David Michael Buss (born April 14, 1953) is an American evolutionary psychologist at the University of Texas at Austin, researching human sex differences in mate selection. He is considered one of the founders of evolutionary psychology.

Biography
Buss earned his PhD in psychology at University of California, Berkeley in 1981. Before becoming a professor at the University of Texas, he was assistant professor for four years at Harvard University and a professor at the University of Michigan for eleven years.

The primary topics of his research include male mating strategies, conflict between the sexes, social status, social reputation, prestige, the emotion of jealousy, homicide, anti-homicide defenses, and—most recently—stalking. All of these are approached from an evolutionary perspective. Buss is the author of more than 200 scientific articles and has won many awards, including an APA Distinguished Scientific Award for Early Career Contribution to Psychology in 1988 and an APA G. Stanley Hall Lectureship in 1990.

Buss is the author of a number of publications and books, including The Evolution of Desire, The Dangerous Passion, and The Murderer Next Door, which introduces a new theory of homicide from an evolutionary perspective. He is also the author of Evolutionary Psychology: The New Science of the Mind, whose fourth edition was released in 2011. In 2005, Buss edited a reference volume, The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology. His latest book is When Men Behave Badly: The Hidden Roots of Sexual Deception, Harassment, and Assault.

Buss is involved with extensive cross-cultural research collaborations and lectures within the U.S.

Research

Act frequency approach
Attempts to state the conditions that constitute a certain personality trait and attempts to exhaustively list all the acts that identify a bearer of a trait have not been very successful in providing exact definitions for trait-related terms (such as "creative", "humorous", and "ambitious"). The question of what exactly defines an individual as being—for example—courageous is an open one. Another difficulty is measuring how strongly a trait is pronounced in an individual.

As a solution to these problems of defining and measuring traits, Buss and K. H. Craik (1980) proposed to introduce prototype theory into personality psychology. First, a group of people is asked to list acts that a person bearing the trait in question would show. Next, a different group of people is asked to name from that list those acts that are most typical for the trait. Then the measurement is conducted by counting the number of times (within a given period of time) a proband performs the typical acts.

Short and long-term mating strategies
One element of David Buss' research involves studying the differences in mate selection between short-term and long-term mating strategies. Individuals differ in their preferences for either a short or long-term mating strategy (i.e. whether they are looking for a "hook-up" or for a serious relationship). The Gangestad and Simpson Sociosexual Orientation Inventory (SOI) determines whether a person favors a short-term or long-term strategy (also termed as unrestricted and restricted). Higher SOI scores indicate a less restricted orientation, and thus a preference for a short-term mating strategy.

David Buss and colleagues conducted a study that attempted to uncover where priorities lie—concerning determinants of attractiveness—in short- and long-term mating strategies. In order to do this, participants' mating strategies were determined using the SOI, labeling each participant as favoring either a short- or a long-term mating strategy. Each individual was then given the choice to reveal either the face or body from a portrait of a person of the opposite gender. David Buss and his colleagues found that sociosexual orientation or favored mating strategy influenced which part of the portrait was revealed. Men who favored a short-term mating strategy chose to reveal the woman's body, whereas men who favored a long-term mating strategy chose to reveal the woman's face. David Buss and his colleagues found that favored mating strategies in women had no correlation with which part of the portrait was revealed but had to do with utilitarian aspects that make sense in terms of supportive and dependable resources, health and stamina. Attractiveness, from a male's perspective, seems to be based on facial cues when seeking a long-term relationship, and bodily cues when seeking a short-term relationship because they cue healthiness and reproductive capacity. They also found men showed more retardation in long term mating strategy than women and in short term strategy for women, their individuality, perceptions of benefit and demand of mate switching influenced. These findings add to David Buss' field of research by demonstrating differences in mating strategies across preferred relationship type.

Sex differences
Buss posits that men and women have faced different adaptive challenges throughout human history, which shape behavioral difference in males and females today. Women have faced the challenges of surviving through pregnancy and lactation and then rearing children. Men, by contrast, have faced the challenges of paternity uncertainty, with its related risk of misallocating parental resources, and of maximizing the offspring onto which they pass their genes. Because insemination can occur by any mating choice of the female, males cannot be certain that the child in which they are investing is genetically their offspring.

To solve the female adaptation dilemma, females select mates who are loyal and are willing and able to invest in her and her offspring by providing resources and protection. Historically, women who were less selective of mates suffered lower reproductive success and survival. Males solve the adaptation challenge of paternity uncertainty and resources misallocation by selecting sexually faithful mates. To maximize their offspring, men have adopted a short-term mating strategy of attracting and impregnating many fertile mates rather than one long-term mate.

David Buss supported this evolutionary reasoning with research focused on sex differences in mating strategies. In a large cross-cultural study that included 10,047 individuals across 37 cultures, Buss sought first to determine the different characteristics each sex looks for in a mate. From these findings, Buss was able to hypothesize the evolutionary causes for these preference differences. Buss found that men place very high importance on youth. Because youthful appearances signal fertility and men seek to maximize their number of mates capable of passing on their genes, men place high value on fertility cues. Buss also found that women desire older mates. He later hypothesized that this is because older males tend to have a greater chance of higher social status; this social status could lead to more resources for a woman and her offspring, and could therefore increase a woman's likelihood of sexual success and reproduction.

Another area in which the two sexes seem to differ greatly is in their reactions to sexual and emotional infidelity. Buss found that women were more jealous of emotional infidelity while men were more jealous of sexual infidelity. This has been supported as universal norm by Buss' cross-cultural study. Buss hypothesized that women find emotional infidelity more threatening because it could lead to the woman losing the resources she had gained from that mate and having to raise children on her own. He then hypothesized that men found sexual infidelity more threatening because they could risk spending resources on a child that may not be their own.

Mate preferences
Buss has conducted numerous studies comparing the mate preferences of individuals by factors such as gender, time, parents vs. offspring, and type of relationship. He has also conducted a large study investigating universal mate preferences. He and Chang, Shackelford, and Wang examined a sample from China and discovered that men more than women tend to prefer traits related to fertility, such as youth and physical attractiveness. Men also desired traits that could be seen as feminine stereotypes, including skill as a housekeeper. A similar study conducted in the US by Perilloux, Fleischman, and Buss revealed the same, with the addition of the desire for the traits healthy, easygoing, and creative/artistic. Women, however, favor traits related to resources, such as good earning capacity, social status, education and intelligence, and ambition and industriousness. Women also favor, more than men, the traits kindness and understanding, sociability, dependability, emotional stability, and an exciting personality. Parents of sons similarly ranked physical attractiveness at higher importance than parents of daughters, and parents of daughters ranked good earning capacity and education at higher importance. Overall, these sex differences in mate preferences appear to reflect gender stereotypes as well as theories of evolutionary psychology, which state that men will prefer fertility to pass on their genes, while women will prefer resources to provide for a family.

Even though both are motivated by the need to pass on their genes, parents often have different preferences in mates for their kids than the kids have for their own mates. Offspring tended to rank physically attractive and exciting personality higher than their parents, while parents found religious, kind and understanding, and good earning capacity to be more important factors. Parents and daughters in particular differed in that parents also ranked good housekeeper, healthy, and good heredity higher than their daughters. The authors speculated that health was more important to parents because concerns about health problems tend to increase later in life. Parents also consistently ranked religion at a higher priority than their children, reflecting the idea that parents want in-laws with similar values to them. Offspring, meanwhile, ranked religious very low, reflecting the lack of religiosity in younger generations.

When questioned about how his evolutionary male/female mating traits could be applied to non-reproductive sexual relationships, such as those of older, non-reproductive heterosexual couples or male-male long-term gay relationships, Dr. Keith W. Swain, PsyD, retired, conducted a research project seeking the answer to this question. In 2006, Dr. Swain conducted a matched-pair online survey of 1,000 self-identified gay male couples, asking each member of the couple to identify which of Dr. Buss' male and female mating traits they identified as being a trait they had historically had and had employed in their mate selection process.

Dr. Swain's results indicated that Dr. Buss' mate selection traits could be used to accurately predict the nature of the reporting couple's current relationships status: classified in four opposing groups, (those couples where both partners identified their relationship as either happy or unhappy, combative or peaceful, exciting or boring, and respectful or disrespectful). In addition, Dr. Swain's research noted a statistically-significant ability to predict the length of time a relationship a specific relationship had existed. As Dr. Buss' research would lead one to expect, those gay couples that had been together for five years or longer, when both partners rated their relationships as happy, displayed a remarkable similarity to heterosexual couples' use of sex-specific mating traits. One partner, identified as the alpha member by Dr. Swain, displayed more traditional male mating traits, while the other partner, identified as the beta partner by Dr. Swain, displayed stronger female-style mating traits. Dr. Swain's research was the basis for the best-selling book, Dynamic Duos: The Alpha/Beta Key to Unlocking Success in Gay Relationships.

Emotional distress towards intersexual deception
David Buss' research also explores the differing ways in which men and women cope with intersexual deception. His Strategic Interference Theory (SIT) states that conflict occurs when the strategies enacted by one individual interfere with the strategies, goals, and desires of another. Buss found that anger and distress are the two primary emotions that have evolved as solutions to strategic interference between men and women. When a person's goals, desires, and strategies are compromised, his or her aroused anger and subjective distress serve four functions: (1) to draw attention to the interfering events, (2) to mark those events for storage in long-term memory, (3) to motivate actions that reduce or eliminate the source of strategic interference, and (4) to motivate memorial retrieval and, hence, subsequent avoidance of situations producing further interference. In this manner, SIT implies that anger and distress will be activated when a person is confronted with an event that interferes with his or her favored sexual strategy. The source of interference will differ between the sexes, as men and women display different sexual strategies.

Buss and colleagues have found that SIT helps in predicting emotional arousal with respect to mating deception. These predictions can be made in regards to various scenarios that often occur between men and women. The research facilitated by Buss and colleagues shows that women, in comparison to men, will display more emotional distress when they have been deceived about their partner's socioeconomic status, when their partners deploy expressions of love as a short-term mating strategy, when their partners display postcopulatory signals of disinterest in pursuing a long-term relationship, and when their partners conceal their existing emotional investment in another person. Men, more than women, will become emotionally distressed when their partners present false invitations for sex as a long-term mating strategy, when their partner displays sexual infidelity in the context of a long-term relationship, and when their partners lie about the content of their sexual fantasies.

Mate poaching and guarding
Schmitt & Buss in 2001 defined mate poaching as a behavior designed to lure someone who is already in a romantic relationship, either temporarily for a brief sexual liaison or more permanently for a long-term mating. In empirical studies men showed higher propensity in mate poaching than women. Tactics involved befriending, waiting for an opportunity, driving a wedge in existing relationship, etc.

Mate guarding is a co-evolution strategy designed to defend against poaching. Jealousy and guesstimation are identified indicators of this guarding strategy.  Among men, expressed sexual infidelity of their mate was the most damaging, while women expressed emotional infidelity as the most damaging. Men perceived borderline paternity issues. In contrast, women can always be certain that their offspring are their own. Mate retention tactics among men mainly involved vigilance and violence; among women, it mainly consisted of enhancing their physical appearance and intentionally provoking their mate's jealousy with suggestibility an object/stimulus is a threat to their valued relationship and challenge status hierarchy with changes in attachment.

Books
Buss, D.M. (1995). The Evolution of Desire: Strategies of Human Mating. Basic Books. .
Buss, D.M.; Malamuth, N. (1996). Sex, Power, Conflict: Evolutionary and Feminist Perspectives. Oxford University Press. .
Buss, D.M. (2000). The Dangerous Passion: Why Jealousy Is as Necessary as Love and Sex. The Free Press. .
Buss, D.M., ed. (2005). The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology. Wiley. .
Buss, D.M. (2005). The Murderer Next Door: Why the Mind Is Designed to Kill. The Penguin Press. .
Meston, C.M.; Buss, D.M. (2009). Why Women Have Sex: Understanding Sexual Motivations from Adventure to Revenge. Times Books. .
Larsen, R.; Buss, D.M. (2017). Personality Psychology: Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. .
Buss, D.M. (2019). Evolutionary Psychology: The New Science of the Mind (6th ed.). Routledge. .
Buss, D.M. (2021). When Men Behave Badly: The Hidden Roots of Sexual Deception, Harassment, and Assault. Little, Brown Spark. .

References

External links

Official website

1953 births
Living people
20th-century American psychologists
Evolutionary psychologists
Human Behavior and Evolution Society
American social psychologists
UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni
Harvard University Department of Psychology faculty
University of Michigan faculty
University of Texas at Austin faculty
21st-century American psychologists

David Buss


The 1 Up Fever is a 2013 mockumentary about the first usage of the Bitcoin cryptocurrency and the release of an augmented reality smartphone-based video game inspired by the Super Mario Bros. platform game. The movie was shot in the city of Berlin and after its web release on August 2, 2013, it became a small case among the Bitcoin community and between augmented reality video game developers.

The documentary had its European Premiere at Cineglobe Film Festival du CERN, now Geneva International Film Festival Tous Ecrans, where it won the Audience Favourite Documentary prize and its North American premiere at the Silicon Valley Science Fiction Short Film Festival. The movie was also named and shown as a nominee in many other film festivals.

Overview
The short movie describes the possible aftermaths due to the release of an augmented reality game, which awards its users with Bitcoin prizes. The game is an action game inspired by Nintendo's Super Mario Bros. platform game, transposed to an augmented reality environment. The actors walk through the city, jumping, climbing, grasping yellow coins with their phones, obsessed by the gold fever. The Berlin city is the stage of this strange behaviour, while the gamers discover new ways of living the city landscape and its socio-economic texture. The game has been seen as an allegorization of the gold farming and microlabor mechanisms of Bitcoin mining.

Part of the work is dedicated to the "Bitcoin kiez", a district of Berlin Kreuzberg which aroused the interest of the media for being the place with the highest density of businesses accepting the Bitcoin currency in the world.
The story is a consideration of the huge impact that the usage of smartphones on a great scale and the rising business of the big data market and data mining can have on the private life and habits of the users, as local Bitcoin developers, journalists and hackers discuss about the secret identity of the game developer, which winks at the mysterious figure of the Bitcoin designer Satoshi Nakamoto, and about the financial reasons which lay behind the release of the game app.

Release
During the weeks after its release, The 1 Up Fever received critical praise, and many started searching for how to download the game app, until the author revealed the Mockery.
In 2017 The 1 Up Fever was on the news again, to have been allegedly inspired the Pokemon Challenge's April 1 Mockery of 2014, and the consequent creation of the Pokémon GO App.

References

External links

2013 short films
2013 independent films
Films shot in Berlin
Student films
Films about video games
2013 films
German independent films

The 1 Up Fever


The Messerschmitt Me 265 was a design project for a Zerstörer ("Destroyer;" heavy fighter), produced by leading German aircraft manufacturer Messerschmitt in World War II.

Design
The Me 265 was designed in 1942, intended to replace the failing Me 210. It was also known as the Lippisch Li P 10.

The Me 265 was an aerodynamically advanced design, using a tailless delta-shaped flying wing and two pusher propellers built into the wing. The two-man crew sat back-to-back in the cockpit. It was powered by two Daimler-Benz DB 603 liquid-cooled, 12-cylinder piston engines, each engine producing 1,750 hp. These engines were mounted in a pusher configuration.

Ultimately, the design of the Me 265/Li P 10 was rejected in favour of the more conventional Me 410, which re-used a greater proportion of Me 210 components and could be brought into production more quickly.

Specifications

See also

Notes

References
Luftwaffe Secret Projects - Ground Attack & Special Purpose Aircraft, D. Herwig & H. Rode,

Me 265
1940s German fighter aircraft
Twin-engined pusher aircraft
Abandoned military aircraft projects of Germany

Messerschmitt Me 265


Sphinx and the Cursed Mummy is an action-adventure video game inspired by the mythology of Ancient Egypt for GameCube, PlayStation 2 and Xbox. The game was developed by Eurocom and published by THQ. Nordic Games acquired THQ in 2014 and formed THQ Nordic, as a result, a remastered version of the game was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows, macOS and Linux on November 10, 2017. A physical Nintendo Switch version with several enhancements was released on January 29, 2019.

In Sphinx and the Cursed Mummy, the player falls into the role of a demigod, Sphinx, and the undead corpse of Tutankhamen. Sphinx's role is one of a brave warrior who battles fearsome monsters and relies on raw power to complete tasks. Tutenkhanmen, also known as the Mummy, revolves around puzzle-solving and logical thinking to outwit his foes.

Plot
The fictional version of Egypt in which the game is set is in a period of turmoil when the player is introduced to Sphinx, one of the main protagonists. He and his fellow apprentice Horus are given the task of retrieving the legendary Blade of Osiris by their master, Imhotep. They are taken to Uruk, "the land of darkness", where they eventually find the Blade. Horus is attacked and supposedly killed by a deadly ray that protects the Castle of Uruk. Sphinx retrieves the Blade, but while trying to escape is also attacked by the ray and forced to travel to an unknown location through the use of a portal system.

Meanwhile, the young Prince Tutenkhamen of Luxor celebrates his birthday, but his older brother, Akhenaten, captures him and performs a ritual that turns him into a mummy. Sphinx arrives and interrupts the ritual, causing Tutenkhamen, Akhenaten and his henchman Menes to be teleported to the Castle of Uruk. Sphinx learns that fragments of Tutenkhamen's soul are stored in Canopic Vases, and takes on the task of recollecting them to restore him to his former self. In the Castle, Akhenaten gloats that the recent events were nothing but a minor setback. The player then learns that "Akhenaten" is in fact the dark god Set in disguise, and that the real Akhenaten was mummified in the same way as Tutenkhamen to allow Set to assume his form. However, because of Sphinx's actions he cannot disguise himself as Tutenkhamen to take power in Luxor as planned.

Sphinx and Imhotep devise a plan to use the Mummy/Tutenkhamen's immortality to their benefit; a single Canopic Vase is able to bring him to life for a short while, but he still remains practically dead allowing him to safely venture the trap-riddled Castle of Uruk. Imhotep creates Bas-ket, who can sneak inside the castle to deliver the Vases to the Mummy. Throughout the story, the Mummy exploits his inability to be killed to survive the traps and retrieve valuable items to aid Sphinx in his quest. In return, Sphinx finds more Canopic Vases over the course of the game and uses Bas-ket to send them to his undead ally.

During his time in the city of Heliopolis, Sphinx learns that the god Anubis has caused great suffering to the people of the land; most prominently, he cast many of them into stone statues. Sphinx's heroic nature appeals to Anubis, and gradually allows him to free the people from their stone curse. However, the tasks given to Sphinx become more dangerous over time. Anubis asks him to retrieve "Sacred Crowns", immensely powerful objects once used by the gods of Egypt.

The first crown to retrieve is the Sacred Crown of Abydos, a city barraged by various disasters and troubles (though not apparent at first, the chaos is the work of Set). Most recently, the Mayor falls very ill and the Crown almost falls into the hands of his traitorous aides. Sphinx is able to save him and in return is rewarded with the crown.

Each crown presents a greater challenge for Sphinx than the previous; he battles and defeats the fearsome Geb Queen for possession of the Sacred Crown of Uruk, and the pharaoh of Heliopolis for the Crown of Heliopolis. As Sphinx proves his might to Anubis, the enigmatic god reveals he cast the people of Heliopolis into stone to protect them from the darkness that will soon descend upon Egypt at the hands of Set.

The Mummy discovers The Sacred Crown of Set, the final crown, in the depths of The Castle of Uruk. He takes it and this greatly weakens the ray protecting the castle. Bas-ket is able to escape with the crown, but Set catches the Mummy and paralyses him.

With all four Sacred Crowns, Anubis is able to summon Osiris, another god who reveals he and Set were once a single form named Ra. Set, however, became greedy and stole power from Osiris to take over Egypt. Osiris uses the last of his power to transport Sphinx past the defenses of The Castle of Uruk, where he challenges Set for the fate of all Egypt. Set takes on his "true form"; a hideous monster with immense power, but Sphinx is able to defeat him. Set is not destroyed, indeed Imhotep appears and tells Sphinx that this is not in his destiny. Instead, Osiris arrives and forcibly reunites himself with the weakened Set and Ra is formed once again. Ra gives the Mummy the last Canopic Vase, but the Mummy tragically falls and breaks it. As the game ends on a cliffhanger, Imhotep states there may be other ways to help Tutenkhamen regain his human form.

Development
The game was first announced by THQ on February 19, 2003, under the working title Sphinx. Touted as a GameCube and PlayStation 2 title, it would ultimately launch on the Xbox, as well. Eurocom developed the game over a period of roughly three years, including time spent creating the title's original engine. The design for Sphinx himself changed greatly over time, from a young child of about six to his final form as a teenager. In creating the two differing styles of gameplay, the developers took inspiration from exploration and puzzle-solving in past games, such as the Zelda series. During development, the role of the cursed mummy, Tutankhamen, increased in prominence. Early Sphinx featured a 70/30 split of play time between Sphinx and Tutankhamen, which was adjusted in the latter's favor in response to positive reactions to the character. In line with this shift, the game's title was changed from the earlier Sphinx and the Shadow of Set to the advertised Sphinx and the Misfortunate Mummy sometime during mid-August and early September, shortly before release. The Shadow of Set development title had still been in use when THQ began providing demo discs for the PlayStation 2 version online. It would ultimately be released in November with the finalized title of Sphinx and the Cursed Mummy.

It was originally intended that Sphinx transform into a mythical sphinx—a winged lion with human features. Flying sequences were to comprise around 30% of Sphinx (the character)'s gameplay. These sections were triggered by reaching specific points in the game, one such area involving "flying through [...] tubes trying to get to a fortress, with many different obstacles on the way". A pre-production concept animation showcased the sphinx idea, and character designer Juan Solís produced models for the character's sphinx form, which ultimately went unused. Early media about the game also indicated that several further regions of Egypt would be included. IGN described the game's "seven worlds", including "the jungles, swamps and lakes of Sakkara" and "the underwater city of Akaria," neither of which featured in the final game. In pre-release interviews, THQ's Rob Loftus stated that Eurocom would be taking "full advantage" of the GameCube hardware, which would be evident in that version's improved lighting features.

Steve Duckworth, audio manager at Eurocom, composed the game's soundtrack, which was later published online for free download.

Mobile version
The mobile version is a completely different 2D game. THQ Wireless published a Java version for mobile phones, developed by Humagade. As in the console game, players alternately control Sphinx and Tutankhamen (the mummy) in action and puzzle-solving scenarios, respectively. Players seek out Tutankhamen's preserved organs in order to restore him to life while tracking the evil Set through the city of Uruk.

PC version
A PC port was developed by Swyter, the author of an HD texture pack for the GameCube version. Swyter is constantly updating the game for better performance and adding options to it. The development kit, EuroLand, was released on February 19, 2018, allowing for mods of the game. The Akaria and Sakkara beta levels, removed in the final game, were recreated with EuroLand as mods that are now available in the Steam Workshop.

Technical issues
Using one of the save points in the Mummy section immediately following a particular cutscene that would reveal Horus' Betrayal in the story can cause a door to be permanently sealed if the play session is not immediately continued in all three console versions of the game. This traps the player, preventing further progress with no way to reverse the action. This forces the player to start over from the very beginning of the game. This bug was fixed in the PC and Switch version of the game, including the version hosted on the digital video game distribution platform Steam.

Reception

Sphinx was well received by much of the gaming community. IGN gave the game 8.5/10, calling it a "fun, challenging action-adventure serv[ing] up a semi-non-linear experience complete with huge worlds to explore, difficult and satisfying puzzles, entertaining weapon and item advancements". It was praised by critics for its unique characters and compelling storyline. The game's graphics were also highly praised for their quality. However, some criticism was directed at the lack of voice acting to coincide with the text-heavy dialogue. Commercially, the game performed poorly, with "sluggish sales [...] across all systems".

The mobile release received a more muted response, though still generally positive, with a 70.50% aggregate score on GameRankings. IGN's Levi Buchanan admired the game's graphics, but criticised the "freaky" isometric controls for not being "as user-friendly as they need to be", overall feeling the game was "a pretty good purchase for fans of the original console game or in the hunt for an adventure title." Reviewing the title for GameSpot, Carrie Gouskos enjoyed the game's adherence to the style of the console title, saying it did "a good job of maintaining the look and personality of the franchise", but called the controls "uncomfortable", the sound "not that interesting" and said the gameplay "doesn't have great longevity", overall finding it frustrating for anyone but players seeking "a simple little action game [or] particular fan[s] of the series".

References

External links
Official website

2003 video games
Action-adventure games
GameCube games
Eurocom games
Humagade games
Java platform games
Linux games
MacOS games
Mobile games
Nintendo Switch games
PlayStation 2 games
Single-player video games
THQ games
THQ Nordic games
Video games based on Egyptian mythology
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games scored by Steve Duckworth
Video games set in ancient Egypt
Video games set in castles
Windows games
Xbox games
THQ Wireless games

Sphinx and the Cursed Mummy


A centenarian is a person who has lived to be at least 100. Because people normally die before this age, the word centenarian is usually linked to longevity. The United States has the most centenarians, while Japan is second.

Much more rare is a supercentenarian, who is a person that has lived to be at least 110.  Famous supercentenarians have included Harry Patch, who was the last surviving British soldier of the First World War trenches.  He died on 25 July 2009 (aged 111).  For the last seven days of his life he was Britain's oldest man.  Henry Allingham, another First World War veteran, had died a week earlier (aged 113).

Other websites
 Centenarians' Road
 The Okinawa Centenarian Study
 New England Centenarian Study
 Salt of the Red Earth: Wit, wisdom and portraits of 100 Oklahoma centenarians
 Living to 100 and Beyond: Search for Predictors of Exceptional Human Longevity
 Mortality of Centenarians
 Purple Medical Blog Predictors of Reaching 100 Years Old..How To Live A Long Life.. A Quiz
 U.S. politicians who lived the longest
 Noted Nonagenarians and Centenarians
 Centenarian research & celebration
 Table of numbers of centenarians for select nations, 1960 and 1990

References

Centenarian


USS Buckingham (APA-141) was a Haskell-class attack transport in service with the United States Navy from 1945 to 1946. She was scrapped in 1974.

History
Buckingham (APA 141) was laid down on 9 September 1944 at Wilmington, California, by the California Shipbuilding Corp. under a Maritime Commission contract (MCV hull 57); launched on 13 November 1944; sponsored by Mrs. S. J. Dickey; towed to Vancouver, Washington, for completion by the Kaiser Shipbuilding Co.; transferred to the Navy on 23 January 1945; and commissioned that same day.

World War II
The attack transport conducted shakedown training off San Pedro, California, in February 1945 and then sailed to San Diego, California, for amphibious warfare training. She made numerous practice landings on beaches at Coronado, San Clemente, and Oceanside, California. Minor repairs of defects discovered during shakedown were corrected at Todd Shipyard in San Pedro. Buckingham then reported to the Commander, Western Sea Frontier, at San Francisco, California, for her first assignment, transportation of a cargo of ammunition and explosives to Pearl Harbor.

After loading her cargo at Port Chicago, California, the attack transport departed San Francisco Bay on 3 April and arrived at Pearl Harbor on 10 April. She waited at anchor there for nearly a week before putting to sea with a training group to practice fleet cruising, shiphandling, and amphibious landings at Maui. The ship returned to Pearl Harbor on the 28th, took on cargo, and embarked Army and Marine Corps troops for transportation to the Mariana Islands.

The attack transport sailed out of Pearl Harbor on 4 May in company with , , SS Sea Sturgeon, and SS Evangeline. The convoy stopped at Eniwetok on 12 May for sailing directions, and Clinton and Buckingham, escorted by , journeyed on to Guam. After discharging passengers there, the attack transport steamed eight hours northward to Saipan. Once again passengers disembarked, and new passengers, bound for Pearl Harbor, came on board. On 25 May, Buckingham sailed for Eniwetok and Hawaii, and arrived in Pearl Harbor on 4 June. Three days later the attack transport headed for San Francisco with a lighter load of passengers for repair of a split boiler. Its speed was limited to 7 knots and it was accompanied by one destroyer escort.

When Buckingham departed the United States on 28 June, she began a voyage that took her—via Pearl Harbor, Eniwetok, and Ulithi—to the Philippines and back to San Francisco, where she arrived on 17 August. News of the war's end reached the ship while she was still at sea, but she still had one more job to do. She hurriedly took on troops and cargo for passage to Pearl Harbor, continued on to Saipan and, on 22 September, steamed for Wakayama, Japan—carrying occupation forces—and landed her troops and cargo on Japanese soil on 27 September.

Operation Magic Carpet
The attack transport operated as part of the "Operation Magic Carpet" fleet on her return trip to San Francisco, carrying home over 1,800 veterans. In November, Buckingham made one more trip to Japan carrying occupation troops. She discharged some of her passengers at Sasebo on 25 November and proceeded to Nagasaki to disembark the rest. After embarking more than 1,500 returning servicemen, Buckingham crossed the Pacific Ocean for the last time.

Decommissioning and fate
Scheduled for inactivation, the ship made the long voyage to Norfolk, Virginia, early in 1946. She was decommissioned there on 1 March 1946 and was returned to the Maritime Commission on 5 March 1946. Her name struck from the Navy list on 20 March 1946. Placed in the Maritime Commission's National Defense Reserve Fleet at James River, Virginia, she remained there until January 1974 when she was sold to Consolidated Steel Corp., Brownsville, Texas, for scrapping.

References

External links
 NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive – APA-141 Buckingham

Victory ships
Ships built in Los Angeles
Haskell-class attack transports
Buckingham County, Virginia
World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Troop ships
1944 ships

USS Buckingham


The oat (Avena sativa) is a cereal grain. It is food for people and other animals, for example, chickens and horses. Oatmeal is made from oats. Oat straw is used as bedding for animals.

Porridge is made only from whole grain oats. It forms an excellent part of a balanced diet for the following reasons:
 Oats are rich in both soluble and insoluble fiber.
 Oats are a place to get energy.  As a rich place to get complex carbohydrates, they provide a slow release of energy over the morning – in that way they reduce the desire to eat 'quick energy release' sugar-based foods.
 Oats are also a good place to get protein.
 Oats are also a good place to get vitamin B1.

Origin
The wild ancestor of Avena sativa and the similar minor crop, A. byzantina, is the hexaploid wild oat A. sterilis. Science of DNA shows that the ancestor forms of A. sterilis grew in the Fertile Crescent of the Near East.

Domesticated oats appear later. They are also far from the Near East, in Bronze Age Europe. Oats are like rye. They are normally thought as a less important crop, i.e. coming from a weed out of the main cereals wheat and barley   As these cereals spread into cooler, wetter places, this may have favored the oat weed. This quickly leads to its common use.

Cultivation

Oats are grown all over temperate places. They have a lower summer heat need and are able to survive more rain than other cereals like wheat, rye or barley. Oats are an annual plant, and can be planted either in autumn (for late summer harvest) or in the spring (for early autumn harvest).

Historical attitudes towards oats are very different. Oat bread was first made in England, where the first oat bread factory was made in 1899. In Scotland, are well liked, as a good part of the national diet. The English writer Samuel Johnson, famously wrote in A Dictionary of the English Language that the oat was a grain, which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people. Which the Scottish quickly said back "and England has the best horses, and Scotland the best men."

Uses

Oats have many uses in food. Most of the time they are rolled or crushed into oatmeal, or ground into oat flour. Oatmeal is also eaten as porridge, but may also be used in many of baked goods, such as oat cakes, oatmeal cookies, and oat bread. Oats are also an substance used in many cold cereals, in particular muesli and granola. Without cooking, oats may also be taken as food.

Oats are also sometimes used in drinks. In Britain, it is used for making beer. Oatmeal stout is one of many beers using some oats.  A cold, sweet drink made of ground oats and milk is a well liked drink in  Latin America. 'Oatmeal caudle', made of ale and oatmeal with spices was a usual British drink and well-liked by Oliver Cromwell.

In Scotland a dish called Sowans was made by putting the husks from oats in water for a week so that the fine, dusty part of the meal remained at the bottom to be strained off, boiled and taken as food (Gauldie 1981). Oats are also widely used there as a thickener in soups, as barley or rice might be used in other countries.

Oats and its hulls are also commonly used as feed for horses - as  whole or rolled oats or as part of  food bits. Cattle are also fed oats, either whole, or ground into a  flour using a mill.

Oat straw is prized by cattle and horse makers as bedding, because its soft, almost dust-free, and takes in liquid. The straw can also be used for making corn dollies. Tied in a cotton bag, oat straw was used to soften bath-water.

Things take out of oatscan also be used to make pain less sharp in the skin, as in skin lotions. It is the main substance in the Aveeno line of products.

Health

Oats are mostly thought as "healthy" food. The finding of the healthy LDL cholesterol-lowering properties has led to more liking of oats as human food.

Protein
Oat is the only cereal having a globulin or legume-like protein, avenalin, as the major (80%) storage protein. Globulins can be taken up by weak salt water. The more common cereal proteins are gluten and zein. The minor protein of oat is avenin.

Oat protein is almost the same in quality as soy bean protein, which has been shown by the World Health Organization to be equal to meat, milk, and egg protein. The amount of protein of the hull-less oat kernel ranges from 12 to 24%, which is the highest among cereals.

Related pages
Oatmeal

References

Medicinal plants

Oat


Kinetic theory or kinetic theory of gases attempts to explain overall properties of gases, such as pressure, temperature, or volume, by considering their molecular composition and motion. The theory basically states that pressure is not caused by molecules pushing each other away, like earlier scientists thought. Instead, pressure is caused by the molecules colliding with each other and their container. Kinetic theory is also known as kinetic-molecular theory or collision theory.

There are three main components to kinetic theory:

 No energy is gained or lost when molecules collide
 The molecules in a gas take up a negligible (able to be ignored) amount of space in relation to the container they occupy
 The molecules are in constant, linear motion.

References

The Mathematical Theory of Non-uniform Gases : An Account of the Kinetic Theory of Viscosity, Thermal Conduction and Diffusion in Gases, Sydney Chapman, T. G. Cowling
The main postulate of this theory are--
1.The particles attract each other with a force. This force is called      cohesive force if the particles are of same kind and adhesive force when particles are of different kinds.
2. All matter is composed of small particles called molecules. (Atoms or ions as the situation demands).
3. The particles are in a state of unending motion (continuous motion) and as such have kinetic energy.
4. with the supply of heat energy (thermal energy) to matter, the kinetic energy of a particle increase, i.e., they start moving more vigorously. Reverse happens if the matter is cooled.i.e., heat energy is taken out of it.
5. The force of attraction between the particles decreases, if the distance between them increases and vice versa.

Last updated Sat,16 May 2020
9:00 pm
By Rachit Vishwakarma
..................................

Other websites
 Early Theories of Gases
 Thermodynamics  - a chapter from an online textbook
 Temperature and Pressure of an Ideal Gas: The Equation of State on Project PHYSNET.
 Introduction  to the kinetic molecular theory of gases, from The Upper Canada District School Board
 Java animation  illustrating the kinetic theory from University of Arkansas
 Flowchart linking together kinetic theory concepts, from HyperPhysics
 Interactive Java Applets  allowing high school students to experiment and discover how various factors affect rates of chemical reactions.

Thermodynamics

Kinetic theory


The A5 is a  motorway, located in the Lisbon metropolitan area, Portugal. It connects Lisbon with Cascais. The motorway is also known as Estoril Coast Motorway and it overlaps the Complementary Itinerary 15 (IC15).

The first section of the highway – connecting the Duarte Pacheco Viaduct in the City of Lisbon with the National Stadium in the Oeiras Municipality – was opened in 1944, becoming the first motorway in Portugal and one of the first in the world. From 1945 to the early 1980s, it was officially designated National Road 7 (N7), when it became the A5. The last section of the A5 was opened in 1991.

Motorways in Portugal
Cascais

A5 motorway (Portugal)


Математик болон тооцон бодох шинжлэх ухаанд, Эйлерийн арга нь анхны утга өгөгдсөн ердийн дифференциал тэгшитгэлийг (ODEs) шийдэхэд хэрэглэгдэх SN эрэмбийн тоон арга юм. It is the most basic  дифференциал тэгшитгэлийг тоон аргаар интеграцлахад хамгийн энгийн бөгөөд тохиромжит ил арга бөгөөд Рунге-Куттагийн арга-ын хялбар хэлбэр юм. Энэ арга нь Леонард Эйлерийн нэрээр нэрлэгдсэн ба, анх түүний Institutionum calculi integralis гэдэг номонд ашиглагдсан байна. ( 1768–70 онд хэвлэгдсэн).

Ойролцоолох үед гарах бодолтын алдаа (алхам дахь алдаа) нь алхамын хэмжээний квадраттай пропорциональ, нийлбэр алдаа нь (өгөгдсөн хугацаан дахь алдаа) нь хугацааны алхамтай профорциональ учир энэ арга нь нэгдүгээр эрэмбийн арга юм.
Эйлерийн арга нь илүү нарийвчлал болон өндөр эрэмбийн комплекс аргийг цогцлооход үндэс суурь нь болж өгдөг.

Энгийн геометр дүрслэл

Consider the problem of calculating the shape of an unknown curve which starts at a given point and satisfies a given differential equation. Here, a differential equation can be thought of as a formula by which the slope of the tangent line to the curve can be computed at any point on the curve, once the position of that point has been calculated.

The idea is that while the curve is initially unknown, its starting point, which we denote by  is known (see the picture on top right). Then, from the differential equation, the slope to the curve at  can be computed, and so, the tangent line.

Take a small step along that tangent line  up to a point  Along this small step, the slope does not change too much, so  will be close to the curve. If we pretend that   is still on the curve, the same reasoning as for the point  above can be used. After several steps, a polygonal curve  is computed. In general, this curve does not diverge too far from the original unknown curve, and the error between the two curves can be made small if the step size is small enough and the interval of computation is finite.

Аргын томъёолол

Suppose that we want to approximate the solution of the initial value problem

Choose a value  for the size of every step and set . Now, one step of the Euler method from  to  is

The value of  is an approximation of the solution to the ODE at time : . The Euler method is explicit, i.e. the solution  is an explicit function of  for .

While the Euler method integrates a first-order ODE, any ODE of order N can be represented as a first-order ODE:
to treat the equation

,

we introduce auxiliary variables  and obtain
the equivalent equation

This is a first-order system in the variable  and can be handled by Euler's method or, in fact, by any other scheme for first-order systems.

Жишээ

Given the initial value problem

we would like to use the Euler method to approximate .

Алхамын хэмжээг 1-тэй тэнцүү гэж үзэх (h = 1)

The Euler method is

so first we must compute .  In this simple differential equation, the function  is defined by . We have

By doing the above step, we have found the slope of the line that is tangent to the solution curve at the point .  Recall that the slope is defined as the change in  divided by the change in , or .

The next step is to multiply the above value by the step size , which we take equal to one here:

Since the step size is the change in , when we multiply the step size and the slope of the tangent, we get a change in  value.  This value is then added to the initial  value to obtain the next value to be used for computations.

The above steps should be repeated to find ,  and .

Due to the repetitive nature of this algorithm, it can be helpful to organize computations in a chart form, as seen below, to avoid making errors.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!  !!  !!  !! !!  !!  !!
|-
| 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 2
|-
| 1 || 2 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 2 || 4
|-
| 2 || 4 || 2 || 4 || 1 || 4 || 8
|-
| 3 || 8 || 3 || 8 || 1 || 8 || 16
|}

The conclusion of this computation is that . The exact solution of the differential equation is , so . Thus, the approximation of the Euler method is not very good in this case. However, as the figure shows, its behaviour is qualitatively right.

Өөр алхамын хэмжээ ашиглах

As suggested in the introduction, the Euler method is more accurate if the step size  is smaller. The table below shows the result with different step sizes. The top row corresponds to the example in the previous section, and the second row is illustrated in the figure.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! step size !! result of Euler's method !! error
|-
| 1 || 16 || 38.598
|-
| 0.25 || 35.53 || 19.07
|-
| 0.1 || 45.26 || 9.34
|-
| 0.05 || 49.56 || 5.04
|-
| 0.025 || 51.98 || 2.62
|-
| 0.0125 || 53.26 || 1.34
|}

The error recorded in the last column of the table is the difference between the exact solution at  and the Euler approximation. In the bottom of the table, the step size is half the step size in the previous row, and the error is also approximately half the error in the previous row. This suggests that the error is roughly proportional to the step size, at least for fairly small values of the step size. This is true in general, also for other equations; see the section Global truncation error for more details.

Other methods, such as the midpoint method also illustrated in the figures, behave more favourably: the error of the midpoint method is roughly proportional to the square of the step size. For this reason, the Euler method is said to be a first-order method, while the midpoint method is second order.

We can extrapolate from the above table that the step size needed to get an answer that is correct to three decimal places is approximately 0.00001, meaning that we need 400,000 steps. This large number of steps entails a high computational cost. For this reason, people usually employ alternative, higher-order methods such as Runge–Kutta methods or linear multistep methods, especially if a high accuracy is desired.

Гаргалгаа

The Euler method can be derived in a number of ways. Firstly, there is the geometrical description mentioned above.

Another possibility is to consider the Taylor expansion of the function  around :

The differential equation states that . If this is substituted in the Taylor expansion and the quadratic and higher-order terms are ignored, the Euler method arises. The Taylor expansion is used below to analyze the error committed by the Euler method, and it can be extended to produce Runge–Kutta methods.

A closely related derivation is to substitute the forward finite difference formula for the derivative,

in the differential equation . Again, this yields the Euler method. A similar computation leads to the midpoint rule and the backward Euler method.

Finally, one can integrate the differential equation from  to  and apply the fundamental theorem of calculus to get:

Now approximate the integral by the left-hand rectangle method (with only one rectangle):

Combining both equations, one finds again the Euler method. This line of thought can be continued to arrive at various linear multistep methods.

Орчны хасалтын алдаа

The local truncation error of the Euler method is error made in a single step. It is the difference between the numerical solution after one step, , and the exact solution at time . The numerical solution is given by

For the exact solution, we use the Taylor expansion mentioned in the section Derivation above:

The local truncation error (LTE) introduced by the Euler method is given by the difference between these equations:

This result is valid if  has a bounded third derivative.

This shows that for small , the local truncation error is approximately proportional to . This makes the Euler method less accurate (for small ) than other higher-order techniques such as Runge-Kutta methods and linear multistep methods, for which the local truncation error is proportial to a higher power of the step size.

A slightly different formulation for the local truncation error can be obtained by using the Lagrange form for the remainder term in Taylor's theorem. If  has a continuous second derivative, then there exists a  such that

In the above expressions for the error, the second derivative of the unknown exact solution  can be replaced by an expression involving the right-hand side of the differential equation. Indeed, it follows from the equation  that

Нийт хасалтын алдаа

The global truncation error is the error at a fixed time , after however many steps the methods needs to take to reach that time from the initial time. The global truncation error is the cumulative effect of the local truncation errors committed in each step. The number of steps is easily determined to be , which is proportional to , and the error committed in each step is proportional to  (see the previous section). Thus, it is to be expected that the global truncation error will be proportional to .

This intuitive reasoning can be made precise. If the solution  has a bounded second derivative and  is Lipschitz continuous in its second argument, then the global truncation error (GTE) is bounded by

where  is an upper bound on the second derivative of  on the given interval and  is the Lipschitz constant of .

The precise form of this bound of little practical importance, as in most cases the bound vastly overestimates the actual error committed by the Euler method. What is important is that it shows that the global truncation error is (approximately) proportional to . For this reason, the Euler method is said to be first order.

Тооцооллын тогтворшилт

The Euler method can also be numerically unstable, especially for stiff equations, meaning that the numerical solution grows very large for equations where the exact solution does not. This can be illustrated using the linear equation

The exact solution is , which decays to zero as . However, if the Euler method is applied to this equation with step size , then the numerical solution is qualitatively wrong: it oscillates and grows (see the figure). This is what it means to be unstable. If a smaller step size is used, for instance , then the numerical solution does decay to zero.

If the Euler method is applied to the linear equation , then the numerical solution is unstable if the product  is outside the region

illustrated on the right. This region is called the (linear) instability region. In the example,  equals −2.3, so if  then  which is outside the stability region, and thus the numerical solution is unstable.

This limitation —along with its slow convergence of error with h— means that the Euler method is not often used, except as a simple example of numerical integration.

Алдааны тойрог

The discussion up to now has ignored the consequences of rounding error. In step n of the Euler method, the rounding error is roughly of the magnitude εyn where ε is the machine epsilon. Assuming that the rounding errors are all of approximately the same size, the combined rounding error in N steps is roughly Nεy0 if all errors points in the same direction. Since the number of steps is inversely proportional to the step size h, the total rounding error is proportional to ε / h. In reality, however, it is extremely unlikely that all rounding errors point in the same direction. If instead it is assumed that the rounding errors are independent rounding variables, then the total rounding error is proportional to .

Thus, for extremely small values of the step size, the truncation error will be small but the effect of rounding error may be big. Most of the effect of rounding error can be easily avoided if compensated summation is used in the formula for the Euler method.

Сайжруулалт ба өргөтгөл
A simple modification of the Euler method which eliminates the stability problems noted in the previous section is the backward Euler method:

This differs from the (standard, or forward) Euler method in that the function  is evaluated at the end point of the step, instead of the starting point. The backward Euler method is an implicit method, meaning that the formula for the backward Euler method has  on both sides, so when applying the backward Euler method we have to solve an equation. This makes the implementation more costly.

Other modifications of the Euler method that help with stability yield the exponential Euler method or the semi-implicit Euler method.

More complicated methods can achieve a higher order (and more accuracy). One possibility is to use more function evaluations. This is illustrated by the midpoint method which is already mentioned in this article:

This leads to the family of Runge–Kutta methods.

The other possibility is to use more past values, as illustrated by the two-step Adams–Bashforth method:

This leads to the family of linear multistep methods.

Мөн үзэх
Dynamic errors of numerical methods of ODE discretization
Gradient descent similarly uses finite steps, here to find minima of functions
List of Runge-Kutta methods
Linear multistep method
Numerical integration (for calculating definite integrals)
Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations

Тэмдэглэл

Лавлах
 .
 .
 .
 .

 .
 .

Гадаад холбоос

Euler's Method for O.D.E.'s, by John H. Matthews, California State University at Fullerton.
On line calculator for Euler's method by www.mathstools.com
Euler method implementations in different languages by Rosetta Code

Ердийн дифференциал тэгшитгэлийн онол
Тоон анализ

Эйлерийн арга


Buchnera americana, commonly known as American bluehearts or bupleurum, is a locally endangered herbaceous perennial plant of the broomrape family Orobanchaceae.  Found widely across the eastern United States, it also occurs in one location in the Canadian province of Ontario.

Description
Buchnera americana is a perennial flowering plant with underground rhizomes and an above-ground stem. The stem of the plant is usually covered with trichomes (small hair-like projections), and can grow  tall. The leaves are opposed, meaning that they grow in pairs, sprouting directly across from each other. The flowers are light purple. The fruits are dark purple and form in capsules  in length. The plant blooms year round, but the flowers are at their peak between June and September. During the remaining months of the year, the petals darken and dry up.

Distribution and habitat
Bluehearts are found in 12 states, ranging from Ohio to Florida. They are most common in Missouri and Tennessee, where they are abundant in moist environments. The plant also occurs in a small area of south-western Ontario  from Lake Huron.

Buchnera americana is mostly found along the edges of wet depressions, in limestone glades, prairies, moist sandy soils, and open woods. It sometimes forms a hemiparasitic relationship with a tree (any of several species) by attaching itself to the root system.

Conservation
In Canada, Buchnera americana is only found in "a  stretch of the shoreline of Lake Huron in South-western Ontario". Only six populations exist, and they are considered Endangered provincially and nationally.

In the United States, bluehearts are found in 11 states, from Ohio and Indiana to Georgia and Missouri. They are state ranked from S1 to S5 according to their degree of occurrence: S1 is extremely rare and S5 is secure. In Georgia and Virginia bluehearts are listed as S1; they are listed as S2 in Ohio and Texas; they are listed as S3 in Illinois, Kansas, Tennessee and parts of Kentucky; they are listed as S4 in Arkansas, Missouri and parts of Kentucky.

In Ontario their natural interdunal habitats are threatened by development for housing, cottages and recreational areas, such as parks where the flowers are stepped on or picked. In the United States, bluehearts live in prairie habitats, where fire is a necessary disturbance for seed germination and growth of other plants. Since burning needs to occur in a rotational 3–4 year cycle in Indiana, Illinois, Missouri and Ohio, Bluehearts are greatly affected by habitat loss in these areas of the United States.

Ecological importance
Bluehearts are hemiparasitic, meaning they are able to grow independently without a host but grow more strongly with a host. They attach to their host plant by parasitic roots called haustoria. During stressful conditions (such as drought), bluehearts may heighten their parasitic effects to the point where a large group of them may damage small trees. Common host trees of bluehearts are white oak (Quercus alba), eastern white pine (Pinus strobus), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), and cottonwood (Populus deltoides). Caterpillars of the common buckeye (Junonia coenia) feed on the blueheart.

Uses
Buchnera americana has no known medicinal uses. In the garden, this plant is highly attractive to bees, butterflies, and birds.

References

External links
 USDA Plants Profile for Buchnera americana (American bluehearts)

Orobanchaceae
Flora of Ontario
Flora of the North-Central United States
Flora of the Northeastern United States
Flora of the Southeastern United States
Flora of Texas
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Buchnera americana


This article is about the plant.  For the color see Lavender (color).
Lavender is a type of plant found on almost all continents. It has a purplish color.  It has a color named after it, called lavender. Its Latin and scientific name is Lavandula.

Use in gardens
Lavenders are very popular among gardeners. Sometimes their petals are dried and sealed in pouches for good scent, and sometimes put inside clothes to prevent moths, who can damage the clothes.

Use in food
Lavenders are also used in cake decorating, because the flowers can become candied. Sometimes they are used in flavoring baked goods and chocolate desserts, and sometimes they use it to make a very delicious "lavender sugar". Lavender flowers are also used to make tea. The French make lavender syrup, which is used to make lavender scones and lavender marshmallows.

Medicine
Lavender is sometimes put in medicine, and sometimes to prevent infection. Lavender oil was used in World War I to disinfect walls and floors of a hospital. As the folk wisdom says, lavender oil is also helpful to headaches when rubbed on your temple, and lavender tea helps you relax before bed time. Lavender is also helpful when applied to insect bites. There is a general lack of real knowledge about its effects.

Other uses
Sometimes, dried petals of lavender are used to throw confetti at a wedding. It is also used for lavender theme wedding decoration where the flowers are put in the vases and kept on the venue table.

References

Lamiaceae
Herbs

Lavender


A Stradivarius is a string instrument (such as a violin) built by the 17th century  Italian luthier Stradivari family (especially by Antonio Stradivari) that was famous for making them. Stradivarii are known for their high quality sound and ability to last a long time without tuning. Most of these instruments survive to this day, though few have been stolen. They are some of the best and most expensive instruments, and even each string instrument created has a name. So many people have wanted Stradivarii, and some have sold for more than a million dollars. Famous violinists, such as Midori Goto or Joshua Bell have Stradivarii.

String instruments

de:Antonio Stradivari#Stradivaris Instrumente

Stradivarius


Halber Mensch (also known as 1/2 Mensch) is a 1986 film by Japanese director Sogo Ishii with German band Einstürzende Neubauten. It was originally released on VHS, and re-released on DVD in 2005. The film's title comes from the album of the same name.

The one-hour film documents Einstürzende Neubauten's visit to Japan in 1985. It includes concert footage along with scenes of the band performing in an industrial building. Several songs from the "Halber Mensch" album are presented as music videos, some with accompanying Butoh dancers.

According to DVDManiacs, the DVD was originally mastered from a VHS tape, and the quality is therefore not as high as a usual DVD. The band, due to disputes with the manager of the label involved, have since released a remastered DVD on their own label.

References

External links

 Release data for VHS and DVD on brainwashed.com

1986 films
Einstürzende Neubauten
Films directed by Sōgo Ishii
Japanese documentary films
Documentary films about music and musicians

Halber Mensch (film)


Patpong (, , ) is an entertainment district in Bangkok's Bang Rak District, Thailand, catering mainly, though not exclusively, to foreign tourists and expatriates. While Patpong is internationally known as a red light district at the heart of Bangkok's sex industry, it is in fact only one of several red-light districts with some catering primarily to Thai men while others, like Patpong, cater primarily to foreigners.

A busy night market aimed at tourists is also located in Patpong.

Location and layout
Patpong consists of two parallel side streets running between Silom and Surawong Roads and one side street running from the opposite side of Surawong. Patpong is within walking distance from the BTS Skytrain Silom Line's Sala Daeng Station, and MRT Blue Line's Si Lom Station.

Patpong 1 is the main street with many bars of various kinds. Patpong 2 also has many similar bars. Next to these lies Soi Jaruwan, sometimes referred to as Patpong 3 but best known as Silom Soi 4. It has long catered to gay men, whilst nearby Soi Thaniya has expensive bars with Thai hostesses that cater almost exclusively to Japanese men.

History and ownership
Patpong gets its name from the family that owns much of the area's property, the Patpongpanich (or Patpongpanit), immigrants from Hainan Island, China, who purchased the area in 1946. At that time it was an undeveloped plot of land on the outskirts of the city. A small klong (canal) and a teakwood house were the only features. The family built a road – now called Patpong 1 – and several shop buildings, which were rented out. Patpong 2 was added later, and both roads are private property and not city streets. Patpong 3 and Soi Thaniya are not owned by the Patpongpanich family. The old teak house was demolished long ago and the klong was filled in to make room for more shops. Originally Patpong was an ordinary business area, but the arrival of bars eventually drove out most of the other businesses.

By 1968, a handful of nightclubs existed in the area, and Patpong became an R&R (rest and recuperation) stop for US military officers serving in the Vietnam War, although the main R&R area for GIs was along New Petchburi Road, nicknamed "The Golden Mile". In its prime during the 1970s and 1980s, Patpong was the premier nightlife area in Bangkok for foreigners, and was famous for its sexually explicit shows. In the mid-1980s the sois hosted an annual Patpong Mardi Gras, which was a weekend street fair that raised money for Thai charities. In the early-1990s, however, the Patpongpanich family turned the sidewalks of Patpong 1 Road into a night market, renting out spaces to street vendors.

The consequence was that Patpong lost much of its vibrancy as a nightlife strip, becoming crowded with tourist shoppers who ignored the nightlife. Nana Plaza and Soi Cowboy drew away many of Patpong's thrill seekers. Patpong became a designated "entertainment zone" in 2004, along with Royal City Avenue (RCA) and portions of Ratchadapisek Road, where the largest commercial sex venues are found. This designation allows its bars to stay open until 02:00, instead of the 24:00 or 01:00 legal closing times enforced in other areas.

In October 2019 the Patpong Museum opened in Patpong Soi 2, housing a collection of art, antiques and displays covering 70 years of Patpong's history. The privately owned museum is located on the 2nd floor of building 5 opposite Foodland supermarket and below Black Pagoda, and is open from 10am to 10pm.

In media
Many Western films have featured Patpong, including The Deer Hunter (1978). The final part of the musical Miss Saigon (1989) is set in the Patpong bar scene.

In Swimming to Cambodia, Spalding Gray discussed the red light district of Patpong and its prostitutes, saying there wasn't much else to see in Bangkok save the Gold Buddha during the day and the whorehouses at night.

The song Welcome to Thailand from the 1987 studio album of the same name by the Thai rock band Carabao contains the lyrics: "Tom, Tom, where you go last night?... I love Meuang Thai. I like Patpong ".  The song complains that Farang tourists (Westerners) are often attracted to the sleazy side of Thailand (the sex tourism of Patpong and Pattaya).

The movie Baraka features several shots of strippers in Patpong.

The 1994 book Patpong Sisters: An American Woman's View of the Bangkok Sex World by Cleo Odzer describes the experiences of an anthropologist doing field research in Thailand.

Patpong: Bangkok's Twilight Zone (2001, by Nick Nostitz) is a photographic depiction of aspects of the Patpong night life.

The 2008 book Ladyboys: The Secret World of Thailand's Third Gender paints a portrait of Thailand's kathoeys.

Patpong opera is a collection of songs written by Kevin Wood, manager of Radio City, to tunes of modern rock songs. Together they tell the story of the people in Patpong.

Patpong serves as part of the setting in Tom Robbins' book Villa Incognito.

See also
 Prostitution in Thailand

References

External links

Neighbourhoods of Bangkok
Tourist attractions in Bangkok
Red-light districts in Thailand
Bang Rak district

Patpong


Chen-Yuan Lee (; December 4, 1915 – November 1, 2001), was a Taiwanese pharmacologist and political activist. He is famous for his research on snake venom. He was a recipient of the prestigious Redi Award from the International Society on Toxinology (IST), and was also a former president of the society. He was a former dean of the National Taiwan University College of Medicine. After his retirement from researching, he focused on participating in the Taiwan independence movement and many democratic movement. Lee had founded many political organizations such as the "100 Action Union" (100行動聯盟), Foundation of Medical Professionals Alliance in Taiwan. He was also the first chairperson of the Taiwan Independence Party.

Early years
Lee was born in Takao Prefecture (present-day Kaohsiung), Taiwan in 1915. Both of his parents were from Tainan. Lee chose to become a medical doctor after his father and three of his siblings died of malaria and infectious diseases.

Lee grew up in Tainan, where he had outstanding grades. After graduating from the Tainan Prefecture Second High School (now the National Tainan First Senior High School), he attended the Taihoku School of Higher Education (臺北高等學校). He entered the medical department of Taihoku Imperial University in 1936, and became one of the first graduates from the department.

Lee enjoyed basic medical studies after entering the medical department. He finished his first research paper in his freshman year, which was published in the Taiwanese Medical Magazine (台灣醫學雜誌). After graduating in 1940, Lee decided to quit clinical medicine and keep on studying. He became the assistant of Tu Tsung-ming, who was researching on basic medical studies and, at the time, the only Taiwanese professors in the medical department. He once said, To gain honor for Taiwan, dignity for the Taiwanese, I chose to follow Professor Tu instead of several other Japanese professors. Because I thought Professor Tu was our people, and we should help him.

Career and achievements
The first research Lee did after becoming Tu's assistant was the "Using Kushenji (苦蔘子) to cure dysentery." He discovered that the glycosides contained in the Kushenji can be used to kill an amoeba, and solved a Chinese herbological myth on how the Kushenji cures dysentery. In 1945, Lee published a research paper with a title of "The Toxicological Research on the Venom of Daboia" (鎖鏈蛇蛇毒的毒物學研究), the paper was world's first paper to explain the cause of death by the venom of Daboia. Because of this outstanding achievement, Lee was recognized by getting his medical doctor degree. This recognition began his career as researching snake venom.

In 1952, Lee was financially supported by the Economic Cooperation Administration (美援會) and was sent to the University of Pennsylvania Medical School for further education. This was his first time studying abroad. Lee originally wanted to do research on the circulatory system, but because of the limitation of time, his instructor Carl F. Schmidt suggested that he change his topic to pulmonary circulation. After researching at the University of Pennsylvania, he transferred to Wayne State University in Detroit, where he visited Walter Segeers's lab for two months and published a small-sized research paper.

After Lee's return to Taiwan, he started his job as a leader at the pharmacology lab of National Taiwan University due to the dimission of Tsungming Tu. In 1963, Lee worked with Chang Chuan-chung (張傳炯), a chemist, and separated the deadly α-type and β-type bungarotoxins of the venom of Bungarus multicinctus. This was a big step in neuroscience, medical science, and pharmacology.

Over the years, Lee had published over a hundred research papers. He not only became a leader of pharmacology in Taiwan, but also an international authority in the field of venom snake research. In 1970, he was elected a member of Academia Sinica, the national academy of Taiwan. He was the second person employed by National Taiwan University's College of Medicine to be elected to Academia Sinica. He became the dean of the National Taiwan University College of Medicine in 1972. Four years later, he was awarded the "Redi Prize" by the International Society on Toxinology. In 1979, he received an invitation from Springer Science+Business Media to serve as the chief editor for the books Chemistry of Protein Toxins in Snake Venoms and The Action of Snake Venoms on Nerve and Muscle, which established his high position in researching snake venom. In 1985, he chosen to serve as the president of the International Society on Toxinology, and became one of the few Taiwanese scholars to lead an international research organization.

Nobel Prize laureate Yuan T. Lee wrote in the foreword of the book The Story of Snake Venom Research in Taiwan (台灣蛇毒傳奇) that he once had ask another Nobel Prize laureate Joseph L. Goldstein, "In the Taiwanese life science field, whose research is recognized internationally?" Without the least hesitation, Goldstein answered, "Chen-Yuan Lee is internationally recognized."

Lee retired in 1986 from National Taiwan University College of Medicine, and was immediately named a professor emeritus by the university.

Entry into politics
In March 1990, over 300,000 students participated in the Wild Lily student movement for democratic reform. Lee, who was almost eighty years old, accompanied the protesting students. This was his first time participating in a political movement.

In 1991, along with several colleagues, Chen-Yuan Lee visited Ying-Yuan Lee and Kuo Pei-hung (郭倍宏), two Taiwan Independence supporters and alumni of the National Taiwan University who were arrested for "planning to revolt" (預備叛亂罪) and were detained in the Tucheng Detention Center (土城看守所). Later, he felt that the "Regulation for Rebellions" (懲治叛亂條例) and "Criminal Law Article 100" (刑法第100條) impeded the democratic development of Taiwan because they were simply tools to help Kuomintang dominate Taiwan. As a result, he organized the "100 Action Union," which stands for the abolishment of "Criminal Law Article 100." He, as a member of Academia Sinica, joined a sit-down demonstration, leading the "100 Action Union" and successfully expressed the Taiwanese people's desire for human rights.

References
符文美,nd, a,蛇毒研究,見李鎮源教授:一位堅持理念之學者 從醫學研究到社會改革 [online]。台北:教育部健康醫學學習網。[引用於2004年12月31日]。全球資訊網網址:。
符文美,nd, b,民主運動與社會改革,見李鎮源教授:一位堅持理念之學者 從醫學研究到社會改革 [online]。台北:教育部健康醫學學習網。[引用於2004年12月31日]。全球資訊網網址:。
符文美,nd, c,重要經歷及學術榮譽,見李鎮源教授:一位堅持理念之學者 從醫學研究到社會改革 [online]。台北:教育部健康醫學學習網。[引用於 2004年12月31日]。全球資訊網網址:。
李瓊月,1995,台灣醫界大師:李鎮源。台北:玉山社。
Lee, Chen-yuan. eds. 1979. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology: Snake Venoms. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
楊美珍,2001,中研院士李鎮源 獲頒賴和特別獎 [online]。台北:自由新聞網。5月28日 [引用於2004年12月31日]。全球資訊網網址:。
楊玉齡、羅時成,1996,蛇毒權威李鎮源院士 [online]。台北:天下遠見出版股份有限公司:科學文化頻道。[引用於2004年12月31日]。全球資訊網網址:。
自由時報,2001,一生奉獻台灣 中研院院士李鎮源病逝 [online]。Washington, D.C.:Formosan Association for Public Affairs。11月2日 [引用於2004年11月17日]。全球資訊網網址:。

Notes

1915 births
2001 deaths
National Taiwan University alumni
Senior Advisors to President Chen Shui-bian
Taiwan independence activists
Taiwanese pharmacologists
Wayne State University faculty
Politicians of the Republic of China on Taiwan from Kaohsiung
Members of Academia Sinica
Taiwan Independence Party chairpersons
Taiwanese university and college faculty deans

Chen-Yuan Lee


Alfred Balk (July 24, 1930 – November 25, 2010) was an American reporter, nonfiction author and magazine editor who wrote groundbreaking articles about housing segregation, the Nation of Islam, the environment and Illinois politics. His refusal to identify a confidential source led to a landmark court case. During a career-long emphasis on media improvement, he served on the Twentieth Century Fund's task force that established a National News Council, consulted for several foundations, served as secretary of New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller's Committee on the Employment of Minority Groups in the News Media, and produced a film, That the People Shall Know: The Challenge of Journalism, narrated by Walter Cronkite. He wrote and co-authored books on a variety of topics, ranging from the tax exempt status of religious organizations to globalization to the history of radio.

Early life
Alfred William Balk was born in Oskaloosa, Iowa on July 24, 1930, the son of Leslie William Balk and Clara Buell Balk. He grew up in Muscatine, Iowa and Rock Island, Illinois. He began his journalistic career writing for his high school paper, and also landed a job as a sports reporter for the local paper, The Rock Island Argus.

After high school, he enrolled at Augustana College in Rock Island, Illinois and transferred to Northwestern University after a year where he graduated from the Medill School of Journalism with both bachelor's and master's degrees in journalism (1952 and 1953, respectively). He later served in the U.S. Army as a journalist and was stationed in Japan during 1954–1955. He began freelance writing for various magazines while in Japan, and also wrote for a variety of military newspapers during his service.

Magazine writing career
In 1958, after serving as a reporter for the Chicago Sun-Times, he began freelancing full-time.

During eight years of full-time freelancing his most influential articles appeared in the era's leading magazines, including Harper's, The Nation, The New York Times Magazine, The Saturday Evening Post, Reader's Digest and others. Balk was a member of the Society of Magazine Writers, which elected him president in 1969.

While working at the weekly Saturday Evening Post, which for a time retained him under contract as a lead writer, he wrote on subjects such as Mayor Richard J. Daley of Chicago, victims of the fallout-shelter craze, how a T.V. jackpot almost ruined the winners, and defections among Protestant ministers He co-authored a report on the rise of Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam with Alex Haley of future Roots fame. The pioneering article, "Black Merchants of Hate," later led to Haley's classic and bestseller The Autobiography of Malcolm X.

Balk rose to prominence in 1962 after writing an article for the Saturday Evening Post titled "Confession of a Block-Buster" which chronicled a Chicago real estate speculator's strategy of frightening white homeowners into selling their property at a loss and then reselling to black buyers at inflated prices.  The article made legal history when a group of black homeowners subsequently tried to compel disclosure of his confidential source, pseudonymous speculator ("Norris Vitchek"). In Baker v. F&F Investment, a U.S. District Court upheld his right to confidentiality, and in 1972 the United States Supreme Court declined to review the decision, and the press pronounced the case a landmark.

Among other prominent articles, for The Reader's Digest he reported on nursing-home neglect, threats to public parkland, Great Lakes water problems, boating-boom safety hazards, and Thomas Edison remembered by a son; for The Reporter, the social significance of Ebony magazine founder John Johnson's success; and for The New York Times Magazine, the "Dust Bowl" revisited.

For Harper's, his subjects included zoning abuses, a builder who made integration pay, and two high-profile cover stories. One, a collaboration with then-State Sen. Paul Simon on "The Illinois Legislature: A Study in Corruption" (September 1964), spurred ethics reforms and vaulted Simon to national prominence, a U.S. Senate seat, and a legacy including helping foster President-to-be Barack Obama's political rise. The other, "God Is Rich" (October 1967), on religious organizations' tax exemptions, led to the book The Religion Business (John Knox Press) and, under a Foundation fellowship, a nationwide study The Free List: Property Without Taxes (Russell Sage Foundation), which Time, in a two-page report (May 3, 1971), described as "a penetrating new book."

Magazine editing and industry leadership
Balk moved to New York in 1966 as features editor and editor at large of Saturday Review under Norman Cousins. Three years later, he became editor of the Columbia Journalism Review and also taught at Columbia's Graduate School of Journalism. Balk's colleague and the magazine's founder, James Boylan wrote "As an editor, he worked with determination, often stubbornness, turning the Review into a reporters' magazine, tougher and grittier."

He left Columbia Journalism Review in 1973 to serve as founding editor of World Press Review, a monthly foreign press digest, hiring Marion K. Sanders of Harper's and other distinguished journalists to build a successful publication, which was later acquired by The Stanley Foundation. His last magazine position, from 1989 to 1991, was as managing editor of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' publication, IEEE Spectrum. He also was an Executive Committee member of the American Society of Magazine Editors, Overseas Press Club, as well as a consultant to the Twentieth Century Fund, the Ford Foundation and the Markle Foundation. In the mid-1970s, he delivered media commentaries on CBS Morning News. Throughout the 1970s - 1980s and 90s, his writing on media appeared in Nieman Reports, Columbia Journalism Review, Editor and Publisher, Folio, and other journalism organs.

Later life and writings
In 1991, Balk moved to Syracuse in upstate New York to teach journalism at the S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications. There he wrote his eighth book, The Rise of Radio: From Marconi Through the Golden Age (McFarland, 2006) which received positive reviews from other media professionals, including Mike Wallace of CBS.

All told, during his lifetime, Balk wrote more than 100 magazine articles and seven books.

Personal life and death
Balk married Phyllis Munter, of Moline, Illinois, in 1953. They met while in high school representing rival schools on a local radio program. His wife served as an important support throughout her husband's career, as indicated in Balk's scholarly papers in the collections of the Newberry Library in Chicago and Syracuse University. She was also known in her own right for extensive volunteer and charitable work.

Balk died of colon cancer on November 25, 2010 in his home in Huntley, Illinois, aged 80. He was survived by his wife, two daughters and two grandchildren. His wife, Phyllis, died on May 4, 2011.

Books
 The Rise of Radio, from Marconi through the Golden Age (McFarland, 2006).
 Movie Palace Masterpiece: Saving Syracuse's Loew's State/Landmark Theatre (Landmark Foundation, 1998).
 The Myth of American Eclipse: The New Global Age (Transaction), 1990.
 A Free and Responsive Press (Twentieth Century Fund, Paperback), 1972.
 Our Troubled Press: Ten Years of Columbia Journalism Review co-author with James Boylan, Little Brown, 1971.
 The Free List: Property Without Taxes (Russell Sage/Basic Books), 1970.
 The Religion Business (John Knox Press), 1968.
 Kup's Chicago: A Many-Faceted and Affectionate Portrait (collaboration with Irv Kupcinet, World), 1962.

Articles

Saturday Evening Post
 "Anyone for Survival" (Mar. 27, 1965)
 "The Last Dinosaur Wins Again" (May 11, 1963)
 "Black Merchants of Hate" (with Alex Haley; Jan. 26, 1963)
 "Why I Quit the Ministry" (with an anonymous ex-minister; Nov. 17, 1962)
 "Confessions of a Block-Buster" (July 14–21, 1962)
  "A Jackpot Almost Ruined Their Lives" (July 15, 1961).

Harper's
 "God Is Rich" (Oct., 1967)
 "Zoning: Invitation to Bribery" (Oct. 1966)
 "The Builder Who Makes Integration Pay" (July, 1965)
 "The Illinois Legislature: A Study in Corruption" (with Sen. Paul Simon; Sept., 1964).

Reader's Digest
 "Water Crisis on the Great Lakes" (Mar., 1965)
 "The Shame of Our Nursing Homes" (Jan., 1965)
 "Danger Rides in Small Boats" (Aug., 1962)
 "My Most Unforgettable Character" (December 1961)
 "Good-Bye to Our Public Parks" (November 1960).

The Reporter
 "Mr. Johnson Finds His Market" (Nov. 12, 1959).

New York Times Magazine
 "When the Wind Blew Black Blizzards" (Nov. 10, 1963).

Notes

References
 Who's Who in America, 2006.
 Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature, 1955–2001.
 The New York Times Index, 1963, 1970, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1990, 2001.
 "Shielding News Sources in Civil Trial Permitted," Linda Matthews, Los Angeles Times, May 8, 1973.
 "Trying to Change an Unfair Tax," Time, May 3, 1971.
 Distinguished journalist, Huntley resident dies, Daily Herald
 Alfred Balk dies at 80; journalist, LA Times
 Alfred Balk, 80, magazine editor and reporter, Boston Globe
 Alfred Balk,1930-2010, Chicago Tribune
 Phyllis Balk obituary

External links
 Alfred Balk papers at the Newberry Library
 Stanley Foundation
 Alfred Balk papers at Syracuse University
 Illumination, University of Maryland
 Book Review: The Rise of Radio: From Marconi through the Golden Age

People from Oskaloosa, Iowa
Medill School of Journalism alumni
American male journalists
American magazine editors
Syracuse University faculty
Writers from Iowa
Deaths from cancer in Illinois
1930 births
2010 deaths
People from Muscatine, Iowa
People from Rock Island, Illinois
Journalists from Illinois
People from Huntley, Illinois

Alfred Balk


The Girls of the Golden West was an American female country music duo, that was popular during the "Western Era" of the 1930s and 1940s. The duo comprised two sisters, Mildred Fern Good (April 11, 1913 – May 2, 1993) and Dorothy Laverne Good (December 11, 1915 – November 12, 1967). They were born in Mount Carmel, Illinois, United States.

Rise to fame
The Girls of the Golden West first entertained family and friends before they worked on a radio station in St. Louis, Missouri. In 1933, they moved to radio station WLS (AM), where they featured on program National Barn Dance, then the home of country music pioneers Gene Autry and Patsy Montana. Bradley Kincaid, also at WLS, later worked with the girls in their recordings. They first started recording for Bluebird Records in July 1933. They named themselves the Girls of the Golden West, taken from the opera by Puccini, The Girl of the Golden West. They started singing songs such as "Put My Little Shoes Away" and "Ragtime Cowboy Joe".

The Girls of the Golden West were one of the most popular acts of the 1930s and 1940s, and were one of the few women then found performing country music. The Girls also had kept up a fictitious story of their life. They would claim they were from Muleshoe, Texas, though in reality they were farming girls from the state of Illinois. However, this was all part of the image of the "Western Music" craze. They would normally wear cowgirl western-style outfits for their appearances on television programs.

Career peak and decline
Girls of the Golden West were pioneers in country music at the time. There were few women then in the genre, excluding Patsy Montana, The girls would inspire a whole new breed of country music singers such as Kitty Wells, Jean Shepard and Patsy Cline. They would also inspire a short-lived girl group, The Davis Sisters. The Girls of the Golden West still remained a popular group, with other songs like "Lonesome Cowgirl" and "Silvery Moon on the Golden Gate", which became their signature tune. Later in their careers, they performed on more television shows such as Renfro Valley Barn Dance and Boone County Jamboree. Toward the end of the 1940s, their careers faded. They also later moved from WLS to WLW in Cincinnati, Ohio. After this, they occasionally performed and recorded again in 1963.

In 1967 Dorothy "Dolly" Good died, and Mildred "Millie" Good followed at the age of 80 in 1993.

See also
Western music (North America)

References

Bibliography
Country Music:The Rough Guide; Wolff, Kurt, Rough Guides; 1st edition (29 June 2000),

External links
AllMusic biography

American country music groups
Vocalion Records artists

Girls of the Golden West (country music duo)


The phosphorus cycle includes the following steps:

 Phosphorus in fertilizer, rocks, and mountains is distributed by rain to nearby land and bodies of water
 Animals eat the plants grown by fertilizer. They expel the phosphorus as waste. It eventually reaches the water as runoff.
 Phosphorus is cycled through animals that live in water. It is eventually deposited into the ocean floor.
 Phosphates contribute to the sediment at the bottom of the water. That sediment becomes rock
 The ocean bed eventually becomes a mountain range over several millions of years because of normal geological functions
 The phosphorus in those mountain ranges is washed off into bodies of water and the cycle begins again and again.

Diagram

References
Friedland, Andrew J., Rick Relyea, and David Courard-Hauri. "The Phosphorus Cycle." Environmental Science for AP*. New York: W.H. Freeman, 2012. N. pag. Print.

Biochemistry
Phosphorus compounds

Phosphorus cycle


Charlie Owens is a mixed-media artist currently residing in Atlanta, Georgia, United States.  His work has been featured in many exhibits and galleries across the United States, as well as being seen on television, in print, and in other media outlets.  Many of his compositions include a variety of both imagery and techniques, including screen printing, stenciling, airbrush, burning, attachment, assemblage, aging, distressing, and acrylic painting, among others.  His style is notable for its frequent use of cartoon figures (often in the style of early 20th century pin-up art), pop culture references, juxtaposition, and cult phenomenon imagery.

Notable work and exhibits
Apr, 3rd. 09. Atlanta, GA.
Alcove Gallery. "Fools Gold"

Nov, 1st. 2008. Columbus, OH.
Rivet Art Gallery.

Oct, 24th. 2008. Chicago, IL.
Burger King Studio. "Have It Your Way"

Oct, 11th. 2008. Chicago, IL.
OhNo!Doom. "We Need Each Other"

Sept, 20th. 2008. Atlanta, GA.
Eastside Lounge. "The Hurt Show"

May, 9th. 2008. Chicago, IL.
Clothes Optional. "Owl Kind of Town"

Apr, 26th. 2008. Atlanta, GA.
Foundation1. "Groundwork II"

Apr, 19th. 2008. Asbury Park, NJ.
Crybaby Gallery, "It Could Be Worse"

Mar, 15th. 2008. Atlanta, GA.
The Rabbit-Hole. "Sons of the South2"

Feb, 1st. 2008. Atlanta, GA.
Beep Beep Gallery. "Nostalgia"

Jan, 19th. 2008. Atlanta, GA.
Eastside Lounge. "Skull Fuck 2"

Dec, 14th. 2007. Atlanta, GA.
Eastside Lounge. "Sons of the South"

Dec, 1st. 2007. Atlanta, GA.
Young Blood. "Seasons"

Dec, 1st. 2007. Mesa, AZ.
WindUp Gallery. "Sk8Deck the Halls"

Sept, 7th. 2007. Chicago, IL.
Clothes Optional, "Southern Comfort"

Apr, 27th. 2007. Atlanta, GA.
Alcove Gallery. "Cartoon Madness 2"

Mar, 17th. 2007. Atlanta, GA.
Foundation1. "Between the Lines"

Dec, 8th. 2006. Atlanta, GA.
Alcove Gallery. "Tiki Holiday"

June, 2006. Atlanta, GA.
The Rabbit-Hole. "Punk vs Metal"

Owens is also noted for his work in the graphic design field, having done design work for various departments within the Turner Broadcasting family  as well as working on album art for many musicians, including BoneCrusher, DaBrat, Infernal Machine, Devil May Care, SoSo Def, Collective Soul, Supafuzz, and Hermano.

References

External links

American contemporary artists
Living people
Artists from Chicago
Year of birth missing (living people)

Charlie Owens (artist)