The String Quartet No. 14 in G major, K. 387, nicknamed the "Spring" quartet, was composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1782 while in Vienna. In the composer's inscription on the title page of the autograph score is stated: "li 31 di decembre 1782 in vienna". The work was perhaps edited in 1783. This is the first of the Haydn Quartets, a set of six string quartets he wrote during his first few years in Vienna and dedicated to Joseph Haydn.

Movements
Average performances of the whole string quartet vary in length from 26 to 33 minutes. As with all later Mozart quartets, this quartet has four movements:
I. Allegro vivace assai
II. Menuetto (Trio in G minor)
III. Andante cantabile, in C major
IV. Molto allegro

The first movement, in G major, contrasts fairly diatonic passages with chromatic runs. According to (Williams, 1997) "it must come as something of a surprise to anyone examining this quartet just how much chromaticism there is in it." In contrast to the standard quartet form, which places the minuet as the 3rd movement, this quartet has the minuet as its 2nd movement (another example of this ordering is the String Quartet No. 17). It is a long minuet, written in the tonic key of G major, with its chromatic fourths set apart by note-to-note dynamics changes. Its trio is in G minor and has a suitably darker and more unsettled mood.

The minuet is followed by a slow movement in the subdominant C major, whose theme explores remote key areas.

The fugal theme of four whole notes in the finale points ahead to the finale of Mozart's "Jupiter" Symphony of 1788, a movement which also begins with four whole notes that are used in a fugal fashion, in the coda, and it also points back to Michael Haydn's Symphony No. 23 in which the finale is also a fugato based on a theme of four whole notes, which Mozart copied out the first few bars of and was mistakenly entered into Köchel's original catalog as K. 291.

Notes

References
 John Irving, Mozart, the "Haydn" quartets. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1998)
 Williams, Peter F. The chromatic fourth during four centuries of music. Oxford : Clarendon Press ; New York : Oxford University Press, 1997: 130

External links

Recording by the Borromeo String Quartet from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in MP3 format

14
Compositions in G major
1782 compositions

String Quartet No. 14 (Mozart)


Joseph George Nelson (born October 25, 1974) is a former Major League Baseball relief pitcher.

High school
Nelson attended St. Joseph's High School in Alameda, California. At St. Joseph, Nelson played basketball with NBA star Jason Kidd.

College
After two seasons at Seminole State College from –-, he transferred to the University of San Francisco. In a switch to pitching at USF, he went undefeated, recording five saves.

Professional career

Atlanta Braves
After being selected twice by the Toronto Blue Jays in the  and 1994 amateur drafts, he was drafted by the Atlanta Braves in the fourth round of the . Nelson made it to the majors in , seeing two stints of an inning apiece in mop-up duty, where his ERA was 36.00.

Boston Red Sox
Released by the Braves the following summer, he was signed by the Boston Red Sox and quickly released after four appearances for Double-A Trenton. Nelson re-signed with the Red Sox in the spring of , and was promoted to the majors in June as bullpen help. After recording a scoreless inning against Texas, he gave up 5 runs over 12⁄3 innings in his next two appearances. He was optioned back to Triple-A when Mark Malaska was activated off the disabled list.

New York Mets/Tampa Bay Rays/St. Louis Cardinals
After spending spring training with the New York Mets in , he signed to play with the Devil Rays' Triple-A team. Despite good peripheral numbers of 61 strikeouts in 46 innings and a .229 opponents' batting average, he went 0–3 with a 4.11 ERA and was released in July. Nelson then had a short 13-inning stint with the Cardinals' Double-A club, allowing just four hits over that span.

Kansas City Royals
He signed with the Kansas City Royals organization in November. Nelson bounced between Omaha and the major-league club before being called up for good on July 19, . After Royals closer Ambiorix Burgos was demoted on August 14, Nelson threw a perfect ninth inning the following day. Manager Buddy Bell used the 31-year-old journeyman in the closer's role for 2006. In , he was hurt. At the end of the 2007 season, he was designated for assignment to Triple-A Omaha, which he refused and opted out becoming a free agent.

Florida Marlins
In December 2007, Nelson was signed by the Florida Marlins to a minor league contract. Joe Nelson earned a victory over the Mets in his final appearance with the Marlins on September 28, 2008, becoming the last recorded winning pitcher at Shea Stadium. Nelson was non-tendered by the Marlins following the  season.

Second Stint with Rays
On December 30, 2008, Nelson signed with the Tampa Bay Rays. In October 2009 Nelson was granted free agency.

Second Stint with Red Sox
On February 1, 2010, Nelson signed a minor league contract with the Boston Red Sox. When Josh Beckett was placed on the disabled list on May 19, Nelson was called up to take his roster spot. He elected to become a free agent after he was designated for assignment by the Red Sox last week after opening the season with a 9.72 ERA over his first eight appearances.

Seattle Mariners
On June 24, 2010, Nelson signed a minor league contract with the Seattle Mariners, but was released on July 28, 2010.

Post playing career
After his active career, Nelson served as a professional scout for the Red Sox, based in West Palm Beach, Florida.  As of , he holds a similar position with the Seattle Mariners. In February 2017, the Chicago Cubs hired him as a scout.

References

External links

1974 births
Living people
Albuquerque Isotopes players
Atlanta Braves players
Baseball players from Alameda, California
Boston Red Sox players
Boston Red Sox scouts
Chicago Cubs scouts
Durham Bulls players
Eugene Emeralds players
Florida Marlins players
Greenville Braves players
Gulf Coast Braves players
Jamestown Jammers players
Kansas City Royals players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Omaha Royals players
Pawtucket Red Sox players
Portland Sea Dogs players
Richmond Braves players
San Francisco Dons baseball players
Seattle Mariners scouts
Springfield Cardinals players
Tacoma Rainiers players
Tampa Bay Rays players
Trenton Thunder players

Joe Nelson


Paros is a Greek island which belongs in Cyclades group. It is the third largest island in the Cyclades. Its area is 195 square meter and its population is 12,853. The island has got a scheme almost circular. The most largest towns in Paros is Paroikia (or Paros city) and Naoussa.

Sights-Architecture
The island is very touristic. Every summer many thousands tourists came to Paros. The most of them came from European countries. The island has got beautiful beaches and very beautiful villages. The main feature of the villages of Paros is its important architecture. The houses of the villages has got cubic scheme with intense white colour. The windows and the doors has got an intense colour, usually azure or blue.

References

Other websites
The website of Paros

Islands of Greece

Paros


Topaze is a 1933 American pre-Code film directed by D'Abbadie D'Arrast and starring John Barrymore and Myrna Loy. It was based on the 1928 French play of the same name by Marcel Pagnol. Another film version of Topaze, this one made in the original French was also released that year, starring Louis Jouvet in the title role. Subsequently, Pagnol himself directed another film titled Topaze in 1936.

Plot
Prof. Auguste A. Topaze (John Barrymore), an honest, naive chemist and schoolteacher at the Stegg Academy in Paris, loses his job when he refuses to accede to a demand by the Baroness de La Tour-La Tour to alter the grades of her bratty son, Charlemagne.

On the same day, Friday the 13th, Topaze calls on the Baron de La Tour-La Tour's mistress, Coco (Myrna Loy), who is looking for a tutor for her sister's son, Alphonse, and had gotten Topaze's name from La Tour. Upon meeting and listening to the sincere remarks of Topaze, the baron, head of the La Tour Chemical Works, decides to employ him as a scientific front for his phony curative water.

After an encounter at a cafe, where the Baron narrowly avoids a scene with his wife by calling Coco "Madame Topaze", Coco reveals the true nature of her relation to the Baron to the naive Professor. When they arrive late back to Coco's apartment, the Baron is jealous, but soon realizes Topaze is entirely innocent.

Unaware that the water, "Sparkling Topaze," which is being sold all over Paris, does not contain the medicinal formula he invented for it, Topaze is shocked when Dr. Bomb (who had turned down the "honor" of having the fraudulent water named for him) shows up, demanding 100,000 francs from the Baron or he will expose the fraudulent product. But the Baron blackmails him in return with information about his previous identity, and Bomb is dragged out.

After confirming for himself, in the lab and in a local restaurant, that "Sparkling Topaze" is in fact phony, a dazed Topaze returns to Coco's apartment the next morning, where Coco fusses over him. At first, he is ready to be arrested, but the men who are shown in are instead a delegation from the Bureau of Awards and Merits, who award him the Academic Palms.  All are friends and business associates of the Baron, and the scales begin to fall from Professor Topaze's eyes.

His naivete thoroughly destroyed, declaring "Topaze lies dead in an alley", Topaze decides to fight back by becoming more corrupt than his mentors. He remakes his image and, with Bomb as his assistant, he opens his own office, where he makes dignitaries wait to see him.  One is Dr. Stegg, who now wants Topaze to preside at the graduation at the school.  Topaze succeeds in blackmailing the Baron into a partnership in his company with a complete account of his relationship with Coco, which he threatens to show to the Baroness, whose name the shares in the company are in.

At the Stegg Academy graduation, Topaze, who has also garnered the romantic attention of Coco, is to award the prize, which he is told is to go to his former nemesis, Charlemagne de La Tour-La Tour.  He gives a little speech about his experiences in the great world, that honesty isn't always rewarded and that villainy often receives more applause than virtue.  Declaring that he will not reward wrongdoers, he shows up Charlemagne's ignorance relative to all his classmates, then awards the prize to them instead.

He is last seen escorting Coco into the cinema.

Cast
 John Barrymore as Professor Auguste A. Topaze
 Myrna Loy as Coco
 Reginald Mason as Baron Philippe de La Tour-La Tour
 Jobyna Howland as Baroness Hortense de La Tour-La Tour
 Jackie Searl as Charlemagne de La Tour-La Tour
 Albert Conti as Henri de Fairville
 Frank Reicher as Dr. Stegg
 Luis Alberni as Dr. Bomb

Reception
Topaze was the first RKO film to play Radio City Music Hall.  It won the 1933 National Board of Review Award for Best Film.

Mordaunt Hall said "[I]t is an agreeable and effective film, and Mr. Barrymore lends no little artistry to the rôle of the benign Professor Auguste Topaze, a part played with rare skill on the stage by Frank Morgan."

In 1935, a planned reissue was rejected by Joseph Breen as the Production Code was now being strictly enforced and the adulterous relationship between Coco and Philippe was unacceptable to the Breen Office.

Preservation status
The film has been preserved by the Library of Congress, Washington D.C.

References

External links

1933 films
American comedy-drama films
American films based on plays
Films based on works by Marcel Pagnol
American black-and-white films
Films with screenplays by Ben Hecht
Films produced by David O. Selznick
Films with screenplays by Charles MacArthur
Films set in France
1933 comedy-drama films
1930s English-language films
Films directed by Harry d'Abbadie d'Arrast
1930s American films
Films with screenplays by Benn Levy

Topaze (1933 American film)


The Deutsches Museum von Meisterwerken der Naturwissenschaft und Technik, usually called Deutsches Museum is a museum focused on technology. It is  located in Munich. By area, it is the biggest technical museum in the world.  About 1.5 million people visit the museum, every year. About 28.000 objects are on display, from about 50 subject areas. It was first opened in 1925. It collaborates with Ludwig Maximilian Universität München, and TU München. The main site is located on an island in the river Isar.  Oskar von Miller founded the museum. One of the concepts of the museum is to help visitors discover new technology, or how things work. For this reason, the phrase "In diesem Museum darf jeder machen, was ich will" (In this museum, everyone may do what I want) is visible near the entrance.

Museums in Germany

Deutsches Museum


Appropriate technology is a movement (and its manifestations) encompassing technological choice and application that is small-scale, affordable by locals, decentralized, labor-intensive, energy-efficient, environmentally sustainable, and locally autonomous. It was originally articulated as intermediate technology by the economist Ernst Friedrich "Fritz" Schumacher in his work Small Is Beautiful. Both Schumacher and many modern-day proponents of appropriate technology also emphasize the technology as people-centered.

Appropriate technology has been used to address issues in a wide range of fields. Well-known examples of appropriate technology applications include: bike- and hand-powered water pumps (and other self-powered equipment), the bicycle, the universal nut sheller, self-contained solar lamps and streetlights, and passive solar building designs. Today appropriate technology is often developed using open source principles, which have led to open-source appropriate technology (OSAT) and thus many of the plans of the technology can be freely found on the Internet. OSAT has been proposed as a new model of enabling innovation for sustainable development.

Appropriate technology is most commonly discussed in its relationship to economic development and as an alternative to technology transfer of more capital-intensive technology from industrialized nations to developing countries. However, appropriate technology movements can be found in both developing and developed countries. In developed countries, the appropriate technology movement grew out of the energy crisis of the 1970s and focuses mainly on environmental and sustainability issues. Today the idea is multifaceted; in some contexts, appropriate technology can be described as the simplest level of technology that can achieve the intended purpose, whereas in others, it can refer to engineering that takes adequate consideration of social and environmental ramifications. The facets are connected through robustness and sustainable living.

History

Predecessors
Indian ideological leader Mahatma Gandhi is often cited as the "father" of the appropriate technology movement. Though the concept had not been given a name, Gandhi advocated for small, local and predominantly village-based technology to help India's villages become self-reliant. He disagreed with the idea of technology that benefited a minority of people at the expense of the majority or that put people out of work to increase profit. In 1925 Gandhi founded the All-India Spinners Association and in 1935 he retired from politics to form the All-India Village Industries Association. Both organizations focused on village-based technology similar to the future appropriate technology movement.

China also implemented policies similar to appropriate technology during the reign of Mao Zedong and the following Cultural Revolution. During the Cultural Revolution, development policies based on the idea of "walking on two legs" advocated the development of both large-scale factories and small-scale village industries.

E. F. Schumacher
Despite these early examples, Dr. Ernst Friedrich "Fritz" Schumacher is credited as the founder of the appropriate technology movement. A well-known economist, Schumacher worked for the British National Coal Board for more than 20 years, where he blamed the size of the industry's operations for its uncaring response to the harm black-lung disease inflicted on the miners. However it was his work with developing countries, such as India and Burma, which helped Schumacher form the underlying principles of appropriate technology.

Schumacher first articulated the idea of "intermediate technology," now known as appropriate technology, in a 1962 report to the Indian Planning Commission in which he described India as long in labor and short in capital, calling for an "intermediate industrial technology" that harnessed India's labor surplus. Schumacher had been developing the idea of intermediate technology for several years prior to the Planning Commission report. In 1955, following a stint as an economic advisor to the government of Burma, he published the short paper "Economics in a Buddhist Country," his first known critique of the effects of Western economics on developing countries. In addition to Buddhism, Schumacher also credited his ideas to Gandhi.

Initially, Schumacher's ideas were rejected by both the Indian government and leading development economists. Spurred to action over concern the idea of intermediate technology would languish, Schumacher, George McRobie, Mansur Hoda and Julia Porter brought together a group of approximately 20 people to form the Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG) in May 1965. Later that year, a Schumacher article published in The Observer garnered significant attention and support for the group. In 1967, the group published the Tools for Progress: A Guide to Small-scale Equipment for Rural Development and sold 7,000 copies. ITDG also formed panels of experts and practitioners around specific technological needs (such as building construction, energy and water) to develop intermediate technologies to address those needs. At a conference hosted by the ITDG in 1968 the term "intermediate technology" was discarded in favor of the term "appropriate technology" used today. Intermediate technology had been criticized as suggesting the technology was inferior to advanced (or high) technology and not including the social and political factors included in the concept put forth by the proponents. In 1973, Schumacher described the concept of appropriate technology to a mass audience in his influential work Small Is Beautiful: A Study of Economics As If People Mattered.

Growing trend

Between 1966 and 1975 the number of new appropriate technology organizations founded each year was three times greater than the previous nine years. There was also an increase in organizations focusing on applying appropriate technology to the problems of industrialized nations, particularly issues related to energy and the environment. In 1977, the OECD identified in its Appropriate Technology Directory 680 organizations involved in the development and promotion of appropriate technology. By 1980, this number had grown to more than 1,000. International agencies and government departments were also emerging as major innovators in appropriate technology, indicating its progression from a small movement fighting against the established norms to a legitimate technological choice supported by the establishment. For example, the Inter-American Development Bank created a Committee for the Application of Intermediate Technology in 1976 and the World Health Organization established the Appropriate Technology for Health Program in 1977.

Appropriate technology was also increasingly applied in developed countries. For example, the energy crisis of the mid-1970s led to the creation of the National Center for Appropriate Technology (NCAT) in 1977 with an initial appropriation of 3 million dollars from the U.S. Congress. The Center sponsored appropriate technology demonstrations to "help low-income communities find better ways to do things that will improve the quality of life, and that will be doable with the skills and resources at hand." However, by 1981 the NCAT's funding agency, Community Services Administration, had been abolished. For several decades NCAT worked with the US departments of Energy and Agriculture on contract to develop appropriate technology programs. Since 2005, NCAT's informational web site is no longer funded by the US government.

Decline
In more recent years, the appropriate technology movement has continued to decline in prominence. Germany's German Appropriate Technology Exchange (GATE) and Holland's Technology Transfer for Development (TOOL) are examples of organizations no longer in operation. Recently, a study looked at the continued barriers to AT deployment despite the relatively low cost of transferring information in the internet age. The barriers have been identified as: AT seen as inferior or "poor person's" technology, technical transferability and robustness of AT, insufficient funding, weak institutional support, and the challenges of distance and time in tackling rural poverty.

A more free market-centric view has also begun to dominate the field. For example, Paul Polak, founder of International Development Enterprises (an organization that designs and manufactures products that follow the ideals of appropriate technology), declared appropriate technology dead in a 2010 blog post.

Polak argues the "design for the other 90 percent" movement has replaced appropriate technology. Growing out of the appropriate technology movement, designing for the other 90 percent advocates the creation of low-cost solutions for the 5.8 billion of the world's 6.8 billion population "who have little or no access to most of the products and services many of us take for granted."

Many of the ideas integral to appropriate technology can now be found in the increasingly popular "sustainable development" movement, which among many tenets advocates technological choice that meets human needs while preserving the environment for future generations. In 1983, the OECD published the results of an extensive survey of appropriate technology organizations titled, The World of Appropriate Technology, in which it defined appropriate technology as characterized by "low investment cost per work-place, low capital investment per unit of output, organizational simplicity, high adaptability to a particular social or cultural environment, sparing use of natural resources, low cost of final product or high potential for employment." Today, the OECD web site redirects from the "Glossary of Statistical Terms" entry on "appropriate technology" to "environmentally sound technologies." The United Nations' "Index to Economic and Social Development" also redirects from the "appropriate technology" entry to "sustainable development."

Potential resurgence
Despite the decline, several appropriate technology organizations are still in existence, including the ITDG which became Practical Action after a name change in 2005. Skat (Schweizerische Kontaktstelle für Angepasste Technology) adapted by becoming a private consultancy in 1998, though some Intermediate Technology activities are continued by Skat Foundation through the Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN). Another actor still very active is the charity CEAS (Centre Ecologique Albert Schweitzer). A pioneer in food transformation and solar heaters, it offers vocational training in West Africa and Madagascar. There is also currently a notable resurgence as viewed by the number of groups adopting open source appropriate technology (OSAT) because of the enabling technology of the Internet. These OSAT groups include: Akvo Foundation, Appropedia, The Appropriate Technology Collaborative, Catalytic Communities, Centre for Alternative Technology, Center For Development Alternatives, Engineers Without Borders, Open Source Ecology, Practical Action, and Village Earth. Most recently ASME, Engineers Without Borders (USA) and the IEEE have joined together to produce Engineering for Change, which facilitates the development of affordable, locally appropriate and sustainable solutions to the most pressing humanitarian challenges.

Terminology
Appropriate technology frequently serves as an umbrella term for a variety names for this type of technology. Frequently these terms are used interchangeably; however, the use of one term over another can indicate the specific focus, bias or agenda of the technological choice in question. Though the original name for the concept now known as appropriate technology, "intermediate technology" is now often considered a subset of appropriate technology that focuses on technology that is more productive than "inefficient" traditional technologies, but less costly than the technology of industrialized societies. Other types of technology under the appropriate technology umbrella include:

 Capital-saving technology
 Mid-tech
 Labor-intensive technology
 Alternate technology
 Self-help technology
 Village-level technology
 Community technology
 Progressive technology
 Indigenous technology
 People's technology
 Light-engineering technology
 Adaptive technology
 Light-capital technology
 Soft technology

A variety of competing definitions exist in academic literature and organization and government policy papers for each of these terms. However, the general consensus is appropriate technology encompasses the ideas represented by the above list. Furthermore, the use of one term over another in referring to an appropriate technology can indicate ideological bias or emphasis on particular economic or social variables. Some terms inherently emphasize the importance of increased employment and labor utilization (such as labor-intensive or capital-saving technology), while others may emphasize the importance of human development (such as self-help and people's technology).

It is also possible to distinguish between hard and soft technologies. According to Dr. Maurice Albertson and Audrey Faulkner, appropriate hard technology is "engineering techniques, physical structures, and machinery that meet a need defined by a community, and utilize the material at hand or readily available. It can be built, operated and maintained by the local people with very limited outside assistance (e.g., technical, material, or financial). it is usually related to an economic goal."

Albertson and Faulkner consider appropriate soft technology as technology that deals with "the social structures, human interactive processes, and motivation techniques. It is the structure and process for social participation and action by individuals and groups in analyzing situations, making choices and engaging in choice-implementing behaviors that bring about change."

A closely related concept is social technology, defined as "products, techniques and/or re-applicable methodologies developed in the interaction with the community and that must represent effective solution in terms of social transformation".. Further, Kostakis et al.  propose a mid-tech approach to distinguish between low-tech and hi-tech polarities. Inspired by E.F. Schumacher, they argue that mid-tech could be understood as an inclusive middle that may go beyond the two polarities, combining the efficiency and versatility of digital/automated technology with low-tech's potential for autonomy and resilience.

Practitioners
Some of the well known practitioners of the appropriate technology sector include:
B.V. Doshi, Buckminster Fuller, William Moyer (1933–2002), Amory Lovins, Sanoussi Diakité, Albert Bates, Victor Papanek, Giorgio Ceragioli (1930–2008), Frithjof Bergmann, Arne Næss, (1912–2009), Mansur Hoda, and Laurie Baker.

Development
Schumacher's initial concept of intermediate technology was created as a critique of the currently prevailing development strategies which focused on maximizing aggregate economic growth through increases to overall measurements of a country's economy, such as gross domestic product (GDP). Developed countries became aware of the situation of developing countries during and in the years following World War II. Based on the continuing rise in income levels in Western countries since the Industrial Revolution, developed countries embarked on a campaign of massive transfers of capital and technology to developing countries in order to force a rapid industrialization intended to result in an economic "take-off" in the developing countries.

However, by the late 1960s it was becoming clear this development method had not worked as expected and a growing number of development experts and national policy makers were recognizing it as a potential cause of increasing poverty and income inequality in developing countries. In many countries, this influx of technology had increased the overall economic capacity of the country. However, it had created a dual or two-tiered economy with pronounced division between the classes. The foreign technology imports were only benefiting a small minority of urban elites. This was also increasing urbanization with the rural poor moving to urban cities in hope of more financial opportunities. The increased strain on urban infrastructures and public services led to "increasing squalor, severe impacts on public health and distortions in the social structure."

Appropriate technology was meant to address four problems: extreme poverty, starvation, unemployment and urban migration. Schumacher saw the main purpose for economic development programs was the eradication of extreme poverty and he saw a clear connection between mass unemployment and extreme poverty. Schumacher sought to shift development efforts from a bias towards urban areas and on increasing the output per laborer to focusing on rural areas (where a majority of the population still lived) and on increasing employment.

In developed countries
The term appropriate technology is also used in developed nations to describe the use of technology and engineering that result in less negative impacts on the environment and society, i.e., technology should be both environmentally sustainable and socially appropriate. E. F. Schumacher asserts that such technology, described in the book Small Is Beautiful, tends to promote values such as health, beauty and permanence, in that order.

Often the type of appropriate technology that is used in developed countries is "appropriate and sustainable technology" (AST), appropriate technology that, besides being functional and relatively cheap (though often more expensive than true AT), is durable and employs renewable resources. AT does not include this (see Sustainable design).

Applications

Determining a sustainable approach
Features such as low cost, low usage of fossil fuels and use of locally available resources can give some advantages in terms of sustainability. For that reason, these technologies are sometimes used and promoted by advocates of sustainability and alternative technology.

Besides using natural, locally available resources (e.g., wood or adobe), waste materials imported from cities using conventional (and inefficient) waste management may be gathered and re-used to build a sustainable living environment. Use of these cities' waste material allows the gathering of a huge amount of building material at a low cost. When obtained, the materials may be recycled over and over in the own city/community, using the cradle to cradle design method. Locations where waste can be found include landfills, junkyards, on water surfaces and anywhere around towns or near highways. Organic waste that can be reused to fertilise plants can be found in sewages. Also, town districts and other places (e.g., cemeteries) that are subject of undergoing renovation or removal can be used for gathering materials as stone, concrete, or potassium.

Related social movements

 Community-based economics
 Cosmopolitan localism
 Campus Center for Appropriate Technology (CCAT)
 National Center for Appropriate Technology
 Alternative propulsion
 Alternative technology
 DIY culture
 Eco-village
 Frugal innovation
 Jugaad
 Maker Movement
 Myth of Progress
 Open Source Appropriate Technology
 Permaculture
 Practical Action (charity formerly known as Intermediate Technology)
 Principles of Intelligent Urbanism
 Social entrepreneurship
 Sustainable development
 Tools for Conviviality
 Green syndicalism
 Lifehacking
 Small Is Beautiful
 The Appropriate Technology Collaborative

See also

 Bush Pump
 Cradle to Cradle Design
 Critique of technology
 Deindustrialization
 List of environment topics
 Family planning
 No innovation without representation
 Old Order Mennonite
 Productivity improving technologies (historical)
 Schumacher Center for a New Economics
 Russian Mennonite
 Social innovation
 Source reduction
 Synthetic biology
 Technology and society
 Zero emission
 Whole Earth Catalog

References

Further reading
Huesemann, Michael H., and Joyce A. Huesemann (2011). Technofix: Why Technology Won't Save Us or the Environment, Chapter 13, "The Design of Environmentally Sustainable and Appropriate Technologies", New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, British Columbia, Canada, , 464 pp.
 Basic Needs Approach, Appropriate Technology, and Institutionalism by Dr. Mohammad Omar Farooq.
 Unintended Consequences of Green Technologies.
 Edward Tenner, Why Things Bite Back, Vantage Books, 1997.
 Zehner, Ozzie. Green Illusions, University of Nebraska Press, 2012.

External links

 Appropedia – The Sustainability Wiki – World Wide Wiki of Sustainable Technology (Appropriate technology portal)
 Akvopedia — the open water and sanitation knowledge resource
 Aprovecho – An environmental education center with a focus on living with appropriate technologies.
 The Appropriate Technology Collaborative – An appropriate technology design and dissemination nonprofit.
 The Whole Earth Catalog: Access to Tools and Ideas
 Guide des innovations pour lutter contre la pauvreté (innovation guide to tackle poverty) / available in French, German and Portuguese, this guide features 100 innovations designed to improve the living conditions of the Poor.

Simple living
Decentralization

Appropriate technology


The rook (Corvus frugilegus) is a member of the Crow family. The crows are a family in the Passerine order.

The rook is similar in size to the crow. It has black feathers, which show a blue or bluish-purple sheen (glint) in bright sunlight. The feathers on the head, neck and shoulders are dense and silky. The legs and feet are generally black, and the bill (beak) is grey-black.

Rooks differs from the crow by the bare grey-white skin around the base of the adult's bill, in front of the eyes. The feathering around the legs look shaggier and laxer than the Carrion Crow. The young bird looks just like a crow because it lacks the bare patch at the base of the bill.

Its food is mostly earthworms and insect larvae, which the bird finds by probing the ground with its strong bill. It also eats cultivated cereal grain, smaller amounts of fruit, small mammals, acorns, small birds, their eggs and young and carrion.

Rooks always nest together, usually in the very tops of the trees. Branches and twigs are broken off trees for the nests. There may be any number of nests together in a group of trees: twenty or thirty are often seen in the rookery. This is why rooks are sometimes described as colonial birds.

References

Corvids
Birds of Europe
Birds of Asia

Rook (bird)


Joseph Mary Tomasi  ()(12 September 1649 – 1 January 1713) was an Italian Theatine Catholic priest, scholar,  reformer and cardinal. His scholarship was a significant source of the reforms in the liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church during the 20th century. He was beatified by Pope Pius VII in 1803, and was canonized by Pope John Paul II in 1986.

Life

Early life
Tomasi was born at Licata, in the Kingdom of Sicily, part of the Crown of Aragon, to Giulio Tomasi, the first Prince of Lampedusa and his wife, Rosalia Traina. His life was oriented toward God from his first years. Formed and educated in the family home, where they did not lack riches or moral training, he gave proof of a spirit very open to study and to piety. His parents cared greatly for this and for his own Christian formation and his instruction in the classical and modern languages, above all in the Spanish language, because he was destined by the family for the royal court of Madrid, as he was bound to inherit from his own father, as his title of nobility, that of Grandee of Spain.

But Tomasi's own spirit aspired, even from youth, to be small in the Kingdom of God, and to serve not the kings of the earth but the King of heaven. He cultivated his pious desire in his heart until he obtained the consent of his father to follow his vocation to religious life.

Theatine
After having renounced, by means of a notarized document, the principality which belonged to him by birth, in favour of his younger brother, as well as his very large inheritance, Tomasi was admitted into the Theatines, a religious Order founded by St. Cajetan of Tiene in 1524, as a reform movement in the Catholic Church, and noted for the simplicity of life followed by its members. He joined the Order on 24 March 1665, and finally made his religious profession in the Theatine house of St. Joseph, at Palermo, on 25 March 1666.

Tomasi then studied philosophy, first at Messina, and later, owing to poor health, at Ferrara and Modena; and theology in Rome and Palermo. He was ordained a priest on Christmas Day 1673. To a wide knowledge of Greek, he united the study of Ethiopic, Arabic, Syriac, Aramaic and Hebrew—converting his teacher, a Jewish rabbi, to Christianity. From the Psalters in these different languages, he collected the titles of the Psalms. He devoted himself to the study of Scripture and the Fathers. Searching the chief libraries, archives, and monuments, he retraced the ancient ecclesiastical discipline and liturgy.

Urged on by his particular love for the ancient documents of the Church and for sound ecclesiastical traditions, Tomasi considered that a good part of his own religious growth lay in dedicating himself, with the spirit of faith, to the publication of rare liturgical books and of the ancient liturgical texts, thereby bringing to light many ancient texts which until then had been hidden in the libraries.

Reformer

Tomasi's efforts at reform were directed not to the introduction of the new, but to the restoration and maintenance of the old. He was not always upheld and was sometimes rebuked for his zeal. Pope Innocent XII made him examiner of the bishops, or of the clergy. Pope Clement XI, for whom he served as confessor, appointed him consultor of the Theatine Order, theologian of the Sacred Congregation for Consultations about Regulars and other offices of the Holy See, consultor of the Sacred Congregation of Rites, and qualificator of the Holy Office. The same pope created him Cardinal Priest, with the title of the Church of Santi Silvestro e Martino ai Monti, commanding him to accept the honour.

Tomasi taught catechism to the children of the poor in his titular church, also introducing its congregants to the use of Gregorian chant. He died in 1713, mourned by all, especially by Pope Clement, who so admired his sanctity that he had consulted him before accepting the papacy. He was buried in his titular church.  The relics of his body, transferred in 1971 from the Basilica of his title of Ss. Silvestro e Martini ai Monti, are presently exposed for the veneration of the faithful in the Basilica of San Andrea della Valle of the Theatine Fathers, in Rome.

Works
Tomasi's many publications on liturgical subjects, in which piety was united with scholarship, motivated the titles which some of his contemporaries gave to him, those of "the Prince of the Roman Liturgists" and of "Liturgists" and of "Liturgical Doctor".

In truth, not a few of the norms, established by the authority of the Roman Pontiffs and by the documents of the Second Vatican Council and today in use in the Church, were already proposed and ardently desired by Tomasi, among which it is sufficient to recall:
the present-day form of the Liturgy of the Hours
the distinction and use of the Missal and of the Lectionary in the celebration of the Eucharist
various norms contained in the Roman Pontifical and in the Roman Ritual
the use of the vernacular instead of Latin outside of the sacred liturgy, which he himself recommended for private devotions and for the prayers made in common by the faithful outside.

All these were intended to promote a more intimate and personal participation of the people in the celebration of the liturgy.

Tomasi's works (Codici Tommasiani), published chiefly from ancient codices in the Vatican and Vallicellian Libraries and the Library of Christina of Sweden, were praised by the academies of Europe. Chief among his publications are the Codices sacramentorum nongentis annis antiquiores (Rome, 1680), partly transcribed by Mabillon in his Liturgia Gallicana. Following these, in order of time, were: Psalterium (Rouse, 1683), according to the Roman and Gallican editions, published under the name of Giuseppe Maria Caro. In this work Tomasi introduced Origen's symbols, (obeli and asterisks), obsolete for nine centuries.

Under the same pen-name, Tomasi wrote Responsalia et Antiphonaria Rom. Eccl., etc. (Rome, 1686); Sacrorum Bibliorum Tituli, sive capitula (Rome, 1688); Antiqui libri Missarum Rom. Eccl. or the antiphonary of Pope Gregory I, entitled "Comes", written by Alcuin at the order of Charlemagne (Rome, 1691); Officium Domicinae Passionis, used by the Greek Orthodox Church on Good Friday, translated into Latin (Rome, 1695).

Under his own name Tomasi published Speculum (Rome, 1679); Exercitium Fidei, Spei et Caritatis (Rome, 1683); Breviarium psalterii (Rome, 1683); Vera norma di glorificar Dio (Rome, 1687); Fermentum (Rome, 1688); Psalterium cum canticis (Rome, 1697); Indiculus institutionum theologicarum veterurn Patrum ( 3 vols., Rome, 1709, 1710; 1712), an exposition of theological theory and practice, derived from original patristic sources.

Tomasi also wrote numerous opuscula, the last four published by G. Mercati (Rome, 1905). In 1753 Antonio Francesco Vezzosi published his works in 11 quarto volumes.

Notes

References

Biography at The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

1649 births
1713 deaths
People from Licata
17th-century Italian nobility
Theatines
17th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
18th-century Italian cardinals
Liturgists
17th-century translators
18th-century Italian translators
Italian translators
Greek–Latin translators
Members of the Sacred Congregation for Consultations about Regulars
Members of the Sacred Congregation for Rites
Burials at Sant'Andrea della Valle
Canonizations by Pope John Paul II
Italian Roman Catholic saints
17th-century Christian saints
18th-century Christian saints
Religious leaders from the Province of Agrigento
Beatifications by Pope Pius VII

Giuseppe Maria Tomasi


The Democratic Movement of Change is a Cambodian electoral alliance between the two main democratic opposition parties, the Sam Rainsy Party and the Human Rights Party founded in early 2009 to run together in the 2012 local and 2013 general elections.

The two political opposition parties in Cambodia, the Sam Rainsy Party (SRP) and the Human Rights Party (HRP), are now reunited in a "Democratic Movement for Change", an alliance formed in January 2009. Representatives of the two formations say they are proud of their new solidarity. Not only do they hope to put an end to several years of election failure but they also wish to make a serious challenge to the seemingly immovable ruling Cambodian People's Party (CPP), considered within the coalition to exemplify a Prime Minister holding power for too long. Before the next elections, the alliance will likely attempt a full merger between the SRP and HRP, scheduled for 2011.

External links
 Human Rights Party of Cambodia
 Sam Rainsy Party
 'A Country for Sale' the report on corruption in Cambodia by Global Witness
 Habeas-Corpus.net a pro Justice and Democracy web publishes a page on Cambodia (with news and links in Spanish, English and French
 Ka-Set independent news on Cambodia and Cambodians abroad

References

Political parties established in 2009
Political party alliances in Cambodia
Liberal parties in Cambodia
Cambodian democracy movements

Democratic Movement of Change


Lyle Green (born February 4, 1976, in Kitchener, Ontario) is a former gridiron football fullback. He was a member of the BC Lions and Calgary Stampeders.

Green went to the University of Toledo.  With the Lions he is number 28. Green is 6'1" and weighs 217 lbs and was drafted by the Lions in the 2001 CFL Draft (1st round, 3rd overall).

In the 2002 CFL season, Green had career-highs in rushing yards (343, also his only 100+ rushing yard season), touchdowns (3, has only 4 in his career) and carries (60). In the 2004 CFL season, he recorded a career-high in receptions (22) and had 248 receiving yards. In the 2005 CFL season, Green was one of 9 players on BC's offense to start all 18 games. He also had a career-high in receiving yards (261) and recorded the first receiving touchdown of his career.

In 2006, Green had career-lows in rushing yards (31), receiving yards (35) and average yards in receiving (5.8), but did have a career-high in average yards in rushing (15.5) and helped the Lions win the 94th Grey Cup.

On June 8, 2009, Green was officially moved to the slotback position by head coach and general manager Wally Buono. This was partly to fill the void left by Jason Clermont leaving the Lions to play in Saskatchewan and also to let younger players like Rolly Lumbala and Alexis Bwenge have a shot to play in the Lions backfield.

With the emergence of Jamall Lee, Andrew Harris and Jerome Messam as Canadian fullbacks, Green was released on June 24, 2010. Green finished 14th on the all-time list for games played by a BC Lion, with 161 games, which was also the most for a running back with the club.

In July 2011, Green returned to the CFL, signing with the Calgary Stampeders.  He made 3 special teams tackles  while playing in 13 games.

Notes

External links
BC Lions bio

1976 births
Living people
BC Lions players
Canadian football slotbacks
Players of Canadian football from Ontario
Sportspeople from Kitchener, Ontario
Toledo Rockets football players

Lyle Green


A market is a place where people go to buy or sell things. When people have products to sell, they set up a market place. There may be a special building for the market place, or the market may be held in an open space where the sellers can put up a stall (like a kind of tent) and then take the stall down at the end of the day.

The word "market" can also have a more general meaning in the economy. It can mean the way things are bought or sold. "There is a big market for dishwashers" means that lots of people want to buy dishwashers. Therefore, a business that makes dishwashers is likely to be able to make a lot of money. When things are sold, people buy the product, and this "stimulates the economy" (helps people to spend and earn money). The market needs to balance supply and demand. There is no reason to make a supply of dishwashers if people do not want dishwashers. In the market, prices may change quickly if supply or demand changes.

Competition
If a seller of a good cannot supply what customers want or asks for a very high price, other sellers may try to supply that good. If other sellers enter the market for that good, in competition, that will tend to fulfill demands and lower prices. Sellers who do not like competition may try to kill their competition. When there is no competition, a monopoly is formed. Many countries have laws to protect the free market from monopolies.

Related pages
 Market forms
 Shop

Basic English 850 words

Market


Hobo, göçmen işçi ya da evsiz avare gezen beş parasız kimse. Terim ABD'de batıda, büyük olasılıkla kuzeybatıda 1890 yılında ortaya çıkmıştır. Serserilerin aksine hobolar seyyar işçilerdir.

Kültür

Hobo işaretleri (semboller)

Hobolar hayatlarının belirsizliği nedeniyle bir sembol sistemi ya da görsel kod sistemi geliştirmişlerdir. Hobolar diğer "kardeşlerine" yön, bilgi ve uyarı sağlamak için tebeşir veya kömür kullanarak bu kodları yazarlar. Bir sembol, "burada sağa dönün", "düşman trenyolu polisinden kaçın", "tehlikeli köpek", "yiyecek mevcut" gibi anlamlara gelmektedir. Bazı sık kullanılan işaretler:

 haç işareti: "melek gıda" yani vaazdan sonra hobolara ikram yapılıyor.
 ellerin olduğu bir üçgen: ev sahibi silahlı.
 yatay bir zigzag: havlayan bir köpek
 üst kenarı eksik kare: güvenli kamp yapılabilir.
 üst şapka ve üçgen: zenginlik
 bir mızrak ucu: kendini koru.

Kitaplar
 All the Strange Hours: The Excavation of a Life, by Loren Eiseley, 1975. ISBN 978-0-8032-6741-1
 American Travels of a Dutch hobo 1923-1926, by , 1984, ISBN 978-0813808888.
 The Areas of My Expertise by John Hodgman - Humor book which features a lengthy section on "hobos", including a list of 700 hobo names which spawned an online effort to illustrate the complete list.
 Bottom Dogs, by Edward Dahlberg
 Beggars of Life, (1924), by Jim Tully
 Evasion by Anonymous
 From Coast to Coast with Jack London by "A-No.-1" (Leon Ray Livingston)
 Hard Travellin': The Hobo and His History, by Kenneth Allsop. ISBN 978-0-340-02572-7.
 Hobo, by Eddy Joe Cotton, 2002.  ISBN 978-0-609-60738-1
 The Hobo - The Sociology of the Homeless Man, by Nels Anderson, 1923.
 The Hobo Handbook - A Field Guide to Living by Your Own Rules, by Josh Mack, 2011. ISBN 978-1-4405-1227-8 (Book on the Hobo lifestyle, written by one who has ridden the rails in recent years.)
 Ironweed by William Kennedy, 1983. A Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, also adapted for a 1987 film (see below).
 The Jungle by Upton Sinclair contains a section in which the main character, Jurgis Rudkus, abandons his family in Chicago and becomes a hobo for a while.
 Knights of the Road, by Roger A. Bruns, 1980. ISBN 978-0-416-00721-3.
 Lonesome Road, by Thomas Minehan, 1941.
 Lonesome Traveler, by Jack Kerouac ("The Vanishing American Hobo")
 The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane by Kate DiCamillo
 Muzzlers, Guzzlers, and Good Yeggs by Joe Coleman
 Of Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck
 On the Road, by Jack Kerouac
 Once a Hobo... (1999), by Monte Holm
 One More Train to Ride: The Underground World of Modern American Hobos  by Clifford Williams.
 Riding the Rails: Teenagers on the Move During the Great Depression by Errol Lincoln Uys, (Routledge, 2003)ISBN 978-0-415-94575-2
 Riding Toward Everywhere by William T. Vollmann, 2008. ISBN 978-0-06-125675-2
 The Road, by Jack London
 Rolling Nowhere: Riding the Rails with America's Hoboes by Ted Conover - Paperback: 304 pages, Publisher: Vintage (September 11, 2001), ISBN 0-375-72786-8
 Sister of The Road: The Autobiography of Boxcar Bertha - (as told to) Dr. Ben Reitman
 Stumptown Kid, By Carol Gorman and Ron J. Finley
 Tales of an American Hobo (1989), by Charles Elmer Fox
 Tramping on Life (1922) and More Miles (1926), by Harry Kemp
 Waiting for Nothing, Tom Kromer
 You Can't Win, by Jack Black

Mizah
 Kings in Disguise (1988), by James Vance and Dan Burr
 Laugh-Out-Loud Cats, webcomic by Adam Koford, featuring two anthropomorphic cats as hobos.
 Many cartoons depict hobos as main or secondary characters, hobo related activities such as traveling by train, with a bindle, or in company of hobos. For example, 8 Ball Bunny (1950) with Bugs Bunny, Merrie Melodies Hobo Gadget Band (1939), Mouse Wreckers (1948) and MGM's Henpecked Hoboes (1948).
 The Avenger and master archer in Marvel Comics, Hawkeye is aware of, and can read Hobo Code in Matt Fraction and David Aja's 2012 run on the character.
 USA Comics #5 (1941) had a character, Butch Brogan, alias Fighting Hobo, that helps save a kidnapped puppy in the "The Dog-Nappers."
 USA Comics #2 (1941) introduced Vagabond, a police officer named Pat Murphy who created an alter ego, Chauncey Throttlebottom III, a well spoken hobo, to fight crime.

Filmler
 Wild Boys of the Road (1933), directed by William A. Wellman
 Sullivan's Travels (1941), directed by Preston Sturges.
 Emperor of the North Pole aka Emperor of the North (1973), directed by Robert Aldrich. . Loosely based on Jack London's The Road.
 Hard Times aka The Streetfighter (1975), directed by Walter Hill (his directorial debut), and starring Charles Bronson (as a hobo turned street fighter) and James Coburn (as a gambler who becomes his manager).
 The Billion Dollar Hobo (1977), starring Tim Conway and Will Geer.
 The Journey of Natty Gann (1985), young girl riding the rails to find her father.
 Ironweed (1987), directed by Héctor Babenco and based on the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel by William Kennedy, who also wrote the screenplay. Stars Jack Nicholson and Meryl Streep, with Carroll Baker, Michael O'Keefe, Diane Venora, Fred Gwynne, Nathan Lane, and Tom Waits in supporting roles.
 Life Stinks (1991), directed by and starring Mel Brooks.
 Tokyo Godfathers (2003), an anime directed by Satoshi Kon.
 Into the Wild (2007), directed by Sean Penn, based on Jon Krakauer's non-fiction book about Christopher McCandless.
 Resurrecting the Champ (2007), starring Samuel L. Jackson and Josh Hartnett, directed by Rod Lurie.
 Kit Kittredge: An American Girl (2008), starring Abigail Breslin, Chris O'Donnell, Julia Ormond and Max Thieriot. Directed by Patricia Rozema.
 Hobo with a Shotgun (2011), an exploitation film directed by Jason Eisener and written by John Davies, starring Rutger Hauer as a vigilante hobo.
 The Muppets (2011), the film features a character named Hobo Joe (played by Zach Galifianakis) and even featured some Whatnot Hobos. They later appeared in the sequel Muppets Most Wanted (2014).
 Man of Steel (2013) depicts Clark Kent living as a homeless itinerant worker before ultimately taking the mantle of Superman and finding work as a reporter at the Daily Planet.

Belgeseller
 American Experience, "Riding the Rails" (1999), a PBS documentary by Lexy Lovell and Michael Uys, narrated by Richard Thomas, detailing the hobos of the Great Depression, with interviews of those who rode the rails during those years.
 Hobo (1992), a documentary by John T. Davis, following the life of a hobo on his travels through the United States.
 "The Human Experience", (2008), a documentary by Charles Kinnane. The first experience follows Jeffrey and his brother Clifford to the streets of New York City where the boys live with the homeless for a week in one of the coldest winters on record. The boys look for hope and camaraderie among their homeless companions, learning how to survive on the streets.
The American Hobo (2003), a documentary Narrated by Ernest Borgnine featuring interviews with Merle Haggard and James Michener.

Şarkılar
Musicians known for hobo songs include Ramblin' Jack Elliott, Utah Phillips, Baby Gramps, Jimmie Rodgers, Seasick Steve, and Boxcar Willie.

Examples of hobo songs include:
 "Big Rock Candy Mountain" by Harry McClintock, recorded by various artists including Burl Ives, Tom Waits, Lisa Loeb, Baby Gramps, The Restarts and Harry Dean Stanton.
 "Hallelujah, I'm a Bum" recorded by Harry McClintock, Al Jolson, and others
 "Hard Travelin'" and "Hobo's Lullaby" by Woody Guthrie
 Here Comes Your Man by the Pixies is about hobos travelling on trains in California and dying because of earthquakes.
 "Hobo" by The Hackensaw Boys
 "Hobo Bill", "I Ain't Got No Home" and "Mysteries of a Hobo's Life" by Cisco Houston
 "Hobo Bill's Last Ride" by Jimmy Rogers, also recorded by Manfred Mann's Earth Band
 "Hobo Blues" and "The Hobo" by John Lee Hooker
 "Hobo Chang Ba" by Captain Beefheart
 "Hobo Flats" by Oliver Nelson
 "Hobo Jungle" by The Band
 "Hobo Kinda Man" by Lynyrd Skynyrd
 "The Hobo Song" by John Prine also covered by Johnny Cash
 "The Hobo Song" by Jack Bonus which was covered by Jerry Garcia's Bluegrass group, Old and in the Way
 "Hobo's Lullaby" (aka "Weary Hobo"), written by Goebel Reeves, recorded by various artists including Woody Guthrie, Arlo Guthrie, Emmylou Harris, Pete Seeger, The Kingston Trio, and Ramblin' Jack Eliot
 "Hobos on Parade" by Shannon Wright
 "I Am a Lonesome Hobo", "Only a Hobo" and "Ramblin' Gamblin' Willie" by Bob Dylan
 "Jack Straw" by Robert Hunter and Bob Weir
 "Jesus' Blood Never Failed Me Yet" a recording of a hobo singing on a London street, by composer Gavin Bryars.
 "King of the Road" by Roger Miller
 "Kulkurin Valssi" (Hobo Waltz) by Arthur Kylander
 "Lännen lokari" (Western Logger) by Hiski Salomaa
 "Last of the Hobo Kings" by Mary Gauthier
 "Like a Hobo" by Charlie Winston
 "Mary Lane" by Fred Eaglesmith
 "Morning Glory" by Tim Buckley lyrics by Larry Beckett
 "Never Tire of the Road" by Andy Irvine
 "Papa Hobo" and "Hobo's Blues" by Paul Simon
 "Ramblin' Man" by Hank Williams Sr.
 "Sergeant Small" by Andy Irvine
 "Streets of London" by Ralph McTell
 "Waiting for a Train" by Jimmie Rodgers
 "Hopscotch Willie" by Stephen Malkmus
 "Western Hobo" by The Carter Family
 "Hobo Flats" by Count Basie
 "Hobo, You Can't Ride This Train" by Louis Armstrong

Televizyon
 Mannix (season 6), episode 22 "To Quote a Dead Man" (1973)
 Criminal Minds (season 4), episode 5 "Catching Out" (2008)
 Mad Men (season 1), episode 8, "The Hobo Code" (2007)
 The Littlest Hobo
 In The Simpsons, Grampa explains hobo symbols to Bart.

Sahne
 King of the Hobos (2014), a one-man musical that premiered at Emerging Artists Theatre in New York City, is centered around the death of James Eads How, known during his lifetime as the "Millionaire Hobo".

Kaynakça

Konuyla ilgili yayınlar

 Brady, Jonann (2005). "Hobos Elect New King and Queen". ABC Good Morning America, includes Todd "Ad Man" Waters' last ride as reigning Hobo King plus hobo slide show with Adman's photo's taken on the road.
 Bannister, Matthew (2006). "Maurice W Graham 'Steam Train', Grand Patriarch of America's Hobos who has died aged 89". Last Word. BBC Radio. Matthew Bannister talks to fellow King of the Hobos "Ad Man" Waters and to obituary editor of The New York Times, Bill McDonald.
 Davis, Jason (2007). "The Hobo", On The Road 30 minute special. KSTP television. Covers "Ad Man" Waters taking his daughter out on her first freight ride.
 Harper, Douglas (2006)[1986]. "Waiting for a Train", Excerpt from Good Company: A Tramp Life ISBN 978-1-59451-184-4
 Johnson, L. Anderson. "Riding the Rails for the Homeless." "The New York Times." July 12, 1983, sec B page 3, col 3. Story on "Ad Man" Waters The Penny Route.
 Oats. "Around the Jungle Fire I, II & III." 1994, 1997, 2000.  Interviews with several hobos:  How they got their start, and travels and travails.

Göçmenlik

Hobo


Cerulean Warbler Bird Reserve, known in Spanish as Reserva Natural de las Aves Reinita Cielo Azul, is a nature reserve near Bucaramanga in central Colombia.  The reserve is set among oak forest on the eastern slopes of the Magdalena River. It measures  and adjoins the Yariguíes National Park.

The reserve was founded in 2005 by Fundación ProAves, a non-profit environmental organization that owns and manages several reserves in Colombia, with the assistance of the American Bird Conservancy.  It was established to provide an area of protected habitat for migratory birds from North America such as the cerulean warbler as well as locally threatened species. The reserve has incorporated a  coffee farm, producing shade-grown coffee which it promotes and sells as conservation-friendly Cerulean Warbler Coffee to cover the operating costs of the reserve.

Birds

Some 270 bird species have been recorded from the reserve.  As well as the cerulean warbler, critically endangered local birds found there include the gorgeted wood-quail, chestnut-bellied hummingbird and mountain grackle.  Other threatened species include the rusty-faced parrot, white-mantled barbet, black inca, Upper Magdalena tapaculo, turquoise dacnis and the recurve-billed bushbird.  The Yariguies brush-finch is a new subspecies recently discovered just outside the reserve.  Other animals of conservation interest include the spectacled bear, crab-eating fox and Santander poison dart frog.

Access

Accommodation is available at the reserve, which is two hours by road from Bucaramanga to San Vicente, and twenty minutes by 4WD vehicle from San Vicente up to the reserve.  The lodge is  above sea level.

References

External links
 Fundación ProAves

Birdwatching sites
Nature reserves in Colombia
Geography of Santander Department
Tourist attractions in Santander Department
Protected areas established in 2005
2005 establishments in Colombia

Cerulean Warbler Bird Reserve


16 Days in Afghanistan is a 2007 documentary film about the journey of Afghan-American Anwar Hajher, also the director, traveling to his homeland Afghanistan after 25 years to rediscover his country. The film is produced by Mithaq Kazimi and is the first documentary since the fall of Taliban to be shot in those provinces which remain under the heavy influence of the Taliban. The film become a reference film on Afghanistan, including Penguin Books's study guides about Afghan-related books.

It was selected as part of the first Afghan art exhibit show in the British Museum opened by president Hamid Karzai.

Synopsis
The film is divided into 16 days in which the director discusses a different issue with the Afghan people.

Day 1: He arrives in Kabul Airport and meets the family. A short introduction of the history of Afghanistan.

Day 2: He visits the Blue Mosque of Mazar-e Sharif and discusses the situation with the caretakers, guards, and the ulemas who are there. An inside look into the historical artifacts of the mosque. An interview with a westerner who visited Afghanistan in the 1970s and discusses Islam and the Taliban.

Day 3: Interview with the colonel of the Afghan National Army about the status of women in Afghanistan. Interview with a businesswoman who sells mantu on the street. Interview with street children testing their education and questioning them about school. Interview with a traffic police on how the economy has effected the number of cars and drivers.

Day 4: Interviews with a kebab seller and an electronic seller about their business. Interview with a street woman and her view about the government and president Hamid Karzai. Interview with a blind street singer. He has his fortune read by a woman fortune teller.

Day 5: Interview with a doctor and pharmacist about medicine and foreign medical aid in Afghanistan. Interview with a sickle-maker about his business and what he thinks of life.

Day 6: Interview with a former representative of Iranian cinema about her perception of the people. Interview with a street photographer, comparing standard film to digital photography.  Interview with a butcher and his customer about business and health.

Day 7: On the way to Kabul, he eats and introduces Afghan cuisine. Interview with a UN representative and employee about UN activities in Afghanistan. The representative discusses land mines and how they affect people's lives. Hajher recalls his last days in Afghanistan during the Cold War.

Day 8: Interviews with many day laborers and how the current political and economic system affects their lives.

Day 9:Interview with the founder of Afghan Human Rights Committee about the involvement of United States and western powers in Afghanistan and terrorism.

Day 10: Hajher visits an illegal local hashish bar to interview hashish sellers, users and addicts. People discuss why they smoke, how it affects their lives and why they don't drink alcohol.

Day 11: Visiting the businesses in the popular Chicken Street and how it has changed or remain the same over the years. Interview with the sellers and western visitors who speak about the culture of Afghanistan.

Day 12: Hajher visits his village to meet his extended family. Greetings and interviews with the family about religion, politics and the way of life in the United States.

Day 13: Hajher faces death for a moment when he thinks that his village barber is going to cut his neck. The head of the village, the religious figure and other known figures come to meet and question him.

Day 14: He visits his dad's enemy to make peace and visit his old house which was taken over by the enemies of his father.

Day 15: Leaving Afghanistan, farewell to family and friends.

Day 16: Landing in the United States Augusta, Georgia airport. A montage of his recollections of the people he met and the places he visited.

Cast and crew
The film is directed by Anwar Hajher, an Afghan-American anthropologist and current Afghan cultural advisor and professor in Georgia. Mithaq Kazimi has produced the film. The score is composed by Ahmad Shah Hassan and Larry Porter with additional music by Hariprasad Chaurasia.

Cast include Peace Corps volunteers, spokesperson for the Afghan National Army, former representative of Iranian cinema in Afghanistan and former western photographers and professional working in Afghanistan. The film also includes interviewees with the Afghan people from bread sellers to fortune tellers to heroin users to doctors to Mullahs to UN officials and ordinary school children.

Cultural heritage
In 2011, the film was selected by the National Museum of Afghanistan in partnership with the National Geographic as an object of cultural heritage and will be showcased alongside other cultural artifacts in exhibitions around the world. The first of such exhibition was the Afghanistan: Crossroads of the Ancient World in the British Museum March–May, 2011.

Impact
16 Days in Afghanistan has also been shown in many television stations, film festivals and non-profit events around the world. It is in circulation in many public school and university libraries. It has become one of the major and key documentaries about Afghanistan and is used by many people and organizations as a resource. Some include the official study guide from Penguin Group for Khaled Hosseini's novel, A Thousand Splendid Suns.

The China International Television Corporation have used the documentary to explore and better understand the culture of Afghanistan to conduct their videoconferencing on Afghanistan.

The Center for Afghanistan Studies and Academy of International Studies of the Jamia Millia Islamia university held screenings and discussions on the film.

Afghan critics and scholars have hailed the film for being neutral to the political and tribal issues while other documentaries often take sides. Wasef Bakhtari, renowned poet and historian has commented on the ability of the director to speak both Pashtu and Dari natively, while also communicating perfectly in English. Other publications covering the film and the filmmakers include a through interview in Peyk magazine.

Many publications have reviewed and discussed the film thoroughly, mostly in Afghanistan, but also some in the west. Cine Source mentions 16 Days in Afghanistan as one of the two distinguished documentaries made in Afghanistan after the Taliban era. Another states that the film has something for everyone. One publication discusses the film in comparison to more recent film, the Raindance-selected Where My Heart Beats.

In 2009, 16 Days in Afghanistan opened a two-day film festival on Afghanistan in India sponsored by the Embassy of Afghanistan, India Habitat Centre and Nelson Mandela Centre for Peace and Conflict Resolution. Other films in the series were The Beauty Academy of Kabul, The Afghan Chronicles, Beyond Belief and the recent Sundance selection, Afghan Star.

In 2011, the film was shown in the British Museum in the United Kingdom in partnership with the National Museum of Afghanistan and the National Geographic.

References

External links
Official website

Thousand Splendid Suns Study Guide

English-language Afghan films
English-language Indian films
Afghan documentary films
Documentary films about Afghanistan
Films shot in Afghanistan
Films set in Afghanistan
2007 films
2007 documentary films

16 Days in Afghanistan


Isabelle Laure Gatti de Gamond (28 July 1839 – 11 October 1905) was a Belgian educationalist, feminist, and politician.

Life
Isabelle Gatti was the second of four daughters born to Giovanni Gatti, an Italian artist, and feminist writer Zoé de Gamond, of Brussels. Born in Paris, her family moved to Brussels when she was five, having lost their fortune in a failed phalanstère—a utopian community inspired by the writings of  utopian socialist Charles Fourier—at Cîteaux.

Her mother, an inspector of girl's schools, died in 1854, and the family's genteel poverty forced Isabelle to seek employment. She found this in Poland, working as a governess with a Polish noble family. It was at this time that she became an autodidact, teaching herself Ancient Greek, Latin, and philosophy.

She returned to Brussels in 1861, and continued her education by following public courses organised by the city government. Her ideas on education had already been formed, and in 1862 she launched the journal L'Education de la Femme (Women's Education) which championed the cause of schooling for girls.

In 1864, with the financial assistance of the city council, she launched the first systematic courses of secondary female education (Cours d'Éducation pour jeunes filles). Exceptionally for Belgium of the time, this venture was entirely independent of the Roman Catholic Church, and provided the very first organised secular education for women in Belgium.

The Catholic press opposed her work, but the school was a success. Among the teachers were Marie Popelin, Henriette Dachsbeck, and Anna-Augustine Amoré, mother of Marie Janson. Mayor of Brussels Charles Buls was a staunch supporter and assisted in the creation of an advanced, pre-university section in 1891.

Gatti retired from educational work in 1899 and entered politics as an activist for the Belgian Labour Party. Her work towards universal adult suffrage was disappointingly thwarted by the party's leadership, who suspended support for women's rights to vote in 1901. They expected women to vote for the Catholic Party.

Legacy
In polls held by Belgian TV stations in 2005 to find the greatest Belgians, she was voted 55th in the De Grootste Belg, the Dutch-language series, and 88th in the Le plus grand Belge, the French-language programme.

She is buried in Uccle where the street where she lived bears her name.

References
  Gubin, E., & Piette, V., "GATTI de GAMOND Isabelle, Laure (1839–1905)" in E. Gubin, C. Jacques, V. Piette & J. Puissant (eds), Dictionnaire des femmes belges: XIXe et XXe siècles. Bruxelles: Éditions Racine, 2006.

External links
  Isabelle Gatti de Gamond, biography at the Centre d'Action Laïque.

1839 births
1905 deaths
Belgian feminists
Belgian suffragists
Politicians from Brussels
Belgian women educators
Belgian educational theorists
Belgian women's rights activists
Belgian people of Italian descent
Belgian socialist feminists
19th-century Belgian educators
20th-century Belgian educators
People from Uccle

Isabelle Gatti de Gamond


A queen is a woman who rules a country which is a monarchy. She may either get this position because of inheritance or because she has married a king.

A Queen Regnant is a queen who is the monarch of a country. She usually comes to power after the death of the previous king or queen, who is her parent. A country that is ruled by a queen is called a kingdom – the same as a country ruled by a king. Elizabeth II was a Queen Regnant.

A Queen Consort is a queen who is not a monarch, but is married to one, such as a King. Camilla is a Queen Consort. However, the husband of a queen is not always called a king. For example, King George VI had a wife, who was called Queen Elizabeth. He had no sons, so he was followed by his elder daughter, who was also called Elizabeth. She became Queen Elizabeth II. She was married to The Duke of Edinburgh until his death on April 9, 2021; but when she became Queen he did not become King. This is because the title "King Consort" does not exist.

Queen regnant

A queen regnant is head of state, and has all the powers of a sovereign.

A queen regnant does not keep the title of queen if she abdicates (resigns). No queen has ever abdicated in the history of the United Kingdom, but three abdications have occurred in the Kingdom of the Netherlands:
Queen Wilhelmina abdicated in 1948 and became Princess Wilhelmina.  Her daughter became Queen Juliana.
Queen Juliana abdicated and became Princess Juliana.
Queen Beatrix abdicated in 2013 and became Princess Beatrix.

Queen consort

A queen consort is the wife of a king.  She is not the head of state, and does not have any powers unless they are given by the King or another law.

The last King of Britain (George VI) had a wife (Elizabeth) who was called Queen Elizabeth. He had no sons, so he was followed by his elder daughter. She is also called Elizabeth and became Queen Elizabeth II. She was married to the late Duke of Edinburgh; but when she became Queen he did not become King.

Queen dowager

A queen dowager is the widow of a king.

A queen consort usually keeps the title of Queen after her husband's death, for example
Queen Alexandra, widow of King Edward VII of the United Kingdom
Queen Mary, widow of King George V of the United Kingdom and
Queen Elizabeth, widow of King George VI of the United Kingdom, she was given the title Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother because her daughter is also called Elizabeth.

Queen


Joanne Susan Malar (born October 30, 1975) is a former medley swimmer from Canada, who competed in three consecutive Summer Olympics, starting in 1992.

Early life
Swimming was important to her and her family, because her family camped often. She has two sisters and a brother, and speaks French. She attended McMaster University and St. Thomas More Catholic Secondary School.

Malar's first pool experience was when she was five weeks old. She started racing at 5.  At 10, she set her first provincial record. Two years later, Malar went to her first national swim meet, the trials for the 1988 Olympic Games. Besides being a talented swimmer, she was a gifted basketball player. In grade nine, she chose swimming over basketball as her preferred sport.

Swimming career
When Malar began her swimming career, she impressed many people with her unexpected success early on. She began swimming competitively with HWAC (Hamilton Wentworth Aquatic Club) and still currently holds 20 SC records and 25 LC.  At the 1991 Pan American Games, she won two silvers and a bronze. At the 1994 LC World Championships, she came in fourth for the 400m Individual Medley. In 1995, she won four golds and a bronze.

In 1995, at the 1995 FINA Short Course World Championships, she won two gold medals.  That same year at the 1995 Pan American Games, she won a bronze and two gold medals, having developed a new swimming style.

There were high expectations for Malar to medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. Due to her potential, she appeared on the box for Kellogg's Special K (in a black bathing suit) and a television ad for Salon Selectives Shampoo conditioner. In the 400m Medley, considered her strongest event, she failed to make the finals. In the 200m Medley, Malar finished fourth just narrowly missing the podium, while Canadian teammate Marianne Limpert took the silver. Ireland's Michelle Smith won that race, ending up with three gold medals from the Atlanta Games.

Malar won Gold at the 1998 Commonwealth Games.

In 1999, at the 1999 FINA Short Course World Championships, Malar achieved silver and bronze. At the 1999 Pan American Games and 1999 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships, she won two gold medals each time.

At the 2000 Summer Olympics, Malar finished fifth in the 200 Medley, with Limpert fourth. Malar also finished 7th in the 400m Medley. Malar and Curtis Myden were sponsored by Sears Canada around these Games. The Sydney Olympics was a subpar performance for Swimming Canada, leading to heavy criticism of head coach Dave Johnson, as only medal was Curtis Myden's bronze.

Three years later in May 2003, Malar revealed that she was coming out of retirement, a big surprise to many. At the 2003 Pan American Games she won one gold and came in fourth twice.  Admittingly, countries use this event for international experience for the upcoming swimmers. Malar failed to qualify for the 2004 Olympics after she finished fourth in the 400m Medley.  She retired from competitive swimming afterwards, with 30 national titles and over 70 International medals to her name.

She currently lives in Summerland, B.C where she helps coach the local swim club(Orca) and works for the District of Summerland. She lives there with her second husband, Delano Ducheck, and their four sons Desmond, Mateo, Ary and Remy.

See also
 Pan American Games records in swimming

References

 2000 Sydney Olympics

External links

1975 births
Living people
Olympic swimmers for Canada
Canadian female medley swimmers
Swimmers at the 1990 Commonwealth Games
Swimmers at the 1991 Pan American Games
Swimmers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1994 Commonwealth Games
Swimmers at the 1995 Pan American Games
Swimmers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Swimmers at the 1999 Pan American Games
Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2003 Pan American Games
McMaster University alumni
Sportspeople from Hamilton, Ontario
Canadian people of Ukrainian descent
Canadian female freestyle swimmers
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Canada
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Canada
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Canada
Pan American Games gold medalists for Canada
Pan American Games silver medalists for Canada
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Canada
Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming
Pan American Games medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 1991 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1995 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1999 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2003 Pan American Games
Medallists at the 1994 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 1998 Commonwealth Games

Joanne Malar


Sindo Garay (born Antonio Gumersindo Garay García; Santiago de Cuba, 12 April 1867 – Havana, 17 July 1968) was a Cuban trova musician. He was taught by Pepe Sánchez. Garay was one of the four greats of the trova. He was of Spanish and Arawakan descent.

Life & work
Garay was the most outstanding composer of trova songs, and his best have been sung and recorded many times. Perla marina, Adios a La Habana, Mujer bayamesa, El huracan y la palma, Guarina and many others are now part of Cuba's heritage. Garay was also musically illiterate – in fact, he only taught himself the alphabet at 16 – but in his case not only were scores transcribed by others, but there are recordings as well.

For a long period he sang in a duo with his eldest son Guarionex; he had two other sons and a daughter, and gave them all Indian names.

In the 1890s Garay got involved in the Cuban War of Independence, and decided a stay in Hispaniola (Haiti and Dominican Republic) would be a good idea. It was, and he came back with a wife. Garay settled in Havana in 1906, and in 1926 joined Rita Montaner and others to visit Paris, spending three months there singing his songs. He broadcast on radio, made recordings and survived into modern times. He used to say "Not many men have shaken hands with both Jose Marti and Fidel Castro!" Carlos Puebla, whose life spanned the old and the new trova, told a good joke about him: "Sindo celebrated his 100th birthday several times – in fact, whenever he was short of money!"

References

1867 births
1968 deaths
Cuban guitarists
Cuban male guitarists
Cuban male singer-songwriters
Cuban centenarians
Men centenarians
People from Spanish Cuba
People of Arawak descent
Cuban people of Spanish descent

Sindo Garay


The Palais Porcia  is a Baroque mansion in Munich, southern Germany, which  served as residence for Count Fugger. It is Munich's oldest still existing Baroque-style palace.

Building style
Enrico Zuccalli built the mansion in Italian baroque style in 1693 for the Count Fugger. In 1710 it was bought by Count Törring and in 1731  by Elector Charles Albert. His architect François de Cuvilles restored the mansion in 1736  in Rococo style for the countess Topor-Morawitzka, a mistress of Charles Albert.

History
The mansion was named after her husband, Prince Porcia. In 1819, a concert hall was integrated by Métivier for the "Museum", a cultural association which had acquired the mansion. In 1934, the Palais Porcia was acquired by a bank. The restoration after the destruction during World War II took place in 1950–1952.

After renovations it received a prize by the city of Munich, the Fassadenpreis der Landeshauptstadt München of 2008, for its refurbished facade.

Porcia
Baroque architecture in Munich
Houses completed in 1693
1693 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor

Palais Porcia


A Short History of the Future is a book by W. Warren Wagar which was first published in 1989 and underwent two substantive revisions (1992 and 1999). It is a fictitious narrative history of the ensuing two centuries, from the vantage point of the year 2200. The first version imagined a far more prominent role for the Soviet Union, which collapsed shortly after the publication. The final revision incorporates a brief section on the year 1989 as a revolutionary year.

Content

The first section deals with the present time leading up to Wagar's idea of the seminal event of the 21st century — a devastating nuclear conflict between Europe and the United States which is subsequently known as the "catastrophe. What emerges after the "catastrophe" is a socialist world government, which lasts for the next hundred years until the "small revolution" of the late 22nd century, the description of which closes the book.

Central to the philosophy of the "world commonwealth government" which rises after the "catastrophe" is what Wagar calls "substantialism". Wagar once stated that what he called "substantialism" in the book was his recasting of the ideas of Jean Jaurès.

Theoretical perspectives

Each chapter of A Short History of the Future concludes with a selection of a diary or correspondence to give the reader a sense of the daily life of the related periods. Along with the socio-political developments of the next two hundred years, Wagar also tries to imagine the consequences of solar system colonization, the extension of the life expectancy toward 175 years, and the revision of such things as the education system and professional work.

As a historian, Wagar essentially wanted to write a book in which one could fully explore what living in a truly socialist world might be like, or an anarchic one (represented by his Small Revolution). Both are continually offered as alternatives to global capitalism without such analysis. Criticism of the book suggested that Wagar was merely replaying the history of the 20th Century along a lengthier timeline.

External links
 An Extensive Review by Terry Boswell of the 2nd Edition
 Posted correspondence between W. Wagar and a reader answering questions raised by the book

Books by W. Warren Wagar
1989 fiction books
Futurology books

A Short History of the Future


The siege of Prairie du Chien was a British victory in the far western theater of the War of 1812. During the war, Prairie du Chien was a small frontier settlement with residents loyal to both American and British causes. By 1814, both nations were anxious to control the site because of its importance to the fur trade and its strategic location at the intersection of the Mississippi River and the Fox-Wisconsin Waterway, a transportation route linking the Mississippi with the Great Lakes.

Background

American moves
Although Prairie du Chien became a part of the United States following the Treaty of Paris in 1783, the Americans made little effort to maintain a presence in the far western settlement. Thus, it remained largely under British influence into the 19th century. In the spring of 1814, American forces decided to secure the location, realizing that if it fell to the British, there would be no obstacle to a British attack on St. Louis. William Clark, the governor of Missouri Territory, organized a force in St. Louis that included 61 regulars from the 7th Infantry under Brevet Major Zachary Taylor and 140 volunteers who agreed to join the force for sixty days under the command of Frederick Yeizer and John Sullivan. Shortly after the force was assembled, Taylor left for personal reasons. In his place, Lieutenant Joseph Perkins of the 24th Infantry took command of the regulars. On May 1, Governor Clark and the combined forces under Perkins, Yeizer and Sullivan began moving up the Mississippi River en route to Prairie du Chien. On May 17, they scattered some Sauk warriors who attempted to bar their passage at the Rock Island rapids.

The American force arrived in Prairie du Chien on June 2. A few days later, on June 6, they began building a fort on a large mound north of the main village. The fort was named Fort Shelby in honor of Governor Isaac Shelby of Kentucky. Seeing that construction of the small wooden fort was underway, Governor Clark left to return to St. Louis on June 7. The Americans made steady progress on the fort, and although the defenses were unfinished, the barracks were occupied by June 19. Around the time that the fort was being occupied, the sixty-day terms of service for the volunteers led by Yeizer and Sullivan expired. Most of these men went home with Sullivan, although Yeizer and some men in his company agreed to stay aboard the American river gunboat Governor Clark, a thirty-two oar, fourteen gun wooden vessel anchored in the Mississippi River beside Fort Shelby.

British moves
Word of the American advance reached the British at Fort Mackinac on Mackinac Island, Michigan on June 21. Lieutenant Colonel Robert McDouall, commanding the post, did not want the Americans to gain a foothold in the northwest, fearing that it would disrupt the British fur trade as well as Britain's numerous alliances with the region's American Indian tribes. To respond to the American threat, he dispatched a force consisting of the Mississippi Volunteers (a militia unit numbering 63 men led by Captains Joseph Rolette, Thomas G. Anderson, and Pierre Grignon), 14 men of the Michigan Fencibles (a locally-raised regular unit) and several hundred Menominee, Winnebago and Fox warriors. Perhaps the most important part of the force was a brass 3-pounder gun, under the charge of Sergeant James Keating of the Royal Artillery. Captain William McKay of the Michigan Fencibles was made a local Lieutenant Colonel and put in command of the force. Having collected additional militia volunteers and Native Americans en route, McKay's force eventually numbered about 650 men.

Siege
On July 17, the British force arrived at Prairie du Chien. Late in the morning, Thomas Anderson approached Fort Shelby to deliver Perkins a note demanding the Americans' unconditional surrender. Perkins refused and prepared to defend the fort. The battle began early in the afternoon when the British 3-pounder gun opened fire. The gun damaged the Governor Clark and compelled it to retreat downriver. The boat carried the Americans' cannon and a substantial supply of goods and ammunition, as well as the volunteers still under the command of Frederick Yeizer.

With the gunboat gone, the British concentrated their fire on Fort Shelby, but the British cannon proved less effective. The Americans and the British maintained a steady exchange of gunfire throughout the next day, but to no avail for either side. However, by the third day of battle the Americans inside Fort Shelby were beginning to run short of ammunition and other supplies. More pressing, the well inside the fort had run dry, and an attempt to deepen it led to its total collapse. Meanwhile, upset at the lack of progress, Colonel McKay began making plans to break the stalemate by firing red hot cannonballs into the fort to set it ablaze. Lieutenant Perkins offered to surrender if the British would guarantee his men's safety. McKay agreed but asked that Perkins delay formal surrender until the next day so that he could ensure that the Indian forces accompanying the British would not threaten the Americans.

On July 20, the Americans officially surrendered and vacated the fort. Under the terms of the surrender, the British were given control of the fort and the Americans' arms, ammunition, and provisions, while the American troops were allowed to return to St. Louis. 60 Americans of the 7th Infantry were captured, 7 of them wounded, while the British force had 3 Native Americans wounded.

Perkins had been able to send messages asking for help to St. Louis. Major John Campbell had hastily led 120 assorted regulars and rangers up the river in six boats, but was ambushed by several hundred Sauk, Fox and Kickapoo at the Rock Island Rapids on 22 July. He was able to fight his way clear when the Governor Clark unexpectedly arrived. Campbell's force had suffered 35 casualties.

Aftermath
The British force took possession of Fort Shelby, which was renamed Fort McKay. Meanwhile, the Americans had returned to St. Louis by August 6. In September, the United States sent a second force upriver towards Prairie du Chien to recapture the fort, but it was turned back at the Battle of Credit Island. Despite suffering shortage of rations during the winter, the British (now commanded by Captain Andrew Bulger) maintained a presence at Fort McKay until word of the Treaty of Ghent reached Prairie du Chien in the spring of 1815. The treaty returned Prairie du Chien to the United States, so the British force abandoned the fort on May 25, burning it in their retreat. In the following year, the United States constructed Fort Crawford over the site of the battle in order to gain tighter control over the region.

Two active infantry battalions of the Regular Army (1-1 Inf and 2-1 Inf) perpetuate the lineages of detachments of the old 7th Infantry that were at the Siege of Prairie du Chien.

Notes

References
 Antoine, Mary Elise. The War of 1812 in Wisconsin: the battle for Prairie du Chien (Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 2016)

External links
 Articles from the Upper Mississippi Brigade
 http://members.tripod.com/~war1812/pduchien.html

Prairie du Chien
Pre-statehood history of Wisconsin
P
Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin
Battles and conflicts without fatalities
July 1814 events
Fox–Wisconsin Waterway
Battles in the Old Northwest

Siege of Prairie du Chien


Los Angeles is a city in California and the second-largest city in the United States.  Los Angeles may also mean:
Sports teams in the California city:
Los Angeles Clippers (a National Basketball Association team)
Los Angeles Dodgers (a Major League Baseball team)
Los Angeles Galaxy (a Major League Soccer team)
Los Angeles Kings (a National Hockey League team)
Los Angeles Lakers (a National Basketball Association team)
Los Angeles County, a county in California that includes the city
Los Angeles International Airport, an airport serving Los Angeles
Los Angeles River, a river that flows through Los Angeles County
Los Angeles riots of 1992
Los Ángeles, Chile

Los Angeles (disambiguation)


David Jewell (24 March 1934 – 21 May 2006) was a British independent school headmaster during the late 20th century.

Life and career
David Jewell was born in 1934 in Porthleven, West Cornwall, the son of a Wing Commander in the Royal Air Force.

Jewell was educated at Blundell's School and St John's College, Oxford, where he studied chemistry and met his future wife, Katharine. He then took up his first teaching post as science master at Winchester College. After a brief period working in a state school in Bristol, he returned to the independent sector at the age of 36 as headmaster of Bristol Cathedral School, which he led from direct-grant status to independence.

Later, he became headmaster of Repton School, a boys' school in England, and was subsequently headmaster of Haileybury and Imperial Service College. He presided over significant changes in both these schools. In 1990 he served as chairman of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference and as a councillor on Porthleven town council.

Personal and political views
Jewell was a firm supporter of direct-grant schools and was influential in campaigning for the introduction of the assisted places scheme . He was also a committed Anglican Christian.

References

Schoolteachers from Cornwall
1934 births
2006 deaths
Headmasters of Repton School
People educated at Blundell's School
People from Porthleven
Alumni of St John's College, Oxford
Masters of Haileybury and Imperial Service College

David Jewell (headmaster)