Millicent Vernon Fenwick (née Hammond; February 25, 1910 – September 16, 1992) was an American fashion editor, politician and diplomat. A four-term Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from New Jersey, she entered politics late in life and was renowned for her energy and colorful enthusiasm. She was regarded as a moderate and progressive within her party and was outspoken in favor of civil rights and the women's movement.

Early life and education
Millicent Vernon Hammond was born the middle of three children to the politician and later Ambassador to Spain, Ogden Haggerty Hammond (October 13, 1869 – October 29, 1956) of Louisville, Kentucky and his first wife, Mary Picton Stevens (May 16, 1885  – May 7, 1915) of Hoboken, New Jersey. Her paternal grandparents were General John Henry Hammond (June 30, 1833 – April 30, 1890), who served as chief of staff for William Tecumseh Sherman during the Vicksburg Campaign, and Sophia Vernon Wolfe (1842 – May 20, 1923), daughter of Nathaniel Wolfe, a lawyer and legislator from Louisville. Her maternal grandparents were John Stevens (July 1856 – January 21, 1895), oldest son of Stevens Institute of Technology founder Edwin Augustus Stevens and grandson of inventor John Stevens and Mary Marshall McGuire (May 4, 1850 – May 2, 1905). Ogden Hammond and Mary Stevens got married on April 8, 1907, and both derived from families who were heavily involved in history. Ogden Haggerty Hammond was "the son of a civil war general," and after his father's passing, he "entrenched himself in all aspects of superior life." Mary Picton Stevens "was the heir to a fortune based largely on real estate holdings in Hoboken, New Jersey." Millicent's father attended school at Yale University and later in life became a New York financier. She had a sister, Mary Stevens Hammond, and a brother, Ogden H. Hammond, Jr. She was also cousins with John Hammond, a well-known record producer.

During World War I, Hammond insisted on going overseas to help those who needed assistance in Europe, despite the potential dangers that were affiliated while doing so. In 1915, when Millicent was five years old, her mother perished in the sinking of the British ocean liner RMS Lusitania, which her father survived. When Ogden arrived back home from this tragic event, he did not want to discuss what happened, regarding his wife nor the event, and kept himself busy and distracted by becoming very involved with his work. Everyone, both friends and family, respected his decision and carried on with their normal lives as if nothing transpired. He remarried two years later, to Marguerite McClure "Daisy" Howland, and by that marriage Fenwick had a stepbrother, McClure (Mac) Howland. Ogden's children now had a stepmother. However, Daisy was so preoccupied with herself, Mac, and her social status that she spent minimal time with her stepchildren. Millicent and Daisy did not have a good relationship, and her father was no help. If there were any family issues going on, Ogden requested that his children address them with Daisy and not him. After their mother's passing, Millicent developed a closer relationship with her siblings, especially her sister, Mary. In 1918, the trial of the Lusitania took place, as people were suing the ship's company for failure to show passengers aboard the safety precautions. Ogden was one of the many people to testify and when the jury reached the verdict, the Hammonds were each compensated, receiving over $60,000.

Raised in comfortable circumstances in Bernardsville, Millicent attended the exclusive Nightingale-Bamford School in nearby Manhattan, and then at Foxcroft School, a private boarding school in Middleburg, Virginia. She attended college at Barnard College and then at New School for Social Research, both in Manhattan.

In 1931, she met Hugh McLeod Fenwick (February 17, 1905 – July 24, 1991), who was married to Dorothy Ledyard, the daughter of New York attorney Lewis Cass Ledyard. Hugh briefly attended Harvard University before he began working in the field of aviation in Pensacola, Florida. Fenwick later earned the position of becoming a "lieutenant in the flying section of the New Jersey National Guard." The relationship between Hugh and Millicent was kept discreet until he was divorced. When the two became engaged, Millicent's stepmother was beside herself and Ogden, too, was disappointed with his daughter. Daisy, "a devout Catholic," was so disenchanted with Millicent's marrying a divorced man that she prohibited her from returning to the house. Despite her father's and stepmother's disapproval, Hugh and Millicent  married on June 11, 1932. The couple rented a house in Bedminster, New Jersey for about a year, and then moved to Bernardsville, New Jersey.

The Fenwicks welcomed their first child, Mary Stevens Fenwick, on February 25, 1934, also Millicent's birthday. Becoming a mother did not come easy to Millicent and she therefore had to hire a nanny to help raise her daughter. When Hugh and Millicent welcomed their second child, Hugo Hammond Fenwick, their marriage started to go downhill. Hugh's dishonesty about telling different stories and lying played a big role in the separation between the two. Hugh relocated to Europe leaving behind an enormous amount of debt his wife had to pay off. After several years of being separated, Hugh and Millicent divorced in 1945. Hugh remarried to Barbara West and had a daughter, Maureen, while Millicent did not remarry and instead focused on working and caring for her children.

While Hugh and Millicent were still together, she briefly modeled for Harper's Bazaar. When they divorced, it was difficult for Millicent to find a job that would support both herself and her children because she never received a high school diploma. After searching for jobs and not being recognized by publishers for the stories she had authored, Millicent was hired to work for Vogue magazine as a caption editor. She stayed with Vogue for a little over a decade and held several job titles during her employment with the magazine. She concluded her career at Vogue in 1948. She compiled Vogue's Book of Etiquette, which sold a million copies and eventually went on tour around the country.

By 1952, Millicent officially retired from work because her children were old enough to support themselves. She also inherited money, which was substantially enough to support her following her retirement.

Political career

Local and state office

During the 1950s, Fenwick became involved in politics via the Civil Rights Movement. Often described as being blessed with exceptional intelligence, striking good looks, and a keen wit, she rose rapidly in the ranks of the Republican Party. She was elected to the Bernardsville Borough Council in 1957, serving until 1964, and around the same time was appointed to the New Jersey Committee of the United States Commission on Civil Rights, on which she served from 1958 to 1974. She was elected to the New Jersey General Assembly in 1969, serving from 1970 to December 1972, when she left the Legislature to become director of the New Jersey Division of Consumer Affairs under Governor William T. Cahill.

U.S. House of Representatives
Elected to Congress from New Jersey in 1974 aged 64, Fenwick became a media favorite during her four terms in the House of Representatives. Known for her opposition to corruption by both parties and special interest groups, she was called "the conscience of Congress" by television newscaster Walter Cronkite. She was one of the most liberal Republicans in the House.

In 1975, the Helsinki Accords were negotiated in Helsinki, Finland. They were primarily an effort to reduce tension between the Soviet and Western blocs by securing their common acceptance of the post-World War II status quo in Europe. One week after the signing of the treaty, Fenwick went to Moscow as a junior member of a congressional delegation. She met refuseniks who wanted to contact American congressmen and held an unofficial meeting with dissident Yuri Orlov. She was thus convinced that political action in America based on the Helsinki Accords would improve human rights in the Soviet Union. Before departing, Fenwick raised some specific cases with Leonid Brezhnev at a final press conference. Returning to the U.S., Fenwick initiated the establishment of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), which oversaw the implementation of the Helsinki Accords.
Despite her upper-class, society girl background, Fenwick went to Washington with a tough, blue collar work ethic. Virtually any night, hours after typical congressmen had headed out for dinner and home, she stayed working in her Capitol Hill office, and always was willing to answer reporters' questions about her actions.

Once, when a conservative male congressman attacked a piece of women's rights legislation by saying, "I've always thought of women as kissable, cuddly, and smelling good," Fenwick responded, "That's what I've always thought about men, and I hope for your sake that you haven't been disappointed as many times as I've been."

Candidate for U.S. Senator
In 1982, she ran for a United States Senate seat, and defeated conservative Jeffrey Bell in the Republican primary. However, she then narrowly lost the general election to progressive Democratic businessman and Automatic Data Processing CEO Frank Lautenberg in an upset. Fenwick said subsequently, "I never expected to lose. I had no concession speech prepared, or anything. I never expected to lose."

In 2008, when Lautenberg was running for reelection to the Senate, his Republican opponents made an issue out of his age of 84, arguing that he had voiced similar criticisms of the then-72-year-old Fenwick during their 1982 election campaign. Lautenberg denied having made an issue of Fenwick's age, saying he "only questioned her ability to do the job."

Ambassador
After leaving the House of Representatives following the 1982 election, Fenwick was appointed by President Ronald Reagan as United States Ambassador to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in Rome, Italy. She held this position from June 1983 to March 1987, when she retired from public life at the age of 77.

Later life
Fenwick died of heart failure in her home town of Bernardsville on September 16, 1992.

She was fluent in Italian, French and Spanish.

The Millicent Fenwick Monument, a sculpture by Dana Toomey, was paid for by voluntary donations and unveiled in October 1995. Always decorated, it is near the Bernardsville train station.

Fenwick is considered by some to be the model for the character of Lacey Davenport in Garry Trudeau's comic strip Doonesbury, although Trudeau insisted the character was modeled on no one in particular. Lacey Davenport first appeared several months before Fenwick was first elected to Congress.

She is the grandmother of CEO Jonathan Reckford and great-grandmother of U.S. Olympic rower Molly Reckford.

Legacy
According to biographer Amy Schapiro:
During Fenwick's public service career she earned a reputation for integrity and moral values. Her principled positions, including her opposition to congressional raises and PAC money, prompted Walter Cronkite to call her the "conscience of Congress." She served as the basis of Garry Trudeau's Doonesbury character Congresswoman Lacey Davenport.

New Jersey Governor Thomas Kean said:
She was the only really ambitious seventy-year-old I've ever met. She loved serving in office, and whether in the state assembly or the United States Congress, she never ceased marveling that she had actually been chosen to represent the people. In legislative bodies she remained a maverick....she hated hypocrisy and those who abused the public trust. Stubborn to a fault, she never betrayed her ideals or paid much attention to the polls. In the end, that was probably why she lost her last election, but the example she set and the way she conducted her life continue to stand as a model for all those who might want to pursue public life.

Electoral history
 1974 U.S. House
 Millicent Fenwick (R), 53.4%
 Frederick Bohen (D), 43.5%
 1976 U.S. House
 Millicent Fenwick (R), 66.9%
 Frank Nero (D), 31.3%
 1978 U.S. House
 Millicent Fenwick (R), 72.6%
 John Fahy (D), 27.4%
 1980 U.S. House
 Millicent Fenwick (R), 77.5%
 Kieran Pillon, Jr. (D) 20.5%
 1982 U.S. Senate
 Frank Lautenberg (D), 51%
 Millicent Fenwick (R), 48%

In popular culture
She was believed by some to be the inspiration behind Lacey Davenport, a fictional character in Garry Trudeau's comic strip Doonesbury.

See also

 Women in the United States House of Representatives

References

Further reading
 Lamson, Peggy. In the Vanguard: Six American Women in Public Life (1979).
 Schapiro, Amy. Millicent Fenwick: Her Way (2003).
 Schapiro, Amy, "Millicent Fenwick" American National Biography (2003) online free https://doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700784

Primary sources
 Fenwick, Millicent. "Speak Frankly." Foreign Policy 39 (1980): 11–13. online
 Fenwick, Millicent. Vogue's Book of Etiquette: A Complete Guide to Traditional Forms and Modern Usage (Simon and Schuster, 1948). online free to borrow
 Fenwick, Millicent. Speaking Up (1982), includes her congressional newsletters, editorials, and other articles she wrote.

External links
 MillicentFenwick.com
 Millicent Hammond Fenwick at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
Millicent Hammond Fenwick Collection at the Carl Albert Center

|-

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1910 births
1992 deaths
20th-century American politicians
Columbia University alumni
American women ambassadors
Ambassadors of the United States
Activists for African-American civil rights
American feminists
Female members of the United States House of Representatives
New Jersey city council members
People from Bernardsville, New Jersey
Politicians from Somerset County, New Jersey
Reagan administration personnel
Representatives of the United States to the United Nations Agencies for Food and Agriculture
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New Jersey
School board members in New Jersey
The New School alumni
Vogue (magazine) people
Women city councillors in New Jersey
Women state legislators in New Jersey
20th-century American women politicians
Nightingale-Bamford School alumni

Millicent Fenwick


Saint and Greavsie was a British television show in which former footballers Ian St John and Jimmy Greaves discussed current football themes such as the day's matches. It ran on ITV from 1985 to 1992.

Format
Englishman Jimmy Greaves and Scotsman Ian St John were successful football players in the 1960s, but they did not play for the same club; Greaves spent the bulk of his career with Chelsea and Tottenham Hotspur, while St John played mainly for Liverpool. Their collaboration as television football pundits started with On the Ball in World of Sport. Usually St John would host from the London studio and would cross over to Greaves, who was elsewhere, to get his views, but they would eventually be based in the same studio. The segment was highly popular, leading to the commissioning of Saint and Greavsie as a programme in its own right immediately after the demise of World of Sport in September 1985. A key characteristic of the show was comedy, with St John prompting Greaves to jokes and jibes.

The show was usually about 30 minutes long and was initially broadcast shortly after noon on Saturdays, to coincide with the build-up to that afternoon's football matches. In later years it usually went on air shortly after 1pm and in its final season was increased in length to a 45-minute slot. At various points in the show the goals of previous matches would be shown. The show included features on clubs in both English and Scottish leagues and discussion of that weekend's major games, emphasising matches that ITV planned to broadcast.

The series initially had a simple opening sequence showing a rotating rudimentary CGI-image of a football pitch revolving several times, before a still of the two presenters popped up at the end; the theme tune was initially identical to that used for the "On the Ball" segment of 'World of Sport. In later years, the introduction to the show began with St John and Greaves as cigarette cards from their playing days on the opening credits, and the theme tune was changed to a piece named "Aztec Gold", composed by Silsoe, which, at the time, was being used as the theme tune for ITV's The Big Match, after being the theme tune for the station's coverage of the 1986 World Cup.

Although the show predominantly dealt with football, it also covered sports such as cricket and boxing, with interviewees including Mike Tyson and Chris Eubank. When Greaves was ill at Christmas 1990, he was replaced by commentator Peter Brackley voicing a puppet modelled on him from Spitting Image, a show he had often featured on.

In the 1991–92 season, the Rumbelows Cup draw was broadcast on Saint and Greavsie. The away teams for the quarter-finals were drawn by future US president Donald Trump, when the duo were in the United States to film a programme looking at how the country was preparing for the 1994 FIFA World Cup.

Goal of the Season
After ITV secured the rights to show league football, the network had their own Goal of the Season award (the BBC had the rights to FA Cup matches, so their award always went to the winning goal in the FA Cup final). Every First Division club were eligible, with the best goal from each respective season chosen by the club's manager. The next week, the list was cut down to six, with the general public able to send their top three goals in order. The goal with the most votes was the winner.

In the final series, the twenty nominations were chosen by the Saint and Greavsie team, as more than one goal scored by Manchester United and Arsenal players were chosen. Goals from Second Division clubs were also included.

End of an era
In the summer of 1992, ITV lost the rights to broadcast top-tier English football matches as the newly formed Premier League contracted to Sky Sports. ITV then discontinued Saint and Greavsie. The final programmes were broadcast from Sweden during Euro 92, with the pair singing "The Last Time" in the final credits and making jokes at Sky's expense.

Aside from a 1995 series Saint and Greavsie's World of Sport, the pair did not present under the name Saint and Greavsie again, but continued to link up together and remained in touch. They occasionally presented Champions League preview shows together and both remained employed by ITV for several years. Together, they hosted the discussion show Sport in Question. St John continued to be used as a co-commentator for the ITV network until the arrival of Jim Beglin, while Greaves continued to appear as a pundit and co-commentator in the Central region until 1996, when he was gradually phased out in favour of Ron Atkinson. Away from their work, Greaves and St John rarely met due to living in Essex and on the Wirral respectively, but Greaves said they had a "lovely relationship".

In 2004, Saint and Greavsie were studio guests in an episode of Fantasy Football League, when they were described as the "godfathers" of football comedy by Frank Skinner and David Baddiel. In earlier years they had been parodied in sketches on the show. St John criticised Baddiel and Skinner in his autobiography and interviews, following their appearance on the show.

Other formats
In 1989, Grandslam Entertainment released Saint and Greavsie, a football trivia quiz game, on a variety of computer platforms. It was developed by Core Design. In 2006, Saint and Greavsie released a DVD quiz, featuring retro football action, with a book, Saint and Greavsie's Funny Old Games, having also since been published.

In May 2009, Setanta Sports announced that Saint and Greavsie were reforming their double act to star in a FA Cup Special on 30 May, the day of the Cup Final. The Saint and Greavsie FA Cup Special was broken up into three mini-programmes appearing throughout the build up to the Everton v Chelsea final.

References

External links

1980s British sports television series
1985 British television series debuts
1990s British sports television series
1992 British television series endings
English Football League on television
English-language television shows
ITV Sport
London Weekend Television shows
Television series by ITV Studios

Saint and Greavsie


The Israeli Anti-Semitic Cartoons Contest (Hebrew: תחרות קריקטורות אנטישמיות ישראלית) was initiated by two Israeli artists in response to the Muhammad cartoons controversy and the subsequent "Holocaust Cartoon Competition" by the Iranian newspaper Hamshahri. Illustrator Amitai Sandy announced the contest on the website of his Tel Aviv-based graphic arts company on February 14, 2006, stating, "We'll show the world we can do the best, sharpest, most offensive Jew hating cartoons ever published! No Iranian will beat us on our home turf!"

The Jerusalem Post reported Sandy as saying that his intention was to challenge bigotry by using humour. According to Haaretz, within three days of the announcement of the contest Sandy was interviewed by more than thirty daily newspapers, as well as two television channels and a radio program broadcast on 450 local stations in the United States.

On April 6, the winner was announced on the contest homepage: "Fiddler on the Roof." It depicted a fiddler on the Brooklyn Bridge during the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center.

Other common themes through the cartoons included world domination, the myth of Jews having horns, the Holocaust (and its denial), and the blood libel, all of which were familiar staples or topics of antisemitism. Many of those staples were canards as well.

References

External links

 Israeli group announces anti-Semitic cartoons contest!
 Israeli antisemitic cartoons contest, a web-archive of the cartoon gallery

Editorial cartooning awards
Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy
Israeli awards
Arts awards in Israel
Antisemitic works
Jewish comedy and humor
2006 in Israel
2006 in comics

he:פרשת קריקטורות מוחמד#התגובות לקריקטורות

Israeli antisemitic cartoons contest


The Amir Nezām House (Persian: خانه امیرنظام, Khaneh-e Amir Nezām, Azeri: Emir Nizamin evi), or The Qajar Museum of Tabriz, is a historical building in the Sheshghelan district (Persian: ششگلان), one of the oldest quarters of the city of Tabriz, Iran. The base of the edifice covers an area of 1200 square metres. This monument which since 2006 houses a museum dedicated to the Qajar dynasty (1781-1925), was built in the period of the Crown Prince Abbas Mirza (1789-1833). It was renovated by Hasan-Ali Khan (حسنعلی خان), Hasan Ali Khan Garroosy, in his position as the Major-domo of Azarbaijan, and used as his residency. In the subsequent periods, the house was employed as the official residence of the provincial governors of Azarbaijan. Because of persistent neglect over a long period of time, this building had come to be in such a bad state of disrepair that for a time it was seriously considered to demolish it and build a school in its place. Between 1993 and 2006 it has been subject of an extensive renovation process and since the completion of this undertaking it has been granted the National Heritage status.

The Sheshghelan district has been Governor's seat during the Ilkhanate dynasty.
Hasan-Ali Khan, Amir Nezām Garousi, was born in 1820 in Bijar, in the Kurdistan Province. For a period of twenty-two years he served in various governmental positions. In particular, for a period he was in charge of the Iranian students sent to Europe by the government of Iran. He also served as the General of the Garrus Army and Head of the Security Guards of the High Court and of Arg-e Tabriz. He is buried in Mahan, in the Kerman Province. He is best remembered for his exemplary prose in the Persian language.

See also
 Behnam House
 Constitutional Revolution House of Tabriz
 Haidarzadeh house
 House of Seghat ol Islam

References
 The Amir Nezām House (East Azarbaijan Cultural Heritage Handycraft And Tourism Organization).
 eachto.ir
 Firouz Malek-Madani, PhD, Hassan-Ali Khan Garrousi, Amir Nezām, Rozaneh Magazine, January–February 2006: (Outline, Article. Part I).

External links

 Virtual Museum of Historical Buildings of Tabriz (School of Architecture, Tabriz Islamic Art University ).
  Tabriz Islamic Art University (دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز), Tabriz, Iran
  Picture gallery, Tabriz Islamic Art University (دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز), Tabriz, Iran
 Iranian Student's Tourism & Traveling Agency, ISTTA. (English), (Persian)

Museums in Tabriz
Houses in Iran
Architecture in Iran
Buildings and structures in Tabriz
Buildings of the Qajar period

Amir Nezam House


The Bell AH-1 Cobra is an American military helicopter. It is an attack helicopter. It is made by Bell Helicopter company. It has one engine. Its first flight was on 7 September 1967. The United States Army don't use the AH-1 any more, and replaced it with the AH-64 Apache. The single-engine AH-1 Cobra is still active in some other countries like Israel and Iran. The United States Marine Corps still use the two-engine Bell AH-1 SuperCobra. The Cobra's weapons are:
two 7.62 mm multi-barrel miniguns or two M129 Grenade launchers
Folding-Fin Aerial Rocket
M61 Vulcan

Operational History

United States
Tet Offensive in 1968 and through the end of the Vietnam War. In this war it was used for attacking enemy ground forces, escorting transport helicopters and other roles.
Operation Urgent Fury, 1983 Invasion of Grenada. In this operation it was used for flying close-support and helicopter escort missions.
Operation Just Cause, 1989 Invasion of Panama.
Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm in the Gulf War (1990–91).
Operation Restore Hope in Somalia in 1993.
1994 Invasion of Haiti.

Iran
Iran-Iraq War

Israel
The first combat mission of AH-1 Cobra in Israel was on 9 May 1979. From this time on it was used in many operations against the Lebanese anti-Israeli groups. One of its important operations was in 1982 Lebanon war.

Pakistan
Balochistan conflict
It was used in some operations against Taliban and al-Qaeda and the tribes, that helped them.

References

Helicopters
AH-1
United States military aircraft

Bell AH-1 Cobra


Rust converters are chemical solutions or primers that can be applied directly to an iron or iron alloy surface to convert iron oxides (rust) into a protective chemical barrier. These compounds interact with iron oxides, especially iron(III) oxide, converting them into an adherent black layer (black oxide) that is more resistant to moisture and protects the surface from further corrosion. They are sometimes referred to as "rust remover" or "rust killer".

Typical ingredients
Commercial rust converters are water-based and contain two primary active ingredients: tannic acid and an organic polymer. Tannic acid chemically converts the reddish iron oxides into bluish-black ferric tannate, a more stable material. The second active ingredient is an organic solvent such as 2-butoxyethanol (ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, trade name butyl cellosolve) that acts as a wetting agent and provides a protective primer layer in conjunction with an organic polymer emulsion.

Some rust converters may contain additional acids to speed up the chemical reaction by lowering the pH of the solution. A common example is phosphoric acid, which additionally converts some iron oxide into an inert layer of ferric phosphate. Most of the rust converters contain special additives. They support the rust transformation and improve the wetting of the surface.

Uses
Rust converter is usually applied to objects that are difficult to sand blast, such as vehicles, trailers, fences, iron railings, sheet metal, and the outside of storage tanks. It may also be used to restore and preserve iron-based items of historical importance.

See also
Bluing (steel)
Phosphate conversion coating
Parkerizing

References

External links
"The Conservation of Two Cast Iron Bells at the Lac Qui Parle Mission Historic Site" (PDF, 131 kB)

Coatings
Corrosion prevention
Metal plating
Metalworking

Rust converter


Alpha Chung-i Chiang (born 1927) is an American mathematical economist, Professor Emeritus of Economics at the University of Connecticut, and author of perhaps the most well known mathematical economics textbook; Fundamental Methods of Mathematical Economics.

Chiang's undergraduate studies at St. John's University, Shanghai led to a BA in 1946, and his postgraduates studies at the University of Colorado an MA in 1948 and at Columbia University a PhD in 1954.

He taught at Denison University in Ohio from 1954 to 1964, serving as Chairman of the Department of Economics in the last three years there. Then he joined the University of Connecticut as Professor of Economics in 1964. He taught for 28 years at the University of Connecticut—becoming in 1992 Professor Emeritus of Economics.  He also held Visiting Professorships at New Asia College (Hong Kong), Cornell University, Lingnan College (Hong Kong), and Helsinki School of Economics and Business Administration.

Married to Emily Chiang, he has a son Darryl, and a daughter Tracey.  His wide extracurricular interests include ballroom dancing, Chinese opera, Chinese painting/calligraphy, photography, and piano.  A piano-music composition of his is featured in Tammy Lum's CD "Ballades & Ballads"  (2015).

Selected publications
 Chiang, A. C., (1967). Fundamental methods of mathematical economics. McGraw-Hill, New York. (Now (2005) in 4th Edition with  Wainwright, Kevin)
 Chiang, A. C. (1992). Elements of dynamic optimization. McGraw-Hill, New York.  Now, published by Waveland Press Inc., Illinois.

References

1927 births
Living people
Mathematical economists
University of Colorado alumni
Columbia University alumni
University of Connecticut faculty
Denison University faculty
Place of birth missing (living people)
American expatriates in China

Alpha Chiang


The BMT Canarsie Line is a line of the New York City Subway, and over 565,000 people ride it every day. Services using the line are colored light gray, not to be confused with the dark gray Shuttles.

Only one service uses the line, and that is the L service. It runs from 8th Avenue to Rockaway Parkway.

BMT Canarsie Line


The 2020 UEFA Super Cup was the 45th edition of the UEFA Super Cup. The match featured Bayern Munich, the winners of the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League, and Sevilla, the winners of the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League. It was played at the Puskás Aréna in Budapest, Hungary on 24 September 2020.

The match was originally scheduled to be played at the Estádio do Dragão in Porto, Portugal, on 12 August 2020; however, after the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe caused the schedule to change of the previous season's club finals. The UEFA Executive Committee chose to award the rescheduled Champions League final to Portugal, and postponed and relocated the Super Cup to Budapest.

Bayern Munich won the match 2–1 after extra time to secure their second UEFA Super Cup title.

Teams

Venue

The Estádio do Dragão was scheduled to stage its first ever UEFA Super Cup match.

This was the first UEFA club competition final hosted at the Puskás Aréna and the second for Budapest and Hungary.

Host selection
An open bidding process was launched on 8 December 2017 by UEFA to select the venue of the UEFA Super Cup in 2020. Associations had until 12 January 2018 to express interest, and bid dossiers had to be submitted by 29 March 2018. Associations hosting matches at UEFA Euro 2020 were not allowed to bid for the 2020 UEFA Super Cup.

The UEFA Executive Committee relocated the match to Puskás Aréna in Budapest at their meeting on 17 June 2020.

Pre-match

Ticketing
Tickets were on sale for the general public until 9 September 2020. Moreover, 3,000 tickets were available for the supporters of each team. In total, 15,500 tickets were sold. Strict hygiene measures, including social distancing and wearing of face masks when social distancing could not be respected, were in place during the match. Ticket holders from overseas had to present proof of a negative SARS-CoV-2 PCR test performed within three days of entry, and had to leave the country within 72 hours after their entry.

Despite Hungarian government insisting that the match would be safe to attend, there was opposition to the decision to have spectators. Hungarian politician Ildikó Borbély called the game an "unacceptable experiment", while Minister President of Bavaria Markus Söder urged Bayern fans not to travel, fearing that the match could turn into a "hotbed for COVID-19 to spread". Hungarian Medical Chamber advisor, epidemiologist András Csilek, stated that the Chamber also considered it wrong, saying that it "carries unnecessary risk adding" and "shouldn't be allowed".

Officials
On 15 September 2020, UEFA named English official Anthony Taylor as the referee for the match. Taylor had been a FIFA referee since 2013, and previously worked as one of the additional assistant referees in the 2014 UEFA Super Cup, 2015 UEFA Europa League Final, 2016 UEFA Champions League Final and UEFA Euro 2016 Final. He was joined by his fellow countrymen, with Gary Beswick and Adam Nunn as assistant referees, Stuart Attwell as the video assistant referee (VAR) and Paul Tierney as the assistant VAR. Israeli referee Orel Grinfeld served as the fourth official.

Match

Summary
Sevilla were awarded a penalty after 13 minutes when Ivan Rakitić was blocked and bundled over in the penalty area by David Alaba. Lucas Ocampos scored the penalty shooting to the left corner to put Sevilla ahead. Leon Goretzka made it 1–1 in the 34th minute, with a side foot finish to the left corner of the net after a take down assist from Robert Lewandowski.	The game went into extra time, with substitute Javi Martínez getting the winner for Bayern in the 104th minute with a powerful header to the top left corner of the net when the ball fell to him, after Sevilla goalkeeper Yassine Bounou had punched the ball back into play.

Details
The Champions League winners was designated as the "home" team for administrative purposes.

Statistics

Related pages

 2020 UEFA Champions League Final
 2020 UEFA Europa League Final
 2020 UEFA Women's Champions League Final
 FC Bayern Munich in international football
 Sevilla FC in European football

Notes

References

Other websites

UEFA Super Cup
2020 in European football
2019–20 in European football
Football in Hungary
Sport in Budapest
September 2020 events

2020 UEFA Super Cup


The Freud Museum was the home of Sigmund Freud and his family after they escaped the Nazi takeover of Austria in 1938. It is at 20 Maresfield Gardens in Hampstead, London.

After the death of Anna Freud, the youngest daughter, in 1982, the home became a museum. The centrepiece of the museum is Freud's study, preserved just as it was during his lifetime.

There are two other Freud Museums, one in Vienna, and another  in Příbor, the Czech Republic, in the house where Freud was born.

The study

The study and library were preserved by Anna Freud after her father's death. The bookshelf behind Freud's desk contains some of his favourite authors: not only Goethe and Shakespeare but also Heine, Multatuli and Anatole France. Freud acknowledged that poets and philosophers had gained insights into the unconscious which psychoanalysis sought to explain systematically.

The room contains the original analytic couch brought from Berggasse 19. On this patients would recline comfortably while Freud, out of sight in the green tub chair, listened to their 'free association'. They were asked to say everything that came to mind without consciously sifting or selecting information. This method became a foundation upon which psychoanalysis was built.

Antiquities
The study is filled with antiquities from ancient Greece, Rome, Egypt and the Orient. There are some fine masks and carving from Africa. Freud visited many archaeological sites (though not Egypt). Most of the collection was got from dealers in Vienna.

He confessed that his passion for collecting was second only to his addiction to cigars. The importance of the collection can be seen in Freud's use of archaeology as a metaphor for psychoanalysis. One example of this is Freud's explanation to a patient that conscious material 'wears away' while what is unconscious is relatively unchanging: "I illustrated my remarks by pointing to the antique objects about my room. They were, in fact, I said, only objects found in a tomb, and their burial had been their preservation".

The collection includes a portrait of Freud by Salvador Dalí.

References

Other websites
Freud Museum website
Freud Museum in Vienna

Museums in London

Freud Museum


Norman Rossington (24 December 1928 – 21 May 1999) was an English actor best remembered for his roles in The Army Game, the Carry On films and the Beatles' film A Hard Day's Night.

Early life
Born in Liverpool, Lancashire, the son of a publican, Rossington was educated at Sefton Park Elementary School and Liverpool Technical College. He left education at the age of 14. After that he lived a rather aimless adolescent life as messenger, office boy at Liverpool Docks and apprentice joiner.
He did his national service in the RAF. Later, he went to night school and studied industrial design at technical college to become a draughtsman. His interest in acting led him to the David Lewis Theatre, a local theatre group where he began his acting career. Here he played Shakespeare and in The Critic under the direction of Thomas G Reed. Rossington went on to train at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School, by the mid-1950s appearing on the stage in plays such as a London Old Vic tour of the US in A Midsummer Night's Dream and Salad Days, being one of the original cast. However, his big breakthrough came in 1957, when he starred as Private 'Cupcake' Cook in the popular sitcom The Army Game. He left after three series in 1959, and in the meantime had appeared in its big screen spin-off I Only Arsked!, again as 'Cupcake'.

Film roles
His first film role was in the 1956 film Three Men in a Boat. Rossington went on to appear in Carry On Sergeant, the first Carry On film, as well as Carry On Nurse (1959) and Carry On Regardless (1961). Rossington also played notable serious roles in Saint Joan (1957) and the classic 1960 British "New Wave" film Saturday Night and Sunday Morning, playing alongside Albert Finney in the latter's first starring role. In 1958 he acted in the first of two Titanic films, A Night to Remember, as a steward unable to communicate with non-English speaking passengers. Rossington would return in his second Titanic film playing the Sergeant-at-Arms in S.O.S. Titanic in 1979.

In 1962 Rossington played the uncredited role of Corporal Jenkins in Lawrence of Arabia, and later appeared in The Longest Day (1962), Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines (1965), Tobruk playing Alfie (1967) and The Charge of the Light Brigade (1968). In 1972, he appeared in Young Winston and the cult horror film Death Line with Donald Pleasence.

Rossington is the only performer to work in both a Beatles film, in A Hard Day's Night, and an Elvis Presley film, Double Trouble. He remembered Presley during filming as a 'quiet man who sat by himself in a corner and who would often borrow my newspaper.'

Television career
From the 1970s onwards, Rossington mainly appeared on television, including roles in His and Hers, The Wednesday Play, Casanova, Carry On Christmas, Crown Court, I, Claudius, Z-Cars, Big Jim and the Figaro Club (1981, in the title role of "Big Jim"), The Bill and Last of the Summer Wine. He also told the stories from The Adventures of Portland Bill. His final appearances before his death were Heartbeat in 1996, Sharpe's Regiment as Sergeant Horatio Havercamp, also in 1996, and What's a Carry On? in 1998.

Theatre

His stage career included time spent with the Royal Shakespeare Company and at the Metropolitan Opera in New York. Rossington also made many appearances in the West End, with roles in Peter Pan, My Fair Lady (as Alfred Doolittle), Annie Get Your Gun (as Charlie Davenport), Tony Weller in Pickwick: The Musical, Guys and Dolls (as Nathan Detroit), and in Beauty and the Beast (as Maurice).

Radio

Rossington did some radio, returning to the part of Big Jim in the BBC Radio 4 version of  Big Jim and the Figaro Club. He made six half-hour episodes in 1987.

Personal life and death
Rossington gave his hobbies as woodwork, skiing, golf and languages. Early in his life, Rossington was married to an actress for three years and then divorced. His second marriage, on 19 January 1999 to Cindy Barnes, lasted until his death from cancer aged 70 a few months later.

Selected filmography

 Keep It Clean (1956) as Arthur
 Three Men in a Boat (1956) as Boy Lover
 Saint Joan (1957) as 2nd Soldier at Burning (uncredited)
 The Long Haul (1957) as Young Liverpool Driver (uncredited)
 Strangers' Meeting (1957) as Barrow Boy
 The One That Got Away (1957) as Sergeant - Swanick (uncredited)
 The Army Game (1957) Pte. 'Cupcake' Cook
 A Night to Remember (1958) as James Kieran - Titanic Chief Steerage Steward (uncredited)
 Carry On Sergeant (1958) as Herbert Brown
 I Only Arsked! (1958) as Pte. 'Cupcake' Cook
 Carry On Nurse (1959) as Norm
 The Running Jumping & Standing Still Film (1959) as Bearded Man (uncredited)
 The League of Gentlemen (1960) as Staff-Sergeant Hall (uncredited)
 Doctor in Love (1960) as Strip Club Doorman (uncredited)
 Saturday Night and Sunday Morning (1960) as Bert
 No Love for Johnnie (1961) as Sykes of the Herald (uncredited)
 Carry On Regardless (1961) as Referee
 Go to Blazes (1962) as Alfie
 Crooks Anonymous (1962) as Bert
 The Longest Day (1962) as Pvt. Clough
 Lawrence of Arabia (1962) as Corporal Jenkins (uncredited)
 Nurse on Wheels (1963) as George Judd
 A Hard Day's Night (1964) as Norm
 The Comedy Man (1964) as Theodore Littleton
 Daylight Robbery (1964)
 Joey Boy (1965) as Royal Army Corporal (uncredited)
 Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines (1965) as Assistant Fire Chief
 Cup Fever (1965) as Driver
 The Wrong Box (1966) as First Rough
 Tobruk (1967) as Private Alfie Braithwaite
 Double Trouble (1967) as Arthur Babcock
 To Chase a Million (1967)
 The Charge of the Light Brigade (1968) as S.M. Corbett
 Negatives (1968) as Auctioneer
 Two Gentlemen Sharing (1969) as Phil Carter
 The Adventures of Gerard (1970) as Sgt. Papilette (Hussars of Conflans)
 The Rise and Rise of Michael Rimmer (1970) as Guide at Porton Down
 Simon, Simon (1970) as Fireman
 Man in the Wilderness (1971) as Ferris
 Death Line (1972) as Detective Sergeant Rogers
 Young Winston (1972) as Dewsnap
 Go for a Take (1972) as Jack Foster
 Digby, the Biggest Dog in the World (1973) as Tom
 Joseph Andrews (1977) as Gaffer Andrews
 The Prisoner of Zenda (1979) as Bruno
 S.O.S. Titanic (1979) as Master-at-Arms: T. King
 Masada (1981) as Maro
 House of the Long Shadows (1983) as Station Master
 The Krays (1990) as Shopkeeper
 Let Him Have It (1991) as Postman

Selected television roles

References

External links

BBC News - Actor Norman Rossington dies

1928 births
1999 deaths
Alumni of Bristol Old Vic Theatre School
English male film actors
English male television actors
English male stage actors
Male actors from Liverpool
20th-century English male actors

Norman Rossington


Eochaid mac Echdach was king of Dál Riata (modern western Scotland) from 726 until 733. He was a son of Eochaid mac Domangairt.

Eochaid came to power as king of Dál Riata in 726, presumably deposing Dúngal mac Selbaig. Selbach may have tried to restore his son to power, and fought against Eochaid's supporters at Irros Foichnae in 727, but without apparent success. The annals vary as to whether the despatch of a fleet from Dál Riata to Ireland to aid Flaithbertach mac Loingsig in his war with Áed Allán should be placed in the reign of Eochaid, or that of his successor.

At his death in 733, Eochaid is named king rather than lord of Dál Riata, which may suggest that after the defeat of Dúngal and Selbach his reign was unchallenged. His son, Áed Find, was later king of Dál Riata.

As Dál Riata certainly maintained a separate existence until 736, Eochaid must have had a successor, or successors. It appears that he was succeeded by Muiredach mac Ainbcellaig, who had replaced Dúngal mac Selbaig as king of the Cenél Loairn.

External links
Annals of Ulster at CELT (translated)
Annals of Tigernach at CELT
Duan Albanach at CELT (translated)

733 deaths
Kings of Dál Riata
8th-century Irish monarchs
8th-century Scottish monarchs
Year of birth unknown

Eochaid mac Echdach


Thomas Adrian Sands (born August 27, 1937) is an American pop music singer and actor. Working in show business as a child, Sands became an overnight sensation and instant teen idol when he appeared on Kraft Television Theater in January 1957 as "The Singin' Idol". The song from the show, "Teen-Age Crush", reached No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 1 on Cashbox.

Early life
Sands was born into a musical family in Chicago, Illinois; his father, Ben, was a pianist, and his mother, Grace, a big-band singer. He moved with the family to Shreveport, Louisiana. He began playing the guitar at eight and within a year had a job performing twice weekly on a local radio station. At the beginning of his teen years, he moved to Houston, Texas, where he attended Lamar High School and joined a band with "Jimmie Lee Durden and the Junior Cowboys", consisting of Sands, Durden, and Billy Reno. They performed on radio, at county fairs, and did personal appearances. He was only 15 when Colonel Tom Parker heard about him and signed him to RCA Records.

Career
In 1957 Sands was featured on Hometown Jubilee on KTLA television in Los Angeles.

The Singin' Idol
Sands's initial recordings achieved little in the way of sales but in early 1957 he was given the opportunity to star in an episode of Kraft Television Theatre called "The Singing Idol". He played the part of a singer who was very similar to Elvis Presley, with guitar, pompadour hair, and excitable teenage fans.

On the show, his song presentation of a Joe Allison composition called "Teen-Age Crush" went over big with the young audience and, released as a single by Capitol Records, it went to No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 record chart and No. 1 on the Cashbox chart. It became a gold record.

His track, "The Old Oaken Bucket", peaked at No. 25 on the UK Singles Chart in 1960.

He released his debut album Steady Date with Tommy Sands (1957).

Sands' sudden fame brought an offer to sing at the Academy Awards show. He did another episode of Kraft Television Theatre, "Flesh and Blood" (1957), playing the son of a gangster. He also made "The Promise" for Zane Grey Theatre (1957), playing the son of a character played by Gary Merrill.

20th Century Fox
Sands' teen idol looks landed him a motion-picture contract with 20th Century Fox to star in a 1958 musical drama called Sing, Boy, Sing, the feature film version of "The Singin' Idol". Fox had enjoyed success with films starring other teen idols such as Elvis Presley and Pat Boone but Sing, Boy, Sing was a financial failure.

Sands appeared on CBS Television on January 9, 1958, in an episode of Shower of Stars, and played another singing star in "The Left-handed Welcome" for Studio One in Hollywood (1958).

Sands supported Pat Boone in a musical for Fox, Mardi Gras (1958), which was a moderate hit. He also released the albums Sands Storm (1958), This Thing Called Love (1959), and When I'm Thinking of You (1959).

Sands appeared in the 1960 episode of Wagon Train titled "The Larry Hanify Story", as well as Wagon Train''' episodes in 1963, "The Gus Morgan Story", and in 1964 "The Bob Stuart Story".  His later albums included Sands at the Sands (1960) and Dream with Me (1960). From May to November 1960, he served in the United States Air Force Reserves.

Later films
Sands' second lead role in a feature was in the teen comedy Love in a Goldfish Bowl (1961) with Fabian Forte, which was not a success. More popular was a fantasy musical he made at Disney, Babes in Toyland (1961), co-starring Annette Funicello. That year he and Funicello sang the Sherman Brothers' title song from the Walt Disney release of The Parent Trap.

Sands guested starred on "The Inner Panic" for The United States Steel Hour and was one of several pop stars who played US Rangers in Fox's The Longest Day (1962).

Sands had married Nancy Sinatra whose father Frank offered Sands a role in Come Blow Your Horn but he turned it down. Sands studied acting in New York.

Sands appeared alongside Fred Astaire in "Blow High, Blow Clear" for Alcoa Theatre (1963). On May 14, 1963, Sands appeared, along with Claude Akins and Jim Davis, in "Trapped", one of the last episodes of NBC's Laramie western series. In the story line, series character Slim Sherman (John Smith) finds an injured kidnap victim in the woods, portrayed by Joan Freeman. Dennis Holmes, as series regular Mike Williams, rides away to seek help, but the kidnappers reclaim the hostage. Slim pursues the kidnappers but is mistaken as a third kidnapper by the girl's father, played by Barton MacLane. Sands played the girl's boyfriend, who had been ordered by her father to stop seeing her.

Later in 1963, Sands made several appearances on Wagon Train including "The Davey Baxter Story", "The Larry Hanify Story," "The Gus Morgan Story" (with Peter Falk), and "The Bob Stuart Story".

Sands had a support role in the feature film Ensign Pulver (1964) at Warners. He guest starred on Slattery's People ("Question: Why the Lonely?... Why the Misbegotten?") and had a support role in the war feature None But the Brave (1965), starring and directed by Frank Sinatra.

Sands guest starred on Kraft Suspense Theatre ("A Lion Amongst Men", which earned him good reviews), Combat! ("More Than a Soldier"), Valentine's Day ("For Me and My Sal"), Mr Novak ("Let's Dig a Little Grammar", "And Then I Wrote..."), Branded ("That the Brave Endure"), Bonanza ("The Debt"), and Hawaii Five-O ("No Blue Skies").

Career decline
Sands divorced Nancy Sinatra in 1965.  "The doors to Hollywood seemed to slam shut after the divorce from Nancy", he said. "I couldn't get acting roles, my singing career on TV and in films was over."

His last feature to date was The Violent Ones (1967) in which Sands had a supporting role. He moved to Hawaii in 1967.

Hawaii
In Hawaii, Sands operated the Tommy Sands Nightclub Tour for five years, and performed at the Outrigger Hotel in Waikiki. His later appearances included episodes of Hawaii Five-O ("No Blue Skies", "Hit Gun for Sale", "A Sentence to Steal"), and The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries ("Mystery on the Avalanche Express"). He occasionally returned to the mainland to work, appearing in dinner theatre.

Sands returned permanently to the mainland of the US in 1981, settling in Fort Wayne, Indiana. He toured regularly performing concerts.

Personal life

Tommy Sands and singer Nancy Sinatra married in 1960 and divorced in 1965. His career had declined significantly by 1965, triggering speculation that Frank Sinatra had him "blacklisted" in the entertainment industry after their divorce. Such reports were denied by both Sands and Sinatra. In 1974, Sands married Sheila Wallace, a secretary, in Honolulu, where he had relocated in an attempt to revive his career.

Filmography
Film

Television

Discography
US singles discography
 Love Pains / Transfer – RCA 1953
 Life Is So Lonesome / A Dime and a Dollar – RCA 1954
 Don't Drop It / A Place For Girls Like You – RCA 1954
 Something's Bound To Go Wrong / Kissin' Ain't No Fun – RCA 1955
 Teen-Age Crush / Hep Dee Hootie (Cutie Wootie) – Capitol 1957 (U.S. No. 2, 2 wks.; No. 10 R&B; Cashbox #1)
 My Love Song / Ring-A-Ding-Ding – Capitol 1957 No. 62 U.S. A-Side, No. 50 U.S. B-Side
 Love Paris / Don't Drop It – RCA 1957
 Goin' Steady / Ring My Phone – Capitol 1957 No. 16 U.S.
 Let Me Loved / Fantastically Foolish – Capitol 1957
 Man, Like Wow! / A Swingin' Romance – Capitol 1957
 Sing Boy Sing / Crazy 'Cause I Love You – Capitol 1957 No. 24 U.S.
 Teen-Age Doll / Hawaiian Rock – Capitol 1958 No. 81 U.S.
 After The Senior Prom / Big Date – Capitol 1958
 Blue Ribbon Baby / I Love You Because – Capitol 1958 No. 50 U.S.
 The Worryin' Kind/Bigger Than Texas – 1958 No. 69 U.S.
 Is It Ever Gonna Happen / I Ain't Gittin' Rid of You – Capitol 1959
 Sinner Man / Bring Me Your Love – Capitol 1959
 I'll Be Seeing You / That's The Way I Am – Capitol 1959 No. 51 U.S.
 You Hold The Future / I Gotta Have You –  Capitol 1959
 That's Love / Crossroads – Capitol 1960
 The Old Oaken Bucket / These Are The Things You Are – Capitol 1960 No. 73 U.S. No. 25 U.K.
 On And On / Doctor Heartache – Capitol 1960
 The Parent Trap / Let's Get Together – Buena Vista 1961 (Annette Funicello And Tommy Sands)
 I Love My Baby / Love in a Goldfish Bowl – Capitol 1961
 Remember Me (To Jennie) / Rainbow – Capitol 1961
 Jimmy's Song / Wrong Side of Love – Capitol 1961
 A Young Man's Fancy / Connie – ABC-Paramount 1963
 Only Cause I'm Lonely / Cinderella – ABC-Paramount 1963
 Ten Dollars and a Clean White Shirt / Won't You Be My Girl – ABC-Paramount 1964
 Kisses (Love Theme) / Something More – ABC-Paramount 1964
 Love's Funny / One Rose Today, One Rose Tomorrow – Liberty 1965
 The Statue / Little Rosita – Liberty 1965
 It's The Only One I've Got / As Long As I'm Travellin'- Imperial 1966
 Candy Store Prophet / Second Star to the Left – Imperial 1967
 Seasons in the Sun / Ain't No Big Thing – Superscope 1969

U.S. LP discography
 Steady Date with Tommy Sands, Capitol 848, 1957
 Sing Boy Sing, Capitol 929, 1958
 Sands Storm, Capitol 1081, 1958
 This Thing Called Love, Capitol 1123, 1959
 When I'm Thinking of You, Capitol 1239, 1959
 Sands at the Sands, Capitol 1364, 1960 (live)
 Dream with Me, Capitol 1426, 1960
 Babes in Toy Land, Buena Vista 3913/4022, 1961 (soundtrack)
 The Parent Trap, Vista 3309, 1961 (soundtrack)
 Seasons in the Sun'', Superscope 3A009, 1969

References

External links

Official Tommy Sands Web Site
Tommy Sands at Rockabilly Hall of Fame
Interview with Tommy Sands
Tommy Sands Interview at Elvis2001.net

1937 births
Living people
American male pop singers
American male film actors
American male television actors
Male actors from Chicago
Musicians from Shreveport, Louisiana
RCA Victor artists
Capitol Records artists
Disney people
Liberty Records artists
Singers from Los Angeles
ABC Records artists
Male actors from Los Angeles
Actors from Shreveport, Louisiana
Singers from Louisiana
American rockabilly musicians

Tommy Sands (American singer)


Joseph Barth (28 October 1746 – 7 April 1818) was a Maltese-born Austrian ophthalmologist.  He is believed to have been the first professor of ophthalmology.

Education
He studied at the Anatomical and Surgical School at Sacra Infermeria in Valletta (Malta), the Santo Spirito Hospital in Rome (Italy), the University of Vienna (Austria). He earned his medical doctorate from Vienna in 1772.

Career
He was appointed Public Teacher in Ophthalmology and Anatomy (1773), Professor of Ophthalmology and Anatomy (1774) and Oculist and Professor of Physiology (1786) at the University of Vienna; he was nominated Royal Counsellor (1774) and appointed oculist to Emperor Joseph II (1776); he retired in 1791 but maintained the post of personal imperial physician and ophthalmologist until his death.

Achievements
Joseph Barth was to gain renown in ophthalmologic practice and to occupy the first Chair of Ophthalmology in Europe, at the Medical University of Vienna.  His appointment to the post by the Empress Maria Theresa of Austria was made in consideration of his "special skill in eye diseases as well as his aptitude in finer anatomy". The professorship occupied by Barth remained the leader in ophthalmology with the subsequent professorship being instituted in Berlin only in 1866.

In Malta the professorship in ophthalmology was only established in 1880 being incumbent by Professor Lawrence Manche. Barth also opened a private nursing home and the first public eye clinic in the Vienna General Hospital in 1784, wherein he operated on cases of cataract. He apparently designed the original version of the "Beer's knife" that was subsequently modified and popularised by his student. His clinical renown led to his appointment as Imperial Oculist after he successfully treated Kaiser Joseph II of a stubborn "ophthalmitis".

Barth was very much a clinical teacher and was responsible for the training of several renowned physicians, notably Joseph Ehrenritter, Johann Adam Schmidt, Georg Joseph Beer, Georg Prochaska, Jacob Santerelli, G.B. Quadri, and Pietro Magistretti.  Prochaska and Beer succeeded him in the position of Chair of Ophthalmology. He also established an Anatomical Museum that housed an assembly of 1576 specimens, some prepared by Barth himself. He also founded a medical library that contained 1500 volumes. Barth did not publish extensively preferring clinical teaching.

His publications included an anatomical work on myology Anfangsgrunde der Muskellehre (Vienna, 1786, 2nd ed. 1819) and an operative text on cataract removal Etwas uber die Ausziehung des graven Staars fur den genubten Operateur (Vienna, 1797, Salzburg, 1797). In 1827, Dr Stefano Zerafa described Joseph Barth as "a man of great merits, Maltese citizen, Chief Physician and Counsellor to Her Sacred Majesty, Professor of Sublime Anatomy and Physiology in the Academy of Vienna, undoubtedly the first among ophthalmologists."

References

External links
 Barth's neurotree profile

1746 births
1818 deaths
Austrian ophthalmologists
Physicians from Vienna
People from Valletta
18th-century Maltese physicians
Maltese ophthalmologists

Joseph Barth


The Scots Leid Associe (kent in Inglis as the Scots Language Society) is a bodie that warks for the furdal o the Scots leid in "leiterature, drama, the media, education an ilka day uiss".  It wis foundit in 1972, an haes about 350 memmers the nou.

The SLA sets furth a bi-annual journal, Lallans, that's nou a 144-page magazine wi prose, musardrie, reviews, news etc. aw in Scots. It's furthset wi help by the Scottish Arts Council.  Lallans is postit free tae memmers o the SLA, an it is estimate that it haes a readership o about a thousan, syne copies is also postit tae libraries an siclike.

As weil as thon, the SLA hauds its "Annual Collogue"  a meetin wi writin competeitions for fowk o aw ages, talks, muisic etc.  This last aw day, for ordinar.

The SLA sees itsel as pairt o a "faimily" o Scots organisations, an is pairt o the Scots Leid Cross-Pairty Group at the Scots Pairlament.

Fremmit airtins
SLA Wabsteid

Leid
Scots leid

Scots Leid Associe


The Judiciary Act of 1891 (), also known as the Circuit Court of Appeals Act of 1891, or the Evarts Act after its primary sponsor, Senator William M. Evarts, created the United States courts of appeals and reassigned the jurisdiction of most routine appeals from the district and circuit courts to these appellate courts. Therefore, it is also called the Circuit Courts of Appeals Act.

The Act created nine new courts that were originally known as the "United States circuit courts of appeals;" the name was changed to its current form in 1948. Each court was composed of two circuit judges and one district judge. The new courts had jurisdiction over most appeals of lower court decisions. The Supreme Court could review either legal issues that a court of appeals certified or decisions of court of appeals by writ of certiorari. The change resulted in an immediate reduction in the Supreme Court's workload (from 623 cases filed in 1890 to 379 in 1891 and 275 in 1892).

The Act also eliminated the requirement of "circuit riding" by Supreme Court justices under which the justices sat as trial judges on the U.S. circuit courts. The circuit courts themselves remained in existence, although without their former appellate jurisdiction, until they were abolished and their trial jurisdiction transferred to the district courts by the Judicial Code of 1911.

The Act allowed certain types of cases to be appealed directly to the Supreme Court (bypassing the new circuit courts of appeals), such as convictions for capital crimes; cases involving the construction or application of the United States Constitution; or cases in which a federal law or treaty or a state constitution or law was alleged to violate the U.S. Constitution.

See also
Certificate of division

External links
 Judiciary Act of 1891: statute text
 Establishment of the U.S. Circuit Courts of Appeals: "An act to establish circuit courts of appeals and to define and regulate in certain cases the jurisdiction of the courts of the United States, and for other purposes."; Landmark Judicial Legislation  at the Federal Judicial Center

1891 in American law
1891
History of the Supreme Court of the United States

Judiciary Act of 1891


Lord Brocktree is a fantasy novel by Brian Jacques, published in 2000. It is the 13th book in the Redwall series to be published. It is the earliest chronological installment in the series, and the last prequel written by Jacques.

Synopsis
The book focuses on a badger, Lord Brocktree, and haremaid Dotti as they journey towards Salamandastron, the mountain fortress of badger lords, to recapture it from the wildcat Ungatt Trunn.

Plot summary

This book revolves around the badger Lord Brocktree, father of Boar the Fighter, grandfather of Bella of Brockhall, and great-grandfather of Sunflash the Mace. He sets out to find the ancient badger mountain stronghold of Salamandastron, aided by the quick talking haremaid Dorothea Duckfontein Dillworthy and otter Ruffgar Brookback.

Meanwhile, in Salamandastron, trouble comes for Brocktree's father, Lord Stonepaw. Years of peace have left the mountain stronghold with few fighters, and those that remain are long past their prime, including Stonepaw himself. The wildcat Ungatt Trunn, son of Mortspear, Highland King of the North, lays siege to the fortress with his Blue Hordes. Eventually the mountain is overrun, leading to the deaths of many hares and even of Stonepaw himself, who dies valiantly defending his hares, taking many vermin with him as he does. The wildcat takes at least sixty hares as prisoners, but through the efforts of warrior Stiffener Medick and his otter friend Brogalaw, they escape.

Lord Brocktree gets an army from the hare Bucko Bigbones, after Dotti defeats him in a contest.

Thanks to the Bark Crew, the group of guerrillas formed by Stiffener and Brogalaw to harass Trunn, the Blue Hordes are slowly starved, their supplies cut off. Ungatt Trunn tricks the Bark Crew into putting up a last stand in battle, but Lord Brocktree joins forces with the hares and saves the day.

The book culminates in a massive final battle, with many memorable characters killed, including Jukka and Fleetscut. Eventually, when the battle ends up a near-stalemate, Trunn and Brocktree face off in a duel. After a failed assassination attempt on Brocktree by the searats Ripfang and Doomeye and the corsair fleet captain Karangool (Trunn's second in command) the badger eventually wins, snapping Trunn's spine and leaving him on the sand to die. Trunn is thrown into the water but survives, only to be drowned by Groddil, one of his former advisors. The book ends with thousands of hares rallying to form the Long Patrol under Brocktree and Dotti (whom the badger names first Long Patrol General).

Characters in Lord Brocktree

Lord Brocktree
Dorothea Duckfontein Dillworthy (Dotti)
Ruffgar Brookback (Ruff)
Lord Stonepaw
Lord Russano
Stiffener Medick
Torleep
Sailears
Ungatt Trunn
Mortspear, father of Ungatt Trunn
Brogalaw (Brog)
Jukka the Sling
Ruro
Fleetscut
Groddil
Willip
The Grand Fragorl, advisor of Ungatt Trunn
Bucko Bigbones, march hare of the North Mountains
Karangool, Captain of Trunn's fleet
Skittles, a precocious baby hedgehog
Ripfang & Doomeye, searat brothers
Rulango

Book divisions (English)
Book 1: The Days of Ungatt Trunn (also entitled: "Dorothea Leaves Home")
Book 2: At the Court of King Bucko (also entitled: "The Tribulations of a Haremaid")
Book 3: Comes a Badger Lord (also entitled: "A Shawl for Aunt Blench")

Translations
(French) Rougemuraille : La Forteresse en péril
(Russian) Последняя битва

External links
 Plot summary

Fictional badgers
2000 British novels
Children's fantasy novels
British children's novels
British fantasy novels
Redwall books
Hutchinson (publisher) books
2000 children's books
2000 fantasy novels
British children's books
Children's books about cats
Novels about cats
Children's novels about animals

Lord Brocktree


The Builders of the Adytum (BOTA, also spelled B.O.T.A., BotA, or B.o.t.A.) is a school of the Western mystery tradition based in Los Angeles which is registered as a non-profit tax-exempt religious organization. It was founded by Paul Foster Case and has its roots in both the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn and the Masonic blue lodge system. It was later extended by Ann Davies.

The B.O.T.A. teaches by correspondence, covering esoteric psychology, occult tarot, Hermetic Qabalah, astrology, and meditation techniques. It also holds a variety of ritual services and study groups, some open to the public.

Worldwide membership is around 5,000.

Origins of the name
"Adytum" is Latin for "Inner Shrine" or "Holy of Holies" and "Builders" refer to the emulation of the Carpenter from Nazareth, Jesus, who some members of the B.O.T.A. believe was adept in the mysteries of building a living temple without hands ().

History
The Order was founded 1922 by Paul Foster Case. Case was a senior member of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn in the United States. After a disagreement with Moina Mathers, head of the Golden Dawn and widow of MacGregor Mathers, he left the Golden Dawn along with some former members and formed a separate order.

With the death of Paul Foster Case his secretary Ann Davies became the head of B.O.T.A.. The order flourished and expanded to Europe and Australia.

Beliefs
B.O.T.A. believes that the Qabalah is the mystical root of both ancient Judaism and the original Christianity. People of all faiths are accepted if they are mystically inclined.

For members of the B.O.T.A., the means whereby higher consciousness, illumination and enlightenment may be gained include both theory and practice. These teachings and practical secrets constitute what the Builders of the Adytum refer to as Ageless Wisdom. It is called "Ageless" because they believe it is not susceptible to the mutations of time. Ageless Wisdom is not viewed by the B.O.T.A. as primarily a product of man's thinking. It is "written by God upon the face of nature" and is always there for men and women of all epochs to read, if they can.

Regional organizations
B.O.T.A. has Open Forum and Pronaos healing ritual work in many cities throughout the world:
 Northeast US
 Midwest / Southeast US
 Southwest US / Rocky Mt.
 Northwest US
 Southern California / Arizona / Nevada
 South America & Mexico
 Australia and New Zealand
 Europe

Open Forum
These groups are open to all and afford an opportunity to interact with those who share a common spiritual teaching and practice. The purposes for the Open Forum include (1) developing fraternal Love and Harmony, (2) developing higher consciousness, (3) incorporating the principles of Ageless Wisdom in everyday life, (4) learning to enjoy together the operation of the One Will (the will of God), and (5) providing an open door to the Mysteries to all who genuinely seek them. Open Forum can be in-person or online.

Group ritual
Group Ritual Work has long been used in the Western mystery tradition as a dynamic means of bringing about spiritual and fraternal insights. Open only to B.O.T.A. members, this ritualistic work occurs after initiation into Pronaos which includes an oath of secrecy. Its aim is to impress symbolism more effectively upon the aspirants' psyches through dramatic enactment, bringing the static images of the B.O.T.A. tarot deck into motion.

See also
B.O.T.A. tarot deck
Magical organization

References

Sources
Hulse, David Allen. The Western Mysteries. Llewellyn Publications; 2nd edition, 2002.

External links

Magical organizations
Religious belief systems founded in the United States

Builders of the Adytum


Devil's food cake is a moist, rich chocolate layer cake. It is considered a counterpart to the white or yellow angel food cake. Because of differing recipes and changing ingredient availability over the 20th century, it is difficult to precisely qualify what distinguishes devil's food from the more standard chocolate cake. However, it traditionally has more chocolate than a regular chocolate cake, making it darker in colour and with a heavier texture. The cake is usually paired with a rich chocolate frosting.

Devil's food cake was invented in the United States in the early twentieth century, with the recipe in print as early as 1905.

Ingredients

Devil's food cake traditionally uses unsweetened chocolate baking squares in lieu of unsweetened cocoa powder. However, contemporary recipes typically use cocoa powder for its convenience over the more traditional chocolate baking squares. Also, because of its reduced amount of cocoa butter, cocoa powder has a more intense chocolate flavor than unsweetened chocolate. Moreover, coffee is frequently added as a liquid to enhance the chocolate flavor. Some recipes use hot or boiling water as the cake's main liquid, rather than milk. Its antithetical counterpart, the angel food cake, is a very light white cake that uses stiffly beaten egg whites and no dairy.

Devil's food cake is sometimes distinguished from other chocolate cakes by the use of additional baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), which raises the pH level and makes the cake a deeper and darker mahogany color. Devil's food cake incorporates butter (or a substitute), flour, and less egg than other chocolate cakes.

See also
 Angel food cake
 List of desserts
 Mississippi mud pie
 Red velvet cake

References

External links
 History of cakes, including Devil's Food Cake @ The Food Timeline

Chocolate desserts
American cakes
Layer cakes
Chocolate cakes

Devil's food cake


Sergey Gavrilovich Simonov (Russian: Сергей Гаврилович Симонов; 9 April 1894 – 6 May 1986) was a Soviet weapons designer who is considered one of the fathers of the modern assault rifle.

Mostly known for the Samozaryadnyi karabin sistemi Simonova (Russian: Самозарядный карабин системы Симонова), 1945 (Self-loading Carbine, Simonov's system, 1945), or SKS carbine, he also pioneered the assault and semi-automatic rifle field in the 1920s and 1930s, mostly under the supervision of both Vladimir Fyodorov and Fedor Tokarev. His early work preceded both the M1 Garand (of 1933), and the later M1 Carbine, AK-47, and M16 series.

Born in 1894 in Fedotovo, Simonov began work in a foundry immediately after completing his elementary school studies. By the end of World War I, after completing a basic technician's course of instruction, he began working on a pioneering automatic rifle designed by Vladimir Grigoryevich Fyodorov, the Federov Avtomat. After the Russian Revolution, Simonov continued further at the Moscow Polytechnic Institute, graduating in 1924 to work at Russia's giant Tula Arsenal. By 1926 he had become a quality-control inspector at Tula, and by 1927, had been promoted into the Soviet Design and Development Department where he worked directly under Fyodorov. The Simonov AVS-36, which entered service in the 1930s would see service in the early part of World War II, up to about 1940 or so where it was replaced by other semi-automatic designs.

During World War II, Simonov designed some firearms of his own; a submachine gun which did not enter production, and a self-loading anti-tank rifle, the 14.5×114mm PTRS, which went on to form the basis — in scaled-down form - of the SKS. An earlier semi-automatic rifle, the AVS-36, was hindered by official insistence on using the powerful 7.62×54mmR, which was at that point standard amongst Russian rifles. Unfortunately, as had been demonstrated with the Fedor Tokarev's SVT-40, the rim of the 7.62×54mmR was detrimental to the rapid, reliable function of a semi-automatic rifle.

By 1943, advances in thinking - and confirmed data showed engagements took place between 100 meters to 300 meters — led to the adoption of a shorter, less powerful round, the 7.62×39mm M1943 (also known as "7.62 Soviet" or "7.62 short" to differentiate it from several other rounds in 7.62 mm calibre). Field trials of the new rifle proved the weapon and, in 1944 a pre-production run of the SKS went to the Belorussian Offensive for battlefield trials. After some tweaking, it was officially adopted and designated the 7.62 Samozaryadnyi Karabin Sistemy Simonova Obrazets 1945 g. (translated, "7.62 Self-loading Carbine System Simonov model year 1945") or SKS-45, and chosen as the ideal replacement for the SVT-40.

Weapon Designs
AVS-36
SVS-38
PTRS-41
SKS
AG-043
AKS-53
AKS-91
AO-35 assault rifle
AO-63 assault rifle

Honours and awards
 Hero of Socialist Labour (1954)
 Three Orders of Lenin
 Order of the October Revolution
 Order of Kutuzov, 2nd class
 Order of the Red Star
 Order of the Patriotic War, 1st class
 Order of the Red Banner of Labour, twice
 Honoured Inventor of the RSFSR (1964)
 Medal "In commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"
 Stalin Prize, twice (1942 and 1949)

References
Симонов Сергей Гаврилович

External links

Sergei Gavrilovich Simonov

1894 births
1986 deaths
People from Vladimir Oblast
Firearm designers
Soviet inventors
Soviet engineers
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of Kutuzov, 2nd class
Recipients of the Stalin Prize

Sergei Gavrilovich Simonov


Plinia edulis (formerly Marlierea edulis) is a tree that grows wild in Brazil in the coastal rainforest regions around the Brazilian cities of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The fruit's local name is cambucá while the tree is cambucazeiro.

The name is derived from an indigenous word for jar, cambuci, due to the tree's fruit resembling a type of water container, which some would say is "flying saucer"-shaped.

The fruit's coloration is yellowy-green, size is 6 cm in diameter and taste is sweet-sour. Cambuca fruit taste resemble light combination of mango and papaya. A member of the myrtle and eucalyptus family, the tree can grow to a height of thirty feet, and propagation is by seed.

References

External links
 Árvores do Brasil

edulis
Trees of Brazil
Cauliflory

Plinia edulis


The Convention on the Unification of Certain Points of Substantive Law on Patents for Invention, also called Strasbourg Convention or Strasbourg Patent Convention, is a multilateral treaty signed by Member States of the Council of Europe on November 27, 1963, in Strasbourg, France. It entered into force on August 1, 1980, and led to a significant harmonization of patent laws across European countries.

This Convention establishes patentability criteria, i.e. specifies on which grounds inventions can be rejected as not patentable. Its intent was to harmonize substantive patent law but not procedural law. This convention is quite different from the European Patent Convention (EPC), which establishes an independent system for granting European patents.

The Strasbourg Convention has had a significant impact on the EPC, on national patent laws across Europe, on the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), on the Patent Law Treaty (PLT) and on the WTO's TRIPS.

Ratifications and accessions
Thirteen countries ratified the treaty or acceded to it: Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, the Republic of Macedonia, Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, and United Kingdom.

Further reading
 Christopher Wadlow, Strasbourg, the Forgotten Patent Convention, and the Origins of the European Patents Jurisdiction, IIC, 2010, Vol. 2, p. 123ff.

See also
 Community patent
 International Patent Institute (IIB)
 List of Council of Europe treaties
 Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property
 Substantive Patent Law Treaty (SPLT)

External links
Official text of the Convention
Dates of signatures, ratifications, accessions and entry into force
Declarations and reservations

European patent law
Treaties concluded in 1963
Treaties entered into force in 1980
Patent law treaties
Council of Europe treaties
Treaties of Belgium
Treaties of Denmark
Treaties of France
Treaties of West Germany
Treaties of Ireland
Treaties of Italy
Treaties of Liechtenstein
Treaties of Luxembourg
Treaties of North Macedonia
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of Sweden
Treaties of Switzerland
Treaties of the United Kingdom
1963 in France
Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles
Treaties extended to Aruba
Treaties extended to Greenland
Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
Treaties extended to Clipperton Island
Treaties extended to French Guiana
Treaties extended to French Polynesia
Treaties extended to the French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Treaties extended to Guadeloupe
Treaties extended to Martinique
Treaties extended to Mayotte
Treaties extended to New Caledonia
Treaties extended to Réunion
Treaties extended to Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Treaties extended to Wallis and Futuna


Pedro Luis de Borja, Duke of Spoleto and Marquess of Civitavecchia (1432 – 26 September 1458) was the younger brother of Rodrigo Cardinal Borgia, who in 1492 became Pope Alexander VI, and nephew of Alonso Cardinal de Borja, who in 1455 became Pope Callixtus III. He was called Don Pedro Luis.

Biography
Although he was not a priest but a layman, soon after the elevation of his uncle to the papacy he was loaded with several offices and honours. In the spring of 1456 he was named Captain-General of the Church and castellan of Sant'Angelo, in the autumn of the same year the Pope made him Governor of Terni, Narni, Todi, Rieti, Orvieto, Spoleto, Foligno, Nocera, Assisi, Amelia, Civita Castellana, and Nepi, and at the beginning of 1457 the governorships of the provinces of Patrimony and Tuscany were added to these. In the same time his older brother Rodrigo Borgia was created Cardinal Deacon, Commander-in-Chief of the papal troops and Vice-Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church, while another relative Luis Juan del Mila y Borja was also elevated to the cardinalate. Such rapid promotions of young relatives of the Spanish Pope Callixtus III were criticised by many older cardinals (e.g. Domenico Capranica) and met also with opposition of rather xenophobic Roman populace. In particular, the Orsini family opposed the Borgias. Their enmity towards them increased when Don Pedro Luis was sent to recover for the Church some fortresses kept by Orsinis, and on 19 August 1457 was appointed Prefect of Rome in succession to Antonio Orsini. To counterbalance Orsinis, Callixtus III aligned himself with Colonna family, opponents of Orsinis, but the plan of the marriage of Don Pedro Luis with Colonna had never been realized.

It was said that Pope Callixtus III wanted to make him Emperor of Constantinople after its recovery from the Turks.

Don Pedro Luis was hated by Romans, like almost all relatives and allies of Callixtus III, called "Catalans" due to their Spanish origin.
On 6 August 1458, the day his uncle the Pope died, he had to flee Rome because an open revolt against "Catalans" had broken out. He died en route at Civitavecchia, left by almost all of his companions, being only 26 years old.

Marriage and issue
He married in 1450 Ana Borboun y Saminerez-Guerra, a Spanish noble.  They had one son, Zosef Llancol Escriva (1457–1505).

Ancestry

Notes

References
Ludwig von Pastor, History of the Popes vol. 2, p. 460-478

1432 births
1458 deaths
Pedro Luis
Papal family members
Captains General of the Church

Pedro Luis de Borja


"St. Cecilia, or the Power of Music" () is a short story by the German author Heinrich von Kleist.  The story was written on October 27, 1810 as a gift for daughter of his friend Adam Müller, and was first published in November 1810 in Kleist's literary journal, the Berliner Abendblätter.

Plot summary
The story begins with the arrival of three brothers and a fourth, a predicant, in Aachen at the end of the sixteenth century. The brothers, all four of them avowed Bilderstürmer, decide to attack the convent in the city during a festival celebration. When they arrive, however, they are overcome by the music being played by the nuns of the convent, and the attack is aborted.

Six years later, the mother of the young men arrives in Aachen. She enquires about the whereabouts of her sons, and is told that four young men meeting their description are in residence in the city's house for the insane. She goes to visit them and discovers that they spend their days dressed as monks, praying in front of a crucifix, and singing the Gloria in excelsis Deo. They appear to be severely mentally disturbed and incapable of functioning in normal society; many of the city's residents describe them as insane.

Finally, the mother decides to visit the nuns of the convent where her sons' transformation took place, where she learns that the exact circumstances of that day were quite mysterious: the nun who was said to have been conducting the orchestra during the mass on that day had actually been confined to bed with a severe fever during the mass, and no one is quite sure who actually directed the orchestra that played the music that overcame the four men. The nuns attribute this to a work of God, who they believe intervened to save the convent from destruction.

In the end of the story, the mother returns home and her sons remain in the madhouse, where they live out their lives and die a peaceful death at an old age.

References
 Der Zweikampf, Die heilige Cäcilie, Sämtliche Anekdoten, Über das Marionettentheater, und andere Prosa, Philipp Reclam: Stuttgart, 2002.

External links

1810 short stories
Short stories by Heinrich von Kleist
Works originally published in German magazines
Works originally published in literary magazines

St. Cecilia, or the Power of Music


The 1724 papal conclave was called upon the death of Pope Innocent XIII. It began on 20 March 1724 and ended on 28 May that year with the election of Cardinal Vincenzo Maria Orsini, a Dominican friar, as Pope Benedict XIII. The conclave was made of largely the same electors that had elected Innocent in 1721 and the same factions dominated it. Multiple attempts were made to elect candidates that would be acceptable to the various Catholic monarchies at the time, but none were successful until May. Benedict resisted his own election for two days before being convinced to accept it.

Background
The papal conclave that had elected Innocent XIII in 1721 was dominated by cardinals appointed by Clement XI, who had been Pope for 21 years and appointed over 70 cardinals during that time. The conclave that elected Innocent was marked by a new alliance between the French and Spanish cardinals due to a change in the Spanish dynasty following the War of the Spanish Succession that resulted in Philip V, a Bourbon and the grandson of Louis XIV of France, ascending to what had previously been a Habsburg throne. Innocent was elected unanimously with the prospect that he might cooperate with both Bourbon France and the Hapsburg Holy Roman Emperor. Innocent had been in poor health for the year before his death on 7 March 1724 and preparations for the conclave to elect his successor had begun before his death.

Conclave
During his pontificate Innocent XIII had only created three new cardinals. When he died the composition of the College of Cardinals and its factions were similar to the one that had elected him. The conclave began on 20 March 1724 with only 33 cardinal electors present, but eventually 53 total cardinals took part in the election.

At the start of the conclave, electors from the zelanti faction attempted to elect Giuseppe Renato Imperiali, but this was not possible because of his unpopularity with both France and Spain. Following this attempt cardinals representing the Bourbons insisted that no serious attempt to elect a new pope take place until all cardinals who were traveling had arrived, and until the electors had received instructions from the various Catholic monarchs.

Annibale Albani, the brother of Clement XI, tried to elect Fabrizio Paolucci as Pope, having supported him previously in 1721. The Hapsburg emperor,  Charles VI, was opposed to Paolucci because he was sympathetic to the Bourbons, and a papal veto from Charles arrived from Vienna before Paolucci could be elected. Several of the electors continued to vote for Paolucci after he was excluded in protest of the veto. Representatives of England attempted to influence the conclave in order to reduce the honours that had been given in Rome to members of the House of Stuart, but their influence was limited because Giulio Alberoni, who had agreed to help them, did not have significant influence at the conclave.

Charles VI had instructed his representative to the papal court Maximilian Ulrich von Kaunitz to work closely with Álvaro Cienfuegos to elect a candidate that he favoured. Cuenfuego's instructions were that cardinals Pamfili, Vallemani, Spada, Piazza, Corradini, Caracciolo, Tanara, Orsini, Ruffo, Colonna, Davia, Boncompagni, Pico, and Pignatelli would be acceptable to the emperor, and that cardinals Paolucci, Olivieri, Bussi, Sagripanti, and Origo were to be excluded.

Cienfuegos led electors that were part of the imperial party in an attempt to elect Giulio Piazza. Piazza was almost elected on May 13, but was short by four votes. The electors were confident that they would be able to elect him, because more cardinals were arriving to participate in the conclave, and it became public in Rome that Piazza was likely to be the new pope. Albani did not support this because he had not been a part of the negotiations despite being the original elector to suggest Piazza, and undermined his election by proposing Vincenzo Orsini as an alternate candidate.

Election of Benedict XIII
On 28 May the conclave unanimously elected Orsini as Pope. He had not been seen as a serious candidate in past conclaves because he did not have political experience. Orsini was 75 at the time, and it took the cardinals two days to convince him to accept his election. He was recorded to have spent the night before his election sleepless and in tears. Even when the cardinals had taken him into the Sistine Chapel for the formal vote to elect him pope after they had been convinced he would accept, he was still unwilling to accept his own election. Ultimately, he only accepted it after being convinced of it by Agustín Pipia the Master of the Dominican Order, of which he was a member. Upon accepting his election, he attempted to take the name Benedict XIV, which would have recognized Antipope Benedict XIII, the last Avignon Pope during the Western Schism. Lawyers from the Roman Curia eventually persuaded Orisini to take the name Benedict XIII.

Orisini's election was notable at the time because it was unusual for the cardinals to elect friars, since they were seen by some as too rigid. Members of religious orders at the time were often respected by the cardinals, but rarely elected, with Benedict XIII being only the fourth since the Council of Trent. Unlike the other mendicants elected to the papacy in this period, he was of noble birth, being the eldest son of the Duke of Gravina, but had forfeited his rights to his father's title in order to enter the Dominicans.

Notes

References

1724 in the Papal States
1724 in politics
1724
18th-century Catholicism
1724 in Christianity
18th-century elections in Europe
Pope Benedict XIII
Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor

1724 papal conclave


Wild grapes are natural, uncultivated grapes. There are many species. Most are similar to each other, and difficult to tell apart. Fox grape (vitis labrusca), summer grape (vitis aestivalis), and riverbank grape (vitis riparia) are some common species.

Wild grapes have woody vines which can climb over thirty feet tall. They have large, three-lobed leaves with teeth on the edges. They can be found on streambanks, pond edges, roadsides, and in open woods. In woods, the vine is probably very large and has grown up with the tree.

Wild grapes use tendrils (like above-ground roots) to grab onto branches or bark of larger plants. The bark is brownish-gray and very shreddy.

Wild grape flowers are green and small. They bloom from May to July. The fruit, of course, is what grapes are known for. They grow large berries in clusters of up to twenty. Fruits become ripe from August to October. The fruit is very important for wildlife. Each berry contains two to six seeds. When animals eat the fruit, they help spread the vines by defecating seeds in new places.

Many birds nest in wild grape tangles, and many use bark from the vine to build nests.

Gallery

Vines
Vitaceae

Wild grape