Before I Go to Sleep is an British-American mystery drama thriller movie. It was written and directed by Rowan Joffé. It was released in the United Kingdom on 5 September 2014. It was later released in the United States on 31 October 2014. The movie was an adaptation of S. J. Watson's 2011 novel of the same name. The movie stars Nicole Kidman, Mark Strong, Colin Firth, and Anne-Marie Duff.

Plot
Forty-year old Christine Lucas (Nicole Kidman) wakes up with a man whom she doesn't know. The man calls himself Ben (Colin Firth), her husband. Ben shows her pictures of what her life once was. He tells her that she was involved in an accident ten years ago. This, he explains, has left her brain damage. This affects her memory in which she constantly wakes up not knowing anything of the day. Ben tells her that she's been like this since the accident. Ben leaves the house for work. While Christine looks around the house, a neurologist named Dr. Nasch calls the house. He informs her that she has been in treatment with him for the past few years. He tells her to locate a video camera which is hidden inside her closet. He tells her to watch the videos and to call him back. Christine watches a video diary of herself, which she is unfamiliar with. Dr. Nasch tells Christine to not inform Ben of the camera. Dr. Nasch also tells her that she lost her memory after she was attacked and left for dead at a nearby airport hotel. Christine wonders why Ben lied to her about the accident. Dr. Nasch tells her that it may be Ben's way of accepting her current condition.

Over time, Christine faintly remembers a woman named Claire. Ben tells her that Claire was her best friend. Claire could not handle Christine's condition and ended contact with her. Later, Christine remembers that she had a son. Christine confronts Ben on why he would hide her son from her. Ben tells her that their son died on meningitis when he was eight. Christine remembers the name "Mike". She believes he was the attacker. She tells Dr. Nasch of the name. Christine then see's Dr. Nasch's name tag. It reads Mike. Christine opens the door of the car and tries to runaway. Dr. Nasch then injects her with a drug that calms her down. The next day she remembers nothing.

Christine learns that Ben had placed her in an assisted care home. She also learns that they have been divorced for several years. Christine also learns that Claire had been trying to contact her. She was unaware that Ben took her away. Christine is given Claire's phone number. They agreed to meet at a local park. Claire reveals that she had a one-time sexual affair with Ben. This happened before Christine's attack. Christine is angry at this and leaves Claire at the park. Christine believes that Ben still loves her. She records her feelings about Ben to remind herself that Ben is a great ex-husband. Later that night, Christine decides to let Ben see the video she made. Christine tells her how much she cares and loves him. Ben, upset, slaps Christine in the face. Ben leaves Christine on the floor as he leaves.

Christine calls Claire of what Ben had done. Claire tells her that she will call Ben. She tells her that she will find out way he has done this. Claire calls Christine back. She tells her that Ben have not seen her for several years. Claire asks Christine to describe the "Ben" she is living with. They both realize that he is not "Ben". Christine attempts to escape the house. "Ben" knocks Christine unconscious. The next morning, Christine awakens with no memories.

That night, "Ben" takes her to a hotel. The hotel is close to where she had been found. He reveals that he is Mike. The man she had an affair with. He tells her that he wanted Christine to tell Ben about them. He tells her that she didn't want to do that. Upset, he attacked her which resulted in her amnesia. He also reveals that Christine's son Adam is still alive. He then deletes all the videos Christine had recorded. He tells her that he is no longer wanting to play the part of Ben. He declares his love for her. He demands that Christine leaves with him. Another struggle occurs. However, Christine knocks Mike out and gets away. Christine wakes up in a hospital bed. She is visited by Dr. Nasch. He tells her the man responsible for her condition has been arrested. Christine is then visited by the real Ben, as well as their son Adam, now a teenager.

Cast
 Nicole Kidman as Christine Lucas
 Colin Firth as Ben Lucas
 Mark Strong as Dr. Nasch
 Anne-Marie Duff as Claire
 Dean-Charles Chapman as Adam
 Adam Levy as husband
 Deborah Rosan as Dancer
 Jing Lusi as Nurse Kate
 Rosie MacPherson as Emily
 Charlie Gardner

References

Other websites

2014 drama thriller movies
2014 mystery movies
2010s British drama movies
British drama thriller movies
British mystery movies
American drama thriller movies
American mystery movies
French drama movies
French thriller movies

Swedish drama movies
Swedish thriller movies

2010s English-language movies
Movies set in London
Movies directed by Rowan Joffé

Before I Go to Sleep


Ciarán Farrell (born 1969, Dublin, Ireland) is an Irish composer who has been active in his field since graduating from Trinity College Dublin in 1997. He has composed works for orchestra, ensemble, choir, and solo instruments, as well as for TV and film productions.

Early life and education
Farrell was raised in a music-loving household and growing up he studied piano and clarinet at the Royal Irish Academy of Music. In his teens, he took up the guitar and later went on to study the classical guitar at the Dublin Institute of Technology Conservatory of Music and Drama. He received his degree in music from Trinity College Dublin, and he also took classes with Ennio Morricone at the Accademia Musicale Chigiana in Siena, Italy.

Composition career
Farrell has received commissions from the BBC, RTÉ Performing Groups, RTÉ lyric fm (RTÉ Concert Orchestra with actor Barry McGovern), saxophonist Gerard McChrystal, the Smith Quartet, Katie McMahon, Concorde Contemporary Music Ensemble, and John Feeley, amongst others. He has also worked with Irish dance theatre companies, Cois Ceim and Irish Modern Dance Theatre.

Farrell has also worked on numerous TV and film productions including the internationally broadcast series Divine Magic and Eyes on the World. Other production companies he worked with include C4, Discovery Channel, RTÉ, TG4, Littlebird Pictures, Decent Suit and Non Fiction Films. In his early years as a composer he composed music for numerous commercials/inserts including the Heineken and Shell campaigns.

The first solo collection of Farrell's music, Perfect State, was released on the RTÉ lyric fm label. Less than three weeks after its official launch at the Clarence Hotel in Dublin on 24 September 2007, Perfect State entered the HMV classical charts in Ireland at No. 13 and made its way to No. 1. This album features performances by some of the foremost musicians between Britain and Ireland including the RTÉ Concert Orchestra, Craig Ogden, Gerard McChrystal and the Smith Quartet.

His second solo collection, Jolt, was released in December 2011 and features Irish guitarist Damien Kelly. Less than a week after its release on iTunes it made its way to the No. 1 position in the Irish classical iTunes charts.

On 7 December 2012 a new album of solo guitar music, 'New Frontiers', was launched at the Royal Irish Academy of Music. The thirteen tracks on the album once again performed by guitarist Damien Kelly include unique new music for bottleneck slide and also music for guitar with digital delay.

His music has been released on numerous other CDs including Gerard McChrystal and Craig Ogden's Pluckblow, Music for Saxophone and Guitar, released on the Meridian Records label; Katie McMahon's album Shine, of which he wrote the title track; and John Feeley's album E-Motion, of which the original solo guitar version of "The Shannon Suite" can be heard.

Discography

Redbrick Duo

Guitarist Damien Kelly and flautist Jessica Lipstone, (Redbrick Duo), play Farrell's three movement work, 'Three Piece Suite' on this title.

New Frontiers
New Frontiers (2012), Farrell Kelly.

Composer: Ciarán Farrell.
Guitar: Damien Kelly.

1. "A Rainy Day in Summer" –Damien Kelly, (guitar/bottleneck).
2. "Dragonfly" –Damien Kelly, (guitar/bottleneck).
3. "Skeleton Man" –Damien Kelly, (guitar/bottleneck).
4. "Lough Allen" –Damien Kelly, (guitar).
5. "Lough Ree" –Damien Kelly, (guitar).
6. "Lough Derg" –Damien Kelly, (guitar).
7. "Air Travel" –Damien Kelly, (guitar/digitaldelay).
8. "Sea Travel" –Damien Kelly, (guitar/digitaldelay).
9. "Land Travel" –Damien Kelly, (guitar/digitaldelay).
10. "Space Travel" –Damien Kelly, (guitar/digitaldelay).
11. "Jolt" –Damien Kelly, (guitar).
12. "Rhapsody" –Damien Kelly, (guitar).
13. "Wild Stream" –Damien Kelly, (guitar).

Jolt

Jolt (2011), Farrell Kelly.

Composer: Ciarán Farrell.
Guitar: Damien Kelly.

1. "Wild Stream" –Damien Kelly, (guitar).
2. "Rhapsody" –Damien Kelly, (guitar).
3. "Jolt" –Damien Kelly, (guitar).
4. "Air Travel" (for guitar with digital delay)" –Damien Kelly, (guitar).

Perfect State

Perfect State (2007), RTÉ lyric fm

Composer: Ciarán Farrell.

1. "Perfect State" –RTÉ Concert Orchestra conducted by David Brophy
2. "The Shannon Suite" –Craig Ogden, (guitar); Gerard McChrystal, (soprano saxophone)
3. "Around and About" –Sinead Farrell, (flute); Roger Moffat, (vibraphone)
4. "The Pilgrim's Return" –Smith Quartet; and Gerard McChrystal, (soprano saxophone)
5. "Hopkins on Skellig Michael" (Poem by Paddy Bushe) –RTÉ Concert Orchestra, conducted by David Brophy; speaker Barry McGovern

Pluckblow

Virtuosos Gerard McChrystal (saxophone) and Craig Ogden (guitar) play an arrangement of Farrell's three movement work, 'The Shannon Suite' on this release.

E-Motion

Guitarist John Feeley plays the original solo guitar version of, 'The Shannon Suite' on this title.

Shine

Singer Katie McMahon uses Farrell's song 'Shine' as the title piece for this release.

Contemporary Music from Ireland – vol. 5

'Source', from Farrell's seven movement orchestral work, 'Hopkins on Skellig Michael' is featured on this CD from the Contemporary Music Centre in Dublin. Performed by the RTÉ Concert Orchestra, conducted by David Brophy; speaker Barry McGovern; poem by Paddy Bushe. The full piece can be heard on, Perfect State.

References

External links
Ciarán Farrell's Website.
Ciarán Farrell at MySpace.

1969 births
Living people
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Irish male songwriters
Irish classical composers
Irish male classical composers
Irish film score composers
Male film score composers
Male television composers
Television composers
Celtic fusion musicians
Musicians from County Dublin
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
20th-century Irish male musicians
21st-century Irish male musicians
20th-century Irish songwriters
21st-century Irish songwriters
20th-century Irish composers
21st-century Irish composers

Ciarán Farrell


Ascension is a Christian holiday. The word "ascension" means "going up". According to the story told in the Bible, Jesus ascended (went up) to heaven. This was seen by his apostles. The holiday is celebrated forty days after his resurrection. The story tells that Jesus' body went to heaven, and that in heaven he sits at the right-hand side of God the Father.

Ascension Day is officially celebrated on a Thursday. However, not all countries hold the feast on this day. It is one of the ecumenical feasts. All Christians celebrate this feast, much like Easter and Pentecost. It is a very important feast in the calendar of the Christian Church.

In some countries (at least in Austria, Belgium, Colombia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany (since the 1930s), Haiti, Iceland, Indonesia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Namibia, The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Vanuatu) it is a public holiday; Germany also holds its Father's day on the same date.

The Eastern churches

The Eastern Orthodox Church calculates the date of Easter differently, so the Eastern Orthodox celebration of Ascension will usually be after the western observance (either one week, or four weeks, or five weeks later; but occasionally on the same day). The earliest possible date for the feast is May 13 (of the western calendar), and the latest possible date is June 16. Some of the Oriental Orthodox Churches, however, observe Ascension on the same date as the Western Churches.

The feast is observed with an all-night vigil.

Texts in the Bible
The Epistle to the Romans is a book from the Bible which was written about the year 56 or 57. In it, Paul describes Christ as in heaven and in the abyss. This seems to be the earliest Christian reference to Jesus in heaven.

One of the most important texts about the Ascension is in the Acts of the Apostles . According to the two-source hypothesis it is also the earliest. There Jesus is taken up bodily into heaven forty days after his resurrection. The text says that the apostles saw this happening. Before going into heaven, Jesus gave a speech called the Great Commission, in which he said that he would return. In the Gospel of Luke, the Ascension takes place on Easter Sunday evening. The Gospel of John (c. 90-100) talks about Jesus returning to the Father. In 1 Peter (c. 90-110), Jesus has ascended to heaven and is at God's right side. Ephesians (c. 90-100) refers to Jesus ascending higher than all the heavens. First Timothy (c. 90-140) describes Jesus as taken up in glory. The traditional ending in the Book of Mark (see Mark 16) includes a short version of what Luke had said about the resurrection. It describes Jesus as being taken up into heaven and sitting at God's right hand. The way that Christ's Ascension is described is similar to the general description of his welcome in heaven, a description that comes from Hebrew scripture. The picture of Jesus rising bodily into the heavens fits in with the old traditional idea that heaven was above the earth.

Other texts about the ascension
There are texts that are not in the Bible that also speak about ascension, for example Pistis Sophia.
In his text Against Heresies, Irenaeus tells about the Gnostic view that the Ascension happened eighteen months after the Resurrection. The apocryphal text known as the Apocryphon of James describes the teachings of Jesus to James and Peter 550 days after the resurrection, but before the ascension. This text suggests an even longer period. The recently discovered Nag Hammadi Gospel of Thomas, like the canonical Gospel of Matthew, does not mention the Ascension.

History
The feast of the Ascension has been celebrated for many centuries. Although we do not have anything in writing about it before the beginning of the fifth century, St. Augustine says that it is of Apostolic origin, and he speaks of it in a way that shows that all Christians celebrated it long before his time (he lived from 354 to 430).

Christ's ascension is mentioned in the original Nicene Creed. This text has been important to Christians ever since it was made in 325. It is included in the Mass. It is also mentioned in the Apostles' Creed. It is important for Christian belief because it shows that Jesus' humanity was taken into Heaven. Ascension Day is one of the chief feasts of the Christian year. There is plenty of evidence that shows that the feast dates back at least to the later 300s.

The canonical story of Jesus ascending bodily into the clouds is different from the gnostic tradition, by which Jesus was said to transcend the bodily world and return to his home in the spirit world. It also contrasts with Docetic beliefs, by which matter is basically evil and Jesus was said to have been pure spirit.

Scholars of the historical Jesus think that New Testament accounts of Jesus' resurrection were stories that were invented by the apostolic-era Christian community. Some describe the Ascension as a convenient way to disagree with ongoing appearance claims in the Christian community.

References

Other websites

 The Ascension of our Lord Orthodox Icon and Synaxarion
 The Ascension of the Lord  S. V. Bulgakov, Manual for Church Servers (theology and symbolism of the Feast)
 The Chapel of the Ascension  Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, Jerusalem
 Chapel of the Ascension, Jerusalem Detailed description, history and photos
 Convent of the Ascension  Jerusalem Mission, Russian Orthodox Church
 Feast of the Ascension

Christian holidays

Ascension


Platanus is a genus of plants, which mostly occur  on the Northern Hemisphere. All of them are trees, which reach heights between  and . There are eight to ten recent species of Platanus, and at least three extinct ones.

In English, these trees are called planes or plane trees.  Some North American species are called sycamores, but this name is also used for a species of fig.

London plane
The London plane, Platanus × acerifolia, is a hybrid or a cultivar. Exactly what the parents were in uncertain. It was extensively planted on London streets before WWII, but is no longer in favour. The London plane is very tolerant of air pollution and root compaction (small space for roots). For these reasons it was a popular urban roadside tree. Now, however, it is indirectly something of a pest. Aphids in their millions suck sap from its leaves, and drop sugary liquid onto cars parked underneath. Older London streets have virtually no off-road parking.

Images

Trees
Proteales

Platanus


John Young (1514–1580) was an English Catholic clergyman and academic. He was Master of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, and was later imprisoned by Elizabeth I. He is not John Young (1534?–1605), Master of Pembroke Hall later in the century, and afterwards Bishop of Rochester.

Life
He is said to have been a native of Yorkshire. He was educated at Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1536, M.A. in 1539, and B.D. in 1546. He was elected fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge in 1536, but on 19 December 1546 he was nominated by the charter of foundation an original member of Trinity College. He was one of the witnesses present at Stephen Gardiner's sermon at St. Paul's Cathedral on 1 July 1548, and in June 1549 took part on the Catholic side in the disputations before Nicholas Ridley at Cambridge. A year later he was one of the disputants against Martin Bucer, whom he subsequently attacked in a course of lectures on the Epistles to Timothy, and in February 1551 he was accused before the privy council of stirring up opposition to Edward VI's religious proceedings. On 25 November and 3 December following he took part in the disputations on the Eucharist in William Cecil's and Sir Richard Morison's houses.

At Queen Mary's accession Young's services were recognised by his creation as D.D. at Cambridge in 1553. incorporation at Oxford on 14 April 1554, and appointment as master of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, on Ridley's deprivation, and canon of Ely in succession to Matthew Parker (12 April 1554). He was vice-chancellor of Cambridge from 1553 to 1555, when he became Regius Professor of Divinity. In this capacity he delivered a series of lectures entitled Enarrationes Joelis prophetae, which he dedicated to Cardinal Pole, and which are extant. He was sent to dispute with Thomas Cranmer, Ridley, and Hugh Latimer at Oxford in 1554, took an active part in the measures at Cambridge for Catholicism, and preached at St. Paul's on 14 and 21 February 1557, and at St. Mary Spital on 20 April.

After Elizabeth's accession he was deprived of his mastership by the university visitors on 20 July 1559, and committed to prison in the Counter, Wood Street, London, for refusing the oath. He was transferred to the Marshalsea Prison before 1574, being temporarily released on 13 June of that year on surety of Gregory Young, grocer, of London, who may have been his brother; and in 1575 he was allowed to spend the summer at Bath for his health's sake. On 28 July 1577 he was transferred to the custody of the dean of Canterbury, but, the dean's persuasion having no effect upon his religious views, he was on 18 February 1578 committed to the queen's bench. In 1580 he was moved to Wisbech Castle, where he is said to have died in October of that year. In an inscription on a portrait belonging to Cambridge University he is said to have died in 1579.

Works
Young's various disputations with Bucer and others are extant; others of a like nature are printed in John Foxe's Actes and Monuments. Separately published was De Schismate . . . liber unus, Louvain, 1573; republished Douay, 1603.

Notes

References

Masters of Pembroke College, Cambridge
1514 births
1580 deaths
16th-century English Roman Catholic priests
Clergy from Yorkshire
16th-century scholars
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Cambridge
Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge
Regius Professors of Divinity (University of Cambridge)

John Young (Regius Professor)


Sarah A. Bowman (c. 1813 – December 22, 1866), also known as Sarah Borginnis or Sarah Bourdette, was an Irish American innkeeper, restaurateur, and madam.  Nicknamed "The Great Western", she gained fame, and the title "Heroine of Fort Brown", as a camp follower of Zachary Taylor's army during the Mexican–American War.  Following the war she operated an inn in Franklin, Texas (now El Paso) before settling near Arizona City (now Yuma, Arizona).  Over the course of her life she was married multiple times, often without legal record or the blessing of a priest, and was known at various times by the names Boginnis, Bourdette, Bourget, Bourjette, Borginnis, Davis, Bowman, and possibly Foyle. Following her death she was breveted an honorary colonel and buried with military honors in the Fort Yuma cemetery. Her story became part of American popular culture.

Background
Bowman is believed to have been born Sarah Knight sometime between 1812 and 1813 (the 1860 census indicates her birth may have occurred as late as 1818) in either Tennessee or Clay County, Missouri.  Raised on the American frontier, she received no formal education, and is believed to have been illiterate due to her use of an X on business and census forms.  Despite the inability to read and write, she was bilingual by her later years, with a priest near Fort Yuma noting she was the first American woman he had met fluent in Spanish.

Physically, Bowman was an unusually large woman.  Standing  tall (some reports claim ) and reportedly weighing , she was described as "a remarkably large, well-proportioned strong woman, of strong nerves, and great physical power."  Other observers noted she had an hourglass figure.  Due to her large size she was nicknamed the Great Western, an apparent reference to SS Great Western, for a time the largest ship afloat.  Bowman also possessed skills to complement her Amazon-like physique. Texas Ranger John Salmon Ford said of her, "She could whip any man, fair fight or foul, could shoot a pistol better than anyone in the region, and at black jack could outplay (or out cheat) the slickest professional gambler."

Several tales are told of Bowman and her earlier years.  The first is that she and her husband had accompanied Zachary Taylor during his campaign during the Seminole Wars.  There is no record of a woman matching Bowman's description accompanying Taylor, but such an event would help explain her later loyalty to him.
A second tale claims Bowman was in love with Taylor.  If this is true, there is no evidence the affection was returned.

Mexican–American War
The first documented record of Bowman occurs in 1845 at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri.  When her husband enlisted in the Seventh infantry, she signed on as a laundress, a position that included food, shelter, and the opportunity to earn a salary three times that earned by an Army private.  From Jefferson Barracks she accompanied the army to Corpus Christi Bay.  By the time the army arrived in July 1845, her duties included cook and nurse in addition to the laundry.

The army remained encamped along the Nueces River till March 1846 when they received orders to advance to the Rio Grande.  Instead of following her husband, who was ill, and most of the military wives on ships down the coast, Bowman purchased a wagon and mule team and followed the army on land.  She handled the trek with skills the "best teamster in the train might have envied."

The first encounter between American and Mexican forces came on March 21, 1846, during the crossing of Arroyo Colorado.  As the Americans approached the steep embankment, bugles rang out on the other bank accompanied by the warning, "Cross this stream and you will be shot!"  Upon seeing the column halted, Bowman rode to the front and told the commander, "If the general would give me a strong pair of tongs, I'd wade that river and whip every scoundrel that dared show himself."  (In addition to the tool, tongs was at the time slang for men's trousers.)  Inspired by her example the American troops made the crossing, scattering the opposing troops in the process.

Heroine of Fort Brown

By May 1846, Bowman was married to her second husband, a man named Borginnes (spellings vary).  Her husband was assigned to Fort Texas (later renamed Fort Brown) where she operated an officer's mess.  When Taylor withdrew the majority of his troops to confront the Mexican army near the coast, forces in Matamoros, stationed directly across the Rio Grande, responded by besieging the fort.

The Mexican bombardment began May 3 at 5 am.  While most of the women in the fort retreated to the bunkers to sew sandbags, Borginnes remained at her cooking fire and served breakfast at 7 am.  For the next week she prepared food and coffee for the besieged fort, carrying buckets of coffee to the troops manning the fort's guns, even finding time to care for the wounded and other women.  Her schedule of three meals daily was continued even though bullets struck both her bonnet and bread tray.  She also requisitioned a musket in case the fort was stormed.

Following the siege, Borginnes came to the attention of U.S. newspapers who named her the "Heroine of Fort Brown".  Stories of her exploits were published in both Philadelphia and New York City.  One correspondent even went out of his way to extol her virtues and fight any "tongues of slander" that might be directed at her character.

Battle of Buena Vista

Following Fort Brown, Borginnes briefly established a boarding house called the American House in Matamoros.  In addition to food, lodging, and stables for soldiers' horses, the establishment also served as a saloon and brothel.  This establishment proved quite popular, with one soldier describing it as "the headquarters for everyone".  As Taylor's force moved into Mexico the American House moved with the army, first to Monterrey and then to Saltillo.

While Borginnes was not involved in the Battle of Monterrey, she did see action during the Battle of Buena Vista.  During the conflict she prepared food and coffee, reloaded weapons, and carried wounded off the field of battle.  Her attention to the injured even earned her the nickname "Doctor Mary".  Legend claims she received a saber wound to her cheek while working a cannon position before slaying the Mexican soldier who cut her.  Another incident involves a retreating private.  The soldier ran into Borginnes' restaurant yelling that Taylor had been defeated.  She responded by punching the private in the face and telling him "You damned son of a bitch, there ain't Mexicans enough in Mexico to whip old Taylor.  You just spread that report and I'll beat you to death."

During the battle Borginnes learned that Captain George Lincoln, a friend that had joined the army at the same time as her husband, had been killed.  Not wishing to have his body stripped, she searched for him during the battle.  Upon finding him, she brought the body back to Saltillo and made sure he was properly buried.  After the battle she purchased Lincoln's horse at auction, beating a $75 bid with a $200 offer, and made arrangements for the horse to be sent to the captain's family.

Following her actions upon the field of battle, tradition maintains that General Winfield Scott ordered a military pension for Borginnes.

Later life
Following the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, the U.S. Army prepared to depart Northern Mexico.  By this time Borginnes' second husband had left her—whether by death or abandonment is unknown.  She wished to accompany the departing troops to California, but was informed that only military wives were allowed to join the column.  In response she mounted her horse, rode through the soldiers, and shouted "Who wants a wife with $15,000 and the biggest leg in Mexico!  Come, my beauties, don't all speak at once—who is the lucky man?"  Eventually a dragoon named either Davis or David E. volunteered, on condition that a priest perform the marriage ceremony.  Her response to this was, "Bring your blanket to my tent tonight and I will learn you to tie a knot that will satisfy you, I reckon!"

By early 1849, following a brief illness, the "Great Western" arrived in Franklin (now El Paso, Texas) without a husband and again using her second husband's name.  There she established an inn that catered to people traveling across the country as part of the California Gold Rush.  In the process she became known as El Paso's first Anglo woman and the town's first madam, gaining a reputation as a "whore with a heart of gold".

By early 1850, Borginnes had moved up the Rio Grande to the town of Socorro.  There she lived with a man named Juan Duran and five girls, possibly orphans, with the last name of Skinner.  Shortly thereafter she married Alfred J. Bowman, a dragoon in the U.S. Army.  Following his discharge on November 30, 1850, the couple moved west.

Fort Yuma
Bowman arrived at Yuma Crossing in 1852.  Yuma's first business operator, she cooked and did laundry for the officers of Fort Yuma while her husband prospected.  One of the fort's soldiers noted, "She has been with the Army twenty years and was brought up here where she keeps the officer's mess.  Among her other good qualities she is an admirable `pimp'.  She used to be a splendid-looking woman and has done good service but is too old for that now."

After a time Bowman opened a hotel near the fort, along with other businesses near Fort Buchanan and Patagonia, Arizona.  In addition to her business interests, she adopted a number of Mexican and Indian children.

Bowman died December 22, 1866, from a spider bite.  Following her death she was breveted an honorary colonel and buried with military honors in the Fort Yuma cemetery.  In 1890, following the decommissioning of Fort Yuma, she was exhumed and reburied at San Francisco National Cemetery in a grave marked "Sarah A. Bowman".

In popular culture
In 1998, the events of Bowman's life were used as the basis for the historical novel Fearless, A Novel of Sarah Bowman. She also features under the name Sarah Borginnis in Cormac McCarthy's epic Western Blood Meridian, and a fictionalized version of "The Great Western" appears in Larry McMurtry's novel Dead Man's Walk

References

Further reading

External links

 Bowman, Sarah, Handbook of Texas

 The Tall Man, 1960–1962 Samuel A. Peeples (created by), Milton S. Gelman

1810s births
1866 deaths
American people of the Mexican–American War
American prostitutes
Women in 19th-century warfare
Women in warfare in North America
Burials at San Francisco National Cemetery
Arizona pioneers
People of the American Old West

Sarah A. Bowman


Weight distribution is the apportioning of weight within a vehicle, especially cars, airplanes, and trains. Typically, it is written in the form x/y, where x is the percentage of weight in the front, and y is the percentage in the back.

In a vehicle which relies on gravity in some way, weight distribution directly affects a variety of vehicle characteristics, including handling, acceleration, traction, and component life.  For this reason weight distribution varies with the vehicle's intended usage. For example, a drag car maximizes traction at the rear axle while countering the reactionary pitch-up torque.  It generates this counter-torque by placing a small amount of counterweight at a great distance forward of the rear axle.

In the airline industry, load balancing is used to evenly distribute the weight of passengers, cargo, and fuel throughout an aircraft, so as to keep the aircraft's center of gravity close to its center of pressure to avoid losing pitch control.  In military transport aircraft, it is common to have a loadmaster as a part of the crew; their responsibilities include calculating accurate load information for center of gravity calculations, and ensuring cargo is properly secured to prevent its shifting.

In large aircraft and ships, multiple fuel tanks and pumps are often used, so that as fuel is consumed, the remaining fuel can be positioned to keep the vehicle balanced, and to reduce stability problems associated with the free surface effect.

In the trucking industry, individual axle weight limits require balancing the cargo when the gross vehicle weight nears the legal limit.

See also
Center of mass
Center of percussion
Load transfer
Mass distribution
Roll center
Tilt test
Weight transfer

References

External links
Weight Distribution Calculator

Aerospace engineering
Mass
Vehicle technology

Weight distribution


The flag of the Azerbaijan SSR was first adopted in 1920, and was a red flag with a yellow crescent and star in the left upper corner.

From the second part of 1921 to 1922, Azerbaijan SSR used a red flag with the yellow Cyrillic letters АССР (ASSR).

In 1937, golden hammer and sickle were added in the top left hand corner, with beneath the Latin letters AzSSR in a serif font in place of the Cyrillic letters. A third version was issued in 1940s, and had AzSSR replaced by its Cyrillic version АзССР. The last version of the flag was adopted by the Azerbaijan SSR on October 7, 1952. It was the flag of the Soviet Union, with an horizontal blue band on the bottom fourth.

Timeline of the flag of the Azerbaijan SSR

Related pages
Flag of the Soviet Union
Flag of Azerbaijan
Coat of Arms of Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan

References

Flags of Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan SSR
Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic

Flag of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic


Sergei Aleksandrovich Vinogradov (April 16, 1958 – December 16, 2010) was a Russian journalist, translator and writer. He worked for the UN from 1986 until his death.

Sergei Vinogradov was born in Kurgan, Kurgan Oblast, Russian SFSR in 1958. In 1960, however, he moved to Moscow with his family as his father was promoted to a new position there. He attended school from 1965 to 1975 and was involved in school bands during his senior years (playing the guitar). From 1975 to 1980, Sergey Vinogradov studied international journalism at the Moscow State Institute of International Relations. Upon graduation, he received a job at the International Life (Mezhdunarodnaya Zhizn) magazine.

Apart from writing articles for the magazine, Vinogradov also wrote short stories which remained unpublished, however (partially due to their critical tone towards the Soviet authorities). In 1985, he was able to get enrolled in the UN translation courses. Upon completion, he passed the final exams and became a UN translator in New York City.

Soon after his arrival to New York City, he was nearly killed in a car accident (as a passenger). However, upon his recovery, he resumed his work as a translator. In 1990, he was transferred to the Department of Political and Security Council Affairs as a Political Affairs Officer and in 1991 began writing for the UN Chronicle (as a member of the Department of Public Information). In 1997, he briefly returned to Moscow to work for the local United Nations Information Center. In December 1997, he came back to New York. In 1999, he became an Information Officer for the UNMIK and lived in Pristina for three years. In 2002, he moved to the UN Office at Geneva, where he once again became a translator (translating from English to Russian).

During his tenure at the UN, Sergey Vinogradov continued writing short stories and also started writing longer novels. One of the novels, Sealed-up Hell (Запломбированный Ад), along with several short stories, was published in 2006. He wrote another novel, Heavenly Seedlings (Райская Рассада), but it remained unpublished. He began working on a third novel, provisionally titled A History of Time Travel, but it remained unfinished.

Sergey Vinogradov was married twice; his first marriage ended with divorce, while his second marriage ended with his death. He had a son from his first marriage.

In June 2010, he was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and began a course of chemotherapy, which was ultimately unsuccessful as the cancer had metastasized to his liver. He died on December 16, 2010, in Carouge, Geneva, Switzerland.

External links
 "They Now Have to Return". UN Chronicle article, Vol. 37, No. 2.
 : "The End of a Rigmarole" (Конец Канители), short story, under the pen name "Kurganov" (in Russian)
 : Obituary in the UN Special magazine.

Russian male journalists
Russian officials of the United Nations
1958 births
2010 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Deaths from cancer in Switzerland
People from Kurgan, Kurgan Oblast
20th-century Russian translators
Soviet officials of the United Nations
Soviet expatriates in the United States

Sergei Vinogradov (journalist)


In terms of a company or organization, a founder refers to the person responsible for starting an entity.

In a company, this is usually the first person to come up with the name, register the business, and take care of the first year of operations.

Occupations

Organizational founder


The Münden Tunnel () is a railway tunnel on the Hanover-Würzburg high-speed rail line in Germany. It is situated south of the town of Hann. Münden between Göttingen and Kassel. At a total length of , it is the second longest tunnel in Germany after the Landrücken Tunnel. The tunnel was built between 1983 and 1989. At the northern portal, which is located at , the trains cross the valley of the river Werra on the Werra Viaduct at Hedemünden, parallel to the A 7 autobahn. At the southern portal, () they cross the Ickelsbach valley, after which the Mühlenkopf Tunnel follows immediately.

Tunnel description

The tunnel is a two-track concrete tunnel with a maximum permitted speed of 250 km/h. There is an emergency exit about halfway through the tunnel, at km 127 (), which is accessible through a 15 metre deep staircase. The maximum depth of the tunnel is 175 metres.

Originally, two separate tunnels were planned, the Mündener Staatsforst tunnel (5,580 m) and the Lutterberg tunnel (4,440 m), to be joined by a bridge over the Wandersteinbach. Due to ecological considerations, however, the line was lowered by 30 metres and the Wandersteinbach was crossed by means of a tunnel as well. The tunnel breakthrough was on October 6, 1988. On May 29, 1991 the tunnel was officially opened, along with the Hanover-Fulda part of the high-speed rail line. The cost of construction was about DM 200 million (€102 million).

References

External links

Railway tunnels in Germany

Göttingen
Hanover–Würzburg high-speed railway
Tunnels completed in 1989
Buildings and structures in Göttingen (district)

Münden Tunnel


Buckhorn Township is one of thirteen townships in Harnett County, North Carolina, United States. The township had a population of 1,905 according to the 2000 census. It is a part of the Dunn Micropolitan Area, which is also a part of the greater Raleigh–Durham–Cary Combined Statistical Area (CSA) as defined by the United States Census Bureau.

Geographically, Buckhorn Township occupies  in northwestern Harnett County.  There are no incorporated municipalities located in Buckhorn Township, however, there are several unincorporated communities located here, including the communities of Cokesbury and Duncan.  The township's northern border is with Wake County.

Parkers Creek rises and joins the Cape Fear River within this township.

See also
 Buckhorn Township (Wake County)

References

Townships in Harnett County, North Carolina
Townships in North Carolina

Buckhorn Township, Harnett County, North Carolina


Citizenship of the European Union was started by the Maastricht Treaty signed in 1992. It is extra to being a citizen of one of the member countries of the European Union, and gives extra rights to nationals of European Union Member States.

History

Before the Maastricht Treaty (1992), the European Communities treaties allowed workers, and their families, to travel and live in any member country. This idea started when the European Coal and Steel Community was set up by the Treaty of Paris in 1951. This allowed workers in the coal and steel industries to move to another country for work. In 1957, the European Economic Community was set up by the Treaty of Rome. That treaty allowed all workers to move freely.

The European Court of Justice took a wider idea of freedom of movement.  The Court said people should be allowed to move to another country to get a better life style, not just to earn more money by working. The law made by the European Court, the reason the reason a worker wanted to move abroad does not matter, they could start part-time and full-time work, and get extra help from the new country.

Other decisions of the ECJ allowed any citizen of a member country live anywhere in the EU and be treated the same as a citizen of the new country.

Start of EU Citizenship

The idea of EU citizenship was started by the Maastricht Treaty, and was extended by the Treaty of Amsterdam. The Treaty of Amsterdam said that union citizenship will not replace national citizenship, but only be extra it.

Who is an EU citizen?

Article 17 (1) of the amended EC Treaty states that Citizenship of the Union is hereby established. Every person holding the nationality of a Member State  shall be a citizen of the Union. Citizenship of the Union shall complement and not replace national citizenship.

Rights of EU citizens

Specific rights

The amended EC Treaty provides the following rights to EU citizens:
 The right to be treated the same as citizens of the country where they live. (Article 12);
 The right to move and live anywhere in the EU, and to apply for any job.  EU citizens have the right to work for the government too, but not for some jobs in areas like defence and national security. (Article 18);
 The rights to vote or be a candidate in local and European elections in any Member State under the same conditions as the nationals of that state (Article 19);
 the right to protection by the diplomatic or consular authorities of any EU country when in a non-EU Member Country, if there are no diplomatic or consular authorities from the citizen's own country (Article 20);
 The right to ask for help from the European Parliament,  or from the European Ombudsman if any EU body has acted badly. (Article 21);
 The right to contact the EU bodies in one of the official languages and to get a reply in that same language (Article 21); and
 The right to get European Parliament, Council and Commission documents (Article 255).

Citizens of new countries which join the EU can have some of the rights limited for up to seven years after they join.

Brexit
The United Kingdom  has left the European Union. It is still unclear whether UK citizens will continue to enjoy EU citizenships after Brexit.

Related pages
 Treaty of Lisbon

Further reading

References

Law in Europe
European Union
International law
Citizenship

Citizenship of the European Union


Brazilian draughts (or Brazilian Checkers) is a variant of the  strategy board game draughts. Brazilian Checkers follows the same rules and conventions as International draughts, the only differences are the smaller gameboard (8×8 squares instead of 10×10), and fewer checkers per player (12 instead of 20).

Rules

Starting position

 The game is played on a board with 8×8 squares, alternating dark and light. The lower-leftmost square should be dark.
 Each player has 12 pieces. In the starting position the pieces are placed on the first three rows closest to the players, only on dark squares. This leaves the two central rows empty.

Moves and captures

All moves and captures are made diagonally. All references to squares refer to the dark squares only. The main differences from English draughts are: pieces can also capture backward (not only forward), the long-range moving and capturing capability of kings, and the requirement that the maximum number of men be captured whenever a player has capturing options.

 The player with the light pieces makes the first move. The two players make moves alternately.
 Ordinary pieces move forward one square diagonally to a square that is not occupied by another piece.
 Opposing pieces can and must be captured by jumping over the opposing piece, two squares. If one has the possibility to capture a piece then this must be done even if it is disadvantageous.
 If there is one unoccupied square before or behind opposing pieces then jumps multiple times over opposing pieces in a single turn forward or backward can and must be made, making angles of 90 degrees. It is compulsory to jump over as many pieces as possible. One must play with the piece that can make the maximum captures.
 After the piece has jumped over the opponent's piece or pieces, the jumped-over pieces are taken from the board. The men are not removed during the jumping move, only after the entire move is completed.
 The same piece may not be jumped over twice.

Crowning
 A piece is crowned if it stops on the far edge of the board at the end of its turn (that is, not if it reaches the edge but must then jump another piece backward).  Another piece is placed on top of it to mark it. Crowned pieces, sometimes called kings, can move freely multiple steps in any direction and may jump over and hence capture an opponent piece some distance away and choose where to stop afterwards, but must still capture the maximum number of pieces possible.

Winning and draws
 A player with no valid move remaining loses. This is the case if the player either has no pieces left or if a player's pieces are obstructed from making a legal move by the pieces of the opponent.
 A game is a draw if neither opponent has the possibility to win the game.
 The game is considered a draw when the same position repeats itself for the third time (not necessarily consecutive), with the same player having the move each time.

Notation

Each of the 32 dark squares has a number (1 through 32). Number 29 is at the left corner seen from the player with the light pieces. Number 4 is at the left corner seen from the player with the dark pieces.

See also
List of Draughts-64 World Championship winners

References

Draughts variants
Brazilian inventions

Brazilian draughts


Sir Walter Farquhar, 1st Baronet (October 1738 – 30 March 1819) was a prominent Scottish physician of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, whose clientele included many of the leading figures of the day, including the Prince of Wales (later King George IV) and the Prime Minister William Pitt. Born in Garioch, Farquhar abandoned his medical studies at King's College, Aberdeen to join the British Army as a surgeon during the Seven Years' War. He later worked as an apothecary in London and qualified as a physician, becoming popular with royalty and politicians and receiving a baronetcy for his services.

Life
Farquhar was born in 1738, the son of Robert Farquhar, the minister at Garioch. His mother was Katherine (née Turing), the daughter of another minister. Farquhar took a degree at King's College, Aberdeen and began to study medicine under James Gregory. In 1760 however he abandoned his medical studies in Edinburgh and Glasgow and joined the 19th Regiment of Foot in the British Army as a surgeon. In 1761, the regiment was sent to Belle Île and subsequently to Gibraltar, where it remained at the end of the conflict.

Farquhar left the regiment at Gibraltar and spent 18 months travelling and studying medicine in France, working with Claude Nicolas le Cat in Rouen. In 1769, citing ill-health, Farquhar retired from the army and moved to London, opening an apothecary shop in Great Marlborough Street with his wife Anne Harvie, widow of a London doctor. Farquhar's practice gradually developed a steady clientele and he became a physician, awarded his MD from King's College, Aberdeen in 1796. He was made a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh and a licenceate of the Royal College of Physicians in the same year.

Among Farquhar's clients were many prominent figures of the period, including the Prince of Wales, Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger and prominent politician Lord Melville. This patronage led to him being awarded a baronetcy in 1796 and was soon appointed physician-in-ordinary to the Prince of Wales. With his reputation secured, Farquhar ran a very successful business until his retirement in 1813 with health problems.

Farquhar died in London in March 1819 and was buried at St Martin-in-the-Fields in Westminster. His baronetcy passed to his eldest son, Sir Thomas Harvie Farquhar, 2nd Baronet, although it was his second son Robert Townsend Farquhar who was most successful, becoming the governor of Penang and Mauritius and subsequently a Member of Parliament. In 1821 he was awarded a baronetcy separate to that of his father. Although Sir Walter Farquhar was a very successful physician of his day, he did not publish or develop any medical knowledge and thus he had no lasting impact on British medicine.

Notes

Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
Green Howards officers
1738 births
1819 deaths
18th-century Scottish medical doctors
19th-century Scottish people
People from Aberdeenshire
British Army regimental surgeons
British Army personnel of the Seven Years' War
Scottish soldiers
Physicians-in-Ordinary
People from Garioch

Sir Walter Farquhar, 1st Baronet


Leonardo Dudreville (4 April 1885 – 13 January 1975) was a Venetian-born Italian painter. He was one of the founders of the Nuove tendenze as well as of Novecento Italian art movements.

Biography
His family of Belgian origin moved to Milan when he was a child. He studied at the Brera Academy in Milan from 1903 to 1905 and joined the Coenobium, a group of young artists belonging to the Scapigliatura movement, in Monza together with his friend Anselmo Bucci. After a stay in Paris (1906–07), his Divisionist style brought him into contact with Alberto Grubicy's gallery. He adopted Futurism in 1912 and was one of the founders of Nuove Tendenze movement. In close contact with the critic Margherita Sarfatti in the years following World War I, he took part in the Venice Biennale (13th Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte di Venezia) in 1922, and in the following year was one of the group of Sette pittori del Novecento who started the Novecento art movement exhibiting at the Galleria Pesaro in Milan. Relations between members of the Novecento movement were not always smooth, as shown by his participation in their first group exhibition in 1926 but not in the second in 1929. One of his works was bought in 1928 for the Galleria d'Arte Moderna in Milan, and his first solo exhibition was held in 1936 at the Milanese Galleria Dedalo. His style became increasingly meticulous with a wealth of detail. During World War II he withdrew to Ghiffa where he stayed until his death.

References

Other projects

19th-century Italian painters
19th-century Italian male artists
Italian male painters
20th-century Italian painters
20th-century Italian male artists
Painters from Milan
Brera Academy alumni
Divisionist painters
1885 births
1975 deaths

Leonardo Dudreville


Edward Ernest Heitmann (3 June 1878 – 30 January 1934), was an Australian politician and member of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly from 1904 to 1917, then a member of the Australian House of Representatives until 1919.

Biography
Edward Heitmann was born in California Gully, Bendigo, Victoria on 3 June 1878. The son of carpenter and blacksmith Herman Heitmann and Katherine née Roberts, he was educated locally. He became a miner at an early age, eventually graduating to shaftsman before qualifying as a mine engine driver. In 1895 he moved to Western Australia but by the following year he had returned to Victoria, where took courses at the Bendigo School of Mines and Industries. On 29 June 1896 he married Emma Jane Johns; they had a son and two daughters before her death in 1905. In 1909 he married Ada Maude Cooke, with whom he had two sons and a daughter.

In 1899, Heitmann returned to Western Australia to work on the Murchison goldfields. He became increasingly involved in the Labor movement, becoming president of the Day Dawn Engine Drivers' Association, and organising secretary of the Australian Workers' Union. On 24 June 1904 he was elected to the Western Australian Legislative Assembly seat of Cue on a Labor ticket. He held the seat until 4 November 1913, resigning it to contest the seat of Geraldton in a by-election. Although he did not win the seat of Geraldton on this occasion, he had only eleven months to wait before winning the seat in the general election of 21 October 1914.

During his time as Member for Geraldton, Heitman was a member of the Western Australian Health Commission inquiring into Miners Phthisis, and he contributed to the establishment of a tuberculosis sanatorium at Wooroloo. Until 1917 he was one of the Scaddan government's main backbench critics, especially with regard to the 1916 Nevanas affair. In January 1917, he and Rufus Underwood attended a conference in Melbourne which aimed to merge Billy Hughes' National Labor Party with Joseph Cook's liberals.  On 20 March, he resigned his Legislative Assembly seat in order to contest an Australian House of Representatives seat as a Nationalist.  Shortly afterwards, the Western Australian branch of the Australian Labor Party followed its federal counterpart's lead in expelling its pro-conscription members, including Heitmann.

On 5 May 1917, Heitmann was elected to the Australian House of Representatives seat of Kalgoorlie. During the next two years he was in charge of transport arrangements for the demobilisation of the Australian Imperial Force. He was defeated in the federal election of 13 December 1919, and thereafter spent some time in Adelaide working in advertising. By 1921 he was farming at Laanecoorie, Victoria, and the following year contested the Victorian seat of Eaglehawk without success. In 1927 he returned to Bendigo, spending eighteen months as organisation secretary for the Advance Bendigo and the North League.  In later life he suffered often from poor health, spending some time in the military hospital at Caulfield. He died at Bendigo on 30 January 1934, and was buried at Bendigo Cemetery. One of his nephews, Jack Heitman, was later a member of the Western Australian Legislative Council from 1963 until his death in 1977.

References

1878 births
1934 deaths
Nationalist Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Kalgoorlie
Members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly
Australian miners
People from Bendigo
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Western Australia
Australian people of German descent
National Labor Party members of the Parliament of Western Australia
20th-century Australian politicians

Edward Heitmann


Diocletian Lewis (March 3, 1823 – May 21, 1886), commonly known as Dr. Dio Lewis, was a prominent temperance leader and physical culture advocate who practiced homeopathy.

Biography

Early life
He was born on a farm near Auburn, New York. He left school at 12 to work in a cotton factory. He later worked at a hoe, axe and scythe factory and returned to school.

He started teaching school at 15. At 18, he organized a school in Lower Sandusky, Ohio (now Fremont). He extended the curriculum to include algebra, geometry, Greek and Latin. This so impressed the townsfolk that they constructed a building for the school, and when a certificate of incorporation was obtained for it, they named the school the Diocletian Institute in his honor. He had to work hard at his own studies to stay ahead of his pupils. Severe illness obligated him to give up the school after a year, and he never returned.

Medical training and career
He decided to go into medicine, and worked for three years in the office of the physician for the Auburn State Prison. He then studied at the Harvard Medical School. Apparently a lack of funds prevented him from finishing the course there, and upon leaving he immediately opened up a medical practice in Port Byron, New York.  His partner in that practice, Lewis McCarthy, interested him in homeopathy, and he attended the Homeopathic Hospital College of Cleveland, Ohio. In 1848, he opened a practice in Buffalo, New York. He only received a degree in homeopathic studies and no M.D.; however, this was not a problem since there were no medical licensing laws in 1848. He began a monthly publication called The Homœopathist.

After a year in Buffalo, he married Helen Cecelia Clarke.  In 1852, he gave up his practice and went south with her on behalf of her health.  Three of her sisters had died of tuberculosis, and she was showing signs of the same disease.
Lewis claimed to have used homeopathy to cure his wife Helen's TB, and from that day his so-called "Consumption Cure" became well-known and profitable. Helen worked with Lewis on his publications, writing her own column on dress reform and woman's health.

Lectures
From 1852 till 1860 Lewis was engaged in lecturing on hygiene, temperance and physiology. He began by lecturing on health topics in schools, and then in 1853 gave his first public lecture, addressing the topic of "The Influence of Christian Women in the Cause of Temperance". This lecture stemmed from his experience in joining an organization called "The Sons of Temperance":  he had met indifference when he brought up the topic of having women in the organization. In 1856 he visited Paris for a short time to obtain material for his physiology lectures and used the opportunity to attend clinics in some of the city hospitals.

New exercise system
While lecturing, Lewis began developing a new system of exercises.  He felt that, although athletic young men could succeed in the feats required by German gymnastics then prevalent, these exercises did not meet the needs of those who most needed the benefit: boys; old, fat or feeble men; and girls and women.  By June 1860, he felt he had developed a satisfactory system, and settled in the vicinity of Boston to publicize it, feeling that "Boston would prove more hospitable to an educational innovation than any other city in the country." He was not disappointed.

Evening classes in gymnastics were organized in West Newton, Newtonville, Newton, Newton Upper Falls, and Watertown. The new system was introduced in a normal school in Framingham, the Concord Hall school and schools in Boston.  A public gym for men, women and children opened at 20 Essex Street in Boston.  A lecture at a conference in Boston in August 1860 brought the new system to the attention of educators from across the United States.

In the spring of 1861, Lewis founded the Normal Institute for Physical Education (also known as Boston Normal Physical Training School).  Cornelius C. Felton, president of Harvard, readily consented to serve as its president.  Among the 28 directors appeared the names of Governor John A. Andrew, George S. Boutwell, H. I. Bowditch, Rev. James Freeman Clarke, Edward Everett Hale, N. T. Allen and A. Crosby. The members of the first faculty were Thomas H. Hoskins, M.D., professor of anatomy; Josiah Curtis, M.D., professor of physiology; Walter Channing, M.D., professor of hygiene; and Dio Lewis, M.D., professor of gymnastics. In seven years, five hundred pupils were graduated. Lewis's influence had much to do with the establishment of the present system of physical culture in most of the institutions of learning in the United States.

Girls' school

For three years, 1864–1867, Lewis ran a school for girls at Lexington, Massachusetts, in which Theodore Dwight Weld was a leading teacher, and Catharine Beecher was for a time one of the lecturers. In September 1867, the school building was burned, and, although temporary quarters were at once secured in a summer hotel at Spy Pond, the project was abandoned at the close of another year. The number of pupils rose to 140 in the third year, drawn from all over the country, and nearly 300 were enrolled during the whole period.

Temperance crusading
In the 1870s, Lewis and his mother began leading groups of followers into saloons to pray for their closure. He later lectured in churches claiming miraculous results from conducting such "Visitation Bands". Lewis' actions and lectures inspired others to similar action, thus initiating the Women's Crusade against alcohol.

Lewis gave a public address in Hillsboro, Ohio, on his fall tour through Ohio called "Our Girls", that advocated physical exercise and an active life for women. On Sundays he spoke on "The Duty of Christian Women in the Cause of Temperance". In these lectures he instructed women to ask local dispensers of alcoholic beverages to sign pledges that they would cease to sell. Upon refusal, the women should begin prayer and song services in these establishments. He urged women to be the sole participants in these acts, in order to aggrandize the emotional force of the movement.

Women took to the snowy streets, and within three months of their first march, they had driven the liquor business out of 250 towns. By the time the marches ended, over 912 communities in 31 states and territories had experienced the crusades.

It was and is still the largest mass movement of women to date.... [Frances Willard], the second national president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, wrote later in her memoirs, that the crusade "was like the fires we used to kindle on the western prairies, a match and a wisp of grass were all that was needed, and behold the spectacle of a prairie on fire sweeping across the landscape, swift as a thousand untrained steeds and no more to be captured than a hurricane".

Lewis claimed that, as a result of them, more than 17,000 drinking establishments were abandoned in Ohio alone in a period of two months. Most of the saloons that closed as a result of prayer vigils opened again a few days later to meet the public demand for alcoholic beverages.

Family
Lewis was the brother of jurist and politician Loran L. Lewis.

Works
 The New Gymnastics (1862)
 Weak Lungs and How to Make them Strong (1863)
 Talks About People's Stomachs (1870)
 Our Girls (1871)
 Chats with Young Women (1871)
 "Our Digestion /or, My Jolly Friend's Secret" (1872)
 Chastity (1872)
 Gypsies (1881)
 In a Nutshell (1883)

References

Further reading

Mary F. Eastman. (1891). The Biography of Dio Lewis. New York: Fowler & Wells co.

External links
HOMÉOPATHE INTERNATIONAL

1823 births
1886 deaths
Harvard Medical School alumni
American temperance activists
American homeopaths
American gymnasts
American health educators
People associated with physical culture
People from Auburn, New York
Physicians from New York (state)
Activists from New York (state)
Educators from New York (state)
19th-century American educators

Diocletian Lewis


Olivier Émile Ollivier (; 2 July 182520 August 1913) was a French statesman. Starting as an avid republican opposed to Emperor Napoleon III, he pushed the Emperor toward liberal reforms and in turn came increasingly into Napoleon's grip. He entered the cabinet and was the prime minister when Napoleon fell.

Biography
Émile Ollivier was born in Marseille. His father, Démosthène Ollivier (1799–1884), was a vehement opponent of the July Monarchy, and was returned by Marseille to the Constituent Assembly in 1848 which established a republic. The father's opposition to Louis Napoleon led to his banishment after the coup d'état of December 1851, and he returned to France only in 1860.

With the establishment of the Second Republic, his father's influence with Ledru-Rollin secured for Émile Ollivier the position of commissary-general of the  of Bouches-du-Rhône. Ollivier, then twenty-three, had just been called to the Parisian bar. Less radical in his political opinions than his father, he suppressed a socialist uprising at Marseille, commending himself to General Cavaignac, who made him prefect of the . He was shortly afterwards removed to the comparatively unimportant prefecture of Chaumont-la-Ville (Haute-Marne), a demotion perhaps brought about by his father's enemies. He resigned from the civil service to take up a practice at the bar, where his abilities assured his success.

Calls for a Liberal Empire
He re-entered political life in 1857 as deputy for the 3rd circumscription of the Seine . His candidacy had been supported by the Siècle, and he joined the constitutional opposition. With Alfred Darimon, Jules Favre, JL Hénon and Ernest Picard he formed a group known as Les Cinq (the Five), which wrung from Napoleon III some concessions in the direction of constitutional government.

Although still a republican, Ollivier was a moderate who was prepared to accept the Empire in return for civil liberties even if it was a step-by-step process.

The imperial decree of 24 November, permitting the insertion of parliamentary reports in the Moniteur, and an address from the Corps Législatif in reply to the speech from the throne, were welcomed by him as an initial piece of reform. This marked a considerable change of attitude, for only a year previously he attacked the imperial government, in the course of a defence of Étienne Vacherot, brought to trial for the publication of La Démocratie.  This resulted in his suspension from the bar for three months.

He gradually separated from his old associates, who grouped themselves around Jules Favre, and during the session of 1866–1867, Ollivier formed a third party, which supported the principle of a Liberal Empire.

On the last day of December 1866, Count AFJ Walewski, continuing negotiations begun by the duc de Morny, offered to make Ollivier the Minister of Education, representing the general policy of the government in the Chamber. The imperial decree of 19 January 1867, together with the promise inserted in the Moniteur of a relaxation of the stringency of the press laws and of concessions in respect of the right of public meeting, failed to satisfy Ollivier's demands, and he refused the office.

Politics

On the eve of the general election of 1869, he published a manifesto, Le 19 janvier, on his policy. The sénatus-consulte of 8 September 1869 gave the two chambers ordinary parliamentary rights, and was followed by the dismissal of Eugène Rouher and the formation in the last week of that year of a ministry of which Ollivier was really premier, although that office was not nominally recognized by the constitution.

The new cabinet, known as the ministry of 2 January, had a hard task before it, complicated a week after its formation by the shooting of Victor Noir, a Republican journalist, by Pierre Napoleon Bonaparte, the Emperor's cousin. Ollivier immediately summoned the high court of justice for the judgment of Prince Bonaparte and Joachim Murat. The riots following the murder were suppressed without bloodshed; circulars were sent round to the prefects forbidding them to put pressure on the electors in favour of official candidates; Baron Haussmann was dismissed from the prefecture of the Seine .

The violent press campaign against the emperor, to whom he had promised a happy old age, was broken by the prosecution of Henri Rochefort; and on 20 April a sénatus-consulte was issued which accomplished the transformation of the Empire into a constitutional monarchy. Neither concessions nor firmness sufficed to appease the "Irreconcilables" of the opposition, who since the relaxation of the press laws were able to influence the electorate.

On 8 May, however, the amended constitution was submitted, on Rouher's advice, to a plebiscite, which resulted in a vote of nearly seven to one in favour of the government. This appeared to confirm that Napoleon III' son would succeed him and was a bitter blow to the Republicans.

The most distinguished members of the Left in the cabinet – LJ Buffet, Napoleon Daru and Auguste de Talhouët-Roy – resigned in April over the plebiscite. Ollivier himself held the ministry of foreign affairs for a month, until Daru was replaced by the duc de Gramont, a close aly of Ollivier. The other vacancies were filled by J.P. Mège and Charles Ignace Plichon, both of them of Conservative tendencies.

Franco-Prussian War 1870/71

The revival of the candidature of Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen for the Spanish throne early in 1870 disconcerted Ollivier's plans. The French government, following Gramont's advice, instructed their ambassador to Prussia, Benedetti, to demand from the Prussian king a formal disavowal of the Hohenzollern candidature. Ollivier allowed himself to be won over by the war party. It is unlikely that he could have prevented the eventual outbreak of war, maybe he might have postponed it if he had heard Benedetti's account of the incident. He was outmanoeuvered by Otto von Bismarck, and on 15 July he made a hasty declaration in the Chamber that the Prussian government had issued to the powers a note announcing the rebuff received by Benedetti, the Ems Dispatch. He obtained a war vote of 500,000,000 francs, and said that he accepted the responsibility of the war "with a light heart," saying that the war had been forced on France.

By 9 August, the French Army had lost three battles in three days (Battle of Wissembourg, of Spicheren and of Wörth), the Ollivier cabinet was driven from office, and Ollivier sought refuge from the general rage in Italy. He returned to France in 1873, but although he carried on an active campaign in the Bonapartist Estafette his political power was gone, and even in his own party he came into collision in 1880 with Paul de Cassagnac.

Private life
He had many connections with the literary and artistic world, being one of the early Parisian champions of Richard Wagner. Elected to the academy in 1870, he did not take his seat. His first wife, Blandine Rachel Liszt, was the daughter of Franz Liszt and Marie d'Agoult. They had one son, Daniel. She died in 1862, and in September 1869 Ollivier married Marie-Thérèse Gravier, then 19 years old. They had three children.

Literary works
During his retirement he employed himself in writing a history of L'Empire libéral, the first volume of which appeared in 1895. The work really dealt with the remote and immediate causes of the war, and was the author's apology for his blunder. The 13th volume showed that the immediate blame could not justly be placed entirely on his shoulders.
L'Empire libéral can be considered as an important document for the history of his time.

 Vol. 1 (1895): le principe des Nationalités (online)
 Vol. 2 (1897): Louis-Napoléon et le coup d' état (online)
 Vol. 3 (1898): Napoléon III (online)
 Vol. 4 (1899): Napoléon III et Cavour (online)
 Vol. 5 (1900): L'Inauguration de l'Empire libérale roi Guillaume (online)
 Vol. 6: La Pologne; les élections de 1863, la loi des coalitions (online)
 Vol. 7 (1903): Le démembrement du Danemark; Le syllabus; La mort de Morny; L'entrevue de Biarritz (online)
 Vol. 8 (1903): L' Année fatale – Sadowa (1866) (online)
 Vol. 9 (1904): Le Désarroi (online)
 Vol. 10 (1905): l' Agonie de l' Empire autoritaire (online)
 Vol. 11 (1907): La veillée des armes. L'affaire Baudin. Préparation militaire prussienne. Le plan de Moltke. Réorganisation de l'armée française par l'empereur et le maréchal Niel. Les élections en 1869. L'origine du complot Hohenzollern (online)
 Vol. 12 (1908): Le ministère du 2 janvier. Formation du ministère. L'affaire Victor Noir. Suite du complot Hohenzollern. (online)
 Vol. 13 (1909): Le guet-apens Hohenzollern. Le concile œcuménique. Le plébiscite (online)
 Vol. 14 (1909): La guerre. Explosion du complot Hohenzollern. Déclaration du 6 juillet. Retrait de la candidature Hohenzollern. Demande de garantie. Soufflet de Bismarck. Notre réponse au soufflet de Bismarck. La déclaration de guerre (online)
 Vol. 15 (1911): Étions-nous prêts? Préparation. Mobilisation. Sarrebruck. Alliances (online)
 Vol. 16 (1912): Le suicide. Premier acte: Woerth. Forbach. Renversement du ministère (online)
 Vol. 17 (1915): La fin  (online)
 Vol. 18 (1918): Table générale et analytique (online)
 The Franco-Prussian War and its hidden causes (1913, online)

His other works include:
Démocratie et liberté (1867, online)
Le Ministère du 2 janvier, mes discours (1875)
Principes et conduite (1875)
L'Eglise et l'Etat au concile du Vatican (2 vols., 1879)
Solutions politiques et sociales (1893)
Nouveau Manuel du droit ecclésiastique français (1885).

References

Further reading

 Houston, Douglas W. "Émile Ollivier and the Hohenzollern Candidacy," French Historical Studies (1965) 4#2 pp 125–49.
 Williams, Roger L. The World of Napoleon III 1851-1870 (1962); also published as Gaslight and Shadow: The World of Napoleon III, 1851-1870 (1957); ch 10 on Olliver
 Zeldin, Theodore. Émile Ollivier and the Liberal Empire of Napoleon III (1963)

1825 births
1913 deaths
Politicians from Marseille
Prime Ministers of France
Members of the 2nd Corps législatif of the Second French Empire
Members of the 3rd Corps législatif of the Second French Empire
Members of the 4th Corps législatif of the Second French Empire
Members of the Académie Française

Émile Ollivier


This is a list of the biggest tectonic plates on Earth. Including small ones, there are about a hundred  tectonic plates. These are only the

Primary plates
These seven plates make up most of the seven continents, and the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.

 African plate
 Antarctic plate
 Indo-Australian plate
 North American plate
 Pacific plate
 South American plate
 Eurasian plate

Secondary plates
These plates are generally shown on major plate maps, with the exception of the Arabian and Indian plates, which are smaller than the others.

Arabian plate
Caribbean plate
Cocos plate
Juan de Fuca plate
Indian plate
Nazca plate
Philippine Sea plate ( also known as the Filipino plate)
Scotia plate
 Somali plate
Panama Plate

Tertiary plates
These are parts of major plates, and bits and pieces of ancient plates that became broken up.

 Agean plate

Related pages
Plate tectonics

Other websites
Bird, P. (2003) An updated digital model of plate boundaries  also available as a large (13 mb) PDF file

Science-related lists

List of tectonic plates


John Appleton Wilson (October 7, 1851, in Baltimore, Maryland – April 17, 1927, in Baltimore) was an American architect.

Personal life
Wilson was born in Baltimore, Maryland, the oldest son of  Rev. Franklin Wilson, a well-known Baptist minister, and Virginia Appleton Wilson. He attended private schools and Columbian College (now the George Washington University) in Washington, D.C., and later studied architecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.).  After leaving M.I.T., he continued his education in the office of Baldwin & Price in Baltimore. On October 16, 1877, he married Mary Wade of Virginia. The couple resided at 1013 St. Paul Street, Baltimore, and had a summer home at Monterey in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. They had one daughter, Virginia Appleton Wilson.

Wilson was an active member of historical and professional societies. He was a member and secretary of the Maryland Historical Society, vice-president of the Sons of the Revolution, and historian for the Society of the War of 1812. He held many offices of the Maryland Society of Colonial Wars including treasurer, member of the council, chair of the membership committee and deputy governor general from Maryland for the national society. Wilson also served on the Baltimore Municipal Art Commission and was an early member of the Baltimore chapter of the American Institute of Architects, joining in 1879. He was a member of the University Club and a director of the Colonial Trust Company. The Wilsons were also involved in philanthropic work, with John serving on the board of governors of the Maryland School for Boys and as a trustee of the Baltimore Orphan Asylum, and Mary as the president of the asylum from 1896 to 1918.

Wilson died at his home in Baltimore on April 17, 1927, following a brief illness. His estate was valued at $110,715 and was divided between his wife and daughter, who were given joint ownership of the Wilson homes in Baltimore and Pennsylvania.

Professional life
Wilson and his cousin, William Thomas Wilson, formed a partnership and named their new firm J.A. & W.T. Wilson, Architects. This architectural firm designed Baltimore homes from the end of the nineteenth century until William's death in 1907. Some of the more notable estates were built for Catherine L. McKim. He designed McKim's home first and then 14 more upon her property at Belvidere Terrace, all in the Queen Anne style. Wilson worked on the restoration of Fort McHenry, restoration of the Mount Clare estate and park, and the marking of the grave of Sir Robert Eden, Maryland's last colonial governor. Additionally, he designed the monument to the 2nd Maryland Battalion of the Confederate States Army (1st Maryland C.S.A. originally), on Culp's Hill in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, as well as churches and community and industrial buildings in Maryland, North Carolina and Virginia.

On February 2, 1894, the Maryland State Senate requested that Wilson team up with the well known Annapolis artist Frank Blackwell Mayer to conduct a study of the feasibility of restoring the Maryland State House old Senate Chamber. The state wanted to restore it to the condition it had been in when George Washington resigned his commission as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in 1783. After six weeks of working without pay, Mayer and Wilson issued their report on March 19, 1894, that listed items to be repaired, replaced or reproduced and estimated the total cost to be $6,150. They concluded their report with a recommendation that the work be started immediately. However, much to their dismay, the work was not begun until Governor Edwin Warfield acted on the issue in 1904 and 1905. Wilson, commenting on his act of charity, said, "It was a labor of love unto the end."

Notable buildings
Lea Laboratory (1887-1888), original campus of Wake Forest University, now Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.

References

Radoff, Morris L., The State House At Annapolis, The Hall of Records Commission - Department of General Services, State of Maryland, Annapolis 1972
The Maryland State House: A Memorial to John Appleton Wilson, The Society Of Colonial Wars In The State Of Maryland, Press of John S. Bridges and Company, Baltimore, Maryland, 1931
The Architecture of Baltimore: An Illustrated History, edited by Mary Ellen Hayward and Frank R. Shivers, Jr., Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 2004
The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography: Being The History Of The United States volume XXV, James T. White and Company, New York City, 1936
J. Appleton Wilson , MSA SC 3520-13819 at www.msa.md.gov

1851 births
1927 deaths
19th-century American architects
Architects from Baltimore
Columbian College of Arts and Sciences alumni
20th-century American architects
MIT School of Architecture and Planning alumni

John Appleton Wilson


Stretching is a word used to describe a kind of body modification. It is when a person widens a pierced hole in their body.

Stretching is usually done a little bit at a time, so the pierced hole would not bleed or get infected.

Stretching methods

There are some common ways used to stretch piercings, of different origins and useful for different people.

 Tapering — The most common way to stretch, tapering uses a taper, a piece of jewelry which is smaller at one end and larger at the other. The taper is covered  with something slippery, like oil or soap, to make it slide through the skin more easily. Then it is pushed through the hole of the piercing until it is almost completely through. Thicker jewelry is then pushed into the piercing. Tapers come in many sizes and are usually sold by the thickness of the large end. Most tapers are about 2 or 3 inches long.

 Dead Stretching — In dead stretching, jewelry is forced through without trying to widen the piercing hole first. This can hurt the body, and make scars, if it is not ready to hold the new jewelry. Some piercings will stretch a little on their own and larger jewelry can be put in without  injury.

 Teflon Tape Stretching — The jewelry is taken out, and a thin layer of non-sticky teflon tape is wrapped around it to make it thicker. The jewelry is then put back in. If a lot of tape is wrapped around the jewelry, eventually a person's piercing holes can be very wide.

 Weights — Big, heavy jewelry objects can be used to stretch piercings.

Gauges and other measuring systems

Body jewellery is measured in gauges from 20g up to 000g; sizes larger than that are measured in fractions of inches. In Europe they are measured in millimeters.

The table below is not exact, but very close.

Body piercing

Stretching (body piercing)


Leigh Douglass Brackett () a fost o scriitoare americană de science fiction. Este cel mai cunoscută pentru lucrarea sa Queen of Space Opera. A lucrat și ca scenaristă a unor filme ca The Big Sleep (1946), Rio Bravo (1959), The Long Goodbye (1973) sau Imperiul contraatacă (1980). Este prima femeie propusă pentru a primi Premiul Hugo.

Bibliografie

Povestiri scurte

1940–1941
 "Martian Quest" (Astounding Science Fiction, februarie 1940)
 "The Treasure of Ptakuth" (Astounding Science Fiction, aprile 1940)
 "The Stellar Legion" (Planet Stories, Winter 1940)
 "The Tapestry Gate" (Strange Stories, august 1940)
 "The Demons of Darkside" (Startling Stories, ianuarie 1941)
 "Water Pirate" (Super Science Stories, ianuarie 1941)
 "Interplanetary Reporter" (Startling Stories, May 1941)
 "The Dragon-Queen of Jupiter" (Planet Stories, Summer 1941), also published as "The Dragon-Queen of Venus"
 "Lord of the Earthquake" (novelette; Science Fiction, June 1941)
 "No Man's Land in Space" (novelette; Amazing Stories July 1941)
 "A World is Born" (Comet Stories July 1941)
 "Retreat to the Stars" (Astonishing Stories, November 1941)

1942–1944
 "Child of the Green Light" (Super Science Stories, februarie 1942)
 "The Sorcerer of Rhiannon" (novelette; Astounding Science Fiction, februarie 1942)
 "Child of the Sun" (novelette; Planet Stories, Spring 1942)
 "Out of the Sea" (novelette; Astonishing Stories, June 1942)
 "Cube from Space" (Super Science Stories, august 1942)
 "Outpost on Io" (Planet Stories, Winter 1942)
 "The Halfling" (novelette; Astonishing Stories, februarie 1943)
 "The Citadel of Lost Ships" (Planet Stories, March 1943)
 "The Blue Behemoth" (Planet Stories, May 1943)
 "Thralls of the Endless Night" (Planet Stories, Fall 1943)
 "The Jewel of Bas" (novelette; Planet Stories, Spring 1944)
 "The Veil of Astellar" (novelette; Thrilling Wonder Stories, Spring 1944)
 "Terror Out of Space" (Planet Stories, Summer 1944)
 "Shadow Over Mars" (Startling Stories, Fall 1944), published in book form as The Nemesis from Terra

1945–1950
 "The Vanishing Venusians" (novelette; Planet Stories, Spring 1945)
 "Lorelei of the Red Mist", with Ray Bradbury (novella; Planet Stories, Summer 1946)
 "The Moon That Vanished" (novelette; Thrilling Wonder Stories, October 1948)
 "The Beast-Jewel of Mars" (novelette; Planet Stories, Winter 1948)
 "Quest of the Starhope" (Thrilling Wonder Stories, aprile 1949)
 "Sea-Kings of Mars" (Thrilling Wonder Stories, June 1949), published in book form as The Sword of Rhiannon
 "Queen of the Martian Catacombs" (Planet Stories, Summer 1949), expanded and published in book form as The Secret of Sinharat
 "Enchantress of Venus" (novella; Planet Stories, Fall 1949), also published as "City of the Lost Ones"
 "The Lake of the Gone Forever" (novelette; Thrilling Wonder Stories, October 1949)
 "The Dancing Girl of Ganymede" (novelette; Thrilling Wonder Stories, februarie 1950)
 "The Truants" (novelette; Startling Stories, July 1950)
 "The Citadel of Lost Ages" (novella; Thrilling Wonder Stories, December 1950)

1951–1955
 "Black Amazon of Mars" (Planet Stories, March 1951), expanded and published in book form as People of the Talisman
 "The Starmen of Llyrdis" (Startling Stories, March 1951)
 "The Woman from Altair" (novelette; Startling Stories, July 1951)
 "The Shadows" ( Startling Stories, februarie 1952)
 "The Last Days of Shandakor" (novelette; Startling Stories, aprile 1952)
 "Shannach – The Last" (novelette; Planet Stories, November 1952)
 "The Ark of Mars" (Planet Stories, September 1953), later published as part of the book Alpha Centauri or Die!
 "Mars Minus Bisha" (Planet Stories, ianuarie 1954)
 "Runaway" (Startling Stories, Spring 1954)
 "Teleportress of Alpha C" (Planet Stories, Winter 1954/1955), later published as part of the book Alpha Centauri or Die!
 "The Tweener" (The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, februarie 1955)
 "Last Call from Sector 9G" (Planet Stories, Summer 1955)

După 1955
 "The Other People" (novelette; Venture Science Fiction Magazine March 1957), also published as "The Queer Ones"
 "All the Colors of the Rainbow" (novelette; Venture Science Fiction Magazine, November 1957)
 "The Road to Sinharat" (novelette; Amazing Stories, May 1963)
 "Purple Priestess of the Mad Moon" (The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, October 1964)
 "Come Sing the Moons of Moravenn" (The Other Side of Tomorrow, 1973)
 "How Bright the Stars" (Flame Tree Planet: An Anthology of Religious Science-Fantasy, 1973)
 "Mommies and Daddies" (Crisis, 1974)
 "Stark and the Star Kings", with Edmond Hamilton (in the collection of the same name, 2005)

Romane science fiction
 Shadow Over Mars (1951) – first published 1944; published in the U.S. as The Nemesis from Terra (1961)
 The Starmen (1952) – also published as The Galactic Breed (1955, abridged), The Starmen of Llyrdis (1976)
 The Sword of Rhiannon (1953) – first published as Sea-Kings of Mars (1949)
 The Big Jump (1955)
 The Long Tomorrow (1955)
 Alpha Centauri or Die! (1963) – fixup of The Ark of Mars (1953) and Teleportress of Alpha C (1954)
 The Secret of Sinharat and People of the Talisman (1964)
 The Ginger Star (1974) – first published as a two-part serial in Worlds of If, februarie and aprile 1974
 The Hounds of Skaith (1974)
 The Reavers of Skaith (1976)

Colecții science fiction
 The Coming of the Terrans (1967)
 The Halfling and Other Stories (1973)
 The Book of Skaith (1976) – omnibus edition of the three Skaith novels
 The Best of Leigh Brackett (1977), ed. Edmond Hamilton
 Martian Quest: The Early Brackett (2000) – Haffner Press
 Stark and the Star Kings (2005), with Edmond Hamilton
 Sea-Kings of Mars and Otherworldly Stories (2005) – #46 in the Fantasy Masterworks series.
 Lorelei of the Red Mist: Planetary Romances (2007) – Haffner Press
 Shannach–the Last: Farewell to Mars (2011) – Haffner Press

Science fiction, as editor
 The Best of Planet Stories No. 1 (anthology; 1975)
 The Best of Edmond Hamilton (collection; 1977)

Scenarii
 The Vampire's Ghost (cu John K. Butler), 1945
 Crime Doctor's Manhunt (cu Eric Taylor), 1946
 The Big Sleep (cu William Faulkner & Jules Furthman), 1946
 Rio Bravo (cu Jules Furthman & B.H. McCampbell), 1959
 Gold of the Seven Saints (cu Leonard Freeman), 1961
 Hatari! (cu Harry Kurnitz), 1962
 Man's Favorite Sport? (nemenționată), 1964
 El Dorado, 1967
 Rio Lobo (cu Burton Wohl), 1970
 The Long Goodbye, 1973
 The Empire Strikes Back (cu George Lucas & Lawrence Kasdan), 1980

Alte genuri
 No Good from a Corpse (crime novel; 1944)
 Stranger at Home (crime novel; 1946) – ghost-writer for the actor George Sanders
 An Eye for an Eye (crime novel; 1957) – adapted for television as Suspicion series episode (1958)
 The Tiger Among Us (crime novel; 1957; UK 1960 as Fear No Evil), filmed as 13 West Street (1962; dir. Philip Leacock)
 Follow the Free Wind (western novel; 1963) – received the Spur Award from Western Writers of America
 Rio Bravo (western novel; 1959) – novelization based on the screenplay by Jules Furthman and Leigh Brackett
 Silent Partner (crime novel; 1969)
 No Good from a Corpse (mystery collection; Dennis McMillan Publications, 1999) – reprints the titular novel and eight shorter crime stories.

Premii
 Cordwainer Smith Rediscovery Award, în 2005

Referințe și note

Legături externe

 Books by Leigh Brackett from Haffner Press

 Leigh Brackett  at the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame

Vezi și
 Listă de autori de literatură științifico-fantastică
 Lista autorilor de povestiri
 Listă de scriitori americani

Nașteri în 1915
Decese în 1978
Scriitori americani de literatură științifico-fantastică
Scriitori americani de literatură fantastică
Scenariști americani
Romancieri americani
Scriitori americani de thriller

Leigh Brackett


The PTBC Storm English Open is one of the Europe's leading Ten-pin bowling tournaments. It was formed by the Premier Tenpin Bowling Club under the BTBA. In 2007 it forms part of the European Bowling Tour, and following the cancellation of the Kungsbacka International tournament in Sweden, becomes the final tournament in the calendar.

The inaugural PTBC Storm English Open was put together in 2006 by the PTBC to essentially replace the loss of the British Open. The PTBC's intention is for the tournament to grow to a level that will compete with some of the largest amateur tournaments outside of the United States. The tournament was won by Paul Moor of England.

The 2007 Tournament

The 2007 English Open will take place from the 5th to 9 December, and is the 18th and final stop in the 2007 European Bowling Tour (EBT). It is an EBT Challenger event, offering normal EBT ranking points for the top 50 Men and top 50 Women. The tournament is also a British ranking event to determine the selection of bowlers to represent Team GB during 2008, and it will also be the third and final tour stop of the Storm Rolling Thunder Tour.

Lane maintenance will be provided by kegel.

The venue will be at the Lakeside Superbowl in Nuneaton, Warwickshire. This town will provide the PTBC with an excellent range of facilities due to our close working relationship directly with the bowl. With plenty of room behind the lanes, an impeccably clean centre and a highly rated pro-shop onsite it's no wonder Nuneaton is a regular on the UK tournament calendar.

Located in the Bermuda Park retail centre, there are plenty of fast food outlets and restaurants, an 8 screen cinema and a hotel on-site. You shouldn't need to venture far from the action, but should you wish to explore whilst you are here there are plenty of tourist attractions all within easy reach.

Tournament Format

The tournament is an open mixed singles event, with women receiving a handicap of 8 pins per game. Professional Bowlers are eligible for entry. There are 16 qualification squads, plus a desperado squad.

Qualification
Qualifying will consist of 6 games
Re-entries will consist of 6 games

The top 44 players will qualify for the following final steps:
- Players in positions 1-2 will qualify to the final step 5
- Players in positions 3-6 will qualify to the final step 4
- Players in positions 7-10 will qualify to the final step 3
- Players in positions 11-44 will qualify for the final step 1

Desperado squad
A 1-game shootout
Players in positions 1-4 will qualify for the final step 1

Final step 1
38 players will play 6 games starting from scratch
Top 24 will continue to the final step 2
The remaining 14 players will be ranked 35-48 according to their positions in the final step 1

Final step 2
24 players will play 3 games with the pin fall from the final step 1 carried forward
Top 12 will continue to the Final step 3
The remaining 12 players will be ranked 23-34 according to their positions in the final step 2

Seeding and matching in the final step 3-7
Players in positions 1-10 from the qualification will be seeded 1-10
Players in positions 1-12 from the final step 2 will be seeded 11-22

In each of the matches in the final step 3-7, the highest seeded player will meet the lowest seeded player,
the second highest seeded player will meet the second lowest seeded player etc.

Final step 3
16 players will play 8 matches, best of three games
The 8 winners will continue to the final step 4
The 8 losers will be ranked 15-22 according to their seeding

Final step 4
12 players will play 6 matches, best of three games
The 6 winners will continue to the final step 5
The 6 losers will be ranked 9-14 according to their seeding

Final step 5
8 players will play 4 matches, best of three games
The 4 winners will continue to the final step 6
The 4 losers will be ranked 5-8 according to their seeding

Final step 6
4 players will play 2 matches, best of three games
The 2 winners will continue to the final step 7
The 2 losers will be ranked 3-4 according to their seeding

Final step 7
2 players will play 1 match, best of three games
The winner will be ranked 1
The loser will be ranked 2

Prize Fund

All prizes quoted are in UK£ sterling

External links
Official PTBC website
Official BTBA website
What is the BTBA?
Official BTBA Forum
Bowlinglinks all over the World, sorted by categories

Ten-pin bowling competitions
Sport in England
Tenpin bowling in the United Kingdom

PTBC Storm English Open


Eduard Salomon Frankfort (21 June 1864, in Meppel – 19 August 1920, in Laren) was a Dutch Jewish painter during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Early life and education
Frankfort was born to Salomon Simon Frankfort and Dine Bendien-Frankfort. He was the youngest of eight children. His father was a devoutly religious merchant, and Eduard's upbringing reflected his father's strict religious beliefs. When he was eleven years old, his family moved to Amsterdam, where Salomon Simon Frankfort hoped Eduard would eventually take a municipal job.

Eduard, however, showed an early interest in painting. From ages eleven to seventeen, he underwent formal training at Atelier Bing to become a visual artist. In 1887, he studied under master painter August Allebé at the Rijksakademie van Beeldende Kunsten (the Royal Academy for Visual Arts) in Amsterdam. Afterwards, he studied painting for several months at the Koninklijke Academie voor Schone Kunsten Antwerpen (the Antwerp Royal Academy of Fine Arts) in Antwerp, Belgium.

Career
Eduard Frankfort remained in Amsterdam until 1905. Many of his paintings featured Jewish religious themes. Like other contemporary artists, Frankfort was drawn to Laren. In 1903, he was awarded a gold medal by the Royal Art Society "Arti et Amicitiae". He was highly regarded at that time and was asked to teach at several schools. In 1905, he followed his sister to South Africa, where he toured and painted portraits. One such portrait he did during this time was of Esther de Boer-van Rijk.

After his tour of South Africa, Eduard Frankfort returned to Amsterdam, where he married Klara Kloots in 1911. The couple lived on Beethovenstraat in Amsterdam and had four children. Eduard Frankfort was a member of several professional societies, including  "Arti et Amiticiae" and "Pulchri Studio". He was awarded the Diploma of the Royal Academy of Holland, the Royal Gold Medal of "Arti et Amiticiae" and four medals from the Academy of Holland at art exhibitions in Paris, St. Louis, Arnhem and Barcelona.

Death and legacy

Eduard Frankfort continued to paint and lead a distinguished career until his death on 19 August 1920, at age 56. A magazine called De Vrijdagavond published an obituary that said "he was still young".

His family's copies of his work are now on display at the Joods Historisch Museum (Jewish Historical Museum) in Amsterdam. Other works by Eduard Frankfort continue to be sought by collectors.

External links and sources

(nl) Joods Historisch Museum | Frankfort, Eduard
(nl) EDUARD SALOMON FRANKFORT
(en) Jewish Historical Museum | Resource centre acquisitions 2005

Notes

1864 births
1920 deaths
People from Meppel
Dutch Jews
Jewish painters
Royal Academy of Fine Arts (Antwerp) alumni
19th-century Dutch painters
Dutch male painters
20th-century Dutch painters
19th-century Dutch male artists
20th-century Dutch male artists

Eduard Frankfort


The Conservative Party of South Carolina was a political party of South Carolina during Reconstruction. It was founded in 1874 by James Chestnut from the State Tax Union to provide an organization for the mobilization of white voters. The absence of an active and statewide Democratic Party led many Democrats to become members of the Conservative Party for the election of 1874. The reemergence of a strong Democratic Party for the election of 1876 ended the Conservative Party.

A convention in Columbia for the State Tax Union was summoned for September 10, 1874, by James Chestnut. The purpose of the convention was to plan for the election of 1874 and to dispute a statement by President Grant on September 2 about the recent activities of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) in the South.

Chestnut called for another convention of the State Tax Union to be held on October 8 in Columbia to discuss election strategies and choose candidates for office. The delegates agreed to support the Independent Republican statewide ticket and adopted a platform of honesty and efficiency in state government.

The Independent Republican statewide candidates were all defeated for the general election on November 3, 1874. However, the Conservatives did reduce the majorities of the Republicans in the House and the Senate, albeit modestly. A fusion of the Conservative and Independent Republican parties in Charleston County enabled Conservatives to be elected to the General Assembly from Charleston and for the Independent Republican Edmund W.M. Mackey to win a seat in Congress from the Second District.

While unable to achieve its electoral goals in the election, the lasting effect of the Conservative Party was to provide a basis for the reformation of the Democratic Party. The failure of the Conservatives caused the Democrats to believe that in order to gain control of state government, they needed to nominate a full slate of statewide candidates for the election of 1876.

References

Political parties established in 1874
Defunct state and local conservative parties in the United States
History of South Carolina
Regional and state political parties in the United States
Reconstruction Era
Political parties in South Carolina
1874 establishments in South Carolina

Conservative Party (South Carolina)