Stage Door Records is a UK-based label founded in 2007 by Tim Hutton that specializes in cast recordings and vocalist albums from stars of stage and screen. The label has issued a number of cast albums on CD for the first time, including Mutiny! (original London cast with David Essex) and Colette (original London cast with Cleo Laine). Other cast albums include Napoleon, The Far Pavilions, Out of the Blue and Beautiful and Damned.

Stage Door has also released vocalist albums by Twiggy, Anthony Newley, Shirley Jones and Steve Barton.

Throughout 2011, Stage Door recorded West End leading lady Meredith Braun's debut solo album Someone Else's Story released in March 2012.

Stage Door is distributed in the United Kingdom through Proper Note.

List of releases

STAGE 9000: Shirley Bassey - The Early Years
STAGE 9001: Wish You Were Here (Original Broadway Cast Recording)
STAGE 9002: On Your Toes / Pal Joey (Studio Cast Recordings)
STAGE 9003: New Faces Of 1956 / Mrs. Patterson (Original Broadway Cast Recording)
STAGE 9004: Ruggles Of Red Gap (Original Television Cast)
STAGE 9005: Gloria Swanson in Boulevard! (Concept Cast Recording)
STAGE 9006: Selections From Cole Porter's Anything Goes
STAGE 9007: Dee Shipman - She Isn't Me
STAGE 9008: Shirley Jones - Then & Now
STAGE 9009: Living For Pleasure (Original London Cast)
STAGE 9010: Hermione Gingold - Live At The Cafe De Paris
STAGE 9011: Lillian Roth - I'll Cry Tomorrow
STAGE 9012: Julie Andrews - Musicality
STAGE 9013: Gigi (Studio Cast Recordings)
STAGE 9014: Charles Aznavour - Believe In Me
STAGE 9015: Napoleon (Original Toronto Cast Recording)
STAGE 9016: Spotlight On Larry Kert
STAGE 9017: Steve Barton - Only For A While
STAGE 9018: Twiggy - Gotta Sing, Gotta Dance
STAGE 9019: The Far Pavilions (Concept Cast Recording)
STAGE 9020: Once Upon A Time (Studio Cast Recording)
STAGE 9021: Colette (Original London Cast Recording)
STAGE 9022: Anthony Newley - Newley Discovered
STAGE 9023: Steve Barton - Encore
STAGE 9024: Beautiful And Damned (Concept Cast Recording)
STAGE 9025: Out Of The Blue (Original London Cast Recording)
STAGE 9026: Mutiny! (Original London Cast Recording)
STAGE 9027: J'Accuse...! - The Passions Of Émile Zola (Original Concept Recording)
STAGE 9028: The Sound Of Music (Original Australian Cast Recording)
STAGE 9029: Meredith Braun - Someone Else's Story
STAGE 9030: Dave Willetts - Once In A Lifetime: The 25th Anniversary Collection
STAGE 9031: Anthony Newley - The Last Song: The Final Recordings
STAGE 9032: Chita Rivera - Chita! / And Now I Sing!
STAGE 9033: Privates On Parade (Original London Cast Recording)
STAGE 9034: Andy Capp (Original London Cast Recording)
STAGE 9048: Drake's Dream (Original London Cast Recording)

References

External links

British record labels
Musical theatre record labels
2007 establishments in the United Kingdom
British companies established in 2007

Stage Door Records


The Traveling Wilburys were a British–American rock supergroup.  It was a group of five singers who came together to make two albums, groups of songs sold together.  The Traveling Wilburys were Tom Petty, Roy Orbison, Bob Dylan, George Harrison, and Jeff Lynne.  They made two albums: The Traveling Wilburys: Volume 1 and The Traveling Wilburys: Volume 3.  Rolling Stone said Volume 1 was one of the 100 best albums of all time.

Beginning

The Traveling Wilburys started in 1988.  The international department at Warner Brothers Records asked George Harrison to write a B-side song for his single, This Is Love.  In vinyl records, there is one song (or group of songs) on the top of the disc, and then the user can pick the disc up, turn it over, and have the record player play music on the bottom of the disc.  The top is called the A side and the bottom is called the B side.  In the late 1980s, most record companies sold single records with a famous song on the A side and a new song on the B side.  Harrison wrote Handle with Care to be the B-side for This Is Love. Because some of Harrison's friends were there keeping him company, they decided to sing Handle with Care together.  The record company decided Handle with Care was too good a song to be a B-side, so they asked the men if they would make a whole album.

They did some of the recording in Bob Dylan's own studio in his outbuilding for his car.  They did some of the work in Dave Stewart's kitchen.  Stewart was in the band the Eurythmics.

Name

The name "Traveling Wilburys" comes from "We'll bury." When he was recording his album Cloud Nine, Harrison noticed some errors in the recording and said "Well bury them in the mix."  At first the band was the Trembling Wilburys but they changed it to the Traveling Wilburys.

The musicians used pretend names for the album: George Harrison was "Nelson Wilbury," Bob Dylan was "Lucky Wilbury," Roy Orbison was "Lefty Wilbury," Tom Petty was "Charlie T. Jr.," and Jeff Lynne was "Otis Wilbury." This was meant as a joke and not to trick anyone.  The Wilburys were five fictional brothers who all had the same father, Charlie T. Wilbury Sr., but different mothers.

Inside the paper around the album, there was also a pretend history of the Wilburys: "The original Wilburys were a stationary people who, realizing that their civilization could not stand still for ever, began to go for short walks – not the 'traveling' as we now know it, but certainly as far as the corner and back."

Songs
The Traveling Wilburys' first album, Traveling Wilburys: Volume 1 was released in 1988.  It reached #3 on Billboard's list of very good albums and sold enough copies for triple platinum.

Handle with Care
Dirty World
Rattled
Last Night
Not Alone Any More
Congratulations
Heading for the Light
Margarita
Tweeter and the Monkey Man
End of the Line

The song Tweeter and the Monkey Man was written to make fun of the kinds of songs written by Bruce Springsteen up to that point.

The Traveling Wilburys' second album, Traveling Wilburys: Volume 3 was released in 1990.  Its title is not a mistake.  Harrison skipped the number 2 on purpose.

References

American rock bands
Musical groups established in 1988

Traveling Wilburys


The 14th New Jersey monument is a memorial monument located on the Monocacy battlefield in Frederick, Maryland, United States. It stands to honor the men of the volunteer force that protected the Monocacy Junction during the crucial winter of 1863-1864.  Their halting of Confederate troops from advancing Northward played a significant role in the Union territory control.

Construction and dedication

"The monument is constructed of granite and measures about 24 feet high, topped by a sculpture of an infantry soldier. The front of the monument features a Greek cross along with two bronze tablets.  The 14th New Jersey Monument was the first of five monuments to be erected on the battlefield. The dedication ceremony, held on July 11, 1907, was attended by 180 survivors of the regiment."

The monument was restored and rededicated in 2007.

References

Monuments and memorials in Maryland
1907 sculptures
Granite sculptures in Maryland
1907 establishments in Maryland
Outdoor sculptures in Maryland

14th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry Monument


Hereford Cathedral is a church in the town of Hereford. The present building was started in 1079. Before that there were two other cathedrals. It is the seat of the Bishop of Hereford.

The most famous treasure in Hereford Cathedral is the Mappa Mundi, a mediæval map of the world dating from the 13th century. The cathedral is a Grade I listed building.

The building of the cathedral
The first Hereford Cathedral was a stone building from the 7th century. After about 200 years it was changed, but then it was burnt down in 1056 by Welsh and Irish soldiers. The rebuilding started in 1079 and it was finished around 1140.

Many changes have been made since that time. The cathedral originally had Norman architecture, but not much of that has survived. By the end of the 13th century most of it had been changed. The changes continued in the 14th century when the central tower was rebuilt. Many other parts were added, the last big change was the adding of the main north entrance finished in 1535. This was mostly the cathedral we see today.

Today's cathedral

The Norman columns and arches of the nave have some decorations. They are original, done in the early 12th century. In the south aisle of the nave there are two tombs dating from the 14th century tombs. They are for members of the clergy but we do not know who they are. There is a tomb for Sir Richard Pembridge who was a Knight of the Garter.

There is a modern rood screen, a big lantern, and a reredos (a screen or decoration behind the altar). The Lady Chapel has lancet windows (tall, narrow windows) and lots of ornaments. There is a bit of ancient ironwork in the tomb of Bishop Booth who had the porch built There is also a large Norman font. The north transept was built in the Decorated Gothic. It has the shrine of St. Thomas of Hereford. The north window has some beautiful 19th century stained glass.

The tomb of the shrine of Bishop Cantilupe is built of Purbeck marble. The south transept may be the oldest part of the cathedral. The choir (the part of the cathedral where the choir sit), has many beautiful features. There is a reredos which represents Jesus on the cross. Two pointed arches show Christ with angels and the four evangelists. There is also a very strange, old Episcopal chair.

Music
The organ was built in 1892 by Henry Willis. It is one of the best organs he made. Organists of the past include John Bull and Samuel Sebastian Wesley. Today the organist is Geraint Bowen. There has been a choir at Hereford Cathedral from at least as far back as the 13th century. Hereford Cathedral is one of the three cathedrals which house the Three Choirs Festival. In the tower there are 10 bells. They are often called the "Grand Old Lady".

Special treasures
The famous Hereford Mappa Mundi (Map of the World) dates from the 13th century. It is the largest (except for one) map from that period drawn on a single sheet of vellum. It was ignored for many years, then in 1855 it was cleaned and repaired at the British Museum. It shows the world as round, with the ocean all around it. It was nearly sold in the 1980s, but money was found to build a library where it could be hung. This is where it is now.

Another famous document is one of only four copies of the Magna Carta to survive. It is kept very carefully, and sometimes shown to the public in the library next to the Mappa Mundi.

Gallery

Related pages
 English Gothic architecture
 Romanesque architecture

References

Other websites

 Official site

Anglican cathedrals in England
Hereford
11th-century buildings and structures

Hereford Cathedral


The First Day on the Somme () is a First World War military history book by Martin Middlebrook, first published in 1971 and still in print, which is regarded as a seminal work in the field of World War I scholarship reflecting England's perspective in the conflict. Its text covers in detail the events leading up to and during 1 July 1916, the first day of the Battle of the Somme, concentrating almost exclusively on the British Army's experiences and focussing only in relief on French Army's contribution, especially south of the Somme River.

Early chapters deal with the formation of Kitchener's Army (New Army), which comprised a substantial part of the British Army's order of battle for the day, and the origins and planning of the Somme offensive. The coverage of the fighting is divided by time of day, starting with the hours leading up to "zero", followed by "zero hour", the morning, afternoon and night, with review chapters between each to sum up the fighting. The book concludes with the aftermath of the first day and a calculation of the cost of the fighting. The British casualty figures compiled by Middlebrook are often quoted as the definitive tally for 1 July.

Throughout the book Middlebrook uses quotations from soldiers involved in the fighting on the day, following ten men's stories. These men presenting a cross-section of the British Army of 1916 — Regular Army, New Army and Territorial Force — with ranks from privates up to battalion commander (lieutenant colonel).

See also

First day on the Somme

External links
 A letter from Middlebrook describing the writing of The First Day on the Somme

1971 non-fiction books
History books about World War I
Works about the Battle of the Somme

The First Day on the Somme


Bradley James Haddin (born 23 October 1977), is a former Australian cricketer, vice-captain and coach who represented Australia in all three forms of international cricket. He played domestically for New South Wales as a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper. Haddin was a member of the Australian World cup winning squad at both the 2007 Cricket World Cup the 2015 Cricket World Cup and played for the Sydney Sixers in the Big Bash League.

Domestic and club career
Haddin's family moved to Queanbeyan in 1989 when he was 12 and he played for the Queanbeyan District Cricket Club Juniors to the age of 15 before joining the Australian National University Grade Cricket Club, representing 1st grade at age 16. Haddin was selected in the first ever Mercantile Mutual Cup season of 1997–98 for the ACT Comets, with whom he began his professional cricketing career. In the 1999–2000 season, he began playing for the New South Wales Blues to pursue further cricketing opportunities. Since then, he has produced several memorable batting innings, including a top score of 133 against Victoria. Haddin was signed by Chennai Super Kings in the 2010 IPL. In the 2011 Indian Premier League season, Haddin was contracted by Kolkata Knight Riders for US$325,000.

On 26 September 2012, Haddin scored a century in a Sheffield Shield match against Tasmania at the Bankstown Oval, his first since his century in the first Ashes test against England in November 2010.

In November 2015 Haddin made his return to the ACT Comets for the first time since the 1998–99 season, where he played a Futures League match and made a century in his first innings, ending on 104 off 100 balls, making him only the sixth player to score a century on debut.

Haddin played for Islamabad United in the Pakistan Super League held in the UAE in February 2016. He was retained by United's team management for 2nd season.

International career

In September 2003, Haddin replaced Simon Katich as captain of New South Wales, while Katich was on international duty, and he has since been acting-captain on numerous occasions. He has also captained Australia A. For most of his career Haddin was Australia A wicketkeeper but was drafted into the full squad as back-up wicketkeeper in case Adam Gilchrist was injured or rested. He made his international debut in a one-day international on 30 January 2001 against Zimbabwe in Hobart. He made one stumping and made 13 runs. He was demoted from second choice wicket keeper for Australia in 2001 by Wade Seccombe and later Ryan Campbell, but reclaimed this position in late 2004. He was called up as part of Australia's 2005 Ashes squad but was not used throughout the series.

On 18 September 2006, playing against West Indies at Kuala Lumpur in the DLF Cup, Haddin and Australian captain Mike Hussey put on 165, which at that time was a world-record stand for the sixth wicket in ODIs. After Gilchrist's retirement in early 2008, Haddin finally made his Test debut on 22 May against the West Indies at Kingston, Jamaica, becoming Australia's 400th Test cricketer.

Haddin was involved in a controversy relating to the dismissal of Neil Broom in an ODI between Australia and New Zealand in Perth in February 2009. Broom was given out bowled but replays clearly showed that Haddin's gloves had disturbed the bails. New Zealand captain Daniel Vettori expressed his dissatisfaction with Haddin's actions in not calling Broom back to the wicket. His comment led to an angry retort from Australian captain Ricky Ponting. Ponting defended his teammate saying that Haddin was convinced the ball hit the stumps. On 15 February 2009, Haddin became acting Australian captain for the Twenty20 against New Zealand after Ricky Ponting was rested and Michael Clarke was injured.

On 9 March 2010, in the third match of the 2009–10 Chappell-Hadlee One Day International series against New Zealand, Haddin scored his second ODI hundred, hitting 110 off 121 balls opening the Australian innings. He was ruled out of the 2010 ODI series in England due to an elbow injury, which he claims flared up when he smashed that century against New Zealand in March.

On 27 November 2010, in the opening match of The Ashes series 2010–11 at the Gabba, Brisbane, Haddin scored 136, his third test hundred, in a valuable innings that helped Australia to a commanding first innings lead. He went on in the series to collect 360 runs at an average of 45.00. He was dropped for Australia's Twenty20 series against England in January 2011 in favour of Tim Paine, a decision which Haddin said had left him "confused". He retired from T20 internationals in September 2011, to focus on ODIs and Tests. He was axed from the ODI team in January 2012 after a poor 2011 home season. At this point, he remained the first choice wicket-keeper for Australia in Tests, but the emergence of Matthew Wade threatened his place. Inevitably, in October 2012, Haddin was axed from the Test team, making way for Wade, although the national selector John Inverarity stated that Haddin remained a "player of significant interest".

Haddin was recalled to the Australia squad for the 2013 Ashes series, was named as vice-captain and selected as wicketkeeper for the first test. During the series, Haddin set a new record for the most dismissals by a wicketkeeper in a Test series with 29 dismissals, all caught. Haddin was a member of the team which regained Ashes at Perth after four years. He famously said after the win "We've got them back!"

During 2013–14 Ashes series, Haddin became only the second wicket-keeper to hit five half-centuries in a Test series. His total of 493 runs broke the record for most runs in a series by an Australian wicket-keeper.  Haddin also scored 118 during the first innings of the Adelaide test, combining in a 200 run partnership with Michael Clarke.

On 15 December 2014, with Cricket Australia pursuing "a longer-term view" in regards to the leadership of the Test Team, a 37-year-old Haddin was replaced permanently as vice-captain by Steve Smith.

Retirement
Haddin retired from ODI cricket in May 2015 after the 2015 Cricket World Cup as part of the winning team.

Haddin's test career was swiftly ended by head coach Lehmann in July during the 2015 Ashes series, after missing the second Test due to his ill daughter. His replacement Peter Nevill was reported as batting and keeping well in his debut Test. Former Australian wicket-keeper Ian Healy called the decision a "harsh call".

He wrote an autobiography entitled My Family Keeper (2013) about his life and his daughter's fight with a form of cancer called neuroblastoma.

He became the ambassador for his home ground, Sydney Cricket Ground (SCG) along with Steve Smith after his retirement. Haddin announced his retirement from international and first class cricket with New South Wales on 9 September 2015.

Coaching career
Haddin was appointed fielding coach for the Australia national cricket team in 2018.

Haddin was appointed as Assistant coach for Sunrisers Hyderabad in 2019.

Haddin was appointed as Assistant coach for Punjab Kings in October 2022 ahead of the 2023 Indian Premier League.

References

1977 births
Living people
ACT Comets cricketers
Australian cricketers
Australian cricket captains
Australia One Day International cricketers
Australia Test cricketers
Australia Twenty20 International cricketers
Cricketers at the 2007 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 2015 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers from New South Wales
New South Wales cricketers
Kolkata Knight Riders cricketers
People from Cowra
Sydney Sixers cricketers
2016 Pakistan Super League
2017 Pakistan Super League
Islamabad United cricketers
Wicket-keepers

Brad Haddin


Douglas Fairbanks was a silent movie actor. He was born on May 23, 1883. He is best known for The Thief of Bagdad, Robin Hood, and The Mark of Zorro. He was a "swashbuckler" in the movies. A swashbuckler is an athletic, romantic hero. He married Mary Pickford in 1920. They lived in a Hollywood home called Pickfair. He was called "The King of Hollywood". His movie career went south when the "talkies" came along. Fairbanks was also a screenwriter, a director, and a producer. He was a founding member of both United Artists and the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. He hosted the first Oscars Ceremony in 1929. He died on December 12, 1939. His son, Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. was also an actor.

Other websites

 The Douglas Fairbanks Museum
 AFI Catalog Silent Films entry for Douglas Fairbanks

  Douglas Fairbanks(exclusively a stage star in 1910); PeriodPaper.com

1883 births
1939 deaths
Silent movie actors
American stage actors
Deaths from myocardial infarction

Douglas Fairbanks


Josef "Seppl" Veltjens (2 June 1894 – 6 October 1943)  was a German World War I fighter ace credited with 35 victories. In later years, he served as an international arms dealer, as well as a personal emissary from Hermann Göring to Benito Mussolini. He was awarded Pour le Mérite, the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, and the Iron Cross.

Early life
Josef Veltjens was born in Geldern, Rhineland, Imperial Germany, the son of a factory manager. He attended the Humanistic High School in Berlin, then the Technical University in Charlottenburg, where he read mechanical engineering. His prime interest was internal combustion engines.

He enlisted in the Kaiserin Augusta Guards Regiment Number 4 on 3 August 1914. Four days later, he and his regiment were at the front. When his column was attacked by the French, Veltjens and three others tried unsuccessfully to defend it. The vehicles were set on fire. As a straggler, Veltjens joined Infantry Regiment Number 8. Promotion to Vizefeldwebel (literally vice-sergeant) rapidly followed. After several requests, he was sent for aviation training.

World War I service
On 2 December 1915, at Johannisthal near Berlin, Veltjens first soloed in a plane. He took his pilot's examination on 15 December after three solo flights. Without waiting for his official pilot's ticket, he took advantage of the confusion of the holiday season to take himself to Tergnier.

He was posted as a member of Flieger Abteilung 23 on 10 May 1916, to fly reconnaissance missions. Because of his success, he was commissioned as a Leutnant der Reserve (lieutenant in the reserves). He served there with another future ace, Rudolf Berthold. From there, he moved on to single-seat fighters with Royal Prussian Jagdstaffel 14 when Berthold was given its command.

Veltjens scored his first victory, over a SPAD, on 14 April 1917. He was flying an Albatros D.III at the time, with his own personal aircraft marking of a white barbed arrow pointed back from the scarlet nose down the length of the royal blue fuselage. By 1 June, he had downed three more SPADs and a Farman. Berthold mentored him through this, but was very demanding.

Veltjens was then transferred to Royal Prussian Jasta 18 in August at commanding officer Berthold's request. This Jasta was then operating Albatros D.Vs and Fokker Dr.1s. Veltjens first scored for them on 16 September 1917; he scored his ninth victory on 15 November to close out 1917.

He marked up his tenth kill on 18 February 1918. He was then reassigned to Jasta 15 the following month. This was an interesting swap, in which Berthold took his pilots with him when he transferred; Jasta 15s pilots in turn became Jasta 18. The exchange meant Berthold, Veltjens, and the rest of the new Jasta 15 were now part of the prestigious Jagdgeschwader II. Jasta 15 would soon be re-equipped with the Fokker D.VII.

Veltjens rose to its command on 18 May, on the same day he scored his 13th victory. He was appointed to replace an officer suspected of conspiring to have the wounded Berthold removed as JG II commander. May also saw Veltjens awarded the First Class Iron Cross, followed by the Knight's Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern on 20 May, followed by the Pour le Merite on 16 August 1918.

By 10 August 1918, Veltjens' score had risen to 23. In that day's fighting his score rose two more. It also marked the day Berthold collided with a British DH.4 and crashed into a house; he survived, but his injuries hospitalized him to the war's end. Veltjens shot down two Caudrons and an RAF SE.5a the following day.

Another Hauptmann (captain) was appointed to his command, but Veltjens was chosen to lead JG II into aerial combat. Berthold temporarily escaped from hospital on the 12th despite serious injuries and returned to resume command. The commander of two days surrendered his position. Berthold was ordered the following day to return to hospital and turn command of the entire Jagdschwader over to Veltjens, who promptly turned leadership of Jasta 15 over to his former pilot in FFA 23, his old friend Joachim von Ziegesar. Three days later, on 16 August, Veltjens received the "Blue Max", as the Pour le Mérite was nicknamed.

His victory total was 31 when he went on leave, leaving Oscar Freiherr von Boenigk in charge. Upon his return, he resumed command of JG II on 28 September, only to be bumped down once again to command Jasta 15 from 12 October to Armistice Day. During this time, he raised his victory total to 35.

Between the wars
Veltjens joined Freikorps Gerstenberg in the aftermath of Germany's defeat. He was wounded three times while commanding an armoured car in a January 1919 assault on Spartakists (German communists) in Bremen.

He followed this with a spell as a merchant sailor on his own sailing ship, the Merkur, a 100-ton vessel. By helping the German Navy to rearm in secrecy, he drifted into arms dealing. This became his lifelong business. He supplied Mustafa Kemal Atatürk for the establishment of the Turkish Republic and Chiang Kai-shek for the unification of a nationalist China.

He joined both the Nazi Party and its Brownshirts (Sturmabteilung, SA) in 1929, as one of the early adherents. This did not last long: after a face-to-face confrontation with Hitler in 1931, he resigned from the party and the SA. This put him on the blacklist of the SS (Schutzstaffel), who repeatedly arrested him. His World War I comrade, Hermann Göring, managed to protect him.

In 1935, Mussolini requested arms from Germany to support him in the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, and Göring delegated the task of supply to Veltjens. The United Kingdom and France were actually the official allies of Italy at the time in order to stop Italy from getting too close to Germany, but refrained from supplying arms because both warring countries were members of the League of Nations.

Just before the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in March 1936, Colonel Veltjens was contacted by Infante Alfonso, Duke of Galliera, Infante of Spain, who lived in Portugal at the time. He asked Veltjens to assist with the supply of arms to the generals, who planned a coup d'état against the newly elected leftist alliance.

In late 1936, Veltjens was instrumental in founding a shipping company of three vessels to supply munitions to the Nationalists. His shipments could be as large as ten million rounds of ammunition at a time, or half a dozen fighter planes. He specialised in transporting high explosives, although he once shipped a brigade of 600 Irish Blueshirts to the war.

Veltjens was requested by the Soviets to also supply the Spanish Republicans. This deal was cut in Paris. However, the cargo was not arms, but a load of rocks, loaded in boxes and disguised by a layer of boxes with rifles on top. The shipment went through Stockholm, where it was transferred to a Russian freighter, which took it to Gijón in the north of Spain. This operation got him into trouble with the Swedish government. The proceeds were, after costs, donated to a charity for German widows of the Spanish Civil War, and to General Emilio Mola's war chest. He later added a few more ships to his fleet, which sailed under the Panamanian flag to disguise German involvement.

Veltjens was paid by both sides in British pounds sterling. When Hitler later decided to support Franco, he did so in secrecy at first, but Veltjens was allowed by Göring to continue his private dealings, mainly because of his possession of tungsten and molybdenum necessary for the prompt production of his orders.

When Finland was about to be attacked by Soviet Union in November 1939, Veltjens was approached by the Finns in the hope that he could help with the supply of arms, since Hitler had prohibited direct arms shipments from Germany in order to avoid provoking Soviet Union. However Veltjens was able to ship some quantities of arms and ammunition from various countries at extremely short notice. He later received a Finnish decoration, the Commander Cross First Class with Swords of the Order of the White Rose of Finland.

World War II
Veltjens was recalled into the Luftwaffe at the start of World War II.

In August 1940, Veltjens, with the rank of Oberstleutnant (lieutenant colonel), served as Göring's personal emissary in negotiations with Finland just before the Continuation War. Despite his relatively low rank, he ended up dealing with Prime Minister Ryti and Marshal Mannerheim because of his close, albeit secret, prior relations with them before and during the Winter War. These negotiations resulted in a trade-off; German troops would have unhindered transit through Finnish territory in exchange for arms that the Finns could use against a threatened Russian encroachment.

As a result of the so-called Veltjens-Agreement in 1941, German troops moved into Finland beginning on 8 June 1941.

Oberst Veltjens' next assignment was as special plenipotentiary against black marketing in occupied Europe, beginning in May, 1942. It was his job to be sure only authorised German conglomerates bought the goods needed by that country.

In 1943 during World War II, Veltjens also served as Göring's emissary to Benito Mussolini in Salò. He was to negotiate the distribution of the Italian National Reserves of gold bullion that had been removed from Rome to Milan by the SS. This involved its allocation as payment of Italy's debts on behalf of the various stakeholders, including the Kingdom of Italy, the new Italian Social Republic, Germany and lastly the Swiss National Bank as the major creditor. Before his subsequent flight from Milan to Rome to finalise aspects of his negotiations, Veltjens' pilot had been warned of the possibility of Allied fighters in the area, and elected to fly low across the Apennine Mountains. However, on 6 October 1943 the Junkers 52 crashed into Monte Cervellino, Veltjens and all but one of the crew died as a result.

Veltjens was originally buried in Italy, but his body was later transferred home to Lübeck, Germany.

End notes

References

 Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. Norman Franks, Frank W. Bailey, Russell Guest. Grub Street, 1993. , .
 Albatros Aces of World War 1, Part 2. Greg VanWyngarden. Osprey Publishing, 2007.
 Fokker D VII Aces of World War 1. Norman Franks, Greg VanWyngarden. Osprey Publishing, 2003.
 Hitler and Spain: The Nazi Role in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939, Robert H. Whealey. University Press of Kentucky, 2005.
 Jagdgeschwader Nr II Geschwader 'Berthold' (Aviation Elite Units). Greg VanWyngarden. Osprey Press, 2005.
 Seppl, a step ahead of politics. Klaus Veltjens. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2009.
 Tobacco, Arms, and Politics: Greece and Germany from World Crisis to World War, 1929-41 Mogens Pelt. Museum Tusculanum Press, 1998.
 Wartime Administration, Economy, and Manpower Resources 1942–1944/5. Bernhard R. Kroener. Oxford University Press, 2003

External links
 http://www.theaerodrome.com/aces/germany/veltjens.php Accessed 26/27 September 2008.
 http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/veltjens.htm Accessed 26/27 September 2008.
 http://www.pourlemerite.org/  Accessed 27 September 2008.
 :de:Joseph Veltjens  Accessed 26/27 September 2008.
 https://web.archive.org/web/20080914111052/http://www.socsci.flinders.edu.au/scanlink/nornotes/vol4/articles/gnezda.html Accessed 27 September 2008.
 http://www.univ-paris8.fr/histoire/wp-content/uploads/2007/03/frenchpoliticscultureandsociety-2007.pdf  Accessed 24 July 2020.
 http://www.fliegerrevue.de/fr_extra.asp?PG=157&AID=18596  Accessed 26/27 September 2008.
 http://www.flieger-album.de/geschichte/portraits/portraitjosefveltjens.php Accessed 26/27 September 2008.
 http://www.oldgloryprints.com/Queen%20of%20the%20Prussian%20Sky.htm Accessed 27 September 2008.

1894 births
1943 deaths
People from Geldern
Military personnel from the Rhine Province
German World War I flying aces
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
Luftstreitkräfte personnel
20th-century Freikorps personnel
German people of the Spanish Civil War
Prussian Army personnel
Military personnel from North Rhine-Westphalia
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in Italy
Luftwaffe personnel killed in World War II
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1943
Nazi Party members

Josef Veltjens


Nyon is a municipality in the district of Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is found 25 kilometers north of Geneva, and is part of the Geneva metropolitan area. The town has (as of 2006) 17,267 people.

History
Nyon was built by the Romans between 50 BCE and 44 BCE, and was called "Colonia Iulia Equestris" or "Colonia Equestris Noiodunum". It grew to be one of the most important Roman colonies in modern-day Switzerland, with a forum, a basilica and an amphitheater that was discovered in 1996.

Modern Day Nyon
Today, Nyon has a high school (Gymnase de Nyon), a hospital, a movie theatre, hotels, restaurants, cafes and a popular tourist attraction - the castle.
In the last week of July each year, Nyon hosts the Paléo Festival - a huge music festival.

Other websites

Official website of the town (available in French, English and German)
Web site of the Roman Museum of Nyon (same languages as above link)
Paléo Festival
Rugby Club Nyon
Ultimate Frisbee Club, Les Mange-Disques de Nyon
La Redoute, Popular neighbourhood of Nyon

Municipalities in Nyon
Cities in Switzerland

Nyon


Theophilus Toulmin Garrard (June 7, 1812 – March 15, 1902) was a politician, Union general in the American Civil War, farmer, and businessman.

Early life and career
Garrard was born in Clay County, Kentucky near Manchester at the Goose Creek Salt Works (later Union Salt Works) to Colonel Daniel Garrard (1780–1886) and Lucinda Jane Toulmin (1790–1849).  He was a grandson of Kentucky Governor James Garrard and cousin of Israel Garrard, Jeptha Garrard, and Kenner Garrard.  Garrard attended Centre College in Danville, Kentucky.

On March 26, 1832, Garrard married Nancy Brawner, who died on March 31, just five days after their wedding.  He then married Lucinda "Lucy" Burnham Lees on March 9, 1849; together they had eleven children, six boys and five girls.

Garrard ran for office in the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1841 and 1842, but was defeated both times.  He ran again in 1843, beating his opponent General Elijah Combs.  He was reelected in 1844 with no opposition.

During the Mexican-American War he served as a captain of Company E, 16th U.S. Infantry, from March 5, 1847, until August 5, 1849, but never saw combat.  Four companies, Garrard's included, were stationed at Cerralvo, Mexico on the Rio Grande, with the remaining six companies at Monterrey.  Garrard stated, "I think the 8 months I stayed there were the most pleasant part of my life.  The Mexicans were fond of us.  We had no trouble with them.  The climate was pleasant and everything went well."

Garrard left Kentucky in 1849 to seek his fortune in the California Gold Rush, but returned to Kentucky in 1850, not having found a fortune.  He won a seat in the Kentucky Senate in 1857 and resigned in 1859 to run for the United States Congress, but was defeated by Green Adams.  He was elected again to the Kentucky Senate on August 4, 1861, but declined to serve as he had received his commission as colonel July 27, 1861.

Although a staunch Unionist, Garrard was a slave owner.  The 1840 U.S. Census shows that he owned 11 slaves.  By 1860, his total worth was $20,000 (over $694,000 in 2007 dollars), and he owned nine slaves thus making him the sixth wealthiest citizen of Clay County.

Civil War
At the outbreak of the Civil War Garrard was authorized to raise a regiment of infantry.  He personally recruited eight companies:  two from Clay County, two from Laurel County, two from Knox County, and two from Whitley County.  Garrard was appointed colonel of the 7th Kentucky Infantry on September 22, 1861.

He commanded the 7th Kentucky Infantry at the Battle of Camp Wildcat, during the Cumberland Gap Campaign, and a detachment of men at the Battle of Perryville from the 7th Kentucky, 32nd Kentucky Infantry, and 3rd Tennessee Infantry who had escaped the Battle of Richmond.  Garrard remained with the 7th Kentucky until winter 1862 when he was assigned to the staff of Brigadier General Samuel P. Carter.

Garrard was promoted to brigadier general to date from November 29, 1862, and ordered to report to Major General Benjamin M. Prentiss at Helena, Arkansas.  While at Milliken's Bend, Louisiana, near the end of March 1863, Garrard lost central vision in his left eye.  His attending surgeon suggested that he had some "obscure disease" behind the eye and advised Garrard to see another physician.  Garrard reported to the Union Army medical director at Cincinnati in July 1863.  The surgeon there determined he had a rupture within the eye and that it was incurable.  Garrard remained at Cincinnati until leaving for Memphis on September 12, 1863.

Garrard was assigned command of the District of Somerset, which included four other nearby towns, August 1863-January 17, 1864; this command was broken into the Subdistrict of Somerset, which he also commanded November 6-December 1863.  On January 17, 1864, he was placed in command of the District of the Clinch, a mixed brigade of infantry and cavalry, posted at Cumberland Gap.  His primary responsibilities included supervision of the construction of military roads within his jurisdiction.

Garrard was honorably mustered out of the service on April 4, 1864, due to his vision issues.  He returned to his home in Clay County, where he farmed and operated the salt works.  Pension records indicate that he had lost complete sight in his left eye and nearly all in his right eye.

Later life
Garrard spent the remainder of his life in Clay County farming and operating the Union Salt Works, which he rebuilt after they were burned by Union soldiers during the war to prevent their use by Confederate forces.  He died on March 15, 1902, in the same home in which he was born.  Garrard is buried in the family cemetery at Garrard, Kentucky.

Honors
The Brigadier General Theophilus T. Garrard Camp #4, Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War is named in his honor.

See also

List of American Civil War generals (Union)

Notes

References
 Eicher, John H. and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands (Stanford, CA:  Stanford University Press), 2001.
 "Theophilus Toulmin Garrard", The Kentucky Encyclopedia, John E. Kleber (ed.) (Lexington:  The University Press of Kentucky), 1992.
 "Theophilus T. Garrard in His Own Words", The Kentucky Explorer, October 1996.
 Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Blue:  Lives of the Union Commanders (Baton Rouge:  Louisiana State University Press), 1964.

External links

Garrard's account of his Civil War service
Garrard Camp #4, SUVCW

1812 births
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
Kentucky Unionists
Centre College alumni
People from Clay County, Kentucky
People of Kentucky in the American Civil War
Union Army generals
1902 deaths
American slave owners

Theophilus T. Garrard


The Błyskawica (Polish: 'lightning') was a submachine gun produced by the Armia Krajowa, or Home Army, a Polish resistance movement fighting the Germans in occupied Poland. Together with a Polish version of the Sten sub-machine gun, with which it shares some design elements, it was the only weapon mass-produced covertly in occupied Europe during World War II.

History
In September 1942, engineer Wacław Zawrotny proposed to the Armia Krajowa command that he and his colleagues prepare a project of a cheap, home-made machine pistol for use by the Polish resistance. Its main feature was its simplicity, so that the weapon could be made even in small workshops, by inexperienced engineers. The idea was accepted, and Zawrotny, together with his colleague Seweryn Wielanier, prepared a project of a sub-machine gun, soon afterward named  (Polish for 'lightning'). To allow for easier production, all parts of the weapon were joined together with screws and threads rather than bolts and welding, which were commonly used in firearm production since the 17th century.

The design was based on two of the most popular submachine guns of the era. The external construction with a retractable butt and magazine mounted below the gun was borrowed from the successful German MP 40. The internal design of the mechanism was modeled after the British Sten. The blowback action with an open bolt offered good performance and high reliability. Unlike the Sten, and its Polish clone called the Polski Sten, it employed a free-floating firing pin and two springs behind the bolt – one served as the return spring and the other as the buffer spring (similar to the later Sterling submachine gun). The weapon was designed in this fashion so that resistance army members could use any captured stocks of German MP40 ammunition cartridges.

The documentation was ready by April 1943, and by September a prototype was ready After extensive tests in the forests outside of Zielonka near Warsaw, the weapon was presented to the commanding officer of the KeDyw, August Emil Fieldorf, who found the design acceptable. In November the plans were sent to a number of workshops spread throughout occupied Poland and a serial production run was initiated. The name was coined after the three lightning bolts carved on the prototype by its designers, pre-war workers of the Elektrit company that used a similar logo.

The production started in a workshop officially producing metal fence nets in Warsaw. After the tests of a prototype series of five pistols, the KeDyw ordered 1000, and later an additional 300. Until July 1944 and the start of Operation Tempest roughly 600 pieces were built in Warsaw. During the Warsaw Uprising an additional 40 were built. It is also possible that the Błyskawica was also produced in small quantities outside of Warsaw.

Bibliography

Kazimierz Satora, Produkcja Uzbrojenia w Polskim Ruch Oporu 1939–45, Warsaw 1985
Kazimierz Satora, Podziemne zbrojownie polskie 1939–1944, Dom Wydawniczy Bellona, Warsaw 2001

See also
 KIS (weapon)

References

World War II submachine guns
Submachine guns of Poland
Science and technology in Poland
9mm Parabellum submachine guns
Insurgency weapons

Błyskawica submachine gun


Kingdom Hearts II is a video game from the Kingdom Hearts series for PlayStation 2. It has the characters of the Final Fantasy series and Walt Disney characters; for example Donald Duck, Goofy and Mickey Mouse. Kingdom Hearts II starts one year after the end of Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories and continues the story from Kingdom Hearts and Chain of Memories, for PlayStation 2 and Game Boy Advance. It was released in Japan on December 22, 2005, in North America on March 28, 2006, and in Europe on September 29, 2006.

In Kingdom Hearts II, the player controls a 15-year-old boy named Sora. Sora goes through different worlds (based around many different Disney movies) fighting different enemies like Heartless and Nobodies. Occasionally, there will be enemies you have to defeat that are based on the world you are in, such as the cursed pirates in Pirates of the Caribbean.

Story
The player starts the game controlling Roxas, a 15-year-old boy living in Twilight Town. He is on summer vacation with his three best friends, Hayner, Pence, and Olette. As a week goes by, strange things begin to happen. A man named Axel, a member of Organization XIII, becomes upset at Roxas for not remembering him. They fight, and Roxas discovers that he can use a Keyblade. Roxas also meets Naminé and a man named DiZ who was in Riku's side of Chain of Memories. Naminé tells Roxas she has been changing his memories so he can become "whole" again. Axel tells Roxas they used to be friends and that he must either take Roxas back to the Organization or destroy him. They battle, and Axel disappears. Roxas then finds Sora, and disappears himself. After Roxas disappears, Sora wakes up and becomes a playable character. Donald and Goofy also wake up, and the three of them continue their mission to find Riku. As they search for him, they meet the rest of the members of Organization XIII and learn that they are beings called Nobodies. When a Heartless steals someone's heart, that person also becomes a Heartless, but if their heart is strong, their body becomes a Nobody. Nobodies have no emotions, but want to have hearts again. Xemnas, the leader of Organization XIII, is trying to summon Kingdom Hearts, which he claims will enable the Nobodies to get their hearts back. To summon Kingdom Hearts, Heartless must be killed with a Keyblade, which will release the hearts they hold and let them return to Kingdom Hearts. This is the reason the Organization wanted Sora to join them. It is later revealed that Roxas is Sora's Nobody and was a member of Organization XIII. Roxas was created when Sora briefly lost his heart. Naminé reveals herself to be Kairi's Nobody, who was created when Kairi lost her heart at the beginning of Kingdom Hearts. Xemnas is the Nobody of a man called Xehanort, who no longer exists. Ansem, the main enemy from the first game, was Xehanort's Heartless. After defeating Xemnas, Sora and his friends return home.

Final Mix +
Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix + is a reissue of the game that was released only in Japan on March 29, 2007.  It has more content than Kingdom Hearts II, including new areas, new battles, and a new secret ending. It is also for the PlayStation 2.

References

Other websites

 Official North American site
 Official Japanese site
 Official European site

2006 video games
Disney video games
Kingdom Hearts series

Kingdom Hearts II


Michael Scott Smith (January 30, 1946 – January 2, 2006) was an American jazz drummer and percussionist. Based in the Washington D.C. - Baltimore area for most of his 40-year career, Smith played with many jazz greats including Dave Liebman, Herbie Hancock, John Abercrombie, Randy Brecker, Tommy Flanagan, Billy Eckstein, Astrud Gilberto, Freddie Hubbard, Herb Ellis, and Milt Jackson.

Early life

He grew up in Meadville, Pennsylvania, where his father exposed him to jazz at an early age.  At age 8, Smith began taking drum lessons from local jazz drummer, Cootie Harris.  His father and Harris took young Smith to local jam sessions throughout Northwestern PA. His early influences included drummers Art Blakey and Philly Joe Jones.

As a student at Youngstown State University, Smith played gigs in and around Youngstown and Pittsburgh, most notably with pianists Gene Rush and Harold Danko, and cellist Abdul Wadud.

Career
Smith transferred to Howard University in Washington D.C. where he began his playing career.  He was tapped to play with jazz pianist Bobby Timmons at the famed Bohemian Caverns jazz club.

He soon got the attention of other well-known jazz musicians, including vibraphonist Gary Burton. Burton asked him to join his ensemble on tour, but Smith declined due to fear of being drafted and sent to Vietnam. Smith eventually dropped out of Howard, was drafted, then classified as 4-F due to a history of migraine headaches.

He joined his friend, bassist Terry Plumeri, in the group, Love, Cry, Want, a free-improvisation group with jazz, blues, and rock influences. Smith eventually recorded with Plumeri on two albums, He Who Lives In Many Places (1971) featuring Herbie Hancock and John Abercrombie, and Water Garden (1978) (formerly titled Ongoing) with Abercrombie, Ralph Towner, and the National Symphony String Quartet.

Smith helped form the ambient music group, The Entourage Music and Theater Ensemble with Joe Clark, Rusti Clark, and Wall Matthews.  This group made two recordings for Folkways Records and performed in theaters in combination with dance ensembles. In 2003, the electronic music artist Four Tet sampled, without permission, the Entourage composition, Neptune Rising, and used it as the basis for the hit single, "She Moves She."

He toured nationally with Roberta Flack from 1971 to 1972.  He left Flack's band and returned to his home base in Washington D.C. where he performed and recorded with local jazz musicians.  The Washington Post included Smith in its 1974 Who's Who of D.C. artists and musicians.

In 1976, Smith traveled to Germany to record with pianist Steve Kuhn, bassist Harvie Swartz, and saxophonist Steve Slagle. The resulting recording was the critically successful LP, Steve Kuhn & Ecstasy - Motility on  the ECM Records label.  In 1984, he recorded with pianist/bassist Don Thompson on his Juno Award-winning LP, A Beautiful Friendship. He toured Europe and appeared with pianist Adam Makowicz at the North Sea Jazz Festival in 1986 and 1987 playing to large appreciative crowds.

During the 1980s, Smith was the go-to drummer for saxophonist Dave Liebman and singer/songwriter Mose Allison whenever they came to Washington. Smith continued to play jazz clubs and record with local jazz musicians, most notably Paul Bollenback and a trio with David Kane (pianist) and bassist Drew Gress.

Death

He was diagnosed with prostate cancer in late 2003.  His last recording was with David Kane, Drew Gress, and Dave Liebman on Kane's CD, Grey Matters (2005).  Although suffering from walking pneumonia and severe bone pain, his performance during this session was not noticeably affected.  The effects of prostate cancer eventually sidelined Smith in November 2005 and he died on January 2, 2006.  A tribute to Smith was held at the renowned jazz club, Blues Alley on January 10, 2006, an event that was attended by many of the top jazz musicians in the DC area.

Selected discography
 Terry Plumeri - He Who Lives in Many Places (1971); reissued 2007
 The Entourage Music and Theater Ensemble (1973)
 The Neptune Collection (1975)
 Steve Kuhn & Ecstasy - Motility (1977); re-issued in Kuhn's limited edition ECM boxset, Life's Backward Glances (2009)
 Terry Plumeri - Ongoing (1978); re-issued 2007 as Water Garden
 Don Thompson Quartet - A Beautiful Friendship (1984) - Juno Award Winner, Best Jazz Album (1985)
 David Kane - March Heir (1988)
 Tekke - Tekke (1989)
 John Wubbenhorst - Facing East (1997)
 Rob Levit - Silence (1999)
 David Kane - Grey Matters (2005)

References
 Washington Post Obituary, 1/9/2006
The Jazz Discography, p. S21
On the Town: After Dark Fare Changes for Fall, The Washington Post and Times-Herald; September 5, 1965, p. G4
Pastoral Rock and Programmed Lights, The Washington Post and Times-Herald; Aug 22, 1969, p. B1
 The Entourage MTE official website
Who's Who, The Washington Post; September 8, 1974, p. POA14
Steve Kuhn, The Washington Post; June 26, 1978, p. B9
 North Sea Jazz Festival Program Archives
Mose Allison, The Washington Post; January 3, 1986, p. B8
Kane's Jazz Piano Roams on `March, The Washington Post, 1990, p. N17
 Jazz Review

External links
 Bohemian Caverns
  Blues Alley
  Steve Kuhn Official Website
  Dave Liebman Official Website
  Mose Allison Official Website
 David Kane Official Website
 Drew Gress official site

1946 births
2006 deaths
American jazz drummers
Deaths from prostate cancer
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
American male jazz musicians
20th-century American male musicians
People from Meadville, Pennsylvania

Michael S. Smith (drummer)


Nancy L. Segal (born 1951) is an American evolutionary psychologist and behavioral geneticist, specializing in the study of twins. She is the Professor of Developmental Psychology and Director of the Twin Studies Center, at California State University, Fullerton. Segal was a recipient of the 2005 James Shields Award for Lifetime Contributions to Twin Research from the Behavior Genetics Association and International Society for Twin Studies.

Early life and education
Nancy L. Segal was born Boston, Massachusetts, in 1951. She received a B.A. from Boston University (psychology, with honors and English literature, double major, 1973), M.A. from University of Chicago (Division of Social Sciences, 1974), and was awarded a Ph.D. from University of Chicago (Committee on Human Development, 1982).

Career
Segal is the Professor of Developmental Psychology and Director of the Twin Studies Center, at California State University, Fullerton. She was recognized as CSU Fullerton's 2004–2005 Outstanding Professor of the Year, as well as the 2004–2005 Distinguished Professor in Humanities and Social Sciences. Segal also received the 2005 James Shields Award for Lifetime Contributions to Twin Research from the Behavior Genetics Association and International Society for Twin Studies.

Segal is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association, American Psychological Society and Western Psychological Association.  She has been inducted into the Collegium of Distinguished Alumni at Boston University.  Segal is an Associate Editor for the journal, Twin Research and Human Genetics, was Contributing Research Editor for Twins Magazine from 1984–1998, and is a member of the Advisory Board for the Center for Loss in Multiple Birth. She served as Assistant Director of the Minnesota Center for Twin and Adoption Research, in the Department of Psychology at the University of Minnesota, 1985–1991.  She has appeared on Good Morning America, The Oprah Winfrey Show, Dateline NBC and the Today Show, in addition to other nationally  and locally televised programs. Her research interests include genetic and environmental influences on human behavior, especially social relationships and bereavement.  Her research program includes twin and adoption studies that are specially designed to address problems and issues concerning human development in general, and twin development in particular.

Research
Segal's main research focuses on human behavior and includes cooperation and competition, altruism, personal bonds, and bereavement.  She studies twins to understand social relationships in the general population, hoping to derive implications for what makes people get along.  She finds that identical twins generally work together more cooperatively than others.

In addition to studying identical twins (who result from the splitting of one egg fertilized by one sperm and who share all of their genes) and fraternal twins (who come from two eggs fertilized by different sperm and who share on average half their genes, just as non-twin siblings do), Segal is the only researcher known to study "virtual" or "pseudo" twins.  These are two people less than nine months apart in age but with different biological parents, who are raised together from infancy. Her studies in progress show a modest degree of similarity in virtual twins for general intelligence and special mental abilities.

Segal sees great promise in a related new area of research, epigenomics, which refers to natural chemical modifications that take place in individual genomes, marking them for increased or decreased activity.

Over the years, Segal has served as an expert witness on legal cases involving twins, in particular, wrongful death, injury, medical negligence, and custody. A paper reporting this work was published in a special issue of the journal Law and Human Behavior. Additional details about this area of study appear in her book, Entwined Lives.

Each year, Segal offers a seminar on behavior genetics and evolutionary psychology to graduate students in the Department of Psychology at CSU Fulleron. She has sponsored undergraduate and graduate research projects involving original twin research designs and methods.

Personal life
Segal has a twin sister, Anne.

Selected works

Books
Segal's book, Born Together-Reared Apart: The Landmark Minnesota Twin Study, was published by Harvard University Press in June 2012.  It surveys the origins, methods, findings and controversies from the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart.  Another of her books is Someone Else's Twin: The True Story of Babies Switched at Birth, published in 2011 by Prometheus. It tells the story of identical twin girls born in Spain's Canary Islands, one of whom was accidentally exchanged for a singleton infant. The twins were reunited at age twenty-eight.  The book also includes research on twins reared apart and information on several other switched at birth twin cases. Segal is also the author of Indivisible by Two: Lives of Extraordinary Twins (Harvard University Press). This collection of essays on twelve twin, triplet and quadruplet sets brings together humanity and science in a unique way. She is also the author of Entwined Lives: Twins and What They Tell Us About Human Behavior (E. P. Dutton, 1999). This survey of twins and twin research includes chapters on the biology of twinning, twin research methodology, findings on intelligence, personality, mental disorders and athletic prowess, studies of twin relationships, information on twins raised apart, findings on "pseudo-twins" or same-age unrelated children raised together, non-human twinning, new fertility treatments, life histories of noteworthy twins, legal issues involving twins, conjoined twins and a survey of nature-nurture issues. With G. E. Weisfeld and C. C. Weisfeld, Segal is the co-editor of Uniting Psychology and Biology: Integrative Perspectives on Human Development (American Psychological Association Press, 1997). This book, which resulted from a festschrift in honor of her mentor Professor Daniel G. Freedman at the University of Chicago, brings together a series of current papers on behavioral-genetic, ethological, cultural and evolutionary approaches to human behavior.

Articles and essays
Segal's papers have appeared in journals, such as American Psychologist, Child Development and Science. She has received research grants from the National Science Foundation, the American Psychological Association and the Olfactory Research Fund, Ltd. She was named a Dean's Faculty Scholar for the Spring, 1999 semester. She addressed the National Organization of Mothers of Twin in St. Louis, in 1999, the New Zealand Organization of Mothers of Twins in 2000, and 2007.

References

External links
 Official website
 PubMed listings for Segal NL

American women psychologists
Evolutionary psychologists
American science writers
Writers from Boston
California State University, Fullerton faculty
Human Behavior and Evolution Society
1951 births
Living people
20th-century American psychologists
Behavior geneticists
21st-century American psychologists
20th-century American women scientists
21st-century American women scientists
Scientists from Boston
Women science writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American women writers
American women geneticists
American geneticists

Nancy Segal


United States v. Ballard, 322 U.S. 78 (1944), was a United States Supreme Court case from the October 1943 term.

The case arose from the appeal of the conviction of two leaders of the new religious "I AM" Activity movement for fraudulently seeking and collecting donations on the basis of religious claims that the defendants themselves did not believe.

The Supreme Court held that the question of whether the defendants' claims about their religious experiences were actually true should not have been submitted to a jury.  The Court arrived at this conclusion in part because the "freedom of religious belief... embraces the right to maintain theories of life and of death and of the hereafter which are rank heresy to followers of the orthodox faiths." However, the Court did not address the issue of whether the sincerity of the defendants' beliefs was a proper question for the jury.

Justice Robert H. Jackson, dissenting, would have gone even farther, suggesting that the entire case should be dismissed for coming too close to being an investigation into the truth of a religious conviction. He would have held unconstitutional a jury determination of whether the defendants' religious beliefs were sincere, as well as whether they were true.

Prior history

After Guy Ballard's death, his wife, Edna Anne Wheeler Ballard, and son, Donald Ballard, were indicted for 18 counts of fraud.  The indictment charged that the Ballards fraudulently collected over $3 million from their followers on the basis of religious claims the Ballards knew were false.  Their followers protested outside the courthouse.

The District Court instructed the jury to convict if they found that the Ballards did not have a good faith belief in their religious claims.  The Ballards were convicted.

The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit overturned the conviction and granted a new trial, declaring that the District Court erred in restricting the issue to whether the defendants had a good faith belief in their claims. The government appealed to the Supreme Court.

Decision

Majority opinion
Written by: William O. Douglas; joined by: Black, Reed, Murphy, Rutledge

The majority opinion reversed the decision of the Court of Appeals and remanded the case to that court, ruling that the question of the truth or falsity of the beliefs had been rightly withheld from the jury.  There was no ruling on the propriety of the jury instructions regarding the sincerity of the defendants' beliefs. In his majority opinion, Justice Douglas wrote:
The religious views espoused by respondents might seem incredible, if not preposterous, to most people. But if those doctrines are subject to trial before a jury charged with finding their truth or falsity, then the same can be done with the religious beliefs of any sect. When the triers of fact undertake that task, they enter a forbidden domain. The First Amendment does not select any one group or any one type of religion for preferred treatment. It puts them all in that position.

Chief Justice Stone's dissent
Written by: Stone; joined by: Roberts, Frankfurter

Chief Justice Stone, dissenting, argued that the question of truthfulness was appropriate for the jury:
I am not prepared to say that the constitutional guarantee of freedom of religion affords immunity from criminal prosecution for the fraudulent procurement of money by false statements as to one's religious experiences, more than it renders polygamy or libel immune from criminal prosecution... I cannot say that freedom of thought and worship includes freedom to procure money by making knowingly false statements about one's religious experiences.

Justice Jackson's dissent
Justice Jackson dissented because he believed that the First Amendment foreclosed inquiry into both the truthfulness of the defendants' religious claims and their sincerity. He would have dismissed the case entirely for being too close to a religious persecution:

I should say the defendants have done just that for which they are indicted. If I might agree to their conviction without creating a precedent, I cheerfully would do so. I can see in their teachings nothing but humbug, untainted by any trace of truth. But that does not dispose of the constitutional question whether misrepresentation of religious experience or belief is prosecutable; it rather emphasizes the danger of such prosecutions.

Prosecutions of this character easily could degenerate into religious persecution.
I would dismiss the indictment and have done with this business of judicially examining other people's faiths.
All schools of religious thought make enormous assumptions, generally on the basis of revelations authenticated by some sign or miracle.
Some who profess belief in the Bible read literally what others read as allegory or metaphor, as they read Aesop's fables.
If we try religious sincerity severed from religious verity, we isolate the dispute from the very considerations which, in common experience, provide its most reliable answer.
William James, who wrote on these matters as a scientist, reminds us that it is not theology and ceremonies which keep religion going. Its vitality is in the religious experiences of many people.  "If you ask what these experiences are, they are conversations with the unseen, voices and visions, responses to prayer, changes of heart, deliverances from fear, inflowings of help, assurances of support, whenever certain persons set their own internal attitude in certain appropriate ways."
If religious liberty includes, as it must, the right to communicate such experiences to others, it seems to me an impossible task for juries to separate fancied ones from real ones, dreams from happenings, and hallucinations from true clairvoyance. Such experiences, like some tones and colors, have existence for one, but none at all for another. They cannot be verified to the minds of those whose field of consciousness does not include religious insight. When one comes to trial which turns on any aspect of religious belief or representation, unbelievers among his judges are likely not to understand, and are almost certain not to believe, him.

Subsequent history

On remand to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit the original conviction was affirmed without rehearing by the Court of Appeals. The defendants once again petitioned for a writ of certiorari and it was once again granted, this time on the issue of women being excluded from grand jury and the trial jury. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the defendants and dismissed the indictment as well as the subsequent conviction.

See also
 List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 322

References

External links

United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Stone Court
United States free exercise of religion case law
1944 in United States case law
1944 in religion

United States v. Ballard


Running is the way in which people or animals travel quickly on their feet. It is a method of travelling on land. It is different to walking in that both feet are regularly off the ground at the same time. Different terms are used to refer to running according to the speed: jogging is slow, and sprinting is running fast.

Running is a popular form of exercise. It is also one of the oldest forms of sport. The exercise is known to be good for health; it helps breathing and heartbeat, and burns any spare calories. Running keeps a person fit and active. It also relieves stress. Running makes a person thirsty, so it is important to drink water when running.

Benefits of running
 Fitness – From wanting to lose weight to trying to fight disease and aging, there are lots of health benefits to running.
 Mental health – Whether to help depression or find some time to think, there are large mental benefits to running as well.
 Running is also fun and does not need special equipment to do it. When running, the muscles, lungs, brain, heart and other organs get better.
 Running is often used as cross-training for many sports, especially ones that require sustained endurance.

Ways to avoid injuries
Running injuries are quite common among runners.
Many running injuries can be reduced through proper training, wearing of the correct gear and awareness of the running environment.

Physical
 Before going on a long run, do not forget to have a five-minute warm-up and some stretching exercises.
 After going on a long run, do not forget to have ten-minutes of cool-down with some stretching exercises.
 In the short term, try running on a flat surface. In the long term coaches recommend cross-country running.
 Running in a way to reduce loading on legs. One method is to use a treadmill, the better is to run in minimal shoes. These allow the runner's feet to feel the ground and so not inadvertently overload the foot/ankle. Over-cushioned shoes prevent the foot from feeling what it is doing and can also damage ones shins and knees.  This topic has been very controversial.  There are countless coaches, runners, and scientists who argue that minimal shoes are a main culprit in injuries in runners.  They highly recommend shoes that offer stability and cushioning.  Many runners with injuries have found that switching to cushioned shoes has improved/cured them of their injuries.

Environmental
 In hot climates, it is better to run in the morning. This will help to reduce fatigue and heat stress.
 Do not run when pollution levels are high.
 Run in the shade if possible, wear sunglasses, apply sunscreen and try to avoid direct sun rays.
 Too much clothing can produce sweating, which causes the body to lose heat quickly. Dress in layers. Wear the correct footwear.
 When running in cold weather wear hat, gloves and clothing that covers your neck.

Racing

Running is a part of many forms of competitive racing. Most running races test speed, endurance or both. Track and field races are usually divided into sprints, middle-distance races and long-distance races. Races held off the track may be called cross-country races. A marathon is run over 42 kilometres.

Footraces have probably existed for most of human history. They were an important part of the ancient Olympic Games.

References

Other websites

Animal locomotion

Running


The Department of Algiers (, , ) is a former French department in Algeria. The department of Alger existed between 1848 and 1974.

The origin of the administrative divisions
Considered as a French province, Algeria was departmentalised on 9 December 1848, thereby operating according to the same administrative structure as metropolitan France. Three civil zones (départements) replaced the three beyliks into which the Ottoman former rulers had divided the territory. The principal town of the central département, also called Alger, became the prefecture of the eponymous département. The two other Algerian departments were Oran in the west and Constantine in the east.

Size and structure of the département
The département of Alger covered an area of , and comprised six sub-prefectures: these were Aumale, Blida, Médéa, Miliana, Orléansville and Tizi-Ouzou.

It was not until the 1950s that the Sahara was annexed into departmentalised Algeria, which explains why the département of Alger was limited to what is the north-central part of Algeria today. Until 10 January 1957, when the Sahara regions received their own administrative structure, these territories were administered by the département of Alger.

Religious affiliations
The 1954 census recorded the stated religious affiliations of the population. The majority in the département of Alger declared themselves to be Muslims. In the city of Alger itself, however, 296,041 or 46% of the 645,479 people counted were declared to be non-Muslims. This placed Alger second only to the city of Oran in terms of the proportion of the population stating that they were non-Moslems. Non-Moslem appears to have been seen as a surrogate description for people of European origin, or for Algerian Jews.

Reorganisation and independence

On 26 January 1956 population increases triggered the creation of three new stand-alone departments. These were the département of Médéa, along with the coastal départements of  and  formed respectively from the southern, western and eastern portions of the département of Alger.

The very much truncated département of Alger now covered just 3,393 km², and was home to a population of 1,079,806. It was subdivided into the two sub-prefectures of Blida and Maison-Blanche (modern Dar El Beïda).

The 1957 departmental reorganisation was marked by a change in the "suffix" number appearing on automobile license plates and in other places that used the same code. Until 1957 Alger was department number "91": after 1957 the much diminished département of Alger became department number "9A". (In 1968, under a law enacted in 1964, the number "91" would be reallocated to a new département comprising the southern suburbs of Paris.)

After independence the department continued to exist until 1974 when it was split into Alger Province and Blida Province.

People
 Mohamed Deriche (1865-1948), Algerian politician ;
 Mohamed Seghir Boushaki (1869-1959), Algerian politician ;
 Lyès Deriche, 20th-century leader of the Algerian national political movement against the French.

See also
.

References

Former departments of France in Algeria
States and territories established in 1848
History of Algiers
1848 establishments in Algeria
1962 disestablishments in Algeria

Alger (department)


Leo Leous Isacson (April 20, 1910 – September 21, 1996) was a New York attorney and politician.  He was notable for winning a 1948 election to the United States House of Representatives from New York's twenty-fourth district (Bronx) as the candidate of the American Labor Party in what at that time The New York Times called "a test of Truman-[versus]-Wallace strength" with regard to the upcoming U.S. presidential elections and a "test today of the third-party movement headed by Henry A. Wallace".

Early life

Leo Isacson was born on April 20, 1910, in Manhattan, New York City, New York to a Jewish family. He had two sisters, Ruth (later Thielle) and Regina (later Hymowitz). He attended the public schools, then graduated from New York University in 1931 and New York University School of Law in 1933.

Career

Isacson was admitted to the bar in 1933 or 1934 and commenced practice in New York City. He defended labor and tenant cases.

In 1936, Isacson became a member at the founding of the American Labor Party (ALP, which sought to advance the cause of trade unions).

New York State Assembly

In 1944, he was elected to represent the (Bronx Co., 13th D.) in the New York State Assembly as the candidate of the ALP and the Republican Party, and he served from 1945 to 1946 as a member of the 165th New York State Legislature. He lost re-election in 1946.

In 1945, while serving in the Assembly, Leo Isacson ran for Borough President of the Bronx, coming in second with 25% of the vote.

On January 6, 1947, the ALP named Isacson their "legislative representative".

1948 special Bronx election

On February 17, 1948, Isacson won a stunning victory over Democratic nominee Karl Propper.  Propper was a former president of the Bronx Bar Association, and his supporters included Eleanor Roosevelt and New York City Mayor William O'Dwyer. A special election was held to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Benjamin J. Rabin after election to the New York Supreme Court. Isacson received public support, first on January 24 from the Greater New York CIO Council, then on February 11 by radio and February 15 in a speech from former U.S. Vice President Henry A. Wallace.

During the election, the Greater New York CIO Council charged that FBI agents had been visiting offices of "left wing" CIO locals to "intimidate them and curtail their political activity in behalf of Henry A. Wallace".  In contrast, the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America (ACWA), a more conservative CIO union opposed to Wallace, confirmed that FBI agents had visited many of its locals to investigate possible violations of the Hatch Act of 1939, regarding political activities, and declared the FBI had given the ACWA a "clean bill of health". The spokesman said similar inquiries had been made among other CIO and AFL unions pursuant to the law.  The council also telegrammed U.S. Attorney General Tom C. Clark to ask him to call off further FBI investigation. The Council admitted that, while FBI agents had always asked permission to check records of CIO-PAC contributions, these records were already available from the Secretary of State of New York and the New York City Board of Elections, leading the council to question the FBI's motives.  The Council claimed that the FBI's investigation was "an obvious and reprehensible attempt to intimidate and harass unions and union members in the exercise of their political rights, particularly with respect to the 1948 Presidential and Congressional elections". Nathan Witt, the council's legal counselor, disagreed, stating, "There could not possibly be any technical violation in 1948 except for the Isacson election and the FBI agents made clear they were not investigating that."

During the campaign, Mayor O'Dwyer made front-page headlines when he urged Wallace to leave the Progressive Party and rejoin the Democratic Party. In a speech, O'Dwyer said, "The election of 1948 will result in the choice of either the Democratic or the Republican party," ruling out any chance of election of the Wallace ticket and reminded voters that "the Democratic party is by its very nature the party of labor, of small business, small farmers and independents–the backbone of our economy, the overwhelming mass of our population." Wallace rejected O'Dwyer's plea in his speech the next day and stood side by side with Isacson in front of crowds.  Meanwhile, Liberal Party co-founder Adolf A. Berle denounced Wallace as a "front for an international intrigue". He claimed Wallace wanted to "appease Russia"–in the same way Neville Chamberlain sought to appease Nazi Germany.

Two days before the election, The New York Times analyzed the shifting background of the Progressive Party:    The question involved in the special election is how strongly the Labor [ALP] party vote will hold up after withdrawal of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America and other anti-Communist unions from the Labor party because of its support of Mr. Wallace's candidacy for President, which has left the Communists and other left-wing elements in complete control of that party's organization.    Isacson beat Propper 22,697 votes or 55.8% to 12,598 votes or 31%, with Dean Alfange of the newly formed Liberal Party at 3,840 votes and Republican Joseph A. De Nigris with 1,482.  New York CIO Council secretary Saul Mills said shortly before the election: This is the first test of labor's independent political strength in the crucial 1948 elections. We are confident we can prove that strength and give the '48 campaign a proper sendoff with the election of Leo Isacson.

"Wallace" victory

The Washington Post declared "Henry A. Wallace yesterday jolted Democratic hopes of holding New York in November" with the election of the ALP's Isacson and noted that it was "Wallace's first test at the polls since he broke with the Democratic Administration to form a third party and make his own bid for the Presidency".

The New York Times stated that the election of the ALP's Isacson over the Democratic candidate Propper would have many effects, including that:
 Wallace, as a third-party presidential candidate, would poll a much larger vote than expected, i.e., that Truman had little chance of winning New York State in the 1948 general elections
 Wallace had a better chance in other states, as did other third-party candidates for Congressional and local offices
 New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey might not clinch the Republican nomination but rather U.S. Senator Robert A. Taft
 Both the Democratic National Committee and the Bronx Democratic organization had suffered a major setback
 The New York State Assembly would ask Mayor O'Dwyer to hold off on a rise in fare for mass transportation

The next day, Wallace announced that his Progressive Party had won a place in the California primaries.

Two days later, The Washington Post was still assessing the implications of Bronx congressional election: The outcome of Tuesday's special election in New York's Twenty-fourth Congressional District confirms what most political commentators have for some time surmised that Henry Wallace, if he wishes to do so, can deprive the Democratic candidate of New York State's 47 electoral votes next November. Thus, as a political portent, the election possesses great significance which will not be lost upon the kingmakers in either of the major parties.  The Post also believed that (in retrospect, just four months before declaration of the State of Israel) "According to all seasoned political observers, it was the Palestine issue that gave the victory to Leo Isacson, the Henry Wallace-American Labor Party candidate, in the special congressional election in the Bronx. This overwhelming upset of the strong Bronx machine of Edward J. Flynn indicates what political dynamite there is in Palestine, for a President now eagerly seeking reelection and clearly dependent on carrying such States as New York" (the "President" here referring to Truman).

On February 21, 1948, the Progressive Party formed its Michigan chapter.

On February 23, 1948, The New York Times was still analyzing the election in an article whose headline read "Isacson's Victory Is Aid to Wallace in Major States" with the subtitle "Adds Strength to Third-Party Movement for Presidency, A Survey Discloses".  The Times stated that Wallace had gained Electoral College support in the states of Michigan, Illinois, Pennsylvania, and California.

However, on February 25, 1948, the victory diminished somewhat when Simon W. Gerson, candidate for the New York City Council to fill the seat of the late communist council member Peter V. Cacchione, found himself denied a council seat when council members voted 14 to 4 against him.  The four council members who supported his candidacy were: Benjamin J. Davis Jr. ("Harlem Communist"), Michael J. Quill ("Bronx Laborite"), Eugene P. Connolly ("Manhattan Laborite"), and Stanley M. Isaacs ("Manhattan Republican"). Afterwards, "warning that "all the Wallace forces are behind the seating of Mr. Gerson, Mr. Connolly said he would introduce another resolution to seat him at a later date."  Councilman Edward Rager ("Manhattan Republican") said the underlying issue over Gerson was Communism; Rager also said Communists were "largely responsible" for Leo Isacson's election. Quill, who had supported Isacson, "denied that Communists had won that election".

U.S. Congress

Isacson served from February 17, 1948, to January 3, 1949.

By one measure, Isacson was the second most liberal person to serve in Congress between 1937 and 2002 (second only to William H. Meyer). He opposed the Marshall Plan and the peacetime draft, and was one of three Congressmen to oppose legislation to increase the size of the Air Force. He also pushed for immediate recognition of the State of Israel.

He also changed the situation for fellow ALP New York Representative Vito Marcantonio. Until Isacson's election, as commentator Drew Pearson wrote at the time: Rambunctious, left-wing Representative Vito Marcantonio of New York has long been "majority leader," the "party whip," and the total membership of the American Labor Party in Congress. He has labored alone–a situation perfectly okay with Vito, for he likes to consider himself a modern David jousting with the "big interests".

In March 1948, he continued public speaking in New York City on topics that included Palestine, thanks to sponsorship that included the ALP and the Progressive Citizens of America.  Isacson joined fellow New York ALP representative Vito Marcantonio and Democrats in voting unsuccessfully against an "unprecedented" $200,000 appropriation to the House Un-American Activities Committee.

In April 1948, he became the first Congressman ever to be denied a United States passport by the State Department when he attempted to go to Paris to attend a conference as an observer for the American Council for a Democratic Greece, a Communist front organization, because of the group's role in opposing the Greek government in the Greek Civil War. Issuing him a passport was judged not to be "in the interests of the US", so he was denied a passport under the Passport Act of 1926 (currently codified at  et seq.), which allows the Presidential administration to deny or revoke passports for foreign policy or national security reasons at any time. Henry A. Wallace's Progressive Party welcomed Isacson's election.

In September 1948, Isacson stumped for Wallace in New York City with fellow ALP candidates Marcantonio (Harlem), Irma Lindheim (Queens), and Lee Pressman (Brooklyn). "Representative Isacson declared that President Truman would learn during the campaign that he could not hide the responsibility of the Democratic party for the bi-partisan assault on the liberties of the American people. He declared that the Taft-Hartley Act was passed with the help of a majority of Democratic Representatives, that four out of five Democrats in Congress voted for the peacetime draft and for continuance of the Committee on Un-American Activities."

In the fall of 1948, he ran for reelection against Isidore Dollinger. Neither he nor other ALP candidates received the endorsement of the New England Regional CIO-PAC. Like other contenders, Dollinger lumped Isacson among other ALP leaders (e.g., Vito Marcantonio) as a Communist. (In February 1948, Pravda newspaper hailed Isacson's election as a victory for progressive forces in Europe and America, while Pravda commentator Boris Leontiev predicted worldwide defeat for imperialists.) Isacson lost to Dollinger 44,257 to 74,594.

Later
In 1949 Leo Isacson made a second run for Borough President of the Bronx. As the ALP nominee, he received 16.7% of the vote, coming in third place behind the Democrat winner and the Liberal Party candidate.

Isacson returned to his law practice.  He lived in Eastchester. He became active in the Democratic Party. In 1968, he served as a delegate to the Democratic National Convention.

In the early 1970s, he moved to Tamarac, Florida, and taught as an adjunct professor of political science at Nova Southeastern University.

Personal life and death
In 1937, Isacson married Rose Rakowitz (1912-1988). They were the parents of two daughters, Dale and Jill.  Jill was murdered in 1981, a crime which was never solved.  Rose Rakowitz Isacson died in 1988.  Around 1990, Isacson married Violet.

Isacson was Jewish.

Isacson died of cancer at a hospital in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, on September 21, 1996.

See also
List of Jewish members of the United States Congress
 Vito Marcantonio
 American Labor Party
 Henry A. Wallace
 State of Israel

References

External links

Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
1910 births
1996 deaths
Nova Southeastern University faculty
New York University School of Law alumni
Politicians from Manhattan
Democratic Party members of the New York State Assembly
American Labor Party politicians
Deaths from cancer in Florida
American Labor Party members of the United States House of Representatives
20th-century American politicians
Politicians from the Bronx
Jewish American state legislators in New York (state)
Jewish members of the United States House of Representatives
20th-century American Jews

Leo Isacson


Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters (September 19, 1813–July 18, 1890) was a German-American astronomer, and one of the first to find asteroids.

He was born in Schleswig-Holstein, then part of Denmark but later part of Germany, and later studied under Carl Friedrich Gauss. He spoke many languages and spent time in Italy and Ottoman Turkey before going to the United States in 1854.

Working at Hamilton College in Clinton, New York (near Utica), he was a good finder of asteroids, finding 48 of them, beginning with 72 Feronia in 1861 and ending with 287 Nephthys in 1889.

He was involved in litigation in 1889 with his old assistant Charles A. Borst, and the "Great Star-Catalog Case" Peters v. Borst went before the Supreme Court of New York. The judge sided with Peters, but many astronomers and newspapers sided with Borst. Peters died not long after the trial end. After his death, the judgement was ultimately reversed on appeal and a new trial was ordered, but it never took place.

Besides asteroids, he co-found the Periodic comet 80P/Peters-Hartley, and also found different nebulae and galaxies.

Other websites
 Biography

American astronomers
German astronomers
1813 births
1890 deaths

Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters


Jakob Dubs (26 July 1822 – 13 January 1879) was a Swiss politician and member of the Swiss Federal Council (1861–1872).
Along with Gustave Moynier and Guillaume-Henri Dufour, he founded the Swiss Red Cross in July 1866, and served as its first President until 1872.

He was elected to the Federal Council on 30 July 1861 and handed over office on 28 May 1872. He was affiliated to the Free Democratic Party of Switzerland.

Life and work

During his time in political office, he was responsible for the following departments:
Department of Justice and Police (1861–1863)
Political Department (1864)
Department of Home Affairs (1865)
Department of Justice and Police (1866)
Department of Posts (1867)
Political Department (1868)
Department of Posts (1869)
Political Department (1870)
Department of Home Affairs (1871–1872)
He was President of the Confederation three times in 1864, 1868 and 1870.

External links

1822 births
1879 deaths
People from Affoltern District
Swiss Calvinist and Reformed Christians
Free Democratic Party of Switzerland politicians
Foreign ministers of Switzerland
Members of the Federal Council (Switzerland)
Members of the National Council (Switzerland)
Presidents of the National Council (Switzerland)
Members of the Council of States (Switzerland)
Presidents of the Council of States (Switzerland)
Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland judges
19th-century Swiss judges
19th-century Swiss politicians

Jakob Dubs


Clark Hulings (November 20, 1922 – February 2, 2011) was an American realist painter. He was born in Florida and raised in New Jersey. Clark also lived in Spain, New York, Louisiana, and throughout Europe before settling in Santa Fe, New Mexico, in the early 1970s. The travels did much to influence his keen eye for people in the state of accomplishing daily tasks.

His training as an artist began as a teenager with Sigismund Ivanowsky and George Bridgman, and concluded at the Art Students League of New York with Frank Reilly. Clark came back to the League to give a lecture in 2007.

After early careers in portraiture and illustration, he devoted himself to easel painting. A modern genre painter, he is best known for his elaborate European and Mexican market and street scenes, his still lifes of roses and his depictions of donkeys. For the past forty years Hulings' art has been eagerly sought after by collectors, museums and corporations.

Early life and early career

Clark Hulings was born in 1922 in Florida, where his father, Courtland Marcus Hulings, was the manager of a plant which produced a gas for fumigating orange trees. His mother died of tuberculosis when he was an infant, and he and his sister, Susan, were sent to live with their maternal grandparents in Potsdam, New York, for the next three years, while his father worked in Valencia, Spain. In Valencia, Hulings' father, while representing American Cyanamid, courted and married Elena Harker, the 21-year-old daughter of Herbert Edward Harker, the British Consul in Valencia, and his wife, Julia Howard Harker.  Courtland Hulings and Elena Harker were married in London, England, in 1925. The two children joined them abroad.

In 1928, the Hulings family returned to the United States, settling in Westfield, New Jersey, where Clark's younger sister, Elena, was born. At the age of twelve, his father arranged art lessons with Sigismund Ivanowski, a portrait and landscape painter who had served as Court Painter to Tsar Nicholas II. In his 1986 book "A Gallery of Paintings," Hulings credits his father with conveying to him his "great love of paintings." By the time Hulings graduated from school in 1940, the tuberculosis which had killed his mother left him in fragile health. He was unable to enter college. However, he did continue a limited schedule with Ivanowski, as well as with George Bridgman, the celebrated drawing teacher, at the Art Students League of New York.

In the fall of 1941, Hulings was well enough to enroll at Haverford College. After graduating in 1944 with a degree in Physics, he was appointed to work on the Manhattan Project in Los Alamos, New Mexico. Yet his recurring ill health prevented his acceptance into the program. Instead, he remained in Santa Fe to recuperate, supporting himself by painting pastel portraits of children. In the spring of 1945 he was given a one-man show of landscapes at the New Mexico Museum of Fine Art.

Portraiture and illustration
In 1946 Hulings moved to Baton Rouge, Louisiana where his parents lived at the time, and he had a one-man show of his work at the galleries of the Louisiana Art Commission. He included several portraits of family members and the show launched him on his successful career as a portrait painter. Hulings continued to paint landscapes and also became interested in design and illustration work, which led him back to The Art Students League for three years beginning in 1948 - this time as a student of Frank Reilly, a noted teacher and artist himself.

In 1951 he gained employment doing wash drawings for a newspaper mat agency that specializing in supermarket ads. He gradually moved up to paperback book covers and magazine illustrations, by 1955, his illustration career was firmly established.

But the lure of landscape painting sent him to Europe, first for four months, and later for almost three years. Over the course of his travels he studied figure painting in Florence, abstract design in Düsseldorf and roamed from the Arctic Circle to Southern Egypt.

Hulings returned to New York City in the fall of 1960 and resumed his illustration career to recoup finances. But he planned his work schedule to include serious easel painting.

Easel painting

By 1962 Hulings was earning enough with his easel painting to devote all of his attention to his lifelong path. He was admitted to the Grand Central Art Galleries, which represented him for the next eight years and held one-man shows of his work in 1965 and 1967. Hulings also began placing paintings in competitive shows of realistic art, winning several prizes, including The Council of American Artists' award at the Hudson Valley Art Association for Restaurante Vicente, and the gold medal given by the Allied Artists of America for Ontinyent. He moved back to the artistic and cultural magnet of Santa Fe, New Mexico after a doctor suggested that it would be good for his health, due to dormant tuberculosis that was being aggravated by New York City pollution.

In 1973 he garnered the first ever Prix de West award at the National Academy of Western Art (NAWA) in Oklahoma City for his painting "Grand Canyon - Kaibab Trail". This is an enormous oil that portrays a mule team barely navigating the Grand Canyon in deep winter snow. He went on to win three silver and two gold medals for both oil and watercolor at subsequent competitions at NAWA, part of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum.

In 1976 A Collection of Oil Paintings by Clark Hulings was published by The Lowell Press as a catalog to accompany a one-man show at the Cowboy Hall of Fame under the auspices of NAWA. He was presented with the Hall's Trustees Gold Medal for his "distinguished contribution to American art". Two years later he was honored with a comprehensive retrospective of his work in Midland, Texas.

In 1980, Hulings's painting The Pink Parasol won wide acclaim at the annual Western Heritage Sale in Houston, Texas. His market scene, Kaleidescope, submitted in the 1981 sale, brought another record sale price. In  1999 he mounted a new one-man show at Nedra Matteucci Galleries in Santa Fe, New Mexico. It included thirty-five paintings, ten field sketches and twelve drawings. Everything sold on opening night. In 2007 he topped this success with another one-man show, this time in two venues. Timeless Beauty: Pursuing Life's Textures included 36 paintings, 21 of which were sold at Bartfield Galleries in New York, and 15 of which were auctioned on Hilton Head, South Carolina through Morris & Whiteside Galleries. Once again, everything sold immediately. In conjunction with the show a revised edition of his book, A Gallery of Paintings, was also released.

Personal life
Hulings married Mary Belfi in 1966 and their daughter Elizabeth was born two years later. When they were not traveling, they lived in Santa Fe, New Mexico.

See also

 The Clark Hulings Fund

References

External links

Clark Hulings website

1922 births
2011 deaths
20th-century American painters
American male painters
21st-century American painters
American physicists
Art Students League of New York alumni
Artists from Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Artists from Santa Fe, New Mexico
Haverford College alumni
People from Westfield, New Jersey
Realist painters
Scientists from New York (state)
American expatriates in Spain
20th-century American male artists

Clark Hulings