Judy Clay (September 12, 1938 – July 19, 2001) was an American soul and gospel singer, who achieved greatest success as a member of two recording duos in the 1960s.

Life
Born Judith Grace Guions, in St. Pauls, North Carolina, she was raised by her grandmother in Fayetteville and began singing in church. After moving to Brooklyn in the early 1950s, she was taken in by Lee Drinkard Warrick of The Drinkard Singers. From the age of 14, she became a regular performer with the family gospel group, which had originally been formed in Newark, New Jersey, around 1938, and which also at times included Lee Warrick's sister, Emily (later known as Cissy Houston), and daughters Dionne and Delia (later better known as Dionne and Dee Dee Warwick).

She made her recording debut with the Drinkard Singers – who later became better known as The Sweet Inspirations – on their 1954 album, The Newport Spiritual Stars. She left the Drinkard Singers in 1960 and made her first solo recording, "More Than You Know", on Ember Records. This was followed by further singles on Lavette and Scepter Records, but with little commercial success, although "You Busted My Mind" later became successful on the UK's Northern soul nightclub circuit.

In 1967, Jerry Wexler of Atlantic Records teamed her up with white singer-songwriter Billy Vera to make the United States' first racially integrated duo, and The Sweet Inspirations, to record "Storybook Children". The record made No. 20 on the US R&B chart and No. 54 pop. It was seen as the first interracial duo recording for a major label.

However, Vera has stated that television executives denied them appearances together, believing (wrongly) that Vera and Clay were more than just singing partners, and, to add insult to injury, had the song performed on network TV by Nancy Sinatra and Lee Hazlewood. Clay was pregnant, at the time, with her first child by her husband, jazz drummer Leo Gatewood.

After another hit duet with Vera, "Country Girl, City Man", which reached No. 41 R&B and No. 36 pop, and an album together, she returned to Stax Records. There she had further successes, this time with William Bell. Their recording of "Private Number", reached No. 17 in the R&B chart and No. 75 on the U.S. pop chart, and had greater success in the UK where it reached No. 8 on the UK Singles Chart.

A follow-up, "My Baby Specializes", also made the R&B chart, before she returned to Atlantic for one more record with Vera, "Reaching for the Moon", and a final solo hit "Greatest Love" (No. 45 R&B in 1970).

Subsequently, she worked as a backing vocalist with Ray Charles, Aretha Franklin, Van Morrison, Donny Hathaway and Wilson Pickett. Diagnosed with a brain tumor in 1979, she returned to gospel music shortly after her recovery, and sang occasionally with Cissy Houston's gospel choir in Newark, New Jersey.

Clay died of complications following a car crash. She was 62 years old. She was survived by two sons, Todd and Leo Gatewood, a brother, Raymond Guions, and her sister, Sylvia Shemwell.

References

External links
Discography

1938 births
2001 deaths
20th-century African-American women singers
American gospel singers
American soul singers
Musicians from Fayetteville, North Carolina
Stax Records artists
20th-century American singers
20th-century American women singers
People from St. Pauls, North Carolina
Scepter Records artists
Atlantic Records artists
The Drinkard Singers members

Judy Clay


Bryn Athyn Cathedral is the episcopal seat of the General Church of the New Jerusalem, a denomination of Swedenborgianism. The main building is of the Early Gothic style, while the adjoining structures are of a transitional period reflective of a combination of both Gothic and Norman styles. The exterior appearance of the cathedral itself is reminiscent of Gloucester Cathedral in England.

The cathedral is located in Bryn Athyn, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, just outside the city of Philadelphia. Bryn Athyn is also the site of the General Church affiliated Academy of the New Church, which publishes Swedenborgian literature, and is the parent organization of a high school, a four-year college (Bryn Athyn College of the New Church), a theological school, and the Emanuel Swedenborg Library.

History
The cathedral was constructed from 1913 to 1919. The cathedral's initial design was by the Boston architecture firm of Ralph Adams Cram. The planning of the cathedral began under the direction of William Fredrick Pendleton, the bishop of the church, and John Pitcairn Jr., president of the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company (now PPG Industries), who was the major benefactor donating the property and much of the funds to construct the cathedral.

Raymond Pitcairn, John Pitcairn's son, became involved with the project and worked with the firm of Ralph Adams Cram. As time passed, the architecture firm became less involved with the work, leaving Raymond Pitcairn in charge. Pitcairn realized that the workers and artisans working on the cathedral should be directly employed by the church and that creative changes by artists and builders working together which happen during the design process should be nurtured rather than thwarted. This led to some very unorthodox construction practices. For example, rather than relying on blueprints and plans, almost every aspect of the design was made into scale models where Pitcairn and the workers could study, review and embellish their ideas before actually constructing them.

Another aspect of the cathedral which is unusual is that asymmetries and irregularities were planned into the building as it was built. This is largely the result of Raymond Pitcairn's attendance at a 1915 lecture by William Goodyear who stated that irregularities and asymmetries in medieval buildings were not errors but were carefully planned in the structures.

The stained glass windows of Bryn Athyn Cathedral are worthy of note. The medieval method of creating stained glass, namely of melting various pigment and metallic oxides into the glass itself and then having a glass blower create a disk of glass with varying degrees of thickness and brightness, was revived. The first glass was blown in 1922 and the last was created in the 1940s, however all the windows themselves were not completed until the 1960s. The windows are essentially of three designs:
Biblical figures represented in monumental scale;
Medallions depicting events either in the life of Christ or the Old Testament prophets; and
grisaille windows of geometric design and pearl-like translucency which fill the cathedral with light.

Most of the metal in the cathedral is Monel Metal.

The Ezekiel Tower, located south of the main 150 ft tower, was built between the years 1920–1926.
The Choir Hall and Michael Tower lie to the north of the main cathedral. This addition was completed in 1929 and even though this is the last completed portion of the complex, its architecture is from the earliest period.

Right next to the college, the library and the cathedral is the academy-affiliated Glencairn Museum. Originally the private residence of Raymond Pitcairn, this castle-like building now houses a collection of mostly religious artwork from around the world and is open to the public.

The cathedral is part of the Bryn Athyn Historic District, which was listed as a National Historic Landmark on October 7, 2008.

See also
 Swedenborgianism
 The New Church
 Bryn Athyn College

References

External links
The Bryn Athyn Cathedral's Website
An article on the building and art of the Bryn Athyn Cathedral

Cathedrals in Pennsylvania
Churches in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
General Church of the New Jerusalem
Swedenborgian churches in Pennsylvania
Churches completed in 1919
20th-century Swedenborgian church buildings
Historic district contributing properties in Pennsylvania
History of Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania

Bryn Athyn Cathedral


Mickey Leroy Gilley (March 9, 1936 – May 7, 2022) was an American country music singer and songwriter. Although he started out singing straight-up country and western material in the 1970s, he moved towards a more pop-friendly sound in the 1980s, bringing him further success on not just the country charts, but the pop charts as well.

Among his biggest hits are "Room Full of Roses", "Don't the Girls All Get Prettier at Closing Time", and the remake of the Soul hit "Stand by Me". Gilley charted 42 singles in the top 40 on the US Country chart. He was a cousin of Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl McVoy, and Jimmy Swaggart.

Biography

Early life and the rise to fame
Gilley was born to Arthur Fillmore Gilley (November 27, 1897 – February 2, 1982) and Irene Gilley ( Lewis; September 11, 1900 – August 14, 1985) in Natchez, Mississippi.

For many years, Gilley lived in the shadow of his well-known cousin, Jerry Lee Lewis, a successful rock and roll singer and musician in the 1950s and early 1960s. Gilley grew up in Louisiana, just across the Mississippi River from where Lewis grew up. Gilley's family moved to the east side of Houston, Texas, in the 1940s, where he attended Galena Park High School.  He was primarily a guitarist at the time and took his guitar to school to entertain classmates.

Gilley, Lewis, and their cousin, Jimmy Swaggart, played together as children. Lewis taught them his piano style.

They sang both boogie-woogie and gospel music, but Gilley did not become a professional singer until Lewis hit the top of the charts in the 1950s. Gilley then cut a few singles and played sessions in New Orleans with producer Huey P. Meaux. His record "Call Me Shorty" on the Dot label sold well in 1958. In the 1960s, he played at many clubs and bars, gaining a following at the Nesadel Club in Pasadena, Texas. Paula Records released Gilley's first album, Down the Line, in 1967. He had a minor hit from the album called "Now I Can Live Again".

In 1970, Gilley joined in a partnership with Sherwood Cryer. Sherwood owned the club under the name Shelly's. His first nightclub in Pasadena, Texas, called Gilley's Club. It later became known as the "world's biggest honky-tonk". Gilley's Club and its mechanical bull were portrayed in the 1980 film, Urban Cowboy. He shared Gilley's Club with Sherwood Cryer, who asked Gilley to re-open his former bar with him. The club portion of Gilley's burned in 1990, and the rodeo arena portion was razed in 2005 to make way for a school.

Recording career in the 1970s before Urban Cowboy
In 1974, Gilley recorded a song that originally was only supposed to be recorded for fun, titled "Room Full of Roses", written by Tim Spencer of the Sons of the Pioneers, which was a one-time hit for George Morgan. The song was released by Astro Records that year, and then Playboy Records got a hold of the single and obtained national distribution for "Room Full of Roses". From then on, Gilley was signed to Playboy Records, working with his long-time friend Eddie Kilroy. "Room Full of Roses" became the song that put Gilley on national radar, hitting the very top of the Country charts that year, as well as making it to No. 50 on the pop music chart.

He had a string of top tens and No. 1s throughout the 1970s. Some of these hits were cover versions of songs, including the Bill Anderson song "City Lights", George Jones' "The Window Up Above", and Sam Cooke's "Bring It On Home to Me". He remained a popular country act for the rest of the 1970s. Other hits in the 1970s include "Chains of Love" (1977), "Honky Tonk Memories" (1977), "She's Pulling Me Back Again" (1977), and "Here Comes the Hurt Again" (1978). These songs were a mix of honky-tonk and countrypolitan that brought Gilley to the top of the charts in the 1970s.

However, a new breed of singer was entering country music. These singers were country-crossover artists that brought country success with them onto the pop charts. These singers include Glen Campbell, Crystal Gayle, Anne Murray, Olivia Newton-John, Barbara Mandrell, and Kenny Rogers. To compete with this new breed of Country singer, Gilley had to sound like them and have that kind of country-pop success that these singers were having.

In 1978, Gilley signed on with Epic Records, when Playboy Records was bought by Epic. By 1979, his success was fading slightly. Songs like "The Power of Positive Drinkin'", "Just Long Enough to Say Goodbye", and "My Silver Lining" just made the Top Ten.

Recording career in the 1980s with the success of Urban Cowboy
By 1980, Gilley decided to come up with a new sound, to bring him the country crossover success that so many other country singers (including Eddie Rabbitt, Juice Newton, Kenny Rogers, and Dolly Parton) were experiencing at the time. His career was given a second go-around when one of his recordings was featured in the box-office-selling film Urban Cowboy. The song was the country remake of the soul standard "Stand by Me". As the movie was becoming successful, so was "Stand by Me". The song rose to the top of the country charts in 1980, and hit the Top 5 of the Adult Contemporary charts, and in addition made the Pop Top 40.

"Room Full of Roses", "True Love Ways", and "You Don't Know Me" also hit the Billboard Hot 100; additionally, "Bring It On Home To Me", "That's All That Matters", and "Talk to Me" bubbled under (at 101, 101 and 106, respectively). A string of six number-ones on the country chart followed the success of Urban Cowboy. Gilley's other country No. 1s include "True Love Ways", "A Headache Tomorrow (Or a Heartache Tonight)", "You Don't Know Me", and "Lonely Nights". He never had any other pop hits though. In 1983, he had other country hits, like "Fool For Your Love"; "Paradise Tonight", a duet with Charly McClain; and "Talk to Me" (not to be confused with the Stevie Nicks hit of the same name). All of these songs from 1983 were No. 1 country hits for Gilley. In 1984, he had a single, which just missed topping the country chart called "You've Really Got a Hold on Me". Another hit followed in the form of a duet with Charly McClain, "Candy Man", and a solo hit with "Too Good To Stop Now", both of which made the Top 5 that year.

The year 1985 brought Top 10s with "I'm the One Mama Warned You About" and "You've Got Something on Your Mind", followed by a Top 5 with "Your Memory Ain't What It Used To Be", and a Top 10 with "Doo-Wah Days" in 1986. "Doo-Wah Days" was Gilley's last Top 10 hit on the country charts, as a new breed of George Strait-inspired Country singers called the "Traditionalists" were moving into Nashville, like Clint Black, Patty Loveless, Reba McEntire, and Randy Travis. Not only was his chart success fading, but Gilley had a series of financial problems that led to the closing of his club in Pasadena, Texas.

In 1988, Gilley signed with Airborne Records and released an album, Chasin' Rainbows, which resulted in his last Top 40 country hit in "She Reminded Me of You", which made No. 23 that year.

In a career that included 15 years of chart success, Gilley had 17 No. 1 country hits.

Later career
For his contribution to the recording industry, Mickey Gilley has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6930 Hollywood Boulevard in Los Angeles, California. He also turned his attention to Branson, Missouri, where he built a theater, which was a soon-to-be boomtown for the country music industry.

On March 2, 2002, Gilley, along with his two famous cousins Lewis and Swaggart, was inducted into the Delta Music Museum Hall of Fame in Ferriday, Louisiana. Gilley also appeared on "Urban Cowboys", episode 9 in the third season of American Pickers, which aired originally on September 5, 2011. In 2012, Gilley signed a Branson-based vocal group, Six, to a three-year lease to perform in his theater, with an option to buy it when the contract expired.

Gilley returned to the studio in 2017 and released Kickin' It Down the Road the same year. The CD contains several new recordings and several remakes of classic songs originally recorded by him.

In 2018, Gilley teamed up with longtime friend Troy Payne to record his last studio album Two Old Cats, a CD containing 13 classic country duets.

Personal life
Gilley's first wife was Geraldine Garrett, whom he married in 1953 (when he was 17 years old); they divorced in 1961. She was the mother of three of his four children (Keith Ray, Michael, and Kathy). She died on March 6, 2010. Gilley's second wife, whom he married in 1962, was Vivian McDonald. Together they had a son, Gregory (1966–2022). She died in 2019. Mickey and Cindy Loeb, his longtime friend and business associate, were married in June 2020. Gilley was double first cousins with both Jerry Lee Lewis and evangelist Jimmy Swaggart of Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

In July 2009, Gilley was helping a neighbor move some furniture when he fell with the love seat falling on top of him, crushing four vertebrae. The incident left him temporarily paralyzed from the neck down, but after intense physical therapy he was able to walk again and return to the stage a year later. However, he still lacked the hand-eye coordination necessary to play the piano.

Gilley died on May 7, 2022, of complications from bone cancer.

Honors
In 2017, Gilley was awarded the Key to the City of Winchester, Virginia, by the Hon. David Smith at the Shenandoah Conservatory of Music's Ohrstrom-Bryant Theatre at Bonnie Blue's Roadhouse Classic Concert.

In 2020, a road in Pasadena, Texas, was renamed in his honor as Mickey Gilley Boulevard.

Gilley's Dallas, an entertainment complex in Dallas, Texas, is named for Gilley.

Other
Gilley was a licensed pilot, holding an instrument rating with commercial pilot privileges for multi-engine airplanes, as well as private pilot privileges for single engine aircraft.

The Mickey Gilley Golf Classic
The "Gilley" was first organized in 2009 by a group of urban cowboys brought together by their love for golf, country music, and rhinestone shirts. After stints in Branson, Missouri (also known as "The Town that Mickey Built") and Northwest Arkansas (moved due to legal issues), in 2014 the Gilley settled at its current location at Old Kinderhook Resort, Lake of the Ozarks, Missouri.

Discography

Awards

References

 Rhodes, Don (1998). "Mickey Gilley". In The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Paul Kingsbury, Ed. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 202.

External links
 Official Website
 Mickey Gilley at Third Coast Talent
 at the Delta Music Museum Hall of Fame
 Gilley's Early Rock and Roll Recordings

1936 births
2022 deaths
20th-century American male singers
20th-century American pianists
20th-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American pianists
American country pianists
American country singer-songwriters
American male pianists
American male singer-songwriters
Assemblies of God people
Charly Records artists
Epic Records artists
Playboy Records artists
Country musicians from Louisiana
Country musicians from Mississippi
Country musicians from Missouri
Countrypolitan musicians
Drinking establishment owners
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Natchez, Mississippi
People from Branson, Missouri
People from Ferriday, Louisiana
Singer-songwriters from Louisiana
Singer-songwriters from Mississippi
Singer-songwriters from Missouri

Mickey Gilley


"Oops!... I Did It Again" is the title track of Britney Spears' second album. It was the first single released off that album. The song was released in early 2000. It reached the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100.

Britney Spears songs
2000 songs

Oops!... I Did It Again (song)


Shrikhand Mahadev Kailash, also called Shikhar Kailash, is a Hindu pilgrimage site in Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, India, considered to be an abode of Lord Shiva and his wife Goddess Parvati. It is considered to be one of the toughest treks in India. It is the third most important peak among the group of five separate peaks in Himalayas in separate locations collectively known as the Panch Kailash or "Five Kailashas", other being Mount Kailash in first place, Adi Kailash in second, Kinnaur Kailash in fouth and Manimahesh Kailash in fifth place in terms of importance. The 75 feet Shivalingam at the top of the Shrikhand Mahadev mountain is at a height of 18,570 feet.

There are various spots that pilgrims take before reaching Jaon, some of them include (in decreasing order of their distance from the peak), Shimla, Nirmand, Jaon. It is a 32 km (from one side) trek from base village Jaon to the Shrikhand top which is approximately 18,570 ft above the sea level. From Jaon the journey begins, and after 3 km of walking reaches Singhaad, the first Base camp where Langar (free meal for the pilgrims) is available alongside some paid food services. After that there is a 12 km straight uphill stretch to Thaachru, also known as 'Dandi-Dhaar' (roughly translating to Stick-Height), because of the stretch being a very steep slope with an elevation angle of approximately 70 degrees. One gets to see lush green Deodar trees and streams while heading towards Thaachru. After the long 15 km trek, there is a recommended halt with tent lodging in Thaachru.

Thaachru is another base camp, surrounded by lush green Deodar trees and streams, where meals and tents are available. The journey begins with a 3 km uphill trek to Kali Ghati, which is supposed to be abode of the Goddess Kali. The Shiva-Linga can be seen from this point, given the weather is clear. From Kali Ghati, there is a 1 km downhill stretch towards Bheem Talai. Departing from Bheem Talai, there is a 3 km stretch to Kunsa Valley, a green valley with Himalayan flowers surrounding it. After another 3 km stretch from here, there is the next base camp, Bheem Dawaar, having all the usual services. Just 2 km ahead is another base camp, Parvati Bagh (Parvati's garden), supposedly a garden planted by Hindu Goddess Parvati. The garden has flowers like Brahma Kamal, also known as Saussurea obvallata, which supposedly was used by the Hindu deity Shiva to plant an elephant's head on Ganesha, the god of New Beginnings. 2 km from there, is the next spot Nain Saravor (meaning, Eye's Lake), and revered to be a holy lake, and numerous people reporting physical healing of old diseases, and impairments after dipping in the lake. After this, is the final stretch of approximately 3 km to the peak, through rocky terrains, to the peak, where the lingam is situated. The peak, alongside having Shiva's lingam also has a mountain for Lord Kartikeya, behind the main Shiva mountain.

References

Mountains of Himachal Pradesh
Hindu pilgrimage sites in India
Geography of Kullu district

Shrikhand Mahadev


The Invalidenstraße is a street in Berlin, Germany. It runs east to west for  through the districts of Mitte and Moabit. The street originally connected three important railway stations in the northern city centre: the Stettiner Bahnhof (today Nordbahnhof), the Hamburger Bahnhof and the Lehrter Bahnhof, the present-day Berlin Hauptbahnhof.

History

The street was laid out in the 13th century and originally named Spandauer Heerweg. It was renamed after a hostel erected in 1748 by the order of King Frederick II of Prussia, the Invalidenhaus, which served the veterans that fought in the Silesian Wars. Today the remaining parts of this building house offices for the Federal Ministry of Economics. On western Invalidenstraße was the site of the notorious Moabit cell prison and large barracks of the Prussian Uhlans (Uhlanenkaserne).

East-West border crossing
After World War II Invalidenstraße was divided between East and West Berlin and the Sandkrugbrücke crossing the Berlin-Spandau Shipping Canal was the location of a border crossing. Nearby on August 24, 1961 Günter Litfin attempting to flee to the west was shot by East German border troops, becoming the second victim at the Berlin Wall erected eleven days before. A memorial marks the site.

Invalidenstraße today

After German reunification, Invalidenstraße became one of the most important arterial roads in Berlin, particularly after the opening of the new Berlin Hauptbahnhof. A further expansion including a tramway line is planned.

Several public institution and federal ministries are situated along the street: the Museum of Natural History and the faculties of agriculture and horticulture of the Humboldt University of Berlin as well as the Federal Ministry of Transport and, on the other side of the Invalidenpark, the Federal Ministry of Economics opposite of the Charité hospital Campus Mitte. Beyond the Sandkrugbrücke in Moabit the former Hamburger Bahnhof train station has been converted into the Museum für Gegenwart.

See also
 Invalidenfriedhof Cemetery

References

Streets in Berlin
Berlin border crossings

Invalidenstraße


Blind Carbon Copy (Bcc) is a way to send emails, like a Carbon Copy (cc). One can use the Bcc field to send copies of the email to many recipients. However, unlike a Carbon Copy, only the sender and the Bcc recipient will know who gets the Blind Carbon Copies of the email. Other recipients will not see the Bcc recipient's email address in the mail.

E-mail

Blind carbon copy


Wine has been produced in the United States since the 1500s, with the first widespread production beginning in New Mexico in 1628. Today, wine production is undertaken in all fifty states, with California producing 84 percent of all US wine. The North American continent is home to several native species of grape, including Vitis labrusca, Vitis riparia, Vitis rotundifolia, and Vitis vulpina, but the wine-making industry is based almost entirely on the cultivation of the European Vitis vinifera, which was introduced by European settlers. With more than  under vine, the United States is the fourth-largest wine producing country in the world, after Italy, Spain, and France.

History

The first Europeans to explore North America, a Viking expedition from Greenland, called it Vinland because of the profusion of grape vines they found. The earliest wine made in what is now the United States was produced between 1562 and 1564 by French Huguenot settlers from Scuppernong grapes at a settlement near Jacksonville, Florida. In the early American colonies of Virginia and the Carolinas, wine-making was an official goal laid out in the founding charters. However, settlers discovered that the wine made from the various native grapes had flavors which were unfamiliar and which they did not like.

This led to repeated efforts to grow the familiar European Vitis vinifera varieties, beginning with the Virginia Company exporting French vinifera vines with French vignerons to Virginia in 1619. These early plantings met with failure as native pest and vine disease ravaged the vineyards. In what would become the Southwestern United States the Spanish Kingdoms of Las Californias and Santa Fe de Nuevo México had missions that were planting vineyards, the traditions of which remain in the modern day California and New Mexico wine industries. New Mexico wine developed first in 1629 making it the oldest wine producing region in the United States, and Mission grapes were being grown for California wine by 1680. In 1683, William Penn planted a vineyard of French vinifera in Pennsylvania; it may have interbred with a native Vitis labrusca vine to create the hybrid grape Alexander. One of the first commercial wineries in the United States was founded in 1787 by Pierre Legaux in Pennsylvania. A settler in Indiana in 1806 produced wine made from the Alexander grape. Today, French-American hybrid grapes are the staples of wine production on the East Coast of the United States.

On November 21, 1799, the Kentucky General Assembly passed a bill to establish a commercial vineyard and winery. The vinedresser for the vineyard was John James Dufour, formerly of Vevey, Switzerland. The vineyard was located overlooking the Kentucky River in Jessamine County in what is known as Blue Grass country of central Kentucky. Dufour named it First Vineyard on November 5, 1798. The vineyard's current address in 5800 Sugar Creek Pike, Nicholasville, Kentucky. The first wine from First Vineyard was consumed by subscribers to the vineyard at John Postelthwaite's house on March 21, 1803. Two 5-gallon oak casks of wine were taken to President Thomas Jefferson in Washington, D. C., in February 1805. The vineyard continued until 1809, when a killing freeze in May destroyed the crop and many vines. The Dufour family abandoned Kentucky, and migrated west to Vevay, Indiana, a center of a Swiss-immigrant community.

In California, the first major vineyard and winery was established in 1769 by the Franciscan missionary Junípero Serra near San Diego. Later missionaries carried vines northward; Sonoma's first vineyard was planted around 1805. California has two native grape varieties, but they make very poor quality wine. The California Wild Grape (Vitis californicus) does not produce wine-quality fruit, although it sometimes is used as rootstock for wine grape varieties. The missionaries used the Mission grape. (In South America, this grape is known as criolla or "colonialized European".) Although a Vitis vinifera variety, it is a grape of "very modest" quality. Jean-Louis Vignes was one of the early settlers to use a higher quality vinifera in his vineyard near Los Angeles.

The first winery in the United States to become commercially successful was founded in Cincinnati, Ohio, in the mid-1830s by Nicholas Longworth. He made a sparkling wine from Catawba grapes. By 1855, Ohio had 1500 acres in vineyards, according to travel writer Frederick Law Olmsted, who said it was more than in Missouri and Illinois, which each had 1100 acres in wine. German immigrants from the late 1840s had been instrumental in building the wine industry in those states.

In the 1860s, vineyards in the Ohio River Valley were attacked by black rot. This prompted several wine-makers to move north to the Finger Lakes region of western New York. During this time, the Missouri wine industry, centered on the German colony in Hermann, was expanding rapidly along both shores of the Missouri River west of St. Louis. By the end of the century, the state was second to California in wine production. In the late 19th century, the phylloxera epidemic in the West and Pierce's disease in the East ravaged the American wine industry.

Prohibition in the United States began when the state of Maine became the first state to go completely dry in 1846. Nationally, Prohibition was implemented after ratification by the states of the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920, which forbade the manufacturing, sale and transport of alcohol. Exceptions were made for sacramental wine used for religious purposes, and some wineries were able to maintain minimal production under those auspices, but most vineyards ceased operations. New Mexico was one such region, due to the region's long history of wine making and religious traditions, monks and nuns in New Mexico were able to save long-standing New Mexican sacramental and leisure wine grape lineages. Other parts of the country resorted to bootlegging, home wine-making also became common, allowed through exemptions for sacramental wines and production for home use.

Following the repeal of Prohibition in 1933, operators tried to revive the American wine-making industry, which was nearly ended. Many talented wine-makers had died, vineyards had been neglected or replanted with table grapes, and Prohibition had changed Americans' taste in wines. During the Great Depression, consumers demanded cheap "jug wine" (so-called dago red) and sweet, fortified (high alcohol) wine. Before Prohibition, dry table wines outsold sweet wines by three to one, but afterward, the ratio of demand changed dramatically. As a result, by 1935, 81% of California's production was sweet wines. For decades, wine production was low and limited.

Leading the way to new methods of wine production was research conducted at the University of California, Davis, and at some of the state universities in New York. Faculty at the universities published reports on which varieties of grapes grew best in which regions, held seminars on wine-making techniques, consulted with grape growers and wine-makers, offered academic degrees in viticulture, and promoted the production of quality wines. In the 1970s and 1980s, success by Californian wine-makers in the northern part of the state helped to secure foreign investment from other wine-making regions, most notably the Champenois of France. Wine-makers also cultivated vineyards in Oregon and Washington, on Long Island in New York, and numerous other new locales.

Americans became more educated about wines, and increased their demand for high-quality wine. All 50 states now have some acreage in vineyard cultivation. By 2004, 668 million gallons (25.3 million hectoliters) of wine were consumed in the United States. Today, the U.S. produces over 800 million gallons of wine a year, of which California produces more than 84%, followed by Washington, New York, Pennsylvania, and Oregon. In the second decade of the 21st century, the US wine industry faces the growing challenges of competition from international exports and managing domestic regulations on interstate sales and shipment of wine.

Wine regions
There are nearly 3,000 commercial vineyards in the United States, and at least one winery in each of the 50 states.

West Coast – More than 90% of the total American wine production occurs in the states of California, Washington, and Oregon.
Southwestern United States – Notably New Mexico and Arizona
Rocky Mountain Region – Notably Idaho and Colorado
Southern United States – Notably Texas, Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama
Midwestern United States – Notably Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, and Missouri
Great Lakes region – Notably Michigan, New York, and Ohio
East Coast of the United States – Notably Maryland, eastern Long Island in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina, and Florida

Production by state
Production of still wine per state in 2016 was as follows:

Appellation system

The early American appellation system was based on the political boundaries of states and counties. In September 1978, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (now Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau) developed regulations to establish American Viticultural Areas (AVAs) based on distinct climate and geographical features. In June 1980, the Augusta AVA in Missouri was established as the first American Viticultural Area under the new appellation system. For the sake of wine labeling purposes, the use of state and county appellations were grandfathered in and are still used often in lieu of AVAs. There are 269 distinct AVAs designated under U.S. law as of August 2023.

Appellation labeling laws
In order to have an AVA appear on a wine label, at least 85% of the grapes used to produce the wine must have been grown in the AVA.

For a state or county appellation to appear on the wine label, 75% of the grapes used must be from that state or county. Some states have stricter requirements. For example, California requires 100% of the grapes used to be from California for a wine labeled as such, and Washington requires 95% of the grapes in a Washington wine be grown in Washington. If grapes are from two or three contiguous counties or states, a label can have a multi-county or multi-state designation so long as the percentages used from each county or state are specified on the label.

American wine or United States is a rarely used appellation that classifies a wine made from anywhere in the United States, including Puerto Rico and Washington, D.C. Wines with this designation are similar to the French wine vin de table, and can not include a vintage year. By law, this is the only appellation allowed for bulk wines exported to other counties.

Semi-generic wines

U.S. laws formerly allowed American made wines to be labeled as "American Burgundy" or "California champagne", even though these names are restricted in Europe. U.S. laws required usage to include the qualifying area of origin to go with these semi-generic names. Other semi-generic names in the United States include Claret, Chablis, Chianti, Madeira, Malaga, Marsala, Moselle, Port, Rhine wine, Sauternes (often spelled on U.S. wine labels as Sauterne or Haut Sauterne), Sherry, and Tokay. The practice largely ceased in 2006 with the Wine Trade Agreement, though brands that were already using the terms can continue the practice, considered grandfathered in.

Other U.S. labeling laws
For bottles labeled with a varietal, at least 75% of the grapes used to make the wine must be of that varietal. In Oregon, the requirement is 90% for certain varietals, such as pinot noir. At least 95% of the wine must be from a particular vintage for that year to appear on the label. Prior to the early 1970s, all grapes had to be from the vintage year. Additionally, all labels must list the alcohol content based on percentage by volume, state that the wine contains sulfites, and carry the Surgeon General's warning about alcohol consumption.

Distribution

Following the repeal of Prohibition, the United States federal government allowed each state to regulate its own production and sale of alcohol. For the majority of states, this led to the development of a three-tier distribution system between the producer, wholesaler, and consumer. Depending on the state, there are some exceptions, with wineries allowed to sell directly to consumers on site at the winery or to ship wine across state lines. Some states allow interstate sales through e-commerce. In the 2005 case Granholm v. Heald, the Supreme Court of the United States struck down state laws that banned interstate shipments but allowed in-state sales. This Supreme Court decision meant that states could decide to allow both out-of-state wine sales and in-state sales, or ban both altogether.

Convenience stores and retail stores are large distributors of wine, with over 175,000 outlets that sell wine across the United States. In addition, there are around 332,000 other locations (bars, restaurants, etc.) that sell wine, contributing to the $30+ billion in annual sales over the past three years. In 2010, the average monthly per-store sales of wine jumped to nearly $12,000 from $9,084 in 2009. The average gross margin dollars from wine increased to $3,324 from $2,616 in the year prior, with gross margin percentages up to an average 28.2 percent in 2010, versus 27 percent in 2009.

Largest producers
, the largest producers of wine in the U.S. are:
 E & J Gallo Winery - 75 million cases sold per year
 The Wine Group - 57 million cases sold per year
 Constellation Brands - 51 million cases sold per year
Trinchero Family Estates - 19 million cases sold per year
Treasury Wine Estates - 15 million cases sold per year
 Bronco Wine Company - 10 million cases sold per year
Delicato Family Wines - 9.2 million cases sold per year
Ste. Michelle Wine Estates - 9 million cases sold per year
Jackson Family Wines - 6 million cases sold per year
Concha y Toro - 2.75 million cases sold per year

See also

History of wine
List of wine-producing regions
Winemaking
Agriculture in the United States

References

Further reading
Clarke, Oz. Oz Clarke's New Encyclopedia of Wine. NY: Harcourt Brace, 1999.
Johnson, Hugh. Vintage: The Story of Wine. NY: Simon & Schuster, 1989.
Taber, George M. Judgement of Paris: California vs. France and the Historic 1976 Paris Tasting that Revolutionized Wine. NY: Scribner, 2005.

External links
Appellation America.com U.S. wine region and AVA portal
All American Wineries  U.S. winery and vineyard guide
Free the Grapes: State wine shipment laws
Doubtless as Good: Thomas Jefferson's Dream for American Wine Fulfilled An online exhibition from the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution

American cuisine
Wine
Wine by country

Wine of the United States


The 1924 New York state election was held on November 4, 1924, to elect the governor, the lieutenant governor, the Secretary of State, the state comptroller, the attorney general, the state treasurer and the state engineer, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate.

History
The Socialist state convention met on July 27 at Finnish Hall (at Fifth Avenue/Twelfth Street) in New York City. They nominated Rev. Norman Thomas for Governor and Charles Solomon for lieutenant governor.

The Republican state convention met on September 25 in Rochester, New York. Theodore Roosevelt Jr., was nominated for governor on the first ballot.

The Democratic state convention met on September 25 in Syracuse, New York, and re-nominated all incumbent state officers.

Result
Almost the whole Republican ticket was elected, only the incumbent Democratic Governor Smith managed to stay in office.

The incumbent Smith was re-elected. The incumbents Lunn, Hamilton, Fleming, Sherman, Shuler and LaDu were defeated.

The Democratic, Republican and Socialist parties maintained automatic ballot access (necessary 25,000 votes for governor), the Socialist Labor Party did not re-attain it, and the Workers Party did not attain it.

Florence E. S. Knapp was the first woman elected to a statewide office in New York. She remained the only one for fifty years, until Mary Anne Krupsak was elected lieutenant governor in 1974.

This was the last election of a Secretary of State, a Treasurer and a State Engineer. The Secretary of State has been appointive since January 1927, the other two offices were abolished. The duties of the Treasurer were transferred to the Comptroller, those of the State Engineer to the Superintendent of Public Works which has been always an appointive office.

Notes

References

Sources
New York State Red Book 1925

See also
New York gubernatorial elections

1924
1924 New York (state) elections

1924 New York state election


PAVED Arts is a new media art Artist run centre located in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada that focuses on what it calls the 'PAVED Arts' arts: photography, audio, video, electronic and digital. PAVED operates an access centre for media production and post-production and an exhibition space for works falling within their mandate.

History
PAVED Arts was created March 31, 2003, as an amalgamation of The Photographers Gallery and Video Vérité. In June 2005 it was determined that the centre needed a new space, and along with the Saskatoon Artist-run centre AKA Gallery, PAVED moved into 424 20th Street West.
PAVED is a member of the Independent Media Arts Alliance.

Significance
PAVED's importance to the city of Saskatoon and the Canadian Arts community is underlined by Former Saskatchewan Labour Minister David Forbes statement in 2007 that "It is important that artists are able to pursue viable careers in Saskatchewan ... the 20 Above Arts Centre will provide increased access to creative and professional opportunities for young artistic talent to stay in the province." PAVED sees itself as a way of "democratizing art and increasing access to the ability to make art".
Other important contributions to Canadian art include the hosting of an online database and digital archive called Upstream Saskatchewan containing hundreds of photographic and video works, and the commissioning of Coincidence Engines by Montreal-based artists' collective [The User].

PAVED Arts is the only artist-run new media access point in Saskatoon.  Within the city  PAVED also has outreach programs facilitating, among other things, inner-city youth in recording their own hip-hop tracks. Located in the Riversdale neighborhood of Saskatoon, PAVED uses art as a way to create dialogue with other residents; one commissioned project was designed by artist Linda Duvall with the idea that "instead of being passive, there is a commitment to having art act as a form of engagement." Another, more recent commission was a series of politically relevant advertisement-like billboards drawing attention to NIMBY situations citywide.
PAVED is also important as a site of dialogue regarding the voice of Canadian First Nations people, facilitating, with shows like 21 (curated by Elwood Jimmy) and screenings of Ali Kazimi's Shooting Indians, discussion of the predicament of First Nations people in Canada and the historical roots of it. In these ways, PAVED has assisted young First Nations people in Saskatoon to express the reality of their lives through art.

References

External links

PAVED Arts at ArtFacts.Net
Dorkbot Saskatoon
Upstream Database

2003 establishments in Saskatchewan
Art galleries established in 2003
Art museums and galleries in Saskatchewan
Arts organizations based in Canada
Museums in Saskatoon

PAVED Arts


Herbert Harry "Jim" Handby OBE (1 September 1903 – 2 October 1991) was an Australian rules footballer who played in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL) in the 1920s and 1930s, achieving several honours in recognition of his playing skills. He was later a federal Liberal politician and businessman.

Born Herbert Harry Handby in Adelaide, South Australia, Handby was invariably referred to simply as 'Jim'. Handby enjoyed a league football career at two SANFL clubs, achieving his greatest honours while featuring prominently in the development of the young Glenelg club.

Handby commenced his career with South Adelaide in 1922.  Although not a classically brilliant player, he displayed great perseverance and all round effectiveness.  He was quickly recognised as one of the best defenders in South Australia, and in 1923 Handby made his debut at state-level football.  Altogether he represented South Australia 29 times during his career.

Handby joined Glenelg in 1925, and on debut featured prominently in the club's first ever win (breaking a 56-game losing streak).  Handby won Glenelg's club champion award in 1925 and 1929.   He won the SANFL's Magarey Medal in 1928 as the fairest and most brilliant player in the competition.

He was Glenelg's captain-coach in 1926 and 1927 but then relinquished this role until 1930, when he started a further three-year period as captain-coach.  The best result he achieved as a coach was 6th (in an 8 team competition) in 1931.

After leaving football he became a publican and company director before being elected to Glenelg Council, and he served in the military from 1942 to 1945. In 1949, he was elected to the Australian House of Representatives as the Liberal member for the new seat of Kingston, defeating Labor member for Boothby Thomas Sheehy for the notionally Labor seat. He was defeated in 1951 by Labor's Pat Galvin and returned to his business career. He died in 1991.

See also
 1927 Melbourne Carnival

Footnotes

External links
 SANFL Hall of Fame

1903 births
1991 deaths
Australian rules footballers from South Australia
South Adelaide Football Club players
Glenelg Football Club players
Glenelg Football Club coaches
Magarey Medal winners
South Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
Australian sportsperson-politicians
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Kingston
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
20th-century Australian politicians

Jim Handby


Love Express  is a 2016 Bengali romantic drama film directed by Rajiv Kumar Biswas. The soundtrack of the film is composed by Jeet Gannguli. The film stars Dev and Nusrat Jahan in lead roles. The film is a remake of the 2013 Telugu movie Venkatadri Express.

Plot
The film focusses on a family living in Kolkata whose head is Ram Shibo Prasad (Victor Banerjee), a retired head master. He is a disciplined person and always tries to make his relatives behave in the same way. To avoid bad remarks from the society about his family, he sets up a family constitution of discipline. His mania for discipline is such big that if any one of his family members commit 100 Mistakes, that person would be banished from the family and that mistake can be anything which Shibo Prasad hates which includes laughing out loudly. Thus all of the family members maintain a disciplinary life to avoid being banished from the house. In detail, the family consists of Shibo Prasad's wife Aparna, an Asthma patient; his daughter Kavita, his son in law Vikas and their kids. Apart from them are Shibo Prasad's two sons Ananada (Saheb Chatterjee) and Raktim Prasad (Dev). Since Shibo Prasad's brother Ram Prasad (Shankar Chakraborty) was alleged to be committed 100 Mistakes though he didn't, he is sent away from home. While all of the family members commit mistakes less than 20, Raktim commits 99 Mistakes and one more, he is out of the family. So to avoid that Raktim starts leading a careful life. Ananda's marriage is scheduled at New Jalpaiguri and the whole family boards Paharia Express at Howrah. Raktim's mother forgot the Sindor at the house and Raktim goes away to bring it back. Moreover, to his convenience, Raktim is in S4 while others are in S3. So Raktim goes outside the station and waits for an Taxi, But none accepts to go to his area. Meanwhile, a miser techie Neelasha (Nusrat Jahan) reaches Howrah railway station to board the Paharia Express and the taxi driver goes to bring the change in order to pay her off the balance amount after receiving the fare. Raktim gets into the vehicle and goes to his home. He breaks the house's lock with a stone as he has no keys to open it. He takes the Sindoor and goes back to Howrah Railway Station. Neelasha catches yet another Taxi and reaches to the station. There she pays off the fares of both the vehicles and goes to board the train.

Meanwhile, a passenger named Dulal (Kanchan Mallick) asks Raktim to take care of his bag till he gets into the train after buying a water bottle and Raktim accepts it. They both save each other's Mobile numbers so that Raktim can give a missed call to Dulal if the train leaves the station and due to that, Dulal would board the train. However a tiffin vendor and a customer quarrel. Raktim in order to avoid committing the 100th mistake keeps quiet. The story shifts to next day morning around 9:30 in the Morning at New Jalpaiguri Railway Station. Shibo Prasad and his entire family travel in two cars which are led by two baaraat bands. Shibo Prasad, Aparna, Kavita and her younger daughter travel in one car and Raktim, Vikas, Ananda, Vikas's son Bhokai and their servant travel in another car. Raktim's shirt has Blood stains and when Anando, Vikas ask the reasons for the stains, Raktim narrates the story which happened in the past 12 hours. To compromise and stop a quarrel, Raktim gets down from the train and starts speaking with the aggrieved persons. Neelasha misguides the customer that Raktim is a Robber and goes along with the customer to complain on Raktim. Meanwhile, Raktim is thanked by the tiffin vendor. But to Raktim's misfortune, Paharia Express leaves the platform. So with the help of the tiffin vendor's friend and good transporter named Keshto (Rudranil Ghosh), Raktim goes to Burdwan. While Raktim reaches Gura, Keshto goes to the nearby Bar and quarrels with the local police officer Prasanta Sen (Kaushik Banerjee) and one of his constables calling their brandy as cheap liquor. Raktim saves Keshto in time only to realize that the vehicle's keys are in the Bar. Yet again Keshto insults the police. In the meanwhile time Raktim is informed by Dulal that Train left Burdwan and is heading towards Bolpur.

Raktim and Keshto unknowingly get into a car and drive away to Bolpur in order to catch the train. However once again to Raktim's misfortune, They robbed the Police's vehicle and the police are following them. They leave the car and reach the station of Bolpur. A Drunken Keshto gets into Paharia Express making Raktim miss the train again. In the process Raktim gets hurt and faints. On gaining consciousness, Raktim is shocked to see that he is being taken to Burdwan police station by those police. Yet again Raktim escapes and hangs on a Private Bus. The Bus stops and Raktim gets into it for travelling to Rampurhat Junction, yet another important stop of Paharia Express. To his shock Neelasha is his co-passenger. Both unnecessarily quarrel and hence are forcibly dropped out from the Bus. They board a car whose Tyre gets punctured. Raktim goes away with the Tyre telling that he would get it repaired but in turn reaches Rampurhat Junction Railway Station. Yet again luck misfires and he boards the Paharia Express which goes from New jalpaiguri to Howrah. He gets down from the train in time and goes to the next platform to board the Paharia Express which goes to New Jalpaiguri. But he couldn't go as he forgot the Bag of Dulal and more to it Neelasha reaches to Rampur Hat Junction with the bag only to stop Raktim from boarding the Train. Raktim in agony slaps Neelasha and yells at her that he needs to reach New Jalpaiguri in time. Neelasha too responds rashly that Raktim too left her on a highway without any mercy at midnight not even thinking about her safety. Both come to an Understanding later and travel. In the mean way while Raktim is away for a nature call, Neelasha is kidnapped by some men. Luckily Raktim reaches in time and rescues her. Raktim and Neelasha flee away using one of the goon's bikes and reach Kishangunj next morning.

Paharia Express was said to be late for 1 Hours. In the balance time, Raktim narrates his whole story to Neelasha who now understands his situation. At the railway station Raktim and Neelasha save two eloped lovers from the henchmen of the girl's father. They escape from the railway station and with the help of a Thrill seeking Cab owner Pupu (Kharaj Mukherjee), Raktim conducts the lovers' marriage and gives away the Sindoor which he has to give to his brother. Anando is furious after listening this but after that Sundeep shows yet another Sindoor and continues the story. After the happy ending of the lovers' marriage, Raktim and Neelasha are worried about the future consequences and are just 15 km away from New jalpaiguri. But Dulal informs them that Paharia Express is scheduled to arrive in nearly 10 minutes. Now they find that Ram Prasad is a lorry driver who gave them lift to reach the station. Ram prasad is a bachelor who dreamed to get married and he gives away the Sindoor he takes while leaving the house. Raktim reaches on time and boards the train just before it stops in New Jalpaiguri Railway Station. He acts as if though he was sleeping and the rest happened. Now the marriage of Ananda is being conducted and Neelasha, Ram prasad attend the marriage. The bride's father Dhananjay Babu is in worry as the bride eloped with her lover and his men are searching for her. To the shock of Raktim, the bride is none other than the girl whose marriage was conducted by him and Neelasha at Kishangunj. Now Shibo Prasad learns that the girl eloped with her lover and the marriage is halted.

Aparna learns that the girl's marriage was conducted by Raktim and gets a severe Asthma attack. She is joined at the Private Hospital. When Aparna was taken to the Hospital, the bride's father learns about Raktim's act by his henchmen and is furious. In the chase, Ananda learns of this and Keshto who reached New Jalpaiguri in Paharia Express is following the chase. During the chase, Shibo Prasad lets Raktim escape red traffic signals and a traffic constable is hurt by them. After she admitted into the Hospital, Raktim fights with the bride's father's henchmen and Shibo Prasad doesn't stop him from doing so. Later Shibo Prasad discovers the truth and Raktim's mistakes turn 100. Raktim then reminds that Shibo Prasad broke his discipline and ideals during the chase and the fight and he can't leave the family because what he did was just helping the ones in need. The bride's father accept the Lover's marriage. Shibo Prasad increases the Mistakes level from 100 to 1000 letting Raktim and Ram Prasad re enter the house. Aparna is discharged immediately.

Cast
 Dev as Raktim Prasad Ganguly/Laal
 Nusrat Jahan as Nilasha/Neel
 Shankar Chakraborty as Ram Prasad Ganguly, Shibo Prasad's brother
 Victor Banerjee as Shibo Prasad Ganguly
 Saheb Chatterjee as Anando Prasad Ganguly, Laal's big brother
 Kharaj Mukherjee as Pupu
 Rudranil Ghosh as Drunk Driver Kesto
 Kanchan Mullick as Dulal
 Supriyo Dutta as Dhananjay Babu, Bride's father
 Kaushik Banerjee as Prasanta Sen, Police Officer
 Tulika Basu as Aparna, Raktim's mother
 Rohit Mukherjee as Bikash
 Saptarshi Basu as Vokai
 Namita Chakraborty as Kavita
 Madhumita Chakraborty as Bride's mother
 Ashim Roy Chowdhury as Train Ticket Collector
 N.K Salil as Bus passenger

Soundtrack

References

2016 films
Indian comedy road movies
Indian romantic comedy films
Bengali-language Indian films
2010s Bengali-language films
Bengali remakes of Telugu films
Films directed by Rajiv Kumar Biswas
2016 romantic comedy films
Films scored by Jeet Ganguly
2010s comedy road movies

Love Express (2016 film)


Jelme (, Zelme;  1160 – 1207) was a general and close companion of Genghis Khan. He was the older brother of Subutai and was of the Uriankhan clan. Jelme was appointed as leader of a Mingghan, or one thousand men.

Biography
In The Secret History of the Mongols, Jelme is chronicled as having been given to Temujin when the latter was an infant, but was deemed too young, and sent back to his father. Jelme's father Jarchiudai again gives his son to Temujin when Temujin was meeting with the Wang Khan. The reason for Jelme's having been given to Genghis is unclear.

When Temujin is wounded by an arrow to the neck by his future general Jebe, Jelme saves his life by sucking the poisoned blood out. He further brings Temujin watered yoghurt (after failing to find milk) from the enemy's camp.

Jelme's worth to Genghis is exemplified by one of Genghis's proclamations, where Jelme is granted immunity from prosecution even if he commits nine crimes.

References
The Secret History of the Mongols, translated into modern Mongolian by Tsendiin Damdinsuren

Generals of the Mongol Empire
Year of death unknown
Year of birth unknown

Jelme


The Derrones (or Deroni, Derroni) were a Thracian or a Paionian tribe. Our knowledge of them comes from coins bearing variations of the legend of DERRONIKON (ΔΕΡΡΟΝΙΚΟΝ) - DERR (ΔΕΡΡ). The letters used in the coins are Greek, although this does not prove that the Derrones spoke the same language as their southern neighbours. These coins, which were perhaps made for export as much as for internal trade, are traditionally dated to 500–450 BC.

Based on numismatic evidence, and especially coin hoards, there are two theories regarding the geographic position of the tribe.

The first theory claims that they should be placed in the central Balkans, in the northern part of North Macedonia (at the Upper Strymon valley), while the second theory considers that this tribe, at least at the time of the striking of the inscribed coins (i.e. early 5th century), was based in an area further to the south.

Notes

References
- SVORONOS J.N., "L'Hellénisme primitif de la Macédoine prouve par la Numismatique et l'or du Pangée", JIAN 19 (1919).

- HAMMOND N.G.L., GRIFFITH G.T., A History of Macedonia II, Oxford 1979.

- PETROVA Eleonora, "The coinage of the Paeonian Tribal Organisations and Paeonian Kings (VI to III Centuries B.C.), Coins and mints in Macedonia": in Proceedings of the symposium held in honor of the 80th birthday and 50th anniversary of the scholarly and educational work of Ksente Bogoev, member of the Macedonian Academy of Arts and Sciences / [Cvetan Grozdanov, editor; translated by Elizabeta Bakovska, Katerina Hristovska]. Skopje: Macedonian Academy of Arts and Sciences: National Bank of the Republic of Macedonia, 2001, pp. 13–27

- TZAMALIS Alexandros R.A., "The Coins of the Derronians. Examination of the Circulation through the Coin Hoards", Themelion.24 papers in Honor of Professor Petros Themelis from his students and colleagues, Athens 2013

Ancient tribes in Macedonia
Ancient tribes in North Macedonia
Paeonian tribes
Thracian tribes

Derrones


Kaiser was the title used for the Emperors of Austria and Germany, from the creation of the Austrian Empire in 1806 (after 1867 the Austro-Hungarian Empire) and from the creation of unified Germany in 1871 until the end of World War I when both empires collapsed and became republics. The Holy Roman Emperor was also called "Kaiser". The word "Kaiser" is the German way to say Caesar, the name the ancient Romans used for their Roman Emperor, just as "Tsar" is the Russian way to say it.

In 1873 these three rulers formed a "League of the Three Emperors", also called the Dreikaiserbund.

Kaiser


Nicolas Gigault (ca. 1627 – 20 August 1707) was a French Baroque organist and composer. Born into poverty, he quickly rose to fame and high reputation among fellow musicians. His surviving works include the earliest examples of noëls and a volume of works representative of the 1650–1675 style of the French organ school.

Life

Little is known about Gigault's life. François-Joseph Fétis, a 19th-century musicologist, claimed Gigault was born in Clayes-en-Brie, a village near Paris. However, no locality survives by that name. It is supposed that Gigault's birthplace was just outside Paris. A similar situation occurred concerning Gigault's date of birth: André Pirro deduced in the early 20th century that Gigault must have been born in 1624/5, however, a later study by Pierre Hardouin revealed that the composer could not have been born before 1627.

Gigault's father, Estienne Gigault, was a bailiff at the law-courts of Paris. Gigault was born into poverty and his financial situation remained dire at least until 1648, when he and his two younger brothers renounced their rights of succession to avoid their father's debts. Nicolas Gigault's mother died when he was a child. Nothing is known about his education or how he came to become a musician. Pirro suggested several possible teachers, among them Charles Racquet, but no evidence exists of any lessons. Fétis's early claim that Jean Titelouze taught Racquet is now regarded as insubstantial, since Gigault was too young and his family could not afford trips to Rouen, where Titelouze worked.

As far as is known, Gigault's career began in 1646 when he was appointed organist of Saint-Honoré. In 1652 he left to take a similar position at Saint Nicolas-des-Champs, where he worked until his death. Gigault also served as organist at Saint Martin-des-Champs from 1673, and at the Hôpital du Saint Esprit orphanage from 1685. Gigault must have had a professional relationship with Étienne Richard, who worked with him at Saint Nicolas-des-Champs, and who also was organist of Saint Martin-des-Champs until his death in 1669.

Gigault married twice. The first marriage, to Marie Aubert in 1662, produced five children: two sons and three daughters. The sons, Anne-Joseph and Anne-Joachim, became organists. Gigault's youngest daughter Emérentienne-Margueritte married an organ-builder and one of her two children, Augustin-Hypolite Ducastel, became a harpsichord-builder. Marie Aubert died on 7 August 1700. Gigault soon remarried, but himself died just a few years later, on 7 August 1707.

The inventories of Gigault's possessions, taken in 1662 and in 1700 (on the account of his marriage and his wife's death, respectively), reveal that already by 1662 he was no longer poor and could afford a well-furnished home with a collection of paintings and sculptures, and a large number of musical instruments: a chamber organ, two harpsichords (one with two manuals, the other with one), three spinets, two clavichords, a bass viol, two treble viols, a theorbo and a guitar. Most of the paintings Gigault had in his home were of a devotional nature, which, coupled with the lengthy dedications of his organ collections to the Blessed Virgin Mary, suggests an important place of religion in Gigault's life. Apart from his activities as organist, Gigault was also in demand as an organ consultant and as an instrumentalist.

Works

Gigault published two collections of organ works. The first, Livre de musique dédié а la Très Saincte Vierge of 1682, contains the earliest known examples of the French noël (a set of variations on a Christmas carol) and an allemande. Gigault's 20 noëls include variations on Christmas songs and church hymns connected to Christmas. These pieces always progress from two-part to four-part settings and feature a somewhat rigid variation technique. In the preface Gigault suggests that these pieces can be performed on any instruments: i.e., on a pair of viols, or on a lute, etc. The solitary allemande bears no connection whatsoever to Christmas. It is presented in two versions, the second being set in "ports de voix", showing various common ornamentation patterns.

Gigault's second collection, Livre de musique pour l'orgue of 1685, contains 184 pieces. It begins with three organ masses, which rely heavily on Mass IV melodies, like all other surviving French organ masses from the period. However, Gigault's contemporaries limited their use of the chant to cantus planus settings, whereas in Gigault's masses chant melodies also appear paraphrased or transformed into fugue subjects, and form a very large proportion of the masses. The first and the third masses are large, each comprising more than 20 pieces, while the second mass is extremely short with just 7 versets. The rest of the collection is arranged by mode: there are numerous fugues (a fact mentioned in the preface) and also various typical French forms such as dialogues and récits. Also included are three hymns: Pange lingua, Veni Creator and a complete setting of the Te Deum.

Because the music of Gigault's second Livre is more representative of the French style of the third quarter of the century, rather than the last, the collection may have been a compilation of earlier composed material. All major French forms are represented, although Gigault's way of naming them differs from his contemporaries: he uses the term "fugue" much more broadly (e.g., he uses "Fugue à 2" instead of "Duo"), never uses the term "dialogue", etc. The music is notated meticulously, with more attention to details of performance than in other contemporary sources. There is much use of notes inégales, so much that some scholars believe the music to be unlistenable today, and in general, Gigault's work was judged negatively by most scholars. Nevertheless, the music is distinguished by a serious style, more suitable to the church than that of Lebègue; Gigault's dialogues go beyond those of his contemporaries, Nivers and Lebègue, in that they employ more divisions, and he also cultivates a number of five-voice genres: préludes and récits with pedal cantus firmus in the tenor. Gigault's 1685 Livre was most probably meant as a record of Gigault's style, rather than a book for lesser organists; the music is at times quite sophisticated and requires a high degree of skill.

Notes

References
 Apel, Willi. 1972. The History of Keyboard Music to 1700. Translated by Hans Tischler. Indiana University Press. . Originally published as Geschichte der Orgel- und Klaviermusik bis 1700 by Bärenreiter-Verlag, Kassel.
 Hardouin, Pierre. 1941. Quatre Parisiens d'origine: Nivers, Gigault, Jullien, Boyvin, RdM xxxix–xl, pp. 73–78.

 Pyle, Daniel Sherman. 1991. Nicolas Gigault's Livre de Musique Pour L'Orgue as a Source on Notes Inégales. Dissertation, University of Rochester, supervised by Eastman School of Music. Available online.

External links
Listen to a prelude by Gigault

1620s births
1707 deaths
French Baroque composers
French classical musicians
French male classical composers
French classical organists
French male organists
Composers for pipe organ
18th-century keyboardists
17th-century male musicians
Male classical organists

Nicolas Gigault


Illyria (Ancient Greek: Ἰλλυρία, Illyría or Ἰλλυρίς, Illyrís) was an ancient region in the western part of today's Balkan Peninsula in modern-day Epirus, Greece. The people who lived there were called Illyrians and spoke the Illyrian languages.

The Illyrians settled in the Balkans approximately around 2500 BC along with other Indo Europeans.

The Illyrians became heavily romanised and a portion of them evolved into modern Albanians.

Gallery

Other websites
 Illyria region in google map

History of Greece

Illyria


Karl Aage Præst, also spelled Carl Aage Præst, (26 February 1922 – 19 November 2011) was a Danish football player. Playing in the left winger position, Præst won two Serie A championships with Italian club Juventus FC. He played 24 games and scored 17 goals for the Danish national team from 1945 to 1949, and won a bronze medal at the 1948 Summer Olympics. He is a Danish Football Hall of Fame inductee.

Career
Born in Copenhagen, Karl Aage Præst attended the Royal Orphanage. The orphanage became the youth team of football club Østerbros Boldklub (ØB) in 1936, and Præst was among the first boys to join ØB. In his second year in the ØB youth team, Præst scored 57 goals in 16 games. He made his senior debut in 1940. At ØB, he played alongside later Danish international Helge Broneé. Præst was acknowledged as a world-class talent, with great balance and dribbling, and a great end-product of either precise crossing or a good shot on goal. Præst played around 250 games while at ØB.

He became internationally known through international exhibition games for Danish representative teams Stævnet and Alliancen, and made his debut for the Denmark national football team in June 1945. In May 1947, he was selected for the Europe XI representative team, which lost 1–6 to the Great Britain national football team. Præst was a part of the Danish team at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, where Præst played four games and scored two goals as Denmark won a bronze medal. After the Olympics, Præst signed a professional contract with Italian club Juventus F.C., and was thus banned from the amateur-only Danish national team.

With Juventus, Præst won the 1949–50 and 1951–52 Serie A championships. Though considered fast in Denmark, Præst was not as fast as most Italian defenders, but succeeded through his dribbling skills. Præst played alongside Danes John Hansen and Karl Aage Hansen at Juventus, and his dribbling and crossing ability was a key in making John Hansen top goal-scorer of the 1951–52 season. Præst played 232 games and scored 51 goals for Juventus in the Serie A championship from 1949 to 1956. In 1956, Præst moved on to league rivals S.S. Lazio. He played seven games for the club, before ending his career in 1957.

Upon his return to Denmark, Præst's status as ex-professional meant the Danish Football Association (DBU) kept him banned from playing in the Danish leagues. Præst and John Hansen had both bought vacation homes in Liseleje, and Præst's summer residence "Juve" was soon the gathering place of the 1948 Olympics team. The team was reformed, amateurs and ex-professionals alike, and played a string of unofficial high-profile exhibition matches that drew many spectators. This provoked DBU to move on the issue of ex-professionals, and it was decided that following a quarantine of two years, ex-professionals were allowed to re-enter the Danish football league.

At ØB's 75th anniversary in 1969, Præst and Flemming Nielsen arranged an old boys exhibition match between the 1948 Olympic team and Juventus FC, with the proceeds going to ØB. In November 2008, Præst was voted into the Danish Football Hall of Fame, for his achievements with Juventus FC and the Danish national team.

Præst died on 19 November 2011 at age 89.

Honours

Club
Østerbros Boldklub
KBUs Pokalturnering: 1947
Juventus FC
Serie A: 1949–50, 1951–52

Individual
Danish Football Hall of Fame

References

External links

1922 births
2011 deaths
Danish men's footballers
Denmark men's international footballers
Danish expatriate men's footballers
Juventus FC players
SS Lazio players
Serie A players
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Olympic footballers for Denmark
Olympic bronze medalists for Denmark
Footballers at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Footballers from Copenhagen
Olympic medalists in football
Medalists at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Men's association football midfielders
Danish expatriate sportspeople in Italy

Karl Aage Præst


Peat swamp forests are forest wetlands in tropical and subtropical areas. They have poor drainage. Waterlogged soil prevents dead leaves and wood from decomposing fully. Over time, this creates a thick layer of acidic peat. They are made up of trees which are broadleaved (not conifers), and many other types of flowering plants.

Peat swamp forests are usually surrounded by lowland rain forests on better-drained soils. There may be brackish or salt-water mangrove forests near the coast.

These tropical swamp forests are quite different from the north temperate peat bogs in climates such as in Ireland. Temperate peat bogs are not caused by forests, but mostly by mosses such as Sphagnum, grasses, sedges and shrubs.

Ecology

About 62% of the world's tropical peat lands occur in southeast Asia. In this area 80% is in Indonesia, 11% in Malaysia, 6% in Papua New Guinea, with pockets in Brunei, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Thailand. They have trees up to 70 m high. The spongy, unstable, waterlogged, anaerobic beds of peat can be up to 20 m deep with low pH (pH 2.9 – 4) and low nutrients. The forest floor is seasonally flooded. The water is stained dark brown by the tannins that leach from the fallen leaves and peat – hence the name 'blackwater swamps'. During the dry season, the peat remains waterlogged and pools lie among the trees.

Tropical peatlands coexist with swamp forests in these tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests. In this biome vast amounts of carbon as soil organic matter store up – much more than natural forests contain. They are among the largest near-surface reserves of terrestrial organic carbon. Unfortunately, regardless of their importance, peat swamp forests are one of the most threatened, yet least studied and most poorly understood biotypes.

Draining and logging
Large areas of these forests are being logged at high rates.
Since the 1970s, peat swamp forest deforestation and drainage have increased greatly. In addition, El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) drought and large-scale fires are accelerating peatland devastation. This destruction increass the carbon release to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Tropical peatlands have already become a large CO2 source, but data is limited.

Tropical peat swamp forests are home to thousands of animals and plants, including many rare and critically endangered species such as the orangutan and Sumatran tiger, whose habitats are threatened by peatland deforestation.

References

Rainforests

Peat swamp forest


Svetlana Shimkova (born 18 September 1983) is a Russian weightlifter.

At the 2005 World Weightlifting Championships she won the silver medal in the 63 kg category, with a world record clean and jerk of 139 kg, which was surpassed in the same contest by Pawina Thongsuk with 140 kg.

She won gold in the 63 kg category at the 2005, and again at the 2006 European Weightlifting Championships, in 2006 with another world record clean and jerk of 141 kg.

Shimkova participated in the women's -63 kg class at the 2006 World Weightlifting Championships and won the silver medal, finishing behind Quyang Xiaofang. She snatched 108 kg and clean and jerked an additional 133 kg for a total of 241 kg, 5 kg behind winner Quyang.

At the 2007 World Weightlifting Championships she participated in the 69 kg category, with 112 kg ranked 4th in the snatch, but failed to lift in the clean and jerk.

References

Living people
1983 births
World Weightlifting Championships medalists
Russian female weightlifters
World record setters in weightlifting
Place of birth missing (living people)
Female powerlifters
European Weightlifting Championships medalists
21st-century Russian women

Svetlana Shimkova


A ring cairn (also correctly termed a ring bank enclosure, but sometimes wrongly described as a ring barrow) is a circular or slightly oval, ring-shaped, low (maximum 0.5 metres high) embankment, several metres wide and from 8 to 20 metres in diameter. It is made of stone and earth and was originally empty in the centre. In several cases the middle of the ring was later used (at Hound Tor, for example, there is a stone cist in the centre). The low profile of these cairns is not always possible to make out without conducting excavations.

Distribution
These sites date to the Bronze Age and occur in Cornwall, Derbyshire (Barbrook IV and V and Green Low) in England; and in Scotland, Wales and Ireland.

Description

The cairns look like flat variants of the significantly higher Clava cairns, which are often called ring cairns by laymen. The situation is rather different on the gritstones of the Eastern Uplands. Here it is more common to find smaller stone circles and ring cairns. The patterned relationship of these smaller monuments to cairnfield systems throughout the Eastern Moors suggests that they were built and used by specific communities, probably in the centuries around 2000 BC. Although details vary from one site to another, nearly all comprise a ring of small upright stones set on the inner edge of a roughly circular bank.

Function

Ring cairns may have had a function that lay somewhere between that of the much older henges and the contemporary stone circles. In northeast Scotland the recumbent stone circles seem to have encircled a cairn and typically it was a ring cairn, as distinct from a Clava cairn. In some instances, in particular at Tomnaverie stone circle, the cairn was built before the circle according to an overall design. Usually all superficial trace of the cairns has disappeared over the millennia. The fact that in southeast Wales there are so few stone circles could be related to the fact that ring cairns were built there instead.

Although graves have been found in some ring cairns, this does not appear to be their original purpose. In the central area, graves and pits with cremation ashes, fireplaces and sometimes, small, low cairns are found.

The slightly oval ring cairns near Arthur's Stone on the Gower Peninsula show that the inner edges of ring cairns were especially carefully constructed and were set in front of a small grave. Originally there was a passage through the ring here, about ten metres across, that was blocked when the cairn ceased to be used.

See also
 Tor cairn

References

Literature
 F. Lynch: Ring cairns and related monuments in Wales. In: Scottish Archaeological Forum. 4, 1972 S. 61–80
 F. Lynch: Ring cairns in Britain and Ireland: their design and purpose. In: Ulster Journal of Archaeology. 42, 1979 S. 1–19

External links
 "Carnau Cefn-y-Ffordd", Ring cairns - brief text and photos
 Aerial photo of Hound Tor round cairn

Bronze Age

Ring cairn


is a platform game where the player controls robots with different skills in order to defeat the enemy and reach goals.

Story
The inhabitants of the three worlds in the Alpha 1 Solar System have been at war for seven months before hostilities upon the threat of invaders from the artificial world NGC-1611. The Alpha 1 Federation has gathered together the system's best defenses in an effort to repel the invasion. Two mechas and a self-aware robot are dispatched to NGC-1611, charged with the task of destroying the invaders' power source and, if possible, locate the legendary weapon, Xardion, in the process.

The History of NGC-1611
Planet NGC-1611 is a typical world in all ways, omitting that it was constructed from raw materials by an unnamed scientist. His desire was to create a planet which could not die. His work was dubbed "Project New Frontier." The project was a failure, and violent monsters rapidly evolved, making NGC-1611 uninhabitable by humans. The scientist's final instructions to the supercomputers that once managed the planet were: "Protect my daughter! Eliminate all intruders."

However, the scientist's daughter died after these instructions were given. The supercomputers, not knowing how to proceed with their directive, eventually found a holographic image of the scientist's daughter and projected it into a protective capsule. They chose to defend that capsule in place of the actual girl. Sometime after, an undisclosed event or chain of events lead the supercomputers to send an invasion to the Alpha 1 system.

Characters
Three champions, one from each planet, were sent to NGC-1611. Two pilots operate two transforming mecha, with a space fighter in story scenes and a giant robot in gameplay. The third is a self-aware A.I. robot that has similar two forms, as well. The player picks which one to use each with its own special talents and weapons.

 Triton - Humanoid. Carries a rifle and can fire upward.
 Alcedes - Beast Bot/Mage that resembles a humanoid/insect and has four arms. Carries a staff. Fires a small laser projectile from its antenna.
 Panthera - Catlike. Quadrupedal robot, can avoid danger more easily, but cannot jump as high as Triton or Alcedes. Is able to get into small spaces that the others cannot. Shoots a blast from head-mounted guns.
 Xardion - The ultimate mecha cyborg. Xardion is gained later in the game, and replaces Panthera after the latter gets destroyed by concentrated hydrochloric acid in NGC-1611. Fires a blast from its arm appendage.

Gameplay
While possessing the typical qualities of action platformers at the time it was made (jump, duck, shoot etc.), Xardion made use of a few novel elements. Additionally, the game had a role-playing element where experience points could be accrued by defeating enemies and bosses, and each level up increased the player's maximum life and special ability points.

During the game, the player takes control of one of three available robot forms. Each form represents one of the three inhabited worlds in the system: Alcedes, from Fiera; Triton, from Oceansphere, and Panthera, from Hollowsphere.

Each form has its own particular abilities and weaknesses. For example, Panthera is less than half the height of the others and, as such, can enter narrow passages to collect items. Additionally, each form possesses its own health and special ability points, and must be upgraded separately from the others. This is equivalent to a 'tag team' game mechanic, where one heavily damaged character can be swapped instantly for another.

Eventually, one of the robot forms is replaced by Xardion, which combines the abilities of all three previous forms and exceeds them. Xardion only becomes available near the end of the game, but joins the team at level one. An obstruction that can only be cleared by a sufficiently-leveled Xardion forces the player to return to earlier levels in order to gain levels and develop special abilities.

Development
The game's main mecha designs were designed by Moriki Yasuhiro, who also worked on designing Zeorymer for the OAV Hades Project Zeorymer and Hajime Katoki, who created major designs of the Mobile Suits from the Gundam franchise. Animation studio Gainax also provided input on the game.

Release
The game was released in Japan on March 20, 1992. It was released in North America in April 1992. The English script was written by Robert Woodhead, who had previously worked on the Wizardry series.

Reception
Famitsu magazine gave it a score of 21 out of 40.

References

External links

1992 video games
Action games
Platformers
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System-only games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games about mecha
Science fiction video games
Single-player video games
Video games scored by Kohei Tanaka
Asmik Ace Entertainment games
Jorudan games

Xardion


1 Treasury Place (also known as the State Government Office) is a government office complex in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The building is the official location of the Office of the Premier of Victoria, currently headed by Jacinta Allan, and other integral government departments. The complex was constructed in the mid 1960s and comprises five levels of office accommodation. The building was designed by architect Barry Patten of Yuncken Freeman Architects Pty Ltd. according to the internationalist style of architecture.

The building is home to the Victorian Government Department of Premier and Cabinet (DPC) and Department of Treasury and Finance (DTF). The building is also home to the office of the Secretary of DTF (currently David Martine), the office of the Premier of Victoria (currently Jacinta Allan), and the office of the Treasurer of Victoria (currently Tim Pallas).

History
Prior to the planning and construction of 1 Treasury Place, the undeveloped landscape was a large paddock with a caretaker as its sole resident. The land was selected to be used as a site for an architectural competition to design a series of government owned and operated buildings which resides within the Treasury .

The Treasury Precinct holds significant historic value as for the past 150 years it has resided at the centre of the Victorian government administration in Melbourne. The government's position in the precinct was established before the separation of government departments and included buildings such as the Government Printer's Office, Old and New Treasury Building and Department of Agriculture Building.
These buildings along with the buildings built in the 1960s under Yuncken Freeman Architects Pty. Ltd. portray the work that the government has done over the past 150 years while operating in the Precinct. Commonly known as the State public offices 1 treasury place is one of several buildings in the urban surroundings that was influenced by the internationalist style of architecture. A number of these buildings were designed by Barry Patten and other architects from Yucken freeman architects. During the time 1 Treasury Place was under construction two other structures were also undergoing work on the same site. Using the same facade as 1 Treasury place these additional buildings were also designed by Yuncken Freeman Architects in response to the architectural competition. One building located directly behind the old treasury building was designed to accommodate the premier and other ministers. The other structure which was built to the East of 1 treasury place was to house the State Chemical Laboratories. All 3 government buildings were designed by Yuncken Freeman Architects Pty. Ltd. as a response to the brief that outlined the competition.

Description
The state government offices is a strictly modernist building that expresses that of a "soaring wonderment" as per the guidelines of the competition that was held in 1962. The form of the building (1 treasury place) is rectangular and horizontal with a centralised square tower in the centre surrounded by void space consisting of walkways leading to the tower from the outer shell of the building. Its use of off grey precast concrete walls results in the facade of the building being expressed as a repeating grid made from the tall sections of precast panels and the chamfered rectangular window cutouts that complete the grid pattern. The grid like formation of the windows are in close relation to that of the window formation of the old treasury building. The whole building appears to be elevated off the ground and is supported by a row of repeating square concrete columns on the ground floor. A much taller rectilinear building of the same aesthetic is joined onto this building via a walkway. The overall ensemble of structures taking on the form of a monument.

Key influences and design approach
In 1962 the government conducted an architectural competition amongst twelve competing firms to design and submit plans for the existing site.  One of the requirements for a successful entry was to showcase one or more buildings with an aesthetic quality described as "soaring wonderment".  Ultimately the winning proposal was submitted by Barry Patten of Yuncken Freeman Architects; it differed from the majority of other proposals offered, in that it rejected a tower-like construction in order to minimise impact of views from the top of Collins street, and would include two infill buildings of similar scale to the Old Treasury Building and 2 Treasury Place, with the taller building to face Macarthur Street.

Originally known as the State Public Offices, this building, along with the two others,
is architecturally important as it represents a unique modernist 'urban ensemble'. This is an austere ensemble of high modernist concrete buildings which emphasise their grid structure. They are co-ordinated in a pleasing arrangement of contrasting scales and levels, softened by a treed walkway. Despite their severity, they relate well to the formal classicism of the adjoining 19th-century building. Their rigid, contemporary and austere design was intended to contrast with the surrounding buildings in the treasury precinct. The building's exterior, constructed primarily of masonry, with small classically proportioned window openings as well as the location of the tower to one side (1 Macarthur Street) of Old Treasury Building was an unusually sensitive response to the urban context. These buildings are important for their innovative use of pre-cast panelling incorporated as load bearing elements.
The key influence for these 3 buildings was the urban context in which they were constructed, as well as somewhat continuing the design approach of the existing buildings in its area, all of which follow the same design principals and architecture. A key element in their design was the functions of what the buildings still perform today, the buildings currently house the Department of Premier and Cabinet, the Department of Treasury and Finance as well as ministerial officer of the Premier, Deputy Premier and Treasurer.

Awards
In 1970, 1 Treasury Place was 'Building of the Year', awarded by the Royal Australian Institute of Architects, and Yuncken Freeman Architects was one of the most highly regarded firms of their time.

References

Buildings and structures in Melbourne City Centre
Office buildings in Melbourne
Victoria State Government
International Style (architecture)
1960s establishments in Australia
Buildings and structures completed in the 1960s

1 Treasury Place


The Hebei – Rehe – Chahar Campaign (冀热察战役) was a series of battles fought in Northern China between the nationalists and the communists during the Chinese Civil War in the post World War II era, and resulted in communist victory.

Prelude
In the spring of 1948, the nationalist forces in Northeast China totaling 550,000 troops were besieged in three isolated pockets in Changchun, Shenyang and Jinzhou.  In order to reinforce the nationalists in Northeast China, Chiang Kai-shek redeployed the nationalist Reorganized 54th Division from Qingdao to Jinzhou, and attempted to send reinforcement from Northern China as well.  To prevent nationalist forces in Northern China from reinforcing Northeast China, the communists decided to launch a campaign in northern China to tie down the local nationalist forces.

Order of battle
Nationalist order of battle
The 3rd Army
The 4th Army
The 16th Army
The 35th Army
The 92nd Army
The 94th Army
The 151st Division
2 brigades of the 8th Army

Communist order of battle
The 3rd Column of the II Corps
The 4th Column of the II Corps
The 4th Brigade of the 2nd Column
The 11th Column of the Northeastern Military District
Three independent divisions of the Hebei – Rehe – Liaoning Military District

Campaign
On May 12, 1948, the 11th Column of the communist Northeastern Military District ambushed two nationalist regiments returning to Chengde from Flat Spring (Ping Quan, 平泉) at regions of Three Ditches (三沟) and Six Ditches (六沟), badly mauling the nationalist units. At night of May 13, 1948, the communist 2nd Column started its eastward push by striking the nationalist strongholds in Yanqing. The nationalists redeployed their 35th Army, 94th Army, 3rd Army and 4th Army to Huailai, Yanqing and Xuanhua, while detachments from the nationalist 16th Army and 92nd Army were redeployed to Shahe and Nakou in an attempt to besiege the enemy, but the enemy had already passed the region to the east of Yanqing and continued its eastward push.  By June 2, 1948, with the help of the 11th Column of the communist Northeast Military District and units of the communist Hebei – Rehe – Liaoning Military District, the communist II Corps had severed the Beijing – Chengde Railway, taking towns / counties including Luanping (滦平) County, Longhua (隆化), Fengning (丰宁), and Flat Spring (Ping Quan, 平泉).  As Chengde in the north and Beijing in the south were both threatened by the communist success, the nationalists were forced to redeploy three armies and two divisions from Huailai and Yanqing to Pinggu, and along the railroad from Huairou to Beijing to boost the local defense.

In order to disperse the nationalists, the communists redeployed their forces.  Three independent divisions of the communist Hebei – Rehe – Liaoning Military District and the 3rd Column of the communist II Corps were organized into Right Flank Corps to penetrate into Pinggu region, while the communist 4th Brigade of the 2nd Column and the communist 4th Column were organized into the Left Flank Corps to strike eastern Hebei.  By June 15, 1948, a dozen nationalist strongholds had fallen into enemy hands, including Fengrun (丰润), Renge Village (Rege Zhuang, 任各庄), Hazel Town (Zhenzi Zhen, 榛子镇) and Wild Chicken Tuo (Yeji Tuo, (野鸡坨)).  The nationalist 151st Division defending the region was badly mauled by the enemy, losing over 5,000 troops and Tangshan was gravely threatened.  In order to ensure the safety of Tangshan and the Beijing – Shanhai Pass Railway, the nationalists were forced to redeploy seven divisions from Pinggu, reaching Fengrun (丰润) on June 18, 1948.  Meanwhile, two nationalist brigades of the nationalist 8th Army in Shandong were transported to Qinghuangdao by sea and then pushed toward to the region west of Luan (滦) county in an attempt to besiege the enemy, but the enemy was already withdrawn to Lulong (卢龙) and Qian'an (迁安) regions, thus successfully avoided the nationalist trap.  Taking the advantage of the failed nationalist attempt to trap the enemy, the communist Right Flank Corps struck northward, taking Stone Box (Shixia, 石匣), Little Battalion (Xiao Ying, 小营) and besieged Ancient North Gate (Gu Bei Kou, 古北口) on June 19, 1948, thus forcing the nationalists to withdraw their troops elsewhere and redeploy them to reinforce the northern front.  Taking the advantage of the nationalist redeployment, the communist 11th Column and the communist Left Flank Corps launched another offensive on June 23, 1948, and by June 25, 1948, successfully took all of the nationalist strongholds along the Stone Gate Street (Shi Men Jie, 石门街) to Lichang (昌黎) City line, thus concluding the campaign by severing the important link between northern China and Northeast China on land.

Outcome
The nationalists lose over 24,390 troops in this campaign, including over 17,350 captured alive by the enemy and over 7,040 killed.  Seven cities / towns and vast rural regions fell into the enemy hands, and additionally, the enemy had severed the communication / transportation lines of Beijing – Suiyuan Railway, Beijing – Chengde Railway, Beijing – Liaoning Railway, and Beijing – Hankou Railway.  In contrast, the communists had successfully prevented the nationalists from sending nationalist force in northern China to Northeast China, in addition to the successes just described.  The nationalist defeat was mainly due to the Chiang Kai-shek's uncompromising doctrine of holding on to as much land as possible, and as long as possible, which overstretched the numerically superior nationalist forces as they were dispersed to garrison vast regions.  As a result, none of the garrison had enough strength to fight when enemy concentrated their forces and attacked with overwhelmingly numerically superior force.

See also
List of battles of the Chinese Civil War
History of the People's Liberation Army
National Revolutionary Army
People's Liberation Army
Chinese Civil War

References

Zhu, Zongzhen and Wang, Chaoguang, Liberation War History, 1st Edition, Social Scientific Literary Publishing House in Beijing, 2000,  (set)
Zhang, Ping, History of the Liberation War, 1st Edition, Chinese Youth Publishing House in Beijing, 1987,  (pbk.)
Jie, Lifu, Records of the Liberation War: The Decisive Battle of Two Kinds of Fates, 1st Edition, Hebei People's Publishing House in Shijiazhuang, 1990,  (set)
Literary and Historical Research Committee of the Anhui Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, Liberation War, 1st Edition, Anhui People's Publishing House in Hefei, 1987,
Li, Zuomin, Heroic Division and Iron Horse: Records of the Liberation War, 1st Edition, Chinese Communist Party History Publishing House in Beijing, 2004,
Wang, Xingsheng, and Zhang, Jingshan, Chinese Liberation War, 1st Edition, People's Liberation Army Literature and Art Publishing House in Beijing, 2001,  (set)
Huang, Youlan, History of the Chinese People's Liberation War, 1st Edition, Archives Publishing House in Beijing, 1992,
Liu Wusheng, From Yan'an to Beijing: A Collection of Military Records and Research Publications of Important Campaigns in the Liberation War, 1st Edition, Central Literary Publishing House in Beijing, 1993,
Tang, Yilu and Bi, Jianzhong, History of Chinese People's Liberation Army in Chinese Liberation War, 1st Edition, Military Scientific Publishing House in Beijing, 1993 – 1997,  (Volum 1), 7800219615 (Volum 2), 7800219631 (Volum 3), 7801370937 (Volum 4), and 7801370953 (Volum 5)

Conflicts in 1948
Battles of the Chinese Civil War
1948 in China
Military history of Hebei
History of Inner Mongolia

Hebei–Rehe–Chahar Campaign