The slaty-capped flycatcher (Leptopogon superciliaris) is a small passerine bird in the tyrant flycatcher family. It is found in northern Bolivia to Costa Rica and in Trinidad.

Description
The adult slaty-capped flycatcher is  long and weighs . The head has a dark grey crown, grey and white face, grey supercilium, and black crescent-shaped ear patch. The upperparts are olive-green and the dusky wings have two yellowish wing bars. The throat is whitish and the breast is greenish yellow shading to yellow on the belly. The long heavy bill is black above and pink-based below. Sexes are similar, but young birds have a more olive crown, weaker face pattern, orange wing bars and paler underparts. They have a sharp switch-choo call.

Distribution and habitat
It breeds from Costa Rica through Colombia  and northern Venezuela to northern Bolivia,  Ecuador, and Peru. It also occurs on Trinidad. This species is found in forests and woodland edges.

Behaviour
Slaty-capped flycatcher are seen alone or in pairs, perched in the open or catching insects in flight or from foliage. They also frequently eat berries.

The nest is a ball lined with fine plant fibres, with a side entrance. It is suspended by a tendril or root and built in a heavily shaded area, such as a rock cleft or under hanging vegetation at the top of a bank. The typical clutch is two white eggs.

References

Further reading

slaty-capped flycatcher
Birds of Costa Rica
Birds of Panama
Birds of the Northern Andes
Birds of the Venezuelan Coastal Range
Birds of Trinidad and Tobago
slaty-capped flycatcher

Slaty-capped flycatcher


VCR Plus+, G-Code, VideoPlus+ and ShowView are different names for the same scheduling system for programming VCRs and digital video recorders. These names are all registered trademarks of Macrovision, whose corporate predecessor, Gemstar, developed these algorithms for use in integrated endecs.

History

Before the advent of on-screen displays, the only interface available for programming a home video recorder was a small VFD, LED or LCD panel and a small number of buttons. Correctly setting up a recording for a specific program was therefore a somewhat complex operation for many people. G-Code, VideoPlus+ and ShowView were introduced in the late 1980s to remove this difficulty.

Concept
The central concept of the system is a unique number, a PlusCode, assigned to each program, and published in television listings in newspapers and magazines (such as TV Guide). To record a program, the code number is taken from the newspaper and input into the video recorder, which would then record on the correct channel at the correct time. The code could also be entered into a dedicated remote control device that would then control the VCR.  The number is generated by an algorithm from the date, time and channel of the program; as a result, it does not rely on an over-the-air channel to serve as a conduit to ensure the recording is properly timed. This means it will not compensate for a disrupted schedule due to live sporting events or bulletins for breaking news events, however many video recorders with these systems also incorporate Programme Delivery Control (PDC) and use that to alter times if possible.

Branding

The system has been licensed to television and VCR manufacturers in about 40 countries, but is branded under different names depending on the country. It is known as VCR Plus+, VCR Plus+ Silver and VCR Plus+ Gold in the United States and Canada; G-Code in Japan, China, New Zealand and Australia; VideoPlus+ in Ireland, the United Kingdom, and Japan; and ShowView in the rest of Europe as well as in South Africa. The system is branded as VideoPlus+/ShowView in Europe due to an existing trademark registration for "VCR" by Philips in that continent, and as G-Code (the "G" standing for the system's developer Gemstar) in Japan because VCR is not a common abbreviation there ("VTR," for videotape recorder, is used instead). Japan initially used the name Video Plus+ and later changed to G-Code, an example of this is the Victor (JVC) HR-880. Because television programming schedules are different, the coding has to be adjusted in each of the regions and recording equipment is not interchangeable.

Algorithms
The actual algorithms used to encode and decode the television guide values from and to their time representations were published in 1992, but only for six-digit codes or less.

Source code for seven and eight digit codes was written in C and Perl and posted anonymously in 2003.

See also
 TrueCookPlus, a similar system for microwave oven cooking

References

External links
 VideoPlus+ & ShowView
 Description of the algorithm
 Improved software: generates and decodes VCR Plus+ codes up to 8 digits in length
 VideoPlus/VCR+ Codec & Trivia
 The Straight Dope: How do the TV program codes for VCR Plus+ work?

Consumer electronics
TV Guide

Video recorder scheduling code


The Saint Stepanos Monastery (, ; , ), also known in Armenian as Maghardavank (), is an Armenian monastery located about 15 km northwest of the city of Julfa in the province of East Azarbaijan, northwestern Iran. It is situated in a deep canyon along the Araxes, on the Iranian side of the border between Iran and Nakhchivan. It was originally built in the ninth century, and was rebuilt during the Safavid era, after being damaged through wars and earthquakes.

It is part of the Armenian Monastic Ensembles of Iran, which are inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List.

History

Saint Bartholomew the Apostle first founded a church at the site around AD 62, under the reign of the Parthian Empire. The first monastery was built in the seventh century, and was later expanded in the 10th century. The monastery was damaged during the wars between the Seljuks and the Byzantine Empire in the 11th and 12th centuries.

Following the conquest of the region by the Mongols of Hulagu Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan, in the middle of the 13th century, a peace agreement was signed between the Armenian Church and the Ilkhanate, and the Christians maintained an equable situation. The monastery was restored in the second half of the 13th century, and was completely rebuilt under the leadership of Zachariah in 1330. By the 14th and 15th centuries, the Saint Stepanos Monastery was at the height of its cultural and intellectual influence, producing paintings and illuminated manuscripts in religion, history, and philosophy.

In the early 15th century, the new Safavid dynasty protected the Armenians, but the region was at the center of the conflicts with the Ottomans, who invaded Western Armenia in 1513. The monastery gradually declined in the 16th century. Shah Abbas I expelled the inhabitants of the region in 1604, and the monastery was abandoned. After 1650, the Safavids reoccupied the region and the abandoned monastery was restored in the latter part of the 17th century.

At the beginning of the 18th century, the region came under the expansion of the Russian Empire. Yerevan was conquered by the Russians in 1827, and per the Treaty of Turkmenchay, the border between Iran and Russia was subsequently established on the Araxes. Consequently, part of the population was forcefully displaced to Russian Armenia. The Qajar rulers continued to protect the Armenians, and encouraged the rebuilding of the Saint Stepanos Monastery between 1819 and 1825.

The monastery underwent several restorations in the 20th century.

Gallery

See also
 Saint Thaddeus Monastery
 Chapel of Dzordzor
 Chapel of Chupan

References

External links

Armenian Apostolic monasteries in Iran
Armenian Apostolic churches in Iran
World Heritage Sites in Iran
History of East Azerbaijan Province
Vaspurakan
Oriental Orthodox congregations established in the 9th century
Christian monasteries established in the 9th century
Buildings and structures in East Azerbaijan Province
Tourist attractions in East Azerbaijan Province
9th-century establishments in the Abbasid Caliphate

Saint Stepanos Monastery


Major urinary proteins (Mups), also known as α2u-globulins, are a subfamily of proteins found in abundance in the urine and other secretions of many animals. Mups provide a small range of identifying information about the donor animal, when detected by the vomeronasal organ of the receiving animal. They belong to a larger family of proteins known as lipocalins. Mups are encoded by a cluster of genes, located adjacent to each other on a single stretch of DNA, that varies greatly in number between species: from at least 21 functional genes in mice to none in humans. Mup proteins form a characteristic glove shape, encompassing a ligand-binding pocket that accommodates specific small organic chemicals.

Urinary proteins were first reported in rodents in 1932, during studies by Thomas Addis into the cause of proteinuria. They are potent human allergens and are largely responsible for a number of animal allergies, including to cats, horses and rodents. Their endogenous function within an animal is unknown but may involve regulating energy expenditure. However, as secreted proteins they play multiple roles in chemical communication between animals, functioning as pheromone transporters and stabilizers in rodents and pigs. Mups can also act as protein pheromones themselves. They have been demonstrated to promote aggression in male mice, and one specific Mup protein found in male mouse urine is sexually attractive to female mice. Mups can also function as signals between different species: mice display an instinctive fear response on the detection of Mups derived from predators such as cats and rats.

Discovery

Humans in good health excrete urine that is largely free of protein. Therefore, since 1827 physicians and scientists have been interested in proteinuria, the excess of protein in human urine, as an indicator of kidney disease. To better understand the etiology of proteinuria, some scientists attempted to study the phenomenon in laboratory animals. Between 1932 and 1933 a number of scientists, including Thomas Addis, independently reported the surprising finding that some healthy rodents have protein in their urine. However, it was not until the 1960s that the major urinary proteins of mice and rats were first described in detail. It was found that the proteins are primarily made in the liver of males and secreted through the kidneys into the urine in large quantities (milligrams per day).

Since they were named, the proteins have been found to be differentially expressed in other glands that secrete products directly into the external environment. These include lacrimal, parotid, submaxillary, sublingual, preputial and mammary glands. In some species, such as cats and pigs, Mups appear not to be expressed in urine at all and are mainly found in saliva. Sometimes the term urinary Mups (uMups) is used to distinguish those Mups expressed in urine from those in other tissues.

Mup genes
Between 1979 and 1981, it was estimated that Mups are encoded by a gene family of between 15 and 35 genes and pseudogenes in the mouse and by an estimated 20 genes in the rat. In 2008 a more precise number of Mup genes in a range of species was determined by analyzing the DNA sequence of whole genomes.

Rodents

The mouse reference genome has at least 21 distinct Mup genes (with open reading frames) and a further 21 Mup pseudogenes (with reading frames disrupted by a nonsense mutation or an incomplete gene duplication). They are all clustered together, arrayed side by side across 1.92 megabases of DNA on chromosome 4. The 21 functional genes have been divided into two sub-classes based on position and sequence similarity: 6 peripheral Class A Mups and 15 central Class B Mups. The central Class B Mup gene cluster formed through a number of sequential duplications from one of the Class A Mups. As all the Class B genes are almost identical to each other, researchers have concluded that these duplications occurred very recently in mouse evolution. Indeed, the repetitive structure of these central Mup genes means they are likely to be unstable and may vary in number among wild mice. The Class A Mups are more different from each other and are therefore likely to be more stable, older genes, but what, if any, functional differences the classes have are unknown. The similarity between the genes makes the region difficult to study using current DNA sequencing technology. Consequently, the Mup gene cluster is one of the few parts of the mouse whole genome sequence with gaps remaining, and further genes may remain undiscovered.

Rat urine also contains homologous urinary proteins; although they were originally given a different name, α2u-globulins, they have since become known as rat Mups. Rats have 9 distinct Mup genes and a further 13 pseudogenes clustered together across 1.1 megabases of DNA on chromosome 5. Like in mice, the cluster formed by multiple duplications. However, this occurred independently of the duplications in mice, meaning that both rodent species expanded their Mup gene families separately, but in parallel.

Nonrodents
Most other mammals studied, including the pig, cow, cat, dog, bushbaby, macaque, chimpanzee and orangutan, have a single Mup gene. Some, however, have an expanded number: horses have three Mup genes, and gray mouse lemurs have at least two. Insects, fish, amphibia, birds and marsupials appear to have disrupted synteny at the chromosomal position of the Mup gene cluster, suggesting the gene family may be specific to placental mammals. Humans are the only placental mammals found not to have any active Mup genes; instead, they have a single Mup pseudogene containing a mutation that causes missplicing, rendering it dysfunctional.

Function

Transport proteins

Mups are members of a large family of low-molecular weight (~19 kDa) proteins known as lipocalins. They have a characteristic structure of eight beta sheets arranged in an anti-parallel beta barrel open on one face, with alpha helices at both ends. Consequently, they form a characteristic glove shape, encompassing a cup-like pocket that binds small organic chemicals with high affinity. A number of these ligands bind to mouse Mups, including 2-sec-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole (abbreviated as SBT or DHT), 6-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-heptanone (HMH) and 2,3 dihydro-exo-brevicomin (DHB). These are all urine-specific chemicals that have been shown to act as pheromones—molecular signals excreted by one individual that trigger an innate behavioural response in another member of the same species. Mouse Mups have also been shown to function as pheromone stabilizers, providing a slow release mechanism that extends the potency of volatile pheromones in male urine scent marks. Given the diversity of Mups in rodents, it was originally thought that different Mups may have differently shaped binding pockets and therefore bind different pheromones. However, detailed studies found that most variable sites are located on the surface of the proteins and appear to have little effect on ligand binding.

Rat Mups bind different small chemicals. The most common ligand is 1-Chlorodecane,  with 2-methyl-N-phenyl-2-propenamide, hexadecane and 2,6,11-trimethyl decane found to be less prominent. Rat Mups also bind limonene-1,2-epoxide, resulting in a disease of the host's kidney, hyaline-droplet nephropathy, that progresses to cancer. Other species do not develop this disorder because their Mups do not bind that particular chemical. Accordingly, when transgenic mice were engineered to express the rat Mup, their kidneys developed the disease.
The Mup found in pigs, named salivary lipocalin (SAL), is expressed in the salivary gland of males where it tightly binds androstenone and androstenol, both pheromones that cause female pigs to assume a mating stance.

Isothermal titration calorimetry studies performed with Mups and associated ligands (pyrazines, alcohols, thiazolines, 6-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-heptanone, and N-phenylnapthylamine,) revealed an unusual binding phenomena. The active site has been found to be suboptimally hydrated, resulting in ligand binding being driven by enthalpic dispersion forces. This is contrary to most other proteins, which exhibit entropy-driven binding forces from the reorganisation of water molecules. This unusual process has been termed the nonclassical hydrophobic effect.

Pheromones

Studies have sought to find the precise function of Mups in pheromone communication. Mup proteins have been shown to promote puberty and accelerate the estrus cycle in female mice, inducing the Vandenbergh and Whitten effects. However, in both cases the Mups had to be presented to the female dissolved in male urine, indicating that the protein requires some urinary context to function. In 2007 Mups normally found in male mouse urine were made in transgenic bacteria, and therefore created devoid of the chemicals they normally bind. These Mups were shown to be sufficient to promote aggressive behaviour in males, even in the absence of urine. In addition, Mups made in bacteria were found to activate olfactory sensory neurons in the vomeronasal organ (VNO), a subsystem of the nose known to detect pheromones via specific sensory receptors, of mice and rats. Together, this demonstrated that Mup proteins can act as pheromones themselves, independent of their ligands.

Consistent with a role in male-male aggression, adult male mice secrete significantly more Mups into their urine than females, juveniles or castrated male mice. The precise mechanism driving this difference between the sexes is complex, but at least three hormones—testosterone, growth hormone and thyroxine—are known to positively influence the production of Mups in mice. Wild house mouse urine contains variable combinations of four to seven distinct Mup proteins per mouse. Some inbred laboratory mouse strains, such as BALB/c and C57BL/6, also have different proteins expressed in their urine. However, unlike wild mice, different individuals from the same strain express the same protein pattern, an artifact of many generations of inbreeding. One unusual Mup is less variable than the others: it is consistently produced by a high proportion of wild male mice and is almost never found in female urine. When this Mup was made in bacteria and used in behavioural testing, it was found to attract female mice. Other Mups were tested but did not have the same attractive qualities, suggesting the male-specific Mup acts as a sex pheromone. Scientists named this Mup darcin (Mup20, ) as a humorous reference to Fitzwilliam Darcy, the romantic hero from Pride and Prejudice. Taken together, the complex patterns of Mups produced has the potential to provide a range of information about the donor animal, such as gender, fertility, social dominance, age, genetic diversity or kinship. Wild mice (unlike laboratory mice that are genetically identical and which therefore also have identical patterns of Mups in the urine) have individual patterns of Mup expression in their urine that act as a "barcode" to uniquely identify the owner of a scent mark.

In the house mouse, the major MUP gene cluster provides a highly polymorphic scent signal of genetic identity.  Wild mice breeding freely in semi-natural enclosures showed inbreeding avoidance.  This avoidance resulted from a strong deficit in successful matings between mice sharing both MUP haplotypes (complete match). In another study, using white-footed mice, it was found that when mice derived from wild populations were inbred, there was reduced survival when such mice were reintroduced into a natural habitat.  These findings suggest that inbreeding reduces fitness, and that scent signal recognition has evolved in mice as a means of avoiding inbreeding depression.

Kairomones
In addition to serving as social cues between members of the same species, Mups can act as kairomones—chemical signals that transmit information between species. Mice are instinctively afraid of the smell of their natural predators, including cats and rats. This occurs even in laboratory mice that have been isolated from predators for hundreds of generations. When the chemical cues responsible for the fear response were purified from cat saliva and rat urine, two homologous protein signals were identified: Fel d 4 (Felis domesticus allergen 4; ), the product of the cat Mup gene, and Rat n 1 (Rattus norvegicus allergen 1; ), the product of the rat Mup13 gene. Mice are fearful of these Mups even when they are made in bacteria, but mutant animals that are unable to detect the Mups showed no fear of rats, demonstrating their importance in initiating fearful behaviour. It is not known exactly how Mups from different species initiate disparate behaviours, but mouse Mups and predator Mups have been shown to activate unique patterns of sensory neurons in the nose of recipient mice. This implies the mouse perceives them differently, via distinct neural circuits. The pheromone receptors responsible for Mup detection are also unknown, though they are thought be members of the V2R receptor class.

Allergens

Along with other members of the lipocalin protein family, major urinary proteins can be potent allergens to humans. The reason for this is not known; however, molecular mimicry between Mups and structurally similar human lipocalins has been proposed as a possible explanation. The protein product of the mouse Mup6 and Mup2 genes (previously mistaken as Mup17 due to the similarity among mouse MUPs), known as Mus m 1, Ag1 or MA1, accounts for much of the allergenic properties of mouse urine. The protein is extremely stable in the environment; studies have found 95% of inner city homes and 82% of all types of homes in the United States have detectable levels in at least one room. Similarly, Rat n 1 is a known human allergen. A US study found its presence in 33% of inner city homes, and 21% of occupants were sensitized to the allergen. Exposure and sensitization to rodent Mup proteins is considered a risk factor for childhood asthma and is a leading cause of laboratory animal allergy (LAA)—an occupational disease of laboratory animal technicians and scientists. One study found that two-thirds of laboratory workers who had developed asthmatic reactions to animals had antibodies to Rat n 1.

Mup genes from other mammals also encode allergenic proteins, for example Fel d 4 is primarily produced in the submandibular salivary gland and is deposited onto dander as the cat grooms itself. A study found that 63% of cat allergic people have antibodies against the protein. Most had higher titres of antibodies against Fel d 4 than against Fel d 1, another prominent cat allergen. Likewise, Equ c 1 (Equus caballus allergen 1; ) is the protein product of a horse Mup gene that is found in the liver, sublingual and submaxillary salivary glands. It is responsible for about 80% of the antibody response in patients who are chronically exposed to horse allergens.

Metabolism
While the detection of Mups excreted by other animals has been well studied, the functional role in the producing animal is less clear. However, in 2009, Mups were shown to be associated with the regulation of energy expenditure in mice. Scientists found that genetically induced obese, diabetic mice produce thirty times less Mup RNA than their lean siblings. When they delivered Mup protein directly into the bloodstream of these mice, they observed an increase in energy expenditure, physical activity and body temperature and a corresponding decrease in glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. They propose that Mups' beneficial effects on energy metabolism occurs by enhancing mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle. Another study found Mups were reduced in diet-induced obese mice. In this case, the presence of Mups in the bloodstream of mice restricted glucose production by directly inhibiting the expression of genes in the liver.

See also

 Cis-vaccenyl acetate, an insect aggression pheromone
 Major histocompatibility complex, peptides also implicated in individual recognition in mice
 Proteins produced and secreted by the liver

Notes

References

External links

 Scent of a Rodent, The Why Files – The Science Behind The News
 , a video describing the research that determined Mups were kairomones

Pheromones
Allergology
Protein families
Urine
Mouse proteins
Lipocalins

Major urinary proteins


An endoskeleton is a structure that holds an animal from inside.

One can find endoskeletons in three phyla and one subclass of animals: in Chordata, Echinodermata, Porifera and Coleoidea. An endoskeleton allows the body to move and gives the body structure and shape.

A true endoskeleton develops from mesodermal tissue. Such a skeleton is present in echinoderms and chordates. The Coleoidae do not have a true endoskeleton in the evolutionary sense; here, a mollusc exoskeleton developed into several sorts of internal structure, the "cuttlebone" of cuttlefish being the best-known version. An important advantage of an endoskeleton over an exoskeleton is that the endoskeleton provides more structural support.
Endoskeletons hold inner organs, tissues, and systems together easily.

Zoology
Animal anatomy
Skeletal system

Endoskeleton


Indian Wells is a city in Riverside County, California, in the Coachella Valley. It is in the Palm Springs area near Palm Desert, La Quinta, and Indio. At the 2020 census, the city population was 4,757.

It has the highest proportion of millionaires of any city in the United States.

The city hosts a tennis tournament called the Indian Wells Masters. (The Masters is also known by its current sponsorship name of Pacific Life Open.) The Indian Wells Masters is one of nine tournaments in the Tennis Masters Series. The Masters Series is a high-level event operated by the Association of Tennis Professionals. The event is held in the 16,100-seat stadium of the Indian Wells Tennis Garden.

References

Other websites

Cities in California
Settlements in Riverside County, California

Indian Wells, California


Hinode (; , , Sunrise), formerly Solar-B, is a Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Solar mission with United States and United Kingdom collaboration. It is the follow-up to the Yohkoh (Solar-A) mission and it was launched on the final flight of the M-V rocket from Uchinoura Space Center, Japan on 22 September 2006 at 21:36 UTC (23 September, 06:36 JST).  Initial orbit was perigee height 280 km, apogee height 686 km, inclination 98.3 degrees. Then the satellite maneuvered to the quasi-circular Sun-synchronous orbit over the day/night terminator, which allows near-continuous observation of the Sun. On 28 October 2006, the probe's instruments captured their first images.

The data from Hinode are being downloaded to the Norwegian, terrestrial Svalsat station, operated by Kongsberg a few kilometres west of Longyearbyen, Svalbard. From there, data is transmitted by Telenor through a fibre-optic network to mainland Norway at Harstad, and on to data users in North America, Europe and Japan.

Mission
Hinode was planned as a three-year mission to explore the magnetic fields of the Sun. It consists of a coordinated set of optical, extreme ultraviolet (EUV), and x-ray instruments to investigate the interaction between the Sun's magnetic field and its corona. The result will be an improved understanding of the mechanisms that power the solar atmosphere and drive solar eruptions. The EUV imaging spectrometer (EIS) was built by a consortium led by the Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL) in the UK. NASA, the space agency of the United States, was involved with three science instrument components: the Focal Plane Package (FPP), the X-Ray Telescope (XRT), and the Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) and shares operations support for science planning and instrument command generation. The mission was extended to the end of 2020 with a likely extension lasting until 2022.

Instruments

Hinode carries three main instruments to study the Sun.

SOT (Solar Optical Telescope)
A 0.5 meter Gregorian optical telescope with an angular resolution of about 0.2 arcsecond over the field of view of about 400 x 400 arcsec. At the SOT focal plane, the Focal Plane Package (FPP) built by the Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory in Palo Alto, California consists of three optical instruments: the Broadband Filter Imager (BFI) which produces images of the solar photosphere and chromosphere in six wide-band interference filters; the Narrowband Filter Imager (NFI) which is a tunable Lyot-type birefringent filter capable of producing magnetogram and dopplergram images of the solar surface; and the Spectropolarimeter (SP) which produces the most sensitive vector magnetograph maps of the photosphere to date.

The FPP also includes a Correlation Tracker (CT) which locks onto solar granulation to stabilize the SOT images to a fraction of an arcsecond. The spatial resolution of the SOT is a factor of 5 improvement over previous space-based solar telescopes (e.g., the MDI instrument on the SOHO).

XRT (X-ray Telescope)
A modified Wolter I telescope design that uses grazing incidence optics to image the solar corona's hottest components (0.5 to 10 Million K) with an angular resolution consistent with 1 arcsec pixels at the CCD. The telescope has an imaging field of view of 34 arcminutes. It is capable of capturing an image of the full sun when pointed at the center of the solar disk. The telescope was designed and built by Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO), which, with the Harvard College Observatory (HCO) form the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA). The camera was developed by NAOJ and JAXA.

EIS (Extreme-Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer)
A normal incidence extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectrometer that obtains spatially resolved spectra in two wavelength bands: 17.0–21.2 and 24.6–29.2 nm. Spatial resolution is around 2 arcsec, and the field of view is up to 560 x 512 arcsec2. The emission lines in the EIS wavelength bands are emitted at temperatures ranging from 50,000 K to 20 million K. EIS is used to identify the physical processes involved in heating the solar corona.

See also

 Sunrise a balloon-borne solar telescope

References

External links

NASA Mission Site for Hinode
JAXA overview of mission
Mission overview QuickTime, preparation for launch QuickTime Windows Media, launch QuickTime Windows Media (in Japanese)
Solar-B Mission Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration
Solar-B project page of National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Solar-B project page of Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory
Solar-B project page of Mullard Space Science Laboratory
Solar-B project page of PPARC
Solar-B project page of NASA MSFC
HINODE (SOLAR-B) SOT-FPP Education/Public Outreach  at Chabot Space and Science Center

Satellites orbiting Earth
Missions to the Sun
Space telescopes
X-ray telescopes
Satellites of Japan
Solar telescopes
Spacecraft launched in 2006

Hinode (satellite)


The Navy is a 1930 short animated film produced by Walter Lantz and as part of the Oswald the Lucky Rabbit cartoons.

Plot summary
Oswald is a sailor who works on the ship of the admiral, and is wearing shoes for the first time. One day when work is done for the day, he looks forward to find a date at a lighthouse.

Minutes afterward, Oswald arrives at the lighthouse. To get the attention of his special someone, Oswald sings while a couple of sparrows play an accordion. Looking out the window of the lighthouse is a girl cat who is entertained by Oswald's performance. To get inside, Oswald springs himself upward using the accordion. Oswald then notices that the girl cat is having an affair with the admiral who orders him to return to the ship.

Back in the vessel, Oswald is assigned to scrub the ship's main floor and polish the cannons. To make his jobs more interesting, he comes up with an eccentric method by riding behind two runaway tabbies and at the same time scrub the floor with brushes attached to his feet as he gets pulled. This strategy turned out to be very difficult to control as it results in Oswald accidentally stripping paint off some life boats as well as knocking down the admiral.

The admiral is most dissatisfied and literally kicks Oswald out of the ship. The kick is so powerful that Oswald is sent airborne for a few miles. The rabbit ends up landing in knickers that are hanged on a clothesline. At the end of the clothesline lies the window of the lighthouse which is right next to Oswald. Once more the girl cat shows up and is happy to see Oswald again. The two trade kisses.

See also
 Oswald the Lucky Rabbit filmography

References

External links
 The Navy at the Big Cartoon Database

1930 films
1930 animated films
1930s American animated films
1930s animated short films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Walter Lantz
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit cartoons
Universal Pictures animated short films
Walter Lantz Productions shorts
Animated films about cats

The Navy (film)


I Giorni (2001) is a music album by the Italian pianist Ludovico Einaudi. The album's title translates as "The Days" in English. The title track, "I Giorni" has had a lot of interest due to Greg James' airing in June 2011 of the piece on BBC Radio 1. It entered the UK Singles Chart at number 32 on 12 June 2011.
The solo piano track of the same name has been featured on a BBC advert for arts and culture programmes. The same solo track has also been used in a commercial for the Indian telecom service provider Airtel, to launch its 3G services in the sub-continent in November 2010. It featured in the Amazon Prime advert "Vicar and Imam" in late 2016. The single was certified gold for 400,000 adjusted sales in United Kingdom in 2022.

Track listing

Charts

Certifications

References

2002 classical albums
Ludovico Einaudi albums
Instrumental albums

I Giorni


The 27th Punjabis were an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. It was raised in 1857, as the 19th Regiment of Punjab Infantry. It was designated as the 27th Punjabis in 1903 and became 3rd Battalion 15th Punjab Regiment in 1922. In 1947, it was allocated to the Pakistan Army, where it continues to exist as 11th Battalion The Punjab Regiment.

Early history
The regiment was raised during the upheaval of the Indian Mutiny, at Rawalpindi on 19 June 1857, as the Regiment of Rawalpindi. In 1860, it was sent to China to fight in the Second Anglo-China War. In 1861, the regiment was permitted to use the Royal Cypher within the Garter on its appointments for its meritorious services. During the Second Afghan War of 1878–80, as part of the Peshawar Valley Field Force, it advanced into the Khyber Pass to clear Afghan forces at Ali Masjid. In 1885, the regiment participated in the Third Burma War. In 1901, the 27th Punjab Infantry was dispatched to British Somaliland to suppress the resistance movement led by  Diiriye Guure of the Dervish State.

27th Punjabis
Subsequent to the reforms brought about in the Indian Army by Lord Kitchener in 1903, the regiment's designation was changed to 27th Punjabis.

During the First World War, the infantrymen served on the North West Frontier of India, Egypt, France and Mesopotamia. The regiment raised a second battalion in 1918, which was disbanded after the war.

Subsequent history
In 1921–22, a major reorganization was undertaken in the British Indian Army leading to the formation of large infantry groups of four to six battalions. Among these was the 15th Punjab Regiment, formed by grouping the 27th Punjabis with the 25th, 26th, 28th and 29th Punjabis. The battalion's new designation was 3rd Battalion 15th Punjab Regiment. During the Second World War, the battalion served in British Somaliland, Aden, Persia, Iraq, Syria and Italy. It was converted into a Machine-Gun Battalion in 1946. In 1947, the 15th Punjab Regiment was allocated to Pakistan Army. In 1956, it was merged with the 1st, 14th and 16th Punjab Regiments to form one large Punjab Regiment, and 3/15th Punjab was redesignated as 11 Punjab. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, it was deployed in the Sylhet Sector of East Pakistan, while in 1971, it served in the Shakargarh Sector.

Genealogy

1857 Regiment of Rawalpindi
1857 19th Regiment of Punjab Infantry
1861 31st Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry
1861 27th Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry
1864 27th (Punjab) Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry
1885 27th (Punjab) Regiment of Bengal Infantry
1901 27th Punjab Infantry
1903 27th Punjabis
1918 1st Battalion 27th Punjabis
1922 3rd Battalion 15th Punjab Regiment
1956 11th Battalion The Punjab Regiment

References

Further reading
Rizvi, Brig SHA. (1984). Veteran Campaigners – A History of the Punjab Regiment 1759–1981. Lahore: Wajidalis.
Cardew, Lt FG. (1903). A Sketch of the Services of the Bengal Native Army to the Year 1895. Calcutta: Military Department.

See also
15th Punjab Regiment
Punjab Regiment

British Indian Army infantry regiments
Honourable East India Company regiments
Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)
Military units and formations established in 1857
1857 establishments in India

27th Punjabis


Nancy Allan (born July 25, 1952, in Winnipeg, Manitoba) is a politician in Manitoba, Canada. She was a cabinet minister in the New Democratic Party governments of premiers Gary Doer and Greg Selinger.

Allan was raised in MacGregor, Manitoba, and was educated at MacGregor Collegiate. From 1990 to 1994, she was director of development for the Canadian Diabetes Association. She worked for the Manitoba Motion Picture Industries Association from 1994 to 1995, and then as a consultant for small business and non-profit organizations from 1995 to 1999. She has also taught two continuing education courses at the University of Winnipeg.

Allan began her political career as a school trustee, serving on the Norwood School Division from 1995 to 1998 and the St. Boniface School Division from 1998 to 1999. She was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba in the 1999 provincial election, defeating incumbent Progressive Conservative MLA Shirley Render in the south-central Winnipeg riding of St. Vital by 5218 votes to 3699.

In 2003 she supported Bill Blaikie's bid to become leader of the federal New Democratic Party.

In the 2003 election Allan was re-elected with over 63% of the popular vote. On November 4, 2003, she entered cabinet as Minister of Labour of Immigration, with responsibility for Multiculturalism, Status of Women and administration of the Workers Compensation Act. Allan was re-elected in the 2007 provincial election.

After Greg Selinger succeeded Gary Doer as premier of Manitoba, he appointed Allan as the Minister of Education on November 3, 2009.

During her term as education minister, Allan introduced anti-bullying legislation: Bill 18, the public schools amendment act (safe and inclusive schools). Religious organizations criticized the legislation, claiming it infringed on freedom of religion by requiring faith-based schools to support the creation of gay–straight alliances if initiated by students. The federal Minister of Public Safety at the time, Vic Toews, said that he believed the bill violated the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The bill passed into law in September 2013.

On October 18, 2013, Nancy Allan was removed from the post of education minister by Premier Greg Selinger.

References

1952 births
Living people
Manitoba school board members
Members of the Executive Council of Manitoba
New Democratic Party of Manitoba MLAs
Politicians from Winnipeg
Women MLAs in Manitoba
Women government ministers of Canada
21st-century Canadian politicians
21st-century Canadian women politicians

Nancy Allan


A pilgrimage is a journey or travel, that is often done for a religious purpose

The Pilgrims is the name for the early settlers of the Plymouth Colony, which is now Plymouth, Massachusetts. In 1620 they traveled to New England on a ship called the Mayflower. There were 102 passengers on the ship. They were English Puritans who had left England years earlier to live in Leiden because of religious differences with the Church of England. Unlike other Puritans who wanted to reform the Church of England, they wanted to separate from it, so they were called Separatists. The original settlers of Plymouth Colony are known as the Pilgrim Fathers, or simply as the Pilgrims.

The Mayflower was a cargo ship and was not meant for passengers.  It was uncomfortable and small.  Many Pilgrims got sick on the journey or soon after they arrived.  One child was born on the Mayflower.

When they arrived in America, they built homes and farms.  They received help from the Wampanoag people.  The Wampanoag people taught the Pilgrims how to plant corn, hunt, and fish in the new land. They had a big feast for 3 days, which was the first thanksgiving.

Foods commonly eaten by the Pilgrims included bread, grains, corn, venison, turkey, mussels, lobster, eel, and clams.

References

People from Massachusetts

Pilgrims


Willoughby is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located at the eastern end of  Dudley Peninsula on Kangaroo Island overlooking Backstairs Passage to the north and overlooking the body of water known in Australia as the Southern Ocean and by international authorities as the Great Australian Bight to the south.  It is located about  south of the state capital of Adelaide and about  east of  Penneshaw.

Its boundaries were created in August 1999 while its name was derived from Cape Willoughby, the headland at the eastern end of the Dudley Peninsula.

The main land uses within the locality are agriculture and conservation.  The latter land use includes the Cape Willoughby Conservation Park, the eastern part of the Lesueur Conservation Park and other land adjoining the coastline which has additional statutory constraints to "conserve the natural features of the coast."

The locality includes the following two places which are listed on the South Australian Heritage Register - Cape Willoughby Lighthouse (tower only), and the 'Freshfields' farmhouse and the graves of Nathaniel Thomas and his wife, both pre-colonial settlers.

Willoughby is located within the federal division of Mayo, the state electoral district of Mawson and the local government area of the Kangaroo Island Council.

See also
Willoughby (disambiguation)
Pink Bay

References
Notes

Citations

Towns on Kangaroo Island
Dudley Peninsula

Willoughby, South Australia


Barbara Manfredi (1444–1466) was the wife of Pino III Ordelaffi, lord of Forlì (Italy).

She was born in Faenza, current Emilia-Romagna, to Astorre II Manfredi, seignior of that city. At the age seven she was bethrothed to the powerful Pino III Ordelaffi, who married her in 1462.

The following year Pino became ill. His brother Francesco (Cecco) was suspected of poisoning him, but the Forlivese lord survived. Cecco was in the end assassinated, and Pino could be the sole lord of the city, maintaining that position thanks the support of Venice.

However, when Barbara suddenly died, Pino was accused by Astorre of poisoning her. The magnificent sepulchre that her husband commissioned her (now in the Abbey of San Mercuriale in Forlì) was seen as a proof of his guilty conscience. It was the first tomb in Romagna designed on Renaissance principles.

Pino would also be accused of later poisoning his second wife Zaffira Manfredi.

References

1444 births
1466 deaths
Italian nobility
People from Faenza
People from Forlì

Barbara Manfredi


Cherubino Cornienti (March 25, 1816 – May 12, 1860) was an Italian painter, active in a Romantic style mainly in Northern Italy.

Biography

Son of an artisan Luigi and his wife Paola Marazzi, he was born in Pavia. He followed his brother Giuseppe, an engraver and lithographer at Milan. When he was early 12 years of age, he was admitted to the Brera Academy. In 1835, he participated in the annual exhibition at the Academy, and the next year, along with Domenico Induno, he won a prestigious award. He began a studio, alongside Induno, Giuseppe Mongeri, and Mauro Conconi.

In 1838 he painted the portrait of the patron  of Solcio di Lesa. In 1839, he painted the Bishop of Lodi, Count . In 1842, he painted the Paolo Erizzo bids Farewell to his Daughters. In 1843, the Brera Academy awarded him a three-year stipend to paint in Rome. There he gravitated to the colony of Italian and foreign artists allied to the Accademia di San Luca, including Karl Bryullov. He attended courses in the French Academy in Villa Medici. In 1850, he was commissioned a fresco on Christ at Emmaus for the Convent of the Cappuccini of Tivoli. In 1853, his painting of Child Moses steps on the Crown of the Pharaoh was sent for exhibition in Milan but the judges including Francesco Hayez, severely criticized the work.

He works in Garlate and Crema. In 1854, his work was interrupted by the demise of his model and companion Lalla, who had accompanied him from Rome to Milan. He visited Venice and Trieste. Back in Milan, he paints the portrait of Renato Borromeo. In 1856 two altarpieces for the church in Malgrate. In 1857, he proposed painting frescoes for the Duomo of Vigevano, but the commission is assigned to Francesco Gonin.

Back in Rome, he continued to paint historical subjects, including events in the life of Leonardo, Michelangelo, Ludovico il Moro, and Galeazzo Sforza. Finally in 1860, the Academy of Fine Arts of Bologna nominated him Professor of Painting with a stipend of 3500 Lire.  But within a few months, Cherubino died in Milan at 44 years of age. He was buried alongside his friend Mauro Conconi, who died two days later.

Works
 Portrait of , 1838
 Portrait of Count , Bishop of Lodi, 1839
 Farewell of  to his daughters, 1842
 I profughi di Praga, 1843
 Self-portrait, 1843 (Gallery of Villa Belgiojoso Bonaparte, , Milan)
 Wife of the Levite Ephraim, 1845
 Madonna with Saints Carlo and Alessandro (altarpiece at church of Sant'Alessandro in Zebedia, Milan)
 Michelangelo unveils Moses statue to pope Paul III, 1848
 Child Moses steps on the Pharaoh's Crown, 1853, (Pinacoteca di Brera, Milan)
 Portrait of Carlo Testori, 1853
 Portrait of signora Testori, 1853
 Myth of Prometheus, wall fresco 1855 (villa Testori, Garlate)
 Annunciation, 1856 (church of San Leonardo, Malgrate)
 Nativity Scene 1856 (church of San Leonardo, Malgrate)
 Leonardo da Vinci shows Ludovico il Moro the conch of the Naviglio, 1858
 Venus and putti, 1859 (Galleria d'Arte Moderna, Milan)

Exhibitions

1835, 1839 Milan, Exhibition at Accademia di Belle Arti di Brera
1842 Venice, Exhibition at Accademia di Belle Arti
1842, 1843, 1845, 1846, 1850, 1851, 1853 Exhibition at the Brera
1855 Universal Exposition of Arts and Industry, Paris.
1856, 1857, 1858, 1859 Milano, Exhibition at Accademia di Belle Arti di Brera
1900 Lombard Painting of 19th century, Milan.
1929 Milan, Mostra commemorativa di Tranquillo Cremona nel 50º anniversario della morte
1934 Rome, II Mostra d'Arte Sacra
1960 Pavia, Cherubino Cornienti ed i pittori pavesi dell'800
1969 Milan, La Milano del primo Romanticismo
1975 Milan, Mostra dei Maestri di Brera
1976 Pavia, Pavia. Cent'anni di cultura artistica
1983 Costanza, La Battaglia di Legnano
1986 Milano, 1886-1986 La Permanente. Un secolo d'arte a Milano
1989 Roma, Risorgimento greco e filoellenismo italiano
1991 Sartirana, I Mostra Mercato della pittura dell'800
1992 Milano, Il primo Ottocento italiano
1993 Milano, Milano e la Lombardia in età comunale
1996 Pavia, Cherubino Cornienti pittore (1816-1860)

Bibliography
C.Carrà, La pittura romantica in Lombardia, ne "L'Ambrosiano", Milano, October 15, 1930.
U.Ojetti (a cura di) Tranquillo Cremona and Lombard artists of his Time, catalogo della mostra, Castello di Pavia, Milan 1938.
G.Ballo (curator) La Milano del primo Romanticismo, catalogo della mostra, Milano 1969.
Catalogo asta Finarte n.537 del 18 marzo 1986, Milano 1986.
I.Marelli, Cherubino Cornienti, La pittura in Italia. l'Ottocento,II, Milano 1991.
F.Mazzocca, Cherubino Cornienti, in Musei e Gallerie di Milano, Pinacoteca di Brera, Milano 1993.
Cherubino Cornienti pittore (1816,1860), exhibition at Castello Visconteo of Pavia, 1996, Diakronia.

References

External links
brera.beniculturali.it
villabelgiojosobonaparte.it
L'ultimo addio di Paolo Erizzo alla figlia
     Il ritorno del volontario ferito

1816 births
1860 deaths
Artists from Pavia
19th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Painters from Milan
Brera Academy alumni
19th-century Italian male artists

Cherubino Cornienti


The following is a list of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in the Lorne Area of Search. For other areas, see List of SSSIs by Area of Search.

 Airds Park and Coille Nathais
 Allt Broighleachan
 Allt Coire Chailein
 Ard Trilleachan
 Barran Dubh
 Ben Heasgarnich
 Ben Lui
 Bernera Island
 Bonawe To Cadderlie
 Clach Tholl
 Clais Dhearg
 Coille Leitire
 Crannach Wood
 Dalavich Oakwood
 Doire Darach
 Glen Creran Woods
 Glen Nant
 Kennacraig and Esragan Burn
 Lismore Lochs
 Lynn of Lorn Small Islands
 Rannoch Lochs
 Rannoch Moor
 South Kerrera and Gallanach
 South Shian and Balure

Lorne

List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Lorne


Steak tartare is a dish which is produced using finely chopped or ground meat of beef or horse. In Belgium and Luxembourg the dish is called filet américain. The meat used for producing steak tartare is usually of a very high quality. The name refers to the Tatars, who are said to have had meat under their saddle when riding. Because the dish is usually eaten raw, there are health concerns: The meat may have been contaminated with bacteria or parasites. These risks can be reduced when folling basic rules of hygiene and by using fresh meat.

References

Meat dishes

Steak tartare


Magnus ( – 23 August 1106) was the duke of Saxony from 1072 to 1106. Eldest son and successor of Ordulf and Wulfhild of Norway, he was the last member of the House of Billung.

Rebellion
In 1070, before he was duke, he joined Otto of Nordheim, duke of Bavaria, in rebellion against the Salian Emperor Henry IV.  Otto was accused of being privy to a plot to murder the king, and it was decided he should submit to the ordeal of battle with his accuser. The duke asked for safe-conduct to and from the place of meeting.  When this was refused he declined to appear, and was consequently deprived of Bavaria, while his Saxon estates were plundered. The rebellion was put down in 1071, and Magnus was captured.  Magnus was imprisoned in the castle of Harzburg, the imposing imperial fortress which so inflamed the Saxon freemen. He was not released upon his accession to the Saxon duchy until seventy Swabians captured in Lüneburg were released.

First battle of Langensalza
In 1073, Harzburg was destroyed and the anger of Henry aroused.  He renewed the conflict with Saxony once more.  At the first battle of Langensalza in 1075, Magnus was captured again.  After being released again, he joined Rudolf von Rheinfeld, duke of Swabia and anti-king, and was present at the Battle of Mellrichstadt (7 August 1078), where he saved Rudolf's life. However, he and the Saxons never fully supported the Swabian Rudolf and he reconciled with Henry, even fighting the Slavs with the royal forces.

Legacy
Magnus was an embittered enemy of the archbishop of Bremen, Adalbert, whose see he afflicted with repeated plundering raids. In 1106, the same year as Henry IV, he died.  His duchy was given to Lothair of Supplinburg and his lands were split between his daughters by Sophia (married 1071), the daughter of Béla I of Hungary, going thus to the house of Welf, via Wulfhilde (1075–1126), who married Duke Henry IX of Bavaria and to the house of Ascania via Eilika (1080 – 16 January 1142), who married Count Otto of Ballenstedt.

1040s births
1106 deaths
Dukes of Saxony
House of Billung

Magnus, Duke of Saxony


The Douglas A-3 Skywarrior is an American twin-turbojet military aircraft. Its first flight was in 1952. It was first used in 1956. It was originally designed and built as an attack aircraft. Later it was optimized for aerial refueling and electronic warfare as KA-3 and EA-3. The US Navy used it from aircraft carriers for the Vietnam War. The B-66 Destroyer is a variant built for the US Air Force. The Douglas A-3 Skywarrior has been out of service since 1991.

United States Navy aircraft
A-3
Vietnam War aircraft

Douglas A-3 Skywarrior


Climate Justice Now! (CJN!) is a global coalition of networks and organizations campaigning for climate justice.

The coalition was founded at the 2007 UNFCCC meeting in Bali, and has since mobilised for UNFCCC meetings in Bangkok, Copenhagen and Cancun.

Members

CJN! list its members and allies on its website as:
 Asia Pacific Forum on Women, Law and Development (APWLD)
 Carbon Trade Watch
 Center for Environmental Concerns
 Centre for Environmental Justice, Sri Lanka
 Canadian Youth Climate Coalition/Coalition canadienne des jeunes pour le climat
 Earth in Brackets
 Earth Peoples
 Ecologistas en Acción
 Ecological Alert and Recovery-Thailand (EARTH)
 Focus on the Global South
 Freedom from Debt Coalition, Philippines
 Friends of the Earth International
 Friends of the Earth U.S
 GAIA: Global Anti-Incinerator Alliance and Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives
 Global Exchange
 Global Forest Coalition
 Global Justice Ecology Project
 Gendercc – Women for Climate Justice
 IBONinternational
 Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy (IATP)
 Institute for Policy Studies (IPS)
 International Forum on Globalization
 Kalikasan-Peoples Network for the Environment (Kalikasan-PNE)
 La Via Campesina International Peasant Movement
 Members of the Durban Group for Climate Justice
 Oilwatch
 Pacific Indigenous Peoples Environment Coalition, Aotearoa/New Zealand
 Sustainable Energy and Economy Network
 The Indigenous Environmental Network
 The International Institute of Climate Action & Theory
 The People's Coalition for Fisheries Justice-Indonesia (KIARA)
 Thai Working Group for Climate Justice (TCJ)
 Tibet Justice Center
 Timberwatch Coalition
The Global Alliance of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities against REDD
 WALHI/Friends of the Earth Indonesia
 World Rainforest Movement
 Quaker Earthcare Witness

References

External links
 Statement of principles
 Homepage as archived August 29, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.

International climate change organizations
Friends of the Earth

Climate Justice Now!


Baynard Rush Hall (1793-1863) was an American academic and Christian minister.  A native of Pennsylvania, he served churches and academic institutions in the East for most of his life.  However, he was a resident of Indiana for several years, during which time he served as the first faculty member of what today is Indiana University.

Biography
Born in Philadelphia in 1793, Hall was educated at Union College and Princeton Theological Seminary; after completing his studies at the seminary, he was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry.  While working as a printer before entering Union, Hall had learned of opportunities in what was then the Western United States, and in 1823 he moved his family to southern Indiana.  After spending a year living with relatives near Gosport and preaching occasionally, he was chosen to become the first teacher at the Indiana State Seminary in Bloomington, which was founded in 1820 but had not yet begun to operate.  For two years beginning in 1825, Hall taught all of the classes, which consisted largely of Greek and Latin classes.  In the first year, he taught twelve scholars and was paid a salary of $250, along with goods worth an additional $150 as compensation for occasional preaching in Presbyterian churches.  Hall was firmly a classicist, teaching that the study of classical philosophy and languages formed the basis of the best education.

Between 1827 and 1829, the institution changed substantially, starting with the hiring of Kentucky resident John Hopkins Harney to teach the natural sciences and mathematics.  The state legislature changed the name from "Indiana State Seminary" to "Indiana College" in 1828, and one year later it hired Andrew Wylie of Washington College in Pennsylvania to be the first president.  The ecclesiastical affiliations of the three men produced controversy among Bloomington residents: like Hall, Wylie was a Presbyterian minister, and Harney was a member of a Presbyterian church.  Many locals complained that a single professor was sufficient for the institution, and when they learned of Harney's religious affiliation, a large number of non-Presbyterians angrily protested the trustees' choice.  The choice of yet another Presbyterian as president sparked renewed charges of religious favoritism against the board of trustees, even though it was composed of members of six different denominations.  Personal conflicts among the three faculty members soon led to Harney's dismissal and Hall's resignation; Hall moved back to the East, where he remained active as an educator and as a religious leader until his death.

Even excepting religious matters, Hall's time in Indiana was difficult.  He saw himself as a "big-bug" and out of place as an educated Easterner in Indiana, where most people were illiterate; according to legend, he brought the first piano to Bloomington, and he saw himself as the first Indiana resident in the history of the world who understood Ancient Greek.  In turn, local residents looked at the Seminary and its educated population with suspicion.  Hall managed to form a positive relationship with at least one local resident, craftsman and blacksmith Austin Seward; writing about pioneer ways in Bloomington later in his life, Hall lavished praise on Seward's practical and artistic abilities.  Ultimately, he was determined to make himself a Hoosier at heart.

After returning eastward, Hall published multiple books before his 1863 death.  One of them, entitled The New Purchase, consisted of an account of pioneer life in Indiana.  Despite confusion resulting from Hall's intentional fictionalization of many names and places, leading Indiana historian David Banta has called The New Purchase a better account of Indiana pioneer life than any other publication.  Another was Frank Freeman's Barber Shop; published in 1852, it was written in response and opposition to Uncle Tom's Cabin.

Hall's house in Bloomington, built in 1835, still stands in the city's McDoel Gardens neighborhood, within which it is the oldest extant building.

References

External links
Portrait , via Indiana University Libraries Digital Projects & Services

1793 births
1863 deaths
American classical scholars
Presbyterian Church in the United States of America ministers
Indiana University faculty
Princeton Theological Seminary alumni
Union College (New York) alumni
Writers from Indiana
Writers from Philadelphia
American proslavery activists
19th-century American clergy

Baynard Rush Hall


Bonifaci, Bonifatz, or Bonifacio Calvo (fl. 1253–1266) was a Genoese troubadour of the late thirteenth century. The only biographical account of (part of) his life is found in the vida of Bertolome Zorzi. He is, however, the most notable Genoese troubadour after Lanfranc Cigala. In total, nineteen of his poems and two descorts have survived.

Bonifaci is known to have spent most of his career at the court of Alfonso X of Castile, where the prevailing language was Galician-Portuguese. He wrote primarily in Occitan, concentrating on sirventes in imitation of Bertran de Born, but he did take up the court language and wrote two cantigas de amor and a multilingual poem. He wrote one sirventes encouraging Alfonso to go to war with Henry III of England over Gascony, an event which provides a reliable date for the work's composition (1253–1254). Outside of sirventes, he composed love songs in the style of Arnaut Daniel, but his most lauded work is a planh on the death of his lady.

The notion that Bonifaci had been knighted by Ferdinand III of Castile and fell in love with Ferdinand's niece Berenguela, which inspired him to compose in Galician-Portuguese, is legendary, being based on an unreliable passage of Jean de Nostredame.

In 1266 Bonifaci returned to Lombardy. He continued composing in Occitan, producing two descorts with Scotto and Luquet Gattulus. During a war between Genoa and Venice, Bonifaci composed a sirventes, "Ges no m'es greu, s'ieu non sui ren prezatz" (It matters little to me if I am not esteemed), in which he blamed the Genoese for allowing themselves to be defeated the Venetians and insulting the latter. In response, Bertolome Zorzi, a Venetian prisoner of war, wrote "Molt me sui fort d'un chant mer[a]veillatz" (I was very much surprised by a song), defending his country's conduct and blaming Genoa for the war. According to Bertolome's vida, Bonifaci was convinced by Bertolome's poem and the two became friends. They composed many tensos together.

Notes

Sources

Cabré, Miriam. "Italian and Catalan troubadours" (pp. 127–140). The Troubadours: An Introduction. Simon Gaunt and Sarah Kay, edd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. .
Egan, Margarita, ed. and trans. The Vidas of the Troubadours. New York: Garland, 1984. .
Keller, Hans-Erich. "Bonifacio Calvo." Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. Christopher Kleinhenz, ed. New Jersey: Routledge, 2004. .
Lang, H. R. "The Relations of the Earliest Portuguese Lyric School with the Troubadours and Trouvères." Modern Language Notes, 10:4 (Apr:1895), pp. 104–116.

13th-century Italian troubadours
Galician poets
13th-century Portuguese poets
Portuguese male writers
13th-century Genoese people
Occitan-language poets
Portuguese-language writers

Bonifaci Calvo


Sergio de Castro (15 September 1922 – 31 December 2012) was an Argentinian artist.

Biography

Sergio de Castro was born in Argentina, in an aristocratic family of Spanish origins (Galicia and the Basque Country), the House of Castro. His father was a diplomat, which is why, from 1923 until 1932, Castro lived in Switzerland with his parents and his two sisters. During these years he visited cities like Lausanne, Geneva and Turin.

In 1933 he entered a Jesuit school in Montevideo and he started studying music. He discovered poetry by learning to speak and write in Spanish. He was specially touched by the works of César Vallejo. Through the years Castro would become close friends with writers like Octavio Paz, Julio Cortázar, Samuel Beckett, Kostas Papaioannou and Georges Schehadé. Later, during a trip to Uruguay, he met Joaquín Torres García, with whom he studied painting and monumental art from 1941 until 1949. In 1942 he moved to Argentina, where he would live until 1949. Castro was also friends with other artists like Nikos Hadjikyriakos-Ghikas, Maria Helena Vieira da Silva and Árpád Szenes.

In 1945 he found a job as a secretary in the Astronomy Observatorium of the city of Córdoba, where we also worked as the assistant to the musician Manuel de Falla in Alta Gracia, until his death in 1946. In 1945 and 1946 he had a grant from the French government to study musical composition. During the year of 1946 he had an exhibition in New York City among other members of Torres García's workshop. That same year he travelled to the northeast of Argentina and the south of Perú to study pre-Columbian art with Gonzalo Fonseca, Julio Uruguay Alpuy and Jonio Montiel.

In 1949 he started teaching History of Music in the new music school of the city of La Plata. His work as a musician drew attention from relevant figures such as Wilhelm Furtwängler, Aaron Copland and Juan José Castro. He quit this job when he got a grant from the French government to improve his musical studies in Paris, where he settled in November 1949. Since 1951 he devoted himself exclusively to painting.

In 1955, his friend the German writer and translator Edith Aron introduced him to Julio Cortázar, who would become a close friend of him. Castro inspired the character of Etienne in Cortázar's novel Rayuela (Hopscotch). In the book is featured the intimate friendship of the protagonist, Horacio Oliveira, with his companion in the Serpent Club, whom he often visited in his studio in Paris. In 1960 he won the Hallmark Prize in New York. In 1979 he obtained French nationality.

In 1980 he showed his works at the Argentinian pavilion in the 39th Venice Biennale. He was associate professor in the Human Sciences Faculty of the University of Strasbourg from 1981 until 1986. In 1997 he became Officer in the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.

In 2006, Sergio de Castro made a 220-work donation to the Fine Arts Museum of Saint-Lô.

He was also a close friend of the musician Alberto Ginastera, who made reference to Sergio de Castro and his first works in his notes on modern Argentinian music.

Castro died on 31 December 2012 in Paris. He is buried in the Montparnasse cemetery, in Paris, close to his dear friend Samuel Beckett.

Monumental works

 Two wall paintings for the Martirené Pavilion of the Hospital Saint-Bois (1942), in Montevideo (Uruguay), in collaboration with Joaquín Torres García and his disciples, among which Castro was the youngest.
 The Creation of the Universe (1956–1958), 6m x 20m stained-glass window. Castro worked with painter and glass-maker J. J. K. Ray (1898–1979) in Paris. This window is the church of the Monastery of the Benedictines in Couvrechef- La Folie (Caen). Architect: Jean Zunz.
 Redemption (1968–1969), 4,5 x 17m stained-glass window for Lutheran temple Dietrich Bonhoeffer Kirche in Hamburg-Dulsberg (Germany). Architect: Gerhart Laage.
 The Prophets (1978–1981), five stained glasses for pre-existent windows in the 15th-century Collegiate of Romont (Fribourg), Switzerland.
 Wall painting for Yonne public library, in Saint-Georges-sur-Baulche, in Auxerre (France).
 Wall paintings on the subject of chemistry (numbers and letters) for the company Atochem in Paris La Défense, now renamed Arkema.

Selected exhibitions

 1952 Galerie Jeanne Castel Paris
 1954 Galería Bonino Buenos Aires and Galerie Pierre Loeb, Paris
 1956 Galerie Rive Gauche, Paris
 1958 Matthiesen Gallery, London
 1959 documenta 2 Kunst nach 1945 Kassel
 1961 Matthiesen Gallery, London
 1963–64 Galeria Lorenzelli, Bergamo and Milan
 1964 Galería Bettie Thommen, Basel
 1965 Kunstverein Hamburg Retrospektive
 1966 Musée d'Art et d'Histoire, Fribourg, Switzerland (retrospective)
 1966 Recklinhausen, Variationen über ein Thema, Städtische Kunsthalle
 1970 Retrospektiven in Oslo, Kunstforering, and Kunst Industriemuseet, Copenhagen, Kunstforening, Oslo, Kunstforening, Holstebro
 1972 Wildenstein Gallery, London Landscapes of Light
 1974 Galerie Jacob, Paris
 1975 Kunsthalle Bremen, Retrospektive, Berlin Tempelhof, Kunstamt (Berlin Festival)
 1975–76 Retrospective exhibition the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Caen (68 artworks from 1956 to 1966), France
 1979 Hommage à Pierre Loeb, Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris
 1980 39th Venice Biennale
 1987 French Institute London. Museo de Arte Moderno de Buenos Aires
 1988 Galerie des Ambassades y Galerie Galarte, Sergio de Castro, Natures Mortes, 1958–1965. Paris/ Bayeux, Diocesan Museum of Sacred Art
 1989 Galerie des Ambassades, Paris
 1991–92 Romont, Swiss Stained Glass Museum (Castro Donation)
 1995 Paris, Galarté Gallery
 1997 Paris La Défense, Atochem
 1998 Punta De Este, Sur Gallery, Punta del Este, Uruguay
 2006–07 Saint-Lô, Normandy, exhibition of the Castro Donation
 2008 Château de Gruyères, Switzerland, Sergio de Castro
 2009 Museo Gurvich Montevideo, Uruguay, Francine Del Pierre and Fance Franck's Workshop, Paris

Bibliography
 Denys Sutton, Sergio de Castro, Le Musée de Poche, Paris, 1963.
 Jacques Thuillier, Les Prophètes, Madrid, Ediciones El Viso, 1984.
 (es) Jacques Thuillier, Los Profetas, Madrid, Ediciones El Viso, 1984.
 Étienne Chatton, Nouveaux signes du sacré : Le vitrail contemporain, Lausanne, Fribourg, Coédition Loisirs et Pédagogie, Fragnière, 1985.
 (es) Marie-Pierre Colle-Corcuera, Artistas latinoamericanos en su estudio, México, Noriega Editores, 1994.
 Jacques Thuillier, Sergio de Castro : 60 ans de création, 1944–2004, Paris, Somogy, 2006.
 Véronique David, " Castro et le défi du vitrail ", dans In Situ, revue des patrimoines, 2009, no 123.

External links
 Sergio de Castro (official website)
 Vimeo – Sergio de Castro official profile
 Henri Raynal, "Innombrables sont les voies", in Revue du MAUSS permanente, 11 décembre 2012. Article on some contemporary artists, including Castro.
 Jacques Poloni-Simard, "Le muralisme des années 1930 et 1940 dans les pays du Río de la Plata", in Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos, 2014.
 Jacques Poloni-Simard, "Le 'voyage des Andes' des artistes du Río de la Plata au XXe siècle", in Artelogie, 2014.
 Denis Krieger website on stained-glass windows, with works by Sergio de Castro for the Monastery of the Benedictines in Couvrechef-La Folie (Caen).

References

1922 births
2012 deaths
Argentine artists
Argentine expatriates in France
Argentine expatriates in Switzerland
Argentine expatriates in Uruguay

Sergio de Castro (artist)


Since the outbreak of the First Indochina War in 1946 and later the bloodier Second Indochina War of the 1960s and 1970s, countless numbers of land mines have been planted in what is now the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Many of these devices that did not detonate at some point or another remain a very dangerous menace that continues plaguing the country and surrounding areas.

Ordnance and use of mines

French mines
The French made limited use of mines in the beginnings of the independence war in Indochina.

American and South Vietnamese mines
The M14 mine blast-type anti-personnel mine used by the United States during the Vietnam War was known as the "toe popper." Earlier examples of the toe-popper were the Soviet-made PMK-40 and the World War II "ointment box." The United States also used the M16 mine, a copy of the German "Bouncing Betty".

North Vietnamese mines
The North Vietnamese forces made extensive use of a variety of homemade booby traps including the old French trou de loup set with Bengali punji sticks.

The North Vietnamese termed the smaller mines đạp lôi (đạp lôi "step-mine") or mìn muỗi (mìn muỗi "mosquito mine"). Their equivalent of the American toe popper was a booby trap made from an empty .50 caliber machine gun shell filled with gunpowder or other explosive powder and scrap metal. The casing is sealed in wax and placed in a bamboo cylinder with a nail in the bottom, which is then buried in the ground so only the wax on top is showing. When a person steps on the wax top the casing is pressed in to the nail which then blows scrap metal into the soldier's foot. Dap loi is rarely fatal but can blow a toe off and causes very painful wounds. Its most prevalent use was during the Vietnam War by Vietcong guerrillas attempting to find simple methods to slow the advancing U.S. forces down. The MD-82 mine was a Vietnamese copy of the M-14 "toe popper."

Casualties

Vietnamese
American landmines caused extensive casualties and amputees within among the Vietnamese civilian population.

American
Landmines were a leading cause of American casualties. In 1965 alone, 65–70% of US Marine Corps casualties were caused by mines and booby-traps.

After the war
After the Fall of Saigon in April 1975 and the end of the Vietnam War, the Vietnamese government was left with the legacy of both Vietnamese and American mines. The US government has recently given some financial assistance for humanitarian mine action.

See also
 Land mines in Cambodia
 Mine clearance agency

References

Vietnam
Military equipment of the Vietnam War

Land mines in the Vietnam War


Norma is an Italian opera in two acts. The music was composed by Vincenzo Bellini. The libretto is by Felice Romani.The opera was first performed at La Scala in Milan, on December 26, 1831. The work was based on Louis Alexandre Soumet's play Norma ou l'infanticide. Norma is Bellini's masterpiece and one of the finest bel canto operas. The title role is one of the most demanding in the entire Italian repertoire. Sopranos Maria Callas, Joan Sutherland, and Montserrat Caballé have been amongst the best exponents of the role.

Principal roles
 Norma – soprano
 Adalgisa – mezzo-soprano
 Pollione – tenor
 Oroveso – bass

Sources
 The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1989.

1830s operas
Compositions by Vincenzo Bellini

Norma (opera)


Hypertext Transfer Protocol (usually abbreviated to HTTP) is a communications protocol. It is used to send and receive webpages and files on the internet. It was developed by Tim Berners-Lee and is now coordinated by the W3C. HTTP version 1.1 is the most common used version today. It is defined in RFC 2616.

About half of websites already use its successor HTTP/2 (which almost all web browsers support), and 25% of websites already support its much faster successor HTTP/3, which is the latest version of the protocol, published in 2022. HTTP/3 has lower latency for real-world web pages, if enabled on the server, load faster than with HTTP/2, and even faster than HTTP/1.1, in some cases over 3× faster than HTTP/1.1

The secure variant of HTTP is called HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure), and is used by more than 79% of websites, such as payment websites (if it's not used, then it's a clear signal that the payment site is a scam).

HTTPS is used by default by most web browsers (even if not requested by the user), assuming the web server supports it. If browsing to a website, and the web browser shows it starting with http: without an s before the colon (or an unlocked icon is seen), then that website is not secure, then passwords or other data sent to them can be stolen. HTTPS encrypts all the information that is sent and received. This can stop malicious users such as hackers from stealing the information. HTTPS uses port 443 for communication instead of port 80.

HTTP works as such, a user agent, usually meaning the web browser, connects to a (web) server. A user agent could also be a web crawler, or so-called "spider", but most users do not use such tools (they are used by search engines, such as Google). The server must be located using a URL or URI. It normally connects to port 80 on a computer.

Request message

The request message (for HTTP/1.1 and older) contains the following (i.e. it's in plain text; no longer used with HTTP/2 and later):

 Request line, such as GET /images/logo.gif HTTP/1.1, which requests the file logo.gif from the /images directory
 Headers, such as Accept-Language: en
 An empty line
 An optional message body

The request line and headers must all end with two characters: a carriage return followed by a line feed, often written <CR><LF>. The empty line must consist of only <CR><LF> and no other whitespace. In the HTTP/1.1 protocol, all headers except Host: are optional.

A request line containing only the path name is accepted by servers to maintain compatibility with HTTP clients before the HTTP/1.0 standard.

References

Internet
Computer protocols

Hypertext Transfer Protocol


John de Pilmuir [Pilmor, Pylmore] (died 1362) was a 14th-century prelate based in Scotland. He was probably the son of Adam de Pilmuir, a Dundee burgess, and the brother of Richard de Pilmuir, Bishop of Dunkeld (1337/38–1345/47).

Originally a canon of the diocese of Ross, on 30 March 1326, he was consecrated by Pope John XXII as Bishop of Moray at Avignon. The diocese of Moray had been reserved during the episcopate of David de Moravia, and this along with the lack of any record of an election in Moray makes it probable that Pilmuir was a direct appointment of the papacy. He had previously been the vicar in spirituals of Pierre Roger, Archbishop of Rouen, the future Pope Clement VI.

As a bishop, Pilmuir was a frequent petitioner to the papacy. He completed the foundation of the Scots College in Paris, initiated by his predecessor in Moray David de Moravia. The college remain the responsibility of the Bishops of Moray until the Reformation. He died at episcopal residence of Spynie Castle on 28 September 1362. His episcopate was followed by the famous and eventful episcopate of Alexander Bur.

References
 Dowden, John, The Bishops of Scotland, ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912)
 Keith, Robert, An Historical Catalogue of the Scottish Bishops: Down to the Year 1688, (London, 1924)
 Watt, D.E.R., Fasti Ecclesiae Scotinanae Medii Aevi ad annum 1638, 2nd Draft, (St Andrews, 1969)

1362 deaths
Bishops of Moray
Burgesses in Scotland
Clergy from Dundee
University of Paris people
14th-century Scottish Roman Catholic bishops
Year of birth unknown

John de Pilmuir


Manic Hispanic is an American Chicano punk rock band from Orange County and Los Angeles, California, United States. They are a comedy act that plays cover versions of punk rock "standards" by slightly renaming songs and adjusting lyrics with humorous references to Chicano culture. The band's members are all Mexican and use stage names further marking the Mexican/Chicano image of the band. Manic Hispanic is a supergroup made up of former and/or current members of The Adolescents, The Grabbers, Punk Rock Karaoke, The X-Members, 22 Jacks, Final Conflict, Agent Orange, Death by Stereo and The Cadillac Tramps.

Band formation
Manic Hispanic was originally started in 1992 by Mike "Gabby" Gaborno (a.k.a. Jefe) from The Cadillac Tramps and Steve Soto (a.k.a. El Hoakie Loco) from The Adolescents/22 Jacks, originally with the intent to perform doo-wop versions of punk songs. Members later recruited are: Chino and Mo Grease (members of The Grabbers), Oso (from The Cadillac Tramps), Mad Ralphie (a.k.a. Steve"Ace" Acevedo a Sound Engineer and tour manager), and Sonny Lucas (a.k.a. Tio).  According to their Myspace page, the band members have changed since their first album.

The name of the band keeps with their habit of mashing up Latin/Cholo culture with punk culture, the name being a play on Manic Panic, a brand of hair dye popular in the punk scene.

Recorded material
Their first album was released in 1995 on Doctor Dream records.  Entitled The Menudo Incident, a reference to Guns N' Roses' The Spaghetti Incident, it featured cover versions of songs by The Buzzcocks, The Damned, X, Black Flag, Wire, The Clash, and others.  These cover versions featured rewritten lyrics humorously reflecting the Chicano identity of the band and Chicano/Mexican culture as a whole. Tracks commonly include lyrics sung in Spanish, English, and Chicano "slang" a.k.a. Caló. Examples include songs such as The Damned's "New Rose" retitled "New Rosa", and Eddie and the Subtitles' "American Society" retitled "Mexican Society."  The Menudo Incident also contains a version of Tejano/country musician Freddy Fender's "Before the Next Teardrop Falls", a bilingual hit when released by Fender in the 1970s. The cover art mimicked the Guns N' Roses release, showing a bowl of menudo, the traditional Mexican tripe specialty.

The band returned with a second album in 2001, The Recline of Mexican Civilization (spoofing the punk film The Decline of Western Civilization) for BYO Records. BYO also released Mijo Goes to Jr. College (aping The Descendents' Milo Goes To College) in 2003, and Grupo Sexo (spoofing the Circle Jerks' Group Sex) in 2005. These albums modify the original cover art of the albums they are playing off of. The band's out-of-print debut album, The Menudo Incident, was reissued by BYO in 2003.

The band has also released T-shirts based on the Ramones logo, Dead Kennedys' graphics, and the Social Distortion logo.

Chicano identity
The band's biography information from BYO Records is written in a humorous style, alleging in jest that forming the band was suggestion by one of their parole officers.  Although this may be interpreted as tongue-in-cheek, the band has declared in an interview for InMusicWeTrust.com that, "we're not cholos or gangsters, but we come from that heritage and we're proud of it."

While most of the band's material is delivered with a sense of humor, political undertones do occasionally appear in their music, such as "Poem" from The Menudo Incident, tells a first-hand account of fearing a potential drive-by shooting, told over a doo-wop backing. In addition, their cover of Iggy & The Stooges' "I Got A Right" includes the lyric, "I got a right, got a right to speak/any language I want, yeah." The band also traditionally plays live in California on Cinco de Mayo.

Lineup
 Mike "Gabby" Gaborno (a.k.a. Jefe) - Vocals (d. 2017)
 Steve Soto (a.k.a. El Hoakie Loco) – Guitar/Vocals (d. 2018)
 Chino – Drums
 Mo' Grease – Guitar
 Oso – Bass
 Mad Ralphie – Vocals
 Tio – Vocals
 Efrem Martinez Schulz – Vocals

Discography
 The Menudo Incident (1995, Doctor Dream Records; Reissued in 2003, BYO Records Reissued Limited Edition Vinyl in 2018 Indecision Records)
 The Recline of Mexican Civilization (2001, BYO Records)
 Mijo Goes to Jr. College (2003, BYO Records)
 Grupo Sexo (2005, BYO Records)
 Back In Brown (2021)

References

External links
 Manic Hispanic at MySpaceMANIC HISPANIC | Listen and Stream Free Music, Albums, New Releases, Photos, Videos
 Interview with Mad Ralphie and Tio In Music We Trust – INTERVIEW: Manic Hispanic: Punk Band
 Manic Hispanic at BYO Records, includes biography BYO RECORDS - Punk Since 1982 - Web.archive.org
 Manic Hispanic at AllMusic
 Official Site manic-hispanic.com

Hardcore punk groups from California
American supergroups
BYO Records artists
Musical groups established in 1992
Musical groups disestablished in 2017
1992 establishments in California
2017 disestablishments in California
Musical groups from Orange County, California

Manic Hispanic


Stheno is a gorgon in Greek mythology. She has 2 sisters. She and her sister Euryale was immortal, and the third sister Medusa was mortal.  Medusa is the queen who turns people to stone with her eyes. Euryale could jump high. Stheno was very strong. She had snake hair, metal arms, and wings. She was the daughter of Phorcys and Ceto.

Greek legendary creatures

Stheno


The Nossentiner/Schwinzer Heath Nature Park () lies in the western part of the Mecklenburg Lake District in the districts of Mecklenburgische Seenplatte, Rostock and Ludwigslust-Parchim in the north German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. It lies between the towns of Plau am See, Goldberg, Krakow am See and Malchow. It was founded in 1990 and finally confirmed in the state act of 1994. The total area of the nature park is 365 km² of which 60% is wooded, about 14% consists of rivers and lakes and the remainder is cultural landscape. There are almost 60 lakes in the nature park and the rivers Nebel and Mildenitz. Special features of the nature park are the sandar - sand and gravel deposits left by the ice age. Numerous bogs are also dotted across the countryside. The nature park is a breeding ground for white-tailed eagle, osprey und bittern. In addition, wisent are bred on the Damerower Werder. The nature park is easily accessed from the Malchow junction on the A 19 motorway. In the vicinity of the nature park is the Dobbertin Abbey. To the north is the Mecklenburg Switzerland and Lake Kummerow Nature Park and to the northwest the Sternberg Lake District Nature Park.

See also
 List of nature parks in Germany

References

External links
 Ordinance establishing the park dated 14 July 1994
 Nature park website with events calendar
 15 Jahre Naturpark Nossentiner/Schwinzer Heide (pdf)

Nature parks in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
Mecklenburgische Seenplatte (district)
Ludwigslust-Parchim
Rostock
Cultural landscapes of Germany

Nossentiner/Schwinzer Heath Nature Park


The World Rugby Under 20 Trophy (known as the IRB Junior World Rugby Trophy until 2014) is an international rugby union competition. The event is organised by the sport's governing body, World Rugby, and is contested by 8 men's junior national teams with an under-20 age requirement. This event replaced the World Rugby's former age-grade world championships, the Under-19 and Under-21 World Championships.

The inaugural tournament was held in June 2008, hosted by Chile and with 8 teams participating.

The World Rugby Under 20 Trophy is the second level of the World Rugby tournament structure for under-20 national sides. At the same time that the Trophy was launched, World Rugby (then known as the International Rugby Board) also launched an upper-level championship, featuring 16 teams in 2008 and 2009 and a reduced format for 12 teams from 2010 and onwards.

Promotion and relegation between the Trophy and the Championship is in place. The winner of the Trophy will play in next year's Championship, while the last placed team at the Championship will be relegated to the Trophy for the next year.

History
The inaugural tournament was held in 2008, hosted by Chile, and won by Uruguay.
World Rugby's decision that the United States would host the tournament in 2012 was viewed as the United States taking a step closer towards hosting the Rugby World Cup.

Tournament results

Team records

Legend
 = Hosts
 = Champions (promoted to U20 Championship)
 = Champions (not promoted to U20 Championship)
 = Runners-up
 = Third place
 = Fourth place
WC = Competed in the U20 Championship
q = Qualified
- = Did not qualify

References

External links
 U20 Trophy: The story so far at World Rugby

Under 20
Under-20 rugby union competitions

World Rugby U20 Trophy


Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) is specified by 3GPP in TS 25.323 for UMTS, TS 36.323 for LTE and TS 38.323 for 5G. PDCP is located in the Radio Protocol Stack in the UMTS/LTE/5G air interface on top of the RLC layer.

PDCP provides its services to the RRC and user plane upper layers, e.g. IP at the UE or to the relay at the base station. The following services are provided by PDCP to upper layers:
 transfer of user plane data;
 transfer of control plane data;
 header compression;
 ciphering;
 integrity protection.

The header compression technique can be based on either IP header compression (RFC 2507) or Robust Header Compression (RFC 3095). If PDCP is configured for No Compression it will send the IP Packets without compression; otherwise it will compress the packets according to its configuration by upper layer and attach a PDCP header and send the packet.

Different header formats are defined, dependent on the type of data to be transported. In LTE, there are e.g. header formats for Control Plane PDCP Data PDU with long PDCP SN (12 bits), for User plane PDCP Data PDU with short PDCP SN (7 bits) and others.

References

External links

  IP header compression
  Robust Header Compression

Mobile telecommunications standards
3GPP standards
UMTS
5G (telecommunication)

Packet Data Convergence Protocol