Cabo San Lucas is a city in Baja California Sur, Mexico.  It is often called "Cabo".

Cabo is known for its beaches and scuba diving places.  The sea arch "El Arco de Cabo San Lucas" is popular with tourists. There are many resorts along the coast between Cabo San Lucas and San José del Cabo.

Climate

References

Baja California Sur
Cities in Mexico

Cabo San Lucas


The Card is a musical with a book by Keith Waterhouse and Willis Hall and music and lyrics by Tony Hatch and Jackie Trent.

Based on Arnold Bennett's 1911 comedic novel of the same name, it chronicles the rise of Denry Machin from washerwoman's son to Mayor of Bursley through initiative, guile, and luck.

Cameron Mackintosh's West End production opened on 24 July 1973 at the Queen's Theatre where it ran for 130 performances. Directed by Val May and choreographed by Gillian Lynne, it starred Jim Dale, Millicent Martin, Joan Hickson, Marti Webb, and Eleanor Bron.

The 1994 revival at the Open Air Theatre in Regent's Park, London, starred Peter Duncan, Jessica Martin, Hayley Mills, and Jenna Russell and was extensively re-worked by the original authors with lyricist Anthony Drewe.  Amendments were made to the libretto, existing songs were re-written and others dropped and new ones introduced.  This production was also presented in Moscow as part of a cultural exchange program, one of the first times a western-style musical was staged in the former Soviet Union.

An original 1973 cast recording was re-released on compact disc by First Night Records in 1992 but is no longer in print; a recording of the 1994 production is currently available on CD and digital download.

Song list (Original Version)
Hallelujah!
Nine Till Five
Lead Me
Universal White Kid Gloves
Nobody Thought of It
Moving On
That Once a Year Feeling
Come Along and Join Us
That's the Way the Money Grows
I Could Be the One
The Card
Opposite Your Smile
Nothing Succeeds Like Success
The Right Man
Nobody Thought of It (Reprise)

Song list (1994 revival)
Typical Machin
Another Time, Another Place
You'll Do
How Do
Nobody Thought Of It
Rents
Moving On
Time To Spend (Beside The Sea)
Lock, Stock & Barrel
Is It Just Me?
Typical Machin (Reprise)
That's The Way The Money Grows
If Only
Countess of Chell
The Card
Opposite Your Smile
If Only (Reprise)
Moving On (Reprise)
Is It Just Me (Reprise)

Synopsis

The show begins when "Edward Henry Machin first saw the smoke on the 27th May 1867"—the very day of Bennett's own birth. At age 12, Denry begins his career by altering his grade in a class enough to earn him a scholarship to grammar school. At 16, he leaves school to work for Mr. Duncalf, the town clerk and a solicitor. Duncalf is responsible for organizing an exclusive ball; Denry "invites" himself and a few others in exchange for favors, among them Ruth Earp, a dance instructor. On a bet, he audaciously asks the energetic, beautiful Countess of Chell (of whom everyone, including Machin, is in awe) to dance, thus earning himself the reputation of a "card" (a "character", someone able to set tongues wagging) – a reputation he is determined to cement.

Later, when Duncalf treats a disgruntled client brusquely, Denry leaves his employ after persuading the client to hire him as a rent collector. When some of the tenants fall behind, he begins loaning them money (at a highly profitable interest rate). Ruth herself is several months in arrears and tries to sneak away in the middle of the night. Denry catches her by accident, but rather than being angry, he admires her audacity and starts courting her.

While on vacation at the seaside resort town of Llandudno with Ruth and her friend Nellie Cotterill, he witnesses a shipwreck and the rescue of the sailors. Noting the interest generated, he buys a lifeboat, hires some of the stranded mariners as rowers, and conducts tours of the picturesque wreck. However, Ruth's spendthrift nature becomes alarmingly apparent during the trip and they break up.

By the end of the summer, Denry has made a substantial profit from the sightseers, which he uses to finance his boldest venture. He starts up the Five Towns Universal Thrift Club. Members deposit money little by little; once they have accumulated half the sum they need to purchase whatever it is they want, the club allows them to buy on credit, but only from stores associated with the club. Denry makes money by getting a discount from the vendors in return for access to his large customer base. When his capital starts to run out, he arranges an "accident" for the Countess's coach. He drives conveniently by and gives her a lift to an urgent appointment. On the way there, he talks her into becoming the club's sponsor, ensuring easy financing. This proves to be the making of Denry's fortune.

With his great success, he is appointed a town councillor. He also backs a new daily newspaper (to be bought out at a profit by its established rival anxious to keep its monopoly) and tricks his obstinate mother into moving into a luxurious new house. At this point, Ruth reappears in Denry's life, now the widow of a rich older man. He considers renewing their relationship, but at the last moment, realizes that Nellie is the one for him and marries her.

The crowning achievement comes when Denry decides to become the youngest mayor in the history of Bursley. To sway the voters, he purchases the rights to native son Callear, the "greatest centre forward in England", for the failing local football club.

References

External links
Production information, plot and notes
Plot and production at guidetomusicaltheatre.com

1973 musicals
West End musicals
British musicals
Musicals set in England

The Card (musical)


The sacrococcygeal symphysis (sacrococcygeal articulation, articulation of the sacrum and coccyx) is an amphiarthrodial joint, formed between the oval surface at the apex of the sacrum, and the base of the coccyx.

It is a slightly moveable joint which is frequently, partially or completely, obliterated in old age, homologous with the joints between the bodies of the vertebrae.

Structure

Articular disc
The sacrococcygeal disc or interosseus ligament is similar to the intervertebral discs but thinner, thicker in front and behind than at the sides, and with a firmer texture. The articular surfaces are elliptical with longer transversal axes.  The surface on the sacrum is convex and that on the coccyx concave.  Occasionally the coccyx is freely movable on the sacrum, most notably during pregnancy; in such cases a synovial membrane is present.

Ligaments
The joint is strengthened by a series of ligaments:
 The ventral or anterior sacrococcygeal ligament is an extension of the anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL) that runs down along the spine on the anterior sides of the bodies of the vertebrae.  It consists of a few irregular fibers that attach to the anterior sides of the sacrum and coccyx and blend with the periosteum.
 The dorsal or posterior sacrococcygeal ligament has a deep and a superficial part:
 The deep dorsal ligament is a flat band which corresponds to the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) that run down inside the vertebral canal on the posterior surfaces of the bodies of the vertebrae.  From the posterior side of the fifth sacral body inside the sacral canal, the dorsal ligament stretches to the posterior side of the coccyx, to attach deep to the superficial dorsal ligament.
 The superficial dorsal ligament corresponds to the ligamenta flava and closes the posterior aspect of the distal end of the vertebral canal.  It stretches from median sacral crest and the free margin of the sacral hiatus to the dorsal surface of the coccyx.

 The lateral sacrococcygeal ligaments run from the lower lateral angles of the sacrum to the transverse processes of the first coccygeal vertebra to complete the foramina for the last sacral nerve.  Three lateral ligaments have been reported on either side.
 The interarticular or intercornual sacrococcygeal ligaments stretches from the cornu of the sacrum to the cornu of the coccyx.

Function
Movements in the joint are restricted to flexion and extension.  These essentially passive movements occurs during defecation and labour.  When movements in the sacrum increase the anteroposterior diameter of the pelvic outlet, movements in the sacrococcygeal joint can further increase this diameter.

Clinical significance
The joint is palpable deep within the natal cleft, and can be felt as a horizontal groove.  With the palpating finger on the dorsal surface of the coccyx, a degree of rotation can be produced with an applied forward pressure.

See also
 Anococcygeal raphé
 Coccydynia (coccyx pain, tailbone pain)
 Ganglion impar
 Rump (croup)

Notes

References

  (A good illustration of the posterior and lateral ligaments.)

External links

Pelvis
Joints
Bones of the vertebral column

Sacrococcygeal symphysis


The Institute of Professional Sound, previously the Institute of Broadcast Sound, is an organisation for audio professionals. The organisation provides opportunities for training and conferencing to assist in maintaining high standards in all areas of professional audio operations. The organisation is based in the UK.

The organisation was founded in 1977 by sound balancers in BBC Television and Radio and Independent TV, when its membership comprised audio practitioners working in all areas of broadcast audio including radio, location, and post-production sound. On 1 January 2012 the Institute of Professional Sound was adopted as the new name of the organisation, in order to attract a wider membership which is not exclusively from broadcasting.

History
The Institute of Professional Sound was established in 1977 as the Institute of Broadcast Sound, by individuals working in radio and television, who recognised a need for a coordinated means for the exchange of innovative ideas between practitioners in the field of broadcast audio. The organisation serves as a catalyst to promote collaborative initiatives between manufacturers of digital audio recording and editing equipment. Listed among the successes of the organisation is the File Exchange Initiative, from which the iXML specification was established, setting an open standard for the inclusion of location sound metadata in Broadcast Wave audio files.

Projects

Mentoring
The Institute of Professional Sound offers mentoring and career enhancement opportunities for entry-level employees, college graduates, and seasoned professionals. The mentoring program is designed to coordinate members who desire to assist their colleagues progress and succeed in their career with individuals seeking the advice and support of more experienced practitioners in the industry.

Training
The organisation provides training forums and conferences for its members which introduce members to emerging technologies, along with seminars on microphone placement and other operational issues.

Ofcom radio frequency spectrum
The Institute contributes to the ongoing discussions with Ofcom, regarding the changes to the management and use of the radio frequency spectrum, where it represents several hundred members who are independent users of radio microphone and associated equipment.

Email conferencing
Started in June 1995 with just 10 participants, the IPS's Internet email conference IBSNET has over 500 participants (as of 2012). Members include individuals from the UK, Germany, Austria, United States, Malaysia, Australia, Japan, and New Zealand. The conference provides opportunities for comment and feedback regarding professional standards, working conditions, visa requirements, and radio microphone frequencies in other countries, in addition to putting location recordists in contact with one another and with the dubbing mixers, who may ultimately use their work.

References

Audio engineering
Sound production
1977 establishments in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1977

Institute of Professional Sound


Bear is a novel by Canadian author Marian Engel, published in 1976. It won the Governor General's Literary Award the same year.  It is Engel's fifth novel, and her most famous. The story tells of a lonely archivist sent to work in northern Ontario, where she enters into a sexual relationship with a bear. The book has been called "the most controversial novel ever written in Canada".

Background
The book was Engel's fifth novel, and her sixth piece of published writing.  Engel studied under author Hugh MacLennan, finishing her Master's of Arts at McGill University in Montreal in 1957.  Her first novel, No Clouds of Glory (later known as Sarah Bastard's Notebook), was released in 1968.  She was awarded a Canada Council grant on the strength of the book, but had difficulty finding a publisher for her second novel, The Honeyman Festival.  The book was published in 1970 by the new Toronto company House of Anansi Press, which would also put out another novel, Monodromos, and a collection of short stories, Inside the Easter Egg.

The novel was written in a busy and tumultuous period in the author's life, a "very crazy time" as described by Engel. In 1973, Engel had started the Writers' Union of Canada (W.U.C.) from her home, and served as its first chairperson. Through the W.U.C., and her position on the board of trustees for the Toronto Public Library, she advocated public lending rights for Canadian authors. She was raising twins while undergoing a painful divorce. She took regular psychotherapy sessions, and worried about her mental health. Engel would end up dedicating the book to John Rich, her therapist.

Engel started writing the novel to contribute to a W.U.C. collection of pornographic fiction by "serious" writers. The project was supposed to raise funds for the cash-strapped union, but did not make it to publication.  Engel kept with her 31-page draft, and developed it into the 141-page novel. She was partly inspired by the First Nations legend of The Bear Princess, as recorded by folklorist Marius Barbeau.  The story was suggested to the writer by the Haida artist Bill Reid. Early titles for the book included The Bear of Pennarth and The Dog of God. The book was rejected when first sent to publishers.  An editor with Harcourt Brace wrote in a rejection letter: "Its relative brevity coupled with its extreme strangeness presents, I'm afraid, an insuperable obstacle in present circumstances."  Fellow Canadian author Robertson Davies praised the book to McClelland & Stewart editors, and Engel started a lifelong friendship with company president Jack McClelland. The first printing was released in Toronto in May 1976.

Synopsis

Setting
The book takes place in the district of Algoma in northeastern Ontario. The area is heavily wooded, with a mix of deciduous and conifer forests.  Part of the Canadian Shield, the district has many lakes and rivers.  Almost all of the story takes place in or around an old, octagonal house on a small island on a remote lake.  The location, "Cary's Island" is fictitious, located north of Highway 17, past "Fisher's Falls" and near a village called "Brady".

The house and estate, previously belonging to the Cary family, whose patriarch fought in the Napoleonic Wars, is called "Pennarth" (Welsh for "Bear's head").  Its octagonal layout was inspired by the writings of Orson Squire Fowler, which dates the building to the 1850s.  The house is well-ordered and elaborate, and houses an extensive library of 19th century books.  Outside are several outbuildings, including a shed that houses a large, semi-tame bear.

Plot summary
The novel centers on Lou, a 27-year-old archivist given the task of documenting the house and library of Colonel Cary, which has been donated to her employer, the Heritage Institute. Escaping a dreary and unfulfilling life in Toronto, Lou revels in the opportunity to work in the solitude of Cary's Island. She studies and catalogues the library. Lou struggles with her emotional balance, and her relationship with her work. She slowly begins to approach the island's resident bear, who was a pet of the late Colonel.

Lonely and isolated, she becomes closer to the bear, aided by an elder Cree woman, Lucy Leroy. Lucy advises Lou on how to gain the animal's confidence. As she delves deeper into the library, she finds scraps of bear folklore and studies collected by the Colonel. Her relationship with the bear becomes sexual, as well as spiritual. She also enters into a sporadic sexual relationship with the estate's caretaker, Homer Campbell. As her work comes to a finish, the bear scratches her back deeply. Her bond with the bear is altered, and Lou leaves the island with a sense of renewal.

Reception
The Canadian Encyclopedia notes that the book has been called "the most controversial novel ever written in Canada," and the notoriety around its subject matter brought Engel to national attention for the first time. At its publication, the novel was mostly received well by critics. Engel's writing craft was admired, with The Globe and Mail noting her "fine use of understatement, control, and economy." The book was received favorably outside of Canada as well; London's Times Literary Supplement wrote a positive review.  Exceptions included novelist and critic Scott Symons, who called the book "spiritual gangrene... a Faustian compact with the Devil." The 1976 Governor General's Literary Award jury, which included authors Margaret Laurence, Alice Munro, and Mordecai Richler awarded Bear its English-language Fiction award, one of the highest literary prizes in the country.

In 2014, the paperback cover became an Internet meme, thanks to a widely shared Imgur post titled "WHAT THE ACTUAL FUCK, CANADA?" This exposure led to a modern reappraisal of the 1970s novel, including new reviews, commentary, and a place in the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's 2014 list "Books That Make You Proud to Be a Canadian." A 2014 National Post review by literature critic Emily M. Keeler called the book "the best Canadian novel of all time." Critic Aritha Van Herk, in an interview with CBC Radio's Q program, called the novel a "quintessential Canadian book," referencing the role of wilderness in Canadian lives.

Publication history
McClelland & Stewart released the first edition in 1976. Atheneum Books released the first American edition.  Several paperback editions were published by different imprints, including Seal and Pandora.  The now-famous, Harlequin-like paperback cover depicts a partially nude woman being embraced by a large bear.  Its artist was not credited in the book; later investigation concluded the illustration was likely by veteran cover illustrator Fred Pfeiffer.  McClelland released a new edition under its "New Canadian Library" series in 1990 with an afterword by Aritha Van Herk. A more recent American edition licensed from Atheneum was published in 2002 by Godine with a subtly provocative wood engraved illustration by Wesley Bates on the front cover and frontis, which has gone into 10 printings as of 2018. In August 2014, reacting to renewed interest in the novel, McClelland released a reprint of the New Canadian Library edition.  Trying to avoid the sensationalism of the original paperback cover, Random House of Canada (which owns McClelland & Stewart) senior designer Five Seventeen designed several versions, finally deciding on a painting by American artist Mara Light.  The painting depicts the back of a nude woman; the designer added scratch marks, evoking an episode from the novel where Lou is injured by the bear.

Notes

References

Further reading

External links
 Engel on writing the book, reading passages, CBC Books, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation

1976 Canadian novels
Zoophilia in culture
New Canadian Library
Governor General's Award-winning fiction books
Obscenity controversies in literature
Novels about bears
Novels set in Northern Ontario
Censored books
McClelland & Stewart books
Canadiana

Bear (novel)


Az-Zahir Ali Hakim (born June 3, 1977) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver for nine seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the San Diego State Aztecs. He was selected by the St. Louis Rams in the fourth round (96th overall) of the 1998 NFL Draft. He also was a member of the Detroit Lions, New Orleans Saints, San Diego Chargers, Miami Dolphins, and Las Vegas Locomotives.

As a coach, he served as the wide receivers coach of the San Diego Fleet of the Alliance of American Football in 2019 and the St. Louis BattleHawks of the XFL in 2020.

High school
Hakim was an All-City selection as a quarterback, wide receiver, and defensive back at Fairfax High School in Los Angeles, where he also played basketball and ran track.

College career
Hakim was a four-year letterman in football at San Diego State where he started eight games as a senior and caught 37 passes for 595 yards (16.1 avg.) and six touchdowns. He caught 36 passes as a junior for 635 yards and five touchdowns. He was an All-Western Athletic Conference second-team selection as a sophomore after he started 12 games and was fourth in conference with career-high 57 receptions for 1,022 yards (17.9 avg.) and eight touchdowns.

Professional career

1998
Hakim was drafted by the St. Louis Rams in the fourth round (96th overall) of the 1998 NFL Draft. He appeared in nine games including four starts during his rookie season, catching 20 passes for 247 yards and a touchdown. He collected three receptions in first career game at the Chicago Bears on November 8, 1998. He made his first start against the Carolina Panthers two weeks later, making two receptions for 25 yards. He scored two touchdowns (nine-yard touchdown reception, 34-yard run on reverse for a touchdown) in victory over the New England Patriots on December 13.

1999
1999 was quite possibly Hakim's best career season. He would also earn a Super Bowl ring after the Rams beat the Tennessee Titans in Super Bowl XXXIV. During the regular season, Hakim appeared in 15 games and caught 39 passes for 677 yards and eight touchdowns. His touchdown total was second on the team behind only Isaac Bruce's 12, while Hakim's 18.8 average also remains a personal best. Hakim also added his first punt return touchdown on the season.

Hakim had the best game of his career against the Cincinnati Bengals on October 3, becoming only the fourth player in team history to score four touchdowns in a game. The feat tied the mark previous reached by Bob Shaw, (1949) Elroy Hirsch (1951), and Harold Jackson (1973). His 84-yard punt return for a touchdown tied for the fifth longest in team history and was the third longest in the league during the 1999 season. He also set the team record for punt return yards in a game with 147. All three of his receptions went for touchdowns (9, 51, 18), and he became the first Rams' player with three receiving touchdowns in a game since December 15, 1996, when Eddie Kennison accomplished the feat against the Atlanta Falcons.

In addition to his career game, Hakim also posted his first 100-yard receiving game against the Carolina Panthers on December 5. Hakim's four receptions, 122 yards and two scores helped St. Louis clinch the division that day.

2000
Hakim continued his impressive production in 2000, setting career highs in multiple statistical categories. His 53 catches, 734 yards, long reception of 80 yards and 32 receptions for first downs remain personal bests. His four touchdowns on the year also represent the second-best total of his career. On special teams, Hakim's 15.8 punt return average led the NFC and was second in the NFL. He also returned his second punt for a score during the season.

The best game of the season for Hakim came in the regular season opener against the Denver Broncos on September 4. During the game, Hakim racked up five catches, 116 yards and two touchdowns. He set a career best with an 80-yard touchdown grab, and also took a punt 86 yards for a score. Hakim was one of three Rams players to surpass 100 yards on offense during the game (wide receiver Torry Holt and running back Marshall Faulk being the others), marking just the second time in franchise history the feat had been accomplished.

Other highlights on the season for Hakim include a November 5 contest against the Panthers when he had eight catches for 116 yards and a touchdown, as well as a 65-yard punt return in the NFC Wild Card playoff game against the New Orleans Saints on December 30.  That game also featured a lowlight for Hakim, as he muffed a Saints' punt in the closing minute, allowing the Saints to retain possession and run out the clock, killing what was nearly an impressive Rams comeback.

2001
In his last season as a member of the Rams, Hakim totaled 39 receptions for 374 yards and three touchdowns. He appeared in all 16 games for the second straight season and started two of them. His punt return average took a significant dive from the year before, dropping from 15.3 in 2000 to just 9.2 in 2001.

In late September, Hakim joined Henry Ellard, LeRoy Irvin, and Eddie Kennison as the only Rams players to amass more than 1,000 career punt return yards. He passed Kennison to move into third place all-time the following month.

Also during the season, Hakim completed his first career pass with a 51-yard touchdown to Isaac Bruce. Hakim also had 90 receiving yards and five rushing yards in a Super Bowl XXXVI loss to the New England Patriots.

2002
Hakim joined the Detroit Lions as a free agent in 2002 and had a rebound season in terms of receiving yards and in the punt return game. He started all 10 games in which he appeared during the season, catching 37 passes for 541 yards and three touchdowns. He also posted a 14.8 punt return average and had his third career return touchdown.

It did not take long for Hakim to make a splash with his new team, as he holds the honor of scoring the first touchdown at Ford Field following the team's move from the Pontiac Silverdome. Other season highlights include a career-high nine receptions against the Miami Dolphins and seven catches for 143 yards against and a score on the first offensive play of the game against the Green Bay Packers.

Hakim suffered a hip injury on a shuffle pass against the New York Jets on November 17. He would miss the rest of the season due to the injury, and was the team's leading receiver when he was placed on Injured Reserve on November 10.

2003
Despite missing the first two games of the 2003 season recovering knee surgery, Hakim went on to start 12 of the 14 games he appeared in and become Detroit's leading receiver during the season. He finished the year with 49 catches for 449 yards and four touchdowns.

Highlights from the season include a 21-yard pass to fellow wideout Charles Rogers (the second pass and completion of his career), a two-point conversion on a pass from Joey Harrington against the Chicago Bears, and a crucial 18-yard catch on a game-winning drive in another contest against the Bears. He had 19 catches over a three-game span during the year, which was the most ever for him in that amount. However, his best game of the season came against his former team, as he totaled 101 yards on offense and scored a touchdown against the Rams.

2004
In 2004, Hakim finished second on the team in both receiving yards and receiving touchdowns despite missing four games due to ankle, back and groin injuries during the season. He finished with 31 receptions for 533 yards and three touchdowns.

Early in the season against the Houston Texans, Hakim eclipsed the 3,000-yard receiving mark for his career. In a game against the Minnesota Vikings, he and Roy Williams became the first Lions duo to each reach 100 receiving yards in the same game in nearly five years.

2005
Hakim was released by the Lions in April 2005. He received interest from multiple teams before and on June 15 it was believed he had signed with the Kansas City Chiefs. The move would have reunited him with former Rams head coach Dick Vermeil. However, some provisions in the contracts caused the league to void the deal, and Hakim and Vermeil decided it would be best if he did not join the team. Hakim signed a one-year deal with the New Orleans Saints on June 19.

During the season, Hakim was the team's third best receiver and finished with 34 catches for 489 yards and two touchdowns. He set a career-high with nine kickoff returns, while his punt return average was the lowest of his career at just 7.6 yards.

2006
Despite receiving some interest in the 2006 offseason, Hakim remained unsigned until the regular season began. He signed a one-year deal to return to the Lions in 2006, despite new head coach Rod Marinelli in charge. Not all was unfamiliar to Hakim, however, as this time around with the Lions he would be working with former Rams offensive coordinator and head coach Mike Martz, who was now the offensive coordinator in Detroit.

Hakim's second tenure with the Lions was not nearly as productive or long as the first. In six games with the team, he caught just 17 passes for 147 yards. He was eventually released on October 30, and remained unsigned until joining the San Diego Chargers on December 14 after wide receiver Malcom Floyd was placed on Injured Reserve. Hakim was inactive for all three games as a Charger, resulting in the first season of his professional career in which he did not score a touchdown.

Later career
After his contract expired following the 2006 season, Hakim once again became a free agent. On March 22, he signed a one-year contract with the Miami Dolphins. The move reunited him with new Dolphins head coach Cam Cameron, who was offensive coordinator in San Diego the previous season.

Hakim signed a contract in the UFL and the Las Vegas Locomotives.

NFL career statistics

Coaching career
In November 2018, Hakim was named the wide receivers coach for the San Diego Fleet of the Alliance of American Football. The following year, he joined the St. Louis BattleHawks of the XFL in the same position.

References

External links
 Detroit Lions bio

1977 births
Living people
Players of American football from Los Angeles
Fairfax High School (Los Angeles) alumni
San Diego State Aztecs football players
American football wide receivers
American football return specialists
Detroit Lions players
Miami Dolphins players
New Orleans Saints players
St. Louis Rams players
San Diego Chargers players
Las Vegas Locomotives players
San Diego Fleet coaches
St. Louis BattleHawks coaches
Sports coaches from Los Angeles

Az-Zahir Hakim


Hollister is a town in Tillman County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 50 at the 2010 census, a decline of 16.7 percent from 60 in 2000.

History
The Wichita Falls and Northwestern Railway (later the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railway) founded Hollister in 1907 as  a depot on its line from Wichita Falls, Texas to Frederick, Oklahoma. Hollister was built between the towns of Isadore and Parton. Many of its buildings were moved from Parton. Originally, this was the location of a railroad switch known as "Happy Jack," "Happy Spur," or just "Happy." The first station was a boxcar, and the first train arrived on November 16, 1907. The town was named for Harry L. Hollister, the depot agent in Frederick. A post office was established on February 1, 1909.

Hollister's population peaked at 200 in 1940, then began a decline to 105 in 1970. The high school closed in 1963 and the grade school in 1968. At the turn of the 21st Century, Hollister had a post office, a Baptist church and two grain elevators.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , all land.

Climate

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 60 people, 20 households, and 17 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 25 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 86.67% White, 10.00% from other races, and 3.33% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.00% of the population.

There were 20 households, out of which 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 75.0% were married couples living together, and 15.0% were non-families. 15.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.00 and the average family size was 3.29.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.3% under the age of 18, 1.7% from 18 to 24, 31.7% from 25 to 44, 28.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 140.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 138.9 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $21,250, and the median income for a family was $26,250. Males had a median income of $18,750 versus $21,250 for females. The per capita income for the town was $7,888. There were 26.7% of families and 39.3% of the population living below the poverty line, including 39.1% of under eighteens and none of those over 64.

References

External links
 Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Hollister

Towns in Tillman County, Oklahoma
Towns in Oklahoma

Hollister, Oklahoma


is a Japanese conductor and violist.

Biography
He has a long-established reputation as a remarkable conductor and one of the nation's most renowned violists. In addition to his post as Music Director and Conductor of the Santa Barbara Chamber Orchestra, he is also the Principal Chief Conductor of Kyushu Symphony Orchestra in Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan.

Ohyama has long been in demand as a violist and has performed throughout the United States and abroad as recitalist and chamber musician at festivals including Casals Festival, Kuhumo International Festival (Finland), Johannesen International Music Festival (Canada), Okinawa Moon Beach Music Festival (Japan), Brescia and Bergamo Festivals (Italy), Chamber Music Northwest, Sarasota Music Festival and Caramor Chamber Music Festival. He has collaborated with many of the soloist around the world, including Lynn Harrell, Gidon Kremer, Radu Lupu, Lynnette Seah, Isaac Stern, and Alexander Souptel.

In 1974, he won the Young Concert Artists International Auditions which led to his New York City recital debut at Carnegie Hall. In 1979, he was named Principal Violist of the Los Angeles Philharmonic under Carlo Maria Giulini, a position he held for 13 years. In 1981, he began conducting the Youth String Orchestra of the Crossroads School for Sciences and Arts. In 1983, he was appointed Music Director and Conductor of the Santa Barbara Chamber Orchestra. In 1986, Ohyama was appointed Assistant Conductor of the Los Angeles Philharmonic under Maestro André Previn. He held this position for four years and conducted the Philharmonic in many concerts, including subscription concerts at the Los Angeles Music Center, the Hollywood Bowl and the Los Angeles Philharmonic Institute.

He has also held the positions of Principal Conductor of the Round Top Music Festival in Texas, Music Director and Conductor of the Northwest Chamber Orchestra in Seattle, Music Director and Conductor of the Cayuga Chamber Orchestra in New York City, Artistic Director of the Santa Fe Chamber Music Festival and of the La Jolla Chamber Music Society's SummerFest La Jolla. He was a professor of music in the University of California school system for over 30 years.

In 1990, Ohyama made his European conducting debut with the Orchestra of the Opera de Lyon and in two concerts with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra at the Royal Festival Hall in London. Since then, he has made conducting appearances with the San Diego Symphony, Baltimore Symphony, Singapore Symphony Orchestra, New Mexico Symphony, Ohio Chamber Orchestra, Brandenburg Symphony Orchestra (Germany), Hale Symphony (England), Sapporo Symphony, Kyoto Symphony and Toho Music School Orchestra (Japan), New York Chamber Orchestra, Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra, Ohio Chamber Orchestra, Milwaukee Chamber Orchestra, Royal Academy Sinfonietta (England), as well as conducted the San Francisco Symphony for its Wet Ink Festival. He also took the Asia America Symphony Orchestra on a tour of Japan in 1992.

He studied at the Toho Gakuen School of Music in Japan.

Reviews
"Heiichiro Ohyama's programming continues to be a model of sense and sensibility...he knows the secret of instilling a familiar piece with new life, and conducts it as if it's the first time anyone in the hall has really heard it."

-Santa Barbara News Press

"The concert was led by Heiichiro Ohyama with characteristic vigor and grace."

-Santa Barbara Independent

"Mr. Ohyama also led the seemingly underrehearsed orchestra in Rossini's "Italiana in Algeri" Overture.

New York Times. Thursday, February 15, 2007

References

 Bio at the site of Santa Barbara Chamber Orchestra

External links
 Heiichiro Ohyama official website

1947 births
20th-century conductors (music)
21st-century conductors (music)
Japanese classical violists
Japanese male conductors (music)
Living people
Toho Gakuen School of Music alumni
20th-century violists
21st-century violists

Heiichiro Ohyama


John Scott Bowen is an American sound designer known for his early work with synthesizers.

Moog and Sequential Circuits
Bowen started out as the first official Moog clinician in 1973, demonstrating and contributing to designs for Moog Music. In 1976 he started working with Dave Smith to promote his Model 800 sequencer, and then helped specify the Model 700 Programmer. This association led to the development of the Prophet 5, and then on to the entire line of Sequential Circuits products. Bowen was responsible for the original 40 factory programs of the Prophet 5, and as Sequential's Product Specialist created 99% of all of the factory sounds and sequences (as well as the original Prophet VS waveshapes), also contributing to the User Interface (UI) design for the following Sequential products: Prophet 5, Prophet 10, Prophet 600, Prophet T-8, Prophet VS, Drumtraks, 6-Trak, MultiTrak, Tom, Max, Studio 440, and the Prophet 2000 and 3000 libraries.

Nielsen Pearson
Also during this time, Bowen was bassist and synthesist for the Nielsen Pearson band (1974–1980), performing on 3 albums with them. He also assisted Billy Cobham in setting up his Moog Modular 55 for various recording sessions (one being Stanley Clarke's 'School Days'), as well as appearing on several other projects, most notably with Herbie Hancock for the Eddie Henderson release, Mahal (Capitol, 1978).

From Yamaha to Korg
At the end of 1987, Sequential was bought by Yamaha. After a brief stint there, the Sequential design team moved over to Korg, where John was product manager for the Wavestation series (keyboard, AD, and SR racks, 1989–1992). In 1993 he became part of the original Korg OASYS project team, culminating with the first public presentations of the OASYS keyboard at NAMM and Musik Messe in early '96. After the cancellation of the project in September, 1996, John took part in the Korg Z1 voicing. A year later, with the go-ahead from Korg Japan to resurrect the OASYS technology, he found himself back doing UI design for OASYS PCI synths and effects.

Creamware
In August 1998 Bowen joined Creamware to develop the Modular system used in Pulsar/SCOPE, as well as assisting in some of their other synth design projects. Now working as an independent, he was involved in doing some of the OASYS PCI factory voicing, as well as consulted for Native Instruments in their emulation of a Prophet 5 (called the Pro-52), a VST Virtual Instrument. Later, he helped complete representations of the Pro One and Prophet 5 for the Creamware series of audio cards.

Zarg Music
Bowen departed Creamware and, after a short consulting assignment with Native Instruments, announced his own software synth company, Zarg Music, in November 1999. He developed and released a bundle of four software synthesizers for the SCOPE platform by June of the following year. These software synthesizers were the beginnings of what would become a new Bowen hardware synthesizer design.

Solaris and John Bowen Synth Design
At the 2007 Musikmesse show, Bowen showed a prototype of a new original Bowen-designed keyboard synthesizer named Solaris, to be manufactured in cooperation with Sonic Core and released under the John Bowen Synth Design brand, and eventually Solaris was released.

References

External links
John Bowen biography
The John Bowen Chronicles
John Bowen NAMM Oral History Interview
John Bowen Synth Designs
John Bowen Interview - GreatSynthesizers

Living people
American sound designers
Year of birth missing (living people)

John S. Bowen (sound designer)


Movietone News was a newsreel that ran from 1928 to 1963 in the United States. Under the name British Movietone News, it also ran in the United Kingdom from 1929 to 1986, in France also produced by Fox-Europa, in Australia and New Zealand until 1970, and Germany as Fox Tönende Wochenschau. An Indian version called Indian Movietone News ran in 1942 and 1943 before getting replaced by Indian News Parade.

History

Movietone News evolved from an earlier newsreel established by Fox Films called Fox News which was founded in 1919. It produced silent newsreels. When Fox entered talkies in 1928 with Mother Knows Best, the name Fox Movietone was applied to Fox's sound productions.

In the U.S. as Fox Movietone News it produced cinema sound newsreels from 1928 to 1963, and from 1929 to 1986 in the UK (for much of that time as British Movietone News), as well as 1929 to 1975 in Australia. One of the earliest in the series featured George Bernard Shaw Talks to Movietone News, released on June 25, 1928.

One of the known early producers of these newsreels was Abraham Harrison also known as Harry, father of notable black and white photographer Dody Weston Thompson who also found a brief career in film making.

An early conductor of the Movietone News orchestra was Harry Lauder II, nephew of entertainer Sir Harry Lauder, who was contracted by the company for eighteen months before William Fox took him to his Hollywood studio. Sir Harry Lauder also appeared in test sound films made at the Fox Studios in New York City during the winter-spring of 1927.

One installment, Fox Grandeur News, was released on May 26, 1929, in Fox's short-lived widescreen process Grandeur, and shown before the feature film Fox Movietone Follies of 1929.

Hearst Metrotone News initially leased the Case Research Lab patents from William Fox for its sound newsreels. Each of these studios used this system of recording sound film for news items because it was an easily transported single-system of sound-on-film recording.

Fox's first use of recording a news event was on May 20, 1927: Charles Lindbergh's take-off from Roosevelt Field for his historic solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean was filmed with sound and shown in a New York theater that same night, inspiring Fox to create Movietone News. A regular narrator of the newsreels was broadcaster/journalist Lowell Thomas.

After Fox Films merged with 20th Century Pictures in 1935 to form 20th Century-Fox (Later 20th Century Studios in 2020), the name of Fox Movietone News was shortened to Movietone News.

In Australia, Movietone and Cinesound were competitors for newsreel coverage, but later combined under the Australian Movie Magazine name.

Status and licensing
The University of South Carolina Moving Image Research Collections has a portion of the Fox Movietone newsreel collection. The rest of it is owned and managed by the Fox Film Corporation's corporate successor (and namesake), Fox News Channel. During its early years, Fox News Channel had a weekend show which played the newsreels.

Licensing for Fox Movietone newsreels owned by the University of South Carolina is handled by the Moving Image Research Collections while licensing for Fox Movietone News is still owned by Fox Corporation and handled by Fox News Channel. British Movietone is owned separately by the films' successor-in-interest, operating under the name British Movietonews Ltd. The licensing of British Movietone newsreels is handled by AP Archive.

In September 2016, it was announced that the British Movietone archive had been acquired by Associated Press.

The Movietone News Australia archive was donated to the National Film and Sound Archive in 1988.

Archive
The Academy Film Archive houses the 20th Century Fox Movietone Shorts and Documentaries Series Collection.

In 2015, British Movietone and Associated Press's archival footage were released on YouTube.

See also
 Newsreels
 List of online video archives
 Movietone sound system sound-on-film system introduced by Fox Film Corporation in 1927
 Movietone Records the budget subsidiary of 20th Century Fox's record division

References

External links
 Fox Movietone News web site
 official British Movietone YouTube channel, archival footage
 Extensive index and clips from University of South Carolina
 Cinesound Movietone web site
 George Bernard Shaw Talks to Movietone News (1928) at IMDB
 Two Movietone newsreels from archive.org
 Extensive index and clips from University of South Carolina
 Clips from University of South Carolina
 Movietone Records information

Newsreels
History of film
20th Century Studios
Fox Film

Movietone News


Westwell is a village and relatively elevated civil parish with a population of 740 (2001), centred  north of Ashford in Kent, England, in the Borough of Ashford.

The Pilgrims' Way runs close to the village on the Downs and was travelled by pilgrims on their way to Canterbury.  The M20 motorway and High Speed 1 pass through the long south-west outskirts of the parish.

History
Westwell is a rural village in the North Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty at the foot of the Westwell Downs, the highest part of which is called the Beacon after the chain of beacons erected to signal the approach of the Spanish Armada. The village was first mentioned in 858 in a Saxon document and was included in the Domesday Book. A weekly market was held here under a licence granted by Edward I, there was a park during Edward II's time and later a vineyard tended by monks (recalled by one of the cottages in the village named Vineyards).

The centre of the village is a conservation area with many mature trees and listed buildings, including Court Lodge, Swinford Cottage, Periton Court and The Mill House. The notable parish church is St. Mary the Virgin which dates from the 13th century or earlier.  Among many other buildings of interest in the parish are Ripple Court (which used to house the local dungeons—and where it is alleged that Jack Cade was captured) and The Haven (pronounced 'harven') a Tudor residence where Elizabeth I is believed to have spent one night. The village was formerly served by Hothfield for Westwell railway station on the Maidstone Line. Kent Gliding Club is nearby.

References

External links

 Westwell Community website
http://westwellparish.btck.co.uk/Parishmap Statistical/Civil Parish map subpage (shows parts of Tutt Hill and Potter's Corner falling into Westwell)

Villages in Kent
Villages in the Borough of Ashford
Civil parishes in Ashford, Kent

Westwell, Kent


Smart Aviation Company is a corporate airline operator based in Egypt. The company launched operations during the second quarter of 2007 from its base in Cairo International Airport.

The company is the first corporate jet operator in the country to cater to businessmen, politicians, executive air travelers and medical services.

In 2009, it expanded its business portfolio to cover medical evacuation in the form of air ambulance operations and in December 2010 will launch commercial passenger operations.

History
Smart Aviation Company launched operations on 3 May 2007 with a single 10-seater Cessna Citation Sovereign jet aircraft.

Smart Aviation is a member of Middle East Business Aviation Association (MEBAA)

Ownership
Smart Aviation Company has 6 stakeholders:

 Civil Aviation Developing and Supporting Fund 40%
 Egyptair Holding Company 10%
 Egyptian Holding Company for Airports and Navigation (EHCAAN) 10%
 Holding Financing Company of Civil Aviation 5%
 National Company for Navigation Services 5%
 National Investment Bank 30%

Operations
The airline provides clients with the facilities (aircraft and ground services) for corporate, VIP and personal travel from Egypt with a new fleet of Cessna Citation Sovereign C-680 aircraft. At Cairo International Airport they currently operate out of the VIP terminal (Terminal 1 – Hall 4); however, in late 2010 the company opened its new executive FBO next to Hall 4.

Services are offered for both domestic and international travel.

In 2009, Smart Aviation received the first two Cessna Citation Sovereign certified for medical evacuation (medevac) with a dual-patient system from LifePort. The two medevac Sovereigns are part of the original 5-aircraft order. The medevac (air ambulance) mission will be in addition to Smart's regular VIP charter service.

In 2010, the company announced plans to begin commercial passenger operations.

The company maintains its fleet inside its 4,000-square-metre hangar which should incorporate the business jets and the new Bombardier turboprops.

In April 2010, the airline revealed plans to launch a new subsidiary dedicated to commercial scheduled and charter passenger services to complement its existing corporate service business.
In July 2010 the company selected the Bombardier Q400 over the ATR 72-500 after evaluating both sixty- to seventy-seater aircraft. The company ordered 5 aircraft (2 firm and 3 options) in August 2010. The first 2 aircraft have been delivered in late 2010.

The aircraft based at Cairo International Airport and then fly to a day-base like Sharm el-Sheikh International Airport or Aswan Airport and operate flights from there to key domestic and regional destinations not currently served by other airlines.

On December 15, 2014 Cessna Citation 680 belonging to Smart Aviation landed in Malmö, Sweden carrying 10 asylum seekers from Beirut, Lebanon.
Two crew members aged 59 and 56 were arrested on suspicion of organizing human smuggling.

As of early 2015, smart Aviation leased their two Q400s to Bangladesh Airlines for five years. The flight crews were provided for six months—then were terminated / laid off. No plans to continue with the Q400 from lack of marketing and operation expansion.

Services
 Business jets
 Air ambulance
 Flight inspections
 Domestic and regional economic fights
 Full ground handling service (FBO services)

Fleet
, the Smart Aviation fleet consists of the following aircraft:

References

Airlines of Egypt
Airlines established in 2007
Companies based in Cairo
Egyptian companies established in 2007

Smart Aviation Company


Kayode Olofin-Moyin is a Nigerian politician and navy officer.

Early life
Navy Captain Kayode Olofin-moyin was born in Ilawe-Ekiti, Ekiti State, on May 13, 1950.

Education
After his elementary education, he enrolled at the Annunciation Catholic School, Ikere-Ekiti in 1965. He passed out in 1969 with the West African School Certificate in flying colours.

He was admitted into the Nigerian Defence Academy in 1971 as a cadet and successfully completed his course in December 1972 and got commissioned into the Nigerian Navy. Thereafter, in quick succession, he went through further trainings. He had hardly left the Nigerian Defence Academy in December 1972, when he started a course in Midshipman onboard NNS OBUMA (formerly NNS NIGERIA). He completed his training in October 1973

Military career
An officer whose thirst for knowledge could be described as insatiable, Navy Captain Olofin-Moyin proceeded to the prestigious Command and Staff College, Jaji in 1985, graduated in 1986. He later attended the National War College, Abuja, between 1997 and 1998.

Navy Captain Olofin-Moyin rose steadily in his chosen career. From a Cadet in 1972, he was promoted Midshipman in 1973; Sub-Lieutenant (1973 – 1977); Lieutenant (1977 – 1981); Lieutenant Commander (1981 – 1988); Commander (1988 – 1994) and Navy Captain (1994)

Some of his Command appointments were, Commanding Officer, NNS HADEJIA (Patrol Boat), (1978 – 1979); Commanding Officer, NNS RUWAN YARO (Cadets Training Ship), (1984 – 1985); Commanding Officer, NNS ENYIMIRI (A Corvette on ECOMOG Operation), Liberia, (1992 – 1993) and Commanding Officer, Naval Air Station, (1996 – 1997).

Navy Captain Olofin-Moyin also held Staff appointments such as Staff Officer (Operation), Western Naval Command (1986 – 1988); Base Commander, Nigerian Naval College, Onura, Port Hacourt (1990 – 1992); Naval Chief Officer, ECOMOG, Liberia (1994 – 1995) and Director of Operations, Naval Headquarters, Lagos (1995 – 1996).

Ogun State Administrator
Navy Captain Kayode Olofin-Moyin was appointed Military Administrator of Ogun State, Nigeria from August 1998 to May  1999 during the transitional regime of General Abdulsalami Abubakar, handing over power to the elected governor Olusegun Osoba at the start of the Nigerian Fourth Republic.
He built a new Governors Lodge for Ogun State, opened on 27 April 1999 just before the handover to the civilian governor.

In November 2002 his house in Victoria Island, Lagos was gutted and destroyed by fire.

References

Nigerian Navy officers
Living people
Governors of Ogun State
Yoruba military personnel
Year of birth missing (living people)

Kayode Olofin-Moyin


Julia Santos is a fictional character from the ABC daytime drama, All My Children. She was portrayed by actress Sydney Penny from 1993 to 1996 as a series regular, with guest appearances in 1997 and 2002, and from 2005 to 2008. Julia's pairing with Keith Hamilton Cobb's Noah Keefer formed one of daytime's first interracial supercouples and was one of the most popular pairings of the 1990s.

Character history
Julia came to Pine Valley from Texas to live with her sister, Maria Santos. Soon after her arrival, a tornado struck the Pennsylvania town and Julia was struck by a falling chandelier that scarred her face. She ran away to Center City and into the arms of Noah Keefer, with whom she lived and eventually fell in love.

In one notable storyline, Julia became pregnant after being raped by Louie Greco, a drug dealer who lived nearby, and chose to have an abortion, despite considerable opposition from her devout Roman Catholic Mexican-American family. The relationship between a Hispanic Mestizo Julia and the African American Noah was also contentious in her family.

When Noah learned of Louie Greco's actions he chased him down and accidentally killed him. Noah was found guilty of his murder and the two escaped to Jamaica; Noah was eventually exonerated of the crime. After this ordeal the two eventually married, but two thugs who were after Noah's aunt Grace tried to end Julia's life. Julia then witnessed the attempted murder of Noah's sister Belinda and when she testified against her sister-in-law's attacker she had no other choice but to enter the witness protection program with Noah. The two quickly left Pine Valley in 1996 for somewhere in Northern California.

In 1997, Maria was presumed killed in a plane crash and Julia was allowed to return for her funeral. Five years later, in 2002, Maria was found alive and once again Julia returned to see her sister and they shared an emotional reunion.

Julia returned in 2005, following Noah's murder, and ended up avenging Noah's death by murdering Garret Williams in self-defense. Since then, she became the legal guardian of a little girl named Kathy whose parents were killed in a car accident, and embarked on an affair with Jamie Martin. This slowly turned into love, but the romance ended with Julia leaving town. She returned to Pine Valley to find that her ex-boyfriend had gone to Africa to work with Doctors Without Borders.

After Jamie's departure, Julia and Jack began a brief flirtation which infuriated Erica Kane.

Julia was offered the head-nurse job at a hospital in Australia and was planning on leaving Pine Valley. But before she could, on May 23, 2008, while at the wedding of Jesse and Angie Hubbard, Robert Gardner (Ray Gardner's brother) busted into the reception holding Angie at gunpoint. Gardner spotted Aidan Devane gunning for him out of the corner of his eye and fired off a wild shot in Aidan's direction. Gardner missed Aidan, but accidentally shot Julia. At the hospital, Joe Martin tells her that the wound lacerated her liver. Together with a steady internal bleed, Julia knew her chances of surviving were slim to none, even with surgery, and so she decided against it. Knowing that Kathy had lost her mother in the same hospital, she would not let Krystal, who travelled with her in the ambulance, get Kathy so she could say goodbye. She asked Krystal to call her sister Maria to come and take Kathy. In the hospital bed, in the presence of Joe and Krystal, Julia tearfully slipped away, speaking of her love for Kathy. Also, before she died, Dixie came and thanked her for taking care of Kate (Kathy). Dixie stated she wished Julia didn't have to go. After Dixie left, Julia realized Kathy would be all right. With this thought in mind, Julia died.

See also
List of supercouples

References

External links
Julia Santos's biography soapcentral.com
Soap Opera Digest Profile

All My Children characters
Fictional nurses
Television characters introduced in 1993
Female characters in television

Julia Santos


The Goulandris Museum of Natural History is a museum in Kifisia, a northeastern suburb of Athens, Greece. It was founded by Angelos Goulandris and Niki Goulandris in 1965 in order to promote interest in the natural sciences, to raise the awareness of the public, in general, and in particular to call its attention to the need to protect Greece's natural wildlife habitats and species in the danger of extinction.

The museum includes large collections of insects, mammals, birds, reptiles, shells, rocks, minerals and fossils, from the rich natural wildlife of the Greek territory. The botanical collections number over 200.000 species of plants, among which there are 145 newly discovered ones, which have been recorded thanks to the museum's research. The kernel of the botanical collection was formed when it acquired the collection of Constantine Goulimis, the author of Wild Flowers of Greece that was illustrated by Niki Goulandris. In the museum's laboratories, scientific research is being carried out in the areas of ecology, botany, zoology, geology, palaeontology and biotechnology. In the exhibition rooms are presented in detail the variety and interdependence of the biocommunities and the floral, animal and geological wealth of Greece.

The Goulandris Museum of Natural History also functions as a complementary educational institution for all levels of education. Its activities include further education programmes, seminars, lectures, the publication of books and other material, and itinerant exhibitions on crucial environmental issues in Greece and abroad. Its publications include a scientific journal, the Annales Musei Goulandris (1973–). The Museum is linked to international organizations and to Institutes of Higher Education.

Some of the most important exhibits of the museum are the Zoology Room, the Palaeontology Room and the display of bivalve molluscs from various parts of the world.

In 2010, rhizomes of Iris hellenica (found in the mountains of the Peloponnese) were given the garden of the Goulandris Natural History Museum, who had funded Dionysios Mermygkas, to study the plants of the mountains. The iris grew well vegetatively for a year, but failed to flower. Unfortunately they did not survive the following year, but they survived in Copenhagen (who also received rhizomes).

See also
 List of museums in Greece

Notes

External links
 Museums in Greece
 Official website of The Goulandris Museum of Natural History
 Annales Issue 11 2006

Museums in Athens
Goulandris family
Museums established in 1965
Natural history museums in Greece

Goulandris Natural History Museum


Stefanie Sun () is a multi-award-winning C-Pop singer and songwriter. She was born on 1978. Stefanie has sold over 10 million copies in Asia.  After her release of her tenth album, she is said to be the most popular Mandarin female singer in Asia and the most successful singer from Singapore.

Early life

Stefanie Sun has an elder sister Sng Yee Kia and a younger sister Sng EeMei.

Stefanie wen to school at Saint Margaret's Secondary School, Raffles Girls' School and went on to attend Saint Andrew's Junior College.  She later attended Nanyang Technological University, where she got a degree in Marketing.  Her abilities were discovered by her music teacher at his music school.

Languages

Among Mandarin-speakers, Stefanie is known by her Mandarin name, Sun Yan Zi. She speaks the Teochew dialect, and in Teochew her name is pronounced as "Sng Ee Tze," which is her official name. Most of her songs are sung in Mandarin, with several in English. Stefanie's ability to speak many dialects is shown in the songs she sings.

In the song Cloudy Day (called 天黑黑 in Chinese), she sings in both Mandarin and Min Nan (Taiwanese). Cloudy Day is an adaptation of a traditional Taiwanese folk song.

Her album START! contains 6 songs in English: Venus, That I Will Be Good, Sometimes Love Just Ain't Enough, Silent All These Years, and Hey Jude; and a song she wrote called Someone.

Career

Stefanie does most of her recording and performing in Taiwan, where most of her fans are. She also visits China, Hong Kong, Malaysia and Singapore, where many of her fans are.

Her first music album was released in June 2000, the self-titled YanZi, published by Warner Music. The album sold over 330,000 copies in Taiwan.  Her next album, which was released in December of the same year was titled My Desired Happiness or 我要的幸福 in Chinese. My Desired Happiness sold over 380,000 copies in Taiwan. Both albums achieved great success – each album sold over 1,000,000 copies in mainland China.

Her third album was released in early 2001, titled Kite, which sold successfully with 300,000 copies in Taiwan and more than 950,000 in China.

In January 2002 she released START, which was titled 自選集 in China. START was a collection of songs and cover versions. START! sold over 250,000 copies in Taiwan alone in less than a month and overall 1,000,000 copies sold in mainland China.

In 2002 and 2003, Stefanie sang the official theme songs for Singapore's National Day Parade: We Will Get There (一起走到 in Chinese) and One United People (全心全意 in Chinese). One United People was included on the album Leave.

In early 2003, she released the album To Be Continued… which like her previous releases, was a success.  It sold more than 250,000 copies in Taiwan and more than 1,000,000 in China.  Only a few months later, she released her seventh album with six new songs mixed with fifteen of her old songs.  By the end of 2003, Stefanie had sold over 7,000,000 copies in Asia with just seven albums.

In late 2003, she decided to take a one-year break from making music, because she wanted to find again her direction in her career. She returned in late 2004 with a new album titled Stefanie, which was meant to reflect her debut album (self-titled as well, but in Chinese). This was to symbolise her return with a fresh attitude. This album sold more than 2,300,000 copies in Asia; making it her most successful album.  She also started her own company called Make Music.

A Perfect Day  was released on 2005, almost one year later. Reviews of this new album were mixed, but Stefanie said that all she wanted was to make quality music, instead of releases that sell well but have a lower level of artistic quality.  This album was not her highest-selling, but it had still managed to sell over 1,000,000 copies in Asia.

In 2006, Stefanie had 4 full-house concerts at the Hong Kong Coliseum. The performances were praised by the media as well as fans. Stefanie also returned to Singapore in a much-anticipated homecoming concert. However, at The Golden Melody Awards 2006 in Taiwan, while performing songs that were meant to be for male singers, she went off-key, due to having not enough sleep, jet lag, and not having enough time to practice. The media said she had shattered her image of a pop diva with great singing skills. Though she had been heavily criticized by the media, many think that she did not perform as bad, instead the media had over-emphasized on her singing that night.

Stefanie's first album under the Capitol brand is entitled Against the Light or 逆光 in Chinese. It was released on 22 March 2007. Her decision to leave Warner after 9 albums was partly due to music executive Sam Chen, who now works at EMI. He had collaborated with Stefanie on 8 of her 9 albums.

On 26 February 2007, Stefanie returned from Cairo where she and her team were extorted by suspected local gangsters. Stefanie was in Egypt to shoot a PV for her new album. Two men disguised as government officials followed her and the crew and asked for money and even showing a handgun. The crew tried calling the police but the police didn't believe them. The crew had to hand over a total of over 200,000 yuan in order to continue shooting.

Stefanie's tenth album Against the Light, has been a major success in Asia.  In Taiwan, it sold over 60,000 copies in the first 3 days it was released. In addition, over 500,000 copies were sold within a week in China. Stefanie was also the number one spot in the Taiwanese Music Charts for 4 weeks.

In 2007, Stefanie sang the offcial theme song for ASEAN's 40th anniversary celebrations: Rise.

Chinese musicians
Chinese singers
Singaporean musicians
Singaporean singers
C-pop singers
Pop musicians
1978 births
Living people

Stefanie Sun


David Martin Scott Steel, Baron Steel of Aikwood,  (born 31 March 1938) is a retired Scottish politician. Elected as Member of Parliament for Roxburgh, Selkirk, and Peebles, followed by Tweeddale, Ettrick, and Lauderdale, he served as the final leader of the Liberal Party, from 1976 to 1988. His tenure spanned the duration of the alliance with the Social Democratic Party, which began in 1981 and concluded with the formation of the Liberal Democrats in 1988.

Steel served as a Member of the UK Parliament for 32 years, from 1965 to 1997, and as a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) from 1999 to 2003, during which time he was the parliament's Presiding Officer. He was a member of the House of Lords as a life peer from 1997 to 2020. Steel resigned from the House of Lords after the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse accused him of an "abdication of responsibility" over his failure to investigate allegations of child sex abuse against the former Liberal MP Cyril Smith.

Early life and education

Steel was born in Kirkcaldy, Fife, the son of a Church of Scotland minister also called David Steel, who would later serve as Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. He was brought up in Scotland and Kenya, and educated at Dumbarton Academy; James Gillespie's Boys' School, Edinburgh; the Prince of Wales School, Nairobi; and George Watson's College, Edinburgh, followed by the University of Edinburgh, where he first took an active part in Liberal politics, and was elected Senior President of the Students' Representative Council, and graduated in Law. Steel was president of the British Anti-Apartheid Movement campaign from 1966 to 1970.

Political career

After university, Steel worked for the Scottish Liberal Party, and then the BBC, before being elected to the House of Commons as the MP for Roxburgh, Selkirk, and Peebles at the 1965 by-election, just before his 27th birthday, becoming the "Baby of the House". He represented this seat until 1983, when he was elected in Tweeddale, Ettrick, and Lauderdale, a new constituency covering much of the same territory. From 1966 to 1970, Steel was president of the British Anti-Apartheid Movement campaign.

As an MP, he was responsible for introducing, as a Private member's bill, the Abortion Act 1967, and has argued for greater liberalisation of this legislation in recent years (see Abortion in the United Kingdom). He also became the Liberal Party's spokesman on employment, and, in 1970, its Chief Whip.

Leader of Liberal Party
In 1976, following the downfall of Jeremy Thorpe, and a short period in which Jo Grimond acted as caretaker leader, he won the Liberal leadership by a wide margin over John Pardoe. At only 38 years old, he was one of the youngest party leaders in British history. In March 1977, he led the Liberals into the "Lib–Lab pact". The Liberals agreed to support the Labour government, whose narrow majority since the general election in October 1974 had been gradually eroded and left them as a minority government, in power, in return for a degree of prior consultation on policy. This pact lasted until August 1978.

Steel was criticised, both then and since, for not driving a harder bargain. However, Steel's defenders contend that the continuing scandal surrounding Thorpe left the party in a very weak state to face an early general election, and Steel was wise to buy himself some time from Prime Minister James Callaghan. At the same time, the growing unpopularity of the Labour government impaired the Liberals' performance, and Steel's first election as leader, the 1979 general election, saw a net two-seat loss for the Liberals.

SDP–Liberal Alliance
In 1981, a group of Labour moderates left their party to form the Social Democratic Party. They were joined by the former Labour deputy leader, Chancellor and Home Secretary Roy Jenkins, who had previously had discussions with Steel about joining the Liberals. Under Jenkins' leadership, the SDP joined the Liberals in the SDP–Liberal Alliance. In its early days, the Alliance showed so much promise that for a time, it looked like the Liberals would be part of a government for the first time since 1945. Opinion polls were showing Alliance support as high as 50% by late 1981. Steel was so confident that he felt able to tell delegates at the Liberal Assembly that year: "Go back to your constituencies, and prepare for government!" In the wake of the 1981 Croydon North West by-election, where Liberal candidate Bill Pitt came from third position to easily gain the Alliance's first by-election victory, Steel's reaction to the result was to state that his belief "that we are now unstoppable."

Steel had genuine hopes at that stage that the Alliance would win the next general election and form a coalition government. However, the beginning of the Falklands War the following spring radically shifted the attitude of the electorate, and the Conservatives regained the lead in polls from the Alliance by a wide margin. The Alliance secured more than 25% of the vote at the 1983 general election, almost as many votes as Labour. However, its support was spread out across the country, and was not concentrated in enough areas to translate into seats under the first past the post system. This left the Alliance with only 23 seats — 17 for the Liberals, and six for the SDP. Steel's dreams of a big political breakthrough were left unfulfilled.

Shortly afterwards, the former Labour Foreign Secretary David Owen replaced Jenkins as leader of the SDP, and the troubled leadership of the "Two Davids" was inaugurated. It was never an easy relationship—Steel's political sympathies were well to the left of Owen's. Owen had a marked antipathy towards the Liberals, though he respected Steel's prior loyalty to his own party contrasting it with Jenkins' lack of interest in preserving the SDP's independence. The relationship was also mercilessly satirised by Spitting Image which portrayed Steel as a squeaky voiced midget, literally in the pocket of Owen. Steel has often stated that he feels this portrayal seriously damaged his image. This portrayal of Steel as weaker than Owen was also present in other satires, such as Private Eyes Battle for Britain strip. The relationship finally fell apart during the 1987 general election when the two contradicted each other, both on defence policy and on which party they would do a deal with in the event of a hung parliament.

Two parties merge

Steel was convinced the answer to these difficulties was a single party with a single leader, and was the chief proponent of the 1988 merger between the Liberals and the SDP. He emerged victorious in persuading both parties to accept merger in the teeth of opposition from Owen and radical Liberals such as Michael Meadowcroft, but badly mishandled the issuing of a joint policy document. Steel had often been criticised for a lack of interest in policy, and it appeared he had agreed to the document – drawn up by politically naive SDP advisers – without reading it. His colleagues rejected it immediately and demanded a redraft, fatally wounding his authority.

Steel was briefly joint interim leader of the Social and Liberal Democrats (as the new party was at first called) in the run-up to elections in which he did not stand, before becoming the party's foreign affairs spokesman. In 1989, he accepted an invitation from Italian Liberals to stand for the European Parliament in the 1989 election as a Pan-European gesture. Although not elected, he polled very well.

He became President of the Liberal International in 1994, holding the office until 1996.

Life peerage and Scottish Parliament
Steel retired from the House of Commons at the 1997 general election and was made a life peer as Baron Steel of Aikwood, of Ettrick Forest in the Scottish Borders, on 6 June 1997. He campaigned for Scottish devolution, and in 1999 was elected to the Scottish Parliament as a Liberal Democrat MSP for Lothians. He became the first Presiding Officer (speaker) of the Scottish Parliament on 12 May 1999.

In this role, he used the style "Sir David Steel", despite his peerage.  He suspended his Lib Dem membership for the duration of his tenure as Presiding Officer, believing that that post, like the Speaker of the UK House of Commons, should be strictly nonpartisan. All subsequent Presiding Officers have followed this practice.

He stepped down as an MSP when the parliament was dissolved for the 2003 election, but remained as Presiding Officer until he had supervised the election of his successor George Reid on 7 May of that year. He was appointed Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in both 2003 and 2004.

Cyril Smith child sex abuse scandal
On 14 March 2019, Steel was suspended by the Liberal Democrats after an admission that discussions he had conducted in 1979 with the then Liberal MP for Rochdale Cyril Smith, at a time when Steel was leader of the Liberal Party, had led him to conclude that Smith had been a sexual abuser of children in the 1960s and that Steel nonetheless failed to instigate any assessment by the party of whether Smith was an on-going risk to children. Richard Scorer, representing victims at the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse, called for him to be stripped of his peerage. On 14 May 2019, the Liberal Democrats ruled that there were "no grounds for action" against Steel and reinstated him to party membership.

On 25 February 2020, Steel announced his resignation from the Liberal Democrats and subsequently his position as a member of the House of Lords, after admitting that during his leadership of the Liberal Party he "assumed" that Smith had been a child abuser, and failed to investigate claims made by Private Eye against Smith, dating from before Smith was a party member. This came about after the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse accused Steel of an "abdication of responsibility" over allegations against Smith. He retired officially from the House of Lords on 27 March 2020.

Honours and awards

Steel was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in the 1990 New Year Honours for political and public service. On 30 November 2004, Queen Elizabeth created Lord Steel a Knight of the Order of the Thistle, the highest honour in Scotland.

He has also received numerous foreign honours, including: Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit (Germany) in 1992;
Chevalier in the Légion d'Honneur (France) in 2003; and Honorary Knight of the Order of St. George (Habsburg-Lorraine) in 2016.

Steel has received a number of Honorary Doctorates from many universities including Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Aberdeen and Stirling.

Personal life and family
Steel married fellow law graduate Judith Mary MacGregor in October 1962. They resided at Aikwood Tower in the Borders of Scotland for twenty years, but now live in Selkirk. They have two sons and a daughter, and nine grandchildren. In 1995, his elder son Graeme was convicted for growing cannabis at his house, and sent to prison for nine months. One of his granddaughters, Hannah, was elected to Scottish Borders Council (representing the Galashiels and District ward) in the 2022 Scottish local elections.

His recreations are angling and classic car rallying: he won the bronze medallion in 1998 for London to Cape Town. He is a member of the National Liberal and Royal Over-Seas League clubs.

Further reading
Peter Bartram, David Steel: His Life and Politics (W.H. Allen, 1981)
David Steel, A House Divided (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1980)
David Steel, Against Goliath: David Steel's Story (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1989)
David Torrance, David Steel – rising hope to elder statesman (Biteback, 2015)

References

External links

 Catalogue of the Steel papers at the Archives Division of the London School of Economics.
Lord Steel of Aikwood profile at the site of Liberal Democrats
Prince of Wales School:Old Cambrians Society, Nairobi
We need to rethink my abortion law Steel's thoughts on the abortion debate, as of 2004.

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1938 births
People from Kirkcaldy
Politics of the Scottish Borders
Scottish Liberal Party MPs
Scottish Liberal Democrat MPs
Knights of the Thistle
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Leaders of the Liberal Party (UK)
Steel of Aikwood
Living people
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Presiding Officers of the Scottish Parliament
Presidents of the Liberal International
Leaders of the Liberal Democrats (UK)
People educated at George Watson's College
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
Rectors of the University of Edinburgh
Lords High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
Liberal Democrat MSPs
Members of the Scottish Parliament 1999–2003
Alumni of Nairobi School
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh School of Law
People educated at Dumbarton Academy
Life peers created by Elizabeth II
Peers retired under the House of Lords Reform Act 2014

David Steel


A moshav (, plural  , lit. "settlement, village") is a type of Israeli town or settlement, in particular a type of cooperative agricultural community of individual farms pioneered by the Labour Zionists between 1904 and 1914, during what is known as the second wave of aliyah. A resident or a member of a moshav can be called a "moshavnik" ().

The moshavim are similar to kibbutzim with an emphasis on community labour. They were designed as part of the Zionist state-building programme following the green revolution Yishuv ("settlement") in the British Mandate of Palestine during the early 20th century, but in contrast to the collective farming kibbutzim, farms in a moshav tended to be individually owned but of fixed and equal size. Workers produced crops and other goods on their properties through individual or pooled labour with the profit and foodstuffs going to provide for themselves. Moshavim are governed by an elected council (). Community projects and facilities were financed by a special tax (). This tax was equal for all households of the community.

Types
There are several variants, of which the most common are:

 Moshav ovdim (, lit. workers' moshav), a workers' cooperative settlement. This is the more numerous (405) type and relies on cooperative purchasing of supplies and marketing of produce; the family or household is, however, the basic unit of production and consumption.
 Moshav shitufi (, lit. collective moshav), a collective smallholders' settlement that combines the economic features of a kibbutz with the social features of a moshav. Farming is done collectively and profits are shared equally. This form is closer to the collectivity of the kibbutz: although consumption is family- or household-based, production and marketing are collective. Unlike the moshav ovdim, land is not allotted to households or individuals, but is collectively worked.
 Moshbutz is a mixed moshav-kibbutz type of settlement.

History

The first moshav, Nahalal, was established in the Jezreel Valley (also known as the Valley of Esdraelon) on September 11, 1921. By 1986 about 156,700 Israelis lived and worked on 448 moshavim; the great majority of these are divided among eight federations.

Because the moshav organisation retained the family as the centre of social life, it was much more attractive to traditional Mizrahi immigrants in the 1950s and early 1960s; they eschewed bold experiments, like communal child-rearing or equality of the sexes, practiced by communal kibbutz. These so-called "immigrants' moshavim" (, moshav olim) were one of the most-used and successful forms of absorption and integration of Mizrahi Jewish immigrants; it allowed them a much steadier ascent into the middle class than did life in some development towns.  For this reason, the moshav became largely a Mizrahi institution, whereas the kibbutz movement remained basically an Ashkenazi institution.

Since the Six-Day War in 1967, both moshavim and kibbutzim have relied increasingly on outside—including Palestinian—labour. Financial instabilities in the early 1980s hit many moshavim hard, as did their high birth rate and the problem of absorbing all the children who might wish to remain in the community. By the late 1980s, moshav members increasingly came to be employed in non-agricultural sectors outside the community, so that some moshavim began to resemble suburbs or commuter towns whose residents commute to work. In general, moshavim never enjoyed the "political elite" status afforded to kibbutzim during the period of Israeli Labor Party dominance; correspondingly the moshavim did not endure the decline in prestige experienced by kibbutzim in the 1970s and 1980s, during the period of Likud dominance starting in 1977.

See also
 List of Moshavim

References

Bibliography
 Helen Chapin Metz, ed., Chapter 2 "Kibbutz and Moshav". Israel: A Country Study. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. 1990.

External links

Agricultural cooperatives
Agricultural labor
Agricultural organizations based in Israel
Cooperatives in Israel
Jewish Agency for Israel
Rural community development

Moshav


The Montenegrin alphabet is the collective name given to "Abeceda" (Montenegrin Latin alphabet) and "Азбука" (Montenegrin Cyrillic alphabet), the writing systems used to write the Montenegrin language. It was adopted on 9 June 2009 by the Montenegrin Minister of Education, Sreten Škuletić and replaced the Serbian Cyrillic and Gaj's Latin alphabets in use at the time.

Although the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets enjoy equal status under the Constitution of Montenegro, the government and proponents of the Montenegrin language prefer to use the Latin script; it is also much more widely used in all aspects of the day-to-day written communication in the country, in education, advertising and media.

History

Efforts to create a Latin character-based Montenegrin alphabet go back to at least World War I, when a newspaper was published in Cetinje using both Latin and Cyrillic characters.

Latin alphabet

The Montenegrin Latin alphabet (Montenegrin: crnogorska latinica / црногорска латиница, crnogorska abeceda / црногорска абецеда or crnogorski alfabet / црногорски алфабет)  is used for writing the Montenegrin language in Latin script.

 Abeceda: A B C Č Ć D Dž Đ E F G H I J K L Lj M N Nj O P R S Š Ś T U V Z Ž Ź

It uses most letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet, with the exception of Q, W, X and Y, only used for writing common words or proper names directly borrowed  from foreign languages.

Montenegrin Latin is based on Gaj's Latin alphabet, with the addition of the two letters Ś and Ź, to replace the pairs SJ and ZJ (so anachronistically considered as digraphs). С́ and З́, and could also be represented in the original alphabets as sj and zj, and сj and зj, respectively. Because these two glyphs already exist in the Polish alphabet, but must be created in Cyrillic by using combining characters, it provides an additional incentive to prefer Latin over Cyrillic.

It also uses some Latin extended letters, composed with a basic Latin letter and one of two combining accents (the acute accent or caron, over C, S, and Z), and a supplementary base consonant Đ: they are needed to note additional phonetic distinctions (notably to preserve the distinctions that are present in the Cyrillic script with which the Montenegrin language has also long been written, when it was still unified in the former Yugoslavia within the written Serbo-Croatian language).

Digraphs
The alphabet also includes some digraphs built from the previous characters (that are considered as single letters for collation purpose): Dž, Nj, and Lj.

Cyrillic alphabet

The Montenegrin Cyrillic alphabet ( /  or  / ) is the official Cyrillic script of the Montenegrin language. It is used in parallel with the Latin script.

 Azbuka: А Б В Г Д Ђ Е Ж З З́ И Ј К Л Љ М Н Њ О П Р С С́ Т Ћ У Ф Х Ц Ч Џ Ш

Its first version was developed by Vojislav Nikčević in the 1970s who was a dissident of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and considered Montenegrin speech to be unique and deserving of consideration as a separate language from Serbo-Croatian.

The modern version was brought into official use in early 2009 by the Ministry of Education under Sreten Škuletić. It was called the First Montenegrin Orthography, included a new Orthographic Dictionary, and replaced the Serbian Cyrillic script which was official until then. The act is a component part of the process of standardisation of the Montenegrin language, starting in mid-2008 after the adoption of Montenegrin as the official language of Montenegro.

See also

 Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian
 South Slavic languages

References

alphabet
Latin alphabets
Cyrillic alphabets
2009 introductions
2009 establishments in Montenegro

Montenegrin alphabet


Julius Christian Stockhausen (22 July 1826 in Paris – 22 September 1906 in Frankfurt) was a German singer and singer master.

Life
Stockhausen's parents, Franz Stockhausen Sr. (1792–1868), harpist and composer, and Margarethe Stockhausen née Schmuck, soprano, were musicians of some ability who recognized his talent and encouraged his development.

Before he had reached his 20th year he was an excellent performer on the piano, organ, violin, and cello. In 1845 he entered the Conservatoire de Paris, where he studied piano with Charles Hallé and Camille-Marie Stamaty and singing with Manuel García. In 1849 he continued his studies with Garcia in London. He quickly won fame as a remarkable concert singer (baritone). From 1862 to 1869 he resided in Hamburg as conductor of the Philharmonic Society and Singakademie.

He spent the next five years in Stuttgart as Kammersänger to the King of Württemberg, then he became conductor of Stern's Gesangverein at Berlin, where he remained until 1878, being then called to Hoch Conservatory at Frankfurt as professor of singing. Differences with Joachim Raff, the director, led to his resignation the following year and the establishment of his own school, which immediately became world famous.

After Raff's death (1882), Stockhausen returned to the conservatory, but continued his own school. Students of Stockhausen included Clarence Whitehill, Karl Perron, Anton Sistermans, Max Friedlaender, Jenny Hahn, Johan Messchaert (also: Johannes Martinus Messchaert), Hermine Spies, Horatio Connell and Hugo Goldschmidt. He wrote an excellent Gesangsmethode ("Singing Method") in 1884, which was translated into English by his pupil Sophie Löwe. His brother Franz Stockhausen Jr. was an eminent choral conductor who studied with Ignaz Moscheles. His daughter, Julia Wirth, née Stockhausen (1886–1964), married Joseph, son of the famous German violinist Emanuel Wirth. She was the author of Stockhausen's biography.

Works
 Julius Stockhausens Gesangsmethode. Leipzig: C. F. Peters, 1884.
 Stockhausen, Julius. A Method of Singing. Translation: Sophie Löwe. London: Novello, Ewer and Co., 1884.
 Julius Stockhausens Gesangstechnik und Stimmbildung. Frankfurt am Main: C. F. Peters, 1886/87.

Literature
 Wirth, Julia. Julius Stockhausen: Der Sänger des Deutschen Liedes. Frankfurt am Main: Englert/Schlosser, 1927.
 Stiftung Dr. Hoch's Konservatorium Joseph Hoch zum 100. Todestag, Frankfurt am Main: Kramer, 1974.
 Cahn, Peter. Das Hoch'sche Konservatorium in Frankfurt am Main (1878–1978), Frankfurt am Main: Kramer, 1979.

External links
 Biography in German
 The grave of Julius Stockhausen at the Ohlsdorfer Friedhof, Hamburg
 Julius Stockhausen's Gesangsmethode and A Method of Singing

1826 births
1906 deaths
19th-century French musicians
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
Alsatian-German people
German male conductors (music)
German expatriates in France
19th-century German male singers
Academic staff of Hoch Conservatory
German music educators
Voice teachers
Musicians from Paris
Pupils of Manuel García (baritone)
Burials at the Ohlsdorf Cemetery

Julius Stockhausen


Lawrence Dominic McCarthy, VC (21 January 1892 – 25 May 1975) was an Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Early life
Lawrence Dominic McCarthy was born in York, Western Australia, on 21 January 1892. The son of Florence McCarthy of Cork, Ireland, and his wife Anne (née Sherry), he was orphaned at a young age and was brought up in Clontarf Orphanage in Perth and educated in Catholic schools.

After completing his schooling, from the age of 13 he worked on a farm as an apprentice at Jennacubbine, near Northam. Later, he served with the 18th Light Horse, a Militia unit, for two and a half years before moving to Lion Mill, Perth. He subsequently worked as a contractor sawmiller, losing three fingers on his left hand in an accident.

First World War

Gallipoli and the Western Front
McCarthy was initially rejected due to his injuries when he attempted to join the Australian Imperial Force; however, he was later accepted after proving he had won a number of shooting competitions. Enlisted on 16 October 1914 as a private, he was subsequently posted to the 16th Battalion, joining the newly formed unit at Blackboy Hill Camp. His large build later earned him the nickname "Fats". Sailing for Egypt in December, the battalion landed at Gallipoli on 26 April 1915 on the second day of the campaign against the Turkish. McCarthy remained on the peninsula until illness forced his evacuation in September. By then he had been promoted to sergeant. He returned to duty in November and was among the last in his battalion to leave Gallipoli on 20 December.

The 16th Battalion arrived in France in June 1916 where they took part in the fighting against the Germans at Pozières and Mouquet Farm in August. McCarthy was appointed company sergeant major in March 1917 and the following month was commissioned as a second lieutenant. The day after receiving his commission, McCarthy was wounded at Bullecourt and evacuated to England where he spent three months in hospital and convalescing. Rejoining his unit on 9 July, he was promoted to lieutenant on 1 November and was awarded the French Croix de guerre two days later. Between February and August 1918 he was posted the 13th Training Battalion at Tidworth, England where he trained troops, before rejoining his battalion in time for the Allied Hundred Days Offensive that began on 8 August.

Victoria Cross action

On 23 August 1918, McCarthy performed what was later described in the official history as being the most effective piece of individual fighting in the history of the AIF, next to Albert Jacka's Military Cross-winning feat at Pozières. Near Madam Wood, east of Vermandovillers, France, the battalion was heavily opposed by well-posted German machine-guns. McCarthy, realizing the situation, dashed across the open ground with two men to the nearest post, where, having out-distanced his companions, he put the gun out of action, then continued fighting his way down the trench. Later, having been joined by one of his men, together they bombed their way along the trench until contact was established with an adjoining unit.

During this action McCarthy had killed 20 of the enemy, taken 50 prisoners and captured 5 machine-guns and 500 yards (460 m) of the German front. The battalion historian wrote that following McCarthy's feat, "the prisoners closed in on him from all sides ... and patted him on the back!" For this McCarthy was awarded the Victoria Cross that, within his battalion and in some quarters of the London press, came to be known as the "super-VC".

Ten days after the war ended, on 21 November 1918, McCarthy was evacuated to England with influenza, where he was subsequently informed that he had been awarded the Victoria Cross for his action. After recovering he rejoined his battalion on 7 January 1919, subsequently receiving the award from King George V at Buckingham Palace on 12 July 1919.

Later life
McCarthy returned to Australia in December 1919, having married Florence Norville the previous January in London. McCarthy was demobilised in August 1920 and returned to Western Australia. Moving to Victoria in 1926 with his wife, he gained employment with the Sunshine Harvester Works as a commercial traveler and remained with them until 1934 when the company was forced to lay off staff during the Great Depression.

He subsequently found new work the following year with the Trustees, Executors & Agency Co. in Melbourne, and worked for that company until his retirement in 1969. The couple's only son, Lawrence, was killed in action fighting the Japanese on Bougainville on 20 May 1945.

Death and legacy
McCarthy died at the Repatriation General Hospital, Heidelberg in Melbourne in May 1975 and was cremated with full military honours.

The Lawrence McCarthy Ward at the former Repatriation General Hospital, Hollywood has been named in his honour. His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra.

References

Sources

External links

Military personnel from Western Australia
Australian World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross
Australian Army officers
1892 births
1975 deaths
People from York, Western Australia
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)
Sawmillers

Dominic McCarthy


Zion is one of the seventy names of Jerusalem, and in the Bible is the second name for Jerusalem after the name "Jerusalem".  The name "Zion" originally revolves around a certain area in the city.  It is customary to delineate the site in the eastern and southern part of Jerusalem during the Second Temple period, including the City of David, the Ophel and Mount Moriah.

Zion
Jerusalem

Zion


Oriel College is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford. It claims to be the oldest college at the University. University College, Balliol College and Merton College also claim to be the oldest.  Oriel College traces its origins to 1324.

The full name of the college is "The Provost and Scholars of the House of the Blessed Mary the Virgin in Oxford, commonly called Oriel College, of the Foundation of Edward the Second of famous memory, sometime King of England".

The common name of the college refers to one of its earliest buildings That building, which no longer exists, featured a prominent bay window, known as an oriel.

Colleges of the University of Oxford
1324 establishments
1320s establishments in Europe
14th-century establishments in England

Oriel College, Oxford


Mistakes Were Made (but Not by Me) is a 2007 non-fiction book by social psychologists Carol Tavris and Elliot Aronson. It deals with  cognitive dissonance, confirmation bias, and other cognitive biases, using these psychological theories to illustrate how the perpetrators (and victims) of hurtful acts justify and rationalize their behavior. It describes a positive feedback loop of action and self-deception by which slight differences between people's attitudes become polarized.

Topics and people mentioned

 The doomsday cult described in When Prophecy Fails
 The MMR vaccine controversy and Andrew Wakefield
 Conflict escalation in marriage and intergroup relations
 Day care sex abuse hysteria, alien abduction memories, and false memory syndrome
 Statements by Al Campanis and Mel Gibson justifying racism
 Confabulation of autobiographical memory
 False certainty in pseudoscience
 Self-justification and conflict of interest in medicine and politics
 George W. Bush and the Iraq War
 Justification of aggression, war, and torture
 Criminal interrogation, the pseudoscientific Reid technique, and false confessions
 Trials, capital punishment, police perjury, and miscarriage of justice
 Oprah Winfrey and her involvement in the James Frey controversy
 Carol Dweck's research on mistakes and learning

Reception
Philosopher Daniele Procida described the book as an "immensely engaging and intelligent volume" and "a genuinely illuminating contribution to the study of human nature" but also criticised the book's informal style and sometimes outdated assumptions.

Michael Shermer, in the Scientific American, wrote that Tavris and Aronson brilliantly illuminate the fallacies that underlie irrational behavior.

A review in O, The Oprah Magazine praised the book for "the scientific evidence it provides and the charm of its down-to-earth, commonsensical tone."

A review in The Guardian described the book as "excellent" and suggests the quotation, "If mistakes were made, memory helps us remember that they were made by someone else," should be printed on autobiographies and political memoirs as a warning to the public.  The British comedian and novelist Alexei Sayle listed the book among his six favorites, recommending it as "endlessly fascinating, if you're interested in politics."

See also

List of cognitive biases
List of memory biases
Mistakes were made
Non-apology apology
Non-denial denial

References

External links
 Archive of Carol Tavris' official site for the book
 "Why It's Hard to Admit to Being Wrong" Interview with Elliot Aronson on National Public Radio, broadcast July 20, 2007
 Point of Inquiry interview with Carol Tavris about the book (podcast) August 3, 2007

2007 non-fiction books
Books about cognition
Books about social psychology
Books about bias
Cognitive biases
English-language books

Mistakes Were Made (but Not by Me)