is a traditional food that is from Japan.

The word "Sushi" comes from the Japanese word  meaning vinegar, and ", meaning rice.

Sushi is made with specially prepared rice, called . The rice is mixed with vinegar, salt, and sugar. Sushi is known for having raw or cooked seafood in it, but it sometimes has non-fish foods such as vegetables. Some sushi is wrapped in a sheet of seaweed called .

Sushi is traditionally eaten by hand, but it is not wrong to eat it using chopsticks. Gari (Japanese pickled ginger slices) must be eaten with chopsticks.

There are many different kinds of sushi. The most common sushi in Japan is : fish meat that is placed on top of a small portion of sumeshi. Sometimes you may find other ingredients on top of the sumeshi, such as roe (fish eggs), and sea urchin meat, instead of fish. Another type of sushi, , consists of sumeshi rolled around fish and/or vegetables. In the US, makizushi is more popular than nigirizushi. Another type is known as  or a hand roll. This kind of sushi comes in a cone-shape, created by the nori wrapped around the ingredients inside. They are usually filled with a mixture of sumeshi, fish, and vegetables.

Sushi is eaten with your bare hands or chopsticks. Soy sauce and wasabi are commonly eaten with sushi. Gari (sweet, pickled ginger) can often be found alongside a plate of sushi and also a little bit of wasabi, used as a palate cleanser.

In Japan, sushi is sometimes sold in "conveyor-belt shops" called kaiten zushi (回転寿司), where plates of sushi are put on a moving belt that passes by the customers. People freely take the sushi they want as it passes. The color of the plate shows the price of the sushi. This way of serving sushi is becoming more popular in other countries as well.

History
Sushi began when rice farming came to Japan over 2,000 years ago. The original type of sushi was developed in the Nara Prefecture as a way of preserving fish in fermented rice. During the Muromachi period, people would eat the rice and the fish. During the Edo period, vinegar, not fermented rice, was used. In more recent times, it has become a fast food associated with Japanese culture.

The origin of sushi goes back to Southeast Asia around the 4th century B.C.. At that time, it was called narezushi. The fish was originally eaten alone, without rice. Later on, a style of namaranarezushi reached Japan. Namaranerezushi combined the fish with rice.

What is called sushi in modern times was created by Hanaya Yohei (1799–1858) at the End of the Edo period. Sushi invented by Hanaya was an early form of fast food that was not fermented. It was prepared quickly. It could be eaten with one's hands. This fish was originally known as Edomae zushi because it used freshly caught fish in Edo-Bay or Tokyo Bay. The fish used in modern sushi no longer usually comes from Tokyo Bay.

By the early 1900s, sushi was being served in the United States, after many Japanese people had immigrated there. The first United States sushi shop opened up in 1906 in Little Tokyo in Los Angeles.

In the United Kingdom, a report of sushi being eaten in Britain happened when then Crown Prince Akihito (born 1933) visited Queen Elizabeth II in 1953.

Australia is a major source of rice used with sushi.

Manners
Sushi is traditionally eaten by hand, but it is not wrong to eat it with chopsticks. However, when eating Gari, you must use chopsticks.

When you want to put some soy sauce on your sushi, try not to put it on the rice, because the grains will start to fall, and make a mess.

Try to fit the entire sushi into your mouth when eating. Taking a bite and putting it back on the plate is impolite.

Health risks

As with most foods, eating sushi has some health risks. However, most can be minimized with proper preparation. Some large fish, such as tuna (especially bluefin), can contain high levels of mercury. Tuna can cause mercury poisoning when consumed in very large quantities over time. Parasite infection by raw fish is not common in the modern world (less than 40 cases per year in the US). Infections can generally be avoided by boiling, burning, preserving in salt or vinegar, or freezing to a certain temperature. Although nigirizushi will almost always appear in a raw form, often much of the fish has been previously frozen to specific temperatures to prevent parasites.

The types and ingredients of the sushi

There are many different types of sushi. There are also many ingredients to put in the sushi.

Types of sushi
  is a type of sushi, with the ingredient placed on top of sumeshi. It is sometimes wrapped in a thin rectangular piece of nori.
  is nori wrapped around sumeshi and the ingredient.
  is makizushi but it is bigger; It has more sumeshi and ingredients, and it has a bigger piece of nori wrapped around it.
 , meaning "Warship Roll", is a type of makizushi, but it has sumeshi wrapped in a big piece of nori (usually bigger than the Sumeshi), with the ingredient placed on top of it. It usually has ingredients that are easy to collapse, such as ikura or sea urchin. It was named this because the sushi looks like a warship.
  is sushi with the sumeshi and ingredients strongly pressed together, in a box.
  are balls of sumeshi with the ingredient topped on top of it. It is sometimes wrapped in a plastic wrap. It was called this because it resembles old Japanese ball toys, called temari.
  is a box or bowl of sumeshi with different ingredients on top of it.
  is sumeshi stuffed inside of sweetly boiled abura-age. It usually does not have ingredients other than abura-age and sumeshi.
  is a type of fermented sushi, with fish stuffed with salt is placed in a barrel, and doused (pour over) with salt, and then weighed down with a heavy stone. Then it is left for 6 months, and finally it can be eaten.

Sushi in other countries
Sushi is not only eaten in Japan. It is very popular in other countries around the Earth, such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and South Korea.

 Gimbap () is a South Korean sushi similar to makizushi, and it is a popular take-out food. It is wrapped in Gim, which is nori flavored with sesame oil and salt.
  is a type of sushi similar to makizushi. Uramaki has ingredients wrapped in nori, then sumeshi wrapped around the nori. Small ingredients like sesame and roe (fish eggs) are usually sprinkled on the rice. "Ura" in Japanese can mean "Inside-out".

Ingredients of sushi
Although sushi generally contains the ingredients below, virtually anything can be used in sushi, even chocolate or chicken.

Meat
There are many types of fish and other meat used in sushi, such as:
 Tuna
 Salmon
 Whale
 Sea urchin
 Flying fish
 Shrimp
Other meat, such as roe (fish eggs), is also used in sushi.

Vegetables
Like the meat, there are many types of vegetables used in sushi, such as:
 Cucumber
 Carrot
 Ginger
 Naganegi
 Wasabi
 Many sushi stores give the option to put wasabi in the sushi. Sushi with wasabi in it is called , and without wasabi is called .

Popular sushi chain stores in Japan

References

Japanese food
Seafood dishes

Sushi


The Kaydeross Railroad, earlier known as the Eastern New York Railroad and Ballston Terminal Railroad, was an electric-powered trolley line that served industries along the Kayaderosseras Creek in the town of Milton, Saratoga County, New York. It was a "terminal railroad", which means it had an interchange at one end (in Ballston Spa) but terminated without any other interchange.

The railroad's primary purpose was to serve the dozen water-powered paper mills and a large tool factory that were situated along the creek. These included the paper mills and bag factory of "Paper Bag King" George West, the famous Ballston Scythe & Axe Works of Isaiah Blood, the paper box mill of the National Folding Paper Box Company, and the straw paper mill of Chauncey Kilmer (later the Cottrell Paper Company).

The railroad was unique for being one of the few trolley railroads in the country to have a primary function of hauling freight cars. At least eight freight cars could be hauled by the George West trolley car to the Delaware and Hudson Railway interchange track on present day New York State Route 50.

Construction started in 1896 when an investor group headed by Arthur B. Paine was granted a franchise by the Village of Ballston Spa. By 1902 the railroad reached its greatest extent of twelve miles. It served the villages and hamlets of Ballston Spa, Bloodville, Factory Village, Craneville, Milton Center, West Milton, Rock City Falls, and Middle Grove. A regular schedule was instituted to accommodate passengers.

The railroad was never a financial success. The Ballston Terminal Railroad Corporation declared bankruptcy in 1904, but a new corporation was formed called the Eastern New York Railroad, and operations continued uninterrupted. In 1918 the line was sold to I. W. Wiswall for $25,000 ($430,000 in 2018 dollars). Another reorganization occurred when several paper mill owners banded together and purchased the ailing railroad. It was thereafter called the Kaydeross Railroad. This line operated until 1929, when it shut down for the last time. By then, only three paper mills had survived. However, the railroad served its primary purpose of providing inexpensive transportation and distribution and contributed to the longevity of the industries it served.

Little of the railroad remains today. The brick powerhouse still survives in Factory Village, and approximately one mile of the former railroad bed is now a walking trail in Boice Park in Milton.

References

External links

Switching and terminal railroads
Defunct New York (state) railroads
Railway companies established in 1918
Railway companies disestablished in 1929
Interurban railways in New York (state)
1918 establishments in New York (state)
1929 disestablishments in New York (state)
American companies established in 1918

Kaydeross Railroad


The present-day Heudeber-Danstedt–Vienenburg railway is a  32 kilometre long main line, that serves the northern edge of the Harz Mountains in central Germany. Its main role is the handling of tourist traffic in the Harz and the Harz Narrow Gauge Railways there, but it is also worked by goods trains to and from the rolling mills in Ilsenburg.

The line originally ran from Ilsenburg further south towards Bad Harzburg. This section was cut, however, by the division of Germany in 1945. In 1996 a new section of line was built from Ilsenburg towards Vienenburg, that used parts of the previously closed Halberstadt–Vienenburg railway. At the same time the railway was upgraded to handle speeds of up to 120 km/h. The line has since acted as a direct link between Halberstadt and Vienenburg.

History

To 1945

There had been a direct link between Halberstadt, Heudeber-Danstedt and Vienenburg since 1869. This took the shortest distance, but missed out the densely populated Harz Foreland and towns like Wernigerode and Ilsenburg. The spa town of Wernigerode, already important, was able to persuade Berlin, that the Magdeburg-Halberstadt Railway Company was obliged to deliver a roughly nine kilometre long branch line from Heudeber-Danstedt. This was opened on 11 May 1872.

This was following by growing demands from Ilsenburg with its burgeoning iron and steel industry. There were long negotiations about a rail link from Wernigerode via Ilsenburg to Bad Harzburg with a possible extension to Goslar, which was not considered commercially viable according to estimates at that time. In the end, the Prussian state railways had the line built and, on 20 May 1884, Ilsenburg and Wernigerode were linked to one another. As the line was only of regional importance a winding route was accepted. Questionmarks over the planned route and the resistance of landowners further delayed the construction of the section to Bad Harzburg. It was not until 1 October 1894 that services called here, going via Stapelburg and Eckertal. From the outset there were through passenger trains from Bad Harzburg to Halberstadt.

Even if this link mainly served the local region, there was a number of long-distance trains, including in the 1930s by going through coaches from Hamburg via Wernigerode to Berlin.

Division in 1945
Although the line had suffered no heavy damage during the war, upon the division of Germany in 1945 it was cut on the border between the zones of occupation between Stapelburg and Eckertal. The Deutsche Bundesbahn discontinued passenger services to Eckertal in 1958.

In 1961 the Deutsche Reichsbahn cut public services back from Stapelburg, which was in the border area, to Ilsenburg. The line did remain open as a military branch however.

Reconnexion in 1996
In December 1989 in the euphoria after the fall of the Berlin Wall the section from Ilsenburg to Stapelburg was reopened. In the years that followed there was and intensive debate about reconnecting lines between Lower Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt in the North Harz region. It was soon clear that the federal government and the railway authorities only wanted to fund one link at the time. The old goods line was however unsuitable for regional services, the inclines near and Bad Harzburg and the change of running direction there were major drawbacks for goods traffic. As a result, it was decided to create a new route that started in front of Stapelburg on the line from Ilsenburg and rejoined the line to Vienenburg in Saxony-Anhalt. That also meant that the construction work in Lower Saxony could be viewed by the planning authorities as the renovation of an existing line which enabled the installation of level crossings On 12 April 1995 the Ilsenburg–Stapelburg line was closed again and, on 2 June 1996, the new link was taken into service. Stapelburg was given a railway connexion for the third time with a new halt.

The line was initially worked by Interregio trains, but they soon disappeared again.

In 2007 the line was closed for trackworks; it was given new electronic signal boxes and was equipped for the trains using  tilting technology. In December 2007 it was open again from end to end. As part of the upgrade almost all the old signal boxes were torn down, including the one that was a protected monument at Ströbeck station. The conservation authorities filed charges and the Deutsche Bahn were not able to reach a resolution with them.

2010 operations
The current operating concept envisages fast passenger trains running between Halle and Hanover (the HarzExpress) and local trains operated by (HEX) stopping at all stations, both at two-hourly intervals. The line is part of the North Harz Network (Nordharznetz). At weekends the Harz Berlin Express links the Harz with Berlin. Since the 2008 timetable change journey times have reduced as a result of the completion of construction work.

In addition steel is moved between the factories in Salzgitter and Ilsenburg.

Sources

References

Railway lines in Lower Saxony
Railway lines in Saxony-Anhalt
Transport in the Harz
Railway lines opened in 1872
1872 establishments in Germany

Heudeber-Danstedt–Bad Harzburg/Vienenburg railway


Taxidermy (which comes from the Greek word for "the arrangement of skin") is act of taking the skin of an animals and preserving it, by putting it on a fake body. If you perform taxidermy, you taxiderm. Taxidermed animals can be mounted and put on display, sometimes in a museum or a home. People who taxidermy animals are called taxidermists. Many hunters and fishermen taxidermine the animals they catch and kill for trophies. Ones that are on display in museums are used to make dioramas and for educational purposes. Some people taxiderm their pets and other street animals.

Biology

Taxidermy


The lowest common denominator (also least common denominator and LCD) is the least common multiple of the denominators (bottom parts) of a group of fractions. It makes it easier to add, subtract, and compare fractions.

The LCD of  and  is 6. This is because  and  equal  and . 6 is the smallest number that can be at the bottom of both of those fractions.

The same thing also works with variables:

Fractions (mathematics)

Lowest common denominator


Phil Hogan is a politeecian in the Republic o Ireland, an a member o the Erse pairlament in Dublin, representin the pairty Fine Gael.  He represents the Carlow-Kilkenny consteetuency in Dáil Éireann.

1960 births
Livin fowk
Alumni o Varsity College Cork
Fine Gael politeecians
Local cooncillors in Coonty Kilkenny
Members o the 18t Seanad
Members o the 26t Dáil
Members o the 27t Dáil
Members o the 28t Dáil
Members o the 29t Dáil
Members o the 30t Dáil
Members o the 31st Dáil
Fowk frae Kilkenny (ceety)
Politeecians frae Coonty Kilkenny
Teachtaí Dála
Meenisters o State o the 27t Dáil

Phil Hogan


WYCW (channel 62) is a television station licensed to Asheville, North Carolina, United States, serving as the CW outlet for Western North Carolina and Upstate South Carolina. It is owned and operated by network majority owner Nexstar Media Group alongside Spartanburg, South Carolina–licensed CBS affiliate WSPA-TV (channel 7). WYCW and WSPA-TV share studios on International Drive (next to the I-26 and I-85 Business/Veterans Parkway interchange) in Spartanburg; through a channel sharing agreement, the two stations transmit using WSPA-TV's spectrum from an antenna on Hogback Mountain in northeastern Greenville County (southwest of Tryon, North Carolina).

History

Prior use of channel 62 in Asheville

Asheville's first television station, WISE-TV, began broadcasting on channel 62 on August 2, 1953. It was a primary NBC affiliate which also carried programs from ABC, CBS, and DuMont. ABC and DuMont moved to WLOS (channel 13) when that station signed on in September 1954. In 1967, the station changed its call letters to WANC; the next year, it dropped its remaining NBC programming as its ownership brought a cable system to Asheville. WANC-TV moved from channel 62 to 21 in 1971, airing a limited amount of Christian television programming throughout the 1970s by simulcasting WGGS-TV (channel 16) in Greenville. Pappas Telecasting acquired WANC-TV in 1979, took it silent, and returned it to the air as WHNS on April 1, 1984.

Current allocation
Channel 62 returned to the air on October 31, 1984, as WASV-TV. Originally locally owned, even though it was licensed as a full-power outlet, the station initially operated at low-power, simulcasting WGGS-TV. This was necessary in the days before cable gained much penetration in this vast market, much of which is very mountainous. WASV began to run infomercials and shop-at-home programming in the early 1990s.

It was sold to Pappas Telecasting (which previously owned WHNS) in 1995 and began to transmit its analog signal at full-power in 1996. At that time, Pappas entered into a local marketing agreement with CBS affiliate WSPA-TV (channel 7), which took control of WASV's programming and airtime. In October 1997, WASV became the market's WB affiliate, taking the affiliation from WSPA, which carried the network on a secondary basis beginning at the network's launch in January 1995. At the same time, the station also became a secondary affiliate of UPN. The station branded on-air as "The New 62" from 1997 to 2002, which was then changed to "Super 62" in 2002, lasting until early 2004. From 1998 to 2000, WASV aired sporting events from CBS and NBC that those networks' local affiliates WSPA and WYFF (channel 4) preempted in favor of regional college sports, breaking news or severe weather coverage, annual telethons, or other local programming.

The WB affiliation moved to rival WBSC (channel 40, now WMYA-TV) on September 6, 1999, and WASV became a full-time UPN station, branding as "UPN 62." WASV continued its LMA with WSPA even after the latter station was sold to Media General in 2000. Channel 62 was purchased by Media General outright in 2002, creating the market's first television duopoly. From 1997 to 1998, WASV signed off nightly from around midnight until 7:00 a.m. Later in 1998, it began broadcasting 24 hours a day with the addition of a block of programming from the Shop at Home Network during the overnight hours. In late-2005/early 2006, the station dropped Shop at Home programming, and replaced it with a mix of off-network sitcoms and court shows in the overnight during the week, and off-network dramas and sitcoms as well as movies on weekends.

On January 24, 2006, the Warner Bros. unit of Time Warner and CBS Corporation announced that the two companies would shut down The WB and UPN and combine the networks' respective programming to create a new "fifth" network called The CW. On March 2, 2006, Sinclair Broadcast Group announced that WBSC would become an affiliate of another new network, MyNetworkTV, which launched on September 5. Nearly four weeks later on March 28, it was confirmed WASV would join The CW.

Corresponding with the upcoming network change, the station officially changed its call letters to WYCW on April 22, 2006. However, it continued to use the WASV call sign on-air until UPN officially ceased operations on September 15, 2006. When The CW launched on September 18, the station rebranded itself as "Carolinas CW". In recent years, WYCW has been carried on cable in portions of the Columbia, South Carolina, market, as well in the South Carolina side of the Augusta, Georgia market (including Aiken and North Augusta).

On September 8, 2015, Media General announced that it would acquire the Meredith Corporation, owner of WHNS, for $2.4 billion to form Meredith Media General. Since WSPA and WHNS were among the four highest-rated stations in the market in total day viewership, the merged company would have been required to sell either WSPA or WHNS to comply with FCC ownership rules as well as recent changes to those rules regarding same-market television stations that restrict sharing agreements. WYCW was the only one of the three stations affected by the merger that could have been legally acquired by Meredith Media General either by maintaining the existing duopoly with WSPA or by forming a new duopoly with WHNS, as its total day viewership ranks below the top-four ratings threshold. That sale was canceled on January 27, 2016, in favor of a sale of Media General to the Nexstar Broadcasting Group, and WSPA and WYCW became part of "Nexstar Media Group." The deal was approved by the FCC on January 11, 2017, and it was completed on January 17.

Programming
WYCW carries the second half-hour of CBS' political discussion program Face the Nation on Sunday mornings at 11:00 a.m., as WSPA only clears the first half-hour of the program (which airs in the half-hour prior to the airing of the second half of the program on channel 62).

WYCW will air Clemson Tigers football and men's basketball games beginning in the 2023–24 academic year as part of The CW's new contract. The games will be produced by Raycom Sports and sublicensed from ESPN.

Newscasts

WSPA-TV presently produces 16 hours of locally produced newscasts each week for WYCW (with three hours each weekday and a half-hour each on Saturdays and Sundays). Since the early 2000s, WSPA has produced a nightly prime time newscast for WYCW, currently known as 7 News at 10 on CW 62. The newscast, which airs for an hour on weeknights and a half-hour on weekends, competes with an hour-long in-house newscast seen on Fox affiliate WHNS and a half-hour newscast on MyNetworkTV affiliate WMYA (the latter of which is produced by WLOS). In the late 2000s, WSPA also began producing a two-hour extension of WSPA's weekday morning newscast for WYCW. Currently known as 7 News Daybreak on CW 62, the program airs from 7:00 to 9:00 a.m. and competes against the in-house morning newscast on WHNS.

On September 16, 2007, WSPA became the first television station in the Greenville/Spartanburg/Asheville market to begin broadcasting its newscasts to high-definition; the WYCW newscasts were included in the upgrade, which introduced a graphics package similar to that used at the time by Media General flagship WFLA-TV in Tampa, Florida. In 2008, news anchor Amy Wood launched the "CW Live Chat" feature during the weeknight edition of the 10:00 p.m. newscast. At the time, it was one of the first interactive live broadcasts in the United States, with an anchor hosting the chat live while simultaneously anchoring on-air.

In addition to the main studios in Spartanburg, WSPA/WYCW opened a street front studio in downtown Greenville in January 2017. Known as "7 On Main", the studio is located at the corner of Main Street and Falls Park Drive. The stations also operate a news bureau on Main Street/SC 28 in Anderson. Nexstar maintains a Capitol bureau in Columbia, covering state government issues for the company's South Carolina stations.

Technical information

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

On March 1, 2009, WYCW began carrying sister station WSPA-TV on a second digital subchannel, due to the collapse of channel 7's broadcast tower on Hogback Mountain (southwest of Tryon, North Carolina).

On February 2, 2016, WYCW began carrying GetTV on 62.3. In early February 2021, True Crime Network replaced Get TV on 62.3, only for that to be replaced by Rewind TV on October 20, 2022.

Analog-to-digital conversion
WYCW discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over UHF channel 62, on February 17, 2009, the original target date on which full-power television stations in the United States were to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate (which was later pushed back to June 12, 2009). The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 45. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 62, which was among the high band UHF channels (52-69) that were removed from broadcasting use as a result of the transition.

As part of the SAFER Act, WYCW kept its analog signal on the air until March 3 to inform viewers of the digital television transition through a loop of public service announcements from the National Association of Broadcasters.

Spectrum share with WSPA-TV
On April 13, 2017, the FCC identified WYCW will be compensated $45.6 million to have its digital channel 45 go off-the-air as part of the spectrum auction. On April 1, 2018, WYCW moved their digital broadcasts to subchannels of WSPA-TV while retaining channel 62 as their virtual channel. WYCW did not have to change its city of license, as WSPA's over-the-air signal completely covers Asheville.

References

External links
WYCW ("Carolinas CW") official website
WSPA-TV ("7 On Your Side") official website

Television channels and stations established in 1984
YCW
The CW affiliates
Rewind TV affiliates
Nexstar Media Group
1984 establishments in North Carolina

WYCW


Kabatepe, or Gaba Tepe, is a headland overlooking the northern Aegean Sea in what is now the Gallipoli Peninsula National Historical Park (tr), on the Gallipoli peninsula in northwestern Turkey.

During the First World War, the headland was the site of an Ottoman artillery battery, known as "Beachy Bill," which constantly harassed the ANZAC troops around ANZAC Cove to the north throughout the Gallipoli Campaign.

Kabatepe Museum

The Kabatepe Museum (in Turkish Kabatepe Müzesi) is located within the Gallipoli Peninsula National Historical Park. It commemorates the Gallipoli Campaign, now considered a defining moment in the modern history of not only Turkey, but of Australia and New Zealand as well.

The museum hosts numerous relics from the campaign, including weapons, ammunition, uniforms, photographs, letters written by the soldiers to their families, and private belongings such as shaving tools, cocoa cases, leather flasks etc. There are also more shocking artifacts such as the skull of a Turkish soldier killed by a bullet to the forehead, and a soldier's shoe still containing a bone from the owner's foot.

References

Gallipoli campaign
Military and war museums in Turkey
World War I museums
Fishing communities in Turkey
World War I sites in Turkey
Museums in Çanakkale Province

Kabatepe


The atmosphere of Uranus is mainly made up of hydrogen and helium. The lower atmosphere is made up of volatiles such as water, ammonia and methane. The upper atmosphere contains very few gases that are heavier than hydrogen and helium because the temperature of its atmosphere is low. Uranus's atmosphere is the coldest atmosphere of all the planets in the Solar system. Its temperature is as low as 49 K.

Atmosphere

Atmosphere of Uranus


Hans Lars Helgesen (21 August 1831 – 1 September 1918) was a Member of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, Canada from 1878 to 1886. He was a local pioneer, farmer, seafarer, prospector and Member of Parliament for Esquimalt and Cariboo.

Born in Asker, Norway in 1831, Helgesen is reckoned to be the first notable Norwegian immigrant to settle permanently in British Columbia, arriving from California to take part in the gold rush.  During the 1860s he was elected to the colonial assembly .

In 1878 he was elected to the provincial legislature, representing the riding of Esquimalt.  He won his seat again in the general election of 1882 but was defeated in the election of 1886.  He ran again in the 1890 British Columbia general election but was again defeated, retiring from politics.  With another Norwegian immigrant, Alfred Magnusson, he became successful in the development of the commercial fishery in Haida Gwaii.  During the early 1900s Helgesen was employed as a fisheries Guardian for the Upper Skeena area and was instrumental in negotiating the Babine barricade agreement of 1906. He was promoted to Fisheries Overseer for the Lower Skeena area in September 1908 and retired in his eightieth year on December 31, 1910. He died in Metchosin, British Columbia in 1918 at the age of 87.

Legacy
Helgesen Point on Pedder Bay near Metchosin, British Columbia is named for Hans Lars Helgesen as is Hans Helgesen Elementary School, located on Rocky Point Road in Metchosin.

Hans Lars Helgesen was the great-grandfather of the late George William Morrison Mutter (1912–1992), one-time warden for the Cowichan Valley area (Vancouver Island).

References

Other sources
Datum: A Newsletter of the Heritage Conservation Branch"(Ministry of Recreation and Conservation vol.3 no.2 spring 1978) Published in Victoria, British Columbia.
Strangers Entertained: A History of the Ethnic Groups of British Columbia  (John Norris, Evergreen Press, Vancouver. 1971)
The First Hundred Years Metchosin Elementary School 1872-1972  (Marion I. Helegesen)

1831 births
1918 deaths
People from Asker
Immigrants to pre-Confederation Canada
Norwegian emigrants
Members of the Colonial Assembly of British Columbia
Members of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia
People from Esquimalt, British Columbia
Immigrants to pre-Confederation British Columbia

Hans Lars Helgesen


Cornish cookery denotes the cooking styles, traditions and recipes associated with Cornwall. It has been heavily influenced by the geography of the county as well as its social history.

Being a peninsula, fish dishes form a major part of the historical and modern recipes in Cornwall, with the fishing industry playing a major part in its economy. The iconic dish of Cornwall, the pasty, has its roots in the mining industry.

Cornwall's cookery has influenced and been influenced by other British cuisine, as well as having similarities with the cuisine of its neighbour, Devon.

Much of Cornwall's farming land is suitable for milk production and one of the by products is clotted cream (cream thickened by cooking). This forms the basis for many local specialities including Cornish fudge and Cornish ice cream and is used in Cornish cream teas. Cornish clotted cream is protected under EU law, and cannot be made anywhere else.

Pasties
Cornwall is perhaps best known for its pasties, a savoury baked dish made from pastry. Today's pasties usually contain a filling of beef steak, onion, potato and swede with salt and white pepper, but historically pasties had a variety of different fillings. Pasties are often locally referred to as oggies.

References

Cornwall
Cooking

Cornish cookery


Kuruwita is a town in the Ratnapura District of Sabaragamuwa Province of Sri Lanka.  It is 87 km from Colombo.  It used to be served by the  narrow gauge Sabaragamuwa Railway, a branch of the national railway system. And known for the nearby waterfall called Bopath Ella.

Tourist attractions

 Delgamu Vihara - This temple is reputed as the hiding place of the Tooth relic of Buddha during the ruling period of Portuguese in the country.
 Batatotalena Cave - Batatotalena Cave is a cave temple, believed to be the place Buddha rested while visiting Sri Pada (Adam's Peak), as discussed in the Mahavamsa as one of the nine places Buddha had visited during his third visit to Sri Lanka. Its view of Samanala Kanda (mountain of Sri Pada) and its size (able to shelter over 500 people) led to its widely accepted identification as the Diva Guhava of the Mahavamsa. It is located about 5  km off from Kuruwita town (10  km towards to Colombo from Ratnapura) on Erathna road, one of the ancient roads to Sri Pada.
 Bopath Ella - Situated at Kuruvita, a few miles away from Colombo Ratnapura high-level road. The fall is like a petal leaf that gives its name.

See also
 Balangoda Man
 Batadombalena
 Railway stations in Sri Lanka

References

 Populated places in Sabaragamuwa Province

Kuruwita


Allan Stanley Gotthelf (December 30, 1942 – August 30, 2013) was an American philosopher. He was a scholar of the philosophies of both Aristotle and Ayn Rand.

Academic career
Allan Stanley Gotthelf was born in Brooklyn, New York on December 30, 1942. He received a Bachelor of Science in mathematics from Brooklyn College in 1963 and a Master of Arts in mathematics from Pennsylvania State University in 1964. He then received a Master of Philosophy and Doctor of Philosophy in philosophy from Columbia University in 1972 and 1975, respectively, where he studied under professors such as Aristotelian scholar John Herman Randall, Jr. An essay based on his doctoral dissertation (both titled Aristotle's Conception of Final Causality) won first prize in the Dissertation Essay Competition of The Review of Metaphysics and was published in that journal in December 1976. He began his teaching career at Wesleyan University in Connecticut.

He was an emeritus professor of philosophy at The College of New Jersey, a life member of Clare Hall, Cambridge University, and visiting professor of the history and philosophy of science at the University of Pittsburgh, where he held the university's Fellowship for the Study of Objectivism from 2003 to 2012. He was one of the founders of the Ayn Rand Society (founded in 1987), affiliated with the American Philosophical Association, Eastern Division, and held the position of secretary of the Society and chairman of its steering committee from 1990 until his death.

Gotthelf published many articles and reviews in ancient philosophy and science, especially on the philosophical significance of Aristotle's scientific methodology and biology.

In the 1980s, he co-organized numerous international conferences on Aristotle's biological and philosophical thought, including the 1988 National Endowment for the Humanities Summer Institute on Aristotle's Metaphysics, Biology, and Ethics (with Michael Frede and John Cooper). He edited the Festschrift in honor of David M. Balme, Aristotle on Nature and Living Things and co-edited (with James G. Lennox) Philosophical Issues in Aristotle's Biology (Cambridge University Press, 1987). Gotthelf prepared for publication D. M. Balme's posthumous editions of Aristotle's History of Animals (HA): (a) the Loeb edition of Books VII–X (Harvard University Press, 1991) and (b) the Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries edition of the whole of HA (Cambridge University Press, vol. 1: 2002, vol. 2: forthcoming).

Gotthelf received many honors for his work on Aristotle, including in 2004 an international conference on "Aristotle on Being, Nature, and Life", held "in celebration of his contributions to the study of classical philosophy and science"; a volume of the proceedings, Being, Nature, and Life in Aristotle: Essays in Honor of Allan Gotthelf, edited by James G. Lennox and Robert Bolton, was published by Cambridge University Press in 2010. A volume of Gotthelf's collected Aristotle papers (including four papers previously unpublished), Teleology, First Principles, and Scientific Method in Aristotle's Biology, was published by Oxford University Press in their Oxford Aristotle Studies series in early 2012.

At the University of Pittsburgh, he taught graduate courses on Aristotle and organized various workshops and conferences on the nature of concepts and objectivity and the bearing of these issues on important topics in epistemology, philosophy of science, and metaethics, including those on Aristotle and Ayn Rand's epistemology.(See also, in the next section below, his role as editor of the Ayn Rand Society Philosophical Studies series.)

He joined the department of philosophy at Rutgers University as the Anthem Foundation Distinguished Fellow in the fall of 2012, where he taught until his death from cancer on August 30, 2013.

Involvement with Ayn Rand and the Objectivist movement

Gotthelf was introduced to Ayn Rand's thought in 1961 when, at the age of 18, he first read Atlas Shrugged. He attended many lecture courses and question periods at the Nathaniel Branden Institute, where he worked as an usher (and in other capacities), and where in 1962 he first met Ayn Rand. For over fifteen years, he had many opportunities for sustained philosophical discussion with Rand; for instance, he was an active participant in Rand's famous 1969–71 Workshops on Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology, and subsequent smaller workshops at Rand's apartment. He was Rand's choice for indexer of her collections, The Virtue of Selfishness and Capitalism: the Unknown Ideal.  As an undergraduate at Brooklyn College in 1963, Gotthelf founded one of the early college-based "Ayn Rand Clubs," under whose auspices Rand herself lectured to an audience of over 1000.  It was suggestions from both Gotthelf and Leonard Peikoff which motivated Rand to write her extended monograph on concepts, Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology.

Starting in 1964, he spoke on Rand's philosophy, Objectivism, countless times at colleges, universities, and private groups throughout the United States, Canada, Bermuda, Europe, and Japan. He is the author of On Ayn Rand, still the best-selling book in the Wadsworth Philosophers series, and he co-authored (with Gregory Salmieri) the entry on Rand in the Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers. He was co-editor (also with Salmieri) of the forthcoming Wiley–Blackwell volume, Ayn Rand: A Companion to Her Works and Thought, expected out in mid-2013, and published two essays in Robert Mayhew's Essays on Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged: "Galt's Speech in Five Sentences (and Forty Questions)" and "A Note on Dagny's 'Final Choice'."

As mentioned above, Gotthelf was one of the founding members of The Ayn Rand Society, and held its highest office.  At the time of his death, he was the editor (with James G. Lennox as associate editor) of the series, Ayn Rand Society Philosophical Studies, published by the University of Pittsburgh Press. The first volume, Metaethics, Egoism, and Virtue: Studies in Ayn Rand's Normative Theory, was published in early 2011. The second volume, Concepts and Their Role in Knowledge: Reflections on Objectivist Epistemology, is scheduled for publication in mid-2013. The first volume includes his essay "The Choice to Value (1990)"; the second volume leads off with his essay "Ayn Rand's Theory of Concepts: Rethinking Abstraction and Essence."

Allan Gotthelf Prize
The Allan Gotthelf Prize, established by the Classical Studies Faculty at The College of New Jersey upon Gotthelf's retirement, is awarded annually to an outstanding graduating senior for his or her work in the Classical Studies program. The winner of the endowed prize is announced at the departmental graduation ceremony and is recognized on a permanent plaque.

Bibliography
 Aristotle on Nature and Living Things: Philosophical and Historical Studies
Philosophical Issues in Aristotle's Biology
Aristotle's De Partibus Animalium I and De Generatione Animalium
On Ayn Rand 978-0-53-457625-7
Being, Nature, and Life in Aristotle: Essays in Honor of Allan Gotthelf
Metaethics, Egoism, and Virtue: Studies in Ayn Rand's Normative Theory, edit. with James G. Lennox, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2010,
Teleology, First Principles, and Scientific Method in Aristotle's Biology, Oxford Aristotle Studies, Oxford University Press, 2012,
 Concepts and Their Role in Knowledge: Reflections on Objectivist Epistemology (Ayn Rand Society Philosophical Studies), edit. with James G. Lennox, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2013,
 A Companion to Ayn Rand, edit. with Gregory Salmieri, Wiley, 2016,

See also
American philosophy
Aristotle
Ayn Rand
List of American philosophers

References

External links
The Ayn Rand Society a professional society affiliated with the American Philosophical Association, Eastern Division
audio of Allan Gotthelf on Reminiscences of Ayn Rand
 James G. Lennox: In memoriam Allan Gotthelf (30 December 1942–30 August 2013), in: Aestimatio 10 (2013) 355-365

1942 births
2013 deaths
20th-century American philosophers
21st-century American philosophers
Objectivists
Objectivism scholars
University of Pittsburgh faculty
Wesleyan University faculty
Columbia University alumni
Philosophers from New York (state)
Philosophers from Pennsylvania
Brooklyn College alumni

Allan Gotthelf


Marian prayers or Marian devotions are acts of asking for the intercession of the Mary, the mother of Jesus. It is mainly something done by Roman Catholics but it is also used by Anglo-Catholics. Marian prayer is not worship. It is asking Mary to pray, or intercede for you and/or other people. When asking for Mary's intercession, you are honouring her and not worshipping her. It is to ask her to help you communicate better with her son, Jesus. They are still following the second commandment, because they are not worshipping, only asking for intercession in their lives. Many novenas and prayers can be said in her honour.
There are in fact many common ways in doing so but there is a simplistic yet symbolical prayer called the rosary, the reciting pray for the intervening of mother Mary. This is said in honour and praise of her as well as to ask of her help. Another example is yet commonly said during the rosary itself and is called the "hail holy queen".

Christian prayers

Marian Prayer


Papaverine (Latin papaver, "poppy") is an opium alkaloid antispasmodic drug, used primarily in the treatment of visceral spasms and vasospasms (especially those involving the intestines, heart, or brain), occasionally in the treatment of erectile dysfunction and acute mesenteric ischemia. While it is found in the opium poppy, papaverine differs in both structure and pharmacological action from the analgesic morphine and its derivatives (such as codeine).

In addition to opium, papverine is purported to be present in high concentrations in star gooseberry.

History

Papaverine was discovered in 1848 by Georg Merck (1825–1873).  Merck was a student of the German chemists Justus von Liebig and August Hofmann, and he was the son of Emanuel Merck (1794–1855), founder of the Merck corporation, a major German chemical and pharmaceutical company.

Uses
Papaverine is approved to treat spasms of the gastrointestinal tract, bile ducts and ureter and for use as a cerebral and coronary vasodilator in subarachnoid hemorrhage (combined with balloon angioplasty) and coronary artery bypass surgery. Papaverine may also be used as a smooth muscle relaxant in microsurgery where it is applied directly to blood vessels.

Papaverine is used as an erectile dysfunction drug, alone or sometimes in combination. Papaverine, when injected in penile tissue, causes direct smooth muscle relaxation and consequent filling of the corpus cavernosum with blood resulting in erection.  A topical gel is also available for ED treatment.

It is also commonly used in cryopreservation of blood vessels along with the other glycosaminoglycans and protein suspensions. Functions as a vasodilator during cryopreservation when used in conjunction with verapamil, phentolamine, nifedipine, tolazoline or nitroprusside.

Papaverine is also being investigated as a topical growth factor in tissue expansion with some success.

Papaverine is used as an off-label prophylaxis (preventative) of migraine headaches.  It is not a first line drug such as a few beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, tricyclic antidepressants, and some anticonvulsants such as divalproex, but rather when these first line drugs and secondary drugs such as SSRIs, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, etc. fail in the prophylaxis of migraines, have intolerable side effects or are contraindicated.

Papaverine is also present in combinations of opium alkaloid salts such as papaveretum (Omnopon, Pantopon) and others, along with morphine, codeine, and in some cases noscapine and others in a percentage similar to that in opium, or modified for a given application.

Papaverine is found as a contaminant in some heroin and can be used by forensic laboratories in heroin profiling to identify its source. The metabolites can also be found in the urine of heroin users, allowing street heroin to be distinguished from pharmaceutical diacetylmorphine.

Mechanism
The in vivo mechanism of action is not entirely clear, but an inhibition of the enzyme phosphodiesterase causing elevation of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels is significant. It may also alter mitochondrial respiration.

Papaverine has also been demonstrated to be a selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor for the PDE10A subtype found mainly in the striatum of the brain. When administered chronically to mice, it produced motor and cognitive deficits and increased anxiety, but conversely may produce an antipsychotic effect, although not all studies support this view.

Side effects
Frequent side effects of papaverine treatment include polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, constipation, interference with sulphobromophthalein retention test (used to determine hepatic function), increased transaminase levels, increased alkaline phosphatase levels, somnolence, and vertigo.

Rare side effects include flushing of the face, hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating), cutaneous eruption, arterial hypotension, tachycardia, loss of appetite, jaundice, eosinophilia, thrombopenia, mixed hepatitis, headache, allergic reaction, chronic active hepatitis, and paradoxical aggravation of cerebral vasospasm.

Papaverine in the plant Sauropus androgynus is linked to bronchiolitis obliterans.

Formulations and trade names
Papaverine is available in its salt form as the hydrochloride, codecarboxylate, adenylate, and teprosylate. It was also once available as a salt of hydrobromide, camsylate, cromesilate, nicotinate, and phenylglycolate. The hydrochloride salt is available for intramuscular, intravenous, rectal and oral administration.  The teprosylate is available in intravenous, intramuscular, and orally administered formulations. The codecarboxylate is available in oral form, only, as is the adenylate.

The codecarboxylate is sold under the name Albatran, the adenylate as Dicertan, and the hydrochloride salt is sold variously as Artegodan (Germany), Cardioverina (countries outside Europe and the United States), Dispamil (countries outside Europe and the United States), Opdensit (Germany), Panergon (Germany), Paverina Houde (Italy, Belgium), Pavacap (United States), Pavadyl (United States), Papaverine (Israel), Papaverin-Hamelin (Germany), Paveron (Germany), Spasmo-Nit (Germany), Cardiospan, Papaversan, Cepaverin, Cerespan, Drapavel, Forpaven, Papalease, Pavatest, Paverolan, Therapav (Canada), Vasospan, Cerebid, Delapav, Dilaves, Durapav, Dynovas, Optenyl, Pameion, Papacon, Pavabid, Pavacen, Pavakey, Pavased, Pavnell, Alapav, Myobid, Vasal, Pamelon, Pavadel, Pavagen, Ro-Papav, Vaso-Pav, Papanerin-hcl, Qua bid, Papital T.R., Paptial T.R., Pap-Kaps-150. In Hungary, papaverine and homatropine methylbromide are used in mild drugs that help "flush" the bile.

References

Antispasmodics
Bitter compounds
Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids
Natural opium alkaloids
Catechol ethers
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Vasodilators

Papaverine


Knowing and the Known is a 1949 book by John Dewey and Arthur Bentley.

Overview
As well as a Preface, an Introduction and an Index, the book consists of 12 chapters, or papers, as the authors call them in their introduction. Chapters 1 (Vagueness in Logic), 8 (Logic in an Age of Science) and 9 (A Confused "Semiotic") were written by Bentley; Chapter 10 (Common Sense and Science) by Dewey, while the remainder were signed jointly.

The terminology problem in the fields of epistemology and logic is partially due, according to Dewey and Bentley, to inefficient and imprecise use of words and concepts that reflect three historic levels of organization and presentation. In the order of chronological appearance, these are :

Self-Action: Prescientific concepts regarded humans, animals, and things as possessing powers of their own which initiated or caused  their actions.
Interaction: as described by Newton, where things, living and inorganic, are balanced against something in a system of interaction, for example, the third law of motion states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Transaction: where modern systems of descriptions and naming are employed to deal with  multiple aspects and phases of action without  any attribution to  ultimate, final, or independent entities, essences, or realities.

Chapters
Vagueness in Logic
The Terminological Problem
Postulations
Interaction and Transaction
Transactions as Known and Named
Specification
The Case of Definition
Logic in an Age of Science
A Confused "Semiotic"
Common Sense and Science
A Trial Group of Names
Summary of Progress Made
Appendix: A Letter from John Dewey

Transactions
A series of characterizations of Transactions indicate the wide range of considerations involved.

Transaction is inquiry in which existing descriptions of events are accepted only as tentative and preliminary. New descriptions of the aspects and phases of events based on inquiry may be made at any time.
Transaction is inquiry characterized by primary observation that may range across all subject matters that present themselves, and may proceed with freedom to re-determine and rename the objects comprised in the system.
Transaction is Fact such that no one of  the constituents can be adequately specified  as apart from the specification of  all the other constituents of the full subject matter.
Transaction develops and widens the phases of knowledge, and  broadens the system within the limits of observation and report.
Transaction regards the extension in time to be comparable to the extension in space, so that "thing" is in action, and "action" is observable in things.
Transaction assumes no pre-knowledge of either organism or environment alone as adequate, but requires their primary acceptance in a common system.
Transaction is the procedure which observes men talking and writing, using language and other representational activities to present their perceptions and manipulations. This permits a full treatment, descriptive and functional, of the whole process inclusive of all its contents, and with the newer techniques of inquiry required.
Transactional Observation insists on the right to freely proceed to investigate any subject matter in whatever way seems appropriate,  under reasonable hypothesis.

Illustration of differences between self-action, interaction, and transaction, as well as the different facets of transactional inquiry are provided by statements of positions that Dewey and Bentley definitely did not hold and which never should be read into their work.

 They do not use any basic differentiation of subject vs. object; of soul vs. body; of mind vs. matter; or self vs. nonself.
 They do not support the introduction of any ultimate knower from a different or superior realm to account for what is known.
 Similarly, they do not tolerate "entities" or "realities" of any kind intruding as if from behind or beyond the knowing-known events, with power to interfere.
 They exclude the introduction of "faculties" or other "operators" of an organism's behaviors, and require for all investigations  the direct observation and contemporaneous report of findings and results.
 Especially, they recognize no names that are offered as expressions of "inner" thoughts, nor of names that reflect compulsions  by  outer objects.
 They  reject imaginary words and terms said  to lie between the organism and its environmental objects, and require the direct location and source for all observations relevant to the investigation.
 They tolerate no meanings offered as "ultimate" truth or "absolute" knowledge.
 Since they  are concerned with what is inquired into, and the process of knowings, they have no interest in any underpinning. Any statement that is or can be made about a knower, self, mind, or subject, or about a known thing, an object, or a cosmos must be made on the basis of, and in the language applicable to the specific investigation.

In summary, all of human knowledge consists of actions and products of acts in which men and women participate with other human beings, with animals and plants, as well as objects of all types, in any environment. Men and women have, are, and will present their acts of knowing and known in language. Generic people, and specific men and women, are known to be vulnerable to error. Consequently, all knowledge (knowing and known) whether commonsensical or scientific; past, present, or future; is subject to further inquiry, examination, review, and revision.

See also
 List of publications by John Dewey
 Transactionalism

References

External links
(with Arthur Bentley) Full copy in pdf file available from the American Institute for Economic Research

1949 non-fiction books
Contemporary philosophical literature
Epistemology books
Logic books
Works by John Dewey
Beacon Press books

Knowing and the Known


Sumy () is a city in Ukraine. It is the administrative centre of Sumy Oblast. In 2020, 264,981 people lived there. Most of population has got Ukrainian origin.

The city of Sumy was founded in the 1650s by the Cossacks within the region of Sloboda Ukraine. On the banks of Psel River, the city is also at the intersection of several other major transportation routes for the oblast and north-eastern Ukraine. Notable infrastructure includes Sumy Airport and railway junction for the Southern Railways at Sumy railway station.

Cities in Sumy Oblast

Sumy


Silver (symbol Ag) is a chemical element. In chemistry, silver is element 47, a transition metal. It has an atomic weight of 107.86 a.m.u. Its symbol is Ag, from the Latin word for silver, argentum.

Properties

Physical properties
Silver is a soft metal. It is also a precious metal. When it is used in money or in jewellery, it is often alloyed with gold or some other metal to make it harder. It is bluish-white. It reflects light very well. It is a very good conductor of electricity and heat. It is considered a precious metal. It is very malleable and ductile, which means it can be pulled into wire or hammered into thin sheets. Silver is one of the few words in the English language that does not rhyme with any other word. Silver coins and bars can be bought and sold at coin shops around the world.

Chemical properties

Silver is not reactive. It does not dissolve in most acids. Nitric acid dissolves it, though, to make silver nitrate. It does react with strong oxidizing agents like potassium dichromate or potassium permanganate. It does not corrode easily. It only corrodes when there is hydrogen sulfide in the air. Then, it forms a black coating known as tarnish.

Silver exists in two main oxidation states: +1 and +2. The +1 is much more common. A few compounds exist in the +2 oxidation state, but they are very strong oxidizing agents. Silver compounds can be brown, black, yellow, gray, or colorless. Silver compounds are disinfectants.

Silver(I) compounds
Silver(I) compounds are oxidizing agents. They are more common. Most of them are very expensive.
Silver bromide, light yellow
Silver carbonate, yellowish
Silver chloride, white
Silver(I) fluoride, yellow-brown
Silver iodate, colorless
Silver iodide, yellow
Silver nitrate, colorless
Silver oxide, brown-black
Silver sulfide, black

Silver(II) compounds
Silver(II) compounds are powerful oxidizing agents and rare.
Silver(II) fluoride, strong oxidizing agent, highly reactive, white or gray

Occurrence

Silver can be found as a native metal. Silver can be found with copper, lead, or gold in rocks. The rocks are found mostly in Canada, Mexico, Peru, and the United States. Peru produces the most silver. Silver is also in chemical compounds.

Acanthite is a silver ore that is a silver compound.

Preparation
Silver is extracted from the earth in several ways. It is normally extracted using electrolysis.

Uses

As an element
Silver has been used for many thousands of years by people all over the world, for jewellery, as money, and many other things. It is called a white metal even though it looks grey. The word silver is also used to talk about this color or shade of grey. Silver is also used for utensils. It may be used to fill teeth in dentistry as an amalgam. Silver is used as a catalyst.

In compounds
Silver compounds are disinfectants. It can kill bacteria and has other useful properties. It is used in the silver oxide battery. They are also used in photographic film. They can also be used to reduce odors in clothes. Some silver compounds are used in creams that help burns heal.

History
Silver has used for thousands of years. It was normally considered second to gold in value. Many people including Romans and Chinese used silver as money. The symbol Ag is from the Latin name for silver, argentum. Silver was also used to prevent infections and decay.

Safety
Silver is not a large danger to humans. Silver compounds are toxic. They make the skin turn blue. Some can be carcinogens. Colloidal silver, a common homeopathic remedy, is not toxic in normal amounts, but it does not do much.

Market
More silver has been used each year than the amount mined in each year since 1990, when the amount mined each year stopped growing and its use increased. Companies that use silver have benefited from speculators who sell promises to deliver silver that does not exist, keeping prices artificially low. This is called naked short selling. The amount owed is more than all the silver in the world. The price of silver could go very high when the stored silver runs out and investors start asking for their metal back, instead of taking more I.O.U.'s.

The price of silver increased to 28 US dollars per troy ounce as of December 2010.

Other websites

 Silver -Citizendium

Basic English 850 words
Transition metals

Silver


Charles Wilkins Webber (May 29, 1819 – April 11, 1856) was a United States journalist and explorer.

Biography
Webber was born at Russellville, Kentucky.  He was the son of Augustine Webber, a well-known physician in Kentucky. His mother, who was the daughter of Gen. John Tannehill, passed on to him a fondness for outdoor life. In 1838, Webber went to Texas, then struggling for independence; was for several years connected with the famous Texas Rangers, seeing much of wild and adventurous life on the frontier; returned to Kentucky and studied medicine; afterward entered Princeton Theological Seminary with a view to the Presbyterian ministry, but abandoned that purpose, and settled in New York as a writer for literary periodicals, especially The New World, The Democratic Review, and The Sunday Despatch; was associate editor and joint proprietor of The Whig Review; planned, with the two sons of his friend John James Audubon the naturalist, a monthly magazine of mammoth size, to be illustrated with copper-plate colored engravings by Audubon, but published only the first number; was engaged in an unsuccessful attempt to lead an exploring and mining expedition to the region of the Colorado and Gila rivers in 1849.  A principal reason for the failure of the expedition to the west was the seizure of the horses by Comanche Indians.

The difficulty in crossing the western deserts led to his efforts to form a camel company, for which he obtained a charter from the New York legislature in 1854. In 1855 he went to Central America, where he joined the filibuster William Walker in Nicaragua and was killed in a skirmish.

Works
In addition to his contributions to periodicals, he authored Old Hicks the Guide, or Adventures in the Comanche Country in Search of a Gold-Mine (New York, 1848); The Gold-Mines of the Gila (1849); The Hunter Naturalist, a Romance of Sporting (Philadelphia, 1851), with 40 engravings from original drawings by Mrs. Webber; Wild Scenes and Song-Birds (New York, 1854), with 20 colored illustrations from drawings by Mrs. Webber; Tales of the Southern Border (part i, 1852; complete, 1853); Spiritual Vampirism (1853); Jack Long; or The Shot in the Eye (a Gothic Western highly praised by Edgar Allan Poe); Adventures with the Texan Rifle Rangers (London, 1853); History of Mystery (Philadelphia, 1855); and other works.

References

External links

This article incorporates text from the Universal Cyclopædia & Atlas, 1902, New York, D. Appleton & Co., a publication now in the public domain.

1819 births
1856 deaths
People from Russellville, Kentucky
Gila River
19th-century American journalists
American male journalists
19th-century American male writers

Charles Wilkins Webber


St. Joseph is a city in northwest Missouri. It is next to the Kansas state line north of Kansas City. It is where the famous outlaw Jesse James lived and where the Pony Express Started. There is much entertainment to be seen there. And many historical sites and things. There are many shops and restaurants with delicious food. St. Joseph is well known because of the pony express. It is one of the biggest cities in Missouri (the eighth biggest) and was established in 1843.

Cities in Missouri
County seats in Missouri

St. Joseph, Missouri


The Santa Cruz River is a river in southern Arizona, United States, and northern Sonora, Mexico. The Santa Cruz has its headwaters in the high intermontane grasslands of the San Rafael Valley to the east of Patagonia between the Canelo Hills to the east and the Patagonia Mountains to the west. It flows southward into Mexico and turns westward, and reenters the United States just to the east of Nogales. It then continues northward from the International border at Nogales past the Tumacacori National Historical Park, Tubac, Green Valley, Sahuarita, San Xavier del Bac, and Tucson to the Santa Cruz Flats just to the south of Casa Grande and the Gila River.

Other websites
 Santa Cruz River Project
 San Rafael Ranch Natural Area and state park

Rivers of Mexico
Rivers of Arizona
Sonora

Santa Cruz River


Geographical renaming is when a place's name gets changed.

There can be several reasons for geographical renaming.

One such reason is countries joining together to form a new country. For example, after the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland joined together in 1701, they formed the United Kingdom. When Ireland joined in 1801, the unified country became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

A second reason is a country splitting apart to form new ones. For example, after Czechoslovakia split in 1992, it became two new countries, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Also, after Ireland gained independence from Britain, the region of Northern Ireland stayed in the UK. Therefore, the country's name changed from United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to what it is today, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

A third reason could be a new government replacing or overthrowing the old one. After the Communist Party took overthrew the Russian Empire's emperor, the Tsar, and changed the country's name to the Soviet Union, the city of Saint Petersburg also changed to Leningrad. This was because the Communist Party wanted to honor its leader, Vladimir Lenin, and symbolize the Soviet Union's turning away from Russia's system of absolute monarchy, the Tsardom, that ruled before they did, since Saint Petersburg was named after Peter the Great, who was the Tsar that founded the city. When the city of New Amsterdam, founded by Dutch colonists in North America, was lost to the British Empire, it was renamed New York City after the Duke of York.

A fourth reason could be changing a place's name to replace a name given by former colonizers with the name given by native people, and many more. For example, after India gained independence from Britain, they changed the name of the city Bombay to Mumbai.

A fifth reason could be the change of standard spelling rules in the local language. When Pinyin was made the official romanization, or writing Mandarin Chinese using the Roman alphabet, in mainland China after the Chinese Communist Party took over, the spellings of many Chinese place names changed, including Peking becoming Beijing and Nanking becoming Nanjing. Even though the pronunciations of Chinese place names in Mandarin Chinese were not any different before the changing of spelling, the older spellings did not accurately show their pronunciation. Therefore, the pronunciation of Chinese place names in other languages, or their exonyms, were based on their spelling rather than the Mandarin pronunciation, which is why they sound so different from each other. In order to teach people how to correctly pronounce Mandarin Chinese, the CCP made Hanyu Pinyin the only accepted romanization in mainland China. Even though Taiwan also speaks Mandarin, the spellings of Taiwanese place names, including Taipei and Kaohsiung, is according to the older spelling rules for Chinese place names. This is because many Taiwanese do not want to use Hanyu Pinyin, even though it is the standard romanization of Mandarin Chinese worldwide, because it was created by the Communist Party of China.

Geography

Geographical renaming


The University of California, Davis Arboretum (UC Davis Arboretum) is an approximately  arboretum along the banks of the old north channel of Putah Creek on the south side of the University of California, Davis campus in unincorporated Yolo County, California, in the United States.

The arboretum was founded in 1936. It is free to visit and the gardens are open 24 hours a day every day of the year; visitor parking is free Saturdays and Sundays and $10 per car every other day. The Arboretum contains 3.5 miles (5.6 km) paved path loop for pedestrians, joggers, and cyclists. The collection includes some "22,000 trees and plants adapted to a Mediterranean climate." The collection may be searched through the Arbortetum's online database, which includes detailed information about the plants and geographic information system data linked to plant records. The Arboretum is an important source of information on horticulture in California's Central Valley.

The arboretum is used for research both by UC Davis faculty and students and by others. The arboretum also supports teaching at UC Davis, with courses in many different disciplines using the arboretum each year.

Collection
The arboretum has 17 gardens and collections:

 Arboretum Terrace Garden and Lois Crowe Patio - Mediterranean-style terrace garden with pergola, featuring plants typical of California's Central Valley.
 Australian Collection - features eucalyptus and other Australian plants.
 California Foothill Collection - features California foothills plants, including "200-year-old Valley oaks, pines, ceanothus, and several species of native currants and gooseberries."
 Carolee Shields White Flower Garden and Gazebo - a "theme garden based on medieval moon-viewing gardens of India and Japan."
 Conifer Collection - features various conifers, including pines, cedars, firs, junipers, and cypresses.
 Desert Collection - features desert plants, including cacti and succulents, fan palms, and mesquites.
 East Asian Collection - an East Asian garden with a view of Lake Spafford and an open lawn; features cherry blossoms and daphne (prominent in winter and spring) and ginkgo, zelkova, and ornamental grasses (prominent in fall).
 Eric E. Conn Acacia Grove - features more than 50 acacia species.
 Mary Wattis Brown Garden of California Native Plants - features various California native plants and native meadow.
 Mediterranean Collection - features various Mediterranean Basin plants on a hillside around lagoon; includes collection of herbs.
 North Coast Collection - features various broadleaf and evergreen plants of coastal Northern California, including California bay laurel, Lawson cypress, bigleaf maple, dogwood, and Lindera (spice bush).
 Peter J. Shields Oak Grove - features more than 80 types of oak, including several rare species.
 Ruth Risdon Storer Garden - features various "flowering perennials and small shrubs that are especially well suited to Central Valley gardens" intended for sustainable gardening.
 South American Collection - a small collection of mostly Argentinean and Chilean plants, including groundcovers and vines as well as cacti and cannas.
 Southwest U.S.A. and Mexican Collection - features various plants of Mexico and the American Southwest; the Montezuma bald cypress in this collection was grown from seed from the largest specimen in Mexico.
T. Elliot Weier Redwood Grove - a coast redwood grove that is "one of the largest collections of redwood trees outside their native range." In addition to the trees, the grove also features understory plants.
Warren G. Roberts Redbud Collection - a Western redbud grove.

See also
 List of botanical gardens and arboretums in the United States

Notes

External links

 Official website
 UC Davis Arboretum on the Davis Wiki

Arboreta in California
Protected areas of Yolo County, California
University of California, Davis campus


Elita A. Loresca (born June 28, 1977), is a Filipino-American newscaster. She has worked for KGET-TV, the NBC affiliate in Bakersfield, California, WSVN 7 in Miami, Florida, and KNBC in Los Angeles, California. Loresca currently works at KTRK-TV in Houston, Texas.

Career
Loresca began her career as a news associate at KCBS-TV in Los Angeles, where she was responsible for the assembly of scripts and teleprompter operation during the newscasts.  From January 2001 to August 2002, she was the noon weather anchor and assignment editor for KGET-TV in Bakersfield, California.  In 2002, she moved to KGPE-TV in Fresno, California where she served as the morning and noon weather anchor.

She covered two of the most devastating hurricane seasons in recent history. Starting on her first day at WSVN Miami in 2004, she began forecasting the 2004 hurricane season with Hurricane Frances. In 2005, she contributed reports for her station from the National Hurricane Center during Hurricane Katrina, Hurricane Rita, and Hurricane Wilma.

Loresca is a graduate of the Broadcast Journalism Program at Cal State Fullerton and earned the Certificate of Broadcast Meteorology at Mississippi State University. Born in the Philippines, she moved to Southern California when she was ten months old and grew up in both downtown Los Angeles and Chino.
She is a volunteer for Habitat for Humanity and The National Alliance to Nurture the Aged and the Youth (NANAY), a non-profit Filipino organization.

While working at WSVN, Loresca won the title "America's Sexiest Newscaster" in an online vote by readers of FHM magazine. She was featured in the October 2006 issue.

Personal
Loresca graduated in 1995 from Chino High School, in Chino California. She was an avid basketball player throughout her high school career.
On September 4, 2010, she married Ryan Nuveman, who is a brother of USA Softball Olympic gold medalist, Stacey Nuveman. Her first child was born in September 2011.

References

External links
 Elita Loresca KTRK Bio

1977 births
Living people
American women journalists
American writers of Filipino descent
Mass media people from California
American television meteorologists
Mississippi State University alumni
Television anchors from Los Angeles
California State University, Fullerton alumni
American television reporters and correspondents
21st-century American women
Chino High School alumni

Elita Loresca


Faxon is a town in Comanche County, Oklahoma, United States. It is located on Oklahoma State Highway 36 about 18.3 driving miles southwest of Lawton. The population was 136 at the 2010 census. It is included in the Lawton, Oklahoma Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , all land.

Climate

Demographics

As of the census of 2010, there were 136 people, 55 households, and 39 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 66 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 89.7% White, 0.7% African American, 4.4% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 0.0% from other races, and 4.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.7% of the population.

There were 55 households, out of which 34.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.9% were married couples living together, 14.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.1% were non-families. 29.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.82.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.7% under the age of 18, 2.9% from 18 to 24, 19.1% from 25 to 44, 31.6% from 45 to 64, and 17.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 83.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 73.2 males.

According to the 2000 census, the median income for a household in the town was $25,000, and the median income for a family was $31,250. Males had a median income of $30,833 versus $21,250 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,630. There were 15.4% of families and 13.8% of the population living below the poverty line, including 13.2% of under eighteens and 5.9% of those over 64.

References

External links

Towns in Comanche County, Oklahoma
Towns in Oklahoma

Faxon, Oklahoma


Michael Lewis Brotherton (born 26 May 1931) is a British journalist and politician. A Conservative, he had a promising Parliamentary career and worked as a Parliamentary consultant after his former constituency in Lincolnshire was abolished in boundary changes in 1983.

Royal Navy career
The son of a brewer, and brought up in the Roman Catholic faith, Brotherton went to Prior Park College. He enlisted in the Royal Navy and continued his education at the Royal Naval College in Dartmouth, qualifying as an Observer in 1955. He served in Cyprus in 1957 during a flare-up in communal conflicts and was mentioned in dispatches for distinguished conduct. Brotherton left the Navy after achieving the rank of Lieutenant-Commander in 1964.

Early political activity
Retraining as an advertising executive, Brotherton joined Times Newspapers in 1967. He also became politically active in the Conservative Party, speaking at the Party conference of 1966 in support of building an aircraft carrier for the Navy, and was Chairman of Beckenham Conservative Political Centre for the year 1967–1968. At the 1970 general election, he was the unsuccessful Conservative candidate in Deptford.

October 1974 election
Failing to find a seat for the February 1974 general election, Brotherton became more prominent during the short interval between elections that year. He attacked the Labour government's decision to write off the debt of the National Coal Board. When Jeffrey Archer suddenly announced his decision to stand down from Parliament due to financial problems, Brotherton was selected as the candidate for Louth in the October 1974 general election. Brotherton won the seat but, in terms of swing, the result was one of the worst for the Conservatives in the election, attributed to the circumstances in which Archer left and the short time Brotherton had to make himself known.

Policy positions
Once in Parliament, Brotherton used the platform it gave him to express his views in somewhat forceful terms. During the Common Market referendum of 1975, Brotherton strongly attacked Edward du Cann who made a last minute anti-Market speech; Brotherton declared that du Cann "requires either psychiatric treatment or lessons in simple arithmetic".

Brotherton demanded that the Royal Navy escort the British fishing fleet to defend it from Icelandic attacks during the Cod War. Early in January 1976 he challenged James Callaghan, then Foreign Secretary, to substantiate Sheila Cassidy's claim that she had been tortured in Chile before making any protest to the Chilean government. In March 1976, he pressed the issue of a member of the House of Commons catering staff who had been found to be a supporter of the Provisional Irish Republican Army, calling for stricter vetting.

A strong supporter of Margaret Thatcher, Brotherton urged Edward Heath not to make public criticisms of her. In 1977, he successfully moved a private member's motion that declared the House would not welcome Idi Amin's presence at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Conference. He was also a supporter of Ian Smith in Rhodesia, and urged the government not to make a deal with the "terrorists", including Robert Mugabe.

Under the Thatcher government
Brotherton supported the call for a boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics, and voted against a rise in petrol duty which was proposed by Geoffrey Howe in the 1981 budget. He was placed on the Select Committee on the Contempt of Court Bill in 1981 as one of the few non-lawyers; he supported an amendment to allow unrestricted tape-recording of court proceedings, against government advice. He also opposed the 1981 Defence Review, with its proposed reductions in the Royal Navy. In March 1982, when the Adam Smith Institute rated MPs according to their tendency to vote for individual freedom, Brotherton and his Parliamentary neighbour Michael Brown topped the list.

In December 1982, Brotherton (a strong opponent of wasteful spending) was embarrassed when he missed a rail connection and then asked three police cars to drive him from Newark-on-Trent to a charity event in Grimsby. The local Labour-controlled police authority questioned why it was so urgent for him to get there when he was not expected to attend (his wife was the guest of honour), and asked him to reimburse the cost. He was also twice convicted of driving offences in the early 1980s.

1983 election
At the 1983 general election, boundary changes merged most of his seat with Brigg and Scunthorpe to form a new Brigg and Cleethorpes; this pitched Brotherton into a contest with Michael Brown for the nomination, which Brown won in March 1983. The remainder of the area became part of the East Lindsey constituency, which adopted sitting Horncastle MP Sir Peter Tapsell. Brotherton then tried to find another constituency, but was unsuccessful.

Later career
Brotherton kept up contacts in his old constituency and continued living in Lincolnshire. In 1986, he formed Michael Brotherton Associates, a company of Parliamentary consultants. He kept up his correspondence to newspapers, and was critical of the John Major government for giving concessions in European Union negotiations. In January 2007, he announced that he had joined the United Kingdom Independence Party, declaring that "the only political party in the UK that now reflects the true values of Conservatism is the UK Independence Party".

References

Times Guide to the House of Commons 1979

External links

1931 births
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Living people
Royal Navy officers
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK Independence Party people

Michael Brotherton


A speech corpus (or spoken corpus) is a database of speech audio files and text transcriptions.
In speech technology, speech corpora are used, among other things, to create acoustic models (which can then be used with a speech recognition or speaker identification engine).
In linguistics, spoken corpora are used to do research into phonetic, conversation analysis, dialectology and other fields.

A corpus is one such database.  Corpora is the plural of corpus (i.e. it is many such databases).

There are two types of Speech Corpora:

 Read Speech – which includes:
 Book excerpts
 Broadcast news
 Lists of words
 Sequences of numbers
 Spontaneous Speech – which includes:
 Dialogs – between two or more people (includes meetings; one such corpus is the KEC);
 Narratives – a person telling a story (one such corpus is the Buckeye Corpus);
 Map-tasks –  one person explains a route on a map to another;
 Appointment-tasks – two people try to find a common meeting time based on individual schedules.

A special kind of speech corpora are non-native speech databases that contain speech with foreign accent.

See also
Arabic Speech Corpus
Common Voice
EXMARaLDA
Lingua Libre, an online libre tool
List of children's speech corpora
Non-native speech database
Praat
Spoken English Corpus
The BABEL Speech Corpus
TIMIT
Transcriber
Transcription (linguistics)

References

 Edwards, Jane / Lampert, Martin (eds.) (1992): Talking Data – Transcription and Coding in Discourse Research. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
 Leech, Geoffrey / Myers, Greg / Thomas, Jenny (eds.) (1995): Spoken English on Computer: Transcription, Markup and Application. Harlow: Longman.

External links
 Santa Barbara Corpus of Spoken American English
 Buckeye Corpus The Buckeye Corpus of Conversational Speech
 The KEC -- The Karl Eberhards Corpus of spontaneously spoken southern German in dialogues - audio and articulatory recordings
 Spoken Language Corpora at the Research Center on Multilingualism
 The Spoken Turkish Corpus at METU Ankara
 Spoken Corpus Klient with the Corp-Oral Corpus at ILTEC Lisbon
 VoxForge – open source speech corpora
 OLAC: Open Language Archives Community
 BAS Bavarian Archive for Speech Signals
 Simmortel Speech Recognition Corpus for Indian English and Hindi
 ELRA: the European Language Resources Association
 The PELCRA Conversational Corpus of Polish
 The Arabic Speech Corpus
 Corpus of Political Speeches : Free access to political speeches by American and Chinese politicians, developed by Hong Kong Baptist University Library
 Large Multimodal Corpus of Human Speech

Corpora
Corpus linguistics
Speech recognition
Dialectology
Phonetics
Language documentation

de:Textkorpus

Speech corpus


Horticulture is the practical botany of gardens. It includes both decorative and vegetable aspects of gardens. A horticulturist is a person who works and conducts research in the science and skill of growing flowers, fruits, vegetables or ornamental plants. Plant breeding is an important part of horticulture.

Related pages
 Arboriculture
 Gardening

Botany
Gardening

Horticulture


Dinner: Impossible is an American television program broadcast by the Food Network and initially hosted by Robert Irvine. The first episode aired on January 24, 2007 and the last episode aired in 2010. Food Network began airing the eighth season on March 3, 2010.

Each episode, the host is given a challenge that must be completed within a given time. Challenges have included preparing a large dinner aboard a luxury train, an "authentic" 18th-century American colonial dinner (prepared with period cooking methods and tools), and a luxury meal on a small, isolated, New England island.

On January 11, 2021, Robert Irvine announced on his Facebook page that the show would be returning this spring with new episodes. Food network went on to confirm the series' return.

The show returned on March 11, 2021 for a four episode run.

Premise
With its name and other elements suggesting the 1960s television series Mission: Impossible, the program explores whether a multi-course meal for a large group can be prepared by the chef and his team with limited resources, no advance planning and in a fixed period. In a scene echoing the opening sequence of Mission: Impossible, each episode opens with the chef receiving his assignment, detailing where, for whom, in how long and under what conditions he must prepare the week's meal.  From this point forward, a countdown timer is periodically shown, displaying the amount of time remaining.

Having received his challenge, the chef travels to the assignment location where he is met by one or more of his team of sous chefs and any local assistants provided by the facility. After surveying available ingredients, tools and appliances, the menu is planned and preparation organized.  Often, the chef recruits additional chefs as the episode goes along.  At this point, the team is often able to go shopping for additional ingredients, although the availability of items and the limited time often make selection of ingredients difficult (e.g., there may not be enough time to fully defrost a frozen item).  At the location itself, preparation space can be restricted, with limited access to ovens, stoves, and cooking tools.  Under these varying conditions, the chef must execute the menu within the time limits he is given.  During the mission, curve balls are sometimes thrown into the mix mid-episode by the representatives, including adding guests, entrees, ingredients, etc.

As the countdown reaches its final minutes, the chef and his team rush to put the finishing touches on each dish.  Because the meal is typically served to a large number of diners (although there are episodes with smaller numbers), service sometimes occurs in several courses.  While the chef is not always successful in meeting all the stated terms of the challenge (due to scenarios like lack of ingredients or appliance malfunction), he generally meets the majority of them and is thanked by the guests.

Hosts
Dinner: Impossible was hosted by Chef Robert Irvine for four seasons. When "embellishments and inaccuracies in [Irvine's] résumé"  came to light in 2008, Food Network released Irvine from his contract and replaced him with Chef Michael Symon, who hosted the show for ten episodes beginning in mid-2008. On November 20, 2008, Food Network announced that it would reinstate Irvine as host for six episodes which began airing in April 2009. Irvine continued as host when the show began it seventh season in August 2009. He was retained for the 2010 season as well.

A related show, Restaurant: Impossible premiered in January 2011. Restaurant: Impossible references Dinner: Impossible with a similar opening.  Galati and Lucier appeared on an episode of Restaurant Impossible to assist Irvine in one of his missions.

Irvine's sous chefs

 David Britton
 George Galati Jr.
 George Kralle
 Lee Lucier
 Shane Cash
 Barry Sexton
 Brian Goodman
 Darryl Moiles

Guest chefs

 Homaro Cantu – Molecular gastronomy expert and chef/owner of Moto restaurant in Chicago
 Guy Fieri – host of Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives, Guy's Big Bite, and Ultimate Recipe Showdown
 Jeff Henderson – host of The Chef Jeff Project

References

External links

Food Network original programming
2000s American cooking television series
2010s American cooking television series
2007 American television series debuts
2010 American television series endings
Food reality television series

Dinner: Impossible


Raoul Jobin,  (April 8, 1906 – January 13, 1974) was a French-Canadian operatic tenor, particularly associated with the French repertory.

Life and career
Born Joseph Roméo Jobin in Quebec City, Quebec, where he first took private voice lessons before studying with Emile Larochelle at the Laval University. He then went to Paris to continue his studies with Mme d'Estainville-Rousset (singing) and Abby Chéreau (stage skills), his exceptional voice quickly captured attention and he made his debut at the Paris Opéra on July 3, 1930, as Tybalt in Roméo et Juliette.

From then on, his career made rapid progress. He quickly sang principal tenor roles at both the Opéra and the Opéra-Comique, as well as in many cities throughout France, Lyons, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Marseilles, etc. He sang mainly the French repertoire, with occasional incursions into the Italian repertoire. In 1939 he created the role of Fabrice Del Dongo in La Chartreuse de Parme by Henri Sauguet. With the outbreak of the war, he returned to North America.

He made his debut at the Metropolitan Opera on February 19, 1940, as des Grieux in Manon. He remained with the company until 1950, where he sang many roles alongside such singers as Lily Pons, Bidu Sayão, Licia Albanese, Rise Stevens, under conductors such as
Wilfrid Pelletier and Thomas Beecham, among many others. He made regular appearances in San Francisco, Chicago, Boston, New Orleans, etc., also appearing in Mexico City, Rio de Janeiro, and Buenos Aires.

The war over, he returned to Paris in 1947, where he successfully sang his first major Wagnerian role, Lohengrin, earning him the nickname "Monsieur Lohengrin". He later sang the role of Walther in Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg with equal success.

Subsequently, Jobin divided his time largely between Europe and America, maintaining his high standard in his accustomed roles while adding new ones, until his retirement from the stage in 1958.

He began teaching at the Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Montréal, and later at the Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Québec where he notably served as director from 1961–1970. He trained many young Canadian singers, notably Colette Boky and Huguette Tourangeau.

He had been created Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur in 1951, and he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada in 1967.

His son, André Jobin (1933-2023), was also an opera singer, first as a baritone, and later as a tenor. He enjoyed a successful career in both Europe and North America.

Sources

 The Encyclopedia of Music in Canada, Renée Maheu and Marc Samson.

Selected recordings
 Airs from Tosca, Carmen, Werther - orchestra of the Opéra-Comique - André Cluytens, and from Lohengrin and Siegfried - orchestra of the Opéra - Louis Forrestier (recorded at the Théâtre des Champs-Elysées in 1947 and 1948 for Columbia)
 Offenbach - Les contes d'Hoffmann - Raoul Jobin, Renée Doria, Vina Bovy, Géori Boué, Louis Musy, André Pernet, Charles Soix, Roger Bourdin - Choeurs et orchestre de l'Opéra-Comique - André Cluytens - 1948
 Bizet - Carmen - Solange Michel, Raoul Jobin, Martha Angelici, Michel Dens - Choeurs et orchestre de l'Opéra-Comique - André Cluytens - 1950
 Gounod - Roméo et Juliette - Janine Micheau, Raoul Jobin, Heinz Rehfuss - Choeurs et orchestre de l'Opéra de Paris - Alberto Erede - 1953
 Excerpts from La Damnation de Faust and from Werther, with Irma Kolassi - London Symphony Orchestra - Anatole Fistoulari (recorded Kingsway Hall, 4 October 1954, issue Decca LXT5034)
 Fauré - Pénélope - Régine Crespin, Raoul Jobin, Robert Massard, Christiane Gayraud - Choeurs et orchestre de RTF - Désiré-Émile Inghelbrecht - live recording 1956

External links
 Raoul Jobin  The Canadian Encyclopedia

1906 births
1974 deaths
Canadian operatic tenors
Companions of the Order of Canada
Academic staff of the Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Montréal
Academic staff of the Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Québec
Musicians from Quebec City
Knights of the Legion of Honour
20th-century Canadian male opera singers

Raoul Jobin