A grammar checker, in computing terms, is a program, or part of a program, that attempts to verify written text for grammatical correctness. Grammar checkers are most often implemented as a feature of a larger program, such as a word processor, but are also available as a stand-alone application that can be activated from within programs that work with editable text.

The implementation of a grammar checker makes use of natural language processing.

History

The earliest "grammar checkers" were programs that checked for punctuation and style inconsistencies, rather than a complete range of possible grammatical errors. The first system was called Writer's Workbench, and was a set of writing tools included with Unix systems as far back as the 1970s. The whole Writer's Workbench package included several separate tools to check for various writing problems. The "diction" tool checked for wordy, trite, clichéd or misused phrases in a text. The tool would output a list of questionable phrases, and provide suggestions for improving the writing. The "style" tool analyzed the writing style of a given text. It performed a number of readability tests on the text and output the results, and gave some statistical information about the sentences of the text.

Aspen Software of Albuquerque, New Mexico released the earliest version of a diction and style checker for personal computers, Grammatik, in 1981. Grammatik was first available for a Radio Shack - TRS-80, and soon had versions for CP/M and the IBM PC. Reference Software International of San Francisco, California, acquired Grammatik in 1985. Development of Grammatik continued, and it became an actual grammar checker that could detect writing errors beyond simple style checking.

Other early diction and style checking programs included Punctuation & Style, Correct Grammar, RightWriter and PowerEdit. While all the earliest programs started out as simple diction and style checkers, all eventually added various levels of language processing, and developed some level of true grammar checking capability.

Until 1992, grammar checkers were sold as add-on programs. There were a large number of different word processing programs available at that time, with WordPerfect and Microsoft Word the top two in market share. In 1992, Microsoft decided to add grammar checking as a feature of Word, and  licensed CorrecText, a grammar checker from Houghton Mifflin that had not yet been marketed as a standalone product. WordPerfect answered Microsoft's move by acquiring Reference Software, and the direct descendant of Grammatik is still included with WordPerfect.

As of 2019, grammar checkers are built into systems like Google Docs and Sapling.ai, browser extensions like Grammarly and Qordoba, desktop applications like Ginger, free and open-source software like LanguageTool, and text editor plugins like those available from WebSpellChecker Software.

Technical issues
The earliest writing style programs checked for wordy, trite, clichéd, or misused phrases in a text. This process was based on simple pattern matching. The heart of the program was a list of many hundreds or thousands of phrases that are considered poor writing by many experts. The list of questionable phrases included alternative wording for each phrase. The checking program would simply break text into sentences, check for any matches in the phrase dictionary, flag suspect phrases and show an alternative. These programs could also perform some mechanical checks. For example, they would typically flag doubled words, doubled punctuation, some capitalization errors, and other simple mechanical mistakes.

True grammar checking is more complex. While a programming language has a very specific syntax and grammar, this is not so for natural languages. One can write a somewhat complete formal grammar for a natural language, but there are usually so many exceptions in real usage that a formal grammar is of minimal help in writing a grammar checker. One of the most important parts of a natural language grammar checker is a dictionary of all the words in the language, along with the part of speech of each word. The fact that a natural word may be used as any one of several parts of speech (such as "free" being used as an adjective, adverb, noun, or verb) greatly increases the complexity of any grammar checker.

A grammar checker will find each sentence in a text, look up each word in the dictionary, and then attempt to parse the sentence into a form that matches a grammar. Using various rules, the program can then detect various errors, such as agreement in tense, number, word order, and so on. It is also possible to detect some stylistic problems with the text. For example, some popular style guides such as The Elements of Style deprecate excessive use of the passive voice. Grammar checkers may attempt to identify passive sentences and suggest an active-voice alternative.

The software elements required for grammar checking are closely related to some of the development issues that need to be addressed for speech recognition software. In voice recognition, parsing can be used to help predict which word is most likely intended, based on part of speech and position in the sentence. In grammar checking, the parsing is used to detect words that fail to follow accepted grammar usage.

Recently, research has focused on developing algorithms which can recognize grammar errors based on the context of the surrounding words.

Criticism
Grammar checkers are considered as a type of foreign language writing aid which non-native speakers can use to proofread their writings as such programs endeavor to identify syntactical errors. However, as with other computerized writing aids such as spell checkers, popular grammar checkers are often criticized when they fail to spot errors and incorrectly flag correct text as erroneous.  The linguist Geoffrey K. Pullum argued in 2007 that they were generally so inaccurate as to do more harm than good: "for the most part, accepting the advice of a computer grammar checker on your prose will make it much worse, sometimes hilariously incoherent."

See also
 Spell checker
 Link grammar

References

Text editor features
Natural language processing

Grammar checker


Winalot is a popular brand of dog food sold in the United Kingdom and Ireland.

The name was first used in 1927 for dog biscuits by Spillers Ltd; they were initially marketed as a food for racing greyhounds, but soon gained popularity with domestic canines and became a brand leader in the 1930s.

The Spillers business was acquired in 1998 by Nestlé, after which point the Winalot brand was expanded to include a wide range of dry and tinned dog foods and snacks.

Winalot is now marketed by Nestlé Purina PetCare, and is the UK's second biggest-selling dog food brand. Their products have recently been subject to a packaging change, to modernize and refresh the brand in 2016.

References

External links

Dog food brands
Nestlé brands

Winalot


Papatzys ( Papatzýn; died 704) was, in the account of Theophanes the Confessor, the Khazar tudun of Kerch during the sojourn of Byzantine emperor Justinian II in Phanagoria. He was dispatched, along with Balgitzin, by Busir Khagan to kill Justinian in 704, after Busir was bribed by Tiberius III. Justinian's Khazar wife Theodora warned him in advance and Justinian escaped by sea, but not before murdering both Papatzys and Balgitzin.

References

7th-century births
704 deaths
Khazar people
Medieval Crimea

Papatzys


Scapriano is a small village in the province of Teramo, in the Abruzzo region of central Italy. It is a frazione of the town of Teramo.

Geography
Scapriano lies in a hilly area about 2 km from Teramo, the provincial capital. Just below the village the stream Fosso Grande feeds into the Vezzola river.   Crossing this river is as stone bridge which the locals refer to as the "Ponte del lu stucc".  The name probably derives from a set of registered documents under the heading "Stucchi" which dealt with small herds of local prized sheep that stayed in Abruzzo over the winter instead of heading south to Puglia as part of the great transumanza.  The town is located on one of the paths that the shepherds used in their local sheep herd migrations.

History
One medieval administrative document dated 926 mentions Manfredi, Count of "Aprutium" (present day Abruzzo as donating several pieces of real estate in and around Scapriano to a local church by the name of Santa Maria.

Scapriano is home to the small ancient Church of Saint Martin, recently restored with the assistance of the local townsfolk.   Another historical church is that of Saint Silvester and still another church, Saint John was once located here.

Culture and sport
Located in Scapriano is the Teramo Palazzetto dello Sport (Teramo Sports Arena) where the local Serie B basketball team, Siviglia Wear schedules its home games.

Notes and references

Il Cartulario della Chiesa teramana. Codice Latino in pergamena del sec. XII dell'Archivio vescovile di Teramo, a cura di Francesco Savini, Roma, Forzani, 1910.
Niccola Palma, Storia ecclesiastica e civile della regione più settentrionale del regno di Napoli. Detta dagli antichi Prætutium, ne' bassi tempi Aprutium oggi città di Teramo e Diocesi Aprutina, 5 voll., Teramo, presso U. Angeletti, 1832-1836; II edizione a cura di Vittorio Savorini e altri, 5 voll., Teramo, Tip. Giovanni Fabbri, 1890-1893; III edizione, 5 voll. Teramo, Cassa di Risparmio della Provincia di Teramo, 1978.

Frazioni of the Province of Teramo
Teramo

Scapriano


"The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford" is a science fiction short story by American writer Philip K. Dick, first published in the January, 1954 edition of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction and later in Beyond Lies the Wub in 1984 and in The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford, a collection of Philip K. Dick short stories, in 1990.

Plot summary
The story is told from a first person perspective of a young man and his friend, a scientist named Doc Rupert Labyrinth (also appearing in Dick's short story "The Preserving Machine"), who develops a new device called The Animator, which gives life to otherwise inanimate objects. Doc thinks that the machine does not work, and sells it to the narrator for 5 dollars. The narrator leaves his shoe in the machine, and discovers the following day that the shoe has become alive. Doc and the narrator catch the shoe and stuff it in a drawer, while Doc returns to the University to get his fellow professors to witness the shoe. Meanwhile, the narrator loses the shoe, as it escapes and leaves the house. Shortly later, the shoe returns and uses the Animator to animate a woman's shoe for companionship, and when Doc and his fellow professors, and the press, return, they witness the two shoes, moving across the lawn, disappearing into a hedge.

External links
Page at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database

Short stories by Philip K. Dick
1954 short stories
Works originally published in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction


Hurricane Isaac was an Atlantic tropical cyclone. It killed almost two dozen people in Hispaniola in August 2012 and moved over Cuba and Haiti.  Isaac then became a Category One hurricane on August 28. It hit near the southeast tip of Louisiana at 6:44 pm that day.

History
According to the report. Isaac was from a tropical wave that moved off the coast of Africa on August 15.

Isaac did not become a tropical depression until August 21.

Isaac was upgraded to a tropical storm that same day as Hurricane Hunters went into the storm and found winds more then 50 mph.

Isaac made its passage along the Lesser Antilles on August 22.

On August 25 the storm made its first landfall on Haiti with winds of 70 mph.

Isaac made its second landfall on Cuba with winds around 60-65 mph on the same day.

Isaac quickly exited Cuba and went towards the Florida Keys on August 26 but even though it did made landfall. It caused heavy rain to the Keys.

Isaac became a Hurricane on August 28 and made landfall as a Category 1 Hurricane with 80 mph.

Isaac moved inland and dissipated.

2012 Atlantic hurricane season
2012 in the United States
2010s in Haiti
2010s in Louisiana
2010s in Cuba
August 2012 events

Hurricane Isaac (2012)


XFX Inc. is a Chinese electronics company that specializes in the manufacturing of video cards, power supplies and motherboards. XFX has its headquarters in Ontario, California, and is a division of Hong Kong-based Pine Technology Holdings Limited (), founded by Michael Chiu the CEO Pine Technology Holdings Limited.

Video cards

Originally, XFX produced only Nvidia graphics cards; in 2009, XFX switched to manufacturing ATI (now AMD) graphics cards. While it kept selling Nvidia mid-range cards for some time, it later ceased producing any GeForce graphics cards.

Warranty
All XFX graphics cards sold in the US or Canada previously came with a "double-lifetime" warranty. This warranty gave lifetime coverage to the original buyer and, in addition, a subsequent owner of the used graphics card. However, it was only valid if the card was registered with XFX directly within 30 days of purchase. In January 2012, with the introduction of its Radeon HD 7970 graphics cards, XFX silently discontinued its famous "double-lifetime" warranties, stating it was no longer profitable nor sustainable. The lifetime warranty is not available for Radeon R 300-series or greater. It is only offered for the following models if they are registered within 30 days of purchase:
XFX Radeon R 200-Series Double Dissipation Edition and HD 7000 Series Double Dissipation Edition Graphics Cards.
XFX Radeon R-Series and HD 7000 Series Graphics Cards with 10-digit model numbers ending in "R" (example: "FX-797A-TDFR")
XFX Radeon HD 6000, HD 5000, and HD 4000 Series Graphics Cards
XFX GeForce GT 640, GT 630, 520, GT 430, 200, 9000, 8000, 7000, 6000 Series Graphics Cards purchased after April 17, 2007.

Overclocked cards
In addition to reference clocked graphic units, XFX also supplies overclocked graphic units that are similar to the ones produced by BFG, EVGA and ASUS. This is targeted at the enthusiast market, as well as those who may be unfamiliar with overclocking. These overclocked cards are often sold alongside cards with standard clocks at a slightly higher price. Overclocked systems are commonly designated with the names "Extreme Edition", "XXX Edition", "Black Edition" or "Alpha Dog Edition".

Fatal1ty video cards
In 2006, XFX made an agreement to use the name of a computer tournament game player, Johnathan "Fatal1ty" Wendel, on a division of graphics cards. However, the Fatal1ty branding has seemingly been dropped for unknown reasons.

Radeon cards
XFX produces many AMD Radeon cards from the R700 Series to the Evergreen series. From the R700 family, XFX only produced high-end and enthusiast-level graphics cards. From the Evergreen family, XFX produced cards from all levels; these cards include the HD5450, HD5550, HD5570, HD5650, HD5670, HD5770, HD5850, HD5870, and HD5970. High-end cards from both the R700 and Evergreen families are given the Black Edition designation. From the Barts family, XFX produced an AMD Radeon HD 6870 card. XFX has also produced, from the AMD Radeon HD 6 Series, the HD 6850, HD 6870, HD 6950 and HD 6970.
With the release of "Southern Island" family of AMD GPUs, XFX manufactured a full range of 7XXX series cards (including the 7970 and 7990, the single and dual GPU flagship cards of the AMD 7000 series). XFX has kept up with the latest "Volcanic Islands" family, being among the first to retail an entire range of R-series cards.

Power supplies
XFX began selling power supplies in 2009, with their first unit being an 850w model under the branding "Black Edition". Since then, they have expanded their lineup to include a total of three brands: "Black Edition", "XXX Edition", and "Core Edition". XFX exclusively uses Seasonic topologies in their power supplies.

Television
XFX produced a low-budget infomercial called Extreme PC Garage, which was claimed to be the pilot for a television series. XFX took an obsolete model PC and attempted to upgrade it. However, in the infomercial the entire PC was actually replaced with a custom built ATX case and expensive XFX components, which is not an "upgrade". The program was intended to mock the concept of MTV's Pimp My Ride.

References

External links

 XFX official website

Graphics hardware companies
Ontario, California
Electronics companies of the United States

XFX


A roulade () is a dish of filled rolled meat or pastry. Roulade can be savory or sweet. Swiss roll is an example of a sweet roulade. Traditionally found in various European cuisines, the term roulade originates from the French word rouler, meaning "to roll".

Meat
A meat-based roulade typically consists of a slice of steak rolled around a filling such as cheese, vegetables, or other meats. A roulade, like a braised dish, is often browned then covered with wine or stock and cooked. Such a roulade is commonly secured with a toothpick, metal skewer or a piece of string. The roulade is sliced into rounds and served. Of this common form, there are several notable dishes:
Paupiette, French veal roulade filled with vegetables, fruits or sweetmeats
Rinderroulade, German and Hungarian beef roulade filled with onions, bacon and pickles. Also Kohlrouladen, cabbage filled with minced meat.
Španělské ptáčky (Spanish birds) are roulade in Czech cuisine. The recipe is practically identical with German Rouladen, perhaps omitting wine and adding a wedge of hard boiled egg and/or frankfurter to the filling. Unlike the large roulade, sliced before serving, the "birds" are typically  long, served whole with a side dish of rice or Czech style bread dumplings.
Szüz tekercsek ("Virgin rouladen"), in Hungary a dish filled with minced meat.
Zrazy (or "rolada"), in Poland
Rollade, in the Netherlands. Most 'rollades' are made from rolled pork. A typical Dutch 'rollade' is not filled. Common spices are pepper, salt and nutmeg.

Involtini
In Italian cuisine, roulades are known as involtini (singular involtino). Involtini can be thin slices of beef, pork, or chicken rolled with a filling of grated cheese (usually Parmesan cheese or Pecorino Romano), sometimes egg to give consistency and some combination of additional ingredients such as bread crumbs, other cheeses, minced prosciutto, ham or Italian sausage, mushrooms, onions, garlic, spinach, pinoli (pine nuts), etc. Involtini (diminutive form of involti) means "little bundles". Each involtino is held together by a wooden toothpick, and the dish is usually served (in various sauces: red, white, etc.) as a second course.  When cooked in tomato sauce, the sauce itself is used to toss the pasta for the first course, giving a consistent taste to the whole meal.

In southern parts of Italy such as Sicily, where fish are a more plentiful element of cuisine, involtini can sometimes be made with fish such as swordfish. This term encompasses dishes like braciole (a roulade consisting of beef, pork or chicken usually filled with Parmesan cheese, bread crumbs and eggs) and saltimbocca. There are also vegetarian involtini  made with  eggplant.

Pastry

Some roulades consist of cake (often sponge cake) baked in a flat pan rolled around a filling. Cake rolled around jam, chocolate buttercream, nuts or other fillings, is an example of a sweet roulade like the bejgli or the Swiss roll. The bûche de Noël or "Yule log" is a traditional French Christmas cake roll, often decorated with frosting made to look like bark.

Another form of non-meat roulade consists of a soufflé-type mixture baked in a flat pan rolled around a filling.

See also
Slavink
Negimaki
Matambre
Rullepølse

References

Garde manger
Austrian cuisine
Hungarian cuisine
French cuisine
German cuisine
Italian meat dishes
Swiss cuisine
Culinary terminology
Italian cuisine

Roulade


Ken Booth FBA (born 29 January 1943)  is a British international relations theorist, and the former E. H. Carr Professor of the Department of International Politics at Aberystwyth University.

He has been a visiting researcher at the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island; at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Canada; and at Cambridge University. He is a former Chair, and the first President of the British International Studies Association. He was part of the editorial team of the Review of International Studies, and currently serves as both Academic Editor of the Lynne Rienner Critical Security Studies series and the journal International Relations.

He is an elected Academician of the Society of Learned Societies for the Social Sciences. He was elected to the British Academy in 2006.

In a 1991 article in the international relations journal International Affairs, he set out a position which he labelled "utopian realism". Within the terminology of international relations theory, he is considered a post-positivist and a critic of orthodox realism by contemporary academics in the field of international relations.

Key publications

 Booth, Ken (2007) Theory of World Security (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
 Booth, Ken and Wheeler, Nicholas J. (2007) The Security Dilemma: Fear, Cooperation, and Trust in World Politics (Houndmills and New York: Palgrave Macmillan)
 Booth, Ken (2005) (eds.) Critical Security Studies and World Politics (London and Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publications Inc,)
 Booth, Ken and Dunne, Tim (2002) (eds.) Worlds in Collision. Terror and the Future of Global Order (Houndmills and New York: Palgrave Macmillan)
 Booth, Ken (1999) "Three Tyrannies" in Dunne, Tim and Wheeler, Nicholas J. (eds.) Human Rights in Global Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 31-70.
 Booth, Ken (1995) "Human wrongs in international relations", International Affairs, 71(1), 103-26
 Booth, Ken (1991) "Security and emancipation", Review of International Studies, 17(4), 313-26
 Booth, Ken (1991) "Security in Anarchy: Utopian Realism in Theory and Practice", International Affairs, 67(3), 527-45
 Booth, Ken (1979) Strategy and Ethnocentrism (London: Croom Helm Ltd)
 Booth, Ken (1977) Navies and Foreign Policy (New York: Crane, Russak)

References

British political scientists
International relations scholars
Academics of Aberystwyth University
1943 births
Fellows of the British Academy
Living people
People educated at The King's School, Pontefract

Ken Booth (academic)


Sedgley urban district was a local government district within Staffordshire, which was created in 1894 from the western half of the manor of Sedgley (the other half of which became the Coseley Urban District).

The Urban District, formed in 1894, consisted of the historic villages of Sedgley, Cotwall End, Gospel End, Upper Gornal, Lower Gornal and Woodsetton.

The UDC built many new houses within its boundaries as the local population grew. The first developments included the Beacon Hill Estate in Sedgley and smaller developments off Dudley Road in Upper Gornal and Summer Lane in Lower Gornal, which were built in the 1920s. These developments were then expanded in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. Post World War II developments included the Sedgley Hall Estate near Gospel End Road, the Bramford Estate at Woodsetton and a smaller development at Cinder Road in Gornal Wood. Flats (not in blocks more than four storeys high) and bungalows were also built in large numbers during this era. Interwar estates including the Beacon Estate were also expanded after 1945. The houses on the Sedgley Hall Estate were built from concrete panels just after the end of World War II, and are still standing some 70 years later even though Sedgley UDC intended to replace them with brick-built housing by the 1960s.

By 1966, the district had developed into a town due to extensive housebuilding (private and council) since 1920, and was dissolved to be absorbed into three neighbouring authorities. The bulk of the district was absorbed into the County Borough of Dudley, while the Gospel End area was absorbed into Seisdon Rural District (now South Staffordshire) and Goldthorn Park was absorbed into Wolverhampton. The introduction of post code districts locally in 1966 also means that much of Woodsetton now has a Dudley DY1 post code rather than Sedgley DY3, although Gospel End comes within the DY3 postal district – as do the villages of Himley and Swindon, which were never within the same local authority at Sedgley and are no longer even in the same county.

The Urban District Council also built many schools. Roberts Street Schools were built in Upper Gornal in 1894 – the year the Urban District Council was formed. Queen Victoria Schools were opened in Bilston Street in 1897. Dormston School, adjacent to Queen Victoria School, opened in 1935, replacing the former senior schools at Queen Victoria and Sedgley National Schools. Bramford Primary School in Woodsetton was built during the 1950s. Flax Hall Primary School in Upper Gornal was opened in 1950s and remained open until 1989.

Mass house building in the west of Sedgley during the 1950s and 1960s made it necessary for new primary school's to be built to accommodate Sedgley's quickly growing population – Cotwall End infant and junior schools were opened in 1962 and on the nearby Northway Estate, Alder Coppice Infant and Junior Schools were opened in 1967. High Arcal Grammar School was built in the Woodsetton area of Sedgley in 1961, while in the Lower Gornal area Ellowes Hall School opened in 1964 to replace the former senior schools at Robert Street and Red Hall. Sedgley UDC also had plans to build a new primary school to serve the new Straits Estate, and these became reality when Straits Primary School opened in 1968, by which time the UDC had been absorbed into an expanded County Borough of Dudley.

With the exception of Flax Hall, all of the schools built by Sedgley UDC remain in existence today, although Roberts Primary was replaced by a new building in 2001, and many of the other schools have been significantly expanded or partly rebuilt since their opening. Dormston School, for instance, had just one building (with capacity for around 500 pupils) on its opening, and by 2008 it had five classroom blocks (with capacity for well over 1,000 pupils) and also incorporated an arts and leisure complex. High Arcal's status changed from grammar to comprehensive in 1975, in the same year that Ellowes Hall and Dormston switched from secondary modern to comprehensive.

The 19th century buildings of Sedgley's only Roman Catholic school, St Chad's, were gradually replaced between 1957 and 1969.

The council offices were built on High Holborn in 1882, and after Sedgley UDC was disbanded were taken over by Dudley council, who used it as a Social Services department until 2000, ending 118 years of local authority use. It was sold to a private developer in 2002 and subsequently converted into flats.

References

 Working Class Housing in Sedgley: 1900–1923, Alan Aitcheson (2000)
 Dudley News, (1985–present)

Urban districts of England
History of Wolverhampton
History of Dudley
Districts of England created by the Local Government Act 1894

Sedgley Urban District


Adolphe Jules César Auguste Dureau de la Malle (3 March 1777 – 17 May 1857) was a Saint Dominican geographer, naturalist, historian and artist.  He was the son of the scholar and translator Jean-Baptiste Dureau de la Malle.

Dureau de la Malle published a number of works on the economy and topography of the classic countries, i.e. Italy and Carthage at the time of the Roman Empire:
On the population in ancient Italy (De la Population de l'Italie ancienne) (1825)
On agriculture, administration and units of measurement of the Romans (De l'Agriculture, de l'Administration, des Poids et Mesures des Romains) (1827–1828)
On the topography of Carthage (De la Topographie de Carthage) (1835).

As a naturalist, he published on the origins of the cereal crops.
 De l'Origine et de la patrie des Céréales (1819 et 1826)

and, his most significant work, on vegetation succession.
 Mémoire sur l'alternance ou sur ce problème: la succession alternative dans la reproduction des espèces végétales vivant en société, est-elle une loi générale de la nature. Annales des sciences naturelles, 15 (1825): 353–381. Rendered in English: Memoir on alternation or on alternative succession in the reproduction of plant species living in a community – is it a general law of nature?

Here he present results of his observations in clear-cut forests. He was the first to use the term succession (prior to Steenstrups use) about an ecological phenomenon and probably the first to use the term community (ecology) (societé) for an assemblage of (plant) individuals of different species (prior to Karl Möbius).

References

1777 births
1857 deaths
People from Saint-Domingue
French geographers
French naturalists
19th-century French historians
French draughtsmen
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
French people of Haitian descent
French male non-fiction writers

Adolphe Dureau de la Malle


The Medical Marijuana Patient Protection Act of 2008, also known as , was a bill repeatedly introduced in the United States House of Representatives since 2001, most recently on April 17, 2008, by Ron Paul, M.D. (R-TX), Barney Frank (D-MA), Dana Rohrabacher (R-CA), Maurice Hinchey (D-NY), and Sam Farr (D-CA). It seeks to enact legal protections for authorized medical marijuana patients, in the House of Representatives. It was introduced along with HR 5843, or Personal Use of Marijuana by Responsible Adults Act of 2008.

Currently, 13 states—Alaska, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Maine, Michigan, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont and Washington—have enacted laws protecting medical marijuana patients from state prosecution, but they are not recognized federally, and, thus, federal raids are still possible on state-legal institutions of cannabis growing and distribution.  Due to Gonzales v. Raich, federal agents may intervene even when the cannabis does not cross state boundaries.

It does not change current federal regulations on recreational use, but simply lets states choose their own stance on medical marijuana regulations, as well as opening the door for further study, regulation, and use by reclassifying the plant medically.

References

NORML website - Article & Support
Des Moines Register, Additional Information

Ron Paul
Proposed legislation of the 110th United States Congress
Cannabis law in the United States


Kukaura (to stop doing an undesirable thing, often as a result of punishment or reprimand).

Kukaura (Give up completely an evil course, or a bad habit. 2. Be contrite) apa zvichireva kupfidza mabasa akaipa awanga uchiitira vamwe.

Kurerutsa Mutauro

Wakaura wanga wajaira kuba nhumbi dzevanhu.
Kaura kubira vako, zvinoshoresa: give up stealing, it gets you a bad name.
Nhasi wakaura nechando: today you have really suffered from the cold.
Mbavha ndakaikaurisa nokuiranga: I forced the thief to change his ways by punishing him.

Mamwe Marevo

Kukaura (Tie tightly in order to close an opening e.g. bladder of football; middle of stocking in order to make two compartments). Sokuti: Akakaurisa svinga rake namakavi manyoro: he tied his bundle of firewood tightly with fresh bast.

Mitauro yeBantu

MaZulu vanoti khawu (ideo of cessation, stoppage, abatement).
MaZulu vanoti khawula (v. Put an end to, bring to a stop, cause to cease; set a boundary). Muenzaniso: Khawula! (Stop it!).
MaZulu vanoti umkhawuko (n. Boundary, end, terminus; limit; cessation.).
MaZulu vanoti isikhawu kana izikhawu (n. Break, interruption - as in work). Muenzaniso: Lina izikhawu (It rains intermittently).

Kukaura


Muhammad Kāmil ibn Wahba al-Shāfi'ī al-Muqaddasī al-Budayrī () was a famous Arab figure in the early 20th century. He was born in Jerusalem in 1882 and assassinated in 1923 in Wadi Rum in Mandatory Palestine and the Emirate of Transjordan.

During the Ottoman rule of Palestine he was appointed as a district commissioner of Ramla.

He was arrested by the British Mandate government upon coming back from a trip to Egypt after he was tipped by the Austrian Jewish agent Sarah Herinson as affiliated with the Arab Resistance at the time before releasing him a few months later.

As the years 1918 to 1922 witnessed the rising of the Arab National Movement in Jerusalem, Jaffa, Haifa, Akka and Nablus, Kamil joined Amin al-Husseini, his brother Fakhri al-Husseini, Ishaaq Darweesh, Ibrahim Darweesh, Jamal al-Husayni, Aref al-Aref, and Sheikh Hassan Abu Al-So'oud in establishing the Arab Club.  In October 1921, Kamel founded the Al Sabah newspaper on behalf of the Palestine Arab Congress. He was succeeded as editor-in-chief by Yousef Yassin and later Hani Abu Musleh. Al Sabah was the media front of the Arab Palestinian conference and succeeded the newspaper Suriyya al-Janubiyya.

Al Sabah (Arabic, "Morning") was published until 1923, when Kamel Budeiri left Jerusalem and crossed to Transjordan to meet the Saudi princes of Najd and update them on the latest developments in Jerusalem and unify positions on rejecting the Balfour Declaration and the Zionist intentions of establishing a Jewish state in Palestine. He carried on him pictures of the Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock with the Star of David placed on its then bronze dome. He took a Bedouin guide from the Howeitat tribe to escort him through the Jordanian deserts to Najd, where he was assassinated in what seems to be part of the tribal conflict between the Hashemites and the Saudis during the Arab Revolt.

Notes

1882 births
1923 deaths
Arab people from Ottoman Palestine
Politicians from Jerusalem
Assassinated Palestinian politicians
1920s assassinated politicians

Kamel al-Budeiri


13, Rue del Percebe (13, Barnacle Street) is a Spanish comic book created by Francisco Ibáñez that debuted in the pages of Tío Vivo magazine on March 6, 1961, and quickly became highly popular. The last strip was published in 1984.

13, Rue del Percebe is a single panel that takes up the whole page that represents a humorous view of a building and the people who inhabit it. Each apartment is a panel in itself, with fixed characters with defined personalities. Usually each panel is not related to the others and can be read in any order, but sometimes an event affects more than one neighbor, and read in order the comic effect is more pronounced.

The inhabitants
The flat roof is inhabited by a debtor that is always imagining ingenious ways to evade his creditors, and by a poor black cat that is always been tortured by a cruelly ingenious mouse.
The debtor is inspired by Manuel Vázquez Gallego, another Bruguera cartoonist who also drew a self-parodic character.

The third floor is inhabited by a clumsy thief who's always stealing useless things and his long-suffering wife. Next door, there are a family with three mischievous young boys.

In the second floor there lives an elderly woman that's always having trouble with the animals she buys or adopts (usually dogs, but she also had others, including a whale), and a hopeless tailor with a lot of nerve (before this, a crazy scientist lived there with his monster, in an obvious parody of the monster of Frankenstein).

In the first floor dwell an incompetent veterinarian with an equally impossible clientele, and an overcrowded guesthouse run by a stingy woman.

In the ground, there's a grocery run by Mr. Senén, a distrustful and stingy man who's always cheating on his clients with the weight and genuineness of his merchandise (though sometimes he does get his comeuppance). At his side, there's the porter's lodge with its gossiping porter. Mr. Hurón (Spanish for "ferret") lives in the sewer's entrance in front of the building, and is often seen chatting with the porter or fending off the hazards which come with living in the sewer.

Lastly, there's the elevator. Through inanimate, the elevator's troubles are a running gag on the strip. Either it does not work properly, it's stolen, removed for repairs (and replaced with alternative elevation methods like a cannon or a bellows), or replaced by newer versions commissioned to a mixed list of builders (like a maker of chess pieces or a glassworker).

Sometimes, another of Ibáñez characters, Rompetechos, also visits the building, mostly causing Mr. Hurón some form of grief.

Other media
Some of the characters from this strip appear in the movie La gran aventura de Mortadelo y Filemón, based on Ibañez's most well-known characters, Mortadelo y Filemón. In the movie, Filemón's mother lives in 13, Rue del Percebe and her neighbors are the strip characters.

This strip has been said to be the inspiration for the successful TV series Aquí no hay quien viva, but both the author of the comic and the authors of the series have denied this.

References

1961 comics debuts
1984 comics endings
Spanish comic strips
Gag-a-day comics
Gag cartoon comics
Spanish comics characters
Fictional Spanish people
Comics characters introduced in 1961
Fictional streets and roads

13, Rue del Percebe


John Irving Rinaker (November 1, 1830 – January 15, 1915) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois and a brigade commander in the Union Army during the American Civil War.

Biography
Born in Baltimore, Maryland, Rinaker moved with his parents to Springfield, Illinois, in December 1836. He attended the Illinois College for one term and graduated from McKendree College, Lebanon, Illinois, in 1851.

He subsequently studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1854 and commenced practice in Carlinville, Illinois.

With the outbreak of the Civil War he raised and organized the 122nd Regiment, Illinois Volunteer Infantry, in 1862 and was commissioned as its first colonel on September 4, 1862. He served in the Western Theater of the American Civil War and commanded a brigade in the XVI Corps of the Army of the Tennessee. In the omnibus promotions at the end of the war, he was brevetted brigadier general dating from March 13, 1865.

Rinaker served as delegate to the Republican National Conventions in 1876 and 1884 and then was chairman of the Board of Railroad and Warehouse Commissioners of Illinois 1885-1889. He successfully contested as a Republican the election of Finis E. Downing to the Fifty-fourth Congress and served from June 5, 1896, to March 3, 1897. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1896 to the Fifty-fifth Congress.

Rinaker returned to Carlinville, Illinois, and resumed the practice of law. He died in Eustis, Florida, January 15, 1915. He was interred in the City Cemetery, Carlinville, Illinois.

References

External links

1830 births
1915 deaths
Illinois lawyers
McKendree University alumni
Politicians from Baltimore
People from Carlinville, Illinois
Politicians from Springfield, Illinois
Union Army colonels
People of Illinois in the American Civil War
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American lawyers

John I. Rinaker


George Edwin Gard (January 16, 1843 – March 10, 1904) is one of only two men to have served as both police chief in Los Angeles, California, and sheriff of Los Angeles County, the other being William A. Hammel.  He was the city's fourth chief (December 12, 1880 – December 10, 1881), succeeding Henry King, and the county's 16th sheriff (1884–1886), succeeding Alvan T. Currier.

Sources
Except where otherwise noted, the following information comes from An Illustrated History of Los Angeles County, California, Chicago, the Lewis Publishing Company, 1889, p. 487, quoted at Los Angeles County Biographies.

Through the Civil War
Gard, the son of Dr. William V. H. Gard and Lucretia Williamson, was born in Warren County, Ohio, in 1843. His mother died when he was 3 years old and his father when George was 6, after which he was cared for by his grandfather, Garret Williamson, in Hamilton, Butler County, Ohio.

At the age of 16, the Lewis book states, "he came overland to California, accompanying his uncle, Henry Williamson, who brought with him a band of thoroughbred horses and cattle." The biography continues:

 He remained with his uncle until the next year; resided in San Jose two years and then located in Mariposa County; there engaged in mining, and was soon afterward the superintendent of Lovejoy & Gard's saw-mills, and later assistant superintendent of the Mariposa Mining Company's Mills. In 1864 Mr. Gard entered the United States military service as First Sergeant of Company H, Seventh California Volunteer Infantry, and was with that command in Arizona and New Mexico until March, 1866, at which time his company was mustered out of service.

After the Civil War
After leaving the service, Gard settled in Wilmington for two years, then moved to Los Angeles, where he established the Los Angeles Ice Company, "the first to enter into that business in Southern California." In 1869 he married Kate A. Hammel. Of their children, two were surviving in 1889 —  William Brant and Georgetta Miles. In 1871 Gard was appointed deputy county clerk for one year, then joined the Los Angeles Police Department as a detective for three years. In 1874 he became deputy county recorder and from 1875 to 1879 was chief recorder of the county. His daughter Georgetta was the mother of songwriter Buddy DeSylva.

In 1880 he was appointed chief of police of the city by the City Council. It was Gard who "fielded the first traffic squad in 1881, composed of an unknown number of officers, to 'horse, wagon and carriage' control to ensure pedestrian safety."

Gard became a deputy sheriff, and in 1884 he was elected on the Republican ticket as the sheriff of the county. His term ended in 1886.

 In 1886 Mr. Gard purchased forty acres of land at Gladstone and the next year a tract of land at Alosta [both in the San Gabriel Valley]. Soon after his purchase he commenced active operations in subdividing his lands and inviting the settlement of that section. Early in 1887, in connection with F. M. Underwood and S. Washburne, he incorporated the Alosta Land and Water Company. Mr. Gard was the president and general manager of the company, and he developed water in the Little Dalton Cañon and piped the same to that tract at an expense of about $25,000. The lands of the company found ready sale. He also sold a portion of his property at Gladstone, and was one of the prominent leaders in opening up the section in which he resided. In addition to his real-estate operations he devoted himself to horticultural pursuits. His present home is located about one-half mile east of Gladstone, where he is establishing one of the representative fruit industries of his section, having now (1889) fifteen acres of Washington Navel oranges and a large variety of deciduous fruits on his eighty-acre tract at that point. In addition to his home place he has a tract of  of hill and valley land, one-fourth of a mile south of Alosta, upon which there is a five-acre orange grove and a two-acre orchard of deciduous fruits. He also has lands on Citrus and Broadway avenues in the Gladstone tract, which is well improved and producing deciduous and citrus fruits, besides business and residence property in Alosta, including wood and coal yard, cottages, etc.

He was active in Republican politics in the Grand Army of the Republic organization, being elected in 1888 to the GAR's national council and being named commander of the Department of California in 1889. He was a member of Olive Lodge No. 26, Knights of Pythias, of Los Angeles Lodge No. 55, Ancient Order of United Workmen.

References

See also
List of Los Angeles Police Department Chiefs of Police

1843 births
Chiefs of the Los Angeles Police Department
Los Angeles County, California sheriffs
People from Lebanon, Ohio
1904 deaths
California Republicans
Grand Army of the Republic officials

George E. Gard


The Battles of Bergisel were four battles fought between Tyrolese civilian militiamen and a contingent of Austrian government troops and the military forces of Emperor Napoleon I of France and King of Kingdom of Bavaria against at the Bergisel hill near Innsbruck. The battles, which occurred on 25 May, 29 May, 13 August, and 1 November 1809, were part of the Tyrolean Rebellion and the War of the Fifth Coalition.

The Tyrolean civilian forces, loyal to Austria, were led by militia commander Andreas Hofer, Josef Speckbacher, Peter Mayr, Capuchin Father Joachim Haspinger, and Major Martin Teimer. The Bavarians were led by French Marshal François Joseph Lefebvre, and Bavarian Generals Bernhard Erasmus von Deroy and Karl Philipp von Wrede. After being driven from Innsbruck at the start of the revolt, the Bavarians twice reoccupied the city and were chased out again. After the final battle in November, the rebellion was suppressed.

Background
After his humiliating defeat of the Austrian Empire in the War of the Third Coalition, Napoleon transferred the County of Tyrol to Bavaria. When the new rulers imposed conscription and Bavarian legal codes on the territory, they flouted ancient Tyrolean social, military and religious rights. Furthermore the Bavarian king did order a compulsory vaccination programme concerning smallpox, which was by the Tyrolean being seen as blasphemy. Before the outbreak of the War of the Fifth Coalition, Austrian agents circulated in the Tyrol to take advantage of the existing tensions. When Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen invaded Bavaria on 10 April 1809, the Tyrol militia did decide to revolt.

Battles
The Tyrol 1809 Order of Battle lists the regular units and organizations of both armies.

First Battle of Bergisel (12 April 1809)

On 11 April Hofer and 5,000 armed peasants scored a victory at Sterzing in the South Tyrol when they captured 420 Bavarians of the 4th Light Infantry Battalion.

Under Teimer and other leaders, the Tyroleans won a brilliant initial success. Attacked incessantly for 48 hours, Lieutenant General Baron Kinkel surrendered his Innsbruck garrison of 3,860 Bavarian soldiers on 13 April. A body of 2,050 French conscripts under hard-drinking General of Division Baptiste Pierre Bisson unwittingly marched into the trap. After an ineffectual defense, the French also put up the white flag. The rebels seized five cannon, two mortars, considerable equipment, and many muskets. The captured material would keep the Tyrolean supplied with weapons for months.

May 1809
Soon reinforced by a regular Austrian division under Feldmarschallleutnant Johann Gabriel Chasteler de Courcelles, the Tyrolese posed a threat to the rear areas of Napoleon's armies in northern Italy and Bavaria. One column of irregulars stiffened by a few regulars under General-Major Franz Fenner raided the area of Lake Garda in Italy. In consequence, Viceroy of Italy Eugène de Beauharnais was forced to provide substantial Franco-Italian garrisons to guard the area.

In early May, Napoleon directed Marshal François Joseph Lefebvre and the VII Corps (made up of Bavarians) to move against the Tyrol. The Bavarian garrison of Kufstein Fortress was relieved on 11 May. Lefebvre routed Chasteler at the Battle of Wörgl on 13 May. After several more actions, Lefebvre occupied Innsbruck around 19 May.

Second Battle of Bergisel (29 May 1809)
On 25 May 1809, Lieutenant General Deroy's 3rd Bavarian Division clashed with the Tyrolese rebels at the Bergisel. Deroy committed 4,000 troops and 12 artillery pieces to the combat. Hofer commanded the rebel army and his lieutenants were Speckbacher, Teimer, Josef Eisenstecken, and Oberstleutnant Ertel. Hofer's army included 9,400 armed rebels and 900 Austrian regulars. The regulars included one battalion each of the 16th Lusignan Infantry Regiment and 25th De Vaux Infantry Regiment, two companies of the 9th Jäger battalion, a half-squadron of the 3rd O'Reilly Chevau-léger Regiment and five guns. The Bavarians lost 20 to 70 dead and 100 to 150 wounded, while inflicting losses of 50 dead and 30 wounded on the Tyrolese. Though historian Digby Smith labels the action a Bavarian victory, his narrative says the battle was a draw. He notes that the rebels, discouraged that more local people had not joined the revolt, retreated to the south.

The Tyrolese returned on 29 May and subjected Deroy to a second attack, which he resisted with 5,240 troops organized in 12 battalions, eight squadrons, and 18 guns. The 13,600 Tyrolese irregulars were joined by 1,200 Austrian regulars and six pieces of artillery. The rebels included 35 North Tyrol and 61 South Tyrol schützen and landsturm companies. The Bavarians managed to hold their ground after suffering 87 dead, 156 wounded, and 53 missing. The rebels lost 90 dead and 160 wounded. The next day, low on ammunition and food, Deroy evacuated Innsbruck and retreated to Kufstein Fortress in the north, see also :de:Bernhard Erasmus von Deroy

July and early August 1809
After Napoleon's war-winning victory at the Battle of Wagram on 5 and 6 July,< Lefebvre invaded the Tyrol again and Deroy won a minor action at the Lueg Pass on 24 July. However, the Tyrol responded to Hofer's call for another uprising. About 5,000 Tyrolese led by Haspinger and Speckbacher smashed French General Marie François Rouyer's 3,600 Confederation of the Rhine troops at Franzensfeste on 4 and 5 August. The Ducal Saxon Infantry Regiment was annihilated with 988 casualties, while the Bavarians lost an additional 100 men and two cannons. Tyrolean losses were trifling. The valley is still known as the Sachsenklemme (Saxon Trap). The next day, Lefebvre arrived with the 1st Bavarian Division, but he was also repulsed by the Tyrolese. On 8 and 9 August at Prutz, 920 Tyrolese led by Roman Burger routed Oberst Burscheidt's 2,000 soldiers of the 10th Bavarian Infantry and 2nd Dragoon Regiments, which belonged to Deroy's 3rd Division. The Tyrolese inflicted 200 killed and wounded on their enemies while capturing 1,200 men and two cannons. Rebel losses were only seven killed.

Third Battle of Bergisel (13 August 1809)

On 13 August, Hofer and 18,000 Tyrolese fought Deroy's division in the third battle of Bergisel. Four Bavarian battalions belonging to General Siebein's 2nd Brigade lost 200 dead and 250 wounded. The 70 companies of rebels lost 100 dead and 220 wounded. After taking hostages from leading local families, Lefebvre abandoned Innsbruck and the last occupation troops were gone from the Tyrol by 18 August.

September and October 1809
Speckbacher and 2,000 Tyrolean militiamen attacked the Bavarian garrisons in the villages of Lofer, Luftenstein, Unken, and Mellek on 25 September. Of the 700 soldiers belonging to the Leib Infantry Regiment # 1, 50 were killed and wounded, 300 captured, and 100 missing. The troops were dispersed with only two companies in each village. The detachment in Mellek broke out and retreated north to Bad Reichenhall; the other garrisons were wiped out. On the same day Haspinger with 2,400 Tyrolese and four guns evicted General-Major Stengel's brigade from the Lueg Pass near Golling an der Salzach. The 3,500 Bavarians and three cannons retreated north to Salzburg. Lefebvre, with 2,000 of Stengel's troops attacked Hallein on 3 October. Haspinger's force, which had lingered in the town, was chased back into the mountains, leaving their six cannons behind.

At this time, Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Comte d'Erlon replaced Lefebvre in command of VII Corps and the third invasion of the Tyrol was launched. On 17 October, the 1st Bavarian Division led by General-Major Rechberg caught Speckbacher and his 2,000 men by surprise at Bodenbichl. The Tyrolese failed to properly picket their camp and the 3,000 Bavarians inflicted a serious defeat on the irregulars. Rebel losses were 300 dead and 400 captured, while the Bavarians admitted only seven casualties. For this action, Rechberg was awarded the Military Order of Max Joseph from his grateful sovereign.

Fourth Battle of Bergisel (1 November 1809)
The fourth battle of Bergisel took place on 1 November 1809. Lieutenant General Wrede's 2nd Bavarian Division defeated Hofer's and Haspinger's 70 companies of Tyrolean militia. The Bavarians committed 6,000 troops and 12 guns to the action and lost only one killed and 40 wounded. The 8,535 Tyrolese suffered 350 killed, wounded, and captured, and abandoned five cannons. The fourth battle and the disaster at Bodenbichl broke the back of the rebellion.

Hofer was betrayed to the French on 28 January 1810 and was executed on Napoleon's order on 20 February 1810 at Mantua in Italy.

Notes

References

External links
Battle of Bergisel cyclorama

Conflicts in 1809
Battles of the War of the Fifth Coalition
Battles involving Austria
Battles involving France
Battles involving Bavaria
1809 in the Austrian Empire
1809 in France
Andreas Hofer

Battles of Bergisel


The Hudson River Historic District, also known as Hudson River Heritage Historic District, is the largest Federally designated district on the mainland of the contiguous United States. It covers an area of 22,205 acres (34.6 square miles, 89 km²) extending inland roughly a mile (1.6 km) from the east bank of the Hudson River between Staatsburg and Germantown in Dutchess and Columbia counties in the U.S. state of New York. This area includes the riverfront sections of the towns of Clermont, Red Hook, Rhinebeck and part of Hyde Park. This strip includes in their entirety the hamlets of Annandale, Barrytown, Rhinecliff and the village of Tivoli. Bard College and two protected areas, Margaret Lewis Norrie State Park and Tivoli Bays Unique Area, are also within the district.

From the colonial era to the early 20th century, the district was characterized by large "country seats" built by members of the Livingston family, such as Clermont Manor and Montgomery Place, both National Historic Landmarks. For most of that period, these estates were worked by tenant farmers, with much of the rest of the population concentrated in small riverside communities. This semi-feudal arrangement is still reflected in land use and architecture within the district today, since it has not seen major development.

In 1990, two separate historic districts were combined and expanded into a National Historic Landmark District (NHLD), in recognition of this unique history and character. Only 2% by acreage of the properties within the district are not considered historic.

Geography

The Hudson River Historic District roughly corresponds to the 40 estates established along the river on lands originally granted to the Livingston family. Portions, the Sixteen Mile District and Clermont Estates Historic District, were previously included in two other smaller districts that were later incorporated into the district.

Two of its boundaries are political. On the west it ends at the Ulster county line in the middle of the river channel. The Kingston-Rhinecliff Bridge provides the only access from this  direction. In the north it is the line between the towns of Clermont and Germantown. The south boundary is not a municipal line but rather coterminous with the south boundary of Margaret Lewis Norrie State Park north of Staatsburg.

Only to the east does the delineation get complicated. It follows an irregular line parallel to US 9 north to Weys Corners, the junction with NY 9G north of Rhinebeck, and then 9G from there to the north boundary. It has been drawn very tightly to exclude some newer properties that do not reflect the traditional character of the area yet include some lands still reflecting their development as estates that had not previously been recognized. There are no signs or other indicators of the district boundary along the local and county roads that serve it.

The land within the district is generally a gentle and gradual slope from the low glacial ridge followed by routes 9 and 9G to the river, which generally remains about 10 feet (3 m) above sea level at this point. The railroad tracks built for the Hudson River Railroad to connect New York City and Albany, still used by Amtrak and CSX today, run at the river's edge through much of the district.

Most of the land reflects its past as large country estates, with large fields and meadows alternating with woodlots. The slope allows for expansive views from cleared areas of not only the river and the higher glacial ridges on the west side but the Catskill Mountains in the distance. This prospect has attracted homebuilders from the earliest times of settlement to the present, and is considered an essential quality of the district: "There is a sense of openness that belies [the district']s constrained width because it is counterpointed by the persistent vision of the mountains in the west," writes architectural historian Neil Larson in the NHL application. "The district benefits from such a direct and imposing profile of the mountains, and its legendary country estates would lose much of their appeal without this extraordinary setting."

The district's permanent human population and attendant development is densely concentrated in the small riverside communities — from south to north, Rhinecliff, Barrytown, Annandale and Tivoli. This, too, reflects the years of estate and country house development, as well as the historic importance of the river and rail transportation corridor to the local economy.

History

The history recognized by the NHLD designation began in 1688 with the first colonial land grants and continues to the end of country house development in the area around 1940. It can be divided into several phases: the colonial era when only Clermont Manor stood, the post-Revolutionary period in the early 19th century when more houses were built in newer architectural styles, the later 19th and early 20th century when the area became less attractive to wealthy homebuilders, and the later 20th century when efforts to preserve and protect the properties began.

Colonial era

Robert Livingston the Elder was the first member of the family to obtain the patent on the  that would later become identified with his family. His son Robert Livingston Jr. established the first country seat on Livingston Manor in the 1730s when he built Clermont, reserving the entire  that fronted on the river for himself. He designed Clermont carefully to be a working farm as well as an estate, to be made financially viable when portions further inland were leased in portions to tenant farmers. The sweeping view of the lands further emphasized the Livingstons' dominance over many of the lands visible. This, as well as Clermont's name and position, strategically overlooking the Hudson and its commercial traffic, was influenced strongly by European feudal practices, setting a pattern other estates in Livingston Manor were to follow long after his lifetime.

His son Judge Livingston followed feudal tradition further by marrying Margaret Beekman, daughter of Henry, another large local landowner whose holdings were concentrated around present-day Rhinecliff, which grew up around them. Beekman lived at Kipsbergen, a Dutch-style stone house that burned down in the early 20th century. Its appearance is recalled in the peaked roof of the Rhinebeck post office, built in 1940. Judge Livingston participated in the Stamp Act Congress. His son, Robert helped draft the Declaration of Independence.

He and Margaret would have nine children. The eldest, Robert R. Livingston, built another estate, Belvedere, just south of Clermont. In retaliation for the family's revolutionary activities, in October 1777, the British burned both Clermont and Belvedere.

Around the time of the Revolution, Margaret Beekman Livingston, had begun parcelling out smaller tracts of her holdings to her children. This led to the construction of another dozen estates during the early years of the new nation. They were joined by her son-in-law, Governor Morgan Lewis, who settled on  south of Rhinecliff in 1790 and built a small house there.

19th century

At first, some of the younger Livingstons' estates followed the British colonial patterns of Clermont. Rhinebeck House, today known as Grasmere, is the best-preserved example. Later on the houses began to show the influence of contemporary French tastes, abandoning the large central hall in favor of smaller rooms and passageways inside and focusing more attention on the garden side of the house, which usually faced the river and mountains as well. Montgomery Place, built by Janet Livingston Montgomery after the death of her husband Richard, is the only example from this period that remains largely as it was when first built.

A direct French presence, in the form of a visiting French friend of Robert Livingston's, was also responsible for creating Tivoli. He laid out streets and a plan for Red Hook Landing, a small boat-building town on the river, and renamed it. His plans were never fully realized, but they did guide the community's development. In 1870 it incorporated as a village, taking in the adjacent commercial center of Madalin.

The Romanticism that flourished in the succeeding years drew a good deal of its inspiration from the Hudson Valley, in the form of the Hudson River School in painting and the architectural theories of Andrew Jackson Downing, put into practice there and elsewhere by his protegés Calvert Vaux and Frederick Clarke Withers as well as Richard Upjohn and Alexander Jackson Davis. "No part of the United States had a more correct kind of Romantic scenery to offer", wrote Catskill historian Alf Evers.
The Livingstons took full advantage of this gift dumped into their laps by a whim of the gods. They appropriated the Catskills as a feature of their landscape and as a source of aesthetic pleasure to Livingstons and their guests ... [F]rom the Livingston country, the entire eastern wall of the Catskills with its higher peaks rising within the wall may be grasped in one delighted glance.
Many of the then-popular locust trees were planted on the Livingston estates to frame the views. The Livingstons, as was customary for the owners of large country estates at the time, opened their grounds to the public on weekends as parks, and to this end followed Downing's theories of landscaping by building curving paths and rustic benches and shelters from which to admire the river and distant mountains.

The Livingstons also spurred the population of the area through the tenants they attracted to work the farms. Many were poor German immigrants, who settled in the area from the 1710s onward because other settlers were wary of the feudal "three-life" leases the Livingstons had traditionally offered, under which the property reverted to the original landowner if it could not be paid off in the lifetime of the original lessee, his son and grandson after him (It rarely was). Occasionally these led to "Anti-rent Wars", uprisings that sometimes directly affected the landlords, as in 1832 when Lewis's mansion was burned, supposedly by angry tenants. He replaced it with a 25-room Greek Revival home, the root of the current structure.

Those who did not go into farming settled instead into the hamlets that served them, starting with Rhinecliff, where ferries crossed the river to Kingston. The completion of the railroad stimulated the development of not only Rhinecliff, which took that name in 1849 from the railroad station, but Barrytown as well, where an icehouse was built in what had previously been a landing between the Massena and Edgewater estates into a small community. Another hamlet, Staatsburg, sprung up around the station near William Dinsmore's "Locusts on Hudson" in the 1860s and 70s.

As the century wore on, into the Victorian period, the houses became more idiosyncratic and individualistic. Estates like Wyndcliffe, Wilderstein, Ferncliff and Rokeby sported towers and other ornamentation. By 1865, there were thirty such houses. The Livingstons' hold on the area diminished through the continuing divisions of their property and the abolition of three-life leases under a new state constitution in 1840. Newer families, such as the Astors, moved in to take their place. Many of their homes were set among the winding rural roads that had served to divide the farmed portions of property, closer to the river, from the estates and surrounding gardens. They built picturesque stone walls and elaborate gateways that enhanced the rural character of the landscape but also served to emphasize the exclusivity of ownership. Private pathways and roads connected the newer estates directly to each other, further segregating the estate dwellers from the public.

20th century

Livingston Manor's prestige began to diminish somewhat in the later years of the century. The new money of the Gilded Age had come from industrialization, not landownership, and preferred newer hot spots like Long Island and Newport for its summer mansions and retreats, or followed Jay Gould and the Rockefellers in building or improving estates further downriver, closer to the city.

The influence of the newer wealth and its tastes on design and living was still felt along the Hudson most in the changed approach to the pleasure grounds around the estates. What had once been used for gardening and ornamental farms was now used for recreation, and some of the earliest golf courses, tennis courts and country clubs were built on the country seats.

Some significant new buildings were added to the future district during this period. Stanford White converted Lewis's old home into a new mansion for Ogden Mills, as well as doing some renovations at Rokeby. Another Astor had Mott B. Schmidt design Valeur, and Charles A. Platt designed an American Renaissance home for the Chapman family. The last major country seat came when Harrie T. Lindeberg built Fox Hollow on the thousand acres (4 km²) Tracy Dows had acquired.

In 1860, the Bard family had provided money so that a small Episcopal seminary near their Tivoli estate could be expanded into St. Stephen's College, later renamed after them. It eventually expanded into three of the former country seats. This was the beginning of a second life for some of the old country seats, as some moved out of private residential use and became institutions. The Catholic Church received Ellerslie, Ferncliff and Linwood, using them for various purposes. Dorothy Day made Rose Hill the location of one of the Catholic Worker Movement's farms during the 1960s.

By the 1930s, many of the old estate houses were becoming difficult to keep up and burdens on family fortunes that were being divided as the Livingstons' had once been. Some survived by selling and subdividing the farms to offset rising property taxes. Others, like Clermont, the Mills Mansion and Wilderstein, were eventually given to the public or private trusts and turned into museums of the life once led in them.

The end of the country-seat era and of any major new construction locked the existing buildings and their architectural styles in place. At the same time the rise in automotive transportation and attendant road improvements, particularly the bridge, made the district more accessible than before. Preservation efforts in the wake of the establishment of the National Register of Historic Places led to the 1979 creation of the Clermont Estates Historic District in Columbia County and the Sixteen Mile District to its south. Shortly afterwards, the state Department of Environmental Conservation designated the area the state's first scenic district. Later research by the group Hudson River Heritage led to findings that the two needed to be combined into a larger district extending as far south as the Mills Mansion, and that it was significant and well preserved enough to be accorded National Historic Landmark District status. The National Park Service (NPS) added it to the list in 1990.

The district today

On account of the scenic views and history, houses in the district command a high price. The desirability of open space overlooking the river is a source of constant development pressure on the district, as builders look to serve buyers priced out of growing suburbs further south in the valley, yet still looking for a rail commute to the city via Amtrak or Metro-North (via Poughkeepsie). The district boundaries had to be drawn to exclude one newer subdivision near Staatsburg, but had to include one in Tivoli.

To protect the district's historic character, the Town of Rhinebeck, at least a third of which is included in it, has adopted local ordinances which govern the potential demolition of historic buildings as well as creating a special historic-preservation zoning district for those areas.

The other municipalities with land in the district have not gone quite to this extent. Hyde Park has created a historic overlay district which applies to all historic properties in the town, providing in the case of the Hudson River Historic District that land use within its boundaries "shall obtain site plan approval and shall be limited to an agriculture, water-dependent and/or water-enhanced use or to a use appropriate to preservation of the historic resources of the district". Clermont, Red Hook and Tivoli have so far not chosen to apply any additional standards and continue to preserve the district through their existing zoning and applicable New York state laws requiring historical and environmental reviews in certain areas.

The district's boundaries have not been expanded since its creation and designation, but there is some interest in doing so. The Town of Germantown has formally expressed its intention to have the northern boundary extended from the Clermont line to the hamlet of Germantown.

Aesthetics

The estate houses generally followed the pattern established by Clermont — a house with a river and mountain view surrounded by "pleasure grounds", with an approach road from the east so as to reveal the vista only at the house. The farm leaseholds were usually located further inland. This accounts for the large areas of open space still apparent in the district today.

The tenant farms also boasted distinct architecture, mostly vernacular styles. Most notable among them would have been the wooden, center-aisled New World Dutch barn, often built before the farmhouse. In the pre-industrial era, it could store all the animals and equipment necessary for growing and harvesting wheat, the region's primary cash crop, as well as the harvest itself. Several remain standing.

Farmhouses were, in the colonial era, often small two-story structures. It was not uncommon for them to be razed if the landlord desired to extend the estate to the farm property and move the tenants further east; as a result most of the surviving ones are made out of stone, such as Clermont's Stone Jug and Rhinebeck's Fredenburg House, since they were harder to demolish. Later in the 18th century, after independence, the tenants' homes echoed the Neoclassical aspirations of their landlords, as well as similar trends in Germany. Around Clermont, some two-story wood-frame farmhouses with five-bay facades and centrally-located entrances remain from this period.

The advent of Romanticism began to show in the farmhouses around the mid-19th century, shortly after its debut in the estates. Like their neoclassical predecessors, they took as much inspiration from popular German forms as from the landowners' homes. The farmhouses built during this period are large, square, hipped-roof structures with ponderous cornices and large porches to match. While there are no houses in this style left in the district, some older barns and other farm buildings show it.

Church stylings gradually show some difference between those where the landlords worshipped and their tenant counterparts. Early churches hosted both, with the oldest example in the district being the plain white frame Red Church along Route 9G in Red Hook, dating to the early years of the 19th century. Later on, the wealthy began building churches and chapels for their private or exclusive use, and these, such as the chapel on the Clarkson property on 9G, show more ornament than the older churches.

The hamlets, particularly Rhinecliff and Tivoli, also reflect the area's original land distributions. Many of their houses are small two-story frame structures in Victorian styles that occupy small lots on narrow streets. Commercial buildings, in the core neighborhoods, usually occupy the ground floors of such houses or small brick buildings. The landowners often donated money for various public buildings like churches and schools, such as Rhinecliff's Morton Memorial Library.

Cultural legacy

The district has influenced American culture and history beyond its art and architecture. In 1807, Robert Fulton's North River Steamboat, stopped at Clermont for an hour on its maiden voyage up the Hudson. It was the first commercial steamship voyage; the boat itself would later be renamed Clermont in recognition of Robert Livingston's patronage and investment.

Several statesmen have called the district home besides the many from the Livingston-Beekman family. Egbert Benson, a congressman, federal judge and New York's first attorney general, built his law practice in what would later be Tivoli. John Winthrop Chanler, another congressman, married Margaret Astor Ward, who had inherited Rokeby through her Livingston / Astor forebears.  His son Lewis served as a state assemblyman and lieutenant governor. Another son, William Chanler, also served briefly in Congress.  Another son, Robert, was Dutchess County sheriff and an accomplished painter. John Watts de Peyster, Civil War general, military historian and adjutant general of the New York National Guard, also spent some of his formative years at Rose Hill in Tivoli, and later built the firehouse now used as village hall. Another New York Civil War figure, Charles S. Wainwright, lived at The Meadows.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt's ancestral home in Hyde Park is just south of the district, but some of his Delano ancestors were longtime residents of the Steen Valetje estate. As a child, his wife Eleanor lived at Oak Lawn, the Tivoli estate of her grandmother Mary Ludlow Hall, for several years after the death of her mother.

The district has had a role in literature as well, both as a setting and a residence. Henry James, a frequent visitor to his uncle's home at Linwood, makes several references to Rhinebeck and other locales within the district in his writings. Edith Wharton, likewise a childhood visitor to her aunt at Wyndclyffe, used the district as a setting in many of her works. Thomas Wolfe lived in a gatehouse at Fox Hollow while writing Look Homeward, Angel, and Aldous Huxley lived there for a time in the 1930s.

Bard College has played an increasing role in the district's cultural impact. Its faculty has included Hannah Arendt and John Dewey, and the former is buried there with her second husband Heinrich Blücher. The college's alumni have included many figures in late 20th-century popular culture. Two of them, Walter Becker and Donald Fagen, cofounded the rock group Steely Dan, and wrote two songs about Bard and places near it: "My Old School", from Countdown to Ecstasy; and "Barrytown", on Pretzel Logic. In 2003, the Frank Gehry-designed Richard B. Fisher Center for the Performing Arts brought innovative contemporary architecture back to the district. The irregularly-shaped metal panels on its roof echo the view of the Catskills across the river, the district's original attraction.

Contributing properties

Historic properties listed in Historic American Buildings Survey that may be within the district include:

The Meadows, near Rhinebeck
The Meadows, Stable cottage
The Meadows, Stables and carriage house
Wyndcliffe near Rhinebeck
Wilderstein in Rhinebeck
Wildercliff near Rhinebeck
Rose Hill, near Tivoli
Montgomery Place, near Barrytown
Swiss cottage
Farmhouse
Annandale Road
Edgewater (Barrytown, New York) one time country estate of Gore Vidal.
La Bergerie also known as Rokeby, in Barrytown
Rhinecliff – Kingston (Amtrak station)

Further reading
Pieter Estersohn. Life Along the Hudson (New York, NY: Rizzoli, 2018).
Jane Garmey. Private Gardens of the Hudson Valley (New York, NY: Monacelli Press, 2013).
Michael Middleton Dwyer, editor, with a preface by Mark Rockefeller. Great Houses of the Hudson River (Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, published in association with Historic Hudson Valley, 2001). .
Jean Bradley Anderson. Carolinian on the Hudson: the Life of Robert Donaldson (Raleigh, NC: Historic Preservation Foundation of North Carolina, 1996).
Gore Vidal. Palimpsest: A Memoir (New York, NY: Random House, 1995). .
Harold Donaldson Eberlin and Cortlandt Van Dyke Hubbard. Historic Houses of the Hudson Valley (New York, NY: Architectural Book Publishing Co., Inc., 1942).

See also

List of National Historic Landmarks in New York
National Register of Historic Places in Dutchess County, New York

References

External links

National Historic Landmarks in New York (state)
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Hudson River
National Register of Historic Places in Dutchess County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Columbia County, New York
Hyde Park, New York
Red Hook, New York
Rhinebeck, New York
Tivoli, New York
Annandale-on-Hudson, New York
Historic districts in Columbia County, New York
Historic districts in Dutchess County, New York
Historic American Buildings Survey in New York (state)
National Historic Landmark Districts

Hudson River Historic District


Maceo Pinkard (June 27, 1897 – July 21, 1962) was an American composer, lyricist, and music publisher. Among his compositions is  "Sweet Georgia Brown",  a popular standard for decades after its composition and famous as the theme of the Harlem Globetrotters basketball team.

Pinkard was inducted in the National Academy of Popular Music Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1984.

Biography
Pinkard was born in Bluefield, West Virginia to Mary Ellen Jimerson, educator, and G. Pinkard, a coal miner. He was educated at the Bluefield Colored Institute, class of 1913, and wrote his first major song ("I'm Goin' Back Home") one year later. He was one of the greatest composers of the Harlem Renaissance. In his early career he formed his own orchestra and toured throughout the US as the conductor. In 1914, at age 17, Pinkard founded the theatrical agency in Omaha, Nebraska and eventually founded Pinkard Publications, a music publishing firm in New York City. In 1917, he formed his own publishing firm, Maceo Pinkard Music, and began selling compositions to national publishing companies such as Frank K. Root in Chicago and Leo Feist in New York. In late 1918, he was hired by the firm of Shapiro, Bernstein & Company in New York and the following year saw the publication of first big hit, "Mammy O'Mine."

1918 saw a flood of music related to the war. Pinkard composed with words and music "Don't Cry Little Girl, Don't Cry." The sentiment in the lyrics is universal for lovers who must part.  He also wrote the words and music for Those Draftin' Blues.

In 1919, Pinkard moved to New York City. His best work was written during the decade 1921-1931. Primarily writing as the composer and lyricist, Pinkard's catalog includes such hit songs as "Sugar", "Gimme a Little Kiss, Will Ya Huh?", "At Twilight", "Them There Eyes" (1930), later recorded by Billie Holiday in 1939 on the OKeh label. This was one of the songs Holiday sang at the Storyville jazz club in Boston in 1952. "Sweet Georgia Brown" a number one Billboard hit in the summer of 1925, "Here Comes the Show Boat" (1927), "Sweet Man", "I'll Be a Friend (With Pleasure)", "Congratulations" (1929), "Is That Religion?", "Liza" (1922), "Lila", "There Must Be Somebody Else", "Okay Baby", "That Wonderful Boy Friend of Mine", "Let's Have a Showdown", "My Old Man" and "Mammy O' Mine" (1919).Shortly after his move to New York, he recorded his piano playing on several piano rolls (for the Republic and Connorized companies) which are the only known record of his playing.  In 1930, his song "I'll Be A Friend with Pleasure", was recorded by a jazz band led by Bix Beiderbecke, with Gene Krupa and Benny Goodman among the sidemen.

His famous music composition "Sweet Georgia Brown", lyrics by Kenneth Casey, was recorded by artists Louis Armstrong (1928), Count Basie, The Beatles album Ain't She Sweet (1962), Cab Calloway (1931), Ray Charles (1961), Nat King Cole (1943), Bing Crosby (1927), Ella Fitzgerald (1956), Dizzy Gillespie (1967), Benny Goodman (1956), Harry James (1939), Carmen McRae (1964), Thelonious Monk (1941), Charlie Parker (1947), Oscar Peterson (1945), Cole Porter (1960), Sarah Vaughan (1963), and Ethel Waters (1923).

Duke Ellington's introduction to the music industry began with Maceo Pinkard. Shortly after they met at Barron's nightclub, Pinkard took Ellington downtown and introduced him to the music publishing district. This area of Broadway, from 40th to 55th Streets, was known as Tin Pan Alley because of the cacophony of so many pianists playing different pieces of music in different keys. It was there that Ellington had his first meeting at Mills Music with younger brother Irving, who would later become his manager. Ellington recorded some of Pinkard compositions such as "Is That Religion?", "Sweet Georgia Brown", and "Them There Eyes".

Stage production

Liza (1922)
Pinkard also wrote and produced the Broadway musical, comedy show Liza (from the book by Irvin C. Miller), which opened November 27, 1922 at Daly's 63rd Street Theatre, New York City. Ran for 172 performances (November 27, 1922 - April 21, 1923). Original Cast included Emmett Anthony, Will A. Cook, Thaddius Drayton, Alonzo Fenderson, Doe Doe Green, R. Eddie Greenlee, Snippy Mason, Irvin C. Miller, Quintard Miller, Billy Mills, Packer Ramsey, Maude Russell, Gertrude Saunders, Margaret Simms, William Simms and Elizabeth Terrill. Lyrics and music by Maceo Pinkard: "Tag Day," "Pleasure," "I'm the Sheriff," "Liza," "Just a Barber Shop Cord," "Just a Barber Shop Cord," "That Brownskin Flapper," "On the Moonlit Swanee," "Essence," "Forget Your Troubles, "(I've Got Those) Runnin' Wild Blues," "Dandy," "My Creole Girl," "Planning," "Love Me," and "Don't Be Blue."

Music popularized on disc by Zez Confrey and His Orchestra (Victor 19055), Albert E. Short's and His Tivoli Syncopators (Vocalion 14554), and the new Synco Jazz Band (Perfect 14104).

Category: Musical, Comedy, Original, Broadway
Description: A musical in two acts
Setting: Summer Time in Jimtown, South Carolina

Review
The Negro hit of the year, with book by Irving C. Miller and music by Maceo Pinkard, opened at Daly's 63rd Street Theater in November. "The dressing rooms, which were built for Shuffle Along," say Eubie Blake, "were completed just in time for Liza." A few months later Liza moved to the Nora Bayes Theater on 44th Street, and became the first Negro show to play Broadway proper during the regular season. (Only the summer months had been available for Negro productions heretofore, while the critics wondered why the shows were presented at such a hot time of the year.) Liza ran for 172 performances at a time when a run of one hundred was considered good.

Maceo Pinkard died in New York City on July 19, 1962. Each year, Bluefield State University holds a weeklong festival in honor of its famous alumnus.

In 1999, the Grammy nominated album The Love Movement by A Tribe Called Quest, included a sample of the 1920 Maceo Pinkard composition "Start It Up."

Film scores
Pinkard's compositions as a film score were used in a number of movies, which were compiled from previously written musical compositions. Partial list includes:

References

External links
 Maceo Pinkard recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings.

1897 births
1962 deaths
American male composers
African-American songwriters
People from Bluefield, West Virginia
Bluefield State College alumni
Songwriters from West Virginia
Music of Omaha, Nebraska
Musicians from Omaha, Nebraska
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century African-American musicians
American male songwriters

Maceo Pinkard


David J. Berri (born September 26, 1969) is a sports economist and professor of economics at Southern Utah University, known for his sometimes-controversial analysis of NBA basketball. He is a past president of the North American Association of Sports Economists, and a member of the editorial board of the Journal of Sports Economics and The International Journal of Sport Finance.

Academic Background
Berri graduated from Nebraska Wesleyan University with a B.A. in economics in 1991, and earned both his M.A. and Ph.D. from Colorado State University. He taught economics at Coe College and California State University-Bakersfield before accepting a position at Southern Utah University in 2008.

The Wages of Wins
Berri is best known for co-authoring, along with Martin Schmidt and Stacey Brook, the 2006 book The Wages of Wins: Taking Measure of the Many Myths in Modern Sport. The book opened to favorable reviews in several major media outlets, including endorsements from Malcolm Gladwell in The New Yorker and Joe Nocera in The New York Times. In The Wages of Wins, Berri, Schmidt, & Brook look at the 4 major North American sports from an academic, econometric point of view, investigating issues like the relationship between payrolls and wins, quarterback play in the NFL, and competitive balance in baseball.

The portion of the book that has drawn the most attention—positive and negative—has been Berri's analysis of the NBA, particularly with regard to player performance. By running a series of linear regressions, Berri has developed a model called "Wins Produced", which "explains 95% of team wins". The Wins Produced model is a refinement of an earlier model put forth in a 1999 paper published in the journal "Managerial and Decision Economics.

Berri's work is frequently viewed as a lightning rod for criticism because the Wins Produced model often runs counter to the conventional wisdom of basketball. Berri has not discouraged such controversy, either, in his posts for The Wages of Wins' accompanying blog, "The Wages of Wins Journal", which frequently criticizes NBA decision-makers (i.e., coaches and general managers) and members of the media.

Criticism
Berri has come out in opposition of certain traditional linear weights-style NBA evaluatory statistics like TENDEX and the NBA's official "efficiency" metric, claiming that they overvalue scoring and undervalue shooting efficiency. A similar criticism has been made of John Hollinger's Player Efficiency Rating, a model that Berri also argues significantly undervalues shooting efficiency. He has also criticized non-box score-based stats like Adjusted Plus-Minus, claiming that the basic box score numbers tell decision-makers most of what they need to know about a player's value. In December 2011, Berri released an updated version that adjusted the defensive rebound weight to account for diminishing returns.

Berri has provided data on women's basketball for the journal The Ladies League as well as several other media outlets.

Stumbling on WinsStumbling on Wins: Two Economists Expose the Pitfalls on the Road to Victory in Professional Sports'' is Berri and Schmidt's follow up on The Wages of Wins and was published in March 2010 by FT Press.

References

External links
 The Wages of Wins Journal
 The Wages of Wins Official Site

Living people
American statisticians
American sportswriters
Southern Utah University faculty
Nebraska Wesleyan University alumni
Colorado State University alumni
California State University, Bakersfield faculty
21st-century American economists
1969 births

David Berri


John de Braose (born 1197 or 1198 – 18 July 1232), known as Tadody to the Welsh, was the Lord of Bramber and Gower.

Re-establishment of the de Braose dynasty
John re-established the senior branch of the de Braose dynasty.

His father was William de Braose, eldest son of William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber and Maud de St. Valery, and his mother was Maud de Clare, (born ) daughter of Richard de Clare, 3rd Earl of Hertford of Tonbridge Castle in Kent. John was their eldest son and one of four brothers, the others being Giles, Phillip and Walter de Braose.

Royal threat
His grandfather had had his lands seized and his grandmother Maud de St. Valery had been captured by forces of King John of England in 1210. She was imprisoned, along with John's father William, in Corfe Castle and walled alive inside the dungeon. Both mother and son starved to death on the King's orders. This was probably due to John's grandfather's conflict with the monarch, open rebellion and subsequent alliance with Llewelyn the Great. John's nickname Tadody means "fatherless" in the Welsh.

Hiding and imprisonment
At his family's fall from Royal favour John de Braose was initially hidden on Gower and spent some time in the care of his uncle Giles de Braose, Bishop of Hereford, but finally in 1214 John and his younger brother Philip were taken into custody. They were imprisoned until after King John had died (in 1216), the throne passing to Henry III. John was released from custody in 1218.

Welsh intermarriage

In 1219 he married Margaret ferch Llywelyn (born about 1202 in the Kingdom of Gwynedd), daughter of the leader of Wales, Llywelyn Fawr. He received the Lordship of Gower as her dowry with Llywelyn's blessing.

In 1226 another surviving uncle Reginald de Braose sold him the honour of Bramber, and he inherited more lands and titles when this uncle died a few years later in 1228. Sometime in the 1220s, he established the deer park, Parc le Breos in the Gower Peninsula.

He and Margaret, his Welsh wife, had three sons, his heir, William de Braose the eldest son, John and Richard (born about 1225 in Stinton, Norfolk) the youngest, (buried in Woodbridge Priory, Suffolk) having died before June 1292.

Death and legacy
In 1232 John was killed in a fall from his horse on his land in Bramber, Sussex at 34 years of age. His widow soon remarried to Walter III de Clifford. William de Braose (born about 1224; died 1291 in Findon, Sussex), his eldest son, succeeded him in the title of Lord of Bramber. John the younger son became Lord of the manor of Corsham in Wiltshire and also later Lord of Glasbury on Wye.

William de Braose (–1291) also had a son named William de Braose who died "shortly before 1st May 1326".

Another William de Braose, who became Bishop of Llandaff, cannot be placed with certainty in this branch of the family.

The de Braose name was modified to de Brewes in the Middle Ages, 1200 to 1400.

See also
House of Braose

Notes

References
 Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, by Douglas Richardson & Kimball G. Everingham, Published 2005, Genealogical Publishing Com
 Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700, by Frederick Lewis Weis, Lines: 29A-28, 246–30.

Anglo-Normans
Anglo-Normans in Wales
1198 births
1232 deaths
Deaths by horse-riding accident in England
People from Glamorgan
Norman warriors
People from Bramber
13th-century Welsh nobility
Feudal barons of Bramber

John de Braose


Mario and Donkey Kong: Minis on the Move is a puzzle video game for the Nintendo 3DS game console. It is the fifth game in the Mario vs. Donkey Kong series. It was released on Nintendo's eShop service on May 9, 2013 in Europe and North America, and July 24, 2013 in Japan.

In the main game, the player has to place blocks on a grid with the goal of making a path for a Mini (a small walking robot that looks like Mario or another character in the Mario series) to get from a warp pipe to the goal. The player has to avoid obstacles like Shy Guys and spikes. Each level has three colored coins that the player can collect. Collecting all three coins gives the player a star token. Star tokens can be used to unlock more gameplay modes, levels, and toys. There are more than 180 levels in four modes of gameplay. There are also four minigames that can be unlocked.

The game has a level creation mode where the player can create their own levels using pieces from the game. They can also control how often tiles fall. Created levels can be saved and shared using StreetPass after the player is able to complete the level that they have created. The levels can also be shared through Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection, where players can download levels created by other players.

References

Other websites
 Official website (North America)
 Offical website (Europe)

2013 video games
Nintendo 3DS games
Puzzle video games
Mario video games
Donkey Kong


Otto Puchstein (6 July 1856, Labes – 9 March 1911, Berlin) was a German classical archaeologist.

From 1875 to 1879 he studied philology, classical archaeology and Egyptology at the University of Strasbourg, where his instructors included Adolf Michaelis, Rudolf Schöll and Johannes Dümichen. Later on, via a grant from the German Archaeological Institute (DAI), he conducted studies of ancient sculptures in Alexandria and Cairo (1881–83). In 1883, on behalf of the Prussian Academy of Sciences, with Carl Humann and Felix von Luschan, he took part in an expedition to Nemrud Dagi, where he visited the tomb of Antiochus I Theos of Commagene.

In 1889 he received his habilitation in Berlin. With Robert Koldewey, he conducted research of Greek temples in southern Italy and Sicily (1892 & 1893/94), and in 1895, investigated the ancient walled city of Paestum (southern Italy). During the following year, he succeeded Franz Studniczka as chair of classical archaeology at the University of Freiburg (1896). In 1900 he undertook an expedition to Baalbek, and in 1907, with Ludwig Curtius and others, travelled to the excavation site of the Hittite capital of Hattusa. In 1910 he took a trip to North Africa in order to study the Roman cities of Lambaesis and Timgad.

Published works
 Epigrammata Graeca in Aegypto reperta, dissertation, Straßburg 1880.
 Beschreibung der Skulpturen aus Pergamon. Volume 1 Königliche Museen, Berlin, second edition 1902.
 Die Tempel auf Ortygia, Berlin 1898.
 Die griechischen Tempel in Unteritalien und Sicilien. 1. Band Text, 2. Band Tafeln. Asher, Berlin, 1899 (with Robert Koldewey).
 Die griechische Bühne, eine architektonische Untersuchung. Berlin 1901.
 Führer durch die Ruinen von Baalbek. 39 S., G. Reimer, Berlin 1905.
 Die ionische Säule als klassisches Bauglied orientalischer Herkunft. Ein Vortrag. Leipzig 1907.

References

External links

1856 births
1911 deaths
University of Strasbourg alumni
Academic staff of the University of Freiburg
German archaeologists
People from Łobez County
People from the Province of Pomerania

Otto Puchstein