Kansas v. Colorado is a longstanding litigation before the Supreme Court of the United States between US states: Kansas and Colorado regarding the payment for the use of the Arkansas River. The Court has rendered numerous opinions on the case:

 Kansas v. Colorado,
 Kansas v. Colorado,
 Colorado v. Kansas,
 Kansas v. Colorado,
 Kansas v. Colorado,
 Kansas v. Colorado,
 Kansas v. Colorado,

When two states have a controversy between each other, the case is filed for original jurisdiction with the US Supreme Court.  It is one of the very limited circumstances in which the court acts with original jurisdiction, as a trial court. In all other cases the court acts as the highest appellate court of the United States.

1902
The issue in the case in 1902 (185 U.S. 125) was whether Colorado, as is claimed by Kansas, is taking too much of the water of the Arkansas River, making the land along the river in Kansas much less valuable due to reduced water flow.  The court chose to delay making a decision until all of the facts were in evidence.

1907
In the 1907 case (206 U.S. 46), the Supreme Court affirmed its authority to settle the dispute between the states, but at the same time dismissed Kansas's petition on other grounds. After examining over 8,000 pages of transcripts that had been produced as a result of the litigation, it found that the "perceptible injury to portions of the Arkansas valley in Kansas" was justified by "the reclamation of large areas in Colorado, transforming thousands of acres into fertile fields." The court explicitly invited Kansas to institute new proceedings if the situation worsened significantly.

1943
In the 1943 decision (320 U.S. 383), the court found:
 Colorado is entitled to an injunction against further prosecution of suits by Kansas against Colorado users [of the Arkansas River].
 Kansas V. Colorado, 206 U.S. 46, made no allocation between the States of the waters of the river.
 Kansas is not entitled on the record to an apportionment in second feet or acre feet.
 In controversies involving the relative rights of States, the burden on the complaining State is much heavier than that generally required to be borne by private parties, and this Court will intervene only where a case is fully and clearly proved.
 Kansas' allegations that Colorado's use has materially increased since the [1907] decision in Kansas v. Colorado, and that the increase has worked a serious detriment to the substantial interests of Kansas, are not sustained by the evidence.
 Relief other than the restraint of further prosecution of suits by Kansas against Colorado users [of Arkansas River water] is denied to both States.

1985
In 1985, Kansas filed suit against Colorado alleging they had overused their share of water outlined in the Arkansas River Compact. For the next 24 years, Kansas spent over $20 million and 250 days in trial to convince the US Supreme Court that Colorado violated the Arkansas River Compact. The courts found that Colorado had indeed depleted flows to Kansas through their development of groundwater pumping installed after 1949. In April 2005, Kansas was awarded $34 million in damages and $1 million in legal costs. Then in March 2009, the final document was issued, requiring the use of a hydrologic-institutional model to bring Colorado to compliance.

1995
In the 1995 case (514 U.S. 673), the court stated

A special master decided that
 certain extra pumping of water in Colorado violates Article IV-D of the compact
 Kansas has failed to prove that the operation of Colorado's Winter Water Storage Program violates the Compact; and
 dismiss Kansas' claim that Colorado's failure to abide by the Trinidad Reservoir Operating Principles violates the Compact.
Kansas and Colorado both filed exceptions to the Special Master's report.  The court overruled the objections and found the special master's rulings correct on these points.

2001
In the 2001 decision (533 U.S. 1), a special master ordered Colorado to pay damages for its use of water in excess of what it was entitled to have from 1969 on.  Colorado objected to the decision because in addition to monetary damages, it had to pay prejudgment interest from 1969, and Kansas objected to the settlement because it was granted an award in money rather than in water.  The court sided with the special master on both points: Colorado has to pay interest on the judgment from 1969, and all Kansas gets is cash.

2009
Kansas has filed an exception to the Special Master's Fifth and Final Report in this action concerning the Arkansas River, contending that the Special Master erred in concluding that 28 U. S. C. §1821(b), which sets the witness attendance fee for a proceeding in "any court of the United States" at $40 per day, applies to cases within this Court's original jurisdiction. This determination led to an award considerably lower than the amount that Kansas, as the prevailing party, would have received under its alternative calculation.

Held: Expert witness attendance fees that are available in cases brought under this Court's original jurisdiction shall be the same as the expert witness attendance fees that would be available in a district court under §1821(b). Kansas contends that Congress has never attempted to regulate a prevailing party's recovery of expert witness fees in a case brought under this Court's original jurisdiction, that Article III of the Constitution would not permit Congress to impose such a restriction, and thus, that the holding in Crawford Fitting Co. v. J. T. Gibbons, Inc., 482 U. S. 437 – that district courts must adhere to §1821(b)'s witness attendance fee limitations—is not relevant here. Assuming that Kansas' interpretation is correct and that this Court has discretion to determine the fees that are recoverable in original actions, it is nevertheless appropriate to follow §1821(b). Congress' decision not to permit a prevailing party in the lower courts to recover its actual witness fee expenses departs only slightly from the "American Rule," under which parties generally bear their own expenses. There is no good reason why the rule for recovering expert witness fees should differ markedly depending on whether a case is originally brought in district court or this Court. District-court cases may be no less complex than those brought originally in this Court. And while the parties in original cases may incur substantial expert costs, as happened here, the same is frequently true in lower court litigation. Thus, assuming that the matter is left entirely to this Court's discretion, the best approach is to have a uniform rule that applies in all federal cases. Pp. 3–5.

See also
 New Jersey v. Delaware, another ongoing interstate dispute often heard before the Supreme Court.
 List of United States Supreme Court cases, volumes 185,  206,  320,  514,  533
 List of United States Supreme Court cases
 Lists of United States Supreme Court cases by volume
 List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court

References

External links
Colorado-Kansas Arkansas River Compact
Kansas v. Colorado
https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/08pdf/105Orig.pdf
Kansas v. Colorado, 543 U.S. --- -- US Supreme Court Cases from Justia & Oyez
Arkansas River Compact - Colorado Water Conservation Board
FindLaw | Cases and Codes Kansas v. Colorado

1902 in the environment
1907 in the environment
1943 in the environment
1995 in the environment
2001 in the environment
2009 in the environment
United States water case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court original jurisdiction cases
Environment of Colorado
Environment of Kansas
Legal history of Colorado
Legal history of Kansas
United States Supreme Court cases of the Fuller Court
United States Supreme Court cases of the Stone Court
United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court
United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court

Kansas v. Colorado


General Sir William Stephen Alexander Lockhart, commonly known as William Lockhart (1841-1900) was a well-known British Indian Army officer. He was born in Inchinnan, Renfrewshire, Scotland.

He served in the 1857-1858 Indian Mutiny (or Rebellion of 1857) and then in the Second Anglo-Afghan War, winning medals for his brave achievements. From 1880 to 1885 he remained Deputy Quartermaster-General of the Intelligence Branch of British India. In 1897 he commanded the famous Tirah expedition against the Afridi tribe of Pashtuns. He was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the British Army in India and died of malaria in Calcutta while still serving in this position.

1841 births
1900 deaths
British Indian Army officers
People from Renfrewshire

William Lockhart


Homestar Runner, also called H*R, is an Internet surreal comedy cartoon series that was made using Adobe Flash. It usually gets updated every Monday (but, except for an update on April Fools' Day of 2014 and a few cartoons since, it has not been actively updated since December 2010) with a cartoon, a game, or a Strong Bad Email. The people that made the website are Mike Chapman and Matt Chapman. They are brothers and are called The Brothers Chaps. The cartoons on the website normally show Homestar Runner or Strong Bad, who are the main characters on the cartoon.

Characters
Homestar Runner - The main character of the show. He has no arms.
Pom Pom:  Homestar's best friend, who only speaks by making bubble sounds. He's a large round orange ball who bounces around to move.
Strong Bad: The bad guy of the show. He is a main character and has his own videos called Strong Bad Emails or "sbemails".
Strong Mad: Strong Bad's big brother, who is not very smart, is strong and is almost always angry. He has a big square body and no neck.
Strong Sad: Strong Bad's little brother, who is usually sad. He is large, and is white and grey.
Bubs: This character runs a store in the show. He has a blue head and a large mouth, which always has a large smile.
Coach Z: Homestar's coach, who cannot say words the right way.
The Cheat: Strong Bad's pet. He is small and yellow. He helps Strong Bad cheat at things.
Marzipan: Homestar Runner's girlfriend and a guitar player. She looks like a hippie broomstick with a ponytail.
The King of Town: The King lives in a big castle and eats a lot.
The Poopsmith:  The King's helper. He never speaks, using a sign instead, and is usually shoveling poop.
Homsar: A character made after someone misspelled "Homestar" in an email to Strong Bad. He has a weird appearance and says strange things.

Video games
Telltale Games, the makers of video games based on the Sam & Max comic book, made a game called Strong Bad's Cool Game for Attractive People for Windows and the Wii's WiiWare. It's an episodic game with five episodes, and it is made with 3 dimensions instead of 2 dimensions like Homestar Runner is. The first episode was called Homestar Ruiner, and ended with 8-Bit is Enough.

Other websites
The Homestar Runner website

Homestar Runner


Patrick Michael Quinlan (died 8 November 2001) was an Irish academic and member of Seanad Éireann from 1957 to 1977.

He was born near Kilmallock, County Limerick. He completed his PhD at California Institute of Technology in 1949. He was professor of mathematical physics at University College Cork (UCC). He was a member of the governing body of UCC, and a fellow of the Institute of Advanced Studies from 1971. In 1967, he was awarded a Higher Doctorate, the DSc from the National University of Ireland and in 1978, he was elected a member of the Royal Irish Academy. He was a founder member of the National Committee for Theoretical and Applied Mechanics in 1983.

He was elected to the 9th Seanad in 1957 for the National University constituency. He was re-elected to the Seanad in 1961, 1965, 1969 and 1973. He did not contest the 1977 Seanad election.

He authored many publications, including A Dynamic Model of the Irish Economy (1961), and The Edge Function Method (1968).

References

20th-century births
2001 deaths
Irish physicists
Independent members of Seanad Éireann
Members of the 9th Seanad
Members of the 10th Seanad
Members of the 11th Seanad
Members of the 12th Seanad
Members of the 13th Seanad
Members of the Royal Irish Academy
Alumni of University College Cork
California Institute of Technology alumni
Place of death missing
Year of birth missing
Academics of University College Cork
Politicians from County Limerick
Members of Seanad Éireann for the National University of Ireland
People from Kilmallock

Patrick Quinlan (politician)


Falset is the latitude for a brasswind player's pitch-control of a harmonic by adjusting lip or air pressure. While only just sufficient in middle and high registers to allow for intonation adjustment, this latitude becomes very wide in the low register in the flattening direction. Without this ability for adjustment, the conventional system of three valves would be problematic owing to the sharpness of certain valve combinations. Previously also falset referred to falsetto.

At B2 the pitch can sometimes be dropped by a fourth or more by means of what is often termed loose-lipping, a slackening of the embouchure which produces factitious pitches not included in the harmonic series.  This term dates at least from 1620, when Michael Praetorius wrote about falset tones in articles concerning the cornett and sackbut in his Syntagma Musicum. The technique has been utilized in Horn playing from at least the eighteenth century. Works from the Classical period notes descend to low G (written in bass clef as G3).

Mathematicians and music theorists from Mersenne onward have suggested explanations for these sounds. Recent efforts include a considerably revised view of the structure and genesis of the harmonic series.

On the tenor trombones without F attachments, there is a gap between B1 (the fundamental in first position) and E2 (the first harmonic in seventh position). Skilled players can produce falset notes between these, but the sound is relatively weak and not usually used in performance.

All notes emitted from the bazooka are produced purely in falset. Pitches are produced specifically by the player's lips as they vibrate and resonate in conjunction with the mouthpiece but not with the full tube length of the horn as is the case in the trombone.

Sources

Musical techniques
Pitch (music)
Brass instruments

Falset (music)


The London Rock and Roll Show is a 1973 British-produced concert film directed by Peter Clifton chronicling a Rock and Roll Revival concert held at Wembley Stadium in London, England in August 1972.

Background

From the late 1960s to the early 1970s, many rock and roll performers from the 1950s experienced major career revivals due to a temporary upswing of interest in their form of music. The Revival was marked by a series of major concerts in the United States, and also spread to Europe where events such as the Wembley concert attracted thousands of fans who came out to see the performers behind the music.

London Rock and Roll Show begins with excerpts from numerous "warm-up" performers shown singing either covers of 1950s hits, or original tunes, including a performance by Screaming Lord Sutch that threatens to end the concert prematurely when he brings a stripper on stage.

The main concert segment begins with Bo Diddley and continues with a string of other major performers including Jerry Lee Lewis, Little Richard, and Bill Haley and His Comets. The concert ends with an extended performance by Chuck Berry, who at the time was enjoying major chart success in Britain and the US with his "My Ding-a-Ling" (although he does not perform that song in this film). Mick Jagger also appears in several non-musical interludes in which he is interviewed about the performers.

In 1975, the film was released in the U.S. by Richard Ellman Film Enterprises in Association with Aion Films in quadraphonic sound.

Although no soundtrack release occurred at the time the film was made, one was finally issued in the early 2000s, followed by several different DVD releases with different combinations of performances.

Songs performed

The House Shakers
"Be Bop A Lula"

Heinz
"C'mon Everybody"

Screaming Lord Sutch and the Savages
"Great Big Coffin"
"Looking for Mary"

Bo Diddley
"Road Runner"
"Bring It to Jerome"
"Mona"
A recording of "Peggy Sue" by Buddy Holly was played.

Jerry Lee Lewis
"High School Confidential"
"You Can Have Her"
"Chantilly Lace"
"Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On"
"Medley: Hound Dog / Good Golly Miss Molly / Blue Suede Shoes / Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On"
"Sweet Little Sixteen"

Bill Haley & His Comets
"Shake, Rattle and Roll"
"See You Later Alligator"
"Rock Around the Clock" (plus encore)
Some DVD releases omit "Shake, Rattle and Roll".

Little Richard
"Lucille"
"Rip It Up"
"Good Golly Miss Molly"
"Tutti Frutti"
"Jenny, Jenny"

Chuck Berry
"School Days"
"Memphis Tennessee"
"Sweet Little Sixteen"
"Let It Rock"
"Mean Ole Frisco'"
"Wee Wee Hours"
"Medley: Oh Carol!/ Little Queenie"
"Reelin' and Rockin'"

Several different DVD releases exist of this film, not all of which include the complete songlist, above. Additional performances were also recorded, but not included in the film.

See also
 The London Rock and Roll Show - the Wikipedia article on the festival itself
 Let the Good Times Roll, a similar American film released in 1973 and featuring many of the same artists, but this time filmed in concert in New York and Detroit.
 Sweet Toronto, a 1970 concert movie filmed in 1969 featuring performances by Bo Diddley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Little Richard and John Lennon and the Plastic Ono Band.

External links

 An online version of the movie on Vimeo: http://vimeo.com/1640442

Concert films
1973 films
Bill Haley
Rockumentaries
1970s English-language films
1970s British films
British musical documentary films

The London Rock and Roll Show (film)


West End Girls is a pop song from the British duo Pet Shop Boys. The song is mixed with hip hop music. The lyrics are about inner-city life and class.

The first version of the song was released in April 1984. It became a club hit in the United States and some European countries. When the duo signed with British record company EMI, the song was re-recorded for their first studio album Please. In October 1985, the new version was released. It hit #1 in the United Kingdom and the United States in 1986.

In 1987, the song won Best Single at the BRIT Awards. In 2005, more than 20 years after its release, the song was awarded Song of the Decade between 1985 and 1994 by British Academy of Composers and Songwriters.

The "West End Girls" has many versions. One of them is eight minutes and nine seconds in length. Another version is seven minutes/fifty seconds long.

1984 songs
Pop songs
Pet Shop Boys songs
Songs about London

West End Girls


Fuck for the Heir Puppy Bear! () was a political-artistic performance staged by Russian performance group Voina at the Timiryazev State Biological Museum in Moscow in February 2008.

Performance
On 23 February, as a prelude to the event, members of Voina showed up at a meeting of the Young Guard of United Russia and displayed a white banner with the slogan "Fuck for the Heir Puppy Bear".

On 28 February almost twenty people assembled in the Moscow Biological Museum. Five couples undressed in the museum hall "Metabolism and Energy of Organisms", and engaged in sexual intercourse next to a glass taxidermy display case which contained a stuffed bear. Participants included Vera Kondakova (from Ukraine), Alexandre Karpenko (from Ukraine), as well as other well known Voina members.

The performance was a protest of the election of Dmitry Medvedev in the 2008 Russian presidential election. It took place in front of a black flag with a slogan reading: "Fuck for the heir Puppy Bear!". The title "Puppy Bear" is a play on words referring to Medvedev, whose last name derives from the Russian word medved, "bear".

The Voina's performance was photographed and videotaped by several spectators invited by the group. It was also described and photographically illustrated online, by Russian lexicographer and blogger Alexei Plutser-Sarno, who himself participated in the action. Photos of the performance were also published by blogger adolfych. Following these blog reports, the action was covered by the media and met with mostly conservative responses in Russian society.

On March 3, Voina reappeared with the same slogan and marched with the banner "I fuck the Puppy Bear" at the Dissenters March in St. Petersburg.

Performance goals
The performance was announced as a ritual for the bear totem. Plucer-Sarno explained the reason for the action was "We do not have a goal to necessarily be radical instigators. We have a goal to be honest artists and tell what we think. We think that the government fucks the people, and the people like this. This is why the action 'Fuck for the heir Puppy Bear' was born". He also said in the same interview that "This is a portrait of pre-election Russia: everybody fucks each other, and the puppy bear looks at that with an unconcealed scorn".

Plucer-Sarno published in his blog a commentary by artist Maria Perchikhina that described the performance as an "act of subversive affirmation". According to this opinion, the stuffed bear symbolizes the Russian political system, termed "imitation democracy" by Dmitry Furman, and turns into the figure of the "chosen chief bear". The goal of the action then, following the analogy of archaic fertility rituals, is birth assistance for the new political system. The ideas of fertility and reproduction along with the national idea form the core of the new political system. The single transgressive feature in the performance was the publicity of sexual activity. Perchikhina interpreted that transgressive feature as subversive affirmation, in other words, a resistance to the system by outperforming it (similar to "trying to be a better catholic than the Pope"). She also quoted an article by Inke Arns and Sylvia Sasse where the principle of subversive affirmation was explained.

Political science expert Ilya Prokudin commented that the action was clearly political: "The action in the Zoological museum had a political character. It was dedicated to the newly baked (we should not call him newly elected, who elected him?) puppy president, Medvedev, and mocked one of the 'national projects' curated by him, namely 'on the increase in birth rate'. For the least apprehensive, even a pregnant woman ('Nadezhda Tolokonnikova') was part of the scene.

Response to performance

Faculty of Philosophy

One of the performers in phone interview with internet news agency Lenta.ru said that a student was expelled from the Faculty of Philosophy of MSU for participating in the action. However, the Dean of the Faculty, V.V. Mironov, stated that two or three students had been expelled long before the performance for poor grades. Mironov condemned such performances and claimed that the majority of MSU students share his negative opinion.

An unnamed organization gathered a collection of signatures under a document that condemned the performance. However, an alternative group collected signatures in favor of the performance.

Media response

Press and internet
Generally negative opinions of "Fuck for the heir Puppy Bear!" were published by the media. A number of publications focused on the amoral behavior of the performers. Newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda commented: "They are not unrecognized geniuses. They are losers and poseurs acting on the principle: 'come, trash the place, go away'. For the PR, they would dance on a grave, and even take off their panties in public. And they do not care that after such actions innocent people suffer - metro employees, museum keepers. These actions of urban psychos stink very badly."

Mikhail Zhukhov, a lawyer from the attorney's collegium "Justice" commented that the performers' actions contained elements of crime described in Article 213, "Hooliganism", of Russian Criminal Code: "The action of the participants severely violated social order. Taking into account the place and the fact that people with photo-cameras and video-cameras were invited, a conclusion can be made about the existence or premeditation. All of this was done by a group of people by a prior arrangement. The participants might face harsh consequences - part 2 of article 213 of Russian Criminal Code makes a provision for a prison sentence for up to seven years. Museum staff should write a report to the Internal Affairs Department".

A representative of the foundation for effective politics, Pavel Danilin, called the performers pornographers and jerks and claimed that they had put shame on the Faculty and the University.

Radio and television
Russian poet Dmitry Volchek, who participated along with Alexei Plucer-Sarno in the Radio Liberty program devoted to the performance, claimed that the action had not been radical enough. He had also commented that the essence of conceptual art is in targeting the most vulnerable spot in the subconsciousness. In Volchek's opinion, that spot was accidentally hit by the action, making the stroke so painful.

Television covered the performance in several programs that described Voina's activities.

Videos of the action and of its media coverage can be found on the Internet.

See also
Fuck for Forest
Guerrilla theatre
Performance art

References

Politics of Russia
Performances
2008 in Russia
Nudity and protest
2008 in Moscow
2008 plays
February 2008 events in Russia

Fuck for the heir Puppy Bear!


In mathematics, an exponent indicates how many copies of a number (known as the base) is multiplied together.

For example, in the number , 5 is the base and 4 is the exponent. This can be read as "5 to the power of 4". Therefore, in this example, four copies of 5 are multiplied together, which means that .

In general, given two numbers  and , the number  can be read as " raised to the power of " or " to the th power", where  is the exponent.

Bases raised to the power of two, , can be read the base "squared", because the area of a square with a side length of x is .

Similarly, bases raised to the power of three, , can be called the base "cubed", because the area of a cube with a side length of x is .

Exponents are used in algebra. Exponentiation is a way of shortening the process/equation of repeatedly multiplying many copies of a number.

An exponent is a number or symbol, placed above and to the right of the expression to which it applies, that indicates the number of times the expression is used as a factor. For example. the exponent x in  indicates x copies of  are multiplied together.

There are some basic rules used in exponentiation

1. Product Rule:

Proof - When multiplying a base term by two different exponents , there are m number of a's and n number of a's.

Since exponentiation is simply repeated multiplication of a base term, we get that:

therefore  .

For example, . This is true because at first, we had 2 threes times 4 threes which, when multiplied together, gives us 3 multiplied by itself 6 times, or 4+2 times.

2. Quotient Rule:

Proof (when m > n) -

By grouping the corresponding a's, we get:

Since corresponding a's become 1, we are then left with

therefore, .

For example, . Notice that , which confirms the proof.

In fact, this property holds when m < n as well, but in that case, we get negative exponents instead. When m < n, the format of the problem becomes .

For more information on negative exponents, see § Negative exponents below.

3. Zero Rule:

Proof: we showed in #1 that  .

This equation holds true for  as well, so

If this statement is true where , then  must equal one. That is:

Negative exponents
A negative exponent is the reciprocal of a number with a positive exponent which can be mathematically represented as  In the same way that regular exponents are considered repeated multiplication, negative exponents can be considered repeated division.

Negative exponents can also be different from -1.  In this case the negative exponent can be separated from the positive exponent,  so

The formula for a negative exponent in terms of a whole number exponent is  There are more than one ways to prove this. The first proof involves a pattern form. It is not always a good idea to use patterns because in cases like exponents they may not be complete patterns for every case, but the proof still holds.

Proof #1: Why is   ?

   ***(see zero rule for proof of this!)

divide both sides by

The second proof proves exactly the same thing but dives further into matching equalities

Proof #2:

everything in the next row is proved by the rules in the exponent section

therefore

If we also have a multiplication, like in , it would be written as

Complex exponentiation
A complex number can also be taken to the power of another complex number. The relationship between imaginary numbers and trigonometry, which produces the multiplication formula

This formula basically states that the multiplication of complex numbers is related to addition of angles.

There are some relationships between functions and "infinite degree polynomials", that are called series representations of the functions. The important series representations that we will focus on are:

From these representations, you should notice that the terms of the sine and cosine series combine, along with some sign changes, to make the exponential series over factorial. By introducing the number i into the equation, we get

This result is often used as the beginning of the definition for complex number exponents.

There are some cases where we are raising other numbers to the power i. For example, we can use the following relationship . Here using base 2 and exponent i, we get

When using base i and exponent i, we get

Now we can look at a general formula.

We can rewrite the  in the trigonometric form .

By the relationship we found between trigonometry and complex exponent, we can rewrite the equation in complex exponential form, .

Substituting this equation in the exponent in our original equation, we get

This can be simplified to be

The real and imaginary parts of the exponent can be simplified separately to obtain to result

Because there are many ways to describe the angle P, this formula can give many answers. If we allow the variable P to vary by multiples of , we get the final result

Related pages

 Exponentiation by squaring
 Logarithm

References

Mathematics

Exponent


The Mexican Revolution was brought on by a major armed struggle in Mexico that started in 1911 by an uprising led by Francisco I. Madero against the long dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz.

Under his rule, power was concentrated in the hands of a select few, and the people had no power to express their opinions or to select their public officials.  Wealth was likewise concentrated in the hands of the few, and injustice was everywhere in the cities and the countryside alike

The revolution was characterized by several socialist, liberal, anarchist, populist, and agrarian movements. Over time, it changed from a simple revolt against the established order to a multi-sided civil war.

There was less fighting after 1920, when Álvaro Obregón, the most important revolutionary leader who was still alive, became the president of Mexico.

References

20th century in Mexico
20th-century rebellions
Civil wars
Revolutions
1910s conflicts
1920s conflicts
Wars involving North America

Mexican Revolution


Sticky buns are a type of dessert or breakfast sweet roll that generally consist of rolled pieces of leavened dough — sometimes containing brown sugar or cinnamon — compressed together to form a kind of flat loaf corresponding to the size of the pan in which they are to be baked. Before the dough is placed in the baking-pan, the latter is lined with the "sticky" ingredients, such as brown sugar or honey (or both), as well as nuts and raisins and perhaps more sugar and sometimes butter. After the buns are baked, they are inverted so that the pan lining then becomes a topping. Commercially produced sticky buns, however, are usually just baked in an aluminum loaf tin, which allows the topping to suffuse the buns, making them sticky throughout. The way the buns were baked allows them to more or less be pulled off as individual servings, although it is often a futile effort.

Sticky buns have been consumed since the Middle Ages, at which time cinnamon became more prominent.

Sticky buns also have a Germanic origin and were originally known as "Schnecken". The Pennsylvania Dutch introduced Schnecken in the United States. Wherever 18th-century German settlers (such as the Pennsylvania Dutch) went, sticky buns have remained long after many other cultural traits have disappeared.

In Venezuela, there is a very similar local version of them called golfeado. The main difference between them is the ground fresh cheese on top that gives the bun a very particular sweet-salty taste.

See also

 Bun
 Cinnamon roll
 Iced bun
 List of buns
 List of sweet breads
 Monkey bread

References

Sweet breads
Buns

Sticky bun


A cringle is an eye through which to pass a rope. In nautical settings, the word refers to a small hole anywhere along the edge or in the corner of a sail, rimmed with stranded cordage and worked into the boltrope.  Typically it encloses a metal grommet for reinforcement and to reduce wear.  In this context, cringle and grommet coincide enough that the two are sometimes used interchangeably.

References

Sailboat components

Cringle


Pilar del Castillo Vera (Nador, Morocco, 31 July 1952) is a Spanish politician who has been serving as a Member of the European Parliament since 2004. She previously served as Minister for Education, Culture and Sport in the government of Prime Minister José María Aznar from 2000 to 2004.

Early life and education
Law graduate at Complutense University of Madrid, 1974. In 1980 she was granted a Fulbright Scholarship for a master's degree in political science at Ohio State University, United States. PhD in law from Complutense University of Madrid, 1983. Awarded the Spanish Sociological Research Centre Prize for the doctoral thesis 'Political Party Funding in Western Democracies', 1984.

Career
In 1986, Del Castillo became assistant professor in constitutional law at UNED, and professor in political science and administration in 1994. Editor-in-chief of the Journal Nueva Revista de Política, Cultura y Arte, 1995–1996. Director of the Spanish Sociological Research Centre, 1996 to 2000. She is author of numerous publications on political parties and electoral behaviour.

Political career

Minister of Education, Culture and Sport, 2000–2004
When Prime Minister José Maria Aznar led his conservative Popular Party to a victory and second term of office at the 2000 national elections, he made Del Castillo his new Minister of Education, Culture and Sport. In this capacity, she was in charge of implementing the government's 2001 plan to overhaul the country's public universities; the law prompted the largest student demonstrations since Spain's transition to democracy, with an estimated 100,000 students, university staff protesting nationwide on 1 December 2001.

Member of the European Parliament, 2004–present
Del Castillo has been a Member of the European Parliament since the 2004 European elections. She has since been serving as coordinator for the Group of the European People's Party in the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE), and as substitute member in the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs (ECON). From 2007 to 2009, she was a member of the Temporary Committee on Climate Change. In addition, she was a member of the EP Delegation for Relations with India (2009–2014) and of the Delegation for relations with the People's Republic of China (2004–2009). She represented the Parliament at the 2008 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Poznań and the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen. In 2020, she also joined the Special Committee on Artificial Intelligence in a Digital Age.

In her capacity as member of the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy, Del Castillo is the parliament's rapporteur on the European Union's Data Act. She also served as rapporteur on the Directive on Security of Networks and Information Systems (NIS); the Regulation on the Body of European Regulators in Electronic Communications (BEREC); on the Cloud Computing Strategy for Europe; and on a telecoms single market.

In addition to her committee assignments, Del Castillo holds the following positions in the European Parliament:
 European Energy Forum (EEF), member
 European Internet Foundation, chairwoman
 European Parliament Intergroup on Disability, member
 Transatlantic Policy Network (TPN), member
 Knowledge4Innovation (K4I), member of the board

Other activities (selection)
 European Ideas Network (EIN), chair of the 'Energy and Environment' Permanent Working Group
 European Network for Women in Leadership (WIL), member
 Spanish Foundation for Social Studies and Analysis (FAES), member of the board of trustees
 Prado Museum, member of the board of trustees
 Fundación Botín, member of the advisory board
 Fundación Ortega-Marañón, member of the board of trustees

Personal life
Del Castillo is passionate about art; her official ministerial portrait in the gallery of the Ministry of Education is a self-portrait.

References

External links

 Pilar del Castillo's personal page
 Pilar del Castillo's Twitter Profile
 Pilar del Castillo's Facebook Page

1952 births
Living people
Members of the 8th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
MEPs for Spain 2004–2009
MEPs for Spain 2009–2014
MEPs for Spain 2014–2019
MEPs for Spain 2019–2024
21st-century women MEPs for Spain
People's Party (Spain) MEPs
Recipients of the Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise
Women government ministers of Spain
Culture ministers of Spain
Academic staff of the National University of Distance Education
Fulbright alumni
Complutense University of Madrid alumni

Pilar del Castillo


Cold filter plugging point (CFPP) is the lowest temperature, expressed in degrees Celsius (°C), at which a given volume of diesel type of fuel still passes through a standardized filtration device in a specified time when cooled under certain conditions.  This test gives an estimate for the lowest temperature that a fuel will give trouble free flow in certain fuel systems. This is important as in cold temperate countries, a high cold filter plugging point will clog up vehicle engines more easily.

The test is important in relation to the use of additives that allow spreading the usage of winter diesel at temperatures below the cloud point. The tests according to EN 590 show that a CloudPoint of +1 °C can have a CFPP −10 °C. Current additives allow a CFPP of −20 °C to be based on diesel fuel with a CloudPoint of −7 °C.

The trustworthiness of the EN 590 have been criticized as being too low for modern diesel motors – the German ADAC has run a test series on customary winter diesel in a cold chamber. All diesel brands did exceed the legal minimum by 3 to 11 degrees in the laboratory according to the legal DIN test. One of the real diesel motors however stopped working even before the legal minimum was reached, presumably due to an undersized filter heater. Notably the experiments did not show a direct correlation between the CFPP value of the mineral oil and the cold start capability of the diesel motors – hence the automobile club suggest the creation of a new test standard.

Test method
The ASTM no. for the test method to define cold filter plugging point is ASTM D6371.

See also
Cloud point
Petroleum
Pour point

References

External links
 BP information

Chemical properties
Fuel technology

Cold filter plugging point


The Battle of Strėva, Strebe, or Strawe was fought on 2 February 1348 between the Teutonic Order and the pagan Grand Duchy of Lithuania on the banks of the Strėva River, a right tributary of the Neman River, near present-day Žiežmariai. Chronicler Wigand of Marburg publicized this battle as a great victory for the Knights: he claims that some 18,000 Lithuanians were killed or drowned while only 8 knights and 60 other soldiers died on the Order's side. Narimantas and Manvydas, two sons of Gediminas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, are thought to be killed in the battle.

Campaign and battle
In 1347, the Teutonic Knights saw an influx of crusaders from France and England, where a truce was made during the Hundred Years' War. Their expedition started in late January 1348, but due to bad weather, the bulk of the forces did not proceed further than Insterburg. A small army led by Grand Commander and future Grand Master Winrich von Kniprode invaded and pillaged central Lithuania (probably areas around Semeliškės, Aukštadvaris, Trakai) for a week before being confronted by Lithuanian troops. The Lithuanian army included contingents from its eastern territories (Volodymyr-Volynskyi, Vitebsk, Polotsk, Smolensk) which shows that the army was assembled beforehand, probably for a campaign into the Teutonic territory.

The Knights were in a difficult position: they could cross the frozen Strėva River only a few men at a time and once most of their forces had crossed, the remaining soldiers would be annihilated. The knights had limited supplies and could not wait. The Lithuanians, led by Kęstutis or Narimantas, also had short supplies and decided to attack by hurling arrows and spears injuring a great number. However, at the critical moment the crusaders counter-attacked with their heavy cavalry and the Lithuanians lost their formation. So many of them drowned in the river that Knights could cross it with "dry feet." This episode caused much criticism of the source: the Strėva River is shallow, especially during winter, and could not have caused such a massive drowning.

Aftermath
As a result of the defeat Lithuanians were weakened: the same year the Knights attacked and pillaged Šiauliai area without much of opposition and destroyed a castle in Veliuona. In the east, Lithuania lost influence in Pskov and Novgorod in 1348 and in Smolensk the following year. The Knights attributed the victory to the Virgin Mary and in her honor Grand Master Winrich von Kniprode established a Cistercian nunnery in Königsberg and a Franciscan monastery in Wehlau. However, due to the change in leadership (the Grand Master Heinrich Dusemer was troubled by poor health and died in 1353) and spreading Black Death, the Knights did not take full advantage of one of the biggest defeats of the Grand Duchy.

References

Conflicts in 1348
1348 in Europe
14th century in Lithuania
Streva
Streva
14th century in the State of the Teutonic Order
Military history of Lithuania

Battle of Strėva


Wolves may suffer from various pathogens, both viral and bacterial, and parasite, both external and internal. Parasitic infection in wolves is of particular concern to people. Wolves can spread them to dogs, which in turn can carry the parasites to humans. In areas where wolves inhabit pastoral areas, the parasites can be spread to livestock.

Diseases

Viral
Viral diseases carried by wolves include: rabies, canine distemper, canine parvovirus, infectious canine hepatitis, papillomatosis, and canine coronavirus. Wolves are a major host for rabies in Russia, Iran, Afghanistan, Iraq and India. In wolves, the incubation period is eight to 21 days, and results in the host becoming agitated, deserting its pack, and travelling up to  a day, thus increasing the risk of infecting other wolves. Infected wolves do not show any fear of humans, most documented wolf attacks on people being attributed to rabid animals. Although canine distemper is lethal in dogs, it has not been recorded to kill wolves, except in Canada and Alaska. The canine parvovirus, which causes death by dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and endotoxic shock or sepsis, is largely survivable in wolves, but can be lethal to pups. Wolves may catch infectious canine hepatitis from dogs, though there are no records of wolves dying from it. Papillomatosis has been recorded only once in wolves, and likely does not cause serious illness or death, though it may alter feeding behaviours. The canine coronavirus has been recorded in Alaskan wolves, infections being most prevalent in winter months.

Bacterial
Bacterial diseases carried by wolves include: brucellosis, Lyme disease, leptospirosis, tularemia, bovine tuberculosis, listeriosis and anthrax. Wolves can catch Brucella suis from wild and domestic reindeer. While adult wolves tend not to show any clinical signs, it can severely weaken the pups of infected females. Although lyme disease can debilitate individual wolves, it does not appear to significantly affect wolf populations. Leptospirosis can be contracted through contact with infected prey or urine, and can cause fever, anorexia, vomiting, anemia, hematuria, icterus, and death. Wolves living near farms are more vulnerable to the disease than those living in the wilderness, probably because of prolonged contact with infected domestic animal waste. Wolves may catch tularemia from lagomorph prey, though its effect on wolves is unknown. Although bovine tuberculosis is not considered a major threat to wolves, it has been recorded to have killed two wolf pups in Canada.

Parasitic

Wolves carry ectoparasites and endoparasites; those in the former Soviet Union have been recorded to carry at least 50 species. Most of these parasites infect wolves without adverse effects, though the effects may become more serious in sick or malnourished specimens.

Extoparasites
Wolves are often infested with a variety of arthropod exoparasites, including fleas, ticks, lice, and mites. The most harmful to wolves, particularly pups, is the mange mite (Sarcoptes scabiei), though they rarely develop full-blown mange, unlike foxes. Lice, such as Trichodectes canis, may cause sickness in wolves, but rarely death. Ticks of the genus Ixodes can infect wolves with Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. The tick Dermacentor pictus also infests wolves. Other ectoparasites include chewing lice, sucking lice and the fleas Pulex irritans and Ctenocephalides canis.

Endopatasites
Endoparasites known to infect wolves include: protozoans and helminths (flukes, tapeworms, roundworms and thorny-headed worms). Of 30,000 protozoan species, only a few have been recorded to infect wolves: Isospora, Toxoplasma, Sarcocystis, Babesia, and Giardia. Some wolves carry Neospora caninum, which can be spread to cattle and is correlated with bovine miscarriages.

Among flukes, the most common in North American wolves is Alaria, which infects small rodents and amphibians which are eaten by wolves. Upon reaching maturity, Alaria migrates to the wolf's intestine, but does little harm. Metorchis conjunctus, which enters wolves through eating fish, infects the wolf's liver or gall bladder, causing liver disease, inflammation of the pancreas, and emaciation. Most other fluke species reside in the wolf's intestine, though Paragonimus westermani lives in the lungs. Tapeworms are commonly found in wolves, as their primary hosts are ungulates, small mammals, and fish, which wolves feed upon. Tapeworms generally cause little harm in wolves, though this depends on the number and size of the parasites, and the sensitivity of the host. Symptoms often include constipation, toxic and allergic reactions, irritation of the intestinal mucosa, and malnutrition. Infections by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus in ungulate populations tend to increase in areas with high wolf densities, as wolves can shed Echinoccocus eggs in their feces onto grazing areas.

Wolves can carry over 30 roundworm species, though most roundworm infections appear benign, depending on the number of worms and the age of the host. Ancylostoma caninum attaches itself on the intestinal wall to feed on the host's blood, and can cause hyperchromic anemia, emaciation, diarrhea, and possibly death. Toxocara canis, a hookworm known to infect wolf pups in the uterus, can cause intestinal irritation, bloating, vomiting, and diarrhea. Wolves may catch Dioctophyma renale from minks, which infects the kidneys, and can grow to lengths of . D. renale causes the complete destruction of the kidney's functional tissue and can be fatal if both kidneys are infected. Wolves can tolerate low levels of Dirofilaria immitis for many years without showing any ill effects, though high levels can kill wolves through cardiac enlargement and congestive hepatopathy. Wolves probably become infected with Trichinella spiralis by eating infected ungulates. Although T. spiralis is not known to produce clinical signs in wolves, it can cause emaciation, salivation, and crippling muscle pains in dogs. Thorny-headed worms rarely infect wolves, though three species have been identified in Russian wolves: Nicolla skrjabini, Macracanthorhynchus catulinus, and Moniliformis moniliformis.

See also
Dog health
List of dog diseases

References

Bibliography

Wolves
Parasitism

Parasites and pathogens of wolves


Vattakkali is a dance form seen among the Vattuvar community in the Kerala, India. In this dance participants make extremely fast moves while making vigorous ring forms in tune to the music or song sung by the group. Both men and women participate in the dance. Twelve different types of 'steps' are executed. The beauty of the intricate footwork is heightened by the tinkling of anklets and bells and also by the rhythmic clapping of hand. The whirling movements become faster as the dancing reaches a climax. This dance is performed during the Onam festival season very often. The dance is also called Chuvadukali or Chavittukali.

See also
Dance in India

References

Dances of Kerala
Classical dance genres of India
Arts of Kerala

Vattakkali


"Gyro's First Invention" is a Gyro Gearloose story by Don Rosa that also features Donald Duck, Scrooge McDuck, and Huey, Dewey, and Louie. It is a 50th anniversary story for the character of Gyro Gearloose, as well as a sequel to A Christmas for Shacktown (Dell One Shot #367, January 1952) by Carl Barks, and tells of the creation of Gyro's Little Helper.

Its INDUCKS story code is D 2001-143 . It first appeared in May 2002 as a two-part story in the issues #19 and #20 of Anders And & Co, a weekly published by Danish Disney licensee Egmont Group. Its first publication in its original English was in Uncle Scrooge #324, November 2003, by Gemstone Publishing.

Plot
Donald tells his nephews the story about how Gyro started his business despite the fact that they were there. The story starts when Scrooge was still living with Donald and his nephews. Scrooge and Donald got into an argument which led to Scrooge breaking Donald's lamp. Donald took the lamp to get it repaired by Fulton Gearloose but unfortunately Donald finds out that Fulton has just retired and turned the shop over to his son Gyro. Gyro agrees to fix Donald's lamp, but Donald suggests that he should find a way to get Scrooge's money out of the cavern that it was stuck in.

Scrooge and Donald showed Gyro where the money was kept and explained the situation. When they went back to Gyro's shop he asked someone to turn on the light, but the lamp turned itself on. The lamp was hit by the unfinished think box that Gyro accidentally hit earlier. Gyro modified the lamp to have arms and legs and doll shoes. Donald put in a light bulb, and they created Gyro's Little Helper. Gyro's Little Helper went in the cavern and found some money. They found out how deep the cavern is and pumped up some helium gas as the money slowly went back up to the Money Bin.

Unfortunately the gas worked too well as it made the Money Bin float into the air. Little Helper used his head to break the plastic cover to let the gas out and the Money Bin wound up on the statue of Cornelius Coot. Scrooge called for some rescue plans to his Money Bin off the statue. The construction workers covered the hole with cement and gravel and the Money Bin was restored to its original location. After that Gyro and his Little Helper cleaned up Gyro's workshop. Donald let Gyro keep Little Helper alive despite the fact that it was made from his lamp. The story ends with Gyro and Little Helper trying to sell inventions as Donald finishes telling the nephews his story.

Background

"The problem of the lost money"
Don Rosa is usually hesitant in using ideas that fans send him, because he knows that neither can he ever pay them for their ideas, nor is Disney ever likely to do so. "Gyro's First Invention" is special in that Rosa accepted a number of its key elements that were offered to him by Sigvald Grøsfjeld Jr., owner and maintainer of the Norwegian Rosa fansite The D.U.C.K.man. (Another notable exception is The Dream of a Lifetime! that Rosa created based on an idea by an anonymous fan from France only known by the initials F.S.M.)

In his research for his website, Grøsfjeld had come upon newsgroup exchanges between Rosa and his fans regarding "the problem of the lost money in A Christmas for Shacktown". In that classic Duck story by Carl Barks, Scrooge eventually loses all his money in a cave below his money bin, and the only access he has to it is by means of a little toy train (any other means would make the cave collapse and have Scrooge's money irretrievably fall into a reservoir of quicksand just below), bringing him a mere handful of coins and bills back on every trip in and out of the cave, which makes it clear for the characters at the end of the story that it will take Scrooge several hundreds years to regain his entire "three cubic acres of money".

However, upon Scrooge's next appearances in the one-pager Osogood Silver Polish and the long adventure story Only a Poor Old Man (both in Dell One Shot #386, March 1952) he has somehow, magically relocated all his fortunes back into the bin, a mystery for which Barks had never given an explanation.

Grøsfjeld's solution
On 11 January 1999, Grøsfjeld sent Rosa an e-mail containing his thoughts he had for a potential sequel to A Christmas for Shacktown:

"Somewhere you say that many fans and several editors for many years have asked you to do a sequel to the old Barks classic A Christmas for Shacktown (1951), where you were supposed to tell how $crooge managed to save his money from the deep pit much faster than he thought in the end of that story. [...] Anyway, I think that [...] it would be interesting to see an explanation of that mystery. If you ever decide to do that story (I know you like sequels) I have some ideas:

My idea is that, the problems $crooge faces in the end of A Christmas for Shacktown cries out for a GEARLOOSE-MIRACLE. Perhaps this story thus could also show the first meeting between $crooge and Gyro? ...perhaps this could be a possible story for the first future [50th] Gyro-anniversary?" - Sigvald Grøsfjeld Jr., e-mail to Don Rosa, 11 January 1999

Rosa immediately replied to Grøsfjeld the very next day, 12 January 1999:

"That is a great story idea!!! I love it! I need to check when the first Gyro story appeared in WDC&S, but if Christmas for Shacktown predates it, that is a GREAT idea! They want me to do a Christmas story AND a sequel to that story AND they will probably ask me to do a 50th anniversary Gyro story! I am going to write this idea down *immediately*!" - Don Rosa, e-mail to Sigvald Grøsfjeld Jr., 12 January 1999

Yet another day later, Grøsfjeld had a few details worked out for Rosa:

"For some reason, Gyro [...] need[s] a little device to enter the pit the same way [...] [Huey, Dewey, and Louie]'s train did (reasons could be to get him/them samples of the soil in there, to help him/them drawing a detailed map of the situation inside the pit, or perhaps to install some other devices in there). However this little device must be able to do much more than could that train. The solution for this? A small MICROBOT created out of whatever he/they find in the workshop." - Sigvald Grøsfjeld Jr., e-mail to Don Rosa, 13 January 1999

See also
List of Disney comics by Don Rosa

References

External links

Disney comics stories
Donald Duck comics by Don Rosa
2002 in comics

Gyro's First Invention


Floyd Marion McDowell (26 March 1889 – 27 October 1964) was an American leader in the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS Church). McDowell was a member of the church's First Presidency from 1922 to 1938.

McDowell was born in Excelsior, Wisconsin. He attended Graceland College from 1907 to 1909, and he later received degrees from Iowa State University (BA, 1911), Clark University (MA, 1914), and University of Iowa (Ph.D., 1918). He lived most of his life in Lamoni, Iowa, where the RLDS Church headquarters were located.

On 2 October 1922, McDowell was selected as a counselor to RLDS Church president Frederick M. Smith in the church's First Presidency. In April 1938, McDowell's fellow counselor Elbert A. Smith was released; later that year, McDowell resigned as a member of the First Presidency. Frederick Smith selected Israel A. Smith and Lemuel F. P. Curry to succeed Elbert Smith and McDowell.

After his resignation, McDowell became the RLDS Church's Director of Priesthood Education, a position he held until 1954, when he became a patriarch in the church. From 1922 to 1952, McDowell was also a member of the Board of Trustees of Graceland College.

References

Sources
Roy Cheville (1970). They Made a Difference (Independence, Mo.: Herald House) pp. 327–338
History of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints 7:709–711
"Obituary: Floyd M. McDowell", Saints' Herald, vol. 111, no. 23, pp. 822–823 (1964)

1889 births
1964 deaths
American leaders of the Community of Christ
Clark University alumni
Graceland University alumni
Members of the First Presidency (Community of Christ)
People from Lamoni, Iowa
People from Richland County, Wisconsin
University of Iowa alumni
Iowa State University alumni
Doctrine and Covenants people

Floyd M. McDowell


Frog () is a character in a series of children's picture books created by Dutch author and illustrator Max Velthuijs.

The first Frog title in English was published in 1989, entitled Frog In Love, translated by Klaus Flugge for Andersen Press. Frog books have been translated into more than 50 languages. So far eight titles have been translated from Dutch to English.

In the Netherlands Frog is known as Kikker and has become a well-known and loved book character. Together with his friends Pig, Duck and Hare, Frog lives in an anthropomorphic animal world. He observes daily events from a childlike perspective, offering children insight into social interactions. In Frog's world, there is no status. All the animals are the same size, which gives them absolute equality. Every animal has its own personality and skills. Frog and his friends enjoy life and deal with real life issues, such as fear, love, sadness, and loss, making these difficult subjects and emotions more understandable for children. At the end of each book, there's always a positive solution for the dilemma's the animals face.

In Britain Frog Is A Hero was included in the National Curriculum.

Velthuijs received the prestigious Hans Christian Andersen Medal in 2004 for the illustrations of his own Frog books.

When Max Velthuijs died in January 2005, Carmen Diana Dearden said: 'like in Frog and the Birdsong, "all his life he sang beautifully for us," and he will always sing his lovely songs through his books.'

References

Book series introduced in 1989
Books about frogs
Children's books about friendship
Dutch children's books
Dutch picture books
Series of children's books
Fictional frogs

Frog (picture book character)


Captain William Baillie (June 5, 1723 – December 22, 1810) was an Irish military man and artist.

Baillie went to London at age of 18 to study law, but liked art more. Shortly after getting to London, he joined the army. He served at the Battle of Culloden the Battle of Minden and retired with the rank of Captain. Baillie was later made the Commissioner of Stamps, which he was until 1795.

While he continued as an artist, what he is most famous for was his skill repairing and printing etching plates. He worked on plates by many artists, including Gerard Dou, Nicolas Poussin, and most notably Rembrandt. Apparently he got a number of Rembrandt's worn-out plates. The three best known:

The Goldweigher: He did a really fine job on this. The prints from it are at least as good as those done personally by Rembrandt.
The Hundred Guilder Print (Christ Preaching): He changed it in a rather bad way. He then cut it up, and sold the pieces separately.
The Three Trees: The lower portion of this had been destroyed. Baillie redid that part of the plate by copying an old print. It is not bad, but does not have the feeling that was in the original Rembrandt.

A book of prints, after the above artists, was published in 1792, in two volumes, with subsequent editions.

Other websites
Artist profile on Artoftheprint.com

1723 births
1810 deaths
People from the Republic of Ireland
Artists

William Baillie


Lenox College was a college in Hopkinton, Iowa that operated from 1859 until its closure in 1944.  The institution was initially known as Bowen Collegiate Institute.  The name was changed to Lenox Collegiate Institute in October 1864 and to Lenox College in 1884.

History

The school was affiliated with the Presbyterian Church.  Several buildings that were part of the former college campus are on the National Register of Historic Places and are maintained by the Delaware County Historical Society as the Delaware County Historical Museum Complex. The college campus and the community of Hopkinton are also designated as stops on the Delaware Crossing Iowa Scenic Byways. The former building of the Hopkinton Reformed Presbyterian Church is located next to the campus, although it was not a part of the college's sponsoring church.

The centerpiece of the campus is the Civil War Monument, dedicated 17 November 1865. The monument at the center of the campus was the first monument on a campus dedicated to the American Civil War. The majority of the young men of the college with the dean of the college as their captain signed on for military service shortly after the war began, causing  the school to close temporarily. The monument is dedicated to them.

Construction of Old Main began in 1856. The Victorian style east wing was added in 1875. Clarke Hall, the dormitory for girls, was built in 1890. Doolittle Hall, constructed in 1900, contained the Library and Literary Societies. Finkbonner Hall (the gymnasium) was erected in 1916.

Other buildings in the complex include the Hopkinton Depot, which was moved to the present site in 1969. The Reformed Presbyterian Church, with its remarkable Bavarian stained-glass windows, was dedicated in 1901 and donated to the Society in 1969. The one-room school was purchased and moved to its present location - next to the church - in 1971. A Farm Machinery Hall, which houses displays of horse-drawn farm equipment, was added in 1973. A second Farm Machinery Hall was built in 1982.

Presidents
  Dr. W.L. Roberts was selected as the first president, but resigned on December 12, 1859.
  Rev. Jerome Allen, Ph.D., 1859-1863.
  Rev. James McKean, Fall, 1863 until resignation May 6, 1864; entered army as a captain and died at Memphis, TN on July 9, 1864.
  Rev. James D. Mason, July, 1864 until formal resignation October, 1865.
  Rev. Jerome Allen, served from November, 1864 until June, 1866.
  Rev. Samuel Hodge, served September, 1866 until 1882.
  J. H. Ritchey, served 1882 until 1888.
  Rev. Alexander G. Wilson, served 1888 until fall 1894.
  Rev. Hugh Robinson, first alum (1888) to serve as president, 1894-1896.
  Andrew G. Wilson, alum (1880), became president in spring 1896 and served until spring 1902.
  Rev. Francis William Grossman, accepted presidency in February, 1902 and resigned July, 1906.
  Dr. E. E. Reed, served from summer 1906 through spring 1915; previously served as president of Buena Vista College in Iowa and then served as president of Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri after leaving Lenox.
  Dr. A. St. Clair Mackenzie, served from fall 1916 until his resignation on August 1, 1917.
  Dr. J.F. Hinkhouse, served from July 1, 1919 until 1924.
  Dr. W.W. Carlton, alum (1884), was in poor health and the institution was effectively under leadership of Dean E.V. Laughlin until his death in November 1938.
  Rev. Frank Allen, served from 1938 until the decision was finally made to close the institution after the spring semester 1944.

Notable alumni
 Samuel Calvin (1840-1911), pioneering Iowa geologist, professor at the University of Iowa
 Dave Cropp (1876-?) baseball and football coach
 Charles Vaill Laughlin, taught political science at Lenox College (1932-1932, 1938-1939) and law at Washington & Lee University (1940–42, 1946-1977)
 Thomas Macbride (1848–1934), president at University of Iowa (1914-1916)
 James McKean (b.1880), missionary to Siam, founder of leprosy hospital, now the McKean Institute
 John Merriam (1869–1945), paleontologist, professor at University of California,
 Charles Merriam (1874–1953), professor at University of Chicago (1900-1940), president of American Political Science Association (1925)
 Frank Merriam (1865–1955), auditor of Iowa (1899-1903), governor of California (1935-1939)
 David Tappan (1845–1922), president of Miami University
 H.C. Velte (b.1879), missionary to India
 Mary Walker (1832-1919), American feminist, abolitionist, prohibitionist, alleged spy, prisoner of war and surgeon. She is the only woman ever to receive the Medal of Honor.

See also

 List of colleges and universities in Iowa

References
 Lenox College Blog
 Brown, Ray C. Iowa Colleges and Universities that Closed, Merged, or Changed Names
 Merry, John F., ed.   Delaware County Iowa and Its People. Vol. 1. Chicago: S.J. Clarke Publishing Co., 1914.
 Ferguson, William R.  The Biography of Lenox College.  Hopkinton, IA: The Hopkinton Leader, 1949.

External links

 Delaware County Historical Society: Delaware County Historical Museum Complex

Universities and colleges established in 1859
Educational institutions disestablished in 1944
Defunct private universities and colleges in Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Delaware County, Iowa
University and college buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
Presbyterian schools in the United States
Buildings and structures in Delaware County, Iowa
Museums in Delaware County, Iowa
Historic districts in Delaware County, Iowa
Education museums in the United States
1859 establishments in Iowa
Christian schools in Iowa

Lenox College


Jan Mycielski (born February 7, 1932 in Wiśniowa, Podkarpackie Voivodeship, Poland) is a Polish-American mathematician, a professor emeritus of mathematics at the University of Colorado at Boulder.

Academic career
Mycielski received his Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Wrocław in 1957 under the supervision of . His dissertation was entitled "Applications of Free Groups to Geometrical Constructions". Following positions at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique in Paris, the Institute of Mathematics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, the University of California, Berkeley, and Case Western Reserve University, he took a permanent faculty position at Colorado in 1969.

Contributions
Among the mathematical concepts named after Mycielski are:
The Ehrenfeucht–Mycielski sequence, a sequence of binary digits with pseudorandom properties
The Mycielskian, a construction for embedding any undirected graph into a larger graph with strictly higher chromatic number without creating any additional triangles.
The Mycielski–Grötzsch graph, the Mycielskian of the 5-cycle, an 11-vertex triangle-free graph that is the smallest possible triangle-free graph requiring four colors.
Mycielski's theorem that there exist triangle-free graphs with arbitrarily large chromatic number.

Awards and honors
In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.

Selected works
 1991. A Note on S. M. Ulam's Mathematics.
 A note in Adventures of a Mathematician. Stanislaw Ulam. University of California Press, 1991.

See also
 List of Poles

References

External links
 Mycielski's personal web page at the Univ. of Colorado.

1932 births
Living people
Polish set theorists
Polish logicians
University of Colorado Boulder faculty
Polish emigrants to the United States
University of Wrocław alumni
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
Jan
20th-century Polish philosophers

Jan Mycielski


In computer science, a while loop is a statement which is used to execute code repeatedly based on a condition. Simply, it can be thought of as a repeating if statement.

Overview
The while loop consists of two parts: the condition and a block of code. The condition is evaluated and if it is true, the block of code is executed. This repeats until the condition evaluates to false. As a pre-test loop, the while loop checks the condition before the block is executed. In contrast, the do-while loop checks the condition after the loop has executed. A while loop would typically be used when you don't know the number of times you would like to loop over the block of code. Instead, code would continue looping until a particular condition is met. When the number of times a loop is to be executed is already known before the execution of the loop, a for loop would be a better choice.

A template of a while loop is shown below:while (condition)
{
   statements;
}

Example
Example code in the C programming language is shown below.
int x = 0;
while (x < 5)
{
    printf ("x = %d\n", x);
    x++;
}In this example, the loop first checks to see if the variable x is less than 5. Because it is, it will enter the  loop, printing the value of x and then increment x by 1. After completing the code block, it will continue to repeat the code block until x is equal to 5. When x is equal to five, the condition evaluates to false and the code exits the while loop.

A loop that continues repeating forever is possible if the condition is always true. When this happens, it is up to the developer to create a statement to exit the loop. An example of this is shown below:  while (true)
{
    //do complicated stuff
    if (someCondition) break;
    //more stuff
}In the above example, the condition while always be true. To exit the loop, a break statement is used when a specific condition inside the loop evaluates to true.

Computer science

While loop


Doom, known during development as Doom 4, is a first-person shooter game in the Doom series from 2016. The game is the second reboot of the Doom series and features gameplay similar to the original Doom from 1993. The way Doom (2016) was designed was very different from Doom 3, which was more survival-horror-based and slower paced rather than the usual action-based, faster pace games of Doom (1993) and Doom II. It was released on May 13, 2016. The game can be played on the PC, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Nintendo Switch.

The sequel is Doom Eternal and was released in 2020.

Game design
To make both fans of the first game and modern gamers happy, the game developers kept many of the old gameplay features and added some new ones as well. Older gameplay features include never reloading your weapon, having all weapons on you at all times rather than just two weapons, having a traditional health bar rather than health regeneration, running at full speed at all times, rewarding offensive gameplay rather than defensive gameplay, and defense being based on strafing (moving out of the way) rather than taking cover. Gameplay features that are new to the series include melee-based finishing moves called Glory Kills, most weapons having two different secondary firing modes that can be bought and switched out at any time, platforming similar to the Metroid Prime games, weapon challenges to upgrade your weapons, and arcade-style challenges to upgrade your suit. The art style is also a mix of Doom and Doom 3.

Weapons
The game has all the weapons from Doom and Doom 2. It also has the Heavy Assault Rifle, which was based on the Assault Rifle in Doom 3. There is also a completely new weapon, the Gauss Cannon. The Chainsaw now has fuel limits, unlike the other Doom games, but it can kill most enemies in one hit, and it also gives the player more ammo pick-ups when he or she is low on ammo. The BFG-9000 also has its own ammo, which can kill every non-boss enemy you can see on-screen. Six weapons have two different mods that can be switched in battle. For example, the Shotgun has both Burst Shot and Grenade Launcher mods.

Like in earlier Doom games, certain weapons share ammo. The Chaingun and Heavy Assault Rifle share bullets, the Combat Shotgun and Super Shotgun share shotgun shells, and the Plasma Rifle and Gauss Cannon share energy cells.

Plot
The game begins with the player, the Doom Slayer, wakes up chained to a coffin after hundreds of years being trapped in Hell. A zombie comes to kill the Doom Slayer, but he breaks free from his chains, kills the approaching zombie, and kills the rest of them with the Pistol. In the next room, the Doom Slayer finds his suit of armor, the Praetor Suit, and puts it on. Right after that, the Doom Slayer learns that the UAC lab on Mars has been overrun with demons, and that almost everyone on the base is either dead or they turned into zombies or demons. This is the result of leading scientist Olivia Pierce and her followers performing rituals to unleash Hell on Mars.

The CEO of UAC, Samuel Hayden, tells the Doom Slayer that the UAC was sending workers to Hell to get Argent Energy, an extremely powerful and efficient source of energy, and to do research on captured demons. He says it is absolutely needed to solve Earth's energy shortage. However, it was not his plan to unleash Hell. He tells the Doom Slayer that Pierce went insane and went too far. While the Doom Slayer agrees to help Hayden stop the demons coming on Mars, he also tries to destroy the Argent Energy production as well, which makes Hayden unhappy.

Despite the Doom Slayer's best efforts, Pierce was able to open up the Well, a very large portal of Hell on the UAC base, so that Hell will be unleashed on Mars forever. Even though the Doom Slayer gets sent to Hell, Hayden created a tether system that allows the Doom Slayer to be teleported out of Hell at anytime. Hayden tells the Doom Slayer that there is only one way to shut down the Well, go back to Hell to get a key called the Crucible.
2016 video games
Video game sequels
Doom video games

Doom Slayer goes back to Hell by fighting the Cyberdemon, who teleports himself and the Doom Slayer there in the middle of the boss fight. When the Doom Slayer finds the Crucible, it was being guarded by demons called the Argent Guards. The Doom Slayer kills them and gets the Crucible. The Doom Slayer then uses the Crucible to close the portal. After that, he fights Pierce, who has turned into the Spider Mastermind. After he kills Pierce, Hayden teleports him right back to Mars and takes the Crucible from him. With the Crucible, Hayden can restart Argent Energy production. Hayden then teleports the Doom Slayer to an unknown place, and right afterwards, the game's credits are shown.

Doom (2016 video game)


Vendée is a department found in the west of France in the Pays de la Loire region. Its prefecture is La Roche-sur-Yon and its population is about 577,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 first French departments made during the French revolution.

Vendée

Vendée


John Anthony Franco (born September 17, 1960) is an American former professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a left-handed relief pitcher between  and . Franco established himself as an All-Star player with the Cincinnati Reds before spending the majority of his career with the New York Mets. He ended his 22-year career with one final season with the Houston Astros.

Franco's 1,119 career games pitched is a National League record, and ranks fourth in major league history. His 424 career saves ranks fifth all-time in major league history (ranking second when he retired), and remains the most by a left-hander. For 15 of his 22 seasons, he played for the New York Mets, serving as team captain in his final years with the team. Franco was inducted into the New York Mets Hall of Fame in 2012.

Early life
Franco, who is of Italian heritage, grew up in the Gravesend section of Brooklyn. His father, Jim Franco, was a New York City Department of Sanitation worker who encouraged his son's baseball aspirations; Franco honored his father by wearing an orange Sanitation Department work-shirt under his jersey. John graduated from Lafayette High School in Brooklyn and St. John's University in Queens, where he pitched two no-hitters in his freshman year. In 1980, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Cotuit Kettleers of the Cape Cod Baseball League.

Career

Franco was selected by the Los Angeles Dodgers on June 8, , in the 5th round of the amateur draft. Before reaching the major leagues, he was traded to the Cincinnati Reds on May 9, , with Brett Wise for Rafael Landestoy. Landestoy batted under .200 before retiring the following year while Franco was a star reliever for much of the next two decades. Franco debuted with the Reds on April 24, . Franco was a traditional relief pitcher with a "90-mph fastball and a change-up that breaks away from a righthanded batter like a screwball."

Throughout his six seasons with the Reds, Franco was a successful closer, winning the National League Rolaids Relief Man of the Year Award in . He helped the Reds finish second four seasons in a row (1985–1988).

On December 6, , at the age of 29, he was traded with Don Brown to the Mets for Randy Myers and Kip Gross. He remained with the Mets organization until the end of the 2004 season. During his time with the Mets, he won the Rolaids Relief Man of the Year Award in , became team captain, and remained the closer until , when he moved to a setup role for new closer Armando Benítez. He led the league in saves for the 1988, 1990, and 1994 seasons. He reached the postseason for the first time in 1999 and the World Series in 2000.

On May 11, 1996, in a game against the Chicago Cubs, the Mets held "John Franco Day" to celebrate his 300th career save. In the fifth inning, a brawl that cleared both benches and bullpens resulted in Franco being ejected from the game, along with eight other players.

Injuries caused Franco to miss the  baseball season, but he made a successful recovery from surgery and returned in June . He signed a one-year contract for the  season. He finished with a 2-7 record with 36 strikeouts and a 5.28 ERA in 46 innings.

In January 2005, he was signed to a one-year deal with the Astros, at the age of 44, making him at that time the oldest active pitcher in Major League Baseball. On July 1, , Franco was designated for assignment, and he was subsequently released, which proved to be the end of his baseball career.

Personal life
John married his high school sweetheart, Rose, whom he has known since he was 17.

His son J.J. Franco, who was drafted by the Mets out of high school, attended Brown University, where he played as an infielder. J.J. was drafted by the Atlanta Braves in the 2014 MLB draft and played with the Braves and Mets farm teams through the 2018 season. Franco's cousin, Scott Pagano, played minor league baseball.

Throughout his career, Franco supplied tickets to members of the Bonanno crime family of the Italian-American Mafia, and on one occasion Canadian organized crime figures, according to FBI documents made public in 2004. There was no suggestion that he committed any crimes, but his behavior was a violation of Major League Baseball rules forbidding contact with known criminals.

Media
Franco appeared on the television show Pros vs. Joes during season three.

During an interview, he revealed that he threw a circle changeup which was often mistaken for a screwball.

Honors

Franco was inducted into the Staten Island Sports Hall of Fame in 2008. He was also inducted into the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame in 2008.

On March 29, 2009, Franco threw the ceremonial first pitch in the first game played on Citi Field, a Big East college game between St. John's (his alma mater) and Georgetown.

On June 3, 2012, in a ceremony at Citi Field, Franco was inducted into the New York Mets Hall of Fame.

Career accomplishments
 Pitching record: 90-87
 Saves: 424, fifth most in major league history behind, Mariano Rivera, Trevor Hoffman, Lee Smith and Francisco Rodríguez, and the most for any left-handed pitcher.
 Strikeouts: 975
 ERA: 2.89
 Innings pitched:
 Games pitched: 1119
 4-time All-Star (1986, 1987, 1989, 1990)
 3-time NL Save Leader (1988, 1990, 1993)
 Postseason record: 2-0, one save, 1.88 ERA in 15 postseason appearances
 New York Mets 3rd team captain (2001–2004)

See also

List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders

References

External links

1960 births
Living people
Albuquerque Dukes players
American people of Italian descent
Binghamton Mets players
Cincinnati Reds players
Houston Astros players
Indianapolis Indians players
Major League Baseball pitchers
National League All-Stars
National League saves champions
New York Mets players
Norfolk Tides players
People from Gravesend, Brooklyn
San Antonio Dodgers players
Baseball players from Brooklyn
Baseball players from Staten Island
SportsNet New York people
St. John's Red Storm baseball players
St. Lucie Mets players
Vero Beach Dodgers players
Wichita Aeros players
Lafayette High School (New York City) alumni
Cotuit Kettleers players

John Franco


Johann Christian Kammsetzer or Jan Chrystian Kamsetzer (Dresden, 1753 – 25 November 1795, Warsaw) was a Dresden-born architect who was active primarily in Poland.

Life
There is a record of Kammsetzer having attended the Dresden Academy of Fine Arts in 1771. From 1773 he worked for Poland's King  Stanisław August Poniatowski.  Together with Johann Christian Schuch and Domenico Merlini, he redesigned the King's Łazienki Park in Warsaw.

He also worked for other Polish nobility, e.g., for the Raczyńskis on their Rogalin Palace, and for Ludwik Tyszkiewicz on his palace in Warsaw.

Kammsetzer died, destitute, in Warsaw.  On his deathbed he married his partner of many years, Marianna Manzet
(also spelled Manget and Manchette), with whom he had a son.

See also
List of Poles

References
"Kammsetzer, Johann Christian," Polski Słownik Biograficzny, vol. 11, Wrocław, 1964–65.

1753 births
1795 deaths
Architects from Dresden
Architects from Warsaw

Johann Christian Kammsetzer


Gülsin Onay (born 12 September 1954) is a leading Turkish concert pianist of German descent, based in Cambridge, England.

Education

Born into a musical family, Gülsin Onay began to play the piano at the age of three. Her first teacher was her mother.

When she was 6 years old, Gülsin Onay gave her first concert on TRT Radio Istanbul. At the age of 10, she received a special government scholarship under the  Üstün Yetenekli Çocuklar Kanunu (Law for Exceptionally Talented Children), which enabled her to study first in Ankara with Mithat Fenmen and Ahmed Adnan Saygun, and two years later at the Paris Conservatory, where her teachers were Pierre Sancan, Monique Haas, Pierre Fiquet and Nadia Boulanger. At the age of 16 she graduated with the Premier Prix de Piano. She continued her studies with Bernhard Ebert at the Musikhochschule Hannover.

Career

At the outset of her career Onay took prizes in leading competitions, including the Marguerite Long-Jacques Thibaud Piano Competition (Paris) and the Ferruccio Busoni International Piano Competition (Bolzano). Onay's international career has spanned 80 countries across all continents, from Venezuela to Japan. She has played with orchestras including Dresden Staatskapelle, English Chamber Orchestra, Japan Philharmonic, Munich Radio Symphony, Philharmonia Orchestra, Royal Philharmonic, St Petersburg Philharmonic, Tokyo Symphony, Warsaw Philharmonic and Vienna Symphony Orchestras, under such conductors as Vladimir Ashkenazy, Erich Bergel, Michael Boder, Andrey Boreyko, Jörg Faerber, Edward Gardner, Neeme Järvi, Emmanuel Krivine, Ingo Metzmacher, Esa-Pekka Salonen, Jose Serebrier, Vassily Sinaisky, Stanislaw Wislocki and Lothar Zagrosek. Onay's festival appearances include Berlin, Warsaw, Granada, Mozartfest Würzburg, Newport, Schleswig-Holstein and Istanbul.

An exceptional Chopin interpreter, Onay was in 2007 honoured with the award of a State Medal by the Polish nation. She is also acknowledged worldwide as the finest interpreter of the music of Ahmed Adnan Saygun, whose works feature prominently in her concerts and recordings, and whose Second Piano Concerto (which she has premiered in Turkey and abroad) was dedicated to her. Other contemporary composers who have dedicated works to her are Hubert Stuppner, Denis Dufour, Bujor Hoinic, Jean-Louis Petit, Muhiddin Dürrüoğlu and Marc-André Hamelin. She has also given premieres of concertos by Stuppner and Tabakov.

Onay holds the titles of State Artist in her native Turkey, and of soloist for the Presidential Symphony Orchestra in Ankara. She is "Artist in Residence" at Bilkent University in Ankara and holds an honorary doctorate degrees from Boğaziçi University in Istanbul, and from Hacettepe University in Ankara. The Sevda-Cenap And Music Foundation awarded its prestigious 2007 Honorary Award Gold Medal to Onay, and she was named "Pianist of the Year" in the 2011 Donizetti Classical Music Awards. In 2014 she was awarded the Honorary Medal of the 42nd Istanbul Music Festival, and the Honorary Medal of the Bodrum Music Festival in 2018.

Onay is Artistic Advisor of the Gümüşlük International Classical Music Festival.

Onay is Online Master Teacher at iClassical Academy with whom she has recorded several online Masterclasses.

Recordings

"An exceptional pianist, endowed with virtuosic brilliance and boundless energy, and an interpretive power both intelligent and emotionally sensitive", Onay has recorded 20 albums. Her 2007 CD, featuring live concert recordings of Tchaikovsky's 1st and Rachmaninov's 3rd Piano Concerto, has been acclaimed by critics and virtuosi alike. In 2008 CPO released her recording of both Saygun concertos with the Bilkent Symphony Orchestra and Howard Griffiths, to widespread critical acclaim. Most recently, the American label VAI has released a live DVD of her performances of the Grieg Concerto and the Saint-Saëns 2nd Concerto, to be followed in early 2011 by the first of two live recital DVDs, featuring her critically acclaimed performances from the Miami International Piano Festival.

Many of Ms. Onay's concerts have been broadcast on European radio and television, and in the USA on National Public Radio.

Honours

 Honorary doctorate degrees from Boğaziçi University in Istanbul, and from Hacettepe University in Ankara.
 1987 State Artist of the Republic of Turkey.
 2003 Appointed Goodwill Ambassador by the Turkish national committee of UNICEF.
 2007 Gold Cross of Merit of the Polish nation, awarded by the Polish President Lech Kaczyński for her contributions to Polish culture through her outstanding performances of the music of Chopin.
 2007 Honorary Award Medal of the Sevda-Cenap And Music Foundation.
 2011 "Pianist of the Year" Donizetti Classical Music Awards.
 2012 Melvin Jones Fellowship.
 2014 Honorary Medal of the 42nd Istanbul Music Festival.
 2018 Honorary Medal of the Bodrum Music Festival.

Other

Onay's mother is the daughter of the famous Turkish mathematician and scientist Kerim Erim. Her father is the German violinist Joachim Reusch. Onay's son Erkin Onay is a professional violinist. He is currently a concertmaster of the orchestra of the Ankara State Opera and Ballet. Onay is married to Tony Scholl, Professor of Algebra and Number Theory at Cambridge University.

References

External links

Music of Saygun

Living people
Turkish classical pianists
Turkish women pianists
State Artists of Turkey
1954 births
Turkish people of German descent
Hochschule für Musik, Theater und Medien Hannover alumni
Musicians from Istanbul
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
21st-century classical pianists
21st-century women pianists

Gülsin Onay


Prince Frederick Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (German Friedrich Josias von Sachsen-Coburg-Saalfeld) (26 December 1737 – 26 February 1815) , was a famous general of the Habsburg Emperors.

Born at Schloß Ehrenburg in Coburg, he was the youngest son of Duke Francis Josias, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Anna Sophie, Princess of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt.

Josias joined the Habsburg military as Colonel in 1759. After participating in the Seven Years' War, he rose to the rank of Lieutenant Field Marshal by 1773. In the Russo-Turkish-Austrian war of 1788, he commanded an army corps under Freiherr von Laudon, occupying Moldavia, capturing Khotyn in Bessarabia and sharing in Aleksandr Suvorov's success in the Battle of Focşani (August 1, 1789). Having completely beaten the main Ottoman army under Grand Vizier Koca Yusuf Pasha in the Battle of Rymnik, he captured the greater part of Wallachia, including Bucharest, being welcomed by the population after the flight of Prince Nicholas Mavrogenes. Soon after that, he became a Field General.

During the occupation of Moldavia, Josias met Therese Stroffeck, a regular person. On September 24, 1789, in the town of Roman, she gave birth to a son. The son's name was Frederick. Josias married Therese after their return to Coburg, on December 24. He then said that he was the father of Frederick. Frederick was ennobled by the Austrian Emperor on August 25, 1808. On February 17, 1853 the Duke Ernst II of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha created him Freiherr von Rohmann, named after the place of his birth. But Frederick, because he was born before his parents were married, did not inherit the duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.

In 1793 and 1794, Josias commanded the army in the Austrian Netherlands during the Flanders Campaign. Because of his victories in the French Revolutionary Wars (in the Battle of Neerwinden (1793) and the Battle of Aldenhoven (1794)), he returned the region to Austrian control. Entering France, he took Condé, Valenciennes, Quesnoy and Landrecies. However, due to poor positioning he suffered a string of minor setbacks. This poor positioning was caused by disunity amongst the Allied powers and their forces. His army than suffered a decisive defeat at the Battle of Fleurus (26 June).

After these losses, Josias left the Netherlands. Habsburg diplomats had already decided to give up the region, anyway. Upset by both this and  the policies of the Baron Thugut, Josias resigned as Field Marshal. The Count of Clerfayt took over the position. Josias then went to Coburg, where he later died.

1737 births
1815 deaths

Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld


Serafim Simeonov Todorov (; born 6 July 1969) is a former Bulgarian Olympic amateur boxer. He won three consecutive gold medals at both the World and European Championships, and silver at the 1996 Olympics. He is the last boxer to defeat Floyd Mayweather Jr. via decision.

Amateur career
As an amateur, Todorov won the world championships three times, in 1991 at bantamweight, and in 1993 and 1995 at featherweight. He won a silver medal at bantamweight in 1989, losing to Cuban Enrique Carrion in the final. He also won the European amateur championships in 1989 and 1991 at bantamweight, and in 1993 at featherweight.

Todorov represented Bulgaria at the 1988, 1992 and 1996 Olympic Games. In 1992 he lost in the quarter-finals to North Korean Li Gwang-Sik.

At the 1996 Summer Olympics, Todorov qualified to the semi-finals where he met the then 19-year-old American, Floyd Mayweather Jr. Todorov won by a 10–9 margin, although many observers felt that Mayweather won the fight. The referee initially raised Mayweather's hand at the end of the fight. Todorov went on to the final where he lost to Somluck Kamsing from Thailand and settled for the silver medal. The majority of people believe Emil Jetchev, the Bulgarian chairman of the international referees' and judges' commission, had orchestrated Todorov's victory. Jetchev was forced to retire following the fight due to the allegations and involvement of foul play. Todorov does not deny the possibility, but says that Jetchev also orchestrated his unfair loss to Kamsing in the final.

Olympic results
1992 (at bantamweight)
Defeated John Sem (Papua New Guinea) 11–0
Defeated Joseph Chongo (Zambia) 18–6
Lost to Li Gwang-Sik (North Korea) 15–16

1996 (at featherweight)
Defeated Yevheniy Shestakov (Ukraine) 11–4
Defeated Robbie Peden (Australia) 20–8
Defeated Falk Huste (Germany) 14–6
Defeated Floyd Mayweather Jr. (United States) 10–9
Lost to Somluck Kamsing (Thailand) 5–8

Later life
Soon after his victory over Mayweather, Todorov rejected a lucrative offer from a group of American boxing promoters. He believed that if he had won the gold medal match in 1996, the Bulgarian Boxing Federation would provide more financially than the proposed contract would have. However, he received little support and decided to switch nationalities and represent Turkey at the 1997 World Amateur Boxing Championships. The Bulgarian Boxing Federation barred this move, and Todorov refused to represent his native country, ending his amateur boxing career by 2003. As of 2015, Todorov lives in Pazardzhik.

As of 2015, Serafim, a feature-length documentary film about Todorov's life has been in production. The film, directed by Robert Kolodny, is slated to be released in 2022. The nonfiction piece covers his early years, controversy at the Olympics and what his life has become since then.

References

External links

1969 births
Boxers at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Boxers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Boxers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Turkish male boxers
Bulgarian people of Turkish descent
Bulgarian people of Romani descent
Living people
Olympic boxers for Bulgaria
Olympic silver medalists for Bulgaria
Olympic medalists in boxing
People from Peshtera
Bulgarian male boxers
AIBA World Boxing Championships medalists
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Bantamweight boxers

Serafim Todorov


Canadian Forces Northern Area Headquarters (CFNA HQ) Whitehorse is a detachment of the Canadian Forces, based approximately  south of Whitehorse, Yukon.

Canada's military has operated in the area since the days of the famous volunteer Yukon Field Force, established by the Non-Permanent Active Militia in 1898, to help the North-West Mounted Police maintain law and order during the Gold Rush.

With the creation of the Alaska Highway through the region in 1942, Whitehorse developed into an important regional centre for communication and transportation. However, it was not until 1970 that the newly formed Canadian Forces established a permanent military presence in the area with the formation of the Northern Area Detachment at a base near Whitehorse, as well as another in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, CFNA HQ Yellowknife.

CFNA HQ Whitehorse is frequently used for cadet training in the summer months.

External links
Joint Task Force (North) Detachment Yukon

Canadian Forces bases in Yukon
1970 establishments in Canada
Whitehorse

Canadian Forces Northern Area Headquarters Whitehorse


Marchitecture (or Marketecture) is a portmanteau of the words marketing and architecture. The term is applied to any form of electronic architecture, especially software, perceived to have been produced purely for marketing reasons. It may be used by a vendor to place itself in such a way as to promote all their strongest abilities whilst simultaneously masking their weaknesses.

The term Marketecture is also used in the context of an abstract description of a complex system, such as a distributed software system, for the purpose of discussion and analysis. In his book Essential Software Architecture, Ian Gorton describes it as

[A marketecture] is one page, typically informal depiction of the system's structure and interactions. It shows the major components, their relationships and has a few well chosen labels and text boxes that portray the design philosophies embodied in the architecture. A marketecture is an excellent vehicle for facilitating discussion by stakeholders during design, build, review, and of course the sales process. It's easy to understand and explain, and serves as a starting point for deeper analysis.

References

External links
 Marketecture definition from Word Spy
 Software Architecture: The Difference between Marketecture and Tarchitecture (sample chapter) from Beyond Software Architecture: Creating and Sustaining Winning Solutions () by Luke Hohmann
 Essential Software Architecture () by Ian Gorton
 Architecture Marchitecture

Technology neologisms
Promotion and marketing communications
Software architecture

Marchitecture


Christian terrorism is a form of terrorism where the terrorists claim their motivations lie in their Christian religion.  Very often, such groups use the Old Testament or the New Testament scriptures to legitimize their actions. Sometimes, the religious violence arises from different Christian groups fighting for dominance.

Christian terrorism