The Kalamazoo Civic Theatre is a community theater company located in Kalamazoo, Michigan.

Venues
The Kalamazoo Civic Theatre has three performance venues.

Civic Auditorium
Opened in 1931, the Civic Auditorium is located at 329 S. Park Street. The auditorium has a single balcony and seats about 500.

Parish Theatre
Opened in 1998, the Parish Theatre is located at 426 S. Park Street. A black box-style theater, seats 175.

Carver Center Studio
The studio is located on the second floor of the Carver Center Complex, at 426 S. Park Street. Renovated in 2017.

History
The Kalamazoo Civic Players was established in 1929 and first performed on the stage of the Lincoln School Auditorium. Founders of the theatre included Dorothy Dalton, Norman Carver Sr., Howard Chenery, Ruth Noble, Paul Fuller, Louise Carver, and Jean Huston.

Timeline

1931 – The Players move into the Civic Auditorium on Park Street, a gift of W.E. Upjohn to the city. The theatre was state of the art for the time. In October of that year, their first show of the 1931-1932 season was a staging of W. Somerset Maugham's "The Constant Wife".

1933 – Founding member Norman Carver Sr. was instrumental in forming the Michigan Little Theatre Enclave, later to become the Community Theatre Association of Michigan.

1941 – The Civic was asked by the publishers of Stage Magazine to present a production of one of their plays on Broadway.

1945 – An intern program was created. It was the first of its kind in the nation. The first intern was Betty Ebert, who later married Jack Ragotzy. Together they founded The Barn Theatre in Augusta, Michigan.

1945 – In order to support the war effort, the Civic began touring productions to outlying communities. This outreach program was an important part of the Civic's mission during the war years.

1949 – The "Imaginary Invalid" was staged in an arena style setting. Audience members sat on the stage, surrounding the action. This venture gave a hint of what was to come with the Carver Center.

1950 – The Civic staged its 200th production "The Madwoman of Chaillot".

1952 – Norman Carver was elected as the inaugural president of the newly created National Organization of Community Theatres.

1953 – The Civic celebrated its 25th anniversary.

1956 – The tradition of opening the season with a musical began a tradition that continues to this day.

1958 – The Civic Auditorium Trustees built an annex to the auditorium. This new facility, built one block south of the auditorium, was needed to give the players much needed shop and storage space. It also provided a multi purpose space that was used as a second performance area for experimental productions. It also was used as office and rehearsal space for the Kalamazoo Symphony Orchestra. The trustees honored their manager of 30 years, Norman Carver, by naming the facility after him.

1958 – James Carver joined The Civic staff as a Production Assistant.

1960 – The Civic was the first community theatre in the nation to present "Raisin in the Sun".

1969 – The Civic entered its first AACT festival. Due to an accident during the performance they were unable to complete their performance. However, because of the quality of the performance they were given an Honorary Mention.

1974 – James Carver was promoted to Managing Director of The Civic.

1983 – "Fools", having won first place in State and Regional AACT/Fest competition, went on to represent The Civic at the National Festival. It was voted second place in National Competition. This Civic production represented the United States at an international theatre festival in England.

1989 – The Civic presented its 500th production "Our Town".

1994 – The Civic produced "Dancing at Lughnasa". This was another festival entrant, winning State, Regional, and National Competitions. They also received recognition for both the outstanding performance of the actors as well as design of the production.

1995 – A Capital Campaign was undertaken to fund a complete renovation of the Civic Auditorium as well as the construction of the Suzanne D. Parish Theatre. New electrical systems, rigging, stage flooring, and seating were installed in the auditorium as part of the renovation. Furnishings were reupholstered, and the walls were repainted.

1996 – Ground breaking took place for the new Suzanne D. Parish Theatre. It was built next to the Carver Center.

1997 – The Civic took "Dancing at Lughnasa" to Monaco to perform at an international festival sponsored by the Princess Grace Foundation.

1997 – James Carver retired from the Civic.

1998 – August 1998 brought the opening of a multi-million-dollar state of the art arena style performance space. In addition it doubled the shop space as well as giving the ever-growing Civic much needed storage space.

1999 – The Civic's production of "Forever Plaid" won first place in State and Regional AACT/Fest competition. The "Plaid" company represented Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Ohio at National competition in Memphis, Tennessee.

2000 - The Kalamazoo Civic Players and the Kalamazoo Civic Auditorium merged to form the Kalamazoo Civic Theatre.

2003 - The Civic's production of "Visiting Mr. Green" won first place in AACT/Fest competition and traveled to Wisconsin.

2004 - The Civic celebrated its 75th Anniversary with a Gala Reunion Concert, which featured former volunteers that have gone on to careers in regional theatre, film, and opera as well as on Broadway and television.

2005 – The Carver Center was expanded to include a new costume shop as well as new rehearsal and classroom space.

2005 – The Civic hosted AACTFest 2005, the national theatre festival. Over 500 theatre lovers traveled to Kalamazoo to see community theatre productions, attend workshops and make new friends.

2005 – The Civic launched its Senior Class Reader's Theatre program with a semi-staged production of Ladies of the Corridor. The SCRT is composed of veteran performers (age 50 and older) who perform learned, but not memorized, lines.

2006 – As part of the newly created Artist-in-Residence program, Broadway performers Ron Schwinn, Jerry Dixon, Peg Small and acclaimed author Alma Bond shared their skills and insights with the Civic staff, guest artists and volunteers. They also played an important role in community outreach, teaching classes and leading group discussion.

2007 – The theatre was chosen as the first community theatre in the country to present a pilot production of the Tony Award-winning musical "Avenue Q". Naughty and fun, this provocative show broke all attendance records for the Parish Theatre.

About
Each year, the Civic season includes both musicals and plays, set in either the Main Stage, or the Parish Theatre. The Civic has been unusual in its ability to maintain both a professional core staff, and a very enthusiastic community involvement. The professional staff has provided a foundation for the consistently high quality of their productions. In addition, there is a great deal of other theatrical activity in the area, leading to the availability of a large number of experienced amateur actors who repeatedly make their appearance on the Civic's stages.

The Civic Youth Theatre is also an important group in Kalamazoo County. It does three shows a year.  The Civic's Youth Education Program is strong and offers camps throughout the summer to encourage today's youth to become tomorrow's leaders in the arts.

The front of the auditorium was designed utilizing elements reminiscent of a circus tent. The carving around the doorways gives the impression of tent flaps. Built in 1929 the Auditorium features a house capable of seating 500, eccrouetements of imported limestone, and lead crystal chandeliers imported from Yugoslavia.
The Auditorium stage features 40 usable flysets. The proscenium measures 30 feet across and stage depth is 32 feet.

A remarkable feature of the Civic is the Parish theatre, completed in 1998. This is a black-box-type theatre complete with a trapdoor and possibly all way around seating.

External links
 The Kalamazoo Civic Theatre

References

Theatre companies in Michigan
Education in Kalamazoo, Michigan
Tourist attractions in Kalamazoo, Michigan

Kalamazoo Civic Theatre


Sir James Tynte Agg-Gardner  (25 November 1846 in Cheltenham – 9 August 1928 in Carlton Club) was an English brewery-owner and Conservative Party politician from Cheltenham in Gloucestershire.  An early supporter of women's suffrage, he was Member of Parliament (MP) for the Cheltenham constituency for four separate periods between 1874 and 1928, serving a total of 39 years in Parliament in which he made only two speeches in the House of Commons.

Early life
He was born in Cheltenham, where his father James Agg-Gardner, Senior (1804–58) had purchased the lordship of the manor in 1843. After his father's death, James Junior was brought up as a ward of court, and educated at Harrow School and then privately. He matriculated to Trinity College, Cambridge, but instead of starting his studies he contested the 1868 general election in Cheltenham, but failed to win the seat. He then studied law, and in 1873 he was called to the bar at the Middle Temple.  However, he never practised law, concentrating instead on his business interests and his political career.  He was a magistrate from 1875.

Political career
Agg-Gardner was first elected as Cheltenham's MP at the 1874 general election, but was defeated at the 1880 general election. He was re-elected in 1885 and held the seat until he stood down at the 1895 election, possibly for reasons related to his homosexuality.  He was returned unopposed at the 1900 general election, but was defeated in the 1906 general election. He did not stand again until a by-election in April 1911, after which he held the seat until death in 1928.

In the House of Commons chamber, he was an infrequent speaker, but served for most of his career on the Commons Kitchen Committee, which he chaired from 1917. In that role, he supervised the daily tea on the terrace, and was known affectionately as the "Minister of the Interior".  He sponsored the parliamentary bill which conferred borough status on Cheltenham, and 1896 was made the first freeman of the borough.  He also introduced bills on fire escapes (1891) and hire purchase (1928). Active in his constituency, he founded the Cheltenham Chamber of Commerce in 1902, and was summarily elected to be its first President.

He was knighted in 1916, and appointed as a Privy Councillor in 1924. By the time of his death in 1928, aged 81, he was the oldest serving Member of Parliament, having sat with ten Prime Ministers from Disraeli to Baldwin. However, because he had not been an MP continuously, he did not hold the title of Father of the House.
Agg-Gardner was known to be gay.

Wine
Christie's has a library of its old auction catalogues, and many of the wine auctions in the first three decades of the twentieth century show bidding by "Agg-Gardner", sometimes successful. He was also mentioned by André L. Simon in an article titled The Soliloquy of a Bibulous Bibliophile:
Is there anybody anywhere today, I sometimes wonder, who had the opportunities which were mine, during three score and ten years of my adult life, to enjoy wonderful wines, the like of which the post-wars generations will never know, and the privilege to enjoy them with such wonderful friends? I doubt it. One of my oldest friends–he was born in 1847–was Sir James Agg-Gardner, a little man and a great lover of wine: he was M.P. for Cheltenham, and Chairman of the Kitchen Committee of the House of Commons; he was one of a few friends who lunched with me at my old Mark Lane headquarters, in 1918, to celebrate my return to civilian life. There were still, on that day, four magnums of Cockburn 1847 in the cellar; we had one of them and it really was magnificent! We were on the eve of a General Election and we all drank good luck to Sir James in the wine of his own vintage. I promised him, somewhat rashly, another magnum of 1847 Cockburn, should he be re-elected. He was re-elected, of course, not only that year, but twice again during the next twelve months: it took three elections in two years to get a working majority, and this was why and how my last three magnums of Cockburn 1847 went in two years! No regrets: they were at their best and could not possibly have been any better had they been kept any longer.

Publications

Notes

References

External links

1846 births
1928 deaths
People from Cheltenham
People educated at Harrow School
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1874–1880
UK MPs 1885–1886
UK MPs 1886–1892
UK MPs 1892–1895
UK MPs 1900–1906
UK MPs 1910–1918
UK MPs 1918–1922
UK MPs 1922–1923
UK MPs 1923–1924
UK MPs 1924–1929
Knights Bachelor
English justices of the peace
Members of the Middle Temple
Politics of Cheltenham
Gay politicians
LGBT members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
English LGBT politicians

James Agg-Gardner


The Creole case was a slave revolt aboard the American slave ship Creole in November 1841, when the brig was seized by the 128 slaves who were aboard the ship when it reached Nassau in the British colony of the Bahamas where slavery was abolished. The brig was transporting enslaved people as part of the coastwise slave trade in the American South. It has been described as the "most successful slave revolt in US history". Two died in the revolt, an enslaved person and a member of the crew.

The United Kingdom had abolished the slave trade with the Slave Trade Act in 1807, and the practise of slavery throughout the British Empire in 1833. Accordingly, British officials in the Bahamas ruled that the enslaved people on Creole were freed after their arrival in Nassau, if they chose to stay. Nineteen men who were identified as being responsible for the revolt were imprisoned on charges of mutiny; an Admiralty Court hearing on April 1842 ruled that the men had been illegally held captive as slaves and had the right to use force to gain freedom. The 17 men (two of the prisoners had died in the interim) were released and given their freedom.

When the Creole reached New Orleans in December 1841 with three enslaved women and two enslaved children aboard (who had refused to leave the ship), Southerners were outraged about the loss of property; calls for compensation ensued. Relations between the United States and Britain were strained for a time. The incident occurred during negotiations for the Webster–Ashburton Treaty of 1842 but was not directly addressed. The parties settled on seven crimes qualifying for extradition in the treaty, but they did not include slave revolts. Eventually claims for losses of slaves from Creole and two other American ships transporting enslaved persons were repaid to their owners, along with other claims dating to 1814, in a treaty of 1853 between the United States and Britain, for which an arbitration commission awarded settlements in 1855 against each nation.

Background and revolt
In the fall of 1841, the American brig Creole, owned by Johnson and Eperson of Richmond, Virginia, was transporting 135 enslaved African-Americans for sale in New Orleans, a major market in the American South for slaves. 103 of those who would be transported on Creole were being kept in slave pens at Richmond, while another 32 were purchased at Hampton Roads for transport. Most of the slaves were owned by Johnson and Eperson. 26 people were owned by Thomas McCarg, who operated as a slave trader and was one of the passengers on board. While the United States government had abolished the transatlantic slave trade in 1807, it permitted the domestic trading of slaves among the states which kept slavery legalized; a "coastwise slave trade" had sprung up in the 19th century, transporting enslaved African-Americans among the American South. Creole also carried tobacco, a crew of ten, the captain's wife, daughter and niece; four white passengers, including slave traders; and eight enslaved black servants, for a total of 160 individuals on board.

Madison Washington, the leader of the revolt, had been born into slavery but managed to escape to Canada. However, he was forced back into slavery after returning to Virginia to look for his wife, who was among those being transported to New Orleans to be sold as slaves. The enslaved persons were kept in the forward hold, but Washington managed to gain access to the deck after one of the crew had lifted the grate. On November 7, 1841, Washington and eighteen other enslaved men rebelled; they overpowered the crew and killed John R. Hewell, one of the slave traders, with a knife. The crew and passengers had only one gun among them - which they never used. The captain, who was wounded, joined by two of the crew had gone up into the rigging to escape the fighting. One of the people who'd been enslaved was badly wounded and later died. Some other members of the crew were wounded but all survived.

The enslaved people demanded that plantation overseer William Merritt navigate the ship for them, which he promised to do. They first demanded that the ship be taken to Liberia, which the American Colonization Society had established as a colony for freed African-Americans in West Africa. Merritt informed them that the voyage was impossible as the ship did not have enough food or water for the journey. Another leader of the revolt, Ben Blacksmith, said they should be taken to the British West Indies, as he knew the enslaved people from the Hermosa had gained their freedom there the previous year.

Arrival in Nassau
On November 9, 1841, the Creole reached Nassau, where it was boarded by the harbor pilot and his crew, all local black Bahamians. They told the enslaved people who had been held onboard, under Bahamian colonial law, they were free. The crew advised them to go ashore at once. The Bahamian Quarantine Officer came aboard. As the captain Robert Ensor was badly wounded, the officer took First Mate Zephaniah Gifford to the American consulate to inform the American consul of the events which had transpired. At the consul's request, the governor of the Bahamas ordered a group of soldiers to board the Creole to prevent the escape of the men implicated in Hewell's death. Fearing the British authorities would attempt to free the enslaved people being transported on Creole as per their laws, the American consul attempted to organize a group of American sailors on the island to take back control of the ship. He intended to have them sail the ship out of British jurisdiction with the enslaved people still aboard. The group of American sailors approached the ship on November 12, intending to sail it away, but they were foiled by a Bahamian who shouted a warning to the officer of the soldiers aboard the Creole. He threatened to order his men to fire into the boat of the Americans, they withdrew.

After an investigation by magistrates, on Friday, 13 November 1841, the Bahamian Attorney-General went aboard. He told the nineteen rebels that they would be imprisoned. He informed the remainder of the enslaved people of their new circumstances: "You are free, and at liberty to go onshore, and wherever you please." A fleet of small boats manned by locals, who until then had surrounded the brig at a distance, immediately came forward. The Attorney-General warned the people against boarding the Creole, but said they could provide passage to the enslaved persons who wished to go ashore. Most did so, although three women, a young girl and boy stayed in hiding on board. They eventually sailed with the ship to New Orleans and were sold as slaves. The New Providence authorities arranged for a ship bound for Jamaica, also a British colony, to take the passengers to the island for free, and announced it in the local newspaper. Numerous enslaved people from the Creole left for Jamaica aboard it. After the Bahamian colonial government arrested the conspirators, the United States government dropped its claims for all the enslaved people to be returned to its custody. There was no extradition treaty at the time between Britain and the United States governing such circumstances.

The British authorities determined that the people who'd been enslaved had not committed any breach of British or maritime law. As under British law they were free men, they were considered to have the right to use force to escape the detention of illegal enslavement. The Admiralty Court in Nassau held a special session in April to consider a charge of piracy against the men implicated in the mutiny. Ruling that their action was not piracy, the Court ordered the 17 men (two had died in the interim) to be released on April 16, 1842. As a total of 128 people who had been held as slaves gained their freedom, the case has been described as the "most successful slave revolt in US history".

The Creole had departed months before for the United States, reaching its original destination of New Orleans on December 2, 1841. Five people were still aboard, outraging planters and politicians who learned that the remaining people had been freed from slavery by the British authorities. The case attracted national attention in the United States and provoked a diplomatic controversy. In Boston in 1842, abolitionist William E. Channing published a pamphlet, "The Duty of the Free States or Remarks Suggested by the Case of the 'Creole'," to refute claims by Southern politicians that the human property of American slave owners should be protected in foreign ports. The issue was also under discussion due to negotiations over the Webster-Ashburton Treaty, which was ratified with the United Kingdom that year. Less than a year later, the Creole was wrecked in a violent storm while in harbor at Funchal, Madeira.

Political consequences
The Creole case generated diplomatic tension between the United Kingdom and the United States and caused political rumblings within the United States. Southerners were outraged to have lost "property" in another instance of British authorities freeing the enslaved persons from American ships that had gone into their ports in the Caribbean. The John Tyler administration supported Southerners in seeking the return of the enslaved human beings to captivity.

Secretary of State Daniel Webster stated the US position to the United Kingdom that the enslaved human beings were legal property of US citizens and demanded their return.

The United Kingdom had abolished slavery effective August 1834, and it rejected the U.S. claim. It had advised all nations that under its law, ships that went into its ports would forfeit any people who were enslaved on board. The British government said that Nassau was a British territory where British law must be applied. Under it, the 'slaves' aboard the Creole were to be considered free passengers. Accordingly, unless they could be proved to have broken local or maritime law, it would be false imprisonment to hold them against their will.

The abolitionist Charles Sumner argued that enslaved people "became free men when taken, by the voluntary action of their owners, beyond the jurisdiction of the slave states." In March 1842 US Representative Joshua Reed Giddings of Ohio introduced a series of nine resolutions on this topic, arguing against the federal government acting on behalf of the slaveholders. He argued that Virginia state law did not apply to enslaved persons who were outside Virginian waters, the federal government had no part in it, and the coastwise slave trade was unconstitutional, as enslaved people were beyond state law on the high seas, and thus free people.

Southerners in the House of Representatives disagreed with his position. The members censured Giddings by a large margin for violating an informal gag rule that had been in effect since 1836, barring discussion of slavery in the House. He promptly resigned. When the Ohio legislature held a special election in May 1842 for his seat, the voters of Ohio overwhelmingly reelected Giddings, by 7,469 to 383.

Encouraged by the outcome of the Creole revolt, abolitionists renewed their political attacks on slavery and the coastwise trade. In the newspaper article, "The Hero Mutineers," Madison Washington was named the 'romantic hero.' Washington was said to have shown sympathy toward the white crew members on the Creole by preventing others who had been enslaved from killing all of them when they made a last effort to regain control and as such, their freedom. He was said to have personally dressed sailors' wounds after the revolt.

The case roused strong feelings on both sides of the Atlantic, as the events occurred during the negotiations related to the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842 between the two nations, primarily to settle the borders between the US and Canada, a British colony. According to the New York Courier and Inquirer, Daniel Webster, as Secretary of State, wrote to Lord Ashburton, then in Washington, DC:

The Creole case is presented in strong terms by Mr Webster in a letter (which, when published, will bring all the anti-slavery people about his ears)..."  To this Lord Ashburton replied that as the case had effectively arisen after his departure from England he was 'not empowered to treat upon the subject'. He reaffirmed the position that as slavery was no longer recognized under British law, any foreign person (enslaved) arriving in British possessions was automatically considered as free – as was also the case in those American states that did not recognize slavery. He did however promise that British officials in the West Indies would be given 'directions'...'to do nothing in this respect when it can be properly avoided' in the interests of 'good neighbourhood'.The correspondence between Webster and Ashburton was published in The Works of Daniel Webster (1853), vol. VI:

Among other declarations, the Webster-Ashburton Treaty called for a final end to the slave trade (profiting from the sale and suffering of human beings) on the high seas, to be enforced by both signatories.

Seven lawsuits were lodged against insurance companies in Louisiana by the slaveowners who had experienced financial losses due to the revolt, as the insurance companies initially refused to compensate them. Most of these insurance cases were consolidated and eventually heard by the Louisiana State Supreme Court.Result?

Earlier cases
The Comet in 1830 and the Encomium in 1833 were American ships in the coastwise slave trade that were forced by weather into British ports in the Caribbean while carrying numerous enslaved persons bound for the domestic (slave) market in New Orleans. The British freed both groups. Britain eventually paid compensation for these seizures, as it had not yet abolished slavery in its territories.

When Parliament abolished slavery in its territories in 1833, Britain advised other countries that slave ships that put into its ports would forfeit the enslaved persons without compensation. After British abolition of slavery in its colonies, effective in 1834, its officials freed enslaved persons from the Enterprise (1835), and the Hermosa (1840), without compensation.

In 1840, the Hermosa, a US schooner in the coastwise slave trade carrying 38 enslaved people from Richmond to New Orleans for sale, went aground on one of the Abacos islands in the Bahamas. After wreckers took the ship to port, the captain refused to let the enslaved persons off and with the US consul, tried to arrange for another ship to take and deliver his enslaved cargo to the United States. British magistrates backed with armed force went onto the Hermosa, removing the enslaved people and freeing them when they reached the port. The Americans protested.  The Enterprise and Hermosa cases were submitted for arbitration under an 1853 claims treaty and, together with claims for the Creole and a variety of other unrelated claims dating to 1814, Britain paid a settlement in 1855 to the United States for these three cases. A total of nearly 450 American enslaved persons achieved freedom due to British colonies' actions in these five cases.

Compensation
After years of discussion, the United Kingdom and the United States signed a February 1853 Treaty of Claims which articles included the claims of slave-owners who had suffered financially through the British emancipation of slaves in the Enterprise (1835), Hermosa (1840) and Creole incidents. A claims commission met in London from September 15, 1853 to January 15, 1855 to settle the amount of total awards covered under this treaty, which extended to a variety of claims dating from December 1814. In February 1855, Congress passed a bill accepting the commission's settlement and appropriating funds for the US payment required.

Related incidents
British officials may have been warned off liberating enslaved people from US ships but citizens sometimes acted independently. In 1855 the New York Times reported that an enslaved American person had been removed by Jamaicans from the brig Young America at Savanna-la-Mar and "set at large". Although the action was taken by private individuals and not officials, the paper noted the potential for future conflict between the nations, and called for a lasting solution to be found by "the two governments interested".

In popular culture
In 1852 the noted abolitionist Frederick Douglass published a novella called The Heroic Slave, featuring Washington and inspired by the Creole revolt. He stressed the personal aspects of the slaves' rebellion, placing it firmly within American revolutionary tradition.

Rebellion leaders and supporters, passengers, and crew on the Creole
Leaders of the slave rebellion:
 Madison Washington
 Ben Blacksmith (Johnstone)
 Elijah Morris
 Doc Ruffin
Supporters:
 Pompey Garrison
 George Portlock
 Tyler
 Addison
 T. Smallwood
 William Glover
 America Woodis
 George Benton
 Adam Carney
 Reuben Knight
 Jordan Philips
Officers:
 Robert Ensor, of Richmond, VA, captain, wounded
 Zephaniah C. Gifford, first mate, wounded
 Lucius Stevens, second mate
Crew:
 William Devereux, free man of color, cook and steward
 Blinn Curtis, Owls Head, Maine, wounded
 Francis Foxwell
 Jacques Lacombe, Leconte or Lecompte, French helmsman
 Jacob Leitener, Prussian cook
 John Silvy (Antonio)
 Henry Sperk or Speck
Passengers:
 "Lewis" an old servant who was enslaved, belonging to Thomas McCargo
 Captain's wife, baby and niece
 John R. Hewell, slave trader, killed
 Thomas McCargo, slave trader
 Theophilus J. D. McCargo, nephew of Thomas
 William Henry Merritt, slave trader
 Jacob Miller

Giddings's Resolutions
Joshua Giddings introduced these resolutions in Congress in 1842 and was censured for opening debate on slavery in defiance of a ruling against it. He resigned and returned to his home state of Ohio, where he was quickly re-elected by his constituents in a special election. He soon returned to Congress.

 Resolved, That, prior to the Adoption of the Federal Constitution, each of the several States composing this Union exercised full and exclusive jurisdiction over the subject of slavery within its own territory, and possessed full power to continue or abolish it at pleasure.
 Resolved, That, by adopting the Constitution, no part of the aforesaid powers were delegated to the Federal Government, but were reserved by and still pertain to each of the several States.
 Resolved, That, by the 8th section of the 1st article of the Constitution, each of the several States surrendered to the Federal Government all jurisdiction over the subjects of commerce and navigation upon the high seas.
 Resolved. That slavery, being an abridgment of the natural rights of man, can exist only by force of positive municipal law, and is necessarily confined to the territorial jurisdiction of the power creating it.
 Resolved, That when a ship belonging to the citizens of any State of the Union leaves the waters and territory of such State, and enters upon the high seas, the persons on board cease to be subject to the slave laws of such State, and therefore are governed in their relations to each other by, and are amenable to, the laws of the United States.
 Resolved, That when the brig Creole, on her late passage for New Orleans, left the territorial jurisdiction of Virginia, the slave laws of that State ceased to have jurisdiction over the persons on board such brig, and such persons became amenable only to the laws of the United States.
 Resolved, That the persons on board the said ship, in resuming their natural rights of personal liberty, violated no law of the United States, incurred no legal responsibility, and are justly liable to no punishment.
 Resolved, That all attempts to regain possession of or to re-enslave said persons are unauthorized by the Constitution or laws of the United States, and are incompatible with our national honor.
 Resolved, That all attempts to exert our national influence in favor of the coastwise slave trade, or to place this nation in the attitude of maintaining a "commerce in human beings", are subversive to the rights and injurious to the feelings of the free States, are unauthorized by the Constitution, and prejudicial to our national character.

Notes

References
 Gerald Horne, Negro Comrades of the Crown: African Americans and the British Empire Fight the U.S. Before Emancipation, New York University (NYU) Press, 2012
 Johnson, Walter. "White lies: Human property and domestic slavery aboard the slave ship Creole", Atlantic Studies , v. 5, no. 2 (Aug. 2008), pp. 237–63.
 Jones, Howard. "The Peculiar Institution and National Honor: The Case of the Creole Slave Revolt", Civil War History, 1975, pp. 28–50, at Project Muse, subscription.
 "Giddings Resolutions", 1842, American Memory, Library of Congress

Further reading

 Downey, Arthur T. The Creole Affair: The Slave Rebellion that Led the US and Great Britain to the Brink of War. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2014.
 Giddings, Joshua. History of the Rebellion. New York: Follette, Foster & Co., 1864.
 Johnson Walter (ed.), The Chattel Principle: Internal Slave Trades in the Americas. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005.

 Phillimore Robert. The Case of the Creole Considered in a Second Letter to Lord Ashburton...  J. Hatchard and Son, 1842.
 Sale, Maggie Montesinos. The Slumbering Volcano: American Slave Ship Revolts and the Production of Rebellious Masculinity. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997.
 Wiltse, Charles M. "Daniel Webster and the British Experience." Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society Vol. 85. (1973) pp 55–87  online.

External links
"Creole Affair collection, 1841–1854", Amistad Research Center
Schoenhorr, "The Creole Slave Ship Revolt", summary based on Howard Jones 1975 article, with links to historic and other articles, references

Conflicts in 1841
1841 in the United States
19th-century rebellions
Mutinies
Slave rebellions in the United States
Maritime incidents in November 1841
International maritime incidents
Pre-emancipation African-American history
History of the Colony of the Bahamas
Maritime incidents involving slave ships
Maritime incidents in the United States
United Kingdom–United States relations

Creole case


Jean Mayer (19 April 1920 – 1 January 1993) was a French-American scientist best known for his research on the physiological bases of hunger and the metabolism of essential nutrients, and for his role in shaping policy on world hunger at both the national and international levels. As a professor at the Harvard School of Public Health, Mayer directed a laboratory that did groundbreaking work on the hypothalamic regulation of obesity and various metabolic disorders. In 1968-69, having worked as an adviser to the World Health Organization and UNICEF,  he was appointed principal organizer and chair of the first White House Conference on Food, Nutrition, and Health. At Harvard University, he served as Master of Dudley House before leaving in 1976 to become the tenth President of Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts, where he is given credit for having brought about an unprecedented rise in the university's national reputation. He died unexpectedly on January 1, 1993.

Early life and education
Mayer was born in Paris in 1920 into a distinguished French scientific family. His father, André Mayer, was a celebrated physiologist at the College de France, his mother an outstanding doctoral student in André Mayer's laboratory when they met. Jean Mayer's sister, Dr. Geneviéve Massé would become a Professor of Biostatistics at the French National Superior School of Public Health.

Mayer worked in his father's laboratory as a schoolboy, while devoting the greater part of his intellectual energies to mathematics—differential and integral calculus, analytical geometry, series and functions, and theoretical physics. He later made extensive use of mathematical models in his work on the physiology of hunger and nutrition. At age nineteen, he was admitted to the École Normale Superieure as one of only 20 science students from all of France. At the outbreak of World War II, he had earned a bachelor's degree in Philosophy (summa cum laude), a bachelor's degree in Mathematics (magna cum laude), and a master's degree in Physics and Chemistry.

World War II
With France's declaration of war on Germany in 1939, Mayer enlisted in the Ecole Normale Superieure Artillery Training Unit. In 1940, his was one of the units that provided a protective ring around the British expeditionary force on the beaches during the Dunkirk evacuation, gaining time for the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) across the English Channel. Taken prisoner by the Germans, Mayer shot a guard and managed a narrow escape, making his way to southern France. A Free French sympathizer with a high position in the Vichy government secretly supplied him with a passport and papers permitting his escape to Algeria, Morocco, Martinique and Guadalupe. He would eventually make his way to the United States, where his father, who immediately before the outbreak of war had been invited to give the Lowell Lectures at Harvard, was in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with Mayer's mother and sister. On his visit to them Mayer met Elizabeth Van Huysen, who would become his wife.

By the end of 1941, Charles de Gaulle had formed the Free French as an army and government in exile. Mayer reenlisted in the Free French Forces, at first serving as a gunnery officer on convoy duty in the North Atlantic. When one convoy was forced back by weather and U-Boat attacks into harbor at Halifax, Nova Scotia, Elizabeth Van Huysen came up to Halifax from Boston and the two were married. They had a honeymoon of less than 24 hours before the convoy sailed again. Mayer would not return to America until 1945.

In North Africa, Mayer served as commander of an artillery battery in the Colonial and Marine First Free French Division that accompanied the British Eighth Army at the second battle of El Alamein, following its victory there with a long advance into Libya and Tunisia. With the Tunisian campaign completed, he was detached to the staff of the War Ministry in Algeria, received training in ship-to-shore attacks and landings, and landed with the First Free French Division—by then part of the U.S. Fifth Army—south of Naples.

Mayer had been awarded the Croix de Guerre for his escape from German captivity. At the Battle of Monte Cassino in the Italian campaign, he would be awarded another for risking his life as forward observer of the heavy (155mm howitzer) battalion. After the D-Day landings, he would land in the south of France to command a Free French infantry regiment—made up largely of boys too young to have been drafted for forced labor in Germany and older men who had served in World War I—in the Colmar pocket, managing to hold the line along the Vosges against attack by the elite Hermann Goering SS Division. He would emerge from this campaign with two palms to his Croix de Guerre, the Resistance Medal, and the Legion of Honor, and from the war with 14 decorations in all.

Scientific research
At war's end, Mayer joined his wife in the United States and received a small grant from the Rockefeller Foundation for graduate work in physiological chemistry. He elected to attend Yale, which had a leading faculty—among them C.N.H. Long, Abraham White, John Fulton, Donald Barron and Desmond Bonnycastle—in his area of interest. Mayer would later recall that, as a military veteran and son of a distinguished French physiologist, he was accepted by the faculty as a junior colleague, being made a member of the Faculty Club and put in charge of the biochemistry laboratory where medical students performed practical exercises. The salary of eighteen hundred dollars turned out to be crucial to his household income when his first son, André, the first of five Mayer children, was born in 1946.

Having earned a Ph.D. in Physiological Chemistry at Yale in 1948 and a Doctor of Science degree in Physiology at the Sorbonne in 1950, Mayer accepted the offer of a Professorship from the Harvard School of Public Health in 1950. He would direct a laboratory in the School of Nutrition there until 1976. Its breakthrough in discovering the physiological bases of hunger and food metabolism would occur when Mayer and one of his graduate students, Norman Marshall, discovered that the body's hunger mechanisms were controlled by the sensitivity of the hypothalamus to glucose under varying conditions. (In technical terms, their discovery was that gold thioglucose, which was known to cause obesity in mice, did so because the gold caused destruction of the ventromedial hypothalamus. Experiments then showed that other substances containing gold components—gold thiomalate, gold thiogalactose, gold thioglycero, etc.—did not have the same effect, suggesting that it was the special affinity of this portion of the hypothalamus for glucose that led first to destruction by the heavy metal and then, as a direct consequence, to obesity due to a failure of appetite regulation.) This basic insight would lead, after many more years of research and experimentation, to Mayer's greatest contribution: the so-called glucostatic theory of the regulation of food intake.

Public service
Mayer's growing reputation as a researcher who was translating the somewhat vague field of nutrition into terms of hard or basic science would lead to numerous invitations to play a role in public policy on matters of nutrition and hunger. During his Harvard years, he would serve as a consultant to the World Health Organization and UNICEF, as the head of a United Nations Task Force on Child Nutrition, as Chair of the U.S. National Council on Hunger and Malnutrition in the U.S.(1968–69)—the now-familiar Food Stamps program would emerge from the Council's findings—Chairman of the First White House Conference on Food, Nutrition and Health (1969–70), and adviser to many foundations, community action organizations, and scientific societies. He would also become a public voice on "popular" health and nutrition issues, writing a syndicated column that appeared twice weekly in 100 of the largest newspapers in the United States, with a combined circulation of 35 million readers.

A developing interest in higher education, both at the level of institutional policy and of undergraduate and graduate education, led in 1973 to Mayer's  accepting an appointment as Master of Dudley House, one of thirteen undergraduate houses built as Harvard's counterparts of the Oxford and Cambridge colleges. In an earlier period, Dudley House had served the needs of Harvard's commuter students. In the wake of the widespread cultural upheaval of the 1960s, it had expanded to become a center of undergraduate life at Harvard, embracing the Dudley Coop—an undergraduate cooperative house or commune—a resident population of undergraduates in Apley Court and Claverly Hall, and a substantial number of students who had chosen to live off campus in Cambridge and environs after a one or two years' experience of dormitory life.

Mayer is remembered as having brought with him a sense of energy and excitement, playing a leading role in the development of internal "house courses," with classes for Dudley students taught by faculty members of its Senior Common Room, bringing in personal friends such as Daniel Patrick Moynihan and George McGovern as after-dinner speakers at House dinners, and adding faculty from Harvard Medical School and the Harvard School of Public Health to a Senior Common Room already containing as longtime members such Arts and Sciences faculty as philosopher Nelson Goodman, sociologist Seymour Martin Lipset, physicist Robert Pound, ethnobotanist Richard Evans Schultes, legal scholar Roger Fisher, and topologist Arthur Lee Loeb, who would later succeed John Mayer as Master of Dudley.  The House became during Mayer's mastership — remembered for the outstanding Dudley symposium series, folk and jazz concerts, readings by such poets and authors as Anne Sexton and John Updike, a pioneering Film Society whose showings of rare and classic films drew students from across campus, dance recitals and small-cast theatrical productions — a vital center of undergraduate life.

Tufts presidency
In 1976, Mayer became the tenth president of Tufts University. Few present at his installation ceremony on July 1, 1976, wrote a Harvard friend and colleague who would ultimately join him at Tufts, realized that "on that day Tufts University ceased to be a sleepy little school with a good undergraduate program and some very good graduate schools and started to become a first-rate university with an international reputation."

Mayer's years at Tufts would become legendary. At a school that had suffered from chronic financial deficits and had virtually no endowment, he launched a fund-raising campaign that raised $100 million, followed immediately by a campaign that raised $200 million. Given a faculty that had been lenient in granting tenure, he insisted on distinction in both teaching and research as criteria for promotion and tenure, personally reading tenure files on every case that came up in the university during his presidency.

Mayer arrived at Tufts after a long decline in applications, at a point when admissions had essentially become non-selective. As news of his presidency spread, applications increased. In his third year in office, 400 students more than the number predicted by the admissions office accepted Tufts' offer of admission, creating a shortage of dormitory rooms. Mayer's solution was to rent a hotel in Harvard Square for four years and run a connecting bus service, explaining to students and parents that this was the best of all possible worlds: a Tufts education and living in Harvard Square.) "As the competition to get into Tufts increased, the quality of the students soared. The percentage of incoming freshmen in the top 10% of their high school class rose from 38% in 1976 to 74% in 1992." The momentum would continue past the period of Mayer's presidency. For the class of 2020, Tufts accepted 2,889 or 14.3% of 20,223 applicants an all-time low. For the matriculating class of 2016, 91% of incoming freshmen ranked in the top 10% of their high school class.

While insisting on maintaining the highest quality of undergraduate education, Mayer transformed Tufts into a major research university with, especially, graduate programs and research units in the basic sciences. During his presidency, he would create the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, the Tufts Center for Environmental Management, and the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, while increasing Tufts' international presence with the Tufts European Studies Center in Talloires, France, housed in the Priory of an 11th-century Benedictine monastery. He would also oversee the creation of the School of Veterinary Medicine on a separate campus in Grafton, Massachusetts, and would create new interconnections between the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts Medical School, and the undergraduate college.

After Mayer's death in 1993, a long-time faculty member and Tufts Provost would judge his presidency to have been a time of revolutionary change:

He arrived at Tufts in a time of uncertainty for the university, when the faculty felt shaken by the events of the 1970s that had left us weakened, vulnerable, and lacking in the confidence to move forward. There was a sense of paralysis, as we watched ourselves slip into a kind of frumpy mediocrity, without the resources or the will to pull ourselves forward. The 1973 self-study document A Changing University in a Changing Time had said it all: The next five years will be tough, but the ten years after that will be worse. This was a feeling shared by everyone in the Tufts community. Then came Jean Mayer. ... He represented a style of American college and university presidents who were becoming increasingly rare: the genuine academic leader, in charge of the intellectual enterprise from start to finish. He was president of only one institution, for which he was one of a kind.

Controversy

In 1965 Mayer stated that low carb diets were tantamount to mass murder.

Death
Mayer died at age 72 on January 1, 1993, of a heart attack while vacationing in Sarasota, Florida.

References

External links

 "Jean Mayer, 72, Nutritionist Who Led Tufts, Dies", The New York Times
Jean Mayer Papers, 1953-1975 (inclusive), 1965-1973 (bulk). H MS c354. Harvard Medical Library, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, Boston, Mass.

1920 births
1993 deaths
American nutritionists
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health faculty
Presidents of Tufts University
University of Paris alumni
Yale University alumni
Scientists from Paris
French emigrants to the United States
French Army personnel of World War II
French Army officers
French prisoners of war in World War II
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany
French escapees
Escapees from German detention
Free French military personnel of World War II
Free French Naval Forces officers
20th-century American academics

Jean Mayer


The Wakodahatchee Wetlands is a park located in Delray Beach, Florida. The park was created on  of unused utility land and transformed into a recreation wetlands open to the public with a three-quarter mile boardwalk that crosses between open water pond areas, emergent marsh areas, shallow shelves, and islands with shrubs and snags to foster nesting and roosting. The boardwalk has interpretive signage as well as gazebos with benches along the way. This site is part of the South section of the Great Florida Birding Trail and offers many opportunities to observe birds in their natural habitats.

Water reclamation
Each day, the Palm Beach County Water Utilities Department's Southern Region Water Reclamation Facility pumps approximately two million gallons of 90% treated water into the Wakodahatchee Wetlands. This water, which is free of organic contaminants but still contains excess mineral content, is naturally purified by the plants and algae in the wetlands, then released into the surface water supply.

Fauna
Over 150 species of birds have been spotted inside the park, including wood stork, pied-billed grebe, snowy egrets, and black-bellied whistling ducks. The park is also home to turtles, alligators, rabbits, frogs, and raccoons.

Flora
Plants within the park include pond apple, sabal palm, live oak, pickerelweed, duckweed, and giant bulrush.

References
Wakodahatchee Wetlands brochure

Gallery

External links

Delray Beach, Florida
Parks in Palm Beach County, Florida
Wetlands of Florida
Landforms of Palm Beach County, Florida

Wakodahatchee Wetlands


Warner Communications was an American media company. It was formed in New York City in 1972. It was created as a spin-off from Kinney National Company to produce movie studios including Warner Bros. Pictures, home video companies including Warner Home Video, television companies including Warner Bros. Television, Lorimar-Telepictures purchased in 1989, joint venture with American Express to form Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment. In 1990, Warner Communications merged with Time Inc. to form Time Warner.

1972 establishments in New York (state)
1990 disestablishments in the United States
Defunct companies of the United States
American entertainment companies
Time Warner
Companies based in New York City

Warner Communications


Kenneth Koch ( ; 27 February 1925 – 6 July 2002) was an American poet, playwright, and professor, active from the 1950s until his death at age 77.  He was a prominent poet of the New York School of poetry. This was a loose group of poets including Frank O'Hara and John Ashbery that eschewed contemporary introspective poetry in favor of an exuberant, cosmopolitan style that drew major inspiration from travel, painting, and music.

Life

Koch (pronounced coke) was born Jay Kenneth Koch in Cincinnati, Ohio.  He began writing poetry at an early age, discovering the work of Shelley and Keats in his teenage years. At the age of 18, he served in WWII as a U.S. Army infantryman in the Philippines.

After his service, he attended Harvard University, where he met future New York School poet John Ashbery. After graduating from Harvard in 1948 and moving to New York City, Koch studied for and received his Ph.D. from Columbia University.

In 1951, he met his first wife, Janice Elwood, at UC Berkeley; they married in 1954 and lived in France and Italy for over a year.  Their daughter, Katherine, was born in Rome in 1955 (In 1982, Katherine married poet Mark Statman, one of Koch's former students). In 1959, he joined the faculty in the Department of English and Comparative Literature at Columbia and he taught classes at Columbia for over forty years.

His first wife died in 1981; Koch married his second wife, Karen Culler, in 1994. He was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1996.  Koch died from a year-long battle with leukemia in 2002.

Career
While a student at Harvard, Koch won the prestigious Glascock Prize in 1948. In 1962, Koch was writer in residence at the New York City Writer's Conference at Wagner College.

The 1960s saw his first published books of poetry, but his poetry did not garner wider popular acclaim until the 1970s with his book The Art of Love: Poems (1975). He continued writing poetry and releasing books of poetry up until his death. Koch won the Bollingen Prize for One Train (1994) and On The Great Atlantic Rainway: Selected Poems 1950-1988 (1994), followed closely by the Phi Beta Kappa Poetry Award winner New Addresses (2000).

In 1970, Koch released a pioneering book in poetry education, Wishes, Lies and Dreams: Teaching Children To Write Poetry.  Over the next 30 years, he followed this book with other books and anthologies on poetry education tailored to teaching poetry appreciation and composition to children, adults, and the elderly.

Koch wrote hundreds of avant-garde plays over the course of his 50-year career, highlighted by drama collections like 1000 Avant-Garde Plays (1988), which only contains 116 plays, many of them only one scene or a few minutes in length. His prose work is highlighted by The Red Robins (1975), a sprawling novel about a group of fighter pilots flying for personal freedom under the leadership of Santa Claus. He also published a book of short stories, Hotel Lambosa (1988), loosely based on and inspired by his world travels. He also produced at least one libretto, and several of his poems have been set to music by composers.

Koch taught poetry at Columbia University, where his classes were popular. His wild humor and intense teaching style, often punctuated by unusual physicality (standing on a table to shout lines by Walt Whitman) and outbursts of vocal performance often drawn from Italian opera, drew non-English majors and alumni. Some of the spirit of these lectures is contained in his final book on poetry education, Making Your Own Days (1998). His students included poets Ron Padgett, David Shapiro, Frank Lima, Alan Feldman, David Lehman, Jordan Davis, Jessy Randall, David Baratier, Loren Goodman, Carson Cistulli, and filmmaker Jim Jarmusch.

His poems were translated into German by the poet Nicolas Born in 1973 for the renowned "red-frame-series" of the Rowohlt Verlag.

Koch had a brush with the anarchist affinity group Up Against the Wall Motherfucker in early January 1968. During a poetry reading at St. Mark's Church, a member of the group walked in and pointed a handgun at the podium, shouting "Koch!" before firing one blank round. The poet regained his composure and said to the "shooter," "Grow up."

Poetry

Koch asked in his poem Fresh Air (1956) why poets were writing about dull subjects with dull forms.  Modern poetry was solemn, boring, and uneventful. Koch described poems  "Written by the men with their eyes on the myth/ And the missus and the midterms..." He attacked the idea that poetry should be in any way stale.

Koch wrote of how:

     The Waste Land gave the time's most accurate data,
     It seemed, and Eliot was the Great Dictator
     Of literature.  One hardly dared to wink
     Or fool around in any way in poems,
     And critics poured out awful jereboams
     To irony, ambiguity, and tension –
     And other things I do not wish to mention.
                    (Excerpt from ''Seasons on Earth',' 1987)

Though not against T. S. Eliot, Koch opposed the idea that in order to write poetry one had to be depressed or think that the world is a terrible place. His ideas were developed with close friends Frank O'Hara and John Ashbery, along with painters Jane Freilicher and Larry Rivers, among others. He once remarked that "Maybe you can almost characterize the poetry of the New York School as having as one of its main subjects the fullness and richness of life and the richness of possibility and excitement and happiness." In his poem The Art of Poetry (1975) Koch offered guidelines to writing good poetry. Among his 10 suggestions are "1) Is it astonishing?" and "10) Would I be happy to go to Heaven with this pinned on to my angelic jacket as an entrance show?  Oh would I?"

Koch once remarked that "Children have a natural talent for writing poetry and anyone who teaches them should know that."  In his poems:

He mixed word usage with various levels of imagery;
He set two contrasting tones next to each other, simplicity and silliness at the same time;
He spoke to everything, animate and inanimate objects;
He used parody of other poets to express his own views, both serious and comic.

Koch was labeled by some as just a comedic poet. He acknowledged this in an interview and offered his comments:

He gives a picture of this in "To Kidding Around," where the joys of being a joker are proclaimed:

     To be rid of troubles
     Of one person by turning into
     Someone else, moving and jolting
     As if nothing mattered but today
     In fact nothing
     But this precise moment...
               (Excerpt from To Kidding Around, 2000)

Theater

Koch collaborated with the composer Ned Rorem on an opera, Bertha, which received its premier in 1973.  His short play, George Washington Crossing the Delaware, was produced in 1962.  Numerous others of his plays have been produced.

Selected works
Poems (1953)
Ko: or, A Season on Earth (1959)
Permanently (1961)
Thank You and Other Poems (1962)
Bertha, & other plays (1966)
Poems from 1952 and 1953 (1968)
The Pleasures of Peace and Other Poems (1969)
Sleeping with Women (1969)
When the Sun Tries to Go On (1969)
The Art of Love (1975)
The Duplications (1977)
The Burning Mystery of Anna in 1951 (1979)
From the Air (1979)
Days and Nights (1982)
On the Edge (1986)
Seasons on Earth (1987)
On the Great Atlantic Rainway: Selected Poems 1950–1988 (1994)
One Train (1994)
Straits (1998)
New Addresses (2000)
A Possible World (2002)

Notes

References

Benfey, Christopher. "Wise Guy." The New Republic 13 Mar. 1995: 39-42. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Texas a&M University, College Station, Tx. 25 Oct. 2006. Keyword: Kenneth Koch.
Block, Avital and Umansky, Lauri. "Impossible to Hold: Women and Culture in the 1960s." New York: NYU Press, 2005.
Kenneth Koch. Academy of American Poets. 21 Sept. 2006 .
Koch, Kenneth. Interview with David Kennedy. 5 Aug. 1993. 21 Sept. 2006
Koch, Kenneth. Interview with John Stoehr. City Beat. 17 May 2001. 21 Sept. 2006 https://web.archive.org/web/20030312103323/http://www.citybeat.com/2001-05-17/]
Koch, Kenneth. Selected Poems 1950-1982. First ed. New York: Random House, 1985.
Koch, Kenneth. The Art of Poetry. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan P, 1996.
Merrin, Jeredith. "The Poetry Man." The Southern Review: 403-409. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Texas a&M University, College Station, Tx. 3 Oct. 2006. Keyword: Kenneth Koch.
Pettingell, Phoebe. "The Power of Laughter." The New Leader May–June 2000: 39-41. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Texas a&M University, College Station, Tx. 3 Oct. 2006. Keyword: Kenneth Koch
Rehak, Melanie. "Dr. Fun." The Nation (2006):  28-32. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Texas a&M University, College Station, Tx. 3 Oct. 2006.  Koch.
Salter, Mary J., Margaret Ferguson,  and Jon Stallworthy. The Norton Anthology of Poetry. 5th ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2005.

1925 births
2002 deaths
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American poets
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American poets
American male poets
Bollingen Prize recipients
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Columbia University faculty
Deaths from leukemia
Glascock Prize winners
Harvard Advocate alumni
New York School poets
Poets from New York City
Poets from Ohio
Writers from Cincinnati
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
Fulbright alumni

Kenneth Koch


"A Mere Interlude" is a short story by Thomas Hardy. It was first published in The Bolton Weekly Journal in October 1885. The story was reprinted in the collection A Changed Man and Other Tales (1913).

Plot summary
Baptista Trewthen is the daughter of a small farmer in St Maria's, one of the Isles of Lyonesse. She works as a schoolmistress in a village near Tor-upon-Sea. During the Easter holidays she accepts a marriage proposal by Mr David Heddegan, a rich man from Giant's Town who is at least 20 years older than herself.

On a Saturday at the end of July, four days before her wedding, she misses the steamboat from Pen-zephyr to St Mary's, and the next boat is only on Tuesday. She meets Charles Stow, her former boyfriend. He persuades her to marry him. The ceremony takes place on Tuesday morning in Trufal. Back in Pen-zephyr Charles takes a plunge in the sea and drowns.

One day later Baptista marries Mr Heddegan as planned, without telling anyone about the brief interlude on the mainland. They spend their wedding night at an inn in Pen-zephyr, accidentally the same place where Charles' corpse is kept.

After less than a month a decayed glazier, who witnessed Baptista's first wedding, starts blackmailing her. When he keeps asking for more and more money she finally decides to tell the truth to her husband. He confesses he's a widower himself and father of four daughters. After this she gradually begins to love her stepdaughters and husband.

Location
Of all Hardy's stories this is the one with the westernmost location. The Isles of Lyonesse are really the Isles of Scilly. St Maria's is the largest island, St Mary's, and Giant's Town its capital Hugh Town. Pen-zephyr is Penzance in Cornwall. Tor-upon-Sea is Torquay.

References

External links

Works by Thomas Hardy
1885 short stories

A Mere Interlude


William "Sonny" Criss (23 October 1927 – 19 November 1977) was an American jazz musician.

An alto saxophonist of prominence during the bebop era of jazz, he was one of many players influenced by Charlie Parker.

Biography
William Criss was born in Memphis, Tennessee, United States, and moved to Los Angeles at the age of 15. He then went on to play in various bands including Howard McGhee's, which also featured Charlie Parker.

Criss had developed his own, concise, bluesy tone by this point, and though his basic style did not vary much, his ability on the instrument continued to develop. Nevertheless, he continued to drift from band to band, and played on some records with Johnny Otis and Billy Eckstine.

His first major break came in 1947, on a number of jam sessions arranged by jazz impresario Norman Granz. In 1956 he signed to Imperial Records, based in New York, and recorded a series albums including Jazz U.S.A , Go Man! and Sonny Criss Plays Cole Porter featuring pianist Sonny Clark. Capitol, which owned the master recordings, reissued them as a double-CD set on their Blue Note imprint in 2000. Criss also recorded At the Crossroads with pianist Wynton Kelly.

Prestige signed Criss in 1965, and he continued to record well-acclaimed albums which were mainly rooted in hard bop traditions. Sonny's Dream featured arrangements by Horace Tapscott. Later sessions were recorded for Muse and Impulse.

By 1977, Criss had developed stomach cancer and did not play again. As a consequence of this painful condition, Criss committed suicide (self-inflicted gunshot) in 1977, in his adopted city of Los Angeles. He never married, but had one son, Steven Criss.

Discography

As leader
 California Boppin'  (Fresh Sound, 1947)
 Intermission Riff (Pablo, 1951 [1988])
 Jazz USA (Imperial, 1956)
 Go Man! (Imperial, 1956)
 Sonny Criss Plays Cole Porter (Imperial, 1956)
 Sonny Criss at the Crossroads (Peacock, 1959) on CD as Featuring Wynton Kelly
 Criss Cross (Imperial, 1963) compilation
 Mr. Blues Pour Flirter (Brunswick [France] Records, 1963)
 This Is Criss! (Prestige, 1966)
 Portrait of Sonny Criss (Prestige, 1967)
 Up, Up And Away (Prestige, 1967)
 The Beat Goes On! (Prestige, 1968)
 Sonny's Dream (Birth of the New Cool) (Prestige, 1968)
 Rockin' in Rhythm (Prestige, 1968)
 I'll Catch the Sun! (Prestige, 1969)
 The Best Of Sonny Criss: Hits of the '60's (Prestige, 1970) compilation
 Live in Italy (Fresh Sound, 1974)
 Saturday Morning (Xanadu, 1975)
 Crisscraft (Muse, 1975)
Out of Nowhere (Muse, 1976)
 Warm & Sonny (Impulse!, 1976)
 The Joy of Sax (Impulse!, 1977)
 The Sonny Criss Memorial Album (Xanadu, 1984)

As sideman
With Dexter Gordon
The Hunt (Savoy, 1947) also on Jazz Concert West Coast vols 1-3 (Savoy)
With Wardell Gray All Stars
 Wardell Gray Memorial, Vol. 2 (Prestige, 1950)
With Charlie Parker and Chet Baker
 Inglewood Jam (Fresh Sound, 1952)
With Buddy Rich
The Wailing Buddy Rich (Norgran, 1955)
 The Swinging Buddy Rich (Norgran, 1955)
 The Cinch - quintet Live at Birdland - (1958)
With Lou Rawls and Onzy Matthews Big Band
 Tobacco Road (Capitol, 1963)
With Onzy Matthews
 Sounds For The '60's (Capitol, 1966)
With Esther Phillips and Onzy Matthews Orchestra
 Confessin' The Blues (Atlantic, 1966)
With Hampton Hawes All Stars
 Live At Memory Lane (Fresh Sound, 1970)

References

External links
Sonny Criss at the Hard Bop Home Page
Sonny Criss discography at Jazz Discography Project

1927 births
1977 deaths
1977 suicides
African-American saxophonists
American jazz alto saxophonists
American male saxophonists
Bebop saxophonists
Hard bop saxophonists
Suicides by firearm in California
Musicians from Memphis, Tennessee
Xanadu Records artists
Prestige Records artists
Imperial Records artists
Savoy Records artists
Muse Records artists
20th-century American saxophonists
Jazz musicians from Tennessee
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
20th-century African-American musicians

Sonny Criss


The Glaciated Allegheny Plateau is that portion of the Allegheny Plateau that lies within the area covered by the last glaciation.  As a result, this area of the Allegheny Plateau has lower relief and gentler slopes than the relatively rugged Unglaciated Allegheny Plateau.  In general, the glaciated lies to the north and west of the unglaciated, and forms an arc in northeastern to southeastern Ohio lying between the glacial till plains and the Unglaciated Allegheny Plateau. The Glaciated Allegheny Plateau extends into a belt of southern  New York State and the central Susquehanna River basin.

A small area of the Allegheny Plateau was glaciated during the Wisconsin Stage, the late Illinoian Stage, and Pre-Illinoian B and G glaciations of the Pre-Illinoian Stage. This areaonly a few hundred square kilometers owing to the blockage the steep relief of the mountains provides at the edge of the ice sheetcontains only old drift now buried by long periods of soil development.

Major cities on the Glaciated Allegheny Plateau are Akron and Youngstown.

References

External links
Fleeger, G., nd, Glacial geology of Pennsylvania Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey, Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
Sevon, W.D., and D.D. Braun, 1997, Glacial Deposits of Pennsylvania. PDF version, 660 KB Map no. 59. Pennsylvania Geological Survey, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
Sevon, W.D. G.M. Fleeger, and V.C. Shepps, 1999, Pennsylvania and the Ice Age. PDF version, 3.9 MB Educational Series no. 6. Pennsylvania Geological Survey, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
Shepps, V.C., G.W. White, J.B. Droste, and R.F. Sitler, 1959, Glacial Geology of Northwestern Pennsylvania. Bulletin no. G32. Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey, Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. (Note: having been published in 1959, this reference uses the now obsolete and abandoned classic, Nebraskan, Kansan, and so forth, Midwest glacial terminology.)

Allegheny Plateau, Unglaciated
Allegheny Plateau, Unglaciated
Allegheny Plateau, Unglaciated

Glaciated Allegheny Plateau


Martín Malharro (1865–1911) was an Argentine painter who introduced Impressionism in the country in the early 20th century.

Life and work

Martín Malharro was born in the central Buenos Aires Province city of Azul in 1865. His childhood interest in painting led to domestic violence at home, from which he left for Buenos Aires in 1879. The struggling young artist was mentored in 1885 by publisher Roberto Payró, who encouraged him to enroll at the Society for the Stimulus of Fine Arts, where he received formal training by Francisco Romero, an Italian Argentine Realist painter, and others prominent in the genre locally, such as Ángel Della Valle and Reinaldo Giudici. Malharro was invited to the Córdoba Province ranch of José María Ramos Mejía in 1887, where, as an artist-in-residence, he gained experience as a landscape artist.

An 1892 excursion into Tierra del Fuego Territory introduced him to lithographer Antonio Bosco, who trained Malharro in an art which proved to be the young artist's first reliable source of income. His presentation at the Second National Atheneum in 1894, which consisted mainly of landscapes, particularly wheat fields, was well received by critics. This relative success allowed him to travel to Paris in 1895, where he befriended Realist sculptor and fellow Argentine Rogelio Yrurtia.

Malharro also drew on his experience at the Ramos Mejía ranch to refine his skill as a landscape impressionist, drawing influences from Camille Pissarro, Claude Monet and the Naturalist Barbizon School.

Career

Returning to Buenos Aires in 1901, he secured an exhibition at the Witcomb Gallery in the following year. Conservative Argentine audiences, who still preferred Realist work, were won over by the 1902 art show, which popularized Impressionism in the then-remote South American nation. His nocturnal scenes became particularly coveted by buyers and lauded by critics. Malharro's work took an increasingly Symbolist direction and away from earlier studies on wheat fields, a common subject among Impressionist artists in Argentina at the time. Malharro, Fernando Fader, Cesáreo Bernaldo de Quirós and other artists following the same trend became the first prominent Post-impressionists in Argentina, where they were known as the Nexus group.

The sudden renown secured Malharro a post in the prestigious University of La Plata as Dean of the School of Art, as well as in the National Fine Arts Academy. His atelier in the northside Buenos Aires district of Belgrano became increasingly sought-after, though a second exhibition in 1908 drew scorn from Argentine critics, who still rejected most work associated with the Nexus group. Malharro died in Buenos Aires on August 17, 1911, at age 46.

Gallery

External links

 Museo Castagnino: Martín Malharro

Post-impressionist painters
19th-century Argentine painters
19th-century Argentine male artists
Argentine male painters
People from Buenos Aires Province
1865 births
1911 deaths
20th-century Argentine painters
Academic staff of the National University of La Plata
20th-century Argentine male artists

Martín Malharro


Gabriel Valencia (c.1794March 25, 1848) was a Mexican soldier in the early years of the Republic. From December 30, 1845 to January 2, 1846 he served as interim president of Mexico. He was the President of the Chamber of Deputies in 1843.

Valencia joined the Spanish colonial army before Mexican independence, but transferred his allegiance to the Mexican army in 1821. He made friends in the military and government, becoming a power in Mexican politics. He forged an uneasy alliance with Antonio López de Santa Anna, a powerful figure repeatedly in and out of the presidency during this period.

The Plan de la Ciudadela, 1841
In 1840 and 1841 there were several related rebellions against Anastasio Bustamante, then in his third period as president of Mexico. Bustamante was an adherent of the centralist party. On July 15, 1840, soldiers led by rebellious General José Urrea and Valentín Gómez Farías took the presidential palace and captured President Bustamante, later releasing him. The chief of the general staff, General Gabriel Valencia, helped subdue the revolt.

Shortly thereafter, Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga rose against Bustamante in Guadalajara, Juan N. Álvarez in the south, and López de Santa Anna in Perote, Veracruz. This time, on September 4, 1841, Valencia joined the rebellion by publishing the Plan de la Ciudadela.

The situation was now serious for Bustamante, himself a general. He took the field to fight the rebels, but was defeated. Bustamante went into exile in Europe for a second time (in Italy). The generals arrayed against him then reached a political agreement proclaimed as the Plan de Tacubaya. This plan proclaimed the presidency vacant and named a provisional president to call elections for a constituent congress. This provisional president was, once again, López de Santa Anna. This was his sixth term as president.

Overthrow of President Herrera, 1845
After several other changes in the office of president (including two more intervals by Santa Anna), José Joaquín de Herrera became interim president on December 17, 1844. He became constitutional president on September 16, 1845. Two days before, General Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga again revolted, in opposition to Herrera.

In December 1845 Herrera announced he was setting out at the head of an expedition to repel North American invaders, who had reached Saltillo. General Paredes used this opportunity to seize power. On December 30, 1845, General Valencia, now in charge of the garrison of Mexico City, announced his support for Paredes. Out of options, Herrera turned power over to Valencia.

As interim president of Mexico
By operation of law, Gabriel Valencia, as chairman of the Governing Council is who should assume the presidency following the resignation of President Jose Joaquin de Herrera. This was a temporary appointment, meant only to serve the transfer of power. A junta, led by the archbishop of Mexico City, Manuel Posada, was convoked. On January 2, 1846 this junta elected General Paredes interim president. Valencia's term had lasted three days.

Mexican–American War
In 1847 General Valencia was among the Mexican forces opposing General Winfield Scott's advance from Veracruz to Mexico City in the Mexican–American War. On August 19, 1847, Scott's forces attacked those of Valencia in the town of Contreras, near Mexico City. Because of rivalry between Valencia and López de Santa Anna, Valencia had advanced beyond his assigned position. Santa Anna could not send reinforcements. The Mexicans were badly defeated on August 20.

The remnants of Valencia's forces fell back to Churubusco, joining Santa Anna's forces there. Scott continued his advance, and the Mexicans were defeated again at Chapultepec (September 13), leaving the way open to Mexico City, that finally was occupied on September 16.

Death
Valencia died in battle defending the National Palace under siege by the American troops.

References

 Lamadrid Sánchez, Emilio, "Notas para la historia de Tampico en la guerra con EU", referenced September 30, 2006 at
 K. Jack Bauer, "The Mexican War 1846-1848" University of Nebraska Press 1974

External links
Very short biography
 First attempt to overthrow Bustamante
 Plan de la Ciudadela

Presidents of Mexico
Mexican generals
Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
1799 births
1848 deaths
Mexican military personnel killed in the Mexican–American War

Gabriel Valencia


Sea grasses (or seagrass) are flowering plants which live in the sea. They come from four plant families in the order Alismatales. They are monocotyledons which grow in marine, fully saline environments.

Sea grasses evolved from plants which went back to the ocean 70 to 100 million years ago, in the long, warm, Cretaceous period.

Sea grass is a key part of continental shelf ecosystems where phytoplankton produce carbonate sediment. This kind of ecosystem occurs in subtropical places like Florida Bay, and around Bermuda. Sea grass beds often contain many species from various phyla. Apparently, seagrass herbivory is a highly important link in the food chain. Many species feed on sea grasses, such as green turtles, dugongs, manatees, fish, geese, swans, sea urchins and crabs.

The surface of the seagrass is the place where Melobesia, a small alga, makes chalk as a by-product of its metabolism. That is not the only chalk-producing organism in the seagrass beds.

Largest plant
A huge bed of seagrass has been found off the coast of Western Australia.

Researchers collected shoots from the bay and looked at 18,000 genetic markers. It is all from the same plant, and covers about 77 square miles (200 square kilometres).

Bibliography
 Green E.P. & Short F.T. (eds) 2003. World atlas of seagrasses. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. ISBN  0-520-24047-2
 Hemminga M.A. & Duarte C. 2000. Seagrass ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
 Hogarth, Peter 2007. The biology of mangroves and seagrasses Oxford University Press. ISBN  9780198568711
 Larkum A.W.D; Orth R.J & Duarte C.M. (eds) 2006. Seagrasses: biology, ecology and conservation Springer. ISBN  1-4020-2942-X

References

Alismatales

Sea grass


Lone Wolf McQuade is a 1983 American Western film directed by Steve Carver and starring Chuck Norris, David Carradine, Barbara Carrera, L.Q. Jones, R.G. Armstrong, Leon Isaac Kennedy and Robert Beltran.

Plot

J.J. McQuade (Norris) is a former Marine and a Texas Ranger who prefers to work alone and carries a large .44 Magnum revolver for a duty sidearm. He lives in an old, run-down house in the middle of nowhere with a pet wolf.

The film opens with McQuade involved in an intense battle with Mexican bandits and a gang of horse thieves from which he emerges unscathed (saving several Texas State Troopers). Shaking off the dust, McQuade returns to El Paso, Texas to attend the retirement ceremony of his fellow Ranger and close friend Dakota (Jones). After the party, his commander attempts to curb his "lone wolf" attitude by insisting he work with local Texas State Trooper Kayo Ramos (Beltran), a tough but clean-cut and polite Latino.

Although divorced, McQuade is on very good terms with his ex-wife, and loves his teenage daughter Sally. McQuade also seems to like Sally's boyfriend Bobby, who is enlisted in the US Army and is respectful of McQuade being a retired Marine.

While out horseback riding with his daughter, his daughter's horse runs wild and she is saved by Lola Richardson (Carrera). She invites them to a party where Rawley Wilkes (Carradine) displays his prowess in martial arts and some of his thugs get into a fight with Ramos. After settling the fight, Richardson and McQuade leave the party and apparently have a romantic encounter. She shows up at his house and cleans it. Despite McQuade's annoyance that he does not need a woman to take care of him, Richardson seems to start breaking through his rough exterior within the couple of days they are together.

Meanwhile, Sally and Bobby witness the hijacking of a U.S. Army convoy. Bobby is shot and killed by the hijackers, who then cause Sally to be hospitalized when they shove her car into a ravine. McQuade more readily works with Kayo to find out who did this to his daughter and her boyfriend. Kayo's computer skills allow him to track the errant convoy. At an illegal garment factory, they pick up a young delinquent named Snow (William Sanderson), who is reluctant to talk until Dakota points a Mac-10 in his general direction and empties the magazine.

In retaliation for disrupting his operations, Wilkes asphyxiates Dakota in his house and also has Snow killed. Dakota's murder attracts the attention of FBI Special Agent Jackson (Kennedy) who works with Ramos and McQuade. The trail leads them to Wilkes, revealed as an arms merchant who is hijacking U.S. arms shipments for his illicit weapons deals.

The three eventually find the arms trading headquarters in the desert. Agents Burnside and Núñez are killed when they attack the headquarters. McQuade and Ramos had tried to stop them, but ended up in the gunfight as well. McQuade is caught and sadistically beaten by Wilkes, who then orders that McQuade be placed in his truck and buried under a truckload of dirt, ignoring Richardson's pleas for mercy for the three men. After regaining consciousness in his truck (a Dodge Ramcharger, 1983 model), McQuade produces a beer and pours it over his face. Then, using his homemade supercharger system, McQuade charges his truck through the dirt – miraculously breaking himself free – and then rescues Ramos and Jackson. All three men are weakened due to being shot and beaten.

McQuade finds that Sally has been taken by Wilkes to Mexico. A rival arms dealer known as Falcon, who has been disguising his illegal business as a pinball machine dealer supplies McQuade with this intelligence, claiming Wilkes has double-crossed him and he would like his competition eliminated. Falcon gives McQuade the exact location in Mexico where Wilkes and his daughter are.

Though McQuade is intent and tries to head to the location on his own, both Ramos and Jackson have followed him and the three head into the base for the attack. After an intense battle, with Jackson being shot again, and Sally and Richardson escaping, Sally is shot in the leg and both women are sidelined.

Finally McQuade and Wilkes engage a hand-to-hand fight with the fight leaning in Wilkes' favor, until he strikes Sally (who ran to her father's aid), provoking McQuade into a frenzy of hits and kicks that defeats Wilkes. McQuade is reunited with his daughter, only to be fired upon by an injured Wilkes. Richardson steps into the line of fire to save McQuade and is fatally wounded. Her dying words to McQuade are that Wilkes killed her husband, forced her to be his arm candy, and that she loved McQuade.

Meanwhile, Wilkes and his remaining thug run into a building. Jackson provides McQuade with a grenade, and McQuade throws it into the building, killing Wilkes and the other man. Falcon then arrives in his helicopter. McQuade, Sally, Ramos, and Jackson take it, leaving Falcon to deal with the Mexican "federales".

McQuade's ex-wife and daughter are at a ceremony where McQuade's commander presents him (as well as Ramos and Jackson) with the Texas Award of Valor, and McQuade congratulates his ex-wife for getting an excellent job in New Mexico. The following day, McQuade has rented a U-Haul and is helping Sally and his ex-wife move. As they are getting ready to leave, Ramos shows up telling McQuade he is needed as a gunman has held up a bank. Figuring he has had enough adventure and wanting to spend more time with his family, McQuade politely declines. However, when Ramos also warns that the robber has taken hostages, McQuade is spurred into action. As the squad car speeds off, his ex-wife bellows "J.J. McQuade, you will never change!"

Cast

 Chuck Norris as Ranger Jim "J.J." McQuade
 David Carradine as Rawley Wilkes
 Barbara Carrera as Lola Richardson
 Robert Beltran as Deputy Arcadio "Kayo" Ramos
 Leon Isaac Kennedy as FBI Agent Marcus Jackson
 John Anderson as ATF Agent Burnside
 L.Q. Jones as Ranger Dakota Brown
 Dana Kimmell as Sally McQuade
 R.G. Armstrong as Captain T. Tyler
 Tommy Ballard as Colonel Remsing
 Oscar Hidalgo as Deputy Oscar Garcia
 Jorge Cervera Jr. as "Jefe"
 Sharon Farrell as Molly McQuade
 Anthony Caglia as Intern
 Robert Jordan as Bobby Drew
 Daniel Frishman as Emilio Falcon
 Hector Serrano as Cuban
 William Sanderson as "Snow"
 Aaron Norris as Punk
 Ray Marker as Soldier (uncredited)
 Kale Stokerton as Rude Man In The Pub (uncredited)
 Kane Hodder as Goon (uncredited)
 David Lee Smith as Pilot

Production

Development
Director Steve Carver had previously worked with Chuck Norris on the film A Eye for an Eye.

BJ Nelson wrote the script and all drafts. It was originally called Lone Wolf". He wrote all drafts and was not rewritten. Kaye Dyal only assisted with story ideas late in the process anda John Milius suggested a few details. Nelson wanted Clint Eastwood to play the role but after he passed, Carver thought Chuck Norris would be ideal to play the lead so he approached him to do the film.

Carver wanted to "mess up" Chuck Norris' image, having him grow a beard and drink beer on screen. Norris was reluctant as he wanted to be a good role model for children.

Carver and Nelson were fans of director Sergio Leone and made the film in the style of Leone.

Filming
Chuck Norris and David Carradine refused to use stunt doubles for their climactic fight scene, despite strong reservations from the producers. "The thing about the fight with Dave is that not only is it very well done, but it and the other martial-arts scenes are not just fillers," said Norris. "You've got to have more than technique if you're going to capture the emotions of the audience."

Carradine said Norris wanted to do a fight that matched the one Norris did with Bruce Lee in the Roman Coliseum in Way of the Dragon "and we were actually trying to go beyond that. I think we did. I think photographically we didn't. But as far as the fight was concerned, the combination of the two styles, you know, because I was very flowing and loose, and he was very solid and hard, I think we accomplished what we set out to do."

Carradine said the fight was shot over four days and "we were little old men by the end of it. All our old injuries came back, we got new injuries, and we were
stumbling around like little old men."

Carradine said Steve Carver was "probably the best director Chuck has ever had" adding that:
Chuck had a feeling when I was working with him, that he wanted to be a better actor. At one point, when we were working on the fight, I got close to him, and I said. This is really right man, puttin' your face in the dirt.' And he looked at me, you know, and he didn't expect that from me. And we got to be buddies. For just that period. I don't hang around with Chuck. Chuck mainly doesn't like to work with co-stars. His movies are all solo movies.In an interview in 2020, Steve Carver said Chuck Norris was "easy to work with". He added that athletes "think differently than trained theatre actors. If you block a scene with an athlete, if you ask an athlete to move from point A to B, or to pick up something, or do anything, he will do these movements mechanically. Which is not a bad thing, because with every rehearsal the movement becomes more fluid. Whereas a theatre actor will project their movements and their dialogue. It's a stage to them. That's the difference. Chuck was a little bit stiff in An Eye For An Eye. He became looser in Lone Wolf McQuade. After that he became better with every picture he did."

Release
Rating
The film was originally rated "R" but Chuck Norris appealed the decision to the MPAA and succeeded in getting the film rated PG.

"This is the second time I've appealed," said Norris. "They gave Good Guys Wear Black an R, but I persuaded them to make it a PG. My argument was the strong, positive image I project on the screen. The word karate, unfortunately, connotes violence to many people. Actually, it's a means of avoiding violent situations, and a form of defense if you have no choice and you're backed into a corner.... My films are very similar to the John Wayne movies of the '40s. He'd go in a bar and Jack Palance would pick a fight with him, and then Wayne would take out half the saloon. It's the same theme: A man is pushed into a situation where he has to resort to violence."

Reception
Box officeLone Wolf McQuade grossed $12 million in USA.

Critical response
Roger Ebert rated the film three-and-a-half stars out of four and compared Norris and his character favorably to the roles Clint Eastwood used to play in spaghetti Westerns. Vincent Canby of The New York Times called Norris "good" and further noted: "The plot, set in and around El Paso, is unimportant and nonstop, like an old-fashioned, Saturday afternoon serial, which isn't at all bad. Steve Carver, the director, understands that in such films action is content." Todd McCarthy of Variety wrote, "Fans of Soldier of Fortune magazine will think they've been ambushed and blown away to heaven by 'Lone Wolf McQuade.' Every conceivable type of portable weapon on the world market today is tried out by the macho warriors on both sides of the law in this modern western, which pits Texas Ranger Chuck Norris and his cohorts against multifarious baddies who like to play rough." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of four and wrote, "The rhythm here is seven minutes of action, followed by a minute of dialogue, followed by another seven minutes of action. For a while I was laughing at all of the explosions; eventually, though, all of the noise became annoying." Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times thought that the film, "like its predecessor, 'Forced Vengeance,' becomes so numbingly violent that it's a turnoff about a third of the way through." Jimmy Summers wrote in BoxOffice magazine, "Chuck Norris still doesn't have the screen presence to achieve his often-repeated wish of becoming the next John Wayne, but as long as he keeps his feet and fists flying and stays relatively quiet he's an effective action hero. In the wildly exaggerated world of this movie, he's almost a super-hero."

As of December 2019 the film has a score of 57% on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 7 reviews.

Legacy
Norris later said the film "broke the kung fu mode" for him and helped turn him into a more mainstream action star.

Norris credits this film as a leading inspiration for his hit television series, Walker, Texas Ranger, which premiered a decade later. Yet the pilot had to be rewritten, and the characters' names changed, since "all things McQuade" were copyrighted by Orion Pictures. The original co-producer of the series was The Cannon Group, which like Orion is now absorbed into Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (though the Cannon films are distributed on television by another company).

Steve Carver and his production partner Yoram Ben-Ami sued the producers of Walker, Texas Rangers for 500 million dollars. Carver talked about the lawsuit in an interview in 2020: "MGM and CBS had bigger and better and more lawyers than we did, all the way to the Supreme Court. We failed to convince the Supreme Court that there were similarities. Now, you and I and anybody else knows that there are similarities between Lone Wolf McQuade and Walker Texas Ranger''." He added that the lawsuit was the reason Chuck Norris and he parted ways.

See also
 List of American films of 1983
 Chuck Norris filmography

References

External links

1983 films
1983 Western (genre) films
American Western (genre) films
American action films
American martial arts films
1980s Spanish-language films
Orion Pictures films
Films about the Texas Ranger Division
Films set in Texas
Films shot in El Paso, Texas
Films directed by Steve Carver
Films scored by Francesco De Masi
Fictional characters of the Texas Ranger Division
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives in fiction
Contemporary Western films
1980s English-language films
1980s American films

Lone Wolf McQuade


Adae Festival (Twi: "resting place") is a celebration in Ashanti. Considered a day of rest, it is the most important ancestral custom of the Ashanti people.

Observance
Within a six-week cycle, Adae has two celebration days, once on a Sunday (Akwasidae) and again on a Wednesday (Awukudae). The Adae cycle is repeated nine times in a year. In observance of the Akan calendar, the ninth Adae Festival, called the Adae Kese Festival ("big Adae"), coincides with celebration of the New Year. It is therefore celebrated to thank the gods and the ancestors for the new harvest. The festivals within Adae are not interchangeable, having been fixed from ancient times.

Traditions
The preparations for the Adae are quite elaborate. The day the preparations are made is called Dapaa,(Normally on Tuesdays and Sundays) . On this day, houses and the area surrounding them are all cleaned. In front of the chief's house, drums are played by the "divine drummer" (after paying due respects to the chief), the whole evening from sunset till late night along with ceremonial songs. The chief takes a meal consisting of yam or plantain. (without salt as it is the belief that spirits do not like it). With his processional party, he then proceeds to the chamber where the ceremonial stool (throne) is kept. The food that is left out after the chief has eaten is brought to the courtyard and sprinkled about for the dead spirits of ancestors to eat it; this is accompanied by the ringing of a bell indicative of the spirits eating the food. The ritual continues with the sacrifice of sheep by the chief's attendants. The blood of these sacrifices are marked on the forehead and chest of the chief. The queen mother then offers a paste of fufu (made of cassava or yam). Then rum is poured over the stool, and what is left is consumed by those present at the chamber. All those present at the site greet the chief, who is ceremonially seated at the open courtyard with the greetings "Adae morn". Other ceremonial features include the court poet reciting poems which extol the deeds of the past chiefs, and drums are continuously beaten to the accompaniment of horns. The celebration runs until late at night. The food and drink offerings to the stool are removed late in the evening, except for the flesh which is allowed to remain there for more time.

See also
Adae Kese Festival
Akwasidae Festival
Ashanti Yam Festival
Awukudae Festival

References

Bibliography

Ashanti people
Cultural festivals in Ghana
Ashanti Region
Festivals in Ghana

Adae Festival


Fischland (literally "fish land") is an isthmus on the southern Baltic Sea coast on the Bay of Mecklenburg in northeastern Germany. It is part of the peninsula of Fischland-Darß-Zingst. Fischland was an island until the 14th century and was bounded by the navigable estuarine branches of the River Recknitz: the Permin in the south and the Loop in the north. In more recent times its southern boundary has usually been considered to be the Recknitz Meadowland (Recknitzer Stadtwiesen) and the Rostock Heath (Rostocker Heide). To the west and east its boundaries are more obvious: on the one side is its active cliffed coast on the Baltic, and on the other the coastline alongside the Saaler Bodden, only a few centimetres above sea level. Fischland is about 5 km long, between 500 metres and 2 km wide and runs from southwest to northeast.

The Pleistocene island core, which is subjected to marked changes as a result of water and wind action, consists of glacial sands (Geschiebesanden) and till and forms part of a graded shoreline. Not until the end of the 14th century were the two existing channels between the Baltic Sea and the lagoon or bodden filled in by the Hanseatic League in order to make access to the sea more difficult for their rival, Ribnitz. As a result, Fischland and Darß became a peninsula.

Today storms carry away an average of half a metre of coast per year from Fischland, depositing it again further north at Darßer Ort. Without major coastal defence measures the narrow isthmus would probably have long since been destroyed.

Near the steep coastline of Althagen/Niehagen lies the eminence of Bakelberg. At 17.9 metres above sea level (NN) it is the highest elevation on Fischland.

There is a total of just four settlements on Fischland, which have largely merged with one another today: the Ahrenshoop villages of Althagen and Niehagen as the municipality of Wustrow with the village of Barnstorf. The village of Ahrenshoop, well known as a residence and holiday resort for artists, on West Pomeranian soil is not on Fischland, however, but on the Vordarß. To the north Fischland is bounded by the present-day boundary trail (Grenzweg) in the municipality of Ahrenshoop. This used to be the site of the Loop, an inlet that marked the border between Mecklenburg and Pomerania; until recent times it continued to form the border between the Mecklenburg and Pomeranian State Churches.

Sources
 Maps
Fischland, Darß, Zingst (double map), 1 : 30 000, grünes herz, Ilmenau/Ostseebad Wustrow.

 Guides and picture books
 Roland Buchwald: Fischland, Darß und Zingst. Landschafts- und Reiseführer für Wanderer, Wassersportler, Rad- und Autofahrer. grünes herz, Ilmenau/Ostseebad Wustrow.
 Frank Thamm: Darß, Fischland und Zingst. Ellert und Richter, Hamburg.
 Horst Prignitz, Thomas Grundner: Fischland, Darß, Zingst. Carl Hinstorff, Rostock.

External links

http://fischland-darss-zingst.de

Peninsulas of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
Peninsulas of the Baltic Sea
Fischland-Darß-Zingst
Geography of Mecklenburg

Fischland