In economics, productive efficiency is a situation in which an economy is not able to produce any more of one good without reducing the production of another good. As resources are limited, it is not possible for more units of a good to be produced without taking away the resources used for producing another good. The concept of productive efficiency can be shown on a production possibility frontier (PPF), where all points on the curve are productively efficient.

Productive efficiency refers to the maximum amount of output that an economy can produce at a certain point in time. However, if firms in the economy were to improve on their production methods and increase productivity, it is possible for the PPF to shift outwards, thus allowing more goods to be produced than before.

Productive inefficiency happens when factors of production (i.e. land, labor, capital or enterprise) are not used to its maximum. For example, labor in the form of workers may be sitting and not doing any work. If the worker were to be used to produce more output than before, then having the worker not doing any work would be productively inefficient.

Allocative efficiency is a special type of productive efficiency in which the right amount of goods is produced to benefit society in the best way.

Model
Productive efficiency can be shown either by using a production possibility frontier (PPF) diagram, or by using the marginal cost and average total cost curves.

Production possibility frontier

Assuming that the economy only produces 2 goods – guns and butter. Points B, C and D on the diagram are considered to be productively efficient as it is not possible to produce more of either good without having to reduce the production of the other. For example, if the economy is producing at point D, the only way to produce more butter is to reduce the production of guns, thus reaching point C.

If the economy was originally producing at point A of the diagram, it is possible for more butter and guns to be produced without having to reduce the production of any of them. When this happens, the economy shifts from point A to point D and is better utilizing its resources.

However, if the economy was originally producing at point D and wants to produce more butter, the production of guns would have to be reduced. If the production of guns is not reduced, the economy would produce at point X, which is not possible in reality as there are no resources available to produce the extra output.

Marginal and average total cost

For a firm that is producing a certain type of good, it would have the marginal cost (MC) and average total cost (ATC) curves when producing an additional unit of output as shown in the diagram.

By definition, the MC curve will meet the ATC curve at its minimum point, which is the point P1 and Q1 on the diagram. At this point, producing more than Q1 would bring more costs than benefits to the firm, whereas producing less than Q1 would mean that there are more benefits than costs in producing more of the good. Hence, the point P1 and Q1 would be a point that is just right, and all the resources of the firm would be fully used in the best possible way.

In reality, firms that are less competitive are unlikely to be producing at the productively efficient point as they are earning supernormal profits and have no need to cut costs. These firms are thus considered to be X-inefficient.

References

Economics
Management

Productive efficiency


Structured Query Language (SQL) is one of the languages used to view or change data in databases. The statements used in this language are called SQL queries.

Basic use of SQL queries is to:
 Get data from the database (the SELECT command)
 Add data to the database (the INSERT command)
 Change data in the database (the UPDATE command)
 Remove data from the database (the DELETE command)
 Set up the database to hold data (the CREATE and ALTER commands)

Examples

This is a simple SQL Query which is used to show all values stored in column named 'my_column' from the data table named 'my_table'.
SELECT my_column FROM my_table;

Here is an example of inserting new information into a table called 'people.'
The query first specifies the table as 'people', then the columns in which data is going to be inserted into, and the data that is going into these columns. As a result, data will be added into the columns in the same order the column names are listed in the first brackets: (first_name, last_name, age, favorite_food).
INSERT INTO people (first_name, last_name, age, favorite_food) VALUES ("Bob", "Page", "42", "Hamburgers");

In the example below the columns aren't listed. This would result in an attempt to add the data into the table in the order the values are listed.

INSERT INTO people VALUES ("Bob", "Page", "42", "Hamburgers");

Doing the above (without naming the columns) might result in inputting the data in an incorrect column or the statement might not run correctly - when the value types are mismatched (for example trying to input a word into a column storing only numbers).

References

Query languages

Structured Query Language


The Carter–Menil Human Rights Prize was established in 1986 by former United States president Jimmy Carter and US philanthropist Dominique de Menil to "promote the protection of human rights throughout the world." The foundation periodically gives out prizes of $100,000 to individuals and institutions that promote human rights. Carter is the chairman of the Prize Committee.

See also
 Carter Center
 Jimmy Carter

External links
 Official Prize page with partial list of recipients

References

Human rights awards
Jimmy Carter
Awards established in 1986

Carter–Menil Human Rights Prize


Dept. Heaven is a series of video games developed by Sting's Product Team A, headed by Shinichi Ito. Currently there are five known episodes, with four already released as well as three spin-off games. JaJa explained in his blog that the numbering system is more of a goal in originality of game design, for example, with Episode II being more original than Episode I but not as much as Episode III.

Games

Episode I: Riviera

Riviera takes place on the floating continent of Riviera. The main character, Ein being a resident of Asgard, is sent by The Seven Magi to rid Riviera of demons and becomes tangled in a bid for the Gods' dormant power through The World Tree.

Riviera is played almost as a visual novel, with "triggers" on each screen that can be selected, rather than directly controlling the movement of Ein. In battle, Riviera plays out similarly to the RPG stereotype, however aiming and attacking requires much more careful control, due to the lack of an explicit ability to decide the target of an attack, and the fact that all but one item have a limited number of uses.

Riviera focused very strongly on the story and character interaction, even going so far as providing the player with the opportunity to slightly affect the ending by developing stronger relationships through his actions with particular female members of the cast.

Episode II: Yggdra Union

Yggdra Union takes place on an unnamed continent. The game chronicles the Yggdra War, where the Bronquian army begins a brutal rampage throughout the world, conquering territories until Princess Yggdra Yuril Artwaltz, of one of the conquered countries, rallies against them.

The game plays differently from most Strategy RPGs, in that you have some amount of control over the battles you would typically just watch. In these battles you can activate cards and control your units' attack strategies. Another unique aspect of the game is that the on-map formation of your units is very important, creating the eponymous "Union" system that is vital to victory.

There are multiple spinoffs to this Episode: Yggdra Unison, Blaze Union, and Gloria Union. Yggdra Unison is an alternate-universe retelling of the main game with twelve possible protagonists; Blaze Union is a prequel to Yggdra Union taking place in Bronquia three years prior. Gloria Union is a newly announced game featuring a pirate drama unconnected to the other games.

Episode III
No name or information has been revealed on Episode III, other than in 2008, it was being planned as a PC MMORPG.

Episode IV: Knights in the Nightmare

Knights in the Nightmare takes place in Aventheim, a world recently interrupted by the invasion of a demonic army. The player leads the Wisp through the story, unraveling the past through the events of the present, in order to save Aventheim.

The game plays like Chess infused with RPG ala turn-based Tactical role-playing and shoot 'em up elements. The player moves the Wisp around using the touchscreen, activating attacks on allied characters and avoiding screen-covering shots from enemy characters.

Episode IX: Gungnir

A story that takes place in the Gargandia Empire, set to a backdrop of racial strife between the noble Daltania and the peasant Leonica. A fifteen-year-old boy named Giulio Raguel, who is part of the Leonica resistance comes upon the powerful demonic weapon Gungnir, and his choice to use it for the sake of the rebellion has drastic consequences.

Gungnir was officially announced in the February 24, 2011 issue of Weekly Famitsu. It combines orthodox SRPG elements with original system features and it was released on May 19, 2011 on the PSP. It is developed by staff members from Yggdra Union.

Connections
In the unveiling article for Knights in the Nightmare, it was explained that the worlds share a common Asgard, but no further details on their relations were given. In a later Dengeki Maoh article, it was revealed how each game interacted in the Universe, each initially taking place on the overworld and being connected in some way to either Asgard or the Underworld. More connections were revealed when Knights was finally released, in particular with the release of the Dept. Heaven Episodes World Guide and a thinner American version, The Tome of Lost Souls. These releases explained the various connections between the games and further delineated the culture and history of the universe in which they took place.

Many connections can be drawn between the game play style of the series' entries, from the limited-use item system to the retry functionality allowing the player to continue the story even if the game is too difficult for them.

The number of each title denotes their inception rather than their canonical chronology.

Terminology

The Dept. Heaven equivalent of heaven, a realm that idealizes pure order. It was established by the gods, all-powerful beings of pure logic which series director Shinichi Ito likens to computer programs. Following the gods' disappearance at the end of Ragnarok, Asgard has been ruled by the Seven Magi. It is home to both a humanoid species and the angels, with the humanoids serving as the dominant race. The people of Asgard monitor the surface worlds to make certain that demons are not trying to travel through them to invade Asgard itself.

While the people of Asgard possess emotion and thus the world cannot be called a strictly ordered domain, their biology has been significantly altered from that of ordinary humans; for instance, the digestive system is vestigial and has been replaced by a nutrient-replenishing dormant state called SLEEP. Ordinary Asgardian humanoids, known as Servants, have appeared in both Yggdra Union: We'll Never Fight Alone and Knights in the Nightmare, and wield gunlike electrical weapons.

The Dept. Heaven equivalent of hell, a realm that idealizes pure chaos. It is inhabited by various races of demons, and expands constantly by conquering and absorbing surface worlds. The demons in general are bitter enemies with the peoples of Asgard, as their very existences are incompatible. However, as demons have a power-based hierarchy and operate under principles of Social Darwinism (e.g. the strong survive and the weak perish), it cannot be called a world with no order in it at all.

The English-language PSP version of Riviera: The Promised Land (and the Japanese Special Edition) feature a short bonus scenario in which Ein accidentally wanders through a portal to the Underworld, accompanied either by the four heroines or by Ledah and Rose, and must defeat the demon god Hades in order to escape. The latter scenario involves Ein, Ledah, and Rose discussing various elements of the universe.

According to Shinichi Ito, the Underworld's setting details are intentionally kept vague in order to preserve the gameplay integrity of the series. The people of Asgard refer to both the Underworld itself and worlds that have been dominated by demons as ; while "the Underworld" is the official translation used by Atlus, many fans refer to it as "Niflheim" in keeping with the Norse theme of the series.

The general term for all ordinary worlds inhabited by mortals. Riviera, Ancardia (the world of Yggdra Union: We'll Never Fight Alone), Aventheim (the world of Knights in the Nightmare), and Gargandia the world of Gungnir are all examples of these.

The surface worlds were originally created by the gods to serve as a buffer between Asgard and the Underworld, so that Asgard would have greater advance warning when demons attempted to invade. However, Asgard has a general noninterference policy in order to allow worlds to govern and attempt to defend themselves until there is severe danger of a world being overwhelmed.

Each surface world is connected to , and as long as these gates are intact, they are considered part of Asgard's territory. Invading demons will create a  and attempt to destroy the world's link to Heaven's Gate, after which Asgard will consider that world a part of Utgard and abandon it.

There are, however, instances where demons and gods appear in surface worlds without creating a Hades Gate, such as summonings by residents of that world (as in the case of Zolgonark in Knights in the Nightmare) or magical anomalies (the way that Brongaa was drawn to Ancardia by Nessiah's sheer power in Yggdra Union: We'll Never Fight Alone). In Gungnir, Giulio Raguel, wielder of demonic spear Gungnir is able to summon various war Gods.

A world that exists in a dimensional rift unknown to the gods. There are said to be several of these in existence, but thus far Yumira is the only one named. Yumira is world of illusion that is said to be reached through a special magic circle, and its people (called the ) practice magical arts that extend their lifespans. Pamela, the series mascot, is a former resident of this world.

Thus far, Yumira has only featured in Nessiah's backstory, as they are the ones who contracted with him to allow him to use the Power of Words in response to his plea for help.

The proxies of the gods, and current de facto rulers of Asgard. Thus far, series villain Hector is the only one that has been named.

Once ordinary humanoids, the Seven Magi were granted longevity bordering on immortality by the special cloaks they wear. Because they all dress the same and hide their eyes, they give off the appearance of beings that have renounced individuality and transcended human nature, but this is merely a public front they maintain to keep their leadership strong. In truth, the seven of them constantly jockey for power, making alliances and betraying one another. Ito explains that Hector is particularly dangerous because of his brilliance, influence, hedonism, and sense of self-entitlement.

The Seven Magi were the ones responsible for changing Riviera (originally a part of the Underworld) into a surface world, and used that victory as a cornerstone for the cease-fire that ended Ragnarok. Ito has expressed interest in creating a game based on their political battles; Sting's Romanization for this term is "Goth" instead of "Magi".

One of the races of Asgard. Angels were originally artificial beings created by the gods, and because of this, they cannot be destroyed by the gods despite technically being mortals. In the eyes of Asgard, angels are a defense mechanism of the world, similar in existence to antibodies; they make up the brunt of Asgard's military force and are deployed to fight and destroy demons. In particular,  such as Marietta are stationed on Heaven's Gate and considered the backbone of the defense against demons.

Because of their origin, angels are considered subhuman beings in Asgard. They have also come under suspicion during the Magi's reign because their loyalty lies with the gods rather than the humanoid race. Due to the way that they are treated, angels often display a stunted sense of self despite being capable of developing normal emotions and free will once exposed to society.

Although they were originally manufactured by the gods, the Riviera Epilogue Disc depicts angels as being able to reproduce, as it portrays Malice with her family. Absolute loyalty to Asgard is demanded of every angel, and those who disobey any order, appear to be irregular existences, or whose actions endanger Asgard have their powers stripped and are exiled as  (as with Nessiah, Eater, and Marietta respectively).

A special subclass of angel. The Grim Angels were created by the gods as a last resort in order to defeat the demons during Ragnarok, and violate the taboo that only godly beings can possess godly powers. Each of them is created using the blood of a god, and each is required to sacrifice a part of themselves in order to receive an all-powerful weapon known as a . These "parts of themselves" can be a body part, such as their wings, or an abstract function, such as emotional capability. Aside from Ein, all true Grim Angels are easily identifiable by their clawed black wings and leucism of the skin.

Because of their immense power and relatively short lifespans compared to other angels, Grim Angels are considered to be no more than living weapons and kept in stasis in a mausoleum when Asgard is not currently facing a great threat. Even then, the Grim Angels actually awakened and dispatched are very few in number, and many Grim Angels are never allowed to awaken again once put into stasis. The Grim Angels' mausoleum is depicted in the opening sequence of Riviera.

As Hector desires to become a god, he is depicted directing experiments on young female angels in order to create artificial Grim Angels throughout the series. Three of his test subjects are shown throughout the series: #367, #549 (Primea), and Malice (#1132). Out of the entire experiment, Malice is the only successful result known. Hector's manmade Grim Angels all wield Diviners known as Skadi (Toolus in Japanese). Sting's original Romanization for this concept is "Death Bring Angelix", a more literal translation of the term "告死天使".

The inhabitants of the Underworld, whose appearance can range from humanoid to monstrous. There are three types: low-level  (e.g. the Red Sage and Blue Fool),  (e.g. Isher and Dotaurus), and  (e.g. Brongaa and Zolgonark). Demon gods are roughly the same level of being as the gods of Asgard, whereas the Accursed are one rank lower, being extremely powerful but unintelligent beings and willing servants of the demon gods created from parts of their bodies. It is possible for demons to gain and lose power and change ranks, a type of "class mobility" per se that is only possible in their fluid society.

In addition to natural-born inhabitants of the Underworld, it is possible for mortals and even those of Asgard to become demons. This can occur one of two ways: Either via a contract (as in the cases of Marietta, Gulcasa's ancestors, and most likely Julio), or by being cursed (as with Nordich and Piche).

While demons instinctively desire power and clash with ordered society, there are cases depicted of very weak monster-level demons deciding to settle into mortal society as residents of surface worlds (the Sage and Fool, the ancestors of the Arcs) and even very powerful demons being able to repress their instincts and live as humans (Gulcasa).

A mostly-humanoid species of elementally based beings who are symbiotically connected to their environment. They are the dominant race in Riviera, and some types also appear in other worlds, such as the Undines and fairies that live in Ancardia. The Sprites were originally slaves to the demons, but were liberated after Ragnarok and serve as maintainers of the surface worlds, Riviera in particular. Many of them physically reflect their natural environment, such as harpies and dryads, whereas those who are descended from assimilated demons still retain demonic traits, like the Arcs. It is suggested that humans are slowly evolving into Sprites as well, evidenced by the appearance of the new Haine race (e.g. Fia, Lina, Cierra).

Symbiotic entities Ursula and Seth are also Sprites, although they have special powers as entities directly created by the gods. Both are viewed by the Sprites of Riviera as goddesses.

A great war between Asgard and the Underworld which started when Zolgonark rose to power and organized the demons' forces. Demons invaded and attempted to take over surface worlds en masse, and Asgard defended them as best as possible; the war mostly took the form of plundering surface worlds back and forth. When the gods realized that the scales were tipping in the demons' favor, they retaliated by creating the Grim Angels. After the Grim Angels' victory and the cease-fire established by the Seven Magi, the gods sealed the remains of their power in Riviera, charged the Sprites with its defense, and vanished. Although time flows slightly differently in each surface world, Ragnarok is said to have occurred roughly one thousand years ago in each world at the time that their respective games take place.

Ragnarok should not be confused with the war between Yggdra's forces and Asgard which takes place in the C and D endings of Yggdra Union: We'll Never Fight Alone. While mistakenly translated as "Ragnarok" by Atlus, this war is called "Shinkaisensou (神界戦争)" and literally translates to "the Asgard War".

Product Team A
While only expressly tied to the series starting with the announcement of a series, the development team seems to remain relatively consistent between games. Artist Sunaho Tobe and lead designer Shinichi Ito have both been involved in all three currently released episodes. Other artists involved with more than one episode in the series include Yoshinori Iwanaga and Satoko Kiyuduki. Shigeki Hayashi has composed music for all three released episodes, working with Minako Adachi on two of them.

References

External links

 JaJa's development blog.

Video game franchises
Video game franchises introduced in 2002
Sega Games franchises

Video games based on Norse mythology

Dept. Heaven


Michał Kozal (27 September 1893 – 26 January 1943) was a Polish Roman Catholic bishop. Kozal was noted for his intelligence and dedication to studies and studied to become a priest during World War I, which disrupted his studies but did not prevent his ordination in 1918; he gained fame for his abilities and rose to several positions that superiors endowed upon him all culminating in being named a Monsignor in 1932 and then appointed to the episcopate in 1939 just before World War II started. But his pastoral mission as a bishop did not last long since the Nazi forces arrested and tortured him and sent him to Dachau where he died after being injected with a lethal substance.

His beatification was celebrated in Poland on 14 June 1987 after Pope John Paul II had made his apostolic visit to that nation.

Life
Kozal was born on 27 September 1893 in Congress Poland to the peasants Jan Kozal and Marianna Płaczek. His father married in 1888 to his mother, who was widowed with five children at the time; Kozal had six siblings, including brother Wojciech, who participated in the Greater Poland Uprising and the Polish-Bolshevik War, in which he was killed at Grodno in 1920.

Kozal commenced his education on 27 April 1905 at Krotoszyn and at one stage participated in a student strike to take action against the forced Germanization and the forced teaching of the German language. He passed his examinations in 1914 and was offered further studies but rejected the offer to instead pursue a path to the priesthood first in Poznan and then in Gniezno for theological and philosophical studies. Kozal was ordained to the priesthood in the Gniezno Cathedral in 1918. On 1 June 1920 he was appointed as the administrator of the Saint Nicholas parish until 1923 and around this time collaborated with the Catholic Action movement and the Polish Red Cross. Cardinal Edmund Dalbor – in 1923 – moved him to Białośliwiu as a parish priest and that April served as a catechist and teacher as well. Cardinal August Hlond – on 1 November 1927 – placed him in a leadership position at Gniezno in addition to serving as a theological and liturgical studies professor; he was appointed as the rector on 25 September 1929. In 1932 he became titled as a Monsignor after Cardinal Hlond sought papal approval for this.

Pope Pius XII – on 10 June 1939 – appointed him as the Titular Bishop of Lappa and the Auxiliary Bishop of Włocławek, and he received his episcopal consecration as such the following 13 August in the Włocławek Cathedral. The outbreak of World War II saw him tend to the wounded victims and those who were displaced due to the war and the Polish invasion; he was expelled from his diocese when the Germans arrived on 14 September 1939, and one German warned him to leave lest he risk being killed. The Gestapo called him and a fellow priest forward in October 1939 and instructed them to preach in German, but both refused; both said German was not well understood among the people, so the Gestapo ordered sermons to be submitted for translation, but again the two refused to do this.

The Gestapo arrested him and 44 other priests and seminarians on 7 November 1939, and he was tortured and jailed in his diocese; he was later moved to Lad before being sent to both Szczeglin and Berlin before the fatal transfer to Dachau, from which he would never again leave. He was locked in confinement where the guards tried to break his resolve when banging on the doors with the butts of their rifles. On 16 January 1940 he was relocated to a Cistercian convent turned camp for a brief imprisonment and suffered frostbite on his ears and nose during the cold in his transfer; he was there until 3 April 1941 when moved to Inowrocław. It was there he was beaten upon arrival, and his first interrogation saw him suffer an inflamed ear due to the severe torture; he received the prisoner number 24544 on 25 April 1941. Kozal never shirked from his duties and spent his time in imprisonment ministering to fellow prisoners despite extensive abuse he received from the guards at the camp.

Kozal suffered from typhoid, and his situation grew worse on 17 January 1943; on 26 January the Nazi doctor Joseph Sneiss gave him a lethal injection of phenol in his right arm, and his remains were cremated in the camp's crematorium on 30 January. His death was announced on Polish radio on 1 February. Kozal's paternal cousin Ceslao was also a prisoner and heard the words Sneiss said to the bishop before his murder: "Now the way to eternity will be easier".

Beatification
The beatification process commenced under Pope John XXIII on 8 October 1960, and Kozal became titled as a Servant of God as a result; Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński opened the informative process on 8 October 1960, and this process later closed on 29 August 1964 with the Congregation for the Causes of Saints later validating the process on 27 September 1986 and receiving the Positio in 1987. Theologians approved the cause on 24 March 1987, as did the C.C.S. on 28 April 1987. On 8 May 1987 he was confirmed to have died "in odium fidei" (in hatred of the faith), and so Pope John Paul II approved the beatification. John Paul II beatified Bishop Kozal during his visit to Poland on 14 June 1987.

Kozal has been the patron for Włocławek since 8 October 2002 and the patron for Krotoszyn since 9 June 2013. Since 2004 he has been the co-patron for the diocese of Bydgoszcz.

References

External links
 Hagiography Circle
 Saints SQPN
 Santi e Beati
 Catholic Hierarchy

1893 births
1943 deaths
20th-century venerated Christians
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Poland
Auxiliary bishops
Beatifications by Pope John Paul II
Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany
Catholic saints and blesseds of the Nazi era
Executed Roman Catholic priests
Martyred Roman Catholic priests
People executed by Nazi Germany by lethal injection
People from Krotoszyn
Polish beatified people
Polish people who died in Dachau concentration camp
Polish Roman Catholic titular bishops
Polish people who died in Nazi concentration camps
Polish people murdered abroad
Venerated Catholics
Member of the Tomasz Zan Society

Michał Kozal


Amy Argetsinger is an editor for the Style section of The Washington Post. A staff writer with The Post since 1995, she covered the Maryland suburbs, higher education and later the West Coast as an L.A.-based reporter before serving eight years as the "Reliable Source" co-columnist. She shared the column known as "The Reliable Source" with Roxanne Roberts. The two appeared regularly on Friday evening segments of MSNBC's Tucker before the show was cancelled.

Biography
Argetsinger  is a native of Alexandria, Virginia. She attended the St. Agnes School, graduating in 1986, after which she attended the University of Virginia, earning a degree in Political and Social Thought in 1990. Argetsinger was named an Echols Scholar, an honors program for incoming students at the University of Virginia. She edited the school's weekly paper The Declaration.

Argetsinger started her journalism career in 1991 in the Illinois/Iowa Quad Cities, at the Rock Island Argus and Moline Daily Dispatch. She joined The Washington Post in December 1995 as a Metro staff writer in the paper's Annapolis bureau, and later covered higher education. Just prior to her "Reliable Source" appointment in 2005, she covered the West Coast for the Post's National staff as Los Angeles bureau chief.

In September 2021, she published her first book, There She Was, a history of the Miss America pageant, from Simon & Schuster's One Signal Publishers.

References

External links
 "There She Was" / Simon & Schuster
 AmyArgetsinger.com
 profile in University of Virginia alumni publication
 citation of high school graduation date
 Echols alumni website
 description of Echols program

1968 births
Living people
University of Virginia alumni
The Washington Post journalists
Writers from Alexandria, Virginia
Journalists from Virginia
20th-century American journalists
20th-century American women journalists
21st-century American journalists
21st-century American women journalists

Amy Argetsinger


Sherman is a town in Sheboygan County, Wisconsin, United States whose population was 1,520 at the 2000 census. It is included in the Sheboygan, Wisconsin Metropolitan Statistical Area. The unincorporated communities of Gooseville and Silver Creek are located in the town.

History
The town was created in 1850 as the town of Abbott. Due to the family whom the town was named for holding Confederate sympathies during the Civil War, the family was forced from the town, and its name was changed to Sherman on March 25, 1865, in honor of Union General William Tecumseh Sherman.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 34.3 square miles (88.8 km2), of which, 34.2 square miles (88.7 km2) of it is land and 0.04 square miles (0.1 km2) of it (0.12%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,520 people, 533 households, and 429 families residing in the town. The population density was 44.4 people per square mile (17.1/km2).  There were 544 housing units at an average density of 15.9 per square mile (6.1/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.36% White, 0.26% African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.07% Asian, 0.79% from other races, and 0.39% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.45% of the population.

There were 533 households, out of which 37.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.7% were married couples living together, 4.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.5% were non-families. 16.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.85 and the average family size was 3.20.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 27.8% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 30.4% from 25 to 44, 24.9% from 45 to 64, and 9.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.4 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $52,375, and the median income for a family was $60,625. Males had a median income of $38,750 versus $26,019 for females. The per capita income for the town was $21,710. About 2.1% of families and 3.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.7% of those under age 18 and 2.3% of those age 65 or over.

See also
 List of towns in Wisconsin

References

External links

Towns in Sheboygan County, Wisconsin
Towns in Wisconsin

Sherman, Sheboygan County, Wisconsin


Social work is work done for the welfare of the society. A social worker is a trained person who is paid to manage problems in society.

Social workers are employed to organise welfare and social care for  people who cannot help themselves.

Training includes anthropology, economics, education, law, medicine, philosophy, politics, psychology, sociology and science.

Over time, social work has changed.  It was mostly a religious and charitable practice. Now it is more professional. It is less a private and volunteer activity and more a publicly funded, paid occupation.

Work of a social worker
Social workers may do any of these things:

 Assessing strength of a person, their family, and their social support systems to help them within the community.
 Educating a family on the physical and social needs of its members and how they can get help,
 Counselling for individuals and families
 Managing the risk of self harm  or danger to others.
 Managing money — finding people who need financial assistance.
 Helping people to come in or out of hospitals and other institutions
 Showing people how to find help

Challenges
Social workers often have a lot of work and pressure to solve problems. It is a demanding job where people have occupational burnout. Social workers will have cases of homelessness, chronic unemployment, lack of income, lack of health insurance coverage, prison history, and substance abuse problems. Any of these problems, separately and together, can cause difficulty.

Related pages
Foster care
Group home
Disability
Harry Hopkins

References

Social care

Social work


A Burt strut, also known as a timing strut or beam splitter, is a black, rectangular plate attached to the front of a competition vehicle, usually a racing car, to provide a standardised, repeatable method by which to break a timing light beam at the start and finish of events timed to high-degrees of accuracy. These events are commonly those in which competitors race against the clock, rather than physically against another vehicle, such as sprint or hillclimb races. The strut was invented in 1967 by Ron Smith; manager, chief mechanic and future husband to 1970 British sprint champion Patsy Burt. As the strut made its first appearance on the front of Burt's McLaren-Oldsmobile her name was used as its official title. In recent years the generic term timing strut has also become common.

The Burt strut was introduced to replace previous timing mechanisms, whereby a chock with a sensor was placed behind the rear wheel of a car at the start. Due to the chock being related to the rear of the car at the start, and readings being taken from the front of the car at the finish, the degree of precision within which cars could be timed was limited. As most British hillclimb courses are somewhat less than 1500 yards (1372 m) long, it is not uncommon for competitors' times to be separated by only a few hundredths of a second. The introduction of more accurate light beam timing required that all cars provide a consistent surface with which to break the beam at both start and finish of the timed section. However, owing to the variable shape of vehicles and inconsistencies in the placing of the beam sensors, this was not a simple condition to meet before the introduction of the Burt strut.

The Burt strut has since been made compulsory in most national and international timed sprint events. Within the United Kingdom the rules governing the size and position of the strut are determined by the Royal Automobile Club Motor Sports Association. The strut is currently defined in the MSA Competitors' Yearbook (the Blue Book) regulations document as being a single rectangular plate, painted matt black on both sides, no less than 254 mm in height and 51 mm in width, the lower edge of which should be mounted not more than 200 mm from the ground, with the upper edge being at least 454 mm from the ground. The strut must be the most forward part of the vehicle. There are no restrictions on the material used to make the strut, so long as the strut itself conforms to the regulations, and some designs can be very simple to construct.

References

Motorsport terminology
Auto racing equipment
Hillclimbing
Timekeeping

Burt strut


Judy Blume is an American author.

Early life
Judy Blume was born on February 12, 1936 to Rudolph and Esther Sussman. She was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey. Blume graduated with honors from her high school, Battin, and went on to Boston University. She was forced to quit college after a year because of a disease that caused her to have too many large white blood cells. She then transferred to New York University where she graduated in 1961 with a Bachelor of Science in early childhood education. She then had two children, Randy Lee and Lawrence Andrew. Many of her books are about the challenge pre-teens face when growing up in middle-class America.

Publications
Judy Blume has written many books, mostly focusing on middle-class children and the problems they face in their lives.  Her most famous piece is Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret.  She started out writing books meant only for adults, such as Wifey, Smart noen, and Summer Sisters.  As time passed, Blume began to write books for children, including:
 The One in the Middle is the Green Kangaroo
 Iggie's House
 Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret
 Then Again, Maybe I Won't
 Freckle Juice
 Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing
 It's Not the End of the World
 Otherwise Known as Sheila the Great
 Deenie
 Blubber
 Forever
 Starring Sally J. Freedman as Herself
 Superfudge
 The Judy Blume Diary: The Place to Put Your Own Feelings
 Tiger Eyes
 The Pain and the Great One
 Just as Long as We're Together
 The Judy Blume Memory Book
 Fudge-A-Mania
 Here's to You, Rachel Robinson
 Places I Never Meant to Be (editor)
 Double Fudge
 Soupy Saturdays with the Pain and the Great One
 Going, Going, Gone! With the Pain and the Great One

Awards and publisher
Her books are published by Bradbury Press. Throughout her lifetime she has received many awards. Some of these include, the Margaret A. Edwards Award for Lifetime Achievement and the Library of Congress Living Legends award.

References
 "Judy Blume." Newsmakers. Detroit: Gale, 1998. Biography in Context. Web. 23 Mar. 2015.
 Anderson, Celia Catlett. "Blume, Judy." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2015. Web.  23 Mar. 2015.

1936 births
Living people
New York University alumni
Writers from New Jersey

Judy Blume


Bigipedia (stylised as "βIgiPεðiA") is a comedy sketch show broadcast on BBC Radio 4 that first aired between 23 July and 13 August 2009. A second series of four episodes began on 12 July 2011. The show's storyline revolves around "Bigipedia", a fictional website broadcast on radio and parody of Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia. The series mocks Wikipedia and other aspects of the Internet. The BBC Press Office described the show as "a unique experiment in 'broadwebcasting'". The series was created by co-star Nick Doody, who also co-writes the show with Matt Kirshen and a wider team of writers. It is produced by Pozzitive Productions.

Critics have given Bigipedia positive reviews. The series was marketed by the BBC as "The Sunday Format for the online age", and critics have given Bigipedia favourable comparisons with its predecessor. The quality of the writing has also been praised. However, a few critics have expressed reservations about the way the show is presented. The first series of Bigipedia was made available to purchase as a download from Audible.co.uk from 1 December 2009. The second series was made available on AudioGo from 5 December 2011.

Plot
Bigipedia is a website broadcast on the radio. Like Wikipedia, it contains articles and discussion pages about a range of different subjects, which can be edited by anyone. Among the similarities are , , , , a  and a "" section for new articles. The articles cover a range of fictional celebrities, bands, films, television series, products and a running gag series of articles on anthropomorphic animal characters from Uruguayan safety campaigns.

Bigipedia differs from Wikipedia in some ways. For example, Bigipedia includes puzzles and competitions, sells its own software, has a range of screensavers, and a section for children called Bigikids, which has had different names in the past which have all had to be changed for different reasons. For example, the name changed from Kidipedia "due to a misunderstanding", Hanging at the School Gates "for reasons you may have seen in the news" and Underage Fun "due to a copyright infringement".

Also, while Wikipedia does not have advertising, Bigipedia does and is also sponsored by a fictional wine-like drink called "Chianto" which is referred to as "this horrific drink". The Bigipedia article on Chianto says: "Over the years it has been sold as a hair remover, self-defence spray, hair restorer, and to farmers as a humane way of killing chickens – by putting it into the pig's feed and leaving the gate open. By morning not only were the chickens killed, but often plucked, too."

The first series ended with Bigipedia attempting to take over the world, having crushed a rebellion in the Philippines and feeding nanobots into the heads of anyone listening to the programme. At the start of the second series, Bigipedia acknowledges that the original Bigipedia, dubbed Bigipedia 1.0 suffered from "security and sentient omniscience issues" and apologises for, "the temporary cyber enslavement of 88% of mankind and the forming of a BigiHuman hybrid hivemind centred in the Philippines", in an incident they refer to as "The Glitch". The site has been updated and is now known as Bigipedia 2.0.

The second series begins with reports of a gigantic Chianto slick in the Gulf of Mexico, a parody of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. At the end of the series, a mix of white and red Chianto in the slick result in the creation of a Chianto "ovum", which hatches at the bottom of the sea as a monstrous party-animal being called the Chianto Leviathan, which makes its way to the Bigipedia servers in Mexico. The Leviathan attempts to gain all the world's knowledge by accessing the system. The programme ends with Bigipedia playing "prerecorded programmes" while they attempt to stop the Leviathan.

Production
The series was originally conceived by Doody, who was working with producer David Tyler on another BBC Radio 4 comedy series, Armando Iannucci's Charm Offensive. Doody attended a meeting where people were discussing new ideas for radio shows, and Kirshen suggested the idea, and both he and Kirshen wrote the full proposal. Radio 4 liked the idea and a pilot was made. Tyler went on to produce and direct Bigipedia.

Doody and Kirshen describe the show as "writing-heavy". Doody said in an interview with the British Comedy Guide: "Compared to most radio shows, it's incredibly dense, material-wise, and very fast-moving. I think Matt and I would like some of it to be even faster, but sometimes people who've heard the pilot say things like, "It's almost too much." I really like that. I like that it's something you kind of need to hear twice to catch everything. When we got the series, I honestly didn't know where we'd come up with the material of the quality we were determined to keep up."

Some of the sketches in Bigipedia are inspired directly by articles on Wikipedia. Kirshen said in the same interview: "There's a 'Bee Whisperer' in Episode 3 that came from clicking the "Random article" link on Wikipedia. I don't remember what the page we got was, but about three logical leaps later we landed on that idea."

It was revealed by Doody on his Doubling Up podcast with Rob Heeney that there was an extended edition of "The Line" sketch, which he broadcast on the show.

Reception
The reviews of Bigipedia have been mainly positive. Before the series began, Scott Matthewman in The Stage compared Bigipedia to The Sunday Format, saying: "Indeed, the comparison even makes it into the BBC's own press notes. Will this version, which takes the mickey out of online communication, deserve the comparison? That's something we'll have to wait and see." Chris Maume in The Independent on Sunday also commented that there are references to Spinal Tap, On the Hour and Brass Eye.

Elisabeth Mahoney in The Guardian said that she liked the Chianto running gag, while Gillian Reynolds from  The Daily Telegraph commented positively on Bigipedia saying it was, "the first late-night comedy in ages that has made me laugh, about computers and why I'm scared of them, about vile TV shows and meaningless commercials. Written by Nick Doody and Matt Kirshen, performed with zest by a sparkling cast. Bound to become a cult." Reviewing the second series Elizabeth Day in The Observer described Bigipedia as, "a hilariously mad portrayal of information overload in the computer age."

Clare Heal in the Sunday Express gave a mixed review, saying that while she found it amusing, it was too similar to the Internet saying, "The programme's only failing was that on occasion it was a little to [sic] reminiscent of the real Internet, ie a virtual ocean full of morons willing to shout loudly about things even (or perhaps especially) if they know nothing about them. You wouldn't want more than half an hour of Bigipedia, no matter how amusing it is."

Episodes

Series 1

Series 2

See also

The Sunday Format
The Harpoon
Wikiality
Wikipedia in culture

References

Further reading

External links

BBC Radio comedy programmes
2009 radio programme debuts
2009 radio programme endings
2011 radio programme debuts
2011 radio programme endings
BBC Radio 4 programmes
British radio sketch shows
Parodies of Wikipedia

Bigipedia


A rainbow is an arc of colour in the sky that can be seen when the sun shines through falling rain. The pattern of colours, called a spectrum, starts with red on the outside and changes through orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet on the inside. Sometimes a second, larger, dimmer rainbow is seen.

A rainbow is created when white light is bent (refracted) while entering a droplet of water, split into separate colours, and reflected back. A rainbow is actually round like a circle. On the ground, the bottom part is hidden, but in the sky, like from a flying airplane, it can be seen as a circle around the point opposite the Sun.

Rainbows often appear after storms, and are popular symbols for peace in many cultures.

Cause

The rainbow effect can be seen when there are water drops in the air and the sun is giving light at the back of the observer at a low distance up or angle.
Rainbows always appear opposite the Sun: they form circles around the shadow of your head (which is the point opposite the Sun).

While sunlight is white, all white light is actually a blend of many different colours. Water and other materials bend the different colours at different angles, some more strongly than others. This is called dispersion. By splitting up white light into its separate colours, rainbows appear colourful even though the source of light hitting them is white.

The rainbow displays with the deepest effect in our minds take place when:
 Half of the sky is still dark with draining clouds; and
 The observer is at a place with clear sky above.
Another common place to see the rainbow effect is near waterfalls. Parts of rainbows can be seen some of the time:
 at the edges of clouds lit from the back; or
 as upright bands of spectrum in far away rain even if it does not fall on the earth.

An unnatural rainbow effect can also be made by spraying drops of water into the air on a sunny day.

Colours of the rainbow
Main article: ROYGBIV

The rainbow has no definite number of physical colours, but seven are traditionally listed. Below is a commonly used list of seven colors in the order seen in a rainbow. Computer screens cannot show them precisely but can make colors that look similar. (Each color shows the number codes used to tell a computer how to display the color.)
 Red (Hex: #FF0000) (RGB: 255, 0, 0)
 Orange (color wheel Orange) (Hex: #FF7F00) (RGB: 255, 127, 0)
 Yellow (web color) (Hex: #FFFF00) (RGB: 255, 255, 0)
 Green (X11) (Electric Green) (HTML/CSS "Lime") (Color wheel green) (Hex: #00FF00) (RGB: 0, 255, 0)
 Blue (web color) (Hex: #1555E3) (RGB: 0, 0, 255)
 Indigo (Hex: #2E2B5F) (RGB: 46, 43, 95)
 Violet (Electric Violet) (Hex: #8B00FF) (RGB: 139, 0, 255)

Gray rainbow colours

 Red-gray (Hex: #965656) (RGB: 150, 86, 86)
 Orange-gray (Hex: #997857) (RGB: 153, 120, 87)
 Yellow-gray (Hex: #A1A15A) (RGB: 161, 161, 90)
 Green-gray (Hex: #6CA66C) (RGB: 108, 166, 108)
 Blue-gray (Hex: #506D8A) (RGB: 80, 109, 138)
 Violet-gray
(Hex: #755496) (RGB: 117, 84, 150)

Optics
Weather
Colors
Color

Rainbow


The Austrian State Treaty was a treaty that made Austria an independent country again after World War II. It was signed on May 15, 1955 at Vienna between the Allied powers from World War II and the Austrian government. It prohibited union with Germany. It also prohibited Nazi and fascist government. Austria also said that they would always be neutral in any wars.

1955
1950s in Austria
1950s treaties
Vienna

Austrian State Treaty


Christine Magee (born November 7, 1959) is the co-founder and president of Sleep Country Canada. In October 1994, she co-founded the company with Stephen K. Gunn and Gordon Lownds. By 2004, the company had expanded to 89 stores, with over 600 employees and operations in three provinces. Magee is on the board of directors for McDonald's Canada, Cott Corporation and Telus.

Early life
Magee attended Erindale Secondary School in Mississauga, Ontario. She also attended Clarice Montage Public School throughout her elementary school years.

Career
In 1982, Magee graduated from the Richard Ivey School of Business in London, Ontario with a BA honours in business administration (HBA). Her first job after university was with Continental Bank as a commercial accounts manager. In 1985 she joined the National Bank of Canada as senior manager of corporate and commercial lending.

In 1994, Magee and her business partners launched the first four Sleep Country locations in Vancouver. In an interview with Business Edge News Magazine, Gord Lownds said, "We had known Christine in her days as a banker at National Bank, where she was actually a lender for a couple of buyout transactions we had done. For a number of reasons, we were looking for a third partner who longer-term could take over and run the business on a permanent basis. She fit the bill on a number of fronts. I was convinced that she wasn't a lifelong banker because she had more entrepreneurial spirit than I would expect in a banker."

The chain expanded into Toronto, opening 19 stores in 1996. Over the next year, more stores were opened in Southern Ontario and Calgary. By 2001, the chain had over 100 stores in six regional markets and controlled an estimated 40% of market in regions where it operated. Currently, there are over 200 stores and 17 distribution centres spanning 8 provinces, including, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Quebec (under the name Dormez-vous?).

In 2006, Magee was the United Way of Greater Toronto's Retail Chair, and a member of the Women presidents' Organization, the Rouge Valley Health System, and the Richard Ivey School of Business' Advisory Council and the Entrepreneurship Council.

Awards
1997 – Recognized as one of Canada's Top 40 Under 40
1998 – The Financial Post named her and Stephen Gunn the Ontario Entrepreneur of the Year, Retail/Wholesale
1999 – Named the Consumers' Choice Toronto Business Woman of the Year
2003 – Guest Speaker at Annual Influential Women in Business Speaker Series
2005 – Inducted into the Canadian Retail Hall of Fame, Retail Council of Canada
2006 – Recipient of CIRAS Henry Singer Award for exceptional leadership in the retailing and services sectors

Personal
Magee lives in Oakville, Ontario with her husband and two children.

References

External links
Influential Women in Business

1959 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Toronto
Canadian corporate directors
Canadian women chief executives
Canadian women company founders
Canadian women philanthropists
University of Western Ontario alumni

Christine Magee


The naitional banner o Angolae came intae uise at unthirldom on November 11, 1975. It is split horizontally intae an upper reid hauf an a lawer black hauf.

As in some ither African kintras, this banner is a modification o the rulin pairty's banner. The guerilla movement an later governin pairty, the Popular Movement for the Liberation o Angolae (MPLA), uised the same design wi a golden star in the center. Red stood for socialism an black for Africae.  The star wis modeled efter the red star o the Soviet Union, which sponsored the MPLA.

Later the explanation wis made less pairty-specific: The reid is for the bluid spilt bi Angolans durin thair unthirldom struggles, while the black is for the continent o Africae. The seembol in the middle is o a crossed cog wheel (representin wirkers an industry) an machete (representin the peasantry) wi a gowd star.  It wis adoptit durin a time when Angolae haed a Marxist govrenment, an thus wis supposed tae evoke the image o the hammer an sickle foond on the banner o the umwhile Soviet Union, a common seembol o Communism.
The banner is maist recently describit an explained in airticle 162 o the Constitutional Law o the Republic o Angolae (Constitution) o August 25, 1992.

2003 proposal

In 2003, a new, mair "optimistic" banner wis proposed bi the Parliament's Constitutional Commission o the Naitional Assembly (Angolan Parliament), which sae far haes no been formally adoptit. The sun design in the middle is meant tae be reminiscent o cave paintins foond in Tchitundo-Hulu cave.  The banner, while radically different in design an seembolism, maintains the same banner proportions o 2:3.

References

http://www.angola.org/referenc/proposed_flag.html

Angolae
Naitional seembols o Angolae

Banner o Angolae


In Greek mythology, Thetis () is a sea nymph. She is one of the fifty Nereids, the daughters of Nereus and Doris. Like other sea figures, Thetis bore the gift of prophecy as well as the ability to change her shape at will. She was married to the mortal hero Peleus. Their son is Achilles.

Other websites

Nymphs
Gods and goddesses of water

Thetis


James Conway Farley (August 10, 1854 – after 1910) was a photographer in Richmond, Virginia. He was the proprietor of the Jefferson Fine Arts Gallery from 1895 into the 1900s. He is known as the first nationally recognized African-American photographer.

Early life
James Conway Farley was born a slave in Prince Edward County, Virginia, on August 10, 1854. Both of his parents were slaves. In 1861 he moved with his mother to Richmond, Virginia in 1861, where she worked as a store-room keeper at the Columbia Hotel and he assisted in candle-making and learned to read. He later was apprenticed to the baker's trade, but quit and took work in the chemical department of the C. R. Rees photography company.

Career

In May 1875, Farley became a photographer for G. W. Davis against the opposition of the other four employees, all of whom were white. Davis supported Farley and discharged the other four. The firm continued to have difficulty hiring white people, but Farley grew in skill and in 1879 was operator of the gallery. Farley's work was widely exhibited, including at the Colored Industrial Fair in Richmond in 1884, where he won a first prize, and the World Cotton Centennial in New Orleans in 1885. Farley left the Davis Gallery in 1895 to start his own establishment, the Jefferson Fine Arts Gallery. Farley was a member of the Knights of Pythias, Richmond Lodge No. 1. Farley was a delegate to the May 1902 Virginia Baptist State Convention where he spoke in favor of black businesses. Farley was a member of the board of directors of the Mechanics Savings Bank of Richmond led by Richmond Planet editor John Mitchell, Jr. in the 1900s. A number of Farley's photographs appeared in the Planet.

Personal life
Farley married Rebecca P. Robinson of Amelia County, Virginia, on December 10, 1876. They had five children. Farley was also a deacon in the First Baptist Church in Richmond.

Farley lived until at least 1910, when he was residing in Jersey City, New Jersey.

Legacy
Farley is known as the first black American to gain recognition as a photographer. Few of Farley's works survive, and one remaining is held in the Valentine Museum in Richmond.

Gallery

References

1854 births
Artists from Richmond, Virginia
People from Prince Edward County, Virginia
Activists for African-American civil rights
African-American photographers
19th-century American photographers
20th-century American photographers
Year of death missing
20th-century African-American artists

James C. Farley


Senegalia greggii, formerly known as Acacia greggii, is a species of tree in the genus Senegalia native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, from the extreme south of Utah south through southern Nevada, southeast California, Arizona, New Mexico and western Texas to Baja California, Sinaloa and Nuevo León in Mexico. The population in Utah at 37°10' N is the northernmost naturally occurring Senegalia species anywhere in the world.

Common names include acacia bush, catclaw acacia, catclaw mesquite, Gregg's catclaw, paradise flower, wait-a-minute bush, and wait-a-bit tree; these names mostly come from the fact that the tree has numerous hooked prickles with the shape and size of a cat's claw which tend to hook onto passers-by; the hooked person must stop ("wait a minute") to remove the prickles carefully to avoid injury or shredded clothing. (The common name "cat's claw" is also used to refer to several other plant species, including Uncaria tomentosa, a woody vine found in the tropical jungles of South and Central America.) The specific epithet greggii refers to Josiah Gregg, a 19th-century author, explorer, and amateur naturalist of the American Southwest and northern Mexico.

Description

It is a large shrub or small tree growing to  tall with a trunk up to  diameter. The grey-green leaves are deciduous, and bipinnate, divided into 1-3 pairs of pinnae, each pinna  long with 10-18 leaflets that are . Pinnae are most frequently in two pairs, with the proximal pair perpendicular to the petiolule and the distal pair forming a V at the tip.

The blooms are produced in dense cylindrical spikes of numerous flowers, each individual flower with five cream colored  petals and numerous creamy yellow  stamens. The fruit is a flat, twisted legume (pod)  long, containing generally 3 to 5 hard, flattened, medium brown seeds.  The seed pod is constricted between seeds (a loment), and seed dispersal occurs both through dehiscence and breaks at these constrictions.

Ecology
Senegalia greggii is most common in arroyos where its roots have access to deep water. Its seeds require physical scarification in order to germinate. This effectively prevents germination unless a flash flood disturbs the area and deposits enough water to increase the likelihood that seedlings will be able to establish deep enough roots to survive the dry season. Catclaw is fully drought deciduous and will usually lack leaves for most of the year. S. greggii has extrafloral nectaries, a trait shared with other senegalias. A tentative connection has been made between these glands and insects that would suggest a mutualistic relationship (as found in other Senegalia species).  Ants are known to use the glands as a source of food and water, and may provide some defense for the plant against herbivorous insects. Like other arroyo trees in family Fabaceae, S. greggii is frequently afflicted with Desert Mistletoe, Phoradendron californicum. Unlike other legumes, S. greggii is not known to form root nodule associations with nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

It is argued that this species may be an example of an evolutionary anachronism, in which the range and renewal of the species is limited due to the extinction of the mammalian megafauna responsible for seed dispersal. Within this model, the scarification required to germinate the seeds would have occurred during the chewing and digestion of the fruit by a large mammal, who later passes the seed intact some distance from the original tree.

Gambel quail eat the seeds. Antelope browse the foliage, but more delicate species may do so cautiously on account of the thorns.

Ethnobotany
Senegalia greggii, even though it is used as forage for livestock, contains a potentially poisonous cyanogenic glycoside called prunasin.  Mature seeds are to be avoided, as the native people did. The young, unripe beans of S. greggii were gathered and eaten by desert tribes of North America, including the Chemehuevi of the Southern Paiute, the Pima, and the Cahuilla. The Cahuilla also ground the dried beans for mush and cakes, while the Havasupai ground it to make flour for bread. The Seri ground the beans to meal then mixed it with water and sea lion oil for porridge. The Diegueno used S. greggii as food for domesticated animals.

The Pimas and Tohono O'odham ate the seeds as pinole.
The Cahuilla and Pima used the fibers for sturdy construction material and firewood. The Havasupai split the twigs and used them for basketry, but also used the twigs as a broom to brush off metates. The O'odham used the broken twigs for baskets, and were curved to make intricate weaves in the baskets. The Pima used the dried bushes to pile them to make a brush fence. The branches were used to make cradle frames as well.

The Tohono O'odham fitted the branches around deer hunters' heads to make a disguise, and the buds and blossoms were dried to make perfume sachets by the women. The sticks were also used to dislodge saguaro fruits from the cactus body, and rods were curved to flesh animal skins. The Akimel O'odham made bows out of the wood.

Some chemical compounds found in Senegalia greggii
Beta-methyl-phenethylamine
Catechin
Fisetin
Hordenine
Phenethylamine
Quercetin
Tyramine

Gallery

References

General references
 Barlow, C. (2000). The Ghosts of Evolution:  Nonsensical fruit, missing partners and other ecological anachronisms.  Basic Books:NY.
 Jepson Manual Treatment: Senegalia greggii (as Acacia greggii)
 U.S. Forest Service FEIS Database: Senegalia greggii (as Acacia greggii)
 Lawor, Elizabeth Jane (1995). Archaeological Site-formation Processes Affecting Plant Remains in the Mojave Desert.. University of California, Riverside.
 Range Shrubs
Interactive Distribution Map of Senegalia greggii (as Acacia greggii)

External links

greggii
North American desert flora
Flora of the Chihuahuan Desert
Flora of the Sonoran Deserts
Flora of the California desert regions
Flora of the Rio Grande valleys
Trees of the Southwestern United States
Trees of Baja California
Trees of Chihuahua (state)
Trees of Coahuila
Trees of the South-Central United States
Trees of Nuevo León
Trees of Sinaloa
Trees of Sonora
Trees of Tamaulipas
Natural history of the Colorado Desert
Natural history of the Lower Colorado River Valley
Natural history of the Mojave Desert
Flora of Texas
Forages
Plants used in Native American cuisine

Senegalia greggii


Whose Wedding Is It Anyway? is an American reality TV show on the Style Network.  Season 1 began in 2003, Tuesdays, 10 p.m. Each episode runs 60 minutes and follows two different couples who plan their weddings in different states and sometimes a destination wedding in a foreign country.

Each episode begins with the bride and groom meeting the wedding planner to discuss theme and what plans might already have been made.  The episode then chronicles the wedding planner at work, coordinating the details of the pre-wedding festivities, including rehearsal, the actual wedding, and the reception.
Each affianced couple have unique requests, from flowers, invitations, placecards, the cake, the wedding venue, and the reception.  Some of the wedding planners also specialize in cultural weddings.

While the brides are followed to bridal boutiques to pick out the perfect wedding dress, some select two dresses, one for the wedding and one for the reception, to honor special cultural wedding traditions and customs, or simply for a different reception look.  The wedding planners help couples, including same-sex couples, explore and celebrate their individuality and personal style, as well as addressing difficult family circumstances.

Voice-over narrators have included Shari Albert and Masasa Moyo.

Those couples featured on the show usually receive a few nights paid accommodation at a resort or hotel as a wedding gift from the Style Network. Couples can apply on-line for consideration.  The Web site also provides a list of wedding planners and budget tips.

The show travels to a variety of vendor meetings: dressmakers, florists, reception sites especially.  In Season 4 Episode 3 "Pop Stars and Dictators" the show goes to the Hoboken cake shop.  This vendor, Buddy, winds up having his own show, Cake Boss, 2 years later.  He appears semi-regularly after that: he saves the day (and pranks the bride a little) in S5:E4 "Born to Be a Bride and Last Minute Loss", helps a gay couple with a dream cake on "Lofty Expectations" (S6:E9), and reins in a control-freak bride in "Alter Images" (S6:E10).

Notable people

Wedding planners

Ana Cruz
Jung Lee
Donnie Brown
Kevin Covey
Gina Sole
James Tramondo
Jenny Orsini
Jes Gordon
Julie Conley
Kim Bradford
Linnyette Richardson-Hall
Michelle Lynn Buckley
Samantha Goldberg
 Stella Inserra
Tracy French
Sasha Souza
Vicky Johnson
Shawn Rabideau
Susan Southerland
Mark Kingsdorf

Mary Dann also appeared on Whose Wedding Is It Anyway

References

External links

 'Whose Wedding Is It Anyway? - BridesTelevision.com

Style Network original programming
2000s American reality television series
2003 American television series debuts
2010s American reality television series
2010 American television series endings
First-run syndicated television programs in the United States
Wedding television shows
English-language television shows

Whose Wedding Is It Anyway?


Risto Mannisenmäki (born on 28 May 1959) is a former rally co-driver and two-times world champion with driver Tommi Mäkinen.

Career
Mannisenmäki begun his career in 1982 and was co-driving for various drivers such as Tommi Mäkinen, Sebastian Lindholm and Ari Mökkönen in local rallies. In 1996 and 1997, Risto was the permanent co-driver of Tapio Laukkanen and participated in both Finnish and British local rally series, as well as a few WRC rallies.

For the 1998 season, Mannisenmäki moved on to co-drive with Tommi Mäkinen, after the retirement of Seppo Harjanne. Together, they won the World Rally Championship in 1998 and 1999, and were 5th in the 2000 championships.

During the Rally of Corsica in the 2001 WRC season, both were involved in a major accident where the Lancer driven by Mäkinen and Mannisenmäki ricocheted off of the outside wall into steep cliff-face, turning the car over and narrowly avoiding plunging down the ravine on the opposite side of the road. In the accident, the passenger-side of the Lancer was heavily damaged, breaking Mannisenmäki's back, forcing an end to his co-driving career.

However, after a two-year hiatus, Mannisenmäki returned to participate in a WRC stage, the last in his career, at the Wales rally in the 2003 WRC season, as the co-driver for Juuso Pykälistö. Both finished in 9th position in this rally which also happened to be Mäkinen's final WRC start.

Mannisenmäki won the Vuoden Moottoriurheilija title (engl. Motorsport athlete of the year) in 1999 with Tommi Mäkinen and Mika Häkkinen. Mannisenmäki has been active in rally coaching programs before, and retiring from co-driving, he was chosen in 2004 as AKK-Motorsport's rally coach.

References

External links

Profile at ewrc-results.com

1959 births
Living people
Finnish rally co-drivers
World Rally Championship co-drivers

Risto Mannisenmäki


The Barrio de Analco Historic District is a National Historic Landmark District centered at the junction of East De Vargas Street and Old Santa Fe Trail in Santa Fe, New Mexico.  The seven buildings of the district represent one of the oldest clusters of what were basically working-class or lower-class residences in North America, and are in a cross-section of pre-statehood architectural styles.  It includes two of the oldest colonial-era buildings in the southwest, the San Miguel Mission church (1710), and the "Oldest House", built in 1620 and now a museum.  The district was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1968.

Description and history
The Barrio de Analco is located on the south side of the Santa Fe River, across the river from the main downtown area that includes the Santa Fe Plaza and the Palace of the Governors.  The district is anchored at the junction of Old Santa Fe Trail and East De Vargas Street, and extends a short way (partial blocks) to the south, east and west.  The San Miguel Mission church, on a site occupied by a church since the 1610s, is at the southeast corner, and the 1620 "Oldest House", a two-story adobe construction, is at the northeast corner.  South of the mission is the Lamy Building, also known as St. Michael's Dormitory, an 1878 school building that exemplifies the Territorial style that was common in the pre-statehood era.

West of the main junction, separated from it by the Santa Fe Playhouse, are the Gregorio Crespin House and the Roque Tudesqui House, both built in the Spanish Pueblo style.  The Crespin House was built in the mid-18th century; the construction date of the Tudesqui House is unknown, but probably 18th century.  Separated from the rest of the district near the junction of East De Vargas and Paseo de Peralta are the Boyle House, also a mid-18th century Spanish Pueblo building, and the Bandelier House, an 1867 Territorial style house that is further notable as a home of archaeologist Adolph Bandelier.

The name "Analco" comes from the Nahuatl language spoken by the Tlaxcaltec people who accompanied the Spanish. "A" = water + "nal" = next to + "co" place of = next to the water (in this case a stream, the Santa Fe River).  The barrio was established not long after Santa Fe's founding in 1609-10, as a district for artists, laborers, and servants, while the area north of the river was occupied by the wealthy and powerful.  The buildings in this district, largely built to serve that type of community through several centuries, document the changes in architecture from a nearly pure native adobe construction (the "Oldest House"), to the Spanish Pueblo style, and then the Territorial.

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Santa Fe County, New Mexico
List of National Historic Landmarks in New Mexico

References

External links

Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New Mexico
History of Santa Fe County, New Mexico
Geography of Santa Fe County, New Mexico
National Historic Landmarks in New Mexico
Historic American Buildings Survey in New Mexico
Northern Rio Grande National Heritage Area
National Register of Historic Places in Santa Fe, New Mexico

Barrio de Analco Historic District


The Gallic group is a dynamical grouping of the prograde irregular satellites of Saturn following similar orbits. Their semi-major axes range between 16 and 19 Gm, their inclinations between 35° and 40°, and their eccentricities around 0.53.

The International Astronomical Union (IAU) reserves names taken from Gallic mythology for these moons.

Similar mean orbital elements led the discoverers to postulate a common origin for the group in a break up of a larger body.

The diagram illustrates the Gallic group in relation to other irregular satellites of Saturn. The eccentricity of the orbits is represented by the yellow segments (extending from the pericentre to the apocentre) with the inclination represented on Y axis.

The four members of the group are (in order of increasing distance from Saturn):
Albiorix
Bebhionn
Erriapo
Tarvos

The group was later found to be physically homogenous, all satellites displaying light-red colour (colour indices B − V = 0.91 and V − R = 0.48)
and similar infrared indices

Remarkably, recent observations revealed that the largest member of the group, Albiorix, displays actually two different colours: one compatible with Eriapo and Tarvos, and another less red. Instead of the common progenitor, it was postulated that Tarvos and Erriapus could be fragments of Albiorix, leaving a large, less red crater.
Such an impact would require a body with the diameter in excess of 1 km and relative velocity close to 5 km/s, resulting in a large crater with the radius of 12 km. Numerous, very large craters observed on Phoebe, prove the existence of such collisions in the Saturnian system's past.

Other websites
David Jewitt pages
Scott Sheppard pages

References

Ephemeris from IAU
Mean orbital parameters from JPL

Saturn's moons

Saturn's Gallic group of satellites


Rob Scholte (born 1 June 1958) is a Dutch contemporary artist. From 1977 to 1982 he studied at the Gerrit Rietveld Academie, Amsterdam. His work consists of reproductions of images from the media and from art history. He lives and works in Den Helder.

His work has been shown in Galerie Witteveen Amsterdam (2004, 2005, 2006), Ludwig Forum für Internationale Kunst, Aachen (2005), Groninger Museum (2002); Fries Museum (2000), Paleis Huis ten Bosch, Nagasaki (1995), Sprengel Museum, Hannover (1994), Grey Art Gallery, New York (1993), Museum Van Bommel-Van Dam, Venlo (1992), Kunsthaus Hamburg (1991), Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam (1990), Museum of Contemporary Art, Tokyo (1989), Aperto, Venice (1988), Boijmans Van Beuningen (1988); Documenta, Kassel (1987), São Paulo Art Biennial (1985), Venice Biennale (1990).

In 1994 Scholte lost both his legs when a bomb exploded under his car. In 1995 a molotov cocktail was thrown through the window of his house in Tenerife.

Selected work
 Olympia (1988): a copy of Manet's Olympia which replaces the naked woman with a wooden puppet.
 Après Nous le Deluge (1995): a mural inside the replica of the Huis ten Bosch at the Dutch-themed amusement park in Sasebo, Nagasaki, Japan.
 Blue period (2004): familiar logos, images or objects in blue and white and mounted in classical, golden frames.
 The Embroidery Show (2005): existing pieces of embroidery hung back to front on the wall. There was an exhibition of these pieces in Museum de Fundatie (Zwolle, Netherlands) from April to September 2016.

Selected bibliography
 How to Star. Cat. Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam (1988).
 All the portraits are up to date. Cat. Galerie Paul Maenz, Cologne (1988).
 6 Dutch Artists. Cat. Fruitmarket Gallery, Edinburgh (1989).
 Energieën. Cat. Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam (1990).
 Rob Scholte. Cat. Art Random, Kyoto (1990).
 7 Year Itch. Cat. Kunstverein, Hannover (1991).
 Après nous le déluge. Cat. Huis ten Bosch, Nagasaki (1992).
 Nether Art. Cat. Grey Art Gallery, New York (1993).
 The Living Room. Cat. Kunstverein Grafschaft, Bentheim (1995).
 As far as Japan. Cat. NBKS, Breda (1996).
 Plug-Ins. Cat. Fries Museum, Leeuwarden (2000).

See also
 Appropriation art

References

1958 births
Living people
Dutch male artists
Dutch contemporary artists
Artists from Amsterdam
Gerrit Rietveld Academie alumni
Dutch embroiderers

Rob Scholte


Fasahale (Somali: Fasahaale Arabic:فصحالي) more commonly known as Kafaari are a Benadiri/12 Koofi clan mainly from the southern coastal city of Marka.

Overview
The Kafaari have specialised in the manufacture of iron and have their huts-workshops to the east of the city, near the fish market. The young people of the clan prefer to become drivers or mechanics, only a few elderly people continue the art of blacksmiths.  According to Pantano (1910: 15) The Kafaari are a fraction of the Sa'ad (Biimaal) and have been in Marka for 250 years

References

Somali clans

Fasahaale


The Uitmarkt (; ) is the opening of the cultural season in Amsterdam, held every year over a weekend at the end of August, usually on and around the Leidseplein, Museumplein (museum square) and Nieuwmarkt. Many theatres open their doors for free, showcasing several genres like classical music, ballet, hiphop, cabaret, literary recitals, and film. Besides that, there are stands on the square and surrounding streets selling books or giving information on various cultural events of the next year.

The image shows Symfonisch Blaasorkest ATH performing with singer Gé Reinders at the 2006 edition of the Uitmarkt.

The name literally means outmarket, referring to 'going out' (to see a show).

References

External links

Culture in Amsterdam

Uitmarkt


Harry G. Day (October 8, 1906 –  September 8, 2007) was an American chemist and professor. The Harry G. Day Lectureship in the chemistry building at Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana, was established in 1988, and a lecture hall was dedicated to him in 1991.

Research
While at Indiana University in the 1950s, Day, J.C. Muhler, and W.H Nebergall conducted research on the effects of fluorides in the reduction of dental cavities and tooth decay. The result of their research was Crest toothpaste, the first dentifrice toothpaste containing tin(II) fluoride.

Organizational involvement
While working in the chemistry department at Indiana University Bloomington, Day was involved in the chemistry fraternity, Alpha Chi Sigma Epsilon Chapter. He was the Epsilon chapter advisor for several years including 1942, 1962-1968.

Day went on to make contributions to the American Institute of Nutrition, American Institute of Biological Chemists (where he took on the position of president), and the Indiana Academy of Science. He was also part of the American Chemical Society in 1954.

Day has also been involved with Kiwanis and Bloomington Hospital, where he was the first male to serve on the Women's Board. As an active Republican, he contributed on the Bloomington City Council in the 1960s. Dr. Harry G. Day has been assisting First United Methodist Church as a trustee. Elected to the city council, he served in that party for eight years up until 1971.

Honours
In 1990, Day received the President's Medal of Excellence from Indiana University.

In 2002, he received the Kuebler Award. This award is named after John Kuebler, and is given to a member for outstanding service to the Alpha Chi Sigma fraternity and to the field of chemistry.

Day was named a Sagamore of the Wabash in 2004. The Sagamore of the Wabash is an honorary award created by the state of Indiana during the term of Governor Ralph F. Gates.

For his contributions to the chemistry department, Indiana University and the city of Bloomington, elected Dr. Harry G. Day to the Monroe County Hall of Fame.

References

External links

2007 deaths
1906 births
American centenarians
Men centenarians
20th-century American chemists
People from Indiana
Indiana University faculty

Harry G. Day


The Battle of Morton's Ford was a battle of the American Civil War, fought February 6–7, 1864.

To distract attention from a planned cavalry-infantry raid up the Virginia Peninsula on Richmond, the Union Army of the Potomac forced several crossings of the Rapidan River on February 6, 1864. Units of the II Corps under Maj. Gen. John C. Caldwell crossed at Morton's Ford, the I Corps at Raccoon Ford, and Union cavalry at Robertson's Ford. Confederate Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell's Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia resisted the crossings, with sporadic fighting and the most severe fighting at Morton's Ford. By February 7, 1864, the attacks had stalled, and the Union army withdrew during the night, with the results of the battle inconclusive.

Background

Union Major General Benjamin Butler, commanding the Army of the James in Fort Monroe, learned that General Robert E. Lee had detached a small portion of the Army of Northern Virginia to North Carolina. Convinced that Lee had sent a larger detachment than he actually did, Butler was convinced that an attack by the Army of the Potomac would force Lee to use troops from the defenses of Richmond to ward off the attack. Major General John Sedgwick, temporarily commanding the Army of the Potomac, protested that Lee had detached fewer men than Butler thought and that the local roads and weather were too poor for a winter attack. However, both Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton and general-in-chief Henry W. Halleck overruled his objections and ordered him to make the attack on February 6.

The demonstration would take place near Morton's Ford, near a bend in the Rapidan River which formed a mile wide patch of land. Major General Edward Johnson's division of Richard Ewell's Second Corps had dug a series of entrenchments across the base of the bend. The Union II Corps, temporarily under the command of John C. Caldwell due to the illness of Gouverneur K. Warren, would move to Morton's Ford, with the I Corps marching to nearby Racoon Ford to the west and the cavalry crossing at Robertson's Ford.

The battle

The II Corps reached the ford about 9:30 a.m.; finding a line of pickets along the bank, 3rd Division commander Brigadier General Alexander Hays ordered three hundred men of Brigadier General Joshua Owen's 1st Brigade across the river to drive off the pickets. This was done successfully, resulting in the capture of thirty members of the Stonewall Brigade without any Union losses. The rest of Owen's brigade crossed the river but then encountered heavy artillery fire. Johnson brought up one brigade and parts of two others, along with additional artillery. At 12:30 p.m., Hays received permission from Caldwell to bring the rest of his division across the ford, which took two hours, while Caldwell positioned Union artillery on the heights north of the river; during this time Johnson continued to receive reinforcements.

Warren heard of the heavy fighting at Morton's Ford about midday and immediately started riding to the front. By 3 p.m. he arrived at the ford and, deciding that the Union position was too precarious to be held, ordered Hays' division to withdraw after nightfall. However, Johnson launched an infantry attack just as dusk was starting. Hays' right flank began to falter and a counterattack by three regiments succeeded in holding back the Confederates. At this time, Alexander S. Webb's division arrived to support Hays, until it was decided to withdraw both divisions starting about 8 p.m.

Aftermath
Both divisions were back across the Rapidan by 2 a.m., with the Confederates reoccupying their entrenchments immediately afterwards. Union casualties total 262, while the Confederates lost sixty. Due to a Union deserter who revealed the Union plans to the Confederates, Butler never made an attack on Richmond, while Lee never requested reinforcements from the city. The I Corps also failed to cross the river, never getting closer than a mile and a half from Raccoon Ford.

After the battle, Hays was accused of being drunk during the battle and of acting irrationally. However, many officers, including several in his division, attested that Hays was sober throughout the engagement. All of the accusations about Hays being drunk at Morton's Ford came from the 14th Connecticut, which suffered nearly half of the Union casualties in the battle and may have felt resentment against Hays because of it.

Notes

Sources
 Kennedy, Frances H. (editor) The Civil War Battlefield Guide, second edition. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1998. .
 Mahood, Wayne. "Tiger at Morton's Ford", in Civil War Times, Volume 41, number 7 (February 2003).
 Trinque, Bruce A. "Rebels Across the River", in America's Civil War, Volume 7, number 5 (September 1994).
 National Park Service battle description
 CWSAC Report Update

Morton's Ford
Morton's Ford
Morton's Ford
Orange County, Virginia
Morton's Ford
Morton's Ford
1864 in Virginia
February 1864 events

Battle of Morton's Ford


Lumsdale Valley is a steep-sided wooded gorge in the Peak District near Matlock, Derbyshire, in England. It is the location of a series of historic water-powered mills.

Lumsdale Valley site is a protected Scheduled Monument, currently owned and preserved by the Arkwright Society (leased to the society since the 1976 and then bequeathed to it in 1996 by Marjorie Mills). It is within the Lumsdale Conservation Area, set up in 1980. The monument consists of a series of historic water-powered mills and other fragile industrial archaeological structures and remains. The privately owned central gorge area of the monument is no longer open to general public access.

The name Lumsdale is believed to mean either 'valley of chimneys' (from the Scottish word lum meaning chimney and reflecting the area's industrial heritage) or 'valley of water pools' (from the English name lumb meaning a place with a pool).

Water features

Bentley Brook runs through Lumsdale Valley into the River Derwent.

The Upper Pond was constructed in the 1780s by Watts, Lowe and Co to supply water for their cotton mill. It has silted up since the dam wall broke in 1947 and is now a designated nature reserve. The Middle Pond was also from the 1780s and was restored in 2014 (funded by the Heritage Lottery) after being dry and overgrown. The Lower Pond was originally a quarry but was converted into a reservoir in 1850.

Lumsdale Falls is a scenic natural cascade below the Lower Pond. There is no longer public access to the falls in the central gorge area.

Industrial mills

Lumsdale Mills are a closely located collection of mill buildings from the lead, textile, paint and timber industries. The mills and their associated water-management features along course of Bentley Brook date from the 17th century. The water-powered industrial landscape is a site of national archaeological and historic importance.

The Bone Mill (now overgrown ruins) was used for a variety of purposes throughout the 17th century. It was first used as a lead smelting mill and lastly for crushing bone until the 1920s.

The Paint Mill dates from the 1600s. It was used for bleaching and lead smelting, was later used a corn mill and was then used for grinding white barytes for the paint industry.

In 1749 two furnaces for smelting lead were housed in the building now known as Pond Cottages. The factory was converted into cottages for workers of Watts, Lowe and Co's cotton mill.

Richard Arkwright built the world's first powered cotton-spinning factory at nearby Cromford in 1771. Soon after Arkwright's patents expired in 1785, a three-storey water-powered cotton mill was built by Watts, Lowe and Co. However. the firm was bankrupt by 1813 and the mill was acquired by John Garton for bleaching textiles. It was then called Gartons Mill and is now known as the Lower Bleach Works, which closed in 1929. The Upper Bleach Works date from the early 1800s. The Smithy is connected to the Lower Bleach Works and is a Grade II listed building.

The Saw Mill was built in the 1850s. It was first used to grind minerals for paint but later became a saw mill.

References

Valleys of the Peak District
Valleys of Derbyshire
Peak District
Derbyshire Dales
Matlock, Derbyshire
Watermills in Derbyshire
Tourist attractions in Derbyshire

Lumsdale Valley