Colin Malcolm McDougall  (1917–1984) was a Canadian author best known for his 1958 Governor General's Award-winning novel Execution.

Biography

Born in Montreal, McDougall studied at McGill University before enlisting in Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry during World War II. He was sent overseas, where he served as an officer during Canadian participation in the Italian campaign. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) and was Mentioned in Despatches. The recommendation for his DSO describes how he had fought in virtually every major engagement following the Allied invasion of Sicily, rising from a platoon commander, to regimental adjutant, then commanding the support company and finally, for the year before the recommendation was made, becoming commander of B company.  It further describes three particular attacks led by him, including an action on 21 September 1944 when the company was ordered to improve the battalion's bridgehead over the river Marecchia where he frequently exposed himself to heavy enemy fire to direct Allied fire from tanks and mortars to ensure the success of his mission.  Also slightly further north in Romana in December 1944 during the battle of the Naviglio Canal the company captured a self propelled gun, staff car and an intact bridge, thanks to a flanking movement he initiated when they were first faced with the gun.  He had previously been recommended for decorations on two occasions, and is described as: "a real inspiration and example to his men, and largely responsible for the successes of his Company".  The award of the DSO was gazetted on 23 June 1945.

After the war, McDougall returned to Montreal, where he became Registrar of McGill University, his place of employment for the rest of his life. He died in 1984.

Literary career

In 1951, McDougall began writing short stories, three of which were published in the Canadian magazine Maclean's, with two more appearing in the American periodicals This Week and New Liberty. One of the Maclean's stories, "The Firing Squad", concerns a Canadian soldier who is sentenced to be executed for treason by his own army. The story won several awards, including First Prize in the Maclean's fiction contest, and became the basis for Execution.

McDougall wrote Execution between 1952 and 1957, keeping copious notes on its development that are now preserved in the McDougall Papers at the Rare Books and Special Collections Division, McGill University Libraries. Based loosely on McDougall's own experiences in Italy during the war, and on the real-life execution of Canadian Private Harold Pringle, the novel is both a harrowing depiction of men in combat and a philosophical meditation on the ethics of war. The novel was praised by such writers as Saul Bellow, Vera Brittain, and Hugh MacLennan, all of whom wrote to McDougall to express their admiration for his work (these letters are also in the McDougall Papers at McGill).

Despite plans to write a followup to Execution, McDougall never wrote another novel. In 2005, Execution was reissued in a paperback edition as part of the New Canadian Library series, published by McClelland and Stewart.

See also

 Governor General's Award
 World War II
 Italian Campaign (World War II)

Notes

References
 Warren Cariou. "Afterword." Execution by Colin McDougall. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart (New Canadian Library), 2005. .
 Andrew Clark. A Keen Soldier: The Execution of Second World War Private Harold Pringle." Toronto: Vintage, 2002.
 Colin McDougall. Execution. (1958). Toronto: McClelland and Stewart (New Canadian Library), 2005. .
 Colin McDougall. Archival Papers and Manuscripts. Rare Books and Special Collections Division, McGill University Libraries.
 W.H. New, ed. The Encyclopedia of Literature in Canada. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 2002.

1917 births
1984 deaths
Canadian Anglicans
Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry soldiers
Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry officers
Canadian male novelists
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Canadian male short story writers
Canadian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Governor General's Award-winning fiction writers
Canadian Army personnel of World War II
Military personnel from Montreal
Writers from Montreal
20th-century Canadian novelists
20th-century Canadian short story writers
20th-century Canadian male writers
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing

Colin McDougall


Black nationalism is the idea that black people from one country, or from several countries belong together, and that they have a common history and culture. Sometimes, people claim there is a black race. Black nationalism started in the United States as a response to McCarthyism. McCarthyism lasted approximately form the mid 1940s, to the mid 1950s. During McCarthyism, there was a strong anti-communist movement in the US. At the same time, there were many racist ideologies. In the United States, these tendencies focused on the white Anglo-Saxon protestants, who was seen as the ideal American citizen. Black nationalism wants to create a new nation for black Americans.

History of the United States

Black nationalism


The Weser Hills (Wesergebirge), also known in German as the Weserkette ("Weser Chain"), form a low hill chain, up to , in the Weser Uplands in the German states of North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony.

The thickly wooded Weser ridge is one of the northern outliers of the German Central Uplands on the southern edge of the North German Plain and forms part of the TERRA.vita Nature Park in the west and Weser Uplands Schaumburg-Hameln Nature Park in the east.

The Weser Hills are widely known because of Schaumburg Castle which stands on the Nesselberg (c. ) in the Schaumburg district of the town of Rinteln, and is the emblem of Schaumburg Land.

Geography
The Weser Hills cross the counties of Minden-Lübbecke, Schaumburg and Hameln-Pyrmont in a roughly east–west direction, from the town of  Porta Westfalica and the Westphalian Gap in the west past Rinteln to Hessisch Oldendorf in the east, where they transition seamlessly to the Süntel, a ridge of similar height running from northwest to southeast. They form part of the perimeter of the Weser Uplands and thus also the German Central Uplands which lie south of the North German Plain.

North of the Weser Hills there are only a few hills of the Calenberg Uplands, such as the nearby ridges of Harrl and Bückeberge. To the west, on the other side of the Porta Westfalica, the chain continues as the Wiehen Hills, geologically of similar formation, reaching Bramsche (northwest of  Osnabrück).

South of the Weser Hills, and roughly parallel to them, flows the River Weser, from Hessisch-Oldendorf in the east, through Rinteln, towards Vlotho in the west, before turning northeast to the town of Porta Westfalica. These northern areas around the Upper Weser Valley, south of the hills are an old area of settlement, which was protected by Schaumburg Castle on the hill of Nesselberg. From the water gap at Porta Westfalica - the Westphalian Gap -  the river swings north in order to reach the southern part of the North German Plain. North of the hills are the upper reaches of the Aue (also called the Bückeburger Aue) that run roughly east to west.

Hills
The Wesergebirge is a chain of about two dozen hills that are arranged one after another in a ridge and which reach a height of  at the Möncheberg in the east. In its centre section, west of the A 2 motorway, they reach a maximum height of 278 m at the Wülpker Egge and a height of 235.2 m at the westernmost hill of the Weser chain, the Jakobsberg, which is located east of Porta Westfalica and on which the Jakobsberg transmission tower stands.

The hills and elevations of the Wesergebirge, as seen from west to east, are given below together with their heights in metres above Normalnull (NN)
:
 Jakobsberg (235,2 m), with Jakobsberg Telecommunication Tower, Schlageter Monument and Porta Kanzel; north-northeast of the town of Porta Westfalica by the Porta Westfalica gorge
 Königsberg (c. 225 m); northeast of Porta Westfalica
 Roter Brink (c. 225 m), and Nammer Lager; south-southwest of Nammen
 Lohfelder Berg (215,2 m); northeast of Lohfeld
 Nammer Klippe (248,8 m); nature reserve; south of Nammen
 Nammer Kopf (266,3 m), and the Nammer Klippe, nature reserve; south-southeast of Nammen
 Wülpker Egge (c. 278 m), with a quarry; south of Wülpke
 Rote Klippe (c. 220 m), with a quarry; south of Kleinenbremen
 Papenbrink (303 m), with transmission facility and a quarry; north-northwest of Todenmann
 Lange Wand (320,1 m); in the Hainholz State Forest northeast of Todenmann
 Frankenburg-Berg (c. 235 m), and ruins of the Frankenburg; spur of the Langen Wand north of  Rinteln-Todenmann
 Luhdener Klippe (c. 300 m), and the 19.8 m high Klippe Tower; north-northeast of Rinteln
 Hirschkuppe (250,1 m); northeast of Rinteln
 Messingsberg (270,1 m), with a quarry; north-northeast of Rinteln-Steinbergen
 Westendorfer Egge (c. 295 m), with a quarry; north-northeast of Rinteln-Westendorf
 Oberberg (325,2 m), and the Springsteinen; north of Rinteln-Schaumburg
 Heutzeberg (225,5 m); spur of the Oberberg north of Schaumburg
 Nesselberg (c. 225 m), and Schaumburg Castle on a spur of the Möncheberg east of Schaumburg
 Möncheberg (326,1 m), and the Paschenburg Guest House between Schaumburg and Hessisch Oldendorf-Rohdental

Panorama

Towns and villages

 Auetal (north)
 Bad Eilsen (north)
 Bückeburg (north)
 Heeßen (north)
 Hessisch Oldendorf (south)
 Minden (north)
 Porta Westfalica (south, west and north)
 Rinteln (south)
 Vlotho (southwest)

Literature
Bundesanstalt für Landeskunde und Raumforschung: Geographische Landesaufnahme 1:200000. Naturräumliche Gliederung Deutschlands. Die naturräumlichen Einheiten auf Blatt 85 Minden. Bad Godesberg 1959

External links
Aerial photograph of the western Weser Hills at Google Maps
Aktionsgemeinschaft Weserbergland

References

Central Uplands
Mountains and hills of North Rhine-Westphalia
Hill ranges of Lower Saxony
Weser Uplands
Natural regions of the Weser-Leine Uplands

Wesergebirge


Pitch, yaw and roll are the three dimensions of movement when an object moves through a medium.

The terms may be used to describe an aeroplane's movements through the air. They are also applied to watercraft moving through water, and spacecraft moving through space.

There are in fact six degrees of freedom of a rigid body moving in three-dimensional space.

As the movement along each of the three axes is independent of each other and independent of the rotation about any of these axes, the motion has six degrees of freedom (see diagram).

pitch nose up or tail up.

yaw nose moves from side to side

roll a circular (clockwise or anticlockwise) movement of the body as it moves forward

The surfaces of a plane and the fins of a fish have a similar function. They serve to adjust the object's attitude as it moves through the fluid. Submarines face the same dynamic control problems as fish do.

The subject is often taught under degrees of freedom (mechanics). This is the number of independent motions that are allowed to the body.

References

Mechanics

Pitch, yaw, and roll


Guillermo Ruiz (born April 4, 1943 in Lima, Peru) is a Peruvian chess master and US Life Master. He is the son of Aurora and Melquiades Ruiz. He has been married since 1974 and has two children.

Guillermo learned chess at the age of 17 from a friend and went on to win the championship of Lima and then the Peruvian Chess Championship in 1973. In 1978, he immigrated to the United States where he settled in Atlanta, Georgia. He is a four-time Georgia State Champion, winning in 1979, 1987, 1995, and 1996.

In 2002, he was awarded the Georgia Chess Association 2002 Award for Contributions to Georgia Chess Community.

References

American chess players
Peruvian chess players
Peruvian emigrants to the United States
People from Lima
1943 births
Living people

Guillermo Ruiz


The Boulton & Paul P.12 Bodmin was an experimental British twin-engined biplane bomber with its engines mounted in a fuselage engine room and with tandem pairs of tractor and pusher airscrews mounted between the wings.  The two Bodmins built flew in 1924, proving the concept but the layout was not developed to production.

Design and development
The Boulton & Paul Bodmin was one of the few multi-motor propeller-driven aircraft to have its engines in its fuselage.  The concept arose immediately after World War I, when the British & Colonial Aeroplane Co. (soon renamed Bristol Aeroplane) began thinking about large transport aircraft powered by steam turbines mounted in an "engine room" in the fuselage and driving wing mounted propellers.  They intended to develop the idea using their large Bristol Braemar triplane bomber, initially modified to be powered by four 230 hp (172 kW) Siddeley Pumas and called, in anticipation of steam power the Tramp. They gained Air Ministry support for this project, the Ministry appreciating the extra safety of an aircraft whose engines could be serviced in flight.  The Ministry also issued  Specification 9/20 for a smaller aircraft of the same configuration and placed orders for two prototypes with both Boulton & Paul for the twin-engined Bodmin and for the single-engined Parnall Possum  They were described as "Postal" aircraft to cover the Ministry's intents but were clearly bombers.  All three types were built but only the Bodmin and the Possum flew. It was recognised that the "engine room" arrangement came with a weight penalty owing to the gearing, clutches, drive shafts and supports, plus the need to strengthen wings but John Dudley North, the Boulton & Paul chief designer argued that the airframe weight would be reduced by 10 per cent due to the all-metal construction, as pioneered in the Boulton Paul P.10.  This used tubes etc. produced in-house from steel sheet; the airframe was then fabric covered.

The Bodmin was a large three bay biplane with unswept and unstaggered square tipped wings of equal span and constant chord. These had leading-edge-balanced ailerons on upper and lower planes and the rather rectangular fin and tailplane carried similarly balanced control surfaces.  The rudder extended below the fuselage underside. The fuselage centre section contained the "engine room" with its two 450 hp (336 kW) Napier Lions in tandem.  One was ahead of the wing leading edge and the other at the wing centreline, with an enclosed, illuminated space between them where the engineer could stand upright and monitor them.  The engines were mounted on the upper fuselage longerons, leaving a crawl space beneath.

The Lions were orientated with their gearboxes away from the engineer's room and the power from each was taken to the airscrews by two drive shafts at right angles to the fuselage.  The two from the front engine drove a pair of two-bladed tractor propellers ahead of the leading edge via a pair of gearboxes halfway between the wings, just beyond the first interplane struts. Their mountings extended rearwards to carry a pair of four-bladed pusher propellers driven by the rear engine.  Port and starboard airscrews rotated in opposite directions and the fore and aft pairs did likewise, so that either engine could be shut down without any power asymmetry.  The centre section, engine drive shafts and propeller mountings were built as a unit independent of the wings, the drives having their own struts and bracing.  The space between each fore and aft pair of propellers was occupied by a cylindrical petrol tank and thin radiators extended between these tanks and the fuselage.  Radiators and driveshafts were enclosed by a streamlined fairing on either side.

The rest of the fuselage was conventional and of square cross section with rounded decking.  The pilot sat well forward, behind a front gunner's position and the forward end chin shaped; the long front fuselage has been described as being "like the bow of an inverted boat".   There was also provision for a dorsal gunner just behind the wings. The main wide tracked single axle undercarriage had pneumatic springing and damping; a pair of smaller wheels further ahead and closer together served to prevent nose-overs and a standard tail skid extended below the rudder.

The first of two Bodmins flew early in 1924.  It flew well, though with some drive and cooling problems and showed that despite Bristol's problems with the Tramp the fuselage mounted engine arrangement was workable. John North had been able to compensate the extra weight of this configuration by the savings of metal construction, which he estimated after the Bodmin was built to be as high as 20 per cent, a factor of two better than his design estimate.  The safety bonus of engines that could be adjusted and mended in the air, the most important reason behind the layout was achieved.  The maximum speed and climb rate of the Bodmin were marginally better than those of the identically powered though slightly smaller metal-framed Boulton & Paul Bugle II.

The Bodmin could fly level on one engine and there was no asymmetry of thrust unlike a conventional twin-engine design. The first prototype was written off due to undercarriage failure and the trials were completed with the second. The "engine room" concept did not catch on but all-metal airframes served later aircraft well.

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

Bodmin
1920s British bomber aircraft
Twin-engined four-prop push-pull aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1924

Boulton Paul Bodmin


Kulfi is kind of ice cream dessert that originated in India from 16th century. Sometimes the kulpi is called "traditional Indian ice cream". The Indian food in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, Myanmar, Middle East and in Indian restaurants around the world. The texture of this ice cream is hard and similar to "Bastani sonnati (Persian ice cream)" and Mastic ice creams aim to delay melting.

The shellfish is similar in texture and taste to ice cream but it is thicker and creamier than today's ice cream. The confetti can be found in a variety of flavors: cream (Malay), rose, mango, cardam, saffron and pistachio. In the past, it was also customary to feel peeled in more modern flavors apple, orange, strawberry, peanut and avocado. Unlike modern ice cream, the Kulfi is not whipped with thicker Marco and is reminiscent of traditional pudding ice cream. Its texture and main compressibility make the pulpy edible Cold Our man melts in a theme and quickly like modern western ice cream.

Related pages
 Bastani sonnati
 Mastic ice creams

Ice cream
Indian food

Kulfi


In mathematics, a Drinfeld module (or elliptic module) is roughly a special kind of module  over a ring of functions on a curve over a finite field, generalizing the Carlitz module. Loosely speaking, they provide a function field analogue of complex multiplication theory. A shtuka  (also called F-sheaf or chtouca) is a sort of generalization of a Drinfeld module, consisting roughly of a vector bundle over a curve, together with some extra structure identifying a "Frobenius twist" of the bundle with a "modification" of it.

Drinfeld modules were  introduced  by , who used them to prove the Langlands conjectures for GL2 of an algebraic function field in some special cases. He later invented shtukas and used shtukas of rank 2 to prove
the remaining cases of the Langlands conjectures for GL2. Laurent Lafforgue proved the Langlands conjectures for GLn of a function field by studying the moduli stack of shtukas of rank n.

"Shtuka" is a Russian word штука meaning "a single copy", which comes from the German noun "Stück", meaning "piece, item, or unit". In Russian, the word "shtuka" is also used in slang for a thing with known properties, but having no name in a speaker's mind.

Drinfeld modules

The ring of additive polynomials
We let  be a field of characteristic . The ring  is defined to be the ring of noncommutative (or twisted) polynomials  over , with the multiplication given by

The element  can be thought of as a Frobenius element: in fact,  is a left module over , with elements of  acting as  multiplication and  acting as the Frobenius endomorphism of . The ring  can also be thought of as the ring of all (absolutely) additive polynomials

in , where a polynomial  is called additive if  (as elements of ). The ring of additive polynomials is generated as an algebra over  by the polynomial . The multiplication in the ring of additive polynomials is given by composition of polynomials, not by multiplication of commutative polynomials, and is not commutative.

Definition of Drinfeld modules
Let F be an algebraic function field with a finite field of constants and fix a place  of F. Define A to be the ring of elements in F that are regular at every place except possibly .  In particular, A is a Dedekind domain and it is discrete in F (with the topology induced by ). For example, we may take A to be the polynomial ring . Let L be a field equipped with a ring homomorphism .

A Drinfeld A-module over L is a ring homomorphism  whose image is not contained in L, such that the composition of  with  coincides with .

The condition that the image of A is not in L is a non-degeneracy condition, put in to eliminate trivial cases, while the condition that  gives the impression that a Drinfeld module is simply a deformation of the map .

As L{τ} can be thought of as endomorphisms of the additive group of L, a Drinfeld A-module can be regarded as an action of A on the additive group of L, or in other words as an A-module whose underlying additive group is the  additive group of L.

Examples of Drinfeld modules
Define A to be Fp[T], the usual (commutative!) ring of polynomials over the finite field of order p. In other words, A is the coordinate ring of an affine genus 0 curve. Then a Drinfeld module ψ is determined by the image ψ(T) of T, which can be any non-constant element of L{τ}. So Drinfeld modules can be identified with non-constant elements of L{τ}. (In the higher genus case the description of Drinfeld modules is more complicated.)
The Carlitz module is the Drinfeld module ψ given by ψ(T) = T+τ, where A is Fp[T] and L is a suitable complete algebraically closed field containing A. It was described by L. Carlitz in 1935, many years before the general definition of Drinfeld module. See chapter 3 of  for more information about the Carlitz module. See also Carlitz exponential.

Shtukas
Suppose that X is a curve over the finite field Fp.
A (right) shtuka of rank r over a scheme (or stack) U is given by the following data:
 Locally free sheaves E, E′  of rank r over U×X together with injective morphisms
E → E′ ← (Fr×1)*E,
whose cokernels are supported on  certain graphs of morphisms from U to X (called the zero and pole of the shtuka, and usually denoted by 0 and ∞), and are locally free of rank 1 on their supports.  Here (Fr×1)*E is the pullback of E by the Frobenius endomorphism of U.

A left shtuka is defined in the same way except that the direction of the morphisms is reversed. If the pole and zero of the shtuka are disjoint then left shtukas and right shtukas are essentially the same.

By varying U, we get an algebraic stack Shtukar of shtukas of rank r, a "universal" shtuka over  Shtukar×X and a morphism (∞,0) from Shtukar to X×X which is smooth and of relative dimension 2r − 2. The stack Shtukar is not of finite type for r > 1.

Drinfeld modules are in some sense special kinds of shtukas. (This is not at all obvious from the definitions.) More precisely, Drinfeld showed how to construct a shtuka from a Drinfeld module.
See Drinfeld, V. G. Commutative subrings of certain noncommutative rings. Funkcional. Anal. i Prilovzen. 11 (1977), no. 1, 11–14, 96. for details.

Applications

The Langlands conjectures for function fields state (very roughly) that there is a bijection between cuspidal automorphic representations of GLn and certain representations of a Galois group. Drinfeld used Drinfeld modules to prove some special cases of the Langlands conjectures, and later proved the full Langlands conjectures for GL2 by generalizing Drinfeld modules to shtukas.
The "hard" part of proving these conjectures is to construct Galois representations with certain properties, and Drinfeld constructed the necessary Galois representations by finding them inside the l-adic cohomology of certain moduli spaces of rank 2 shtukas.

Drinfeld suggested that moduli spaces of shtukas of rank r could be used in a similar way to prove the Langlands conjectures for GLr; the formidable technical problems involved in carrying out this program were solved by Lafforgue after many years of effort.

See also

 Level structure (algebraic geometry)
 Moduli stack of elliptic curves

References

Drinfeld modules
. English translation in Math. USSR  Sbornik 23 (1974) 561–592.

.

.

Shtukas
Drinfeld, V. G. Cohomology of compactified moduli varieties of F-sheaves of rank 2. (Russian) Zap. Nauchn. Sem. Leningrad. Otdel. Mat. Inst. Steklov. (LOMI) 162 (1987), Avtomorfn. Funkts. i Teor. Chisel. III, 107–158, 189; translation in J. Soviet Math. 46 (1989), no. 2, 1789–1821
. English translation: Functional Anal. Appl. 21 (1987), no. 2, 107–122.

Algebraic number theory
Algebraic geometry
Finite fields

Drinfeld module


Boldva is a village in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county, Hungary.

History
The village got its name from the river Bódva.  The vicinity had been a settled place since ancient times in the Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age. Written documents mention the village from the 13th century as Boldua.

Between 1175 and 1180 the Ordo Saint Benedict built a monastery at Boldva. The monastery church was erected to Saint John the Baptist. At the same time a rotunda was used by the village people. The ruins of this rotunda were excavated in the 1980s, during the renovation of the Árpád age church.

A famous codex, the so-called Pray codex, The Sacramentarium Bolvense contains one of the oldest Hungarian text: The Speech at the Funeral. During the second Mongolian invasion at 1285 the building was destroyed and burned. The monks escaped to the Somogyvár Abbey. Later, during the Turkish Wars, the church was renewed and reformed.

Sightseeings
 The reformed church and the ruins of the monastery, built in the 12th century. It had been built in romanesque style, in basilica form with 3 naves and 2 towers at the eastern side of the building.
 Castle building of the Szathmáry family, from the 19th century.

Neighbour villages
Sajóecseg (5 km), Sajósenye (6 km), Ziliz (3 km), and the town of Edelény and Sajószentpéter also approx. 10 km.

References

 Valter Ilona: Boldva, református templom. (Boldva reformed Church). (TKM) Bp., 1991
 Töltéssy Zoltán (Szerk.) (Ed.) Boldva történeti kronológiája. – (Historical Chronology of Boldva). Boldva, 2000. 16 p.
 Gerevich Tibor: Magyarország románkori emlékei. (Die romanische Denkmäler Ungarns.) Egyetemi nyomda. Budapest, 1938. 843 p. --- 32-33. p., LXXXVI. tábla bal alsó kép.
 Gervers-Molnár Vera: A középkori Magyarország rotundái. (Romanesque Round Churches of Medieval Hungary.) (Mûvészettörténeti Füzetek, 4.) Akadémiai Kiadó. Budapest, 1972.
 Gerő, L. (1984): Magyar műemléki ABC. (Hungarian Architectural Heritage ABC.) Budapest
 Henszlmann, I. (1876): Magyarország ó-keresztyén, román és átmeneti stylü mű-emlékeinek rövid ismertetése, (Old-Christian, Romanesque and Transitional Style Architecture in Hungary). Királyi Magyar Egyetemi Nyomda, Budapest
Unknown (?): Phat a$$

External links
 Boldva village homepage
 The building of the Boldva Benedict Abbey
 Aerial views of Boldva
 Street map

Populated places in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County
Romanesque architecture in Hungary

Boldva


Karin Bang (3 December 1928 – 20 August 2017) was a Norwegian poet, novelist, children's writer and crime fiction writer.

Early and personal life
Bang was born in Oslo as the daughter of industrial manager Alf Bang and Dagmar Kathinka Hansen. She grew up in an isolated and protected environment in Oslo, while the summers were spent at the family's summer house in Veierland, Vestfold, where she was influenced from old coastal culture. After examen artium in 1947 she worked five years as a secretary in Oslo, while she wrote her first books. She was married to writer Aasmund Brynildsen from 1952 until his death in 1974, and cohabited with the writer Sigbjørn Hølmebakk from 1979 until he died in 1981.

Literary career
Bang made her literary debut in 1949 with two light reading novels, while the novel Glemte vinger from 1951 is regarded as her debut as a serious writer. Other novels were Fjerne seil (1962) and Blåst om babord–! (1964). Her novel Blues (1968) from the drug scene was the basis for a film from 1969, called Psychedelica Blues. Her trilogy Bedremannsbarn (1973), Borgersinn (1974) and Nye veier (1979) is a family chronicle from the early 1900s. Her double novel Jutøy, consisting of Havet ble blod (1978) and Jag etter vind (1981), are historical novels from the whaling pioneer time in Vestfold between 1809 and 1905. The story takes place on the fictitious island Jutøy and among whalers at the polar sea, and also depicts whaling pioneer Svend Foyn.

She was a member of the Norwegian Authors' Union's literary council for several periods.

Bang is a passionate collector of ancient dolls, and she edited the anthology Har dukkene sjel? (1985), in which she contributed an article on the cultural history of dolls. She has written two children's books, Lotte på loftet (1992) and Katten på Sjørøverøya (1994). She has also written two crime novels, Mord i måneskinn (1956) and Seilas med døden (1960).

Awards and honours
Bang has received several literary prizes, including the Riksmål Society Literature Prize in 1966, the Aschehoug Prize in 1976, and the Gyldendal's Endowment in 1983 (shared with Terje Johanssen).

References

1928 births
2017 deaths
Writers from Oslo
20th-century Norwegian novelists
21st-century Norwegian novelists
20th-century Norwegian poets
Norwegian children's writers
Norwegian crime fiction writers
Norwegian women novelists
Norwegian women children's writers
Norwegian women poets
21st-century Norwegian women writers
20th-century Norwegian women writers
Women crime writers

Karin Bang


The seven deadly sins, also known as cardinal sins, are types of sins within some Christian teachings, although they are not mentioned in the Bible. Behaviors or habits are grouped into this category if they directly form other wickedness. According to the regular list, they are pride, greed, wrath, envy, lust, gluttony and sloth, which are the opposite from the seven heavenly virtues. These types had their origins with the Desert Fathers, who recognized seven or eight evil thoughts. The seven deadly sins were portrayed in paintings and decorations on churches, as well as in older textbooks.

Modern definitions and views
Most of the seven deadly sins are defined by Dante Alighieri as wicked versions of love. The seven deadly sins from lust to envy are generally associated with pride.

Ranked in order of least evil to most evil like in Dante's Divine Comedy, the seven deadly sins are:

 Lust —  Lust is one of the seven deadly sins. Lust is a term for a strong wanting for something while already having a significant amount of the desired object. Lust can take any form such as the lust for sexual acts, money, or power.
 Gluttony —  Gluttony is one of the seven deadly sins. Gluttony is a term for excessive desire for food, drinks, or items.
 Greed —  Greed is one of the seven deadly sins. Greed is a term for a strong and uncontrollable desire to have more wealth than is needed.
 Sloth —  Sloth is one of the seven deadly sins. It is the most difficult sin to explain, since it refers to an assortment of ideas. Sloth is a constant unwillingness to exertion, or laziness. Sloth refers to a person not wanting to work, because of a lack of motivation.

 Wrath —  Wrath is one of the seven deadly sins. It refers to an intense emotional state involving a strong response to a threat or warning. Wrath occurs when we are threatened, offended, wronged, or denied something we really want or need.
 Envy —  Envy is one of the seven deadly sins. It refers to a feeling people get when they want what others have. This is a negative feeling. When someone is envious of someone else, they usually dislike the other person. These emotions are usually caused by a person having a certain object which you want but can not get.
 Pride —  Pride is one of the seven deadly sins. Pride refers to someone who has an exaggerated sense of feeling good. This might mean that someone has no respect for what other people do, only respect for what he or she does. Someone who is described as proud may be arrogant or boastful.

People notice that some of these sins are connected. They have attempted to set down an order to them. Each of these cardinal sins are ways of not loving God and not loving others as much as oneself.

The opposite of these sins are the seven heavenly virtues: chastity, moderation, charity, zeal, meekness, generosity, and humility.

Punishments
According to the Divine Comedy, there are punishments for those who die with unconfessed deadly sins.

The Lustfuls are swept around by a strong wind, without ever resting. This is because lust is so powerful, that it can blow one around without need.

The Gluttons are forced to lie down in a kind of snow, made by freezing rain, black snow, and hail. This symbolizes what they made with their life.

The Greedy are boiled in hot oil, it's the best oil that money can buy, but it's still pretty hot and you will be turned into gold.

The Slothful are thrown into a snake pit where the indolent will have to move around to get the snakes off them eternally.

The Wrathful's limbs are ripped apart, because the furious use their arms and/or legs in their act of violence.

References

Seven deadly sins


"Las Trece Rosas" (the Thirteen Roses) is the name given in Spain to a group of thirteen young women who were executed by a Francoist firing squad on 5 August 1939, just after the conclusion of the Spanish Civil War. Their execution was part of a massive execution campaign known as the "saca de agosto", which included 43 young men (among them a fourteen-year-old).

The thirteen victims were:
Carmen Barrero Aguado (age 24),
Martina Barroso García (age 22),
Blanca Brissac Vázquez (age 29),
Pilar Bueno Ibáñez (age 27),
Julia Conesa Conesa (age 19),
Adelina García Casillas (age 19),
Elena Gil Olaya (age 20),
Virtudes González García (age 18),
Ana López Gallego (age 21),
Joaquina López Laffite (age 23),
Dionisia Manzanero Salas (age 20),
Victoria Muñoz García (age 19),
Luisa Rodríguez de la Fuente (age 18).
Seven of the women were under age – in Francoist Spain the age of majority was 21.

Following the capitulation of Madrid to Franco's troops and the end of the Civil War, the Madrid Provincial Committee of the Unified Socialist Youth (JSU) (an organisation resulting from the merger of the Socialist Youth and the Communist Youth even though most pro-Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) members had abandoned the organisation) tried to reorganise under the leadership of 21-year-old José Peña Brea. He was betrayed, arrested, and tortured; under torture he revealed the names of his collaborators, which led to a wave of arrests of JSU members in Madrid. The Thirteen Roses were among the many JSU members captured and imprisoned by the police. During their detention in the Ventas prison they were repeatedly tortured and humiliated, and conditions in the prison were considered inhumane and overcrowded. They were ultimately executed by firing squad against the wall of the East Cemetery (now la Almudena) on 5 August 1939. Many of their comrades at the prison recall that while they were being driven away by lorry to their deaths, they sang the "Youthful Guardsmen" (JSU's anthem) so as to be heard by their comrades who remained in jail. The victims were accused of aiding a military rebellion and of assassinating a high-ranking political police officer, his 16-year-old daughter, and driver; however, they were already in prison when the assassination occurred.

In 2005, a foundation (Fundación Trece Rosas) was created in Spain to keep their memory alive.

References

 Jesús Ferrero, Las Trece Rosas, Madrid, Siruela, 2003
 Carlos Fonseca, Trece Rosas Rojas, Madrid, Temas De Hoy, 2004

Notes

External links
 Foundation Trece Rosas (archived)
 Tribute to Las Trece Rosas (archived)
 La corta vida de trece rosas
  with part of the original verdict.

Spanish women of the Spanish Civil War (Republican faction)
Spanish socialists
Spanish communists
Executed activists
People executed by Francoist Spain
Executed Spanish women
People executed by Spain by firing squad

Las Trece Rosas


Ray Charles Bliss (December 16, 1907 – August 6, 1981) was one of the important national U.S. Republican Party leaders of the 1960s and served as chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1965 to 1969. He helped to pull the Republican party back together after Barry Goldwater's defeat in 1964 and his work culminated in the election of Richard M. Nixon as president in 1968. He had been Ohio Republican state chair (1949–1965) and was a delegate to Republican National Convention from Ohio in 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1972. In his reflections on the Campaign of 1960, then Vice President Richard Nixon, described Ray Bliss as, "one of the best political craftsman of the nation." Nixon attributed his success amongst Democratic and independent voters in Ohio to Bliss' belief in the "simple axiom that it is the responsibility of a party chairman 'not to eliminate but to assimilate.'"

Bliss was an Akron, Ohio native and 1935 graduate of the University of Akron where he was initiated as a member of Phi Kappa Tau fraternity.
Bliss is the namesake of the Ray C. Bliss Institute of Applied Politics established in 1986 at the University of Akron to promote citizen knowledge and participation in the political process, values in which Bliss strongly believed. Bliss served over nine years on the University of Akron board of trustees and was chair of the board at the time of his death.

References

External links

1907 births
1981 deaths
Ohio Republicans
Politicians from Akron, Ohio
Republican National Committee chairs
State political party chairs of Ohio
University of Akron alumni
20th-century American Episcopalians

Ray C. Bliss


The National Auctioneers Association (NAA), founded in 1949, is an advocacy group representing auctioneers, auction businesses and related companies that seeks to promote the auction method of marketing and the practice of auctioneering in the United States. Its headquarters is located at 8880 Ballentine, Overland Park, Kansas, 66214, USA.

History
In 1952, Emma Bailey became the first woman auctioneer admitted to the Association.

Membership
The NAA states that membership is at or around 4000 members from the United States, Canada, Australia, China, Czech Slovak, Great Britain, India, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa, the Virgin Islands South, and West Africa. Membership is open to anyone worldwide who is involved in marketing through competitive bidding or the auction method of marketing. Members pay dues and follow the NAA Code of Ethics.

The NAA is primarily an educational group. Members of NAA Educational Trustees work with NAA staff, Board of Directors, and Executive Committee to produce educational opportunities for the membership. NAA classes and designations include Accredited Auctioneer of Real Estate (AARE), Graduate Personal Property Appraiser (GPPA), Master Personal Property Appraiser (MPPA), Certified Estate Specialist (CES), Auction Technology Specialist (ATS), Benefit Auctioneer Specialist (BAS), and the Certified Auctioneer Institute (CAI) the most revered professional designation an Auctioneer can acquire. The NAA offers these designation classes to its members and non-members alike at designation academies, and at its annual Conference and Show. The NAA also conducts seminars, and summits to educate its members.

The NAA conducts various contests at the Conference and Show including a marketing competition, and the International Auctioneer Championship (IAC). The NAA makes speakers available to state associations to educate their members on auction topics.

References

 National Auctioneers Association - Official website
 National Auctioneers Association - Public website
 Auctioneer Designations
 NAA Speakers Bureau

Auctioneers
Organizations based in Kansas
Organizations established in 1949
1949 establishments in the United States

National Auctioneers Association


The Abbey of Sant'Antonio di Ranverso is a religious complex at Buttigliera Alta, in the Metropolitan City of Turin, northern Italy.

History
The monastery (also known as preceptory) complex was founded in 1188 by Humbert III of Savoy, who give it to the Regular Canons of St. Anthony of Vienne, as a restoration point for pilgrims and a treatment center for people infected by ergot.  With the outbreak of the Black Death in the 15th century, the abbey also took care of the new contagium. St. Anthony was chosen due to its widespread depiction in company of a small pig, an animal whose fat was used for the treatment of the plague.

The complex was modified and rebuilt several times. It initially included a hospital, of which only the façade remain, the preceptory itself and the church. The latter appears today in Lombard-Gothic style, after its renovation in the 14th-15th centuries. Annexed to it is the bell tower, also in Gothic style (14th century).

The interior was decorated with numerous frescoes starting from the 13th century, some of which painted by Giacomo Jaquerio in the early 15th century. Also by him is the Ascension to the Calvary, in the sacristy. In the presbytery is a polyptych by Defendente Ferrari (1531).

References

External links
Page at piemonteitalia.eu

15th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy
Sant'Antonio di Ranverso
Gothic architecture in Piedmont
Saint Anthony the Great abbeys

Sant'Antonio di Ranverso Abbey


Gaspar Jesús Melchor Flores Magón (6 January 1871 – 7 December 1930) was a Mexican politician, journalist, and jurist. The more moderate brother of Ricardo and Enrique Flores Magón, he served in the cabinet of Francisco I. Madero.

Biography

Jesús Flores Magón was born in San Jerónimo Tecóatl in the state of Oaxaca in 1871,
to Margarita Magón and Teodoro Flores, a Nahua who had fought in Benito Juárez's Liberal Army.
At an early age the family relocated to Mexico City.

He graduated in law in 1897 and, in conjunction with his brother Ricardo, founded the newspaper Regeneración, the first edition of which appeared on 7 August 1900. As editor of the paper, he was jailed on several occasions for criticising the judicial system. He was later expelled from the country for his anti-Porfirio Díaz writings; he fled to the United States where his political differences with his brothers – also exiled, and now espousing anarchist beliefs – deepened.

He returned to Mexico in 1910 following the overthrow of Porfirio Díaz in the early days of the Mexican Revolution.
In 1911, alongside  Antonio Irineo Villarreal, he began publishing a moderate version of the newspaper Regeneración in Mexico City, while his brothers – still in their U.S. exile – published a more radical broadsheet under the same title in Los Angeles, California.

President Francisco I. Madero appointed him under-secretary for justice in his cabinet. He also served as secretary of the interior from February to November 1912 and, subsequently, as secretary for development. Following  Victoriano Huerta's coup d'état in February 1913, he again went into exile.
Upon returning, he resumed his law practice.

During the tumultuous years that followed, he remained in Mexico City. When  Venustiano Carranza assumed the presidency, he chose to leave the country on account of the fact that he had been the running mate of presidential candidate Manuel Calero y Sierra; he returned to Mexico following Carranza's assassination.

See also
Magonism
Regeneración

References

External links

Mexican journalists
Mexican male journalists
1871 births
1930 deaths
Politicians from Oaxaca
Mexican revolutionaries
Magonists
Mexican Secretaries of the Interior
Porfiriato

Jesús Flores Magón


Chelsea is a well-known area in London. It was a borough, but now it is in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea.

It is an area where the property values are very high, and the shops and facilities cater to wealthy people. It is the home of Sloane Square, the King's Road and Chelsea F.C. It was the centre of Swinging London in the 1960s, and is still a centre of the fashion trade. Sloane Street is one of London's premier shopping destinations, with high-end fashion or jewellery boutiques such as Cartier, Tiffany & Co., Dolce & Gabbana, Prada, Gucci, Harrods, Dior, Louis Vuitton, Jimmy Choo, Giorgio Armani, Yves Saint Laurent, Chanel, Valentino, Bvlgari, Gianni Versace and Graff.

References

Chelsea, London

Chelsea, London


Stefan Crnojević (, 1469–1499), or Stephen II was a nominal ruler of the Principality of Zeta between 1496 and 1499.

Conspiring with Ottomans against Đurađ
Until 1496, the ruler of Zeta had been Stefan's older brother Đurađ Crnojević, who maintained frequent correspondence with other Christian feudal states with intention to establish an anti-Ottoman coalition. When his brother Stefan betrayed him to the Ottomans in 1496, Đurađ proposed to accept Ottoman suzerainty under Feriz Beg, if they accepted to recognize him as governor in Zeta. Feriz Beg refused the proposal and invited Đurađ to either come to Scutari to clarify his anti-Ottoman activities, or to flee Zeta. When Feriz Beg attacked Zeta with strong forces in 1496, Đurađ decided to flee to the Republic of Venice.

Lord of Zeta
Stefan remained in Zeta hoping that the Ottomans would accept his suzerainty, but they only used him in order to easier gain control over his domains. Stefan was lord of Zeta only nominally, while Ottomans collected taxes from its population. In 1497 Feriz Beg captured Grbalj and put it under his effective military control, although it was still part of Zeta governed by Stefan Crnojević. In 1499 Feriz Beg formally annexed Zeta to the territory of his Sanjak of Scutari, after he became suspicious toward Stefan because of his contacts with Venice. Feriz Beg then invited Stefan Crnojević to Scutari, where he had him imprisoned. Stefan probably died in prison since he was never mentioned again in historical sources. According to some authors, after his brother had fled Zeta, Stefan was only an Ottoman spahi, who in 1499 went to Hilandar and became a monk, taking the monastic name Marko.

Ancestry

References

Sources

15th-century births
1499 deaths
15th-century lords in Europe
15th-century Serbian nobility
Stefan 2
Ottoman vassalage

Stefan II Crnojević


('beyond the powers') is a Latin phrase used in law to describe an act that requires legal authority but is done without it. Its opposite, an act done under proper authority, is  ('within the powers'). Acts that are  may equivalently be termed "valid", and those that are  termed "invalid".

Legal issues relating to  can arise in a variety of contexts:
 Companies and other legal persons sometimes have limited legal capacity to act, and attempts to engage in activities beyond their legal capacities may be . Most countries have restricted the doctrine of  in relation to companies by statute.
 Similarly, statutory and governmental bodies may have limits upon the acts and activities which they legally engage in.
 Subordinate legislation which is purported passed without the proper legal authority may be invalid as beyond the powers of the authority which issued it.

Corporate law

In corporate law,  describes acts attempted by a corporation that are beyond the scope of powers granted by the corporation's objects clause, its articles of incorporation, its by-laws, similar founding documents, or laws authorizing a corporation's formation. Acts attempted by a corporation that are beyond the scope of its charter are void or voidable.

 An  transaction cannot be ratified by shareholders, even if they wish it to be ratified.
 The doctrine of estoppel usually precluded reliance on the defense of  where the transaction was fully performed by one party.
 A fortiori, a transaction fully performed by both parties could not be attacked.
 If the contract was fully executory, the defense of  might be raised by either party.
 If the contract was partially performed, and the performance was held insufficient to bring the doctrine of estoppel into play, a suit for quasi-contract for recovery of benefits conferred was available.
 If an agent of the corporation committed a tort within the scope of their employment, the corporation could not defend on the ground the act was .

Several modern developments relating to corporate formation have limited the probability that  acts will occur. Except in the case of non-profit corporations (including municipal corporations), this legal doctrine is obsolescent; within recent years, almost all business corporations have been chartered to allow them to transact any lawful business. The Model Business Corporation Act of the United States states that: "The validity of corporate action may not be challenged on the ground that the corporation lacks or lacked power to act." The doctrine still lives among non-profit corporations or state-created corporate bodies established for a specific public purpose, such as universities or charities.

United Kingdom

Historically all companies in the United Kingdom were subject to the doctrine of  and any act which was outside of the objects specified in a company's memorandum of association would be  and void.  That result was commercially unpalatable. It led to companies being formed with extremely wide and generic objects clauses permitting a company to engage in all manner of commercial activities.

The position was changed by statute by the Companies Act 1985, which essentially abolished the doctrine concerning commercial companies. The position is now regulated by the Companies Act 2006, sections 31 and 39, which similarly significantly reduces the applicability of  in corporate law. However, it can still apply to charities, and a shareholder may apply for an injunction, in advance only, to prevent an act which is claimed to be .

In many jurisdictions, such as Australia, legislation provides that a corporation has all the powers of a natural person plus others; also, the validity of acts which are made  is preserved.

United States
According to American laws, the concept of  can still arise in the following kinds of activities in some states:
 Charitable or political contributions
 Guaranty of indebtedness of another
 Loans to officers or directors
 Pensions, bonuses, stock option plans, job severance payments, and other fringe benefits
 The power to acquire shares of other corporations
 The power to enter into a partnership

Constitutional law

Under constitutional law, particularly in Canada and the United States, constitutions give federal and provincial or state governments various powers. To go outside those powers would be ; for example, although the court did not use the term in striking down a federal law in United States v. Lopez because it exceeded the constitutional authority of Congress, the Supreme Court still declared the law to be .

According to Article 15.2 of the Irish constitution, the Oireachtas (parliament) is the sole lawmaking body in the Republic of Ireland. In the case of CityView Press v AnCo, however, the Supreme Court of Ireland held that the Oireachtas may delegate certain powers to subordinate bodies through primary legislation, so long as these delegated powers allow the delegatee only to further the principles and policies laid down by the Oireachtas in primary legislation and not craft new principles or policies themselves. Any piece of primary legislation that grants the power to make public policy to a body other than the Oireachtas is unconstitutional; however, as there is a presumption in Irish constitutional law that the Oireachtas acts within the confines of the constitution, any legislation passed by the Oireachtas must be interpreted in such a way as to be constitutionally valid where possible.

Thus, in several cases where bodies other than the Oireachtas were found to have used powers granted to them by primary legislation to make public policy, the impugned primary legislation was read in such a way that it would not have the effect of allowing a subordinate body to make public policy. In these cases, the primary legislation was held to be constitutional. Still, the subordinate or secondary legislation, which amounted to creating public policy, was held to be  the primary legislation and was struck down.

In UK constitutional law,  describes patents, ordinances, and the like enacted under the prerogative powers of the Crown that contradict statutes enacted by the Crown-in-Parliament. Almost unheard of in modern times,  acts by the Crown or its servants were previously a major threat to the rule of law.

Boddington v British Transport Police is an example of an appeal heard by the House of Lords that contested that a by-law was beyond the powers conferred to it under section 67 of the Transport Act 1962.

Administrative law
In administrative law, an act may be judicially reviewable for  in a narrow or broad sense. Narrow  applies if an administrator did not have the substantive power to make a decision or it was wrought with procedural defects. Broad  applies if there is an abuse of power (e.g., Wednesbury unreasonableness or bad faith) or a failure to exercise an administrative discretion (e.g., acting at the behest of another or unlawfully applying a government policy) or application of discretionary powers in an irrational and wrong way. Either doctrine may entitle a claimant to various prerogative writs, equitable remedies or statutory orders if they are satisfied.

United Kingdom
In the seminal case of Anisminic v Foreign Compensation Commission, Lord Reid is accredited with formulating the doctrine of . However, , together with unreasonableness, was mentioned much earlier by Lord Russell in the well-known case, Kruse v Johnson, regarding challenging by-laws and other rules. Anisminic is better known for not depriving courts of their jurisdiction to declare a decision a nullity, even if a statute expressly prevents it from being subject to judicial review. Further cases such as Bromley LBC v Greater London Council and Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service have sought to refine the doctrine.

In Hammersmith and Fulham London Borough Council v Hazell the House of Lords held that interest rate swaps entered into by local authorities (a popular method of circumventing statutory restrictions on local authorities borrowing money at that time) were all  and void, sparking a raft of satellite litigation.

See also
Judicial activism
Judicial Review in English Law
Mark Elliott (St Catharine's College, Cambridge proposes the modified  doctrine for administrative law, placing it firmly in the correct constitutional setting. (The Ultra Vires Doctrine in a Constitutional Setting: Still the Central Principle of Administrative Law [1999] Cambridge Law Journal Vol. 58 129)
Precedent

Notes

Robert W. Hamilton. The Law of Corporation  4th Edition, 1996 West Group

Administrative law
Latin legal terminology

Ultra vires


Ustad Allah Baksh (1895-1978; ) was a very well known early modern artist and painter of Pakistan. He is best known today for his depictions of rural life in the country and for subjects from Hindu and Persian mythology.Whenever Pakistan's folk culture and life will be talked about, the name of Ustad (ustad means a maestro) Allah Baksh will stand out prominently. He was the man who immortalized our rural life, and specially of the Punjab – the land where he was born in 1885 in the small town of Wazirabad, Punjab. His very near-to-life life-size paintings are full of colour, life and people that forces an onlooker to stop in his tracks and appreciate his masterly work of art. He died in October 1978. His grave can be found at Muslim Town graveyard, Lahore.

Ustad Allah Bakhsh was lucky to have found Master Abdullah, a great maestro of his own time and a master of miniature art. He started learning from his ustad at the age of five and by the age of fourteen he had become an artist of his own style. He also learnt the art of painting from Master Meeran Bakhsh Naqash, a known teacher and painter and was also the Vice Principal of the Mayo School of Arts, now the National College of Arts Lahore.

His art treasure has been preserved in the National art gallery is an exclusive corner attributed to one of the great master painters of Pakistan and Indo-Pak subcontinent. Besides, his studio where he used to spend most of his time has been converted into an academy "Allah Bux Academy" which is now serving as a learning ground for those who wants to excel in this great master's style.

Sources

1895 births
1978 deaths
Pakistani painters
Punjabi people

Ustad Allah Bux


The Vienna Psychoanalytic Society (, WPV), formerly known as the Wednesday Psychological Society, is the oldest psychoanalysis society in the world. In 1908, reflecting its growing institutional status as the international psychoanalytic authority of the time, the Wednesday group was reconstituted under its new name with Sigmund Freud as President, a position he relinquished in 1910 in favor of Alfred Adler. During its 36-year history, between 1902 and 1938, the Society had a total of 150 members.

Prominent members
Sigmund Freud
Alfred Adler
Wilhelm Reich
Otto Rank
Karl Abraham
Carl Jung
Sándor Ferenczi
Guido Holzknecht
Isidor Isaak Sadger
Victor Tausk
Hanns Sachs
Ludwig Binswanger
Carl Alfred Meier
Sabina Spielrein
Margarete Hilferding
Herbert Silberer
Paul Schilder

First meetings

In November 1902, Sigmund Freud wrote to Alfred Adler, "A small circle of colleagues and supporters afford me the great pleasure of coming to my house in the evening (8:30 PM after dinner) to discuss interesting topics in psychology and neuropathology... Would you be so kind as to join us?"  The group included Wilhelm Stekel, Max Kahane and Rudolf Reitler, soon joined by Adler. Stekel, a Viennese physician who had been in analysis with Freud, provided the initial impetus for the meetings. Freud made sure that each participant would contribute to the discussion by drawing names from an urn and asking each to address the chosen topic.

New members were invited only with the consent of the entire group, and only a few dropped out. By 1906, the group, then called the Wednesday Psychological Society, included 17 doctors, analysts and laymen. Otto Rank was hired that year to collect dues and keep written records of the increasingly complex discussions. Each meeting included the presentation of a paper or case history with discussion and a final summary by Freud. Some of the members presented detailed histories of their own psychological and sexual development.

Active years

As the meetings grew to include more of the original contributors to psychoanalysis, analytic frankness sometimes became an excuse for personal attacks. In 1908 Max Graf, whose five-year-old son had been an early topic of discussion as Freud's famous "Little Hans" case, deplored the disappearance of congeniality. There were still discussions from which important insights could be gleaned, but many became acrimonious. Many members wanted to abolish the tradition that new ideas discussed at the meetings were credited to the group as a whole, not the original contributor of the idea. Freud proposed that each member should have a choice, to have his comments regarded as his own intellectual property, or to put them in the public domain.

In an attempt to resolve some of the disputes, Freud officially dissolved the informal group and formed a new group under the name Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. On the suggestion of Alfred Adler, the election of new members was based on secret ballot rather than Freud's invitation. Although the structure of the group became more democratic, the discussions lost some of their original eclectic character as the identity of the group developed. The psychosexual theories of Freud became the primary focus of the participants.

After the end of World War I, the membership became more homogeneous, and the proportion of members identifying as Jewish increased. Over the course of the 36 years of its existence (until 1938), the Society registered a total of 150 members. Most members were Jewish, and 50 were (like Freud himself) children of Jewish immigrants from other Habsburg states.

References

External links
 International Journal of Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis organizations
Organizations established in 1902
Medical and health organisations based in Austria

1902 establishments in Austria
1938 disestablishments in Austria

Vienna Psychoanalytic Society


Vulcan was a theoretical planet. In the 19th century, the planet was thought to orbit close to the sun. Its gravitational pull would explain changes seen between the perihelion advance of Mercury from that predicted by Classical Mechanics. The theory that Vulcan exists come from the earlier prediction that an outer planet (now Neptune) was causing similar changes in the orbit of Uranus from the orbit predicted by classical theory.

None of the searches for Vulcan found a planet. This caused some people to not agree with Newtonian theory. It led to the development of Special Relativity and General Relativity. Albert Einstein's modified theory of gravity showed why the orbit of Mercury changes without the existence of Vulcan. This disproved the theories of Vulcan.

References

Solar System planets
Terrestrial planets

Vulcan (hypothetical planet)


USS Maloy (DE-791/EDE-791), a  of the United States Navy.

Namesake
Thomas Joel Maloy was born on 26 September 1906 in Portland, Oregon. He enlisted in the Navy on 30 September 1926. On 13 November 1942, in action off Guadalcanal, Chief Watertender Maloy's ship, , was torpedoed and went dead in the water. After ordering his crew to abandon number one fireroom, Maloy remained at his station struggling to stem the rapid flooding of the area. Compelled to leave the compartment, he proceeded to the forward engine room to investigate conditions there. He perished in this heroic attempt to save the ship. He was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross.

Construction and commissioning
Maloy (DE-791) was laid down by Consolidated Steel Corporation in Orange, Texas, on 10 May 1943; launched on 18 August 1943, sponsored by Mrs. Thomas J. Maloy, widow of Chief Water Tender Maloy; and commissioned on 13 December 1943.

Service history

World War II, 1943–1945
Maloy spent her entire World War II service with the Atlantic Fleet.  On her first assignment she escorted troop transports to the Panama Canal and screened an escort carrier back to the east coast.  Then in early March 1944 she crossed the Atlantic to Northern Ireland, and until June conducted amphibious training along the English coast in preparation for the invasion of France.

On D-Day, 6 June 1944, Maloy supported operations off Omaha Beach in this hard-fought assault where naval gunfire support played a decisive role in victory.  She continued to patrol off the Normandy coast and among the Channel Islands for the remainder of the war, raiding enemy shipping whenever possible.  With the capitulation of Germany on 8 May 1945, she escorted the first convoy to re-enter Saint Peter Port, Guernsey, Channel Islands.  The destroyer escort then returned to the United States, arriving on 18 June 1945.

Operational Development Force, 1946–1965
The following May, Maloy commenced working for Operational Development Force, New London Detachment, and was redesignated EDE-791 on 14 August 1946.  For the next 18 years, Maloy played a large role in the ever-changing Navy, primarily testing and evaluating experimental equipment in connection with various projects of the Underwater Sound Laboratory.  While testing the new equipment, Maloy continued to fulfill regular duties, which included service as a school and training ship for the Fleet Sonar School at Key West, and participated in anti-submarine warfare, convoy, and other fleet exercises.

During this time she also successfully completed emergency assignments.  At Portland, Maine, 11 November 1947 to 25 March 1948, Maloy provided electrical power for the city when, because of extreme drought conditions, local power companies could not draw on their normal power source, the lakes and rivers of the area.  In May and June 1961, she cruised off the Dominican Republic to provide, if necessary, protection for American citizens during the revolution in that country.  And the following year she provided support for the Cuban quarantine during the Cuban Missile Crisis of October–November. For the next two years, Maloy continued her test and evaluation assignments.

Decommissioning and sale
She decommissioned at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on 28 May 1965 and was struck from the Navy List on 1 June 1965.  On 11 March 1966, she was sold to the North American Smelting Company of Wilmington, Delaware, for scrap.

Awards
Maloy received one battle star for World War II service.

References

External links

A web site devoted to the USS Maloy (DE-791) created by the last executive officer to serve on the ship

Buckley-class destroyer escorts
Ships built in Orange, Texas
World War II frigates and destroyer escorts of the United States
1943 ships

USS Maloy


Daasebre Oti Boateng (1938 – August 2021) was a Ghanaian statistician, academic, and traditional ruler. He was the Omanhene (paramount chief) of New Juaben in the Eastern Region from 1992 until his death in 2021. He served as president of the Eastern Region House of Chiefs.

Early life and education
He attended Konongo Odumasi Senior High School for his secondary school education. Oti Boateng proceeded to the University of Ghana where he completed with a Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree in Economics. He furthered his education at London School of Economics and Political Science where he earned a Master of Science (MSc) degree in Statistics. Oti Boateng also held Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree in Statistics from the University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.

Career
Oti Boateng served as the Ghanaian Government statistician and head of the Statistical Service from 1982 to 2000 aggregating to a total of 17 years as head of statistical service. Daasebre also worked with the University of Ghana for 14 years. Within the 14 years he rose to the position of Senior Research Fellow and subsequently Director of Studies at the Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research (ISSER). Oti Boateng was elected as the first black Chairman of the United Nations Statistical Commission In 1987. In 1993, he also served as the Chairman of the 15th International Conference of Labor Statisticians which was held in Geneva.

He was a member of the International Civil Service Commission (ICSC) and he served also as Commissioner on the commission at the UN Headquarters in New York.

He was the Chancellor for the All Nations University, a private university in the Eastern Region.

Reign
He ascended the New Juaben stool under the stool name Daasebre Oti Boateng in 1992, succeeding his elder brother and predecessor, the late Nana Kwaku Boateng II. He was a member of the Yiadom-Hwedie royal family of Juaben, Ashanti, and New Juaben. His mother was the queenmother of Juaben.

Author
Oti Boateng authored several books and research papers regarding local governance, statistics and community, national development. In 2019 he launched a 3 volume book with the title 'Development in Unity' in Accra

Personal life
He was a member of the freemasonry community under the Grand Lodge of Ghana.

References

1938 births
2021 deaths
Ghanaian royalty
Ghanaian leaders
People from Eastern Region (Ghana)
University of Ghana alumni
Ghanaian Freemasons
Konongo Odumase Senior High School alumni

Daasebre Oti Boateng


Traditionalist conservatism in the United States is a political, social philosophy and variant of conservatism based on the philosophy and writings of Aristotle and Edmund Burke.

Traditional conservatives emphasize the bonds of social order over hyper-individualism, and the defense of ancestral institutions. Traditionalist conservatives believe in a transcendent moral order, manifested through certain natural laws to which they believe society ought to conform in a prudent manner. Traditionalist conservatives also emphasize the rule of law in securing individual liberty.

Some observers have stated that traditionalist conservatism has been overshadowed or eclipsed by fiscal conservatives and social conservatives (particularly the Christian right).

History

18th century
In terms of "classical conservatism", the Federalists had no connection with European-style aristocracy, monarchy or established religion. Historian John P. Diggins has said:
Thanks to the framers, American conservatism began on a genuinely lofty plane. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Marshall, John Jay, James Wilson, and, above all, John Adams aspired to create a republic in which the values so precious to conservatives  might flourish: harmony, stability, virtue, reverence, veneration, loyalty, self-discipline, and moderation. This was classical conservatism in its most authentic expression.

Something akin to Burkean traditionalism was transported to the American colonies through the policies and principles of the Federalist Party and its leadership as embodied by John Adams and Alexander Hamilton. Federalists strongly opposed the excesses and instability of the French Revolution, defended traditional Christian morality and supported a new "natural aristocracy" based on "property, education, family status, and sense of ethical responsibility".

John Adams was one of the earliest defenders of a traditional social order in Revolutionary America. In his Defence of the Constitution (1787), Adams attacked the ideas of radicals like Thomas Paine, who advocated for a unicameral legislature (Adams deemed it too democratic). His translation of Discourses on Davila (1790), which also contained his own commentary, was an examination of "human motivation in politics". Adams believed that human motivation inevitably led to dangerous impulses where the government would need to sometimes intervene.

The leader of the Federalist Party was Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury and co-author of The Federalist Papers (1787–1788) which was then and to this day remains a major interpretation of the new 1789 Constitution. Hamilton was critical of both Jeffersonian classical liberalism and the radical ideas coming out of the French Revolution. He rejected laissez-faire economics and favored a strong central government.

19th century
In the era after the Revolutionary Generation, the Whig Party had an approach that resembled Burkean conservatism, although Whigs rarely cited Burke. Whig statesmen led the charge for tradition and custom against the prevailing democratic ethos of the Jacksonian Era. Standing for hierarchy and organic society, in many ways their concepts of the Union paralleled Benjamin Disraeli's "One Nation Conservatism".

Along with Henry Clay, the most noteworthy Whig statesman was Boston's Daniel Webster. A firm Unionist, his most famous speech was his "Second Reply to Hayne" (1829) where he criticized the argument from Southerners such as John C. Calhoun that the states had a right to nullify federal laws they deemed unconstitutional. Webster rarely mentioned Burke but he occasionally followed similar lines of thought.

Webster's intellectual and political heir was Rufus Choate, who admired Burke. Choate was a part of the emerging legal culture in New England, centered on the newly formed Harvard Law School. He believed that lawyers were preservers and conservers of the Constitution and that it was the duty of the educated to govern political institutions. Choate's most famous address was "The Position and Functions of the American Bar, as an Element of Conservatism in the State" (1845).

Two figures in the Northern antebellum period were what Emory University professor Patrick Allitt referred to as the "Guardians of Civilization": George Ticknor and Edward Everett.

George Ticknor, a Dartmouth-educated academic at Harvard, was the chief purveyor of humane learning in the Boston area. A founder of the Boston Public Library and the scion of an old Federalist family, Ticknor educated his students in Romance languages and the works of Dante and Cervantes at home while promoting America abroad to his many international friends, including Lord Byron and Talleyrand.

Like Ticknor, Edward Everett was educated at the same German university (Goettigen) and advocated for the U.S. to follow same virtues as the ancient Greeks and eventually went into politics as a Whig. A firm Unionist (like his friend Daniel Webster), Everett deplored the Jacksonian Democracy that swept the nation. A famed orator in his own right, he supported Lincoln against Southern secession.

American Catholic journalist and political theorist (and former political and religious radical) Orestes Brownson is best known for writing The American Republic, an 1865 treatise examining how America fulfills Catholic tradition and Western Civilization. Brownson was critical of both the Northern abolitionists and the Southern secessionists and was himself a solid Unionist.

20th century
In the 20th century, traditionalist conservatism on both sides of the Atlantic centered on two publications: The Bookman and its successor, The American Review. Owned and edited by the eccentric Seward Collins, these journals published the writings of the British Distributists, the New Humanists, the Southern Agrarians, T. S. Eliot, Christopher Dawson, et al. Eventually, Collins drifted towards support of fascism and as a result lost the support of many of his traditionalist backers. Despite the decline of the journal due to Collins' increasingly radical political views, The American Review left a profound mark on the history of traditionalist conservatism.

Another intellectual branch of early-20th-century traditionalist conservatism was known as the New Humanism. Led by Harvard University professor Irving Babbitt and Princeton University professor Paul Elmer More, the New Humanism was a literary and social criticism movement that opposed both romanticism and naturalism. Beginning in the late 19th century, the New Humanism defended artistic standards and "first principles" (Babbitt's phrase). Reaching an apogee in 1930, Babbitt and More published a variety of books including Babbitt's Literature and the American College (1908), Rousseau and Romanticism (1919) and Democracy and Leadership (1924) and More's Shelburne Essays (1904–1921).

One other group of traditionalist conservatives were the Southern Agrarians. Originally a group of Vanderbilt University poets and writers known as "the Fugitives", they included John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate, Donald Davidson and Robert Penn Warren. Adhering to strict literary standards (Warren and traditionalist scholar Cleanth Brooks later formulated a form of literary criticism known as the New Criticism), in 1930 some of the Fugitives joined other traditionalist Southern writers to publish I'll Take My Stand, which applied standards sympathetic to local particularism and the agrarian way of life to politics and economics. Condemning northern industrialism and commercialism, the "twelve southerners" who contributed to the book echoed earlier arguments made by the distributists. A few years after the publication of I'll Take My Stand, some of the Southern Agrarians were joined by Hilaire Belloc and Herbert Agar in the publication of a new collection of essays entitled Who Owns America: A New Declaration of Independence.

New conservatives
After World War II, the first stirrings of a "traditionalist movement" took place and among those who launched this movement (and in effect the larger Conservative Movement in America) was University of Chicago professor Richard M. Weaver. Weaver's Ideas Have Consequences (1948) chronicled the steady erosion of Western cultural values since the Middle Ages. In 1949, another professor, Peter Viereck echoed the writings of Weaver with his Conservatism Revisited, which examined the conservative thought of Prince Klemens Metternich.

After Weaver and Viereck a flowering of conservative scholarship occurred starting with the publication of 1953's The New Science of Politics by Eric Voegelin, 1953's The Quest for Community by Robert A. Nisbet and 1955's Conservatism in America by Clinton Rossiter. However, the book that defined the traditionalist school was 1953's The Conservative Mind, written by Russell Kirk, which gave a detailed analysis of the intellectual pedigree of Anglo-American traditionalist conservatism.

When these thinkers appeared on the academic scene they became known for rebuking the progressive worldview inherent in an America comfortable with New Deal economics, a burgeoning military–industrial complex and a consumerist and commercialized citizenry. These conservative scholars and writers garnered the attention of the popular press of the time and before long they were collectively referred to as "the New Conservatives". Among this group were not only Weaver, Viereck, Voegelin, Nisbet, Rossiter and Kirk, but other lesser known thinkers such as John Blum, Daniel Boorstin, McGeorge Bundy, Thomas Cook, Raymond English, John Hallowell, Anthony Harrigan, August Heckscher, Milton Hindus, Klemens von Klemperer, Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn, Richard Leopold, S. A. Lukacs, Malcolm Moos, Eliseo Vivas, Geoffrey Wagner, Chad Walsh and Francis Wilson, as well as Arthur Bestor, Mel Bradford, C. P. Ives, Stanley Jaki, John Lukacs, Forrest McDonald, Thomas Molnar, Gerhard Neimeyer, James V. Schall, S.J., Peter J. Stanlis, Stephen J. Tonsor and Frederick Wilhelmsen.

The acknowledged leader of the New Conservatives was independent scholar, writer, critic and man of letters Russell Kirk. Kirk was a key figure of the conservative movement: he was a friend to William F. Buckley, Jr., a columnist for National Review, an editor and a syndicated columnist, as well as a historian and horror fiction writer. His most famous work was 1953's The Conservative Mind: From Burke to Santayana, later republished as The Conservative Mind: From Burke to Eliot. Kirk's writings and legacy are interwoven with the history of traditionalist conservatism. He was influential at The Heritage Foundation, the Intercollegiate Studies Institute, and other conservative think tanks, especially the Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal.

The Conservative Mind was written by Kirk as a doctoral dissertation while he was a student at the St. Andrews University in Scotland. Previously the author of a biography of American conservative John Randolph of Roanoke, Kirk's The Conservative Mind had laid out six "canons of conservative thought" in the book, including:
 Belief that a divine intent rules society as well as conscience... Political problems, at bottom, are religious and moral problems.
 Affection for the proliferating variety and mystery of traditional life, as distinguished from the narrowing uniformity and egalitarian and utilitarian aims of most radical systems.
 Conviction that civilized society requires orders and classes...
 Persuasion that property and freedom are inseparably connected, and that economic leveling is not economic progress...
 Faith in prescription and distrust of "sophisters and calculators." Man must put a control upon his will and his appetite.... Tradition and sound prejudice provide checks upon man's anarchic impulse.
 Recognition that change and reform are not identical...

Goldwater movement and its aftermath

U.S. Senator Barry Goldwater gained national attention by way of The Conscience of a Conservative, a book ghostwritten for him by L. Brent Bozell Jr. (William F. Buckley, Jr.'s Catholic traditionalist brother-in-law). The book advocated a conservative vision in keeping with Buckley's National Review and propelled Goldwater to challenge Vice President Richard Nixon, without success, for the 1960 Republican presidential nomination.

In 1964, Goldwater returned to challenge the Eastern Establishment, which since the 1930s had controlled the Republican Party. In a brutal campaign where he was maligned by liberal Republican primary rivals (Rockefeller, Romney, Scranton, etc.), the press, the Democrats and President Lyndon B. Johnson, Goldwater again found allies among conservatives, including the traditionalists. Russell Kirk championed Goldwater's cause as the maturation of the New Right in American politics. Kirk advocated for Goldwater in his syndicated columns and campaigned for him in the primaries. Goldwater's subsequent defeat would result in the New Right regrouping and finding a new figurehead in the late 1970s: Ronald Reagan.

Fundamental differences developed between libertarians and traditional conservatives. Libertarians wanted the free market to be unregulated as possible while traditional conservatives believed that big business, if unconstrained, could impoverish national life and threaten freedom. Libertarians also believed that a strong state would threaten freedom while traditional conservatives regarded a strong state, one which is properly constructed to ensure that not too much power accumulated in any one branch, was necessary to ensure freedom.

Leading 20th and 21st century traditionalist figures
Former Tennessee Republican Senator Fred Thompson, former Michigan Republican Senator Spencer Abraham and former Illinois Democratic Senator Paul Simon have all been influenced by traditionalist conservative Russell Kirk. Thompson gave an interview about Kirk's influence on the Russell Kirk Center's blog. Among the U.S. Congressmen influenced by Kirk are former Illinois Republican Congressman Henry Hyde and Michigan Republican Congressmen Thaddeus McCotter and Dave Camp, the latter two of whom visited the Russell Kirk Center in 2009. In 2010, then-Congressman Mike Pence acknowledged Kirk as a major influence. Former Michigan Republican Governor John Engler is a close personal friend of the Kirk family and also serves as a trustee of the Wilbur Foundation, which funds programs at the Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal in Mecosta, Michigan. Engler gave a speech at The Heritage Foundation on Kirk which is available from the Russell Kirk Center's blog.

Other influences
Traditionalist conservative influences on those who emerged in the 1940s and 1950s as "the New Conservatives" included Bernard Iddings Bell, Gordon Keith Chalmers, Grenville Clark, Peter Drucker, Will Herberg, and Ross J. S. Hoffman.

Organizations
 Intercollegiate Studies Institute
 Philadelphia Society
 Howard Center for Family, Religion and Society
 National Humanities Institute
 Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal

Journals, periodicals and reviews
 Modern Age: A Quarterly Review
 Touchstone Magazine
 The University Bookman
 The Political Science Reviewer
 The Chesterton Review
 Image: A Journal of the Arts and Religion

See also

 Conservatism in the United States
 Traditionalist conservatism
 Traditional Values Coalition

References

Bibliography

Conservatism in the United States


The Hoboken election of 2005 was an election when people living in Hoboken, New Jersey voted for a mayor. They also voted for a person for council of the city. The main people hoping to be mayor were:
David Roberts (won)
Carol Marsh (lost)
Frank Raia (lost)
Michael Russo (lost)
Evelyn Smith (lost)

The people hoping to join the council were:
Ruben Ramos Jr. (with Roberts, won)
Theresa LaBruno (with Roberts, won)
Peter Cammarano (with Roberts, won)
Inés García-Keim (with Marsh)
Anthony Soares (with Marsh)
Brian Urbano (with Marsh)
Theresa Burns (with Raia)
Anthony Mussara (with Raia)
Ron Rosenburg (with Raia)
Genevy Dimitrion (with Russo)
Manny Ortega (with Russo)
Brian Keller (with Russo)
Carrie Gilliard (with Smith)
Diane Nieves (with Smith)
Elizabeth Falco (with Smith)
Andrew Amato (by himself)
Scott Delea (by himself)

The election was on May 10, 2005. Roberts and Marsh got the most votes. Neither of them got 50% of the vote. Because this happened, a second election will happen (June 14, 2005).

2005 in the United States
2005 elections
2000s in New Jersey
2000s elections in the United States
May 2005 events

2005 Hoboken mayoral election


Pakistan, including the disputed territory of Kashmir, originally had 37 political divisions during the United Pakistan period, that was inherited by British India, then from 1971-2000 it was reduced to 33 since four were lost to the independence of Bangladesh''

The Divisions of Pakistan () used to be a subdivision of Pakistan's provinces. Pakistan's four provinces were split into divisions and the divisions were split into districts. However after the year 2000, the government of Pakistan abolished divisions.

Abolition

In August 2000, local government reforms abolished the "Division" as an administrative tier and introduced a system of local government councils, with the first elections held in 2001. Following that there was radical restructuring of the local government system to implement "the principle of subsidiarity, whereby all functions that can be effectively performed at the local level are transferred to that level". This meant devolution of many functions, to districts and tehsils, which were previously handled at the provincial and divisional levels. At abolition, there were twenty-six divisions in Pakistan proper - five in Sindh, six in Balochistan, seven in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and eight in Punjab. Abolition did not affect the two divisions of Azad Kashmir, which form the second tier of government.

Divisions of Pakistan


Jürgen Marcus (born Jürgen Beumer; 6 June 1948 – 17 May 2018) was a German schlager singer who was most successful during the 1970s, when he had 14 chart hits in Germany.  He is also known for his participation on behalf of Luxembourg in the 1976 Eurovision Song Contest.

Career
Marcus was signed to a recording contract in 1970 and his single releases became popular almost immediately.  His first charting single came in the same year, and he subsequently enjoyed three consecutive top 10 hits in 1972–73, including the highest-charting single of his career, "Eine neue Liebe ist wie ein neues Leben", which peaked at No. 2. He was a regular on German TV music shows, and in 1972 appeared in a film, Heut hau'n wir auf die Pauke.

Eurovision Song Contest
In 1975, Marcus took part in the German Eurovision selection with the song "Ein Lied zieht hinaus in die Welt".  Although the song only managed to place ninth, it went on to become a top 3 hit and the last top 20 entry of his career.

Luxembourgian broadcaster RTL almost invariably chose their Eurovision entry by internal selection.  Unusually in 1976, however, they organised a five-song final in which Marcus participated with "Chansons pour ceux qui s'aiment" ("Songs For Those Who Love Each Other").  He won the selection, so went forward to the 21st Eurovision Song Contest which was held on 3 April in The Hague, where "Chansons pour ceux qui s'aiment" fared less well than expected, placing 14th of the 18 entries.

Later career

By the later 1970s, Marcus' recording success had declined and he parted ways with his record company in 1979.  Following a last minor hit in 1981, plans and collaborations came to nothing and Marcus largely dropped from sight. His first album for over 20 years (Ich glaub an die Welt) was released in 2004, followed by a Christmas collection in 2006. Another album of new material (Für Immer), came out in 2008. His last album Zeitreif appeared in 2011.

In April 2017, Marcus declared the end of his career, citing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as the reason. According to his manager and longtime companion Nikolaus Fischer, he died of the disease in the middle of May 2018 in Munich, a few weeks shy of his 70th birthday.

Charting singles
(Indicates highest position on German Singles Chart)
1970: "Nur du (El condor pasa)" (No. 32)
1971: "Nur Liebe zählt" (No. 47)
1972: "Eine neue Liebe ist wie ein neues Leben" (No. 2)
1973: "Ein Festival der Liebe" (No. 3)
1973: "Schmetterlinge können nicht weinen" (No. 8)
1974: "Irgendwann kommt jeder mal nach San Francisco" (No. 17)
1974: "Grand Prix d'Amour" (No. 22)
1974: "Ich hab' die Liebe nicht erfunden" (No. 23)
1975: "Ein Lied zieht hinaus in die Welt" (No. 3)
1975: "Ein Engel, der mich liebt" (No. 44)
1975: "Auf dem Karussell fahren alle gleich schnell" (No. 32)
1976: "Komm mit – auf die Sonnenseite der Straße" (No. 28)
1976: "Der Tingler singt für euch alle" (No. 46)
1977: "Die Uhr geht vor – du kannst noch bleiben" (No. 33)
1981: "Engel der Nacht" (No. 31)

References

External links
  (German)

1948 births
2018 deaths
Schlager musicians
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Luxembourg
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1976
20th-century German male singers
21st-century German male singers
People from Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia
German LGBT singers
Respiratory disease deaths in Germany
Deaths from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Jürgen Marcus


Louis (Félix André) Fourestier (31 May 1892 – 30 September 1976) was a French conductor, composer and pedagogue, and was one of the founders of the Orchestre Symphonique de Paris.

Early years, compositions and prizes
Fourestier was born in Montpellier, where he studied the cello at the local conservatory.  He entered the Conservatoire de Paris in 1909 and was a pupil of Alexandre Guilmant, Paul Dukas, André Gedalge, Paul Vidal, Xavier Leroux (harmony) and Vincent d'Indy (conducting), winning prizes for harmony and counterpoint.  In 1924, he won the Prix Rossini for his cantata Patria.  This was followed by the Prix de Rome in 1925 for another cantata, La mort d'Adonis, and in 1927 the First Grand Prix for the symphonic poem Polynice.

Conducting career
Returning from Rome, Fourestier was engaged as a cellist at the Opéra Comique.  His conducting career commenced when, in 1927, he took charge of the orchestra for a performance of Pietro Mascagni's Cavalleria rusticana, and he was appointed principal conductor later that year, leaving the company in 1932. He subsequently conducted various orchestras in Paris and elsewhere (Angers, Cannes and Vichy).  In 1928 he co-founded the Orchestre Symphonique de Paris along with Ernest Ansermet and Alfred Cortot, before giving way to Pierre Monteux.  In 1938 he succeeded Philippe Gaubert as principal conductor at the Paris Opera, remaining there until 1965.

After World War II, Fourestier appeared as guest conductor in Spain, Germany, Italy and Switzerland. From 1946 to 1948 he conducted thirty-two performances of Lakmé, Carmen, Faust, Manon and Louise at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City and on tour.  Among the singers were Licia Albanese, Lily Pons, Dorothy Kirsten, Bidu Sayão, Risë Stevens, Jennie Tourel, Jussi Björling, John Brownlee, Mack Harrell, Jerome Hines, Raoul Jobin, Robert Merrill, Ezio Pinza and Ramón Vinay.

Professor of conducting and final years
From 1945 to 1963, Fourestier was professor of conducting at the Paris Conservatoire. Louis Frémaux, Pierre Rolland, Yves Prin and Allain Gaussin were among his students.  At the age of 82, he conducted in La Madeleine a celebration of the 60th anniversary of the death of Gabriel Fauré.  Two years later, he died in the Paris suburb of  Boulogne-Billancourt.

References

External links
Prix de Rome 1920-1929

1892 births
1976 deaths
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
20th-century French composers
French male composers
French male conductors (music)
Music directors (opera)
Musicians from Montpellier
French classical cellists
20th-century French conductors (music)
Prix de Rome for composition
20th-century French male musicians
20th-century cellists

Louis Fourestier


Crosscountry is an educational simulation software series of programs for North American students (grade one through grade nine). Many schools use these games as a fun way to teach their students about the states, provinces, territories, and cities. The game is published by Ingenuity Works, a Vancouver-based company originally known as Didatech Software.

In most of the games, the player will drive an 18-wheeler to pick up and deliver commodities to the cities assigned, while making decisions about the best route, when to eat, sleep, fill up gas, etc. In the game series, the player will play as a truck driver where they will make the most money if beneficial decisions are made during their assignment.

Crosscountry USA (1985)
This was the first game in the series, released in 1985 by Didatech Software (later renamed to Ingenuity Works). Educational Software Reviews deemed it "the type of game you can play for a full hour without getting tired." Developed for the PC, the purpose of the game is to pick up commodities from one city and deliver them to another by driving across the country. Players interacted with the game through a command line using commands such as "turn on truck".

Crosscountry Canada (1986)
This was the second game in the series, released in 1986 for the Apple II by Didatech Software, and later ported to DOS in 1991. It was also ported to the ICON, the made-in-Canada educational computer platform. Home of the Underdogs deemed Crosscountry Canada "One of the best edutainment titles ever made". This title has since been made available on several websites, free-to-play.

Crosscountry California (1987)
As titled, players of this game are restricted to the boundaries of California. The gameplay was similar to Crosscountry USA.

Crosscountry Texas (1987)
The game was the first geography simulation to be designed specifically for Texas schools. The game contained simulated travel from city to city throughout Texas. The game sees players  travel to 135 cities and collect up to 55 commodities; the game requires 128K to run, and the school version includes a back-up disk and a teacher 's manual. This version was created without the state's involvement, similar to California, and in contrast to North Dakota. According to Paul Melhus, president of Didatech, the simulation of Texas was designed to be as realistic as possible. The game was not used in Del Rio, as school officials noted the limited use of computers within education. The title was released onto DOS and the Apple II. The paper Technology: Window to the Future. Proceedings of the Annual State Conference of the Texas Computer Education Association noted that the game was more attractive to Texan teachers than Crosscountry USA due to the "proximity and familiarity with the content".

Crosscountry North Dakota (1992)
In October 1992, Didatech announced a deal with North Dakota's Department of Public Instruction to create a state-specific version of the software for the state's schools. The state would provide statistical data to adapt Cross Country USA to a North Dakotan edition. Didatech estimated a production schedule of 100 hours, much quicker than the year taken for the USA version. This came off the heels of the targeted versions Canada, California, and Texas. The game was unique in that Didatech worked with the state's officials directly in production, while the Texas and Californian versions were created without the states' input. At the time of the announcement, Didatech was arranging deals similar to the North Dakotan one with Illinois, Virginia, Ontario, and British Columbia. the game was released onto the Apple II, while a DOS version was being worked on for release the following year. The Computer Paper felt the project "makes the most of what the small firm has".

That game had turned out to be cost-effective; the state invested $45,000 and supplied information for the software maker to use, while Didatech produced the game and manual. Didatech sold a school version of the software to the state, which then sold it directly to schools; meanwhile Didatech would sell a separate retail version through its traditional retail channels. The cost per school was only $65, verses $350 for the site license of a national title. Didatech president Paul Melhus asserted that this type of collaboration was better suited to smaller states due to them being less bureaucratic, more flexible, and more open to innovation.

This formula was later followed with Where in North Dakota Is Carmen Sandiego?.

Crosscountry Canada Platinum (2000)
The game was added to incorporate the new territory of Nunavut and the Confederation Bridge in Prince Edward Island.

Crosscountry USA 2 (2002)
The game was released in 2002, by Ingenuity Works.

Crosscountry Canada 2 (2002)

This game was released in 2002, by Ingenuity Works. Players drive an 18-wheeler truck picking up and delivering commodities across Canada while learning about provinces, cities, territories and more. Making wise decisions along the way will result in a successful trip. It features different large cities throughout Canada, and is an on-rails driving game.

Crosscountry USA Photo Safari (2002)
This game was released in 2002, by Ingenuity Works. The game is "much like Crosscountry USA 2 but with a focus on animals rather than commodities".

Crosscountry Canada Photo Safari (2002)
This game was released in 2002, by Ingenuity Works. The game is "much like Crosscountry Canada 2 but with a focus on animals rather than commodities".

Crosscountry BC (2002)
This game was released in 2002, by Ingenuity Works. As titled, players in this game are restricted to the boundaries of the Canadian province of British Columbia (BC).

References

15. ^ http://ingenuityworks.com/news/20060801.pdf

Notes
 Middle School Journal, 1994
 The Software Catalog: Microcomputers, 1987

External links
 Ingenuity Works

 Crosscountry series at MobyGames
 Crosscountry USA at GameFAQs
 Crosscountry Canada at GameFAQs
 Crosscountry Canada (1986) at Archive.org
 Crosscountry Canada (1991) at Archive.org
 Crosscountry Canada (1991) at ClassicReload

Apple II games
DOS games
Educational video games
Linux games
Classic Mac OS games
North America-exclusive video games
Truck racing video games
Video game franchises
Video game franchises introduced in 1985
Video games developed in Canada
Video games set in Canada
Video games set in the United States
Windows games

Crosscountry (video game series)