Gerard M. Verschuuren is a human biologist, writer, speaker, and consultant, working at the interface of science, philosophy, and religion. He is a human biologist, specialized in human genetics, who also earned a doctorate in the philosophy of science, and studied and worked at universities in Europe and the United States. In 1994, he moved permanently to the United States, and lives now in the southern part of New Hampshire.

Studies and research
He began studying biology at Leiden University and specialized in human genetics at Utrecht University in the Netherlands, with a thesis on the statistical analysis of epigenetic variation in the Tellem skulls of Mali in comparison with the Kurumba tribe of Burkina Faso (former Upper Volta). After that, he became a participant of the six-member Human Adaptability Project team (led by professor John Huizinga, M.D.) of the former Institute of Human Biology at Utrecht University Medical School, as part of the International Biological Program, studying the population genetics and adaptation of savannah populations in sub-saharan Africa based on research among the Fali in northern Cameroun, among the Dogon in Mali, and among the Fulbe in Chad.

Verschuuren also studied philosophy at Leiden University and wrote, under supervision of professor Marius Jeuken, a thesis on the impact of the Harvard philosopher and mathematician Alfred North Whitehead on research in biology. He further specialized in philosophy of science, in particular in philosophy of biology, at VU University Amsterdam. Verschuuren concluded his post-graduate studies with a doctoral thesis on the use of models in the sciences. In this work, he analyzes how all sciences use models, which are simplified replicas of the dissected original, made for research purposes by reducing the complexity of the original to a manageable model related to a soluble problem.

Verschuuren taught biology, biological anthropology, genetics, human genetics, statistics, philosophy, philosophy of biology, logic, and programming at Leiden University, Utrecht University, the Dutch Open University, Merrimack College, and Boston College. Currently, he focuses almost exclusively on writing, consulting, and on speaking engagements.

Educational work
Verschuuren became the leader of a team of textbook writers that developed three consecutive series of biology textbooks for high-schools and colleges under the names Biosfeer (1975–1983), Oculair (1984–1994), and Grondslagen van de Biologie (Foundations of Biology; 1985–present). He also became a member of the College Admission Test team for biology in the Netherlands (1976–1982).

For those specifically interested in the philosophy of biology, he wrote four textbooks: Investigating the Life Sciences: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science (1986), Life Scientists: Their Convictions, Their Activities, and Their Values (1995), The Holism-Reductionism Debate - In Physics, Genetics, Biology, Neuroscience, Ecology, Sociology (2016), and Darwin's Philosophical Legacy - The Good and the Not-So-Good (2012).

To reach fellow scientists as well, he started in cooperation with the professors Cornelis Van Peursen and Cornelis Schuyt, both of Leiden University, an overseeing editorial board for the development of 25 books on the philosophy of science for 25 specific fields, written by experts in those fields (1986–present), Nijhoff, Leiden, Series Philosophy of the Sciences.

During the 1970s, Verschuuren wrote a weekly column on breaking biological topics in the Volkskrant daily. He was a member of the editorial board of the Dutch philosophical magazine Wijsgerig Perspectief, for which he wrote several of its articles, and a member of the editorial board of the Dutch-Flemish magazine Streven, for which he also wrote articles and book reviews. All in all, he wrote many books and articles in Dutch on biological and philosophical issues.

In the 1980s, Verschuuren was an advisor to the Foundation Scientific Europe, which published a voluminous overview of research and technology in 20 European countries, entitled Scientific Europe (edited by Nigel Calder). From 1985 until 1994, he was the editor-in-chief of the Dutch magazine Natuurwetenschap en Techniek and publisher of the Dutch version of the Scientific American Library.

At the interface of science and religion
A practicing Catholic, Verschuuren is interested in the relationship between science and religion. It is his conviction that religion and science cannot be in conflict with each other and cannot be seen as a threat to each other, as long as both stay in their own territory, which prevents us from turning science into a pseudo-religion, or religion into a semi-science. Put in the words of Augustine of Hippo or Galileo Galilei, science reads the "Book of Nature" and religion reads the "Book of Scripture," for they both have the same Author, GOD.

From this perspective, grounded in the tradition of Thomas Aquinas, he has written several books:
 Darwin's Philosophical Legacy - The Good and the Not-So-Good. There is hardly any university, college, or even high school left where they do not teach Darwinism—and rightly so. Yet, most of these places do more preaching than teaching. In what the author likes to call "The Good" parts of his legacy, he explores what Darwin's great contributions are to the study of evolution and to the theory of evolution. At the same time, he also delves into the areas where his thoughts were not so perfect or even wrong, especially in a philosophical sense—which he calls "The Not-So-Good" parts of his legacy. There are definitely two sides to Darwin's legacy and they need to be carefully balanced.
 What Makes You Tick? - A New Paradigm for Neuroscience. In the first chapters, he argues that it is not molecules, DNA, or not even neurons that make you "tick." This is obviously contrasted with the current paradigm of neuroscience. The current paradigm of neuroscience—which he now calls the "old" paradigm—is too materialistic, too deterministic, and too reductionistic to do justice to the unique position of living human beings in the world. It calls for a more comprehensive paradigm!
 The Destiny of the Universe - In Pursuit of the Great Unknown. This book is not about astronomy, not even about science per se, but about the Great Unknown beyond and behind all that we can see through our telescopes and microscopes. Although, there is a lot of science in this book, at a simplified level, it is mainly a critical philosophical journey, starting in the world of science, but ultimately in pursuit of the Great Unknown that has become more and more known in the lives of so many people.
It's All in the Genes! - Really?. A decade ago, the general estimate for the number of human genes was thought to be well over 100,000, but then turned out to be around 30,000 genes—which is only half again as many genes as a tiny roundworm needs to manufacture its utter simplicity. And human beings have only 300 unique genes not found in mice. No wonder that the president of Celera, a bio-corporation, said about this surprising finding "This tells me genes cannot possibly explain all of what makes us what we are." At least, we have a first indication here that genes are not as almighty as some want us to believe.
Five Anti-Catholic Myths - Slavery, Crusades, Inquisition, Galileo, Holocaust. The myths analyzed in this book claim to lay bare the "dirty history" of the Catholic Church. Well, the Catholic Church's "dirty history" is not that dirty at all. As Pope Leo XIII once said, the Catholic Church has no reason to fear historical truth. Yet, some Catholics as well as many non-Catholics often see history through a lens that has been shaped by post-Reformation propaganda or by 18th century Enlightenment prejudices. These myths served a purpose then, but they still serve a purpose in today's secularist climate of progress and scientism. But does that really validate them? Scholarship of recent decades, however, has thrown new light on these matters, and is finally allowing the truths of history to become more widely known.
Life's Journey - From Conception to Growing Up, Growing Old, and Natural Death. This book describes the six main phases of life's journey in more or less detail. Some of these stages the reader may have gone through already; others are still ahead of them. They may not be able to retrace previous stages, but they are probably anxious to know what is ahead of them. And besides, they may have children who are going through earlier stages and parents who are experiencing later stages. Each chapter discusses one specific stage of life's journey. Every chapter begins with a biological description of that period in life, followed by a more philosophical reflection. One cannot be without the other. We need facts before we can reflect, but facts without reflection are meaningless.
Matters of Life and Death - A Catholic Guide to the Moral Dilemmas of Our Time. We live in a time of very divergent opinions about right and wrong, life and death, sexuality and sex, pro-life and pro-choice, prolonging life and shortening life. We all wonder what can help us to pilot through the raging waters of this turbulent ocean. Where do we find sound judgments in the midst of these debates? What we need more than ever is a moral compass.
Aquinas and Modern Science - A New Synthesis of Faith and Reason. What could Aquinas ever contribute to our time, some seven centuries later? One of the main reasons is that there are many similarities between his time and our time, between his world and our world. His thirteenth century world was as turbulent as ours is. His world was confronted with an influx of new ideas coming from the Muslim world; our world is constantly being inundated with new ideas, particularly coming from scientists. His world saw the sudden rise of universities; our world sees an explosion of sciences and their sub-disciplines. His time was marked by dubious philosophies; our time has been infiltrated with skepticism and relativism. His era was a time of tremendous change; ours is also in permanent instability. His world had lost faith in reason; ours has too. Aquinas understood both the fascination of his contemporaries with new discoveries and new ideas and the very mixed feelings that come with all of that. So he would understand our time too.
The Holism-Reductionism Debate - In Physics, Genetics, Biology, Neuroscience, Ecology, Sociology. This book is intended for those working in, or preparing for, research in any scientific field — ranging from the physical sciences to the life sciences to the behavioral sciences and the social sciences. It is certainly not meant for people specialized in areas dealing with the specific issue of reductionism in a strict philosophical sense; they won't learn much new from this book. Philosophers have the task of questioning and analyzing what most other people, including scientists, usually take for granted. For that reason, this book is basically a plea against dogmatism in science, in favor of a more open-minded approach. Dogmas do not belong in science, but they do occur in the scientific community.
The Myth of an Anti-Science Church - Galileo, Darwin, Teilhard, Hawking, Dawkins. What do these five scientists have in common? General perception has it that something went wrong between them and the Catholic Church. Is that true, or are we dealing with a fabrication? If it is true, what exactly went wrong between them? This book analyzes these five "cases" in their confrontation with the Catholic Church. Usually the Church ends up being the villain. But what about these scientists themselves? One could make the case that all five of them have something like a double personality: the personality of the scientist and the personality of the ideologist hiding behind the scientist.
Faith and Reason - The Cradle of Truth. The reciprocal relationship between faith and reason has been a constant theme in Catholic intellectual history, and it explains why the Catholic intellectual tradition is so rich, strong and full, perhaps unlike anything else in the world. In his famous Regensburg address and elsewhere, Pope Benedict XVI stressed the perennial relevance of Pope John Paul II's encyclical Fides et Ratio (Faith and Reason) and the need for Faith to purify Reason, and for Reason to purify Faith.
Forty Anti-Catholic Lies. Catholics are believed to have certain beliefs "out of line" with mainstream thinking. However, those beliefs are often caricatures that are misrepresentations of the real beliefs Catholics hold. What do Catholics really believe? Asking any Catholic is not always the best way to find out, for some Catholics may not even know the finer details of their own faith, or they have already been affected by the misinformation that keeps bombarding them.
The Eclipse of God. This book was specifically written for all those who feel lost in a world dominated by ideologies that obscure God. It is hard to pinpoint one particular cause of how we feel in such Godforsaken times and places, but science is likely one of the main perpetrators.
In the Beginning: A Catholic Scientist Explains How God Made Earth Our Home. Instead of the vaunted "randomness" of our immense universe, scientists have recently discovered indisputable patterns in the structures of matter and energy. Over the eons, these distinctive patterns drove the universe inexorably toward formation of the Earth as what we experience it to be.
A Catholic Scientist Proves God Exists. The question of whether God exists is not one science can answer. Instead, just as reason gives us access to the existence of numbers, so it is reason that gives us access to the existence of God.
At the Dawn of Humanity - The First Humans. This book investigates in the first five chapters how genes may change from generation to generation — before, during, and after the dawn of humanity. Next the book discusses how much these mechanisms can explain of what many people consider unique to humanity: the faculties of language, rationality, morality, self-awareness, and religion. Are those features really unique, or did they come from the non-human animal world? Were the first humans able to use language, to think rationally, to act morally, to know who they were, and to know there is a God? The answer may surprise you.
How Science Points to God. This book explains how much there is in various fields of science that points to God. They are pointers, though, not proofs. But all of them combined make it hard to deny that there is a God who made all of this possible, including science.
A Catholic Scientist Champions the Shroud of Turin. This book carefully weighs the claims that science makes pro and con the authenticity of the Shroud of Turin. Verschuuren reveals the reasons why he believes the Shroud of Turin to be the actual burial cloth of Jesus Christ

Books and articles
Verschuuren, Geert (1971). Race and Races. In Heythrop Journal, 12, 164–174
Verschuuren, Geert M.N. (1981). Modelgebruik in the Wetenschappen. Kok, Kampen, Netherlands
Verschuuren, G.M.N., Hans De Bruin, Manfred Halsema (1985, 2001). Grondslagen van de Biologie (3 volumes). Wolters Kluwer, Netherlands
Marcum, James and G.M.N. Verschuuren (1986). Hemostatic Regulation and Whitehead's Philosophy of Organism. In Acta Biotheoretica, 35, 123–133
Verschuuren, Gerard M. (1986), Investigating the Life Sciences: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science. In the series Foundations & Philosophy of Science & Technology, Pergamon Press
Verschuuren, Gerard M. (1995), Life Scientists: Their Convictions, Their Activities, and Their Values. Genesis Publishing Company, North Andover, MA
Verschuuren, Gerard M. (1905–present), The Visual Learning Series (10 different titles published so far). Holy Macro! Books, Uniontown, OH
Verschuuren, Gerard M. (2007). From VBA to VSTO. Holy Macro! Books, Uniontown, OH
Verschuuren, Gerard M. (2013). Excel 2013 for Scientists and Engineers. Holy Macro! Books, Uniontown, OH
Verschuuren, Gerard M. (2013). VBScript Programming. Holy Macro! Books, Uniontown, OH
Verschuuren, Gerard M. (2012). Darwin's Philosophical Legacy - The Good and the Not-So-Good. Lexington Books, Lanham, MD  (hardcover),
Verschuuren, Gerard M. (2012). What Makes You Tick? - A New Paradigm of Neuroscience. Solas Press, Antioch, CA  (softcover) and  (eBook)
Verschuuren, Gerard M. (2014). The Destiny of the Universe - In Pursuit of the Great Unknown. Paragon House Publishers, Saint Paul, MN  (softcover)
Verschuuren, Gerard M. (2014). It's All in the Genes! - Really?. Createspace, Charleston, SC
Verschuuren, Gerard M. (2015). Five Anti-Catholic Myths - Slavery, Crusades, Inquisition, Galileo, Holocaust. Angelico Press, Kettering, OH
Verschuuren, Gerard M. (2015). Life's Journey - From Conception to Growing Up, Growing Old, and Natural Death. Angelico Press, Kettering, OH
Verschuuren, Gerard M. (2016). Aquinas and Modern Science - A New Synthesis of Faith and Reason. Angelico Press, Kettering, OH
Verschuuren, Gerard M. (2016) Religion Viewed from Different Sciences in: On Human Nature: Biology, Psychology, Ethics, Politics, and Religion by Michel Tibayrenc (Editor), Francisco J. Ayala (Editor), pp. 675–685.
Verschuuren, Gerard M. (2017). 130 Excel Simulations in Action. Createspace, Charleston, SC
Verschuuren, Gerard M. (2017). 100 Excel VBA Simulations. Createspace, Charleston, SC
Verschuuren, Gerard M. (2017). The Holism-Reductionism Debate - In Physics, Genetics, Biology, Neuroscience, Ecology, Sociology. Createspace, Charleston, SC
Verschuuren, Gerard M. (2017). Faith and Reason - The Cradle of Truth. EnRoute Books, St. Louis, MO
Verschuuren, Gerard M. (2017). Matters of Life and Death - A Catholic Guide to the Moral Dilemmas of Our Time. Angelico Press, Kettering, OH
Verschuuren, Gerard M. (2018). Forty Anti-Catholic Lies. Sophia Institute Press, Manchester, NH
Verschuuren, Gerard M. (2018). The Eclipse of God. EnRoute Books, St. Louis, MO
Verschuuren, Gerard M. (2018). The Myth of an Anti-Science Church - Galileo, Darwin, Teilhard, Hawking, Dawkins. Angelico Press, Kettering, OH
Verschuuren, Gerard M. (2019). In the Beginning: How God Made Earth Our Home. Sophia Institute Press, Manchester, NH
Verschuuren, Gerard M. (2020). A Catholic Scientist Proves God Exists. Sophia Institute Press, Manchester, NH
Verschuuren, Gerard M. (2020). At the Dawn of Humanity - The First Humans. Angelico Press, Kettering, OH
Verschuuren, Gerard M. (2020). How Science Points to God. Sophia Institute Press, Manchester, NH
Verschuuren, Gerard M. (2021). A Catholic Scientist Champions the Shroud of Turin. Sophia Institute Press, Manchester, NH
Verschuuren, Gerard M. (2013). Videos on YouTube.

References

Extended links
 Author's Website
 Where Do We Come From?

1946 births
Living people
Dutch geneticists
20th-century Dutch philosophers
21st-century American philosophers
Human evolution theorists
Theoretical biologists
Catholic philosophers
Philosophers of science
Dutch Roman Catholics
Christian apologists
Philosophers of biology
People from Venray
Leiden University alumni
Utrecht University alumni
Dutch emigrants to the United States

Gerard Verschuuren


Brett E. Crozier is an American naval officer. When he was captain of the aircraft carrier Theodore Roosevelt, he noticed that some of his crew had caught COVID-19, a disease that affects the lungs and breathing.  Late in March, 2020, he wrote letters asking for permission to send his sick sailors off his ship to Guam.  These letters were found and printed in a newspaper.  A few days later, the Navy fired Crozier as the captain of the Theodore Roosevelt but did not fire him from the Navy entirely.

In late April, some leaders in the Navy asked that Crozier be reinstated and sent back as captain of the Theodore Roosevelt.

Career

Brett Crozier is from Santa Rosa, California.  He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1992 and became a pilot for the Navy in 1994.  He fought in Iraq in 2003.  He later earned a Master's Degree in National Security and Strategic Studies at the Naval War College.  He served in many different positions in the Navy, including Executive Officer of the USS Ronald Reagan.  Brett Crozier was captain of the USS Blue Ridge from June 2017 to November 2018.

Letters

He wrote more than twenty copies of a four-page letter, dated March 30, 2020.  He addressed it to senior officials in the military.  He asked for permission to send 1000 of his crew off the ship.  The ship had more than 4000 people on it.  Someone found his messages and they were printed in the newspaper San Francisco Chronicle on March 31, 2020.

COVID-19 is very contagious, and people can catch it from other people easily.  In the letter, Crozier said that the ship was too cramped to allow for sick sailors to do what the Centers for Disease Control and the Navy's own administration said people with COVID-19 should do: Keep away from other people for 14 days.  He asked for permission to let his sick sailors go ashore to Guam, where the ship was docked at the time, and go into quarantine there instead of on board the ship.  He copied part of a report about the Diamond Princess cruise ship, and said that even though the Diamond Princess'''s passengers had private rooms, more than 100 people still became infected.  He said the Theodore Roosevelt only had a few private rooms.

Retired Admiral James Stavridis, who used to be NATO Supreme Allied Commander for Europe, agreed that it was not possible to perform social distancing on board a navy ship like the Theodore Roosevelt.

Firing

High-ranking leaders at the Navy said that removing Crozier from his ship was normal.  They said Crozier should have asked for help by going through the chain of command instead of writing letters to other people in the military.

According to Acting Secretary of the Navy Thomas B. Modly, Crozier's letter caused naval crews and their families to panic: "It undermines our efforts and the chain of command's efforts to address this problem and creates a panic. And creates a perception that the Navy's not on the job, the government's not on the job."

According to The New York Times'', "a Navy official familiar with the situation but not authorized to speak publicly about it said that the captain had repeatedly asked his superiors for speedy action to evacuate the ship."

Kathleen H. Hicks, who worked at the Pentagon years earlier under President Barack Obama, said that the Navy did have the legal right to fire Crozier but that it might have been a bad idea to do so because it might make sailors and leaders less willing to trust each other.

References

Living people
COVID-19 pandemic
United States Navy

Brett E. Crozier


The Winthrop Woman is Anya Seton's 1958 historical novel about Elizabeth Fones, a settler of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and a founder of Greenwich, Connecticut.

Plot summary
The Winthrop Woman begins with young Elizabeth Fones and her family travelling to visit their family at their grandfather's countryside estate.  Elizabeth's uncle, John Winthrop, is especially pious and strict about Protestantism; and he chides his sister for not taking proper care of her children, Elizabeth in particular, who is hot-headed and capricious.  Elizabeth is caught blaspheming and is beaten, resulting in her becoming areligious and instilling in her a hatred for her uncle.

Years later, Elizabeth Fones has become a beautiful young woman working in her ailing father's apothecary.  Though she is in love with her cousin John ("Jack") Winthrop, Jr., it is Jack's friend Edward Howes who seeks to marry her.  Just as she becomes engaged to Howes, her cousin Henry Winthrop (or "Harry"), Jack's younger brother, returns from his adventures in Barbados.  Unlike his father and brother, Harry is wild and carefree, reckless to the point that he has depleted all his money and nearly brought his family to financial ruin.  Unwilling to return to his father, Harry instead stays at Thomas Fones's house and spends his time frolicking with his equally profligate friends.  One night, Harry and Elizabeth spend an especially long night out, their lust overcomes them, and they sleep together in a garden.  In yet another reckless act, Harry declares that he is in love with Elizabeth and demands her hand in marriage.

The couple are wed, much to the dismay of both fathers (John Winthrop both believes that his son could do better than a Fones and is not fond of Elizabeth; Thomas Fones is dismayed because his daughter was already engaged to marry Edward Howes).  Elizabeth and Harry move to the Winthrop estate in the countryside (John Winthrop no longer resides there as he has taken a position elsewhere).  For a while, the couple live a happy life.  However, it soon becomes obvious just how profligate Harry is as he neglects his wife and family to have his own fun.  In the meantime, Jack returns.  It is apparent that he and Elizabeth still have strong feelings for each other; but, while attempting to cover his feelings for his brother's wife, Jack accidentally kisses Martha, Elizabeth's younger sister, and soon the two are wed.

Finally, in an attempt to control his son, John Winthrop forces Harry to come to New England with him.  In a final act of recklessness, Harry drowns when he attempts to jump in and swim.  Elizabeth is left a pregnant widow.  After she gives birth to her daughter (Martha), she, Jack, Martha, and John Winthrop's wife, Margaret, all depart for Massachusetts.

In the strict colony in the New World, Elizabeth runs into more trouble than ever.  On her uncle's suggestion, Elizabeth marries Robert Feake, a weak-willed and strangely disturbed man who often has nightmares and commits odd deeds in his sleep.  She also attempts to befriend Anne Hutchinson and chooses a tainted Indian woman, Telaka, for her maid.  Eventually, Elizabeth and Robert are driven out of their house in Watertown because the other colonists believe Telaka to be a witch. The Feakes then settle in Greenwich in the colony of New Haven.  After run-ins with Indians, Elizabeth and the other leader of the town, Daniel Patrick, join Greenwich to the Dutch colony of New Netherland.  After Daniel Patrick is murdered by an old enemy, Elizabeth's husband, Robert, becomes completely mad and attempts to return to England.  Meanwhile, Joan marries Thomas Lyons, who turns out to be a prospective gold-digger.  When William Hallet, a previous acquaintance of Elizabeth's, begins courting her and gains more and more control over the Feake household, Lyons grows jealous.  Finally, Elizabeth and her lover are accused of adultery after not having married properly under English law, and all their lands are confiscated.  Elizabeth and William Hallet hide under the protection of Jack Winthrop, who is now an important member of another town in Connecticut. After Jack does everything that he can for his cousin and ex-lover, Elizabeth and William Hallet are once again free to move back to Greenwich, where Indians then set their house afire. Elizabeth and William Hallet have no choice but to start anew once more, their hearts heavy but their wills strengthened.

Reception
Kirkus Reviews described it as "an absorbing story, in which the happenings grow out of the characters -- all too rare an attribute when the author is bound by integrity to historical fact".

Subsequent editions
Philippa Gregory wrote a foreword for the 2006 edition.

A 2014 audiobook read by Corrie James received a starred review from Library Journal.

References

1958 American novels
American historical novels
Novels by Anya Seton
Novels set in Massachusetts
Novels set in the American colonial era

The Winthrop Woman


The Căliman-Harghita Mountains (in Romanian, Munții Căliman-Harghita) are a group of mountain ranges in Romania.

These ranges are considered part of the Inner Eastern Carpathians.  Within Romania, however, it is traditional to divide the Eastern Romanian Carpathians (Carpații Orientali) into three geographical groups (north, center, south), instead in Outer and Inner Eastern Carpathians. The Romanian categorization includes all of the Căliman-Harghita Mountains within the central Eastern Carpathians of Moldavia and Transylvania (Munţii Carpați Moldo-Transilvani).

The Moldavian-Transylvanian Carpathians include:

 Bârgău Mountains (Munții Bârgăului)
 Călimani Mountains (Munții Călimani), also known as the Kelemen Alps
 Ciuc Mountains (Munții Ciucului)
 Gurghiu Mountains (Munții Gurghiului), also known as the Görgeny Alps
 Harghita Mountains (Munții Harghita), the "largest volcanic body in the whole of Europe"
 Baraolt Mountains (Munții Baraolt)
 Perșani Mountains (Munții Perșani)

See also
 Romanian Carpathians

References

Mountain ranges of Romania
Mountain ranges of the Eastern Carpathians

Căliman-Harghita Mountains


Lamprotornis is a large genus of glossy-starlings all of which occur in Africa south of the Sahara. They have glossy blue or green upper parts, which is due to hollow melanin granules arranged in a single layer near the feather barbule's surface. This unique arrangement led to some glossy starlings formerly placed in the genus Spreo being transferred to Lamprotornis, since they shared this feature (but see also below).

The genus Lamprotornis was introduce by the Dutch zoologist Coenraad Jacob Temminck
in 1820. The type species was subsequently designated as the long-tailed glossy starling.

The under parts of these species lack iridescence. They may be blue, purple, yellow or brown. Most Lamprotornis starlings have striking yellow or red irides and some have long tails.

These glossy starlings are found in a variety of habitats from forests to open woodland and gardens. They nest in tree holes, either natural, or made by woodpeckers or barbets, and some will use man-made structures. Most species are resident apart from seasonal or local movement, but Shelley's starling is migratory. Most species are gregarious outside the breeding season.

Lamprotornis glossy-starlings are omnivorous and mostly feed on the ground, although they will take fruit from trees. Some will feed on or near large mammals to find insects.

Species
The genus contains 23 species.
Cape starling, Lamprotornis nitens
Greater blue-eared starling, Lamprotornis chalybaeus
Lesser blue-eared starling, Lamprotornis chloropterus
Miombo blue-eared starling, Lamprotornis elisabeth
Bronze-tailed starling, Lamprotornis chalcurus
Splendid starling, Lamprotornis splendidus
Principe starling, Lamprotornis ornatus
Emerald starling, Lamprotornis iris
Purple starling, Lamprotornis purpureus
Rüppell's starling, Lamprotornis purpuroptera
Long-tailed glossy starling, Lamprotornis caudatus
Golden-breasted starling, Lamprotornis regius
Meves's starling, Lamprotornis mevesii
Burchell's starling, Lamprotornis australis
Sharp-tailed starling, Lamprotornis acuticaudus
Superb starling, Lamprotornis superbus
Hildebrandt's starling, Lamprotornis hildebrandti
Shelley's starling, Lamprotornis shelleyi
Chestnut-bellied starling, Lamprotornis pulcher
Ashy starling, Lamprotornis unicolor
Fischer's starling, Lamprotornis fischeri
Pied starling, Lamprotornis bicolor
White-crowned starling, Lamprotornis albicapillus

The limits of this genus require revision. For example, the black-bellied starling is sometimes placed in a separate genus Notopholia, and it (and possibly others) appears to be indeed well distinct. On the other hand, genera such as Coccycolius, Spreo and Compsarus are sometimes included in Lamprotornis.(Zuccon et al. 2006)

References

Feare, Chris & Craig, Adrian (1999): Starlings and Mynas. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-7136-3961-X
Zuccon, Dario; Cibois, Anne; Pasquet, Eric & Ericson, Per G.P. (2006): Nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data reveal the major lineages of starlings, mynas and related taxa. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 41(2): 333–344.   (HTML abstract)

External links

Bird genera
Taxa named by Coenraad Jacob Temminck

Lamprotornis


Jones v Post Office [2001] IRLR 384 is a UK labour law case, under the Disability Discrimination Act 1995.

Facts
Mr Jones was a Royal Mail driver. He became diabetic and insulin dependent and was removed from driving duties. The Post had done their own medical appraisal, which turned out to be wrong. He alleged that his dismissal was unfair.

Judgment
The Court of Appeal, in a controversial decision, held it was not. Pill LJ said "Where a properly conducted risk assessment provides a reason which is on its face both material and substantial, and is not irrational, the tribunal cannot substitute its own appraisal."

Arden LJ said "the word substantial [s.5(3)] does not mean that the employer must necessarily have reached the best conclusion that could be reached in the light of all known medical science. Employers are not obliged to search for the Holy Grail."

Subsequent developments
This case has been subject to considerable academic criticism, for introducing (without any apparent statutory authority) a "reasonable range of responses" test. A number of cases after have limited and tacitly undermined its effect.

Paul v National Probation Service [2004] IRLR 190
Collins v Royal National Theatre Board Ltd [2004] IRLR 395

See also
UK employment discrimination law
UK labour law
Human Rights Act 1998

Notes

United Kingdom labour case law
United Kingdom equality case law
Court of Appeal (England and Wales) cases
2001 in United Kingdom case law

Jones v Post Office


Hello Hemingway is a 1990 Cuban drama film directed by Fernando Pérez and starring Laura de la Uz. The plot, set in Havana in 1956, near the end of Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship, follows a young girl whose aspirations to obtain a scholarship in America, against the odds, are paralleled with her reading of Ernest Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea. The film was selected as the Cuban entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 64th Academy Awards, but was not designated a nominee.

Plot
In 1956, sixteen-year-old Larita lives with her mother and her aunt's family in a ramshackle house outside Havana. From their garden they can see Ernest Hemingway's white mansion. At home, she adorns her walls with pictures of Elvis Presley and Tony Curtis, while at school she excels in her English class. Larita is delighted when her teacher suggests that she enter a competition for a scholarship to attend university in the United States. Larita also happily dates a classmate, Victor, who is trying to establish a student association.

On a visit to a bookshop, she is given a copy of Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea, which she starts to read avidly, drawing parallels between the novel and her own life which she records in her diary. At home, her family tease her about her academic aspirations. They resent the fact that while they work hard she studies and contributes nothing to their meager existence. The issue of finances becomes more acute when Larita is sent home from school because she is not wearing the correct school uniform. However, she passes the first round of scholarship exams and is invited to a reception for the finalists. She makes herself as presentable as possible with the help of her relatives' sewing skills and the support of her grandmother, who pawns her treasured earrings to purchase fabric. She tells Victor that she is on the short list for the scholarship, which makes him angry because she has kept it a secret from him and is preparing to go abroad and abandon him for a year. That night Larita returns home to find that her uncle has been fired from his job as a policeman, which has been the family's principal means of support.

At the scholarship interview, her chances appear to be hampered by the fact that she is illegitimate and does not have the right social connections to provide her with letters of recommendation. In desperation, Larita decides to visit Hemingway to see if he will write a reference for her, but she discovers he is away in Africa. Larita bitterly blames her mother for the fact that she is disadvantaged by poverty and illegitimacy. When she stays home from school pretending to be sick, her favorite teacher, Dr. Martinez, visits her and offers encouragement. To Larita's complaints about her poverty she says: "You're not exactly living under a bridge."  Meanwhile, at school, the student protests climax, the student association tries to get students to boycott classes, and Victor is arrested.

Later that year, Larita takes a job at a coffee bar. One evening near Easter the scholarship administrator walks by and recognizes her. They establish that they recognize one another, but nothing else is said except the simplest wish from the administrator that Larita enjoy the holiday.

Cast
Laura de la Uz as Larita
Raúl Paz as Victor
José Antonio Rodríguez as Tomás
Herminia Sánchez as Josefa
Micheline Calvert as Miss Amalia
Marta del Rio as Doctor Martínez
Wendy Guerra as Estela

DVD release
The film was released on DVD in the USA in April 2002. The film is in Spanish with English subtitles.

See also
 List of submissions to the 64th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
 List of Cuban submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film

References

External links

1990 films
Cuban drama films
1990s Spanish-language films
Films set in Cuba
Films shot in Cuba
Films about novels
Works about Ernest Hemingway

Hello Hemingway


The coat o airms o Georgie wis adoptit on 1 October 2004. It is partially based on the medieval airms o the Georgian ryal hoose o Bagrationi.

It haes twa lions rampant as supporters o the shield, which is surmountit wi the ryal croun o Georgie, aw o them Or (gowd). The shield itsel is Gules (red), wi an image o Saunt George,  ridin a horse tramplin upon a crawlin serpent, whose heid is pierced bi the saunt's spear, aw o them Argent (white).

The motto belaw the shield reads as : "Strength is in Unity" (Dzala Ertobashia, written in the Mkhedruli script o the Georgian alphabet, ძალა ერთობაშია).

Umwhile coats o airms

 1918-1921 an 1991-2004:
This coat o airms wis in uise bi the Democratic Republic o Georgie throughoot its existence in 1918-1921. Tho the uise o Saunt George as Georgie's patron saunt wis bi then a lang tradeetion, thare wur some discussions aboot ither possibilities, the major ane bein Amiran, as the seembol o Georgie's fecht for freedom frae the Roushie Empire. Housomeivver, a decision wis then made in favor o saunt George. Restored in 1991, this coat o airms wis replaced bi the current ane in 2004.

 1801-1917:
Afore 1917, when Georgie wis pairt o the Roushie Empire, the Georgian coat o airms appeared on the Greater Coat o Airms o the Roushie Empire, as pairt o the coat o airms o Caucasus. It showed then as the center inescutcheon, an read as follaes:

Or, wi an image o Saunt George Martyr the Victorious in complete armour Azur wi a cross on his breast, wi a flyin cloak Gules, ridin a horse Sable in full gallop, the latter covered wi a horse cloth Gules, fringed Or, tramplin upon a crawlin serpent Vert, winged Sable, eyed an tongued Gules, whose heid is pierced bi the saunt's spear Gules.

 Afore 1801:
Coats o airms wur maistly those o the Bagrationi, who claimed tae hae Keeng David amang thair ancestors, an includit such elements as King David's lyra an sling, or the Holy Tunic.

See an aa
 Coat o airms o the Bagrationi dynasty

Freemit airtins
 Preses o Georgie wabsteid
 The Georgian Coat o Airms in: Georgian History bi Giorgi Gabeskiria.

Georgie (kintra)
Naitional seembols o Georgie (kintra)

Coat o airms o Georgie (kintra)


Bora Bora is a small island in the Leeward group of the Society Islands of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. Vaitape is the largest city on the island with 4,000 people. There is an airport on an islet where residents can fly to other islands in French Polynesia.
Bora Bora has one main road which runs around the island.

Other websites

 Bora Bora Pictures Bora Bora Photos
 Bora Bora entry on WorldAtlas.com
 Bora Bora Islands Pictures  Pictures of the Islands

Islands of French Polynesia

Bora Bora


The EPR is a third generation pressurized watter reactor (PWR) design. It has been designed an developed mainly bi Framatome (part of Areva atween 2001 an 2017) an Électricité de France (EDF) in Fraunce, an Siemens in Germany. In Europe, this reactor design was called European Pressurised Reactor, an the internationalised name was Evolutionary Power Reactor, but it is now simply cried EPR.

Four EPR units are under construction. The first two, in Finland an Fraunce, are both facing costly construction delays (tae at least 2018). Construction commenced on two units in Cheenae in 2009 an 2010. The Cheenae units were tae start operations in 2014 an 2015, but are now expected tae come online in 2018 an 2019. Two units at Hinkley Point C nuclear pouer station in the Unitit Kinrick received final approval in September 2016 an are expected tae be completed bi 2025.

EDF has acknowledged severe difficulties in building the EPR design. In September 2015 EDF stated that the design o a "New Model" EPR was being worked on, which will be easier an cheaper tae build.

References

Nuclear pouer reactor teeps

EPR (nuclear reactor)


The Belgian Racing Car Championship (formerly Belcar Endurance Championship or Belgian GT Championship) is a national sports car racing championship primarily in Belgium.  The series is sanctioned by the Royal Automobile Club of Belgium and run by Kronos Event.

Since the 2007 season, the series has run three classes. The top class is for cars conforming to international GT3 regulations, similar to those in the FIA GT3 European Championship.  Division 2 is the "Belcar Promotion" class, for one-make series "Cup" cars as well as international GT4 machinery.  Division 3 is for "Belcar Specials", a holdover class from previous years.

Typical race lengths are 2 hours; however, the Zolder 24 Hours is included in the championship, with points awarded at 6, 12, and 24 hours.

External links
 Official Belcar website

References

Sports car racing series
Auto racing series in Belgium
National championships in Belgium
Group GT3

Belcar


Nicolas Levasseur (9 March 1791 – 7 December 1871) was a French bass, particularly associated with Rossini roles.

Born Nicolas-Prosper Levasseur at Bresles, Oise, he studied at the Paris Music Conservatory from 1807 to 1811, with Pierre-Jean Garat. He made his professional debut at the Paris Opéra in 1813, as Osman Pacha, in La caravane du Caire by André Grétry. He sang in London at the King's Theatre from 1815 to 1817, notably as the Count in Mozart's Le nozze di Figaro. He also sang at La Scala in Milan, from 1820 to 1822, where he took part in the creation of Meyerbeer's Margherita d'Anjou.

But his greatest successes were at the Théâtre-Italien in Paris, where he sang from 1819 until 1828. There his name became closely associated with Rossini's operas. He sang in the Paris premieres of
Mosè in Egitto, Ricciardo e Zoraide, La cenerentola, La donna del lago, and he participated in the
creation of Il viaggio a Reims.

Levasseur returned to the Paris Opéra in 1827 and remained there until 1853, where he created all the great basso cantante roles, notably in operas such as; Le comte Ory, Guillaume Tell, Robert le diable, La juive, Les Huguenots, La favorite, Dom Sebastien, Le prophète, etc.

Levasseur was considered peerless in his time, possessing a voice of remarkable beauty and grandeur. He taught at the Paris Conservatory from 1841 until 1870. He also taught privately; among his pupils was Euphrasie Borghèse. He died in Paris.

References

Sources
 Guide de l'opéra, Les indispensables de la musique, R. Mancini & J-J. Rouvereux (Fayard, 1995).

1791 births
1871 deaths
People from Oise
19th-century French male opera singers
Operatic basses
French basses
Academic staff of the Conservatoire de Paris
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
Burials at Montmartre Cemetery
Knights of the Legion of Honour

Nicolas Levasseur


The Roland MC-307 is a combination of MIDI music sequencer, synthesizer, drum machine and control surface produced by the Roland Corporation. This combination is commonly referred to by Roland as a 'Groovebox'.

It is a scaled-down version of the Roland MC-505. It has the same tone generator, but a much smaller control surface. It does, however, have several features that make it an ideal clock source for musicians wanting to do beatmatching. These include a large, very granular tempo slider similar to the sliders found on a modern phonograph and 'push' and 'hold' buttons that permit temporarily slowing down or speeding up the beat clock.

It can also transmit MIDI Machine Control and MIDI beat clock, and slave to external beat clock sources such as other Roland grooveboxes. It can be used as a sequencer to drive external synthesizer units. It is the successor to the Roland MC-303 and Roland MC-505, and the predecessor to the Roland MC-909 and the Roland MC-808.

Features

The key features of the MC-307 are:

 Sound generator with 64-note polyphony
 8-track sequencer+Tempo/Mute Ctrl Track
 4 assignable CC MIDI knobs
 240 onboard dance music patterns
 MIDI

References

Further reading

MC-307
Grooveboxes

Roland MC-307


Year 285 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

Events

By place

Egypt
 June 26 – Egypt's Ptolemy I Soter quits ruling. He is succeeded by his youngest son by his wife Berenice, Ptolemy II Philadelphus.  He was co-regent for three years.
 A 110 metre tall lighthouse on the island of Pharos in Alexandria's harbour is completed.  It is a landmark for ships in the eastern Mediterranean. Built by Sostratus of Cnidus for Ptolemy II of Egypt, it is one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. It is a technological triumph and is the archetype of all lighthouses since. A broad spiral ramp leads to the top, where a fire burns at night.

Seleucid Empire
 Demetrius Poliorcetes is left by his troops and surrenders to Seleucus at Cilicia, where Seleucus keeps him a prisoner.

Deaths

 Dicaearchus, Greek philosopher, cartographer, geographer, mathematician and author (b. c. 350 BC)

280s BC

285 BC


Locusta or Lucusta (died 69), was a notorious maker of poisons in the 1st-century Roman Empire, active in the final two reigns of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. She supposedly took part in the assassinations of Claudius and Britannicus. She was a favourite of emperor Nero for several years, and Nero had her provide training to other poisoners in his service. Following Nero's death, Locusta was executed by his successor, Galba (reigned 68–69).

Primary sources

Locusta's career is described by the ancient historians Tacitus (Annals 12.66 and 13.15), Suetonius (Life of Nero, 33 and 47), and Cassius Dio (61.34 and 63.3). Juvenal also mentions Locusta in Book 1, line 71 of his Satires.

Biography
Locusta was said to have come from Gaul.

Poisons expert

Locusta served as a poisons expert under empress Agrippina the Younger.  According to some historians, in AD 54, already notorious and imprisoned on poisoning charges, Locusta was ordered by Agrippina to supply a poison for the murder of her husband, Claudius. This was sprinkled on a mushroom and given to the emperor by his food-taster Halotus; when this poison appeared to be ineffectual, the doctor Gaius Stertinius Xenophon murdered Claudius with a poisoned feather ostensibly put down his throat to induce vomiting.

She reportedly advised Agrippina to use Atropa belladonna as a poison. Extracts of atropa have been used for poisoning since antiquity, as the plant and its fruits contain tropane alkaloids (primarily hyoscyamine and scopolamine). Atropa-derived poisons were commonly used in ancient Roman murders, and previous empress Livia reportedly used them to murder her contemporaries. The effective doses of atropa needed to cause hallucinations for up to four days, and the ones needed to kill a person, were described by a 1st-century writer, Pedanius Dioscorides. Dioscorides called the plant "strychnos manikos" or "thryon."

In AD 55, while still imprisoned, Locusta was called upon by Agrippina's son, the emperor Nero, to concoct a poison to murder Claudius' son Britannicus. When this poison was slow to work, Nero flogged Locusta with his own hand and threatened her with immediate execution, whereupon she supplied a quicker-acting poison that succeeded. Nero rewarded Locusta with a full pardon and large country estates, where he sent pupils to learn her craft.  Before Nero fled Rome in AD 68, he acquired poison from Locusta for his own use and kept it in a golden box. He eventually died by other means.

Execution
After Nero's suicide, Locusta was condemned to die by the emperor Galba during his brief reign, which ended 15 January AD 69. Along with Nero's favorites Helius, Patrobius, Narcissus and "others of the scum that had come to the surface in Nero's day," she was led in chains through the city and executed.

Legacy

Juvenal refers to her in one of his Satires, describing a poisoner as even more skilled than Locusta.

In the novel The Count of Monte Cristo (1844) by Alexandre Dumas, the poisoner Madame de Villefort is frequently compared to Locusta. Chapter 101 is entitled "Locusta."

Locusta was one of the characters depicted in the historical film Humanity Through the Ages (1908) by director Georges Méliès. The film was an episodic depiction of humanity's brutality throughout its history, and the historic episodes depicted were chosen because they involved fratricide, murders, religious persecution, physical abuse and public humiliation, prisons and executions of prisoners, torture, and violent criminal subcultures. The film is thought to be among the lost films from its era.

A silent short film, Les fils de Locuste, was produced in France in 1911.

Locusta appears as a character in the 1965 Doctor Who story The Romans, played by Ann Tirard. Described as the "official poisoner to the court of Caesar Nero," she is portrayed as comically untroubled by the macabre nature of the service she provides.

The band Macabre included a song entitled "Locusta" in their 2011 album Grim Scary Tales. In the song, she is described as one of history's first recorded serial killers who is hired by Agrippina to kill Claudius and Britannicus. The song ends with Locusta being executed in the Circus Maximus by being raped by a trained giraffe and then torn apart by wild animals.

Locusta manifests as an Assassin class Servant in the mobile game Fate/Grand Order, added during the FGO Arcade collaboration event in April 2023.

References

1st-century births
69 deaths
1st-century educators
1st-century executions
1st-century Gallo-Roman people
1st-century Roman women
Ancient murderers
Ancient Roman assassins
Executed ancient Roman women
People executed by the Roman Empire
People executed for murder
Poisoners
Recipients of ancient Roman pardons
Ancient Romans from unknown gentes
Women educators
Ancient businesswomen
Ancient Roman businesspeople

Locusta


Gómez Pereira (1500 – 1567) was a Spanish philosopher, doctor, and humanist from Medina del Campo. He was most famous for his work in medicine, but he did many different things such as business, engineering, and especially philosophy. As a doctor, he was in favor of using the empirical method, instead of more medieval ideas about medicine.

His ideas in philosophy may have helped René Descartes come up with the  famous idea "cogito ergo sum". This is Latin for: "I think, therefore I am".

Life
Little is known about his life. He was the second of five brothers; his father, Antonio, had a small store that sold clothes, and his mother, Margarita, died when he was 15, so the children were raised by his aunt, Ana de Avila.  Some of his ancestors were Jews from Portugal who had become Christians.

He studied philosophy at the University of Salamanca.  His professor, Juan Martinez, was later the archbishop of Toledo, Spain. He also studied medicine and graduated in 1520. He then settled down as a doctor in his home town, Medina, living with his wife, Isabel Rodriguez, and becoming quite successful in business, even having his own warehouses of wine, and renting rooms to other merchants. He never had children.

He became famous as a doctor, being well known in other cities of Spain.  He even went to the court of Philip II of Spain and saved the life of the prince,  Don Carlos, when he had an accident.  He was also famous as an inventor, and in 1563, he and another inventor named Francisco Lobato got a patent for a type of flour mill powered by water.

Pereira
1500 births
1567 deaths

Gómez Pereira


An Internet Data Exchange (IDX, also known as Information Data Exchange) refers to the agreement between listing (Selling) Agents or Brokers and Buyers' Agents to display Multiple Listing Service properties online, across multiple websites (via Real Estate Syndication where the listing Agent/Broker allows a listing to be Syndicated).

IDX search users are home buyers or sellers in the market to buy or sell real estate. Their interests may focus on new development, land, condos, rentals, and any other property listed by a particular MLS.

Real estate agents use IDX to market homes, attract leads, and close more sales.  By displaying listings online, agents can reach a larger audience and better match available homes to prospective buyers.

Certain rules apply to the real estate companies' ability to display each detail about a property. These "display rules" are set by the Multiple Listing Service organization, which generally forms its policy around the recommendations of the National Association of Realtors. Pricing for IDX services is set by MLS boards and third-party vendors. In some cases basic IDX services are free, and premium features are available for a fee.

IDX implementations and standards have changed drastically over recent years, as brokers and agents using IDX services along with companies proving IDX services have focused on the inherent ability to optimize websites with IDX-driven listing content. A variety of options for displaying IDX content on individual websites exist, including the practice of "truly embedding" IDX content into pages to iframe-driven implementations, which some consider a hidden implementation, since the true site delivering the IDX service is only framed into another website. Policies around these implementations as well as IDX content on social media is a hot topic in many circles.

An alternative policy called the Internet Listing Display was considered in 2005, but later abandoned in the same year as a result of investigation from the U.S. Department of Justice into anti-competitive practices by traditional real estate brokers.

A common and standard data exchange protocol for IDX information is the Real Estate Transaction Standard (RETS).

See also
Internet Listing Display (ILD)
Multiple listing service (MLS)
Real Estate Transaction Standard (RETS)
Virtual Office Website (VOW)

References

https://www.kumkvj.com/2021/06/Web-Information-Trade-Internet-Data-Exchange.html==External links==
IDX (Internet Data Exchange) Information and Resources, National Association of Realtors (This site requires a NAR membership.)
RESO

Real estate in the United States
Data interchange standards
Online real estate databases

Internet Data Exchange


A buck–boost transformer  is a type of transformer used to make adjustments to the voltage applied to alternating current equipment.   Buck–boost connections are used in several places such as uninterruptible power supply (UPS) units  for computers and in the tanning bed industry.

Buck–boost transformers can be used to power low voltage circuits including control, lighting circuits, or  applications that require 12, 16, 24, 32 or 48 volts, consistent with the design's secondaries. The transformer is connected as an isolating transformer and the nameplate kVA rating is the transformer's capacity.

Application
Buck-boost transformers may be used for electrical equipment where the amount of buck or boost is fixed. For example, a fixed boost would be used when connecting equipment rated for 230 V AC to a 208 V power source.

Units are rated in volt-amperes (most commonly, kilo-volt amperes KVA) (or more rarely, amperes) and are rated for a percent of voltage drop or rise.  For example, a buck–boost transformer rated at 10% boost will raise a supplied voltage of 208 V AC to 229 V AC.  A rating of 10% buck will yield the result of 209 V AC if the actual incoming supplied voltage is 230 V AC.

Frequency
All transformers operate only with alternating current. Transformers change only voltage and current, not frequency. Equipment that uses synchronous motors will operate at a different speed if operated at other than the design frequency.  Some equipment is marked on its nameplate to run at either 50 Hz or 60 Hz, and would need only the voltage adjusted with a buck–boost transformer to produce the rated output voltage.

Consumer and business applications

Transformers may come semi-wired, where the installer completes the last internal connections to have the unit perform the amount of buck or boost needed. Units may have multiple taps on both the primary and secondary coils to achieve this flexibility.  They may be designed for hard-wired installations (no plugs) or with plug and receptacle to allow the same transformer to be used in several different applications.  The same transformer can be rewired to raise or lower voltage by 5%, 10% or 15%. The primary may have wiring combinations for dual voltage usage: example for either 120 V AC or 240 V AC applications, depending on the final wiring done by the electrician.

Not all equipment requires voltage correction.  These transformers are used when electrical equipment has a voltage requirement that is slightly out of tolerance with the incoming power supply.  This is most common when using 240 V equipment in a business with 208 V service or vice versa.

Equipment is typically labeled with its voltage rating, and may advertise the amount of tolerance it will accept before degraded performance or damage can be expected.  A unit that requires 230 V AC with a tolerance of 5% will not require a buck–boost transformer if the branch circuit (under load) is between 219 V AC and 241 V AC.  Measurement should be made while the circuit is loaded, as the voltage can drop several volts compared to the open measurement. The transformer must be rated to carry the full load current or it may be damaged.

See also
Tap changer
Buck–boost converter
Transformer types

References

Electric transformers

Buck–boost transformer


Polygar War or Palayakarar Wars refers to the wars fought between the Polygars (Palayakarrars) of former Madurai Kingdom in Tamil Nadu, India and the British colonial forces between March 1799 to May 1802. The British finally won after carrying out long and difficult protracted jungle campaigns against the Polygar armies and finally defeated them. Many lives were lost on both sides and the victory over Polygars made large part of territories of Tamil Nadu coming under British control enabling them to get a strong hold in India.

First Polygar War 1799
The war between the British and Kattabomman Nayak of Panchalankurichi Palayam in the then Tirunelveli region is often classified as the First Polygar war. In 1799, a brief meeting (over pending taxes) between Kattabomman and the British ended in a bloody encounter in which the British commander of the forces was slain by the former. A price was put on Kattabomman head prompting many Polygars to an open rebellion.

After a series of battles in the Panchalankurichi fort with additional reinforcements from Thiruchirapalli, Kattabomman was defeated but he escaped to the jungles in Pudukottai country. Here he was captured by Pudukottai Rajah (after an agreement with the British) and after a summary trial Kattabomman was hanged in front of the public in order to intimidate them, near Kayattar Fort, close to the town of Kovilpatti and in front of fellow Polygars too who had been summoned to witness the execution.

Subramania Pillai, a close associate of Kattabomman Nayak, was also publicly hanged and his head was fixed on a pike at Panchalankurichi for public view. Soundra Pandian Nayak, another rebel leader, was brutally done to death by having his head dashed against a village wall. Kattabomman's brother Oomaidurai was imprisoned in Palayankottai prison while the fort was razed to ground and his wealth looted by the troops.

Second Polygar War 1800-1805
Despite the suppression of the First Polygar War in 1799, rebellion broke out again in 1800. The Second war was more stealthy and covert in nature. The leaders operated more cohesive and united with people from Kerala and Mysore taking part. Also it marked the joining of entire west Tamil Nadu, Malabar and south Mysore regions (which was under British domain after the death of Tipu Sultan).Dheeran Chinnamalai commanded a vast army,He settled down at Odanilai and constructed a fort there to continue his struggle against the British, whom he defeated in battles at Cauvery in 1801, Odanilai in 1802 and Arachalur in 1804. Later, Dheeran Chinnamalai left his fort to avoid cannon attack and engaged in guerrilla warfare while he was stationed at Karumalai in the Palani region.

He was betrayed by his cook and captured by the British, who hanged him at Sankari Fort on July 31, 1805.

Defeat
The British finally won after a long expensive campaign that took more than a year. However, the superior British military who had recently defeated the powerful Tipu Sultan of Mysore quickly asserted itself. The British had better artillery compared to the Polygar troops who had country-made gunfire artillery, barring a few proper ones received from erstwhile Tipu Sultan's army. The war being regional in nature, the British forces could easily mobilize additional forces from other regions.
So savage and extensive was the death and destruction wrought by the English that the entire region was left in a state of terror.

Results
Dheeran Chinnamalai was betrayed by his cook and captured by the British, who hanged him at Sankari Fort on July 31 or August 2, 1805. At last entire region of Tamil Nadu came under the control of Britishers after the end of Chinnamalai.

Later day folklore
Tamil Nadu government constructed a "mani mandapam" (memorial) for Chinnamalai in Arachalur, Erode district at a cost of about 30 lakhs. Tamil Nadu government placed a statue of Chinnamalai in Chennai.[1]

References
 Theeran Chinnamanlai Gounder by Pulavar S. Rasu, Samba Publications, 152 Peters Road, Chennai, India 600 086, 1996.
 Kongu Nattu Lion Singham Theeran Chinnamalai by Kavignar Magudam Manickam, Sakunthla Publications, Rangoli Graphics, 329 E.V.N.Road, Erode, TN, India 638 009, year 2001.

Wars involving India
Wars involving the British Empire
1799
1800
1801
1802
History of the United Kingdom
18th-century conflicts
19th-century conflicts

Polygar Wars


Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis is a video game for the PC and PlayStation 2. The goal of the game is to create a theme park and keep the park guests safe. The player can choose the island they build on and what dinosaurs to place in their park. They can choose up to 25 dinosaurs to add to the park. After the park is created, they can play 12 missions. After winning all missions, a game option called Site B is unlocked. With Site B, the player can create an island without any fences or people, just like the 3rd Jurassic Park movie.

2003 video games
Jurassic Park
PlayStation 2 games
Xbox games

Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis


Manny Pacquiao vs. Joshua Clottey, billed as The Event, was a welterweight fight for the WBO welterweight championship. The bout was held on March 13, 2010, at Cowboys Stadium, in Arlington, Texas, United States. This match was put together after the long awaited "superfight" between Manny Pacquiao and Floyd Mayweather Jr. had fallen through.

Negotiations
Following Pacquiao's victory against Cotto, there was much public demand for a fight between the two best pound-for-pound fighters in the world: Pacquiao and Floyd Mayweather Jr. Pacquiao reportedly agreed to fight Mayweather on March 13, 2010, for a split of 50 million dollars up front. And it was later agreed that the venue for the fight would be the MGM Grand Las Vegas. However, the bout was put in jeopardy due to disagreements about Olympic-style drug testing. The Mayweather camp wanted random blood testing by the United States Anti-Doping Agency, whereas Pacquiao refused to have any blood testing within 30 days from the fight, because he thought it would weaken him, but he was willing to have blood taken from him before the 30-day window as well as immediately after the fight. Freddie Roach, on the other hand, commented that he would allow blood to be taken from Pacquiao one week before the fight. In an attempt to resolve their differences, the two camps went through a process of mediation before a retired judge. After the mediation process, Mayweather claimed that he agreed to a 14-day no blood testing window, however, Pacquiao refused and instead only agreed to a 24-day no blood testing window. Consequently, on January 7, 2010, Pacquiao's promoter Bob Arum declared that the fight was officially off.

Pacquiao agreed to random blood testing above and beyond that which is required by the rules of the Nevada State Athletic Commission, but not to the extent requested by Mayweather.  Despite producing no evidence to back their claims (Pacquiao has been drug tested for all of his past fights in Las Vegas and has passed them all), the Mayweather camp had repeatedly suggested Pacquiao was using banned substances throughout the negotiations, which resulted in Pacquiao filing a lawsuit for defamation, seeking damages in excess of 75,000 dollars. The lawsuit cited accusations made by Mayweather, Floyd Mayweather Sr., Roger Mayweather, Oscar De La Hoya, and Golden Boy Promotions CEO Richard Schaefer. The lawsuit claimed that the damaging and unfounded accusations were made out of "ill-will, spite, malice, revenge, and envy." Pacquiao stated: "I maintain and assure everyone that I have not used any form or kind of steroids and that my way to the top is a result of hard work, hard work, hard work and a lot of blood spilled from my past battles in the ring, not outside of it."

After negotiations for the Mayweather fight fell through, other boxers were considered to replace Mayweather as the next opponent for Pacquiao, including former light welterweight champion Paul Malignaggi and current WBA super welterweight champion Yuri Foreman, while Mayweather considered Malignaggi and the smaller Nate Campbell as potential opponents for his next fight.  However, Pacquiao chose to fight Joshua Clottey instead, a tough boxer from Ghana and the former IBF welterweight champion.

The fight
Pacquiao won every round and ultimately the fight through a unanimous decision. He dominated the punch count throughout the fight. Clottey landed some successful punches in the middle rounds, but never produced a sustained offensive. Manny Pacquiao defended his title by unanimous decision, 120-108, 119-109, 119-109. After the fight, Pacquiao returned to Manila. At the time, he reflected on a possible retirement.

The fight was rewarded with a paid crowd of 36,371 and a gate of $6,359,985, according to post-fight tax reports filed with Texas boxing regulators.  Counting complimentary tickets delivered to sponsors, media outlets and others, the Dallas fight attracted 41,843, well short of the 50,994 that was previously announced, but still an epic number for boxing. In addition, the bout drew 700,000 pay-per-view buys and earned $35.3 million in domestic revenue.

Undercard

References

External links
Top Rank Boxing

Clottey
2010 in boxing
Boxing in Texas
Sports in Arlington, Texas
21st century in Arlington, Texas
2010 in sports in Texas
March 2010 sports events in the United States
Boxing on HBO
Events in Arlington, Texas

Manny Pacquiao vs. Joshua Clottey


Trondheim Science Centre (No: Vitensenteret i Trondheim) is located in the Kongens gate area of Trondheim, Norway.

History
Trondheim Science Centre is a scientific hands-on experience center which disseminates popular science to the general public. The science center offers many activities in addition to the exhibitions. Visitors can conduct experiments on the displayed models, visit Norway's only 3D-planetarium, take part in kitchen chemistry experiments, enjoy science shows, late nights, festivals and activities. The science center provides  youth clubs, science camps and a fully equipped maker space. Trondheim Science Centre is one of 10 regional science centres in Norway.

Trondheim Science Centre is located in the former premises of the Bank of Norway in Trondheim which was designed in 1830–1831 by architect Ole Peter Riis Høegh (1806–1852) after preparatory work by the architect  J. C. Ræder. The building was completed in 1833. The current appearance was the result of renovation and modernization in 1897 by architects Johan Martinus Christensen (1863–1935) and Lars Solberg (1858–1921).

References

External links
 Vitensenteret Official homepage

Education in Trondheim
Buildings and structures in Trondheim
Science museums in Norway
Museums in Trondheim

Trondheim Science Museum


Philemon Dickinson (April 5, 1739February 4, 1809) was an American lawyer and politician from Trenton, New Jersey. As a brigadier general of the New Jersey militia, he was one of the most effective militia officers of the American Revolutionary War. He was also a Continental Congressman from Delaware and a United States Senator from New Jersey.

Background
Philemon Dickinson was born at "Crosiadore," near Trappe, Maryland on April 5, 1739, a younger brother of Founding Father John Dickinson. When he was one, his family moved to Delaware.  He was educated by a private tutor until he went to the University of Pennsylvania, from where he graduated in 1759. He then studied law, and was admitted to the bar, but never practiced. In 1767, Dickinson moved to Trenton to an estate called "The Hermitage".  On July 14, 1767, he married his first cousin, Mary Cadwalader (1746–1781). They had two children; Samuel (1770–1837) and Mary (1768–1822).

Military service
Dickinson served as an officer during the American Revolutionary War, rising to the rank of Major General in the New Jersey Militia.

At the beginning of the Revolutionary War in 1775 he was commissioned a colonel of the Hunterdon County militia. In 1776 he was elected as a delegate to New Jersey's Revolutionary provincial congress. In January 1777 Dickinson led 400 of his militia in a raid on a British foraging party near Somerset Court House, New Jersey, capturing about forty wagons of supplies and several prisoners. In June 1777 he was appointed major general in command of all New Jersey militia, a post he held throughout the rest of the war.

In November 1777 Dickinson led 1,400 men in a raid on Staten Island. While the attack was expected by Loyalist General Skinner and repulsed, Dickinson's party killed five and took 24 prisoners. Dickinson took several New Jersey Volunteers prisoner, including Lieutenant Jacob Van Buskirk, Lieutenant Edward Earle and Surgeon John Hammell.

Dickinson's militia took part in the Battle of Monmouth in 1778, helping obstruct the retreat of the British to New York. When his cousin John Cadwalader dueled General Thomas Conway on July 4, 1778, Dickinson was Cadwalader's second.

Post Revolution Public Service
In 1782 and 1783, he represented Delaware at the Continental Congress. In 1783-84 he was elected to the New Jersey Legislative Council from Hunterdon County where he served as Vice-President of Council both years. He was a member of the commission that selected the site for the national capital in Washington, D.C., in 1784. When William Paterson resigned from the United States Senate, Dickinson was chosen by New Jersey to finish Paterson's term. He served in the senate from November 13, 1790, to March 3, 1793.

Death
After his service in Congress, he returned to look after his estates until he died on February 4, 1809, at his home, and was buried at Friends Burying Ground in Trenton.

References

Bibliography

External links
Philemon Dickinson at The Political Graveyard

Biographical sketch at Virtualology.com (under his brother, John Dickinson)

1739 births
1809 deaths
People from Talbot County, Maryland
People of colonial Maryland
People of colonial New Jersey
American people of English descent
Continental Congressmen from Delaware
Pro-Administration Party United States senators from New Jersey
Members of the New Jersey Legislative Council
People from Kent County, Delaware
Politicians from Trenton, New Jersey
University of Pennsylvania alumni
New Jersey militiamen in the American Revolution
Militia generals in the American Revolution
Burials in New Jersey
18th-century American legislators

Philemon Dickinson


Polybius' Histories ( Historíai) were originally written in 40 volumes, only the first five of which are extant in their entirety. The bulk of the work was passed down through collections of excerpts kept in libraries in the Byzantine Empire. Polybius, a historian from the Greek city of Megalopolis in Arcadia, was taken as a hostage to Rome after the Roman victory in the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC), and there he began to write an account of the rise of Rome to a great power.

Content
Polybius' Histories begin in the year 264 BC and end in 146 BC (Polybius was born around 200 BC and died around 117 BC). He is primarily concerned with the 53 years in which Ancient Rome became a dominant world power. This period, from 220–167 BC, saw Rome subjugate Carthage and gain control over Hellenistic Greece. Books I through V cover the affairs of important states at the time (Ptolemaic Egypt, Hellenistic Greece, Macedon) and deal extensively with the First and Second Punic Wars. In Book VI he describes the Roman Constitution and outlines the powers of the consuls, Senate and People. The differences between the first set of states, namely, Athens and Thebes, and the second set which consists of those of Sparta, Crete, Mantinea and Carthage he asserted, on the ground that the states of Athens and Thebes followed an "abnormal" growth. By "abnormal" Polybius means that these states due both the rise to the pinnacle of their power and the downfall to the caprice of fortune. It is chiefly because the Athenians had such leaders as Themistocles, and the Thebans Pelopidas and Epaminondas, that the two states have on their side the favors of fortune for a time. The view of Polybius on the age of Pericles might, to some extent, be considered as contrary to what most modern historians thought was the Golden Age of Greece. He then compares the political system of the Roman state to that of the Cretans, the Spartans, and shows in what aspect the laws of Rome are superior to those of the Carthaginians. He concludes that the success of the Roman state was based on their mixed constitution, which combined elements of a democracy, aristocracy, and monarchy. The remainder of the Histories discusses the period in which Rome came to dominate the Mediterranean, from the defeat of Hannibal in 201 BC to the destruction of Carthage and the Greek city-state of Corinth in 146 BC.

Polybius on tyche
Tyche, which means fate or fortune, plays an integral role in Polybius' understanding of history. Tyche takes on a double meaning in his work. It can mean fortune or happenstance, but tyche was also personified as a goddess according to Hellenistic convention. The exploration of Tyche is also the impetus for Polybius beginning his work, in that he discusses the fortunate events that led to Rome's domination of the Mediterranean.

Polybius on government

In Book VI Polybius digresses into an explanation of the Roman constitution and he shows it to be mixed. The purpose for this is involved in the Hellenistic nature of the work, particularly his Greek audience. Greeks at this time believed that the strength of a state is manifested in the strength of its constitution. The mixed constitution was touted as the strongest constitution as it combined Aristotle's three integral types of government: monarchy, aristocracy and democracy. Polybius, again in imitation of Aristotle, makes further distinction in the forms of government by including the nefarious counterparts to the ones mentioned above; tyranny, oligarchy, and ochlocracy. These governments, according to Polybius, cycle in a process called anacyclosis or kyklos, which begins with monarchy and ends with ochlocracy.

Polybius in English
The first English translation, made by Christopher Watson, was published in London in 1568 as The hystories of the most famous and worthy cronographer Polybius. F. W. Walbank wrote a comprehensive commentary on the Histories in three volumes, which was published between 1957 and 1979.

See also
Herodotus
Thucydides
Xenophon

References

Bibliography

Editions of The Histories
Polybius; Frank W. Walbank, Ian Scott-Kilvert (1979). The Rise of the Roman Empire. Penguin Classics. .

Modern works

Mogens Herman Hansen 1995, Sources for the Ancient Greek City-State: Symposium, August, 24-27 1994, Kgl. Danske, Videnskabernes Selskab, 376 pages
Brian McGing, Polybius' Histories. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010.
Frank William Walbank, A Historical Commentary on Polybius, Oxford University Press, 1957–1979.
——, Polybius, Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1972.
——, Polybius, Rome and the Hellenistic World, Essays and Reflections, Cambridge University Press, 2002.

External links

 English and Greek version The Histories
Translation by W. R. Paton (Loeb edition)
Short introduction to the life and work of Polybius
Polybius and the Founding Fathers: the separation of powers

Ancient Greek works
2nd-century BC history books
Roman-era Greek historiography
Political philosophy in ancient Greece

The Histories (Polybius)


A waiter is a person who serves people often at a restaurant or at a café. They are usually called a waiter because they wait for the order.  A female waiter is called a waitress. They will take orders and deliver food to customers. A good waiter can also help the customers by recommending the best food in the restaurant or café.

Many waiters and waitresses are required by their employers to wear a uniform. Most uniforms used are black and white or all black. Historically the term waiter was used to describe customs officers who waited on the tide for vessels to come in carrying goods to tax.

Food-related occupations

Waiter


Alexandra Bryant Hubbard Morton (born 13 July 1957) is an American and Canadian marine biologist best known for her 30-year study of wild killer whales in the Broughton Archipelago in British Columbia. Since the 1990s, her work has shifted toward the study of the impact of salmon farming on Canadian wild salmon.

Early life and education
Alexandra Bryant Hubbard was born on July 13, 1957, in Sharon, Connecticut. In her memoir, Listening to Whales, she said of her birthplace, "I can't imagine a more whaleless environment." Her father was an artist and her mother was writer Barbara Marx Hubbard. Her maternal grandfather was toy maker Louis Marx. Hubbard said that her passion for animals came from the time when she would explore the woods with her brother.
In 1977, Morton started working with psychonaut John C. Lilly as a volunteer in the Human/Dolphin Society. She catalogued 2,000 audio recordings of bottlenose dolphins. She then graduated with a diploma from the American University.

Study of captive orcas
While in California, Morton studied the communications of dolphins at Marineland of the Pacific in Palos Verdes. When she realized there were too many individuals in the tanks and that bottlenose dolphins were too quick to record their behaviour, Morton decided to shift her study towards Marineland's pair of killer whales, Orky and Corky, whom she had previously called "boring" because they spent long periods of time floating at the surface while calling back and forth to each other.  Morton observed the pair when the female gave birth to the first orca conceived in captivity. She was interested in studying how baby orcas acquired new language. However, the calf died and none of Corky's other babies survived more than 45 days. Following the passing of each of the calves Morton recorded from Corky a behaviour that closely resembled mourning. The young mother lay on the bottom of the tank repeating the same calls over and over, stopping only to gulp another breath of air.  The calls became raspy as the whale vocalized day and night. Morton also discovered that orcas invented games to distract themselves. One, the "Double Layout", consisted in Orky and Corky lying on their backs, putting their flukes on the platform next to the tank and raising their right flipper simultaneously. The most interesting behavior was the dawn greeting where both whales pressed their tongues against the tank wall where the first shaft of sunlight hit.

Arrival in British Columbia
In 1979, Morton contacted pioneering killer whale researcher Michael Bigg who told her Corky and Orky had come from A5 Pod in northwestern British Columbia. He knew this from photographs of their capture as he could see the terrified young Corky pressed against the side of her mother. Dr. Bigg had photos of Corky's mother and her sisters and he knew they visited Johnstone Strait every summer near Alert Bay, British Columbia. Morton spent her summer there and found A5 pod as well as other killer whale families. The next summer, she returned to British Columbia and met Robin Morton. Alexandra Morton then permanently shifted her study to wild killer whales. Morton and her husband moved onto a boat so that they could easily follow whales. To support their work, Morton and her husband rented out their boat for tourists and researchers. In 1984, while following the A12 matriline in Northeastern Vancouver Island, Morton came across the village of Echo Bay, British Columbia, in the Broughton Archipelago. She and her husband decided to settle there to pursue their study of wild killer whales.

Killer whale research

Photo-identification
In 1973, Michael Bigg developed a pioneering photo identification system consisting of photographing the dorsal fin and saddle patch of each killer whale encountered in Pacific Northwest waters. Starting in 1975, Bigg and his colleagues began assembling catalogues containing the genealogical tree of every killer whale family in British Columbia and an ID photo of each orca. Since arriving in the Broughton Archipelago, Morton has been one of the main contributors to theses catalogues, providing ID photos of northern resident as well as of transient killer whales.

Transient killer whales
For many years, only resident killer whales were intensely studied, as their predictable behaviour and highly stable social structure enabled researchers to follow them easily over a whole summer. Transients, however, have erratic route patterns which make them difficult to study. However, the Broughton Archipelago where Morton lived was frequented by many transient groups and since the mid eighties, Morton has been conducting the study of this little known community. One of her main findings has been that the differences in feeding habits between residents and transients lead each community to different lifestyles and behaviours. Transients, now named Biggs whales, eat only warm-blooded prey while residents eat only fish. She noted that transients, unlike residents, are mostly silent. As their mammalian prey have very good hearing, vocalizing could alert them of the predators approaching. Moreover, the seals and sea lions' good eyesight and their ability to teach their offspring make it imperative for transients to swim as stealthily as possible, thus explaining the transients' longer dives than residents and their habit of hiding their breath and clicks (used for echolocation) among other noises present in the sea. One transient Morton knew well used to hide behind her boat to avoid being detected by potential prey. In 1987, Morton expanded her study to pacific white-sided dolphins which had come back to the archipelago three years prior. In 2010 she won the Women of Discovery Sea Award.

Raincoast Research Society
In 1981, Morton founded Lore Quest (renamed Raincoast Research Society). Its original purpose was, according to its website, to "conduct year-round research on the acoustics of the orca of the British Columbia coast". Over the years, Raincoast Research has also been involved in making identification catalogues of the Pacific-White-Sided Dolphin population in British Columbia. Following the expansion of the salmon farming industry in the Broughton Archipelago, Raincoast Research Society has been a leader in studies on the impact of salmon farming and has provided support for a number of field workers and scientists interested in this subject.

Through Raincoast Research Society Morton has published extensively on the impact of sea lice from salmon farms on wild salmon. In 2011, Morton began the controversial work of tracking three European salmon farm virus in British Columbia, Canada, publishing in 2013 on the piscine reovirus.

Salmon research and activism
Net-pen salmon farms arrived in British Columbia in the 1970s but began to proliferate by the late 1980s. By 2000, 90% of salmon farms in the province were Norwegian owned and contained Atlantic salmon. Since then, the salmon farming industry has grown, notably in the Broughton Archipelago. In the mid-2000s corporate giant Mitsubishi bought Cermaq, a company operating many salmon farms in BC.

Morton began to study the effects salmon farming brings to the coast of British Columbia, particularly to wild salmon populations, which experienced major declines in the years following the introduction of salmon farms in the area.

On May 12, 2015, Morton, as Director of Pacific Coast Wild Salmon Society, released a 24-page booklet, Salmon Confidential: The ugly truth about Canada's open-net salmon farms. The booklet makes the case that the wild-salmon-focused economy of British Columbia far outweighs the contributions of salmon farms. The booklet explores the issues of sea lice, impacts on lobster fisheries, challenges to bio-security, salmon viruses, exotic species, and the local economy. Director Twyla Roscovich's film of the same name and topic, Salmon Confidential, won the Best Canadian Environmental Documentary Award at the 2013 Vancouver International Film Festival,. The film also had 1,517,446 views by May 8, 3013 on You Tube. It was also licensed by The Green Channel in 2018

In the spring of 2010, Morton helped found the social movement Salmon Are Sacred to raise awareness of the value of salmon to society.

In Dec 2020, Morton's research contributed to a decision by Canada's federal fisheries and oceans department to phase out all salmon farms in the narrow passages between Vancouver Island and the mainland, as their diseases were found to be decimating the native wild Pacific salmon with sea lice and viruses.

Petitions
Morton initiated two petitions, one called "Refuse to expand the salmon farming industry in BC", the other called "Divest Dirty Salmon". The first is to ask the Canadian government to stop allowing the expansion of salmon farms in British Columbia. The second is the ask Norwegian government to divest from salmon farming.

Lawsuits
In May 2013, Ecojustice lawyers, on behalf of Alexandra Morton, filed a lawsuit in Federal Court against the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) and Marine Harvest Canada Inc. The lawsuit was filed after learning that fish later confirmed to be infected with the piscine reovirus (PRV) had been transferred into an open-pen fish farm operated by Marine Harvest in Shelter Bay, BC. On May 6, 2015, the Court sided with Morton and struck down aquaculture licence conditions that allowed private companies to transfer fish infected with viruses to open-pen farms in the ocean.

Electoral politics
Morton ran as a candidate of the Green Party of British Columbia in the Oct 24, 2020 provincial general election, coming in third, with 19.26% of the vote.

Publications

Books
1998 "Heart of the Raincoast." (with Billy Proctor). Horsdal and Schubart, Victoria.
2002
2004
2021 "Not on My Watch: How a Renegade Whale Biologist Took on Governments and Industry to Save Wild Salmon." Random House Canada.

Children's books
1991 "Siwiti: A Whale's Story." Orca Books, Victoria.
1993 "In the Company of Whales, from the Diary of a Whale Watcher." Orca Books Victoria.

See also

A4 Pod
A5 Pod
List of Northern Resident Killer Whale Pods

References

External links
Official website
Raincoast Research Society

1957 births
Living people
20th-century American biologists
20th-century American women scientists
20th-century Canadian biologists
20th-century Canadian women scientists
21st-century American biologists
21st-century American women scientists
21st-century Canadian biologists
21st-century Canadian women scientists
American marine biologists
American University alumni
American women biologists
Canadian environmentalists
Canadian marine biologists
Canadian women biologists
Canadian women environmentalists
Orca researchers
People from Lakeville, Connecticut
Scientists from British Columbia
Biologists from Connecticut

Alexandra Morton


Dusé Mohamed Ali (Bey Effendi) (21 November 1866 – 25 June 1945)
(دوسي محمد علي) was a Sudanese-Egyptian actor and political activist, who became known for his African nationalism. He was also a playwright, historian, journalist, editor, and publisher. In 1912 he founded the African Times and Orient Review, later revived as the African and Orient Review, which published in total through 1920. He lived and worked mostly in England, alongside the United States and Nigeria respectively. In the latter location, he founded the Comet Press Ltd, and The Comet newspaper in Lagos.

Early life
Ali was born in 1866 in Alexandria, Egypt. His father, Abdul Salem Ali, was an officer in the Egyptian Army. His mother was Sudanese. He received his early training in Egypt, but at the age of nine or 10, his father arranged for him to go to England to be educated, Ali had originally intended to study as a doctor and had started on related studies before his father's death. His father died in 1882 while serving at the Battle of Tel el-Kebir in Egypt. After that, the younger Ali, then 16, was forced to return to Egypt, settling affairs with his father's estate, Ali returned to England.
Afterward he wanted to write and act. On completing his studies at the University of London.  As the ward of Canon Berry, he pursued studies at King's College London.

Actor and playwright
Ali was in the theatre company of Herbert Beerbohm Tree and in Lillie Langtry's production of Antony and Cleopatra at the Royal Princess Theatre, London.

As an actor, Ali toured the British Isles. He produced Othello and The Merchant of Venice at Hull, Yorkshire, in 1902, playing the parts of Othello and the Prince of Morocco. He earned praise from the British press.

He wrote several plays, producing The Jew's Revenge (1903) at the Royal Surrey Theatre in London, A Cleopatra Night (1907) at Dundee, and the Lily of Bermuda (1909), a musical comedy at the Theatre Royal, Manchester. The productions were praised by the British and American press.

His production and performance in A Daughter of Judah (1906), which he first produced in the Glasgow Empire Theatre (GET) received particularly good reviews.

Mohamed toured in the United States, where he produced several plays and won recognition as an actor.

In London, he founded the Hull Shakespeare Society, of which Sir Henry Irving was the first President. Representing his political interests and considerable British interest in the Orient, he founded the Anglo-Ottoman Society, London. Its members included Lords Newton, Lamington, Stourton and Mowbray.

In 1915 Ali founded and was Secretary of the Indian Muslim Soldiers' Widows' and Orphans' War Fund. Among its patrons were Consuelo, the Duchess of Marlborough, the Right Hon. D. Lloyd George, Sir Edward Grey, Lord and Lady Lamington, Lord and Lady Newton, the Marquis and Marchioness of Crew, Mrs. H. H. Asquith, Sir Austen and Lady Chamberlain, Lord Curzon, and almost all the members, of the British Cabinet.

Lecturer and journalist
After the First Universal Races Congress held at the University of London in 1911,
Ali, with the help of John Eldred Jones, a journalist from Sierra Leone, in 1912 founded the African Times and Orient Review (ATOR) in London. Financial assistance in launching the paper was given by some West Africans who were temporarily in London, including J. E. Casely Hayford, a journalist and activist; Francis T. Dove and C. W. Betts from Sierra Leone, founded as a British colony; and Dr. Oguntola Sapara from Lagos, Nigeria. The journal advocated Pan-African nationalism. It became a forum for African and other intellectuals and activists from around the world. It attracted numerous contributors, including George Bernard Shaw, H. G. Wells, Annie Besant, Sir Harry H. Johnston, Henry Francis Downing, and William H. Ferris.

The young Marcus Garvey, then studying in London from Jamaica, frequently visited Ali's Fleet Street office and was mentored by him. The journal covered issues in the United States, the Caribbean, West Africa, South Africa, and Egypt. Garvey briefly worked for Ali and contributed an article to the journal's October 1913 issue.

The journal ceased publication in October 1918 during the First World War, after it was banned by the British government in India and British colonies in Africa in order to prevent unrest. It was succeeded by the African and Orient Review, which operated through most of 1920. In Europe Mohamed Ali was considered an authority on Oriental [meaning the Near East at the time] affairs, political and social. Mohamed Ali also contributed to several leading European and American periodicals; his articles were translated and published in Germany, France, Austria, Turkey, Egypt and Japan.

In 1921, following the demise of the African and Orient Review, Ali travelled to the United States, never returning to Britain. In the US he briefly worked with Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) movement. He also contributed articles on African issues to UNIA's the Negro World. He taught in a department of African affairs.

Travels and settlement in Nigeria
Ali first travelled to Nigeria in July 1921. The Lagos community welcomed him at the Shitta-Bey Mosque, Martin Street, Lagos Island. He returned to Lagos in 1931, primarily to watch over his interests in the Cocoa business. He settled in Lagos, where he was appointed Editor of the Nigerian Daily Times.

On October 3, 1932, Ali produced the play A Daughter of Pharaoh in the Glover Memorial Hall, Lagos. According to the Nigerian Daily Times, it "set a new standard in Lagos entertainment, introducing real stagecraft."

Before long Ali became editor of the Nigerian Daily Telegraph, having as his immediate assistant Ayo Lijadu (subsequently editor of the Nigerian Daily Times. Expanding his publishing interests, on 27 July 1933 Ali began publication of The Comet, a weekly newspaper. He took great interest in the educational and general welfare of the Muslim community in Lagos.

Following a protracted illness, Mohamed Ali died at the age of 78 in the African Hospital, Lagos, on 25 June 1945. His funeral took place on 27 June 1945. Attendees numbered well over 5,000, including political, social and religious leaders. A short khutba (sermon) in English was delivered by L. B. Agusto, President of the Islamic Society of Nigeria. A short oration in Arabic was also delivered by D. Couri, a friend. A large funeral procession went through the streets to Okesuna Muslim Cemetery, where Ali was buried.

Plays
 The Jew's Revenge (1903)
 A Daughter of Judah (1906)
 A Cleopatra Night (1907)
 Lily of Bermuda (1909), musical comedy

Journals and newspapers
Founded African Times and Orient Review (1912) in London; superseded by African and Orient Review (1919)
Founded The Comet newspaper, Lagos, Nigeria

References

Further reading
Ali, Duse Mohamed, "Leaves from an Active Life," The Comet, 1937–1938; The African Times and Orient Review (1912–1918)
Ian Duffield, "Duse Mohamed Ali, Afro-Asian Solidarity and Pan-Africanism in Early Twentieth-Century London", in S. Jagdish and Ian Gundara Duffield, eds, Essays on the History of Blacks in Britain: From Roman Times to the Mid-Twentieth Century (Aldershot: Avebury, 1992).
Wilfrid Scawen Blunt, My Diaries
Ian Duffield, "Duse Mohamed Ali and the Development of Pan-Africanism 1866–1945", unpublished PhD Dissertation, Edinburg University, 1971, complete text online.
Robert A. Hill, ed., Pan-African Biography, UCLA African Studies Center, 1987
Khalil Mahmud, "Introduction", to Duse Mohamed, In the Land of the Pharaohs, reprint 1968)

External links
The Official UNIA-ACL Website
The Global African Community
Pan African Nationalists
Abdelwahid, Mustafa A. The Autobiography of Dusé Mohamed Ali, 1866–1945: A Pioneer of Pan-Africanism and Afro-Asian Solidarity Movements, Africa World Press Books

1866 births
1945 deaths
20th-century Nigerian businesspeople
Alumni of King's College London
British emigrants to Nigeria
British male journalists
British male stage actors
Burials in Lagos State
Egyptian activists
Egyptian emigrants to Nigeria
Egyptian journalists
Egyptian male stage actors
Nigerian journalists
Nigerian newspaper founders
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League members
People from the Khedivate of Egypt

Dusé Mohamed Ali