Bob Livingston (born Robert Lynn Livingston November 26, 1948) is an American singer-songwriter, guitarist, bass player, and a founding member of The Lost Gonzo Band. Livingston was a key figure in the Cosmic Cowboy, progressive country and outlaw country movements that distinguished the Austin, Texas music scene in the 1970s. Over the years, Bob Livingston has gained a reputation as a band leader, solo artist, session musician and sideman in folk, Americana and country music. He has toured without stop for 47 years, and is one of the most experienced and world traveled musicians in all of Texas music. Livingston's CD, Gypsy Alibi, released by New Wilderness Records in 2011, won the "Album of the Year" at the Texas Music Awards. In January 2016, Livingston was inducted into the Texas Music Legends Hall of Fame in 2016 and into the West Texas Music Walk of Fame in 2018. Howlin' Dog Records released Livingston's latest CD, Up The Flatland Stairs, January 10, 2018.

Early life
Livingston was born in San Antonio, Texas, but was raised in Lubbock. By the mid-1960s, he was active on the Lubbock music scene that was blossoming at the time along with several other Texas music artists such as Jimmy Dale Gilmore, Joe Ely, Butch Hancock, Terry Allen, Jesse Taylor and David Halley. Livingston sharpened his skills as a guitarist and singer while attending Lubbock High and Texas Tech University. In 1968, he opened a folk club in Lubbock called The Attic, and shortly afterwards left Lubbock to pursue his own career in music.

American music career
Livingston left Lubbock in 1969 and moved to  Red River, New Mexico. There, he met a folk group called Three Faces West, whose members included Texas artist Ray Wylie Hubbard, Rick Fowler and Wayne Kidd. While playing in Aspen, Colorado in 1970, Livingston was discovered by talent scout and artist agent, Randy Fred, and was signed to Capitol Records. After meeting fellow Texas musician Michael Murphey in California, Livingston moved to Wrightwood, California and collaborated in a songwriting venture with Murphey, forming a music publishing company called Mountain Music Farm with other songwriters Roger Miller and Guy Clark. Livingston joined Michael Murphey's band playing bass, touring and recording together on Murphey's albums Geronimo's Cadillac and Cosmic Cowboy Souvenir.

By 1971, Livingston had relocated to Austin, Texas and was playing in a band that switched between Michael Murphey and Jerry Jeff Walker.
Eventually, Murphey and Walker's interchangeable band condensed into their own group, called The Lost Gonzo Band. With Murphey and Walker, The Lost Gonzo Band helped bring about the progressive country genre, and along with the redneck rock and outlaw country movements, helpred define a distinct "Austin Sound". Livingston and the Lost Gonzo Band lent their talents to Jerry Jeff Walker for his seminal album Viva Terlingua, among many other records in Walker's career. The Lost Gonzo Band recorded three nationally released albums with Capitol Records and MCA. The Lost Gonzo band returned for shows in 2021 and 2022.

Songwriting success
Livington's songs have appeared in The Lost Gonzo Band's albums, his solo records, and in Jerry Jeff Walker's albums throughout Walker's career. Songs for Walker include "Public Domain" (1975 Ridin' High) (co-written with Gary P. Nunn), "Head Full of Nothin'" (co-written with Rick Fowler), and "It's a Good Night for Singing" (1976 It's a Good Night for Singing), "Roll on Down the Road" (1977 A Man Must Carry On), "Bittersweet" (1981 Reunion), "Gonzo Compadres" (1993 Viva Luckenbach), "Life's Too Short" (1996 Scamp), "Wanted for Love" co-written with Lane Bybee (1998 Cowboy Boots and Bathing Suits).

In 2004, American rap artist Lloyd Banks of G-Unit recorded a song titled "Warrior" on his debut album The Hunger for More. The rapper's song contained a music sample of "Hold On", a song written by Livingston and Ray Wylie Hubbard and recorded by the Lost Gonzo Band but never formally released (but it was released by McKendree Spring on their 1975 album, Get Me to the Country). "Warrior" reached No. 1 on the Billboard 200 charts and went platinum.

Livingston's song "Love Cannot Be Broken" was in the soundtrack of Nobelity- a documentary about the world as seen through the eyes of various Nobel laureates, directed and produced by Turk Pipkin. 2014 saw two recordings of Livingston's song "On A Dream With You" by Texas artists, Walt and Tina Wilkins, on their new "Be Mine" CD and by beloved Texas turned Santa Fe singer/song stylist, Bill Hearne, on his latest CD, "All That's Real."

"Cowgirl's Lullaby", co-written by Livingston and Andy Wilkinson was featured in the independent film, Barracuda produced in Austin 2017. It was also recorded by Wilkinson and appears on Livingston's new CD, "Up The Flatland Stairs."

International music career
Livingston has toured abroad since 1982 playing in the UK, Switzerland, Norway, Finland, France, Canada and Mexico. Beginning in 1987, Livingston began a series of music tours sponsored by the U.S. State Department. Acting as an ambassador of American music, he has been sent repeatedly to over 25 different countries throughout the Middle East, Africa, and Asia, with an aim to promote goodwill and cross-cultural understanding through musical exchange. Livingston has toured Yemen, Bahrain, Oman, Syria, Kuwait, Qatar, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Thailand, Morocco, Tunisia and Angola, among others. These tours began as a solo act, but eventually included such musicians as long-time associate and guitarist John Inmon, fiddler Richard Bowden, and Livingston's son, guitarist and composer, Tucker Livingston. Livingston and his son gave performances and workshops on the art of guitar playing, songwriting craft, and a history of Texas music and folklore. The Livingstons regularly invited local musicians onstage to collaborate with their indigenous instruments. Editing and pre-production of a documentary film of these travels are currently in the works.  Livingston has played and collaborated with groups as diverse as Nepal's, Sur Sudha, The Royal Omani Orchestra, with Ood players in the Middle East, Geisha singers in Vietnam, sitar and tabla players in India and Angola drums and choir ensembles.

Texas Music International (TMI) and Cowboys and Indians
In 2000, Livingston created, Texas Music International, an organization dedicated to bringing different musics of the world together for human and cultural harmony. His first venture was to create a multi-cultural group of musicians from Texas and India called Cowboys & Indians. Cowboys & Indians is supported by the Texas Commission on the Arts and the Economic Development Department of Austin. They give public performances and educational workshops and performances in Texas schools and theaters. Mixed instrumentation, music and cultural lore fuse with Native American, Texas folk and Indian themes that include Bharatanatyam dance, Native American flute and story song, Hindu mythology and cowboy yodeling.  Based in Austin, members of Cowboys & Indians have included Bradley Kopp, Oliver Rajamani, Richard Bowden, Tucker Livingston, singer Nagavalli,  and Bharatnatyam dancer Anu Naimpally.

Recent ventures
Livingston's discography spans beyond progressive country, singer-songwriter and rock music to such myriad recordings as film music for The Texas Chain Saw massacre, environmental and peace activist albums, and a children's record on A Gentle Wind called, Open The Window. During his career, Bob has performed with a long list of musicians: Jerry Jeff Walker, Michael Martin Murphey, Ray Wylie Hubbard, Willie Nelson, Willis Alan Ramsey, Leon Russell, and Garth Brooks. He has acted as Chairman of the Austin Music Commission, and serves on the board of directors at the Texas Music Museum.
In 2009, Bob Livingston completed another tour sponsored by the U.S. State Department to France, Switzerland and several nations in Africa and in February 2017 played in Karachi, Pakistan. He currently lives in Austin and continues his work with Cowboys & Indians, The Lost Gonzo Band and on his solo career. Livingston's newest CD, Gypsy Alibi was co-produced by Livingston and Lloyd Maines and released on January 27, 2011, on New Wilderness Records.  On July 9, 2011, Gypsy Alibi, won "Album of the Year" at the Texas Music Awards. Livingston's latest CD Up The Flatland Stairs, a collection of songs for Howlin' Dog Records, is set to be released in the summer of 2017.

As author
Livingston is currently writing a book for Texas Tech University Press about his life and travels through the lens of his music career. Expected publishing date, 2023.

Discography

Solo
 Waking Up (Wilderness); 1981
 Signs of Life (Wilderness); 1988
 Open the Window (Gentle Wind); 1996
 Mahatma Gandhi & Sitting Bull (Vireo); 2003
 Everything Is All Right (TMI); 2004
 Cowboys & Indians (Vireo); 2007
 Original Spirit (Vireo); 2008
 Gypsy Alibi (New Wilderness Records); 2011
 Bob Livingston at the Kerrville Folk Festival (FestivaLink); 2011
 Up The Flatland Stairs (Howlin' Dog Records); 2018

With The Lost Gonzo Band
 The Lost Gonzo Band (MCA); 1972
 Thrills (MCA); 1976
 Signs of Life (Capitol); 1978
 Rendezvous (Vireo); 1991
 Hands of Time (Vireo); 1995
 Dead Armadillos (Demon/Edsel); 1998

With Jerry Jeff Walker
 Jerry Jeff Walker (MCA); 1972
 Viva Terlingua! (MCA); 1973
 Walker's Collectibles (MCA); 1974
 Ridin' High (MCA); 1975
 It's a Good Night for Singin''' (MCA); 1976
 A Man Must Carry On (MCA); 1977
 Great Gonzos (MCA); 1991
 Navaho Rug (Rycodisk); 1991
 Hill Country Rain (Rycodisk); 1992
 Viva Luckenbach (Rycodisk); 1993
 Christmas Gonzo Style (Rycodisk); 1994
 Night After Night (Tried 'n True); 1995
 Scamp (Tried 'n True); 1996
 Cowboy Boots and Bathing Suits (Tried 'n True); 1997
 Lone Wolf: The Best of Jerry Jeff Walker (Elektra); 1998
 Gypsy Songman (Tried 'n True); 1999
 Gonzo Stew (Tried 'n True); 2001
 Too Old to Change (Tried ' True) 2003
  It's A Good Night For Singin' & Contrary To Ordinary Plus (Raven); 2013

With Michael Martin Murphey
 Geronimo's Cadillac (A&M); 1972
 Cosmic Cowboy Souvenir (A&M); 1973

With Ray Wylie Hubbard
 Something About the Night (Renegade); 1979
 Loco Gringo's Lament (Dejadisc); 1994

With Bobby Bridger
 Seekers of the Fleece (Golden Egg); 1975
 Ballad of the West (Golden Egg); 2001
 Complete Works (Golden Egg); 2004

With Steven Fromholz
 Steven Fromholz (Capitol); 1977
 Frummox II (ABC Probe);1982

With Bill Oliver
 Texas Oasis 1980 (Live Oak)
 Better Things to Do 1986 (Live Oak)
 Audubon Adventures 1987 (Live Oak)
 Have to Have a Habitat 1995 (Live Oak)
 Friend of the River 2001 (Live Oak)

With Butch Hancock
 Yella Rose (with Marce Lacouture)(Rainlight); 1985
 Own & Own (Demon); 1989
 Own the Way Over Here (Sugar Hill); 1993

With Terry Allen
 The Moral Minority (Fate); 1995

With Pat Green
 Carry On (Greenhorse); 2000
 Three Days (Universal); 2001

With Gary P. Nunn
 Under My Hat (1996)

Other artists
 Peter Caulton: Hard Road Tough Country (1998)
 Cory Morrow: Outside the Lines (2002)
 Mark David Manders: Highs and Lows (2002)
 Owen Temple: General Store (1997)
 Owen Temple: Two Thousand Miles (2007)
 Larry Joe Taylor: Heart of the Matter (2000)
 Various Artists Kerrville Folk Festival: Early Years 1972–1981
 Various Artists: Stranger Than Fiction (1999)
 Chris Wall: Cowboy Nation'' (1999)
 Susan Herndon "All Fall Down" (2012)

Notes

References
 Robinson, Bruce "Ragabilly Rocker", Bohemian.com, April 15, 2009
 Bob Livingston article in Lone Star Music Magazine: I Was There! The Making of Viva Terlingua

External links
Bob Livingston's website
Bob Livingston on Facebook

The "Wild East": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ms1fP_JpMJA ]
 Bob Livingston's Open the Window children's record
Interview on the ATX Architects Podcast

American country singer-songwriters
1948 births
Living people
Singer-songwriters from Texas
Musicians from San Antonio
People from Wrightwood, California
Progressive country musicians
Texas Tech University alumni
Lubbock High School alumni
Country musicians from Texas
Country musicians from California
Singer-songwriters from California

Bob Livingston (musician)


The Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) is a research reactor at the Idaho National Laboratory, located east of Arco, Idaho. This reactor was designed and is used to test nuclear fuels and materials to be used in power plants, naval propulsion, research and advanced reactors. It can operate at a maximum thermal power of 250 MW and has a "Four Leaf Clover" core design (similar to the Camunian rose) that allows for a variety of testing locations. The unique design allows for different neutron flux (number of neutrons impacting one square centimeter every second) conditions in various locations. Six of the test locations allow an experiment to be isolated from the primary cooling system, providing its own environment for temperature, pressure, flow and chemistry, replicating the physical environment while accelerating the nuclear conditions.

The ATR is a pressurized light water reactor (LWR), using water as both coolant and moderator. The core is surrounded by a beryllium neutron reflector to concentrate neutrons on experiments, and houses multiple experiment positions as well. It operates at low temperature and pressure 71 °C (160 °F) and up to 2.69 MPa water pressure. The ATR reactor vessel is solid stainless steel,  tall by  across. The core is approximately  tall by  across.

In addition to its role in nuclear fuels and materials irradiation, the ATR is the United States' only domestic source of high specific activity (HSA) cobalt-60 (60Co) for medical applications. HSA 60Co is used primarily in gamma knife treatment of brain cancer. Other medical and industrial isotopes have also been produced, and could be again, including plutonium-238 (238Pu), which is useful for powering spacecraft.

History

Since 1951, fifty-two reactors have been built on the grounds of what was originally the Atomic Energy Commission's National Reactor Testing Station, currently the location of the U.S. Department of Energy's Idaho National Laboratory (INL). Constructed in 1967, the ATR is the second-oldest of three reactors still in operation at the site. Its primary function is to intensely bombard samples of materials and fuels with neutrons to replicate long-term exposure to high levels of radiation, as would be present after years in a commercial nuclear reactor. The ATR is one of only four test reactors in the world with this capability. The reactor also produces rare isotopes for use in medicine and industry.

National Scientific User Facility
In April 2007, the ATR was designated a National Scientific User Facility, since renamed a Nuclear Science User Facility (NSUF), to encourage use of the reactor by universities, laboratories, and industry. This status is intended to stimulate experiments to extend the life of existing commercial reactors and encourage nuclear power development. These experiments will test "materials, nuclear fuel, and instruments that operate in the reactors." Under this program, experimenters will not have to pay to perform experiments at the reactor, but are required to publish their findings. Through the NSUF system, ATR and partner facilities have hosted 213 awarded experiments from 42 different institutions (universities, national labs and industry), resulting in 178 publications and presentations.

ATR compared with commercial reactors
Test reactors are very different in appearance and design from commercial, nuclear power reactors. Commercial reactors are large, operate at high temperature and pressure, and require a large amount of nuclear fuel. A typical commercial reactor has a volume of  with  of uranium at  and 177 atm. Because of their large size and stored energy, commercial reactors require a robust "containment structure" to prevent the release of radioactive material in the event of an emergency situation.

By contrast, the ATR requires a smaller containment structure—it has a volume of , contains  of uranium, and operates at  and 26.5 atm (conditions similar to a water heater). The reactor vessel itself, which is made of stainless steel surrounded by concrete that extends more than  underground, is hardened against accidental or intentional damage. The entire reactor area is also surrounded by a confinement structure (as opposed to a "containment structure") designed to further protect the surrounding environment from any potential release of radioactivity.

Reactor design and experimental capabilities
The ATR core is designed to be as flexible as possible for research needs. It can be brought online and powered down safely as often as necessary to change experiments or perform maintenance. The reactor is also powered down automatically in the event of abnormal experimental conditions or power failure.

Components of the reactor core are replaced every 7–10 years to prevent fatigue due to exposure to radiation and to ensure experimenters always have a new reactor to work with. The neutron flux provided by the reactor can be either constant or variable, and each lobe of the four-leaf-clover design can be controlled independently to produce up to 1015 thermal neutrons per second per square centimeter or 5·1014 fast neutrons s−1 cm−2. There are 77 different testing locations inside the reflector and another 34 low-intensity locations outside the core, allowing many experiments to run simultaneously in different test environments. Test volumes up to  in diameter and  long can be accommodated. Experiments are changed on average every seven weeks, and the reactor is in nominal operation (110 MW) 75% of the year.

Three types of experiments can be performed in the reactor:
 Static Capsule Experiment: The material to be tested is placed in a sealed tube made of aluminium, stainless steel, or zircaloy, which is then inserted in the desired reactor location. If the tube is less than the full 48-inch reactor height, several capsules may be stacked. In some cases, it is desirable to test materials (such as fuel elements) in direct contact with the reactor coolant, in which case, the test capsule is not sealed. Very limited monitoring and temperature control are available for the static capsule configuration, and any instances would have to be built into the capsule experiment (such as temperature melt wires or an insulating air gap).
 Instrumented Lead Experiment: Similar to the Static Capsule configuration, this type of experiment allows for real-time monitoring of temperature and gas conditions inside the capsule. An umbilical connects the test capsule to a control station to report test conditions. The control station automatically regulates the temperature inside the test capsule as desired by pumping a combination of helium (conducting) and neon or argon (nonconducting) gases through the capsule. The circulated gas can be examined though gas-liquid chromatography to test for failure or oxidation of the material being tested.
 Pressurized Water Loop Experiment: More complex than the Instrumented Lead configuration, this type of experiment is available in only six of the nine flux tubes, referred to as Inpile Tubes (IPTs). Test material is isolated from the primary ATR coolant by a secondary coolant system, allowing for precise conditions of a commercial or naval reactor to be simulated. Extensive instrumentation and control systems in this type of experiment generate a large amount of data, which is available to the experimenter in real-time so that changes can be made to the experiment as required.

Research experiments at the reactor include:
 Advanced Graphite Capsule: This experiment will test the effects of radiation on several types of graphite under consideration for the Next Generation Nuclear Plant program that currently have no high-flux temperature data available.
 Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative / Light Water Reactor: The goal of the AFCI is to transmute longer-life fuels into shorter-life ones which would be able to be used in commercial light water reactors, to reduce the amount of waste that must be stored while increasing the fuel available for commercial reactors.
 Cobalt-60 Production: The least complex of current uses of the Advanced Test Reactor is the production of the 60Co radioisotope for medical uses. Disks of cobalt-59 1 mm -diameter by 1 mm thick are inserted into the reactor (Static Capsule Experiment), which bombards the sample with neutrons, producing cobalt-60. Approximately  are produced per year, entirely for medical uses.

Advanced Test Reactor Critical
The Advanced Test Reactor Critical (ATRC) performs functions for the ATR similar to those of the ARMF reactors in relation to the MTR. It was a valuable auxiliary tool in operation for three years before the ATR started up. It verified for reactor designers the effectiveness of control mechanisms and physicists predictions of power distribution in the large core of the ATR . Low-power testing in the ATRC conserved valuable time so that the large ATR could irradiate experiments at high power levels. The ATRC is also used to verify the safety of a proposed experiment before it is placed in the ATR. The ATRC started operating on May 19, 1964 and remains in service.

References

External links

 ATR factsheet (PDF, 868 KB)
 ATR Capabilities and Future Operating Plans (PDF, 800 KB)
 ATR Irradiation Facilities and Capabilities (PDF, 2.4 MB)

Buildings and structures in Butte County, Idaho
Buildings and structures completed in 1967
Power stations in Idaho
Light water reactors
Nuclear power stations in the United States
Nuclear research reactors
United States Department of Energy national laboratories
Research institutes in Idaho

Advanced Test Reactor


Modern Gallery  (; since 2021 the National Museum of Modern Art, ) is a museum in Zagreb, Croatia that holds the most important and comprehensive collection of paintings, sculptures and drawings by 19th and 20th century Croatian artists. The collection numbers around 10,000 works of art, housed since 1934 in the historic Vranyczany Palace in the centre of Zagreb, overlooking the Zrinjevac Park. A secondary gallery is the Josip Račić Studio at Margaretska 3.

History

The Modern Gallery, originally the National Gallery for Croatian Art, dates from the early 1900s, when it was founded by the Art Society with paintings and sculptures acquired by their members, including a donation from Bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer.

In 1899, Izidor Kršnjavi, gave a presentation to the Art Society in Zagreb, with the idea of establishing the Gallery. His proposal was recorded in the Social Exhibitions Statute () of 1901. In the spring of 1905, to mark the Society's 30th anniversary, three works of art were bought for the future holdings of the Modern Gallery. That year, 1905, is considered to be the official date the Gallery was founded, due to the holdings which were put together at the time. However, the collection grew gradually and it was not open for public viewing until 1914, in a single room of today's Museum of Arts and Crafts building, where it was available only to those who showed a special interest in it.

As the collection expanded, the Gallery moved to its current building, the Vranyczany Palace on Zrinjevac Park in 1934 and it has been there, with a pause during World War II, up until the present day. The Vranyczany Palace was designed by the Viennese architect Otto Hofer, and constructed in 1882 by Ferdo Kondrat for Baron Lujo Vranyczany. Since the end of 19th century the building has changed ownership frequently, and has been restored several times. Through the years, the Vranyczany building has entertained some well-known figures in Croatia's cultural, political and economic life. From its balcony in November 1884, Bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer watched the celebrations organised in his honour on the occasion of the opening of the gallery named after him. The splendid receptions of the past have now been replaced by the contemplative atmosphere of Zagreb's gallery of modern art.

The Palace underwent a complete renovation between 1993 and 2005, when the current exhibition was opened to the public. Two floors of the palace have become a modern-equipped gallery showing the permanent collection of Croatian modern painting and sculpture. In the completely refurbished historic rooms, the Modern Gallery presents "Two Hundred Years of Croatian Fine Arts (1800-2000)", a representative selection of 650-700 of the best works by painters, sculptors and medal makers. The Modern Gallery has become the best known, and most complete Croatian modern art museum. Retrospectives and monographic exhibitions of works by the most prominent Croatian artists have been taking place there since the end of the 1960s, as well as theme exhibitions of Croatian and European modern art.

Collection

The Modern Gallery in Zagreb holds the richest and most important collection of Croatian art of the 19th and 20th centuries. Today the holding numbers around 10,000 works of art including paintings, sculptures, drawings and graphics, medallions and medals, as well as photographs and new media. More than 700 Croatian works of art belonging to the 19th and 20th century are on display. The exhibition extends across two floors of the Palace and the main staircase, displaying the works of individual artists, and also showing their place in the Croatian modern art scene and within modern Croatian society in general. According to Biserka Rauter Plančić, the current Director of the Modern Gallery, "The Gallery's mission is to record, as much as possible, the events and changes in Croatian art which took place over the two centuries of building and breaking down the perception of the world, as well as the perception of workmanship."

In addition to its permanent collection, the Modern Gallery also holds special exhibits. In 2009, a multi-sensory Tactile Gallery MG, was opened to help vision-impaired visitors experience major Croatian modern paintings and sculptures through touch and sound. The Modern Gallery's holdings continue to expand and once a year, a New Acquisitions exhibition is held.

A new multi-media exhibition entitled "Ikonografija grada u hrvatskom slikarstvu u prvoj polovici 20 st." (Iconography of Towns in Croatian Paintings from the First Half of the 20th Century), was opened to the public in April 2010. It presents the viewer with a motif of a town in paintings, drawing, graphics, art photography; on posters and film, and in literature and music. The exhibit covers over 150 artefacts including works of the most significant Croatian artists of the 20th century, from the Munich circle to socialism and the beginnings of the abstract art.

Artists represented in the permanent collection of the Modern Gallery include:

 Ljubo Babić
 Vojin Bakić
 Petar Barišić
 Ivo Deković
 Marijan Detoni
 Ivo Dulčić
 Dušan Džamonja
 Vladimir Becić
 F. Bilak
 Vlaho Bukovac
 Vladimir Gašparić Gapo
 Vilko Gecan
 Josip Generalić
 Oton Gliha
 Krsto Hegedušić
 Ljubo Ivančić
 Franz Jaschke
 Anto Jerković
 Vasilije Josip Jordan
 Leo Junek
 Vjekoslav Karas
 Ivo Kerdić
 Zlatko Keser
 Josip Klarica
 Slavko Kopač
 Kuzma Kovačić
 Miroslav Kraljević
 Frano Kršinić
 Vatroslav Kuliš
 Ferdinand Kulmer
 Ivan Lesjak
 Tihomir Lončar
 Nikola Mašić
 Ivan Meštrović
 Matko Mijić
 Karlo Mijić
 Robert Frangeš Mihanović
 Jerolim Miše
 Antun Motika
 Edo Murtić
 Sofija Naletilić Penavuša
 Zoltan Novak
 Mladen Pejaković
 Ivan Picelj
 Dimitrije Popović
 Zlatko Prica
 Ferdo Quiquerez
 Mirko Racki
 Josip Račić
 Slava Raškaj
 Ivan Rendić
 Ivo Režek
 Branko Ružić
 Đuro Seder
 Miljenko Stančić
 Milan Steiner
 Dalibor Stošić
 Mihael Stroy
 Gabrijel Stupica
 Ivo Šebalj
 Zlatko Šulentić
 Marino Tartaglia
 Marija Ujević
 Milivoj Uzelac
 Vladimir Varlaj
 Emanuel Vidović
 Zlatan Vrkljan
 Josip Zanki
 Ivan Zasche

In addition to the permanent display, occasional exhibitions of local and foreign artists are also held. For example, from December 2008 to March 2009, the first complete retrospective of Josip Račić's works was on display on the first floor of the gallery; Račić is one of the most important representatives of Croatian Modernist painting.

The gallery publishes monographs on artists and their works in a catalogue series called Modern Croatian Art, and in other publications.

See also
Museum of Contemporary Art, Zagreb
The Strossmayer Gallery of Old Masters, Zagreb
Croatian Museum of Naïve Art, Zagreb
Art Pavilion, Zagreb
Museum of Arts and Crafts, Zagreb

References

External links

Modern Gallery official website

Art museums and galleries in Zagreb
Zagreb
Donji grad, Zagreb
Art museums established in 1914
1914 establishments in Croatia
Neoclassical architecture in Croatia

Modern Gallery, Zagreb


William Hyde Wollaston  (; 6 August 1766 – 22 December 1828) was an English chemist and physicist who is famous for discovering the chemical elements palladium and rhodium. He also developed a way to process platinum ore into malleable ingots.

Life

He was born in East Dereham in Norfolk, the son of the Francis Wollaston (1737–1815), a noted amateur astronomer, and his wife Althea Hyde. He was one of 17 children, but the family was financially well-off and he enjoyed an intellectually stimulating environment. He was educated privately (and remotely) at Charterhouse School from 1774 to 1778 then studied Sciences at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. In 1793 he obtained his doctorate (MD) in medicine from Cambridge University, and was a Fellow of his college from 1787 to 1828.

He worked as a physician in Huntingdon from 1789 then moved to Bury St Edmunds before moving to London in 1797. During his studies, Wollaston had become interested in chemistry, crystallography, metallurgy and physics. In 1800, after he had received a large sum of money from one of his older brothers, he left medicine. He concentrated on pursuing his interests in chemistry and other subjects outside his trained vocation.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1793, where he became an influential member. He served as its president in 1820. In 1822 he was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Wollaston died in London 28 December 1828 and was buried in St Nicholas's Churchyard in Chislehurst, England.

Work
After having established a partnership with Smithson Tennant in 1800 in order to produce and sell chemical products, Wollaston became wealthy by developing the first physico-chemical method for processing platinum ore in practical quantities. He held the details of the process secret until near his death and made huge profits for about 20 years by being the only supplier in England of the product which had many of the same qualities as gold, but was much cheaper.

Chemical analysis related to the process of purifying platinum led Wollaston to discover the elements palladium (symbol Pd) in 1802 and rhodium (symbol Rh) in 1804.

Anders Gustav Ekeberg discovered tantalum in 1802; however, Wollaston declared it was identical with niobium (then known as columbium). Later Heinrich Rose proved in 1846 that columbium and tantalum were indeed different elements and he renamed columbium "niobium". (Niobium and tantalum, being in the same periodic group, are chemically similar.)

The mineral wollastonite was later named after Wollaston for his contributions to crystallography and mineral analysis.

Wollaston also performed important work in electricity. In 1801, he performed an experiment showing that the electricity from friction was identical to that produced by voltaic piles. During the last years of his life he performed electrical experiments, which resulted in his accidental discovery of electromagnetic induction 10 years prior to Michael Faraday, preceding the eventual design of the electric motor: Faraday constructed the first working electric motor and published his results without acknowledging Wollaston's previous work. Wollaston's demonstration of a motor to the Royal Society had failed, however, but nonetheless his prior work was acknowledged by Humphry Davy in the same paper which lauded Faraday's "ingenious" experiments. Wollaston also invented a battery that allowed the zinc plates in the battery to be raised out of the acid, so that the zinc would not be dissolved as quickly as it would if it were in the battery all the time.

His optical work was important as well, where he is remembered for his observations of dark gaps in the solar spectrum (1802), a key event in the history of spectroscopy. He invented the camera lucida (1807) which contained the Wollaston prism (the four-sided optics of which were first described basically by Kepler) and the reflecting goniometer (1809). He also developed the first lens specifically for camera lens, called the meniscus lens, in 1812. The lens was designed to improve the image projected by the camera obscura. By changing the shape of the lens, Wollaston was able to project a flatter image, eliminating much of the distortion that was a problem with many of that day's biconvex lenses.

Wollaston also devised a cryophorus, "a glass container containing liquid water and water vapor. It is used in physics courses to demonstrate rapid freezing by evaporation."  He used his Bakerian lecture in 1805, On the Force of Percussion, to defend Gottfried Leibniz's principle of vis viva, an early formulation of the conservation of energy.

Wollaston's attempt to demonstrate the presence of glucose in the blood serum of diabetics was unsuccessful due to the limited means of detection available to him. His 1811 paper "On the non-existence of sugar in the blood of persons labouring under diabetes mellitus" concluded that sugar must travel via lymphatic channels from the stomach directly to the kidneys, without entering the bloodstream. Wollaston supported this theory by referring to the thesis of a young medical student at Edinburgh, named Charles Darwin, titled, "Experiments establishing a criterion between mucaginous and purulent matter. And an account of the retrograde motions of the absorbent vessels of animal bodies in some diseases." The medical student was the uncle of the more famous Charles Robert Darwin.

Wollaston prophetically foretold that if once an accurate knowledge were gained of the relative weights of elementary atoms, philosophers would not rest satisfied with the determination of mere numbers, but would have to gain a geometrical conception of how the elementary particles were placed in space. Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff's La Chimie dans l'Espace was the first practical realisation of this prophecy.

Wollaston was part of a royal commission that recommended adoption of the imperial gallon in 1814. Also in 1814, Wollaston coined the name bicarbonate. He served on the government's Board of Longitude between 1818 and 1828 and was part of royal commission that opposed adoption of the metric system (1819).

Wollaston was too ill to deliver his final Bakerian lecture in 1828 and dictated it to Henry Warburton who read it on 20 November.

Honours and awards
Honours and awards
 Fellow of the Royal Society, 1793.
 Secretary, 1804–1816.
 President, briefly in 1820.
 Vice-president, 1820–1828
 Copley Medal, 1802
 Royal Medal, 1828.
 Croonian lecture, 1809
 Bakerian Lecture, 1802, 1805, 1812, 1828
 Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 1813.

Legacy
The following have been named in his honour:
 Wollaston Medal
 List of Wollaston Medal recipients
 Wollaston, a lunar impact crater
 Wollaston Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada a 2,681 square kilometre (1,035 sq mi) freshwater lake
 Wollaston Islands, Chile are named for him
 Wollaston Foreland, NE Greenland.
 Wollaston Peninsula, Canada.
 Wollastonite, a chain silicate mineral
 Wollaston wire, extremely fine platinum wire

It has been mentioned that Wollaston has not received the renown which should complement his historical standing in world of science: his contemporaries Thomas Young, Humphry Davy and John Dalton have become far better-known.

Different reasons for this have been suggested, including that Wollaston himself was not systematic or conventional in presenting his discoveries, even publishing anonymously (initially) in the case of Palladium. Also, and perhaps more importantly for his modern legacy, privately held papers of his were inaccessible, and that his notebooks went missing shortly after his death and remained so for over a century; these were finally collated in the late 1960s at Cambridge University and the first comprehensive biography was completed by Melvyn Usselman in 2015, after over 30 years' research.

Publications
 On the force of percussion, 1805

See also
 Coddington magnifier
 Fraunhofer lines
 Pyrognomic
 History of electrochemistry
 List of presidents of the Royal Society

References

 Royal Society Library and Archive catalogue

Further reading

 Kipnis, Alexander. (1993) "The Man Who Discovered Rhodium". Rhodium Express. No 0:   30–34; "http://sites.google.com/site/rhodiumexpress/  Discovery of Rhodium]". Loc. cit. No 1: 30–34.

External links

 Rhodium and Palladium: Events Surrounding Their Discoveries

1766 births
1828 deaths
People educated at Charterhouse School
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
English chemists
English physicists
Optical physicists
Discoverers of chemical elements
Battery inventors
Fellows of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the Royal Society
Recipients of the Copley Medal
People from Dereham
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
British metallurgists
Royal Medal winners
Honorary Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
18th-century English chemists
19th-century English chemists
Palladium
Rhodium
Presidents of the Royal Society

William Hyde Wollaston


An anal retentive person is a person who pays such attention to detail that it becomes an obsession and may be an annoyance to others. The term derives from Freudian psychoanalysis.

Origins
In Freudian psychology, the anal stage is said to follow the oral stage of infant or early-childhood development. This is a time when an infant's attention moves from oral stimulation to anal stimulation (usually the bowels but occasionally the bladder), usually synchronous with learning to control its excretory functions—in other words, any form of child training and not specifically linked to toilet training.  Freud posited that children who experience conflicts, in which libido energy is under-indulged during this period of time, and the child is perhaps too strongly chastised for toilet-training accidents, may develop "anal retentive" fixations or personality traits.  These traits are associated with a child's efforts at excretory control: orderliness, stubbornness, and compulsions for control.  Conversely, those who are overindulged during this period may develop "anal-expulsive" personality types.

Influence and refutation
Freud's theories on early childhood have been influential on the psychological community; the phrase anal retentive and the term anal survive in common usage. The second edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-II) introduced obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD), with a definition based on Freud's description of anal-retentive personality. But the association between OCPD and toilet training is largely regarded as unsupported "pop-psychology" and therefore discredited by the majority of psychologists of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. There is no conclusive research linking anal stage conflicts with "anal" personality types.

See also
Encopresis
Psychosexual development

References

Freudian psychology
Psychoanalytic terminology
Toilet training

de:Fixierung_(Psychoanalyse)#Fixierung_der_analen_Phase

Anal retentiveness


"Jealous" is a song by Filipino singer Nina from her 2002 debut studio album Heaven. It was released as the album's second commercial single in February 2003 by Warner Music Philippines. The song was written by international songwriters Shelly Peiken and Brett Laurence, and it was produced by Ferdie Marquez. The song tells a story of a girl who is in love with her ex-boyfriend that has a new girlfriend. She narrates how jealous she is with the girl, and how lucky the girl is. She also promises to wait for the boy, the moment the girl leaves him.

Upon release, the song received generally positive response from fans and critics alike, becoming a commercial success and earning Nina seven awards—the most number of awards received by a Heaven song. These notable awards include an Awit Award for Favorite New Female Artist, MTV Pilipinas for Favorite New Artist in a Video, Candy Rap Award for Favorite Female Artist and Teens Voice Award for Favorite Female Artist. It also became Nina's first hit as a breakthrough artist. On August 20, 2002, the song was made available on digital download through iTunes and Amazon.com MP3 Download on January 23, 2007.

The single was accompanied by a music video that is entirely different from the previous single "Heaven", where Nina portrays a girl who ended her relationship with a guy. She later finds out that her ex-boyfriend now has a new girl, and she gets jealous of the girl, admitting that she is still in love with the boy. Throughout the video, she is seen collecting her pictures with her ex-boyfriend and throwing them from the rooftop of a building, suggesting that she lets go of the memories.

Background
At seventeen, Nina became a vocalist of the XS, The Big Thing, MYMP, Silk and lastly, the Essence.<ref name=NSSAbout>"Nina's NSS biography ". ninasoulsiren.com/About'.' Retrieved October 17, 2009.</ref> After college, she recorded an amateur demo CD with the help of a friend. It was composed of three tracks, including the Steve Perry song "Foolish Heart", "Breathe Again" and "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)", recorded in a home studio with only a guitar for accompaniment. After listening to the demos, Warner Music managing director at that time, Ricky Ilacad wanted to sign her up even without seeing or hearing her in person. Two months after her father died of heart attack in the United States, she signed her first contract with Warner Music. Under the direction of Warner managing head Ilacad, foreign songwriters and arrangers from the United States and Korea, including Shelly Peiken and Guy Roche, were hired for the production of the album. The album is heavily influenced by jazzy lounge pop-R&B and composed of songs that are reminiscent to the sound of international records at that time.

Composition

"Jealous" is a slow tempo pop-R&B ballad, that is heavily influenced by American Rhythm and blues sound. It is constructed on a format that is based on the what's so-called "Filipino love song syndrome". The song is considered to have popularized Acoustic music in the Philippines during its release, although it is not purely acoustic and contains a fusion of piano, percussions and drums in its arrangement. The song was written by foreign songwriters Peiken and Brett Laurence, and was produced by Ferdie Marquez. It talks about a girl who broke up with her lover and wants to get back with him after seeing the guy together with his new flame. She expresses her feelings towards her ex-lover, within the line "La la, la la, la la... She's a very, very lucky girl". It is the first song on Heaven to have a lyrical story that relates to a "love triangle".

Commercial performance
Due to the under-performance of the first single, "Heaven", it was critical whether the next single would perform as well or even better than the first. When "Jealous" was released in February 2003, the song managed to pick up substantial airplay, which was not the case for the first two releases (including the promo single "2nd Floor") by Nina. A month later, the song and its music video became more requested by fans and listeners. It is considered to be Nina's breakthrough single to the Philippine music scene, as she became a radio and TV favorite after its release.

Music video

The music video for "Jealous" was directed by Avid Liongoren. Unlike the previous video, "Heaven", Nina portrays a woman that has lost her lover (played by Cedrick Carreon), feeling "jealous of the one" (a woman played by Angel Jacob) who is with her former love. Liongoren describes it to be one of his earliest works. He gave credits to the video's cinematographer JA Tadena for a very straightforward interpretation and for nice lens shots.

A slightly different music video for the Acoustic version was later solicited on MYX. The video is also the same with the original, except that it is in black and white.

Synopsis
The video starts off with Nina on her bed, collecting her photos with her ex-boyfriend and looking at each one of them. She then sings to the first stanza of the song, while sitting on a couch in her apartment and still reviewing the pictures. A scene where photographs with her former lover appears, where she is seen holding a white furry cat. Scenes of Nina looking at her ex-boyfriend and his new flame are shown. She is then shown singing on the rooftop of a building, (which is probably her apartment's building). She later puts the photographs inside her bag and dresses up in front of a mirror, while tears roll down her eyes. Scenes of how she and her ex-flame broke up suddenly appear, as she heads to the rooftop, and finally tries to let go of the memories by throwing all the pictures she and her ex-boyfriend are in together.

Reception
At the time of its release, "Jealous" was the first and only local music video that topped the Philippine music video channels, namely MYX and MTV Philippines. On the 2003 MTV Pilipinas Music Awards, the video earned three nominations—all of which were major categories (Favorite Female Video, Favorite New Artist in a Video and Favorite Song). She won the Favorite New Artist in a Video award.

Awards and accolades
"Jealous" became the most awarded single and song on the album Heaven, earning Nina seven awards from different major organizations. On the 2003 Awit Awards, the song won her the award for People's Choice Favorite New Female Artist. It also earned her the Favorite Female Artist award on the 2003 Candy Rap Awards. The song was awarded as the OPM Song of the Year 2003 by Magic 89.9, and earned Nina the OPM Artist of the Year award as well. On the 2003 MTV Pilipinas Music Awards, the song's music video was nominated for three categories, including Favorite Female Video, Favorite New Artist in a Video and Favorite Song. She won the Favorite New Artist category, but lost the other two to Regine Velasquez's "Sa Aking Pag-iisa". "Jealous" is also considered to have earned Nina the OPM Female Artist of the Year title by RX 93.1 and Favorite Female Artist award by the Teens Voice Awards throughout 2003.

Live performancesHeaven was the first album of Nina as a debut artist, making her unfamiliar to everyone at that time. To gain fans and promote her album, she has done concert performances, bar gigs and TV appearances. In 2003, she had a back-to-back major concert with Kyla entitled Cold War at Ratsky Morato. The concert began when rivalry sparked between the two artists, and its production was full of showdowns and face-offs. Their rivalry was so strong, it was even compared to that of Nora Aunor and Vilma Santos. She later performed "Jealous", along with "Foolish Heart", on Freestyle's Acoustic Night Out concert at OnStage. She has also performed Heaven singles on MTV Live and on the first ever MYX Mo!. The song was performed live on the Nina Just Wanna Have Fun (2005) concert at the Music Museum, as well as the Nina Live! (2005) concert at the Araneta Coliseum. It was sung in a higher version on Nina's Valentine's Day concert with Freestyle and Side A, Love2Love2Love (2010), and Nina... The Diamond Soul Siren (2010).

Official versions

Credits and personnel
Credits taken from Heaven''s liner notes.
 Nina Girado – vocals
 Brett Laurence – songwriter
 Ferdie Marquez – producer
 Shelly Peiken – songwriter

References

2003 singles
Nina Girado songs
Songs written by Shelly Peiken
Pop ballads
English-language Filipino songs

Jealous (Nina Girado song)


The Gospel of Matthew is a book of the Bible. (Its full name is the Gospel According to Matthew, but it is often called the Gospel of Matthew or just Matthew).  It is one of the four gospels of the New Testament that tell the story of Jesus' life and teachings.

It is not thought to have been written by the apostle Matthew, who was one of Jesus' twelve apostles (see below). The Gospel of Matthew is called one of the synoptic gospels because it has some of the same stories and language as the Gospels of Mark and Luke.

Matthew wrote the gospel mainly for the Jewish people, to show them that Jesus is really the Messiah. Like the Gospels of Mark and Luke, Matthew tells many stories about Jesus' life. Matthew's gospel also talks about Jewish scripture.

Date
Early Christian tradition attributes the gospel to the apostle Matthew. This is now rejected by modern scholars.

Related pages

 Bible
 Beatitudes

References

1
New Testament books

Gospel of Matthew


Hamilton Academical is a fitbaw club frae Hamiltoun, Scotland. Thay war stairtit in 1874 frae Hamilton Academy. Kent locally as "The Accies" the team won promotion frae SFL Diveesion 2 tae SFL Diveesion 1 in the Diveesion Twa 2003-04 saison. The club haes played at New Douglas Park frae 2001 - aforehaund thay played at Douglas Park.

Club History
Thay are kent as the 'Stains o the bed'. Hamilton Academical FC wis shaped at the end o 1874 bi the Rector an pupils o the local schuil, Hamilton Academy. Membership o the Scots Fitbaa League cam in November 1897 whan Renton wis garred resign.
The club haes won til the Scots Cup Final twice in thair history, firstly in 1911 lossin tae Celtic FC an again in 1935, lossin tae Rangers this time.
In 1971 Accies becam the first Breetish club tae recruit players frae ahint the airn curtain whan three Pols internationalists signed for the club amang muckle publicity.
Success cam in the late 1980's whan promotion tae the Premier league wis achieved in 1986 an 1988, but baith spells in the tap division juist lastit for the ae saison. In 1991 an 1992 the club wan the B&Q Cup (nou kent as the Bell's Cup.)
In 1994 new grund regulations seen the club lea' Douglas Park, thair hame syne 1888. The club wis garred share a grund wi Albion Rovers an Partick Thristle (2 spells) for the neist sieven year. A hantle publicised enforced relegation tae the Thrid at the end o saison 1999/2000 befell the club an aw. Tho fortuins haes syne chynged an in saison 2001/2002 the club finally returnt tae Hamilton efter sieven year on the road tae a stadium juist yairds frae the auld steid, an haes siccart a place in Diveesion Ane for saison 2004/05. Thay are nou considered ane o the better Diveesion Ane teams.

Which is aw strange considering no ane in Hamilton uses the wird "ken".

Current squad
 Goalkeepers: Bryn Halliwell, Tomas Cerny
 Defenders: David Elebert, Brian Easton, James Gibson, Tom Parratt , Mark McLaughlin, Chris Swailes , Tony Stevenson,
 Midfielders: Stuart Taylor, James McCarthy, Davie Winters, James McArthur, Marc McJimpsey, Alex Neil,
 Strikers: Brian Wake, Dickie Offiong, Mark Gilhaney, Paul McLeod,

Honours
 Division Ane: Champions 1985-86, 1987-88
 Division Twa: Champions 1903-04 Runners-up 1952-53, 1964-65, 1996-97, 2003-04
 Division Three: Champions 2000-01
 Scottish Cup: Runners-up 1910-11, 1934-35
 League Challenge Cup: Winners 1991-92, 1992-93 Runners-Up: 2005-06
 Reserve League Cup: Winners 1983-84 Runners-Up: 1992-93
 Seicont XI Cup: Winners 1933-34
 Reserve League West Champions 1997-98
 Lanrickshire Cup: Winners 11 times

Club Records
 Record Attendance: 100,000 v Heart of Midlothian, 1937 (Douglas Park)
 Record Victory: 11-1 v Chryston, 1885
 Record win: 15-0 v Hibernian, 1965
 Maist League Goals in a Saison: 35, David Wilson, 1936-37
 Maist Internaitional Caps: 29, Colin Miller, (Canadae)

Weel-Kent players
 Robert Howe
 James King
 Colin Miller

Scots Player o the Year Awairds
 1985-86 First Division Player o the Year: John Brogan
 1987-88 First Division Player o the Year: Alex Taylor
 1996-97 Seicont Division Player o the Year: Paul Ritchie

Scots Programme o the Year Awairds
 National Winners: 1974-75, 1977-78, 1978-79, 1981-82
 First Division Winners: 1975-76, 1976-77, 1977-78, 1978-79, 1980-81, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1987-88 (wi Clydebank)
 Seicont Division Winners: 1973-74, 1974-75, 2001-02

Weel-kent Fans
 Craig Brown
 Jock Brown
 Jamie Burnett
 Jimmy Greaves
 Alison Walker

References

Beuks
 Hamilton Academical Who's Who: 1946/47-1996/97 bi Peter McLeish
 Paperback (August 1997)
 Publisher: Soccerdata
 ISBN: 1899468803

Fremmit airtins
Offeecial
 Hamilton Academical official website
 Hamilton Academical Youth Initiative website
Unofficial
 Hamilton Academical Supporters' Society
 Hoops Apocalypse - Unofficial Fans Forum
 Vitalfootball.co.uk - Hamilton Academical Football Club News
Ither
 BBC Sport page
 Scotsman page
 Statistics from Football365

Fitbaw clubs in Scotland
Association fitbaw clubs established in 1874
Sport in Sooth Lanrikshire
Hamiltoun, Sooth Lanrikshire
1870s establishments in Europe
Scottish Premier League teams
Scottish Football League teams
Scottish Challenge Cup winners
Scottish Professional Football League teams

Hamilton Academical F.C.


The Rev. William Keble Martin (9 July 1877, Radley – 26 November 1969, Woodbury) was a Church of England priest, botanist and botanical illustrator, known for his Concise British Flora in Colour.

The Concise British Flora was published in May 1965 when the author was 88. The book was the result of 60 years' meticulous fieldwork and exquisite painting skills, and became an immediate best-seller. He completed over 1,400 paintings in colour and many black-and-white drawings before the book was finally published.

Life and work

Keble Martin was the grandson of Dr George Moberly, headmaster of Winchester and later Bishop of Salisbury. He was brother to architect Arthur Campbell Martin CVO FRIBA (1875–1963) and was also connected to John Keble of the Oxford Movement. His father was appointed as the Rector of Dartington, near Totnes, when William was 14 years old.

He was educated at Marlborough, and went up to Christ Church, Oxford in 1896 to read Greek Philosophy and Botany. He trained for the church at Cuddesdon Theological College. After ordination, he worked in industrial parishes in the north and Midlands (one of these was Wath-upon-Dearne, the subject of his first book) and, in the First World War, as a chaplain in France. In 1921 he was offered the benefice of Haccombe and Coffinswell in Devon and in 1934 became the incumbent of St Michael and All Angels, Great Torrington. (He was the Archpriest of Haccombe and Rector of Coffinswell.) Keble Martin saw a vision of a new church in a dream, and his brother architect transformed the dream into reality - now a listed building, St Luke the Evangelist Church at Milber, Newton Abbot is remarkable for its exceptional interior space and extraordinary plan with three angled naves, linked by arcades with granite columns, which converge on the central altar. The exterior walls are white render with a pyramidal copper-clad roof on a squat square tower. Keble Martin retired in 1949 at the age of 72, but continued to work in the church.

He was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1928, and later edited with G. T. Fraser the first volume of a comprehensive Flora of Devon (1939). In June 1966 he received an honorary degree of Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) from Exeter University. Four of his designs for an issue of wild flower stamps were accepted by the Royal Mail and issued in April 1967. He published his autobiography, Over the Hills, shortly before he died in 1969 at the age of 92 at Woodbury.

Family life
William Keble Martin married twice: in 1909 Violet Chaworth-Musters (d. 1963) and then in 1965 Florence Lewis. His children were three daughters and two sons.

Bibliography of Martin's published work

A History of the Ancient Parish of Wath-upon-Dearne Wath-upon-Dearne: W. E. Farthing (1920)
W. Keble Martin & Fraser, Gordon Travers (eds.) Flora of Devon [Vol. 1] Phanerogams, vascular Cryptogams, Charophyta: promoted by the Devonshire Association; edited by ... W. Keble Martin ... Gordon T. Fraser ... With the assistance of ... Thomas Stephenson ... Francis M. Day. Arbroath: T. Buncle & Co. (1939)
The Concise British Flora in Colour; with nomenclature edited by Douglas H. Kent and foreword by The Duke of Edinburgh. London: Ebury Press/ Michael Joseph (1965)
The 2nd edition of the Flora was published in 1969: from 1965 to 1978 12 impressions were issued altogether of the three editions.
 ------ with nomenclature edited and revised by Douglas H. Kent, 3rd ed. Ebury Press, 1974
Over The Hills---- (autobiography), London: Michael Joseph (1968)
The New Concise British Flora; with nomenclature edited and revised by Douglas H. Kent and foreword by The Duke of Edinburgh. London: Book Club Associates by arrangement with Ebury Press/ Michael Joseph (1982)

References

British nature writers
1877 births
1969 deaths
Botanical illustrators
British botanists
Clergy from Devon
Fellows of the Linnean Society of London
People educated at Marlborough College
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Alumni of Ripon College Cuddesdon
20th-century English Anglican priests
World War I chaplains
Royal Army Chaplains' Department officers
20th-century British painters
British male painters
Scientists from Devon

William Keble Martin


Lawrence Welk (March 11, 1903 – May 17, 1992) was an American musician, accordionist, bandleader, and television impresario, who hosted The Lawrence Welk Show from 1955 to 1982. His style came to be known as "champagne music".

In 1996, Welk was ranked #43 on TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time.

Early life
Welk was born in Strasburg, North Dakota. Most people there spoke German, but also knew English. His parents were Ludwig and Christiana (Schwahn) Welk, who were ethnic Germans from Russia. They emigrated to America in 1892 from Selz, Kutschurgan District, in the German-speaking area north of Odessa (now Odessa, Ukraine, but then in southwestern Russia). In North Dakota, the family lived on a homestead.

Welk decided on a career in music and got his father to buy him an accordion from a mail order for $400 (equivalent to $ in )  He promised his father that he would work on the farm until he was 21, to pay his father back for the accordion. Any other money he earned during that time, by doing farmwork or performing, would go to his family.

Early career
On his 21st birthday, Welk left the family's farm to start his career in music. During the 1920s, he performed with the Luke Witkowski, Lincoln Boulds, and George T. Kelly bands before he started his own orchestra. He led big bands in North Dakota and eastern South Dakota. These included the Hotsy Totsy Boys and later the Honolulu Fruit Gum Orchestra. His band also played for radio station WNAX in Yankton, South Dakota. In 1927, he graduated from the MacPhail School of Music in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

During the 1930s, Welk led a traveling big band that played dance tunes and "sweet" music. At first, the band traveled around the country by car. They were too poor to rent rooms, so they usually slept and changed clothes in their cars. At an engagement at the William Penn Hotel in Pittsburgh, a dancer said that Welk's band's sound was as "light and bubbly as champagne," which is where the term "Champagne Music" came from. Welk described his band's sound, saying "We still play music with the champagne style, which means light and rhythmic. We place the stress on melody; the chords are played pretty much the way the composer wrote them. We play with a steady beat so that dancers can follow it."

Welk's big band performed across the country but mostly at ballrooms and hotels in the Chicago and Milwaukee areas. In the early 1940s, the band started to play at the Trianon Ballroom in Chicago, where they played for 10 years. His orchestra also played at the Roosevelt Hotel in New York City during the late 1940s. Welk recorded a version of Spade Cooley's "Shame on You" with Western artist Red Foley in 1945. The record (Decca 18698) was #4 on Billboard's September 15 "Most Played Juke Box Folk Records" listing. From 1949 through 1951, the band had its own national radio program on ABC.

Recordings
Sometimes, Welk's band made recordings in Richmond, Indiana and in Grafton, Wisconsin for the Gennett and Paramount companies.  In November, 1928, he recorded for Gennett and in 1931, he recorded for Paramount. These records are very rare.

From 1938 to 1940, he recorded in New York and Chicago for the Vocalion label. He started with Decca in 1941, and recorded for Mercury and Coral before starting with Dot in the early 1950s.

In 1966, his orchestra recorded an album on the Ranwood Records label, with Jazz saxophonist Johnny Hodges, featuring a number of Jazz standards, including "Someone to Watch Over Me", "Misty" and "Fantastic, That's You".  The album has been out of print for many years.

The Lawrence Welk Show

In 1951, Welk moved to Los Angeles. The same year, he began hosting The Lawrence Welk Show. It was broadcast from the Aragon Ballroom in Venice Beach. The show became a local hit and was picked up by ABC in June 1955.

The show had a "bubble machine." Whenever the orchestra played a polka or waltz, Welk himself would dance with the band's female singer, called a "Champagne Lady" on the show.  His first Champagne Lady was Jayne Walton Rosen (her real name was Dorothy Jayne Flanagan). Rocky Rockwell would usually sing novelty songs. Welk would also have one song each show where he would play an accordion solo.

Welk's show would rarely play current music, except as a novelty. On the December 8, 1956 show, the show did play two current songs. They were "Nuttin' for Christmas," and Elvis Presley's "Don't Be Cruel."

The songs on the show were mostly popular music standards, polkas, and novelty songs. Welk often danced with women from the audience.

Welk had very high quality musicians, including accordionist Myron Floren, concert violinist Dick Kesner, guitarist Buddy Merrill, and New Orleans Dixieland clarinetist Pete Fountain. He paid his regular band members very well, and it was common for them to stay with the band a long time. For example, Floren was the band's assistant conductor throughout the whole time the show was broadcast.

The show didn't only play big-band era music. During the 1960s and 1970s, for example, the show played music that was originally by The Beatles, Burt Bacharach and Hal David, The Everly Brothers and Paul Williams and others, but in a style his older viewers would like. The show was originally in black and white. It changed to color in fall 1965.

While it was on network television, The Lawrence Welk Show aired on ABC on Saturday nights at 9 p.m. (Eastern Time), but changed to 8:30 p.m. in fall 1963. From 1956 to 1959, it was also known as The Dodge Dancing Party, because Welk was also hosting another show called Top Tunes and New Talent on Mondays. ABC canceled the show in 1971, but it continued on 250 stations across the country until 1982.

Personal life
Welk was married for 61 years, until he died, to Fern Renner (b. August 26, 1903, d. February 13, 2002). They had three children.

Welk was an excellent businessman. He had investments in real estate and music publishing, and was a general partner in a commercial real estate development.

Welk had four US design patents:
 A musically-themed restaurant menu
 An accordion-themed tray for serving food at a restaurant
 An accordion-themed tray for serving food at a restaurant
 An accordion-themed ash tray

Welk was a Roman Catholic and a daily communicant.

Later years

After he retired in 1982, Welk continued to air reruns of his shows. He was also in two Christmas specials in 1984 and 1985.

Welk died from bronchopneumonia in Santa Monica, California, in 1992 at age 89. He was buried in Culver City's Holy Cross Cemetery.

Singles
"Moritat (A Theme from 'The Three Penny Opera')" (US #17, March 1956)
"The Poor People of Paris" (US #17, April 1956)
"On the Street Where You Live" (US #96, June 1956)
"Weary Blues" (US #32, August 1956)
"In the Alps" (US #63, August 1956)
"Tonight You Belong to Me" featuring The Lennon Sisters (US #15, November 1956)
"When the White Lilacs Bloom Again" (US #70, November 1956)
"Liechtenstein Polka" (US #48, December 1957)
"Last Date" (US #21, December 1960)
"Calcutta" (US #1, February 1961)
"Theme From My Three Sons" (US #55, April 1961)
"Yellow Bird" (US #71, July 1961)
"Riders in the Sky" (US #87, October 1961)
"One A-Two A-Cha Cha Cha" (US #117, December 1961)
"Runaway" (US #56, May 1962)
"Baby Elephant Walk" (US #48, September 1962, AC #10, 1962)
"Zero-Zero" (US #98, December 1962)
"Scarlett O'Hara" (US #89, June 1963)
"Breakwater" (US #100, June 1963)
"Blue Velvet" (US #103, October 1963)
"Fiesta" (US #106, October 1963)
"Stockholm" (US #91, March 1964)
"Apples and Bananas" (US #75, April 1965, AC #17, 1965)
"The Beat Goes On" (US #104, April 1967)
"Green Tambourine" (AC #27, March 1968)
"Southtown U.S.A." (AC #37, February 1970)
Sources: Billboard Top Pop Singles 1955–2006, Billboard Top Adult Songs 1961–2006, Billboard Bubbling Under the Hot 100 1959–2004

Honors
In 1994, Welk was inducted into the International Polka Music Hall Of Fame.

Welk has a star for Recording on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, located at 6613½ Hollywood Blvd. He has a second star at 1601 Vine Street for Television.

In 2007, Welk became a charter member of the Gennett Records Walk of Fame in Richmond, Indiana.

Books
All books written with Bernice McGeehan and published by Prentice Hall (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.), except where indicated:
 Wunnerful, Wunnerful: The Autobiography of Lawrence Welk, 1971,
 Ah-One, Ah-Two! Life with My Musical Family, 1974,
 My America, Your America, 1976,
 Lawrence Welk's Musical Family Album, 1977,
 Welk with McGeehan, illustrated by Carol Bryan, Lawrence Welk's Bunny Rabbit Concert, Indianapolis: Youth Publications/Saturday Evening Post Co., 1977,  (children's book)
 This I Believe, 1979,
 You're Never Too Young, 1981,

References

Other websites

Stars of the Lawrence Welk Show

Lawrence Welk's recordings in the 1920s and 1930s, along with other info
Welk Musical Family website
Welk Musical Family blog

Lawrence Welk Collection at North Dakota State University
The Lawrence Welk Show: Video of "Calcutta" 1961

1903 births
1992 deaths
American Roman Catholics
Musicians from Los Angeles
Deaths from bronchopneumonia
Singers from North Dakota
Actors from North Dakota
Musicians from North Dakota
Comedians from North Dakota
Singers from Los Angeles
Actors from Los Angeles
Comedians from Los Angeles

Lawrence Welk


Gillian Bouras (born 1945) is an expatriate Australian writer who has written several books, short stories and articles, many of these dealing with her experiences as an Australian woman in Greece.

Life
Gillian Bouras was born in Melbourne in 1945. Both her parents and her grandfather were school teachers. Her childhood was spent moving in several towns in Australia Victoria, including Nhill and Beechworth, and Melbourne.

Gillian Bouras studied for her Bachelor of Arts at the University of Melbourne, and from 1967 to 1980 she worked as a secondary school teacher of English. In 1981 Mrs Bouras completed her Master of Education thesis at the same university on the life of her grandfather: School teacher in Victoria: The biography of Arthur John Hicks.

She married George Bouras, a Greek emigrant to Australia, in 1969. In 1980 Gillian went with her husband and her two sons to the Peloponnese area of Greece, initially for a six-month holiday, but the family stayed. She had her third son in Greece, and eventually became a Greek citizen.

In 1996, her younger sister Jacqui committed suicide, after decades of mental illness. Bouras' book, No Time for Dances, explores her sister's life in an attempt to understand her suicide. Gillian Bouras wrote: "I keep trying to close a mental door, or to put a very firm lid on these questions, for there are no answers, and writing them down is one way of attempting closure."

Gillian Bouras now lives in the Peloponnese, Greece, but she maintains her ties with Australia.

Career
Bouras published her first book, the autobiographical A Foreign Wife, in 1986. It describes her life as a foreign wife in Greece, and the challenges she faced in living in Greek culture and society. Most of the works she has published since then, both autobiographical and fiction, explore the themes of exile, cultural identity, and family.

Gillian Bouras also published short stories and articles in newspapers and journals such as The Griffith Review, Meanjin and Island. She has presented papers at conferences and participated in literary events, in Australia and abroad.

Since approximately 2000, Gillian Bouras prepared discussion notes for the book group program managed by the Australian Council of Adult Education (CAE).

Awards and nominations
1994: Aphrodite and the Others: Ethnic Affairs Commission Award in the New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards
2007: No Time for Dances: Shortlisted for the National Biography Award

Works

Non-fiction
A Foreign Wife (1986)
A Fair Exchange (1991)
Aphrodite and the Others (1994)
Starting Again (1999)
No Time for Dances: A Memoir of my Sister (2006)

Adult fiction
A Stranger Here (1996)

Children's fiction
Saving Christmas (2000)
Aphrodite Alexandra (2007)

Notes

External links
"Gillian Bouras: A Sister's Story", on ABC Radio National Life Matters, 2006-05-18 Accessed: 2007-11-12
Gillian Bouras Website Accessed 2010-03-12

References
Bouras, Gillian (c.2003) Submission No. 179 to the Senate Inquiry into Australian Expatriates Accessed: 2007-11-12
Bouras, Gillian (2006) No Time for Dances: A Memoir of My Sister, Camberwell, Penguin
Good Reading Magazine News Archive, 2007-03-19 Accessed: 2007-11-12
National Library of Australia, Papers of Gillian Bouras, Ms7993 Accessed: 2007-11-12
Wilde, William H., Hooton, Joy and Andrews, Barry (1994) The Oxford Companion to Australian Literature 2nd ed., Melbourne, Oxford University Press

1945 births
Australian women novelists
Australian memoirists
Australian women short story writers
Australian children's writers
Australian expatriates in Greece
Living people
20th-century Australian novelists
Writers from Melbourne
Australian women memoirists
Australian women children's writers
20th-century Australian women
University of Melbourne alumni
20th-century Australian short story writers
21st-century Australian short story writers
21st-century Australian women writers
University of Melbourne women

Gillian Bouras


The European Rugby Champions Cup is a major European rugby competition involving the leading clubs from England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, France and Italy. It began in the 1995–96 season as the Heineken Cup, with sponsorship from major brewery Heineken, and kept that name through the 2013–14 season. Disagreements between the leagues that sent teams to the competition led to the end of the Heineken Cup, with the Champions Cup taking its place starting in 2014–15.

Toulouse have won the competition a record four times, Leinster and Toulon three times, while Munster, Leicester Tigers and Wasps have won it twice each. Toulon are the only team to have won three times in a row, winning the last two Heineken Cups in 2013 and 2014 and the first Champions Cup in 2015. The current champions are Saracens.

Rugby union in Europe
European championships
1995 establishments in Europe

European Rugby Champions Cup