Elisabeth Langgässer (23 February 1899 – 25 July 1950) was a German author and teacher. She is known for lyrical poetry and novels. Her short story Saisonbeginn, for example, provides a graphically human portrayal of a 1930s German Alpine village erecting a sign forbidding the entry of Jews.

Early life
In 1899 Langgässer was born in Alzey into a middle-class Catholic family. In 1922 Langgässer became a school teacher. Following an affair with Hermann Heller she gave birth to her illegitimate daughter Cordelia in 1929. As a consequence she was sacked from her teaching position.

Publications during the Weimar Republic
From 1924 onwards Langgässer published poetry and reviews. After losing her employment as a teacher she devoted herself to a literary career. Her writings were regarded as Naturmagie (nature magic), where a magic sense unfolded within the realm of an ambivalent nature. This movement was connected with writers who published in the journal Die Kolonne between 1929 and 1932. Other members of the Naturmagie literary movement were Günter Eich, Horst Lange, Peter Huchel, Wilhelm Lehmann and Oskar Loerke.

Persecution in the Third Reich
Langgässer became a member of the Reichsschrifttumskammer (Reich Chamber of Literature). In 1935 Langgässer married Wilhelm Hoffman and together they had three daughters. Langgässer was classified as a "half-Jew" due to Jewish relations on her father's side of the family. She was excluded on racial grounds from the Reich Chamber of Literature and appealed to Hans Hinkel in August 1937 and then to Goebbels in April 1938. In the appeal letters she makes reference to the pure Aryan line on her mother's side and points to the criticism of her literary work by the Jewish author Alfred Döblin. After her death the letters were used as evidence for Langgässer's willingness to compromise, accusations that she had prostituted herself politically, or were interpreted as interventions by a Catholic German citizen who had not yet seen where fascist Germany was heading.

Ultimately the marriage to Hoffman saved Langgässer from deportation. However, her daughter, Cordelia, whose father was a prominent Jew, was deported aged 15. Cordelia was deported to Theresienstadt and then Auschwitz in 1944. Cordelia survived following an exchange of camp inmates with German prisoners in Sweden.

Post-war years

Langgässer wrote and publish prolifically in the immediate post-war years. Her most famous works were published shortly after the war. She became known as an author of the Inner emigration because she stayed in Germany during the Nazi reign, opposed the Nazi doctrine but was not outwardly critical of it. She continued to write until just before her death from multiple sclerosis on 25 July 1950. Following her death Langgässer was posthumously awarded the Georg Büchner Prize in 1950.

Legacy
As a well-known pre-war author who became victim of the Nazi racial laws Langgässer received a lot of public and academic attention after her death. Her works found fame and a readership in the immediate post-war period. Less noted have been her letters, which were published by her husband after her death in 1954 under the title ...soviel berauschende  Vergänglichkeit: Briefe 1926–1950 (...so much intoxicating transience: Letters 1926–1950). Langgässer's letters were republished by her granddaughter Elisabeth Hoffmann, the daughter of Cordelia, in 1990. The letters give an insight into the effects the Nuremberg Laws on her family and cover the period from 1933 until 1945.

Langgässer's daughter Cordelia had several children with a Swedish Protestant, becoming Cordelia Edvardson. She immigrated to Israel at the height of the Yom Kippur War in 1973 and wrote a searing autobiography, Burnt Child Seeks the Fire.

See also
 Christa Wolf

References

1899 births
1950 deaths
German Roman Catholics
People from Rhenish Hesse
Roman Catholic writers
People from Alzey
Georg Büchner Prize winners
German women novelists
German women poets
20th-century German poets
20th-century German novelists
20th-century German women writers
German people of Jewish descent
Neurological disease deaths in Germany
Deaths from multiple sclerosis
People with multiple sclerosis

Elisabeth Langgässer


Ján Levoslav Bella (German Johann Leopold Bella; 4 September 1843 – 25 May 1936) was a Slovak composer, conductor and music teacher, who wrote in the spirit of the Nationalist Romantic movement of the 19th century. One of the founders of Slovak composer music.

Life
Bella was born in Liptovský Mikuláš (Liptau-Sankt-Nikolaus), Austrian Empire (now Slovakia), and raised in a Roman Catholic family. He studied at the college in Levoča  and a seminary in Banská Bystrica  before taking a degree at Vienna University.

Bella was ordained a priest in 1866. From 1869 to 1881 he was town director of music at Kremnica. He left the priesthood in 1881 and converted to Protestantism, becoming director of music in Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben, now Sibiu in modern Romania, (at that time Kingdom of Hungary) where he remained until 1921. From 1921 to 1928 he lived in retirement in Vienna, moving to Bratislava in 1928, where he died in 1936.

Music
Bella began to compose whilst studying in Levoča. At this time his output was largely small-scale, such as church music, folk-song arrangements and some chamber music. In 1873 however, visiting Vienna and Prague, he heard for the first time the music of, amongst others, Robert Schumann, Richard Wagner and Bedřich Smetana. This encounter with romantic music had a profound effect, of which the first result was Bella's 1874 symphonic poem Osud a ideál (Fate and the Ideal), which premiered in Prague in 1876.

In his day Bella was respected both as a composer and conductor by such important musical figures as Antonín Dvořák, Johannes Brahms, Hans von Bülow, Joseph Joachim and Ernst von Dohnányi.

Bella wrote in many different forms, including songs, church music, organ music, chamber music and orchestral music. His operas include Wieland der Schmied (Wieland the Blacksmith), to a libretto originally written by Richard Wagner and based on German legend. This was written in the period 1880–1890 and first performed in 1926 in Bratislava, where it was performed in a Slovak version as Kováč Wieland.

In recent times, Bella's music and reputation have been revived by, amongst others, the Slovak composer and scholar Vladimír Godár. Recordings of his complete chamber and organ works have been issued by Hudobné Centrum in Bratislava.

Banská Bystrica's Ján Levoslav Bella Conservatory, founded in 1992, is named after him.

References

Sources
 Elschek, Oskar (ed.) (2003). A History of Slovak Music. Bratislava: VEDA.
 Godár, Vladimír (n.d.). "http://0-www.oxfordmusiconline.com.catalogue.libraries.london.ac.uk/subscriber/article/grove/music/02575 Bella, Ján Levoslav"], in Grove Music Online, Oxford Music Online. Accessed 27 November 2016.
 Godár, Vladímir (1998). "Bella, Ján Levoslav" in Jurík, Marián and Peter Zagar (eds.), 100 slovesnských skladateľov'', pp. 34–41. (In Slovak) Bratislava: Narodné hudobné centrum.

External links
 Short biography and photo at The Music Centre of the Slovak Republic Ministry of Culture
 Brief biography at Naxos Records
 Bella String Quartets Nos. 2 and 4 sound-bites and short biography
 Ján Levoslav Bella Conservatory in Banská Bystrica homepage

1843 births
1936 deaths
People from Liptovský Mikuláš
Slovak Roman Catholic priests
Slovak composers
Male composers
Slovak conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
19th-century classical composers
20th-century classical composers
Slovak opera composers
Romantic composers
Male classical composers
Male opera composers
20th-century conductors (music)
20th-century male musicians
19th-century male musicians
19th-century musicians
Slovak schoolteachers
Slovak male musicians

Ján Levoslav Bella


An API well number or API number is a "unique, permanent, numeric identifier" assigned to each
well drilled for oil and gas in the United States.  The API number is one of many industry standards established by the American Petroleum Institute. Custody of the API Number standard was transferred in 2010 to the PPDM Association.

Well names

Oil and gas wells have a name which normally consists of three parts: an operator name, a well number, and a lease name.  All three parts of the name are subject to change, especially in the case of a producing well.  When an oil or gas field is sold, the operator name will change.  If a field is unitized for enhanced oil recovery, the well number and lease name will change.  Almost three million wells have been drilled for oil and gas in the United States.

History

API well numbers grew out of an internal numbering scheme developed by Petroleum Information for its WHCS (Well History Control System) product.  WHCS was first offered to the oil and gas industry at the 1956 annual meeting of the AAPG in Los Angeles.  Several companies agreed to underwrite the WHCS project, and the first files were delivered in 1962.

The API Subcommittee on Well Data Retrieval Systems was formed in 1962 to standardize well identification numbers.  The first recommendations of the subcommittee were published in 1966 as Appendix A of API Bulletin D12 (Well Data Glossary).  In April 1968, API published Bulletin D12A, which dealt solely with well numbering systems.  This publication was modified slightly in December 1970 and January 1979, and the 1979 edition (reissued in 1982 and 1985) is the most current version. In 1995, the Subcommittee drafted some modifications to the API numbering scheme, but the group was disbanded before the recommendations were published.  The 1979 standards are still in effect, but the publication is no longer available from API. In 2013, the PPDM Association issued an updated standard for the API Number (now called the US Well Number) which includes a requirement to identify all wellbores within each well. The 1979 standard and the 2013 standard, along with supporting materials, are available at PPDM Association's website for well identification.

One of the Subcommittee's original recommendations was that the unique numbers should be assigned by regulatory agencies as part of the oil and gas well permitting process.  In general, Petroleum Information assigned API well numbers before January 1, 1967.  After that date, most of the numbers were assigned by the appropriate regulatory bodies.

Example number

An API well number can have up to 14 digits divided by dashes as follows:

Example:  42-501-20130-03-00

The "42" means that this well is located in "State Code" 42 which is Texas.  The "501" means that this well is located in "County Code" 501 which is Yoakum County.  The "20130" is a "Unique Well Identifier" within the county.  The "03" is the "Directional Sidetrack Code" for wells that have been  sidetracked.  The "00" is the "Event Sequence Code" to indicate how many operations have taken place.

Most public databases that use API numbers are maintained by the individual oil and gas commissions,  Therefore, they only require the "County Code" and "Unique Well Identifier."

State code

The first two digits (42 in the example above) of the API number represent the state where the surface location of the well is located.  The state codes are based on standard state codes proposed by IBM in 1952 for accounting applications.  The states are numbered in alphabetical order from 01 (Alabama) to 49 (Wyoming), with the District of Columbia being number 08.  After this scheme was devised, Alaska (50) and Hawaii (51) joined the United States.  Numbers 52 to 54 are reserved for future states, including perhaps Puerto Rico.

There are additional "State Codes" that are reserved for "pseudo-states".  The pseudo-state numeric codes for offshore federal waters are Alaska Offshore (55), Pacific Coast Offshore (56), Northern Gulf of Mexico (60), and Atlantic Coast Offshore (61).

The state codes used in an API number are different from another standard which is the Federal Information Processing Standard state code established in 1987 by NIST.

County code

The third through fifth digits (501 in the example above) of the API number represent the county where the surface location of the well is located.  The "pseudo-states" like Atlantic Coast Offshore have "pseudo-counties."

The "County Codes" are normally odd numbers.  Delaware has the fewest counties (3) of any state, so its "County Codes" are Kent County (07-001), New Castle County (07-003), and Sussex County (07-005).  Texas has the most counties of any state (254), so the "County Codes" range from Anderson County (42-001) to Zavala County (42-507).

The odd numbers were chosen for "County Codes" to allow expansion of the database.  New counties were added in Arizona and New Mexico, and these were assigned even numbers.  These include La Paz County, Arizona (02-012), Cibola County, New Mexico (30-006), and Los Alamos County, New Mexico (30-028).

Kern County, California has a well population that has exceeded the digits available for the "Unique Well Identifier" so 029 is used for the first 99,999 wells, and 030 is used for any additional wells .  A list of counties and a downloadable Excel list that includes counties and "pseudo counties" is available from SPWLA.

Unique well identifier

The sixth through tenth digits (20130 in the example above) of the API number is a unique number within the county where the well was drilled.  In states with very few wells, the unique number may be based on the permit number, and may be unique within the state rather than the county.  This is an unusual situation.

There are four types of unique well identifiers, and these are called historical, current, reserved, and exempt.

Historical API numbers were assigned by Petroleum Information or other service companies and cooperative groups.  In most states, wells drilled before 1967 have historical numbers.  These numbers range in value from 00001 to 20000, so 42-501-05095 would be a typical historical number.

Current API numbers are assigned by regulatory agencies, usually the oil and gas commission for the state where the well was drilled.  These numbers are assigned as part of the well permitting process, and they may be the same as the well permit number.  Current numbers are numbered sequentially beginning from 20001-60000 with some exceptions.  In the example above, 42-501-20130 is a current number.

Some states have deviated from this recommended system because of their own needs or previously established systems.  Illinois and North Dakota have no break between their historical and current well numbers.  Arkansas started its current numbers at 10001, while Texas started at 30001.  Colorado, Michigan, and Utah have special numbering systems.  The wells in the Federal waters of offshore Texas and Louisiana started at 40001.

Reserved API numbers were assigned by Petroleum Information to various wells drilled after 1967.  These were for wells that for some reason were not assigned a number by the regulatory agency.  If PI deemed the well deemed "information important," it received a number between 60001 and 95000.
There are eight types of wells that may have received a reserved number.  These are stratigraphic or core tests, water supply wells, water disposal wells, water or gas injection wells, sulfur wells, underground storage wells, geothermal wells, or prospect tests.

Exempt numbers range in value from 95001 to 99999.  These numbers are proprietary, and may not be assigned by any regulatory agency or data vendor like Petroleum Information.  This allows the oil company to include information on any wells that are "information important" but confidential.

Directional sidetrack codes

The sidetrack code is the eleventh and twelfth digits (03 in the example above) of the API number.  The original vertical well is normally 00.  The first directional sidetrack would then be 01.  In some states, the regulatory agency assigns the sidetrack codes, while other regulatory agencies do not.  This means that the sidetrack code is useful in some places, but not used in others.

Event sequence code

The thirteenth and fourteenth digits (00 in the example above) are to distinguish between separate operations in a single bore hole.  In 1995, the API Subcommittee on Well Data Retrieval Systems proposed adding the event sequence code to deal with re-entries, recompletions, and hole deepenings.  However, because of industry conditions (low oil prices), the subcommittee was disbanded before the recommendations were published and adopted by API

IHS Energy , the successor to Petroleum Information, adopted these unpublished recommendations in January 1999.  Data in the WHCS well completion and the Active well database have this event sequence code.  However, this event sequence code is assigned by IHS Energy, and is not found in most oil and gas databases.

Sources for API numbers

There are primary and secondary sources for API numbers.  Petroleum Information (now IHS Energy) assigned API numbers for most wells drilled before January 1, 1967.  After that date, most numbers were assigned by the various state oil and gas regulatory bodies.  The state commissions are therefore the primary, authoritative source for API numbers.  However, API numbers can be purchased (along with other well information) from IHS.

Most oil and gas commissions make API numbers (and well header data) available on-line and free of charge.  The ability to download the data varies from state to state.  Below is a list of the 50 states, along with their state code, and the name and internet address of their oil and gas regulatory agency where available.  This list is partially based on information available from the Railroad Commission of Texas.

IHS is now a secondary source for API numbers for most states, since they do not have assigning authority.  Other secondary sources include commercial vendors of oil and gas data.  API numbers are also used in many private corporate databases.

References

External links
official PPDM web site
PPDM and What is a Well?
Standards and other resources for well identification
Offshore Well Information Page (including the API Lookup query) at the BOEM Data Center website

Well number
Standards of the United States
Oil wells

API well number


Walter Parker (11 August 1894 – 22 January 2000) was an Australian soldier and the third last surviving veteran of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) who served in World War I.

ANZAC soldier
Parker, one of eight children pre-war plans for a career in Sydney as a commercial art printer was set aside when he enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) at age 20.  His father had signed his enlistment on the condition he was not sent to New Guinea, as he feared the malaria Parker who initially thought  he was being sent  to England arrived at the Battle of Gallipoli in November 1915 with the 20th Battalion, 4th Reinforcements. He was tasked with carrying ammunition and water through the trenches to the front.  After his evacuation from Turkey, he fought in France.  He was shot in the arm at Pozières; and then he was invalided to England.

Civilian life
After returning to Australia, Parker was married to Amy McPhail for 52 years married and had two children, a son and a daughter. His son Earle was killed in World War II.  He was survived by three grandchildren and two great-granddaughters.

Australian legends
In 2000, Parker was recognized with Roy Longmore and Alec Campbell as one of the "Australian Legends".  His name and photograph were part of an annual series of commemorative postage stamps issued by Australia Post since 1997.  The stamps honour living Australians "who have made lifetime contributions to the development of Australia's national identity and character". Parker did not live to fully enjoy this accolade, as he died at a nursing home in Melbourne the day after the stamp was officially issued.

Parker's 45-cent Legend stamp displays the soldier's portrait as a young man, photographed just prior to his departure for Gallipoli. Formal photographs of the other two ANZAC centenarians complete this stamp set, titled The Last ANZACS.  In addition, a fourth stamp features the 1914–15 star medal which was presented to all those who fought in campaigns during those war years. These stamps, designed by Cathleen Cram of the Australia Post Design Studio, commemorate the story of events and people shaping contemporary Australia. The Parker stamp honours him as an individual and as a representative of all the soldiers at Gallipoli whose actions affected Australia's evolving self-image.

Medals and honours

 1914-15 Star
 British War Medal
 Victory Medal (UK)
 80th Anniversary Armistice Remembrance Medal, 1999 (Australia).
 Centenary Medal (Australia)
 Australia Post Australian Legends Award, 2000.
 Legion d'Honneur, 1998 (France).

See also
 Alec Campbell, last living Anzac
 Roy Longmore, next to last living Anzac

References

External links
 "Australia Day: Australian Legends,"  Stamp Bulletin (Australia Post). No. 254. March–May 2000.
 "156 years collecting Australian graphic art,"  Priority (Australia Post). Issue 32, 2000.

1894 births
2000 deaths
Australian centenarians
Australian military personnel of World War I
Men centenarians
Military personnel from New South Wales

Walter Parker (Australian soldier)


The Medical Service Insurance (MSI) is the Nova Scotian government's health insurance.

The Medical Services Insurance Programs are administered by Medavie Blue Cross for the Nova Scotia government Department of Health Policy Directive.

Eligibility

To be eligible for MSI, you must be a Canadian citizen or permanent resident, a resident who makes their permanent home in Nova Scotia and is present in the province 183 days every calendar year and you must be registered with MSI to be eligible for benefits.

People who are ineligible include regular members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Canadian Forces, tourists and visitors to the province, students from another province and inmates of federal prisons.

Related link
 Health care in Canada
 Health regions of Nova Scotia

References

Health in Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia government departments and agencies
Health insurance in Canada

Medical Service Insurance


Stoughton  (official name: Town of Stoughton) is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 29,281 at the 2020 census. The town is located approximately  from Boston,  from Providence, Rhode Island, and  from Cape Cod.

History

Stoughton was settled in 1713, and officially incorporated in 1726 from the southwestern portion of the large town of Dorchester. At its founding, it included the current towns of Sharon (which separated in 1765), Canton (which separated in 1797) and Avon (which separated in 1888).  It was named after William Stoughton, who was the first chief justice of the Colonial Courts, and the most relentless and recalcitrant judge during Salem Witch Trials, who refused to acknowledge the trials were anything but successful and was infuriated when they were ended by Governor Phips.

The Suffolk Resolves were written in Old Stoughton (current day Milton, Massachusetts) at Doty's Tavern. The meeting included the Rev. Samuel Dunbar and Paul Revere; the site was chosen by Samuel Adams and Dr. Joseph Warren.

Originally an agricultural community, Stoughton developed into an important shoemaking center. In 1874, the Stoughton Public Library was established.

The oldest choral society in the United States is located in Stoughton. Founded in 1786 as The Stoughton Musical Society, it is now known as the Old Stoughton Musical Society. It has the oldest constitution of any musical society in the United States, written in 1787, only a few weeks after the United States Constitution. In 1893, this musical society distinguished itself by performing several concerts at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, heard by an audience of several thousand people. In 1986, the musical society celebrated its bicentennial with a series of concerts and special events.

In 1940, artist Jean Watson painted the mural A Massachusetts Countryside as a project of the WPA. The artwork is currently on display in the attic at the Stoughton Historic Society.

The "Save Our Stoughton" campaign attracted national attention in the 1980s for their work picketing a local adult book store. Most recently, Stoughton became the first municipality in Massachusetts to declare itself a "No Place for Hate" town.

Stoughton's train station was built in 1888, and is the only one in Massachusetts to house a clock tower. The station is unique in another way as it was built out of stones from a West Street quarry that belonged to Stoughton resident Myron Gilbert. In 1974, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Over one million dollars was raised to restore the station to its original luster in time for the 100th anniversary. In 2009, however, the MBTA permanently closed the station, which stood at the terminus of the Stoughton Branch of the MBTA's Providence/Stoughton Line. The building still stood but remained closed to the public as of 2015. In 2015, members of Town Meeting voted to purchase the train station from the state. Plans for use of the property are being developed by the Community Preservation Committee.

On May 9, 2013, a weak, brief, and unexpected tornado touched down in Stoughton, with minor damage occurring. The tornado was rated EF0 on the Enhanced Fujita scale after the National Weather Service office in Taunton, Massachusetts confirmed this tornado in a damage survey on May 10.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which  is land and  (2.41%) is water. Stoughton borders Canton to the north, Randolph to the northeast, Avon to the east, Brockton to the southeast, Easton to the south, and Sharon to the west. The highest point in Stoughton, approximately 350 feet (106.7 m) above mean sea level, is an unnamed hill in the south west region of town between Ames Pond and Briggs Pond (Easton).

Demographics

As of the 2010 Census, there were 26,962 people, 10,295 households, and 7,099 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 10,818 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 80.2% White, 11.1% African American, 0.2% Native American, 2.3% Asian, 1.3% from other races, and 2.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.2% of the population.

There were 10,295 households, out of which 27.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them; 51.5% were married couples living together; 13.1% had a female householder with no husband present; and 31.0% were non-families. Of all households, 25.6% were made up of individuals, and 2.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.13.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 81.5% of age 16 years and over, 78.7% of age 18 years and over, 75.7% of age 21 years and over, 20.1% of age 62 years and over, and 16.4% of age 65 years and over. The median age was 42.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.3 males.

Stoughton has a history of manufacturing and an emerging cluster of regional retail, as well as a substantial base of land zoned for commercial and industrial purposes. The major commercial and industrial areas in town are located adjacent to Route 24 and along routes 138, 139, and 27; but smaller areas are interspersed with residential zones due to the community's industrial past. The town has significant protected open space resources, including the Bird Street Sanctuary, water department lands, recreational fields, and a municipal golf course. Additional privately owned, but not protected, undeveloped lands are an important factor in the character of the community. Stoughton has good access to the regional roadway network, being served by several state routes and three interchanges on Route 24. Stoughton also has access to regional transit, being served by bus from Brockton and MBTA Commuter Rail at the station in downtown Stoughton.

Economy
The Total Value of all taxable Real Property was $4,021,541,014 in 2018, an increase of 6% compared to the previous year, due to "improved market values and conditions improved and included growth in construction of new residential, commercial, industrial dwellings and personal property." In the year 2018, property tax accounted for 55% of the town's operating budget.

Arts and culture
An annual 4th of July fireworks display takes place at the high school. Other Stoughton attractions include local drama groups, summer-time outdoor concerts, and annual parades to honor veterans. Every year on the 4th of July, Stoughton has a parade. Stoughton also has an annual parade on Veterans Day. Stoughton has held a Christmas parade on December 18, which started in 1986. The town of Stoughton organizes swimming programs at the Ames Long Pond and provides basketball courts and horseshoe pits at the local parks. The town of Stoughton also offers barbecue spots and picnic areas.

Parks and recreation
Several organizations exist in the town for recreation and sports.

The Recreation Department offers a variety of activities throughout the year for both children and adults. The director is John Denison.

The Stoughton Youth Athletic Club (STOYAC) offers girls softball, boys and girls basketball, football and cheering.

Stoughton Youth Soccer League (SYSL) offers both in-town and travel soccer programs for spring and fall season in divisions ranging from u5 and u6 (co-ed) to u16 and even u18, when there is sufficient participation. The league is based at the Kolz Soccer Complex on West Street, where the league maintains three fields, a concession stand and bathroom facilities. All in-town and home travel games are played at the Kolz Complex. Practices are held there and at other locations around town. SYSL participates in the South Shore Soccer League for travel soccer programs.

Stoughton Youth Baseball is affiliated with Cal Ripken Baseball and Babe Ruth Baseball. It offers skills programs for 5-year-old children; t-ball and instructional leagues for ages 6 and 7; and divisions for 8- and 9-year-olds, and 10-, 11- and 12-year-olds.

Stoughton Lacrosse offers programs and leagues for both boys and girls in four divisions, u9, u11, u13 and u15.

Government
The Town is governed by a selectmen-manager plan with a representative town meeting. Stoughton's Annual Town Meeting convenes in May, and is chaired by the Town Moderator.  The current Town Moderator is Adam Dawkins.  The Board of Selectmen of the town consists of five members, all of whom are elected at large for a term of three years. The selectmen appoint a town manager, who is the chief administrative officer in the executive branch of government.  The town manager carries out the policies and plans set forth by the selectmen. Robert O'Regan is the current chairman of the board of selectmen. The other Selectmen are Michael T. Sullivan, Christine Howe, Richard Hill, and Stephen Cavey. The Town Manager is Michael Hartman. The Stoughton Fire Department provides fire suppression, rescue and EMS services to Stoughton, and operates out of two stations: Station #1 is located at 30 Freeman Street, and Station #2 is located at 1550 Central Street. The Freeman Street Fire Station was opened on June 13, 1927, and has received updates throughout the years and is still open today.

Education
Stoughton Public Schools operates public schools. There is one public high school in Stoughton, one public middle school, five elementary schools and several parochial and private schools in nearby towns. The town recently completed the construction of the new high school, which was ready for the 2019–2020 school year. The old high school was demolished, and is where the new athletic fields were placed.  Parts of the original High School were used to create a wall at the entrance.

At the joint meeting of the Board of Selectmen, the Stoughton School Committee and the SHS Building Committee on Tuesday November 17, 2015, there was a unanimous vote to endorse the building project by both the Board of Selectmen and the Stoughton School Committee.

The Stoughton High School Building Committee voted on Thursday, November 12, 2015, to recommend to the Massachusetts School Building Authority (MSBA) that the town construct option C2A, to build a new Stoughton High School. The preliminary cost analysis for the total project is estimated to be $126,137,847. The projected state reimbursement is estimated at $54,598,291. The town's protected share of the cost is estimated to be $71,539,557.

Infrastructure

Transportation
Stoughton is on an MBTA commuter rail line that runs to South Station in Boston via the Providence/Stoughton Line. The Brockton Area Transit Authority (BAT) provides local bus service.

Notable people
 Joe Allen, author
 John Bailey, congressman
 Supply Belcher, composer
 Forrest Bird, aviator, inventor and biomedical engineer
 Doris Holmes Blake, entomologist
 Elmer Hewitt Capen, college president
 Fannie Bishop Capen, missionary
Ruth G. Capen, chemist for the Bureau of Agriculture
 Bill Chamberlain, Major League Baseball player
 Thomas H. Collins, U.S. Coast Guard Commandant
 Mo Cowan, U.S. senator for Massachusetts
 Mary Baker Eddy, religious leader
 Jacob French, composer
 Ed Gill, Major League Baseball player
 Richard Gridley, soldier and army engineer
 Roger Lee Hall, musicologist and composer
 Jonathan Hausman, rabbi of Ahavath Torah Congregation and political activist
 Edwin Arthur Jones, composer
 Kerry Keating, basketball coach
 Ryan LaCasse, football player
 Robert Lanza, medical doctor and researcher
 Ed McGuinness, comic book artist
 Lori McKenna, Grammy-winning singer/songwriter who wrote hits for Little Big Town, Hunter Heyes and Carrie Underwood. McKenna was born in Stoughton to Francis and Lorraine Girox on December 22, 1968
 Shawn Phelan, actor
 Henry L. Pierce, mayor of Boston
 Bertha Reynolds, social worker
 Niccola Sacco, of Sacco & Vanzetti
 Deborah Sampson, female soldier of the Revolution
 Roger Sherman, statesman
 Jason Tankerley, singer/songwriter of the band Energy
 T.J. Thyne, actor
 Kenny Wormald, dancer, actor, television personality

References

External links

 Stoughton Chamber of Commerce
 Hall, Roger Lee, "World's Columbian Exposition Concerts in 1893", americanmusicpreservation.com

1726 establishments in the Province of Massachusetts Bay
Populated places established in 1713
Towns in Massachusetts
Towns in Norfolk County, Massachusetts

Stoughton, Massachusetts


Dock10 is a television facility owner and media services company in the City of Salford, Greater Manchester, England. Dock10 offers a number of services including post production and The Studios.

Its studio filming facility, often referred to as The Studios, is the best-known part of the company. It was built as a major part of MediaCityUK, a development in Salford, Greater Manchester. The move saw a number of major productions leave London for the first time and head north to Manchester. The BBC, ITV and Channel 4 all relocated the filming of various shows to The Studios. This included established British shows Match of the Day and Countdown.

Dock10 also offers other media services, such as post production. Their post-production shows include Match of the Day, Blue Peter and Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?.

History

The idea for MediaCityUK began in 2004, when BBC announced that it was interested in moving hundreds of jobs away from London to another UK city. The Peel Group was involved from the early stages of this move, which resulted in announcing the construction of a 200-acre development in Salford Quays, Greater Manchester. The BBC and The Peel Group announced in 2007 that the construction would begin on the media-based development.

The studio facility is built on the site of the former Manchester Ship Canal docks. Construction of dock10 began in 2007, and it was ready to go on air in January 2011. It was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II in March 2012. The name "dock10" is said to come from a site plan drawn over 100 years ago that stated, "SITE OF FUTURE DOCK NO. 10".

At the heart of the MediaCityUK project was the idea of producing BBC shows outside London. A studio was then proposed at the site, which was constructed in time for the BBC move in 2011. The new £22 million studio was originally known as MediaCityUK studios, before becoming The Studios. The BBC became the first major tenant of The Studios. The Studios and the media infrastructure were rebranded in 2012, and Dock10 was formed.

In 2013, Dock10 signed its first production deal with ITV. The deal was to use dock10 to record and produce a number of ITV Studios shows, and was extended in 2016 to run until 2018.

By 2016, Dock10 had grown into a major production provider to British-based TV shows. In March 2016, Dock10 announced that it had acquired Edit 19, a Manchester-based visual effects and editing company. Later that year, it announced that it was expanding its post-production facility, offering many services gained from the acquisition of Edit 19.

In May 2017, Dock10 opened a new studio, HQ8, suitable for small sets and green-screen productions. This studio was designed to meet the demands from creative agencies and digital content creators wanting to use professional facilities.

In November 2017, Dock10 announced that it had secured a contract with BBC Creative. This would mean certain BBC promos and branding work would be produced outside of London.

Since the 2018 revival of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, the show has been filmed at Dock10. It was previously filmed at Elstree Studios in Hertfordshire.

In January 2019, ITV Studios announced plans to remain at Dock10 until at least 2021. The extended contract meant the company's shows would continue to be filmed and produced on site, which included shows such as Judge Rinder and (as of May 2019, cancelled) The Jeremy Kyle Show.

The post-production facilities at Dock10 were expanded in 2019 as part of a wider £5 million investment to meet increased demand. The expansion included a new creative production space called The Second Floor, which provides additional space for production companies. The new facilities include fourteen edit suites, audio trackway, and dubbing suites.

In May 2019, Dock10 announced the launch of a new 4K UHD-ready virtual studio capability using Epic Games' Unreal Engine 4.  This technology allows programme makers to create photorealistic output in real time..

In August 2019, Dock10 hosted JD Sports inaugural Esports event, JDX, with the semi-finals and finals being hosted at the facility.

For the launch of the 2019-20 football season, BBC Sport announced that its football shows Match of the Day and Match of the Day 2 would be broadcast from a virtual reality studio at Dock10. This studio will also be used by other BBC football programs including Final Score and Football Focus.

Channel 4 has commissioned a new peak-time Christmas-themed four-part series Buy it Now, to be hosted by Rylan Clark-Neal. Buy It Now is produced by Studio Lambert North and will be filmed at Dock10.

Studio facilities

The studios are owned and managed by Dock10. The company has two major divisions: studios and post-production. The studios feature eight conventional TV studios, two audio studios, two unique spaces used for television production, digital post-production, and cloud media management services.

Many major productions such as The Voice UK are filmed in HQ1, the UK's biggest multi-camera TV studio, which can hold live audiences of up to 1,000 people. HQ2, HQ3, and HQ4 are three large or medium-sized studios, with shows such as Match of the Day, The Voice UK, Football Focus, Countdown, Judge Rinder and University Challenge filmed in the four studios.

Shows with a smaller studio requirement, such as Newsround, Blue Peter and Saturday Mash-Up!, use HQ5, HQ6, HQ7 or HQ8. HQ9 and HQ10 are specialist audio studios. The final two studios are large spaces for more open productions. HQ11 is the only outdoor studio on site and with HQ12 is a mezzanine studio, often seen on Watchdog.

Studio specifications

HQ1
The largest multi-camera TV studio in Britain, HQ1 is  and has an audience capacity of 1,000.

HQ2
HQ2 is the second largest multi-camera TV studio on site at  with an audience capacity of 600.

HQ3
HQ3 is a  television studio which can handle an audience of 200.

HQ4
HQ4 is another large multi-camera TV studio at , with an audience capacity of 300.

HQ5 and HQ6
A small multi-camera TV studio of .

HQ7
HQ7 is slightly larger than HQ5 and HQ6 at .

HQ8
HQ8 is a small green screen studio of .

HQ9 BBC Philharmonic Studio
HQ9 is the BBC Philharmonic's specialist orchestral studio at  with an audience capacity of 350 people.

HQ10
HQ10 is a multi-purpose audio studio of , with an audience capacity of 100.

HQ11 Outdoor Studio
HQ11 is actually a large outdoor space in front of the studio complex, and is claimed to be  with an audience capacity of 5,000.

HQ12 Open Centre Mezzanine
HQ12 is an indoor mezzanine space at the front of the complex, with external views over HQ11 and the rest of MediaCityUK. It is .

See also
Media in Manchester

References

External links
 Dock10 website
 Dock10 on twitter

Television studios in Greater Manchester
Salford Quays

Dock10 (television facility)


Karl Schefold (; 26 January 1905 – 16 April 1999) was a classical archaeologist based in Basel, Switzerland. Born and educated in Germany, he was forced in 1935 to emigrate to Switzerland, which he adopted as his home country. His speciality was in the religious content of ancient art, which he interpreted from a perspective informed by the scientific tradition and shaped by the poetic tradition of the German classical period and the ideals of the poet Stefan George.

Life
After attending high school at the Eberhard-Ludwigs-Gymnasium in Stuttgart, he began his study of the ancient world at Tübingen and Heidelberg University. He met his future wife, Marianne von den Steinen, there. He went on to study at Jena, and in 1930 completed his doctorate at Marburg under the supervision of Paul Jacobsthal. Later he worked especially at the German Archaeological Institute in Rome and Athens, and participated in excavations at Larisa in Thessaly.

He was married on 5 February 1935 to Marianne von den Steinen, daughter of Karl von den Steinen, a well-known ethnologist. Concerned by developments in Germany, he moved to Basel the same year, and there completed his Habilitation in classical archaeology. At first, he specialised in near-eastern and early-Christian archaeology. After the death of Ernst Pfuhl in 1940, he gradually became more and more responsible for all areas of teaching and finally, in 1953, the chair was transferred to him. He declined numerous appointments in other countries; through his research, and the foundation of a museum of antiquities, he developed the field of archaeology at Basel.

Schefold was a member of the German, Austrian, and American archaeological institutes, and of the Bavarian and British Academy of Sciences. He held an honorary doctorate at the University of Thessaloniki. With Herbert A. Cahn he founded the Antikenmuseum Basel, the first museum for ancient art in Switzerland.

He had at three sons, Dian Schefold, Professor for public law in Bremen, Germany, Reimar Schefold, Professor for cultural anthropology, who lives in Amsterdam, Netherlands, and Bertram Schefold, Professor for Economics in Frankfurt, Germany.

Work
Schefold was known for his work on late-classical Attic vases, on the art of the Scythians in southern Russia, and his excavations at Larisa and Eretria. During his time in Basel he worked to maintain connections between America and Europe in difficult times.

After finishing the five-volume Griechische Sagenbilder ("Greek myth in art", 1964–1993) he focused in his last years on revising and expanding the book Die Bildnisse der antiken Dichter, Redner und Denker ("Depictions of ancient poets, orators, and thinkers", 1943, revised edition 1997); a summary and revision of his earlier work, Der religiöse Gehalt der antiken Kunst und die Offenbarung ("The religious content of ancient art and the Revelation", 1998), and Hugo von Hofmannsthals Bild von Stefan George ("Hugo von Hofmannsthal's depiction of Stefan George", 1998).

References

Bibliography
Catalogues:
 (1990) Karl Schefold. Bibliographie 1930-1990. Karl Schefold zum 85. Geburtstag am 26. Januar 1990, mit zusammenfassenden Kommentaren des Autors. Von seinen Kollegen und Freunden. Basel. .
 (1995) "Bibliographie Karl Schefold, 1990–1995", Antike Kunst 38: 65.

Memoirs:
 Karl Schefold (2003), Die Dichtung als Führerin zur Klassischen Kunst. Erinnerungen eines Archäologen (Lebenserinnerungen Band 58), edd. M. Rohde-Liegle et al., Hamburg. .

Evaluations:
 Karl Schefold-von den Steinen, Dr.phil., Dr.phil.h.c., em. o. Professor für klassische Archäologie an der Universität Basel, 26. Januar 1905–16. April 1999. Basel 1999.
 Henri Metzger, J.M. Moret (1999), "Karl Schefold, 26 janvier 1905–16 avril 1999", Revue Archéologique (1999): 387–90.
 Umberto Pappalardo (2001), "Ricordo di Karl Schefold", Atene e Roma 46: 80–6.
 Umberto Pappalardo (2000), "Karl Schefold in memoriam", Rivista di Studi Pompeiani 11: 7–9.
 Margot Schmidt (2000), "Karl Schefold", Gnomon 72: 571–5.
 Rolf A. Stucky (1999), "Antike Kunst und Vereinigung der Freunde Antiker Kunst verlieren einen ihrer Gründerväter. Zum Tod von Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Karl Schefold", Antike Kunst 42: 71–2.
 Rolf A. Stucky (1999), "Wissenschaft als Botschaft. Zum Tod von Karl Schefold", Antike Welt 30: 417.
 Paul Zanker (1999), "Karl Schefold, 26.1.1905–16.4.1999", Jahrbuch der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (1999): 276–282.

External links
 University of Basel website, with picture

1905 births
1999 deaths
People from Heilbronn
Archaeologists from Baden-Württemberg
Swiss archaeologists
Fellows of the British Academy
People educated at Eberhard-Ludwigs-Gymnasium
Emigrants from Nazi Germany to Switzerland
20th-century German archaeologists
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy

Karl Schefold


George Starkey (1628–1665) was a Colonial American alchemist, medical practitioner, and writer of numerous commentaries and chemical treatises that were widely circulated in Western Europe and influenced prominent men of science, including Robert Boyle and Isaac Newton. After relocating from New England to London, England, in 1650, Starkey began writing under the pseudonym Eirenaeus Philalethes. Starkey remained in England and continued his career in medicine and alchemy until his death in the Great Plague of London in 1665.

Early life
Starkey was born in Bermuda, the first of at least five children of George Stirk, a Scottish minister and devoted Calvinist, and Elizabeth Painter. During his early years in Bermuda, Starkey displayed interest in natural history, as evidenced by his written entomological observations of various insects indigenous to Bermuda. After the death of his father in 1637, Starkey was sent to New England, where he continued his early education before enrolling at Harvard College in 1643 at the age of 15. Introduced to alchemical theory, he would later stylise himself as the "Philosopher by Fire." After graduating from Harvard in 1646, Starkey resided in the Boston area and earned a living practising medicine while at the same time experimenting in chemical technology.

Despite his successful medical practice, Starkey immigrated at age 22 to London, England, in November 1650 with his wife, Susanna Stoughton, whom he had married earlier that year. Susanna is believed to be the eldest daughter of Colonel Israel Stoughton, and sister of William Stoughton, a future Lt. Governor of Massachusetts. It is not entirely known why Starkey decided to leave New England. One clue points to his interest in alchemy and chemical technology. It is known that Starkey was acquiring great skill at building ovens to facilitate alchemical experiments. However, he complained that the region offered unsuitable material needed for their operation, and therefore believed that relocating to England could provide access to better material and higher quality laboratory implements as well. Around this same time he changed his surname to Starkey for reasons that are unknown.

Once in England, Starkey's reputation as an alchemist and chymical furnace maker grew among the scientific community and he soon acquired a network of colleagues from the circle of friends and correspondents of Samuel Hartlib – a group of social reformers, utopians, and natural philosophers. Within a few years, however, Starkey found himself in financial trouble and was consequently incarcerated because of debt—possibly twice sometime in late 1653 and again in mid-1654. Imprisoned for a brief period of time, Starkey returned to the practice of alchemy and medicine upon his release in late 1654. Additionally, he wrote and published a number of popular treatises. Yet, his most important work was written under several pseudonyms during the period prior to imprisonment when he was associated with the Hartlib circle. The most famous of these works, the Introitus apertus ad occlusum regis palatium, was published in 1667 after his death.

Education

Little is known of Starkey's early education. Prior to the death of his father in 1637, Starkey most likely was tutored, perhaps by his parents or learned acquaintances of the family. After the death of the elder Stirk, Starkey was sent to New England around 1639 to continue his studies. In 1643 he matriculated at Harvard College, where he was exposed to a core curriculum in the classical languages and theology in addition to courses in logic, physics, mathematics, politics, and history. His studies soon focused on chemical philosophy and alchemist theory. Starkey earned his A.B. in 1646 and his A.M. by 1649, although the exact date is uncertain. During his years at Harvard, Starkey was introduced to alchemy through the physics curriculum, which included subjects on metallic transmutation and potable gold. In addition, he acquired a thorough understanding of corpuscular matter theory that was important to his alchemist work throughout his career.

Career

During his final years at Harvard, Starkey became increasingly occupied with the practice of medicine. He was a devoted follower of the Flemish iatrochemist Jan Baptist van Helmont, and had been tutored in the practical applications of metallurgy. His medical practice appears to have been highly successful, which included iatrochemistry. Despite his flourishing practice, Starkey decided England could provide better access to the tools required by an alchemist, which prompted him to sail for London with his wife in November 1650.

Upon his arrival in London, Starkey's credentials as an alchemist were quickly established. He acquired immediate acclaim in England as an alchemical savant, due in part to the well-connected network of scientific practitioners and colleagues he had been associated with in New England. It was at this time that the transplanted New England alchemist became involved with the Hartlib circle and the fictitious identity of Eirenaeus Philalethes (a peaceful lover of truth) emerged as a result of currents swirling within the group. Samuel Hartlib was a patron and promoter of applied science, including alchemy and iatrochemistry. Yet, there were individuals within this circle dedicated to preserving secrecy and the protection of knowledge, which may have initially inspired Starkey's alternate identity.

Starkey's move to London was followed by remarkable success in establishing a medical practice and producing and administering medicinal remedies to patients, including Robert Boyle. However, despite his success, Starkey abandoned his patients in 1651 to pursue the "secrets" of alchemy, which included the production of pharmaceuticals and the transmutation of metallic substances. For example, Starkey's "sophic mercury" was an amalgam of antimony, silver, and mercury, which was supposed to dissolve gold into a mixture that when heated, would produce the mythical philosopher's stone, an agent for transmuting base metals into noble ones. It is also known that Starkey tutored Boyle in the practice of chemistry and experimentation, although Boyle never acknowledged Starkey's tutelage.

As the inventor of curative drugs and philosophical mercuries, it is reasonable to assume that Starkey was concerned with guarding these inventions and preserving his trade secrets. The pseudonym "Philalethes" allowed him to accomplish this by creating a fictitious identity under which a series of manuscripts and tracts were produced that proclaimed these discoveries while advertising that access to concealed alchemical knowledge might be obtained through Starkey, a "friend" of Philalethes and guardian of his manuscripts. It is also believed that Starkey's interest in concealing his work was driven by a desire to fashion himself as the "master of secrets" whose discoveries were "divinely sanctioned revelations." Certainly this might lift Starkey's socioprofessional standing in the minds of influential patrons within the Hartlib circle.

A few years after arriving in London, Starkey began to suffer from his own success. A variety of projects, from the manufacture of perfumes and pharmaceuticals to the production of sophic mercuries, were pulling him in different directions, straining professional relationships, and failed to generate sufficient income. The cost to personally fund these projects was leaving him financially unstable as debts increased. Finally, in 1653–1654, Starkey's creditors caught up with him. He was imprisoned twice for debt, and when not in prison, he avoided creditors by concealing his whereabouts. To make matters worse, he had lost the support of the Hartlib circle. It was necessary that a beleaguered Starkey reestablish his financial footing, restore his reputation, and attract new patronage.

The final years of Starkey's life were devoted to resurrecting his medical practice and manufacturing income-producing medicines. However, he never wandered far from his chymistry lab and his quest for Van Helmont's alchahest or the philosophers' stone. No doubt he continued his search for the perfect liquor alchahest, a medicinal solvent whose purpose was similar to theriac, an antidotal compound that was consumed to preserve health and prevent illness. Starkey's success in producing his alchahest was limited, and his quest for the philosophers' stone never came to fruition. Although he continued to produce medical treatises, three political pamphlets that he wrote in 1660 along with public disputes he engaged in with other medical practitioners and the Royal College of Physicians further tainted his career.

In 1665, the plague found London and George Starkey. For all of his belief in the ability of the Helmontian medicines to cure disease and prevent illness, the Helmontian alchahest Starkey prepared to combat the plague was ineffective. To the end, Starkey remained faithful to the Flemish iatrochemist that he revered.

Legacy

George Starkey's alchemical laboratory expertise and formalised methodology were highly respected by the scientific community and became the basis for later practices in eighteenth-century experimental chemistry. His influence on Boyle's work and discoveries in chymistry is indisputable. It is perhaps the survival of Starkey's laboratory journals that is most important, for they provide the least opaque window through which to view the laboratory operations and methodological practices of a seventeenth-century alchemist. Also, Starkey's written works, especially under the name Philalethes, were widely circulated and enormously popular.  They were read by notable men of science in the seventeenth century and well into the eighteenth century, to include Boyle, Locke, Leibniz, and Newton. Indeed, his writings were influential in the emerging field of chymistry by advancing the doctrine that chemical phenomena are the result of the interaction of insensible particles accompanied by chemical forces. Although George Starkey will probably never be regarded as a canonical figure in early modern science, his achievements nevertheless are significant and contribute to a wider understanding of the nature of science during this period and its historical development.

Original published works

Works published under George Starkey's name:

The Reformed Commonwealth of Bees (1655).
Nature's Explication and Helmont's Vindication; or a short and sure Way to a long and sound life (London, 1657).
Pyrotechny asserted and illustrated (London, 1658).
The admirable efficacy of oyl which is made of Sulphur-Vive (1660).
The dignity of kinship asserted (1660).
Britains Triumph FOR HER Imparallel'd Deliverance (1660).
Royal and other innocent blood crying aloud to heaven for due vengeance (1660).
An appendix to the Unlearned Alchimist Wherein is contained the true Receipt of that Excellent Diaphoretick and Diuretick PILL (1663).
George Starkey's Pill vindicated From the unlearned Alchymist and all other pretenders, (undated).
A brief Examination and Censure OF Several Medicines (1664).
A smart Scourge for a silly, sawcy Fool, an answer to letter at the end of a pamphlet of Lionel Lockyer (1664).
An Epistolar discourse to the Learned and Deservingauthor of Galeno-pale (1665).
Loimologia A Consolatory Advice And some brief observations Concerning the Present Pest, 1665.
Liquor Alchahest, or a discourse of that Immortal Dissolvent of Paracelsus & Helmont, 1675.

Works published under the name of Philalethes.

First printings of Philalethes' tracts were published between 1654 and 1683:

Subsequently translated as:

Three Tracts of the Great Medicine of Philosophers for Humane and Metalline Bodies (Amsterdam, 1668, in Latin; London, 1694, in English)
The Art of the Transmutation of Metals
A short Manuduction to the Caelestial Ruby
The Fountain of Chymical Philosophy
An Exposition upon Sir George Ripley's Epistle to King Edward IV (London 1677, in English)
An Exposition upon Sir George Ripley's Preface (London 1677, in English)
An Exposition upon the First Six Gates of Sir George Ripley's Compound of Alchymie (London 1677, in English)
Experiments for the Preparation of the Sophick Mercury; by Luna, and the Antimonial-Stellate-Regulus of Mars, for the Philosophers Stone (London 1677, in English)
A breviary of Alchemy, or a commentary upon Sir George Ripley's Recapitulation: Being A Paraphrastical Epitome of his Twelve Gates (London 1677, in English)
An Exposition upon Sir George Ripley's Vision (London 1677, in English)
Ripley Reviv'd, or an Exposition upon Sir George Ripley's Hermetico-Poetical Works (London 1678, in English)
Opus tripartitum (London&Amsterdam, 1678, in Latin)
Enarratio methodica trium Gebri medicinarum, in quibus contenitur Lapidis Philosophici vera confectio (Amsterdam, 1678, Latin)
The Secret of the Immortal Liquor called Alkahest (London, 1683, English & Latin)

A number of these tracts, including the Three tracts and the Introitus were also included in the Musaeum Hermeticum of 1678.

All English works of Philalethes have been recently compiled in one volume.

Notes

Bibliography
Mendelsohn, Andrew J. "Alchemy and Politics in England 1649—1665." Past & Present, no. 135 (May 1992): 30–78.
Newman, William R. Gehennical Fire: The Lives of George Starkey, an American Alchemist in the Scientific Revolution. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994.
Findlen, Paula. Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.
Newman, William R. and Principe, Lawrence M. Alchemy Tried in the Fire: Starkey, Boyle, and the Fate of Helmontian Chymistry. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2002.
White, Bruce D. and Woodward, Walter W. "'A Most Exquisite Fellow' – William White and an Atlantic World Perspective on the Seventeenth-Century Chymical Furnace." Ambix 54, no. 3 (November 2007): 285–298.

1628 births
1655 deaths
17th-century deaths from plague (disease)
English alchemists
English scientists
Harvard College alumni
People imprisoned for debt
17th-century alchemists

it:Ireneo Filalete

George Starkey


In game theory, the traveler's dilemma (sometimes abbreviated TD) is a non-zero-sum game in which each player proposes a payoff. The lower of the two proposals wins; the lowball player receives the lowball payoff plus a small bonus, and the highball player receives the same lowball payoff, minus a small penalty. Surprisingly, the Nash equilibrium is for both players to aggressively lowball. The traveler's dilemma is notable in that naive play appears to outperform the Nash equilibrium; this apparent paradox also appears in the centipede game and the finitely-iterated prisoner's dilemma.

Formulation
The original game scenario was formulated in 1994 by Kaushik Basu and goes as follows:

"An airline loses two suitcases belonging to two different travelers. Both suitcases happen to be identical and contain identical antiques. An airline manager tasked to settle the claims of both travelers explains that the airline is liable for a maximum of $100 per suitcase—he is unable to find out directly the price of the antiques."

"To determine an honest appraised value of the antiques, the manager separates both travelers so they can't confer, and asks them to write down the amount of their value at no less than $2 and no larger than $100. He also tells them that if both write down the same number, he will treat that number as the true dollar value of both suitcases and reimburse both travelers that amount. However, if one writes down a smaller number than the other, this smaller number will be taken as the true dollar value, and both travelers will receive that amount along with a bonus/malus: $2 extra will be paid to the traveler who wrote down the lower value and a $2 deduction will be taken from the person who wrote down the higher amount. The challenge is: what strategy should both travelers follow to decide the value they should write down?"

The two players attempt to maximize their own payoff, without any concern for the other player's payoff.

Analysis
Backward induction only applies where there is perfect information. If it is used where there is information asymmetry- the Airline manager does not know the value of the antique- the result will be irrational behavior. This is what happens in the following analysis-

One might expect a traveler's optimum choice to be $100; that is, the traveler values the antiques at the airline manager's maximum allowed price. Remarkably, and, to many, counter-intuitively, the Nash equilibrium solution is in fact just $2; that is, the traveler values the antiques at the airline manager's minimum allowed price.

For an understanding of why $2 is the Nash equilibrium consider the following proof:

Alice, having lost her antiques, is asked their value. Alice's first thought is to quote $100, the maximum permissible value.
On reflection, though, she realizes that her fellow traveler, Bob, might also quote $100. And so Alice changes her mind, and decides to quote $99, which, if Bob quotes $100, will pay $101.But 'low-balling' leads to the worst possible outcome. Rational people will use Muth Rational Expectations- i.e. both will choose 100 as this maximizes their individual and collective benefit.
But Bob, being in an identical position to Alice, might also think of quoting $99. And so Alice changes her mind, and decides to quote $98, which, if Bob quotes $99, will pay $100. This is greater than the $99 Alice would receive if both she and Bob quoted $99.
This cycle of thought continues, until Alice finally decides to quote just $2—the minimum permissible price.

The above analysis depends crucially on (1) imperfect information- the airline manager does not know the true value and (2) irrationality- in particular failure to use the Muth Rational strategy.

Another proof goes as follows:
If Alice only wants to maximize her own payoff, choosing $99 trumps choosing $100. If Bob chooses any dollar value 2–98 inclusive, $99 and $100 give equal payoffs; if Bob chooses $99 or $100, choosing $99 nets Alice an extra dollar.
A similar line of reasoning shows that choosing $98 is always better for Alice than choosing $99. The only situation where choosing $99 would give a higher payoff than choosing $98 is if Bob chooses $100—but if Bob is only seeking to maximize his own profit, he will always choose $99 instead of $100.
This line of reasoning can be applied to all of Alice's whole-dollar options until she finally reaches $2, the lowest price.

Experimental results
The ($2, $2) outcome in this instance is the Nash equilibrium of the game. By definition this means that if your opponent chooses this Nash equilibrium value then your best choice is that Nash equilibrium value of $2. This will not be the optimum choice if there is a chance of your opponent choosing a higher value than $2. When the game is played experimentally, most participants select a value higher than the Nash equilibrium and closer to $100 (corresponding to the Pareto optimal solution). More precisely, the Nash equilibrium strategy solution proved to be a bad predictor of people's behavior in a traveler's dilemma with small bonus/malus and a rather good predictor if the bonus/malus parameter was big.

Furthermore, the travelers are rewarded by deviating strongly from the Nash equilibrium in the game and obtain much higher rewards than would be realized with the purely rational strategy. These experiments (and others, such as focal points) show that the majority of people do not use purely rational strategies, but the strategies they do use are demonstrably optimal. This paradox could reduce the value of pure game theory analysis, but could also point to the benefit of an expanded reasoning that understands how it can be quite rational to make non-rational choices, at least in the context of games that have players that can be counted on to not play "rationally." For instance, Capraro has proposed a model where humans do not act a priori as single agents but they forecast how the game would be played if they formed coalitions and then they act so as to maximize the forecast. His model fits the experimental data on the Traveler's dilemma and similar games quite well. Recently, the traveler's dilemma was tested with decision undertaken in groups rather than individually, in order to test the assumption that groups decisions are more rational, delivering the message that, usually, two heads are better than one. Experimental findings show that groups are always more rational – i.e. their claims are closer to the Nash equilibrium - and more sensitive to the size of the bonus/malus.

Some players appear to pursue a Bayesian Nash equilibrium.

Similar games
The traveler's dilemma can be framed as a finitely repeated prisoner's dilemma. Similar paradoxes are attributed to the centipede game and to the p-beauty contest game (or more specifically, "Guess 2/3 of the average"). One variation of the original traveler's dilemma in which both travelers are offered only two integer choices, $2 or $3, is identical mathematically to the standard non-iterated Prisoner's dilemma and thus the traveler's dilemma can be viewed as an extension of prisoner's dilemma. (The minimum guaranteed payout is $1, and each dollar beyond that may be considered equivalent to a year removed from a three-year prison sentence.) These games tend to involve deep iterative deletion of dominated strategies in order to demonstrate the Nash equilibrium, and tend to lead to experimental results that deviate markedly from classical game-theoretical predictions.

Payoff matrix
The canonical payoff matrix is shown below (if only integer inputs are taken into account):

Denoting by  the set of strategies available to both players and by
the payoff function of one of them we can write

(Note that the other player receives  since the game is quantitatively symmetric).

References

Non-cooperative games
Dilemmas

Traveler's dilemma


Word of mouth is the passing of information from a person to one or more people in conversation. In the past, it referred only to speech, but now, it can sometimes include online communication. It can be as simple as telling someone what time it is, or it can involve longer stories and news. It is a good way to share information about things that are of interest to a local community, such as businesses, other people, and things that happened in the past.

Oral tradition
Oral tradition (also called "oral culture" or "oral lore") is when cultural material is transmitted orally from older people to younger people. This material may include folktales, sayings, songs, or chants. It is a way for things like history, literature, and law to be passed down from generation to generation without a writing system.

Oral history
Oral history is history that is given by people who lived through historical eras or events. Often, they are interviewed, and it is recorded. Usually, they talk about things that are not part of written history, such as what everyday life was like.

Marketing
Consumers often talk to their friends about their experiences with a product or a service. This is important for businesses because people are more likely to trust someone they know well.

"Word-of-mouth marketing" happens when a business tries to encourage people to talk about their product. For example, they can offer rewards or suggest that they make posts on social media.

A lot of people think that a lot of word of mouth now happens on the internet. However, studies show that most word of mouth actually happens in spoken conversation.

References

Human communication
Oral tradition

Word of mouth


Hans Nathan Feibusch (15 August 1898 – 18 July 1998) was a German painter and sculptor of Jewish heritage who lived and worked in Britain from 1933 until his death.  He is best known for his murals, particularly in Anglican churches.  In all he worked in thirty Anglican churches (28 as a muralist, and two—including Ely Cathedral—as sculptor only) and produced what is probably the largest body of work in his particular métier by any artist in the history of the Church of England.

Early life in Germany
Feibusch was born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany to Jewish parents.  His father was a dental surgeon and his mother was an amateur painter.  He served with the German Army on the Russian front during the First World War, from 1916 to 1918.

After the war he studied art in Munich. Subsequently, he worked under Karl Hofer at the Berlin University of the Arts, and then in Paris with Andre Lhote.  He returned to Frankfurt in 1925 to work as an artist, with a studio in the former Carmelite convent alongside  and Benno Elkan.  He was awarded a prize by the Prussian Academy of Arts in 1931 for his painting The Fishmonger.

After the Nazi Party came to power, he emigrated to England in 1933.  His works were subsequently exhibited in the 1937 exhibition of Entartete Kunst ("Degenerate Art").  Feibusch was one of a minority of artists included whose work was relatively conservative, and he was probably included for his Jewish heritage. His works in that exhibition, now lost, were two paintings of angels.  His work Zwei schwebende Figuren ("Two floating figures"), confiscated from the Städtischen Galerie in Frankfurt, was displayed with works by Jankel Adler and Marc Chagall as part of the exhibition entitled Offenbarung der jüdischen Rassenseele gezeigt ("Revelation of the Jewish racial soul")

Life in England

Feibusch joined the London Group of artists in 1934 and the following year he married Sidonie Cramer, a daughter of David Gestetner and the divorced wife of Max Cramer.

He swore an oath of allegiance to the British Crown in 1940.  He first exhibited work at the Royal Academy summer exhibition in 1944.

After the war, he became known for his church murals, working on around separate 30 churches.  He converted to Christianity and was baptized and confirmed into the Church of England in 1965.  He worshipped at the church of St Alban the Martyr, Holborn, where he painted his largest mural.

Feibusch wrote a book Mural Painting, published in 1946, and published in a number of journals about mural painting.  A celebration of his life work was held by the Twentieth Century Society in 1993, which was the first event of a reappraisal of his work.

He was awarded the Officer's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (Verdienstkreuz 1. Klasse) in 1967, and advanced to the Commander's Cross or Great Cross of Merit (Großes Verdienstkreuz) in 1989.

Feibusch died four weeks short of his 100th birthday, just after attending a celebration of his work and life held at the Royal College of Art. His estate bequeathed the entire contents of his studio at the time of his death to the Pallant House Gallery in Chichester.  He died at the Royal Free Hospital in Camden, London.  In the last years of his life he reverted to the Jewish faith of his youth and was buried with Jewish liturgy at Golders Green Jewish Cemetery.

Work in England and Wales

Feibusch's work was always representational but he developed early on an Expressionist use of colour and intensity of vision. Feibusch used colour to accentuate intent and meaning.  The composition, often of closely grouped figures, are neo-classical in their arrangement and mannered poses.

His first public mural in England was The Footwashing, for the New Methodist Hall in Colliers Wood, a commissioned by Edward D. Mills in 1937.  He was befriended by George Bell, Bishop of Chichester, whose influence caused him to receive the first of his church commissions for murals on religious themes.  Among the first of these is the mural in the bishop's private chapel in the episcopal palace in Chichester.  This made use of the medieval wall already existing at the chapel's west end, containing blocked windows.  Feibusch depicted people looking out of the windows.  Many though not all of his murals are in the Diocese of Chichester, including a Pilgrim's Progress at St Elisabeth's Eastbourne (now in storage), Christ in Majesty at St Mary's Church, Goring-by-Sea, the Prodigal Son in All Saints, Iden, East Sussex, and St John Baptising Christ in the baptistery at Chichester Cathedral, a nativity cycle at St Wilfrid's Church, Brighton.  Others works are at churches in Coventry, Wellingborough, Preston, Paulsgrove, and Exeter; Christchurch Priory in Dorset; and others at St Ethelburga's Bishopsgate, St Alban the Martyr, Holborn and Holy Trinity Church, Rotherhithe in London.  He created a mural of the Trinity in Glory for St Alban the Martyr, Holborn, in 1966, his largest single work, together with fourteen stations of the cross and a bronze figure of Christ for the outer wall of the church.  Another large work in London is the Adoration of the Cross at St Michael and All Angels in Harrow. He painted a mural of the crucifixion at St Martin's Church in Dagenham and more work is found in London at St John's Church, Waterloo.

A mural in the apse was painted at St Barnabas, Eltham themed on 'Christ ascended in glory'. The church had been destroyed in June 1944 and rebuilt in the 1950s with an altered interior. Feibusch's artwork was created after the remodelled interior was installed with a linear feature in the nave surmounted by angels. This was one of six that Feibusch painted as acts of reconciliation. He spoke of how he had come to know the church while taking a bus to work in Lewisham during the Second World War.

For nearly forty years the artist Phyllis Bray collaborated with Feibusch on producing his church murals.

He also produced non-religious work at the village of Portmeirion in Wales as a result of his friendship with Clough Williams-Ellis, and his portrait of Williams-Ellis is held in the National Portrait Gallery.  He also decorated civic buildings in Dudley and Newport.  A series of twelve murals by Feibusch, each over , around the central hall of Newport Civic Centre, tell the history of Newport.  They were commissioned by Newport Corporation in 1960 and painted during the period 1961–1964. The Dolman Theatre in Newport houses a mural of an early travelling theatre painted by Feibusch in 1967.

References

 Mural Painting, Hans Feibsusch, published by A&C Black, London 1946
 The Revelation of St John the Divine, illustrated by Feibusch, Collins, London 1946
 Hans Feibusch – the Heat of Vision, various contributors, Lund Humphries, London 1995
 Feibusch Murals: Chichester and Beyond, Alan Powers et al., University College Chichester 2005
 Paul Foster, 'Feibusch, Hans Nathan (1898–1998)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Sept 2010 accessed 2 May 2014

External links

1898 births
1998 deaths
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United Kingdom
Converts to Anglicanism from Judaism
20th-century German painters
20th-century German male artists
German male painters
German muralists
British artists
Jewish artists
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Burials at Golders Green Jewish Cemetery

Hans Feibusch


The Danlou Occurrence, also known as the Danlou Gold Occurrence and the Mortimer Occurrence, is a mineralized zone in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. Gold is the occurrence's primary commodity, while copper and silver are secondary commodities. It occurs in a quartz vein within a diabase-porphyry shear zone. Pyrite and chalcopyrite are present in small amounts.

The Occurrence is located  north-northeast of the town of Temagami between Highway 11 and the Ontario Northland Railway. It is named after Danlou Mines Limited, which did work on the Danlou Occurrence in the early 1960s.

Trenches and a vertical exploration shaft are present in the Danlou Occurrence from past mineral explorations. Work began in 1905 when the occurrence was discovered that year. During this period, a small test pit was sunk into the quartz vein. In 1961–1963, Danlou Mines Limited performed trenching. The highest assays were  of gold per ton and  of silver per ton over . Danlou Mines Limited also completed three diamond drill holes totalling  north of the Danlou Occurrence. All drill samples assayed nil for gold and silver.

See also
List of mines in Temagami

References

Mines in Temagami
Surface mines in Canada
Underground mines in Canada
Gold mines in Ontario
Silver mines in Canada
Copper mines in Ontario
Ore deposits
Geology of Temagami

Danlou Occurrence


Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten ("Good Times, Bad Times"), often abbreviated GZSZ, is a long-running German television soap opera, first broadcast on RTL in 1992. The programme concerns the lives of a fictional neighborhood in Germany's capital city Berlin. Over the years the soap opera tends to have an overhaul of young people in their late teens and early twenties, targeting a young viewership.

Based on the Australian format The Restless Years, which first was successfully adapted in the Netherlands as Goede tijden, slechte tijden, the German version took the scripts of the first 230 episodes, even though heavily rewritten, from the original. After the first year, Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten started using original material.

The programme started off with low ratings and was panned by critics. However the network believed in the success of the show and by the autumn of 1993, a serial killer storyline helped to improve the ratings, making GZSZ a success. It not only won its time slot but became also one of the highest-rated programmes, normally ranking in the Top 10 ratings of the day. In 2002, the soap opera reached its peak with over seven million viewers turning in for the 2,500th episode.

Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten has tackled with issues like homosexuality, incest, rape, drug addiction, various crimes, breast cancer, bulimia, underage drinking, adoption and mental illnesses.

Frank-Thomas Mende and Lisa Riecken were the last original cast members when leaving the show in 2010. Wolfgang Bahro, who joined the show in February 1993, has become the longest-serving actor on the show since. He is described as having become a cult-like figure among soap opera stars, frequently noticed in public. Other long-serving actors are Daniel Fehlow, who joined the show in 1996 but has since taken several breaks, and Felix von Jascheroff, who's part of the programme since 2001. Ulrike Frank is currently the longest-serving female cast member, being part of the soap opera in her current role since 2002.

GZSZ launched several successful careers in the music industry. The first being original cast member Andreas Elsholz. The most successful ones were Jeanette Biedermann and Yvonne Catterfeld, who both left the soap opera at the peak of their careers.

Production
The idea to establish a daily soap opera in Germany first came in late 1991. Production company Grundy UFA (now UFA Serial Drama) adapted the Australian format The Restless Years from Reg Watson. The programme was successfully launched in the Netherlands one year earlier. Production on the German adaption, officially now called Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten, started on 23 February 1992. The first episode aired almost three months later, on 11 May 1992.

The programme was filmed in a studio in Berlin-Tempelhof for the first three years. In October 1995, production of the show moved to the Filmstudio Babelsberg. This required several set changes. In the beginning it wasn't certain where the show was set. However, in its second year it was established that Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten is set in Berlin. The city has since been used to identify with the format; using several skyline settings in an episode.

Rainer Wemcken and Guido Reinhardt have the primary responsibility over the production, with Marie Hölker controlling the day-to-day production and overseeing the writing of the programme. The writing is controlled by a team of writers who are known to shift between the other Grundy UFA soaps Alles was zählt, Verbotene Liebe and Unter uns. Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten uses a darker setting than the other three soap operas with sets appearing in modern, mostly dark, colors.

Cast
Wolfgang Bahro as Dr. Hans-Joachim "Jo" Gerner
Daniel Fehlow as Leon Moreno
Felix von Jascheroff as John Bachmann
Ulrike Frank as Katrin Flemming, née Gabriele "Gabi" Galuba
Jörn Schlönvoigt as Philip Höfer
Thomas Drechsel as Max "Tuner" Krüger
Olivia Marei as Toni Ahrens

Spin-off
In 2000, at the peak of the programmes success, RTL wanted to launch a spin-off, called Großstadtträume (City Dreams), of the highest-rated soap opera. Actress Sandra Keller who vacated her popular role as Tina Zimmermann four years earlier was set to return to star in the new format. However negotiations between the network and Keller fell through. The network decided to recast the popular role. Ulrike Frank, who just starred in the canceled Mallorca – Suche nach dem Paradies, was cast. The character of Tina shortly returned to Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten with Frank in the role.

Großstadtträume premiered on 8 May 2000. Next to Ulrike Frank as Tina, the show saw the return of Victoria Sturm as Milla Engel. Laurent Daniels, who played Philip Krüger, switched from GZSZ to its spin-off. The programme was about the launch of a lifestyle print magazine, called POOL. It targeted an older viewership well below the age of twenty.

The network ordered 26 episodes. However the show wasn't a success. After the premiere the ratings dropped dramatically and Großstadtträume was canceled after only seven aired episodes. The programme was never aired again since then.

Parody
In the German comedy series Freitag Nacht News, they had a sketch called Schlechte Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten (Bad Times, Bad Times or SZSZ) which was a parody of the soap opera. The sketch featured four men who lived together in an apartment, and suffered from severe depression. In every sketch, they kill each other but often kill themselves. Although three of the characters were unnamed, the fourth person was named Clive, whose face was never seen. He is always shown dead in every sketch, mostly hanging himself.

See also
 Goede tijden, slechte tijden

References

External links

GZSZ-Wiki
GZSZ Vorschau

German television soap operas
1992 German television series debuts
1990s German television series
2000s German television series
2010s German television series
2020s German television series
German-language television shows
RTL (German TV channel) original programming
Non-Australian television series based on Australian television series
Television shows set in Berlin

Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten