legislative bill that supports population control. Sol is injured in a riot and catches pneumonia. A few days after his death, an obnoxious family takes over his living quarters, making Shirl and Andy's life much more miserable than before.

Andy stumbles upon Billy Chung, cornering him in his family's home. When Billy moves to attack Andy with a knife, he stumbles, and Andy accidentally shoots and kills him. The gangsters have lost interest by this point, but his superiors disavow Andy's actions, and he is temporarily demoted to ordinary patrolman. When he returns to his quarters, he finds Shirl has left him.

Andy is on patrol in Times Square on New Year's Eve, where he spots Shirl among rich party-goers. As the clock strikes midnight, Andy encounters Peter, who is distraught that the world has not ended and asks how life can continue as it is. The story concludes with the Times Square screen announcing that "Census says United States had biggest year ever, end-of-the-century, 344 million citizens."

Concept and creation
Author Harry Harrison claimed, "The idea came from an Indian I met after the war, in 1946. He told me, 'Overpopulation is the big problem coming up in the world' (nobody had ever heard of it in those days) and he said, 'Want to make a lot of money, Harry? You have to import rubber contraceptives to India.' I didn't mind making money, but I didn't want to be the rubber king of India!"

Short story
Several years after writing the novel, Harrison created the short story "Roommates" (1971), largely by joining excerpts from the novel. Harrison describes the impetus and creation of the short story in his introduction for it in The Best of Harry Harrison. He recounts how he was asked for an excerpt for reprinting, but that he did not think any simple excerpt stood alone. So he took various scenes from the "roommates" plot strand and combined them into the short story.

References

External links

 Make Room! Make Room!

1966 American novels
1966 science fiction novels
Fiction set in 1999
American novels adapted into films
American science fiction novels
Doubleday (publisher) books
Dystopian novels
Environmental fiction books
Novels by Harry Harrison
Novels first published in serial form
Novels set in New York City
Overpopulation fiction
Novels set in the future

Make Room! Make Room!


Edward Welby Pugin (11 March 1834 – 5 June 1875) was an English architect, the eldest son of architect Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin and Louisa Barton and part of the Pugin & Pugin family of church architects. His father was an architect and designer of Neo-Gothic architecture, and after his death in 1852 Edward took up his successful practice. At the time of his own early death in 1875, Pugin had designed and completed more than one hundred Catholic churches.

He was influenced by the neo-Gothic of Viollet-le-Duc, in which expansive spatial planning was combined with great detail.

He designed churches and cathedrals primarily in the British Isles. However, commissions for his exemplary work were also received from countries throughout Western Europe, Scandinavia and as far away as North America.

Works in Ireland
SS Peter and Paul's, Carey's Lane, Cork (1859)
Edermine, Enniscorthy, County Wexford (c. 1858)
Cobh Cathedral (1867)
Killarney Cathedral
Fermoy Roman Catholic Church, County Cork (1867)
Drogheda Christian Brothers Residence (currently Scholars Townhouse Hotel (1867)
Crosshaven Roman Catholic Church, County Cork (1869)
Monkstown Roman Catholic Church, County Dublin (1866)
Monkstown Roman Catholic Church, County Cork (1866)
Convent of Mercy, Skibbereen, County Cork (1867)
Convent of Mercy, Birr, County Offaly
John's Lane Church, Dublin
Attributed to:
AIB bank, Midleton
Midleton Arms
Church and Convent, Ramsgrange, County Wexford
Bellevue Roman Catholic Church, County Wexford
Mercy Convent, Pearce St, Nenagh County Tipperary

Works in England

 St. Patrick's Wolverhampton (demolished)
1853: Our Lady Immaculate and St Cuthbert, Crook, Co Durham
1856: Shrewsbury Cathedral, the Cathedral Church of Our Lady Help of Christians and Saint Peter of Alcantara, Town Walls, Shrewsbury (built as a cathedral)
1856: Our Lady Immaculate, St. Domingo Road, Everton, Liverpool. Demolished. Lady Chapel of scheme for Liverpool Cathedral
1856: St. Vincent de Paul, St. James Street, Liverpool
1857: Holy Cross, Croston, Lancashire; small estate church
1857: Sacred Heart Church, Blackpool
1857–58: Our Lady of the Annunciation Church, Liverpool
1857–59: Our Lady and St. Hubert, Great Harwood, Lancashire
1858: St Peter's School, Woolwich
1859: Belmont Abbey, Hereford, Herefordshire (the Abbey Church was built as the pro-Cathedral for Wales)
1860: Octagonal Chapter House, Mount Saint Bernard Abbey, Leicestershire
1859–60: Our Lady of la Salette, Liverpool
1860: St. Mary Immaculate, Warwick
1860–61: St. Anne, Westby, Kirkham, Lancashire
1861: St. Edward, Thurloe Street, Rusholme, Manchester
1861–65: St. Michael, West Derby Road, Everton, Liverpool
1862: St. Anne, Chester Road, Stretford, near Manchester
1862: St Austin, Wolverhampton Road, Stafford
1863: St. Peter, Greengate, Salford, Lancashire
1863: SS Henry and Elizabeth, Sheerness, Kent
1863: Convent of Our Lady of Charity and Refuge, Bartestree, Herefordshire  (converted to flats)
1863: St Joseph, Bolton Road, Anderton, Chorley, Lancashire
1863–64: Monument to Everard Aloysius Lisle Phillipps, VC, Cademan Wood, Whitwick, Leicestershire
1864: Our Lady and All Saints, New Road, Stourbridge, Worcestershire
1864: St. Marie, Lugsdale Road, Widnes, Cheshire (redundant)
1864: Our Lady of Redemption, Wellesley Road, Croydon
1864: St. Hubert, Dunsop Bridge, Yorkshire
1864–66: Augustinian Priory, school and Church of St Monica, Hoxton Square, London N1
1865: St. Mary, Euxton, Lancashire
1865: St. Catherine, Kingsdown, Kent
1865–66: Mayfield Boys' Orphanage (later Mayfield College, from 2007 converted to residential apartments as Mayfield Grange), Mayfield, Sussex
1865–67: St. Joseph, York Road, Birkdale, Southport, Lancashire
1866: Euxton Hall Chapel, Euxton, near Chorley, Lancashire
1866: St Francis Monastery, Gorton, Manchester
1866: Our Blessed Lady and St. Joseph, Leadgate, Durham
1866: Chancel and transepts to Mount St Mary's Church, Leeds
1866–68: Meanwood Towers, Meanwood, Leeds
1866–67: St Mary's Church, Barrow-in-Furness, Lancashire
1866–67: St Michael and All Angels, Mortuary Chapel and Knill Memorial, Brockley Cemetery, London, destroyed by bombing in 1944
1866–67: Church of St Thomas of Canterbury and the English Martyrs, Preston, Lancashire (extended 1887–88)
1866–67: The Chapel of the Immaculate Conception, Ratcliffe College, Ratcliffe on the Wreake, Leicestershire; converted for school use in 1962 on the completion of a new, larger chapel
1867: St Paul's Church, Dover, Kent
1867–68: St Mary, Fleetwood, Lancashire
1867–68: All Saints' Church in Urmston, Greater Manchester
1867–71: Our Lady and St Paulinus, Dewsbury, West Yorkshire
1868: St Begh, Coach Road, Whitehaven, Cumberland
1869–72: Our Lady of the Sacred Heart, Cleator, Cumberland
1869: St. Michael's Orphanage for Girls, aka St Joseph's College, Mark Cross, East Sussex
1869: Granville Hotel, Ramsgate, Kent
1871: Stanbrook Abbey, Powick, Worcestershire
1873: St Mary's Church, Brierley Hill
1875 (Edward Welby Pugin dies)
1875: St. Anne Rommer, Highfield Road, Rockferry, Birkenhead, Wirral, Cheshire, designed by E. W. Pugin
1873–76: English Martyrs Church, 30 Prescot Street, London E1
1876: Our Lady Star of the Sea, Workington. E. W. Pugin design
1877: Sacred Heart Church, Kilburn, London. E. W. Pugin design.
1877: St Mary's Church, Warrington, Cheshire. E. W. Pugin design

Works in Scotland
1854 St Mary's Star of the Sea Church, Leith, Edinburgh
1856 St Stephen, Blairgowrie
1862: Church of St. Mary, Haddington, East Lothian
1874: Church of St Mary and St Finnan, Glenfinnan

Works in Wales
 1857 Wrexham Cathedral: Cathedral of our Lady of Sorrows

Works on the Isle of Man
 1865 St Patrick, Peel, Isle of Man

Works in Belgium (province of West Flanders)
 1856 Basilica of Our Lady in Dadizele, finished off by Jean-Baptiste Bethune
 1856 Castle of Loppem, in collaboration with James Murray and George Ashlin, finished off by Jean-Baptiste Bethune
 1861 country estate near Bruges for bishop Joannes Baptista Malou, demolished

Works with James Murray (1856-c.1859)

Rugby Town Hall and Markets

(1857). The old Town Hall stood on the High Street. It was built in 1857, with an extension in 1919. The upper floor became a cinema (Vint's Palace) around 1913. A bad fire destroyed most of the building in 1921 and it was rebuilt as Woolworths, which opened in 1923 and closed in 2009.

Works in association with George Ashlin

 Ss Peter and Paul's, Cork, (1859)
 Convent of Mercy, Clonakilty, County Cork (1867)
 Convent and Orphanage, William Street North, Dublin (1867)
 SS Augustine and John, Thomas Street, Dublin (1860)
Regarded as Dublin's finest Victorian church, SS Augustine and John (John's Lane Church) in the Liberties area was designed by E.W. Pugin and executed by his partner George Ashlin for the Augustinian Fathers. It was built between 1862 and 1895. It has the tallest spire in Dublin (231 ft), and occupies a prominent position on high ground overlooking the Liffey Valley. It has a striking polychromatic appearance, being built in granite with red sandstone dressings.

The eminent Gothic revivalist Ruskin is said to have praised it, describing it as a "poem in stone".

Statues of the apostles in the niches of the spire are by James Pearse, father of Padraig and Willie, who were executed after the 1916 Easter Rising.

There is some good stained glass from the Harry Clarke studios.
 Presentation Convent, Fethard, County Tipperary (1862)
 Harrington Street Catholic Church, Dublin (1867); online
 Donnybrook Catholic Church, Dublin (1863)
 Monkstown Catholic Church, County Dublin (1865)
 Arles Catholic Church, Stradbally, County Laois (1965)
 Ferrybank Catholic Church, Waterford (1867)
 Kilanerin Catholic Church, Wexford (1865)
 Lady's Island Catholic Church, County Wexford (1863)

Sources
Dictionary of Scottish Architects
 Jean van Cleven,  'The Eternal Château': bouwgeschiedenis en kunsthistorische analyse van het neogotische kasteel van Loppem, in V. van Caloen, J. van Cleven, J. Braet Het Kasteel van Loppem, Stichting Kunstboek, 2001.

References

Further reading
 Michael Fisher, Pugin-Land: A W N Pugin, Lord Shrewsbury and the Gothic Revival in Staffordshire, Stafford Fisher, 2002.
 Rachel Hasted, Scarisbrick Hall – A Guide, Social History at Lancashire County Museum Service, 1984.
 Frederick O'Dwyer, Ecclesiastical Architecture from 1829 in W.J. McCormack (ed) Modern Irish Culture, Oxford:Blackwell, 2001.
 Frederick O'Dwyer, A Victorian Partnership – The Architecture of Pugin & Ashlin in John Graby (ed) 150 Years of Architecture in Ireland, Dublin, Eblana Editions, 1989.
 Jeanne Sheehy, The Rediscovery of Ireland's Past, The Celtic Revival 1830–1930. London 1980.

External links

Pugin Society
E.W. Pugin buildings on Archiseek.com

1834 births
1875 deaths
19th-century English architects
Gothic Revival architects
English ecclesiastical architects
English Roman Catholics
English people of French descent
Knights of the Order of St. Sylvester
Architects of Roman Catholic churches
Architects of cathedrals
Artists' Rifles soldiers
EW
Architects from London

E. W. Pugin


Bill Mack Smith Jr. (June 4, 1929 – July 31, 2020) was an American country music songwriter, singer, and radio host. While at WBAP Radio, Mack initiated the Bill Mack Million Mile Club for truckers achieving one million miles of accident-free over-the-road driving.

Life
For many years, Mack was best known as the host of The Country Roads Show, (later U.S. 1 Trucking Show, and later still, Midnight Cowboy Trucking Show) the overnight country music show on WBAP, a clear channel station in Fort Worth. Mack's show catered primarily to truck drivers who traveled during the late-night hours. Its opening theme music was an instrumental rendition of "Orange Blossom Special", performed by Felix Slatkin and his orchestra.

Because of WBAP's clear channel signal range via skywave at night, Mack's show was heard over most of the continental United States. Mack began his show in 1969. He briefly took his show to Mexican "border blaster" station XERF, but returned to WBAP when an agreement for Mack to do his show from his Fort Worth home fell through.

In addition, Mack hosted the syndicated radio show Country Crossroads, heard on more than 800 stations across the country, and a similar cable television show on FamilyNet. He also hosted the Overdrive Top Ten Countdown, a weekly one-hour country music countdown geared toward truckers, in syndication.

Mack left WBAP to join XM Satellite Radio on its Open Road channel (XM 171). Two of the other main personalities on Open Road, Dave Nemo and Dale "The Truckin' Bozo" Sommers, were Mack's primary competitors before all three left their AM radio stations to join XM.  Mack's radio program was heard weekdays on XM channel 13 from 12 Noon to 3 PM Eastern, and rebroadcast from Midnight to 3 AM Eastern. On April 29, 2011, Mack announced that Sirius/XM had terminated his contract to make room for a merger of two of the channels The Roadhouse and Willie's Place into one channel and that this was his final show.

Mack was succeeded on his WBAP show by Eric Harley, and the show was renamed the Midnight Radio Network and then Red Eye Radio several years later.

In the country music industry, Mack was also a songwriter. His best-known song is "Blue," one of LeAnn Rimes' biggest hits. The song won Mack the Grammy Award for Best Country Song in 1997. Mack also wrote "Drinking Champagne," which has been recorded by numerous artists.  The song was a hit for Cal Smith in 1968, and again for George Strait in 1990 on his album Livin' It Up. Some of his other songs have been recorded by Dean Martin, Ray Price, Jerry Lee Lewis and George Jones.

In 2000, Mack won the media category award given by the Grand Ole Opry. He was named to the Texas Country Music Hall of Fame in 1999, and the Country Music DJ and Radio Hall of Fame in 1982.

Bill Mack lived in Fort Worth, Texas, with his wife, Cynthia. They had three children - Misty Dawn, Billy Mack III, and Sunday Renee. They had several grandchildren. Bill Mack had a daughter named Debbie from a previous marriage.

Bill Mack Smith III ("Billy") has followed in his father's footsteps and has his own radio show with 92.1 Hank FM in Fort Worth, Texas.

Mack died on July 31, 2020. According to his family, he had been diagnosed with COVID-19 two days prior amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Texas.

References

External links
 Mack's official web site (2001 archived copy)
 Bill Mack at Willie's Place

1929 births
2020 deaths
American radio personalities
Charay Records artists
Grammy Award winners
Jubilee Records artists
Musicians from Fort Worth, Texas
Radio personalities from Texas
Starday Records artists
XM Satellite Radio
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Texas

Bill Mack (songwriter)


The Japanese dwarf flying squirrel (Pteromys momonga) lives in forests on Honshu and Kyushu islands. They eat buds, leaves, bark and fruits. The International Union for Conservation of Nature do it as a "least-concern species".

Appearance
Its body is 14–20 cm long and the tail length is 10–14 cm.  It is much smaller than the Japanese giant flying squirrel. Its back is covered with grey brown hair, and its belly is white. It has large eyes and a flattened tail. Species of flying squirrels possess a patagium, which is a skin membrane used in gliding. In this particular species of flying squirrel their patagium spans between their wrists and ankles, but not between their legs and tail.

Living areas
It is native to Japan where it inhabits sub-alpine forests and boreal evergreen forests on Honshu and Kyushu islands.

Japanese dwarf flying squirrels make their nests in the cavities of trees,or at the cross point between branches and tree trunks. These squirrels also tend to line their nests with mosses and lichens.Tree cavities are very important nest resources for them. They tend to nest in conifers, such as pine and spruce, more than broad-leaved trees.

Food and water
It eats seeds, fruit, tree leaves, buds and bark. It can leap from tree.

Reproduction
Breeding form is embryonic. Birth 2 - 6 cubs in 2 times a year at a time.

Threats
Old forests and deciduous broad-leaved forests with trees for nesting are decreasing and they are divided

Relationship with humans
They also eats acorns etc. in natural forest. This habit can be compatible with forestry and coexistence with humans is possible. It is because we only need to leave some natural forests when planting cedar.

References

Squirrels
Mammals of Japan

Japanese dwarf flying squirrel


Stewart Morris, OBE, (25 May 1909 – 24 February 1991) was a British sailor, born in Bromley, Kent. He competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London and won a gold medal in the Swallow class with David Bond.

Stewart was educated at Charterhouse and Trinity College, Cambridge.  He was a member of the Cambridge University Cruising Club and sailed against Oxford three times in 1928-30.  He remained a bachelor and devoted his life to sailing, while continuing to run the seasonal family hop business in East London. He was instrumental in founding the Oxford & Cambridge Sailing Society and continually promoted team racing in the UK and internationally.

Stewart raced his Olympic boat, Swift, in later years at Itchenor Sailing Club in Chichester Harbour where he won the Nationals and Cowes week numerous times.  He also lived in Itchenor after he retired from business.  However, the real passion of Stewart's life, from his undergraduate days onwards, was the International 14 dinghy.  His record of success in the class is unrivalled and he was 12 times winner of the Prince of Wales (PoW) Cup:
1932 Torbay in R.I.P. K267;  1933 Lowestoft in R.I.P. K267;  1935 Cowes in Alarm K347;  1936 Clyde in Alarm K347;  1947 Hunstanton in Martlet K507;  1948 Cowes in Martlet K507;  1949 Torbay in Martlet K507;  1957 Hunstanton in Bolero K667;  1960 Falmouth in Bolero K667;  1961 Whitstable in Gossip K767;  1962 Weymouth in Gossip K767;  and 1965 Scarborough in Encore K847. He had Half models of every 14 he had owned adorning the walls of his itchenor house.

Stewart served as an officer and as a committee member of a great many sailing clubs and organisations.  He was Rear Commodore of the Royal Yacht Squadron and Vice Chairman of the Royal Yachting Association for many years.

He served as Commander in the RNVR during the Second World War.

References

External links

1909 births
1991 deaths
People educated at Charterhouse School
British male sailors (sport)
Sportspeople from Bromley
Sailors at the 1948 Summer Olympics – Swallow
Olympic sailors for Great Britain
English Olympic medallists
Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Olympic medalists in sailing
Medalists at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Royal Navy officers of World War II
Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II

Stewart Morris


A cochlear implant (CI) is an electronic device that is inserted by surgery into a part of the ear called cochlea. Persons who are having difficulty in hearing or are completely deaf use the device to help them hear better. Not all parts of the cochlear implants are inside the ear. They have a microphone and some electronics that are usually placed behind the ear. These electronics send signals to the device implanted in the ear to make hearing possible.

Most cochlear implants have the following parts. They are divided into external parts which can be seen outside and internal parts which are implanted:

External

 one or more microphones that pick up sound from the environment
 a speech processor which separates sounds from noise
 a transmitter that sends power and the processed sound signals across the skin to the internal device by electromagnetic induction,

Internal

 a receiver/stimulator, which receives signals from the speech processor and turns them into electric impulses.
 an electrode inserted in the cochlea

Implanting the device requires proper care and skill. The person on which the device will be implanted will be anesthetized. There are risks, a person may experience mastoiditis or otitis media, the facial nerve or chorda tympani maybe damaged and the implanted device could shift. Wound infections may also occur. After the implant, people may become dizzy and have problems balancing for a few months.

The total cost of a cochlear implant in the United States was about $100,000 in 2017. Health insurance sometimes pays for all or part of the cost of cochlear implants. The national health insurance schemes in the United Kingdom, Australia, Ireland, Spain, and Israel pay fully for the costs of cochlear implants. The Ministry of Health in New Zealand pays the for the new cochlear implant depending on the cause of deafness.

Bionics
Hearing
Audio technology

Cochlear implant