Ernest James Haycox (October 1, 1899 – October 13, 1950) was an American writer of Western fiction.

Biography
Haycox was born in Portland, Oregon, to William James Haycox and the former Martha Burghardt on October 1, 1899. After receiving an education in the local schools of both Washington state and Oregon, he enlisted in the United States Army in 1915 and was stationed along the Mexican border in 1916. During World War I he was in Europe, and after the war he spent one year at Reed College in Portland. In 1923, Haycox graduated from the University of Oregon with a Bachelor of Arts degree in journalism, where he also started writing under professor W. F. G. Thatcher. In 1925, Haycox married Jill M. Chord, and they had two children.

He published two dozen novels and about 300 short stories, many of which appeared first in pulp magazines in the early 1920s. During the 1930s and 1940s, he was a regular contributor to Collier's Weekly from 1931 and The Saturday Evening Post from 1943. Fans of his work included Gertrude Stein and Ernest Hemingway, and the latter once wrote, "I read The Saturday Evening Post whenever it has a serial by Ernest Haycox."

His story "Stage to Lordsburg" (1937) was made into the movie Stagecoach (1939), directed by John Ford and featuring John Wayne in the role that made him a star. The novel Trouble Shooter (1936), originally serialized in Collier's, was the basis for the movie Union Pacific (1939), directed by Cecil B. DeMille, starring Barbara Stanwyck and Joel McCrea. Haycox wrote the screenplay for Montana (1950), directed by Ray Enright, which stars Alexis Smith and Errol Flynn.

Haycox died after unsuccessful cancer surgery in 1950, twelve days after his 51st birthday, in Portland. In 2005, the Western Writers of America voted Haycox one of the 24 best Western authors of the Twentieth Century.

Burnt Creek stories
While living in New York Haycox wrote his first series of interconnected stories set in Burnt Creek, a town in central Oregon.

Stories set during the American Revolution
From 1924 through 1926, Haycox lived in New York City, and he became deeply interested in the American Revolution. Haycox made several trips to battlefields in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, and Massachusetts and wrote eight stories and two novelettes set during that era. After publishing one of these stories, Haycox received a letter from a reader stating that Haycox did not describe the uniforms of the soldiers correctly. Haycox promptly purchased a book on the Revolutionary era military uniforms. After his move back to Oregon in 1926, Haycox concentrated on Westerns, and he precisely researched the military uniforms of eras he wrote about.

New Hope stories
Appearing in Collier's between 1933 and 1938, these stories are set in New Hope, a trading town on the Missouri River in the 1880s. Many of these stories are told in the first person, a device Haycox used about a dozen times during his writing career.

Serial and historical novels
Beginning in the mid-1930s, Haycox began to write novels and a few stories which are based on historical events. The first of these was Trouble Shooter (1936), followed by The Border Trumpet (1939), Alder Gulch (1942) and Bugles in the Afternoon (1943). Trouble Shooter, according to Haycox' son, Ernest Haycox, Jr. was based upon Charles Sharman's journal of his experiences as a civil engineer constructing the Union Pacific Railroad to Promontory Point in 1869.
"His narrative provided my father with a good deal of background and color though, except for the incident of the unhorsed Indian, few useful specifics. Trouble Shooter told the story of Frank Peace, nominally a (civil) engineer working with (Samuel) Reed but mostly (Grenville) Dodge's hired gun on the line. As such, Peace was frequently confined to those iniquitous siding towns, of which Sharman knew little. The novel first appeared in serial form in Collier's magazine in 1936 and was the basis of the Cecil B. DeMille motion picture epic Union Pacific, released in 1939." Wilcox, Jr., 2001
At the same time as these novels were written, Haycox continued to write novels and short stories which had an ambiance and milieu of the West but which were not based on specific events or places. Somewhere in between these two kinds of novels is Trail Town, which is based on Abilene, Kansas, and Marshal Tom Smith, but which is nonetheless a work of fiction, where Abilene becomes River Bend and Tom Smith becomes Dan Mitchell. Haycox did write a story set in Abilene with Sheriff Tom Smith as a character called On Texas Street. Haycox's historical novels are the ones which Professors Etulain and Tanner write most about in their essays and books about Haycox, but Luke Short preferred Haycox's non-historical novels: "My favorite Haycox yarns don't lean on a known time or place…. In these stories, I suspect Haycox made his own geography, named his own towns and mountains and rivers; he peopled them with tough abrasive characters whose only law was their self will."

Unpublished novel and story
Haycox wrote National Beauty in 1939 about a woman in Oregon who wins beauty contests, and goes to Hollywood, but is not successful in the movie industry.  Collier's declined this novel, and the manuscript apparently was destroyed, as it was not included in the preserved Ernest Haycox Papers.  Collier's also rejected the story "Boyhood."

Land Rush stories
Starting in 1940 Haycox published five stories in Collier's about settlers in a town named Ingrid.  The stories are "Some Were Brave" (1940) (later retitled "Land Rush"), "Dark Land Waiting" (1940), "The Claim Jumpers" (1940), "Faithfully, Judith" (1942), and "Deep Winter" (1943).  A sixth story, "Early Fall," was one of Haycox's rare rejections.

Two novels concurrently serialized
Haycox was one of the most successful writers in the slick magazine market of the 1940s. In 1943 Collier's and The Saturday Evening Post serialized two different Haycox novels at the same time.  Collier's serialized The Wild Bunch beginning on August 28, 1943, and continued on September 4, 1943, September 11, 1943, September 18, 1943,
September 25, 1943 and concluded on October 2, 1943.  The Saturday Evening Post serialized Bugles in the Afternoon beginning on August 21, 1943 and continued August 28, 1943, September 4, 1943, September 11, 1943, September 18, 1943, September 25, 1943, October 2, 1943, and concluded on October 9, 1943.

The Mercy Family stories
At the end of 1948 through the beginning of 1949 Haycox published three stories, one in Collier's and two in The Saturday Evening Post, featuring the Mercy family. These stories are Haycox's "tribute to the pioneer mother."

Quotations
"No sensible man watches his feet hit ground. He looks ahead to see what kind of ground they'll hit next." – Pioneer Loves. Call This Land Home

Selected works
Note: Many of Haycox's novels and stories have been published under more than one title. The list below shows the titles used for the original publications.

Novels

 Free Grass (1928)
 Chaffee of Roaring Hors (1929)
 Whispering Range (1931)
 Starlight Rider (1933)
 Riders West (1934)
 Rough Air (1934)
 The Silver Desert (1935)
 Trail Smoke (1936)
 Trouble Shooter (1936)
 Deep West (1937)
 Sundown Jim (1937)
 Man in the Saddle (1938)
 The Border Trumpet (1939)
 Saddle and Ride (1940)
 Rim of the Desert (1940)
 Trail Town (1941)
 Alder Gulch (1942)
 Action by Night (1943)
 The Wild Bunch (1943)
 Bugles in the Afternoon (1943—serialized in The Saturday Evening Post—Haycox's debut in that publication)
 Canyon Passage (1945)
 Long Storm (1946)
 Head of the Mountain (1952)
 The Earthbreakers (1952)
 The Adventurers (1954)

Short stories and novellas

1920s
 "The Trap Lifters" (1922)
 "The Coolie Catcher" (1923)
 "A Burnt Creek Yuletide" (1924—A Burnt Creek story)
 "The Ditch to Freedom" (1924)
 "Budd Dabbles in Homesteads" (1924—A Burnt Creek story)
 "When Money Went to His Head" (1924—A Burnt Creek story)
 "Stubborn People" (1924—A Burnt Creek story)
 "A Wooing in the Wilds" (1925)
 "Prairie Yule" (1925—A Burnt Creek story)
 "Red Knives" (1925—Set in the Ohio River Valley during the American Revolution)
 "Light of the West" (1926)
 "A Battle Piece" (1926—Set during the American Revolution)
 "Frontier Blood" (1926)
 "False Face" (1926—A Burnt Creek story)
 "Rockbound Honesty" (1926—A Burnt Creek story)
 "The Code" (1926)
 "The Timberline Fugitive" (1927)
 "The Gun-Shot Path" (1927)
 "Winds of Rebellion" (1927—Set during the American Revolution)
 "Drums Roll" (1927—Set during the American Revolution)
 "Deserter at Valley Forge" (1927—Set during the American Revolution)
 "Under Western Skies" (1927)
 "The Belle of Sevensticks" (1927)
 "A Rider of the High Mesa" (1927)
 "A New Deal in Sevensticks" (1927)
 "One Night in Blackfoot" (1927)
 "The Man From Montana" (1927)
 "Bound South" (1928-A Breedlove-Bowers story)
 "Starlight and Gunflame" (1928)
 "The Octopus of Pilgrim Valley" (1928)
 "The Desert Eye" (1928)
 "Secret River" (1928)
 "A Municipal Feud" (1928-A Breedlove-Bowers story)
 "The Sheriff of Crooked Rib" (1928)
 "The Grim Canyon" (1928)
 "Guns Up!" (1928)
 "Sevensticks Gambler" (1928)
 "Contention—Two Miles Ahead (1929-A Breedlove-Bowers story)
 "The Bandit from Paloma County" (1929)
 "Renegade Law" (1929)
 "Brand Fires on the Ridge" (1929)
 "The Return of a Fighter" (1929)
 "Fighting Man" (1929)
 "Invitation by Bullet" (1929-A Breedlove-Bowers story)
 "Discovery Gulch" (1929)
 "Night Raid" (1929-A Breedlove-Bowers story)
 "Wild Horse Lode" (1929)
 "The Trail of the Barefoot Pony (1929-A Breedlove-Bowers story)
 "Five Hard Men" (1929-A Breedlove-Bowers story)
 "By Rope and Lead" (1929)--a Peach Murgatroyd story, not collected in the short story collection of the same name.  Collected in Powder Smoke and Other Stories.
1930s
 "The Killers" (1930-A Breedlove-Bowers story)
 "Pistol Gap" (1930)
 "Son of the West" (1930)
 "Dolorosa, Here I Come" (1931—first appearance in Collier's)
 "Crossfire" (1931)
 "Manhunt" (1931)
 "The Gun Singer" (1931)
 "Old Tough Heart" (1931)
 "Ride Out!" (1931)
 "Smoke Talk" (1931)
 "McQuestion Rides" (1931)
 "The Feudists" (1932)
 "The Fighting Call" (1932)
 "The Roaring Hour" (1932)
 "Hang Up My Gun" (1932)
 "Blizzard Camp" (1932)
 "The Kid From River Red" (1932)
 "Found Out" (1932)
 "Breed of the Frontier" (1932)
 "Farewell, Laramie, Farewell!" (1932)
 "Their Own Lights" (1933—a New Hope story)
 "The Decision" (1933)
 "At Wolf Creek Tavern" (1933)
 "The Hour of Fury" (1933—a New Hope story)
 "Gambler's Heart" (1933)
 "Odd Chance" (1933)
 "Their Own Lights" (1933—aka "Episode −1880–" a New Hope Story)
 "Second-Money Man" (1933)
 "Smoky Pass" (1934) (A revised version of this serial was published as Riders West, by Doubleday Doran, not as Rough Air as is sometimes claimed.)
 "Pride" (1934)
 "The Man with Smoke Gray Eyes(1934—a New Hope story)
 "High Wind" (1935)
 "Way Up the Bozeman" (1935)
 "Make Me Believe" (1935)
 "Against the Mob" (1935—a New Hope story)
 "Once and for All (1935—a New Hope story)
 "Born to Conquer" (1936—from 1936 to 1942 Haycox's stories and novels appeared in Collier's)
 "The Stranger" (1936)
 "Proud People" (1936—a New Hope story)
 "Woman Hungry" (1937)
 "Stage to Lordsburg" (1937)
 "Free Land" (1937)
 "Scout Detail" (1938-a Military story)
 "This Woman and This Man" (1938-not a Western story.)
 "Down the River" (1938—a New Hope story)
 "A Man Needs an Answer" (1938)
 "An Interval in Youth" (1938—a New Hope story)
 "Blizzard" (1939)
 "Fourth Son" (1939)
 "The Long Years" (1939)
 "A Girl Must Wait" (1939-not a Western story.)
1940s and later
 "The Drifter" (1940)(Collier's title for Haycox's novel The Rim of the Desert)
 "The Silver Saddle" (1940)
 "Change of Station" (1940)
 "Room 515" (1940)
 "On Don Jaime Street" (1940)
 "Some Were Brave" (1940) (Later retitled "Land Rush" the first of the Land Rush stories.
 "Dark Land Waiting" (1940) (The second Land Rush story.)
 "The Claim Jumpers" (1940) (The third Land Rush story.)
 "Weight of Command" (1940-a military story)
 "Martinet" (1941-a military story)
 "The Quarrel" (1941)
 "Dispatch for the General" (1942-a military story)
 "Second Choice" (1942)
 "Faithfully, Judith" (1942) (The fourth Land Rush story.)
 "Always Remember" (1942)
 "A Young Man's Fancy" (1942)
 "Skirmish at Dry Fork" (1942)
 "Time of Change" (1942)
 "The Colonel's Choice" (1942-a military story)
 "Deep Winter" (1943) (The fifth Land Rush story.)
 "Paycheck" (1943)
 "Only the Best" (1943)
 "From the Tuality" (1943)
 "At Anselm's" (1944)
 "Departure" (1946)
 "Snow in the Canyon" (1948)
 "Mrs. Benson" (1948)
 "Custom of the Country" (1948)
 "Dead-Man Trail" (1948)
 "Night of Parting" (1948)
 "Cry Deep, Cry Still" (Collier's November 28, 1948)--Story features the Mercy family.
 "Call This Land Home" (Saturday Evening Post December 4, 1948)--Story features the Mercy family.
 "Things Remembered" (1949)
 "Violent Interlude" (Saturday Evening Post February 26. 1949)--Story features the Mercy family.
 "Outlaw's Reckoning" (1949)
 "The Land That Women Hate" (1949)
 "The Inscrutable Man" (1951)

Story and novella collections

 Outlaw (1939)
 Murder on the Frontier (1942—These stories appeared in Collier's from June 1931 to February 1942.)
 Pioneer Loves (1948)
 Prairie Guns (1949)
 The Last Rodeo (1949)
 Rough Justice (1950)
 By Rope and Lead (1951)
 Rawhide Range (1952—Collects ten stories first published in Collier's between 1939 and 1949.)
 Vengeance Trail (1955)
 Winds of Rebellion (1955—Collects Haycox's Revolutionary War stories.)
 Gun Talk (1956—Collects six pulp stories published in Short Stories Magazine between 1927 and 1933.)
 Brand Fires on the Ridge (1959)
 The Feudists (1960)
 Best Western Stories (1960 edition published by Bantam collects Rough Justice, By Rope and Lead, Pioneer Loves & Murder on the Frontier. 1975 edition published by Signet collects only Rough Justice &  & Murder on the Frontier.)
 The Man From Montana (1964—Collects 11 stories.)
 Outlaw Guns (1964)
 Sixgun Duo (1965)
 Trigger Trio (1966)
 Powder Smoke and Other Stories (1966)
 Guns of Fury (1967)
 Starlight and Gunflame (1973)
 Frontier Blood (1974)
 Burnt Creek: A Frontier Duo (1996—Collects Haycox's Burnt Creek stories and "Red Knives" a story set in the Ohio Valley)
 New Hope (1998—Collects—The Roaring Hour—The Kid from Red River—The Hour of Fury—Haycox's New Hope Stories)

Nonfiction
 "A Persistent Writer's Success," The Writer, September 1922

Filmography
 Union Pacific (1939), based on Trouble Shooter (1936)
 Stagecoach (1939), based on the short story "Stage to Lordsburg" (1937)
 Sundown Jim (1942), based on Sundown Jim (1937)
 Apache Trail (1942), based on the short story "Stage Station" (1939)
 Abilene Town (1946), based on Trail Town (1941)
 Canyon Passage (1946), based on Canyon Passage (1945)
 Man in the Saddle (1952), based on Man in the Saddle (1938)
 Apache War Smoke (1952), based on the short story "Stage Station" (1939)
 Bugles in the Afternoon (1952), based on Bugles in the Afternoon (1943)
 The Far Country (1954), based partially on Alder Gulch (1942)
 Stagecoach'' (1966), based on the short story "Stage to Lordsburg" (1937)

References

External links

 Under Western Skies: Ernest Haycox and the West in Fiction and Film an exhibit at the University of Oregon Libraries
  Best Westerns of the 20th Century as selected by the Western Writers of America
 Guide to the Ernest Haycox Papers, 1922–1974, housed at the University of Oregon Libraries, from the Northwest Digital Archives

 Radio program Escape's 137th episode "Wild Jack Rhett" written by Ernest Haycox. Original air date: Dec 17, 1950 Download or Listen

1899 births
1950 deaths
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American short story writers
American male novelists
American male short story writers
American military personnel of World War I
Novelists from Oregon
Reed College alumni
University of Oregon alumni
Western (genre) writers
Writers from Portland, Oregon

Ernest Haycox


Girl Talk is a magazine in Britain. Immediate Media Company publishes the magazine, which is nationally distributed. The target audience are girls from the ages of 7 to 12.

History and profile
Girl Talk was started in 1995. According to the U.K. magazine distribution website: Girl Talk is placed under the children's category and is dubbed as a magazine that has "…got all the latest gossip about your favorite celebrities, fascinating features on the things that are important to you and brilliant posters for your wall." It also states that Girl Talk distributes twenty six issues per year. The magazine is the U.K.`s oldest publication for girls in the 7-12 age group and is edited by Bea Appleby. Appleby has recently suggested that she would like the magazine to make a positive difference in the lives of girls, while still being appealing to young girls' attraction to gendered interests such as celebrity culture and beauty. In order to endorse female strength and intelligence, the magazine promotes its five messages in every issue which are as follows:
• I will love myself the way I am
• By working hard I know I can achieve great things
• I will accept others for who they are
• I will have confidence to stand up for my friends and other girls
• I believe girls are equal to boys.

2014 rebrand
In 2014, Bea explained to The Telegraph that she is attempting to respond to overtly sexualized pop culture that has influenced young girls to view their sexuality and appearance as important parts of their identity. The fact that their readers had voted in a recent questionnaire that it is more important for them to feel `pretty` as opposed to anything else including options such as `brave` or `clever` sparked Bea`s interest in incorporating new material along with what they already promote. While she admits that magazine's such as Girl Talk include topics like celebrity gossip and beauty tips, she also attempts to take responsibility and introduce changes to encourage young girls not to limit themselves to traditionally female roles and sexist ideals. To do so, she says that although the publication will continue to provide readers with what they are used to, they will also introduce new topics that are intellectually stimulating. The changes, including interviewing a scientist, and discussing world issues such as the Taliban, will promote the idea that…."being pretty and famous isn't everything." The magazine will also be introducing a  `Girls Are Amazing`` Campaign for the same reasons.

Website
Girl Talk has its own interactive website designed in various shades of pink and decorated with hearts, with some outlining done in bright yellow. The subheading categories include: "Home, Win, Fun, Gossip, Cringe, Games, Videos and Girl Talk Art." Girl Talk Art links to another publication under the Girl Talk category, which is marketed towards girls who are more interested in creative endeavors with an emphasis on art, rather than celebrity gossip and popular culture. There is an option for users to subscribe to an email list, which will then have them receive an email newsletter biweekly with information that will appear in the next issue. The site contains gossip about celebrities, television shows, contests, and videos from the editors and writers.

References

External links

1995 establishments in the United Kingdom
BBC publications
Children's magazines published in the United Kingdom
Fashion magazines published in the United Kingdom
Women's magazines published in the United Kingdom
Entertainment magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1995

Girl Talk (magazine)


Walter Mummery (born September 10, 1893, date of death unknown) was a professional ice hockey player. He played for the Quebec Bulldogs from 1914 until 1917. His brother Harry also played professional hockey.

Playing career
Born in Chicago, Illinois, United States, the Mummery family moved to Brandon, Manitoba. In 1913, Walter joined the Brandon Wheat Cities of the Manitoba Hockey League. The next season, 1914–15, Walter joined the Quebec Bulldogs of the National Hockey Association (NHA), where he played until the end of the 1916–17 NHA season. The following year, the Quebec club did not operate in the new National Hockey League (NHL) and Mummery was assigned to the Montreal Canadiens. Mummery was loaned to the Montreal Wanderers in December 1917, but did not play a game for the Wanderers either. Before Mummery played a game, the Wanderers arena burned down. Mummery did not play pro hockey until 1919–20, when he joined Edmonton of the Big 4 League for one season. By then, Quebec was operating in the NHL and his rights were assigned to Quebec but he did not return.

1893 births
Ice hockey people from Brandon, Manitoba
Quebec Bulldogs (NHA) players
Year of death unknown

Walter Mummery


The one-child policy (or family planning policy) was a policy introduced in the People's Republic of China in the year 1979. Mao Zedong had thought that a bigger population resulted in a stronger country, but of course, they faced a lot more problems. China had gone above carrying capacity and there were not enough resources, such as food, water and only 7% of their land was for farming. for everyone. After the Second World War, the Chinese population grew quickly. In September of 1980, the one-child policy was introduced. The policy was introduced to control population growth and declares that Chinese families should only have one child. There are a few exceptions to this rule.

Beyond the exceptions, if a couple wanted to have more than one child, they must pay money to the government. In some places in China, couples were able to get a permit so they would not have to pay the fee. Because most families would not be able to afford the fee, women were often forced to have an abortion. There were punishments for those who had a second child. However, if the first child were to be a female, the couple could try to have a second child, in hopes of a male child. Since it was started in 1979, the policy has prevented 400 million births from happening. About 36% of the Chinese population is affected by the rule. The policy does not apply in some areas, such as Hong Kong, Macau or Tibet.

After more than 30 years of the one-child policy, China started to face a population ageing problem. And as the Chinese economy developed rapidly in recent years, the workforce also became tight. In 2015, it was decided that the one-child policy was to be removed and instead allowed couples to have two children for the first time in thirty years. Effective from January 2016, the one-child policy was replaced by a two-child policy, allowing each couple to have two children.

Even before the policy was introduced, China took many steps to encourage families to have fewer children. These steps included messages preaching the importance of family planning. There was one such of these messages that was a sign put up in Tang Shan that read, 'For a prosperous and powerful nation and a happy family, please use birth planning'. There were also incentives and rewards for those who only had one child, which continued through the one-child policy. Some of these included access to government services, better employment opportunities, higher wages, longer maternity leave, quality childcare, and better housing.

As of August 2021, the two child policy increased to three children. This is because of the decline in China's population

References

Population

Law of the People's Republic of China

One-child policy


An acid-base reaction is a chemical reaction between an acid and a base. The products of such a reaction are a salt and water. This reaction may also regarded as neutralization reaction.

The reaction can be simplified to
(aq) + (aq) →
The other ions remain constant because they are not affected by the reaction. They are called spectator ions.

Acids and oxides
An example of an acid-oxide reaction is sulfuric acid and copper(II) oxide reacting to form copper sulfate and water:

H2SO4 + CuO —> CuSO4 + H2O

Another example of an acid-oxide reaction is nitric acid reacting with sodium oxide to form sodium nitrate and water:

2 HNO3 + Na2O —> 2 NaNO3 + H2O

The general equation is:

acid + oxide = salt + water

Acids and hydroxides
This is one of the more common acid-base reactions. This reaction is one of the few processes to make sodium chloride using hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide:

HCl + NaOH —> NaCl + H2O

Acids and carbonates
An acid can also react with a carbonate, which is a relatively weak base. An example is
acetic acid reacting with calcium carbonate to form calcium acetate, carbon dioxide and water:

 2 CH3COOH + CaCO3 —> Ca(CH3COO)2 + CO2 + H2O

The products of an acid-carbonate reaction is a soluble salt, carbon dioxide and water.

Chemical reactions
Acids

Acid–base reaction


The southern blue whiting (Micromesistius australis) is a codfish of the genus Micromesistius, found in the southern oceans with temperatures between 3 and 7 °C, at depths of 50 to 900 m. Its length is commonly between 30 and 60 cm, with a maximum length of 90 cm. Maximum weight is at least 1350 g.

A related species, the blue whiting, Micromesistius poutassou, occurs in the Northern Hemisphere.

In Canada, according to Canadian Food Inspection Agency regulations and the list of acceptable fish species names, "Micromesistius australis" (or southern blue whiting) can also be referred to as blue cod. This well-known species is part of the family Gadidae and is a very versatile fish.  It is most commonly filleted and served breaded or battered, but it is also well-suited to pan frying, oven baking and steaming.  It has flaky white fillets and mild flavor with broad appeal to children and adults alike.

The two disjunct populations are:
 M. a. australis occurs around the Falkland Islands and Argentine Patagonia in the southwest Atlantic, off Chile in the southeast Pacific, and off South Georgia, South Shetland and South Orkney Islands.
 M. a. pallidus occurs around the South Island of New Zealand. Some evidence indicates southern blue whiting in this area may actually comprise multiple stocks.

Most of the southern blue whiting catch comes from New Zealand's Bounty Platform and Campbell Island Rise given the large numbers there. They are harvested mainly by mid-water and semi-pelagic trawl.

New Zealand southern blue whiting were the first blue whiting fisheries in the world to gain Marine Stewardship Council certification, the 'gold standard' for sustainable fisheries performance.

References

Further reading

 Tony Ayling & Geoffrey Cox, Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of New Zealand, (William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1982)
  Canadian Food Inspection Agency http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/fssa/fispoi/product/comnome.shtm

southern blue whiting
Fish of the South Island
Western South American coastal fauna
Southeastern South American coastal fauna
southern blue whiting
Taxa named by John Roxborough Norman
Fauna of Temperate South America

Southern blue whiting


Kilifarevo ( ) is a small town in central northern Bulgaria, administratively part of Veliko Tarnovo Municipality, Veliko Tarnovo Province. Previously a village, it was proclaimed a town in 1973.

History
Ruins and remains are proof of the presence of civilization in the neighbouring area since the times of the Thracians. A fortress which guarded a pass through the Balkan Mountains existed nearby during the Roman Empire. During the Second Bulgarian Empire and more precisely the rule of Ivan Alexander (1331–1371), Kilifarevo was a centre of literary activity and the site of Theodosius of Tarnovo's school and monastery, founded in 1350, which actively promoted the spiritual practice of hesychasm.

Upon Bulgaria's conquest by the Ottoman Empire, the monastery was besieged, captured and razed by the invading Ottomans. It was later reconstructed and still exists today. During the Ottoman rule, Kilifarevo was the birthplace of Velcho Atanasov the Glazier, who organized the Velchova zavera (Велчова завера), an unsuccessful uprising against the Ottomans, in 1835.

Kilifarevo has a cultural centre (chitalishte), founded in 1884 and called Napredak ("Progress"), and a museum of local history, which occupies an old house. There are two Eastern Orthodox churches, St Archangel Michael and Dormition of the Mother of God.

Namesakes
Kilifarevo Island in Aitcho Islands in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Kilifarevo.

Gallery

References

External links
 Website on the history of Kilifarevo
 Kilifarevo Monastery at Pravoslavieto.com
 Kilifarevo Monastery at BulgarianMonastery.com
 Kilifarevo

Towns in Bulgaria
Populated places in Veliko Tarnovo Province
Places associated with hesychasm
Eastern Orthodox monasteries in Bulgaria

Kilifarevo


International trade is trade between different countries, also known as importing and exporting goods. Businesses in one country will then buy (import) or sell (export) goods to the businesses in other countries. Alternatively, the government of a country will sometimes directly buy from (or sell to) the government of another country.

Governments have sometimes forbidden or more often restricted international trade. When import of goods affects the prices of those same goods in the receiving country, that country's government may pass special laws to regulate the trading. They may then try to use protectionist methods such as high tariffs to discourage import. As a form of punishment or political pressure, some countries may impose economic sanctions, or embargoes that prevent trading altogether with a target country.

To promote relations, countries may agree to trade with each other without protectionism. This is called "free trade". Free trade reduces trade barriers in exporting items. Free trade is generally supported by fiscal conservatives; trade-protectionism is generally supported by economic nationalist and leftist parties.

Economics
Trade
Conservatism

International trade


Bruce Graham Trigger  (June 18, 1937 – December 1, 2006) was a Canadian archaeologist, anthropologist, and ethnohistorian. He was appointed the James McGill Professor at McGill University in 2001.

Life
Born in Preston, Ontario (now part of Cambridge), Trigger obtained his undergraduate education at the University of Toronto earning a B.A. in anthropology in 1959.
Trigger received a doctorate in archaeology from Yale University in 1964. He was taught by George Peter Murdock and Benjamin Irving Rouse. He was co-supervised by William Kelly Simpson and Michael D. Coe. He became friends with K. C. Chang, a Chinese archaeologist, who joined the department during his final year of his PhD. His doctoral work was funded by a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship Award. His PhD thesis, entitled "History and Settlement of Lower Nubia," argued that four principle parameters determined the density of Nubia over 4,000 years: the height of floods, agricultural techniques, foreign trade and wars. He spent the following year teaching at Northwestern University and subsequently took a position as assistant professor, with the Department of Anthropology at McGill University in Montreal, and remained there for the rest of his career. He was married to Dr Barbara Welch, a British geographer trained in Physical Geography, who, despite being less-known than her husband, was considered an equally sophisticated thinker.

Pamela Jane Smith writes in her obituary of Bruce Trigger that "It is little known outside Canada that Bruce had a deep and profound influence on the development of archaeology in his homeland and is seen as one of the great Canadian intellectuals along with Harold Innis, Northrop Frye and Marshall McLuhan."

Contributions
Bruce Trigger contributed to a wide range of fields and wrote on many aspects of archaeology. He published over 20 books including the book "A History of Archaeological Thought" which became required reading in the discipline. Leo Klejn (2008:4, (Lev Samuilovich Klejn, known as Leo Klejn, who was an internationally acclaimed Russian archaeologist) who corresponded with him for a considerable period of time wrote of him "Since then I always felt (and said) that if there were another archaeologist in the world whose positions were the most similar to mine, it would be Bruce Trigger." He described (2008:4) Bruce and his contributions after his death as: "Today no other scholar is able to skillfully embrace the whole multifaceted range of activities of this modest and calm man. There must have been something unique about his spirit or personality that inspired and equipped him to deal creatively with American Indians, Ancient Egypt, world civilizations and the theory and history of archaeology, and it is interesting to try to understand some of the principles underlying his explorations of these very different themes."

Archaeological fieldwork
During his doctoral degree at Yale he was also the Chief Archaeologist for the 1962 Yale/Pennsylvania excavations at Armina
West in Egyptian Nubia. These excavations were directed by William Kelly Simpson. Bruce was also the Staff Archaeologist with the 1963-1964 Oriental Institute Sudan Expedition for the UNESCO campaign.

Ethnohistory
He was arguably best known for The Children of Aataentsic, his two-volume study of the Huron peoples, a work which remains the definitive study on the history and ethnography of that people.  The Children of Aataentsic earned Trigger numerous accolades, including adoption by the Huron-Wendat Nation as an honorary member.  Trigger would later reiterate some of the key arguments of the book in Natives and Newcomers, a polemical work aimed at educating laypeople.  In Natives and Newcomers Trigger, writing in the tradition of Franz Boas, argued that the colonial and Aboriginal societies of early Canada all possessed rich and complex social and cultural systems, and that there are no grounds to argue that any society of early Canada was superior to the others.

History of archaeology
Trigger's book A History of Archaeological Thought investigates the history of the development of theory and archaeology as a discipline. The first version was published by Cambridge University Press in 1989. This book was described as "the first ever to examine the history of archaeological thought from medieval times to the present in world-wide perspective" A second and expanded edition of this book was published in 2006. The second book "introduces new archaeological perspectives and concerns. At once stimulating and even-handed, it places the development of archaeological thought and theory throughout within a broad social and intellectual framework."

He published a number of articles on this topic:

 Trigger, Bruce Graham 1981 Anglo‐American Archaeology World Archaeology 13(2: Regional traditions of archaeological research 1): 138–155.
 Trigger, Bruce Graham 1983 American Archaeology as Native History: A Review Essay. The William and Mary Quarterly 40(3): 413–452.
 Trigger, Bruce Graham 1984 Archaeology at the Crossroads: What's New? Annual Review of Anthropology 13: 275–300.
 Trigger, Bruce Graham 1984 Alternative Archaeologies: Nationalist, Colonialist, Imperialist. Man New Series, 19(2): 355–370.
 Trigger, Bruce Graham 1986 Prospects for a World Archaeology. World Archaeology 18(1) Perspectives in World Archaeology: 1–20.
 Trigger, Bruce Graham 1994 Ethnicity: An Appropriate Concept for Archaeology. Fennoscandia Archaeologica XI: 100–103.
 Trigger, Bruce Graham 1995 Expanding Middle Range Theory. Antiquity 69: 449–458.
 Trigger, Bruce Graham 1998 'The Loss of Innocence' in Historical Perspective. Antiquity 72(277): 694–698.

Archaeological theory
In Understanding Early Civilizations: A Comparative Study Trigger uses an integrated theoretical approach to look at the meaning of similarities and differences in the formation of complex societies in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, Shang of China, Aztecs and Classic Maya of Mesoamerica, Inka of the Andes, and Yoruba of Africa.  In 2004 a session at the Society for American Archaeology (SAA) conference was dedicated to the research of Bruce Trigger.

Trigger also made significant contributions to theory and debates on epistemological issues within archaeology.  The 2003 book "Artifacts and Ideas" is a collection of previously published papers that trace the history and development of these contributions.

In particular were his arguments about how the social and political contexts of research affect archaeological interpretation.  One essay entitled "Archaeology and the Image of the American Indian" documents how archaeological interpretation reflected and legitimated stereotypes of Native American peoples and expressed the dominant political ideas and interests of Euro-American culture.  For example, prior to 1914 Euro-American stereotypes resulted in a prehistory that saw native cultures as being primitive and inherently static.  It was commonly believed that Native Americans had not undergone any significant developmental changes and that they were incapable of change.  It was believed that natives had arrived in the Americas only recently, and this "fact" explained their alleged lack of cultural development.  Some early Euro-American archaeologists explained away the contrary evidence of earthwork mounds as the creations of "more enlightened" non-native peoples who had been exterminated by Native American savages.  These popular beliefs, supported by the claims of early archaeologists, served to legitimate the displacement of native peoples from their homelands. John Wesley Powell, who led the debunking of the mound builder myths, not coincidentally also recognized that great injustices had been perpetuated against Native American peoples.  Although Trigger recognized that Euro-American political interests tended to influence and distort interpretations of the archaeological record, he also argued that the accumulation of evidence served to correct these distortions.

Honours and awards
He received a number of academic awards and numerous other honours such as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada from 1976, he became a recipient of their Innis-Gérin Medal in 1985. In 1979 he was awarded the Cornplanter Medal. In 1991, he was recipient of the Québec Government's Prix Léon-Gérin. The Québec Government in 2001 made him an Officer of the National Order of Quebec while five years later, in 2005, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada.

His most cherished honour was his adoption in 1989 into the Great Turtle Clan of the Wendat (Huron) Confederacy, with the name Nyemea.

Trigger died of cancer on December 1, 2006. His archive is kept at the McGill University Archives.

Selected bibliography
 History and Settlement in Lower Nubia. New Haven: Yale University Publications in Anthropology, 1965.
 The Late Nubian Settlement at Arminna West. New Haven: Publications of the Pennsylvania-Yale Expedition to Egypt, 1965.
 Beyond History: The Methods of Prehistory. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968.
 The Huron: Farmers of the North. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1969, revised edition, 1990.
 The Impact of Europeans on Huronia. Toronto: The Copp Clark Publishing Company, 1969.
 The Meroitic Funerary Inscriptions from Arminna West. New Haven: Publications of the Pennsylvania-Yale Expedition to Egypt, 1970.
 (with J.F. Pendergast) Cartier's Hochelaga and the Dawson Site. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1972.
 The Children of Aataentsic: A History of the Huron People to 1660. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1976.
 Nubia Under the Pharaohs. London: Thames and Hudson, 1976.
 Time and Traditions: Essays in Archaeological Interpretation. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1978 (U.S. edition New York: Columbia University Press).
 Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 15. Northeast, Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1978.
 Time and Traditions: Essays in Archaeological Interpretation. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1978.
 Gordon Childe: Revolutions in Archaeology. London: Thames and Hudson, 1980.
 (with B.J. Kemp, D. O'Connor, and A.B. Lloyd) Ancient Egypt: A Social History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
 Natives and Newcomers: Canada's "Heroic Age" Revisited. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1985.
 A History of Archaeological Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
 Early Civilizations: Ancient Egypt in Context. New York: Columbia, 1993.
 The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas [vol. I]. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
 Sociocultural Evolution: Calculation and Contingency. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998.
 Artifacts and Ideas: Essays in Archaeology. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2003.
 Understanding Early Civilizations: A Comparative Study. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
 A History of Archaeological Thought. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

References

Trigger, Bruce G.
2003  Artifacts and Ideas, Essays in Archaeology. Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, NJ.
Trigger, Bruce G.
2003 (1980) Archaeology and the Image of the American Indian. In Artifacts and Ideas. Originally published in American Antiquity 45:662-676.
Williamson, Ronald F. and Michael S. Bisson (eds)
2006 The Archaeology of Bruce Trigger: Theoretical Empiricism. McGill-Queens's University Press, Montréal.

External links
 Bruce Graham Trigger at The Canadian Encyclopedia
 Bruce Trigger Fonds McGill University Library & Archives.

1937 births
2006 deaths
Canadian archaeologists
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Officers of the National Order of Quebec
Officers of the Order of Canada
People from Cambridge, Ontario
Academic staff of McGill University
Deaths from cancer in Quebec
Canadian male non-fiction writers
20th-century Canadian historians
20th-century archaeologists
Writers from the Regional Municipality of Waterloo
Recipients of the Prix Léon-Gérin

Bruce Trigger


Carshalton is a suburb of London.

Muschamp Primary School
Muschamp primary school is an eco school because it recycles, and also waters the plants.  On the roof of the school, there are solar panels which turn off the lights in order to save energy. This means they are sustainable energy. All of the classes at the school are named after capital cities, for example Nairobi, Kampala, Valletta.

History of Carshalton
Carshalton was first called Cressalton. In the middle ages, most of the land in the village was farmland. Each farmer would own several land strips according to their wealth. In the early 17th century, there were only three mills along the river. Carshalton was also known for its springs which gave the place its name.

Things to do
There are many things to do in Carshalton like going to the Cryer Theatre and watching theatre shows. Also you can go to Grove Park and feed ducks. The David Weir leisure centre has lots of exciting things to do like gymnastics, a track, and soft play.

Parks in Carshalton
In Carshalton Park there are lots of different wildlife for example, foxes, squirrels, ducks and birds.

Carshalton Park has a pond with lots of ducks that you can feed them bread and it's  also by a road. It has lots of grass and lots of ponds.

Westcroft Leisure Centre
 There are a variety of clubs to choose from including swimming lessons and gym clubs
 There is a café where you can enjoy food and drinks whilst watching the swimmers
 Annually there are swimming galas.
 Parties/discos
 There are two swimming pools
 There is a deep pool
 There is a baby pool
 You can schedule a birthday

London Borough of Sutton

Carshalton


The Jurassic Coast is a stretch of  coast in south-west England. It is between Orcombe Point near Exmouth in East Devon and Old Harry Rocks near Swanage in East Dorset. This is 96 miles long (154 km).

It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Its entire length can be walked on the South West Coast Path.

Major fossil finds
Some of the greatest fossil discoveries were made in this area.
The first ichthyosaur skeleton
The first plesiosaur
The first pterosaur outside Germany
These finds were by Mary Anning in the first part of the 19th century. This area was home to Mary, a collector who searched for fossils of the coastline around Lyme Regis and discovered several complete Ichthyosaur fossils.

Geology

The Jurassic Coast is made of Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous cliffs, spanning 185 million years of geological history.

The site contains a number of special features and shows different landforms, including the natural arch at Durdle Door, the cove and limestone folding at Lulworth Cove and an island, the Isle of Portland.

Chesil Beach (or Chesil Bank) is one of England's three shingle (gravel) beaches. It is a barrier beach which runs parallel to the coastline and connects to Portland Bill (see photo). Between the barrier and the regular coastline is a lagoon.

Golden Cap is the highest place on the south coast of England. It is  high.

Sequence of rocks
This section notes the main rocks found on the coast, starting with the lowest (earliest).

Blue Lias

The Blue Lias is a geologic formation in the Jurassic Coast and parts of south Wales. It is part of the Lias Group.

The Blue Lias consists of a sequence of limestone and shale layers. It was laid down in late Triassic and early Jurassic times, between 195 and 200 million years ago. The Blue Lias is famous for its fossils, especially ammonites. Also found were remains of a number of dinosaurs, and the pterosaur Dimorphodon.

The Blue Lias alternates between limestone, (with some clay), and mudstone.

Gateway towns
These are special towns that are related to the Jurassic Coast:
 Weymouth
 West Bay
 Abbotsbury
 Bridport
 Budleigh Salterton
 Charmouth — Charmouth Heritage Coast Centre
 Exmouth
 Lulworth
 Lyme Regis
 Seaton
 Sidmouth
 Swanage

Pretty much the same rocks can be seen near the Yorkshire coast near Hull (Kingston upon Hull) in Yorkshire near the Humber Estuary. Also the Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks can be followed into northern France.

Gallery

Related pages
List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom

References

Other websites

 Jurassic Coast official website
 The South West Coast Path National Trail
 Jurassic Coast UNESCO World Heritage site datasheet

Devon
Dorset
South West England
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Lagerstätten
Archaeological sites in England

Jurassic Coast


William Osgood Aydelotte (September 1, 1910 – January 17, 1996) was an American historian focused on the British Parliament, a pioneer in applying the statistics to historical research.

Aydelotte was one of the first historians elected to the National Academy of Sciences. The New York Times called him "an authority on British history".
The National Academies Press called him "A leading figure in the development of social science history in the United States". Aydelotte served as the chairman of the University of Iowa history department.

Early life and education
Aydelotte was born in Bloomington, Indiana, the only child of Marie Jeanette Osgood and Franklin Ridgeway Aydelotte. He graduated from Harvard College in 1931, and a received doctoral degree from Cambridge University in 1934.

Career
Aydelotte was the chairman of the University of Iowa history department from 1947 to 1959 and from 1965 to 1968. He retired in 1978. He was married to Myrtle Aydelotte, former nursing school dean at Iowa, from 1956 until his death.

Notable works
 Bismarck and British Colonial Policy: The Problem of South West Africa, 1883-1885 (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1937; 2d edition, Russell & Russell, 1970)
 The History of Parliamentary Behavior (Princeton University Press, 1977.)
 Quantification in History (Addison-Wesley, 1971)

References

External links
Allan G. Bogue and Gilbert White, "William Osgood Aydelotte", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (1998)
 The William O. Aydelotte Papers are housed at the University of Iowa Special Collections & University Archives.

1910 births
1996 deaths
Harvard College alumni
Honorary Members of the Order of the British Empire
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Writers from Bloomington, Indiana
Writers from Iowa City, Iowa
Princeton University faculty
Smith College faculty
Trinity College (Connecticut) faculty
University of Iowa faculty
20th-century American historians
American male non-fiction writers
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
20th-century American male writers
Historians from Iowa

William O. Aydelotte


Timothy Leslie "Tommy" Boyd (born 14 December 1952) is a British radio presenter.

Television
From 1977 to 1980, Boyd was co-presenter of the ITV children's magazine programme Magpie replacing Douglas Rae. In 1981, he presented What's Happening?, a news quiz. He also presented the Saturday TV-am show Wide Awake Club from 1986–1990, and its Sunday spin-off WAC Extra, throughout the 1980s.  In 1982, he joined the cast of Jigsaw, including Janet Ellis, Sylvester McCoy and David Rappaport. Boyd also hosted Children's BBC programme called Puzzle Trail.

Between 1982 and 1984, Boyd fronted Central Television's Saturday morning kids TV show The Saturday Show alongside Isla St Clair, and followed this with Saturday Starship in 1985 (co-presented by Bonnie Langford). He was the host of CITV between 1991 and 1993. In 1993 and 1994, Boyd worked on The Children's Channel, a satellite television channel. In 1997, Boyd presented the TV programme MLB on Five.

Radio

During the late 1970s, he hosted the Saturday morning radio show Jellybone, aimed at children, on LBC radio in London. The show featured items such as a phone-in news quiz, and a segment where group or club members – such as bus spotters – were invited into the studio to discuss their hobby, and to take part in the Jellybone Jury, reviewing and scoring the latest record releases. He later hosted the weekend Nightline phone-in programme, replacing Jeremy Beadle as host on Sunday nights in June 1980. The programme is remembered for its mystery guest segment, where a famous person would come in and put on a fake voice and listeners would call in and guess who it was – Roy Castle once featured and "talked" only by playing his trombone.  For his Nightline show Boyd was awarded the Royal Variety Club Radio Personality of the Year. He returned to children's radio on LBC with a Sunday afternoon programme called Lazily Stacey, named after a fictional detective he had invented.  He later co-presented the breakfast show with Anne Diamond, before finally leaving the station in 1999.

During the late 1980s, Boyd was a radio presenter on the ILR station Southern Sound on the late Sunday evening show along with Nicky Keig-Shevlin and David Legg. The format of the show was phone-in/quiz style with the occasional record thrown in – "Two Little Boys" by Rolf Harris and "Narcissus" by Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band being two that featured regularly. Boyd signed off each show by playing "What a Wonderful World" by Louis Armstrong.

On BBC Radio 5 Live he presented the weekday afternoon show between 14:00 and 17:00, which consisted of sport and music.

He was a radio presenter on the British AM station Talk Radio (later talkSPORT) from its inception in February 1995 until November 1998, when he lost his job in a reshuffle at the station after it was taken over by a consortium led by former Sun newspaper editor Kelvin MacKenzie. It was during this tenure that Boyd consolidated his reputation for being controversial. Broadcasting at first from 15:00 to 19:00, the format of the show would involve Boyd making a proposition (e.g. "Save a life ... Humiliate a sunbather" or "Who needs their legs?") and engaging in a frequently heated debate. Less argumentative strands of the show would also see the emergence of "The Angry Hour" and "The Wonderful Hour", the latter of which would always take place during the final hour of the Friday show.

In January 2000, Talk Radio was relaunched as talkSPORT, but with part of its schedules being retained for talk and non-sport phone in. After covering for absent presenters on several occasions, Boyd took up a permanent position in April 2000. In May, he began an experiment on his Sunday night slot whereby calls would go straight to air unscreened. This later evolved into The Human Zoo. Boyd presented the show with Asher Gould. This style of programme came to light again in May 2006 when LBC presenter Iain Lee started a show called Triple M, expanded from a half-hour section of his regular show using this format. Boyd also hosted a professional wrestling radio show on talkSPORT called Talk Wrestling. The show's success prompted him to investigate re-introducing wrestling as a mainstream entertainment in the UK. He hired Crystal Palace and put on one of the biggest UK-run wrestling shows in recent years, including the future WWE heavyweight champion, Eddie Guerrero. Boyd was sacked from talkSPORT in March 2002 after failing to use the profanity delay to "dump" a caller's remarks that the British Royal Family should be shot.

In early 2004, Boyd joined BBC Southern Counties Radio, where he presented a Saturday night show (with a live internet feed) from 21:00 to 01:00 with co-presenter Allison Ferns. It was here that the zoo format was resurrected along with the more controversial aspects of the Talk Radio days. On the occasions when Ferns was absent, cover would come in the guises of Lisa Francesca Nand, Alyson Mead, and, on the New Year's Eve show in 2005, Boyd's wife, Jayne. From April 2006 to December 2007 Boyd presented a daily afternoon show from 1pm to 4pm, Monday to Friday. Several popular elements from the past resurfaced, such as "The Angry Hour", "The Irritable Hour", and once again on the final hour of the Friday show "The Wonderful Hour".

From August 2007, Boyd co-presented a Sunday night show on Play Radio UK, an internet radio station. In January 2008 he moved to Original 106 FM where he hosted the weekday breakfast show until September, before returning to Play Radio UK broadcasting a general talk and phone in show weekday late nights and via podcast, billed as "Global News Talk".

Boyd provided summer cover for Jon Gaunt on the Sun Talk, an internet-based radio station, and for a week in September 2009 he filled in for Steve Berry on 106.1 Rock Radio Manchester's Breakfast Show. In 2009 he launched a company called Digital Sport Radio, which makes radio for major sporting clubs and brands. He makes it clear that he is still keen on the talk radio concept, stating "I'm still hopeful that we'll get a proper Talk service in the UK before I go fully senile."

On 19 May 2017, Boyd returned to British talk station Talkradio for a one-off show, covering for Iain Lee. Over the following weeks he went on to fill various other time slots on the station in lieu of the usual presenters.

On 5 February 2023, Boyd returned to radio with a Sunday night show on Brighton's Regency Radio from 10:00 PM until 1:00 AM. He is joined by former Southern Sound presenters Nicky Keig-Shevlin and David Legge.

References

External links
 * The Wiseman Tommy Boyd's Show "The Wiseman" at Mansize Radio (as of July 2015)

1952 births
Living people
British radio personalities
British radio DJs
Professional wrestling executives
Alumni of the University of Sussex
People from Ashford, Surrey
Butlins Redcoats
LBC radio presenters

Tommy Boyd


Carlos Enrique Castillo Peraza (Mérida, Yucatán, April 17, 1947 – Bonn, Germany, September 8, 2000) was an intellectual, journalist and Mexican politician, member of the National Action Party (PAN) of which he was the 15th President from 1993 to 1996.

Carlos Castillo Peraza was a lawyer in the University of Fribourg, Switzerland, was a collaborator and contributor of many newspapers of the country and began as journalist in El Diario de Yucatán. From 1967 he became a member of the PAN and occupied an ample variety of positions in his local and national structure. During their management as National President of the PAN, their nearer collaborators were Jesus Galván Muñoz, ex-president Felipe Calderón, Enrique Caballero and Luis Correa Mena.

In 1980 and 1988, he was candidate to Governor of Yucatán and in 1984 to Municipal President of Mérida, he was elect Federal Deputy to the LIV Legislature and National President of the PAN and in 1997 he became a candidate of the Head of Government of the Federal District and being third in the elections, when finishing this process moved away officially of the policy and resigned to its active militancy in the PAN dedicating itself to academic activities until his death.

In 2007 he was awarded (post mortem) the Belisario Domínguez Medal of Honor.

See also
National Action Party

External links
 Biography of Carlos Castillo Peraza in the official website of PAN

1947 births
2000 deaths
Mexican male writers
Mexican democracy activists
Politicians from Yucatán (state)
Writers from Yucatán (state)
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
National Action Party (Mexico) politicians
People from Mérida, Yucatán
Recipients of the Belisario Domínguez Medal of Honor
Presidents of the National Action Party (Mexico)
University of Fribourg alumni

Carlos Castillo Peraza


John Alexander Graves III (August 6, 1920 – July 31, 2013) was an American writer known for his book  Goodbye to a River.

Biography

Early life
As a child growing up in Fort Worth and at his grandfather's ranch in Cuero, Graves was keenly interested in the landscape around him.  He graduated from Rice Institute (now Rice University) in 1942.  He subsequently served as a captain in the Marine Corps during World War II, until being wounded by a Japanese grenade on the island of Saipan.  After the war, he went to graduate school at Columbia University, receiving his master's degree in 1948.  While still at Columbia, in 1947, he published the short story "Quarry" in The New Yorker; he continued to publish fiction in magazines through the 1950s.

Adult life
Following an early marriage and divorce, he traveled widely, spending considerable time in Spain and the Canary Islands, but returned to Texas in 1957 to care for his father, who was gravely ill. According to the Southwestern Writers Collection, which holds many of Graves's papers, "In November of that year, Graves completed a three-week canoe trip down part of the Brazos River that he feared was about to be changed forever by dams.  His narrative chronicle of the trip was first published as a magazine article in Holiday, and later Graves added history, philosophy and folklore which resulted in his first major book, Goodbye to a River (1960). The book attracted national attention and critical praise for its original style. It won the Carr P. Collins Award of the Texas Institute of Letters in 1961 and was nominated for a National Book Award that year."

In 1970, Graves and his family moved onto a property near Glen Rose, Texas that Graves had named Hard Scrabble.  His writing about the farm and country life continued, with Hard Scrabble: Observations on a Patch of Land, published in 1974, and From a Limestone Ledge (1980). The latter, which collected essays that Graves had published in Texas Monthly magazine, was also nominated for a National Book Award.

Graves continued to write about the environment and about Texas. On July 31, 2013, he died at his home near Glen Rose, Texas, at the age of 92.

Further reading

Goodbye to a River, 1960
Hard Scrabble, 1974
From a Limestone Ledge, 1980
Blue & Some Other Dogs, 1981
A John Graves Reader, 1995
The Last Running, 1999
Texas Rivers, 2002
Texas Hill Country, 2003
Myself and Strangers, 2004
My Dogs and Guns, 2007

Archival sources

 The John Graves Papers 1920-2006 (49 linear feet) are housed at the Wittliff Collections, Texas State University in San Marcos.

References

John Graves, Writer,   (excerpt at )

American male writers
Columbia University alumni
Writers from Fort Worth, Texas
Rice University alumni
2013 deaths
1920 births
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
People from Glen Rose, Texas
People from Cuero, Texas
United States Marine Corps officers
Military personnel from Texas

John Graves (author)


Billa Flint (February 9, 1805 – June 15, 1894) was a businessman and political figure in Ontario. He was a Liberal member of the Senate of Canada from 1867 to 1894.

He was born in Elizabethtown (later Brockville) in Upper Canada and dropped out of school after six weeks to work for his father as a clerk. In 1829, unhappy with the sale of liquor at his father's hotel, he moved to Belleville and set up his own business there. In the same year, he also founded a temperance society there. In 1836, he was appointed magistrate and also became president of the Board of Police. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada in 1847 for Hastings and, in 1854, for Hastings South. In 1863, he was elected to the Legislative Council for Trent division and served until Confederation when he was appointed to the Senate. In 1866, he served as mayor of Belleville. He served over 20 years on the council for Hastings County and was warden for the county in 1873.

His business had expanded from the sale of goods into the harvesting and sale of timber and the operation of warehouses and wharfs for storing and transporting goods. He also established towns along the Skootamatta River, with mills and factories, at Troy (later Actinolite) and Flint's Mills (now Flinton). He purchased mills at York Mills, later named Bancroft after his wife's mother's maiden name. Her name was Elizabeth Ann Clement (née Bancroft). He also helped promote steamships on Lake Ontario and railway links in the region. Although forceful and opinionated, he also donated land for schools and churches.

He died at Ottawa in 1894, while serving as member of the Senate.

Flint wrote a series of articles about the early days of Belleville which were published in the newspapers of the time.

External links
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
Hastings County Historical Society

1805 births
1894 deaths
Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from Canada West
Members of the Legislative Council of the Province of Canada
Canadian senators from Ontario
Liberal Party of Canada senators
People from Brockville
Canadian magistrates

Billa Flint


Nath Sect (Nath Sampradaya in Hindi) is a religious sect under the "Shaiva sect" of Hinduism. Believed to be started with the origin of mythical god & incarnation of God Shiva "Dattatrey". Dattatrey is believed to be the founder or the "Aadi Guru" (first teacher) Nath sect. The Nath sect is a tradition which indulge and practice many types of magical traditions like Tantras (sorcery), Mantras (spells), Siddha (yoga) etc. It is believed that the Gorakhnath was also the saint from this clan. He added many new traditions into this tradition like Siddha Yoga. Naths are also associated with "Naga Sadhus" believed to be the saints of highest ranks though Naths have the highest prominence in the Saints hierarchy which is to be known around the whole India in hindu religious community. Gorakhnath (believed to be the last in Nath sect) himself was a incarnation of Shiva with many powers and the knowledge of wide ranges of bewitchment, mesmerism, spells, spellbinding, sorcery. Presently these types of practices are common mainly in Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. Someone who masters this type of practices can also be called a "Tantrik".

Hinduism

Nath


John William Moore (June 9, 1877 – December 11, 1941) was a U.S. Representative from Kentucky.

Born in Morgantown, Kentucky, Moore attended the public schools and completed a commercial course at Bryant and Stratton College at Louisville in 1897.
He became a clerk with the Morgantown Deposit Bank in 1898.
He engaged in the timber business 1899-1919.
Cashier for the Morgantown Deposit Bank 1920-1925.

Moore was elected as a Democrat to the Sixty-ninth Congress in a special election, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of United States Representative Robert Y. Thomas, Jr. and reelected to the succeeding Congress (December 26, 1925 – March 3, 1929).
He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the Seventy-first Congress in 1928.

Moore was elected as a Democrat to the Seventy-first Congress in a special election, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of United States Representative Charles W. Roark, and reelected to the succeeding Congress (June 1, 1929 – March 3, 1933).
He was not a candidate for renomination to the Seventy-third Congress in 1932.
He resumed his former business pursuits.
He was employed in the Federal Housing Administration at Washington, D.C., as an assistant comptroller 1935-1941.
He died in Washington, D.C., December 11, 1941.
He was interred in Morgantown Cemetery, Morgantown, Kentucky.

References

1877 births
1941 deaths
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Kentucky
People from Morgantown, Kentucky

John William Moore


George Arthur Probert, Jr. (March 5, 1927 – January 10, 2015) was an American jazz clarinetist, soprano saxophonist, and bandleader active principally on the Dixieland jazz revival circuit. He was born in Los Angeles.

Probert was an autodidact on his instruments. He played with Bob Scobey (1950–53) and then with Kid Ory's Creole Jazz Band. Between 1954 and 1969, he played in the Firehouse Five Plus Two Dixieland revival band, an ensemble formed by animators from Walt Disney Studios, and recorded with Disney composer George Bruns in 1957 and again in 1968. Probert led his own bands from 1973, touring America and Europe, especially The Netherlands. In 1997 Probert toured in England, Germany & the Netherlands with Big Bill Bissonnette's International Jazz Band; an all-star group which also featured Anthony "Tuba Fats" Lacen of New Orleans & British pianist Pat Hawes. He also worked as a television and movie music editor. He died on January 10, 2015, in Monrovia, California.

Discography
Siren Songs (Jazz Crusade, 1995)
By George! It's Probert in England (Jazz Crusade, 1995)
In the Gutter Big Bill Bissonnette's International Jazz Band (Jazz Crusade, 1997)
Big Bill Bissonnette & His International Jazz Band Vol. 1 & 2 (Jazz Crusade, 1997)
George Probert's Second Story Jazz Band (Jazzology, 2000)

References

External links
Scott Yanow, [ George Probert] at Allmusic
"George Probert". Grove Jazz online.

American jazz bandleaders
American jazz saxophonists
American male saxophonists
American jazz clarinetists
Jazz musicians from California
1927 births
2015 deaths
Firehouse Five Plus Two members
American male jazz musicians
20th-century American saxophonists

George Probert


In the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand, a betting shop is a shop away from a racecourse ("off-course") where one can legally place bets in person with a licensed bookmaker. Most shops are part of chains, including William Hill, Ladbrokes, or Coral. In Australia and New Zealand, they are operated by totalisator agencies. In the United States post PASPA, brands like DraftKings, FanDuel and William Hill have a presence. Betting shops include America's Betshop and Betfred.

Scale
In 2016, there were around 9,000 betting shops located in the UK. The number of shops grew rapidly in the 21st century. One street in Newham has the largest number of bookmakers concentrated in one place: 18 on the street and about 80 in a local zone. However, in 2020, during the coronavirus crisis, many betting shops closed permanently.

Legislation
Off-course betting was illegal until the Betting and Gaming Act 1960 was introduced, although bets could be placed at a racecourse ("on-course") on any event, not just the races being held at that course. Credit betting by post or telephone was legal because of a loophole in the law of "resorting to a house for the purpose of betting" was taken to mean physically resorting to the house rather than simply communicating with someone there.

Gambling in the United Kingdom is common and not regarded necessarily as a vice but a "little flutter on the gee-gees", but there are strict controls on where and how a bet can be placed (they may not be placed in pubs, for example). The Gambling Act 2005 covers those controls, and the Gambling Commission oversees them.

Until 2005, it was illegal to advertise on the outside of the shop any offer of odds, and most had blank windows. The Gambling Act 2005 relaxed the rules a little, but most betting shops still have covered windows, much like sex shops; it is illegal to allow people from outside to see inside.

Facilities
At a betting shop, typically there will be noticeboards listing the racing form for the day's horse racing from trade issues of the Racing Post or a similar equestrian publication.

Most betting shops now offer free tea and coffee to attract punters. They usually have large televisions covering all the events, like an American sports bar. Until 1986 they were not allowed to have live broadcast coverage, but the bookmaker often had a small portable television or transistor radio hidden behind the counter. Because punters could not see or hear live coverage, some bookmakers deceived punters by claiming a different result from the actual one, or could otherwise alter the declared starting price. This changed in 1986, and Satellite Information Services was formed to screen live races to betting shops. Greyhound races are now timed to the second on the feed pictures, since a scam that intercepted and slightly delayed the broadcast feed for greyhound races, which typically last less than two minutes. By delaying the feed slightly, an accomplice on-course who had already seen the result could communicate by telephone with one in a betting shop off-course, who would bet on a racing certainty.

The larger chains also operate at sports grounds, where bets are placed using pre-printed betting slips. Winnings from bets placed at these facilities can then usually be collected on site, by post or from one of the high street branches.

Fixed-odds betting terminals
In 2013–2014 there was significant controversy with more betting shops springing up on High streets in the United Kingdom, encouraging poor people to gamble, especially to play fixed odds betting terminals. Betting shops are strictly regulated in the number of machines they can have and the payout they can provide. On 27 April 2014, the Government announced proposals to give local authorities more power to limit the number and form of betting shops in their jurisdictions.

A £2 stake limit was introduced for FOBTs in 2019.

See also
 Gambling in the United Kingdom
 Tipster
 Bookmaker

References

Bookmakers
Gambling in the United Kingdom

Betting shop


The Great Glen  is a series of glens in Scotland. It runs 100 kilometres from Inverness on the Moray Firth to Fort William at the head of Loch Linnhe.

The Great Glen follows a large geological fault known as the Great Glen Fault. It bisects the Scottish Highlands into the Grampian Mountains to the southeast and the Northwest Highlands to the northwest.

The Glen is a natural travelling route in the Highlands of Scotland. It is used by both the Caledonian Canal and the A82 road, which link the city of Inverness on the east coast with Fort William on the West.

Geography and social history
It was important in controlling the Highland Scottish clans, particularly in the Jacobite uprisings of the 18th century. This is recognised by the towns of Fort William (population ~10,000) in the south, Fort Augustus (popln. 600+) in the middle of the Glen, and Fort George (to this day an army barracks), just to the north of Inverness. These settlements were built by the British Army to control the Highlands in the 17th/18th centuries.

Fort William is now a significant town. Despite the difficult terrain, Fort William has rail connection with Glasgow in the south and Mallaig on the north-west coast. It is a tourism centre. The Caledonian Canal connects it with Inverness.

Much of the Glen is taken up with a series of lochs, with rivers connecting them. The Caledonian Canal also uses the lochs as part of the route, but the rivers are not navigable.

From northeast to southwest, the natural water features along the Great Glen are:

 River Ness
 Loch Dochfour
 Loch Ness
 River Oich
 Loch Oich
 Loch Lochy
 River Lochy
 Loch Linnhe

The watershed, or water-divide, lies between Loch Oich and Loch Lochy. Loch Linnhe to the south of Fort William is a sea-loch into which both the River Lochy and Caledonian Canal emerge. At the north end, the River Ness empties into the Moray Firth.

Great Glen Fault

The Great Glen Fault is a long strike-slip fault that runs through its namesake the Great Glen in Scotland. The fault is actually much longer, and over 400 million years old. It extends in both directions beyond mainland Scotland.

Position
Aligned northeast to southwest, the Great Glen Fault extends further southwest in a straight line into northwestern Ireland, directly through Lough Foyle, Donegal Bay and Clew Bay.

To the northeast the fault continues, before becoming obscured by the effects of Mesozoic rifting to the north of Shetland.

The fault continues on the North American side of the North Atlantic Ocean, but is no longer part of a continuous fault. The complete fault was broken when the Mid-Atlantic Ridge formed 200 million years ago.

The North American side of the fault runs the length of northwestern Newfoundland, Canada, and on into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It is at least 300 miles (480 km) long.

History
The Great Glen Fault has a long history of movements. It formed towards the end of the Caledonian orogeny (mountain building). It was caused by the collision of tectonic plates at the end of the Silurian period. The rifting continued into the early Devonian. The fault first happened about 430–390 million years ago.

The second main phase of movement was during the Carboniferous. The exact timing is uncertain. Folds in Devonian rocks are cut by members of the Upper Carboniferous to Lower Permian dyke swarm. The Great Glen Fault had its final phase of movement during the Upper Cretaceous to early Tertiary. The displacement (of one side compared to the other) is about 64 miles (104 km).

Weathering along the fault zone during Quaternary glaciation formed the famous Loch Ness.

The fault is mostly inactive today, but occasional moderate tremors have been recorded over the past 150 years.

Notes

Geography of Scotland
Valleys

Great Glen


Steffen Schleiermacher (born Halle, 3 May 1960) is a German composer, pianist, and conductor.

After studying at the Leipzig Music School with Siegfried Thiele, he continued working there as a music theory and ear training assistant. From 1985 until 1986, he was a master student at Akademie der Künste in Berlin with Friedrich Goldmann. In addition, he took a master course in piano at the Köln Music School with Aloys Kontarsky in 1989/1990. In 1988, he founded the Ensemble Avantgarde which is devoted to contemporary classical music.

Schleiermacher's prizes and fellowship awards include the Gaudeamus Competition (1985), Kranichstein Music Prize (1986), Hanns Eisler Prize of the GDR Radio for his Concerto for Viola and Chamber Ensemble (1989), Prize of the Christoph and Stephan Kaske Foundation, Munich (1991), Mendelssohn Scholarship awarded by the GDR Ministry of Culture (1988), German Music Council Fellowship (1989/90), Fellowship of the Kulturfond Foundation (1992–94, 1997), Fellowship of the German Academy at the Villa Massimo in Rome (1992), Japan Foundation Fellowship (1997) for study for several months in Japan, and Fellowship of the Cité des Arts in Paris.

His recording releases include most works by composers such as Erik Satie, Philip Glass, Morton Feldman and Arnold Schoenberg. For Musikproduktion Dabringhaus und Grimm he has recorded the complete piano music of John Cage. He also plays pieces by Asian composers - such as Toshio Hosokawa and Ichiyanagi (Japan); and Slamet Abdul Sjukur, Michael Asmara and Soe Tjen Marching (Indonesia).

Steffen Schleiermacher is related to the influential 19th century protestant theologian and Plato-translator Friedrich Schleiermacher.

References

1960 births
Living people
Musicians from Halle (Saale)
German composers
University of Music and Theatre Leipzig alumni
Mendelssohn Prize winners
Hochschule für Musik und Tanz Köln alumni
Pupils of Friedrich Goldmann

Steffen Schleiermacher


Before and After is a 1996 thriller drama based on a 1992 book of the same name. Meryl Streep plays Doctor Carolyn Ryan, Edward Furlong plays Jacob and Liam Neeson plays Ben Ryan. The subject of this thriller is murder, deception, coverup and betrayal. The release date was February 23, 1996.

1996 drama thriller movies
1990s English-language movies
American drama thriller movies

Before and After


Lucretia Rudolph-Garfield (April 19, 1832 – March 14, 1918), wife of James A. Garfield, was First Lady of the United States in 1881.

Early life
She was born in Garrettsville, Ohio. Her father was Zeb Rudolph, a farmer and co-founder of the Eclectic Institute at Hiram, and her mother was Arabella Mason-Rudolph. Lucretia "Crete" Rudolph was a devout member of the Churches of Christ. She was of German, Welsh, English and Irish ancestry. Lucretia Garfield's paternal great-grandfather immigrated to Pennsylvania (in a part that is now Delaware) from Württemberg, Germany.

Marriage and family
She first met James A. Garfield while both were attending a school. They renewed their friendship in 1851 as students of the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute. They got married on November 11, 1858.

The First Lady
In 1881, Garfield became the President of the United States. The family moved into the White House. Even at the age of 49, she was slim and looked lovely. She was not very much interested in her role as the First Lady. But, she was a charming lady and hosted parties at the White House. In May 1881, she fell ill and was suffering from malaria. She was resting at Long Branch, New Jersey, and was yet to become fit. At that time, she heard the news that someone had shot President Garfield, her husband.  She rushed to Washington by train. On its way, the train met with an accident. She did not suffer any injury. When she reached Washington, she remained by the side of her husband. He could not remain alive and died after about three months.

Personal life
After his death, she left for Ohio. There she lived for 36 years, and spent her time arranging and caring for the records of her husband's career. A part of her home became a presidential library of her husband's papers.

Death
She died at her home in South Pasadena, California on March 13, 1918. Her casket was placed above ground beside the coffin of her husband in the lower level crypt of the presidential tomb at Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland, Ohio.

Other websites
Find a Grave
Lucretia Garfield White House biography

First Ladies of the United States
1832 births
1918 deaths
James A. Garfield

Lucretia Garfield


The Oracle, the University of South Florida's (USF) editorially independent, student-run newspaper, made history when its premiere issue was published September 6, 1966.  It was the first college newspaper in the United States to feature full color photographs on the front page of each issue, according to the Associated Collegiate Press (ACP).

History

Creation

The Oracle replaced the USF Campus Edition of the now defunct Tampa Times, which had previously served as the school's news publication. The Tampa Times had given the student newspaper three pages of its Monday editions, the front page and pages one and two of the second section, to feature USF campus news.  The newspaper made a special Campus Edition press run after its own Monday morning early editions were completed specifically to print papers to be distributed in designated racks on campus and at nearby venues.  The university had not yet formed a school for mass communication, so publishing the newspaper was the responsibility of a modest journalism effort, offering four or five basic news writing and editing courses and run by its English department.

Early years

In the summer of 1966, Dr. Arthur M. Sanderson, director of student publications and English professor, entered into an agreement with the St. Petersburg Times to print an entire stand-alone newspaper which would be distributed on campus each Wednesday.  Associate communications professor and Oracle general manager Steve Yates, editor-in-chief Harry Haigley and photographer/reporter Tony Zappone collaborated in naming it The Oracle, a Greek term signifying an infallible authority, among other things.  (One consideration had been to name it the "USF Bull Sheet.")  Its first staff consisted of about 20 student volunteers and part-time paid student staffers who used a small office space on the second floor of the old University Student Center, since torn down and replaced, as headquarters.  Yates became the academic faculty coordinator of the paper and kept offices, along with Sanderson, in a room adjacent to the newspaper office for ease of consultation.

Front page color

Editor Haigley assigned Zappone, The Oracle's first staff shutterbug, the task of creating one color photograph illustrating an aspect of campus life or events for the front page of each issue.  It was a feature that no other university newspaper had at that time and was a cooperative effort with the St. Petersburg Times (now The Tampa Bay Times).

Each Tuesday, Haigley, Zappone and a third alternating staff member drove 30 miles from the USF campus in North Tampa to the downtown St. Petersburg headquarters of the St. Pete Times to spend an afternoon supervising the composing room staff while mechanicals and plates for the late night press run of The Oracle were assembled.  The papers were trucked to the campus each week in the early-morning hours and set out in racks around the campus.

Present

The print edition is now published Mondays and Thursdays, with digital updates throughout the week. The Oracle has won numerous awards in recent years, including Best Overall Student Daily in the Southeast region by the Society of Professional Journalists in 2016.

Awards

In 1967, during its first year of publication, The Oracle was awarded several of the Associated Collegiate Press' National Pacemaker Awards for "excellence in college journalism." Another historic effort by The Oracle was the production of a full-color campus feature magazine insert once each term, edited by Yates and Zappone, with contributions of copy and photographs from The Oracle staff and USF faculty members. The magazine was recognized by the Associated Collegiate Press as the only magazine insert published by a university newspaper at that time.

In September 1970, the newspaper began publishing on Tuesdays and Fridays and in 1972 enhanced the student news and advertising sales staff sufficiently to publish Tuesdays through Fridays in a reduced tabloid-size format. In 1989, The Oracle was named to the ACP's Hall of Fame. The paper won the 1990 Society of Professional Journalists award for Best Student Daily in the Nation (no second or third place was declared that year).

References

External links
 Official site

University of South Florida media
Student newspapers published in Florida
1966 establishments in Florida
Newspapers established in 1966

The Oracle (University of South Florida)


Carmen Everts (born 12 April 1968 in Wilhelmshaven) is a German politician, political scientist and civil servant, a former member of the Parliament of Hesse for the Social Democratic Party of Germany, and an expert on political extremism. In 2009, she was appointed by the government of Hesse as head of department at the Hessian State Agency for Civic Education, responsible for research on the communist dictatorship in East Germany and demographic research.

Everts studied law and political science, and earned a doctoral degree in political science in 1999. In her doctoral thesis, she analyzed political extremism in the far-right party Die Republikaner (REP) and the far-left party Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus (PDS, now Die Linke). Her doctoral supervisor was Eckhard Jesse.

Carmen Everts has been a member of the SPD since 1989, and was chair of the local party in Kreis Groß-Gerau from 2003 to 2008. She was employed by the SPD in Hesse from 1999 until her election to parliament, from 2003 as a scientific adviser to the parliamentary group of the SPD.

In the 2008 Hesse state election, she was elected to the Parliament of Hesse.

On 3 November 2008, Everts declared, together with fellow MPs Silke Tesch, Jürgen Walter and Dagmar Metzger, that she would not support Andrea Ypsilanti as Prime Minister of Hesse, in a planned election. Ypsilanti, chair of SPD in Hesse, was supposed to form a government with support of the leftist extremist party Die Linke, the successor of the East German communist party. Everts stated her decision was based on her aversion to the party Die Linke, which she said has "extremist" elements. She has criticized the party Die Linke of having a "divided, negative attitude towards democracy and the rule of law". Without the support of her parliamentary group, Ypsilanti gave up her bid to become Prime Minister, leading to new elections in 2009.

Carmen Everts did not run for another term as a member of parliament in the 2009 election. She returned to her job as a scientific adviser to the SPD parliamentary group, before she was appointed as head of department at the Hessian State Agency for Civic Education in 2009.

Everts went to school with Jürgen Walter, the former vice chair of SPD in Hesse.

In 2010, she left the SPD.

Publications
 Politischer Extremismus. Theorie und Analyse am Beispiel der Parteien REP und PDS. Weißensee-Verlag, Berlin 2000,

References

External links
 Website von Carmen Everts
 Biography, Parliament of Hesse

Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians
Members of the Landtag of Hesse
German political scientists
1968 births
Living people
People from Wilhelmshaven
Women members of State Parliaments in Germany
21st-century German women politicians
21st-century German civil servants
German women civil servants
Women political scientists

Carmen Everts


Hispanidad (literally Hispanicness) is the community formed by all the people and nations that share Spanish language and culture. The 23 nations included are all Spanish-speaking except the Philippines, and can be classified in four geographic areas: Spain, Hispanoamerica,  Hispanoafrica and the Hispanopacific. Every October 12  Hispanic Day is celebrated. Hispanidad or Spanish linguistic and cultural diffusion began when the 12 October 1492 Christopher Columbus sighted America and initiated the European colonization in the name of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain. The kingdom of Castile (Castilla) built a global empire, spreading their culture and language in the Americas and biologically and culturally mixing with the indigenous peoples, altering the composition of the hemisphere. The penetration and reach of Spain at this time also extended into other European nations.

The Hispanics in the world

The Spanish is the mother tongue that spoken by more than 333 million people (in second place after Chinese). The total number of Spanish-speakers is more than 395 million people.

Europe
In Europe, Hispanics are mainly confined to Spain. There are more than 30 million of them.

America
Most Hispanics are in Hispanic America . There are more than 300 million. Countries like Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, United States, Uruguay and Venezuela .

Africa
Hispanics in the African continent are mostly in overseas territories of Spain (Canary Islands, Ceuta, Melilla and Plazas de Soberanía) and in the nation of Equatorial Guinea. In Morocco and Western Sahara some people maintain Hispanic characteristics. Altogether in Africa two million speak Spanish.

Asia-Pacific
The Philippines is the only Asian country that conserves some identifiably Hispanic influences in its culture and Spanish loanwords in the native languages.
Other countries in the Asia-Pacific region that maintain a similar degree of Hispanic influence as the Philippines are:
Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, where Chamorro, a language with a lot of Spanish loanwords is spoken.
Caroline Islands, which nowadays are divided between the Federated States of Micronesia in the eastern part, and Palau.
Easter Island, nowadays an overseas territory of Chile. Spanish is the official language of the island.

References
 "Pavilionul Hispanitate"

Spanish culture
Spanish language

Hispanidad


Michaelstein Abbey (Kloster Michaelstein) is a former Cistercian monastery, now the home of the Stiftung Kloster Michaelstein - Musikinstitut für Aufführungspraxis ("Michaelstein Abbey Foundation - Music Institute for Performance"), near the town of Blankenburg in the Harz in Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany.

History

In a deed of Emperor Otto I dated 956 giving property to Quedlinburg Abbey is mentioned the cave church dedicated to Saint Michael, also known as the Volkmarskeller (as it is still called) near the Eggeröder spring. The same deed also mentions the cell of the revered anchorite Liutbirg, which traditionally was held to have been sited in or near the cave church. The holiness of the site proved attractive, and a religious community formed round it.

In 1139 Beatrix II, abbess of Quedlinburg, founded a Cistercian monastery here, which was settled in 1146 by monks from Kamp Abbey. A few years later the new monastery was transferred away from the cave church to form Michaelstein Abbey on the present site. The abbey's growing property brought it great wealth, but it never settled any daughter houses of its own.

The monastery was sacked in 1525 by rebellious mobs during the German Peasants' War. The church was ruined beyond repair, and was never rebuilt; religious services were held from then on in the former chapter house. In 1533 the remaining buildings were ransacked and devastated by Wilhelm von Haugwitz. In 1543 the last Roman Catholic abbot resigned, and the abbey and its assets passed into the hands of the Counts of Blankenburg, who acted as abbots. Under their rule the now Protestant community began a school in 1544.

After the death of the last count in 1599, Blankenburg and its possessions, including Michaelstein Abbey, came to the Duke of Brunswick, who appointed his brother Christian abbot of Michaelstein. He relinquished the position in 1624, after which the Dukes instead appointed Protestant theologians.

From 1629 to 1631 and from 1636 to 1640, during the Thirty Years' War, short-lived communities of Cistercian monks again occupied the monastery.

In 1690 Michaelstein passed into the possession of the Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg. Under abbot Eberhard Finen a seminary for Protestant preachers was established in 1717, which operated alongside the school until 1721, when the school was closed, leaving the abbey as a seminary and a Protestant men's collegiate foundation. At this period substantial building works were carried out, including the conversion of part of the west wing as a Baroque church.

In 1808, under French occupation, the abbey was closed down. Thereafter the buildings were used only for farming purposes, largely the accommodation of farm workers, and so began many years of deterioration.

Stiftung Kloster Michaelstein
In 1945, as part of the land reforms of the Communist government of East Germany, the abbey estates were split up and redistributed. Some Work on the abbeys buildings took place from 1956, but it was in 1968 that the main restoration scheme began, on the initiative of the Telemann Chamber Orchestra and its director Dr. Eitelfriedrich Thom. In 1977 was founded the culture and research facility that formed the basis of the later Institut für Aufführungspraxis der Musik des 18ten Jahrhunderts ("Institute for the Performance of the Music of the 18th Century").

In 1988 a museum was created, with a collection of predominantly historical musical instruments. In the same year a group was formed from among the musicians of the Telemann Chamber Orchestra who played on historical musical instruments as the "Barockensemble des Telemann-Kammerorchesters".

In 1995, for lack of funds, the full Telemann Chamber Orchestra was wound up, but the Baroque Ensemble continued, playing on historical instruments, and took over the name of the Telemann Chamber Orchestra. In 1997 the Institute was changed into the Stiftung Kloster Michaelstein - Musikinstitut für Aufführungspraxis. From 2001 the Landesmusikakademie of Sachsen-Anhalt has also been based here.

From 2000 the orchestra was gradually separated from the Institute and urged towards independence. Some time afterwards there was a split between the musicians: one part continues to play on historical instruments as the "Telemannisches Collegium Musicum", while the other part, under the leadership of the widow of Dr. Eitelfriedrich Thom, continues under the old name as the "Telemann-Kammerorchester", but without any connection to Michaelstein Abbey.

The former monastic buildings, now accommodating both the Foundation (Stiftung) and the Sachsen-Anhalt Music Academy (Landesmusikakademie Sachsen-Anhalt), host various musical events, particularly the series of concerts known as the Michaelsteiner Klosterkonzerte, often featuring the Michaelstein Chamber Choir (Kammerchor Michaelstein) and the Telemanisches Collegium Michaelstein Orchestra. Guided tours of the abbey complex, including the herb- and vegetable gardens, laid out according to  historical sources, and of the musical instrument display, are conducted throughout the year. A music library is located in the west wing, and is often accessible to the public. A highlight of the year is the annual Michaelstein Abbey Festival (Michaelsteiner Klosterfest).

In addition the Foundation organises conferences and seminars at a European level and supports ongoing research.

Other structures

In the external wall of the Baroque church created in the west wing of the surviving monastery precinct, are immured the remains of Beatrice of Gandersheim (d. 1061), daughter of Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor, and abbess of Gandersheim and Quedlinburg. Formerly buried at Quedlinburg Abbey, Beatrice's remains were displaced after the church there burnt down in 1070, and were apparently finally laid to rest in Michaelstein in the 1160s.

The nearby Mönchemühle ("monks' mill") on the Goldbach brook was once the monastery's oil mill.

Notes

External links / Sources
Kloster Michaelstein website
history of the Abbey
Kammerchor Michaelstein website
www.telemann-michaelstein.de
Telemann-Kammerorchester website
Gesellschaft der Freunde Michaelstein e.V. (Friends of Michaelstein Abbey)

References
Diestelkamp, Albert, 1934: Die Anfänge des Klosters Michaelstein, in: Sachsen und Anhalt  10 (1934), pp. 106–118.
Geyer, Albert, nd: Geschichte des Cistercienserklosters Michaelstein b. Blankenburg a. Harz. Leipzig: Bernhard Franke, O.J.

Monasteries in Saxony-Anhalt
Cistercian monasteries in Germany
1130s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1139 establishments in Europe
Lutheran monasteries in Germany
Romanesque Road
Museums in Saxony-Anhalt
Religious museums in Germany

Michaelstein Abbey