"Fight or Flight" is the fifteenth episode of the sixth season of the American sitcom Modern Family, and the series' 135th episode overall. It originally aired on February 18, 2015. The episode was written by Abraham Higginbotham and directed by Steven Levitan.

In the episode, Mitchell and Cameron organize a baby shower for Sal, who then seems to abandon her son with them. Mitchell and Cameron compete with Pepper and Ronaldo over adopting a child. Manny deals with a bully at cooking class, and Gloria insists that Jay teach Manny how to fight back. Claire has a bad experience with Phil at his college cheerleaders reunion weekend, so she dumps him to move to the single First Class seat offered on their flight home. When Alex and Haley find out that Luke likes a new girl, they totally takeover his text message break up with the girl he was already seeing, confident they can spare the girl's feelings.

"Fight or Flight" received mixed reviews from the critics, although many critics praised Elizabeth Banks' performance.

Plot

Mitchell (Jesse Tyler Ferguson) and Cameron (Eric Stonestreet) organize a baby shower for Sal (Elizabeth Banks) with Pepper (Nathan Lane) and Ronaldo's (Christian Barrillas) help. However, they are surprised when they discover that Sal is now a teetotaler who actually cares about her son, Sammy. Though they enjoy it at first, Sal leaves the baby shower leaving Sammy behind and the two couples believe that Sal abandoned her son. Mitchell and Cameron start arguing with Pepper and Ronaldo over Sammy since both couples want to adopt him. Sal finally returns to let them know that she would never abandon her son and informs them that she went to see Sammy's dad who is actually a hockey player for the Chicago Blackhawks and was unaware of Sammy's existence.

Claire (Julie Bowen) reluctantly agrees to attend Phil's (Ty Burrell) cheerleader friends reunion during a weekend. On their flight home, she takes the only first class seat while Phil lands in economy class. Things take an unexpected turn as Claire realizes that Dana (Natasha Leggero), the woman she is sitting with is actually a loud and obnoxious bigot, while Phil enjoys his time with a magician named Edward Legrand (Penn Jillette) and a masseuse named Jillian (Lauren Robertson). Claire asks Phil to switch seats but Phil avoids it by lying that he is having a terrible time himself with the people who sit next to him. Claire discovers the truth and the two of them end up fighting with Claire confessing how terrible was the weekend for her and the sacrifice she made for Phil. After Claire's confession, Phil accepts to switch his seat and let Claire have some peace and quiet.

In the meantime, Jay (Ed O'Neill) and Gloria (Sofia Vergara) finally let Manny (Rico Rodriguez) join cooking classes. However, a fellow student named Gideon (Garrett Boyd) always plays pranks on him, which gets on his nerves. Gloria forces Jay to teach Manny some self-defense notions in order to stand up for himself. As Manny manages to attack Gideon, it turns out that Gideon's bad attitude is actually due to his parents' divorce and that he was trying to apologize and be nice to Manny the moment Manny attacked him. Manny feels bad about it but he is expelled from the cooking lessons even though he apologizes. Manny and Jay realize that Gloria is the actual tyrant in their lives as she obliged them to practice violence without understanding someone's real motivations and they decide to face her when they get back home.

Luke (Nolan Gould) decides to ask Alex (Ariel Winter) and Haley's (Sarah Hyland) advice since he is attracted to a girl. When they ask him about the girl he is in relationship with, he says that he never broke up with her because he is unable to find a way to tell her without hurting her and that she will finally realize it on her own. Alex and Haley disagree with his decision and using his phone, they text the girl a polite way of breaking up only to get a rude answer back. The girls take it personally and they start texting with the girl while Luke enjoys the fact that they are the ones who look mean and not him, since they are the ones who are sending the texts.

Reception

Ratings
In its original American broadcast, "Fight or Flight" was watched by 8.80; down by 0.93 from the previous episode.

Reviews
"Fight or Flight" received mixed reviews, with Elizabeth Banks receiving acclaim.

Gwen Ihnat from The A.V. Club awarded the episode with a B− rating. "The show's last really good episode, "The Day We Almost Died," integrated all three families, and this combustible energy has been missing lately with these Cam-Mitch/Gloria-Jay/Phil-Claire set ups." Ihnat closes her review saying that most of the episode's four plotlines reach emotionally satisfying conclusions and these solid separations still chop up the episodic flow overall.

Lisa Fernandes of Next Projection rated the episode with 7.5/10 stating that the show decided for the last episodes to give each couple a plot and not having the whole family together. "This new decision has resulted in typically four spotlight stories in an episode, and thus has resulted in tales that come off as unevenly thought-out, with one segment usually standing head and shoulders above the others in terms of quality."

Award nominations
Elizabeth Banks was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her performance in the episode.

References

External links

"Fight or Flight" at ABC.com

2015 American television episodes
Modern Family (season 6) episodes

Fight or Flight (Modern Family)


Andy Richardson is a sports presenter and correspondent, currently working for Al Jazeera English.

Richardson has a wide range of experience as a sports journalist, and has previously worked with: Independent Television News (ITN), Sky News, ITV and Five News.

Career
Al Jazeera English
Richardson is a regular presenter on the sports-desk of the flagship daily news-programme, Newshour. Previously, the Al Jazeera English sports coverage was packaged into a separate daily programme and Richardson was a regular on this strand, the now defunct: Sportsworld.

As well as his studio-based work, Richardson has reported for Al Jazeera from across the globe. His reports have ranged from coverage of the 2008 Olympics from Beijing to reporting on the world's northernmost marathon, at the North Pole.

Five News
As Five News's sports correspondent, Richardson covered many of the major events in world sport, including the 2002 Football World Cup in Japan, the 2003 Rugby World Cup in Australia and the 2004 European Football Championships in Portugal.

ITV News
Before that, Richardson was a sports producer and reporter for ITV News in London, filing and producing stories on domestic and international sporting events. His coverage included the 1999 Rugby World Cup and the 2000 European Football Championships.

Personal
Richardson appreciates the value of sport and exercise in his own life and is known for being a keen long-distance runner.

References

Al Jazeera people
Sports commentators
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people

Andy Richardson (sports correspondent)


Wiesloch-Walldorf station is in the towns of Wiesloch and Walldorf in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. The station is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 3 station.  Leimbach Park and the Wiesloch Feldbahn and Industrial Museum are located to the north of the station, with the headquarters of Heidelberger Druckmaschinen and SAP SE on the south-western side.

History

19th century
The Karlsruhe—Heidelberg section of the Rhine Valley Railway was opened on 15 April 1843 as part of the construction of the Baden Mainline from Mannheim via Heidelberg, Karlsruhe, Baden-Baden and Freiburg to Basel, which was initially built to 1600 mm broad gauge. As a result, Walldorf and Wiesloch gained a connection to the rail network. A few years later the line was duplicated. Since the Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway's broad gauge was not compatible with the gauge of neighbouring countries, it now feared the loss of lucrative transit traffic. Therefore, in 1854, Baden began to regauge its lines to  and this was completed in just four months from Mannheim to Bruchsal.

20th and 21st century
Since the station is located about three kilometres from both Wiesloch and Walldorf, both towns only gained a limited benefit from the line. In 1901, a private branch line, the Wiesloch-Meckesheim/Waldangelloch railway, was opened connecting the centre of Wiesloch with Wiesloch-Walldorf station. This line continued to Meckesheim, providing a connection between the Rhine Valley Railway and the Neckargemünd–Bad Friedrichshall-Jagstfeld railway. The services of this line operated from a platform in the station forecourt, where there was a connecting track to the state line. Passenger services on this line closed in 1980 and freight traffic was discontinued in 1990.

A tramway was built 1902 to connect to the town of Walldorf from the station forecourt, but it was closed in 1954. The station building was demolished sometime before 1990.

On Sunday 18 January 1959 a North American F-100 Super Sabre crashed a couple of hundred metres from the station.

In 2000, the Zweckverband Bahnhof Wiesloch-Walldorf (Administrative Association of Wiesloch-Walldorf station) was founded to promote the redevelopment of the station and the upgrading of the station's environment.

Operations
Today, 135 long-distance trains stop at the station each week. It is served by two trains every hour on Intercity line 26 as well as individual services of IC line 30 and an Intercity-Express service. Regional-Express services stop every two hours on the route between Heidelberg and Stuttgart. The station is also integrated in the S-Bahn network of the Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn and is served by lines S 3 and S 4 at half-hourly intervals towards Heidelberg/Mannheim and Bruchsal/Karlsruhe.

Rail services

Long distance
  (Ostseebad Binz – Stralsund) – Hamburg – Hannover – Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe – Gießen – Frankfurt – Heidelberg – Wiesloch-Walldorf – Karlsruhe – (Konstanz)
  (Westerland or Ostseebad Binz –) Hamburg – Bremen – Dortmund – Duisburg – Cologne – Koblenz – Mannheim – Wiesloch-Walldorf – Stuttgart (or Karlsruhe – Freiburg – Basel – Chur)

Regional services

Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn services
  Germersheim - Speyer – Schifferstadt – Ludwigshafen – Mannheim – Heidelberg – Wiesloch-Walldorf – Bruchsal – Karlsruhe
  Germersheim - Speyer – Schifferstadt – Ludwigshafen – Mannheim – Heidelberg – Wiesloch-Walldorf – Bruchsal

Notes

External links

Railway stations in Baden-Württemberg
Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn stations
Railway stations in Germany opened in 1843
1843 establishments in Baden
Wiesloch
Mannheim–Karlsruhe–Basel railway

Wiesloch-Walldorf station


Cassius Clay Dowell (February 29, 1864 – February 4, 1940) was a Republican U.S. Representative from Iowa. He served from 1915 to 1935, and again from 1937 until his death in 1940, with the interregnum caused by an unsuccessful campaign for reelection in 1934.

Biography
Born on a farm near the unincorporated town of Summerset, Iowa (in Warren County, near Indianola) Dowell attended the public schools, Baptist College in Des Moines, Iowa, and Simpson College in Indianola, Iowa. In 1886, he graduated from the liberal arts department of Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa, and graduated from Drake University Law School the following year. He was admitted to the bar in 1888 and commenced practice in Des Moines.

From 1894 to 1898, Dowell served as member of the Iowa State House of Representatives. He served in the Iowa State Senate from 1902 to 1912.

In 1914, Dowell was elected as a Republican to represent Iowa's 7th congressional district. He was re-elected to this seat eight times, until reapportionment between 1930 and 1932 moved his home county into Iowa's 6th congressional district, prompting him to run for the seat in that district. He won the 1932 race by more than 13,000 votes, surviving the Roosevelt landslide. Yet he was surprised two years later, when former Iowa Supreme Court Justice Hubert Utterback upset him by over 4,000 votes. He had served nearly twenty years, in the Sixty-fourth and the nine succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1915 – January 3, 1935). He had served as chairman of the Committee on Elections (in the Sixty-sixth and Sixty-seventh Congresses), and on the Committee on Roads (in the Sixty-eighth through Seventy-first Congresses).

Dowell returned to Des Moines to practice law, and reclaimed his seat two years later in 1936, when Utterbeck ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. Senate. Utterbeck tried to regain his House in 1938, but Dowell defeated him decisively.

Dowell filed for re-election in the 1940 race, but died due to heart disease in Washington, D.C., on February 4, 1940. He was interred in Glendale Cemetery, Des Moines, Iowa.

In reporting his death, an Iowa newspaper reported that "only rarely did he participate in house debate but his influence upon legislation was strong. He was instrumental in securing veterans' hospitals for Des Moines and Knoxville, in the establishment of Camp Dodge during wartime, and in the erection of an $800,000 federal building on Des Moines' waterfront."

After his death, Republican Robert K. Goodwin won the special election to complete his term, and Republican Paul Cunningham won the 1940 general election for a full term.

See also
 List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49)

References

External links

1864 births
1940 deaths
American Disciples of Christ
People from Indianola, Iowa
Drake University alumni
Republican Party members of the Iowa House of Representatives
Republican Party Iowa state senators
Iowa lawyers
Politicians from Des Moines, Iowa
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Iowa
Drake University Law School alumni

Cassius C. Dowell


Fifty Shades Freed is an American romantic and erotic drama movie. It was released on February 9, 2018. The movie is based on the novel of the same name by E.L. James. It is the third and final movie of the Fifty Shades series.

Plot
Newly married Anastasia "Ana" Steele and Christian Grey end their honeymoon early. They return to Seattle after they hear about a break-in at Christian's corporate headquarters. Some computer files have been stolen. The security tapes say the thief is Jack Hyde. He had been Ana's boss until he was fired.

Christian surprises Ana with a new house. He hires architect Gia Matteo to rebuild it.

Ana is upset when Gia, an attractive young woman, flirts with Christian in front of Ana. Ana is jealous. She says she will fire Gia if she continues flirting with Christian.

While Christian is away on a business trip. He wants Ana to stay at home while he is away, but she goes out for a drink with her best friend, Kate Kavanagh. Kate is dating Christian's older brother Elliot. She says to Ana that her relationship may be dying. Elliot is working closely with Gia. Kate is suspicious of the relationship.

When Ana returns home, she encounters Jack Hyde. He tries to kidnap her. Ana's security team stop him as he holds her hostage. Hyde is then arrested.

Christian and Ana continue with their erotic sexual experiment. But matters become more complicated when Ana says she's pregnant. Christian is deeply disturbed. He had other plans for their early years. The next day, Ana finds out that Christian may have recently contacted his BDSM dominant and ex-lover Elena Lincoln.

Meanwhile, Jack Hyde has been released. He phones Ana. He asks for a ransom for Christian's sister Mia. Hyde wants $5 million in cash in two hours, or Mia will be dead. He warns Ana to tell no one, and bring the money alone. Ana takes out some cash and a revolver. She then goes to the bank and takes out the full amount.

The bank manager is suspicious and calls Christian. Christian thinks Ana is leaving him. But then he notices the coincidence of Hyde's recent release and Ana's sudden cash takeout. Hyde tells Ana to get into a car parked in an alley and give her phone to the driver to discard. But instead, she tricks Hyde by taking the bank manager's phone. She goes out the back entrance. She then learns the driver and partner in crime is her co-worker Liz.

Ana arrives at the drop-off site with the money. Hyde is psychotic and angry. He attacks Ana and kicks her in her abdomen. Liz tries to stop Hyde. Ana pulls out the revolver and shoots Hyde in his leg. Christian and his security team have tracked Ana's cell phone. They come and arrest Hyde and Liz. Ana blacks out as she hears Christian's voice.

Ana wakes up three days later in the hospital with Christian at her side. Christian's adoptive mother, Grace, says that Ana will not leave him. Ana goes home the next day.

Christian's private investigator, Welch, reports that Christian and Hyde had the same foster family. It is also learned that Hyde had blackmailed Liz into being his partner in crime.

Two years later, Ana and Christian have a son named Theodore. Ana is pregnant with her second child.

Cast
 Dakota Johnson as Anastasia "Ana" Steele
 Jamie Dornan as Christian Grey
 Eloise Mumford as Katherine "Kate" Kavanagh
 Rita Ora as Mia Grey
 Jennifer Ehle as Anastasia's mother
 Marcia Gay Harden as Grace, Christian's adoptive mother

Release
Fifty Shades Freed was released on February 9, 2018 by Universal Pictures.

Box office
The movie made $98.5 million in the United States and Canada. In other countries, it made $261.3 million. Worldwide, it made $359.8 million. The budget was $55 million.

Reception
Rotten Tomatoes rates this movie at 13%, with 140 reviews.

References

2018 romantic drama movies
American romantic drama movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by James Foley

Fifty Shades Freed (movie)


Elz is a municipality and a village in Hessen, Germany. It is part of the Landkreis Limburg-Weilburg. It is along the river Lahn. It has 8,088 inhabitants (2004).

Geography
The elevation is between 110m and 291m above sea level. Elz is in a valley called "Limburger Becken", which surrounds the town of Limburg. Elz is also in the valley of the "Elbbach", which flows into the river Lahn after passing Elz.
The municipality of Elz borders the municipalities of Hundsangen, Hambach, Görgeshausen, Niedererbach, Obererbach and the towns of Hadamar and Limburg.
The municipality of Elz consists of two villages: The village of Elz (7,743 inhabitants) and the village of Malmeneich (345 inhabitants).
Average temperatures are 10.5 °C in Elz and 9.9 °C in Malmeneich. Though this sounds quite moderate, temperatures can vary between -20 °C in winter and 40 °C in summer. In an average year there are 600mm of rain in Elz and 720mm in Malmeneich.

History
Elz was first mentioned in a document from 933 AD, which does not exist any more. Political importance resulted from its position at the Hohe Straße, the former most important road between Frankfurt am Main and Cologne, which still exists and is now part of the "Bundesstraße 8", which can be translated with Interstate 8.
Elz got the town privileges in 1442. Soon a wall around the town was constructed but knocked down later.

Politics
The council consists of 31 members. 19 members are from the Christian Democrats, seven are from the Social Democratic Party, four from the Free Voters' Community and one is from the Green Party. The mayor Horst Kaiser is a Christian Democrat and was elected in 2005 with 84.8% of all votes.

Economy and infrastructure
In Elz thaere are more than 600 businesses with much more than 2,000 jobs. The industrial area is at the B8 between Elz and Malmeneich.

Traffic
Elz is not only at the B8,which goes from the Dutch border to Passau, but also at the Autobahn 3, which connects Würzburg,Frankfurt am Main and Cologne.

Public institutions
In Elz there is a big outdoor swimming pool, two gyms, several sport and tennis fields and two old people's homes.

Education
There are three kindergartens, two primary schools and one "Haupt- und Realschule" (part of the German secondary education).

Famous people
 Theodor Blank (1905-1972), Bundesverteidigungsminister (Federal minister for defense) 1955-1956, Bundesminister für Arbeit und Sozialordnung (Federal minister for employment and social matters) 1957-1965
 Joseph Blank (1913-1994), Landesminister für Landesplanung, Wohnungsbau und öffentliche Arbeiten von Nordrhein-Westfalen (Minister for spatial planning, building and public works of North Rhine-Westphalia) 1962-1963

References

Elz, Hesse


Jean François Pons (1688–1752) was a French Jesuit who pioneered the study of Sanskrit in the West.

He published a survey of Sanskrit literature in 1743, where he described the language as "admirable for its harmony, copiousness, and energy", reporting on the parsimony of the native grammatical tradition, informing the works of de Brosses, Dow, Sinner, Voltaire, Monboddo, Halhed, Beauzée, and Hervás, and was plagiarized by John Cleland (1778).

References
Rosane Rocher, "Discovery of Sanskrit by Europeans" in Concise history of the language sciences from the Sumerians to the cognitivists, E. F. K. Koerner & R. E. Asher (eds.), 1995, p. 188.
Rosane Rocher, Lord Monboddo, Sanskrit and Comparative Linguistics, Journal of the American Oriental Society (1980).
H.W. Bodewitz, De late 'ontdekking' van het Sanskrit en de Oudindische cultuur in Europa, Leiden University thesis (2002).

18th-century French Jesuits
French philologists
French Indologists
1688 births
1752 deaths

Jean François Pons


Tara could mean:

Tara (Buddhism), a female deity representing enlightened activity and fearlessness
Tara (Polynesian goddess), a beautiful sea goddess
In Hinduism:
Tara (Devi), a Mahavidya of Mahadevi, Kali or Parvati.
Another name for Taraka, the second wife of Brihaspati
Tara (Ramayana), the wife of the monkey king Vali, who married Vali's brother and successor, Sugriva, after Vali's death

Tara


A battery tower was a defensive tower built into the outermost defences of many castles, usually in the 16th century or later, after the advent of firearms. Its name is derived from the word battery, a group of several cannon.

These, usually round, towers could house numerous cannon oriented in various directions and on several levels and their firepower was therefore clearly superior to that of any attackers who, at best, could only bring their cannon to bear on the main line of assault.

The individual levels of battery towers are often connected by ramps so that the cannon could be arranged in various ways at the many embrasures.

Where artillery towers were level with their adjacent walls they were called roundels.

There are battery towers at:

 Bentheim Castle
 Nanstein Castle
 Neudahn Castle
 Burg Castle
 Calenberg Castle
 Zwinger

See also

Bastion
Roundel

Castle architecture
Fortified towers by type

Battery tower


Southern Lebanon is an area of Lebanon. It includes the South Governorate and the Nabatiye Governorate. These two governorates were separated from the same province in the early 1990s. The Rashaya and Western Beqaa Districts, the southernmost districts of the Beqaa Governorate, in Southern Lebanon are sometimes included in this area. The main cities of the region are Sidon, Tyre, Jezzine and Nabatiyeh.

Most of the people in the cazas of Bint Jbeil, Tyre, and Nabatieh in Southern Lebanon are Shi'a Muslims. Some Christians live there also. The people in Sidon are mostly Sunnis. In the rest of the caza of Sidon, the people are mostly Shi'a Muslim. There are also many Christians. The Christians are mainly Greek Catholics. The people in the cazas of Jezzine and Marjeyoun are mainly Christians. There are also some Shia Muslims. In the villages of Ain Ebel, Debel, Qaouzah, and Rmaich there are only Christian Maronites. In the caza of Hasbaya most of the people are Druzes.

References
 South Lebanon WebSite

Geography of Lebanon

Southern Lebanon


Cha Seung-won (born June 7, 1970) is a South Korean actor, who began his career as an in-demand fashion model in the 1990s. Cha achieved stardom through the hit comedy films Kick the Moon (2001), Jail Breakers (2002), My Teacher, Mr. Kim (2003), and Ghost House (2004). After proving his versatility in other genres, notably in the period thriller Blood Rain (2005) and the melodrama My Son (2007), Cha's popularity continued with the television series Bodyguard (2003), City Hall (2009), The Greatest Love (2011), Hwayugi (2017), One Ordinary Day (2021), and Our Blues (2022).

Career
Cha dropped out of Sungkyunkwan University, and began a successful career as a fashion model in 1988. He was cast in the TV sitcom New York Story, which would eventually pave the way for his debut in film.

Although his debut film Holiday In Seoul (1997) and many of his subsequent roles did not establish him as a major star, he attracted attention in 2000 for his performance as an arsonist in the firefighting film Libera Me. The following summer, the runaway success of Kim Sang-jin's comedy Kick the Moon (over 4.3 million tickets sold) secured his place in the industry as a leading actor with strong star appeal. Since then, Cha has become one of the few surefire box office draws in the country. In a 2005 survey of influential movie producers, he was ranked among the top ten most bankable stars.

In early 2003, Cha took on a slightly more serious role as a corrupt schoolteacher who is transferred to a country school in the film My Teacher, Mr. Kim. The film grossed over 2.4 million admissions and drew Cha additional praise for his acting abilities (he would later team up again with director Jang Gyu-seong for 2007 comedy Small Town Rivals). His next role, in Ghost House, reunited him with director Kim Sang-jin in a successful comedy about a man who buys a dream home, only to discover it is haunted by a young female ghost.

In 2005 Cha put aside the comic roles he had become known for and appeared in the grisly period thriller Blood Rain. The film's unexpectedly robust commercial success confirmed Cha's popularity among Korean audiences. He further proved his versatility in Jang Jin's Murder, Take One (also known as The Big Scene).

Cha starred in his first melodrama Over the Border (2006), about a North Korean defector. He then reunited with Jang Jin in My Son (2007), and he said his experience as a father helped a lot in learning the character. Stylish crime thrillers Eye for an Eye (2008), and Secret (2009) followed.

Cha returned to television in 2009, in the political fairytale City Hall penned by writer Kim Eun-sook. 2010 was a busy year for him, with Cha appearing in two films, the Lee Joon-ik-helmed period actioner Blades of Blood, and Korean War film 71: Into the Fire, followed by spy series Athena: Goddess of War.

In 2011 his character in the hit romantic comedy series The Greatest Love, arrogant top star "Dokko Jin," became a mini pop culture phenomenon, giving rise to numerous commercial deals and parodies, as well as awards for Cha.

Cha made his theater debut in 2012 in the stage play Bring Me My Chariot Fire alongside Japanese actors Tsuyoshi Kusanagi, Ryōko Hirosue, Teruyuki Kagawa, and Korean veteran actor Kim Eung-soo. Set in the historically turbulent early 1900s, the plot focuses on the friendship of artists from Korea and Japan who work together to preserve traditional Korean arts.

In 2014, Cha signed with the talent agency YG Entertainment, then starred in the police series You're All Surrounded. This was followed by his third team-up with director Jang Jin in the comedy noir film Man on High Heels, which subverted Cha's "macho" image by having him play a transgender homicide detective.

In 2015, Cha appeared in Three Meals a Day: Gochang Village, a cable reality show set on the remote Manjae Island for which he earned the nickname "Chajumma" (from the word ajumma) because of his versatile cooking skills despite the minimal amount of ingredients and implements. He was then cast as Prince Gwanghae in the period drama Splendid Politics, which focused on power struggles for the throne amid the backdrop of the Joseon Dynasty. Cha next plays cartographer and geologist Kim Jeong-ho in Kang Woo-suk's period epic Gosanja, Daedongyeojido, adapted from Park Bum-shin's novel The Map Maker.

In 2017, Cha was cast in tvN's fantasy romantic comedy drama A Korean Odyssey by the Hong sisters. Cha the starred in the family comedy-drama film Cheer Up, Mr. Lee in 2019 and the disaster film Sinkhole in 2021.

Later in 2021, he starred alongside Kim Soo-hyun in the Coupang Play's television series One Ordinary Day, based on the British television series Criminal Justice. In 2022, he appeared in the tvN drama Our Blues.

Personal life
Cha and his wife Lee Soo-jin are biological parents to daughter Cha Ye-ni (born 2003, christened as Rachel). In July 2014, a man claiming to be the birth father of Cha and Lee's son Cha No-ah (born 1989, christened as Noah) filed (and quickly dropped) a  defamation lawsuit against Cha, which led to the actor admitting that No-ah is Lee's son from her previous marriage, and that when he and Lee got married, Cha legally adopted No-ah, who was then three years old. Cha had previously falsified his marriage date as 1989 to match No-ah's age, apologizing for the white lie since their son did not know his paternity.

Filmography

Film

Television series

Web series

Variety shows

Music video appearances

Theater

Accolades

Awards and nominations

State honors

Listicles

Notes

References

External links

20th-century South Korean male actors
21st-century South Korean male actors
South Korean male film actors
South Korean male television actors
South Korean male models
South Korean Roman Catholics
People from Anyang, Gyeonggi
YG Entertainment artists
Living people
1970 births

Cha Seung-won


Jean Ann LeGrand-Casarez ( LeGrand; born April 20, 1960) is an American lawyer and news correspondent for CNN and its sister network HLN. She formerly worked for TruTV until that network eliminated daytime trial coverage. As a correspondent for Court TV/TruTV, Casarez provided live daytime trial coverage, reporting on courtroom trials across the country; she covered such cases as the Coral Eugene Watts trial, the Kobe Bryant rape case, and Scott Peterson sentencing hearings. She was an anchor for Court TV's hourly Newsbreak. In addition to her current work for CNN, she is occasionally a substitute host for HLN's Current affairs show, Primetime Justice.

Career

A graduate of the University of Southern California and Southwestern Law School in Los Angeles, Casarez is a member of the Nevada and Texas bars, licensed in the Southern District of Texas Federal Court. She joined Court TV in January 2003 from KOLO-TV in Reno, Nevada, where she was a weekend anchor and legal reporter. Prior to working in Reno, Casarez produced the news magazine show First Edition and served as the City Hall reporter and fill-in anchor at KENS-TV in San Antonio, Texas.

In addition to her legal background and journalism career, Casarez, under the name Jean LeGrand, has recorded six albums of Tejano music in Spanish for the International divisions of CBS and Capitol EMI Records, thus touring throughout the U.S. and Mexico; Casarez has also been nominated for numerous awards as a journalist, and received a 2010 Peabody Award for CNN Network's coverage of the Gulf Oil Spill.

Casarez is married and currently resides in New York City.

Discography (partial) (as Jean LeGrand)
 Tirano (CBS International, 1987)
 Jean Le Grand (EMI Latin, 1990)
 It Takes 2 Duets (EMI Latin, 1991)
 Enamorada (EMI Latin, 1992)
 Todo Para Ti (EMI Latin, 1994)

References

Warner Bros. Discovery people
CNN people
Living people
American reporters and correspondents
University of Southern California alumni
People from California
People from Long Beach, California
Southwestern Law School alumni
American television journalists
1960 births
American women television journalists
American television personalities of Mexican descent
American women singers
American musicians of Mexican descent
Tejano pop musicians
Spanish-language singers of the United States
American women lawyers
Lawyers from New York City
21st-century American women

Jean Casarez


Edward George Dennett (27 April 1879 – 15 September 1937) was a left arm spinner for Gloucestershire County Cricket Club between 1903 and 1926, and from his figures could be considered one of the best bowlers never to play Test cricket. Owing to the strength of the competition at the time, Dennett was never able to progress even to lower representative levels. He failed even to be nominated as a Wisden Cricketer of the Year, though he would have been a strong candidate to be chosen in 1913. The Wisden Cricketer's Almanack picked John Wisden that year, 29 years after his death, to commemorate the 50th year of its publication.

Born on 27 April 1879, Dennett first played for Gloucestershire in 1903. In his first season, despite exceptionally helpful pitches due to a very wet summer, Dennett fared only moderately, but in 1904, he rose remarkably rapidly to one of the leading bowlers of the day. Cunning and with brilliant ability to flight the ball, Dennett was deadly when the pitch helped him but could be effective even on firm, hard pitches.

Throughout the period from 1904 to 1914, Dennett never failed to take 100 wickets for Gloucestershire. At times, they were as dependent on him as Kent were on Tich Freeman in the early 1930s, and he accomplished some amazing feats, the best of which (taking into account the state of the wicket and the batting) was his 15 wickets against Worcestershire at Cheltenham in 1906 and his taking of all 10 Essex wickets in a single innings at Bristol in the same year. In 1907, Dennett was the leading wicket-taker in all first-class matches with 201, whilst in 1913, he took 15 wickets against a very strong Surrey batting side including Jack Hobbs.

Joining the military to meet the demand for officers caused by World War I, Dennett was not released until 1920, and never really recovered his pre-war form – being helped to take 100 wickets again in 1921 by some abysmal county batting sides. In 1926, Dennett retired from the game to take up cricket coaching, though he did play three games for the county in August that year. His career of 2,147 first-class wickets puts him 23rd on the all-time list of wicket-takers. Only Glamorgan's Don Shepherd took more wickets without being capped.

An all-round sportsman, he also excelled at soccer, fives, billiards and shooting. In retirement, his health soon deteriorated. He died at Leckhampton, Gloucestershire on 15 September 1937.

References

English cricketers
Gloucestershire cricketers
1879 births
1937 deaths
Cricketers from Cheltenham
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Players cricketers
North v South cricketers
West of England cricketers
Non-international England cricketers
Cricketers who have taken ten wickets in an innings
Players of the South cricketers
British Army personnel of World War I
British Army officers
Military personnel from Dorset

George Dennett


I, the Jury is a 1982 American neo-noir crime thriller film based on the 1947 best-selling detective novel of the same name by Mickey Spillane. The story was previously filmed in 3D in 1953. Larry Cohen wrote the screenplay and was hired to direct, but was replaced when the film's budget was already out of control after one week of shooting. He was replaced at short notice by veteran TV director (and helmer of 1976's Futureworld) Richard T. Heffron.

Plot
Detective Jack Williams, who lost his left arm in the Tet Offensive, is shot dead in his apartment. His estranged friend, detective Mike Hammer (whose life Jack saved while losing his arm) is warned by police detective Pat Chambers to stay out of it but he nevertheless investigates the matter on his own. He speaks with Jack's widow Myrna, who says that they were attending a sex therapy clinic operated by the glamorous Dr. Charlotte Bennett. Hammer visits the clinic and finds a Government Issue bugging device in the doctor's office.

Hammer's secretary Velda identifies Jack's receipts for gasoline near Bear Mountain close to a summer camp run by Hammer's old friend Joe Butler. Mike and Velda visit Joe, who tells them of a military project in Saigon involving the use of drugs to turn prisoners of war into friendly spies and how Captain Romero developed a technique for mind control. Two cars of CIA agents pursue the three on a car chase that ends when Hammer throws a Molotov cocktail at one car, causing it to drive off a cliff into the water, and blocks the road with his vehicle then shoots the second car, causing it to explode.

The FBI trace the gun that killed Jack to special effects artist Harry Lundee, who had reported the gun stolen. Hammer visits him on set, where Lundee is shot in the back by a projectile knife fired by an unknown assassin and, in his dying breath, confesses that he laundered the gun to mobster Charlie Kalecki, but Kalecki is reluctant to speak with Hammer about any ties to Romero.

The CIA, wishing to distance itself from Romero's experiments, plants a series of clues in an attempt to lead Mike Hammer to Romero in order to have Hammer eliminate Romero for them. Chambers is instructed by the CIA to plant a photo of Romero in Jack's apartment as bait for Hammer and Romero gives Dr. Bennett a fake file about Jack's activities, which Hammer is upset to read during a visit to the Northridge Clinic. Hammer questions the sexual surrogate twins who worked with Jack, before observing Dr Bennett and her sex therapy team at work. While watching this session, Hammer hears the twins being attacked but is too late to prevent their deaths at the hands of a psychotic killer. In the wake of these extreme events, Hammer checks in on Dr Bennett at her practice and the two become lovers.

The twins' killer, Charles Kendricks, has been brainwashed by Romero, who sends him to abduct Velda. Romero's black ops squad capture Hammer, torture him and cover the badly-beaten Hammer with cheap liquor, intending to push him to his death in traffic. Hammer turns the tables on his captors, fights his way free and escapes. He races to Kendricks' apartment and stops him from killing Velda, then pursues Kendricks through the Manhattan streets and shoots him dead. Convinced that Kendricks was a puppet, Hammer confronts Detective Chambers. Chambers, again being secretly instructed by the CIA, tells Hammer that Kalecki supplied the gun that killed Jack and owned the apartment building where Kendricks lived.

Hammer captures Kalecki and forces him to drive back to the Northridge Clinic, where Romero has now set up a sequence of fortifications and death-traps. Hammer jumps out of the car before Romero sets off a mine, instantly killing Kalecki. Hammer kills all of Romero's goons commando-style then climbs over a wall and into the main building to confront Romero. After a brutal fight, Romero wrestles Hammer's gun from him but Hammer has plugged the barrel, so when Romero fires the gun it explodes in his face. Romero dies before Hammer can get the answers he wants about Jack's death. Searching Romero's office, Hammer finds Romero's black ops computer files.

Later, Hammer visits Dr Bennett at her home, bearing an expensively wrapped gift that turns out to be Jack's prosthetic arm. Hammer confronts her with the information he's uncovered: she was the intruder who murdered Jack Williams. Charlotte attempts to seduce Hammer and kill him with a hidden gun but he beats her to it while they embrace, shooting her in cold blood. With her dying breath, Dr. Bennett asks Hammer "How could you?" Using the famous closing line from Spillane's original novel, Hammer responds "It was easy."

Cast

 Armand Assante as Mike Hammer
 Barbara Carrera as Dr. Charlotte Bennett
 Laurene Landon as Velda
 Alan King as Charles Kalecki
 Geoffrey Lewis as Joe Butler
 Paul Sorvino as Detective Pat Chambers
 Judson Scott as Kendricks
 Barry Snider as Romero
 Julia Barr as Norma Childs
 Jessica James as Hilda Kendricks
 Frederic Downs as Jack Williams
 Mary Margaret Amato as Myrna Williams
 F.J. O'Neil as Goodwin
 William G. Schilling as Lundee
 Robert Sevra as Breslin
 Don Pike as Evans
 Timothy Meyers as Blake
 Leigh Harris as 1st Twin
 Lynette Harris as 2nd Twin
 Gwyn Gilliss as Receptionist (as Gwynn Gillis)
 Mike Miller as Victor Kyle
 Alex Stevens as 1st Cab Driver
 Bobbie Burns as Sheila Kyle (as Bobbi Burns)
 M. Sharon Madigan as Bonnie
 Richard Russell Ramos as 2nd Cab Driver
 Norman Blankenship as Kelsey
 Daniel Faraldo as Danny
 H. Richard Greene as Gentleman at Bar
 Felicity Adler as Jogger
 Jodi Douglas as Party Girl
 Lee H. Doyle as Maitre D'
 Cheryl Henry as Brunette
 Michael Fiorello as Man in Revolving Door
 Herb Peterson as Policeman
 Richard Dahlia as Doctor at Clinic
 Aaron Barsky as Guard at Gate
 Ernest Harada as Chef
 Larry Pine as Movie Director
 Joe Farago as Assistant Director
 Alan Dellay as Cameraman
 Jack Davidson as Eric Clavel
 Loring Pickering as Soap Opera Actor
 Corrine Bohrer as Soap Opera Actress

Production
According to screenwriter Larry Cohen, he was originally hired to direct but was fired after expressing his concerns to cast or crew over the producers running out of money. Cohen immediately starting shooting Q - The Winged Serpent in Manhattan, filming concurrently with Richard T. Heffron's completion of I, the Jury. Cohen claimed that "we finished way ahead of them. They went way over budget and the company went bankrupt. They sold the picture at a bankruptcy sale."

Classification and censorship
For its US theatrical release in 1982, the MPAA requested minor cuts to a throat-slashing scene in order to qualify for an R rating.

In advance of its UK theatrical release that same year, on March 3, 1982, the BBFC classified the film as an X (its then-regular over-18 cinema category) after requiring some cuts that toned down the juxtaposition of sex and violence.

When the BBFC re-classified the film for UK home video release on November 11, 1986, using their new 18 category, a total of four minutes of cuts were required to achieve this rating (at that point in British history, the BBFC was very concerned about sexually violent and exploitative material being available at home via VHS cassette). Included in these video cuts were an extended conversation between Hammer and the sexual surrogate twins, orgy scenes at Dr. Bennett's clinic that intercut orgasm with the violent torture of the twins by Kendricks (a psychopathic killer with a cut-throat razor), cuts to a scene where a woman has her throat slit in a Chinese restaurant and the complete removal of Hammer's high-speed cab ride through Manhattan, which had been closely intercut with the sadistic knife torture of Velda by Kendricks.

Critical reaction
The film initially received mixed reviews - some reviewers felt that certain plot lines from the novel had been toned down in favor of nudity, violence and extended action scenes - and observed that Cohen's script contained 1980s-era sub-plots not present in the novel, such as government conspiracies, torture and mind-control techniques (deployed by both the CIA and the Mafia). Others felt that Cohen's CIA/Mafia back-story added a welcome sardonic quality in keeping with the spirit of Spillane and that graphic scenes of sex and gunplay were key to faithfully adapting the fevered narrative of the novel.

The New York Times''' Jennifer Dunning enjoyed Assante's casting and found the pulp film highly entertaining:

Along the way there are spectacular chases and ingenious gore, including a water bed that oozes blood. It all ends with Hammer storming a booby-trapped hideaway, alone and without a gun, then slithering through a last little fillip of bloody romance. I, the Jury only aims to entertain. And who cares, with Mr. Assante around?

Roger Ebert praised the movie, Assante and Barbara Carrera - and was particularly impressed with Laurene Landon's performance as Velda:

"I, the Jury" has a few touches all its own, however, and one of them is named Velda. She's Mike Hammer's private secretary, and she is played by Laurene Landon, the tall blonde who was one of the wrestlers in Robert Aldrich's "All the Marbles." She is absolutely, breathtakingly, beautiful. And she has a light comic manner, a way about her, that's really fetching. She's in love with Hammer, but he doesn't give her the time of day. Still, she stays in good cheer, and so do we.

In the decades since its release, Cohen and Heffron's movie has come to be celebrated by the vast majority of Spillane fans, including Spillane's biographer/co-author Max Allan Collins, as an underrated pulp fiction/grindhouse classic, the most faithful screen adaptation of the tone and spirit of Spillane's fevered prose and one of two great Mike Hammer movie adaptations, the other being Robert Aldrich's widely-lauded, apocalyptic 1955 Spillane deconstruction Kiss Me Deadly'' starring Ralph Meeker.

Writing in his 2012 book, "Mickey Spillane on Screen" (co-authored with James L. Traylor), Collins stated:

Assante's performance has a psychotic edge that makes his Hammer, updated or not, the definitive screen portrayal to date of the young Mike Hammer. Somewhere in there with the Brando and Stallone bits is a sense of the Mick himself: Assante has watched Spillane, obviously, and has the bantam walk down pat – as with Biff Elliot and Spillane, Assante confirms that a small, broad-chested Hammer has a bulldog rather than bully quality needed for character empathy in the page-to-screen transfer of the brawling hero.
The Assante Hammer is outraged; he's prepared to risk anything for his goal, because his Hammer simply does not give a damn; if he dies in the course of his quest, so be it – "You take life too serious," he advises several terrified unwilling participants in his various war games. Another time he tells Charlotte that he "may take a few suspects out along the way – I'm not perfect." Dat's Mike Hammer, '80s style.

Home media
The film was released uncut on DVD-R in the USA on March 17, 2015 by 20th Century Fox as part of their Cinema Archives collection.  It was also released uncut in an upgraded special edition Blu-ray in the USA on November 8, 2016 by Kino Lorber, with a commentary track by film historian Nathaniel Thompson and Cohen biographer/filmmaker/documentarian Steve Mitchell

References

External links
 New York Times Review October 11, 1982

1982 films
1982 crime drama films
1980s mystery films
20th Century Fox films
American crime drama films
American detective films
American mystery films
Films about the Central Intelligence Agency
Films based on American novels
Films based on works by Mickey Spillane
Films directed by Richard T. Heffron
Films scored by Bill Conti
Films set in New York (state)
Fiction about mind control
American neo-noir films
Films with screenplays by Larry Cohen
1980s English-language films
1980s American films
Mike Hammer (character) films

I, the Jury (1982 film)


A credit card is a card which allows people to buy items without cash. Each card has a unique number. Using this number, plus other details on the card (such as the validity date, or a code), the client can buy goods or services. The issuer of the card automatically transfers the money to the seller. The person using the card gets a credit. The  customer has a certain amount of time to pay the credit card bill. If the bill is left unpaid for some time, the customer will have to pay interest for the amount that is left unpaid. Payment using a credit card is one of the most common methods of electronic payment. A debit card similarly allows paying without cash, but it pays with money in the user's bank account.

Credit cards are usually small plastic cards with a unique number attached to an account. Most are magnetic stripe cards and many have an EMV chip for use by card readers.

Paying with a credit card means you borrow the money and must pay it back in a specified time. Users who fail to pay in time may have to pay much more.

Money

Credit card


The North Shore Historic District is a historic district in North Beach, Miami Beach, Florida, United States. The district is roughly bounded by 87th Street, Collins Avenue, 73rd Street, and Hawthorne Avenue. The architecture in the district is primarily of the Miami Modernism style, unique to greater Miami. Other architectural styles are reflected in the district, including Mediterranean Revival, Art Deco, and Moderne.

References

External links

Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida
National Register of Historic Places in Miami-Dade County, Florida

North Shore Historic District (Miami Beach, Florida)


Avant Browser is a discontinued freeware web browser from a Chinese programmer named Anderson Che with the browser engines Trident, Gecko and Webkit  the user can switch between. It runs on Windows 2000 and above, including Windows 8, Windows 8.1 and Windows 10. Internet Explorer versions 6 through 11 are supported.

History and development

Avant Browser was largely inspired by Opera, the first major browser to have a multiple document interface. The developer's objective was to wrap a comparable interface around the layout engine used by Internet Explorer, thereby achieving Opera-like ergonomics without suffering the frequent problems that browser had rendering pages tested only in Internet Explorer. In fact, it was initially released under the name "IEopera", though this was soon changed due to trademark concerns.

Later, Avant's developer, Anderson Che, has concentrated on adding user-requested features, and Avant was among the first browsers to have popup blocking, advertising server blocking, and one-click disabling of potential security vulnerabilities such as ActiveX, Java and JavaScript.

The Avant Browser's default search engine is a version of the Yahoo! search engine renamed Avantfind and is given a custom look. Other search engines are available via the address bar's "Quick Search" facility, and instructions on how to change the default to an engine of the user's choice have been posted by the very active Avant Browser user community.

The community has also created other tools and extensions for Avant, including registry files which allow it to use the Information Bar and other security enhancements of Windows XP SP2.

The developer also used to have a sister project known as Orca Browser, an Avant-like shell of Mozilla's Gecko layout engine as used in Firefox 3 using similar approaches to Flock. Orca Browser project is now discontinued. Gecko layout engine was included in Avant Browser version 2012 Ultimate edition, alongside the traditional Trident layout engine.

Avant was one of the twelve browsers offered to European Economic Area users of Microsoft Windows in 2010.

Avant Browser 11
Avant Browser 11 (build 130 released on January 26, 2011) includes support for many toolbars that are compatible with Internet Explorer, a facility for users to create their own scripted toolbar buttons, and a password and form-filling wizard.

A native bookmark system was also added n place of sharing Internet Explorer's Favorites. These bookmarks may be stored online with feeds, autofills, and browser settings.
This allows the user to synchronize any number of Avant installations on different computers. Avant can still share Internet Explorer's Favorites. This option was reintroduced by the developer after some users lamented its loss.

Another innovation is that Avant may now be run from a USB flash drive (or other portable storage device such as an MP3 player) without needing to be installed. In conjunction with Avant's session saving facility, this allows the user to halt a browsing session on one PC, move to another and resume viewing the same web pages.

Avant Browser 2012
Avant Browser 2012 Ultimate edition (build 3 released on October 25, 2011) added the Gecko layout engine (the rendering engine used by Mozilla Firefox), and the most recent release (build 168 released on April 6, 2012) also included the WebKit layout engine (the rendering engine used by Safari), making Avant Browser a three-engine browser. Layout engine is selectable by the user.

There is also a lite edition which contains only the Trident layout engine.

Features

Avant allows users to synchronize their bookmark, feed and setting storage. There is a portable version that can be used without installation. It uses a low amount of resources due to all pages running in a single process and is compatible with many Internet Explorer toolbars and add-ins, including Google toolbar. Further it has an RSS reader, 21 themes to change its appearance, a translation feature, supports proxy servers, white and blacklists for domains such as advertisement servers and an option to quickly block unwanted page elements.

It supports 15 languages.

See also
 List of web browsers
 Comparison of web browsers
 Internet Explorer shell browsers
 List of feed aggregators
 Comparison of feed aggregators

References

External links

Windows web browsers
Discontinued web browsers
Internet Explorer shells
Portable software
2004 software
News aggregator software

Avant Browser


The Safwan Airfield standoff was a post-ceasefire standoff between Iraqi and U.S. forces at the end of the 1991 Gulf War.

Background
After the ground offensive, General Herbert Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr. of the coalition forces wanted a spot deep in Iraq to discuss the capitulation terms. He chose Safwan Airfield in southern Iraq to hold a formal cease-fire ceremony, as a demonstration that the coalition was in control of the war.  The airfield had been supposedly seized by VII Corps some hours earlier. However Safwan had not been taken by US troops as he had assumed. This caused General Schwarzkopf to become enraged at General Frederick M. Franks, Jr., and ordered him to take the town immediately, as he was determined to use it for the incoming talks as scheduled. The encounter between the 1st squadron, 4th Cavalry regiment (Quarterhorse) from Ft. Riley, Ks. of the U.S. 1st Infantry Division (Mechanized) and the Iraqi Republican Guard, is known in military circles as "The Ultimatum".

On the morning of March 1, 1991, M1A1 Abrams and M3A2 Bradleys from VII corps arrived at Safwan Airfield to find a group of Iraqi T-72s defending the base and the adjoining village. VII Corps gave them the option of fighting and being destroyed or vacating the place. The entire Iraqi garrison left the site at dusk, and the coalition forces quickly moved in.

Before the truce, the 1st Infantry Division had received orders to seize the road junction at Safwan. However, because of a miscommunication and a false report of friendly artillery fire, the 1st Infantry Division fell short of its target by ten miles. As result, LTC Wilson, the 1/4 Cavalry commander, scrambled his troops with orders to seize Safwan by 1600 of March 1. Meanwhile, General Franks assumed full responsibility for the mishap.

All troops of the squadron were alerted to move out at 0615 and head north. Above them, OH-58 Kiowa Warrior scout and AH-1 Cobra attack helicopters acted as guides. The lead units of the 1/4 Cavalry reached the airfield about an hour later. They were surprised when what they saw on maps as an uncompleted highway turned out to be the Safwan airfield. At first, the area seemed to be deserted, but overhead, helicopter crews reported the dug in tanks of an entire Iraqi brigade. Pope received the order not to fire unless fired upon and to continue forward. Without firing a shot, Alpha Troop occupied the airfield under the guns of the defending Iraqis. The enemy forces Pope found turned out to be a group of demoralized, starving, and ragged Iraqis. Some Americans broke out their Meals Ready to Eat (MREs) and shared them with the Iraqi defenders. Soon after they started eating, an Iraqi colonel marched up, furious that his men accepted American food and demanding that the Americans depart. Pope informed him that it was the Iraqis who would have to leave the area. He exchanged map  information with the colonel and the Iraqi retreated back to his own lines to inform his superiors.

All around the perimeter, the same type of exchange was going on with different troops. With orders not to fire unless fired upon, tense moments resulted as American troops physically removed Iraqi tank crews from their vehicles. After a short period of time the Iraqi colonel returned to Pope's position and told him the Iraqis were not going to leave (although many Iraqis had already abandoned their positions). As the tension increased, a flight of AH-64 Apache attack helicopters flew over. Pope reiterated the order, shouting over the thumping of the copters' blades that the Americans would attack if the Iraqis did not move. The Iraqi colonel went back to tell his superiors. The negotiations were not moving fast enough for MG Rhame. He ordered his 2nd Brigade, under COL Tony Moreno, to Safwan. Once there, Moreno conferred with two Iraqi generals and a civilian official. He was waiting for an Iraqi answer when Rhame radioed him with orders that were direct and to the point. He told Moreno, "Tell the Iraqis to move or die." When Moreno met the Iraqis for a second time, he cut off their reading of a prepared statement. Spitting a wad of blood at their feet (he had recently cut his lip) he said, "If you don't leave by 16:00 hours, we will kill you." That ended the negotiations. The Iraqis pulled out.

A few days later, the Iraqis and Americans met at the airfield to sign the terms of capitulation of the Iraqi forces.

Aftermath
The incident was the result of the rigorous use of the chain of command for reports by the US General Headquarters instead of direct contact with division commanders on the ground.

References

1991 in Iraq
Gulf War
Battles and conflicts without fatalities
Combat incidents
Iraq–United States military relations
March 1991 events in Asia

Safwan Airfield standoff


The Corwin Amendment is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution. It was passed by the Congress on March 2, 1861 and sent to the state legislatures for ratification. Senator William H. Seward of New York introduced the amendment in the Senate. Representative Thomas Corwin of Ohio introduced it in the House of Representatives. It was one of several bills considered by Congress in an unsuccessful attempt to attract the seceding states back into the Union and to convince border slave states to stay. Technically still pending before the states, it would, if ratified, shield "domestic institutions" of the states (which in 1861 included slavery) from the constitutional amendment process and from interference by Congress.

Text

Ratification history
The Corwin Amendment was ratified by:
 Ohio — May 13, 1861 (Rescinded ratification – March 31, 1864)
 Maryland — January 10, 1862 (Rescinded ratification – April 7, 2014)
 Illinois — February 14, 1862 (questionable validity)

In 1963, more than a century after the Corwin Amendment was sent to the state legislatures by the Congress, a joint resolution to ratify it was introduced in the Texas House of Representatives by Dallas Republican Henry Stollenwerck. The joint resolution was sent to the House's Committee on Constitutional Amendments on March 7, 1963, but received no further consideration.

Possible impact if adopted
The Corwin Amendment, when viewed through the lens of the plain meaning rule (literal rule), would have made institutionalized slavery unable to be affected by the amendment process. As a result, the later Reconstruction Amendments (Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth) would not have been allowed, as they abolish or interfere with the domestic institution of the states.

A competing theory, however, suggests that a later amendment conflicting with an already-ratified Corwin Amendment could either explicitly repeal the Corwin Amendment (as the Twenty-first Amendment explicitly repealed the Eighteenth Amendment) or be inferred to have partially or completely repealed any conflicting provisions of an already-adopted Corwin Amendment.

Notes

References

Other websites
 The 'Ghost Amendment' That Haunts Lincoln's Legacy
 A proposed Thirteenth Amendment to prevent secession, 1861

Proposed amendments to the United States Constitution

Corwin Amendment


Absorption spectroscopy is a technique used to find out what makes up a sample of a substance – in other words, a chemical analysis.

When a full spectrum of light (light with all the colours, like light from the sun) passes through the sample (which is often a gas) some specific colours do not show up on the other side. These colours of light are being absorbed by the sample. An image is created of the spectrum of light with black breaks where the light has been absorbed. These breaks are called absorption lines, and every element has its characteristic pattern of absorption lines.

On an atomic scale, this happens because of the electrons in the atoms of the sample - an electron can absorb light to gain energy. From experiments, electrons only ever absorb certain amounts of energy, suggesting an electron's energy must fit onto set, quantised, discrete energy levels. The process of an electron going to a higher energy level is called excitation. For any atom of a particular element, the energy needed to excite an electron from one specific energy level to another will be the same. This is important because it allows us to compare the absorption lines of say, the atmosphere of a far away planet, to the absorption lines of elements we know to exist in a lab. We can then reach a conclusion about what the distant planet's atmosphere may be made of.

The missing colours give us information about the energy of the photons that cause excitation. Note that the energy gained by the excited electron is equal to the energy of the incident photon (a particle of light), so only photons with fitting energies will cause an excitation. The energy of a photon is proportional to its frequency:

Where E is the energy of a photon, h is Planck's constant (a constant is a set number that doesn't change) and f is the frequency of the photon. Since a colour can be described as a specific frequency of light, this is why the black breaks can be used to identify element(s) which the light is passing through.

The intensity of the absorption varies as a function of frequency, and this variation is the absorption spectrum.

In chemistry, the technique is used to detect and measure concentrations of a particular metal element within a solution. The  scientists atomise the sample (make it turn to individual atoms) and then see what light wavelengths it absorbs. Each type of chemical (element) absorbs a particular wavelength, so scientists can tell which chemicals are in the sample. Every element has a different atomic absorption spectrum because of the different light wavelengths it absorbs.

References

Spectroscopy

Absorption spectroscopy


Etienne Henri "Hans" Larive, MWO, DSC and bar, (23 September 1915 – 28 December 1984) was a Dutch naval officer during World War II. He escaped from the prisoner of war camp Oflag IV-C at Colditz Castle in 1941, and spent the rest of the war in England serving aboard Motor Torpedo Boats. He later wrote his memoir Vannacht varen de Hollanders (1950), which was republished translated into English as The Man Who Came in From Colditz (1975) – a pun on the best-selling novel The Spy Who Came in from the Cold.

Early life
Larive was born on 23 September 1915 in Singapore. He entered the Royal Netherlands Naval College (KIM) in 1934, graduating in 1937, and gaining his commission as Luitenant ter Zee (3de klasse) on 13 August that year. He was promoted to Luitenant ter Zee (2de klasse) on 13 August 1939.

World War II
In May 1940, just a few days before the Germans attacked Holland, he returned from his tour of duty in the Dutch East Indies as Navigation Officer aboard the Admiralen class destroyer HNLMS Van Galen. On 10 May 1940 the Germans invaded, and the Van Galen was sent to shell German paratroopers who had landed around Rotterdam and Waalhaven airport. The ship had to steam into the narrow Nieuwe Waterweg, where she was attacked and soon sunk by Stuka dive-bombers.

The 'Singen' route
After the Dutch capitulation, all officers were required to give their  not to take part in any hostile activities against the Germans. About 60 officers including Larive, and one rating, refused, and were sent to German POW camps. The first was Oflag VI-A in Soest, Germany, where Larive made his first escape attempt in October 1940. This attempt brought him near to Singen, close to the Swiss border, where he was arrested. Convinced that Germany would soon win the war, the interrogating Gestapo officer arrogantly showed Larive how he would have crossed the Swiss border without problems. Larive later passed this valuable information on, and many Dutch and British prisoners used the "Singen route" to enter Switzerland. After this escape attempt all Dutch POW's were moved to Oflag VIII-C near Juliusburg, but after another successful escape by two officers they were all moved again in July 1941 to the maximum security camp (Sonderlager) Oflag IV-C at Colditz.

Escaping Colditz

At Colditz all Dutch escapes were coordinated by the Dutch escape officer Captain Machiel van den Heuvel, known as "Vandy" by the British. Van den Heuvel quickly recognised the possibilities of the exercise park and soon had his first escape plan ready. On 15 August 1941 Larive and Lieutenant Francis Steinmetz hid under a manhole cover under the cover of a rugby scrum. Lieutenant Gerrit Dames then created a diversion by cutting a hole in the barbed wire fence, before allowing himself to be caught, shouting to imaginary escapers to run, so that the Germans would think that the missing officers had already escaped.

Larive and Steinmetz hid for several hours. The cover was fixed with a heavy bolt, which Van den Heuvel had replaced with a fake made of glass. Once it was dark the two men forced the manhole cover open from below, and replaced the now broken glass bolt with the original one. They then made their way out of the castle. (This escape method was repeated on 20 September 1941 by two other Dutch officers, Conrad Giebel and Oscar Ludwig Drijber.). At Leisnig Larive and Steinmetz took a train to Nuremberg where they waited for their next train in a nearby park. To avoid attracting unwanted attention, they pretended to be a courting couple, with Steinmetz pulling a blanket down over his shorts so it looked like a skirt. They crossed the Swiss border on 18 August 1941.

Under Swiss neutrality law they were not allowed to leave the country, so the Dutch Legation provided false papers describing them as sugar planters on their way to Cuba. They travelled on a sealed train in which neutrals were able to pass through France into Spain. At Barcelona they boarded the neutral ship, Isla de Teneriffe, sailing for Havana. The ship was intercepted by a Royal Navy cutter in the Strait of Gibraltar and the two men were taken off and arrived in Gibraltar on 4 November. They then sailed to England aboard the submarine HNLMS O 21 and arrived in London on 17 December 1941.

MTB commander
In March 1942 Larive was assigned to command of the Dutch Motor Torpedo Boat MTB 203, part of the Anglo-Dutch 9th MTB Flotilla. Later the 9th Flotilla became wholly Dutch, and Larive commanded it from October 1942 until October 1943. He then became the Senior Officer of all Dutch MTBs (commanding the 2nd and 9th MTB Flotillas) until 16 September 1944, with the rank of Temporary Acting Luitenant ter Zee 1ste klasse. The Dutch MTB service was disbanded on 5 September 1944, and its personnel were reassigned to "Port Parties", operating in liberated areas of the Netherlands. Larive then became head of the Dutch Naval Press Agency MARVO (Marine Voorlichting Dienst), a post he held until leaving the navy on 1 July 1946.

Post-war
Larive was employed by the Royal Dutch Shell company from 1 September 1946. Between December 1951 and May 1954 he was a Deputy Director of N.V. Curaçaose Scheepvaart Maatschappij (Curaçao Shipping Company), a Shell subsidiary.

In 1950, he published his wartime memoirs entitled Vannacht varen de Hollanders ("The Dutch Sail Tonight"), later published in English as The Man Who Came in From Colditz. He died at The Hague on 28 December 1984.

Awards
  Knight 4th Class of the Military Order of William (Ridder der 4e klasse der Militaire Willems-Orde), awarded on 23 July 1947. The citation read:
For outstanding acts of courage, leadership and devotion distinguished by;
Firstly, on the night of 14/15 June 1942 off the French coast, as commander of MTB 203, accompanied by two British motor torpedo boats of the flotilla under a British commander, competently, audaciously and successfully attacked an enemy convoy near Calais, and returned to base with only minor damage to his boat.
Secondly, on the night of 5 July 1943 as commander of a Flotilla of motor torpedo boats, consisting of MTBs 235 and 240, and a British MTB, in the Strait of Dover, in co-operation with the heavy 35-inch batteries at Dover, attacked two heavily armed enemy destroyers, which were in transit through the channel.
Thirdly, on the night of 26/27 September 1943, as Senior Officer of the flotilla, consisting of MTB 202, 204 and 231, he attacked and sank an escorted enemy merchantman, while under fire from the heavily defended French coast.
  Knight of the Order of Orange-Nassau (Ridder der Orde van Oranje-Nassau)
  Bronze Cross (Bronzen Kruis), awarded 2 September 1942 and 13 July 1944, for successfully escaping from Germany and his actions in May 1940.
  War Commemorative Cross (Oorlogsherinneringskruis) with 3 bars.
  Distinguished Service Cross and bar (UK), for his attacks on enemy convoys in June 1942 and September 1943.
  Mentioned in Dispatches (UK)

References
Notes

Biography

1915 births
1984 deaths
People from Singapore
Royal Netherlands Naval College alumni
Royal Netherlands Navy officers
Royal Netherlands Navy personnel of World War II
Dutch escapees from Colditz Castle
Dutch non-fiction writers
Knights Fourth Class of the Military Order of William
Knights of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Recipients of the Bronze Cross (Netherlands)
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)
Engelandvaarders
20th-century non-fiction writers

Hans Larive


Habemus Papam refers to the announcement given in Latin by the Senior Cardinal Deacon  when a new Pope has been chosen.

The announcement is given from the central balcony of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican. After the announcement, the new pope meets the people and he gives his first Urbi et Orbi blessing to the crowd.

The format for the announcement is:

Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum:
Habemus Papam!

Eminentissimum ac reverendissimum Dominum,
Dominum [First Name],
Sanctæ Romanæ Ecclesiæ Cardinalem [ Last name ],
Qui sibi nomen imposuit [ Papal name ].

This, in English, means:

I announce to you a great joy:
We have a Pope!

The most eminent and most reverend Lord,
the Lord [First Name],
Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church [ Last name ],
Who takes to himself the name of [ Papal name ].

In the Habemus Papam given by Jorge Cardinal Medina Estévez on 19 April 2005 upon the election of Pope Benedict XVI, the announcement was made after a greeting (Dear Brothers and Sisters) in several languages (Italian, Spanish, French, German, and English).

Other websites
Audio: Pericle Cardinal Felici announcing Karol Cardinal Wojtyła as Pope John Paul II

Habemus Papam


Tula () is a city and the administrative center of Tula Oblast, Russia. The Klokovo air base, The Tula State University, Tula Kremlin, The Tula State Museum of Weapons and Kazanskaya part of the Upa River is located in Tula. In 2005, Tula has 465,943 people.

History
Tula was at the Upa River, which is a part of the Oka River. Tula is founded in 1146 as Taydula, Tula became the city on the southern approaches to Moscow in the 16th century and the centre of a series of defensive lines against the Tatar attack. A stone city of 1530, restored in 1784 and 1824,
had survived. In 1552, Tula successfully resisted a siege by the Tatars. During the 17th century, Tula got into the major iron-working city of Russia. It was the site of Russia's first armament factory, built in 1712 by Peter I the Great, and remains a large military staff producer. Besides iron and steel, Tula has lots of engineering industries. Brown coal is mined locally and used in the chemical industry. A highly decorated Russian tea are a traditional manufacture. Tula has mechanical, mining, and teacher-training institutes and one devoted to coal-mining research. A museum founded in 1724 displays a history of weapons. Yasnaya Polyana, the home of the Leo Tolstoy, is located 9 miles (14 km) southwest of Tula.

Geography
Tula is located 193 kilometers south of Moscow. Tula is located in the north of the Central Russian Upland in Central Russia, on the Upa River, a part of the Oka. It is 888 kilometers southeast of Saint Petersburg and 3,836 kilometers northwest of Novosibirsk.
Cities and towns in Tula Oblast
Capitals of oblasts of Russia

Tula, Russia


The  was an infantry division in the Imperial Japanese Army. Its tsūshōgō code name was the .

Formation
The 20th Division and the 19th Division were both raised as a garrison force for Korea. After Japan's victory in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, and subsequent occupation, and then annexation of Korea in 1910, the need was felt for a dedicated garrison force, raised from people with local knowledge. The 20th Division was stationed in central Korea, in what is now Yongsan District, Seoul. The division received its colors on 24 December 1915; however, the division was not considered combat-ready until 1918, and divisional headquarters were co-located with the division only from 1 April 1919. The delay was due to limited funding available for the division to build its facilities in Korea and the need to recruit and train personnel from mainland Japan. The first commander of the 19th Division was Lieutenant General Tachibana Koichirō.

Action
After the Mukden Incident on 18 September 1931, the 39th brigade of 20th Division was detached, reinforced by the 29th Infantry Regiment and stationed in the Liaodong Peninsula at Jinzhou. In December 1931, the rest of division has loso moved to Jinzhou. The whole 20th division was withdrawn in April 1932. However, following the Marco Polo Bridge Incident from 11 July 1937, the division was again dispatched to the north China theater of operations under the command of Lieutenant General Bunzaburō Kawagishi, as part of the 1st army. The division participated in the Beiping–Hankou Railway Operation and Battle of Taiyuan, but returned to its base at Keijo without having seen significant combat and remained as a reserve and garrison force in Korea throughout the remainder of Second Sino-Japanese War, mainly intended to counter an expected Soviet deep operation advances.

On 1 July 1940, the reconnaissance regiment replaced the cavalry regiment, which was detached in 1942. Also, on 16 July 1941, the 77th infantry regiment was detached and transferred to the newly created 30th division, thus converting the 20th division to the triangular division format. In 1942, the division was sent to southern Manchukuo, and its field artillery regiment was changed to a mountain artillery regiment.

During the fighting in New Guinea, the division consisted of three infantry regiments—78th, 79th and 80th—along with the 26th Field Artillery Regiment. the 20th Reconnaissance Regiment, the 20th Engineer Regiment and the 20th Transport Regiment.

From October 1943, the 20th Infantry Division under Lieutenant General Shigemasa Aoki, was transferred to the Japanese Eighteenth Army in the Southern Area Command (New Guinea). Aoki died of malaria in July 1943, and was replaced by Lieutenant General Shigeru Katagiri, who established his headquarters near Gali, and marched with his troops  to reinforce Finschhafen after the Allied landings at Lae and Nadzab on 4 September 1943. Katagiri was the primary Japanese commander at the Battle of Finschhafen between September and October 1943 in the Huon Peninsula campaign. He gathered his forces at Sattelberg but was forced to retreat after being defeated during the Battle of Sattelberg on 25 October 1943.

During the Battle of Hollandia at the end of April 1944, Shigeru Katagiri was killed in combat while en route from Madang to Wewak. He was replaced by Major General Masutaro Nakai, who was promoted to lieutenant general in April 1945. The surviving forces of the Nakai Detachment of the 20th division held out against the Australian Army in the Markham, Ramu and Finisterre campaigns and other combat operations in New Guinea until the end of the war. Of the approximately 25,000 men in the 20th Division, only 1,711 survived the war. More men died in New Guinea from malaria and malnutrition than from combat with the Americans or Australians.

See also
 List of Japanese Infantry Divisions

Notes

References
 Madej, W. Victor, Japanese Armed Forces Order of Battle, 1937–1945 [2 vols], Allentown, PA: 1981

 This article incorporates material from the Japanese Wikipedia page 第20師団 (日本軍), accessed 7 March 2016

Japanese World War II divisions
Infantry divisions of Japan
Military units and formations established in 1915
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
1915 establishments in Japan
1945 disestablishments in Japan

20th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)


A welfare state is where the government has a duty to provide some level of basic support for welfare of its citizens, including Social Security. In politics, conservatives are against welfare states.

Examples
The government provides scholarship to people who do not have as much as most other people in terms of education. The state may also give homes to people who do not have them particularly who find it difficult to make ends meet due to lack of education. The state has a system in place to monitor the progress of above such aids. To make this happen there have to be economical reformation, and the state and organisations who believe that the future is now come together to achieve this. The state also will aid in tax audits initially to put such a measure in place. The taxes vary and the pyramid information will be available for such a complex socio-political structure.A Welfare State could also be paid for if the government borrows money from people, mainly by selling bonds. It is run by the government which helps the poor and the needy out.

Scholarship scheme at varying levels would be introduced to the school and university pupils so a healthy yet connected growth of youth happens. Thus a seamless transition happens in a way the future generations stand as self sustaining individuals and contribute back to the state welfare through sense of giving back and also giving forward to their next generation. Double profit in an investment made for the betterment.

Welfare states
The most known welfare states are Nordic countries.  The United Kingdom, Canada, and France are some other examples of welfare states.

Related pages
Constitutional economics
Economic, social and cultural rights
Social democracy
Big government

Welfare economics
Social care
Forms of government

Welfare state


The Tête de l'Obiou accident was on 13 November 1950. Curtiss-Reid Flying Service had been operating a scheduled service between Paris and Rome since 1945. On 13 November 1950, a Paris-bound Douglas C-54B-1-DC aircraft crashed on the Grande Tête de l'Obiou mountain,  south of Grenoble. All 51 passengers and 7 crew were killed. The aircraft was  off course.

Flight attendant Helen Johnston's body was missing for weeks until it was found in a crevasse on the mountain.

Accident narrative

The aircraft was carrying fifty-one pilgrims, all but two of whom were Canadians and fifteen of whom were Catholic priests, on the return leg to Montreal Dorval airport from a Holy Year pilgrimage in Rome. After departing Rome Ciampino at 14:16, it crossed the Mediterranean via Bastia in Corsica, whence the flight plan called for it to pass over the Istres non-directional beacon. Whereas the crew reported its position at Istres at 16:26, the aircraft was already some 40 nautical miles to the east. A second position report, at 16"44, put it over Montelimar, whereas it was in reality in the vicinity of the airport at Gap-Tallard. Some fifteen minutes later, the aircraft struck the top of the 9,150-feet high Tête de l'Obiou mountain, less than six feet from the summit. Night was falling and the mountain was enveloped by cloud at the time of the accident. All on board were killed instantly. Alpine rescuers soon reached the scene notwithstanding severe conditions, one being killed by an avalanche during the ascent. However, the ruggedness of the terrain and the high impact forces greatly impeded the recovery operation. Fifteen of the dead were never identified. In July 1951, six Italian forest workers were prosecuted for looting the crash site and stealing money, jewellery and religious objects from the wreckage.

See also
Grande Tête de l'Obiou

References

External links

 Final report of the french Bureau Enquêtes / Accidents, in french
 Gendarmerie (police) report, in french
 Report from the Aix control center, in french

Airliner accidents and incidents involving controlled flight into terrain
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1950
Aviation accidents and incidents in France
Accidents and incidents involving the Douglas DC-4
November 1950 events in Europe
1950 in France

1950 Tête de l'Obiou C-54 crash


Jean-Baptiste le Rond d'Alembert ( ; ; 16 November 1717 – 29 October 1783) was a French mathematician, mechanician, physicist, philosopher, and music theorist. Until 1759 he was, together with Denis Diderot, a co-editor of the Encyclopédie. D'Alembert's formula for obtaining solutions to the wave equation is named after him. The wave equation is sometimes referred to as d'Alembert's equation, and the fundamental theorem of algebra is named after d'Alembert in French.

Early years
Born in Paris, d'Alembert was the natural son of the writer Claudine Guérin de Tencin and the chevalier Louis-Camus Destouches, an artillery officer. Destouches was abroad at the time of d'Alembert's birth. Days after birth his mother left him on the steps of the  church. According to custom, he was named after the patron saint of the church. D'Alembert was placed in an orphanage for foundling children, but his father found him and placed him with the wife of a glazier, Madame Rousseau, with whom he lived for nearly 50 years. She gave him little encouragement. When he told her of some discovery he had made or something he had written she generally replied,

Destouches secretly paid for the education of Jean le Rond, but did not want his paternity officially recognised.

Studies and adult life
D'Alembert first attended a private school. The chevalier Destouches left d'Alembert an annuity of 1,200 livres on his death in 1726. Under the influence of the Destouches family, at the age of 12 d'Alembert entered the Jansenist Collège des Quatre-Nations (the institution was also known under the name "Collège Mazarin"). Here he studied philosophy, law, and the arts, graduating as baccalauréat en arts in 1735.

In his later life, d'Alembert scorned the Cartesian principles he had been taught by the Jansenists: "physical promotion, innate ideas and the vortices". The Jansenists steered d'Alembert toward an ecclesiastical career, attempting to deter him from pursuits such as poetry and mathematics. Theology was, however, "rather unsubstantial fodder" for d'Alembert. He entered law school for two years, and was nominated avocat in 1738.

He was also interested in medicine and mathematics. Jean enrolled first as Jean-Baptiste Daremberg and subsequently changed his name, perhaps for reasons of euphony, to d'Alembert.

Later, in recognition of d'Alembert's achievements,  Frederick the Great of Prussia proposed the name "d'Alembert" for a suspected (but non-existent) moon of Venus, however d'Alembert refused the honor.

Career

In July 1739 he made his first contribution to the field of mathematics, pointing out the errors he had detected in Analyse démontrée (published 1708 by Charles-René Reynaud) in a communication addressed to the Académie des Sciences. At the time L'analyse démontrée was a standard work, which d'Alembert himself had used to study the foundations of mathematics. D'Alembert was also a Latin scholar of some note and worked in the latter part of his life on a translation of Tacitus, for which he received wide praise including that of Denis Diderot.

In 1740, he submitted his second scientific work from the field of fluid mechanics Mémoire sur la réfraction des corps solides, which was recognised by Clairaut. In this work d'Alembert theoretically explained refraction.

In 1741, after several failed attempts, d'Alembert was elected into the Académie des Sciences.  He was later elected to the Berlin Academy in 1746 and a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1748.

In 1743, he published his most famous work, Traité de dynamique, in which he developed his own laws of motion.

When the Encyclopédie was organised in the late 1740s, d'Alembert was engaged as co-editor (for mathematics and science) with Diderot, and served until a series of crises temporarily interrupted the publication in 1757. He authored over a thousand articles for it, including the famous Preliminary Discourse. D'Alembert "abandoned the foundation of Materialism" when he "doubted whether there exists outside us anything corresponding to what we suppose we see." In this way, d'Alembert agreed with the Idealist Berkeley and anticipated the transcendental idealism of Kant.

In 1752, he wrote about what is now called D'Alembert's paradox: that the drag on a body immersed in an inviscid, incompressible fluid is zero.

In 1754, d'Alembert was elected a member of the Académie des sciences, of which he became Permanent Secretary on 9 April 1772.

In 1757, an article by d'Alembert in the seventh volume of the Encyclopedia suggested that the Geneva clergymen had moved from Calvinism to pure Socinianism, basing this on information provided by Voltaire. The Pastors of Geneva were indignant, and appointed a committee to answer these charges. Under pressure from Jacob Vernes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and others, d'Alembert eventually made the excuse that he considered anyone who did not accept the Church of Rome to be a Socinianist, and that was all he meant, and he abstained from further work on the encyclopaedia following his response to the critique.

He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1781.

Music theories
D'Alembert's first exposure to music theory was in 1749 when he was called upon to review a Mémoire submitted to the Académie by Jean-Philippe Rameau. This article, written in conjunction with Diderot, would later form the basis of Rameau's 1750 treatise Démonstration du principe de l'harmonie. D'Alembert wrote a glowing review praising the author's deductive character as an ideal scientific model. He saw in Rameau's music theories support for his own scientific ideas, a fully systematic method with a strongly deductive synthetic structure.

Two years later, in 1752, d'Alembert attempted a fully comprehensive survey of Rameau's works in his Eléments de musique théorique et pratique suivant les principes de M. Rameau. Emphasizing Rameau's main claim that music was a mathematical science that had a single principle from which could be deduced all the elements and rules of musical practice as well as the explicit Cartesian methodology employed, d'Alembert helped to popularise the work of the composer and advertise his own theories. He claims to have "clarified, developed, and simplified" the principles of Rameau, arguing that the single idea of the  was not sufficient to derive the entirety of music. D'Alembert instead claimed that three principles would be necessary to generate the major musical mode, the minor mode, and the identity of octaves. Because he was not a musician, however, d'Alembert misconstrued the finer points of Rameau's thinking, changing and removing concepts that would not fit neatly into his understanding of music.

Although initially grateful, Rameau eventually turned on d'Alembert while voicing his increasing dissatisfaction with J. J. Rousseau's Encyclopédie articles on music. This led to a series of bitter exchanges between the men and contributed to the end of d'Alembert and Rameau's friendship. A long preliminary discourse d'Alembert wrote for the 1762 edition of his Elémens attempted to summarise the dispute and act as a final rebuttal.

D'Alembert also discussed various aspects of the state of music in his celebrated Discours préliminaire of Diderot's Encyclopédie. D'Alembert claims that, compared to the other arts, music, "which speaks simultaneously to the imagination and the senses," has not been able to represent or imitate as much of reality because of the "lack of sufficient inventiveness and resourcefulness of those who cultivate it." He wanted musical expression to deal with all physical sensations rather than merely the passions alone. D'Alembert believed that modern (Baroque) music had only achieved perfection in his age, as there existed no classical Greek models to study and imitate. He claimed that "time destroyed all models which the ancients may have left us in this genre." He praises Rameau as "that manly, courageous, and fruitful genius" who picked up the slack left by Jean-Baptiste Lully in the French musical arts.

Personal life
D'Alembert was a participant in several Parisian salons, particularly those of Marie Thérèse Rodet Geoffrin, of the marquise du Deffand and of Julie de Lespinasse. D'Alembert became infatuated with Julie de Lespinasse, and eventually took up residence with her.

Death
He suffered bad health for many years and his death was as the result of a urinary bladder illness. As a known unbeliever, D'Alembert was buried in a common unmarked grave.

Legacy
In France, the fundamental theorem of algebra is known as the d'Alembert/Gauss theorem, as an error in d'Alembert's proof was caught by Gauss.

He also created his ratio test, a test to determine if a series converges.

The D'Alembert operator, which first arose in D'Alembert's analysis of vibrating strings, plays an important role in modern theoretical physics.

While he made great strides in mathematics and physics, d'Alembert is also famously known for incorrectly arguing in Croix ou Pile that the probability of a coin landing heads increased for every time that it came up tails. In gambling, the strategy of decreasing one's bet the more one wins and increasing one's bet the more one loses is therefore called the D'Alembert system, a type of martingale.

In South Australia, a small inshore island in south-western Spencer Gulf was named Ile d'Alembert by the French explorer, Nicolas Baudin during his expedition to New Holland. The island is better known by the alternative English name of Lipson Island. The island is a conservation park and seabird rookery.

Fictional portrayal
Diderot portrayed d'Alembert in Le rêve de D'Alembert (D'Alembert's Dream), written after the two men had become estranged. It depicts d'Alembert ill in bed, conducting a debate on materialist philosophy in his sleep.

D'Alembert's Principle, a 1996 novel by Andrew Crumey, takes its title from D'Alembert's principle in physics. Its first part describes d'Alembert's life and his infatuation with Julie de Lespinasse.

List of works

 Mémoire sur le calcul intégral (1739), prima opera pubblicata
 Traité de l'équilibre et du mouvement des fluides (1744)
 Réflexions sur la cause générale des vents (1746)
 Recherches sur les cordes vibrantes (1747)

 	Essai d'une nouvelle théorie de la résistance des fluides (1752)
 Essai sur les éléments de philosophie (1759)

 Éloges lus dans les séances publiques de l'Académie française (1779)
 Opuscules mathématiques (8 tomi 1761-1780)
 Œuvres complètes, Éditions CNRS, 2002.
 Encyclopédie ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, Flammarion, 1993.

See also
List of liberal theorists
List of things named after Jean d'Alembert

Notes

References

External links

 D'Alembert's accusation of Euler's plagiarism at Convergence
 English translation of part of the Encyclopédie of Diderot and d'Alembert
 An Account of the Destruction of the Jesuits in France by Jean Le Rond d' Alembert (1766)
 Select Eulogies of the Members of the French Academy, With Notes by Jean Le Rond d' Alembert (1799)
 Correspondence with Frederick the Great
 Jean D'Alembert – Œuvres complètes Gallica-Math
 The ARTFL Encyclopédie, a project at the University of Chicago (articles in French, scans of 18th century print copies provided)

 The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project, product of the Scholarly Publishing Office of the University of Michigan Library (an effort to translate the Encyclopédie into English)
  The Encyclopédie, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Judith Hawley, Caroline Warman and David Wootton (In Our Time, Oct. 26, 2006)

1717 births
1783 deaths
18th-century French writers
18th-century French male writers
18th-century French mathematicians
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fluid dynamicists
French atheists
French agnostics
Contributors to the Encyclopédie (1751–1772)
French music theorists
18th-century French philosophers
18th-century French physicists
Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Members of the Académie Française
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
University of Paris alumni
Writers from Paris
French encyclopedists
Enlightenment philosophers
18th-century atheists
French liberal theorists

Jean le Rond d'Alembert


Patricia Helen "Pat" Kennedy Lawford  (May 6, 1924 – September 17, 2006) was an American socialite and the sixth of nine children of Rose and Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.. She was a sister of President John F. Kennedy, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, and longtime Senator Ted Kennedy. She was married to actor Peter Lawford from 1954 to 1966.

Early life
She was born in Brookline, Massachusetts. She was the sixth of nine children born to Rose (nee Fitzgerald) and Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr..

Marriage and family
She met English actor Peter Lawford through her sister Eunice in the 1940s. They met again in 1949, and again in 1953. They courted briefly and officially announced their engagement in February 1954. They married on April 24, 1954, at the Roman Catholic Church of St. Thomas More in New York City, twelve days before her thirtieth birthday. They settled in Santa Monica, California, and often socialized with actress Judy Garland and her family. Garland gave birth to her son Joseph at the same hospital and on the same day Kennedy gave birth to her son Christopher.

The couple had four children, all born in Santa Monica, California:
 Christopher Kennedy Lawford –
 Sydney Maleia Kennedy Lawford born
 Victoria Francis Lawford born
 Robin Elizabeth Lawford born

Personal life

After her divorce, Kennedy battled alcoholism and suffered from tongue cancer. She worked with the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum, as well as with the National Center on Addiction, and was a founder of the National Committee for the Literary Arts, for which she arranged a series of author lectures and scholarships.

Death
Lawford died at her Manhattan home from pneumonia at the age of 82. She was survived by her four children and ten grandchildren, as well as, at the time, her sisters Eunice and Jean, and her brother Ted.

Related pages
Kennedy family

References

Other websites
Patricia Kennedy Lawford obituary

People from Brookline, Massachusetts
1924 births
2006 deaths
Kennedy family

Patricia Kennedy Lawford