Sant'Angelo in Formis is an abbey in the municipality of Capua in southern Italy. The church, dedicated to St Michael the Archangel, lies on the western slopes of Monte Tifata.

History
The church was once referred to as ad arcum Dianae ("near the Arch of Diana"), as it lies on the remains of a Roman temple to that goddess.

The church was built in the eleventh century by Desiderius, the abbot of Monte Cassino, who also rebuilt that abbey. At Monte Cassino the decoration was carried out by Byzantine (Greek) artists hired from Constantinople and the decoration of Sant'Angelo displays a mingling of the Byzantine (Eastern) and Latin (Western) traditions. The frescos were painted by Greek artists and by Italian pupils trained in their methods.

Decoration

Examples of the mingling of Byzantine and Latin styles (as cited by James Hall) include:

1. The "lunette over the entrance with a half-length figure of St. Michael and above him an orant Virgin in a medallion supported by flying angels, with an inscription in Greek on the lintel at the foot.  The treatment is wholly Byzantine except for the Latin motif of a crown on the Virgin's head".

2. The evangelists around the enthroned Christ in the Apse are in the form of the four symbolic creatures of the Latin tradition, rather than being shown as figures (often seating at writing desks) in the Greek manner.

3. Subjects from the Old Testament and New Testament line the walls of the nave. The content of individual scenes and the grouping of figures is described by Hall as being "typically Byzantine", but the whole forms an historical narrative series on the Western model, evidently just as in the basilicas of early Christian Rome.

References

External links
Sant'Angelo in Formis and the Ancient Capua

Angelo
Angelo
Capua
Angelo in Formis
Romanesque architecture in Campania
Archaeological sites in Campania

Sant'Angelo in Formis


In American English, a gym bag or carryall is a large bag made of cloth or leather typically with a rectangular base and a zippered opening at the top. Two handles enable the bag to be carried, and a (usually removable) strap lets the user support the bag on the shoulders.

In British English, the same kind of bag is called a sports bag. A holdall (or occasionally hold-all) may be a similar bag but may often have wheels and possibly a telescopic handle. The term covers a wide variety of types of bag.

Uses
A holdall is often used in place of a suitcase or for carrying sports equipment, and has the advantage over most suitcases of being compressible when empty.

A 'hold-all' is also used to carry bedding and blankets etc. Students, enrolled in military boarding schools in India, are issued a 'hold-all' to carry their blankets, quilts and clothes. It is a flat, rectangular, canvas bag, when unravelled. Once filled, it is rolled like a sleeping bag and held together with straps.

See also
 Duffel bag

References

Bags

Holdall


Jericho is an historic suburb of the English city of Oxford. It consists of the streets bounded by the Oxford Canal, Worcester College, Walton Street and Walton Well Road. Located outside the old city wall, it was originally a place for travellers to rest if they had reached the city after the gates had closed. The name Jericho may have been adopted to signify this 'remote place' outside the wall. As of February 2021, the population of Jericho and Osney wards was 6,995.

History

Originally an industrial area, Jericho grew because of its proximity to the Oxford Canal, which arrived in 1790. The Eagle Ironworks (now redeveloped into apartments), wharves and the Oxford University Press were based there and its residential streets are mostly 'two-up, two-down' Victorian workers' houses. With back streets of 19th century terraced housing and many restaurants, it has become a popular area for student and London commuter accommodation.

Reports from the 1870s suggest that early homes in Jericho were built with very poor drainage. Low-lying land and lack of basic drainage in these homes would result in flooding. Flooding, open sewers, and overcrowding resulted in deaths from diseases such as typhoid and dysentery, with five out of eleven typhoid deaths in 1873 originating from Jericho. Jericho residents also accounted for twenty two cases of cholera during the  1832 epidemic.

In the 1950s, Jericho was briefly a red light area, and in the early 1960s there were plans to demolish it and replace it with light industrial units and new housing. However, many people objected and campaigned to save this historic area, rallied by local city councillor Olive Gibbs and the Jericho Residents Association. As a result, the plans were changed. Houses beyond repair were demolished, but many others were upgraded in the late 1960s and early 1970s with the help of council grants. This encouraged many young professionals and families to move in; subsequently Jericho became one of Oxford's most sought-after areas. Large council and social housing developments were built in the 1970s and 1980s.

Community

Jericho retains a strong community spirit. The Jericho Community Association runs the Jericho Community Centre in Canal Street, maintains the community website, Jericho Online, and organises the annual Jericho Street Fair which is held in mid-June each year, around the feast day of the patron saint Barnabas (11 June). It is also the focus for other community activities and has also been very active in campaigning for responsible development of the canal-side land behind St Barnabas Church, on a part of which it plans to build a new Community Centre as one of the four members of the Jericho Wharf Trust.
Jericho is served by a primary school, St Barnabas Primary School, a large primary school where over 50% speak English as a second language.

Appropriately for its biblical name, Jericho is also known for its places of worship. The Church of England parish church is the Anglo-Catholic St Barnabas Church, next to the Oxford Canal. St Sepulchre's Cemetery lies off Walton Street, which has no associated church and has lost its chapel. The Albert Street Chapel (Reformed Baptist) is also in the neighbourhood. The Oxford Synagogue (one of the few in England with more than one denomination of Judaism worshipping in the same house) and the Oxford Jewish Centre are in Jericho.

Castlemill Boatyard is a 160-year-old wharf on the canal in Jericho, previously owned by British Waterways and now closed. British Waterways sold the site to a company that subsequently went into administration. The land has been bought by a developer but has yet to be developed. The Jericho Wharf Trust has been negotiating with the developer to develop the site as a focus for community activities including a new boatyard and community centre. One member of the Jericho Wharf Trust is Jericho Community Boatyard Ltd which has been set up to restore services for Oxford boaters.

Next to the Castlemill Boatyard was the old ferry house and chain ferry which allowed access to the South Oxford Canal towpath and then on to Port Meadow and the banks of the River Thames by foot.  The ferry has now been replaced by a footbridge and the site is now the College Cruisers Wharf accessed via Combe Road off Canal Street.  It is a busy thriving hire boat base and working boatyard providing for the needs of local and visiting narrow boats.  The last and first service stop for essential services for boats before they cruise the River Thames or leave it.

The local cinema has seen a number of incarnations. It started in 1913 as the North Oxford Kinema. In 1925, it was renamed The Scala. In 1970 it was split in two and became Studios 1 and 2, one of which was well known for showing softcore pornography. In 1977, the cinema revived again after being taken over by the London company Contemporary Entertainments and acquired its current name, the Phoenix, showing first-run and art house films.

In 2015 a local coterie launched a campaign called 'Change Your Mind' which was aimed at changing people's minds about what it means to be part of North Oxford. They hoped to change people's opinion on the area and get rid of incorrect beliefs. They have also set up a support system for those interested in joining in their set up activities.

In 2017 Jericho was ranked number 11 in a list of the UK's 'most hip' destinations. The ranking was compiled by TravelSupermarket, and took into account vegan cafes, independent bike shops, vinyl record stores and independent coffee shops. In 2018 the suburb dropped to number 20 on the list, although it scored full marks, for the second year running, in the 'creative capital' category, which concerned co-working and creative spaces.

In fiction

Thomas Hardy's novel Jude the Obscure has a scene set in St Barnabas Church and it is likely that the suburb named 'Beersheba' in the novel is based on Jericho. As an homage to Hardy, in 1996, one of Jericho's pubs was renamed Jude the Obscure.

The first episode of the long-running ITV drama series Inspector Morse, starring British actor John Thaw, called "The Dead of Jericho", was partially filmed in the streets of Jericho, notably Combe Road ('Canal Reach' in the drama). It also featured the exterior of the Bookbinders Arms public house on the corner of Victor Street. The spin-off show Lewis also has stories based around the same area.

Philip Pullman set parts of his novels Northern Lights and Lyra's Oxford in Jericho. In the books, Jericho is home to the water-dwelling "Gyptians". He has been a vocal advocate of the residential boaters' fight to save the Castlemill Boatyard.

In The Whore's Asylum by Katy Darby (Penguin Group, 2012), the "home for indigent whores" is in Victor Street and the young doctor attending their special medical needs lives in Canal Street. Jericho in 1887 is described (probably inaccurately) as "haunted by drunkards, thieves, and the lowest sort of brazen female as ever lifted her petticoats".

London-born Australian author Pip Williams' second book, The Bookbinder of Jericho (2023) is set in the then working-class suburb of Jericho. The two main characters – twin sisters Peggy and Maude Jones – work in the bindery at Oxford University Press and live in a narrowboat on Oxford Canal during the period when WW1 was breaking out, and the Oxford English Dictionary was being collated and printed.

Gallery

See also
 Art Jericho, a contemporary art gallery
 Great Clarendon Street
 Juxon Street

References

Sources and further reading

External links

 Jericho Online
 The Oxford Guide: Jericho

Areas of Oxford
Culture in Oxford

Jericho, Oxford


A galette is a term used in French cuisine for various types of flat, round or freeform crusty cakes.

One notable type is the galette des Rois ('King cake') eaten on the day of Epiphany. In Quebec, the term galette is usually applied to pastries best described as large cookies.

Galette is also the name given in most French crêperies to savoury buckwheat flour pancakes. Those made from wheat flour, much smaller in size and mostly served with a sweet filling, are called crêpes.

References

French food
Cakes

Galette


Simon Gary Ford (born 17 November 1981) is a former professional footballer who played as a defender from 2001 to 2013.

Having started his career with Charlton Athletic as a youngster, he transferred to Grimsby Town in 2001. He moved on to Bristol Rovers and Redbridge before establishing himself with Scottish Premier League side Kilmarnock where he remained for six years. He moved to Chesterfield in 2010 and was released after two seasons. He returned to Grimsby Town in the summer of 2012 but only made two appearances and was loaned out for a spell at AFC Telford United. He has also been capped three times by Jamaica.

Club career

Charlton Athletic
Ford began his career at Charlton Athletic under Alan Curbishley and was promoted to the club's first-team squad in the 2000–01 season. But he found his first-team chances at The Valley halted and he was released from the London club in summer 2001 having never played a first-team match for the club.

Grimsby Town
After leaving Charlton in 2001, he signed for Lennie Lawrence's Grimsby Town before the start of the 2001–02 season. Ford made his professional debut on 21 August 2001 during a 2–1 victory over local rivals Lincoln City in the first round of the Football League Cup, coming on as a 79th-minute substitute for Ben Chapman. On 22 December 2001, he made his league debut in the club's Division One 0–0 away draw with Preston North End where he played from the start. The following week on 29 December 2001 Ford scored his 1st goal for Grimsby with a header to give them a 2–1 lead against Portsmouth, after Peter Crouch had put Pompey 1–0 up with the game eventually finishing a 3–1 victory to the Mariners. Ford would go on to make 16 appearances in all competitions during his first season at Blundell Park.

During the 2002–03 season Ford was favoured by new manager Paul Groves and took his chance in the first team when injury had sidelined new signing Steve Chettle earlier that season. Ford, who regularly partnered Georges Santos at the back, would go on to make 40 appearances that season. Despite Ford's surge into the first team the club were relegated but his consistent performances had drawn some interest from fellow Division One sides Bradford City and Wolverhampton Wanderers. But no transfer ever materialised. During the 2003–04 season Ford fell out of contention within the club to the preferred pairing of Tony Crane and Mike Edwards.

Despite being a valued player only a year before, Ford's contract was not renewed when it expired in summer 2004 and he departed Grimsby in August 2004. He made 84 appearances in all competitions for the club and scored four goals.

Bristol Rovers and Redbridge
Ford quickly joined Bristol Rovers on a non-contract basis before the start of the 2004–05 season, but manager Ian Atkins allowed him to leave the club without playing a game only a couple of weeks into his stay.

Shortly after his brief stint in Bristol, Ford signed professional terms for Conference South side Redbridge who were placed three levels below the last league he played in for Grimsby. Ford played in only one match for the club before he was approached by Scottish Premier League side Kilmarnock who were naturally given permission by Redbridge to talk to the player.

Kilmarnock
He had to initially sign for Kilmarnock as an amateur because he had signed professionally for Redbridge shortly beforehand. Ford was paid for commercial and marketing work while playing as an amateur. On 27 December 2004 Ford scored in the 3–1 victory against Dundee on 38 minutes, a left-wing free-kick from Garry Hay found Ford unmarked, he rose to power home his first goal for the club. He then signed as a professional in January 2005.

He had been a regular since arriving in October 2004, but in March 2005 it was stated he had to undergo a double hernia operation, that will rule him out until the following season.

On 15 October 2005 he scored the opening goal on 7 minutes in the 4–2 defeat at Hibernian, after Gordon Greer flicked the ball to Ford, goalkeeper Zbigniew Malkowski had little chance as the header went in from close range. After missing the following two games through injury, on 29 October 2005 he made it 1–1 against Aberdeen when Kris Boyd's low drive could not be held by goalkeeper Ryan Esson and Ford headed in the rebound, the game finishing 4–2 to Kilmarnock.

Ford damaged his medial ligament and cartilage in April 2006 and faced over four months on the sidelines, assistant manager Billy Brown said "It's a major blow for the lad and club. He's been terrific." He was due to have a hip operation in the summer but had to wait until the knee had begun to heal. He eventually returned in October 2006.

Ford went on to make 144 league appearances in a six-year stay with Killie, where he scored six times.

Chesterfield
Ford signed for Chesterfield under freedom of contract in June 2010 and to replace the recently departed Kevin Austin, in defence, who was released by Chesterfield. On 21 August 2010 he scored the 4th goal on 62 minutes in the 4–0 thrashing of Hereford United, Danny Whitaker whipped in a corner and picked out Ford and the defender powered a header into the net.

Ford was part of the 2011–12 side that beat Swindon Town 2–0 in the Football League Trophy final on 25 March 2012, he hit the crossbar on 8 minutes with striker Jack Lester hitting in the rebound, only to be ruled out for offside.

He was released by the club at the end of the 2011–12 season.

Return to Grimsby Town
10 seasons on since Grimsby and Ford suffered relegation from what is now the Football League Championship, Ford returned to Grimsby Town on 28 July 2012 on a trial basis and played in the club's pre-season friendly against Barton Town Old Boys. Three days later he signed a one-year contract. Despite dropping out of the professional game for the first time in his career, Ford struggled to hold down a place back at Blundell Park. On 27 February 2013, after failing to make a single appearance all season and failing to dislodge the likes of Shaun Pearson, Ian Miller and Nathan Pond from the first team, Ford was loaned out to fellow Conference side AFC Telford United until the end of the 2012–13 season.

Ford was recalled to Grimsby on 10 April 2013 after injuries to both Shaun Pearson and Ian Miller. He played 6 times for Telford with the club also being relegated from the Conference National during that time. Ford made his second debut for The Mariners in the club's 1–1 draw at Luton Town on 12 April 2013. Ford played one more game for the club but wasn't used in Town's unsuccessful play-off campaign. He was released on 2 May 2013.

International career
Ford has represented Jamaica three times against Trinidad and Tobago, St Vincent and Grenada

Personal life
He is former Rangers and Liverpool winger Mark Walters's nephew.

Honours
Grimsby Town
Supporters Young Player of the Year: 2002

Chesterfield
Football League Two Champions, Promoted: 2010–11
Football League Trophy Champions: 2011–12

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
Men's association football defenders
Jamaican men's footballers
Jamaica men's international footballers
Charlton Athletic F.C. players
Grimsby Town F.C. players
Bristol Rovers F.C. players
Redbridge F.C. players
Kilmarnock F.C. players
Chesterfield F.C. players
AFC Telford United players
English Football League players
Scottish Premier League players
National League (English football) players
Black British sportsmen
English people of Jamaican descent
Footballers from Upton Park, London

Simon Ford


Georg Simon Ohm (16 March 1789 - 6 July 1854) was a German physicist and mathematician. During part of the time in his life, Ohm worked as a school teacher.  Some of his research focused on the new electrochemical cell, invented by Italian scientist Alessandro Volta. Using equipment he had created himself, Ohm found that there is a direct proportionality between the potential difference (voltage) applied across a conductor and the resultant electric current. This relationship is known as Ohm's law.

In 1881, after his death, the  SI unit for electrical resistance was named Ohm in his honour. The uppercase Greek letter Omega (Ω) is used for the unit.

1789 births
1854 deaths
German physicists

Georg Simon Ohm


Gárdony, "the capital of Lake Velencei", is a holiday resort on the south side of the lake. It is 45 kilometers from Budapest and 20 kilometers from Székesfehérvár. It has active recreation, entertainment facilities, different kinds of accommodation and restaurants for the whole year.

Other website
 Gárdony.hu

Cities in Hungary

Gárdony


The East China Sea is a marginal sea east of China. It is a part of the Pacific Ocean and covers an area of 1,249,000 km². In China, the sea is called the East Sea. In Korea, the sea is sometimes called "South Sea", but this is more often used to speak only of the area near South Korea's southern coast.

Geography
The East China Sea is bounded on the East by Kyūshū and the Ryūkyū Islands, on the South by Taiwan, and on the West by mainland China. It is connected with the South China Sea by the Taiwan Strait and with the Sea of Japan by the Korea Strait; it opens in the North to the Yellow Sea.

Territories with borders on the sea (clockwise from north) include: South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, and Mainland China.

Rivers
The Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) is the largest river flowing into the East China Sea.

Related pages
Disputed Islands

Other websites
 Kosuke Takahashi. Gas and oil rivalry in the East China Sea  Asia Times Online. July 27, 2004.
 Chinese submarine enters Japanese waters. Wikinews. November 18, 2004. Retrieved March 7, 2006.
 Oil and gas in troubled waters The Economist. October 6, 2005.
 J Sean Curtin. Stakes rise in Japan, China gas dispute  Asia Times Online. October 19, 2005.
 Chinese Suyan Rock community

Seas of the Pacific Ocean

East China Sea


B*Witched are a girl group from Ireland. The group has four female singers. They sing pop and dancing music. Their songs, including "C'est la Vie" and "Rollercoaster", were successful in the United Kingdom. They had other songs.

The group broke up in 2002. They got together again in 2012.

1990s establishments in the Republic of Ireland
1990s Irish music groups
2000s Irish music groups
2010s Irish music groups
Girl groups
Irish pop music groups
Musical groups established in 1997
Musical groups from Dublin
Musical quartets
2002 disestablishments in Europe
Musical groups disestablished in 2002
Musical groups established in 2012
2012 establishments in Europe

B*Witched


Bicing is a bicycle-sharing system in the city of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, which was implemented in March 2007, promoted by the City Council. The municipal company Barcelona de Serveis Municipals (B:SM) is the manager of the service, while the exploitation concession corresponds to Pedalem Barcelona since 2019, a Temporary Union of Companies formed by CESPA (Ferrovial Services) and PBSC.  Between 2007 and 2018, Clear Channel was the company in charge of this task. It is similar to the Vélo'v service in Lyon or Vélib' in Paris, and uses the same bicycles and stations as used in Stockholm, Oslo, and Zaragoza. Its purpose is to cover small and medium daily routes within the city in a climate-friendly way, eliminating the pollution, roadway noise, and traffic congestion that motor vehicles create.

Operation
As of 2021, the city council and Pedalem Barcelona manage and maintain the bike share system, provided by PBSC urban solutions, an international bike share company that provides bikes and stations. To use it, users must acquire a yearly membership. Currently the network consists of more than 519 stations to lend and return over 7000 bicycles distributed throughout the system.

The stations are situated through most of the flat areas of the city with a distance of around 300 to 400 metres between each one. Many are situated next to public transport stops to allow for intermodal use. Metro stations usually have signs pointing to the locations of nearest Bicing stations.
The bikes can be lent from, and returned to, any station in the system, making it suitable for one-way travel. Each station has between 15 and 30 parking slots to fix and lock bicycles, but in highly transited areas many stations may be close together.

To rent a bike one simply swipes the contactless RFID card at a service station to be personally identified by the system, which then unlocks a bike from the support frame. Bicycles can be used for the first 30 minutes for no extra cost, with subsequent half-hour blocks (up to 2 hours) costing 0.70 € each. Use of a bicycle for more than 2 hours at a time is discouraged with a penalty rate of 4.20 € per hour, but also with the possibility of having membership cancelled after a certain number of uses in excess of two hours. To return a bicycle one simply places the bike in a spare slot at a Bicing station; the bike is recognised automatically and is locked into place.

Specialised vans are used to redistribute Bicing bicycles between the stations to even out usage patterns. However, as of November 2007, the number and frequency of vans is not able to keep up during the peak hours, making it very difficult to find a spot at which to return the bike in some areas.

Subscription
Use of the system is based on membership, and users can subscribe online or by visiting a service office. Bicing member cards are only sent to addresses in Catalonia in an attempt to prevent tourists from using the system. This limitation was imposed upon the city council by pre-existing local bike hire companies (grouped under Bicitours) that feared what they called illicit competition from the Bicing system. Bicitours and the city council agreed to enforce a block of ten minutes to change bikes (that is, when docking a bike, the user is prevented from leaving with another bike for ten minutes). As a result, tourists are barred from using what is officially denominated a "public transport system".

Bicycle design

The bike is specially designed to prevent theft of parts, or of the whole bike, as well as to prevent vandalism. It is also designed to be easily recognised. However, common user complaints include missing bells, cut brakes, and poor maintenance. Bikes have sometimes been stolen, even by sawing the anchors that fix bikes on the stands, and found repainted.

Stations

Bike stations have generally replaced on-street car or motorcycle parking spaces, though others were placed in large pedestrian areas. Each station includes a long series of docks for bikes, with a computerized pylon at one end for completing transactions.

Financing
The system is paid for mostly by local car drivers with an on-street parking control system, distributed throughout much of the densely populated inner city. This money, about €2.23 million annually, is paid to the system operator. The yearly user fee is €47.16 with tax included, which makes it the city's cheapest public transport service.
Recently the city made a sponsorship agreement with mobile operator Vodafone to feature the operator's logo on the system in exchange for €1.2 million a year.

Usage statistics
Each individual bike is used between 10 and 15 times a day. More than 95% of rides in the system are shorter than 30 minutes. When a bicycle is returned, a user must wait 10 minutes before taking another one. Although there were over 90,000 registered users in September 2007 only one third of them used the system on a regular basis. As of November 2007 the system had been used more than 2,750,000 times, representing 8,000,000 km of travel.

Planned future expansion

The bike-sharing system was received by residents with great enthusiasm, covering approximately 70% of the city area, including Ciutat Vella, the Eixample and some parts of Sant Martí and Gràcia. However, stations have not been placed in areas where the grade is greater than four percent, such as the hilly areas of Montjuïc and Tibidabo. Several neighboring cities have asked for the service to be extended to their cities as well, and studies are underway on how to implement this for the wider metropolitan area.

In 2019 the network started a large 7,000 bike expansion with pedal assisted bikes from Canadian firm PBSC.

Name
The name is derived from bici, the Catalan and Spanish short-form for bicycle, and BCN, Barcelona's airport code and a popular abbreviation of its name. The English suffix -ing was also added, like the Spanish words footing (a pseudo-anglicism used for jogging), parking (car park), camping (campsite) and Vueling, which is a Catalan airline.

See also

 Outline of cycling
Utility cycling - Short-term hire schemes
 Urban planning of Barcelona

Sources

External links

Interview with users and city council planner

Transport in Barcelona
Community bicycle programs
Sustainable transport
Bicycle sharing in Spain
Fare collection systems in Spain

Bicing


The Punisher is a third-person shooter action-adventure game developed by Volition and published by THQ. It was released in 2005 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2, and Xbox; a mobile phone game was developed by Amplified Games and released in 2004. The game stars the Marvel Comics antihero, The Punisher. After his family was murdered by the Mafia, Frank Castle devoted his life to the punishment of criminals. Players take control of the titular ruthless vigilante to track down and kill criminals.

The game's story is a loose mixture of the 2004 film of the same name, as well as the Vol. 5 (2000) and Vol. 6 (2001) series of the comic books. Actor Thomas Jane reprises his role as Frank Castle/The Punisher. The game features many cameo appearances from Marvel Comics characters, such as Iron Man, Nick Fury, Black Widow, Matt Murdock (the alter ego of Daredevil), Bushwacker, Kingpin and Bullseye. Also present are several characters from the Welcome Back, Frank storyline such as detectives Martin Soap and Molly von Richthofen, the Punisher's neighbors Joan and Spacker Dave, Ma Gnucci, The Russian and General Kreigkopf.

An earlier video game adaptation of the film was in development by Mucky Foot Productions but it was cancelled when THQ decided to bring development in-house.

Gameplay

Gameplay in The Punisher offers a combination of exploration and combat. When encountering an enemy, the Punisher can attack, or perform a one-button "quick kill". Depending on the villain, the current location, and a player-determined level of aggression, one of numerous fatal assaults will be performed. The game's environments also feature interrogation "hot spots", where the Punisher can interrogate his enemies using death threats and torture, coercing them to share information that may help him in his quest. The game punishes the player for shooting innocent people by ending the level.

Plot
The game begins with a cinematic of the Punisher (Thomas Jane) killing several footmen of the Yakuza. After he leaves the building, he is apprehended by law enforcement in front of an unknown building. He is then transferred to Ryker's Island and interrogated by police detectives Molly von Richthofen (Nika Futterman) and Martin Soap (Michael Gough). The majority of the game occurs in flashbacks during this interrogation.

First, the Punisher raids a crack house and eventually kills its owner Damage (Steven Blum) by dropping him from several stories above the ground. After almost getting hit by a car upon his exit, the Punisher traces the vehicle to a chop shop. After slaughtering the criminals there, he learns that it is owned by the Gnucci crime family, led by Ma Gnucci (Saffron Henderson), because Carlo Duka (John Cygan), the shop's owner, is a Gnucci lieutenant; the Punisher drops him in a car compactor where Duka is subsequently crushed. In a subsequent mission, the Punisher kills one of Ma Gnucci's sons, Bobby, at Lucky's Bar.

Ma Gnucci hires Bushwacker (Phil Hayes) to capture Joan (Julie Nathanson), a neighbor of the Punisher. The Punisher traces her to the Central Park Zoo, where he rescues her. The next mission occurs in Grey's Funeral Home, at the mob funeral of Bobby Gnucci. The Punisher massacres the funeral party and kills Eddie Gnucci (John Cygan) by throwing Eddie out a window and impaling him onto a spike. The Punisher then travels to the Gnucci estate to kill Bushwacker and Ma Gnucci herself. After fighting his way through Ma's remaining men, Punisher then fights Bushwacker who he defeats in a gunfight. To finish off Bushwacker, Punisher rips his weapon arm off and shoots him in the chest followed by Punisher dropping Bushwacker several stories above the ground. Castle hunts down Ma and kills her.

During the Punisher's assault at the Gnucci residence, he learns that the Gnuccis are getting drug money from Russian mercenaries at New York City's waterfront. At the docks, he hears that General Kreigkopf (Bob Joles) plans to smuggle nuclear weapons into New York City. He clears a suspected cargo ship of white slavers but fails to find the device. After being assaulted in his apartment by a large man called the Russian (Darryl Kurylo), the Punisher attacks Grand Nixon Island, his next lead on the weapon's location. On the island, the Punisher meets Nick Fury, who helps him defeat Kreigkopf and the Russian as well as prevent the launch of the nuclear device. Both escape before the missile detonates, destroying Grand Nixon Island.

Returning home, the Punisher discovers that Kingpin (David Sobolov) has been taking over former Gnucci rackets. He raids the headquarters of the Kingpin's Fisk Industries, where he fights and defeats Bullseye (Steven Blum) by throwing him out a window from the top floor of the skyscraper. Kingpin tells the Punisher that his real enemy is the Japanese Yakuza. The Punisher learns that this group of Yakuza are called the Eternal Sun, and they are trying to control remaining Gnucci and Russian crime operations.

The Punisher then visits Stark Towers, a facility owned by Tony Stark/Iron Man, after learning that the Eternal Sun are attempting to steal some high tech weapons and armor. The Punisher decides to assault the Takagi building, the home of the Eternal Sun leader, Takagi. He discovers that Jigsaw (Darryl Kurylo) has infiltrated the gang, and is gaining followers. While Jigsaw is being imprisoned in Ryker's Island, the Eternal Sun is already planning to bust him out. After escaping the Takagi building, the Punisher allows himself to be captured by Det. Martin Soap, who has been providing information to the Punisher. He is taken to Ryker's Island, as per his plan.

At this time, the flashbacks catch up to the story, and the remainder of the game takes place in the present. During the interrogation, a riot erupts in the prison. The Punisher escapes from his cell, and starts fighting his way through the inmates and remaining Eternal Sun members the Punisher left alive. He reaches the rooftop and meets Jigsaw face to face, ultimately defeating him despite the stolen Iron Man armor Jigsaw was wearing. As the Punisher leaves in a helicopter, he throws Jigsaw out, killing him.

In the post-credits scene, Bullseye is loaded onto a stretcher as Kingpin is seen plotting his revenge against the Punisher.

Reception

The game received mixed reviews, criticizing the game's sound effects and the linear and repetitive gameplay, but praising its system of torture, the storyline, the inordinate amount of violence and Punisher himself. Maxim contributor Gene Newman opined in his review that this game "[made] the Grand Theft Auto series look like Super Mario Kart". Detroit Free Press gave the Xbox version a score of three stars out of four and stated: "This isn't a game that requires a lot of skill. But if you can get past the gore, it's a rarity in the comic book world: a game that stays true to the original work and doesn't stink". The Sydney Morning Herald, however, gave the game a score of three stars out of five and called it "dark, violent and derivative, but nowhere near as flawed as the movie".

The game sold around one million copies and was profitable for Volition.

Controversy
The Punisher features extremely gruesome scenes of torture and gore; the ESRB stated that an initial cut of the game would meet its "Adults Only" rating (which severely hampers commercial availability because neither Microsoft, nor Sony allow Adults Only titles on their systems). Much like Manhunt 2, the developers made slight censors to the deaths found within special "interrogation" scenes by rendering them in black and white in order to reduce their visual impact. The revised version was able to meet the "Mature" rating.

In the UK, the BBFC worked with THQ to further extend the solarization effect on the scenes, distancing the camera before the killings and adding a zoom effect during them, in order to pass it with an 18 certificate, making The Punisher one of the only games to require BBFC cuts in order to be rated 18.

In Australia, the ACB demanded similar cuts, including the removal of two scenes altogether. In Germany, the game was placed on the Federal Department for Media Harmful to Young Persons BPjS/BPjM list.

Notes

References

External links

2004 video games
2005 video games
Sony Pictures video games
M-Rated Marvel Comics video games
Windows games
Xbox games
PlayStation 2 games
Organized crime video games
Third-person shooters
THQ games
Censored video games
Video games based on Marvel Comics films
Video games based on Punisher
Video games set in New York City
Video games set in prison
Video games set on fictional islands
Obscenity controversies in video games
Video games using Havok
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the United States

The Punisher (2005 video game)


The Hands Resist Him is a painting that was created by artist Bill Stoneham in 1972. It depicts a young boy and a female doll standing in front of a glass paneled door, against which many hands are pressed. According to Stoneham, the boy is based on a photograph of himself at age five. The doorway is a representation of the dividing line between the waking world and the world of fantasy and impossibilities, while the doll is a guide that will escort the boy through it. The titular hands represent alternate lives or possibilities. The painting became the subject of an urban legend and a viral internet meme in February 2000 when it was posted for sale on eBay along with a description implying that it was haunted.

History
The painting was first displayed at the Feingarten Gallery in Beverly Hills, California, during the early 1970s. A one-man Stoneham show at the gallery, which included the piece, was reviewed by the art critic at the Los Angeles Times. During the show, the painting was purchased by actor John Marley, notable for his role as Jack Woltz in The Godfather. Sometime after Marley's death, the painting was found at the site of an old brewery by an elderly Californian couple (as stated in their original eBay listing).
The painting appeared on the auction website eBay in February 2000. According to the seller, the aforementioned couple, the painting carried some form of curse. Their eBay description made a series of claims that the painting was cursed or haunted.  Included in those claims were that the characters in the painting moved during the night, and that they would sometimes leave the painting and enter the room in which it was being displayed. Also included with the listing were a series of photographs that were said to be evidence of an incident in which the female doll character threatened the male character with a gun that she was holding, causing him to attempt to leave the painting. A disclaimer was included with the listing absolving the seller from all liability if the painting was purchased.

News of the listing was quickly spread by internet users who forwarded the link to their friends or wrote their own pages about it. Some people claimed that simply viewing the photos of the painting made them feel ill or have unpleasant experiences. Eventually, the auction page was viewed over 30,000 times.

After an initial bid of $199, the painting eventually received 30 bids and sold for $1,025.00. The buyer, Perception Gallery in Grand Rapids, Michigan, eventually contacted Bill Stoneham and related the unusual story of its auction on eBay and their acquisition of it. He reported being quite surprised by all the stories and strange interpretations of the images in the painting.  According to the artist, the object presumed by the eBay sellers to be a gun is actually nothing more than a dry cell battery and a tangle of wires.

Stoneham recalls that both the owner of the gallery in which the painting was first displayed, and the art critic who reviewed it, died within one year of coming into contact with the painting.

New paintings in the series
An individual who saw the story about the original painting contacted Stoneham in 2004 about commissioning a sequel. Stoneham accepted and painted Resistance at the Threshold. The sequel depicts the same characters 40+ years later in the same style as the original. A second sequel commission, Threshold of Revelation, was completed in 2012 and can be seen on Stoneham's website. Several years later, a third commission was requested, this time for a prequel. Stoneham created The Hands Invent Him, depicting the artist as a boy who is behind the original painting's door and who holds a paint brush amongst other visual elements. On March 15, 2017, the Haunted Museum in Las Vegas, Nevada, announced it had acquired the prequel painting. All three commissioned paintings can be seen on Stoneham's website page "The Hands Resist Him".

In 2021, Stoneham created what he says is the final painting of the series: What Remains depicts the original painting's setting as deteriorated and scattered with the detritus of earlier lives and stories.

See also
 List of haunted paintings

References

EBay listings
Internet memes
1972 paintings
Curses
Paintings in Michigan
Urban legends
Painting controversies

The Hands Resist Him


Crystal Cave is the most famous of Bermuda's many underground caverns. It is in Hamilton Parish, close to Castle Harbor. A favorite of tourists since since 1907, it was found in 1905 by Carl Gibbons and Edgar Hollis. The two boys were looking for their lost cricket ball which fell into a hole in the ground. Soon after, the Wilkinson family (the owners of the property since 1884) learned of the discovery. Mr. Percy Wilkinson lowered his 14-year-old son Bernard into it with a bicycle lamp on 140 feet of rope tied to a tree to explore the cave.

The area around Harrington Sound (which is to the south of Crystal Cave) is made of limestone and has many underground waterways, through which the waters of the sound empty into the Atlantic. Crystal Cave is one of these, and - as its name suggests - has many stalactites, stalagmites, and deep crystal-clear pools.

Next to Crystal Cave is Fantasy Cave with Fantasy being deeper (88 steps down). Fantasy Cave was reopened in the summer of 2001 with all the walking paths having been rebuilt and additional lighting added. It was found and opened about the same time as Crystal Cave. It had been closed by the owners in the 1940s.

The two caves on 8 Crystal Caves Rd. at Wilkinson Ave. can be reached by bus, taxi and other private forms of transportation. Outside the two caves is a sub-tropical garden lined with palm trees where one will find many different trees and flowers.

The caves are owned by the local Wilkinson Trust, and are open to the public.

Gallery
Crystal Cave

Fantasy Cave

References

Geography of Bermuda

Crystal Cave, Bermuda


The planet Uranus has appeared in various forms of fiction:

Literature
 An anonymous author writing as a Mr. Vivenair published A Journey Lately Performed Through the Air in an Aerostatic Globe, Commonly Called an Air Balloon, From This Terraquaeous Globe to the Newly Discovered Planet, Georgium Sidus in 1784.
 In the Buck Rogers series (1928–), Uranus is portrayed as having biodomes and robots.
 In Stanley G. Weinbaum's 1935 story "The Planet of Doubt", Uranus' North pole is shrouded in a perpetual fog.
 R. R. Winterbotham's "Clouds over Uranus" was published by Astounding in March of 1937
 In Ramsey Campbell's The Insects from Shaggai (1964), a Cthulhu Mythos story, Uranus is known as L'gy'hx and is inhabited by cubical metallic many-legged creatures who worship Lrogg. They entered in religious conflict with the Shan.
 Uranus is the source of radio signals investigated by Chris Godfrey and his team in First Contact?, written by Hugh Walters and published in 1971.
 In Larry Niven's novel A World Out of Time (1976), Uranus is outfitted with a massive fusion motor and used to gently move the Earth outward from an expanding sun.
 "Uranus or UFO Versus IRS," Philip José Farmer, in The Planets, Byron Preiss (Bantam 1985).
Geoffrey A. Landis's short story "Into the Blue Abyss," part of his short-story collection Impact Parameter and other Quantum Fictions (2001) discussed an expedition to Uranus in search of life.
 Zombie Bums from Uranus, a bestseller by Andy Griffiths, is a story about a 12-year-old boy who encounters in destroying zombie bums that were frozen as Uranus's rings. They came to life when the Great White Bum hit Uranus, turning it brown and melting the ice.

Film and television
In Futurama, Scientists renamed Uranus to "Urectum" to "end that stupid joke once and for all".
 In the 1962 film Journey to the Seventh Planet, astronauts on Uranus encounter a strange intelligence.
 In the Doctor Who (1963–) serial The Daleks' Master Plan, Uranus is described as being the only location in the universe where the mineral Taranium can be acquired.
 In Space Patrol (1962) episode: The Dark Planet - Professor Heggerty and his daughter Cassiopeia are baffled by a plant sample from Uranus with a mind of its own. Following the disappearance of a 20 strong survey team on Uranus, Colonel Raeburn dispatch the Space Patrol crew to locate larger versions of the plant, where they discover the adult specimens of the plant are far from friendly.
 In Space Patrol (1962) episode: The Invisible Invasion - On Uranus, the Duo's are planning to seize power on Earth by taking over the minds of everyone at Space Headquarters, including Colonel Raeburn. The one person seemingliy unaffected by the Duo's power is Professor Heggerty, who is installed beneath his electronic hair-restorer!

Comics and anime
In Grant Morrison's DC One Million (1998), all the planets of the solar system are overseen by one member of the future descendants of the Justice League. Uranus is overseen by the Starman of the 853rd century from his floating citadel, after having replaced the Green Lantern.
 The Eternals, a fictional race of superhumans in the Marvel Comics universe, had a colony on Uranus.  Most left Uranus and went on to Saturn, while those who remained behind were eventually wiped out by natural disasters.  During the Skrull-Kree war the Kree Empire established an outpost on Uranus which acted as a supply depot for their weapons.

Games
 In the role-playing game Transhuman Space, China has begun preliminary harvesting of helium-3 from Uranus' atmosphere to compete against American helium-3 harvesting on Saturn.

Uranus' moons in fiction

Titania
 In Blue Mars by Kim Stanley Robinson (1997), Ann Clayborne and Zo Boone visit Uranus' moon Miranda, which is being preserved as a primal wilderness; the other sizable moons of Uranus are being ambitiously colonised at the time with the help of fusion lanterns placed in Uranus' upper atmosphere to provide more light; Blue Mars also contains a description of a colony on Titania, where humans have adapted to the low gravity and light levels.

Miranda
G. David Nordley's short story "Into the Miranda Rift," in Analog Science Fiction, was set on Miranda.
In the computer game Descent, level 18 takes place in a mine on Miranda.
In the novels of Rob Grant and Doug Naylor based on their sitcom Red Dwarf, Miranda is the site of a large, congested spaceport where Dave Lister takes shore leave to get over being dumped by his girlfriend Kristine Kochanski and adopts a cat which he names Frankenstein.

Oberon
Three levels of the computer game Descent take place in mines Oberon. Levels 19, 20, and 21 take place in an unidentified mine, an iron mine, and a platinum mine, respectively.

In Paolo Aresi's novel Oberon there is a secret Russian base on Oberon (which plays an important part in the plot)

References

Fiction

Uranus in fiction


Exogamy is when a person ought to marry someone from outside a certain group.

Biological
In most places, exogamy is practiced in order to avoid incest, which is taboo in many groups across the world. This is to avoid some of the effects that endogamy creates such as genetic diseases. If two parents have very different genes then there is a lesser chance of a child inheriting both copies of that gene.

Cultural
Exogamy is used to make a connection between two groups. For example, when a person marries another they become part of the family. This connection may be for reasons of inter-group cohesion. In other words, creating an alliance with another group.

Dual exogamy
Claude Levi-Strauss, an anthropologist, argued that when two families are connected by the marriage of two people it creates more relationships for trading other things such as food. It also means that they have more people to rely on. In order to keep this going, groups will trade sisters/daughters for wives and trade back in return.

Related pages
Endogamy

References
Levi-Strauss, C. (1969) The Elementary Structures of Kinship. Beacon Press.
McCallum, C. (2001) Gender and Sociality in Amazonia: How Real People Are Made. Oxford: Berg Publishers.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/198244/exogamy

Marriage

Exogamy


Izet Sarajlić (16 March 1930 in Doboj – 2 May 2002 in Sarajevo) was a Bosnian historian of philosophy, essayist, translator and poet. Sarajlić was Bosnia and Herzegovina's best-known poet after World War II, and the former Yugoslavia's most widely translated poet.

Biography
Sarajlić was born in Doboj in 1930. His mother was not yet eighteen when she married his father, a railway worker. Sarajlić's childhood was spent in Trebinje and Dubrovnik; he moved to Sarajevo in 1945, where he would remain for the rest of his life.

In Sarajevo, Sarajlić attended the boys' gymnasium, and would enter the world of Yugoslav poetry at age nineteen with the collection, "U susretu" ("In meeting"). He graduated with a degree in philosophy at the University of Sarajevo's department of philosophy and comparative literature, later receiving a doctorate in philosophical sciences. During his studies at university, Sarajlić worked as a journalist.

After graduating, Sarajlić became a full-time professor at the Faculty of Philosophy in Sarajevo, a position he would hold for the rest of his life. He was a member of both the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Writers' Society of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as the association of intellectuals, "Krug 99" ("Circle 99"). Together with Husein Tahmiščić, Ahmet Hromadžić, Velimir Milošević and Vladimir Čerkez, he founded "Sarajevo Poetry Days" as an international book festival in 1962.

During his lengthy career, Sarajlić published over 30 books of poetry, some of which have been translated into fifteen languages, as well as numerous memoirs, political writings and translations.

Sarajlić's manuscript "Sarajevo War Journal," written during the first weeks of the siege of Sarajevo, was published in 1993 in Slovenia. When talking about it, Sarajlić would say, "This is the only collection of which I can say that I would love never to have written it."

Sarajlić is reported to have believed that he "belonged to the 20th century." When the 21st century arrived, he would date letters to friends as "1999+1," "1999+2," etc.

He died in Sarajevo on 2 May 2002, at the age of 72.

His literary work is a part of common heritage of Serbs, Croats, Montenegrins and Bosniaks.

References

External links
Izet Sarajlić on ezgeta.com

1930 births
2002 deaths
Writers from Sarajevo
People from Doboj
Bosniaks of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina poets
Bosniak writers
Bosniak poets
Bosnia and Herzegovina historians of philosophy
20th-century poets

Izet Sarajlić


The Red Room () is a Swedish novel by August Strindberg that was first published in 1879. A satire of Stockholm society, it has frequently been described as the first modern Swedish novel. In this novel, Strindberg reflects his own experiences of living in poverty while writing this novel during February to November 1879. While receiving mixed reviews in Sweden, it was acclaimed in Denmark, where Strindberg was hailed as a genius. As a result of The Red Room, Strindberg became famous throughout Scandinavia.  Edvard Brandes wrote that it "makes the reader want to join the fight against hypocrisy and reaction."

A young idealistic civil servant, Arvid Falk, leaves the drudgery of bureaucracy to become a journalist and author. As he explores various social activities—politics, publishing, theatre, philanthropy, and business—he finds more hypocrisy and political corruption than he thought possible. He takes refuge with a group of "bohemians", who meet in a red dining room in Berns Salonger to discuss these matters.

An English translation by Ellie Schleussner, translator of several other works by Strindberg, was published in 1913 in London and is now in the public domain. There is also a 2009 translation by Peter Graves.

American literary critic John Albert Macy (husband of Anne Sullivan) wrote in his The Critical Game (published in 1922):

Adaptations

The novel was adapted into a comic book by Per Demervall.

References

External links

1879 Swedish novels
Novels by August Strindberg
Roman à clef novels
Novels set in Stockholm
Swedish-language novels
Swedish satirical novels
Novels adapted into comics

The Red Room (Strindberg novel)


The Indian Chameleon, Chamaeleo zeylanicus is a species of chameleon found in Sri Lanka, India and other parts of South Asia. Like other chameleons, this species has a long tongue, feet that are shaped into bifid claspers and a prehensile tail. Its two eyes can move in different directions at the same time. It also can change the colour of its skin. They move slowly with a bobbing or swaying movement and are usually arboreal. Strangely, although they can change color, they may not be able to see differences in colour. They are usually in shades of green or brown or with bands. They can change colour quickly. The main reason for colour change is for communication with other chameleons and for controlling body temperature. By changing to dark colours, their bodies absorb heat.

Chameleons
Reptiles of Asia

Chamaeleo zeylanicus


Bethune is a Statutory Town located in Kit Carson County, Colorado, United States. The town population was 183 at the 2020 United States Census.  It is located along U.S. Highway 24 that is north of an exit on Interstate 70.

Geography
Bethune is located at  (39.304471, -102.423362).

At the 2020 United States Census, the town had a total area of , all of it land.

Demographics

According to the most recent Census Bureau demographics available, released in December 2018, Bethune has a population of 227, making it the 5th largest town or city in population out of 10 total in the area. The city with the highest population in the area is Burlington, with a population of 5,468. Burlington is the county seat of Kit Carson County.

From the census of 2000, there were 225 people, 74 households, and 58 families residing in Bethune.  The population density was .  There were 81 housing units at an average density of .  The racial makeup of the town was 73.78% White, 0.89% Native American, 0.44% Asian, 23.56% from other races, and 1.33% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 31.11% of the population.

There were 74 households, out of which 48.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.2% were married couples living together, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.6% were non-families. 20.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 3.04 and the average family size was 3.50.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 35.6% under the age of 18, 11.6% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 17.3% from 45 to 64, and 7.6% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 27 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.4 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.4 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $28,958, and the median income for a family was $30,833. Males had a median income of $23,750 versus $16,250 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,994.  About 21.9% of families and 27.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 41.8% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those 65 or over.

Notable people
Notable individuals who were born in or have lived in Bethune include:
 Denver Pyle (1920-1997), actor

See also

 List of municipalities in Colorado

References

External links

 CDOT map of the Town of Bethune

Towns in Kit Carson County, Colorado
Towns in Colorado

Bethune, Colorado


Connemara () is a district in the west of the Republic of Ireland. The Owenglin River flows into the sea at An Clochán/Clifden.  At first, Connemara was divided into North and South Connemara. The mountains of the Twelve Bens and the Owenglin River were the natural boundaries between the two parts.

Actor Peter O'Toole was born here in 1932.

County Galway

Connemara


Carl Friedrich von Rumohr (6 January 1785, Reinhardtsgrimma – 25 July 1843) was a German art historian, writer, draughtsman and painter, agricultural historian, connoisseur of and writer about the culinary arts, art collector and patron of artists.

Life
Carl Friedrich von Rumohr was born into an ancient aristocratic family and grew up on the family estates in Holstein near Lübeck. He went to the University of Göttingen 1802-1804 where he studied Classical philology with Christian Gottlob Heyne, History (Arnold Hermann Ludwig Heeren) and Mathematics (Bernhard Friedrich Thibaut); he took drawing lessons with Johann Dominik Fiorillo who also introduced him to Art history and the critical reading of Vasari. At university he came into contact with the Romantic movement around Ludwig Tieck and converted in 1804 to Catholicism together with the brothers Riepenhausen. Inheriting a large fortune after the death of his father he went with Tieck and the brothers Riepenhausen on a study trip to Rome (1805-1806) where he met the group of German artists (among others, Joseph Anton Koch) living and working there and acquired the foundations of his expertise of the classical arts. On his return journey he was introduced in Frankfurt to the circle around Clemens Brentano.

The following years he spent on his estates in Holstein while travelling extensively and meeting many personalities from the German cultural elite of his days. Of importance for the development of his thinking was his contact in the years 1806/1807 in Munich with the Naturphilosophie of Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling. He undertook studies at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich and befriended the son of the director, Johann Peter von Langer. He made his first important contribution to Art history with the publication in 1812 of:  Über die antike Gruppe Castor und Pollux ….

His second Italian journey (1816-1821) together with the painter Franz Horny took Rumohr to Florence and Siena for art historical archive studies and 1817 to Rome where he arranged for Horny to study with Joseph Anton Koch. He met the German painters of the Nazarene movement who had been living and working in Rome since 1810 and became an important patron, supporting them through publications and purchases until he broke with the younger artists around Johann David Passavant and Julius Schnorr. He acted as guide to the future Danish King Christian VIII in 1819 and again 1821 and also to the Bavarian crown prince Ludwig.

In 1822 Rumohr published under the name of his personal chef a treatise about the culinary arts, the Geist der Kochkunst von Joseph König., in praise and defence of traditional national (not just German) and provincial cuisine. It became his most successful book and was republished in an extended form in 1832. Recently it has been rediscovered and republished.

In the following years Rumohr was active as an elected honorary member of the newly founded Hamburger Kunstverein and advised and promoted many young Hamburg artists among them the brothers Otto and Erwin Speckter, Carl Julius Milde, Adolph Friedrich Vollmer and Christian Morgenstern. Being an able draughtsman himself, he supervised the artistic training of the young Friedrich Nerly. The relationship with their much older patron who tended to impose his strong views was, however, not always easy.

Out of his study of Vasari derived his main work, the Italienische Forschungen, the first two volumes of which were published in 1827. Its importance to Art history as discipline lies in the critical evaluation of historic documents. Wilhelm von Humboldt judged the work to be the first step towards a more truthful evaluation of Art objects [in their historic context]

Rumohr and the art historian Gustav Friedrich Waagen were involved as advisors in the planning of the Berliner Gemäldegalerie. The project of a public collection of old European masters had been initiated by the archaeologist Aloys Hirt (1759-1837) already in 1797 and had gained support from the architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel and the Prussian king Friedrich Wilhelm III. It was the first of its kind that had been conceived from an art historical perspective.

On his third Italian journey (1828-1829), accompanied by Nerly (who travelled further on to Rome), Rumohr negotiated purchases for the Berliner Gemäldegalerie, worked on a novel and acted as guide to the Prussian crown prince in Florence and Siena.

In the following years Rumohr worked on essays and literary projects, some of them never published. The third volume of Italienische Forschungen came out in 1831; a critical review by Aloys Hirt leads to the breakup of their relationship and to several polemical essays. In the year 1834 he stayed in Copenhagen to catalogue together with Just Mathias Thiele the royal print collection; he was rewarded with the title of chamberlain and became patron to the young Danish painter Lorenz Frølich.

In spring of 1837 Rumohr went on his fourth Italian journey that led him to Milan and the surrounding region of Lombardy to study the traditional irrigation systems. He published his observations in: Reise durch die östlichen Bundesstaaten in die Lombardey with recommendations for their adoption in Prussia. On what will be his last trip to Italy in 1841 Rumohr visited his favourite student Nerly in Venice. Returning to Copenhagen he asked Christian VIII in vain for the position of keeper of the royal art collection; rejecting an offered lesser position he retired to spend his last years on his estates near Lübeck devoting himself to his art collection.

Rumohr died 1843 in Dresden. The physiologist, psychologist, medical practitioner and painter, Carl Gustav Carus had his death mask taken and performed an autopsy. He is buried in Dresden on the Innerer Neustädter Friedhof. Christian VIII donated his tombstone, Gottfried Semper designed it. It was destroyed in World War II and restored in 2010.

Notes

Bibliography

Selected writings
 Über die antike Gruppe Castor und Pollux oder von dem Begriffe der Idealität in Kunstwerken. Perthes, Hamburg, 1812 Digitalisat der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
 Italienische Forschungen. Nicolai'sche Buchhandlung, Berlin und Stettin, Teil 1–3
 Erster Theil. 1827 deutschestextarchiv.de
 Beigabe zum Ersten Bande. 1827 deutschestextarchiv.de
 Zweyter Theil. 1827 deutschestextarchiv.de
 Dritter Theil. 1831 deutschestextarchiv.de
 Geist der Kochkunst von Joseph König. Überarbeitet und herausgegeben von C. F. von Rumohr., 2., verm. u. verb. Aufl., Stuttgart und Tübingen 1832.  SLUB Dresden
 Hans Holbein, der jüngere, in seinem Verhältnisse zum deutschen Formschnittwesen, Anstalt für Kunst und Literatur, Leipzig 1836 Google
 Zur Geschichte und Theorie der Formschneidekunst. Anstalt für Kunst und Literatur (R. Weigel), Leipzig 1837 SLUB Dresden
 Reise durch die östlichen Bundesstaaten in die Lombardey und zurück über die Schweiz und den oberen Rhein in besonderer Beziehung auf Völkerkunde, Landbau und Staatswirthscharft. Rohden'sche Buchhandlung, Lübeck 1838 SLUB Dresden

References
 Heinrich Wilhelm Schulz: Karl Friedrich von Rumohr, sein Leben und seine Schriften mit einem Nachwort von C. G. Carus, F. A. Brockhaus, Leipzig 1844 Google

 Antonie Tarrach: Studien über die Bedeutung Carl Friedr. v. Rumohrs für Geschichte und Methode der Kunstwissenschaft. In:  Monatshefte für Kunstwissenschaft 14 1921, Abhandlungen, Band I, S. 97–138.  Internet Archive
 Gerhard Kegel: Carl Friedrich von Rumohr. In:  Schleswig-Holsteinisches Biographisches Lexikon, hg. v. d. Gesellschaft f. Schleswig-Holstein. Geschichte, Bd. 3, Neumünster 1974, S.230-235.
 Schleswig-Holsteinische Landesmuseen (Hrsg.): Friedrich Nerly und die Künstler um Carl Friedrich von Rumohr, Mainz, 1991. - 175 S.
 Gerhard Kegel (Hrsg.): Carl Friedrich von Rumohr: Briefe an Johann Georg Rist. , kommentiert und mit drei Nachträgen versehen, Buchholz/Nordheide: Selbstverl. d. Hrsg., 1993. - 99 S.
 Thomas M. Hauer: Carl Friedrich von Rumohr und Der Geist der bürgerlichen Küche. Universität Karlsruhe, Dissertation 2000
 Enrica Yvonne Dilk: Ein practischer Aesthetiker - Studien zum Leben und Werk Carl Friedrich von Rumohrs. Olms Verlag, 2000.   Abstract

External links

 Rumohr Gesellschaft

1785 births
1843 deaths
People from Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge
People from the Electorate of Saxony
German art historians
German draughtsmen
German food writers
Artist authors
German artists
Historians of agriculture
German male non-fiction writers
University of Göttingen alumni
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni

Carl Friedrich von Rumohr


The World Unseen is a 2007 historical drama film,  written and directed by Shamim Sarif, adapted from her own novel.  The film is set in 1950s Cape Town, South Africa during the beginning of apartheid.  The film stars Lisa Ray and Sheetal Sheth as two Indian South African women who fall in love in a racist, sexist, and homophobic society.

Ray and Sheth also star together in another Shamim Sarif movie, I Can't Think Straight, released in November 2008.

The World Unseen was made with the assistance of the National Film and Video Foundation of South Africa, which took a minority equity stake in the film.

Synopsis
In 1950s South Africa, a land torn apart by apartheid, Amina epitomizes individuality and freedom. She runs the Location Café, a haven of fun, food, and festivities open to all. Amina defines her own laws and lives on her own terms, undeterred by the reproving police and the disparaging Indian community.

Miriam demurely follows conventions and makes no demands on life. Her world is confined to being a doting mother to her three children and a subservient wife to her chauvinistic husband Omar.

Amina has a covert business partner, Jacob, who is barred from owning a business because the State considers him to be 'coloured'. He is attracted to Madeleine, a local white postmistress, but the indignities and injustices of the prevalent law thwart their desire to pursue a relationship.

Omar's sister Rehmat married a white man, against rules that forbid mixed marriages. When she needs protection from police, Amina shelters her, and her charm and strength of character captivate Miriam, who secretly rejoices when Amina accepts a farming job in her backyard.  Amina notices Miriam's inherent kindness and silent dedication, and the mutual attraction between them grows. They bare their hearts to each other and their emotions get entangled. They contrive another reason to meet: driving lessons.

The inescapable social distance between them makes them question their feelings, but,  in the midst of hatred and oppression,  their only refuge is love.

In the resplendent South African landscape, with retro music strewn in the background, The World Unseen explores Miriam's relationship with Amina and how it empowers her to make personal choices that change her world.

Cast
Lisa Ray as Miriam, a wife and mother who has recently immigrated to South Africa.
Sheetal Sheth as Amina, a free spirited café owner.
Parvin Dabas as Omar, Miriam's chauvinistic and frustrated husband and one of the film's primary antagonists.
David Dennis as Jacob, Amina's business partner.
Grethe Fox as Madeleine Smith, Jacob's White love interest who runs the local post office.
Colin Moss as De Witt, a policeman and one of the film's primary antagonists.
Nandana Sen as Rehmat
Natalie Becker as Farah, Omar's lover
Rajesh Gopie as Sadru
Bernard White as Mr. Harjan
Avantika Akerkar as Mrs. Harjan
Amber Rose Revah as Begum
Leonie Casanova as Doris, a waitress at Amina's café shop

Reception

Critics
The film was positively reviewed by the gay and lesbian media, with AfterEllen calling it "one of the best-conceived queer films of the past year – a sincere, beautifully realized vision of love and resistance in an intolerant world." Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a 30% rotten rating from 27 reviews, with an average score of 4.5/10.

Awards and honours

See also
 List of LGBT-related films directed by women

References

External links

Apartheid films
2007 films
2007 drama films
2000s English-language films
English-language South African films
South African LGBT-related films
Lesbian-related films
British drama films
Films directed by Shamim Sarif
Films shot in South Africa
Films set in South Africa
South African drama films
South African Indian films
2000s British films

The World Unseen


Bicycle lighting is illumination attached to bicycles whose purpose above all is, along with reflectors, to improve the visibility of the bicycle and its rider to other road users under circumstances of poor ambient illumination. A secondary purpose is to illuminate reflective materials such as cat's eyes and traffic signs. A third purpose may be to illuminate the roadway so that the rider can see the way ahead. Serving the latter purposes require much more luminous flux and thus more power.

Many jurisdictions require one or more bicycle lights to be fitted to bicycles ridden at night — generally a white light in the front and a red light at the back, like with other vehicles.

History

Fire

The earliest bicycle lamps were oil-fueled and started to be manufactured in 1876 for the Ordinary (High-Bicycle) and solid-tired tricycles. From 1896, acetylene gas lighting for bicycles started to be introduced and later in 1899, acetylene gas lamps for the motor-car became popular. Their carbide lamps were powered by acetylene gas, produced by combining calcium carbide with water. The light given was very bright, often called artificial daylight but the lamps required regular maintenance.

Electricity
From as early as 1888, electric-powered bicycle lamps were manufactured but did not become a viable proposition until 1898. They comprised an incandescent bulb and either a lead-acid battery or a dynamo. Lead-acid batteries were replaced by dry cells and later by alkaline batteries. Dynamos improved in efficiency and reliability, recently being incorporated into the wheel hub, for example. Moulding techniques for plastics also improved, allowing lens optics to be improved and cost reduced. Incandescent bulbs were replaced first by halogen lamps and later by light emitting diodes (LEDs).

Halogen lights
Although these lights were originally designed for off-road use, where they were almost universal, rechargeable halogen lights became popular with commuter cyclists.

The lights used by most halogen rechargeable systems were cheap and bright, but fairly simple: they projected a cone of light (wide and narrow beam options were available) which is good for off-road use but not ideal for road use as it can dazzle oncoming road users. This is why halogen lights do not meet legal requirements in some jurisdictions.

Many systems used standard commercial prefocused optics, making a wide range of power and beam width combinations available.  Most systems allowed simultaneous connection of different lamps - for example, a wide and a narrow beam for off-road riding, or a high- and a low-power beam for road riding.

HID lights

High-intensity discharge (HID) lights were a brighter/more efficient alternative to filament bulbs prior to the widespread adoption of LEDs.  Like halogen systems, they were designed primarily for off-road use, having rotationally symmetrical beams which cast as much light up as down.  HID lamps were susceptible to damage from repeated strikes, and in many cases did not relight immediately after shutting down.  Likewise, should the battery level fall too low, the lamp would shut down rather than dimming.  But the longer battery life than halogens tends to negate these problems, as many riders would simply switch the light on and leave it running throughout the ride.

Xenon strobes
Xenon strobes were an innovation in bicycle lighting; previously common in industrial applications.  They were brighter than LEDs and sometimes used as rear lights.

Lighting system

Electrical system
Batteries, either  rechargeable or disposable, are often used to power electric bicycle lights. Where batteries are unwanted a magneto is used. In cycling circles the device is called a dynamo even though the device does not have a commutator. See section Dynamo systems for details.

Voltages
3 volt:
Often supplied by 2 AA or C/D cell batteries.

6 volt:
Sometimes 4 AA batteries or lead-acid batteries are used; also supplied from a bottle- or hub dynamo.

9 volt:
Sometimes supplied by a PP3 battery

12 volt:
Mostly supplied by sealed lead-acid batteries.  The main advantage with this voltage is versatility of the electric system, such as the ability to charge a cell phone battery, though 5 volt USB is also used for that purpose too.  It also allows electric air compressors to inflate tires.  Some 12-volt dynamos are available too, though their watt rating is underpowered for medium to high watt applications.

Light sources
Virtually all bicycle lights on the market today, from the cheapest to the most expensive, are based on LEDs.

Legal requirements

Under the International Vienna Convention on Road Traffic (1968) of the United Nations, a bicycle is a vehicle.  Article 44 of the Convention stipulates that: "Cycles without an engine in international traffic shall: (c) Be equipped with a red reflecting device at the rear and with devices such that the cycle can show a white or selective-yellow light to the front and a red light to the rear."  In some countries, for example France, it may be an offence even to sell a bicycle not fitted with legally compliant lighting system. However, not all countries impose this requirement on cyclists.

Many jurisdictions require bicycles to be fitted with reflectors at the point of sale. In the United States this is regulated by the Consumer Product Safety Commission.  CPSC compliant reflectors (also commonly fitted in other markets) have three retro-reflective panels positioned at 30° angles.  The standard requires a forward-facing white reflector on the front of the bicycle, sideways-facing white reflectors on each wheel, a red reflector mounted on the rear, and yellow reflectors installed on the front and back of each pedal. Some interpret this as an endorsement of reflector-only night cycling.

Many jurisdictions require the use of a headlight and a rear light or reflector after dark. Most European countries and some US states require front and rear lights at night, while others allow reflectors only at the rear. Some jurisdictions impose requirements on light output and the size of lamp and reflector lenses; some require compliance with standards defined by third parties; some stipulate a minimum distance from which any lighting device should be visible. In some jurisdictions such as Germany and the Netherlands, flashing red tail lights are illegal, in others, they are allowed.

In the UK, the regulations governing bicycle lights are set out in the Road Vehicles Lighting Regulations 1989 and their subsequent amendments, summarized in the Highway Code.  The regulations require a white front light, a red rear light, a red rear reflector,
and amber/yellow pedal reflectors on the front and rear of both pedals.
Reflectors must conform to BS 6102/2 or an equivalent European standard.  The situation for lights is more complicated:
 a light with a steady mode is considered approved only if it conforms to BS 6102/3 or an equivalent European standard;
 a light without a steady mode is considered approved only if it flashes at a constant rate of between 60 and 240 flashes per minute and has a luminous intensity of at least 4 candela;
The majority of LED lights available are not approved for UK use since they have steady modes that do not conform to BS 6102/3.  It is, however, legal to fit additional lights providing that they are of the correct colour, they do not dazzle other road users and that if they flash, they do so at a constant rate of between 60 and 240 flashes per minute.

National cyclists' organisations such as LAB (US) or CTC (UK) are a source of lighting information.

Safety
The use of lights for night riding is generally recommended or required by authorities as a basic safety precaution, even in a well-lit urban context. show a correlation between collisions and failure to use lights even during daytime.

In countries where bicycles are used widely for commuting and short trips, such as the Netherlands and Scandinavia, bicycle head- and tail lighting regulation is strictly enforced by the authorities.
However, a study from 2013
shows that different lighting regulations seem to have little influence on bicycle accident rates, and points out a lack of studies into the safety benefits of bicycle lighting.

Front lighting

White LEDs are available with output ranging from a few lumens to high-powered units producing about as much light as an automotive headlamp, suitable for high speed use on unlit trails.

LED systems often include an option to dim the LEDs, or to provide a flashing light.

Low-cost battery lights can be a good choice for occasional use, and usually meet legislative requirements.  However, regular bicycle commuters would probably find it cost-effective to use rechargeable cells. Some headlamps use lithium-ion rechargeable battery packs, which may be recharged from a USB port.

Flashlights
Flashlights, although not specifically designed for bicycle use, are a viable alternative. They can be fastened to the bicycle handlebars with various mounting devices such as a lock-block. The round light pattern of a general purpose flashlight is inferior to the beam of a bicycle headlamp properly shaped to illuminate the roadway and not provide excess glare to oncoming traffic.

Rear lighting

Most LED lights will work in either flashing or steady modes.  Some LED lights have multiple banks of LEDs allowing both flashing and steady light at once.  This can also be achieved by having one flashing light and one steady.

In many countries, LED flashers are the norm for rear lights. In others such as Germany and the Netherlands flashing lights are forbidden by law. In the UK flashing LEDs (front and rear) are legal from October 2005, provided that the lights conform to the requirements of the current Road Vehicles Lighting regulations.  Many vendors claim EU compliance, however, this provides no consistent safety or legal value across the Union.

The most common power source for rear LEDs is a set of alkaline cells and rechargeable cells.  In both cases the battery tends to fail quickly when it goes; it is widely considered a good practice to have two rear lights in case a battery fails en route.

Low power lights are mainly for being seen, or as an emergency backup, and are the dominant choice for rear lights. Rear marker LED lamps may be operated on disposable coin-sized cells.

Some high-end rear lights incorporate turn signal and brake light functions, switched via a handlebar control via radio frequencies.

Power supplies

Batteries

The introduction of the Low self-discharge NiMH battery (LSD-NiMH) in 2005 made rechargeable AA and AAA sized batteries more viable for powering LED bicycle lights. Previously, the self-discharge effect of NiCAD and NiMH batteries caused the battery to run down over a period of weeks or a few months, even when not in use. This was particularly a problem for low powered LED lights, and for users who only used their bicycle lights occasionally. The LSD-NiMH battery greatly reduced the self-discharge effect, allowing the battery to keep its charge for a year or more.

For higher-powered lights, an external battery pack of 12V VRLA battery is often required. These battery packs usually strap to the top tube of the frame, or come in the shape that fits in a water bottle cage, or can be placed in a basket. A cable connects the battery pack to the light. Another advantage with battery power (especially with 12 volt) is the ability to power other components outside of lighting, as well as all from one battery (as long as they run safe on 12 volts) though wire spaghetti from splicing can be a setback depending on how complicated the electric system is.

Alternatively, Li-ion and LiPo batteries have been becoming more popular with bicyclists due to their higher capacity and lighter weight compared with conventional batteries.  More specifically, the 18650 battery, which has been popular with electric car manufacturers (for the same reasons) and are commonly found in laptops and flashlights.

Dynamo systems

Dynamo systems require no batteries and may be permanently fitted to the bike.

Bicycle dynamos are actually magnetos and produce alternating current.

Types

There are three main types:

 Hub dynamos are built into the front or rear wheel hub. These are generally the most reliable and most efficient of the three types.
 Bottle dynamos (or sidewall dynamos) attach to the seatstay or fork and are rotated by a small wheel in contact with the tire sidewall. These are easier to retrofit than hub dynamos, but are prone to slipping, especially in wet conditions.
 Bottom-bracket dynamos are attached between the chainstays behind the bottom bracket and are powered by a roller against the rim. These are easy to fit and do not wear the tire sidewall.

Other types of dynamos exist, but are less common. For example, there are dynamos that are attached to the fork and driven by the wheel's spokes.

Output and optics
Dynamos are generally limited to about 3 W of output power, although the best 12 V hub dynamos can produce 6 W at speed A bottle dynamo is likely to slip if run at twice the nominal power, a hub dynamo does not have this problem.

At speed a dynamo can overpower the lamp, causing it to fail. Historically this was a nuisance, but modern lamps and dynamos often incorporate Zener diodes to prevent overvoltage, and dynamos can be designed to saturate beyond a certain voltage to protect the lamp.

Good dynamos can achieve efficiencies of up to 70% (i.e., under 5 W of the rider's output is diverted to produce 3 W of electricity) and provide good light output at low speeds.

To produce light when the bike is stationary, some dynamo lights have a stand light facility, usually a single blue-white (front light) or red (rear light) LED powered by a capacitor, which runs for around five minutes.

Advantages of dynamo lighting
 Usage time not limited by battery life
 No recharging or change of batteries necessary
 More environmentally friendly and inexpensive to run than battery-powered lights
 Typically do not have to be removed when the bicycle is parked

Disadvantages
 Provide no lighting when the bicycle is moving very slowly or is stopped, unless the system is equipped with capacitors or back-up batteries
 Maximum power output obtainable is lower than with batteries
 Difficult to remove by the owner if this is necessary to thwart theft or vandalism, or to use them on more than one bicycle
 Retrofitting a bicycle is more difficult because mounting is more difficult (due to lamp and power source being separate)
 Cheap or poorly aligned dynamos produce noticeable drag
 Old dynamos and lamps did not limit their output voltage, leading to early failure of the incandescent light bulbs in the lamps. Modern lamps and dynamos contain voltage limiters to solve this problem.
 Not suitable for high-power applications outside of lighting, unless designed to recharge an on-board battery.
 Bottle dynamos may be noisy, can be difficult to adjust, can slip under wet conditions, and may wear the sidewall of the tire

Magnetic lights

Lights can be self-powered via electromagnetic induction, eliminating the need for batteries or dynamo systems. The advantages are similar to those of dynamo lighting. The most common design includes a magnet on the wheel spoke and lights with a coil in them, mounted on the frame or fork of the bike. More exotic designs also exist; some have frame-mounted magnets and wheel-mounted lights, or a magnet and an inductor in one casing, using eddy currents.

Supplementary lighting and visibility

Headlamps

Headlamps are a useful adjunct to bicycle lights.  They can be pointed without steering the bike, giving useful fill-in lighting especially on poor or very dark roads.  They have the added safety benefit of positioning the light higher on the cyclist for increased visibility.  They also allow the wearer to read road and directional signs placed on high signposts. However, due to the high position of the light the glare may dazzle oncoming traffic.

Some rechargeable systems offer a headlamp option powered from the main battery pack.

Reflective and high-visibility materials
Retro-reflective materials, in the form of fixed reflectors, reflective tape, and reflective clothing, are useful in making a cyclist visible to other road users.  Reflective materials can be applied to bike, rider, or luggage; also, tires are available with reflective sidewalls. Reflectives are visible only when in the beam of a headlight, and even then only within a narrow locus.  Importantly, they do nothing to light up the road. Reflectors are not a substitute for lights, but are an important supplement to portable lighting.

On the bike
Reflectors and reflective tape provide additional visibility (especially when applied to moving parts of the bicycle) and are mandatory in many jurisdictions. Pedal reflectors in particular are very visible to following traffic as they move up and down; unfortunately they are not compatible with most clipless pedal systems, although adaptors are available for some, mainly older SPD models, and a few single-sided designs are available with built-in reflectors.  In the UK, where front and rear pedal reflectors are compulsory after dark, most cyclists with clipless pedals are therefore riding illegally.  The law is rarely if ever enforced, but could potentially be used in court to reduce financial compensation if the cyclist were to be hit by another vehicle.  The CTC have suggested that the requirement should be waived if the cyclist fits an additional rear reflector or lighting, but this was not changed in the last revision of the UK vehicle lighting laws (which permitted flashing LEDs).  Riders of recumbent bicycles have pointed out that the pedal reflector requirement is nonsensical for them, since the reflectors point straight up and down in use, and are invisible from other vehicles.  As of 2008, California law allows white or yellow shoe reflectors (front and back), or reflective ankle bands, in lieu of pedal reflectors.

Clothing

On dark roads, retroreflective materials such as 3M's Scotchlite will show up boldly in car headlights.

The colour of lighting should be checked in the rider's surroundings. A single solid colour can disappear under artificial light, particularly yellow sodium vapour lighting, and colour blindness is common; red/green colourblindness can make yellow fluorescent vanish against a green background (hedges or grass), although people with red/green colourblindness dispute this. Vests with both yellow and orange fluorescent areas plus wide strips of reflective may be the best solution.

In recent times electroluminescent clothing has become available to add to the existing array of LED-illuminated armbands and helmet blinkies.

Wheel-mounted lights

Wheel-mounted lights are used to improve the visibility of a bike from the side. Due to persistence of vision, individual lights mounted on the moving bike's wheel spokes are perceived as glowing arcs or circles. There are lights controlled with MCU that are capable of rendering colorful patterns or animations. The glowing rims or wheels can isolate the bike from the visual noise of the city lights and help drivers see and immediately recognize a cyclist. Such lights are mainly battery-powered, but battery-free designs also exist.

Measures of light output

Electric power consumption in watts

The watt (W) is the unit of power, and is usually quoted for the electrical power input, not the light power output. Electrical power is the product of voltage and current (watts = volts × amperes).  Input power is only useful when comparing lights of similar technologies.

Luminous intensity in a given direction in candelas

The candela (cd) is the SI unit of luminous intensity, that is power per unit solid angle in a given direction, weighted according to the sensitivity of the human eye to various colours of light. A typical candle produces light with about 1 candela of luminous intensity in all directions. A lamp can produce higher luminous intensity either by producing more light, or by focusing it tighter. The luminous intensity of a light depends on many factors, including the colour of the light and the eye's sensitivity to that colour, the optics involved, reflector and lens. Despite its complexity, it is a more useful measure than watts, because it defines how much usable light is shed in a given place: a dynamo headlight designed for road use and focused for seeing the road makes more efficient use of the power of the lamp than lights using rotationally symmetrical optics.

Total luminous flux in lumens

The lumen (lm) is the SI unit for luminous flux, the total amount of light emitted by a source, weighted according to the sensitivity of the human eye to various colours of light. Lumens per watt is a common measure of the efficacy of a light source.  The luminous flux is of less value for bicycle lighting due to the importance of directionality. Luminous intensity is much more useful, but lumens per watt is a handy way to compare the output of otherwise similar lights.

Illuminance at a given distance in lux

The lux (lx) is this SI unit for illuminance, that is the amount of light that illuminates a surface (the road, in the case of a bike light) per unit area at a given point, weighted according to the sensitivity of the human eye to various colours of light. Some manufacturers indicate the illuminance their front lights provide to the road at a point located a standard distance right in front of the bicycle.

References

External links

  Bike Current FAQ page

Lighting
Lighting
Safety equipment

nl:Fietsdynamo
pl:Dynamo rowerowe
fi:Dynamo

Bicycle lighting


Prajateerpu was a participatory action research (PAR) initiative on the future of food and farming in Andhra Pradesh that took place on 25 June – 1 July 2001 at the Government of India's Farmer Liaison Centre (KVK) in Algole Village, Zaheerabad Taluk, Medak District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Initiated by a coalition of local community groups, it involved the participation of marginal-livelihood citizens from Andhra Pradesh and drew on approaches such as the citizens' jury and scenario workshops.

At a meeting held at the UK Houses of Parliament on 18 March 2002, a smallholder from the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh stood up to launch a report in which she gave a personal account of a controversial participation process called Prajateerpu (Telugu for 'people's verdict'). Anjamma and her fellow jurors concluded that genetically modified crops would have little foreseeable impact on reducing malnutrition in Andhra Pradesh, and also expressed concern over the impact that reliance on artificial fertilizers and pesticides would have on smallholders in the region. They called for local self-sufficiency and endogenous development in farming and food, thereby joining a growing global movement for food sovereignty.

External links
ETC Group's introduction to participatory technology assessment
The people's vision: UK and Indian reflections on Prajateerpu

Agriculture in Andhra Pradesh
Agricultural research in India
Genetically modified organisms in agriculture
Food politics
2001 in India

Prajateerpu


Alaska Newspapers, Inc. (ANI) was, until August 2011, the publisher of six weekly Alaska newspapers, a quarterly magazine, and several special publications including a shopper, visitor's guides, and programs.

ANI was founded by Edgar Blatchford in 1983 with the purchase of the Seward Phoenix Log. In 1990, the Tundra Drums was added to the company's portfolio in a partnership with Calista Corporation, an Alaska Native Regional Corporation created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971. ANI has its headquarters in Anchorage, Alaska and is currently a majority-owned subsidiary of Calista.

Newspapers
Alaska Newspapers, Inc. (ANI), published six weekly newspapers serving Bush Alaska.  As of August 2011, all of these newspapers had been sold or were in the process of being sold to new owners.  The Arctic Sounder, the Bristol Bay Times and the Dutch Harbor Fisherman were sold to new publishers Jason Evans and Kiana Peacock.  The Seward Phoenix Log and the Tundra Drums were sold to Edgar Blatchford.  The Cordova Times was sold to Jennifer Gibbins, who was editor of the paper for the last year.

 Arctic Sounder, serving the Northwest Arctic Borough and the North Slope Borough;
 Bristol Bay Times serving the Bristol Bay communities of Dillingham, King Salmon, Naknek, and surrounding villages.
 Cordova Times serving Cordova and Prince William Sound.
 Dutch Harbor Fisherman serving communities in the Aleutians and Pribilofs.
 Seward Phoenix Log serving the eastern Kenai Peninsula communities of Seward, Moose Pass, and Cooper Landing.
 Tundra Drums serving Bethel and other villages on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta.

ANI formerly published three additional newspapers, the Anchorage Chronicle, the Valdez Vanguard and The Bering Strait Record. The Anchorage Chronicle, a general-interest weekly newspaper serving Anchorage, began publication in 2001, but shut down in 2004 due to its failure in the highly competitive Anchorage market to gain enough subscriptions or rack sales to entice advertisers.  The Valdez Vanguard, a weekly newspaper serving Valdez, was sold in 2003 to its competitor, the Valdez Star. The Bering Strait Record was founded in Nome, Alaska in 1997, but was closed by publisher Chris Casati in 2000.

Other publications
Alaska Newspapers, Inc. also publishes the quarterly magazine First Alaskans.

The Alaska Bush Shopper is a monthly shopping guide for residents of Bush Alaska. Alaska Bush Shopper is distributed via mail to over 230 regional villages in addition to being included as an insert in ANI's weekly newspapers.

ANI's other publications include a quarterly statewide health feature called Healthy Life; the monthly feature Kids These Days highlighting achievements of youth in villages and communities around Alaska; the annual feature Career & Education Guide programs for annual events including the Camai Dance Festival, the Seward Silver Salmon Derby, the Seward Mount Marathon Race,  and visitor's guides to Dutch Harbor and Unalaska, Seward, and Prince William Sound.

Camai Printing
ANI's subsidiary Camai Printing', also headquartered in Anchorage, provides traditional print services, such as printing of letterhead, business cards, 4-color posters, brochures, and envelopes as well as newsprint web press printing services.

See also
 List of newspapers in Alaska

References

External links
 Alaska Newspapers, Inc.
 Camai Printing

1983 establishments in Alaska
2011 disestablishments in Alaska
Companies based in Anchorage, Alaska
Defunct newspapers published in Alaska

Alaska Newspapers, Inc.


Samuel Augustus Merritt (August 15, 1827 – September 8, 1910) was an American politician who served as a California legislator, as a Congressional Delegate from Idaho Territory, and as a judge in Utah Territory.

Born in Staunton, Virginia, Merritt was graduated from Washington College, Lexington, Virginia, in 1848. He moved to Mariposa County, California in 1849, and was county clerk and public administrator in 1850. He served as a member of the California State Assembly in 1851 and 1852, representing Mariposa and Tulare counties. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1852 and commenced practice. He served in the California State Senate 1857–1862. He moved to the Territory of Idaho in 1862.

Merritt was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-second Congress (March 4, 1871 – March 3, 1873); he was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1872. He moved to Salt Lake City, Utah in 1873 and engaged in mining operations and the practice of law. He was city attorney 1888–1890, and served as a member of the Democratic National Committee in 1892. He was chief justice of the supreme court of the Territory of Utah from 1894 to 1896. He died in Salt Lake City at age 83, and was interred in Salt Lake City Cemetery.

References

1827 births
1910 deaths
California state senators
Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from Idaho Territory
Members of the California State Assembly
People from Mariposa County, California
Politicians from Salt Lake City
Politicians from Staunton, Virginia
Washington and Lee University alumni
Utah Territorial judges
Utah Democrats
Burials at Salt Lake City Cemetery
County clerks in California
Idaho Democrats
19th-century American politicians
Chief Justices of the Utah Supreme Court
19th-century American judges

Samuel A. Merritt