Sea and Sardinia is a travel book by the English writer D. H. Lawrence. It describes a brief excursion undertaken in January 1921 by Lawrence and his wife Frieda, a.k.a. Queen Bee, from Taormina in Sicily to the interior of Sardinia. They visited Cagliari, Mandas, Sorgono, and Nuoro. His visit to Nuoro was a kind of homage to Grazia Deledda but involved no personal encounter. Despite the brevity of his visit, Lawrence distils an essence of the island and its people that is still recognisable today.
Extracts were originally printed in The Dial during October and November 1921 and the book was first published in New York, USA in 1921 by Thomas Seltzer, with illustrations by Jan Juta. A British edition, published by Martin Secker, came out in April 1923.

Standard edition
 Sea and Sardinia (1921), edited by Mara Kalnins, Cambridge University Press, 1997 .
 Sea and Sardinia (1921), edited by Jon Clarke (Publisher & Editor), The Olive Press, London, 1989 .
 Italian edition: Mare e Sardegna, Introduzione di Luciano Marrocu, Nuoro, Ilisso, Scrittori di Sardegna, 2000 .
 Online version with illustrations online-literature.com

References

External links
 Internet Archive on-line edition:

1921 non-fiction books
British travel books
Works originally published in The Dial
Books about Italy
English non-fiction books

Sea and Sardinia


The Grande Arche is a monument that was constructed in La Défense, near Paris, in the 1980s. It is at one end of what is known as axe historique (the other is the Musée du Louvre). It looks like the 3D projection of a tesseract. The Grande Arche was built when François Mitterrand was president. It was opened on 14 July 1989, 200 years after the French Revolution. The Grande Arche houses different offices of the government. There is a terrace at the top, and a space for exhibitions.

Monuments and memorials in France

Grande Arche


Practice of  is almost entirely limited to Great-Britain, where until today it has been understood as a judo kata which, like the Gonosen-no-kata, focuses on counter-attacks to throwing techniques. The kata was commonly explained as being an older form than Gonosen-no-kata, that was passed onto Ōtani Masutarō from Tani Yukio.

It was recently shown, however, that the "kaeshi-no-kata" has no authentic basis as a kata, and is largely the result of a linguistic mix-up. "Kaeshi-kata", properly written 返へし方 rather than 返の形, and without the possessive particle の (no) was the title of a series of articles written in the 1920s by Takahashi-sensei from Waseda University in Tokyo. Nearly a dozen articles presented his pioneering work on the principles of counter-attacks to throwing techniques. These were loose techniques that were never intended for, or made into a kata form. However, without access to these sources or a thorough understanding of the author's intent, confusing the two homonymic and differently meaning kanji (方 versus 形, both pronounced "kata"), is not unlikely, and explains the absence of any existing primary sources evidencing the historic creation of a formal exercise with the name "kaeshi-kata" or "kaeshi-no-kata".

As judo in the early days was often popularized outside Japan by means of public demonstrations given by judo experts, many exercises were presented in demonstration form, several for which names were invented in Europe by residing Japanese, who often had some martial arts, but relatively little judo experience. Now that "kaeshi-(no)-kata" in reality has no basis as an existing kata, it is evident that it also is not and never has been an officially recognized Kodokan kata. However, in Britain, this "kata" exists in two forms with minor variations in order and techniques, but its practice is almost entirely limited to public demonstrations or judo rank promotion tests.

Techniques
 Deashi harai countered by Tsubame gaeshi (i.e. Deashi harai countered by Deashi harai)
 Kouchi gari countered by Hiza Guruma
 Ouchi gari countered by Kosoto gari
 Osoto gari countered by Osoto guruma
 Kosoto gari countered by Tai otoshi
 Harai goshi countered by Ushiro goshi
 Hane goshi countered by Harai tsurikomi ashi
 Uchi mata countered by Uchi mata sukashi
 Koshi guruma countered by Utsuri goshi
 Ippon seoinage countered by Uki waza

Alternatively:

 Deashi harai countered by Deashi harai
 Ouchi gari countered by Ushiro goshi
 Kouchi gari countered by Okuriashi harai
 Osoto gari countered by Harai goshi
 Kosoto gari countered by Tai otoshi
 Hane goshi countered by Deashi harai
 Harai goshi countered by Ushiro goshi
 Uchi mata countered by Te waza
 Koshi guruma countered by Utsuri goshi
 Ippon seoinage countered by Uki waza

External links
 Video of the Kaeshi no kata. Demonstration starts at 1 minute 40 seconds into the video. Tori is Kenshiro Abbe. The kata is erroneously named as Gonosen-no-kata.

References

Judo kata

Kaeshi-no-kata


Christian Erbach (ca. 1568 – 14 June 1635) was a German organist and composer.

Erbach was born in Gau-Algesheim, Mainz-Bingen, now in the Rhineland-Palatinate Bundesland, and began to study musical composition at a considerably young age. Aside from the location of his birth and the mere fact that he studied the art of musical composition, the history of Erbach's youth is unknown.

Throughout most of his life, Erbach held the position of assistant or chief organist for the city of Augsburg. One may consider him a composer of reverence during his lifetime because many of his students, both Protestant and Roman Catholic, were attracted to his talent. The influence upon the music of Erbach was primarily Venetian notwithstanding the indubitable characteristics of Hans Leo Haßler within his keyboard works. The most popular pieces by Erbach include In ihren grossen Nöthen (1609) and Madrigal Tirsi morir.  Erbach died in Augsburg.

Outside the context of instrumental music, Erbach also wrote pieces for church services and the liturgical festivals. He was considered to have a fine ear for the organ and was thus consulted during the development of several 17th-century instruments.

References
William Keith Haldeman (1962), The Vocal Compositions of Christian Erbach, University of Rochester

External links

1560s births
1635 deaths
Renaissance composers
German classical composers
German Baroque composers
17th-century classical composers
German male classical composers
17th-century male musicians

Christian Erbach


Fried pies, also known as Fry pies, are mainly dessert pies that are similar to turnovers, except that they are smaller and fried. The fruit filling is wrapped in the dough, similar to the dough of a pie crust.

History
Historically in the American South, fried pies were known as "Crab Lanterns", a term that dates back to at least 1770, and may originate from crab apple pies that had slits for ventilation, thus resembling a lantern. New Hampshire fried pies were popular with U.S. president Franklin Pierce.

Fast food versions have gained popularity more recently. McDonald's apple pies were introduced on the menu in 1968, but in 1992 they were phased out in favor of a baked pie (claimed to be healthier) in the United States. There are some McDonald's restaurants throughout the US and world which still offer the fried pies, including all McDonald's restaurants in the Republic of Ireland, United Kingdom and Japan. Flavors include cherry and apple (US mainland), taro, and haupia, (Hawaii), and green bean or red bean (China). The Burger King chain also offers fried pies on its menu, in apple and "wild berry" flavors. Whataburger and Popeyes also offer fried pies.

Hubig's, New Orleans' famous local fried pie maker and the last one of its kind, burned on July 27, 2012, but expects to rebuild. It was the last one from a southeastern chain that originated in Ft. Worth, Texas, that did not survive the Great Depression. The owners originally stated that they planned to rebuild the factory as soon as possible. As of 2022, the factory is now finished.

See also
 Doughnut
 Empanada
 Fritter

References

External links
Fried pie recipe from the cooking studio at the John C. Campbell Folk School

Fruit pies
American pies
Fried foods

Fried pie


The exosphere is a thin, atmosphere-like volume surrounding a planet or natural satellite. Its molecules are gravitationally bound to that body. The density is so low that the molecules are essentially collisionless. In the case of bodies with substantial atmospheres, such as Earth's atmosphere, the exosphere is the uppermost layer,

The lightest atmospheric gases such as hydrogen and helium exist throughout the exosphere. Heavier ones like carbon dioxide and atomic oxygen are near the base. There are two borders to the exosphere; the lower boundary and the upper boundary. The lower boundary is about 500-800 km (300-500 miles) above the surface and is called the exobase.  It is also called the thermopause because it is in between the exosphere and the thermosphere. The molecules are moving very fast, so the temperature in this zone is thought to be thousands of degrees celsius.

References

Layers of Earth's atmosphere

Exosphere


Rodney Afshari (born 1972) is an American personal manager of musical artists.  Rodney grew up in Los Angeles, California.  He has managed musical acts such as Glassjaw, Rock Kills Kid, A Static Lullaby, Alien Ant Farm, Black Light Burns, Vex Red, Chase Pagan, Wild Throne, amongst others.  Rodney currently heads Music Management company Inner Circle Management based in Los Angeles.

Other fields of work

From 1996-2006, Rodney was a partner and/or promoter of numerous exclusive Manhattan nightclubs and special events.  Veruka, Studio 54, Centrofly, N/A and The Plumm amongst the several nightclubs and semi-private lounges Rodney was involved with.

References

1972 births
Living people
American talent agents

Rodney Afshari


Chris Huffins (born 15 April 1970) is an athlete from the United States who competed in the field of Decathlon.  He was the Director and Head Coach of the Men's and Women's Track and Field and Cross Country programs at the University of California from 2002 to 2007.  He married Monique Parker in 1997 with whom he had one son Zachary. He earned a degree from the University of California in Political Economies of Industrial Societies in 2007.  Huffins is a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity. He is currently married to Tamika Huffins with whom he had another son, Jaxon.

Athletic career
Chris Huffins first became interested in decathlon while a student at the University of California. Sidelined with a broken toe, he watched other students performing decathlon and decided that that was the sport for him. Before becoming a decathlete, Chris Huffins was also a basketball player, sprinter, and long jumper.

As a decathlete, Huffins acquired a reputation as a fast starter but a slow finisher, prone to surging ahead on the first day of the competition, but fading on the second day. Huffins denied this accusation, saying that it was an accident of ordering because his two weakest events (javelin, 1500m run) happened to be the final two events of the decathlon.

Achievements
1992 Olympic Trials - decathlon - 16th
1993 NCAA - decathlon - 1st
1993 USA Outdoor Track & Field Championships - decathlon - 9th
1993 Pacific-10 Conference, decathlon - 1st
1993 Ranked by Track and Field News decathlon - 9th U.S.
1995 USA Outdoor Track & Field Championships - decathlon - 2nd
1995 1995 World Championships in Athletics Ullevi Stadium, Gothenburg, Sweden - decathlon - 8th
1995 Ranked by Track and Field News decathlon - 8th World, 2nd U.S.
1996 Olympic Trials - decathlon - 3rd
1996 1996 Summer Olympics Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. - decathlon - 10th
1996 Ranked by Track and Field News decathlon - 10th World, 3rd U.S.
1997 USA Outdoor Track & Field Championships - decathlon - 2nd
1997 Ranked by Track and Field News decathlon - 7th World, 2nd U.S.
1998 USA Outdoor Track & Field Championships - decathlon - 1st
1998 Deca Jam, - decathlon - 1st
1998 Goodwill Games, - decathlon - 2nd
1998 Ranked by Track and Field News decathlon - 5th World, 2nd U.S.
1998 Recipient of the John H. Bennett Award presented by USA Track & Field
1999 USA Outdoor Track & Field Championships - decathlon - 1st
1999 Pan Am Games - decathlon - 1st
1999 World Championships - decathlon - 3rd
1999 Recipient of the John H. Bennett Award presented by USA Track & Field
2000 Olympic Trials - decathlon - 2nd
2000 2000 Summer Olympics Sydney, Australia - decathlon - 3rd
2000 Ranked by Track and Field News decathlon - 4th World, 1st U.S.
2000 Inducted into the Indiana State Track & Field Hall of Fame
2000 Recipient of the John H. Bennett Award presented by USA Track and Field

Huffins holds  the heptathlon world best in the 60 m dash with a time of 6.61 seconds.

2000 Sydney Olympics
Leading into the Sydney Games, Huffins established himself as one of the best decathletes in the world.  In 1998, he finished second in the Goodwill Games, and in 1999, Huffins won the Pan American Games and finished third at the 1999 World Championships in the decathlon.  At the 2000 USA Olympic trials, Huffins finished second behind Tom Pappas and ahead of Kip Janvrin, his future teammates at Sydney.

At the Sydney Olympics, Huffins performed consistently, and after the first nine events, including the javelin, he led eventual winner Erki Nool by 14 points. In the concluding 1500m event, Huffins ran a hard race, beating his previous best time by almost 13 seconds.  It was enough to capture the bronze medal.  Huffins score was a season's best of 8595 points and only 46 points short of gold medalist Erki Nool.

On the topic of not winning the gold medal, Huffins later said there were as many bronze medals as gold medals, so he didn't feel any less honored for finishing third.

Coaching career
After spending some time as an assistant coach for Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina and Georgia Tech in Atlanta, Georgia, Huffins was hired at his alma mater, the University of California, to coach his old team, The Golden Bears.  Under his direction, the team has won 14 All-American honors, set 12 new school records, sent five athletes to the 2004 Summer Olympics, and in 2005, two of Huffin's athletes were ranked in the top 10 in the United States.

On May 29, 2007, Huffins announced his resignation from his position as director of track and field at the University of California.

After brief stints at Boise State University, Eastern Michigan University, the University of Oklahoma & Clemson, he is currently (2014-2015) going into his second year coaching the Purdue Boilermakers.

References

trackfield.brinkster
New York Times
Decathlon2000 Bio

1970 births
Living people
American male decathletes
Athletes (track and field) at the 1999 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
California Golden Bears men's track and field athletes
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets track and field coaches
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Oklahoma Sooners track and field coaches
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in track and field
Track and field athletes from Brooklyn
World Athletics Championships medalists
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Goodwill Games medalists in athletics
Competitors at the 1998 Goodwill Games
Medalists at the 1999 Pan American Games

Chris Huffins


RPX Corporation (Rational Patent EXchange) is an American provider of international risk management services for patents. The company was founded in March 2008, and is based in San Francisco. It was incorporated on July 15, 2008. By acquiring patents that pose potential problems and providing information on litigation, RPX seeks to reduce patent assertions directed at its clients.

RPX provides a defensive patent aggregation service to mitigate clients' risk of litigation from non-practicing entities (NPEs) – also called patent trolls – which acquire patents for the sole purpose of licensing and asserting their patent rights.

RPX identifies and purchases patent assets they identify as of high value, relevance and risk that could be used offensively against members of the company's client network.  Depending on the situation, RPX may acquire assets from a third party or directly from an NPE.  When necessary and possible, RPX will buy patent rights out of an active litigation.

RPX promises to never assert or litigate the patents in its portfolio.

Business

RPX's service is designed to mitigate members' litigation risk and costs from NPEs by purchasing patents and patent rights before patents are asserted, or to resolve an ongoing litigation.

RPX clients receive a license to all of the patents and associated rights aggregated in the RPX portfolio.  Over time, RPX clients receive perpetual license to the patents held when they became members or purchased after they joined, as well as any patents sold during their membership.

The service is structured on an annual membership. Annual membership fees may increase each year to account for the growing value of the RPX portfolio, but early-joining members lock in a lower rate.  Companies that join the RPX client network later receive the same benefits, but must pay the then-current rates.

RPX provides data services as part of its membership. The RPX client portal provides data related to patents and patents available for sale, historical and current patent litigation and NPEs. however the product is available only to paying RPX members, and it has yet to be seen how the RPX portal compares to other services. In May 2014, to increase transparency, the company released RPX Search, a search engine that provides free public access to most of its data, independent of RPX membership.

History

RPX was founded in 2008 by John Amster, Geoffrey Barker and Eran Zur. The company was initially financed by Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, Charles River Ventures, and Index Ventures.

In its first year, RPX generated $0.8 million revenue in that year. Revenue grew to $32.8 million in 2009, reaching profitability. In the first nine months of 2010 RPX earned $10 million in profit on $65.2 million in revenue. RPX's revenue for the year 2016 was $333.1 million.

RPX filed an S1 on January 21, 2011 and RPX began publicly trading on the Nasdaq exchange as "RPXC" in May 2011.

RPX arranged a consortium to purchase 4,000 Nortel patents from the Rockstar Consortium in December 2014.

In 2018, RPXC was acquired by private-equity firm HGGC.

See also
 Defensive patent aggregation
 Patent troll
 Allied Security Trust
 Open Invention Network

References

External links

IAM Magazine article comparing & contrasting RPX with AST, May/June 2010

Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
Defensive patent aggregation companies of the United States
Business services companies established in 2008
Companies based in San Francisco
2011 initial public offerings
American companies established in 2008
2008 establishments in California
2018 mergers and acquisitions
Private equity portfolio companies

RPX Corporation


Ontario Hydro v Ontario (Labour Relations Board), [1993] 3 S.C.R. 327 is a leading constitutional decision of the Supreme Court of Canada on the federal declaratory power and the peace, order and good government power under the Constitution Act, 1867. The Court held that the regulation of relations between Ontario government and employees of a nuclear power plant was under federal jurisdiction under the federal declaratory power of section 92(10)(c) of the Constitution Act, 1867, and the national concern branch of the peace, order and good government.

Background
Ontario Hydro is a power generating corporation owned by the Ontario government. Among their power generating plants include five nuclear generators. These nuclear plants fall under the jurisdiction of the federal Atomic Energy Control Act. Section 18 of that Act provides that all works and undertakings "constructed for the production, use and application of atomic energy" are works that are "for the general advantage of Canada".

The Society of Ontario Hydro Professional and Administrative Employees applied for certification under the Ontario Labour Relations Act to represent the employees of Ontario Hydro including those who work at the nuclear plants. The Coalition to Stop the Certification of the Society, another group of employees, attempted to prevent the society from getting certification on the grounds that nuclear stations were in the jurisdiction of the Canada Labour Code which would require them to apply to the Canada Industrial Relations Board.

The Ontario Labour Relations Board agreed with the Coalition and held that they did not have jurisdiction to certify the bargaining unit. On appeal to the Court of Appeal for Ontario the ruling of the Board was upheld.

The issue before the Supreme Court was stated as:
Does the Labour Relations Act of Ontario or the Canada Labour Code constitutionally apply to the matter of labour relations between Ontario Hydro and those of its employees who are employed in Ontario Hydro's nuclear electrical generating stations which have been declared to be for the general advantage of Canada under s. 18 of the Atomic Energy Control Act?

In a four to three decision the Court denied the appeal and held that employees who are connected with the nuclear facilities are subject to the federal Labour Relations Code.

Opinion of the Court
Three opinions were written. One by LaForest, with L'Heureux-Dubé and Gonthier JJ concurring, a second by Lamer C.J., and a dissent by Iacobucci, with  Sopinka and Cory JJ concurring.

LaForest
La Forest first considered the invocation of the declaratory power under section 92(10)(c) of the Constitution by the Atomic Energy Act. He observed that if it was properly invoked the work would automatically fall within the jurisdiction of the federal government by virtue of section 91(29). The question is what matters would be included. When a work is declared, stated La Forest, it includes "work as a going concern" or "functioning unit", which necessarily involves control over its management and its operation. Consequently, labour relations would presumably be included in the declaration and so the province cannot legislate in relation to the labour of the declared work. La Forest dismisses the proposition that the work also falls under section 92A and consequently cannot be granted to the federal government.

La Forest considered the application of the "peace, order and good government" power. He found that nuclear generators are a matter of national concern and so must fall under federal jurisdiction in section 91 of the Constitution. The production and use of nuclear energy has clear  international and intra-provincial implications, and it is sufficiently distinct and separate to fall under the p.o.g.g. power.

Lamer
Lamer's opinion emphasized that federal power under both p.o.g.g. and the declaratory power must be carefully described and been respectful of the division of powers. Consequently, the p.o.g.g. power will only encompass the production of nuclear power and related safety concerns, but not employment at the plant.

However, Lamer added that the power to regulate labour relations is "an integral and essential part of Parliament's declaratory and p.o.g.g. jurisdictions." As well there was a clear intention of the government to include the matters in the preamble to the Act as well as the regulations.
Lamer further noted that internationally practices of regulating nuclear plants have included supervising employees.

Lamer held that it is not possible to make a distinction between what is considered part of the "undertaking" and the "integrated activities related to" it. There must be a prima facie presumption that jurisdiction of labour relations is held by the federal government. The "normal and habitual" activities of the employees are intimately related to control of the facilities.

Lastly, Lamer rejects the argument that the federal government is precluded from regulating labour relations on the grounds that the provincial government has been exercising jurisdiction for a long period of time.

Iacobucci
Justice Iacobucci wrote a dissent, which was joined by Justices Cory and Sopinka. Iacobucci agreed with the majority that the declaratory power only extended to matters that were "integral to the federal interest in the work". He found that this was consistent with general approach to constitutional interpretation where no head of power had the power to subsume the other.

Iacobucci disagreed with the majority that labour relations of the plant's employees were integral to the effective regulation of the plants. From reading the preamble there is no indication that labour was to be included, which said that the federal interest was for the safety, health and security concerns. Labour relations only aims at "industrial peace" and better working conditions for employees, which is not directly related to the plant. This is supported by section 92A of the Constitution Act, 1867. If Parliament wants to include labour relations they could easily do so with their declaratory power.

Iacobucci also found that the p.o.g.g. power does not include labour relations. He emphasized the application of "balancing principles" between the two heads of power. He held that labour relations for plant employees was not part of a "single, distinctive, and indivisible matter identified as atomic energy."

See also
 List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (Lamer Court)

External links

Canadian federalism case law
Supreme Court of Canada cases
Labour relations in Canada
Canadian labour case law
1993 in Canadian case law


The Battle of Riccardina or Battle of Molinella, fought on July 25, 1467, in Molinella, was one of the most important battles of the 15th century in Italy.

Combatants
 On the one side were 14,000 infantry and cavalry led by Bartolomeo Colleoni in theory fighting for Venice (but Colleoni had his personal agenda), in coalition with Borso d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara (represented by his half-brother Ercole I d'Este) and the Lords of Pesaro, Forlì, and some renegade families of Florence.
 On the other side was an army of 13,000 soldiers in the service of Florence, allied with Galeazzo Maria Sforza (ruler of the Duchy of Milan), King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Giovanni II Bentivoglio (ruler of Bologna). The army was led by Federico da Montefeltro.

Battle
The battle was fought along the Idice river, between the villages of Riccardina (near Budrio) and Molinella.
Historians disagree on who won the battle. The only certainty is that Bartolomeo Colleoni had to abandon his plans to conquer Milan. There were between 600 and 700 casualties. Notable was the large number of horses killed (almost 1,000).

The battle is historically important because, for the first time in Italy, artillery and firearms were intensively used.

A large fresco in the Castle of Malpaga, probably by Girolamo Romani, depicts the battle.
In 1468 peace was concluded under the initiative of Pope Paul II.

Molinella
Molinella
Molinella
Molinella
1467 in Europe
15th century in the Republic of Florence
15th century in the Republic of Venice
Molinella
Emilia (region of Italy)

Battle of Molinella


The Monty Hall problem is a famous problem in probability (chance). The problem is based on a television game show from the United States, Let's Make a Deal. It is named for this show's host, Monty Hall.

In the problem, there are three doors. A car (prize of high value) is behind one door and goats (booby prizes of low value) are behind the other two doors. First, the player chooses a door but does not open it. Then the host opens a different door. The host knows what is behind every door, and always chooses a door with a goat behind it. (If there are goats behind both other doors, one is chosen at random.) Last, the player choose whether to keep what is behind the first door or to change to the third door (the one the host did not open).

The rules of the problem are that the host has to open a door with a goat behind it and the player has the opportunity to switch. The question is whether changing choices increases the chances of getting the car.

Most people feel that the car is equally likely to be behind either of the two doors that are still closed, so that changing doors does not affect the chance of getting the car. The true answer is that changing choices increases the chances of getting the car from 1/3 (one out of three) to 2/3 (two out of three).

That 2/3 (two out of three) chance comes from the fact in the initial door choice, the player has a 1/3 (one out of three) chance of picking the door with the car. There is a 2/3 (two out of three) chance if the car is behind one of the other two doors. If the player could switch from their one door to the other two doors this would improve their chances. The fact that the host reveals that one of the other doors contains a goat does not change this probability. The player is still effectively swapping their one door for the other two (even though one of them has been opened).

These are the options:

1. (Lose): If the player picks the car, then the host will show a goat. Then if the player changes their choice, they will get a goat .

2. (Win) : If the player picks a goat, then the host will show the other goat. Then if the player changes their choice, they will get a car.

3. (Win) : If the player picks the other goat, then the host will show the first goat. Then if the player changes their choice, they will get a car.

So, it is true that if the player changes (switches) then the player will win a car two times out of three.

Other websites

 Monty Hall Problem at Wolfram MathWorld
 Graphical Proof of the Monty Hall Problem
 A Monty Hall Simulator in Javascript
 Monty Hall Simulation Online
 Making the Monty Hall Obvious
 A tree-diagram of the Monty Hall problem under the Marilyn vos Savant assumptions
 The Game Show Problem

Mathematical problems
Probability theory

Monty Hall problem


The New Shekel or Israeli Shekel is the official currency (money)  of the State of Israel. The shekel is the name of money used in ancient times in the Bible and in places like the Land of Israel.

People usually call the money simply "the shekel." The plural of shekel is  shkalim. Shkalim are divided into 100 agorot.

The shekel has its own special symbol: ₪. This comes from joining the first two letters of the words in Hebrew for New Shekel (ש"ח). In English, shekel can be written as NIS (standing for 'New Israeli Shekel').

Currency of Asia
Economy of Israel

New shekel


The Banahaw Broadcasting Corporation (often shortened to BBC) was a Philippine television network that began operations on November 4, 1973 and ceased transmission on March 20, 1986.

History
DWWX-TV (formerly DZAQ-TV) station owned by ABS-CBN was shut down following the declaration of Martial Law in 1972, and served as the flagship station of BBC. Roberto Benedicto, a crony of then-President Ferdinand Marcos and owner of the Kanlaon Broadcasting System, took over the ABS-CBN Broadcasting Center complex on Bohol (now Sergeant Esguerra) Avenue in Quezon City after the KBS Studios along Roxas Boulevard in Pasay City (which were ironically sold to them by ABS-CBN in 1969) were destroyed by fire on June 6, 1973, a few months before BBC went on air. The new network was named the "Banahaw Broadcasting Corporation" after Mount Banahaw, a dormant volcano located in southern Luzon known for its hot springs and mystical associations.

In July 1978, BBC, KBS and another Benedicto-owned network, the Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation (IBC) (which originally aired from San Juan del Monte), transferred to the Broadcast City compound in Old Balara, Quezon City, with the transmitter located along Panay Avenue, Quezon City, by then newly upgraded for better broadcast reception. This left Channel 4 (a frequency formerly owned by ABS-CBN and taken over by the government through National Media Production Center (NMPC) as Government Television in 1974) at the ABS-CBN Broadcast Center complex, then renamed MBS Broadcast Plaza (MBS being Maharlika Broadcasting System, the name that Channel 4 acquired in 1980).

By December 1973, the network also operated DYCB-TV 3 in Cebu and DYXL-TV 4 in Bacolod, both of which were also originally owned by ABS-CBN. Their call signs were also changed to DYCW-TV and DYBW-TV, respectively. The Cebu and Bacolod stations switched affiliations to GTV (Government Television; later the Maharlika Broadcasting System) in 1978 and reverted to their former call letters.

BBC-2 was rebranded as City 2 Television from 1980 until 1984. In 1984, it was rebranded again back as BBC-2. BBC ended operations on March 20, 1986 after People Power Revolution along with RPN and IBC (temporarily), after reformist soldiers disabled the transmitter that was broadcasting Marcos' inauguration from Malacañang Palace. Upon Corazón C. Aquino's subsequent accession to the presidency, BBC, RPN and IBC (collectively known as "Broadcast City") were sequestered and placed under the management of a Board of Administrators tasked to operate and manage its business and affairs subject to the control and supervision of Presidential Commission on Good Government. ABS-CBN resumed broadcasting on September 14, 1986 and its Cebu and Bacolod stations were returned to its original owner. DWWX-TV is still used as the callsign of the network's flagship station in Metro Manila.

BBC became well-remembered for its trademark jingle, Big Beautiful Country, composed by José Mari Chan and sung by various OPM singers of the 70s. By 1980, its relaunch as City 2 made history as the first national station to incorporate computer-generated graphics using the Scanimate system for its station identity and promo spots.

Programming

Radio stations
DWWA 1160/1206 - Metro Manila. Call letters were changed to DWAN; it was later owned by Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation and then under the management of Metropolitan Manila Development Authority. This station is currently inactive.
DWWK-FM/DWOK-FM 101.9 - Metro Manila. The frequency was awarded to ABS-CBN in 1986.

See also
DWWX-TV
DWRR 101.9

References

Defunct Philippine television networks
Television channels and stations established in 1973
Television channels and stations disestablished in 1986

Banahaw Broadcasting Corporation


The Higher Learning Commission (HLC) is an institutional accreditor in the United States.  It has historically accredited post-secondary education institutions in the central United States: Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. The headquarters of the organization is in Chicago, Illinois.

The United States Department of Education and the Council for Higher Education Accreditation recognize the commission as an institutional accreditor; it was previously a regional accreditor. HLC grew out of the higher education division of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools (NCA), which dissolved in 2014.

Criteria for accreditation

The Higher Learning Commission has five major criteria for accreditation. They are:
(1) Mission,
(2) Ethics,
(3) Teaching and Learning: Quality, Resources, and Support,
(4) Teaching and Learning: Evaluation and Improvement,
and (5) Resources, Planning, and Institutional Effectiveness.

Criticism

In 2009, the Office of the Inspector General of the U.S. Department of Education (OIG-ED) criticized the Higher Learning Commission's oversight of for-profit colleges and recommended that the agency consider "limiting, suspending, or terminating the organization's status." Although the OIG reaffirmed their recommendation that the department consider sanctions for the HLC the following year, adding critical reviews of HLC's accreditation of American InterContinental University and The Art Institute of Colorado, the Department of Education did not withdraw or limit HLC's accreditation authority.  Six years later in 2015, the OIG-ED again criticized HLC this time with an audit on the review process the HLC used while considering colleges' proposals for competency-based credentials.

Academic Quality Improvement Program
The Academic Quality Improvement Program is a set of policies and procedures that institutions can follow in order to maintain accreditation by the HLC.

History
The Academic Quality Improvement Program (AQIP) was developed as the "Academic Quality Improvement Project" beginning in 1999 by Stephen Spangehl at the Higher Learning Commission (HLC) (then the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools). The project was funded by a grant from the Pew Charitable Trusts. The project was inspired by Spangehl's experience as an examiner for the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award, and sought to apply the principles of Total quality management to higher education.

AQIP originally focused on 9 categories of activity that lent themselves to self-assessment and continuous improvement, improved and refined in 2008. The guidelines identified ten core principles—Focus, Involvement, Leadership, Learning, People, Collaboration, Agility, Foresight, Information, and Integrity—that high performing organizations use to guide their operations, and required institutions to develop their own projects to apply those principles tho their own activity and measure their success.

The program took a collaborative approach with "Strategy Forums" where groups of institutions shared their insights about the "Action Projects" they undertook to address various challenges. The records of Action Projects were stored in an online network that other participants could access and use as guidance for future improvements. At the end of the review cycle institutions were responsible for preparing a "Systems Portfolio" that required them to answer specific question about processes, results, and improvements for each of the 9 AQIP categories.

Modern Form
Known as the "AQIP Pathway", AQIP was one of three options (including Standard and Open Pathways) that institutions accredited by the Higher Learning Commission were able to pursue for reaccreditation. Linnea Stenson served as director of the program from 2015 to 2021.

In order to elect participation in AQIP, institutions were required to be accredited for ten years and to have demonstrated established foundations in "expected practice" under traditional pathways. Numerous factors might have made an institution ineligible for the optional pathway, including recent change in control, substantive change, sanction, monitoring, or if the accreditor had serious concerns about the institution's conduct or commitment to required accreditation activities.

At the end of academic year 2019–2020, HLC officially phased out AQIP as an accreditation pathway, leaving only Standard and Open Pathways as re-accreditation options.

See also

AdvancED (accrediting agency for primary and secondary schools that evolved from the NCA).

References

External links

Educational organizations based in the United States
Non-profit organizations based in Chicago
School accreditors
University organizations
School accreditors in Chicago
1895 establishments in the United States

Higher Learning Commission


The New Foundation Fellowship is a Christian Quaker ministry, based in the United Kingdom and in the United States. It exists to reacquaint people with the Full Gospel Message that was preached by George Fox and the Early Friends. This Christian Quaker work is carried out by publishing articles and periodicals, and pamphlets and books; by publishing Christian Quaker materials on the internet; and by organising Christian Quaker meetings and gatherings in name of Jesus, holding solely to the belief that 'Christ Has Come To Teach His People Himself.'

External links
New Foundation Fellowship (Official Website)

Quaker organizations

New Foundation Fellowship


David Jefferson Jones (June 30, 1880 – March 30, 1972), nicknamed "Kangaroo", was an outfielder in Major League Baseball. He played fifteen seasons with the Milwaukee Brewers / St. Louis Browns, Chicago Cubs, Detroit Tigers, Chicago White Sox, and Pittsburgh Rebels. Jones played with some of the early legends of the game, including Ty Cobb, Sam Crawford, Frank Chance, Mordecai Brown, Hugh Duffy and Jesse Burkett. Also, he played part of one year with the Chicago White Sox, where several of his teammates would later be implicated in the 1919 Black Sox scandal. Jones was immortalized in the classic 1966 baseball book The Glory of Their Times by Lawrence Ritter.

Davy Jones was mostly a platoon rather than a full-time player who was decent with the bat and swift on his feet. He played in the major leagues from  to , compiling a .270 career batting average with 1,020 hits.

Early years and non-baseball career
Born in Cambria, Wisconsin, as David Jefferson, he later changed his last name to Jones. He attended Dixon College in Dixon, Illinois, on a track and baseball scholarship, and graduated with a degree in law, but instead accepted a contract to play for the Rockford Club in Rockford, Illinois. In 1910, during his playing days, he purchased a drug store in Detroit with his brother, whose education in pharmacy he had paid for, and after retiring from baseball he himself qualified as a pharmacist at the University of Southern California.

Jones was 21 years old when he broke into the big leagues on September 15, 1901, with the Milwaukee Brewers.

Detroit Tigers
Jones spent much of his career playing outfield with the Detroit Tigers, alongside Hall of Fame outfielders, Ty Cobb and Wahoo Sam Crawford.  With Cobb and Crawford solidly entrenched in the outfield, Jones was forced to battle for the 3rd outfield spot with Matty McIntyre each year from 1906 to 1910.

As a speedy leadoff man, he was a reliable run scorer with Cobb and Crawford following him in the lineup. Jones's speed also made him a fine outfielder, with tremendous range.  In 1907, he made 282 putouts and had a range factor of 2.45, 58 points higher than the average outfielder of his day. Jones had his best season in .  That year, he had a .357 on-base percentage (the best in the American League).  He also scored 101 runs, second in the American League behind his teammate Sam Crawford.  Jones was also among the AL leaders in 1907 in bases on balls (60) and stolen bases (30).  The Tigers advanced to the first of three consecutive World Series in 1907, and Jones batted .353 with a .476 on-base percentage in a losing effort to the Chicago Cubs. In his three World Series for the Tigers, Jones played in 18 games, had a .357 on-base percentage, scored 8 runs, and had a home run in the 1909 Series against the Pittsburgh Pirates.

Germany Schaefer incident
Jones is also known for recounting a famous story in The Glory of Their Times about the early ballplayer/comedian Germany Schaefer. According to Jones, Schaefer was the only player who ever stole first base in a ballgame.

The incident evidently took place on September 4, 1908, during a Detroit game versus Cleveland. With Davy Jones on third and Schaefer at first, the double steal was on. But as Schaefer slid into second base safe, the Cleveland catcher held onto the ball. In order to set up the double-steal again, Schaefer took off screaming for first on the next pitch and dove in headfirst in without a play. This stunned the players, fans and umpires, but it was perfectly legal. On the next pitch, the double steal worked.

In the same interview, Jones also mentions how, as the lead off batter for the Detroit Tigers, he was the first hitter to face the great pitcher Walter Johnson.

Post-retirement
At the age of 38, having retired from baseball and running a successful pharmacy in Detroit, Jones was inserted into one game by an old friend who was managing the ball club, Hughie Jennings. Jones attended the final game of the season as a spectator, and since the contest had no bearing on the pennant race, he and a coach were used in the game. The baseball used in that game is in the National Baseball Hall of Fame collection and is inscribed: "Last ball used in game at Navin Field in last game of season, 1918, caught by Davy Jones. Hit by Jack Collins of the Chicago White Sox. Season ending on Labor Day on account of War." The circumstances of the play in which the ball was involved went unrecognized in the official statistical record for more than 85 years.

See also
 List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders
 1909 Detroit Tigers season
 List of Northern Illinois University people

References

External links

 Davy Jones - Baseballbiography.com

 Detroit Athletics Blog photograph

1880 births
1972 deaths
People from Cambria, Wisconsin
People from Juneau County, Wisconsin
Major League Baseball outfielders
Baseball players from Wisconsin
Milwaukee Brewers (1901) players
St. Louis Browns players
Northern Illinois Huskies baseball players
Chicago Orphans players
Chicago Cubs players
Detroit Tigers players
Chicago White Sox players
Pittsburgh Rebels players
Rockford Red Sox players
Minneapolis Millers (baseball) players
Toledo Mud Hens players

Davy Jones (baseball)


Kilik Pass (el. 4827 m./15,837 ft.), 30 km to the west of Mintaka Pass is a high mountain pass in Pakistan. The two passes were, in ancient times, the two main access points into the Upper Hunza Valley (also called Gojal Valley) from the north.

This was the shortest and quickest way into northern Kashmir from the Tarim Basin, and one that was usually open all year, but was extremely dangerous and only suited for travellers on foot. From Tashkurgan one travelled just over 70 km south to the junction of the Minteke River. Heading some 80 km west up this valley one reached the Mintaka Pass, (and 30 km farther, the alternative Kilik Pass), which both led into upper Hunza from where one could travel over the infamous rafiqs or "hanging passages" to Gilgit and on, either to Kashmir, or to the Gandharan plains.

Laden animals could be taken over the Mintaka and Kilik passes into upper Hunza (both open all year), but then loads would have to be carried by coolie (porters) to Gilgit (an expensive and dangerous operation). From there, cargoes could be reloaded onto pack animals again and taken either east to Kashmir and then on to Taxila (a long route), or west to Chitral which provided relatively easy access to either Jalalabad, or Peshawar via Swat.

The Mintaka Pass was the main one used in ancient times until the fairly recent advance of glacier ice. After the glaciation of the Mintaka Pass, the Kilik Pass was favoured by caravans coming from China and Afghanistan as it is wider, free of glaciers and provided enough pasture for caravan animals.

The new Karakoram Highway heads farther south, and then west over the Khunjerab Pass (4,934 m or 16,188 ft; 36° 51' N; 75° 32' E).

Mountain passes of Pakistan

Kilik Pass


Presbycusis is a type of sensorineural hearing loss which is caused by natural aging. Presbycusis occurs over time, becoming worse as people age and can not be reversed. It is the most common form of hearing loss and the second most common illness among older people, effecting up to 1 in 3 people by the age of 65.

Symptoms
As a form of hearing loss, presbyusis will result in a decreased ability to hear sounds. Since it is a form of hearing loss that occurs over time, many people do not realise that they are affected and continue to believe that their hearing is normal. There are symptoms however that provide clear signs that hearing loss is present.
Sounds, and speech becoming unclear
Speech becoming harder to understand, especially of children and women
Needing to increase volume when using TV, listening to music and the radio
Difficulty focusing on sounds when there is a lot of background noise
Tinnitus

Communication for people who are experiencing presbycusis usually will become a lot more difficult. Although noises may still sound loud, it is common that with this hearing loss, the sounds will not be clear. This is especially true when hearing high-pitched or high-frequency sounds.

Causes
Unlike other forms of hearing loss such as noise-induced hearing loss it is a normal part of aging. Even though it occurs naturally, there are factors that can make it worse and make it happen earlier in life. Presbycusis is usually a form of sensorineural hearing loss, which means that it is due to problems in the inner ear or the hearing nerve due to loss or damage to the hair cells that line the inner ear. The most common causes of sensorineural hearing loss are exposure to loud noise for long periods of time as well as some diseases.

Management
Most hearing loss can both be prevented or managed if the proper precautions are taken.
Noise-induced hearing loss in particular, coming from exposure to loud sounds can be prevented by using protection as well as avoidance
Hearing loss can be managed through the use of hearing aids and is used by many elderly people experiencing presbycusis. Hearing aids are not only able to increase sound levels but also separate an increase relevant sounds, making them very useful in helping with hearing.

Other websites
 National Hearing Care Find an audiologist in Australia for more information on hearing problems.
 Bay Audiology Find an audiologist in New Zealand for more information on hearing problems.

Hearing problems

Presbycusis


Güglingen () is a town in the district of Heilbronn in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. It is situated 18 km southwest of Heilbronn.

Geography
Güglingen is situated in a valley called Zabergäu in the southwest district of Heilbronn.

Neighbouring municipalities
Neighbouring towns and municipalities (clockwise): Pfaffenhofen, Eppingen, Brackenheim, Cleebronn (all of the district of Heilbronn) and Sachsenheim (Ludwigsburg (district)).

Town structure
The town Güglingen consists of Güglingen itself (4254 inhabitants), with its subdivisions Eibensbach (1035) and Frauenzimmern (922). Total: 6211 (June 30, 2005).

History

In the Stone Age the communal land of Güglingen was settled in the time of the Romans and Celts. In 2002, two Mithras sanctuaries have been discovered and dug up. By the previous finds it is guessed that the Roman settlement had a surface of 10 hectare.

The village Güglingen was probably founded in the 4th or 5th century and was mentioned documentary in 1188 by a document of emperor Frederick Barbarossa for the first time. In 1295 at the latest the village received town rights. In the early 14th century the town changed to Württemberg. During the German Peasants' War 1525 it was the centre of the rebellion in the Zabergäu. Several fires about 1850 brought about destruction. After World War II the previous agricultural town changed into a trade and industry site.

The history of Eibensbach is closely connected with the castle Blankenhorn built 1220 in the south of the village. Already in the 17th century the castle just was a ruin. During the Hohenstaufen the village belonged to this castle. Until 1808 the village belonged to the department Güglingen, after it was independent and was incorporated to the town Güglingen on January 1, 1975.

Frauenzimmern was first mentioned documentary as Cimbern on December 19, 794. The name of this village goes back to the convent Marienthal existing from 1245 until 1442. Frauenzimmern was incorporated to Güglingen on July 1, 1971.

Religions
Each in Güglingen, Eibensbach and Frauenzimmern there is a Protestant parish. The Catholic parish Holy Trinity Güglingen is not only responsible for the town itself but also for the municipalities Pfaffenhofen, Zaberfeld and Cleebronn. In Güglingen there is also a United Methodist Church and New Apostolic Church.

Politics

District council
After the municipal election on June 13, 2004, the district council of Güglingen has 20 seats and consists of:
 Freie Unabhängige Wählervereinigung FUW    (12 seats)
 Bürger-Union BU                             (6 seats)
 Neue Liste NL                               (2 seats)

Further member of the district council and its chairman is the mayor.

Coat of arms
In red a silver gugel. The town colours are white and blue.
The gugel as a talking arms figure is ascertainable in all seals of Güglingen since 1359. The arms colours stayed unchanged since 1575.

Town partnerships
Currently (December 2005), partnerships with Dorking, United Kingdom  and Auneau, France are in preparation.

Culture and sights
The Mauritiuskirche in Güglingen was first mentioned in 1241, was burned down by the fire 1849 and was rebuilt in 1850. The old department hall, since 1349 timber framing, is currently used as the town hall.

The Blankenhorn Castle situated above Eibensbach was built in 1220 and first mentioned in 1241. The Marienkirche of Eibensbach was built in the 14th century, the Martinskirche in Frauenzimmern about 1200.

Economy
Güglingen is the main site company Afriso-Euro-Index GmbH, one of the leading German producers of measure, adjust and supervision gadgets for heating technology, industry and environmental protection. A further significant employer in Güglingen is the company Weber Hydraulik GmbH.   "Eugen Lägler GmbH" world market leader for wood floor sanding machines, selling in more than 142 countries worldwide.

In the district Eibensbach is headquarters of one of the most significant producer of scaffoldings, the W. Layher GmbH & Co. KG.

Education
The elementary and secondary school Katharina-Kepler-Schule is attended by nearly 750 students, more than 900 students attend the secondary modern school in Güglingen. The library, which is open to the public, provides more than 16,000 items of media.

References

External links
 Official Web site  (in German)

Heilbronn (district)
Württemberg

Güglingen


The Three Stooges is a video game released by Cinemaware in 1987 for the Amiga based on the comedy trio of the same name. Players control Stooges Moe, Larry, and Curly in minigames based on Stooges films with the aim of raising enough money to save an orphanage. It was ported to the Apple IIGS, Commodore 64, MS-DOS, NES and Game Boy Advance. The game has been praised as a faithful adaptation of the Stooges films, but has been criticized for repetitive gameplay and limited replay value.

A remake was released for Microsoft Windows and Macintosh.

Gameplay

John Cutter designed the game as a kind of board game.
The Three Stooges must rescue an old woman's orphanage by earning money in minigames based on various Three Stooges films. These include cracker-eating contests (based on the Stooges short Dutiful But Dumb) and boxing matches (based on the short Punch Drunks). Players select minigames by timing a button press as a hand randomly points to various symbols representing in-game events, including non-interactive events that can raise or lower the Stooges' cash total. Each event takes up one in-game day; players have 30 in-game days to earn as much money as possible.

The hand gradually speeds up from one day to the next, but can be slowed down by landing on a space that allows Moe to pummel Larry and Curly. The player must avoid mousetrap spaces, which injure the fingers on the hand; landing on four such spaces immediately ends the game, regardless of the number of days completed.

Several different game endings are possible, depending on the amount of money the player has earned. These range from the banker foreclosing on the orphanage due to the Stooges' inability to collect enough money to pay the rent, to the orphanage being saved and renovated and the Stooges marrying the owner's three daughters.

The game included a fair amount of humor – the game itself loads initially as Defender of the Crown (another Cinemaware title) with a splash screen and music, at which point the Stooges walk in, the music screeches to a halt, and Larry exclaims "Hey, this looks like a kid's game!" followed by Moe slapping the others. The NES port, made by Activision, used a slightly edited version of the Ghostbusters title screen instead, in order to promote Ghostbusters II, and included an extra soundbite of Curly saying "Hey, fellas! We're in the wrong game!". The 2002 port by Crawfish Interactive kept the Defender of the Crown opening, only this time having Moe yell "You idiots! We're in the wrong game!", then having the Stooges walk along a country road with billboards advertising Crawfish, as well as the now-defunct Cinemaware and the then-upcoming game Wings.

Ports and related releases
The game was later ported to the NES, developed by Beam Software and published by Activision. Cinemaware directly released a port for the Apple IIGS in 1990. Versions for the Game Boy Advance (developed by Crawfish Interactive) and PlayStation (developed by Flying Tiger) were published by Metro3D, Inc. and released in 2002. The game was also updated for release on Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh as one of Cinemaware's "Digitally Remastered" editions. A port was completed for the Game Boy Color, however it was cancelled in 2000 and only footage of the beta has been released.

Reception
The Amiga version of the game received mixed reviews, with the game's graphics and digital voices receiving most of the praise. Mark Patterson of Commodore User gave the game an 8 out of 10, citing positive impressions of the game's humor, writing that the game was "probably the only game that has intentionally set out to make people laugh, and worked." Computer Gaming World wrote that the Amiga and Commodore 64 versions "captured the Three Stooges magic", stating that for fans of the trio it was "simultaneously a delight and piece of 'living' memorabilia". Compute! called The Three Stooges "one of the high points of the season", stating that the game "looks like the Stooges, sounds like the Stooges ... and most important, feels like the Stooges". However, Commodore Computing International criticized the game's limited replay value and long loading times. The publication also criticized the game's lack of a "common theme" and called the game "a little disjointed." The Games Machine offered similar criticism, stating that while the game is "a masterpiece in FX and presentation", the gameplay is "disappointingly shallow." Six reviewers in Digital Press gave the NES version 9, 7, 6, 7, 8, and 9 (all out of 10).

Reviews
Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine v12 n11 (1988 11)
Jeux & Stratégie #53

References

External links

 The Three Stooges on the Amiga at the Hall of Light (HOL)

1987 video games
Cancelled Game Boy Color games
Amiga games
Apple IIGS games
Beat 'em ups
Commodore 64 games
Cooperative video games
DOS games
Game Boy Advance games
MacOS games
Minigame compilations
Windows games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Game, video
Video games based on real people
Cinemaware games
Video games developed in the United States
Metro3D games
Flying Tiger Entertainment games
Incredible Technologies games

The Three Stooges (video game)


A handkerchief , also called a handkercher or hanky, is a form of a kerchief, usually made of thin fabric that can be carried in the pocket or purse. It was invented for personal hygiene purposes such as wiping one's hands or face, or blowing one's nose.

A handkerchief is also sometimes used as a purely decorative accessory in a suit pocket.

Modern usage
The material of a handkerchief can be symbolic of the social-economic class of the user. It is not only because some materials are more expensive, but because some materials are more absorbent and useful for those who use a handkerchief for more than style.  Handkerchiefs can be made of cotton, cotton-synthetic blend, synthetic fabric, silk, or linen.

Origin
Before people used the word handkerchief, the word kerchief alone was common. This term came from two French words: couvrir, which means "to cover," and chef, which means "head."

In the time of ancient Greece and Rome, handkerchiefs were often used the way they are today. But in the Middle Ages, kerchiefs were usually used to cover the head.

Other websites

Accessories

Handkerchief


Lysøen is an island in Bjørnafjorden in Vestland county, Norway.
Lysøen is also the site of Villa Lysøen (Ole Bulls villa på Lysøen), the home of Norwegian violin-virtuoso and composer Ole Bull until his death in 1880.

Villa Lysøen
The island was originally the site of a farm established around 1670. The island was bought by Ole Bull in 1872 who constructed the villa. Ole Bull drew the plans for the villa himself, under the supervision of renowned Norwegian architect Conrad Fredrik von der Lippe (1833–1901). Ole Bull had a large villa built on the island, inspired by numerous architectural styles, including the Swiss chalet style and Moorish architecture. It has a tower formed as an onion dome, common in Russian architecture, and many wooden carvings.

Ole Bull transformed his  island property into a fairy-tale kingdom by having romantic paths, ponds and gazebos made by planting exotic trees and bushes in the native pine forest. The island has 13 km of walkways and paths. His second wife Sara Chapman Thorp (1850–1911) accompanied him to their summer villa on Lysøen.

The highest point on the island, 76 meters above sea level, is the site of a lookout tower which was built in 1903 by Ole Bull's American descendants. In 1974, Bull's granddaughter Sylvea Bull Curtis of Connecticut donated the island to the Society for the Preservation of Ancient Norwegian Monuments. Lysøen granted status as a museum in 1984 and has since been open to the public. Guided tours are conducted from early May to August.  The villa serves as a museum in the summer and is used for concerts during the annual Bergen International Festival.

Interior of Villa

See also
 List of music museums

References

Other sources
Indahl, Trond   (2010) Ole Bull's Villa (Bergen: Bodoni forlag)
Brekke, Nils Georg  (1993) Kulturhistorisk vegbok Hordaland (Bergen: Hordaland Fylkeskommune)
Bull, Sara C.  (1981) Ole Bull: A Memoir (New York: Da Capo Press)

External links

Lysøen Museum
The Society for the Preservation of Norwegian Ancient Monuments
Lysøen, Ole Bull's villa in Bergen, Norway

Historic house museums in Norway
Museums in Vestland
Culture in Vestland
Os, Hordaland
Tourist attractions in Vestland
Parks in Norway
Biographical museums in Norway
Music museums
Music organisations based in Norway

Lysøen


Sousse or Soussa ( , Berber: Susa) is a city in Tunisia, capital of the Sousse Governorate. It is located  south of the capital Tunis, the city has 271,428 inhabitants (2014). Sousse is in the central-east of the country, on the Gulf of Hammamet, which is a part of the Mediterranean Sea.

Cities in Tunisia

Sousse


Ukko was the most important god in Finnish paganism, a religion that was in Finland before Christianity. Ukko was god of sky and thunder. Ukko was an old man and he lived on the sky. He had a weapon - hammer or axe called Ukonvasara. Lightning is from this weapon.

Finnish pagans had an image of this weapon made from metal on their necks. They believed that lightning does not hit people who have this image.

At Midsummer Finns gathered together and drank beer to honour Ukko. That was called "toast of Ukko".

Ukko is similar to Thor that was a sky god of most Scandinavians and Perun that is a Baltic sky god.

Finnish mythology

Ukko


Joseph Ignatius Breen (October 14, 1888 – December 5, 1965) was an American film censor with the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America who applied the Hays Code to film production.

Early life and career
Breen was the youngest of three sons born to Mary and Hugh A. Breen in Philadelphia. His father had emigrated from Ireland and met his mother Mary in New Jersey. Breen was raised in a strict Roman Catholic home and attended Gesu Parish School until the eighth grade. He then attended Boys Catholic High School. He attended Saint Joseph's College but dropped out after two years, after which he worked as a newspaper reporter for fourteen years in Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., and Chicago. After working as a reporter, Breen worked for the United States Foreign Service for four years, serving in Kingston, Jamaica, and in Toronto, Canada.

In 1926, he served as the publicity director for the 28th International Eucharistic Congress in Chicago.

As film censor

1934—1941

Breen was a journalist and an "influential layperson" in the Catholic community. Breen worked for Will H. Hays as a "troubleshooter" as early as 1931.

In 1933, the Roman Catholic National Legion of Decency was founded, and began to rate films independently, putting pressure on the industry. In 1933 and 1934 the Legion along with a number of Protestant and women's groups launched plans to boycott films that they deemed immoral.  The Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA) had, up until then, enforced the motion picture industry's own self-censorship standards, albeit not very seriously. Hays, who had been in charge of enforcing this voluntary code since 1927, worried that the NLD's efforts could weaken his own power and that of his office, and hurt industry profits.

Hays appointed the "tough Irish Catholic" Breen to head the Production Code Administration (PCA), a newly created department of the MPPDA, created to administer the Motion Picture Production Code.  Unlike previous attempts at self-censorship, PCA decisions became binding — no film could be exhibited in an American theater without a stamp of approval from the PCA. Any producer attempting to do so faced a fine of $25,000.

After ten years of unsuccessful voluntary codes and expanding local censorship boards, the studio approved and agreed to enforce the codes, and the nationwide production code was enforced starting on July 1, 1934. Liberty Magazine wrote in 1936 that Breen's appointment gave him "more influence in standardizing world thinking than Mussolini, Hitler, or Stalin."

Breen, having written anti-Semitic letters in the early 1930s including phrases like "Ninety-five percent of these folks are Jews of an Eastern European lineage. They are, probably, the scum of the scum of the earth", has helped place him in the spotlight of historians' assessments of the controversy surrounding Hollywood's degree of collaboration with the Nazis throughout the 1930's. After 1934, he was "publicly and forthrightly anti-antisemitic." He occasionally collaborated with Georg Gyssling, the Nazi representative in Hollywood.

William Dudley Pelley, founder of the anti-Semitic organization the Silver Legion of America, believed that Jews controlled the movie industry, which he thought to be the "most effective propaganda medium in America", during the 1930s. Hence he applauded the fact that Breen had assumed the power to censor Hollywood. Breen, who also expressed anti-Semitic views, was deeply worried that Jewish filmmakers would try to use Nazi mistreatment of Jews during the 1930s as a vehicle for propaganda. He was concerned that Germans would be offended by harsh depiction of Nazis. He specifically warned Hollywood producers to avoid the topic altogether, saying that "[t]here is a strong pro-German and anti-Semitic feeling in this country ... and while those who are likely to approve of an anti-Hitler picture may think well of such an enterprise, they should keep in mind that millions of Americans might think otherwise." Breen claimed that plans to make such pictures were being coordinated through the Hollywood Anti-Nazi League, which he claimed was "conducted and financed almost entirely by Jews". Breen pressured Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to drop plans to film Sinclair Lewis's best-selling anti-fascist novel, It Can't Happen Here after insisting on 60 edits with more to follow. He also asked MGM in 1938 to change the villain from Nazis in the adaptation of the anti-Nazi novel Three Comrades in order to "get away from the suggestion that we are dealing with Nazi violence or terrorism."

Breen did not issue a statement against anti-semitism until July 1939, which said, in part, "In my judgement there is nothing more important for us Catholics to do at the present moment than to use our energies in stemming the tide of racial bigotry and hostility." This followed statements in late 1938 by Pope Pius XI denouncing anti-Semitism, stating that "it is not possible for Christians to take part in anti-Semitism" as well as the newly formed Committee of Catholics to Fight Anti-Semitism. The two authors of the Hays Code, Martin J. Quigley and the Rev. Daniel Lord, SJ, promoted the cause. Quigley asked Breen to help gather statements of support from Catholics in the Hollywood film industry.

1941—1954
Breen resigned from the PCA in April 1941, attributing his departure to "overwork and the need of a long rest."  He briefly put in a stint as the general manager of RKO Pictures, but returned to the PCA in 1942.

By the mid-1950s, Breen's power over Hollywood was diminishing. For instance, Samuel Goldwyn publicly insisted that the production code be revised. Around the same time, Howard Hughes, owner of RKO, released The French Line, featuring revealing images of actress Jane Russell in a bathing suit, despite the fact that Breen had refused to approve the picture for release.

In 1951, Breen's office refused to approve Otto Preminger's film The Moon Is Blue because of objections to the dialogue. United Artists backed Preminger in his decision to release the movie without Breen's approval.

In 1954, the same year he retired, in responding to these events in an interview with Aline Mosby, Breen claimed that "after the events of the past 10 months — The French Line, The Moon Is Blue and Goldwyn — the code is more entrenched than ever before. Those events brought tremendous support from groups all over the country." Breen retired from the PCA and was replaced by Geoffrey Shurlock.  On his retirement he was presented with an honorary Academy Award for "his conscientious, open-minded and dignified management of the Motion Picture Production Code".

Personal life
In February 1914, Breen married Mary Dervin, with whom he had six children, three boys and three girls.  Their son Joseph Breen, Jr. was a writer and director. One of their other children, Thomas, whose right leg was amputated due to a combat injury on Guam during World War II, was cast in a feature role in Jean Renoir's 1950 film The River, playing a wounded war veteran. Renoir was not aware at the time that Thomas was Joseph Breen's son.

After his retirement, Breen moved to Phoenix, Arizona, with his wife Mary. He suffered from poor health in his later years and eventually lost the use of his legs. He died at the age of 77 on December 5, 1965, at the Brentwood Convalescent Home in Los Angeles and was buried at Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City.

Legacy
After Breen's death, Variety magazine wrote that Breen was "one of the most influential figures in American culture" and that "more than any single individual, he shaped the moral stature of the American motion picture." The trade magazine went on to say that Breen enforced the PCA code "with a potent mix of missionary zeal and administrative tenacity."

In the 2004 film The Aviator, Breen was portrayed by Edward Herrmann.

See also
Nazism and cinema

References

External links

1888 births
1965 deaths
Academy Honorary Award recipients
American male journalists
American people of Irish descent
American Roman Catholics
Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City
Censors
Film censorship in the United States
Writers from Philadelphia
Saint Joseph's University alumni

Joseph Breen


Jean-Simon Berthélemy (5 March 1743 – 1 March 1811) was a French history painter who was commissioned to paint allegorical ceilings for the Palais du Louvre, the Luxembourg Palace and others, in a conservative Late Baroque-Rococo manner only somewhat affected by Neoclassicism.

Biography

Berthélemy was born in Laon, Aisne, the son of a sculptor, Jean-Joseph Berthélemy,. He trained in the atelier of Noël Hallé, a professor at the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture and made his first reputation in the 1760s; after reaching second place in 1763, he won the Prix de Rome of the Académie in 1767. An early commission was for a suite of decorative paintings under the direction of the architect Jean-Gabriel Legendre for the Hôtel de l'Intendance de Champagne at Châlons-sur-Marne, of which the artist only completed six overdoors, much in the manner of François Boucher, and delegated the rest of the commission to a fellow pupil at the Académie.

Berthélemy's master Hallé provided cartoons for the royal tapestry manufacture of the Gobelins, where he was appointed superintendent in 1770; Berthélemy was called upon to provide cartoons for the weavers as well. His Death of Etienne Marcel (1783, on display in the École de Chirurgie) of which the oil sketch survives, was woven in the series Histoire de France.

Career

Berthélemy was an esteemed painter in his day, chosen to join the entourage accompanying Napoleon's campaign in Italy, where he was among the experts assigned the task of selecting works of art to be transferred to Paris under terms of the Treaty of Tolentino, February 1797. He died in Paris.
When two monographs on Berthélemy were published in 1979, Philip Conisbee, reviewing them in The Burlington Magazine, observed drily: "Two monographs on Berthélemy is overkill for a painter who could have been dispatched with a single substantial article. The French academic system of art education in the eighteenth century, backed up by the stimulus of church and state patronage, was so efficient and rigorous that even an average talent could be sufficiently conditioned to produce a handful of decent history-paintings, which are sometimes minor masterpieces."

Notes

1743 births
1811 deaths
People from Laon
18th-century French painters
French male painters
19th-century French painters
Prix de Rome for painting
French history painters
19th-century French male artists
18th-century French male artists

Jean-Simon Berthélemy


Dark Circle is a documentary movie about anti-nuclear protest activity. The protest is mainly focused on Diablo Canyon (Nuclear) Power Plant in California. The point of view is clearly in favor of the protesters. They believe that the protests delayed government licensing of the Diablo Canyon (Nuclear) Power Plant. They believe that as a result of this delay,construction errors were made public before the plant started operating.

The director is Judy Irving. The movie is a 1982 release. It is said to be "still powerful" long after its initial release.

Protest leader Raye Fleming takes central role. She leaflets power plant workers going to work and later leads protesters. Two thousand people were arrested at the demonstrations. This established a record for anti-nuclear civil disobedience in the US.

Breakdown
0:30 A black and white clip from 1963 National Educational Television program giving basic information on the dangerousness of plutonium.

1:30  Geese fly by Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant. Female voice over speculates on radiologic hazards affecting animals.

2:30 Inside Diablo Canyon Power Plant

4:00 Federal government's early tests of reactor meltdown.

4:20 Idaho 1955 Nuclear Reactor Explosion Test

4:40 New Mexico 1965 Nuclear Reactor Explosion Test

4:55 Nevada 1965 - Actual explosion of an unshielded nuclear reactor, it's radioactive core blown to pieces and scattered to the atmosphere.

5:55  Federal Nuclear Regulatory Commission Hearings, agenda limited to site specific matters.

7:45 Ray contacting workers at DCPP.

8:54 Quotes worker "None of the equipment or material or structures here would fail or be adversely effected by the earthquake."

9:30 "Is it possible to design and build anything with a sufficient degree of certainty and safety that you should go ahead and do it."

9:40 Diablo Canyon Anti-Nuclear Protest in San Luis Obispo, CA

10:00 60 local groups from across California formed a coalition to organize large scale highly visible opposition to Diablo.

10:15 California Governor Jerry Brown came out against Diablo.

10:25 In the end there was no time for rallies or marches. Back at Diablo Canyon's Main Gate, the human blockade began.

12:50 Blockading protesters.

13:15 Final preparations to start the reactor, then PG&E publicly admitted to backwards installation.

Allegedly "first of hundreds of mistakes"

14:50 Protesters taking credit for delaying start of plant prior to placement of the plant in service.

15:00 Analogy to frogs by Ray. "Boiling Frogs".

15:50 Rhetoric.

17:10 Comment by filmmaker, Judy Irving.

Scuttled by PBS
The movie was approved for national broadcast in 1985, but that decision was rejected a year later. Many people believe that was censorship. B.J.Bullert commented that the PBS/KQED decision "robbed a national public television audience" . He extrapolates this critical remark to the media across the board and its failure to focus public attention on the putative biological hazard of nuclear power.

Critics
B.J. Bullert,  in his book Public Television: Politics and the Battle over Documentary Film protested what he viewed as censorship. He stated that Dark Circle was outside of the mainstream at that time but now the viewpoint in the movie is widely accepted. Nat Katzman, former KQED station manager, disagreed. He is quoted in Bullert's book, saying  "It's more difficult to say ("Dark Circle") falsified anything, but it left one with the uncomfortable feeling that this is propaganda, not journalism".

Point of view

The movie is clearly created to raise public alarm about the hazards of nuclear power. It is also about problems at the regulatory agency, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). However, there are numerous points in the movie in which the voices heard are those of the workers. We also hear from the Pacific Gas and Electric management, and the lawyer for the NRC.

References

American documentary movies
Movies about nuclear technology

Dark Circle


Corantos were early informational broadsheets, precursors to newspapers. Beginning around the 14th century, a system developed where letters of news and philosophical discussion would be sent to a central collecting point to be bundled and sent around to the various correspondents. The banking house of Fugger had an organized system of collecting and routing these letters, which often could be seen by outsiders. This system would not die until the 18th century. The term "newspaper" was not coined till 1670. Prior to this, a welter of terms were used to describe this genre, including "paper", "newsbook", "pamphlet", "broadsheet", and "coranto".

External links
 Coranto at Encyclopædia Britannica

Newspaper terminology

Coranto


Grégoire Michonze (1902–1982) (variant name Grégoire Michonznic,  Grogórij Mišónznik) was a Russian-French painter, born in 1902 in Kishinev (Bessarabia), Russian Empire (now Republic of Moldova).

From 1919–1922, Michonze studied at a local art academy where, painting Russian icons, he learned to master the technique of painting with egg tempera. He continued his studies at the Academy of Painting in Bucharest and befriended the artist Victor Brauner. In 1922, after Bessarabia had become part of Romania,  Michonze moved to Paris and met Max Ernst who later introduced him to the Surrealists, notably André Breton, Paul Éluard, Yves Tanguy and André Masson. He furthered his art studies by taking classes at the École des Beaux-Arts. During this period, Michonze met and developed a strong friendship with the Jewish École de Paris artist Chaïm Soutine. Between the period 1934–1936, Michonze exhibited at the Salon des Surindépendants. He described his work at these exhibitions as "Surreal naturalism". Michonze fought in the war and, after 1943, settled into a studio on Paris's Rue de Seine. He took up French citizenship in 1947, and in 1949, the French Fund for Modern Art acquired his now seminal canvas La moisson (The Harvest).

From 1954–1977, Michonze continued and perfected his life's work. He had extended stays in the United States where he spent time with his close friend, the American author Henry Miller. Michonze also travelled frequently to Israel where he exhibited, visited with his mother, and re-acquainted himself with his Jewish roots. He died of a heart attack in his studio at rue de Seine in Paris on December 29, 1982.

Michonze is primarily known as a landscape and figurative artist. A marked majority of his paintings include depictions of groups of people—families, villagers, peasants, children—and most works evince an allegory or narrative of some kind. Each work is imbued with mystery, a sort of hidden dialogue that enhances the appeal of the work and piques the viewer's curiosity. In a 1959 letter to the British art critic Peter Stone, Michonze wrote of his work: "My subjects have no subject. They exist only for a poetic end. If the poetry is there, the canvas is complete. No histories. Only pure poetry, preferably untitled."

Selected exhibitions
 1997: Galerie Francis Barlier, Paris
 1985: Musée d'art moderne, Troyes (major retrospective)
 1974: Givon Gallery, Tel-Aviv
 1947: Mayor Gallery, London
 1946: Arcade Gallery, London
 1934: Salon des Surindépendants, Paris

Selected collections
 Musée d'art moderne, Troyes

References
 Exposition des dessins de Grégoire Michonze: fusains & pastels [exhibition catalogue]. Troyes: Maison du boulanger, 1979.
 Fullenbaum, Max (ed.). Grégoire Michonze, 1902-1982: naturaliste, surréel.
 Ghez, Oscar & Jean Cassou. Seize peintres de Paris: Berline, Gotko, Aberdam, Kikoine, Kisling, Mané-Katz, Pascin, Pressmane, Soutine, Chagall, Kischka, Krémègne, Michonze, Spitzer, Tobiasse, Yankel [exhibition catalogue]. Geneva: Petit Palais, 1971.
 Michonze, 1902-1982 [exhibition catalogue]. Troyes: Musée d'art moderne, 1985.
 Nieszawer, Nadine. Peintres juifs de l'École de Paris, 1905-1939. Paris: Éditions Denoël, 2000.

External links
 Grégoire Michonze official website
 Artnet.com (Grégoire Michonze)
 Gallery97 Tel Aviv Examples of Paintings by Grégoire Michonze

1902 births
1982 deaths
Artists from Chișinău
People from Kishinyovsky Uyezd
Moldovan Jews
Bessarabian Jews
Romanian emigrants to France
French people of Moldovan-Jewish descent
Jewish painters
20th-century French painters
20th-century French male artists
French male painters
Moldovan painters
Romanian surrealist artists
French surrealist artists
French military personnel of World War II

Grégoire Michonze