The United States Coast Guard Pipe Band is a pipe band and private military unit composed of current and former United States Coast Guard personnel. Though a privately maintained entity, it is formally recognized by the U.S. Coast Guard and provides support to official Coast Guard ceremonies including changes-of-command, funerals, and ship commissioning. The unit was established in 2001 and formally recognized by the U.S. Coast Guard as a Coast Guard-affiliated organization the following year.

History and operations
The idea for a Coast Guard pipe band originated with U.S. Coast Guard Chief Warrant Officer Kevin Gilheany who organized the group in 2001. The following year it received special authorization from the Commandant of the Coast Guard recognizing it as an affiliate organization and permitting it to incorporate "United States Coast Guard" into its name.

The U.S. Coast Guard Pipe Band is organized into local detachments and its performances typically consist of a single piper and drummer performing for U.S. Coast Guard change-of-command ceremonies, military funerals, and Coast Guard ship commissioning events, however, large ensembles have occasionally been raised for parades and other major occasions including the Grand Haven, Michigan Coast Guard Festival and the New York St. Patrick's Day parade. Membership is restricted to personnel of the U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Coast Guard Reserve, and U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary, as well as honorably discharged "wartime veterans" of the U.S. Coast Guard and U.S. Coast Guard Reserve. According to the organization, the restriction to "wartime veterans" is due to Coast Guard uniform regulations which only permit non-serving persons to wear the Coast Guard uniform if they previously served during a declared war or national emergency.

As of 2016, the U.S. Coast Guard Pipe Band was a 501(c)(3) organization incorporated in Florida.

Uniforms and equipment
U.S. Coast Guard Pipe Band personnel wear modified highland dress consisting of standard Coast Guard and Coast Guard Auxiliary Service Dress Blue "Bravo" uniforms, Tropical Blue Long, and Dinner Dress Blue uniforms augmented with a kilt patterned in the Coast Guard tartan in lieu of trousers.

The Coast Guard tartan was designed by Joanne Pendleton in 2002 and was subsequently listed in the Scottish Register of Tartans. It is patterned in red and blue with a white ten-thread count supposed to represent the first ten cutters of the Revenue-Marine. The tartan's full thread count is W10 R10 CGB12 R2 CGB12 ("CGB" meaning "Coast Guard Blue").

See also
 U.S. Coast Guard Band
 U.S. Coast Guard Ceremonial Honor Guard

References

American military bands
Ceremonial units of the United States military
Organizations established in 2002
Pipe bands
Scottish music

United States Coast Guard Pipe Band


Toivo Jalmari Särkkä (20 November 1890, in Mikkeli – 9 February 1975, in Helsinki), born Toivo Hjalmar Silén, was a Finnish film producer and director. He was CEO of the production company Suomen Filmiteollisuus.

Before his career in filmmaking, Särkkä worked as a bank manager and chairman in Kotimainen Työ, an organization promoting Finnish work and products. After the death of Erkki Karu, founder and owner of Suomen Filmiteollisuus, Särkkä became the CEO thus producing 233 and directing 49 feature films.

In 1965, when the Finnish film industry was in difficulties due to the coming of television, Särkkä initiated bankruptcy of Suomen Filmiteollisuus. Films directed by Särkkä are e.g. Suomisen perhe, Helmikuun manifesti, Kulkurin valssi and Vaivaisukon morsian.

Särkkä married Russian-Lithuanian Margariitta Beljavsky in 1914. They had one daughter.

Selected filmography
 Radio tekee murron (1951)
 Kvinnan bakom allt (1951)
 Pekka Puupää (1953)
 The Milkmaid (1953)
 Hilma's Name Day (1954)
 The Unknown Soldier (1955)
 Juha (1956)
 1918 (1957)
 Miriam (1957)
 Sven Tuuva the Hero (1958)
 Skandaali tyttökoulussa (1960)
 Komisario Palmun erehdys (1960)
 Kaks' tavallista Lahtista (1960)
 The Scarlet Dove (1961)

External links

1890 births
1975 deaths
People from Mikkeli
People from Mikkeli Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
Finnish film directors

Toivo Särkkä


Lee Soo-young (born Lee Ji-yeon () April 12, 1979) is a Korean ballad singer. She started her singing career in 1999 in Korea with I Believe. She is well known for her lyrical and powerful voice. She has earned much popularity in Korea. She sang the song, "얼마나 좋을까"  ("Eolmana Joheulkka")which is added to the original soundtrack of Final Fantasy X in 2001. Lee has released 8 studio albums. She is one of the most popular ballad singer in Korea.

Lee was born in Seoul, South Korea. She has a younger brother and a younger sister. Her father died from car accident when she was nine. After this, her mother earned money by working for restaurants and delivering milk bottles. She went to a church and she said it helped her a lot to maintain her life. After her mother died from car accident, she began her career as a singer.

She started to sell her albums in Japan in 2004. She released one studio album, and two single album. With these albums, she got only 125th position in Oricon chart.

Albums
 1st - I Believe (1999/11/17)
 2nd - Never Again (2001/02/10)
 Concert Album - Thank You (그녀에게 감사해요), Lee Soo Young Live (2001/09/18)
 3rd - Made in Winter (2001/12/13)
 4th - My Stay in Sendai (2002/9/11)
 4½th - Special Album (2003/01/24)
 5th - This Time (2003/08/21)
 5½th - Classic (2004/01/12)
 6th - The Colors of My Life (2004/09/10)
 6½th - As Time Goes By (2005/01/10)
 Special Album - 2005 Special Album An Autumn Day (2005/10/20)
 7th - Grace (2006/01/21)
 8th - 내려놓음 Set It Down (2007/09/11)
 Mini-album Once (2008/11/13)

Resources
Official site  (Korean)
 (Korean)

1979 births
Living people
Singers from Seoul

Lee Soo-young


The Bohart Museum of Entomology was founded in 1946 on the campus of the University of California, Davis. The museum is currently the seventh largest insect collection in North America with more than seven million specimens of terrestrial and freshwater arthropods. At least 90% of these holdings are insects. The collection is worldwide in scope with the Western Hemisphere, Indonesia, and Australasia particularly well represented.

Role
The principal roles of the museum are to support research at the graduate and undergraduate levels, informatics and diagnostics, and educational outreach. Areas of taxonomic specialization include the worldwide insect order Hymenoptera, freshwater non-insect arthropods, and California insect fauna. Professor Emeritus of entomology Richard M. Bohart was the museum's founder and principal contributor. In 1986 the museum was named in his honor.

The museum is closely tied to the Entomology Department at UC Davis and provides research support for the department. This role is particularly important for the faculty of biological control and medical entomology groups. The museum also houses teaching insect collections for undergraduate level entomology courses taught on campus. The museum houses the California Insect Survey. Lynn Kimsey has been the director of the museum since 1989.

Specimen collection
Each year an average of 30,000 newly acquired specimens are added to the collection. These specimens come from museum based field studies, university faculty, and student research programs. There is also a considerable number of specimens donated to the museum from the members of the Bohart Museum Society and the external community. 7,400 specimens from the museum are estimated to be on loan each year to domestic and international researchers. Local, national, and international researchers use the museum's collection materials in at least 18 publications per year in addition to the high publication activity of the university staff and associates.

An average of 12,000 visitors come to the Bohart Museum each year.

References

University of California, Davis campus
1946 establishments in California
Entomological organizations
Museums established in 1946
Museums in Yolo County, California
Natural history museums in California
University museums in California

Bohart Museum of Entomology


Watts Gallery – Artists' Village is an art gallery in the village of Compton, near Guildford in Surrey. It is dedicated to the work of the Victorian-era painter and sculptor George Frederic Watts.

The gallery has been Grade II* listed on the National Heritage List for England since June 1975.

History
Watts moved to "Limnerslease" in Compton in 1891, and with his artist wife, Mary Fraser-Tytler, planned a museum devoted to his work, which opened in April 1904, just before his death.

The architect of the Gallery was Christopher Hatton Turnor, an admirer of Edwin Lutyens and C.F.A. Voysey. Inspired by the Arts and Crafts movement, the building contains top-lit galleries that allow Watts's work to be displayed under natural light.

It is one of only a few galleries in the UK devoted to a single artist, and is often hailed as a national gallery in the heart of a village. The present director is Alistair Burtenshaw and the curator is Dr Cicely Robinson. Former curators include Dr Nicholas Tromans, Wilfrid Blunt, Richard Jefferies and Mark Bills. Watts Gallery is a registered charity under English law.

Watts Gallery was placed second in the final of the BBC TV series Restoration Village in 2006.

In January 2008 it was announced that the Gallery intended to deaccession and sell two Victorian paintings, Sleeping Woman (1880) by Albert Joseph Moore and Triumph of Love (1871) by Edward Burne-Jones, which had both been bequeathed to the collection by Cecil French. These were duly sold. The money was used to maintain the Gallery which was closed from September 2008 until 2010 for restoration.

In December 2006 Watts Gallery received a £4.3 million grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund for renovations to help safeguard the future of the building and its collections.

Watts Gallery reopened in June 2011 after a major scheme of works, including extension, refurbishment and restoration. Visitors can now experience the Watts collection in the historic galleries displaying the original decorative schemes.

Over one-hundred paintings by G. F. Watts are on permanent display at the Gallery. Spanning a period of 70 years they include portraits, landscapes and his major symbolic works. From the dramatic entrance of the Livanos Gallery to the monumental sculpture and studio artefacts in the Sculpture Gallery, Watts Gallery shows the collection left by the artist as his legacy.

In January 2016, Watts Gallery opened the newly renovated "Limnerslease", the former home and studio of G. F. and Mary Watts, completing the Artists' Village.

Compton's burial ground, nearby, houses Watts' remains and is dominated by the ornate Arts & Crafts Watts Mortuary Chapel, designed by Watts' wife Mary, also run by the museum.

In 2017, Surrey County Council was the subject of some controversy when it agreed to provide a grant to the gallery of £100,000 per annum over 4 years to make up for loss of grants from elsewhere, at a time when the council were making cuts of £34 million to local services.

De Morgan Foundation
Following the closure of the De Morgan Centre, London, in the summer of 2014, the Watts Gallery and the De Morgan Foundation, a registered charity preserving the work of William De Morgan and Evelyn De Morgan, entered into a collaboration which saw the opening of a long term exhibition in the Richard Jeffries Gallery in the main gallery building. This exhibition includes a number of key works from the De Morgan Collection.

See also
 List of single-artist museums

References

External links

De Morgan Foundation website
BBC Restoration Village on Watts Gallery
Watts Gallery - ZMMA Website

Grade II* listed buildings in Surrey
Museums in Surrey
Art museums and galleries in Surrey
Biographical museums in Surrey
Buildings and structures completed in 1904
Art museums established in 1904
1904 establishments in England
Charities based in England
Watts

Watts Gallery


Robert Alton (2 January 1902 – 12 June 1957) was an American dancer and choreographer, a major figure in dance choreography of Broadway and Hollywood musicals from the 1930s through to the early 1950s. He is principally remembered today as the discoverer of Gene Kelly, for his collaborations with Fred Astaire, and for choreographic sequences he designed for Hollywood musicals such as The Harvey Girls (1946), Till the Clouds Roll By (1946), Show Boat (1951), and White Christmas (1954).

Biography
Born Robert Alton Hart in Bennington, Vermont, United States, Alton studied dance with Ralph McKernan in Springfield, Massachusetts and spent his summers in New York studying with Bert French and Mikhail Mordkin, formerly of the Bolshoi Ballet and Sergey Diaghilev's Ballets Russes.  His Broadway stage dancing début was with Mordkin's company in Take It from Me (1919), followed by Greenwich Follies (1924) and Some Day (1925) which failed to make it to Broadway. He also choreographed.

With his wife, Marjorie Fielding, he created a dance act and subsequently managed a line of chorus girls in vaudeville. When his wife took a sabbatical to have a baby, he took over dance direction at St. Louis movie theatres while teaching at Clark's Dance School in St. Louis. There his students included Donn Arden and Betty Grable.

After a series of successful stagings at New York's Paramount Theatre in 1933, he began a choreographic career which encompassed many of the most successful Broadway hits of the 1930s and 1940s including The Ziegfeld Follies of 1934, 1936 and 1942. He collaborated with Cole Porter, Rodgers and Hart and Rodgers and Hammerstein on Me and Juliet in 1953. He learned stage direction from John Murray Anderson and during his Broadway career he was instrumental in furthering the careers of Ray Bolger, John Brascia, Don Crichton, Betty Grable, Gene Kelly, Sheree North, Vera-Ellen and Charles Walters, among others.

He is credited with transforming Broadway choreography by breaking up the chorus (which until then was a precision line) into featured soloists and small groups, and his musical staging was celebrated for its elegance and attention to detail. His theatre credits included Life Begins at 8:40, The Vamp, Anything Goes, Du Barry Was a Lady, Panama Hattie, Pal Joey, and Hazel Flagg.

Alton choreographed his first Hollywood film, Strike Me Pink, in 1936, and became one of the leading choreographers during the golden age of the Hollywood musical film, serving as dance director for MGM from 1944-1951. He continued to work on Broadway during this period and, in 1952 won a Tony Award for his revival of Pal Joey which he had originally choreographed in 1940, catapulting the young Gene Kelly to stardom.  He also directed the films Merton of the Movies (1947) and Pagan Love Song (1950) for MGM.

During this time period. Alton staged and choreographed the dynamic nightclub act, "Kay Thompson and the Williams Brothers", which successfully toured the world from 1947 to 1952.

In 1957, he was working on the film version of Pal Joey when he collapsed. His place was taken by Fred Astaire's principal collaborator, Hermes Pan. Alton died later in Cedars of Lebanon Hospital, in Los Angeles, California, of a kidney ailment. He was 55 years old.

He was buried in the family plot in Bennington, Vermont.

Contributions to dance
According to Straus, "Alton moved chorus dancing into a new era, by featuring soloists and small groups, and requiring the chorus to be adept at both ballet and tap." He discovered Gene Kelly and worked with Fred Astaire, Cyd Charisse, Marilyn Monroe, and the Nicholas Brothers.

Unlike Agnes de Mille and Jack Cole, who worked to expand their choreographic vocabulary, Alton synthesized dance material already popular at the time, and wanted performers to "distill their personalities through their dancing."

References

Bibliography

 Straus, Rachel. "Robert Alton." Dance teacher. 33.1 (2011).

External links

 Ovrtur Page on Robert Alton

1902 births
1957 deaths
American choreographers
American male dancers
Donaldson Award winners
Film choreographers
People from Bennington, Vermont
Tony Award winners
Film directors from Vermont
20th-century American dancers

Robert Alton


Ulvåsa, or Ulfåsa, is a mansion by lake Boren outside Motala in Östergötland, Sweden. The construction of the present mansion began in the 16th century. In the early 19th century a third floor was added and it obtained its present architecture.

The medieval Ulvåsa was situated a few kilometres west of the present mansion. Today, there are ruins left of the manor where Saint Bridget of Sweden lived most of her life. After the death of her husband the manor was abandoned and a new residence was built at Brittås, 1 km south of the current mansion.

The mansion is a private residence and is not open to the public. A walking trail circles the mansion and leads through the English park, which is open to the public all year.

Listed buildings in Sweden
Östergötland
Castles in Östergötland County

Ulvåsa


Norwegian County Road 63 ( or ) is a Norwegian county road in Møre og Romsdal county and a very small part in Innlandet county, Norway. It begins at Norwegian National Road 15 along the lake Langvatnet in Skjåk Municipality in Innlandet county and it heads north where it ends at the junction with the European route E136 highway near the town of Åndalsnes in Rauma Municipality, Møre og Romsdal county. The route runs for  including a single ferry crossing over the Norddalsfjorden. The vast majority of the road is in Møre og Romsdal county, only the southernmost  lie in the extreme western part of Innlandet county. Both the Langvatnet–Geiranger and Trollstigen sections of the road are closed during winter and spring (usually early November to late May) due to the weather conditions (snow and avalanches). The road passes by a number of notable landmarks, which has led to the earmarking of the route as national tourist route.

Path (from south to north)
From Langvatnet in the south the road passes the lake of Djupvatnet. From here, the mountain of Dalsnibba can be approached via a minor road. The road descends through a series of hairpin turns northwards towards the village of Geiranger, offering views of the Geirangerfjord in the process. From Geiranger, the road ascends the mountainside through another series of hairpin turns; this section of road is known as the Ørnevegen ("Eagle Road") and reaches a height of  above sea level.

At Eidsdal, a ferry is required in order to cross the Norddalsfjorden. The ferry connects Eidsdal with Linge, from where the road passes through a number of small settlements, including Sylte, before running through the valleys of Valldalen and Meiadalen.

The northernmost section of the road includes the Trollstigen ("The Troll Footpath"), a further series of hairpin turns which descend a particularly steep mountain. From the Trollstigen the road runs in an approximate north-west direction before terminating at the junction with the E136 highway near Åndalsnes.

Diagram

Skjåk Municipality, Innlandet county
 ←Stryn, →Bismo
 Langvatnet — Road closure point in the winter

Stranda Municipality, Møre og Romsdal county
Djupvatnet, highest point on the road ()
 Geirangervegen (hairpin road)
Djupvasshytta; road up to Dalsnibba
Kvandall Bridge
 Opplenskedalen — Road closure point in the winter
Hole Bridge
Flå Bridge
 Ferry from Geiranger til Hellesylt (May 1 to September 30, 8 trips per day)
Geiranger village
 Ørnevegen hairpin turns
Oppskreds Tunnel ()

Fjord Municipality
Eidsdalselva Bridge
Eidsdal village
 →Norddal
Ferry from Eidsdal to Linge over the Norddalsfjorden (10 minutes, 3 trips per hour)
 ←Sjøholt
Muri Bridge
Ferry from Sylte to Geiranger (June 15 until August 15, 2 trips per day) discontinued 2015
 →Tafjord
Sylte village
 →Døving
Uri Bridge
Hols Bridge
 →Døving
Gudbrandsjuvet Bridge
 Langdalen — Road closure point in the winter

Rauma Municipality
Stigfossen Bridge
Trollstigen hairpin turns
Kverna Bridge
 Hanekamhaug — Road closure point in the winter
 ←Veblungsnes
Sogge Bridge
 ←Åndalsnes, →Dombås

References

External links

063
063
063
Skjåk
Fjord (municipality)
Stranda
Rauma, Norway
National Tourist Routes in Norway

Norwegian County Road 63


Gypsy may mean:
 Roma people), ⲣⲱⲙⲁ (meaning in coptic language: men or human being) is a group of people of Indian origin, their ancestors were the untouchable Chingari tribe of the Chandala group from North-West India, who once came to Egypt and moved later to Europe, often living in caravans. The Chandala are said are the descendants of Shudra-Brahmin mix.
More generally, anyone who moves around often. For some Romani Groups, calling a person a Gypsy might be considered offensive, for other Romani Groups not.

 Sinti, also a Romani people, mostly living in central Europe.
 Romanlar also named Xoraxane Roma, Turkish speaking Muslim Gypsys in the Balkans and Turkey.
 Gitanos (Spanish gypsies) who speak Caló
 "Travellers" found mainly in Great Britain, Ireland and the United States; and
 Lyuli Luli  in Central Asia.
 Luoli (Chinese name for Gypsy); lived in China in the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368)

In music:
 The Gypsy Kings, a musical group of the 1980s that plays a pop-oriented version of traditional flamenco music (Not to be confused with Ricky Jevon, King of the Gypsies)
 Gypsy and the Haylocks, a reggae folk band who were deemed to be the first band to mix both genres in the 1970s. Traditionally from the Cambridgeshire area, they were fronted by Oliver Haylock and his half sister Emmly. (Emmly is the cousin of Bubbler Ranx, famous for singing on Peter Andre's Mysterious Girl)
 Gypsy, a song by Fleetwood Mac
 Gypsy, a song by The Moody Blues
 Gypsy: A Musical Fable, a musical inspired by the life of Gypsy Rose Lee

In fiction:
 Gypsy, a robot character from the TV series Mystery Science Theater 3000
 Gypsy, a fictional character from DC Comics
 Gypsy Moth, a fictional mutant character from Marvel Comics

Other meanings:
 Gypsy, West Virginia, USA
 Gypsy moth, a destructive insect that causes trees to lose their leaves
 Gypsy (software), the first modern document preparation system
 Winston "Gypsy" Peters, a Trinidad and Tobago politician and calypsonian
 A "gypsy" is a part on a boat windlass designed to haul chain. It may have a groove to enable it to haul rope and chain when it is called a combined gypsy and capstan
 Gypsy (elephant) is the name of an elephant given to Michael Jackson by Elizabeth Taylor
 The J/ψ particle, a subatomic particle

Gypsy


Fort Robinson is a former U.S. Army fort and now a major feature of Fort Robinson State Park, a  public recreation and historic preservation area located  west of Crawford on U.S. Route 20 in the Pine Ridge region of northwest Nebraska.

The fort was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960 and is part of the Fort Robinson and Red Cloud Agency historic district. This includes Fort Robinson and the site of the second Red Cloud Agency (about  to the east). The district also includes the Camp Camby site and the 1886 Percy Homestead. The fort is managed by the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, with some individual buildings operated by the History Nebraska and the University of Nebraska.

History
In August 1873, the Red Cloud Agency was moved from the North Platte River to the White River, near what is now Crawford, Nebraska, in the northwest corner of the state. The following March, the U. S. Government authorized the establishment of a military camp at the agency site. Some 13,000 Lakota had been subject to resettlement.

The camp was named Camp Robinson in honor of Lt. Levi H. Robinson, who had been killed by Indians while on Indian land in February. In May, the military camp was moved  west of the agency to its present location; the camp was renamed Fort Robinson in January 1878.

Fort Robinson was a base of US military forces and played a major role in the Sioux Wars from 1876 to 1890. The Battle of Warbonnet Creek took place nearby in July 1876. The war chief Crazy Horse surrendered at the fort along with his 1,100 followers on May 6, 1877, and on September 5 that year, he was killed there while resisting imprisonment. A historic plaque marks the site of his death.

In January 1879, Chief Morning Star (also known as Dull Knife) led the Northern Cheyenne in an outbreak from the Agency. Because the Cheyenne had refused to return to Indian Territory, where they believed conditions were too adverse for them to survive, the army had been holding and starving them of food, water and heat during the severe winter. This campaign of torture and neglect was a tactic to try to force them into submission. U.S. soldiers hunted down the escapees, killing men, women, and children in the Fort Robinson massacre. The U.S. Supreme Court described it as a "shocking story", "one of the most melancholy of Indian tragedies". The event marked the end of the Sioux and Cheyenne wars in Nebraska.

In 1885, the 9th Cavalry Regiment, nicknamed the Buffalo Soldiers by Native Americans, was stationed at Fort Robinson. During the next several years, the fort was enlarged, and military training was a major activity. From 1889 to 1890, Second Lieutenant Charles Young served here and later was reassigned to the regiment. A black pioneer officer who had graduated from West Point, he was the highest-ranking black person in the US Army throughout his career and achieved the rank of colonel. From 1887 to 1898, the fort served as regimental headquarters. The post gymnasium and theatre, built in 1904, provided entertainment for the soldiers.

In 1919 at the end of World War I, Fort Robinson became the world's largest quartermaster remount depot. It was used as a breeding and training center for horses and mules for the military.  In addition, stallions owned by the military were used to breed with local stock to improve it.  During the Great Depression, a hobo was murdered on a Chicago & Northwestern freight train within the fort. During World War II, the fort was the site of a K-9 corps training center and a German prisoner-of-war camp.

Closing
The U.S. Army decided to abandon Fort Robinson in 1947; in the following year, it transferred the property to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), for its Beef Cattle Research Station. After some buildings were demolished in the mid-1950s, efforts were made to preserve the fort as a historic site. In 1955, History Nebraska, formally the Nebraska State Historical Society, began to acquire property on the fort; in 1956, they opened a museum on the site. The USDA closed its operation in 1971, and transferred the property to the state of Nebraska.

State park
The Fort Robinson State Park was established in 1956 following the purchase of a parcel of land by the Nebraska Game, Forestation and Parks Commission in 1955. The park was expanded after much of the site was deeded over from the Federal government in 1964. It reached its full size with Nebraska's purchase of the adjoining James Arthur Ranch in 1972.

Features

The fort's historic buildings and sites include the 1904 blacksmith shop, the 1908 veterinary hospital, the 1887 officers' quarters, the 1875 guardhouse and adjutant's office, and the post cemetery. There is also a library with materials about Fort Robinson and military and western history available for research. A quartermaster's stores building is now used as a playhouse.

The Fort Robinson Museum is located in the 1905 post headquarters building. Exhibits focus on the fort's history, including its role guarding the Red Cloud Agency from 1874 to 1877, up through the housing of World War II German POWs from 1943 to 1946. The Trailside Museum of Natural History, operated by the University of Nebraska State Museum, is located in the historic Army Theatre building.

Fort Robinson is also home to The Post Playhouse, a professional theatre company that produces live theatre during summer months with creative teams of actors, musicians, and directors assembled from across the United States and nearby.

Further reading
Barnes, Jeff. Forts of the Northern Plains: Guide to Historic Military Posts of the Plains Indian Wars. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2008.
Buecker, Thomas R. Fort Robinson and the American West, 1874-1899. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma, 2003.
Buecker, Thomas R. Fort Robinson and the American Century, 1900-1948. Lincoln, NE: Nebraska State Historical Society, 2002.

See also
List of forts in the United States

References

External links

Fort Robinson State Park Nebraska Game and Parks Commission
Fort Robinson Park Map  Nebraska Game and Parks Commission
Fort Robinson History Center History Nebraska
Trailside Museum of Natural History at Fort Robinson University of Nebraska

African-American history of Nebraska
1874 establishments in Nebraska
1948 disestablishments in Nebraska
Buildings and structures completed in 1874
Great Sioux War of 1876
Former American Indian reservations in Nebraska
Robinson
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Nebraska
Military sites of the wars between the United States and Native Americans
Military and war museums in Nebraska
Museums in Dawes County, Nebraska
Museums in Sioux County, Nebraska
National Historic Landmarks in Nebraska
Native American museums in Nebraska
Native American history of Nebraska
State parks of Nebraska
World War II prisoner-of-war camps in the United States
Protected areas of Dawes County, Nebraska
Protected areas of Sioux County, Nebraska
Robinson
National Register of Historic Places in Dawes County, Nebraska
National Register of Historic Places in Sioux County, Nebraska
Protected areas established in 1956
History Nebraska
Theatres in Nebraska
Crazy Horse

Fort Robinson


Lawrence Carra (1909— March 30, 2006) was an American professor of drama at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. He was a director of theater and television as well as a mentor to hundreds of actors and directors.

Background
Carra (pronounced cuh-RAH) was born in Salina, Italy. His parents immigrated to Boston, Massachusetts, in 1912, where they started a grocery business. One of his high school teachers arranged for a full scholarship to Harvard University, where he studied biology. He was active in the Harvard drama club and graduated in 1931.

He attended medical school in Rome for one year, but his passion for theater caused him to return to the States and to enroll in Yale University's drama school, from which he graduated in 1935. At Yale he was a research assistant for Professor Alexander Dean on the first edition of his classic textbook The Fundamentals of Play Directing. Carra assumed the role of co-author after Dean's death in 1939. More than sixty years later, the book is in its fifth edition and still is widely used in colleges.

Carra taught directing at Northwestern University and the University of Texas at Austin before joining the drama school of Carnegie Tech, now Carnegie Mellon University, in 1947. He eventually became the department chairman.

His directing students at CMU included William Ball, founder of American Conservatory Theater; Steven Bochco, creator of the hit TV series Hill Street Blues, LA Law, and NYPD Blue; Mel Shapiro, who co-wrote and directed the musical adaptation of Two Gentlemen of Verona on Broadway; and John-Michael Tebelak, creator of the popular musical Godspell.

He died at age 97 on March 30, 2006, at his Squirrel Hill home in Pittsburgh and is buried at Homewood Cemetery.

References
Bill Toland (2006). Pittsburgh Post-Gazette: Obituary of Lawrence Carra. Retrieved April 2, 2006.

Carra, Lawrence
Carra, Lawrence
American television directors
American theatre directors
Drama teachers
Italian emigrants to the United States
Carra, Lawrence
David Geffen School of Drama at Yale University alumni
Carra, Lawrence
Carra, Lawrence
Northwestern University faculty
University of Texas at Austin faculty
Burials at Homewood Cemetery

Lawrence Carra


Powerful Women of Wrestling (also known as POWW) was a women's professional wrestling promotion based out of Indianapolis, Indiana founded by David McLane, founder of Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling and Women of Wrestling.

History
After David McLane left Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling (GLOW), he returned to Indianapolis and created Powerful Women of Wrestling (POWW). Many wrestlers left GLOW due to pay disputes and joined McLane's new POWW promotion under altered ring names. Unlike GLOW (which focused on comedy, variety, and skits), POWW focused more on actual wrestling. POWW was aligned with World Wrestling Association in Indianapolis and their titles were sometimes referred to as the WWA Women's Championship and WWA Women's Tag Team Championship. They were also briefly aligned with the American Wrestling Association during 1989. That same year, many of the POWW wrestlers were featured in the 1989 film American Angels- Baptism of Blood. The promotion closed the following year in 1990.

Alumni

Bambi (Selina Majors)
Brandi Mae (Trudy Adams) - Formerly "Amy the Farmer's Daughter" in GLOW
Candi Devine (Candace Rummel)
Coal Miner's Daughter (Donna Spangler)
Danya
Destiny
Devila
Essence - Formerly "Envy" in GLOW
Futura (Kathleen Blair)
Genie Beret / Jeanie Beret (Laura Fisher) - Formerly "Attache" in GLOW
Goldie Rae (Ursula Hayden) - Formerly "Babe the Farmers Daughter" in GLOW
Heidi Lee Morgan
Hot Rod Andie - Formerly "Angel" in GLOW
Insanity - Formerly "Dementia" in GLOW
Katie Kincaid
Kimmie Kozak
Lady Soul/Essence - Formerly "Envy" in Glow
Liberty (Susan Phelan)
Lock (Winona Barkley)
Luna Vachon (Gertrude Vachon)
Madusa Miceli (Debra Miceli)
Malibu (Jane Hamlin) - Formerly "California Doll" in GLOW
Natasha the Russian (Noelle Rose) - Also "Major Tanya" in GLOW
Nina (Lisa Moretti) - Formerly "Tina Ferrari" in GLOW
Paisley
Passion
Peggy Lee Leather
Pocahontas
Polynesian Princess
Princess Jasmine (Cynthia Peretti) - Formerly "Pepper" in GLOW
Queen Kong (Dee Booher) - Formerly "Matilda the Hun" in GLOW
Rockin' Rebel (Robin Kelly)
Sasha the Russian (Michelle Duze) - Formerly "Dementia" & "Sugar" in GLOW
Shannon O'Brien
Susie Steele
'The Syrian Terrorist' Pali Al-Azar Rashan Yerovich (Janeen Jewett) - Formerly "Palestina" in GLOW
Thora the Barbarian (Ann Marie Cosgrove)
Tiffany Crystal (Natalie Will)
Wendi Richter

Championships

POWW Championship
Natasha the Russian was the first POWW Champion. She lost the title on the second TV episode. Nina was the second POWW Champion. She lost the title to Sasha the Russian, but later regained it. The title was also referred to as the WWA Women's Championship.

Belt design
Initially, the title was a crown worn by the champion and was referred to as the "POWW Crown". Eventually the crown was replaced by a white sash belt with metal studs spelling the words "POWW Champion" fastened on the sash.

POWW Tag Team Championship
Luna Vachon and Hot Rod Andie defeated The Blonde Bombshells (Brandi Mae and Malibu) to become the first POWW Tag Team Champions. The titles were also referred to as the WWA Women's Tag Team Championship.

References

External links

POWW and GLOW matches

1987 American television series debuts
1990 American television series endings
Independent professional wrestling promotions based in the Midwestern United States
Women's professional wrestling promotions
Professional wrestling in Indiana
Women's sports in Indiana
History of women in Indiana

Powerful Women of Wrestling


The Information Commons (also known as the IC) is a library and computing building in Sheffield, England, and is part of the University of Sheffield. The architects were the Edinburgh-based RMJM. The IC is located on Leavygreave Road, close to the University tram stop.

It opened on 10 April 2007 to staff and students of the University, although it was officially opened on 26 September 2007 by Harsh Srivastav, a graduate of the University and former President of the Students Union. The project was conceived and is jointly operated by the University Library and the Corporate Information and Computing Services (CiCS). Soon after opening, satirical British magazine, Private Eye questioned the appropriateness of the building's name as a "commons", pointing out that ordinary residents of Sheffield, temporary staff and visiting researchers from other universities are forbidden access.

The IC has over 1,300 study spaces, 500 computers, and carries 100,000 texts. There is an information desk and a café on the ground floor, toilets and water fountains on all levels and shower facilities on the first level. The building is open to University of Sheffield staff and students 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.

On Thursday 2 February 2017, the IC hosted the University of Sheffield #1lib1ref event.

As of 2016, the Information Commons hosts the University's Digital Commons, a collaborative space to develop innovations in Digital Learning.

The Information Commons was temporary closed during the summer vacation of 2017 due to the interior refurbishment. The IC was reopened in September 2017 with alterations to interior design and layout.

References

External links
University of Sheffield guide to building
Information Commons blog

Sheffield University buildings and structures

Information Commons, Sheffield


Carl Heinrich Auspitz (2 September 1835 in Nikolsburg, Moravia – 22 May 1886 in Vienna) was a Jewish Austrian dermatologist. He was the husband of pianist Auguste Auspitz-Kólar (1843–1878).

He was a member of the famous Moravian-Austrian . Heinrich was a son of Jewish surgeon  (1803, Nikolsburg  1880). His younger brother  (1838, Nikolsburg  1907) was an Imperial & Royal Generalmajor and writer. In 1840, Moritz was given a job at a Jewish hospital in Vienna, and allowed better education to his sons.

Trained at the University of Vienna, he specialized in dermatology and syphilis. He was part of the so-called Vienna School of Dermatology, and studied and worked with several eminent physicians of the time; Ernst Wilhelm (Ritter von) Brücke (1819, Berlin  1892), Karel (Carl) Freiherr von Rokytanský (1804, Bohemia  1878), Josef Škoda (1805, Bohemia 1881), Johann Ritter von Oppolzer (1808, Bohemia  1871), and Ferdinand Ritter von Hebra (1816, Moravia 1880).

In 1863 he became a privat-docent of dermatology and syphilis, and during the following year began work in the histological institute of Carl Wedl. In 1872 he was named director of the general policlinic, and from 1875 onward, was an associate professor at the university.

A pioneer in tissue pathology, he described the pinpoint bleeding on removal of a psoriasis scale that bears his name: "Auspitz's sign". In 1885 he published an article involving mycosis fungoides titled "Ein Fall von Granuloma fungoides (Mycosis fungoides Alibert)".

Together with Philipp Josef Pick (1834-1910), he founded first German-language magazine for dermatology, the "Archiv für Dermatologie und Syphilis" (1869). In 1882 he became a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. In May 1886 he died from a heart condition, and was interred in the Wiener Zentralfriedhof.

Award
Since 2005, the "Heinrich Auspitz Preis" has been awarded by the Wyeth and Pfizer Corporation Austria in order to promote scientific research in the field of dermatology.

Selected works
 Anatomie des Blattenprocesses. Virchows Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medicin, Berlin, 1863.
 Die Lehren vom Syphilitischen Contagium und ihre thatsächliche Begründung; 384 pages. Wien, W. Braumüller, 1866.
 Die Zelleninfiltrationen der Lederhaut bei Lupus, Syphilis und Skrophylose. Medizinische Jahrbücher, Wien, 1866.
 Über das Verhältnis der Oberhaut zur Papillarschicht, insbesondere bei pathologischen Zuständen der Haut. Archiv für Dermatologie und Syphilis, Berlin, 1870; 2: 24-58.

Notes and references

External links

1835 births
1886 deaths
19th-century Czech people
Dermatologists from Austria-Hungary
Academic staff of the University of Vienna
University of Vienna alumni
19th-century Austrian Jews
Austrian people of Czech-Jewish descent
People from Mikulov

Heinrich Auspitz


Purse Caundle is a village and civil parish in the county of Dorset in southwest England. It lies within the Dorset Council administrative area, about  east of Sherborne. In 2013 the estimated population of the parish was 90.

Purse Caundle manor house was built in the 15th century under the instruction of Richard Long, who bought 575 acres of land here in 1428. The manor's site was recorded as early as the Domesday Book in 1086, when it was a tenancy of Athelney Abbey.

The village church provides the final resting place for the seventeenth-century physician Nathaniel Highmore, whose father was rector here.

References

External links

Villages in Dorset

Purse Caundle


John Ley (Warwick, 4 febrewaris 1583 - Sutton Coldfield, 16 maaie 1662) wie in Ingelsk predikant en in lid fan de Synoade fan Westminster.

Wurk
Syn meast wichtige wurk:

 An Apology in Defence of the Geneva Notes on the Bible (±1612).
 A Patterne of Pietie, or the Religious life and death of that grave and gracious Matron, Mrs. Jane Ratcliffe, Widow, and Citizen of Chester, 1640.
 Sunday a Sabbath, or a preparative Discourse for discussion of Sabbatary doubts, 1641.
 The Christian Sabbath maintained, in Answer to a book of Dr. Pocklington stiled "Sunday no Sabbath." Antwurd oan John Pocklington.
 'A Letter against the Erection of an Altar,' 1641.
 'A Case of Conscience concerning the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper,' 1641.
 'Defensive Doubts, Hopes and Reasons for Refusall of the Oath imposed by the sixth Canon of the late Synod,' 1641.
 'A Comparison of the Parliamentary Prostestation with the late Canonical Oath,' 1641.
 'A Discourse concerning Puritans,' 1641.
 'A Monitor of Mortality,' 1643 (twa begraffenispreken).
 'Fury of War and Folly of Sin,' 1643, preek.
 'The New Quere and Determination upon it, by Mr. Saltmarsh … examined,' 1646.
 'Apologetical Narrative of the late Petition of the Common Council and Ministers of London,' 1646.
 'Light for Smoak, or a cleare and distinct Reply to a dark and confused Answer in a book made and entitled "The Smoke in the Temple" by John Saltmarsh,' 1646.
 'An After-reckoning with Mr. Saltmarsh,' 1646.
 'Attestation of the Ministers of Cheshire to the Testimony of the Ministers of the Province of London,' 1648.
 'Elaborate Annotations on the Pentateuch,' 1651.
 'A Learned Defence for the Legaluty of Tithes,' Oxford, 1653.
 'General Reasons against the Payment of a fifth part to Sequestered Ministers' Wives and Children … whereto are added special Reasons against the Payment of a fifth part to Dr. E. H[yde] out of the Rectory of Brightwell,' 1654.
 'Debate concerning the English Liturgy drawn out in two English and two Latin Epistles, written betwixt Edward Hyde and John Ley,' 1656.
'Discourses or Disputations, chiefly concerning matters of Religion,' 1658.
 'Animadversions on two printed Books of Joh. Onely, a Lay Preacher.'
 'Equitable and Necessary Considerations for the Association of Arms throughout England and Wales.'
 'Comparison of the Oath of the Sixth Canon of the last Synod of Bishops and the Protestation set forth by the Parliament, in Answer to a letter of Pedoel Harlow, Gent.'
 'Exceptions Many and Just, being an Answer to two injurious Petitions against Tithes.'

Ingelsk predikant
Ingelsk publisist
Persoan berne yn 1583
Persoan stoarn yn 1662

John Ley


A dispute/disagreement is a continuing disagreement carried on between two or more parties. The parties may be people, or they may be organisations or countries. Disputes can last a long time, and they can have serious results. Dispute may happen from controversy. Disputes may become conflicts or polemic. Disputes between individual people may lead to violence. Disputes between organisations may lead to legal action. Disputes between countries may lead to war.

How disputes become serious
Several factors make disputes more serious. Serious disputes may do a lot of damage to the people involved, and to their societies.

Length of time
Disputes may last for long periods, and the longer they last, the more damage they may do. Where disputes involve religions, or hostile countries, they may last for more than a lifetime. Generations of children may be taught that their side is completely right, and the other wrong.

Fundamental values
Disputes arise when there are conflicting needs, values or ideas. Differences of religion and culture are a common cause of disputes. Self-interest is a common cause of disputes between individuals.

Media spread disputes
A second factor is the use of books, newspapers, radio and television by each side to promote their side of the argument. This propaganda helps to continue and spread the dispute.

Laws
Laws may prevent freedom of speech, and prevent discussion in print or other media. This makes it difficult for either side to see merit in the other point of view. In turn, this makes it difficult for compromise or tolerance to dissolve the dispute.

How disputes are resolved

Negotiation
The study of disputes and conflicts reached its peak during the Cold War. Then the West versus East conflict seemed to threaten world peace, and many ideas were put forward to use negotiation as a tool to calm the tension. Negotiation about the reduction of nuclear weapons was successful.

The tension was finally reduced by the unexpected end of the Soviet Union, and the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Eastern Europe. This was not achieved by negotiation. The reasons for the end of the Soviet Union are still being debated.

Mediation
Professional help may be available. Between people, there are counsellors; between organisations there are specialists in conflict resolution; between countries there is the United Nations.

Time
Some disputes do fade with the passage of time, though the time may be much longer than a human lifetime. Conflict between religions may fade only after centuries, and there is no known process of mediation.

Law
All legal systems have provisions for making decisions in disputes. Usually the cases are based on claims about money, between individual people or between 'corporate entities'. These are companies or other organisations. Usually, the law can only be used if it can reach a decision based on evidence. Law textbooks list which disputes which may be addressed by law, and which can not.

Direct action
Force has been used many times to enforce one side of the other to submit. Wars have been based on disputes, or disputes have been used as an excuse for wars. However, force has also been used to keep warring groups apart, and calm people down. Both the European Union and the United Nations have used peace-keeping forces in areas under violent dispute.

Education
Education may be used to harden opinion and make a dispute worse, or it may be used to open people's minds to unpopular ideas. Education which helps people to think for themselves and keep an open mind is thought to reduce prejudice and conflict.

Democracy
Democracy is one way of easing conflict within a country. It is not a perfect solution, for small groups may feel they are permanently excluded from power. Free speech and freedom from censorship exist to some extent in democracies. These freedoms are valuable to minority groups inside a country. Countries that have these freedoms are called open or liberal democracies.

Examples
Of course, there are many disputes between individual people, but disputes between large groups or nations are of very great importance.
Strike action
Kashmir
Thirty Years War
Irish history
The Cold War
Palestine

References

War
Conflicts
Sociology
Social issues

Dispute


Remember Me is a 2010 romantic coming-of-age drama movie. Robert Pattinson, Lena Olin, Emilie de Ravin and Pierce Brosnan are in the movie.

Plot
In New York City, 1991, Alyssa "Ally" Craig and her mother Helen wait on the subway. They are attacked by two young men. The two men shoot and kill Ally's mother after they get on the train.

Ten years later, in 2001, Ally is a student at New York University. She's living with her father Neil, a New York City Police Department detective.

A man named Tyler Hawkins also has classes at the university. He works at the university bookstore. He has a difficult relationship with his businessman father Charles. That's because his older brother, Michael, had killed himself years earlier.

Charles doesn't pay attention to his youngest child, Caroline. Tyler is protective of her.

One night with a roommate named Aidan, Tyler gets into someone else's fight. He is arrested by Neil. Aidan calls Charles to bail out Tyler. But Tyler doesn't stay to have a talk with his father.

Caroline, an artist, is at an art show. Tyler asks his father to go to the show. When he doesn't come, Tyler meets him in a boardroom filled with people. This makes his father very frustrated.

Neil's partner sees Tyler and Ally on a train. Neil breaks into Tyler's apartment and meets him. Tyler makes Neil mad by
telling him Aidan's plan. Tyler is then forced to tell Ally. She leaves and returns home. Aidan visits Ally at her father's home.

Caroline is bullied by classmates at a birthday party where they cut off her hair. Ally and Aidan visit the apartment of Tyler's mother, where Caroline is sobbing.

Tyler takes his sister to school. When the classmates tease Caroline for her new haircut, Tyler gets violent and goes to jail.

Charles is impressed that Tyler stood up for his sister. Charles asks Tyler to meet with his lawyers.

Tyler spends the night with Ally. They reveal they love each other after they have sex.

Charles takes Caroline to school. He calls Tyler to let him know this. He says he will be late. Tyler is happy his father is spending time with Caroline.

When Charles drops Caroline off at school, she sits in her classroom. The teacher then writes the date on the blackboard as September 11, 2001.

That morning, Tyler looks out the window of his father's office on the 101st floor of the North Tower at World Trade Center.

When the terrorist attacks begin, the rest of the family look at the World Trade Center towers before the camera looks over the rubble.

In a voice-over of Tyler's diary, Tyler reveals to Michael that he loves him. Tyler forgives Michael for killing himself.

Some time later, Charles and Caroline seem to have a healthy father and daughter relationship.

Ally gets on the subway in the same spot where her mother was killed.

Cast
 Robert Pattinson as Tyler Keats Hawkins
 Emilie de Ravin as Alyssa "Ally" Craig
 Chris Cooper as Neil Craig, Ally's father
 Lena Olin as Diane Hirsch, Tyler and Caroline's mother
 Pierce Brosnan as Charles Hawkins, Tyler and Caroline's father
 Martha Plimpton as Helen Craig, Ally's mother

Release
Remember Me was first released on March 1, 2010 at the Paris Theatre in New York City. It was then released widely on March 12, 2010. The movie was rated 12A in the United Kingdom and PG-13 in the United States.

Reception
Rotten Tomatoes gives a rating of 27 based on 108 reviews. Metacritic has a rating of 40 out of 100, meaning mixed or average reviews. Roger Ebert liked the movie. He gave it three out of four stars.

Box office
The movie made over $56 million USD.

References

2010 romantic drama movies
Coming-of-age movies
American romantic drama movies

Remember Me (movie)


Freeman Harrison Owens (July 20, 1890 – December 9, 1979) was an early American filmmaker and aerial photographer.

Biography
was born in Pine Bluff, Arkansas, the only child of Charles H. Owens and Christabel Harrison. He attended Pine Bluff High School in Pine Bluff, but quit in his senior year to work at a local movie theatre as a projectionist.

Owens constructed his own 35mm movie camera at the age of 16. He filmed early newsreels, such as the Chicago Union Stock Yards Fire in December 1910 and the Charleston, South Carolina hurricane and flood in August 1911. He served during World War I as a photographer, helping progress the art of aerial photography for combat purposes.

He filmed the famous Joe Stecher vs. Earl Caddock wrestling match at Madison Square Garden on January 30, 1920. His last credit as cinematographer was Love's Old Sweet Song (1923), filmed in the Lee DeForest Phonofilm process, and starring Donald Gallaher, Louis Wolheim, and Una Merkel.

In June 1923, DeForest began legal action against Owens alleging patent infringement. In 1924, Owens sold his patents for the Movietone sound-on-film process to Fox Film Corporation owner William Fox. In July 1926, Fox acquired the patents of Theodore Case (1888–1944) – and acquired the U.S. rights to the German Tri-Ergon patents – to create the Fox Movietone sound-on-film system.

Freeman Harrison Owens died on December 9, 1979 in Pine Bluff, at the age of 89, and is buried at Bellwood Cemetery in his hometown of Pine Bluff, Arkansas. He was inducted into the Arkansas Entertainers Hall of Fame in Pine Bluff on October 3, 2003, and was inducted into the Arkansas Walk of Fame in Hot Springs (Garland County) on December 6, 2003.

External links

Film sound production
People from Pine Bluff, Arkansas
1890 births
1979 deaths
20th-century American inventors

Freeman Harrison Owens


Arthur James Dalladay was born on December 1894 in West Ham in Essex in England. He died in 1989 in Gravesend, Kent. Dalladay was the editor of the "British Journal Photographic Almanac & Photographer's Daily Companion" for 30 years from around 1937 to 1967.

He built the very first photographic spot meter in about 1935; he described it in the BJP Almanac of 1937 on pages 127-138. This meter still exists, in the possession of a subsequent editor of the Journal. Within a decade or so, there appeared two commercial meters based on the same principle.

Publications

 The British Journal Photographic Almanac and Photographers' Daily Companion. Published by Henry Greenwood, London, 1953.

References

External links
 The SEI Photometer: A Legend Among Spot Meters
 List of Photographic Almanacs and Annuals
 Some measurements of the stresses produced at the surfaces of glass by grinding with loose abrasives

1894 births
1989 deaths
British editors

Arthur James Dalladay


Mad Dog Time (also known as Trigger Happy) is a 1996 American ensemble crime comedy film written and directed by Larry Bishop and starring Ellen Barkin, Gabriel Byrne, Richard Dreyfuss, Jeff Goldblum and Diane Lane. The film is notable for the various cameo appearances, including the first, and final film appearance by Christopher Jones in over a quarter-century.

Plot synopsis
The story takes place in a mysterious underworld of swanky nightclubs where armed criminals listen to Rat Pack music and hold shootouts from a seated position, behind desks. Mickey Holliday is the top enforcer for Vic, the mob boss, who is about to be released from a psychiatric facility. In his absence, Ben London has been running Vic's nightclub while Mickey has been romancing both Rita and Grace Everly, which is doubly dangerous inasmuch as they are sisters and Grace was previously Vic's girl.

A rival, Jake Parker, recruits a number of hired guns in an attempt to seize power. Mickey kills the first to challenge him, Lee Turner. The next one brought in by Parker, identified as Nicholas Falco and supposedly the fastest draw of all, murders Mickey's close friend, Jules Flamingo, who is unarmed. A showdown is arranged and Mickey ends up eliminating both Parker and the apparently overrated Falco.

Vic returns to resume his reign as mob boss. He brings with him a new enforcer, the "real" Nicholas Falco, the previous one having been an impostor. "Brass Balls" Ben London promptly challenges Vic for control of the organization (while singing "My Way" on stage in the nightclub) and is shot dead. Falco proceeds to gun down the remaining opposition, including "Wacky" Jackie Jackson, and is eager to shoot it out with Mickey Holliday once and for all.

Mickey attempts to repair his relationship with Rita, who is furious that he has been seeing her sister on the side. Mickey finally confesses to Grace that he has been seeing her in the daytime and Rita at night. She also has been unaware that Vic is back in town. At a final confrontation held in a private office, Grace reveals that she is pregnant with Vic's child. Forced to choose between Holliday and Falco before they shoot it out, Vic sides with his old friend and Grace kills Falco. He and Mickey end up (apparently) living happily ever after with the Everly sisters.

Cast
 Jeff Goldblum as Mickey Holliday
 Richard Dreyfuss as Vic
 Gabriel Byrne as Ben London
 Ellen Barkin as Rita Everly
 Diane Lane as Grace Everly
 Gregory Hines as Jules Flamingo
 Kyle MacLachlan as Jake Parker
 Burt Reynolds as Jackie Jackson
 Larry Bishop as Nicholas Falco
 Henry Silva as Sleepy Joe
 Michael J. Pollard as Red
 Christopher Jones as fake Falco
 Billy Idol as Lee Turner
 Angie Everhart as Gabriella
 Billy Drago as Wells
 Paul Anka as Danny
 Rob Reiner as Albert
 Joey Bishop as Gottlieb
 Richard Pryor as Jimmy the Gravedigger
 Frank Licari as Vic's Guy

Cameo appearances
The writer-director's father, Joey Bishop, is seen briefly and speaks one word: "Hello." His character runs Gottlieb's Mortuary; Gottlieb being Bishop's real name.

Richard Pryor appears as Gottlieb's sidekick, Jimmy the Grave Digger. Despite his character being mentioned throughout the film, he is in only one scene, and speaks a few lines. He is shown in a wheelchair, and his voice is garbled. His physical deterioration was obvious at the time the film was made. This would be Pryor's second to last film appearance.

One scene irrelevant to the plot features Rob Reiner as a limo driver, explaining his humorous philosophy on life to Dreyfuss. Reiner and Larry Bishop were once professional comedy partners.

Critical reception
The film was not well received by critics on release.  Roger Ebert gave the film a rare zero-star rating, noting:

Mad Dog Time is the first movie I have seen that does not improve on the sight of a blank screen viewed for the same length of time. Oh, I've seen bad movies before. But they usually made me care about how bad they were. Watching Mad Dog Time is like waiting for the bus in a city where you're not sure they have a bus line. ... Mad Dog Time should be cut into free ukulele picks for the poor.

Roger Ebert and partner Gene Siskel on their television show Siskel & Ebert at the Movies voted this the worst film of 1996. Ebert repeated his written statement that watching this movie was not preferable to 1 hour and 45 minutes of looking at a blank wall, and mentioned how upset he was that Siskel won the right to choose this film after a coin toss, so he had to pick the second worst film of the year, Un indien dans la ville (Little Indian, Big City), a film Ebert also gave zero stars. Siskel said that he still did not know what the film was about even six months after he saw it, and said that because in addition to starring in the film, Richard Dreyfuss is listed as a co-producer on the film, he deserves most of the blame for helping get the story on screen.

A New York Times review of November 8, 1996 by Stephen Holden called Mad Dog Time "a rat's nest of hip pretensions posing as a comedy."

In Entertainment Weekly on November 22, 1996, reviewer Ken Tucker described it as "jaw-droppingly incoherent."

The film holds a 17% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 6 reviews.

References

External links

1996 films
1990s buddy comedy films
1990s crime comedy films
American buddy comedy films
Mafia comedy films
1990s English-language films
Films directed by Larry Bishop
United Artists films
1996 directorial debut films
1996 comedy films
1990s American films

Mad Dog Time


The Strait of Gibraltar is the only water passage between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. It is between Europe and Africa; on one side is the southern tip of Spain and Gibraltar, and on the other is northern Morocco and Ceuta. The distance between the Rock of Gibraltar and Morocco is only 7.7 nautical miles (14.24 kilometers, 8.9 miles) at its narrowest point.
The water depth ranges between 300 and 900 meters.

Gibraltar
Geography of Morocco
Geography of Spain
Mediterranean Sea

Strait of Gibraltar


Cooktown Cemetery is a heritage-listed cemetery at Charlotte Street, Cooktown, Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1874 to 1920. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 8 April 1997.

History
Cooktown Cemetery, with over 3,000 burials, has been in continuous use since soon after the town was established in October 1873. Although gazettal was not until mid-1875 the site was used earlier; the oldest marked grave is that of Rev. Francis Tripp, an Anglican clergyman who died at Cooktown on 20 May 1874. Cemetery records date from 1875, with approximately 1830 burials recorded in the period 1877 to 1920. The colourful mix of nationalities and religions evident in these records and in the cemetery itself reflect the nature of Cooktown in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as the Endeavour River port for the Palmer River Goldfields.

Cooktown "mushroomed" in the mid-1870s as a port and supply and administrative centre. Within six months of its establishment in October 1873 there were 20 restaurants, 12 large and 20 smaller stores, 6 butchers, 5 bakers, 3 tinsmiths, and chemists, fancy-goods shops, watchmakers, bootmakers and saddlers, conducting businesses in the town; 65 publican's licenses had been issued for the Cooktown- Palmer River district, with 30 more applied for by April 1874. There was an estimated 3,000 floating population in the town itself, and thousands of men en route to the goldfields. Large numbers of Chinese made their way to the Palmer goldfields via Cooktown in the period 1873–77, and Chinese storekeepers were amongst the earliest to establish businesses in Cooktown. Two Cooktown newspapers were established in 1874, a state school, customs house, court house, post office and several churches were erected by 1875, and the town was declared a municipality on 5 April 1876. The 1876 census revealed a population of over 9,200 persons on the then extensive Palmer goldfields, and the town of Cooktown had a population of just under 2,200.

In the 1880s Cooktown business "boomed". A railway was constructed from Cooktown to Laura between 1884 and 1888, further opening the port to development. By the late 1880s it was the centre not only of a thriving mining district (boosted by the 1887 discovery of tin along the Annan River), but also of pearling, beche-de-mer, and pastoral activity. After 1885 Cooktown was also the main port for Queensland trade with New Guinea. Despite the decline in alluvial output from the Palmer River goldfields in the mid-1880s and the corresponding decline in the town's importance as the principal port of Far North Queensland from the early 1890s, by the turn of the century the Cook and Palmer census districts still had a population of just under 6,000, (despite less than 1,300 persons on the Palmer, Coen and Hamilton goldfields) and the municipality of Cooktown retained a population of nearly 2,000.

In the earliest days of Cooktown settlement (the summer of 1873–74), there were a number of burials along the ridge above Charlotte Street, between Banks and Green Streets. When the town was surveyed in April 1874, this burial ground was surveyed as building allotments and roadway, and in the same month the first Cooktown Hospital was erected on some of these blocks. By September 1874 the Hospital Committee, which considered the shallow graves within the hospital grounds and on the adjacent roadway to be a health risk, was urging the colonial government to provide funds to remove the remains to the Cooktown Cemetery, apparently in use at that time although neither surveyed nor gazetted. In reaction to public concern, surveyor James Reid was instructed to formally survey the Cooktown Cemetery, a reserve of  south of the town near the Two-Mile Creek, and this was completed by early November 1874. What appear to be a number of graves are indicated on the survey plan, suggesting that the cemetery was in use already.

The Cooktown Cemetery was proclaimed formally in June 1875 and 5 trustees appointed – one representing each of the principal denominations in Cooktown: Church of England, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Hebrew and Wesleyan Methodist. No Chinese person was appointed, despite the high proportion of Chinese resident in Cooktown and surrounding district at this period. During the second half of 1875 the cemetery reserve was fenced (probably in timber) and cemetery gates erected. When the land around the cemetery was surveyed by surveyor Berwick in February 1876 as suburban subdivisions, the cemetery reserve was extended to the east by just over , establishing a frontage to the Palmer Road and necessitating a repositioning of the cemetery gates.

In 1876 the cemetery was established more formally. From mid-June 1876 a sexton was employed, and timber was purchased for a sexton's cottage and separate office in the grounds; surveyor Berwick was contracted to lay out the grounds in subdivisions (possibly denominational divisions); and roads were made through the cemetery. In September 1876 cemetery rules and regulations were gazetted.

The cemetery appears to have been well maintained during the 19th century. In April 1891 the trustees were commended by the community for improvements to the Cemetery avenue and flower beds, and visitors were warned against allowing dogs into the grounds.

The cemetery bears testimony to the diverse nationalities who came to Cooktown and the Palmer goldfields in the late 19th century, and includes the graves of French, Chinese, English, Swedish, Germans and South Sea Islanders. Of particular prominence are the Chinese – mostly gardeners, miners, labourers and storekeepers – who account for approximately one-sixth (about 300) of the burials in the period 1877–1920. It is understood that most Chinese initially interred here were later exhumed and returned to China. The contribution of the Chinese to the development of Cooktown and the Palmer River goldfields in the late 19th century cannot be underestimated. As late as 1901, when the population of the Palmer River goldfield was just 600 persons, 377 of them were Chinese, and Chinese accounted for approximately 7.5% of the population of the Cook and Palmer census districts. Cooktown itself had a substantial "Chinatown" - storekeepers, boardinghouse keepers, restaurateurs – and in 1887 the local Chinese community erected a Shrine in the cemetery to honour their dead.

With the decline of Cooktown during the first half of the 20th century, Cooktown Cemetery fell into disrepair. Deliberately-lit grassfires caused considerable damage. Numerous complaints about the condition of the grounds and lack of maintenance prompted the Cook Shire Council in August 1941 to request to the Lands Department that the Council take over trusteeship of the cemetery. The surviving trustees finally tendered their resignations in February 1943, and the cemetery was placed under the control of Cook Shire Council. However, under Council control, responsibility for burials was left for many years to local undertakers, who appear to have worked to two different cemetery layouts, causing considerable confusion. Some community interpretative work has been undertaken in recent years, with a large sign erected at the entrance to the cemetery and several of the more historically significant graves decorated. In the mid-1990s, Cook Shire Council commenced a conservation programme.

The cemetery has two graves that are registered by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission as casualties of World War I though they died after end of hostilities in 1918, Privates J.J. Dick (died 24 August 1921, grave in Methodist section) and John Robertson Prentice (died 31 December 1919, grave in Presbyterian section) who both served in the Australian Imperial Force.

Description

Cooktown Cemetery is a  reserve situated approximately  southwest from the centre of town. The reserve fronts the Cooktown-McIvor River Road (formerly the Palmer Road) to the southeast, and gazetted but unmade roads form its northern and southern boundaries. On the west it is bounded by a local government reserve for slaughtering purposes, and on the east by freehold land. There is a prominent, locally devised interpretative sign in front of the reserve.

The northern and southwestern portions of the reserve are covered in native vegetation: Melaleuca spp., Eucalyptus spp (principally Bloodwood), Pandanus palms, native gingers and various grasses. A granite outcrop about two-thirds of the distance into the reserve from the Cooktown-McIcvor River Road entrance has restricted most of the 3,000 plus burials to the southern and eastern sections of the reserve. The majority of the marked graves are located in an open, grassed section in the southeast quarter of the reserve. There are some trees in this section, mostly self-sown, but a number of frangipanni – possibly remnants of a tree-lined drive – and coconut palms, appear to be early planting.

There is an early cast-iron palisade fence with spearheaded stakes, manufactured by Bayliss Jones and Bayliss of London, along the front boundary of the reserve addressing the Cooktown-McIvor River Road. Early main entrance gates have been removed and replaced by a metal chain. From this entrance a road extends northward, forking in the middle of the reserve. The track to the west terminates at a Chinese Shrine in the middle western section of the reserve, and the other extends to the eastern boundary. These tracks and two secondary pathways divide the cemetery into denominational sections – Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Church of England, Methodist – and there are also Jewish, Buddhist, Islamic, Aboriginal and "pagan" groupings. The most recent graves, in less distinct denominational groupings, are found along the eastern boundary.

The graves in the grassed section of the cemetery are mostly Christian and are aligned roughly east–west, although there are some exceptions, and one faces directly west. Approximately 300 memorials of diverse design, mostly in sandstone or marble and some iron, are scattered through this area. Headstones mostly survive for the social elite and professional classes – the medical, religious and administrative group, along with successful Cooktown merchants, businesspersons and civic leaders. Graves of working people – labourers, carriers, dressmakers, market gardeners, miners – now tend to lie unmarked. Most of the stone memorials were constructed in Brisbane, Townsville or Cairns and shipped to Cooktown, and costs could well have been prohibitive. The surviving headstones and memorials reflect over 120 years of diverse memorial and cultural symbolism and illustrate the work of stonemasons Lowther, J Simmonds, and Hobbs & Carter of Brisbane; Patten Bros of Sydney; Ernest Greenway of Ipswich; and Melrose & Fenwick of Townsville and Cairns. A number of the graves in this section have ornate cast-iron railings, the most elaborate of which is that around the graves of the Sisters of Mercy.

Other graves of note include those of Mrs Mary Watson, who died of thirst escaping hostile Aborigines on Lizard Island in 1881; Albert Ross Hovell, a prominent mariner and son of the explorer William Hovell, but known more specifically for his involvement in 'blackbirding'; Elizabeth Jardine, whose husband John founded Somerset on Cape York Peninsula, and whose sons were pioneer cattlemen in Northern Australia; Mother Mary de Sales Meagher, founder of the Sisters of Mercy Convent in Cooktown; Albert McLaren, founder of the New Guinea Mission in 1891; Brinsley Guise Sheridan, police magistrate at Cooktown and Cardwell; Rev. John Hutchinson, first Roman Catholic Bishop of the Vicariate Apostolic of Cooktown; Dr H Kortum, understood to be Cooktown's and Queensland's last German consul; and a 1907 memorial to French mariners who died of yellow fever.

To the west of the grassy section is a small grouping of Jewish gravestones and some Aboriginal graves, marked with sapling branches at each corner, and north of these is the Chinese Shrine. Native vegetation has re-established in these areas. A few relict trees, including mangoes, line the main track to the Chinese shrine for a short distance.

The Chinese shrine comprises a rectangular concrete platform approximately  long by  wide lying in a north–south direction, at the southern end of which, and facing to the north, is an upright concrete memorial tablet, on which are written in large script the Chinese characters Tjin Ju Tsai: "Respect the dead as if they are present". There are two other, smaller, inscriptions on this tablet. That to the right gives the date the shrine was erected: 'a lucky spring day in the third month of the thirteenth year of the reign of the Emperor Kuang Hsu (1874–1908), Ch'ing dynasty'. On the left the inscription reads: "Erected, with respect, by the Chinese community of Cooktown". In front of this tablet is a low concrete altar, on which food offerings were placed for the spirit of the departed. The platform is enclosed by a concrete edging and an ornate cast-iron railing. Beyond the northern end of the platform and approximately  away are two ceremonial fire-boxes, constructed of fire bricks rendered with cement. Each is approximately  with a grate at the bottom. The open tops permitted paper prayers and temple "money" to be burned, assisting the spirits on their journey to a life beyond this world.

Northwest of the consecrated ground lie the graves of individuals such as the "Normanby Woman" and, in dense melaleuca scrub beyond this, the grave of Elizabeth Cooper, who drowned in the Endeavour River in August 1874, prior to the cemetery survey. Within this regrowth area is located a clay brick-pitched well, and beyond this a rectangular arrangement of shallow ditches, remnants of an irrigation channelling system purported to be of Chinese origin. The original cemetery survey indicated Chinese gardens adjacent to the Cemetery reserve, along Two-Mile Creek, but none within the reserve, so it is likely that if such a garden was established on the reserve, it was at some period after 1874.

Heritage listing
Cooktown Cemetery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 8 April 1997 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.

Cooktown Cemetery is important in illustrating the evolution of Queensland's history – in particular, the unique and multi-cultural history of Cooktown. The place has been in use as a cemetery since 1874, and the several thousand interments provide rare evidence of the diversity of national, ethnic and religious groups which shaped the development of Cooktown and district in the last quarter of the 19th century.

The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.

Also, it is rare as the only identified Queensland cemetery in which a Chinese shrine is erected within the cemetery reserve. This shrine survives as an intact and in Queensland, rare, example of its type.

The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland's history.

Cooktown Cemetery offers a unique source of historical information, and also has the potential to reveal important information about the development of Cooktown and its multicultural society, through archaeological investigation.

The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.

Cooktown Cemetery survives as a good example of its type, with denominational divisions, Christian graves aligned to the east, and a variety of headstones and monuments illustrating changing public attitudes to commemoration of the dead.

The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.

Cooktown Cemetery is significant for its aesthetic qualities, which include the diversity and workmanship of the in situ monuments and cast iron railings, the hilly terrain and tropical vegetation as a backdrop to vistas both within and without the cemetery reserve, and the rustic cast-iron fencing along the front boundary. The Chinese shrine, with its simplicity of form and materials and its setting within a dense re-growth area, is of particular aesthetic significance.

The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

Cooktown Cemetery has a strong association for local residents with the town's flamboyant history, and is associated with generations of Cooktown families who have contributed to the development and identity of the town and district. It is valued as a strong and unique illustration of the special history of Cooktown, and is considered a major Far North Queensland tourist attraction.

The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.

The place has a special association with several notable individuals and families who have contributed to the historical evolution of Cooktown and district and to the mythology associated with pioneering life and the late 19th century goldrush era.

References

Attribution

External links

Queensland Heritage Register
Buildings and structures in Cooktown, Queensland
Cemeteries in Queensland
Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register
Tourist attractions in Far North Queensland
Cemeteries established in the 1870s
1873 establishments in Australia

Cooktown Cemetery


No Fear, No Die () is a 1990 drama film directed by Claire Denis and written by Denis in collaboration with Jean-Pol Fargeau. It features Isaach De Bankolé, Alex Descas and Solveig Dommartin.

Plot
Two young men, Dah (Isaach De Bankolé) from Benin and Jocelyn (Alex Descas) from the Caribbean decide to work together as a team that organizes illegal cockfights in order to gain quick cash. Dah is responsible for the financial transactions while Jocelyn trains the animals. Jocelyn has a special attachment to one of the champion roosters he has named No Fear, No Die. No Fear, No Die, like all roosters, is eventually defeated causing Jocelyn to begin to lose interest in cockfighting.

Dah and Jocelyn have a third partner, Pierre (Jean Claude Brialy) who owns the space where the cockfights take place. Pierre has a pre-existing relationship with Jocelyn, having known both him and his mother before he immigrated to France. However he constantly haggles with the two men over money and insists that the cockfights become more violent urging the men to use razor blades and steel spurs instead of small horns on the roosters. After one particular fight Pierre also insinuates that he slept with Jocelyn's mother.

Disgusted, Jocelyn takes to drinking and becomes more and more despondent, developing an obsession with Pierre's wife Toni (Solveig Dommartin) and naming one of the roosters after her. One night he gets drunk and releases the roosters from their cages. Afterwards Jocelyn and Dah learn that Pierre has begun locking them in and insists on using steel spurs on the roosters that night. Enraged, Jocelyn breaks out and flees to Paris where Dah manages to track him down and convinces him to return to the cockfighting ring for one final night.

At the final fight Toni asks Jocelyn to take her with him after the fight when he and Dah leave, but he refuses. Meanwhile, Pierre organizes a fight between Toni's namesake rooster and one brought in by his gypsy business partners. Unable to watch his rooster die, Jocelyn jumps into the ring and rescues his bird, but is stabbed by Michel, Pierre's son and Toni's lover, before he can flee. Dah prepares and cleans his body before being arrested, along with Tony, Michel and other members of the cockfighting ring. After his release he quickly packs up his few possessions and finally leaves.

Production
The film's soundtrack is by Abdullah Ibrahim.

The film marked the first time Denis and Alex Descas worked together. They would go on to collaborate on seven more films. It is also the second Denis film to feature Isaach De Bankolé.

Release
The film premiered in competition at the 47th Venice International Film Festival. Editor Dominique Auvray was awarded a Silver Osella for her work on the film.

References

External links

1990 films
1990 drama films
French drama films
Films directed by Claire Denis
Films shot in France
Cockfighting in film
1990s French-language films
1990s French films
Films produced by Philippe Carcassonne

No Fear, No Die


The Stacked Volumetric Optical Disc (or SVOD) is an optical disc format developed by Hitachi Maxell, which uses an array of wafer-thin optical discs to allow data storage.

Each "layer" (a thin polycarbonate disc) holds around 9.4 GB  of information, and the wafers are stacked in layers of 20, 25, 100, or more, giving a substantially larger overall data capacity; for example, 100× cartridges could hold 940 GB using the system as announced.

Hitachi Maxell announced the creation of the SVOD standard in 2006, intending to launch it the next year. Aimed primarily at commercial users, the target price was ¥40,000 for a cartridge of 100 thin discs, with the potential to expand into the home user market. When they announced the system, Hitachi Maxell publicly recognized the possibility that the system could be eventually modified for use with a blue-violet laser, similar to Blu-ray discs, which could have expanded the capacity of the system to 3-5 TB. It is possible that they in fact developed this "second generation" SVOD for use with standard Blu-ray lasers, with each thin disc having a storage capacity of 25 GB, or a 100-disc cartridge having a storage of 5 TB. Hitachi Maxell developed systems both for burning to the media using standard DVD optical heads, and pre-recording to the media using a special heat imprint technique they called "nanoimprinting." Though nanoimprinting initially required 6 minutes per disc for pressing, they had improved it to 8 seconds, and intended to achieve a comparable throughput to standard DVD pressing. The primary application of the SVOD system seemed to be business data archival, replacing digital tape archives.

In 2007, Japanese broadcaster NHK announced a similar system, based on Blu-ray discs, of stacked optical storage media specifically designed to rotate at high speeds, up to 15,000 RPM.

SVOD was anticipated to be a likely be a candidate, along with Holographic Versatile Discs (HVDs), to be a next-generation optical disc standard. However, as of 2021, little has been done with the format.

References

External links
Hitachi Maxell develops wafer-thin storage disc details and interview from IDG News Service (dead link, archived) (4 October 2006)
Maxell details in Japanese language (dead link, archived) (19 April 2006)

Vaporware
Rotating disc computer storage media
Audio storage
Video storage
120 mm discs
DVD
Optical discs

Stacked Volumetric Optical Disc


Franklin Augustus Hart (September 16, 1894 – June 22, 1967) was a four-star general in the United States Marine Corps who served more than thirty-seven years.   His varied and colorful career included service during the two World Wars, sea duty aboard several ships of the Navy, and tours in Haiti, Nicaragua, and the Dominican Republic.

During World War II, General Hart was awarded the Navy Cross while commanding the 24th Marines in the assault and capture of Roi-Namur Island, Kwajalein Atoll, and was awarded the Legion of Merit while leading the regiment in the battles for Saipan and Tinian in the Marianas Islands. As assistant division commander, Fourth Marine Division, during the assault at Iwo Jima, he was awarded the Bronze Star.

His citation for the Navy Cross reads in part, "Landing when the assault troops had advanced only one hundred yards from the beach, Colonel Hart fearlessly led his combat team against heavy enemy resistance in a crushing attack toward its first objective."

"After repelling numerous counter attacks during the night, he skillfully reorganized his depleted units and affected a coordinated assault the next morning, rapidly overcoming all remaining opposition, and exterminating a large force of determined and fanatical Japanese."

"By his valiant performance of duty and outstanding leadership throughout this perilous assignment, Colonel Hart inspired all with whom he served."

Biography
Franklin A. Hart was born on 16 September 1894 in Cuthbert, Georgia, and is a native resident of Eufaula, Alabama. He attended Alabama Polytechnic Institute (now Auburn University), graduating in the class of 1915. He participated in sports at Auburn — he was a member of the varsity football team, varsity track team, and varsity soccer team from 1911 to 1914.

On April 6, 1917, he was appointed a second lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps, and four months later was appointed to the rank of first lieutenant. After completing a course of instruction at the Marine Officers School, Norfolk, Virginia, he was ordered to sea duty as commanding officer of the Marine detachment aboard the . He was promoted to the rank of captain in October 1917.

World War I
In September 1918, Hart was transferred from sea duty, and in October 1918, he sailed for France as commanding officer, Company "B", Machine Gun Battalion, Fifth Brigade. He returned to the United States in July 1919, and was assigned to the Marine Barracks, Quantico, Virginia.

Between World Wars
Two months later, he was again ordered to foreign shore duty, this time to the Dominican Republic, where he was assigned duty with the Guardia Nacional Dominicans, as district commander of Santo Domingo (then Ciudad Trujillo). He returned to the United States in 1921, and in December of that year was assigned as commanding officer, 77th Machine Gun Company, 2nd Battalion, 5th Marines, at Marine Barracks, Quantico, Virginia. In October 1922, he was transferred to the Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C., where he served as adjutant and other related duties.

In October 1923, he was assigned to the Army Infantry School, Fort Benning, Georgia, as a student. Graduating in May of the following year, he was ordered to the Marine Barracks, Philadelphia, where he became an instructor at the Marine Corps Basic School.

His second tour of sea duty came in June 1926, when he took command of the Marine detachment aboard the . In January 1927, he assumed command of the detachment aboard the USS Rochester (CA-1), and the following month, was assigned similar duties aboard the . The detachment served ashore with a landing force in Nicaragua for the next five months.

From June 1927, until July of the following year, Hart again commanded the Marine detachment aboard the USS Rochester. During the latter six months of this tour, he again served ashore in Nicaragua until August 1928, when he returned to the United States.

From 1928 to 1930, Hart was stationed successively at the Marine Barracks, Norfolk, as executive officer, and the Marine Barracks, Quantico. At the latter post, he served as an instructor at the Company Officers Course, Marine Corps Schools.

He returned to foreign shore duty in August 1930, and joined the Constabulary Detachment, Garde d'Haiti, Gonsaieves, Haiti, where he served as a company commander and district commander. In May 1933, he was named assistant chief of staff, Garde d'Haiti, Headquarters, Port-au-Prince, Haiti.

Returning to the United States in July 1934, he was assigned to the Senior Course, Marine Corps Schools, Quantico, as a student. He was promoted to the rank of major as of 29 May 1934, and successfully completed the Senior Course in May 1935.

In June 1935, he reported to duty at Headquarters Marine Corps, Washington, D.C., where he performed duties in the War Plans Section, Division of Operations and Training. He was appointed a lieutenant colonel, in July 1936, and in October 1937, he became officer in charge, War Plans Section.

Hart's next assignment was to the Army War College, Washington, D.C. Graduating in June 1939, he was ordered to the Marine Corps Base, San Diego, California, where he became chief of the planning section. In July 1940, he was named commanding officer, 1st Battalion 8th Marines, 2nd Marine Division.

World War II

He went to England in June 1941, where he was attached to the American Embassy in London as Assistant Naval Attaché. In September of the same year, he assumed duties as Special Naval Observer and additional duty on the staff of the Chief, Combined Operations (British) as an instructor in amphibious warfare, and was appointed to the rank of colonel in December 1941. In July 1942, Hart participated in the Dieppe Operation, for which he was specially commended for outstanding conduct by Lord Louis Mountbatten, Chief of Combined Operations. He remained in England until October 1942, when he returned to the United States to become a member of the Staff of the Commander-in-chief, U.S. Fleet, Navy Department, Washington, D.C., as Chief, Future Plans Section.

In June 1943, Colonel Hart was ordered to the 4th Marine Division where he assumed command of the 24th Marine Regiment. During the following year he led the regiment in the attack on Roi-Namur, Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands, where he was awarded the Navy Cross, and the assault on Saipan and Tinian and the Marianas Islands, where he was awarded the Legion of Merit.

Appointed a brigadier general in August 1944, he served as assistant division commander of the 4th Marine Division, until late 1945, and in this capacity participated in the Battle of Iwo Jima, where he was awarded the Bronze Star.

Final posts

He returned to the United States in September 1945, and assumed duties as director, Division of Reserve, Headquarters, Marine Corps, Washington, D.C. In January 1946, he became director, Division of Public Information and in July, director of personnel.

In October 1946, he went to the Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, South Carolina, as commanding general of the Post. Appointed a major general in December 1946, the general remained at that post until assigned duties as commanding general of the Second Marine Division, with additional duties as commanding general, Marine Barracks, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina on 31 January 1948.

He was named commandant of the Marine Corps Schools at Quantico, Virginia, in July 1950, and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general in February of the following year. He became commanding general, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific, in January 1952.

He retired in August 1954 after 37 years of Marine Corps service and was advanced to the rank of general.

General Franklin Hart died on June 22, 1967, at the U.S. Naval Hospital, Bethesda, Maryland, and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

Awards and decorations
Hart's awards include:

Notes

References

1894 births
1967 deaths
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War I
Auburn Tigers football players
Players of American football from Alabama
Auburn Tigers men's soccer players
Auburn Tigers men's track and field athletes
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Marine Corps generals
United States Marine Corps World War II generals
People from Cuthbert, Georgia
People from Eufaula, Alabama
American football fullbacks
Men's association football players not categorized by position
American military personnel of the Banana Wars
Association football players not categorized by nationality
Military personnel from Georgia (U.S. state)

Franklin A. Hart


Jean Godin des Odonais (5 July 1713 Saint-Amand-Montrond, France - 1 March 1792 Paris) was a French cartographer and naturalist.

Biography
Godin des Odonais had joined the world's first geodesy expedition to the equator, led by Charles Marie de La Condamine. He had been recommended to La Condamine by the expedition's chief astronomer, his cousin Louis Godin. To be distinguished from his relative, Jean added to his surname that of his mother, Odonais.

When the commission returned to France, Godin des Odonais became professor of astronomy and natural science at the College of Quito, 1739. At the same time he studied the Indian languages and the flora of Ecuador.  His marriage with an heiress, Isabel Gramesón, gave him the means, and in 1743 he resigned his chair and gave his whole time to natural science and the Indian language.

He explored Ecuador and the northern provinces of Peru, and collected an herbarium containing more than 4,000 species of plants. He also made drawings of over 800 species of animals. Having lost the greater part of his wife's dowry in speculations, he resolved to try his fortune in Cayenne, where he arrived in May, 1750, and settled on the banks of the river Oyapok. For fifteen years he explored Cayenne and the Brazilian Guiana, north of the Amazon, and collected nearly 7,000 species of plants. From 1765 till 1773 he explored the Amazon.

In the latter year he finally returned to France, and settled on his estate of St. Amand. He gave his botanical collections to the museum of natural history, where they are still preserved. In 1784 he was elected a member of the French Academy of Science, and he labored thenceforth to arrange the notes taken during the many years of his explorations.

Works
 Flore raisonnée du Perou, comprenant 4,000 espèces, dont plus de 1,500 nouvelles (6 vols., Paris, 1776, with two volumes of illustrations containing over 750 plates)
 Les plantes de la Guyane (1777)
 Faune du Perou (4 vols., 1778, with two volumes of illustrations)
 Plan de navigation libre de l'Amazone, dedié au Duc de Choiseul (1779)
 Flore de la Guyane, explication de l'herbier déposé au museum d'histoire naturelle, with three volumes of illustrations (5 vols., 1779)
 Flore de l'Amazone, explication, etc. (4 vols., 1780, with one volume of illustrations)
 Grammaire de la langue Quichua ou des Incas (1782)
 Dictionnaire de la langue Quichua (1782)
 Vocabulaire des dialectes Indiens de la Guyane (1783)
 Grammaire comparée des langues Indiennes de l'Amérique du Sud (2 vols., 1784)

Notes

References
 Anthony Smith (2003) The Lost Lady of the Amazon: The Story of Isabela Godin and Her Epic Journey, Carroll & Graf
 Robert Whitaker (2004) The Mapmaker's Wife: A True Tale of Love, Murder, and Survival in the Amazon, Basic Books
 Celia Wakefield (1994) Searching for Isabel Godin, Chicago Review Press

External links
 Jean Godin biography

18th-century Ecuadorian people
1713 births
1792 deaths
18th-century French cartographers
French naturalists
Members of the French Academy of Sciences

Jean Godin des Odonais


The General Harington Cup was a single friendly  football match between the Turkish multi-sport club Fenerbahçe SK and a team put together by General Charles Harington composed of soldiers and professional players. It took place at the conclusion of the British invasion of Turkey, with the local team beating the British team 2–1.

History
At the end of World War I, the Ottoman Empire's lands had been invaded by Italian, French, Greek and British troops. On 13 November 1918, British troops entered Istanbul and the invasion was official. During the course of invasion, British troops arranged football matches with local teams. Fenerbahçe participated in many such games, winning 41, losing 5, and reaching a tie in 4 games.

Fenerbahçe was secretly moving guns to Anatolia from its club building near Kurbağalıdere ("Froggy Creek") by small boats. The club's players were also going to fronts, fighting against the invading troops, and returning to Istanbul to play games and move more guns and ammo. The British forces discovered the activities, so they raided the club building. Club members got early information about the raid and moved the guns and ammo, hiding them in club members' houses or warehouses. The invasion forces were not able to find anything but they stayed in the club building for days to prevent further action.

The head commander of British troops was General Charles Harington, and he was upset about the clandestine activities. He was looking for victory on both the pitch and the battlefield. The Turkish resistance was pushing back the invasion, with victories on multiple fronts. The invasion started to fade, the Treaty of Lausanne was on the horizon, and the British were getting ready to leave Istanbul.

The final game
General Harington wanted to leave the Turks with a memory of a heavy defeat whilst the British left, so he called in the best players of the Irish Guards, Grenadier Guards and Coldstream Guards along with four professional players called in from the homeland. The team was collected under the name Coldstream Guards and the British General issued an announcement in the newspapers: "Gardler Muhteliti Türk kulüplerine meydan okuyor. Galibine, Başkumandanın adını taşıyan büyük bir kupa verilecek bu maça Türk kulüpleri diledikleri gibi takviye de alabilirler." ("Guards Joint is challenging the Turkish clubs. The Turkish clubs can gather any reinforcements to their clubs for this game whose winner will be awarded a trophy which will be named after the Head Commander.")  Fenerbahçe replied briefly, with another announcement which was printed in the newspapers the following days: "Fenerbahçe Kulübü yalnız kendi kadrosuyla bu maçı şartsız olarak kabul eder." ("Fenerbahçe Club accepts this proposal with only its own squad, unconditionally.")

Match performance
The game took place in the Taksim Stadium on 29 June 1923. The Governor of Malta, Lord Herbert Plumer watched the game from the VIP area with General Harington.

The game was close, with the Guards Joint taking the lead in the first half. Fenerbahçe SK took control of the game in the second half, beginning with Zeki Rıza's game-tying goal in the 61st minute.

Zeki Rıza scored the go-ahead goal in the 74th minute. Fenerbahçe SK won 2–1 and was awarded the trophy.

Details

The trophy
The huge trophy is considered an important trophy that Fenerbahçe won against the occupying forces. It is made of silver and is one meter tall (approximately 3 feet, 4 inches).

External links
Harington Cup at fenerbahce.org
Harington Cup in youtube

References

Fenerbahçe S.K. (football) matches
Sport in Istanbul
Sport in Kadıköy
Defunct football cup competitions in Turkey
History of football in Turkey
1922–23 in Turkish football

General Harington Cup