The coyote (Canis latrans) is a canid. It is also called the prairie wolf, brush wolf or American jackal.

The word "coyote" comes from the Náhuatl (Aztec) word cóyotl.

Appearance
Coyotes are smaller than wolves. The color of the coyote's fur is a grayish brown to yellowish gray on the upper parts, while the throat and underside are a more white color. The forelegs, sides of the head, muzzle and feet are reddish brown. The ears of the coyote are long and pointed.

Range
Coyotes live mostly in North America and some areas of Central America but they are very adaptable and can live in almost any environment. They live in prairies, but also in cities, swamps, grasslands, forests and mountains. They normally live in dens about 6 feet wide and four feet tall.

Life
The coyote is an omnivore and eats fruits, grasses, vegetables, rabbits, mice, shrews and voles. They also eat insects, worms, rats, fish, birds, deer, snakes, and lizards. In the city, coyotes find food easily. They dig up plants in gardens and eat food out of garbage cans.

Sometimes, they join small packs (groups), but normally hunt alone. Coyotes live in dens. They dig a tunnel under the ground and then dig out a larger area at the end of the tunnel where they sleep and have their babies or pups. They can have six pups at a time. Often a coyote den will have two entrances, with one that is hidden. Sometimes they dig more than one den, so they can move if an enemy finds the den.

Coyotes have a few enemies. Their predators are wolves, bears and, cougars, but there are not many wolves left in North America compared to the number of coyotes. The biggest enemies of the coyote are humans. Coyotes rarely attack people, but sometimes eat small pets such as cats.

Mythology
The coyote is a character of many myths from Native American peoples. The coyote is often portrayed as a joker, and stories are told to explain things he does. The Pima regard him as the offspring of the moon. Coyote is always male with an overwhelming reference to his large penis which requires a pack to carry it in. He is a lustful creature with desire for Changing Bear Maiden and by attempting to have sex with women by becoming a baby. Coyote also has incestuous relations with his mother-in-law and daughter. He is credited for removing the teeth of vagina dentata or by moving the genitals to the correct location on the body in order to make sex pleasurable. Coyote has an appetite for menstrual blood and relates to Lakota girls' puberty rite.

Coyote is often responsible for the finality of death and introduces work and suffering. The Apache believe he created Europeans. The Zuni believe he created pubic hair. The Pomo say he stole the sun and made the world dark.

Coyote is curious and goes along with the crowd. He is a trickster, culture hero, and a feared shape-shifter.

References

Canids
Mammals of North America

Coyote


International Association for Jazz Education (IAJE), formerly a not-for-profit corporation based in Manhattan, Kansas, was a volunteer-run organization that, among other things, allocated student scholarships through its approved festivals program.  Its annual conference was a gathering point for professional artists as well as jazz enthusiasts.  Many considered IAJE to be a foundation of the jazz community, and its many programs to be a cornerstone of jazz education.

IAJE was first incorporated as a non-profit on August 18, 1989, having developed from the International Association of Jazz Educators (since 1971) and the U.S. National Association of Jazz Education (since 1968). The association organized more than 7,000 teachers, musicians, producers, and others interested in jazz, from more than thirty countries. They organized a yearly conference, which included numerous musical presentations.

IAJE filed for bankruptcy April 2008, and ceased as a corporation March 15, 2009.  The bankruptcy filing was necessitated, in part, because of financial problems stemming from a lack of donations, and losses – notably from the small turnout at the Toronto conference of 2008.

IAJE Jazz Educators Hall of Fame

Each year the IAJE leadership selected recipients for the Jazz Education Hall of Fame from nominations received from the IAJE membership. The purpose of the Hall of Fame was to honor those individuals whose musical contributions and dedication to jazz education created new directions and curricular innovations for jazz education worldwide.

 1978 Matt Betton
 1979 Billy Taylor
 1980 Stan Kenton
 1981 Dr. Gene Hall
 1982 David Baker
 1983 John Roberts
 1984 Clark Terry
 1985 Leon Breeden
 1986 Marian McPartland
 1987 Lawrence Berk
 1988 Lionel Hampton, Woody Herman, William Franklin Lee III
 1989 Count Basie, Louis Bellson, Jamey Aebersold
 1990 Louis Armstrong, Rich Matteson, Clem DeRosa
 1991 Duke Ellington, Charlie Parker, Ray Wright
 1992 Benny Carter, J. Richard Dunscomb, Dizzy Gillespie
 1993 Maynard Ferguson, Max Roach, Herb Wong
 1994 Jerry Coker, Willis Conover, Willie Thomas
 1995 Gene Aitken, Doc Severinsen, Ella Fitzgerald
 1996 Herb Pomeroy
 1997 Dr. Warrick Carter
 1998 Larry Ridley
 1999 Robert Curnow, Bunky Green
 2000 David Liebman
 2001 Justin DiCioccio, Phil Nimmons
 2002 Dave Brubeck
 2003 Dan Haerle
 2004 Sammy Nestico
 2005 Bob Morgan
 2006 Lee Eliot Berk
 2007 Frank Mantooth

IAJE Humanitarian Award
Celebrated Humanitarian Award recipients included drummer Ed Thigpen 2007 and producer George Avakian 2008.

IAJE Jazz Ambassador Award
The final Jazz Ambassador Award was given to Tom Smith in 2008.

Publications
 NAJE Newsletter;
 NAJE Educator – National Association of Jazz Educators News Letter
 (forerunner to Jazz Educators Journal)

 , ,

 Jazz Educators Journal

 Jazz Educators Journal Index, 1969–1989, Vols. 1–21, Lee Bash, PhD (ed.)
 ,

 A Guide to N.A.J.E. Periodicals, Lee Bash (ed.), National Association of Jazz Educators (198?);

See also
 International Jazz Festivals Organization (IJFO)
 Timeline of jazz education

References

External links

 International Association for Jazz Education (IAJE).
  International Jazz Festivals Organizations (IJFO)

Jazz organizations
Jazz music education
Jazz awards
Music organizations based in the United States
Organizations established in 1989
Organizations disestablished in 2009
Music education organizations


Gojal Tehsil (), also known as Upper Hunza is the largest tehsil of the Gilgit District, Northern Areas of Pakistan, it is north of the Gilgit region and is close to the Chinese border.

Gojal is a network of small and large valleys sharing borders with Hunza in the South, China in the North and East and Afghanistan in the North West. Shishkat is the first village of Gojal. Except for the Shimshal, Misgar and Chipursan valleys, all villages of Gojal can be seen while travelling on the Karakuram Highway.

The Karakorum Highway (KKH) crosses Gojal entering China at the Khunjerab Pass linking Pakistan to China and, in the future, other Central Asian states such as Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan.

Tehsils of Pakistan
Settlements in Gilgit-Baltistan

Gojal


Pietro Santi Bartoli (also Sante or Santo; 1635 – 7 November 1700) was an Italian engraver, draughtsman, painter and antiquary.

Life and career

Bartoli was born at Perugia.

He moved to Rome in 1635 as a youth, there he studied painting under Jean Lemaire and Poussin, but abandoned it to devote himself entirely to engraving and as an antiquarian for Christina, Queen of Sweden. He engraved many Roman monuments, publishing in Admiranda Romanorum Antiquitatum (Rome, 1693). About 1660, he excavated the Domus Aurea, of which he published drawings.

As a draughtsman, Bartoli reproduced the Codice Virgiliano (Rome, Vatican, Bib. Apostolica, Cod. Vat. 3867) in 55 plates (1677; Rome, Calcografia N.), commissioned by Cardinal Camillo Massimo. For Massimo, he also did drawings of ancient Roman paintings and mosaics (Glasgow, U. Lib.). Later, he lived in Paris, where he was introduced at the court of Louis XIV. In 1699, with the engraver Domenico de' Rossi, he produced Romanae Magnitudinis Monumenta, a later edition of the 1637 Antiquae Urbis Splendor by Giacomo Lauro.  Bartoli adapted 138 of Lauro's original plates and engraved 16 new ones.

He died in Rome. His plates are chiefly etched.

Selected works
Among his works are:
Admiranda Romanarum Antiquitatum ac veteris Sculptura vestigia; 81 plates.
Romanae magnitudinis Monumenta; 138 plates.
Veteres arcus Augustorum triumphis insignes; 52 plates.
Colonna di Marco Aurelio (Column of Marcus Aurelius); 78 plates.
Colonna traiana eretta dal Senato, e popolo romano all'imperatore Traiano (Trajan's Column) with Alfonso Ciacconi; (1673) 128 plates.
Pitture antiche di Roma, e del sepolcro de' Nasoni; (1702) 123 plates.
The Nozze Aldobrandini; (Roman 1st century Aldobrandini Wedding fresco) two sheets.
Le pitture antiche delle grotto di Roma; assisted by F. Bartoli; 94 plates, 1680 & 1706.
Veterum lucernae sepulcrales, collectae ex cavernis et specubus subterraneis, with Alexander Duke and Giovanni Pietro Bellori 1691 & 1704;  119 plates.
Scenes from the life of St. Peter; after Lanfranco.
Subjects from Raphael's Bible ; 42 plates.
Grottesques; after Raphael; inscribed Parerya atque ornamenta in Vaticano; 43 plates.
Antiquissimi Virgiliani Codicis fragmenta et picturae, ex Biblioteca Vaticano;
Birth of the Virgin; after Albani.
Virgin and Child in the Clouds; after Ludovico Carracci.
Coriolanus and his Family and San Carlo Borromeo led by an Angel; after Annibale Carracci.
Daniel in the Lions' Den; after Pietro da Cortona.
St. John preaching; after Mola.
Adoration of the Magi; after Raphael; in three sheets.
Jupiter nursed by Amalthea; Jupiter hurling thunderbolts at Giants; Hylas carried off by Nymphs; Sophonisba before Masinissa; Continence of Scipio; after Giulio Romano.
St. Stephen.
St. Bernard enchaining the Devil; Theatre erected in St. Peter's for a Canonization;
The sepulchral Monument of Pope Urban VIII.

References

 Mirco Modolo, Dal clivus Scauri al vicus Capitis Africae: gli affreschi della vigna Guglielmina a Roma nei disegni dei Bartoli, in Bollettino d'Arte, 8, Ottobre-dicembre 2010, pp. 1–20.

External links
Works of Pietro Santo Bartoli at the National Library of Portugal

1635 births
1700 deaths
Italian draughtsmen
Italian engravers
17th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Painters from Perugia
Italian antiquarians
17th-century antiquarians

Pietro Santi Bartoli


USS Talita (AKS-8), an Acubens-class stores ship, is the only ship of the United States Navy to have this name.

Talita was laid down under a Maritime Commission contract as liberty ship SS Jonathan Jennings (MCE hull 2012) on 23 April 1943 at Portland, Oregon, by the Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation; launched on 12 May 1943; sponsored by Mrs. Paul Ryolfson; acquired by the Navy on a bare boat basis from the War Shipping Administration on 5 November 1943; renamed Talita on 13 November 1943; and commissioned on 4 March 1944.

After her conversion into a stores issue ship was completed on 4 March 1944 by the Tampa Shipbuilding Co., Tampa, Florida, she was fitted out and put to sea for a short shakedown cruise. Talita got underway from Balboa, Panama Canal Zone, on 1 May bound for the New Hebrides. However, she was diverted to the Solomons and arrived at Guadalcanal on 1 June. After issuing stores there, she proceeded to the New Hebrides.

Talita departed Espiritu Santo on 11 July, reached Eniwetok after a nine-day voyage, and returned to Espiritu Santo on 11 September. She continued resupply runs from there to Majuro, Eniwetok, Ulithi, and Manus until early March 1945 when she headed for the United States.

Talita arrived at San Francisco on 23 March for an overhaul and sailed one month later for the South Pacific. After calling at Pearl Harbor, she shuttled supplies between Eniwetok, Ulithi, Leyte, and Manus until 20 September when she sailed for the Ryukyus. The ship remained at Okinawa from 25 September to 2 October when she got underway for Japan. After offloading supplies at Wakayama, Hiro Wan, and Matsuyama, she returned to Pearl Harbor on 12 November. The next day, she headed for San Francisco.

Talita remained there from 21 November 1945 to 17 February 1946 when she sailed for Hawaii. She arrived at Pearl Harbor on 25 February, was decommissioned on 9 April, and towed back to San Francisco for disposal. Talita was transferred to the Maritime Commission on 9 July and struck from the Navy list on 17 July 1947.

References

External links
 Photo gallery at navsource.org

Liberty ships
Acubens-class general stores issue ships
Ships built in Portland, Oregon
1943 ships
World War II auxiliary ships of the United States

USS Talita


Waster Hailes is a suburb in the sooth wast ae Edinburgh.

History
It uised tae be a fermin area. In the early 1970s a big hoosin scheme wis biggit, an folk fae Edinburgh an Leith were moved in. It developed a reputation fir unemployment but developed wide-rangin community projects an aw. It wis governit by the Waster Hailes Representative Cooncil an a network o local neighbourhood cooncils. These neighbourhood cooncils are still thair, bit the Representative Cooncil wis replaced by a Commonty Cooncil in 2009.

Auries o Edinburgh

Waster Hailes


On 10 November 1982, Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev, the third General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and the fifth leader of the Soviet Union, died aged 75 after suffering a heart attack.

His death was officially announced on 11 November by Soviet radio and television programs. After five days of national mourning, Brezhnev was given a state funeral and then buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis. Yuri Andropov, Brezhnev's successor as general secretary, was elected chairman of the committee preparing and managing Brezhnev's funeral. Brezhnev's funeral was on 15 November.

The funeral was attended by 32 heads of state, 15 heads of government, 14 foreign ministers and four princes; US President Ronald Reagan sent George H. W. Bush, the Vice President of the United States. Eulogies were delivered by Yuri Andropov, Dmitriy Ustinov, Anatoly Alexandrov and a factory worker.

Brezhnev, Leonid
November events
1982
1980s in the Soviet Union

Death and state funeral of Leonid Brezhnev


Donald Charles Peter Mitchell CBE (6 February 1925 – 28 September 2017) was a British writer on music, particularly known for his books on Gustav Mahler and Benjamin Britten and for the book The Language of Modern Music, published in 1963.

Mitchell was born in London, and educated at Brightlands Preparatory School and Dulwich College, London. In 1943 he registered as a conscientious objector and his war-time service was spent in the Non-Combatant Corps. After the war, he taught at Oakfield Preparatory School, London and in 1947 founded and edited the journal Music Survey; several issues appeared before he was joined in 1949 by Hans Keller and the journal was re-launched in the Music Survey's so-called 'New Series' (1949–52), whose uncompromising critical standards and pugnaciously pro-Britten and pro-Schoenberg stance brought it renown and notoriety in equal measure. Mitchell studied at Durham University 1949-50.

In the 1950s he was a regular contributor to the journals Musical Times and Musical Opinion. In 1958 he became editor of Music Books at Faber and Faber and in the same year was appointed Editor of Boosey & Hawkes's music journal Tempo, until 1962. From 1963 to 1964 he was a special music adviser at Boosey & Hawkes with particular responsibility for contemporary music and the acquisition of contemporary composers. He was responsible for Peter Maxwell Davies and Nicholas Maw joining the publisher's list. In 1965, with the encouragement of Benjamin Britten he founded the music-publishing firm of Faber Music, and was its first Managing Director (vice-chairman, 1976, chairman, 1977, president, 1988–95).

In 1972 Mitchell became the first Professor of Music at Sussex University (until 1976). Following the death of Benjamin Britten, he became a senior trustee of the Britten-Pears Foundation; in 1986 he became the Foundation's director and chairman of the Britten Estate Ltd. From 1989 to 1992 he was chairman of the Performing Right Society. He was appointed a CBE in the 2000 New Year Honours, and died on 28 September 2017, at the age of 92.

Mahler and Britten
Mitchell's two major written projects were a four-volume exploration of the music of Gustav Mahler (Faber), and as Editor-in-Chief of six volume edition of the letters of Benjamin Britten (Faber and Boydell Press). Although Mitchell did not work on the fifth and final volumes he appears extensively in them as a Britten correspondent.

By his own admission, Mitchell's work on Mahler was not principally as a work of biography (he cited Henry-Louis de La Grange's four-volume work as the standard), but rather a series of extended essays, often personal in nature. Across the four volumes Mitchell presented analyses of Mahler's work, grouped loosely into early works (vol. 1), Wunderhorn works (vol. 2) and later works (vols. 3 and 4).

Selected writings
 (ed., with Hans Keller): Benjamin Britten: A Commentary on His Works from a Group of Specialists (London, Rockliff, 1952). With drawings by Milein Cosman
 (ed., with H.C. Robbins Landon): The Mozart Companion (London: Rockliff, 1956)
 (ed., with Philip Reed and Mervyn Cooke): Letters From a Life: The Selected Letters of Benjamin Britten. 6 vols., Faber (vols 1-3), Boydell Press (vols 4-6) 1991–2012
 Benjamin Britten: Death in Venice (Cambridge University Press, 1987)
Britten and Auden in the Thirties: The Year 1936 (Boydell Press, 2nd Ed., 2000)
 Gustav Mahler: The Early Years. Rockliff, 1958 (revised as Gustav Mahler, Vol 1: The Early Years with Paul Banks and David Matthews, Faber 1978)
 The Language of Modern Music (Faber & Faber, 1963, revised 1966, 1969)
 Gustav Mahler, Vol. 2: The Wunderhorn Years: Chronicles and Commentaries. (Faber 1975)
 Gustav Mahler, Vol. 3: Songs and Symphonies of Life and Death: Interpretations and Annotations. (Faber 1985)
 Discovering Mahler. Writings on Gustav Mahler 1955-2005. (Boydell Press 2007)
 The Mahler Companion. (Oxford, 1999) (online at Google Books)

References

 Philip Reed (ed.): On Mahler and Britten. Essays in Honour of Donald Mitchell on His Seventieth Birthday. Aldeburgh Studies in Music Vol. 3. Boydell Press, 1995 (online at Google Books) Contains a Chronology of Mitchell's career to 1995.

1925 births
2017 deaths
Military personnel from London
Alumni of Durham University
Academics of the University of Sussex
British conscientious objectors
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English writers about music
Honorary Members of the Royal Academy of Music
English magazine editors
Personnel of the Non-Combatant Corps
Writers about music
Mahler scholars
Britten scholars

Donald Mitchell (writer)


The Palar Challenge (TPC) is an annual team-based off-road motor race, taking place in South India since 2006.

The event

The event is an annual team-based off-road competition held around the Independence day weekend (13 to 17 Aug 2014). Each team consists of 3 vehicles and 6 competitors.

The first event was flagged off with around 21 members of the Jeep Thrills community. Today, the event has gained national prominence with entries pouring in from across the country.

Over the last couple of years, the event has seen international off-road drivers of repute competing with the best Indian off-roaders. It has been acknowledged as the toughest off-road competition in India.

The terrain

The Palar River is a subterranean river that runs across South India. With its source in the Nandi Hills in Karnataka, the river traverses three different states over a distance of 350 km to meet the Bay of Bengal near Kalpakkam in Tamil Nadu. The terrain is a mix of water, sand, slush, boulders, rocks and rubble that offers excellent opportunities to set up challenging competitive Off-Road Special Stages.

The organizing team

The Palar Challenge is organized by Terra Tigers, India's oldest and most widely recognized recreational off-road group. Started by a group of off-road enthusiasts a decade ago, today it has grown rapidly with national participation to be the benchmark for off-road motor-sports in India.

With competition experience across international events like RFC (Malaysia), Taprobana Challenge (Sri Lanka) amongst others, the team has been successfully organizing The Palar Challenge which is the premier national off-road competition in the country for over 7 years now.

The challenge

The event tests teams for their proficiency in:

 Team work and Endurance
 Off-road and cross country driving skills
 Navigational abilities
 Vehicle Recovery Techniques
 Vehicle preparation

All competing vehicles are subjected to strict scrutiny to ensure that they adhere to the safety requirements prescribed in the competition handbook. Safety is regarded as of the utmost importance.

All organizers undergo a focused training schedule lasting over 6 months to ensure that every marshal is skilled in various off-road techniques.

Event schedule

The event is spread across 4 days on a mix of rocks, slush, sand and gravel over carefully planned obstacles. This is to ensure that the level of competition is very high and for competitors to ensure that they change their driving pattern based on sudden changes in terrain.

TPC over the years

 TPC 2006 – Was the introductory phase where the event was a cross country drive through the sandy Palar riverbed.
 TPC 2007 – The concept of Special Stages Driving and Technical SS like Tyre Changing without a jack or lifting device, Vehicle Recovery without a winch was tested in TPC 2007.
 TPC 2008 – The full competition was spread over 2 days.
 TPC 2009 – Drivers from Sri Lanka with International 4WD Competition experience competed, giving the Organizer and very good exposure to International 4WD Competition like the RFC Malaysia, and Taprobana Challenge; Sri Lanka
 TPC 2010 – There was a significant increase in the number of participants, and the Indo-Sri Lankan Team, SARA EXTREME 4x4 and B.O.D.A teams made a huge impact on the competition and its conduct.
 TPC 2011 – Was a new development in TPC, with a large number of teams, a multiple start-line and finish lines were used in rotation, ensuring most of competitors were able to attempt a maximum number of Special Stages.
 TPC 2012 – The Multiple Starts were further refined, and a 4 SS prologue was conducted.
 TPC 2013 – The event increased in size to 3 full days of off-road competition, over a variety of terrain to make it more interesting.

References

External links

Off-road racing
Palar River
Sport in Tamil Nadu

The Palar Challenge


T/Maker (Table Maker) was one of the first spreadsheet programs designed for the personal computer user and released by Peter Roizen in 1979. The application ran on CP/M, TRSDOS, and later on MS-DOS computers. T/Maker was originally distributed by Lifeboat Associates of New York.

T/Maker took a different approach to most other spreadsheets: instead of embedding formulas in each cell, formulas were defined on a per-row and per-column basis in the margins.

Although T/Maker was released six months after VisiCalc, it was perhaps the first application to provide an 'office' suite approach to data. Tables could be used in databases or spreadsheets and were accessible in 'word' type documents.

T/Maker company

The T/Maker Company was an early personal computer software company, formed in 1983 in order to market CP/M and MS-DOS programs that had originally been published by 3rd party publishing houses. They expanded into the Apple Macintosh market, releasing the ClickArt line of clip art. Other products included WriteNow on the Mac and NeXT platforms.

In 1983 T/Maker Company was incorporated in Mountain View, California by Heidi Roizen – Peter's sister and a then-recent Stanford University Graduate School of Business graduate – who became its CEO.

T/Maker Company went on to publish its own line of integrated applications, and also products by others intended for DOS and Windows computers as well as the Apple Macintosh, including ClickArt, the fifth software title available for the Mac. It was also one of the first companies to offer fonts for the Macintosh. By 1988, it no longer sold the product of its namesake, T/Maker.

Other notable T/Maker products include Personal Publisher, a consumer-oriented desktop publishing application for the PC (acquired by Software Publishing Corporation in 1986), SmartBundle, an "office" styled bundle of major applications, Vroombooks, a multimedia storybook, and the Macintosh word processor WriteNow, (which it licensed from NeXT in 1985 and ultimately sold to WordStar in 1993).

Heidi and business partner/chairman Royal Farros purchased T/Maker from Peter in 1986 and continued bootstrapping until 1989, when it became venture capital firm Hummer Winblad Venture Partners' first venture investment. Ann Winblad became a director of the company at that time. Tim Draper of Draper Fisher led the company's second round in 1993 and also joined the board.

T/Maker was acquired in 1994 by Deluxe Corporation. Both Heidi and Royal left the company in 1996, Heidi becoming VP of Worldwide Developer Relations at Apple Computer and Royal founding and becoming CEO of an online print shop, iPrint.com.

T/Maker's remaining products were ultimately acquired by Broderbund, who continues to market and expand the ClickArt line.

References

External links
 Broderbund official website
 Peter Roizen official website
 Heidi.roizen.com
 T/Maker Five website

CP/M software
DOS software
Spreadsheet software
Proprietary software
1979 software

T/Maker


Pasta is a food made from flour, starch and water. It is usually cooked in hot water before being eaten. Pasta has been very popular in Italy and has also been eaten in many parts of Asia for a long time.
According to history, however, pasta's earliest roots begin in China, during the Shang Dynasty (1700-1100 BC), where some form of pasta was made with either wheat or rice flour. Pasta also appears to be a feature in the ancient Greek diet in the first millennium BC.

Pasta is often noodles. It is usually eaten in sauce, fried or in soup. Pasta is usually made from either wheat flour or rice flour, but it can be made with other types of flour. Pasta sometimes has eggs in it. Pasta comes in many different shapes and sizes.

Long pasta is named noodles. it has different names for each width. the name also changes if the edge is wavy.

Short pasta comes in many shapes, each with a different name. they are named after what they look like. one common example is "bow-ties".

Types of Pasta
Spaghetti
Macaroni
Tortellini
Linguini
Tagliatelle
Ravioli

Other websites
 www.archimedes-lab.org :: Pasta shapes – history and a pasta shapes list
 www.food-info.net :: Pasta shapes – a well-illustrated list
 www.lifeinitaly.com :: History of Pasta  – includes pictures of how pasta is made.
 Information about Italian Pasta

References

Italian food

Pasta


The Russian Far East is a geographical term that describes the eastern section of Russia.

Although traditionally considered part of Siberia, the Russian Far East is categorized separately from Siberia in Russian regional schemes, which covers a smaller territory called the Siberian Federal District.

This was also true during the Soviet era when it was also categorized separately and called the Soviet Far East.

The Russian Far East covers the territory of the Far Eastern Federal District. The southernmost part is Primorsky Krai.

Geography of Russia

Russian Far East


A physical change is a type of change in which the form of matter is altered but one substance is not transformed into another. The size or shape of matter may be changed, but no chemical reaction occurs.

All physical changes are reversible and their mass does not change. Some examples are changes of shape, changes of states, and passing electricity through a copper wire. Physical changes could be: melting, freezing, boiling/evaporating, condensing, deposition and sublimation.

Many physical changes also involve the rearrangement of atoms most noticeably in the formation of crystals. Many chemical changes are irreversible, and many physical changes are reversible, but reversibility is not a certain criterion for classification. Although chemical changes may be recognized by an indication such as odor, color change, or production of a gas, every one of these indicators can result from physical change.
Chemistry
Physics

Physical change


A palace is a place with a grand and imposing building that is the official residence of a king or queen, a head of state such as a president, ruler, or leader. Many historical palaces are now museums that show what royal and aristocratic life was like when it was built.

Besides, it can mean a luxurious house or mansion (like Biltmore Mansion or Hearst Castle) or a large building for entertainment: a large public or private building with an imposing ornate style, used for entertainment or exhibitions and large events.

Palace


WinAce is a legacy archiving app for Windows. It works primarily with the eponymous ACE archive format but supports ZIP, RAR and CAB. The app is not free, but its developer also developed a freeware, CLI app called Unace for macOS and Linux that extracts archive files.

Beginning with version 2.65, WinAce was bundled with the WhenU SaveNow adware program. This bundle was removed from the last version (2.69) and had been replaced with an opt-in sponsorship deal via TrialPay. The app has since been discontinued.

There is a third the app for the DOS operating system, called Commandline ACE. Its title, however, is misnomer because the app sports a text-based user interface (TUI) that emulates the color theme of Norton Commander. In addition to the ACE format, it supports ARJ, RAR, ZIP, and LZH (partial) archive formats.

Commandline ACE ships with a copy of Unace. Both apps support DOS, OS/2 and Windows operating systems, and recognize long filenames. Commandline ACE could be used for file management.

See also
 Comparison of file archivers

External links
 Official Website - Web Archive Snapshot from 14.07.2017
 Download link for last Version 2.69i - Web Archive Snapshot from 21.01.2011

Windows compression software
Adware
File archivers

WinAce


In semiotics, a code is a set of cultural conventions, contemporary sub-codes, and themes used to communicate meaning. The most common is one's spoken language, but the term can also be used to refer to any narrative form: consider the color scheme of an image (e.g. red for danger), or the rules of a board game (e.g. the military signifiers in chess).

Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913) emphasised that signs only acquire meaning and value when they are interpreted in relation to each other. He believed that the relationship between the signifier and the signified was arbitrary. Hence, interpreting signs requires familiarity with the sets of conventions or codes currently in use to communicate meaning.

Roman Jakobson (1896–1982) elaborated the idea that the production and interpretation of texts depends on the existence of codes or conventions for communication. Since the meaning of a sign depends on the code within which it is situated, codes provide a framework within which signs make sense (see Semiosis).

Discussion
To that extent, codes represent a broad interpretative framework used by both addressers and their addressees to encode and decode the messages. Self-evidently, the most effective communications will result when both creator and interpreter use exactly the same code. Since signs may have many levels of meaning from the denotational to the connotational, the addresser's strategy is to select and combine the signs in ways that limit the range of possible meanings likely to be generated when the message is interpreted. This will be achieved by including metalingual contextual clues, e.g. the nature of the medium, the modality of the medium, the style, e.g. academic, literary, genre fiction, etc., and references to, or invocations of, other codes, e.g. a reader may initially interpret a set of signifiers as a literal representation, but clues may indicate a transformation into a metaphorical or allegorical interpretation diachronically. Distinctions of class or memberships of groups will be determined by the social identity each individual constructs through the way the language is spoken (i.e. with an accent or as a dialect) or written (i.e. in sentences or in SMS format), the place of residence (see Americanisms), the nature of any employment undertaken, the style of dress, and nonverbal behaviour (e.g. through differentiating customs as to the extent of private space, whether and where people may touch or stare at each other, etc.). The process of socialisation is learning to understand the prevailing codes and then deciding which to apply at any given time, i.e. acknowledging that there is sometimes an ideological quality to the coding system, determining levels of social acceptability, reflecting current attitudes and beliefs. This includes regulatory codes that are intended to control behaviour and the use of some signifying codes. The human body is a means of using presentational codes through facial expressions, gestures, and dress. So words spoken may change their connotation to unacceptable if accompanied by inappropriate nonverbal signs.
The other code forms rely upon knowledge held by, and the interests of, the addressees. Specialised denotational codes may provide a more objective and impersonal form of language for mathematical, philosophical, and scientific texts. Hence, for example, the ability to read this text depends upon a more specialised form of vocabulary and different skills to those required to read a genre text detailing the investigations of a detective or the adventures of a secret agent. There are also specialised connotational and ideological codes to reflect particular social, political, moral, and aesthetic values. Musical and iconic codes would be relevant as between a work by Arnold Schoenberg and a piece of bubblegum pop, and a painting by Rembrandt and a comic book by Frank Miller, etc. Each medium has its own specialised codes and, by making them more explicit, semiotics is attempting to explain the practices and conventions have appeared in each form and to understand how meaning is being communicated. In return, this assists addressers to improve their techniques, no matter what their functional needs, e.g. as politicians, journalists, advertisers, creative artists, etc. Indeed, awareness leads to an intentional blending of codes for effect, e.g. an advertiser may produce a more effective campaign with a slogan, images and a jingle using lexical, social gestural, and musical codes.
In communication research and media research, the way receivers act towards the message and the way it is encoded becomes relevant, and generates different reactions:
 In "radical reading" the audience rejects the meanings, values, and viewpoints built into the text by its makers.
 In "dominant reading", the audience accepts the meanings, values, and viewpoints built into the text by its makers.
 In "subordinate reading" the audience accepts, by and large, the meanings, values, and worldview built into the text by its makers

References

 Chandler, Daniel, Semiotics: The Basics, Routledge, London, UK, 2002.
 Jakobson, Roman, "Language in Relation to Other Communication Systems", pp. 570–579 in Selected Writings, Volume 2, Mouton, The Hague, 1971.

Semiotics

Code (semiotics)


The Singapore General Hospital (SGH; ) is the largest and oldest hospital in Singapore, which was founded in 1821. SGH ranked third as the best hospital in the world by Newsweek in 2019.

The hospital occupies a large portion of the eastern part of Bukit Merah. It shares space with the Singapore National Eye Centre (SNEC), the National Heart Centre Singapore (NHCS), the National Cancer Centre Singapore (NCCS), National Dental Centre Singapore (NDCS) and the Duke–NUS Medical School.

Brief history
The hospital was established in 1821, when the first General Hospital was located in the cantonment for British troops near the Singapore River. The hospital moved several times before settling down at Sepoy Lines along Outram Road in 1882.

Modern history of the hospital began on 29 March 1926, with the opening of 800 beds. Today, only the Bowyer Block with its historically distinctive clock tower remains. The Bowyer Block is now home to the SGH Museum.

In the 1990's, the hospital was rebuilt and restructured to modernise the organisation of the hospital. The campus now houses its current 8-block complex housing in-patient wards, ambulatory and support services, research laboratories and a postgraduate medical institute.

The SGH Museum
The SGH Museum was officially opened by President S. R. Nathan on 20 May 2005. It is a repository of artefacts and records, where the long and rich history of the hospital can be traced. One can also learn about the development of medical specialties and medical education in Singapore at the museum.

Hepatitis C outbreak
In 2015, 22 patients in the renal ward were infected with Hepatitis C and 8 out of which died in the outbreak.

References

Hospitals
Buildings and structures in Singapore
19th-century establishments in Asia
1821 establishments
Establishments in Singapore

Singapore General Hospital


Francombat is a French martial art similar to jiu-jitsu. It was created in the year 1988 by Alain Basset and Dominique Dumolin.

Francombat is practiced especially in the south of France. There are schools of francombat in Paris, Bordeaux, Montpellier, and in other localities.

This martial art is based on the strategy and on the knowledge of the human body. During the trainings, the instructors are dressed in red clothes and the students are dressed in green ones. According to the persons that practice this discipline, the efficiency in combat depends on three factors: good physical form, good knowledge of the techniques and of the strategy, good control of stress.

The training of francombat is based on:
 intensive practice of physical exercises,
 complete learning of techniques of combat in the limits of the strategy that has main goal: the true efficiency,
 mental and physical preparation for stressful situations,
 respect for the law.

Other websites
 Site Officiel de l'Union Française de Francombat
 Francombat et sapeurs-pompiers: www.pompiers.fr
 Francombat Langonais
 Club de villevaudé (77)

Sport in France
European martial arts

Francombat


First Love: A Historic Gathering of Jesus Music Pioneers is a 2004 concert film and documentary that looks back into the Jesus Music of the 1970s. In 1997, a group of Jesus Music pioneers gathered in southern California for three days of music and fellowship. The event was both recorded and filmed, and was released in a 2-CD/2-DVD set simply titled First Love: A Historic Gathering of Jesus Music Pioneers. It was compiled and edited by the spouses of two of the artists who appear in the documentary: Dan Collins (husband of Jamie Owens-Collins) and Steve Greisen (husband of Nelly Greisen (2nd Chapter of Acts)) produced the project. The CD contains each of the 31 songs that were performed during the gathering, and the DVDs shows the live performances of the songs, interviews with the individual performers and groups, interviews with others who were involved in the roots of Jesus Music, and rare pictures and footage of the artists from the 1970s. Other artists who were interviewed for the documentary include pastor Chuck Smith, Pat Boone, Phil Keaggy, and Michael Omartian, among others.

Performances
Disc 1
 "Welcome Back" (Love Song)
 "Two Hands" (Love Song)
 "Happy Road" (Barry McGuire)
 "Seeds of Love" (Barry McGuire)
 "The Victor" (Jamie Owens-Collins)
 "Seasons of the Soul" (Jamie Owens-Collins)
 "Easter Song" (2nd Chapter of Acts)
 "Which Way the Wind Blows" (2nd Chapter of Acts)
 "Let's Have a Good Time" (Terry Clark)
 "Jesus Mighty Fortress" (Terry Clark)
 "Sometimes Alleluia" (Chuck Girard)
 "My Redeemer" (Annie Herring)
 "There is a Redeemer" (Keith Green tribute)
 "O Lord, You're Beautiful Medley" (Keith Green tribute)
 "Born Again" (Keith Green tribute)

Disc 2
 "King of Hearts" (Randy Stonehill)
 "Abandon Your Heart" (Randy Stonehill)
 "Million Dollar Feeling" (Darrell Mansfield)
 "Stand by Me" (Darrell Mansfield)
 "All Day Song" (John Fischer)
 "Jesus Loves Even Me" (John Fischer)
 "To the King" (Matthew Ward)
 "Didn't He" (Randy Matthews)
 "Ti Chapé" (Randy Matthews)
 "Abide" (Paul Clark)
 "Where Did I Fall Down?" (Paul Clark)
 "Clean Before My Lord" (Nancy Honeytree)
 "Pioneer" (Nancy Honeytree)
 "I Don't Know Why" (Jesus Loved Me)" (Andraé Crouch)
 "I Will Lift Up Mine Eyes" (Andraé Crouch)
 "Bless His Holy Name" (Andraé Crouch)

Personnel
 Paul Clark: Performer
 Terry Clark: Performer
 Dan Collins: Producer, Event Coordinator
 Jamie Owens-Collins: Performer
 Tommy Coomes: Performer (Love Song)
 Andrae Crouch: Performer
 John Fischer: Performer
 Chuck Girard: Performer, Performer (Love Song)
 Melody Green-Sievreit: Vicarious Performer
 Nelly Greisen: Extra Backup Vocals, Performer (2nd Chapter of Acts)
 Steve Greisen: Video Producer
 Annie Herring: Performer, Performer (2nd Chapter of Acts)
 Nancy Honeytree: Performer
 Darrell Mansfield: Performer
 Randy Matthews: Performer
 Barry McGuire: Performer
 Randy Stonehill: Performer
 Jay Truax: Performer (Love Song)
 Bob Wall: Performer (Love Song)
 Matthew Ward: Backup Vocals, Performer, Performer (2nd Chapter of Acts)

Awards
 1998 International Communicator Award
 1999 Telly Award

Notes

References

Christian music festivals
Concert films
2004 films
Jesus movement
Music of California
Events in California

First Love (2004 documentary film)


Eugene Stack (December 14, 1916 – June 26, 1942) was a pitcher in Minor League Baseball who played for the Chicago White Sox organization. He became the first player from a major league roster to be drafted during World War II and also the first to die in service.)

A native of Saginaw, Michigan, Stack signed a professional contract with the Lubbock Hubbers of the West Texas–New Mexico League in 1940. He enjoyed a solid rookie season, winning 19 games and striking out 238 batters in 146.0 innings. Late in the year, Chicago White Sox manager Jimmy Dykes announced that the promising youngster had been invited to join the White Sox team in 1941 at their Pasadena, California spring training camp. But at the end of December 1940, Stack received his draft notice from the U.S. Army and was ordered to report to Fort Custer at Battle Creek, Michigan, on January 7, 1941. He served as a corporal in the United States area.

While serving, Stack became a mainstay of the Fort Custer Reception Center baseball team, with a line-up that included future Hall of Famer Hank Greenberg and minor leaguers Bob Ogle, Truman Connell and Jack Egan. The team was coached by Captain George Zegolis, a former Wayne State University player. The Fort Custer team won the national amateur championship of the American Baseball Congress on September 29, 1941 with a 3–2 victory over the Charlotte, North Carolina team. It was the last time the amateur World Series was held until after the war.

Stack continued to pitching for Camp Custer in 1942, and on June 26, the team traveled to Michigan City, Indiana for an evening game against the Michigan City Cubs. Stack allowed eight hits that night and was beaten 5–2. Returning to the camp, the team stopped at the Gingham Inn on the outskirts of Michigan City. Stack got up, put a coin in the juke box and returned to his table. Suddenly, he slumped to the floor, after appearing to suffer a heart attack. An autopsy later revealed that Stack had actually died from pneumonia.

Sources

External links
Baseball Almanac
Baseball Library
Baseball Reference
Michigan City Public Library

1916 births
1942 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
Baseball players from Michigan
Lubbock Hubbers players
Minor league baseball players
United States Army soldiers
Deaths from pneumonia in Indiana

Gene Stack


Craig William Wilkinson (born 19 March 1963) is a former English cricketer. Wilkinson was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Wardle, Rochdale, Lancashire.

Wilkinson made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Nottinghamshire in the 1991 County Championship at Trent Bridge. He made thirteen further first-class appearances for the county in that season, the last of which came against Kent. In his fourteen first-class matches, he took 23 wickets at an average of 43.86, with best figures of 4/59. With the bat he scored 138 runs at an average of 12.54, with a high score of 41. In that same season he made his List A debut against Derbyshire in the Refuge Assurance League at Grace Road. He made seventeen further List A appearances in that season, the last of which came against Gloucestershire in the same tournament. He took 16 wickets in his eighteen List A matches, at an average of 39.31 and with best figures of 3/16. He scored 80 runs with the bat, with a high score of 35 not out. This was the only season in which he played for Leicestershire, with Wilkinson later appearing in a single Minor Counties Championship match for Oxfordshire against Berkshire in 1995.

References

External links
Craig Wilkinson at ESPNcricinfo
Craig Wilkinson at CricketArchive

1963 births
Living people
People from Wardle, Greater Manchester
Sportspeople from the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale
English cricketers
Leicestershire cricketers
Oxfordshire cricketers
Cricketers from Greater Manchester

Craig Wilkinson


The Suzuki method, (or Talent Education, or the Mother Tongue method, or the Suzuki movement) is a way of teaching. It teaches people to be morally better through a caring environment. It normally uses a musical instrument such as the violin or piano to do this. It can also use other musical instruments like the flute, recorder, piano, guitar, cello, viola, bass, organ, harp and voice. The Suzuki method uses the same environment that people have when they learn their mother-tongue. This means that each student sees and hears music and good moral character all of the time. Other people tell them that they will do well. The students learn one thing at a time. They learn new things when they are ready. The term "Suzuki method" is also used to mean only the Suzuki sheet music books and songs.

It was created in Japan in the mid-20th century by Dr. Shin'ichi Suzuki. He was a violinist who wanted to bring some beauty to the lives of children in his country after World War II. Dr. Suzuki saw that all children learn their own language very quickly. Even dialects which adults thought were hard to learn are spoken with ease by 5 or 6-year-old children. He thought that if a person can speak their mother tongue, then they can learn to play a musical instrument. He came up with the idea that any pre-school age child could begin to play the violin.

Just as a child learns to speak before reading, Suzuki students learn by ear and generally only learn to read sheet music at a much later age.

Suzuki students will always play with a "beautiful tone and a beautiful heart".

Other websites
 International Suzuki Association
 Suzuki Association of the Americas

Music education

Suzuki method


Stanisław Chomętowski (1673–1728) was a Polish politician, military commander and diplomat, notable as one of the most reliable supporters of Polish king August II the Strong.

Born to a non-notable szlachta family, in 1696 he rose to the office of the starost of Radom. A veteran of the Great Northern War, after the abdication of August II the Strong he supported his return. During the Sandomierz Confederation of 1704 he was elected the Marshal of the Sejm and gained much support among the gentry. He also tried to gain Russian support for the cause of August II the Strong. In the following years he also became the starost of Zwoleń (1706), Drohobycz and Złotoryja (1708), which significantly added to his fortune. Since 1706 he was also the voivode of Masovian Voivodship, one of the most populous and rich lands of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

In 1712 he was dispatched as ambassador to Turkey to negotiate the return of Swedish king Charles XII to Sweden. For this mission he was awarded with 25,000 talers, an astronomically high amount of money by those times' standards. In 1717 he signed the constitution of the Silent Sejm. For his support for the king, in 1725 he was made the Court Marshal of the Crown. The following year he became the Field Crown Hetman and held that post until his death in 1728.

Field Crown Hetmans
Ambassadors of Poland to Russia
Polish nobility
Diplomats of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1673 births
1728 deaths
Sandomierz confederates (1704)

Stanisław Chomętowski


Balclutha, also known as Star of Alaska, Pacific Queen, or Sailing Ship Balclutha, is a steel-hulled full-rigged ship that was built in 1886.  She is representative of several different commercial ventures, including lumber, salmon, and grain.  She is a U.S. National Historic Landmark and is currently preserved at the San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park in San Francisco, California.  She was added to the National Register of Historic Places on 7 November 1976.

History
Balclutha was built in 1886 by Charles Connell and Company of Scotstoun in Glasgow, Scotland, for Robert McMillan, of Dumbarton, Scotland. Her namesake is said to be the eponymous town of Balclutha, New Zealand, but her name also refers to her first homeport, Glasgow, Scotland, which is a "City on the Clyde" - the meaning of her name derived from the Gaelic Baile Chluaidh. Designed as a general trader, Balclutha rounded Cape Horn 17 times in thirteen years.

During this period she carried cargoes such as wine, case oil, and coal from Europe and the East Coast of the United States to various ports in the Pacific. These included Chile for nitrate, Australia and New Zealand for wool, Burma for rice, San Francisco for grain, and the Pacific Northwest for timber.

In 1899 Balclutha transferred to the registry of Hawaii, and traded timber from the Pacific Northwest to Australia, returning to San Francisco with Australian coal.

In 1902 Balclutha was chartered to the Alaska Packers' Association (APA). After having struck a reef off of Sitkinak Island near Kodiak Island on 16 May 1904, she was renamed the Star of Alaska when bought by APA for merely $500. After extended repairs she joined the salmon fishing trade, sailing north from the San Francisco area to the Chignik Bay, Alaska, in April with supplies, fishermen, and cannery workers, and returned in September with a cargo of canned salmon.

For this trade she carried over 200 crew and passengers, as compared to the 26-man crew she carried as the Balclutha. In 1911 the poop deck was extended to the main mast to accommodate Italian and Scandinavian workers. This expansion is called the shelter deck. In the 'tween deck, bunks for Chinese workers were built. Her last voyage in this trade was in 1930, when she then was laid up after her return home.

In 1933, Star of Alaska was renamed Pacific Queen by her new owner Frank Kissinger. In this guise she appeared in the film Mutiny on the Bounty starring Clark Gable and Charles Laughton. She then eked out an existence as an exhibition ship, gradually deteriorating, and was for a while exhibited as a "pirate ship".

In 1954, Pacific Queen was acquired by the San Francisco Maritime Museum, which restored her and renamed her Balclutha and moored her at Pier 41 East. In 1985 she was designated a National Historic Landmark.

In 1988, she was moved to her present mooring at Hyde Street Pier of the San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park. She previously hosted a monthly Chantey Sing in the shelter deck, which has moved to the adjacent Eureka.

Image gallery

See also
 List of large sailing vessels

Sources

References
, retrieved 23:40 GMT 22 January 2005
 Entry in Houghton Mifflin's Ships of the World (registration required), retrieved 23:50 GMT 22 January 2005

External links

Balclutha history - San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park
Balclutha - BlooSee.com
Comedian Jonathan Winters Detained In San Francisco. Winters was arrested in 1949, after climbing in the rigging of the Balclutha.

San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park
Tall ships of the United Kingdom
Tall ships of the United States
Victorian-era merchant ships of the United Kingdom
Museum ships in San Francisco
Museum ships in California
Individual sailing vessels
Windjammers
Three-masted ships
Historic American Engineering Record in San Francisco
National Historic Landmarks in the San Francisco Bay Area
Sail training ships
Ships built on the River Clyde
1886 ships
National Register of Historic Places in San Francisco
Ships on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Full-rigged ships
Fisherman's Wharf, San Francisco

Balclutha (1886)


Events
 January 20 – Poland cedes Kyiv, Smolensk, and eastern Ukraine to Russia in the Treaty of Andrusovo that put a final end to the Deluge, and Poland lost its status as a Central European power.
 April 27 – The blind, impoverished John Milton sells the copyright of Paradise Lost for £10.
 June 12-17 – In the Raid on the Medway, a Dutch fleet under admiral Michiel de Ruyter burns Sheerness, sails up the River Medway, raids Chatham dockyards and escapes with the royal barge The Royal Charles.
 June 15 – The first human blood transfusion is administered by Dr. Jean-Baptiste Denys. He transfuses the blood of a sheep to a 15-year-old boy. (Though this operation is a success, a later patient dies from the procedure and Denys is accused of murder).
 June 20 – Dutch troops attack Royal Navy ships in London and Chatham and burn them.
 July 31 – Second Anglo-Dutch War ends: The Treaty of Breda ends the war. The treaty also recognizes Acadia as a French possession.
 October 18 – Brooklyn is chartered under the name Brueckelen by Mathias Nicolls, Governor of New Netherland.
 November 25 – Devastating earthquake rocks Caucasia, killing 80,000 people.
 Suleiman I becomes Shah of Persia.
 The Mogul Emperor Aurangzeb buys off the bandit Shivaji by making him a Rajah and allowing him to collect taxes.
 Robert Hooke demonstrates that the alteration of the blood in the lungs is essential for respiration.
 The War of Devolution begins, France invades Flanders and Free County.
 Louis XIV of France abolishes the Livre Parisis (Paris Pound) in favor of the much more widely used Livre Tournois (Tours Pound). He also designates Gabriel-Nicolas de la Reynie as first chief of "police" of Paris.
 French army uses grenadiers.
 Yohannes succeeds his father Fasildos as Emperor of Ethiopia.

Births
 August 11 - Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Tuscan princess
 November 30 - Jonathan Swift, Irish writer

1667


The Convair Model 48 Charger was a prototype light attack and observation aircraft of the 1960s, developed to meet a requirement for a dedicated counter-insurgency (COIN) aircraft. It was a two-seat, twin-boom aircraft powered by two turboprop engines which lost out to the North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco of similar layout. Only the single prototype Model 48 was built, and this turned out to be the last complete aircraft constructed by Convair.

Design and development
In 1959, two United States Marine Corps officers developed the concept of a small low cost aircraft capable of providing close air support to the U.S. Marines, capable of operating from roads close to the battlefield, the concept being known as the Light Light Marine Attack Aircraft (L2VMA). As interest in such an aircraft grew, with interest from the US Army for a similar type, the Convair Division of General Dynamics started studies into counter-insurgency aircraft in 1961. In 1963, the various requirements were merged into a tri-service specification for a Light Armed Reconnaissance Aircraft (LARA), to be used not just by the U.S. Marines and Army, but also by the United States Air Force for counter-insurgency and forward air control roles, and to be available for export.

The specification produced responses from nine manufacturers, including Convair, who submitted its Model 48 Charger in March 1964. The Model 48 was a twin-boom monoplane, constructed mainly from aluminium, with fiberglass nose, rear fuselage and wingtips, with a retractable nosewheel undercarriage. It was powered by two Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6 (military designation T74), driving three bladed propellers. Its wings were of relatively short (27 ft 6 in/8.38 m) span, which meant that most of the wing was in the slipstream of the propellers, increasing the effectiveness of the full-span trailing-edge slotted flaps and leading edge slats inboard of the engines, which together acted to deflect the slipstream, giving a form of vectored thrust, in order to reduce takeoff and landing distances. The outer trailing-edge flaps doubled as ailerons, which were supplemented by spoilers at low speed. The aircraft was fitted with a large, all-moving tailplane which attached to the vertical fins located at the ends of the tailboom(s), with the tailplane having somewhat greater span (20 ft (6.1 m)) than the distance between the tailbooms.

Pilot and observer sat in tandem under a sliding canopy, while the rear fuselage held a cargo bay with a hinged tail cone capable of carrying 2,000 lb (910 kg) of cargo, which could include a complete PT6 engine, or five paratroopers, in extremely cramped conditions, with a sixth paratrooper in the observer's seat. Four 7.62 mm machine guns were mounted in pods on the side of the fuselage, while 2,000 lb (910 kg) of external stores, including bombs, rockets and gun pods, could be carried on hardpoints under the wings and fuselage. To meet the specification's requirements for amphibious operations, it could be fitted with two large floats.

Operational history
Convair started construction of a prototype as a private venture before a winner of the LARA competition was announced.  In August 1964, the US Navy announced North American Aviation's design, the NA-300 (later to become the OV-10 Bronco) as the winner of the LARA competition. The U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Air Force favored the Charger, however, and protested against the U.S. Navy's decision, and Convair continued construction of their prototype, which made its maiden flight on 25 November 1964.

After initial flight tests, the Charger was modified with an increased wingspan and modified tail to improve low-speed control.  The Charger demonstrated excellent STOL capability, taking off over a 50 ft (15 m) obstacle in 485 ft (148 m) with a normal payload. This was better both than the LARA specifications requirement of 800 ft (244 m), and the Bronco.

The Charger was awarded a 100-hour joint service flight test contract where the prototype would be flown by representatives of the U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, Army and Air Force.  If orders followed, it was planned to build the production aircraft with a deeper and longer fuselage allowing full dual controls to be fitted.  The prototype crashed on its 196th test flight on 19 October 1965, owing to pilot error by its U.S. Navy test pilot, however, and further development was abandoned.

Specifications (Long-span wings)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 "Convair's Charger". Flight International, 14 January 1965. pp. 54–55.
 Ginter, Steve. Naval Fighters Number Thirty-Nine: Convair Model 48 Charger. Simi Valley, California, USA: Naval Fighters, 1997. .
 Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1965–66. London: Sampson Low, Marston, 1965.
 Wegg, John. General Dynamics Aircraft and their Predecessors. London: Putnam, 1990. .
 Willis, David. "Database:North American Bronco". Aeroplane, Vol. 38, No. 1, January 2010, pp. 59–76. London: IPC.

External links

Photo of Convair Model 48 Charger
Corporate video presentation in the San Diego Air and Space Museum Yt channel.

Charger
1960s United States attack aircraft
1960s United States military reconnaissance aircraft
Twin-boom aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1964
Shoulder-wing aircraft
Twin-turboprop tractor aircraft

Convair Model 48 Charger


The Flintstones: The Treasure of Sierra Madrock is a 1994 side scrolling action video game by Taito for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. The story of the game is generally based on the 1960s The Flintstones cartoon series. The title is a reference to the 1927 novel The Treasure of the Sierra Madre by B. Traven and its 1948 film adaptation.

In the opening story of the game, the Water Buffalos' leader decides to retire. As his last decree as Great Poobah, he makes a contest in which whoever finds the Treasure of Sierra Madrock will be his successor. In the game, Fred Flintstone and Barney Rubble must find the treasure before any other Buffalo member (or even their wives, Wilma and Betty). The game features passwords to continue the game from the highest level reached.

Gameplay

The game itself first involves a world map representing a themed set of worlds. Rolling the dice results in either Fred or Barney moving to the appropriate space on the board. Depending on the landed space, the player must clear a level in that particular world, defeat bosses, or enter shops, among other things. On some zones, Wilma and Betty appear and if any one of them manage to meet their respective husband, she will drag him some spaces back to an arbitrary location. Moving the players in the game is similar to playing a Japanese sugoroku board game.

The levels themselves are simple platformer segments. In these segments, the characters must traverse from left to right (and sometimes right to left), while avoiding hazards and defeating dinosaurs, Water Buffalo members or other creatures. In order to defeat enemies, Fred and Barney use a wood club. There is an overall difficulty level of "medium" to the game; providing frequent breaks from the low-difficulty horizontal scrolling action stages with mini-games that have a high level of difficulty. There are also power-ups such as brontoburger (energy) and clams (in-game currency). In a few cases, a power-up is a trap in which the Cavemouse appears, being followed by Dino. Unlike the TV show, Dino actually hurts the player if he is hit by him.

The earlier zones in the game can only be cleared by first defeating specific Water Buffalo members (most of which appeared at some point in the cartoon series) by winning them in a race located at a stadium. Races use the game's RAM to simulate variables like forward speed, leaning angle, maximum terrain speed, and vertical speed. These events must be found as their items are crucial to the success of the quest. If any character goes to the stadium, the race can be practiced. The person who operates the racing mini-game will give an item to both Fred and Barney after defeating him, so that they can go the next world.

The types of worlds involved include Bedrock, Snowrock (an ice world), and Magmarock (a fire world), amongst other worlds present in the game. Within each world are mini-game challenges that allow players to experience the diversity of that world.

Reception

The game received "mixed or average" reviews. GameRankings rated the game a 64.83%. GamePro however, gave the game a negative review, summarizing, "Intermediate gamers will find this game repetitive and way too easy. Everyone else will find themselves leaving the cave for some fresh air rather than being stuck with this humdrum rock-knocker."

References

External links
 Information on the game at IGN

1994 video games
Digital tabletop games
Video games about dinosaurs
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Platformers
Prehistoric life in popular culture
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System-only games
Taito games
Video games based on The Flintstones
Cartoon Network video games
Video games developed in Japan


Turner & Hooch is a 1989 American criminal comedy-drama movie. It stars Tom Hanks as Detective Turner and Beasley the Dog as Hooch. It was a very successful movie from A Dog's Life.

1989 comedy-drama movies
1980s buddy movies
1989 crime drama movies
1980s criminal comedy movies
American comedy-drama movies
1980s American crime drama movies
American criminal comedy movies
American buddy comedy movies
Buddy cop movies
Buddy drama movies
1980s English-language movies
Movies about dogs
Movies set in California
Movies directed by Roger Spottiswoode

Turner & Hooch


Joshua Mallett (born December 10, 1981), also known by his stage name Rip, is an American recording artist, producer, DJ, and filmmaker from Waukegan, Illinois. Rip has been selected as a "Famous Waukeganite" by the City of Waukegan. In 2018 he was considered for four Grammy Awards and was the first billed hip-hop set to perform the Grand stage at The World's Largest Brat Fest on May 26, 2018.

Career
Rip's career started early when he created "Rip Records", an independent record label while in high school. In 2002, he released "In The Lab 1.0" followed by "Coming Up In The Game" in 2003. At an early age, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and Atlantic Records awarded him a Platinum Plaque in 2003 for his activities in the music industry. After a decade of musical activities in the Midwest, Rip relocated in Madison, Wisconsin. He released his debut solo album "Fashionably Late" in June 2010. This album was co-produced by DJ Pain 1 with contribution of childhood friend Justin Mentell. Its single "Watchin Me" was aired in radios across the U.S. Rip's "Sellout" album was released in 2012 by Island Def Jam including its single "Kissin In The Dark", a collaborative effort with country singer Augie Zibell. In November 2013, Rip won five Madison Hip-Hop Awards including artist, song, video, and videographer of the year. In the same month, he released on DVD "The Making of a Sellout", a feature film documentary about Rip's life and career. In 2014, Rip released his film "Giddy Up" at the Sundance Cinema in Madison, WI. In 2016, Rip initiated his album "Trinity", a defining moment in his musical career. Trinity focuses on his religious beliefs, struggles, addictions and obstacles he faced his entire life. It is also a tribute to his "Savior" Jesus Christ.

The week of April 8, 2018, Rip's single "Drown" was #1 in rotation on 97x FM-WIXL in Madison, WI.

In May 2019, Rip debuted "Jolene" live at The World's Largest Brat Fest and announced he's working on his fourth studio album, Delivered, which is due out in 2020.  He officially released "Jolene" as a single on November 1, 2019.

In August 2019, he headlined his first international show, Urban Fest, in La Ceiba, Honduras.

Works

Discography

Filmography

References

External links

  Rip official website
  Rip on Spotify

1981 births
Living people
People from Waukegan, Illinois
Musicians from Madison, Wisconsin
Rappers from Wisconsin
American male rappers
American DJs
Film producers from Illinois
Film producers from Wisconsin
Midwest hip hop musicians
21st-century American rappers
Christian hip hop
American music video directors
Record producers from Illinois
Songwriters from Illinois
American performers of Christian hip hop music
21st-century American male musicians
American male songwriters

Joshua Mallett


Bernard Cornut-Gentille (26 July 1909 – 21 January 1992) was a French administrator and politician.

Born in Brest, Finistère, Cornut-Gentille studied at the École Libre des Sciences Politiques. In 1943 he was appointed as the Subprefect of Reims, but resigned to assist the Free French delegate Émile Bollaert. Following the Liberation of France he served as Prefect of Ille-et-Vilaine, of the Somme, and of the Bas-Rhin. In 1948 he was appointed High Commissioner in French Equatorial Africa then, from 1951 to 1956, High Commissioner in French West Africa.

After this, he served as France's permanent representative to the United Nations Security Council, and in 1957 as ambassador to Argentina.

Standing for the Gaullist Party, the UNR, he was elected to represent Alpes-Maritimes in the 1958 election to the National Assembly of France. He had been minister without portfolio in June 1958, then Minister of Overseas France from 3 June 1958 to 8 January 1959 in the governments of Charles de Gaulle. Under Michel Debré he served as Minister of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones from 8 January 1959 to 5 February 1960. He resigned ministerial office at the same time as Jacques Soustelle, over the handling of the affair of the barricades in Algiers and broke with the Gaullists.

He sat in the National Assembly as an independent () until 1968 and again from 1973 to 1978. Locally, he served as mayor of Cannes from 1959 to 1978. Here he initiated a programme of redevelopment and renovation.

His nephew François Cornut-Gentille has served as representative of the Haute-Marne department since 1993 and mayor of Saint-Dizier since 1995.

External links
  Biography at the website of the Assemblée nationale

1909 births
1992 deaths
Politicians from Brest, France
Union for the New Republic politicians
French Ministers of the Colonies
French Ministers of Overseas France
French Ministers of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones
Deputies of the 1st National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 2nd National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 3rd National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 5th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Permanent Representatives of France to the United Nations
Ambassadors of France to Argentina
Prefects of France
Prefects of Ille-et-Vilaine
Prefects of Somme (department)
Prefects of Bas-Rhin
Sciences Po alumni
Mayors of places in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur

Bernard Cornut-Gentille


Castle Campbell is a medieval castle situated above the town of Dollar, Clackmannanshire, in central Scotland. It was the lowland seat of the earls and dukes of Argyll, chiefs of Clan Campbell, from the 15th to the 19th century, and was visited by Mary, Queen of Scots, in the 16th century. Mary was impressed by this and said "this reminds me of home".

History
The castle was originally known as Castle Gloom, possibly deriving from the , meaning a chasm, and referring to the narrow gorges to either side of the site. The naturally defended position may have been the site of a motte in the 12th century. The present tower was built in around 1430 for John Stewart, Lord Lorne (d.1463), or one of his kinsmen. About 1460, the property was acquired by Colin Campbell, 1st Earl of Argyll (d.1493), on his marriage to Isabel Stewart, Lord Lorne's daughter.  The first historical record of the castle dates from the following year, when Pope Paul II issued a bull against Walter Stewart, son of Lord Lorne, for attacking and damaging the "Place of Glowm". Campbell, who was at the papal court at the time, may have been instrumental in arranging the Pope's intervention. The tower shows signs of early rebuilding following this episode.

The acquisition of Castle Gloom expanded the power of the Campbell family, from Argyll in the west into central Scotland, and suited Colin Campbell's position as Master of the Household to King James III of Scotland, which required his frequent presence at court. In February 1490, Campbell petitioned the newly crowned King, James IV of Scotland, to formally change the name of Gloom to "Castle Campbell", and this was done by an act of parliament. The change in name may imply that the term "castle" was seen as particularly prestigious, requiring royal approval for its use. At this time, the castle would have comprised the tower house, with other buildings arranged around the courtyard and gardens outside. The east range was probably added first, and some time after the accession of the 2nd Earl in 1493, the large south range was begun. This building shows the influence of the contemporary works at Stirling Castle, now known as the King's Old Building. It included a state apartment of hall, outer chamber and bedchamber, with large south-facing windows overlooking the gardens, and a view across the Devon Valley. The range also provided additional private lodgings, and was accessed via two symmetrically placed stairways facing the courtyard.

16th century
In the 16th century, the 4th Earl of Argyll (d.1558) embraced the cause of religious Reformation, and became one of the leading Protestant lords of his day. His family supported the Calvinist preacher John Knox while he was in Scotland in the 1550s. Knox visited Castle Campbell and preached there, some time in 1556. In January 1563 Mary, Queen of Scots, stayed at Castle Campbell for three days on the occasion of the marriage of Margaret, sister to the 5th Earl of Argyll, and James Stewart, Lord Doune. The celebrations involved a masque with courtiers and musicians dressed as shepherds. John Knox disapproved of the dancing. Knox came in person to Castle Campbell again in February 1564 and met the Earl of Argyll. Following the marriage of Queen Mary and Lord Darnley in 1565 Argyll joined other Protestant lords in the rebellion called the Chaseabout Raid. Mary and Darnley received the surrender of Castle Campbell.

Colin Campbell, 6th Earl of Argyll and his wife Agnes Keith had 18 pieces of tapestry decorating the castle in 1584. In the more peaceful 1590s Archibald Campbell, 7th Earl of Argyll, rebuilt the east range of the castle to link the south range with refurbished guest chambers in the tower. The new work consisted of a fine two-arched loggia facing the courtyard, with a façade of polished ashlar masonry above. Behind this were galleries, fashionable additions to the accommodation within the castle, and new stairs to north and south. The east range has been compared to the north courtyard façade at Crichton Castle which was erected around the same time. An inventory made in 1595 records the furniture, tapestries, carpets and other items in each room of the castle, including a total of 47 beds.

In 1590 James VI of Scotland was displeased with the captain of the castle, Alexander Menteith, Chamberlain of Campbell, who had released a condemned prisoner Henry Mersair, found guilty of fire-raising, murder, slaughter, and other crimes. Mersair was given a horse in the nearby village of Fossoway to make good his escape. Agnes Douglas, Countess of Argyll imprisoned Thomas Alexander of Balruidy in the castle, and claimed he was a sheep rustler.

Destruction and later history

The Earls of Argyll continued to support the Protestant cause, and in the religious conflicts of the mid-17th century Archibald Campbell, 8th Earl of Argyll, became the leader of the Presbyterian Covenanters, in opposition to the leading Royalist James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose. In 1645 Montrose's troops, on their way to the Battle of Kilsyth, laid waste to the lands around Castle Campbell, including Dollar and Muckhart. Many of Montrose's men were MacLeans, long-standing adversaries of the Campbells. The castle itself was undamaged, and no siege was attempted. In response, Argyll ordered the destruction of Menstrie Castle and Airthrie Castle, both seats of Royalists. After the execution of Charles I the Campbells initially supported Charles II, with Argyll placing the crown of Scotland on Charles' head at Scone in 1651. However, Argyll opposed Charles' invasion of England, and in 1652 he submitted to Oliver Cromwell's Commonwealth. Cromwell's forces were garrisoned in Castle Campbell in 1653. In July 1654, Royalist rebels attacked and burned Castle Campbell over two nights.

Argyll was executed following the Restoration of 1660 and his son, the 9th Earl, built Argyll's Lodging in Stirling rather than renovate Castle Campbell. Apart from being briefly garrisoned during the Jacobite rising of 1715 the castle was abandoned, and in 1805 the 6th Duke of Argyll sold it to Crauford Tait of Harviestoun, an adjacent estate. In 1859 Harviestoun, and Castle Campbell, was bought by businessman and former Lord Provost of Glasgow Sir Andrew Orr. His son James Orr had excavations carried out at the castle in the 1870s, turning up fragments of stained glass from the windows of the south range.

In 1948 the then-owners of the Harviestoun estate gave Dollar Glen to the National Trust for Scotland, who arranged for the castle to be cared for by the Ministry of Works. Restoration works have included a new roof on the tower, and excavations in the 1980s which revealed charred timbers from the 1654 burning. The castle is now managed by Historic Scotland as a scheduled ancient monument.

References

External links

Campbell
Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes
Gardens in Clackmannanshire
Historic house museums in Clackmannanshire
Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Clackmannanshire
Clan Campbell seats

Castle Campbell


A Galileo thermometer or Galilean thermometer is a thermometer that uses the density of liquids to measure temperature. The thermometer was invented by Galileo Galilei, who had noticed that the density of a liquid changes with temperature. The thermometer is made of a glass container, filled with a liquid. Inside, there are other containers, usually with other liquids. When the temperature changes, so does the density of the "container" liquid. As a consequence, the smaller containers may fall to the floor, or rise to the surface.

Usually, such thermometers are calibrated, to either 2° or 1°. The temperature is then that of the bulb with the lowest temperature, floating above.

Now, Galileo thermometers are used mainly for decoration rather than for measuring temperature, although you can still read the temperature off them.

Weather instruments
Thermometers

Galileo thermometer


Benzodiazepine use disorder (BUD), also called misuse or abuse, is the use of benzodiazepines without a prescription and/or for recreational purposes, which poses risks of dependence, withdrawal and other long-term effects. Benzodiazepines are one of the more common prescription drugs used recreationally. When used recreationally benzodiazepines are usually administered orally but sometimes they are taken intranasally or intravenously. Recreational use produces effects similar to alcohol intoxication.

In tests in pentobarbital-trained rhesus monkeys benzodiazepines produced effects similar to barbiturates. In a 1991 study, triazolam had the highest self-administration rate in cocaine trained baboons, among the five benzodiazepines examined: alprazolam, bromazepam, chlordiazepoxide, lorazepam, triazolam. A 1985 study found that triazolam and temazepam maintained higher rates of self-injection in both human and animal subjects compared to a variety of other benzodiazepines (others examined: diazepam, lorazepam, oxazepam, flurazepam, alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, nitrazepam, flunitrazepam, bromazepam, and clorazepate). A 1991 study indicated that diazepam, in particular, had a greater abuse liability among people who were drug abusers than did many of the other benzodiazepines. Some of the available data also suggested that lorazepam and alprazolam are more diazepam-like in having relatively high abuse liability, while oxazepam, halazepam, and possibly chlordiazepoxide, are relatively low in this regard. A 1991–1993 British study found that the hypnotics flurazepam and temazepam were more toxic than average benzodiazepines in overdose. A 1995 study found that temazepam is more rapidly absorbed and oxazepam is more slowly absorbed than most other benzodiazepines. Benzodiazepines have been abused both orally and intravenously. Different benzodiazepines have different abuse potential; the more rapid the increase in the plasma level following ingestion, the greater the intoxicating effect and the more open to abuse the drug becomes. The speed of onset of action of a particular benzodiazepine correlates well with the 'popularity' of that drug for abuse. The two most common reasons for preference were that a benzodiazepine was 'strong' and that it gave a good 'high'.

According to Dr. Chris Ford, former clinical director of Substance Misuse Management in General Practice, among drugs of abuse, benzodiazepines are often seen as the 'bad guys' by drug and alcohol workers. Illicit users of benzodiazepines have been found to take higher methadone doses, as well as showing more HIV/HCV risk-taking behavior, greater poly-drug use, higher levels of psychopathology and social dysfunction. However, there is only limited research into the adverse effects of benzodiazepines in drug misusers and further research is needed to demonstrate whether this is the result of cause or effect.

Signs and symptoms

Sedative-hypnotics such as alcohol, benzodiazepines, and the barbiturates are known for the severe physical dependence that they are capable of inducing which can result in severe withdrawal effects. This severe neuroadaptation is even more profound in high dose drug users and misusers. A high degree of tolerance often occurs in chronic benzodiazepine abusers due to the typically high doses they consume which can lead to a severe benzodiazepine dependence. The benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome seen in chronic high dose benzodiazepine abusers is similar to that seen in therapeutic low dose users but of a more severe nature. Extreme antisocial behaviors in obtaining continued supplies and severe drug-seeking behavior when withdrawals occur. The severity of the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome has been described by one benzodiazepine drug misuser who stated that:  Those who use benzodiazepines intermittently are less likely to develop a dependence and withdrawal symptoms upon dose reduction or cessation of benzodiazepines than those who use benzodiazepines on a daily basis.

Misuse of benzodiazepines is widespread amongst drug misusers; however, many of these people will not require withdrawal management as their use is often restricted to binges or occasional misuse. Benzodiazepine dependence when it occurs requires withdrawal treatment. There is little evidence of benefit from long-term substitution therapy of benzodiazepines, and conversely, there is growing evidence of the harm of long-term use of benzodiazepines, especially higher doses. Therefore, gradual reduction is recommended, titrated against withdrawal symptoms. For withdrawal purposes, stabilisation with a long-acting agent such as diazepam is recommended before commencing withdrawal. Chlordiazepoxide (Librium), a long-acting benzodiazepine, is gaining attention as an alternative to diazepam in substance abusers dependent on benzodiazepines due to its decreased abuse potential. In individuals dependent on benzodiazepines who have been using benzodiazepines long-term, taper regimens of 6–12 months have been recommended and found to be more successful. More rapid detoxifications e.g. of a month are not recommended as they lead to more severe withdrawal symptoms.

Tolerance leads to a reduction in GABA receptors and function; when benzodiazepines are reduced or stopped this leads to an unmasking of these compensatory changes in the nervous system with the appearance of physical and mental withdrawal effects such as anxiety, insomnia, autonomic hyperactivity and possibly seizures.

Common withdrawal symptoms
Include the following:

 Depression
 Shaking
 Feeling unreal
 Appetite loss
 Muscle twitching
 Severe and debilitating insomnia
 Memory loss
 Motor impairment
 Nausea
 Muscle pains
 Dizziness
 Apparent movement of still objects
 Feeling faint
 Noise sensitivity
 Light sensitivity
 Peculiar taste
 Pins and needles
 Touch sensitivity
 Sore eyes
 Hallucinations
 Smell sensitivity

All sedative-hypnotics, e.g. alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines and Z-drugs have a similar mechanism of action, working on the GABAA receptor complex and are cross tolerant with each other and also have abuse potential. Use of prescription sedative-hypnotics—for example, the nonbenzodiazepine Z-drugs—often leads to a relapse back into substance misuse with one author stating this occurs in over a quarter of those who have achieved abstinence.

Background
Benzodiazepines are a commonly abused class of drugs, although there is debate as to whether certain benzodiazepines have higher abuse potential than others. In animal and human studies the abuse potential of benzodiazepines is classed as moderate in comparison to other drugs of abuse.
Benzodiazepines are commonly abused by poly drug users, especially heroin addicts, alcoholics or amphetamine addicts when "coming down". but sometimes are misused in isolation as the primary drug of misuse. They can be misused to achieve the high that benzodiazepines produce or more commonly they are used to either enhance the effects of other CNS depressant drugs, to stave off withdrawal effects of other drugs or combat the effects of stimulants. As many as 30–50% of alcoholics are also benzodiazepine misusers. Drug abusers often abuse high doses or even therapeutic doses for long periods of time which makes serious benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms such as psychosis or convulsions more likely to occur during withdrawal.

Benzodiazepine abuse increases risk-taking behaviors such as unprotected sex and sharing of needles amongst intravenous abusers of benzodiazepines. Abuse is also associated with blackouts, memory loss, aggression, violence, and chaotic behavior associated with paranoia. There is little support for long-term maintenance of benzodiazepine abusers and thus a withdrawal regime is indicated when benzodiazepine abuse becomes a dependence. The main source of illicit benzodiazepines are diverted benzodiazepines obtained originally on prescription; other sources include thefts from pharmacies and pharmaceutical warehouses. Benzodiazepine abuse is steadily increasing and is now a major public health problem. Benzodiazepine abuse is mostly limited to individuals who abuse other drugs, i.e. poly-drug abusers. Most prescribed users do not abuse their medication, however, some high dose prescribed users do become involved with the illicit drug scene. Abuse of benzodiazepines occurs in a wide age range of people and includes teenagers and the old. The abuse potential or drug-liking effects appears to be dose related, with low doses of benzodiazepines having limited drug liking effects but higher doses increasing the abuse potential/drug-liking properties.

Health related complications

Complications of benzodiazepine abuse include drug-related deaths due to overdose especially in combination with other depressant drugs such as opioids. Other complications include:  blackouts and memory loss, paranoia, violence and criminal behaviour, risk-taking sexual behaviour, foetal and neonatal risks if taken in pregnancy, dependence, withdrawal seizures and psychosis. Injection of the drug carries risk of: thrombophlebitis, deep vein thrombosis, deep and superficial abscesses, pulmonary microembolism, rhabdomyolysis, tissue necrosis, gangrene requiring amputation, hepatitis B and C, as well as blood borne infections such as HIV infection (caused by sharing injecting equipment). Long-term use of benzodiazepines can worsen pre-existing depression and anxiety and may potentially also cause dementia with impairments in recent and remote memory functions.

Use is widespread among amphetamine users, with those that use amphetamines and benzodiazepines having greater levels of mental health problems and social deterioration. Benzodiazepine injectors are almost four times more likely to inject using a shared needle than non-benzodiazepine-using injectors. It has been concluded in various studies that benzodiazepine use causes greater levels of risk and psycho-social dysfunction among drug misusers.
Poly-drug users who also use benzodiazepines appear to engage in more frequent high-risk behaviors. Polydrug use involving benzodiazepines and alcohol can result in blackouts, increased risk-taking behaviour, and in severe cases seizures and overdose. Those who use stimulant and depressant drugs are more likely to report adverse reactions from stimulant use, more likely to be injecting stimulants and more likely to have been treated for a drug problem than those using stimulant but not depressant drugs.

Risk factors

Individuals with a substance abuse history are at an increased risk of misusing benzodiazepines.

Several (primary research) studies, even into the last decade, claimed that individuals with a history of familial abuse of alcohol or who are siblings or children of alcoholics appeared to respond differently to benzodiazepines than so called genetically healthy persons, with males experiencing increased euphoric effects and females having exaggerated responses to the adverse effects of benzodiazepines.

Whilst all benzodiazepines have abuse potential, certain characteristics increase the potential of particular benzodiazepines for abuse. Worldwide, diazepam is the benzodiazepine most frequently encountered by customs and law enforcement. Diazepam is available for very cheap in every country. These characteristics are chiefly practical ones—most especially, availability (often based on popular perception of 'dangerous' versus 'none dangerous' drugs) through prescribing physicians or illicit distributors. Pharmacological and pharmacokinetic factors are also crucial in determining abuse potentials. A short elimination half-life and a rapid onset of action are characteristics which increase the abuse potential of a benzodiazepines. The following table provides the elimination half-life, approximate equivalent doses, speed of onset of action, and duration of behavioural effects.

*Not all trade names are listed. Click on the drug name to see a more comprehensive list.

**The duration of apparent action is usually considerably less than the half-life. With most benzodiazepines, noticeable effects usually wear off within a few hours. Nevertheless, as long as the drug is present it will exert subtle effects within the body. These effects may become apparent during continued use or may appear as withdrawal symptoms when dosage is reduced or the drug is stopped.

***Equivalent doses are based on clinical experience but may vary between individuals.

****Etizolam is not a true benzodiazepine but has similar chemistry, effects, and abuse potential.

Epidemiology
Little attention has focused on the degree that benzodiazepines are abused as a primary drug of choice, but they are frequently abused alongside other drugs of abuse, especially alcohol, stimulants and opiates. The benzodiazepine most commonly abused can vary from country to country and depends on factors including local popularity as well as which benzodiazepines are available. Nitrazepam for example is commonly abused in Nepal and the United Kingdom, whereas in the United States of America where nitrazepam is not available on prescription other benzodiazepines are more commonly abused. In the United Kingdom and Australia there have been epidemics of temazepam abuse. Particular problems with abuse of temazepam are often related to gel capsules being melted and injected and drug-related deaths. Injecting most benzodiazepines is dangerous because of their relative insolubility in water (with the exception of midazolam), leading to potentially serious adverse health consequences for users.

Benzodiazepines are a commonly misused class of drug. A study in Sweden found that benzodiazepines are the most common drug class of forged prescriptions in Sweden. Concentrations of benzodiazepines detected in impaired motor vehicle drivers often exceeding therapeutic doses have been reported in Sweden and in Northern Ireland. One of the hallmarks of problematic benzodiazepine drug misuse is escalation of dose. Most licit prescribed users of benzodiazepines do not escalate their dose of benzodiazepines.

Society and culture

Drug-related crime

Problem benzodiazepine use can be associated with various deviant behaviors, including drug-related crime. In a survey of police detainees carried out by the Australian Government, both legal and illegal users of benzodiazepines were found to be more likely to have lived on the streets, less likely to have been in full-time work and more likely to have used heroin or methamphetamines in the past 30 days from the date of taking part in the survey. Benzodiazepine users were also more likely to be receiving illegal incomes and more likely to have been arrested or imprisoned in the previous year. Benzodiazepines were sometimes reported to be used alone, but most often formed part of a poly drug-using problem. Female users were more likely than men to be using heroin, whereas male users were more likely to report amphetamine use. Benzodiazepine users were more likely than non-users to claim government financial benefits and benzodiazepine users who were also poly-drug users were the most likely to be claiming government financial benefits. Those who reported using benzodiazepines alone were found to be in the mid-range when compared to other drug using patterns in terms of property crimes and criminal breaches. Of the detainees reporting benzodiazepine use, one in five reported injection use, mostly of illicit temazepam, with some who reported injecting prescribed benzodiazepines. The injection was a concern in this survey due to increased health risks. The main problems highlighted in this survey were concerns of dependence, the potential for overdose of benzodiazepines in combination with opiates and the health problems associated with injection of benzodiazepines.

Benzodiazepines are also sometimes used for drug facilitated sexual assaults and robbery, however, alcohol remains the most common drug involved in drug facilitated assaults. The muscle relaxant, disinhibiting and amnesia producing effects of benzodiazepines are the pharmacological properties which make these drugs effective in drug-facilitated crimes. Serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer admitted to using triazolam (Halcion), and occasionally temazepam (Restoril), in order to sedate his victims prior to murdering them.

In a 2017 publication, an analysis of the blood samples of 22 victims of drug-facilitated robberies in Bangladesh revealed that criminals use different mixtures of Benzodiazepines including Lorazepam, Midazolam, Diazepam and Nordiazepam to immobilize and then rob their victims.

Drug regulation and enforcement

Europe
Temazepam abuse and seizures have been falling in the UK probably due to its reclassification as Schedule 3 controlled drug with tighter prescribing restrictions and the resultant reduction in availability.
A total of 2.75 million temazepam capsules were seized in the Netherlands by authorities between 1996 and 1999. In Northern Ireland statistics of individuals attending drug addiction treatment centers found that benzodiazepines were the 2nd most commonly reported main problem drugs (31 percent of attendees). Cannabis was the top with 35 percent of individuals reporting it as their main problem drug. The statistics showed that treatment for benzodiazepines as the main problematic drug had more than doubled from the previous year and was a growing problem in Northern Ireland.

Oceania
Benzodiazepines are common drugs of abuse in Australia and New Zealand, particularly among those who may also be using other illicit drugs. The intravenous use of temazepam poses the greatest threat to those who misuse benzodiazepines. Simultaneous consumption of temazepam with heroin is a potential risk factor of overdose. An Australian study of non-fatal heroin overdoses noted that 26% of heroin users had consumed temazepam at the time of their overdose. This is consistent with an NSW investigation of coronial files from 1992. Temazepam was found in 26% of heroin-related deaths. Temazepam, including tablet formulations, are used intravenously. In an Australian study of 210 heroin users who used temazepam, 48% had injected it. Although abuse of benzodiazepines has decreased over the past few years, temazepam continues to be a major drug of abuse in Australia. In certain states like Victoria and Queensland, temazepam accounts for most benzodiazepine sought by forgery of prescriptions and through pharmacy burglary. Darke, Ross & Hall found that different benzodiazepines have different abuse potential. The more rapid the increase in the plasma level following ingestion, the greater the intoxicating effect and the more open to abuse the drug becomes. The speed of onset of action of a particular benzodiazepine correlates well with the 'popularity' of that drug for abuse. The two most common reasons for preference for a benzodiazepine were that it was the 'strongest' and that it gave a good 'high'.

North America
The most frequently abused of the benzodiazepines in both the United States and Canada are alprazolam, clonazepam, lorazepam and diazepam. In Canada, bromazepam is marketed and is a highly effective anxiolytic, muscle-relaxant, and sedative. Bromazepam has shown itself to be at least as effective as alprazolam as anxiolytic, and a superior sedative.

East and Southeast Asia
The Central Narcotics Bureau of Singapore seized 94,200 nimetazepam tablets in 2003. This is the largest nimetazepam seizure recorded since nimetazepam became a controlled drug under the Misuse of Drugs Act in 1992. In Singapore nimetazepam is a Class C controlled drug.

In Hong Kong abuse of prescription medicinal preparations continued in 2006 and seizures of midazolam (120,611 tablets), nimetazepam/nitrazepam (17,457 tablets), triazolam (1,071 tablets), diazepam (48,923 tablets) and chlordiazepoxide (5,853 tablets) were made. Heroin addicts used such tablets (crushed and mixed with heroin) to prolong the effect of the narcotic and ease withdrawal symptoms.

See also
 Drug abuse
 Benzodiazepine overdose
 Effects of long-term benzodiazepine use
 Drug facilitated sexual assault

References

External links

Substance-related disorders
Substance dependence
Drug Misuse

de:Schädlicher Gebrauch von Benzodiazepinen

Benzodiazepine use disorder