NickMusic is an American pay television network and spin-off of Nickelodeon that mainly carries music video and music-related programming from younger pop artists that appeal to Nickelodeon's target audience, with some videos edited for content to meet a general TV-PG rating applied across the network's broadcast day, or replaced with a lyric video instead.

Like its sibling music video-only networks BET Jams, BET Soul, and CMT Music, NickMusic is based on an automated "wheel" schedule that was introduced during the early years of MTV2. A new loop starts at 6 a.m. Eastern Time, and is then repeated at 2 p.m. and 10 p.m.

History

As MTV Hits
The network launched on May 1, 2002, with its programming composed entirely of music videos. As with MTV Jams, the network was named for a daily program on MTV; in this case, MTV Hits, which was that network's main pop music video program. The network composed of current hit music videos, along with a few older videos from earlier in the year, as well as a few from the late 1990s. The network maintained a commercial-free format, other than internal promotions for MTV and MTV-branded properties.

My Hitlist era (2005–2006)

In 2005, the network began airing a feature called "My Hitlist Month", which was based on viewer selected playlists, submitted to a newly launched network website. This, as well as artist-selected playlists, aired occasionally on the network through 2006.

Playlistism era (2006–2011)
On December 18, 2006, the "Hit List" theme returned to MTV Hits. At first, "Playlistism" composed of replays of the viewer hit lists from the past, as well as new playlists from sister networks MTV2 and MTVU, as well as artist and themed playlists. In 2009, the network began to accept traditional commercial advertising, which generally composes of direct response advertising and in the past, ads for ringtone providers.

March 2012 reimaging

Until March 26, 2012, the network's logo remained the same since its launch, with a minor readjustment in February 2010 of the iconic "M" to remove the Music Television tagline and a small quarter of the logo in line with the official rebranding of all MTV networks. A new logo and imaging was introduced on that date, featuring all text in bold Helvetica, including a minimal-style logo with the 2010 MTV logomark next to the word "Hits". MTV Jams followed with the same reimaging on April 13.

Final schedule
The network discontinued many of the playlist shows throughout 2009 and 2010, while keeping the Playlistism name until it faded out entirely by late January 2011, when the network restored its former 'illustration from a music box' imaging to identify the network between commercial blocks. The lower-left banner which formerly listed playlist dedications became dedicated to promotional messages and a rolling advertisement for the network's music video web portal before eventually being discontinued. MTV News segments (usually not pertaining to news but press junket segments about upcoming films and albums) also aired, before being removed in early 2015 due to various financial issues within Viacom and a reorganization of the news division back towards current events.

Generally, except for artists which were popular before the period, all music videos carried by MTV Hits were from the era after the 1998 premiere of Total Request Live, with a heavy focus on current music.

Trademark reuse for Internet service (2019–2020)
The MTV Hits branding returned to use by Viacom on May 13, 2019, as an Apple TV+ and Amazon channel offered by Viacom charging $5.99 monthly, which carried MTV archival programming (the aforementioned "Hits" in this form) from the mid-1990s to the early 2010s. No music video programming was offered by the MTV Hits service. The service's programming was merged onto what is now Paramount+ in the fall of 2020.

As NickMusic
On September 9, 2016, the channel came under the editorial control of Nickelodeon and was rebranded as NickMusic (in concert with the iHeartMedia online radio network known as Nick Radio, which launched in 2013 and ran until mid-2019), becoming the last of the original MTV Networks Digital Suite channels to have a rebranding, a process dating back to the 2006 rebranding of VH1 Country as CMT Pure Country (now CMT Music). The last music video to be aired on the channel before the rebrand was "Clint Eastwood" by Gorillaz, and the first music video on NickMusic was "Happy" by Pharrell Williams. Some MTV Hits blocks such as Videos We Heart will be maintained, though a plan for the network to have 'guest DJ' slots by younger stars of music and Nickelodeon series never occurred, along with a move of the TeenNick Top 10 outside of repeats. It was also the last original MTV Digital Suite network made up exclusively of music video programming to end their use of an MTV brand in the U.S. at the time, though MTV Classic resumed an all-video schedule at the start of 2017 after the ratings failure of its original format.

Programming

Current
The network has no individual or original programs; TeenNick Top 10 was cancelled in mid-2018. In electronic program listings, the titles of each 'block' merely delineate an hour in those listings and outside those titles denoting video theming, aren't mentioned on air.

Bumpin' Beats normally composes of mainly dance and pop songs, while the Crushworthy theme is mainly made up of artists with heavy social and musical appeal. The Hit List denotes the most popular songs on the charts, with Videos We Heart playing the same role. Pop Playback is mainly made up of older music videos or those from the recent past, while Weekend Vibes is mainly a light pop block. Nick Mix is normally made up of videos from past and present Nickelodeon musical artists or video remixes of the network's promotions, along with isolated musical interludes in the network's series. Finally, Fresh Faces composes of material from newer or 'on the verge' younger artists.

Availability
NickMusic is available on most pay-TV providers, along with Verizon FiOS, and AT&T U-verse. It is one of the few remaining MTV Digital Suite original channels that is not available on DirecTV (the then MTV Digital Suite having been created to provide an advantage of digital cable-exclusive channels to providers). One of the last cable holdouts, Time Warner Cable, added the music channels of the MTV Digital Suite in the summer of 2012 back when it was branded "MTV Hits" as part of a wider agreement to give TWC's tablet application access to Viacom's networks.

International

Netherlands, Flanders, and Central Europe

The channel launched as Nick Hits on 2 August 2007 and was rebranded as Nick Music on 1 February 2017.

Throughout central Europe, the Dutch feed replaced MTV Music 24 on 1 June 2021.

Australia & New Zealand

An Australian version of NickMusic launched on 1 and 6 July 2020 on Foxtel and Sky (New Zealand) respectively, as a direct simulcast of the aforementioned Dutch version. In Australia, the channel replaced Foxtel's former music network [V].

Latin America
The channel became available in some Latin American countries on 31 August 2020 replacing VH1 MegaHits and Nicktoons in other territories.

References

Music video networks in the United States
Television channels and stations established in 2002
English-language television stations in the United States
2002 establishments in the United States
Children's television networks in the United States
Nickelodeon

NickMusic


Sigmund Freud (6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) is considered to be the founder of the psychodynamic approach to psychology.  Psychodynamic therapy looks closely at the unconscious drives that motivate people to act in certain ways.

The role of the mind is something that Freud repeatedly talks about because he believes that the mind is responsible for both conscious and unconscious decisions based on drives and forces. Unconscious desires motivate people to act accordingly.  The id, ego, and superego are three aspects of the mind, which Freud believes, makes up a person's personality.  "We are simply actors in the drama of our minds, pushed by desire, pulled by coincidence.  Underneath the surface, our personalities represent the power struggle going on deep within us" (Cash, Psychology for Dummies).

Religion
Freud does not believe there is any supernatural force that affects the way we think or has pre-programmed us to behave in a certain way.  His idea of the id explains why people act out in certain ways, when it is not in line with the ego or superego. Religion is an illusion and it derives its strength from the fact that it falls in with our instinctual desires." (Freud). Freud believes that people rely on religion to give explanations for anxieties and tension they do not want to consciously believe in.  The basis of Christian theology states, "God created humanity in his image" (Genesis 1:27), but Freud argues that humanity created God in their image.  This reverses the idea of any type of religion because he believes that religion is constructed by the mind.   The role of the mind is something that Freud repeatedly talks about because he believes that the mind is responsible for both conscious and unconscious decisions based on drives and forces. The idea that religion causes people to behave in a moral way is incorrect according to Freud because he believes that no other force has the power to control the ways in which people act.  Unconscious desires motivate people to act accordingly. Freud does a significant amount of research studying how people act and interact in a group setting.  He believes that people act in different ways according to the demands and constraints of the group as a whole.  In his book Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego, Freud argues that the church and organized religion forms an "artificial group" which requires an external force to keep it together.  In this type of group, everything is dependent on that external force and without it, the group would no longer exist.  Groups are necessary, according to Freud, in order to decrease the narcissism in all people by creating libidinal ties with others by placing everyone at an equal level.  The commonness among different people with different egos allows people to identify with one another.  This relates to the idea of religion because Freud believes that people created religion in order to create these group ties that they unconsciously seek for.

Greek Mythology
According to Freud's many theories of religion, the Oedipus complex is utilized in the understanding and mastery of religious beliefs. In Freud's psychosexual stages, he mentions the Oedipus complex and the Electra complex and how they affect children and their relationships with their same-sex parental figure. According to Freud, there is an unconscious desire for one's mother to be a virgin and for one's father to be an all-powerful, almighty figure. Freud's interest in Greek mythology and religion greatly influenced his psychological theories. The Oedipus complex is when a boy is jealous of his father. The boy strives to possess his mother and ultimately replace his father as a means of no longer having to fight for her undivided attention and affection. Along with seeking his mother's love, boys also experience castration anxiety, which is the fear of losing their genitalia. Boys fear that their fathers will retaliate and castrate them as a result of desiring one's mother. While the Oedipus complex presents itself in males, females experience a different form of incestuous rivalry known as the Electra complex. Girls become jealous of their mothers and begin to feel desire towards their fathers. Females also experience penis envy which is the parallel reaction to the male experience of castration anxiety. Females are jealous of their fathers' penis and wish to have one as well. Girls then repress this feeling and instead long for a child of their own. This suppression leads to the girl identifying with her mother and acquiring feminine traits.

Psychoanalytic theory

Id
According to Freud, the id is the part of the unconscious that seeks pleasure. His idea of the id explains why people act out in certain ways, when it is not in line with the ego or superego.  The id is the part of the mind which holds all of humans' most basic and primal instincts.  It is the impulsive, unconscious part of the mind that is based on desire to seek immediate satisfaction.  The id does not have a grasp on any form of reality or consequence.  Freud explains that the pleasure principle is controlled by the id because it makes people engage in need-satisfying behavior without any accordance to what is right or wrong.  Freud compares the id and the ego to a horse and a rider.  The id is compared to the horse, which is directed and controlled by the ego (the rider).  This example goes to show that although the id is supposed to be controlled by the ego, they often interact with one another according to the drives of the id.

Freud defines the id as: "The id, cut off from the external world, has a world of perception of its own. It detects with extraordinary acuteness certain changes in its interior, especially oscillations in the tension of its instinctual needs, and these changes become conscious as feelings in the pleasure-unpleasure series. It is hard to say, to be sure, by what means and with the help of what sensory terminal organs these perceptions come about. But it is an established fact that self-perceptions—coenesthetic feelings and feelings of pleasure-unpleasure—govern the passage of events in the id with despotic force. The id obeys the inexorable pleasure principle".

Ego
In order for people to maintain a realistic sense here on earth, the ego is responsible for creating balance between pleasure and pain.  It is impossible for all desires of the id to be met and the ego realizes this but continues to seek pleasure and satisfaction. Although the ego does not know the difference between right and wrong, it is aware that not all drives can be met at a given time.   The reality principle is what the ego operates by in order to help satisfy the id's demands as well as compromising according to reality.  The ego is a person's "self," composed of unconscious desires.  The ego takes into account ethical and cultural ideals in order to balance out the desires originating in the id.  Although both the id and the ego are unconscious, the ego has close contact with the perceptual system.  The ego has the function of self-preservation, which is why it has the ability to control the instinctual demands from the id.

"The ego is first and foremost a bodily ego; it is not merely a surface entity, but is itself the projection of a surface. If we wish to find an anatomical analogy for it we can best identify it with the 'cortical homunculus' of the anatomists, which stands on its head in the cortex, sticks up its heels, faces backwards and, as we know, has its speech-area on the left-hand side. The ego is ultimately derived from bodily sensations, chiefly from those springing from the surface of the body. It may thus be regarded as a mental projection of the surface of the body, besides, as we have seen above (Figure 3), representing the superficies of the mental apparatus."

Superego
The superego, which develops around age four or five, incorporates the morals of society.  Freud believes that the superego is what allows the mind to control its impulses that are looked down upon morally.  The superego can be considered to be the conscience of the mind because it has the ability to distinguish between reality as well as what is right or wrong.  Without the superego Freud believes people would act out with aggression and other immoral behaviors because the mind would have no way of understanding the difference between right and wrong.  The superego is considered to be the "consciousness" of a person's personality and can override the drives from the id. Freud separates the superego into two separate categories: the ideal self and the conscious.  The conscious contains ideals and morals that exist within society that prevent people from acting out based on their internal desires.  The ideal self contains images of how people ought to behave according to society's ideals.

The unconscious mind
Freud believed that the answers to what controlled daily actions resided in the unconscious mind, despite alternative views that all our behaviors were conscious. Notions of the unconsciousness, gaps in the consciousness, can be explained by other acts of which the consciousness affords no evidence. The unconscious mind positions itself in every aspect our life whether one is dormant or awake. It is more than just a habitat for our undesired memories, we are at loss to what truly exists here. Though unaware of the effect of the unconscious mind, it influences the actions we engage it.  Human behavior should be understood by searching for analysis of mental processes in expressions of individual states. This explanation gives significance to verbal slips and dreams; they are caused by hidden reasons in the mind displayed in concealed forms.

Verbal slips of the unconscious mind are referred to as a Freudian slip. This is a term coined by Freud to explain a spoken mistake derived from the unconscious mind. Traumatizing information of thoughts and beliefs are blocked from the conscious mind, slips expose our true thoughts stored in the unconscious. Sexual instincts or drives have deeply invested roots in the unconscious mind. Instincts act by giving vitality and enthusiasm to the mind through meaning and purpose. The ranges of instincts are in great numbers; therefore, Freud expressed them in two categories. Eros is the self-preserving life instinct containing all erotic pleasures. In contrast, thanatos is the death instinct, full of self-destruction of sexual energy. The main part of human behavior and actions is tied back to sexual drives. Since birth the existent of sexual drives can be recognized as one of the most important incentives of life.

Freud's psychosexual stages
Freud's theory of psychosexual development is represented amongst five stages. According to Freud, each stage occurs within a specific time frame of one's life. If one becomes fixated in any of the five stages, he or she will develop personality traits that coincide with the a specific stage and its focus.

Oral stage
The first stage is the oral stage. An infant is in this stage from birth to eighteen months of age. The main focus in the oral stage is pleasure-seeking through the infant's mouth. During this stage, the need for tasting and sucking becomes prominent in producing pleasure. Oral stimulation is crucial during this stage; if the infant's needs are not met during this time frame, he or she will be fixated in the oral stage. Fixation in this stage can lead to adult habits such as thumb-sucking, smoking, over-eating, and nail-biting. Personality traits can also develop during adulthood that are linked to oral fixation; these traits can include optimism and independence or pessimism and hostility.

Anal stage
The second stage is the anal stage, which lasts from eighteen months to three years of age. During this stage, the infant's pleasure seeking centers are located in the bowels and bladder. Parents stress toilet training and bowel control during this time period.  Fixation in the anal stage can lead to anal-retention or anal-expulsion. Anal retentive characteristics include being overly neat, precise, and orderly, while being anal expulsive involves being disorganized, messy, and destructive.

Phallic stage
The third stage in psychosexual development is the phallic stage. This stage begins at 3 years old and ends when the child reaches six years of age. The phallic stage focuses on the genitals as pleasure-seeking areas of the body. Boys in this stage experience the Oedipus complex, while girls experience the Electra complex. In both cases, the child develops incestuous feelings for the parent of the opposite sex. Children tend to develop characteristics of the same-sex parent during this stage. Fixation in the phallic stage has different personality traits depending on one's gender. Males may take great pride in their masculinity and their sexuality, while women may become flirtatious and promiscuous. In both instances, these personality traits are a sign of low self-esteem and self-worth.

Latency stage
The fourth stage is the latency stage which begins at the age of six and continues until the age of eleven. During this stage there is no pleasure-seeking region of the body; instead all sexual feelings are repressed. Thus, children are able to develop social skills, and find comfort through peer and family interaction.

Genital stage
The final stage of psychosexual development is the genital stage. This stage begins at the age of eleven, lasts through puberty, and ends when one reaches adulthood at the age of eighteen. The onset of puberty reflects a strong interest from one person to another of the opposite sex. If one does not experience fixation in any of the psychosexual stages, once he or she has reached the genital stage he or she will grow into a well-balanced human being.

Anxiety and defense mechanisms
Freud proposed a set of defense mechanisms in one's body. These set of defense mechanisms occur so one can hold a favorable or preferred view of themselves. For example, in a particular situation when an event occurs that violates one's preferred view of themselves, Freud states that it is necessary for the self to have some mechanism to defend itself against this unfavorable event; this is known as defense mechanisms. Freud's work on defense mechanisms focuses on how the ego defends itself against internal events or impulses, which are regarded as unacceptable to one's ego. These defense mechanisms are used to handle the conflict between the id, the ego, and the superego.

Freud noted that a major drive for people is the reduction of tension and the major cause of tension was anxiety. He identified three types of anxiety: reality anxiety, neurotic anxiety, and moral anxiety. Reality anxiety is the most basic form of anxiety and is based on the ego. It is typically based on the fear of real and possible events (for example, being bit by a dog or falling off of a roof). Neurotic anxiety comes from an unconscious fear that the basic impulses of the id will take control of the person, leading to eventual punishment from expressing the id's desires. Moral anxiety comes from the superego. It appears in the form of a fear of violating values or moral codes, and appears as feelings like guilt or shame.

When anxiety occurs, the mind's first response is to seek rational ways of escaping the situation by increasing problem-solving efforts, and a range of defense mechanisms may be triggered. These are ways that the ego develops to help deal with the id and the superego. Defense mechanisms often appear unconsciously and tend to distort or falsify reality. When the distortion of reality occurs, there is a change in perception which allows for a lessening in anxiety resulting in a reduction of tension one experiences. Sigmund Freud noted a number of ego defenses which were noted throughout his work. His daughter, Anna Freud, developed and elaborated on them. The defense mechanisms are as follows:

 Denial: believing that what is true is actually false
 Displacement: taking out impulses on a less threatening target
 Intellectualization: avoiding unacceptable emotions by focusing on the intellectual aspects
 Projection: attributing uncomfortable feelings to others
 Rationalization: creating false but believable justifications
 Reaction Formation: taking the opposite belief because the true belief causes anxiety
 Regression: going back to a previous stage of development
 Repression: pushing uncomfortable thoughts out of conscious awareness
 Suppression: consciously forcing unwanted thoughts out of our awareness
 Sublimation: redirecting 'wrong' urges into socially acceptable actions

These defenses are not under our conscious control, and our unconscious will use one or more to protect one's self from stressful situations. They are natural and normal. Without these, neurosis develops (such as anxiety states, phobias, obsessions, or hysteria).

Totem and Taboo

Sigmund Freud was born to Jewish parents in a heavily Roman Catholic town. Freud desired to understand religion and spirituality and deals with the nature of religious beliefs in many of his books and essays. He regards God as an illusion, based on the infantile need for a powerful father figure. Freud believed that religion was an expression of underlying psychological neuroses and distress. In some of his writing, he suggests that religion is an attempt to control the Oedipal complex, as he goes on to discuss in his book Totem and Taboo.

In 1913, Freud published the book Totem and Taboo. This book was an attempt to reconstruct the birth and the process of development of religion as a social institution. He wanted to demonstrate how the study of psychoanalysis is important in the understanding of the growth of civilization. This book is about how the Oedipus complex and incest taboo came into being and why they are present in all human societies. The incest taboo rises because of a desire for incest. The purpose of the totemic animal is not for group unity, but to re-enforce the incest taboo. The totemic animal is not a symbol of God, but a symbol of the father and it is an important part of religious development.  Totemism originates from the memory of an event in pre-history where the male group members eat the father figure due to a desire for the females. The guilt they feel for their actions and for the loss of a father figure leads them to prohibit incest in a new way. Totemism is a means of preventing incest and as a ritual reminder of murder of the father. This shows that sexual desire, since there are many social prohibitions on sexual relations, is channeled through certain ritual actions and all societies adopt these rituals so that sexuality develops in approved ways. This reveals unconscious desires and their repression. Freud believes that civilization makes people unhappy because it contradicts the desire for progress, freedom, happiness, and wealth. Civilization requires repression of drives and instincts - such as sexual, aggression, and death instincts - in order for civilization can work.

According to Freud, religion originated in pre-historic collective experiences that became repressed and ritualized as totems and taboos. He states that most, if not all religions, can be traced back to early human sacrifice - including Christianity, in which Christ on the cross is a symbolic representation of killing the father and eating the father figure. This is shown with 'the body of Christ', also known as Communion. In this work, Freud attributes the origin of religion to emotions such as hatred, fear, and jealousy. These emotions are directed towards the father figure in the clan from the sons who are denied sexual desires towards the females. Freud attributed totem religions to be a result of extreme emotion, rash action, and the result of guilt.

The Psychopathology of Everyday Life

The Psychopathology of Everyday Life is one of the most important books in psychology. It was written by Freud in 1901 and it laid the basis for the theory of psychoanalysis. The book contains twelve chapters on forgetting things such as names, childhood memories, mistakes, clumsiness, slips of the tongue, and determinism of the unconscious. Freud believed that there were reasons that people forget things like words, names, and memories. He also believed that mistakes in speech, now referred to as Freudian slips, were not accidents but instead the "dynamic unconscious" revealing something meaningful.

Freud suggests that our everyday psychopathology is a minor disturbance of mental life which may quickly pass away. Freud believed all of these acts to have an important significance; the most trivial slips of the tongue or pen may reveal people's secret feelings and fantasies. Pathology is brought into the everyday life which Freud points out through dreams, forgetfulness, and parapraxes. He uses these things to make his case for the existence of an unconscious that refuses to be explained or contained by consciousness. Freud explains how the forgetting of multiple events in our everyday life can be consequences of repression, suppression, denial, displacement, and identification. Defense mechanisms occur to protects one's ego so in The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, Freud states, "painful memories merge into motivated forgetting which special ease" (p. 154)

Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality
Freud wrote Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, sometimes titled Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex, in 1905. It explores and analyzes his theory of sexuality and its presence throughout childhood. Freud's book describes three main topics in reference to sexuality: sexual perversions, childhood sexuality, and puberty. His first essay in this series is called The Sexual Aberrations. This essay focuses on the distinction between a sexual object and a sexual aim. A sexual object is the object that one desires, while the sexual aim is the acts that one desires to perform with the object.

Freud's second essay was explained Infantile Sexuality. During this essay he insists that children have sexual urges. The psychosexual stages are the steps a child must take in order to continue having sexual urges once adulthood is reached.

The third essay Freud wrote described The Transformation of Puberty. In this essay he examines how children express their sexuality throughout puberty and how sexual identity is formed during this time frame.

Freud ultimately attempted to link unconscious sexual desires to conscious actions in each of his essays.

Dreams
The Interpretation of Dreams is one Sigmund Freud's greatest published works known to date because of the stage it set for his psychoanalytic work. During therapy sessions, Freud would ask his patients to talk about whatever would first come to their mind, usually their responses directly related to a dream. He then began to analyze their dreams, believing that this gave him access to their deepest thoughts. He also believed he could find links between his patients' current hysterical behaviors and past traumatic experiences. From here he began to formulate a book to allow others to understand dream interpretation, by using his current theory of the unconscious.

Freud believed that dreams were messages from the unconscious, masked as wishes controlled by internal stimuli. The unconscious mind plays the most imperative role in dream interpretation. In order to remain in a state of sleep, the unconscious mind has to detain negative thoughts and represent them in an edited form. Therefore, when one dreams, the unconscious makes an effort to deal with any conflict.

Freud categorized dreams into different levels in order to better understand the unconscious as the primary standard for dream interpretation. The first level of dreams is the manifest content, which is the dream one remembers after waking up. But Freud believed no attention should be given to this level, because the unconscious mind produced the dream into a different meaning from its original. Latent content is the second level of dreams, which is the real dream amongst your unconscious thoughts. This is where the true meaning of the dream lies and turned into another sense to protect ourselves.  In order for our dreams to convert from latent content to manifest content, four steps are required: condensation, displacement, symbolism, and secondary revision. A special focus on symbolism was emphasized in interpretation. Freud believed that dreams are highly symbolic, with an underlying principle meaning. Most of the symbolic stages focuses on sexually connotation (for example, a tree branch could represent a part of the male genitals). He also believed all human behavior originated from our sexual drives and desires.

References
 Anxiety and Ego-Defense Mechanisms. (n.d.). Anxiety and Ego-Defense Mechanisms. Retrieved November 28, 2013, from http://homepages.rpi.edu/~verwyc/defmech.htm
Freuds book. (1998). PBS. Retrieved from https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dh00fr.html
 Green, C. (n.d.). Classics in the History of Psychology—Freud (1901) Index. Classics in the History of Psychology—Freud (1901) Index. Retrieved November 28, 2013, from http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Freud/Psycho/
 Id, Ego and Superego. (n.d.). Id Ego Superego. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/psyche.html
Lapsley, Daniel. "The Id, Ego and Superego." Encyclopedia of Human Behavior, 2nd Ed, 2012. Web. 03 Dec. 2013.
 McLeod, S. (n.d.). Defense Mechanisms. - Simply Psychology. Retrieved December 03, 2013, from http://www.simplypsychology.org/defense-mechanisms.html
McLeod, S. A. (2008). Psychosexual Stages - Simply Psychology. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/psychosexual.html
 Roberts, A. (n.d.). Extracts from Sigmund Freud's Totem and Taboo (1913). Extracts from Sigmund Freud's Totem and Taboo (1913). Retrieved November 28, 2013, from http://studymore.org.uk/xfre1913.htm
 Sammons, A. (n.d.). Psychodynamic approach: The basics. Psychodynamic Approach: The Basics. Retrieved November, 2013
 Solms, Mark. "The "Id" Knows More than the "Ego" Admits: Neuropsychoanalytic and Primal Consciousness Perspectives on the Interface Between Affective and Cognitive Neuroscience." Www.mdpi.com/journal/brainsci/. Brain Sciences, 16 Apr. 2012. Web. Dec. 2013.
Strachey, J. (Trans.). (1922). Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego. The International Psycho-analytical Library, 6. Retrieved December, 2013.
 Strong reading. (2013, August 14). : Sigmund Freud. Retrieved November 28, 2013, from http://strongreading.blogspot.com/2011/08/sigmund-freud-totem-and-taboo.html
The Freud Museum. (n.d.). Freud Museum ~ Education. Retrieved from http://www.freud.org.uk/education/topic/10573/freud-and-religion/
The life of Sigmund Freud. (2004). PBS. Retrieved from https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/questionofgod/twolives/freudbio.html
Thornton, S. P. (2001, April 16). Sigmund Freud. Freud, Sigmund []. Retrieved from http://www.iep.utm.edu/freud/
 Understanding the Id, Ego, and Superego in Psychology. (n.d.). - For Dummies. Retrieved from http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/understanding-the-id-ego-and-superego-in-psycholog.html
Wilson, K. (n.d.). Introduction to Sigmund Freud's theory of Dreams. Insomnium. Retrieved from http://dreams.insomnium.co.uk/dream-theory/introduction-freud-theory-on-dreams

Other websites
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalytic Psychology
Biography on Sigmund Freud
The Last Great Enlightenment Thinker
 Freud's Belief in God
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis

Freud's psychoanalytic theories


The Damocles is a 3rd generation targeting pod, modular, eye-safe laser, high performance pod selected by the French Air Force for its attack fighter aircraft fleet. It first entered service in 2009.

Damocles is made by Thales Group produced in Élancourt, France.

Features
Damocles features a long-range laser designator, an integrated navigation FLIR and high-resolution imagery, and is fully compatible with Paveway and BGL laser-guided bombs, imagery-guided weapons, and AASM GPS/INS/LASER-guided weapons.

It also features a reconnaissance capability with instant transmission of imagery to ground stations.  Overall robustness and ease of maintenance have been improved.

It is capable of guiding laser weapons to their extreme range (16 km) and identifying armoured vehicle targets at 27 km also conducting post-strike analysis at the same range.

Exports
Export sales of the Damocles targeting pod include:
 Malaysia, which operates Sukhoi Su-30MKM fighters
 the United Arab Emirates, which flies the Mirage 2000-9 from Dassault Aviation
 Saudi Arabia, which has a mixed fleet of British and American planes. The Royal Saudi Air Force is flying the Damocles on its Tornado and Typhoon aircraft.

In 2008 it was suggested that Russia would license-produce the Thales Damocles reconnaissance and target designation pod for its air force strike aircraft, following successful tests of the system with Malaysia's Sukhoi Su-30MKM multirole fighter. Comparative trials involving Damocles and the Ural Optical and Mechanical Plant (UOMZ)-produced Sapsan and Solux targeting pods went in favour of the French design.

Operators

Current operators
 - Rafale & Mirage 2000D
 - Sukhoi Su-30MKM
 - Mirage F1CM VI/EM VI
 - Tornado GR4 & Eurofighter Typhoon
 - Mirage 2000-9

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links
 Thales Damocles page
 Mirage 2000-9 special issue

Damocles
Military equipment of France
Military equipment introduced in the 2000s
Thales Group

Damocles (targeting pod)


The Wilfandel Club is the oldest African-American women's club in Los Angeles. The group was founded in 1945 with the goal of promoting civic betterment, philanthropic endeavors, and general culture. They maintain a clubhouse, sponsor a scholarship, and hold monthly meetings, which feature guest speakers.

The club was established in 1945 by black women active in the community, including Della Mae Givens, wife of architect Paul Williams.

The Wilfandel House, which is located at 3425 West Adams Blvd Los Angeles CA 90018, an area commonly known as Arlington Heights, is said to have been built in 1922 by silent film star Ramon Novarro for his brother.

Once the Wilfandel Club members purchased the building, The Wilfandel Club house became a popular venue for holding farewell parties for young African-American men who went off to fight America's wars, or for young people leaving to attend college. The Wilfandel Club house was one of the few integrated public meeting places in Los Angeles during the 1950s.

The club house is still used today by the members of the Wilfandel Club for meetings, weddings and other functions. It is equipped with a full kitchen.

Wilfandel members also have raised thousands of dollars to support the American Cancer Society, the Exceptional Children's Foundation, the Foundation for the Junior Blind, as well as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. For its contributions to the community, the club is the recipient of the Community Service Award, presented by the California State Attorney General. Today, Wilfandel Club members total more than 60 African-American women.

Bessie Bruington Burke was a Wilfandel Club member.  She received her teaching credentials in 1911 and soon became the first Black teacher in the Los Angeles City School District.

References

External links

African-American organizations
Organizations based in Los Angeles
Organizations established in 1945
Women's clubs in the United States
Women in California
African-American history of California

Wilfandel Club


{{DISPLAYTITLE:Eb/N0}}

In digital communication or data transmission,  (energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio) is a normalized signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) measure, also known as the "SNR per bit". It is especially useful when comparing the bit error rate (BER) performance of different digital modulation schemes without taking bandwidth into account.

As the description implies,  is the signal energy associated with each user data bit; it is equal to the signal power divided by the user bit rate (not the channel symbol rate). If signal power is in watts and bit rate is in bits per second,  is in units of joules (watt-seconds).  is the noise spectral density, the noise power in a 1 Hz bandwidth, measured in watts per hertz or joules.

These are the same units as  so the ratio  is dimensionless; it is frequently expressed in decibels.  directly indicates the power efficiency of the system without regard to modulation type, error correction coding or signal bandwidth (including any use of spread spectrum). This also avoids any confusion as to which of several definitions of "bandwidth" to apply to the signal.

But when the signal bandwidth is well defined,  is also equal to the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in that bandwidth divided by the "gross" link spectral efficiency in bit/s⋅Hz, where the bits in this context again refer to user data bits, irrespective of error correction information and modulation type.

 must be used with care on interference-limited channels since additive white noise (with constant noise density ) is assumed, and interference is not always noise-like. In spread spectrum systems (e.g., CDMA), the interference is sufficiently noise-like that it can be represented as  and added to the thermal noise  to produce the overall ratio .

Relation to carrier-to-noise ratio

 is closely related to the carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR or ), i.e. the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the received signal, after the receiver filter but before detection:

where is the channel data rate (net bit rate) and is the channel bandwidth.

The equivalent expression in logarithmic form (dB):

Caution: Sometimes, the noise power is denoted by  when negative frequencies and complex-valued equivalent baseband signals are considered rather than passband signals, and in that case, there will be a 3 dB difference.

Relation to Es/N0
 can be seen as a normalized measure of the energy per symbol to noise power spectral density ():

where  is the energy per symbol in joules and  is the nominal spectral efficiency in (bits/s)/Hz.  is also commonly used in the analysis of digital modulation schemes. The two quotients are related to each other according to the following:

where  is the number of alternative modulation symbols, e.g.  for QPSK and  for 8PSK.

This is the energy per bit, not the energy per information bit.

 can further be expressed as:

where is the carrier-to-noise ratio or signal-to-noise ratio, is the channel bandwidth in hertz, and is the symbol rate in baud or symbols per second.

Shannon limit

The Shannon–Hartley theorem says that the limit of reliable information rate (data rate exclusive of error-correcting codes) of a channel depends on bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio according to:

where is the information rate in bits per second excluding error-correcting codes, is the bandwidth of the channel in hertz, is the total signal power (equivalent to the carrier power ), and is the total noise power in the bandwidth.

This equation can be used to establish a bound on  for any system that achieves reliable communication, by considering a gross bit rate  equal to the net bit rate  and therefore an average energy per bit of , with noise spectral density of . For this calculation, it is conventional to define a normalized rate , a bandwidth utilization parameter of bits per second per half hertz, or bits per dimension (a signal of bandwidth  can be encoded with  dimensions, according to the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem).  Making appropriate substitutions, the Shannon limit is:

Which can be solved to get the Shannon-limit bound on :

When the data rate is small compared to the bandwidth, so that  is near zero, the bound, sometimes called the ultimate Shannon limit, is:

which corresponds to −1.59dB.

This often-quoted limit of −1.59 dB applies only to the theoretical case of infinite bandwidth. The Shannon limit for finite-bandwidth signals is always higher.

Cutoff rate

For any given system of coding and decoding, there exists what is known as a cutoff rate , typically corresponding to an  about 2 dB above the Shannon capacity limit. The cutoff rate used to be thought of as the limit on practical error correction codes without an unbounded increase in processing complexity, but has been rendered largely obsolete by the more recent discovery of turbo codes and low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes.

References

External links
  Explained. An introductory article on

Noise (electronics)
Signal processing
Engineering ratios

Eb/N0


Li Choh-ming (李卓敏, 1912 – 1991) was a Chinese-born American economist and educator.  He was the founding Vice-Chancellor of the Chinese University of Hong Kong in 1963. He compiled The Li Chinese Dictionary (Cantonese-Mandarin). He was an economics professor at the University of California, Berkeley and at Nankai University in Tiensien during his academic career.

Career

Born in Canton, China in 1912 to Kanchi and Mewshing Li,  Choh-Ming Li was the third child and the eldest son in a family of 11 children.  He graduated from Puiying High School in Canton before heading off to the U.S. at the University of California, Berkeley where he earned his B.S. in commerce (1932), M.A. (1933) and Ph.D. in economics (1936).  Eventually, three of his brothers Choh-Hao, Choh-Hsien, Choh-Luh and a sister, Djoh-i, came from China to study various sciences at U.C. Berkeley.

Li returned to China to teach economics at Nankai University in Tiensien in 1937. From 1938-1943, Li taught at the National Southwest Associated University (Lianda) when the top three universities in China (Tsinghua, Peking, Nankai) consolidated into one,  moving to Kunming and Chungking as the Sino-Japanese war broke.  Li was among the key economists to bring Western economic ideas into China, both in teaching and serving as China's representative at various international missions. In 1945-47 Li was named Deputy Director-General of the Chinese National Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (CNRRA)in Shanghai, to work with the United Nations (UNRRA) in managing the postwar relief and recovery effort in China. As the war ended, Li became China's permanent delegate to the United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE) in 1948-49 and Chairman of the Board of Trustees for Rehabilitation Affairs (BOTRA) 1949-50 to help reconstruct China with long-term economic development.

In 1951 Li immigrated to the U.S. where he began as a lecturer in economics, becoming professor of business administration in 1958, and Chairman of the Center for Chinese Studies (1961) at his alma mater, the University of California-Berkeley.  Upon becoming a U.S. citizen, Li was able to bring his wife Sylvia and family of 2 sons, Winston and Tony, and a daughter Jeannie, to the U.S. from Hong Kong in 1955.

Writing

His scholarly contributions focused on the economic system of Communist China and its performance. His books, the Economic Development of Communist China (1959) and The Statistical System of Communist China (1962) were seminal works before China sealed itself off from outsiders.  Li's continuous study of social and economic problems of China helped establish UC-Berkeley as a center for scholarly research on China.  His expertise in international trade and economics helped establish international business in the School of Business Administration curricula.

In 1963 the Government of Hong Kong appointed Choh-Ming Li to head the Chinese University of Hong Kong. With government backing of the U.K. and the U.S., the Board of Regents of the University of California granted him an unprecedented 10-year leave of absence to form and establish the new university. As head, Li was named Vice-Chancellor of the university (in the British tradition, the Governor of Hong Kong was the Chancellor of all Hong Kong colleges and universities).  The new university was founded with the motto "to combine tradition and modernity and to bring together China and the West" by adding the Chinese dimension or data into every academic discipline. From the beginning, English, Cantonese, and Mandarin were the languages of instruction. Student and faculty exchanges with the U.S., the U.K., and other countries were established.  He wrote and oversaw The CUHK publications on the formation and development of the university: The First Six Years 1963-69 (1971), The Emerging University (1975), and A New Era Begins (1979). Li retired from The CUHK in 1978. Li was Professor Emeritus at Berkeley in 1973. Throughout his tenure at The CUHK, Li personally compiled and developed a pictophonetic Cantonese-Mandarin dictionary.  He called his new system of codifying Chinese characters the Fan System. The Li Chinese Dictionary (李氏中文字典, Li shi zhong wen zi dian) was published and distributed in the West and in the People's Republic of China in 1981.

Choh-Ming Li received many honors from around the world. Among them were honorary knighthoods, the Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1967 and Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in 1973.  At The Chinese University of Hong Kong, the medical building is named after him and a life size statue of him sits at the Institute of Chinese Studies.  From the University of California, he received the Elise and Walter A. Haas International Award (1974) and the Clark Kerr Award (1979).

References

International Who's Who, 1999

The Gale Group, Contemporary Authors Online, "Choh-Ming Li" 2000

University of California, Berkeley, Haas School of Business 100 Years: Brief Centennial History 1898-1998, p. 23

Berkeley China Initiative video, "Center for Chinese Studies, UC Berkeley 50th Anniversary 1957-2007"

Balderston, Garbarino, Kerr, Votow, 1992 "Choh-Ming Li" University of California, In Memoriam

The Chinese University of Hong Kong Bulletin, Autumn-Winter 2004 "Immortalizing the Spirit of the Trailblazer: Statue of Founding Vice-Chancellor Dr. Choh-Ming Li", pp. 41–42

Trescott, Paul. Jingji Xue: History of the Introduction of Western Economic Ideas into China, 1850-1950. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2007.

1912 births
1991 deaths
People from Panyu District
Hong Kong economists
Academic staff of the National Southwestern Associated University
Vice-Chancellors of the Chinese University of Hong Kong
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Scientists from Guangdong
Educators from Guangdong
Writers from Guangzhou
20th-century Chinese economists
Economists from Guangdong
University of Nanking alumni
Chinese emigrants to the United States

Li Choh-ming


The 2006 Cincinnati Masters (also known as the Western & Southern Financial Group Masters and Western & Southern Financial Group Women's Open for sponsorship reasons) was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 105th edition of the Cincinnati Masters, and was part of the ATP Masters Series of the 2006 ATP Tour, and of the Tier III Series of the 2006 WTA Tour. Both the men's and the women's events took place at the Lindner Family Tennis Center in Mason, near Cincinnati, Ohio, United States, with the men playing from August 14 through August 21, 2006, and the women from July 17 through July 23, 2006.

The men's singles were led by World No. 1, Australian Open and Wimbledon and 2006 U.S. Open champion, and 6-times Masters Series finalist in 2006, Roger Federer, French Open winner Rafael Nadal, and ATP No. 3. Other players competing included Nikolay Davydenko, David Nalbandian, Andy Murray and home favourites Andy Roddick and James Blake.

Finals

Men's singles

 Andy Roddick defeated  Juan Carlos Ferrero 6–3, 6–4
It was only Andy Roddick's 1st title of the year, but his 21st overall. It was his 1st Masters title of the year, his 4th overall, and his 2nd win at the event, after 2003.

Women's singles

 Vera Zvonareva defeated  Katarina Srebotnik 6–2, 6–4
It was Vera Zvonareva's 3rd title of the year, and her 8th overall.

Men's doubles

 Jonas Björkman /  Max Mirnyi defeated  Bob Bryan /  Mike Bryan 3–6, 6–3, [10–7]

Women's doubles

 Maria Elena Camerin /  Gisela Dulko defeated  Marta Domachowska /  Sania Mirza 6–4, 3–6, 6–2

External links

 Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) tournament profile
 Men's Singles draw
 Men's Doubles draw
 Women's Singles, Doubles and Qualifying draws

Western and Southern Financial Group Masters
Western and Southern Financial Group Women's Open
Cincinnati Open
Cincinnati Masters
Western and Southern Financial Group Masters

2006 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters


A bicycle sharing system is in place all around the world and is very popular. It is an easy way to reduce emissions as bikes are sustainable and safe. You can find these bikes at a dock and return the dock of the same brand.

These bikes may be free of charge or have a small fee that increases however long the bike is away from a dock.

Cycling
Transport infrastructure

Bicycle-sharing system


Appledore Island (formerly known as Hog Island) is the largest of the Isles of Shoals located about seven miles off the Maine coast. It is part of the Town of Kittery, in York County.

History
Appledore Island was originally settled by Europeans in the colonial era, when the ease of transport by water made farming on island economically efficient.  A church was established in 1640. Near 1700, the entire settlement on this island moved to Star Island in New Hampshire to escape taxes imposed by Massachusetts (of which Maine was then a province).

The heyday of the island was the artists salon that thrived there in the late 19th century, before the advent of artists' colonies as we know them today. Celia Thaxter reigned over an impressive group of friends who were also the leading artists, musicians, and writers of the day. These included Edward MacDowell and his wife; American pianist William Mason, son of Lowell Mason, who played the grand piano in her salon daily; and John Knowles Paine, America's first serious composer of note. Childe Hassam painted Celia's magnificent garden in a style similar to Monet's Giverny paintings. This rarefied atmosphere ended with Thaxter's death in 1894. The hotel burned in 1914, bringing down the final curtain on this heyday in American arts. A charming small original daybook from this time period was re-published in part, in 1992, titled The Isles of Shoals Remembered, by Caleb Mason.

The island is home to Shoals Marine Laboratory, run cooperatively by Cornell University and the University of New Hampshire since the early 1970s. Appledore Island is owned predominantly by the Star Island Corporation.

The most prominent feature on the island is a World War II concrete observation tower built to hold a radar installation. The dome intended to hold the radar no longer exists, and the radar unit was never installed.

Geology
The maximum elevation of Appledore is approximately 80 feet above sea level. The majority of the island has a metamorphic makeup, with gneiss being the most prevalent. The formation of the island is thought to be characterized by five major geological events: namely, formation of the Rye Complex of Maine and New Hampshire, intrusion of diorites, Acadian orogeny, diabase dikes, and glaciation.

Evidence of these events can be seen in glacial scarps, evidence of abrasion, presence of dikes, glacial plucking, and more. For example, glacial plucking contributed to the whaleback shape of the island which is resultant of rock drumlin cliff faces.

See also

 List of islands of Maine

References

External links

 Shoals Marine Laboratory

Islands of York County, Maine
Kittery, Maine
Islands of Maine
Coastal islands of Maine

Appledore Island


Jean-Nicolas Bouilly (24 January 1763 – 14 April 1842) was a French playwright, librettist, children's writer, and politician of the French Revolution. He is best known for writing a libretto, supposedly based on a true story, about a woman who disguises herself as a man to rescue her husband from prison, which formed the basis of Beethoven's opera Fidelio as well as a number of other operas.

Life
Bouilly was born near Tours, and was briefly a lawyer for the Parlement de Paris. At the outbreak of the Revolution he held office under the new government and was head of the military commission in Tours during the Reign of Terror.

In 1795, he served as a member of the Committee of Public Instruction having a considerable share in the organization of primary education, but retired from public life four years later in order to devote himself to literature. Bouilly died in Paris.

Works
Theatre
1790: Pierre le Grand, comedy in 4 acts  and in prose,mingled with  singing, music by André Grétry, Comédie Italienne, 13 January
1790: Jean-Jacques Rousseau à ses derniers moments, historical trait in 1 act and in prose, Comédie Italienne, 31 December read online
1798: Léonore, ou L'amour conjugal, historical fact in 2 acts and in prose mingled with songs, music by Pierre Gaveaux, created at the Théâtre Feydeau 19 February Read online The play formed the basis for the libretto which Ludwig van Beethoven used for the opera Fidelio; it was also set by Pierre Gaveaux as Léonore, ou L'amour conjugal (1798), by Ferdinando Paer as Leonora (1804), and by Simon Mayr as L'amor coniugale (1805).
1797: La Mort de Turenne, historical and military play with extravaganza, in 3 acts, mingled with pantomimes, fights and evolutions, with Jean-Guillaume-Antoine Cuvelier, Théâtre de la Cité, 11 June
1796: René Descartes, historical trait in 2 acts and in prose, Théâtre-Français, 20 September Read online
1796: La Famille américaine, comedy in 1 act and in prose, mingled with songs, music by Nicolas Dalayrac, Comédie Italienne, 17 February
1799: Le Tombeau de Turenne, ou l'Armée du Rhin à Saspach, historical fact in 1 act, mingled with vaudevilles, pantomimes, dances and military evolutions, with Jean-Guillaume-Antoine Cuvelier and Hector Chaussier, Palais des Variétés, 8 January
1799: L'Abbé de L'Épée, historical comedy in 5 acts and in prose, Théâtre-Français, 14 December Read online
1800: Les Deux Journées, comédie lyrique in 3 acts, music by Luigi Cherubini, Théâtre of the Opéra-Comique, 15 January
1800: Zoé, ou la Pauvre Petite, opera in 1 act, music by Charles-Henri Plantade, Théâtre de l'Opéra-Comique, 3 July
1800: Téniers, comedy in 1 act and in prose, mingled with vaudevilles, with Joseph Pain, Théâtre du Vaudeville, 18 October
1800: Florian, comedy in 1 act, in prose, mingled with vaudevilles, with Joseph-Marie Pain, Théâtre du Vaudeville, 18 December
1801: Berquin, ou l'Ami des enfants, comedy in 1 act, on prose, mingled with vaudevilles, with Joseph-Marie Pain, Théâtre du Vaudeville, 7 December Read online
1802: Une Folie, comedy in 2 acts, mingled with songs, music by Étienne-Nicolas Méhul, Théâtre de l'Opéra-Comique, 4 April
1803: Fanchon la vielleuse, comedy in 3 acts, mingled with vaudevilles, with Joseph-Marie Pain, Théâtre du Vaudeville, 16 January Read online
1803: Héléna, opera in 3 acts, music by Étienne-Nicolas Méhul, Théâtre de l'Opéra-Comique, 1 March
1804: Le Désastre de Lisbonne, heroical drama in 3 acts, in prose, mingled with dance and pantomime, music by Alexandre Piccini, Théâtre de la Porte-Saint-Martin, 24 November Read online
1805: L'Intrigue aux fenêtres, opera bouffon in 1 act, with Emmanuel Dupaty, music by Nicolas Isouard, Théâtre de l'Opéra-Comique, 25 February Read online
1805: Madame de Sévigné, comedy in 3 acts and in prose, Théâtre-Français, 6 June Read online
1806: Les Français dans le Tyrol, historical fact, in 1 act and in prose, Théâtre-Français, 1 February
1806: Agnès Sorel, comedy in 3 acts mingled with vaudevilles, with Emmanuel Dupaty, Théâtre du Vaudeville, 9 April
1808: Haine aux femmes, comedy in 1 act, mingled with vaudevilles, Théâtre du Vaudeville, 23 February
1809: Françoise de Foix, opera comique in 3 acts, with Emmanuel Dupaty, music by Henri Montan Berton, Théâtre de l'Opéra-Comique, 28 January
1809: Le Petit courrier, ou Commé les femmes se vengent, comedy in 2 acts, in prose, mingled with vaudevilles, with Charles-François-Jean-Baptiste Moreau de Commagny, Théâtre du Vaudeville, 20 April
1810: La Vieillesse de Piron, comedy in 1 act, in prose, mingled with vaudevilles, with Joseph-Marie Pain, Théâtre du Vaudeville, 9 April
1811: La Belle au bois dormant, féerie-vaudeville in 2 acts, with Théophile Marion Dumersan, Théâtre du Vaudeville, 20 February
1812: Robert le diable, comedy in 2 acts, mingled with vaudevilles, with Théophile Marion Dumersan, Théâtre du Vaudeville, 31 December
1813: Le Séjour militaire, opera comique in 1 act, music by Auber, Théâtre de l'Opéra-Comique, 27 February
1817: Le Prince en goguette, ou la Faute et la leçon, comedy in 2 acts and in prose, mingled with couplets, music by Marc-Antoine Désaugiers, Théâtre du Vaudeville, 21 April
1818: Les Jeux floraux, opera in 3 acts, music by Léopold Aimon, Académie royale de musique, 16 November
1822: Valentine de Milan, drame lyrique in 3 acts, posthumous music by Étienne-Nicolas Méhul, score completed by Joseph Daussoigne, Théâtre de l'Opéra-Comique, 28 November
1829: Les Deux Nuits, opera comique in 3 acts, with Eugène Scribe, music by François Adrien Boieldieu, Théâtre de l'Opéra-Comique, 20 May
1832: Le Bandeau, comédie en vaudeville in 1 act, with Louis-Émile Vanderburch, Théâtre du Gymnase-Dramatique, 21 May
1833: Guido Reni, ou les Artistes, drama in 5 acts, with Antony Béraud, Comédie-Française, 6 February
Tales
1807: Causeries d'un vieillard,
1819: Contes à ma fille,
1811: Conseils à ma fille Read online
1817: Les Jeunes Femmes, 2 vol.
1817: Annales de la jeunesse, with M. et Mme Hyacinthe Azaïs, by Rougemont and Lefebvre,
1817: Les Encouragements de la jeunesse read online
1823: Les Mères de famille, 2 vol.
1824–1825: Contes offerts aux enfants de France, 2 vol.,
1827: Contes à mes petites amies, ou Trois Mois en Touraine, 1827 Texte en ligne
1829–1831 Le Portefeuille de la jeunesse, ou la Morale et l'histoire enseignées par des exemples, précédé d'un discours sur l'ensemble de l'ouvrage, 20 vol.,
1830: Contes populaires, read online
1835: Les Adieux du vieux conteur,
1836: Alfred et Nathalie, ou les Coupables supposés,
1838: Nouvelles Causeries d'un vieillard,
1846: La Discrétion,
1846: Petits Contes d'une mère à ses enfants,
1877: Nouveaux conseils à ma fille, Read online
1883: Contes moraux pour les jeunes élèves, read on line
1884: Geneviève et Marcelin, ou les Jumeaux de la Beauce. La Charrette à bras, Read online
1884: Le Dévouement filial, ou la Chanteuse volée, Read online
1885: La Petite Gouvernante, suivie d'autres épisodes, Read online
1886: Causeries pour la jeunesse, read online
1886: Causeries et nouvelles causeries, Read online
Varia
1836–1837: Mes Récapitulations, 3 vol.,
1837: Explication des douze écussons qui représentent les emblèmes et les symboles des douze grades philosophiques du rite écossais dit ancien et accepté, par l'ill.* F.* Bouilly,
1838: Nouvelles Récapitulations,
1842: Soixante ans du Théâtre-Français, par un amateur, né en 1769,
undated: Le Vieux Glaneur, ou de Tout un peu, poems.

In 1836 he published an autobiography.

Quote
"Whatever we possess becomes of double value when we have the opportunity of sharing it with others."

References

External links

 Bouilly article on the CÉSAR site

1763 births
1842 deaths
People from Joué-lès-Tours
18th-century French dramatists and playwrights
18th-century French male writers
19th-century French dramatists and playwrights
Writers from Centre-Val de Loire
French children's writers
French male non-fiction writers
French male short story writers
19th-century French politicians
French opera librettists
French short story writers
People of the French Revolution
19th-century French memoirists

Jean-Nicolas Bouilly


Johann Peter Kellner (variants: Keller, Kelner) (28 September 1705 – 19 April 1772) was a German organist and composer. He was the father of Johann Christoph Kellner.

Biography
He was born in Gräfenroda, Thuringia, and was intended by his parents to follow his father into a career as a lamp-black merchant. He was devoted to music from childhood, and first learnt singing from the cantor Johann Peter Nagel and keyboard from his son Johann Heinrich Nagel. He studied for a year from 1720 with the organist Johann Schmidt in Zella, followed by a year with the organist Hieronymus Florentius Quehl (or Kehl) in Suhl, during which time he also studied composition. He knew Johann Sebastian Bach well, although it is not known whether he was taught by him. He was also acquainted with George Frideric Handel. In 1722, he returned to work as a tutor at Gräfenroda for three years. He was appointed cantor of Frankenhain in October 1725, returning to Gräfenroda in December 1727 as assistant cantor. He became cantor after Nagel's death in 1732, and remained in the post for the rest of his life; his pupils included Johann Philipp Kirnberger, Johannes Ringk, and J.E. Rembt. Kellner was admired as an organist, and performed for the Dukes of Coburg and Weimar and the Prince of Sondershausen.

He played an important role in the dissemination of music by Johann Sebastian Bach, through the many manuscript copies made by him and his circle, particularly of keyboard and organ works, and very importantly the six cello suites. These are the earliest or only source of many works, and provide information on their chronology, compositional history, and authenticity. Russell Stinson has determined that the three movement trio sonata for organ BWV 1039a/BWV 1027a was not made by Bach, but almost certainly a transcription made by Kellner of the first two movements of Bach's Sonata in G major for two flutes and continuo, BWV 1039, and the fourth movement of Bach's Sonata in G major for viola da gamba and harpsichord, BWV 1027.

Compositions
His keyboard music is in typical galant style, though also shows influences of Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier.

Published in Arnstadt.

Organ
Fugue in D minor, BWV Anh. 180
Prelude and Fugue in D minor
2 trios, D major, G major, in Die Orgel II/7 (Lippstadt, 1958)
Prelude in C major, in Orgelmusik um Johann Sebastian Bach (Wiesbaden, 1985)
2 fugues in C minor and D major
3 preludes in C major, C major, and G minor
2 preludes and fugues in G major
It has been suggested that Kellner composed the Toccata and Fugue in D minor, formerly attributed to J.S. Bach

Chorale settings
Herzlich tut mich verlangen, BWV Anh. 47 (Leipzig, 1907) on Herzlich tut mich verlangen
Was Gott tut, das ist wohlgetan (Leipzig, 1907) on "Was Gott tut, das ist wohlgetan"
Wer nur den lieben Gott lässt walten (Wiesbaden, 1985) on "Wer nur den lieben Gott lässt walten"
Lobt Gott, ihr Christen, allzugleich
Nun danket alle Gott, on "Nun danket alle Gott"
Allein Gott in der Höh sei Ehr on "Allein Gott in der Höh sei Ehr"

Keyboard
Certamen musicum, bestehend aus Präludien, Fugen, Allemanden, Couranten, Sarabanden, Giguen, wie *auch Menuetten, 6 suites (1739–1749)
3 Sonates (1752)
Manipulus musices, oder Eine Hand voll kurzweiliger Zeitvertreib, 4 suites (1752–1756)
Concerto in F major (Leipzig, 1956)
2 fugues in A minor and C major
Menuet in A minor
3 preludes and fugues in A minor, C major, and G major
2 sonatas
12 Variationes

Vocal
36 church cantatas, in Stadt- und Universitätsbibliothek, Frankfurt
Annual cycle of church cantatas with organ, 1753 (lost)

Recordings
Only a few works by Kellner have been recorded so far and often they appear in collections of organ music devoted to a school of composers. The following is a list of websites with information about recordings of music by Johann Peter Kellner:

https://www.france-orgue.fr/disque/index.php?zpg=dsq.eng.rch&ior=c&oeu=J.%20P.%20KELLNER&com=Johann%20Peter%20KELLNER&zpaper=1
http://www.allmusic.com/performance/trio-for-organ-in-g-major-arrangement-possibly-by-kellner-bwv-1027a-mq0000942751
http://www.johann-peter-kellner.de/index.php?sub=musikliteratur&page=tontraeger

Notes

References

Further reading
His autobiography is in F.W. Marpurg: Historische-kritische Beyträge zur Aufnahme der Musik (Berlin, 1754–1778)
Gedenkschrift anlässlich der Johann-Peter-Kellner-Festwoche in Gräfenroda (Gräfenroda, 1955)
M. Fechner: Die Klavier- und Orgelwerke Johann Peter Kellners (Diplomarbeit, University of Leipzig, 1965)
H.J. Schulze: Bach-Dokumente III (Kassel and Leipzig, 1972)
Russell Stinson: The Bach Manuscripts of Johann Peter Kellner and his Circle: a Case Study in Reception History (Durham, North Carolina, 1989)
Russell Stinson: Keyboard Transcriptions from the Bach Circle, (Madison, Wisconsin, 1992)

External links

Johann-Peter-Kellner-Gesellschaft

1705 births
1772 deaths
German classical organists
German male organists
German male classical composers
German Baroque composers
German Classical-period composers
People from Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
Pupils of Johann Sebastian Bach
18th-century classical composers
18th-century male musicians
18th-century keyboardists
Male classical organists

Johann Peter Kellner


The word 'Tafsir' comes from the root word 'fassara', which means to expound or to explain. Therefore, Tafsir of Quran means the explanation or interpretations of the verses of Quran. The Tafsir of Quran is not something done by anyone with ordinary or common intellect and understanding of Islam, rather it is done by people after obtaining extensive knowledge about Islam and reading the history of Islam thoroughly. The objective of a Tafsir is to find out the true meanings of the verses of Quran, so that the audience could benefit from it and know the right and true message of Quran.

Quran is the word of Allah Almighty, therefore, in order to understand it in the true sense, a person has to sharpen his or her intellectual ability as well as increase the knowledge. When one is at a particular intellectual level, only then can he or she start understanding the true message, which Allah Almighty conveyed through words of Quran. Pertaining to the explanation of Quran for the understanding of general audience, different people have tried to write the Tafsir of Quran. Although Muslims recite Quran and try reading it with translation, however, the reading of Tafsir has its own importance. The lines below discuss what Tafsir is, why is it important and its different kinds.

Importance of Tafsir
There is a variety of reasons why Tafsir is important and people consult Tafsir when it comes to understanding of Quran. The few important reasons that make Tafsir important are as follows:

 Firstly, it tries to explain Quran so that the understanding of the reader about Quran and its message increases. Reading only the translation can give the literal meanings of the words of Quran, however, Tafsir comes with context in which a particular Ayah was revealed, hence giving a context to each and every word, which consequently means a better understanding of Quran and its verses. If you want to read Quran with its translation, you can enroll for the online Quran Translation course now and start knowing the verses with their meanings.
 Secondly, Tafsir is also important when it comes to driving out the laws of Islam from Quran. Verses of Quran come with instructions, and then there are the hadiths of Prophet that also gives instructions. Thus, Tafsir combines both and gives a complete and comprehendible set of instructions to the reader.
 Thirdly, when there is no science involved in the interpretation of Quran, then ambiguity and contradiction is surely to rise. When there is Tafsir of Quran available, that contains the scientific method of analysis of verses, the chances of ambiguity and conflict decrease. Hence, instead of ambiguous interpretations there are clear explanations.

Quran

Tafsir


is a Japanese manga series. It is written by Ryumon Ryo and drawn by Megumi Koji. It was first published in April 2007. The story is about a virus called "Bloody X" and a group of terrorists trying to kill everyone in the country. Third I, which is a special police force, and a teenaged hacker named Falcon try to stop these terrorists from destroying the country.

It has been turned into a television series. It began on 11 October 2008.

Manga

Bloody Monday (manga)


Ganesh Govind Bodas (1880–1965), also known as Ganpatrao Bodas (;), was an Indian stage actor known for performing Marathi plays.

Early life
Ganesh was born in Shevgaon village, Ahmadnagar district, India in 1880. His schooling was up to the secondary level. He grew interest in both music and acting. He was an amateur actor in school, but his official entry in theatre took place in 1895 when he joined the Kirloskar Natak Mandali.

Career
Though Bodas did not have proper training in classical music, he developed a very good musical sensibility when G. B. Deval coached him for minor female roles in the Mandali's plays such as Kirloskar's Sanbhadra, Deval's Samshaykallol, S. K. Kolhatkar's Mukanayak (as Speechless Protagonist) in 1901, and Khadilkar's Manapaman (Honour and Dishonour) in 1911. He was given the lead in these productions. He did a wide variety of roles, mythological to social and serious to comic. Along with Govindrao Tembe, he helped Bal Gandharva to form the Gandharva Natak Mandali in 1913. His characterizations included the farcical Phalgunrao in Samshaykallol, Krishna in Khadilkar's Sivayamvar (Choice of Groom) in 1916, and the alcoholic Sudhakar in Gadkari's Ekach pyala (Just One Glass) in 1919. After the Mandali disintegrated, he acted with many other companies, such as the Yashwant Sangeet Natak Mandali, until 1956. He popularized the "night" system in Marathi theatre whereby actors got paid by the number of nights they performed. His autobiography, Majhi bhumika (My Role) came out in 1940.

Bodas died in 1965 at the age of 85.

References

1880 births
1965 deaths
Male actors from Maharashtra
Male actors in Marathi theatre
Indian male stage actors
Indian male musical theatre actors
Indian autobiographers
19th-century Indian male actors
20th-century Indian male actors
20th-century Indian male singers
20th-century Indian singers
Male actors from British India
Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award

Ganesh Bodas


The 9th Reserve Division (9. Reserve-Division) was a unit of the Imperial German Army, in World War I. The division was formed on the mobilization of the German Army in August 1914. The division was disbanded during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I. The division was a reserve division of the V Reserve Corps and was raised primarily in the Province of Posen and the Province of West Prussia.

Combat chronicle

The 9th Reserve Division began the war on the Western Front. It was part of the Fifth Army and pursued the Allies during the Great Retreat to the Woëvre region. It then participated in the Race to the Sea, seeing action in Flanders. It returned to the Woëvre region in December 1914, where it remained until early 1916. In 1916, it fought in the Battle of Verdun until June, and then went to the Champagne region to recover. It then saw action in the later phases of the Battle of the Somme. It remained in the Somme region and fought in the Battle of Arras in early 1917, the Battle of Passchendaele in Autumn 1917, and the tank battle at Cambrai in November 1917. In 1918, it saw action in the German spring offensive, including the Battle of Picardy. It remained in the line in the northern part of the Western Front until war's end. Allied intelligence noted that the division fought well in the battles of 1917, and rated the division as second class in 1918.

Order of battle on mobilization

The order of battle of the 9th Reserve Division on mobilization was as follows:

17.Reserve-Infanterie-Brigade
Reserve-Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 6
Reserve-Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 7
19.Reserve-Infanterie-Brigade
Reserve-Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 19
Reserve-Jäger-Bataillon Nr. 5
Reserve-Dragoner-Regiment Nr. 3
Reserve-Feldartillerie-Regiment Nr. 9
4.Kompanie/Niederschlesisches Pionier-Bataillon Nr. 5

Order of battle on March 28, 1918

The 9th Reserve Division was triangularized in March 1915 and reorganized again during the Battle of Verdun in April 1916. Over the course of the war, other changes took place, including the formation of the artillery and signals commands. The order of battle on February 25, 1918, was as follows:

18. Reserve-Infanterie-Brigade
Reserve-Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 6
Reserve-Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 19
Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 395
3.Eskadron/Reserve-Dragoner-Regiment Nr. 3
Artillerie-Kommandeur 97
Reserve-Feldartillerie-Regiment Nr. 9
Fußartillerie-Bataillon Nr. 29
Stab Pionier-Bataillon Nr. 309
4.Kompanie/Niederschlesisches Pionier-Bataillon Nr. 5
1. Reserve-Kompanie/Samländisches (Festungs-)Pionier-Bataillon Nr. 18
Minenwerfer-Kompanie Nr. 209
Divisions-Nachrichten-Kommandeur 409

References
 9. Reserve-Division (Chronik 1914/1918) - Der erste Weltkrieg
 Hermann Cron et al., Ruhmeshalle unserer alten Armee (Berlin, 1935)
 Hermann Cron, Geschichte des deutschen Heeres im Weltkriege 1914-1918 (Berlin, 1937)
 Günter Wegner, Stellenbesetzung der deutschen Heere 1815-1939. (Biblio Verlag, Osnabrück, 1993), Bd. 1
 Histories of Two Hundred and Fifty-One Divisions of the German Army which Participated in the War (1914-1918), compiled from records of Intelligence section of the General Staff, American Expeditionary Forces, at General Headquarters, Chaumont, France 1919 (1920)

Notes

Infantry divisions of Germany in World War I
Military units and formations established in 1914
Military units and formations disestablished in 1919
1914 establishments in Germany

9th Reserve Division (German Empire)


How to Rob a Bank (and 10 Tips to Actually Get Away with It) is an American independent crime comedy film. It finished filming in March 2006. It premiered at the 2007 Los Angeles Film Festival, and opened in limited release in the United States on February 8, 2008. The film is about a man who gets caught in the middle of a bank robbery, ending up in the vault with one of the robbers he then treats as a hostage. After grossing $1,006 in the domestic market, the film was released on DVD on September 2, 2008. The film makes many references to the famous British pop band Duran Duran.

Plot
As he tries to access an ATM to retrieve his last twenty bucks, Jason "JINX" Taylor runs into a snag – the transaction fee will overdraw him, and he cannot get his money out of the bank. Jinx fumes about this and other hidden charges which complicate his life…as we realize that he is locked in a bank vault…with the beautiful but tied-up Jessica her apparently a hostage. Jessica is kept gagged with tape on her mouth. But, as Jinx rails against corporations and how they stack the deck, we realize that the situation is very different from what it appears: in fact, it is Jessica, not Jinx, who is robbing the bank. She is aligned with Simon, who leads an armed team inside the branch. However, Jinx's entry into the scenario upsets the heist, leading him and Jessica to be inadvertently locked inside the vault. In addition, Jinx has called the cops, who, led by Officer DeGepse have surrounded the bank. Jinx makes contact with Simon by cell phone, and the situation becomes clearer, as he realizes Jessica has access to a special inside-the-vault computer and its codes…she and only she can open the vault door. Simon becomes increasingly upset when he is unable to strong-talk Jinx into getting the vault open (so the robbers can clear out the safe deposit boxes). And DeGepse is equally frustrated by the standoff, particularly when it is Jinx, not he, who seems to gain control over the situation.

As things progress, Jinx realizes that he and Jessica actually think very much alike – they both feel used – and this new kinship leads them to plot an escape. A call comes in from Nick, the true mastermind of the robbery, and Jinx and Jessica realize that Nick needs them to issue a PIN for him to access funds which have been skimmed (from fees, of course) over the course of years. With Simon increasingly unstable, Jinx is able to manipulate both him and DeGepse while also making a deal with Nick to provide a PIN (controlled by Jinx and Jessica) to go with Nick's account information. Jinx manages to talk both cops and robbers into letting Jessica and him out, as freed hostages, and in the ensuing chaos, they slip away, to meet Nick and escape with their cut of the cash…

Cast
 Nick Stahl as Jason Taylor, or Jinx, The Innocent Civilian.
 Erika Christensen as Jessica, The Hostage.
 Gavin Rossdale as Simon, The Leader of the Bank Robbers and the main antagonist of the film.
 Terry Crews as Officer DeGepse, in charge of the negotiations.
 Leo Fitzpatrick as Gunman, a henchman.
 Adriano Aragon as Officer Linstrom, DeGepse's partner.
 David Carradine as Nick, the mastermind and main villain of the film.

References

External links

2007 films
2000s crime comedy films
2000s heist films
2007 independent films
American crime comedy films
American heist films
American independent films
Films about bank robbery
IFC Films films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
English-language crime comedy films

How to Rob a Bank


Fred Drake (January 28, 1958 – June 20, 2002) was an American musician best known as a founding member of earthlings?. Drake is also renowned for having been co-owner (along with Dave Catching) of Rancho De La Luna, the setting for the collaborative musical project The Desert Sessions, in which he took part.

Drake recorded with a wide variety of musicians including; Daniel Lanois, Josh Homme, Queens of the Stone Age, Victoria Williams, Dave Grohl, Ted Quinn, Pete Stahl, Wool, Dean Ween and many others.

Fred released three solo works: Sky Party, Twice Shy and Shy Party.

He is credited with influencing the "desert sound" which has great depth and direction, taking advantage of stereo and quadraphonic effects as well as 32 track digital recording. Drake lived in Joshua Tree, California, Hollywood, Texas, and London.  He died of cancer in 2002.

Partial discography
Twice Shy (2001)
The Sky Party (2004)

References

American rock musicians
American LGBT musicians
2002 deaths
1958 births
Deaths from lung cancer
20th-century American musicians
People from Joshua Tree, California
Earthlings? members
20th-century American LGBT people

Fred Drake