Franz Josef Strauß () (6 September 6 1915 – 3 October 1988) was a German politician (CSU) and minister-president of the state of Bavaria. Press reports called him the "Strong Man of Europe".

Biography

Early years
Born as Franz Strauß in Munich as the second child of a butcher. Strauß studied at the University of Munich from 1935 to 1939.

He became a member of the NSDStB (Nationalsozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund), (). All students had to be members, or they would not be allowed to study.

In World War II, he served in the German army, on the Western and Eastern Fronts. While on furlough, he passed the German state exams to become a teacher. He got severe frostbite on the Eastern Front at the end of 1942, so he became an Offizier für wehrgeistige Führung (political officer) at the anti-aircraft artillery school in Altenstadt, near Schongau, Bavaria.

Soon after the war he changed his name to Franz Josef Strauß.

In 1957 Strauß married Marianne Zwicknagl. They had three children (Max Josef, Franz Georg and Monika). Monika also became a Bavarian minister and member of the Bavarian parliament.

Political life
After the war, he was appointed deputy Landrat (county president) of Schongau by the American army, and helped to found the local CSU there.

He became a member of the first Bundestag (Federal Parliament) in 1949 and, in 1953, Federal Minister for Special Affairs in the second cabinet of Chancellor Konrad Adenauer. In 1955 he became Federal Minister of Nuclear Energy, and in 1956 defence minister. As defence minister he helped to build-up of the new Bundeswehr.

He became chairman of the CSU in 1961.

Der Spiegel scandal
Strauß had to resign as defence minister in 1962 because of the Spiegel scandal. The important magazine Der Spiegel said that the Bundeswehr could not defend Germany. Strauß said this was treason and Rudolf Augstein, editor of the magazine, was arrested for 103 days.

Strauß had to admit that he had lied to the Bundestag, and had to resign. He complained that he was treated like a "Jew who had dared appear at an NSDAP party convention".

Rivalry between Kohl and Strauß
Strauß became minister of finance in 1966, in the cabinet of Kurt Georg Kiesinger.

He worked with the SPD minister for economy, Karl Schiller, but after the SPD was able to form a government without the CDU/CSU, in 1969, Strauß lost his job and became a critic of Willy Brandt's Ostpolitik.

In 1976, when Helmut Kohl failed to become chancellor Strauß cancelled the alliance between the CDU and CSU parties in the Bundestag. He only started the alliance again when the CDU threatened to move into Bavaria.

In the 1980 federal election Strauß was the CDU/CSU candidate for chancellor. Some people thought that this showed that the CDU and CSU leaders thought Strauß had better policies and style than Kohl. Others said that the CDU/CSU thought that Helmut Schmidt and the SPD was bound to win the 1980 election, and felt that they had nothing to lose in running Strauß: but it might stop Strauß criticising anyone whon disagreed with him.

Final decade of life
From 1978 until his death in 1988, Strauß was minister president of Bavaria. He served as President of the Bundesrat in 1983/84.

After he lost the 1980 federal election, he left federal politics. But he did not stay quiet, and often commented on federal affairs from his safe seat in Bavaria. He especially criticised Kohl's ideas, even after Kohl ascended to the Chancellorship.

In 1983, Strauß helped to arrange a loan of 3 billion Deutschmarks for East Germany. This was not popular, and today it is regarded by some as having artificially prolonged the life of the then-bankrupt communist state.

Visit to Albania
Strauß visited communist Albania on 21 August 1984, while Enver Hoxha, the absolute dictator from the end of World War II until his death in 1985, was still alive. Strauß was one of the few Western leaders to visit Albania in decades. Some thought Strauß might be helping to start diplomatic links between Albania and West Germany but the visit did not result in anything concrete.

Death
On 1 October 1988, Strauß collapsed while hunting with the Prince of Thurn and Taxis in the Thurn and Taxis forests, east of Regensburg. He died in a Regensburg hospital on October 3 without having regained consciousness.

Legacy
Strauß was very important in post-war Germany even though he was not very well known outside Germany. He polarized (split) the public like few other politicians.

A well known spokesman for conservatives, and brilliant speech-maaker, he was a "red flag" to the left (his ideas made left wing people very angry).

He helped transform Bavaria from a farming state to a centre of technology in Germany. He was an aerospace enthusiast, and supported the Airbus in the 1970s. This is why the new airport in Munich was named after him in 1992 (see Franz Josef Strauß International Airport).

References
 Franz Josef Strauß. The Grand Design: A European solution to German reunification. English translation: London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1965.

Other websites

 Biography
 Website with Strauß quotations
 "Plisch und Plum" caricature (1967)  by Luis Murschetz
 Memories of Pasadena by J. Orlin Grabbe  (personal eyewitness observations concerning the personal interest of Herbert W. Armstrong in the career of Franz Josef Strauß as the future Führer of a United States of Europe)

1915 births
1988 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Members of the German Bundestag
German military personnel of World War II
Government ministers of Germany
Ministers-President of Bavaria
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Politicians from Munich
Politicians of the Christian Social Union of Bavaria

Franz Josef Strauß


The grapevine cross (Georgian: ჯვარი ვაზისა, Jvari Vazisa), also known as the Georgian cross or Saint Nino's cross, is a major symbol of the Georgian Orthodox Church and apocryphally dates from the 4th century AD, when Christianity became the official religion in the kingdom of Iberia (Kartli).

Background
The grapevine cross is recognizable by the slight drooping of its horizontal arms. Traditional accounts credit Saint Nino, a Cappadocian woman who preached Christianity in Iberia (corresponding to modern southern and eastern Georgia, northeastern Turkey) early in the 4th century, with this unusual shape of cross. The legend has it that she received the grapevine cross from the Virgin Mary (or, alternatively, she created it herself on the way to Mtskheta) and secured it by entwining with her own hair. Nino came with this cross on her mission to Georgia. However, the familiar representation of the cross, with its peculiar drooping arms, did not appear until the early modern era.

According to traditional accounts, the cross of St. Nino was kept at Svetitskhoveli Cathedral in Mtskheta until 541. During the Persian invasions it was taken to Armenia and stayed there until David IV of Georgia recovered the Armenian city of Ani from the Muslims in 1124, and brought the cross to Mtskheta. King Vakhtang III of Georgia (1303–1307) enshrined the cross in a special envelope, decorated with the scenes from St. Nino's life. During the 1720s, when Georgia was subjected to Persian and Ottoman invasions, the cross was taken to safer areas, to Ananuri in highland Georgia. From there, the Georgian bishop Timothy brought the cross to the émigré Georgian prince Bakar, residing in Moscow and then in Lyskovo. The Georgian king Erekle II tried to recover the relic for Georgia from Bakar's family, to no avail. In 1801, Bakar's grandson Georgy presented the cross to the Russian tsar Alexander I, who returned it to Georgia in 1802 on the occasion of Georgia's incorporation within the Russian Empire. Since then, the cross has been preserved in the Sioni Cathedral in Tbilisi, Georgia.

Gallery

See also
Christian cross

References

Cross symbols
Georgian Orthodox Church
National symbols of Georgia (country)

Grapevine cross


Estonian National Opera (Rahvusooper Estonia) is the national opera company of Estonia. The company is based at the Estonia Theatre in Tallinn. The theatre has had several names throughout its existence. The latest one being "The Estonian National Opera", which was adopted in 1998. The company produces a lively and varied season which includes operas, ballets and operettas/musicals with over 500 people currently working at the Estonian National Opera.

History
The song and drama society "Estonia" was founded in 1870. This was the beginning of what has become the current-day Estonian National Opera ().

Play-acting was taken up in 1871, although theatre as a tradition did not really come into being until 1895, when the society began to direct song plays, folk plays and comedies, usually with singing and dancing. By the start of the 20th century more serious drama was being staged.

In 1906, the society became the basis for the professional theatre called "Estonia" founded by the directors and actors Paul Pinna and Theodor Altermann. This remained tied to the "Estonia" society and the Estonian Theatre "Estonia" Limited Liability Company, founded in 1908, until 1940, at which time they were disbanded under the Soviet rule in Estonia as part of "the bourgeois remnant" and the theatre was nationalized.

1907 – first operetta staged, Hervé's Mam'zelle Nitouche
1908 – first opera staged, Kreutzer's Das Nachtlager in Granada
1911 – the first Estonian operetta staged, Adalbert Wirkhaus's St John's Night
1922 – the first full evening ballet performance, Léo Delibes's Coppélia
1928 – the first Estonian opera, Evald Aav's Vikerlased (The Estonian Vikings)
1944 – the first Estonian ballet, Eduard Tubin's Kratt

The opera company is also known as the Estonia Theatre after the building it occupies in downtown Tallinn. This was built as a national effort under the leadership of the "Estonia" society in 1913 and was opened to the public on 24 August of the same year.

The opera house itself was bombed by Soviet air raids on 9 March 1944. It was reopened after the war in 1947. Estonian painters Richard Sagrits, Elmar Kits and Evald Okas painted the ceiling in tempera in the style of Socialist Realism.

Plays were staged in "Estonia" until 1949 when the drama troupe was disbanded, after which "Estonia" continued purely as a musical theatre. The company celebrated its centenary in 2006. The celebration was carried out in a newly renovated opera house.

Directors
Aarne Viisimaa (1927–1944)

Chief conductors
  (1906–1908)
 Adalbert Wirkhaus (1908–1912)

 Raimund Kull (1912–1942)
 Juhan Aavik (1925–1933)
 Verner Nerep (1942–1944)
  (1942–1951)
  (1951–1963)

 Neeme Järvi (1963–1975)
 Eri Klas (1975–1994)
 Paul Mägi (1995–2002)
 Jüri Alperten (2002–2004)
 Arvo Volmer (2004–2012)
 Vello Pähn (2012–2019)
 Arvo Volmer (2019–)

See also
List of concert halls

References

External links

Estonian opera companies
Culture in Tallinn

Estonian National Opera


The Abraham Lincoln was a named passenger train operated by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad from 1935 into the 1960s. The Abe Lincoln ran between Chicago and St. Louis on the B&O's subsidiary Alton Railroad. The train later passed to the Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad, and then finally to Amtrak, which retained the name until 1978. Service between Chicago and St. Louis is now known by the umbrella term Lincoln Service. This train was the first streamlined passenger service to travel the 284 miles between Chicago and St. Louis, with Joliet, Bloomington-Normal, Springfield and Alton in between. Passengers can get a glimpse of the Mississippi River between Alton and St. Louis.

Pre-Amtrak

The original streamlined Abe Lincoln was one of two non-articulated, streamlined trains built with government assisted funding in 1935.  The locomotive, B&O No. 50, was powered by an 1800-hp box-cab diesel made by EMC.  After delivery, No. 50 was retrofitted with a quasi-streamlined, sloped front end. The Abraham Lincoln continued to operate following the Alton Railroad's merger with the GM&O in 1947, and one of the streamliner trainsets survived into the 1960s.

Amtrak

Following its takeover of most passenger rail service in the United States on May 1, 1971, Amtrak retained the Abraham Lincoln as a daily Chicago–St. Louis service, operating in tandem with the GM&O's old Limited. In November of that year Amtrak extended both the Abraham Lincoln and the Limited (now known as the Prairie State) through Chicago to Milwaukee, Wisconsin. In October 1973, Amtrak replaced the rolling stock with the new French-built Turboliner; as part of this change the trains were re-branded as Turboliners and truncated to Chicago. In February 1976 Amtrak returned conventional rolling stock to the route and revived the Abraham Lincoln name along with the Ann Rutledge. Amtrak added the State House to the Chicago–St. Louis corridor in 1977. Also in 1977, Amtrak extended the Abraham Lincoln to Kansas City and renamed it the Ann Rutledge — a name that had briefly disappeared from the timetable in 1976–77 when Amtrak extended the Inter-American to Chicago. Today service between Chicago and St. Louis is handled by the Lincoln Service.

Equipment

American Car and Foundry (ACF) constructed two lightweight trainsets for the B&O, one for the Abraham Lincoln and one for the Royal Blue, which ran between New York City and Washington, D. C. Each trainset consisted of eight cars: a baggage/mail car, three coaches, a lunch counter/diner, two parlor cars, and a parlor-observation car.
The B&O rebuilt both baggage/mail cars in 1936: the Abraham Lincolns became a baggage/buffet car with seating for 24, while the Royal Blue'''s became a baggage/chair car with seating for 44.

On July 26, 1937, the Abraham Lincoln received the Royal Blues equipment, while the Abraham Lincolns original equipment was assigned to the Ann Rutledge. This consist included a 60-seat chair car (#5806) that the B&O had built in its own shops in 1936. Both of the consists had the first 64-seat chair car rebuilt into a buffet-lounge, while the lunch counter/diners became full dining cars.

The Gulf, Mobile and Ohio ordered additional chair and parlor cars from ACF in 1947 but otherwise made few changes to the trains' equipment. The new cars seated 68 and 31, respectively.

 Stations

See alsoAnn RutledgeLincoln ServiceRoyal Blue''

References

External links

Former Amtrak routes
Named passenger trains of the United States
Passenger rail transportation in Illinois
Passenger rail transportation in Missouri
Passenger trains of the Alton Railroad
Passenger trains of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
Passenger trains of the Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad
North American streamliner trains
Railway services introduced in 1935
Railway services discontinued in 1978

Abraham Lincoln (train)


Albrecht Dürer (21 May 1471 – 6 April 1528) was a Hungarian-German painter, engraver and mathematician.

He was born on 21 May 1471 and died on 6 April 1528 in Nuremberg, Germany and is best known as a maker of old master prints. His prints were often in a series, so that there is a group of different prints about a subject.  The most famous series are the Apocalypse (1498) and his two series on the passion of Christ, the Great Passion (1498–1510) and the Little Passion (1510–1511).

Dürer's best known individual engravings (that is, ones that are not part of a series) include Knight, Death, and the Devil (1513), Saint Jerome in his Study (1514) and Melencolia I (1514). His most iconic images are his woodcuts of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1497–1498) from the Apocalypse series, the Rhinoceros, and numerous self-portraits in oils.  Dürer possibly did not cut his own woodblocks but may have employed a skilled carver who followed his drawings faithfully. He painted a number of religious works in oils and made many brilliant watercolours and drawings, which through modern reproductions are now perhaps his best known works.

Dürer's prints made him famous across Europe before 30, with many people hailing him as the greatest artist of the Renaissance in Northern Europe.

Early life

Dürer was the third child and second son of his parents, who had between fourteen and eighteen children. His father was a successful goldsmith from Ajtós, near Gyula in Hungary.

Dürer's godfather was Anton Koberger, who left goldsmithing to become a printer and publisher in the year Dürer was born. He quickly became the most successful publisher in Germany, and owned twenty-four printing presses and had many offices in Germany and abroad. His most famous publication was the Nuremberg Chronicle, published in 1493 in German and Latin. It had 1,809 woodcut pictures by the Wolgemut workshop. Dürer may well have worked on some of these, as the work on the project began while he was with Wolgemut.

Dürer had started to learn goldsmithing and drawing from his father. His father wanted him to continue his training as a goldsmith, but he was so good at drawing that he started as an apprentice to Michael Wolgemut at the age of fifteen in 1486. A self-portrait, a drawing in silverpoint, is dated 1484 (Albertina, Vienna). Wolgemut was the leading artist in Nuremberg at the time, and had a large workshop making different types of works of art, in particular woodcuts for books. Nuremberg was a rich city, a centre for publishing and many luxury trades. It had strong links with Italy, especially Venice, a relatively short distance across the Alps.

Wanderjahre and marriage
After completing his term of apprenticeship in 1489, Dürer followed the common German custom of taking a wanderjahre — in effect a gap year.  Dürer was away nearly four years, travelling through Germany, Switzerland, and probably, the Netherlands. Dürer wanted to meet Martin Schongauer, the best engraver of Northern Europe, but Schongauer died shortly before Dürer's arrival. He stayed at the house of Schongauer's brother, and got some pictures that Schongauer owned.

His first painted self-portrait is now in the Louvre.  It was painted in Strasbourg, probably so that Dürer could send it back to his fiancée in Nuremberg. In fact, very soon after he got back to Nuremberg, on 7 July 1494 Dürer was married to Agnes Frey. She was the daughter of a well known brass worker (and amateur harpist) in the city. He was 23, and the marriage was arranged while Dürer was away travelling. his absence.  They had no children, and most people think that they did not marry for love, but because it was good to link the two families.  Also, a single man could not set up in business for himself in Nuremberg. Dürer painted some portraits of his wife, but experts say that they "lack warmth".  The experts think that if Dürer loved his wife he would have taken more time over those pictures to make her look more beautiful and friendly.

First Visit to Italy

Within three months Dürer left for Italy.  The start of plague in Nuremberg was one reason for his leaving.

In Italy, he went to Venice where artists were working in a more modern style.  Dürer wrote that Giovanni Bellini was the oldest and still the best of the artists in Venice.

Return to Nuremberg

On his return to Nuremberg in 1495, Dürer opened his own workshop. He started to use what he learned in Italy more and more, so his work was quite different from the other artists in Nuremberg who used only the traditional German style.

Dürer's father died in 1502 and his mother died in 1513.

Dürer probably did not cut any of the woodblocks himself.  This was a job for experts.  But he had designed and cut woodblocks for woodcut as part of his training in Wolgemut's studio, and he had seen  many carved and painted altarpieces made in the studio.  This means he knew what could be made into a woodblock print, and how to work with the expert block cutters. Dürer either drew his design directly onto the woodblock itself, or glued a paper drawing to the block. Either way his drawing was destroyed when the block was cut.

His famous series of sixteen great designs for the Apocalypse are dated 1498. He made the first seven scenes of the Great Passion in the same year, and a little later, a series of eleven on the Holy Family and saints. Around 1503–1505 he produced the first seventeen of a set illustrating the life of the Virgin, which he did not finish for some years. Neither these, nor the Great Passion, were published as sets until several years later, but prints were sold individually in considerable numbers.

The Venetian artist Jacopo de' Barbari, whom Dürer had met in Venice, visited Nuremberg in 1500, and Dürer said that he learned much about the new developments in perspective, anatomy, and Body proportions from him. de'Barbari did not want to tell Dürer everything he knew, so Dürer began his own studies, and he kept studying for the rest of his life.  This is a series of drawings show Dürer's experiments in human proportion, before he made his famous engraving of Adam and Eve (1504). This is the only existing engraving signed with his full name.

Dürer made large numbers of other practice drawings, especially for his paintings and engravings, and many survive, most famously the Praying Hands (1508 Albertina, Vienna).  He also continued to make images in watercolour and bodycolour (usually combined), including a number of very beautiful still lives of meadow sections or animals, including his "Hare" (1502, Albertina, Vienna).

Second visit to Italy
In early 1506, he returned to Venice and stayed there until the spring of 1507.  By this time Dürer's engravings were very popular and were being copied. In Venice he was given a valuable commission from the emigrant German community for the church of San Bartolomeo.  This was the altar-piece known as the Adoration of the Virgin or the Feast of Rose Garlands.  It includes portraits of members of Venice's German community, but shows a strong Italian influence. Later, the Emperor Rudolf II took it to Prague. Other paintings Dürer made in Venice include, The Virgin and Child with the Goldfinch, Christ disputing with the Doctors (supposedly produced in just five days), and a number of smaller works.

Nuremberg and the masterworks

Dürer was admired by the Venetians, but he was back in Nuremberg by mid-1507. He stayed in Germany until 1520. His reputation had spread throughout Europe. He was on friendly terms with most of the major artists of Europe, and exchanged drawings with Raphael.

The years between  and his journey to the Netherlands are divided according to the type of work he made. During the first five years, 1507–1511, after his return from Venice Dürer mostly painted. He made his four best  paintings, Adam and Eve (1507), Virgin with the Iris (1508), the altarpiece the Assumption of the Virgin (1509), and the Adoration of the Trinity by all the Saints (1511). During this period he also completed the two woodcut series, the Great Passion and the Life of the Virgin.

He complained that painting did not make enough money, so from 1511 to 1514 he concentrated on printmaking. The famous works he made in this period were the thirty-seven woodcuts for the Little Passion, published first in 1511, and a set of fifteen small engravings on the same theme in 1512. In 1513 and 1514 he created his three most famous engravings, The Knight, Death, and the Devil (or simply, The Knight, as he called it, 1513), Melencolia I, and St. Jerome in his Study (both 1514).

'Melencolia I' has a magic square which is believed to be the first seen in European art. The two numbers in the middle of the bottom row give the date of the engraving, 1514.

In 1515, he created his woodcut of the Rhinoceros.  The rhinoceros was in Lisbon, but Durer never saw it.  He made it from a sketch and description from another artist.  It was not very lifelike, but still being used in some German school science text-books early last century.  The rhinoceros was from an  extinct Indian species.

Up to 1520 he produced a wide range of works, including portraits in tempera on linen, experiments in etching on plates of iron, and parts of the Triumphal Arch and the Triumphs of Maximilian which were huge woodcut projects ordered by Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor.

Journey to the Netherlands and beyond

In the summer of 1520 Dürer made his fourth and last major journey.

He wanted to renew the Imperial pension Maximilian had given him. Maximilian had died in 1519, so the  city of Nuremberg stopped paying it.  Dürer also needed new patrons following the death of Maximilian, and to avoid an outbreak of sickness in Nuremberg.

He took his wife and her maid and left Nuremberg for the Netherlands in July 1520, to be at the coronation of the new emperor, Charles V. He travelled by the Rhine to Cologne, and then to Antwerp, where he made many drawings in silverpoint, chalk, and charcoal.

Dürer went to Aachen for the coronation, but also made trips to Cologne, Nijmegen, 's-Hertogenbosch, Brussels, Bruges, Ghent, and Zeeland. In Brussels he saw "the things which have been sent to the king from the golden land" — the Aztec treasure that Hernán Cortés had sent home to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V following the fall of Mexico. Dürer wrote that this treasure trove "was much more beautiful to me than miracles.  These things are so precious that they have been valued at 100,000 florins".  Dürer appears to have been collecting for his own cabinet of curiosities, and he sent back to Nuremberg various animal horns, a piece of coral, some large fish fins, and a wooden weapon from the East Indies.

Dürer took many prints with him.  He wrote in his diary to whom he gave, exchanged, or sold them, and for how much. This is some of the few times the price of prints was recorded, so historians think it very important to show the values of prints compared to paintings at that time.  Dürer returned home in July 1521.  He had an unknown illness which stayed with him for the rest of his life, and slowed his rate of work.

Final years in Nuremberg

Back in Nuremberg, Dürer started work on a series of religious pictures. There are many practice sketches and studies (practice paintings for a bigger painting) but no big paintings from this time.  This was partly because of his illness, but more because of the time he spent preparing to write books about geometry and perspective, the proportions of men and horses, and fortification.

His writings show that Dürer was highly sympathetic to Martin Luther, and he may have been influential in the City Council declaring for Luther in 1525. However, he died before religious divisions had hardened into different "Catholic" and "Protestant"churches.  Dürer probably thought of himself as a reform-minded Catholic.

Dürer died in Nuremberg at the age of 56.  He left money and goods worth 6,874 florins - a considerable sum. His workshop was a part of his large house.  His widow lived there until her death in 1537.  The house is now a museum.

Related pages
 Self portrait
List of German painters

References

Books/sources
 Giulia Bartrum (2002), Albrecht Dürer and his Legacy, British Museum Press.
 Walter L. Strauss (Editor) (1973), The Complete Engravings, Etchings and Drypoints of Albrecht Durer, Dover Publications.  — still in print in paperback.
 Wilhelm Kurth (Editor) (2000), The Complete Woodcuts of Albrecht Durer, Dover Publications.  — still in print in paperback.

Other websites

 Links to online museum images of all of Dürer's prints — see section B (nb: Not all Public Domain)
 Albrecht Durer in the "History of Art"
 http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/durer/
 Alternative Albrecht Durer
 Works by Albrecht Dürer  at Museumsportal Schleswig-Holstein
 Albrecht Dürer: Vier Bücher von menschlicher Proportion (Nuremberg, 1528). Selected pages scanned from the original work. Historical Anatomies on the Web. US National Library of Medicine.

 De Symmetria... and Underweysung der Messung 1538, from Rare Book Room.
 O'Connor, John J; Edmund F. Robertson Biography at St-andrews.ac.uk

1471 births
1528 deaths
German painters
German artists
People from Nuremberg
Engravers
German mathematicians
German printmakers

Albrecht Dürer


Jeffrey Scott Reed (born November 12, 1962) is a former Major League Baseball catcher who played for the Minnesota Twins (1984–1986), Montreal Expos (1987–1988), Cincinnati Reds (1988–1992), San Francisco Giants (1993–1995), Colorado Rockies (1996–1998) and Chicago Cubs (1999–2000). He batted left-handed and threw right-handed.  He is currently a coach with the Providence Knights.

Career
Reed was the Twins' first-round pick (and 12th overall) in the 1980 amateur draft.

Despite playing for 17 seasons in the majors, he was usually relegated to a backup role. Reed rarely appeared in more than 100 games per year. He was regarded as a solid defensive catcher.

On February 3, 1987, Reed was traded from the Twins along with Neal Heaton, Yorkis Perez and Al Cardwood to the Expos for Jeff Reardon and Tom Nieto.

On September 16, 1988, Reed, filling in for an injured Bo Díaz, caught Tom Browning's perfect game in the Cincinnati Reds' 1-0 victory over the Los Angeles Dodgers at Riverfront Stadium. In his autobiography, Browning credited Reed as an integral part of the performance: "He did a phenomenal job, especially considering what was at stake in the later innings."

During the late innings of Browning's perfect game, Reed had to continually slow down his pitcher. According to Browning's book, Reds manager Pete Rose was worried that his pitcher was working too quickly, which could lead to an errant pitch. At one point in the game, Reed stood up and raised his arms, palms facing out, to signal Browning to slow down.

References

 Tom Browning and Dann Stupp (2006). Tom Browning's Tales from the Reds Dugout. Sports Publishing LLC.

External links

Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Winter League)

1962 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Baseball coaches from Illinois
Chicago Cubs players
Cincinnati Reds players
Colorado Rockies players
Elizabethton Twins players
Indianapolis Indians players
Major League Baseball catchers
Minnesota Twins players
Minor league baseball coaches
Montreal Expos players
Nashville Sounds players
Orlando Twins players
San Francisco Giants players
San Jose Giants players
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons players
Baseball players from Joliet, Illinois
Tiburones de La Guaira players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Toledo Mud Hens players
Visalia Oaks players
Wisconsin Rapids Twins players

Jeff Reed (baseball)


Bière de Garde ("beer for keeping") is a strong pale ale or keeping beer traditionally brewed in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France. These beers were originally brewed in farmhouses (they are known as Farmhouse ales) during the winter and spring, to avoid unpredictable problems with the yeast during the summertime. Farmhouse production is now supplemented by commercial production, although most Bière de Garde brewers are small businesses.

Typically, beers of this tradition are of a copper colour or golden colour, and as the name suggests the origins of this style lies in the tradition that it was matured or cellared for a period of time once bottled (and most sealed with a cork), to be consumed later in the year, akin to a Belgian Saison.

Most varieties are top-fermented and unfiltered, although bottom-fermented and filtered versions exist. Particularly authentic products, using only regional ingredients, are entitled to use the Appellation d'origine contrôlée, "Pas de Calais/Region du Nord.

Some of the better-known brands include Brasserie de Saint-Sylvestre Trois Monts, Brasseurs Duyck Jenlain, Brasserie Castelain Ch'Ti and Brasserie La Choulette  Ambrée.

 References

Bibliography
 Farmhouse Ales: Culture and Craftsmanship in the European Tradition, Phil Markowski,
 Great Beer Guide: 500 Classic Brews, Michael Jackson,
 Dictionary of Beer'', Ed: A. Webb,

Beer in France
Beer styles
French brands

Bière de Garde


The Mighty Peking Man or Goliathon is a 1977 Hong Kong adventure monster movie produced by Shaw Brothers Studio to capitalize on the attempted surrounding the King Kong (1976). The film was originally released in the US in March 19, 1980 as Goliathon dubbed by Les Filmes Jacques Willemetz-Paris. as the critics entry for Infra-Man. as a mockbuster of King Kong probably made by Hong Kong cinema and Japanese special effects. this film later inspired by the mockbuster Powerpuff-inspired series, Nutri Ventures or Mighty King Man by Bob Boyle.

Synopsis
A giant Himalayan cryptid-like ape named Utam, Johhny find tries to save a sexy Russian Tarzanette from a sleazy show-biz promoter. then in a earthquake middle of the Himalayas erupting the mountain where the ape monster called Peking Man goes rampage in a nearby village. Arriving in India, Johnny finds an giant footprint from a 70-foot creature. In middle of morning where Johnny surround Utam's hand and drops down and attacking him, saved by Samantha. and finds a crashing plane wherabouts herself by parents killed. then in flashback, Samantha as a child arriving a giant cryptid. Samantha went eating fruit, a snake bitten her the thigh and a jaguar brawls off the snake. in nightfall, Utam tells leaving India, then move on. they captured by Lu Tien catching Utam was carried by a tanker ship as a exhibit in Hong Kong Stadium, the ship went underby storm and crashing onto the rock and pushes left. next morning when the crowd where Utam pushed by a chains onto the dump trucks and a wheel loaders. Utam shows Samantha slapped by Lu Tien, escaping Utam inside the cage breaks, Utam finds Samantha, wrecking the buildings. Utam smashing the window holds Lu Tien grabs by creature's hand and throws Lu Tien on the ground, and squashed his foot also killed. Utam went angrily to destroy several humans, buildings. arrived by a military armored cars and helicopters to shoot Utam. the creature climbing the Connaught Centre or Jardine House attacked by helicopters. to surrender Utam stopped by Samantha, continue to firing the creature. Utam destroyed the chopper, the army detonating the water tanks by gas and time bomb to explode the creature. Utam saving Samantha by an bombs inside the building, then Utam burns onto the fire his back onto and fell off the building and exploded Utam to rubble.

Cast
 Danny Lee - Johnny Feng (Gregory Snegoff, voice)
 Evelyne Kraft - Samantha (Mickie McGowan, voice)
 Ku Feng - Lu Tien (Barry Haigh, voice)
 Lin Wei-tu - David Chen
 Norman Chui - Ah Lung
 Keizo Murase - Utam/Ah Wang (Peking Man)
 Ted Thomas - Commissioner General (Ted Rusoff, voice)
 Chen Ping - Lucy (Jessica Harper, voice)
also additional cast, Steve Nicholson as Soldier 11, Alexander Grand as Radio operator, Hsiao Yao, Chen Ping, Corey Yuen

Release dates

Trivia
production begins in 1976, Shaw Brothers producing an monster movie in 1977, called Mighty Peking Man or Xing Xing Wang/Orangutan King special effects done by a Japanese crew include, Keizo Murase, Sadamasa Arikawa and Koichi Kawakita creating miniatures, vehicle models and the creature Peking Man or Utam in English dub, by themselves. filmed in India and Hong Kong from 1976 to 1977.

Soundtrack
 Supression - Jack Trombley
 Forces of Integration - Edward Michael
 Always - Roger Webb
 Could It Be Love - Jan Butler, Frank McDonald, Chris Rae
 Revolt - Eric Towren
 Wheeling and Dealing, The Jam - Soul City Orchestra
 Symphony No. 9. Moderato and Finale - Dmitri Shostakovich

References

1977 horror movies
Giant gorilla movies
1977 adventure movies
Hong Kong movies
Mockbuster movies
1970s monster movies
Movies set in Asia
Buena Vista International movies
Lionsgate movies
Exploitation movies

Goliathon (1977 movie)


60S ribosomal protein L32 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL32 gene.

Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene encodes a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 60S subunit. The protein belongs to the L32E family of ribosomal proteins. It is located in the cytoplasm. Although some studies have mapped this gene to 3q13.3-q21, it is believed to map to 3p25-p24. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through the genome. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been observed for this gene.

References

Further reading

Ribosomal proteins

60S ribosomal protein L32


Jack Birkett (11 June 1934 – 10 May 2010) was a British dancer, mime artist, actor and singer, best known for his work on stage as a member of Lindsay Kemp's theatre company, and in the films of Derek Jarman.  He was often billed as Orlando or The Incredible Orlando. Most of his best-known work was done when he was totally blind.

Life and career
Birkett was born in Leeds, England. His mother came from a Romani family, his father left home when he was six. He attended Coldcotes School in Gipton until the age of 14, developing a passion for ballet. He worked as an art model for David Hockney and others before finding work at the Grand Theatre in Leeds in 1950 as a stage hand and lighting technician. Soon afterwards, he moved to London, working as a dancer and singer in touring shows and musicals, including the UK tour of Oklahoma! in 1952.

With Kemp
In 1956, Birkett met Lindsay Kemp, when they were both doing ballet classes with Marie Rambert at the Mercury Theatre, Notting Hill Gate. According to Kemp,

"We were always scraping a living in those early days, often working as stage hands, cooks and cleaners. Sometimes we hitchhiked from venue to venue, carrying our costumes and props."

Both Kemp and Birkett were flamboyant homosexuals. Kemp later wrote:

"Jack was Judy to my Mr Punch, Harlequin to my Pierrot, Titania to my Puck, Herodias to my Salomé, Queen of Hearts to my Lewis Carroll. We shared flats, dressing rooms, boyfriends, bills, good times and bad times, success and failure; a couple of extravagant young dreamers, a couple of aching elders, always entertainers."

He made his West End theatre debut in Bye Bye Birdie in 1961, and also worked with Kemp's company from the early 1960s, taking part in the first Lindsay Kemp Dance Mime Company performances in 1965 that culminated in Illuminations.  When working with Kemp in Italy in 1966, he began to lose his sight, attempting a variety of cures ranging from surgery to bee-stings. He nevertheless became entirely blind, but responded by growing more extreme in his performances and his persona. He played the part of Blackbird in Kemp's production of Flowers, based on Jean Genet's Our Lady of the Flowers, which briefly transferred from London to Broadway in 1974, and he continued to tour worldwide with Kemp until the late 1980s.

Described as "a muscular blind man with a completely shaven head", in performances of Turquoise Pantomime:

"Birkett would be led quietly on stage, dressed in black fishnet stockings and a pink waspie. Suddenly he would belt out I Want A Man while a restrained Kemp would occupy himself pulling invisible wires from his ears and wiping non-existent dogshit from his satin shoes."

Film and television work
Birkett also made a number of TV and film appearances, notably in the work of Derek Jarman. These included portrayals of Borgia Ginz in Jarman's Jubilee (1978), Caliban in Jarman's version of The Tempest (1979) and Thersites in Jonathan Miller's Troilus and Cressida (1981)—part of the BBC Television Shakespeare series, in which Birkett delivered his lines in the manner of a drag queen. He also played the Pope in Jarman's Caravaggio (1986), and Pontius in The Garden (1990). He also appeared in the Spanish films El vent de l'illa (1988) and El niño de la luna (1989).

Retirement
Birkett later retired from performing, living in Barcelona and finally in London. He studied shiatsu. He was supported by long-time partner Nyako Nakar, a Spanish writer and artist. He died in London in 2010 at the age of 75.

Filmography

References

External links
 Act I of "Goodbye G.O.D." by Carlos Miranda with The Incredible Orlando

1934 births
2010 deaths
Blind actors
English blind people
English male stage actors
English male dancers
English male singers
English gay actors
English LGBT actors
Male actors from Leeds
English male film actors
20th-century English LGBT people
21st-century English LGBT people
British artists with disabilities

Jack Birkett


The Andante and Finale is a composition for piano and orchestra that was reworked by Sergei Taneyev from sketches by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky for the abandoned latter movements of his single-movement Piano Concerto No. 3 in E-flat, Op. 75.

The core of the music is by Tchaikovsky, but the realisation was by Taneyev, and the decisions on the form, genre and title were jointly made by Taneyev, Tchaikovsky's brother Modest, Alexander Siloti and the publisher Mitrofan Belyayev. It was nevertheless published in 1897 as a work of Tchaikovsky's alone, and even given the posthumous opus number 79 in Tchaikovsky's catalogue.

The Third Piano Concerto and the Andante and Finale are sometimes played together to form a synthetic "complete" concerto.

Background
What is known as the Andante and Finale had its genesis as the slow movement and finale of Tchaikovsky's Symphony in E-flat, a work he started writing in 1892.  He abandoned the symphony in December 1892, but after his nephew Bob Davydov chided him, he began reworking it into a piano concerto, his third, which he promised to the French pianist Louis Diémer.  The composer finished the outline of the first movement (Allegro brillante) of this concerto in July 1893, then put it aside to continue work on his 6th Symphony (Pathétique).  He completed the symphony in August, then returned to the concerto, which he had by this time decided to publish as a single-movement Allegro de concert.

The remaining movements were left in sketch form, and abandoned. Tchaikovsky had written "End of movement 1" on the last page of the Allegro de concert.  However, when he decided to publish only that movement as a complete work, he omitted to cross this out.  This has caused some speculation about his true intentions, for example, whether he might have eventually expanded the concerto to a full three-movement work, or used the other movements in some other form, had he not died. However, there is strong evidence that he had no further use for them. As late as 6 October 1893, a month before his death, he wrote to the Polish pianist and composer Zygmunt Stojowski: "As I wrote to you, my new Symphony is finished.  I am now working on the scoring of my new (third) concerto for our dear Diémer.  When you see him, please tell him that when I proceeded to work on it, I realized that this concerto is of depressing and threatening length.  Consequently I decided to leave only part one which in itself will constitute an entire concerto.  The work will only improve the more since the last two parts were not worth very much."

The 6th Symphony was the last of his compositions to be performed in his lifetime, but the Allegro de concert was Tchaikovsky's last completed composition.  It was posthumously published by P. Jurgenson as the Piano Concerto No. 3, Op. 75.

After his brother's death, Modest Tchaikovsky asked the composer's friend and former student Sergei Taneyev to go through the sketches of his compositions that had been left unfinished.  In November 1894, Taneyev began to study the unfinished sketches of these two movements.  Both Taneyev and Modest questioned how the work should be published—as two orchestral movements for a symphony or to preserve its subsequent arrangement and complete reworking them as a piece for piano and orchestra.  After a letter from pianist Alexander Siloti to Modest in April 1895, he and Taneyev took the piano-and-orchestra route.

Another question was where and how these two movements would be published.  This was complicated by the fact that P. Jurgenson had already published the single-movement concerto as a complete work, in accordance with Tchaikovsky's wishes.  Modest and Taneyev eventually offered the Andante and Finale to M. P. Belyayev, together with the overtures Fatum and The Storm, and the symphonic ballad The Voyevoda.

Belyayev questioned how to publish the Andante and Finale—as a fourth concerto in two movements, as two concert pieces, or in purely orchestral form as two movements from an unfinished symphony.  He eventually published the Andante and Finale in 1897 in Taneyev's version for piano and orchestra, and gave it the opus number 79, as if it were a composition by Tchaikovsky, which is only partly true.

The first performance of Andante and Finale took place on February 8, 1897, in St. Petersburg with Taneyev as soloist.

Structure
 Andante, B-flat major
 This simple song-like movement contains a central dialogue between cello solo and piano which, according to writer Eric Blom, "enhance[s] the effect of a tune at the very moment when its repetition might possibly become tiresome—in this case at the return of the main theme."
 Finale. Allegro maestoso, E-flat major
 This quasi-martial 'allegro maestoso' has energy in abundance—indeed, over-abundance, Blom writes—"but no real vitality of invention. The material is dry and dead, nor does the extremely busy and strenuously athletic piano part give any real life to it. There is plenty of bustle and very little enterprise."

Instrumentation
Consistent with Tchaikovsky's practice in his first two concertos, Taneyev reduces the orchestra to woodwinds, horns and strings for the Andante.  He scored the Finale for full orchestra, again as per Tchaikovsky's practice.

Synthetic completion of the Third Concerto
The single-movement Third Piano Concerto and the Andante and Finale are sometimes played together to form a synthetic "complete" three-movement concerto, but this is without any authority from the composer.  Whether Tchaikovsky would have fulfilled his original conception of a standard three-movement concerto, and if so, whether he would have used the Andante and Finale music or written new music, is purely conjecture.  John Warrack writes: "[W]hat survives is a reconstruction in concerto form of some music Tchaikovsky was planning, not a genuine Tchaikovsky piano concerto." Eric Blom adds, "It is true that even Taneyev did not know for certain whether Tchaikovsky, if he actually meant to turn out a three-movement concerto, would not have preferred to scrap the Andante and Finale altogether and to replace them by two entirely new movements; so if we decide that the finale at any rate is a poor piece of work, we must blame Taneyev for preserving it rather than Tchaikovsky for having conceived it.  For we cannot even be sure how far the conception may have been carried out ..."

Warrack concludes, "The kindest response is to remember that Tchaikovsky himself abandoned it. Taneyev was being over-pious: much the best solution of the problem of what to do with the music is to perform the Third Concerto as Tchaikovsky left it, in one movement; it could with advantage be heard sometimes in concerts at which soloists wish to add something less than another full-scale concerto to the main work in their program."

Notes

References
 Blom, Eric, ed. Abraham, Gerald, Music of Tchaikovsky (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1946)
 Brown, David, Tchaikovsky: The Final Years (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1992)
 Hanson, Lawrence and Elisabeth, Tchaikovsky: The Man Behind the Music (New York: Dodd, Mead & Company)
 Poznansky, Alexander, Tchaikovsky's Last Days (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996)
 Poznansky, Alexander Tchaikovsky: The Quest for the Inner Man (New York: Schirmer Books, 1991),
 Poznansky, Alexander. Tchaikovsky Through Others' Eyes (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999)
 Schonberg, Harold C., The Great Pianists
 Warrack, John, Tchaikovsky Symphonies and Concertos (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1969)

External links

  Andante & Finale, Op. 79 (1893) at Tchaikovsky Research
 Symphony in E-flat major (1892) (unfinished) at Tchaikovsky Research
 Piano Concerto No. 3 in E-flat major, Op. 75 (1893) at Tchaikovsky Research

Compositions by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Compositions by Sergei Taneyev
Compositions for piano and orchestra
1897 compositions
Musical compositions completed by others
Compositions by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky published posthumously
Compositions in B-flat major
Compositions in E-flat major

Andante and Finale


Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir (; born 4 October 1942) is an Icelandic politician, who served as prime minister of Iceland from 2009 to 2013.

Elected as an MP from 1978 to 2013, she was appointed as Iceland's Minister of Social Affairs and Social Security, serving from 1987 to 1994, and from 2007 until 2009. In 1994, when she lost a bid to head the Social Democratic Party, she raised her fist and declared "Minn tími mun koma!" ("My time will come!"), a phrase that became a popular Icelandic expression.

She became Prime Minister on 1 February 2009, Iceland's first female Prime Minister and the world's first openly LGBT head of government. Forbes listed her among the 100 most powerful women in the world.

She has been a member of the Althing (Iceland's parliament) for Reykjavík constituencies since 1978, winning re-election on eight successive occasions. In September 2012, Jóhanna announced she would not seek re-election and retired from politics as Iceland's longest serving member of Parliament.

Education and early career
Jóhanna was born in Reykjavík. Her father is Sigurður Egill Ingimundarson. She studied at the Commercial College of Iceland, a vocational high school operated by the Chamber of Commerce. After graduating with her commercial diploma in 1960, she worked as a flight attendant with Icelandic Airlines (a predecessor of Icelandair) from 1962 to 1971, and as an office manager from 1971 to 1978.

She was active in the trade union movement from early in her professional life, presiding over the Board of the Icelandic Cabin Crew Association in 1966 and 1969 and over the Board of Svölurnar, Association of Former Stewardesses in 1975. She was also a member of the Board of the Commercial Workers' Union from 1976 to 1983.

Political career
Jóhanna was elected to the Althing in 1978 on the list of the Social Democratic Party for the Reykjavík constituency. She enjoyed early success in her parliamentary career, serving as deputy speaker of the Althing (Iceland's parliament) in 1979 and in 1983–84. She was elected vice-chairman of the Social Democratic Party in 1984, a post she held until 1993. She was also Minister of Social Affairs in four separate Cabinets from 1987 to 1994, when she left the Social Democratic Party after losing the leadership contest to form a new party, National Awakening; the two parties remerged in 2000 to form the present Social Democratic Alliance. Her 1994 declaration Minn tími mun koma! ("My time will come!"), after she lost the contest for the leadership of the Social Democratic party, has become an iconic phrase in the Icelandic language.

From 1994 to 2003, she was an active member of the opposition in the Althing, serving on numerous parliamentary committees. After the 2003 elections, in which she stood in the Reykjavík South constituency (after the split of the old Reykjavík constituency), she was re-elected deputy speaker of the Althing. The 2007 elections, in which she stood in the Reykjavík North constituency, saw the return of the Social Democratic Alliance to government in coalition with the Independence Party, and Jóhanna was named Minister of Social Affairs and Social Security.

Prime Minister

Icelandic financial crisis, protests and elections
On 26 January 2009, Prime Minister Geir Haarde tendered the coalition government's resignation to the President of Iceland, Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson. The move followed fourteen weeks of protests over the government's handling of the financial crisis, protests that had intensified from 20 January.

After talks with the leaders of the five parties represented in the Althing, the President asked the Social Democratic Alliance and the Left-Green Movement to form a new government and to prepare for elections in the spring.

Jóhanna was proposed as Prime Minister for the new government; two reasons for this were her popularity among the general public and her good relations with the Left-Green Movement. An opinion poll by Capacent Gallup in December 2008 found 73% approval of her actions as a minister, more than any other member of the Cabinet: she was also the only minister to have improved her approval ratings over 2008.

The new government needed the support of the Progressive Party in the Althing. Negotiations continued up to the evening of 31 January, and the new Cabinet was appointed on 1 February. Independent polling showed that Jóhanna and Steingrímur J. Sigfússon, leader of the Left-Green Movement, the other party in the coalition government, enjoyed considerable support outside their own parties.

On 25 April 2009, a parliamentary election was held in Iceland, following the protests now known as the Kitchenware Revolution that resulted from the Icelandic financial crisis.

The Social Democratic Alliance and the Left-Green Movement, which formed the outgoing coalition government under Jóhanna, both made gains and together had an overall majority of seats in the Althing. The Progressive Party also made gains, and the new Citizens' Movement, formed after the January 2009 protests, gained four seats. The Independence Party, which had been in power for eighteen years until January 2009, lost a third of its support and nine seats in the Althing. On 10 May 2009, the new government was announced, with Jóhanna staying on as Prime Minister.

Overcoming the financial crisis
There were several referendums to decide about the Icesave Icelandic bank debts, center of the country's financial crisis. The first Icesave referendum (), was held on 6 March 2010. The proposal was resoundingly defeated, with 93% voting against and less than 2% in favor.

After the referendum, new negotiations commenced. On 16 February 2011, the Althing agreed to a repayment deal to pay back the full amount starting in 2016, finalising before 2046, with a fixed interest rate of 3%. The Icelandic president once again refused to sign the new deal on 20 February, calling for a new referendum. Thus, a second referendum would be held on 9 April 2011 also resulting in "no" victory with a lesser percentage. After the referendum failed to pass, the British and Dutch governments said that they would take the case to the European courts.

At a session on 28 September 2010, the Althing voted 33–30 to indict the former Prime Minister Geir Haarde, but not the other ministers, on charges of negligence in office. He stood trial before the Landsdómur, a special court to hear cases alleging misconduct in government office, used for the first time since it was established in the 1905 Constitution. He was convicted of one charge.

New Icelandic constitution process

Once in power, the left coalition led by Jóhanna—comprising the Social Democratic Alliance, the Left-Green Movement, the Progressive Party and the Liberal Party—inspired largely by the citizen protests, agreed to convene a constitutional assembly to discuss changes to the Constitution, in use since 1905.

Taking its cue from nationwide protests and lobbying efforts by civil organisations, the new governing parties decided that Iceland's citizens should be involved in creating a new constitution and started to debate a bill on 4 November 2009 about that purpose. Parallel to the protests and parliament deliverance, citizens started to unite in grassroots-based think-tanks. A National Forum was organised on 14 November 2009, Þjóðfundur 2009, in the form of an assembly of Icelandic citizens at the Laugardalshöll in Reykjavík, by a group of grassroots citizen movements collectively called "the Anthill". 1,500 people were invited to participate in the assembly; of these, 1,200 were chosen at random from the national registry. On 16 June 2010 the Constitutional Act was finally accepted by parliament and a new Forum was summoned. The Constitutional Act prescribed that the participants of the Forum had to be randomly sampled from the National Population Register. The Forum 2010 came into being due to the efforts of both governing parties and the Anthill group. A seven-member Constitutional Committee, appointed by the parliament, was charged with the supervision of the forum and the presentation of its results, while the organization and facilitation of the National Forum 2010 was done by the Anthill group that had organized the first Forum 2009.

The process continued in the election of 25 people of no political affiliation on 26 October 2010. The Supreme Court of Iceland later invalidated the results of the election on 25 January 2011 following complaints about several faults in how the election was conducted, but the Parliament decided that it was the manner of the election, and not the results, that had been questioned, and also that those 25 elected candidates would be a part of a Constitutional Council and thus the Constitutional change went on.

On 29 July 2011 the draft was presented to the Parliament, which finally agreed in a vote on 24 May 2012, with 35 in favor and 15 against, to organize an advisory referendum on the Constitutional Council's proposal for a new constitution no later than 20 October 2012. The only opposing parliament members were the former governing right party, the Independence Party. Also a proposed referendum on the discontinuing of accession talks with the European Union by some parliamentarians of the governing left coalition was rejected, with 34 votes against and 25 in favor.

Women's rights and ban on striptease
In 2010, her government banned strip clubs, paying for nudity in restaurants, and other means of employers profiting from employees' nudity – the first such ban in a Western democratic country. Jóhanna commented: "The Nordic countries are leading the way on women's equality, recognizing women as equal citizens rather than commodities for sale." Responding to the policy change radical feminist Julie Bindel, writing for The Guardian, stated that Iceland had become the most feminist country in the world. Asked what the most important gender issue today is, she answered "To fight the pay gap between men and women".

Personal life
Jóhanna married Þorvaldur Steinar Jóhannesson in 1970 and the couple had two sons named Sigurður Egill Þorvaldsson and Davíð Steinar Þorvaldsson (born 1972 and 1977).

After their divorce in 1987, she joined in a civil union with Jónína Leósdóttir (born 1954), an author and playwright, in 2002.
In 2010, when same-sex marriage was legalised in Iceland, Jóhanna and Jónína changed their civil union into a marriage, thus becoming one of the first same-sex married couples in Iceland.

In 2017, she released a biography entitled Minn tími ("My Time"). The biography covers one of the most contentious periods in Icelandic history – from the financial crash of autumn 2008, through protests and emergency elections the following year, and the difficult recovery period that followed leading Iceland's left wing government.

See also
List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government
List of the first LGBT holders of political offices
List of openly LGBT heads of government

References

Further reading

External links

 (Personal blog)

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1942 births
Johanna Sigurdardottir
Johanna Sigurdardottir
Johanna Sigurdardottir
Lesbian feminists
Lesbian politicians
Flight attendants
Johanna Sigurdardottir
Johanna Sigurdardottir
LGBT heads of government
Johanna Sigurdardottir
Living people
Johanna Sigurdardottir
Johanna Sigurdardottir
Johanna Sigurdardottir
Johanna Sigurdardottir
Socialist feminists
Johanna Sigurdardottir
Johanna Sigurdardottir
Johanna Sigurdardottir
Women prime ministers in Europe
Johanna Sigurdardottir
LGBT legislators

Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir


Captain Hook is a fictional pirate from the book Peter Pan by J. M. Barrie and the movie of the same name. He is the villain of the story.

He is known for having a hook instead of a left hand. Peter Pan cut it off and fed it to a crocodile, which is why Hook wants to kill Peter.

His full name is Captain James Hook.

People have made many movies out of Peter Pan.  Many actors have played Captain Hook.  He has been portrayed by Stanley Tucci in Peter and Wendy, Dustin Hoffman in Hook, Jason Isaacs in Peter Pan (movie) and Jude Law in the upcoming movie Peter Pan and Wendy.

Characters in written fiction
Movie characters
Pirates

Captain Hook


Kimball Young (October 26, 1893 – September 1, 1972) was the president of the American Sociological Association in 1945.

Young was the grandson of Brigham Young.  He was born in Provo, Utah, and graduated from Brigham Young University in 1915.  However, Kimball Young himself was not a believer in the Latter-day Saint faith, and spoke condescendingly of those who were.  He then taught high school for a year in Arizona before going to study at the University of Chicago for sociology.  His decision to study at Chicago was largely due to advice from William J. Snow.  After studying there, he went to study at Stanford University, where he earned a Ph.D. in psychology in 1921.

In his 1927 Source Book for Social Psychology, Young coined the term 'ambivert' to describe a person exhibiting features of both an extrovert and an introvert. He is credited with the origin of the word.

Young began his teaching career as a professor at the University of Oregon. Later, he was a member of the faculty of Clark University, then went back to Oregon for four years, and then joined the faculty of the University of Wisconsin–Madison. In 1940, he became the chair of sociology at Queens College. In 1947 he took up the same position at Northwestern University.

References

External links
Biography of Kimball Young

1893 births
1972 deaths
Clark University faculty
Brigham Young University alumni
Northwestern University faculty
People from Provo, Utah
Stanford University alumni
University of Chicago alumni
University of Oregon faculty
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
Richards–Young family

Kimball Young


Urban sprawl is the name of a city growing in areas which have been unpopulated so far. This growth happens once the city has reached a certain size. In general, this growth also happens without regard for the planned growth, called urban planning. In the Middle Ages, there was the benefit of being protected when people lived inside the city. In modern times, there is no such benefit, and the only disadvantage is that it takes longer for people to get to the city center. People disagree about the exact definition of urban sprawl and how to measure it.

The term urban sprawl is a political one, and almost always has a negative connotation (usually that of the uncontrolled growth of a city).

Urban geography
Urban planning

Urban sprawl


Synesthesia, or synaesthesia, is a condition where the brain mixes up the senses. People who have synesthesia are called synesthetes.

Synesthesia is usually inherited (called congenital synesthesia), but exactly how people inherit it is unknown.

Synesthesia is sometimes reported by people using psychedelic drugs, after a stroke, or during an epileptic seizure. It is also reported to be a result of blindness or deafness. Synesthesia that comes from events unrelated to genes is called adventitious synesthesia. This synesthesia results from some drugs or a stroke but not blindness or deafness. It involves sound being linked to vision or touch being linked to hearing.

Synesthesia was investigated a lot in the 19th and early 20th centuries, but in the middle of the 20th century, it was less studied. Only recently has it been studied again in much detail.

Some musicians and composers have a form of synesthesia that allows them to "see" music as colors or shapes. This is called chromethesia. Mozart is said to have had this form of synesthesia. He said that the key of D major had a warm "orangey" sound to it, while B-flat minor was blackish. A major was a rainbow of colors to him. This may explain why he wrote some of his music using different colors for different music notes, and why much of his music is in major keys.

Another composer who had color-hearing was the Russian composer Alexander Scriabin. In 1907, he talked with another famous composer, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, who had synesthesia, and they both found that some musical notes made them think of certain colors. Scriabin worked with a man named Alexander Mozer who made a color organ.

Experiences
The same type of synesthesia may have different effects (pronounced and less pronounced) on different people.

Synesthetes often say that they did not know their experiences were unusual until they found out that other people did not have them. Others report feeling as if they had been keeping a secret their entire lives. Most synesthetes consider their experiences a gift—a "hidden" sense. Most synesthetes find out in their childhood that they have synethesia. Some learn to apply it in daily life and work. For example, they might use their gift to memorize names and telephone numbers or do mental arithmetic. Many people with synesthesia use their experiences to help them be more creative, for example, in making drawings and music.

More than 60 types of synesthesia have been reported, but only a small number have been studied by scientists.
Some common types of synthesia include:
Grapheme–color synesthesia: Letters or numbers are seen to have colors of their own.
Ordinal linguistic personification: Numbers, days of the week, and months of the year are felt to have their own personalities.
Spatial-sequence: Numbers, months of the year, and/or days of the week are located in specific places in space. For example, 1980 may be "farther away" than 1990. Or a year may be seen three-dimensionally as a map.
Visual motion → sound synesthesia: Hearing sounds in response to seeing motion.

References

Sensory system
Perception

Synesthesia


Risperidone, sold under the brand name Risperdal among others, is an atypical antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. It is taken either by mouth or by injection (subcutaneous or intramuscular). The injectable versions are long-acting and last for 2–4 weeks.

Common side effects include severe depression, movement problems, sleepiness, dizziness, trouble seeing, constipation, and increased weight. Serious side effects may include the potentially permanent movement disorder tardive dyskinesia, as well as neuroleptic malignant syndrome, an increased risk of suicide, and high blood sugar levels. In older people with psychosis as a result of dementia, it may increase the risk of death. It is unknown if it is safe for use in pregnancy. Its mechanism of action is not entirely clear, but is believed to be related to its action as a dopamine and serotonin antagonist.

Study of risperidone began in the late 1980s and it was approved for sale in the United States in 1993. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. In 2020, it was the 138th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 4million prescriptions.

Medical uses
Risperidone is mainly used for the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and irritability associated with autism.

Schizophrenia
Risperidone is effective in treating psychogenic polydipsia and the acute exacerbations of schizophrenia.

Studies evaluating the utility of risperidone by mouth for maintenance therapy have reached varying conclusions. A 2012 systematic review concluded that evidence is strong that risperidone is more effective than all first-generation antipsychotics other than haloperidol, but that evidence directly supporting its superiority to placebo is equivocal. A 2011 review concluded that risperidone is more effective in relapse prevention than other first- and second-generation antipsychotics with the exception of olanzapine and clozapine. A 2016 Cochrane review suggests that risperidone reduces the overall symptoms of schizophrenia, but firm conclusions are difficult to make due to very low-quality evidence. Data and information are scarce, poorly reported, and probably biased in favour of risperidone, with about half of the included trials developed by drug companies. The article raises concerns regarding the serious side effects of risperidone, such as parkinsonism. A 2011 Cochrane review compared risperidone with other atypical antipsychotics such as olanzapine for schizophrenia:

Long-acting injectable formulations of antipsychotic drugs provide improved compliance with therapy and reduce relapse rates relative to oral formulations. The efficacy of risperidone long-acting injection appears to be similar to that of long-acting injectable forms of first-generation antipsychotics.

Bipolar disorder
Second-generation antipsychotics, including risperidone, are effective in the treatment of manic symptoms in acute manic or mixed exacerbations of bipolar disorder. In children and adolescents, risperidone may be more effective than lithium or divalproex, but has more metabolic side effects. As maintenance therapy, long-acting injectable risperidone is effective for the prevention of manic episodes but not depressive episodes. The long-acting injectable form of risperidone may be advantageous over long-acting first-generation antipsychotics, as it is better tolerated (fewer extrapyramidal effects) and because long acting injectable formulations of first-generation antipsychotics may increase the risk of depression.

Autism
Compared to placebo, risperidone treatment reduces certain problematic behaviors in autistic children, including aggression toward others, self-injury, challenging behavior, and rapid mood changes. The evidence for its efficacy appears to be greater than that for alternative pharmacological treatments. Weight gain is an important adverse effect. Some authors recommend limiting the use of risperidone and aripiprazole to those with the most challenging behavioral disturbances in order to minimize the risk of drug-induced adverse effects. Evidence for the efficacy of risperidone in autistic adolescents and young adults is less persuasive.

Dementia
While antipsychotic medications such as risperidone have a slight benefit in people with dementia, they have been linked to higher incidence of death and stroke. Because of this increased risk of death, treatment of dementia-related psychosis with risperidone is not FDA approved and carries a black box warning. However, many other jurisdictions regularly use it to control severe aggression and psychosis in those with dementia when other non-pharmacological interventions have failed and their pharmaceutical regulators have approved its use in this population.

Other uses
Risperidone has shown promise in treating therapy-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder, when serotonin reuptake inhibitors alone are not sufficient.

Risperidone has proven to be effective in treatment with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder especially in cases of aggression or with another mental condition.

Risperidone has not demonstrated a benefit in the treatment of eating disorders or personality disorders, except for limited evidence in schizotypal personality disorder.

Forms
Available forms of risperidone include tablet, oral dissolving tablet, oral solution, and powder and solvent for suspension for injection.

Adverse effects

Common side effects include movement problems, sleepiness, dizziness, trouble seeing, constipation, and increased weight. About 9 to 20% of people gained more than 7% of the baseline weight depending on the dose. Serious side effects may include the potentially permanent movement disorder tardive dyskinesia, as well as neuroleptic malignant syndrome, an increased risk of suicide, and high blood sugar levels. In older people with psychosis as a result of dementia, it may increase the risk of death.

While atypical antipsychotics appear to have a lower rate of movement problems as compared to typical antipsychotics, risperidone has a high risk of movement problems among the atypicals. Atypical antipsychotics, however, are associated with a greater amount of weight gain and other metabolic side effects.

Drug interactions
 Carbamazepine and other enzyme inducers may reduce plasma levels of risperidone. If a person is taking both carbamazepine and risperidone, the dose of risperidone will likely need to be increased. The new dose should not be more than twice the patient's original dose.
 CYP2D6 inhibitors, such as SSRI medications, may increase plasma levels of risperidone and those medications.
 Since risperidone can cause hypotension, its use should be monitored closely when a patient is also taking antihypertensive medicines to avoid severe low blood pressure.
 Risperidone and its metabolite paliperidone are reduced in efficacy by P-glycoprotein inducers such as St John's wort

Discontinuation
The British National Formulary recommends a gradual withdrawal when discontinuing antipsychotic treatment to avoid acute withdrawal syndrome or rapid relapse. Some have argued the additional somatic and psychiatric symptoms associated with dopaminergic super-sensitivity, including dyskinesia and acute psychosis, are common features of withdrawal in individuals treated with neuroleptics. This has led some to suggest the withdrawal process might itself be schizomimetic, producing schizophrenia-like symptoms even in previously healthy patients, indicating a possible pharmacological origin of mental illness in a yet unknown percentage of patients currently and previously treated with antipsychotics. This question is unresolved, and remains a highly controversial issue among professionals in the medical and mental health communities, as well as the public.

Dementia
Older people with dementia-related psychosis are at a higher risk of death.

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

Risperidone has been classified as a "qualitatively atypical" antipsychotic agent with a relatively low incidence of extrapyramidal side effects (when given at low doses) that has more pronounced serotonin antagonism than dopamine antagonism. Risperidone contains the functional groups of benzisoxazole and piperidine as part of its molecular structure. Although not a butyrophenone, it was developed with the structures of benperidol and ketanserin as a basis. It has actions at several 5-HT (serotonin) receptor subtypes. These are 5-HT2C, linked to weight gain, 5-HT2A, linked to its antipsychotic action and relief of some of the extrapyramidal side effects experienced with the typical neuroleptics.

It has been found that D-amino acid oxidase, the enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of D-amino acids (e.g. D-alanine and D-serine — the neurotransmitters) is inhibited by risperidone.

Risperidone acts on the following receptors:

Dopamine receptors: This drug is an antagonist of the D1 (D1, and D5) as well as the D2 family (D2, D3 and D4) receptors, with 70-fold selectivity for the D2 family. It has "tight binding" properties, which means it has a long half-life. Like other antipsychotics, risperidone blocks the mesolimbic pathway, the prefrontal cortex limbic pathway, and the tuberoinfundibular pathway in the central nervous system. Risperidone may induce extrapyramidal side effects, akathisia and tremors, associated with diminished dopaminergic activity in the striatum. It can also cause sexual side effects, galactorrhoea, infertility, gynecomastia and, with chronic use reduced bone mineral density leading to breaks, all of which are associated with increased prolactin secretion.

Serotonin receptors: Most important pharmalogical function is to compensate dopamine blocking.

Alpha α1 adrenergic receptors: This action accounts for the orthostatic hypotensive effects and perhaps some of the sedating effects of risperidone.

Alpha α2 adrenergic receptors: Risperidone's action at these receptors may cause greater positive, negative, affective, and cognitive symptom control.

Histamine H1 receptors: effects on these receptors account for its sedation and reduction in vigilance. This may also lead to drowsiness and weight gain.

Voltage-gated sodium channels: Because it accumulates in synaptic vesicles, Risperidone inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels at clinically used concentrations.

Pharmacokinetics
Risperidone undergoes hepatic metabolism and renal excretion. Lower doses are recommended for patients with severe liver and kidney disease. The active metabolite of risperidone, paliperidone, is also used as an antipsychotic.

Society and culture

Legal status
Risperidone was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1993 for the treatment of schizophrenia. In 2003, the FDA approved risperidone for the short-term treatment of the mixed and manic states associated with bipolar disorder. In 2006, the FDA approved risperidone for the treatment of irritability in autistic children and adolescents. The FDA's decision was based in part on a study of autistic people with severe and enduring problems of violent meltdowns, aggression, and self-injury; risperidone is not recommended for autistic people with mild aggression and explosive behavior without an enduring pattern. On 22 August 2007, risperidone was approved as the only drug agent available for treatment of schizophrenia in youths, ages 13–17; it was also approved that same day for treatment of bipolar disorder in youths and children, ages 10–17, joining lithium.

On 16 December 2021, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Okedi, intended for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults for whom tolerability and effectiveness has been established with oral risperidone. The applicant for this medicinal product is Laboratorios Farmacéuticos Rovi, S.A. Risperidone was approved for medical use in the European Union in February 2022.

Lawsuits
In April 2012, Johnson & Johnson (J&J) and its subsidiary Janssen Pharmaceuticals Inc. were fined $1.2 billion for downplaying multiple risks associated with risperidone. The verdict was later reversed by the Arkansas state supreme court.

In August 2012, Johnson & Johnson agreed to pay $181 million to 36 US states in order to settle claims that it had promoted risperidone and paliperidone for off-label uses including for dementia, anger management, and anxiety.

In November 2013, J&J was fined $2.2 billion for illegally marketing risperidone for use in people with dementia.

In 2015, Steven Brill wrote an investigative journalism piece about J&J in The Huffington Post focused on J&J's marketing of risperidone.

J&J has faced numerous civil lawsuits on behalf of children who were prescribed risperidone who grew breasts (a condition called gynecomastia); as of July 2016 there were about 1,500 cases in Pennsylvania state court in Philadelphia, and there had been a February 2015 verdict against J&J with $2.5 million awarded to a man from Alabama, a $1.75 million verdict against J&J that November, and in 2016 a $70 million verdict against J&J. In October 2019, a jury awarded a Pennsylvania man $8 billion in a verdict against J&J.

Brand names
Janssen's patent on risperidone expired in December 2003, opening the market for cheaper generic versions from other companies, and Janssen's exclusive marketing rights expired in June 2004 (the result of a pediatric extension). It is available under many brand names worldwide.

Risperidone is available as a tablet, an oral solution, and an ampule, which is a depot injection.

Brand names include Risperdal, Risperdal Consta, Risperdal M-Tab, Risperdal Quicklets, Risperlet, Okedi, and Perseris.

References

Further reading

External links

Alpha-1 blockers
Alpha-2 blockers
Atypical antipsychotics
Treatment of autism
Schering-Plough brands
Belgian inventions
Benzisoxazoles
Fluoroarenes
Galactagogues
H1 receptor antagonists
Johnson & Johnson brands
Janssen Pharmaceutica
Lactams
Mood stabilizers
Piperidines
Prolactin releasers
Pyrimidones
Serotonin receptor antagonists
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate
World Health Organization essential medicines

Risperidone


Stephen Taber III. (17 April 1924 – 22 May 2008) was an American apiologist, noted authority and author in the field of artificial insemination of queen bees for the purpose of developing disease resistant and gentle bee colonies.

Biography
Mr. Stephen Taber III, was a world-recognized honey bee researcher. He was born on April 17, 1924, to Dr. Stephen Taber II and Bessie Ray Taber of Columbia, S.C. His father was the South Carolina State Geologist from 1912 to 1947 and the head of the Department of Geology at the University of South Carolina, where he was involved in the engineering of the Santee Cooper Dam among many other projects.

Early years

Steve became interested in bees at an early age, using the banks of the Broad River in Columbia as his research yard. Steve's first commercial beekeeping experience was in 1941 in upstate New York where he worked one summer making $30 a month. He continued working in NY and later Wisconsin where he claimed to have learned much of the basics of beekeeping.

Navy / WWII years

He graduated from University High School in Columbia, SC in 1942 and enlisted in the U.S. Navy as an Aviation Cadet in October that same year. While serving in the Navy, he taught beekeeping as a sideline job at several local universities. Steve was later honorably discharged from the Navy in September 1945 after the end of World War II. After the Navy, Steve attended the University of Wisconsin. In 1950, he graduated from the University of WI in Madison, with a Bachelor of Science, specializing in Bee Research under the tutelage of Professor C.L. Farrar.

USDA years

His first position was with the Entomology Research Division of USDA as an assistant to Dr. O. Mackenson in Baton Rouge, La. This is where he met his longtime friend Murray S. Blum. It was during this time that Steve pioneered the use of instrumental (artificial) insemination, undertaking some of the first seminal and biochemical investigations carried out with invertebrate spermatozoa.

After 15 years in Baton Rouge, he was transferred to the USDA Bee Research Center in Tucson, Arizona, where, in his words, "I was my own instructor." Steve traveled extensively teaching, lecturing, and researching.

Steve retired from the USDA and moved to Vacaville, CA where in cooperation with Tom Parisian, he founded the company known as "Taber's Honey Bee Genetics" in 1978. Steve later moved to southern France before returning in recent years to Elgin in his home state of South Carolina. He enjoyed international prestige as a bee researcher and queen breeder and spoke at beekeepers' conventions across Europe. Steve continued his queen rearing and research work on a limited basis, although he continued to be a prolific writer until shortly before his death in 2008.

Legacy
Some of his students are leaders in the world of beekeeping research today. His book, "Breeding Super Bees," will attest to some of his research and his studies around the world. His articles and research publications are still being referenced by honey bee researchers worldwide. Articles written by Steve, and his collaborative efforts with others, appeared in numerous publications for more than 50 years. They include American Bee Journal, Gleanings in Bee Culture, Journal of Economic Entomology, Journal of Apicultural Research and Beekeepers Quarterly.

References

Additional publications and research

1924 births
2008 deaths
American beekeepers
Writers from Columbia, South Carolina
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
People from Vacaville, California
People from Kershaw County, South Carolina
United States Navy personnel of World War II

Stephen Taber III


John was born in 6AD in Bethsaida in an area called Galilee which was ruled by Herod Agrippa at the time. John was the son of Zebedee and Salome. He was also the brother of the first Christian martyr listed, James, and was part of the Twelve Apostles and followed Jesus Christ as on of his closest friends. John is mentioned many times in the New Testament and wrote a few books himself too called, The Gospel of John, John 1, 2 and 3. He also wrote the last testament and the only book based upon one's vision: Book of Revelation.

Family Life/ Life before Jesus Christ
John was the first son of Zebedee and Salome and the only brother of James and he was a bright child growing up. Historians suggest John was privileged, if not rich and they have 3 points to support themselves:

 He was known by name to the high- priest. The high-priest was at the very top of Jewish society.
 He was classically educated. He could read letters and spoke Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek and maybe even a bit of Roman.
 His father relied on ''hired men'' or ''bought men'' in other translations, suggesting he had slaves. Slaves are expensive!

Life being Jesus Christ's apostle
John would've probably used his literary skills to get Jesus everywhere and would've got connections to help out with money and shelter. John was amazing and you can read about him and his portrayal in a new TV Show called The Chosen here; https://the-chosen.fandom.com/wiki/John

John would also be HEAVILY affected with the behaviour of others like the Samaritans and Jesus himself.

Life after Jesus' death
John would've been devastated. Jesus would have been like a second brother to him and he would be utterly shattered. Then with the resurrection and ascension he woud have been overjoyed. Amazed, even. John stayed in Jerusalem until the spirit of the Holy Spirit promise of the Pentecost had passed and he travelled all the way

After Pentecost, the next known place John went is unclear. He most likely went to his hometown in Galilee, Bethsaida and preached to the people there. He stayed in touch with the others when they went through Samaria and Jerusalem.

Feast Day
The feast day is celebrated on December 27.
Christian mystics
Twelve Apostles
6 births
100s deaths
Ancient Roman writers
Evangelists

John the Apostle


Nameprep is the process of case-folding a string to lowercase and removal of some generally invisible code points before it is suitable to represent a domain name, or other such canonical name. It is used by the Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications (IDNA) standard, using the Unicode standard for NFKC normalization.

Nameprep is defined in RFC 3491, "Nameprep: A Stringprep Profile for Internationalized Domain Names (IDN)", as a profile of stringprep, which is described in  RFC 3454, "Preparation of Internationalized Strings ("stringprep")."

It does not map lookalike characters to a single character nor prohibit the use of lookalike characters. There are good reasons for this, such as the fact that same sets of characters may be lookalikes in some fonts but not in others, and the fact that any decision on which character to map to will obviously provide a bias towards users of one script; but it also has potentially grave implications for security if not considered by the designers and administrators of systems based on nameprep (the best known example of this being VeriSign's handling of IDNA names in .com and .net).

See also
 Homoglyph
 Unicode
 Internationalization
 International Components for Unicode (ICU contains an implementation of nameprep)
 Internationalized domain name
 IDN homograph attack or "lookalike" character spoofing based on a URL's appearance as read by a web user or as entered by a web user ( read in a page font, entered in the user's font of choice.) Note: this is not URI ambiguity in encoding. Examples are provided in both of the above articles.

Unicode
Domain Name System

Nameprep


Joseph Haydn's Symphony No. 47 in G major Hob. I:47 was probably written in 1772. It was nicknamed "The Palindrome".

Movements

Scored for 2 oboes, bassoon, 2 horns, and strings. It is in four movements:

Allegro,
Un poco adagio cantabile in D major,
Menuetto e Trio,
Presto assai,

The opening movement begins with a hammerstroke and a dotted-rhythm fanfare of repeated notes which serves as the first theme for the sonata-form movement. The line between the development and recapitulation is blurred by the reappearance of the dotted-rhythm in G minor (the home tonic but the wrong mode) followed by standard recapitulation of the second theme group. The first theme is finally resolved in the concluding coda.

The slow movement is a theme with four variations in invertible counterpoint. Through the third variation, each appearance of the ternary theme with winds appearing only in the middle section framed by muted strings in the outer sections. In the second outer section, the theme in two voices is inverted. Also, through each of the first three variations the surface rhythms are accelerating from eighth notes to sixteenth notes to triplet-sixteenths to thirty-seconds. The fourth variation varies from this pattern in that it is fully scored for the entire variation and serves as a recapitulation for the movement. What follows is a coda where the theme slowly dies away.

The "Minuetto al Roverso" is the reason this symphony is sometimes called "The Palindrome": the second part of the Minuet is the same as the first but backwards, and the Trio is also written in this way.

References

Symphony 047
Compositions in G major
1772 compositions

Symphony No. 47 (Haydn)


Andronicus ben Meshullam, a Jewish scholar of the 2nd century BCE. According to Josephus (Ant. xiii. 3, § 4), he was the representative of the Jews in their religious dispute with the Samaritans, which was held before King Ptolemy VI Philometor, about the year 150 BCE. Andronicus was said to have proved from the Scriptures the historic continuity of the Jewish high priests; and from the great respect which was accorded the Temple of Jerusalem even by the non-Jewish kings of Asia, he argued that the claim of the Samaritans that Mount Gerizim was the sacred place of worship for the Israelites was unjustified.

Andronicus is said to have argued his case so successfully that the king ordered the execution of Sabbeus and Theodosius, the two champions of the Samaritans, this being the penalty agreed upon beforehand for the losing party.

References

Samaritan culture and history
Ptolemaic Jews
2nd-century BCE Jews
2nd-century BC scholars
Mount Gerizim

Andronicus ben Meshullam


Peter George Patmore (baptized 1786; died 1855) was an English author.

Life
The son of Peter Patmore, a dealer in plate and jewellery, he was born in his father's house on Ludgate Hill, London. Patmore refused to go into his father's business, and became a man of letters, the friend of William Hazlitt and Charles Lamb, journalist and writer.

Patmore was Assistant Secretary of the Surrey Institution, where Hazlitt lectured in 1818, after which the two became personal friends. Patmore was thereby enabled to record many details about Hazlitt later drawn upon by the latter's biographers.

In 1821 the journalist John Scott was involved in a duel over a literary quarrel, in which he was fatally shot. Patmore was his second; and was put on trial for murder with the principal Jonathan Henry Christie, agent for John Gibson Lockhart in London, and the second on the other side. Although Patmore was acquitted, he was a pariah in the eyes of some.

Patmore died near Hampstead on 19 December 1855, aged 69.

Works
He was best known at the New Monthly Magazine, of which he was editor from Theodore Hook's death in 1841 until the periodical was acquired by William Harrison Ainsworth in 1853. Patmore was also a contributor to other periodicals: the Liberal Review, the Westminster Review, the Retrospective Review, and to Blackwood's Magazine,  the London Magazine and the Monthly Magazine. Several of Lamb's most characteristic letters were addressed to him, as were also the epistles subsequently collected by Hazlitt under the title of the Liber Amoris. Appearing in that book as "C. P.", Patmore was associated with Hazlitt's adultery with Sarah Walker, to the detriment of his reputation.

Patmore's best-known works included:

 Imitations of Celebrated Authors, or Imaginary Rejected Articles, London, 1826; a fourth edition appeared in 1844, with the title slightly modified and humorous preface omitted. The authors imitated were: William Cobbett, Lord Byron, Gilbert White, Horace and James Smith, William Hazlitt, Lord Jeffrey, and Leigh Hunt.
 My Friends and Acquaintance: Being Memorials, Mind-portraits, and Personal Recollections of Deceased Celebrities of the Nineteenth Century, with Selections from Their Unpublished Letters, London, 3 vols. 1854.

These gossipy volumes were filled with personal information on Lamb, Thomas Campbell, Lady Blessington, Robert Plumer Ward, H. and J. Smith, Hazlitt, Laman Blanchard, Richard Brinsley Sheridan and Thomas Sheridan, son of the playwright. The critics, especially in the Athenæum Magazine and North British Review, rebuked the author for their triviality and inconsequence. The fact that the praise so freely given to Robert Plumer Ward was withheld from Campbell raised a storm of comment in a correspondence which ran in the Athenæum.

Patmore's others works (several of which were issued anonymously) included:

 Sir Thomas Laurence's Cabinet of Gems, with Biographical and Descriptive Memorials, 1837;
 Chatsworth, or the Romance of a Week, 1844;
 Marriage in Mayfair, a comedy, 1854.

He also wrote The Mirror of the Months, 1826, and Finden's Gallery of Beauty, or the Court of Queen Victoria, 1844'.

Between the years of 1820 and 1825, he was known mainly for a series of articles in the New Monthly Magazine entitled "Picture Galleries of England", acting as a critical guide to the main aristocratic collections of Old Master paintings at the time. These articles were a response to, and in some ways a dialogue with, a similar series begun by Hazlitt at around the same time, and published in the London Magazine. Patmore's works were serialised and then published in a single volume in 1824. He was forced into publication by the announcement of several other works of the same name attempting to capitalise on his (or possibly Hazlitt's) success.

Family
He married Eliza Robertson (born 1799 in St Pancras, London); they had four children, of whom the poet Coventry Patmore was their eldest.

Sources
Grayling, A. C., The Quarrel of the Age: The Life and Times of William Hazlitt. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2000.

Notes

Attribution

External links

1780s births
1855 deaths
English writers
English male writers

Peter George Patmore