The National Military Academy of Afghanistan (NMAA) ( ) was one of three academic institutions of the Marshal Fahim National Defense University. It was a four-year military development institution dedicated to commissioning officers for the Afghan National Army (ANA) and the Afghan Air Force (AAF). The mission of the NMAA was to produce officers for the Afghan Armed Forces that also have a four-year college level bachelor's degree. The academy was based upon the United States Military Academy and United States Air Force Academy. After the fall of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan on August 15, 2021, to the Taliban, and the simultaneous collapse of the Afghan National Army and Afghan Air Force the same day, the Academy was officially shut down.

Academics
All cadets who graduated from NMAA receive a bachelor's degree, which are being offered in English language, Civil Engineering, Computer Science, Management, and Law (Islamic, statutory and customary).

All cadets studied English for four years based on the American Language Course written by the Defense Language Institute English Language Center. Instruction also included conversation classes and interactive multimedia instruction.

Cadets participated in morning physical fitness training and afternoon sports intramurals as part of their officer training.

Military training
All cadets were commissioned as second lieutenants in the Afghan National Army or Afghan Air Force in one of its branch schools. Currently the emphasis is on training the ANA instructors so that they will be able to continue training other recruits in the future. From mid-2010 to mid-2011, NMAA expanded the number of schools from eight to twelve. The current list of schools is Armor, Artillery, Human Resources, Signal, Infantry, Engineer, Legal, Military Police, Logistics, Religious/Cultural Affairs, Intelligence and Finance.

Armor School
France and Greece ran the ANA Armor School. They were primarily responsible for mentoring the mechanized brigade of the ANA, namely the 3rd Brigade of the 201st Corps stationed in Jalalabad and the 3rd Brigade of the 111th Capital Division stationed in Kabul. 3 - 111 Brigade "was declared by many Marines as the best brigade in the entire ANA." The ANAs mechanised units had limited stocks of vehicles. In 2005, they received 10 M113A2s. They also have limited stocks of older Russian armor including T-55 and T-62 main battle tanks. In 2009, it was reported that the 3rd Brigade of the 201st Corps was being operated as infantry due to a lack of maintenance capability for its heavy equipment. The 207th Corps also operates a mechanised Brigade, though its stock of equipment and abilities are unknown. As of 2011, the NATO training mission in Afghanistan reported continuing fielding of M113s to the ANA.

Artillery School

Opened in October 2010, the Artillery School as of 2011 was still rated as requiring ISAF oversight in training and support. The cadets undertake training using the 122mm D30 Howitzer due to their simplicity and the fact that some were left behind by the Soviet Ground Forces. The D-30 has an effective range of 15.4 km.

The Artillery School will offer nine different courses for ANA soldiers in the ranks of E-1 through O-4. Courses include the artillery captains career course, the artillery basic officer course, three basic courses, three squad leader courses, and a platoon sergeant course. Course instruction is broken down into three key disciplines: fire direction, fire support and guns. Additionally, students will receive instruction on artillery tactics, command leadership and management, gun-mounted vehicle movement in battery formation, radio procedures, map reading and navigation. Each cadet also receives literacy and numeracy training of approximately 68 hours.

In April 2011, the school graduated its first class of 55 students from their 11-week basic artillery course. They then entered a further nine weeks training at the Consolidated Fielding Centre prior to joining combat units. At any one time the school typically has 440 students undertaking one of its 9 courses. the aim is to provide artillery training to 2100 officers and soldiers within 12 months, which translates to approximately 23 artillery batteries for the ANA. In modern armies, an artillery battery typically has 6 - 8 howitzers commanded by a Captain or Major.

The Artillery School is partnered with the U.S. Army Fires Center of Excellence at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. As the cadets are sent to the field the training mission will convert to one of maintaining readiness and improving on skills. While some D-30 Howitzers were left in the country by the Soviet Army, the exact number in ANA possession is unknown. From August to December 2011 the ANA took delivery of 60 D-30s under the NATO - Howitzer Donation Program from the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Advanced indirect fire training is now a focus of the training of the Artillery School to enable them to support infantry operations.

As of September 2013 the ANA is in possession of 152 D30 howitzers, the supply of which is being coordinated by Picatinny Arsenal, the US military center for excellence in Artillery. This will rise to 204 systems eventually. They also have to provide training on the operation and maintenance of the weapon system, and they have established a refurbishment capability in Afghanistan that is allowing Afghan workers to refurbish additional howitzers.

The Artillery School has recently started to train ANA cadets and soldiers in the use of the American 155mm M198 howitzer, which is meant to be phased out of operation by the US and Australian military. This will be a significant increase in capabilities for an ANA artillery battery as the M198 has an increased range of 22.4 km and can fire a broader range of ammunition types including a Rocket Assisted Projectile which increases its range to 30 km. The US has already supplied excess M198 to the modernisation of the Iraqi military.

Signal School
The National Military Academy Signal School opened in 2010 is based in the Kabul Military Training Centre to the north east of Kabul. The school was led by mentors from Finland, Sweden, Norway, United Kingdom, Canada and the United States who supplied signals instructors. Each student partakes in a six-week course of instruction and literacy training.

The school's role has since evolved into developing several courses for senior NCOs, training Afghan Army Corps headquarters signals staff, and teaching specialist skills such as cabling, computer networking, maintenance, communications planning and satellite systems.

In 2011 a new signal school has also been planned at Camp Shaheen near Mazar-e-Sharif in northern Afghanistan.

Engineer School
The Primary role of the Engineer School is to supply suitably qualified cadets and soldiers to the newly formed ANA Combat Support Organisations.

Personal character

Traditionally, military leaders in Afghanistan have been loyal to either the national leader or, more often, their local tribal leader.  Their allegiances have been to their tribe, to their province, to the country, and their religion, in that order.  The academy had undertaken the task of developing the cadet's loyalty to the 2004 Constitution of Afghanistan, rather than any one individual.  Another philosophy was training the cadets to understand that there are circumstances when it is acceptable to disobey orders when that order is in conflict with the national constitution.

Cadets are bound to an honor code in which they pledge not to cheat, lie, steal or conspire to deceive.

Role of the Coalition
The United States has taken the lead in providing advisors and funding to the Academy through Combined Security Transition Command - Afghanistan (CSTC-A).  The team consists of 6 to 20 members at any given time with the responsibility of mentoring academy leadership, staff sections, academic departments and sports teams.

Turkey provided a team of academic mentors to the academy and had assisted in establishing a Turkish Language program, computer science department and mathematics department.  They have also provided funding for the establishment of recreational facilities.

France and Germany had provided some assistance in developing language courses at the academy.

Unlike most embedded training teams, the coalition teams present at the academy frequently have female officers and NCOs in order to demonstrate the capabilities of women in the military.

Female enrollment
The academy had about 40 female students enrolled in medical studies.  This co-ed major enabled females to study on campus, although they are housed in dormitories at a non-military university in the area.  The academy anticipated having 10% female population enrolled as cadets by 2017.

Relationship with foreign military academies
Afghan military leaders conducted an international study in which they visited Kara Harp Okulu (the Turkish Military Academy); Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, the service academy of the United Kingdom; and the United States Military Academy at West Point.

The Afghans selected the U.S. to be the model for their academy.  Afghan military leaders visited West Point twice, in the spring of 2004 and 2005, to understand how West Point integrates the developmental activities in the Academic, Military, Physical and Moral-Ethical areas to produce graduates who are prepared for the challenges of leading soldiers.

The United States Air Force Academy was providing mentors for their developing Air Force program.

Reconstruction
The site of the academy is at the previous Air Academy that was established by the Soviet Union when they occupied Afghanistan through the 1980s.  The site was nearly destroyed during the years of civil war and the coalition invasion of October 2001.

The United States and Turkey have taken the lead in reconstructing the site while planning and developing the future site of the academy in the Qargheh section of Kabul.  The estimated cost of the reconstruction is around $100 million.

Cadets at West Point assisted in the creation of a distributed application for the purpose of managing grades for the Afghan cadets. The building officially shut down on August 15, 2021.

See also
List of universities in Afghanistan
List of Afghan Armed Forces installations

External links
National Military Academy of Afghanistan
Air Force Print News
Army Public Affairs
Global Security
ASCE Publications
New York Times
USMA Public Affairs

References

Military academies
Universities and colleges in Kabul
Educational institutions established in 2005
2005 establishments in Afghanistan
Academies
Academy


Ahmed Ali   (1 July 1910 in Delhi – 14 January 1994 in Karachi) () was a famous Pakistani author, translator and diplomat. He wrote novels, short stories and poems. He wrote in both Urdu (Pakistan's national language) and in English.

He was born in Delhi, British India and later migrated to Pakistan after national independence in 1947. In 1932, he had helped write Angaray (Coals) a collection of short stories written by him and some other 'progressive' writers. Later, he wrote his most famous novel Twilight in Delhi (1940), and then Purple Gold Mountain (poems, 1960), Ocean of Night (novel, 1962), Rats and Diplomats (novel, 1984) and The Prison-House (short stories, 1985). He also translated some portions of the Quran from Arabic to English and also some Urdu poems by early poets, like Mirza Ghalib.

During the 1950s and 1960s Ali also worked as a diplomat at the Pakistani embasses in Moscow (Russia) and Morocco and in China.

Ahmad Ali did not write very much after the start of military rule in Pakistan by General Zia ul Haq, in 1977. After the late 1980s, he was an old and sick man and died in 1995

References

1910 births
1994 deaths
Translators
Pakistani writers
Pakistani diplomats
Disease-related deaths in Pakistan

Ahmad Ali


(1578–1658), also known as Genpaku Sōtan 元伯宗旦, was the grandson of the famed figure in Japanese cultural history, Sen no Rikyū. He is remembered as Rikyū's third-generation successor in Kyoto through whose efforts and by whose very being, as the blood-descendant of Rikyū, the ideals and style of Japanese tea ceremony proposed by Rikyū were able to be passed forward by the family.

Biography
He was the son of Sen Shōan and Okame, a daughter of Rikyū, and is counted as the third generation in the three lines of the Sen family known together as the san-Senke (see Schools of Japanese tea ceremony).  He helped to popularize tea in Japan. It was in the generation of his children, Sōsa, Sōshitsu and Sōshu, that the three lines of the family—the Omotesenke, Urasenke and Mushakōjisenke—were established, with these three sons, respectively, as their heads of house. They are counted as the fourth generation in the respective lines.

He had the original tea house constructed on the north side of the Sen residence and named it name Konnichi-an (今日庵 , "Hut of This Day").

At around the age of ten, he was sent to live at Daitoku-ji temple, through the wish of his grandfather, Rikyū. He lived at the sub-temple Sangen'in, under the supervision of the priest Shunoku Sōen. During the years following Rikyū's death, when the Sen family was disbanded and Sōtan's father found shelter with the daimyō Gamō Ujisato in distant Aizu Wakamatsu, Sōtan was able to stay safely at Daitoku-ji temple. When his father was at last permitted to return to Kyoto and reestablish the Kyoto Sen family, Sōtan left the priesthood and returned to his family. His father soon left the headship of the family to Sōtan, and moved out.

Sōtan had two sons by his first wife, and after her death, two more sons by his second wife. He had a falling out with his oldest son, and consequently there are only very scanty records concerning that son. Sōtan arranged for his second son, Ichiō Sōshu, to be adopted into the family of a lacquer ware artisan at a young age. Sōshu, however, later on chose to carry on the tea tradition of his forefather, Rikyū, and built a tea house where he was living at on Mushakōji street, to dedicate himself to that pursuit. He gave up the lacquer business to the lacquer ware artisan Nakamura Sōtetsu. This represents the birth of the Nakamura Sōtetsu line of lacquer ware artisans who have been responsible for much of the lacquer ware of the Sen families, as well as the birth of the Mushakōjisenke (Mushakōji Sen house/family) line of the Sen family. Meanwhile, Sōtan had his third son, Kōshin Sōsa, become heir to the Sen house, which eventually came to be referred to as the Omotesenke (front Sen house/family), while he set up his retirement quarters on adjacent property. Sōtan had his fourth and youngest son, Sensō Sōshitsu, adopted into the family of a doctor, but after a few years the doctor died and so Sōshitsu returned to live with Sōtan. Eventually, he became heir to the retirement quarters, and the family there came to be known as the Urasenke (rear Sen house/family).

Also, among Sōtan's chanoyu followers, there were four who were especially close and active in the world of chanoyu. They are referred to as Sōtan's "Four Heavenly Kings" (四天王, Shitennō). They were Fujimura Yōken (1613–99), Sugiki Fusai (1628–1706), Yamada Sōhen (1627–1708), and Kusumi Soan (1636–1728). Some listings, however, consider that rather than Kusumi Soan, the fourth was either Miyake Bōyō (1580–1649) or Matsuo Sōji (1579–1658).

References

Daijirin, 2nd Ed.
Daijisen, 1st. Ed.
Kōjien, 5th Ed.

1578 births
1658 deaths
Japanese tea masters

Sen no Sōtan


Super Smash Bros. (also known as SSB, Smash Bros. or Smash) is a fighting game franchise created by Nintendo. There are five titles in total and features a wide cast of characters from Nintendo. Some of them were featured from third-party games. It has been incredibly successful and has garnered a large competitive electronic sports community.

History
Super Smash Bros. was first released in 1999 for the Nintendo 64. The game later got four sequels: Super Smash Bros. Melee for the Nintendo GameCube in 2001, Super Smash Bros. Brawl for the Wii in 2008, Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U for the Nintendo 3DS and Wii U in 2014, and Super Smash Bros. Ultimate for Nintendo Switch in 2018.

Gameplay
One of the options in the series uses typical health points, as in most fighting games, but the standard option in most entries is that each fighter in Super Smash Bros. has a percent value. Each fighter starts at 0 percent. When a fighter is hit, they take damage by raising this percent value. The higher that the percent value is, the easier it will be to knock them off the map. The goal of the game is to knock your opponent off of the stage a certain amount of times. Each game in the series has a wide variety of playable stages, characters and game modes. At the beginning of the game, players are limited to a smaller cast of characters to choose from, but can unlock the rest of the characters by completing certain tasks, achievements or just after playing for long enough. The characters have different abilities and attacks, but are used by pushing the same buttons—A is for normal attacks, and B is for special abilities or attacks (such as hitting harder or shooting things). These buttons can be used be used in combination with tilting the analog stick in different directions to use different variations of these abilities or different attacks entirely. Normal attacks used with a quickly flicked analog stick can be used to pull off a smash attack (a powerful attack, usually used for launching your opponent off the stage). The controller triggers can be used to shield, which blocks damage from opponents for a few seconds, until it breaks. Players can also use the controller triggers to grab opponents and throw them. A combination of different attacks and abilities can be used to pull off a combo, where the player traps the opponent in a combination of attacks for high damage. There are many complex techniques and tier lists created by the competitive community of the Super Smash Bros. series.

Items and stages
In some game modes, players can use randomly appearing items to help them damage or KO their opponent. Some of these items include bombs, peaches, baseball bats, assist trophies (which temporarily produces an AI character that attacks opponents), and Smash Balls (which allows the player to unleash a powerful Final Smash attack). Players can choose stages to play on. Most of the stages are based on places in other Nintendo games, such as Mario, Donkey Kong, The Legend of Zelda and EarthBound, but others (such as the Final Destination stage) are from Super Smash Bros. In later games, player also have the choice to choose out of 3 different stage versions for every stage. These include the default stage, an Omega version (which turns off items, removes obstacles and makes the stage perfectly flat, so that the stage mimics the Final Destination stage) and a Battlefield version (which turns off items, makes the stage perfectly flat but adds three static platforms above it, so that the stage mimics the Battlefield stage). This feature has been added due to the popularity of using no items on a relatively empty stage in competitive tournaments of the games.

Characters

The Smash Bros. series has many characters from many different video games. Most of these are from Nintendo games. Starting with Super Smash Bros. Brawl, characters that were not from Nintendo games were added, such as Solid Snake and Sonic the Hedgehog.

Stages

There are many stages in Super Smash Bros. Many characters have stages and some stages aren't tied to a character at all.

References

Super Smash Bros. (series)


The Yalu River one of the two rivers that make up the China-North Korea border. It is also one of the two rivers that comes from Mount Paektu, the mountain on the China-North Korea border, and it empties into Korea Bay. The origin of the name is unknown. Linguists believe yalu either comes from Manchu meaning "between two places" or from Mandarin meaning "duck green".

Since the easiest way to leave North Korea is through the China-North Korea border, many North Korean defectors have crossed this river to escape North Korea. However, it has become more difficult to escape the country since the government has sent more guards, more electric fences, and more traps on its borders.

Rivers of China
Geography of North Korea

Yalu River


Hasson Heights is a census-designated place (CDP) in Venango County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,351 at the 2010 census.

Geography
Hasson Heights is located at . Locally, it is considered to be the area atop the hills above the "North Side" of Oil City, the northern half of the city as divided by the Allegheny River.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , all  land.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,495 people, 593 households, and 447 families residing in the CDP. The population density was . There were 609 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.33% White, 0.60% African American, 0.07% Native American, 0.07% from other races, and 0.94% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.54% of the population.

There were 593 households, out of which 32.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.2% were married couples living together, 8.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.6% were non-families. 22.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.92.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 26.8% under the age of 18, 4.7% from 18 to 24, 24.5% from 25 to 44, 26.0% from 45 to 64, and 18.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.5 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $37,986, and the median income for a family was $49,375. Males had a median income of $39,632 versus $24,773 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $20,088. About 7.0% of families and 7.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.8% of those under age 18 and 4.4% of those age 65 or over.

References

Census-designated places in Venango County, Pennsylvania
Census-designated places in Pennsylvania

Hasson Heights, Pennsylvania


Star Wars: The Old Republic: Revan is part of the Star Wars expanded universe. Written by Drew Karpyshyn and released on November 15, 2011, Revan fills in the gaps between the RPG games Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic and Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II - The Sith Lords, as well as providing a backstory for events in the MMORPG Star Wars: The Old Republic.

Characters
 Revan, Jedi Master (human male)
 Lord Scourge, Sith Apprentice, later the Emperor's Wrath (Sith male)
 Meetra Surik, Jedi Knight (human female)
 Canderous Ordo, Mandalorian mercenary (human male)
 Bastila Shan, Jedi Knight (human female)
 T3-M4, astromech (droid)
 Darth Nyriss, member of the Dark Council (Sith female)
 Sechel, adviser to Darth Nyriss (Sith male)
 Murtog, security chief to Darth Nyriss (human male)
 Darth Xedrix, member of the Dark Council (human male)
 The Sith Emperor, identified as Lord Vitiate (Sith male)
 Vella Ordo, Mandalorian (Female)

Plot
The novel begins two years after the events of Knights of the Old Republic and begins with Revan living on Coruscant, now married to Bastila Shan, on the outs with the Jedi Order and experiencing horrible insomnia due to nightmares he believes are part of his forgotten past as the Sith Lord Darth Revan.  Desperate for information on his past he tries to get in contact with a former subordinate of his from the Mandalorian Wars named Meetra Surik (The Exile, the main character from Knights of the Old Republic II – The Sith Lords) but finds out that she had been dismissed from the Jedi Order and has left Republic space. A meeting with his old friend Canderous Ordo provides Revan with another chance to regain his memories; a group of Mandalorians are searching for the mask of Mandalore The Ultimate, the traditional leader of the Mandalorian people. The mask was taken by Revan after defeating Mandalore and hidden away to prevent the Mandalorians from regrouping and to break their spirit. Before leaving, he learns from Bastila that she is pregnant; despite her protests Revan convinces her to stay as he doesn't know how long he will be gone.

On the planet Dromund Kaas and unbeknownst to the Republic, the Sith Empire has rebuilt itself after being driven away by the Republic a thousand years earlier. A Sith Apprentice named Scourge is caught up in a rivalry between members of the Sith's Dark Council and is eventually employed by Darth Nyriss to root out traitors and threats to her safety. Scourge carries out his duties, despite growing concerns that Nyriss is trying to have him killed. After earning Nyriss's trust by killing Darth Xedrix, the Sith Master confides in Scourge her plan to overthrow the Emperor as she believes he is insane and will bring ruin to the Sith Empire. She takes Scourge to the Emperor's homeworld of Nathema, which he finds completely devoid of life and the Force. Nyriss explains that a thousand years ago, a Sith Lord impregnated a farmer's wife who gave birth to the Emperor. Known then as Lord Vitiate, he eventually killed his parents once the truth of his parentage was revealed and through violence and terror eventually drove out the ruling Sith Lord. And after this, he became the new ruler of Nathema. After the Sith Empire lost their war against the Republic it was Lord Vitiate who picked up the pieces and held the Empire together. Scheming to obtain immortality, he and other Sith performed a ritual that killed every living thing on the planet (the other Sith included) and transferred their life energy to Vitiate. Nyriss fears that the Emperor plans to invade the Republic and risk the stability of the Empire as well as the well-being of the remaining Sith species, who were mercilessly hunted down by the Jedi.

After locating Mandalore's mask, Revan learns of Nathema from a recording he left behind that tells him that Mandalore the Ultimate was manipulated by Sith to attack the Republic. Upon arriving at Nathema, Revan's ship The Ebon Hawk is shot down and Revan is captured by Scourge and Nyriss. Revan's droid, T3-M4 manages to eventually repair the ship and head back towards Republic space.

The book then jumps forward three years, right after the events of The Sith Lords. Meetra Surik arrives at the home of Bastila Shan and with T3-M4 in tow shows Bastila a recording T3 made of Revan being abducted by Sith. Although jealous of the relationship Meetra and Revan had, she is relieved to hear that Meetra is set on retracing Revan's path and finding him. She arrives on Nathema and after searching through a municipal building learns of Dromund Kaas and sets out for the planet. Arriving on Dromund Kaas, she passes herself off as a mercenary and eventually makes contact with Scourge who after seeing Nathema and talking with Revan has agreed that the Emperor is a danger to the Sith and must be stopped. After Scourge has leaked information to the Emperor that Nyriss is a traitor, the Emperor decides to purge the entire Dark Council and sets his personal army upon them. During the chaos Scourge and Meetra manage to free Revan from his cell. Meetra gives Revan the mask that he wore during the Mandalorian Wars; upon wearing the mask all of Revan's memories return to him. After the end of the Mandalorian Wars, Revan and his friend Malak went out in search of the Sith Empire, but due to their corruption during the war, they were susceptible to the Emperor's will and were converted to the Dark Side and sent back to weaken the Republic so the Sith Empire could return and take over, sparking the events of Knights of the Old Republic and The Sith Lords. Meetra and Scourge are attacked by Nyriss, but before she can kill them Revan approaches them and effortlessly kills the Sith Lord by directing her force lightning back into her. This scene tells of Revan's power.

After resting and watching a message from Bastila and his son Vaner, whose name Revan realizes is an anagram of his own name, the three set out to eliminate the Emperor. However, after trying to learn the ways of the Jedi, Scourge has visions where he sees a Jedi Knight and the Emperor. The three fight their way to the Emperor's throne room and Revan engages the Emperor in combat. Meanwhile, Meetra and Scourge fight the guards. The Emperor is frighteningly powerful and nearly overwhelms Revan, and is only stopped when T3 sets the Emperor on fire with his flamethrower. The Emperor directs his lightning at T3, annihilating the faithful little droid. After this, Scourge and Meetra rush to Revan's aid. At this moment Scourge receives another vision; he is seeing the death of the Emperor at the hands of a Jedi Knight, but it is neither Meetra nor Revan. Understanding what needs to be done, Scourge stabs Meetra in the back, killing her instantly. A shocked Revan is distracted by this for a moment, and Vitiate then nearly electrocutes Revan to death. The Emperor demands an explanation from Scourge, and he lies to the Emperor saying this was all a ruse to flush out every traitor in the Empire. Vitiate orders Scourge to finish the job as a test of loyalty. Scourge obeys without hesitation, but is stopped by the Emperor before he can perform the coup de grâce. Vitiate says that Scourge has proven himself and makes him his personal enforcer, the Emperor's Wrath. Revan is placed in a suspension tank where he is constantly interrogated and tortured by the Emperor for information; unknown to the Emperor is that Revan is able to slightly impose his will upon him and intends to slow down his planned invasion of the Republic as long as he can so Bastila and his son will never see war. Scourge is rewarded with the Emperor's gift of immortality, though it is very painful and eventually robs him of all feeling.

The book concludes many decades later with an elderly Bastila conversing with her son. They talk of Revan, and Vaner wonders if his father would have been disappointed that he never joined the Jedi Order but went into politics instead. Bastila assures him that he did the right thing, and that despite not knowing Revan's fate she knows he succeeded because they were still alive and the darkness that Revan feared never came to pass. Bastila then goes to sleep, dreaming of her lost husband.

Reception
The Old Republic: Revan reached 8 on the New York Times bestseller list on December 4, 2011.

References

External links

Drew Karpyshyn's Website

2011 Canadian novels
2011 science fiction novels
Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic novels
Star Wars Legends novels
Canadian science fiction novels
Del Rey books
Fiction about memory erasure and alteration

Star Wars: The Old Republic: Revan


Dame Mabel Flora Miller, DBE (30 November 1906 – 30 December 1978) was an Australian lawyer and politician. She was the first woman elected to the Hobart City Council and one of the first two women to be elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly.

Early life
Born in Broken Hill, the second child of South Australian-born parents, Joseph Christian Goodhart, a draper, and Alice Mary Humphries Goodhart, she was raised in Adelaide. She was educated at Girton House Girls' Grammar School and received her LLB from the University of Adelaide in 1927, going on to practice as a barrister in Sydney and London.

She married Alan John Richmond Miller (died 1965) on 24 July 1930 at St. George's Anglican Church, Hobart. They settled in Tasmania and had a daughter.

Military and community service
During World War II, Mabel Miller served in the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF); from 1941 to 1944 she was stationed on airbases around Australia. After the war she was active in the Australian Red Cross Society, the Queen Alexandra Hospital, and the Mary Ogilvy Homes Society. She served as president of the National Council of Women of Tasmania from 1952 to 1954.

Political career
Miller decided to enter local politics when she heard there was mismanagement occurring in the Hobart City Council. She was elected to the council in 1952; she spent 20 years on the council her first sitting ended in 1955 when she was elected to the House of Assembly in 1955 as the member for Franklin. Amelia Best was also elected in 1955. She remained in parliament until 1964. After her time in parliament she returned to the council, serving as deputy mayor from 1964 to 1970; she unsuccessfully stood for mayor in 1970, and resigned in 1972.

In 1967 she was the Australian representative on the United Nations' Status of Women Commission, and an Australian delegate to the General Assembly of the United Nations.

Damehood and recognition
Miller was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire for "distinguished public service" on 1 January 1967.

In 2009 Miller was posthumously inducted to the Tasmanian Honour Roll of Women for service to Government and to the Community.

Death
Dame Mabel Miller died on 30 December 1978, in a New Town, Tasmania nursing home, aged 72, from undisclosed causes, and was cremated.

References

External links
Biography

1906 births
1978 deaths
Adelaide Law School alumni
Australian barristers
Australian Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Tasmania
Members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly
People from Broken Hill, New South Wales
Australian women in World War II
Politicians from Hobart
20th-century Australian politicians
20th-century Australian women politicians
Women members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly

Mabel Miller


Bass or Basses may mean:

Music and other sound
 Low frequency part of the sound spectrum (see also Low Frequency Effects, (LFE))
 Bass (sound), describing bass in terms of tone and musicality

Musical instruments
 Double bass, the largest and lowest pitched bowed string instrument
 Electric upright bass, the electric version of a double bass
 Bass guitar, generally with a solid body
 Acoustic bass guitar, with a hollow body
 Bass drum, a large drum
 Tuba, often called "the bass" in the context of brass instruments
 Bass clarinet a clarinet with a lower sound
 Bass cornett, a low pitched wind instrument
 Bass flute, an instrument one octave lower than a flute
 Bass sarrusophone, a low pitched double reed instrument
 Bass saxophone

Musical genres
 Drum and bass, a type of electronic dance music
 Miami bass, a type of hip hop music
 Ghettotech, or Detroit Bass, a form of electronic dance music
 Techno Bass, a blend of Miami bass and Detroit techno
 Drill 'n bass, a form of electronic dance music

Other musical areas
 Bass (vocal range), a male singer who sings in the deepest vocal range
 Figured bass, a kind of integer musical notation
 F clef or bass clef
 Bass note, the lowest note in a chord
 Bassline, an instrumental part which is in the bass range
 "Basses", is the third movement of Mike Oldfield's Tubular Bells 2003 album

People with the surname Bass
 Bass (surname)

Places
 Bass Rock, wildlife sanctuary off the coast of Scotland
 Bass, Victoria, a town in Australia
 Division of Bass, a federal electoral division, in Australia
 Division of Bass (state), state electoral division, in Australia
 Bass Strait, in Australia
 Bass Pyramid, island in Bass Strait
 Basses, Vienne a Commune of the Vienne department in France
 Bass, West Virginia
 Bass River (disambiguation)

Other
 Bass (fish), various freshwater and saltwater species
 Bass (beer), a British brand of beer
 Beneath a Steel Sky, a videogame
 Bass diffusion model, a mathematical marketing model
 Bass (Mega Man), a character in the video game Mega Man
 Bass Armstrong, a character from the video game Dead or Alive
 G. H. Bass, a shoemaker, especially of loafers
 Bass Anglers Sportsmen Society (B.A.S.S.)

Bass


Annika Maria Lundqvist (born 14 October 1963) is a Swedish actress and comedian. Born in Gothenburg, Lundqvist studied acting at the Gothenburg Theatre Academy and has since been acting at various Swedish theatres, including the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm.

Her breakthrough as a comedian came when she portrayed a comic character named Sally in a TV-show with the same name in 1998. She has also starred in musicals in Sweden. For her film acting, she has received two Guldbagge awards. She had a leading role in the 2015 comedy film En underbar jävla jul.

She has four children, one of them is actor Anton Lundqvist.

Selected filmography

References

External links

Swedish actresses
1963 births
Living people
Best Actress Guldbagge Award winners
Best Supporting Actress Guldbagge Award winners
People from Gothenburg

Maria Lundqvist


Until 1 January 2007 Tjele municipality was a municipality (Danish, kommune) in the former Viborg County on the Jutland peninsula in northern Denmark.  The municipality covered an area of 273 km², and had a total population of 8,641 (2005).  Its last mayor was Anna Margrethe Kaalund. The main town and the site of its municipal council was the town of Ørum.

Tjele municipality ceased to exist as the result of Kommunalreformen ("The Municipality Reform" of 2007).  It was merged with Bjerringbro, Fjends, Karup, Møldrup, and Viborg municipalities to form an enlarged Viborg municipality.  This created a municipality with an area of 1,390 km² and a total population of 88,945 (2005).  The municipality belongs to Region Midtjylland ("Mid-Jutland Region").

External links

 Viborg municipality's official website (Danish only)

References
 Municipal statistics: NetBorger Kommunefakta, delivered from KMD aka Kommunedata (Municipal Data)
 Municipal mergers and neighbors: Eniro new municipalities map

Former municipalities of Denmark

Tjele Municipality


Evidences and Reconciliations: Aids to Faith in a Modern Day is a Mormon apologetic book by John A. Widtsoe. Originally published in 1943 by Bookcraft, the book was a reprint of Widtsoe's column of the same name, which regularly appeared in Improvement Era, an official magazine of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Widtsoe was a scientist and an apostle of the LDS Church.

The first edition of Evidences and Reconciliations contained Widtsoe first 68 columns, which generally consisted of answers to reader questions on difficult or challenging doctrinal matters. The first edition was published in three separate volumes.

The book became popular within the LDS Church and has been republished several times. A three-volumes-in-one edition edited by G. Homer Durham was first published in 1960.

External links

1943 books
1943 in Christianity
LDS non-fiction
Mormon apologetics
Works originally published in the Improvement Era
Bookcraft books
Works by apostles (LDS Church)

Evidences and Reconciliations


Russell Alberto Bufalino (October 29, 1903 – February 25, 1994) also known as "McGee" and "The Old Man", was a Sicilian-born American mobster. He was born in Sicily, Italy. He became the boss of the Northeastern Pennsylvania crime family known as the Bufalino crime family. He was leader of the organization from 1959 to 1989.

Bufalino died of a heart attack on February 25, 1994 in Kingston, Pennsylvania, aged 90.

Other websites
 "The American 'Mafia'—Who Was Who: Rosario 'Russell' Bufalino"
 The Irishman and the Quiet Don by Mike La Sorte, Professor Emeritus
 The New York Times: "2 Accused of a Plot to Murder Witness"

1903 births
1994 deaths
People from Sicily
American mobsters
Criminals from Pennsylvania

Russell Bufalino


The Dodge Charger is an American full-size car. They are marketed through the Dodge division of Chrysler. Several different vehicles built on at least three different chassis have had the Charger name.

History
Notable years in Charger history are:

1966 through 1968
The Dodge Charger first premiered with the 1966 models. Dodge added a fastback roof on their Coronet (B-body). Inside there were four bucket seats with a full length console. Engines included the 318 cid (cubic inch displacement), the 361 cid, 383 cid and a 426 Hemi. Transmissions included a three-speed manual, four-speed manual and Torqueflite automatic. In 1968 the Charger was restyled to improve sales. But as the muscle car era was nearly over, sales went down.

1975 through 1978
Dodge introduced the Charger SE in 1975. It was a clone of the Chrysler Cordoba. Like the Cordoba it was a luxury car. The base engine was the 360 cid. The 318 cid and the 400 cid engines were optional. A new  new Charger Daytona model was available with larger tires. It had no resemblance to the NASCAR Daytona Charger. In 1975 Dodge chargers won 14 NASCAR Grand National races. But they did it in 1974 Chargers. The 1975 Chargers were just too heavy. In 1978 Chrysler was facing financial troubles. Lee Iacocca turned Chrysler around and by 1983 the company was making money again.

2006 to 2014
The Dodge Charger was re-introduced in 2006. The new Charger is a four-door sedan. It rides on the new rear-wheel drive LX platform sharing similarities with the Chrysler 300. In 2011 the next generation was launched. The styling of the 2011 was like the late 1960s muscle car Chargers. The Pentastar 3.6 liter V6 was the base engine. The 292 hp V6 engine got 21 mpg city and 31 mpg on the highway using an 8-speed automatic transmission. The combination could move the Charger from 0-60 mph in 6.6 seconds. It was available in rear-wheel drive or  all-wheel drive.

References

1960s automobiles
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles

Dodge Charger


The Diary of Friedrich Kellner is a journal written during the Second World War. The author, August Friedrich Kellner, was a justice inspector in the courthouse in Mainz. He was also a political activist for the Social Democratic Party of Germany between 1918 and 1933. After Hitler banned the party, the family moved to Laubach.

When Hitler ordered the invasion of Poland in September 1939, Kellner began his secret diary. He named his diary "Mein Widerstand," which means "My Opposition."  In the diary, he wrote down what he saw and heard about what happened in Nazi Germany. He wrote it so that people later would know about it.

The diary has ten volumes, with a total of 861 pages.  There are 676 dated entries.  Included in the diary are more than 500 newspaper clippings.

The English translation of the diary was published in 2018 by Cambridge University Press under the title, My Opposition: The Diary of Friedrich Kellner -- A German against the Third Reich.

Historical significance
At the end of World War Two,  most Germans said they knew nothing about the mass murders of the Jews.  But as early as October 28, 1941, Kellner wrote the following entry in his diary:

A soldier on vacation here said he witnessed a terrible atrocity in the occupied parts of Poland.  He watched as naked Jewish men and women were placed in front of a long deep ditch and upon the order of the SS were shot by Ukrainians in the back of their heads and they fell into the ditch.  Then the ditch was filled with dirt even as he could still hear screams coming from people still alive in the ditch.  These inhuman atrocities were so terrible that some of the Ukrainians, who were used as tools, suffered nervous breakdowns.  All the soldiers who had knowledge of these bestial actions of these Nazi sub-humans were of the opinion that the German people should be shaking in their shoes because of the coming retribution.  There is no punishment that would be hard enough to be applied to these Nazi beasts.  Of course, when the retribution comes, the innocent will have to suffer along with them.  But because ninety percent of the German population is guilty, directly or indirectly, for the present situation, we can only say that those who travel together will hang together.

There is not much in the diary about the Kellners' personal lives.  Instead, Friedrich Kellner wrote about the political atmosphere of a country run by terrorists.  He also wrote about the leaders and people in other nations who remained indifferent to what Hitler and Mussolini were planning.  Kellner was very angry that millions of people had to die because a few politicians in the democracies failed to confront Hitler and his allies.  Kellner was also angry at the famous aviator Charles Lindbergh, and the car manufacturer Henry Ford, and at others who blindly expressed admiration for Adolf Hitler.  "The whole world let themselves be fooled by this man," Kellner wrote on May 3, 1942.

Friedrich Kellner expected America and England to come to the rescue.  On June 25, 1941, he wrote:

When will this insanity be brought to an end?  When will the intoxication of victory turn into a terrible hangover?  Now is a unique chance for England and America to take the initiative, but not only with empty promises and insufficient measures.  If America had the will to throw its entire might into the fray, it could tip the balance for a return of peace.  Only a tremendous force and the commitment of all war material can bring the German wild steer to reason.  Up until now the statesmen–through unbelievable shortsightedness–have neglected or failed their duty.  Mankind awake!  Attack together with all your might against the destroyers of peace!  No reflections, no resolutions, no speeches, no neutrality.  Advance against the enemy of mankind!

Various entries from the diary

17 October 1940: England is able to defend itself. It has a good defense against air raids.  England should follow the old proverb: "Invasion is the best defense."  Where is the British fleet?

12 Nov 1940: Chamberlain and the entire English government is to blame for not acting when they discovered Germany's war preparations.  A world power must always be prepared to successfully and energetically repulse any attack.

5 Dec 1940: No Italian soldier stands on Greek soil any longer.  Greece turned the tables and chased them out of Greece and into Albania.  Where is the celebrated fascist pluck?  Nothing is solved with bragging and the big mouth alone.  The spirit decides.  The Greeks defended their fatherland.  And the Italians?  They wanted to invade and plunder a small country.  Finally a light shows itself in the European chaos.

24 Dec 1940: Just one more day and the second Christmas of the war is here.  There is nothing to be felt of "Peace on Earth."

5 July 1941: In Giessen, Forester Ritter was arrested because he said the war would last another three years.
The truth may not be spoken.

7 July 1941: Today my father would have celebrated his 80th birthday.  What would he have said, this friend of peace, to these awful murderers of mankind?  Good-hearted and reasonable people in Germany are just speakers in the desert.
The scorners of mankind, the daredevils and uncompromising aggressors, those are the heroes of today's Germany.

29 July 1941: The wounded soldiers in the hospital in Giessen tell about Russian prisoners-of-war being murdered.  Are the German people a people of culture? No!  A cultured people must be able to think as individuals and behave themselves properly.  But the German people have allowed themselves to be dictated to by their "infallible" Führer: "The Führer is always right," "the Führer never errs."  The German people have been taken in by this devil.

14 April 1943:  Ten years in prison for a "radio crime."  But that punishment was too little for the judge.  He sent back the verdict to the original court and demanded the death penalty.  Just think:  the death sentence for listening to a foreign broadcast on the radio.  This terror regime has given itself a gruesome monument forever.

Purpose of the diary
Friedrich Kellner wrote the diary to expose the crimes of the Third Reich. He believed his diary could serve as a warning for future generations to oppose dictatorships and their totalitarian ideology.

After the war, Friedrich Kellner helped to reestablish the Social Democratic Party.  He became chairman  of the Laubach branch.  He retired from politics in 1960, at the age of seventy-five.

In 1968, he gave his diary to his American grandson, Professor Robert Scott Kellner , to take to America for safekeeping.  He told him:

The day will come when the same kind of anti-democratic and anti-Semitic hatred will bring intense misery to the world.  Use the diary as a weapon against dictatorships and terrorism.  There will always be people of bad will, therefore people of good will must be prepared to oppose them.

Reception

  In the spring of 2005, the diary was on exhibit at the George Bush Presidential Library and Museum in College Station, Texas.  It has also been exhibited in the Holocaust Museum in Houston, Texas.  And it was exhibited in the Heimat Museum in Laubach, Germany.

  The Justus Liebig University of Giessen has established the Kellner Project and will publish the diary.

 In 2007, a Canadian movie company made a documentary movie about both Friedrich Kellner and his grandson Robert Scott Kellner.  The movie is called, My Opposition: the Diaries of Friedrich Kellner.

Other websites

 Diary Entries in German and English
 George Bush Presidential Library - Kellner exhibit
 Justus Liebig University - Kellner Project
 Telefilm Canada - "My Opposition: the Diaries of Friedrich Kellner"
 Holocaust Museum Houston - Kellner exhibit
 Heimat Museum, Laubach, Germany - Kellner exhibit

Diaries
World War II
1945 books
German literature

Friedrich Kellner Diary


The Place de la Bataille-de-Stalingrad is a square in the 19th arrondissement of Paris. It was named after the Battle of Stalingrad, one of the major battles of World War II. The square lies at the intersection of the Canal de l'Ourcq and the Canal Saint-Martin.

History
Formerly a part of the Boulevard de la Villette, a square named "Place de Stalingrad" was created in 1945 and served as a bus terminal. In 1993 it was renamed  "Place de la Bataille-de-Stalingrad" and in 2006, in the course of major renovation work around the Bassin de la Villette, was completely renovated. Today, it is a pedestrian square and houses two restaurants and a central fountain.

Bataille-de-Stalingrad
Buildings and structures in the 19th arrondissement of Paris
Buildings and structures in the 10th arrondissement of Paris

Place de la Bataille-de-Stalingrad


Charlotte is a female gien name, a female furm o the male name Charles.

These weemen are uisually identified as Charlotte wi an appendit teetle rather than a surname:
Charlotte Stuart, Duchess o Albany
Charlotte, Grand Duchess o Luxembourg
Charlotte, Princess Ryal, later Queen Charlotte o Württemberg
Charlotte o Belgium, Empress o Mexico
Charlotte o Cyprus, Jerusalem an Armenie, Queen
Charlotte o Mecklenburg-Strelitz ("Queen Charlotte"), the queen consort o George III
Charlotte o Savoy, wife o Louis XI o Fraunce
Charlotte Amalie o Hesse-Cassel (or Hesse-Kassel), Queen o Denmark
Princess Charlotte, Duchess o Valentinois, Princess o Monaco
Charlotte Casiraghi, fowert in line tae the Monegasque throne efter her mither, Caroline, Princess o Hanover
Princess Charlotte Augusta o Wales, anly legitimate child o George IV o the Unitit Kinrick
Archduchess Charlotte o Austrick
Amber O'Neal, a professional wrestler, who haes an aa performed unner the ring name Charlotte
Princess Charlotte (disambiguation), several weemen wi the name
Queen Charlotte (disambiguation), several weemen wi the name

Notable fowk named Charlotte
Charlotte Armstrong, American author
Charlotte Arnold, actress
Charlotte Beers, American businesswoman an umwhile Unner Secretar o State
Charlotte Brontë, Inglis author (generally recognized for Jane Eyre)
Charlotte Bunch, activist an author
Charlotte Caffey, muisician (umwhile o The Go-Go's)
Charlotte Church, muisician
Charlotte Corday, revolutionary an assassin
Charlotte de Sauve, noblewoman, mistress an spy
Charlotte Dod, Inglish athlete
Charlotte Forten Grimké, anti-slavery activist an eddicator
Charlotte Gainsbourg, actress an singer
Charlotte Harris (airtist), paunter
Charlotte Hatherley, Inglis muisician
Charlotte Hawkins Brown, American educator
Charlotte Jackson, Breetish telly presenter an journalist
Charlotte Lennox, Inglish author an poet
Charlotte Lewis, Inglish actress
Charlotte Martin, muisician
Charlotte Perkins Gilman, American writer an socialist
Charlotte Sally Potter, film director an screenwriter (kent as Sally Potter)
Charlotte Rae, actress an comedienne
Charlotte Rampling, actress
Charlotte Rhead, ceramics airtist
Charlotte Salt, Casualty actress
Charlotte Salomon, German artist
Charlotte Schreiber, Canadian airtist an illustrator
Charlotte Scott, Breetish mathematician
Charlotte Teske, athlete
Charlotte Tilbury, mak-up airtist
Charlotte Turner Smith, Inglis poet an novelist
Charlotte Uhlenbroek, Breetish zoologist an telly presenter

European feminine gien names

Charlotte (gien name)


The S-Bahn is a hybrid urban-suburban rail system serving a metropolitan region predominantly in German-speaking countries. Some of the larger S-Bahn systems provide service similar to rapid transit systems, while smaller ones often resemble commuter or even regional rail systems. The name S-Bahn derives from Schnellbahn (lit. rapid train), Stadtbahn (lit. city train) or Stadtschnellbahn (lit. rapid city train).

Similar systems in Austria and Switzerland are known as S-Bahn as well. In Belgium, it is known as S-Trein (Flemish) or Train S (French). In Denmark, they are known as S-tog , and in the Czech Republic as Esko or S-lines.

Characteristics
There is no complete definition of an S-Bahn system. S-Bahn are, where they exist, the most local type of passenger train service that stops at all existing stations on mainline networks inside and around a city (while other mainline trains only call at major stations).

They are slower than regional mainline trains, but usually serve as fast crosstown services within the city. The Copenhagen S-tog for example goes up to , faster than most urban heavy rail and mass transit. S-Bahn trains generally serve the hinterland of a certain city, rather than connecting different cities, although in high population density areas a few exceptions to this exist. A good example of such an exception is the Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn, which interconnects the cities, towns and suburbs of the Ruhr, a large urban agglomeration.

Most S-Bahn systems are entirely built on older local railways, or in some cases parallel to an existing dual track railway. Most use existing local mainline railway trackage, but a few branches and lines can be purpose-built S-Bahn lines. S-Bahn trains typically use overhead lines or a third rail for traction power. In Hamburg both methods are used, depending on which line is powered.

In smaller S-Bahn systems and suburban sections of larger ones, trains typically share tracks with other rail traffic, with the Berlin S-Bahn, Hamburg S-Bahn and Copenhagen S-train being notable exceptions. Busy S-Bahn corridors sometimes have sections of exclusive trackage of their own but parallel to mainline railways. Many of the larger S-Bahn systems will also have central corridors of exclusive trackage that individual suburban branches feed into, creating a high frequency trunk corridor. In many cases, the central corridor is a dedicated underground line in the city centre with close stop spacing and a high frequency, similar to metro systems, created from the combined interlining of the multiple branches. A good example of this is the Berliner Stadtbahn in the Berlin's S-Bahn, which is regarded as a tourist attraction. However, in more lightly used sections outside the city centre, S-Bahn services commonly share tracks with other trains.

Further out from the central parts of a city the individual services branch off into lines where the distances between stations can exceed 5 km, similar to commuter rail. This allows the S-Bahn to serve a dual transport purpose: local transport within a city centre and suburban transport between central boroughs of larger cities, and to suburbs. Frequencies vary wildly between systems with short headways in the core sections of large networks to headways of over 20 minutes in remote sections of the network, late at night and/or on Sundays and in smaller systems.

The rolling stock typically used for S-Bahn systems reflects its hybrid purpose. The interior is designed for short journeys with provision for standing passengers, but may have more space allocated to larger and more numerous seats.

Integration with other local transport for ticketing, connectivity and easy interchange between lines or other systems like metros is typical for the S-Bahn. Where both S-Bahn and metro exist, the number of interchange stations between the two systems is substantial, with metro tickets being valid on S-Bahn services and vice versa. The S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland constitutes the main local railway system for Leipzig but also connects to Halle, where a few stations are located. The Rostock S-Bahn is an example of a smaller S-Bahn system.

Etymology

Germany, Austria and Switzerland
The name S-Bahn is an abbreviation of the German Stadtschnellbahn ("city rapid railway") and was introduced in December 1930 in Berlin. The name was introduced at the time of the reconstruction of the suburban commuter train tracks— the first section to be electrified was a section of the Berlin–Stettin railway from Berlin Nordbahnhof to Bernau bei Berlin station in 1924, leading to the formation of the Berlin S-Bahn.

The main line Berliner Stadtbahn ("Berlin city railway") was electrified with a 750 volt third rail in 1928 (some steam trains ran until 1929) and the circle line Berliner Ringbahn was electrified in 1929. The electrification continued on the radial suburban railway tracks along with the timetable moving to a rapid transit model with no more than a 20-minute headway per line where a number of lines overlapped on the main line. The system peaked during the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin with trains scheduled at least every 2 minutes.

The idea of heavy rail rapid transit was not unique to Berlin. Hamburg had an electric railway between the central station (Hauptbahnhof) and Altona which opened in 1906, and in 1934 the system adopted the S-Bahn label from Berlin. In the same year in Denmark, Copenhagen's S-tog opened its first line. In Austria, Vienna had its Stadtbahn main line electrified in 1908 and also introduced the term Schnellbahn ("rapid railway") in 1954 for its planned commuter railway network, which started operations in 1962. The S-Bahn label was sometimes used as well, but the name was only switched to S-Bahn Wien in 2005.

As for Munich, in 1938 the Nazi government broke ground for an S-Bahn-like rapid transport system in Lindwurmstraße near what is now Goetheplatz station on line U6. The system was supposed to run through tunnels in the city centre. The planning process mainly consisted of the bundling and interconnecting of existing suburban and local railways, plus the construction of a few new lines. Plans and construction work - including the building shell of Goetheplatz station - came to a very early halt during World War II and were not pursued in its aftermath. Very extensive nowadays, Munich's existing S-Bahn system, together with the first two U-Bahn lines, only began to operate prior to the 1972 Summer Olympics.

The term S-Bahn was  a registered wordmark of Deutsche Bahn until 14 March 2012, when, at the request of a transportation association, the Federal Patent Court of Germany ordered its removal from the records of the German Patent and Trade Mark Office. Prior to this Deutsche Bahn collected a royalty of 0.4 cents per train kilometer for the use of the term.

Denmark

The "S" stood for "station". Just before the opening of the first line in the Copenhagen S-train network, the newspaper Politiken on 17 February 1934 held a competition about the name, which in Danish became known as Den elektriske enquete or "The electrical survey" (as the Copenhagen S-trains would become the first electrical railways in Denmark). But since an "S" already was put up at all the stations, weeks before the survey, the result became S-tog which means "S-train". This was also just a few years after the S-trains had opened in Berlin and Hamburg. Today the Copenhagen S-trains uses six lines and serves 86 stations, 32 of them are located inside the (quite tiny) municipality borders. Each line uses 6 t.p.h (trains per hour) in each direction, with exception of the (yellow) F-line. The F-line has departures in each direction every five minutes, or 12 t.p.h. service .

History

Germany

Early steam services
In 1882, the growing number of steam-powered trains around Berlin prompted the Prussian State Railway to construct separate rail tracks for suburban traffic. The Berliner Stadtbahn connected Berlin's eight intercity rail stations which were spread throughout the city (all but the Stettiner Bahnhof which today is a pure S-Bahn station known as Berlin Nordbahnhof; as the city Stettin today is Polish city Szczecin). A lower rate for the newly founded Berliner Stadt-, Ring- und Vorortbahn (Berlin City, Circular and Suburban Rail) was introduced on 1 October 1891. This rate and the growing succession of trains made the short-distance service stand out from other railways.

The second suburban railway was the Hamburg-Altonaer Stadt- und Vorortbahn connecting Hamburg with Altona and Blankenese. The Altona office of the Prussian State Railway established the electric powered railway in 1906.

Electricity

The beginning of the 20th century saw the first electric trains, which in Germany operated at 15,000 V on overhead lines. The Berliner Stadt-, Ring- und Vorortbahn instead implemented direct current multiple units running on 750 V from a third rail. In 1924, the first electrified route went into service. The third rail was chosen because it made both the modifications of the rail tracks (especially in tunnels and under bridges) and the side-by-side use of electric and steam trains easier.

To set it apart from the subterranean U-Bahn, the term S-Bahn replaced Stadt-, Ring- und Vorortbahn in 1930.

The Hamburg service had established an alternating current line in 1907 with the use of multiple units with slam doors. In 1940 a new system with 1200 V DC third rail and modern electric multiple units with sliding doors was integrated on this line (on the same tracks). The old system with overhead wire remained up to 1955. The other lines of the network still used steam and later Diesel power.
In 1934, the Hamburg-Altonaer Stadt- und Vorortbahn was renamed as S-Bahn.

Comparable systems

Austria

The oldest and largest S-Bahn system in Austria is the Vienna S-Bahn, which predominantly uses non exclusive rails tracks outside of Vienna. It was established in 1962, although it was usually referred to as Schnellbahn until 2005. The white "S" on a blue circle used as the logo is said to reflect the layout of the central railway line in Vienna. However, it has now been changed for a more stylized version that is used all through Austria, except Salzburg. The rolling stock was blue for a long time, reflecting the logo colour, but red is used uniformly for nearly all local traffic today.

In 2004, the Salzburg S-Bahn went into service as the first Euroregion S-Bahn, crossing the border to the neighbouring towns of Freilassing and Berchtesgaden in Bavaria. The network is served by three corporations: the Berchtesgadener Land Bahn (BLB)(S4), the Austrian Federal Railways (German: Österreichischen Bundesbahn / ÖBB)(S2 and S3) and the Salzburger Lokalbahn (SLB)(S1 and S11) and . The Salzburg S-Bahn logo is only different one, it is a white S on a light blue circle.

In 2006 the regional train line in the Rhine Valley in the state of Vorarlberg has been renamed to S-Bahn Vorarlberg. It is a three lines network, operated by the Montafonerbahn and the ÖBB.

The S-Bahn Steiermark has been inaugurated in December 2007 in Styria, built to connect its capital city Graz with the rest of the metropolitan area, currently the following lines are active: S1, S11, S3, S31, S5, S51, S6, S61, S7, S8 and S9. The network is operated by three railway companies: the Graz-Köflacher Bahn (GKB) (lines: S6, S61 and S7), the ÖBB (lines: S1, S3, S5, S51, S8 and S9) and the Steiermärkische Landesbahnen (StB) (lines: S11 and S31).

In December 2007 as well the Tyrol S-Bahn opened, running from Hall in Tirol in the east to Innsbruck Central Station and Telfs in the west and from Innsbruck to Steinach am Brenner. Class 4024 EMUs are used as rolling stock on this network.

In 2010 the S-Bahn Kärnten was opened in the state of Carinthia and currently consists of 4 lines operated by ÖBB.

The youngest network is the S-Bahn Oberösterreich in the Greater Linz area of the state of Upper Austria, which was inaugurated in December 2016. It is a 5 line system operated by Stern und Hafferl and the ÖBB.

Belgium

The suburban railways of Brussels are being integrated into the Brussels Regional Express Network (French: Réseau Express Régional Bruxellois, RER; Dutch: Gewestelijk ExpresNet, GEN), which is identified by the letter S across both languages. In 2018, the S-train was also introduced in Antwerp, Ghent, Liège and Charleroi.

Czech Republic

In the Czech Republic, integrated commuter rail systems exist in Prague and Moravian-Silesian Region. Both systems are called Esko, which is how S letter is usually called in Czech. Esko Prague has been operating since 9 December 2007 as a part of the Prague Integrated Transport system. Esko Moravian-Silesian Region began operating on 14 December 2008 as a part of the ODIS Integrated Transport system serving the Moravian-Silesian Region. Both systems are primarily operated by České dráhy. Several shorter lines are operated by other companies.

Denmark

Copenhagen S-train connects the city centre, other inner and outer boroughs and suburbs with each other. The average distance between stations is 2.0 km, shorter in the city core and inner boroughs, longer at the end of lines that serve suburbs. Of the 86 stations, 32 are located within the central parts of the city. Some stations are located around 40 km from Copenhagen city centre. For this reason the fares vary depending on distances. The one-day passes which the tourists buy are valid only in the most central parts of the S-train system. On weekdays each line has a departure every 10 minutes with the exception of the F-line, on which a train departs every five minutes. Where several lines converge on a common piece of track there could be as many as 30 trains per hour in each direction. On Sundays the seven lines are reduced to four lines, but all stations are served at least every 10 minutes. The three railway stations at Amager have a local service that is the equivalent of the S-trains.

The Copenhagen Metro opened in 2002 as a complement to the already existing S-train system. Copenhagen's S-train system is the only one in the country. Outside Denmark, in cities where both exist, is it far from unusual that a metro system later has been complemented with S-trains. The branch towards Køge (the southernmost S-train station in Copenhagen's S-network) has a rather unique history, as it was built in the 1970s where no previous railway ever had existed.

Germany

The trains of the Berlin and Hamburg S-Bahn systems ran on separate tracks from the beginning. When other cities started implementing their systems in the 1960s, they mostly had to use the existing intercity rail tracks, and they still more or less use such tracks.

The central intercity stations of Frankfurt, Leipzig, Munich and Stuttgart are terminal stations, so all four cities have monocentric S-Bahn networks. The S-Bahn trains use as their core segment a tunnel under the central station and the city centre (e.g. Munich S-Bahn Stammstrecke and the upcoming Zweite Stammstrecke).

The high number of large cities in the Ruhr area promotes a polycentric network connecting all cities and suburbs. The S-Bahn Rhein-Ruhr, as it is called, features few tunnels, and its routes are longer than those of other networks. The Ruhr S-Bahn is the only S-Bahn network to be run by more than one corporation in Germany, and the Salzburg S-Bahn holds a similar distinction in Austria. Most Swiss S-Bahn systems are multi-corporation networks, however.

Most German S-Bahn networks have a unique ticket system, separated from the Deutsche Bahn rates, instead connected to the city ticket system used for U-bahns and local buses. The S-Bahn of Hanover, however, operates under five different rates due to its large expanse.

One S-Bahn system is no longer in operation: the Erfurt S-Bahn which operated from 1976 until 1995 and was an  single-line diesel-powered system which consisted of four stations from Erfurt Central Station to Erfurt Berliner Straße station in the then newly built northern suburbs of Erfurt.

There are several S-Bahn or S-Bahn-like systems in planning, such as the Augsburg S-Bahn (network plan) and the Lübeck S-Bahn (network plan).

The Stadtbahn Karlsruhe (a tram-train network) uses the green "S" logo for stations in the outskirts and has its lines indicated by an "S" in front of the line number, but does not refer to itself as S-Bahn. The logo also can't be found on the trains, contrary to most other systems where it's placed somewhere on the sides or at the front of the trains. A new city-centre tunnel opened at the end of 2021, however the blue U-Bahn logo is not used either for it. To mark those tunnel stations, a yellow U is used, which is unique and can only be found there.

Despite their names, the Ortenau S-Bahn (Offenburg) and the Danube-Iller Regional S-Bahn (Ulm/Neu-Ulm, opened 2020) are Regionalbahn services.

The following networks are currently in operation:

Switzerland and Liechtenstein
S-Bahn is also used in the German-speaking part of Switzerland. While French publications of those networks translate it as RER, the line numbers are still prefixed with an S (e.g., as S2), except for the Léman Express, which uses the prefix "L" (e.g., as L2). S-Bahn-style services in the Italian and Romansh speaking parts of Switzerland also use the "S" prefix, although in Italian such networks are called rete celere (lit. fast network) instead of S-Bahn.

The oldest network in Switzerland is the Bern S-Bahn, which was established in stages from 1974 onward and has adopted the term S-Bahn since 1995. It is also the only one in Switzerland to use a coloured "S" logo. In 1990, the Zürich S-Bahn, went into service. As of 2022, this network comprises 32 services, covering a large area in Switzerland (and parts of southern Germany). Further S-Bahn services were set up in the course of the Bahn 2000 initiative in Central Switzerland (a collaborative network of S-Bahn Luzern and Stadtbahn Zug), and Eastern Switzerland (S-Bahn St. Gallen).

The Basel trinational S-Bahn services the Basel metropolitan area, thus providing cross-border transportation into both France and Germany. A tunnel connecting Basel's two large intercity stations (Basel Badischer Bahnhof and Basel SBB) is planned as Herzstück Regio-S-Bahn Basel (lit. heart-piece Regio-S-Bahn Basel).

An international S-Bahn network also existsts across the Swiss-Italian border, in the Swiss Canton of Ticino and the Italian state of Lombardy. Services are operated by Treni Regionali Ticino Lombardia (TILO), a joint venture between Italian railway company Trenord and Swiss Federal Railways (SBB CFF FFS).

The RER Vaud of Lausanne and the Léman Express of Geneva serve the area around Lake Geneva (fr. Lac Léman). The Léman express network expands across the Swiss-French border. It is the largest cross-country S-Bahn network of Europe. Léman express was launched in December 2019 and is operated by Swiss Federal Railways (SBB CFF FFS) and SNCF.

Another transborder network for the Lake Constance (Bodensee) area, connecting up to four nations, is under discussion. This network would extend across the German states Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria, the Austrian state Vorarlberg, the Principality of Liechtenstein (S-Bahn FL.A.CH), and the Swiss cantons of Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Schaffhausen, St. Gallen and Thurgau. Possible names are Bodensee-S-Bahn and Alpenrhein-Bahn. Presently, an hourly service, S3 of Vorarlberg S-Bahn (ÖBB), connects Bregenz (A) with St. Margrethen (CH), and a less frequent service (S2) operates between Feldkirch (A), Schaan (FL) and Buchs SG (CH). The S14 and S44 services of S-Bahn St. Gallen both connect Konstanz (D) with Kreuzlingen and Weinfelden (both CH), and since 2022, some S7 services continue from Rorschach (CH) to Bregenz and Lindau-Reutin (D). Additional transborder services are planned. The future of S-Bahn Liechtenstein is uncertain since a voter referendum in 2020.

The Chur S-Bahn provides services around Chur, the capital of the alpine Canton of Graubünden (Grisons) in south-eastern Switzerland.

The Aargau S-Bahn is a small network that services stations in the cantons of Aargau, Lucerne and Bern.

The RER Fribourg is an S-Bahn-style service centered at Fribourg/Freiburg and Bulle in the Canton of Fribourg, and extending into the cantons of Neuchâtel and Vaud.

Two unnumbered S-Bahn services (designated only with an "S"), one between Schaffhausen and Erzingen (D), running on railway tracks owned by Deutsche Bahn (DB), and one between Schaffhausen and Jestetten (D), opened in 2013. They are operated by SBB GmbH and THURBO, respectively. Since December 2022, the Schaffhausen–Singen am Hohentwiel line is also serviced by SBB GmbH ().

Additionally, there are services designated "S" that are not part of any formal S-Bahn network. These include the S20, S21, and S22 operated by Swiss Federal Railways in Solothurn or the S27 operated by Südostbahn (SOB) between Siebnen-Wangen and Ziegelbrücke.

Swiss S-Bahn services are operated mostly by the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB CFF FFS) but also by private railway companies, such as Appenzeller Bahnen (AB), BLS AG, Forchbahn (FB), Regionalverkehr Bern-Solothurn (RBS), Rhätische Bahn (RhB), Sihltal Zürich Uetliberg Bahn (SZU), Südostbahn (SOB) or Zentralbahn (ZB).

Rail transport in Switzerland, including S-Bahn systems, is noteworthy for its coordination between services due to the clock-face schedule. Due to the proximity of the various S-Bahn systems in Switzerland, services of one network often offer connections to services of neighboring networks. S-Bahn services are used by commuters and tourists (some services call nearby tourist attractions, such as the Rhine Falls or the Swiss Museum of Transport).

See also
 Commuter rail
 U-Bahn
 Urban rail transit
 Train categories in Europe
 List of suburban and commuter rail systems

References

External links

S-Bahn


Cai Wu (; born October 1949) is a retired Chinese politician and a former Minister of Culture of the People's Republic of China.

Biography
Cai Wu was born in Gansu Province. During the Cultural Revolution, Cai was forced to leave his home in the Wudu region of Gansu.  He first went to Gaotai county, and then worked in the coal mines of Shandan county.  At the same time, he worked as a communications officer for the Gansu Daily newspaper.

In October 1976, Cai was transferred to the Gansu coal authority, and became the body's political affairs cadre.  After retaking the National College Entrance Examination, Cai entered Peking University in 1978.  He majored in international politics, and taught at the international relations school after graduation.

In 1983, Cai joined the Communist Youth League of China, and served as the head minister of the League's Central Ministry of International Communication, before rising to become a member of the League's Central Standing Committee, and the person in charge of national youth outreach.

In 1995, Cai became an analyst at the International Department Central Committee of CPC, and in the same year rose to the position of assistant secretary of the department.  In 1997, he became the deputy minister of the department.  In August 2005, Cai became the head of the Information Office of the State Council.  He was appointed as Minister of Culture in March 2008.

He retired after having reached the age of 65 from his post as Minister of Culture in December 2014.

Cai Wu is a member of the 17th and 18th Central Committees of the Chinese Communist Party, and a professor of international relations at Renmin University. He also has a Doctorate degree in Law.

References

External links
Searchable biography of Cai Wu @ China Vitae
Biography of Cai Wu

1949 births
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Gansu
Living people
Ministers of Culture of the People's Republic of China
People from Longnan
People's Republic of China politicians from Gansu
Peking University alumni
Academic staff of Renmin University of China

Cai Wu


Óscar Washington Tabárez Silva (; born 3 March 1947), known as El Maestro (The Teacher), is a Uruguayan professional football manager and former player. He most recently coached the Uruguay national team.

After an unassuming career as a player and after working as a primary school teacher, Tabárez embarked on an extensive coaching career which has lasted more than 30 years and included coaching teams in Colombia, Argentina, Italy and Spain. He managed the Uruguay national football team from 1988 to 1990, returning to the job for a second time in 2006. He led the team to fourth place in the 2010 FIFA World Cup, and to victory in the 2011 Copa América. With Tabárez, Uruguay qualified for four World Cups, reaching the round of 16 twice, the quarterfinals once, and the semi-finals once. In October 2017 Tabárez qualified Uruguay for a fourth time; reaching the 5th position at the 2018 World Cup tournament.

On 25 March 2016, two and a half weeks after completing ten years as the manager of Uruguay, Tabárez surpassed Francisco Maturana for the head coach with most World Cup qualifying games in South America with 47, with the singularity that he has only managed Uruguay. Tabárez also is the fourth-ranked manager with most games at the Copa América with 30, participating in seven tournaments (1989, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2016, 2019 and 2021). In 2012, for his contributions to association football, Tabaréz became the recipient of the FIFA Order of Merit, the highest honour awarded by FIFA.

Playing career
During his 12-year senior playing career, Tabárez played mainly for modest clubs, representing Sud América, Sportivo Italiano (Argentina), Montevideo Wanderers (at the time when they were the first non traditional team from Uruguay to qualify for Copa Libertadores), Fénix, Puebla in Mexico and Bella Vista. He retired at age 32.

Managerial career

Early career
In 1980, one year after retiring as a player, Tabárez took up coaching at Bella Vista. There he met José Herrera, who has worked alongside him as physical trainer ever since. The following year, Tabárez was named manager of the Uruguay under-20 team. He would coach the side on two occasions. He managed the team at the Pan American Games, in 1983 in Caracas, where Uruguay won the gold medal, defeating Guatemala in the final.

Tabárez subsequently worked for various clubs in Uruguay, including Danubio, Montevideo Wanderers and Peñarol. Around this time he first met his current assistant coaches, Mario Rebollo and Celso Otero. In 1987, Tabárez led Peñarol to its fifth Copa Libertadores title after defeating América de Cali in the tournament final.

Uruguay national team

1989 Copa América
The Copa Libertadores title was fundamental in Tabárez's appointment as manager of the Uruguay senior team, in which the 1989 Copa América, in Brazil, was his first major tournament in charge. Uruguay finished in second place, eliminating Diego Maradona-led Argentina in the process, losing to hosts Brazil at the Maracanã Stadium.

1990 FIFA World Cup
After four games of qualification, Uruguay qualified for the 1990 FIFA World Cup, held in Italy. Uruguay reached the round of 16 of the tournament after a draw with Spain, a loss to Belgium and a win against South Korea. In the round of 16, however, Uruguay was eliminated by hosts Italy. After 34 games, Tabárez's first stint ended.  The victory over South Korea was the first at the World Cup since 1970 and the last until 2010, also with Tabárez as manager.

Managerial work around Europe and South America
Tabárez later coached Argentine Primera División giants Boca Juniors for two years. In 1994, Tabárez moved to Italy to manage Serie A side Cagliari. After leading them to a ninth-place finish in 1994–95, Tabárez was hired by Milan. His spell, however, would only last a few months: after a Supercoppa Italiana defeat against Fiorentina at home at the San Siro, a 2–3 loss at Piacenza for the league cost him his position. He was replaced by Arrigo Sacchi, and the Rossoneri eventually finished 11th.

Tabárez then worked with Real Oviedo in Spain, with the club eventually only maintaining top division status in the promotion/relegation play-offs against Las Palmas, winning 4–3 on aggregate. He then returned to Cagliari, being sacked after one draw and three losses.

After two years in Argentina with Vélez Sarsfield and Boca Juniors, Tabárez spent four years away from football management.

Uruguay national team

The "Proceso"
On 7 March 2006, Tabárez took charge of the national team for a second time, and at that time Uruguay had only qualified for 2002 FIFA World Cup since his first spell as manager as they failed to qualify for 1994 FIFA World Cup (losing to Brazil in the last match in their group), 1998 FIFA World Cup (finished 7th in the group stage) and 2006 FIFA World Cup (lost to Australia in the play-off). Also on the same day he presented the "Proceso de Institucionalización de Selecciones y la Formación de sus Futbolistas" (Process of National Teams' Institutionalization and Players' Growth), which established a "proper way" of work with the national teams (under-15, -18 and -20 and the senior team), reintroducing the 4–3–3 formation and setting time for players in which they can study. With the help of the Complejo Celeste, the work were facilitated upon the objectives of the Proceso. As of 29 March 2016, 10 of the 11-most capped players for Uruguay have been part of the Proceso.

2007 Copa América
Tabárez's first tournament saw Uruguay finish in fourth place at the 2007 Copa América in Venezuela.
In the group stage, Uruguay lost to Peru (3–0), drew with Venezuela (0–0) and defeated Bolivia (1–0). In the quarter-finals, Uruguay met Venezuela again, this time winning (4–1). After being eliminated in the semi-finals on penalties (5–4) against Brazil (2–2), they lost in the match for third place against Mexico, (3–1).

2010 FIFA World Cup
After a successful play-off against Costa Rica, Tabárez and the Charrúas qualified for the 2010 World Cup in South Africa, first winning Group A (Uruguay did not win its group since 1954 World Cup in Switzerland, 56 years prior). They drew with France (0–0), beat South Africa (3–0) and Mexico (1–0). In the round of 16 they beat South Korea (2–1). In the quarter-finals, Uruguay faced Ghana and after a draw (1–1), they went to extra time. In the last minute of extra time, a penalty kick was missed by Asamoah Gyan, after a handball by Luis Suárez.

In South Africa, the national team reached the semi-finals for the first time in 40 years, where it lost 3–2 to the Netherlands, only conceding five goals in six matches until that point. Uruguay ended the competition in fourth place, after a 3–2 defeat against Germany.

2011 Copa América
In the 2011 Copa América, Tabárez led Uruguay to its 15th victory in the tournament, with the national side winning three games and drawing three in Argentina, and only conceding three goals. With these wins, Uruguay became the country with the most wins in the history of the Copa América. In 2011 and 2012, under Tabárez's leadership, Uruguay remained undefeated in 18 consecutive games from June 2011 to August 2012, a national team record previously set by Juan Carlos Corazzo. With the Copa América win, Uruguay qualified for the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup.

2012 Olympic Games
After an 84-year absence, Uruguay returned to the Olympic Games, held in London in 2012. After a victory against the United Arab Emirates U23 (2–1), the team lost the next two games against Senegal U23 (2–0) and Great Britain (1–0), marking the end of the Olympic adventure. Egidio Arévalo Ríos, Edinson Cavani and Luis Suárez were the nation's three overage players at the tournament.

2013 Confederations Cup
Uruguay passed the first stage after a 2–1 defeat to Spain and two victories (2–1 against Nigeria and 8–0 against Tahiti). In the semi-finals, they lost 2–1 against hosts Brazil and finished in fourth place after a 2–2 draw against Italy after penalties.

2014 FIFA World Cup
Tabárez led Uruguay in its qualification to the 2014 World Cup in Brazil, defeating Jordan in two play-off games, and thus becoming the first Uruguayan manager to do so in two consecutive World Cups. In Brazil, after an opening 3–1 defeat to Costa Rica followed by two wins (2–1 against England, 1–0 against Italy), to finish its group stage, Uruguay reached the round of 16, Tabárez's third time for Uruguay at the World Cup. This also marked the first time an Uruguayan team defeated a European opponent in 44 years, the last time being a win against the Soviet Union during the 1970 World Cup in Mexico. Without star striker Luis Suárez in the lineup, however, Uruguay lost to Colombia (0–2).

2015 Copa América
On 19 June, the Asociación Uruguaya de Fútbol made a video tribute to celebrate Tabárez's 150 games at the helm of the Uruguay national team. In the group stage, Uruguay defeated Jamaica (1–0), lost to Argentina (1–0) and drew Paraguay (1–1) to finish in third position in its group. Uruguay qualified as the top third-placed and met Chile in the next stage. In a game marked with the controversy between Edinson Cavani and Chile's Gonzalo Jara, Uruguay were eliminated after a 1–0 defeat. After the tournament, Tabárez was suspended for three official games for the incidents of the Chile–Uruguay match, in which Cavani was also suspended for two games.

2016 Copa América Centenario
Uruguay contested the Copa América Centenario as part of Group C, Uruguay was eliminated after its three group stage matches, losing to Mexico (3–1) and Venezuela (1–0) but defeating Jamaica (3–0).

2018 FIFA World Cup

Despite the suspension after the Copa América, and with Celso Otero assisting on the bench, Uruguay won its first two games in the 2018 World Cup qualification, the first time it had done this since the 1966 World Cup qualification, including its first ever win in La Paz against Bolivia. After the game against Chile, a 3–0 victory, Tabárez equaled Francisco Maturana as the South American coach with the most games in the CONMEBOL qualifiers, with the distinction that Tabárez has only represented one nation, Uruguay.

Qualification continued in March 2016 with a draw at Brazil (2–2) and a home win against Peru (1–0). In September 2016, after a 1–0 defeat to Argentina, Tabárez became the national team manager with the most games with one country, surpassing the record held by Sepp Herberger (167 games) since 1964. The next game saw Uruguay beat Paraguay 4–0. In October 2016, Uruguay played two games: a victory over Venezuela (the first in Uruguay for 16 years), and a draw with Colombia in Barranquilla (the first time Uruguay got a point in that city). Also, Luis Suárez tied Argentinian Hernán Crespo as the top goal scorer in World Cup Qualifications for CONMEBOL.

In November 2016, Uruguay defeated Ecuador and lost to Chile. In March 2017, Uruguay was defeated by Brazil and Peru. In June 2017, another two defeats against the Republic of Ireland and Italy led to worries about the performance of the national team. In August, Uruguay obtained a draw in the Centenario against Argentina, but a victory in September (the first time ever when visiting Paraguay), returned the team to the running for the World Cup. After the game against Argentina, Tabarez told the press that he might leave Uruguay as manager because of his age. In October Uruguay played against Venezuela (0–0) and Bolivia (a 4–2 victory), which sent Uruguay straight to the World Cup for the first time since the current Qualification system was implemented and the third time in a row.

Tabárez arrived to his fourth World Cup as the oldest manager at the tournament. With his appearance, he became tied for third-most World Cup appearances by a manager and tied for most World Cup appearances by a manager of a single national team. In the group stage, Uruguay defeated Egypt, winning its inaugural game for the first time since 1970. Uruguay the defeated Saudi Arabia to qualify for the next round for the third time in a row for the first time in World Cup history. Uruguay defeated Russia to win three consecutive games for the first time since 1954, and for the first time to win its group, with no goals against and no yellow or red cards. It was the fourth time that Uruguay advanced to the next round with Tabárez. Uruguay defeated Portugal and advanced to the quarterfinals to face France. France defeated Uruguay, and would proceed to win the World Cup. Tabárez became one of the national team managers with the most World Cups, and the third one representing the same team four times.

Following the tournament, Tabárez's contract expired, and its intended renewal was initially not completed due to controversy surrounding the national federation which included the resignation of its president Wilmar Valdez. One friendly match in September 2018 was overseen on an interim basis by the Under-20 coach Fabián Coito; the contract was renewed a few weeks later.

2019 Copa América
Uruguay advanced to the next round after defeating Ecuador, a draw against Japan and a win against Chile.  In the next round, Peru eliminated Uruguay in the penalties series.  Tabarez reached 30 Copa America games,  becoming the fourth in the list of national team managers with most games in the history of the competition. Uruguay ended the entire calendar year with a 13 games undefeated streak. The last time this had happened was in 1987.

Dismissal
After poor results in the qualifying rounds of the Qatar 2022 World Cup, Tabárez was fired on 19 November 2021, ending 15 years as coach of the Uruguay national football team.

Achievements of the "Proceso" era

Team
First Uruguayan team to win the Copa América since 1995.
First Uruguayan team to reach the FIFA World Cup semi-finals in 2010 since 1970.
First Uruguayan team to qualify for the FIFA Confederations Cup in 2013 since 1997.
First Uruguayan team to qualify of the 2012 Summer Olympics since 1928 Summer Olympics.
First Uruguayan team to beat a hosting nation at the FIFA World Cup since 1950.
First Uruguayan team to beat a hosting nation at the Copa America since 1987.
First Uruguayan team to win over Angola, Estonia, Guatemala, Hungary, Libya, Nigeria, Northern Ireland, Oman, Poland, Portugal, Russia (since the breakup of the Soviet Union), Saudi Arabia, Tahiti, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Ukraine, Uzbekistan and Wales.

Individual
Héctor Scarone's goalscoring record of 31 goals which was held for 81 years was broken by Diego Forlán in 2011, and also Luis Suárez is now the leading goalscorer for Uruguay.
Rodolfo Rodríguez's record for the most caps for Uruguay which was held for 25 years was broken by Diego Forlán in 2011 and it turn it was broken by Diego Pérez in 2012, Diego Lugano and Maxi Pereira in 2013, Diego Godín, Cristian Rodríguez and Luis Suárez in 2014, Edinson Cavani, Egidio Arévalo Ríos, Fernando Muslera and Álvaro Pereira in 2016 and Martín Cáceres in 2018.

World records
Tabárez is presently the first on the list of football managers with most games, that have managed one national team. In September 2016, he surpassed the record held by Sepp Herberger (167) and Morten Olsen (166) as the national team manager with the most games as national football manager with just one national team, leading a selected group with 100 games or more. In November 2019, he reached the 200 games with the national team of Uruguay. The list also includes such names as Hugo Meisl, Alf Ramsey, Mario Zagallo, Helmut Schön, Carlos Alberto Parreira, Joachim Löw, Lars Lagerbäck, Bruce Arena, Berti Vogts, Guillermo Stábile, Ignacio Trelles, Walter Winterbottom, Lajos Baróti and Vicente del Bosque.

Managerial statistics

Honours

Manager
Peñarol
Copa Libertadores: 1987

Boca Juniors
Primera División: 1992 Apertura
Copa Master de Supercopa: 1992

Uruguay Youth
Pan American Games: 1983

Uruguay
Copa América: 2011

Individual
FIFA Order of Merit: 2012
IFFHS World's Best National Coach: 2011

Personal life
Aside from his career in football, Tabárez also worked as a teacher. He has been diagnosed with Guillain–Barré syndrome, and was seen utilizing crutches during the 2018 FIFA World Cup.

References

External links

1947 births
Living people
Footballers from Montevideo
Uruguayan men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Sud América players
Sportivo Italiano footballers
Montevideo Wanderers F.C. players
Centro Atlético Fénix players
Club Puebla players
C.A. Bella Vista players
Uruguayan Primera División players
Liga MX players
Uruguayan expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Argentina
Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico
Uruguayan football managers
C.A. Bella Vista managers
Danubio F.C. managers
Montevideo Wanderers managers
Peñarol managers
Deportivo Cali managers
Boca Juniors managers
Club Atlético Vélez Sarsfield managers
Serie A managers
Cagliari Calcio managers
AC Milan managers
La Liga managers
Real Oviedo managers
Uruguay national football team managers
1989 Copa América managers
1990 FIFA World Cup managers
2010 FIFA World Cup managers
2014 FIFA World Cup managers
2007 Copa América managers
2011 Copa América managers
Expatriate football managers in Argentina
Expatriate football managers in Italy
Expatriate football managers in Mexico
Expatriate football managers in Spain
Uruguayan expatriate sportspeople in Argentina
Uruguayan expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Uruguayan expatriate sportspeople in Mexico
Uruguayan expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Uruguayan expatriate football managers
2013 FIFA Confederations Cup managers
2015 Copa América managers
Copa América Centenario managers
2018 FIFA World Cup managers
2019 Copa América managers
2021 Copa América managers

Óscar Tabárez


White Oleander is a 2002 American drama movie set in California. It stars Alison Lohman, Michelle Pfeiffer, Robin Wright Penn and Renee Zellweger. It was directed by Peter Kosminsky and is based on the novel of the same name.

Plot
Ingrid (Pfeiffer) is a photographer who falls in love with a man named Barry Kolker (Billy Connolly). However he is not loyal to her and has sex with other women. Ingrid kills him. She goes to jail and is later found guilty for killing him and goes to prison for a long time. Her daughter, Astrid Magnussen (Lohman), is taken to a series of foster homes.

Her first foster home is with a woman named Starr Thomas (Penn), who has two children, a teenager named Carolee and a young boy named David. During this home, she falls in love with Starr's husband. During a fight, Carolee runs away from home. An angry Starr shoots Astrid in the arm after an argument with her husband.

For a brief time, she is put in a place called "Mac," which houses hundreds of children. During this time, she gets into a fight with a bunch of other girls. She cuts her hair off and threatens the other girls, saying that she will slit their throats in their sleep if they attack her again.

Her second foster home is with a woman named Claire Richards (Zellweger). She is very lonely since her husband Mark (Noah Wyle) is often away on business trips. Astrid likes her a lot and how she always is nice and happy towards her. When Claire and Astrid visit Ingrid, however, Ingrid tells Claire that Mark is cheating on her. Astrid warns her mother not to destroy this home, but Ingrid smiles and says that she would rather have her at the worst foster home ever over Claire. Afterwards, Claire fights with Mark and later kills herself by swallowing a lot of pills at once.

Astrid is put in another home. She is very upset and thinks that her mom caused Claire to kill herself. She chooses a home with a Russian mother named Rena, knowing that Rena will not love her like Claire did because she does not want to see this happen again. This new mother has her sell her nice clothes. Astrid dyes her own hair and starts wearing black clothing. When Ingrid meets Astrid again, she is shocked at how Astrid has turned herself.

During this time, there is a movement to free Ingrid. They believe the original decision of "guilty" of killing Barry was wrong and want a new trial. If Astrid lies and agrees to Ingrid's version of the story, Ingrid will be likely be freed. But if she tells the truth, Ingrid will be put in jail again. Astrid uses this new power to force Ingrid to tell her about her father. Ingrid is then put on trial, but Ingrid tells her lawyer not to call Astrid to the stand. Ingrid is found guilty again and is put in jail.

The movie ends with Astrid, living with her new boyfriend Paul Trout (Patrick Fugit) in New York, putting together a series of suitcases that stand for all of her experiences through foster homes. She has redyed her hair blonde.

Other websites

2002 drama movies
American teen drama movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in California

White Oleander (movie)


The I-Active Valve Lift System (i stands for intelligence) or i-AVLS is a valvetrain technology implemented by Subaru in the 2.5L naturally aspirated engines SOHC to improve emissions, efficiency and performance. Note that AVLS is different from AVCS used on other Subaru engines. AVLS improves performance and efficiency by changing which camshaft is operating which of the two intake valves. The camshafts on all AVLS Subaru engines have specially designed lobes for intake valves. They feature two different cam profiles: a low/mid lift profile or a high lift profile. The two intake valves in each cylinder are operated by a rocker arm with its own cam lobe. The cam utilized is selected by the Engine Control Unit (ECU). To select different valve lift modes, oil pressure generated by the engine moves a pin which locks the two lobes together. At low engine speeds the low/mid lift camshafts increases the speed of air rushing into the engine thereby increasing torque and efficiency. At higher engine speeds the high lift camshafts fully open the intake valves, reducing resistance to incoming air and improving power. AVLS only operates one of the intake valves in each cylinder as the other is always open to promote swirl.

References

Variable valve timing
Subaru

Active valve lift system