The Protectorate was the period of British history during which the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland was governed by a Lord Protector, which was from 1653 to 1659.

Before the Protectorate, England (and then Scotland and Ireland) had been ruled directly by Parliament since it had declared England to be a Commonwealth in 1649. The Rump Parliament had been sent away in April 1653 by soldiers led by Oliver Cromwell. Although the replacement Barebones Parliament (July–December 1653), was nominated by Cromwell and the leaders of the army, it was just as difficult to control.

The post of Lord Protector was created by a constitution passed in December 1653, which gave Cromwell the position for life. Although the constitution divided power between the Lord Protector, the Council of State and Parliament, there was in practice again the strong executive power that had been absent since the end of the monarchy. Cromwellian government has been called 'one of the first experiments in (de facto) military dictatorship' (Abbott).

During the Protectorate, there was Puritan legislation. Religious toleration was extended to Jews and most Protestants but not Anglicans or Roman Catholics.

After Cromwell's death in September 1658, the new Lord Protector, Richard Cromwell, was unable to control the army and resigned in May 1659. After the chaotic English Interregnum, the monarchy was restored in May 1660 through the initiative of General George Monck.

Other websites
 United Kingdom: Flags of the Interregnum, 1649–1660

History of the British Isles

The Protectorate


Hussam "Sam" Hamadeh (1971 – December 10, 2015) was a media entrepreneur based in New York with business interests in digital media, publishing, and film.

Hamadeh co-founded Vault.com in 1997 with his brother, Samer Hamadeh, and Mark Oldman. and served as the company's President through its successful sale in 2007 to private equity firm VSS, reportedly for nearly $100 million. In 2009, Hamadeh founded PrivCo, which provides data to subscribers on more than 500,000 private companies. Hamadeh was chief executive of PrivCo, and also a frequent commentator on private companies for mass media, until his death in December 2015.

Hamadeh was a graduate of UCLA, the University of Pennsylvania Law School with a JD, and the Wharton School of Business with an MBA. He spoke and wrote frequently about entrepreneurship, including serving as the Keynote Speaker at Wharton's Annual Entrepreneurship Conference.

Honors and awards have included Crain's Top Entrepreneur's Award, the Harvard Business School Club's Entrepreneur of the Year  Silicon Alley Reporter's "100 Most Important Internet Executives" Deloitte & Touche's 50 Fastest Growing Companies, and the University of Pennsylvania Law School's Young Alumnus of the Year award.

He served as an Executive Producer of films Home Movie starring Adrian Pasdar, and Made For Each Other starring Chris Masterson, Danny Masterson, and Bijou Phillips.

Hamadeh co-hosted a fundraiser for a Democratic congressional candidate with Twitter co-founder Jack Dorsey in January 2010.

References

External links

University of Pennsylvania Law School alumni
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni
Living people
1971 births

Sam Hamadeh


They is the third person plural pronoun in English, used to describe a subject. The object form is "them". "They" can be used for both people or objects.

'They' can also be used for the singular third person if the gender of the person is unknown, or to purposely be ambiguous, or neither male nor female. Some people choose to use 'they' as their pronouns. Singular 'they' is conjugated the same way as the plural form, similar to the matching conjugations of the plural and singular 'you' in English. Singular 'they' is never used for objects, only people.

'They' can also be used to refer to a generic group of people, such as "In Britain, they celebrate Christmas in December".

Pronouns

They


The word contraband (Old French contrebande "a smuggling") means any item which is illegal to be possessed or sold. The term is used for goods such as:
 smuggled goods
 stolen goods – knowingly dealing in stolen goods is an offense in itself, called fencing
 the fruits of fraud, forgery etc.

Law of armed conflict

In international law, contraband means goods sent to territories under the control of the enemy that can be used in armed conflict. Traditionally, contraband is classified into two categories, absolute contraband and conditional contraband. Absolute contraband includes arms, munitions, and various materials. These can include chemicals and certain types of machinery that may be used to wage war.

Conditional contraband includes food and livestock feed. Cargo of this kind, while presumably innocent in character, can be seized if the supplies are destined for the armed forces of the enemy. Under conditions of modern warfare almost everything can be called absolute contraband.

American Civil War
During the American Civil War, slaves who sought refuge in Union army military camps or who lived in territories that fell under Union control were declared contraband.  This policy was first used by General Benjamin F. Butler in 1861, in what came to be known as the "Fort Monroe Doctrine," established in Hampton, Virginia.  By war's end, the Union had set up 100 contraband camps in the Southern United States.  The Roanoke Island Freedmen's Colony (1863–1867) was developed to be a colony. Many adult former slaves worked for wages for the Army at such camps.

References

Legal terms
International law

Contraband


The Addams Family (1991) is an American movie based on the cartoon by Charles Addams and the TV series by David Levy. It was the first movie directed by Barry Sonnenfeld. A sequel was released in 1993.

Plot
Gomez Addams (Raul Julia) misses his brother Fester (Christopher Lloyd), who left 25 years earlier after they had a big fight. Gomez's lawyer, Tully Alford (Dan Hedaya), owes money to Abigail Craven (Elizabeth Wilson), and notices that her adopted son, Gordon looks like Fester. Tully tells Gordon to pretend to be Fester to get close to the Addams family and find their riches. Tully and his wife, Margaret (Dana Ivey), join Grandmama to try to talk to Fester's ghost. Gordon arrives, pretending to be Fester, and Abigail tells the family Fester has been in the Bermuda Triangle.

Gomez takes him to the family vault to watch home movies from their childhood. Gordon learns that Gomez was jealous of Fester, and he dated the Amor twins to get even with Fester. Gomez starts to think that this is not the real Fester. Gordon tries to return to the vault, but can't get past a booby trap. Gomez's wife, Morticia (Anjelica Huston), threatens the fake Fester, saying how much the Addamses love family, and don't trust outsiders.

Gordon grows closer to the Addams family, particularly the children Wednesday (Christina Ricci) and Pugsley (Jimmy Workman), and he teaches them about swords for a school play. Fake Fester goes to the play, even though Abigail told him not to do so. After the play, Abigail says fake Fester must go away again, so the Addamses throw a large party. Wednesday hears Abigail and Gordon talking about plans to break into the vault. Tully learns that Fester, as the biggest brother, owns all of the Addams property. The Addamses' neighbor, Judge George Womack (Paul Benedict), helps the bad guys kick the Addamses out of their house.

Abigail, Gordon and Tully try and fail many times to get past the booby trap blocking the vault. The Addams family must move to a motel and get jobs. Morticia tries being a preschool teacher, Wednesday and Pugsley sell poisoned lemonade, and Thing (Christopher Hart)—the family's living hand—becomes a "delivery hand." Gomez is too sad to work.

Morticia returns to the Addams home and Abigail and Tully catcher her and punish her, trying to learn how to get in the vault. Thing sees them and tells Gomez. The Addamses rush to save Morticia. Abigail threatens to kill Morticia unless they give her their money. Gordon stops Abigail. He uses a magic book to make a storm hit the house. Lightening strikes his head and launches Tully and Abigail out a window and into graves Wednesday and Pugsley had dug.

Gordon's memory returns after the lightening strike, and he remembers that he was the real Fester all along. Morticia tells Gomez that she is pregnant.

Cast
 Anjelica Huston as Morticia Addams
 Raul Julia as Gomez Addams
 Christopher Lloyd as Uncle Fester
 Christina Ricci as Wednesday Addams
 Jimmy Workman as Pugsley Addams
 Judith Malina as Grandmama
 Carel Struycken as Lurch
 Christopher Hart's hand as Thing
 John Franklin as Cousin Itt
 Rick Gomez as the voices of Cousin Itt and Digit Addams
 Elizabeth Wilson as Abigail Craven
 Dan Hedaya as Tully Alford
 Dana Ivey as Margaret Alford
 Paul Benedict as George Womack
 Mercedes McNab as the girl scout
 Sally Jessy Raphael as Herself
 Tony Azito as Digit Addams
 Barry Sonnenfeld as Passenger On Gomez's Train.

Music score
The soundtrack for The Addams Family features the song "Addams Groove" by MC Hammer.

Other websites

The Addams Family
1991 comedy movies
1991 fantasy movies
1990s American fantasy movies
American comedy movies
Movies about families
Movies based on TV series
Movies directed by Barry Sonnenfeld
Paramount Pictures movies

The Addams Family (1991 movie)


Marina di Pisa is a seaside resort of Tuscany, in central Italy.
It is a frazione of the provincial capital of Pisa, which lies about 10 km to the east.

Marina di Pisa was mostly built during the economic boom of the late 1800s, as a seaside resort. It was further developed in the 1930s. Many marine support industries developed at the mouth of the Arno river and in the area along its banks.

Geography

Marina di Pisa lies on the left bank of the Arno River, where it flows into the Tyrrhenian Sea. It is located directly north of the seaside resort of Tirrenia and about 10 kilometers West from Pisa.

Behind the town are forested sections of the Parco Regionale San Rossore, Migliarino, e Massaciucoli. From Marina di Pisa, it is possible to see the islands of Corsica, Elba and Gorgona; and the mountains of the Apuan Alps, Apennines, and Monti Pisani above Pisa.

Economy
The German aviation company Dornier Flugzeugwerke based most of their production in the town from 1922 to 1932, after The Treaty of Versailles of 1919 banned construction of engine-powered aircraft in Germany. Here they built the "Wal" twin-engine flying boat. The huge 'Savigliano' hangar (1925) which remained standing till 2007, was used for the production of the Wals, and work on the Do-X2 and 3 in the early 1930s. Then the world's largest airplanes, they were broken up for scrap here in 1937.

The village is mostly inhabited during summer, however there are many people that live here all year. A redevelopment project is under way at the mouth of the Arno, known as "Bocca d'Arno", in a disused industrial area where a new touristic port has been built and a new residential district will be inaugurated in the next years.

Notes

References
Ing. Gianfranco Bernardi, " Le Strade e le Piazze di Marina di Pisa", Felici Editore, 2010
Ing. Gianfranco Bernardi, "Marina di Pisa per Immagini", Felici Editore, 2011

External links

Frazioni of the Province of Pisa
Geography of Pisa

Marina di Pisa


Ferromanganese, also known as spiegeleisen, is an alloy. It is made of iron and manganese. It is normally 15% manganese and 85% iron. It is made by reduction of a mixture of iron ore and manganese ore. Normally carbon is the reducing agent. It is normally how manganese is sold.

Related pages
Cobalt

Alloys
Iron

Ferromanganese


People's Health Movement (PHM) is a global network of grassroots health activists, civil society organizations and academic institutions particularly from developing countries. PHM currently has bases in more than 70 countries that include both individuals and well-established circles with their own governance structures. It has chapters in South Asia (India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka), Africa (South Africa), Pacific (Australia), South America (Brazil, Ecuador), Central America (El Salvador, Nicaragua, Guatemala), North America (USA, Canada), Europe (Italy, Switzerland, UK, Greece) and several other countries. PHM works towards the revitalisation of Primary Health Care (PHC), as described in the Alma-Ata Declaration of 1978.

Vision of PHM:

"Equity, ecologically-sustainable development and peace are at the heart of our vision of a better world - a world in which a healthy life for all is a reality; a world that respects, appreciates and celebrates all life and diversity; a world that enables the flowering of people's talents and abilities to enrich each other; a world in which people's voices guide the decisions that shape our lives...."

History
At the Alma-Ata Conference in 1978, health ministers from 134 countries, in association with the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF, set a goal of achieving "Health for All by the Year 2000" and identified primary health care as the mean to achieve it. However, in response to continued and deepened health inequalities, on 8 December 2000, 1453 delegates from 92 countries met at Savar, Bangladesh for the First People's Health Assembly which led to the founding of the People's Health Movement and the drafting of the People's Charter for Health<ref>Zafrullah Chowdhury and Michael Rowson (2000) The People's Health Assembly: Revitalising the promise of "Health for All. British Medical Journal321;1361-1362.  PDF</ref>

People's Charter for Health
The People's Charter for Health echos many of the principles of the Alma Ata Declaration by recognizing health as "..a social, economic and political issue and above all a fundamental human right". It names "inequality, poverty, exploitation, violence and injustice" as the main drivers of ill-health and calls for "Health for ALL NOW" through the involvement of people's organizations in health decision making. PHM attributes the inequity in health care to the laissez faire  economic practices globally and seeks to counter these practices and challenge health policy makers around the world with a Peoples Health Campaign for Health for All-Now!

Social Determinants of HealthSee Also'': Social determinants of health and Social determinants of health in poverty

PHM also works to address the Social determinants of health, including in particular, the growing inequity within and between nations attributed by them to unfair economic structures which lock people into poverty and poor health. PHM helped to put the Social Determinants of Health on the global agenda through continued engagement with the World Health Organization. In response Prof. Fran Baum (Australia), at that time Chair of the PHM Steering Council, was appointed as a commissioner on the WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH). Working with other civil society organizations, PHM helped gather evidence for the WHO final report on the Social Determinants of health released in August 2008. PHM's engagement with the commission's work also resulted in the publication of a Civil Society Report on Social Determinants of Health. In 2011 PHM was involved in the civil society side meeting during the Conference on Social Determinants of Health, taking place in Rio de Janeiro.

Campaign on Right to Health
The PHM is engaged in a major global campaign to promote the Right to Health which involves coordinated national and international level action. PHM uses a consultative process in countries to involve thousands of people in making a demand for Health for All as described in the Alma Ata Declaration of 1978.

The first phase of the campaign involves the production of rights-based evaluations of national health policies in countries with PHM circles. The global coordinating group has developed The Assessment of the Right to Health at the Country Level: A People's Health Movement Guide for national PHM circles to use to produce consistent reports using human rights law. The second phase of the campaign focuses on movement building and mobilisation.

Global Health Watch
The Peoples Health Movement plays a lead role in co-ordinating the production of the Global Health watch.

In an increasingly integrated, globalised world with new cross-border threats to health, widening disparities in both health and access to health care, and an unacceptable level of human suffering and premature mortality in developing countries, people across the globe are asking, why is so little progress being made by in promoting health in the world?

The Global Health Watch is designed to seek answers to this question and also to start articulating solutions. It is an endeavour to propose to the global community an alternate vision of health that is located in a vision of equity, rights and empowerment. It is a collaborative exercise, initiated by the Peoples Health Movement (PHM), Global Equity Gauge Alliance (GEGA) and Medact in 2004. An important outcome of the process is the periodic publication of a document termed the Global Health Watch – a document that is contributed to by researchers, academics and activists from across the globe. Two editions of the document have been published, the first in 2005 as Global Health Watch I and the second in 2008 as Global Health Watch II. The third edition of the GHW is to be published in 2011. The Global Health Watch aims to:
 Promote human rights as the basis for health policy
 Counterbalance liberal and market-driven perspectives
 Shift the health policy agenda to recognise the political, social and economic barriers to better health
 Improve civil society's capacity to hold national and international governments, global international financial institutions and corporations to account (including WHO and the World Bank)
 Strengthen the links between civil society organisations around the world
 Provide a forum for magnifying the voice of the poor and vulnerable

The document is divided into the following broad sections:

1. An analysis of the global political and economic architecture, within which are located the decisions and choices that impact on health.

2. A view of current issues and debates on health systems across the world, from which it is possible to draw appropriate lessons and propose concrete actions for promoting health.

3. Beyond Health Care – a discussion of different determinants of health

4. The Watching Section – dedicated to the scrutiny of global processes and institutions that are crucially important for health and health care in the globe.

5. A section proposing alternatives and highlighting stories of success and resistance that are exemplars of actual actions that have contributed to better health and health care.

Thus, unlike other reports on global health, the Global Health Watch also draws attention to the politics of global health and the policies and actions of key actors. The document is also a call to all health workers to broaden and strengthen the global community of health advocates who are taking action on global ill-health and inequalities, and their underlying political and economic determinants. Not only is it an educational resource for health professionals and activists, it makes clear the need for global health advocates to engage in lobbying many key actors to do better and to do more, whilst resisting those that do harm. It also seeks to act as a catalyst for the development and strengthening of existing campaigns around the world to improve health and equity.
The document published as the Global Health Watch is, thus, a culmination of a global process. Typically, each Watch is contributed to directly by over 200 people from across the globe. While the published document is an important product, it is by no means the only outcome to be desired from the entire process. The process of producing the Watch involves the animation of a large number of different processes, in different regions and countries. The process promotes the scrutiny of national and regional policies related to health. It also promotes debate among health academics and activists on key issues that are critical for the promotion of global health.

The Watch itself has different uses and target audiences. It is a lobbying tool for health movements to work on policy makers in countries and global institutions. It is also a resource book for academics and health activists. It is a tool to mobilise civil society on issues of major concern. Thus the Global Health Watch goes much beyond the production of one document. Further, the launch of the GHW in different parts of the world is an opportunity to mobilise around issues that impact on access to health and health care.

While the PHM is responsible for the Secretariat of the Global Health Watch, its co-ordinating group also includes Medact (based in the UK), Health Action International, Medicos (Germany) and Third World Network.

International People's Health University – IPHU
The International People's Health University is a short training course for young health activists focussing on the politics of health. The IPHU has organized 20 short courses entitled 'The Struggle for Health' of 2-week duration each.  The courses have been organized in over 15 countries so far, in 9 languages and attended by about 1000 health activists from more than 60 countries.

thematic campaigns
PHM activists organise following thematic groups in addition to their local or regional activities based on local needs and issues:

Extractive Industries

Access to Affordable quality health care and medicines

Food sovereignty

Anti privatisation of Health care

Gender and reproductive justice

Trade and health

PHM advocates that Health should not be viewed as a commodity that is traded in the market. The PHM supports the call for taking health related subjects out of the global trade negotiations and from the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and other regional and bilateral trade agreements. The PHM views the agreement on Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights(TRIPS) as iniquitous and against the interest of developing countries and poor patients. It supports legislation in India and other countries which allows generic drug companies to manufacture medications still covered by patents in other countries.

References

External links
 Website of People's Health Movement
 People's Charter for Health PDF
 Global Health Watch

International medical and health organizations
Organizations established in 2000
Human rights organisations based in South Africa

People's Health Movement


Doina Cornea (; 30 May 1929 – 3 May 2018) was a Romanian human rights activist and French language professor. She was notable as a dissident during the communist regime of Nicolae Ceaușescu.

Activism
Cornea illegally sent the first letter to Radio Free Europe in 1982. It was the first in a series of texts and protests against the Nicolae Ceaușescu regime. She saw the crisis not just an economic one, but also a spiritual crisis.She said that the Romanian people "a people fed solely on slogans", who value more material values rather than spiritual values, which she defined as the ones which "generated intelligence, ethics, culture, liberty and responsibility".

In August 1987, she addressed an open letter to Nicolae Ceaușescu, in which she advocated reform in the higher education: greater academic freedom.

Beliefs
She argued for freedom of expression, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly and freedom of travel; on the economic side, her letter (which may have been drafted by other collaborators) argued for closing down loss-making factories, re-tooling factories for being able to compete with foreign companies, hiring foreign managers and recreation of private land ownership, as well as the stopping of the Systematization programme.

House arrest
Cornea was put on house arrest by the Securitate (Romanian government officials). Following a documentary shown on Belgian television, an international campaign for her release began. Resolutions arguing for her release were passed by the European Parliament and the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions.

She was released 21 December 1989 (during the Romanian Revolution, on the day before the Ceaușescu regime fell);

Personal life
Cornea born in Brașov, Romania. Cornea began studying French and Italian at Cluj University in 1948. In 1980, she published her first samizdat book, Încercarea Labirintului.

References

Other websites
 Dennis Deletant, Ceaușescu and the Securitate: Coercion and Dissent in Romania, 1965-1989, M.E. Sharpe, London, 1995, .

1929 births
2018 deaths
Romanian people
Human rights activists

Doina Cornea


Le Mans Cathedral (French: Cathédrale St-Julien du Mans) is a cathedral built in the Gothic style in the town of Le Mans, France. It is dedicated to Saint Julien; he was the first bishop of Le Mans; he is also buried in the cathedral. It is somewhat unusual in the West. It is often compared to those of Reims and Chartres. Its building was influenced a lot by the cathedral of Bourges. It is also special because its nave is built in Romanesque style, but the choir is built in Gothic style.

Roman Catholic cathedrals
Cathedrals in France
Le Mans
9th-century buildings and structures

Le Mans Cathedral


Sir Ifan ab Owen Edwards (25 July 1895 – 23 January 1970) was a Welsh academic, writer and film-maker, best known as the founder of Urdd Gobaith Cymru, the Welsh League of Youth.

He was born at Tremaran, Llanuwchllyn, Merionethshire, the son of Sir Owen Morgan Edwards, and was educated at Bala Grammar School and University of Wales, Aberystwyth.  After military service with the Royal Army Service Corps on the Western Front during World War I, he studied at Lincoln College, Oxford, taking a degree in history.  He worked as a teacher and lecturer from 1920 to 1948, when he gave up the profession to concentrate on his work for the Urdd.

In 1922, Edwards wrote a letter to the periodical Cymru'r Plant, which led to the founding of the Urdd, and the first Urdd recreational camp was held at Llanuwchllyn in 1928, under his direction. The first Urdd local branch was founded in Treuddyn. It was gradually followed by more permanent camps and residential centres.  In partnership with J. Ellis Williams, he made the first Welsh language sound film, The Quarryman.  In 1947 he was knighted in recognition of his youth work, and the Urdd had his portrait painted by Alfred Janes in 1956.  He was a director of Television Wales and the West and encouraged the making of television programmes in Welsh.  His son, Owen Edwards, would become the first chief executive of S4C.

Works
A catalogue of Star Chamber proceedings relating to Wales (1929) (ed.)
Yr Urdd 1922-43 (1943)
Clych Atgof (1921) (edited version of his father's autobiography)

Sources

1895 births
1970 deaths
Alumni of Lincoln College, Oxford
Welsh film directors
20th-century Welsh historians
Welsh language activists
Knights Bachelor
People from Llanuwchllyn

Ifan ab Owen Edwards


LaFace Records was an American record label. It was owned and operated by Sony Music Entertainment.

LaFace was formed in 1989 as a joint venture between the producer duo Antonio "'L.A." Reid and Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds and Arista Records. The combined nicknames of the duo's successful production company inspired the name of the label.

LaFace became a successful label throughout the 1990s, responsible for producing popular artists such as TLC, Toni Braxton, OutKast, Pink, Usher, Goodie Mob, Ciara, Donell Jones, Pressha and Cee-Lo Green. Towards the end of the decade, LaFace produced fewer artists and Babyface began to focus more on his own music career.

In 2011, LaFace became defunct.

1989 establishments in the United States
2011 disestablishments in the United States
American record labels

LaFace Records


Sandon Dock was a dock on the River Mersey, England, and part of the Port of Liverpool. Situated in the northern dock system, it was east of Sandon Half Tide Dock, to which it was once connected.

History

It was designed by Jesse Hartley and opened in 1851. Originally the dock basin was considerably larger and consisted of six graving docks to the north.

Sandon and Canada Dock Goods railway station was situated adjacent to the dock, and opened by the Midland Railway in 1873. The goods station could be accessed via the Huskisson Goods Tunnel, which was opened by the Cheshire Lines Committee in 1882 and closed in 1969. The goods station continued being used until 21 July 1969, and was later demolished. Sandon Dock railway station, between the dock and the goods station, was opened by the Liverpool Overhead Railway in 1893 and was closed before May 1896.

When Sandon Half Tide Dock was created at the turn of the 20th century, the remaining area was enclosed as Sandon Dock.

After trade decreased, the dock became derelict and was then converted to use as a fish farm. The dock was filled in 1989, with the site redeveloped as a sewage treatment plant and pumping station.

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

Liverpool docks

Sandon Dock


The Swing Bridge is a swing bridge over the River Tyne, England, connecting Newcastle upon Tyne and Gateshead, and lying between the Tyne Bridge and the High Level Bridge. It is a Grade II* listed structure.

History

The Swing Bridge stands on the site of the Old Tyne Bridges of 1270 and 1781, and probably of the original Roman Pons Aelius bridge.

The previous bridge on the site was demolished in 1868 to enable larger ships to move upstream to William Armstrong's works. The hydraulic Swing Bridge was designed and paid for by Armstrong, with work beginning in 1873.  It was first used for road traffic on 15 June 1876 and opened for river traffic on 17 July 1876.  At the time of construction it was the largest swing bridge ever built.  The construction cost was £240,000.

The hydraulic power still used to move the bridge is today derived from electrically driven pumps. These feed a hydraulic accumulator sunk into a  shaft below the bridge; the water is then released under pressure which runs the machinery to turn the bridge. The mechanism used for this is still the same machinery originally installed by Armstrong. It has an  cantilevered span with a central axis of rotation able to move through 360° to allow vessels to pass on either side of it.

The busiest year of operation was 1924 when the bridge was rotated 6,000 times unlike current use where it is only required to turn occasionally to allow yachts and pleasure craft to pass by and on the first Wednesday of each month as a maintenance exercise.
The bridge featured in the final episode and climax of the educational series Geordie Racer from Look and Read, when the villains became stranded on the bridge after a robbery. In May 2016, a fire broke out on the pontoon under the bridge. Around  was affected by the blaze which was tackled by two fire crews and a fire boat. The bridge was renovated in 2018 at a cost of £200,000. The restoration involved 25,000 hours of work and 10,000 screws were used in repairs. Its reopening in August 2021 was marred by technical issues which saw the bridge unable to swing.

References

External links

Swing bridges in England
Bridges in Tyne and Wear
Grade II* listed buildings in Tyne and Wear
Buildings and structures in Newcastle upon Tyne
Bridges completed in 1876
Crossings of the River Tyne
Transport in Newcastle upon Tyne
Grade II* listed bridges in England

Swing Bridge, River Tyne


Pound Puppies is an animated children's television series developed by Wendy Klein Moss, Nancy Steingard, Paul Germain and Joe Ansolabehere for the Hub Network. It premiered on October 10, 2010 in the United States as the first Hub "original series". It also aired on YTV in Canada and on Boomerang in the UK, Ireland and Australia. Produced by Hasbro Studios, it was the second series (after the 1986 series) to adapt Pound Puppies into a cartoon format. Originally a property by Tonka, Hasbro acquired Tonka itself and currently manages Pound Puppies. The plot style and music were similar to the 1960s TV series Hogan's Heroes and to films like Stalag 17 and The Great Escape. 9 Story Entertainment animated the first 7 episodes of the series. However, DHX Media/Vancouver took over production starting with episode 8.

The show is known for being one of four original series from The Hub to win the CINE Golden Eagle Award for high quality production and storytelling in July 2012; one month later, the season 1 episode "I Never Barked for My Father" was honored with the HUMANITAS Prize for excellence in writing for children's television animation. 65 episodes were produced.

Plot
The Pound Puppies is a group of dogs who spend most of their time at Shelter 17. Together with a group of squirrels recruited by Strudel, an incredibly smart Dachshund, they operate a secret and highly sophisticated underground facility beneath the pound, aimed at finding new owners for puppies or even grown up dogs that come to their pound. They rely on their motto, "A pup for every person, and a person for every pup". Although the facility is filled with advanced equipment (mainly built by Strudel and the squirrels) and is often shown bustling with activity, it consistently manages to avoid detection by the pound's clueless human staff. Several episodes have shown that there are multiple Pound Puppies units worldwide. There is also a similar organization, the "Kennel Kittens", which is a group of cats at the Happy Valley shelter that try to find forever homes for the kittens and cats that come their way. The Kennel Kittens have appeared in several episodes, and often mess up the Pound Puppies' missions. The Pound Puppies also have an unofficial side branch, the "Super Secret Pup Club".

A recurring plot often involves the Pound Puppies helping dogs find loving homes and coming across various challenges as they do so. Once a dog is successfully matched with a new owner, the Pound Puppies give him/her a dog tag shaped like a dog house as a parting gift, along with the quote, "Once a pound puppy, always a pound puppy."

Episodes

Characters

Pound Puppies
The following dogs appear regularly in the series.

 Lucky (voiced by Eric McCormack) – The Mongrel dog of the group and the leader of the underground facility. Well-adjusted and intelligent, but strict, he exudes authority and is often obeyed without question. He has a secret crush on Cookie (as revealed in "Rebel Without A Collar" and "When Niblet Met Giblet"), but he prefers to hide his feelings. However, in "When Niblet Met Giblet", he tried to show Cookie his feelings, even going as far as holding her paw. He never gets to confess because Lucky is always interrupted. As shown in an official plush toy, his last name is "Smarts". He appears to be a German Shepherd–Scottish Terrier–Golden Retriever–Jack Russell Terrier mix. He was described by McLeish, owner and manager of the pound as "the scruffy, sneaky one who always seems to be here."  Although he was adopted by a rather excitable young girl named Dot Henderson in "Lucky Gets Adopted", he prefers to be at the pound, managing adoptions and planning missions. While it is revealed that Lucky actually has six brothers and three sisters, he thought he had five, but after meeting up with his father again (as in "I Never Barked for My Father"), he found out he had one more younger brother. His catchphrase is "Go, dogs, go" which he says to get the dogs to go into action.
 Cookie (voiced by Yvette Nicole Brown) – A tough-talking, but kind and smart Boxer who is Lucky's second-in-command. She has a secret crush on Lucky the same way he does (as revealed in "The General" and "When Niblet met Giblet"). Every time Lucky wants to confess that he loves her they get interrupted. Cookie dislikes getting her stomach touched. In "Mutternal Instincts", she grows close to a puppy she affectionately names Cupcake and, at the end, her family adopts her. As shown in an official plush toy, her full name is "Sugar Cookie".
 Niblet (voiced by John DiMaggio) – A huge and sometimes clumsy and slow-witted Old English Sheepdog with a big heart. He has a little sister named Rebound. In "When Niblet Met Giblet", he fell in love with a fellow Old English Sheepdog, Giblet, but when she found her perfect person, he decided to stay with the Pound Puppies team. Although Niblet isn't the smartest of the group, he means well. Niblet also has been shown to love peanut butter. Niblet also is the only dog of the main 5 who is shown not wearing a collar with a keychain on it. He is also the only dog of the main 5 who did not have any form of owner.
 Strudel (voiced by Alanna Ubach) – A genius German Dachshund who creates many of the inventions used by the Pound Puppies. She is usually assisted by squirrels (due to her lack of opposable thumbs) and is the most intelligent dog in the group. For a small dog, she has a big ego and is extremely cocky,  but she does love her friends, and can be kind and brave. She brags how smart she is and tends to show off her intelligence. She often works in the background, which often makes her jealous of the other main 5 dogs. In "My Fair Rebound", it is revealed that she used to be a show dog and her stage name was Strudel diSchnitzel Von Wiener. In Season 3, it is revealed that Strudel used to have an owner, who was a scientist.
 Squirt (voiced by Michael Rapaport) – A yellow Chihuahua. The smallest and most street-smart of the group; Niblet's closest companion in the series. Although Squirt speaks with a New York accent, the episode "I Never Barked For My Father" revealed that he was born in Hoboken, New Jersey. Squirt can be negative, but he will always be there for his team. Since he is the smallest member of the team, he sometimes ends up in wacky costumes in order to complete missions, including a cat, possum, rabbit, and flower. Squirt also had a friend named Peewee which he thought was eaten by an alligator. He gets adopted by accident in Season 2.
 Rebound (voiced by Brooke Goldner) – Niblet's little sister. True to her namesake, she was adopted and returned to the pound many times due to her overenthusiastic nature. She finally finds her forever home with Agatha McLeish. She is a member of the Super Secret Pup Club, which was introduced in Season 2, Episode 3.
 Cupcake (voiced by Cree Summer) – A puppy who is Cookie's adopted daughter. She is a member of the Super Secret Pup Club. She appears to be a Boxer/Labrador mix. She is smart and quick-thinking, although sometimes her puppy energy gets her into sticky situations. Introduced in the Season 1 episode, "Mutternal Instincts", she started off as a cute and innocent character. However, after she joined the Super Secret Pup Club, she had a more down-to-earth personality.
 Patches (voiced by Jessica DiCicco) – A Dalmatian puppy introduced in Season 2. He idolizes the Pound Puppies, in particular Lucky, and is the leader and creator of the Super Secret Pup Club (an unofficial branch of the Pound Puppies organization). According to an official plush toy, his last name is "McFrisky".

Humans
 Leonard McLeish (voiced by René Auberjonois) – The short-tempered manager of Shelter 17. His last name, which is McLeish, is a play on the word "leash". While he really doesn't like his career and wishes for a better one, he doesn't have a clue about the Pound Puppies' operations. However, in "I Heard The Barks On Christmas Eve", he is shown to secretly like dogs and even adopts his own perfect dog, a chocolate-colored Labrador Retriever named Ralph. He may have a sister, because the mayor is his brother-in-law. His mother is Agatha McLeish.
 Olaf Hugglesbjork (voiced by M. Emmet Walsh) – The eccentric, kind caretaker of Shelter 17 and McLeish's aide. He is in charge of new dog arrivals and assists pound visitors in finding a matching pet they could adopt. Like McLeish, he is unaware of the Pound Puppies' operations. He has started dating Gertrude Washburn the librarian as of the episode "Olaf in Love".
 Agatha McLeish (recurring character, voiced by Betty White) – The mother of Leonard McLeish who initially hated dogs until she met Rebound, whom she adopted. She is somewhat strict with her son but dotes on Rebound.
 Milton Feltwaddle (recurring character, voiced by Jim Parsons) – An uptight businessman determined to change Shelter 17 for what he believes is the better. He appeared in "Toyoshiko: Bark Friend Machine" and "McLeish Unleashed".
 Mayor Jerry (recurring character, voiced by Dabney Coleman in season one, and by John Larroquette in season two) – The brother-in-law of Leonard McLeish. He acts kind and pleasant in public and in front of children, but underneath, he has a very self-centered personality. He is constantly pushing McLeish to do things for him, and berates him for making mistakes. He cares little for potential voters, desiring only their votes, and likes to mock them behind their backs.
 Ketchum (recurring character) – The silent animal control officer who frequently brings the puppies to Shelter 17, thus instigating the episodes' events. For the most part, he appears emotionless, but in the series finale, he expressed excitement when McLeish fired him.
 Dot Henderson (recurring character, voiced by Grey DeLisle) – A young, energetic and lonesome girl  who adopts Lucky. She first appeared in the final episode of season one, "Lucky Gets Adopted" and later reappears in the season three episodes "No More S'Mores", "The Pupple's Court" and "Lucky Has to Move".  She is the only human who knows that the dogs can talk.
 Claudio (recurring character, voiced by Jeff Bennett) – An Italian fisherman who appears in several episodes.
 Mr. Julius (recurring character, voiced by George Takei) - A famous dog trainer who appeared in "My Fair Rebound", "The Ruff Ruff Bunch" and "Hail to the Chief".

Recurring characters
 Dolly (voiced by E. G. Daily) - Also known as "the General", she is a pink poodle who is a near-legendary member to the Pound Puppies network.
 Ralph (voiced by Fred Stoller) – A Labrador Retriever adult dog who is lazy and rarely pays attention to his surroundings. His first appearance is in "I Heard the Barks on Christmas Eve" and also made appearances in "The Truth Is in Hear" and "Once a Ralph, Always a Ralph". He shows an interest in chewing shoes. His owner is Leonard McLeish, which was shown in "I Heard Barks on Christmas Eve" where he is left under Leonard's Christmas tree as a present from the Pound Puppies.
 Pepper (voiced by Jennifer Carpenter) – A young puppy who became a police dog in "The K9 Kid" and reappeared in "I Heard the Barks on Christmas Eve" and "It's Elementary My Dear Pup Club". She is serious about becoming a police dog and is strict. Her perfect person is a boy named Charlie, who too wants to become a policeman. Even after Sarge, Charlie's father's dog, turned down Pepper, Pepper didn't let that stop her (just like Cookie and Cupcake, Lucky could show affection for Pepper).
 Agent Ping (voiced by Lauren Tom) - A persnickety Shiba Inu who is part of the Pound Puppies Chinese operation. She appeared in the season one episodes "Homeward Pound" and "Mutternal Instincts" and the season three episodes "Hail to the Chief" and "The Pupple's Court".

Cats
The Kennel Kittens are a group of cats who help find homes for kittens. Their goals sometimes bring them into conflict with the Pound Puppies. They first appeared in "Catcalls" and last appeared in "Hello Kitten". They are as follows:
 Ace (voiced by Eric McCormack) – Ace is the leader of Shelter 71. He is a Bicolor cat and a cat version of Lucky, the leader of Shelter 17.
 Fluffy (voiced by Yvette Nicole Brown) – A Ragamuffin cat and cat version of Cookie. Just like Cookie, she's second in command of Shelter 17. She is believed to not have a crush on Ace, but on Squirt, as shown in "Kennel Kittens Return". Instead of pink, the bow on her head is yellow.
 Tiny (voiced by John DiMaggio) – A Maine Coon cat and cat version of Niblet.
 Squeak (voiced by Michael Rapaport) – A Siamese cat and cat version of Squirt.
 Kugel (voiced by Alanna Ubach) – A Munchkin cat and cat version of Strudel.

Other

 Shakes – A coyote.
 Fang (voiced by Luke Perry) – A coyote.
 Scar (voiced by Clifton Collins Jr.) – A coyote.
 Weasel (voiced by Clifton Collins Jr.) – A coyote.
 Shagface (voiced by Corey Burton) – A wolf.
 Lola (voiced by Alanna Ubach) – A wolf.
 Stain (voiced by Clancy Brown) – A dog.
 Rover (voiced by Sam McMurray) – An alligator.
 Mittens (voiced by Elizabeth Daily) – A kitten.
 Lily (voiced by Tara Strong) – A kitten.
 Spoons (voiced by Alanna Ubach) – A calico kitten.
 Teensy (voiced by Jessica DiCicco) – A kitten.
 Madame Pickypuss (voiced by Tress MacNeille) – A Persian cat.
 Bumper – A puppy.
 McGuffin – An Irish Setter puppy.
 Pooches McFurFace (voiced by Elizabeth Daily)  – A puppy.
 Millie (voiced by Jeannie Elias) – A puppy.
 Bony Boggins (voiced by Jess Harnell) – A dog speaker.
 Bert (voiced by Clancy Brown) – A German Shepherd.
 Miss Stiffwhiskers (voiced by Tress MacNeille) – A bulldog.
 Agent François (voiced by Maurice LaMarche) – A French Bulldog.
 Freddie (voiced by Justin Shenkarow) – An ugly-looking puppy.
 Chief (voiced by Justin Shenkarow) – A puppy.
 Bumper – A puppy.
 Cuddlesworth (voiced by Ted Biaselli) – A chihuahua.
 Dash Whippet (voiced by Corey Burton) – A greyhound.
 Agent Todd (voiced by Dave Thomas) – An Alaskan Malamute agent.
 Agent Rick (voiced by Dave Foley) – A dog agent.
 Bingo (voiced by Charles Shaughnessy) – A Doberman Pinscher.
 Bondo (voiced by Jeff Bennett) – A basenji.
 Tundra (voiced by Hunter Parrish) – A Siberian Husky puppy.
 Sven (voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson) – A Siberian Husky.
 Gwen (voiced by Pamela Adlon) – A Siberian Husky.
 Buck – A mutt.
 Slick (voiced by Gary Cole) – A mutt and Lucky's father.
 Sid (voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson) – A corgi.
 Salty (voiced by Clancy Brown) – An eyepatch-wearing dog.
 Humphrey (voiced by Danny Cooksey) – A Yorkshire Terrier puppy.
 Babette (voiced by Kath Soucie) – A poodle.
 Twiggy (voiced by Elizabeth Daily) – An Afghan Hound.
 Rocky (voiced by Clancy Brown) – A pit bull.
 Billy Ray (voiced by Clancy Brown) – A bloodhound.
 Bumbles (voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson) – A Bernese Mountain Dog.
 Tyson (voiced by Clancy Brown) – A Rottweiler.
 Buddy (voiced by Richard Lewis) – An American Eskimo.
 Champ (voiced by Diedrich Bader) – A St. Bernard rescue dog.
 Chubba (voiced by Clancy Brown) – A bulldog.
 Brutus (voiced by John York) – An Australian Cattle Dog.
 Sterling Von Oxnard (voiced by Clancy Brown) – An Airedale Terrier.
 Sarge (voiced by James Remar) – A police German Shepherd.
 Miss Petunia (voiced by Glenne Headly) – A Golden Retriever.
 Cinnamon (voiced by Cree Summer)  – A Golden Retriever puppy and one of Miss Petunia's litter.
 Missy, Molly and Muff-Muff (voiced by Anndi McAfee, Kath Soucie and Rachel Crane) – Three Cocker Spaniels.
 Fifi (voiced by John DiMaggio)  – A shaggy dog.
 Foo Foo (voiced by Ted Biaselli)  – A Havanese dog.
 Chuckles (voiced by Tom Kenny) – A circus dog.
 Chauncey (voiced by Tom Kenny) – A Welsh Corgi.
 Bobo (voiced by Tom Kenny) – A French Bulldog puppy.
 Zoltron (voiced by French Stewart) – An alien pug.
 Marshmallow (voiced by Alanna Ubach) – A bulldog puppy.
 Millard (voiced by Grey DeLisle) – A basset hound puppy.
 Bart and Tony (voiced by Elizabeth Daily and Cree Summer) – Two puppies.
 Ginger (voiced by Kath Soucie) – A Cocker Spaniel puppy.
 Clover (voiced by Elizabeth Daily) – A puppy.
 Solo (voiced by Carlos Alazraqui) – A puppy.
 Camelia (voiced by Elizabeth Daily) – A puppy.
 Stuffy, Schleppy and Axel (Carlos Alazraqui, Jeff Bennett and Grey DeLisle) – Three puppies, a pug, a basset hound/dachshund mix and a gray puppy in a wheelchair.
 Boots (voiced by Kath Soucie) – A puppy.
 Yo Yo (voiced by Grey DeLisle) – A Cavalier King Charles Spaniel puppy.
 Zipper (voiced by Tara Strong) – A Border Collie puppy.
 Spotty, Nougat and Gizmo (voiced by Cree Summer, Elizabeth Daily and Pamela Adlon) – Cocker Spaniel puppies.
 Dimples (voiced by Elizabeth Daily) – A poodle cross puppy.
 Yakov (voiced by Rob Paulsen) – A Russian puppy.
 Piper (voiced by Anndi McAfee) – A puppy
 Boots (voiced by Kath Soucie) – A puppy.
 Jackpot (voiced by Lucas Grabeel) – A Scottish Terrier.
 Pupster (voiced by Elizabeth Daily) – A Chihuahua puppy.
 Puddles (voiced by Grey DeLisle) – A white scruffy puppy.
 Millie (voiced by Jeannie Elias) – A puppy.
 Greasy (voiced by Kath Soucie) – A dirty puppy.
 Noodles (voiced by Hynden Walch) – A Labrador dog mix.
 Sweet Pea (voiced by Jessica DiCicco) – A Cocker Spaniel puppy.
 Hairy (voiced by Lucas Grabeel) – A hairy puppy.
 Chip (voiced by Danny Cooksey)  – A puppy.
 Poopsie – A Labrador Retriever puppy.
 Humphrey (voiced by Danny Cooksey) – A Yorkshire Terrier puppy.
 Buttercup (voiced by Grey DeLisle) – A puppy.
 Roxie (voiced by Alanna Ubach) – A Dalmatian puppy.
 Suds (voiced by Rob Paulsen) – A Jack Russell Terrier.
 Beardy (voiced by Alanna Ubach) – An Affenpinscher puppy.
 Princess (voiced bu Dom Irrera) – A Maltese.
 Zippster, Kippster and Tip-Tip (voiced by Cree Summer, Jessica DiCicco and Elizabeth Daily) – Three puppies.
 The Quintuplets (Whip and Tip voiced by E.G. Daily, Flip and Blip voiced by Kath Soucie, Chubbers voiced by Alanna Ubach) – Five puppies.
 Sweetie (voiced by Jessica DiCicco) – A puppy.
 Checkers (voiced by Kath Soucie) – A puppy.
 Dinky (voiced by Lauren Tom) – A puppy.
 Kiki (voiced by Jentle Phoenix) – A puppy.
 Shaggles (voiced by Grey DeLisle) – A puppy.
 Nutmeg (voiced by Tara Strong) – A puppy.
 Wagster (voiced by Tara Strong) – A puppy.
 Yipper (voiced by Danny Cooksey) – A puppy.
 Farfel (voiced by Alanna Ubach) – A puppy.
 Vanilli (voiced by Elizabeth Daily) – A puppy.
 Puddles (voiced by Grey DeLisle) – A puppy.
 Taboo (voiced by Pamela Adlon) – A puppy.
 Pugford (voiced by Grey DeLisle) – A black pug.
 Chocko, Scout and Winnie (voiced by Pamela Adlon, Elizabeth Daily and Cree Summer) – Rottweiler puppies.
 Corky (voiced by Georgina Cordova) – A puppy.
 Doggy Lama (voiced by John DiMaggio) – A dog.
 Barlow (voiced by John DiMaggio) – A basset hound.
 Antonio (voiced by Carlos Alazraqui) – A Chihuahua.
 Peppy (voiced by Carlos Alazraqui) – A puppy.
 Chris Jingles (voiced by John DiMaggio) – An Old English Sheepdog and a dog version of Santa Claus.
 Agent Gus (voiced by Jeff Bennett) – A pug.
 Giblet (voiced by Ashley Johnson) – An Old English Sheepdog.

Home media
Distributed by Shout! Factory.

Toys
In Summer 2012, Hasbro released a line of toys for The Hub's Pound Puppies series, consisting mainly of plush toys (including Lucky, Cookie, Rebound, Patches, Cupcake and a minor character, Nutmeg) and small figures. Each plush toy comes with an "Adoption Certificate" tag that one can fill out. One can also access an official website and download a Pound Puppies adoption certificate.

References

External links

 Pound Puppies at Hasbro Studios
 Pound Puppies at DHX Media

2010 American television series debuts
2013 American television series endings
2010s American animated television series
2010 Canadian television series debuts
2013 Canadian television series endings
2010s Canadian animated television series
American children's animated adventure television series
American children's animated comedy television series
American children's animated fantasy television series
American children's animated musical television series
American flash animated television series
Canadian children's animated adventure television series
Canadian children's animated comedy television series
Canadian children's animated fantasy television series
Canadian children's animated musical television series
Canadian flash animated television series
Discovery Family original programming
English-language television shows
Pound Puppies
Television series by Hasbro Studios
Television series by DHX Media
Television series by 9 Story Media Group
Animated television series about dogs
Television shows based on Hasbro toys
YTV (Canadian TV channel) original programming
Television shows based on toys
Television shows set in Texas

Pound Puppies (2010 TV series)


Henry Nicholas Paint (10 April 1830 – 29 September 1921) was a Canadian politician, shipowner and merchant.

Career
Henry Paint was the son of Nicholas Paint, JP, by Mary Le Messurier, both of old Guernsey families which had been trading with Nova Scotia since at least the mid-18th century; a 'Paint Island', off Canso, is recorded in 1750. In 1817 his father, a merchant shipowner and agent at Arichat, Nova Scotia, petitioned for land grants at Belle Vue on the Strait of Canso, where he built a stone house and had settled by 1822. Henry was educated in Guernsey and at the Wolfville Academy (today Acadia University), and served as a lieutenant-captain in the Canadian Militia during the Fenian raids.

He spent his early life as an insurance agent in the City of Halifax. He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in 1882 as a Member of the Conservative Party for Richmond, Nova Scotia. In Parliament, he was a strong supporter of Sir John A. Macdonald, the first prime minister of Canada, and he promoted a large number of public and infrastructure works for Cape Breton, including the first marine railway, the first steamers from Boston, numerous wharves and warehouses, as well as post offices and lighthouses, and the bridge and railroad to Arichat, and he was instrumental in negotiating favourable trading terms for the Dominion with Norway and the West Indies. He contested the three general elections of 1887, 1891 and 1904, but despite his successes for the community, he was defeated on each occasion.

Henry was a progressive merchant and community leader. He owned extensive property on Cape Breton Island. Apart from the family estate of  at Canso, in 1863 he acquired commercial property at Point Tupper, Nova Scotia, a few miles from Port Hawkesbury, on a site 'exceedingly well situated for trade' at the main entry point between mainland Nova Scotia and Cape Breton Island. Here he constructed wharves and laid out a new township, selling plots doggedly to the end of his life; today he is commemorated there by 'Henry Paint Street'. His other holdings included the 'Paint seam' in coal mines at Victoria County, Nova Scotia and gypsum options at Brierley Brook in Antigonish County.

Henry Paint has a street, Paint Street, named after him in Port Hawkesbury, Nova Scotia.

Henry Paint's long life is exceptionally well documented for the period, largely from letters written in his old age to his grandchildren, some of which were published in 2005. He died at his house at 3 Artillery Place, Halifax, aged 91.

His younger daughter, Mary Le Mesurier, married Sir Charles Tertius Mander, first baronet, of the Mander family, industrialists and philanthropists dominant in the English Midlands. His elder daughter, Flora St Clair, married Sir Charles's first cousin, Theodore Mander, builder of Wightwick Manor, one of the most notable Arts and Crafts movement houses in England, owned since 1937 by the National Trust.

Electoral record

Sources
Nicholas Mander,  Varnished leaves : a biography of the Mander family of Wolverhampton, 1750-1950. Dursley: Owlpen Press. 2004. .

J. L. MacDougall, History of Inverness County, Nova Scotia, April 1923, chap. XI, which gives an account of the Paint family in Nova Scotia

References

External links

Brief history of the Mander family
Paint of Nova Scotia family genealogy
Mander Brothers

1830 births
1921 deaths
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Nova Scotia
People from Inverness County, Nova Scotia
Guernsey people
Canadian people of Guernsey descent
Acadia University alumni

Henry Nicholas Paint


Wasfi al-Atassi  (1888–1933) () was a Syrian nationalist, statesman and one of the original writers of the Syrian constitution.

Life
Born in Homs to the Atassi family in 1888, he was educated locally. His father, Najeeb Efendi al-Atassi was an Islamic scholar and a notable, having headed the municipality of the city of Homs in 1879. Wasfi Atassi attended the Imperial Law School of Istanbul, the capital of the Ottoman Empire. Upon graduation he returned to his home town and established a career as a lawyer.

In 1919, after the defeat of the Turks and their withdrawal from Syria, Atassi was elected to the Syrian National Congress, the first Syrian parliament. His cousin, Hashim al-Atassi, the other deputy from Homs, was chosen as chairman. On March 10, 1920 both Wasfi and Hashim al-Atassi were elected to the seven-membered constitutional committee that was charged with drafting the first Syrian constitution. Within a few days, the members of this committee were able to review several existing constitutional documents from other countries, formulate a draft, debate the articles, and present the new constitution to the congress for ratification.  The constitution declared Syria an independent constitutional monarchy under King Faisal, and recognized no foreign claims in the country or international treaties that would jeopardize its independence. Wasfi Atassi was also a member of the three-membered congressional committee which chose the current building that housed the parliament in Damascus. In 1920 he was installed governor of Hama by King Faisal.

Atassi took part in the struggle for independence and became a member of national movements which opposed Turkish dominance and then the French mandate. In early 1919, he founded the Arab Club () in Homs, similar to the one established in Damascus by the nationalists. Atassi was chosen head of the Club and supervised its activities, which included hosting a range of meetings, discussions, and lectures on nationalism. It also staged several plays, all of which were in frank opposition to the French influence and targeted its mandate. The French authorities closed the club down in July, 1920.

In May, 1920, he was named a founding member of the Al-Fatat (, the anti-CUP pro-Entente organization founded in Paris in 1911) via an amendment made by the original founders to the party constitution. The Young Arab was the largest and most influential Arab party in the late Ottoman period and early independent era. He became an influential figure in the Syrian revolts against the French. In 1920 Atassi took part in establishing The Homs Defense Committee, headed by his cousin Omar al-Atassi. The committee organized armed clashes between the people of Homs and the French troops.  He was charged with providing the necessary financial support through donations from both public and governmental agencies. Between 1919 and 1925 he was delegated by the nationalists of Homs to represent them in meetings with the influential families and tribes of the area, such as the Azms, Keilanis and Barazis of Hama, the Suweidans of Hisyah, the Dandachis of Talkalakh, and the Ahsenah tribe. These meetings were held to discuss the struggle for independence and were a prelude to the Syrian Revolution of 1925. He became one of the brains behind the uprisings of the two sister cities of Homs and Hama.  In 1925 he joined the Peoples' Party of Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar, along with Shukri al-Jundi, Mazhar Raslan, Shafiq al-Husseini, and Abdul-Kareem al-Droubi, and established a chapter in Homs.

The French struck back. In 1926 Atassi was one of the national leaders exiled to the Island of Arwad for two months (January 23 – March 26), along with his cousins Hashim al-Atassi, Mazhar al-Atassi, as well as Faris al-Khoury, Saadallah al-Jabiri, Mazhar Raslan, Shukry Al-Jindi, and others. Returning from exile, Atassi joined the National Bloc that was formed by the major political figures of Syria and Lebanon at that time, and lead the struggle against the French for the next two decades until establishing independence in 1946. In 1928 he was one of the members of the National Block who signed a pact announcing their participation in congressional elections; however, he stepped down in favor of his cousin, Hashem al-Atassi, to ensure unity.

Wasfi al-Atassi died in 1933. He was unable to see the final struggle for independence reap its fruits.

References

1888 births
1933 deaths
Wasfi al-Atassi
Members of the People's Assembly of Syria
National Bloc (Syria) politicians
People from Homs
Syrian nationalists
Syrian people of Turkish descent
Istanbul University Faculty of Law alumni

Wasfi al-Atassi


Nikolai Petrovich Starostin (Cyrillic: Никола́й Петро́вич Ста́ростин; 26 February 1902 – 17 February 1996) was a Soviet footballer and ice hockey player, and founder of Spartak Moscow.

Early life and Spartak Moscow

The eldest of four brothers, Starostin was born in Presnensky District, Moscow where he enjoyed a comfortable upbringing courtesy of his father's reasonably well paid job as a hunting guide for the Imperial Hunting Society. Nikolai studied at a commercial academy where he first began playing football. Football was a minor concern in the Russia in this period, but it was growing. A Moscow league had been founded in 1910 but this died away in the years following the revolution of 1917. Starostin is said to have welcomed the revolution, though he played no active role in it. Following the death of his father from typhoid in 1920, Starostin supported his family by playing football in the summer and ice hockey in the winter.

In 1921 the Moscow Sport Circle (later Krasnaia Presnia) was formed by Ivan Artemev and involved Starostin, especially in its football team. The team grew, building a stadium, supporting itself from ticket sales and playing matches across Russia. As part of a 1926 reorganisation of football in the USSR, Starostin arranged for the club to be sponsored by the food workers union and the club moved to the 13,000 seat Tomskii Stadium. The team changed sponsors repeatedly over the following years as it competed with Dynamo Moscow, whose 35,000 seat Dynamo Stadium lay close by.

As a high-profile sportsman, Starostin came into close contact with Alexander Kosarev, secretary of the Komsomol (Communist Union of Youth) who already had a strong influence on sport and wanted to extend it. In November 1934, with funding from Promkooperatsiia, Kosarev employed Starostin and his brothers to develop his team to make it more powerful. Again the team changed its name, this time to Spartak Moscow. It took its name from the Roman slave rebel and athlete Spartacus. Like Spartacus, the club seemed to represent the exploited, as opposed to their rivals Dynamo Moscow (run by the secret police) and CSKA Moscow (run by the army.) Starostin played for and managed Spartak, and his three brothers also played for the team.

In 1936 new league and cup competitions were introduced in Russia. In the first year Dynamo won the league and Spartak the cup. In 1937 the positions were reversed but Spartak won both league and cup in 1938 and 1939, much to the annoyance of Lavrenty Beria, the head of the secret police, who was also the president of Dynamo. A keen footballer in his youth, Beria had played against Starostin in the 1920s, suffering humiliating defeat. The Dynamo-Spartak rivalry became the bitterest in Soviet sport.

Arrest

In the late 1930s many of Starostin's friends and associates were arrested as part of the Great Purge, including Kosarev. There were also attempts to more closely control sporting matters, including forcing the Semi-final of the 1939 cup to be replayed after Spartak won the first match by a disputed goal. They went on to win the replay, which did not take place until after Spartak had already won the final. On March 20, 1942, Starostin was arrested, along with his three brothers and other fellow players, facing accusations of involvement in a plot to kill Joseph Stalin. Following two years of interrogation in the Lubyanka, the charges were dropped but the Starostins were tried and sentenced to ten years in Siberia anyway, having been found guilty of "lauding bourgeois sport and attempting to drag bourgeois mores into Soviet sport". The sentence was very lenient in view of the popularity of football and Starostin. When details from the actual court sentence were published in 2003, it turned out Starostins were not convicted for political crimes, but rather for stealing sporting goods from the stores they were supposed to oversee and selling those goods on. Nikolai Starostin profited for 28,000 rubles, Aleksandr for 12,000, Andrei and Pyotr - for 6,000 each. Also, Nikolai Starostin was convicted of bribing the military commisar of the Bauman district of Moscow, Kutarzhevskiy. Kutarzhevskiy, using his power arranged so that several people who were supposed to have been conscripted to serve in the Army during World War II were not sent to the front and stayed in Moscow instead. Those people included food distributors and food store managers, who in turn provided Starostin with unlimited food supply during the war time, when food shortages were common (according to the sentence, food store manager Zvyozdkin gave Starostin 60 kilograms of butter and 50 kilograms of meat products).

During his time in the gulags, Starostin's skills were highly sought after and he served as coach at various camps. He was treated benevolently by commanders who looked kindly on football and gave him extensive privileges. Unlike other notable inmates, Starostin was never mistreated and was well liked among both guards and prisoners, who would gather to listen to his football stories.

In 1948 Starostin received a phone call in the camp from Stalin's son Vasily. The two had known each other in the 1930s when Starostin's daughter had made friends with him at the Spartak horse riding club, when he was using the name 'Volkov'. He was now commander in chief of the Soviet Air Forces and brought Starostin back to Moscow to coach the Air Force's football team, in which role he became a pawn in the conflict between Vasily and Lavrentiy Beria. Beria's secret police soon visited Starostin at his home, giving him 24 hours to leave Moscow. Vasily reacted by taking Starostin into his protection. The two spent all their time together, even sleeping in the same wide bed (Vasily with a gun under his pillow).

On one occasion when Vasily was drunk Starostin slipped out of an open window to see his family. He was apprehended by the secret police at 6am the next morning and sent to the Maykop gulag. At Orel, however, Vasily's head of counter espionage met the train to return Starostin to Moscow. Starostin instead asked to be allowed to live in Southern Russia. Vasily agreed on condition that he coach the local Dynamo team. The secret police intercepted him, however, and he was exiled for life to Kazakhstan. Starostin was initially sent to Akmolinsk, where he coached the local football team. He later moved to Alma Ata to coach ice hockey and football with the Kairat team. Starostin's efforts contributed to the club's position as the leading Kazakh team in the Soviet era.

Release

Stalin died on 5 March 1953. Beria, who had initially been part of the leading group after Stalin's death, was executed later that year. As part of the movement towards "Destalinisation" an amnesty was declared for various political prisoners and this included Starostin. His sentence and those of his brothers were declared illegal, and they were set free. Nikolai was appointed as coach to the Soviet national football team, and in 1955 returned to Spartak as president, a position he maintained until 1992. Starostin published his memoirs, titled Futbol skvoz gody (Football Through the Years) in 1989.

Honours and awards

 Hero of Socialist Labour (1990)
 Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 3rd class (19 April 1995) - for services in the development of physical culture and sports and the great personal contribution to the revival and the emergence of the sports society "Spartak"
 Three Orders of Lenin (1937, 1987, 1990)
 Order of Friendship of Peoples (1982)
 Honoured Master of Sports

References

Further reading
 Simon Kuper. Football Against the Enemy. Orion Paperbacks, 2003 ().
 Anne Applebaum. Gulag: A History of the Soviet Camps. Doubleday, 2003 ().
 . Spartak Moscow: A History of the People's Team in the Worker's State. Cornell University Press, 2009 ().

1902 births
1996 deaths
Spartak Moscow
Soviet men's footballers
Spartak (sports society) sportspeople
Soviet Top League players
FC Spartak Moscow players
Soviet football managers
Russian expatriate sportspeople in Kazakhstan
Expatriate football managers in Kazakhstan
FC Kairat managers
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 3rd class
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples
Burials at Vagankovo Cemetery
Men's association football players not categorized by position

Nikolai Starostin


Colin Rowe (27 March 1920 – 5 November 1999) was a British-born, American-naturalised architectural historian, critic, theoretician and teacher. He is acknowledged to have been a major theoretical and critical influence in the second half of the twentieth century on world architecture and urbanism. During his life he taught briefly at the University of Texas at Austin and, for one year, at the University of Cambridge in England. For most of his life he was a professor at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. Many of Rowe's students became important architects and extended his influence throughout the architecture and planning professions. In 1995 he was awarded the Gold Medal by the Royal Institute of British Architects, its highest honor. He was also awarded the Athena Medal from the Congress for the New Urbanism posthumously in 2011.

Early life
Colin Frederick Rowe was born in Rotherham, England in 1920 to Frederick W. Rowe and Helena Beaumount. Rowe's father was a schoolteacher. Their only other child, David, was born in October 1928. Colin won a scholarship to the local Grammar School and later attended the University of Liverpool to study architecture. He was called up for military service in December 1942 and was enlisted in the  Royal Air Force. He badly injured his spine in a practice parachute jump and was hospitalized for more than six months. One of the first letters from Rowe published in The Letters of Colin Rowe: Five Decades of Correspondence was written from his hospital bed to his friend and colleague at the University Ursula Mercer.

Theoretical approach

His 1945 MA thesis for Rudolf Wittkower at the Warburg Institute, London, was a theoretical speculation that Inigo Jones may have intended to publish a theoretical treatise on architecture, analogous to Palladio's Four Books of Architecture. Although this idea was not supported by any hard evidence and could not ever be proven, encouraged by Wittkower it established Rowe's way of speculating and imagining what might have happened: an approach to the history of architecture that was largely imaginary and factually questionable, but which he gradually built into a vastly erudite, coherently argued way of thinking and seeing that exasperated conventional historians, but became the inspiration for a generation of practising architects to consider history imaginatively, as an active component in their design process.

Rowe's original approach was based on making comparisons between cultural events that conventional history kept widely separated and categorised, but which he unearthed from his vast personal erudition (in constant development) and placed together for comparison. His unorthodox and non-chronological view of history then made it possible for him to develop theoretical speculations such as his famous essay "The Mathematics of the Ideal Villa" (1947) in which he theorised that there were compositional "rules" in Palladio's villas that could be demonstrated to correspond to similar "rules" in Le Corbusier's villas at Poissy and Garches. Although like his MA thesis, this proposal was impossible to support with any evidence, as a speculation it enabled Rowe to elaborate an astonishingly fresh and provocative trans-historical critique of both Palladio and Le Corbusier, in which the architecture of both was assessed not in chronological time, but side by side in the present moment.

The originality of this approach had the effect of re-situating the assessment of modern architecture within history and acknowledged history as an active influence. Many years later when Rowe's influence had spread worldwide, this approach had become a key element in the process of architectural and urban design: if "the presence of the past" was evident in the work of many architects in the late 20th century, from James Stirling to Aldo Rossi, Robert Venturi, Oswald Matthias Ungers, Peter Eisenman, Michael Graves and others, this was largely due to the influence of Rowe. More recently, theorists and critics of the digital turn in architecture stressed the need to update Rowe's method for the present.

Teaching and writings
Between 1950 and 1952, as a tutor at the Liverpool School of Architecture, he inculcated this original approach to modern architecture into the malleable 24-year-old architecture student James Stirling, only six years his junior. In Rowe's view, by that time modernism in architecture was already finished;  what was intended to be a revolution had failed, but in Stirling he had found the means to create a new type of "modernist neo-classicist" architect; the two became lifelong friends, and all of Stirling's work in architectural practice was deeply indebted to Rowe's more or less continuous critical input. It has often been said that Stirling was "Rowe's draughtsman".

Between the 1950s and his death, Rowe published a number of widely influential papers that influenced architecture by further developing the theory that there is a conceptual relationship between modernity and tradition, specifically Classicism in its various manifestations, and Modern Movement "white architecture" of the 1920s - a viewpoint first put forward by Emil Kaufmann in his classic book "Von Ledoux bis Le Courbusier" (1933). Although he remained an admirer of the achievements of the 1920s modernists, chiefly in the work of Le Corbusier, Rowe also subjected the modern movement, which he considered a failure, to subversive modes of criticism and interpretation.

Rowe was among the first to openly denounce the failures of modernist urban planning and its destructive effects on the historic city; many of his most important books and essays are in fact more concerned with urban form than with architectural language. This early work, led to the contextualism school of thought which was likewise critical of modern urban design and architectural theory of design wherein modern building types are harmonized with urban forms usual to a traditional city.

Rowe was the Andrew Dickson White Professor of Architecture at Cornell University, where he taught from 1962 until his retirement in 1990. In 1970, he received a Rome Prize in Architecture from the American Academy in Rome. In the course of his brilliant and very influential academic career he focused on developing an alternative method of urban design derived in part from the earlier work of Camillo Sitte but largely original, and based on the making of cities through a process of collaged, superimposed pieces; the ideal model for this pragmatic, anti-doctrinaire approach was the ruined villa of the Roman Emperor Hadrian at Tivoli, outside Rome.
In 1981 he started the Cornell Journal of Architecture and contributed to issue 1 with "The Present Urban Predicament" and to issue 2 with "Program vs. Paradigm."

His chief significance was as a teacher and writer on these subjects, which greatly influenced architectural thinking. His book Collage City (with Fred Koetter) is his theoretical treatise that sets out various analyses of urban form in a number of existing cities known to be aesthetically successful, examining their actually existing urban structure as found, revealing it to be the end product of a ceaseless process of fragmentation, the collision/superimposition/contamination of many diverse ideas imposed on it by successive generations, each with its own idea. In architecture his thinking paralleled his ideas about the city: he was nostalgic for nineteenth-century eclecticism, advocating that architecture in the modern age should abandon its purist abstraction and allow itself to be influenced by influxes of historical references.

Philosophically, Rowe's conviction that pragmatic, discrete, and episodic ideas are more meaningful and useful than totalising, overarching, all-inclusive concepts led him towards the political right, and to such philosophers as Isaiah Berlin and Karl Popper; but paradoxically this also situated his thinking in the same general zone as left-leaning philosophers like Gianni Vattimo.
As he continued to publish ground-breaking, intellectually rich, unconventional essays on the history and theory of architecture, and became a permanent resident of the United States (becoming a US citizen towards the end of his life) he went on to influence many other architects, students, and architectural educators during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s (in 1966 he served as a fellow at the Graham Foundation in Chicago) at a time when there was a move towards Postmodern architecture with which he may be partly associated - though only to a very limited extent, and only in a philosophical sense, since his intellectual range, and his all-inclusive interest in every movement and style of architecture, placed him far outside any particular stylistic category. Rowe died at the age of 79 on 5 November 1999 in Arlington County, Virginia. A memorial program was held in his honor on 6 February 2000 at The Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC.

"The Mathematics of the Ideal Villa"

Colin Rowe's seminal essay went through five printings in four years and was titled "The Mathematics of the Ideal Villa." The text was printed both in essay form and in book form under the same title along with eight other comparably supportive essays. In this essay, Rowe presented his original view of the direct comparative reading of modern architecture alongside neo-Classical architecture. This approach was not generally done or accepted in the architectural literature of the time when the essay was first published in 1947. Rowe asserted the basis of a direct comparison of a villa by Le Corbusier and a villa by Andrea Palladio from the 16th century. Rowe's choice was to place Palladio's masterpiece from the 1550s called the Malcontenta (Villa Foscari) into direct comparison with Le Corbusier's villa at Garches for Mr. and Mrs. Michael Stein. Rowe's argument began by asserting that both Garches and the Malcontenta are conceived of as single blocks of roughly identical volumes measuring "8 units in length, by 5 1/2 in breadth, by 5 in height." Rowe then observes that "Each house exhibits an alternative rhythm of double and single intervals; and each house ... displays a comparable tripartite distribution of line of support." As Rowe summarizes: "Palladio is concerned with a logical disposition of motifs dogmatically accepted ... while Le Corbusier ... contrasts the new system with the old and is a little more comprehensive."

Rowe continues on in the essay to conclude that, "If Le Corbusier's facades are for him the primary demonstrations of the virtues of a mathematical discipline, with Palladio it would seem that the ultimate proof of his theory lies in his plan ... (At Malcontenta) [t]he facades become complicated, their strict Platonic rationale may be ultimately vitiated by the traditional presence ... of the Ionic order which possesses its own rationale and which inevitable introduces an alternative system of measurement." In the end of his essay, Rowe transfers his approach to the shared sympathy of Le Corbusier and Palladio for the mathematical description of the ideal villa by discussing the Villa Savoye in comparison to Palladio's Villa Rotonda, which he sees as analogous. In his famous closing quote, Rowe gives his highest compliment to both Palladio and Le Corbusier together stating that Palladio and Le Corbusier had "become the source of innumerable pastiches and of tediously amusing exhibition techniques; but it is the magnificently realized quality of the originals which one rarely finds in the works of neo-Palladians and exponents of 'le style Corbu'". For Rowe, in the end these two master architects would have the more enduring word on the mathematics of the ideal villa than the majority of their followers.

Selected works
The Architecture of Good Intentions (1994)
As I Was Saying: Recollections and Miscellaneous Essays, Collected essays, letters, and papers collected in 3 volumes by MIT Press from his lifetime, Paperback: 216 pages, The MIT Press (July 23, 1999),
I Almost Forgot: Unpublished Colin Rowe, edited by Daniel Naegele. The MIT Press (January 10, 2023),
"The Present Urban Predicament" in The Cornell Journal of Architecture, no.1, 1981
"Roma Interrotta" in Architectural Design Profile, Vol. 49, No. 3-4 (1979)
Collage City (1978) with Fred Koetter
The Mathematics of the Ideal Villa and Other Essays (1976)
"Transparency: Literal and Phenomenal" Part II, Perspecta 13/14, 1971
Italian Architecture of the 16th Century, with Leon Satkowski, Princeton Architectural Press, 2002, , hard cover: 331 pages.

See also
The Texas Rangers

References

 Sherer, Daniel, Architecture in the Labyrinth. Theory and Criticism in the United States, Oppositions, Assemblage, ANY, (1973–1999), Zodiac 20 (1999), pp. 36–63.
Cornell faculty memorial obituary.

1920 births
1999 deaths
British architecture writers
Urban theorists
Cornell University faculty
Recipients of the Royal Gold Medal
People from Rotherham
Architecture educators
Academics of the University of Liverpool
20th-century English architects
Architects from Yorkshire
British emigrants to the United States

Colin Rowe


Edward Robert Kavalee (born 30 June 1979) is an Australian comedian, actor, writer, podcaster, radio and television presenter and association football commentator. He is a recurring panellist on Network 10's Have You Been Paying Attention? with Sam Pang and co-hosts Hughesy, Ed & Erin with Dave Hughes and Erin Molan on 2DayFM.

Kavalee is a former host of Ash, Grant & Ed  on 2Day FM and the Marto, Ed & Robin breakfast show on Triple M Brisbane. He has hosted a number of television shows, including TV Burp and various sports-themed comedy shows along with Santo Cilauro and Sam Pang.

Career
Kavalee is an experienced Theatresports performer. He had been involved in running Theatresports workshops at the University of New South Wales (Studio 4, New South Wales University's comedy society), and for a number of years, he hosted Theatresports at the University of Sydney. Before his career on radio with Triple M, Kavalee began working in a small video store at the age of fourteen for a period of eight and a half years, and was a panel operator and part of the promotions team with the Triple M Rock Patrol vehicles, The Black Thunders.

Kavalee is a graduate of Screenwise. Three months before he graduated, he scored the pilot and a part on the ensemble cast of Working Dog Productions' improvised comedy show Thank God You're Here.  He appeared in more than 20 episodes of the show in 2006 and remained a member of the ensemble cast in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th series.

In 2006, Kavalee joined with co-host Tony Martin and panel operator Richard Marsland for the Triple M radio comedy show Get This which featured comedy sketches, celebrity guests and banter on trivia and current affairs. The show was a ratings success and soon developed a devoted assembly of loyal fans including English comedian Ross Noble who commented in an interview in 2012 that Get This, although off-air for five years, remained his all-time favourite radio show. But after two years, Austereo made the controversial decision to axe the program. Despite the protests from fans and supporters, the show finished in November 2007. In December 2008, Kavalee and Martin recorded a special tribute podcast dedicated to the memory of Richard Marsland who died earlier that month.

In 2008, Kavalee joined The Wrong Way Home with Akmal Saleh and Cal Wilson on the Nova Network. Before Kavalee joined he was a guest co-host while Wilson took time off for her wedding.

In 2009, Kavalee was appointed as anchor on Nova 100's Hughesy & Kate breakfast show, replacing Tim Blackwell who hosted the Nova Nights show Launchpad with Hayley Pearson.

Kavalee hosted TV Burp on the Seven Network in mid 2009, which was the Australian TV series that was based on the original version of the UK's TV series Harry Hill's TV Burp. He co-hosted Santo, Sam and Ed's Cup Fever! with Santo Cilauro and Sam Pang on SBS TV, which was a light-hearted look at the 2010 FIFA World Cup, running for the duration of the championships. Kavalee was reunited with his former co-host on Get This, Tony Martin, for The Joy of Sets on the Nine Network. This comedy television series, looking at the elements used to construct television shows, commenced screening on 20 September 2011 in the 9:00 pm Tuesday timeslot on Nine. The eighth and final episode aired on 8 November 2011. Although initial ratings were impressive, subsequent figures were disappointing and midway through the series, it was moved to a later timeslot of 10.30pm.

In December 2011, Kavalee resigned from Nova 100 to focus on TV and film work. In 2012, he appeared in the Australian film Any Questions for Ben? directed by Rob Sitch. Kavalee co-hosted Santo, Sam and Ed's Sports Fever! on the Seven network, a spin-off from the SBS series in 2010. He was also a regular guest on the TV show Agony Uncles (ABC-TV). He also worked on the comedy film Scumbus in which he starred, co-wrote, co-produced and largely self-funded. The comedy film focusses on a pair of under-achieving policemen and was shot in only 11 days, featuring a cast of well-known names in Australian comedy. The film aired on Ch-10 on 10 November 2012, received positive reviews and was selected for screening at the Los Angeles Comedy Festival. At the end of 2012, Kavalee was seeking a distributor for his second feature film entitled Border Protection Squad, the film has been written, directed and also co-produced by himself and is a comedy that takes a satirical swipe at TV shows such as Ch-7's Border Security. The film was made available for downloads on iTunes in 2015.

In January 2014, Kavalee joined Triple M Brisbane's The Grill Team with Marto, Michelle & Ed  breakfast show as a co-host. He is also one of two regular panellists on the Network Ten comedy quiz show Have You Been Paying Attention?, the other being Sam Pang.

In October 2017, Kavalee announced that he would be leaving the Marto, Ed & Robin breakfast show on Triple M Brisbane at the end of the year to spend more time with his family. The announcement came not long after his wife, Tiffiny Hall, had given birth to their son.

In November 2017, Southern Cross Austereo announced that Kavalee would be joining Em Rusciano to co-host breakfast on 2Day FM replacing Harley Breen. It was later announced in December that Grant Denyer would join the show. Em, Grant & Ed remained on air until Southern Cross Austereo announced that it would end on Friday 16 August 2019 and will be replaced by a music focused show.

Kavalee quickly moved over to a temporary role on Southern Cross Austereo's Hit Network national afternoon show, Hughesy & Kate, after Kate Langbroek announced she wasn't coming back to the show, or Australia, until 2020.  Kavalee will stand in alongside Dave Hughes until at least the end of 2019.

In November 2020, Southern Cross Austereo announced that Kavelee, Dave Hughes and Erin Molan would replace Jamie Angel to host The 2Day FM Morning Crew with Hughesy, Ed and Erin Molan from Monday, 18 January 2021. A one-hour highlights package will air nationally at 6pm across the Hit Network.

Radio
 Get This (2006–2007)
 The Wrong Way Home with Akmal, Cal and Ed (2008)
 Hughesy & Kate – co-host and anchor (2009 – 2011)
 Summer Breakfast on Triple M – Host – (December 2013)
 The Grill Team with Marto, Michelle & Ed – anchor (January 2014 – May 2015)
 Marto & Ed Kavalee – co-host (May 2015 – December 2016)
 Marto, Ed & Robin – co-host (January 2017 – December 2017)
 Em, Grant & Ed – co-host (January 2018 – September 2018)
 Ash, Grant & Ed – co-host (January 2019 – August 2019)
 Hughesy & Kate – fill-in presenter (August 2019 – December 2019)
 Hughesy & Ed – co-host (January 2020 – December 2020)
Hughesy, Ed & Erin - co-host (January 2021 – present)

Television
 Thank God You're Here (2006 – 2009)
 KFC Australia television commercials (2006)
 Newstopia (2007)
 Chandon Pictures (2007)
 Out of the Question (2008)
 Good News Week (2008)
 TV Burp (2009)
 Santo, Sam and Ed's Cup Fever! (2010)
 The Joy of Sets (2011)
 Santo, Sam and Ed's Sports Fever! (2012)
 Agony Uncles (2012)
 Have You Been Paying Attention? (2013 – present)
 Santo, Sam and Ed's Total Football (2013 – 2015)
 "Red Rooster" Australian television commercial (2015)
 "Toyota" Australian television commercial (2016)
 True Story with Hamish & Andy (episode 5 – "Jack's Story") as Firefighter Garry.
 "Red Rooster" Australian television commercial (2018)
 Celebrity Name Game (2019)
 Dancing with the Stars (2020)

Film
 No Regrets (2003)
 Meat Pie (USA: Going Down Under) (2005)
 BoyTown (2006)
 BoyTown Confidential (2007)
 $quid (2007)
 Any Questions for Ben? (2012)
 Scumbus (2012)
 Border Protection Squad (2015)
 That's Not My Dog! (2018)

Theatre
 Lucky (2006)

Personal life
Kavalee's surname is Thai-Chinese. In 2014, Kavalee married celebrity trainer, fitness promoter and writer Tiffiny Hall. They have a son born in September 2017, and welcomed a baby girl on 30 May 2022.

References

External links

Ed Kavalee profile – Hughesy and Kate – Nova 100 Melbourne website

1979 births
Living people
Male actors from Sydney
Australian male film actors
Triple M presenters
Place of birth missing (living people)
Nova (radio network) announcers
Australian people of Thai descent
Australian podcasters

Ed Kavalee


The 1917–1918 Local Council of the Orthodox Church of Russia () was the first Local Council of the Russian Church since the end of the 17th century. It opened on 15 August 1917 (O.S.) in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. Its most important decision was to restore the Patriarchy in the Russian Church, thereby ending a period of c. 300 years when the Russian Church was governed directly by the Emperor through the Most Holy Synod as a result of Peter the Great's ecclesiastical reforms.

Background and overview
The council's sessions were held from August 1917 until mid-September 1918, mainly in the Moscow Diocesan House in Likhov Lane in Moscow. The Council coincided with important events in Russian history such as the continuation of the war with Germany, the Kornilov affair in August 1917, the proclamation of the Republic in Russia (1 September 1917), the fall of the Provisional Government and the October Revolution, the dispersal of the Constituent Assembly, the publication of the Decree on the separation of church and state and the beginning of the Civil War. The Council acted in response to some of these events. The Bolsheviks, whose actions were directly condemned by the council (or personally by the Patriarch), did not put direct obstacles to the sessions of the council.

The council, preparation for which had begun in the early 1900s, opened when antimonarchist sentiments both in society and in the Church were dominant. The Council comprised 564 members, including 227 from the bishops and clergymen, 299 from the laity. It was attended by the head of the Provisional Government, Alexander Kerensky, Interior Minister Avksentiev, representatives of the press and the diplomatic corps.

Restoration of Patriarchy
The first session of the council, which lasted from August 15 to 9 December 1917, was devoted to the reorganization of higher church management: restoration of the patriarchate, the election of the patriarch, the determination of his rights and duties, the institution of the cathedral authorities to work together with Patriarch management of church affairs, as well as discussion of the legal position of the Orthodox Church in Russia.

The debate on the restoration of the Patriarchy was not a foregone conclusion at the beginning: opponents of the patriarchate pointed to the threat that it could pose to the conciliar nature of the Russian Church and even to the danger of absolutism in the Church; Professor Nikolai Kuznetsov believed that there was a real danger that the Holy Synod, as an executive authority acting in the period between the Councils, may turn into a simple advisory body under the Patriarch, and that that would also be a diminution of the rights of bishops members of the Synod. But the issue gained urgency right after the Bolsheviks seized power in Petrograd on 25 October; and three days after, the debates were suspended and the decision to restore the Patriarchy in the ROC passed on 28 October (O.S.).

On 5 November of the same year, after election as one of the three candidates for the reinstated Moscow Patriarchate, Tikhon Belavin, Metropolitan of Moscow, was selected after a drawing of lots as the new Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'.

Literature

 Собрание определений и Деяния Священного Собора Православной Российской Церкви 1917—1918 гг.. Moscow, 1994—2000 (scanned text: Священный Соборъ Православной Россійской Церкви. Собраніе опрдѣленій и постановленій. М. 1918. — Изданіе Соборнаго Совѣта)

1917 in Christianity
1917 in Russia
1918 in Christianity
1918 in Russia
20th-century Eastern Orthodoxy
History of the Russian Orthodox Church
Russian Orthodox Church in Russia
1917 conferences
1918 conferences

1917–18 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church