Might and Magic VII: For Blood and Honor is a role-playing game for Windows published in 1999 by 3DO and developed by New World Computing; it was re-released in 2011 on GOG.com. The game follows on from both the events of Heroes of Might and Magic III (a prequel to For Blood and Honor), and those of Might and Magic VI: The Mandate of Heaven. Players form a party of four characters who win a castle in a scavenger hunt and soon become embroiled in political events on the continent of Antagarich, on the world of Enroth, before eventually choosing one of two paths and working alongside a number of characters, whose storyline continues on from the events of Might and Magic III: Isles of Terra. The game, Might and Magic VIII: Day of the Destroyer is a sequel to Blood and Honor.

Gameplay
While much of the gameplay remains the same as it was in Mandate of Heaven, a few improvements and changes were made to a number of prominent parts of the game. Character creation in Blood and Honor received an update from its predecessor by now allowing players to choose a race for each character out of the following four - Dwarves, Elves, Goblins and Humans - while also adding in three new classes to choose from alongside the pre-existing ones - Thief, Monk and Ranger. The skill system also received a major change, with the inclusion of new skills and a new level of expertise - Grandmaster - but also becoming more restrictive than that of the previous title; a character's class not only determines what skills they can learn but now also puts a cap on the level of expertise it can be trained to, meaning that while a Thief could become a Master of the Sword Skill, a Knight can train the skill up to Grandmaster. The change to the skill system, also affects the Magic system of the game, in that while some spells have been removed and new ones included, a character's level of expertise in a school of magic determines what spells can be learned, with weaker spells gaining more bonuses upon training to higher levels of expertise; an example of this new system comes with the "Fly" spell, which only Masters of Air magic can learn, but who can gain the benefit of not draining magic points upon attaining Grandmaster of Air. Along with these changes, the game includes an update to the graphical appearances of enemy sprites, character models and items.

Beside the changes, the game features new additions. The first is the inclusion of making two notable choices, in regards to the political conflict between the elves and humans within the story. While one choice encountered is entirely optional but can determine the fate of their party's realm if completed within a set time limit, the other has a more profound impact on the story and is mandatory; the player has to make a decision on this choice in order to progress in the game's story. This ultimate choice, in regards to finding a successor to Harmondale's Arbiter (the game's version of the Seer from the previous title), defines which path - Light or Dark - the party takes for the rest of the game, affecting certain aspects. Along with a minor but permanent change of colour on the game display (white for Light, black for Dark), a number of additional quests become available for their chosen alignment, while the city of that respective path is friendly to the party and their rival is not; if Light is chosen, guards in all Darkness-aligned towns become hostile towards the player and vice versa. One major noticeable effect of this choice comes down to the Promotion quest system; while characters can earn a promotion to a more advanced tier of their chosen class without taking a path, proceeding to the second and final tier does requires such a choice, effectively leaving such promotions unavailable until later in the game, while determining what sort of quest they get in order to earn it and the title they receive as a result. For example, a Paladin who becomes a Crusader can later become either a Hero if they choose the Light path or a Villain if they chose the Dark path.

The other major addition to the game is the minigame of Arcomage, which is tied into two side-quests, in which players have to obtain a set of Arcomage cards and then play the game in all of the taverns in Antagarich. When playing the minigame, both sides having their towers pre-set to a certain height, are given a wall, and then achieve one of two specific victory conditions set out by each tavern: either get a tower to a certain height, or destroy your opponent's tower. Players take turns to either play a card, or discard it, until one side achieves victory via one of the conditions set out.

Story

Setting
The game takes place on the world of Enroth, across the continent of Antagarich. The continent is divided up into several regions, including the elven lands of Avlee and Tularean Forest, the barrens of Deyja which house the necromancer stronghold of The Pit, the swamps and snow-capped mountains of Tatalia, the Bracada desert and the cloud city of Celeste, Mount Nighon, the islands of Emerald Isle and Evernmorn, the dwarven lands of the Barrow Downs, the human kingdom of Erathia, and the realm of Harmondale. By the time the game starts, the aftermath of the war in Heroes of Might and Magic III has led the elves of Avlee and the humans of Erathia in a political dispute on the boundaries of Harmondale, with tensions slowly increasing.

Plot
Following the events of Might and Magic III, the eight heroes of Terra - Sir Caneghem, Crag Hack, Maximus, Resurectra, Dark Shade, Kastore, Robert the Wise and Tolberti - attempted to pilot a seedship known as the "Lincoln" in pursuit of the Guardians, Corak and Sheltem, who were en route for the world of Xeen. However, an unknown problem occurred that caused the Terrans to drift off-course and eventually crash-land in the seas near Antagarich, on Enroth. At around the same time, two war parties, one of elves and the other of goblins, break off fighting each other when the eight heroes emerge from the sea in strange outfits. Both sides witness the heroes arguing over their mission before eventually splitting up into two separate parties and departing. While elves report what they saw to their leader, Gavin Magnus, the Immortal King of Celeste, the goblins report the same thing to  Archibald Ironfist, the brother of King Roland and leader of the Necromancers of Deyja after forging an alliance with them shortly after fleeing from Enroth, when the adventurers of Might and Magic VI, taking residence in Antagarich to plan his next move.  Intrigued with what they hear, the pair order a search for the strange beings.

Meanwhile, on the Emerald Isles, the wealthy Lord Markham organises a scavenger hunt, with first prize being the deeds to the Castle of Harmondale and its surrounding lands. A new party of four player characters takes up the challenge and wins the competition, becoming the new Lords of Harmondale, only to discover upon arriving to their new home that the castle fell into a dreadful state of dilapidation. After clearing out some unwelcome guests, and getting help from Hothfarr IX, king of the dwarves of Stone City, to repair their castle, the new Lords soon return to their restored castle only to find diplomats waiting for them, each representing either the human kingdom of Erathia or the elven kingdom of Avlee and asking the party to meet each kingdom's leader: King Eldrich Parson, leader of the elves of Avlee, and Queen Catherine Ironfist, leader of the humans of Erathia. Through them, the party learn why Markham was offering Harmondale as a prize; unbeknown to them, their new home lay in disputed territory that both Avlee and Erathia had laid a claim on, and has now resulted in both battles between both kingdoms, despite the efforts of an Arbiter in the matter, Judge Grey.

Having noticed that Castle Harmondale had been restored by the party, both Catherine and Eldrich each asks them to help in their dispute against the other by performing a feat of espionage that can gain them an advantage. The party find themselves either doing so within a period of a month, or letting their rival know of what they were asked to do.  Eventually a major fight between the two kingdoms erupts in the Tularen Forest over who gets to take an important artifact - Gryphonheart's Trumpet. In managing to get it before the conflict ends (if the player arrives in time to learn of the battle), the party face the decision of handing it over to one of the leaders, granting that kingdom victory in the conflict, or pass it on to Grey, thus granting Harmondale independence from both kingdoms. A few months after the war began, Judge Grey passes away from natural causes, leaving the party to find a suitable candidate. Faced to decide between either Judge Fairweather, a representative of the wizards of Bracada, or Judge Sleen, a representative of the necromancers of Deyja, the party's choice eventually decides on the outcome of the war. If Judge Sleen is chosen, the war worsens and the necromancers use the corpses of the fallen to make an undead army, but if Judge Fairweather is chosen, the humans and elves come to a peaceful agreement and thus end their war over Harmondale. Following this, the party go to the city of their chosen "path" and meet with that city's leader, finding themselves undertaking a trial before meeting with their four advisers. Upon completing the trial, they soon find themselves working on a series of tasks for the advisers, who eventually reveal themselves as off-worlders and the Terrans that arrived on Enroth.

What was witnessed by the war parties of elves and goblins was not the full story - when the Terrans emerged from the sea, they soon fell into disagreement over their mission. While Resurectra, Robert the Wise, Crag Hack and Sir Caneghem, wanted to build a forgotten Gate created by the Ancients, capable of allowing them to reach the two warring Guardians and perhaps even the enigmatic Ancients themselves, the others, Kastore, Tolberti, Dark Shade and Maximus, wanted to revive the Ancients' broken Heavenly Forge, capable of creating futuristic weaponry beyond compare, and use it to conquer Enroth.  Eventually, the two groups separated into two parties - one "good" and one "evil" - and began exploring Antagarich, but not before each party set up a trap on the "Lincoln" to prevent the other side from gaining control over it. While Kastore led the "evil" party and eventually secured places in Deyja beside Archibald in order to continue to research a way to revive the Forge, Resurectra led the "good" party and formed an alliance with Gavin in order to complete the Gate, with both finding that needed champions to get control of the seedship and recover an important device known as Oscillation Overthruster, to complete their instrument of victory.

Before the party can retrieve the device needed by Resurectra/Kastore, they first find themselves having do battle against the diabolical Kreegans (the devil-like race that featured in Might and Magic VI) and eliminate their monarch, Xenofex. Travelling to the Land of the Giants, the party soon receive a message from Archibald upon arrival, informing them that (regardless of their alignment) Kastore deposed him and took control of the Necromancers. Having become weary and guilt-ridden for his past crimes, he asks the players to enter the Kreegan's fortress and rescue Roland, in the hopes it will lift a death sentence put on him by Catherine. Rescuing Roland and defeating Xenofex, the party watch as the Ironfists reunite, before Archibald renounces his claim to Enroth's throne and departs in peace (which leads on into Heroes of Might and Magic III: Armageddon's Blade).

With the Kreegan dealt a blow, the party soon receive wetsuits from Resurectra/Kastore, and venture into the "Lincoln" battling droids and finally retrieving the Osciliation Overthruster. The story ends depending on the party's chosen alignment. If Light, Resurectra's party uses the Overthruster to complete the Gate, thus being transported to a neighbouring space station where the party meets Corak (that is, a second C.O.R.A.K. module Guardian - another appeared throughout Might and Magic II-V) who reveals the nature of the Ancients' war. If dark, Kastore's party uses it to revive the Heavenly Forge, thus producing an endless supply of futuristic weaponry capable of dominating the world. This ending was planned to be canonical, leading into the events of Heroes of Might and Magic III: Armageddon's Blade.

Reception

The game received favorable reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings. Aaron John Loeb of NextGen said, "If you have a burning hunger for a new RPG, Might and Magic VII offers a fine quick fix, but you don't get anything more than you'd expect."

The game was nominated for Computer Games Strategy Plus and Computer Gaming Worlds 1999 "Role-Playing Game of the Year" awards, both of which ultimately went to Planescape: Torment.

References

External links

Might & Magic 7 Shrine
Sergey "GrayFace" Rozhenko Homepage Unofficial patch repairing various problems and adding few new features

1999 video games
Might and Magic
New World Computing games
Role-playing video games
The 3DO Company games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games with gender-selectable protagonists
Video games scored by Paul Romero
Video game sequels
Windows games
Windows-only games
Science fantasy video games
First-person party-based dungeon crawler video games
Single-player video games


The Stream X-machine (SXM) is a model of computation introduced by Gilbert Laycock in his 1993 PhD thesis, The Theory and Practice of Specification Based Software Testing.
Based on Samuel Eilenberg's X-machine, an extended finite-state machine for processing data of the type X,  the Stream X-Machine is a kind of X-machine for processing a memory data type Mem with associated input and output streams In* and Out*, that is, where X = Out* × Mem × In*.  The transitions of a Stream X-Machine are labelled by functions of the form φ: Mem × In → Out × Mem, that is, which compute an output value and update the memory, from the current memory and an input value.

Although the general X-machine had been identified in the 1980s as a potentially useful formal model for specifying software systems, it was not until the emergence of the Stream X-Machine that this idea could be fully exploited.  Florentin Ipate and Mike Holcombe went on to develop a theory of complete functional testing,<ref
  name="HolIp98">Mike Holcombe and Florentin Ipate (1998)
  Correct systems - building a business process solution.
  Applied Computing Series.
  Berlin: Springer-Verlag.</ref> in which complex software systems with hundreds of thousands of states and millions of transitions could be decomposed into separate SXMs that could be tested exhaustively, with a guaranteed proof of correct integration.

Because of the intuitive interpretation of Stream X-Machines as "processing agents with inputs and outputs", they have attracted increasing interest, because of their utility in modelling real-world phenomena.  The SXM model has important applications in fields as diverse as computational biology, software testing and agent-based computational economics.

The Stream X-Machine
A Stream X-Machine (SXM) is an extended finite-state machine with auxiliary memory, inputs and outputs.  It is a variant of the general X-machine, in which the fundamental data type X = Out* × Mem × In*, that is, a tuple consisting of an output stream,  the memory and an input stream. A SXM separates the control flow of a system from the processing carried out by the system.  The control is modelled by a finite-state machine (known as the associated automaton) whose transitions are labelled with processing functions chosen from a set Φ (known as the type of the machine), which act upon the fundamental data type.

Each processing function in Φ is a partial function, and can be considered to have the type φ: Mem × In → Out × Mem, where Mem is the memory type, and In and Out are respectively the input and output types.  In any given state, a transition is enabled if the domain of the associated function φi includes the next input value and the current memory state.  If (at most) one transition is enabled in a given state, the machine is deterministic.  Crossing a transition is equivalent to applying the associated function φi, which consumes one input, possibly modifies the memory and produces one output.  Each recognised path through the machine therefore generates a list φ1 ... φn of functions, and the SXM composes these functions together to generate a relation on the fundamental data type |φ1 ... φn|: X → X.

Relationship to X-machines
The Stream X-Machine is a variant of X-machine in which the fundamental data type X = Out* × Mem × In*.  In the original X-machine, the φi are general relations on X.  In the Stream X-Machine, these are usually restricted to functions; however the SXM is still only deterministic if (at most) one transition is enabled in each state.

A general X-machine handles input and output using a prior encoding function α: Y → X for input, and a posterior decoding function β: X → Z for output, where Y and Z are respectively the input and output types.  In a Stream X-Machine, these types are streams:

  Y = In*
  Z = Out*

and the encoding and decoding functions are defined as:

  α(ins) = (<>, mem0, ins)
  β(outs, memn, <>) = outs

where ins: In*, outs: Out* and memi: Mem.  In other words, the machine is initialized with the whole of the input stream; and the decoded result is the whole of the output stream, provided the input stream is eventually consumed (otherwise the result is undefined).

Each processing function in a SXM is given the abbreviated type φSXM: Mem × In → Out × Mem.  This can be mapped onto a general X-machine relation of the type φ: X → X if we treat this as computing:

  φ(outs, memi, in :: ins) = (outs :: out, memi+1, ins)

where :: denotes concatenation of an element and a sequence.  In other words, the relation extracts the head of the input stream, modifies memory and appends a value to the tail of the output stream.

Processing and Testable Properties
Because of the above equivalence, attention may focus on the way a Stream X-Machine processes inputs into outputs, using an auxiliary memory.  Given an initial memory state mem0 and an input stream ins, the machine executes in a step-wise fashion, consuming one input at a time, and generating one output at a time.  Provided that (at least) one recognised path path = φ1 ... φn exists leading to a state in which the input has been consumed, the machine yields a final memory state memn and an output stream outs.  In general, we can think of this as the relation computed by all recognised paths:  | path | : In* → Out*. This is often called the behaviour of the Stream X-Machine.

The behaviour is deterministic, if (at most) one transition is enabled in each state.  This property, and the ability to control how the machine behaves in a step-wise fashion in response to inputs and memory, makes it an ideal model for the specification of software systems.  If the specification and implementation are both assumed to be Stream X-Machines, then the implementation may be tested for conformance to the specification machine, by observing the inputs and outputs at each step.  Laycock first highlighted the utility of single-step processing with observations for testing purposes.

Holcombe and Ipate developed this into a practical theory of software testing which was fully compositional, scaling up to very large systems.  A proof of correct integration guarantees that  testing each component and each integration layer separately corresponds to testing the whole system.  This divide-and-conquer approach makes exhaustive testing feasible for large systems.

The testing method is described in a separate article on the Stream X-Machine testing methodology.

See also
 X-machines, a general description of the X-machine model, including a simple example.
 The Stream X-Machine Testing Methodology, a complete functional testing technique. Using this methodology, it is possible to identify a finite set of tests that exhaustively determine whether an implementation matches its specification. The technique overcomes formal undecidability limitations by insisting that users apply carefully specified design for test principles during implementation.
 Communicating Stream X-Machines (CSXMs), a concurrent version of the SXM model, with applications in fields ranging from social insects to economics.

External links
 The MOTIVE project, using SXM techniques to generate test sets for object-oriented software.
 The EURACE project, an application of CSXM techniques to agent-based computational economics.
 x-machines.net, a site describing the background to X-machine research.
 Mike (Prof. W.M.L.) Holcombe's web page at Sheffield University.

References

Theory of computation
Models of computation
Software testing

Stream X-Machine


Dorit Beinisch (; born February 28, 1942) was the 9th president of the Supreme Court of Israel. Appointed on September 14, 2006, after the retirement of Aharon Barak, she served in this position until February 28, 2012. She was the first woman to serve as president of the Israeli Supreme Court.

Background
Dorit Werba was born in Tel Aviv. Her father, Aharon Werba, a civil servant, immigrated to Palestine from Poland in 1933. Her mother, Chava, was a kindergarten teacher in Tel Aviv. Beinisch served in the Israeli Defense Forces, where she reached the rank of lieutenant. She studied law at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, completing her Bachelor of Laws degree (LL.B.) in 1967. Two years later she completed her Master of Laws (LL.M.) summa cum laude,  at the same university, while apprenticing in the Justice Ministry. In 1964, she married Yeheskell Beinisch, a Jerusalem lawyer. They have two daughters and five grandchildren.

Beinisch was awarded honorary Doctor of Philosophy degrees by the Hebrew University in Jerusalem in June 2010, and Ben-Gurion University in May 2012, as well as an Honorary Fellowship by The Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya.

On November 12, 2012, she was awarded  Doctor of Philosophy "honoris causa" degree from the Weizmann Institute of Science.
Beinisch was awarded "Doctor of Humane Letters-Honoris Causa"by The "Hebrew Union College"Jerusalem, on November 14th,2012.
Dorit Beinisch is a member as an Officer at The French "National Order of the Legion of Honour" since December 17, 2012. On December 30, 2012, Beinisch was awarded as a knight of The Movement for Quality Government in Israel.

On May 8, 2013, Beinisch was awarded "Honorary Citizen of Jerusalem". On June 13, she was awarded "Honorary Fellowship" by the Tel Aviv-Yafo Academic College. In May 2015 Beinisch received an honorary award from The Holon Technological Institute. Beinisch was nominated in May 2013 as The Chancellor of the Open University of Israel and chairwoman of its Council.
In March 2023, Beinisch was named as "honorary citizen of Tel Aviv -Yaffo".

From 2012–2014, she taught a seminar on national security judging at the Center on Law and Security (CLS) with Samuel Rascoff and Andrew Weissmann at NYU Law as a distinguished global fellow and a senior fellow.

Beinisch is a critic of the Israeli government's judicial reform initiative, citing that it threatens the independence of the judiciary.

Legal career
Beinisch joined the Ministry of Justice in 1967, doing her legal internship in the legislation department. She served in the Ministry of Justice for 28 years, holding senior positions to which women in Israel had never been appointed before.

State Attorney's Office (1967–1995)
Between 1967 and 1969, Beinisch served as Assistant in the Jerusalem District Attorney's Office until she completed her master's degree, moving up in 1970 to become Senior Assistant to the State Attorney.

From 1976 to 1982, she served as the Director of the Department of Constitutional and Administrative Law in the State Attorney's Office. She represented the state before the Supreme Court in constitutional and administrative cases.

From 1982 through 1988 she served as the Deputy State Attorney. She played an instrumental role in prosecuting some of the state's most difficult cases. She collected evidence for the Kahan commission which investigated the Sabra and Shatila massacre. During the prosecution of the Gush Emunim Underground she received threats to her life.

Beinisch served as the State Attorney of Israel from 1989 to 1995, the first woman in Israel to hold this position. In this position, she directed all government litigation in all levels of courts, took part in forming the State's policy in criminal, constitutional and civil fields, and was responsible for all the professional aspects of legal representation of the state of Israel in the courts.

She supervised the lengthy investigation, trial and eventual conviction of then Shas Party chairman and former interior minister Aryeh Deri. She represented the state before the Supreme Court in significant constitutional, administrative and criminal law cases. For example, in the late 1980s,  she headed the struggle in the Supreme Court that led to the banning of the far right-wing Kach party from the Knesset. She refused to represent Yitzhak Rabin's government in the High Court when a petition was filed against its decision to deport 415 Hamas members to Lebanon.

Beinisch fought for her professional and legal views on controversial issues, such as the Kav 300 affair in 1984. Appointed to handle the case by then attorney general Yitzhak Zamir, Beinisch, together with two other prosecutors, fought against the government and the Shin Bet to expose lies, resulting in rumors that she was having an affair with one of the Shin Bet agents and threats against her life.

Supreme Court Justice (1995–2005)
Beinisch was appointed as a Justice of Israel's Supreme Court in December 1995. She served as chair of the Central Elections Commission.

President of Supreme Court (2006–2012)
In September 2006 Beinisch was sworn in as President of the Supreme Court of Israel, after being voted in unanimously, becoming the first woman in Israel to hold this position. As President of the Supreme Court, she was the head of the Israeli judiciary and responsible for managing the court system. She believed that one of her primary tasks as President of the Supreme Court was to safeguard the independence of the Israeli court system and ensure its apolitical character.

In her rulings, Beinisch emphasized the same principles that she fought for during her public career, together with her belief regarding the role of the Supreme Court in a democratic society to protect human and civil rights, with special attention to the rights of women and children, socially vulnerable populations, and immigrant workers. Beinisch emphasized the importance of judicial review of the activities of the executive branch, including the military, as well as the importance of following the rule of law and the principle of non-discriminatory law enforcement, and preserving every person's right of access to court.

On January 27, 2010, Beinisch was injured when a 52-year-old man named Pinchas Cohen hurled his sneaker at her during a hearing on medical marijuana, hitting her between the eyes, breaking her glasses and knocking her off her chair. Cohen was disgruntled with the legal system over a family court decision four years earlier and has a violent history. He was arrested and later apologized for his act, and stated that he hoped she was well.

Landmark rulings

Beinisch has focused on government corruption and to ensuring that government institutions adhere to the law, with a particular emphasis placed on the Defence Forces, the police and general security services.

In 2004 Beinisch criticized the use of expedited legislative mechanisms, often used by the Knesset to legislate various economic laws and reforms. She ruled that although judicial review of the legislative process in Israeli does not recognize a ground of lack of "legislative due process", the Court would intervene if there is a defect in the legislative process that "goes to the heart of the process." Such a defect is one that involves a severe and substantial violation of the basic principles of the legislative process in Israel's parliamentary and constitutional system.

In a 2006 case concerning a detainee's right to legal counsel, the Supreme Court acquitted a soldier convicted of using drugs on the basis of his own confession, because the military policeman who interrogated him did not inform him of his right to consult with an attorney.

In this decision, Beinisch ruled that in view of the normative change in the Israeli legal system introduced by the Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty, and in the absence of legislation on this issue, the time has come to adopt a case law doctrine of inadmissibility for illegally obtained evidence. She also held that the appropriate doctrine for the Israeli legal system to adopt is not an absolute one, but a relative doctrine which allows the court to exclude illegally obtained evidence at its discretion. In the specific case of the appellant, the failure to inform him of his right to consult a lawyer was intentional, and this was a significant factor in Beinisch's decision to exclude the confessions he made in the interrogation.

The same year, in one of her most famous and controversial rulings as a justice, she ruled that parents cannot use corporal punishment, writing that corporal punishment violates the child's right to dignity and bodily integrity.

Some of her most important rulings have dealt safeguarding human rights while addressing pressing security needs, primarily in cases concerning Israel's activities in the occupied Palestinian territories. In a 2005 ruling against the Israeli army's use of "human shields" she concurred with then-President Aharon Barak that the practice of sending in a local Palestinian ahead of Israeli troops during arrest raids endangered his life, violated his free will and his human dignity.

In a judgment rendered in September 2007 concerning the separation fence being built by Israel, Beinisch ruled that the military commander did not exercise his discretion in a proportionate manner and that he must alter the route of the fence in regards to a segment near the Palestinian village of Bil'in. In her judgment, Beinisch accepted the military commander's claim that the fence in Bil'in area was built for reasons of national security. Nevertheless, she held that the military commander had determined the route of the fence while taking into account the future construction plans for new Israeli neighborhoods near this area. These planned neighborhoods do not constitute a vital security need, and hence cannot be taken into account when determining the route of the fence. Thus, Beinisch concluded, the route of the fence in the Bil'in area did not meet the proportionality requirement.

In 2007, a petition was brought before the Supreme Court regarding the government's decision to protect the schools in Israeli cities from attacks by "Qassam" rockets fired from the Gaza Strip. In light of this decision, the authorities adopted a protection plan under which only some of the classrooms were protected. Beinisch ruled that the decision not to fully protect the main classrooms of children in grades 4-12 was extremely unreasonable. It was held that the court would intervene — albeit on rare occasions and with restraint — even in decisions concerning the professional discretion of the authority or the budgets allocated by it, if these decisions depart in an extreme manner from the margin of reasonableness given to the administrative authority.

In 2008, Beinisch ruled on interpretation of the Unlawful Combatants Law and the extent to which the law is consistent with international humanitarian law. In her leading judgment, she wrote that the administrative detention of an "unlawful combatant" significantly violates his right to personal liberty. This was consistent with the basic outlook that prevails in the Israeli legal system, according to which it is preferable to uphold a statute by interpretive means wherever possible, rather than to declare it void for constitutional reasons.

Several appeals were brought before the Supreme Court challenging specific internment orders that were made under the Unlawful Combatants Law. In her leading judgment, Beinisch wrote that there is no doubt that the administrative detention of an "unlawful combatant" significantly violates the right to personal liberty. While holding the law constitutional, she held that in view of the extent of the violation of personal liberty and of the extreme nature of the measure of detention provided in the law, an interpretive effort should be made in order to minimize, in so far as possible, the violation of the right to liberty so that it is commensurate with the need to achieve the security purpose, and not in excess thereof. Beinisch also held that the provisions of the statute should be interpreted, in so far as possible, in a manner consistent with the accepted norms of international law.

In 2009, Beinisch issued a precedent-setting ruling on the unconstitutional nature of the privatization of prisons. In this judgement, a panel of nine justices led by Beinisch struck down Amendment 28 to the Prison Ordinance, which calls for the creation of a prison in Israel to be managed and operated by a private corporation. She concluded that the Amendment violates the constitutional rights to personal freedom and human dignity. In her ruling, Beinisch stressed that although Amendment 28 was enacted out of a desire to improve the detention conditions of prisoners in Israel, the main purpose behind the Amendment was an economic one, reflecting a desire to save as much money as possible for the State. In this context, she stressed in her ruling that although the Supreme Court does not generally intervene in the government's and the Knesset's economic policies, when it comes to legislation affecting the most basic constitutional rights, the fact that an economic rationale may have motivated the legislation does not prevent the Court from passing judgment on the law.

In May 2012, the court ruled that employers who pay female employees a significantly lower salary than their male counterparts will bear the burden of proof in case they are accused of discrimination, thus strengthening women's workplace rights. In Beinisch's ruling, the High Court stated that a woman suing for discrimination will not have to prove she was deprived of pay because of her gender, but only show there is a significant difference in salaries. At this point, the burden of proof would lie with the employer who, in his part, will have to convince that there is a legitimate reason for the salary and that the employee was not discriminated. Moreover, the High Court recognized that at times, women have less leverage than men at negotiating pay; therefore, claims that a pay was negotiated freely before hiring the worker will not be enough to justify the extensive gaps.

Beinisch has also written some remarkable dissenting opinions. In a case dealing with former President of State, Moshe Katzav she held in a minority opinion that the plea-bargain agreement - formulated by the Attorney General and the former President of Israel over sexual abuse charges - should be canceled because the details of that bargain contravened administrative principles and were against the public interest. In another case, Beinisch held, in a minority opinion, that the total ban on political advertisements in television and radio broadcasts is invalid because there is no explicit authorization in the primary legislation for such an excessive limitation on freedom of political expression.

See also
Israeli judicial system

References

Living people
1942 births
Chief justices of the Supreme Court of Israel
Lawyers from Tel Aviv
Israeli people of Polish-Jewish descent
Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Law alumni
Israeli women judges
Israeli soldiers
State Attorneys of Israel

Dorit Beinisch


Prentice Mulford (April 5, 1834 – c. May 30, 1891) was an American literary humorist and California author.  In addition, he was pivotal in the development of the thought within the New Thought movement. Many of the principles that would become standard in the movement, including the Law of Attraction, were clearly laid out in his Your Forces and How to Use Them, released as a series of essays during 1886–1892.

Biography
Prentice Mulford was born in Sag Harbor, New York, in 1834, and in 1856 sailed to California where he would spend the next 16 years. During this time, Mulford spent several years in mining towns, trying to find his fortune in gold, copper, or silver. After leaving the mining life, Mulford ran for a position on the California State Assembly in Sacramento. Although he was nominated, he ultimately lost the election. He returned to San Francisco and began writing for a weekly newspaper, The Golden Era. Mulford spent five years as a writer and editor for various papers and was named by many San Franciscans a "Bohemian" because of his disregard for money. Mulford states in his autobiography, "poverty argued for us possession of more brains" (Prentice Mulford's Story 130). He became known for his humorous style of writing and vivid descriptions of both mining life and life at sea. In 1872 Mulford returned to New York City, where he became known as a comic lecturer, a poet and essayist, and a columnist for The New York Daily Graphic from 1875 to 1881. Mulford was also instrumental in the founding, along with other notable writers, of the popular philosophy New Thought.  Mulford's book Thoughts are Things served as a guide to this new belief system and is still popular today.

His body was found lying in a boat in Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn, on May 30, 1891, where it had been drifting for several days. He was buried in his family's private vault in Sag Harbor, and later moved to Oakland Cemetery there.

Partial works
Thoughts are Things (1889)
Your Forces and How to Use Them (In six volumes, published in 1888)
The Swamp Angel, 1888
The Gift of Understanding
Gift of the Spirit (1904) 1st edition- with an introduction by Arthur Edward Waite
Gift of Spirit (1917 2nd revised ed.)
Thought Forces Essays Selected from the White Cross Library (1913)
The God in You, 1918
Prentice Mulford's Story: Life by Land and Sea (1889)

References

External links

 Library of Congress page on Mulford
 Prentice Mulford's work on the Law of Attraction
 California Legacy Radio Anthology  - provides access to radio scripts containing excerpts from Prentice Mulford's Story
 New Thought Movement homepage
 1905 National Magazine article with photos
 3 short radio episodes: "Canned Oysters" from California Culinary Experiences, 1869; "Piquant Sauce" and "Spelling" from The Prentice Mulford Story, or Life by Land and Sea, 1889. California Legacy Project.

1834 births
1891 deaths
American humorists
New Thought writers
People from Sag Harbor, New York

Prentice Mulford


Gianni Amelio (born 20 January 1945) is an Italian film director.

Early life
Amelio was born in San Pietro di Magisano, province of Catanzaro, Calabria. His father moved to Argentina soon after his birth. He spent his youth and adolescence with his mother and his grandmother. The absence of a paternal figure would be a constant in Amelio's future works.

During his university studies of philosophy in Messina, Amelio got interested in cinema, writing as film critic for a local magazine. In 1965 he moved to Rome, where he worked as operator and assistant director for figures such as Liliana Cavani and Vittorio De Seta. He also worked for television, directing documentaries and advertisements.

Amelio's first important work is the TV film La città del sole, directed in 1973 for RAI TV and inspired to Tommaso Campanella's work. This was followed by Bertolucci secondo il cinema (1976) a documentary about 1900 shooting, and the thriller Effetti speciali. Two years later he directed the mystery La morte al lavoro, which won prizes at Locarno and Hyères festivals. The Little Archimedes (Il piccolo Archimede) of 1979 was also critically acclaimed.

In 1982 he debuted for cinema proper with Blow to the Heart (Colpire al cuore), about Italian terrorism, presented at the Venice Film Festival. In 1987 Amelio released I ragazzi di via Panisperna, about the lives of 1930 Italian physicists such as Enrico Fermi and Edoardo Amaldi, which won the award for best screenplay at the Bari Film Festival. 1989's Open Doors (Porte aperte), featuring Gian Maria Volonté, confirmed Amelio's status as one of Italy's best film directors and won a nomination as Best Foreign Film at 1991 Academy Awards. The film received also four Felix, two Silver Ribbon, four David di Donatello and three Golden Globes awards.

Also successful was The Stolen Children (Il ladro di bambini) in 1992, which won the Special Prize of Jury at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival plus two Silver Ribbon and 5 David di Donatello. In 1994 Lamerica, about Albanian immigration in Italy, repeated the fate and the success, with 2 Silver Ribbons and 3 Davids. Four years later, The Way We Laughed (Così ridevano) won the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival. Amelio gained another Silver Ribbon as best director for The Keys to the House (Le chiavi di casa), inspired to a novel by Giuseppe Pontiggia, of 2004.

Amelio was a member of jury at the Cannes Film Festival in 1995. In 2006 he released his eighth feature film, The Missing Star (La stella che non c'è), featuring Sergio Castellitto. From 2009 to 2012 he has been director of Torino Film Festival, Turin.

Amelio came out as gay late in life, shortly before the release of his 2014 documentary Happy to be Different.

Filmography
 La città del sole (1973, TV)
 Effetti speciali (1974, TV)
 Bertolucci secondo il cinema (1976, TV)
 La morte al lavoro (1978, TV)
 The Little Archimedes (1979, TV)
 I velieri (1980, TV)
 Blow to the Heart (1982)
 I ragazzi di via Panisperna (1987)
 Open Doors (1989)
 The Stolen Children (1992)
 Lamerica (1994)
 The Way We Laughed (1998)
 The Keys to the House (2004)
 The Missing Star (2006)
 The First Man (2011)
 L'intrepido (2013)
 Happy to Be Different (2014)
 Tenderness (2017)
 Hammamet (2020)
 The Lord of the Ants (2022)

Awards
Nastro d'Argento: Best Director
Open Doors (1991)
The Stolen Children (1993)
Lamerica (1995)
The Keys to the House (2005)
Leone d'oro at Venice Film Festival
The Way We Laughed (1998)
European Film Awards: Best Film
Open Doors (1991)
The Stolen Children (1993)
Lamerica (1995)

References

Bibliography
 Academic article on Lamerica, see link: https://www.academia.edu/3379912/Inside_the_Beasts_Cage_Gianni_Amelios_Lamerica_and_the_Dilemmas_of_Post-1989_Leftist_Cinema.
 Raccontare i sentimenti. Il Cinema di Gianni Amelio, a cura di Sebastiano Gesù, Giuseppe Maimone Editore, Catania 2008. .

External links

 GreenCine interviews Gianni Amelio, conducted by NPR's David D'Arcy

1945 births
Living people
People from Catanzaro
Italian film directors
Italian LGBT film directors
Italian gay men
Directors of Golden Lion winners
Crystal Simorgh recipients
David di Donatello winners
Nastro d'Argento winners
Ciak d'oro winners

Gianni Amelio


The Madam Brett Homestead is an early 18th-century home located in the city of Beacon, New York, United States. It is the oldest standing building in southern Dutchess County and has been listed in the National Register of Historic Places since 1976. It is also listed on the NYS Independence Trail.

Madam Brett
Catheryna Rombout Brett (1687–1764) was the daughter of Helena Teller Bogardus Van Ball Rombout and Francis Rombout. Helena Teller was the daughter of William Teller, of Albany, one of the original patent holders of the area around Schenectady. Francis Rombout served as a lieutenant during Stuyvesants' expedition against New Sweden. In partnership with Gulyne Verplank, Rombout became a successful merchant-fur trader, and in 1679, Mayor of New York. In 1683, Rombout and Verplanck purchased about 85,000 acres from the Wappinger native Indians. The purchased was confirmed, 17 October 1685 as the royal Rombout Patent issued by King James II to Francis Rombout, Jacobus Kipp (who married the widowed Henrica Verplank) and Stephanus Van Courtland. The original document is on display at the Homestead. Francis Rombout died in 1691, leaving his estate to his only surviving heir, Catheryna.

In November 1703, at the age of sixteen, Catheryna Rombout married Roger Brett, who had arrived in the New World with Lord Cornbury, governor of New York. Brett was a well-respected lieutenant in the British Royal Navy. After their marriage, the Bretts moved into the Rombout family home, which consisted of a large house and spacious grounds on lower Broadway, not far from the present site of Trinity Church on Broadway. Roger Brett was a vestryman of Trinity Church from 1703 to 1706.

History
About 1708, the Rombout Patent was partitioned: the Van Cortlandt family was allotted substantially all the land lying along both banks of what was called Wappinger Creek; the middle portion fell to the heirs of Gulian Verplanck, and the lower part along Fishkill, fell to the Brett's. Catheryna inherited around 28,000 acres.

The homestead, which during the 19th century was referred to as the "Teller House", is now named for Catheryna Rombout Brett, who was the first to develop the patent by selling property. After the death of Catheryna's mother, the couple mortgaged the manor house in New York and moved to the wilderness of southern Dutchess County. The home was built around 1709 or shortly thereafter. Roger Brett drowned in the Hudson River, leaving Catheryna a widow at age 31 with the surviving three of her four sons. The homestead is notable as the residence of this woman who as a widow organized with twenty-one men the first produce cooperative in the Hudson River highlands. The homestead was subsequently occupied by her descendants until 1954, spanning a total of seven generations.

During the American Revolutionary War, the homestead remained in the family by Madam Brett's granddaughter Hanna Brett Schenck and husband Major Henry Schenck and the building was used for shelter and as a storage facility by the Americans. Revolutionary leaders such as George Washington, the Marquis de La Fayette, and Baron von Steuben are said to have been guests in the house.

In 1800, Catheryna Rombout Brett's great-granddaughter Alice Schenck Teller purchased the house from her widowed mother and together with her husband Isaac Teller remodeled it. After Isaac's death the house opened as a boarding house and "Teller's Villa" was advertised in New York City during the Cholera epidemic. John Pintard, the founding-father of the New York Historical Society, wrote to his daughter of his stay there during the summer of 1833. It was called the "Teller Mansion" because so many members of the Teller family were involved in politics, and after one hundred years the fifth generation were of the Teller name. Teller Avenue in Beacon, New York, was the cow path to the family barns. See "Historic Houses of the Hudson Valley" by Harold Eberlein and Cortlandt Van Dyke Hubbard.

Description
Catheryna Brett sold nearly a third of her inheritance before her death. The property now consists of nearly six acres of Madam Brett's original inheritance and features a garden, woodlands, and a meandering brook with a New York Big Tree. The homestead's notable features include hand-hewn scalloped cedar shingles, sloped dormers, Dutch doors, and a native stone foundation. Original furnishings include a significant collection of China-trade porcelain and many fine pieces of 18th and 19th century furniture. Also noteworthy are the wide-board floors, hand-hewn beams, and the large hearth of the kitchen fireplace.

Today
In 1954, the building was considered for demolition to make room for a supermarket. Instead, it was purchased by the Melzingah Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution and turned into a museum preserving a total of seventeen rooms.

The Madam Brett Homestead is located near Fishkill Creek, at 50 Van Nydeck Avenue, Beacon, New York 12508, USA.

Madam Brett Park
Madam Brett Park's 12 acres hug Fishkill Creek, which played a prominent role in Beacon's development. Along it stood a gristmill owned by the park's namesake – Catheryna Rombout Brett (1687–1764), with her husband Roger the first European settlers in the present-day city. The mill was an important gathering place for farmers and Native Americans inhabiting both shores of the Hudson River hereabouts. In the 1800s, the creek powered a profusion of hat factories (including the Tioronda Hat Works, located in the brick building adjacent to the park), which earned Beacon the nickname "New York's Hat-Making Capital."

Fishkill Marsh supports a variety of wildlife. It furnishes a home for amphibians and aquatic mammals, including muskrats; serves as a hunting ground for ospreys, bald eagles and other raptors; and is a stopover for migratory birds. A boardwalk and observation platforms afford up-close discoveries of these and other creatures. A waterfall at the park's eastern end is impressive in spring or after heavy rains.

See also

List of Registered Historic Places in Dutchess County, New York
Fishkill Creek

References

Further reading
Great Houses of the Hudson River, Michael Middleton Dwyer, editor, with preface by Mark Rockefeller, Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, published in association with Historic Hudson Valley, 2001. .
Pintard, J., & Barck, D.C. (1940). Letters from John Pintard to his daughter, Eliza Noel Pintard Davidson, 1816–1833. 4 Volumes. New York, Printed for the New-York Historical Society.

External links
Madam Brett Homestead -  Melzingah Chapter House, DAR
Madam Brett Homestead tourism information
Madam Brett Park at Scenic Hudson

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Houses completed in 1709
Houses in Beacon, New York
Museums in Dutchess County, New York
Historic house museums in New York (state)
National Register of Historic Places in Dutchess County, New York
Daughters of the American Revolution museums
1709 establishments in the Province of New York

Madam Brett Homestead


Trainspotting is a 1996 Breetish black comedy film directit bi Danny Boyle baset on the novelle o the same name bi Irvine Welsh. It starns Ewan McGregor, Ewen Bremner, Jonny Lee Miller, Kevin McKidd, Robert Carlyle an Kelly Macdonald.

The movie follaes a group o heroin addicts in a late 1980s economically depressed area o Edinburgh.

1996 films
1990s crime drama films
Breetish films
Breetish crime drama films
Scots films
Inglis-leid films
Films directit bi Danny Boyle
Baist Breetish Film Empire Awaird winners
Buddy films
Films aboot drogs
Films aboot heroin addiction
Films based on novelles
Films set in Edinburgh
Films shot in Edinburgh
Films set in Scotland
Films shot in Scotland
Punk films
Miramax Films films

Trainspotting (film)


The Battle of Kaiapit was fought in 1943 between Australian and Japanese forces in New Guinea during the Finisterre Range campaign of World War II. Following landings at Nadzab and at Lae, the Allies attempted to exploit their success with an advance into the upper Markham Valley, starting with Kaiapit. The Australian 2/6th Independent Company flew into the valley from Port Moresby in 13 USAAF C-47 Dakotas, making a difficult landing on a rough airstrip. Unaware that a much larger Japanese force was also headed for Kaiapit and Nadzab, the company attacked the village on 19 September to secure the area so that it could be developed into an airfield. They then held it against a strong counterattack. During two days of fighting the larger force, the Australians suffered relatively few losses. Their victory at Kaiapit enabled the Australian 7th Division to be flown into the upper Markham Valley, stopping the Japanese from threatening Lae or Nadzab, where a major airbase was being developed. The victory also led to the capture of the Ramu Valley, which provided new forward fighter airstrips for the air war.

1940s in Oceania
1943
Kaiapit
History of Papua New Guinea
Kaiapit
Kaiaput
Kaiapit
September events

Battle of Kaiapit


Animal trapping, or simply trapping, is the use of a device to catch an animal. Animals may be trapped for a variety of purposes, including food, wildlife management, hunting and pest control. Each year, over 5 million wild animals, including coyotes, foxes and bobcats, are caught and killed in wild traps, mainly in the US, Canada and Russia, although trapping does occur in other countries too on a smaller scale. Traps are indiscriminate, catching the first animal to step on them. Countless dogs and cats, deer, birds and other animals—including threatened and endangered animals—are also injured and killed each year by the traps. Trap checking times range from once every 24 hours to once every 14 days. The regulations on trapping are weak and extremely difficult to enforce, which means untold amounts of animal suffering goes undocumented and uninvestigated.

Many animals die trying to free themselves, next to dehydration, blood loss and hypothermia. Often animals become so desperate, they resort to chewing or wringing off their own trapped limb in order to escape, breaking teeth and bones in the process. Some may die from blood loss or shock but most animals will be trapped for days before the trapper returns to kill them.

There are many kinds. For a deadfall trap, a trapper digs a deep hole in the ground and hides it so the animal falls in the hole and can not get out. A snare is a noose that tightens around the neck or other part of the animal.

Over 100 countries, including the EU and China, have prohibited the use of the steel-jaw leghold trap. But in the United States, steel-jaw traps are not only legal, they are the go-to tool for trappers who capture and kill millions of wild animals a year for the global fur market. In September 2019, California became the first state in the US to ban trapping for commercial and recreational purpose.

References

Animals and humans
Traps

Animal trapping


Welton David Becket (August 8, 1902 – January 16, 1969) was an American modern architect who designed many buildings in Los Angeles, California.

Biography
Becket was born in Seattle, Washington and graduated from the University of Washington program in Architecture in 1927 with a Bachelor of Architecture degree (B.Arch.).

He moved to Los Angeles in 1933 and formed a partnership with his University of Washington classmate Walter Wurdeman and Angelean architect Charles F. Plummer.  Their first major commission was the Pan-Pacific Auditorium in 1935, which won them residential jobs from James Cagney, Robert Montgomery, and other film celebrities.  Plummer died in 1939.

The successor firm Wurdeman and Becket went on to design Bullock's Pasadena (1944) and a couple of corporate headquarters.  Wurdeman and Becket developed the concept of "total design," whereby their firm would be responsible for master planning, engineering, interiors, furniture, fixtures, landscaping, signage, and even (in the case of restaurants) menus, silverware, matchbooks, and napkins.

After Wurdeman's death in 1949, Becket formed Welton Becket and Associates and continued to grow the firm to the extent that it was one of the largest architectural offices in the world by the time of his death in 1969. In 1987, his firm was acquired by Ellerbe Associates, and the merged firm continued as Ellerbe Becket until the end of 2009, when it was acquired by AECOM. It is now known as Ellerbe Becket, an AECOM Company.

Becket's buildings used unusual facade materials such as ceramic tile and stainless steel grillwork, repetitive geometric patterns, and a heavy emphasis on walls clad in natural stone, particularly travertine and flagstone.

With The Walt Disney Company and the United States Steel Corporation, Becket's firm co-designed Disney's Contemporary Resort, which opened in 1971 at Walt Disney World Resort. The Contemporary was designed as a 14-story steel A-frame with a monorail running through the building. Modular guest rooms were assembled, finished, furnished, fully equipped and their doors locked, on the ground, then lifted by crane and inserted into the frame; however, this sometimes took multiple tries.

Welton Becket was elected a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects in 1952.

Becket's sons, Welton MacDonald Becket & Bruce Becket, are also practicing architects, as well as his nephew MacDonald G. Becket and granddaughter Alexandra Becket.

Commissions

Becket's extensive list of credits includes:

777 Main Street, Hartford Connecticut
Pan-Pacific Auditorium, Los Angeles, CA, 1935 (with Walter Wurdeman) (destroyed by fire)
 Jones Dog & Cat Hospital, West Hollywood, California, 1938 (with Walter Wurdeman)
Manila Jai Alai Building, Manila, Philippines, 1939 (with Walter Wurdeman) (demolished)
General Petroleum Building, Los Angeles, CA, 1949 (with Walter Wurdeman)
First National Bank of Arizona Building, Phoenix, AZ, 1950
Welton Becket Residence, Los Angeles, CA, 1952
Los Altos Center Mall, Long Beach, CA 1953
Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 1953
Baptist Memorial Hospital, Kansas City, MO, 1953
Parker Center (formerly the Police Administration Building), Los Angeles, CA, 1955 (demolished)
The Broadway department store (now Walmart) at Panorama City Shopping Center, Panorama City, Los Angeles, CA, 1955
The Beverly Hilton, Beverly Hills, CA, 1955
The Broadway Orange County, at the original Anaheim Plaza, Anaheim, CA, 1955 (demolished)
Capitol Records Building, Los Angeles, CA, Project Designer Lou Naidorf, 1956
Edens Plaza, Wilmette, Illinois, 1956
Park Central Mall, Phoenix, AZ, 1956
Ace Hotel Los Angeles (formerly the Texaco Building) on Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, 1957
Santa Monica Civic Auditorium, Santa Monica, CA, 1958
Hotel Tryp Habana Libre (formerly the Habana Hilton), Havana, Cuba, 1958
The Nile Ritz-Carlton, Cairo (formerly the Nile Hilton), Cairo, Egypt, 1959 (with Mahmoud Riad)
Sheraton Dallas Hotel (formerly the Adams Mark Dallas and Southland Center), Dallas, TX, 1959
Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena, Los Angeles, CA, 1959 (demolished)
Riviera Hotel and Casino expansion, Las Vegas, NV, 1959 (demolished)
Los Angeles Customs House and Federal Office Building, Los Angeles, CA, 1960 (with Albert C. Martin and Paul R. Williams)
100 California Street, San Francisco, CA, 1960
Kaiser Center, Oakland, CA, 1960
Clark County Courthouse, Las Vegas, NV, 1961 (with Zick & Sharp)
Grossmont Center, La Mesa, CA, 1961
Christown Mall, Phoenix, AZ, 1961
Robert McCulloch Residence, Palm Springs, CA, 1962
Petersen Automotive Museum (formerly a Seibu and Ohrbach's department store), Los Angeles, CA, 1962
Walt Whitman Shops, Huntington Station, NY, 1962
Southern Cross Hotel, Melbourne, Australia, 1962 (demolished 2003)
Interiors of the new Los Angeles International Airport, 1962
McCulloch Building (now Homewood Suites by Hilton LAX) Los Angeles, CA, 1962
Airport Marina Hotel, Westchester, Los Angeles, 1961-2 (now Hotel June)
Security First National Bank, Los Angeles, CA, 1963 (demolished)
U.S. Embassy, Warsaw, Poland, 1963
Cinerama Dome, Los Angeles, CA, 1963
Century City (masterplan), Los Angeles, CA, 1963
Gateway West Building, Century City, Los Angeles, CA, 1963
Biltmore Fashion Park, Phoenix, AZ, 1963
Hartford National Bank, Hartford, CT 1963
ExxonMobil Building (formerly Humble Oil Building) Houston, TX, 1963
McCarran International Airport, Las Vegas, NV, 1963
Orange Civic Center, Orange, CA, 1963
Westfield Century City (formally Century City Mall) Century City, Los Angeles, CA, 1964
Phillips Petroleum Building, Bartlesville, OK, 1964
Federal Building, Los Angeles, CA, 1964
North American Avaition Building, Los Angeles, 1964
Los Angeles Music Center (officially the Performing Arts Center of Los Angeles County), which includes Dorthy Chandler Pavilion, Mark Taper Forum and Ahmanson Theater, Los Angeles, CA, 1964
Ford Pavilion, New York City, NY, 1964 (demolished)
General Electric Pavilion, New York City, NY, 1964 (demolished)
Mutual Savings and Loan Building, Pasadena, CA, 1964
Pauley Pavilion at UCLA (officially the Edwin W. Pauley Pavilion), Los Angeles, CA, 1965
Airport Center Building (now Hyatt Place LAX / Century Blvd) Los Angeles, CA, 1965
Santa Monica Shores Apartments, Santa Monica CA, 1967
Gulf Life Tower (now known as the Riverplace Tower), Jacksonville, FL, 1967
Xerox Tower, Rochester, New York, 1967
Fashion Island, Newport Beach, CA, 1967 (with William Pereira)
5900 Wilshire, Los Angeles, CA, 1968 (with William Pereira)
La Habra Fashion Square, La Habra, CA, 1968 (Welton Becket and Associates)
City Hall, Pomona, CA, Project Designer Marvin Taff, 1969
Equitable Life Building, Los Angeles, 1969
McKesson Plaza, San Francisco, CA, 1969
One California, San Francisco, CA, 1969
Park Plaza Shopping Center, Oshkosh, WI, 1969
800 Wilshire, Los Angeles, CA, 1970
Park Plaza Mall, Oshkosh, WI, 1970, now City Center a commercial business center for Oshkosh.
PNC Plaza (formerly the Citizens Fidelity Plaza), Louisville, KY, 1971
Beverly Wilshire Hotel expansion, Beverly Hills, CA, 1971
Disney's Contemporary Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL, 1971
Worcester Center, Worcester, MA, 1971
Chase Tower (formerly the Bank One Center and Valley Bank Center), Phoenix, AZ, Project Designer MacDonald Becket, 1972
Grand Ole Opry House, Nashville, TN, 1972
Hyatt Regency, Knoxville,  TN, 1972
Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum, Uniondale, New York, 1972
One Market Plaza, San Francisco, CA, 1972
Union Bank Building, San Francisco, CA, 1972
One PNC Plaza, Pittsburgh, PA, 1972
Regions Center (formerly the AmSouth Center, AmSouth-Sonat Tower, and First National-Southern Natural Building), Birmingham, AL, 1972
Brady Sullivan Plaza,  (formerly Hampshire Plaza), Manchester, N.H., 1973
Glendale Central Library, Glendale, CA, Project Designer, Marvin Taff, 1973
Chase Plaza, Lexington, KY, 1973
100 Summer Street, Boston, MA, 1974
United Plaza, Philadelphia, PA, 1974
Hyatt Regency New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, 1976
Intourist Hotel, Moscow, Russia, 1976
Reunion Tower, Dallas, TX, 1978
Hyatt Regency Hotel, Dallas, TX, 1978
Hyatt Regency Hotel, Washington, D. C. 1978
Hyatt Regency Hotel, Louisville, KY, 1978
US Bank Plaza, Boise, ID, 1978
BNY Mellon Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 1980
One Tampa City Center (formerly the GTE Building) Tampa, FL, 1981
Stanton Tower, El Paso, TX, 1981
Wells Fargo Plaza, San Diego, CA, 1983
OneOK Plaza, Tulsa, OK, 1984 (with HKS, Inc.)
First Bank and Trust Tower, New Orleans, LA, 1987
Skyview Center, Los Angeles, CA, 1987

References

External links

Oral history — Perkins quote (pg. 75)
Bigfloridacountry.com: Video clip of construction of the Contemporary Resort
Bigfloridacountry.com:  Contemporary Pictures
MacDonald Becket papers, Welton Becket and Associates, Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles, Accession No. 2012.M.43
Welton Becket architectural drawings and photographs, Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles, Accession No. 2010.M.83

Architects from Los Angeles
Modernist architects
Fellows of the American Institute of Architects
1902 births
1969 deaths
Architects from Seattle
University of Washington College of Built Environments alumni
20th-century American architects

Welton Becket


Azimilide is a class ΙΙΙ antiarrhythmic drug (used to control abnormal heart rhythms). The agents from this heterogeneous group have an effect on the repolarization, they prolong the duration of the action potential and the refractory period. Also they slow down the spontaneous discharge frequency of automatic pacemakers by depressing the slope of diastolic depolarization. They shift the threshold towards zero or hyperpolarize the membrane potential. Although each agent has its own properties and will have thus a different function.

Heart potential

Azimilide dihydrochloride is a chlorophenylfuranyl compound, which slows repolarization of the heart and prolongs the QT interval of the electrocardiogram. Prolongation of atrial or ventricular repolarization can provide an anti-arrhythmic benefit in patients with heart rhythm disturbances, and this has been the primary interest in the clinical development azimilide. In rare cases, excessive prolongation of ventricular repolarization by azimilide can result in predisposition towards severe ventricular arrhythmias. Most recent clinical trials have investigated the use of azimilide in reducing the frequency and severity of arrhythmias in patients with implanted cardiac pacemakers-defibrillators, where rare pro-arrhythmic events are rescued by the device.

The ion currents

The action of azimilide is directed to the different currents present in atrial and ventricular cardiac myocytes. It principally blocks IKr, and IKs, with much weaker effects on INa, ICa, INCX and IK.Ach. The IKr(rapid)and IKs (slow) are inward rectifier potassium currents, responsible for repolarizing cardiac myocytes towards the end of the cardiac action potential. A somewhat higher concentration of azimilide is needed to block the IKs current. Both blockages result in an increase of the QT interval and a prolongation of atrial and ventricular refractory periods.

Azimilide blocks hERG channels (which encode the IKr current) with an affinity comparable to that with which KvLQT1 / minK channels (which encode the IKs current) are blocked. This block exhibits reverse use-dependence, i.e. the channel blocking effect wanes at faster pulsing rates of the cell. A possible explanation is an interaction of azimilide with K+ close to its binding site in the ion channel. However, there is an agonist effect as well, which is a voltage-dependent effect. This is a dual effect, a low voltage depolarization near the activation threshold will increase the current amplitude and higher depolarizing voltages will suppress the current amplitude. The effect comes from outside of the cell membrane and does not depend on G-proteins or kinase activity inside the cell. Azimilide binds on the extracellular domain of the hERG channel, this propagates a conformational change and inhibits the current. This change makes the activation gate open more easily by low voltage depolarization. Azimilide has two separate binding sites in hERG channel, one for its antagonist function and the other for the agonist function.

Pharmacology
Azimilide has been studied for its anti-arrhythmic effects: its converts and maintains sinus rhythm in patients with atrial arrhythmias; and it reduces the frequency and severity of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with implanted cardioverter-defibrillators. Azimilide's most important adverse effect is torsades de pointes, which is a form of ventricular tachycardia.

Pharmacokinetics
The drug is administered orally and will be completely absorbed. It shows none or very minor interactions with other drugs and it will be eventually cleared by the kidney. A peak in concentration in the blood is observed seven hours after the administration of Azimilide. The metabolic clearance is mediated through several pathways:
 10% is found unchanged in the blood
 30% will cleared by cleavage
 25% by CYP 1A1 pathway
 25% by CYP 3A4
F-1292 is the major metabolite of azimilide, it is formed cleavage of the aromethine bond. Unlike desmethyl azimilide, azimilide N-oxide and azimilide carboxylate F-1292 has no cardiovascular activity while the other three minor metabolites have a class ΙΙΙ antiarrhythmic activity. They only make out 10% of azimilide in the blood, so their contribution is not measurable.

References

Antiarrhythmic agents
Furans
Hydrazones
Chloroarenes
Piperazines
Ureas
Hydantoins

Azimilide


Jean-Alphonse Turrettini (August 1671 – May 1737) was a theologian from the Republic of Geneva. The son of François Turrettini, he was born at Geneva. ... Here he became pastor of the Italian congregation, and in 1697 professor of church history. During the next forty years of his life he enjoyed great influence in Geneva as the advocate of a more liberal theology than had prevailed under the preceding generation, and it was largely through him that the rule obliging ministers to subscribe to the Helvetic Consensus was abolished in 1706, and the Consensus itself renounced in 1725. He also wrote and labored for the promotion of union between the Reformed and Lutheran Churches.

His most important work was Nubes testium pro moderato et pacifico de rebus theologicis judicio, et instituenda inter Protestantes concordia (Geneva, 1729). Besides this he wrote Cogitationes et dissertationes theologicae, on the principles of natural and revealed religion (2 vols., Geneva, 1737; in French, Traité de la vérité de la religion chrétienne) and commentaries on Thessalonians and Romans.[2]) of theology

1671 births
1737 deaths
Writers from Geneva
Swiss theologians

Jean-Alphonse Turrettini


Longshore drift is the process of the ocean currents forcing sand and other material down a beach.

The material is first pulled into the currents by the backwash (the water going out to sea) and is then pushed back up the beach by the swash (the water going onto the beach). Longshore drift always moves in the direction of the main wind. If longshore drift continues for a long time, beaches can be changed quite a bit. The changes depend on the details, and vary from place to place. Longshore drift is the net (average) movement of sand grains across a beach in a zig-zag motion.

 The waves carry the rock material up the beach at an angle. (waves move at an angle)
 The backwash carries the material directly down (gravity) into the sea or it stays there.
 This process goes again.

There are many inexpensive and effective ways of controlling longshore drift. The most common method is groynes (wooden walls that the sand builds up against). Some people dislike groynes because they interfere with walking along the beach, and the look of the beach.

Wave physics
Environmental issues
Erosion

Longshore drift


Radiation pressure is the pressure exerted upon any surface exposed to electromagnetic radiation. If absorbed, the pressure is the energy flux density divided by the speed of light. If the radiation is totally reflected, the radiation pressure is doubled.  This happens because the waves that make up electromagnetic radiation carry momentum with them and pass that momentum on when they reach a surface.

A Crookes radiometer appears to demonstrate the pressure of light, but instead it demonstrate the energy that light brings to a surface.  The black side of each paddle absorbs most of the light's energy an causes the air near that surface to have a higher pressure.  So, while a Crookes radiometer turns because of pressure, it is air pressure caused by the heat energy that light brings to the device.

Solar radiation at Earth
The solar radiation at Earth's distance from the Sun has an energy flux density of 1370 W/m2, and more than half of this energy reaches surface.  A calculation shows that this value of the flux would cause on an absorbing surface to experience 4.6 µPa of radiation pressure.  A convenient way to compare the Sun's energy flux and radiation pressure is to imagine the pressure and energy deposited on one square meter:

Power =  (or about 1.4 kilowatts.)
Force =

To understand how small a micro-newton is, convert calculate how much mass you need on Earth to get that force using :
Mass =  (or about ½ milligram.)

The difference between the energy flux and the pressure is like the difference between the heat coming through a large window and the weight of a very small mosquito.

References

Further reading
 Demir, Dilek,"A table-top demonstration of radiation pressure",2011, Diplomathesis, E-Theses univie (http://othes.univie.ac.at/16381/)

electromagnetism

Radiation pressure


The High Standard Model 10 (HS10) is a gas operated, semi-automatic shotgun that was manufactured by the High Standard Manufacturing Company of Hamden, Connecticut.  It is easily recognized by its bullpup design, rotatable shoulder stock, and integrated flashlight.

History and design
The basic design of the Model 10 shotgun was developed in the late 1950s by Alfred Crouch, a Santa Monica, California police sergeant.  Crouch's goal was to create the ultimate entry shotgun for SWAT and tactical units.  His original design used a modified Remington semi-automatic shotgun.

In the mid 1960s, Crouch sold his design to the High Standard Manufacturing Company, who used their C1200 Supermatic shotgun as the basis for the first model, the 10A.  The C1200 Supermatic was modified by replacing the stock, relocating the trigger assembly, and fitting a three-piece plastic shell around the receiver and first half of the barrel.  The rearward piece of the shell provided an attachment point for the rotatable shoulder stock.  The lower piece of the shell provided the grip.  Since the trigger assembly was moved forward to accommodate the bullpup design, a rod that connected the new and original trigger locations was used to allow minimal modifications to the original receiver.

Although the standard capacity of the Model 10 is 4 shells, there was a magazine tube extension available which would increase the capacity to 6 shells.

On the early model shotgun the 10A, the upper plastic section also housed the built-in flashlight and carrying handle.

The later model shotgun the 10B was improved with a left-hand charging handle, flip-up front sight, and utilized the new flashlight mount/carrying handle mounting block (which doubles as the carrying handle mount) as the rear sight.  The "Kel-Lite" branded flashlight can be removed, as it is attached to the aforementioned mounting block.

Service
Originally, the Model 10 was sold to law enforcement only.  The concept of this shotgun was quite interesting to many police agencies who adopted the Model 10 in the late 1960s and early 1970s; however, most of the agencies found many shortcomings, and ultimately ceased using the Model 10.

The most common problem was the failure to cycle correctly.  According to the instructions on the Model 10, only magnum or "high brass" shells were to be used. However, even with the correct shells, the action would sometimes fail to cycle reliably.  Other problems that plagued the shotgun were the rough and unpredictable trigger feel, the strange rotatable shoulder stock, and the tendency of the recoil to cause the flashlight's batteries to become damaged.

Another problem was that the Model 10 could only be fired from the right arm, as the gun ejected spent cartridges from the right side of the unit with a high force. There is a warning on the right side of the shotgun reading "CAUTION - DO NOT SHOOT FROM LEFT SHOULDER."

Users
 Used by the Argentine Army and the Argentine Navy
 Used by the Mexican Army
 Used by various U.S Police Forces

See also
List of bullpup firearms
List of shotguns
High Standard Manufacturing Company

External links

Modern Firearms
High Standard 10B: Disassembly and Attempted Shooting at Forgotten Weapons

Bullpup shotguns
Semi-automatic shotguns of the United States

High Standard Model 10


Leisure Suit Larry 5: Passionate Patti Does a Little Undercover Work is a graphical adventure game developed and published by Sierra On-Line for the Amiga, DOS and Macintosh computers in 1991. It is the fourth entry in their Leisure Suit Larry series and the first Larry title to have 256-color graphics and a fully icon-based interface. Being an (in)direct sequel to 1989's Leisure Suit Larry 3, its title is misleading, as there is no Leisure Suit Larry 4. The game is followed by Leisure Suit Larry 6 in 1993. It was re-released in 2017 on Steam with Windows support.

Gameplay
Leisure Suit Larry 5 expands on the multi-character feature of the previous installment, with control periodically passing between the protagonists Larry and Patti. A difference in the interface is that it includes the "Zipper" icon, enabling the character to perform an erotic action.

The overall difficulty is greatly reduced in comparison with past games; neither character can become trapped or die, and losing the game is impossible. Many of the items players collect on their journey are merely optional, only triggering alternative solutions and affecting the final score, but not the game's progress.

Plot
The absence of a Leisure Suit Larry 4 forms the basis of this newest installment, as Julius Biggs has stolen the "missing floppies" of the game and caused Larry Laffer to become amnesiac. Larry is now in the adult film industry, working for a Mafia-connected company known as PornProdCorp. His boss sends him across the United States to scout for models to appear in "America's Sexiest Home Videos".

Meanwhile, Patti is recruited by the FBI to dig up incriminating evidence on two record companies which are suspected of hiding subliminal messages in their songs. At the same time, PornProdCorp schemes to eliminate the competition in their industry by donating money to CANE (Conservatives Against Nearly Everything).

On his way back to Los Angeles, Larry is involved in an airplane incident, landing the plane safely and being greeted as a hero. He is invited to the White House by George H. W. Bush, where he is reunited with Patti, and Biggs's sinister role is revealed.

Development
Al Lowe has offered several reasons for the numbering discrepancy in the Leisure Suit Larry games, ranging from a scrapped sequel to an internal office prank. In truth, a multiplayer Leisure Suit Larry game was apparently in the works, designed to be played over Sierra On-Line's burgeoning online service. The project was canceled due to hardware difficulties, inspiring Lowe to skip the "4" title entirely.

Reception
Al Lowe has said that each game in the Leisure Suit Larry franchise, including Leisure Suit Larry 5, sold over 250,000 copies. According to Sierra, combined sales of the Larry series surpassed 1.4 million units by the end of March 1996, before the release of Leisure Suit Larry: Love for Sail! The total sales of the first five Leisure Suit Larry games had surpassed 2 million copies by the time of Love for Sales launch.

Computer Gaming World called Leisure Suit Larry 5 "a thoroughly enjoyable game".

References

External links

1991 video games
Amiga games
DOS games
Classic Mac OS games
Federal Bureau of Investigation in fiction
Leisure Suit Larry games
Point-and-click adventure games
ScummVM-supported games
Sierra Entertainment games
Video game sequels
Video games about amnesia
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games scored by Al Lowe
Video games set in Los Angeles
Video games set in New York City
Video games set in Miami
Video games set in New Jersey
Windows games
Video games developed in the United States
Single-player video games


Count Alexander Matveyevich Dmitriev-Mamonov (; 30 September 1758 – 11 October 1803, buried in Donskoy Monastery) was a lover of Catherine II of Russia from 1786 to 1789.

Biography
A scion of the Rurikid family descending from the princes of Smolensk, Mamonov was a protégé of Prince Potemkin, whose aide-de-camp he was appointed in 1784. Alexander did possibly have a twin brother, who, however, died shortly after birth due to mishandling in pregnancy. Two years later, Potemkin introduced the young man to the empress, hoping that he would "care for" the sovereign during his frequent absences from the capital. Catherine was charmed by Mamonov's good looks and manners and lavished expensive gifts on him, his relatives and friends. In a letter to Friedrich Melchior, Baron von Grimm, she praised his command of French, thus encouraging his literary pursuits. Within one year, he was promoted colonel, major general, and chamberlain. A suite of apartments was assigned to him in the Winter Palace.

In 1787, the Empress asked her "redcoat" to accompany her during a voyage to the Crimea, where he was present at her negotiations with Stanislaus II of Poland and Emperor Joseph II, who gave him the title of Reichsgraf. After two years spent with the Empress, Dmitriev-Mamonov started to lose interest in her. At the time of her sixtieth birthday, his mood was described as hypochondria. One of his friends reported that Mamonov "considers his life a prison, is very bored, and supposedly after every public gathering where ladies are present, the Empress attaches herself to him and is jealous".

Soon enough he fell in love with a 16-year-old lady-in-waiting to the Empress, Princess Shcherbatova, and took her to spend several weeks in the privacy of Dubrovitsy, a luxurious estate near Moscow which Catherine had purchased from Potemkin and donated to Mamonov. When his enemies took advantage of the situation to inform Catherine about the liaison, the Empress was shocked and embittered. Unable to believe that a lover could betray her for a girl who could have been her granddaughter, she allegedly stooped to spreading rumors about his having gone mad.

Catherine's personal secretary recorded in his diary that he saw Mamonov and his fiancee on their knees asking and obtaining forgiveness of the sovereign. Having received a wedding present of 100,000 roubles and 2,250 serfs, the newlyweds were commanded to leave the capital. They settled in Moscow. A year later, Mamonov started to regret the missed opportunities and wrote repentant letters to the Empress, claiming that their rupture "constantly tortures his soul."

Although he never received an answer, the Empress seems to have regarded him kindly until her death. There is no truth in the gossip that "Catherine revenged herself on the loose-tongued Shcherbatova by secretly sending policemen disguised as women to whip her in her husband's presence." She did, however, prevent Maria Shkurina, a maid of honor who she suspected of acting as a matchmaker for Shcherbatova, from rejoining the Mamonovs in Moscow.

Count Matvey Dmitriev-Mamonov was his only son and heir.

Notes

References

John T. Alexander. Catherine the Great: Life and Legend. Oxford University Press, 1989.
Russian Biographical Dictionary (online version).

Rostislavichi family (Smolensk)
1758 births
1803 deaths
Hypochondriacs
Lovers of Catherine the Great

Alexander Dmitriev-Mamonov


Arthur Hall (1539–1605) was an English Member of Parliament, courtier and translator. According to J. E. Neale a "reprobate", who gained notoriety by his excesses, he was several times in serious trouble with Parliament itself, and among the accusations in a privilege case was his attitude to Magna Carta. What were his incidental attacks on the antiquity of the institution were taken seriously, a generation later, by Sir Edward Coke, as undermining Parliament by "derogation". He produced the first substantial translation of The Iliad into English.

Life

He was born the son of Francis Hall who was surveyor of Calais. He was most likely born in Calais where his father's principal estates were, and where the family lived.  On his father's death when he was 12 or 13, he became a ward of Sir William Cecil, and was brought up in the household with Thomas Cecil. He seems to have studied for a short time at St. John's College, Cambridge, but took no degree. Roger Ascham encouraged him in his studies, and about 1563 he began a translation of Homer into English. Subsequently, he travelled in Italy and southeastern Europe. In January 1569 he returned to England from Constantinople.

On 2 April 1571 he was elected M.P. for Grantham, and on 8 May 1572 was returned again for the same constituency to the parliament which sat till 1583. Nine days after his second election the House of Commons ordered him to answer at the bar of the house a charge of having made lewd speeches both within and without the house. Witnesses were directed to meet at Westminster, and deliver their testimony to the speaker in writing. On 19 May Hall was brought by the serjeant-at-arms to the bar. He apologised for his conduct, and was discharged after the speaker had reprimanded him.

In the following year he was in more serious trouble. He was playing cards in Lothbury (16 December 1573), when he quarrelled over the game with one of his companions, Melchisedech Mallory. A temporary truce was patched up, but the quarrel soon broke out with renewed violence. According to Mallory, Hall declined to fight; but on 30 June 1574 a serious affray between the disputants and their followers took place at a tavern near Fleet Bridge, and in November Edward Smalley, and other of Hall's servants, attacked and wounded Mallory in St. Paul's Churchyard. Mallory obtained a verdict in a civil action against Smalley, and Hall began a libel suit against Mallory. But while the suit was pending, and before Smalley had paid the damages, Mallory died on 18 September 1575. Mallory's executor failing to receive the damages from Smalley caused him to be arrested. As the servant of a member of parliament, he claimed immunity from arrest, and the House of Commons ordered his discharge, at the same time directing the serjeant-at-arms to rearrest him, on the ground that he was fraudulently seeking to avoid the payment of a just debt A bill was introduced, but was soon dropped, providing that Hall should pay up, and be disabled for ever from sitting in parliament. Finally, Smalley and Matthew Kirtleton were committed to the Tower of London for a month by order of the house, and thenceforward until Smalley gave security for the payment.

Hall printed a long account of the quarrel with Mallory, in the form of a letter dated from London, 19 May 1576, from 'one F. A. . . .to his very friend L. B., being in Italy.' Henry Bynneman printed about a hundred copies, but Hall only distributed fourteen. Hall was severe on the action of Sir Robert Bell, the speaker, and other members of parliament. Parliament was in recess at the date of the publication, and did not resume its sittings till January 1581. In 1580 the privy council summoned Hall before it, and he apologised for the tone of his book, but still kept a few copies in circulation. On 16 January 1581 Thomas Norton, M.P., at the opening of the new session of parliament, brought the offensive work to the notice of the house. A committee was appointed to examine Hall, Bynneman, and others, but Hall's answers to the committee proved unsatisfactory, and on 14 February 1581 he was for a second time summoned to the bar of the house. He declined to comment on the subject-matter of the book, but in general terms acknowledged his error, and asked for pardon. By a unanimous vote he was committed to the Tower for six months, or until he should make a satisfactory retraction; was ordered to pay a fine to the queen of five hundred marks, and was expelled from the house for the present parliament. A new writ was issued for Grantham, and the book was condemned by a resolution of the house as a slanderous libel. The session closed on 18 March, but Hall does not appear to have been released till the dissolution of parliament, 9 April 1583. On 23 July 1582 he begged Lord Burghley to obtain permission for him to study in a foreign university.

On 27 November 1585 Hall is said to have been elected for a third time M.P. for Grantham; but on 12 December notice was given to the House of Commons that he had not attended during the session. To the parliament returned in October 1586 he was not re-elected, but he brought an action against the borough of Grantham for arrears of wages due to him as member in an earlier parliament. On 2 December 1586 Hall's claim was referred to a committee of the House of Commons, and he agreed to forego the demand on 21 March 1587.

Hall was in trouble again in 1588. He was in the Fleet Prison as early as June, and in October he wrote to Burghley from prison regretting that he had left Burghley's service, and that the queen was incensed against him. He intended (he said) to remove himself by habeas corpus to the King's Bench prison. He submitted to the council in November, and was thereupon released from prison. Early in 1591 he mentions, in further letters to Burghley, his quarrel with the widow Frances Radclyffe, Countess of Sussex, the injuries he sustained by his long confinement in the Tower, and the anxieties caused him by the enmity of one Richard More, who claimed his lands. In 1597 Burghley interceded with the barons of the exchequer, who pressed him for payment of £400 which he owed the crown. On 28 November 1604 he pointed out, in a letter to James I, the corruptions prevalent in the elections to the newly summoned parliament, and advised an immediate dissolution. His son Cecil married Elizabeth Griffin, daughter of Edward Griffin (d. 1612) of Dingley, Northamptonshire and Mary Conyers.

Works

Hall's chief literary work was Ten Books of Homer's Iliades, translated out of French, dedicated to Sir Thomas Cecil, London, 1581. This is the first attempt to render Homer into English. Hall closely follows the French verse translation of the first ten books by Hugues Salel (Paris, 1555), but occasionally used some Latin version. Hall's copy of Salel's translation is in the British Library, with his autograph on the title-page and the date 1556 affixed. His verse is rhymed fourteeners; the work if clumsy held its own till superseded by George Chapman's translation.

Notes

References

Further reading
Herbert G. Wright (1919), The Life and Works of Arthur Hall of Grantham

1539 births
1605 deaths
People from Calais
English translators
16th-century English translators
17th-century English politicians
English MPs 1571
English MPs 1572–1583
English MPs 1586–1587
16th-century English writers
16th-century male writers
Prisoners in the Tower of London
Inmates of Fleet Prison
Homeric scholars
French–English translators
Translators of Homer

Arthur Hall (English politician)


Itala Film was an Italian film production company.

Silent era
It was founded during the silent era. In 1905, industrialists Carlo Rossi and William Remmert established a company in Turin, recruiting filmmakers from Pathé. Two years later, they were joined by Giovanni Pastrone who reorganised the company as Itala. Over the next decade, the company enjoyed enormous growth, aided by signing up Pathé's most popular comedian André Deed. Further development came with the company's production of historical epic films beginning with The Fall of Troy, allowing the company to open a New York office to sell the films in the American market. This policy was crowned with the success of Pastrone's 1914 epic Cabiria set in Ancient Rome.

The company continued to make epics along with literary adaptations, while Maciste, the most popular character in Cabiria,  appeared in further films. However, by 1918, Pastrone had lost control of Itala, and the following year the company was absorbed into the conglomerate Unione Cinematografica Italiana which itself collapsed after only a few years. In 1926, the former Turin studios of Itala, now derelict, were acquired as part of the growing film empire of Stefano Pittaluga who already owned the Fert Studios in the city.

Recycle
In the early 1930s, the Itala Film name was recycled for a Berlin-based company established by the producer Alberto Giacalone. The company specialised in co-productions, or Italian versions of German films. In 1937, Giacalone relocated to Rome, with the firm continuing to operate until 1955.

References

Bibliography
 Moliterno, Gino. The A to Z of Italian Cinema. Scarecrow Press, 2009.

Film production companies of Italy
Film distributors of Italy
Companies based in Turin

Itala Film


Guillermo Fernández-Shaw Iturralde (26 February 1893 - 17 August 1965) was a Spanish poet and journalist. He is particularly known as a writer of libretti, primarily for zarzuelas.  With Federico Romero, he wrote the libretti for two of the best-known zarzuelas of the 20th century, Doña Francisquita by Amadeo Vives and Luisa Fernanda by Federico Moreno Torroba. His father, Carlos Fernández Shaw, was also a playwright, poet and journalist who wrote libretti for several zarzuelas and operas, most famously Margarita la tornera and La vida breve. Guillermo Fernández-Shaw was born in Cádiz and initially trained as a lawyer before becoming a journalist. He was the editor of the Spanish newspaper La Epoca from 1911 to 1936, and a contributor to ABC as well as writing poetry for Blanco y Negro.  His partnership with Federico Romero began in 1916 with their libretto for Serrano's La canción del olvido. Guillermo Fernández-Shaw died in Madrid on 17 August 1965 at the age of 72.

Libretti
Guillermo Fernández-Shaw wrote over 70 libretti in collaboration with Federico Romero, including:
 1916. La canción del olvido by José Serrano
 1923. Doña Francisquita by Amadeu Vives
 1923. El dictador by Rafael Millán Picazo
 1926. El caserío by Jesús Guridi
 1927. La villana by Amadeu Vives
 1928. La meiga by Jesús Guridi
 1930. La rosa del azafrán by Jacinto Guerrero
 1932. Luisa Fernanda by Federico Moreno Torroba
 1934. La chulapona by Federico Moreno Torroba
 1936. La tabernera del puerto by Pablo Sorozábal
 1939. La malquerida by Conrado del Campo

In 1941 Guillermo worked with his brother Rafael Fernández Shaw on Torroba's Maria Manuela. Following Guillermo's feud with Federico Romero, which ultimately ended their artistic partnership, the two brothers then became regular collaborators, producing:
 1947. Un día de primavera by Jesús Romo
 1949. La duquesa del Candil by Jesús García Leoz
 1951  La lola se va a los puertos by Ángel Barrios
 1951. El canastillo de fresas by Jacinto Guerrero (Guerrero's last zarzuela)
 1953. El gaitero de Gijón by Jesús Romo

References

Sources
López de Zuazo Algar, Antonio, Catálogo de periodistas españoles del siglo XX, Universidad Complutense, 1981.
Manzanares, Pedro Gomez and Webber, Christopher, Federico Romero and Guillermo Fernández Shaw, Zarzuela!, October 2001.

1893 births
1965 deaths
Spanish opera librettists
People from Cádiz
Place of birth missing
Spanish male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Spanish dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Spanish male writers
Spanish people of English descent

Guillermo Fernández-Shaw


The Aposticha (; Slavonic: stikhíry na stikhóvne) are a set of hymns (stichera) accompanied by psalm verses (stichos) that are chanted towards the end of Vespers and Matins in the Eastern Orthodox Church and those Eastern Catholic Churches that follow the Byzantine Rite.

Description
The Greek term literally means "[hymns] on the verses." The aposticha belong to a family of hymns, known as stichera, which are normally tied to psalm verses in the Daily Office. Unlike other stichera, which normally follow their psalm verses, the aposticha are unique in that they precede their psalm verses.

Aposticha are found at Vespers every day (except when the Liturgy, whether of St. John Chrysostom, St. Basil or the Presanctified Gifts, follows), and at Great Compline when it forms part of a vigil (for Christmas, Theophany and the Annunciation), but at Matins they occur only on ordinary weekdays, being omitted on higher-ranking feast days.

At Vespers on Sundays (i.e., Saturday evening) there is one more sticheron than on weekdays. The aposticha at Sunday Vespers form an acrostic in the original Greek (the first sticheron is not part of the acrostic).

References

Sources
 Archimandrite Ephrem, "Aposticha" and "Sticheron" in Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1999.)
 Monks of New Skete, "Introduction" in Hymns of Entreaty (Cambridge, New York: New Skete, 1987.)

External links

Byzantine music
Genres of Byzantine music
Eastern Christian hymns
Liturgy of the Hours

Aposticha