USS Schroeder (DD-501), a , was a ship of the United States Navy, named for Rear Admiral Seaton Schroeder (1849–1922). Entering service in 1943, the ship saw action during World War II, participating in the Battle of Tarawa. Following the war the destroyer was placed in reserve, remaining in this state until 1972. She was sold for scrap in 1974.

Construction and career
Schroeder was laid down on 25 June 1942 by the Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company Kearny, New Jersey and launched on 11 November 1942, sponsored by Miss Grace Wainwright Schroeder. The destroyer was commissioned on 1 January 1943.

1943

Schroeder provided escort for two separate aircraft carriers making shakedown cruises to the Caribbean and a convoy of merchant ships bound for Casablanca before steaming to the Pacific.

After an overhaul at Mare Island Navy Yard, she steamed west and joined Destroyer Squadron 25 (DesRon 25) at Pearl Harbor on 28 July 1943. Schroeder assisted in screening the carrier task force which attacked Marcus Island on 1 September. While bombarding Wake Island early the next month, she was taken under fire for the first time but suffered no casualties.

After the Wake Island bombardment, Schroeder sailed to the New Hebrides Islands for training with amphibious forces. In early November, she joined the Gilbert Islands invasion force. On the morning of 20 November, Schroeder was in the bombardment group that shelled the eastern coast of Tarawa Atoll. She entered the lagoon early the next morning to provide fire support for the Marines landing on Tarawa. In addition to fire support, the destroyer also acted as a first aid ship for wounded Marines. Schroeder departed Tarawa on 24 November for Pearl Harbor for repairs, as she had damaged her screws on a coral reef in the lagoon.

1944

Schroeder was back with her division, on 1 February 1944, when it screened transports and provided fire support for the assault on Kwajalein Island. She remained in the Marshalls for several weeks and, from 20 to 24 February, bombarded Maloelap and Wotje Atolls. On 1 March, she sailed to the New Hebrides Islands where she participated in more training exercises.

On 20 March, Schroeder and her division bombarded Japanese coast defenses at Kavieng, New Ireland, with nearly 900 rounds of ammunition; departing for Efate in the evening.

Schroeder loaded ammunition at Espiritu Santo and on 1 April, escorted Pocomoke and SS Red Rover to Guadalcanal; joined a merchant convoy there, and escorted it to Milne Bay, New Guinea. Later in the month, she participated in the bombardment of enemy positions at Hollandia; and, then screened transports and LSTs at Humboldt Bay. She performed fighter director duties until 30 April when she departed with a convoy for Cape Sudest and, later, to Buna.

Schroeder operated in the Purvis Bay-Guadalcanal area until she departed for Kwajalein, on 4 June, as a unit of Task Group 53.1 (TG 53.1). The TG was at Eniwetok on 28 June where Schroeder underwent a period of upkeep and logistics.

On 11 July the DD and her division departed for the Mariana Islands. From 16 to 20 July, the division bombarded the Tumon area of Guam. Schroeder then served on picket duty until 4 August when she escorted a convoy back to Eniwetok. After returning to Espiritu Santo for a period of upkeep and logistics, she sailed for Humboldt Bay on 22 August.

Schroeder was assigned to TG 77.5 which sortied, on 13 September, for the invasion of Morotai, Netherlands East Indies. She screened LSTs in their approach to Pitoe Bay and then served on picket duty until departing for Humboldt Bay on 21 September.

The destroyer sailed, on 13 October, with TF 78 for Panoan Island, P.I. She entered Leyte Gulf at midnight, 19 October, with a group of transports, and, the next morning, began performing ASW and fighter director duties. On 25 October, she withdrew from the area and sailed for San Francisco. She arrived there on 23 November and underwent a period of overhaul and availability.

1945

On 11 January 1945, Schroeder moved down the coast to San Diego. Departing there on 20 January, the veteran destroyer was back in Ulithi on 7 February where she joined TF 58, the Fast Carrier Task Force. The task force sortied on 10 February. On 16 and 17 February, the carriers launched attacks against airfields, aircraft factories, and shipping in the Tokyo area. The next day, the flattops launched strikes against the Volcano Islands in preparation for the forthcoming assault against that Japanese bastion.

Schroeder returned to Ulithi in early March, but, by 23 March, was again operating off the Japanese home islands. Detached from the task group on 31 March, she and  proceeded to Ulithi. She sailed from there on 10 April as a unit of TG 50.8, which was proceeding to Okinawa to support the landings there. On 16 April, the destroyer, supporting the landing on Ie Shima, was at general quarters nine different times to repel enemy air attacks. Five days later, Schroeder with DesDiv 49, bombarded the western side of Minami Daito Shima. The bombardment caused many fires ashore but brought no return gunfire from the enemy positions.

Schroeder returned to Ulithi, from 27 April to 9 May, for a period of upkeep, replenishment, and recreation. She rejoined the fast carriers three days later as they conducted bombing and photographic missions over Kyūshū. Four days later, they supported the troops on southern Okinawa.

Task Force 58 entered San Pedro Bay, on 13 June for an upkeep period. It sortied on 1 July, and, on 10 July, the carriers launched sustained strikes against Tokyo. On 17–18 July, strikes were launched against targets in the Tokyo-Yokohama area. On 31 July Schroeder shelled Shimizu, Honshū Island.

On 6 September, with hostilities ended, the task force entered Tokyo Bay and dissolved its units. Schroeder was ordered to join TF 11 at Okinawa and proceed to Pearl Harbor. She departed Pearl Harbor on 1 October, with orders assigning her to the east coast. On 2 November 1945, the destroyer entered the Charleston Navy Yard, South Carolina, and prepared for deactivation.

Schroeder was decommissioned on 29 April 1946 and placed in the Atlantic Reserve Fleet. She remained in reserve until 1 October 1972 when she was struck from the Navy List. Schroeder was sold to Southern Materials Co., Ltd., New Orleans, Louisiana, on 1 January 1974.

Honors
Schroeder received 10 battle stars for World War II service.

References

External links
       navsource.org: USS Schroeder
 hazegray.org: USS Schroeder

World War II destroyers of the United States
Ships built in Kearny, New Jersey
1942 ships
Fletcher-class destroyers of the United States Navy

USS Schroeder


The BMW S1000RR is a sport bike initially made by BMW Motorrad to compete in the 2009 Superbike World Championship, that is now in commercial production. It was introduced in Munich in April 2008, and is powered by a 999 cc (61.0 cu in) inline-4 engine redlined at 14,200 rpm.

BMW made 1,000 S1000RRs in 2009 to satisfy World Superbike homologation requirements, but expanded production for commercial sale of the bike in 2010. It has an anti-lock braking system, standard, with an optional electronic traction control. As of 2016, it has a wet weight of 204 kg (450 lb), and produces 148.4 kW (199.0 hp) @ 13,500 rpm. With 133.6 kW (179.2 hp) to the rear wheel, it is the most powerful motorcycle in the class on the dyno.

BMW S1000RR


Sohrab Sepehri (; October 7, 1928 – April 21, 1980) was a notable Iranian poet and painter. He is considered to be one of the five most famous Iranian poets who have practiced modern poetry alongside Nima Youshij, Ahmad Shamlou, Mehdi Akhavan-Sales, and Forough Farrokhzad. Sepehri's poems have been translated into several languages, including English, French, Spanish, Italian and Lithuanian, Kurdish.

Biography
Sohrab was born in Kashan, Iran on October 7, 1928. He grew up in a family that was into art and poetry. His father worked in a post office and loved art. His mother loved poetry and art, too. When he was a child, his father suffered from paralysis and died in 1941. Sohrab missed his only brother who was his only playmate in childhood, too. He completed his elementary and secondary education in Kashan and moved to Tehran in 1943 to study at a teachers' college (Persian: ). He worked as a teacher for a few years, then enrolled as a student in the Faculty of Fine Arts at the University of Tehran (Persian: ) and graduated with honours. After finishing his education, he was employed in an oil company, which he left after 8 months. He soon published his first collection of poems named "The Death of Color", followed by a second collection, "Life Sleeps". Sohrab Sepehri was very talented in fine arts and his paintings were displayed in many European exhibits. His paintings are about nature; one of them was sold in Tehran in 2018. He is one of Iran's foremost modernist painters. Unfortunately, he moved to England for treatment, but he had to return Tehran because of the progression of his illness. Finally, he died in Pars Hospital in Tehran on April 28, 1980. He was buried in Kashan. Sohrab never got married and his grave is frequently visited by many art lovers.

Sepehri travelled to many European countries. In Paris, he enrolled in a lithography course at the school of Fine Arts. However, after he stopped receiving a scholarship, he needed to work and make a living. He sometimes worked hanging from tall buildings to wash the apartments' windows.

Poetry
Well-versed in Buddhism, mysticism, and Western traditions, he blended the Eastern concepts with Western techniques, thereby creating a kind of poetry unprecedented in the history of Persian literature. He had his own style of writing poetry, using short sentences rather than long ones, the latter having been frequently used in Persian poetry for centuries. To him, new forms were new means to express his thoughts and feelings. In one of his works called 'Footsteps of Water' or 'The Water's Footfall', Sepehri introduces himself, his family, and his way of thinking in a poetic form. This poem which is written like a biography has two aspects: the inner and outer. The Inner aspect of this poem is about God's recognition through the beauty of nature. Sepehri beautifully explains that he doesn't blindly do his religious duties. In most of his poems, Sepehri introduces a new form of literature by using romanticism and symbolism. The beauty of his poems is seen through his evocation of nature and the use of tender and simple language. Abdolali Dastgheib, acclaimed literary critic and writer, believes that Sepehri reached great levels in poetic language following the publication of his later books such as 'The Water's Footfall', 'Traveller' and 'The Green Volume'. There are many examples of  personifications, or symbols in his poetry. In his poem "Let's not Spoil the Water", he talks about water, the necessary and basic element of life which people must keep clean. He used a special symbolism in these poems that makes the objects talk to the reader, rather than describing those objects.

Sepehri's poetry is full of humanity and concern for human values. He also achieved a new technique in painting which is called Texture and was unknown to other painters for a long time. He used to create most of his pieces of art in isolated places like "Ghariyeh Chenar" and the deserts around Kashan. His poetry has been translated into many languages including English, French, Spanish, German, Italian, Swedish, Arabic, Turkish, Dutch and Russian.

The first known translation into English of Sepehri's long poem, Seday-e Pay-e Ab (صدای پای آب) by Abbas Faiz and Martin Turner was published as "Water's Footfall" by Cambridge University Press in printed form in 1986.

An English translation of Sepehri's selected poems by Ali Salami was published in 2003.

Timeline
Born in 1928 – Kashan, Iran
He hosted a painting exhibition – Tehran, 1944
He published his first poetry book (The Death of Color) that followed by a few other books in the same year – 1951
He graduated from the fine arts university with Bachelor of Arts degree in painting from Honar-haye Ziba University, Tehran – 1953
He translated some Japanese poetry into Persian and published them in a literary magazine called Sokhan – 1955
He travelled to Ghazvin and attended the Paris Fine Arts School in lithography – 1957
He travelled to Tokyo to further his studies in lithography and wood carving – 1960
He published three books in poetry – 1960
On the way back to Iran from Japan, he visited India and became familiar with the ideology of Buddhism – 1961
He travelled to India again and visited several cities and provinces – 1964
He travelled to Pakistan and Afghanistan 1964
He travelled to Europe and visited several countries such as Germany, England, France, Spain, the Netherlands, Italy, and Austria – 1966
He published some long poems after he returned to Iran – 1966
He hosted a painting exhibition in Tehran – 1967
He published another book in poetry – 1967
He travelled to Greece and Egypt – 1974
He published his final, comprehensive book called Hasht Ketab (), which was the collection of almost all of his published poems in one volume – 1976
He got Leukemia and travelled to England for treatment – 1978
Unfortunately, his attempt to defeat cancer brought him no result. He returned to Iran and died in Pars Hospital in Tehran on Monday April 21, 1980. Buried in Mashhad Ardehal, Kashan, Isfahan province, Iran.

Works
Hasht Ketab (Eight Books) 1976
The Death of Color 1951
The Life of Dreams 1953
Us nil, us a look Was not published until 1977
Downpour of Sunshine 1958
East of Sorrow 1961
The Wayfarer 1966
The Green Space 1967 (A poem from this book: The Oasis of Now (1965) translated by Kazim Ali with Mohammad Jafar Mahallati, BOA Editions, 2013.)

See also
 Iranian art
 Islamic art
 Islamic calligraphy
 List of Iranian artists

References

Further readingThe Lover Is Always Alone''. Trans. Karim Emami. Tehran: Sokhan,
Sepehri, Sohrab, and Riccardo Zipoli. While poppies bloom: Poems and Panoramas. Trans. Karim Emami. Tehran: Zarrin-o-Simin Books, 2005.
Bidi, Hamed. "Where Are My Shoes?" While Poppies Bloom. 12 Oct 2006. 24 Oct 2000
Valiabdi, Mostafa. Hichestan.Tehran: Tiam, 2005.
Karimi-Hakkak, Ahmad. Hasht Ketab: Professor Hakkak's view on the Sepehri's esthetic vision and significance.United States: Ketabe Gooya, 2005.
Sepehri, Parvaneh. The Blue Room. Tehran: Gooya, 2003.
Sepehri, Paridokht. Wherever I am, let me be! Tehran: Peykan, 2005.
Sayar, Pirouz. Paintings and Drawings Of Sohrab Sepehri. Tehran: Soroush Press, 2002.
Sepehri, Paridokht. Sohrab, the Migratory Bird. Tehran: Tahouri, 1996.
Hamid Siahpoush. The Lonely Garden: Sohrab Sepehri's Remembrance. Tehran: Negah, 2003.
Abdolali Dastgheib. 2006. The Green Garden of Poetry, Critical Review of poems by Sohrab Sepehri. Amitis Publishers, Tehran, Iran. . (Title in Persian: باغ سبز شعر.)
Martin Turner (1988) The poetry of Sohrab Sepehri, Wasafiri, 4:9, 18–21, . Retrieved from: https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080%2F02690058808574175

External links

 Sohrab Sepehri Official Website: Biography, Poems, Paintings and anythings about Sohrab Sepehri
 Sohrab Sepehri in Persian Language
 Sohrab-Sepehri: Containing Biography, selected works and much more
 A Tribute to Sohrab Sepehri
 About Sohrab Sepehri
 Sohrab Sepehri's Official Facebook Page

20th-century Iranian poets
20th-century Iranian painters
20th-century male writers
1928 births
1980 deaths
Iranian male poets
People from Kashan

Sohrab Sepehri


The Technological University of Pereira () is a national public research university in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. The university is located in the southeast of the city.

The university offers studies in engineering (Industrial engineering, Engineering physics, Systems engineering and Computer science, Electrical engineering, Mechanical engineering); Science and Technology (Veterinary medicine, Medicine, Chemical technology, Industrial chemistry, Environmental management); Liberal arts (English, Spanish language and Literature, philosophy, Communication and Computer Education); Child pedagogy; and Sports science and recreation.

History
The school was founded in 1958 by a group of people who wanted to supplement the agricultural vocation of the region with scientific and technological development. Act 41 of 1958 established the Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira as an official sectional institution. The school subsequently established itself at the national level, a legal entity with administrative autonomy and independent assets under the Ministry of Education. The university started work on March 4, 1961, under the leadership of its founder and first director, Dr. Jorge Roa Martinez.

Academic activity began with the Faculty of Electrical Engineering; the following year, the Schools of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering were created. In 1965, the Musical Pedagogical Institute of Fine Arts was founded. Act 61 of 1963 established the Polytechnic University, whose work began in 1966 with the Assistant School of Engineering: Electrical, Mechanical and Industrial (now the Faculty of Technology). The programs in drafting and chemical Laboratory (now converted into its own School of Chemistry) began in 1968.

The Faculty of Education was founded in 1967, with programs in Social science, Spanish, audiovisual communication, Mathematics and Physics. In 1977 the Faculty of Medicine was established. In 1981, the Musical Pedagogical Institute of Fine Arts was created in the Faculty of Fine Arts and Humanities, offering the Bachelor in Fine Arts and Music. In 1983, attached to the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, the masters program in automated production systems was created. The Graduate School of Industrial Engineering Faculty was established in 1984 with MBA programs of Economic, Financial and Operations research, Statistics. With the implementation of Decree Law 80 of 1980, a new organizational structure for the university gave rise to the Faculty of Basic Sciences and the Faculty of Technology. The latter was formerly known as Polytechnic University. In 1988 the pre-degree in philosophy was developed, attached to the Faculty of Fine Arts and Humanities. In 1989 they created the program of Sports Science and Recreation, attached to the Faculty of Medicine.

In 1991 at the Faculty of Basic Sciences Programme was created, along with Computer Systems Engineering. In 1991 they created the School of Environmental Sciences with an undergraduate in Environmental Management. In 1993 at the Faculty of Industrial Engineering established the Specialization Program in Human Development Management. In 1994 they created the Master in Electrical Engineering programme and the specialization in Power Electronics, assigned to the Faculty of Electrical Engineering. That same year, in the Faculty of Education. an undergraduate degree in Ethnic Education and Community Development was established. The Faculty of Educational Sciences began offering a Specialization Program in Contemporary History of Colombia and regional development in 1995. Also in 1995, the medical school created a specialization in health systems management.

Jorge Roa Martinez Library
The Jorge Roa Martinez Library began its work in 1962. In 1977 it took the name Centre Library and Information Science and had a collection of 14,000 volumes and 621 periodical titles.

Academic programs

Undergraduate
 Faculty of Fine Arts and Humanities: This school offers the Bachelor of Visual Arts, BA in English Language Teaching, Degree in Philosophy and Bachelor of Music.
 Faculty of Environmental Science: This faculty conducts coursework in environmental management and sustainable tourism management.
Faculty of Basic Sciences: The Faculty of Basic Sciences offers the Degree in Mathematics and Physics.
 Faculty of Education Sciences: Available studies in this school include the BA in Spanish and Literature, BA in Ethnic Education and Community Development, Degree in Child Education and BA in Communication and Computer Education.
 Faculty of Health Sciences: The medical school offers studies in medicine and surgery, science of sport and recreation, veterinary medicine, prehospital care technology, and physiotherapy and kinesiology.
 Faculty of Engineering: Electrical, Electronics, Physics and Computer Science
 Faculty of Industrial Engineering
 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
 Faculty of Technology

Postgraduate
The school offers Ph.D. and Masters programmes in many specialties.

Accreditation
The University Pereira Technology has received the High Quality Accreditation by Resolution No. 2550 dated June 30, 2005. Bureau Veritas Certification has awarded certificates in management (ISO 9001: 2000) and governance in administrative processes that support the teaching, research and extension (NTC GP 1000: 2000). The Superintendency of Industry and Commerce gave the university an accreditation as a certification body to allow them to issue patent stamps.

See also
 List of universities in Colombia

External links

Pereira, Colombia
Universities and colleges in Colombia
Buildings and structures in Risaralda Department

Technological University of Pereira


United States Reports are the official record of all the cases that the United States Supreme Court has heard.

Contents
The United States Reports include many types of information, like:
 The Court's decisions and orders on each case
 This includes majority opinions, concurring opinions, and dissenting opinions
 Lists of every case the Court decides

Citation
In the United States, when lawyers want to talk or write about a Supreme Court decision, they cite the United States Reports.  For example, the case Brown, et al., v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, is cited this way:
Brown v. Bd. of Educ., 347 U.S. 483 (1954).

This tells the lawyer that the decision of the Court in the case entitled Brown v. Board of Education (as properly abbreviated), decided in 1954, can be found in volume 347 of the United States Reports, starting on page 483.

United States Reports


Case 39 is a 2009 American-Canadian psychological horror movie. It was directed by Christian Alvart and was produced by Lisa Bruce, Steve Golin, Alix Madigan, and Kevin Misher. Case 39 was released on August 13, 2009 in the United Kingdom, as well as European and Latin American countries. The movie was originally supposed to be released in North America in August 2008 but it was delayed twice.

Plot
Emily Jenkins (Renée Zellweger) is a social worker living in Oregon, who is assigned to investigate the family of ten-year-old Lillith Sullivan (Jodelle Ferland), as her grades have declined and an emotional rift with her parents has emerged. Emily suspects that the parents have been mistreating Lillith. Emily's fears are confirmed when Lillith's parents try to kill her by gassing her in the oven at home. Emily saves Lillith with the help of Detective Mike Barron (Ian McShane). Lillith is originally sent to a children's home, but she begs Emily to look after her instead. With the agreement of the board, Emily is assigned to take care of Lillith until a suitable foster family comes along. In the meantime, Lillith's parents, Edward and Margaret Sullivan (Callum Keith Rennie and Kerry O'Malley) are placed in a mental institution.

Not too long after Lillith moves in, strange things begin to happen around Emily. Two weeks later, another of Emily's cases, a boy named Diego (Alexander Conti), suddenly murders his parents with a crowbar, and Barron informs Emily that somebody phoned Diego from her house the night before the crime. As she is suspected of involvement in the incident, Lillith undergoes a psychiatric evaluation by Emily's best friend, Douglas J. Ames (Bradley Cooper). During the session, however, Lillith turns the evaluation around, asking Douglas what his fears are and subtly threatening him. That night after receiving a strange phone call, Douglas is panicked by a mass of hornets coming out of his body in hysteria and kills himself in the bathroom.

Emily gradually becomes fearful of Lillith, so she heads to the mental asylum for answers from Lillith's parents. They tell her that, far from being truly human, Lillith is actually a Succubus-like demon who feeds on emotion, and that they had tried to kill her in an attempt to save themselves. Lillith's father tells Emily that the only way to kill Lillith is to get her to sleep. Shortly after Emily leaves the asylum, Lillith's mother hallucinates being on fire, and her father is stabbed in the eye after attacking a fellow inmate through whom the voice of Lillith spoke. Barron initially thinks Emily should seek psychiatric help, but is later convinced when he receives a strange phone call in his home from Lillith. He arms himself to help Emily. However, he fatally shoots himself in the head with his shotgun, as Lilith makes him imagine he is being attacked by dogs.

After realizing that her closest colleagues have been eliminated, and that the rest of her cases will be next, Emily serves Lillith tea spiked with sedative. While Lillith is asleep, Emily sets fire to her house, hoping to get rid of her. However, the girl apparently escapes unharmed (from this point on, the audience may wonder whether Lilith is really present or Emily is hallucinating her presence). A police officer offers to escort Emily and Lillith to a temporary place to sleep. As Emily is following the police cars, she suddenly takes a different route and drives her car at a high speed, hoping to bring fear to Lillith. Instead, Lillith forces Emily to relive her childhood memory of her mother driving fast in a rainstorm. Emily fights through the memory, telling herself that it is not real. The image fades, and Lillith appears scared by the fact that Emily was able to fight through their illusions.

Emily drives the car off a pier. As the car sinks, Emily struggles to lock Lillith (now in her demonic true form) in the trunk. Emily then attempts to swim to the surface. The demon grabs Emily's hand to stop her from swimming away but Emily struggle and eventually breaks free, as a trapped Lillith sinks to the bottom. Emily climbs out of the water and sit on the pier. Emily has to go to mental asylum.

Cast
Renée Zellweger as Emily Jenkins
Jodelle Ferland as Lillith "Lily" Sullivan
Ian McShane as Detective Mike Barron
Bradley Cooper as Douglas J. Ames
Callum Keith Rennie as Edward "Eddie" Sullivan
Kerry O'Malley as Margaret "Maggie" Sullivan
Adrian Lester as Wayne
Georgia Craig as Denise
Cynthia Stevenson as Nancy
Alexander Conti as Diego

References

Other websites

2009 horror movies
2009 thriller movies
2000s psychological movies
2000s horror thriller movies
2000s supernatural movies
American horror thriller movies
American supernatural movies
Canadian horror movies
Canadian thriller movies
English-language movies
Movies about dysfunctional families
Paramount Pictures movies

Case 39


The Inuit group is a dynamical grouping of the prograde irregular satellites of Saturn which follow similar orbits. Their semi-major axes range between 11 and 18 Gm, their inclinations between 40° and 50°, and their eccentricities between 0.15 and 0.48. They take about 2 years to orbit Saturn.

The International Astronomical Union (IAU) uses names taken from Inuit mythology for these moons.

The group appeared quite homogeneous in early observations, the satellites displaying light-red colour (colour indices B−V = 0.79 and V−R = 0.51, similar to that of the Gallic group) and similar infrared spectra. Recent observations, however, revealed that Ijiraq is distinctly redder than Paaliaq, Siarnaq and Kiviuq. In addition, unlike the other three, Ijiraq's spectrum does not display weak absorption near 0.7 μm. This feature is attributed to a possible water hydration.

The spectral homogeneity (with the exception of Ijiraq) is consistent with a common origin in the break-up of a single object but the dispersion of the orbital parameters requires further explanation. Recently reported secular resonances among the members could provide the explanation of the post-collisional dispersion.

Names
The thirteen known members of the Inuit group are (sorted alphabetically in their respective subgroups, which in turn are ordered by distance from Saturn):
 Kiviuq
 Ijiraq
 S/2005 S 4
 S/2019 S 1
 S/2020 S 1
 Paaliaq
 Siarnaq
 Tarqeq
 S/2004 S 31
 S/2019 S 6
 S/2019 S 14
 S/2020 S 3
 S/2020 S 5

See also
 List of natural satellites

Notes

References

External links
Mean orbital parameters: from JPL

Inuit group
Moons of Saturn
Irregular satellites
Moons with a prograde orbit

Inuit group


4-1-1 is a telephone number for local directory assistance in Canada and the United States. Until the early 1980s, 4-1-1 and the related 1-1-3 number were free to call in most states.

In the United States, the service is commonly known as "information", although its official name is "directory assistance". As a result, 4-1-1 is commonly used in Canada and the United States as a slang word for "information". In the 1982 song "Jump to It" by American singer Aretha Franklin, for example, the lyric is "We have a lot of fun, don't we, girl, dishin' out
The dirt on everybody and givin' each other the 411".

History
The 4-1-1 number has been used since at least 1930 in New York City, San Francisco, and other large cities where panel and crossbar switching equipment installed by the Bell System was prevalent. However, in smaller Bell System cities as well as almost all areas served by GTE and other companies where step-by-step equipment was the norm such as Los Angeles, 1-1-3 was used until at least the 1960s, and in some cases (the Pacific Northwest, for example) until the mid-1980s.

In Canada and the United States, directory assistance was historically a local function, and most companies updated listings at their directory assistance centers frequently, sometimes daily. When long-distance numbers were needed, prior to the full introduction of direct-dialed long-distance service, callers would call either 4-1-1 or "0" (Operator) and request a free long-distance connection to the directory assistance center in the distant city.

In 1962, direct-dialed long-distance directory assistance became available. The number in cities with panel and crossbar switching equipment was area code-555-1212, whereas in cities with step-by-step equipment the number was 1-555-1212 (or 112-555-1212) for numbers not local but in the same area code and 1-area code-555-1212 (or 112-area code-555-1212) for numbers in other area codes. In some area codes, the directory assistance center was able to serve the entire area code, but in many, the operator in the principal city of the area code dialed would connect the caller onward to a more local directory assistance center for the most up-to-date information.

After the introduction of local exchange competition, most telephone companies outsourced directory assistance service to nationwide call centers. This has blurred the distinction between 4-1-1 and 555-1212. For regulatory reasons, where telephone service is provided by traditional local-exchange carriers, the local carrier will determine how to handle 411, the chosen local toll (intra-LATA) carrier will determine how to handle 555-1212 calls for area codes within the LATA, and the chosen long-distance carrier for inter-LATA) calls will determine how to handle other area code-555-1212 calls. For service provided by cellular and VoIP carriers where the customer does not have a choice of local toll or long-distance carriers, all calls may be handled the same way.

In North America, all areas formerly using 1-1-3 have been converted to using 4-1-1, and 1-1- is now reserved for vertical service codes. Outside North America, "1-1-N" numbers are still in use, for these and other services. In most European countries, "1-1-N" numbers are related to emergency services and 112 is the emergency telephone number for countries in the European Union as well as some other European countries.

The relationship between 4-1-1, 1-1-3, and long-distance dialing
Direct-distance dialing (DDD) was first introduced in areas with common-control switching (panel and crossbar) in the 1950s. These areas had used 4-1-1 for directory assistance, and because of the ability of common-control switching to analyze the initial digits of a number in a "sender" before routing the call, these areas did not require the dialing of an initial "1" to initiate a long-distance call. There was no ambiguity, because the initial assignment of area codes always used either a "0" or a "1" as the second digit, and the second digit of local numbers was never a "0" or a "1" because of the use of two-letter plus 5-digit local numbering, with the letters only on digits 2-9 of the dial.

Areas with step-by-step equipment processed the call one digit at a time as dialed by the caller, and thus needed a common prefix to distinguish long-distance dialing from local calls. The Bell System design choice was "1", but since "1-1-3" was in use for directory assistance, along with other "1-1-" codes ("Repair" was 1-1-4)., changes had to be made in the step-by-step areas. Initially, "1-1-2" was used temporarily as the prefix in most of these areas. To simplify long-distance calling, it was desirable to change this to a "1". Some areas converted immediately to 4-1-1 for directory assistance and 6-1-1 for repair. Other areas retained 1-1-3 by installing what were known as "double-header" trunks, which actually connected the call to the long-distance equipment and then "snatched it back" if the second digit was also a "1".

The conversion proceeded as follows in Springfield, Massachusetts:

Directory assistance data
The services of directory assistance queries is often outsourced to a call center who specializes in that function. Historically, when a single carrier provided most of the telephone services for a region, the data used to satisfy the search could exclusively come for that carrier's subscriber rolls. Today, when the market is fragmented amongst many carriers, the data must be aggregated by a data aggregator specializing in directory listings, such as LSSi. The data aggregator distributes the data to the 4-1-1 services either on a "live" basis, actually servicing each query, or by periodically transferring large swaths of listings to the call center's systems for local searching.

The data aggregator collects the data from the rolls of many telecommunication carriers. Some carriers such as Vonage do not send their customer rolls to the aggregator. Their customers can get their listings in the directory assistance database using a free service such as ListYourself.net.

Landline telephone directory assistance
4-1-1 landline service has been historically provided by local telephone companies, including those of the former Bell System or subsequent Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs). Telephone carriers since that time may provide the 4-1-1 calls to the customer free of charge and [use ad supported or a customer retention model][meaning unknown]

Since the 1984 Bell System divestiture, the RBOCs in the United States have priced 4-1-1 use higher to an average of US$1.25 per call, compared to $0.50 CAD in most of Canada, providing opportunities for competing services in the United States, such as ad-sponsored 1-800-FREE-411.

Wireless telephone directory listings
In addition to the local and long-distance directory services, there is also a "Wireless 411 Service". As specified by the industry, the service will give wireless subscribers the choice of including their wireless phone numbers in directory assistance services.

Consumers can opt in to listing their name and cellphone number with directory assistance services, such as 411. The information is currently not published in print or online directories.  Additionally, the information is not added to, or otherwise shared with, marketing lists or telemarketing firms.

The service will allow any landline or wireless phone user to call 4-1-1 and be connected to the wireless listing of a subscriber who has chosen to participate in the service. Carriers who make up the industry LLC creating the service include Alltel (now absorbed by Verizon Wireless), AT&T, T-Mobile, and Sprint Nextel (now absorbed by T-Mobile).

Withdrawal of 4-1-1 services
In the United States cellular market, AT&T announced its withdrawal of 4-1-1 service for its wireless phone customers, effective November 1, 2022.  AT&T also announced it will discontinue landline 4-1-1 services in 21 states starting January 1, 2023.

See also
 9-1-1
 800-The-Info
 Bing 411
 GOOG-411
 Speech recognition
 Tellme Networks
 N11 Code

References

Further reading
 2006 survey from Tellme Networks, Inc. about 411 usage
 The Kelsey Group report on wireless voice search (10/2006)

Directory assistance services
Three-digit telephone numbers

4-1-1


Ignaz Bösendorfer (July 28, 1796 – April 14, 1859) was an Austrian musician and piano manufacturer, who in 1828 founded the Bösendorfer company in Vienna-Josefstadt.

Biography
The son of a carpenter, he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna and did an apprenticeship with the renowned piano manufacturer  (1763–1848), whose workshop he took over in 1828. He received the concession for his business by the Vienna city administration on July 28, commonly regarded as the founding date of the Bösendorfer company. His venture quickly expanded, as grand pianos became an increasingly popular status symbol for home concerts held by the nobility and wealthy bourgeoisie of the Austrian Empire.

Bösendorfer could combine his craftmanship skills and experience with a great musical expertise. His pianos were of high repute, the "Vienna mechanics" design helped provide a strong and vibrant sound. His close relationship with Franz Liszt, who by his flamboyant playing demanded the highest standards of piano making, ensured the success of his creations. In 1839 he received the award of an imperial and royal warrant of appointment by Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria. After his death, his son Ludwig Bösendorfer took over the firm.

One of the first grand pianos built by Bösendorfer signed Ig. Besendorfer Schüler des Brodmann in Wien Josephstadt 43 is on display at Millstatt Abbey, where it is regularly played in concerts.

References

External links

 History at boesendorfer.com

1796 births
1859 deaths
Austrian male musicians
Bösendorfer
Piano makers
19th-century male musicians
19th-century musicians

Ignaz Bösendorfer


Electronic document and records management system (EDRMS) is a type of content management system and refers to the combined technologies of document management and records management systems as an integrated system.

Use
Typically, systems consider a document or file to be a work-in-progress until it has undergone review, approval, lock-down, and (potentially) publication, where it will wait to be used. The version of the form that is saved containing user content will become a formal record within the organization.

Once a document achieves the status of a record, the organization may apply best-practice or legally enforced retention policies which state how the second half of the record life-cycle will progress. This typically involves retention (and protection from change), until some events occur which relate to the record and which trigger the final disposition schedule to apply to the record. Eventually, typically at a set time after these events, the record undergoes destruction.

EDRMS software
A range of software vendors offer these systems at an enterprise level (i.e. targeted at managing all documents and records within an enterprise).

These vendors have historically provided electronic document management systems and have acquired smaller records management system companies. The seamlessness of the integration and the original intention of the records-management component to manage electronic records typically sets the complexity of deploying and potentially of using the final system.

Associated technologies
 Business process management (BPM)
 Case management and matter management
 Enterprise content management (ECM)
 Scanning
 Web content management (WCM)

Professional organizations
Notable professional organizations for documents and records include:

 Association of Records Managers and Administrators (ARMA International)
 Information and Records Management Society (IRMS)

References

Content management systems
Information management
Records management
Records management technology


The White Queen is a 2009 historical novel by Philippa Gregory, the first of her series The Cousins' War. It tells the story of Elizabeth Woodville, queen consort of King Edward IV of England. The 2013 BBC One television series The White Queen is a 10-part adaptation of Gregory's novels The White Queen, The Red Queen (2010) and The Kingmaker's Daughter (2012), and features Rebecca Ferguson as Elizabeth Woodville.

Gregory's 2011 novel The Lady of the Rivers is a prequel to The White Queen, narrated by Elizabeth's mother Jacquetta of Luxembourg.

Plot
Young widow Lady Elizabeth Grey puts herself in the path of King Edward IV to seek his assistance in reclaiming her late husband's estate for her sons, but it is love at first sight for both of them. They marry in secret, which later puts Edward, Elizabeth and Elizabeth's entire family at odds with Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, who had helped place Edward on the throne expecting to control the young king. Masterminded by Elizabeth's mother Jacquetta, an experienced courtier formerly allied with the ousted queen Margaret of Anjou, Edward and Elizabeth secure strategic marriages and positions for Elizabeth's siblings and other relatives to bolster Edward's power and alliances against Warwick. Edward and Elizabeth have three daughters, and Warwick rebels, attempting to put Edward's malleable younger brother George, Duke of Clarence on the throne instead. Edward foils their plan and reconciles with Warwick and George to consolidate his power, but not before Warwick executes Elizabeth's father, Richard Woodville, Earl Rivers and brother, John Woodville. Elizabeth vows revenge.

Warwick marries his elder daughter Isabel to George and rebels again, luring Edward into an arranged uprising where he plans to kill Edward. The plot fails, and Warwick and George flee to France. Isabel gives birth during the journey, but the child dies. Warwick marries his second daughter Anne to Edward of Lancaster, son and heir to the deposed king Henry VI, to secure Warwick's new alliance with Henry's exiled queen, Margaret of Anjou. Warwick invades England. Caught off guard, Edward is forced to flee to Flanders with Elizabeth's brother Anthony. Warwick arrests Jacquetta on charges of witchcraft, but she is soon released on the orders of her old friend Margaret. Jacquetta joins a pregnant Elizabeth and her children in sanctuary in Westminster Abbey, where they are left unmolested by Warwick. Elizabeth gives birth to Edward's son, also named Edward. Returning to England, Edward is reunited with George and first defeats the forces of Warwick, who is killed, and then Margaret's army. Her son Edward of Lancaster is killed on the battlefield, and Edward murders the captive simpleton Henry VI to end the Lancastrian claim to the throne once and for all.

England is at peace, but a covetous George continues his plotting to undermine Edward's rule. Their younger brother Richard marries the widowed Anne Neville, and disapproves of Edward's choice to broker peace with France rather than fight for English holdings there. Isabel's death drives George over the edge, and his plots and slanders against Edward and Elizabeth result in his conviction for treason. Despite the protestations of their mother Cecily, Edward has George executed. Edward later dies himself, leaving his brother Richard as guardian to his surviving sons Edward and Richard despite Elizabeth's protestations. Richard seizes young Edward from the custody of Elizabeth's brother Anthony, and from sanctuary Elizabeth eventually relinquishes to Richard a page boy posing as her younger son, whom she actually sends to Flanders to be raised in secret under an assumed name. Believing he has both of Edward's heirs under his control in the Tower of London, Richard has Edward and Elizabeth's marriage declared invalid, and accedes the throne himself as Richard III.

Meanwhile, Elizabeth plots with her brother in law and former ward, the Duke of Buckingham, and Margaret Beaufort, the mother of the exiled Lancastrian claimant Henry Tudor, to overthrow Richard and free the young princes in the Tower. They betroth Tudor to Elizabeth of York, Edward and Elizabeth's eldest daughter, in part to seek the support of Yorkists for Tudor's cause. The young princes vanish and are presumed murdered, and though Elizabeth has not forgiven Richard for his execution of her brother Anthony and her son Richard Grey, she suspects that Buckingham, Margaret and Henry are more likely responsible for the disappearance of the boys as part of their own plotting to wrest the throne from Richard. Elizabeth leaves sanctuary and sends her older daughters to Richard's court as ladies-in-waiting to Queen Anne. Richard's and Anne's son Edward dies, followed by Anne herself. In the meantime, Richard and the younger Elizabeth have fallen in love, but he fears losing the support of the northern lords loyal to Anne's family if he marries Elizabeth right away. Henry Tudor's forces arrive in England.

Critical reception
Publishers Weekly wrote of the novel, "Gregory earned her international reputation evoking sex, violence, love and betrayal among the Tudors; here she adds intimate relationships, political maneuvering and battlefield conflicts as well as some well-drawn supernatural elements." The review adds that the author "is especially poignant depicting Elizabeth in her later years" and that "she captures vividly the terrible inertia of war," but notes that the novel "may not be as fresh as earlier efforts." Maureen Waller of The Telegraph called the novel "entrancing" and its heroine "intriguing," adding that "Gregory is very good at describing the bitchiness of the women in this tale of dynastic rivalry."

The White Queen has been released in audiobook form in both abridged (performed by Bianca Amato) and unabridged (narrated by Susan Lyons) versions. AudioFile magazine wrote of the novel, "Gregory has become wildly popular in the U.S. It's easy to see why in her latest heady mix of history, romance, and political intrigue as she teases apart the tangled skeins of the War of the Roses." The magazine praised both recordings, calling Amato's performance "powerful and compellingly believable" and Lyon's voice "regal" and "self-possessed."

Adaptations

 The White Queen (2013), drama directed by Colin Teague, James Kent and Jamie Payne, based on novels The White Queen, The Red Queen and The Kingmaker's Daughter

References

External links

2009 British novels
Cultural depictions of English monarchs
Historical novels
British novels adapted into television shows
Novels by Philippa Gregory
Novels set in the 15th century
Works about women in war
Simon & Schuster books
Cultural depictions of Henry VII of England
Cultural depictions of Richard III of England
Cultural depictions of Edward IV of England
Cultural depictions of Edward V of England

The White Queen (novel)


James Kenyon (26 May 1850 – 6 February 1925) was a businessman and pioneer of cinematography in Blackburn, Lancashire, England.

The son of Thomas and Margaret Kenyon, little is known of his upbringing. He married Elizabeth Fell, and by 1878 he was listed in a local trade directory as a fancy goods dealer. In 1880 he succeeded to the furniture dealing and cabinet making business of his wife's uncle in King Street, Blackburn. This business also occupied premises at the rear at 22 Clayton Street. According to his obituary Kenyon retired from his house furnishing business in 1906. Kenyon had also built a business with the travelling showmen supplying "penny in the slot machines".

Although associated in partnership with Sagar Mitchell since 1897 little is known of their film production until 1899. The success of their early films encouraged Mitchell to give up his shop and in September 1901 Mitchell and Kenyon moved into the premises in Clayton Street, Blackburn, to concentrate on film production. Mitchell and Kenyon used the trade name of Norden, and the company became one of the largest film producers in the United Kingdom in the 1900s, producing a mixture of "topicals" (films of street scenes, sporting events, rides through towns on the top of trams, and ordinary life, which were extremely popular as people loved to see moving pictures of themselves), fiction, and fake war films. Many of these films were produced for travelling showmen.

In May 1907 Mitchell resumed possession of his original business S. & J. Mitchell, at 40 Northgate, Blackburn. The volume of film production seems to have tailed off from this date, and from 1909 was increasingly restricted to local events. The last surviving film dates from 1913. His partnership with Mitchell was formally dissolved around 1922 and Kenyon died in 1925. Mitchell carefully stored the film negatives away in the basement of his Northgate shop. He died on 2 October 1952 and his son John continued to run the business until 1960.

Over the years film historians had traditionally regarded Mitchell and Kenyon as minor contributors to film history, known principally for the fake Boer War films that had survived. Then in 1994, during building alteration work at the premises in Northgate, three large sealed steel drums were discovered in the basement. On examination, the drums were discovered to contain the original nitrate negatives of 800 Mitchell and Kenyon films in a remarkably good state of preservation. These eventually found their way in 2000 to the National Film and Television Archive, where they extended the holdings of films of the 1900-1913 period by 20%, giving a new and fresh view of Edwardian England and an important resource for historians. A further 65 fiction films are preserved in The Cinema Museum, London. The survival of these films has allowed Mitchell and Kenyon's place in English film history to be reappraised.

In 2014, The Life and Times of Mitchell and Kenyon was produced at The Dukes, Lancaster and the Oldham Coliseum, with video elements by imitating the dog.

See also
Mitchell and Kenyon: more information on their film work and on the rediscovery of the Mitchell and Kenyon Collection

References

External links
BFI: The Mitchell and Kenyon Collection
Who's Who of Victorian Cinema.
bfi Video: The Lost World of Mitchell & Kenyon (DVD)

English businesspeople
British cinematographers
1850 births
1925 deaths
People from Blackburn
British cinema pioneers

James Kenyon (cinematographer)


The Fight Continues (Swedish: Striden går vidare) is a 1941 Swedish drama film directed by Gustaf Molander and starring Victor Sjöström, Renée Björling and Anne-Margrethe Björlin.

The film's art direction was by Arne Åkermark.

Partial cast
 Victor Sjöström as Andreas Berg
 Renée Björling as Betty Berg
 Anne-Margrethe Björlin as Inga Berg
 Erik 'Bullen' Berglund as Dr. Eriksson
 Alf Kjellin as Dr. Georg Hammar
 Gerd Hagman as Nurse Maria Granberg
 Nils Lundell as Kurre Karlsson
 Carl Ström as Arnell
 Elsa Ebbesen as Anna, nurse
 Carl Deurell as Prof. Karlgren
 Kotti Chave as Dr. Ström
 Gösta Terserus as Dr. Lundin
 Olav Riégo as Dr. Fagrell
 Karl Erik Flens as Doctor
 Helge Mauritz as Doctor
 Yngve Nyqvist as Doctor
 Hjördis Petterson as Augusta Sofia Svensson, alcoholic
 Hilda Borgström as Mrs. Hagberg
 Oscar Ljung as Allan Hagberg
 John Ekman as Lundström
 Josua Bengtson as Man in waiting room
 Ernst Brunman as Patient
 Ingemar Holde as Man in City Hall
 Aurore Palmgren as Nurse
 Ingrid Envall as Ingrid, nurse
 Gerda Boman as Nurse
 Birgitta Valberg as Nurse
 Stig Olin as Judge
 Hartwig Fock as Soccer player's father
 Linnéa Hillberg as Jenny
 Wilma Malmlöf as Lady at Newsstand
 Lisa Wirström as Woman at the newsstand
 Gun Adler as Nurse in waitingroom
 Emmy Albiin as Woman in the newsstand
 Gösta Bodin
 Eric Dahlström
 Margit Andelius as Lady in Waiting Room
 Mona Geijer-Falkner as Berg's Maid
 Hugo Björne as Judge
 Axel Lagerberg as Lawyer
 Victor Thorén as Waiter at Djurgårdsbrunn
 Margareta Bergman as Woman in waiting room

References

Bibliography
 Mariah Larsson & Anders Marklund. Swedish Film: An Introduction and Reader. Nordic Academic Press, 2010.

External links

1941 films
1941 drama films
Swedish drama films
1940s Swedish-language films
Films directed by Gustaf Molander
Swedish black-and-white films
1940s Swedish films

The Fight Continues


Bamahane (also BaMahane, , lit. in the base camp) was a Hebrew-language weekly magazine published by the Israel Defense Forces. It was first published in December 1934 by the Haganah and was published as a weekly until December 2016, when it was moved online until it was formally merged into the IDF's website in January 2020.

History

Bamahane started in December 1934 as an underground publication by the Tel Aviv office of the Haganah. Its chief editor, until 1947, was Ephraim Talmi. Notable writers, such as Nathan Alterman and Leah Goldberg, wrote for it. At the end of 1947 it became the Haganah's national publication. During that time period, Moshe Shamir became its chief editor. With the founding of the IDF, Bamahane became the soldiers' newspaper.

Between 2000 and 2005, Bamahane consisted of 2 parts: one including news articles related to military and security matters, and the other containing editorials, interviews, photo-ops, etc. From January 2006 until December 2016, it was one publication in the form of a 68-page magazine.

While Bamahane was subordinate to the IDF's Education and Youth Corps, it is unusually independent, and until 2006, was not censored by the IDF Spokesman. As such, its content was the center of several controversies, to the extent that in May 2001, the head of the Education Corps, Brigadier General Elazar Stern, decided to close the publication, an order which did not come to pass.

Bamahanes circulation was in the tens of thousands, mainly read by soldiers who receive the magazine in their bases on Thursdays. Additionally, many Israeli civilians close to the IDF choose to subscribe to the publication.

Bamahane'''s final chief editor (from 2013–2016) was Tzachi Biran. Additionally, Bamahane employed about 20 writers. the editor before Tzachi was Yoni Shanfeld.

Controversies
In May 2001, the commander of the Education Corps at the time, Elazar Stern, ordered the closure of Bamahane, due to 'questionable material', including a front-page article about a homosexual colonel. Due to public outrage and an appeal to Defense Minister Binyamin Ben-Eliezer, Bamahane continued to exist.

In September 2005, 3 of Bamahane's writers were dismissed for not following a prohibition from the IDF Spokesperson's Unit to document and publish stories and photographs of the relocation of Jewish graves from Gush Katif into Israel proper. As a result of this and other incidents, in January 2006, the head of the Manpower Directorate, now Major General Elazar Stern, ordered each piece in the magazine to undergo careful inspection by the spokesperson's unit. Bamahanes staff accused him of attempting to turn the publication into another Pravda''.

Notable writers
Ehud Olmert, politician and prime minister
Nisim Aloni, playwright
Eli Mohar, songwriter
Eitan Haber, journalist
Tzachi Hanegbi, politician
Yair Lapid, journalist, TV personality, politician and prime minister
Ram Oren, author
Imanuel Rosen, journalist and TV personality
Renen Schorr, film director
Yali Saar, actor and entrepreneur
Nathan Alterman, poet
Dov Elbaum, writer and lecturer
Yoram Taharlev

References

External links
Official website

Israel Defense Forces
Magazines published in Israel
Weekly magazines
Magazines established in 1934
Mass media in Tel Aviv
Military magazines

Bamahane


Squitter refers to random pulses, pulse-pairs and other non-solicited messages used in various aviation radio systems' signal maintenance. Squitter pulses were originally, and are still, used in the DME/TACAN air navigation systems. Squitter pulses, because of their randomness and identical appearance to standard reply pulse-pairs, appear the same as unsolicited/unsynchronised replies to other interrogating aircraft.

Squitter was first used in the original IFF systems. These used a superregenerative receiver which greatly amplified input signals using positive feedback. If the gain was set too high, random radio noise like static would enter the amplifier and cause it to send out a signal, creating random signals. An automatic gain control system on subsequent models cured this problem.

Primarily, squitter is used to maintain a regular signal from the ground beacon. In the TACAN system, signal strength variation due to rotation of the transmitting beam (amplitude modulation) determines the course bearing function. This function would be lost without a constant 2700-4800 pulse-pairs per second, carrier-like signal in cases of low or no interrogating aircraft.

In the Mode S secondary surveillance radar system, the term is used to describe messages that are unsolicited downlink transmissions from an automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) Mode S transponder system.

Mode S transponders transmit acquisition squitter (unsolicited downlink transmissions) to permit passive acquisition by interrogators with broad antenna beams, where active acquisition may be hindered by all-call synchronous garble. Examples of such interrogators are an airborne collision avoidance system and an airport surface system.

External links
SSR at Radartutorial
AIS-P/TailLight

Air traffic control
Radar
Avionics

de:Sekundärradar
fr:Radar secondaire
no:Sekundærradar
fi:Toisiotutka

Squitter


Room in Rome is a 2010 Spanish erotic romance and drama movie. This movie looks at seduction and lesbian romances. This movie was shot around Rome and Madrid. It was released in April 2010. It stars Elena Anaya and Natasha Yarovenko.

Plot

Alba, a 30-something Spanish tourist in Rome, brings a younger Russian woman named Natasha to her hotel room. It's the last night of vacation in Rome. The details of how they met in a club are vague. Natasha at first refuses, and says she is straight. However, Alba keeps wanting to have sex with Natasha. Natasha keeps saying that she has never had sex with a woman.

Natasha and Alba get undressed and into bed, though Natasha is still nervous. Alba suggests they lay side by side and only casually touch each other's faces. They do that until Alba becomes so relaxed she falls asleep. Natasha quietly gets out of bed, gets dressed and leaves the room. She wonders what would have happened if she had given sex to Alba. But Natasha leaves one thing behind: her cell phone. It rings and wakes up Alba. Natasha returns to the hotel room and asks for her cell phone. But she does not want to enter the room again. However, Alba grabs Natasha and takes her back into the room. They get undressed once again and into bed. Natasha and Alba have sex for the first time.

Over the next ten hours, Natasha and Alba grow close to one another. Natasha becomes more relaxed around Alba about their love-making. The two women share stories of their past.

But eventually, the two women tell each other the truth. Natasha says that her real name is Dasha. She is also a professional tennis player on vacation. Alba then tells she is a mechanical engineer and inventor. She is in Rome on business. She also lives with a woman in Spain.

Alba tells Natasha that she is falling in love with her. Natasha, though, gets more defensive. She says her attraction to Alba is only from curiosity toward the same sex and not love.

The two women have sex one last time. Then, they decide to leave and return to their lives in Russia and Spain.

Reception

The movie received mixed reviews. Jonathan Holland gave a mixed review. He liked the acting, though said director Julio Modem was more interested in his ideas than the people. The Rotten Tomatoes rated the movie at 50%.

References

2010s LGBT movies
2010s erotic movies
2010 romance movies
Spanish romance movies
Multilingual movies
Movies set in Rome
Movies directed by Julio Medem

Room in Rome


Ellis Rashad Wyms  (born April 12, 1979) is a former American football defensive tackle. He was originally drafted by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the sixth round of the 2001 NFL Draft. He played college football at Mississippi State.

Wyms, who earned a Super Bowl ring with the Buccaneers in Super Bowl XXXVII, has also played for the Seattle Seahawks, Minnesota Vikings and Florida Tuskers.

College career
Wyms went to Mississippi State and played as a Bulldog. He racked up 120 career tackles, with 69 solo tackles. He also collected 10 quarterback sacks in just 40 career games for the Mississippi State Bulldogs. Wyms started on the defensive line eight times as a senior. Wyms was the Bulldogs' top reserve player. In his first career start, against Oklahoma State, Wyms racked up six tackles. He majored in technology and education.

Professional career

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Wyms was drafted by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers with the 183rd pick of the 2001 NFL Draft, in the sixth round. In his first season, he played in four games (at the Detroit Lions, vs. the New Orleans Saints, vs. the Baltimore Ravens, and vs. the Philadelphia Eagles. However, he did not start until the Philadelphia Eagles playoff game in which the Buccaneers lost.

Ellis Wyms did not start a game in the Bucs' Super Bowl-winning season, but he ranked third on the team with 5.5 sacks. Throughout the season, he recorded 38 tackles, 5.5 sacks, two forced fumbles, and one fumble recovery. Wyms registered his first career sack against the Baltimore Ravens. During the divisional playoffs game versus the San Francisco 49ers, Wyms played along the defensive line often, racking up five tackles and defending one pass. In Super Bowl XXXVII against the Oakland Raiders, Wyms sacked Raiders quarterback Rich Gannon. He also added three tackles against the Raiders.

Wyms played in 13 games in the 2003 season, but the Bucs slumped from their Super Bowl glory to a 7–9 record. Wyms missed the last three games of the season after being placed on injured reserve because of a sprained left knee. Despite the injury, Wyms recorded 22 tackles, two sacks, and three defended passes on the season.

Wyms also had a shortened season in 2004 because of injury. He played in six games before leaving on October 23, 2004, for injured reserve due to a shoulder injury. In this season for the Buccaneers (5–11 record),Wyms totaled 19 tackles, two of them for losses. He eclipsed his career-high tackle mark against the Denver Broncos with 8 tackles. Wyms also contributed eight tackles against the St. Louis Rams.

In the Buccaneers' first playoff season since 2002, he played in all 16 games, and started against the New England Patriots. Wyms appeared in his 50th career game against the Carolina Panthers on December 11, 2005. Ellis Wyms finished the season with 17 tackles, two sacks, one forced fumble, one fumble recovery, and one pass defended. He also sacked Washington Redskins quarterback Mark Brunell in their wildcard contest.

On September 1, 2007, the Bucs released him.

Seattle Seahawks
He signed with the Seattle Seahawks before the 2007 season. He appeared in 13 games (no starts) for the team and recorded 11 tackles. He became a free agent after the season.

Minnesota Vikings
On March 17, 2008, Wyms signed a one-year contract with the Minnesota Vikings worth $1.5 million and including a $500,000 signing bonus.

Personal
Wyms contributes to the community through the "Strong Minds, Strong Bodies" program. Ellis Wyms is also the founder of The Wyms Foundation. The program provides monthly reading activities and career advice to underprivileged children in the city of Tampa. He also participates in many community activities. In high school, he recorded 124 tackles and 7 sacks. Wyms is married to real estate consultant DeeDee Wyms.

References

External links
Tampa Bay Buccaneers bio

1979 births
Living people
People from Indianola, Mississippi
American football defensive ends
American football defensive tackles
Mississippi State Bulldogs football players
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
Seattle Seahawks players
Minnesota Vikings players
Florida Tuskers players

Ellis Wyms


The Jungfrau-Aletsch protected area (officially Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch) is located in south-western Switzerland between the cantons of Berne and Valais. It is a mountainous region in the easternmost side of the Bernese Alps, containing the northern wall of Jungfrau and Eiger, and the largest glaciated area in western Eurasia, comprising the Aletsch Glacier. The Jungfrau-Aletsch protected area is the first World Natural Heritage site in the Alps; it was inscribed in 2001.

Geography and climate
The Jungfrau-Aletsch protected area is located in the Swiss Alps between the Bernese Oberland and north-eastern Valais, about 25 km south of Interlaken and 20 km north of Brig. The site covers the whole Aar massif from the Oeschinensee in the west to the Grimselsee (not comprised) in the east, including the basins of the Aletsch, Fiescher, Aar and Grindelwald glaciers.

The culminating point is the Finsteraarhorn which, with its 4,270 metres, is also the highest mountain in the Bernese Alps. 8 other summits above 4,000 metres are located in the area: Aletschhorn, Jungfrau, Mönch, Schreckhorn, Gross Fiescherhorn, Hinter Fiescherhorn, Grünhorn and Lauteraarhorn.

The summit ridge separating the cantons of Valais and Berne is the main watershed of Europe. The principal valleys on the north side run due north below the precipitous 20 kilometer north wall of the Jungfrau, Mönch and Eiger, thence to the Aar, a tributary of the Rhine which runs into the North Sea. The southern valleys drain into the southwest running valley of the Rhone which flows into the Mediterranean sea.

The climate of the region is strongly influenced by the height of the mountains. They form a barrier between the wet sub-oceanic climate of the north and the drier climate of the south-facing Valais slopes. On the north side the rainfall exceeds 2,200 mm, most falling in summer, but on the south side it is only 1,000 mm, with more falling in winter. The Valais experiences a subcontinental climate at low and medium altitudes and is markedly semi-arid. Mean annual temperatures range from -8.5 °C at Jungfraujoch (3,500 m) to 9.1 °C at Brig (700 m).

Physical features

The Jungfrau-Aletsch site is almost untouched, except for trails and mountain huts. It is deeply glaciated. About half of the area is higher than 2,600 metres, a few hundred metres lower than the limit between the glaciers accumulation and ablation zones. The total area covered by glacier is 35,000 ha, it constitutes the largest continuous area of ice in the Alps. The largest and longest glacier in the Alps, the Aletsch Glacier is 23 km long and has a maximum thickness of 900 metres at Konkordiaplatz.

Area
The protected site covers an area of 82,388 ha, comprising the 53,888 ha existing World Heritage Site plus extensions at both ends totaling 28,500 ha. 56% is within the Canton of Valais, 44% within the Canton of Berne.

Flora and fauna

Glaciers and barren rock constitute 80% of the area; 6% is forested, 5.2% is alpine meadow, and 8% is scrub. Altitude is the strongest factor influencing the distribution and diversity of the vegetation. Within the nominated area there are 1,800 species of vascular plants and 700 mosses. The growing period decreases with altitude, but there are 529 species of phanerogams and pteridophytes above the tree line.
Broadleaf montane forest extends from 900 m to 1,300 m on north- facing slopes. On south-facing slopes the same zone is approximately 200 m higher. The subalpine zone lies between 1,300 m to 2,000 m, between the broadleaf and alpine zone. Characteristic species are the Swiss Pine (Pinus Cembra) and the Norway Spruce (Picea abies) on the north and south side respectively. An example of Pinus cembra forest is the Aletsch Forest above the Aletsch Glacier and near the tree line. It developed on the moraine of the glacier after its maximum extension in 1850. The zone directly above the tree line forms a girdle of moorland vegetation and Alpine grassland.

1,250 fauna species have been recorded on the site, including 271 vertebrates: 42 mammals, 99 birds, eight reptiles, four amphibians and seven fish, and numerous invertebrates including 97 molluscs and 979 insects. As for the rest of the Alps, common species are the chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), alpine ibex (Capra ibex), red deer (Cervus elaphus). Smaller mammals include the mountain hare (Lepus timidus), fox (Vulpes vulpes), ermine (Mustela erminea), marmot (Marmota marmota) and the reintroduced lynx (Felis lynx).

Tourism

The regions of the Bernese Oberland and Valais have been popular tourist destinations since the 19th century. The Jungfrau was first climbed in 1811 and the Finsteraarhorn in 1812. The first tourists came mostly in summer, but in the 1930s winter sports became also popular. On the north side visitors are only able to visit the site via the Jungfrau railway which leads to the Jungfraujoch. The railway has turned the site from an inaccessible mountain face to a very accessible site visited by large nearby populations. The Jungfrau railway was built between 1870 and 1912, taking visitors from Kleine Scheidegg (2,061 m) to Jungfraujoch (3,454 m), the saddle between the Mönch and Jungfrau. On the south side the area of Riederalp-Bettmeralp hosts most of the visitors. Other inhabited regions on the margin are Kandersteg and the Lötschental. The network of foot-paths is well developed around the site but nonexistent through it, the centre being inaccessible to walkers. The site can only be accessed by experienced mountaineers and there is a series of 37 shelters and five mountain refuges with a total of 1,582 beds, managed by the Swiss Alpine Club. The Aletsch ecological centre in Riederalp is run by Pro Natura functions as a visitor center.

History
1933: The protection of the Aletsch forest is assumed by the canton of Valais
1960: The canton of Berne assumes the protection of the upper Lauterbrunnen Valley
1983: The Bernese Alps are included on the Federal Inventory of Landscapes and Natural Monuments, with a revision of the area in 1998
2001: The area is inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage list under the name Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschhorn
2007: Extension of the site, new name Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch

Notes and references

 Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch, United Nation Environment Programme
 Swisstopo maps

External links

World Heritage Sites in Switzerland
Protected areas of Switzerland
Protected areas established in 2001
Protected areas of the Alps
Geography of the canton of Bern
Geography of Valais
Landforms of the canton of Bern
Landforms of Valais
Tourist attractions in the Canton of Bern
Tourist attractions in Valais
Bern–Valais border

Jungfrau-Aletsch protected area


Australia has no nuclear power stations and the Rudd Labor government was opposed to nuclear power for Australia.  However, Australia does have a small research reactor (OPAL) in Sydney, and it does export uranium.

Uranium mining and export and nuclear issues have often been the subject of public debate, and the anti-nuclear movement in Australia has a long history. It began with the 1972–73 debate over French nuclear testing in the Pacific, which involved several groups, and the 1976–77 debate about uranium mining in Australia.

Issues

The case against nuclear power and uranium mining in Australia has been concerned with the impacts of nuclear energy; with the shortcomings of nuclear power as an energy source; and with presenting a sustainable energy strategy. The most prominent adverse impact of nuclear power is seen to be its potential contribution towards proliferation of nuclear weapons. For example, the 1976 Ranger Inquiry report stated that "The nuclear power industry is unintentionally contributing to an increased risk of nuclear war. This is the most serious hazard associated with the industry".

The health risks associated with nuclear materials have also been of concern. This has been the case worldwide because of incidents like the Chernobyl disaster, but Australian concerns have also involved specific local factors such as controversy over the health effects of nuclear testing in Australia and the South Pacific, and the emergence of prominent anti-nuclear campaigner Helen Caldicott, who is a medical practitioner.

The economics of nuclear power has been a factor in anti-nuclear campaigns, with critics arguing that such power is uneconomical in Australia, particularly given the country's abundance of coal resources.

From the perspective of the anti-nuclear movement, most of the problems with nuclear power today are much the same as in the 1970s. Nuclear reactor accidents remain a possibility and no convincing solution to the problem of long-lived radioactive waste has been proposed. Nuclear weapons proliferation continues to occur. The alternatives to nuclear power, energy efficiency and renewable energy (especially wind power), have been further developed and commercialised.

Related pages
Anti-nuclear movement in the United States
Nuclear energy policy

References

Politics of Australia
Nuclear energy

Anti-nuclear movement in Australia


Modena Volley is a professional volleyball team based in Modena, Italy.  It has played in the highest level of the Italian Volleyball League since 1968. It is the most successful Italian club, having won the national league twelve times and the national cup as well: Modena is the current holder of both titles. The club is one of the most prominent and prestigious in Europe. It achieved thirteen European trophies including four CEV Champions League. The main sponsor of the club is DHL Express.

References
 Official website

1966 establishments in Europe
1960s establishments in Italy
Modena
Italian volleyball clubs

Modena Volleyball Club


Beyond Right & Wrong: Stories of Justice and Forgiveness is a 2012 American documentary film about restorative justice and forgiveness. It is directed by Roger Spottiswoode and Lekha Singh and produced by Lekha Singh and Rebecca Chaiklin. The film depicts victims and perpetrators of the Rwandan genocide, the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, and The Troubles in Northern Ireland.

The film tells the stories of Bassam and Salwa Aramin, Emmanuel Bamporiki, Jo Berry, Robi Damelin, Rami Elhanan and Nurit Peled-Elhanan, Patrick Magee, Richard Moore, Beatrice (Beata) Mukangarambe, and Jean-Baptiste Ntakirutimana. Commentators include Lord John Alderdice, Denis Bradley, Marina Cantacuzino, Bishop John Rucyahana, and Dr. James Smith.

Recognition
On 13 September 2012, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon screened the film for the General Assembly in New York. The film was also part of the 'World Cinema Narrative' section at the 2012 Hamptons International Film Festival. In 2014, The Huffington Post ran a series of eight articles inspired by the film. Authors included Kweku Mandela Amuah, Judith Light, Jo Berry, and co-director and producer Lekha Singh.

Awards
Beyond Right & Wrong received the following awards:

2013:
 Best Avant Garde Film by the American Psychological Association
 Best Documentary Film by Fingal Film Festival
 Runner-up for Best Documentary by the LA Jewish Film Festival

2014:
 Social Impact Award at the Collective Conference in Park City, which bestowed a $50,000 matching grant from Pvblic.
Co-director and producer Lekha Singh received the Snowball Influencer Award from Cause Brands.

Reviews
 John DeFore. "Beyond Right & Wrong: Stories of Justice and Forgiveness (Review)." The Hollywood Reporter. October 26, 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2014.
 Giles Fraser. "The key to forgiveness is the refusal to seek revenge." The Guardian. February 8, 2013. Retrieved July 24, 2014.
 Onslow. "Why Forgiveness is Imperative in the Modern World." Corner Magazine. February 6, 2014. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
 Neil White. "Beyond Right & Wrong: Stories Of Justice And Forgiveness: Movie Review." Every Film Blog. February 7, 2014. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
 Marina Cantacuzino. "Beyond Right and Wrong: How a Film Became a Peaceful Revolution." Huff Post Impact. February 18, 2014. Updated April 20, 2014. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
 Frank Farley and Mona Sarshar. "From Giving to Forgiving—A Bridge Too Far?" PsycCRITIQUES, Vol. 59, No. 8, Article 9. February 24, 2014. Referenced by Ryan M. Niemiec. "The Imperative of Forgiveness and the Deployment of 'Heroic' Character Strengths." PsycCRITIQUES Blog. March 27, 2014. Retrieved July 23, 2014.

Endorsements
Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Judith Light, Charlize Theron, Hugh Jackman, and Nelson Mandela's grandson Kweku Mandela Amuah all tweeted about the film.

Online Viewership
In February 2014, Beyond Right & Wrong collaborated with FilmRaise to promote the 52-minute version of the film while directing $500,000 to charity. A portion of the money donated by Operation Kids Foundation and Share the Mic is sent to a partnering charity when people watch the film online for free. Indiewire and Forbes also wrote about the campaign.

Partner Organizations
Beyond Right & Wrong and FilmRaise partnered with the following NGOs: Anasazi Foundation, Building Bridges for Peace, Cinema for Peace Foundation, ConnecTeach, Creative Visions Foundation, Empower Mali, The Forgiveness Project, Free the Children, Heshima Kenya, Inclusion Center for Community and Justice, The Institute for Justice and Reconciliation, Jeans 4 Justice, Kidnected World, The Malala Fund, Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory, PeacePlayers International, Search for Common Ground, Solar Electric Light Fund, Ubuntu Education Fund, Utah Refugee Center, Utah Rotary District 5420, WITNESS, and Women for Women International.

Promotional partners include The Arbinger Institute, BRITDOC, Pvblic Foundation, and the Tutu Global Forgiveness Challenge.

News Coverage
 Daniel Jenks. "Finding Forgiveness in the Darkest of Places." MariaShriver.com. February 26, 2014. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
 "Madiba's grandson supports One Million Viewer campaign to drive justice and reconcilitation (sic)." Nelson Mandela.org. March 7, 2014. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
 Whitney Evans. "Local woman using inspiring films to incite charitable donations." The Deseret News. March 22, 2014. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
 Candice Madsen. "Deseret News National Edition: Neon Trees, ways to end poverty and 'The Ten Today' series." The Deseret News. April 13, 2014. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
 Philip Hellmich (interview host). "Beyond Right and Wrong with Lekha Singh, Mitch Warner, and John W. McDonald." Shift Network. Recorded June 17, 2014. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
 Kweku Mandela. "New Film Offers Lesson in Forgiveness." The African-American Observer. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
 Liz Smith. "Judith Light will Host a Screening." JudithLight.com. Retrieved July 23, 2014.

References

External links
 Official website

2012 films
2012 documentary films
American documentary films
Documentary films about crime
Documentary films about the Rwandan genocide
Documentary films about the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Films about The Troubles (Northern Ireland)
Films directed by Roger Spottiswoode
Restorative justice
Reconciliation
Films scored by David Hirschfelder
2010s English-language films
2010s American films
English-language documentary films

Beyond Right and Wrong


"Barbarossa city" () is a nickname for German cities that the Staufer Emperor Frederick Barbarossa stayed in or near for some time. The cities usually mentioned include Sinzig, Kaiserslautern, Gelnhausen, Altenburg, Bad Frankenhausen, but Annweiler am Trifels, Bad Wimpfen, Eberbach and Waiblingen consider themselves as such as well.

Sinzig
Sinzig is a city on the Middle Rhine in Ahrweiler County. Celtic in its early history and settled by the Romans, the city was first mentioned in 762 as a Franconian king's court, sentiacum.  The city was at its height from the 12th through the 14th century as a Kaiserpfalz often visited by the German kings and emperors.  Barbarossa himself stayed at Sinzig four times.

Kaiserslautern
The settlement history of Kaiserslautern, an industrial city and university seat at the northern edge of the Palatinate forest, begins in the 5th millennium BC.  Around 1100 CE, Salian rulers built themselves a castle on the grounds of the present-day city hall.  Between 1152 and 1158 Barbarossa had the castle expanded that would bear his name and serve as his Kaiserpfalz "with no insignificant amount of pomp".  He designated Lautern the center of his Staufen empire, which marked the beginning of a boom for the community. The Kaisers (imperial) palace was mentioned for the first time as "castrum domini imperatoris".  In 1176 Barbarossa donated a hospital to the community and called Norbertines into Lautern to take on the hospital's management. The people of "Kaiser's Lautern" were proud to call their city a "Barbarossa city".

Gelnhausen (Hesse)

The "Barbarossa city" of Gelnhausen is a city in Main-Kinzig County in the eastern part of Hesse.  It was founded in 1170 by Barbarossa in this convenient location because the merchant highway Via Regia from Frankfurt to Leipzig intersected here with several other roads.  Frederick I founded the city by combining three existing villages into the imperial free city of Gelnhausen.  Imperial trading privileges such as duty-free zones lead to a rapid aggregation of traders and merchants. The fact that Gelnhausen was simultaneously awarded the Stapelrecht (), requiring passing merchants to offer their goods in town for a certain amount of time, also helped in making it a successful trading town. Only ten years after it was born the city hosted an important Reichstag where Henry the Lion was tried in absentia and all his lands were redistributed. The Kaiserpfalz in Gelnhausen is the best maintained Staufer country palace still in existence.

Altenburg (Thuringia)

Altenburg in the east of Thuringia may also rightfully call itself a "Barbarossa city".  It was first mentioned in 976 by Emperor Otto II and Barbarossa stayed in the imperial castle Altenburg (Castrum Plysn), first mentioned in 1132, a total of six times between 1165 and 1188.  In 1172 he consecrated the Augustinian monastery of "Our dear Lady St. Mary" at the top of the mountain.

Bad Frankenhausen

Excavations evidence first settlements in Bad Frankenhausen at the southern edge of the Kyffhäuser area at approximately 8000 BC.  The town itself was first mentioned in the 9th century in official documents of the abbey in Fulda where it was referred to as a Franconian settlement.  Nearby is the "Barbarossa Cave" with its "emperor's throne" and the "Barbarossa Memorial" featuring a larger-than-life Frederick Barbarossa that was built on the ruins of the imperial castle of Kyffhausen (Reichsburg Kyffhausen) between 1890 and 1896.  Because of these items, Frankenhausen is counted among the Barbarossa cities even though there is no evidence the Emperor ever stayed here.

See also
Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor
Cultural depictions of Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor

References

Tourism in Germany
12th century in the Holy Roman Empire
Populated places in Germany
Altenburg
Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor

Barbarossa city


Tighearnán Mór Ua Ruairc (older spelling: Tigernán Mór Ua Ruairc), anglicised as Tiernan O'Rourke (fl. 1124–1172) ruled the kingdom of Breifne as the 19th king in its Ua Ruairc (later O'Rourke) dynasty (964–1605 CE), a branch of the Uí Briúin.  He was a descendant of Uí Riagain, and one of the provincial kings in Ireland in the twelfth century, constantly expanding his kingdom through shifting alliances, of which the most long-standing was with Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair King of Connacht and High King of Ireland, and subsequently his son and successor Ruaidhrí Ua Conchobair. He is known for his role in the expulsion of Diarmait Mac Murchada, King of Leinster, from Ireland in 1166. Mac Murchada's subsequent recruitment of Marcher Lords to assist him in the recovery of his Kingdom of Leinster ultimately led to the Norman invasion of Ireland.

Early career
Ua Ruairc may have ruled Bréifne as early as 1124, as indicated in Mac Carthaigh's Book and the Annals of the Four Masters, the former indicating he allied at the time with the kings of Meath and Leinster against Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair. However the Annals of Ulster and the Annals of Tigernach do not mention him until 1128, where they record his robbing and killing of some of the Archbishop of Armagh's company, the former calling it 'A detestable and unprecedented deed of evil consequence'.

He appears to have carried out a number of raids into other territories in 1130s and in 1143 assisted Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair in the capture of his son Ruaidhrí. In 1144 he was given half of East Meath, with the other half going to Diarmait Mac Murchada, king of Leinster, by Ua Choncobair. Both Ua Ruairc and Mac Murchadh joined the High King in a raid into Munster in 1151.

Abduction of Derbforgaill and Norman Invasion of Ireland

In 1152, Ua Ruairc's wife, Derbforgaill, was abducted along with her cattle and material wealth by Mac Murchada, who made a hosting into Ua Ruairc's territory aided by Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair. Although the Annals of the Four Masters state that Derbforgaill returned to Ua Ruairc the following year, the matter may not have ended there. In 1166, Mac Murchada was driven from Leinster by Ua Ruairc, Ruaidhrí Ua Conchobair, who had succeeded his father as king of Connacht and High King of Ireland, and Diarmait Ua Mealseachlainn, King of Meath. Despite the fourteen-year gap between Derbforgaill's abduction and Mac Murchada's expulsion from Leinster, several sources attribute Ua Ruairc's role in Mac Murchada's expulsion to a desire for revenge for the kidknapping of Derbforgaill.

Mac Murchadh fled to the court of Henry II of England in Aquitaine, where he asked Henry for help in regaining his territory in Leinster. Henry agreed to allow Mac Murchada to recruit mercenary soldiers from amongst his subjects. He ultimately persuaded Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, known as Strongbow, to assist him, promising the inheritance of Leinster in return. He initially returned to Leinster in 1167 with a small band of Norman knights and was defeated by Ruaidhrí Ua Conchobair, Ua Ruairc and Ua Maelseachlainn. On this occasion he was allowed to remain in Ireland, but was forced to pay one hundred ounces of gold to Ua Ruairc for the kidnapping of Derbforgaill (thus proving under Brehon law that the abduction of his wife was unlawful) and submit and give hostages to Ruaidhrí. It wasn't until the arrival of Robert Fitz Stephen, Hervey de Montmorency, Raymond le Gros and eventually Strongbow himself that Mac Murchada met with success.

Ua Ruairc had his territories in Meath plundered by Mac Murchada and Strongbow in 1170. In response, the Annals of Tigernach state that he persuaded Ruaidhrí Ua Conchobair to execute hostages he had taken from Mac Murchada the previous year. In 1171 he joined Ruaidhrí in an unsuccessful siege of Dublin, which had by then been captured by Mac Murchada and Strongbow. He raided the territory around Dublin later in the year, unsuccessfully engaging the Normans stationed there under Miles De Cogan. In this engagement, his son, Aodh, was killed.

According to Giraldus Cambrensis, Ua Ruairc was one of the Kings of Ireland who submitted allegiance to Henry II after his arrival to assert control over Strongbow in 1171.

Death
According to Giraldus Cambrensis, Ua Ruairc was killed at a parley on the Hill of Tlachtga by a Cambro-Norman knight named Griffin FitzWilliam, acting in defence of Hugh de Lacy and Maurice FitzGerald, whom Giraldus claims Ua Ruairc attempted to kill after failed negotiations. This occurred shortly after the departure of Henry II from Ireland. However, the Annals of Tigernach indicate that he was betrayed and killed by Eoan Mer, Richard de Clare the Younger, a son of Strongbow, and Domhnall, a son of Annach Ua Ruairc in 1172. The Annals of the Four Masters, which claims that his death was at the hands of de Lacy and Domhnall states that he was 'a man of great power for a long time'. Prior to his departure, Henry, in his capacity as Lord of Ireland, granted the Lordship of Meath to de Lacy in 1172.

Family

Via his mother, Ua Ruairc was a half-brother of Donnchad Ua Cerbaill (d. 1168).

Ua Ruairc had at least three children, a son Maelseachlainn Ua Ruairc, who was killed in 1162, a son Aodh Ua Ruairc, who was killed attacking Dublin, and a daughter Dubhchoblaigh, who was married to Ruaidhrí Ua Conchobair.

See also
 Irish nobility
 Irish royal families
 Kingdom of Breifne
 Kingdom of Mide

Notes

1172 deaths
Murder victims from County Leitrim
Murder victims from County Cavan
12th-century Irish monarchs
Assassinated Irish politicians
Year of birth unknown
Ancient Irish dynasties
12th-century murdered monarchs

Tigernán Ua Ruairc


The Wild Center, formerly known as the Natural History Museum of the Adirondacks, is a natural history center in Tupper Lake, New York, near the center of New York state's Adirondack Park.

Exhibits
The center mixes up the indoors and outdoors on a trail-filled  campus. The center opened Wild Walk in 2015, a thousand feet of bridges and platforms that rise up and eventually over the forest on the center's campus. In addition to the outdoor experiences there are five primary indoor exhibit areas, The Pataki Hall of the Adirondacks contains The Living River Trail that circles the hall with live animal exhibits and a waterfall with the center's live otters. There are approximately 50 species of live animals at the center, many of them in habitats in this hall. The Big Wolf Great Hall contains a lean-to and the glacial ice wall and is the site for the center's live animal encounters. The Naturalist Cabinet contains hands-on exhibits and collections. Other exhibit areas include the Flammer Panoramas Theater where films are screened, and Planet Adirondacks, an installation of the NOAA's Science on a Sphere  with shows focusing on the relationship between the Adirondacks and the rest of the Earth. The center features live exhibits and live animals, including river otters, birds, amphibians and fish. Indoors, a marsh appears to flow into a real pond that laps at the outside of the building, and the calls of live owls and otters mix with the splashing cascade of a trout-filled indoor stream. High definition films in a wide-screen theater explore the region and showcase fascinating reports from field scientists researching everything from moose to loons to alpine summits.

The center also includes outdoor exhibits that take visitors into the ecosystems that surround the center. There are canoe trips available on the river that runs through its campus. Daily guided trail walks are also offered. The walks are on provided snow shoes in the winter.

Awards
The center was named a 2015 finalist for the National Medal, the nation's highest honor for museums in service of their communities. This center is the first LEED museum in New York. It earned a silver LEED award from the U.S. Green Building Council. The center has an extensive exhibit that details the LEED aspects of its facility.

Programs
The center plays a role in a range of Adirondack projects, sponsoring a community maple sugar operation, sponsoring an annual youth summit that brings college and high school students together to research climate impacts and develop campus action plans. It has partnered in this effort with the Association of Science and Technology Centers (ASTC), and Heureka Science Center in Finland.

Design
The building and the exhibits were designed by The Office of Charles P. Reay with Fish Partners and the St. Louis architectural firm HOK.  The Bio Building was designed by local architecture firm Phinney Design Group, based in Saratoga Springs. It opened on July 4, 2006.

See also
Adirondack Museum

References

External links

Natural history museums in New York (state)
Museums in Franklin County, New York
Adirondacks
Museums established in 2006
Adirondack Park
Nature centers in New York (state)

The Wild Center


Brünnau is a village in the district of Kitzingen, Lower Franconia, Bavaria, Germany. It's a district of Prichsenstadt.

Located about 20 miles south of Schweinfurt on route 286 and east of Würzburg 20 miles. The small city is in a farming district that has many rolling hills, small forests. The town is typical of the area.

Kitzingen (district)

Brünnau


Ildikó Komlósi () (Békésszentandrás, 1959) is a Hungarian mezzo-soprano.

Biography
Komlósi studied music at the Franz Liszt Academy of Music of Budapest and attended specialising classes at the Academy of the Teatro alla Scala in Milan and the Guildhall School of Music & Drama in London.

In 1986, she won the Pavarotti International Competition and debuted in Verdi's Requiem opposite Luciano Pavarotti under the baton of Lorin Maazel. Following her successful debut, she has been invited to perform at the world's most important theatres, such as: Wiener Staatsoper; Teatro alla Scala in Milan; Frankfurt Staatsoper; Teatro Municipal in Santiago de Chile; Metropolitan Opera and Carnegie Hall in New York; Teatro San Carlo in Naples; Teatro del Maggio Musicale Fiorentino in Florence; Arena di Verona; Royal Opera House-Covent Garden in London; and Théâtre de La Monnaie in Bruxelles.
She collaborated with conductors Sir Colin Davis, Ivan Fisher, Valery Gergiev, Zubin Mehta, and Antonio Pappano.

Highlights of her busy career include: Don Giovanni (Donna Elvira) at the Teatro Carlo Felice in Genoa; Bluebeard's Castle (Judith) at the Turku Opera; Carmen (title role) at the Semperoper in Dresden; La Forza del Destino (Preziosilla) at the Metropolitan Opera in New York; Ariadne auf Naxos at the Teatro alla Scala in Milan; Cavalleria Rusticana (Santuzza) and Carmen at the Arena in Verona; Aida at the Frankfurt Oper, at the Baths of Caracalla in Rome and at the Teatro alla Scala in Milan under the baton of Riccardo Chailly for the opening of the 2006–2007 season; Cavalleria Rusticana and Oedipus Rex (Jocasta) at the Teatro Regio in Turin; Verdi's Requiem in Cagliari; Cavalleria Rusticana at the Deutsche Oper Berlin and in Naples; Bluebeard's Castle in Bilbao; Verdi's Requiem with the London Philharmonic Orchestra and Vladimir Jurowski in London; Dvorak's Requiem at the Gran Teatre del Liceu in Barcelona; Cavalleria Rusticana in Cagliari, Barcelona and Palermo; and Adriana Lecouvreur (Principessa di Bouillon) in Palermo.

She recently performed: Salome at the Metropolitan Opera in New York; Parsifal (Kundry) at the Deutsche Oper in Berlin; Don Carlos at the Semperoper in Dresden; Aida in Berlin and Munich; Das Lied von der Erde in Oviedo, Antwerp and Gent; Carmen and Bluebeard's Castle in Rome; and Missa Solemnis in Palermo.

Her future plans include: Aida and Rusalka (Jezibaba) in Barcelona; Die Frau ohne Schatten (Die Amme) at the Metropolitan Opera in New York; Ciarondejska (Princess Evpraksija) in Antwerp; Bluebeard's Castle in Tokyo; Les Troyens (Cassandre) at the Deutsche Opera Berlin; Aida in Masada with Daniel Oren; Mahler's Symphony No.2 at the Teatro Massimo in Palermo.

Career
1986: Winner of "Pavarotti Concours"
1986: Debut with "Messa da Requiem" of Giuseppe Verdi, with Luciano Pavarotti and Susan Dunn, directed by Lorin Maazel
1989: At Oper Frankfurt of Frankfurt
1989: At Staatsoper of Vienna
1990: At La Scala of Milan with the opera "Blimunda"
1991/1992: Various appearances in opera theatres of Houston, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Bregenz, San Francisco, Stockholm, Hamburg, Naples and Catania.
1993: At Palacio de Bellas Artes of Mexico City with the opera "Werther"
1993: In Municipal Theatre of Santiago, Chile with "Lucrezia Borgia" and "Anna Bolena"
1995: In Charleston (South Carolina) with "Der Rosenkavalier", with the Budapest Festival Orchestra
1997: At Maggio Musicale Fiorentino of Florence, with "Ariadne auf Naxos", directed by Zubin Mehta and Jonathan Miller
1998: In Strasbourg with "La Pulzella di Orléans", as Joan of Arc
1999: At Metropolitan Opera of New York, with "Werther"
2000: At Royal Festival Hall of London sings "Ariadne auf Naxos" with Edita Guberova
2001: At Teatro di San Carlo of Naples with "Don Carlos"
2002: At Théâtre de La Monnaie of Brussels with "Aida", as Amneris (Aida)
2003: At Royal Opera House of London with '"Aida", as Amneris (Aida)
2004: Again at Théâtre de La Monnaie of Brussels con l'"Aida", as Amneris (Aida)
2004: At Semperoper of Dresden with "Don Carlos"
2004–2005: In a tour on Japan with "Aida", as Amneris (Aida)
2005: At Teatro Lirico of Cagliari with "La Gioconda", as Laura Adorno
2005: At Arena di Verona with "La Gioconda", as Laura Adorno
2005: At Teatro Carlo Felice of Genoa with "Donna Elvira"
2005: At Opera of Turku with "Il castello di Barbablù"
2005: At Semperoper of Dresden with "Carmen"
2005: At Metropolitan Opera of New York with "La forza del destino"
2005: At La Scala of Milan with "Ariadne auf Naxos"
2006: At Verona Arena with "Cavalleria rusticana" e "Carmen"
2005: At La Scala of Milan with "Aida"
2006: At Oper of Frankfurt with "Aida"
2006: At Baths of Caracalla of Rome with "Aida"
2008: At Teatro dell'Opera di Roma  with "Carmen"

See also
Sarajevo Philharmonic Orchestra

References

Stagedoor.com

External links
 Official site of the artist
 Info on ateliermusicale.it

1959 births
Living people
20th-century Hungarian women opera singers
Operatic mezzo-sopranos
Musicians from Budapest
Franz Liszt Academy of Music alumni
21st-century Hungarian women opera singers

Ildikó Komlósi