Autoglym is a British manufacturer of a range of car care and valeting products, which are sold in over 45 countries.

Established in 1965, and based in Letchworth, Hertfordshire, Autoglym is part of the Altro Group.

The company's products are used by customers such as vehicle manufacturers, distributors, bodyshops, professional valeting companies and transport operators. The product range consists of exterior (chassis, bodywork, wheels), interior and glass care products. It also includes Autoglym LifeShine, a dealer-applied system of treatments that provides long-lasting protection for the paintwork, glass and upholstery of a car.

Autoglym currently holds two Royal Warrants in the UK as Supplier of car care products.

History
The Autoglym brand was founded in 1965 by a UK Motor Trade entrepreneur Dennis Barley who developed a unique system for renovating used car paintwork. There were 11 products in the original range, including polishes, a sealant, a paint renovator and glass, interior, engine and wheel cleaners. The products were only available to professional valets working in garages and workshops. The company had its manufacturing base in Digswell, trading as Welwyn Plastics. Welwyn Plastics used to produce other liquid products for various other industries, before deciding to concentrate solely on the production of Autoglym products, due to the strong growth of the brand. The sales and administration centre was in Welwyn Garden City trading as Autoglym. The first Autoglym training and product testing facility was established at the Welwyn site, something that has always been a key element in the Autoglym product development and improvement process. Autoglym was purchased by the Altro Group in the mid-1970s.

Expansion
The Autoglym name was now becoming an open 'trade secret' and due to repeated requests from members of the public the decision was taken to introduce a range aimed at the home enthusiast. In 1986 Autoglym launched their retail range consisting of existing products and some developed especially for home users. As the brand continued to expand Autoglym outgrew their Welwyn site and sought new premises in Letchworth Garden City, adjacent to the Altro Headquarters. Autoglym moved to Letchworth in 1991 allowing increased manufacturing output, larger research and development facilities, larger product testing and development bays and the unification of the sales and manufacturing departments on one site.

1991 also brought about a new line of products, the body shop range. This was developed in response to requests from customers who wanted a silicone free range of compounds, dressings and glass cleaners that would be safe to use in strictly silicone free environments.

ISO accreditation was awarded in 1991 along with a Royal Warrant from the Prince of Wales. The Queen Mothers Royal Warrant followed in 1992.

The Public Service Vehicle division catering to buses, coaches and trains was established at the beginning of 1994.

A line of bespoke motorcycle products was launched in 2001.

The LifeShine new vehicle protection system was launched in 2003.

HM The Queen awarded her Royal Warrant in 2004.

Products

Retail Products

Active Insect Remover

Alloy Wheel Seal

Aqua Wax

Autofresh

Bird Dropping Wipes

Bodywork Shampoo Conditioner

Bumper & Trim Detailer

Bumper & Trim Gel

Cabriolet Fabric Hood - Maintenance Kit

Car Glass Polish

Caravan and Motorhome Cleaner

Clean Wheels

Custom Wheel Cleaner

De-Icer

Engine & Machine Cleaner

Extra Gloss Protection

Fast Glass

Glass Spray

Hi-Foam Interior Shampoo

Hi-Tech Aqua-Dry

Hi-Tech Finishing Cloth

Hi-Tech Flexi Water Blade

Hi-Tech Interior Microfibre

Hi-Tech Microfibre Drying Towel

Hi-Tech Wheel Brush

High Definition Cleanser

High Definition Ceramic Coating

High Definition Wax

Instant Show Shine

Instant Tyre Dressing

Intensive Tar Remover

Interior Shampoo

Leather Care Balm

Leather Cleaner

Metal Polish

Odour Eliminator

Paint Renovator

Perfect Palm Applicator

Perfect Polishing Cloth

Pressure Wash

Rapid Detailer

Satin Matt Black

Silicone Spray

Silicone-Free Spray

Super Resin Polish

Surface Detailing Clay Kit

Ultra Deep Shine

Ultra High Definition Ceramic Coating

Ultimate Screenwash

Vinyl & Rubber Care

Wheel Silver

References

Automotive companies of the United Kingdom
Automotive companies established in 1965
Chemical companies established in 1965
Automotive chemicals
British royal warrant holders
1965 establishments in England

Autoglym


Kim Yik Yung, born in 1935 in Chongjin, Hamgyong, is a South Korean ceramic artist.

She studied chemical engineering at Seoul National University and then went to the US, where she studied ceramics at Alfred University, New York State. After returning to Korea, she worked as a researcher in the National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, South Korea.

Kim was co-winner of the 2004  "Artist of the Year" award from the National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art for significant contribution to the development of Korean contemporary ceramic art. Her work has been shown in major exhibitions in Korea, Japan, the United States, and Europe.

Education
 1957 B. S. Degree, Chemical Engineering, Seoul National University
 1958 Finished 1-year course of Ceramic Engineering, Seoul National University
 1959 Finished 1-year course of Crafts and Arts, Hongik University
 1961 M. F. A. College of Ceramics at Alfred University

Experiences
 1958-1959   Research Assistant, AID Central Design Demonstration Center
 1960-1961   Teaching Assistant, College of Ceramics at Alfred University
 1961-1963   Assistant to the Curator, National Museum of Korea
 1963-1964   Full-time Instructor, Duksung Women's College
 1964-1965   Invitational Research instructor, Kyoto Municipal College of Arts
 1965-1967   Instructor, Housing and Interior Design, Yonsei University
 1967-1968   Research Assistant, AID Design Development Project
 1969-1974   Planning Manager, Design Development Section, Korea Trade Promotion     Center
 1975-2000  Professor, Ceramics Design, College of Design and Architecture, Kookmin University in Korea
 2000-        Professor emeritus, Kookmin University.

Work in Collections
 National Gallery of Contemporary Arts, South Korea
 Hoam Art Museum, Seoul, Korea
 Youngeun Museum of Art, Daeyu Cultural Foundation,  Korea
 Everson Museum, Syracuse, U. S. A.
 Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, U. S. A.
 Royal Museum of Mariemont, Brussels, Belgium
 British Museum, United Kingdom
 National Museum of Scotland, United Kingdom
 Victoria and Albert Museum, United kingdom
 Detroit Institute of Art, U. S. A.
 Royal Ontario Museum, Canada
 Smithsonian Institution, U. S. A.
 Taipei National Museum of History, Taipei
 San Francisco Oriental Museum, U. S. A.
 Philadelphia Museum of Arts, U. S. A.
 Chicago Smart Museum, U. S. A.
 Honolulu Academy of Arts, U. S. A.
 Hawaii University Gallery, U. S. A.
 San Antonio Museum of Art, U. S. A.

See also
List of Korean ceramic artists and sculptors
Korean ceramics

External links
 Kim Yikyung's website
 Korea Times article
 Seoul selection, Kim Yikyung - Interview, 2013
 List of Museums that collect Kim Yikyung's Work, on Map

South Korean artists
1935 births
People from Chongjin
Living people
South Korean potters
South Korean ceramists
South Korean women ceramists
Women potters
South Korean people of North Korean origin

Kim Yik-yung


The lesser crested tern (Thalasseus bengalensis) is a tern in the family Laridae.

Etymology
The genus name is from Ancient Greek Thalasseus, "fisherman" from thalassa, "sea". The specific bengalensis means "of Bengal", the type locality, historically referring to much of northern India and Bangladesh.

Distribution

It breeds in subtropical coastal parts of the world mainly from the Red Sea across the Indian Ocean to the western Pacific, and Australia, with a significant population on the southern coast of the Mediterranean on two islands off the Libyan coast. Accidental breeding has also been reported in Italy and France. The Australian birds are probably sedentary, but other populations are migratory, wintering south to South Africa.

Subspecies
This bird has a number of geographical subspecies, differing mainly in size and minor plumage details:
 T. b. emigrata (Neumann, 1934): breeding in the Mediterranean on islands off the coast of Libya, wintering West Africa. Pale grey above (only marginally darker than Sandwich tern); slightly larger.
 T. b. bengalensis (Lesson, 1831): northern Indian Ocean, wintering to South Africa. Medium-dark grey above; slightly smaller.
 T. b. torresii (Gould, 1843): Indonesia south to Queensland, Australia, wintering in the same area (birds breeding in the Persian Gulf are also often given as this race). Dark grey above; slightly larger.

The Mediterranean race is a rare vagrant to Europe, and has bred in pure or mixed pairs (with Sandwich tern) in Italy, Spain and England.

This species breeds in dense colonies on coasts and islands. It nests in a ground scrape and lays one to two (rarely three) eggs. Nesting behaviour is very similar to that of Sandwich terns, with predator avoidance by nesting in very dense colonies, and also (in race emigrata at least) by nesting in the late summer when predatory yellow-legged gulls have finished breeding and departed from the nesting area.

Description
Like all Thalasseus terns, lesser crested tern feeds by plunge-diving for fish, usually from saline environments. It usually dives directly, and not from the "stepped-hover" favoured by Arctic tern.  The offering of fish by the male to the female is part of the courtship display.

This is a medium-large tern, very similar in size and general appearance to its three very close relatives Sandwich tern, Elegant tern and Chinese crested tern. The summer adult has a black cap, black legs and a long sharp orange bill. The upperwings, rump and central tail feathers are grey and the underparts white. The primary flight feathers darken during the summer. In winter, the forehead becomes white. The call is a loud grating noise like Sandwich tern.

The grey rump is a useful flight identification feature distinguishing it from the related species. The Elegant tern also differs in a slightly longer, slenderer bill, while Chinese crested tern differs in a black tip to the bill and Sandwich tern a black bill with a yellow tip.

Juvenile lesser crested terns resemble same-age Sandwich terns, but with a yellow-orange bill, and paler overall, with only faint dark crescents on the mantle feathers.

There are two other orange-billed terns within the range of this species, royal tern and Greater crested tern. Both are much larger and stouter-billed; royal also has a white rump and tail, while crested (which shares the grey rump) is darker overall above and has a yellower bill. See also orange-billed tern.

Conservation
T. bengalensis is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies, and one of 10 marine bird species listed in Mediterranean marine birds Action Plan.

In India the Lesser crested tern is protected in the PM Sayeed Marine Birds Conservation Reserve.

References

Further reading
 Azafzaf, H., Etayeb, K. & Hamza, A. 2006: Report on the census of Lesser Crested Tern Sterna bengalensis in the Eastern coast of Libya. (1–7 August 2006). Unpublished report to Regional Activities Centre/Special Protected Areas (MAP/UNEP), Environment General Agency (Libya) and African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement (UNEP/AEWA). 18 pp with map and four Appendices.
 Baker N.E (1984). Lesser Crested Tern in Bengazi, Libya. Bull. Orn. Soc. Middle East.
 Hamza, A.,  H. Azafzaf, N. Baccetti, E.M. Bourass, J. J.Borg, P. Defos du Rau, A. Saied, J. Sultana, M. Zenatello (2008) Report on census and ringing of Lesser Crested Tern in Libya (2-10 Aug. 2007), with a preliminary inventory of Libyan islands. UNEP-MAP-RAC/SPA and EGA. Tech. Report.
 Meininger, Peter L., Pim A. Wolf, Dan A. Hadoud and Mohamed F. A. Essghaier (1994) Rediscovery of Lesser Crested Tern breeding in Libya British Birds 87(4):160-170.
 Moltoni E. (1938). Escursione ornitologica all'Isola degli Uccelli (Golfo della Gran Sirte, Cirenaica). Riv. Ital. Orn 8 : 1-16.

External links
 Lesser crested tern - Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds

lesser crested tern
Birds of North Africa
Birds of Australia
Birds of Indonesia
Birds of the Maldives
Birds of the Arabian Peninsula
lesser crested tern
Taxa named by René Lesson
Articles containing video clips

Lesser crested tern


Permission was one of the largest gothic magazines of the 1990s. The magazine was first produced in Chicago in 1992 by Jayson Elliot. The first issue appeared as a newsprint 'zine, with a mix of articles about bands (such as Alien Sex Fiend and Young Gods), amateur poetry, disturbing comics (such as Scott Warren piece on serial killer Ed Gein), and fiction by local industrial musicians such as Jim Marcus (Die Warzaw).

As the industrial and gothic scenes peaked in the US during the early and mid-nineties, Permission grew rapidly, putting out ten issues at the rate of about two or three per year. Before Permission, the pre-eminent goth magazine had been Propaganda; but its fan base began to stagnate just as Permission'''s began to grow. While Propaganda and its emulators (Ghastly, Carpe Noctem, Dark Angel, etc.) reflected a serious, almost dogmatic approach to goth, Permission took a more jumbled, even humorous approach. Though it was prone to slip into self-importance from time to time as well, regular features like "Why'd You Get Kicked Out of Denny's?" or "Science Geek" kept things light. Every issue had comics in the back, and readers were more likely to find a pin-up of a professional wrestler The Undertaker than gothic makeup tips.

Publishing in the days before the Web, Permission was, along with related publication IndustrialnatioN, a primary source for reviews of goth and industrial music. A typical issue would contain between one and two hundred album reviews. The writing quality was varied; though the features themselves could be insightful.Permission's music coverage in the '90s reads like a guide to industrial/goth, from Skinny Puppy and KMFDM to Human Drama and Kommunity FK, and was known for its irreverent photography. Legendary Pink Dots wore a giant toy hat in a photo booth. Sheep on Drugs were given tiny birds and toy mushrooms. Thrill Kill Kult was splayed across the hood of a flaming '70s conversion van. Pigface appeared as just an iron and a blender.

A compilation album released by Permission was titled "TV Terror: Felching A Dead Horse" and featured covers of television theme songs played by some of the darkest, loudest bands of the time. The album had the distinction of being the catalyst for the first use of the word "felch" on national television, when Kurt Loder reported its release on MTV News.

The magazine's creator Jayson Elliot was busy in the goth industrial scene and often travelled to throw Permission parties or tours with bands. In 1994, he managed Procession, the "world gothic tour" featuring goth bands from four countries traveling around the United States. While turnout was heavy for the tour, a series of mishaps and conflicts left him soured on the scene. Moving the magazine to San Francisco in 1995, Permission continued to grow, though as its circulation increased, Jayson took the direction further and further from its punk/goth/industrial origins. By 1997, the magazine had reached its peak of popularity, with over forty thousand readers. Still, the strain of running the magazine and his disaffection with the scene led Jayson to cease publication in 2001.

In 2004, Permission re-formed in New York City, again under Jayson Elliot's direction. The magazine re-launched with an entirely new focus and design, much like the Details magazine in the 1980s did, without referencing the past. Now a fashion and lifestyle magazine, Permission'' bills itself as "life + style for emerging artists", and focuses on up-and-comers in all the creative fields.

References

Lifestyle magazines published in the United States
Music magazines published in the United States
Fashion magazines published in the United States
Goth subculture
Magazines established in 1992
Magazines published in San Francisco
Magazines published in Chicago
Magazines published in New York City

Permission (magazine)


The following are the Pulitzer Prizes for 1925.

Journalism awards
Reporting:
James W. Mulroy and Alvin H. Goldstein of the Chicago Daily News, for their service toward the solution of the murder of Robert Franks, Jr., in Chicago on May 22, 1924, and the bringing to justice of Nathan F. Leopold and Richard Loeb.
Editorial Writing:
Charleston News and Courier, for the editorial entitled "The Plight of the South". (No author named)

Editorial Cartooning:
Rollin Kirby of the New York World for "News from the Outside World."

Letters and Drama Awards
Novel:
So Big by Edna Ferber (Doubleday)
Drama:
They Knew What They Wanted by Sidney Howard (Doubleday)
History:
History of the American Frontier by Frederic L. Paxson (Houghton)
Biography or Autobiography:
Barrett Wendell and His Letters by M. A. Dewolfe Howe (Little)
Poetry:
The Man Who Died Twice by Edwin Arlington Robinson (Macmillan)

External links
Pulitzer Prizes for 1925

Pulitzer Prizes by year
Pulitzer Prize
Pulitzer Prize

1925 Pulitzer Prize


Vincent "Jimmy Blue Eyes" Alo (May 26, 1904 – March 9, 2001) was a New York mobster and a high-ranking capo in the Genovese crime family who set up casino operations with mob associate Meyer Lansky in Florida and Cuba.

Early years
Born in Harlem, Alo started working on Wall Street at age 14.  As a young man, Alo was convicted of armed robbery and sent to either Sing Sing or Dannemora state prison.

In 1926, Alo became a made man, or full member, of Joseph "Joe the Boss" Masseria's powerful New York gang. Named a caporegime of the old Joe Adonis crew, Alo oversaw clubs, speakeasys, and illegal gambling in Brooklyn.

Partnership with Lansky
In 1929, Lucky Luciano, one of Masseria's lieutenants, introduced Alo to Meyer Lansky. An old friend of Luciano's, Lansky was a valuable money-maker for Masseria's organization and Luciano wanted Alo to guard him. Luciano may have wanted Alo to also monitor Lansky (a claim reinforced in Vincent Teresa's My Life In the Mafia and The Last Mafioso by Ovid Demaris). However, the majority of crime historians view this as unlikely, as Lansky was at this time the head of a gang  independent of Masseria and Luciano called the Bugs and Meyer mob, which made much of their income through extortion and was one of the most violent gangs of the era. Alo is described as a junior partner in Lansky's operations in virtually all sources, if mentioned at all. Both Lansky and Alo were introverted, bookish men who wanted to become legitimate businessmen. The two mobsters quickly became friends.

When Alo first met Lansky, Alo was involved in a setting up a casino in the town of Hallandale, Florida (now called Hallandale Beach).  Immediately realizing that Alo would be perfect for this venture, Meyer invited him to become a partner. When Lansky and Alo arrived in Florida, they immediately started making contributions to local fraternal organizations and secret payments to politicians and law enforcement.

When they opened their first casino in Hallandale, Alo and Lansky faced no government or public opposition.  Business was so good in the first casino that Alo and Lansky soon opened a second one in Hallandale.  This cooperative relationship between the town and the mob would continue uninterrupted until 1947. As the town's economy became more diversified, public embarrassment about the illegal gambling increased. At that point, Alo and Lansky closed their two Hallandale casinos and started planning for casinos in Cuba.

Later years
In 1970, Alo was convicted of obstructing justice. Robert M. Morgenthau, U.S. District Attorney for the Southern District of New York, stated that "Alo is one of the most significant organized crime figures in the United States. He is closely associated with Meyer Lansky of Miami, who is at the apex of organized crime." Alo was described as being charming, intelligent and well liked by his associates. He retired in the mid 1970s and his crew was taken over by Matthew Ianniello.

On March 9, 2001, Alo died of natural causes in Florida at age 96. His remains were interred in Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx.

In popular culture
The character Johnny Ola, portrayed by Dominic Chianese, in the film The Godfather Part II (1974) is based on Alo. The character Victor Tellegio, portrayed by Robert De Niro, in the film American Hustle (2013) is based on Alo as well.

He also provided the full story of Prohibition-era bootlegging to Drew Struzan's wife Dylan, who published it as the 2019 nonfiction narrative book A Bloody Business.

He is mentioned early in the 2019 Martin Scorsese film The Irishman by Frank Sheeran, also played by De Niro.

References

Sifakis, Carl. The Mafia Encyclopedia. New York: Da Capo Press, 2005.

External links
In Memory of Jimmy Blue Eyes website
American Mafia.com Reprieve In Broward By John William Tuohy

1904 births
2001 deaths
American gangsters of Italian descent
Genovese crime family
Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)
People from Harlem
Criminals from Manhattan
Gangsters from New York City
People from Hallandale Beach, Florida

Vincent Alo


Lepidium virginicum, also known as least pepperwort or Virginia pepperweed, is an herbaceous plant in the mustard family (Brassicaceae). It is native to much of North America, including most of the United States and Mexico and southern regions of Canada, as well as most of Central America. It can be found elsewhere as an introduced species.

Virginia pepperweed grows as a weed in most crops and is found in roadsides, landscapes and waste areas. It prefers sunny locales with dry soil.

Description
Lepidium virginicum is an herbaceous annual or biennial. The entire plant is generally between 10 and 50 centimeters tall. The leaves on the stems of Virginia pepperweed are sessile, linear to lanceolate and get larger as they approach the base.

As with Lepidium campestre, Virginia pepperweed's most identifiable characteristic is its raceme, which comes from the plant's highly branched stem. The racemes give Virginia pepperweed the appearance of a bottlebrush. On the racemes are first small white flowers, and later greenish fruits.

All parts of the plant have a peppery taste.

Uses
The plant is edible. The young leaves can be used as a potherb, sautéed or used raw, such as in salads. The young seedpods can be used as a substitute for black pepper. The leaves contain protein, vitamin A and vitamin C.

References

External links

Jepson Manual Treatment - Lepidium virginicum
Lepidium virginicum - Photo gallery

virginicum
Edible plants
Flora of Northern America
Flora of Central America
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Lepidium virginicum


Atonement (Music from the Motion Picture) is the soundtrack album from the 2007 film Atonement, composed by Dario Marianelli and performed by the English Chamber Orchestra, French classical pianist Jean-Yves Thibaudet, and cellist Caroline Dale. This was their second collaboration with director Joe Wright, following the soundtrack for his 2005 adaptation of Pride & Prejudice.

In addition to winning an Academy Award for Best Original Score and a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score, Marianelli received nominations for the Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Composer and the Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Original Score.  Marianelli also received three awards for Film Score of the Year, Best Original Score, and Film Music Composition of the Year for "Elegy for Dunkirk" in the International Film Music Critics Association Awards.

The most notable elements of the score are the piano and the typewriter, which is often directly influenced by the characters' actions: when a character stops typing on the typewriter, for example, the ticking typewriter in the score ceases.

The title of track 4, "Cee, You and Tea" is a play on the spelling of the word "cunt," which is in the letter that Robbie writes and Briony intercepts, thus setting off the most important chain of events in the film.

"Elegy for Dunkirk", which accompanies an unbroken tracking shot around the beach at Dunkirk features a diegetic performance of the hymn "Dear Lord and Father of Mankind" to the tune "Repton" by Hubert Parry.

Not included on the album is the track heard in the trailer, The Vision, written by Chris Field, and licensed through X-Ray Dog.  After the release of the trailer, The Vision became one of Chris Field's and X-Ray Dog's best known pieces.

Track listing
"Briony" (Dario Marianelli) – 1:44
"Robbie's Note" (Dario Marianelli) – 3:04
"Two Figures By a Fountain" (Dario Marianelli) – 1:15
"Cee, You and Tea" (Dario Marianelli) – 2:25
"With My Own Eyes" (Dario Marianelli) – 4:40
"Farewell" (Dario Marianelli) – 3:32
"Love Letters" (Dario Marianelli) – 3:09
"The Half Killed" (Dario Marianelli) – 2:09
"Rescue Me" (Dario Marianelli) – 3:17
"Elegy for Dunkirk" (Dario Marianelli) – 4:15
"Come Back" (Dario Marianelli) – 4:28
"Denouement" (Dario Marianelli) – 2:27
"The Cottage on the Beach" (Dario Marianelli) 3:24
"Atonement" (Dario Marianelli) – 5:18
"Suite bergamasque: Clair de lune" (Claude Debussy) – 4:52

Personnel
 Dario Marianelli, composer
 English Chamber Orchestra conducted by Benjamin Wallfisch
 Jean-Yves Thibaudet, piano
 Caroline Dale, cello
 Brendan Power, harmonica

References

2007 soundtrack albums
2000s film soundtrack albums
Dario Marianelli soundtracks
Classical music soundtracks
Drama film soundtracks
Romance film soundtracks
Decca Records soundtracks
Scores that won the Best Original Score Academy Award

Atonement (soundtrack)


Thomas Clayton (born April 26, 1984) is a former American football running back. He was drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the sixth round of the 2007 NFL Draft. He last played college football at Kansas State.

He has also been a member of the Cleveland Browns, New England Patriots, Seattle Seahawks and Arizona Cardinals.

Early years
Clayton was born in Germany on April 26, 1984. Clayton grew up in the Washington DC metropolitan area where he attended Mount Vernon High School in Alexandria, Virginia, where he was a SuperPrep All-American running back. He was named to the USA Today All-USA team and was rated the eighth best running back nationally by Rivals.com and participated in U.S. Army All-American Bowl As a senior, he rushed for more than 2,000 yards.

College career
Clayton began his college football career at Florida State University as a true freshman in 2002, rushing for 45 yards on 13 attempts. Clayton made his final appearance as a Seminole, playing in the 2003 Sugar Bowl. Following the BCS Bowl, Clayton then transferred to Kansas State University, where he sat out the 2003 season under NCAA transfer rules. In 2004, Clayton appeared in 10 games serving as primary backup to Darren Sproles. He finishing with 14 carries for 71 yards. In 2005, with the departure of Darren Sproles to the NFL, Clayton's junior year looked to be promising. Picking up where Sproles left off, Clayton looked to be Kansas State's new bell cow, shredding opposing defenses for an average of 164.5 yards per game and 7.7 yards per rush. Leading the nation in both rushing yards per game, and yards per carry after week 3, Clayton was off to one of the best starts in school history, piling up 329 yards in the first two games. It was the most rushing yards in school history for the first two games of a season. He needed 221 yards to equal the best three-game start in school history and 70 yards for the second-best start, and against a feeble University of North Texas opponent coming week 4, Clayton would have had no problem accomplishing that had he not been suspended due to an arrest during the team's week 3 bye. "Thomas Clayton, the nation's leading rusher, was arrested Friday and charged with aggravated battery, stemming from a Sept. 16 altercation involving a university parking services employee." Obviously slowed down by this arrest, Clayton found himself in the dog house after such a promising start. Working himself back into good grace with the team, Clayton was able to finish the 2005 season with two strong games against Nebraska (85 yards) and Missouri (104 yards), allowing him to finish as the team's leading rusher with 637 yards and 5 total touchdowns. In 2006, Clayton entered the season ranked amongst the nation's top 10 returning senior running backs. However, with the retirement of head coach Bill Snyder, and the hiring of Ron Prince, Clayton was not able to match his 2005 success. With obvious friction between Clayton and Prince, Clayton only started 4 games his senior year, finishing the year with 338 rushing yards and 3 touchdowns before parting ways with the team after week 6, for undisclosed reasons. Clayton's best game in 2006 came in week 3 against Kansas State's highest ranked opponent, #5 Louisville Cardinals, where he rushed for 119 yards on 15 carries, one of which went 69 yards for a touchdown. He also hauled in five passes for 34 yards.

Though Clayton only participated in 4 games his senior season,  NFL scouts felt he displayed plenty of upside in his junior season to receive a 2007 NFL Combine invitation. Clayton also participated in the 2007 Senior Bowl. Clayton was a late addition to the 2007 Senior Bowl roster, but certainly made his presence felt upon his arrival to Mobile, Alabama. Clayton took advantage of his opportunity to display his ability in Mobile, immediately catching the eye of NFL scouts with his burst and quickness throughout the week of practice.

Professional career

San Francisco 49ers
Clayton was drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the sixth round (186th overall) of the 2007 NFL Draft. He went on to lead the NFL in rushing during the 2007 preseason. He duplicated his preseason success in 2008, where he led all rushers again. In August 2009, Clayton suffered an ACL injury, and was placed on injured reserve, where he spent the entire season.

First stint with the Patriots
Clayton signed with the New England Patriots on June 11, 2010. He was waived on August 6, 2010, but re-signed on August 11, 2010. He was waived during final cuts on September 4, 2010.

First stint with the Browns
Clayton was signed to the Cleveland Browns' practice squad on September 14, 2010.

Second stint with the Patriots
The Patriots signed Clayton off the Browns' practice squad on September 30, 2010. He was waived on October 23, 2010.

Second stint with the Browns
Clayton was claimed off waivers by the Browns on October 25, 2010. He was waived on December 1, 2010. He was active for two games, registering 0 yards on one carry in a Week 10 loss to the New York Jets.

Third stint with the Patriots
The Patriots claimed Clayton off waivers on December 2, 2010. He played in one game for the Patriots, the Week 17 season finale against the Miami Dolphins, running six times for 17 yards. He was released on August 3, 2011.

Seattle Seahawks
Clayton was claimed off waivers by the Seattle Seahawks on August 3 and then released prior to the start of the season.

Third stint with the Browns
Clayton signed with the Browns on November 1, 2011, after Montario Hardesty tore his calf muscle.

Arizona Cardinals
Clayton signed with the Arizona Cardinals on July 31, 2012. He was waived/injured on August 24, 2012.

References

External links
Arizona Cardinals bio
Cleveland Browns bio
Seattle Seahawks bio
New England Patriots bio
San Francisco 49ers bio

1984 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Alexandria, Virginia
Players of American football from Virginia
American football running backs
Florida State Seminoles football players
Kansas State Wildcats football players
San Francisco 49ers players
New England Patriots players
Cleveland Browns players
Seattle Seahawks players
Arizona Cardinals players

Thomas Clayton (American football)


A space probe is an unmanned space mission, usually a small spacecraft sent out to find out information about a planet or other far away thing. As a tool of space exploration a planetary probe may land on the planet, or orbit around it, or merely fly by closely. Probes use radio waves to send information back to Earth or sometimes to a manned spacecraft. A space observatory leaves the Earth to look at distant objects, but does not go near the objects, so it is not called a "probe".

The first successful space probe to explore a planet is Mariner 2, which was launched in August 1962 to fly by Venus. Over time, more space probes were launched, and more information about our solar system was gathered. A notable space probe is Voyager 2, which flew by Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune before leaving the Solar System into interstellar space, a place between the stars.

Related pages
 Exploration of Mars

Probe

Space probe


Sole is a flatfish belonging to several families. Generally speaking, they are  members of the family Soleidae.

Outside Europe, the name sole is also given to various other similar flatfish, especially other members of the sole suborder Soleoidei as well as members of the flounder family, the Pleuronectidae.

In European cookery, the common or Dover sole Solea solea, is often simply called the sole. It is the most widely available, and often thought to be the best.

References

Flatfish
Edible fish

Sole (fish)


The fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) is a physical phenomenon in which the Hall conductance of 2-dimensional (2D) electrons shows precisely quantized plateaus at fractional values of . It is a property of a collective state in which electrons bind magnetic flux lines to make new quasiparticles, and excitations have a fractional elementary charge and possibly also fractional statistics. The 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Robert Laughlin, Horst Störmer, and Daniel Tsui "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations"

The microscopic origin of the FQHE is a major research topic in condensed matter physics.

Descriptions

The fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) is a collective behavior in a 2D system of electrons. In particular magnetic fields, the electron gas condenses into a remarkable liquid state, which is very delicate, requiring high quality material with a low carrier concentration, and extremely low temperatures. As in the integer quantum Hall effect, the Hall resistance undergoes certain quantum Hall transitions to form a series of plateaus. Each particular value of the magnetic field corresponds to a filling factor (the ratio of electrons to magnetic flux quanta)

where p and q are integers with no common factors. Here q turns out to be an odd number with the exception of two filling factors 5/2 and 7/2. The principal series of such fractions are

and

Fractionally charged quasiparticles are neither bosons nor fermions and exhibit anyonic statistics. The fractional quantum Hall effect continues to be influential in theories about topological order. Certain fractional quantum Hall phases appear to have the right properties for building a topological quantum computer.

History and developments
The FQHE was experimentally discovered in 1982 by Daniel Tsui and Horst Störmer, in experiments performed on gallium arsenide heterostructures developed by Arthur Gossard.

There were several major steps in the theory of the FQHE.

Laughlin states and fractionally-charged quasiparticles: this theory, proposed by Robert B. Laughlin, is based on accurate trial wave functions for the ground state at fraction  as well as its quasiparticle and quasihole excitations. The excitations have fractional charge of magnitude .
Fractional exchange statistics of quasiparticles: Bertrand Halperin conjectured, and Daniel Arovas, John Robert Schrieffer, and Frank Wilczek demonstrated, that the fractionally charged quasiparticle excitations of the Laughlin states are anyons with fractional statistical angle ; the wave function acquires phase factor of  (together with an Aharonov-Bohm phase factor) when identical quasiparticles are exchanged in a counterclockwise sense. A recent experiment seems to give a clear demonstration of this effect.
Hierarchy states: this theory was proposed by Duncan Haldane, and further clarified by Bertrand Halperin, to explain the observed filling fractions not occurring at the Laughlin states' . Starting with the Laughlin states, new states at different fillings can be formed by condensing quasiparticles into their own Laughlin states. The new states and their fillings are constrained by the fractional statistics of the quasiparticles, producing e.g.  and  states from the Laughlin  state. Similarly constructing another set of new states by condensing quasiparticles of the first set of new states, and so on, produces a hierarchy of states covering all the odd-denominator filling fractions. This idea has been validated quantitatively, and brings out the observed fractions in a natural order. Laughlin's original plasma model was extended to the hierarchy states by Allan H. MacDonald and others. Using methods introduced by Greg Moore and Nicholas Read, based on conformal field theory explicit wave functions can be constructed for all hierarchy states.
Composite fermions: this theory was proposed by Jainendra K. Jain, and further extended by Halperin, Patrick A. Lee and Read. The basic idea of this theory is that as a result of the repulsive interactions, two (or, in general, an even number of) vortices are captured by each electron, forming integer-charged quasiparticles called composite fermions. The fractional states of the electrons are understood as the integer QHE of composite fermions. For example, this makes electrons at filling factors 1/3, 2/5, 3/7, etc. behave in the same way as at filling factor 1, 2, 3, etc. Composite fermions have been observed, and the theory has been verified by experiment and computer calculations. Composite fermions are valid even beyond the fractional quantum Hall effect; for example, the filling factor 1/2 corresponds to zero magnetic field for composite fermions, resulting in their Fermi sea.
Tsui, Störmer, and Robert B. Laughlin were awarded the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work.

Evidence for fractionally-charged quasiparticles

Experiments have reported results that specifically support the understanding that there are fractionally-charged quasiparticles in an electron gas under FQHE conditions.

In 1995, the fractional charge of Laughlin quasiparticles was measured directly in a quantum antidot electrometer at Stony Brook University, New York. In 1997, two groups of physicists at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel, and at the Commissariat à l'énergie atomique laboratory near Paris, detected such quasiparticles carrying an electric current, through measuring quantum shot noise
Both of these experiments have been confirmed with certainty.

A more recent experiment, which measures the quasiparticle charge extremely directly, appears beyond reproach.

Impact

The FQH effect shows the limits of Landau's symmetry breaking theory. Previously it was held that the symmetry breaking theory could explain all the important concepts and properties of forms of matter. According to this view, the only thing to be done was to apply the symmetry breaking theory to all different kinds of phases and phase transitions. From this perspective, the importance of the FQHE discovered by
Tsui, Stormer, and Gossard is notable for contesting old perspectives.

The existence of FQH liquids suggests that there is much more to discover beyond the present symmetry breaking paradigm in condensed matter physics.
Different FQH states all have the same symmetry
and cannot be described by symmetry breaking theory.
The associated fractional charge, fractional statistics, non-Abelian statistics,
chiral edge states, etc. demonstrate the power and the fascination of emergence in many-body systems.
Thus FQH states represent new states of matter that contain a
completely new kind of order—topological order.
For example, properties once deemed isotropic for all materials may be anisotropic in 2D planes.
The new type of orders represented by FQH states greatly enrich our
understanding of quantum phases and quantum phase transitions.

See also
 Hall probe
 Laughlin wavefunction
 Macroscopic quantum phenomena
 Quantum anomalous Hall effect
 Quantum Hall Effect
 Quantum spin Hall effect
 Topological order

Notes

References

Hall effect
Correlated electrons
Quantum phases
Mesoscopic physics
Unsolved problems in physics
Unexplained phenomena

Fractional quantum Hall effect


Moodabidri is a town in India. It is in the Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka state. It is 37 km away from the district headquarters, Mangalore. People there speak Tulu, Konkani and Kannada. This place consist of many notable tourist spots like Thousand Pillar Temple , Kadalakere Nisarga Dhama, Hanuman Temple, Soans farm, Butterfly park, Beluvai, Satynarayana temple etc. This place is famous for its heritage and monuments . Many jain basadi's (temples of Jain religion) are the places to visit.

Towns in Karnataka

Moodabidri


Viscachas or vizcachas are rodents. Together with the chinchilla they make up the family Chinchillidae.

There are two genera and four species of viscacha.
 Plains viscacha (Lagostomus maximus): Lives in the Pampas of Argentina and Chile . It can be easily differentiated from other viscachas because it has black and gray moustache-like facial markings. This species makes colonies. It lives in warrens of ten to over one hundred. It is very vocal and emits alarm calls. The plains viscacha can strip grassland used to graze livestock; this caused ranchers to consider the rodent a pest species.

 Northern viscacha (Lagidum peruanum): Native to the Peruvian Andes at those elevations between the timber line and the snow line. It is dorsally gray or brown in color. It has a bushy tail and long, furry ears. This species lives in large colonies. The colonies are separated into individual family units, like an apartment complex. It eats a wide range of plants. It lives in a harsh, rocky environment. Therefore, it is not too picky about the food.

 Mountain viscacha (Lagidum viscacia): Also called southern viscacha, this species is similar to the northern viscacha, but its fur is more red in color. It lives in similar habitat in the Andes.

 Wolffsohn's viscacha (Lagidum wolffsohni): Little is known about this species, as it is rarer than the other three viscachas.

Rodents
Mammals of South America

Viscacha


Victory is a town in Cayuga County, New York, United States. The population was 1,660 at the 2010 census. The name celebrates the political victory in forming the town. It is in the northwestern part of the county and north of Auburn.

History

Victory was within the Central New York Military Tract. The town was first settled circa 1799.

The town was formed from the town of Cato in 1821 after a bitter political dispute about whether to break up Cato. The town of Conquest was formed at the same time and also given a name celebrating the split.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, Victory has a total area of , of which  is land and , or 0.17%, is water.

The western town line is the border of Wayne County.

Sterling Creek flows northward through the town toward Lake Ontario.

New York State Route 38 intersects New York State Route 370 by Victory village. New York State Route 104 runs along the northern town line.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,838 people, 617 households, and 481 families residing in the town.  The population density was .  There were 662 housing units at an average density of 19.3 per square mile (7.4/km2).  The racial makeup of the town was 97.17% White, 0.38% African American, 0.87% Native American, 0.16% Asian, 0.27% Pacific Islander, 0.11% from other races, and 1.03% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.44% of the population.

There were 617 households, out of which 43.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.2% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.0% were non-families. 18.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.98 and the average family size was 3.36.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 32.0% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 31.9% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 7.8% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.2 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.6 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $38,672, and the median income for a family was $41,680. Males had a median income of $32,232 versus $23,150 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,462.  About 7.9% of families and 10.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.7% of those under age 18 and 8.1% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations in Victory
Ira Corners – A location on the eastern town line.
K Cat Corners A location in the eastern part of the town, northeast of Victory village.
North Victory – A hamlet near the northern town boundary (mostly in the town of Sterling) on NY-104.  It was settled circa 1812.
Victory – The hamlet of Victory at the junction of Routes NY-38 and NY-370 near the center of the town. The community was settled c. 1806.
Westbury – A hamlet on the western town line, partly in Wayne County. It was first settled c. 1806.

References

External links
Town of Victory official website

Towns in Cayuga County, New York
Towns in New York (state)

Victory, Cayuga County, New York


Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Mathy (March 17, 1807 – February 3, 1868), was a Badensian statesman.

He was born at Mannheim.  He studied law and politics at Heidelberg, and entered the Baden government department of finance in 1829. His sympathy with the revolutionary ideas of 1830, expressed in his paper the Zeitgeist, cost him his appointment in 1834, and he made his way to Switzerland, where he contributed to the Jeune Suisse directed by Mazzini.

On his return to Baden in 1840 he edited the Landtagszeitung at Karlsruhe, and in 1842 he entered the estates for the town of Konstanz. In 1843 Mathy founded a publishing house in Heidelberg together with Friedrich Daniel Bassermann, that would later become known as Bassermann'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. He became one of the opposition leaders and in 1847 helped to found the Deutsche Zeitung, a paper which eventually did much to further the cause of German unity.

He took part in the preliminary parliament and in the Frankfurt Parliament, where he supported the policy of Heinrich von Gagern, and after the refusal of Frederick William IV to accept the imperial crown he still worked for the cause of unity. He was made finance minister in Baden in May 1849, but was dismissed after a few days of office. He then applied his financial knowledge to banking business in Cologne, Berlin, Gotha and Leipzig. He was recalled to Baden in 1862, and in 1864 became president of the new ministry of commerce. He sought to bring Baden institutions into line with those of northern Germany with a view to ultimate union, and when in 1866 Baden took sides with Austria against Prussia he sent in his resignation. After the war he became president of a new cabinet, but he did not live to see the realization of the policy for which he had striven. He died at Karlsruhe.

His letters during the years 1846-1848 were edited by Ludwig Mathy (Leipzig, 1899), and his life was written by Gustav Freytag (Leipzig, 1869).

1807 births
1868 deaths
Members of the Second Chamber of the Diet of the Grand Duchy of Baden
Politicians from Mannheim
Ministers of the Grand Duchy of Baden
Ministers-President of Baden
Heidelberg University alumni
Members of the Frankfurt Parliament

Karl Mathy


Sima Ai or Sima Yi (司馬乂) (277 – 19/20 March 304), courtesy name Shidu (士度), formally Prince Li of Changsha (長沙厲王), was a Jin Dynasty (266–420) imperial prince who briefly served as regent for his brother Emperor Hui.  He was the fifth of the eight princes commonly associated with the War of the Eight Princes.  Of the eight princes, he alone received praises from historians, for his attempt to reform government and his courtesy to his developmentally disabled brother, Emperor Hui. According to the Book of Jin, Sima Ai was a strong and resolute man and was seven chi and five cun tall (approximately 1.84 metres).

Sima Ai was Emperor Wu's sixth son, born of the same mother as Sima Wei the Prince of Chu. He was granted the title Prince of Changsha in 22 December 289. When his father died in May 290, Sima Ai was praised by many for his display of filial piety.  When Sima Wei, at the command of Emperor Hui's wife Empress Jia Nanfeng, killed the regents Sima Liang the Prince of Ru'nan and Wei Guan, Sima Ai participated. Subsequently, when Empress Jia claimed that Sima Wei had forged the edict and executed him, Sima Ai was demoted to the lesser title of Prince of Changshan on 19 September 291.  Despite this, during the next few years, he received renown for his decisiveness, talents, and humility.  When Sima Lun the Prince of Zhao usurped the throne in 301, Sima Ai was at his principality, and he led his own troops to join the forces of his brother Sima Ying the Prince of Chengdu against Sima Lun.  Once Sima Ying and Sima Jiong the Prince of Qi were able to defeat and overthrow Sima Lun and restore Emperor Hui, Sima Ai, for his accomplishments, was restored to his original title as the Prince of Changsha.

After overthrowing Sima Lun, Sima Jiong became the regent—as Sima Ying, who was initially named co-regent with him, declined and returned to his stronghold of Yecheng.  He became arrogant and extremely controlling, and failed to pay even basic courtesies to Emperor Hui.  He also became suspicious of Sima Yong the Prince of Hejian (the grandson of Emperor Hui's great-granduncle Sima Fu, Prince Xian of Anping), because Sima Yong had initially wanted to support Sima Lun, until he saw that Sima Lun's cause was hopeless. Sima Yong knew of Sima Jiong's suspicion, and started a conspiracy; he invited Sima Ai to overthrow Sima Jiong, believing that Sima Ai would fail; his plan was then to, in conjunction with Sima Ying, start a war against Sima Jiong. Once they were victorious, he would depose Emperor Hui and make Sima Ying the emperor, and then serve as Sima Ying's prime minister. In winter 302, Sima Yong declared his rebellion, and Sima Ying soon joined, despite opposition from his strategist Lu Zhi. Hearing that Sima Ai was part of the conspiracy as well, Sima Jiong made a preemptive strike against Sima Ai, but Sima Ai was prepared and entered the palace to control Emperor Hui. After a street battle, Sima Jiong's forces collapsed, and he was executed.

Sima Ai became the effective regent, but in order to reduce opposition, he submitted all important matters to Sima Ying, still stationed at Yecheng.  As regent, he paid attention to reforming the government, and he saw the importance of formally honoring Emperor Hui while maintaining resemblance to impartial governance. He continued to try to share power with Sima Ying.  However, in fall 303, Sima Yong, dissatisfied that his plan did not come to fruition, persuaded Sima Ying to again join him against Sima Ai. While Sima Yong and Sima Ying had overwhelming force, their forces could not score a conclusive victory against Sima Ai.  Sima Ai made overtures to try to achieve peace with Sima Ying, but after negotiations, those efforts failed.  Sima Yong's forces were about to withdraw in spring 304 when Sima Yue the Prince of Donghai, the grandson of a great-granduncle of Emperor Hui, believing that Sima Ai could not win this war, arrested him and delivered him to Sima Yong's general Zhang Fang (), who executed Sima Ai cruelly by burning him to death.  (Before he was executed, Sima Ai was able to write a touching letter of farewell to Emperor Hui.)  As Sima Ai cried out in pain, even Zhang's forces were mourning for his fate.

References

 Fang, Xuanling. Book of Jin (Jin Shu).

Jin dynasty (266–420) generals
Jin dynasty (266–420) imperial princes
Jin dynasty (266–420) regents
277 births
304 deaths
Executed Jin dynasty (266–420) people
People executed by the Jin dynasty (266–420)
Executed Chinese people
People executed by China by burning
Politicians from Luoyang
Executed people from Henan
4th-century executions
Generals from Henan
4th-century regents

Sima Ai


Active Scripting (formerly known as ActiveX Scripting) is the technology used in Windows to implement component-based scripting support. It is based on OLE Automation (part of COM) and allows installation of additional scripting engines in the form of COM modules.

Uses and history
The Active Scripting technologies were first released in 1996, with the release of the Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.0 (August 1996) and Internet Information Services 3.0 products (December 1996).

Usual applications of Active Scripting include Active Server Pages (ASP) server scripts, Internet Explorer, and Windows Script Host (WSH) scripts automating routine tasks, including use for login scripts, Registry manipulation, and the like. Other administrative uses include Windows Management Instrumentation and Active Directory Service Interfaces. Active Scripting can also be used for general-purpose scripting, such as database programming, text-processing, rapid prototyping, and application macro/scripting programming; some applications use Active Scripting as the main automation method, others do not have a macro facility but the components are available for use via the API; or one may opt to add a language and/or tool not available by default, like programming Microsoft Excel in Perl or REXX rather than Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) or transferring data from a terminal emulator to word processor by way of a spreadsheet when they have dissimilar macro tools or none at all.

For many of the above uses, Active Scripting is an addition to Windows that is similar to the functionality of Unix shell scripts, as well as an incremental improvement upon batch files (command.com), Windows NT style shell scripts (cmd.exe) and, by way of VBScript, the replacement for QBasic, which was last available on the supplementary disc for Windows 95. The majority of the languages used for Active Scripting mentioned below are glue languages, with Perl being the most commonly used third-party script engine.

The interfaces to Active Scripting engines are public, so any developer can create applications that are programmable in Active Scripting languages as well as engines for additional languages.

Implementations

Active Scripting engines are available for several languages. Some of the most popular include:
 ActivePerl – Perl
 ActivePHP and PHPScript for PHP
 Delphi
 Fortran
 Haskell
 Lua
 REXX (multiple versions)
 Ruby
 Tcl
 VBScript and JScript for Windows versions after Windows 95, optional with CE
 Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) for Windows; and requires Microsoft Office, or other software packages that are VBA-programmable.
 XLNT
 XSLT

In Windows, CScript.exe at the command line and WScript.exe running in the GUI are the main means of implementation of installed Active Script languages. Clicking on an icon or running from the command line, a script, the Run dialogue, etc. will by default run a plain text file containing the code. A Windows Script File (.wsf) is an XML file that can contain more than one script in more than one language in addition to other elements, and are executed by the Windows Script Host.

The third-party shell Take Command can, as of version 10, be configured for direct interoperability with the script host and its installed engines; a WSH engine based on the Take Command language is reportedly now in development.

Some software such as SecureCRT use the WSH functionality to allow automation by means of any installed scripting engine.

The script host, related components, and engines are able to be integrated into and called from Windows applications just like any other component.

Current status
Active scripting is regarded complete, and no longer under active development by Microsoft. However, the technology is still being supported by Microsoft's Sustaining Engineering Team, which is responsible for bug fixes and security enhancements. Furthermore, scripting engines will continue to be shipped with future releases of Microsoft Windows and IIS.

Originally, the .NET Framework had a scripting technology of its own and a separate scripting IDE called Visual Studio for Applications (VSA), and the interfaces to the technology were also available via Active Scripting, allowing even .NET-unaware applications to be scripted using .NET languages. VSA was also meant to replace Visual Basic for Applications. However, that entire technology was deprecated in version 2.0 of the .NET Framework, leaving no clear upgrade path for applications desiring Active Scripting support (although "scripts" can be created in C#, VBScript, Visual Basic .NET, and other .NET languages, which can be compiled and executed at run-time via libraries installed as part of the standard .NET runtime).

Microsoft has also introduced Windows PowerShell, which can expose applications via PowerShell cmdlets or PowerShell providers.

See also
ActiveX
Dynamic Language Runtime

References

External links
 Windows Script Interfaces – Active Scripting documentation.
Future of VBScript Language – Information about the future of Active Scripting technologies.

Internet Explorer
Scripting languages

Active Scripting


The Grameen Bank is a community development bank started in Bangladesh. They give small loans (known as microcredit or "grameencredit"  ) to poor people without asking for money before the loan is given. The word "Grameen", is made of the word "gram" or "village", and means "of the village". The system of this bank is based on the idea that the poor have skills but have no chance to use their skills without some money. The bank also controls some businesses, such as fabric, telephone and energy companies. Most of the banks loans go to women.

The Grameen Bank was started 1976 when Professor Muhammad Yunus, a Fulbright scholar and Professor at University of Chittagong, researched how to provide banking for the rural poor. In October 1983, the Grameen Bank Project was made into an independent bank by the government. The group and its first member, Muhammad Yunus, were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006.

Some people have said the banks prices are too expensive and put people in a debt-trap. Some have also said that the bank would not work if people did not give donations. At the same time, it is often seen as a success story in microfinance and as the guide for other groups around the world.

History

Muhammad Yunus, the banks first member, earned a Ph.D. in economics from Vanderbilt University in the United States. During the Bangladesh famine of 1974 he gave a small loan of USD 27 to a group of 42 families so that they could make small items and sell them without owing too much money. Yunus believed that a lot less people would be poor around Bangladesh if they could find small loans.

The  Grameen Bank ("Bank of the Villages", in the Bengali language) is the product of Yunus' ideas. The bank began as a research project by Yunus and the Rural Economics Project at Bangladesh's University of Chittagong.  They gave out some small loans and waited to know what would happen. In 1976, the village of Jobra and other villages surrounding the University of Chittagong became the first places where Grameen Bank loaned money to people. The Bank was very successful and with support from the main Bangladesh Bank, gave loans for the Tangail District (to the north of the capital, Dhaka). The bank's success continued and it soon gave loans in many areas of Bangladesh. On 2 October 1983, the project was made into an independent bank, by the Bangladeshi government. Bankers from ShoreBank, a community development bank in Chicago, helped Yunus by making Grameen Bank a part of Shorebank with money from the Ford Foundation. After the 1998 flood of Bangladesh, many people could not pay their debts to Grameen for a few years. By the beginning of 2005, the bank had loaned over USD 4.7 billion to poor people.

Grameen Bank now loans money to poor people all over India. By 2006, India had over 2,100 Grameen Bank branches. Its success has inspired similar projects in more than 40 countries around the world and has made World Bank to take an initiative to finance Grameen-type schemes.

The bank gets help with money. In the mid-1990s, the bank started getting most of its funding from the central bank of Bangladesh. More recently, Grameen has been borrowing money. The Government of Bangladesh guarantees that money borrowed by the Grameen Bank will be repaid.

How the bank works

Grameen Bank is best known for solidarity lending.  The Bank also incorporates a set of values embodied in Bangladesh by the Sixteen Decisions. At every branch of Grameen Bank the borrowers recite these Decisions and vow to follow them.

There is solidarity lending in over 43 countries. Each borrower must belong to a five-member group, the group does not need to give a guarantee for a loan. The loan is made to only one person but the whole group is to make sure that the money is repaid. Each member has to pay for their own loan but if they have problems the group may help them pay because the group would not get any more loans from Grameen if all the groups loans were not paid.

Grameen Bank does not take people to court if they cannot pay, the system works on trust only. Solidarity groups agree with Grameen to save enough for extra payments in case they cannot pay every time.

Not many women in India can have loans from big banks so 97% of Grameens loans go to women. Women get treated very badly in some countries, and groups, such as the World Bank are researching to know if small loans are helping women around the world.
Over 98 percent of Grameens loans have been paid back but the Wall Street Journal says that 20% of the loans took more than a year longer than the time agreed to pay the loan back. Grameen says that more than half of its borrowers in Bangladesh (close to 50 million) now: have all children of school age in school, all household members eating three meals a day, a clean toilet, a rainproof house, clean drinking water and can pay 300 taka-a-week (around 4 USD) towards their loans.

Village Phone Program
One of the things Grameen Bank does for poor people is the Village Phone program. Women entrepreneurs can start a business providing a payphone service in rural areas of Bangladesh. The Village Phone Program was awarded the 2004 Petersburg Prize of EUR 100,000 for Technology to Development. The Development Gateway Foundation said:
...Grameen has created a new class of women entrepreneurs who have raised themselves from poverty. Moreover, it has improved the livelihoods of farmers and others who are provided access to critical market information and lifeline communications previously unattainable in some 28,000 villages of Bangladesh. More than 55,000 phones are currently in operation, with more than 80 million people benefiting from access to market information, news from relatives, and more.

Struggling members program
In 2003, Grameen Bank started a new loan program, different from the Solidarity Group, to help the beggars in Bangladesh. This program is made to give small loans to beggars. The loans cost only the amount of the loan and the repayment take a long time, for example, a beggar taking a small loan of around 100 taka (about US $1.50) can pay only 2.00 taka (about 3.4 US cents) per week and only repays 100 taka.

The bank does not force the beggars to give up begging but tries to get them selling low-priced items. The Global Microcredit Summit in 2006 by one of the banks managers says that by May 2006, around 73,000 beggars have taken loans of about 58.32 million taka (approx. USD 833,150) and repaid 34.78 million taka (about USD 496,900).

Statistics
Grameen Bank is owned by the people who borrow the money, mostly women. The borrowers own 94% of the bank, and the other 6% is owned by the Government of Bangladesh.

In October 2007, the bank had 7.34 million borrowers, and 97% of those were women.
The number of borrowers had more than doubled since 2003, when the bank had only 3.12 million members. In October 2007, the Bank had a staff of over 24,703 employees and 2,468 branches covering 80,257 villages. There were 43,681 villages covered in the year 2003.
Since its start, the bank has loaned 347.75 billion taka (USD 6.55 billion). 313.11  billion taka (USD 5.87  billion) has been repaid. The bank says 98.35% of loans are repaid. In 1998, 95% of loans were repaid. However, many critics doubt this recovery rate and the definition that Grameen uses to come up with this rate.

Nobel Peace Prize
Grameen Bank received awards such as, the Bangladesh Independence Day Award, in 1994. The bank got its best known award on 13 October 2006, when the Nobel Committee awarded Grameen Bank and its first member, Muhammad Yunus, the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize "for their efforts to create economic and social development from below." The Nobel Foundation says: From modest beginnings three decades ago, Yunus has, first and foremost through Grameen Bank, developed micro-credit into an ever more important instrument in the struggle against poverty. Grameen Bank has been a source of ideas and models for the many institutions in the field of micro-credit that have sprung up around the world.
Mosammat Taslima Begum, used her first loan of 16-euro (20-dollar) from the bank in 1992 to buy a goat and subsequently became a successful entrepreneur and one of the elected board members of the bank. She collected the Nobel Prize for Grameen Bank on 10 December 2006, at the prize awarding ceremony in Oslo City Hall.

Grameen Bank is the only business to have won a Nobel Prize. In a speech given at the presentation ceremony, Professor Ole Danbolt Mjøs, Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, said that, by giving the prize to Grameen Bank and Muhammad Yunus, the Norwegian Nobel Committee wanted to make more contact with the Muslim world, to help women, and on to fight against poverty.

The people in Bangladesh were very happy with the Nobel Prize. Some critics asserted that the award affirms neoliberalism.

Related groups
The Grameen Bank has grown into over two dozen groups called the Grameen Family of Enterprises. These groups include Grameen Trust, Grameen Fund, Grameen Communications, Grameen Shakti (Grameen Energy), Grameen Telecom, Grameen Shikkha (Grameen Education), Grameen Motsho (Grameen Fisheries), Grameen Baybosa Bikash (Grameen Business Development), Grameen Phone, Grameen Software Limited, Grameen CyberNet Limited, Grameen Knitwear Limited, and Grameen Uddog (owner of the brand Grameen Check).

On 11 July 2005 the Grameen Mutual Fund One (GMFO), was listed as an Initial Public Offering.  One of the first mutual funds of its kind, GMFO will allow the over four million Grameen bank members, as well as non-members, to buy into Bangladesh's capital markets. The Grameen group is worth over USD 7.4 billion.

The Grameen Foundation was based on the work of Grameen Bank in Bangladesh and they want to share the Grameen ideas and hurry microfinance to the worlds poorest people. Grameen Foundation USA, which has an A- rating from Charity Watch, supports microfinance institutions worldwide with loan guarantees, training, and technology transfer. As of 2006, Grameen Foundation supports microfinance institutions in the following regions:
Asia-Pacific: Bangladesh, China, East Timor, Indonesia, India, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia
Americas: Bolivia, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico
Africa: Egypt, Morocco, Nigeria, Rwanda, Tunisia, Uganda

Some people do not agree with Grameen
Sudhirendar Sharma, a development analyst, says that the Grameen Bank has "landed poor communities in a perpetual debt-trap", and that its ultimate benefit goes to the corporations that sell capital goods and infrastructure to the borrowers. Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Sheikh Hasina, who said, "There is no difference between usurers [Yunus] and corrupt people." Hasina also says the bank wants too much in return for the loans. Loans from Grameen Bank cost more than bigger banks, around 20% interest. The Mises Institute's Jeffrey Tucker says that Grameen Bank is not good enough for Indias economy and is a way of giving money to people who are not working.

Notes
 Bornstein, David. The Price of a Dream: The Story of the Grameen Bank.  Oxford University Press, NY: 2005,
 Counts, Alex, Give Us Credit , Crown, 1996,
 Sachs, Jeffrey. "The End of Poverty". Penguin Books, NY: 2005,
 Yunus, Muhammad (with Alan Jolis), Banker to the Poor: The Autobiography of Muhammad Yunus, Founder of Grameen Bank, Oxford University Press: USA,
 "Micro Loans for the Very Poor", New York Times, 16 February 1997
 Cockburn, Alexander, "A Nobel Peace Prize for Neoliberalism?" http://www.counterpunch.org/cockburn10202006.html

References

Other websites

 gramBangla, Australian Bangladeshi Community Grameen Support Group
 Grameen Bank: Taking Capitalism to the Poor , Mainsah, E. et al., Chazen Journal of International Business, Columbia Business School, 2004
 A video by Muhammad Yunus talking about Grameen Bank
 Grameen II: The First Five Years, 2001-2006 ; Stuart Rutherford et al. for MicroSave, February 2006.
 Grameen Bank History

1983 establishments in Asia
Economy of Bangladesh
Banks of Asia
Buildings and structures in Bangladesh
Dhaka
20th-century establishments in Bangladesh

Grameen Bank


The Three Jewels, also called the Three Treasures, the Three Refuges, or the Triple Gem, are the three things that Buddhists give themselves to, and in return look toward for guidance, in the process known as taking refuge.

The Three Jewels are:

 Buddha, which means The Enlightened or Awakened One, who, depending on one's interpretation, can mean the Historical Buddha, Shakyamuni, or the Buddha nature or ideal within all beings;
 Dharma, which means The Teaching, which is the Teachings of the Buddha.
 Sangha, which means The Community, The Community of those great people who have attained Enlightenment, so that those people (Sangha) will help you to attain Enlightenment.

References

Buddhism
Buddhist terminology

Three Jewels


Polish American Heritage Month is an annual event celebrated in October by Polish American communities. It was first celebrated in 1981 after organization by Michael Blichasz, President of the Polish American Cultural Center in Philadelphia. Originally it was celebrated in August at various gatherings, travel events, and culturally-significant locations in Pennsylvania. The Polish American Cultural Center and the Polish American Congress lobbied politicians at the state and national level to make August the month for Polish heritage. In 1984, House Joint Resolution 577 passed, making August Polish American Heritage Month. President Ronald Reagan urged all Americans to join in the celebration honoring Polish heritage in the United States. The month was changed to October in 1986 to aid participating schools in organization during the school year, and October holds significance as the month when the first Polish settlers came to Jamestown, Virginia.

Proclamations were made by Presidents Reagan and George H.W. Bush, but beginning with Bill Clinton, U.S. Presidents have since made proclamations for General Pulaski Memorial Day, and official messages noting Polish American Heritage month. Neither Barack Obama nor Donald Trump have ever made any Proclamations or Official Messages commemorating Polish American Heritage Month.

In 2017 HR1230 was submitted in the Texas Legislature by State Representative James White and it stated "That the House of Representatives of the 85th Texas Legislature hereby recognize October 2017 as Polish American Heritage Month in Texas and honor the contributions of Poles and people of Polish descent to our state."

Proclamations by Ronald Reagan
1984
1986
1987
1988

Proclamations by George H.W. Bush
1989
1990
1991
1992

Official messages by Bill Clinton
1996

Notes
Pula, James. Polish American Encyclopedia. p. 380

References

External links
Ronald Reagan proclamation
Polish American Heritage month website

Polish-American culture
Polish-American history
Commemorative months
October observances
Observances in the United States

Polish American Heritage Month


William, Lord of Douglas (died 19 July 1333) was a short-lived Scottish nobleman, the son of Sir James Douglas and an unknown mother. Little is known of Lord Douglas's life which, after his father's death in Spain in 1330, he spent under the guardianship of Sir Archibald Douglas.

There are records of transactions occurring in the exchequer accounts of the Lord Chamberlain of Scotland in 1331 that refer to Willelmus dominus de Duglas. There is also a record of a complaint by the monks of Coldingham Priory to David II against the Lord of Douglas and his uncle Sir Archibald, in respect of certain manorial lands at Swinton, Berwickshire. In this the monks claimed that the lands had been given to Lord Douglas' father, Sir James, illegally and with prejudice against the priory at Coldingham.

William of Douglas accompanied his uncle, who had been appointed Guardian of the Realm, to the battlefield of Halidon Hill. There, with his uncle, six belted earls and countless knights and commoners, he was slain. He died unmarried and a minor. The title and privileges of the Lordship of Douglas passed to another uncle, Hugh "the Dull", a Canon of Glasgow and parson of Roxburgh who turned much of the Douglas patrimony over to his cousin William Douglas of Lothian.

In 1778, excavations at the Auld Kirk at North Berwick uncovered the matrix of the seal of William, Lord Douglas. This seal stamp shows the first representation of the heart of Bruce in Douglas heraldry, and shows that it was assumed immediately after the death of Sir James Douglas.

References
Maxwell, Sir Herbert. A History of the House of Douglas. Freemantle. London 1902

Year of birth missing
1333 deaths
Scottish deaths at the Battle of Halidon Hill
William IV, Lord of Douglas

William IV, Lord of Douglas


4hero are an electronic music group from Dollis Hill, London, comprising producers Mark "Marc Mac" Clair & Denis "Dego" McFarlane. While the band is often cited as 4 Hero or 4-Hero, the name is stylised as 4hero on their albums and website. 4hero are known for being pioneers of breakbeat hardcore, jungle/drum and bass, broken beat and nu jazz music.

Style
4hero's style was initially uptempo breakbeat, house and techno, and has progressed to breakbeat hardcore, oldschool jungle, and drum and bass. Comparisons have been drawn between them and East London band Shut Up and Dance, with both bands evolving in the early 1990s as a rapprochement between the breakbeat-driven African-diasporic musical structures of hip-hop and reggae, and the dark, European reconstruction of the techno sound popularised by the likes of Joey Beltram, CJ Bolland and Mundo Muzique. 4hero both embraced the dynamics of populist rave culture, and maintained an avant-garde status as innovative and experimental producers. They trailblazed genre-crossing studio techniques such as timestretching and pitch-shifting.

Early history, 1989–1995
The main players in 4hero first met and came to prominence in the late 1980s when they were involved in the Strong Island FM pirate radio station. Marc Mac and Gus Lawrence set up Reinforced Records in 1989 to release their own productions as 4hero, with the group being completed by Dego and Ian Bardouille. Their first release was the 1990 single "All B 3 / Rising Son".

The follow-up EP, Combat Dancin''', underpinned the sub-bass pressure of the bleep 'n' bass artists associated with Sheffield's Warp Records, such as LFO and Nightmares on Wax, with mid-tempo hip-hop-style breakbeats. It also brought the group to the attention of the rave community due to the track "Mr Kirk's Nightmare", which pivoted around the "Get Into Something" break (taken from the Isley Brothers) and a morbid vocal sample ("Mr Kirk? Your son is dead. He died of an overdose.") taken from the Bobby Susser, anti-drug hit "Once You Understand" by Think. 4hero were among the first proponents of what would become known as "drum and bass", which began to grow in profile via a series of releases on Reinforced. Another drum and bass figurehead, Goldie, met 4hero at a performance in London's Astoria. Marc and Dego went on to teach and collaborate with Goldie which then brought the sounds Goldie envisioned to life, forming the Rufige Cru and Metalheadz monikers.

The band's debut album, In Rough Territory, was released in 1991 on Reinforced. This would be the only one of the group's albums to feature Gus and Ian as full members. In late 1992 and early 1993, 4hero would release the darkcore Journey from the Light EP, which according to and referenced by music journalist Simon Reynolds, "If anyone can claim to have invented dark-core, it's 4 Hero".

Marc Mac and Dego would also record together under the alias "Tom & Jerry" (releasing classics such as "The One Reason", "We Can Be Free", "Maximum Style", and "Air Freshener"), whilst Marc Mac solely as "Manix" (Manic Minds EP, Rainbow People EP, and "Heading to the Light") and Dego as "Tek 9" ("Just a Dream", and Return of Tek 9 EP).

In 1995, NME voted 4hero's second album Parallel Universe the album of the year in its dance category.

1996-present
In 1997, one of their tracks, a remix of Nuyorican Soul's "Black Gold of the Sun", was released to critical acclaim with Louie Vega describing it as "...one of the best remixes ever...".

The next year, 4hero rose again to mainstream visibility with their third studio album as 4hero, Two Pages (1998). Released on Gilles Peterson's Talkin' Loud record label, the double CD blended jazzy double bass, flowing breakbeats and a brew of mysticism, spiritualism, astrology, U.F.O.s, and environmentalism. Luke Parkhouse provided the drums while Ursula Rucker, Carol Crosby and Face V. Walsh provided vocals alongside veteran singer Terry Callier and a few other special guests. The album gained critical acclaim and a place on the shortlist for 1998's Mercury Music Prize as well as picking up a MOBO award in the same year. Both this album and artists recording on 4hero's Reinforced label were influential in the development of the broken beat scene.

Between 1998 and 2001, they hosted a Sunday night show with Kirk Degiorgio on Kiss 100 FM under the "R Solution" moniker.

4hero's fourth album, Creating Patterns (2001), featured another Ursula Rucker collaboration, an appearance from Jill Scott, and a cover of Minnie Riperton's classic 1970s song "Les Fleurs" with Carina Andersson as the lead vocalist. The latter was featured in a Baileys TV commercial and series 4 of Top Gear (both in 2004).

In 2004, the group released a compilation album consisting of two discs. The first disc contained 4hero remixes, while the tracks on disc 2 are remixes of 4hero tracks by other artists. This was released on their new label Raw Canvas. In 2006, 4hero was featured on the track "Bed of Roses" by Jody Watley on her album, The Makeover.

Six years after the release of Creating Patterns, Play with the Changes was released in February 2007 to critical acclaim. Mixmag described it as "their finest album to date" and awarded it the title of Album of the Month in its January 2007 issue.

In 2012, the album Hipology was released under the alias The Visioneers.

Discography
Albums
 In Rough Territory (Reinforced Records, 1991)
 Parallel Universe (Reinforced Records, 1994)
 Jacob's Optical Stairway (as Jacob's Optical Stairway) (R&S Records, 1995)
 Two Pages (Talkin' Loud, 1998)
 Two Pages Remixed (Talkin' Loud, 1998)
 Two Pages Reinterpretations (Talkin' Loud, 1999)
 Creating Patterns (Talkin' Loud, 2001)
 The Remix Album (Raw Canvas Records, 2004)
 4 Hero Present Brazilika (Far Out Recordings, 2006)
 Play with the Changes (Raw Canvas Records, 2007)
 Extensions (Raw Canvas Records, 2009)
 Hipology (as the Visioneers) (BBE Records, 2012)

Selected singles/EPs
 "All B 3 / Rising Son" (Reinforced Records, 1990)
 "Combat Dancin' / Mr Kirks Nightmare" (Reinforced Records, 1990)
 "The Scorcher / Kirk's Back" (Reinforced Records, 1990)
 "No Sleep Raver/Marimba" (Reinforced Records, 1991)
 "The Head Hunter" (Reinforced Records, 1991)
 "Cookin Up Ya Brain / Where's the Boy?" (Reinforced Records, 1992)
 "Journey from the Light" (Reinforced Records, 1993)
 "Golden Age" (Reinforced Records, 1993)
 Internal Affairs EP (with Goldie as Internal Affairs) (Reinforced Records, 1993)
 Dreamers (as Cold Mission) (Reinforced Records, 1994)
 Afterglow Pt 1&2 (as Project A-KO) (Reinforced Records, 1994)
 "Mr. Kirk" (Sm:)e Communications, 1995)
 Universal Love EP'' (Selector, 1995)
 "Earth Pioneers" (Talkin' Loud, 1997)
 "Loveless" (Talkin' Loud, 1997)
 "Star Chasers" (Talkin' Loud, 1998)
 "We Who Are Not as Others" (Talkin' Loud, 1998)
 "Escape That" (Talkin' Loud, 1999)
 "Les Fleur" (Talkin' Loud, 2001)
 "Morning Child" (Raw Canvas Records, 2007)
 "Look Inside" (featuring Face) (Raw Canvas Records, 2008)

See also
 Reinforced Records

References

External links
Official site
Archived Site at Wayback Machine

Tom and Jerry discography at Discogs

English electronic music duos
British drum and bass music groups
Drum and bass duos
Breakbeat hardcore music groups
English dance music groups
Musical groups from the London Borough of Brent
Reinforced Records artists
Sonar Kollektiv artists
Talkin' Loud artists
Black British musical groups
Musical groups established in 1989
Electronic dance music duos

4hero


František Chvalkovský (30 July 1885, Jílové u Prahy – 25 February 1945) was a Czech diplomat and the fourth foreign minister of Czechoslovakia.

Activities during the First Republic
In the newly-independent Czechoslovakia, Chvalkovský first became a secretary of Interior Minister Antonín Švehla. In 1920, he joined the diplomatic service and participated in the negotiations of the Treaty of Trianon. He later served as ambassador to Japan, the United States, Germany and Italy.

After Munich Agreement

The Munich Agreement ended the First Republic of Czechoslovakia. Its previous pro-democratic and anti-totalitarian policies gave way to calls for authoritarian government and closer cooperation with Nazi Germany (more information:Second Czechoslovak Republic). The political elite, connected with former Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš, had to leave office and Chvalkovský became foreign minister. He tried to maintain the independence of the rump state by making concessions to neighbours in the hope of gaining time for a more favorable outcome in the future. He grossly underestimated Hitler's desire to occupy Central Europe and the hunger for revenge from Poland and Hungary, who had been forced to make painful territorial concessions to Czechoslovakia after World War I. He represented Czechoslovakia during the Vienna Arbitration. Insufficient preparation forced Czechoslovakia to concede significant parts of Slovakia to Hungary. When Slovakia declared independence on 14 March 1939, Chvalkovský travelled with Czechoslovak President Emil Hácha to Berlin in the hope that further concessions would preserve the independence of Czech lands.

Under Nazi rule
With the establishment of the Protectorate, there was no official place for the Czech diplomatic service. In its last ruling, under German pressure, the Foreign Ministry ordered all Czechoslovak ambassadors to close their embassies and to transfer them to the Germans. Patriotic clerks hoped that the ambassadors, free from direct Nazi pressure, would disobey the order and keep the embassies for the future benefit of the government-in-exile. As a last resort, if the host government was hostile to them, they should transfer their embassy to the it, rather than Germany.

However, many ambassadors did not read between the lines and obeyed the order literally, as they were used to doing, which caused significant damage to Czechoslovak interests. Given the sequence of events shaped by Chvalkovský, many countries, such as France, a signatory of the Munich Agreement, initially considered the fall of Czechoslovakia to be a result of internal forces, rather than German aggression. Chvalkovský thus caused considerable damage to Czechoslovakia during that critical period.

After the Foreign Ministry was closed in 1939, Chvalkovský became an envoy of the Protectorate in Germany. He was killed on a highway outside Berlin during an Allied Air raid, strafed by a low-flying aircraft. The German High Command reported British strafing attacks near Berlin that day.

References

External links
 František Chvalkovský's biography on the web site of Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs In Czech.
 History of Czech diplomats in Germany In German.
 František Chvalkovský's last days in the Third Reich In English with links to German documents.

1885 births
1945 deaths
People from Jílové u Prahy
People from the Kingdom of Bohemia
Alumni of London Business School
Foreign ministers of Czechoslovakia
Government ministers of Czechoslovakia
Ambassadors of Czechoslovakia to Japan
Ambassadors of Czechoslovakia to the United States
Ambassadors of Czechoslovakia to Germany
Ambassadors of Czechoslovakia to Italy
Deaths by airstrike during World War II
Czechoslovak civilians killed in World War II

František Chvalkovský