Peter Ewart (14 May 1767 – 15 September 1842) was a British engineer who was influential in developing the technologies of turbines and theories of thermodynamics.

Biography
He was son of the Church of Scotland minister of Troqueer near Dumfries, and was one of eleven children. His brother Joseph Ewart became British ambassador to Prussia; John, a doctor, became Chief Inspector of East India Company hospitals in India; and William, father of William Ewart, was business partner of Sir John Gladstone, father of William Ewart Gladstone, whose godfather he was and whom he was named after.

Following graduation from the University of Edinburgh, he was apprenticed to millwright John Rennie. His work with water wheels led him to work with Matthew Boulton and James Watt for whom by 1790 he was agent in Manchester. At the same time as acting as agent he was also trading on his own account as a millwright, enabling him to provide the complementary shafts, gears and other necessities to harness the power of the Boulton & Watt steam engines.

In 1792, frustrated in administering the immature and, as yet, unreliable machinery, he left Boulton and Watt to work in partnership with Samuel Oldknow in a cotton bleaching and calico printing venture. He anticipated this being a profitable concern but the partnership was dissolved within a year and he returned to engineering. In 1798 he went into partnership with Samuel Greg,  installing an innovative water wheel at Greg's Quarry Bank Mill on the River Bollin in Cheshire. As a standby, he installed a Watt steam engine.

By 1811, Ewart had abandoned the venture with Greg to concentrate on his own manufacturing business but also his scientific work. He became, along with John Dalton, a vice-president of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society and became active in the contemporary controversies about heat, work and energy. Motivated by a paper of John Playfair and encouraged by Dalton, in 1813 he published "On the measure of moving force" in which he defended the nascent ideas of the conservation of energy championed by John Smeaton. The paper was strongly to influence Dalton's pupil James Prescott Joule. A vocal advocate of the application of scientific knowledge in engineering, he was one of the founders of the Manchester Mechanics' Institute.

Ewart took up the post of Chief Engineer and Chief Inspector of Machinery with the Admiralty in 1835 and died on 15 September 1842 at Woolwich Dockyard when a chain snapped as he was supervising the removal of a boiler.

See also
Timeline of thermodynamics
Vis viva

References

Citations

Sources

1767 births
1842 deaths
Scottish engineers
History of Greater Manchester
Industrial accident deaths
Accidental deaths in London
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
People from Dumfries and Galloway

Peter Ewart


Creationism () was a literary movement initiated by Chilean poet Vicente Huidobro around 1912. Creationism is based on the idea of a poem as a truly new thing, created by the author for the sake of itself—that is, not to praise another thing, not to please the reader, not even to be understood by its own author.

Huidobro himself defined it as "a general aesthetic theory" rather than a school of art. He proposed that poetry should not be a commentary, something written about something else. In his own words:

[A created poem] is a poem in which every constituent part, and the whole, show a new fact, independent of the external world, not bound to any other reality save its own, since it takes a place in the world as a singular phenomenon, separate and distinct from the other phenomena. That poem is something that cannot exist except inside the poet's head. And it is not beautiful because it commemorates something, it is not beautiful because it reminds us of things we have seen that were beautiful in turn, or because it describes beautiful things that may come to see. It is beautiful in itself and it does not admit terms of comparison. And neither can it be conceived outside the book. Nothing in the external world resembles it; it makes real what does not exist, that is to say, it turns itself into reality. It creates the wonderful and gives it a life of its own. It creates extraordinary situations that can never exist in the objective world, that they will have to exist in the poem so that they exist somewhere.

Huidobro cites as inspiration some "admirable poems" of Tristan Tzara, though their "creation" is more formal than fundamental, and also some works by Francis Picabia, Georges Ribémont Dessaignes, Paul Éluard, and the Spanish poets Juan Larrea and Gerardo Diego (which Huidobro calls "the two Spanish creationist poets".

The poet also claims that creationist poetry is by its own nature universal and universally translatable, "since the new facts remain identical in all languages", while the other elements that prevail in non-creationist poetry, such as the rhyme and music of the words, vary among languages and cannot be easily translated, thus causing the poem to lose part of its essence.

See also
Ultraist movement
Generation of '27
Mandrágora

References

External links
  , by Vicente Huidobro

Chilean literature
Latin American literature
Poetry movements

Creationism (literary movement)


The Man Who Could Not Shudder, first published in 1940, is a detective story by American writer John Dickson Carr featuring his series detective Gideon Fell.  It is  mystery novel of the  locked room mystery type, more properly a subset of the locked room mystery called an "impossible crime" story.

Plot summary

Martin Clarke is celebrating his acquisition and refurbishment of an old stately home by inviting a number of guests to stay for the weekend.  The house has an unsettling history; two decades ago, the butler, a frail man of over 80 years, was killed when he uncharacteristically decided to swing back and forth from the chandelier, which then fell and killed him.  Another report features a chair which leaps off the wall at the viewer.  Clarke's guests have been selected as a cross-section of "ordinary, skeptical human beings" and have been invited to investigate the rumours of ghostly hauntings.  The weekend begins when, as the guests are entering the home, one woman screams and claims that something has clutched at her ankle—something "with fingers".  The host immediately tells the story of a former owner of the home whose death was met with such suspicion of witchcraft from the servants that the body lay as it fell for days, and the servants reported that something seemed to clutch at their ankles.  The weekend is off to a spooky start but proceeds spectacularly when three witnesses agree that a gun jumped off the wall and killed a seated guest, with no hand holding it.  Famous crime-solver and debunker of impossible crimes Gideon Fell is called in to explain matters and does so in a way that leads to a spectacular and fiery finish.

1940 American novels
Novels by John Dickson Carr
Locked-room mysteries
Hamish Hamilton books
Harper & Brothers books

The Man Who Could Not Shudder


"Strange fits of passion have I known" is a  seven-stanza poem ballad by the English Romantic poet William Wordsworth. Composed during a sojourn in Germany in 1798, the poem was first published in the second edition of Lyrical Ballads (1800). The poem describes the poet's trip to his beloved Lucy's cottage, and his thoughts on the way. Each of its seven stanzas is four lines long and has a rhyming scheme of ABAB. The poem is written in iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter.

In the poem, the speaker narrates a night time ride to the cottage of his beloved Lucy, who always looks as "fresh as a rose in June". The speaker begins by saying that he has experienced "strange fits of passion" and will recount them only to another lover ("in the Lover's ear alone, / What once to me befell."). In the five following stanzas, he recounts how he wended his way on horseback "beneath an evening-moon". He crossed a lea, passed through an orchard, and began to climb a hill, atop which was Lucy's cottage. As he "came near, and nearer still" to "Lucy's cot", the sinking moon appeared to follow suit. As he closely approaches the cottage, the moon vanishes from sight behind the roof. A morbid thought rises unbidden to the speaker's mind: "O mercy!" he thinks. "If Lucy should be dead!"

"Strange fits of passion have I known" is simple in form but complex in content. The dramatic first stanza (the speaker "will dare to tell" of his "strange fits of passion," but "in the Lover's ear alone") quickly captivates the reader. Wordsworth then creates tension by juxtaposing the sinking moon and the approaching rider, the familiar landscape with the speaker's strange, dreamy feelings.

It is uncertain whether the Lucy of the poem was based on a historical person or was a creation of Wordsworth's fertile imagination. If she is real, her surname and identity are unknown, though they have been the subject of much "diligent speculation" in literary circles. "The one certainty is that she is not the girl of Wordsworth's Lucy Gray."

An earlier version of this poem ended with an extra verse:

I told her this: her laughter light
Is ringing in my ears:
And when I think upon that night
My eyes are dim with tears.

Citations

Bibliography

 Jones, Mark. "The 'Lucy Poems': A Case Study in Literary Knowledge". The University of Toronto Press, 1995.
 Murray, Roger N. Wordsworth's Style: Figures and Themes in the Lyrical Ballads of 1800. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1967.
 Rolfe, William J. William Wordsworth, Select Poems of William Wordsworth (New York: American Book), 1889.
 Woodring, Carl. "Wordsworth". Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965.

Poetry by William Wordsworth
1798 poems
1800 poems

Strange fits of passion have I known


HMS Albion is a landing platform dock of the Royal Navy, the first of the two-ship . Built by BAE Systems Marine in Barrow-in-Furness, Albion was launched in March 2001 by the Princess Royal. Her sister ship, , was launched in November 2001, also from Barrow. Affiliated to the city of Chester and based in Plymouth, she is the ninth ship to carry the name  (after Albion, an ancient name of Great Britain), stretching back to the 74-gun 1763 warship, and last carried by an aircraft carrier decommissioned in 1973 after 19 years service. Designed as an amphibious warfare ship, Albion carries troops, normally Royal Marines, and vehicles up to the size of the Challenger 2 main battle tank. She can deploy these forces using four Landing Craft Utility (LCUs) and four Landing Craft Vehicle and Personnel (LCVPs). A flight deck supports helicopter operations.

Albions future came under review as part of the 2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review. She was the fleet flagship from December 2010 until October 2011, and then again from March 2018 until January 2021.

Operational history
Ordered for the Royal Navy on 18 July 1996, Albion was constructed by BAE Systems Marine at its shipyard in Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria. The first steel was cut on 17 November 1997, and the ships keel was laid down on 23 May 1998. The vessel was launched on 9 March 2001. She was commissioned into the Royal Navy on 19 June 2003 by her sponsor Anne, Princess Royal. Albion is the nameship of the , which also includes . The ship also carries a permanently embarked Royal Marines landing craft unit, 6 Assault Squadron, Royal Marines.

Along with sister ship Bulwark, Albion forms a key part of the Royal Navy's amphibious warfare capability. The ship can carry up to 256 soldiers in normal conditions, ordinarily Royal Marines. Albion can also carry their various associated armoured vehicles, up to the size of the Challenger 2 main battle tank. Vehicles can be deployed through an internal dock, using the ship's complement of four Landing Craft Utility (LCUs), while troops can be deployed from davits using four Landing Craft Vehicle and Personnel (LCVPs). Also equipped with a flight deck, the ship can operate two helicopters, with a third parked. CH-47s can sling-load RM BvS 10 Viking light tracked, amphibious armoured vehicles and deliver them ashore if the sea states are too severe for them to swim ashore.

2003–2011
In 2003, Albion was granted the Freedom of the City of Chester and also had a prominent role in the Queen's Colour Parade for the Royal Navy in Plymouth Sound; the third time a Fleet Colour has been given in the Royal Navy's history. In early 2004 the ship deployed on a multinational exercise for the first time, taking part in Exercise Joint Winter 04 off Norway, during which she completed her cold weather sea trials and was declared fully operational. Her next deployment was the Aurora exercises on the eastern seaboard of the United States. On 11 November 2004, the ship was sent to Ivory Coast to support Operation Phillis. Albion underwent a refit in early 2006, which included the installation of a new command, control, and communications suite.

Albion attended the HMNB Devonport Navy Days, 26–28 August 2006. Also in attendance was her sister ship, Bulwark, recently returned from the Lebanon evacuation. Ocean was unable to attend due to three sailors contracting tuberculosis; she was moved to HMNB Portsmouth.

During the Vela Deployment to West Africa, Albion acted as the Amphibious Task Group flagship. The deployment lasted from 11 September to 22 November 2006. Approximately 3,000 British personnel and 11 ships of the Royal Navy and Royal Fleet Auxiliary were involved. This deployment saw, for the first time, an Albion-class vessel taking part in amphibious operations with a  auxiliary landing ship dock, .

In late July and early August 2007, Albion was anchored off Sunderland during the city's air show.

In late 2008, Albion undertook her first refit, to upgrade various electronic and defence systems. During this docking period the Commanding Officer, Captain Wayne Keble, assumed command of Albions sister ship, Bulwark.

In April 2010, during the air travel disruption after the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption, Albion was sent to Santander, Spain as part of Operation Cunningham to bring back soldiers from the third battalion The Rifles battlegroup, Royal Air Force personnel and stranded British citizens. In May 2010, Albion together with  and other Royal Navy, French and US vessels, joined the multi-national AURIGA Task Group for amphibious exercises at Camp Lejeune in North Carolina.

In late 2010, despite having been in commission for only seven years, the ship's future was uncertain, with either Albion or her sister ship Bulwark due to be put into extended readiness as a result of the 2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review.

In December 2010, Albion was announced as the next Royal Navy flagship and flagship of the UK Responsive Force Task Group, following the early decommissioning of the aircraft carrier , which occurred in March 2011, also as a result of the 2010 review.

In March 2011, Albion took part in Exercise Green Alligator with HQ of 3 Commando Brigade, the Joint Helicopter Command, the Royal Netherlands Marines Corps and 539 Assault Squadron RM. She was the main ship of the deployed Royal Navy Response Force Task Group. In May 2011, the Task Group took part in Exercise Cypriot Lion.

In June 2011, the ship had been redeployed along with the Response Force Task Group to the Gulf of Sidra off Libya to provide assistance to the ongoing NATO-led operation there. She subsequently continued on to the Indian Ocean, passing through the Suez Canal on 15 June, to assist with anti-piracy operations off the Horn of Africa.

On 20 September 2011, Albion docked at Liverpool Pier Head to celebrate her 10th Anniversary with a six-day stay. She was open to the public on the following Saturday and Sunday (24 & 25 September 2011). This was her second visit to Liverpool, having previously visited in March 2010.

Extended readiness 2011–2017
In late 2011 Albion entered a state of "extended readiness" (joining the UK's equivalent to a Reserve Fleet), after Bulwark completed a major refit.

In order to cut the running costs of the Royal Navy, the 2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review concluded that one of the Royal Navy's two landing platform docks, Albion and Bulwark, should be placed into extended readiness while the other is held at high readiness for operations. Both vessels will alternate between extended readiness and high readiness throughout their service lives.

It was confirmed that Albion would be the first of the two vessels placed at extended readiness, for a cost of £2.5 million as Bulwark had recently finished a major refit. Running costs while in extended readiness were estimated to be £300,000 per annum in order to keep the vessel available for reactivation at short notice if needed.

In December 2014, Albion was moved into dry dock at Plymouth to allow her hull to be inspected and cleaned prior to the major work being undertaken to reactivate the ship. The major refit, plus the associated work up period, will take approximately 2.5 years, with Albion initially slated to assume the role of Fleet Flagship in April 2017.

The running costs of one of the Albion-class vessels at high readiness ranged from £17.7 million – £38.6 million per annum from 2007 to 2011.

Albions refit included the fitting of Phalanx CIWS in place of the Goalkeeper CIWS, a Type 997 radar and a new command system.

2017–present
Ship's staff moved back onboard Albion at the end of January 2017, formally taking responsibility for the ship from Babcock with the aim of taking Albion to sea for the first time in six years in summer 2017.

On 6 February 2018, Albion deployed for the first time since her refit to relieve Duncan as flagship of Standing NATO Maritime Group 2.

According to the Ministry of Defence, the planned out-of-service date for Bulwark is 2033. However, in October 2017, the BBC's Newsnight reported that the Ministry of Defence was considering decommissioning Albion and Bulwark, as part of a package of cost-cutting measures intended to mitigate the expense of the Royal Navy's two new aircraft carriers. This action was reversed by then Secretary of State for Defence Gavin Williamson in September 2018.

In April 2018, Albion was dispatched to the Asia-Pacific to assist in enforcing sanctions against North Korea.

On 4–6 February 2020, Albion hosted the crew of Uma, a 36-foot sailing yacht that is featured on the YouTube channel Sailing Uma. The Uma crew produced two episodes about their experiences on Albion.

In September 2020, Albion embarked on a unique deployment named Littoral Response Group eXperimental (LRG(X)). This would see the ship enter the Mediterranean with embarked Royal Marine Commando forces and Royal Naval personnel testing and developing pilot projects such as experimental unmanned aerial drones and autonomous vehicles for logistical and intelligence gathering purposes, in the operational environment. The deployment was the first that Albion had carried out with the full ships company remaining on board without leave, due to the Covid-19 pandemic.

On 27 January 2021, Albion transferred Fleet Flagship duty to HMS Queen Elizabeth (R08).

In July 2023, Albion returned to Devonport from her final deployment prior to going into a state of "reduced readiness" (skeleton crew on board for ship maintenance). It is anticipated that HMS Bulwark will assume Albion's former frontline role in 2024 after completing a prolonged refit. Thereafter, Albion is expected to remain in "extended readiness" (uncrewed reserve) until at least 2029 with her return to active operations at that point dependent on her receiving a further refit to allow her to continue in service into the early 2030s.

Affiliations
HMS Albion is affiliated with the following:
 City of Chester
 Mercian Regiment
 VII Squadron RAF
 C Squadron, Cheshire Yeomanry
 Worshipful Company of Brewers
 Claire House Children's Hospice
 Plymouth Albion RFC
 West Bromwich Albion FC
 HMS Albion, Bulwark & Centaur Association
 University Technical College Plymouth
 Sea Cadet Corps, TS Deva (Chester)
 Trinity School Combined Cadet Force
 Chester Royal Naval Association
 Chester City Club
 Chester Races

References

External links

Albion-class landing platform docks
Amphibious warfare vessels of the United Kingdom
Ships built in Barrow-in-Furness
2001 ships

HMS Albion (L14)


The China Financial Futures Exchange (CFFEX), is a futures exchange established in Shanghai on September 8, 2006—with the approval of the State Council and the authorization of China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC). It is a joint venture of the Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange, Shenzhen Stock Exchange and the Shanghai Futures Exchange.

Following the principle of higher starting point and higher standard, CFFEX constructed an electronic market which follows the trend of global development. Also CFFEX has a unique multi-tiered members' clearing system, strict risk management policy and an organization structure like a corporation to improve its competitive strength and development potential.

In early 2008, it launched the CSI 300 index futures, the first contract of CFFEX. Later, CFFEX introduced government bond futures and futures on the SSE 50 Index and the CSI 500 Index. The exchange has plans for other financial derivatives such as other index futures, index options, and currency futures. CFFEX launched its first product  by conducting trading systems testing and running a series of programs to educate investors about risks.

References

External links
China Financial Futures Exchange - Official Website

Financial services companies established in 2006
Commodity exchanges in China
Futures exchanges
Chinese companies established in 2006

China Financial Futures Exchange


Dennis Murphy (born 1946) is an American television journalist and winner of four national Emmys for excellence in news reporting, known for regular contributions to NBC News, NBC Nightly News, Dateline NBC, The Today Show and NBC News at Sunrise.

Personal life
Murphy graduated from the Georgetown Preparatory School in Maryland in 1965 and from Williams College in Massachusetts 1969.  He and his wife, Marilyn, live in Florida.

Career
Dennis J. Murphy has covered stories for NBC News from more than 50 countries. As a regular contributor to NBC Nightly News with Tom Brokaw and Today, his assignments have given him a front-row seat for some of the biggest stories of the last two decades—from wars in the Persian Gulf and Central America to the collapse of the Soviet Empire and the Berlin Wall, and most recently, the war on terror in Afghanistan.

Early career
Before joining NBC News, Murphy was a reporter for KING-TV, the NBC affiliate in Seattle, Washington. He began his career as a desk assistant at WCBS-TV in New York and worked for several years as an assignment editor, producer and reporter at KHOU-TV in Houston, Texas.

NBC News
Murphy began his career as an NBC News correspondent in 1982 at the Burbank bureau. The following year he was assigned to Miami from where he traveled extensively throughout South and Central America. The invasion of Grenada, civil war in Nicaragua and El Salvador, a deadly volcanic eruption in Colombia and drug lords were all part of his watch in the 1980s. In 1988 he covered the Democratic presidential primaries and was NBC's traveling correspondent on the Bush campaign.

Dateline NBC
Since May 1994, Murphy has been a correspondent with Dateline NBC. In 2000, he received an Edward R. Murrow Award for a report on Hurricane Floyd and a Clarion award for a spot news story on the Oklahoma City bombing. In 1999, he was awarded an Emmy Award, Clarion Award, Harry Chapin Media Award and a National Headliner Award for "Children of the Harvest," the story about children in the U.S. working as migrant laborers on farms.  In addition, he received a Clarion Award for his work on "A Few Good Men," the story of several men from one marine unit who fought together in Vietnam. Murphy has also received a National Association of Black Journalists Award for International Reporting. In 1996, he was honored with two Emmys for his work on Dateline and an American Bar Association certificate of merit for an hour-long Dateline program on the anatomy of a civil trial.

NBC Foreign Correspondent
Before Dateline, Murphy was posted in NBC's London bureau as chief foreign correspondent for Today where his stories took him literally around the world: Japan, Thailand, India, Africa, the Middle-East and Europe. His major assignments included the revolutions of Eastern Europe in 1989, German unification, the last days of Margaret Thatcher, funerals of the Ayatollah and Emperor Hirohito. Murphy was a frequent visitor to Moscow in the turbulent times when McDonald's and Gorbachev arrived and 75 years of an old order left. He was at the Berlin Wall the night the first West Berliner climbed it in defiance of border guards below. Murphy also covered the plight of the Kurds in Iraq following the Gulf War and reported in the early 1990s from hot spots such as Baghdad, Bosnia and Mogadishu. He won his first Emmy for a report on revolution in Romania in 1989.

Awards
In addition to his four Emmys, Murphy has won two San Francisco State media awards, an EDI from the Easter Seals Foundation and the Margaret Sanger Award for a Dateline report on late-term abortions. He also received the first place Headliners Award for an hour report on the Cunanan/Versace murder. Murphy has received two Edward R. Murrow Awards, two Clarion Awards and a Gracie honorable mention.

References

External links

American television reporters and correspondents
News & Documentary Emmy Award winners
Williams College alumni
Living people
Georgetown Preparatory School alumni
1946 births

Dennis Murphy (journalist)


Erofili, also spelled as Erophile (), is the most famous and often performed tragedy of the Cretan theater. It was written around 1600 in Rethymno in Crete (then a Venetian colony) by Georgios Chortatzis and first published in 1637 in Venice, probably after Chortatzis' death.

Composition
Although the exact date is unknown, Chortatzis must have started to work on Erofili during the last few years of the 16th century. As was customary at the time, Erofili was written in verse. The composition consists of 3205 verses in Cretan Greek, rhymed in fifteen-syllable except from the choral parts which are in hendecasyllable terza rima form. Erofili is organized in five acts, between which there are four lyrical interludes (intermezzi). Erofili is modeled after Orbecche by Giovanni Battista Giraldi (published in 1547), however it includes several changes in the plot and is dramatically more concise. The interludes are inspired by the Rinaldo and Armida episode from Torquato Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered.

Plot summary
Filogonos, king of Memphis in Egypt, murders his brother to gain his throne and marries his widow. Filogonos has a daughter, Erofili, which he raises together with Panaretos, an orphan boy of royal descent. Due to his competence at war, Panaretos is proclaimed general of the King's army. A love affair develops between Panaretos and Erofili and leads to their secret marriage. Filogonos, who planned to wed Erofili to the heir of a rival kingdom, asks Panaretos to act as an intermediary. This results in the secret marriage's disclosure and the King's rage. Filogonos orders the death of Panaretos and sends his head, heart and hands as a wedding gift to his daughter. Upon receiving the appalling gift, Erofili stabs herself to death. The chorus of maids overthrows Filogonos and kills him.

Reception
Along with Erotokritos, a long romantic poem, Erofili stands at the apogee of the Cretan Renaissance literature. It became a popular read in several Greek-speaking regions and parts of it were even orally passed from generation to generation.

References

Sources

External links

Greek plays
Greek literature
Greek poems
1637 plays
Cretan Renaissance literature

Erofili


Bradypterus is a genus of small insectivorous songbirds ("warblers") in the newly recognized grass warbler family (Locustellidae). They were formerly placed in the Sylviidae, which at that time was a wastebin taxon for the warbler-like Sylvioidea. The range of this genus extends through the warm regions from Africa around the Indian Ocean and far into Asia.

The locustellid bush warblers are related to the grass warblers of Locustella and Megalurus, but share lifestyle and related adaptations and apomorphies with bush warblers in the family Cettiidae. These belong to an older lineage of Sylvioidea. Both "bush warbler" genera are smallish birds well adapted to climbing among shrubbery. They are markedly long-tailed birds, at first glance somewhat reminiscent of wrens.

These are quite terrestrial birds, which live in densely vegetated habitats like thick forest and reedbeds. They will walk away from disturbance rather than flush. The plumage similarities and skulking lifestyle make these birds hard to see and identify.

Locustellid bush warblers tend towards greyish browns above and buffish or light grey tones below. They have little patterning apart from the ubiquitous supercilium. Altogether, they appear much like the plainer species among Acrocephalus marsh-warblers in coloration. Cettiid bush warblers tend to be somewhat more compact, with less pointed tails, but are otherwise very similar.

Species
This genus has been recently revised. The Sri Lanka bush warbler is sometimes placed in this genus but is now placed in its own monotypic genus (Elaphrornis). Several other former members of this genus (e.g. the Chinese bush warbler) are now placed in Locustella. Victorin's warbler is no longer a member of this genus or even the family Locustellidae, but is now placed in its own monotypic genus Cryptillas in the African warbler family Macrosphenidae.

The genus contains 12 species:
 Knysna warbler, Bradypterus sylvaticus
 Bangwa forest warbler, Bradypterus bangwaensis
 Barratt's warbler, Bradypterus barratti
 Evergreen forest warbler, Bradypterus lopezi
 Cinnamon bracken warbler, Bradypterus cinnamomeus
 Grey emutail, Bradypterus seebohmi
 Brown emutail, Bradypterus brunneus
 Dja River scrub warbler, Bradypterus grandis
 Little rush warbler, Bradypterus baboecala
 White-winged swamp warbler, Bradypterus carpalis
 Grauer's swamp warbler, Bradypterus graueri
 Highland rush warbler, Bradypterus centralis

Footnotes

References
 Beresford, P.; Barker, F.K.; Ryan, P.G.; & Crowe, T.M. (2005): African endemics span the tree of songbirds (Passeri): molecular systematics of several evolutionary 'enigmas'. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 272 (1565): 849–858.   Supplemental material
 del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi (eds.) (2006): Handbook of Birds of the World (Volume 11: Old World Flycatchers to Old World Warblers). Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.

Locustellidae
Bird genera
Taxa named by William John Swainson

Bradypterus


The Arsacid dynasty or Arshakiani (), a branch of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia, ruled the ancient Kingdom of Iberia (Kartli, eastern Georgia) from c. 189 until 284 AD. The Arsacid dynasty of Iberia was succeeded by the Chosroid dynasty.

History
Once the Arsacids, in the person of Vologases II (r. 180-191), had consolidated their hold on the Armenian throne by 180, they gained momentum to interfere in Iberia. According to the medieval Georgian chronicles, the king of Armenia, whom Professor Cyril Toumanoff identifies with Vologases II, helped the rebellious nobles of Iberia overthrow his wife's brother Amazaspus II of Iberia, last of the Pharnabazids, and replace Amazaspus with his son Rev I, whose reign (189-216) inaugurated the Arsacid dynasty in Iberia.

Even as the Arsacids set on the thrones of three Caucasian kingdoms – those of Armenia, Iberia, and Albania – the dynasty was dislodged, in 226, from power in its original homeland and the more powerful and dynamic Sassanid dynasty emerged as new masters of the Iranian Empire. Although the later Georgian chronicles documents this change of power, its account of that period is full of anachronisms and semi-legendary allusions, providing little or no details about the effect of Iranian resurgence on Arsacid Iberia. What we know of that period comes from Classical sources as well as Sassanid inscriptions.

By replacing the weak Parthian realm with a strong, centralized state, the Sassanids changed the political orientation of pro-Roman Iberia and reduced it to a tributary state. Shapur I (r. 242-272) placed a vassal, Amazaspus III (r. 260-265), on the throne of Iberia, possibly a rival or anti-king of Mihrdat II. In 284, with the death of Aspagur I, the Iberian Arsacid line ended, and the Sassanids capitalized on a civil strife in the Roman Empire to establish their candidate, Mirian III, of the Chosroid dynasty, on the throne of Iberia.

Arsacid kings of Iberia
Rev I, 189–216
Vache (son), 216–234
Bacurius I (son), 234–249
Mithridates II (son), 249–265 (Amazaspus III during 260–265 was his anti-king)
Aspacures I (son), 265–284

References

Further reading
 Melikishvili, Giorgi et al.. (1970), საქართველოს ისტორიის ნარკვევები (Studies in the History of Georgia), Vol. 1. Tbilisi: Sabch'ota Sakartvelo.

Arsacid dynasty of Iberia


Lindsay Greenbush and Sidney Greenbush were born on May 25, 1970 in Hollywood, California. They are twins and when they were children, they were actresses. Their most known television series is Little House on the Prairie, where they together played Carrie Ingalls. It all happened in the 1970s. Later, they tried to go on acting but finally decided not to.

1970 births
Living people
Actors from Hollywood
American child actors
American television actors
Twin people from the United States

Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush


Pau Shiu-hung, SBS,  (Chinese: 鮑紹雄, born 1942) is the former chief commissioner of the Scout Association of Hong Kong, appointed on 1 January 2004 by then-Chief Executive of Hong Kong and Chief Scout of Hong Kong Tung Chee-hwa.

Life
Pau was born in 1942. He received his primary education at Lai Chack Primary School, secondary education at La Salle College and tertiary education at the University of Hong Kong.  Graduated in 1967, he joined the Architectural Office, a branch of the Public Works Services in Hong Kong Government. He was appointed as the Director of Architectural Services in 1997 and retired in 2003. He is currently Vice President of the Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks Corporation.

In his 30-year service and contribution in Hong Kong Government, he was awarded the Silver Bauhinia Star in 2002.

Scouting
Pau joined Wolf Cub, present-day Cub Scout Section at the age of 9.  He succeedingly was a Boy Scout and Venture Scout.  He later became troop leader of these two sections. He achieved the Queen's Scout Award (currently Dragon Scout Award) in 1961.

He continued his Scout life and served as an Assistant Venture Scout Leader of the 17th Kowloon (La Salle) Group at age of 21 in 1963 and promoted to be the Venture Scout Leader in 1968, and also served as District Venture Scout Leader of Kowloon City District.

He joined Estate Branch of the Association at 1971.  He was appointed vice chairman of Campsites and Properties Committee, and served as chairman of Building Sub-Committee and vice chairman of Camp Management Sub-Committee during that period. In 1993, he became the assistant chief commissioner (estate).  He succeeded John C. Y. Hui as chief commissioner in 2004. He is currently the vice-president of the Scout Association of Hong Kong.

External links
From Strength to Strength (Profile of Pau)

People associated with Scouting
Scouting and Guiding in Hong Kong
Living people
Recipients of the Silver Bauhinia Star
Hong Kong architects
Year of birth missing (living people)

Pau Shiu-hung


An invoice is a document used in commerce, particularly in retail. It is made by a person or company who is selling something to a customer (or "buyer"). The invoice is given to the customer as a request for payment. It lists the goods or service provided to the customer, along with the price being charged for each of them.

Once the customer has paid for the goods or services, they may be given a receipt. The receipt is the customer's proof that they have paid for the products. A receipt is not the same thing as an invoice.

From the seller's point of view, an invoice is called the sales invoice. From the buyer's point of view, an invoice is called the purchase invoice.

Components
 The word invoice
 Unique reference number
 Invoice date
 Credit terms
 Tax payments
 Name and contact detail of the seller and buyer
 Tax or company registration details of seller
 Date of transaction
 Purchase order number
 Description of products
 Unit prices of products
 Total amount charged
 Payment terms

Types
 Collective invoice
 Continuation invoice
 Commercial invoice
 Credit memo invoice
 Debit memo invoice
 Electronic invoice
 Evaluated receipt settlement invoice
 Pro forma invoice
 Progress billing invoice
 Self-billing invoice
 Statement invoice
 Timesheet invoice

Electronic invoices
 EDIFACT
 Open Application Group Integration Specification
 UBL
 ISDOC

References

Accounting
Documents

Invoice


Juan Molina (born March 17, 1965), better known as John John Molina in the world of boxing, is a former boxer whose career transcended boxing in Puerto Rico. A multiple time world champion, this boxer was also known as quite a socialite. Molina is a native of Fajardo, Puerto Rico.

Amateur career
Molina represented Puerto Rico as a Bantamweight at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games. His results were:
1st round bye
Defeated Jarmo Eskelinen (Finland) 5-0
Lost to Pedro Nolasco (Dominican Republic) 2-3

Molina won the Boxing World Cup in Seoul, South Korea, November 1985, by knocking out Kelcie Banks in the finals. Upon returning to Puerto Rico, the 20-year-old youngster announced to Rafael Bracero on TV he would be ready to fight professional world Featherweight champion Victor Luvi Callejas within a year. That wasn't to happen, however.

Pro career
Molina started as a professional on February 25, 1986, beating Job Walters by a decision in four. His first three fights were decisions. He won his first 14 bouts, nine of them by knockout. Among the people he beat during that span was Victor Aponte, who was a stablemate of both Alberto Mercado and Juan Carazo. Aponte got knocked out by Molina in the 10th and final round. During this period of his career, Molina received much television exposure in Puerto Rico, many of his fights being shown on TV by producer and fight commentator Ivonne Class and her Video Deportes company.

Then, he faced Lupe Suarez, losing for the first time, when he was knocked out in the ninth round. Immediately after suffering his first loss, he embarked on a five-fight win streak, including a disqualification win in four rounds over former Hector Camacho world title challenger Rafael Solis, and a knockout in eight over Miguel Medina. After those two wins, he was ranked as the number one challenger by the IBF.

On October 27, 1988, Molina was at The Arco Arena in Sacramento, to challenge the IBF super featherweight champion Tony Lopez, in what marked the beginning of a three-fight rivalry between Molina and Lopez. Molina dropped Lopez in round two, but Lopez went on to retain the title by a split decision.

In his next fight, April 29, 1989, the WBO put him and former WBC featherweight champion Juan Laporte against each other for the vacant WBO super featherweight  title. Molina became a world champion by beating Laporte by a 12-round unanimous decision at Roberto Clemente Coliseum in San Juan. Then, in September of that year, he returned to Arco Arena to resume his rivalry with Lopez. Molina added the IBF belt to his WBO crown by knocking Lopez out in the tenth round.

On January 28, 1990, he avenged his loss to Suarez by knocking him out in the sixth round to retain the belt, but then, on May 20 of that year, he and Lopez met for their rubber match, this time in Reno. Lopez dropped Molina and won a unanimous decision to recover his status as world Jr. Lightweight champion.

Between then and 1992, Molina won five straight fights, four by knockout. And so, after Brian Mitchell (who had beaten Lopez), left the IBF title vacant due to retirement, Molina travelled to South Africa, where he met Jackie Gunguzula for the vacant world title. He knocked Gunguzula out in the fourth round to become world champion once again, and, days later, he was the object of a large welcoming at Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport in San Juan. During this period of his reign, Molina made seven defenses, beating challengers like Bernard Taylor, Floyd Havard, Wilson Rodriguez, former world Featherweight champion Gregorio Vargas and future world Featherweight champion Manuel "Mantecas" Medina, among others.

Around then, he became quite known by the mainstream Puerto Rican public, becoming one of the first boxers ever to be portrayed on the cover of Vea magazine, and dating a famous model.

Molina then moved up in weight to challenge the WBO lightweight champion Oscar De La Hoya, losing by a unanimous decision in 12 rounds in an HBO Boxing televised event.

After that, Molina engaged in a series of fights against mostly lower-level opposition for the next two years, and he grew frustrated over the fact that his opposition level was being downgraded by promoters after the fight with de la Hoya. He won his next nine bouts, but the only two opponents that can probably be called respectable names in his list of opponents during that span were Jaime "Rocky" Balboa, beaten by decision in ten, and Isaac Cruz, beaten by a disqualification in four.

On May 9, 1998, Molina was given a second chance at a world lightweight championship, when he met IBF champion Sugar Shane Mosley, in Molina's second HBO fight. Mosley retained the title by a knockout in the eighth round, and Molina went back to the super featherweight division.

His next fight was also for the world title, but he had to wait nine months for that fight. In February 1999, he faced IBF super featherweight champion Robert Garcia, dropping the champion in their pay per view event but losing a 12-round decision in what turned out to be his last world title fight.

Molina wasn't done with boxing, and he went on to win seven more fights in a row, including two decision wins that were televised by the USA Network: over Emanuel Burton and future Kostya Tszyu world title challenger Ben Tackie.

His last fight was a T.K.O. loss to Mexican Juan Lazcano, Molina retired from boxing after the fight.

See also

List of Puerto Ricans
List of Puerto Rican boxing world champions
List of super-featherweight boxing champions

References

1965 births
Living people
Boxers at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Olympic boxers for Puerto Rico
Super-featherweight boxers
Lightweight boxers
World super-featherweight boxing champions
International Boxing Federation champions
World Boxing Organization champions
People from Fajardo, Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican male boxers

John John Molina


Tears are clear liquid made by the body to clean and lubricate the eyes.

There are three different types of tears that the body makes:

 Basal tears: In a normal, healthy mammal, tears are regularly made to clean the cornea (front part of the eye) and to keep it clean from dust.

 Reflex tears: This type of tear is made when something irritates the eye, say, bits of dust or the smell of an onion.  These tears are made to clean the eye and wash out anything irritating it.

 Emotional tears (psychic tears): The last category is called crying or weeping, when tears are made because of physical pain or strong emotions.

You can produce tears when you cry.

Eye

Tears


Moise Movilă () (1596–1661) was Voivode (Prince) of Moldavia twice: between April 28, 1630 and November 1631, and between July 2, 1633 – April 1634. Of the Movileşti boyar and princely family, Moise was Simion Movilă's son and brother of Gabriel Movilă and Mihail Movilă.

He obtained the throne from the Ottoman overlord through bribery and intrigue against Alexandru Iliaş. After replacing Iliaş, Moise Movilă distinguished himself only through his determination to stay on the throne in Iaşi. Nevertheless, Iliaş took an opportunity to retrieve his position in late 1631.

After Miron Barnovschi Movilă's assassination in Istanbul, Moise was given back his office on the orders of Sultan Murad IV, in the hope that the gesture would pacify Moldavia after the rebellion of boyars led by Vasile Lupu. The Prince chased away Vasile Lupu, who benefited from the protection of Wallachian Prince Matei Basarab and that of Mehmet Abza, Pasha of Silistra.

Although expected to take the side of the Turks in the Polish-Ottoman War in 1633, Moise continued his family traditional friendship with Poland, and started furnishing false information to the Porte. The moment this was discovered, a kapucu was sent to depose him. Moise fled to Poland, carrying off the large fortune he had gathered during his rule.

References

 Gheorghe I. Brătianu, Sfatul domnesc şi Adunarea Stărilor în Principatele Române, Bucharest, 1995

1596 births
1661 deaths
Monarchs of Moldavia

Moise Movilă


Ted Key (born Theodore Keyser, August 25, 1912 – May 3, 2008) was an American cartoonist and writer. He is best known for the single-panel comic strip Hazel. This comic strip was about a bossy live-in maid. It ran in The Saturday Evening Post from 1943 until 1969 when the Post went out of business. It was then picked up by other publications. Key adapted the strip to the sitcom television series Hazel. Shirley Booth starred as Hazel. Key also drew Diz and Liz, a two-page feature that ran in the Jack and Jill children's magazine from 1961 to 1972. He also created "Peabody's Improbable History" for the animated television series The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show. In 1977, Key received the National Cartoonists Society Newspaper Panel Award for his work on Hazel.

American cartoonists
1912 births
2008 deaths
Writers from Fresno, California

Ted Key


Turning is a machining process in which a cutting tool, typically a non-rotary tool bit, describes a helix toolpath by moving more or less linearly while the workpiece rotates.

Usually the term "turning" is reserved for the generation of  external surfaces by this cutting action, whereas this same essential cutting action when applied to internal surfaces (holes, of one kind or another) is called "boring". Thus the phrase "turning and boring" categorizes the larger family of processes known as lathing. The cutting of faces on the workpiece, whether with a turning or boring tool, is called "facing", and may be lumped into either category as a subset.

Turning can be done manually, in a traditional form of lathe, which frequently requires continuous supervision by the operator, or by using an automated lathe which does not. Today the most common type of such automation is computer numerical control, better known as CNC. (CNC is also commonly used with many other types of machining besides turning.)

When turning, the workpiece (a piece of relatively rigid material such as wood, metal, plastic, or stone) is rotated and a cutting tool is traversed along 1, 2, or 3 axes of motion to produce precise diameters and depths. Turning can be either on the outside of the cylinder or on the inside (also known as boring) to produce tubular components to various geometries. Although now quite rare, early lathes could even be used to produce complex geometric figures, even the platonic solids; although since the advent of CNC it has become unusual to use non-computerized toolpath control for this purpose.

The turning processes are typically carried out on a lathe, considered to be the oldest of machine tools, and can be of different types such as straight turning, taper turning, profiling or external grooving.  Those types of turning processes can produce various shapes of materials such as straight, conical, curved, or grooved workpieces.
In general, turning uses simple single-point cutting tools. Each group of workpiece materials has an optimum set of tool angles that have been developed through the years.

The bits of waste metal from turning operations are known as chips (North America), or swarf (Britain).  In some areas they may be known as turnings.

The tool's axes of movement may be literally a straight line, or they may be along some set of curves or angles, but they are essentially linear (in the non mathematical sense).

A component that is subject to turning operations can be termed as a "Turned Part" or "Machined Component". Turning operations are carried out on a lathe machine which can be manually or CNC operated.

Turning operations
Turning specific operations include:

 Turning

The general process of turning involves rotating a part while a single-point cutting tool is moved parallel to the axis of rotation. Turning can be done on the external surface of the part as well as the internal surface (the process known as boring). The starting material is generally a workpiece generated by other processes such as casting, forging, extrusion, or drawing.

 Tapered turning   Tapered turning produces a cylindrical shape that gradually decreases in diameter from one end to the other. This can be achieved a) from the compound slide b) from taper turning attachment c) using a hydraulic copy attachment d) using a C.N.C. lathe e) using a form tool f) by the offsetting of the tailstock - this method more suited for shallow tapers.

 Spherical generation  Spherical generation produces a spherical finished surface by turning a form around a fixed axis of revolution. Methods include a) using hydraulic copy attachment b) C.N.C. (computerised numerically controlled) lathe c) using a form tool (a rough and ready method) d) using bed jig (need drawing to explain).

   Hard turning is a type of turning done on materials with a Rockwell C hardness greater than 45. It is typically performed after the workpiece is heat treated.

The process is intended to replace or limit traditional grinding operations. Hard turning, when applied for purely stock removal purposes, competes favorably with rough grinding. However, when it is applied for finishing where form and dimension are critical, grinding is superior. Grinding produces higher dimensional accuracy of roundness and cylindricity. In addition, polished surface finishes of Rz=0.3-0.8z cannot be achieved with hard turning alone. Hard turning is appropriate for parts requiring a roundness accuracy of 0.5-12 micrometres, and/or surface roughness of Rz 0.8–7.0 micrometres. It is used for gears, injection pump components, and hydraulic components, among other applications.

Facing in the context of turning work involves moving the cutting tool at right angles to the axis of rotation of the rotating workpiece. This can be performed by the operation of the cross-slide, if one is fitted, as distinct from the longitudinal feed (turning). It is frequently the first operation performed in the production of the workpiece, and often the last—hence the phrase "ending up".

 Parting
This process, also called parting off or cutoff, is used to create deep grooves which will remove a completed or part-complete component from its parent stock.

 Grooving

Grooving is like parting, except that grooves are cut to a specific depth instead of severing a completed/part-complete component from the stock.  Grooving can be performed on internal and external surfaces, as well as on the face of the part (face grooving or trepanning).

Non-specific operations include:

 Boring  Enlarging or smoothing an existing hole created by drilling, moulding etc.i.e. the machining of internal cylindrical forms (generating) a) by mounting workpiece to the spindle via a chuck or faceplate b) by mounting workpiece onto the cross slide and placing cutting tool into the chuck. This work is suitable for castings that are too awkward to mount in the face plate. On long bed lathes large workpiece can be bolted to a fixture on the bed and a shaft passed between two lugs on the workpiece and these lugs can be bored out to size. A limited application but one that is available to the skilled turner/machinist.

Drilling  is used to remove material from the inside of a workpiece. This process utilizes standard drill bits held stationary in the tail stock or tool turret of the lathe. The process can be done by separately available drilling machines.

 Knurling The cutting of a serrated pattern onto the surface of a part to use as a hand grip or as a visual enhancement using a special purpose knurling tool.

 ReamingThe sizing operation that removes a small amount of metal from a hole already drilled. It is done for making internal holes of very accurate diameters. For example, a 6mm hole is made by drilling with 5.98 mm drill bit and then reamed to accurate dimensions.

Threading  Both standard and non-standard screw threads can be turned on a lathe using an appropriate cutting tool. (Usually having a 60, or 55° nose angle) Either externally, or within a bore (tapping operation is a process of making threads either inner or outer in an work piece. Generally referred to as single-point threading.

tapping of threaded nuts and holes a) using hand taps and tailstock centre b)using a tapping device with a slipping clutch to reduce risk of breakage of the tap.

threading operations include a)all types of external and internal thread forms using a single point tool also taper threads, double start threads, multi start threads, worms as used in worm wheel reduction boxes, leadscrew with single or multistart threads. b) by the use of threading boxes fitted with 4 form tools, up to 2" diameter threads but it is possible to find larger boxes than this.

Polygonal turning in which non-circular forms are machined without interrupting the rotation of the raw material.

Lathes

A lathe is a machine tool used principally for shaping pieces of metal, wood, or other materials by causing the workpiece to be held and rotated by the lathe while a tool bit is advanced into the work causing the cutting action. Lathes can be divided into three types for easy identification: engine lathe, turret lathe, and special purpose lathes. Some smaller ones are bench mounted and semi-portable. The larger lathes are floor mounted and may require special transportation if they must be moved.
Field and maintenance shops generally use a lathe that can be adapted to many operations and that is not too large to be moved from one work site to another. The engine lathe is ideally suited for this purpose. A trained operator can accomplish more machining jobs with the engine lathe than with any other machine tool. Turret lathes and special purpose lathes are usually used in production or job shops for mass production or specialized parts, while basic engine lathes are usually used for any type of lathe work.

Over the years, in the manufacturing industry, with the improvement of the difficulty of product processing, the emergence of CNC turning milling compound centers, which maintains the characteristics of lathe machining, but also increased the function of the milling machine, the combination of the two to improve production efficiency.

Workholding methods

Chuck: Chucks are a very common workholding method. There are many types, some for round and square stock, and other for irregular shapes.
Collet: Primarily used for small round workpieces.
Faceplate: A faceplate, drive dog, and mandrel may be used to turn D such as gear blanks.
Centers: Pointed cones between which the part spins, often driven by a 'dog'.  May be used to turn longer shafts and cylinders.
Drive center: Use hydraulic or spring-loaded teeth that "bite" into the end of workpieces and can be used when the entire length of the workpiece must be machined.

Tooling

The various angles, shapes, and sizes of a single-point cutting tool have direct relation to the resulting surface of a workpiece in machining operations. Different types of angle such as rake angle, side rake angle, cutting-edge angle, relief angle, nose radius exist and may be different with respect to the workpiece. Also, there are many shapes of single-point cutting tools, such as V-shaped and Square. Usually, a special toolholder is used to hold the cutting tool firmly during operation.

Dynamics of turning

Forces
The relative forces in a turning operation are important in the design of machine tools. The machine tool and its components must be able to withstand these forces without causing significant deflections, vibrations, or chatter during the operation. There are three principal forces during a turning process:

The cutting or tangential force acts downward on the tool tip allowing deflection of the workpiece upward. It supplies the energy required for the cutting operation. The specific cutting force required to cut the material is called specific cutting force. Cutting force depends on the material.
The axial or feed force acts in the longitudinal direction. It is also called the feed force because it is in the feed direction of the tool. This force tends to push the tool away from the chuck.
The radial or thrust  force acts in the radial direction and tends to push the tool away from the workpiece.

Speeds and feeds
Speeds and feeds for turning are chosen based on cutter material, workpiece material, setup rigidity, machine tool rigidity and spindle power, coolant choice, and other factors.

Feed
 The distance the tool advances into the material in one revolution is called "feed". It is specified as mm per revolution (mm/rev).

See also
Diamond turning
Engine turning
Hard turning
Surface feet per minute
Woodturning

References

External links

 Schneider, George. "Turning Tools and Operations." American Machinist, January, 2010.
 Lathe Turning Operations
 Subcontract Turning Company
 Turning Operation With CNC Program

Lathes

Turning


Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer (1723 – November 16, 1790) was an American politician and Founding Father who was one of the signers of the Constitution of the United States. He was active for many years in the Province of Maryland's colonial government, but when conflict arose with Great Britain, Jenifer embraced the Patriot cause.

Early life and colonial career
Jenifer, born at Coates Retirement (now Ellerslie), an estate west of Port Tobacco in Charles County, Maryland, was the son of Dr. Daniel Jenifer and Elizabeth Mason. As a young man, he acted as a receiver general, the local financial agent for the last two proprietors of Maryland. He was the uncle of Thomas Stone, Michael J. Stone, and John Hoskins Stone. The Jenifer family was of Swedish origin.

Jenifer served as justice of the peace for Charles County and later for the western circuit of Maryland. He sat on a commission that settled a boundary dispute between Pennsylvania and Delaware (1760) and on the Governor's Council, the upper house of the Maryland legislature that also served as the colony's court of appeals and as a board of senior advisers to the governor (1773–76).

American Revolution
Despite his close ties with the colonial government, Jenifer strongly resented what he and most of the colonial gentry saw as Parliament's arbitrary interference with the colonies' affairs, especially its laws concerning taxation and trade regulation. Years before the struggle for independence began, he had defended the proprietors of Maryland against those who sought to make Maryland a Royal colony. When the Revolution came, Jenifer lent his considerable support as a wealthy landowner to the Patriot cause, despite the fact that many leading Patriots had been his enemies in the proprietorship struggle. Jenifer became the president of Maryland's Council of Safety, the Patriot body established to organize Maryland's military forces for the Revolution (1775–1777). When, in 1776, a new constitution was framed for the state of Maryland, Jenifer commented on the document's neglect of popular sovereignty: "The Senate does not appear to me to be a Child of the people at Large, and therefore will not be Supported by them longer than there Subsists the most perfect Union between the different Legislative branches."

During and after the war, Jenifer became increasingly concerned about national affairs. He represented his state in the Continental Congress (1778–1782) while simultaneously serving as president of Maryland's first senate (1777–1780). As manager of his state's finances between 1782 and 1785, Jenifer drew on his experiences as a landholder to help the state survive the critical postwar economic depression. Along with James Madison, John Dickinson, George Mason and his good friend George Washington, Jenifer began to explore ways to solve the economic and political problems that had arisen under the weak Articles of Confederation. Consequently, he attended the Mount Vernon Conference, a meeting that led eventually to the Constitutional Convention.

Constitutional Convention
Like his old friend Benjamin Franklin, Jenifer enjoyed the status of elder statesman at the Convention, which took place from May 25 to September 17, 1787, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Jenifer used his prestige (as well as humor and reputation as pleasant company) to work for a strong and permanent union of the states by reconciling opposing views and formulating the compromises that made the convention a success.

Jenifer took stands on several important issues, although his advanced age restricted his activity in the day-to-day proceedings. Business experience gained while managing a large plantation had convinced him that an active central government was needed to ensure financial and commercial stability. To that end, Jenifer favored a strong and permanent union of the states in which a Congress representing the people had the power to tax. Concerned with continuity in the new government, he favored a three-year term for the United States House of Representatives. Too frequent elections, he concluded, might lead to indifference and would make prominent men unwilling to seek office. Jenifer was outvoted on this point, but his reaction was to marvel at the delegates' ability to come to agreement on a plan of government: "The first month we only came to grips, and the second it seemed as though we would fly apart forever, however we came as close as friends of eighty years in but days." When Maryland's other delegate, Luther Martin, said that he feared being hanged if the people of Maryland approved the Constitution, Jenifer quipped that Martin should stay in Philadelphia, so that he would not hang in his home state.

Death and legacy
After the convention, Jenifer retired to his plantation at Stepney near Annapolis, where he died in 1790. He was buried at Ellerslie, the place of his birth, which is now on the National Register of Historic Places. In his will, Jenifer passed his roughly  land holdings to his nephew, Daniel Jenifer, and instructed that all his slaves be freed six years after his death. The following year the younger Jenifer had a son, who was named after his great-uncle. Daniel Jenifer, like his uncle, also served as magistrate in Charles County, as well as three terms in the U.S. House of Representatives. His family home, Retreat, was located in Charles County, near one of the largest slave-trading ports of the era, Port Tobacco; it was built in the last quarter of the 18th century and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Jenifer Street in Madison, Wisconsin, is named in honor of Jenifer. There is also a Jenifer Street in Washington, D.C. Daniel of Saint Thomas Jenifer Elementary school in Charles County was named in his honor. Jenifer Elementary School is located in the Charles County Public Schools school district.

Notes

References

External links

1723 births
1790 deaths
Signers of the United States Constitution
Continental Congressmen from Maryland
18th-century American politicians
People of Maryland in the American Revolution
Presidents of the Maryland Senate
People from Charles County, Maryland
American people of Swedish descent
American people of English descent
American slave owners
Stone family
People of colonial Maryland
Burials in Maryland
Jenifer family
Founding Fathers of the United States

Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer


The 30th Punjabis were an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. It was raised in 1857, as the 22nd Regiment of Punjab Infantry. It was designated as the 30th Punjabis in 1903 and became 1st Battalion 16th Punjab Regiment in 1922. In 1947, it was allocated to the Pakistan Army, where it continues to exist as 13th Battalion The Punjab Regiment.

Early history
The regiment was raised during the upheaval of the Indian Mutiny, by Captain ROT Nicholls at Ludhiana on 10 June 1857, as the 22nd Regiment of Punjab Infantry. The men were mostly drawn from other infantry and police battalions in the Punjab and their class composition was Punjabi Muslims, Sikhs and Dogras.  For the next two years, the regiment remained engaged in suppressing the rebellion.  The regiment took an active part in the Bhutan War of 1864–66, the Second Afghan War of 1878–80, the Chitral Expedition of 1895, and the Tirah Campaign of 1897.

Subsequent to the reforms brought about in the Indian Army by Lord Kitchener in 1903, the regiment's designation was changed to 30th Punjabis.
During the First World War, the 30th Punjabis served with distinction in the East African Campaign, while their 2nd Battalion, raised in 1918, served in the Palestine Campaign and fought in the Battle of Megiddo. During the war, 30th Punjabis raised two more battalions, which stayed in India. All war-raised battalions were disbanded after the war.

Subsequent history
In 1921–22, a major reorganization was undertaken in the British Indian Army leading to the formation of large infantry groups of four to six battalions. Among these was the 16th Punjab Regiment, formed by grouping the 30th Punjabis  with the 31st, 33rd and 46th Punjabis, and the 9th Bhopal Infantry. The battalion's new designation was 1st Battalion 16th Punjab Regiment. During the Second World War, the battalion fought in the Burma Campaign with great distinction. In 1947, the 16th Punjab Regiment was allocated to Pakistan Army. In 1956, it was merged with the 1st, 14th and 15th Punjab Regiments to form one large Punjab Regiment, and 1/16th Punjab was redesignated as 13 Punjab. In 1948, the battalion fought in the war with India in Kashmir, while during the 1965 Indo-Pakistan War, it fought in the Chhamb-Jaurian Sector. In 1971, it served in Sialkot Sector.

Genealogy
1857 22nd Regiment of Punjab Infantry
1861 34th Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry
1861 30th Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry
1864 30th (Punjab) Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry
1885 30th (Punjab) Regiment of Bengal Infantry
1901 30th Punjab Infantry
1903 30th Punjabis
1918 1st Battalion 30th Punjabis
1922 1st Battalion 16th Punjab Regiment
1956 13th Battalion The Punjab Regiment

See also
16th Punjab Regiment
Punjab Regiment

References

Further reading
Lawford, Lt Col JP, and Catto, Maj WE. (1967). Solah Punjab: The History of the 16th Punjab Regiment. Aldershot: Gale & Polden.
Lawford, James. (1972). 30th Punjabis. London: Osprey.
Rizvi, Brig SHA. (1984). Veteran Campaigners – A History of the Punjab Regiment 1759-1981. Lahore: Wajidalis.
Cardew, Lt FG. (1903). A Sketch of the Services of the Bengal Native Army to the Year 1895. Calcutta: Military Department.

Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)
British Indian Army infantry regiments
Indian World War I regiments
Indian World War II regiments
Military units and formations established in 1857
1857 establishments in India

30th Punjabis


Flavius Liberalis was a Roman of the 1st century and was a man of equestrian rank, who came from Ferentium (modern Ferento), a country town in Italy. This man of humble origins was a quaestor and later a law clerk.

Liberalis had his daughter Flavia Domitilla appear before a board of arbitration to prove her claim for Roman Citizenship, instead of a Latin one. She later married the future Emperor Vespasian. Her children with Vespasian were Domitilla the Younger and Emperors Titus and Domitian.

Sources
Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars - Vespasian

Flavius Liberalis
1st-century Romans
Roman quaestors
Flavii

Flavius Liberalis


A gigabit interface converter (GBIC) is a standard for transceivers, first defined in 1995 and commonly used with Gigabit Ethernet and Fibre Channel for some time. By offering a standard, hot swappable electrical interface, a single gigabit port can support a wide range of physical media, from copper to long-wave single-mode optical fiber, at lengths of hundreds of kilometers.

A smaller variation of the GBIC called the small form-factor pluggable transceiver (SFP), also known as mini-GBIC, has the same functionality but in a smaller form factor. Announced in 2001, it largely made the GBIC obsolete.

Appeal
The appeal of the GBIC standard (and hot-swappable transceivers in general) in networking equipment, as opposed to fixed physical interface configurations, is its flexibility. Where multiple different optical technologies are in use, an administrator can purchase GBICs as needed, not in advance, and they can be the specific type needed for each link. This lowers the cost of the base system and gives the administrator far more flexibility. On the other hand, if a switch will mostly have one port type (especially if that port type is copper) purchasing a switch with that port type built in will be cheaper and take up less space per port.

Standards
The GBIC standard is non-proprietary and is defined by the Small Form Factor Committee in document number 8053i. The first publication of the proposal was in November 1995. A few corrections and additions were made through September 2000. Robert Snively of Brocade Communications was technical editor. Original contributors were AMP Incorporated, Compaq Computers, Sun Microsystems, and Vixel Corporation.

References

Hot-swappable transceiver

Gigabit interface converter


Rock Hill (not to be confused with the town of Rock Hill, Florida) is a high point in Florida.  This hill is located in Walton County, Florida.  The hill is 193 feet high.  Just outside Eglin Air Force Base, Rock Hill is  north of Freeport, Florida; and is  south of DeFuniak Springs, Florida, near the intersection of U.S. Route 331 and State Road 20.  Its exact location is 30°36'2"N 86°6'22"W.

In addition to Rock Hill, Walton County is also home to Britton Hill, the highest point in Florida.  They are located in one of the only piedmont areas of the state.  Its elevation of  is high in comparison with the terrain of Florida, but not other terrain in the country.

Hills of Florida
Landforms of Walton County, Florida

Rock Hill (point)


"Treehouse of Horror XXIV" is the second episode of the twenty-fifth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons and the 532nd episode of the series. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on October 6, 2013. The episode was written by Jeff Westbrook and directed by Rob Oliver.

Plot

Opening sequence
The episode's opening, conceived by film director Guillermo del Toro, is a mash-up of horror movies, science fiction films and TV shows, including all of del Toro's own films, ending with Lisa falling through the couch, dressed as Alice from Alice in Wonderland, and getting brainwashed by The Hypnotoad from Futurama, then happening upon a palace room in a send-up of the end of Pan's Labyrinth.

Oh, the Places You'll D'oh!
It is Halloween night in a Dr. Seuss-type take on Springfield. The Simpson children are home with the mumps and unable to go trick-or-treating with the other kids. Once their mother, Marge (in a Catwoman costume that every other woman — and Comic Book Guy, who wore it, not knowing it's Halloween — is wearing), leaves for a costume party, they are visited by The Fat in the Hat, who gives them vaccinations so he can take them out to get candy for them and beer for him. However, while helping the children get their treats, he also takes them on a casual rampage of death and destruction: blowing up the mansion of Mr. Burns (depicted as a buzzard) before killing him and serving his cooked corpse to a homeless shelter; robbing Moe at his own place (where the Halloween buffet their father, Homer, attends is hosted), skinning him and using his flayed skin as a "Thnord"; robbing Apu and forcing him to spend time with his wife and octuplets; killing the Twrinches (Patty and Selma) at their DMV workplace and tossing car licenses to people waiting in line; blowing up town hall while wearing a Guy Fawkes mask; setting animals free from the zoo, and committing "aggravated floop-fluffel-cide", with Ralph Wiggum as one of his victims. Alarmed at these events, the children manage to elude him with the aid of several monstrous animals; a "Three-Humped Gumbammel" (a Barney Gumble-esque camel who is real fast and humble, doesn't take tips and is never a grumbler), a "Krustiferous Krumbull" (a Krusty-esque bull who ends up being beheaded by a matador Sideshow Bob) and, finally, the Spanish-speaking "Bee-Man of Bumble" (a human-sized Bumblebee Man-esque bee with multicolored stripes on his body). However, the Fat is waiting inside for them when they get home and gloats that he will never leave them right before Maggie stabs the Fat in the chest with his own umbrella. The Fat then dies with the words, "I'm frightened of nothing, not even Hell-fires. Just don't let me ever be played by Mike Myers." Marge comes home, unaware of what happened, and the children fake their mumps on the sofa by stuffing the collected candy in their mouths and have turned the Fat into a petticoat-like carpet. The segment then ends with a slide saying that the Fat will eventually return in the fictitious sequel, "The Fat in The Hat Pledges a Frat".

Dead and Shoulders
When Bart ties the string of his box kite around his neck, Arnie Pye flies by and ultimately  hits it, thus causing Bart's head to slice off, afterwards, Bart's head is surgically attached to Lisa's body in order to extend Bart's life and cut Lisa's short. Though the two eventually get along, Bart learns that he can control Lisa's body while she is unconscious and resolves to get rid of her to have total control. Unfortunately, the attempt at a sawmill results in Bart's head being transferred to Selma's body while Lisa's head is grafted onto Krusty.

Freaks, No Geeks
In a circus in the 1930s, the self-serving strongman Homer gets his lover trapeze artist Marge to marry sideshow freak Moe after learning of the emerald ring he inherited from his mother on her death bed. At their wedding reception, the other "freaks" announce that they accept Marge in spite of her being a "normal" outsider (even though Marge claims she is a freak because she has one blue eye and one pale brown eye). After finding Homer attempting to poison Moe's wedding wine glass, an angry Marge sends him away, and Homer is cornered by the freaks with weapons as they advance on him with the intention to mutilate him into a duck humanoid, who is ought to be like them. The scene then cuts to the present, where it is revealed that the whole story was told by this version of Homer of how he met Marge; revealing that she took him back soon after the incident. An epilogue is shown during the credits, revealing that Homer continued his career as the world's strongest duck until his death.

Production

In October 2013, in an interview with Entertainment Weekly, Guillermo del Toro spoke about directing the opening of the episode, saying: "The Simpsons titles are so iconic and yet they've never been riffed in this vein. I really wanted to land the connections between the [show's] set pieces and the titles and some of the most iconic horror movies, and intersperse them with some of my stuff in there for pure joy." He also explained he was inspired by MAD magazine: "They would try to cram so many references in. You as a kid could spend an afternoon on your bed with your magnifying glass going through a frame of MAD magazine and finding all these references to this and that."

Cultural references
The show's opening sequence contains references to many movies and series, such as The Birds, Blade II, Hellboy, American Horror Story, Nosferatu: A Symphony of Horror, The Universal Classic Monsters, and The Shining.
"Oh, the Places You'll D'oh!" is a spoof of the Dr. Seuss book The Cat in the Hat, while the title is a parody of the title of another Dr. Seuss book, Oh, the Places You'll Go!. A character called the Bore-ax (a spoof of another Seuss character, The Lorax) makes an appearance in the episode, where he is seen promoting consumer goods, despite his message of not harming the environment. Marge goes to attend a Halloween party in a Catwoman costume. Whilst taking the children out to get treats, the Fat blows up the town hall wearing a Guy Fawkes mask, a reference to the 2005 film V for Vendetta. When Homer, as the cat, is killed, he requests that he not be portrayed by actor Mike Myers - a reference to the 2003 Cat in the Hat film.

"Dead and Shoulders" borrows the premise of the 1972 movie The Thing with Two Heads, which starred Ray Milland and Rosey Grier. At the end of "Dead and Shoulders" and at the beginning of "Freaks, No Geeks", Selma makes Bart help her sing "Mockingbird" from the 1994 comedy Dumb and Dumber. It is also implied that Lisa is a fan of the My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic character Rainbow Dash. She talks in her sleep saying "Rainbow, oh Rainbow!", to which Bart responds "Oh no, not the pony dream again!".

"Freaks, No Geeks" is a parody of the 1932 horror film Freaks. At the end of the third story, a mutilated duck creature Homer is seen telling his children that was how he met their mother, which leads into the theme song from the series How I Met Your Mother.

Reception

Critical response
The episode as a whole received generally positive reviews, while Del Toro's opening sequence was critically acclaimed. David Hinckley of the New York Daily News gave "Treehouse of Horror XXIV" three stars out of five, writing that "'Treehouse of Horrors' remains an honorable tradition, and if nothing else, it reminds fans that they don't have to wait for South Park to get some good old-fashioned animated mayhem." Dennis Perkins of The A.V. Club gave the episode a B, saying, "After the season-opening Homeland parody storyline in last week's episode and a "Treehouse of Horror" for its second, we have yet to see exactly what this season has going for it as The Simpsons soldiers on for its 25th season, as these premise-heavy episodes haven't left much room for character. Next week will be the real test, but for now, I'll take these first two installments as cause for hope." Tony Sokol of Den of Geek wrote that the episode was "nearly a classic". He felt the third segment was the best and wrote that "When The Simpsons commit to a joke, they commit." Teresa Lopez of TV Fanatic gave the episode three out of five stars, saying "It was an enjoyable episode, but still, the necessity of scheduling the Halloween special so early makes it hard to get into the spooky spirit of things."

Viewing figures
The episode received a 3.0 rating and was watched by a total of 6.42 million people, this made it the most watched show on Animation Domination that night beating American Dad!, Bob's Burgers, and Family Guy.

Awards and nominations
Color design director Dmitry Malanitchev and background designer Charles Ragins won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation at the 66th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards for their work in this episode.

Animators Lynna Blankenship, Dima Malanitchev, Debbie Peterson, Charles Ragins, and Jefferson R. Weekley were nominated for the Annie Award for Outstanding Achievement for Production Design in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production at the 41st Annie Awards. Director Guillermo del Toro, designer Guy Davis, and animator Ralph Sosa were nominated for the Annie Award for Outstanding Achievement for Storyboarding in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production at the same awards ceremony.

References

External links

"Treehouse of Horror XXIV"  at theSimpsons.com

2013 American television episodes
Dr. Seuss parodies
The Simpsons (season 25) episodes
Treehouse of Horror
Halloween television episodes

Treehouse of Horror XXIV


The Mahabodhi Temple (literally: "Great Awakening Temple") or the Mahabodhi Mahavihar, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is an ancient, but much rebuilt and restored, Buddhist temple in Bodh Gaya, marking the location where the Buddha is said to have attained enlightenment. The site contains a descendant of the Bodhi Tree under which Buddha gained enlightenment, and has been a major pilgrimage destination for Hindus and Buddhists for well over two thousand years, and some elements probably date to the period of Ashoka (died c. 232 BCE). It is the "National Buddhist temple of India" respectively.

National symbols of India

Mahabodhi Temple


Greyhound racing is a sport in which greyhounds compete in a race around a track. The dogs chase a mechanical stuffed toy. It is a gambling sport. Animal groups such as PETA are unhappy about the way the dogs are treated.

Other websites
The Dogs
Greyhounds at Betfair

Sports involving animals

Greyhound racing


Birch bark or birchbark is usually the bark of the paper birch tree or sometimes of similar trees such as gray (wire) birch.

Birch bark is useful because it is strong and water-resistant. It is similar in some ways to cardboard. And can be easily cut, bent and sewn. Because of this it has been very valuable for building, crafting, and writing material ever since ancient times.  Birch bark also contains substances that are used in medicines and chemicals.

Uses

Birch bark was valuable throughout the world where birch trees were available:

In North America, the native people used birch bark for canoes and wigwams and more.
In Scandinavia and Finland, it had many uses, including roofs, boxes, casks and buckets.
In Russia, many birch bark documents have survived from the Middle Ages.
In the Indian civilisation birch-bark, along with dried palm leaves,  replaced parchment for writing.

Birch bark is can also be used as a tinder. It is very good tinder as the inner layers will stay dry even through heavy rainstorms.  To make birch bark useless as tinder, it must be soaked in water for a very long time.

References
The Algonquin Birchbark Canoe by David Gidmark .

Other websites

The Birch Bark Torch, a Wilderness Way Magazine'''s article by Kevin Finney.
Birchbark articles from the NativeTech'' site.
Birch and Birch Bark, an article by John Zasada at an University of Minnesota site.
Birch Bark Canoe Building Courses at the North House Folk School, Minnesota.
Birch Bark Canoe  page on the site of the Algonquins of Pikwàganagàn.

Wood
Fagales

Birch bark


New Writers' Press was an Irish small press that specialised in poetry publishing. The press was founded in 1967 by the poets Michael Smith and Trevor Joyce and Smith's wife Irene in response to what they felt to be the stagnant state of Irish poetry at the time. The first volume published by the press was Joyce's debut collection, "Sole Glum Trek", which included an editorial by Smith that communicated the purpose of the press as follows:
 [T]o bring out a series of small books each of which will give a young poet the chance of finding the audience so necessary to him ...
 Most of the poets whose work will be included in this series are Irish and under thirty. Believing poets should be beyond the herd
 instinct, they belong to no school, movement, club or clique. They are all serious poets, that is, human beings for whom writing poetry :: is morally, a profoundly central activity, not a mere hobby or ornamental grace. (Joyce, 1995: 277)

The press was very active for the first 12 years of its existence, publishing some 46 items, including the six issues of the journal The Lace Curtain. Since 1979, there have been approximately 12 new titles, some of them in collaboration with British, Canadian and Polish small press publishers.

The press was committed to help revive interest in the modernist tradition in Irish poetry, and to this end they published Thomas MacGreevy's Collected Poems, Brian Coffey's Selected Poems and a special 1930s issue of the journal, all in 1971.

In addition to work by Coffey, MacGreevy, Joyce and Smith, New Writers Press authors included John Jordan, Anthony Cronin, Michael Hartnett, Augustus Young, Jack Spicer, Tom MacIntyre, Patrick Galvin, Paul Durcan, Robert Pawlowski, and Antonio Machado (in Smith's translation).

Notable titles
Poems. Jorge Luis Borges. Translated by Anthony Kerrigan. 1967.
The Lace Curtain, Issues 1–6. Ed. Michael Smith and Trevor Joyce. 1969 - 1978
Selected Poems. Brian Coffey. 1971.
The Poems of Sweeny, Peregrine. Trevor Joyce. 1976.

References

Print
Coughlan, P. and Davis, A. (eds). Modernism and Ireland: the Poetry of the 1930s

Online
A checklist of publications compiled by Trevor Joyce

Small press publishing companies
Publishing companies established in 1967
Book publishing companies of Ireland
Poetry publishers
Irish companies established in 1967

New Writers Press


Clara Hughes, OC OM MSC  was born on September 27, 1972 in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. She is a Canadian cyclist and speed skater who has won more than one Olympic medals in both events. She won two bronze medals in the 1996 Summer Olympics and four medals (one gold, one silver, two bronze) over the course of three Winter Olympics. She is known as a Canadian with the most Olympic medals.

Hughes is one of the few athletes who have competed in both the Summer and Winter Olympic games. Hughes is the only person ever to have won multiple medals in the winter and summer Olympics. Hughes is also the only Canadian to have won medals in both the Summer and Winter Olympics. Hughes was the first Canadian woman to win a medal in road cycling at the Olympics, winning two in the 1996 Atlanta Olympics.

Hughes was named to both the Order of Manitoba and as an Officer of the Order of Canada because of her work in sports and for the help she had given to others. She works with Right to Play, a sports program that helps youth all over the world. After winning her gold medal in 2006, she donated $10,000 to Right to Play.

Throughout her career, Hughes received many other awards and trophies. She was named Female Athlete of the Year by Speed Skating Canada in 2004 for the long track. In 2006 she received a Sport and Community Trophy. She was then named to the 2006 List of Most Influential Women in Sport and Physical Activity. In the summer of the year 2010, she would receive a star on the Canada's Walk of Fame and on November 15, 2010, she was put into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame.

She works for the Bell Let's Talk Mental Health program, including Bell Let's Talk Day. Hughes uses her past problems with depression to help others. "Hughes battled deep depression, which [almost ruined] her life, after winning two bronze medals in cycling at the 1996 Olympics." Since 2013, Hughes has started yearly bike rides across Canada to talk about mental health. In 2015, the CTV-produced documentary Clara's Big Ride premiered on the fifth annual Bell Let's Talk Day. Her memoir, Open Heart, Open Mind, was published in 2015.

1972 births
Living people
Canadian cyclists
Speed skaters
Sportspeople from Winnipeg

Clara Hughes


Oswald Spengler (29 May 1880 – 8 May 1936) was a German philosopher and schoolteacher. He was mostly active in the areas of the philosophy of history,  and cultural history. He also had antidemocratic ideas. He was part of a group of people called Konservative Revolution. His main work, The Decline of the West (original: Der Untergang des Abendlandes), he is against telling the story of humanity as a linear story of advances and successes. Instead, he says that history is cyclic: new cultures arise, they are successful, and they vanish again. He also says that the different cultures are well-defined, and clearly distinguishable. One such culture usually has a "lifetime" of about 1.000 years. Even in the title of his work, he says that the culture of the West (he used the term Abendland, occident, in English),  is in decline.

According to his contemporaries, Spengler correctly predicted some historical developments. He also influenced a few historians, such as Franz Borkenau and Arnold J. Toynbee.

Spengler also published a number of minor works. As he saw that the Weimar Republic didn't work, he hoped that there would be a dictator thar would be strong enough to master the political challenges, in internal and foreign policy. Spengler talked about an era of  wars of annihilation (such as the First World War). Spengler was also against National Socialism. He thought that antisemitism (as propagated by the Nazis) was too simple to be a solution for the problems of the time.  He also thought that Benito Mussolini was better at what he did than Adolf Hitler.

Spengler died of a heart attack in his apartment in Munich, on May 8, 1936.

The Nazis were ambivalent as to Spengler: Some saw him as one of the philosophical forefathers, others though that his ideas were too antiquated to be useful. As a philosopher, Alfred Baeumler was much closer to Nazi ideologies.

German philosophers
1880 births
1936 deaths

Oswald Spengler


Cynthia Grant Bowman is an American legal scholar specializing in areas relating to law and women, including women in the legal profession, sexual harassment, and legal remedies for adult survivors of childhood sex abuse. She is the Dorothea S. Clarke Professor of Feminist Jurisprudence at Cornell Law School (appointed in 2007).

She holds a PhD in Political Science from Columbia University and a JD from Northwestern University. Bowman was a Professor of Law and of Gender Studies at Northwestern University before joining Cornell Law School.

References

American women lawyers
American lawyers
American legal scholars
Cornell University faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American women legal scholars
American women academics
21st-century American women

Cynthia Grant Bowman


Roxby (formerly Rousby) is a village and civil parish in the Scarborough district of North Yorkshire, England. It is located near Staithes.

The population of the civil parish was estimated at 120 in 2014, about the same as the 2001 UK census figure of 119.

Roxby was historically a township in the parish of Hinderwell in the North Riding of Yorkshire.  It became a separate civil parish in 1866.

St Nicholas's Parish Church was built in the 17th century on the site of an earlier church.  It is a Grade II listed building. It includes family tombs of the Boynton baronets.

References

External links

Victoria County History:Hinderwell

Villages in North Yorkshire
Civil parishes in North Yorkshire

Roxby, North Yorkshire


Louis "King" Garcia (August 25, 1905 – September 4, 1983) was a Puerto Rican jazz trumpeter who spent most of his career in the United States.

Garcia played early in his life in the Municipal Band of San Juan, whose director was Juan Tizol's uncle, Manuel Tizol. He moved to the U.S. early in the 1920s, where he played with the Original Dixieland Jazz Band and Emil Coleman. In the 1930s he did work in the studios, including his most important association, which was with Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey. He recorded with the bandleaders both together and separately. He also played with Vic Berton (1935), Richard Himber, Nat Brandwyne, Amanda Randolph, and Louis Prima (1939). In the 1940s he returned to play with Coleman again, and led his own Latin ensemble that decade. By the 1960s he had moved to California and essentially retired due to failing health.

See also
Eugene Chadbourne

External links
[ Louis "King" Garcia] at Allmusic

1905 births
1983 deaths
Puerto Rican jazz musicians
American jazz trumpeters
American male trumpeters
20th-century trumpeters
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians

King Garcia