Sheet music is a type of printed music. The music that musicians have in front of them when they play is printed music.  The sheet or sheets of paper that contain(s) the written notation of what the musician are to play is called printed music.  Sheet music usually refers to a "single sheet" of music; that is, one song or piece printed separately.  Printed music includes sheet music but also includes music published in collections.  People often confuse sheet music with printed music.

Sheet music can be published as a separate copy for one piece or song, or it can be a collection of pieces in a larger book. If there is a piece of music for violin and piano, then the pianist will play from the piano part, which will have the piano music written, as usual, on two staves.  Above those two staves, printed slightly smaller, will be another stave with the violin part.  The violinist will play from a separate part which will just have the violin music.  This means that the pianist can always see what the violin should be playing, but the violinist will not be able to see what the pianist is playing.  The violinist may need to look at the piano part sometimes to see how the violin and piano part fit together.  It would be difficult for the violinist to play from music with both parts because he would need to turn the pages too often.  (Unless the violinist had a few measures of rest right before the page turn, the violinist would miss playing some of his/her part while turning the page.)

Score

A  score  is printed music of a piece written for several instruments. The music (parts) for each instrument are written above one another on separate staves.  A conductor can see from the score what each instrument should be playing and how it fits together.  Each player only has his or her own part (the notes that that performer plays) in front of him/her.  From time to time, if the instrument has long period where he/she does not play (that is, has a block of rests), the publisher may print, usually in smaller type, a portion of the music another instruments (usually an instrument playing the melody) would be playing to help the performer know what to listen before he/she starts playing.  These smaller notes are called cues because it cues, or clues, the performer that he/she is going to start playing soon.)

Types
 An orchestral score  or  full score  shows exactly what all the instruments of the orchestra play.  If the piece uses a large orchestra with many different instruments, the page must be very tall.  The conductor uses the score to be able to see which instruments are playing when.  The conductor would cue orchestra members (or sections within the orchestra) when they begin to play.  Conductors do much more than this (tempo, dynamics, interpretation, etc.), of course, but most conductors use a score when rehearsing the orchestra or when the orchestra is performing.
 A miniature score,  "study score," or  pocket score  is like an orchestral score but much smaller.  It will not be big enough for a conductor to conduct from because the print will be too small, but it will be good enough for studying, and it will be much cheaper than a large, orchestral score.
 A vocal score  or  piano score  is the music for a piece for choir and singers (e.g. an opera) in which all the instrumental parts are printed on two staves so that it can be played on a piano.  Some notes will, of course, have to be left out to make it possible to play with just two hands.
 A short score  means a score where an orchestral piece has been written on three or four staves only.  It is something between a piano score and a full score.  A composer may write a piece in short score when composing it, and write out an orchestral score later.  Short scores are not usually published, they are just working copies while the piece is being composed.

Standard Score Order Format
In an orchestral score, the order in which the instrumental lines are usually printed is:
 woodwind at the top (flute, oboe, clarinet, saxophone, bassoon and any other special woodwind),
 brass (french horn,  trumpet, trombone, and low brass such as tuba),
 percussion (claves, tambourine, bass drum, xylophone, etc.),
 strings (violin, viola, cello and double bass),

If there is a choir or solo singers their part is written near the bottom, above the strings.  Except for vocal parts, bar lines will usually join up the staves of each family.  Not joining them for vocal parts allows greater flexibility for placement of lyrics.  Joining bar lines makes it easier to find the instruments than if they had been drawn all the way down the page. An experienced conductor knows score order well enough to examine a score and very quickly see which instrument plays a given part, even if the instrument names are not there. Below is an example of score order for a standard orchestral score as it would be listed alongside the staves.

Orchestral Format

 Piccolo
 Flute
 Alto Flute*
 Oboe
 Cor Anglais*
Clarinet in Eb or A*
 Clarinet in Bb
 Bass Clarinet in Bb
 Alto Sax in Eb*
 Bassoon
 Contrabassoons
 Horn in F
 Trumpets in Bb
 Trombones
 Bass Trombone
 Euphonium*
 Tuba
 Timpani
 Other Percussion (Triangle, agogo bells, tam-tam glockenspiel, xylophone, vibraphone, tubular bells, tenor drum, bass drum)
 Other Instruments
 Harp
 Piano & Keyboards
 Choir (SATB)
 Violin 1
 Violin 2
 Viola
 Cello
 Bass

*Indicates a non standard instrument, these are instruments that are used because the composer wants the tone in the ensemble only

Concert Band Format
In a band score, the instruments will be listed differently. Below is an example of score order for a standard band score as it would be listed alongside the staves.

 Piccolo
 Flute
 Oboe
 Bassoon
 Clarinet in Bb
 Alto Clarinet*
 Bass Clarinet in Bb
 Alto Saxophone in Eb
 Tenor Saxophone in Bb
 Baritone Saxophone in Eb
 Trumpet in Bb
 Horn in F
 Trombone
 Bass Trombone*
 Baritone/Euphonium
 Tuba
 Pitched Percussion
Unpitched Percussion

*Indicates a non standard instrument, these are instruments that are used because the composer wants the tone in the ensemble only

Related pages

Musical note
Musicology

References

Other websites
International Music Score Library Project, a public-domain sheet music library with original scores scanned to PDF.

Musical notation

Sheet music


In linguistics a lexical verb or main verb is a member of an open class of verbs that includes all verbs except auxiliary verbs. Lexical verbs typically express action, state, or other predicate meaning. In contrast, auxiliary verbs express grammatical meaning. The verb phrase of a sentence is generally headed by a lexical verb.

Lexical verbs are categorized into five categories: copular, intransitive, transitive, ditransitive, and ambitransitive.

The descriptor lexical is applied to the words of a language's lexicon, often to indicate a content word, as distinct from a function word.

See also
 Light verb

References

Verb types

Lexical verb


Awake Live is a live concert album and video by singer Josh Groban. It was released on May 6, 2008.

In the United States, the album is available as a single release in most retail stores. However, the official Josh Groban website released a limited edition internet version of the CD and DVD/Blu-ray with bonus music, alternate album cover and expanded booklet with fan generated photos.

Awake Live captures the Grammy nominated singer's performance at Salt Lake City's Energy Solutions Arena before a sold-out crowd of 15,000 fans on August 28, 2007. While the DVD includes fan favorites from Groban's three best-selling albums, including "Canto Alla Vita" and "Alla Luce del Sole" from his double-platinum self-titled 2001 debut, "You Raise Me Up" and "Remember When It Rained" from the multi-platinum 2003 album Closer, the majority of the songs are from Awake, including the singles "You Are Loved (Don't Give Up)", "February Song", and "Lullaby". Released in September 2006, Awake debuted at number 2 on the Billboard albums chart and has sold more than two million copies in the U.S.

Awake Live is Groban's third live DVD, following 2002's Josh Groban in Concert and 2004's Live at the Greek. The Salt Lake City location was selected in honor of his first arena concert, which occurred in the same city.  Groban also sang at the closing ceremony for the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, a performance that was seen by more than two billion people.

On May 15, 2008, over 30 theatres nationwide participated in a screening of Josh Groban's Awake Live in HD. Awake Live is the first time the internationally renowned vocalist showcased a live performance on the silver screen.

Track listing

DVD
"You Are Loved (Don't Give Up)"
"Mai"
"Un Dia Llegara"
"Un Giorno Per Noi"
"Now or Never"
"So She Dances"
"February Song"
"Alla Luce del Sole"
"Aurora" (featuring Lucia Micarelli)
"Kashmir" (featuring Lucia Micarelli)
"In Her Eyes"
"Pearls" (featuring Angelique Kidjo)
"L'Ultima Notte"
"Remember When It Rained"
"Lullaby"
"Weeping"
"Machine"
"Canto Alla Vita"
"You Raise Me Up"
"Awake"

DVD bonus materials
"Making of Awake Live"
"Behind The Big Orange Curtain"

References

External links

Josh Groban albums
Live video albums
2008 live albums
2008 video albums
143 Records live albums
143 Records video albums
Films directed by Hamish Hamilton (director)

Awake Live


The Book of the New Sun (1980–1983) is a four-volume science fantasy novel written by the American author Gene Wolfe. It inaugurated the "Solar Cycle" that Wolfe continued by setting other works in the same universe (The Urth of the New Sun, The Book of the Long Sun series, and The Book of the Short Sun series).

Gene Wolfe had originally intended the story to be a 40,000-word novella called "The Feast of Saint Catherine", meant to be published in one of the Orbit anthologies, but during the writing, it continued to grow. Despite being published with a year between each book, all four books were written and completed during his free time without anyone's knowledge when he was still an editor of Plant Engineering, allowing him to write at his own pace and take his time.

The tetralogy chronicles the journey of Severian, a journeyman torturer who is disgraced and forced to wander. It is a first-person narrative, ostensibly translated by Wolfe into contemporary English, set in a distant future when the Sun has dimmed and Earth is cooler (a "Dying Earth" story). Severian lives in a nation called the Commonwealth, ruled by the Autarch, in the Southern Hemisphere. It is at war with Ascia, its totalitarian northern neighbor.

In a 1998 poll of its subscribers, Locus magazine ranked the tetralogy number three among 36 all-time best fantasy novels before 1990.

Plot summary

The Shadow of the Torturer

Severian, an apprentice in the torturers' guild, barely survives a swim in the River Gyoll. On his way back to the Citadel (whose towers appear to be disused rockets), Severian and several other apprentices sneak into a Necropolis where Severian first encounters Vodalus, an aristocrat who is the Commonwealth's leading revolutionary. Vodalus, along with a noblewoman named Thea and a servant named Hildegrin, are robbing a grave. Vodalus and his companions are attacked by volunteer guards. Severian saves Vodalus's life, earning his trust and the reward of a single "gold" coin.

Later Severian rescues a fighting dog that has lost a leg and names him Triskele. When Triskele leaves, Severian tracks him to a place in the Citadel called the Atrium of Time, where he talks with a beautiful young woman, Valeria, but he does not get Triskele back.

In the torturers' tower, Severian falls in love with Thecla, a prisoner. She is Thea's half-sister and was imprisoned for helping her and Vodalus. Severian's attraction to her is hastened by his sexual initiation in a visit to a brothel at the guild's expense. The brothel is run by a eunuch and the prostitutes are clones of noblewomen; Severian chooses the clone of Thecla for his encounter.

Shortly after Severian is elevated to journeyman, Thecla is tortured with a machine that makes her uncontrollably suicidal so she will mutilate herself to death with her bare hands. Severian smuggles a knife into her cell. By thus letting her shorten the time of her suffering, he has broken his oath to the guild.

Severian expects to be tortured and executed. Instead, the head of the guild is uncharacteristically forgiving and dispatches him to Thrax, a distant city that needs an executioner, also giving him Terminus Est, a magnificent executioner's sword. Severian travels through the decaying city of Nessus. He meets the hulking Baldanders and his companion Dr. Talos, traveling as mountebanks, who invite Severian to join them in a play to be performed the same day. During breakfast, Dr. Talos recruits the waitress for his play with a promise to make her beautiful. Instead of participating, Severian parts with the group and stops at a rag shop to purchase a mantle to hide his guild uniform (a cloak and breeches of fuligin, "the hue that is darker than black", which inspires terror in common folk; when working he also wears a fuligin mask). The shop is owned by a twin brother and sister, and the brother immediately takes an interest in Terminus Est.  Severian refuses to sell the sword, shortly after which a masked and armored hipparch enters the shop and challenges Severian to a duel. Severian is forced to accept, and he goes with the sister, Agia, to secure an avern, a deadly plant that is used for dueling. He becomes strongly attracted to Agia and develops complicated feelings toward her. While on their way in a carriage, they race with the riders in a passing fiacre, and they crash into and destroy the altar of a female religious order, the Pelerines. The Pelerines accuse Agia of stealing a precious relic called the Claw of the Conciliator. After Agia is searched and released, she and Severian continue their journey to the Botanic Gardens, a large landmark of Nessus created by the mysterious Father Inire, right hand to the Autarch.

Inside the gardens, Severian falls into a lake used to inter the dead and is pulled out by a young woman named Dorcas who also seems to have come up from the lake. Dazed and confused, Dorcas follows Severian and Agia. Severian acquires the avern and the group proceeds to the Inn of Lost Love near the dueling grounds.  While resting at the inn, Severian receives a mysterious note intended for one of the women, warning her the other is dangerous, but it's not immediately clear which is which. He meets his challenger, and though stabbed by the avern he miraculously survives and finds that his challenger was Agia's brother. When Severian wakes again, he finds himself in a lazaret. After finding Dorcas, who he is falling in love with, and identifying himself as a torturer, he is requested to perform an execution. The prisoner turns out to be Agia's brother, who had provoked the duel expecting to win when he could claim Terminus Est. Severian executes the brother.

Severian and Dorcas return to their travels. In his belongings, Severian finds the Claw of the Conciliator, a large glowing gem. Apparently, Agia stole the Claw from the altar they destroyed and knowing that she would be searched, placed it in Severian's belongings. Eventually, Severian and Dorcas encounter Dr. Talos, Baldanders, and a beautiful woman named Jolenta. Severian takes part in the play they perform, and the next day the group sets out toward the great gate leading out of Nessus. There Severian befriends a man named Jonas who is obviously attracted to Jolenta. The first volume ends with a riot or disturbance at the gate, whose nature is not immediately clear, separating Severian and Jonas from the rest of the group.

The Claw of the Conciliator

The story continues shortly after the previous installment left off. Now in the nearby town of Saltus, Severian and Jonas delay their search for the others as Severian has been hired to practice his art of execution on two people. The first was a servant of Vodalus. As the man is dragged out of his home by a mob, Severian glimpses Agia amidst the crowd. Agia flees and Severian still attracted to and hoping to reconcile with her, follows, searching for her at the town fair. Unable to find her, he consults a green-skinned man whose master offers his services as an attraction, claiming he can answer any question. In answer to Severian's queries as to how he could know everything, the green man tells Severian he is from the future (where the sun is bright and people have photosynthetic organisms in their skin). The green man does not know where Agia can be found, but Severian takes pity on him and gives him a piece of his whetstone so that he can free himself by grinding through his chains. Severian returns to town and executes the two prisoners.

Eating dinner with his friend Jonas that evening, he finds a letter that seems to be from Thecla (but is actually from Agia) asking him to meet her at a nearby cave. In the cave, Severian barely escapes a group of man-ape miners. The light from the Claw stops the man-apes' attack, but it also seems to wake a gigantic unknown creature deep below in the cave, which is only heard and not seen. Severian escapes, only to be attacked by Agia and her assassins outside the cave. One of the attackers is killed by one of the man-apes, who had his hand cut off by Severian in the battle in the cave. The ape gestures its stump at Severian, wanting him to do something with it, but Severian does not know what. Severian prepares to behead Agia, but still unable to hate her, lets her go. He returns to Saltus, where he and Jonas are captured by Vodalus's rebels for executing one of its members.

Severian recalls to Vodalus that he saved his life some years past, so Vodalus allows Severian to enter his service. Severian and Jonas attend a midnight dinner with Vodalus, where they eat Thecla's roasted flesh, which, when combined with a substance from an alien creature called an alzabo, lets the eaters experience her memories. For Severian the experience is permanent; Thecla lives again in his mind. Given the task of delivering a message to a servant in the House Absolute, the Autarch's seat of power, Severian and Jonas set off to the north. They are attacked by a flying creature that feeds on the heat and life force of living beings and escapes only by tricking the creature into attacking and killing a nearby soldier instead. Severian feels guilty and, having come to suspect the Claw has healing powers, uses it to bring the soldier back to life. He and Jonas are captured by guards of the House Absolute and thrown into an antechamber where prisoners are held indefinitely. Severian's Claw heals a wound Jonas receives during the night they spend there; then the pair escapes some unknown horrible creature by using a pass-phrase drawn from Thecla's memories to open a secret door. As they walk the corridors of the House Absolute, Jonas is revealed to be a robot who once crash-landed on earth and has been repaired with human parts as prosthetics. He steps into a mirror and disappears, promising to return for Jolenta when he is healed. Severian is lost and eventually encounters Vodalus's spy, who is the androgynous brothel-keeper. After the androgyne opens and then closes a portal to someplace with a giant winged alien, Severian swears service to him. In the subsequent conversation, he realizes that the supposed spy is the Autarch.

Stumbling into the gardens of the House Absolute, Severian is reunited with Dorcas, Dr. Talos, and Baldanders, who are preparing to perform the play they performed in the first book. Severian participates again, but the play is cut short when Baldanders flies into a rage and attacks the audience, revealing that aliens are among them. Talos and Baldanders part ways with Severian and Dorcas at a crossroad, Severian heading toward Thrax, and the giant and his physician headed toward Lake Diuturna. Jolenta tries to have Talos take her with him, but he has no more use for her now that the plays are no longer necessary, and Severian takes her. As they head north, Jolenta is bitten by a "blood bat" and falls ill. Severian realizes that she had been scientifically altered by Dr. Talos to be gorgeous and desirable, but is quickly becoming sickly and unattractive. Soon the trio meets an old farmer who tells them they must pass through an enigmatic stone city to get to Thrax. In the ruined city, Severian sees a pair of witches initiate a dream-like event in which ghostly dancers of the stone town's past, led in a ritual by a teacher named Apu-Punchau, fill the area and fight with the witch's servant, who is Vodalus's lieutenant Hildegrin. The book ends with Dorcas and Severian emerging from a stupor in the stone town, Jolenta dead and revealed to be the waitress whom Dr. Talos had promised to make beautiful, and the witches and Hildegrin gone.

The Sword of the Lictor

Severian takes up his position as the Lictor of the city of Thrax. His lover Dorcas falls into depression, in part because of her position as the partner of a reviled and feared figure in a strange city. She is also becoming increasingly upset by her inability to remember her past and convinced that she must unravel its secrets, however disturbing they may turn out to be.

After escaping an exotic creature that incinerates things, which seems to have come to Thrax to find him, Severian again shows mercy to a woman he had had sex with—she was to be executed for adultery—and must flee the city. He journeys alone into the mountains in search of the Pelerines so that he can return the Claw of the Conciliator.

On the road, he battles Agia and an alzabo, a beast that acquires the memories of those it eats, as well as a gang of men who have opted to become like animals. He takes a boy also named Severian, whose family was killed by the alzabo, into his care. They encounter a village of men who claim to be sorcerers and possess more power than Severian at first believes, but they escape amidst the threat of yet another dangerous creature set upon his trail. While exploring an ancient mountain stronghold in search of sustenance or something of value, Severian and little Severian climb to a gold ring on the finger of a monolithic statue carved into the mountainside. When little Severian touches the ring he is blasted by heat and immediately perishes. On his way back down, a suicidal Severian inadvertently revives a monarch from the past, Typhon, who was in suspended animation. Typhon tries to dominate Severian with physical threats, psychological manipulation, and something like hypnosis, but Severian finds a way to kill him.

Continuing his journey to the great Lake Diuturna, Severian is drawn into a local conflict on the side of a group of islanders being enslaved. He discovers that his old companions Dr. Talos and Baldanders are the oppressors. Severian makes his way through their lakeside castle, discovering that Baldanders is an inventor and scientist who conducts experiments on people, and in fact created his own homunculus in the form of Dr. Talos.  Severian encounters the otherworldly hierodules within, who unexpectedly prostrate themselves in front of him. Severian then battles the giant Baldanders. He barely survives, while Baldanders vanishes in the lake. Severian's sword is destroyed in the battle, as well as the Claw. Down at the shore, he finds a curved thorn that he believes is the true claw that was set in the now-shattered stone.

In the wake of this battle, Severian seeks to digest a series of revelations: about the nature of Baldanders, the nature of the aliens (including Father Inire and the older witch in the stone town) who manipulate events on Urth and profess to be his friends and the nature of the Claw he carried for so long. As he does so, he finds himself approaching the edge of the war in the North.

The Citadel of the Autarch

Wandering around, Severian happens upon a dead soldier, whom he revives with the Claw, and they make their way to the Pelerines' camp.  In the camp, Severian suffers a fever and is treated along with people injured in the war.  While recovering, Severian judges a story-telling contest held by fellow patients. He completes his self imposed quest and returns the Claw to the Pelerines by enlarging a groove already at the bottom of the altar and placing the claw inside.  A leader of the Pelerines tasks him to bring a friend of theirs in the mountains away from the danger of the war to the safety of the camp. The man, a time traveler from a future where the world is covered in ice, refuses to come with Severian, and when Severian leads him away by force, the man disappears, as he does not belong in Severian's time. Upon returning to the camp, Severian discovers it has been attacked and abandoned.  He soon finds the new camp, where most of those he met during his stay are dead or dying.

Severian is drawn into the war against Ascia. He nearly perishes in battle but is rescued by the Autarch. Severian is nursed back to health and converses with the Autarch about his role in the Commonwealth. Taking a flier over the war zone, they are shot down. The Autarch, dying, tells Severian to drink the contents of a vial around the Autarch's neck and eat his brain, as Severian is to be the next Autarch. Severian does so, and since the vial contained a similar drug to the analeptic alazbo, he acquires hundreds of consciousnesses that the Autarch had through the same process.

Before the Autarch died, he sent a message to Vodalus that the Autarch was aboard the flier. Thea and a group of Vodalus's men descend on the crash site and rescue Severian from their allies the Ascians. Severian is held prisoner and is visited by Agia in company with a former spacefarer who calls from other planets the creatures that have been attacking Severian. Agia attempts to kill Severian again, but he survives and is rescued by the green time traveler whom he rescued in The Claw of the Conciliator. The green man opens a passage through time in which Severian is visited by an alien who takes the form of Master Malrubius, a torturer who had died in Severian's boyhood, accompanied by the dog Triskele. "Malrubius" tells him that he must one day face a challenge that will either create a New Sun and allow humanity to return to the stars if he succeeds, or strip him of his manhood, leaving him unable to produce an heir, if he fails. Severian realizes that the last Autarch must have failed and thus become an androgyne.

After the meeting, Severian is left on a beach where many wild rose bushes are in bloom. He is pricked by a thorn and realizes that it is identical to the Claw, even to glowing. Seeing that and countless identical Claws on other bushes leads him to a religious experience. He also ponders the meaning of the Claw, higher beings such as the alien who appeared as Malrubius, time travel, and the New Sun. In an interlude at the time of writing the book, he says that he is on his way to the test.

Severian makes his way back to Nessus aboard a ship whose crewmen revere him on sight. In a long-abandoned part of Nessus, he finds Dorcas in her old house but leaves without making himself known to her. He visits other people of his past, assumes the role of Autarch, and suspends the practice of torture. Finding the gold coin Vodalus had given him, he realizes it was counterfeit. He returns to the waiter who slipped him the note in The Shadow of the Torturer. The note was meant for Dorcas, who reminded the waiter of his mother. A picture of Dorcas in a locket around the waiter's neck confirms this suspicion. It is implied that the waiter is Severian's father, making Dorcas his grandmother. Dorcas had died long before, and though Severian did not yet know he had the Claw, it brought her back to life in the lake.

The book ends with Severian exploring the Citadel and retracing Triskele's steps through an underground building. He follows his own tracks, returning to the Atrium of Time and Valeria.

Major themes

Severian as a Christ figure
Severian, the main character and narrator of the series, can be interpreted as a Christ figure. His life has many parallels to the life of Jesus, and Gene Wolfe, a Catholic, has explained that he deliberately mirrored Jesus in Severian. He compares Severian's profession as a torturer to Jesus's profession as a carpenter in The Castle of the Otter:
Severian's life parallels Jesus' occasionally, with his descent into the cave of the man-apes being a Harrowing of Hell scene, his resurrection of Dorcas being a Lazarus of Bethany scene, and his friendship with Jonas reflecting Ahasuerus. Jonas has traveled the world looking to reconnect with the Hierodules, "tinkers with clumsy mechanisms", and is redeemed from wandering exile after befriending Severian. In this respect, he represents the wandering Jew. Severian also suffers from occasional seemingly random bleeding from his forehead, as if from a crown of thorns. Also mirroring the crown of thorns, the Claw of the Conciliator, a thorn that causes Severian to shed blood, becomes a religious relic due to its relation to Severian. Terminus Est represents his crucifix, with Severian describing his sword in Urth of the New Sun as a "dark cross upon my shoulder." In the following volume, The Urth of the New Sun, Severian is resurrected as well, escaping to a Heaven-like plane of existence where an angel resides and then emerging from a stone tomb, as Jesus rose from his stone tomb.

However, Wolfe said in an interview, "I don't think of Severian as being a Christ figure; I think of Severian as being a Christian figure. He is a man who has been born into a very perverse background, who is gradually trying to become better."

Related works
During the years when The Book of the New Sun was published, Wolfe published two stories from it separately: "Foila's Story: The Armiger's Daughter" (one of the entries in the story-telling contest in the Pelerines' hospital) and "The Tale of the Student and his Son" (one of the two stories that Severian reproduces from a book he obtained for Thecla when she was imprisoned).

Shortly after The Citadel of the Autarch, Wolfe published The Castle of the Otter, a book of essays about The Book of the New Sun containing a few fictional elements, such as jokes told by some of the characters.

After the original four-volume novel, Wolfe wrote a novel often called a coda, The Urth of the New Sun (1987). He also wrote three short stories, "The Map", "The Cat", and "Empires of Foliage and Flower", that are closely related to The Book of the New Sun.

Later he wrote two book series that are set in Severian's universe. The Internet Speculative Fiction Database catalogs it all as the "Solar Cycle", comprising the short works and three sub-series. The two later subseries are The Book of the Long Sun (1993–1996, four volumes) and The Book of the Short Sun (1999–2001, three volumes). Two of the Long Sun books were nominated for Nebula Awards.

Place within the genre
The Book of the New Sun belongs to the Dying Earth subgenre of speculative fiction. Peter Wright calls the series an "apotheosis" of traditional Dying Earth elements and themes, and Douglas Barbour suggests that the book is a foundational mosaic of that literary heritage:  Traces of this literary tradition can be found throughout the book. In The Sword of the Lictor, Cyriaca (the woman whom Severian spares in Thrax) tells Severian a legend about an automated city, with rebirth as a central theme. This mirrors John W. Campbell's Twilight, where sentient machines remove the need for human labor. Wolfe himself said that when he was a teenager Twilight had a great effect on his writing, and this homage to that story is not just a passing reference, but an allusion to a literary predecessor. Earlier in the story, Wolfe alludes to The Time Machine, with the scene where Severian meets the glowing man-apes mirroring the Time Traveler's confrontation with the Morlocks. In both stories, the protagonist holds up a light to awe the cave peoples, but in the Book of the New Sun Severian relates to the humanity of the man-apes with the glowing Claw of the Conciliator, while in The Time Machine the Time Traveler intimidates the Morlocks with his fire.

Publication history

The tetralogy was first published in English in the United Kingdom by Sidgwick & Jackson from 1980 to 1983, and the coda published in 1987, with second publications for each book occurring approximately a year after the first. Don Maitz illustrated the cover of the first publication, and Bruce Pennington illustrated the second cover. The series was also published in two volumes, named Shadow and Claw and Sword and Citadel, both published in 1994 by Orb Publications.

It was published as a single volume titled The Book of the New Sun in 1998 by Science Fiction Book Club and again in 2007 under the title Severian of the Guild, published by Orion Publishing Group.

Each book has been separately translated into Spanish, French, German, Dutch, and Japanese.

The Japanese printings of the tetralogy and coda were illustrated by Yoshitaka Amano.

Awards and nominations
Each of the four original volumes won at least one major fantasy or science fiction award as the year's "Best Novel" as shown by the table below. The tetralogy was not considered as a whole for any of the annual literary awards compiled by the Internet Speculative Fiction Database (ISFDB).

Language

Vocabulary
Gene Wolfe uses a variety of archaic and obscure terms throughout the series and in the appendix of The Shadow of the Torturer he explains his fictitious method:

Wolfe admitted, however, that some mistakes may have been made in spelling or exact meaning. His unusual words often come from an English–Latin dictionary or an English–Greek dictionary, where he finds roots of words to use.

Wolfe stated that he uses strange and arcane words because he "thought they were the best for the story [he] was trying to tell." Language is Wolfe's medium as a writer, and he wishes to "press against the limits of prose." Wolfe's deliberate use of exotic words is meant to manipulate the reader and force upon them a certain visualization of the story, but he does not mean to confuse the reader. He compares the narrator, Severian, and the reader to an English-speaking person and a German-speaking person building a boat:

Two examples of the arcane words Wolfe uses are "Ascian" and "Hydrargyrum". Ascian, despite its similarity to "Asian", is derived from a Latin word meaning "without shadow", as the Ascians are tropic dwellers who have no shadow at noon. Hydrargyrum, the fluid contained in Severian's sword Terminus Est, is derived from the Ancient Greek "ὕδωρ", meaning water, and "ἄργυρος", meaning silver, as hydrargyrum is liquid mercury.

Ascian language

The Ascian language further expounds on the idea that word choice alters the thinking of people, as the Ascian language is simply a set of quotations from government propaganda called "Correct Thought". In order to communicate, Ascians must memorize many quotations and learn to interpret others' use of them. This government regulation of language is intended to directly regulate the thought of Ascians. However, it is illustrated in the novels that the human capacity to adapt language to its own immediate needs and deploy it in unintended or unforeseen ways allows the Ascians to convey meanings outside of or even contradictory to those intended by the creators of "Correct Thought."

See also

 Bildungsroman

Notes

References

External links

 "Mapping a Masterwork: A Critical Review of Gene Wolfe's The Book of the New Sun" -(Peter Wright)
 "What Gene Wolfe Expects of His Readers: The Urth of the New Sun as an Answer to Mysteries in The Book of the New Sun", by Michael Andre-Driussi

 guardian.co.uk

Book series introduced in 1980
1980s fantasy novels
1980s science fiction novels
Tetralogies
Dying Earth (genre)
High fantasy novels
Literary tetralogies
Novels about religion
Novels by Gene Wolfe
Picaresque novels
Science fantasy
Science fantasy novels
Simon & Schuster books
Fiction about the Sun
The Book of The New Sun
Novels first published in serial form

The Book of the New Sun


The year 1751 in science and technology involved some significant events.

Astronomy
 The globular cluster 47 Tucanae (or 47 Tuc), visible with the unaided eye from the southern hemisphere, is discovered by the French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille, who catalogues it in his list of southern nebulous objects: at a distance of 16000 lightyears, it has a total mass nearly 1 million times the Sun's mass and is 120 light years across, making it appear in the sky as wide as the full moon.

Biology
 Linnaeus publishes his Philosophia Botanica, the first textbook of descriptive systematic botanical taxonomy and the first appearance of his binomial nomenclature.

Chemistry
 Nickel (symbol Ni, atomic weight 58.71, atomic number 28) is discovered, in the mineral nickeline, by chemist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt in Stockholm, Sweden (although nickel was used in coins in China as early as 235 BCE).

Medicine and physiology
 May 11 – Pennsylvania Hospital founded in Philadelphia by Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Bond, the first in the United States.
 Newcastle Infirmary founded in Newcastle upon Tyne, England.
 The pupil reflex is discovered: it is the first reflex of the human body to be discovered.

Publications
 Commencement of publication in Paris of the Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers edited by Denis Diderot and Jean d'Alembert.
 1st edition of Benjamin Franklin's Experiments and Observations on Electricity is published.

Awards
 Copley Medal: John Canton

Births
 April 5 – Maria Lullin, Swiss entomologist (died 1822)
 March 3 – Pierre Prévost, Swiss philosopher and physicist (died 1839)
 March 17 – Anders Dahl, Swedish botanist (died 1789)
 June 3 or 29 – William Roxburgh, Scottish surgeon and botanist, "father of Indian botany" (died 1815)
 July 1 – Antide Janvier, French precision clockmaker (died 1835)
 December 10 – George Shaw, English naturalist (died 1813)

Deaths
 June 9 – John Machin, English mathematician and astronomer (born c. 1686)
 August 22 – Andrew Gordon, Scottish-born Benedictine monk, physicist and inventor (born 1712)
 August 30 – Christopher Polhem, Swedish scientist and inventor (born 1661)
 November 30 – Jean-Philippe de Cheseaux, Swiss mathematician and astronomer (born 1718)

References

18th century in science
1750s in science

1751 in science


The Wales A team were the second national rugby union team behind the Welsh national side. They have not played a game since April 2002.

On 20 February 2003, the Welsh Rugby Union were given permission to withdraw from the "A" team Six Nations Championship, citing costs as the primary reason. In September 2007 it was reported that the union turned down an offer to enter a "Wales A" side into the 2008 Churchill Cup competition. In August 2011, an agreement was reached between the Welsh Rugby Union and the Welsh Rugby Players Association which expressed a desire to bring back the side with match funding being assured. In August 2014 it was announced that the Wales A team would return to playing from January 2015 onwards, however, no matches were scheduled and the team ultimately did not reform.

Prior to their current period of inactivity, their last coach was Mike Ruddock for the 2002 Six Nations "A" tournament, and included notable Wales internationals such as Tom Shanklin and Shane Williams.

The side also has a history of playing matches against touring Southern Hemisphere sides, the last being a 34–15 defeat to South Africa in 2000.

References

A
Second national rugby union teams

Wales A national rugby union team


Ousmane Sy (born May 25, 1949) is a Malian politician.

Ousmane Sy was born in Bandiagara, Mali. He received his higher education in France.  He holds a Doctorate in Economic and Social Development (University of Paris I) and two advanced Diplomas with specializations in agricultural development (Paris I) and agricultural economics (ISTOM, Le Havre).

Sy was appointed as an expert adviser to the United Nations Development Programme and later headed the Commission for Decentralization and Institutional Reform in Mali.  He served as Minister for Territorial Administration and Local Communities under President Alpha Oumar Konaré.

He was in charge of the Malian presidential elections in 2002, which were won by Amadou Toumani Toure. The elections were said by critics to be fraudulent. Mr Sy is on record as saying that he could neither confirm nor deny whether there was rigging in those elections.

He is the founder of the Centre for Political and Institutional Expertise in Africa (CEPIA), a consultancy service which he has also directed since January 2004.

In May 2005, Sy was awarded the King Baudouin International Development Prize
"for the strength of his vision and the courage of his convictions on the subject of governance in Africa, and for the originality of his campaigns in Mali by which, through a participatory process of decentralization and the organization of transparent elections, he has succeeded in creating an environment conducive to a better public administration and increased stability, two conditions that are crucial for development."

The Baudouin prize was worth 150,000 Euros and Mr Sy says he will spend it on his organisation, CEPIA.

In July 2009, Mr. Sy became a member of the SNV Netherlands Development Organisation's International Advisory Board to contribute his experience and expertise to the organisation's sustainable development work.

Publications

References

External links
Press Release from the King Baudouin Foundation on Ousman Sy's receipt of the International Development Prize

1949 births
Living people
Malian politicians
People from Mopti Region
21st-century Malian people

Ousmane Sy


Pécs is a city in Hungary. It is the fifth-largest city of the country by population. The city is located on the slopes of Mecsek mountains. Many People of Danube Swabians background life there and named local as Stifolder or Stiffoller, because there Ancestors came once from Fulda (district).

Landmarks
The town center can be recognized by two important buildings:

 Szent Péter és Szent Pál székesegyház (Pécs Cathedral), a church recognizable by its four tall towers;
 Pécsi magasház ("Tall-house of Pécs"), a big residential building which was found to have problems, was emptied in 1989 and demolished in 2016.

Pécs also have 1 more recognizable-building:

 Pécsi tévétorony (Pécs TV Tower), a tall television tower standing in the Mecsek mountains.

Connections
It's situated between M6 and M7 motorways, both of which originate from Budapest.

There are also minor roads providing access to Pécs. A westward road (Road 6) provides connection (via Road 68) to the western end of M7, furthermore to the Road 8. An eastward road (Road 55) connects the city with Szeged.

Trivia
Twin-cities of Pécs:

 Arad, RO
 Cluj-Napoca, RO
 Dijon, FR
 Fellbach, DE
 Graz, AT
 Grenoble, FR
 Kraków, PL
 Kütahya, TR
 Lahti, FI
 Lyon, FR
 Novi Sad, RS
 Olomouc, CZ
 Osijek, HR
 Pula, HR
 Seattle, US
 Sliven, BG
 Terracina, IT
 Tucson, US
 Tuzla, BA

References

Cities in Hungary

Pécs


John Milton Earle (April 13, 1794 – February 8, 1874) was an American businessman, abolitionist, and politician who founded the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1829.

Biography
John Milton Earle was born in Leicester, Massachusetts to Patience Earle (née Buffum) and Pliny Earle, a member of the prominent Earle family. He was educated in common schools and at the Leicester Academy. He was the editor and publisher of the Massachusetts Spy from 1823 to 1857. The publication was called the Daily Spy after July 22, 1845. The offices were in the Butman Block on Main Street. He loved and enjoyed the sharp encounter of harmless wit.

Although not a technical Garrisonian abolitionist, he was an early pioneer in Anti-Slavery movement first as a Whig, then as a Free Soiler. He tried to make Worcester County the stronghold of conscientious and determined political opposition to slavery. He was a member of the Massachusetts General Court, or state legislature, for several years, serving in both the House of Representatives (1844–1846 and 1850–1852) and the Senate (1858). He was also a city alderman, postmaster, state commissioner on Indian affairs, and founder of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. He served as president of the Worcester County Horticultural Society from 1848 to 1851.

He married Sarah Hussey (August 26, 1799 – March 9, 1858), who organized the Worcester Anti-Slavery Sewing Circle and Worcester County Anti-Slavery Society, South Division. She was the daughter of Tristram Hussey and Sarah Folger of Nantucket, Massachusetts. Lucretia Mott was her cousin. Sarah married John Milton Earle on June 6, 1821 in Nantucket before moving to Worcester, Massachusetts. The family lived on Nobility Hill at 262 Main Street across from the Worcester Common. She served on the Executive Committee of Worcester County Anti-Slavery Society, South Division, 1841–1859. She helped coordinate Anti Slavery fairs from 1848 and opened the 1850 National Woman's Rights Convention. Her obituary notice in the Worcester Spy said, "Aside from her own family circle, no one has cause to mourn more deeply than the slave, for whose interests her labors were untiring."

Earle died in Worcester on February 8, 1874, and was buried in its Rural Cemetery.

References

1794 births
1874 deaths
19th-century American businesspeople
19th-century American politicians
Abolitionists from Massachusetts
American publishers (people)
Burials at Rural Cemetery (Worcester, Massachusetts)
Businesspeople from Worcester, Massachusetts
Massachusetts Free Soilers
Massachusetts state senators
Massachusetts Whigs
Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
People from Leicester, Massachusetts
Earle family

John Milton Earle


Newburg is a former census-designated place in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 20,636 at the 2000 census. On January 6, 2003, the area was annexed to the city of Louisville due to a merger between the city and Jefferson County's unincorporated communities. Newburg is now thought to be a neighborhood (by local media) within the now merged city of Louisville.

History

The area now called Newburg was settled in the 1820s by four German families, and was a small village called Newburgh a decade later. The 'h' was dropped and the modern spelling emerged as the name of the post office by the end of the 19th century.

Newburg has historically had a black population, once centered on the nearby Petersburg area, at the junction of Shepherdsville and Newburg Roads. By 1851, Eliza and Henry Tevis, a free black couple who owned slaves, operated a  farm in the area. After the Civil War, freed blacks bought land in the area and started farms.

Into the 1900s, Petersburg and Newburg were still surrounded by farmland. Newburg at some point had become the chosen name for the area, most likely because it was the name of the post office. Suburban sprawl reached the area by the 1960s, and it became popular with middle-class blacks leaving the city for suburbs. The area remains predominantly black.

From 1982 to 1987, Newburg was an incorporated city; however, it was an unpopular move and was eventually dissolved.

With the help of the Library Foundation and community support a new $1.9 million, 8300-square-foot education and technology driven library was completed and opened in Newburg in August 2009.

Geography
Newburg is located at .

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 14.9 km2 (5.7 mi2), all land.

Demographics

There was no 2010 census data for Newburgh because it had become part of Louisville.

As of the census of 2000, there were 20,636 people, 7,981 households, and 5,506 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,388.1/km2 (3,597.7/mi2). There were 8,449 housing units at an average density of 568.3/km2 (1,473.0/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 38.15% White, 58.08% African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.87% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.88% from other races, and 1.71% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.71% of the population.

There were 7,981 households, out of which 35.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.3% were married couples living together, 27.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.0% were non-families. 26.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.08.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 29.7% under the age of 18, 10.1% from 18 to 24, 29.4% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.2 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $29,788, and the median income for a family was $33,996. Males had a median income of $28,682 versus $22,216 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $14,897. About 16.1% of families and 18.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.4% of those under age 18 and 10.8% of those age 65 or over. 8.5% have a bachelor's degree or higher, 26.1% don't have a high school degree.

Education
Newburg has a lending library, a branch of the Louisville Free Public Library.

References

External links
 Newburg Library—Website
 Petersburg Park –- Master Plan Map
 Mayor Jerry Abramson Leads "Sneak Peek" of New $1.9 Million Newburg Library—Louisville.gov August 14, 2009
 Louisville's Newest Spray-ground Opens in Petersburg Park –- Louisville.gov August 25, 2010
 New DREAM Playground Dedicated At Petersburg Park, adjacent to the Spray-ground—Louisville.gov July 12, 2012
 Newburg: Freed Slaves Found Land to Call Their Own in a Swampy Section that Took the Name Petersburg — Article by M. David Goodwin of The Courier-Journal

Neighborhoods in Louisville, Kentucky
Former census-designated places in Kentucky
Populated places established in the 1820s
1820s establishments in Kentucky
Populated places disestablished in 2003
Former municipalities in Kentucky

Newburg, Louisville


Andrew Skillern Weatherford (born June 22, 1985) is a former American football quarterback. He played college football at Florida State University from 2004 to 2008.

High school career
Weatherford attended Land O' Lakes High School in Pasco County, Florida. He led the Fighting Gators to a 32–14 (4–4 in the state playoffs) record in four years as the starting quarterback. Weatherford set both school and county records for season and career passing yards as well as touchdown passes. In his freshman season, Weatherford had the opportunity to play football with his older brother, Sam. The tandem played to a 7–3 regular-season record and traveled to Southlake High School for the playoffs. Andrew threw a touchdown to his tight end sibling in a losing effort.

In the 2002 season, Weatherford had his most prolific stats, leading the state in passing touchdowns (ahead of future FSU backup Xavier Lee). His Gators won the second playoff game in school history against Ocala Vanguard. Weatherford did not throw an interception through eight games. This was the season he would set Pasco's single-season passing yardage record. Land O' Lakes would set school scoring records for points in a game (60) as well as points for a season (423). Weatherford guided his team to a perfect regular season, and two playoff wins. His season ended when they lost to eventual state champion Palm Bay High School, which featured future NFL players Reggie Nelson and Joe Cohen. The Palm Bay game was by far Weatherford's most struggling performance being sacked and intercepted four times (making the season total six). He finished the season with a 12–1 record.

Coached by John Benedetto, Weatherford started every game of his high school career behind center. In his senior year he also started on defense as the team's safety. After a superb junior year, the Gators started the year with a state ranking of No. 5. They quickly fell from the state's elite when they lost the first two games of the season. While Weatherford put up modest numbers himself, the lack of another standout player and the loss of focus on the running game, the team finished 6-4. Weatherford and his team would gain composure in the playoffs defeating Auburndale and Ocala Forest. Drew Weatherford played his final game in a shootout with Lakeland Lake Gibson High School, losing to the Braves (who were led by USF's eventual star quarterback Matt Grothe), 44–35.

College career

2005
After the career of Wyatt Sexton was cut short by Lyme disease, Weatherford won the starting job over fellow redshirt freshman Xavier Lee during fall practice.

Weatherford, as a redshirt freshman, led the Seminoles to an Orange Bowl berth in 2005, but his #22 Seminoles lost to #3 Penn State in triple overtime. After that game, he underwent surgery for a torn tendon in his right ankle and healed fully.

2006

In the Spring of 2006, he won FSU camp awards for Most Dependable Quarterback and Top Offensive Leadership. Weatherford missed the Maryland game on October 28, 2006 due to injury, which gave Xavier Lee his shot at the starting job, escalating the quarterback controversy which had been hotly debated all season.  Eventually Weatherford won the starting position over Lee.

2007

Following FSU's Emerald Bowl victory against UCLA, a heated quarterback competition between Lee and Weatherford came to a resolution on August 23, 2007 when Weatherford was named the starter for the opener against Clemson.

2008
Weatherford sat out of spring practice after a slight tear in the lateral meniscus in his right knee required surgery. He was expected to be the starter headed into fall camp, but he faced fierce competition from redshirt sophomores D'Vontrey Richardson and Christian Ponder.

On August 3, after two and half scrimmages, Jimbo Fisher, Florida State's quarterbacks coach and offensive coordinator, announced that Christian Ponder would start the Seminoles' game against Western Carolina on September 6. Weatherford was moved down to third string on the depth chart and played in only one series late in the fourth quarter during FSU's 69-0 blowout of Western Carolina.

He also split snaps with Richardson during FSU's 45-15 loss to the Florida Gators, as Ponder left the game at halftime after aggravating a back injury inflicted during FSU's 37-3 rout of Maryland.

Professional career

2009
Weatherford was invited to participate in the Chicago Bears three-day mini camp. He also worked out with the New Orleans Saints and the New England Patriots.

Weatherford participated in an open tryout on August 22 for the Orlando Tuskers of the newly formed United Football League. Following this tryout, Weatherford was film-interviewed by reporter Donnie Paschal.

2010
In 2010, Weatherford played in the Arena Football League with the Tampa Bay Storm. He was the backup behind starting QB Brett Dietz, and was on kickoff coverage.

Weatherford Capital
Weatherford founded private equity firm Weatherford Capital with his brothers, Sam Weatherford and Will Weatherford, the former Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives.

References

External links

 Florida State Seminoles bio

Florida State Seminoles football players
1985 births
Living people
Tampa Bay Storm players
People from Odessa, Florida
Sportspeople from Pasco County, Florida
Players of American football from Florida
American football quarterbacks

Drew Weatherford


Julia Tyler (born Julia Gardiner Tyler; May 4 or July 29, 1820 –  July 10, 1889) was the second wife of John Tyler, the tenth President of the United States. She was the First Lady of the United States from June 26, 1844 to March 4, 1845.

Family
Her parents were Juliana McLachlan and David Gardiner. Her parents belonged to a famous and wealthy family of New York. From her childhood, Juliana got training to move in high society. When she was just a girl of 15, she went to tour Europe with her family. There she saw a social life of much glamour. In late 1842, she along with her parents went to Washington DC. In Washington DC, she attracted the attention of several men. One of them was President Tyler, a widower since September 10 1842.

Marriage
In 1843, Julia, her sister, and their father joined the President Tyler on a tour on a steam naval ship. During the tour a huge naval gun exploded, killing her father. The President Tyler comforted her. He also got her consent for a secret engagement. Marriage took place on 26th June 1844. When the news was announced, it attracted interest and publicity. Some people also criticized it as the President Tyler was 30 years older than Julia.

Role as the First Lady
Her role as the First Lady was very decent and charming for the guests. After her husband's term ended as the president, they retired to their home at Sherwood Forest Plantation in Virginia. The President got seven more children from her. He was already having eight children with his first wife. There her husband died on 18th January 1862. In the meanwhile, the American Civil War had broken out. She had to move to New York as a refugee. She also faced monetary problems.

Last years
In 1870, the US Congress granted a pension of US$1,200 a year to Mary Lincoln, widow of Abraham Lincoln. In 1880, Julia could also get a pension of the same amount. After Garfield's assassination, the US Congress granted a pension of same amount of US$5,000 a year to all the widows of the presidents. They were Lucretia Garfield, Mrs. Lincoln, Sarah Childress Polk, and Mrs. Tyler.

Mrs. Tyler spent her last years comfortably in Richmond, Virginia. She died there on 10th July 1889.

1820 births
1889 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
John Tyler
Refugees

Julia Gardiner Tyler


The Via Claudia Nova was an ancient Roman road, built in 47 AD by the Roman emperor Claudius to connect the Via Caecilia with the Via Claudia Valeria in central Italy.

There is no precise information about the road's route: according to some sources, it started from Amiternum, while for others it began at Civitatomassa, currently a frazione of Scoppito. It joined the Via Claudia Valeria  near Popoli, at the confluence of the Tirino and Aterno rivers. It passed, among the others, through the ancient cities of Peltuinum, and Ocriticum, where a temple dedicated to Jupiter existed.

References

Sources

Roman roads in Italy
1st-century establishments in Italy
40s establishments in the Roman Empire
Claudius
47 establishments

Via Claudia Nova


Wesley Merritt (June 16, 1836December 3, 1910) was an American major general who served in the cavalry of the United States Army during the American Civil War, American Indian Wars, and Spanish–American War. Following the latter war, he became the first American Military Governor of the Philippines.

Early life
Merritt was born in New York City. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1860 and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 2nd Dragoons, serving initially in Utah under John Buford. He became the adjutant for the unit when it was renamed the 2nd Cavalry Regiment.

American Civil War

In 1862, Merritt was appointed captain in the 2nd Cavalry and served as an aide-de-camp to Brig. Gen. Philip St. George Cooke, who commanded the Cavalry Department of the Army of the Potomac. He served in the defenses of Washington, D.C., for the rest of 1862. In 1863, he was appointed adjutant for Maj. Gen. George Stoneman and participated in Stoneman's Raid in the Battle of Chancellorsville in 1863.

He was slightly wounded in the Battle of Brandy Station; on June 29, 1863, he was appointed brigadier general of volunteers for his "gallant and meritorious service" at Brandy Station and Upperville. Being promoted directly from captain to brigadier general was an unusual step, even for the Civil War, but Merritt shared this honor on that date with Captain Elon J. Farnsworth and Captain George Armstrong Custer.

In the Gettysburg Campaign, Merritt commanded the Reserve Brigade, 1st Division, Cavalry Corps of the Army of the Potomac. In the initial cavalry actions of the Battle of Gettysburg, Merritt saw no action; his reserve brigade guarded the lines of communications of the Army of the Potomac. On July 3, 1863, however, he participated in the assault ordered by division commander Brig. Gen. Judson Kilpatrick on the Confederate right flank, following Pickett's Charge. His fellow general, Elon J. Farnsworth, was killed during this futile assault against infantry troops. Merritt took over command of the 1st Division of the Cavalry Corps following the death by typhoid fever of its commander, John Buford, in December 1863. Brig. Gen. Alfred Torbert was the initial commander of the 1st Division but was absent ill for most of Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's Overland Campaign in 1864, so Merritt acted as commander in his place. He received a brevet promotion to lieutenant colonel in the regular army for his actions at the Battle of Yellow Tavern, the engagement in which Confederate cavalry commander Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart was killed.

During Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan's Valley Campaigns of 1864, Merritt commanded the 1st Division, Cavalry Corps of the Army of the Shenandoah. Arriving at the opportune moment, his division routed the Confederate forces at the Third Battle of Winchester, a deed for which he received a brevet promotion to major general of the volunteers. Upon his return his Cavalry was deployed across the valley, burning, destroying or taking away everything of value or likely to become of value to the enemy. October 5 his division alone destroyed from Port Republic to Toms Brook 630 barns, 47 mills, 410,742 bushels of wheat, 515 acres of corn not counting private homes.  He was second-in-command to Sheridan during the Appomattox Campaign and was one of several commissioners for the surrender at Appomattox Court House. He was brevetted major general in the regular army, in April 1865, for bravery at the Battle of Five Forks and the Appomattox Campaign.

In June 1865, Merritt was appointed command of Cavalry Forces of the Military Division of the Southwest, commanded by Sheridan. He led the 1st Division of Cavalry to march from Shreveport, Louisiana, to San Antonio, Texas, as part of the Union occupation forces on an arduous 33-day 600-mile march between July 9 and August 11, 1865. On January 28, 1866, Merritt was one of a number of brevetted generals mustered out of volunteer service and returned to their pre-war ranks in the regular army.

Frontier duty and West Point
After the war's end, Merritt continued to serve in the cavalry along the frontier. He was appointed lieutenant colonel of the newly raised U.S. 9th Cavalry on July 28, 1866, and in July 1867 was sent to command Fort Davis, Texas, garrisoned by six of the regiment's companies. He was made colonel of the 5th Cavalry on July 1, 1876, which he commanded in the Battle of Slim Buttes during the American Indian Wars.

As colonel of the 5th Cavalry, Merritt was a member of the court of inquiry which first sat on January 13, 1879, presided over by Colonel John H. King of the 9th Infantry, which was convened to consider the behavior of Major Marcus A. Reno of the 7th Cavalry at the Battle of the Little Bighorn (June 25 to 26, 1876); which resulted in the death of General George Armstrong Custer and over 200 men of the 7th Cavalry.

He served on the frontier until being appointed superintendent of West Point, a post he filled from 1882 to 1887. In 1887, he was appointed brigadier general in the Regular Army. He was promoted to major general in the U.S. Army in 1895.

Merritt was a companion of the Illinois Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States.

Spanish–American War
After Commodore Dewey's Asiatic Squadron destroyed Rear Admiral Patricio Montojo's Spanish Pacific Squadron at the Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898, the United States began to organize ground forces to attack and capture the city of Manila. Merritt was placed in command of the newly created Eighth Army Corps. In June 1898, Merritt and the available troops of the corps departed from San Francisco for the Philippines.

When Merritt arrived in Manila, he and Dewey made preparations for the attack on the city. The two intentionally kept Emilio Aguinaldo in the dark about the plans for the attack because the Americans did not want Aguinaldo's forces to end up in control of the city. Merritt and Dewey made arrangements with Governor General Fermín Jáudenes, commander of the Spanish garrison, to surrender the city to the American forces after the latter put up a token resistance. The city fell to the Americans on August 13, 1898, and Merritt became the first American military governor of the Philippines. Merritt was relieved by Major General Elwell Stephen Otis on August 30 to advise the United States delegation in the peace negotiations leading to the Treaty of Paris.

Based on his Spanish–American War service, Merritt became a member of the Pennsylvania Commandery of the Military Order of Foreign Wars.

Family and death
Merritt was married twice. His first wife was Caroline Warren Merritt, who died on June 12, 1893, at the age of 44. She is buried at West Point Cemetery. Merritt's second wife was Laura Williams Caton, daughter of John D. Caton, whom he met in the late 1890s, when she was in her mid-twenties. General Merritt and Laura Williams were married in London on October 24, 1898.

General Merritt retired from the Army in 1900 and died from complications of arteriosclerosis in Natural Bridge, Virginia, at the age of 74, on December 3, 1910. He is buried at West Point Cemetery.

Portrayal in the media
 Portrayed by Greg Dorris in the Filipino film, Heneral Luna (2015).

See also

 List of American Civil War generals (Union)

Notes

References
 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. .

External links

1834 births
1910 deaths
United States Military Academy alumni
Military personnel from New York City
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
Union Army generals
People of the Great Sioux War of 1876
Superintendents of the United States Military Academy
United States Army generals
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
United States military governors
Military Governors of the Philippine Islands
19th-century American politicians
Burials at West Point Cemetery

Wesley Merritt


Hermann Czech (born 10 November 1936) is an Austrian architect. He was born and lives in Vienna, Austria, where he has a private practice.

Education and teaching positions
Hermann Czech studied architecture at the Technical University of Vienna and in the master classes of Ernst Plischke at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna. In 1958 and 1959 he participated in the seminars of Konrad Wachsmann at the Summer Academy in Salzburg.

From 1974 to 1980 he was an assistant to Hans Hollein and Johannes Spalt at the University of Applied Arts Vienna. He has been a guest professor at that university (1985/86) and a visiting professor at Harvard University (1988/89 and 1993/94), ETH Zurich (2004–07) and the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna (2011–12).

Work
Czech has been influenced by the Viennese architects Adolf Loos and Josef Frank, and by the theoretical work of Konrad Wachsmann. His work is noted for a strong emphasis on context, a sophisticated and often ironic use of architectural elements, and an interest in rules and underlying order rather than sculptural form.

Selected works

 Kleines Café, Franziskanerplatz 3, 1010, Vienna 1970/73–74
 Apartment Klemmer, Vienna 1971–72
 Antiquariat Löcker and Wögenstein, Vienna 1973/79
 Wunder-Bar, Schönlaterngasse 8, Vienna 1975–76
 M House, Schwechat, Vienna 1977–81
 Interior for M. and H Poeschl, Vienna 1978-80
 Addition to Villa Pflaum, Altenberg, Vienna 1977–79
 Art Dealership/Gallery Hummel, Vienna 1978–80
 S House, Vienna 1980–83
 Restaurant Salzamt, Ruprechtsplatz 1, 1010, Vienna 1981–83
 Underground renovation (restaurant, bar, lobby, kitchen, staff rooms, banquet halls) in Palais Schwarzenberg, Vienna 1982–84

 Stadtpark footbridge, Vienna 1985–87
 Apartment Building Petrusgasse, Vienna 1985–89
 Antiquitätengeschäft Kaesser, Vienna 1985–86
 Wohnbebauung Brunnergasse/Franz-Kamtner-Weg, Perchtoldsdorf bei Vienna 1989/90–94
 Arcadia Store in  Vienna State Opera, (with Stephan Seehof), Vienna 1989
 Planning of U3-West subway, Vienna 1990/92–97
 Winter glazing ("greenhouse") of the loggia of the  Vienna State Opera, Vienna 1991–94
 Rosa-Jochmann elementary school, Simmering, Vienna 1991–94
 MAK Café in Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna 1993
 Renovation of Bank Austria building, Am Hof, Vienna 1992/93–97
 Reconstruction and renovation of Liesing Employment Office by Ernst Plischke 1994/96–98
 Verkaufsfiliale und Zentrallager IKERA/Wein & Co,  Vienna 1996–97
 Theatercafé, Vienna 1998/2010
 Renovation of Haus Schwarzenberg, Turrach 1998–99
 Furnishing of seminar center and guest house, Swiss Re, (with Adolf Krischanitz), Zürich Rüschlikon 1998–2000
 Geblergasse residence, Vienna 1998–2003
 Umbau Oetker, Dachgeschosse und Turm eines Altbaus ab dem 16.Jh., Vienna 1999–2003
 Gasthaus Immervoll, Vienna 2000
 Hotel Messe Vienna 2002/03–05
 Einrichtung Bundestheaterkassen, Vienna 2003–04
 Weinhaus PUNKT, Kaltern/Südtirol 2004–05
 Renovation of Urbani House, Vienna 2004–07
 Mustersiedlung 9=12, Vienna 2007
 Generationen-Wohnen am Mühlgrund, Vienna 2011

Notes

References

External links
ETH Zurich profile and CV
Czech at nextroom

1936 births
Living people
Austrian architects
TU Wien alumni

Hermann Czech


A musalla () is a space apart from a mosque, mainly used for prayer in Islam. The word is derived from the verb  (ṣallā), meaning "to pray". It is traditionally used for the Eid prayers and the funeral prayers as per the Sunnah.

A musalla may also refer to a room, structure, or place for conducting salah (canonical prayers) and is usually translated as a "prayer hall" smaller than a mosque. It is usually used for conducting the five mandatory prayers or other prayers in (or without) a small congregation, but not for large congregation prayers such as the Friday prayers or the Eid prayers (the latter is conducted in congregational mosques in case there is no musalla, in the original meaning of open space, available). Such musallas are usually present in airports, malls, universities and other public places of Muslim-majority countries, as well as some non-Muslim countries, for Muslims to conduct their daily prayers. Usually, a musalla will not contain a minbar.

See also
Eidgah
Mosque
Surau
Jama'at Khana

References

Islamic architectural elements
Islamic terminology
Rooms

Musalla


Colonel Sir Robert Andrew St George Martin  (23 April 1914 – 13 December 1993) was a British Army officer who was Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire from 1965 to 1989.

Robert Andrew St George Martin was educated at Eton and at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. He was commissioned into the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry in 1934. He was Aide-de-camp to the Governor General of South Africa from 1938 to 1940.

Martin served in the Second World War with the 4th Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry from 1940 to 1942 and the Royal Warwickshire Regiment from 1942 to 1944. He served in North-Western Europe with the 5th Duke of Cornwall Light Infantry during 1944 and 1945 and was mentioned in despatches. Following staff posts he served with the 1st Somerset Light Infantry from 1950 to 1952 and was Assistant Military Secretary at HQ, BAOR from 1952 to 1954. He served with the 1st Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, 43rd and 52nd during 1954 and 1955. He was Military Secretary to the Governor General of Australia Field Marshal Lord Slim from 1955 to 1957. Martin commanded the 1st Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, 43rd and 52nd and the 1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd) in Cyprus from 1957 to 1959. He was Brigade Colonel of the Green Jackets Brigade at Winchester, Hampshire from 1959 to 1962. He commanded Recruiting and Liaison Staff, HQ Western Command from 1962 to 1965. He retired from the Army in 1965.

Martin was Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire from 1965 to 1989. He lived in Woodhouse Eaves, near Loughborough, Leicestershire. He married Margaret Grace in 1950 with whom he had one son.

He was appointed KCVO in 1988, OBE in 1959 and MBE in 1949.

References

Further reading
Who Was Who 1991-1995 Volume 1X (1996)
Obituary The Daily Telegraph 28 December 1993
Obituary The Times 20 December 1993.

Lord-Lieutenants of Leicestershire
1914 births
1993 deaths
Military personnel from Leicestershire
Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry officers
People educated at Eton College
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers officers
Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry officers
Royal Green Jackets officers
British Army personnel of World War II
Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
British military personnel of the Cyprus Emergency
People from the Borough of Charnwood

Andrew Martin (British Army officer)


Daniel Richard "Dann" Cahn (April 9, 1923 – November 21, 2012) was an American film editor who received the Career Achievement Award from the American Cinema Editors (ACE). Cahn was best known as the head editor of the TV series, I Love Lucy and for his work as the head of post-production of Desilu Playhouse. Cahn would also go on to edit several more movies and TV series such as The Beverly Hillbillies. Cahn worked with Orson Welles, Russ Meyer and others.

Early life
Cahn was born and raised in Hollywood. His parents were Philip and Gertrude (Barsha) Cahn. Some members of the Cahn family were already in the film business at the time Danny Cahn was born. His family (his grandparents and his father, a baby at the time) had migrated from Poland and Russia to Philadelphia, before settling in New York on the lower east side of Manhattan.

The Cahn family would later move to Hollywood, where his uncle Edward L. "Eddy" Cahn had managed to join the film business in 1913. Eddy Cahn worked first as a prop man and then later moved up to become one of the top film editors at Universal Studios.

Dann Cahn's father, Philip Cahn, tried ranching in North Hollywood on a  piece of property that he bought with proceeds he had saved and money earned from his wife Gertrude's dress shop ("Gertrude's" on Hollywood Boulevard). The ranch property was located at the junction of Vineland and Aqua Vista in North Hollywood next to the Los Angeles River. His father purchased 2,500 baby chicks. But one night the electricity gave out and the incubators went cold. The baby chicks didn't make it. Soon after, Philip Cahn would also join his brother in the film business as a film editor. Dann Cahn's father Philip edited Imitation of Life with Claudette Colbert.

With an uncle and father in the film business, young Danny Cahn grew up in Hollywood and would hang around his father's sets prior to World War II. Dann also got the itch to work on movies. Fascinated by the Dead End Kids pictures that were popular at the time and having acted in a few high school plays, young Danny Cahn thought he might like to become an actor. Cahn got his SAG card and worked on bit parts in several B-movies before deciding that most actors were starving and that he wanted a "real paying gig".

During World War II, Dann Cahn was among the hundreds of actors, directors, producers, writers, editors, cameramen, makeup artists and even musicians enlisted in the armed services who found themselves stationed not in the European front or the Pacific theater, but at the old Hal Roach Studios in Culver City. As members of the First Motion Picture Unit, these soldiers contributed to the war effort by making more than 400 training films and documentaries.

Of making films for the military, Cahn said, "I was an editor in the unit and two of us were sent to the Pentagon for a year and we made newsreels. We were all in for 3½ years, and most of us got a world of experience."

Cahn is the middle part of one of the only three-generation families in ACE editing history. His father, Philip Cahn, had a long career at Universal, mainly cutting Abbott and Costello comedies. His son, Danny Cahn Jr., ACE, is also picture editor on features and TV series, and was elected president of the Motion Picture Editor's Guild at the beginning of 2011.

Career highlights
Dann Cahn started out working in a film library and then later moved up as an assistant editor on motion pictures. His first job in television came in 1949, the Lucky Strike Showtime. Most notably, Cahn worked at Desilu on the TV series, I Love Lucy. Cahn also edited The Untouchables, and The Loretta Young Show. Dann Cahn also worked at Glenn Larson Productions as head of post production.

I Love Lucy was the first sitcom to shoot with three cameras and ship in 35 mm instead of kinescopes. Cahn was one of the first editors to master cutting on a film Moviola with four heads (three for picture and one for sound). Cahn's work on I Love Lucy is featured in the Lucille Ball-Desi Arnaz Center in Jamestown, New York, which has an exhibit including his "three-headed monster" editing machine.

At Desilu Studios, Cahn mentored several I Love Lucy team members, editors Gary Freund and Ted Rich both started as his apprentices. His other apprentices included Bud Molin and a fourth, "the one I had to nurse the longest..." Cahn said, "that was Michael Kahn, ACE, and he is now the number one editor in town, doing all of Steven Spielberg's shows."

Cahn would go on to work with several notable feature film directors, including Orson Welles (Fountain of Youth) and the notorious Russ Meyer (Beyond the Valley of the Dolls). Cahn would also direct at least one episode of the classic TV series, Leave It to Beaver and would also produce and/or direct several other films or television shows.

Personal life
In 1953, Cahn married former pro golfer Judy Cahn (1929–2010). They had two children. His son Daniel T. Cahn is also an editor. His daughter Dana died 1973 in a car accident.

Cahn's hobby was collecting exotic birds.

Death
Cahn died of natural causes at his West Los Angeles home on November 21, 2012 at the age of 89. His remains were interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park.

Selected filmography
I Love Lucy's 50th Anniversary Special (2001) (TV) (consultant)
Yes Virginia, There Is a Santa Claus (1991) (TV)
Jake Spanner, Private Eye (1989) (TV)
Bates Motel (1987) (TV)
My Sister Sam (1986) TV series
Tough Enough (1983)
Remington Steele (1982) TV series
The Fall Guy (1981) TV series
The Octagon (1980)
Man from Atlantis (1977) TV series
Shaft TV series (associate producer) (3 episodes, 1974)
Police Woman (1974–1975) TV series
The Most Deadly Game (1970) TV series
Beyond the Valley of the Dolls (1970)
The Beverly Hillbillies (28 episodes, 1963–1964)
Leave It to Beaver (1 episode, 1961) Director
The Lucy–Desi Comedy Hour (1959)
Frances Langford Presents (1959) TV series (writer)
Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse (1 episode, 1959) Director
The Scarface Mob (1959) (TV) (second unit director)
The Fountain of Youth (1958) (TV) (editorial supervisor)
The Californians (1957) TV series (editorial supervisor)
I Love Lucy (editorial supervisor) (106 episodes, 1952–1957)
Cavalcade of America (2 episodes, 1956–1957)
Make Room for Daddy (1953) TV series
I Love Lucy film (1953)
I Love Lucy (33 episodes, 1951–1952)
Our Miss Brooks (1952) TV series
Airborne Lifeboat (1945)

References

External links

 Editor's Guild Magazine "MPEG Veterans Days: Honoring Our Retirees"
  "Serving their country in wartime – by making films" LA Times, By Susan King, September 27, 2005

1923 births
2012 deaths
Death in California
American film editors
American Cinema Editors
United States Army personnel of World War II
American television directors
American television producers
First Motion Picture Unit personnel
United States Army Air Forces soldiers
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)

Dann Cahn


Sir Robert Geoffrey Edwards (27 September 1925 – 10 April 2013) was a British scientist who won the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work in developing in vitro fertilisation (IVF). This method is sometimes called making "test tube babies".

He began work on his ideas in the 1950s, and the first test tube baby, Louise Brown, was born on 25 July 1978. His research partner from 1968 was Patrick Steptoe (1913–1988). By 2010, more than 4 million babies had been born using the IVF method.

Early life
Edwards served in the military in World War II. In 1948, after the war, Edwards went to study at the University of Wales, then to the University of Edinburgh in 1951, where he completed his PhD. His studies had been on how embyros developed in mice. He had a research position at the California Institute of Technology in 1957. In 1958 he returned to England and began work for the National Institute of Medical Research. While at the Institute he began to study human fertilisation. In 1962, he took a up a new job at the University of Glasgow, but in 1963 went to Cambridge University. In 1965 he went back to the US where he was a visiting scientist at Johns Hopkins University and later at the University of North Carolina. he returned to Cambridge and taught physiology from 1969.

IVF
While scientists had some success in fertilising rabbit eggs in a laboratory, Edwards soon discovered that the process for humans was quite different and much more complex. He spent many years studying the human egg, and how it could best be fertilised by sperm outside the body. He succeeded in fertilising an egg in 1969, but they did not develop. Patrick Steptoe was a British gynecologist who had done a lot of work using a laparoscope to investigate the ovaries. Using the laparoscope he was able to take eggs directly from the ovaries. Edwards was able to use these eggs and successfully fertilize them in a cell culture dish. This discovery caused a lot of debate and discussions about whether this sort of study should be allowed to continue.

Family
His wife was Ruth Fowler Edwards, the granddaughter of physicist Ernest Rutherford and daughter of physicist Ralph Fowler. He has 5 daughters and 12 grandchildren.

Death
Edwards died on 10 April 2013 after a long lung illness in England, aged 87.

References

1925 births
2013 deaths
British military personnel of World War II
British Nobel Prize winners
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
People from West Yorkshire
Medical researchers

Robert Edwards


Bollmora is the central district and municipal seat of Tyresö Municipality in Sweden. Together with major parts of the other two main districts of Tyresö, Trollbäcken and Gamla Tyresö, Bollmora forms a conurbation with Stockholm.

Bollmora derives its name from Bollmora farm (Bollmora gård) which was located near current day Njupkärrsvägen–Industrivägen intersection. Up until the 1950s Bollmora was a village, but in conjunction to the large migration to Stockholm in 1950s and 1960s, Bollmora expanded. The large expansion was made possible by Lex Bollmora from 1959, a legislation that made possible for municipal real estate companies to operate in other municipalities than their own. The municipal real estate companies of Stockholm started immediately constructing in Bollmora after the legislation came into effect. Many of the apartment building areas of Bollmora are from the Million Programme origin.

Bollmora centre (Bollmora centrum) was inaugurated in 1965, and it was fairly ordinary small-town centre with pedestrian streets. The centre underwent a major overhaul to an enclosed shopping mall in early 1990s. It was renamed Tyresö centre (Tyresö centrum) and the new centre was inaugurated in 1992.

Lake Barnsjön is a popular spot for bathing and fishing.

Residential areas
The population of the residential areas typically associated with Bollmora, as of 1 January 2004
Bollmora: 8,494
Krusboda: 3,717
East/West Farmarstigen: 2,668
Öringe: 2,548
Granängsringen: 2,187
Fårdala: 1,657
Lindalen: 1,445
Total: 22,716 — or 56.7% of the population of Tyresö Municipality.

External links
Tyresö Municipality

Stockholm urban area
Tyresö Municipality

Bollmora


John Chryssavgis (born 1 April 1958) is an Orthodox Christian theologian who serves as advisor to the Ecumenical Patriarch on environmental issues.  He is a clergyman of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. In January 2012, he received the title of Archdeacon of the Ecumenical Throne by His All-Holiness Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew. In 2016, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by St. Vladimir's Theological Seminary. In 2020, he was elected Honorary Professor of Theology in the Sydney College of Divinity.

Early life and education
John Chryssavgis was born in Australia in 1958.  He matriculated from the Scots College in Sydney in 1975 and received his degree in theology from the University of Athens in 1980.  He received a diploma in Byzantine Music from the Greek Conservatory of Music in 1979 and was awarded a research scholarship to St. Vladimir's Theological Seminary in 1982. He completed his doctoral studies in Patristics at the University of Oxford in 1983. Chryssavgis read patristic theology at the University of Oxford.

Career
His work and writing have focused on medieval theology, as well as on the history of the Eastern Church. He holds degrees in theology and sacred music. His teaching has covered wide-ranging topics, such as theological, political, and social developments, themes and personalities of the Middle Ages, including cultural and religious relations and tensions between East and West. His interests have embraced the areas of spirituality, ecology, and liturgy. His research has specialised in the ascetic thought and practice of the early Church, especially from the desert tradition of Egypt (4th century) through the regions of Palestine (5th–6th centuries) and Sinai (7th century). After several months in silent retreat on Mount Athos, he worked with the Greek Orthodox Primate in Australia (1984–1994) and was co-founder of St Andrew's Theological College in Sydney, where he was Sub-Dean and taught Patristics and Church History (1986–1995). He was also Lecturer in the Divinity School (1986–1990) and the School of Studies in Religion (1990–1995) at the University of Sydney.

In 1995, he moved to Boston, where he was appointed Professor of Theology at Holy Cross School of Theology and directed the Religious Studies Program at Hellenic College until 2002. He established the Environment Office at the same School in 2001. He has also taught as professor of Patristics at the University of Balamand in Lebanon.

In recent years, he has published several books and countless articles in international journals and encyclopaedias in the area of religion and ecology, social justice and peace, with forthcoming books including John Climacus: from the Egyptian Desert to the Sinaite Mountain (Ashgate, UK, Winter 2004); and Light Through Darkness: Insights into Orthodox Spirituality (Orbis Books, Summer 2004)

He currently serves as theological advisor to the Ecumenical Patriarch on environmental issues.

He lives in Maine.

Bibliography
Persons and Events: Historical Moments in the Development of Orthodox Christianity, Archdiocese of Australia, Sydney, 1985. [Out of print]
Fire and Light: Aspects of the Eastern Orthodox Tradition (Light and Life Publications, Minneapolis MN, 1987). [Out of print]Ascent to Heaven: The Theology of the Human Person According to Saint John of the Ladder (Holy Cross Press, Boston MA, 1989) [Out of print].The World My Church (with Sophie Chryssavgis), David Lovell Publishing, Melbourne, 1990. Reprinted with changes by Holy Cross Press, Boston MA, 1998. Five printings to date.  The Desert is Alive: Dimensions of Australian Spirituality, Joint Board of Christian Education, Melbourne, 1990. Second Printing 1993. [Out of print]Repentance and Confession, Holy Cross Press, Boston MA, 1990. Second Printing 1996. Third printing 1998.Love, Sexuality, and Marriage, Holy Cross Press, Boston MA, 1996. Second printing 1998.The Way of the Fathers: Exploring the Mind of the Church Fathers, Analecta Vlatadon, Thessalonika, 1998. [Out of print]Beyond the Shattered Image: Insights into an Orthodox Ecological World View, Light and Life Books, Minneapolis MN, 1999. [Out of print]Soul Mending: The Art of Spiritual Direction, Holy Cross Press, Boston MA, 2000. Second printing 2002.In the Footsteps of Christ: the ascetic teaching of Abba Isaiah of Scetis, SLG Press, Oxford UK, 2001. [With P.R.Penkett]The Body of Christ: A Place of Welcome for People with Disabilities, Light and Life, Minneapolis MN, 2002. Subsequently published by the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America: New York NY, 2017.Abba Isaiah of Scetis: The Ascetic Discourses, Cistercian Publications, Kalamazoo MI, 2002. [With P.R.Penkett]In the Heart of the Desert: The Spirituality of the Desert Fathers and Mothers, World Wisdom Books, Bloomington IN, 2003. 2nd revised edition 2008. Also translated into Italian: Bose Publications, Italy 2004. Also translated into Romanian: Sophia Editions, Bucharest, 2004.Cosmic Grace, Humble Prayer: Ecological Vision of Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew, Eerdmans Books, Grand Rapids MI, 2003. Revised and updated, 2009. [Out of print]Letters from the Desert: A Selection of the Spiritual Correspondence of Barsanuphius and John, St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, New York NY, 2003. The Way of Tears: A Spirituality of Imperfection, In Greek: Akritas Publications, Athens, 2003.The Way of the Fathers: Exploring the Mind of the Church Fathers, Light and Life Books, Minneapolis MN, 2003Light through Darkness: Insights into Orthodox Spirituality, Orbis Press: Maryknoll; and Darton Longman and Todd: London, 2004 John Climacus: from the Egyptian desert to the Sinaite mountain, Ashgate, London, 2004.The Reflections of Abba Zosimas: Monk of the Palestinian Desert, SLG Press: Oxford, 2004. Reprinted 2006.The Ecumenical Patriarchate: a historical guide, Ecumenical Patriarchate Publications, Constantinople, 2005. 2nd revised edition, 2007. [Out of print]The Correspondence of Barsanuphius and John, with translation, introduction, notes and complete indices (scriptural, patristic, subject and names). For Catholic University Press, Washington DC, 2 volumes, 2006 and 2007.In the World, Yet Not of the World: Social and Global Initiatives of Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew, Fordham University Press, New York, 2009.Speaking the Truth in Love: Theological and Spiritual Exhortations of Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew, Fordham University Press, New York, 2010.In the Footsteps of St. Paul: An Academic Symposium, Holy Cross Press, Boston MA, 2011. [With Archbishop Demetrios Trakatellis of America]On Earth as in Heaven: Ecological Vision and Initiatives of Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew, Fordham University Press, New York, 2012.Remembering and Reclaiming Diakonia: The Diaconate Yesterday and Today (Brookline, MA: Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 2009)The Patriarch of Solidarity: ecological and global concerns of Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew, In Greek and English: Istos Books, Istanbul, 2013.Toward an Ecology of Transfiguration: Orthodox Christian Perspectives on Environment, Nature, and Creation, Fordham University Press, New York, 2013. [With Bruce Foltz]Dialogue of Love: Breaking the Silence of Centuries, Fordham University Press, 2014.The Ecumenical Patriarchate Today: Sacred Greek Orthodox Sites of Istanbul, London Editions: Istanbul, 2014.Translation of The Fathers of the Church: Barsanuphius and John, Letters, Volume 2, The Catholic University of America Press, Washington, D.C., 2014.Three Perspectives on the Sacred: The Augustana Distinguished Lectures, Chester Ronning Center, Camrose Alberta, 2015.Saint Anthony the Great, with Marilyn Rouvelas [Illustrated by Isabelle Brent], Wisdom Tales, Bloomington IN, 2015.Primacy in the Church: The Office of Primacy and the Authority of Councils, St. Vladimir's Press, Yonkers NY, 2016 [2 volumes].Toward the Holy and Great Council: Retrieving a Culture of Conciliarity and Communion, Faith Matters Series, no. 1: Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America, New York NY, 2016.Translation of Anastasios Yannoulatos, In Africa: Orthodox Witness and Service, Holy Cross Orthodox Press, Brookline MA, 2015 (449 pages).Translation of The Fathers of the Church: Barsanuphius and John, Letters, Volume 1, The Catholic University of America Press, Washington, D.C., 2015.Bartholomew: Apostle and Visionary, HarperCollins, New York NY, 2016. Greek translation: Athens Books, Athens, 2017. French translation: Cerf, Paris, 2017. Ukrainian and Russian translation: Ethos Biblioteka, Kyiv, 2021Translation of Anastasios Yannoulatos, In Albania: Cross and Resurrection, St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, Yonkers NY, 2016. (378 pages).Theology as Doxology and Dialogue: The Essential Writings of Nikos Nissiotis, with Nikolaos Asproulis (eds), Fortress Academic, Lanham MD, 2019.Creation as Sacrament: Reflections on Ecology and Spirituality, Bloomsbury/T&T Clark, London, 2019.
Coedited (with Nikolaos Asproulis), Priests of Creation: John Zizioulas on Discerning an Ecological Crisis, T&T Clark, London, 2021.
Coedited (with Brandon Gallaher), The Living Christ: The Theological Legacy of Georges Florovsky, T&T Clark, London, 2021.
Coauthored (with Peter Chamberas), The Recognition of Saints in the Orthodox Church, Newfound Publishing, Hebron NH, 2021.
Coedited two volumes on The Holy and Great Council of the Orthodox Church: Orthodox Theology in the Twenty-First Century, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 2021 [Greek and English].The Letters of Barsanuphius and John: Desert Wisdom for Everyday Life, Foreword by Kallistos Ware, 2021, T&T Clark, London, 2022. Foreword by Metropolitan Kallistos Ware.Coexistence: Peace, Nature, Poverty, Terrorism, and Values, by Archbishop Anastasios Yannoulatos of Albania. [Translation from the Greek] Geneva: World Council of Churches, Geneva, 2022.
Theology, Ecology, and Ecumenism: Reflections of an Innocent Sojourner'' (Fairfax, VA: Washington Theological Consortium, 2023). Introduction by Prof. Paul McPartlan.

References

External links
Author Page
Beyond the Shattered Image review by Vincent Rossi
Light Through Darkness: The Orthodox Tradition review by Frederic and Mary Ann Brussat
An Orthodox perspective on hamartology and ecology: Assessing John Chryssavgis' contribution to current discourse review by Dr. Newton Cloete
'Ecumenical Patriarchate title would elevate Turkey's reputation' interview by Cansu Çamlıbel

1958 births
Alumni of Pembroke College, Oxford
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni
Eastern Orthodox theologians
Christianity and environmentalism
Religious action on climate change
Australian Christian theologians
Living people
Sustainability advocates
Academic staff of the University of Sydney
Academic staff of the University of Balamand
The Moscow Times people
Traditionalist School

John Chryssavgis


Edwardstone is a village and civil parish in the Babergh district, in the county of Suffolk, England. In 2011, there were 352 people living in Edwardstone civil parish. The parish contains the villages and hamlets of Mill Green, Priory Green, Round Maple and Sherbourne Street.

History
The name Edwardstone means Farmstead of a man called Edweard. Edwardstone was listed in the Domesday Book as Eduardestuna. Edwardstone was once in the Babergh hundred.

Edwardstone Hall was a country house located in the village. It was demolished in 1952, but there are several other buildings still located on its land, including two listed buildings described below: the Church of St Mary the Virgin and Temple Bar.

Population
Edwardstone civil parish had a population (population is the number of people living in a place) of 352 in 2011, 343 in 2001, 299 in 1961, 349 in 1951, 368 in 1931, 341 in 1921, 415 in 1911, 416 in 1901, 420 in 1891, 438 in 1881, 479 in 1851, 495 in 1841, 503 in 1831, 416 in 1821, 374 in 1811 and 362 in 1801. In 1086 there were 32 households in Edwardstone, which was quite large compared to other settlements.

Features
The parish contains the villages and hamlets (a hamlet is a settlement without a church) of Mill Green, Priory Green, Round Maple and Sherbourne Street. Edwardstone has a church called the Church of St Mary the Virgin. Edwardstone is on a tributary (a tributary is a smaller river that flows into another) of the River Stour. Edwardstone civil parish has 31 Listed buildings. Edwardstone has a Cricket Team in Hunts County Division 2. The team plays its home games at Homefields, Boxford. In the "History, Gazetteer, and Directory of Suffolk, and the Towns Near Its Borders" Edwardstone had 1872 acres of land which was mostly arable (land that can be used for growing crops), but it also included 105 acres of woodland.

The forest surrounding the village is called Edwardstone Woods. It is mainly broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland. It has been classified as scientifically important by the British government.

Listed buildings

There are 31 listed buildings in Edwardstone.

 Barn to the North of Lynn's Hall (Grade II)
 Borehouse Manor Farmhouse (Grade II)
 Christmas House (Grade II)
 Church of St Mary the Virgin (Grade I)
 Crossways (Grade II)
 Earls Cottages (Grade II)
 Edwardstone House (Grade II)
 Edwardstone Lodge (Grade II)
 Garden Wall to Sherbourne House (Grade II)
 General Stores (Grade II)
 Hathaway Cottage Little Thatch (Grade II), a cottage with a thatched roof. It has two gabled dormers and a ridge chimney stack.
 Hideaway Corner (Grade II)
 Home Farmhouse (Grade II)
 Juglans (Grade II)
 Lynn's Hall (Grade II)
 Manora (Grade II)
 Mill Green Cottage (Grade II)
 Mill Green End (Grade II)
 Moat Farm Cottage (Grade II)
 Priory Cottage (Grade II)
 Priory Green Cottage (Grade II)
 Quicks Farmhouse (Grade II), was a farmhouse and is now a house. It has a red-brick front. The inner part has bridging beams with lamb's tongue (or ogee) stops and ceiling joists. The upper part of the front range has been changed, probably in 1859.
 Sans Souci (Grade II)
 Seasons (Grade II), an 18th/19th century building, which has 1 story and a thatched roof. It has been renovated.
 Sherbourne Cottage (Grade II)
 Sherbourne House (Grade II)
 Sideways (Grade II)
 Temple Bar (Grade II), a red-brick gatehouse with an archway. It formed the entrance to Edwardstone Hall.
 The Flushing (Grade II), an 18th-century or early 19th-century building, which has been renovated and has 2 storeys. It also has a central gabled porch.
 The Thatched Cottage (Grade II)
 Tudor Cottage (Grade II)

Notable people
 John Winthrop was born in Edwardstone.

References
GENUKI

Other websites

 Edwardstone Estate
 Designer Vertical gardens

Villages in Suffolk
Civil parishes in Suffolk
Settlements in Babergh

Edwardstone