The Nyack Library is a free association library located in the village of Nyack in New York State. Established in 1879, The Nyack Library serves the residents of Nyack, Upper Nyack, South Nyack, Grand View, and Valley Cottage. In 1890, the library was incorporated and on June 5, 1894, it was entered under the New York State Board of Regents, by which means it received state aid.

Origin & history
In March 1901 the Trustees of the Nyack Library decided to petition Andrew Carnegie for funds for a library building. On December 21, 1901, Andrew Carnegie offered to give $15,000 for the erection of a library building in Nyack, if the village provided a suitable site and pledged by resolution to support the library with no less than $1,500 a year. On January 6, 1902, trustees of the library appeared before the Nyack village board to ask for an increase in funding by $187.50; the village had already been funding the library with $750 a year from 1894 - 1902. The new total was 937.50 annually. Carnegie offered to donate 15,000 for a building on the condition that the Nyack community raise not less than 1,500 annually.

Construction and costs
The cornerstone for the new building was laid on May 21, 1903. The public reception for the opening of the new building was held on January 16, 1904. The total cost of the library was $15,597, almost $600 more than the gift of Andrew Carnegie. The cost of the furniture for the building was $950. The architects were the Emery Brothers and Mr. J. B. Simonson. The mason contractor was John M. Rooney. The carpentry was done by E.H. DeBaun. Plumbing and gas fitting was done by A.L. Henry. Painting and decorating was done by Hill and Hubbell.
The library expanded in 1973, 1993, and 2010.  The grand opening of the renovated Carnegie building and the new wing was on May 7, 2011.

Staff union drive
In June 2017, 80% of Nyack Library staff signed a petition indicating their desire for union representation with the Nyack Library Staff Association/NYSUT-NEA/AFT. In response the Library administration retained the services of Jackson Lewis, a management-side law firm which specializes in "union prevention" services. On July 17, 2017 dozens of Library staff and more than 75 residents from the community crowded into the monthly meeting of the Library's Board of Trustees to urge Board members to respect the employees' decision to organize and to manifest that respect by terminating Jackson Lewis as their legal counsel. A union vote, overseen by the National Labor Relations Board, was held on June 24, 2017. Nyack Library staff, community residents, and other supporters including a contingent from the New City Library Association gathered that evening to watch the Labor Board count the votes. The results were 33 in favor of unionization, 7 opposed with 3 ballots "challenged" by the Library and ultimately never counted because they were not determinative.

References

External links
 Official site
 Slideshow of library images from the local history collection at the library

Library buildings completed in 1904
Carnegie libraries in New York (state)
1879 establishments in New York (state)
Libraries established in 1879
Library
Education in Rockland County, New York

Nyack Library


Jingle Bells este un cântec de Crăciun. A fost scrisă de James Lord Pierpont (1822–1893) și publicată sub titlul "One Horse Open Sleigh" îm toamna anului 1857.

Versurile originale

Dashing through the snow
In a one-horse open sleigh
Over the  we go
Laughing all the way.
Bells on bob tails ring
Making spirits bright
 it is to laugh and sing
A sleighing song tonight.

|: corul :|
Jingle bells, jingle bells
Jingle all the way!
O what fun it is to ride
In a one-horse open sleigh.

A day or two ago
I thought I'd take a ride
And soon Miss Fanny Bright
Was seated by my side.
The horse was lean and lank
Misfortune seemed his lot
We got into a drifted bank
And then  we got upsot.
|: corul :|

A day or two ago
The story I must tell
I went out on the snow
And on my back I fell;
A gent was riding by
In a one-horse open sleigh,
He laughed as there I sprawling lie,
But quickly drove away,
|: corul :|

Now the ground is white
Go it while you're young,
Take the girls tonight
And sing this sleighing song:
Just get a bobtailed bay
Two forty is his speed
Hitch him to an open sleigh
And crack! You'll take the lead.
|: corul :|

Cântece de Crăciun

Jingle Bells


Zlata's Diary was a diary  by Bosnia and Herzegovina's Zlata Filipovic. It was written between 1991 and 1993 about her life at the time. It was mostly about the Bosnian war that erupted near her  in Sarajevo. She starts the fifth grade in the beginning of 1991 and she reunites her friends and her family.

Zlata's Diary is about a girl that  lived through the Bosnian war. She kept a diary that she called  Mimmy. Her entries were always, "Dear Mimmy" and she'd end with, "Your Zlata".

Zlata was known as the Anne Frank of Bosnia. The book tells you about her difficult childhood that was stolen away from her as a child. She learned to handle deaths and tragedies throughout the young years of her life. This book is good for children as they can understand the hardships faced by children living in countries in war.

1992 books
Diaries
Bosnia and Herzegovina culture

Zlata's Diary


The New Orleans African American Museum (NOAAM) is a museum in New Orleans, Louisiana's visiting Tremé neighborhood, the oldest-surviving black community in the United States. The NOAAM of Art, Culture and History seeks to educate and to preserve, interpret, and promote the contributions that people of African descent have made to the development of New Orleans and Louisiana culture, as slaves and as free people of color throughout the history of American slavery as well as during emancipation, Reconstruction, and contemporary times.

Description
The NOAAM property encompasses seven historical structures located on the site of a former plantation. The main large building, built of brick in 1828–1829, is the Meilleur-Goldthwaite House, the finest remaining Creole "maison de maître" or master's house in the city. It is a raised center-hall cottage with large dormer windows. Its outbuildings, original interior, and much of the large lot on which it was built have been preserved as part of the site.

In September 1991, the Villa Meilleur was purchased by the City of New Orleans. This historic landmark was restored under the administration of Mayor Marc H. Morial, the Mayor's Division of Housing & Neighborhood Development, New Orleans Affordable Home Ownership, and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.

It has become the cornerstone of redevelopment in Tremé. Permanent and temporary exhibits spotlight contemporary artists in the main house and in the former slave quarters. Having suffered substantial roof and water damage during Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the museum was restored and reopened in February 2008. Additional improvements to the remaining structures started under the leadership of former Executive Director Jonn Hankins.

Collection and exhibits
One of the museum's centerpieces is the "Louisiana-Congo: the Bertrand Donation," a collection of African beadwork, costumes, masks, textiles and musical instruments. The 70-piece assortment of original African artwork is from the Democratic Republic of Congo. It illuminates the parallels between everyday life in the Congo and Louisiana folk culture. Other exhibits change regularly and highlight a range of works from traditional African art, to black influences and culture in modern life in New Orleans.

In 2008, the NOAAM participated in Prospect New Orleans, the largest biennial of international contemporary art ever organized in the United States and the first to be held in New Orleans. It was curated by Dan Cameron, with exhibits by internationally celebrated artists McCallum + Tarry (Bradley McCallum and Jacqueline Tarry), William Kentridge, and Rico Gatson. In August 2008, the Museum hosted an exhibit of Hurricane Katrina-related photographs by New York City photographer John Rosenthal.

In January 2011, the city awarded the museum a $3 million (~$ in ) CDBG grant, to undertake renovation of existing properties: Villa Meilleur, Passebon Cottage (1843) and Passebon's servant quarters. In addition, the museum will acquire 1417-1419 Governor Nicholls Street to expand its campus. The latter building will be used to house administration, community events, and other support functions. The changes will enable the museum to collaborate more with area universities in "creative arts, museum studies, art, history, archiving and educational programming."

The Museum is featured as a site on the Louisiana African American Heritage Trail.

See also

St. Augustine Church (New Orleans)
Rural African American Museum, Opelousas
List of museums focused on African Americans

References

External links
Official Website (accessed August 24, 2010)
Audio Podcast with former Museum Director (accessed August 24, 2010)

African-American history in New Orleans
Museums in New Orleans
Museums of American art
Art museums and galleries in Louisiana
Historic house museums in Louisiana
History museums in Louisiana
African-American museums in Louisiana
Houses in New Orleans
Louisiana African American Heritage Trail
Tremé
Slave cabins and quarters in the United States

New Orleans African American Museum


A vaporizer or vapouriser is a device used to extract the active ingredients of plant material so that they can be breathed. It is often used for cannabis, tobacco, or other herbs such as chamomile.

Vaporization vs. smoking
Vaporization is an alternative to smoking. It doesn't make smoke or other cancer-causing by-products. It does that by heating the material so that the active compounds boil into a vapor. Nothing actually burns, so there is no smoke or taste of smoke. Vapor ideally contains almost no particulate matter or tar, and much less noxious gas such as carbon monoxide. The vapor can be collected in a jar or inflatable bag, or inhaled directly.

Cooking
Vaporizers are sometimes used by chefs. They use them to heat herbs and spices to release flavors that are otherwise difficult to extract, or that might be spoiled by overheating during cooking. Chicago's Achatz uses the aroma-filled bags as place-mats, punctured when plates are placed in front of the customer.

Smoking
Cannabis
Drug paraphernalia

Vaporizer (cannabis)


Rami Abdel-Hakeem Haikal (born on 12 September 1983) is a prominent muisicker in the Jordanian hivy metal scene.  He is weel kent for his distinct guitar wirk in the baund BILOCATE.

Biography

Rami wis born on September 12, 1983 in Amman, Jordan an grew up there. When Rami wis young, he met Saeb Abu Al-Ragheb. The twa suin became friends an stairtit playin muisic thegither. Sharin the same passion for the Guitar instrument they tried tae build custom made guitars in the age o 15.

Rami joined several local Jordanian baunds but wi nae recordit achievements, later in the simmer o 2004 an while haein a practice session wi ane o the local baunds, he met Hani Al-Abbadi whom wis the Bassist o the Jordanian baund BILOCATE, 2 weeks later Ramzi Essayyed frae BILOCATE cried Rami tae set up for a meetin in which they hae affered him tae join the baund as a guitarist.

Personal discografie
BILOCATE - Summoning the Bygones (2012) (Guitar/Pre-production)
BILOCATE - Sudden Death Syndrome (2008) (Guitar)
BILOCATE - Dysphoria (2005) (Guitar)
BILOCATE - Dysphoria EP (2003) (Guitar)

Endorsements & Equipment

Mayones Guitars & Basses
ENGL Amplifiers
 Steve Clayton, Inc. Custom Guitar Picks
 Radial Engineering

References

Freemit airtins
BILOCATE Official Homepage  - The famous Jordanian Dark Oriental metal band which Rami plays in as a guitarist.
Rami's Official artist page on Mayones guitars  - Rami's Official artist page on Mayones guitars.

1983 births
Livin fowk
Fowk frae Amman
Hivy metal muisickers
Jordanian muisickers

Rami Haikal


Edward F. Allodi AIA (1893–1987) was an Italian American architect who designed a number of important buildings for Roman Catholic Clients in Connecticut and New York during the early part of the 20th century.

Early life and career
Allodi was born in Palermo, Italy on October 24, 1893 and moved with his family to Boston, Massachusetts as a young child.
He attended the Boston Public Schools and received a bachelor's degree from the Boston Architectural Center (1918-1925) While there he won a scholarship to continue his studies at Princeton University (1925-1927). He also was the recipient of the Rotch Travelling Schaola of 1927.

Architectural practice
Allodi practiced from offices in Cape Cod Massachusetts and lived in Wellfleet, Massachusetts. He owned several local businesses including The Carpenters Shop, a woodworking business, the Galleries, a gift shop and interior design studio; and Allodi and Martin, an architect-engineer practice, all in Orleans.

Allodi entered practice in the New York-based firm of Boegel and Allodi in 1962 and became principal designer for two years beginning in 1966.

Allodi was Chairman of the Darian Housing Authority Connecticut (1929-1966), a member of the Darian Architectural Review Board (1961-1966), and the planning Board in Wellfleet MA beginning in 1970.

Legacy

Works include
 Notre Dame Church, Easton, Connecticut 1956
 St. Thomas the Apostle Church, Norwalk, Connecticut 1948
 St. Thomas the Apostle School and Convent, Norwalk, Connecticut 1958
 St. Mary Church, Flushing, New York 1967
 St. Fidelis Convent, College Point, New York 1967
 St. Jerome Convent, Queens, New York  1968
 St. Gregory School, Bellerose, New York 1968 (Boegel and Allodi)

References

1987 deaths
20th-century American architects
American ecclesiastical architects
Architects of Roman Catholic churches
Architects from Palermo
Italian emigrants to the United States
1893 births
People from Wellfleet, Massachusetts
Architects from Connecticut
Architects from Massachusetts

Edward F. Allodi


A longitudinal engine is an engine mounted in a vehicle so that the engine's crankshaft is parallel with the vehicle, front to back. The majority of rear wheel drive vehicles use a longitudinal engine design. where the engine's crankshaft axis is parallel to the vehicle. Many modern front wheel drive vehicles use a transverse engine mounting design.

Placement of longitudinal engines
Engines may be placed in three main positions within the car:
 front engine mounted - the engine is mounted under the hood, over the front axle
 rear engine mounted - the engine is mounted where the trunk would normally be, over the rear axle
 mid engine mounted - the engine is mounted between the front and rear axles, where the rear seats would be located

Automotive technologies

Longitudinal engine


Hans Pleydenwurff (also Pleidenwurff; c. 1420 – 9 January 1472) was a German painter.

His father was probably Kunz Pleydenwurff, a well-respected painter and part-time mayor in Bamberg. Since 1457, Hans lived in Nuremberg where he established a new style of realism, influenced by Northern Renaissance painters. He probably was a teacher of Michael Wolgemut.

His son Wilhelm Pleydenwurff, born in 1460, operated with Michael Wolgemut for the woodcuts of Hartmann Schedel's Nuremberg Chronicle.
Another son, Sebald, settled in Eisleben, his profession is unknown. Hans died at Nuremberg in 1472.

Selected works
 Christ as Man of Sorrows, Kunstmuseum, Basel, Switzerland
 Altarpiece, St. Elisabeth in Breslau (1462, currently at Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg)
 Portrait of Georg Graf Löwenstein, canon at Bamberg (Germanisches Nationalmuseum)
 Kalvarienberg of Georg Graf Löwenstein, canon at Bamberg (Germanisches Nationalmuseum)
 High Altar, Klarissenkirche in Bamberg (Staatsgalerie Bamberg)
 High Altar, 1465 for St. Michaelis in Hof, since 1811 in Alte Pinakothek, Munich
 Crucifixion, 1470, Alte Pinakothek, Munich

External links

 Some works by Hans Pleydenwurff at Scholars Resource

1420 births
1472 deaths
15th-century German painters
German male painters
People from Bamberg

Hans Pleydenwurff


The Battle of Bannockburn, fought on 23 and 24 June 1314, was an important Scottish victory in the Wars of Scottish Independence. A smaller Scottish army defeated a much larger and better armed English army.

Background

When King Alexander III of Scotland died in 1286, his heir was his granddaughter Margaret, Maid of Norway. King Edward I of England arranged to have his son, Edward II of England, become her husband and share the crown of Scotland in 1289. But Margaret died on her way from Norway to Scotland in 1290. This began a period in Scotland called the First Interregnum (1290–1292). Scotland was without a monarch. Edward I was invited to choose who would be king from among the candidates who had any claim to be king. He chose John of Scotland. But Edward now claimed power over the Scottish king. Balliol could do nothing without Edward's approval. In July 1295 the Scottish Parliament met and took most of the power away from John Balliol and gave it to a group of men they elected called the "Council of Twelve." This group made an agreement with King Philip IV of France called the Auld Alliance. King Edward gathered his army at Newcastle and prepared to invade Scotland. He brought his army to Berwick and captured the town and castle. John Balliol sent King Edward letters refusing to recognize Edward's right to rule Scotland. After Edward had captured all the castles in Scotland, John Balliol surrendered to him. John Balliol was sent to prison in London, then later Edward allowed him to live in France. In 1296 Edward made every man in Scotland who owned land promise to be loyal to him. Scotland remained without a king of their own until 1306 when Robert the Bruce declared himself king of Scotland defying Edward I. Just before doing this Robert the Bruce had been involved in a dispute with John Comyn. The two met before the altar in Greyfriars Church in Dumfries in 1306 and in a fight John Comyn was killed. Robert the Bruce was crowned king three weeks later at Scone. Accused of murdering Comyn, Bruce was excommunicated by the Pope. Edward sent his men after Bruce but was unable to capture Him. A series of border skirmishes and wars went on. In 1310 Edward again invaded Scotland but with little effect. Between 1310 and 1314 a large number of castles were captured from the occupying English soldiers by Bruce and his followers.

Siege of Stirling Castle

In the Spring of 1313 Edward Bruce, brother of the Scottish King began a siege of Stirling Castle, which was held by Sir Philip Mowbray for the English king. By the middle of summer the Scots were still not able to defeat the castle. Edward Bruce made an agreement with the castle commander, Mowbray. It said that if the castle was not relieved by the English by 24 June the following year it would be surrendered to Bruce. Edward Bruce went to his brother to tell him the good news. But the Robert Bruce saw this as a mistake. It gave King Edward II of England a year to get ready an army to march into Scotland. Up to this point the king of Scotland had avoided pitched battles with the English army. All King Robert could do is prepare for what was sure to come. In October 1313 King Robert made everyone in Scotland take an oath of loyalty to him or lose their lands. The English king was now in danger of losing everything in Scotland. On 28 November 1313 Edward II announced he would assemble an army to be in Scotland before 24 June 1314.

Edward II comes to Scotland

Edward's first aim was to bring needed food, weapons, and fresh soldiers to Sterling Castle before they had to surrender. He began gathering the largest army a king of England had ever led. He had 2,500 heavy cavalry each followed by one or more mounted squires. Edward brought 3,000 of his best Welsh longbowmen. Finally he had 15,000 foot soldiers each with a sword, shield and spear. His army numbered over 20,000 and began marching from Berwick on 17 June 1314 and formed ten divisions. He had reached Edinburgh on 21 June where the army was re-supplied by Edward's ships. By 22 June the army made an exhausting march to Falkirk, only 10 miles from Sterling Castle. Edward's army moved on the old Roman road, which ran through an ancient forest known as the Tor Wood, over the Bannock burn and into the New Park, a hunting preserve enclosed at the time of Alexander III.

Scottish preparations

Bruce's army, like William Wallace's before him, was chiefly composed of infantry armed with 18-foot long pikes. It was divided into three main (infantry) battalions, and a fourth larger battalion commanded by the king himself serving as the reserve unit. The second battalion was commanded by Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray. The third was led by Edward Bruce, the king's brother. The fourth division was commanded by Sir James Douglas and his cousin Walter the Steward. The light cavalry of 500 strong was commanded by Robert Keith, Marischal of Scotland. Each infantry division formed into a Schiltron formation. Each man carried the pike upright and the outside ranks would lower theirs to form a lethal wall of sharp metal points. The schiltron could withstand an attack by knights on horses. But Bruce also trained them to attack.

Bruce's army had been gathering in the Tor Wood, an area that gave good natural cover. Bruce then moved his army just to the north to the New Park. This was more heavily wooded area where his movements could be concealed. It could also provide cover for a retreat if needed. The Scottish king chose his ground very carefully. The Bannock burn (or stream), which the English army had to cross on the way to Stirling was a natural obstacle. Parts of it were too deep for infantry or cavalry to cross. The area was also covered with marshy boggy ground difficult to ride over. Sir Thomas Gray called it "an evil, deep, wet marsh". On the east side was a sharp drop of 50 feet or more. The trees of the New Park were on the west side. Also, pits were dug as traps to break a cavalry charge. No matter which way the English cavalry tried to go they would be tangled up and be easy targets for the Scottish infantry.
The only approach was over the old road from Falkirk to Sterling. This route was the only solid ground on which heavy cavalry could be moved.

Bruce's three main divisions numbered about 1,000 strong each. His own reserve division was at double strength or about 2,000 strong. The Marischal's light cavalry was about 500 horse and there was a small group of archers. Together the Scottish army numbered between 5,000 and 6,000 men. This was about one-fourth the size of Edward's force.

First day of battle

The English army reached Tor Wood on June 23rd and stopped. They were met by Sir Philip Mowbray, the English commander of Stirling Castle. He told the king there was no need for battle. Edward had fulfilled his obligation to relieve the castle by coming within three leagues. Also he had seen Bruce's preparations and warned of trying to attack the Scots with heavy cavalry. Like Edward II and his commanders, Mowbray thought the Scots would retreat when they saw the size of Edward's great army. The vanguard of Edward's forces under Gloucester had already crossed the ford over the Bannockburn towards the Scottish lines. An English knight Henry de Bohun was riding ahead of his companions when he caught sight of
the Scottish king inspecting some of his lines. De Bohun lowered his lance and charged. Robert the Bruce was mounted on a small palfrey and armed  with a battle-axe He could have simply moved behind his men and let them repel the charging warhorse and rider. Instead he turned his horse and rode towards de Bohun. At the last moment Bruce swerved his horse to one side, missing de Bohun's lance. He then rose in his stirrups and brought down his axe with such force he cut through de Bohun's helmet killing him instantly. There was a stunned silence by both armies then a great cheer rose among the Scottish soldiers. Then the highlanders of Bruce's own division charged the English cavalry who were still lining up. The horses of the Earl of Gloucester and several others stumbled as they fell into the hidden pits. The earl was rescued but the English cavalry fled from the charging Scots. King Robert stopped their charge and they returned to their lines. This showed how well-disciplined the Scottish soldiers had become.

When King Robert returned his brother and his commanders criticized the king (as much as they dared) for risking his life that way. Robert the Bruce did not answer them. He only stared at his now broken battle-axe. Looking around the king saw English cavalry moving around their left. He pointed out the cavalry and said to Thomas Randolph "a rose has fallen from your chaplet". Immediately Randolph rode to his men and moved the schildton onto the open ground in the path of the English knights. When their leader Sir Henry Beaumont saw the Scots approaching he said "let us wait a little; let them come on; give them room." Sir Thomas Gray replied "I doubt that whatever you give them now, they will have all too soon." Sir Henry said to Thomas Gray, "if you are afraid then be off!" Sir Thomas replied "it is not from fear that I shall fly this day" and along with several other knights charged the Scottish schiltron. Many were killed, being impaled on the spears. Sir Thomas himself was captured.  The remainder of the English knights surrounded the schiltron and attacked the Scots from every angle. But the schiltron held and the English in frustration began throwing their weapons at the Scots. When Sir James Douglas, commanding the left schiltron saw his friend in trouble and begged Bruce to go to his rescue. But by the time he returned to his man Randolph was winning the day. Moving forward Randolph's schiltron split the English cavalry in two.  Half of the remaining English fled back to the English lines while half fled to Sterling Castle. After losing just one Yeoman, the Scots took off their helmets to rest from the heat of the day.

Sir Alexander de Seton had secretly left the King of England's Army and came to Robert the Bruce that night. He wished to no longer serve the king of England and offered to join the Bruce. He pledged on his life that the English were discouraged and if Bruce attacked them tomorrow, he would win the battle.

The English moved from the bogs south and east of the burn to harder ground. They had to water all the warhorses, draft horses and oxen. By the time the move was finished it was nearly dawn. But the tidal rivers around them had risen and they could not cross them as they did earlier. The English were now cramped into a small space where they could not move freely.

Second day of battle

Robert the Bruce saw where the English spent the night. Their narrow front gave the Scottish army an advantage if the English did not move before morning. Morning found the English had not moved. Not long after daybreak on 24 June, three Scots divisions came out of the woods and began moving towards the English. The English mounted their horses in great confusion. When the Scots schiltrons began attacking the English lines the knights and soldiers could not maneuver. They were so crowded men were being pushed into the Bannock burn behind them.

Overnight the Earl of Gloucester and Edward II had been in an argument. Gloucester thought the English soldiers should rest another day before doing battle. The king accused him of being disloyal. Gloucester was still angry when the trumpets sounded the signal to assemble. So without putting on his surcoat he mounted his horse and charged into the schiltron commanded by Edward Bruce. The Scots did not recognize him without his surcoat and so did not spare him. The Earl and several of those with him were killed trying to break through the wall of spears.

The other two Scottish divisions moved up to join Edward Bruce. Randolph moved up on Bruce's left side. James Douglas came up next to Randolph. Together all three schiltrons filled the narrow battlefield. They pushed forward into the confused English. Wounded horses without their knights were running back into the English lines. Edward's army was now so crowded they could hardly move. The Scots were pushing into them from the front. The back ranks were being pushed into the water and marshes.

Up to this point in the battle the English and Welsh longbowmen (archers) had not been used to their full advantage. They were moved to the right side of the English lines. From here they could fire arrows into the Scottish army with great effect. But Robert the Bruce had provided for this event. His 500 light horsemen led by Keith, the Marischal, quickly scattered the English and Welsh archers. many of the English and Welsh archers ran back to the English lines. This caused more confusion and the infantry also begin to run away. The Scottish king now sent in his reserve division behind Douglas. When the English saw another large force of Scots joining the battle they began falling back. Everywhere King Edward looked his forces were losing the battle.

Edward II's escape

The Earl of Pembroke and sir Giles d'Argentan were guarding the English King. As the battle was now lost they needed to get the king to safety. They led him off the battlefield and towards Sterling Castle. At the same time several Scots recognized the king and tried to capture him. The king fought them off with his mace. He broke free and rode to Sterling Castle a short distance away. At the castle Sir Philip Mowbray did not allow King Edward to enter. He told the king he now had to surrender the castle and the king would be taken prisoner. But Mowbray gave Edward II a knight to guide the king and his party to safety. Edward, with 500 of his cavalry turned towards Linlithgow. Sir James Douglas got permission from Robert the Bruce to pursue the English king. With a group of Keith's horsemen Douglas kept close behind Edward as he fled south. As he pursued the English king, Douglas and his men encountered Sir Lawrence de Abernethy who with 80 men was on his way to join Edward at Bannockburn. On finding out the king had lost the battle he and his men joined Douglas in trying to capture Edward. The English tried to bait them into a fight at Winchburg but Douglas stayed on their flank (side).Even with Abernethy's men the Scots were not strong enough to take on Edward's knights. The chase continued all the way to Dunbar Castle. Loyalties on the border were very uncertain at this time. The local earl had sided with Edward. So the king was allowed to escape in a boat back to England with only a few of his closest followers. The rest of his 500 horsemen were left to find their way back to England as best they could.

Another large group of Edward's knights escaped to Bothwell Castle. There they were welcomed by the castle commander, Walter Gilbertson. But Gilbertson soon changed sides and took all the English prisoners. The remainder of Edward's large army scattered in every direction. In trying to escape the Scottish schildrons, many were drowned in the Bannockburn and the River Forth. A large number were taken prisoner and later ransomed. The English baggage train was left behind. It's silver, gold, and luxuries the noblemen brought with them was worth a fortune alone. Along with the ransoms paid for their prisoners this brought sudden wealth to Scotland.

Historical significance

The wars with England were still not over. It would be another 14 years until Scotland was free of English rule.  But to the Scots the Battle of Bannockburn was a major victory. Before the battle Robert the Bruce was considered by many a usurper (pretender). He only had limited support in Scotland. After Bannockburn Robert the Bruce became a national hero. He had the support of most of Scotland. However his political rivals in Scotland suffered. Perhaps no one more than the Comyn family and supporters. Both John Comyn of Badenoch and Edward Comyn of Kilbride were killed at Bannockburn. With them died any hope of an English victory returning this family to power.

The English dead at Bannockburn were buried with honors according to their rank. There were over 500 returned to England in exchange for ransom. And Scottish prisoners in England were returned in exchange. Robert the Bruce's wife, daughter and sister were returned. The border wars continued but from 1314 to 1328 the focus shifted to the north of England. The purpose of all the raids was to get Edward II to recognize Robert the Bruce as king of Scotland. Also for England to give up their claims to Scotland and recognize their independence. The English learned their lesson from Bannockburn. The Scots apparently didn't. In the later Battle of Dupplin Moor and Halidon Hill the same tactics that brought victory at Bannockburn brought them defeat. William Mackenzie wrote: "Never did the arms of England suffer so complete a disaster; never did the arms of Scotland repeat so remarkable a performance."

Notes

References

Other websites
Battle of Bannockburn animated battle map  by Jonathan Webb
 The National Trust for Scotland Battle of Bannockburn
 A new start for Bannockburn Heritage Center

1314
Bannockburn
History of the British Isles
14th century in Scotland
June events

Battle of Bannockburn


Olive Marie Osmond, known simply as Marie Osmond (born October 13, 1959) is an American singer, actress, and doll designer. She was born in Ogden, Utah. She is the sister of Donny Osmond. Marie was not a part of her family's singing group The Osmonds. She had some success as a solo country artist in the 1970s and 1980s. She also hosted several talk shows with her brother Donny.

Early Life
Marie was born in Ogden, Utah. She is one of nine children and the only daughter.  She was four years old when she first performed on television in the 1960s.

Music
Marie has released a total of 9 albums of mostly country and pop music. Her 1973 release of Paper Roses became a number 1 hit and started her successful career.  Her latest work released in 2015 is titled Music is Medicine.

Broadway
She stared in 2 Broadway musicals. In 1994 she played the lead in The King and I and in 1997 she played the lead in The Sound of Music.

Acting
She was co-host of the Donny and Marie show that was very popular from 1975 until 1978.  Marie acted in several made for TV movies, variety shows, situation comedy's and voiced animated characters during her career.

In 1978, she stared in the movie Goin' Coconuts.

She was part of the CBS daytime show The Talk during the 10th season.

Other work
Marie has written 3 books.  In 2007 she came in third place on the 5th season of the US version of Dancing with the Stars. From 2008 through 2019 she performed with her brother, Donny, in a musical show at the Flamingo Hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada.

Charity
Marie is the co-founder of the non-profit organization Children's Miracle Network.  It was started in 1983 and the money raised promotes children's hospitals in North America.

Personal
Marie is married to Stephen Craig and lives in Las Vegas, Nevada. She also owns a home in Ogden, Utah and one in Los Angeles, California.  She has 8 children.  She is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Other websites

1959 births
Living people
Actors from Utah
American country musicians
American television actors
Singers from Utah
People from Ogden, Utah

Marie Osmond


The Web Services Test Forum (WSTF) provides a framework in which members of the Web Service community can develop interoperability scenarios and test implementations of those scenarios against other implementations. The WSTF does not charge dues and has no central governing authority (i.e. board). The WSTF was patterned by its initial creators (BEA Systems, Fujitsu, IBM, and Oracle) after the SoapBuilders mailing list/community. While its main focus is to test the various Web Service specifications, it also serves as a forum where the entire Web Service community can share ideas and concerns in an open fashion.

Principles

The WSTF is founded on the following basic principles:

 Low barriers to participation
 the WSTF seeks to be as inclusive as possible. Consequently it does not charge dues or any other form of membership fee. All that is required to join is have the individual or organization sign a Participation Agreement.

 No centralized control
 past experience has shown that, if a subset of members is allowed to control what is and isn't tested, they tend to try and direct testing efforts towards technologies and standards that they favor and discourage testing on technologies that, for whatever reason, they do not like. In the WSTF any member is free to propose a scenario, contribute to an existing scenario, or implement a scenario as they choose.

 Interoperability by consensus
 many interoperability issues arise either because the relevant specifications simply do not cover a particular area or there are conflicting, but equally valid interpretations of a specification. The WSTF seeks to resolve such cases using a common-sense, consensus approach.

 Independent testing
 any test that requires two or more people from separate organizations to participate at the same time is inherently more expensive and complex than a test which can be conducted by one person alone. The WSTF seeks to promote and support testing that does not require the active participation of all the parties involved in the test. For example, the WSTF site provides a directory of all the implementations of a given scenario. These implementations are expected to be long-lived and remain up and working for the benefit of other WSTF members.

 Distribute testing costs
 the WSTF provides a shared testbed where the cost of testing is spread out among the members by having each implementation host their own endpoints. This removes the need for each to duplicate this effort themselves in-house.

Scenarios

Unlike other interoperability organizations, the work of the WSTF does not center around individual specifications. Activities are organized around the concept of a "Test Scenario". Scenarios are made up of three parts:

 A high-level use case that describes the problem to be solved and the constraints on that solution.
 An architecture that describes the services technologies and standards that will be used to address the problem and how they will be used.
 A set of test cases along with the artifacts (WSDL, XML Schema, etc.) necessary to implement those test cases.

Process

Once a scenario has been defined, members of the WSTF may implement it using their products or open source projects. They deploy these implementations onto publicly available systems and test interoperability with each other in a crosswise fashion. Problems and issues are discussed on the WSTF mailing lists. The scenario may need to be clarified or re-factored during this process. Once an implementation reaches a certain level of maturity, and the implementers choose to do so, the scenario and its implementations can be made visible outside the WSTF by publishing it. Whether published or not, the endpoints that provide the scenario implementations are expected to be maintained indefinitely. This allows other members of the WSTF to perform regression testing, test new implementations, verify behavior, etc. without requiring the active participation of the implementer.

The WSTF chose to keep most of their work private for a couple of reasons.  First, in an entirely public forum the members may not feel as free to bring up sensitive topics.  By signing the Participation Agreement, members agree to keep all discussions private to the group - thus allowing for a much more open and honest discussion.  Second, the members of the WSTF wanted a "WSTF Published" scenario to mean that it had broad community support.  Without a formal "Publish" step in the process it would be hard distinguish scenarios that had the community's support versus ones that were only implemented by one company.

A scenario can be published when it has five different implementations and at least two-thirds of those implementor choose to make it public. Only members of the WSTF who put up implementations/endpoints of the scenario are eligible to vote. This restriction was done to ensure that only those who "have skin in the game" are allowed to influence it. For more information on the process see the WSTF's Charter.

Regression testing of web service
Functional and non-functional web service testing is done with the help of WSDL parsing and regression testing is performed by identifying the changes made thereafter. Web service regression testing needs can be categories into three different ways, namely, changes in WSDL, changes in code, and selective re-testing of web service operations. To capture above three changes three intermediate forms of WSDL, namely, Difference WSDL (DWSDL), Unit WSDL (UWSDL), and Reduced WSDL (RWSDL), respectively can be used. These intermediate forms of WSDLs are then combined to form Combined WSDL (CWSDL) which is further used for regression testing of the web service. This will help in Automatic Web Service Change Management (AWSCM), by performing the selection of the relevant test cases to construct reduced test suite from the old test suite.

Results

The WSTF produces the following artifacts:

 The WSTF provides a directory of the endpoints that implement a scenario. The fact that these endpoints are long-lived means that you can re-check the interoperability results at any time. You also can create your own implementation of a scenario and check what you have done against any of the existing endpoints.
 Every scenario includes a set of "findings" for the scenario. These are notes that discuss what was discovered during testing including problems in the underlying specifications, possible work-arounds for problems, etc.
 A set of guidelines or best practices on how to address the business case using web services technologies.

Web services

Web Services Test Forum


David John Briggs (born 1 November 1962) is an English organist and composer.

He started his career as a cathedral organist as Assistant Organist at Hereford Cathedral before becoming the organist of Truro and Gloucester Cathedrals. Heavily influenced by Jean Langlais and Pierre Cochereau, Briggs is regarded as one of the world's finest improvisors, and now works as a concert organist. He is also a composer of choral and organ music and has transcribed many orchestral works for solo organ, as well as many of Cochereau's recorded improvisations. His daughter is the composer Kerensa Briggs.

Early life and training

Briggs was born in Bromsgrove, Worcestershire, to a musical family. His grandfather, Lawrence Briggs, had been organist at St Jude's Church, Birmingham, for over 40 years, and his parents met while playing in the Birmingham Hospitals Orchestra.

He was a chorister at St Philip's Cathedral, Birmingham, from 1970 to 1973, where he began to develop his interest in the organ. In 1973 he won a BBC Television piano competition and was awarded a music scholarship to Solihull School, where he studied piano, organ, violin and viola. He played the viola in the National Youth Orchestra from 1977 to 1981, becoming Principal Viola in his final year. From 1979 to 1981 he also served as organist at the church of St Alban the Martyr, Birmingham.

At the relatively early age of 17 he was awarded a Fellowship of the Royal College of Organists (FRCO), and from 1981 to 1984 was an organ scholar at King's College, Cambridge. In 1982 and 1983 he played during the well-known Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, heard by millions around the world He also toured Australia, New Zealand, Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany with the college choir.

In 1983 he received the Countess of Munster Award to study interpretation and improvisation with Jean Langlais in Paris, with whom he furthered in his interest in the art of improvisation by his transcriptions of the recordings of Pierre Cochereau. Transcribing the remarkable improvisations from Cochereau's cassette recordings took eleven years, and Briggs's subsequent performances and recordings of them earned him his initial acclaim.

In 1993 Briggs became the first British organist to win the Tournemire prize for improvisation at the St Albans International Organ Festival.

Cathedral organist

On leaving university, Briggs was appointed as Assistant Organist at Hereford Cathedral, where he also took over the directorship of Hereford Chamber Choir and Hereford String Orchestra.

He was appointed Organist and Master of the Choristers of Truro Cathedral in 1989, before moving to the similar post at Gloucester Cathedral in 1994. While at Gloucester he oversaw the rebuilding of the organ which included the installation of the "divided pedal". This allows the pedal board to be "split", meaning that the pedal stops sound on the lower section,and  the upper section can be set to reproduce the sound of any of the manuals. Briggs also oversaw the installation of this system on the Father Willis organ of Truro Cathedral in its rebuild in 1991. During his time at Gloucester, he conducted the Three Choirs Festival.

Upon leaving Gloucester in 2002 to pursue a freelance career as a concert organist and composer, Briggs was made Organist Emeritus at Gloucester Cathedral and was succeeded for a second time by Andrew Nethsingha.

Concert organist and composer
Considered one of the finest concert organists and improvisors of his generation, Briggs currently teaches and performs around the world. He gives regular masterclasses at the Royal Northern College of Music and Cambridge University, among others. He is also the composer of over 60 works, mostly for choir and organ.

He made his debut at the BBC Proms on 14 August 2010 as part of Bach Day, playing pieces by Johann Sebastian Bach, some originally for organ, others in arrangements, including Briggs's own arrangement of the Orchestral Suite No. 3 in D major, BWV 1068.

From 2012 to 2017, Briggs was Artist-in-Residence at the Cathedral Church of St. James in Toronto, Canada. His responsibilities included giving celebrity recitals, playing regularly at services, composing liturgical music for the Cathedral and working on the establishment of a vision for the music programme, including the design and installation of a new organ or organs and relevant acoustical enhancements.

In October 2017, he became Artist-in-Residence at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York City.

Family
Briggs has been married twice. With his first wife, Elisabeth Baker, he had two daughters: Kerensa (a composer) and Miriam (a singer-songwriter).

He moved to the United States in 2003, and the following year he married Margaret Nimocks, whom he had met at Coventry Cathedral in 1980, adopting her daughter Eloise.

Compositions

Choir and organ
 Truro Eucharist (1990), SATB and organ
 The Music Mountain (1991), SATB, Soprano and Tenor soloists and 2 organs.
 The Noble Stem of Jesse (1996), SSAATTBB, for Gloucester Cathedral choir
 When Waters Kiss One Bank (1996), SSAATTBB, for Gloucester Cathedral choir, words by John Donne
 Holy is the True Light (1997), ATB and organ, Commissioned by RSCM America
 Jubilate Deo (1998), SATB Soprano solo and organ
 O Thou Who Art Unchangeable (1999), SATB, two Soprano soloists and organ. Commissioned by Virginia Wesleyian University, USA
 Matin Responsary (1999), SSAATTBB for the Gloucester Cathedral Choir
 Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis (2000), SATB, Tenor solo and organ, Commissioned by the Hereford Three Choirs Festival 2000
 Messe pour Notre-Dame (2002), SATB and 2 Organs, commissioned by the Choir of Keynsham Parish Church, Bristol.
 The Rising (2003), SATB and Organ (based on an Old Celtic Prayer), commissioned by the Choir of Church Street United Methodist Church, Knoxville, Tennessee
 Hosanna to the Son of David (2003), SATB and Organ commissioned by the Choir of Kirk-in-the-Hills, Bloomfield Hills, MI
 When in our music God is glorified (2003), trebles and Organ (with optional Trumpet), commissioned by the Bristol Cathedral Girls Choir for their 10th anniversary
 Ave Verum Corpus (2004), SATB, commissioned by the choir of St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh
 Regina Coeli (2004), SATB, commissioned by St. Mary's Church, Moseley for their 600th Anniversary Year
 Christ's Peace, Commissioned by the Rosengren family in celebration of 35 years of marriage
 Music, SATB A setting of the poem by Walter de la Mare. Commissioned by the Britten Singers, Hereford
 Ave Maria, TTBB and organ, commissioned by the Lay Clerks of Blackburn Cathedral
 Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis 'The Truro Service' (2004), commissioned in thanksgiving for the life of John Taylour
 Caedmon's Hymn, SSAATTBB for Carlisle Cathedral Festival
 Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis for Jesus College, Cambridge (2008)
 Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis for St Davids Cathedral (2008)
 Messe pour Saint-Sulpice (2010), SATB and Organ, commissioned by the Choir of All Saints, Northampton, UK.

Choir and orchestra
 Te Deum Laudamus (1997), SATB chorus, Soprano and Tenor soloists, Full Orchestra. Three Choirs Festival Commission
 Creation (2000) SATB chorus, Soprano solo, Full Orchestra
 Te Deum Laudamus (2003), TB Choir, 2 organs, flute, oboe, 2 horns, 2 trumpets, harp and strings. Commissioned for the 150th Anniversary of St Benedict's Abbey, Subiaco, Arkansas
 Atlanta Requiem (2003), SATB, Soprano, Tenor and Bass soloists, Flute, Oboe, Trumpet, Harp, Glockenspiel, Timpani
 St John Passion (2005), SATB, Soprano, Alto, Tenor and Bass Soloists, Evangelist (tenor), Jesus (bass), organ and orchestra.  Commissioned by Kirk-in-the-Hills, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan.
 Stabat Mater (2022), SATB, organ and orchestra
 Festival of Psalms (2023), SATB, brass quitet and percussion (composed with Kerensa Briggs)

Organ
 Marche Episcopale (1999), commissioned by the Incorporated Association of Organists
 Transcription of the Improvised Fugue/Toccata on 'I Vow To Thee My Country' (2000)- improvisation by Briggs at the re-opening recital of Gloucester Cathedral organ. Commissioned by Mark Batten, Organist of the Birmingham Oratory.
 Variations on 'Veni Creator', (for Organ Duet), commissioned by Elizabeth and Raymond Chenault
 THEME AND VARIATIONS, for the Worshipful Company of Actuaries. Commissioned by Catherine Ennis, Organist at St Lawrence-Jewry, London)
 Organ Symphony on Themes from the 'Missa pro defunctiis' for Stephen Farr, Organist of Guildford Cathedral, premiered by him at St David's Cathedral on 3 June 2004
 Organ Concerto for Blackburn Cathedral. Organ, strings, harp, timpani, side drum, and glockenspiel.
 Elegy, commissioned in celebration of the 80th Birthday of Patrick Bell, Esq, Cookham Dean.
 3 Improvisations a re-construction of improvisations by American cinema organist Buddy Cole.
 Variations on 'Laudi Spirituali' (2004)
 Variations on Greensleeves (2005)
 Trio Sonata (2005)
 Fantasie (2005)
 Four Concert Etudes (2005)
 Berceuse (2006)
 Mosaique: Sonata for Organ Duet (2008)
 Sortie on In Dulci Jubilo(2008)
 Toccata for St Matthew's Day(2008)
 Hommage a Marcel Dupré (2009)
 Le Tombeau de Duruflé (2009)
 The Legend of St Nikolaus(2009)
 Chorale Variations: Lobe den Herren (2010)
 Fantasia on Mendelssohn(2010)

Organ transcriptions
 Symphony No. 2 – Gustav Mahler
 Symphony No. 3 – Gustav Mahler
 Symphony No. 5 – Gustav Mahler
 Symphony No. 6 – Gustav Mahler
 Symphony No. 8 – Gustav Mahler
 Symphony No. 1 – Edward Elgar
 Symphony No. 2 – Edward Elgar
 Symphony No. 8 – Franz Schubert
 Symphony No. 4 – Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky
 Symphony No. 7 - Anton Bruckner
 Sigurd Jorsalfar – Edvard Grieg
 Daphnis et Chloe  – Orchestral Suite No. 2 Maurice Ravel
 Symphony No. 3: Final – Camille Saint-Saëns
 Tone Poem "Death and Transfiguration" – Richard Strauss
 Pierre Cochereau transcriptions:
 Berceuse à la mémoire de Louis Vierne
 Suite de Danses Improvisees
 Triptique Symphonique
 Cantem toto la Gloria
 Variations sur 'Venez Divin Messie'
 Improvisations sur 'Alouette, gentille Alouette'
 Two Improvisations on 'La Marseillaise
 Scherzo Symphonique
 Air ('Trimazo') from Suite Française
 Gigue ('Compagnons de la Marjolaine')
 Bolero sur un theme de Charles Racquet
 Entree (Les offices du Dimanche)
 Mission Universelle (Improvisations on St Matthew's Gospel)

Other
 Fanfare for Wells (2002), for Organ, 3 Trumpets, 3 Trombones and Cymbals.  A 2-minute Fanfare (à la Marcel Dupré!') intended for use immediately before I was glad by C. Hubert H. Parry, commissioned by the Wells Cathedral Voluntary Choir, September 2002
 Chempinesca (2004), for Piano Duet, in celebration of Beryl Chempin's distinguished teaching career at the Birmingham Conservatoire.
 Dreamworld: Song Cycle (2005)

Discography
 Improvisations III (n.d.) Gloucester Cathedral, Briggs Label
 Music to rouse the spirit (n.d.) Gloucester Cathedral, Briggs label DBCD5
 Bach at Gloucester (n.d.), Gloucester Cathedral, Briggs label DBCD4
 Great European Organs No. 16 (1990), St George's Hall, Liverpool, Priory Records PRCD284
 O Come all ye faithful (1990) King's College Choir, Cambridge, Decca
 Choral Evensong from Truro Cathedral (Briggs/Henry Doughty) (1993), Truro Cathedral, Priory Records PRCD322
 The Illusionist's Art – Cochereau Transcriptions (1994), Truro Cathedral, Priory Records PRCD428
 Great Organ Transcriptions (1995), Truro Cathedral, Kevin Mayhew CD KMCD1007
 Vivaldi: Gloria (1995), St John's College Choir, Cambridge, King's College Choir, Cambridge, Decca
 Popular Organ Music Volume 2 (1996) Gloucester Cathedral, Priory Records PRCD568
 Guilmant Organ Works: Volume 4 (1997), Truro Cathedral Motette 11541
 Mahler: Symphony No. 5 (1998), Gloucester Cathedral, Priory Records PRCD649
 King of Kings – improvisation to silent movie by Cecil B. de Mille (1999) Gloucester Cathedral, Briggs label
 Organ Spectacular (1999), First Congregational Church, Los Angeles, California. Delos 3241
 Silent Night (1999) King's College Choir, Cambridge, Decca
 Improvisations II (2000) Gloucester Cathedral and The Oratory of St Philip Neri, Birmingham, Briggs Label
 Re-Opening of Gloucester Cathedral Organ (2000), Gloucester Cathedral, Briggs label
 Organ Kaleidoscope (2000), Gloucester Cathedral, Priory Records PRCD685
 Great European Organs No. 57 (2000), St John the Evangelist, Upper Norwood, London, Priory Records PRCD680.
 Two of a Kind (with Wayne Marshall) (2001), Gloucester Cathedral Herald AV Publications HAVPCD246
 Christmas Adagios (2001), various, Decca double disc
 The No. 1 Christmas Album (2001), various, Decca
 The World of Organ Transcription (2002), Gloucester Cathedral, Priory Records PRCD79
 Sounds Artistic (2002), Blackburn Cathedral, Lammas LAMM153
 Rossini: Petite Messa Solonelle (Harmonium) (2002), with Stephen Cleobury, King's College Choir, Cambridge. EMI Records.
 Simply Christmas (2003), various, Decca
 Fanfare I (2003), various, Gloucester Cathedral, Priory Records, PRCD5000
 Fanfare II (2004), various, St John's Upper Norwood, London, Priory Records PRCD5001
 Sounds French (2004), Blackburn Cathedral, Lammas LAMM164D
 Rossini: Stabat Mater (Harmonium) (2005), with Stephen Cleobury, King's College Choir, Cambridge. EMI Records.
 Handel: Coronation Anthems (2005), with Sir Philip Ledger, King's College Choir, Cambridge. EMI Records.
 David Briggs Live! (2006), Trinity Episcopal Church, Little Rock, Arkansas, Pro Organo PO7176
 Dreamworld (Briggs' Compositions) (2006)
 Requiem and Organ Concerto (2006), Blackburn Cathedral, Chestnut 002
 Messe pour Notre-Dame (2010), Gloucester Cathedral, with Stephen Layton, Trinity College Choir, Cambridge Hyperion Records 67808
 Bursts of Acclamation: Ralph Vaughan Williams – Organ music and transcriptions (2016)
 The Glory of Gloucester 'Live' in concert on the organ of Gloucester Cathedral
 Symphony No 8 – Gustav Mahler
 Symphony No 2, 'The Resurrection' – Gustav Mahler

References

External links

1962 births
English classical composers
20th-century classical composers
English classical organists
British male organists
Organ improvisers
Cathedral organists
Living people
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
People educated at Solihull School
Fellows of the Royal College of Organists
English male classical composers
20th-century English composers
21st-century organists
20th-century British male musicians
21st-century British male musicians
Male classical organists

David Briggs (English musician)


Hurricane Barry was the fourth recorded storm to make landfall at hurricane strength on the state of Louisiana in the month of July, the others being Bob in 1979, Danny in 1997, and Cindy in 2005. The second named storm and first hurricane of the annual hurricane season, Barry originated as a mesoscale convective vortex over the Midwestern United States on July 4. The system emerged into the Gulf of Mexico on July 10 and was classified as a potential tropical cyclone later that day. The system developed into a tropical storm on the next day, becoming the second named storm of the season. On July 13, Barry attained maximum 1-minute sustained winds of 75 mph (120 km/h), with a minimum central pressure of 991 millibars (29.3 inHg), becoming the first hurricane of the season. Later that day, Barry made landfall on Marsh Island and Intracoastal City, Louisiana both times as a Category 1 hurricane, subsequently weakening to tropical storm status. Late on July 15, Barry degenerated into a remnant low over northern Arkansas, before dissipating on July 19.

Storm history

The storm originated from a low pressure area inside the Midwestern USA. It tracked south, and became a broad area of low pressure which the National Hurricane Center assessed a high chance that the low could become a tropical cyclone.

A day later, on July 10, the broad low-pressure system emerged from the Florida Panhandle into Apalachee Bay in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico, attended by widespread showers and thunderstorms; concurrently, the NHC forecasted a high likelihood of tropical cyclone development within two days, noting a favorable environment and widespread convection, or thunderstorms, associated with the low.

By the morning of July 13, the thunderstorms moved closer to the center of circulation, as upper-level outflow expanded in all directions. The NHC estimated that Barry attained Category 1 hurricane status by 12:00 UTC that day, concluding that Barry was producing a small area of hurricane-force winds based on observations from the Hurricane Hunters, Doppler radar wind estimates of 75 mph (121 km/h), and recorded sustained winds of 72 mph (116 km/h) at Eugene Island oil field. Simultaneously, the storm reached its peak intensity, with a minimum central pressure of 991 millibars (29.3 inHg). At 18:00 UTC that day, Barry made landfall as a Category 1 hurricane on Intracoastal City, Louisiana, before weakening to tropical storm status. This made Barry the fourth tropical cyclone recorded making landfall as a hurricane on Louisiana in the month of July.

On July 15, the system became a low-pressure area, eventually becoming an extratropical system that brought heavy rain the Southern Ontario.

Impact
On Florida, multiple beaches were closed prior to the formation of Barry. However, some swimmers ignored the warnings and a 67 year-old man was reported to be dead. In addition, there were strong winds and thunderstorms from the disturbance that would later become Barry in the Gulf of Mexico.

Tropical Storm Barry dropped locally heavy rainfall along its path, peaking at 23.43 in (595 mm) near Ragley, Louisiana. Waterspouts were reported on Lake Pontchartrain. One tornado struck the Gentilly neighborhood in New Orleans, damaging two homes. A tide station in Amereda Pass recorded a storm surge of nearly 7 ft (2.1 m). On the southern shore of Lake Pontchartrain, storm surge exceeded 3 ft (0.91 m), while its northern shores expected tides 3 to 5 ft (0.91 to 1.52 m) above normal. Flooding also occurred on the banks of the Atchafalaya River in Morgan City, Louisiana. The Lower Dularge East Levee in Terrebonne Parish was overtopped, prompting a mandatory evacuation for nearby areas. On the afternoon of July 12, Louisiana Highway 1 south of Golden Meadow—the only thoroughfare leading out of Grand Isle and Port Fourchon—was closed after seawater began to inundate portions of the road.

As Barry moved ashore the Louisiana coast on July 13, Entergy and Cleco, the two major electricity companies in southern Louisiana, reported the loss of power to over 114,000 customers. Power lines knocked down by fallen trees in the Metairie area cut power to 5,140 electricity customers in the New Orleans metropolitan area. The most widespread power outages occurred where wind speeds were highest in Lafourche Parish and Terrebonne Parish, as well as eastern Baton Rouge; over 39,000 lost power in these areas. All electricity customers in Grand Isle lost power, and a total of 4,300 customers were affected by power outages as Barry's initial rainbands swept across coastal Louisiana.

In Southern Ontario, many highways were blocked and several cars were submerged. Unusually, the storm produced a funnel cloud in Oro-Medonte, Southern Ontario.

In Arkansas, the highest rainfall total of  was recorded. A police station was flooded and a highway was closed. Also, 20 people and more than 70 animals were rescued from floodwaters. No one died in the state.

The total damage caused by Barry is about $600 million.

Related articles
 2019 Atlantic hurricane season

Barry
Barry
Barry

Hurricane Barry (2019)


James I of Bourbon (1319 – 6 April 1362), was a French prince du sang, and the son of Louis I, Duke of Bourbon and Mary of Avesnes. He was Count of Ponthieu from 1351 to 1360, and Count of La Marche from 1341 to his death.

Hundred Years War

He took part in several campaigns of the Hundred Years War.

In June 1347 he commanded an army on the Flemish border together with the Marshal . They marched to Béthune, the chief city of north-eastern Artois, which was still in French hands, though the countryside had been overrun by the Flemish. There they gathered together most of the French border forces including the Béthune garrison, Charles de Montmorency (1325-1381) from the sector around Lille and Charles de la Cerda with most of the men from Aire and Saint-Omer. On 13 June they attacked the Flemish camp at night. However the Flemings managed to regroup and launch a counter-attack before slipping across the border.

In 1349, he was created Captain-General of Languedoc. Following the fall of Calais in 1347 a truce had been concluded, but in 1349 open warfare broke out again, the most conspicuous event of that year being Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster's raid deep into Languedoc to the walls of Toulouse. In early 1350 James was given command of an army mustering at Moissac on the borders of Agenais. This he did 22 February. There, he almost immediately entered into negotiations with Lancaster with two papal legates acting as mediators. The result was a truce, at first limited to Languedoc and the other provinces where James was Lieutenant, but in April it was extended to the rest of France.

Navarre joins the war
In 1354 he was appointed Constable of France. In January and February 1355 as Constable, he took part in planning the resumption of the war with England. However the war soon became a matter of secondary importance as the French government became embroiled in the intrigues of Charles II of Navarre. In May 1355 it became apparent that open war was about to begin between the King of France and a King of Navarre allied to England. James belonged to the party fronted by the dowager queens, Jeanne and Blanche d'Évreux, who lobbied John on Charles's behalf. In the end, John gave way and on 31 May agreed to pardon Charles.

However, by the time John II's letters reached Pamplona, the capital of Navarre, Charles and his army had already embarked with a course for the Cotentin Peninsula in Normandy. When the news reached Paris on 4 June it therefore became necessary to prepare the defences of Normandy. Two armies were formed. The largest, of which the Constable was given command, was to be stationed at Caen. He was also appointed one of three conciliators who were to meet with Charles of Navarre as soon as he landed and explain the king's new position. Charles of Navarre arrived at Cherbourg 5 July and the negotiations opened soon after. The result was the Treaty of Valognes sealed on 10 September. Included among the provisions of the treaty was that seven of Charles' walled towns and castles in Normandy should be nominally surrendered to the Constable.

War in Toulouse
In autumn 1355 the Constable was in the south where he, together with John I, Count of Armagnac, who commanded an army of local troops, and the Marshal Jean de Clermont were to defend against the expected invasion of the Edward, Prince of Wales. When the Prince of Wales struck in October it was further south than expected, in the County of Armagnac, rather than the Garonne valley. The three French commanders hurried south to Toulouse, where they prepared themselves for a siege. On 28 October the Prince crossed the Garonne and the Ariège, at places never before forded by horses, and marched north to within a few miles of Toulouse. Thinking the English might attempt to invest the city from both sides, the Constable left for Montauban to hold the crossings of the Tarn and the Garonne. Instead, the Prince continued eastward into lands previously untouched by the war and largely undefended. On 8 November he took Narbonne, but was now far away from home territory. The Constable and Armagnac followed him east and taking up camp at the town of Homps on the river Aude seem first to have intended to cut off retreat and force him to battle on their own terms. In the end, no battle took place, as the French commanders decided to withdraw west towards Toulouse.

During the English return westward serious disagreements over strategy broke out in Toulouse. During the whole campaign Armagnac had insisted on avoiding battle at all cost, concentrating on defending the principal cities and river crossings, thus abandoning the countryside to the English. This was deeply frustrating to the people of Languedoc and also resented by James who longed for action. The last opportunity to stop the English was made at the river Save, but after watching the enemy for several days Armagnac on 21 November broke the bridges across the river and withdrew north. The Prince of Wales crossed the river the next day and on 28 November was back in English held territory. The French conduct of the defence was deeply unpopular in the south and although the Constable had not agreed to Armagnac's strategy and gave the King his own eye-witness account he could not escape the blame directed against the three commanders.

On 12 November 1355, the day following Edward III of England's return to Calais, after a largely fruitless raid into Picardy, James and the Marshal Arnoul d'Audrehem were behind an abortive proposal to settle the war in single combat between the two kings.

Battle of Poitiers
Weary of political intrigues, he resigned the constableship in May 1356, but fought at the Battle of Poitiers that year where was taken prisoner by the English. His ransom was sold by Jean III de Grailly, captal de Buch and five of his companions for 25,000 écus to the Prince of Wales.  James was released by the Treaty of Brétigny. The same treaty surrendered Ponthieu to the English; but he had succeeded his brother Duke Peter of La Marche after the latter's death at Poitiers.

Death
Moreover, the peace promised by the treaty proved illusory. While the English were at peace with France, the discharged mercenary companies found new employment by ravaging the countryside and holding whole cities to ransom. Soon after his return from captivity, King John II commissioned James and Jean de Tancarville to raise an army to put down the "Free Companies" under the informal leadership of Petit Meschin before they could overrun Burgundy. Bourbon and Tancarville gathered their army at Brignais. Never dreaming that the companies would dare challenge them in the open they took few steps to secure their camp and when the companies attacked that morning of 6 April 1362 they were taken completely by surprise. In the battle that followed the governmental army was routed and James and his oldest son were mortally wounded.

Marriage and children
In 1335, he married Jeanne of Châtillon, daughter of Hugh of Châtillon, Lord of Leuze.
Their children:
 Isabelle (1340–1371), married Louis II, Viscount of Beaumont-au-Maine, in Lyon (1362); married Bouchard VII, Count of Vendôme (1364);
 Pierre II, Count of La Marche (1342–1362)
 Jean I, Count of La Marche (1344–1393), married Catherine of Vendome
 , Baron de Thury (1346–1417), married (c. 1385) Marguerite, dame de Preaux, de Dangu and de Thury.

References

Sources

Further reading

 Sumption, Jonathan, The Hundred Years War II: Trial by Fire, University of Pennsylvania Press, October 2001,

People of the Hundred Years' War
Counts of La Marche
Counts of Ponthieu
House of Bourbon
French military personnel killed in action
1319 births
1362 deaths
14th-century peers of France
French prisoners of war in the Hundred Years' War
Constables of France

James I, Count of La Marche


The intercostal muscles (intercostales interni) are a group of skeletal muscles between the ribs. These muscles help expand and shrink the size of the chest cavity to help breathing.

When breathing in, the muscles of the diaphragm contract. This pulls the diaphragm downwards, and increases the volume of the thorax. At the same time, the external intercostal muscles contract. This pulls the ribcage upwards and outwards. This also increases the volume of the thorax.

There are three main layers;
External intercostal muscles help inhalation. They pull up the ribs and bend them more open. This expands the  thoracic cavity.
Internal intercostal muscles help in forced breathing out (quiet expiration is a passive process). They depress the ribs and bend them inward. This decreases the width of the thoracic cavity.
Innermost intercostal muscle reduces thorax volume, so are also expiratory muscles.

References

Human body features
Muscles

Intercostal muscle


In Greek mythology, the Golden Fleece is the fleece of the gold-haired winged ram. It is in the story of Jason and his group of Argonauts. They set out on a quest ordered by King Pelias to get the fleece so that Jason can rightfully claim the throne of Iolcus in Thessaly.

References

Greek mythology

Golden Fleece


The Schliersee Mountains () are a part of the Mangfall Mountains in the Bavarian Prealps around the lakes of the Schliersee and the Spitzingsee. The Rotwand, at  1,884 m, is the highest and best-known summit in the group. In summer and winter it is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the Bavarian Prealps. From the valley station of the Taubenstein Cable Car, the Rotwand can be climbed in just under 1½ hours and this route is thus very busy. The longer climbs e.g. from the Leitzach valley are, by contrast, quieter.

The watershed between the lakes of Schliersee and Tegernsee crosses the mountains and forms the municipal boundary between the parishes of Rottach-Egern in the west and Schliersee in the east. The boundary summits from north to south as far as Valepp are:

Rainerkopf (1,463.3 m)
Wasserspitz (1,552 m)
Rinnerspitz (1,611 m)
Bodenschneid (1,667.3 m)
Suttenstein (1,398 m)
Stümpfling (1,506.2 m)
Roßkopf (1,579.9 m)
Rotkopf (1,602 m)
Stolzenberg (1,609.1 m)
Lämmeralpeneck (1,224 m)
Schalmeiereck (1,098 m)

References

External links
Schliersberg
Rotwand

Miesbach (district)
Bavarian Prealps
Mountain ranges of Bavaria

Schliersee Mountains


Pomeroon-Supenaam (Region 2)  is a region of Esequiban Guyana, a territory in dispute by Guyana and Venezuela. Venezuela claims the territory as part of Delta Amacuro state. The regional capital is Anna Regina.

The region is in the north of the country. It has an area of 6,195 km². As of the 2012 census, 46,810 people lived there. It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the north, the region of Essequibo Islands-West Demerara to the east, the region of Cuyuni-Mazaruni to the south and the region of Barima-Waini to the west.

Other towns include: Charity, Pickersgill, Spring Garden and Suddie.

Regions of Guyana

Pomeroon-Supenaam


In plasma physics, an upper hybrid oscillation is a mode of oscillation of a magnetized plasma. It consists of a longitudinal motion of the electrons perpendicular to the magnetic field with the dispersion relation
,
where (in cgs units)

is the electron plasma frequency, and

is the electron cyclotron frequency.

This oscillation is closely related to the plasma oscillation found in unmagnetized plasmas or parallel to the magnetic field, where the ωpe term arises from the electrostatic Coulomb restoring force and the 3k²ve,th² term arises from the restoring force of electron pressure. In the upper hybrid oscillation there is an additional restoring force due to the Lorentz force. Consider a plane wave where all perturbed quantities vary as exp(i(kx-ωt)). If the displacement in the direction of propagation is δx, then
vx = -iωδ
fy = nevxBz/c = -iω(neBz/c)δ
vy = -fy/iωnm = (eBz/mc)δ
fx = -nevyBz/c = -(nm)(eBz/mc)²δ
ax = -ωce²δ
Thus the perpendicular magnetic field effectively provides a harmonic restoring force with a frequency ωce, explaining the third term in the dispersion relation. The particle orbits (or fluid trajectories) are ellipses in the plane perpendicular to the magnetic field, elongated in the direction of propagation.

The frequency of long wavelength oscillations is a "hybrid", or mix, of the electron plasma and electron cyclotron frequencies,
ωh² = ωpe² + ωce²,
and is known as the upper hybrid frequency. There are also a lower hybrid frequency and lower hybrid oscillations.

For propagation at angles oblique to the magnetic field, two modes exist simultaneously. If the plasma frequency is higher than the cyclotron frequency, then the upper hybrid oscillation transforms continuously into the plasma oscillation. The frequency of the other mode varies between the cyclotron frequency and zero. Otherwise, the frequency of the mode related to the upper hybrid oscillation remains above the cyclotron frequency, and the mode related to the plasma oscillation remains below the plasma frequency. In particular, the frequencies are given by

See also
 Plasma oscillation
 Lower hybrid oscillation
 List of plasma (physics) articles

Waves in plasmas

To derive the dispersion relation of ion cyclotron waves in quantum plasma we use quantum plasma parameters such as fermi temperature,pressure and compensating the debroglie wavelength in quantum plasma.

Upper hybrid oscillation


Gniezno (pronounced ) is a city in central-western Poland, about 50 km east of Poznań, inhabited by about 70,000 people. It is in the Greater Poland Voivodeship. It is the administrative capital of the Gniezno County (powiat). Gniezno is a cradle of the Polish state and until 1038 was capital of Poland. In the 1000 here took place Gniezno Congress, meeting betwen duke Boleslaus I the Brave and Otto III, the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. In Gniezno Cathedral until 14th century took place royal coronations. Patron of Gniezno is Saint Adalbert of Prague.

Cities in Greater Poland Voivodeship
Former national capitals

Gniezno


Siegfried Palm (25 April 1927 – 6 June 2005) was a German cellist who is known worldwide for his interpretations of contemporary music. Many 20th-century composers like Kagel, Ligeti, Xenakis, Penderecki and Zimmermann wrote music for him. He was also Rektor of the Hochschule für Musik Köln and Intendant of the Deutsche Oper Berlin.

Biography

Siegfried Palm was born in Barmen (now Wuppertal). At the age of 8 he started to learn playing the cello from his father; later he studied with Enrico Mainardi in master classes in Salzburg and Lucerne.

He played as principal cellist in various orchestras, among others in Lübeck since 1945, in the NDR Symphony Orchestra, Hamburg under Hans Schmidt-Isserstedt since 1947, and the WDR Symphony Orchestra Cologne 1962–1968.

Siegfried Palm premiered cello concertos as well as contemporary chamber music. He was a member of the Hamann-Quartett 1951–1962. He played in a duo with the pianist Aloys Kontarsky 1962–1983, and since 1967 he was a member of the piano trio Rostal/Schröter/Palm, replacing Gaspar Cassadó. In 1962 he became teacher of a master class for violoncello at the Hochschule für Musik Köln (then called Staatliche Hochschule für Musik), and from 1972 until 1976 head of this institute.

He started teaching at the Internationale Ferienkurse für Neue Musik in Darmstadt in 1962. From 1976 until 1981 he was Intendant of the Deutsche Oper Berlin. He was president of the International Society for Contemporary Music (ISCM) 1982–1988, and president of the Deutsch-Französischer Kulturrat 1988–2000. He conducted master classes and workshops around the world, as at the Carl-Flesch-Akademie in Baden-Baden, the Banff Centre for the Arts, Canada, at the Royal Conservatory in Stockholm 1966, Dartmouth College 1969, Marlboro College several times between 1970 and 1990, the Sibelius Academy in Helsinki 1971, and in Los Angeles 1983. He also served in the juries of international competitions. Palm appeared as the music teacher Wendell Kretzschmar in the 1982 German film Doktor Faustus.

Siegfried Palm influenced the music of his century considerably, comparable to the cellists Gregor Piatigorsky and Mstislav Rostropovich. He suggested composers to write new works for his instrument, and it is partly due to him that the cello advanced to one of the most important solo instruments in contemporary music.

Siegfried Palm played a cello built 1708 by Gianbattista Grancino that Julius Klengel had played before. He died in Frechen.

Music for Siegfried Palm

Siegfried Palm premiered new music, many composers wrote new works for him, some dedicated to him, music for cello and orchestra as well as chamber music and music for cello solo. Music has included:
 Dieter Acker: Marginalien
 Sven-Erik Bäck: Ricercare p S.P. for cello
 Boris Blacher: Cello Concerto
 Hans Ulrich Engelmann: mini-music to siegfried palm
 Morton Feldman: Cello and Orchestra
 Johannes Fritsch: SUL B
 Wolfgang Fortner: Zyklus, New-Delhi-Musik
 Cristóbal Halffter: Cello Concerto
 York Höller: Pas de Deux
 Mauricio Kagel: Match for two cellists and one percussionist, Siegfriedp'
 Milko Kelemen: Changeant for cello and orchestra
 Rolf Liebermann: Essai 81
 György Ligeti: Cello Concerto
 Tilo Medek: concerto, Schattenspiele
 Krzysztof Penderecki: Sonata for cello and orchestra, Capriccio per Siegfried Palm
 Robert H.P. Platz: SCHREYAHN
 Aribert Reimann: Wolkenloses Christfest
 Wolfgang Rihm: Monodram, Fremde Szene
 Giuseppe Sinopoli: Tombeau d'Armor III

 Dimitri Terzakis: Dialog der Seele mit ihrem Schatten, Duo
 Graham Waterhouse: Three Pieces for Solo Cello
 Iannis Xenakis: Nomos Alpha
 Isang Yun: Nore, Glissées
 Winfried Zillig: Cello Concerto
 Bernd Alois Zimmermann: Cello Concerto dedicated, Canto di Speranza, sonata for cello solo, Short Studies (4) for Cello solo premiered

Discography

Numerous recordings of Siegfried Palm appeared with various labels, among others Deutsche Grammophon, EMI, Philips Classics Records and Teldec. Many of them are still available.
 Große Interpreten Neuer Musik: Siegfried Palm, Wergo.
 Intercomunicazione, Deutsche Grammophon

Other positions

 President of the ESTA (European String Teachers Association)
 President of Internationales Jugendfestspieltreffen Bayreuth
 Member of the lecturer team of the Marlboro Music School and Festival

Awards

 Deutscher Schallplattenpreis, 1969 and 1976
 Grand Prix du Disque International, 1972 and 1975
 Chevalier du Violoncelle Indiana University 1998
 Great Cross of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
 Verdienstorden des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen (Order of Merit of North Rhine-Westphalia)
 Officer of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
 Chevalier of the Ordre national du Mérite

References

Sources

 Michael Schmidt: Capriccio für Siegfried Palm. Ein Gesprächsporträt. ConBrio, Regensburg 2005,
 Studien zum Spielen neuer Musik, Edition Breitkopf 8334, Wiesbaden 1985,
 Entries to Siegfried Palm in WorldCat

External links

 Das komponierende Cello unter Anleitung des Herrn Palm, obituary by Gerhard Rohde in neue musikzeitung  (The composing Cello instructed by Mr. Palm)
 Vollblutrheinländer und Perfektionist neue musikzeitung
  Siegfried Palm with Aloys Kontarsky photo 1971 on first of two acclaimed tours of Southern Africa organised by Hans Adler

German classical cellists
1927 births
2005 deaths
Deutsche Grammophon artists
Musicians from Wuppertal
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Members of the Order of Merit of North Rhine-Westphalia
Knights of the Ordre national du Mérite
Academic staff of the Hochschule für Musik und Tanz Köln
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century German musicians
20th-century cellists

Siegfried Palm


Khmer script is the writing system used to write the Khmer (Cambodian) language. The script is an abugida. An abugida is a special type of writing system where consonants are changed to make a sound. The Khmer writing system came from other writing systems in India. It was the writing system that Thai and Lao are based on. However, Thai and Lao added tone markers to better suit their own languages, since Thai and Lao are tonal, while Khmer is not.

Letters

Consonants
Khmer has 35 consonants, but 2 of them are not used anymore. There are two categories of consonants: A-series and O-series. The A-series consonants end with an -aw sound (/ɑː/ in IPA) but the O-series consonants end with an -oh sound (/ɔː/ in IPA). For instance, ក (/kɑː/, "neck") is pronounced kaw and គ (/kɔː/, "mute") is pronounced koh. Both of them have the "k" sound but they end in different sounds because ក is A-series while គ is O-series.

One key feature that Khmer has, while Thai and Lao do not, is that consonant letters have subscript forms. Subscript forms are forms of consonant letters that are written underneath other letters. Similar to how different letters in the Latin alphabet have capital or lowercase forms that look different from each other, consonants in Khmer have standard and subscript forms. These are used to write consonant strings. For example, in the word Khmer (ខ្មែរ), the "kh + m" consonant string is written as ខ្ម. By themselves, the consonants that make up the "kh + m" cluster would be written as ខ and ម, but since the "m" consonant is the second part of a consonant string, it is written differently under the first consonant in the cluster ខ. So ្ម is the subscript form of  ម.

Vowels

Dependent Vowels
Dependent vowels must be combined with a consonant to make a sound. Different sounds are made depending on whether or not a consonant is voiced or voiceless.

For example, the A-series consonant ត is pronounced taw by itself. However, when combined with the vowel ា (which makes an -ah sound when added to an A-series consonant), it becomes តា (tah, which means "grandfather").

However, the O-series consonant ទ (pronounced like the English toe) combined with the vowel ា makes the word ទា (tee-ah) and means "duck".

Independent Vowels
There are independent vowels that do not need to be combined with a consonant. These are usually used to used to write words from Sanskrit and Pali. An example is ឧសភា (oo-sa-PEE-ah, "May"), where ឧ makes a sound like oo in boot.

Numbers
Khmer has its own way of writing numbers. The numbers in Khmer are ០១២៣៤៥៦៧៨៩. For instance, 2022 in Khmer would be ២០២២.

References

Writing systems
Khmer language

Khmer script


Euphraeus (; fl. c. 4th century BC; d. ca. 342 BC/341 BC) was a philosopher and student of Plato from the town of Oreus in northern Euboea.  He appears to have been active in politics in addition to his speculative studies, being first an adviser to Perdiccas III of Macedon and then an opponent of Philip II and his supporters in Oreus.  Information regarding his life is scant, however, and few facts about it are mentioned in more than one source.  He appears in the Fifth Letter of Plato, Demosthenes' Third Philippic, and Athenaeus' Deipnosophistae (which repeats the information about him contained in the now-lost Historical Notes by Carystius of Pergamum).

Life

None of the sources that mention him say anything about his family or early life.  Most of what is known about him involves his political activity.

Little is said about Euphraeus in the Fifth Letter of Plato beyond his aptitude for political philosophy, and the letter's authenticity has been challenged.  The letter commends Euphraeus to Perdiccas III, king of Macedon.  This story, at least, is supported by Carystius, who cites a letter supposedly by Speusippus (Plato's nephew and successor as head of the Academy) that Philip II should cease slandering Plato because he owes him his kingship, if rather backhandedly.  Plato, the story goes, sent Euphraeus to Perdiccas, Euphraeus counselled that he grant a principality to his brother Philip, and Philip's military occupation of this land enabled him to seize power following Perdiccas' death.

Carystius provides a rather comical portrait of Euphraeus's tenure with Perdiccas.  "Euphraeus for example, when staying at the court of King Perdiccas in Macedonia, lorded it as regally as the king himself, though he was of low origin and given to slander; he was so pedantic in his selection of the king's associates that nobody could share in the common mess if he did not know how to practise geometry or philosophy." Carystius attributes Euphraeus' death following the ascension of Philip to the hatred that this behavior aroused.

Demosthenes is far more sympathetic toward Euphraeus, on the other hand.  While not mentioning any viziership to Perdiccas, or any reason why the democratic party in Oreus agreed with "malicious pleasure" that he deserved his unfortunate end, Demosthenes does support the idea that Euphraeus was an active participant in politics.  He does not note any explicit connection with Plato, but does say that Euphraeus had once resided in Athens.  Demosthenes praises Euphraeus for leading the fight in Oreus against Philip's imperial designs.  According to Demosthenes, Euphraeus charged those in his city who supported Philip with treason a year before Parmenion invaded, but was himself thrown into prison as a disturber of the peace as a result.  When Oreus was taken by Philip's forces, Euphraeus committed suicide.  Demosthenes praises him effusively, comparing Euphraeus' position to his own and employing the entire story as a cautionary tale regarding the risks run by both Athens and Demosthenes himself in struggling for the good of Athens.

See also
Demosthenes
Fifth Letter (Plato)
Perdiccas III of Macedon
Philip II of Macedon

Footnotes

References
Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae
Bury, R. G., ed. (1942)  Timaeus, Critias, Cleitophon, Menexenus, Epistles.  Loeb Classical Library.  Cambridge, MA:  Harvard University Press.
Demosthenes, Third Philippic.
[Plato?], The Fifth Letter of Plato''.

Metic philosophers in Classical Athens
4th-century BC Greek philosophers
Ancient Euboeans
340s BC deaths
Old Macedonian kingdom
Students of Plato
Year of birth unknown

Euphraeus


Sir Edward Thomas ("Ted") Downes, CBE (17 June 1924 – 10 July 2009) was an English conductor, specialising in opera.

He was associated with the Royal Opera House from 1952, and with Opera Australia from 1970. He was also well known for his long working relationship with the BBC Philharmonic and for working with the Netherlands Radio Orchestra. Within the field of opera, he was particularly known as a conductor of Verdi.

He and his wife, Lady (Joan) Downes, committed assisted suicide at the Dignitas clinic in Switzerland on 10 July 2009, an event that received significant media coverage.

Early life and education
Downes was born in Birmingham, England in 1924, the son of a bank teller. He began to learn the piano and violin at age five and was also a choirboy at King Edward's School, learning the organ and becoming choir master when his voice broke at 13. He left school at the age of 14 to earn his living in a low-paid position at the City of Birmingham Gas Department.

Having spent his lunch hours studying by himself in Birmingham Central Library, he won a scholarship at the age of 16 to the University of Birmingham. Because his parents believed that a musical career was immoral, they made him leave home and he spent his university time as a fire watcher, living in the fire station, while he studied English literature and music. He began playing the horn. A scholarship to the Royal College of Music to study composition (with Ralph Vaughan Williams and R. O. Morris) and horn (with Frank Probin) followed. Only weeks after starting the course, Probin sent Downes as his deputy on a tour with the London Symphony Orchestra, which continued over the years Downes spent at the College, but on leaving the Royal College he decided that orchestral playing would not be his career. He played in the orchestra at Sadler's Wells in the opening performances of Benjamin Britten's Peter Grimes in 1945, and at Covent Garden in ballet performances (The Sleeping Beauty) in 1946, while still at the Royal College of Music. He also played for the orchestra of the San Carlo Opera Company.

After some time on the staff at the University of Aberdeen, where he conducted his first opera, Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro, Downes' pursuit of conducting was aided by a two-year Carnegie scholarship which allowed him to study with Hermann Scherchen in Zurich.

In 1955 he married Joan Weston, a dancer with the Royal Ballet. She later became a choreographer and television producer. They had two children, a son, Caractacus (born December 1967), a musician and recording engineer, and a daughter, Boudicca (born 1970), a video producer.

Conducting career
After nearly two years with Scherchen, Downes returned to England and joined the Carl Rosa Opera Company as a répétiteur. After the company's temporary closure in 1951, Downes began a long and fruitful association with the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden in 1952 with his appointment as an assistant to Rafael Kubelík. He started work as repetiteur and prompter on the same day that Joan Sutherland began with the company, his first assignment being a new Günther Rennert production of Un ballo in maschera, shortly followed as prompter for Maria Callas in her house debut in Norma with Vittorio Gui conducting. His next job was singing the role of Tristan in stage rehearsals under Barbirolli, pending the arrival Ludwig Suthaus, then teaching the local singers in Elektra.

His first conducting assignment was taking over from John Barbirolli in La bohème in Bulawayo, while at Covent Garden, it was in 1954 for Der Freischütz. Downes's first experience of conducting a new production came about by accident when the eminent elderly French conductor Désiré-Émile Inghelbrecht proved unable to hold the ensemble together, so that after the general rehearsal David Webster and the French ambassador in London persuaded Inghelbrecht to withdraw, and Downes took over from the opening night.

Downes remained a company member for 17 years, returning annually thereafter as a guest conductor before assuming the post of Associate Music Director in 1991. Downes conducted at least 950 performances of 49 operas at Covent Garden, including  Ring Cycles in 1967, 1968 and 1971.

Elsewhere, he became the Australian Opera's Music Director in 1970, conducting the first operatic performance in the Sydney Opera House in 1973, the Australian premiere of War and Peace by Sergei Prokofiev. He was Chief Conductor of the Netherlands Radio Orchestra until 1983. While Downes worked with many of the world's symphony orchestras, he enjoyed a particularly long relationship with the BBC Philharmonic (formerly the BBC Northern Symphony Orchestra), serving as its Chief Guest Conductor, then Principal Conductor, and finally as Conductor Emeritus.

Repertoire
Downes was noted for his championing of British music, and especially for Prokofiev and Verdi. He advocated the symphonies of George Lloyd (also conducting a radio performance of John Socman) and premiered works by Alan Bush, Peter Maxwell Davies and Malcolm Arnold. His passion for Prokofiev was felt in performances of both major and lesser-known Prokofiev scores throughout the world. He also conducted the UK première of War and Peace at a concert performance at Leeds Town Hall in 1967. In 1979 he completed the orchestration of a one-act Prokofiev opera, Maddalena; he conducted its first recording in 1979 and its world premiere staging in 1981.

Downes' first experience of conducting the music of Verdi came when Rafael Kubelík withdrew from a Covent Garden Otello and Downes led the opera with no rehearsal. He felt on home ground, and then championed Verdi revivals in England. He conducted 25 of Verdi's 28 operas, and devised the idea to perform all of them in time for the 2001 centenary of the composer's death. With Paul Findlay, Downes planned a Verdi festival for the Royal Opera House which would cover all Verdi's operas from 1995 to 2001, performing four each year, starting each five-week festival with a large, grand work, then a revival of a repertoire piece then rarities. The plans included using variant arias and ballets.
However, the full plans were not completed and Downes expressed regret that he had never conducted Alzira, Un giorno di regno or, especially, Les vêpres siciliennes. The conductor said: "I seemed to understand Verdi as a person. He was a peasant. He had one foot in heaven and one on the earth. And this is why he appeals to all classes of people, from those who know everything about music to those who are hearing it for the first time."

At the BBC Proms he shared the platform with Pierre Boulez for the Proms premiere of Karlheinz Stockhausen's Gruppen in 1967, and conducted the Proms premieres of Die Jakobsleiter in 1968, Boris Godunov in 1971 and The Fiery Angel in 1991, as well as public premieres of George Lloyd's Symphony No. 6 and works by Roger Smalley, Elizabeth Maconchy and Jonathan Elias.

Honours
Downes was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1986 New Year Honours, and was knighted in the 1991 Queen's Birthday Honours.

Death
Although not terminally ill, Downes had been coping with increasing deafness and near total blindness for many years. He had become almost totally dependent on his wife after his health declined following a hip replacement. Lady Downes was diagnosed with terminal pancreatic cancer that had metastasised to her liver, and given only weeks to live.

Lady Downes wrote a letter to family explaining that she had decided against treatment and that:
"All the plans that need to be made had been.
Now, I must tell you that even though I had hoped to be around a bit longer, death doesn't worry me at all.
I have no religion and, as far as I am concerned, it will be an "offswitch" so after you have thought about it a bit don't worry.
It has been a happy and interesting life and I have no regrets. I have no idea how long I will last but I send love to you all and your extensive families.
Enjoy it while it lasts.
With love to you all, Joan."

Sir Edward, aged 85, and Lady Downes, aged 74, ended their lives by assisted suicide at the Dignitas clinic in Zürich, Switzerland, on 10 July 2009. Although Joan did not want the children present, Dignitas encouraged it and "Ted and Joanie" were reported to be pleased when the time came. Their children issued a statement speaking of "serious health problems" suffered by the couple. A statement issued by the couple's children said that while Downes could have gone on living with his deafness and blindness, he did not want to do so after his wife was diagnosed with terminal cancer.

In March 2010, director of public prosecutions Keir Starmer stated that Caractacus Downes would not be prosecuted for his involvement with his parents' assisted suicide because it was not in the public interest.

References

External links
  Obituary: "Sir Edward Downes", ''The Daily Telegraph (London), 15 July 2009
 "Conductor dies in aided suicide", BBC.co.uk, July 14, 2009.. Retrieved 4 May 2012
 Alan, Blyth, "Sir Edward Downes: Leading conductor of Verdi at Covent Garden and a stalwart champion of Prokofiev",  The Guardian (London), 14 July 2009
 Charlotte Higgins and Owen Bowcott, "Sir Edward Downes and Lady Downes arrange natural finale", The Guardian (London), 14 July 2009
 Editorial: "In praise of ... Edward Downes",  The Guardian (London), 15 July 2009
 I watched as my parents faced their dignified, peaceful death – together, Boudicca Downes, The Observer (London), 19 July 2009

1924 births
2009 deaths
2009 suicides
English conductors (music)
British male conductors (music)
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
Cor anglais players
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Bachelor
Conductors (music) awarded knighthoods
Musicians from Birmingham, West Midlands
Drug-related suicides in Switzerland
Deaths by euthanasia
Joint suicides
20th-century British conductors (music)
20th-century British male musicians

Edward Downes


A corvette is a small, manageable and lightly armed war ship. During the Age of the Sail, corvettes were smaller than frigates and larger than sloops-of-war, they had normally a single gun deck. Almost all the modern navies use ships smaller than frigates for coastal duty, but not all of them use the term corvette (from the French corvair) or equivalent.

War
Ships

Corvette


The Planck mass is a small unit of mass used in physics. It is derived using an equation involving Planck's constant, the speed of light in a vacuum, and the gravitational constant. It is approximately 21.76 μg, which is about the mass of a grain of rice.

The idea was to have a definition based only on fundamental universal constants.

Physical quantity
Units of mass

Planck mass