was a town located in Aira District, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of June 1, 2005, the town had an estimated population of 9,041 (4,202 men and 4,839 women) and the density of 71.27 persons per km². The total area was 129.66 km².

On November 7, 2005, Makizono, along the city of Kokubu, with the towns of Kirishima (former), Fukuyama, Hayato, Mizobe and Yokogawa (all from Aira District), was merged to create the city of Kirishima and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

Some of the first inhabitants of this area were the Kumaso people of the early Jōmon period. Archeological digs in the Manzen district have revealed ancient artifacts most likely used by the Kumaso. Kumaso no Ana in the neighboring town of Hayato (now also part of Kirishima) is a cave thought to have been used by the Kumaso.

The earliest recorded name of Makizono, is Inazumi-go. In Japanese "ina" refers to rice and "zumi" means a vast collection, or a pile. "Go" means village or hamlet. In other words, the area was known for its bountiful rice harvests.

Later texts from the Tokugawa period name the area that is now Makizono, Odori-go. "Odori" is the Japanese word for dancing, and it is said that this name was given to the town by visitors who noted the jovial nature of the local residents. While you rarely see mention of these former names in the current town, the hot spring inn located in the Shukukubota district, Iwaibashi Onsen Inn, has the characters for Odori-go written in large print on the side of their hot spring facilities.

References
 Japanese Wikipedia article about Makizono

External links
 Official website of Kirishima

Dissolved municipalities of Kagoshima Prefecture

Makizono, Kagoshima


Eric Lionel Mascall  (1905–1993) was a leading theologian and priest in the Anglo-Catholic tradition of the Church of England. He was a philosophical exponent of the Thomist tradition and was Professor of Historical Theology at King's College London (in the University of London). His name was styled as E. L. Mascall in most of his writings.

Mascall was for many years one of the major figures in British theology and well respected on the Continent and in North America. He authored more than 20 books, in which he expounded Anglican theology in its most Catholic of forms.  Mascall was arguably the most influential in a group of like-minded theologians, most of whom had predeceased him – Austin Farrer, Gregory Dix, Lionel Thornton and Gabriel Hebert.

Life
Born in London on 12 December 1905, Eric Mascall was the son of John Mascall and his wife Susan. He was educated at Latymer Upper School, Pembroke College, Cambridge. In 1931 he entered Ely Theological College and was ordained in the Church of England in 1933.

After a period as a schoolmaster at Bablake School, Coventry, Mascall was ordained priest in 1933 at Southwark Cathedral, serving his first curacy at St Andrew's, Stockwell. In 1935 he crossed the river to St Matthew's, Westminster in the Diocese of London. Subsequently, he taught theology at Lincoln Theological College and Christ Church, Oxford. He joined the Oratory of the Good Shepherd in 1938. In 1962 he became Professor of Historical Theology at King's College London and followed this appointment by a period as canon theologian of Truro Cathedral. He retired in 1973 and continued to live in the clergy house of St Mary's, Bourne Street. He spent part of 1976 as a visiting professor at the Gregorian University at Rome.

Mascall died on 14 February 1993 in Seaford, East Sussex.

Intellectual interests
Mascall was a devout Anglo-Catholic but his early studies were in mathematics. He took a first in the subject at Pembroke College, and the Mathematical Tripos at Cambridge. He remained engaged in relations between the Anglican Communion, Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Churches. Mascall wrote on many theological themes as well as natural theology; these included the above-mentioned ecumenism in The Recovery of Unity (1958), science and religion in his Bampton Lectures, Christian Theology and Natural Science (1956), regarded by many at the time of its publication as the best book on the subject in English. His previous training in mathematics served him and readers well throughout his ministry.

Works

 He Who Is: A Study in Traditional Theism. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1943.
 A Guide to Mount Carmel, Being a Summary and an Analysis of The Ascent of Mount Carmel by St. John of the Cross, with Some Introductory Notes. Westminster: Dacre Press, 1944.
 Christ, the Christian and the Church: A Study of the Incarnation and Its Consequences. London: Longmans, 1946.
 Existence and Analogy. A Sequel to "He Who Is". London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1949.
 The Mother of God: A Symposium by Members of the Fellowship of St. Alban and St. Sergius. London: Dacre Press, 1949.
 The Angels of Light and the Powers of Darkness: A Symposium by Members of the Fellowship of S. Alban and S. Sergius. Westminster: Faith Press, 1954.
 The Convocations and South India: What Did the Convocations Decide, and How Does Their Decision Affect the Catholicity of the Church of England, London: A. R. Mowbray and Co., 1955.
 Via Media: An Essay in Theological Synthesis]. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1956.
 Words and Images: A Study in Theological Discourse. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1957.

 Ten, który jest: studium z teizmu tradycyjnego. Warsaw: Instytut Wydawniczy Pax, 1958.
 Pi in the High. London: Faith Press, 1959.
 What Do We Mean by the Creation of the World? London: SPCK, 1960.
 Grace and Glory. London: Faith Press, 1961.
 Theology and History: An Inaugural Lecture Delivered at King's College, London, 23 October 1962. Westminster: Faith Press, 1962.
 The Blessed Virgin Mary: Essays by Anglican Writers, ed. by E.L. Mascall and H.S. Box: Darton, Longman, and Todd, 1963.
 Corpus Christi: Essays on the Church and the Eucharist. London: Longmans, 1965.
 The Secularization of Christianity: An Analysis and a Critique. London: Darton, Longman and Todd, 1965.
 The Christian Universe. London: Darton, Longman and Todd, 1966.
 "The Mother of God: An Address Given to the Ecumenical Society of the Blessed Virgin Mary", 9 January 1968. London: Ecumenical Society of the Blessed Virgin Mary, 1968.
 Words and Images: A Study in Theological Discourse. London: Darton, Longman and Todd, 1968.
 Cristianismo secularizado: análisis y crítica. Barcelona: Editorial Kairos, 1969.
 Sekularyzacja chrześcijaństwa. Warsaw: Pax, 1970.
 Théologie De L'Avenir. Desclée. Paris: 1970
 The Openness of Being: Natural Theology Today: The Gifford Lectures. London: Westminster Press, 1971.
 Women Priests? London: Church Literature Association, 1973.
 The Importance of Being Human: Some Aspects of the Christian Doctrine of Man. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1974.
 Nature and Supernature. London: Darton, Longman and Todd, 1976.
 Whatever Happened to the Human Mind?: Essays in Christian Orthodoxy. London: SPCK, 1980.
 Theology and the Gospel of Christ: An Essay in Reorientation. London: SPCK, 1980.
 Jesus: Who He is, and How We Know Him. London: Darton, Longman and Todd, 1985.
 The Triune God: An Ecumenical Study. Worthing: Churchman Publishing, 1986.
 Chrześcijańska koncepcja człowieka i wszechświata Warsaw: Instytut Wydawniczy Pax, 1986.
 Otwartość bytu: teologia naturalna dzisiaj. Warsaw: Instytut Wydawniczy "Pax", 1988.
 Saraband: The memoirs of E. L. Mascall. Herefordshire: Gracewing, 1992.

See also

References
Notes

Further reading
Hebblethwaite, Brian 'Mascall, Eric Lionel (1905–1993)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004
Mascall, Rev. Canon; Eric Lionel (b. Seaford, East Sussex 12 December 1905 – d. 14 February 1993). Who's Who 2006 and Who Was Who 1897–2005 (2005)
Mascall, E. L. (1992) Saraband: The memoirs of E. L. Mascall. Leominster: Gracewing
Eric Lionel Mascall (an excerpt), from Cloud of Witnesses – Dead People I Knew When They Were Alive., Fr. Geoerge Rutler, Scepter Pubs, May 2010)
Obituary of Canon E.L. Mascall, The Independent, 17 February 1993
Proceedings of the British Academy, 1984, pp. 409–418.

External links
He Who Is: A Study in Traditional Theism, 1943. Archive.org
Existence and Analogy. A Sequel to "He Who Is", 1949. Archive.org
The Christian Universe, Mascall's 1965 Boyle Lecture
The Openness of Being, 1970–71 Gifford Lectures in Edinburgh
Mascall's essay, "Women Priests?"

1905 births
1993 deaths
English Anglo-Catholics
20th-century English theologians
English Anglican theologians
People educated at Latymer Upper School
Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge
Alumni of Ely Theological College
Fellows of Christ Church, Oxford
Academics of King's College London
Members of Anglican religious orders
20th-century English Anglican priests
Anglo-Catholic theologians
Anglo-Catholic clergy
Fellows of the British Academy
Writers about religion and science
Staff of Lincoln Theological College

Eric Lionel Mascall


Gretna F.C. used tae be a Scots fitbaa team. In the 2007/08 they played in the Scots Preemier diveesion unner big Davie Irons and no sae big Mick Wadsworth.

Manager Rowan Alexander wis in chairge o the club 2000 tae 2007; the club haed haed monie financial problems aerlie on whan he wis manager, houaniver things impruived when Brooks Mileson teuk ower owerins o the club. But they're wi nae monie, nae team, nae owner, nae league tae play in and nae chance.

Association fitbaw clubs established in the 1940s
1946 establishments in Scotland
Association fitbaw clubs disestablished in 2008
2008 disestablishments
Defunct fitbaw clubs in Scotland
Expatriatit fitbaw clubs
Fitbaw clubs in Dumfries an Gallowa
Scottish Premier League teams
Scottish Football League teams
Gretna, Dumfries an Galloway

Gretna F.C.


Micha Lindenstrauss () (28 June 1937 – 2 May 2019) was an Israeli judge and the State Comptroller of Israel between 2005 and 2012.

Biography
Micha Lindenstrauss was born in Berlin, Germany. His family immigrated to Mandatory Palestine when he was two years old, on the eve of World War II. He studied law at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He was married and a father to three daughters, one of whom is a judge. His cousin Joram Lindenstrauss was an Israeli mathematician and one of his distant relatives, the Israeli mathematician Elon Lindenstrauss is a Fields Medalist.

Judicial career
In the Israel Defense Forces, he served as a military prosecutor, and later, as a judge in a military tribunal.

In 1972, he became a Traffic Court judge, and then a Lower District Court judge in Haifa. In 1999, he was appointed president of the Haifa District Court. Later, he became chair of the Judges Delegation of Israel. Lindenstrauss acquitted the suspects in the gang rape of a fourteen-year-old girl in kibbutz Shimrat, a decision overturned by the Supreme Court. As chair of the Judges Delegation, he became known for his  opposition to the abolition of the Judges Feedback by the Lawyers Guild of Israel, and helped lead the judges boycott against the Guild incident.

State comptroller
Upon the retirement of State Comptroller Eliezer Goldberg, Lindenstrauss was the sole contender for the position. He was voted as State Comptroller by the Knesset (with 59 voting for, 29 against), a position he assumed in July 2005.

In May 2006, Lindenstrauss became involved in dispute with Public Service Commissioner, Shmuel Hollander, who maintained Lindenstrauss's annual Comptroller report was unfairly and personally biased toward him, resulting in legal action.

In April 2011 Lindenstrauss announced an investigation into Benjamin Netanyahu's travel at the expense of private businessmen, mainly American Jews.

References

1937 births
2019 deaths
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to Mandatory Palestine
Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Law alumni
20th-century Israeli judges
State Comptrollers of Israel
20th-century Israeli civil servants
21st-century Israeli civil servants
21st-century Israeli judges

Micha Lindenstrauss


Atauro in an island of East Timor. It is about 25 km long and 9 km wide, about 140.1 km2 in area. It had 9,274 people living there at the 2015 Census. The nearest island is the Indonesian island of Liran, 12 km to the northeast.

At 999 m above sea level, Mount Manucoco is the island's highest point.

The island is administratively divided into five sucos, each surrounding a village:
Biqueli
Beloi
Macadade (formerly Anartutu)
Maquili
Vila Maumeta

Geography of East Timor

Atauro


Barnita Bagchi (born 12 June 1973) is a Bengali-speaking Indian feminist advocate, historian, and literary scholar. She is a faculty member in literary studies at Utrecht University, and was previously at the Institute of Development Studies, Kolkata at the University of Calcutta. She was educated at Jadavpur University, in Kolkata, St Hilda's College, Oxford, and at the Trinity College, Cambridge.

She is a feminist historian, utopian studies scholar, literary scholar, and researcher of girls' and women's education and writing. She is also well-known also as translator and scholar of Bengali and South Asian feminist Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain.

She is the daughter of economist Amiya Kumar Bagchi and feminist critic and activist Jasodhara Bagchi.

Selected works
Pliable Pupils and Sufficient Self-Directors: Narratives of Female Education by Five British Women Writers, 1778-1814  (2004)
Webs of History: Information, Communication, and Technology from Early to Post-Colonial India  (Co-ed., with Amiya Kumar Bagchi and Dipankar Sinha, 2005)
Sultana's Dream and Padmarag: Two Feminist Utopias, by Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain, part-translated and introduced by Barnita Bagchi (2005)
'In Tarini Bhavan: Rokeya Sakhawat Hossains Padmarag und der Reichtum des südasiatischen Feminismus in der Förderung nicht konfessionsgebundener, den Geschlechtern gerecht werdender menschlicher Entwicklung', in Wie schamlos doch die Mädchen geworden sind! Bildnis von Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain  ed. G.A. Zakaria (Berlin: IKO—Verlag fur Interkulturelle Kommunikation, 2006)

References

External links
 Review by Sachidananda Mohanty of Bagchi's book Pliable Pupils and Sufficient Self-Directors, in Economic and Political Weekly
 Jackie Kirk and Shree Mulay, McGill University, Academic Article 'Towards a Sustainable Peace: Prioritizing Education for Girls', drawing on Bagchi's academic work on girls' and women's education in South Asia
 Gender Page of Uttorshuri, website of Bangladeshi feminists and social thinkers, anthologizing Bagchi's writing on Rokeya and women's education in South Asia
 Awaaz-South Asia website (public interest group working for secularism in South Asia from the UK) anthologizing Bagchi's writing on Indian multiculturalism
 Asiapeace.org, website of the Association for Communal Harmony in Asia (ACHA) anthologizing Bagchi's writing on syncretism
 The Independent, London, 2 December 2005 chooses Bagchi's introduction and translation of Padmarag as a book of the year
 'Girls' Education in Murshidabad: Tales from the Field,' 2003
 'Engendering ICT and Social Capital', 2005
 'Multiculturalism Alive in India', article, 2003
 'Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain' article, 2003
 'Inside Tarini Bhavan: Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain's Padmarag and the Richness of South Asian Feminism in Furthering Unsectarian, Gender-Just Human Development', article, 2003
 'Bengali Folklore and Children's Literature', article, 2006
 'The Heroines of Dignified Struggle', review article, 2006
 Translation, Santosh Kumar Ghose's short story 'Hoina', 2002
 'Instruction a Torment?: Jane Austen's Early Writing and Conflicting Versions of Female Education in Romantic-Era 'Conservative' British Women's Novels', 2005
 Review of 'Storylines', 2003
 'Not This, Not This', review article, 2007
 'Securing Gender Justice', review article, 2007
 'Violence and the Work of Time', review article, 2007
 'The Ultimate Site of Social Coercion,' review article, 2007
 'Feminist Economics', review article, 2006
 'Feminist History', review article, 2006

1973 births
Bengali Hindus
20th-century Bengalis
21st-century Bengalis
Living people
Feminist studies scholars
Women writers from West Bengal
20th-century Indian translators
Indian feminist writers
Jadavpur University alumni
Alumni of St Hilda's College, Oxford
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Academic staff of the University of Calcutta
Academic staff of Utrecht University
Indian expatriates in the Netherlands
Writers from Kolkata
Indian women educational theorists
Indian women translators
Educators from West Bengal
Women educators from West Bengal
20th-century women writers
20th-century Indian women writers

Barnita Bagchi


Clus Abbey (Kloster Clus) was an abbey near Bad Gandersheim in Lower Saxony. It was a daughter-house of  Gandersheim Abbey, having been founded in 1127 by Agnes, Abbess of Gandersheim, niece of the Emperor Henry IV, and was part of the Cluniac Reform movement.

History
As its name suggests, Clus arose from the cell of a hermit. In 1124 Bishop Berthold I of Hildesheim consecrated the abbey, and the first monks came from the Imperial Abbey of Corvey on the Weser.

In 1433 Abbot Johann Dederoth also became abbot of Bursfelde Abbey and initiated the Bursfelde Congregation. In this way Clus Abbey stands at the beginning of the great central European monastic reform and unification movement.

In the course of the Reformation the abbey was dissolved in 1596. The former library is now part of the Herzog August Bibliothek in Wolfenbüttel.

Abbey church
The former abbey church of Clus was built between 1127 and 1159 as a three-aisled basilica and shows some similarity to the abbey church at Gandersheim. In the choir, extended in the Gothic style in 1485, is a high altar which was brought here from Lübeck in 1487.

References

Heutger, Nicholas, 1975. Bursfelde und seine Reformklöster (2nd rev. ed.). Hildesheim: August Lax.

Benedictine monasteries in Germany
Monasteries in Lower Saxony
1120s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1127 establishments in Europe
Religious organizations established in the 1120s
Christian monasteries established in the 12th century

Clus Abbey


Hell to Pay is a 2002 crime novel by George Pelecanos. It is set in Washington DC and focuses on private investigator Derek Strange and his partner Terry Quinn. It is the second novel to involve the characters and is preceded by Right as Rain (2001) and followed by Soul Circus (2003) and Hard Revolution (2004).

Plot introduction

The novel's central plotline concerns the murder by drug dealers of a no-account deadbeat over an unpaid debt and the incidental killing of the intended victim's nephew, starting with the killers' efforts to locate the victim and continuing through Strange's investigation of the murders and the killings' repercussions in the world of the DC drug trade. Secondary plotlines involve efforts by Strange's white associate, Terry Quinn, to locate a young girl who has disappeared into prostitution, as well as Strange's background investigation of a potentially shady young man who is engaged to marry the beautiful daughter of Strange's wealthy friend.

Explanation of the novel's title

Characters

Derek Strange is an ex-cop and current private investigator. Strange has a successful business and is a lifelong resident of Washington DC.

Major themes

The novel addresses broader themes relating to crime and the status of the African-American community in DC, frequently drawing contrasts between elements of hip-hop and gangster culture today that are portrayed as destructive, and the positive, uplifting cultural expressions of the past, such as R&B and soul music of the 1960s and 1970s. Characters also exhibit an acute awareness of gentrification, racism, and economic inequality, and these issues are the subject of comment by both the characters and the narrator, as are the history of Washington, DC and the fortunes of its various sports franchises.

Allusions and references
Hell to Pay shares many elements with the HBO original television series The Wire, on which Pelecanos has worked as a writer. For example, the (Hell to Pay) character of Granville Oliver, who fought his way out of the projects to become a high-level crime lord who never touches drugs, and whose tastefully appointed home includes an extensive black history/black power library, bears similarities to both Avon Barksdale and Stringer Bell of The Wire. Hell to Pay also contains a dog-fighting scene that seems quite similar to one depicted in the television series. Pelcanos revisits dogfighting in his later novel Drama City.

Footnotes

2002 American novels
Novels by George Pelecanos
Little, Brown and Company books
Novels set in Washington, D.C.

Hell to Pay (novel)


Coreopsis basalis, commonly known as the goldenmane tickseed,  is a North American plant species in the sunflower family. It is native to the southeastern and south-central United States from Texas to the Carolinas. Isolated populations (apparently escapees from cultivation) have been reported from Connecticut, Illinois, and California.

Description
Coreopsis basalis is a bushy annual up to 60 cm (2 feet) tall with finely cut foliage and showy round flower heads. Plants with internodes 4–7(–10) cm long with both basal and cauline leaves. The foliage is produced on the bottom 3/4–7/8 of plants height. The leaf petioles are 8–35 mm (sometimes over 120 mm) long and the leaf blades are simple (mostly basal leaves) or some with a few pinnate lobes, the cauline leaves are generally cut with rounded lobes, with 3–9+ lobes per leaf. The simple leaf blades (or if lobed, the terminal lobes) elliptic or lanceolate to oblanceolate or linear.  The leaf blades are typically 25–55+ mm long and 2–9 mm wide but plants are variable and blade width can range from 1 to 20 mm. Peduncles holding the flower heads 6–15+ cm long.  Phyllaries bracts under the flower heads lance-ovate and 7–9+ mm long. The ray florets are 15–20+ mm long and bright yellow with reddish markings near their attachment points to the head. Disc corollas 3–4 mm long and the apices are red-brown to purple. Cypselae or fruits with one seed each produced from fertilized flowers are 1.2–1.8 mm long and wingless but the margins tend to be in-rolled.

Plants grow in sandy soils in open areas, often in disturbed ground.

Plants from western parts of its natural distribution area normally have narrower leaf blade lobes and narrower outer phyllaries, these plants have been segregated out as C. wrightii or as C. basalis var. wrightii in the past by some authorities. The species range in the eastern part of the USA is increasing as plants are used in landscaping.

References

basalis
Flora of the Southern United States
Plants described in 1835

Coreopsis basalis


Johann Katzianer (), or Hans Katzianer, Freiherr zu Katzenstein und Fledingen (1491, Begunje () – 27 October 1539, Hrvatska Kostajnica) was a Carniolan aristocrat and an Imperial Army commander.

History
He is first mentioned in 1527 when Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor gathered an army to support his claims on the throne of Hungary, which had become vacant after King Louis II of Hungary was killed in the Battle of Mohács (1526) against the Ottomans. Katzianer took part in Ferdinand's Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528 against the voivode of Transylvania, John Zápolya, who had also been proclaimed King, supported by a large faction of the nobility in the Hungarian kingdom.

Katzianer distinguished himself in the Battle of Tarcal in September 1527 and especially in the Battle of Szina in March 1528, but alienated himself from the population by the violence and misbehavior of his troops. In 1529 he participated in the Siege of Vienna against Suleiman the Magnificent. At the head of the light cavalry, he harassed the retreating Turks and liberated many Christian prisoners.

In 1530, he replaced bishop Krištof Ravbar as the governor (Landeshauptmann) of Duchy of Carniola. He served in that post until 1538 when he was replaced by Nikola Jurišić. After the death of Nicholas, Count of Salm in the same year, he was named commander in chief (Obristfeldhauptmann) of the troops in Hungary, where he held off under difficult circumstances new attacks from John Zápolya and Suleiman the Magnificent. He gained a great victory in the Battle of Leobersdorf (1532) where he destroyed a Turkish army led by Kasim Bey.

Death
In 1537 he was commander of an army of 24,000 men to besiege Osijek. The Katzianer's Campaign was a complete disaster and Katzianer was blamed for fleeing and abandoning his army to be annihilated in the Battle of Gorjani. He was arrested and sent to Vienna to be tried but escaped before the verdict on 31 January 1538 to Fortress Kostajnica in Croatia. Here he contacted enemies of the Habsburgs to plot against Ferdinand, but the young Count Nikola IV Zrinski had him murdered and was stabbed during dinner.

Sources
  ADB Katzianer,Hans

1491 births
1539 deaths
16th-century Slovenian people
16th-century Austrian people
Carniolan nobility
Barons of Austria
Austrian people of Slovenian descent
People from the Municipality of Radovljica

Johann Katzianer


Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, also called "white spot disease", "ick" or "ich" is a disease that causes little white spots on fresh water fish. It is one of the most common parasites of fish. It often affects pet fish in tanks and ponds, as well as farm-raised food fish species. Wild fish populations can also get the parasite.

Life cycle
Ich is a parasite, it can only survive by living on the skin of the fish, this is called being "obligate".  The parasite moves by a fish carrying it, other animals, or even humans. The life cycle has three stages: tomont, theront, and trophont. The tomont stage is the adult stage of the parasite.  When this adult tomont leaves the fish, it falls to the bottom of the pond. Once the tomont falls to the bottom, it forms a thin cyst wall. Within that cyst wall the tomont begins to divide, creating thousands of tomites. Once all the tomites are made, they are released into the water. Once this occurs, the tomites then develop into an elongated form and are then known as a theront. Theronts are the developmental stage that then can swim to the fish and burrow itself into the epithelial skin. They do this by using a penetrating gland. What makes them an obligate parasite is that if they are not able to penetrate the fish's skin they will die, so to survive, they need to get into the fish. Once they are in the fish's skin they are then known as trophonts. The trophonts are protected from the chemical treatment in aquariums or ponds by the fish's skin, and therefore it is difficult to get rid of them once the fish is infected. The trophonts then mature by feeding on the fish and become adults. The life cycle continues when the adults fall off again. The only stage that can be killed in the water is the tomonts and the theronts.

Also interestingly, the I. multifiliis life cycle from birth to death depends on the temperature of the water. In warm water, 25 °C (77 °F), the parasite's whole life cycle can take place in seven days. In cold water, 6 °C (43 °F), it can take up to eight weeks.

Disease
The disease starts when the parasite digs into the skin of the fish. This causes swelling and white spots to form. After a few days, the parasite turns into a trophozoite, a jelly-like substance. This falls off the fish and lives on the bottom of the tank. Inside the jelly are hundreds of baby parasites called tomites. These eventually can swim by themselves and go looking for another fish to live in.

Fish may have Ichthyophthirius multifiliis without there being anything to see. Fish owners need to be careful about where they get their fish from, as the disease can spread very easily. There are a number of different ways to try to get rid of the parasite. One method is to heat the water to kill the parasites in the water before they can infect the fish. Another method is to add salt to the water, or put the fish into a salt water bath. The water should be changed frequently to remove the parasites. Chemicals are also available which will kill Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. All these treatments need to be carefully planned for the type of fish species.

Fish with the disease will:
 Stop eating and lose weight
 Breathe quickly
 Hide
 Rest on the bottom of the tank
 Rub and scratch against objects

Treatment
If you find that your fish is infected, here are some simple procedures to follow to help your fish.

 Formalin prolonged immersion
 Formalin/malachite green prolonged immersion
 Salt prolonged immersion
 Copper prolonged immersion (ponds only)
 Raise the temperature to >30 degrees Celsius or 86 degrees Fahrenheit for 10 days.
 Formalin bath weekly (until fish is cured)
 Transfer fish to a new aquarium daily for 7 days at 25 degrees Celsius or 77 degrees Fahrenheit

References

Other websites
White Spot

Fish
Parasites
Ciliates

Ichthyophthirius multifiliis


Owain ap Gruffydd (c. 1130–1197) was a prince of the southern part of Powys and a poet. He is usually known as Owain Cyfeiliog to distinguish him from other rulers named Owain, particularly his contemporary, Owain ap Gruffydd of Gwynedd, who is known as Owain Gwynedd.

Owain was the son of Gruffydd ap Maredudd (and thus grandson of Maredudd ap Bleddyn) and nephew of Madog ap Maredudd, the last prince of the whole of Powys. Madog gave his nephew the cantref of Cyfeiliog to rule in 1147. On Madog's death in 1160 Owain became the ruler of most of southern Powys (this became known as Powys Wenwynwyn after it was inherited by his son). He married Gwenllian, one of the daughters of Owain Gwynedd.

He is recorded as having been in alliance with the other Welsh princes to withstand the invasion of 1165 by King Henry II of England. Thereafter he usually followed a policy of supporting the English crown. In 1170, he gave land for the founding of the abbey of Strata Marcella. In 1188, however, he refused to meet or support Baldwin, Archbishop of Canterbury and Giraldus Cambrensis when they journeyed around Wales to raise men for a crusade, and was excommunicated as a result.

In 1195, Owain handed the rule of most of his realm to his son Gwenwynwyn and retired to the abbey of Strata Marcella, where he died and was buried two years later. His illegitimate son, Cadwallon, was given the commotes of Llannerch Hudol and Broniarth.

Owain has also long been considered a notable poet. Although only one poem ascribed to him has been preserved—Hirlas Owain—it is commonly rated as one of the finest Welsh poems of this period. In the poem, Owain's bodyguard are gathered at his court following a raid in 1155 to free his brother Meurig from prison in Maelor. The mission accomplished, Owain calls for the drinking horn to be passed to each member of his bodyguard in turn, with words of praise for each one. There is a more sombre note when he remembers two of his men who fell in the fighting and grieves for their loss. The poem's most recent editor, Gruffydd Aled Williams, has suggested that the poem was actually written by Cynddelw Brydydd Mawr, the preeminent Welsh court poet of the century, perhaps in collaboration with Owain.

Owain also appears in the romance of Fouke le Fitz Waryn as a knight who strikes Fulk with a spear.

References

John Edward Lloyd (1911) A history of Wales from the earliest times to the Edwardian conquest (Longmans, Green & Co.)

1130 births
1197 deaths
Monarchs of Powys
People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
Welsh princes
1130s births
12th-century Welsh monarchs
12th-century Welsh poets
Year of birth uncertain

Owain Cyfeiliog


Frederic Faries Heath (1864–1954) was an American socialist politician and journalist who was a founding member of the Social Democratic Party of America in 1897 and the Socialist Party of America in 1901. He was an elected official in Wisconsin for nearly half a century.

Biography

Early years

Frederic F. Heath was born September 6, 1864, to a Republican family in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. As a young man, Heath worked variously as a teacher, a printer, a wood engraver, and an artist for wood engravers, the latter trades rendered largely obsolete by the invention of the linotype machine and the half-tone printing process. He moved to Chicago in 1886, moving to Florida in 1887 to publish a magazine called the Florida Fruit Grower. In 1888 he returned to his native Milwaukee, where he drew portraits and wrote editorials for the Milwaukee Daily Sentinel.

Socialist years

Heath later recalled that he had been won over to socialist ideas by Looking Backward, a popular utopian novel of Edward Bellamy published in 1888:
"I capitulated to it at once, and a few years later was the author of a series of reports of the sessions of a mythical Bellamy club, in a Chicago illustrated paper, of which I myself was editor, articles which afford me amusing reading today, you may believe. By this time I had come to think myself a socialist, yet kept on religiously voting for 'protection' of American industry."

Heath indicated that he was brought into the actual socialist movement through three influences: Julius Wayland and his newspaper The Coming Nation, forerunner to the Appeal to Reason; stray copies of literature produced by the Socialist Labor Party of America; and a direct acquaintance with Victor L. Berger, a former teacher who had become the editor of the German-language socialist daily newspaper in Milwaukee. Heath later wrote:
"The Milwaukee Socialist movement at that time was a large one, wholly outside the SLP (which was regarded as too narrow and stagnating), and was composed of German-Americans. The word got abroad among them that a Yankee had turned Socialist, and they began to see the beginning of the end! The great desire among the German Socialists in the country at that time was to have Socialism become native to the soil; for they saw that there could be no progress otherwise. To have the ice broken locally, therefore, by means of a real descendant of Pilgrim New England, was no everyday matter — so I learned later."

After being introduced to a regular meeting of German-American socialists by Berger as the "first Yankee Socialist in Milwaukee," the gathering conducted the remainder of its proceedings in English. Heath would remain close to Berger for the rest of Berger's life, crediting Berger with having played a great influence in mellowing the "fanaticism" of a "terribly academic" young convert to the socialist cause.

Along with Berger and Eugene V. Debs, Heath helped to establish the Social Democracy of America in 1897, an organization which became the Social Democratic Party of America (SDP) the following year, by way of a split of Berger's minority "political action" wing from the majority, who favored the establishment of a socialist colony. Heath was the chairman of the meeting of seceders at which the new party was formed. Heath was elected a member of the National Executive Board of this new political party at its founding, a position that he continued to hold until the party dissolved itself in 1901 by merging with dissidents from the Socialist Labor Party headed by Morris Hillquit and Henry Slobodin to establish the Socialist Party of America. Heath played an active role in negotiating this unity as an official representative of the SDP during the previous year.

In 1900, Heath became one of the first historians of the Marxist movement in America when he authored a thin volume called Socialism in America (better known as Social Democracy Red Book). He wrote for (and later edited) the weekly newspaper of the SDP, the Social Democratic Herald, as well as producing material for other papers under various pen names. The Social Democratic Herald was moved to Milwaukee in August 1901, with Heath taking over as editor, and was published continually there as a weekly until the launch of Victor Berger's daily, the Milwaukee Leader in December 1911.

During the early 1920s, Heath was named editor of the Socialist Party's short-lived weekly newspaper based in Milwaukee, The New Day.

Heath was a member of the International Typographical Union and a founder and director of the Milwaukee Ethical Society.

From 1904 to 1906, Heath served as a Milwaukee alderman. He was sat on the Milwaukee Board of School Directors from 1909–1910 and was a County Supervisor from 1910 to 1948.

Heath remained an active member of the Socialist Party throughout the greater part of the 1930s, attending the tumultuous 1937 party convention as a delegate from Wisconsin. Heath found the experience amidst highly ideological factional warriors to be deeply disconcerting, later writing that "leering, victorious Communists" had made a "complete capture of the movement" — an achievement "made possible by the arch-betrayer, Norman Thomas."

Death and legacy

Frederic F. Heath died in 1954.

Footnotes

Works
 The Social Democracy Red Book. Progressive Thought no. 10. Terre Haute, IN: Debs Publishing Co., 1900.
 "How I Became a Socialist," The Comrade, April 1903.
 "Indiana Governor Incites Legion Lawlessness Toward Debs!" The New Day, vol. 4, no. 4, whole no. 86 (Jan. 28, 1922), pp. 25, 28.
 "'Let Them Come; I Fear No Man,' Debs Tells Indiana Governor," The New Day, vol. 4, no. 5, whole no. 87 (Feb. 4, 1922), pp. 37–38.
 "Exclusive Story of SP Convention Shows Collapse," The New Leader [New York], vol. 20, no. 14 (April 3, 1937), pp. 1–2.

Further reading
 Kipnis, Ira. The American Socialist Movement, 1897-1912. New York: Columbia University Press, 1952.
 Quint, Howard H. The Forging of American Socialism: Origins of the Modern Movement. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1953.

American male journalists
Writers from Wisconsin
Wisconsin city council members
County supervisors in Wisconsin
Politicians from Milwaukee
1864 births
1954 deaths
Socialist Party of America politicians from Wisconsin
Social Democratic Party of America politicians
School board members in Wisconsin

Frederic Heath


The Cricket on the Hearth: A Fairy Tale of Home is a novella by Charles Dickens, published by Bradbury and Evans, and released 20 December 1845 with illustrations by Daniel Maclise, John Leech, Richard Doyle, Clarkson Stanfield and Edwin Henry Landseer. Dickens began writing the book around 17 October 1845 and finished it by 1 December. Like all of Dickens's Christmas books, it was published in book form, not as a serial.

Dickens described the novel as "quiet and domestic [...] innocent and pretty." It is subdivided into chapters called "Chirps", similar to the "Quarters" of The Chimes or the "Staves" of A Christmas Carol. It is the third of Dickens's five Christmas books, preceded by A Christmas Carol (1843) and The Chimes (1844), and followed by The Battle of Life (1846) and The Haunted Man and the Ghost's Bargain (1848).

Background
In July 1845, Dickens contemplated forming a periodical focusing on the concerns of the home. It was to be called The Cricket, but the plan fell through, and he transformed his idea into a Christmas book in which he abandoned social criticism, current events, and topical themes in favour of simple fantasy and a domestic setting for his hero's redemption, though some have criticised this notion. The book was released on 20 December 1845 (the title page read "1846") and sold briskly into the New Year. Seventeen stage productions opened during the Christmas season 1845 with one production receiving Dickens's approval and opening on the same day as the book's release. Dickens read the tale four times in public performance. It has been dramatised in numerous languages and for years was more popular on stage than A Christmas Carol. Cricket is less explicitly Christian than some of Dickens's other Christmas books, and it has been criticised for its sentimentality, but contemporary readers were attracted to its depiction of the Victorian ideal of the happy home.

Plot
John Peerybingle, a carrier, lives with his young wife Dot, their baby boy and their nanny Tilly Slowboy. A cricket chirps on the hearth and acts as a guardian angel to the family. One day a mysterious elderly stranger comes to visit and takes up lodging at Peerybingle's house for a few days.

The life of the Peerybingles intersects with that of Caleb Plummer, a poor toymaker employed by the miser Mr. Tackleton. Caleb has a blind daughter Bertha, and a son Edward, who travelled to South America and is thought to be dead.

The miser Tackleton is now on the eve of marrying Edward's sweetheart, May, but she does not love Tackleton. Tackleton tells John Peerybingle that his wife Dot has cheated on him, and shows him a clandestine scene in which Dot embraces the mysterious lodger; the latter, who is in disguise, is actually a much younger man than he seems. John is cut to the heart over this as he loves his wife dearly, but decides after some deliberations to relieve his wife of their marriage contract.

In the end, the mysterious lodger is revealed to be none other than Edward who has returned home in disguise. Dot shows that she has indeed been faithful to John. Edward marries May hours before she is scheduled to marry Tackleton. However, Tackleton's heart is melted by the festive cheer (in a manner reminiscent of Ebenezer Scrooge), and he surrenders May to her true love.

Characters
 John Peerybingle, a carrier; a lumbering, slow, honest man
 Mrs. Mary Peerybingle, ("Dot"), John Peerybingle's wife
 Caleb Plummer, a poor old toymaker in the employ of Tackleton
 Bertha Plummer, the blind daughter of Caleb Plummer
 Edward Plummer, the son of Caleb Plummer
 Tackleton (called "Gruff and Tackleton"), a stern, ill-natured, sarcastic toy merchant
 May Fielding, a friend to Mrs. Peerybingle
 Mrs. Fielding, her mother; a little, peevish, querulous old lady
 Tilly Slowboy, a great clumsy girl; Mrs. Peerybingle's nursemaid
 the baby, child of Dot and John, treated as an object throughout the story.

Literary significance and criticism
The book was a huge commercial success, quickly going through two editions. Reviews were favourable, but not all so. In an unsigned piece in The Times the reviewer opined, "We owe it to literature to protest against this last production of Mr. Dickens [...] Shades of Fielding and Scott! Is it for such jargon as this that we have given your throne to one who cannot estimate his eminence?" However, William Makepeace Thackeray enjoyed the book immensely: "To us, it appears it is a good Christmas book, illuminated with extra gas, crammed with extra bonbons, French plums and sweetness [...] This story is no more a real story than Peerybingle is a real name!"

Dickens's portrayal of the blind girl Bertha is significant. Victorians believed disabilities were inherited, and thus it was not socially acceptable for the blind to marry (although they often did in reality). In fictional courtship plots, the blind were often used to build tension since it was assumed they must be kept from marrying. The fictional portrayal of Bertha is similar to Dickens's description in American Notes (1842) of the deaf and blind girl Laura Bridgman, whom he saw on a visit to the Perkins Institution for the Blind in Boston, Massachusetts.

Modern scholars have given the story little attention, but Andrew Sangers has argued it contains similarities to Shakespeare's comedies and should be seen "both as a significant indication of the tastes of the 1840s and of Dickens himself."

Vladimir Lenin left during a performance of the Cricket play in Russia, as he found it dull and the saccharine sentimentality got on his nerves. This incident might not be little remembered if George Orwell had not mentioned it in his essay on Dickens.

Adaptations

Stage adaptations include the successful The Cricket on the Hearth by Albert Richard Smith produced at the Surrey Theatre in 1845, and Dion Boucicault's Dot, A Drama in Three Acts (or simply Dot), first performed at New York's Winter Garden in 1859. It was staged repeatedly in Britain and America for the remainder of the 19th century, starring, at times, John Toole, Henry Irving, and Jean Davenport. The play helped launch the career of American actor Joseph Jefferson (1829–1905).

The novella was the basis for at least two operas: Karl Goldmark's Das Heimchem am Herd with a libretto by A. M. Willner (premiere: June 1896, Berlin; New York 1910), and Riccardo Zandonai's Il grillo del focolare with a libretto by Cesare Hanau (premiere: November 1908, Turin). Goldmark's opera was performed in Philadelphia in November 1912 with the Cricket sung by American soprano Mabel Riegelman (1889, Cincinnati – 1967, Burlingame, California).

Film, radio, and television adaptations include three American silent film versions: one, directed by D.W. Griffith (1909) starring Owen Moore, another directed by L. Marston (1914) starring Alan Hale, and one directed by Lorimer Johnston (1923). A silent Russian version, Sverchok na Pechi (1915) was directed by Boris Sushkevich and Aleksandr Uralsky and starred Maria Ouspenskaya. A silent French version, Le Grillon du Foyer (1922), was directed and adapted by Jean Manoussi and starred Charles Boyer as Edouard. A 25-minute NBC radio play adaptation aired on 24 December 1945.

In 1967, Rankin/Bass Productions produced a 50-minute animated television adaptation of the story for NBC. Told in the Cricket's own words, it featured the voices of Roddy MacDowall as the Cricket, and father and daughter Danny Thomas and Marlo Thomas as Caleb and Bertha, with various other characters voiced by Paul Frees and Hans Conried. This adaptation cuts several characters, including the central pair of John and Dot, focusing solely on Caleb and Bertha. Television Corporation of Japan (now Eiken) provided the animation for the special, while its seven original songs were written and composed by Maury Laws and Jules Bass. Rankin/Bass later produced their adaptations of Dickens's other holiday stories for television: A Christmas Tree (1850) as the ninth episode of their 1972–73 syndicated television series, Festival of Family Classics, and A Christmas Carol (1843) as the 1978 animated remake of the 1956 live action musical special, The Stingiest Man in Town.

See also
 List of Christmas-themed literature

Notes

External links

Online editions
The Cricket on the Hearth at Internet Archive.

The Cricket on the Hearth at Dickens Literature
 The Cricket on the Hearth at The University of Adelaide Library

Adaptations
Dot, A Drama in Three Acts by Dion Boucicault (1859)
Picture Gallery from Victorian Web

1845 British novels
British novellas
British novels adapted into films
British novels adapted into television shows
Christmas characters
Christmas novels
Fiction about insects
Fictional crickets
Novels adapted into operas
Novels by Charles Dickens
Novels set in London
Victorian novels

The Cricket on the Hearth


The Norwegian Sea is a marginal sea in the North Atlantic Ocean, northwest of Norway. It is between the North Sea and the Greenland Sea.  It joins the North Atlantic Ocean to the west and the Barents Sea to the northeast. In the southwest, it is separated from the Atlantic Ocean by a submarine ridge running between Iceland and the Faroe Islands. To the North, the Jan Mayen Ridge separates it from the Greenland Sea.

Unlike many other seas, most of the bottom of the Norwegian Sea is not part of a continental shelf.  It is at a great depth of about two kilometres on average. Rich deposits of oil and natural gas are found under the sea bottom and are being explored commercially. The coastal zones are rich in fish that visit the Norwegian Sea from the North Atlantic for spawning. The warm North Atlantic Current gives stable and high water temperatures, so that unlike the Arctic seas, the Norwegian Sea is ice-free throughout the year.

Flora and fauna
The Norwegian Sea is a transition zone between boreal and Arctic conditions.  It has flora and fauna of both regions. The southern limit of many Arctic species runs through the North Cape, Iceland, and the center of the Norwegian Sea. The northern limit of boreal species is near the borders of the Greenland Sea with the Norwegian Sea and Barents Sea.  These areas overlap. Some species like the scallop Chlamys islandica and capelin tend to live in this area between the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans.

Plankton and sea bottom organisms
Most of the aquatic life in the Norwegian Sea is in the upper layers. Estimates for the entire North Atlantic are that only 2% of biomass is at depths below 1,000 metres and only 1.2% occurs near the sea floor.

The blooming of the phytoplankton is dominated by chlorophyll and peaks around 20 May. The major phytoplankton forms are diatoms, in particular the genus Thalassiosira and Chaetoceros. After the spring bloom the haptophytes of the genus Phaecocystis pouchetti become dominant.

Zooplankton is mostly copepods Calanus finmarchicus and Calanus hyperboreus. C. hyperboreus is strongest in the Arctic waters. They are the main diet of most marine predators. The most important krill species are Meganyctiphanes norvegica, Thyssanoessa inermis, and Thyssanoessa longicaudata. In contrast to the Greenland Sea, there are a lot of calcareous plankton (Coccolithophore and Globigerinida).

Shrimp of the species Pandalus borealis play an important role in the diet of fish, particularly cod and blue whiting. A special feature of the Norwegian Sea is large coral reefs of Lophelia pertusa, which provide shelter to various fish species.

Fish

The Norwegian coastal waters are the most important spawning ground of the herring populations of the North Atlantic, and the hatching occurs in March. The eggs float to the surface and are washed off the coast by the northward current. Whereas a small herring population remains in the fjords and along the northern Norwegian coast, the majority spends the summer in the Barents Sea, where it feeds on the rich plankton. Upon reaching puberty, herring returns to the Norwegian Sea. The herring stock varies greatly between years. It increased in the 1920s owing to the milder climate and then collapsed in the following decades until 1970; the decrease was, however, at least partly caused by overfishing.  The biomass of young hatched herring declined from 11 million tonnes in 1956 to almost zero in 1970; that affected the ecosystem not only of the Norwegian Sea but also of the Barents Sea.

Enforcement of environmental and fishing regulations has resulted in partial recovery of the herring populations since 1987. This recovery was accompanied by a decline of capelin and cod stocks. While the capelin benefited from the reduced fishing, the temperature rise in the 1980s and competition for food with the herring resulted in a near disappearance of young capelin from the Norwegian Sea. Meanwhile, the elderly capelin population was quickly fished out. This also reduced the population of cod – a major predator of capelin – as the herring was still too small in numbers to replace the capelin in the cod's diet.

Blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) has benefited from the decline of the herring and capelin stocks as it assumed the role of major predator of plankton. The blue whiting spawns near the British Isles. The sea currents carry their eggs to the Norwegian Sea, and the adults also swim there in order to benefit from the food supply. The young spend the summer and the winter until February in Norwegian coastal waters and then return to the warmer waters west of Scotland. The Norwegian Arctic cod mostly occurs in the Barents Sea and at the Svalbard Archipelago. In the rest of the Norwegian Sea, it is found only during the reproduction season, at the Lofoten Islands, whereas Pollachius virens and haddock spawn in the coastal waters. Mackerel is an important commercial fish. The coral reefs are populated by different species of the genus Sebastes.

Mammals and birds

Large numbers of minke, humpback, sei, and orca whales are present in the Norwegian Sea. White-beaked dolphins are in the coastal waters. Orcas and some other whales visit the sea in the summer months for feeding. They follow the herring schools within the sea. With a total population of about 110,000, minke whales are by far the most common whales in the sea. They are hunted by Norway and Iceland, with a quota of about 1,000 per year in Norway. In contrast to the past, mostly they are hunted for their meat, rather than fat and oil.

The bowhead whale used to be in the area. It almost disappeared from the Norwegian Sea after intense whaling in the 19th century, and was temporarily extinct in the entire North Atlantic. Similarly, the blue whale used to form large groups between Jan Mayen and Spitsbergen, but is hardly present nowadays. Seeing northern bottlenose whales in the Norwegian Sea is rare. Other large animals of the sea are hooded and harp seals and squid.

Important waterfowl species of the Norwegian Sea are puffin, kittiwake and guillemot.

References

Other websites

Seas of the Atlantic Ocean
Bodies of water of Norway

Norwegian Sea


Arthur Collins (1682–1760) was an English antiquarian, genealogist, and historian. He is most known for his work Peerage of England.

Personal life
Collins was born in 1682, the son of William Collins, Esq., a Gentleman Usher to Queen Catherine, and Elizabeth Blythe. His father managed to spend his way through his fortune of some £30,000, but despite this he was able to give his son a liberal education, after which Arthur worked for at least some of his life as a bookseller across from St Dunstan's Church on Fleet Street. He married around 1708, and died in 1760, at the age of 78. He was buried in Battersea, then part of Surrey. His son, Major General Arthur Tooker Collins, was the father of David Collins, the first Lieutenant Governor of Tasmania.

Peerage of England
The first two editions of Collins's Peerage were published as single volumes in 1709 and 1712. Subsequent editions included an increasing number of added volumes, such that the fifth edition, published in 1778, contained eight volumes. Barak Longmate, publisher of the fifth edition, also published a supplement to it in 1784. Samuel Egerton Brydges released the nine-volume sixth edition in 1812, bringing all of the book's contents up to date and describing Collins as "a most industrious, faithful, and excellent genealogist" whose only failing was a habit of regarding rank and titles with "too indiscriminate respect and flattery."

Other works
Collins published Cases of Baronies in 1734; a five-volume Baronetage in 1741; Letters &c. of the Sidneys in 1746; Letters and Memorials of State, the letters of the Sidneys' business manager Rowland Whyte; and the noble Families of Cavendish, &c. in 1752. He also published two biographies: Life of Lord Burleigh in 1732 and Life of Edward the Black Prince in 1750.

References

The Baronettage of England 1st edition, 1720

1682 births
1760 deaths
Antiquarians from London
English genealogists
18th-century English historians

Arthur Collins (antiquarian)


Batman: The Killing Joke is a 2016 American animated superhero movie produced by Warner Bros. Animation and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It is based on the graphic novel of the same name by Alan Moore and Brian Bolland.

The movie is directed by Sam Liu, written by Brian Azzarello and stars the voices of Kevin Conroy, Mark Hamill, Tara Strong, and Ray Wise with Brian George. Like the novel, the movie follows The Joker's kidnapping and mission to drive police commissioner James Gordon insane, and Batman's desperate attempts to stop him.

Originally meant to be released directly on home video, due to its popularity, the movie was released in theaters and digitally on July 25, 2016 for a special one-night event, before a DVD and Blu-ray release on August 2, 2016. It grossed $4.4 million worldwide.

Other websites

 Batman: The Killing Joke at The World's Finest

2016 animated movies
2010s superhero movies
Adult animated movies
American animated movies
Animated Batman movies

Batman: The Killing Joke (movie)


Merkin R. Valdéz Mola (born November 10, 1981) is a Dominican former professional baseball pitcher. Valdez graduated from Escuela Rural Palenque High School in his native Dominican Republic.

Career

Atlanta Braves
Valdez was signed by the Atlanta Braves as an amateur free agent in 1999. He played with the Braves Dominican League team in 2000 and 2001 and the Gulf Coast Braves in 2002.

San Francisco Giants
He was traded by the Braves with Damian Moss to the San Francisco Giants for Russ Ortiz on December 17, 2002. He  was named San Francisco's Minor League Player of the Year and selected as a Low A All-Star in 2003 when he went 9–5 with a 2.25 ERA for the Hagerstown Suns in the South Atlantic League.  In 2004, Valdez pitched for Single-A San Jose Giants, Double-A Norwich Navigators, Triple-A Fresno Grizzlies, and made his Major League debut on August 1, 2004, against the St. Louis Cardinals. He appeared in 2 games for the Giants, working 1.2 innings for a 27.00 ERA.  Valdez was selected to the World squad for the All-Star Futures Game for 3 consecutive years (2003–05), held in conjunction with MLB All-Star festivities.

He spent all of 2005 in Norwich, and all of 2006 in Fresno, until injuring his arm.  He missed the entire 2007 season after undergoing Tommy John surgery on September 27, 2006.

Valdez returned to the Giants to appear in 17 games in 2007 and 48 games in 2009.

He was designated for assignment on January 14, 2010, by the Giants to make room on the 40 man roster for Aubrey Huff.

Toronto Blue Jays
On January 20, 2010, he was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays for cash considerations. He appeared in two games with the Blue Jays during the season, spending most of the season with the Las Vegas 51s.

Los Angeles Dodgers
On February 2, 2011, he was signed to a minor league contract by the Los Angeles Dodgers. The Dodgers assigned him to the AAA Albuquerque Isotopes. He opted out of his contract on July 18 and became a free agent. He had appeared in 38 games with the Isotopes with a 4–2 record, 3.58 ERA and 5 saves.

Texas Rangers
Valdez signed a minor league contract with the Texas Rangers on July 24, 2011. He was assigned to the Triple-A Round Rock Express. He became a free agent on November 2.

Oakland Athletics
On January 6, 2012, Valdez signed a minor league contract with the Oakland Athletics. He was granted free agency on November 3, 2012.

Personal life
When Valdez was first traded to the Giants, he went by the name Manny Mateo. While in his first year with the organization, however, his real name and real age (nine months older than he previously claimed) were revealed.

Valdez is single and has a son, Merkin Hanier, born August 11, 2006.

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
Albuquerque Isotopes players
Arizona League Athletics players
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Canada
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States
Fresno Grizzlies players
Gulf Coast Braves players
Hagerstown Suns players
Las Vegas 51s players

Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
Norwich Navigators players
Round Rock Express players
Sacramento River Cats players
San Francisco Giants players
San Jose Giants players
Texas Rangers players
Toronto Blue Jays players
Baseball players from San Cristóbal, Dominican Republic

Merkin Valdez


The Socialist Labor Party Hall at 46 Granite Street, Barre, Vermont was constructed in 1900.  It was a location for debates among anarchists, socialists, and union leaders over the future direction of the labor movement in the United States in the early 20th century.

Located in the former Italian section of Barre, the Socialist Labor Party Hall is a two-story flat-roofed brick structure with a gambrel-roofed single story rear hall. It is associated with Barre's rich ethnic heritage, specifically the vital Italian community that immigrated to Barre at the end of the 19th century.

The direct association of this property with the labor movement, community, and the immigration of Italians makes it one of Barre's most important buildings.  It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2000 for its association with the socialist, anarchist, and labor movements, and as the only building known to have been built by volunteer members of the Socialist Labor Party.

Architecture
Its design reflects no particular architectural style, but its form does illustrate the building's function as an assembly hall. The exterior is simply ornamented with Barre granite details. The most important of these is a carved medallion depicting an arm bearing a hammer, the symbol of the Socialist Labor Party, and the initials SLP.

History
The building was constructed in 1900 by volunteers of the Italian community as a meeting hall for the Socialist Labor Party, a political group dedicated to social and labor reform. The Hall provided the community with a place to meet, organize, and socialize. Dances, boxing and wrestling matches were held here. In 1901, the Co-Operative store was started in the basement to provide necessities for the community.

When the Hall opened in 1900, more than 90 percent of Barre's workers belonged to one of 15 local unions, many of them probably attended union meetings and political rallies held here. From 1900 to 1936 the building held the offices and meetings of the Granite Cutters' International Association, at the time the largest local union of granite workers in the country. Labors leaders such as Eugene Debs and Samuel Gompers are known to have visited Barre and, although unconfirmed, likely spoke at the Hall.

During textile strikes taking place in Lawrence, Massachusetts, the Italian community in Barre sheltered 35 children of those striking workers, all of whom were received at the Hall. During one political gathering in 1903, illustrating the sometimes volatile nature of political groups at this time, an argument broke out between socialists and anarchists, ending in the essentially random but fatal shooting of Elia Corti, a prominent Italian stone carver responsible for the panels on the Robert Burns Memorial statue in Barre.

In 1936, the Hall was sold and converted to a warehouse for The Washington Fruit Company and later the Vermont Pak Tomato company.

The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2000.

In 1995 the Hall was purchased by the Barre Historical Society, with much support, to restore it as a library, community meeting hall, and social club.  The Labor Hall was flooded due to rain on July 10–11, 2007. Four feet of water flooded the basement, damaging walls, equipment, and the archived documents stored in the basement.

See also
 Socialist Hall, also listed on the National Register of Historic Places
 List of National Historic Landmarks in Vermont
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, Vermont

References

External links

 Socialist Labor Party Hall National Register Program
 Corti Murder

Cultural infrastructure completed in 1900
History of labor relations in the United States
Italian-American culture in Vermont
National Historic Landmarks in Vermont
Socialist Labor Party of America
Headquarters of political parties
Buildings and structures in Barre (city), Vermont
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Vermont
National Register of Historic Places in Washington County, Vermont
Labor relations in Vermont
1900 establishments in Vermont

Socialist Labor Party Hall


Raymond De Belser (17 June 1929 – 3 October 2014), pseudonym Ward Ruyslinck, was a Belgian writer. He was born in Berchem, Belgium. He was known for his book Wierook en tranen ("Incense and Tears"). He won the Prijs voor Letterkunde van de Vlaamse provincies for this work. In 1966, he wrote the bittersweet fairy tale Golden Ophelia.

Ward Ruyslinck retired in 1984. His wife committed suicide in 1980. Afterwards, he moved to Meise to live with his mistress Monika Lo Cascio. Ruyslinck and Cascio wrote the autobiographical novel De speeltuin ("The Playground") in 1992.

Ruyslinck, who had from Alzheimer's disease, died on 3 October 2014 in a retirement home in Meise.

References

1929 births
2014 deaths
Belgian autobiographers
Belgian novelists
Writers from Antwerp

Ward Ruyslinck


Haute couture (pronounced 'OHT koo-TOOR') is a French term for high fashion. It refers to the creation of exclusive custom-fitted clothing. The term refers to:
 the fashion houses or fashion designers that create exclusive and often trend-setting fashions.
 the fashions created by them.

Haute couture is made to order for a specific customer. It is usually made from high-quality, expensive fabric and sewn with extreme attention to detail and finish by the most experienced and capable seamstresses, often using time-consuming, hand-executed techniques. Couture is a common abbreviation of haute couture.

In France, haute couture is une appellation juridiquement protégée (a legally protected name). It may only be used by firms which meet certain well-defined standards. However, the term is also used to describe all high-fashion custom-fitted clothing in other 'fashion capitals' such as Milan, London, New York, Tokyo and Madrid.

History
The couturier Charles Frederick Worth (13 October 1826–10 March 1895), is widely considered the father of haute couture as it is known today. Although born in Lincolnshire, England, Worth made his mark in the French fashion industry. He revolutionized how dressmaking was organised. Worth made it so the dressmaker became an artist: a fashion designer. He created one-of-a-kind designs to please his titled or rich customers. More importantly, he prepared designs which were shown on live models at the House of Worth. Clients selected a design, specified colours and fabrics, and had a version tailor-made in Worth's workshop. Worth combined individual tailoring with a standardization more characteristic of the ready-to-wear clothing industry, which was also developing during this period.

Chambre syndicale
To earn the right to call itself a couture house and to use the term haute couture, members of the Chambre syndicale de la haute couture must follow these rules:

Design made-to-order for private clients, with one or more fittings.
Have a workshop (atelier) in Paris that employs at least fifteen people full-time.
Each season (that's twice a year), present a collection to the Paris press, with at least thirty-five runs/exits with outfits for both daytime wear and evening wear.

Membership is seldom given. Outside the Chambre syndicale are many successful fashion houses which deal in prêt-à-porter (the French term for ready-to-wear fashion). They have their own Chambre syndicale du prêt-à-porter.

Related pages
Coco Chanel
Christian Dior
Madeleine Vionnet
House of Worth

References

Fashion
Paris

Haute couture


Sir Charles Hepburn Johnston  (11 March 1912 – 23 April 1986), was a senior British diplomat and translator of Russian poetry.

Biography
He was born in London, the son of Ernest Johnston and Emma Hepburn, on 11 March 1912.  He was educated at Winchester College, and Balliol College, Oxford, joining the Diplomatic Service in 1936.  He was appointed Third Secretary in Tokyo 1939–1941; First Secretary in Cairo 1945–1948; and Madrid 1948–1955; Head of the China and Korea Department 1952–1954; and Counsellor in Bonn 1954–1955.

His first senior appointment was as Ambassador to Jordan 1956–1959.  He then became Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Aden and High Commissioner for the Protectorate of South Arabia 1959–1963.

His final posting was as High Commissioner to Australia 1965–1971.  On retirement, he became a company director and published several volumes of prose and poetry. He also translated Alexander Pushkin's novel in verse Eugene Onegin from the Russian, preserving its unusual Onegin stanza form. The translation was published in 1977.

Honours
Within the Order of St Michael and St George he was successively appointed Commander (CMG; 1 June 1953), Knight Commander (KCMG; 1 January 1959) and Knight Grand Cross (GCMG; 1 January 1971).  He was named a Knight of the Venerable Order of St John (KStJ) on 16 November 1960.

Family

On 22 April 1944 he married Princess Natasha Bagration, a member of the Georgian royal Bagrationi dynasty, and great-great-granddaughter of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia.  Her mother was Princess Tatiana Constantinovna of Russia.

Sir Charles Johnston died in London on 23 April 1986.

References
 The Papers of Sir Charles (Hepburn) Johnston (1912–1986)
 European Royal Houses
  and

External links
 Eugene Onegin at lib.ru Charles Johnston's complete translation

Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Jordan
High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Australia
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Knights of the Order of St John
1912 births
1986 deaths
People educated at Winchester College
Russian–English translators
Translators of Alexander Pushkin
20th-century translators
20th-century British dramatists and playwrights
20th-century British novelists
20th-century British poets
British male novelists
Male dramatists and playwrights
People from the Colony of Aden

Charles Johnston (diplomat)


Daredevil is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is commonly known by such epithets as the "Man Without Fear", the "Devil of Hell's Kitchen", and is the alias of Matt Murdock, who is blind, but sees more than any seeing person. After pushing an old man out of the way of a car, he gets hit and radioactive chemicals get into his eyes and blind him, but also give his other senses super powers. Super hearing, boosted touch sensitivity, smell and taste. He lives in Hell's Kitchen, a fictional place in New York. His friends are Foggy Nelson and Karen Page. He has also met The Punisher, Iron Fist, Jessica Jones, Luke Cage and the group the Hand. His first appearance in a comic was Daredevil #1. He was created by Stan Lee and Bill Everett.

Portrayal
Matt Murdock was played by Ben Affleck in the 2003 movie Daredevil. Most recently he was played by Charlie Cox in the Marvel Television productions Daredevil and The Defenders on Netflix, set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Affleck later made a cameo in a deleted scene of Elektra. Cox reprised his role for the movie Spider-Man: No Way Home in 2021, in the series She-Hulk: Attorney at Law in 2022, and for the upcoming series Daredevil: Born Again.

Characters created by Stan Lee
Fictional characters introduced in the 1960s
Marvel Comics adapted into movies
Marvel Comics superheroes
Marvel Comics mutates

Daredevil (Marvel Comics character)


Stéphan Bureau (born July 2, 1964) is a Canadian journalist, TV interviewer and producer of TV shows and documentary series.

Life and career
Bureau was born in Montreal, Quebec. He successfully auditioned at Télévision de Radio-Canada, and became one of the youngest reporters in a TV show dedicated to teenagers.

He then began a radio journalism career in 1984 at Radio-Canada while pursuing Russian studies at Concordia University. In 1986, he embarked on a broadcast journalism career as a television newscaster at Télévision Quatre-Saisons (TQS; now V). Between 1990 and 1994, he produced and hosted Contact, a series of in-depth interviews with  figures from the artistic, literary and intellectual world such as Paul Auster, Elie Wiesel, Nancy Huston, Michel Serres, Carlos Fuentes. The documentary series, which was broadcast throughout Quebec and in many other countries of Europe and Africa earned him a  Rogers Award in English Canada.

He has since been on all major French-Canadian television networks, most notably on TVA, where he was at the helm of L'événement, a public affairs magazine, and then on the 10 p.m. televised newscast for the next three years. He later joined the Société Radio-Canada where he served in turn as host, foreign correspondent and chief anchorman of the national newsmagazine Le Téléjournal/Le Point from 1998 to 2003.

In 2003, Stéphan Bureau chose to retire from the news world and started working on new projects. With the Festival Juste pour Rire (the French edition of the Just for Laughs Festival), he created and hosted several tributes to Quebec's  comic figures. He also hosted several live interviews with famous comic actors such as Pierre Richard and Franck Dubosc.

In 2006, Stéphan Bureau reinitiated Contact with a new series of 13 episodes. His guests were film and theater director Franco Dragone ; novelist Jean d'Ormesson; author and playwright Éric-Emmanuel Schmitt; short story writer Mavis Gallant; authors Marek Halter, Mario Vargas Llosa and José Saramago; philosopher, psychoanalyst and feminist Julia Kristeva; lawyer and politician Simone Veil; director and playwright Robert Lepage; author, journalist and film director Philippe Labro; French economist Jacques Attali, and French playwright and author Jean-Claude Carrière.

Prizes and awards

Over the years, Stéphan Bureau has received several awards honoring the quality of his work, mainly as a newscaster and interviewer. Most of these prizes were awarded by the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television.

 1994 : Rogers Arts Award for documentary series Contact
 1999 : Prix Gémeaux, Best TV Newscast for Le Téléjournal / Le Point
 2000 : Prix Gémeaux, Best TV Newscast for Le Téléjournal / Le Point
 2000 : Prix Gémeaux, Best interview : all categories for Le Téléjournal / Le Point
 2001 : Prix Gémeaux, Best TV Newscast for Le Téléjournal / Le Point
 2002 : Prix Gémeaux, Best TV Newscast for Le Téléjournal / Le Point
 2006 : Nominee at Prix Gémeaux, Best biography or portrait, for Contact, the encyclopaedia of creation  - episode featuring French writer Jean d'Ormesson
 2006 : Nominee at Prix Gémeaux, Best Website for a TV series, for Contact, the encyclopaedia of creation
 2008 : Was given the honor of Mérite du français 2008, awarded by the Conseil pédagogique inter-disciplinaire du Québec
 2010 : Was given the honor of Chevalier de l'Ordre de la Pléiade awarded by the Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie

References

External links
 Official website for CONTACT, the encyclopaedia of creation produced and hosted by Stéphan Bureau
Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television
Just for Laughs Festival

Canadian television news anchors
French Quebecers
Journalists from Montreal
Living people
1964 births
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation people
20th-century Canadian journalists
21st-century Canadian journalists

Stéphan Bureau


Ancient India had a long-lived civilization and culture. It covered several countries including modern-day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.

The Indus Valley Civilization flourished from about 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE. It marked the beginning of the urban civilization on the subcontinent. It was centred on the Indus River and its tributaries. The civilization is famous for its cities that were built of brick, had a road-side drainage system and multi-storied houses.

During the Maurya Empire, founded in 321 BCE, most of the Indian subcontinent was united under a single government for the to expand his kingdom, then followed a policy of ahimsa (non-violence) after converting to Buddhism. The Edicts of Ashoka are the oldest preserved historical documents of India, and under Ashoka Buddhist ideals spread across the whole of East Asia and South-East Asia.

ChandraGupta I, an important ruler during the Gupta empire which is said the end of this Indian period Gupt

Main events

Periods

 1500 BC – 600 BC: Composition of the Vedas and the Brahmana
 700 BC – 300 BC: Composition of the Upanishads
 527 or 526 BC: Death of Mahavira, the historical founder of Jainism
 Late 6th century: Darius (King of summoners rift), the Persian king, conquers parts of Ancient Pakistan
 486 BC: Death of Buddha; Chinese tradition records 483 BC
 400 BC: Panini composes first Sanskrit grammar
 4th century BC – 4th century BC: Composition of the Ramayana and the Mahabharata
 327 BC – 25 BC: Alexander the Great invades Indus valley region (now Pakistan).
 321 BC – 181 BC: Chandragupta Maurya founded Maurya Empire
 300 BC: Megasthenes (Greek) visits the Maurya king
 300 BC: Composition of the Arthashastra, though some scholars date the work to 100 AD
 268 BC – 233: BC Reign of Ashoka the Great
 185 BC – 75 BC: Sunga dynasty reigns over central Republic of India
 2nd century BC – 3rd century BC: Buddhism and Jainism influences in India at its peak
 1st Century BC – 1st century AD: Shakas, Parthians and Kushana invade Indus valley region
 1st Century BC – 2nd Century AD: Satavahana rule
 58 BC – 57 BC: Vikrama Samvat era begins
 Chera, Chola & Pandiya Kingdoms in South
 78 AD: Beginning of the Shaka era
 1st – 3rd century: Reign of the Kushan dynasty; first depiction of Jaina tirthankara and muti-armed Hindu deities
 4th-5th century: Vaktaka rule over central India and the Deccan
 4th - 6th century: Gupta period in most part and central modern present Republic of India (never included the Pakistan regions), however this was the Golden Age of India era of the Gangetic valley
 500 AD: Ajanta completed
 5th – 7th century: Spread of Vaishnavism, especially Krishan cult; emergence of worship of local deities; emergence of Tantrism
 5th – 6th century: Invasion of Huns in ancient Pakistan regions
 6th - 17th century: Rule of the Rajputs in different regions of West India.
 6th century: Kalachuri dynasty rules the western coast of modern India
 6th - 8th century: Pallava dynasty in southern India; rock-cut architecture begins in the south; temple building flourishes at Mamallapurama and Kanchipuram
 6th-10th century: Tamil devotional poetry
 7th – 8th century: Decline of Buddhism in ancient Pakistan and the northern Republic of India; revival of Vedic tradition
 7th – 10th century: Rashtrakuta dynasty rules over northern part of the Deccan
 Early 8th century: Arab merchants settle on the coast of Sindh province of Pakistan and the Indian state of Gujarat
 8th – 12th century: Pala dynasty rules in Bihar, Bengal and large part of eastern India
 10th - 17th century: Rule of the Rajputs in different regions of West India.
 788 – 820 AD: Life of Adi Shankaracharya
 1018 AD : First Muslim ruler - Mahmud Ghazni raids India.
 1947 - The Dominion of India becomes independent
 1950 - The modern Republic of India is established

Other reading
Benedetti, Giacomo. "The idea of India in ancient Indian texts: āryāvarta, jambudvīpa, bhāratavarṣa and the relation with non-āryas."

References

Ancient India

Ancient India


George Marvin Wallhauser (February 10, 1900 – August 4, 1993) was an American Republican Party politician. He served as U.S. Representative from New Jersey's 12th Congressional District from 1959 to 1965.

Biography
Wallhauser was born in Newark, New Jersey, the son of Dr. Henry Joseph Frederick and Rachel Apolonia (née Vogt) Wallhauser. He attended public schools in Newark and graduated from Barringer High School in 1918. He entered the United States Navy the same year and served as a hospital corpsman in the Naval Reserve until 1922. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania with an A.B. in 1922, where he had been a member of Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity. He later studied real estate appraisal at Columbia University.

Wallhauser was associated with the United States Realty and Investment Company, Newark, New Jersey, for 62 years, joining the company in 1927 and retiring as senior vice president and member of the board in 1989.

He was elected as a Republican to the 86th Congress in 1958, succeeding Rep. Robert W. Kean, and took office the following year.  He was reelected twice, in 1960 and 1962, against Democrat Robert R. Peacock. He served as a member of the 87th and 88th Congresses until 1965 when he did not seek reelection.  A member of the House Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, he championed federal pay raises and improvements for postal workers.  Wallhauser represented the 12th New Jersey District, which at the time included the South Ward of Newark, Irvington, Maplewood, Millburn, Livingston and municipalities in West Essex County.

In 1970, Wallhauser was appointed by New Jersey Governor William T. Cahill as a commissioner of the New Jersey Highway Authority (Garden State Parkway) and served as its chairman from 1972 to 1975. Earlier, he was chairman in 1946-47 of the Maplewood Planning Board, which issued the township's first master plan, and member of the Maplewood Township Committee 1954–56.  In this latter post he chaired the building committee for the construction of two libraries in town and chaired the Murals Committee. In Maplewood, he also was active in junior baseball as a manager and coach and chaired the town's junior football committee.

Wallhauser's other activities included chairman and trustee of the Paper Mill Playhouse, Millburn, New Jersey; member and treasurer of the National Board of Directors, Family Service Association of America; president, Bureau of Family Service of the Oranges and Maplewood; vice president and trustee, St. Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, N.J.; director of the Maplewood Bank and Trust Company, Yorkwood Savings and Loan Association and of Goodwill Industries of New Jersey; and member of the American Legion.
He was a Freemason, serving as a past master of St. John's Lodge No. 1, of the Grand Lodge of New York, F.& A.M.

Wallhauser lived in Maplewood for 63 years until his death on August 4, 1993, in Livingston, New Jersey.  He also maintained a summer home at Greenwood Lake, New York.

Wallhauser was Isabel Towne in 1926, and she died in 1981. He had two children, George Jr., and Henry as well as five grandchildren.  George M. Wallhauser Jr. served as the Essex County Republican Chairman and was the Republican candidate for Congress in New Jersey's 11th district in 1968 against U.S. Rep. Joseph Minish.

References

External links

1900 births
1993 deaths
Barringer High School alumni
People from Maplewood, New Jersey
Politicians from Newark, New Jersey
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New Jersey
20th-century American politicians
United States Navy corpsmen
United States Navy reservists

George M. Wallhauser


Emma Hardinge Britten (2 May 1823 – 2 October 1899) was an English advocate for the early Modern Spiritualist Movement. Much of her life and work was recorded and published in her speeches and writing and an incomplete autobiography edited by her sister. She is remembered as a writer, orator, trance clairvoyant, and spirit medium. Her books, Modern American Spiritualism (1870) and Nineteenth Century Miracles (1884), are detailed accounts of spiritualism in America.

Early years

Emma Floyd was born in London, England in 1823. Her father Ebenezer, who was a schoolteacher, died in 1834 when Emma was eleven years old. She grew up supporting herself and her family as a musician, trained as an opera singer and began a stage career.

Career
She developed a reputation for apparent abilities as a spiritual medium during her early years. As a child, Emma had a habit of predicting the futures of people she encountered, relating to them what she had seen in visions, along with information about their deceased relatives of whom she had no prior knowledge. She also developed the amusing talent of preemptively playing songs on the piano, which her audience was thinking (to themselves!) of requesting.

According to her autobiography, Emma's clairvoyant tendencies drew her into participation with a secret London occult society which used magnetics and clairvoyant techniques for experimental purposes.  During this period, she was also exposed to sexism and economic discrimination through her involvement with a manipulative member of the society whom she later termed "a baffled sensualist."  Although there is little reliable information on this London occult group, it is suspected that Emma received the name Hardinge from this society, the surname she kept throughout her adult life.

She came to America and while in New York City, she attended Spiritualist séances in the hopes of writing about the gullibility of Americans. During these séances, she begin to experience events from her dramatic childhood. Under the guidance of medium Ada Hoyt, these mystical experiences at séances led her to becoming a part of the Spiritualist movement.  Emma was invited by the famous Spiritualist, Horace Day, to host spiritualist séances in the Society for the Diffusion of Spiritual Knowledge. She deepened her involvement in the Spiritualist movement as a "trance lecturer" and delivered speeches across the country.  Lecture topics included "The Discovering of Spirits," "The Philosophy of the Spirit Circle," "Hades," and "What Is the Basis of the Connection of the Natural and Spiritual Worlds?"

Hardinge also became involved in the campaign efforts of 1864 in support of Abraham Lincoln's re-election.  After delivering a highly successful lecture titled, "The Coming Man; or the Next President of the United States," Emma was invited to continue her political work on a thirty-two lecture tour.

Perhaps the culmination of her oratorical career was a speech delivered on 14 April 1865, as a response to President Lincoln's assassination only thirty-six hours prior.  Her speech was widely acclaimed by the journalists of the age as her greatest achievement.  Still, not all of her spiritual lectures were so well received.  In 1866, The Saturday Review wrote a satirical critique of Hardinge's speeches, describing her style as "bloated eloquence" and her content as "bunkum."

As a chronicle of her active religious participation, Hardinge published the book Modern American Spiritualism (1870), a huge "encyclopedia" of the people and events associated with the early days of the movement.  That same year, Emma married an ardent spiritualist, William Britten, from Boston.  Emma continued to publish under the surname Hardinge, however, since her professional career was well-developed before this late-life marriage.

In 1872, Emma attempted to start a magazine, The Western Star, however, after a series of devastating fires in Boston, her impoverished clients dropped their subscriptions.  The magazine failed after only six issues.  Emma then moved back to New York, where she became involved in theosophy.  She was also one of six founding members of the Theosophical Society with Helena Blavatsky until they had a falling-out.

She also edited a book called Art Magic or Mundane, Sub-Mundane and Super-Mundane Spiritism: A Treatise in Three parts and Twenty Three Sections on the subject of Theosophy. It was written anonymously and published in 1876 by 'the author' with the help of 'his [sic] highly esteemed English friend, Mrs. Emma Hardinge Britten'. There remains a strange mystery regarding its authorship. In addition, in 1887 she founded The Two Worlds, a weekly Spiritualist newspaper.

From 1878 to 1879, Emma and her husband worked as Spiritualist missionaries in Australia and New Zealand. Isaac Selby, who heard her speak in Melbourne, said, "she impressed me as the greatest woman orator that ever visited Australia." After returning to New York, she wrote her greatest chronicle of the spiritualist age—Nineteenth Century Miracles (1884).  Emma Hardinge died in Manchester, England in 1899.

She is credited with defining the seven principles of Spiritualism which, with minor changes, are still in use today by the National Spiritualist Association of Churches in the United States and the Spiritualists' National Union in the United Kingdom.

Publications
Modern American Spiritualism (1870)
Nineteenth Century Miracles (1884)
The Place and Mission of Women: An Inspirational Discourse (1859)
Outline Of A Plan For A Self-Sustaining Institution For Homeless And Outcast Females (1858)
American and Her Destiny (1861)
The Wildfire Club (1861)
A Funeral Oration on Rev. Thos. Starr King (1864)
The Great Funeral Oration on Abraham Lincoln"](1865)
Address Delivered at the Winter Soirees (1865)
Miss Emma Hardinge's Political Campaign, in Favour of the Union Party of America (1865)
What is Spiritualism? (1868)
Mrs. Emma Hardinge on Spirit Mediums (1868)
Rules to be Observed When Forming Spiritual Circles (1868)
Modern American Spiritualism (1870)
On The Spirit Circle and the Laws of Mediumship (1871)
The Electric Physician (1875)
Ghost Land (1876)
On the Road (1878)
Spiritualism: Is It A Savage Superstition? (1878)
The Chinese Labour Question; or the Problem of Capital versus Labor (1878)
The Faith Facts and Frauds or Religious History (1879)
Spiritualism Vindicated and Clerical Slanders Refuted (1879)
Nineteenth Century Miracles or Spirits and Their Work in Every Country on Earth (1883)

Further reading
Britten, William. Art Magic Spiritism, the Progressive Thinker's Premium reprint in 1909 Chicago Emma Hardinge Britten wrote introduction.
Pendleton, Linda. "Emma Hardinge Britten: Famous Spiritual Medium, 19th Century". Electronic book – Barnes and Noble
 [http://www.ehbritten.org/ Emma Hardinge Britten Archive and Chasing Down Emma'' Historian Mark Demarest collects and shares historical information about Ms. Britten in social and historical context.

References

External links

1823 births
1899 deaths
English Theosophists
Musicians from London
English spiritualists
19th-century occultists
19th-century British women writers
19th-century English writers

Emma Hardinge Britten