The Norwegian Heathen Society ( (DnH) or Hedningsamfunnet for short) is a non-partisan irreligious society that was established in 1974 and whose main focus is counteracting the Church of Norway and Christian influence in Norway.

The Heathen Society calls itself a humanist antireligious liberation movement. The organization advocates freedom of and, if need be, from religion and opposes Christian and Muslim influence.

From time to time it challenges the so-called "blasphemy paragraph" in section 142 of the Norwegian Penal Code, which provides for punishment for anyone "who publicly insults or in an offensive manner shows contempt for any religious creed or for the doctrines or worship of any religious community lawfully existing [in Norway]". In 1982 it produced the cartoon Jesus Kristus & Co., depicting Jesus, which stirred considerable controversy. Charges were filed by the women's branch of the Christian Democratic Party, but later dropped.

Another of its actions was its successful demand for the right to call "God does not exist" from the rooftops after Oslo City Council granted a mosque the right to broadcast Adhan (prayer calls).

The society also supports the separation of church and state.

In 2017, the society changed its name to The Atheists ()

Purpose
"The Norwegian Heathens' Society advocates man as the end and the togetherness of humans as the means of human society. We advocate liberation from authoritarian religions and from faiths belittling and dividing men, which rate the value of humankind according to man's relation to a deity, and which use norms and dogmata to further inhibit human thoughts and emotions. We promote the freedom of confession and oppose any confession-based discrimination in general, and we oppose The Church of Norway and other religious institutions in particular."

See also
The Norwegian Humanist Association

References

External links
 Official site

Religion in Norway
Atheist organizations
Humanist associations
Church–state separation advocacy organizations
Organizations established in 1974
Skeptic organisations in Norway
Secularism in Norway
1974 establishments in Norway

Norwegian Heathen Society


FieldTurf is a brand of artificial turf playing surface. It is manufactured and installed by FieldTurf Tarkett, a division of French company Tarkett. FieldTurf is headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and its primary manufacturing facility is located in Calhoun, Georgia, United States. With a design intended to more accurately replicate real grass, the new product rapidly gained popularity in the late 1990s.

History
Jean Prévost bought the patent of the FieldTurf product in 1988, and originally named his Montreal-based company SynTenni Co., a name which would eventually be dropped in favor of FieldTurf Inc. In 1995, John Gilman, a former Canadian Football League player and coach, joined FieldTurf as CEO.

In 1997, FieldTurf made its first major installation for a professional team, at the training facility for the English Premiership's Middlesbrough F.C. , FieldTurf has installed over 7000 athletic fields.

In 2005, French flooring manufacturer and minority shareholder Tarkett increased its share in FieldTurf, which led to the integration of the two companies. FieldTurf is a part of the Tarkett Sports division of the holding company Tarkett SA.

In May 2010, FieldTurf acquired the American company EasyTurf of San Diego, California, as a way to gain entry into the rapidly growing residential and commercial synthetic grass markets in the United States.

Product details

The surface is composed of monofilament polyethylene-blend fibers tufted into a polypropylene backing. The infill is composed of a bottom layer of silica sand, a middle layer which is a mixture of sand and cryogenic rubber, and a top layer of only rubber. The fibers are meant to replicate blades of grass, while the infill acts as a cushion. This cushion is intended to improve safety when compared to earlier artificial surfaces and allows players to plant and pivot as if they were playing on a grass field.

Each square foot of turf contains about 3 kg (7 lb) of sand and 1.5 kg (3 lb) of cryogenic rubber. FieldTurf does not use shock-absorbency pads below its infill. The backing of the turf is a combination of woven and nonwoven polypropylene. These materials are permeable and allow water to drain through the backing itself.

Safety
Some evidence shows higher player injury on artificial turf. In a study performed by the National Football League Injury and Safety Panel, published in the October 2012 issue of the American Journal of Sports Medicine, Elliott B. Hershman et al. reviewed injury data from NFL games played between 2000 and 2009. They wrote, "...the injury rate of knee sprains as a whole was 22% higher on FieldTurf than on natural grass. While MCL sprains did not occur at a rate significantly higher than on grass, rates of ACL sprains were 67% higher on FieldTurf."

Studies of the safety of FieldTurf are conflicting. A five-year study funded by FieldTurf and published in the American Journal of Sports Medicine found that injury rates for high-school sports were similar on natural grass and synthetic turf. However, notable differences in the types of injuries were found. Athletes playing on synthetic turf sustained more skin injuries and muscle strains, while those who played on natural grass were more susceptible to concussions and ligament tears. In 2010, another FieldTurf-funded but peer-reviewed study was published in the American Journal of Sports Medicine, this time on NCAA Division I-A football, concluding that in many cases, games played on FieldTurf-branded products led to fewer injuries than those played on natural grass.  However, the NFL's Injury and Safety Panel presented a study finding that anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries happened 88% more often in games played on FieldTurf than in games played on grass.  In 2012, the Injury and Safety Panel published an independently funded analysis of actual game data over the 2000–2009 seasons. Their statistically significant findings showed a 67% higher rate of ACL sprains and 31% higher rate of eversion ankle sprains.

Uses

Gridiron football
The first installation of FieldTurf in the United States took place at Dick Bivins Stadium in Amarillo, Texas (which was the home field for the Amarillo Independent School District's football teams) in 1998. The first major college football installation was at University of Nebraska's Memorial Stadium in 1999. The following year, it was installed at the two Pac-10 stadiums: Martin Stadium in Pullman, Washington and Husky Stadium in Seattle. The first installation in an NFL (and by extension, professional) stadium was in 2002, at the Seattle Seahawks' new stadium, known as Lumen Field. Originally planned to have a natural grass field, the Seahawks instead decided to install FieldTurf after they had played the two previous seasons in Husky Stadium on that surface.

Association football
FieldTurf's first high-profile installation came in January 1997 as English club Middlesbrough chose FieldTurf for its new training field. Only artificial fields with FIFA-recommended 2-star status can be used in FIFA and UEFA Finals competitions. Other FIFA and UEFA competitions require at least 1-star status.

In 2001, Boston University's FieldTurf soccer field became FieldTurf's first to obtain FIFA 1-star status. In 2005, Saprissa Stadium in San José, Costa Rica became the first stadium to host a FIFA World Cup qualifying match on FieldTurf. The Dundalk F.C. Stadium, Oriel Park, received FieldTurf's first FIFA 2-star rating. FieldTurf has 29 FIFA-recommended 1-Star installations and 31 FIFA Recommended 2-Star installations . In 2007, the FIFA U-20 World Cup Canada had almost 50% of its games played on FieldTurf.

Major League Soccer
The use of FieldTurf in Major League Soccer (MLS) has received criticism.

The installation of the surface at CenturyLink Field in Seattle was approved only after the operator of the then-new stadium agreed to install a natural grass field when needed. Their concern derived from the surface potentially hindering the city's ability to attract an MLS franchise and international soccer events.

In September 2006, several top Canadian soccer players appealed to the Canadian Soccer Association to install a natural grass surface at BMO Field in Toronto. The club removed the FieldTurf playing surface and switched to a traditional grass surface starting in 2010.

Following David Beckham's move to Major League Soccer in 2007, he voiced his opinion that the league should convert to grass for all pitches. In an apology, he stated that the surface is fine at lower levels, but that his feelings had not changed about the MLS use because of the toll the harder surface takes on the body. Thierry Henry never played at Seattle's CenturyLink Field during his time in MLS due to the surface.

Public works
A specialized version of FieldTurf called Air FieldTurf has been installed to cover the edges of runways at several airports.

See also
 AstroTurf
 Poly-Turf

References

External links

Artificial turf

FieldTurf


The yolk sac is a membranous sac attached to an embryo, formed by cells of the hypoblast layer of the bilaminar embryonic disc. This is alternatively called the umbilical vesicle by the Terminologia Embryologica (TE), though yolk sac is far more widely used. In humans, the yolk sac is important in early embryonic blood supply, and much of it is incorporated into the primordial gut during the fourth week of embryonic development.

In humans

The yolk sac is the first element seen within the gestational sac during pregnancy, usually at 3 days gestation.

The yolk sac is situated on the front (ventral) part of the embryo; it is lined by extra-embryonic endoderm, outside of which is a layer of extra-embryonic mesenchyme, derived from the epiblast.

Blood is conveyed to the wall of the yolk sac by the primitive aorta and after circulating through a wide-meshed capillary plexus, is returned by the vitelline veins to the tubular heart of the embryo. This constitutes the vitelline circulation, which in humans serves as a location of haematopoiesis. Before the placenta is formed and can take over, the yolk sac provides nutrition and gas exchange between the mother and the developing embryo.

At the end of the fourth week, the yolk sac presents the appearance of a small pear-shaped opening (traditionally called the umbilical vesicle), into the digestive tube by a long narrow tube, the vitelline duct. Rarely, the yolk sac can be seen in the afterbirth as a small, somewhat oval-shaped body whose diameter varies from 1 mm to 5 mm; it is situated between the amnion and the chorion and may lie on or at a varying distance from the placenta. There is no clinical significance to a residual external yolk sac.

As a rule the duct undergoes complete obliteration by the 20th week as most of the yolk sac is incorporated into the developing gastrointestinal tract, but in about two percent of cases its proximal part persists as a diverticulum from the small intestine, Meckel's diverticulum, which is situated about 60 cm proximal to the ileocecal valve, and may be attached by a fibrous cord to the abdominal wall at the umbilicus.

Sometimes a narrowing of the lumen of the ileum is seen opposite the site of attachment of the duct.

Histogenesis
The yolk sac starts forming during the second week of the embryonic development, at the same time as the shaping of the amniotic sac. The hypoblast starts proliferating laterally and descending. In the meantime Heuser's membrane, located on the opposite pole of the developing vesicle, starts its upward proliferation and meets the hypoblast.

Modifications
Primary yolk sac: it is the vesicle which develops in the second week, its floor is represented by Heuser's membrane and its ceiling by the hypoblast. It is also known as the exocoelomic cavity.
Secondary yolk sac: this structure is formed when the extraembryonic mesoderm separates to form the extraembryonic coelom; cells from the mesoderm pinch off an area of the yolk sac, and what remains is the secondary yolk sac.
The final yolk sac: during the fourth week of development, during organogenesis, part of the yolk sac is surrounded by endoderm and incorporated into the embryo as the gut. The remaining part of the yolk sac is the final yolk sac.

Additional images

See also
Yolk sac tumor

Further reading

References

Embryology of cardiovascular system

Yolk sac


A gay man is a homosexual man. This means a man who is sexually attracted to other men, and not to women.

Gay rights movement

Gay men were involved in the early gay liberation (a movement of homosexuals who want to be treated equally to heterosexuals) movement. Gay liberation is the political and social movements that promote LGBT equality and rights. However, there was conflict between homosexuals and transgender people in the gay right's movement. In the 1970s some homosexual activists wanted the transgender people out of the gay's rights movement. They wanted gay liberation to be accepted by society. They believed transgender people were less accepted by society and might hurt the gay movement.

Gay men as parents

Many gay couples want to have children of their own. In order to raise children, they sometimes adopt. However some places do not allow homosexual couples to adopt children, so many of them want to be able to adopt children.

Some gay couples also have their own biological children. To do this they may use surrogates. This is when sperm from one father is placed in a female surrogate to make a pregnancy. Some gay men do this with a friend they choose to be the donor. However many may use professional surrogate agencies. These are medical businesses that match couples who need surrogates with women who will carry the child until birth.

Law and religion

Unlike lesbian sex between females, gay sex is against the law in many places. Some religions that say nothing about gay female sex but condemn gay sex between men. Abrahamic religions usually see all homosexual relations as immoral.

In most parts of the world gay couples cannot marry. This means they do not have the legal benefits and protection of marriage. This can cause gay men, and lesbians, many problems.

Other websites

References

LGBT variations

Gay man


William Harper (born October 10, 1949) is a Chicago photographer and composer. His photography is concerned with natural form and line and his music is theatrical, technology-based work sourced from liturgical and folk traditions. Harper first earned critical acclaim for his work defining a Chicago style of new music theater and opera as the creator and producer of
many full-length original works for the American Ritual Theater Company (ARTCO).
Concurrent with these projects, and subsequently, Harper's opera, music theater,
dance, orchestra, chorus, and electro-acoustic works have been commissioned and
performed by companies including The Minnesota Opera Company, The New Music
Theater Ensemble of Minneapolis, INTAR Hispanic American Cultural Center, The
Goodman Theater, Hartford Stage and The Music Theatre Group. Harper's recently
completed Unquiet Myths, a suite of electro-acoustic pieces was commissioned by The
Ellen Sinopoli Dance Company for Spill Out!, which premiered in 2006 and is scheduled
to begin a national tour this year. William Harper received a PhD in music composition
from the Eastman School of Music, and has received support from many foundations
including the National Institute for Music Theater, the Djerassi Foundation, the Yaddo
Foundation, the National Endowment for the Arts, the Illinois and New York State Arts
Councils and The MacArthur Foundation.

Harper has three sisters including a twin sister, Jessica Harper, Lindsay Harper duPont and  Diana Harper. He also has two brothers, Sam Harper and Rev. Charles Harper.

Photography

Recent Exhibitions & Events
 2013	Water!, juried show, Center for Fine Art Photography, Fort Collins
 2012	Hot New Pix, Center Gallery at the Midwest Center for Photography, Wichita
 2012	Transformational Learning, group show, Brick Gallery, Chicago
 2012	Night Light, juried show, Darkroom Gallery, Essex Jct., Vermont
 2012	Family Dynamics, juried show, Kiernan Gallery, Lexington, Virginia
 2012	Between Dusk and Dawn, juried show, Kiernan Gallery, Lexington, Virginia
 2012	Family Dynamics, juried show, Kiernan Gallery, Lexington, Virginia
 2012	Portfolio Prize, Center for Fine Art Photography, Fort Collins
 2012	Water, Ice & Light - Solo show, University Club, Chicago
 2011	Grand prize, Filter Festival, Chicago
 2011	Beginnings, juried show, Black Cloud Gallery, Chicago
 2011	Faces of Evanston, Noyes Cultural Arts Center, Evanston, IL
 2011	Real People, juried show, The Courthouse, Woodstock, IL
 2010-12	Court, Transistor, Chicago
 2009	Finding Middle Ground, Dayton Visual Arts Center
 2009	Group Show at Walker Fine Arts, Denver, CO
 2009	Group Show at Lincoln Center, Ft. Collins, CO
 2008	Breaking Ground, Solo show,  Sinclair Community College, Dayton, OH
 2008	Real People, juried show, The Courthouse, Woodstock, IL
 2008	The Workshop, Berkeley, CA
 2008	Minimal, Flatfile Gallery, Chicago, IL
 2008	Faculty Sabbatical Show, Betty Rymer Gallery, Art Institute of Chicago
 2006	Digitally Propelled Ideas, Kellogg University Art Gallery California State Polytechnic University Pomona CA
 2006	Snapshots, The ARC Gallery. Chicago, IL

Music: Selected Works

Operas and Music Theatre
 2000        Heroism with Frederick Feirstein, Nassau Community College, New York
 1997 	  The Bacchae Harvard University, Katherine Walker, Music Theater Group, New York
 1995 	  Extraordinary Measures with Eve Ensler, Music Theater Group, New York
 1993 	El Greco INTAR Hispanic American Arts Center, New York
 1992 	Martin Guerre (Orchestrations) with Roger Ames Hartford Stage, Hartford
 1992 	Cooking the World with Bob Berkey Music Theater Group, New York
 1989 	Snow Leopard Minnesota Opera Company, Minneapolis
 1987 	Tantracidal Mania Minnesota Opera Company, Minneapolis
 1986 	Peyote Roadkill ARTCO, Chicago
 1983 	John Ball Shot Them All N.A.M.E. Gallery, Chicago

Recordings
 2006   Unquiet Myths, A collection of electro-acoustic pieces
 2005	   Requiem, Mass for chorus, SATB and electronic accompaniment
 2004	   Marlidendur, Music for strings, percussion, and boys choir
 2002	   The Banjo of Death Sleeping, Three electro-acoustic pieces
 2000	   El Greco, Opera

Works for Orchestra
 1999 	Marlidendur Gudmundur Emilsson, The Baltic Philharmonic Chamber Orchestra, Reykjavik
 1997 	Scenes from the Valley of the Black Pig  Full Orchestra, ARTCO, Chicago
 1996 	Requiem Mass Chorus, Orchestra and Alto Solo, Harle & Ken Montgomery Foundation
 1994 	Seasons of the Heart Song for Soprano Solo and String Orchestra. Texts by Bernardo Solano, INTAR, New York.
 1990 	Marouska Variations Full Orchestra, ARTCO, Chicago

Dance, Film, and Incidental Music
 2012-13   Reflections on the way o the Gallows - Eight films and a Dark Tourism project by Collette Copeland
 2006     Unquiet Myths for Spill Out!  Ellen Sinopoli Dance Company, Troy
 1992 	Words Divine INTAR Hispanic American Arts Center, New York
 1987 	Waiting in the Dark For Bay Area Playwrights, Mill Valley
 1986 	Changing Habits WTTW-TV, Chicago
 1986 	Macando Dreiske Performance Ensemble, Chicago
 1985 	Illinois Turner Broadcasting, Atlanta
 1985 	Light Kanopy Dance Theater, Madison
 1984 	Crimson Cowboy (Opera/Dance Work) ARTCO, Chicago
 1984 	Julius Caesar Alliance Theater, Atlanta
 1984 	Red River The Goodman Theater, Chicago
 1983 	Dead Birds (Opera/Dance Work) ARTCO, Chicago
 1983 	Calyx Columbia Dance Center, Chicago
 1983 	I've Known Rivers (Dance/Opera Work) MoMing, Chicago

References
 Link to Center for Fine Art Photography show Water!
 NPR report on Harper's photography show at Flatfile Gallery, Chicago
 Art Institute Faculty Bio
 NY Times review of Harper's opera, El Greco
 NY Times review of Extraordinary Measures
  NY Times review of Words Divine
 NY Times review of "I've Known Rivers"
 William Harper, Requiem Survey
 Chicago Tribune Article about Harper's opera, El Greco
 Chicago Tribune review of Harper's opera Peyote Roadkill
 List of composers who have spent time at Yaddo
  NY Times article about Marlidendur
  Recordings by the Riga Dome Boys Choir
 Playlist - Classical Discoveries 04/06/05
 Summary of News in Latvia 11/99 - See Calendar of Arts Events
  21st Century Music calendar entry for Voyages Concert 11/9/99
  Brown University Press release on Voyages Festival 11/99
 Prayer Wheels Into Turbines (William Harper's Snow Leopard) - Kyle Gann, Village Voice December 19, 1989 (Vol. XXXIV No. 51, p. 84)
 Dad Was an Old Master (William Harper's El Greco) - Kyle Gann, Village Voice October 12, 1993 (Vol. XXXVIII No. 41, p. 82)
 Link to doctoral dissertation: Olivier Messiaen's Et Exspecto Resurrectionem Mortuorum

External links
 .mp3s available from Amazon.com
 William Harper music website
 William Harper - Photography website
http://whharper.tumblr.com O Vos Omnes - Blog

American male composers
21st-century American composers
American photographers
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
1949 births
21st-century American male musicians

William Harper (composer)


The Affair is a 1962 play by Ronald Millar based on the novel by C. P. Snow.

This novel was also adapted for Australian TV in 1965.

Synopsis
A group of professors at Cambridge University try to hire an old colleague back even though they all don't like him, they all agree he was dismissed unfairly.

Productions
The original production premiered on September 20, 1962 at Henry Miller Theatre and closed after 116 performances on December 29, 1962. The show was directed by John Fernald, scenery and lighting design by Eldon Elder, and costume design by Ramse Mostoller.

The cast starred Kynaston Reeves (Thomas Crawford), Christopher Hewett (Tom Orbell), Brewster Mason (Sir Lewis Eliot), Brenda Vaccaro (Laura Howard), Kenneth Mars (Martin Eliot), Francis Compton (G.H. Winslow), Edward Atienza (M. H. L. Gay), Donald Moffat (Julian Skeffington), Geoffrey Lumsden (Sir Francis Getliffe), Edgar Daniels (Arthur Brown), Patrick Waddington (Alec Nightingale), Elizabeth Hubbard (Margaret Eliot), Keith Baxter (Donald Howard), and Paxton Whitehead (Gilbert Dawson-Hill).

Sources

 1963. The Burns Mantle Yearbook: The Best Plays of 1962-1963 New York, NY: Dodd, Mead, & Company.

External links

1962 plays
Broadway plays
Plays based on novels
Plays set in England

The Affair (play)


The Derwent Valley line is a railway line from Derby to Matlock in Derbyshire.

The line follows the Midland Main Line as far as Ambergate Junction, which is just south of Ambergate railway station, continuing to Matlock, following the course of the River Derwent.

Stations

Former branch line diverges to . This route has been sold and is disconnected from the mainline, but has reopened as the Ecclesbourne Valley Railway heritage railway.

Route diverges away from the Midland Main Line just to the south of Ambergate station.

Operations
Local passenger services are operated by East Midlands Railway.  There is a daily service between Nottingham and Matlock. The frequency of the service is hourly, although on Sunday mornings the trains run every two hours increasing to hourly in the afternoon and evening.

The line is operated as one single line block section from Ambergate, using the No Signalman Key Token system under the supervision of Derby PSB. The driver of each train heading for Matlock must collect a token from the machine at Ambergate station before proceeding, and return it prior to leaving the branch.

In addition to the local passenger services, the line between Derby and Ambergate Junction is also used by East Midlands Railway and CrossCountry fast services along with freight services operated by various companies.

The Matlock branch lost its through services to London St Pancras in 2004 when (the former mainline operator) Midland Mainline replaced its Class 170 Turbostar diesel units with Class 222 Meridian sets. The Meridians are not yet cleared to work on the branch.

History
The section from Derby to Ambergate was built by the North Midland Railway (which ran between Derby and Leeds) and was opened in 1839. Ambergate quickly became busy with tourists alighting for Matlock Bath who would travel onwards by coach. The Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway also operated excursions from Birmingham completing the journey by way of the Cromford Canal.

In 1849 the Manchester, Buxton, Matlock and Midlands Junction Railway opened from Ambergate and ran as far as Rowsley. Lack of finance prevented it from proceeding any further, but Matlock Bath capitalised on its reputation as a tourist town with the appellation Little Switzerland.

The line was leased jointly by the Midland Railway and the LNWR and, in spite of determined opposition from the latter, the Midland succeeded in reaching Manchester in 1867.

The Midland, and later the LMS, regarded it as one of their premier lines, linking Manchester with the East Midlands and London. Indeed, it could be regarded as the original "Midland Main Line" carrying such prestige expresses as The Palatine and the Peaks. In the twentieth century, it also carried The Midland Pullman. Initially, there was a great deal of parcel traffic, particularly textiles from the various mills, and the line was also immensely important for coal traffic from Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire to Manchester and, southwards, for limestone from the Peak District. A large motive power depot was provided at Rowsley to split trains and provide banking engines for the long haul up to Peak Forest.

With the end of water power for the mills, and the introduction of road transport, the parcel traffic disappeared, but minerals remained important until the mid-20th century. In 1968, however, the route from Matlock to Buxton was closed during the Beeching Axe.

The line between the quarry north of Matlock and Ambergate remained as a single track carrying a small amount of limestone, with a passenger service continuing from Matlock (strongly supported by Derby railway employees with their free passes).

During the period from 1976 to 1993 trains would run through Derby from the Derwent Valley line to Sinfin. This ceased when the Sinfin branch line was first replaced with a taxi, then closed in 1998. The service later returned as a train as far as Peartree as a single train per day until 2001.

While the railway workers have largely disappeared, at the beginning of the 21st century, there is renewed public interest in rail, and Derbyshire County Council, among others, is keen to reduce traffic congestion on the A6 and in the Peak National Park. The route between Matlock and Rowsley was taken over by the Peak Rail preservation group, who are campaigning for the link to be restored to Buxton. The County Council carried out a study in 2004, which concluded that it was not economically feasible, but that the track bed would be protected from development.

It was designated by the Department for Transport as a community rail service in July 2006 and fully designated as a community rail line in September 2006.

Meanwhile, the interest shown by the local councils, and public groups such as the Derwent Valley Rural Transport Partnership and the Friends of the Derwent Valley, has encouraged the interest of railway companies. In particular, it follows the course of the Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage corridor. Former operator Central Trains heavily promoted the line's tourist potential with a specially liveried train. Another former operator, Midland Mainline, extended some of its London–Derby services to Matlock, though these ceased with the introduction of the Class 222 Meridians which were too heavy for several bridges north of Whatstandwell which are in a poor state of repair. However Network Rail has announced its intention to overhaul the line completely in 2008, reinforcing or replacing the defective bridges.

Passengers using the line have increased steadily at many stations on the line. 94% more passengers used its stations in 2010/11 than in 2007/08; journeys from Ambergate, Belper, Duffield and Matlock Bath have doubled in the same period.
On 2 July 2011 Peak Rail extended their services from Matlock Riverside station into Matlock (Network Rail) station to provide easy interchange between services.

See also
 Manchester, Buxton, Matlock and Midlands Junction Railway
 Peak Rail
 Ecclesbourne Valley Railway
 Midland Main Line

References

External links

Derwent Valley Line Community Rail Partnership

Rail transport in Derby
Rail transport in Derbyshire
Community railway lines in England
Railway lines in the East Midlands
Standard gauge railways in England
Railway lines opened in 1839

Derwent Valley line


Pierre-Antoine Bellangé (1757–1827) was a French ébéniste (cabinetmaker) working in Paris. Bellangé held an eminent position among the representatives of the decorative arts at the beginning of the nineteenth century. He gained his master craftsman title on October 24, 1788. Among his work from this time were four chairs in mahogany described as being "of the Gothic type" that he created for Count Esterhazy.

Bellangé was designated several times as arbitrator or expert in trials brought before the tribunal of commerce. At the end of 1811, he became the "Imperial Furniture Warehouse." Suites of furniture by Bellangé were provided for many European courts including the Netherlands, Sweden, and Denmark. Bellange's work is often classified as Empire Style a reference to the First French Empire under Napoleon I. Motifs included swans favored by Napoleon's first wife Joséphine de Beauharnais, honeybees (a symbol for Napoleon), laurel branches, laurel wreaths, and Roman eagles. Bellangé's furniture often showcases the dense grain of mahogany, combined with gilded bronze or carved and gilded relief decoration. His highest style court furniture was built of gilded beech and upholstered in silk lampas fabrics in saturated colors, often with a gold jacquard pattern of medallions, eagles, or the arms of the court or family the piece was manufactured for.

In 1817 President James Monroe purchased a suite of furniture for the White House, which was made famous in Jacqueline Kennedy's TV tour of the White House. The furniture is in the Blue Room. He also produced furniture for Napoleon at Saint-Cloud, for the Tuileries, Joséphine's Château de Malmaison, and also for his brother Joseph Bonaparte. Examples of his work can be seen at Windsor Castle and Buckingham Palace in England. The set of furniture, property of the Yuko Nii Foundation, in the Treasure Room of the Williamsburg Art & Historical Center in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, is of the period when Napoleon was emperor, around 1810, and has the swan motif favored by Josephine, his first wife. It is entirely possible that this set was made for one of Napoleon's or Josephine's rooms.

Bellangé kept the same functions under the reign of Louis XVIII, during which he furnished the Saint-Ouen pavilion. He was assigned by Charles X to the Director General of the Royal Furnitur. His son Louis-Alexandre (1796-1861) was appointed by Louis-Philippe "Cabinet Maker to the King".

Sources

References

Furniture designers from Paris
French furniture makers
French decorative artists
1757 births
1827 deaths

Pierre-Antoine Bellangé


San Marin High School is a public high school located in Novato, California, in the United States.

History

San Marin High School opened in 1968 in Novato.

Robert Vieth became principal in 2007, after the former principal was dismissed by the District's board, resulting in extended protests by parents, staff, and students. Vieth established the first code of conduct for student athletes and coaches in Marin County and began the San Marin Plus school-within-a-school program in 2010 for credit deficient students. Vieth announced plans for his retirement in March 2011.

Campus
The school occupies , with a total of 51 classrooms, one gymnasium and one mini-gym, a student center, library, college and career center, media room, art department, gym, and science lab.  All the facilities have recently been upgraded thanks to the Facility Bond. The seniors have a tradition of chalking their graduating class year on a hill on the north side of the school named, "Senior Hill".

Athletic facilities include tennis and basketball courts, baseball and softball diamonds, soccer field and a newly upgraded artificial turf football field and an all-weather track.

The school also has a STEM building, in regards to their STEM program, the building was built upon the north-eastern campus area. Construction concluded in 2020, and was specifically meant for students who participated in the program. The classrooms were of the 'modern' structure, there are TVs, chemistry labs, and group working opportunities built in. There is even a 'lounge' and more.

Demographics
2014–2015
1,020 students: 529 male (51.9%), 491 female (48.1%)

Curriculum

San Marin High School serves grades 9–12, and offers a comprehensive program of study to approximately 1040 students.  San Marin has established educational objectives aimed at providing students with challenging learning experiences in academics, as well as providing assistance with choosing future educational and career choices.  Students are given opportunities to take classes in performing arts, visual arts, athletics, Regional Occupational Program courses, Advanced Placement and Honors Courses, and Sheltered Courses.  In particular, R.O.P. (Regional Occupational Program)(493 students), A.P. (453 students) and honors enrollment (140 students) has climbed dramatically.

STEM Programs –  San Marin is notable for its strong and successful STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math) programs. Both of San Marin's STEM programs focus on preparing students for college and career through rigorous, hands-on, project based learning experiences. San Marin's STEM programs include STEM Marin and the Biotechnology Academy.

STEM Marin was founded in 2013. STEM Marin enrolls 60 9th graders each year and students take two science or engineering courses each school year as well as math each year. STEM Marin courses are blocked together in 9th and 10th grades so students take physics and engineering every day for two hours per day in 9th grade and biology and biotechnology during 10th grade. In 11th grade, students take chemistry and one STEM elective, and in 12th grade, students take senior capstone engineering and one STEM elective. In 2015, STEM Marin teacher Nick Williams won the prestigious Milken Educator Award

Biotechnology Academy was founded in 2015 although there have been biotechnology courses at San Marin since 2009. Biotechnology Academy enrolls 60 9th graders each year and students are cohorted together for technology of biology, English, and health/college and career readiness during 9th grade. Students are also cohorted together for chemistry of biotechnology and English 10th grade, and then take biotechnology 1 during 11th grade and biotechnology 2 during 12th grade.

San Marin High School was recognized as a 2017 California Gold Ribbon School for its STEM and arts programs.

The school has 62 teachers, 25 classified staff and a regional occupational program. The school newspaper is called The Pony Express.

Performing and Visual Arts
San Marin offers a wealth of performance opportunities. The performing arts, and visual arts program is called the SMART program.

Drama Department
The Drama Department offers drama and advanced drama programs and produces two full-length Drama productions (fall and spring), beginning drama winter play and various 'cafe theaters.' Among many other awards, the Drama students recently won First Place (Command Performance with perfect score) in the Sacramento State Statewide Lenaea Drama Festival and first places in both Monologue and Scene Category at the Marin Theater Company Scene Fest.  The Drama department was also invited to perform at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival with AHSTF during the summer of 2009. In 2020, the drama department won the bronze award at the Lanaea Theater Festival for its production of "Hard Candy".

Music Department
An extensive music experience is provided. In addition to Concert/Jazz choirs and bands during normal school hours, the music department offers show choir, 3 Jazz Combos, Music theater, Music Technology, and other small ensembles. The department presents two full-length musicals with orchestra and tech crew; a madrigal feast, featuring music, drama, and dancing; 9 concerts; district music festival; and community events. Students also attend regional, national and international music festivals and won numerous awards.

Visual Art Department
A variety of art classes using different media are offered.  The classes are Art and Design, 3D Art, Glass Art, Photography 1, Photography 2 and AP Photography, Drawing and Painting, and AP Art, for which students can receive college credit for approved portfolios.

Extracurricular activities

San Marin students are involved in a wide range of co-curricular and extra-curricular activities with many opportunities for parent involvement.  Parent organizations include PTSA, Sports Boosters, Music Boosters, Drama Boosters, Art Boosters, the English Language Advisory Committee. These groups are very active in supporting the school.

Sports

San Marin High School athletic teams participates in the North Coast Section, Marin County Athletic League programs.  The school is known for its successful athletic program.  San Marin has thirty two sports teams and three seasons (Fall, Winter, Spring) of sports for girls and boys.  The Sports Boosters is instrumental for raising funds for the athletic and sports programs at San Marin.

Fall Sports – Cross Country (Co-Ed Varsity), Football (Co-Ed, Frosh, JV, Varsity), Girls Tennis, Girls Volleyball (Frosh, JV, Varsity), Water Polo (Boys and Girls Varsity, Boys JV), Girls Golf and Cheerleading (Boys and Girls).

Winter Sports – Basketball (Frosh, JV, Varsity), Wrestling and Cheerleading (Boys and Girls). Soccer (Boys JV and Varsity & Girls JV and Varsity)

Spring Sports – Baseball (Boys Frosh, JV, Varsity), Lacrosse (Boys and Girls Varsity), Boys Golf, Softball (JV, Varsity), Swimming (Co-Ed), Boys Tennis, Track and Field (Co-Ed) and Boys Volleyball.

In 2001 the San Marin Football had its first and only undefeated football season going (12–0).  They won the MCAL and North Coast Section 2A Championships.

Other accomplishments are:  2005 Track team won MCAL Girls and Boys High Jump championships and 3200 meters frosh-soph championship, 2006 Cross country team won MCAL girl's Championship with 3rd fastest time on MCAL course, 2006 Girls Tennis MCAL doubles championship, 2006 North Coast Section Champion Girls Softball, 2006 North Coast Section Champion Boys Baseball

San Marin recently won the 2007 MCAL Girls Tennis Champions, 2007 MCAL Championship Boys Baseball, 2007 North Coast Section Girls Softball Champion, the 2008 Varsity Baseball NCS Champions, and JV Baseball MCAL Champions.

Student clubs

San Marin students are involved in many extracurricular activities and, under the umbrella of the Leadership Class, the students are encouraged to form students clubs for various interests and disciplines.

The various student clubs in San Marin are: Anime Club, Art Club, Artemis: An Animal Rights Club, Card Game Club, CSF (California Scholarship Foundation), Current Events Club, Environmental Club, French Club, Friday Night Lights Club, The Vinyl Frontier (vinyl record club), Games Club, Gardening Club, Gossima Cult (Ping-Pong Club), Interact Club, Me to We Club, Mock Trial, Mock UN, Random Acts of Kindness Club, Save the Waves Club, Speech and Debate Club, the Robotics Club (Penguin Empire Robotics), NAQT Quiz Bowl, and Ultimate Frisbee Club.

The San Marin School Website  was developed by the Website club and maintained jointly by the students and PTSA.

The Robotics Club  won the Rookie of the Year, 2nd place overall and the website awards at their first FIRST Robotics Competition UC Davis Regional Competition and regional tournament in March 2008. The club went on to compete at the FIRST World Championship in Houston, TX during the 2019 season.

In the 2011–2012 season, San Marin's Speech and Debate team secured six medals/trophies during their first year of competing in the Parliamentary Debate category.

Controversies
During the 1990s and early 2000s, San Marin received significant media coverage locally and nationally for the intolerant behavior of some students and parents.

Until it was banned in 1992, one of several themed annual "spirit days" was Slave Day. According to a 1999 Salon article written on the school's history, "students dressed in tattered clothes and chains were "auctioned" to other students, whom they were then required to serve for the day." Images of this day from the 1987-1988 year book circulated in 2020, drawing shock from students and community members.

Reports of racial and ethnic intolerance began as early as 1995, when an American-born Asian-American senior at the school was beaten by a group of teenagers shouting racial slurs and telling him to go back to China. The one assailant who took responsibility was sentenced to 20 hours of community service.

In early 1998, a student yelled racial epithets at members of the visiting Tamalpais High School basketball team. In reaction to the slurs and actions committed by the San Marin High student, parents of four of the black students from Tamalpais filed suit against the Novato Unified School District, charging that a "climate of intolerance" was allowed at San Marin.  The Marin County Athletic League put San Marin on probation for more than a year, citing its "hostile environment".

In the 1998–99 school year, San Marin received widespread media coverage after repeated incidents of hate crimes committed against one of their openly gay students.  He was beaten by three youths off campus on September 15, 1998, soon after forming the Gay-Straight Alliance at San Marin.  The Novato Police offered a reward, but the attackers were never identified.  Some students at the school, which had been stressing tolerance at a series of "respect days" that year, spoke out in support of the victim and 1000 students and faculty walked out of San Marin to show support for him and pride in their school.  The next day, San Marin's principal was reassigned to a District office. Novato's city manager, Rod Wood, referred to "a small group of individuals who are fairly socially maladjusted", who identified themselves as white supremacists and called themselves "the hicks".

The school's behavior code was modified, outlining a range of punishments for racial/ethnic/sexual slurs including reprimand, parental notification, detention on Saturday afternoon, expulsion and police referral.

Misbehavior by the parents of a San Marin basketball player on February 2, 2008, in two games with Tam High teams led to drafting of the first code-of-conduct contracts for parents of athletes at a Marin County school. Following a girls junior varsity game at Tam, the mother of a San Marin player followed two referees, shouting obscene insults; later at San Marin, two parents of San Marin players confronted Tam's coach after he made a gesture indicating that the home team had choked.  Novato police were called and the parents were later asked not to attend the remaining games of the season.

In 2022, Novato Unified School district led a probe into a group of incidents where San Marin athletes used racial slurs during basketball and football games. The probe did not find evidence that San Marin athletes used racial slurs during games against San Rafael High, San Mateo High, and Tamalpais High.

Notable alumni
Jalal Leach (1987)
Mike Wise (1982) – NFL and UC Davis defensive end
Richard Day (1980) –  Hollywood writer and producer, best known for Mad About You and Arrested Development
Brad Muster (1983) – NFL and Stanford University running back
Bud Norris (2003) – MLB pitcher (Houston Astros, Baltimore Orioles, San Diego Padres, Atlanta Braves, Los Angeles Dodgers, Los Angeles Angels, St. Louis Cardinals)
Brett Carolan (1989) – NFL tight end; Marin Athletic Foundation Outstanding Student Athlete
Michael Kearney (1990) – graduated at age 6 after one year at San Marin; world's youngest college graduate
Mike McCoy (1990) – NFL Head Coach (San Diego Chargers) and University of Utah quarterback
Bret Bergmark (1992) – mixed martial artist ("The Angry Hick")
Meagan McCray (2005) – Women's Professional Soccer goalkeeper
Manny Wilkins (2013) –  Arizona State Sun Devils football quarterback 2014-2018
Brent Moore (1981) –  linebacker for the Green Bay Packers
Juan Alderete (1981) –  Grammy Award-winning bassist for The Mars Volta and Marilyn Manson
Ali Viola (1993) –  NCAA All-American softball player and coach.

References

External links
 San Marin High School website
 Novato Unified School District
 Archive of Pony Express 2003–2006

High schools in Marin County, California
Public high schools in California
Novato, California
1967 establishments in California

San Marin High School


The Editto bulgaro (English: "Bulgarian Edict"), also referred to as "the Bulgarian Diktat" or "the Bulgarian Ukase" in Italian newspapers, was a statement of Silvio Berlusconi, at the time Prime Minister of Italy, about the behavior of some journalists and television stars in the Italian media system, which was pronounced during a press conference with Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, at the time Prime Minister of Bulgaria, on 18 April 2002. It was soon followed by the removal from the air of the people Berlusconi had referred to: journalists Enzo Biagi and Michele Santoro, and comedian Daniele Luttazzi.

Statement

English translation

Aftermath
After this statement, the then-new management of RAI cancelled Biagi's, Santoro's and Luttazzi's respective shows, officially because "they were no longer competitive" (though the figures portrayed very good results). Biagi and Santoro were allowed to work with RAI after Berlusconi's House of Freedoms was defeated in the 2006 Italian general election, but Daniele Luttazzi is still banned from RAI. He went back on television briefly when the La7 network hired him in 2007.

Aftermath for Enzo Biagi
Enzo Biagi began a controversy with the RAI, and initially his show, Il fatto (The Fact) was moved to a late time, then moved to the channel Rai 3 and in the end cancelled. Feeling himself mocked by the RAI, he decided not to renegotiate his contract with the network. The contract expired on December 31, 2002.

Biagi continued to criticize Berlusconi in Italy's leading newspaper, Corriere della Sera, and was defended by the direction of the newspaper in an argument with Berlusconi.

He reappeared on television on May 26, 2005, when he was interviewed by Fabio Fazio for Che tempo che fa of Rai 3. He returned to Fazio's program twice. He was invited to the show Rockpolitic along with Luttazzi and Santoro for an episode about freedom of press, but he and Luttazzi declined to appear, because the show was on Rai 1, whose director approved of "Editto Bulgaro".

On April 22, 2007 he returned to TV with a program called RT – Rotocalco Televisivo (Television Magazine), but after seven episodes he could not continue due to his worsening health. He died ten days afterwards, on November 6, 2007, in Milan, at the age of 87.

Aftermath for Michele Santoro
Forza Italia, Berlusconi's party, sued RAI because of Santoro's show on six separate counts, which led to Santoro's dismissal.

Santoro sued RAI for unfair dismissal, and won the case in 2005, with a compensation of €1,400,000 and the reintegration in the same time range in TV with the program Anno Zero.

Aftermath for Daniele Luttazzi
Luttazzi's show Satyricon was suspended in December 2002. Satyricon had high shares, with audience peaks of 7.5 million.

The reason was his interview of journalist Marco Travaglio, aired before the official start of the 2001 general elections campaign (an Italian law forbids to discuss political themes – outside political debates and ads – after the campaign has started). In this interview, Travaglio talked about his book L'odore dei soldi ("The smell of money"), in which he questioned the obscure origin of Berlusconi's wealth at the beginning of his career, and the alleged liaisons of him and one of his closest aides (Marcello Dell'Utri) with the Mafia (Dell'Utri is currently serving a seven-year prison term: he has been found guilty of complicity in conspiracy with the Mafia).

Following the interview, in fact, Luttazzi and Travaglio were sued separately by Berlusconi, his party Forza Italia, the enterprises Fininvest and Mediaset (directly linked to Berlusconi). The two were accused of having damaged Berlusconi's image during the campaign as well as the image of the above-mentioned enterprises. Both Luttazzi and Travaglio were later ruled not guilty (according to the judges, all they had told in the interview was based on true facts and documents, and the interview took place before the official beginning of the campaign). A later edition of L'odore dei soldi triumphantly read on the cover "the authors released [from any accusation], Berlusconi ruled to pay for legal expenses".

Luttazzi is still banned from RAI. He went back on TV in 2007, when the network La7 hosted five episodes of his new show, Decameron, until its abrupt cancellation in December. The official motivation was a crude joke addressed  to journalist Giuliano Ferrara, a well-known supporter of Berlusconi and former Minister for the Relationship [of the government] with the Parliament. Ferrara hosted his own show on La7, Otto e Mezzo ("Half past Eight", after the time at which the show usually aired), and the network claimed that Luttazzi, by offending him with the above-mentioned joke, had gone too far. Luttazzi claimed the alleged offence to Ferrara was a scapegoat, as the opening monologue in the next episode of his show, already taped, was focusing on the pope, Luttazzi hinting that the network wanted to prevent that episode from being aired. La7 sued Luttazzi. 2012: Luttazzi won his legal battle against La7. La7 paid Luttazzi 1 million 2 hundred thousand euros.

See also
 Critical geopolitics

References

Sources
 Berlusconi: "Via Santoro, Biagi e Luttazzi", an article from Corriere della Sera about Editto Bulgaro
  The Editto Bulgaro on YouTube.

Politics of Italy
Censorship in Italy
Anti-Bulgarian sentiment
Political controversies in television
2002 in Italian television
Television controversies in Italy
Public television
Silvio Berlusconi

Editto bulgaro


Aznar Galíndez I (also Asnar Galí) (died 839) was a Basque Count of Aragon and Conflent from 809 and Cerdanya and Urgell from 820. Aznar has been confused with Aznar Sánchez, Duke of Gascony, and some authorities have even considered the two like-named contemporaries to be one and the same person.

Aznar succeeded Aureolus as count of the valley of the River Aragón on the latter's death in 809. Some sources indicate him as count of Jaca, which was probably the seat of his authority within the valley. He was installed by king Louis the Pious (a son of emperor Charlemagne), and remained a Frankish vassal. In 820, he was overthrown by his son-in-law García the Bad, supported by Íñigo Arista's Navarrese forces.

He took refuge in the Vasconia that remained suzerain to the Franks, and was appointed count in Urgell and Cerdanya.

He had four children:
Matrona, who married García the Bad, but was repudiated when he overthrew her father
Eilona, named as daughter of count Aznar Galíndez in an 862 charter of her nephew, Guntislo
Centullo, murdered by his brother-in-law García the Bad
Galindo Aznárez I, later Count of Aragon

Sources
Collins, Roger. The Basques. Blackwell Publishing: London, 1990.
Higounet, Charles. Bordeaux pendant le haut moyen age. Bordeaux, 1963.
Lewis, Archibald R. The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050. University of Texas Press: Austin, 1965.

|-

|-

Counts of Aragon
Counts of Cerdanya
Counts of Urgell
839 deaths
Year of birth unknown
9th-century counts in Europe

Aznar Galíndez I


The  were the successful and powerful line of a Japanese Minamoto clan that were descended from Emperor Uda (宇多天皇).

Overview
Many of the famous Minamoto warriors, including Sasaki clan (佐々木氏), also known as Daimyō Kyōgoku clan (京極氏); Sasaki Nariyori (佐々木成頼), the founder of the Ōmi Genji clan (近江源氏); and Sasaki Yoshikiyo (佐々木義清), the founder of the Izumo Genji clan (出雲源氏) belong to this line.  The family is named after Emperor Uda, grandfather of Minamoto no Masazane (源雅信), patriarch of the Uda Genji (宇多源氏).

Emperor Uda was father of Imperial Prince Atsumi (敦實親王 Atsumi Shinnō) (892-966) - father of Minamoto no Masazane (源雅信) (920-993), founder of the Uda Genji, from whom the Uda Genji is descended. Many samurai families of Ōmi and Izumo Province belong to this line and had used "Minamoto" clan name in official records, including Sasaki clan, Rokkaku clan, Kyōgoku clan, Kutsugi clan, Kuroda clan, Oki clan, Enya clan, Toda clan, Takaoka clan, Koshi clan, Sase clan, Nogi clan, etc. The Shinto shrine connected closely with the clan is known as the Sasaki Shrine (沙沙貴神社 Sasaki Jinja).

Family tree

                                   ∴
                                  Emperor Uda(867-931)
                                   ┃
                                  Prince Atsumi(893-967)
                                   ┃
                                  Minamoto no Masazane(920-993)
                                   ┃
                                  Sukenori(951-998)
                                   ┃
                                  Nariyori(976-1003)
                                   ┃
                                  Noritsune(1000-1058)
                                   ┃
                                  Sasaki Tsunekata
                                   ┃
                                  Sasaki Tametoshi
                                   ┃
                                  Sasaki Hideyoshi(1112–1184)
                                   ┣━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━┓
                                 Sadatsuna   Tsunetaka   Moritsuna   Takatsuna    Yoshikiyo
  ┏━━━━━━┳━━━━━┳━━━━━┫          ┃            ┃             ┃         ┣━━━━━┓
 Hirotsuna  Sadashige  Hirosada  Nobutsuna    Takashige    Kaji Nobuzane  Shigetuna  Masayoshi  Yasukiyo
  ┏━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━┓                       ┏━━━━━┳━━━━━┫
 Shigetsuna Takanobu Rokkaku Yasutsuna Kyogoku Ujinobu                  Yoriyasu Yoshiyasu Muneyasu

References
 Tōin Kinsada (14th century).'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (新編纂圖本朝尊卑分脈系譜雜類要集)
 Hanawa Hokiichi (1793). 'Gunshoruiju' (群書類従)
 Sansom, George (1958). 'A History of Japan to 1334'. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.

See also
 Seiwa Genji
 Sasaki clan
 Rokkaku clan
 Kyōgoku clan
 Amago clan
 Takaoka clan
 Sasaki Yoshikiyo
 Nogi Maresuke

Minamoto clan

Uda Genji


Hawkman is the name of several fictional superheroes appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He was created by writer Gardner Fox and artist Dennis Neville. The original Hawkman first appeared in Flash Comics #1, published by All-American Publications in 1940.

There has been many versions of Hawkman in DC Comics, all of them use archaic weaponry and  have large wings, attached to a harness made from the special metal that allows them to fly. Most versions of Hawkman work closely with a partner/romantic interest named Hawkgirl or Hawkwoman.

Other websites
 History of Hawkman on Sequart

DC Comics superheroes

Hawkman


Anthony "Tough Tony" Federici (July 28, 1940 - November 9, 2022) was a Queens, New York City resident who was long accused by law enforcement of being a member of the Genovese crime family. Federici was incorrectly identified in 1988 by the US Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations as a Lucchese crime family soldier.

Queens restaurant owner and businessman
Federici had a number of business and philanthropic interests in the Queens section of New York City. He was the owner of the Park Side Restaurant, a popular Italian restaurant in Corona, Queens. He later helped run a fundraiser that netted Flushing Hospital over $100,000 in donations. In the mid-1990s, Federici came under scrutiny during a New York State Senate investigation into corruption in the N.Y.C. District Council of Carpenters and the construction of the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center in Manhattan. During this investigation, Dominick Lavacca, the longtime president of the Queens-based local, confirmed that he was a close associate of Federici.

Problems with police
On March 13, 2000, Federici was arrested on charges of menacing and criminal possession of a weapon after he was caught shooting at hawks from the roof of his restaurant. Federici explained to police that he was trying to protect his champion homing pigeons, which he kept in cages on the roof. Federici fired twice at the hawks using a 20-gauge shotgun.

On August 4, 2001 Federici's 19-year-old son Anthony Federici, Jr. was stabbed in a near fatal attack in a Queens nightclub. Nicholas Gambino and Thomas Muschio, reputed soldiers  of the Gambino crime family, were charged with the crime. Gambino eventually pleaded guilty and received five years of probation. Muschio was acquitted at trial.

On January 26, 2004, Federici was arrested after police stopped his car in Queens and discovered he had a suspended driver's license, a set of brass knuckles, and six bullets. On June 23, 2004, Federici pleaded guilty to his first felony (possessing the brass knuckles and six bullets). He received a term of community service and a $700 fine.

Later life

In February 2004, Queens Borough President Helen Marshall honored Federici for his service to the community.  In attendance were many police officers from the 110th Precinct in Queens.

In 2005, Nassau County, New York, Judge David A. Gross, was charged with federal money laundering charges.  The indictment was based on wiretap surveillance conducted at the Parkside, Federici's restaurant.

Federici died on November 9, 2022 from complications caused by leukemia.

Further reading
Saggio, Frankie and Fred Rosen. Born to the Mob: The True-Life Story of the Only Man to Work for All Five of New York's Mafia Families. New York: Thunder Mouth Press, 2004.

References

1940 births
2022 deaths
American gangsters of Italian descent
Genovese crime family
American restaurateurs
Criminals from Queens, New York
Deaths from leukemia

Anthony Federici


Gustav von Bergmann (24 December 1878 – 16 September 1955) was a German internist born in Würzburg. He was the son of renowned surgeon Ernst von Bergmann (1836–1907).

Education
In 1903 he received his doctorate at Strasbourg, and afterwards worked at the second medical hospital in Berlin under Friedrich Kraus. In 1916 he became a full professor of internal medicine in Marburg, and later a professor at Frankfurt am Main (from 1920), the Berlin Charité (from 1927) and Munich (from 1946).

Career
He was a proponent of "functional pathology", and is considered to be one of the founders of psychosomatic medicine. His research involved investigations into gastro-intestinal ulcers, hypertension and studies of the autonomic nervous system. From 1994 to 2010, the Gustav-von-Bergmann-Medaille was the highest honor awarded by the German Society of Internal Medicine.

With Albrecht Bethe and Gustav Georg Embden, he was co-publisher of the multi-volume Handbuch der normalen und pathologischen Physiologie. With Rudolf Stähelin, he published the second edition of Handbuch der inneren Medizin. Other noted works of his include:
 Das vegetative Nervensystem und seine Störungen (The autonomic nervous system and its disorders). 1926.
 Funktionelle Pathologie (Functional pathology), 1932.
 Neues Denken in der Medizin (New reasoning in medicine), 1947.

He attended to physiologist Emil von Behring during the night prior to Behring's death of a pulmonary inflammation on March 31, 1917.

References

1878 births
1955 deaths
German internists
Physicians from Würzburg
Physicians from the Kingdom of Bavaria
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
Academic staff of the University of Marburg
Academic staff of Goethe University Frankfurt
Academic staff of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin
Physicians of the Charité

Gustav von Bergmann


Beetle is a British party game in which one draws a beetle in parts. The game may be played solely with pen, paper and a die or using a commercial game set, some of which contain custom scorepads and dice and others which contain pieces which snap together to make a beetle/bug. It is sometimes called Cootie or Bugs. The game is entirely based on random die rolls, with no skill involved.

Playing
The part drawn is decided by the roll of a die. The traditional rolls are:

 is for the body, of which there is one.
 is for the head, of which there is one.
 is for the wings,  of which there are two.
 is for a leg, of which there are six.
 is for an antenna, of which there are two.
 is for an eye, of which there are two.

The part corresponding to each roll of the die, however, may vary depending on the rules established by the players.

It is necessary to roll the correct number for the body before any other part may be drawn. To the body, one may attach the head, legs or wings, but the head must precede the antenna and eyes. The first player to draw all the requisite parts is the winner.

Table-top games
Beetle has been converted to a commercial game called Cootie, and is also released under the name Beetle by Milton Bradley. Beetles are constructed as plastic models. There are some minor gameplay differences, such as there being no wings on the beetles.

Beetle drive
This game is played at social occasions known as a beetle drive, in which many rounds of the game are played. The players are in groups of four with a communal die, and the first player to complete their beetle shouts out "Beetle!" stopping the play of all the groups. Then the winner of each particular group (the player with the most complete beetle in that group) will move around a circle of tables to the right (clockwise), and the loser (the player with the least complete beetle) to the left (anti-clockwise), or sit still. The ultimate winner is usually either the one who has drawn the most complete beetles, or the one who has drawn the most parts in total. Beetle drives were very popular as church fund-raising events, especially amongst Non-conformist churches, and the tradition continues to the present. These are often accompanied by a "pie and pea" supper, particularly in the North East of England.

References

External links
Beetle Drive Scorecard (Beetle with Wings) A printable Creative Commons scorecard.

Paper-and-pencil games
Dice games

Beetle (game)


Kezie Uchechukwu Duru Akabusi , MBE (born 28 November 1958), known as Kriss Akabusi, is a British broadcaster & former sprint and hurdling track and field athlete.

His first international successes were with the British 4×400 metres relay team, winning a silver medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics, golds at the 1986 Commonwealth Games and 1986 European Athletics Championships, and another silver at the 1987 World Championships in Athletics. He progressed individually in 400 metres hurdles from the late 1980s onwards, taking bronze at the 1989 IAAF World Cup. His time of 47.93 seconds to win the 1990 European Athletics Championships was a British record, and he also won gold at the 1990 Commonwealth Games.

He reached the peak of his career over the next two years, winning a hurdles bronze medal at the 1991 World Championships and anchoring the British team to a narrow victory over the American team in 2:57.53 minutes – a British record for the 4 × 400 m relay. He followed this with a British 400 m hurdles record of 47.82 seconds to take the bronze medal at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics, where he also won bronze with the 4×400 m relay team. Since retiring from athletics, he has worked as a television presenter and motivational speaker.

Early life
Born in Paddington to Nigerian parents who were studying in London, Akabusi would later be brought up in foster care with his brother Riba, after their parents returned to their country when he was four. Due to the outbreak of the Nigerian Civil War in 1967, Akabusi was unable to stay in contact with his parents, although he would later be reunited with his mother in his teens. She was determined that her son should settle in Nigeria, but while Akabusi was keen to make up for lost time with the rest of his family, he remained in the United Kingdom, eventually visiting the African nation when he was twenty-one. He attended Edmonton County School.

It was during this time that Akabusi, who is of Igbo heritage, changed his first name from 'Kezie' to 'Kriss'. He told an interviewer in 2002: "I decided to make a new start and part of that new start was to have a new name. I spelt my name with a 'K' because I didn't want to change my initials and I want to have some connections with my past. Kezie Akabusi was the connection to my past, but Kriss Akabusi is a connection with my future."

Military career
Akabusi joined the British Army in 1975, having a career in the Royal Corps of Signals before switching to the Army Physical Training Corps (as it was then called) in 1981. In 1990, when he was discharged into the reserves at the end of his army career he held the rank of Warrant Officer Class 2. It was during his tenure in the military that his potential in sports was discovered.

Athletics career

In 1983, Akabusi embarked upon an athletics career, initially specialising in the 400 metres, before switching to the 400 metres hurdles in 1987. As a member of the British 4 × 400 m relay team, Akabusi won a silver medal at the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles.

In 1990, Akabusi broke David Hemery's longstanding British 400 m hurdles record of 48.12 seconds on his way to a gold medal at the European Championships, with a time of 47.93 seconds. He also won the 400 m hurdles gold medal at that year's Commonwealth Games.

At the 1991 World Championships in Tokyo, Akabusi won the bronze medal in the 400 m hurdles and a gold medal as a member of the 4 x 400 relay team alongside Roger Black, Derek Redmond and John Regis, with Akabusi as anchor leg. At the start of the final lap, he took the baton in second place behind the American team, but eventually overtook American runner Antonio Pettigrew (who had won the 400 m individual event) on the final straight and crossed the line in first place to win the gold medal for Britain in a time of 2:57.53, a new British record.

At the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona Akabusi won the bronze medal in the 400 m hurdles, lowering his British record to 47.82 seconds, a time which still stands. This was the same race in which Kevin Young set the former world record. He also won a bronze in the 4 × 400 m relay.

Television work
Following his retirement from sports, Akabusi became a television presenter, working on several shows including Record Breakers (joining after the death of long-serving presenter Roy Castle in 1994) and The Big Breakfast, and regularly appeared as a panelist on many quiz shows such as A Question of Sport, They Think It's All Over and Through the Keyhole.  In 1997 he appeared as a milkman on Last of the Summer Wine in the episode "There Goes the Groom".

Other appearances include: Come Dine with Me in 2011; in an Olympic-themed advert for Nature Valley cereal bars in 2012; a cameo in a red button episode of EastEnders; The Big Fat Quiz of The 80's; A League of Their Own; Never Mind The Buzzcocks and Backchat.

In 2017, Akabusi became a commentator on ITV's Bigheads with Jenny Powell. He also featured on the fifth series of Big Star's Little Star with his son Alanam. Since 2018 he has regularly appeared in adverts for Ladbrokes online betting.

Akabusi makes appearances on GB News reviewing papers

Honours
In 1991 it was announced that he would be appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II in recognition of his services to the country through athletics. In 1992 he was awarded an honorary degree from the University of Southampton.

Political views
In 1998, Akabusi discussed voting for the Conservative Party. In 2011, he supported the 'Yes' side in the Alternative Vote referendum. In August 2014, he was one of 200 public figures who signed a letter to The Guardian expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September's referendum on that issue.

International competitions
1984
Summer Olympics - Los Angeles, United States.
4 x 400 m. relay silver medal
1986
Commonwealth Games - Edinburgh, Scotland.
4 x 400 m. relay gold medal
1987
World Championships - Rome, Italy.
4 x 400 m. relay silver medal
1989
IAAF World Cup - Barcelona, Spain.
400 m. hurdles bronze medal
European Cup - Gateshead, England.
400 m. hurdles gold medal
1990
Commonwealth Games - Auckland, New Zealand.
400 m. hurdles gold medal
European Championships- Split, Yugoslavia.
400 m. hurdles gold medal
1991
World Championships - Tokyo, Japan.
400 m. hurdles bronze medal
4 x 400 m. relay gold medal
European Cup - Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
400 m. hurdles gold medal
1992
Summer Olympics: Barcelona, Spain.
400 m. hurdles bronze medal
4 × 400 m. relay bronze medal

References

External links
 United Kingdom Athletics profile for Kriss Akabusi

 Guardian interview, 12 August 2008
 London Student Newspaper coverage of the UCLU bar re-naming

1958 births
Military personnel from London
Living people
Sportspeople from Paddington
Athletes from London
British male sprinters
English male hurdlers
English male sprinters
English television presenters
Olympic athletes for Great Britain
Olympic silver medallists for Great Britain
Olympic bronze medallists for Great Britain
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
English Olympic medallists
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for England
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1990 Commonwealth Games
World Athletics Championships athletes for Great Britain
World Athletics Championships medalists
European Athletics Championships medalists
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Black British sportsmen
English sportspeople of Nigerian descent
English people of Igbo descent
Igbo sportspeople
People educated at Edmonton County School
Royal Corps of Signals soldiers
Royal Army Physical Training Corps soldiers
World Athletics Championships winners
20th-century British Army personnel
Medallists at the 1990 Commonwealth Games

Kriss Akabusi


Theodorus the Atheist (; c. 340 – c. 250 BCE), of Cyrene, was a Greek philosopher of the Cyrenaic school. He lived in both Greece and Alexandria, before ending his days in his native city of Cyrene. As a Cyrenaic philosopher, he taught that the goal of life was to obtain joy and avoid grief, and that the former resulted from knowledge, and the latter from ignorance. However, his principal claim to fame was his alleged atheism. He was usually designated by ancient writers ho atheos (), "the atheist."

Life
Theodorus was a disciple of Aristippus the Younger, grandson of the elder and more famous Aristippus.  He heard the lectures of a number of philosophers beside Aristippus; such as Anniceris, and Dionysius the dialectician, Zeno of Citium, and Pyrrho.

He was banished from Cyrene, but for what reason is not stated; and it is from the saying recorded of him on this occasion, "Men of Cyrene, you do ill in banishing me from Libya to Greece", as well as from his being a disciple of Aristippus, that it is inferred that he was a native of Cyrene.  Of his subsequent history there is no connected account; but the anecdotes of him show that he was at Athens, where he narrowly escaped a trial, perhaps for impiety. The influence, however, of Demetrius Phalereus reportedly shielded him; and this incident may therefore probably be placed during Demetrius' ten years of administration at Athens, 317–307 BCE. As Theodorus was banished from Athens, and was afterwards in the service of Ptolemy in Egypt, it is not unlikely that he shared the overthrow and exile of Demetrius. The account of Amphicrates of Athens cited by Diogenes Laërtius, that he was condemned to drink hemlock and so died, is doubtless an error. While in the service of Ptolemy, Theodorus was sent on an embassy to Lysimachus, whom he offended by the freedom of his remarks. One answer which he made to a threat of crucifixion which Lysimachus had used, was celebrated by many ancient writers (Cicero, Seneca, etc.): "Employ such threats to those courtiers of yours; for it matters not to Theodorus whether he rots on the ground or in the air." From the court or camp of Lysimachus he returned apparently to that of Ptolemy. We read also of his going to Corinth with a number of his disciples: but this was perhaps only a transient visit during his residence at Athens. He returned at length to Cyrene, and lived there, says Diogenes Laërtius, with Magas, the stepson of Ptolemy, who ruled Cyrene for fifty years (c. 300–250 BCE) as viceroy and then as king. Theodorus probably ended his days at Cyrene. Various characteristic anecdotes of Theodorus are preserved (Laërtius,. Plutarch, Valerius Maximus, Philo, etc.), from which he appears to have been a man of keen and ready wit.

Philosophy
Theodorus was the founder of a sect which was called after him Theodoreioi (), "Theodoreans". The opinions of Theodorus, as can be gathered from the perplexed statement of Diogenes Laërtius, were of the Cyrenaic school. He taught that the great end of human life is to obtain joy and avoid grief, and that the former resulted from knowledge, and the latter from ignorance. He defined the good as prudence and justice, and the bad as the opposite. Pleasure and pain, however, were indifferent. He made light of friendship and patriotism, and asserted that the world was his country. He taught that there was nothing naturally disgraceful in theft, adultery, or sacrilege if one ignored public opinion, which had been formed by the consent of fools.

Theodorus was attacked for atheism. "He did away with all opinions respecting the Gods," says Laërtius, but some critics doubt whether he was absolutely an atheist, or simply denied the existence of the deities of popular belief. The charge of atheism is sustained by the popular designation of Atheus, by the authority of Cicero, Laërtius, Pseudo-Plutarch, Sextus Empiricus, and some Christian writers; while some others (e.g. Clement of Alexandria) speak of him as only rejecting the popular theology.

Theodorus wrote a book called On the gods (). Laërtius had seen it, and said that it was not to be dismissed, adding that it was said to have been the source of many of the statements or arguments of Epicurus. According to the Suda, he wrote many works both on the doctrines of his sect and on other subjects.

Contra Hipparchia
According to the Suda, Hipparchia of Maroneia wrote many letters addressed to Theodorus. Although none of them survive, there are anecdotes of her encounters with Theodorus:

Hipparchia was neither offended nor ashamed by this "as most women would have been". We are also told that when Theodorus, quoting a line from The Bacchae of Euripides, said to her:
"Who is the woman who has left behind the shuttles of the loom?" she replied

See also
Diagoras of Melos

Notes

References

Attribution:

Hellenistic-era philosophers in Athens
4th-century BC Greek philosophers
3rd-century BC Greek philosophers
Cyrenaic philosophers
Metic philosophers in Classical Athens

Theodorus the Atheist


A standing ovation is a form of applause where members of a seated audience stand up while applauding after great performance. A standing ovation can also be done to remember someone who died or when someone did a good deed.

Standing ovations are also often given in a sporting game to reflect an outstanding individual performance.

References

Non-verbal communication
Theater

Standing ovation


Sir Arthur Brooke KCB (1772 – 26 July 1843) was an Irish officer of the British Army during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, and the Peninsular War and War of 1812. He rose to the rank of lieutenant-general.

Family
Brooke was the third son of Francis Brooke of Colebrooke, County Fermanagh. He was the younger brother of Sir Henry Brooke, who was created a baronet in 1822.

Military career
He entered the Army as an ensign in the 44th Regiment of Foot in 1792, at the commencement of the French Revolutionary Wars and served with this regiment throughout them, and the succeeding Napoleonic Wars, until the conclusion of the general peace in 1815.  He was promoted to lieutenant in 1793, serving with the 44th Foot in Lord Moira's division in Flanders in 1794 and 1795. He was promoted to captain in 1795, serving with Sir Ralph Abercromby's army in the reduction of the West Indies, where his regiment remained until 1798. He was present throughout the Egyptian campaign of 1801. He was promoted to major in 1802 and lieutenant-colonel in 1804 and commanded the 44th in Malta from 1804 to 1812.

In 1813 he was promoted to colonel, and accompanied Lord William Bentinck to the east coast of Spain. Brooke, as senior colonel, took command of his regiment's brigade and distinguished himself in every action against Louis-Gabriel Suchet, and particularly at the Battle of Ordal. At the conclusion of the war with Napoleon in 1814, Brooke was gazetted a Companion of the Bath and ordered to march regiments from Bentinck's army across the south of France to Bordeaux, in order to embark at that port for an expedition against the United States of America, which was still at war with Britain since June 1812, in the War of 1812. The force embarked consisted of three brigades, commanded by Colonels Brooke, William Thornton and Patterson. The Chesapeake Bay campaign expedition was under the general command of Major-General Robert Ross and the naval command on the North American Station with Vice Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane and Rear Admiral Sir George Cockburn.

War of 1812
Sailing up the Patuxent River on the south-western shore of the Chesapeake Bay of Maryland, in August 1814, and landing at Benedict, the force proceeded overland through Prince George's County to the Eastern Branch of the Potomac River, (now known as the Anacostia River) to the small bridge crossing there.  In the Battle of Bladensburg, victory was secured by the flank movement of Brooke's brigade. The brigade consisted of the 4th Regiment, commanded by his brother, Francis Brooke, and his own 44th. Following the "Bladensburg Races" in which the disorganized American militia under Gen. William Winder (observed by President James Madison and Secretary of State and future President James Monroe) did not stand and fight the new "Congreve rocket" used by the "Redcoats" , they proceeded into the national capital for the occupation of the town. After burning the Capitol, Executive Mansion and other public buildings of Washington, the expedition re-embarked at Benedict, Maryland and sailed back down for refitting at Tangier Island in the lower Chesapeake Bay. Then, the next month, up to the mouth of the Patapsco River, where the troops were to land and advance on Baltimore, a major port city and "nest of pirates" for the substantial numbers of "privateers" that had raided British commercial shipping during the War. During the land attack from the town's east side, the fleet's ships were to force their way up the Middle and Northwest Branches of the river and bombard Fort McHenry which guarded the port. In the first skirmish of the Battle of Baltimore, before the Battle of North Point, General Ross was killed by supposedly two American snipers (traditionally Henry G. Wells and Daniel McComas of Aisquith's Sharpshooters, celebrated on Defenders' Day) and fell into the arms of his personal aide and Brooke later assumed command of the army. The regiments advanced further and clashed with the units of Stricker waiting for them further up the peninsula.

"By the fall of our gallant leader," wrote the expedition's historian, "the command now devolved on Colonel Brooke, of the 44th, an officer of decided personal courage but perhaps better calculated to lead a battalion than to guide an army." Brooke determined to carry out his predecessor's plan. It was reported that Baltimore was defended by 20,000 American soldiers and militia with about 100 artillery pieces behind extensive earthworks and berms of fortifications stretching for several miles along the town's east side, under the seasoned command of Maryland Militia Maj. Gen. Samuel Smith. Brooke advanced and attacked a powerful force of militia on 12 September advanced earlier from the town, as the City Brigade of Brig Gen. John Stricker to the narrow part of the "Patapsco Neck" peninsula between Bread and Cheese Creek, which flowed north into Back River and Bear Creek (flowing south into the Patapsco), an area known as "Godly Wood". After facing the forces of several bastions including "Rodgers' Bastion" manned by sailors of the U.S. Navy under Commodore John Rodgers, after the experience at Bladensburg, he expected Baltimore was supposedly then at his mercy, but on finding that the sailors of the bombarding ships of the Royal Navy could not come further up the river's Northwest Branch to his assistance after a two-day bombardment by subduing the still active guns of the fort, even after a night-time landing party expedition by barge during the driving rainstorm to the fort's western flank under Capt. Charles Napier was discovered and fired upon and turned back by supporting Forts Covington and Babcock. Having also already moved his forces north and south before the Americans' trenches, probing for a weak point and finding large numbers of his opponents moving in concert with him, forestalling any attempt to get around the wings of the defenders. After an officers' conference, he quietly retired down the peninsula back to North Point after bivouacking on the scene of his "victory". The fleet sailed southward, and was joined at sea by the 95th Gordon Highlanders, and by Major-General John Keane, who superseded Brooke, after delivering to him a most eulogistic despatch from the commander-in-chief. Several of the units and regiments at Bladensburg and Baltimore were advanced further on by the Royal Navy to the Gulf of Mexico under General Sir Edward Pakenham (who met the same fate as Ross) to New Orleans to eventually meet the forces of Gen. Andrew Jackson at Chalmette, Louisiana, the following January 1815 (after the signing unknownst to them of the Treaty of Ghent. The Treaty of Ghent, however, was not in effect until February 1815 when the U.S. Senate happily and unanimously ratified it because of the overwhelming victory over the British at New Orleans).

Later life
At the close of the war, Brooke returned to England and in 1822 was rewarded by being made governor of Yarmouth. He was also promoted to major-general in 1819. He was made colonel of the 86th Regiment in 1837 and promoted to lieutenant-general that year. He was gazetted a Knight Commander of the Bath in 1833, and died on 26 July 1843 at his residence on George Street, Portman Square in London and was buried at Kensal Green Cemetery.

References

1772 births
1843 deaths
Military personnel from County Fermanagh
Irish officers in the British Army
British Army lieutenant generals
44th Regiment of Foot officers
British Army personnel of the War of 1812
British Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
British Army personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath

Arthur Brooke (British Army officer)


Gamma is a Greek letter. Used as a symbol or name it may refer to:

Language
 Latin gamma, used as an IPA symbol for voiced velar fricative, and in the alphabets of African languages.

Science and Mathematics
The Greek letter gamma is used in both science and mathematics very often.

Unspecified
 Gamma wave, a type of brain wave
 Lapse rate, the temperature change with height in an atmosphere
 linewidth, relating to uncertainty of mass energy in short-lived particles
 Gamma is an old non-SI name for either a microgram or for a nanotesla, SI units
 Gamma quadra, in Socionics

Lower case, γ
 Gamma correction, a property of images and video displays
 Gamma ray, also Gamma radiation, an electromagnetic ray
 Adiabatic index, also known as the Heat capacity ratio, the ratio of the heat capacity at constant pressure to that at constant volume.
 Bayer designation, the third brightest star
 Euler-Mascheroni constant, a mathematical constant
 photon, seen as an elementary particle in physics
 Lorentz factor in relativity theory and astronomy
 propagation constant of an electromagnetic wave
 voiced velar fricative in phonetics

Upper case, Γ
 Gamma distribution, a probability distribution function
 Gamma function, a mathematical function
 Christoffel symbol in General Relativity
 reflection coefficient in electrical engineering
 mathematical finance, where it is a risk measure, or Greek
 center of the Brillouin zone
 The Feferman-Schütte_ordinal Γ0

Technology
 Gamma software, in computer software and video game development
 GM Gamma platform - a subcompact automobile platform by General Motors
 Gamma correction, in video, graphics, color spaces, and photographic imaging
 Elias gamma coding, in computer science, encoding, compression

Things and places
 Tropical Storm Gamma, an Atlantic tropical storm

Popular culture
 Brave New World, where it is the third caste
 E-102 Gamma, a video game character
 Gamma (band), a rock band

Gamma (disambiguation)


Torch Singer is a 1933 American pre-Code Paramount Pictures film directed by Alexander Hall and George Somnes and starring Claudette Colbert, Ricardo Cortez, David Manners and Lyda Roberti. The screenplay was written by Lenore J. Coffee and Lynn Starling, based on the short story Mike by Grace Perkins, which was published in Liberty magazine (May 20–27, 1933). It was released on DVD (as part of a six disc set entitled "Pre-Code Hollywood Collection") on April 7, 2009, and by itself on August 5, 2014.

Synopsis
Sally Trent has an illegitimate child, but cannot support her and gives the baby up for adoption. The father, Michael Gardner, leaves for China not knowing about the baby, and she assumes he has abandoned her for life. She gets a job as a torch singer, changes her name to Mimi Benton, and becomes notorious for her drinking and philandering. Mimi fills in on a children's radio program as the character "Aunt Jenny," singing and telling bedtime stories, and eventually uses the airtime to find her long lost daughter, part with her wild lifestyle, and reunite with Michael.

Cast
Claudette Colbert as Sally Trent, aka Mimi Benton
Ricardo Cortez as Tony Cummings
David Manners as Michael "Mike" Gardner
Lyda Roberti as Dora Nichols
Baby LeRoy as Bobby (Dora's 1 year old baby)
Charley Grapewin as Andrew "Juddy" Judson
Sam Godfrey as Harry, Radio Announcer
Florence Roberts as Mother Angelica
Virginia Hammond as Mrs. Julia Judson
Cora Sue Collins as Sally (5 years old)
Helen Jerome Eddy as Miss Spaulding
Albert Conti as Carlotti
Ethel Griffies as Agatha Alden
Mildred Washington as Carrie
Carlena Beard as Sally

Quotes
Mimi Benton: "Well, I'll tell you what happened to her. While you were touring China, she went through hell. It's a nice place, you must go there someday."
Michael Gardner: "You've changed all right! You're selfish, hard." Mimi Benton: "Sure I am, just like glass. So hard, nothing'll cut it but diamonds. Come around some day with a fistful. Maybe we can get together."
Mimi Benton: "Don't ever let any man make a sucker out of you. Make him know what you're worth. Anything they get for nothing is always cheap."

See also
 Torch song

Notes

External links

1933 films
American black-and-white films
Films based on short fiction
Paramount Pictures films
American musical drama films
Films directed by Alexander Hall
1930s musical drama films
1933 drama films
1930s American films

Torch Singer