Sylvester J. Pussycat Sr. is a fictional character, an anthropomorphic cat in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons. Most of his appearances have him often chasing Tweety Bird, Speedy Gonzales, or Hippety Hopper. He appeared in 103 cartoons in the golden age of American animation, lagging only behind superstars Bugs Bunny, Porky Pig, and Daffy Duck. Three of his cartoons won Academy Awards, the most for any starring a Looney Tunes character: they are Tweetie Pie, Speedy Gonzales, and Birds Anonymous.

Animation history

Development
Before Sylvester's appearance in the cartoons, Blanc voiced a character named Sylvester on The Judy Canova Show using the voice that would eventually become associated with the cat.

Personality and catchphrases
Sylvester's height is 60 or 72 inches (152.4 or 182.8 cm) or 5 or 6 feet (1.52 or 1.83 m) tall and his weight is 60 or 72 pounds (27.2 or 32.7 kg).

Like Daffy, Sylvester is known for having a sloppy lisp. A common gag used for both Sylvester and Daffy is a tendency to go on a long rant, complaining about a subject and then ending it by saying "Sakes".

Sylvester's trademark exclamation is "Suffering succotash!", which is said to be a minced oath of "Suffering Savior".

He shows a different personality when paired with Porky Pig in explorations of spooky places, in which he does not speak, behaves as a scaredy-cat, and always seems to see the scary things Porky does not see and gets scolded by him for it every time.

For the most part, Sylvester has always played the antagonist role, but he's sometimes featured playing the protagonist in a couple of cartoons while having to deal with the canine duo of Spike and Chester after being chased around. In 1952's Tree for Two (directed by Friz Freleng), Sylvester is cornered in the back alley and this would result in Spike getting mauled by a black panther that had earlier escaped from a zoo without Spike and Chester knowing about it. In the 1954 film Dr. Jerkyl's Hide, Sylvester pummels Spike (here called "Alfie") thanks to a potion that transforms him into a feline monster. Both times after Spike's ordeal, Sylvester would have the courage and confidence to confront Chester, only to be beaten up and tossed away by the little dog.

Perhaps Sylvester's most developed role is in a series of Robert McKimson-directed shorts, in which the character is a hapless mouse-catching instructor to his dubious son, Sylvester Junior, with the "mouse" being a powerful baby kangaroo named Hippety Hopper which he constantly mistakes for a "giant mouse". His alternately confident and bewildered episodes bring his son to shame, while Sylvester himself is reduced to nervous breakdowns.

Sylvester also had atypical roles in a few cartoons:

 Kitty Kornered (1946), a Bob Clampett cartoon in which a black-nosed, yellow-eyed Sylvester was teamed with three other cats to oust owner Porky Pig from his house.
 Doggone Cats (1947), an Arthur Davis cartoon where Sylvester is teamed up with an orange cat (later reused as Sylvester's brother Alan in The Looney Tunes Show) to prevent Wellmington the Dog from delivering a package to Uncle Louie.
 Catch as Cats Can (1947), another Davis cartoon that portrays Sylvester as a simple-minded cat with a dopey voice. While the cartoon essentially follows a cat-vs-canary plot, it takes a different turn as Sylvester is persuaded to eat the canary (caricaturized as Frank Sinatra) by a green parrot (caricaturized as Bing Crosby).
 Back Alley Oproar (1948), a Friz Freleng cartoon (actually a remake of the 1941 short Notes to You) wherein Sylvester pesters the sleep-deprived Elmer Fudd by performing several amazing musical numbers in the alley and even a sweet lullaby ("go to sleep... go to sleep... close your big bloodshot eyes...") to temporarily ease Elmer back to the dream world, though very temporarily.
 The Scarlet Pumpernickel (1950), a Chuck Jones cartoon in which Sylvester plays the Basil Rathbone-like villain to Daffy Duck's Errol Flynn-esque hero.
 Canned Feud (1951), another Freleng cartoon in which Sylvester tries to retrieve a can opener from a mouse out of fears he would starve to death. Unlike most cartoons, the mouse is portrayed as an instigator of the conflict or antagonist rather than Sylvester himself.
 Red Riding Hoodwinked (1955), another Freleng cartoon where Sylvester co-stars with an absent-minded Big Bad Wolf in which each not only tries to get their particular "prey" (Sylvester vs. Tweety and the Wolf vs. Little Red Riding Hood) but they both nearly come to blows with each other playing "Grandma". ("You're musclin' in on my racket!")
A Taste of Catnip (1966). a Robert McKimson cartoon that Sylvester cameos in. When Daffy Duck blows up a catnip factory in Mexico, Sylvester and other enraged cats beat up Daffy.

In the television series Tiny Toon Adventures, Sylvester appeared as the mentor of Furrball. He also starred in The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries. In the series, he plays the narrator at the beginning of episodes.

Filmography

The character debuted in Friz Freleng's Life With Feathers (1945). Freleng's 1947 cartoon Tweetie Pie was the first pairing of Tweety Bird with Sylvester, and the Bob Clampett-directed Kitty Kornered (1946) was Sylvester's first pairing with Porky Pig.

He also appears in a handful of cartoons with Elmer Fudd, such as a series of three cartoons underwritten by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation extolling the American economic system.

In the 1970s and 1980s, Sylvester appeared in various Warner Bros. television specials, and in the 1980s, he appeared in the feature-film compilations.

He has died more times than any other Looney Tunes character, having died in Peck Up Your Troubles, I Taw a Putty Tat, Back Alley Oproar, Mouse Mazurka, Bad Ol' Putty Tat, Ain't She Tweet, Satan's Waitin', Muzzle Tough, Sandy Claws, Tweety's Circus, Too Hop To Handle, Tree Cornered Tweety, Tweet and Lovely, Trick or Tweet (along with Sam Cat), The Wild Chase (along with Wile E. Coyote), Museum Scream, and Fully Vetted. He was even cast in the role of the Jacob Marley-like ghost called Sylvester the Investor in Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas.

Sylvester serves as the titular character in The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries, under the ownership of Granny and again having desires of eating Tweety and being tharwted by Butch. He helps solves mysteries and defeats the culprits in the end. In the finale of the series, he abandons his desire of eating Tweety following a dream and express his love for the bird.

A baby version of Sylvester is part of the title cast of characters in Baby Looney Tunes, voiced by Terry Klassen.

Sylvester is featured in The Looney Tunes Show (2011–14), voiced by Jeff Bergman. He is shown living with Granny alongside Tweety. In "Point, Laser Point", it is revealed that Sylvester was attracted by a glowing red dot that was on his mother's necklace when he was young as experienced through hypnotic therapy done by Witch Lezah. It was also revealed that his mother (voiced by Estelle Harris) has retired to Florida. When Sylvester visits her, she reveals she's disappointed that Sylvester isn't married, doesn't have kids, never kept wearing his retainer, never remembered where she lives in Florida, and has not caught Tweety yet. This episode also introduced Sylvester's brother Alan (voiced by Jeff Bennett) who became more successful than Sylvester.

Sylvester also makes recurring appearances in both New Looney Tunes and Looney Tunes Cartoons. Jeff Bergman reprises his role for both.

Sylvester appeared in King Tweety. He was voiced by Eric Bauza, who also voiced him in Looney Tunes: World of Mayhem.

Sylvester appears in Bugs Bunny Builders as one of the citizens/builders helpings Bugs and friends with building. In this series, he is more of being friends with Tweety and even lives with him.

Cameo appearances

In an episode of Press Your Luck, Sylvester (voiced by Mel Blanc) calls Peter Tomarken after Tomarken incorrectly said that Daffy Duck coined the catchphrase, "Suffering Succotash" during the question round.

Sylvester makes a cameo appearance in Who Framed Roger Rabbit, where he provides the punchline for a double-entendre joke regarding Judge Doom's (Christopher Lloyd) identity. This was Mel Blanc's final time voicing him.

Sylvester appears as part of the Tune Squad team in Space Jam voiced by Bill Farmer. He bears the number 9 on his jersey where the Tune Squad and Michael Jordan competed against the Monstars.

He also has two cameo appearances in Looney Tunes: Back in Action, but the second time, "Sylvester" is really Mr. Smith in disguise.

A cat appears in Color Rhapsody shorts "Up and Atom" and "Boston Beanie" that bares a strong resemblance to Sylvester.

Sylvester appears in the Robot Chicken episode "Werewolf vs. Unicorn", voiced by Patrick Pinney. During Arnold Schwarzenegger's announcement of illegal aliens from Mexico, Sylvester demonstrates a wired fence that will keep the aliens out, only for it to be penetrated by Speedy Gonzales.

Sylvester makes a vocal cameo appearance in the 2020 Animaniacs revival segment "Suffragette City", with Jeff Bergman reprising his role.

Sylvester appears in Space Jam: A New Legacy voiced again by Jeff Bergman. He plays for the Tune Squad in their match against the Goon Squad. At one point before the second half, Sylvester thought he found Michael Jordan in the audience which he revealed to the Tune Squad only for LeBron James to find that he actually ran into Michael B. Jordan. This caused Daffy Duck and Elmer Fudd to reprimand him for not noticing the difference as Sylvester thought he aged good.

Other appearances

From 1979 to 1983, Sylvester was the "spokescat" for 9 Lives' line of dry cat food. His face appeared on the product's boxes and Sylvester was also featured in a series of television commercials. These ads usually consisted of Sylvester trying to get to his box of 9 Lives dry cat food while avoiding Hector the Bulldog. Sylvester would always succeed in luring the dog away so he could get to his food, but would always find himself a target again by the end of the commercial, which generally ended with Sylvester calling 9 Lives dry cat food "worth riskin' your life for."

In comic books

Western Publications produced a comic book about Tweety and Sylvester entitled Tweety and Sylvester, first in Dell Comics Four Color series #406, 489, and 524, then in their own title from Dell Comics (#4–37, 1954–62), and later from Gold Key Comics (#1–102, 1963–72). In most of the earlier comic books, Sylvester has white fur surrounding his eyes (similar to Pepé Le Pew) and green eyes. They both disappeared in the later comic books. The green eyes could be seen in some merchandise as well.

Sylvester and Tweety appeared in a DC Comics and Looney Tunes crossover comic called Catwoman/Tweety and Sylvester #1. In the issue, witches from the DC and Looney Tunes universes placed a wager where the existence of all birds and cats (as well as all bird- and cat-themed heroes and villains) depended on if Sylvester could eat Tweety. Sylvester (designed more realistically for the DC Universe) teamed up with Catwoman, while Tweety teamed up with the Black Canary.

In video games
Sylvester has appeared in the video games Sylvester and Tweety in Cagey Capers, The Bugs Bunny Crazy Castle, The Bugs Bunny Birthday Blowout, Bugs Bunny Rabbit Rampage, Looney Tunes: Acme Arsenal, The Bugs Bunny Crazy Castle 2, Looney Tunes: Back in Action, Looney Tunes: Space Race, Bugs Bunny: Crazy Castle 3, and Sylvester and Tweety: Breakfast on the Run.

Naming
The name "Sylvester" is a play on Felis silvestris, the scientific name for the European wildcat (domestic cats like Sylvester are in the species Felis catus). Sylvester was not named until Chuck Jones gave him the name Sylvester, which was first used in Scaredy Cat. Although the character was named Sylvester in later cartoon shorts (beginning with 1948's Scaredy Cat), he was called "Thomas" in his first appearance with Tweety in Tweetie Pie, most likely as a reference to a male cat being called a tom. However, this name would never be used again because MGM already had a cat named Thomas from Tom and Jerry. Mel Blanc had also voiced a human character named Sylvester on Judy Canova's radio show earlier in the 1940s.

Voice

Origin
Sylvester's trademark is his sloppy and yet stridulating lisp. In Mel Blanc's autobiography, That's Not All Folks!, it is worth noting that Sylvester's voice is similar to Daffy Duck's, only not sped up in post-production, plus the even more exaggerated slobbery lisp. Conventional wisdom is that Daffy's lisp, and hence also Sylvester's, were based on the lisp of producer Leon Schlesinger. However, Blanc made no such claim. He said that Daffy's lisp was based on him having a long beak and that he borrowed the voice for Sylvester. He also said that Sylvester's voice was very much like his own, excluding the lisp (his son Noel Blanc has also confirmed this). In addition, director Bob Clampett, in a 1970 Funnyworld interview, agreed with Blanc's account concerning Schlesinger. Greg Ford once asked Blanc what was the difference between Daffy and Sylvester's voices. Blanc said to him that Daffy is a Jew and Sylvester is a Gentile.

Voice actors
 Mel Blanc (1945–1989, Bugs Bunny's Birthday Ball (1990); archive audio, Sylvester and Tweety in Cagey Capers (meowing) (1994); archive audio, Boomerang bumper (hiccup) (2004); archive audio, I Tawt I Taw a Puddy Tat (2011); archive audio)
 Dave Barry (imitating Bing Crosby in Catch as Cats Can, Golden Records records, Bugs Bunny Songfest)
 Danny Kaye (1951 I Taut I Taw a Puddy Tat cover)
 Gilbert Mack (Golden Records records, Bugs Bunny Songfest)
 Dallas McKennon (meowing sounds in Daffy Duck and Porky Pig Meet the Groovie Goolies)
 Richard Andrews (Bugs Bunny Exercise and Adventure Album)
 Bill Farmer (ABC Family Fun Fair, Space Jam)
 Darrell Hammond ("Wappin'")
 Jeff Bergman (1989 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, Tiny Toon Adventures, Tyson Foods commercial, Bugs Bunny's Overtures to Disaster, Cartoon Network bumpers, Boomerang bumper, Family Guy, The Looney Tunes Show, Scooby Doo and Looney Tunes: Cartoon Universe, Looney Tunes Dash, New Looney Tunes, Daffy Duck Dance Off, Ani-Mayhem, Meet Bugs (and Daffy), Looney Tunes Cartoons, Animaniacs, Space Jam: A New Legacy, Bugs Bunny Builders,Tiny Toons Looniversity)
 Noel Blanc (You Rang? answering machine messages, Bugs Bunny's Birthday Ball)
 Joe Alaskey (Tiny Toon Adventures, Looney Tunes River Ride, Yosemite Sam and the Gold River Adventure, Sylvester and Tweety in Cagey Capers, Have Yourself a Looney Tunes Christmas, Carrotblanca, The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries, Bugs & Friends Sing Elvis, Father of the Bird, Bugs Bunny's Learning Adventures, Warner Bros. Sing Along: Quest for Camelot, Looney Tunes: What's Up Rock?!, Warner Bros. Sing-Along: Looney Tunes, The Looney Tunes Rockin' Road Show, Crash! Bang! Boom! The Best of WB Sound FX, Tweety's High-Flying Adventure, The Looney Tunes Kwazy Christmas, Looney Tunes: Back In Action, Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas, Looney Tunes Dance Off, TomTom Looney Tunes GPS, Looney Tunes ClickN READ Phonics, various video games, webtoons, and commercials)
 Greg Burson (Bugs Bunny's Birthday Ball, The Toonite Show Starring Bugs Bunny, Looney Tunes B-Ball, Warner Bros. Kids Club)
 Keith Scott (Looney Tunes Musical Revue, Westfield commercial, Spectacular Light and Sound Show Illuminanza, KFC commercials, Tazos Looney Tunes commercial, Looney Tunes: We Got the Beat!, Looney Tunes on Ice, Looney Tunes LIVE! Classroom Capers, Christmas Moments with Looney Tunes, The Looney Tunes Radio Show, Looney Rock)
 J. J. Sedelmaier (Cartoon Network presentation pitch)
 Terry Klassen (Baby Looney Tunes, Baby Looney Tunes' Eggs-traordinary Adventure)
 Jeff Bennett (Museum Scream, A Looney Tunes Sing-A-Long Christmas)
 Pat Pinney (Robot Chicken)
 Kevin Shinick (Mad)
 Seth MacFarlane (Family Guy)
 Dee Bradley Baker (New Looney Tunes (monster form))
 Eric Bauza (Looney Tunes: World of Mayhem, Bugs Bunny in The Golden Carrot, Space Jam: A New Legacy live show, King Tweety, ACME Fools, Lights, Camera, Action: A WB100th Anniversary Celebration)

Reception and legacy
Sylvester was No. 33 on TV Guides list of top 50 best cartoon characters, together with Tweety.

See also
Tom and Jerry, a similar type of duo.

References

External links

 Sylvester's history at Warner Bros' official website (requires flash).
 Sylvester Pussycat at Don Markstein's Toonopedia.
 Sylvester's Miracle Whip Promotional Crossover YouTube.
 Archived from the original on January 1, 2018.
 All about Sylvester the Cat on Chuck Jones Official Website.

Looney Tunes characters
Dell Comics titles
Gold Key Comics titles
Fictional characters with speech impediment
Film characters introduced in 1945
Anthropomorphic cats
Children's television characters
Male characters in animated films
Characters created by Friz Freleng

Sylvester the Cat


A puppeteer is a person who makes an inanimate object that might be shaped like a human, animal, legendary creature, or another object to create the illusion that the puppet is "alive". The puppeteer may be visible to or hidden from the audience. A puppeteer can operate a puppet by the use of strings, rods, wires, electronics or directly by his or her own hands placed inside the puppet or holding it externally or any other part of the body- such as the legs.

Related pages
 The Muppets
 Jim Henson
 Fred Rogers
 Punch and Judy

Other websites

 Union Internationale de la Marionnette (UNIMA) - International organization of puppeteers and puppet enthusiasts
 Puppeteers UK - Directory and news on puppeteers and puppetry in the UK
 Puppeteers of America - National non-profit organinfo The Puppetry Homepage - Extensive with links to information on puppeteers and all styles of puppetry

Puppeteer


Shoo Rayner (born 1956) is a British children's author and illustrator. He was born Hugh Rayner to a Norwegian mother and a British father.

Background
Rayner's father served in the British Army, so his family moved around a great deal. His formative years were spent in Germany, Pakistan, Aden, and Wiltshire. He was given a boarding school education, first at a preparatory school in Surrey and then at King's School, Canterbury. Once his father had left the army, his family settled in Bedford, and he attended Bedford School as a day-boy. His nickname, Shoo, was coined while his family lived in Pakistan. His nanny, Uppa, was unable to pronounce the name "Hugh", so she called him Shoo instead. It stuck. Years later, he had his name legally changed to Shoo. He was interviewed at the Cambridge College of Arts and Technology by children's author and illustrator Colin McNaughton, to whom he remains indebted for introducing him to the world of children's books.

Personal life
Rayner lives in the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire, with his wife and two children. He has three cats - Shula, Fizz and Fizz's kitten, Mister Darcy.

Career
Rayner is an author and illustrator.  His previous jobs include painting signs and silk screening, as well as working as a mapmaker for the Land Registry, Peterborough.

Rayner's first book contract was with Ernest Benn. The book was to be called The Trouble With Strawberry Jam Pancakes, but, after delivering three separate sets of artwork, the title was shelved. His first published work was a set of six stories for the Oxford Reading Tree called Lydia.

Rayner has had a hand in several popular series for early readers. He is the illustrator for Rose Impey's long-running "Animal Crackers" books, and, as both author and illustrator, he created the "Dark Claw," "Rex Files," and "Ginger Ninja" series. These series have very different themes: the "Dark Claw" books are a spoof of Star Wars and other such science-fiction stories, starring cats and rodents; the "Rex Files" (a take-off on the television series The X-Files) feature a duo of canine sleuths named Rex and Franky who investigate various terrifying paranormal events; and the "Ginger Ninja" books are about a pawball-mad kitten named Ginger who faces typical elementary-school problems such as bullies. Rayner has said that The Ginger Ninja is his favorite book, both because the Ginger Ninja is the character most like him (Rayner himself had bright red hair as a child) and "because that was the book where I looked deepest into the darkest regions of my character and managed to come up almost sane at the end", as he said in an interview with Word Pool.

Despite their different subject matter, all of Rayner's books were designed to be both easy to comprehend and entertaining for children who are learning to read on their own. They feature short sentences, short chapters, and almost comic-book-like illustrations. Explaining what he finds most rewarding about his work, Rayner said in the Word Pool interview, "my readers are at the most important stage of reading development, where they can be put off or enthused for life." While he admits that the early-reader genre is often overlooked by critics, "children find it for themselves and read my books by the bucket load. That's my reward."

Rayner illustrated the MudPuddle Farm series of books written by Michael Morpurgo. In January 2012, 9 million copies of the books were given away with McDonald's Happy Meals in the United Kingdom.

Rayner has been at the forefront of children's authors using technology. His interactive website has been running since 1997. He started his YouTube Drawing School, ShooRaynerDrawing, in 2010, and won the YouTube NextUpEurope Competition in 2011. He has another successful YouTube channel called DrawStuffRealEasy  and ShooRaynerLife which is a blog and entertainment channel featuring "learn British Culture" a tongue-in-cheek look at Britain.

References

Mary Trim. Growing and Knowing: A Selection Guide for Children's Literature, Walter de Gruyter, Jan 1, 2004, pg. 60
"Author joins carnival fun", Gazette and Herald, 15 August 2013
"Happy Meal deal for 6.5 million copies of Coleford man's books", Gloucestershire Echo, 14 January 2012

Alumni of Anglia Ruskin University
British writers
British illustrators
Living people
People educated at Bedford School
English expatriates in Pakistan
1956 births

Shoo Rayner


William H. Craver (June 1844 – June 17, 1901) was an American Major League Baseball player from Troy, New York who played mainly as a middle infielder, but did play many games at catcher as well during his seven-year career.  He played for seven different teams, in two leagues.  He was later expelled from the Major Leagues in the infamous Louisville gambling scandal in .

Early life
Before his baseball career, Craver had served in the military during the Civil War with the 13th Heavy Artillery Regiment out of New York.  He enlisted on January 21, 1864, as a Private in Company K, and mustered out on June 28 in Norfolk, Virginia.

When the war, and his military career were over, he began his organized baseball career as a catcher in 1866 with the Union Baseball Club of Rensselaer County, which became the Unions of Lansingburgh.  The Unions gained the nickname of Haymakers in August of that year after a visit to the Capitoline Grounds and the Elysian Fields.  Later, in 1870, while playing for a Chicago team, he was accused of breaking his contract with the team.

Major League Baseball career
In , Craver joined the Troy Haymakers, who entered the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players in the league's first season.  He played second base, and after just four games, he replaced Lip Pike as manager.  He played well, batting .322, but the team finished in seventh place.  For the next two seasons, he joined the Baltimore Canaries, the first of which he was player-manager.  He was replaced at manager later in the year by Everett Mills, but stayed with the team through the  season.  Playing for the Philadelphia White Stockings in , he led the league in games played, and as a second baseman, he led the league in putouts and errors.  Craver had his best offensive season that year, batting .343 and leading the league in stolen bases.  In , he moved over the Philadelphia Centennials.  He played in just 13 games for them when, together with George Bechtel, he was traded to the Philadelphia Athletics to replace injured players Dave Eggler and Wes Fisler in exchange for $1,500. He led the NA in triples in 1875 with 13.

The National Association folded following the  season, and Craver joined the  New York Mutuals, a team that he also managed.  It was his only season in New York, as the Mutuals were expelled from the league for not making the required western trip.  It was during this season that Craver was reputedly savagely beaten by a gambler for doublecrossing him on a fix.  He gained infamy the following season, his final season, when playing for the Louisville Grays.

Expulsion
In , the Grays were ahead in the league standings, with a 27–13 record with only 15 games left to play, but then lost their lead through horrible play, losing eight straight games at one point.  The trouble reportedly began when third baseman Bill Hague was injured and needed to be replaced.  George Hall suggested that the team pick up his former Mutuals teammate Al Nichols.  The errors by Nichols, Hall, and Craver began to accumulate, and owner Charles Chase became suspicious when he noticed that Nichols was still in the lineup, even though Hague was fully healthy.  The players were soon seen around town with new clothes and jewelry.  Chase confronted pitcher Jim Devlin and did not receive a confession, but Hall thought Devlin had confessed.  Hall claimed that Nichols was the person in contact with the gamblers and all three had thrown games.  Chase requested from each member of the team permission to see all the Western Union telegrams sent and received.  Craver was the only man on the team to refuse, which caused him to be suspended.  The telegrams proved the three were in open communication with the gamblers.  The National League subsequently expelled all four players "for conduct in contravention of the objects of this League." Craver was banned even though it was not proven that he participated in throwing any games, but there were reports of his gambling and insubordination in his past, along with his refusal to cooperate with this investigation.

Later life
After his forced retirement from baseball, Craver became a police officer, along with fellow "criminal" Devlin. He began to receive military disability on July 1, 1892, as a result of time as a soldier, which would continue on to his widow, Catherine C. Craver.  Craver died at the age of 57 of heart disease in his hometown of Troy, and is interred at Oakwood Cemetery.

See also
Denny Mack – the Radcliffe affair

References

External links

New York State Military Museum – 13th Heavy Artillery Regiment

Major League Baseball catchers
Major League Baseball infielders
Major League Baseball player-managers
Troy Haymakers (NABBP) players
Chicago White Stockings (NABBP) players
Troy Haymakers managers
Troy Haymakers players
Baltimore Canaries managers
Baltimore Canaries players
Philadelphia White Stockings managers
Philadelphia White Stockings players
Philadelphia Centennials players
Philadelphia Athletics (NA) players
New York Mutuals players
New York Mutuals managers
Louisville Grays players
Major League Baseball controversies
Baseball players from Troy, New York
American municipal police officers
19th-century baseball players
1844 births
1901 deaths
Burials at Oakwood Cemetery (Troy, New York)

Bill Craver


Law enforcement in Nicaragua falls under the jurisdiction of La Policia Nacional of Nicaragua. They are in charge of regular police functions and sometimes work in conjunction with the Nicaraguan military, making it an indirect and rather subtle version of a gendarmerie.

The Nicaraguan National Police work separately and have a different established set of norms than the nation's military.

Historical secret police organizations

Dirección General de Seguridad del Estado (DGSE) (Directorate-General of State Security)

See also
Nicaraguan National Police
National Guard of Nicaragua

References

Sources
 World Police Encyclopedia, ed. by Dilip K. Das & Michael Palmiotto.  by Taylor & Francis. 2004,
 World Encyclopedia of Police Forces and Correctional Systems, 2nd.  edition,  Gale., 2006
 Sullivan, Larry E. et al.  Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2005.

Law enforcement in Nicaragua


The Flag of the United Mexican States or Mexico is a tricolor of green, white, and red with an eagle charged in the center of the white stripe. While the meaning of the colors has changed over time, these three colors were adopted by Mexico following independence from Spain during the country's War of Independence. The current flag was adopted in 1968, but the design has been used since 1821. The current law of national symbols, Law on the National Arms, Flag, and Anthem, that governs the use of the national flag has been in place since 1984. Red, white, and green are the colors of the national liberation army in Mexico. The central emblem is the ancient Aztec symbol for Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City), the center of the Aztec Empire. It recalls the legend that inspired the Aztecs to settle on what was originally a lake-island. The form of the coat of arms was most recently revised in 1968. Aztec legend held that they should found their city on the spot where they saw an eagle on a cactus, eating a snake. There is a ribbon in the national colors at the bottom of the coat of arms.

Legend
In the early 14th century, the Mexican people were a wandering tribe of nomads looking for a permanent settlement in modern day central Mexico. They survived by hunting and gathering and were often hired to fight as mercenaries for the city-states scattered throughout the region. According to legend, their god, Huitzilopochtli, told them to establish a city of their own at a site where they would find an eagle eating a snake on the top of a cactus. The legend relates that  the people saw the eagle on a small, swampy island in the middle of the shallow mexico lake. The Mexicans invented a resourceful system of gardening, called chinampas, which allowed them to grow small gardens, eventually drying out the lake. In 1325, they completed construction of a city there.  That city, which they called Tenochtitlan, became the capital of the Aztec Empire.

Related pages
 Mexico
 List of Mexican flags

References

National symbols of Mexico
Mexico
Flags of Mexico

Flag of Mexico


Raymond L. Wallace (April 21, 1918 − November 26, 2002) was an American amateur Bigfoot hoaxer.

Wallace was born in Clarksdale, Missouri. He worked as a logger for much of his life, but also in road construction throughout much of Washington, Oregon and California. He served in the United States Army during World War II as an aircraft gunner. Wallace finally settled in Toledo, Washington in 1961.

Bigfoot
In August 1958, the Humboldt Times of Eureka, California, was the first to use the term "Bigfoot" in their story about huge footprints found by a worker of Wallace's Humboldt County construction company.

Upon Wallace's death, his son Michael revealed that Wallace was in possession of large, poorly crafted, obviously fake wooden feet. According to Wallace's family, Ray's brother Wilbur Wallace and nephew Mack McKinley used these wooden feet to stamp imprints around northern California as a prank. Ray Wallace also created hair and feces samples which the family left in the woods for Bigfoot researchers to find. He created the hair samples by processing hair from the bison he kept on his wild animal farm near Toledo. However, Chris Murphy notes that Ed Schillinger, "who is the only living witness from the Bluff Creek job" and "who considers himself almost an adopted son of the man [Ray]," strongly disputes the family's allegations.

Cryptozoologist Mark A. Hall was a persistent critic of the authenticity of Crew's 1958 tracks, and of certain other Bluff Creek tracks. Another cryptozoologist, Loren Coleman, has been similarly critical.

Regarding Wallace's claim to have told Roger Patterson where to go to shoot the Patterson film, Jeffrey Meldrum writes, "... but it was clear from later interviews that he possessed little knowledge of the specific area ...."

Death
Wallace died in a Centralia, Washington nursing home at the age of 84.

See also

Bigfoot in popular culture
Jacko hoax

References

Other reading

External links

1918 births
2002 deaths
Bigfoot
Cryptozoologists
People from DeKalb County, Missouri
Hoaxers
History of Humboldt County, California

Raymond L. Wallace


Eliane Teresinha Giardini (born October 20, 1952 in Sorocaba) is a Brazilian actress.

Although she didn't achieve much fame until her 40th birthday, she is now considered one of the best and most beautiful Brazilian actresses. Formerly married to actor Paulo Betti, she is the mother of two girls, Juliana and Mariana Betti, both actresses themselves.

Filmography

TV
 Ninho da Serpente (as Lídia)
 Campeão (as Cristina)
 Vida Roubada (as Hilda)
 Meus Filhos, Minha Vida
 Uma Esperança no Ar (as Débora)
 Helena (as Joana)
 Caso Verdade
 Desejo (as Lucinda)
 Felicidade (as Isaura)
 Renascer (as Dona Patroa/Yolanda)
 Incidente em Antares (as Eleutéria)
 A Comédia da Vida Privada (as Helena)
 Irmãos Coragem (as Estela)
 Engraçadinha (as Maria Aparecida)
 Você Decide
 Explode Coração (as Lola)
 A Indomada (as Santa Maria)
 Você Decide (as Sílvia)
 Mulher (as Anita)
 Hilda Furacão (as Berta)
 Torre de Babel (as Wandona)
 Andando nas Nuvens (as Janete)
 Você Decide (as Ana)
 O Belo e As Feras (as Ludmila)
 Zorra Total (as Maria Rosa)
 Zorra Total (as Roxana)
 Os Maias (as The Countess of Gouvarinho)
 Os Normais (as Marta)
 O Clone (as Nazira Rachid)
 A Casa das Sete Mulheres (as Caetana)
 Um Só Coração (as Tarsila do Amaral)
 América (as Neuta)
 J.K. (as Tarsila do Amaral)
 Cobras & Lagartos (as Eva/Esmeralda)
 Eterna Magia (as Pérola)
 Capitu (as Dona Glória Santiago)
 Caminho das Indias (as Indira Ananda)
 Tempos Modernos (as Hélia Pimenta)
 Afinal, o Que Querem as Mulheres? (as Profª Noemi)
 Lara com Z (as Sandra Heibert)
 Avenida Brasil (as Muricy Araújo)

Other websites

1952 births
Living people
Brazilian actors

Eliane Giardini


Article Three of the United States Constitution creates the judicial branch of the United States government.  It creates the Supreme Court of the United States, and allows the United States Congress to create less powerful federal courts.  It also sets out the powers that these courts have.

Section 1: Federal courts

Section 1 of Article Three starts out by creating the Supreme Court  one court that will be more powerful than any other court in the country.  It also gives Congress the power to create "inferior" (less powerful) federal courts.

It allows judges in these courts to get a regular salary for their work.  Section 1 protects the judges by saying that their salaries will not be decreased while they are in office (working as a federal judge).

Tenure
Section 1 says that judges "shall hold their Offices [keep their jobs] during good Behavior."  This is meant to protect federal judges, and also to make sure that the federal judiciary is independent.

Before it won its independence in the American Revolutionary War, America was a colony of the British Empire.  The Founding Fathers wrote the Constitution just four years after the War ended.  They still remembered what the courts in the American colonies were like.  As Thomas Jefferson wrote in the Declaration of Independence, Britain's King George III "made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries."

This meant that the judges could not be independent or impartial.  If they made a decision that King George did not like, they could be fired, or not paid.  Judges who wanted to keep their jobs made decisions based on what King George would want, not based on what the law said.  If judges are cannot be independent, or do not follow they law, courts are not fair, and there is no way for regular people to get justice.

The Constitution makes sure that this will not happen to United States federal judges.  By saying judges "shall hold their Offices during good Behavior," Section 1 is basically allowing judges to keep their jobs for the rest of their lives.  In Article Two, Section 4, the Constitution does say that Congress can take away a judge's job  but only after being convicted in a trial, and only for "Treason, Bribery, or other High crimes and Misdemeanors."  (This is what Section 1 means by behavior that is not "good.")  In other words, the Constitution makes sure that all judges will lose their jobs for making even the slightest unpopular decision.  This denies judges the freedom to be independent, and to make the decisions that they think are fair, and makes them choose between right and reelection.

Number of courts
Article III clearly allows only one Supreme Court.  However, it does not say how many Supreme Court Justices (judges) there should be.  Congress solved this problem in 1948 by passing a law.  The law says that the Supreme Court will have 9 Justices, including one Chief Justice.

In both Section 1 and in Article One, Section 8, the Constitution gives Congress the right to create courts that are "inferior" to the Supreme Court.  However, the Constitution does not say how many "inferior" courts there should be, or how they should be set up.  It leaves those decisions to Congress.  Congress decided to create two different kinds of "inferior" courts (also called "lower courts").  In the Judiciary Act of 1789, they created:

 "Article III courts," also called "constitutional courts."  These are the courts with "judicial power":
 The United States Supreme Court
 The federal courts of appeals and district courts (federal courts which cover certain areas)
 The United States Court of International Trade
 "Article I courts," also called "legislative courts."  These courts help Congress enforce some of the powers Article One gives it.  They also help review decisions made by executive departments.  For example:
 The U.S. Tax Court, which deals with disagreements between taxpayers and the Internal Revenue Service.  This helps Congress with its power to collect taxes.
 The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, which hears appeals of some cases that were tried in military courts.  This helps Congress with its power to regulate the military.
 The U.S. Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims, which can review the decisions of the Board of Veterans' Appeals (an executive department).  For example, if a veteran files for disability benefits and the Board refuses them, the Court of Appeals could hear the case.
 The U.S. Court of Federal Claims, which hears cases that involve claims for money damages against the Federal government.

Section 2: Judicial power, jurisdiction, and trial by jury

Clause 1: Cases and controversies

Clause 1 of Section 2 explains the powers the federal court has, and the limits of those powers.

Clause 1 gives the federal courts the power to hear and judge actual "cases and controversies" only.  For example, they cannot hear a case about a situation that might come up in the future.

Clause 2: Original and appellate jurisdiction

When Clause 2 talks about "jurisdiction," it is talking about who has the power to hear a case.

Original jurisdiction
"Original jurisdiction" is the power to hear a case first, before any other court.  Clause 2 gives the Supreme Court original jurisdiction in:
 Cases that involve ambassadors, government ministers, and consuls (diplomats)
 Cases where a state is a party (a plaintiff or a defendant; for example, a case where a person sues the state government)
 This includes cases where the United States itself will be a party (for example, United States v. Texas)

Appellate jurisdiction

In all the other cases mentioned in Clause 2, the Supreme Court has "appellate jurisdiction."  That means another court has the power to hear the case first.  If somebody appeals that court's decision, the Supreme Court can take the case on appeal.  Clause 2 gives the Supreme Court the power to hear appeals on:
 Cases that have to do with federal laws, the Constitution, or treaties
 Cases about things that happened at sea
 Cases between people who live in different states
 Cases between people who live in the same state, but are fighting over land grants in different states
 Cases between people in a state who are fighting with people from another country

However, the Supreme Court can only review a case on appeal if it thinks the lower court's decision breaks a law or goes against the Constitution.

Jurisdiction over state courts

There is one specific power that Clause 2 does not give the federal judiciary.  Clause 2 says that the federal judiciary has power over "the laws of the United States."  However, it does not say that the federal courts have power over the laws of individual states.  Also, when Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1789, they also never gave the federal courts this power.  This means that the federal courts can only review or change the decisions of state supreme courts if the state decision may have broken a federal law or the Constitution.  The federal courts had no power to review or change state supreme court decisions that were just based on state laws.  Basically, this gave each state supreme court the final say over the laws in their state.  Different states could decide completely different things, so the laws might be completely different in one state than another.

Changes
In 1795, the Eleventh Amendment changed part of Clause 2.  It took away the federal judiciary's power to get involved in lawsuits between states and citizens of other states or countries.

In Marbury v. Madison (1803), the Supreme Court ruled that Congress cannot change the Supreme Court's original jurisdiction.  However, the appellate jurisdiction of the Court is different. Congress is able to make the rules for the federal courts' appellate division, including rules about their jurisdictions.

Marbury v. Madison also created an important power called judicial review.  This is the Supreme Court's ability to review whether a law, treaty, or executive rule breaks a law that already exists, a state Constitution, or the United States Constitution.  After Marbury, the Supreme Court started keeping an eye on what the state and federal governments were doing, instead of just trying cases that people brought to them.

Clause 2 says that the Supreme Court has "judicial power [over] all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution [and] the Laws of the United States...."  However, it does not say exactly what this means.  The Supreme Court clarified this in a case called Osborn v. Bank of the United States (1824).  Supreme Court Justice John Marshall wrote an opinion about what a "federal" case is, and what "arising under" the Constitution or federal laws means.  Basically, he said a case is federal  and under the federal courts' original jurisdiction  if:
 The answer to the lawsuit depends in some way on the Constitution or on federal law
 The plaintiff's argument has to do with the Constitution or federal law

Clause 3: Federal trials

Clause 3 of Section 2 says that federal crimes have to be tried in front of a jury, unless the defendant does not want a jury.  The only type of federal crime that is not tried before a jury is an impeachment.  (Article One, Section 3 of the Constitution says that only the United States Senate can try impeachment cases.)

Clause 3 also says the person's trial must be held in the state where they did the crime.  If they did not do the crime in any particular state, then Congress gets to choose where the trial will be held.

Several of the Constitutional Amendments in the Bill of Rights talk more about the rights of people who are on trial in criminal or civil court.

Section 3: Treason

Clause 1: Definition and conviction

The last section of Article 3 talks about treason and how it should be punished.  The Founding Fathers wanted to make sure that Americans' rights were protected.  They also knew that in the past, in England, some kings had gotten rid of their political opponents just by accusing them of treason.  For these reasons, the Founders wanted to make sure the Constitution said specifically what crimes were treason; what would be needed to find people guilty; and what the punishments could be.

The Constitution is very specific about what crimes are treason:
 "Levying [making] War against" the United States;
 "Adhering to [joining or being loyal to]" the United States' enemies; or
 "Giving [enemies] aid and comfort."

Section 3 also makes it clear that treason must be an "overt act."  This means that to commit treason, a person must actually do something, not just plan to do it.  For example, if a group of people got together and planned to attack part of the United States, that would not be treason because they had not actually done anything yet to hurt the country.  If they did attack the United States, that would be an overt act, and it would be treason.

It also says that there are only two ways for a person to be convicted of treason.  Two different witnesses must say in court that they saw the person do that overt act.  If there are not two witnesses, then the person must admit in court that they committed treason.  If neither of these things happen, the person cannot be found guilty of treason.  Parts of this rule came from a British law called the Treason Act 1695.

Clause 2: Punishment

Finally, Section 3 talks about punishment for people found guilty of treason.  It gives Congress the power to decide the punishment.  However, there is one punishment that the Constitution does not allow: punishing a person's family and descendants for that person's crime.  In English law, if a person was convicted of treason, their punishment would include an "Attainder" (also called a "Corruption of Blood").  This meant that not only the person, but their family and heirs, would be punished and thought of as guilty.  Once a person was "attainted," they would be executed.  However, their heirs would also lose the right to inherit that person's land, property, or money.

The end of Section 3 specifically says that this punishment is not allowed.  When the Founders wrote "no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted," they meant: "No heirs may be punished, and Congress can make the traitor forfeit (give up) their property, but only during their lifetime."  Their heirs would have to be able to inherit their property when the traitor died.

Notes

References

United States Constitution


Donald Joseph Strock (born November 27, 1950) is a former American football player and coach.  He played professionally as a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) with the Miami Dolphins (1973–1987), Cleveland Browns (1988), and Indianapolis Colts (1989).  Strock served as the head football coach at Florida International University from 2002 to 2006, compiling a record of 15–41.

Playing career

College
Strock played college football at Virginia Tech. In his senior season in 1972, Strock led the nation in total passing and total offense, yet finished only ninth in voting for the Heisman Trophy. He was voted third-team All-America. The college game was then dominated by running backs; the 1972 Heisman went to wingback Johnny Rodgers of Nebraska.

To date, Strock still holds many collegiate football passing records at his alma mater and was inducted into the Virginia Tech Sports Hall of Fame in 1985.

Professional
Strock played in the National Football League as a quarterback. A 5th round selection (111th overall pick) of the 1973 NFL Draft, he spent the majority of his professional career with the Miami Dolphins (1973–1987), and was mostly known for his role as a back-up to Hall-of Famers Bob Griese in his first years with the team and Dan Marino as he finished his career with the club.  He also played one season with the Cleveland Browns (1988) and part of a season on the roster of the Indianapolis Colts (1989) before retiring as a player.

Strock was a member of the "taxi squad" during the 1973 season when the Dolphins won their second straight Super Bowl following the undefeated 1972–73 season. He was also a member of the Dolphin teams who played and lost in the 1982 and 1984 Super Bowls.

Strock is well remembered for coming off the bench on January 2, 1982, for the Miami Dolphins in an AFC Divisional Playoff Game against the San Diego Chargers at the Miami Orange Bowl.  Strock led Miami from a 24–0 deficit to tie the score in the 3rd quarter.  Ultimately, Miami lost the game to San Diego, 41–38, in overtime.  The game is also remembered for the image of San Diego tight end Kellen Winslow being helped off the field by his teammates after the game while suffering from exhaustion.  Strock finished the game with 29 of 43 completions for 403 yards and four touchdowns, with one interception.  The game later became known as The Epic in Miami and has entered NFL lore as one of the greatest games ever in NFL history.

On September 13, 1987, Dolphins punter Reggie Roby was injured and Strock was called upon to punt.  Strock also was called into duty to quarterback in the game with 2:22 remaining, nearly leading a comeback drive.

Coaching career

Arena Football League, the World League and the NFL
Strock began his coaching career as the head coach of the Miami Hooters of the Arena Football League for one season in 1993.  The following season, he moved on to be the head coach of the Massachusetts Marauders and again only stayed for one season.  He then moved on to be an assistant coach of the Rhein Fire in the World League during 1995 season.  Between 1996–1998 seasons, he was the quarterbacks coach of the Baltimore Ravens in the NFL.

Florida International University
On September 13, 2000, Strock was named the first head football coach in FIU's history.  He was named to the position just shy of two years before the university's inaugural football game.  Prior to being named head coach he was the director of football operations, a job he had obtained the year before.  His overall record through the 2006 football season was 15–41.

On November 15, 2006, Strock resigned as head coach of the FIU Golden Panthers.  Of his 15 career victories, none came during the 2006 campaign and only three of them came against NCAA Division I-A opponents.  His resignation came after an 0–9 start and a much-publicized brawl against the University of Miami Hurricanes caused 16 players from FIU to be suspended. His resignation became effective following FIU's last game against Troy University on December 2, 2006.

Head coaching record

College

See also
 List of NCAA major college football yearly passing leaders
 List of NCAA major college football yearly total offense leaders

References

External links
 FIU profile

1950 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
Massachusetts Marauders coaches
Baltimore Ravens coaches
Cleveland Browns players
FIU Panthers football coaches
Indianapolis Colts players
Miami Dolphins players
Rhein Fire coaches
Virginia Tech Hokies football players
Sportspeople from Pottstown, Pennsylvania
Players of American football from Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
Florida Bobcats coaches

Don Strock


The direct negotiations between Chile and Argentina about the islands and maritime rights in Beagle conflict began after the Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom announced on 2 May 1977 the judgement of the Beagle Channel Arbitration to the governments of both countries. The court ruled that the islands and all adjacent formations belonged to Chile. The direct negotiations finished with the Act of Montevideo on 9 January 1979, where both countries accept the papal mediation after Argentina's call off of the Operation Soberanía. This was the most dangerous phase of the Beagle Conflict and there was a real possibility of open warfare.

Internal politics of both countries
Argentina and Chile were both ruled by military governments at the time of the negotiations. The Chilean and Argentine governments shared common interests: internal war against subversion, annihilating the opposition; external war against communism, remaining nonetheless part of the non-aligned movement; modernisation and liberalisation of the economy; a conservative approach towards social and class relations. By the end of 1977, the war against subversion and opposition was substantially over in both countries, as the Operation Condor had lost momentum and détente had improved East-West relations. The two countries maintained good economic relations.

But in 1977, the conflict over the Beagle Channel had become the primary foreign policy imperative of both governments.

Chile
There was considerable international condemnation of the Chilean Military Regime's human rights record. President Augusto Pinochet enjoyed absolute authority and was largely unaccountable to other elements within the military, the Beagle conflict was a less significant issue and there was a highly unusual dialogue on the subject with the opposition. Eduardo Frei Montalva, leader of the Opposition, backed the policy of the government in this matter:
"They, not Chile, are feeding a conflict of dramatic consequences".

The most important negotiation goal of the Chilean government was to negotiate the maritime boundary without land loss.

Argentina

Despite the many violations of human rights in Argentina the junta enjoyed abroad good regards and the human rights commission of the United Nations didn't condemn the Argentine Junta, until 1981. In 1978 the World Cup Final was held in Argentina and their team won the FIFA World Cup. The Argentine President Jorge Rafael Videla was considered by journalists at the beginning of its government with sympathy:
"The dictator was described as correctly, politely, puritan in excess, deeply catholic and one showed understanding"

In Argentina, the consequences of the dispute for internal politics were more significant. The conflict became a keyword for the extreme nationalist elements within the military junta that controlled the country until 1983. Among many junta members, a conciliatory approach to Chile came to be regarded as a sign of weakness, giving the dispute far-reaching ramifications at the highest levels of Argentine politics. This ultimately produced an environment in which relatively moderate decision makers assumed a more aggressive posture due to the fear of removal.

The Argentine Historian Luis Alberto Romero wrote about the Argentine Government:
«By that time, a bellicose current of opinion had arisen among the military and its friend, an attitude rooted in a strain of Argentine nationalism, which drew substance from strong chauvinistic sentiments. Diverse ancient fantasies in society's historical imaginary – the "patria grande", the "spoliation" that the country had suffered – where added to a new fantasy of "entering the first world" through a "strong" foreign policy. All this combined with the traditional messianic military mentality and the ingenuousness of its strategies which were ignorant of the most elemental facts of international politics. The aggression against Chile, stymied by papal mediation, was transferred to Great Britain …»

Similar arguments appeared in "The New York Times on 31 December 1978":
«Beagle Channel controversy that has brought the military regimes of Argentina and Chile to the brink of war is an expression of the turbulent revisionism underway in Argentina in reaction to frustrations in national life. Argentine policy is made by military men whose nationalist values are mixed with personal ambitions, phobias against politicians, "progressive" …»

During the crisis the Argentine Government was divided in two groups, hardliners, which pressured for drastic military actions and softliners that struggled to maintain bilateral negotiations.

The Argentine Challenge
Argentina took steps to increment the pressure upon Chile:
 in October 1978 the presidents of Bolivia and Argentina signed a demand for a Bolivian sea entrance, the Argentine Claims over the Falkland Islands and the Argentine Claims in the Beagle conflict.
 the Argentine Armed Forces planned the Operation Soberanía, to occupy the islands, wait for the Chilean Reaction and then reply.
 Mobilization orders were issued, the navy sailed southwards and the army was deployed to the border.
 4000 Chilean Citizens were expelled from Argentina.
 Blackout drills were conducted in various cities, even if the cities were unreachable for the overaged Chilean Air Force
 abject warmongering:
General Luciano Menendez, Chief Commander of the III Argentine Army Corps:
«If [our government] let us attack the Chileans, we will chase her away up to Easter Island, we will celebrate the New Year's Eve in La Moneda and afterwards we will go for a Champagne-slash to the pacific beach»
An Argentine Officer:
«We will cross the Andes, we will eat the chickens and rape the women»
 the Argentine Borderpolice (Gendarmería) closed the border to Chile several times, a step regarded as preliminary stage to the war
 Jorge Videla, President of Argentina threatened war if Chile didn't accept the Argentine Conditions: «Las negociaciones directas constituyen la única vía pacífica para solucionar el conflicto» (Translation: «Direct Negotiations are the only peaceful way out to resolve the conflict»)

The Chilean Reaction
Chile held the islands de facto at least since 1881 and de jure after the judgement. The Chilean newspaper El Mercurio annotated about the pre-war disposition
«In difference to Chile, where the preparation of war was inconspicuous in order not to alarm the population, the Argentines mobilized amidst loud demonstrations…».

The Ambassador of the United States of America in Buenos Aires in 1978, Raúl Héctor Castro, described in similar words the situation in Chile:
M. Aizenk: Did you exert the same pressure in Santiago as in Buenos Aires?
R.Castro: No, I found a calmer atmosphere among the Chileans. There was not the resoluteness to cross the border immediately. I didn't see any thing like that in the Chilean Army

The meetings

About the issues of the negotiations see Interests of the Parties

One day after the announcement of the award on 2 May 1977, the Argentine Minister of Foreign Affairs foreshadowed  a possible refusal: «…no commitment obliges a country to comply with that which affects its vital interests or that which damages rights of sovereignty…».

Frenzied diplomatic activity occurred alongside the military preparations.

On 5 May 1977 the Argentine Government sent to Chile the Chief of Staff (jefe del Estado Mayor Conjunto), Admiral Julio Torti with the proposal for direct discussions regarding the consequences of the arbitral award, particularly the maritime border.

This overture eventually led to two rounds of discussions, held from July 5 to 8 1977 in Buenos Aires and October 17 to 20 1977 in Santiago de Chile.

On 14 June 1977 the Chilean Government issued the decree n°416 over the baselines (See Chilean Baselines Map) complicating the situation still further.

Torti's proposal

On 5 December 1977 Admiral Torti returned to Santiago with a new proposal. The new proposal conceded the Picton, Nueva and Lennox Islands group to Chile, but it called for joint ownership of three other islands to the south that Chile considered unequivocally Chilean: Evout, Barnevelt, and Cape Horn Island. The Torti proposal also provided for a maritime boundary that would extend south for 200 miles along a meridian passing through Cape Horn.

The new proposal extended the problem beyond of the "Hammer" (ABCDEF) to all islands south from the Tierra del Fuego as far as Cape Hoorn.

In December 1977 met the Ministers of Foreign Affairs Patricio Carvajal of Chile and Oscar Antonio Montes of Argentina. Both meetings were unsuccessful.

On 10 January 1978 Chile invited Argentina to submit the dispute to the International Court of Justice. But Argentina, dissatisfied with the ruling, did not pursue further juridical proceedings.

In Mendoza
The Argentine and Chilean presidents met in Mendoza on 19 January 1978 and they agreed to meet again in March in a definitive attempt to reach a settlement through direct negotiation.

On 25 January 1978 Argentina repudiated the binding Arbitral Award. On 26 January 1978 Chile declared the Award  binding and unappealable.

In Puerto Montt
On 20 February 1978 Argentine and Chilean presidents signed the Act of Puerto Montt establishing a formal structure for further direct negotiations. Negotiations held in accordance with the Act of Puerto Montt were, however, unsuccessful.

On 20 November 1978 Chile proposed again to submit to the International Court in The Hague as provided by a 1972 treaty and was unofficially informed that Argentina would consider that option as a Casus belli, but a mediation was accepted by the Junta.

The two foreign ministers met on December 12 in Buenos Aires to decide who would be asked to mediate. The candidates were the President of the United States of America Jimmy Carter, the King Juan Carlos of Spain, a European President and the Pope. Both minister asserted that the only acceptable candidate  was the Pope, but in the evening the Chilean Minister received a phone call to inform him that the Argentine Junta hadn't authorized the signing of the mediation agreement.

The failure of the December 12, 1978 meeting convinced many decision makers in both Chile and Argentina that war was both inevitable and imminent.

On December 14, 1978, in a  meeting the Comite Militar, formed by the president, the three members of the Junta, the secretaries of the three armed forces and two more members both from the army's staff, (President Videla and the Foreign Minister were not invited) decided on military action: the Operation Soberanía should begin on 22 December 1978.

Aftermath

The Chilean Armed Forces were not able to impose by presence the Arbitral Award of 1977. Pinochet's regime could not prevent through international pressure the Argentine Declaration of nullity. It was one of the largest defeats of the Chilean dictatorship on international terrain.

The Argentine Regime encumbered a problem for years that they could not resolve. Neither through the threat of war nor through negotiations could Chile be moved to change the (land) border that was defined by the Arbitral Award.

The military tension at the border persisted until the Falklands War, and is often supposed to be the reason for Chilean Support to the United Kingdom during the war.

After the return to democracy in Argentina, Chile accepted shifting the maritime Border to the west.

See also
 Falklands War
 Argentina-Chile relations
 Foreign relations of Argentina
 Foreign relations of Chile

Notes

References
 Beagle Channel Arbitration between the Republic of Argentina and the Republic of Chile, Report and Decision of the Court of Arbitration
 Mark Laudy: The Vatican Mediation of the Beagle Channel Dispute: Crisis Intervention and Forum Building in Words Over War of Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict.
 Alejandro Luis Corbacho: Predicting the Probability of War During Brinkmanship Crises: The Beagle and the Malvinas Conflicts, Universidad del CEMA, Argentina,  Documento de Trabajo No. 244, September 2003, Spanish Language
 Karin Oellers-Frahm: Der Schiedsspruch in der Beagle-Kanal-Streitigkeit, Berichte und Urkunden: Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, German Language
 Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Chile: Relaciones Chileno-Argentinas, La controversia del Beagle. Genf 1979, English and Spanish Language
 Andrea Wagner: Der argentinisch-chilenische Konflikt um den Beagle-Kanal. Ein Beitrag zu den Methoden friedlicher Streiterledigung. Verlag Peter Lang, Frankfurt a.M. 1992, , German Language
 Karl Hernekamp: Der argentinisch-chilenisch Grenzstreit am Beagle-Kanal. Institut für Iberoamerika-Kunde, Hamburg 1980, German Language
 Andrés Cisneros y Carlos Escudé, "Historia general de las Relaciones Exteriores de la República Argentina", Las relaciones con Chile, Cema, Argentina, Buenos Aires. Spanish Language
 Annegret I. Haffa: Beagle-Konflikt und Falkland (Malwinen)-Krieg. Zur Außenpolitik der Argentinischen Militarregierung 1976–1983. Weltforum Verlag, München/Köln/London 1987, , German Language
 Isaac F. Rojas und Arturo Medrano: Argentina en el Atlántico Chile en el Pacífico. Editorial Nemont, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1979, in spanischer Sprache.
 Isaac F. Rojas, La Argentina en el Beagle y Atlántico sur 1. Parte. Editorial Diagraf, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Spanish Language
 Carlos Escudé und Andrés Cisneros: Historia general de las relaciones exteriores de la República Argentina (here), in spanischer Sprache.
 Fabio Vio Valdivieso: La mediación de su S.S. el Papa Juan Pablo II, Editorial Aconcagua, Santiago de Chile, 1984, Spanish Language
 Alberto Marín Madrid: El arbitraje del Beagle y la actitud argentina. 1984, Editorial Moisés Garrido Urrea, id = A-1374-84 XIII, Spanisch Language
 Luis Alberto Romero, Argentina in the twentieth Century. Pennsylvania State University Press, translated by James P. Brennan, 1994,
 Divisionsgeneral (a.D.) Juan E. Gugliamelli: Cuestión del Beagle. Negociación directa o diálogo de armas (Trans.:The Beagle-Question, direct Negotiations or Dialog of the Weapons), in Spanish Language. (Book compiled from articles of Argentine Magazin "Estrategia", Buenos Aires Nr:49/50, enero-febrero 1978, erschienen sind.
 General Martín Antonio Balza und Mariano Grondona: Dejo Constancia: memorias de un general argentino. Editorial Planeta, Buenos Aires 2001, , Spanish Language
 Francisco Bulnes Serrano und Patricia Arancibia Clavel: La Escuadra En Acción. Chile, Editorial Grijalbo, 2004, , Spanish Language

External links

 Chilean Telecast of Televisión Nacional de Chile "Informe Especial", Theme El año que vivimos en peligro, (sometimes in YouTube), Spanish Language
 Argentine Telecast of History Channel: Operativo Soberanía YouTube, Spanish Language
 Special edition of El Mercurio, Santiago de Chile, 2 September 2005, Spanish Language. There are Interviews with contemporary witness like Ernesto Videla, Jaime Del Valle, Helmut Brunner, Marcelo Delpech und Luciano Benjamín Menéndez. Spanish Language.
 Interview with the (later, in the nineties) Chief Commander of the Argentine Army Martín Balza in El Mercurio  de Santiago de Chile, 2 September 2005, Spanish Language
 Interview with Sergio Onofre Jarpa, Chile's Ambassador in Argentina 1978 to 1982 in  La Tercera, Santiago, Chile, 17 March 2002,  Spanish Language
 Interview with Argentine General Luciano Benjamín Menéndez, Commandant of the III Army Corps in El Mercurio de Santiago de Chile, (from the Argentine Magazine "Somos"), Spanish Language
 Interview with Pio Laghi, Nuntius in Argentina, 1978, in  Clarín , Buenos Aires, 20 December 1998. Spanish Language
 Interview with the Ambassador of the United States of America in Argentina, Raúl Héctor Castro, in Clarín  Buenos Aires, 20 December 1998, Spanish Language
 Interview with the former Chief of the "Secretaría General del Ejército" (a Think-Tank of the Argentine Army), General Reynaldo Bignone, President of Argentina after the Falkland War, in Clarín , Buenos Aires, 20 December 1998, Spanish Language
 Article Cartas desde el Abismo, Clarín , Buenos Aires, 20 December 1998, Spanish Language
 Article El belicismo de los dictadores Clarín, Buenos Aires, 20 December 1998, Spanish Language
 Article Beagle: historia secreta de la guerra que no fue La Nación, Buenos Aires, 12. August 1996, Spanish Language
 Article Historia de la santa mediación en Clarín , Buenos Aires, 20 December 1998, Spanish Language
 [ Chile-Argentina Relations], Spanish Language
 Toma de decisiones políticas y la influencia de los discursos oficialistas durante el Connflicto del Beagle: Chile - Argentina 1977-1979, Spanish Language
 Text of the Tratado de Paz y Amistad de 1984, Dirección de Fronteras y Límites de Chile, Spanish Language
 Text of the Peace and Friendship Treaty of 1984, Copy to the United Nations, English Language

Beagle conflict
National Reorganization Process
Legal history of Argentina
Treaties of Chile
Conflicts in 1978
History of Tierra del Fuego
1977 in Argentina
1978 in Argentina
Argentina–Chile relations
Argentina–Chile border
1978 in international relations
1977 in international relations
1977 in Chile
1978 in Chile
Legal history of Chile

Direct negotiations between Chile and Argentina in 1977–1978


Elisabeth Järnefelt (née Clodt von Jürgensburg; 11 January 1839 – 3 February 1929) was a Finnish salonist, known as "the mother of Finnish art and culture".

Life
Elisabeth's parents were the general and wood engraver Konstantin Karlovitj Clodt von Jürgensburg and Catharina Vigné. She was educated first at a girls school and then at home, and raised in Saint Petersburg in Russia.

Elisabeth married August Aleksander Järnefelt on 22 December 1857 at Saint Petersburg, and settled with him in Helsinki in Finland. Their children were , Arvid, Erik, Ellida, Ellen, Armas, Aino, Hilja and Sigrid. Armas, Arvid and Erik were famous Finnish cultural figures. Daughter Aino Järnefelt was married to composer Jean Sibelius. Elisabeth Järnefelt was also a good friend of the writer Juhani Aho.

Her marriage was not a happy one. After the birth of their last child, her spouse decided to live in chastity: he was described as a strict patriarch who disliked spending money, and Elisabeth Järnefelt was reportedly forced to ask friends and relatives for loans to manage the household economy because her refused to give her enough funds. Eventually, the couple spent as much time away from each other as possible: from 1876 onward, they spoke only through messages delivered by their children. Both of them, however, continued to have a good relationship with their children despite their personal relationship. It is possible that she had an affair with Johannes Brofeldt (also called Juhani Aho) in the 1880s, but never confirmed.

Elisabeth Järnefelt became a central figure of Finnish culture as the host of a literary salon in Helsinki, referred to as "Järnefelts skola" (Järnefelt School), centered around Scandinavian, Finnish and Russian literature. It was also the center of discussion of politics, religion and equality. When her sons was at university, her salon became a center of the Fennoman movement of Finnish nationalism, the association K.P.T. or "koko programmi toimeen", which worked to introduce the Finnish language in then Russian Finland, were the Swedish language was leading in the upper classes. The "Elisabeths krets" (Elisabeth Circle), as the salon was also called, is regarded as the starting point of the modern Finnish language realism and the first Finnish language writers. She was a follower of the Tolstoyan movement, likely the first in Finland. She closed her salon when her spouse moved to Vasa in the end of the 1880s.

After the death of her spouse in 1896, she bought her own farm, Vieremä, where she lived until she moved in with her widowed son Kasper in 1906, with whom she lived the rest of her life. She lived on the pension awarded by Tsarist Russia due to her late spouse being a Russian general, but lost it after the Russian Revolution of 1917, and spent her last years in reduced means.

References

1839 births
1929 deaths
People from Helsinki
Baltic German nobility
Finnish people of Baltic German descent
19th-century Finnish nobility
Finnish salon-holders
19th-century Finnish women
20th-century Finnish women

Elisabeth Järnefelt


The uIP is an open-source implementation of the TCP/IP network protocol stack intended for use with tiny 8- and 16-bit microcontrollers. It was initially developed by Adam Dunkels of the Networked Embedded Systems group at the Swedish Institute of Computer Science, licensed under a BSD style license, and further developed by a wide group of developers.

uIP can be very useful in embedded systems because it requires very small amounts of code and RAM. It has been ported to several platforms, including DSP platforms.

In October 2008, Cisco, Atmel, and SICS announced a fully compliant IPv6 extension to uIP, called uIPv6.

Implementation

uIP makes many unusual design choices in order to reduce the resources it requires.  uIP's native software interface is designed for small computer systems with no operating system.  It can be called in a timed loop, and the call manages all the retries and other network behavior. The hardware driver is called after uIP is called.  uIP builds the packet, and then the driver sends it, and optionally receives a response.

It is normal for IP protocol stack software to keep many copies of different IP packets, for transmission, reception and to keep copies in case they need to be resent. uIP is economical in its use of memory because it uses only one packet buffer.  First, it uses the packet buffer in a half-duplex way, using it in turn for transmission and reception. Also, when uIP needs to retransmit a packet, it calls the application code in a way that requests for the previous data to be reproduced.

Another oddity is how uIP manages connections.  Most IP implementations have one task per connection, and the task communicates with a task in a distant computer on the other end of the connection.  In uIP, no multitasking operating system is assumed.  Connections are held in an array. On each call, uIP tries to serve a connection, making a subroutine call to application code that responds to, or sends data. The size of the connection array is a number that can be adjusted when uIP is recompiled.

uIP is fully compliant with the RFCs that define TCP, UDP and IP.  It also implements the mandatory maintenance protocol ICMP.

Versions
uIP 0.9 is the version with the least dependence on operating systems, the smallest resource use, and the only version that presents a pure event loop API, but in its original form does not support IP version 6, only the older, more common IPv4. It may be used in embedded systems with very small amounts of resources.

It was delivered with a set of examples of higher-level protocols that also run on an event loop system, including HTTP (a simple web server), SMTP (simple mail transmission protocol), FTP (file transfer protocol), telnet (terminal emulation), and others.  Despite the examples and its small size, uIP 0.9 can be difficult to apply because it does not use any form of socket API.

uIP is widely used code with well-known weaknesses.  The design minimizes and separates 32-bit arithmetic so that it can be adjusted or optimized for 8 and 16-bit CPUs.  Also, 16-bit software timers (common on small microcontrollers) can overflow and cause defective operation.  This can be fixed with a timer system that does not overflow (e.g. the timers count down or use modular arithmetic).

Another issue is that its single packet buffer can have substantial throughput problems because a PC host usually delays the "ACK" packet, waiting for more packets.  In slow, serial port implementations, the ack-throughput can be fixed by modifying uIP to send every packet as two half-packet fragments.  uIP systems with fast ethernet or WiFi can modify the hardware driver to send every packet twice.

Some PCs do not correctly respond to a fast uIP system on a local ethernet, because the uIP system can start a responding packet before the PC is ready to receive it.  The solution is to call the uIP system less frequently in the main loop (Windows PCs are designed for a response time of about 1 millisecond).  Typical implementations of uIP have a fixed IP address, which can make them impractical in real networks, although some have implemented DHCP.

Later versions of uIP, including the reference version of uIPv6, are integrated with Contiki, an operating system that uses coroutines for cooperative multitasking.  Contiki provides the multitasking needed by a simplified socket API, simplifying the use of uIP.  These versions may be less popular than 0.9 however.  Many examples of embedded code do not use them.

See also
 Internet Engineering Task Force
 List of TCP and UDP port numbers
 lwIP –another TCP/IP stack project (also created by Dunkels), but more fully-featured and aimed at more capable hardware

References

External links
 uIP source
 uIP port for AVR microcontrollers
 uIP-based Webserver using OpenRISC-embedded SoC

Embedded systems
Free network-related software
Software using the BSD license

UIP (software)


David W. Guion (December 15, 1892, Ballinger, TexasOctober 17, 1981), Texan composer, was best known for his arrangements of cowboy tunes, African American spirituals, and original compositions often inspired by the soundscape of west Texas.

Early life
David Wendel Guion (some sources show him as David Wendel Fentress Guion) was born in Ballinger, Texas, on December 15, 1892, to John I. and Armour Fentress Guion. Guion began to play the piano at an early age. He was intrigued by the cowboys, former cattle drivers, who worked on his father's ranch, and also by the spirituals that he heard whenever a family servant brought him to the services of an African-American church. As a young boy, he was sent by train each Saturday to San Angelo, where he took piano lessons with Charles Finger, who later became a prolific author and literary magazine editor. In the fall of 1907 he studied at the Whipple Academy in Jacksonville, Illinois, after which he continued his studies in Fort Worth at Polytechnic College (now Texas Wesleyan University) under Wilbur MacDonald. After MacDonald's death in 1912, Guion went to Vienna, where he studied at the Imperial Academy of Music with Leopold Godowsky until the spring of 1914. Returning to Texas, Guion taught piano at Daniel Baker College (now Howard Payne University) in Brownwood, and also turned his attention to composition. One of his first major successes, a virtuosic arrangement of "Turkey in the Straw", was performed by many famous pianists, most notably Percy Grainger.

From pianist to cowboy-composer
After Guion's father died in 1920, the family left Ballinger and moved to Dallas. Guion's father, John Isaac Guion II, was the son of a Mississippi governor (John I. Guion), and served as President of the Board of Directors at A&M College (now Texas A&M University), where Guion Hall was built in his honor. In the following decade, David Guion taught at Southern Methodist University, various private music schools in Dallas, Chicago Musical College, and in summer programs at Estes Park, Colorado. He won first prize in rodeos at Estes Park and Cheyenne, Wyoming. Guion was married briefly to Marion Ayers, daughter of the owner of a Dallas department store.

Fame on Broadway and on the radio
In 1930 at the Roxy Theater in New York City, Guion starred in the cowboy show Prairie Echoes, featuring several of his cowboy songs, including his own version of "Home on the Range". It was Guion's arrangement that transformed "Home on the Range" from a little-known cowboy tune to one of the most famous and popular of all western songs, proclaimed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt as his own favorite. Guion did two series of weekly radio shows featuring his own music exclusively: Hearing America with Guion (June–September 1931) and David Guion and Orchestra (January–March 1932). These programs, which were carried across the country in a coast-to-coast hookup, contributed to the vogue for singing cowboys that continued on radio and television through the 1940s and early 1950s. Guion's ballet Shingandi, originally written for two pianos but later orchestrated by Ferde Grofé and introduced by Paul Whiteman's orchestra in November 1931 both in a live concert and in a nationwide radio broadcast, is one of the most significant American dramatic works in the style of primitivism. Concluding his two-year stay in New York, Guion returned to Dallas in the summer of 1932. Theodore Kosloff choreographed Shingandi and gave the work its first performance as a ballet in 1933.

Later career
Guion's "My Cowboy Love-Song" was the theme for the show Cavalcade of Texas, which ran for six months as part of the Texas Centennial Exposition in 1936. His mother died later that year, after which Guion largely retired from public life, moving to an estate that he called "Home on the Range" along Pohopoco Creek in the Poconos in Pennsylvania. He lived here until 1965, when his property was condemned for a dam to be constructed along the creek to create Beltzville Lake.

The first week of February 1950 was declared David Guion Week and was celebrated with numerous performances across Texas. Climaxing this celebration was a ceremony at Howard Payne University in which Guion received an honorary doctorate. That same year he received a commission from the Houston Symphony Orchestra to write the fourteen-movement Texas Suite, which contains several newly composed pieces along with orchestrations of some of his previous works.

Returning from Pennsylvania to Dallas, Guion lived the rest of his life in the same house that had belonged to his mother. He died in Dallas on October 17, 1981, and was buried in his hometown of Ballinger.

Compositions
Among the approximately 200 works by David Guion (some of which are arrangements of folk songs and African-American spirituals) are:

Piano works
"The Arkansas Traveler"
"The Harmonica-Player"
"Minuet"
"Sheep and Goat"
"Turkey in the Straw"
"Valse Arabesque"
"The Texas Fox Trot" (1915)

Songs for voice and piano
"All Day on the Prairie" (1930)
"At the Cry of the First Bird"
"The Bold Vaquero"
"Embers"
"Home on the Range"
"How Dy Do, Mis' Springtime"
"I Talked to God Last Night"
"Mary Alone"
"My Cowboy Love-Song"
"Nobody Knows de Trouble I Sees"
"De Ol' ark's a-Moverin'"
"Prayer"
"Some o' These Days"
"They've Taken My Lord Away" (1974)
"The Crucifixion"
Two Songs of the South: "Little Pickaninny Kid" "Greatest Miracle of All" (G. Schirmer copyright 1919)

Ballets
Mother Goose
Shingandi

Orchestral works
Prairie Suite
Texas Suite

References
Dick, James, "Guion, David Wendel." The Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.

Primary sources
David Guion Collection, Crouch Fine Arts Library, Baylor University.
David Guion Collections, Harry Ransom Center, The University of Texas at Austin
David Guion Collection, International Festival-Institute, Round Top, Texas.
David Guion, My Memoirs (unpublished), 1975. The Southwest Collection, Texas Tech University.

External links
Dick, James. "Guion, David Wendel." The Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
David Wendell Guion Collection and Addition to the Collection at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin
Thompson, Bill. David W. Guion (resource page)
Midi version of "Texas Fox Trot"
Cylinder recording of "Texas Fox Trot" by Jaudas' Society Orchestra, 1918

People from Ballinger, Texas
Musicians from Dallas
1892 births
1981 deaths
American male classical composers
American classical composers
20th-century classical composers
Texas Wesleyan University alumni
University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna alumni
Southern Methodist University faculty
20th-century American composers
Classical musicians from Texas
20th-century American male musicians

David W. Guion


James Fullarton Arnott (29 April 1914 – 22 November 1982) was a Scottish professor, author, and theatrical director.

Arnott was born in Glasgow, Scotland, on 29 April 1914. His parents were Hezekiah Merricks Arnott and Susie Willock Fullarton. He attended the Ardrossan Academy. Arnott graduated from the University of Glasgow with a Master of Arts in 1936. He went on to attend Merton College, Oxford, where he received his Master of Letters, and Peterhouse, Cambridge. He also studied at the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama. James Fullarton Arnott died in 1982.

Career
After teaching at Hull University, Arnott became an assistant lecturer in the English department at the University of Glasgow in 1939. In 1952, he directed a production of Murder in the Cathedral. In 1962, Arnott became a Senior Lecturer at Glasgow. He then directed Shakespeare's comedy Love's Labour's Lost in 1964. That same year he also became an editor of the journal that would later become known as Theatre Research International. In 1966, Arnott became the first Head of the Drama Department at Glasgow. He went on to direct several plays, including the Play of Daniel and Curlew River in 1968 and The Forrigan Reel in 1970. He wrote English Theatrical Literature 1559-1900 in 1970.

The University of Glasgow granted Arnott the rank of Reader in 1971 and Professor in 1973. He served as President of the International Federation for Theatre Research from 1975 through 1979. Arnott also served as the Chairman of the Drama Committee of the Scottish Arts Council from 1976 through 1979. He was a member of the Arts Council of Great Britain from 1977 through 1979. From 1980 until his death in 1982, Arnott was a member of the UK National Commission for UNESCO. The University of Glasgow renamed its Chair of Drama the "James Arnott Chair" in 1996.

Notes

1914 births
1982 deaths
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Alumni of Merton College, Oxford
Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge
Alumni of the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland
British theatre directors
Scottish theatre directors
Scottish scholars and academics
Writers from Glasgow

James Fullarton Arnott


Eugenia Ratti (5 April 1933 – 14 November 2020) was an Italian soprano, particularly associated with the Italian repertory. A lyric coloratura soprano of considerable charm, she excelled in  soubrette roles in works by Cimarosa and Mozart such as Susanna, Zerlina, Despina, and in light Donizetti such as Adina, Norina, as well as Verdi's Oscar and Nannetta.

Life and career
Ratti was born in Genoa, Italy. She made her stage debut at Sestri Levante in 1954. In January 1955, she first appeared at the Teatro alla Scala in Milan, in the premiere of Darius Milhaud's David, later singing Lisa in La sonnambula, opposite Maria Callas and Cesare Valletti, in the famous Visconti-Bernstein production. In 1957, she sang Nedda to Franco Corelli's Canio in Pagliacci, and created the role of Sister Constance of St Dénis in Francis Poulenc's Dialogues des Carmélites, alongside Virginia Zeani and Leyla Gencer.

She appeared at the Holland Festival in 1955, as Elvira in L'italiana in Algeri, and in 1956, at the Aix-en-Provence Festival as Rosina in Il barbiere di Siviglia. In 1957, she sang as Elisetta in Il matrimonio segreto, at the Edinburgh Festival. She also made guest appearances at the Paris Opéra, the Munich State Opera, the Vienna State Opera, and the Glyndebourne Festival (as the Italian Singer in Capriccio).  In 1965, Ratti appeared in Fedora (as the Countess Olga Sukarev), opposite Magda Olivero and Mario del Monaco, at Naples.

In America, she appeared at the San Francisco Opera, in 1958:  Il barbiere di Siviglia, La bohème (as Musetta, opposite Jussi Björling), and Le nozze di Figaro (with Dame Elisabeth Schwarzkopf).  The next year, Ratti sang at the Dallas Opera, in Franco Zeffirelli's production of Il barbiere di Siviglia, replacing Callas as Rosina, who was replacing Teresa Berganza.

Studio discography
 Bellini: La sonnambula (Callas, Monti, Zaccaria; Votto, 1957) EMI
 Cimarosa: Il matrimonio segreto (Sciutti, Stignani, Badioli; Sanzogno, 1956) EMI
 Mozart: Don Giovanni (Nilsson, L.Price, Valletti, Siepi; Leinsdorf, 1959) RCA Victor/Decca Records
 Verdi: Aïda [as the High Priestess] (Tebaldi, Simionato, Bergonzi, MacNeil; Karajan, 1959) Decca Records
 Verdi: Un ballo in maschera (Callas, Barbieri, di Stefano, Gobbi; Votto, 1956) EMI

References

Sources
 Operissimo.com

External links

 , with Cesare Siepi (1959).

1933 births
2020 deaths
Italian operatic sopranos
Musicians from Genoa
20th-century Italian women  opera singers

Eugenia Ratti


The white-tailed rat (Mystromys albicaudatus) also known as the white-tailed mouse, is the only member of the subfamily Mystromyinae in the family Nesomyidae. This species is sometimes placed in the subfamily Cricetinae due to similarities in appearance between the white-tailed rat and hamsters, but molecular phylogenetic studies have confirmed that the two groups are not closely related. The subfamily Mystromyinae is sometimes placed within the family Muridae along with all other subfamilies of muroids.

The white-tailed rat is restricted to shrubby areas and grasslands of South Africa and Lesotho. This is an uncommon species, and populations are thought to be declining because of conversion of scrubland to pasture. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated it as being an "endangered species".

Description
The white-tailed rat is a fairly large species with a head-and-body length of  for males and  for females, with a short tail of about . The fur is soft, woolly and dense. The head is broad, and the face is mostly grey, with pale spots above the eye and behind the ear in some individuals. The whiskers are long and the ear is rounded and dark-coloured. The upper parts of head and body are greyish-brown flecked with buff; each hair has a grey base and shaft, and a buff or blackish tip. The underparts are whitish-grey, each individual hair having a grey base and shaft and a cream or whitish tip. The tail is colourless and is clad in short white fur. The fore feet have four digits and the hind feet five. The upper surfaces of the fore feet have white hair, as do the sides and upper surfaces of the hind feet.

Distribution and habitat
The white-tailed rat is endemic to South Africa and Lesotho where it is found in grasslands and shrubby areas. It tends to inhabit burrows of meerkats and cracks in the soil during the day and venture out at night. It eats vegetable matter such as seeds and has been known to take insects. The stomach has a ruminant-like digestive action and there are bacteria in the hind gut that ferment the food. Unlike hamsters, white-tailed rats do not have cheek pouches.

References

Nowak, R. M. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, Vol. 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, London.

Nesomyid rodents
Mammals described in 1834

White-tailed rat


The alkaline earth metals are the second group of metals on the periodic table. They are related to the Alkali metals, but they do not react as much because they need more energy to remove their two electrons, so they do not have to be stored in petrol.As ions they have a charge of +2a. The alkaline earth metals are mostly silver colored, soft metals, which react readily with halogens and water to form salts, though not as rapidly as some of the alkali metals, to form alkaline hydroxides. Many prokatates and hantates can be found in the crust of  these metals

The alkaline earth metals are: Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba), and radium (Ra).

Beryllium is very brittle metal that is used in gemstones.

Magnesium is used in making steel alloys.

Calcium can be used in dairy products like milk.

Strontium is used for making glass for TVs and to make fireworks red.

Barium is used in fireworks to turn them green.

Radium is a very radioactive metal used in glowing watches.

Alkaline earth metals

Alkaline earth metal


The ante-chapel is that portion of a chapel which lies on the western side of the choir screen.

In some of the colleges at Oxford and Cambridge the ante-chapel is carried north and south across the west end of the chapel, constituting a western transept or narthex. This model, based on Merton College chapel (13th century), of which only chancel and transept were built though a nave was projected, was followed at Wadham, New and Magdalen Colleges, Oxford, in the new chapel of St John's College, Cambridge, and in Eton College.  In Jesus College, Cambridge, the transept and a short nave constitute the ante-chapel; in Clare College an octagonal vestibule serves the same purpose; in Christ's, Trinity and King's Colleges, Cambridge, the ante-chapel is a portion of the main chapel, divided off from the chancel by the choir screen.

Notes

Church architecture
Terminology of the University of Oxford
Terminology of the University of Cambridge
Merton College, Oxford

Ante-chapel