Insects have small holes in their bodies that allow them to breathe. These holes are called spiracles. Air comes in the spiracles and goes to invertebrate trachea, or tubes.

These tubes take the oxygen to other parts of the insect body. Because insects have no lungs, air comes in and goes out of the spiracles passively (by itself). Some insects can open and close the spiracles to keep water out.

Some spiders also have spiracles.

Sharks and rays have a spiracle behind each eye. When the shark is not moving, the spiracle helps the shark to breathe.

Insects
Animal anatomy

Spiracle


was a Japanese foreign exchange bank that operated from 1946 to 1996. In January 1996, it merged with Mitsubishi Bank to form The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi (now MUFG Bank). Its headquarters was in the Nihonbashi district of Tokyo, adjacent to the Bank of Japan.

BOT was the successor to the Yokohama Specie Bank, a state-chartered foreign exchange bank, and initially operated as an ordinary bank using the YSB's assets. In 1954 it became registered as a specialized foreign exchange bank, and closed all of its business unrelated to foreign trade. BOT became a close partner of the Ministry of Finance and the Japan Bank for International Cooperation in directing Japan's foreign trade policy during the postwar era. BOT had major operations in New York and London, and developed an early system to settle payments between Japanese yen and Chinese yuan during a time when direct foreign exchange was not possible.

Due to the peculiarly international nature of its business, BOT was the only Japanese bank that employed more foreigners than Japanese, and it had large overseas operations and a large number of non-Japanese customers. BOT was particularly active in California from around 1953. It acquired a controlling stake in San Diego-based Southern California First National Bank in 1975 and later renamed it California First Bank. In 1988, California First acquired Union Bancorp to form Union Bank (now MUFG Union Bank), one of the largest banks in California.

BOT historically operated the foreign exchange counters at Japan's international airports, including Haneda Airport and Narita International Airport, which remain under operation by its successor BTMU. Like the Long-Term Credit Bank of Japan, Nippon Credit Bank and Norinchukin Bank, BOT was permitted to issue special bonds to obtain yen funding; BTM continued this program for several years after the Tokyo-Mitsubishi merger.

The "BOT" abbreviation is still used by BOT Lease, a Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group leasing company established by BOT in 1979.

References

Defunct banks of Japan
Financial services companies based in Tokyo
Banks established in 1946
Banks disestablished in 1996
Companies formerly listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
Japanese companies disestablished in 1996
Japanese companies established in 1946
1996 mergers and acquisitions

The Bank of Tokyo


Epimetheus is a moon of Saturn. It was discovered by Richard Walker in 1966. At first, Epimetheus was thought to be same as Janus, another moon that orbits at the same distance from Saturn. It was confirmed by Voyager 1 in 1980 that they were two separate moons.

Saturn's moons

Epimetheus (moon)


Sergey Fyodorovich Oldenburg (;  – 28 February 1934) was a Russian orientalist who specialized in Buddhist studies. He was a disciple of Ivan Minayev, the founder of Russian Indology.

Biography
Sergey Feodorovitch Oldenburg was born in Russia on 26 September 1863, in Byankino, Transbaikal Oblast. His father was of the Livonian nobility; his grandfather was a full general in the Imperial Russian Army. During the 1880s while at St. Petersburg University Oldenburg participated in the Scientific-Literary Association of Students, a brotherhood which shared liberal and radical ideals. Here he met Aleksandr Ulyanov as they were both in the inner circle of this organisation. Ulyanov dropped out of the inner circle when he started to plan an assassination attempt on the life of emperor Alexander III. The attempt failed, and following the execution of Ulyanov in 1887, his brother, Vladimir Lenin visited Oldenburg in Saint Petersburg in 1891. Oldenburg had just returned from a two-year trip to London, Paris, and Cambridge.

Oldenburg was elected to the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1900, and he served as its permanent Secretary from 1904 to 1929. From 1905 he became active in the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. In 1909–10 and 1914–15, he travelled in central Asia, where he discovered Sanskrit texts. He instigated scientific expeditions to Tibet and Dzungaria, which brought to light unique Buddhist manuscripts. To publish newly found manuscripts, in 1897 Oldenburg launched an authoritative edition of Buddhist texts, Bibliotheca Buddhica, which continues to this day.

Oldenburg joined the liberal Constitutional Democratic Party (Kadets) in 1905; he served as a member of the State Council of Imperial Russia from 1912 to 1917. Following the February Revolution of 1917 he served in the Russian Provisional Government as Minister of Education. He set up the Commission for the Study of the Tribal Composition of the Population of the Borderlands of Russia at this time. Unlike his Kadet colleagues, he stayed in Russia after the October Revolution brought the Bolsheviks to power. Based on his acquaintance with Vladimir Lenin, he was able to develop an alliance between the Bolsheviks and Russian ethnographers, the former being more interested in nationalism amongst European peoples of the former Russian Empire, the ethnographers focusing more on the national question amongst its Asian peoples.

Although he was briefly imprisoned by the Cheka in 1919, Oldenburg served as permanent secretary of the Academy of Sciences until 1929, when the Communist Party ousted hundreds of staff for resisting Bolshevization. Oldenburg devoted the remainder of his life to administrating the Soviet Institute of Oriental Studies, whose antecedent (the Asian Museum) he had directed since 1916.

He died on 28 February 1934 in St Petersburg. His granddaughter Zoé Oldenbourg became a well-known French novelist and historian.

References

1863 births
1934 deaths
Russian scholars of Buddhism
Russian orientalists
Russian ethnographers
Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917–1925)
Full members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Full Members of the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences
Members of the State Council (Russian Empire)
Ministers of the Russian Provisional Government
People from Nerchinsky District
People from Transbaikal Oblast
Russian Constitutional Democratic Party members
Russian Indologists
Nobility from the Russian Empire
Saint Petersburg State University alumni
Directors of Asiatic Museum
Etnograficheskoe Obozrenie editors
Russian scientists

Sergey Oldenburg


Marigold could mean:

Plants
 Calendula officinalis (marigold or pot marigold)
 Tagetes (Mexican marigold, African marigold or French marigold)
 Glebionis segetum (syn. Chrysanthemum segetum; corn marigold)
 tree marigold = Tithonia diversifolia
 Peruvian marigold = usually Helianthus ssp. or rarely Tagetes tenuifolia
 desert marigold = Baileya multiradiata
 marsh marigold; Caltha palustris in the Buttercup family Ranunculaceae

literature and entertainment
"Marigolds", a short story by Eugenia Collier
"Marigold" (song) by the band Nirvana
Marigold (2007 film), a Hindi film
A character in The Witcher
A character in a Streetlight Manifesto song called "The Receiving End of It All".
A myth describing what seems to be creation of the marigold is mentioned in the story of Clytie and Apollo, although the plant concerned is often considered to the heliotrope.

Other
Marigold, California
In British English slang, a marigold is a rubber glove, especially a yellow or orange one used for washing dishes.

Marigold


Johann Ludwig Krebs (baptized 12 October 1713 – 1 January 1780) was a German Baroque musician and composer for the pipe organ, harpsichord, other instruments and orchestras. His output also included chamber music, choral works and concertos.

Life
Krebs was born in 1713 in Buttelstedt to Johann Tobias Krebs, an organist. At least three of his brothers were musically talented. Krebs was sent to Leipzig to study organ, lute, and the violin.

Krebs studied with Johann Sebastian Bach on the organ. Bach (who had also instructed Krebs's father) held Krebs in high standing. From a technical standpoint, Krebs was unrivaled next to Bach in his organ proficiency. However, Krebs found it difficult to obtain a patron or a cathedral post. His Baroque style was being supplanted by the newer galant music style and the classical music era.

Krebs took a small post in Zwickau, and in 1755 (five years after the death of Bach, which is normally referred to as the end of the Baroque period) he was appointed court organist of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg under Prince Friedrich. Krebs had seven children and struggled to feed his family. Despite never holding a court composer post, and never being commissioned for a work, Krebs was able to compose a significant collection of works, though few were published until the 1900s.

Works

Krebs's counterpoint is considered by many to be comparable to Bach's, but it was old-fashioned and excessively complex for the galant era, which espoused clarity and simplicity.

Krebs's Fantasia in F minor for oboe and organ is one of his best-known works, as is the Eight Short Preludes and Fugues that are sometimes attributed to him as well as to his father and J.S. Bach. He is also remembered for two large-scale concertos for lute and orchestra. Krebs's three sons became well-known performers in their day, and one of them became a noted Lieder composer.

Krebs' organ works include the following:

7 Preludes and Fugues
2 Toccatas and Fugues
3 Preludes
4 Preludes (small)
2 Fantasias and Fugues (one fugue is a fragment)
3 Fantasias
11 Fugues
17 Trios
35 Chorale Settings (with 5 Variants and 6 other Chorale Settings of dubious authenticity)
13 Chorales with 3 Settings of each – "Clavierübung" (Nuremberg, 1752–1753)
5 Fantasias for wind instrument (trumpet, flute, oboe) and organ; 1 Variant
15 Chorale Settings for wind instrument and organ; 1 Fragment

Bibliography
 Clavier Ubung Bestehend in verschiedenen vorspielen und veränderungen einiger Kirchen Gesaenge (Nürnberg, J.U. Haffner, ca. 1744)
 Clavier-Ubung bestehet in einer [...] Suite [...] Zweyter Theil (Nürnberg, J.U. Haffner, ca. 1744)
 Clavier-Ubung bestehend in sechs Sonatinen … IIIter Theil (Nürnberg, J.U. Haffner, ca. 1744)

References

External links

1713 births
1780 deaths
People from Buttelstedt
People from Saxe-Weimar
German Baroque composers
German classical composers
German male classical composers
German classical organists
Organists and composers in the North German tradition
German male organists
Composers for harpsichord
Composers for pipe organ
Composers for lute
18th-century German people
18th-century classical composers
18th-century male musicians
German lutenists
Pupils of Johann Sebastian Bach
18th-century keyboardists
Male classical organists

Johann Ludwig Krebs


The Dalmatian Hinterland (;  or ) is the southern inland hinterland in the historical Croatian region of Dalmatia. The name zagora means "beyond (the) hills", which is a reference to the fact that it is the part of Dalmatia that is not coastal and the existence of the concordant coastline where hills run parallel to the coast.

Geography

Dalmatian Zagora, in the strict sense, spans from the hinterland east of Šibenik to the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina and continues south to Vrgorac, just north of the Neum corridor. Its borders are present in two counties: Split-Dalmatia and Šibenik-Knin.

The terrain in Zagora is fairly rugged: in the region immediately bordering the coastline, it is mostly flat but dry, mainly covered with makija (maquis, macchia). More inland, greener pastures can be seen, as the climate and elevations change. Karst topography dominates the landscape. The land is interspersed with river canyons, of Krka, Čikola, Cetina and others.

One national park is located in Zagora, the Krka National Park.

The aforementioned geographical and climate conditions influenced the life patterns of the historically important shepherd population: in the wintertime, they were moving their numerous flocks from the mountains to the coast. Historic population of Zagora has included the Illyrians and the Vlachs.

Settlements

The area has had diminishing human settlement in the last few centuries, although a lot of smaller and larger villages remain scattered all over Zagora. The larger towns include Knin, Drniš, Vrlika, Sinj, Vrgorac, Trilj and Imotski. Villages include Biskupija, Kistanje, Kijevo, Unešić, Oklaj, Ružić, Aržano, Dicmo, Muć, Cista Provo, Prgomet, Hrvace, Lovreć, Šestanovac, Zmijavci, etc.

Infrastructure

Two major roads intersect Zagora – the D1 state road which comes from Zagreb, crosses from Lika through Knin and Sinj, down to Split, and the recently built A1 highway, which meanders near Zadar and Benkovac, passing throughout Zagora, via the Dugopolje exit (to Split) and on to Ploče.

The railway links Zagreb with Knin, from Knin to Zadar, from Knin to Perković, where the line splits to Šibenik or to Split.

See also
 Geography of Croatia
 Morlachs

Sources
 Dalmatinska zagora

External links
 Dalmatinska Zagora (archived)
 Dalmatinska zagora – nepoznata zemlja (archived)

Historical regions in Croatia
Geography of Split-Dalmatia County
Geography of Šibenik-Knin County
Dalmatia

Dalmatian Hinterland


Sinatra And Swingin' Brass is a 1962 studio album by Frank Sinatra.

This is the first time Sinatra worked with arranger/composer Neal Hefti on an album project, following a single-only session that took place in April 1962. For Sinatra and Swingin' Brass, the singer re-recorded a number of songs he had previously recorded for Capitol. "They Can't Take That Away from Me" and "I Get a Kick Out of You" had been recorded eight years earlier for Songs for Young Lovers, "You Brought a New Kind of Love to Me" had been recorded six years prior for Songs for Swingin' Lovers, and "At Long Last Love" had been recorded five years earlier for A Swingin' Affair!.

Track listing
"Goody Goody" (Johnny Mercer, Matty Malneck)  – 1:47
"They Can't Take That Away from Me" (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin)  – 2:41
"At Long Last Love" (Cole Porter)  – 2:14
"I'm Beginning to See the Light" (Johnny Hodges, Harry James, Duke Ellington, Don George)  – 2:34
"Don'cha Go 'Way Mad" (Jimmy Mundy, Al Stillman, Illinois Jacquet)  – 3:12
"I Get a Kick Out of You" (Porter)  – 3:14
"Tangerine" (Victor Schertzinger, Johnny Mercer)  – 2:03
"Love Is Just around the Corner" (Lewis E. Gensler, Leo Robin)  – 2:27
"Ain't She Sweet" (Milton Ager, Jack Yellen)  – 2:07
"Serenade In Blue" (Harry Warren, Mack Gordon)  – 2:58
"I Love You" (Porter)  – 2:16
"Pick Yourself Up" (Jerome Kern, Dorothy Fields)  – 2:33
 Cd reissue bonus tracks not included on the 1962 release:
"Everybody's Twistin'" (Rube Bloom, Ted Koehler)  – 2:31
"Nothing But the Best" (Johnny Rotella)  – 3:00
"You Brought a New Kind of Love to Me" (Sammy Fain, Irving Kahal, Pierre Norman Connor)  – 2:38

The last three songs are bonus tracks on the 1992 compact disc release, not available on the 1998 Entertainer of the Century remastered series.

Personnel
 Frank Sinatra - vocals
 Neal Hefti - arranger, conductor

References

1962 albums
Frank Sinatra albums
Albums arranged by Neal Hefti
Albums conducted by Neal Hefti
Reprise Records albums

Sinatra and Swingin' Brass


Samuel Cony (February 27, 1811 – October 5, 1870) was an American politician, who most notably served as the 31st Governor of Maine from 1864 to 1867.

Early years
Cony was born in Augusta (in modern-day Maine, then a part of Massachusetts) on February 27, 1811, the son of Susan Bowdoin (Coney) and Samuel Cony. He studied at the China Academy and Wakefield College. He graduated from Brown University in 1829. He then studied law with future U.S. Congressman Hiram Belcher, of Farmington and also with his uncle, future U.S. Senator Reuel Williams of Augusta.

Career in law
Cony was admitted to the bar in 1832. He opened an office in Old Town, Maine. He served as a judge of the Probate Court for Penobscot County, Maine from 1840 to 1846.

Early political career
Cony was originally a Democrat and served as a member of the Maine House of Representatives from 1835 to 1836 from Penobscot County. He also served as a member of the governor's executive council (1839), the land agent for Maine (1847–1850). In 1850 he left Old Town for Augusta when he was appointed state treasurer of Maine (1850–1854). He subsequently became mayor of Augusta (1854). He joined the Republican Party in 1862, which had then become ascendant in Maine politics. He was re-elected to the Maine House of Representatives, now representing a district in Kennebec County, and served for one term.

Governor of Maine
Cony was nominated by the Maine Republican Party as their candidate for governor and was elected governor by a popular vote in 1863. He was elected governor three times. During his administration, troops and provisions continued to be raised for the American Civil War. Maine sent more than 70,000 men to the front. The Executive of the State issued 4,295 commissions, of which Cony signed about 1,400. Cony announced that he would not accept another nomination in his inaugural address at the opening of the legislature in January 1866. He left office on January 2, 1867.

Personal life
Cony married twice. He married Mercy H. Sewall on October 17, 1833. She died April 9, 1847. He then married Lucy W. Brooks on November 22, 1849. He had six children. He was a Congregationalist. His home on Stone Street in Augusta, the Gov. Samuel Cony House, has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1985.

References

Sources
 Sobel, Robert and John Raimo. Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States, 1789-1978. Greenwood Press, 1988.

1811 births
1870 deaths
People from Old Town, Maine
Governors of Maine
Mayors of Augusta, Maine
Maine Republicans
State treasurers of Maine
Members of the Maine House of Representatives
Maine Democrats
Members of the Executive Council of Maine
Union (American Civil War) state governors
American Congregationalists
Brown University alumni
Republican Party governors of Maine
19th-century American politicians

Samuel Cony


Alexander Andreyevich Ivanov (; July 28 (July 16 [OS]), 1806 – July 15 (July 3 [OS]), 1858) was a Russian painter who adhered to the waning tradition of Neoclassicism but found little sympathy with his contemporaries. He was born and died in St. Petersburg. He has been called the master of one work, for it took 20 years to complete his magnum opus The Appearance of Christ Before the People.

Biography

Early years and education
Alexander Andreyevich was born to an art professor Andrey Ivanov. Aged 11, he entered the Imperial Academy of Arts and studied at his father's course together with Karl Briullov. For his good achievements he was awarded with two silver medals, in 1824 he received a golden medal for the painting 'Priam Asking Achilles to Return Hector's Body'. In 1827 he was honoured with the Big Gold Medal of the Imperial Academy of Arts for 'Joseph interprets the butler's and the baker's dreams' and was promoted to the XIV grade artists.

Ivanov's benefactors decided to send him abroad to study art, but required one more picture, thus he creates 'Bellerophon sent to a campaign against the Chimera'. In 1830 Ivanov departs to Europe, first in Germany, then to Italy.

Italian years
Ivanov's first works in Rome were copies of The Creation of Adam of the Sistine Chapel and some drafts of Biblical scenes. He dreamed to create an epic painting of the Messiah coming to people, but first he decided to try himself on lesser-scale picture. In 1834–1835 he finished Appearance of Jesus Christ to Maria Magdalena. The painting had great success both in Rome and St. Petersburg. The Russian Imperial Academy of Arts granted Ivanov an honorary academic degree in 1836.

He spent most of his life in Rome, where he befriended Gogol and was influenced by the Nazarenes.

The Appearance of Christ Before the People

Ivanov spent 20 years (1837–1857) in Rome, working on his greatest masterpiece The Appearance of Christ Before the People.

Death
Ivanov died of cholera on July 3, 1858. He was buried in St. Petersburg at the Novodevichy Cemetery. In 1936, he was reburied with the transfer of the monument to the Tikhvin Cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.

Influence and critics
Critical judgement about Ivanov improved in the following generation. Some of the numerous sketches he had prepared for The Appearance have been recognized as masterpieces in their own right. The most comprehensive collection of his works can be viewed at the Russian Museum in St. Petersburg.

Gallery

References

External links

Online gallery of Ivanov's works
Painting  'Priam Asking Achilles to Return Hector's Body' in The State Tretyakov Gallery

1806 births
1858 deaths
19th-century painters from the Russian Empire
Russian male painters
Neoclassical painters
Russian watercolorists
Painters from Saint Petersburg
Burials in the Protestant Cemetery, Rome
19th-century male artists from the Russian Empire
Imperial Academy of Arts alumni
Awarded with a large gold medal of the Academy of Arts
Members of the Imperial Academy of Arts
Burials at Tikhvin Cemetery
Deaths from cholera

Alexander Andreyevich Ivanov


Luis Lima (born 12 September 1948 in Córdoba, Argentina) is an Argentine operatic tenor, who studied in Buenos Aires under Carlos Guichandut and in Sicily under Gina Cigna. He made his opera debut in 1974, in Lisbon, in Cavalleria rusticana, and since then sang in seventy-seven performances at the Metropolitan Opera (from 1977 to 2001) in nine different roles, starting with Alfredo Germont in La traviata.  He has also sung with the New York City Opera (1978–79, debuting in Madama Butterfly), at the Teatro alla Scala (first appearing in Lucia di Lammermoor, 1977) and the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden (from 1984).

In 1979, Lima recorded Massenet's Le roi de Lahore for Decca, opposite Dame Joan Sutherland.  In 1988, he filmed Mozart's Così fan tutte, directed by Jean-Pierre Ponnelle and conducted by Nikolaus Harnoncourt, with Teresa Stratas as Despina and Ferruccio Furlanetto as Guglielmo.  He also appears on a  CD of Gemma di Vergi on CBS (now Sony) with Montserrat Caballé, Paul Plishka, and Louis Quilico, conducted by Eve Queler, and the zarzuela Bohemios with Maria Bayo on Valois.

There are also DVD releases from Covent Garden of Don Carlo with Ileana Cotrubas, Giorgio Zancanaro, and Robert Lloyd, led by Bernard Haitink, and Carmen with Maria Ewing, Leontina Vaduva, and Gino Quilico, conducted by Zubin Mehta.

References

 The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera, by John Warrack & Ewan West, Oxford University Press, 1996.

1948 births
Living people
Musicians from Córdoba, Argentina
20th-century Argentine male opera singers
Argentine operatic tenors

Luis Lima


Theseus was an ancient Greek hero who is the main character in many myths. His father was Aegeus, and his mother was Aethra. He is best known for the defeating the monsters and criminals (such as Procrustus who made travellers fit his special bed by stretching them or cutting off their feet) he met on his way to Athens, and killing the minotaur on the island of Crete. Later in life, he became king of Athens after his father, Aegeus.

People in Greek mythology

Theseus


Orville Thomas, better known by his stage name Da'Ville, is a Jamaican reggae singer.

Biography
Orville Thomas is the first child of Jah Thomas and Cleopatra Wright. He was raised primarily by his grandmother Ms. Feama who instilled in him the principles of education and religion. She was a strict disciplinarian, who ensured that Da'Ville attended church and sang in the church choir. As a teenager, he continued to sing in the St. Peter Claver Church choir and performed in local school functions.

When highly successful groups emerged on the scene, Da'Ville became inspired to create a group of his own. After several unsuccessful attempts he continued to develop his craft until he graduated from high school. Upon graduation from Norman Manley Comprehensive High School, Da'Ville worked in a factory and as a store clerk. Shortly after, he was introduced to a newly formed group which later became ARP (A Raw Perspective).

After working with former group members of ARP, in 2001 he signed with Penthouse Records as a solo artist under the management of Donovan Germain. He recorded the hit singles "Cruzin", and "All My Life", the latter of which was recorded with then label mate, Marcia Griffiths. The single "All My Life" was nominated for the 2001 Reggae Soca Awards.

Da'Ville continued to record hit singles for producers such as: J.Brown, Fire Links, Stephen McGregor, Don Corleon, Preston Anfoy, Wee-Pow (Stone Love), Beres Hammond, Robert Livingston (Big Yard Music), and many more.

Aside from Da'Ville's vocal abilities, he is a songwriter, composer and producer. His early 2005 chart topping single "In Heaven", was produced by himself, O.Thomas and N.Palmer for Nap Musiq.

In January 2005 Da'Ville was introduced to Dj CurlyLocks of Federation Sound in Philadelphia. Together they started working on his breakout mix cd "A Moment With Da'Ville" which set the pace for Da'Ville's debut album In Heaven in 2005 produced and co-produced by O. Thomas, J. Brown and R.(Shams) Browne, for Fashozy Records, was released in Japan by Avex Entertainment Group. The album charted within the 2005 top ten best selling reggae albums for Japan Tower Records and led to numerous tours throughout Japan, Jamaica and the Caribbean Islands. As a result, in 2006, Avex released his second album Can't Get Over You, produced by O. Thomas and J. Brown for Fashozy Records. The albums included three successful singles – "In Heaven", produced by O. Thomas and N. Palmer for Nap Musiq, "Can't Get Over You", and "On My Mind", produced by O. Thomas and J. Brown for Fashozy Records.

In 2006, the singles "Can't Get Over You", "On My Mind", and "This Time I Promise" were all chart toppers. The single "Can't Get Over You", which was a top ten hit in Jamaica, was number one on the reggae chart in Aruba and number two in New York, and was included on the VP album 2006 Reggae Gold. "On My Mind", held the top position on several charts including Jamaica (5 weeks), New York (3 weeks), Florida, Europe and Africa. After a performance in New York City in early October, he was profiled in The New York Times. In December he was honoured with Stone Love's 'Singer of the Year' award 2006.

In Spring 2007, after an extensive European tour, Da'Ville made several appearances in North America. He performed at The Best of The Best Concert in Florida, the 26th International Reggae & World Music Awards held at the Apollo Theatre where he was nominated in several categories and won Most Improved Entertainer for 2006. In addition, Da'Ville made a special guest appearance at Madison Square Garden and he also performed at Irie Jamboree V before leaving for yet another Japan and Caribbean tour.

One of his biggest hit singles, "Always on My Mind", was remixed with dancehall artiste Sean Paul.

Da'Ville's latest album, Krazy Love, was released in May 2012, preceded by the mixtape Vitamin D.

Thomas became a born-again Christian and relocated to Florida. His first album in ten years is due to be released in 2022, with the first single taken from it, "Happy", released in February that year.

Albums
In Heaven (2005)
 Mamas Portrait
 In Heaven
 Gallis
 Bring It On (Hey Baby)
 These Wounds
 Crazy
 Weh She Want
 Jump Off
 Out of My Head
 My Grade
 Love Will Show Me the Way
 All My Life
 This Is the Feeling
 She
 One for Me
 Chill

Can't Get Over You (2006)
 Intro
 Have You Ever
 On My Mind
 Can't Get Over You
 This Time I Promise
 Crying Over You
 Will You Be Mine?
 Baby I Wish
 Got To Love You More
 Tell Me Again
 Always By Your Side
 Cruizin
 Don't Say Goodnight
 Smoking
 No New Friends
 Thuggist
 Keep Holding On
 In Heaven (Accapella)
 In Heaven (Version)
 Outro

On My Mind (2007)
 Always on My Mind (Reprise) – Da'Ville, Sean Paul,
 Can't Get Over You
 All My Life – Da'Ville, Marcia Griffiths
 I'm in Love with You
 And So I Will Wait for You
 This Time I Promise
 Give Thanks for What You've Got
 My Grade
 Give It Up for My Baby
 Yesterday
 Have You Ever Been in Love?
 My Heart
 Dancehall Lovers Rock
 Always on My Mind

Ichiban (2009)
 ICHIBAN feat FIREBALL
 HOLD ME NOW
 MISSING YOU RIGHT NOW
 BLESSINGS A MULTIPLY feat DEMARCO
 NEVER GONNA CRY
 PERFECT
 AS I AM
 GAL YOU GONE
 FOREVER feat SHAGGY
 TURNING ME ON
 EYES
 YESTERDAY
 JUST ANOTHER DAY (THE VOICES)
 AWAY (BONUS TRACK)

Single Ready To Mingle (2011) Produced by Sherman de Vries & Scarecrow Beats
Krazy Love (2012)

References

External links

Living people
Jamaican reggae musicians
1978 births
Musicians from Kingston, Jamaica
VP Records artists

Da'Ville


The Earth Liberation Prisoners Support Network (ELPSN), also known as Spirit of Freedom, is a network to provide information on people imprisoned for direct action relating to campaigns on environmental and other issues. It includes earth liberationists, animal liberationists, those fighting on anti-war, anti-nuclear and peace issues, indigenous struggles, anti-fascism, land rights, ploughshares and more.

History
The network was set up in the UK in 1993 after the growth of the UK Earth First! and Earth Liberation Front (ELF) groups. At that time there was a sharp rise in the number of actions relating to the environment and a corresponding rise in the number of arrests. The network was initially called the (H)ELP Support Group. The name was chosen to be non-sectarian and neither linked to the ELF or Earth First!. The name changed in 1994 when Noel Molland of Green Anarchist magazine took over the group. In 1995 Molland was arrested and convicted for Conspiracy to Incite Criminal Damage in the GANDALF trial.

Since that time the network has spread internationally. It provides regular news on current prisoners and contact details of their support networks. It currently features a variety of prisoners, from various anonymous leaderless resistance movements and established groups such as the ELF (including the Green Scare prisoners), Animal Liberation Front, MOVE, SHAC 7, Antifa, Lecce Five and the SNGP campaigners.

See also
Earth Liberation Front Press Office
Vegan Prisoners Support Group (VPSG)
Animal Liberation Front Supporters Group (ALFSG)

Further reading
Leslie Pickering. Earth Liberation Front: 1997-2002, Arissa Media Group, 2006. .
Best, Steven and Nocella, Anthony J. Igniting A Revolution: Voices in Defense of the Earth, AK Press, 2006.
Rosebraugh, Craig. Burning Rage of a Dying Planet: Speaking for the Earth Liberation Front Lantern Books, 2004.

References

External links
North American Earth Liberation Prisoners Support Network (NAELPSN)
Vegan Prisoners Support Group (VPSG)

Earth Liberation Front
Prison-related organizations
Prisoner support


Game theory has been used as a tool for modeling and studying interactions between cognitive radios envisioned to operate in future communications systems. Such terminals will have the capability to adapt to the context they operate in, through possibly power and rate control as well as channel selection. Software agents embedded in these terminals will potentially be selfish, meaning they will only try to maximize the throughput/connectivity of the terminal they function for, as opposed to maximizing the welfare (total capacity) of the system they operate in. Thus, the potential interactions among them can be modeled through non-cooperative games. The researchers in this field often strive to determine the stable operating points of systems composed of such selfish terminals, and try to come up with a minimum set of rules (etiquette) so as to make sure that the optimality loss compared to a cooperative – centrally controlled setting – is kept at a minimum.

Applications of non-cooperative game theory in wireless networks research
Game theory is the study of strategic decision making. More formally, it is "the study of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers." An alternative term suggested "as a more descriptive name for the discipline" is interactive decision theory. Game theory is mainly used in economics, political science, and psychology, as well as logic and biology. The subject first addressed zero-sum games, such that one person's gains exactly equal net losses of the other participant(s). Today, however, game theory applies to a wide range of class relations, and has developed into an umbrella term for the logical side of science, to include both human and non-humans, like computers. Classic uses include a sense of balance in numerous games, where each person has found or developed a tactic that cannot successfully better his results, given the other approach.
Game theory has been used extensively in wireless networks research to develop understanding  of stable operation points for networks made of autonomous/selfish nodes. The nodes are considered as the players. Utility functions are often chosen  to correspond to achieved connection rate or similar technical metrics. The studies done in this context can be grouped as below:

Medium access games for 802.11 WLAN
Various studies have analyzed radio resource management problems in 802.11 WLAN networks. In such random access studies, researchers have considered selfish nodes, who try to maximize their own utility (throughput) only, and control their channel access probabilities to maximize their utilities.

Power control games in CDMA systems
Power control refers to the process through which mobiles in CDMA cellular settings adjust their transmission powers so that they  do not create unnecessary interference to other mobiles, trying, nevertheless, to achieve the required quality of service. Power control can be centralized in nature, where the base station dictates and assigns transmitter power levels to mobiles based on their link qualities, or they can be distributed, in which mobiles update their powers autonomously, independent of the base station, based on perceived service quality. In such distributed settings, the mobiles can be considered to be selfish agents (players) who try to maximize their utilities (often modeled as corresponding throughputs). Game theory is considered to be a powerful tool to study such scenarios.

Applications of cooperative game theory (coalitions) in wireless networks research

Coalitional game theory in wireless networks
Coalitional game theory is a branch of game theory that deals with cooperative behavior. In a coalitional game, the key idea is to study the formation of cooperative groups, i.e., coalitions among a number of players. By cooperating, the players can strengthen their position in a given game as well as improve their utilities. In this context, coalitional game theory proves to be a powerful tool for modeling cooperative behavior in many wireless networking applications such as cognitive radio networks, wireless system, physical layer security, virtual MIMO, among others.

See also
 Mesh networking

References

Network theory
Network performance

Game theory in communication networks


George Karreman (4 November 1920 – 27 February 1997) was a Dutch-born US physicist, mathematical biophysicist and mathematical/theoretical biologist. He was the first president of the Society for Mathematical Biology (SMB).

Biography
Karreman's father was Chief Engineer for the Dutch Merchant Marine. George Karreman studied physics and mathematics at Leiden University. In August 1948 Karreman emigrated to Chicago, USA, where he contacted Nicolas Rashevsky at the University of Chicago. He became one of Rashevsky' s best PhD students in Mathematical Biophysics. In 1950 Karreman underwent experimental heart surgery for an aortic coarctation at the University of Chicago. He married Anneke Halbertsma in 1953, and they moved to Cape Cod, Massachusetts, where their daughter, Grace, was born in 1954. In succession, his first son, Frank Karreman was born in 1958, and then in 1962 his second son, Hubert-Jan. Later, his three children received advanced degrees from the University of Pennsylvania in several fields.

Karreman was an exceptionally devoted educator, who was always supportive of his research associates, family, and friends; he was a generous man, obviously having not forgotten Rashevsky's help in his early life at the University of Chicago. He had a wide range of interests in his readings, a keen interest in the fine arts—such as paintings, was an advanced chess player, and a most devoted husband and father. Between 1987 and 1997, he frequently travelled to the Pacific Northwest where his son and daughter had their homes and children.

Academic career
Karreman earned his B.S. in Physics and Mathematics in 1939. He completed in 1941 his M.S. in Theoretical Physics under the supervision of Hendrik Anthony Kramers at Leiden University. For the remainder of World War II he survived by tutoring students in physics and mathematics. He was awarded a University of Chicago Fellowship that supported him to complete a Ph.D. in Mathematical Biology in 1951 under the supervision of the founder of Mathematical Biophysics and Mathematical Biology, Nicolas Rashevsky. Karreman was then selected as a consultant to Albert Szent-Györgyi at the Institute for Muscle Research, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole. To follow his interest in mathematics applied to biology, physiology, and medicine he went to Philadelphia in 1957, to take up the position of Senior Medical Research Scientist at the Eastern Research Center. He was appointed associate professor of physiology at the School of Medicine in the University of Pennsylvania, where he also worked at the Bockus Research Institute at the Graduate Hospital. He was promoted to Full Professor of Physiology at the same university in 1972, where he held this position until 1983, when he became the first Professor Emeritus of Mathematical Biology. His main research interests were many, but all were in related fields that included: mathematical biology and mathematical biophysics, membrane biophysics, photosynthetic mechanisms, quantum biochemistry and quantum biophysics, biological energy transfer, quantum biology, physiological irritability, mathematical and systems analysis of cardiovascular and other biosystems, cooperativity, threshold phenomena in biomembranes, adsorption mechanisms at membrane surfaces and ion binding to biomembranes.

After Rashevsky's passing away in 1972, Karreman was a co-founder of the Society for Mathematical Biology (SMB) in 1974—together with H. Landahl and A. Bartholomay, and in 1975 he became its first president. Karreman was also a member of several prestigious scientific societies, including the American Physiological Society, the New York Academy of Sciences, the Franklin Institute, the Society for Supramolecular Biology, Sigma Xi, the Physiological Society of Philadelphia, and the Society for Vascular System Dynamics.

Honours
 1974 – First President of the Society for Mathematical Biology.

See also
 Society for Mathematical Biology
 Mathematical and theoretical biology
 Quantum biology
 Nicolas Rashevsky
 Hendrik Anthony Kramers

Selected publications
 George Karreman, R.H. Steele, and Albert Szent-Gyorgyi. "On resonance transfer of excitation energy between aromatic aminoacids in proteins.", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (1958) 44: 140-143.
 George Karreman. "Contributions to quantum biology. I. Mobile electronic characteristics of riboflavin radicals.", Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, Volume 23, Number 1/March, (1961) 55-68. Abstract.
 George Karreman. "Studies in quantum biology. II. The mobile electron characteristics of tryptophan+ in relation to those of FMN−, FMNH and FMNH 2+". Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, Volume 23, Number 2/June, (1961) 135-140, ; Abstract.
 George Karreman. "Cooperative specific adsorption of ions at charged sites in an electric field." Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, Volume 27, Supplement 1 / January, 1965, 91-104., .
 George Karreman. "Electronic Aspects of Quantum Biology." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Volume 96, Issue on Mathematical Theories of Biological Phenomena, Pages 1029 - 1055, published on line on 15 Dec 2006,
 George Karreman. "Mathematical Biology of Physiological Excitation", Synthese 9, no. 3-5 (1953): 248.
 George Karreman. "Towards a physical understanding of physiological excitation as a cooperative specific adsorption phenomenon.", Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, Volume 35, Numbers 1-2 / February, 1973, 149-171, .
 George Karreman, "Recent mathematical-biological studies of communication.", Synthese 9, no. 3-5 (1953): 255.

References

External links
 The Society for Mathematical Biology
  Biographies of physicists on PlanetPhysics.org

1920 births
1997 deaths
American biophysicists
Quantum physicists
Theoretical biologists
Dutch emigrants to the United States
Leiden University alumni

George Karreman


On the Internet, a header is extra information about a group of data. When someone sends an email, this information might contain when the email was sent, or some data about who sent the email (such as their IP address). You can think of email headers like the address and postage stamp on the outside of an envelope sent through regular mail.

Sometimes, this happens with other data (which is not an email) too. Computers often communicate with each other to transmit other kinds of data, like how to display a webpage, or the contents of an image. When this happens, other headers also come along with it.

Examples
 In an email, the following headers are sent: The sender's email address and name, the recipient's email address and name, the time the email was sent, the subject of the email, and the time the email was received by each computer between the sender and the recipient.
 When transferring an image, some other headers are sent: The image type, the image size, the image resolution, and the number of colors used.

E-mail

Email headers


Václav Jindřich Veit known in German as Wenzel Heinrich Veit (19 January 1806 in the village of Řepnice, now part of Libochovany, near Litoměřice – 16 February 1864, Litoměřice) Czech composer, copyist, pianist and lawyer.

To pay tuition at a law school in Prague, Veit gave music lessons. After earning his law degree and getting a position as a legal clerk, Veit continued to teach music and even started writing music. He wrote mostly chamber music, and later on in his life wrote more and more songs with texts in Czech, such as "Pozdravení pěvcovo". He also wrote some church music, including a setting of the Te Deum and a couple of masses. Although he wrote some orchestral music, such as a violin concertino and a parody of Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique, Veit only wrote one symphony, in E minor, which is however considered "a notable milestone in the development of the Czech symphonic style."

References

External links

1806 births
1864 deaths
Czech male classical composers
Czech classical pianists
19th-century Czech lawyers
Czech Romantic composers
19th-century classical composers
19th-century classical pianists
Male classical pianists
String quartet composers
19th-century Czech male musicians

Václav Jindřich Veit


Pelletization is the process of turning something, usually a metal ore or animal feed, into small pellets.

In ores, usually something is added to the pellets to make them more usable. After the ore is pelletized, it has to be cooled down to be used.
Iron

Pelletization


Mikuláš Schneider-Trnavský KSG (24 May 1881, Trnava – 28 May 1958, Bratislava) was a Slovak composer, conductor and pedagogue. He was popular mostly because of his songs, some becoming traditional.

Life
In 1900, he passed his maturita exam in Trnava. From 1900 to 1901, he studied composition at the Budapestian conservatory with Hans von Koessler. From 1901 to 1903, he studied at the conservatory in Vienna with Hermann Graedener. Finally, from 1903 to 1905, he studied organ playing in Prague with Josef Klička and composition with Carl Stecker.

After his studies, he became regenschori in Zrenjanin, Serbia. In 1908, he performed together with Czech barytonist Bohumír Nepomucký on the concert tour through Europe. After returning to Trnava, in 1909, he became regenschori at the Saint Nicholas Cathedral in Trnava and remained at this post until his death.

Works
His most known achievement is a compilation of catholic songs Jednotný katolícky spevník (Standard Catholic hymnbook) created on demand by Spolok svätého Vojtecha (St. Vojtech Society). It was published in 1937 after about fifteen years of work and contains over 500 songs, nearly half of them auctorial. Some of the songs were taken from the first Slovak Catholic hymnbook Cantus catholici (1651 or 1655). Since its publication, this hymnbook has been used as the main source of the church songs by all Slovak Catholics. For this work, he was named the Knight of the Order of St. Gregory the Great by Pope Pius XI in 1933.

Recordings
 Štefan Margita Smiles and Tears; Mikuláš Schneider-Trnavský Slzy a úsmevy, Op.25 (Smiles and Tears) song cycle.
 Gabriela Beňačková From the Heart: Mikuláš Schneider-Trnavský Songs about Mother: If Only They Knew; Mother; If I Knew; Little Flower: Far and Wide; The Nightingale; A Lovely Dream; Student Period Songs: The Settler; The Bowed Rose; Your Shy Eyes; The Girl Is Being Married; From My Heart: The Withering Tree; The Cuckoo; Roses.

Sources

 Biography at osobnosti.sk
 50 years ago Mikuláš Schneider-Trnavský died

External links
 List of works

1881 births
1958 deaths
Musicians from Trnava
Slovak composers
Male composers
Slovak conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
20th-century conductors (music)
20th-century male musicians
Slovak male musicians

Mikuláš Schneider-Trnavský


Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie ( (Devanagari), lanati  (Nastaʿlīq); born 19 Juin 1947) is a Breetish Indie novelist an essayist.  His seicont novelle, Midnight's Children (1981), wan the Booker Prize in 1981. Much o his feection is set on the Indian subcontinent. He is said tae combine magical realism wi historical feection; his wirk is concernit wi the mony connexions, disruptions an migrations atween East an Wast.

His fowert novelle, The Satanic Verses (1988), wis the centre o a major controversy, provokin protests frae Muslims in several kintras, some violent. Daith threits wur made agains him, includin a fatwā issued bi Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the Supreme Leader o Iran, on 14 Februar 1989.

References

1947 births
20t-century Breetish novelists
21st-century Breetish novelists
Alumni o King's College, Cambridge
Best Screenplay Genie an Canadian Screen Awaird winners
Breetish atheists
Breetish Asie writers
Breetish Beuk Awaird winners
Breetish feminists
Breetish umwhile Muslims
Breetish memoirists
Breetish expatriates in the Unitit States
Cathedral and John Connon School alumni
Indie copywriters
Creetics o Islam
Emory Varsity faculty
Fatwas
Fellaes o the Ryal Society o Leeteratur
Free speech activists
James Tait Black Memorial Prize recipients
Inglis fowk o Kashmiri strynd
Inglis fowk o Indian strynd
Indie expatriates in Pakistan
Knichts Bachelor
Livin fowk
Magic realism writers
Man Booker Prize winners
Naituralised ceetizens o the Unitit Kinrick
Fowk eddicatit at Rugby School
Writers frae Mumbai
Postcolonial leeteratur
Postmodren writers
Opposeetion tae Islam in the Unitit Kinrick
Breetish social commentators
Atheism in the Unitit Kinrick
Breetish atheism activists
Indie emigrants tae the Unitit Kinrick
Male feminists
20t-century Indie essayists
21st-century Indie essayists
20t-century Indie novelists
21st-century Indie novelists
20t-century atheists
21st-century atheists
Novelists frae Maharashtra
Screenwriters frae Mumbai
Film producers frae Mumbai
Male actors frae Mumbai
21st-century Indian male actors
Indie televeesion writers
21st-century Indie dramatists an playwrichts
Umwhile Muslims turned agnostics or atheists

Salman Rushdie


薩斯基雅·薩森(,),荷蘭與美國社會學家,分析全球化和國際人類遷徙。她目前是哥倫比亞大學社會學羅伯特·S·林德教授和倫敦經濟學院客座教授。

薩斯基雅·薩森創造全球城市這個名詞。她與社會學家理查德·森尼特結婚。

參考

 Personal Website
 Sassen's page at the London School of Economics
 Member Profile, Committee on Global Thought at Columbia University
 The Transnationalism Project, University of Chicago
 Downloadable PDFs of Sassen's papers at the University of Chicago's Transnationalism project website
 Globalization & World Cities, site at Loughborough University UK, founded by Peter Hall, Sassen, and Nigel Thrift
 Guantánamo in Germany  (with Richard Sennett) in The Guardian, 21 August 2007 (concerning arrest of German sociologist charged of being "mastermind" of the Militante Gruppe)
 2008 Metropolis Congress Sydney
 Saskia on divulge, Saskia Sassen at Unbound
 "Comment: We seem to have forgotten history ", The Guardian, February 26, 2004.
 "Special report: Terrorism in the US — A message from the global south ", in The Guardian, September 12, 2001.
 "Special report: refugees in Britain — Unstoppable immigrants ", in The Guardian, September 12, 2000.

S
S
S
S
S
阿斯图里亚斯亲王奖获得者
女社会学家

薩斯基雅·薩森


Roush Fenway Racing is a NASCAR team owned by Jack Roush and John W. Henry. This team owns race cars that race in the NASCAR Sprint Cup, Nationwide Series, Camping World Truck Series, and the ARCA RE/MAX Series.  Roush Fenway Racing has won two Sprint Cup championships with Kurt Busch  and Matt Kenseth.

NASCAR racing teams

Roush Fenway Racing


The Dashavatara refers to the ten main incarnations of Lord Vishnu, the god of preservation. Vishnu is said to descend in the form of an avatar to restore balance in the world.

The list of included avatars varies across sects and regions. All avatars have appeared except Kalki, who will appear at the end of the Kali Yuga.

The order of the ancient concept of Dashavataras has been interpreted to be reflective of modern Darwinian evolution- it is the theory of evolution told as a story, written between 12.000-14,000 years ago. It describes the cycle of human evolution beginning in water as Matsya the fish, on to the amphibious phase (half land and water) as Koorma, the tortoise, on to begin firmly established on land as the wild boar Varaha, then Narsimha- half man- half animal, followed by Vamana, the Dwarf man, on to Parashurama, the emotionally volatile man, on to Rama, the peaceful man, Balram  , then Krishna, a loving man , who is said to be succeeded by the final incarnation of Vishnu, or the last stage of evolution as Kalki, the mystical man. This is thus also a description of the evolution of consciousness.
]

Etymology
The Word Dashavatar means Ten Incarnations or Ten Avatars

 Dash' or 'Daśā' (दश) means 'ten'

 'Avatara' (अवतार) means 'incarnation'

The word "Avatar", a Sanskrit word means "descent". In Sanatana Dharma it means the Descent/Incarnation/Manifest/Appearance of Lord/Supreme Being/Deity in an earthly embodiment.

There is no reference of Avatar exists in Vedas. The Bhagavad Gita discusses the subject matter associated with Avatar in textual format in Chapter 4 Slokas 5~9, where Lord Shri Krishna Himself declared the role of taking Avatar.

Whenever and wherever there is a decline in religious practice, O descendant of Bharata, and a predominant rise of irreligion — at that time I descend Myself. To deliver the pious and to annihilate the miscreants, as well as to reestablish the principles of religion, I Myself appear, millennium after millennium. (Bhagavad Gita Chapter 4 Verses 7~8)

List of avatars
Various versions of the list of Vishnu's avatars exist, varying per region and tradition. Some lists mention Krishna as the eighth avatar and the Buddha as the ninth avatar, while others – such as the Yatindramatadipika, a 17th-century summary of Srivaisnava doctrine – give Balarama as the eighth avatar and Krishna as the ninth. The latter version is followed by some Vaishnavas who don't accept the Buddha as an incarnation of Vishnu. Though no list can be uncontroversially presented as standard, the "most accepted list found in Puranas and other texts is [...]  Krishna, Buddha."

The following table summarises the position of avatars within the Dashavatara

The Agni Purana, Padma Purana, Garuda Purana, Linga Purana, Narada Purana, Skanda Purana and Varaha Purana mention the common (Krishna, Buddha) Dashavatara list.The Garuda Purana has two lists, one longer list with Krishna and Buddha, and a list with Balarama and Buddha, which substitutes Vamana for Rama. The Shiva Purana has Balarama and Krishna.

The list with Krishna and Buddha is also found in the Garuda Purana Saroddhara, a commentary or 'extracted essence' of the Garuda Purana (i.e. not the Purana itself, with which it seems to be confused):The Fish, the Tortoise, the Boar, the Man-Lion, the Dwarf, Parasurama, Rama, Krisna, Buddha, and also Kalki: These ten names should always be meditated upon by the wise. Those who recite them near the diseased are called relatives.

---Garuda Purana Saroddhara by Navanidhirama (translated by E. Wood and S.V. Subrahmanyam), Chapter VIII, Verses 10-11

Description of the Avatars

 1 - Matsya, the fish. King Vaivasvata Manu finds a little fish in the palm of his hands when performing the tarpana (water-offering). Manu keeps the fish, which keeps growing, eventually releasing it into the ocean, realizing it is Vishnu. Vishnu informs Manu of the coming destruction of the world, by means of fires and floods, and directs Manu to collect "all creatures of the world", Seven Sages (SaptRishis), seeds of all plants, one animal type of each species etc and keep them safe on a boat built by the gods. When the deluge (Pralaya) comes, Vishnu appears as a great fish with a horn, to which Manu ties the boat, which leads them into safety
 2 - Kurma, the giant tortoise. When the devas and asuras were churning the Ocean of milk in order to get Amrita, the nectar of immortality, the mount Mandara they were using as the churning staff started to sink and Vishnu took the form of a tortoise to bear the weight of the mountain.
 3 - Varaha, the boar. He appeared to defeat Hiranyaksha, a demon who had taken the Earth, or Prithvi, and carried it to the bottom of what is described as the cosmic ocean (much like in ether theory) in the story. The battle between Varaha and Hiranyaksha is believed to have lasted for a thousand years, which the former finally won. Varaha carried the Earth out of the ocean between his tusks and restored it to its place in the universe
 4 - Narasimha, the half-man/half-lion. Jaya and his brother Vijaya are cursed by the sage Sanaka when they stop him from seeing Vishnu, and will be reborn three times as demons (asura) to be killed by Vishnu. In their first demonic birth they become Hiranyaksha and Hiranyakashipu. Hiranyakashipu persecuted everyone for their religious beliefs including his son who was a Vishnu follower. he was protected by Brahma, and could by no means be killed. Vishnu descended as an anthropomorphic incarnation, with the body of a man and head and claws of a lion. He disemboweled Hiranyakashipu, and brought an end to the persecution of human beings including his devotee Prahlada
 5 - Vamana, the dwarf. The fourth descendant of Vishnu, Bali, with devotion and penance was able to defeat Indra, the god of firmament. This humbled the other deities and extended his authority over the three worlds. The gods appealed to Vishnu for protection and he descended as a boy Vamana. During a yajna (यज्ञ) of the king, Vamana approached him and Bali promised him for whatever he asked. Vamana asked for three paces of land. Bali agreed, and the dwarf then changed his size to that of a giant Trivikrama form. With his first stride he covered the earthly realm, with the second he covered the heavenly realm thereby symbolically covering the abode of all living beings. He then took the third stride for the netherworld. Bali realized that Vamana was Vishnu incarnate. In deference, the king offered his head as the third place for Vamana to place his foot. The avatar did so and thus granted Bali immortality and making him ruler of Pathala, the netherworld. This legend appears in hymn 1.154 of the Rigveda and other Vedic as well as Puranic texts.
 6 - Parashurama, the warrior with the axe. He is son of Jamadagni and Renuka and was granted as boon, an axe after a penance to Shiva. He is the first Brahmin-Kshatriya in Hinduism, or warrior-sage, who had to follow the Dharma of both, a Brahmin as well as a Kshatriya. Once, when king Kartavirya Arjuna and his hunting party halted at the ashrama of Jamadagni, the father of Parashurama, and the sage was able to feed them all with the aid of the divine cow Kamadhenu. The king demanded the cow, but Jamadagni refused. Enraged, the king took it by force and destroyed the ashram. Parashurama then killed the king at his palace and destroyed his army. In revenge, the sons of Kartavirya killed Jamadagni. Parashurama took a vow to kill every Kshatriya on earth twenty-one times over, and filled five lakes with their blood. Ultimately, his grandfather, Rishi Rucheeka, appeared before him and made him halt. He is a chiranjeevi (immortal), and believed to be alive today in penance at Mahendragiri. He also credited for creating coastal belt of Karnataka and Kerala throwing his mighty axe as per Hindu mythology. The place the axe landed in sea got its water displaced and the land which emerged thus came to be known as coast of Karnataka and whole of Kerala
 7 - Rama, the prince and king of Ayodhya. He is a commonly worshipped avatar in Hinduism, and is thought of as the ideal model of a common prince without super powers, despite being an incarnation. His story is recounted in one of the most widely read scriptures of Hinduism, the Ramayana. While in exile from his own kingdom with his brother Lakshman and the God Hanuman, his wife Sita was abducted by the demon king of Lanka, Ravana. He travelled to Lanka, killed the demon king and saved Sita. Rama and Sita returned home and were crowned. The day of the return of Prince Rama to the kingdom of Ayodhya is celebrated in the form of festival Diwali all over India. He is one of the most righteous kings who ever ruled
 8 - Krishna was the eighth son of Devaki and Vasudeva and the foster-son of Yashoda and Nanda. A frequently worshipped deity in Hinduism, he is the hero of various legends, particularly the Kansa-vadha and Mahabharata and embodies several qualities such as love, duty, compassion, and playfulness. Krishna's birthday is celebrated every year by Hindus on Krishna Janmashtami according to the lunisolar Hindu calendar, which falls in late August or early September of the Gregorian calendar. Krishna is usually depicted with a flute in his hand. Krishna is also a central character in Mahabharata, Bhagavata Purana, and the Bhagavad Gita
 Balarama, the elder brother of Krishna, is regarded generally as an avatar of Shesha an extension of Ananta, a form of Lord Vishnu. Balarama is included as the eighth avatar of Vishnu in the Sri Vaishnava lists, where Buddha is omitted and Krishna appears as the ninth avatar in this list.
 9 - Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, is commonly included as an avatar of Vishnu in Hinduism. Gautam Buddha (Enlightened One), was born as prince of Kapilavastu to King Suddhodhana and Maya. His original name was Siddhartha (Perfected Goal). After the disappearance of Shri Krishna, in Kali Yuga, true devotion to Vedas was replaced by empty rituals, so Lord Vishnu incarnated as Lord Buddha to rebuild the importance of Vedas with some modification for less intelligent people. Nobody was providing the satisfied answers to young Siddhartha questions regarding poverty, death, diseases etc. Then one day he kept everyone behind including his wife and child, and went to forest in the search of finding the Absolute Truth. When he came back he was full of Enlightenment, in state of Nirvana. The prime cause of all suffering is desire, one has to eradicate that, is one of the essence of Lord Buddha.
 10 - Kalki is described as the final incarnation of Vishnu, who appears at the end of each Kali Yuga. He will be atop a white horse and his sword will be drawn, blazing like a comet. He appears when only chaos, evil and persecution prevails, dharma has vanished, and he ends the kali yuga to restart Satya Yuga and another cycle of existence

References

Hinduism

Dashavatar


William Strauss (December 5, 1947 – December 18, 2007) was an American author, playwright, theater director, and lecturer. As an author, he is known for his work with Neil Howe on social generations and for Strauss–Howe generational theory. He is also known as the co-founder and director of the satirical musical theater group the Capitol Steps, and as the co-founder of the Cappies, a critics and awards program for high school theater students.

Biography
Strauss was born in Chicago and grew up in Burlingame, California. He graduated from Harvard University in 1969. In 1973, he received a JD from Harvard Law School and a master's in public policy from Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government, where he was a member of the program's first graduating class.

After receiving his degrees, Strauss worked in Washington, DC as a policy aid to the Presidential Clemency Board, directing a research team writing a report on the impact of the Vietnam War on the generation that was drafted. In 1978, Strauss and Lawrence Baskir co-authored two books on the Vietnam War, Chance and Circumstance, and Reconciliation after Vietnam. Strauss later worked at the U.S. Department of Energy and as a committee staffer for Senator Charles Percy, and in 1980 he became chief counsel and staff director of the Subcommittee on Energy, Nuclear Proliferation, and Government Processes.

In 1981, Strauss organized a group of senate staffers to perform satirical songs at the annual office Christmas party of his employer, Senator Percy. The group was so successful that Strauss went on to co-found a professional satirical troupe, the Capitol Steps, with Elaina Newport. The Capitol Steps was a $3 million company with more than 40 employees who performed at venues across the country until shutting down in 2021. As director, Strauss wrote many of the songs, performed regularly off Broadway, and recorded 27 albums.

During the 1990s, Strauss developed another career as an historian and pop sociologist, examining how generational differences shape attitudes, behaviors, and the course of history. He wrote seven books on social generations with Neil Howe, beginning with Generations in 1991. In 1997, Strauss and Howe founded LifeCourse Associates, a publishing, speaking, and consulting company built on their generational theory. As a partner at LifeCourse, Strauss worked as a corporate, nonprofit, education, and government affairs consultant.

In 1999, Strauss received a diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. This prompted him to found the Cappies, a program to inspire the next generation of theater performers and writers. Now an international program including hundreds of high schools, Cappies allows students to attend and review each other's plays and musicals, publish reviews in major newspapers, and hold Tonys-style Cappies award Galas, in which Strauss acted as MC for the Fairfax County program. Strauss also founded Cappies International Theater, a summer program in which top Cappies winners perform plays and musicals written by teenagers. In 2006 and 2007, Strauss advised creative teams of students who wrote two new musicals, Edit:Undo and Senioritis. Senioritis was made into a movie that was released in 2007.

Death
Strauss died of pancreatic cancer in his home in McLean, Virginia. His wife of 34 years, Janie Strauss, lives in McLean and was a member of the Fairfax County School Board for 26 years. They have four grown children.

Work
Strauss authored multiple books on social generations, as well as a number of plays and musicals.

In 1978, he and Lawrence Baskir co-authored Chance and Circumstance, a book about the Vietnam-era draft. Their second book, Reconciliation After Vietnam (1978) "was said to have influenced" President Jimmy Carter's blanket pardon of Vietnam draft resisters.

Strauss's books with Neil Howe include Generations (1991) and The Fourth Turning (1997), which examine historical generations and describe a theorized cycle of recurring mood eras in American history (now described as the Strauss–Howe generational theory). Generations made a deep impression on former U.S. vice president Al Gore, who called it the most stimulating book on American history he'd ever read. He even sent a copy to each member of Congress. The Fourth Turning made a deep impression on Steve Bannon, who wrote and directed Generation Zero (2010), a Citizens United Productions film on the book's theory, prior to his becoming White House Chief Strategist.

Howe and Strauss also co-authored 13th Gen (1993) about Generation X, and Millennials Rising (2000) about the Millennial Generation.

Eric Hoover has called the authors pioneers in a burgeoning industry of consultants, speakers and researchers focused on generations. He wrote a critical piece about the concept of "generations" and the "Millennials" (a term coined by Strauss and Howe) for the Chronicle of Higher Education. Michael Lind offered his critique of Howe's book Generations for The New York Times.

Strauss also wrote a number of application books with Howe about the Millennials' impact on various sectors, including Millennials Go to College (2003, 2007), Millennials in the Pop Culture (2005), and Millennials in K-12 Schools (2008).

Strauss wrote three musicals, MaKiddo, Free-the-Music.com, and Anasazi, and two plays, Gray Champions and The Big Bump, about various themes in the books he has co-authored with Howe. He also co-wrote two books of political satire with Elaina Newport, Fools on the Hill (1992) and Sixteen Scandals (2002).

Selected bibliography

Books
Chance and Circumstance (1978)
Reconciliation After Vietnam (1978)
Generations (1991)
Fools on the Hill (1992)
13th-GEN (1993)
The Fourth Turning (1997)
Millennials Rising (2000)
Sixteen Scandals (2002)
Millennials Go To College (2003, 2007)
Millennials and the Pop Culture (2006)
Millennials and K-12 Schools (2008)

Plays and musicals
MaKiddo (2000)
Free-the-Music.com (2001)
The Big Bump (2001)
Anasazi (2004)
Gray Champions (2005)

Notes

External links
http://www.williamstrauss.com/
http://www.free-the-music.com/

1947 births
2007 deaths
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
21st-century American dramatists and playwrights
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American consultants
American theatre directors
Deaths from cancer in Virginia
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
Strauss–Howe generational theory

William Strauss


In formal ontology, a branch of metaphysics, and in ontological computer science, mereotopology is a first-order theory, embodying mereological and topological concepts, of the relations among wholes, parts, parts of parts, and the boundaries between parts.

History and motivation
Mereotopology begins in philosophy with theories articulated by A. N. Whitehead in several books and articles he published between 1916 and 1929, drawing in part on the mereogeometry of De Laguna (1922). The first to have proposed the idea of a point-free definition of the concept of topological space in mathematics was Karl Menger in his book Dimensionstheorie (1928) -- see also his (1940). The early historical background of mereotopology is documented in Bélanger and Marquis (2013) and Whitehead's early work is discussed in Kneebone (1963: ch. 13.5) and Simons (1987: 2.9.1). The theory of Whitehead's 1929 Process and Reality augmented the part-whole relation with topological notions such as contiguity and connection. Despite Whitehead's acumen as a mathematician, his theories were insufficiently formal, even flawed. By showing how Whitehead's theories could be fully formalized and repaired, Clarke (1981, 1985) founded contemporary mereotopology. The theories of Clarke and Whitehead are discussed in Simons (1987: 2.10.2), and Lucas (2000: ch. 10). The entry Whitehead's point-free geometry includes two contemporary treatments of Whitehead's theories, due to Giangiacomo Gerla, each different from the theory set out in the next section.

Although mereotopology is a mathematical theory, we owe its subsequent development to logicians and theoretical computer scientists. Lucas (2000: ch. 10) and Casati and Varzi (1999: ch. 4,5) are introductions to mereotopology that can be read by anyone having done a course in first-order logic. More advanced treatments of mereotopology include Cohn and Varzi (2003) and, for the mathematically sophisticated, Roeper (1997). For a mathematical treatment of point-free geometry, see Gerla (1995).  Lattice-theoretic (algebraic) treatments of mereotopology as contact algebras have been applied to separate the topological from the mereological structure, see Stell (2000), Düntsch and Winter (2004).

Applications
Barry Smith, Anthony Cohn, Achille Varzi and their co-authors have shown that mereotopology can be useful in formal ontology and computer science, by allowing the formalization of relations such as contact, connection, boundaries, interiors, holes, and so on. Mereotopology has been applied also as a tool for qualitative spatial-temporal reasoning, with constraint calculi such as the Region Connection Calculus (RCC). It provides the starting point for the theory of fiat boundaries developed by Smith and Varzi, which grew out of the attempt to distinguish formally between
boundaries (in geography, geopolitics, and other domains) which reflect more or less arbitrary human demarcations and
boundaries which reflect bona fide physical discontinuities (Smith 1995, 2001).
Mereotopology is being applied by Salustri in the domain of digital manufacturing (Salustri, 2002) and by Smith and Varzi to the formalization of basic notions of ecology and environmental biology (Smith and Varzi, 1999, 2002). It has been applied also to deal with vague boundaries in geography (Smith and Mark, 2003), and in the study of vagueness and granularity (Smith and Brogaard, 2002, Bittner and Smith, 2001, 2001a).

Preferred approach of Casati & Varzi
Casati and Varzi (1999: ch.4) set out a variety of mereotopological theories in a consistent notation. This section sets out several nested theories that culminate in their preferred theory GEMTC, and follows their exposition closely. The mereological part of GEMTC is the conventional theory GEM. Casati and Varzi do not say if the models of GEMTC include any conventional topological spaces.

We begin with some domain of discourse, whose elements are called individuals (a synonym for mereology is "the calculus of individuals"). Casati and Varzi prefer limiting the ontology to physical objects, but others freely employ mereotopology to reason about geometric figures and events, and to solve problems posed by research in machine intelligence.

An upper case Latin letter denotes both a relation and the predicate letter referring to that relation in first-order logic. Lower case letters from the end of the alphabet denote variables ranging over the domain; letters from the start of the alphabet are names of arbitrary individuals. If a formula begins with an atomic formula followed by the biconditional, the subformula to the right of the biconditional is a definition of the atomic formula, whose variables are unbound. Otherwise, variables not explicitly quantified are tacitly universally quantified. The axiom Cn below corresponds to axiom C.n in Casati and Varzi (1999: ch. 4).

We begin with a topological primitive, a binary relation called connection; the atomic formula Cxy denotes that "x is connected to y." Connection is governed, at minimum, by the axioms:

C1.  (reflexive)

C2.  (symmetric)

Let E, the binary relation of enclosure, be defined as:

Exy is read as "y encloses x" and is also topological in nature. A consequence of C1-2 is that E is reflexive and transitive, and hence a preorder. If E is also assumed extensional, so that:

then E can be proved antisymmetric and thus becomes a partial order. Enclosure, notated xKy, is the single primitive relation of the theories in Whitehead (1919, 1920), the starting point of mereotopology.

Let parthood be the defining primitive binary relation of the underlying mereology, and let the atomic formula Pxy denote that "x is part of y". We assume that P is a partial order. Call the resulting minimalist mereological theory M.

If x is part of y, we postulate that y encloses x:

C3.

C3 nicely connects mereological parthood to topological enclosure.

Let O, the binary relation of mereological overlap, be defined as:

Let Oxy denote that "x and y overlap." With O in hand, a consequence of C3 is:

Note that the converse does not necessarily hold. While things that overlap are necessarily connected, connected things do not necessarily overlap. If this were not the case, topology would merely be a model of mereology (in which "overlap" is always either primitive or defined).

Ground mereotopology (MT) is the theory consisting of primitive C and P, defined E and O, the axioms C1-3, and axioms assuring that P is a partial order. Replacing the M in MT with the standard extensional mereology GEM results in the theory GEMT.

Let IPxy denote that "x is an internal part of y." IP is defined as:

Let σx φ(x) denote the mereological sum (fusion) of all individuals in the domain satisfying φ(x). σ is a variable binding prefix operator. The axioms of GEM assure that this sum exists if φ(x) is a first-order formula. With σ and the relation IP in hand, we can define the interior of x,  as the mereological sum of all interior parts z of x, or:

df

Two easy consequences of this definition are:

where W is the universal individual, and

C5.  (Inclusion)

The operator i has two more axiomatic properties:

C6.  (Idempotence)

C7.

where a×b is the mereological product of a and b, not defined when Oab is false. i distributes over product.

It can now be seen that i is isomorphic to the interior operator of topology. Hence the dual of i, the topological closure operator c, can be defined in terms of i, and Kuratowski's axioms for c are theorems. Likewise, given an axiomatization of c that is analogous to C5-7, i may be defined in terms of c, and C5-7 become theorems.  Adding C5-7 to GEMT results in Casati and Varzi's preferred mereotopological theory, GEMTC.

x is self-connected if it satisfies the following predicate:

Note that the primitive and defined predicates of MT alone suffice for this definition. The predicate SC enables formalizing the necessary condition given in Whitehead's Process and Reality for the mereological sum of two individuals to exist: they must be connected. Formally:

C8.

Given some mereotopology X, adding C8 to X  results in what Casati and Varzi call the Whiteheadian extension of X, denoted WX. Hence the theory whose axioms are C1-8 is WGEMTC.

The converse of C8 is a GEMTC theorem. Hence given the axioms of GEMTC, C is a defined predicate if O and SC are taken as primitive predicates.

If the underlying mereology is atomless and weaker than GEM, the axiom that assures the absence of atoms (P9 in Casati and Varzi 1999) may be replaced by C9, which postulates that no individual has a topological boundary:

C9.

When the domain consists of geometric figures, the boundaries can be points, curves, and surfaces. What boundaries could mean, given other ontologies, is not an easy matter and is discussed in Casati and Varzi (1999: ch. 5).

See also
Mereology
Pointless topology
Point-set topology
Topology
Topological space (with links to T0 through T6)
Whitehead's point-free geometry

Notes

References
 Biacino L., and Gerla G., 1991, "Connection Structures," Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 32: 242–47.
 Casati, Roberto, and Varzi, Achille, 1999. Parts and places: the structures of spatial representation. MIT Press.
 Stell J. G., 2000, "Boolean connection algebras: A new approach to the Region-Connection Calculus," Artificial Intelligence 122: 111–136.

External links
 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Boundary—by Achille Varzi. With many references.

Mathematical axioms
Mereology
Ontology
Topology

Mereotopology


Nerve induction is a theoretical method of creating a sensation by stimulation of the sensory nerves rather than by actual stimulus.

History

The concept is  mentioned in the 1965 science fiction novel Dune by Frank Herbert as a method to inflict pain with no actual injury.

No known real-life analogues of such a device currently exist. However, the effect sometime occurs as a side effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation. In addition, a number of non-lethal pain compliance devices have been developed. The most reminiscent of Herbert's fictional device is the microwave-based Active Denial System (ADS), which shows many of the same traits, but uses microwaves rather than nerve induction. Other similar devices include Long Range Acoustic Devices (LRAD) which use painful directed sound waves, and electroshock weapons such as tasers, which deliver an incapacitating shock to the nervous system.

Medical treatments
Science fiction themes
Sensory systems

Nerve induction


The Temple of Ramesses III at Medinet Habu was an important New Kingdom period temple structure in the West Bank of Luxor in Egypt. Aside from its size and architectural and artistic importance, the mortuary temple is probably best known as the source of inscribed reliefs depicting the advent and defeat of the Sea Peoples during the reign of Ramesses III.

Modern identification and excavation

The first European to describe the temple in modern literature was Vivant Denon, who visited it in 1799–1801. Jean-François Champollion described it in detail in 1829.

Initial excavation of the temple took place sporadically between 1859 and 1899, under the auspices of the Department of Antiquities. During these decades the main temple was cleared, and a large number of the Greco-Roman period buildings, including a substantial Byzantine Church in the second court, were destroyed without notes or records being taken.

The further excavation, recording and conservation of the temple has been facilitated in chief part by the Architectural and Epigraphic Surveys of the University of Chicago Oriental Institute, almost continuously since 1924.

Description

The temple, some  long, is of orthodox design, and closely resembles the nearby mortuary temple of Ramesses II (the Ramesseum). The temple precinct measures approximately . by  and contains more than  of decorated wall reliefs. Its walls are relatively well preserved and it is surrounded by a massive mudbrick enclosure, which may have been fortified. The original entrance is through a fortified gate-house, known as a migdol (a common architectural feature of Asiatic fortresses of the time).

Just inside the enclosure, to the south, are chapels of Amenirdis I, Shepenupet II and Nitiqret, all of whom had the title of Divine Adoratrice of Amun.

The first pylon leads into an open courtyard, lined with colossal statues of Ramesses III as Osiris on one side, and uncarved columns on the other. The second pylon leads into a peristyle hall, again featuring columns in the shape of Ramesses. The third pylon is reached by continuing up a ramp that leads through a columned portico and then opens into a large hypostyle hall (which has lost its roof). Reliefs and actual heads of foreign captives were also found placed within the temple, perhaps in an attempt to symbolise the king's control over Syria and Nubia.

In the Greco-Roman and Byzantine period, there was a church inside the temple structure, which has since been removed. Some of the carvings in the main wall of the temple have been altered by Christian carvings.

The royal palace was directly connected with the first courtyard of the temple via the "Window of Appearances".

Minor king list
The Medinet Habu king list is a procession celebrating the festival of Min, with the names of nine pharaohs. It can be found on the upper register of the eastern wall in the second courtyard.

Gallery

See also
Mortuary Temple of Amenhotep III

References

Further reading
 William J. Murnane, United with Eternity – A Concise Guide to the Monuments of Medinet Habu, Oriental Institute, University of Chicago and the American University of Cairo Press, 1980.

Archaeological reports
 The Epigraphic Survey, Medinet Habu I, Earlier Historical Records of Ramses III (OIP 8; Chicago, 1930)
 The Epigraphic Survey, Medinet Habu II, Later Historical Records of Ramses III (OIP 9; Chicago, 1932)
 The Epigraphic Survey, Medinet Habu III, The Calendar, the 'Slaughter House,' and Minor Records of Ramses III (OIP 23; Chicago, 1934)
 The Epigraphic Survey, Medinet Habu IV, Festival Scenes of Ramses III (OIP 51; Chicago, 1940)
 The Epigraphic Survey, Medinet Habu V, The Temple Proper, part 1 (OIP 83; Chicago, 1957)
 The Epigraphic Survey, Medinet Habu VI, The Temple Proper, part 2 (OIP 84; Chicago, 1963)
 The Epigraphic Survey, Medinet Habu VII, The Temple Proper, part 3 (OIP 93; Chicago, 1964)
 The Epigraphic Survey, Medinet Habu VIII, The Eastern High Gate (OIP 94; Chicago, 1970)
 W. F. Edgerton, Medinet Habu Graffiti Facsimiles (OIP 36; Chicago, 1937)
 Uvo Hölscher, Medinet Habu 1924–1928. II The Architectural Survey of the Great Temple and Palace of Medinet Habu (season 1927–28). OIC, No. 5. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1929.
 H. J. Thissen, Die demotischen Graffiti von Medinet Habu: Zeugnisse zu Tempel und Kult im Ptolemäischen Ägypten (Demotische Studien 10; Sommerhausen, 1989)

External links

 The Epigraphic Survey – The Oriental Institute, University of Chicago

A Foreign Captive at Medinet Habu

Christianization of the ancient temples Byzantine Empire

Medinet Habu Picture Gallery 2006

Buildings and structures completed in the 12th century BC
Theban Necropolis
Colossal statues in Egypt
Ramesses III
Egyptian temples
12th-century BC establishments in Egypt
Former churches in Egypt

Mortuary Temple of Ramesses III


Ohga (오가, 五加) or Five Ministers is a political structure of Gojoseon and Buyeo, according to Joseon Sanggosa. Literally, Ohga means five gas because Oh means five in Korean.

Ohga were composed of Dotga, Gaeda, Soga, Malga and Shinga. Dotga is a minister of the eastern area, Gaega was a minister of the western area, Soga was a minister of southern area, Malga was a minister of the northern area, and Shinga was the supreme minister among the Five Ministers. Shinga had responsibility for the central area. These names of Ohga resembled the name of animals. Dot in Dotga means  pig, Gae in Gaeda means dog, so in Soga means cow, mal in Malga means horse. Shin in Shinga does not mean any animal, and it always represents Heaven because the Koreans consider themselves as the descendants of Heaven.

References

History of Korea
Gojoseon

Oga (Gojoseon)


Alain Barrière (; born Alain Bellec; 18 November 1935 – 18 December 2019) was a French singer, who was active from the 1950s until his death and was known for participating in the Eurovision Song Contest 1963.

Early life
After growing up in a small town on the coast of Brittany, in 1955 Barrière enrolled in the École nationale supérieure d'arts et métiers in Angers.  As a student he bought a guitar and started to write songs. After graduating in engineering in 1960, he moved to Paris to take up employment, and started to perform in the evenings at small clubs around the capital.  He won a song contest in 1961 with the self-penned song "Cathy"; his style was chanson-based with no concession to the burgeoning yé-yé scene, but nonetheless he was soon signed to a recording contract and started to release singles regularly, enabling him to give up his job and make at least a modest living from music.

Eurovision Song Contest
In 1963, Barrière's song "Elle était si jolie" ("She Was So Pretty") was chosen as the French representative in the eighth Eurovision Song Contest which took place on 23 March in London.  "Elle était si jolie" finished fifth of 16 entries.

Success
"Elle était si jolie" turned out to be by far the biggest seller of Barrière's career to that point. He released his first album, Ma vie, in 1964 and the title-track became a hit.  In 1965 he was offered, and accepted, a leading role in a heist thriller, Pas de panique, alongside Pierre Brasseur. This would be his only venture into acting, but his singing career reached its peak in the latter part of the decade with a string of hits making him one of France's biggest stars and a sell-out live attraction. His most famous success is the song "Mon Vieux".

1970s
Barrière had gained a reputation for being uncompromising and at times difficult to work with.  In the early 1970s he left his record company to set up his own label.  He kept his fanbase, which ensured his records and concerts continued to provide a good living, despite his being overlooked by sections of the French broadcast media.  "Tu t'en vas", a 1975 duet with fellow Eurovision veteran Noëlle Cordier, topped the French chart, and was the third biggest-selling single of the year in Switzerland.

Barrière married in 1975, and he and his wife opened a nightclub-restaurant in a converted castle in Brittany.  Although it proved a successful and popular venue, Barrière soon found himself facing severe tax problems as a result of dubious advice.  In 1977 he took his family to the United States, where they remained for four years.

Later life
After returning to France, Barrière made several comeback attempts, to little avail.  After another period spent overseas, this time in Quebec, the family were back in Brittany when Barrière's career was unexpectedly rejuvenated by the 1997 release of a CD containing remastered versions of his old hits, which proved to be a money-spinner.  Shortly afterwards, Barrière released an album of new material, which also sold well.

He published an autobiography in 2006 and continued to release both retrospective and newly recorded albums.

Barrière died of cardiac arrest on 18 December 2019 at the age of 84.

Discography

Singles
1963: "Elle était si jolie"
1963: "Plus je t'entends"
1964: "Ma vie"
1968: "Emporte-moi"
1968: "Tout peut recommencer"
1969: "C'était aux premiers jours d'avril"
1969: "Viva ouagadougou"
1970: "À regarder la mer"
1971: "Si tu ne me revenais pas"
1971: "La Mer"
1972: "Elle"
1973: "Pour la dernière fois"
1974: "Le Bel amour"
1974: "Séduction 13"
1975: "Tu t'en vas" (with Noëlle Cordier)
1975: "Celtina"
1975: "Mon improbable amour"
1976: "Si tu te souviens"
1978: "Et tu fermes les yeux"
1978: "Amoco

References

External links
 Alain Barrière's website
 Discography and cover art at encyclopédisque.fr

1935 births
2019 deaths
People from Morbihan
French male singers
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for France
French expatriates in the United States
French expatriates in Canada
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1963
RCA Victor artists

Alain Barrière


See Kata for "Form" as used in the context of martial arts.

Form is a specific way of performing a movement, often a strength training exercise, to avoid injury, prevent cheating and increase strength.

'Proper form'
Exercises or drills in sport have a recognized way of performing the movements that have two purposes:

Avoiding injury
By using proper or 'good' form, the risk of injury is lowered. A lack of proper form commonly results in injury or a lack of effect from the exercise being performed

Maximize benefit
Good form ensures that the movement only uses the main muscles, and avoids recruiting secondary muscles.  As a muscle fatigues, the body attempts to compensate by recruiting other muscle groups and transferring force generation to non-fatigued units.  This reduces the benefits in strength or size gain experienced by the muscles as they are not worked to failure.

References

Physical exercise

Form (exercise)


Reginald Grey, 3rd Baron Grey de Ruthyn (c. 1362 – 30 September 1440), was a powerful Welsh marcher lord. He became Baron after his father's death in July 1388. His main military actions were against the Welsh, during the rebellion of Owain Glyndŵr.

Reginald de Grey was responsible for giving out royal demands in the Northern March. This included calling the local nobility and gentry and their men to Royal and military service. He was had been in a long-running legal argument with Glyndŵr, claiming part of Glyndwr's land as his own. Under King Richard II the case had been found in favour of Glyndŵr. When Henry IV became king, Grey took over the land.

Welsh rebellion
Glyndŵr tried to take legal action in 1400, but the court told him to give the land to Grey. Grey also did not tell Glyndŵr that his men were needed service in Scotland until the last moment. This made it impossible for Glyndŵr to send the men or even send an explanation for not sending them. Refusing or failing to follow an order of the King was treason. Glyndŵr's lands were would be taken until he could prove he was loyal to the king or receive punishment. On 16 September Glyndŵr and his brothers burned Grey's property. For three days his Welsh forces attacked the countryside of Flintshire and Denbighshire. On 24 September, Glyndwr's forces were defeated at Welshpool.

De Grey asked Glyndŵr to a meeting, but arrived with a large force, and attempted to capture Glyndŵr. Glyndŵr escaped and went into hiding, becoming a traitor in English eyes. King Henry took the land of Glyndŵr's friends, and gave them to John Beaufort, his half-brother. The rebellion spread across Wales by 1402. Lord Grey was taken prisoner by Glyndŵr's forces in an ambush near Ruthin in January.

A ransom of 10,000 marks was asked for him. Lord Grey was made to promise not to fight against Glyndŵr again. King Henry IV sent 11 knights to meet with Glyndŵr. They paid the money to release Grey. Lord Grey and his family would have been expected to repay the money.

The Grey family sold the Ruthin Lordship to King Henry VII in 1508 when the family needed money.

Hundred Years' War
Grey was a member of the Council which governed England during the absence of Henry V in France in 1415. He later fought against the French in the Hundred Years' War in 1420 and 1421. He also served as Governor of Ireland.

References

1360s births
1440 deaths
British military people
British nobility
Welsh people

Reginald Grey, 3rd Baron Grey de Ruthyn


Kayentasuchus (meaning "Kayenta Formation crocodile") is a genus of sphenosuchian, a type of basal crocodylomorph, the clade that comprises the crocodilians and their closest kin. It is known from a single skeleton found in rocks of the Sinemurian-Pliensbachian-age Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation, northeastern Arizona.

History and description
Kayentasuchus is based on UCMP 131830, a fragmentary skeleton.  UCMP 131830 was known for many years before its description as the "Kayenta Form".  It was found in 1983 by James M. Clark.  The location was at Willow Springs,  northeast of Flagstaff.  The specimen was found in a channel sandstone about halfway up the formation, in the "silty facies".  Specimens of the turtle Kayentachelys, the dinosaur Scutellosaurus, and tritylodonts were found in the immediate vicinity a few meters below it.

Kayentasuchus was named in 2002 by Clark and Hans-Dieter Sues.  The type species is K. walkeri in memory of Alick Walker, a well-known paleontologist.  Most parts of the skeleton are represented, but are fragmentary, and only the skull, lower jaw, pelvis, thigh bone, and bony scutes received detailed description.  Kayentasuchus had a tall, narrow snout and a flattened "skull table" at the back of the skull as in more derived crocodyliforms.  The lower jaw was slender at the tip and curved upward.  The teeth were nearly conical, but had distinct unserrated anterior and posterior edges.  Each side of the tip of the upper jaw had four teeth, while the maxillae (main tooth-bearing bone of the upper jaw) and dentaries (tooth-bearing bone of the lower jaw) had twelve or thirteen each.  The thigh bones were slender, and there were bony scutes on both the back and belly.  The scutes on the upper surface were arranged in two rows running the length of the animal. Clark and Sues performed a phylogenetic analysis and found Kayentasuchus to have an unresolved position along with several other sphenosuchians, neither closer to true crocodiles or to Sphenosuchus.

References

Early Jurassic reptiles of North America
Early Jurassic crocodylomorphs
Terrestrial crocodylomorphs
Kayenta Formation
Prehistoric pseudosuchian genera

Kayentasuchus


Halil Mete Soner is a Turkish American mathematician born in Ankara.
Soner's current research interests are nonlinear partial differential equations; asymptotic analysis of Ginzburg-Landau type systems, viscosity solutions, and mathematical finance.

Education
After graduating from the Ankara Science High School (Ankara Fen Lisesi), he started  his university education at the Middle East Technical University in Ankara, later transferred to  Boğaziçi University, Istanbul in 1977. He received a B.Sc. in mathematics and another in electrical engineering simultaneously in 1981, both in first-rank. Soner then attended Brown University in Providence, RI, U.S. on a research fellowship, where he obtained his M.Sc. (1983) and Ph.D. (1986) in applied mathematics.

Career
In 1985, Soner was research associate at the Institute for Mathematics and Applied Sciences in Minneapolis, MN and, assistant professor and then professor between 1986-1998 in the Department of Mathematical Sciences at the Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, PA. During 1997-1998 he was Research Associate at the Feza Gursey Institute for Basic Sciences in Istanbul and visiting professor of Mathematics at the Boğaziçi University, Istanbul and the University of Paris, Paris, France. From 1998 for two years, Soner was "Paul M. Whythes `55" Professor of Finance and Engineering in the Department of Operations Research and Financial Engineering at Princeton University. Then, he moved to Koç University where he served as the Dean of the College of Administrative Sciences and Economics until September 2007. From 2007 until 2009 he was the Isik Inselbag Professor of Finance in Sabancı University. From 2009 to 2019 he was a Professor of Financial Mathematics at ETH Zürich. Currently he is at Princeton.

Soner co-authored a book, with Wendell Fleming, on viscosity solutions and stochastic control; Controlled Markov Processes and Viscosity Solutions (Springer-Verlag) in 1993, which was listed among the most-cited researcher in mathematics by Thomson Science in 2004. He authored or co-authored papers on nonlinear partial differential equations, viscosity solutions, stochastic optimal control and mathematical finance.

Awards
He received the TÜBITAK-TWAS Science award in 2002, was the recipient of an ERC Advanced Investigators Grant in 2009 and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Research Award in 2014 and was elected as a SIAM Fellow in 2015.

Personal life
He has a son, Mehmet Ali.

References

External links
 His homepage

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from Ankara
Turkish mathematicians
American academics of Turkish descent
Middle East Technical University alumni
Boğaziçi University alumni
Brown University alumni
Carnegie Mellon University faculty
Academic staff of Koç University
Princeton University faculty
Academic staff of Sabancı University
Academic staff of ETH Zurich

Halil Mete Soner