George (Georges) Minne (born Georgius Joannes Leonardus Minne; 30 August 1866 – 18 February 1941) was a Belgian artist and sculptor famous for his idealized depictions of man's inner spiritual conflicts, including the "Kneeling Youth" sculpture series. A contemporary of Gustav Klimt and Egon Schiele, Minne's work shows many similarities in both form and subject matter to the Viennese Secessionists, the fathers of Art Nouveau.

Life
He was born in Ghent, Belgium as the son of an architect (Fredericus Augustus Minne). In 1879, Minne studied painting at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Ghent, then in the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels from 1885 through 1889.  In 1891 he was elected a member of the arts group Les XX. He had made his first visit to Paris in 1886 where he met the writers Maurice Maeterlinck and Gregore Le Roy, who introduced him to the French Symbolists. Minne returned to Paris in 1890 and asked Auguste Rodin for permission to work in his studio, Rodin told him, "I have nothing to teach you."

In 1892, Minne married Josephine Destanberg, the daughter of a Ghent poet. He then spent most of his time drawing and sculpting. He established his own bronze foundry in 1910–14, in Ghent, which was managed by his son. During World War I he fled to Wales, but returned after the war, and taught drawing.

Works

His most famous works are the "Kneeling Youth" series of sculptures, including "The Small Relic Bearer" and "The Fountain of Kneeling Youths", a bronze-cast fountain in his home town of Ghent (the Marble originals are at the Folkwang Museum in Essen, Germany), as well as various smaller sculptures in private and museum holdings, such as the pair of "Kneeling Youths" at the Neue Galerie New York and the plaster of "Kneeling Youth" (1898) acquired in 2011 by the National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne.

The Neue Galerie's "Kneeling Youth" sculptures were previously owned by Adele Bloch-Bauer and her husband Ferdinand Bloch-Bauer, a wealthy industrialist. The sculptures were confiscated by the Nazis, and only through extensive restitution efforts were they returned to Bloch-Bauer's niece Maria Altmann, and eventually acquired by the museum.

For the Basilica of Koekelberg Minne made the sculpture of the Sacred Heart for the altar in the apse. He also made the bronze Calvary placed outside the basilica.

Honours
 1931 : Created baron by Royal Order of 25 April.
 1934 : Grand officer in the Order of the Crown.
 Member of the Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium

References

Further reading
Kultermann, Udo. "The Fountain of Youth: The Folkwang Fountain by George Minne," Konsthistorik Tidskrift 46:2 (1977):144-152.
van Puyvelde, Leo. George Minne, Brussels: Editions des Cahiers de Belgique, 1930.

External links
 Minne at the Getty Museum
 Neue Galerie
 Basilica of Koekelberg
 National Gallery of Victoria

1941 deaths
1866 births
Members of the Royal Academy of Belgium
Grand Officers of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
Barons of Belgium
Art Nouveau sculptors
Nobility from Ghent
20th-century Belgian sculptors
19th-century Belgian sculptors
19th-century Belgian male artists
Academic staff of the Royal Academy of Fine Arts (Ghent)
Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts alumni
Royal Academy of Fine Arts (Ghent) alumni
20th-century Belgian male artists

George Minne


Sir Henry Haydn Jones (27 December 1863 – 2 July 1950) was a Welsh Liberal Party politician.

Upbringing
Henry (sometimes known as "Harry") Haydn Jones was born in Ruthin, Wales. He was the son of Joseph David Jones (1827–70), a schoolmaster in the town and a respected Welsh musician and composer. After the early death of his father, Haydn Jones was brought up by uncles at Towyn (now called Tywyn) where he was educated at the Board School & Academy. In 1903 he married Barbara Annie Gwendolen Davies Jones, daughter of Lewis D. Jones, who was Welsh-born and the original agent for Price Waterhouse & Co. in the U.S.

Politics
In 1889, Haydn Jones was elected as one of the first members of Merionethshire County Council, representing the Towyn Urban District. A year later he was the chair of the council. He was eventually elected an Alderman. Jones continued to rise in the political world being elected as the MP for Merioneth at the January 1910 general election. He continued to serve in this role until 1945 general election, when aged 81. He was knighted in 1937.

Business
In 1909, the Bryn Eglwys slate quarry, the Abergynolwyn estate and village and Talyllyn Railway came up for sale. Aware of the distress which would be caused by permanent closure of the quarry Sir Haydn bought the lot himself in 1911 for £5250, and became the sole owner of what became the Abergynolwyn Slate and Slab Company. In 1935 he extended his quarry ownership, leasing the Aberllefenni Slate Quarry in the neighbouring Corris district.

The quarrying and slate business did well until the early 1920s when demand fell and the Bryn Eglwys quarry was only kept open by pillaring the easy to obtain slate rather than by digging out new underground chambers. At times there was a three-day week, but the quarry soldiered on until 1941 when Sir Haydn's lease expired. He continued on a yearly lease until 1946 when a roof fall caused by the continued pillaring closed the quarry for good.

Talyllyn Railway

By buying Bryn Eglwys, Haydn Jones had become effectively owner of the Talyllyn Railway built to carry slate from the quarry to Tywyn. After the quarry collapse and closure in 1946, the railway had little reason to continue operating. Haydn Jones declared that the railway would remain open while he remained alive and it continued to run until 1950.  After his death, his widow reached an arrangement with L. T. C. Rolt and his associates allowing them to lease the railway, which continues operating to this day.

One of the Talyllyn locomotives, ex-Corris Railway No.3, was named Sir Haydn after him in 1951. This was more appropriate than was known at the time, as Sir Haydn's strong support of the Corris Railway during his time as lessee of Aberllefenni Quarry was instrumental in the railway continuing to operate throughout World War Two and the locomotive therefore avoiding the wartime scrap drive.

It is in his role as owner of the Talyllyn Railway that Sir Haydn Jones became a figure known, albeit not by name, to many small children. One of the early railway preservation people who joined Rolt was the Rev. W.V. Awdry, and in the form of the owner of the Skarloey Railway, Sir Haydn was immortalised in his books as Sir Handel Brown. As in real life, loco No.3 on the Skarloey Railway was named after him as Sir Handel.

Papers and legacy

The papers of Sir Henry Haydn Jones are archived at the National Library of Wales, donated by his widow in 1995. Sir Henry Haydn Jones succeeded (barely) in keeping his promise that the railway would outlive him. After the railway was revived by L. T. C. Rolt and others it prospered and became a major Welsh tourist attraction and flagship to the infant Heritage railway movement. Quarrying at Aberllefenni finished in 2003, although in 2019, slate is still processed at the mill there.

References

Sources
 ;
 ;
 ;
Who was Who, OUP 2007

External links

 Sir Haydn Jones Papers at the National Library of Wales

1863 births
1950 deaths
People from Ruthin
Councillors in Wales
Knights Bachelor
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for Welsh constituencies
Talyllyn Railway
UK MPs 1910
UK MPs 1910–1918
UK MPs 1918–1922
UK MPs 1922–1923
UK MPs 1923–1924
UK MPs 1924–1929
UK MPs 1929–1931
UK MPs 1931–1935
UK MPs 1935–1945
People from Tywyn
Liberal Party (UK) councillors

Henry Haydn Jones


The Battle of Ceber was a World War II battle took place overnight on 4–5 August 1944 in the village of Ceber in the Holy Cross Mountains (Świętokrzyskie). A battalion of Polish partisans of the Home Army's 2nd Legions' Infantry Regiment led by Capt. Michał Mandziara (nom de guerre Siwy) assaulted a German garrison of the village, took it by surprise and annihilated it after a brief encounter. The battle was part of a larger Operation Tempest.

The Polish unit numbered 84 men (entire 3rd battalion of the 2nd Legions' Infantry Regiment) and was organised into two platoons led by second lieutenant Dionizy Mędrzycki (nom de guerre Reder) and second lieutenant Witold Józefowski (nom de guerre Miś). The Poles assaulted the German garrison overnight and from numerous directions. After a brief fight the enemy force was destroyed. The Poles acquired plenty of war materiel, including 22 machine guns, a gun repair shop, an infantry mortar with ammunition, an ambulance and plenty of supplies.

Polish losses were relatively small: only one soldier and one officer were wounded in action and died the following day. German losses were approximately 40 killed and 39 taken prisoner of war.

References

Ceber
1944 in Poland
Ceber
Ceber
General Government
August 1944 events

Battle of Ceber


A townhouse, townhome, town house, or town home is a form of medium-density housing in cities and towns. Modern townhouses are those with a small footprint on several floors. The buildings are exclusively occupied by rich people in Boston, Chicago, New York City, Philadelphia and Detroit. In other cities or towns townhouses can be occupied regardless of income. It is a type of terraced housing. A contemporary townhouse is usually one that has a tiny footprint that spans several floors.

Townhouses date back to the 1700s.

Houses

Townhouse


Ängelholm is a locality and the seat of Ängelholm Municipality in Skåne, Sweden with 42,131 inhabitants in 2017.

History
The old settlement Rynestad was mentioned around the year 1600.

The city was founded in 1516 as Engelholm by King Christian II of Denmark, who moved the settlement from Luntertun on the coast because it was difficult to defend. As a founder, King Christian II personally identified the boundaries of the new city, granting the city a charter in 1516. At Luntertun there is only a church garden left today.

The town remained small for centuries. Following the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658, Ängelholm, together with the rest of Skåne, was assigned by Denmark to Sweden. The town began to grow in the 19th century due to industrialization. It was also a garrison town until 1883 and had a Swedish Air Force base between 1941 and 2009. The older spelling Engelholm was retained until 1912, when the city council decided to adopt a more modern spelling in line with the Swedish spelling reform of 1906. The high-performance car manufacturer Koenigsegg Automotive is based on the premises of the decommissioned Scania Wing (F 10).

Contemporary
Tourism is an important industry for the city. There is a 6-kilometer long sandy beach right outside the town. The winds in Skälder Bay make the beach a popular place for sailors, wave surfers and wind surfers.

There is also an ice cream manufacturer, Engelholms Glass which produces about 1.2 million litres of ice-cream every year.

A special sight of Ängelholm is the UFO-Memorial Ängelholm.

It is known for its clay cuckoos — a special kind of ocarina. This is however a dying tradition as there is now only one producer of clay cuckoos, Sofia Nilsson. Ängelholm has the only orchestra of clay cuckoos in the whole world with which performed at the "Allsång på Skansen" in 2007.

Ängelholm is also the home of hockey team Rögle BK that competes in the SHL.

Notable people

 Emma Andersson, singer, model, chef, and TV personality
 Sebastian Andersson, Footballer
 Sofie Andersson, golfer
 Malik Bendjelloul, Academy Award winning filmmaker
 Frans G. Bengtsson, author
 Gösta Carlsson, road racing cyclist
 Jörgen Elofsson, songwriter
 Anna Fiske, illustrator and writer
 Roger Hansson, ice hockey player
 Jill Johnson, singer
 Jörgen Jönsson, ice hockey player
 Kenny Jönsson, ice hockey player
 Christian von Koenigsegg, automotive mogul
 Jarl Kulle, actor and director
 Timothy Liljegren, ice hockey player
 Christopher Liljewall, ice hockey player
 Robert Mirosavic, footballer
 Rikard Nilsson, chef
 Gustav Olhaver, ice hockey player
 Maria Rooth, ice hockey player
 Sven Rydenfelt, economist
 Anton Santesson (born 1994), ice hockey defenceman
 Jenny Silver, singer
 Peter Svensson, tennis player
 Peter Wichers, musician

See also
Heliga korsets kapell, Ängelholm

References

External links

 Ängelholm' municipality
 Ängelholm's tourist web page

Municipal seats of Skåne County
Swedish municipal seats
Populated places in Ängelholm Municipality
Populated places in Skåne County
Coastal cities and towns in Sweden
Populated places established in 1516
16th-century establishments in Skåne County
Cities in Skåne County

Ängelholm


Carl Friedrich Johannes von Noorden (11 September 1833 – 25 December 1883) was a German historian who was a native of Bonn. He was a grandson to psychiatrist Christian Friedrich Nasse (1778–1851) and the father of pathologist Carl von Noorden (1858–1944).

Biography
He studied at the Universities of Marburg, Berlin and Bonn, where he was a pupil of Heinrich von Sybel (1817–1895). In 1868 he became a professor of history at the University of Greifswald. Afterwards he served as a professor at Marburg (from 1870), Tübingen (from 1873), Bonn (from 1876) and Leipzig (from 1877). At the University of Leipzig, one of his students was Karl Lamprecht (1856–1915).  After his death, his position at Leipzig was filled by his friend, Wilhelm Maurenbrecher (1838–1892).

Noorden published books on medieval and Renaissance history, and also works on European history from more recent times. He is known for writings on events that took place during the War of Spanish Succession, and works involving the historical era surrounding Charles V. In addition, he published a number of articles involving the political histories of England, France and the Netherlands. One of his better efforts was an unfinished book on the recent history of Spain.

Noorden was a catalyst in the founding of the Königlich-Sächsischen Historischen Seminars (Royal Saxon Historical Seminars) at the University of Leipzig (1877). He was a member of the Royal Saxon Society of Sciences in Leipzig, and from 1874 onward, a corresponding member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences (Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften).

He died on 25 December 1883 in Leipzig.

Selected writings
 Die Sage von Helgi : Liederkreis nach der Edda, 1857 - The saga of Helgi; Circle of songs from the Edda.
 Hinkmar, Erzbischof von Reims, Bonn 1863 - (Hincmar, Archbishop of Reims 806–882.
 Der Rücktritt des Ministeriums Pitt im Jahre 1801, 1863 - Resignation of Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger in 1801.
 Die parlamentarische Parteiregierung in England, 1865 - The parliamentary government in England.
 Europäische Geschichte im 18. Jahrhundert, 1. Abteilg.: Der Spanische Erbfolgekrieg, Volumes 1-3 Düsseldorf 1870-1882 - European history in the 18th Century; The Spanish War of Succession.
 Sechs Jahre österreichischer Politik, 1871 - Six years of Austrian politics.
Historischen Vorträge, eingeleitet und herausgegeben von Wilhelm Maurenbrecher, Leipzig 1884 - Historical lectures, initiated and edited by Wilhelm Maurenbrecher,

References
 "This article is based on a translation of an equivalent article at the German Wikipedia", whose references include a biography on Carl von Noorden @ Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie.
 Karl Lamprecht: A German Academic Life (1856-1915)

1833 births
1883 deaths
Writers from Bonn
People from the Rhine Province
German untitled nobility
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
University of Bonn alumni
Academic staff of the University of Bonn
University of Marburg alumni
Academic staff of the University of Marburg
Academic staff of the University of Greifswald
Academic staff of the University of Tübingen
Academic staff of Leipzig University
19th-century German historians
19th-century German male writers
German male non-fiction writers

Carl von Noorden


Johann Sigismund Mörl (3 March 1710 – 22 February 1791) was a German theologian. Son of Gustav Philipp Mörl, he was born in Nuremberg on 3 March 1710 and was educated in his native place until ready for the university at Altdorf, where he studied theology after 1727. In 1735 he was appointed dean of a church at Nuremberg. He preached until 1759, when he was appointed minister and inspector of the "Egidianum." In 1765 he was elected in this gymnasium to the professorship of Greek. Towards the close of 1770 he was called to the position of minister of St. Lawrence's church. In 1773 he accepted the position of first minister at St. Sebald's church, the superintendency of the consistory of Nuremberg, the office of city librarian, and also a professorship of positive divinity and moral philosophy. He died on 22 February 1791.

Besides several contributions to the Hachische Allgeneine Welthistorie and the Antideistische Bibel (Erlangen, 1768), to which he contributed a new computation of time from the exodus of the Jews to the time of Solomon, he published Scholia philologica et critica ad selecta S. Codicis loca (Norimb. 1737, 8vo; improved ed. by Wilder, ibid. 1793, 8vo): — Schediasma philologico- geographicum, in quo Jo. Harduini disquisitio de situ Paradisi terrestris examinatur (ibid. 1750, fol.): — Oratio de meritis Norimbergensium in Geographiam (ibid. 1750, 8vo).

References

1710 births
1791 deaths
Clergy from Nuremberg
German theologians

Johann Sigismund Mörl


Rías Altas (also called "Upper Rias") is the northernmost of three sections of A Costa do Marisco (the Seafood Coast) in Galicia, Spain. It extends from the port of Ribadeo to Santa Cruz.

The Upper Rias refers to the coast of the northern part of A Coruña Province and the entire coastline of the Lugo Province.

The biggest city port of the Upper Rias is Ferrol - the most important Naval Station in North-western Spain.

Major commercial and fishing ports

 Ferrol - Major Commercial Ports (also: Military) -  - A Coruña Province
 Cedeira -  Fishing Port -  - A Coruña Province
 Cariño - Fishing Port -  - A Coruña Province
 Espasante -  Fishing Port -  - A Coruña Province
 O Barqueiro -  Fishing Port -  - A Coruña Province
 Viveiro -  Fishing Port -  - Lugo Province
 San Cibrao -  Major Commercial Port  (also: Fishing Port) -   - Lugo Province
 Burela -  Fishing Port -  - Lugo Province
 Foz -  Fishing Port -  - Lugo Province
 Ribadeo -  Fishing Port -  - Lugo Province

Note: For those who want to read further about the, non-military ports of, "Ferrol-San Cibrao Port Authority" which covers about 95% of the Coast of the Upper Rias, including all its ports and lighthouses from San Cibrao to Ferrol, it is advisable to visit the external official link which follows:

International World Surf Competitions
 The Ferrolterra Pantin Classic gathers every year some of the most international and remarkable figures in the world of surf
 Doninos, Esmelle and St. George's Beach the north of the A Coruña Province is known for the quality of its beaches as most of them are ideal for Water Sports like surfing.

Locations along the Upper Rias
These are some of the towns, villages, hamlets and cities along the Upper Rias Coast (that is, the "Rías Altas") including the Naval Station and the largest city port of the Upper Rias: Ferrol.

Ribadeo
Rinlo
Reinante
San Cosme de Barreiros
Foz
Fazouro
Cangas de Foz
Burela
Punta de Laxes
Coido
San Cibrao
Praia do Lago
Porto Celo
Viveiro
O Vicedo
O Barqueiro
Estaca de Bares
Punta Maeda
Espasante
Ortigueira
Cariño
Cabo Ortegal
Costa da Capelada
San Andrés de Teixido
Punta Candieira
Ria de Cedeira
Villarrube
Valdoviño
Montefaro
Casal
Ponzos
Cabo Prior
Doniños
Cabo Prioriño
Castelo de San Felipe
Ferrol
Mugardos
Ares
Perbes
Miño
Sada
Gandario
Cornoedo
Lorbé
Illa a Marola
Mera
Santa Cruz

See also
 The Death Coast (also "Costa da Morte") with its biggest city port in A Coruña.
 The Lower Rias (also "Rías Baixas") with its biggest city port in Vigo.
 A Costa do Marisco, Galicia (Spain)

Green Spain
Coasts of Spain
Tourism in Spain
Landforms of Galicia (Spain)

Rías Altas


Namora () (Aquaria Nautica Neptunia) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by artists Ken Bald and Syd Shores, the character first appeared in Marvel Mystery Comics #82 (May 1947). Namora is from Atlantis and is the daughter of an Atlantean father and a human mother. She is the cousin of the antihero Namor the Sub-Mariner.

Mabel Cadena portrays Namora in her live-action debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (2022).

Publication history

Namora debuted in the 12-page comic story "The Coming of Namora!" published in Marvel Mystery Comics #82 (May 1947), pencilled by Ken Bald and inked by Syd Shores. Namora also featured on the cover drawn by Bob Powell. Her costume was designed by Sub-Mariner creator Bill Everett. Initially, she and Namor had no apparent familial relationship, and romantic interest was sometimes implied between the two.

She had her own comic book series, Namora, which ran from August–December 1948. While this title lasted three issues, she regularly appeared with Namor in Marvel Mystery Comics and also in Sub-Mariner until that series ended in 1955.

The character was not seen again for 16 years until she made a brief flashback appearance in the Silver Age Sub-Mariner series, in Sub-Mariner #33 (January 1971). Her death was established in Sub-Mariner #50 (June 1972), where her frozen body is shown to Namor, and her death is depicted in flashback in #51 (July 1972).

Over the next 30 years, Namora appeared in a number of flashbacks and alternate reality stories, including What If? #9 (June 1978), The New Warriors Annual #1 (1991), What If? #47 (March 1993), The New Warriors #44 (February 1994), Avengers: Forever #4-5 (March–April 1999), and Marvel: The Lost Generation #3-2 (December 2000-January 2001).

Namora eventually reappears, alive, in the Agents of Atlas series, in issues #1-6 (October 2006-March 2007). She also appears in Incredible Hulk #107-112 (August–December 2007), Giant-Size Marvel Adventures: Avengers #1 (September 2007), World War Hulk #2 (September 2007), Spider-Man Family #4 (October 2007), and Incredible Hercules #121-122 (November–December 2008).

Namora received an entry in The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe: Golden Age 2004.

Fictional character biography
Namora is a character that originated in the Golden Age of Comic Books. Her original name was Aquaria Nautica Neptunia, but she was nicknamed "Namora" in honor of her cousin Namor. Like Namor, she is a hybrid mutant with superhuman strength and the power of flight by using the wings on her ankles. When her father was killed by treasure-hunting surface-dwellers, she fully changed her name to Namora, the Atlantean term for "Avenging Daughter", as Namor means "Avenging Son". She was Namor's cousin (though not by blood), and became his companion for a period of several years.

Namora was ultimately shown to have been fatally poisoned by the Lemurian terrorist Llyra.  She was survived by her clone, Namorita, whom she had passed off as her birth daughter because of Atlantian taboos against cloning. Marvel: The Lost Generation revealed that she had been a member of The Monster Hunters in 1956.

Agents of Atlas

Some time later, the Agents of Atlas find a damaged coffin, which appears to contain the mummified corpse of Namora. Upon closer inspection, Marvel Boy disables a holographic display creating the corpse image, revealing a well-preserved, alive Namora inside the coffin. When awakened, Namora joins in a fight against underwater sea creatures and displays just how powerful she is, shown to be equal in power to her cousin Namor.

Jimmy Woo offers her a spot, and Namora joins the Agents of Atlas, where she leads Venus to recover all memories of her past life as a siren, almost driving her mad in the process. It is then revealed by the enhanced bliss inducing powers of the naiad that Namora's innermost desire is to sleep with her cousin Namor.

Eventually the team manages to reach the Yellow Claw, revealed as the mastermind behind the Atlas Foundation, and willing to give his leading role to Jimmy Woo. Woo accepts, and Namora, as the other Agents, are employed to travel the world in Marvel Boy's spaceship to shut down any rebellious cell still pursuing criminal objectives.

At some point in her career as an Agent of Atlas she takes an extended leave, or leaves the role altogether, to join Amadeus Cho's group during the World War Hulk event.

World War Hulk

Angry over the death and subsequent vilification of her daughter at the onset of the superhero Civil War over government registration, Namora joins Amadeus Cho, Hercules and Angel to aid the Hulk. During the crisis, Hercules ends up holding the entire locality of Manhattan on his shoulders.

Amazon-Atlantean War
In the course of her membership in Cho's group, she shares a genuinely romantic kiss with Hercules.  Some time later, following the Secret Invasion, Hercules and Amadeus Cho vacation near an Atlantean city, and she and Hercules have a romantic fling.  This is interrupted by an Amazon attack. Namora aids Hercules in repelling the Amazons and rescuing Cho from their amorous and ultimately fatal attentions.

Dark Reign
The Agents of Atlas decide to oppose Osborn's agenda by taking on the role of "supervillains", in order to form close ties to Osborn. After some time, the group becomes aware of Norman's Cabal to find out that a member of the group is none other than Namora's cousin, Namor. Upon finding this out, the Agents confront Namor for his involvement in the group. Initially at odds with each other for their recent decisions, Namora and Namor end up kissing and beginning a relationship. Namora contemplates staying with Namor until it is revealed that it was Atlantean elders that plotted for them to start a relationship and mate a long time ago as human/Atlantean hybrids are so powerful. Namor and Namora decide to part ways as they were unsure how much of their feelings for each other were genuine and how much was due to the secret plotting of the elders.

Infinity
During Infinity, Namora's Atlantean School is chosen as one of the institutions set to do battle in the new Contest of Champions. However, Atlantis is attacked and decimated by the forces of Thanos before the competition can begin. Namora sends a desperate plea for help to Hank Pym, but the kingdom is destroyed before action can be taken.

Powers and abilities
Namora possesses superhuman strength, speed, agility, stamina, durability, and reflexes. She is nearly invulnerable as bullets and other missiles cannot penetrate her extremely tough skin. She can swim at superhuman speeds, breathe underwater, and is immune to the cold and pressures of the depths. She can also see better underwater than a normal human.

Reception

Critical response
Deirdre Kaye of Scary Mommy called Namora a "role model" and a "truly heroic" female character. Charles Nichola Raymond of Screen Rant called Namora a "capable hero in her own right," while Philip Etemesi ranked her 2nd in their "Marvel's 10 Most Powerful Aquatic Characters" list. Megan Nicole O'Brien of Comic Book Resources ranked Namora 2nd in their "Marvel: 10 Best Golden Age Heroines" list. Comics Buyer's Guide ranked Namora 76th in their "100 Sexiest Women in Comics" list.

Marvel Cinematic Universe
Nicole Drum of ComicBook.com called Namora a "fan favorite."

Other versions

Exiles
An alternate version of Namora appears in Exiles #46, created by Tony Bedard and Mizuki Sakakibara, and is associated with the multiversal travelers called the Exiles. She is an alternate-Earth counterpart of Namor the Sub-Mariner, rather than of Aquaria Nautica Neptunia, the Earth-616 Namora. She is a mutant with superhuman strength and the power of flight by using the ankle wings on her feet. Unlike the Marvel Universe Namor and Namora, she has the blue skin of most Atlanteans.

In Namora's universe, she became an early ally of Charles Xavier who convinced her to not attack the surface world. She would later do so, after anti-mutant hysteria led to the imprisonment of most mutants. Namora killed all of her Earth's superheroes, having the most difficulty with the Fantastic Four, and she conquered the world and ruled it for decades, before becoming 'unhinged' in time and forced to join the Exiles, much to her chagrin.  Having a haughty attitude, she acted like she was superior to the other members. Still, she has shown that she did care for them, as evidenced when she thought that Hyperion had killed Morph. She lashed out at Hyperion, breaking his neck. However, it was for naught. Hyperion recovered quickly and blasted Namora with his "flash vision", killing her. The Exiles later sent her body back to her home reality (Earth-2189) for burial.

Marvel Mangaverse
An alternate version of Namora appears in the Marvel Mangaverse series. In the story, "Eternity Twilight", Namora rescued Bruce Banner, who suffered temporary amnesia and have fallen for him not before Banner regained his memory involving the Hulk (a Godzilla-like beast accidentally summoned by Banner). Afterwards, Banner and Namora went back to the surface and helps Earth's heroes battle not only the Hulk, but also the demon-god Dormammu.

Marvel Her-oes
An alternate version of Namora appears as a teenager and is one of the main protagonists in the all-ages Marvel Her-oes series, written by Grace Randolph. She attends the same high school as Jennifer Walters and Janet van Dyne, and hides her Atlantean heritage by claiming to be an exchange student from Greece under the name of "Namora Aquarius."

Ultimate Marvel
An alternate version of Namora appears in the Ultimatum storyline. Alongside Thing, Invisible Woman, and Dr. Arthur Molekevic, and a Tiger Shark, she fights Doctor Dorcas in Atlantis and defeats him.

In other media

Film

 Aquaria Neptunia / Namora appears in Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (2022), portrayed by Mabel Cadena. This version is a warrior from Talokan.

Video games

 Aquaria Neptunia / Namora appears as a playable character in Marvel Puzzle Quest.

Merchandise

 In 2022, Funko released an Aquaria Neptunia / Namora Funko Pop! figure inspired by the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) incarnation of the character.

References

External links
 Namora at Marvel.com
 Namora profile at International Hero

Comics characters introduced in 1947
Fictional activists
Fictional princesses
Fictional queens
Golden Age superheroes
Marvel Comics Atlanteans (Homo mermanus)
Marvel Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Marvel Comics female superheroes
Marvel Comics mutants
Marvel Comics orphans
Timely Comics characters

Namora


Virtuosi Racing (previously known as Virtuosi UK, and Invicta Virtuosi in Formula 2) is a British racing team currently competing in the FIA Formula 2 Championship. The team previously ran in the Auto GP series, in addition to running the Russian Time outfit in Formula 2 and its predecessor GP2 Series up until 2018. With the withdrawal of Russian Time, the team assumed its new name UNI Virtuosi Racing for the 2019 Formula 2 season. Sponsorship from watch company Invicta resulted in a name change from the 2023 season onwards

History
In 2012, Paul Devlin and Andy Roche approached businessman Declan Lohan for financial backing and Virtuosi UK team was founded at Carleton Rode, Norfolk in order to participate in the Auto GP. The team signed GP2 Series driver Pål Varhaug. His team-mates in the first rounds was European F3 Open driver Matteo Beretta and Formula Renault 3.5 Series driver Sten Pentus, before they was replaced by Auto GP veteran Francesco Dracone. Varhaug won feature race at Sonoma and reverse-grid races at Monza and Hungaroring, finishing as runner-up in the drivers' standings and bringing fourth place in the teams' standings.

For 2013, the team signed FIA European Formula 3 Championship graduate Andrea Roda. He was partnered by Max Snegirev, who previously raced for Campos Racing. Also British team supported Comtec by Virtuosi entry. Unlike the previous season Virtuosi drivers even failed to achieve podium finish and downgraded to seventh in the teams' standings.

The squad prolonged Andrea Roda for 2014 campaign. Also the team expanded to three cars for two opening rounds, fielding Richard Gonda and Sam Dejonghe. At Imola, second car was occupied by returnee Varhaug but he was replaced at Spielberg by Tamás Pál Kiss, who left Zele Racing. Also at Spielberg Roda won a reverse-grid race, it was first win for Virtuosi since 2012. Kiss collected another two wins for the team at Nürburgring and Estoril. The team finished as runner-up in the teams' standings.

In 2015, the team signed German Formula Three driver Nikita Zlobin. As well the team will replace iSport International in the managing of the Russian Time team in the GP2 Series.

On 4 December 2018, it was announced Virtuosi would replace the outgoing Russian Time outfit in the FIA Formula 2 Championship in  under the name UNI-Virtuosi. The following day, the team confirmed Guanyu Zhou as its first driver. Day after, Luca Ghiotto filled the remained slot in the Virtuosi's line-up.

On 20 October 2021, Virtuosi Racing announced its expansion to Formula 4 racing by entering the F4 British Championship from the 2022 season onwards.

Current series results

FIA Formula 2 Championship

In detail
(key)

* Season still in progress.

F4 British Championship

Timeline

Notes

References

External links

Auto racing teams in the United Kingdom
Auto GP teams
GP2 Series teams
2012 establishments in the United Kingdom
Auto racing teams established in 2012
FIA Formula 2 Championship teams

Virtuosi Racing


A Fall of Moondust is a science fiction novel written by Arthur C. Clarke. It was first published in 1961 and has been reprinted many times.

Plot
The story takes place on the Moon in the near future. A group of tourists are travelling on the surface of the moon, which is covered by a thin layer of very fine dust, a fine powder drier (it contains less water) than a desert on Earth. The tourists are travelling in a vessel called  Selene, that skims along the surface.

A 'moonquake' (similar to an earthquake) causes the dust to collapse, and Selene sinks below the surface. They cannot make contact with Control to call for help, and they only have enough air for a few days. The people are also generating heat, which is dangerous.

Captain Pat Harris and his stewardess Sue Wilkins try to keep the passengers occupied while waiting to be rescued. They are helped by a retired explorer, Commodore Hansteen.

Back at control, Chief Engineer Lawrence prepares to search for the lost tourists, although he doesn't think it can be done in time.  But the trail left by Selene is seen by telescope from a satellite high above the Moon. The rescue attempt goes ahead.

Lawrence and his team do find the sunken ship and dig down through the dust to cut a hole in the hull. The tourists are able to climb out to safety, but with seconds to spare before Selene fills with dust and also catches fire.

Pat Harris and Sue Wilkins get married.

Science fiction books

A Fall of Moondust


Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe is an Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 fighting game released in 2008. It is a crossover video game where Mortal Kombat characters fight DC Comics ones. It has an arcade mode, story mode, and practice. Players can go online with opponents worldwide.

Crossover video games
PlayStation 3 games
Xbox 360 games
Fighting games
2008 video games
Mortal Kombat series
Video games based on DC Comics

Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe


A Cycle of the West is a collection of five epic poems (called "Songs") written and published over a nearly thirty-year span by John G. Neihardt.  As one extended work of literature, the Cycle treats historical topics from the American settlement of the Great Plains and the displacement of the Native American cultures there.

Each poem is written as enjambed heroic couplets in several chapters.  As Neihardt gained experience with the form, he began to close chapters, and often verse paragraphs, in the middle of a line, with the first line of the next chapter completing both the suspended line and rhyme.  The effect is to pull the speaker forward until the only completely resolved couplet is the one at the end of the Song.

By internal chronological order, the five songs are (with the date of first)
The Song of Three Friends (1919)
The Song of Hugh Glass (1915)
The Song of Jed Smith (1941)
The Song of the Indian Wars (1925)
The Song of the Messiah (1935)

The Song of Three Friends

This poem comprises eight cantos.

The story begins in 1822—and follows an expedition of Major Andrew Henry during a series of arduous journeys over the Trans-Missouri region: following the Grand, Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers.

The poem examines the exploits of three trappers—Will Carpenter, Mike Fink, and Frank Talbeau—who through shared experiences have developed a close friendship. But the bonds of friendship uniting the trio explode after Will succeeds in wooing the Indian girl who had stolen Mike's heart. Mike's jealously leads to murder: the remaining cantos complete the narrative, in which only one of the original three will survive to tell the tale.

The Song of Hugh Glass
This poem comprises five cantos.

The story begins in 1823—just after the Leavenworth campaign against the Arikara Indians—and follows an expedition of Major Andrew Henry during a series of arduous journeys over the Trans-Missouri region.

The poem describes the friendship that springs up between two trappers—an older man named Hugh Glass, and a younger named Jamie—who fight, scout and hunt together in the wilds. The story is set when Jamie and a companion betray Hugh: Hugh is abandoned—alive, and badly wounded—to die by the Missouri; to allow Jamie and his companion to safely flee the enmity of hostile Indians in the vicinity. Jamie and his fellow cover their cowardice with a specious lie: that they left only after Hugh died of natural causes, whereupon they first buried him before riding north to rejoin the trapping-party.

However, against all odds, Hugh survives. Regaining consciousness and finding himself alone, Hugh shrewdly deduces the identity of those who betrayed him. Then—fired by a relentless hate to punish those who left him to die—Hugh claws his painful way back to the land of the living: but only to set out to track down his betrayers and deal out some requisite summary justice.

The story is retold in the 1971 film Man in the Wilderness. It is also the basis for Michael Punke's 2002 novel The Revenant, which was adapted into the 2015 film of the same name starring Leonardo DiCaprio.

Notes

External links
The Song of Three Friends at the Internet Archive.

The Song of Hugh Glass at the Internet Archive.

Book series introduced in 1915
American poems
Epic poems in English
Poetry by John Neihardt
Fiction set in 1822
Fiction set in 1823
Hugh Glass

Cycle of the West


Silver Lake is a  lake in Pembroke, Kingston, and Plympton, Massachusetts, south of Route 27 and east of Route 36. The Pembroke/Plympton town line is entirely within the lake, and a portion of the western shoreline of the lake is the town line with Halifax. It used to be called the Jones River Pond, but its name was changed to Silver Lake in the 1800s in a marketing effort to sell more ice from it. The lake is the principal water supply for the City of Brockton, whose water treatment plant is on Route 36 in Halifax. The inflow of the pond is Tubbs Meadow Brook, and the pond is the headwaters of the Jones River. Occasionally water is diverted into Silver Lake from Monponsett Pond in Halifax and Furnace Pond in Pembroke (through Tubbs Meadow Brook) whenever there is a water shortage. Although the lake is a reservoir, which prevents recreational activities to keep the drinking water clean, the water from the diversions are not and can pump in contaminated water. Monponsett Pond in particular has reoccurring toxic algae growths which get transferred into the lake. It is supposed to be the main source of the Jones River by contributing about twenty percent of the river's flow, but the Forge Pond Dam near its base lets out minimal, some years no, water to the river. This also prevents migratory aquatic animals from reaching the lake. Brockton prefers to keep the dam to have more accessible water. Access to the pond is through Silver Lake Sanctuary, a  property where one can walk, hike and fish, which is located at the end of Barses Lane, off Route 27 in Kingston.

Silver Lake village

Silver Lake is also the name of a village southeast of the lake in Kingston at the intersection of Grove Street and Lake Street, near the Kingston/Plympton town line . Silver Lake Regional High School is located north of the village on Route 27.

The name has also been incorporated into numerous businesses and organizations in the area.

References

External links
Environment Protection Agency
South Shore Coastal Watersheds - Lake Assessments

Reservoirs in Massachusetts
Lakes of Plymouth County, Massachusetts
Pembroke, Massachusetts
Kingston, Massachusetts
Plympton, Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Plymouth County, Massachusetts
Protected areas of Plymouth County, Massachusetts

Silver Lake (Plymouth County, Massachusetts)


Knútsdrápur (plural of Knútsdrápa) are Old Norse skaldic compositions in the form of drápur which were recited for the praise of Canute the Great. There are a number of these:

 The Knútsdrápa by Óttarr svarti
 The Knútsdrapa by Sigvatr Þórðarson
 Eight poetic fragments thought to derive from a single Knútsdrapa by Hallvarðr háreksblesi

Further reading
Townend, Matthew. "Contextualising the Knútsdrápur: Skaldic Praise-Poetry at the Court of Cnut." Anglo-Saxon England 30 (2001): 145-79.  Abstract of his paper (same title) for the 11th International Saga Conference available as online PDF.

Skaldic poems

Knútsdrápa


In Agile software development, the Fibonacci scale consists of a sequence of numbers used for estimating the relative size of user stories in points. Agile Scrum is based on the concept of working iteratively in short sprints, typically two weeks long, where the requirements and development are continuously being improved. The Fibonacci sequence consists of numbers that are the summation of the two preceding numbers, starting with [0, 1]. Agile uses the Fibonacci sequence to achieve better results by reducing complexity, effort, and doubt when determining the development time required for a task, which can range from a few minutes to several weeks.

Procedure
It is easier to determine the relative complexity of a task rather than figuring out how much time it requires. Due to this, when working with agile, a revised Fibonacci scale is used in terms of points to estimate the work, as opposed to the traditional measurement of time.

In one method commonly used to calculate the size of stories in points, a process like the game of Planning poker, the following process is used:
 The Product Owner sits down with the team to estimate the user stories.
 Each member estimates a number on the Fibonacci scale that he/she believes represents the size of the task.
 All members disclose their number at the same time (to avoid being influenced by each other's estimates).
 Any differences in the numbers will be followed by a discussion until a consensus is reached.
 Each user story is added to a bucket that represents the corresponding point on the Fibonacci scale.
 The steps above are repeated for all user stories.
 The buckets are added to the backlog.
Giving each member the opportunity to think individually reduces pressure and may result in a more accurate representation of the feature's size.

In another commonly used method, a process like the game of Two-Pass Relative Sizing, also known as the Steve Bockman Method and the Team Estimation Game, the following process is used:
 The product manager sits down with the team to estimate a project's worth of user stories, which are provided to the team in a stack of 3x5 or 4x6 cards.
 The first team member reads the first card and places it on the table, passing the remaining stack to the next team member.
 The second team member reads the second card, may declare a belief that the story is larger or smaller than the card already on the table or may ask the team for help in so determining, and establishing which direction is smaller or larger by placing the card to the left or right of the first card; and passes the remaining stack to the next team member.
 The third team member has a choice: to move the position of the second card; or to read the third card, declare a belief that the story is larger than the first two, smaller than the first two; or belongs between the first two; and passes the remaining stack to the next team member.
 When all the cards are on the table - if the product manager truly provided a project's worth, then there are likely 60 or 100 or 130 cards and the team has had to "snake" them to fit them all - then the team begins with the smallest story and assigns it a "1", continuing to assign "1"s to subsequent stories until they see an obvious jump to "2"s, and then to "3"s, "5"s, "8"s, and so on. With the result that the "snake" of cards is now numbered from the smallest story, a "1", to the largest epic, a "100".
This method has the advantage that numbers are not used until the second pass; that no guessing is required for the first story read as to how big a "5" or "8" or "3" is; that stories are truly ordered and numbered relative to each other; and when not everyone can estimate the entire story.

Regardless of the method, as the team goes through multiple sprints and the estimation process is improved, the product manager will be able to determine a stable velocity. The velocity is determined by calculating the number of story points completed in each iteration.

Significance
People estimate user stories with smaller points more accurately than user stories that have higher costs associated with them. As the numbers increase, the difference between two succeeding numbers increases exponentially and leads to less accurate estimates.
 Using the Fibonacci series is helpful in this scenario because the larger user stories (i.e. stories of size greater than 8) that tend to lead to inconsistent estimates between each team member can be grouped to the nearest estimated Fibonacci number of the corresponding bucket in the backlog.
 In the case of small user stories the bucket difference is small and hence the final cost of resource and time can be finalized more accurately.
One good way to estimate the cost is to express it in terms of multiples of other known user stories' costs. This way, it will be easier for each team member to estimate the relative cost. The estimation process of comparing a story with two previously estimated user stories is called triangulation.

The product manager can include a "0" value in the scale indicating that the user stories need very little time or resources. However, the user story that was assigned 0 cost cannot be used as a relative scale to estimate the cost of other user stories (i.e. we cannot say a story is 10 times harder than a story of size 0).

An advantage of the Fibonacci sequence is that it allows developers to disaggregate a user story from one large bucket into two preceding buckets (since a bucket is formed by adding the size of two preceding buckets). This process helps to create optimal user stories.

Other estimation scales
 Exponential series - ({an} for some a and for all integer n>0)
 Linear scale – Increments in a fixed value
 Playing cards – Mostly used in planning poker (A < 2 < 3…)
 T-shirt size – (S < M < L < XL < XXL < XXXL)

See also
 Scrum (software development)
 Software development effort estimation

References

Agile software development
Software project management
Software development philosophies
Sequences and series

Fibonacci scale (agile)


The 1969 Hardie-Ferodo 500 was the tenth running of the Bathurst 500 production car race. It was held on 5 October 1969 at the Mount Panorama Circuit just outside Bathurst in New South Wales, Australia. Cars competed in five classes based on purchase price (Australian dollars) of the vehicle.

The race was won by the newly formed Holden Dealer Team with Colin Bond and Tony Roberts with teammates Peter Brock and Des West finishing third in their Holden Monaro GTS350's, with the team's third car finishing sixth. In between them in second position was defending race winners Bruce McPhee and his single-lap co-driver Barry Mulholland driving a Phase 1 Ford Falcon GTHO. McPhee and Mulholland, who had won in 1968 driving the Holden Monaro GTS327, had originally intended to race a Monaro 350 in 1969 but after receiving no help from Holden, instead decided to race one of the new Falcons.

Peter Brock and Canadian Allan Moffat made their Bathurst débuts in the race. Brock with Harry Firth's Holden Dealer Team, and Moffat driving a works Falcon GTHO with Alan Hamilton. Between them, Brock and Moffat would go on to win 13 of the next 17 Bathurst 500/1000s (until 1987), with Brock winning a record nine times (all for Holden), and Moffat winning four times for Ford.

The Ford Works Team were the favourites to win the race with their new Falcon GTHOs which with their new 5.8-litre (351 cui) V8's proved to have a speed advantage over the 5.7-litre (350 cui) Monaros. However, the decision by Ford Works Team's American manager Al Turner to import special racing tyres for the Falcons proved to be a disaster. During the race numerous tyre failures put the Works cars out of contention. After early tyre failures on the Ian and Leo Geoghegan car, as well as the Fred Gibson and Barry Seton car, Turner called Moffat into the pits for a tyre change. There it was found that Moffat had been far easier on his tyres than either Ian Geoghegan or Seton and that the stop was not necessary. As of 2016, Moffat believes that this decision cost himself and co-driver Alan Hamilton the race win. The day after the race, Ford ran a full page newspaper advert stating "We were a little deflated" referring to the tyre failures.

1969 was also notable for the first lap crash which saw at least one third of the field forced to retire or continue with accident damage. Bill Brown rolled his Falcon GTHO coming through Skyline, all but blocking the track while John French, who qualified 21st, rolled his Alfa Romeo 1750 GTV trying to avoid the carnage that Brown's rollover caused. One driver lucky to escape the carnage was Allan Moffat who had pulled up just out of The Cutting on the first lap with his Falcon stuck in neutral. Once he got going he was able to weave through the bedlam at Skyline and continue on his way. For Brown, it would be the first of three rollovers at Bathurst on the same piece of road (McPhillamy Park - Skyline), with the second in 1971 bringing a lucky escape from death.

Class structure

Class A
The smallest class was for under cars the cost less $1,860. It was made up of Datsun 1000, Hillman Imp, Morris Mini K and Toyota Corolla.

Class B
The $1,861 to $2,250 class was dominated by the Datsun 1600, but also contained Ford Cortina, Hillman Gazelle, Morris 1500, Renault 10 and Volkswagen Type 3.

Class C
The $2,251 to $3,100 class saw a mix of Chrysler Valiant, Fiat 125, Ford Capri, Mazda R100, Morris Cooper S and Renault 16.

Class D
The $3,101 to $4,500 class featured the outright contenders, Ford Falcon GTHO and Holden Monaro, but also contained a single Toyota Corona.

Class E
For cars over $4,500, had a single automatic gearbox version of the Ford Falcon GT but otherwise was all Alfa Romeo with 1750 GTV and a single 1750 Berlina.

Top 10 Qualifiers

Results

Statistics
 Pole Position - #59 Ian Geoghegan - 2:48.9
 Fastest Lap - #61 Moffat/Hamilton & #60 Gibson/Seton - 2:52.1 (lap record)
 Average Speed - 123 km/h
 Race Time - 6:32:25

References

External links
 CAMS Manual reference to Australian titles
 race results

Motorsport in Bathurst, New South Wales
Hardie-Ferodo 500
October 1969 sports events in Australia

1969 Hardie-Ferodo 500


Albotin Monastery (, also: Albutin Monastery, Албутински манастир) is a presently inactive Bulgarian medieval cave monastery on the territory of Kula bishopric of Vidin Diocese of Bulgarian Orthodox Church, in the locality Albotin (Albutin) along river Topolovets between villages Gradets and Rabrovo, nearby village Deleyna.

The monastery complex was built in the limestone rock massif on the northern side of the river, on some 25 metres height, using shallow natural caves and rock sheds, with additionally hewn premises and niches with religious and every-day purposes. The monastery is reached by a steep and narrow sandy pathway in the beginning of which was constructed a water tap, known as Haiduk cheshma. Being easily accessible, in later times the cave monastery was used by shepherds and stone-cutters as a shelter, and robbed and vandalized by treasure-hunters.

Albotin monastery was active in the 14th century according to the account of the preserved fragments of frescoes and inscriptions, as well as adornments (earrings, tabs, bracelets) found in the 29 discovered Christian graves. The large number of burials of laity among the clergymen is an evidence that the monastery was a reputable sanctuary and a desired place for the eternal peace of its donors. Among the scarce historic records, it is noteworthy the mentioning of the nowadays non-existent village Altovin in a registry of Vidin kaaza (district) from year 1560.

The monastery complex consists of eight premises in a row, with the church located in the middle sector, in the most concave part of the rock massif curve. The church contains three naves and is oriented according to the canon from west to east, its southern and southwestern parts being fully devastated. The presence of a baptisterium bespeaks of the temple being used not only for monastic praying but also for public liturgies. In the north-western of the monastery, there is a second floor, containing the second largest premise of the monastery, which was presumably used for a refectory. Other premises were located in the western part of the monastery : the monks cells, kitchen, cellar, store-rooms. Two water tanks can also be seen.

The name of the monastery church is unknown, but there are suppositions that it was devoted to the Resurrection of Jesus, due to the preserved old tradition of playing chain dances (horo) in the memory of the deceased on the second day of Easter. This custom is widely observed by Vlachs who hang the portraits of their dead relatives on the branches of a venerable tree in the meadow under the monastery. Each of the chain dances played before noon-time is devoted to a separate dead man, and the afternoon dances are devoted to the living people. Bulgarians and Vlachs pick up dictamnus and hand out a sprig per each deceased relative.

The Albotin cave monastery was announced monument of culture in the Bulgarian state gazette on 28 December 1927, Issue 221, and on 26 December 1969, Issue 100.

See also

 Aladzha Monastery
 Basarbovo Monastery
 Rock-hewn Churches of Ivanovo

References

Christian monasteries in Bulgaria
Bulgarian Orthodox monasteries
Cave monasteries
Balkan mountains
Buildings and structures in Vidin Province
Christian monasteries established in the 14th century

Albotin Monastery


The Department of the Missouri was a command echelon of the United States Army in the 19th century and a sub division of the Military Division of the Missouri that functioned through the Indian Wars.

History

Background
Following the successful conclusion of the Mexican–American War, the administration of the United States Army was theoretically directed, under the President of the United States, by the Secretary of War and the general in chief. In practice the Secretary of War and the heads of the army's staff agencies—who reported directly to him (adjutant general, quartermaster general, commissary general, inspector general, paymaster general, surgeon general, chief engineer, colonel of topographical engineers, and colonel of ordnance)—exercised full authority, leaving the general-in-chief a figurehead. With a lack of central direction, policy and strategy were de facto developed by the commanders of the numbered geographical departments and three division headquarters. After October 31, 1853 the division echelon was eliminated and the six western departments consolidated into four (Departments of Texas, New Mexico, the West, and the Pacific), whose department commanders employed their troops as they saw fit. The system returned to six departments in 1858 when the Department of Utah was created in January, and the Department of the Pacific split into the Departments of California and Oregon in September.

Military activity affecting one department often originated in another department, preventing efficient use of limited manpower and coordination of efforts. Friction between the Secretaries of War and the generals in chief, and particularly between Jefferson Davis and Winfield Scott, obstructed reforms in the staff system that might have brought unity of command and civilian control of the military. The expansion of the army during the Civil War saw a proliferation in the numbers of geographic departments and their subordinate districts, often changing names and areas under their individual control, some departments eliminated or renamed, only to be recreated again in altered form.

Departments of the Missouri and Kansas
The Department of Missouri resulted from the reorganization and breakup of the Department of the West on November 9, 1861, after Abraham Lincoln fired John C. Frémont when he would not rescind his order emancipating the slaves of Missouri and imposing martial law on the state. David Hunter served briefly as the last commander Department of the West. The new department included Missouri, Arkansas, Illinois, Kentucky west of the Cumberland River and at times, Kansas. It briefly merged with the Department of Mississippi in 1862, but was recreated September 19, now consisting of Missouri, Arkansas, Kansas, and the Indian Territory. Colorado and Nebraska were added on October 11, 1862, and the department became generally known as the Department of the Missouri. From 1862 to 1865 the department was primarily concerned with fighting Confederates in Missouri and Arkansas.

The Department of Kansas was created for a third time on January 1, 1864, removing major areas from the military jurisdiction of the Department of the Missouri. The new commander of the Department of Kansas, Maj. Gen. Samuel R. Curtis, had two districts (Colorado and Nebraska) wholly involved in Indian warfare, but Curtis was absorbed with fighting Confederates in the Indian Territory and bushwhackers in Kansas, allowing his other districts, particularly Colorado, complete autonomy. Governor John Evans and Colorado district commander Col. John M. Chivington took advantage of this lack of oversight to aggressively attack Cheyenne villages in April 1864, igniting a major Indian war in July. Curtis created a new District of the Upper Arkansas to wage the war, but he was wholly incapable of locating his opponents. In his other District of Nebraska, the warfare was even more intense, but the forces there too weak to deal with it.

Commanders

Civil War
 Henry W. Halleck (November 19, 1861 to March 11, 1862)
 Samuel R. Curtis (September 24, 1862 to May 24, 1863)
 John M. Schofield (May 24, 1863 to January 30, 1864)
 William S. Rosecrans (January 30, 1864 to December 9, 1864)
 Grenville M. Dodge (December 9, 1864 to June 27, 1865)
 John Pope (June 27, 1865 to 1866)

Indian Wars
 Winfield Scott Hancock (1866–1867)
 Philip Sheridan (1867–1869)
 John Schofield (1869–70)
 John Pope (1870–1883)
 Christopher Columbus Augur (1883–1885)
 Nelson Appleton Miles (1885–1886)
 Thomas Howard Ruger (1886)
 Orlando Bolivar Willcox (1886–1887)
 --- (1887–1891)

Department of Missouri Camps, Forts and Posts

Arkansas
 Fort Smith

Kansas
 Bear Creek Redoubt (1870–1878)
 Big Creek Station (1865–1867)+
 Carlysle Station (1865–1866)+
 Camp Caldwell (1884–1885)
 Camp Crawford (1868)
 Crisfield Post (1885)
 Camp Drywood (1871)
 Camp Grierson (1866)
 Camp Hoffman (1867)
 Camp Kirwin (1865)
 Camp Ogallah (1867)
 Camp Pliley (1869–1870?)
 Camp Wichita (1868–1869)
 Chalk Bluffs Station (1865–1867)+
 Castle Rock Creek Station (1865–1867)+
 Cimarron Redoubt (1870–1876)
 Cimarron Springs Station (1864–1873)
 Fort Aubrey (1865–1866)
 Fort Bissell (1873–1878)
 Fort Coon (1868)
 Fort Dodge (1865–1882)
 Fort Downer or Downer's Station (1867–1868)
 Fort Harker (1866–1872)
 Fort Hays (1865–1889)
 Fort Jewell (1870)
 Fort Larned (1859–1878)
 Fort Leavenworth (1827–present)
 Fort Lincoln (1861–1879)
 Fort Lookout (1866–1870s)
 Fort Monument (1865–1868)
 Fort Protection (1885)
 Fort Riley (1853–present)
 Post of Southeastern Kansas (1869–1873)
 Fort Solomon (1864–1865)
 Fort Montgomery (1861–1869)
 Fort Wallace (1865–1882)
 Fort Zarah (1864–1869)
 Grinnell Springs Station (1865–1867)+
 Henshaw's Station (1865–1867)+
 Lookout Station or Fort Lookout (1866–1868)
 Monument Springs Post (1865–1867)
 Pond Creek Station (1865–1866)+
 Russell Springs Station (1865–1866)+
 New Kiowa Post (1885)
 Smoky Hill Station (1865–1867)+
 + Army fortified Butterfield Stage stations along the Smoky Hill River route.

Missouri
 St. Louis Arsenal (1827–1904)
 Jefferson Barracks (1826–1871, 1894–1946)

Indian Territory and Territory of Oklahoma
 Camp Alice (1883)
 Camp Auger (1873–1874)
 Camp Beach or Fort Beach or Fort Otter or Camp Otter (1874)
 Camp Chilocco (1885)
 Camp Guthrie (1889–1891)
 Camp Oklahoma (1889)
 Camp Price (1889)
 Camp at Purcell (1889)
 Camp Rockwell (1888)
 Camp Russell (1884–1886)
 Camp Wade or Camp at Kingfisher (1889)
 Cantonment on the North Fork of the Canadian River (1879–1882, 1885)
 Fort Arbuckle (1851–1870)
 Fort Cobb (1859–1862, 1868–1869)
 Camp Davidson (1878–1882)
 Fort Gibson (1824–1901)
 Fort Reno (1875–1948)
 Fort Sill (1869–present)
 Depot on the North Fork Canadian River and Camp Supply (1868–1878)
 Fort Supply (1878–1894)
 Sewell's Stockade (1870s)
 Sheridan's Roost (1870)

References
Robert W. Frazer, Forts of the West: Military Forts and Presidios, and Posts Commonly Called Forts, West of the Mississippi River to 1898 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1965).
Raphael P. Thian, Notes Illustrating the Military Geography of the United States, 1813-1880 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1881; reprinted Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1979).
Francis Paul Prucha, A Guide to the Military Posts of the United States, 1789-1895 (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1964).

 The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861–1865, by E.B. Long with Barbara Long, 1985, Da Capo Press, , page 138

External links
 Missouri Capitol Hill website
 Missouri Capitol Hill on Division of Missouri

1861 establishments in the United States
Operations to control Missouri (American Civil War)
Missouri in the American Civil War
Missouri, Department of the
Missouri

Department of the Missouri


Rutgers Law School is the law school of Rutgers University, with classrooms in Newark and Camden, New Jersey. It is the largest public law school and the 10th largest law school, overall, in the United States. Each class in the three-year J.D. program enrolls approximately 350 law students. Although Rutgers University dates from 1766, its law school was founded in Newark in 1908. Today, Rutgers offers the J.D. and a foreign-lawyer J.D., as well as joint-degree programs that combine a J.D. with a graduate degree from another Rutgers graduate program.

According to Rutgers Law School's 2016 ABA-required disclosures, 93.7% of the Class of 2016 obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required or JD-advantage employment nine months after graduation, excluding solo practitioners.

History

Rutgers Law School is the oldest law school in New Jersey. Rutgers Law School has its roots in three law schools.  The first was founded October 5, 1908 as the New Jersey Law School, the second, the South Jersey Law School founded in 1926  by Collingswood, New Jersey mayor and businessmen Arthur E. Armitage, Sr. and the final was Mercer Beasley School of Law named for a former New Jersey Supreme Court Justice and founded in 1926 by several prominent Newark attorneys.

The New Jersey Law School was founded as a for-profit law school by Richard D. Currier, a New York lawyer and graduate of Yale and New York Law School. Currier was joined by Charles M. Mason, a New Jersey attorney, who served as dean until his death in 1928. The school originally had only three faculty members 30 students with classes on the 4th floor of the Prudential Insurance Home Office in Newark for their first classes. In December 1908, the school was moved to a large Victorian townhouse at 33 East Park Street also in Newark. From its founding, women were to be admitted on "equal basis to men."

After World War I, the New Jersey Law School saw increase in enrollment and by 1927, enrollment had peaked to more than 2,300 students, making it the second largest law school in the United States. In 1927 the school moved to the former Ballantine & Sons Ale Brewery at 40 Rector Street.

In 1934, Mercer Beasley School of Law and Newark Institute of Arts and Sciences merged to form the University of Newark and two years later, the New Jersey Law School joined establishing the University of Newark Law School. Combining the resources of the schools was designed created a stronger institution however the law school experienced a major decline in enrollment due to World War II and therefore was in a precarious financial condition.

In 1946, the University of Newark merged with Rutgers University and the law school was renamed the Rutgers University School of Law. In 1950, the South Jersey Law School in Camden, New Jersey,  merged with Rutgers University. The school was divided between the Newark Division and the South Jersey division based in Camden, with the dean and law school administration based in Newark. During the 1950s and 1960s the law school expanded in size creating the largest law library in New Jersey and its faculty tripled in size. In 1963, the future U.S. Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg was hired as a law professor and served on the faculty until 1972. Ginsburg developed some of the concepts that led to the founding of the Women's Rights Litigation Clinic by Professor Nadine H. Taub, who was its director for many years, and the Women's Rights Law Reporter the first American legal journal dedicated women's rights.

In 1967, the South Jersey Division was split and created as a separate unit, creating two law schools: Rutgers School of Law – Camden and Rutgers School of Law – Newark. In 1968, following the Newark riots of 1967, the faculty created the Minority Students Program (MSP) one of the first law school affirmative action programs in the country, with the goal of increasing African American student enrollment. In 1978, the law faculty voted to admit students regardless of race and revamped the Minority Students Program to focus on socio-economically disadvantaged students in response to the Supreme Court's decision in Bakke. In Doherty V. Rutgers School Of Law-Newark  the 3rd Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the MSP in a lawsuit from a white student alleging discrimination. Throughout the 1970s the Newark campus was a center of activism and law students nicknamed it "The People's Electric Law School."  Its graduates from this period include United States Senators Elizabeth Warren and Robert Menendez.  After eliminating its evening program in 1955, in 1975, the law school restarted an evening program on Camden and Newark campus. From 1965 to 1978 the Newark division of the law school was located on Akerson Hall. In 1978, it moved to a skyscraper at 15 Washington Street which was renamed in honor of billionaire media baron Samuel I. Newhouse, Sr., a 1916 graduate of the law school. In January 2000, the school moved to the Center for Law and Justice, a newly constructed 225,000-square-foot, six-story building at 123 Washington Street in Newark. In 2015, Rutgers School of Law–Newark and Rutgers School of Law–Camden were unified into a single, jointly administered Rutgers Law School with two campuses.

Admissions
In 2018, Rutgers had a 48% acceptance rate, with 2,535 applications for admission and 1,237 offers. The for the 2018 admitted students, the LSAT 75% - 25% was 158-153 and the UGPA 75% - 25% was 3.61 - 3.08. Rutgers' admissions process offers applicants a choice between competing for admission based primarily on traditional measures such as LSAT scores and college GPAs, or, alternatively, on the basis of an applicant's life experience, with a lesser (though still significant) emphasis placed on traditional factors. Factors that may be considered in the Rutgers admissions process include, but are not limited to, work experience, personal accomplishments, and other aspects of the applicant's personal background.

Rutgers' admissions process is particularly significant when contrasted with the efforts of some law schools to maximize the undergraduate GPA and LSAT scores of their incoming classes, while increasing the number of part-time students whose GPA and LSAT scores are not counted toward rankings, in order to improve their standing in popular law school ranking publications.

Academics
The J.D. program at Rutgers requires a total of 84 credits to graduate. The 1L curriculum requires traditional courses in Torts, Contracts, Property, Criminal Law, Civil Procedure, Constitutional Law, and Legal Analysis, Writing and Research Skills.

All required courses are graded on a standard 2.95 - 3.1 GPA curve. 1Ls are grouped in small sections of roughly 30 people, who take all of the same required classes together. Though two or three sections are generally combined for required courses, each student has a 'small section' class where their section of 30 or fewer people is taught a required subject by a tenured faculty member. Students may choose to attend classes on either a full-time or part-time basis.

Journals
The law school has nine student journals:
Rutgers University Law Review (a merger of Rutgers Law Review and Rutgers Law Journal)
Rutgers Computer and Technology Law Journal, the first journal in the country to address the interaction between computers, technology and the law.
Women's Rights Law Reporter, the first journal in the country to focus on women's rights. Co-founded by then–Rutgers Professor Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Professor Nadine H. Taub.
Rutgers Journal of Law and Public Policy, previously known as the Rutgers Journal of Law and Urban Policy, focuses on current public policy issue in the United States.
Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion was founded in 1999 and is one of the few journals on law and religion.
Rutgers Law Record, the first online law journal in the United States.
Rutgers Race and the Law Review was founded in 1996 and is the second journal in the country to focus on the broad spectrum of multicultural issues.
Rutgers Business Law Review, formerly known as the Rutgers Bankruptcy Law Journal.
Rutgers International Law and Human Rights Journal, is one of the newest journals at Rutgers Law School.

The Business Law Review and International Law and Human Rights Journal were accredited in December 2019.

Costs
Tuition and fees at Rutgers law School for the 2016-2017 academic year is $27,011 (full-time, in-state) and $39,425 (full-time, out-of-state).

Rankings
According to the U.S. News & World Report Law School Rankings for 2023, the law school is ranked 86th overall, with its part-time program ranking 15th overall. The U.S. News rankings are based on successful placement of graduates, faculty resources, academic achievements of entering students, and opinions by law schools, lawyers and judges on overall program quality; however, U.S. News, per its data for 2019, has separately ranked the law school 9th in the country where full-time graduates who borrowed for law school and entered the private sector had the highest salary-to-debt ratio.

The National Law Journal ranked the law school 47th on its 2015 list of the Top 50 Go-To Law Schools. It was the only law school in New Jersey to appear on that list, which reported that 10.1% of the law school's 2014 graduates were hired directly by one of the country's top 250 law firms.

The law school ranks 41st in the nation in the 2019 Above the Law Rankings, which weighs graduate employment, quality of graduate jobs, education cost, alumni feedback, student debt, and the number of alumni serving as federal judges.

Finally, the law school is ranked 30th according to Business Insider's 2014 'Top Law Schools in America' list.

List of notable alumni
David A. Christian - retired United States Army captain and former candidate for United States Senate, class of 2011
Louis Freeh - former FBI director
Robert Menendez - US Senator from New Jersey
Hazel O'Leary - former US Secretary of Energy
Esther Salas - New Jersey Federal Judge, Class of 1994
Robert Torricelli- former United States Senator from New Jersey
Elizabeth Warren- US Senator, Class of 1976
Jacqueline C. Romero - US attorney for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, Class of 1996
Zahid Quraishi- New Jersey Federal Judge, Class of 2000
Scott P. Myren - Associate Justice, South Dakota Supreme Court
Robin Wiessmann - director of Pennsylvania Housing Finance Agency

People associated with Rutgers Law School

Linda Wharton, Lawyer who argued and won Planned Parenthood v. Casey in front of U.S. Supreme Court

References

External links

Rutgers University colleges and schools
Law schools in New Jersey
Law schools in the New York metropolitan area
Education in Camden, New Jersey
Education in Newark, New Jersey
2015 establishments in New Jersey
Educational institutions established in 2015

Rutgers Law School


Radwaniyah Palace (also known as Al Radwaniyah Presidential Complex) is a palace in Baghdad, Iraq, which functioned as a presidential resort for the late Iraqi president Saddam Hussein until it was taken over by Coalition forces during the 2003 US-led invasion of Iraq. Inside, it was decorated with marble, luxury furniture and monuments dedicated to Saddam. Located near the Baghdad International Airport in western Baghdad, Radwaniyah Palace was the main presidential site for Saddam and was a typical Presidential site. It is bordered on the north by Qasr Tall Mihl and Al Urdun (Jordan) Street; on the south by sparse, outlying neighborhoods and on the east by suburbs Al 'Amiriyah and Hayy al-Furat. High walls surround the former resort; watchtowers contribute to more readily maintaining surveillance and security for the site. It also included a detention facility which according to Human Rights Watch was able to accommodate up to five-thousand inmates.

In addition to having two man-made hills and several man-made lakes, it houses two presidential palaces. The northern one usually goes by the more familiar name, Al Faw Palace. The southern one is known as the Victory over Iran Palace.

Coalition installations Camp Liberty, Camp Victory and Camp Slayer used to occupy Al Radwaniyah's grounds.

References

Saddam's Palaces: an Interview with Richard Mosse June 2009

Saddam Hussein
Palaces in Iraq
Defunct resorts
Buildings and structures in Baghdad
Official residences in Iraq
Presidential residences

Radwaniyah Palace


Biggin can be a noun or a verb. Biggin is wan o the maist ancient human skills. It is pairt o the way we huv survived an it is the maist weel-kent seembol o a civilisation. Awtho some ither craetures big simple structures, e.g. birds, ants an bees, humans huv learnt tae big in a great mony weys, fur tae fit different needs an local condeetions. We big maistly fur beildin. Biggins can beild fowk, or ainimals, or machinery, or anyhin. The simplest biggin is jist a ruif, fur tae keep the space underneath dry, or shady. Eikin waws gies mair beildin fae the wind or rain.

By pittin a windae in a waw, wi or wioot gless, we lat licht inside the biggin. We leave a hole somewhaur big eneuch tae gang in an oot, wi a door that can be appent an closed. Aften the door will huv a lock, sae the biggin can be left siccar.

Gin a biggin is tae last fur a lang time, it may huv foonds. This is like the ruit o a tree, that is sunken in the groond an praps up the waws. Gin the groond is saft, the foonds maun be gey deep an strang.

Gin a biggin is heich eneuch, it can huv mair nor the wan flair. Fowk can clim frae ae flair tae the next by a stair, or aiblins by a lift. This is kent as gaun up the stair, or doun the stair. Biggins can huv a flair unner the groond an aw. This is fur ordinar cried a laich room or dunnie.

Types o biggin

Whaur fowk stay
Flat
But an ben
Castle
Bothy
Hoose

Whaur fowk wirk
Coorthoose
Schuil
Ferm, bern, ganzie
Jyle
Offices
Polis station
Shop

Cultur an Entertainment
Theatre

Transportation
Airport
Bus station
Herbour
Lichthoose
Railwey station

Biggins an structurs

Biggin


Dina statistik, téoréma Rao-Blackwell ngagambarkeun hiji téhnik nu bisa ngarobah bentuk éstimator nu teu jelas jadi hiji éstimator nu optimal ku kritéria méan-kasalahan kuadrat atawa kritéria séjén nu ampir sarupa. (Pronunciation: Rao rhymes with "cow".)

Sababaraha harti prasarat

Hiji estimator nyaéta hiji variabel acak nu bisa diobservasi (upamana dina statistik) dipaké keur ngira-ngira kuantita nu teu ka-observasi. For example, one may be unable to observe the average height of all male students at the University of X, but one may observe the heights of a random sample of 40 of them.  The average height of those 40—the "sample average"—may be used as an éstimator of the unobservable "population average".
A sufficient statistic T(X) is an observable random variable such that the conditional probability distribution of all observable data X given T(X) does not depend on any of the unobservable quantities such as the méan or standard deviation of the whole population from which the data X was taken. In the most frequently cited examples, the "unobservable" quantities are paraméters that parametrize a known family of probability distributions according to which the data are distributed.
A Rao-Blackwell éstimator δ1(X) of an unobservable quantity θ is the conditional expectation E(δ(X) | T(X)) of some éstimator δ(X) given a sufficient statistic T(X).  Call δ(X) the "original estimator" and δ1(X) the "improved estimator".  It is important that the improved éstimator be observable, i.e., that it not depend on θ.  Generally, the conditional expected value of one function of these data given another function of these data does depend on θ, but the very definition of sufficiency given above entails that this one does not.
The mean squared error of an éstimator is the expected value of the square of its deviation from the unobservable quantity being estimated.

Teorema

Salah sahiji téorema Rao-Blackwell nyebutkeun:

Kuadrat kasalahan mean ti estimator Rao-Blackwell teu leuwih gedé tina estimator asli.

Dina kalimah séjén

Téori nu leuwih ilahar dipaké saperti kieu.

Hal nu leuwih penting keur dibuktikeun tinimbang hal di luhur nyaéta law of total expectation sarta kanyaatan keur sakabéh variabel  Y, E(Y2) teu bisa kurang ti [E(Y)]2.  That inequality is a case of Jensen's inequality, although in a statistics course it may be shown to follow instantly from the frequently mentioned fact that

The more general version of the Rao-Blackwell théorem spéaks of the "expected loss"

where the "loss function" L may be any convex function.  For the proof of the more general version, Jensen's inequality cannot be dispensed with.

The improved éstimator is unbiased if and only if the original éstimator is unbiased, as may be seen at once by using the law of total expectation.  The théorem holds regardless of whether biased or unbiased éstimators are used.

The théorem seems very wéak: it says only that the allegedly improved éstimator is no worse than the original éstimator.  In practice, however, the improvement is often enormous, as an example can show.

Example

Phone calls arrive at a switchboard according to a Poisson process at an average rate of λ per minute.  This rate is not observable, but the numbers of phone calls that arrived during n successive one-minute periods are observed.  It is desired to estimate the probability e−λ that the next one-minute period passes with no phone calls.  The answer given by Rao-Blackwell may perhaps be unexpected.

A extremely crude éstimator of the desired probability is

i.e., this estimates this probability to be 1 if no phone calls arrived in the first minute and zero otherwise.

The sum

can be réadily shown to be a sufficient statistic for λ, i.e., the conditional distribution of the data X1, ..., Xn, given this sum, does not depend on λ.  Therefore, we find the Rao-Blackwell éstimator

After doing some algebra we have

Since the average number X1+ ... + Xn of calls arriving during the first n minutes is nλ, one might not be surprised if this éstimator has a fairly high probability (if n is big) of being close to

So δ1 is cléarly a very much improved éstimator of that last quantity.

Idempotence of the Rao-Blackwell process

In case the sufficient statistic is also a complete statistic, i.e., one which "admits no unbiased estimator of zero", the Rao-Blackwell process is idempotent, i.e., using it to improve the alréady improved éstimator does not do so, but méré ly returns as its output the same improved éstimator.

When is the Rao-Blackwell estimator the best possible?

If the improved éstimator is both unbiased and complete, then the téoréma Lehmann-Scheffé implies that it is the unique "best unbiased estimator."

Probability and statistics
Theorems

Téoréma Rao-Blackwell


Abdelkrim Ghallab (December 31, 1919 – August 14, 2017) was a Moroccan political journalist, cultural commentator, and novelist. He was born in Fes, Morocco. He was an important figure both in the literary and political field. He studied both at the University of Al-Karaouine in Fez and at the University of Cairo.

Ghallab was the author of five novels and three collections of short stories. His best known novel is Dafann al-m'd (The buried Past), 1966. According to Simon Gikandi his Arabic style is known for its "graceful and at times scholarly classicism".

In 2000, the Union of Arab writers in Egypt included his novel Al-Mu`alîm `Ali (Master Alí) among the hundred best Arabic novels in history. In 2001, the Moroccan department of Culture published the complete works of Ghallab in five volumes. In 2004 he was awarded the Maghreb Culture prize of Tunis. His work has been translated in many languages.

Ghallab died in El Jadida on August 14, 2017, aged 97.

References

1919 births
2017 deaths
Moroccan politicians
Journalists
African novelists

Abdelkrim Ghallab


Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder involving panic attacks. In addition, big changes in behavior might happen in at least one month, and the person might keep worrying about having other attacks. Panic disorder is a serious condition that can happen at any age. It can be treated with psychotherapy and antidepressants.

Anxiety disorders

Panic disorder


Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (28 August 1691 – 21 December 1750) was Princess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary; and Archduchess of Austria by her marriage to Emperor Charles VI. She was renowned for her delicate beauty and also for being the mother of Empress Maria Theresa. She was the longest serving Holy Roman Empress.

Biography
Elisabeth Christine was born on 28 August 1691 in Brunswick, then located in the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg. She was the first child and eldest daughter of Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, and his wife, Princess Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen. She had three siblings: Charlotte August (born and died 1692), Charlotte Christine (born 1694), and Antoinette Amalie (born 1696).

At age 13 Elisabeth Christine became engaged to the future Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, through negotiations between her ambitious grandfather, Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and Charles' sister-in-law, Empress Wilhelmine Amalia, whose father was John Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-Calenberg and thus belonged to another branch of the House of Welf. However, the Lutheran Protestant bride opposed the marriage at first, since it involved her converting to Catholicism, but finally she gave in. She was tutored in Catholicism by her mother-in-law, Empress Eleonore, who introduced her to the religion  and made a pilgrimage with her to Mariazell in 1706. On 1 May 1707, she was converted in Bamberg, Germany. She was required to swear the Tridentine Creed rather than a modified version she had hoped. Prior to the wedding, she was required to undergo a medical examination to prove her fertility by a doctor and the Jesuit confessor of Charles.

Spain

At the time of the wedding, Charles was fighting for his claim to the Spanish throne against the French candidate Philip, so he was living in Barcelona. Elisabeth Christine arrived in Spain in July 1708 and married Charles on 1 August 1708 in the church of Santa María del Mar, Barcelona. As Philip had already fathered a son, Elisabeth Christine was immediately pressured to produce a son. During her time in Spain, she had a long-term correspondence with her mother, which was reportedly a consolation for the continuous pressure to produce a son.

In 1711, Charles left for Vienna to succeed his suddenly deceased brother Joseph I as emperor. He left Elisabeth Christine behind in Spain, appointing her as General Governor of Catalonia in his absence. She ruled Catalonia alone until 1713, when the war ended with Philip recognized by all of Austria's allies. Her official role as regent had been to sustain the morale of Charles's Catalan subjects, but Martino claimed that she actually governed more effectively than Charles had during his Spanish reign. She then joined her husband in Austria.

Austria

As empress, Elisabeth Christine as well as her predecessor were described as accomplished in music, discretion, modesty and diligence, and was regarded to fulfill her representational role as empress well both within the Spanish court protocol of hunting and balls and amateur theater as well as the religious devotion days of pietas austriaca. She was an excellent shot and attended shooting matches, participated in hunting while she and her ladies-in-waiting dressed in amazon attire and also played billiards. Elisabeth Christine was later rumored to be a crypto-Protestant, likely because she was a patron of Jansenists such as Johann Christoph von Bartenstein.

Charles VI did not allow her any political influence whatsoever after her arrival in Austria in 1713. However, she was described as intelligent and self-sufficient, and she established political connections among the ministers, especially Starhemberg; and she took some initiative to engage in politics on her own. In the 1720s, she appeared to have had some influence in the treaty with the Russian Tsar through her family connections in Northern Germany, and she allied herself with the court faction which opposed the plans to marry her daughters to members of the Spanish royal house.

The marriage of Elisabeth Christine was dominated by the pressure upon her to give birth to a male heir. This she later fulfilled when she gave birth to a male heir named Archduke Leopold John in 1716. However, at age 7 months the infant Leopold died.  She reportedly found the situation very stressing and was tormented by the loss of confidence in Charles VI that this caused.  Three years after her marriage, court doctors prescribed large doses of liquor to make her more fertile, which gave her face a permanent blush. During her 1725 pregnancy, Charles unsuccessfully had her bedchamber decorated with erotic images of male beauty so as to make her expected baby male by stimulating her fantasy. After this, the court doctors prescribed a rich diet to increase her fertility, which made her so fat that she became unable to walk, experienced breathing problems, insomnia and dropsy and had to be lowered into her chairs by a specially constructed machine.

Though her health was devastated by the different prescriptions as how to make her conceive another son, Charles VI apparently did care for her: he continued to refer to her by her pet name White Liz, expressed sincere concern in his diary about her health and left her an independent income in his will. Charles had a mistress before the marriage, and he had a mistress, countess Althann, from 1711 onward, though Althann was not an official mistress and had been married to one of his ministers shortly before the arrival of the empress to make the relationship more discreet.

Elisabeth Christine got along very well with her mother-in-law, Eleonore, and her sister-in-law Wilhelmine Amalia, and the three empresses were described as supportive toward each other: Wilhelmine Amalia nursed Elisabeth Christine when she had smallpox, and Elisabeth Christine nursed Eleonore during her last illness.

Despite her lack of political influence, she was successful in arranging the marriage of her niece Elisabeth Christine, a daughter of her sister Antoinette, with the Prussian crown prince and later King Frederick the Great, in 1732 and the marriage of her nephew Anthony Ulrich of Brunswick with Anna Leopoldovna, the heiress of the Russian Empress Anna in 1739. However, the Austro-Prussian rapprochement she had hoped for only lasted until the death of Frederick William I of Prussia in May 1740 and her husband, the Emperor, in October of the same year. On December 16, her nephew by marriage, Frederick II, invaded Habsburg Silesia, triggering the First Silesian War.

Empress Dowager
In 1740, Charles VI died, leaving her a widow. As a widow, she never received the large income left to her in the will of Charles because of the crisis of the state, but her daughter Maria Theresa provided a comfortable existence for her court. As a widow's seat, she gave her Schloss Hetzendorf near Vienna.

Though the traditional view has been that she had a good relationship with her daughter the empress, there is actually nothing to confirm such a thing. While Maria Theresa is known to have freely expressed her affection for people she cared for, she never did so with her mother; she visited her regularly, but the visits were formal, and during her interaction she behaved strictly according to Spanish court etiquette. In 1747, the Prussian ambassador claimed that she was politically active, "without arousing the suspicion that she is trying to meddle" in political matters. Elisabeth Christine died in Vienna.

Children
Leopold Johann (13 April 1716 – 4 November 1716), died in childhood.
Maria Theresa (13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780), Holy Roman Empress, ruler of the Habsburg domains
Maria Anna (26 September 1718 – 16 December 1744), governor of the Austrian Netherlands for a few months before her death in childbirth
Maria Amalia (5 April 1724 – 19 April 1730), died in childhood.

Ancestry

See also
 Order of Elizabeth and Theresa

References

Sources

Royal titles

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1691 births
1750 deaths
18th-century German women
18th-century German people
Nobility from Braunschweig
Holy Roman Empresses
Queens consort of Hungary
German Roman Catholics
Burials at the Imperial Crypt
Burials at St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna
Royal consorts of Naples
Royal consorts of Sicily
Queens consort of Bohemia
Austrian royal consorts
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Lutheranism
New House of Brunswick
18th-century Austrian women
18th-century women from the Holy Roman Empire
Queen mothers
Daughters of monarchs


MMCache, also known as Turck MMCache, is a PHP accelerator, or an extension to PHP meant to improve performance. It is structured as a simple proxy server between the web server and the web browser. Its most important feature is using memcached for caching the data in memory. MMCache is free software released under the GNU GPL 2.0. The key identifying the given site is designated from the URL, so if, for example, there is a session defined within the URL, then the proxy will not work effectively.

A newer version of MMCache, MMCache-LB, has an option to connect more web servers behind the proxy, with load balancing between them.

Development work on MMCache was discontinued in 2009, and the code was forked into the eAccelerator application.

See also
 List of PHP accelerators
 Web caching
 Zend Performance Suite

External links

 Turck MMCache SourceForge page
 PHPCoder, a web based front-end for both MMCache and eAccelerator
 The PHP Scalability Myth, a 2003 article

Free proxy servers
Hypertext Transfer Protocol

MMCache


Kaolinite or Kaolin is a clay mineral. It is in a group with the chemical composition Al2Si2O5(OH)4. It is a layered silicate mineral, with one tetrahedral sheet linked through oxygen atoms to one octahedral sheet of alumina. Rocks that are rich in kaolinite are known as kaolin or china clay.

The name is after Kao-Ling, a village near Jingdezhen, Jiangxi province, China. The name entered English in 1727 from the French kaolin, used in a Jesuit priest's reports from Jingdezhen. In Africa, kaolin is sometimes known as kalaba or calaba.

Kaolinite is a soft, earthy, usually white mineral (dioctahedral phyllosilicate clay). It is produced by the chemical weathering of aluminium silicate minerals like feldspar. In many parts of the world, it is colored pink-orange-red by iron oxide, giving it a distinct rust hue. Lighter concentrations yield white, yellow or light orange colors. Alternating layers are sometimes found, as at Providence Canyon State Park in Georgia, United States. Commercial grades of kaolin are supplied and transported as dry powder, semi-dry noodle or as liquid slurry.

Kaolinite is said to have a low shrink-swell capacity and a low cation-exchange capacity, which makes it ideal for various industrial applications.

Kaolin is a main ingredient in making porcelain. Its main industrial use now is in manufacturing paper, especially whiter high-gloss papers. It is also used in toothpastes, make-up and paint.

References

Minerals

Kaolinite