In aviation, a drop tank (external tank, wing tank or belly tank) is used to describe auxiliary fuel tanks externally carried by aircraft. A drop tank is expendable and often capable of being jettisoned. External tanks are commonplace on modern military aircraft and occasionally found in civilian ones, although the latter are less likely to be discarded except in an emergency.

Overview

The primary disadvantage with drop tanks is that they impose a drag penalty on the aircraft. External fuel tanks will also increase the moment of inertia, thereby reducing roll rates for air maneuvers. Some of the drop tank's fuel is used to overcome the added drag and weight of the tank. Drag in this sense varies with the square of the aircraft's speed. The use of drop tanks also reduces the number of external hardpoints available for weapons, reduces the weapon-carrying capacity and increases the aircraft's radar signature. Usually the fuel in the drop tanks is consumed first, and only when all the fuel in the drop tanks has been used, the fuel selector is switched to the airplane's internal tanks. Some modern combat aircraft use conformal fuel tanks (CFTs) instead of or in addition to conventional external fuel tanks. CFTs produce less drag and do not take up external hardpoints but some versions can only be removed on the ground.

History

According to Selfridge Fields history the first use of drop tanks occurred on 5 March, 1923.

The drop tank was later used during the Spanish Civil War to allow fighter aircraft to carry additional fuel for long-range escort flights without requiring a dramatically larger, heavier, less maneuverable fuselage.
Mitsubishi A5M, designed by Jiro Horikoshi, began carrying an external underside drop tank to provide fuel for extended range in 1937 and during World War II, the Luftwaffe began using external fuel tanks with the introduction of a  light alloy model for the Ju 87R, a long-range version of the Stuka dive bomber, in early 1940. The Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter also used this type of drop tank, starting with the Bf 109E-7 variant introduced in August 1940. Fitted also to the Focke-Wulf Fw 190, the  tank, available in at least four construction formats — including at least one impregnated paper material, single-use version — and varying only slightly in appearance, became the standard volume for most drop tanks in Luftwaffe service, with a rarely used , fin-stabilized large capacity drop tank used with some marks of the Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighter and other twin-engined Luftwaffe combat aircraft.

The first drop tanks were designed to be discarded when empty or in the event of combat or emergency to reduce drag, weight, and to increase maneuverability. Modern external tanks may be retained in combat, to be dropped in an emergency. The Allies commonly used them to allow fighters increased range and patrol time over continental Europe. The RAF used such external fuel tanks in 1942, during the transit of Supermarine Spitfires to Malta. The Imperial Japanese Navy design specification for what came to be the Japanese Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighter included endurance with drop tanks of two hours at full power, or six to eight hours at cruising speed. Drop tanks were commonly used with the Zero, even on combat air patrol (CAP). The Zero entered service in 1940.

American bomber theorists (the so-called Bomber Mafia) wanted to create vast fleets of heavy bombers. They insisted formations of heavy bombers with multiple machine-gun positions would be self-defending, and that long-range escort fighters would be unnecessary, or even impossible to design. They were also concerned that long-range medium bombers might compete for resources. For all these reasons, official policy in the United States held that drop tanks should not be developed or encouraged. In the face of such entrenched attitudes in 1941 airmen such as Benjamin S. Kelsey and Oliver P. Echols worked quietly to get drop tank technology added to American fighters, beginning with the Lockheed P-38 Lightning. It was only with drop tanks supplying  of extra fuel per fighter that P-38s could carry out Operation Vengeance, the downing of Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto's aircraft. (For this mission, each fighter carried one drop tank of approximately , and a larger one of approximately ).

8th Air Force General Ira C. Eaker experimented with British hardened paper drop tanks for the purpose of extending range for his Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighters, so that they could fly with and defend the strategic bombers for extended periods. But the paper experiments did not satisfy American planners, and Eaker's inflexible bomber defense strategy was holding back the fighters, so he was replaced with Major General Jimmy Doolittle who gave escort fighters freedom to engage the enemy far ahead, and implemented metal drop tanks in 1944 for American fighters. External drop tanks turned the Thunderbolt from a short-range interceptor aircraft into a long-range escort and air superiority fighter, enabling it to accompany bombers from the British Isles into Germany and made it possible for heavy bomber formations to undertake daylight raids under escort by North American P-51 Mustangs. The P-38 could also carry two  drop tanks for its longest sorties. This teardrop-shaped tank design was  long and  in diameter at its widest point.

Paper-based drop tanks

Faced by wartime metal shortages and a need to extend the range of fighter craft, the British came up with drop tanks made of glue-impregnated kraft paper, which had excellent tolerance characteristics for extreme heat and cold necessary for operation on an aircraft as well as being waterproof.

Since the glue would slowly dissolve from the solvent effects of the fuel (sometimes developing leaks within a few hours of being loaded with fuel) these were strictly a single-use item, used in typically chilly Northern European conditions, filled immediately before takeoff, jettisoned in the event of an aborted mission and only being required for the outbound portion of a flight. Such papier-mâché tanks were assembled from three main components, the nose cone, tail cone and the body, each shaped over wooden forms, the center section created by wrapping layers of the impregnated paper around a cylinder, the end caps hand-laminated with petal-shaped pieces sometimes called gores.

Before final assembly wooden anti-slosh baffles were installed, pipes and fittings were attached and the interiors coated with fuel-resistant lacquer and the three pieces were bonded together in press. Once the tank had cured, it was pressure tested to  and passing tanks were given two coats of cellulose dope followed by two coats of aluminium paint. (British paper drop tanks can be distinguished from outwardly similar metal tanks by colour, paper tanks were silver in appearance, while metal tanks were grey.) Some 13,000 papier-mâché tanks were made and used by the RAF, the vast majority during the war, conserving a considerable amount of metal. Very few examples survive due to their expendable nature, low intrinsic value and the fact that they are not inherently robust. While probably a nuisance for those under the flight path when the empty tanks were released, they were lightweight and comparatively fragile. Though they were likely to cause nothing but anxiety, the German authorities went so far as to distribute leaflets explaining that drop tanks were not bombs.

U.S. paper tanks were developed by Col. Bob Shafer and Col. Cass Hough, who spent many hours developing a 110-gallon (416 liter) paper tank, then getting them into series production at Bowater-Lloyd's of London, only to be told by experts at Wright Field "paper tanks are absolutely unfeasible and will not do the job for which they are intended". Since by the time the experts made that pronouncement 8th Air Force fighters had already used more than 15,000 paper tanks without a failure, the criticism was not taken seriously. It may explain why the most often-used fuel tanks for single-engined American fighters operating in Northern Europe were the 75-gallon (284 liter) capacity all-metal tank (made from two halves of formed aluminium with a prominent horizontal seam running along the tank's midline). Another common metal drop tank was the  model used by P-51s, P-47s and P-38s.

Post-war use
The Matra JL-100 is a special hybrid drop tank and rocket pack; it combines a rocket launcher in front with 19 SNEB  rockets and  of fuel behind into one single aerodynamically shaped pod for mounting on combat aircraft such as the Dassault Mirage IIIs and English Electric Lightnings. The Convair B-58 Hustler, the first operational bomber capable of Mach 2 flight, had no bomb bay: it carried a single nuclear weapon plus fuel in a combination bomb/fuel pod underneath the fuselage.

Automotive use

After World War II, hot rodders raced the dry lakes of California to set new land speed records. War surplus drop tanks (aka belly pods) were plentiful, aerodynamically neutral and it did not take long to convert one into a car, dubbed a lakester. According to GM historians, Bill Burke of the So-Cal Speed Shop first attempted to convert a  P-51 Mustang belly tank, before switching to the larger  P-38 Lightning tank. Even now, lakesters compete at the Bonneville Salt Flats.

References

External links

Aircraft fuel system components
Fuel containers

Drop tank


Auyeskhan Makatayuly Kyrbasov (, 28 May 1937 – 3 April 2014) is one of the first ambassadors of independent Kazakhstan.

In 1993–1998 yy. he represented the Republic of Kazakhstan as an Ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary in Kingdom of Belgium and Kingdom of the Netherlands, as well as in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, he was the Chief Representative of the Republic of Kazakhstan in European Union and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

He is the laureate of state prize of Kazakhstan in science and technology, Honoured Artist of diplomatic service of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Honoured Worker of Kazakhstan, was awarded by Certificate of Honour of Supreme Soviet of Kazakhstan, corresponding member of Engineering Academy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Chairman of Council "Association of Diplomats of Kazakhstan".

References

1937 births
2014 deaths
Ambassadors of Kazakhstan to Belgium
Ambassadors of Kazakhstan to Luxembourg
Kazakhstani diplomats

Auyeskhan Kyrbasov


The 2009 Formula One season was the 60th FIA Formula One World Championship season. There were ten teams signed up to compete in the championship. Jenson Button became the Drivers' World Champion and Brawn GP won the Constructors' title.

The season is scheduled to take place over 17 rounds, and started with the Australian Grand Prix on 29 March 2009. It will end on 1 November 2009 with the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, which is included on the race calendar for the first time and will be held at the new Yas Marina Circuit. The French and Canadian Grands Prix, which were both included in the 2008 championship, have been dropped.

Several rule changes will be implemented by the FIA, in a bid to cut costs due to the global financial crisis and to improve the on-track spectacle. New rules governing tyres, aerodynamics and Kinetic Energy Recovery Systems (KERS), among others, are some of the biggest changes in the Formula One regulations for several decades. FIA initially declared a change in deciding the World Driver's Championship, with the driver winning the most races to be declared as the champion. However, this decision was later reversed following protests from Formula One Teams Association.

Teams and drivers

Formula One 2009 Race Calendar

Results and standings

Grands Prix

Drivers

 Drivers did not finish the Grand Prix, but were classified as they completed over 90% of the race distance.
 Half points were awarded at the Malaysian as less than 75% of the scheduled distance was completed.

Constructors

References

Other websites

 Official Formula One website

Formula One seasons
2009 in sports

2009 Formula One World Championship


Picton Castle () is a medieval castle near Haverfordwest in the community of Uzmaston, Boulston and Slebech, Pembrokeshire, Wales. Originally built at the end of the 13th century by a Flemish knight, it later came into the hands of Sir John Wogan. The castle and estate are now run by the Picton Castle Trust, a registered charity, and are no longer occupied by Wogan's descendants, the Philipps family (see Baron Milford and Viscount St Davids). It is of unusual construction and has been remodelled several times during its history. The castle is a Grade I listed building and its gardens and park are designated at Grade II* on the Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales.

History
Until the late eleventh century, this part of southwestern Wales was part of the Welsh kingdom of Deheubarth. After the death in 1093 of the king of Deheubarth, Rhys ap Tewdwr, in the Battle of Brecon, the Normans took advantage of the lack of leadership among the Welsh, and Norman forces seized much of South Wales. In 1102, following a failed revolt by many of these Normans against King Henry I of England (in favour of Henry's brother, Robert Curthose), the King re-organised the wider region surrounding the Daugleddau Estuary and Milford Haven, including the Penfro peninsula, as a single Marcher Lordship of Pembroke.

In 1108, the low-lying land of Henry's mother, Flanders, suffered catastrophic flooding, and many of its inhabitantsFlemingssought assistance from Henry. Henry offered to settle the refugees in the hinterland of the Pembroke Lordship - Haverford (the west of the Daugleddau Estuary) and Dungleddy (the east), thus supplementing his garrison at Pembroke Castle with a compliant and grateful local populace; the number of Flemings so settled far outweighed any local Welsh populace (having a significant genetic impact which lasts to this day).

In Dungleddy, the Flemings settled under the leadership of a man named Wizo, who proceeded to build and live at Wiston Castle. Wizo began to grant estates from the land he had been given to his followers, and one such mesne lord was granted the land at Picton, which was three miles to the south of Wiston. This Fleming was not a great historical figure and his name is not recorded. The site chosen for the castle he built may have been on a mound a few hundred yards to the east of the present house, but in any event, the present building was in place by the end of the thirteenth century and was by then in the hands of the Wogan family, who were now the owners of Wiston Castle.

The circumstances under which Picton Castle came to be owned by the Wogans is unclear, but it may have been through a failure to beget male heirs or through the marriage of an heiress to one of the Wogans. As a result of marriage, possibly the same one, the later Wogans also descend from Cadifor ap Collwyn, Lord of Dyfed in the time of Rhys ap Tewdwr; Cadifor (and hence, later Wogans) was male-line descendant of the earlier kings of Dyfed, prior to its amalgamation into Deheubarth by the later House of Dinefwr (from which Rhys ap Tewdwr hailed).

By the 13th century, Wiston Castle seems to have been abandoned and the Wogan family lived at Picton Castle, where their heirs have lived ever since. Picton Castle began as a motte castle and was reconstructed in stone by  Sir John Wogan between 1295 and 1308. The design was unusual, there being no courtyard internally, the main building being protected by seven circular towers which projected from the wall. At the east end, two of these towers acted as a gatehouse, and the portcullised-entrance between them led straight into the lower part of the great hall. At this time the windows were narrow slits but these were replaced in about 1400 by large windows and a grand recessed arch with large window was built in the gatehouse.

In 1405, French troops supporting Owain Glyndŵr attacked and seized the Castle, and it was seized again during the English Civil War in 1645 by Parliamentary forces.

In the 15th century, the male-line of Wogans died out. Their heiress, Katherine, married Owen Dunn (). Sir Henry Dunn (), the grandson of Owen and Katherine, only had daughters. The Picton Castle estate thus came into the hands of the Philipps family when Sir Henry's daughter Jane married Sir Thomas ap Philipps of Cilsant in the 1490s. Sir John Philipps, who inherited the castle in the 15th century, remodelled the building and created a new entrance which remained until the 1820s when a new entrance was designed by Thomas Rowlands (who also designed Slebech Church). In 1611, King James I wanted to pay for his army in Ireland and decided to raise the money by selling baronetcies. Sir John Philipps paid £1,095 for his hereditary title.

The estate remained with the Philipps family until the death of Lord Milford in 1823, when it was inherited by his cousin Richard Grant, who assumed the surname Philipps and was created a Baronet in 1828 and Baron Milford in 1847. His heir was his half-brother, the Reverend James Henry Alexander Philipps (formerly Gwyther), who assumed by royal licence the surname and arms of Philipps. On his death the estate passed to his son-in-law, Charles Edward Gregg Philipps, who was created a Baronet, of Picton, in 1887 (see Philipps baronets) then to Sir Richard Foley Foley-Philipps, cousin of Sir John Erasmus, and grandson of Charles Edward Gregg Philipps.

The estate is now run by the Picton Castle Trust, a Registered Charity. The castle is a Grade I listed building and the walled garden is listed at Grade II. The gardens and park are designated Grade II* on the  Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales.

Visitor attractions

Picton Castle is open to visitors for guided tours from spring to autumn and the gardens are open all year round. They extend to about 40 acres and include a walled garden and a Mediterranean garden created in about 1800. There is a restaurant and shop and self-catering accommodation is available in the gatehouse lodges. Events such as exhibitions, fairs and workshops are held periodically and the venue is available for weddings.

Picton Castle is home to the 'Picton Renoir' which was featured in BBC's Fake or Fortune? (July 2015). The episode drew attention to differences between art authorities and added to the controversies that have attended the Wildenstein Institute. The painting can be viewed when visiting the castle.

Gallery

See also
Castles in Great Britain and Ireland
List of castles in England
List of gardens in Wales
Slebech

References

External links

https://www.pictoncastle.co.uk/
Information at Castles of Wales website

Castles in Pembrokeshire
Gardens in Wales
Historic house museums in Wales
Museums in Pembrokeshire
Country houses in Wales
Grade I listed buildings in Pembrokeshire
Registered historic parks and gardens in Pembrokeshire

Picton Castle


Philip Mayer Kaiser (July 12, 1913 – May 24, 2007) was an American diplomat.

Education
Born in New York City, Kaiser graduated from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1935. He was also a Rhodes Scholar in 1936 at Balliol College, Oxford.
During this time, he studied labor history.

Family
Philip was one of ten children, and the second youngest. His father, Moishe Bear, emigrated from what is now Ukraine with his mother, Tema. The family lived in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn. On June 16, 1939, Philip Kaiser married Hannah Greeley. They had three sons: Robert, David, and Charles.

Government service
Kaiser served in the United States Department of Labor as Assistant Secretary of Labor for International Affairs, during the administration of President Harry S. Truman. He was a special assistant to Governor Averell Harriman of New York from 1955 to 1959.

Later during the administration of President John F. Kennedy, Kaiser was ambassador to Senegal and Mauritania.
During the Cuban Missile Crisis, he persuaded the President of Senegal, Léopold Sédar Senghor, to deny the Soviet Union landing rights to refuel its planes.  From 1964 to 1969, he was the American Minister to the Court of St. James, or DCM of the American Embassy in London, when David K. E. Bruce was the American Ambassador there.  Many of the leading British political figures of the period, including Ted Heath and Roy Jenkins, had been Kaiser's friends when he studied Politics, Philosophy and Economics at Balliol College, Oxford, from 1936 to 1939.  While he was Minister, he entertained Groucho Marx, Robert F. Kennedy, and Richard Nixon, among many other famous cultural and political figures.  He lived at Wychwood House, his official American residence on Cottesmore Gardens in Kensington.

Finally, during the administration of Jimmy Carter, Philip Kaiser served as ambassador to Hungary. While ambassador to Hungary, Philip Kaiser was instrumental in the return of the Crown of St. Stephen to the Hungarian government from the United States in 1978.
After serving as ambassador to Austria, Philip Kaiser retired from government service in 1981.  In 2000, Kaiser was one of three alumni of the Truman Administration who persuaded Congress to pass a law that changed the name of the headquarters of the State Department to the Harry S. Truman building.  Of the four Democratic presidents Kaiser worked for, Truman was his favorite, because he was "the closest to a normal human being."

Published works
Kaiser, Philip,  Journeying Far and Wide—A Political and Diplomatic Memoir, (1993).

Notes

References
Oral history

Obituary Fox News
ObituaryWashington Post

1913 births
2007 deaths
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Ambassadors of the United States to Austria
Ambassadors of the United States to Hungary
Ambassadors of the United States to Senegal
Ambassadors of the United States to Mauritania

American Rhodes Scholars
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
Writers from New York City
United States Foreign Service personnel

Philip Mayer Kaiser


was a village located in Kiso District, Nagano Prefecture, Japan.

On April 1, 2005, Narakawa was merged into the expanded city of Shiojiri.

As of October 1, 2004, the former village had an estimated population of 3,393. The total area was 117.82 km².

Geography
Surrounding municipalities
 Ina, Shiojiri
 Kiso District: Kiso, Hiyoshi
 Higashichikuma District: Asahi
 Kamiina District: Tatsuno, Minamiminowa

Sister cities
 Fukuroi (Shizuoka Prefecture) — Signed on October 28, 2001

Dissolved municipalities of Nagano Prefecture
Shiojiri, Nagano

Narakawa, Nagano


Some countries limit the exchange of their currency: In some cases, only a limited amount of money can be exchanged. In other cases, the money cannot be exchanged legally at all. Such a currency is called inconvertible currency. In such cases, there often is a black market.
Currency

Inconvertible currency


Paul Aaron Lindblad (August 9, 1941 – January 1, 2006) was an American Major League Baseball left-handed middle-relief pitcher. During his career, he pitched primarily for the Kansas City / Oakland Athletics. At the time of his retirement in 1978, he had recorded the seventh-most appearances (655) of any left-hander in history.

Lindblad was born in Chanute, Kansas. A member of three World Series championship teams, he was a solid left-handed specialist in the American League for 14 seasons. A very fine fielder as well, he set a major league record by playing from 1966 to 1974 without making an error in 385 games.

Lindblad was signed by the Kansas City Athletics in 1962, who moved to Oakland in 1968. His most productive season came in 1969, when he posted career highs with nine wins and nine saves. A year later he followed with an 8–2 mark, and in the 1971 midseason he was traded to the Washington Senators, who became the Texas Rangers a year later. With Texas, he led American League pitchers with 66 appearances in 1972. He returned to Oakland at the end of the season.

Lindblad was the winning pitcher for Oakland in Game Three of the 1973 World Series against the New York Mets, by working shutout baseball in the ninth and tenth innings. In the 10th, he became the last pitcher faced by future Hall of Famer Willie Mays, who grounded out as a pinch-hitter.

In 1975, Lindblad had a 9–1 record with seven saves. On the final day of the regular season, he combined with Vida Blue, Glenn Abbott, and Rollie Fingers on a no-hitter against the California Angels. He appeared in two games against the Boston Red Sox in the ALCS.

Lindblad came back to Texas for part of two seasons and made his final majors appearance with the New York Yankees in Game One of the 1978 World Series. He finished his career with a 68–63 record and 64 saves in 665 games. He posted a 3.29 ERA and struck out 671 batters in 1,213 innings pitched.

Following his playing career, Lindblad joined the minor league baseball system as a pitching coach, and also worked as a custom home builder for several years.

Lindblad died in 2006 from Alzheimer's disease in Arlington, Texas at the age of 64.

References

External links

Paul Lindblad at Baseball Almanac
Paul Lindblad at Baseball Biography
 Paul Lindblad Obituary at Baseball Toaster

Paul Lindblad at Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Professional Baseball League)

1941 births
2006 deaths
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Baseball players from Kansas
Birmingham Barons players
Burlington Bees players
Neurological disease deaths in Texas
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Florida Instructional League Athletics players
Leones del Caracas players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Kansas City Athletics players
New York Yankees players
Oakland Athletics players
People from Chanute, Kansas
Texas Rangers players
Vancouver Mounties players
Washington Senators (1961–1971) players
Neosho County Panthers baseball players

Paul Lindblad


Kakha Kukava (; born July 12, 1976, in Tbilisi) is a Georgian politician, former member of Parliament of Georgia and a leader of Free Georgia.

Biography

Kukava was born in Tbilisi on July 12, 1976. He graduated from the Tbilisi State University with a degree in law. Kukava held several governmental positions since the 1990s and practiced law when he worked as a lawyer until 2003.

As a member of Conservative Party of Georgia he joined coalition with United National Movement and participated in Rose Revolution. In 2004 repeat parliamentary elections, he was elected as a member of Parliament of Georgia from bloc "National Movement - Democrats". In 2005 Kukava left UNM alongside Conservative Party and joined opposition of Mikheil Saakashvili. Since 2007 - chairman of the largest parliamentary faction "Democratic Front".

In parliament Kukava initiated several draft laws, including "about withdrawal of Georgia from CIS", "about Lustration", "Rehabilitation of supporters of the first President Zviad Gamsakhurdia".

Kukava was strongly opposing President Saakashvili, Interior minister Merabishvili and Prosecutor General Zurab Adeishvili. In 2007-2009 he was one of the leaders of United opposition coalition and organizer of mass protest against government.

In 2008 he was again elected in parliament, however like other members of opposition he declared elections rigged and decided not to join parliament. In 2010 Kukava was elected as member of Tbilisi city council.

In 2010 Kukava left the Conservative Party and founded Free Georgia party. In 2011 he was elected as chairman of the party.

Kukava participated in parliamentary by elections (2013) in Nadzaladevi single mandate district and came secondwith 17.26% after candidate of Ruling Georgian Dream candidate.

Kukava is married and has three children.

References

1976 births
Politicians from Tbilisi
Living people
Conservative Party of Georgia politicians

Kakha Kukava


Allan Walfrid Staffans (13 February 1880 – 19 October 1946) was a Finnish technician, vuorineuvos and shipbuilder.

Staffans began his career at Maskin- och Brobyggnad (Maskin o. Bro) shipyard in Helsinki in 1898. Later he worked in shipbuilding industry in Siberia until World War I, when he returned to Finland. In 1918 he led an operation for eliminating of cannons in Viapori fortress in Helsinki; the significance of the event has been later disputed by historians.

In 1920 Staffans was selected the manager of Vulcan shipyard in Turku. He organised a merger with its competitor Crichton creating Crichton-Vulcan shipyard, which grew under his leadership the most significant shipbuilding company of Finland. The yard built the most important vessels of the Finnish Navy, including submarines and two large coastal defence ships.

After World War II Staffans participated in negotiations of war reparations to Soviet Union.

Staffans had two daughters with his wife Selma Elisabeth née Kjellin.

Studies and early career
Staffans was born in Nikolaistad, Grand Duchy of Finland, for sailor Matts Staffans and Amanda Maria Sofia née Törner. He first learned at folkschool and then graduated technician in mechanical engineering in Nikolaistad Industry School in 1898. By end of the 19th century the Nikolaistad shipbuilding industry, which once was a flourishing branch in the area, was almost disappeared. Staffans moved to Helsinki where he got a position at Maskin o. Bro shipyard. Staffans soon reached master's level in shipbuilding.

Siberia years
In 1902 he was sent to work in Siberia to lead steam ship and dredging vessel building from materials transported from Finland. The parts were taken by rail to river Amur delta and then built in place. The primary customer was the Imperial Russian Navy, which joined the vessels to its Pacific fleet to mainly protect the traffic of the large rivers. Staffans travelled to far east total six times, some of the journeys he did with his family. The last journey Staffans did through Suez Canal and Indian Ocean, and he also stopped by in India, China and Japan. Staffans planned to leave for few years to study in Germany and UK in 1914 but outbreak of World War I changed his plans.

Viapori sabotage

After Finland declared independence the Finnish Civil War broke out in January 1918 and Helsinki was soon taken over by the Finnish Red Guards. The Viapori fortress in front of Helsinki was still housed by the Russian soldiers and its cannons were seen as a threat against the Finnish White Guards.

Allan Staffans went to the fortress with some twenty men to dismount the locks of the cannons. The work started from the outer bastions and the main fortress followed after. The locks weighed hundreds of kilos were dismounted by use of winch hoists, packed into wooden caskets and stored in the warehouses of the batteries. The men moved on ice by feet and pulling the equipment on a sledge. The work was dangerous due to patrolling red guards, who reached over the cannons for their own use. The Russian soldiers were not always willing to accept the disarmament, but the good relationship Staffans had built with the Russian military during his work in Maskin o. Bro helped, although time to time the discussions were heated. The work was done by 15 March.

The White Guards got help from the German army which invaded in southern Finland in beginning of April. The Russian military handed Viapori over to the Finns on 14 April.

After the war the newspaper Hufvudstadsbladet published an article, according which Staffans had duped the Russian military personnel by typing himself an attorney letter fooling the fortress organisation up to the highest command. The operation was described as a "historic deed". As a memory of the event, there is a bust of Staffans in the fortress.

However, the Russian commander of artillery in Viapori colonel Balzam wrote a reply to a Russian speaking newspaper in Helsinki, that the operation was done under order of the commandant of the fortress and the directive of the Russian navy headquarters to ensure that none of the fighting parties would use the artillery against the city, and Staffans and his men were paid for their work by the Russian military.

Russia and Germany had agreed in the Brest-Litovsk peace treaty that the Russian Baltic fleet and coast fortresses would not get involved in military operations in Finland. It also came out afterwards that the Russian soldiers were not very interested in the mutual skirmishes of Finns. More information about the disputed event has been recently found from a 26 March 1918 dated report written by Oskar Gros who was a member in Staffans's team. The report tells that the work was done under supervision of Staffans and also consent with the Russian officers, who wanted to avoid that operative cannons had ended up to the hands of the Red Guards or German troops.

It is speculated, that a possible motive for exaggeration of the action was the Finnish White Guards' crave to get a part of the glory Helsinki conquest, which was mainly done by Germans.

After the war ended Staffans stayed serving the Finnish army in the fortress during years 1918–1920 under commandant office as the technical manager of the dry dock.

Vulcan

Staffans was appointed general manager of Vulcan shipyard in Turku at the beginning of 1921. The company had got into financial trouble as the orders from the Russian navy had ceased, some of the deliveries had not been paid and the company had lost its property in Saint Petersburg. The company made heavy losses. Staffans was selected manager because of his experience, high expertise and leadership skills.

In 1922 Staffans negotiated with the state about repairing of an old Russian submarine. As the company had no experience about submarines, Staffans searched for contacts which had the technology. Although the project turned out to be hopeless, Staffans managed to get to know the Dutch company IvS, which was eager to start a submarine project with Vulcan. IvS was a German dummy company set up to maintain and develop the German submarine engineering expertise, when it was not allowed for Germany to build its own submarines. During 1922–1923 Staffans attended in committees which were planning an updated naval defence strategy for Finland. Vulcan and IvS signed a secret contract about co-operation for submarine engineering in November 1923. According to the contract, IvS promised to give all the needed engineering support in case Vulcan wants to build submarines. In the following month Staffans negotiated about a merger with a competitor, Crichton yard, which was located next to Vulcan, at the other side of the river Aura.

Crichton-Vulcan
The merger of Crichton and Vulcan took place on 18 August 1924 and Staffans was chosen unanimously to lead the new, united Crichton-Vulcan yard. The yard got only few orders and Staffans put his hope on getting orders from the Finnish Navy. The naval defence strategy was ready in 1925 and included four submarines, two coastal defence ships and four torpedo boats. The ministry of defence sent inquiries for 22 companies for 400-ton and 100-ton submarines. Finally, Staffans's efforts were rewarded, when the state ordered first in 1926 one and then in 1927 two more 400-ton submarines from Crichton-Vulcan. Another order for a 100-ton submarine went to Hietalahti shipyard in Helsinki. The project schedules were delayed by months due to strikes in 1927. The submarines Vetehinen, Vesihiisi and Iku-Turso were launched between June 1930 and May 1931. IvS and Crichton-Vulcan made a secret agreement about one more submarine, CV-707, which Germans used for testing. The vessel stayed finally in the Finnish navy and was named Vesikko.

Simultaneously with the submarine projects, the yard worked  already on two 3 800 ton coastal defence ship projects. Crichton-Vulcan signed contracts for the ships in November 1928. Building of such large and demanding ships required investments in facilities and cranes; also the number of employees was increased. The first one of the ships, Väinämöinen, was launched in December 1930 and Ilmarinen followed in July 1931.

The investments required capital and finally Crichton-Vulcan was sold to Maskin o. Bro, which had taken over previously the Hietalahti yard in Helsinki. The acquisition improved the company's financial basis and during the 1930s Crichton-Vulcan had grown the strongest and most modern shipyard of Finland under Staffans's leadership. The most important investments were a crane with a capacity of 100 tonnes and a dry dock.

During the 1930s Crichton-Vulcan managed to sell ships to Soviet Union. Staffans's excellent Russian language skills proved helpful in the negotiations. Contracts for total 29 ships to Soviet Union were signed; the orders were vital in the middle of the depression.

Wärtsilä

The company got again a new owner when Wärtsilä took over Maskin o. Bro, including Crichton-Vulcan. The General Manager Wilhelm Wahlforss trusted and respected Staffans; in fact, Staffans was one of those few people who could disagree and argue openly with Wahlforss without being afraid of consequences. Wahlforss did not question his authority in Crichton-Vulcan and Staffans could continue his investment program.

Crichton-Vulcan got more demanding orders at the end of the 1930s; a big step was 2 000-dwt steam ship Rigel made for FÅA. This was followed by more modern and challenging projects; total 17 ships were ordered between January 1936 and September 1939. Staffans's right hand was the company's chief engineer Gösta Rusko, who was also his son-in-law.

The biggest investments of the late 1930s were the new office building "White House", foundry and large machine workshops. The latter ones were built especially for diesel engine production. By using his old contacts from ivS, Staffans made a licence production agreement with Krupp Germaniawerft AG in summer 1938. The engine production could be started only in summer 1941, when all the needed machines were in place, and finally just two Krupp engines were built. These were the first diesel engines of Wärtsilä.

Second World War
When Winter War broke out in 1939, Turku was heavily bombed by the Soviet air forces, but Crichton-Vulcan avoided of large damages. When the peace came in 1940, Finland signed a new trading agreement with Soviet Union and soon Staffans and the Soviet Machinoimport signed a contract of four tug boats; this was followed by another order of 12 more slightly larger vessels of the same kind. No single vessel could be delivered before Finland was again in war with Soviet Union in summer 1941. However, Staffans found a new customer: he agreed delivering of the ships to German Kriegsmarine instead, and the yard got even few more orders for similar ships from Germany. In addition, Staffans signed contracts for cargo ships for Germany. Total 38 vessels were handed over to Germany before Finland got at war with Germany in September 1944. The yard suffered some damages in the Continual War.

War reparations
After the war ended, Finland had to pay heavy war reparations to Soviet Union, which wanted the payment mainly in machinery. The largest and most demanding ships were assigned to Wärtsilä yards. Staffans was called together with Wahlforss and the Hietalahti yard manager August Jansson to negotiate about the ship types. Once again, Staffans's excellent knowledge about Russian language and Russian mentality proved helpful. The agreement about material list was signed in December 1944 by Andrei Zhdanov from the Allied Commission and the prime minister of Finland, J.K. Paasikivi.

Staffans was not involved into the war reparation industry as he fell ill and died in 1946. During his period the number of personnel at Crichton-Vulcan yard had grown from 300 up to 3 000.

Personal life
In 1904 Staffans married Selma Elisabeth née Kjellin, who was from Helsinki. They got two daughters: Margit and Gunvor. Margit married later Gösta Rusko, the main engineer of Crichton-Vulcan. The younger daughter Gunvor was married to professor John Rosas.

Staffans was a vice consul for Netherlands in the 1930s.

In 1942 Staffans wrote a book called Skeppsbyggare och resenär i Östasien about his experiences in Siberia in the early 20th century.

Staffans faced two major personal losses in 1943 when first his closest colleague and son-in-law Gösta Rusko became seriously ill and perished in April. The widow and Staffans's daughter Margit Rusko died only two months later. Staffans and his wife took care of their two children after.

The family moved permanently in Turku in the early 1920s, but they also had a summer villa in Kirkkonummi. The villa had to be given to Soviet Union after the Continual War as a part of Porkkala lease area. When Soviet Union returned the area back to Finland in 1956, the widow Selma Staffans moved in, and despite of her high age, she participated eagerly into rebuilding of the area.

Bibliography
Skeppsbyggare och resenär i Östasien, Förlaget Bro, 1942.

Sources

References

External links
Photos from Staffans's Siberia years starting from this page.

20th-century Finnish businesspeople
People of the Finnish Civil War (White side)
Kone- ja Siltarakennus
Crichton-Vulcan
People from Vaasa
1880 births
1946 deaths
Finnish people from the Russian Empire

Allan Staffans


Tres mujeres (English title: Three women) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Roberto Hernández Vázquez for Televisa in 1999-2000. When it came out it was such a success that they added 3x the normal amount of chapters. There are 280 Chapters when there are normally about 100 chapters. The Telenovela ended in 2000, which made it the longest Telenovela produced by Televisa until Clase 406.

On March 22, 1999, Canal de las Estrellas started broadcasting Tres mujeres weekdays at 5:00pm, replacing Ángela. The last episode was broadcast on April 14, 2000 with Ramona replacing it the following Monday.

Erika Buenfil, Alexis Ayala, Karyme Lozano, Jorge Salinas, Norma Herrera and Pedro Armendáriz, Jr. portrayed the leading characters.

Plot
Fatima (Karyme Lozano) is the youngest of the Uriate kids. She's going out with Adrian (Sergio Sendel), and Adrian is cheating on her with Brenda (Arleth Terán), who is his secretary. One night Fatima and Adrian make love. After that night Adrian starts to abuse Fatima and even rapes her.

After this happens Fatima wants to break-up with him but she can't because her family was brought up that if you give yourself to a man you have to marry him or wait till marriage to make love. Fatima later meets Sebastian (Jorge Salinas) at her job. He buys a sculpture of hers. She soon starts to feel something for Sebastian but she can't be with him because she is with Adrian.

She soon finds out that Adrian is cheating on her and she then starts to date Sebastian. Her and Sebastian fall madly in love but different things keep separating them. They are separated by Adrian; Verania (Susan Vohn), Sebastian ex-girlfriend from Canada; Carolina (Vanessa Guzmán), a model that works for Sebastian; and Leonardo(René Casados), Fatima's painter friend.

Fatima and Sebastian get married but on their Honeymoon Fatima finds out that Sebastian is having a baby with Carolina, so she leaves him and goes back to Mexico with Leonardo. Sebastian tries to get Fatima back but when she was going to accept him she catches him with Verania, but what Fatima didn't know is that the night before Sebastian and Daniel (Alexis Ayala) were drinking and he got drunk.

Verania took advantage of this and took his clothes off and put his shirt on to make look like they made love. So again Fatima breaks up with him. Fatima then starts hanging with Leonardo and she eventually leaves for New York with him and tells Sebastian that when she comes back in a year she is going to divorce him. A year passes and Fatima is seeing Leonardo and living with 2 friends Loren (Sharis Cid) and Miriam (Isadora Gonzalez).

She tells Leonardo that she is going back to Mexico and he gets VERY angry with him because he doesn't want her to go without him and he has to stay. Leonardo is cheating on Fatima with Loren. So Fatima and Miriam go back to Mexico and there they see Sebastian with Sebastian Jr and Renatan (Luz Maria Jerez).

Sebastian takes them home and talks to Fatima who desires him but can't be with him because Carolina, the mother of Sebastian Jr, says that if he and Fatima are together that he can't see his Son. Carolina goes to Fatima's house and starts yelling at her not to interfere with her and Sebastian. Fatima tells Sebastian, and Sebastian yells at Carolina and breaks-up with her.

Fatima and Sebastian get back together and they live with each other, but one day Leonardo tries raping Fatima. Sebastian walks in and see them, he goes to the dresser and grabs a gun first he points it to Leonardo then to Fatima because he thinks that she was cheating. Fatima ends up getting pregnant but not from Sebastian but from Leonardo because he raped her. She ends up losing the baby and she feels hurt, broken.

Cast

 Erika Buenfil as Barbara Uriarte Saraldi
 Alexis Ayala as Daniel Subiri Sánchez
 Karyme Lozano as Fatima Uriarte Saraldi
 Jorge Salinas as Sebastian Méndez Morrison
 Norma Herrera as Greta Saraldi de Uriarte - Minski
 Pedro Armendáriz Jr. as Federico Mendez
 Guillermo Capetillo as Manuel Toscano
 Patricio Castillo as Gonzalo Uriarte
 Armando Araiza as Santiago Uriarte Saraldi
 Sergio Sendel as Adrian de la Fuente, villain
 Alejandro Tommasi as Mario Espinoza Sánchez
 Arleth Terán as Brenda Muñoz, villain
 Galilea Montijo as Maricruz Ruiz
 Raúl Ramírez as Frank Minski
 Eduardo Verástegui as Ramiro Belmont
 Luz María Jerez as Renata Gamboa
 Maite Embil as Andrea Ibañez
 Niurka Marcos as Yamilé Núñez
 Fabián Robles as Ángel Romero/Jose Ángel Belmont
 Lorenzo de Rodas as Vicente Sánchez
 Mariana Seoane as Marcela Durán
 Maya Mishalska as Paulina
 Ana Bertha Espín as Lucía Sánchez
 María Fernanda Rodríguez as Montserrat "Montse" Espinoza Uriarte
 Susan Vohn as Verania Grip
 Vanessa Guzmán as Carolina Fontaner
 Isadora González as Miriam Cohen
 Sergio Catalán as Valentin
 Maricarmen Vela as Jesusa
 Marina Marín as Ana de Gamboa
 Lucero Lander as Genoveva
 Laura Flores as Sandra María Aguírre
 Alejandro Camacho as Salvador Ortega, villain'
 René Casados as Leonardo Marcos, villain'
 Yolanda Mérida as Eva de la Parra
 Carlos Bracho as Dr. Salazar
 Dominika Paleta as Raquel Lerdo Muñoz
 Sergio Reynoso as Adolfo Treviño
 Isaura Espinoza as Diana Carmona
 Socorro Bonila as Aracely Durán
 Rosángela Balbo as Rosa María Sánchez
 Ninón Sevilla as Yolanda de Núñez
 Manuel "Flaco" Ibáñez as Héctor Gómez
 Ricardo Dalmacci as Claudio Altamirano, villain
 Gerardo Quiroz as Antonio Fernández
 Gabriela Platas as Carla Fonseca
 Luz María Zetina as Paloma
 Elizabeth Águilar as Nicole Bermúdez
 Paulino Hemmer as Lorenzo Toscano
 Diana Osorio as Verónica Toscano
 Rafael del Villar as Eduardo
 Sharis Cid as Loren Covarrubías
 Hugo Acosta as Rafael
 César Castro as Eugenio Gamboa
 Yadira Santana as Dr. Olivia Soler
 Manola Diez as Ximena
 Jana Raluy as Sonia
 María Prado as Meche
 Queta Lavat as Susana
 Silvio Fornaro as Diego Aguírre
 Mauricio Bonet as Tavo Galindo
 Theo Tapia as Don Pepe
 María Dolores Oliva as Rita
 Gabriela Araujo as Maggie de la Fuente
 Francisco Avendaño as Dr. Alberto Valero
 Miguel Serros as Nicolás
 Ricardo Chávez as Andrés
 Amira Cruzat as Dulce
 Juan Ángel Esparza as Rodrigo Balmori
 Carlos González as Miguel
 Jaime Hernes as Sergio
 María Idalia as Magda
 Bobby Larios as Mauro
 Jaime Lozano as Demetrio Lopez
 Bibelot Mansur as Gina
 Rubén Morales as Javier
 Martin Muñoz as Omar
 Polly as Sofía
 Luis Reynoso as Gabriel Uribe
 Adriana Rojo as Olga
 Juan Romanca as Carlos
 Javier Ruán as Flavio Guzmán
 Yessica Salazar as Esther
 Andrea Soberon as Macarena
 Carlos Soriano as Henry
 Abraham Stevans as Father Mateo
 Carlos Speitzer as Remigio
 Jorge Trejo as Renato
 Ricardo Vera as Fernando de la Fuente
 Jacqueline Voltaire as Melinda

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1999 telenovelas
1999 Mexican television series debuts
2000 Mexican television series endings
Spanish-language telenovelas
Television shows set in Mexico City
Television shows set in Canada
Televisa telenovelas

Tres mujeres


Naujan-et-Postiac (which could be called Naujean in the name of St John) is a commune in the Les Coteaux de Dordogne canton, in the Libourne arrondissement, in the Gironde department, in the region Nouvelle-Aquitaine in the southwest of France.

The area is called "l'Entre-deux-Mers" ("between two waters"), between the Garonne river at the south, the Dordogne river at the east and north, before they meat near Bordeaux and form the Gironde estuary.

It is a wine production area, inside the Bordeaux vineyard, with both red ("Bordeaux" and "Bordeaux Supérieur") and white ("Entre-Deux-Mers" , mostly dry, some sweet).

The countryside is nice, with much vineyard, but also woods, hills and small valleys. The houses are dispersed, and mostly centuries old.

The population is around 500, for 11 km2 (1100 ha) of superficy.

One can find the historical church, some nice "châteaux" which are the big old houses where the wine of each property is produced.

The name is made by those of two villages which were associated just some years before the French Revolution of 1789. Then the new administration confirmed this association by creating a "commune" (the new territorial unit for the whole country), which contained the territories of both villages, and the association of their names.

Related pages
 Communes of the Gironde department

References

Other websites

Communes in Gironde

Naujan-et-Postiac


Sordello is a narrative poem by the English poet Robert Browning. Worked on for seven years, and largely written between 1836 and 1840, it was published in March 1840. It consists of a fictionalised version of the life of Sordello da Goito, a 13th-century Lombard troubadour depicted in Canto VI of Dante Alighieri's Purgatorio.

The poem is convoluted and obscure, its difficulties increased by its unfamiliar setting. It was harshly received at the time of its publication: Alfred, Lord Tennyson's opinion was recorded thus by William Sharp in his biography of Browning: Lord Tennyson manfully tackled it, but he is reported to have admitted in bitterness of spirit: "There were only two lines in it that I understood, and they were both lies; they were the opening and closing lines, 'Who will may hear Sordello's story told,' and 'Who would has heard Sordello's story told!'". The poem was, however, championed decades later by Algernon Swinburne and Ezra Pound.

Plot summary
The setting is northern Italy in the 1220s, dominated by the struggle between the Guelphs (partisans of the Pope) and the Ghibellines (partisans of the Holy Roman Emperor). Sordello is a Ghibelline, like his lord Ecelin II da Romano, and the soldier Taurello.

Book I
Browning begins by summoning the shades of all dead poets to listen to the story he has to tell. The one who intimidates him most is the "pale face[d]" Shelley (whom he does not name). The citizens of Verona have just heard that their Guelph prince, Count Richard of St Boniface, has been captured by Taurello Salinguerra.

Not long ago, Taurello had been lured away from Ferrara; in his absence, his palaces were burned by Guelphs. On his return, he takes vengeance, and Azzo and Richard flee. They come back and besiege Ferrara, but when Richard is invited to a parley, he is captured. In a castle at Verona, the Council of Twenty-Four discuss the city's predicament; in a distant room, the poet Sordello sits motionless, thinking about his love, Palma.

Browning describes Sordello's childhood and youth as an orphaned page at the lonely castle of Goito, near Mantua. He spent nearly all his time wandering about the pine forest and marsh, and had little human company other than the elderly servants; what he knew about the world he knew by hearsay. Sometimes he would stare at a stone font in a vault of the castle, dreaming that the female statues who held it up were under a curse, and that he could plead with God for their pardon and release. At other times he would indulge in daydreams about himself as a great hero, in whom all virtues, skills and powers would combine – in other words, as a reinvention of Apollo. Browning comments that an aesthete can fail in life either through attempting nothing, or attempting too much. Sordello once heard that the lady Palma was being wooed by the Guelph, Count Richard, and she became another subject of his daydreams.

Book II
Sordello is wandering through the wood towards Mantua, daydreaming about Palma, when he comes upon a crowd gathered by the city's wall. They are listening to the aged troubador Eglamor. Impatient with Eglamor's feeble efforts, Sordello interrupts him and continues his song so effectively that, to his own astonishment, he wins the prize, and Palma bestows upon him her scarf. Eglamor responds graciously to his defeat, but walks home alone and troubled, and dies the same night. At his funeral, Sordello praises him highly. Eglamor's jongleur, Naddo, becomes Sordello's jongleur.

Sordello, long reluctant to do so, finally enquires about his birth and origins. He is told that he was the son of an archer who saved the lives of Adelaide and Palma when they were nearly killed by a fire set by Ecelin himself. Disappointed, Sordello then gives up the plan of becoming a "man of action", and devotes himself to minstrelsy, but quickly becomes bored and slapdash; he tries reinventing his language to express his visions more directly, but encounters public incomprehension and personal fatigue. Sordello is deeply divided between his conceptions of poet as profession and poet as destiny.

The lady Adelaide dies suddenly; then the news comes that Ecelin II has resolved to retire to a monastery. Taurello confronts his lord on horseback, but is unable to make him change his mind. Taurello is thus forced to abandon his plan to join the Emperor on a new Crusade. He travels to Mantua, where Sordello is appointed to welcome him with song, but the baffled troubadour, lacking inspiration, wanders back to Goito.

Book III
At Goito, Sordello re-immerses himself in his daydreams for a whole year, but he has lost his self-confidence, and he begins to wonder if he had thrown over all prospect of success as an ordinary human being, let alone as an Apollo. He concludes that he had been a narcissist, whose lack of devotion to anything outside of himself had been his ruin. His bitter musings are interrupted by Naddo, who brings news that he has been summoned to Verona to sing at Palma's wedding with Count Richard. But when Sordello arrives at Verona, Palma meets him and confesses her love for him. (At this point, the narrative returns to where it began at the start of Book I.)

The death of Adelaide and the withdrawal of Ecelin has made it possible for her to confess her love to Sordello and ask him to marry her. This would make him the head of the House of Romano; in fact, Taurello approves strongly, as it would make an alliance with the Guelphs unnecessary.

(Browning had written this much of the poem when in 1838 he travelled to Italy for the first time. With contemporary Venice as a background, the rest of Book III consists of a discussion of his own hopes for the future, and his reasons for writing Sordello.)

Book IV
Ferrara has been destroyed; envoys of the Lombard League arrive to negotiate a ransom for Count Richard. Sordello, too, arrives in Ferrara, making the long journey at the risk of his precarious health. He had planned to visit Azzo VII, camped outside the city, but first he goes to the palace of San Pietro to talk to Taurello Salinguerra. He is appalled by Taurello's explanation of the Ghibelline policy. He walks stunned through the city, and, on meeting the delegates from Verona, sings for them at their request; one of them turns out to be Palma in disguise.

Back in the palace, Taurello ponders the events of his life (the theft of his first fiancée by Azzo VI, his plotting with Ecelin II to win back Ferrara, and the loss of his wife and child while fleeing from Vicenza), and briefly toys with the idea of taking Ecelin II's place.

Sordello converses with Palma, and declares himself disgusted with both the Guelphs and the Ghibellines: both sides pursue selfish ends and exploit the common people. He conceives the idea of building a City of God in which Christendom can be reunited. At dawn he leaps up to meet the ordinary folk and to sketch the foundation of his plans in his mind.

Book V
By sunset, Sordello has already concluded his dream is impracticable. Even if the Utopia could be brought into being overnight by a single genius, the ideal city would crumble instantly when transferred into the hands of ordinary sinners. But he then realises his mistake: failure to accept that lasting progress can only be made one step at a time. He has already decided that the Guelphs represent the common people's interests more closely, because they subordinate, at least in principle, the momentary dominions procured by strength and cunning to the eternal dominion of God and His law. He concludes that his immediate duty is to convince Taurello to take up the Guelph cause and keep the Emperor away from Lombardy.

Sordello goes to Taurello and Palma and delivers his pitch, but his curiosity to see what effect his speech is having on the soldier robs his long disused voice of emotion, and Taurello responds with puzzled amusement, and then with sarcasm. Sordello's pride is touched, and, realising that this will be his last chance to express himself in any consequential way, he defends with eloquence the concept of poetry as a calling higher than any other.

When he has finished, Taurello shrugs and admits that his own life's work, seemingly more substantial, has been demolished by Ecelin's abdication, and impulsively throws the Imperial baldric on Sordello's neck, declaring him head of the house of Romano. A strange intuition arises in both. It is then that Palma confesses what she has known for more than a year: Sordello is Taurello's son, the child he thought had perished at Vicenza.

Sordello desires to be left alone; Taurello and Palma go downstairs, where Taurello, excited out of his wits, starts to unfold a mad project to ignore both Emperor and Pope and build a new centre of power on the house of Romano.

Book VI
Sordello debates with himself about his best course of action. Should he persist in his determination to throw in his lot with the Guelphs, or does his sudden elevation to the status of a Ghibelline leader imply that his destiny lies with them? Would the common people benefit from the triumph of the Guelphs? Can he expect to fulfil any of his hopes at all, or would it be wiser to see to his own happiness, even at the expense of his new subordinates? He concludes that his previous failures have been a result of the failure to accept the limitations inherent in being human, and his reluctance to devote himself to a single end, or to a single cherished person.

He throws the Imperial emblem to the floor. The stress of this moment is too much, and when Taurello and Palma return, they find that he has collapsed and died.

Taurello's hopes of rising in the world are dashed. He marries Sophia, a daughter of Ecelin II, and dwindles into an unremarkable old age, eventually being captured and exiled to Venice. The Ghibelline cause triumphs through the ruthlessness of Ecelin III and Alberic.

Sordello's career is inflated by chroniclers and he is misremembered as a statesman and hero. Nothing authentic remains of his life, apart from a fragment of the Goito lay, his first and least remarkable song.

Historical persons

Guelphs
Pope Honorius III
He was pope from 1216 to 1226.

Count Richard of St Boniface (Bonifacio), prince of Verona
His emblem is the "purple pavis"; he is called "the ounce".

Azzo VII, of Este (1205–1264)
Called "the lion" or "the lynx".

Ghibellines
Kaiser Friedrich II (1194–1250) of Hohenstauffen
More usually known as Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor. Son of Henry VI and grandson of Friedrich Barbarossa. Crowned by Pope Honorius in 1220. His second wife was Yolande, the daughter of John of Brienne. Friedrich's decision to forswear crusading is given as the origin of his present conflict with the Pope, and the reason for his first excommunication, by Gregory IX, in 1227.

Taurello Salinguerra, of Ferrara
(Salinguerra Torelli) Called "the osprey".

Ecelin II Romano
(Ezzelino) Called "the hill-cat" because of his alpine castle; his emblem was actually an ostrich with a horse-shoe in its mouth. The great-grandson of the relatively powerless Ecelo, a Saxon who introduced Imperial power into northern Italy. He was married first to Agnes of Este, then to Adelaide. After decades of campaigning he retires to a monastery at Oliero, to the despair of Taurello.

Sordello
A page, later a celebrated poet who discovers he is the son of Taurello.

Palma
Sordello's lover, the only child of Ecelin II by Agnes of Este. (The historical Palma was Adelaide's child.)

Eglamor
An elderly minstrel who is defeated by Sordello. (Fictional.)

Naddo
Jongleur and friend to Sordello. (Fictional.)

References

 Clyde de L. Ryals, Becoming Browning: the poems and plays of Robert Browning, 1833–1846, Ohio State University Press, 1983, , Chapter IV
 K. M. Loudon, Browning's Sordello: A Commentary, 1906, reprinted 2009 by BiblioBazaar as

1840 poems
Poetry by Robert Browning
Works based on Purgatorio
Cultural depictions of Italian men
Cultural depictions of poets

Sordello (poem)


The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences or Kungliga Vetenskapsakademin ("KVA") is one of the Royal Academies of Sweden. The Academy is an independent, scientific, non-governmental organization, set up to support the sciences, mainly the natural sciences and mathematics.

The Academy was started on 2 June 1739 by naturalist Carl Linnaeus, economist Jonas Alströmer, mechanical engineer Mårten Triewald, civil servants Sten Carl Bielke and Carl Wilhelm Cederhielm, and politician Anders Johan von Höpken.

The academy was set up to find useful knowledge, and to write about it in Swedish. The academy was meant to be different from the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala, which had been started in 1719 and published in Latin. It was built near the main business centre in Stockholm, (which unlike Uppsala did not have a university at this time). The Swedish scientists wanted it to be like the Royal Society in London and Academie Royale des Sciences in Paris, France.

Groups of the Academy meet to give out international prizes:
 Nobel Prizes in Physics and Chemistry
 Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (also known as the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics)
 Crafoord Prizes in astronomy and mathematics, geosciences, biosciences (with an emphasis on ecology), and polyarthritis (rheumatoid arthritis)
 Rolf Schock Prizes in logic and philosophy
 Gregori Aminoff Prize in crystallography
 Oskar Klein medal
and national prizes:
 Göran Gustafsson Prizes for research in the natural sciences and medicine
 Söderberg Prize in economics or jurisprudence
 Tage Erlander Prize in physics, chemistry, technology, and biology
 Ingvar Lindqvist Prizes for teachers in the fields of physics, chemistry, biology and mathematics.

References

Other websites
 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

18th-century establishments in Sweden
1730s establishments in Europe
1739 establishments
Nobel Prize
Organizations based in Stockholm

Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences


Archibald Milne Hamilton (1898–1972) was a New Zealand civil engineer, notable for building the Hamilton Road through Kurdistan and designing the Callender-Hamilton bridge system, and the Callendar-Hamilton aeroplane shed of the late 1930s.

Early life, marriage and children

Hamilton was born in Waimate, New Zealand, the son of W.M. and J.S. Hamilton, on 18 November 1898. He was educated at Waitaki Boys' High School.  In 1924 he graduated from Canterbury College with a Bachelor of Engineering (Civil) degree.

Hamilton married Bettina Matraves Collier, a medical doctor, in 1934, and they had six children. The second eldest of these was the evolutionary biologist W. D. Hamilton, and one of their daughters, Mary R. Bliss, who followed her mother by becoming a doctor, achieved some notability for designing mattresses to prevent bedsores in geriatric patients.

Early career

Hamilton worked for the Lyttelton Harbour Board in New Zealand where he designed a wave model for planning port improvements. Next, he worked at the Admiralty, London, designing the Singapore Naval Base.

Hamilton Road

Between 1928 and 1932 Hamilton was the principal engineer of a British-built strategic road across Southern Kurdistan, which ran from Erbil, through Rawandiz, to the Iranian border near modern-day Piranshahr. The road became known as the Hamilton Road. Although Hamilton hoped the road would unite the peoples of the region, it has been fought over many times. He described the building of the road in a 1937 book entitled Road through Kurdistan.

Callender-Hamilton Bridge
During the construction of the road, Hamilton became aware of the need for strong, adaptable bridges with components that could easily be transported and erected in remote and/or difficult terrain. With British Insulated Callenders Cables, now Balfour Beatty Power Networks Ltd, he designed the Callender-Hamilton bridge system, the income from which helped support his family. The parts of the bridge were bolted together like a Meccano set, and it was popular with the British Army away from the battle front. The failure of the First World War Inglis bridge led to the development of the Bailey bridge. Hamilton successfully claimed to the Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors that the Bailey bridge had breached his patent. Because the Bailey bridge used a pin joining system similar to that used in the Martel Bridge designed by Lieutenant-General Sir Giffard Le Quesne Martel, Hamilton told the commission the Bailey bridge should be called a 'Martel Mk2'.

In 1936 the British War Office paid Hamilton £4,000 for the free non-civil use of his Unit Construction Bridge. In 1954 the Commission awarded him £10,000 in respect of the bridges used in South East Asia Command during WW2 in India. In 1955 Hamilton told the Commission that Martel deserved more than the £12,000 that Bailey had received. Martel was awarded £500..

Callendar-Hamilton Aeroplane Shed
BICC also designed an interesting type of transportable aeroplane hangar in the late 1930s for military use. Although not ordered in quantity by the Air Ministry, a number of these Callendar-Hamilton hangars were built in Britain in the late 1930s and early years of World War II. These are easily recognisable from the more numerous contemporary Bellman and T-type hangars by their intricate internal framework and external overhead door rails. Preserved examples – now listed – of these hangars can be seen today at the Museum of Flight at East Fortune near Edinburgh.

References

External links
 The Encyclopaedia of New Zealand, 1966 > Expatriates – Biographies > United Kingdom > (search for:) Hamilton, Archibald Milne

Bibliography
Francis, Paul (1996). British Military Airfield Architecture – From Airships to the Jet Age Patrick Stephens Ltd, Sparkford, Somerset, .
Hamilton, A.M. (1937). Road through Kurdistan: The Narrative of an Engineer in Iraq. Faber, London
New Edition (1958). Faber, London.
(2004) reprint

1898 births
1972 deaths
New Zealand civil engineers
20th-century New Zealand inventors
University of Canterbury alumni
People from Waimate
People educated at Waitaki Boys' High School
20th-century New Zealand engineers
20th-century British engineers
New Zealand emigrants to the United Kingdom

A. M. Hamilton


Patrick Anderson  (1575–1624) was a Scottish Jesuit, known as a missioner, college head, and author.

Life
Anderson was a native of Elgin or Moray, his mother being a sister of John Lesley. After a basic education at Elgin grammar school, and a course of classical study at the University of Edinburgh, he entered the Society of Jesus at Rome in 1597.

In time Anderson acquired a reputation as linguist, mathematician, philosopher, and divine. Sent to Scotland as a missioner, he arrived via London where he was in November 1609. He had hairbreadth escapes from the authorities. He left Scotland for Paris to meet his superior, James Gordon, late in 1611; at that time  there was only a single Catholic priest in Scotland. Anderson gathered nearly a hundred young Scots as candidates for the priesthood, and in 1615 he became the first Jesuit rector of the Scotch College in Rome.

Returning to Scotland, Anderson was betrayed, and committed to the Old Tolbooth, Edinburgh. During his confinement there he held several disputations with Presbyterian divines. Threatened with the torture of the boot, he was liberated by the intercession, it was thought, of the French ambassador Antoine Coiffier-Ruzé, marquis d'Effiat, who chose him for his confessor. He died in London 24 September 1624.

Works
Anderson's works are:

 The Grovnd of the Catholike and Roman Religion in the Word of God. With the Antiquity and Continuance therof, throughout all Kingdomes and Ages. Collected out of diuers Conferences, Discourses, and Disputes, which M. Patricke Anderson, of the Society of Iesvs, had at seuerall tymes with sundry Bishops and Ministers of Scotland, at his last imprisonment in Edenburgh, for the Catholike Faith, in the yeares of our Lord 1620 and 1621. Sent vnto an Honourable Personage by the Compyler and Prisoner himselfe. 3 parts or vols. 1623.
 Memoirs of the Scotch Saints, manuscript formerly preserved in the Scotch College at Paris.

Augustin de Backer mentioned, in his list of Anderson's works, Copia de las Cartas que se embiaron de Escocia a nuestro Padre Claudio Aquaviva, Preposito general de la Compañia de Jesus, por un Padre de Escocia, de la misma Compañia a quatro de Enero del año 1612. Por este relacion se puede ver el estado bueno de las cosas de la Christianidad de Escocia, fol. 10 ff. De Escocia, á quatro de Enero, 1612. De V. P. hijo, y siervo indigno Patricio Andersono.

References

Attribution

1575 births
1624 deaths
17th-century Scottish Jesuits
Judicial torture in Scotland

Patrick Anderson (Jesuit)


The Convention for the Protection of the Architectural Heritage of Europe (the Grenada Convention) is a legally binding instrument which set the framework for an accurate conservation approach within Europe. For a total of forty three member states of the Council of Europe, the convention's total ratification/accession has reached forty-two countries since it was opened for signature in 1985.  It entered into force on 1 December 1987.

After 30 years of collaboration among member states of the Council of Europe, this convention constitutes an important framework for the safeguarding of the Cultural Heritage of monuments and sites.

The Convention for the Protection of the Architectural Heritage in Europe, along with the Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society, Faro and European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritages, comprise the thrust of cultural heritage protection and development in Europe.

Issues under the convention
The issues addressed in this convention are defined by the following objectives:

 Support the idea of solidarity and cooperation among European parties, in relation to heritage conservation
 It includes principles of "conservation policies" within the framework of European cooperation
 Strengthen and promote policies for the conservation and development of cultural heritage in Europe

About the convention
The starting point of this convention, mentioned in the preamble, was the European Cultural Convention signed in 1954. After that, the first action toward the protection and safeguarding of cultural heritage promoted by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe started in 1963 through the creation of Europa Nostra, which promoted the intergovernmental cooperation within Europe.

Structure

Preamble
The overall aim is first give a cultural references improving their environment in the European context, and secondly fostering a sustainable development considering economic enhancement and social development.
Is stated that European parties, by the accordance of common principles, can commit themselves in a permanent collaboration for conservation policies. This can be seen by the accordance of minimum safeguard agreements regarding architectural heritage.
It is mentioned that in matters of cultural heritage and build heritage, the Council of Europe has been working over 30 years. It expresses the purpose and the European philosophy regarding conservation issues.

Definition of the architectural heritage
It contains the three definition of heritage define by the 1972 Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage UNESCO. This comprises the description of monuments, groups of building and sites.

Identification of properties to be protected
This section is composed by Article 2, which establishes the realisation of a survey by the creation of an inventory. This will permit not only the documentation of heritage, define in article 1, but also the assessment of properties as the initial action towards legal protection.

Statutory protection procedures
This part is defined by Article 3, 4 and 5.  It contains the legal, political and administrative measures to be taken by each Party for protecting the properties in question. This measures will be applied differ in each region or State. It also describes in article 4, the legal actions applicable to the protected heritage, that ensure the supervision on work which is affecting protected properties.

Ancillary measures
Composed by Articles 6, 7 and 8. Here explain the types of financial support that public authorities may give to guarantee, facilitate and encourage the maintenance and restoration of protected properties. Also, is mentioned the different measures to consider in respect of the environment, like public spaces and pollution control.

Sanctions
It contains only Article 9, and which explains that Parties may ensure, that infringements of the law protecting the heritage, will have an adequate response by criminal law or administrative law.

Conservation policies
It consists in Article 10, 11, 12 and 13. It describes principles of integrated conservation of the heritage, reflected in the previous work made by the Council of Europe. Also explain the principle for maintenance though the heritage use, describe in previously in Article 5 of the Venice Charter, ICOMOS. It also states that there must be balance between the using and conservation, which will conserve the architectural and historical value of the property. This will be aimed by the principles of integrated conservation explained in article 13, which implies and effective cooperation between the administrative departments concerned.

Participation and associations
It contains Article 14, and describes the establishment of structures to facilitate cooperation between the parties or regions concerned.

Information and training
Contains Article 15 and 16, and explain the importance of public participation in early stage, as a whole to appreciate and understand heritage. This might concerns training systems and trades implicated in conservation.

European co-ordination of conservation policies
Define by the Articles 17, 18, 19, 20 and 21. It can be found in Articles 17 and 18 the description of the coordination of European conservation policies. It describes also the technical assistance system under Council of Europe. Article 19 expresses the desirable exchanges and trade of persons involved in the conservation of the heritage. In Article 20, in order to ensure the successful application of this Convention, is desirable the creation of a committee for monitoring.

Final clauses
This section consist in Articles 22, 23, 24,25, 26 and 27, and which has the Europe Council's final clauses for conventions and agreements.

Parties
Member states of the Council of Europe

See also
 Values (heritage)
 Cultural Heritage Management
 Cultural property law
 List of Council of Europe treaties

References

Further reading
 Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society
 European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage
 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage

External links
 Convention text

Council of Europe treaties
Treaties concluded in 1985
Treaties entered into force in 1987
Treaties of Andorra
Treaties of Armenia
Treaties of Azerbaijan
Treaties of Belgium
Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Treaties of Bulgaria
Treaties of Croatia
Treaties of Cyprus
Treaties of the Czech Republic
Treaties of Denmark
Treaties of Estonia
Treaties of Finland
Treaties of France
Treaties of Georgia (country)
Treaties of West Germany
Treaties of Greece
Treaties of Hungary
Treaties of Ireland
Treaties of Italy
Treaties of Latvia
Treaties of Liechtenstein
Treaties of Lithuania
Treaties of Luxembourg
Treaties of Malta
Treaties of Moldova
Treaties of Montenegro
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of Norway
Treaties of Poland
Treaties of Portugal
Treaties of Romania
Treaties of Russia
Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
Treaties of Slovakia
Treaties of Slovenia
Treaties of Spain
Treaties of Sweden
Treaties of Switzerland
Treaties of North Macedonia
Treaties of Turkey
Treaties of Ukraine
Treaties of the United Kingdom
1985 in Spain
Art and culture treaties
Treaties extended to Jersey
Treaties extended to Guernsey
Treaties extended to the Isle of Man
Treaties extended to Gibraltar


Mitchell is a community in Perth County, Ontario, Canada. It is 20 kilometers north of Stratford and 60 kilometers north of London. The Mitchell Hawks of the Southern Ontario Junior Hockey League is based in the town.

Mitchell was founded in 1836 by William Johnston and John Hicks. It was incorporated as a village in 1857 and became a town in 1874. In 1998, Mitchell amalgamated with the Townships of Logan, Fullarton, and Hibbert to form the Municipality of West Perth.

Settlements in Ontario

Mitchell, Ontario


Goicoechea is the 8th canton in the Province of San Jose, Costa Rica, with a population of 115,084 as of 2011. The city of Guadalupe is its main district. It forms part of the broader San José metropolitan area, itself the capital of the Republic.

Geographic Location
Goicoechea is located northeast of the capital city of San José. Goicoechea's geographic center is 09°57'31" latitude north and 83º 59'26" longitude west.

The canton is narrowly shaped in width and elongated in length. It is a maximum of 20 kilometers wide in a southeast by northeast direction from the source of the Durazno River to the bridge crossing the Tórres River, along Nacional No. 5 road, that leads from San José to San Juan de Tibás.

It borders:
 East: Cartago and Vásquez de Coronado
 West: Tibás
 North: Moravia and Vásquez de Coronado
 South: San José and Montes de Oca.

Etymology
The canton is named after an illustrious national forefather, Franciscan friar José Antonio de Liendo y Goicoechea who was born in the city of Cartago in the Province of Cartago, Costa Rica, on the 3rd of May, 1735, and died July 2, 1814, in Guatemala.

History
The area corresponding to the Goicoechea canton during the pre-Columbian period was populated by an indigenous people called the Western Huetar Kingdom, under the rule of king Garabito at the start of the Spanish Conquest.

The first canton dwellers established themselves in what today is called Calle Blancos (White Street), the first street neighborhood in the area. This name was assigned to the area as a result of the many people by the name of Blanco (White) who had taken residence there. The population began to spread eastbound, stretching paths toward what later became known as the canton's center.

In 1828, the main district (known as the Municipality) of San José divided the Murciélago neighborhood into several groups of houses. This gave cause for registering, under the name of San José del Murciélago, what today is known as the City of Guadalupe, which became a village and eventually on August 6, 1891, according to Law No. 56 during José Joaquín Rodríguez Zeledón's administration, this village was granted township status to head the canton as its main district. Entry for San José del Murciélago was recorded in the Neighborhoods and Quarters Boundary Register at the Department of San José a full 63 years before Guadalupe reached municipality status for the Canton of Goicoechea.

As of November 30, 1841, the Neighborhood and Dwellings Boundary Register's entries for the Los Santos neighborhood, along with the San Francisco, San Ramón, San José, San Rafael and San Joaquín quarters matched what presently corresponds to a large portion of the Goicoechea canton. And in 1844 residents of the San José quarter negotiated a permit to build a hermitage dedicated to their patron St. Joseph. Six years later, the first parson of the area, presbyter Raimundo Mora, changed the patron saint as well as the name of the quarter from San José to Guadalupe, in honor of the Virgin of Guadalupe, being that he was her devotee. He also broke ground for the cemetery, which is one of the oldest works in the city of Guadalupe. In 1855 a new church began to be built where it is still presently located. The following year a parish was built, during the episcopacy of monsignor Joaquín Anselmo Llorente y Lafuente, Costa Rica's first bishop, and it is currently suffragan of the archdiocese of San José, belonging to the ecclesiastic province of Costa Rica.

The regional demographic and economic development that occurred in Goicoechea resulted from the planting of coffee. It became the dominant product as of 1850, replacing the large tobacco plantations that had constituted the main source of income for the earliest population. The "golden bean" was introduced to Guadalupe in 1840 by José Manuel Núñez, who planted it and established the first processing site at his former wheat mill. Another important factor in regional development  was the Camino de Carrillo (Road to Carrillo), located near the confluence of the Sucio and Honduras rivers. The need for this road was due to local coffee farmers' demands to deliver their beans to the Limón harbor on the Atlantic for exportation, thereby shortening the cargo journey to their main European markets. At first the thought was to build a train track from San José, the country's capital, to Limón, moving through Paso de La Palma. Later in 1881, when the road section had reached Carrillo, the national government proposed to discontinue construction to open a road instead from San José to Carrillo. The following year that new road was inaugurated, but was in use for very little time, given its high cost of maintenance and traffic on it becoming sparse, once a train track construction from San José to the Caribbean coast was completed in 1890.

Goicoechea's first elementary school was built in 1883. It is located north of the Goicoechea Park. Afterward Escuela Carlos Gagini was built, and then in 1939 a new grammar school was inaugurated called Escuela Pilar Jiménez Solís, during president León Cortés Castro's administration. The secondary school Liceo Napoleón Quesada began operations in 1955, during president José Figueres Ferrer's first administration.

Guadalupe has been Goicoechea's municipality since 1891. But given its population growth, as of on August 10, 1920, during president Julio Acosta García's administration, Law No. 69 conferred to it the title of city.

Official Founding
Goicoechea was officially drawn away from the canton of San José and established by decree via Law No. 36 on December 7, l848. Law No. 56 decreed on August 6, 1891 that Goicoechea be itself established as a canton in the province of San José with Guadalupe as its municipality. Yet this law did not define any other districts for the canton, though it did recognize 6 townships toward that end.

The first Canton Board Hearing of Goicoechea occurred on September 13, 1891 with representatives Francisco Jiménez Núñez serving as president, Tomás Gutiérrez and Ezequiel Vargas serving as vice presidents. Jesús Zeledón served as secretary and Basileo Araya as political chief.

The first aqueduct and sewage lines were inaugurated in 1910 under president Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno's administration.

Political Segmentation
Goicoechea consists of 7 districts:
 Guadalupe (leading the canton as Municipality)
 San Francisco
 Calle Blancos
 Mata de Plátano (popularly yet erroneously referred to as "El Carmen")
 Ipís
 Rancho Redondo
 Purral

Physical Characteristics

Geology

Geologically, Goicoechea canton is grounded on volcanic matter dating to the Quartenary Period. Rocks from the Pleistocene epoch predominate in the region. Dating to this period, there are rolling structures located between Villa Rancho Redondo and the Purral district. Volcanic structures, recently and presently established, formed during the Holocene epoch. They are associated to pyroclastics and other volcanic matter such as lava, lahars and pyroclasts. The earliest ones are located west of the canton, originating from Villa Rancho Redondo. The later ones originate from Purral and move east.

Geomorphology

The Goicoechea canton is part of a geomorphic unit of volcanic origin, which is divided into two sub-units called the Irazú Volcano and the Volcanic Filling of the Central Valley.

The Irazú Volcano sub-unit is located to the east of the canton from Villa Mata de Plátano. It consists of slopes of all kinds. The contours of the hills are rounded due to the thickness of recent ash deposits that cover almost the whole surface mass. The sub-unit is composed of volcanic rocks displaying gaps, lavas, tuffs, agglomerates, ignimbrites, ash and also many streams of mud and lahars. The rocks' degree of weathering is highly variable, with its origin being due to the accumulation of different type of volcanic rocks.

The volcanic filling of the Central Valley, located in the western sector of the canton, corresponds to a flat undulating surface. It is possible that changes on the surface within the area are due to the presence of lava only a few meters below the surface. This constitutes a front. The sub-unit takes surface form from volcanic rocks, mainly lavas, tuffs and ignimbrites covered by ash in varying thickness. The sequence flow of lavas rests on sedimentary rock. The lavas are of the andesitic type. Geomorphologically, this unit is not a valley. Nevertheless, for political, socio-economic reasons and various other kinds of references, it is preferable to continue calling this region the Central Valley. The correct technical name is Tectonic Pit, due to the presence of a fault along the foot of the Central Volcanic Sierra, which is evidenced by the existence of thermo-mineral sources. Also there is an abrupt interruption in the foothills that align with the fault as they descend from the Central Volcanic Sierra mountain range towards the valley. Additionally, there is the presence of an unexplained "volcanism" (Pacacua Formation) that corresponds with or nears the position of the fault.

Altitudes

Elevations above sea level for the urban centers in the districts of Goicoechea canton follow:

Guadalupe 3,950 feet (1.204 m)
San Francisco 3,845 feet (1.172 m)
Calle Blancos 3,889 feet (1.185 m)
Mata de Plátano 4,446 feet (1.355 m)
Ipís 4,400 feet (1.340 m)
Rancho Redondo 6,720 feet (2.048 m)

Hydrography

The fluvial system of the canton of Goicoechea follows Pacific slope, which belongs to the basin of the Grande de Tárcoles River.

The rivers that drain the region begin with the Purral River, with the Navarro River as its tributary as well as the Mozotal brook. The Purral river is a tributary of the Torres River along with the Cangrejos, Patalillo and Patal brooks, together with the Tiribí, Ipís, Durazno and Barreal streams. These watercourses, except for the Torres River, have their source in the canton, on the western slope of the Cabeza de Vaca Hill, and course east-to-west. The Torres, Tiribí, Durazno, Ipís flows, and the ravines Barreal and Patal serve as cantonal borders. The first borders with San José and Montes de Oca. The second borders with the Cartago province. The rivers Durazno and Ipís along with Vázquez de Coronado and the ravines, respectively border with the cantons of Moravia and Montes de Oca.

Relative to Costa Rica's Surface Area

The canton's maximum width is 12.43 miles (20 km), spreading northeast to southwest from the source of the Durazno River to the bridge over the Torres River, along National Highway No.5, which runs from San José to San Juan de Tibás.

Places of Interest

 The mountainous areas north of the canton in Rancho Redondo, Mata de Plátano and Ipís, that corresponds to the foothills of the Volcán Irazú
 La Iglesia de Guadalupe (Guadalupe Church)
 La Iglesia de San Francisco, made of brick and a national heritage site
 Novacentro Shopping Center
 El Dorado Mall
 The Guadalupe Shopping Center
 El Pueblo Shopping Center

Goicoechea Institutions

Goicoechea is home to important institutions of various kinds, both governmental and private, as well as a series of industries of great recognition, established mainly in the Calle Blancos industrial zone. Worthy to be noted are:

El II Circuito Judicial de San José,a branch of Corte Suprema de Justicia de Costa Rica (Supreme Court)
Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo (Courthouse)
Setena (Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental) (Environmental)
Escuela de enseñanza especial Centeno Güell (Special Education)
Refinadora Costarricense de Petróleo (Oil Refinery)
Ministerio de Trabajo (Labor Department)
Universidad Latinoamericana de las Ciencias y la Tecnología (ULACIT)(Higher Education)
Radisson Hotel
Tournón Hotel
La República Newspaper
Parque Empresarial del Este (Tariff-free zone located in Calle Blancos where multinational companies focus on outsourcing services. Established firms include Bank of America, Teletech, Tech Data and Amazon.)
La Católica Hospital
Industria de Café El Dorado (Coffee processing)
Coca Cola-FEMSA.
Telepuerto de Radiográfica Costarricense S.A (aka RACSA) (Telecommunications)
COFASA (Pharmaceutical)
Centro Médico Santa Clara (Healthcare)
Colegio Madre Del Divino Pastor (Private Education)

Social Challenges
The canton of Goicoechea has been characterized for being an area of important industrial and commercial development in the province of San José, Costa Rica's capital. An example of its importance may best be seen in that companies such as Motorola and Durman Esquivel remained located in the district of Calle Blancos along with Coca Cola-FEMSA bottling corporation for decades. The construction of the industrial complex Parque Empresarial del Este in the same district has added multinational accounts, namely Amazon, Bank of America, Teletech, among others to this list of growing companies that have increased the rate of employment in the area, while the infrastructure, especially roads, has remained unchanged, leading to excessive congestion.

Cantons of Costa Rica

Goicoechea (canton)


Baba Ishak, also spelled Baba Ishāq, Babaî, or Bābā'ī, a 13th-century preacher, led an uprising of the Turkoman of Anatolia against the Seljuq Sultanate of Rûm well known as Babai Revolt c. 1239 until he was hanged in 1241.

Background
It had a become a common practice on Turk lands under the Seljuk reign for these "baba's" to spread their "aggregated band of religiosity under the apparent guise of Sufism". "Their extra-Islamic beliefs and non-shari'atic practices had a major influence on Turkish masses, especially those who had remained superficially-Islamized Muslims. It was for the same reasons and in the same regions that these non-orthodox Sufis set out a series of clashes against orthodox Sunnite authorities". "Since the emergence of Babas, the religious distance between the non-orthodox Sufism and orthodox Islam continued to broaden. As the former enlarged their dominance, the tension between the two had grown. At the peak of this tension occurred the first and most severe clash of Anatolian history, known as the Babai Rebellion (1240) wherein Baba Ishak and his followers revolted against the Seljuk sultanate".

Key Events
When Kayqubad I became sultan, he had appointed "Mūhy'ad-Dîn Muhammad bin Ali bin Ahmad Tahīmī", an Iranian Shia as the kadı of Sivas. "Bābā Ishāk Kafarsudī" was the student of this bātīn'īyyah Sufi philosopher in Shiraz. According to Turkish historian Hüseyin Hüsameddin (1869-1939), Bābā Ishāk Kafarsudī was actually a member of "Binaz/Komnenos Dynasty" and planning to establish a Christian vassal state in Amasya for the "Komnenos Dynasty." He was disguising his true identity and preaching a creed of mixture of Muslim-Christian belief. According to Tahir Harimi Balcıoğlu, while attending the lectures of Mūhy'ad-Dīn in Shiraz, Bābā Ishāk Kafarsudī was appointed by "the President of the Nizārī Ismā'īlī state and Nizārī Ismā'īlī Da'i Â'zām Nūr'ad-Dīn Muhammad Sānī ibn Ḥasan ʿAlā of the Alamūt Hūkūmat-ee Malāheda-ee Bātīn'īyyah" as the Anatolian Da'i for the mission of the Shiʿa-ee Bātīn'īyyah.

According to Ibn Bibi, the celebrated Seljuk historian, Baba Ishaq was a Turkish holy man who practiced his gifted magic and its related arts like talismans. Having preached among Turkish tribes, he acquired a large number of followers, Turkmen and Christian alike, in various parts of Anatolia, and became one of the greatest Qalandar babas. Baba Ishak proclaimed himself as the prophet or the messiah, and thus was revered with the title Baba Rasul
Allah among his followers. His followers used to think that Baba Ishak was immortal. Baba's followers clearly wanted to get away from basic orthodox Islamic teaching and wanted to drink alcohol and pray with music. They did not want to go to mosques or fast in Ramadan. Hamad Subani has researched on this further and established a relation between their practices and those of early Jews and Christians.

As the dominance of his influence with this belief was growing enough, Baba excited his followers to do armed "jihad" (using an Islamic term to satisfy his personal objectives), against the sultan's regime. In the consequent clash, while the followers of Baba Ishak took over several prominent cities of the north eastern Anatolia, their Baba, so called, Rasool Allah,  was captured and executed (1240).

This uprising is claimed to have contributed to weakening of Seljuk empire eventually leading to takeover of much of Central and Eastern Anatolia by Mongols in 1243.

See also
  "Ebu'l Vefâ"
  "Dede Karkğın"
  "Ebû'l-Bekâ Baba İlyâs"
  "Babâîlik"

Notes

Sources
Claude Cahen, "Bābā'ī," Encyclopaedia of Islam, edited by P. Bearman, et al. (Brill, 2007).
Claude Cahen, Pre-Ottoman Turkey: a general survey of the material and spiritual culture and history, trans. J. Jones-Williams (New York: Taplinger, 1968), 136-7.
Speros Vryonis, The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century (University of California Press, 1971), 134.

1241 deaths
Year of birth unknown
People from the Sultanate of Rum
Executed Turkish people
People executed by Turkey by hanging
Turkish Alevis

Baba Ishak


The Facultad de Filosofía y Letras (School of Philosophy and Literature) or FFyL of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) administers eleven divisions of the humanities offering undergraduate and graduate degrees. The Department is one of the largest, and most renowned, literature faculties in the Spanish-speaking world; the Alma Mater of Nobel Laureate Octavio Paz and a number of other important figures in Latin American literature.

History
The direct ancestor of Department was the High Studies National School, founded in 1910 by Justo Sierra as an attempt to establish graduate level degrees and research. The School itself was created fourteen year later hosting four majors: Sciences, Philosophy, Literature, and Historic Sciences. The Department has always been one of the most dynamic schools at the university, adding additional majors along with separating Sciences programs into a new department.

Organization
The School is run by the Dean, currently Jorge Enrique Linares Salgado, PhD., and is divided into eleven divisions offering undergraduate and graduate degrees:

 History
 Classic Philology
 Pedagogy (Education)
 Latin American Studies
 Hispanic Philology
 Philosophy
 Geography
 Theater and Dramatic Literature
 Modern Literature (Italian, German, French, Portuguese, and English)
 Library Science
 Intercultural Development and Management

Location and facilities

The School is located in Ciudad Universitaria in Mexico City, housed in one main complex near the Law School and the Main Library. Department faculty conduct joint research projects with the Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas (IIE) and the Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas (IIF). Recently there has also been collaborations with the School of Engineering to develop Media, Arts, and Technology projects.

Graduate programs

Graduate programs are offered in each division, and co-sponsor educational and research programs with other faculties at institutes all over the country.

Famous alumni

Well-known figures of Mexican and Spanish language literature, culture, and philosophy who have either graduated from the Department, or worked therein:

 Emilio Carballido
 Rosario Castellanos
 Germán Dehesa
 Fernando del Paso
 Elena Garro
 Alberto Gironella
 Margo Glantz
 Jorge Ibargüengoitia
 Carlos Monsiváis
 Thelma Nava
 Octavio Paz
 Jaime Sabines
 Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez
 Luis Villoro
 Ramón Xirau
 Hector Zagal

References

External links
, official website

National Autonomous University of Mexico

School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM