Arthur Brian Sellers (5 March 1907 – 20 February 1981) was an English amateur  first-class cricketer, who played in 334 first-class matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club between 1932 and 1948, and later became a prominent administrator at the club.

Career
Sellers was born in Keighley, Yorkshire, England, and was a middle-order right-handed batsman of modest attainments, and close fielder. His  cricketing significance relates almost entirely to his captaincy of the successful Yorkshire side, both before and after  World War II. He played regularly for Yorkshire in 1932, and often captained the side in his debut season in the absence of the regular captain, Frank Greenwood. When Greenwood resigned at the end of that season, Sellers was appointed captain for 1933, and then held the post until 1948, when he retired.

During Sellers' ten seasons of captaincy, Yorkshire won the County Championship six times, making him one of the most successful county captains of all time, rivalled only by Lord Hawke and Stuart Surridge. Intensely competitive, Sellers led by example in the field, where he always fielded close to the bat, and though his batting figures were modest – he hit 1,000 runs in a season only three times, despite regularly playing more than 30 matches a season, and made only four centuries in his career – he tended to make runs when they were needed. His score of 204,  playing against Cambridge University in 1936, was the only double-century recorded by any Yorkshire amateur player. His Yorkshire teams included many England players, including Herbert Sutcliffe, Leonard Hutton, Hedley Verity, Bill Bowes and Maurice Leyland.

After leading Yorkshire to the Championship title for three consecutive years to 1939, Sellers was named as a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in the 1940 edition of Wisden Cricketers' Almanack.

Both during his playing career and afterwards, Sellers was an England Test team selector (1938–55), and in retirement he served on Yorkshire committees, taking a prominent and influential role in many of the controversies that surrounded the county club in the 1960 and early 1970s.

Sellers died in February 1981, at Eldwick, Bingley, Yorkshire.

References

External links

1907 births
1981 deaths
English cricketers
Yorkshire cricketers
Yorkshire cricket captains
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
Cricketers from Keighley
England cricket team selectors
English cricketers of 1919 to 1945
H. D. G. Leveson Gower's XI cricketers
North v South cricketers
20th-century British businesspeople

Brian Sellers


A werewolf is a species of legendary creature that can hide its ears and tail. It is a human but also a wolf, and most people fear them because of how they look. There are characteristics that make werewolves special, and that allow a person to tell them apart from real wolves, such as the eyes,  shape, and tail. When in human form, werewolves look and act like any normal human being, although they usually appear to be ill around nights when there is a full moon. When in wolf form, the werewolf does keep the mind of human but will only attack those who anger it or take a member of its pack. Depending on the fiction or legend, a werewolf can be killed by a silver bullet. However, a werewolf cannot be killed by crosses or holy water, like vampires in similar legends. When a werewolf dies, it turns back into a human.

The name is derived from "wer" meaning man and "wulf" meaning wolf. They are sometimes referred to as 'Lycans'.

Some of the earliest myths of werewolves are those of Greek and Romania roots. Ovid in the Metamorphoses, told of King Lycaeon, who was visited by gods. Skeptical of them being true gods he decided to test them by serving human flesh in their banquet of honor. Cannibalism is frowned upon in many parts of the world, past or present (especially in that particular area). When the gods discovered the tainted meal they changed King Lycaeon into a Werewolf. Since he obviously liked human flesh, the wolven form would be more acceptable for when he took part in his little "activity."The word Lycanthropy originates from Greek roots (Lykoi meaning wolf and anthropos meaning man)

Becoming a werewolf
Several ways for becoming a werewolf have been told about. Most are dangerous and scary for anyone to do.  In other cases, the body is rubbed with a magic ointment. Drinking rainwater out of the footprint of the animal was reported to work.

In Italy, France and Germany, it was said that a man or woman could turn into a werewolf if he or she, on a certain Wednesday or Friday, slept outside on a summer night with the full moon shining directly on his or her face.

It is said that humans can be turned into werewolves by having been bitten by another werewolf. Getting scratched is a questionable way of becoming a werewolf, but most don't believe in it. However, both of these only work if the werewolf in question is in wolf form.

However, as depicted from the Harry Potter series lycanthropy is rarely inherited from parent to child. For example, Nymphadora Tonks and Remus Lupin, Remus being the werewolf and Tonks a half blood, had a child named Teddy Lupin who inherited no signs of lycranthropy but he did inherit his mother's
Metamorphmagi.  (she was a Metamorphmagus)

References

European mythology
Legendary creatures
Asian mythology

Werewolf


Ali Mroudjaé (2 August 1939 – 2 May 2019) was a Comorian politician. He served as the Foreign Minister of the Comoros from 1978 to 1982. He served as the nation's Prime Minister from 1982 to 1984. He was a member of the political party Comorian Union for Progress.

Mroudjaé died after a long illness on 2 May 2019 in Moroni. He was 79.

Biography
Ali Mroudjae was born on August 2, 1939 in the district of Iroungoudjani in Moroni.

Ali Mroudjaé attended the École normale supérieure des lettres et sciences humaines de Lyon. After a coup by Bob Denard (1929-2007), Ahmed Abdallah presented to the government the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Ali Mroudjaé in 1978. In this post, he worked until 8 February 1982 as a member of the Prime Minister of the Comorian Union for Progress. He held this position until 31 December 1984. In 2002, he ran again in the elections but only reached 4.2%.

Mroudjaé died after a long illness on 2 May 2019 in Moroni. He was 79.

References

1939 births
2019 deaths
Comorian politicians
Deaths from disease
Prime ministers

Ali Mroudjaé


Monte Terminillo is a massif in the Monti Reatini, part of the Abruzzi Apennine range in central Italy. It is located some 20 km from Rieti and 100 km from Rome and has a highest altitude of .

It is a typical Apennine massif, both for its morphology, articulated but not exceedingly sharp, and for the fauna and vegetation. Its slopes are separated by the neighbouring smaller massifs by deep valleys, including the Valle Leonina, leading to Leonessa, and the Ravara and Capo Scura valleys leading to that of the Velino River. On the opposite sides are the Valle dell'Inferno ("Hell's Valley") and Valle degli Angeli ("Angels' Valley") leading to Rieti's plain and the mounts of Cantalice.

The Terminillo is an active ski resort.

Climate

See also
Sabena Flight 503

References

External links

monteterminillo.net
terminillo.it

Terminillo
Terminillo
Ski areas and resorts in Italy

Monte Terminillo


Heinrich Besseler (April 2, 1900 – July 25, 1969) was a German musicologist born in Hörde. He is particularly known for his colossal work, Die Musik des Mittelalters und der Renaissance (1931), which provided a new perspective on historical musicology by taking a history-of-ideas approach to music history.

Life
Besseler studied philosophy (under Martin Heidegger), German language, mathematics and natural science in Freiburg im Breisgau. Subsequently, he studied music (under Hans Gál) and musicology (under Wilibald Gurlitt, Guido Adler and Wilhelm Fischer) in Vienna and Freiburg. In 1923 he obtained a doctoral degree in musicology from the University of Freiburg. The subject of his thesis was the history and stylistic development of dance suites in seventeenth-century Germany. After further studies at the University of Göttingen, he wrote a professorial thesis on medieval music, spanning the years between 1250 and 1350. From 1928 he taught at the University of Heidelberg.

In 1934, Besseler became a member of the Sturmabteilung. While admittedly failing to distance himself from National Socialism, he did come into some conflicts with Herbert Gerigk, the most notorious antisemitic musicologist in Germany. From 1949 to 1956 he taught at the University of Jena, and from 1957 to 1965 at the University of Leipzig. He was awarded an honorary doctorate at the University of Chicago in 1967, and died in Leipzig two years later.

Books
 Beiträge zur Stilgeschichte der deutschen Suite im 17. Jahrhundert (doctoral thesis, 1923)
 Die Die Motettenkomposition von Petrus de Cruce bis Philipp von Vitry (professorial thesis, 1925)
 Die Musik des Mittelalters und der Renaissance (Potsdam: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Athenaion, 1931)
 Zum Problem der Tenorgeige, Musikalische Gegenwartsfragen I, 1949
 Bourdon und Fauxbourdon – Studien zum Ursprung der niederländischen Musik, 1950
 Fünf echte Bildnisse Johann Sebastian Bachs, 1956
 Das musikalische Hören der Neuzeit, 1959
 Das Schriftbild der mehrstimmigen Musik, 1973 (co-authored with Peter Gülke).

References

1900 births
1969 deaths
20th-century German musicologists

Heinrich Besseler


A demo is a small portion or sample of a product. Usually the product is music, video game, or computer program. Demos are usually given to people who might be interested the product to try it before buying and advertise the product.

Software

Demo (software)


Olimpia Giustiniani (18 May 1641 – 27 December 1729) was an Italian noblewoman of the houses of Giustiniani and Barberini. She was the granddaughter of Olimpia Maidalchini, grand-niece of Pope Innocent X and wife of Maffeo Barberini, Prince of Palestrina.

Biography
Giustiniani was born on 18 May 18, 1641 at the Palazzo Pamphili to Andrea Giustiniani and Anna Maria Flaminia Pamphili, of the powerful Giustiniani and Pamphili families.

Her great-uncle, Pope Innocent X (Giovanni Battista Pamphili of the Pamphili family), was the brother-in-law of her maternal grandmother, papal power-broker Olimpia Maidalchini.

Marriage
Olimpia Giustiniani was married in 1653 to Maffeo Barberini, son of Taddeo Barberini (who died in exile in Paris), future Prince of Palestrina and heir to the Barberini estate.

The marriage, which reconciled the Barberini and Pamphili families, was engineered by Guistiniani's maternal grandmother, Olimpia Maidalchini, and Barberini's uncle, Cardinal Antonio Barberini, several years after the Barberini were forced into exile by an investigation instigated by Pope Innocent X following the Wars of Castro. Maidalchini, realizing her influence over Pope Innocent was waning, arranged the marriage to facilitate a return of the Barberini to Rome in order to curry favor with a number of the Barberini family's cardinals. The Barberini, too, were keen to return to Rome and were enthusiastic about Maidalchini's plan to marry Pope Innocent's grand-niece, Guistiniani, into their family.

Despite the fact that 12-year-old Guistiniani stubbornly refused to marry her 22-year-old suitor, surprising few, the two were married at a lavish ceremony celebrated by Pope Innocent himself. After the ceremony, however, the child refused to go home with her new groom to allow the marriage to be consummated. Her mother, who had barely been involved in her upbringing, appealed to her by telling her that other girls were forced to marry decrepit old men and that, by comparison, Barberini was a far better option. When the child still refused, Maidalchini forced her granddaughter into a carriage that took her to the Palazzo Barberini and a new life as a daughter of the Barberini.

By marriage, Olimpia became sister-in-law to both Cardinal Carlo Barberini and Lucrezia Barberini, who subsequently married Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena.

Issue
Maffeo Barberini and Olimpia Giustiniani had five children:

Costanza Barberini (1655–1687), married duke Francesco Caetani of Caserta in 1680
Camilla Barberini (1657–1740), married count Carlo Borromeo-Arese in 1689
Francesco Barberini (1662–1738), cardinal from 1690
Urbano Barberini (1664–1722), who would inherit the titles of his father in 1685
Taddeo Barberini (1666–1702), married Maria Teresa Muti in 1701 but died childless.

References

1641 births
1729 deaths
17th-century Italian nobility
17th-century Italian women
18th-century Italian women
Olimpia
Barberini family
Pamphili family

Olimpia Giustiniani


The A18 is a road in England that links Doncaster in South Yorkshire with Ludborough in Lincolnshire, via Scunthorpe and Grimsby. Much of its route has been superseded by the M180 motorway.

Route

Doncaster – M180
The A18 begins as a dual-carriageway and trunk road at the Balby Flyover junction with the A630 in Balby in Doncaster, under which runs the East Coast Main Line. It meets the A638 (former Great North Road) at the Sidings Roundabout then becomes Carr House Road, overlapping the A638. At the Racecourse Roundabout in Belle Vue, the A638 exits to the right (former Great North Road), and the road becomes Leger Way. Near Intake, it becomes a single carriageway and continues to Scunthorpe. At the Sandall Park Roundabout the road meets its old route and becomes Thorne Road. At the Shaw Lane Roundabout it meets the A630 and runs under a railway line. At the next roundabout, on the edge of Doncaster, the A630 leaves to the right, as a trunk road to the M18. The road, now without trunk (primary) status, passes through Edenthorpe.

The road enters Dunsville as High Street and becomes Doncaster Road. In Hatfield, it becomes Manor Road and then High Street, and crosses the M18. It becomes Epworth Road and meets the A1146 near Hatfield Woodhouse, then meets the A614 from the right from Finningley. The road becomes Tudworth Road and overlaps the A614; at the Tudworth Roundabout, the A18 continues to the right of the M180

M180 – Brigg
As High Levels Bank, it crosses a flat landscape known as Hatfield Chase and enters North Lincolnshire. It runs alongside the large North Engine Drain next to the M180. At Crowle, it meets the A161, close to junction 2 of the M180 and crosses Pilfrey Bridge over the Three Rivers. The A18 meets the B1392 (for Keadby) and passes through Gunness, crossing the B1216 (for Burringham) as Station Road. It meets the A1077 Scunthorpe ring road and the M181 at the Frodingham Grange Roundabout.

The road enters the Queensway Roundabout for the trunk road A159 at Old Brumby, becoming the non-trunk dual-carriageway Queensway. It passes through New Brumby, and at the Ashby Ville Roundabout it meets the A1029. The road meets the Briggate Lodge Roundabout on the line of Ermine Street, for junction 4 for the M180 and the trunk-road A15.

Brigg – Ludborough
At Scawby Brook, there is a roundabout with the B1206 (for Scawby), and the road enters Brigg to the left as Scawby Road, becoming Bridge Street and then Ancholme Way. The B1206 (former A15) leaves to the left and the road enters Wrawby as Brigg Road and becomes Melton Road.

The road passes through Melton Ross and passes next to Humberside Airport. At the B1210 (for Brocklesby) junction, the road heads to the right, entering Lincolnshire and the district of West Lindsey, and passes through Great Limber as High Street. It meets the B1211 and heads to the right as Barton Street (a Roman road). Near Riby, the road becomes a trunk road (until its terminus) then a dual-carriageway close to where it enters North East Lincolnshire.

The road meets the A46 Grimsby road, and heads straight on over the roundabout. The A18 used to continue eastwards from here along the present A46 into Grimsby, and now continues southwards over Welbeck Hill along the former B1431. The boundary of Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire runs down the middle of the road for about . The road re-enters Lincolnshire and the district of East Lindsey. The road follows the former A16 from Ludborough to near Utterby, where is meets the A16 (for Louth).

The last section, between the junction with the A46 at Laceby and the junction with the A16 at Ludborough, was designated by the Road Safety Foundation as the most dangerous in the country for car drivers, drawing on collated data on the number of fatal and serious-injury collisions in 2010. During a 2015 inquest, a coroner called for an independent review of the A18 near Grimsby; the coroner was reacting to the death of a family after a collision with a lorry. In 2016, the government announced that £175 million would be made available for safety improvements on roads like the A18.

Gallery

A18(M) motorway

The A18(M) was a short motorway about  long that connected the M18, from what is now junction 5 north of Hatfield to the A18. The A18(M) was built in 1972 but was redesignated after the M180 was built in 1978.

The western end of the M180 from M18 junction 5 to the junction 1 eastbound slip road was previously part of the A18(M). The eastbound slip road to the roundabout was the eastbound carriageway A18(M). About  of the westbound A18(M) carriageway was abandoned when the M180 was built on a new alignment.

Junction list

References

External links

 SABRE
 Pathetic Motorways: A18(M)

Roads in England
Transport in Lincolnshire
Roads in Yorkshire
Roads in Doncaster
Borough of North Lincolnshire
Borough of North East Lincolnshire

A18 road (England)


Berryville is a former independent community in Morgan County in the U.S. state of West Virginia. Located south of downtown Berkeley Springs, Berryville sprouted up along U.S. Route 522 at the beginning of the 20th century; first as a farming community and then as a residential extension of a growing Berkeley Springs. It remains outside the Bath town limits. Berryville includes Berkeley Springs High School, Widmyer Elementary School, and Greenway Cemetery.

References

Unincorporated communities in Morgan County, West Virginia
Unincorporated communities in West Virginia

Berryville, West Virginia


A drubchen is a traditional form of meditation retreat in Tibetan Buddhism that lasts for about ten days. It involves a large number of lay and monastic practitioners and is led by at least one High Lama. It is regarded as a very powerful practice, and is said to act as a remedy to the negative forces at work in the world, and to promote inner personal peace, peace within the community and world peace.

Tibetan Buddhists traditionally regard attendance at a drubchen as producing the same benefit as practising alone for seven years. The practice requires prayers and the drubchen mantra to be recited by practitioners for twenty-four hours a day throughout the period of the retreat.

In addition, the lamas present sometimes also prepare large quantities of a herbal medicine known as dutsi, which is said to promote physical and spiritual wellbeing.

References

Tibetan Buddhist practices
Vajrayana

Drubchen


Tlatlaya is one of 125 municipalities of the State of Mexico in Mexico.  The municipal seat is the town of Tlatlaya which is the eleventh largest town in the municipality. The word "Tlatlaya" means when the hearth is black and red.

The town

The area was settled mostly by Matlatzincas, but there were also significant numbers of Otomis, Mexicas and Purépuchas.  No large cities were built in this area but there are a number of archeological sites in the town itself as well as Teopazul, Rincón Grande, Cerro del Tecolote, Copaltepec, San Francisco, Santa  Ana Zicatecoyan, el Cerro de Tequesquite, and San Vicente with many "chontal" type buildings make of mud and stone as well as objects for daily and ritual use. This used to be a major border crossing area between Mexica and Purépecha-dominated areas. However, the area suffered attacks from the Purépecha because it was technically Aztec territory. During the Spanish Conquest, the area did not resist Spanish domination, allowing for evangelization as early as 1526 by missionaries, which included the descendants of the Aztec tlatoani Chimalpopoca. Juan Saucedo was the first Spanish governor from 1527 to 1534. The Spanish discovered and established mines here in 1533. From 1683 to 1785, Tlatlaya suffered the Spanish Inquisition. The town became the head of the República de Indios de Tlatlaya (Indian Republic of Tlatlaya) from 1743 to 1754. Vicente Guerrero and Pedro Ascencio were active here during the Mexican War of Independence which lasted from 1810 to 1821.

While the town of Tlatlaya has been the economic and political center of the area since pre-Hispanic times, it did not officially become a municipal seat until 1849 and did not become completely independent of the district of Sultepec until 1919. The town and area surrounding it favored the Liberation Army of the South (Zapatistas) during the Mexican Revolution. In 1950, the San Pedro Limón airfield was completed as well as a heliport in 1972.

Despite having a population of only 553 people as of 2005, the town of Tlatlaya is the largest community in the municipality and functions as the government of more than 160 communities. The town lies at an elevation of 1840 meters above sea level.

The most important tourist attraction is the parish of "Apostol Santiago" building on the 16th century.

The municipality
The current municipality was established in 1849, even though the town of Tlatlaya has been the political and economic heart of the area since pre-Hispanic times. The municipality of Tlatlaya has an extension of 798.92 square kilometers. Tlatlaya is bounded in the north by the municipality of Amatepec, and in the south by the state of Guerrero. The weather in Tlatlaya is tropical with rains in summer.

The population of the municipality is widely dispersed among more than 160 villages as well as more than 60 locations where there are only one or two houses. The total population of all these small villages in 2005 totaled 33,308.

Due to its very rural nature, the principal economica activity of the municipality is agriculture followed by livestock.  There are more than 3,400 farms and other fields devoted to crops covering more than 70% of the municipality's territory. There are also 24 ejidos (cooperative farms) located here. Principal crops include corn, beans, chili peppers, squash, tomatoes, onions, melons, mango and papaya. Most of the livestock raised here are pigs and cattle.

List of communities in the municipality of Tlatlaya
Agua Fría, El Alambique, La Alcantarilla, Amacuatitla, Ancón de los Curieles, Dieciocho de Marzo, Cacahuananche, Cuadrilla del Cirián (Cirián Grande), El Ciruelo, Coatepec (Coatepequito), La Cofradía, Corral de Piedra, Cruz del Norte, Coahuayana, Coahuilotes (Pueblo Nuevo), La Cueva, Chachalacatenco, Las Esmeraldas, El Gavilán, El Guayabo, El Higo Prieto, Huixtitla, Juntas del Río Limón, Las Juntas (Las Juntas del Paso), La Lagunilla, El Limón, El Llano, El Mango, Mayaltepec, Moctezuma (Colonia Moctezuma), El Montón, El Naranjito, El Naranjo, El Naranjo Palmar Grande, Nuevo Copaltepec, Palmar Grande, Palma Torcida, Palos Verdes, El Panal, La Parota, Paso de Jaquinicuil, Peña del Órgano, Pie del Cerro San Vicente, Pie del Cerro, El Potrero, Puerto de la Arena, Puerto Seco, Rancho Cuá, Ranchos Nuevos (Rancho Nuevo), Rancho Viejo, El Revelado, Rincón del Aguacate, Rincón Grande, El Salitre Ojo de Agua, Salitre Grande, Salitrillo, San Antonio del Rosario, San Felipe Tepehuastitlán, San Francisco de Asís (San Francisco), San Juan Tetitlán, San Juan Corral, San Mateo (San Mateo Guayatenco), San Pedro Limón, Santa Ana Zicatecoyan, Santa Cruz, Santa María, Tejupilquito, El Temblor, Tierra Blanca, Teopazul (Teopazul el Encinal), Tlacocuspan (Tlacocuspan Santa Cruz), Río Topilar (Topilar), El Toroal, El Zapote (El Zapote San Antonio del Rosario), El Zopilote, Pinzán Morado (Cerro Blanco), Cerro de Aguacatepec, Cerro Verde, Corral de Piedra Dos (Corral de Piedra), Corral de Vigas, El Coyol, El Devanador, La Guacamaya, El Limo, Limón Terrero, Macuatitla, Los Ocotes, Las Parotas, Piedra Ancha, Pinzán Morado, El Poroche, El Reparo, El Sauz, El Suchual de Santa Ana (El Suchual), Tecomatlán, El Terrero, El Terroncillo, La Ceiba, Cuadrilla de Flores, Peña Blanca, Cirián Grande, Los Bautistas (Cerro de los Bautistas), Las Juntas de Azúchil, El Tiquimil, Puerto Frío, El Conejo (Colonia Nueva), Peña del Agua, Barranca de las Flores, Plan del Alambique, Ancón de la Presa, Charco del Lagarto, Cerro del Morado, Arenal, Pueblo Nuevo, Corral Parota (Tepehuastitlán), La Víbora, Chano Mucio (Chanumucio), Vuelta del Río, El Mango, Juntas de Santa Ana Zicatecoyan, El Coyol, Cuadrilla Nueva, El Naranjito(Naranjito del Paso), Azúchil, El Cascalote, La Cofradía, La Cubata, Tierra Blanca, El Guitarratel, Juntas del Paso Topilar, Loma Larga, Mazatitla, Miraveles, Peña Colorada, Plan de la Cuadrilla, Barriales, Cuadrilla de los Sotero, Cuadrilla Nueva, Los Ilamos, Las Juntas, Los Limones, El Mogote (Plan Grande), La Parota, Cuadrilla de las Flores, Rincón del Coyol, El Salitre (Salitre Tlatlaya), La Sarna (El Obrador), Puerto Minatitlán, Puerto de los Martínez, Puerto del Órgano-Las Esmeraldas, El Anono, Colonia Benito Juárez, Los Hornos, El Tamarindo, El Manguito, Cuadrilla de Gutiérrez, El Nanche, Palos Altos, San Lucas
Los Encinos de los Timbres, Cerro del Mango, El Mango (Puerto el Encinal), La Unión and La Laguna Puerto de la Arena.

Notable people
Herminia Albarrán Romero, papel picado artist

References

Municipalities of the State of Mexico
Populated places in the State of Mexico

Tlatlaya


KXLT-TV (channel 47) is a television station licensed to Rochester, Minnesota, United States, serving as the Fox affiliate for Southeast Minnesota and Northern Iowa. It is owned by SagamoreHill Broadcasting alongside Telemundo affiliate KXSH-LD (channel 35); SagamoreHill maintains a shared services agreement (SSA) with Gray Television, owner of dual NBC/CW+ affiliate KTTC (channel 10), for the provision of certain services. The stations share studios in Rochester on Bandel Road Northwest along US 52, and also maintain an advertising sales office on Lakeview Drive in Clear Lake, Iowa, that serves Mason City. KXLT-TV's transmitter is located in Grand Meadow Township, Minnesota.

History

KXLI satellite
KXLT signed-on for the first time on August 21, 1987 as a full-time satellite of St. Cloud–based independent outlet KXLI. It was the market's first independent station, as well as the area's first new commercial station in 33 years. Its programming consisted mostly of low-budget syndicated fare and cartoons, though for a time it also aired Minnesota North Stars hockey. However, it found the going difficult, not in the least because KMSP-TV and WFTC, two independent stations from Minneapolis–Saint Paul, were both already available on cable.

KXLI / KXLT were owned by Halcomm Inc. with its majority stockholder and president Dale W. Lang, chairman of magazine publisher Lang Communications Inc. Lang attempted with partners to create the "Minnesota Independent Network" (MIN) with 11 stations but never got past planning and initial work.

Lang also made a $9.6 million loan to Halcomm. The station closed down in December 1988 with Lang calling the loan in 1989 taking possession of the stations.

In 1989, Lang became the primary investor in a new television network, the Star Television Network, which featured 4 hours of infomercials and 8 hours of classic programming under the TV Heaven banner. KXLT returned on September 29, 1990 again simulcasting KXLI programming as an owned and operated Star station, with both stations on the air 22 hours a day. Following the closure of Star in January 1991, KXLI / KXLT implemented a schedule of infomercials, religious programming and the Home Shopping Network.

As a KXLI satellite, KXLT operated at lower-than-licensed power due to KXLI's financial problems. KXLI and KXLT were sold to Paxson Communications in 1996 which converted both stations to an all-infomercial format under Paxson's "inTV" network. In 1997, Paxson decided to sell KXLT to raise money to launch the Pax network (today's Ion Television). Late that year, Shockley Communications purchased KXLT.

Fox affiliate
On January 19, 1998, Shockley relaunched the station as a Fox affiliate. Previously, cable systems on the Minnesota side of the market carried WFTC (and before it KMSP) while those on the Iowa side carried KDSM-TV from Des Moines. Shockley instantly invested in the station upgrading it to full power operations and moving to new studios in November of that year. On November 1, 1998 in partnership with The WB, KXLT established a cable-only affiliate of the network. Known by the faux calls "KWBR", the station was programmed by the national The WB 100+ service but local promotion and advertising sales were handled by KXLT.

In 2001, Shockley Communications was bought by Quincy Newspapers, owner of KTTC. However, Quincy could not buy KXLT due to Federal Communications Commission (FCC) rules governing duopolies. The FCC does not allow two of the four highest-rated stations to be owned by one company. Additionally, Rochester/Austin/Mason City has only six full-power stations, not enough to legally permit a duopoly in any case. Nevertheless, Quincy took over KXLT's operations under a shared services agreement. As part of the arrangement, Quincy provides all technical support, promotions, commercial production, and master control for KXLT. Shockley would later sell the station to current owner SagamoreHill Broadcasting in 2005.

In September 2006, The WB and UPN merged to create The CW. KTTC subsequently established a new second digital subchannel to offer The CW through The CW Plus, a similar national programming service as The WB 100+. At that point, the "KWBR" operation was shut down. KXLT has been digital-only since February 17, 2009  with it remaining on-air for a few more days airing "nightlight" service. KXLT's digital facility on channel 46 has been fully operational since 2004 until 2018 when the station relocated to channel 26 in the repack.

News operation

Through a news share agreement in place since 2001, KTTC produces a half-hour prime time newscast on KXLT seen Sunday through Friday nights. Known as Fox 47 News at Nine, the program originates from a secondary set at the Bandel Road Northwest studios. It features a unique graphics package and news music theme that is different from KTTC. KXLT uses most of the NBC outlet's on-air personnel but maintains separate news anchors who can report for KTTC.

At some point in 2009, CBS affiliate KIMT (channel 3) added the market's second prime time local news show at 9 to its MyNetworkTV-affiliated second digital subchannel. This newscast could be seen for thirty minutes competing with KXLT's broadcast. Eventually, the effort would be reduced to a five-minute weather cut-in featuring an updated forecast. On March 21, 2011 a day after KTTC performed an upgrade to high definition news production, KXLT completed the switch. With the change to HD came an updated set of graphics (still separate from the NBC station). On July 28, 2014, KXLT debuted a weekday morning show known as FOX in the Morning (that is produced by KTTC). Airing for thirty minutes at 8 a.m., the program is formatted with news, weather, local features and entertainment segments. FOX in the Morning is the area's only 8 a.m. newscast. Nicholas Quallich, anchor, Ted Schmidt, meteorologist, have been with the show since its summertime 2014 premiere. Tori Bokios, who joined channel 47 in January 2015, as of the summer of 2015, is the anchor of "FOX 47 News at 9 p.m." Amanda Hari is the newest member of the morning show, arriving in September 2015, replacing Bokios. In December 2016, Quallich left KXLT, leaving Hari & Schmidt to handle the morning news. Earlier in 2016, Chief Meteorologist Randy Brock left his post and went on to pursue a career in real estate. He said that part of his decision was to spend more time with his family.

On September 27, 2019, FOX in the Morning broadcast its last show, with anchor Jack Keenan and meteorologist Ted Schmidt. The 30 minute slot for the morning was used to expand Fox 47 News at Nine to a one-hour broadcast in January 2020, anchored by Maddy Wierus and Chief Meteorologist Nick Jansen.

The evening program on KXLT maintains separate anchors from KTTC (except for weather segments) and its own graphics scheme. The NBC outlet also maintains an Austin Bureau, within the Riverland Community College campus, on 8th Avenue Northwest.

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

References

External links

MeTVRochester.com - Official MeTV Rochester website

Television channels and stations established in 1987
1987 establishments in Minnesota
XLT-TV
Fox network affiliates
MeTV affiliates
Laff (TV network) affiliates
Ion Mystery affiliates
Quest (American TV network) affiliates
Gray Television
SagamoreHill Broadcasting

KXLT-TV


The Honourable Thomas Francis Wenman FRS (18 November 1745 – 8 April 1796) was a British professor, natural historian, and antiquarian.

Wenman was the second son of Philip Wenman, 6th Viscount Wenman and his wife Sophia, daughter and co-heiress of James Herbert of Tythorpe. He was born at Thame Park, near Thame, Oxfordshire in 1745. He was educated at University College, Oxford, matriculating on 22 October 1762. On 12 May 1764, he was admitted to the Inner Temple as a student.

In 1765, while studying law, he was elected a fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, and in 1770, he was called to the bar. He received degrees in civil law from Oxford as well, becoming a BCL in 1771 and a DCL in 1780. Wenman unsuccessfully contested Wallingford in 1774, but was returned for Westbury, and sat in the House of Commons for the constituency until 1780.

Wenman was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on 21 January 1779. Perhaps due to his antiquarian propensities, he was elected Keeper of the Archives of Oxford University on 15 January 1781, and was made deputy steward of the University in December.

In 1789, he was appointed Regius Professor of Civil Law in succession to Robert Vansittart, but his real interest lay in natural history and botany. While collecting specimens, he fell into the River Cherwell, near Water Eaton, and was drowned on 8 April 1796. He was buried in the chapel of All Souls on 15 April 1796.

References

1745 births
1796 deaths
People from Thame
Younger sons of viscounts
Alumni of University College, Oxford
British legal scholars
British MPs 1774–1780
English barristers
18th-century British botanists
Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford
Fellows of the Royal Society
Members of the Inner Temple
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
Regius Professors of Civil Law (University of Oxford)
Accidental deaths in England
Deaths by drowning in the United Kingdom
Keepers of the Archives of the University of Oxford

Thomas Wenman


Andrew Ewing (June 17, 1813 – June 16, 1864) was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives for the 8th congressional district of Tennessee.

Biography
Ewing was born in Nashville on June 17, 1813. After completing preparatory studies, he graduated from the University of Nashville in 1832. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1835, and commenced practice in Nashville, Tennessee. He was the chosen trustee of the University of Nashville in 1833, and served in that office until his death.

Career
Elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-first Congress, Ewing served from March 4, 1849, to March 3, 1851.  He declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1850. He resumed the practice of law in Nashville, and he was a delegate to the 1860 Democratic National Convention at Baltimore. During the Civil War, he served as judge of General Braxton Bragg's military court.

Death
Ewing died in Atlanta, Georgia, on June 16, 1864 (age 50 years, 365 days). He is interred at Nashville City Cemetery in Nashville, Tennessee. He was the brother of fellow congressman Edwin Hickman Ewing.

References

External links

1813 births
1864 deaths
University of Nashville alumni
Tennessee lawyers
Politicians from Nashville, Tennessee
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American lawyers

Andrew Ewing


The Amazing Kamikaze Syndrome is a 1983 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's eleventh studio album. The album featured two successful UK top ten singles, whilst the album itself peaked at #49 in the UK. It was the  band's most successful album of the 1980s.

The album featured the singles "(And Now the Waltz) C'est La Vie", "My Oh My" and "Run Runaway".

Track listing
"Slam the Hammer Down" (Holder/Lea)
"In the Doghouse" (Holder/Lea)
"Run Run Away" (Holder/Lea) UK #7
"High and Dry" (Holder/Lea)
"My Oh My" (Holder/Lea) UK #2
"Cocky Rock Boys (Rule O.K.)" (Holder/Lea)
"Ready To Explode" (Holder/Lea)
"(And Now the Waltz) C'est La Vie" (Holder/Lea) UK #50
"Cheap 'N' Nasty Luv" (Holder/Lea)
"Razzle Dazzle Man" (Holder/Lea)

1983 albums
Slade albums
Glam rock albums

The Amazing Kamikaze Syndrome


The World Journal for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering the field of cardiovascular surgery in pediatrics. The editor-in-chief is Marshall Jacobs (Johns Hopkins School of Medicine). The journal was established in 2010 and is published by SAGE Publications and is an official journal of the World Society for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery, the Congenital Heart Surgeons' Society, and the European Congenital Heart Surgeons Association.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in  MEDLINE, CINAHL, and ProQuest databases.

External links

SAGE Publishing academic journals
English-language journals
Pediatrics journals
Cardiology journals
Surgery journals


A counselor is a trained professional who helps others by listening to them and giving them advice. They may be a psychologist or a social worker. Counselors help people with things like career development, anger management, health and lifestyle. Schools often have counselors to help students there.

Related pages
 Therapy

Psychology
Occupations

Counselor


(Friedrich) Sebastian Mayer (actually Meier, 1773 – 9 May 1835) was a bass singer and stage director of the Classical era.

Life
Mayer was born at Benediktbeuern.  In 1793, he joined the theater company of Emanuel Schikaneder.

On 23 December 1797, he became the second husband of Josepha (Weber) Hofer, the sister of Constanze Mozart. Constanze was the widow of  Mozart, who had died in 1791. Mayer's best man at this wedding was Emanuel Schikaneder.

In 1805, he participated in the premiere of Ludwig van Beethoven's opera Fidelio, taking the part of Pizarro. The role apparently was challenging, as the following quotation from Thayer's biography of Beethoven (p. 326) indicates:

the voice moves over a series of scales, played by all the strings, so that the singer at each note which he has to utter, hears an appoggiatura of a minor second from the orchestra. The Pizarro of 1805 was unable with all his gesticulation and writhing to avoid the difficulty, the more since the mischievous players in the orchestra below maliciously emphasized the minor second by accentuation. Don Pizarro, snorting with rage, was thus at the mercy of the bows of the fiddlers. This aroused laughter. The singer, whose conceit was thus wounded, thereupon flew into a rage and hurled at the composer among other remarks the words: 'My brother-in-law would never have written such damned nonsense.

Mayer was apparently at least partly responsible for the preparation of the production, as he was the recipient of a letter from Beethoven filled with complaints and asking for more rehearsal and preparation.

Mayer, who was also active as stage director at the Theater an der Wien, died in Vienna.

Assessment
Mayer is described in Thayer's biography of Beethoven (p. 326) as "moderately gifted bass singer, but a very good actor, and of the noblest and most refined taste in vocal music, opera as well as oratorio".

Notes

References

Anderson, Emily (1952) "The Letters of Beethoven: The Necessity for a Textually Accurate Edition," Notes, 2nd Ser., Vol. 9, No. 4. pp. 544–556.
Deutsch, Otto Erich (1965) Mozart:  a documentary biography.  Stanford:  Stanford University Press.
Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, online edition.  Copyright 2007 by Oxford University Press.

1773 births
1835 deaths
Operatic basses
German basses
18th-century German male opera singers
19th-century German male opera singers

Sebastian Mayer


Nikolaas 'Niko' Tinbergen (15 April 1907 – 21 December 1988) was a Dutch ethologist and ornithologist who shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Karl von Frisch and Konrad Lorenz. Their discoveries were about individual and social behaviour patterns, and how they are triggered.

In the 1960s Niko collaborated on a series of wildlife movies, including The Riddle of the Rook (1972) and Signals for Survival (1969), which won the Italia prize in that year and the American blue ribbon in 1971.

Aspects of his life
Niko, who had two eminent brothers, Luuk and Jan, was a prisoner of war during World War II. His experience as a prisoner of the Nazis led to some friction with longtime intellectual collaborator Konrad Lorenz, and it was several years before the two reconciled.

After the war, Tinbergen moved to England, where he taught at the University of Oxford. He remained in England for the rest of his life. Several of his Oxford graduate students went on to become prominent biologists; these include Richard Dawkins, Marian Dawkins, Desmond Morris, and Iain Douglas Hamilton. He married Elisabeth Rutten and they had five children.

Supernormal stimuli
The body of Tinbergen's research focused on what he termed supernormal stimuli. This was the concept that an artificial object could be a stronger trigger for an instinct than the natural object for which the instinct originally evolved.

He constructed plaster eggs to see which a bird preferred to sit on, finding that they would select those that were larger, had more defined markings, or more saturated colour—and a dayglo-bright one with black polkadots would be selected over the bird's own pale, dappled eggs.

Tinbergen found that territorial male stickleback fish would attack a wooden fish model more vigorously than a real male if its underside was redder. He constructed cardboard dummy butterflies with more defined markings that male butterflies would try to mate with in preference to real females. The superstimulus, by its exaggerations, clearly showed what features were triggering the response.

Four Questions
He is well known for originating the four questions he believed should be asked of any animal behaviour, which were:

Proximate mechanisms:
 1. Causation (Mechanism): what are the stimuli that elicit the response, and how has it been modified by recent learning?
 2. Development (Ontogeny): how does the behaviour change with age, and what early experiences are necessary for the behaviour to be shown?

Ultimate mechanisms:
 3. Evolution (Phylogeny): how does the behaviour compare with similar behaviour in related species, and how might it have arisen?
 4. Function (Adaptation): how does the behaviour impact on the animal's chances of survival and reproduction?

Autism
Niko gave his Nobel Lecture on autism in children, which he and his wife had been researching for some time.

References
 Hans Kruuk 2003. Niko's nature: the life of Niko Tinbergen and his science of animal behaviour

1907 births
1988 deaths
Dutch academics
Dutch Nobel Prize winners
Dutch biologists
Ethologists
People from The Hague

Niko Tinbergen


Bolton Stafford Bird CMG (30 January 1840 – 15 December 1924) was an English-born Australian Congregationalist clergyman, farmer and politician.

Bird was born in Hazlerigg, Northumberland, the son of the local schoolmaster. In 1852 the family emigrated to Australia and began farming at Clunes, Victoria. In 1865 Bird was ordained in the Wesleyan Methodist Church, but in 1867 transferred to the Congregational Church as minister of the church at Ballarat. In 1870 he took charge of several churches in the Avoca district.

In 1874 he took over the church in Davey Street, Hobart, Tasmania, but resigned in 1877 due to ill-health and bought a farm near Geeveston in the Huon district. He grew apples, which he began to ship to England, thus becoming a pioneer of the Tasmanian apple export industry. In August 1891, however, the Bank of Van Diemen's Land, with whom Bird held a mortgage, collapsed and he lost the farm, moving to a much smaller property at Lunawanna on Bruny Island.

In 1882, Bird was elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly for Franklin. In 1887 he became Treasurer in Philip Fysh's ministry, serving until Fysh's defeat in 1892. He then served as Leader of the Opposition until 1894 and then Speaker of the House of Assembly until December 1896. He was Treasurer again under Sir Elliott Lewis from 1899 to 1903. From 1904 to 1909 he represented South Hobart. In 1909 he was elected to the upper house, the Legislative Council, and retired in 1923.

Bird was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 1920 New Year Honours.

Footnotes

References
Australian Dictionary of Biography
Obituary

1840 births
1924 deaths
People from Newcastle upon Tyne (district)
English emigrants to Australia
Australian Methodist ministers
Australian Congregationalist ministers
19th-century Australian Methodist ministers
20th-century Australian Methodist ministers
19th-century Congregationalist ministers
19th-century Methodist ministers
Members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly
Members of the Tasmanian Legislative Council
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Speakers of the Tasmanian House of Assembly
Leaders of the Opposition in Tasmania
Treasurers of Tasmania

Stafford Bird


"Double-Edged Sword" is the fourteenth episode of the fifth season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock, and the 94th overall episode of the series. It was directed by Don Scardino, and written by Kay Cannon and Tom Ceraulo. The episode originally aired on NBC in the United States on February 10, 2011. Guest stars in this episode include Elizabeth Banks, John Cho, and Matt Damon.

In this episode, Liz and Jack realise they are both dating people with similar personality traits to themselves. They consider that this has good and bad aspects, hence a double-edged sword.

Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) heads to Toronto with his wife, Avery (Elizabeth Banks). When she goes into labor, they try their best to get back to the United States with the help of a meth smuggler, Lorne (John Cho). Meanwhile, Liz Lemon (Tina Fey) boards a plane with her boyfriend Carol (Matt Damon) as the pilot. Things do not go well when the plane has not flown yet and Carol keeps telling the passengers that they will leave "in about half an hour" several times. Elsewhere, Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) deals with the pressure of having won an EGOT and the formal expectations that he has to meet.

Plot
Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) leaves for Toronto with his wife, Avery (Elizabeth Banks), where she unexpectedly goes into labour several weeks early. The pair are horrified at the idea that their child might be born Canadian and make a dash for the United States border. Along the way, they meet a meth smuggler called Lorne (special guest star John Cho), who gives them a ride.

Meanwhile, Liz Lemon (Tina Fey) is going on holiday with Carol (Matt Damon), except that he is flying the plane that they will be going on. He makes a remark about contrasting the plane with a "Tallahassee strip club."  When it comes time for take off, however, the plane does not move and Carol issues repeated announcements that the plane will leave "in about half an hour." However, the passengers end up waiting on the tarmac for hours.

Back at TGS, Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) has finally achieved one of his lifetime ambitions — earning an EGOT (winning an Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony). However, he is dismayed when he learns that he is now expected to shoulder greater responsibility and set a good example to others.

Ultimately, Liz leads a protest against Carol's handling of the plane, which results in the pair breaking up. As for Jack and Avery, they decide to have the baby in Canada after talking with Lorne. Lastly, Tracy informs Kenneth Parcell (Jack McBrayer) that he is going to Africa in order to do good. However, it is revealed that Tracy was lying to Kenneth and has actually decided to hide out in a warehouse in an undisclosed location. This way, he does not have to deal with the responsibility expected of him.

Production
The true reason for Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) being written out of the storyline is that Morgan had undergone a kidney transplantation. He would miss the entirety of the next two episodes ("It's Never Too Late for Now" and "TGS Hates Women") and have reduced roles in several further episodes of the series whilst recovering.

Reception
According to the Nielsen Media Research, this episode of 30 Rock was watched by 4.59 million households in its original American broadcast. It earned a 2.3 rating/6 share in the 18–49 demographic. This means that it was seen by 2.3 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 6 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast.

References

External links

30 Rock (season 5) episodes
2011 American television episodes

Double-Edged Sword (30 Rock)


Cosimo Bartoli (December 20, 1503 in Florence – October 25, 1572) was an Italian diplomat, mathematician, philologist, and humanist. He worked and lived in Rome and Florence and took minor orders. He was a friend of architect and writer Giorgio Vasari, and helped him to get his Vite ready for publication.

Life
Bartoli worked in diplomatic circles, including as secretary to Cardinal Giovanni de' Medici and as diplomatic agent for Duke Cosimo I. Bartoli wrote Ragionamenti accademici (Venice, 1567), which was mainly a criticism of Dante. One chapter, however, gave descriptions of composers and instrumentalists. He cited the composers Johannes Ockeghem and Josquin des Prez as equal to Donatello and Michelangelo in their respective arts, and stated that Ockeghem and Donatello were the precursors to Josquin and Michelangelo. In this book he also critiques architecture and painting, mainly focusing on the arts of his native Florence. He extolled the concept of invenzione in all the arts.

Works

He also published a collection of translations of works by Leon Battista Alberti under the title Opuscoli Morali di Leon Batista Alberti, gentil'huomo firentino. Venice, 1568. These included:

Momo, ovvero del Principe
De' discorsi de senatori, altrimenti Trivia
Dell'amministrare la regione
Delle commodità e delle incommodità delle lettere
Della vita di S. Potito
La cifra
Le piacevolezze matematiche
Della repubblica
Della statua
Della mosca
Del cane
Cento apologi
Hecatomphila
Deiphira

References
Clement A. Miller. "Cosimo Bartoli", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (accessed March 18, 2006), grovemusic.com (subscription access).
Notes

1503 births
1572 deaths
Diplomats from Florence
Scientists from Florence

Cosimo Bartoli


Lego Friends (stylized as LEGO Friends) is a product range of Lego construction toys designed primarily for girls that was launched in 2012. It introduced "mini-doll" figures, which are about the same size as traditional Lego minifigures but are more detailed and realistic. The original cast consisted of Andrea, Olivia, Stephanie, Mia and Emma. The theme was rebooted and relaunched in January 2023 to focus on a more diverse cast of characters, the main cast now consisting of Aliya, Nova, Zac, Liann, Paisley, Leo, Autumn and Olly.

Lego Friends sets depict scenes from suburban life set in the fictional town of Heartlake City and usually include one of the character's names in the titles. The sets are complemented by an animated series that premiered in 2012. The Friends product range replaced Lego's previous female-oriented theme Belville, which had been in production since 1994, and featured dolls that were much larger than both the mini-dolls and minifigures. The launch of Lego Friends sets in 2012 was one of Lego's biggest successes, as it not only doubled sales expectations, but also extensively widened Lego's customer base within the girls' sector. Despite receiving initial criticism relating to its representation of girls and their interests, the line has consistently performed well and has been regularly listed as one of The Lego Group's best selling themes.

Overview
Lego Friends focuses on eight characters named Aliya, Nova, Zac, Liann, Paisley, Leo, Autumn and Olly who live in Heartlake City. These characters replaced the original five named Andrea, Olivia, Stephanie, Mia and Emma. Each of the characters has specific interests, such as animal-lover, beautician and pop star. The theme depicts their houses, hobbies, cars and favourite places to spend their free time. The line introduced the mini-doll figure in Lego Friends construction toy sets, replacing the traditional Lego minifigure. The mini-doll is slightly taller than a minifigure, thinner and curvier, and was an improvement on the Belville range, which did not have customisable figures. It is also compatible with the wider Lego product range. Lego Friends also introduced a range of new brick colours, including purple, lavender, teal and turquoise.

Characters

Original characters
Prior to January 2023, Lego Friends focused on five teenage girls who live in the fictional town of Heartlake City. Each character had a distinctive personality, illustrated by her favorite activities.

 Andrea - a confident and charismatic singer who loves to perform. She has a pet bird whom she calls Pepper. She also loves being the centre of attention and dreams of being a celebrity and a great singer of all.
 Emma - a creative and imaginative character who expresses herself through art. She has a cat for a pet whom she calls Chico. She loves cheese a lot, is the silliest of the group and is shown to be smart.
 Mia - an animal lover who enjoys being outdoors. She has a pet rabbit whom she calls Twister. She loves being sarcastic and will do anything to protect the wilderness. She is also the mother of Autumn from the next incarnation.
 Olivia - a curious character with a passion for science. She is the smartest in the group and has a pet hamster whom she calls Rumble  who usually stays in a robot named Zobo that Olivia built to help out.
 Stephanie - a sporty character who loves health and fitness. She is the most competitive one in the group and will turn anything into a competition and has a pet dog whom she calls Dash.

2023 characters
 Autumn - who likes to build a campfire, catch a fish and put up a makeshift shelter. She was born with a limb difference and is missing her left forearm. She is the daughter of Mia from the original incarnation.
 Zac - a jokester. He likes motocross, martial arts and extreme sports.
 Paisley - a singer who loves to perform.
 Leo - a cook who enjoys helping his grandmother in the kitchen and has a pet cat named Churro.
 Aliya - who likes to do homework, extra-curriculars and volunteering at the animal shelter.
 Nova - she plays games and has a pet dog whom she calls Pickle. She also has 3 million followers on social media.
 Olly - a fashion designer.
 Liann - a famous comic book illustrator.

Development
Before the launch of the Lego Friends range, The Lego Group had previously targeted both boys and girls in its marketing. An American commercial in 1955 depicted both young boys and young girls playing with Lego. In 1974, the Lego minifigure was introduced, with a female minifigure introduced two months after the male minifigures. By 1979, the company had begun to specifically target girls with the launch of Scala jewellery. In 1981, a young girl holding her Lego creation was showcased in a Lego advert. In 1994, the Belville product line was introduced for girls, which focused on a fairytale theme and did not include minifigures or buildable toys. Scala was later resurrected in 1997, which emphasised gender roles.

In October 1999, Lego released a computer game for Windows PC titled Lego Friends. The game followed five girls as they "do all the things [girls] enjoy most -- from being part of a girls 'gang' to playing in a band." According to Lego, this game "was created as a sort of experiment, the byproduct of research conducted by Elena Catón in 1997 for the LEGO Group into some concerns the company had about the demographics of its toys."

Lego conducted years of additional research about its customer base, which showed that 90% of Lego sets sold were aimed at boys. This meant that there was a huge untapped market of girls who were not using Lego. A Lego spokesman, Michael McNally reported, "Seeing that the play pattern was really skewing so heavily toward boys, we wanted to understand why. We embarked on four years of global research with 4,500 girls and their moms. Some of the things we heard were really surprising and challenging in ways that weren't really comfortable for us as a brand." The research showed that boys and girls play very differently and construct different worlds of play. McNally noted that, "The boys immediately grabbed the figures and the horses and the catapults and they started having a battle". By contrast the girls were more focused on the structure. "They all looked around inside the castle and they said, 'Well, there's nothing inside'. This idea of interior versus exterior in the orientation of how they would then play with what they built was really interesting. If you think about most of the Lego models that people consider to be meant for boys, there's not a whole lot going on in there. But [the girls had] this idea of, 'There's nothing inside to do.'"

The Lego Friends line was developed to target the girl's market. The Lego Group conducted extensive ethnographic research, which aimed to identify girls' preferences. Mauricio Affonso, Friends model designer commented, "One of the main things was they couldn't really relate to the minifigure, it's too blocky. Boys tend to be a lot more about good versus evil, whereas girls really see themselves through the mini-doll. They wanted a greater level of detail, proportions and realism."

The research also showed a difference in the way that girls assemble Lego sets. McNally commented, "One of the things we learned in the research was that—where boys were perfectly happy going through two hours assembling a single structure—girls were much more interested in small bite-sized assembly that provided a role-play opportunity, before then building again".

Launch
The Lego Friends toy line was launched in January 2012 in North America (December 2011 in France), with the release of 14 sets. The first wave included 23 sets and featured five friends named Andrea, Olivia, Stephanie, Mia, and Emma in suburban settings. In the initial release the larger sets included the Heartlake Vet, City Park Cafe, and Butterfly Beauty Shop. Smaller sets included Stephanie's Cool Convertible, Andrea's Stage, Olivia's Invention Workshop and Emma's Splash Pool.

Reception

Controversy
The Lego Friends theme received initial criticism for its reinforcement of gender stereotypes. Campaign groups in both the UK and the US particularly disliked the use of the colour pink in the product range and the particular range of activities enjoyed by the characters. Abi Moore of UK campaign group, Pinkstinks remarked, "We want toys that offer all sorts of opportunities to all children. We think that cupcakes, parties and having everything revolve around leisure is just tiresome and heavily stereotyped." In the US a petition launched by the Spark movement achieved 50,000 signatures with the aim of pressuring The Lego Group to change its marketing strategy. In addition, the slim figures of the Friends characters have also drawn criticism from eating disorder specialists.  The Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood nominated Lego Friends for a TOADY award, which is a "worst toy" award and an acronym for "Toys Oppressive And Destructive to Young Children", having opined that the Lego Friends line was "so jam-packed with condescending stereotypes it would even make Barbie blush". However, The Lego Group has responded to its critics by stating that the line was the result of research with 3,000 girls who wanted to find relevance in Lego construction sets.

Lego spokesman, Michael McNally commented, "There were a lot of people at the beginning who said, 'They've dumbed it down, it's not nearly as complicated [as the original Lego], it's special for girls because they don't think girls can build. The reality is, just about piece for piece, there are just as many pieces required to put something together [among Friends sets]." McNally defended the Lego Friends product line against its critics by stating, "I think there's been a lot of momentum around this idea that everything should be gender neutral. That's not what we're striving for. We don't see anything wrong with the natural ways that children are choosing to play. We try being gender inclusive."

In response to further criticism raised in a letter written by a 7-year-old girl in 2014 about the nature of the girls' activities in Lego sets, The Lego Group released a Research Institute play set, which included a female palaeontologist, astronomer and chemist.

Success
Despite the controversy, Lego Friends is one of Lego's biggest successes. In 2012, when the Friends line was launched, the line doubled sales expectations, with sales to girls tripling in the same year. In the first six months of 2012, The Lego Group's net profit rose 35% to 2bn kroner (£213m) partially driven by the success of the Friends line. This success caused other construction-set companies such as Mega Blocks to introduce girl dolls. Following the launch of Lego Friends, sales in the girls' market were growing as much as 20 percent each year. Three years after the launch, Lego achieved sixth place in the list of gifts that girls wanted most for Christmas, according to a survey by the National Retail Federation. Lego Friends has also reappeared in The Lego Group's annual report as one of its five top selling themes, most recently in 2016, 2018, 2019 and 2020. Lego's chief operating officer, Bali Padda remarked, "We tried reaching into the girls' audience a number of times over the last 15, 20 years, and this is the first time, with Friends, that we've had true success". On 28 September 2022, The Lego Group reported that Lego Friends, alongside Lego Star Wars, Lego Technic, Lego Icons (formerly Creator Expert), Lego City and Lego Harry Potter were the top earning themes for the six months ending 30 June 2022.

Relaunch
In October 2022, The Lego Group announced the relaunch of the brand, which introduced eight new characters in January 2023 named Aliya, Autumn, Leo, Zac, Liann, Olly, Paisley and Nova. The line up represents a new generation of characters accompanied by a new series. The Lego Group stated that it had been working with the Geena Davis Institute to present greater diversity. The new sets were launched on 1 January 2023. The new characters were created to offer greater representation by featuring a variety of skin tones, disabilities, cultures and neurodiversity.

Toy line

Construction sets
Following the initial launch, Lego Friends sets have been released in waves and have expanded on the various interests of the characters and their friends. These have included various vocational, recreational and academic interests, such as agriculture, equestrianism, wildlife animal rescue and rehabilitation, and pop stardom. The range has also included suburbia-themed sets, as well as an amusement park and skiing theme. The largest sets since the original wave have been the Summer Riding Camp, Heartlake Shopping Mall and Heartlake Grand Hotel. According to Bricklink, there have been a total of 525 Lego Friends sets released since January 2012.

In 2018, the Lego Friends line announced some physical changes to the main characters, which according to The Lego Group, were made in response to feedback from children. The changes were made to make the characters "more diverse in their appearance" and add "more depth to their personality".

In 2020, The Lego Group partnered with National Geographic to release several construction sets that focused on environmental issues. The Lego Friends line launched construction sets that centred on animal protection. The sets included Baby Elephant Jungle Rescue, Jungle Rescue Base and Panda Jungle Tree House sets.

In 2021, Lego Friends launched a range of play cubes. Each cube includes a small brick build, a mini-doll and a pet animal, and is designed for ages 6+.

In April 2021, five sets were announced for release in summer 2021, including Forest Waterfall, Forest House, Heartlake City Grand Hotel, Tree House and Horse Training and Trailer.

In May 2021, Fenella Charity, design director and creative lead of Lego Friends discussed about Olivia's Electric Car set and explained, "LEGO Friends is grounded in the real world, so as designers we take our cues from what kids experience in their everyday lives," and continued, "We have a responsibility to let kids experiment and learn about topics that they are interested in and celebrate and inspire kids on the way the world could be."

In September 2021, Matthew Ashton, The Lego Group's vice president of design announced that Lego Friends alongside City, Creator, Classic, Technic, Speed Champions, Monkie Kid, Ninjago, Collectible Minifigures and DOTS themes will continue until at least 2023.

On 3 January 2022, the Lego Friends brand celebrated its tenth anniversary. The Lego Group released eight new sets to celebrate a decade of friendship.

On 1 May 2022, The Lego Group partnered with NASA to release a construction set titled Olivia's Space Academy.

In May 2022, 12 new sets were announced for release in summer 2022, including Emma's Art School, Andrea's Theatre School, Stephanie's Sailing Adventure and Mia's Wildlife Rescue.

In August 2022, Lego Friends Advent Calendar was announced for release on 1 September 2022. The set contains 312 pieces with four mini-doll figures. The set includes Lego mini-doll figures of Santa, Olivia and two micro-dolls.

In October 2022, five new sets were announced for release on 1 January 2023, including Paisley's House, Dog Rescue Center, Heartlake Downtown Diner, Autumn's House and Heartlake International School.

Fusion
Resort Designer was released on 1 September 2014 as part of the Lego Fusion theme. The set consists of 263 pieces, a Fusion capture plate and one mini-doll figure. It enables children to create a 2D house model by placing bricks on the Fusion capture plate, scanning with a smartphone or tablet and playing with the Lego Fusion Resort Designer app to unlock game levels. The set includes a mini-doll figure of Olivia. The Lego Fusion Resort Designer app includes game levels for the Lego Friends theme. The set was designed primarily for girls aged 7 to 12 years old.

Animated series, web shorts and TV specials

An animated series and TV specials based on the Lego Friends theme have been released to accompany the product line. The story follows the adventures of the five friends in their hometown of Heartlake City. The toy line is also accompanied by a series of animated short films released on YouTube.

Series

Friends of Heartlake City
Friends of Heartlake City is an animated television series that premiered on 3 November 2013. Each episode had a runtime of 25 minutes.

Friends: The Power of Friendship
Lego Friends: The Power of Friendship aired on Netflix on 4 March 2016. The series includes two seasons with four episodes.

Friends: Girls on a Mission
Friends: Girls on a Mission is a 2018 television series on Family Channel in Canada, on KidsClick and later Kabillion in the United States, Pop in the United Kingdom and Ireland, Super RTL in Germany, and TVNZ in New Zealand. The series premiered on 25 October 2018 and has continued for four seasons.

Friends: The Next Chapter
Friends: The Next Chapter is a 2023 animated web series on YouTube. Each episode has a runtime of 22 minutes.

TV specials

Friends: Holiday Special
Friends: Holiday Special is a 21-minute television special that premiered in YouTube on 6 November 2021.

Friends: Heartlake Stories
In 2022, four TV specials for Friends: Heartlake Stories were released on YouTube, including Fitting In, Plight of the Bumblebee, Wet Wallop and The Final Countdown. Those shorts made their linear premiere on Disney Channel on August 21, 2022.

Friends: The Next Chapter New Beginnings
Friends: The Next Chapter New Beginnings is a 44-minute television special that premiered in YouTube on 29 January 2023.

Critical reception
The Lego Friends animated series has been praised for its positive role models and messaging, but criticised for its consumerism. Reviewer, Emily Ashby for Common Sense Media gave the series a two star rating, commenting that, "The characters are five strong, big-hearted teen girls who are good examples of the value of friendship. Social rivalry and other troubles arise in each story, but the girls overcome them in ways that celebrate cooperation, responsibility, and individuality." The review also opined that, "this somewhat plodding series feels more like an extended commercial than it does a solid contender for kids' attention".

Other media

Books
In June 2012, two books based on the Friends theme were released. Lego Friends: Welcome to Heartlake City and Lego Friends: Perfect Pet Show were released on June 18, 2012, by DK. DK also released a Lego Brickmaster book based on the Friends theme on September 17, 2012.

Video games and apps

Lego Friends video game

Lego Friends is a Lego-themed life simulation video game developed by Hellbent Games and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment, which is based on the Lego Friends theme. The game was first released for Nintendo 3DS systems on 12 November 2013, and for Nintendo DS systems on 8 April 2014. The game was later released for iOS devices on 31 July 2014.

Lego Friends Heartlake Rush
Lego Friends Heartlake Rush is a 3D driving game that was developed by LEGO System A/S and is designed for children aged 4+. Players choose one of the Friends characters and navigate through a series of road obstacles. The game was released on iOS and Google Play.

Magazine
In July 2014, the Lego Friends brand launched a monthly children's magazine, published by Immediate Media. Editions of the magazine were regularly published over the course of six and a half years, until it was discontinued with Issue 78. According to the Audit Bureau of Circulations (ABC), the magazine had achieved an average circulation of 22,468 between January and June 2020, which was lower than the Lego City magazine at 33,677 and the Lego Ninjago magazine at 54,423. The magazine had also received some controversy over its content in 2019, when a comic strip was criticised for sexist characterisation.

In January 2022, the Lego Friends magazine relaunched in the UK by Signature Publishing.

Theme park attractions
In 2015, a Friends themed land was introduced to Legoland California, named Lego Friends Heartlake City, featuring a splash area, Lego models of the characters, a meet and greet area and a 15-minute live show. In the same year, a themed land was opened at Legoland Windsor Resort, featuring a live show and Heartlake City Express Train. Heartlake City also made its debut at Legoland Florida in May 2015, when a themed area of the park was launched featuring two attractions named Mia's Riding Adventure and Heartlake Mall theater. In November 2021, a Lego Friends themed land was announced for the upcoming launch of Legoland Shanghai Resort in 2024.

Film
On 2 February 2016, Warner Brothers released a Lego Friends film on Blu-ray titled Lego Friends: Girlz 4 Life. The 2016 American Direct-to-DVD computer-animated film follows the story of popstar, Livi, who comes to Heartlake City. The Friends characters are forced to devise a plan when Livi's manager steals their hit song called Girlz.

The Lego Friends line made a prominent appearance in the 2019 film The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part, during scenes set within the SyStar System.

Awards and nominations
In 2012, Olivia's House (set number: 3315) was awarded "DreamToys" in the Construction category by the Toy Retailers Association.

In 2013, Dolphin Cruiser was awarded "DreamToys" in the Granny Knows Best category by the Toy Retailers Association.

In 2013, Lego Friends was awarded "Toy of the Year" and also "Activity Toy of the Year" by the Toy Association.

In 2014, Heartlake Shopping Mall was awarded "DreamToys" in the Build The World category by the Toy Retailers Association.

In 2016, Amusement Park Roller Coaster was awarded "DreamToys" in the Action Station category by the Toy Retailers Association.

In 2017, the Lego Friends Amusement Park Roller Coaster was awarded "Toy of the Year" and "Construction Toy of the Year" by the Toy Association.

In 2019, Rescue Mission Boat was awarded "DreamToys" in the Trains, Planes and Automobiles category by the Toy Retailers Association.

In 2020, Jungle Rescue Base was awarded "DreamToys" in the Crafty Kids category by the Toy Retailers Association.

In 2021, Forest Camper Van and Sailboat was awarded "DreamToys" in the Everybody's Building category by the Toy Retailers Association.

In 2021, Heartlake City Shopping Mall (set number: 41450) was listed as one of the "Top 10 toys for Christmas 2021" by Tesco.

In 2023, Heartlake Downtown Diner (set number: 41728) was awarded "Hero Toy award" at London Toy Fair 2023.

See also
 Belville (Lego)
 Lego Disney
 Lego Elves
 Lego DC Superhero Girls
 Lego Fusion
 Lego Juniors
 Lego Unikitty!
 Lego Gabby's Dollhouse

References

External links
 Lego Friends at Lego.com

Friends
Products introduced in 2012
Toy controversies

Lego Friends


Franchise aye means a richt or privilege. It mey refer tae:

Suffrage, the ceevil right tae vote
A franchise (i.e., a franchise outlet) operatit unner the business wey o franchising: the licensin o trademarks an weys o daein haunlin. This use o the term is maist common in North America
An exclusive right
A government-granted monopoly, e.g. a "TV franchise"

In sport:
 A professional sports coar, a usage originating an prevalent in the Unitit States, aye operatit unner the American-style o a professional sports league organization
 Relocation o professional sports coars, in UK usage

Franchise


(1123 – 11 February 1160) was the head of the Minamoto clan and a general of the late Heian period of Japanese history.  His son Minamoto no Yoritomo became shōgun and founded the Kamakura shogunate, the first shogunate in the history of Japan.

His Dharma name was Shōjō Juin (勝定寿院).

Hōgen Rebellion
With the outbreak of the Hōgen Rebellion in 1156, the members of the Minamoto and Taira samurai clans were beckoned into the conflict.  Yoshitomo sided along with Taira no Kiyomori in support of the Emperor Go-Shirakawa and Fujiwara no Tadamichi, while his father Minamoto no Tameyoshi sided with the retired Emperor Sutoku and Fujiwara no Yorinaga.  Yoshitomo, defeating his father and the forces of Sutoku and Yorinaga,  became head of the Minamoto and established himself as a political power in the capital of Kyoto.  However, despite his attempts to have his father pardoned, Tameyoshi was executed.  Also, the outcome of the Hōgen rebellion established the Minamoto and Taira as the two strongest political rivals in the country.

Heiji Rebellion
Three years later in 1159, Yoshitomo and Fujiwara no Nobuyori placed Go-Shirakawa under house arrest and killed his retainer, the scholar Fujiwara no Michinori, in what is called the Heiji Rebellion.  Eventually, Taira no Kiyomori, in support of Go-Shirakawa, defeated Yoshitomo.

While escaping from Kyoto, Yoshitomo was forced to kill his son Tomonaga.  Later, Yoshitomo was betrayed and killed in his bath. Three of his sons, Minamoto no Yoritomo, Minamoto no Yoshitsune and Minamoto no Noriyori, were later spared and exiled by Kiyomori.  However, Yoshihira and Nobuyori were executed.

His grave in Aichi Prefecture is surrounded on all sides by wooden swords (bokuto), as by legend his last words were "If only I had even a bokuto..."

Family
Yoshitomo fathered five sons in total. His two sons, Yoshihira and Tomonaga, lost their lives following the Minamoto Clan's defeat in the Heiji Rebellion in 1160. At the time of the outbreak of the Genpei War in 1180, Minamoto no Yoritomo was his eldest surviving son. His other two surviving sons were Minamoto no Noriyori and Minamoto no Yoshitsune.

 Father: Minamoto no Tameyoshi (源為義, 1096–1156)
 Mother: Daughter of Fujiwara no Tadakiyo (藤原忠清の娘)
 Wife: Yura Gozen (由良御前, ?–1159), "Urahime" (由良姫), daughter of Fujiwara no Suenori (藤原季範).
 Concubine: Tokiwa Gozen (常盤御前, 1138–c.1180)
 1st son: Minamoto no Yoshihira (源義平, 1140–1160)
 2nd son: Minamoto no Tomonaga (源朝長, 1144–1160)
 3rd son: Minamoto no Yoritomo (源頼朝, 1147–1199)
 4th son: Minamoto no Yoshikado (源義門, ?–?)
 5th son: Minamoto no Mareyoshi (源希義, 1152–1180 or 1182)
 6th son: Minamoto no Noriyori (源範頼, 1150–1193)
 7th son: Ano Zenjō (阿野全成, 1153–1203)
 8th son: Gien (義円, 1155–1181)
 9th son: Minamoto no Yoshitsune (源義経, 1159–1189)

See also
 Siege of Shirakawa-den
 Siege of Sanjō Palace

References

Bibliography
Turnbull, Stephen (1998). The Samurai Sourcebook. London: Cassell & Co. page 60.

Minamoto no Yoshitomo
Minamoto no Yoshitomo
Minamoto clan
Nobility from Kyoto
Japanese nobility
Nobility from Japan
Deified Japanese people
Deified men
Imperial House of Japan
Samurai
People of Heian-period Japan
Heian period Buddhists

Minamoto no Yoshitomo


Grady Sizemore (born August 2, 1982) is an American former professional baseball outfielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cleveland Indians from 2004 through 2011, but did not play in the majors for the following two years after back and knee injuries. He returned in 2014 with the Boston Red Sox and played for the Philadelphia Phillies from 2014 to 2015 before finishing 2015 with the Tampa Bay Rays. He was a three-time MLB All-Star and a two-time Gold Glove Award winner, and also won a Silver Slugger Award.

Early life
Sizemore graduated from Cascade High School in Everett, Washington, in 2000. A high school athlete in football, basketball and baseball, Sizemore signed a letter of intent to play football and baseball at the University of Washington. At the time of his high school graduation, Sizemore was Cascade's all-time leader in rushing yards, with 3,081. Sizemore graduated from high school with a 3.85 GPA.

Professional career

Draft and minors
The Montreal Expos selected Sizemore in the third round of the 2000 Major League Baseball draft. The team offered him a $2 million signing bonus to lure him away from college, to which Sizemore agreed.

On June 27, 2002, the Expos traded Sizemore, along with Cliff Lee, Brandon Phillips and Lee Stevens, to the Cleveland Indians in exchange for Bartolo Colón and Tim Drew.

Cleveland Indians

2004–2007

Sizemore made his Major League debut on July 21, 2004. He finished the rest of the season with a .246 average, 4 home runs, and 26 RBI in 43 games played. In 2005, Sizemore played his first full season in the majors. He quickly established himself as one of baseball's up and coming stars in center field. He was named the leadoff hitter of the Indians' lineup. He was supposed to play in Triple-A, but Juan González' injury in the first game of the season secured his spot in the major leagues. He also joined Roberto Alomar as the only players in franchise history to record 20 doubles, 10 triples, 20 home runs and 20 stolen bases in the same season. Sizemore's best month came in June when he hit .377 (40–106) with four home runs and 16 RBIs in 25 games. He finished the season batting .289 with 22 home runs, 81 RBIs, and 22 stolen bases. Before the start of the 2006 season, Sizemore signed a six-year contract with the Indians worth $23.45 million with a club option for 2012.

In 2006, Sizemore was selected to his first All-Star Game as a reserve outfielder. Overall that season, Sizemore played in all 162 games and batted .290 with 28 home runs, 76 RBIs, and a .907 OPS. His 53 doubles, 92 extra-base hits and 134 runs scored led the majors. In addition, he became the second in MLB history to have at least 50 doubles, 10 triples, 25 home runs, and 20 stolen bases in a single season; the first was Chuck Klein in 1932.

Sizemore opened 2007 by hitting four home runs in his first six games. He hit a three-run inside-the-park home run on April 27. The May 14 issue of Sports Illustrated magazine featured Sizemore on the cover. In the cover article, Indians' general manager Mark Shapiro calls Sizemore "without a doubt one of the greatest players of our generation".

On July 1, he was named to his second All-Star team. In 2007, he had 24 home runs, and was 33–10 in stolen base attempts. He was one of six batters in the AL to have at least 20 home runs and 20 stolen bases, along with Alex Rodriguez, Gary Sheffield, Ian Kinsler, B.J. Upton, and Curtis Granderson. On November 6, it was announced that Sizemore had earned his first Gold Glove, after he posted a .995 fielding percentage with two errors and displaying his reputation for great range in center field and acrobatic catches.

2008
Sizemore's streak of 382 consecutive games played ended on April 27 due to a sprained ankle sustained the preceding day. On July 2, Sizemore hit his twentieth home run and stole his twentieth base, marking his fourth straight 20–20 year. He was the only AL hitter to hit at least 20 home runs and steal at least 20 bases each year during 2005–08.

He was named to the American League All-Star Team for the third consecutive year, and participated in the 2008 Home Run Derby where he hit six home runs, but did not advance to the second round. Sizemore participated in the 2008 All-Star Game and he played 11 innings as the game extended into the 15th inning.

On August 21, Sizemore hit his 29th home run of the season against the Kansas City Royals, setting a new career high. On August 25, Sizemore hit his 30th and 31st home run against Armando Galarraga of the Detroit Tigers, becoming the 32nd member of the 30–30 club.

For his efforts in 2008, Sizemore was awarded his second consecutive Gold Glove (his .995 fielding percentage was second among AL center fielders). He was also awarded his first Silver Slugger Award. He led the major leagues in power-speed number (35.3).

2009 season
Sizemore committed to play in the 2009 World Baseball Classic, but pulled out after injuring his left groin early in spring training. On April 16, Sizemore hit the first grand slam home run at the new Yankee Stadium off New York reliever Dámaso Marte. It was his third career grand slam.

On September 9, after struggling through a subpar season, Grady elected to have surgery on his left elbow which had troubled him since spring training. Having the surgery performed one month before season's end allowed for more healing time and preparation for the following year. Cleveland was already eliminated from playoff contention by the time of his decision. One week after the elbow surgery, he also elected to have surgery on his lower abdomen to repair a hernia that was related to the groin injury which forced him from the World Baseball Classic, thus ending his 2009 season one month before the final game.

2010–2013
After playing in 33 games, Sizemore's season ended after microfracture surgery was performed on his left knee.

Sizemore returned to the Cleveland Indians from his microfracture surgery, after rehabilitating with Triple-A Columbus Clippers, on April 17, 2011. Sizemore went 2-for-4 with a double and home run. The Indians won the game 4–2. Sizemore returned to the disabled list in May with a right knee contusion after sliding into a base. In mid-July, Sizemore was again placed on the disabled list following another injury to his right knee; shortly afterwards, he had a second sports hernia surgery, expected to sideline him into September.  Through 2011, he had the third-best career fielding percentage of all active major league outfielders (.9935), behind Shane Victorino and Ryan Braun. The Indians declined Sizemore's 2012 contract option.

After meeting with both the Boston Red Sox and Seattle Mariners during the offseason, Sizemore re-signed with Cleveland, signing a one-year, $5 million contract. Sizemore underwent back surgery during Spring training, and began the season on the 60-day disabled list. A series of setbacks in his recovery from back and knee surgeries prevented him from appearing in any games during the season. Sizemore had microfracture surgery on his right knee in September, after a previous arthroscopic procedure in 2011 was unsuccessful in healing his ailing knee. Grady Sizemore remained a free agent through the 2013 MLB season. According to his agent, Joe Urbon, Sizemore did not want to commit to a team until he was ready to play again.

Boston Red Sox
On January 22, 2014, Sizemore signed with the Boston Red Sox. The contract was for one year with a base salary of $750,000, with incentives that would increase the total to up to $6 million. On March 28, Sizemore was named the team's starting center fielder for the season opener after beating out Jackie Bradley Jr. in spring training. On opening day against the Baltimore Orioles he hit a solo shot just over the right field scoreboard. He also hit a 3-run home run against former teammate CC Sabathia in the game versus the New York Yankees on April 11. On June 17, Sizemore was designated for assignment to make room for top prospect Garin Cecchini. The next day on June 18, the Red Sox officially released Sizemore. For his brief time in Boston, Sizemore made $1.25 million.

Philadelphia Phillies
On June 24, 2014, Sizemore signed a minor league deal with the Philadelphia Phillies. On July 11, Sizemore was recalled from Lehigh Valley in order to join the Phillies rotation of outfielders. On July 25, Sizemore collected his 1,000th career hit, in a game against the Arizona Diamondbacks. After a successful start, Phillies general manager Rubén Amaro Jr. suggested Sizemore could be part of the Phillies longer-term plans if his success continued. He was signed to a one-year contract for the 2015 season on October 23. He collected 4 hits in one game against the Diamondbacks on May 16, 2015. Sizemore was designated for assignment by the Phillies on May 29, 2015. He was released on June 1, 2015.

Tampa Bay Rays

On June 15, 2015, Sizemore signed a minor league deal with the Tampa Bay Rays. He became a free agent at the end of the 2015 season and did not play in 2016.

Post-playing career
In February 2017, the Indians hired Sizemore as an advisor to the team's player development department.

See also

 Cleveland Guardians award winners and league leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders
 List of people from Everett, Washington

References

External links

Grady Sizemore: The Playmaker, Young Money, 2008

1982 births
Living people
Cleveland Indians players
Boston Red Sox players
Philadelphia Phillies players
Tampa Bay Rays players
Gulf Coast Expos players
Clinton LumberKings players
Brevard County Manatees players
Kinston Indians players
Akron Aeros players
Team USA players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Columbus Clippers players
Lehigh Valley IronPigs players
Charlotte Stone Crabs players
American League All-Stars
Baseball players from Seattle
Gold Glove Award winners
Major League Baseball center fielders
Silver Slugger Award winners

Grady Sizemore


Holly Peers (born 30 July 1987) is an English glamour model, born in Salford. She began modelling in 2009 when she was discovered by Alison Webster, photographer for the Sun newspaper, after appearing in the local press for a charity march through Manchester City centre to raise money for SOS (support our soldiers) Holly soon started appearing in The Sun's Page 3 (where she is known as Hollie Peers). She continues to model for Page 3, and she also regularly appears in magazines such as Nuts and Loaded.

She was also on the front cover of the 2011 and 2012 Page 3 calendars and the 2012 Hot Shots Calendar.

Peers was the highest new entry in "Nuts 100 Sexiest Babes 2010" at No. 6.

References

1987 births
Glamour models
Living people
Page 3 girls
People from Salford

Holly Peers


Francis Joseph "Shag" Shaughnessy (April 8, 1883 – May 15, 1969) was an American athlete and sports executive. Shaughnessy played both baseball and football and was an executive in baseball, football and ice hockey. He was born in the United States and moved to Canada in the 1910s, where he was involved with football and ice hockey teams in Montreal and Ottawa. He was later president of the International League of baseball. His son Frank Shaughnessy Jr. also played football and ice hockey, and played ice hockey for the United States in the 1936 Winter Olympics.

College
Shaughnessy played football and baseball at the University of Notre Dame from 1901 to 1904, serving as football captain his senior year.

Baseball
Shaughnessy had brief Major League baseball appearances with the Washington Senators in 1905 and the Philadelphia Athletics in 1908.

Shaughnessy was a minor league manager for 19 years between 1909 and 1936, compiling a 1148–1012 record.  He was General Manager of the Montreal Royals from 1932 to 1934, and a coach for the Detroit Tigers in 1928.  He served as President of the International League from 1936 to 1960, and invented a playoff system known as the Shaughnessy playoffs. In, 1947, he was inducted in the International League Hall of Fame, and in 1953 he was presented with the King of Baseball award given by Minor League Baseball.

Football
He introduced the option play to American football while coaching at Yale University and Cornell University.  He also was football and baseball coach at Clemson University, and football coach at Washington and Lee University.

Shaughnessy was the first professional coach hired in Canadian university football and his full-time appointment at Montreal's McGill University in 1912 was not well received by the other teams in the league.

In each of his first two years, McGill won the Yates Cup football championship. He coached McGill to a 34-34-2 regular season record in 17 seasons. The 34 victories stood until 1979 as the most by a McGill football coach.

Shaughnessy played baseball during the summer in Ottawa, where he met his wife. He became involved in Ottawa sports, and was coach of the Ottawa Rough Riders for the 1915 season.

A football innovator, Shaughnessy introduced the forward pass to Canadian university football when McGill played Syracuse University in an experimental game held on November 5, 1921, at Percival Molson Memorial Stadium in Montreal.  In spite of this, the forward pass was not officially allowed in Canadian football rules until 1929.  He was the first football coach in Canada to introduce "X" and "Y" strategic formations and "secondary defence".

In 1969, the Shaughnessy Cup was first presented for local football supremacy between McGill and Loyola College. Since 1975, the Cup has been fought for in an annual challenge match between McGill and Concordia University.

Shaughnessy was inducted as a builder into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame in 1963, the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame in 1983, its inaugural induction year, and the McGill University Sports Hall of Fame in 1997.

Ice hockey
While living in Ottawa, Shaughnessy served from 1914 until 1916 as the manager of the Ottawa Senators.

Shaughnessy coached the McGill women's hockey team and was appointed men's hockey coach in 1919, guiding the Redmen to a 61-56-2 record until stepping down in 1927. The 61 victories established a McGill record and since then, has only been surpassed by four other McGill hockey coaches.

References

External links

1880s births
1969 deaths
People from Amboy, Illinois
Baseball players from Illinois
Players of American football from Illinois
Ice hockey people from Illinois
Baseball players from Montreal
Bradford Drillers players
Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
Canadian Football Hall of Fame inductees
Clemson Tigers baseball coaches
Clemson Tigers football coaches
Cornell Big Red football coaches
Detroit Tigers coaches
Fort Wayne Railroaders players
McGill Redbirds football coaches
Academic staff of McGill University
Minor league baseball executives
Montgomery Senators players
Montreal Royals managers
Notre Dame Fighting Irish baseball players
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football players
Ottawa Rough Riders coaches
Philadelphia Athletics players
Reading Pretzels players
Roanoke Tigers players
San Francisco Seals (baseball) players
Sioux City Soos players
South Bend Greens players
Syracuse Stars (minor league baseball) players
Washington and Lee Generals football coaches
Washington Senators (1901–1960) players
Wellsville Rainmakers players
Yale Bulldogs football coaches
Baseball coaches from Illinois
Freeport Pretzels players
Shamokin (minor league baseball) players
Warren Warriors players

Frank Shaughnessy


John Gay (April 1, 1924 – February 4, 2017) was an American screenwriter, born in Whittier, California.

Career
Gay began his career writing episodes for television anthology series such as Lux Video Theatre, Kraft Television Theatre, and Goodyear Television Playhouse. He made his film screenwriting debut in 1956 with Run Silent, Run Deep. Additional screen credits include Separate Tables, Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, The Courtship of Eddie's Father, The Hallelujah Trail, No Way to Treat a Lady, Soldier Blue, Sometimes a Great Notion, and A Matter of Time.

For television, Gay has adapted numerous literary classics, including The Red Badge of Courage, Captains Courageous, Les Misérables, A Tale of Two Cities, The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Ivanhoe, Uncle Tom's Cabin, and Around the World in 80 Days. He also wrote television biopics of Howard Hughes, George Armstrong Custer, Caryl Chessman, and Adolf Hitler; small screen remakes of Dial M for Murder, Witness for the Prosecution, Inherit the Wind, and Shadow of a Doubt; adaptations of the bestsellers Fatal Vision and Blind Faith by Joe McGinniss and The Burden of Proof by Scott Turow; and the television movie A Piano for Mrs. Cimino starring Bette Davis.

Gay also wrote the one-man play Diversions and Delights, in which Oscar Wilde presents a lecture about his career to a Parisian audience in November 1899. With Vincent Price portraying Wilde, the play premiered in San Francisco in July 1977 and toured more than 300 cities during the next three years.

Awards
Gay was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay and the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for Separate Tables. He has been nominated once for the Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing in a Limited Series or a Special and three times for the Edgar Award for Best Television Feature or Miniseries.

Memoir
Gay wrote the memoir Any Way I Can: 50 Years in Show Business with his daughter Jennifer Gay Summers.

Death
Gay died in Santa Monica, California, on February 4, 2017, at age 92.

References

External links

1924 births
2017 deaths
American male screenwriters
American television writers
American memoirists
Writers from Whittier, California
American male television writers
American male non-fiction writers
Screenwriters from California

John Gay (screenwriter)