Edward Bulwer Cochems (; February 4, 1877 – April 9, 1953) was an American football player and coach.  He played football for the University of Wisconsin from 1898 to 1901 and was the head football coach at North Dakota Agricultural College—now known as North Dakota State University (1902–1903), Clemson University (1905), Saint Louis University (1906–1908), and the University of Maine (1914).  During his three years at Saint Louis, he was the first  football coach to build an offense around the forward pass, which became a legal play in the 1906 college football season.  Using the forward pass, Cochems' 1906 team compiled an undefeated 11–0 record, led the nation in scoring, and outscored opponents by a combined score of 407 to 11.   He is considered by some to be the "father of the forward pass" in American football.

Early life
Cochems was born in 1877 at Sturgeon Bay, the county seat of Door County on Wisconsin's Door Peninsula.  He was one of 11 children, and "the smallest of seven brothers."  His older brother, Henry Cochems, preceded him at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where he was a star football player and shot putter.  Cochems also had a twin brother, Carl Cochems (1877–1954), who became a noted opera singer.

Athlete at Wisconsin
Cochems attended the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where he competed for the Badgers in football, baseball and track.  He was the captain of the 1901 Wisconsin baseball team, but he gained his greatest acclaim as a football player.  Cochems began playing at the left end position, but was moved to the left halfback position for the 1900 and 1901 seasons. The Badgers football team posted a 35–4–1 record during his four seasons of play.  Together with Norsky Larson and Keg Driver, Cochems reportedly made up "the most feared backfield trio in the middle west."

Max Loeb, a classmate, remembered Cochems as "one of the most spectacular men of my time ... [w]onderfully built, handsome and affable ..."  After Cochem's death, another classmate, O.G. Erickson, wrote:

While well muscled and compactly built, Cochems never weighed more than 165 pounds, but I never saw another player who made better use of his poundage. He played four years of 70-minute football (a game then consisted of two 35-minute halves), and I don't remember him ever being taken out of a game because of injuries.

After Cochems helped the Badgers to a 50–0 win over Kansas in 1901, the Chicago Daily Tribune reported, "Larson and Cochems again and again skirted the Kansas ends for gains of forty, fifty, sixty and seventy yards.  Nothing approaching the play of the Badgers trio of backs, Larson, Driver and Cochems, has ever been seen on Randall Field."

On November 28, 1901, in his final game as a Wisconsin football player, Cochems ran back a kickoff for a touchdown against Amos Alonzo Stagg's Chicago Maroons.  According to a contemporaneous press account, the touchdown run came late in the game with Wisconsin already leading 29 to 0: "The Maroons appeared to be demoralized, and on the kick-off Cochems caught the ball on his own twelve-yard line and ran ninety-eight yards for a touchdown, the Chicago players making little or no effort to stop him."  Twelve years later, football historian and former University of Wisconsin coach Parke H. Davis described the same run more colorfully, reporting that Cochems "dashed and dodged, plunged and writhed through all opponents for a touch-down... Cochem's great flight presented all of the features of speed, skill, and chance which must combine to, make possible the full-field run... he boldly laid his course against the very center of Chicago's oncoming forwards, bursting their central bastion, and then cleverly sprinting and dodging the secondary defenders."  According to Cochems' obituary  in the Wisconsin alumnus, his kickoff return against Chicago in 1901 "brought him undying fame as a gridder."

Cochems also scored two touchdowns in a 39–5 victory over Chicago in November 1900, and has been credited with four touchdowns in a 54–0 win against Notre Dame in 1900.

Cochems was also a bicycling enthusiast who gained attention for a 1900 bicycle trip across Europe with classmate George Mowry.  The pair left Wisconsin on August 1, 1900, and rode through England, Scotland, Belgium, Holland, France, Germany, Austria, Italy and Spain. Their cyclometers were stolen after they had completed 1,500 miles, and they had no record of the full distance they covered.  The entire trip cost each of the two $125.  On their return to Wisconsin, they were dressed in "well-worn knickerbockers" that "gave plain evidence of much exposure to variable weather and of hard riding."

Early coaching career
In 1902, Cochems at age 25 was hired as the head football coach at North Dakota Agricultural College (now North Dakota State University) at Fargo.  He led the North Dakota Aggies to an undefeated and unscored upon record in 1902, outscoring opponents by a combined 168 to 0.  His 1903 team at North Dakota Agricultural College finished with five wins and one loss.

In January 1904, the University of Wisconsin athletic board voted to select Cochems to serve as the school's assistant football coach at a salary of $800.  Cochems returned to Madison in 1904 as both assistant football coach and assistant athletic director.

In December 1904, the selection of a new head coach at Wisconsin was put to a straw vote with Cochems running against Phil King and two other candidates.  King received 215 of the 325 votes cast.

Having lost his bid for the head coaching job, Cochems signed in February 1905 to become the head football coach at Clemson.  In the 1905 football season, Cochems led Clemson to shutout wins over Georgia (35–0), Alabama (25–0), and Auburn (6–0), but closed the season with consecutive losses to Vanderbilt and Georgia Tech, for a 3–2–1 record.

St. Louis University

Preparation to play under the new rules
In February 1906, Cochems was hired as the head football coach at St. Louis University.   The 1906 college football season was played with new rules, which included legalizing the forward pass.  Cochems had reportedly long been an enthusiast of the forward pass.

At St. Louis, Cochems rejoined fellow Wisconsiner and former Badger halfback Bradbury Robinson.  They had met in the pre-season of 1905 when Robinson, who had already transferred to St. Louis, was working out with his former Wisconsin teammates.  Cochems was an assistant coach with the Badgers that year.

Like Cochems, Robinson was fascinated by the potential of the forward pass.  Robinson was introduced to the forward pass in 1904 by Wisconsin teammate, H.P. Savage, who threw the ball overhand almost as far as Robinson was punting it to him. Savage taught Robinson how to throw a spiral pass, and the forward pass thereafter became Robinson's "football hobby."

To prepare for the first season under the new rules, Cochems convinced the university to allow him to take his team to a Jesuit sanctuary at Lake Beulah in southern Wisconsin for "the sole purpose of studying and developing the pass."  Newbery Medal winning author Harold Keith wrote in Esquire magazine that it was at Lake Beulah in August 1906 that "the first, forward pass system ever devised" was born.

Football's first legal forward pass

On September 5, 1906, in the first game of the 1906 season, St. Louis faced Carroll College, and it was in that game that Robinson threw football's first legal forward pass to Jack Schneider.

Cochems reportedly did not start calling pass plays in the Carroll game until after he had grown frustrated with the failure of his offense to move the ball on the ground.  After an initial pass attempt from Robinson to Schneider fell incomplete (resulting in a turnover to Carroll under the 1906 rules), Cochems called for his team to again execute the play he called the "air attack" or the "projectile pass."  Robinson threw the fat, rugby-style ball for a 20-yard touchdown pass to Schneider. St. Louis won the game by a score of 22–0.

1906 season
St. Louis completed the 1906 season undefeated (11–0) and led the nation in scoring, having outscored opponents by a combined 407 to 11.  During the 1906 season, the forward pass was a key element in the St. Louis offense.  Bradbury Robinson threw a 67-yard pass, and Jack Schneider threw a 65-yard pass.  In his book on the history of the sport, David Nelson wrote, "Considering the size, shape and weight of the ball, these were extraordinary passes."

The highlight of the 1906 season was St. Louis' 39–0 win against Iowa.  St. Louis completed eight of ten pass attempts (for an average of 20 yards) against Iowa, and four of the passes resulted in touchdowns. On the last play of the game, St. Louis threw a final pass 25 yards in the air to a receiver who caught the ball "on the dead run" for a touchdown.  Cochems said that Iowa's poor showing in the game "resulted from its use of the old style play and its failure to effectively use the forward pass", as Iowa attempted only "two basketball-style forward passes."

The 1906 Iowa game was refereed by one of the top football officials in the country, West Point's Lt. Horatio B. "Stuffy" Hackett, who became a member of the American Intercollegiate Football Rules Committee in December 1907. Hackett later told a reporter, "It was the most perfect exhibition... of the new rules ... that I have seen all season and much better than that of Yale and Harvard.  St. Louis' style of pass differs entirely from that in use in the east. ... The St. Louis university players shoot the ball hard and accurately to the man who is to receive it ... The fast throw by St. Louis enables the receiving player to dodge the opposing players, and it struck me as being all but perfect."

Hackett's analysis was reprinted in newspapers across the country, and when it appeared in The Washington Post, the headline read: "FORWARD PASS IN WEST – Lieut. Hackett Says St. Louis University Has Peer of Them All. – Says that Mound City Champions Showed Nearest Approach to Perfect Pass He Has Seen This Year."

Knute Rockne biographer, Ray Robinson, wrote, "The St. Louis style of forward pass, as implemented by Cochems, was different from the pass being thrown by eastern players.  Cochems did not protect his receiver by surrounding him with teammates, as was the case in the East."

Cochems as advocate of the forward pass
After the 1906 season, Cochems published a 10-page article entitled "The Forward Pass and On-Side Kick"  in the 1907 edition of Spalding's How to Play Foot Ball (edited by Walter Camp).  Cochems explained in words and photographs (of Robinson) how the forward pass could be thrown and how passing skills could be developed.  "[T]he necessary brevity of this article will not permit of a detailed discussion of the forward pass," Cochems lamented. "Should I begin to explain the different plays in which the pass... could figure, I would invite myself to an endless task."

In December 1909, The Washington Post published Cochems comments on the game under the headline, "FOOTBALL LIKE AN AIRSHIP WOULD OPEN UP THE GAME." Cochems advocated the redesign of the football to render it more aerodynamic and easy to handle:

The story in a nutshell is this.  The ball is too large and too light. Some of the best teams in the country find it impossible to use the pass owing to lack of players who can make it. ... Since it is impossible to grow larger hands and it is possible to make the ball conform to human dimensions, why not make the ball fit the needed conditions?  ...  With a ball such as I have proposed, longer, narrower, and a bit heavier, so that it would carry in the face of a strong wind, I firmly believe that the game of rugby would develop  into one of the most beautiful and versatile sports the world ever saw.

Cochems' recommendations essentially describe the modern football.  In 1909, he had accurately predicted, "With the new ball, deeper offensive formations could be logically planned and carried into execution."

In a 1932 interview with a Wisconsin sports columnist, Cochems claimed that Yale, Harvard and Princeton (the so-called "Big Three" football powers in the early decades of the sport) all called him in having him explain the forward pass to them.

Failure of the forward pass to catch on quickly

Cochems was disappointed that his pass-oriented offense did not catch on quickly.  In 1907, after the first season of the forward pass, one football writer noted that, "with the single exception of Cochems, football teachers were groping in the dark."

It would be seven years before Knute Rockne began to follow Cochems' example at Notre Dame. Rockne acknowledged Cochems as the early leader in the use of the pass, observing, "One would have thought that so effective a play would have been instantly copied and become the vogue. The East, however, had not learned much or cared much about Midwest and western football; ondeed, the East scarcely realized that football existed beyond the Alleghanies ..."

In his history of the game, College Football Hall of Fame coach and football authority David M. Nelson echoed Rockne's point, noting that "eastern football had little respect for football west of Carlise, Pennsylvania... [they] may not have recognized what was happening in the West, but the new forward-passing game was off to an impressive start."

Author Murray Greenberg, in his biography of 1920s passing sensation Benny Friedman, agreed that the passing game as Cochems implemented it just did not catch on: "Cochems and his St. Louis eleven aside, rarely during the early part of the century's second decade did a team try to dominate the game through the air."

1907 and 1908 seasons
Cochems led the St. Louis football team to a record of 7–3–1 in 1907.  In September 1907, Cochems introduced another innovation at St. Louis, having his players wear numbers to allow spectators to identify individual players.  The move was called "a decided innovation" and was compared to the numbering of jockeys in horse-racing.  Cochems team defeated the Nebraska Cornhuskers on November 28, 1907, by a score of 34 to 0.  Cochems took his team to the West Coast for a Christmas Day game against Washington State College.  St. Louis lost the game by a score of 11 to 0. The 1907 team was "Varsity-Trans-Mississippi champions".

After the 1907 season, charges that Cochems was using professional players were made.  Several Midwestern universities, including Kansas, Missouri, Iowa and Wisconsin, refused to schedule games with St. Louis for the 1908 season, "claiming the team is tainted with professionals."

In 1908, Cochems' team compiled a record of 7–2–1, defeating the Arkansas (24–0), but losing games to Pittsburgh (13–0) and the Carlisle (17–0) and playing Sewanee to a tie.

On January 1, 1909, Cochems coached a St. Louis all-star football team against a Chicago all-star football game coached by Walter Eckersall. The game drew extensive publicity when St. Louis Browns pitcher Rube Waddell asked Cochems to play on the St. Louis team, and Cochems agreed.   The Chicago team won by a score of 12 to 4.

In March 1909, The New York Times reported that St. Louis University had accepted Cochems' resignation as athletic coach.  One writer noted that "the circumstances of his departure from SLU are murky."

Football career after St. Louis University
In 1909, Cochems worked for a time as the director of the public playground system in St. Louis.  In November 1909, a Wisconsin newspaper reported that Cochems was coaching "a minor team" in St. Louis and had been beaten badly by "another equally minor institution" from Chicago.  The report noted that Cochems "changed his berth for some unexplained reason this year and is doing a bump the bumps that makes a marble rolling down stairs look like a toboggan for smoothness, by comparison."

In the fall of 1910, Cochems was reportedly coaching the Barnes University football team, playing its games at Handland Park in St. Louis.  He also coached a Missouri "all-star" team that played against Frank Longman's Notre Dame team at Sportsman's Park in St. Louis on Christmas Day 1910.  Notre Dame won the game by a score of 12 to 0, and one newspaper called the game a "fiasco" and reported there was "not much that would indicate all star football" in the play of Cochems' team.

In January 1911, Cochems was considered for the position of football coach at the University of Wisconsin, but did not get the job. He moved to New York in 1911.

Cochems briefly returned to coaching in 1914 as the head football coach for the University of Maine.  He led Maine to a 6–3 record in 1914.

After he left coaching, Cochems continued to be connected to the sport and interacted with its leading figures.  He attended meetings of the Rules Committee with the likes of Walter Camp and John Heisman.  In 1911, he proposed a "radical" change in the rules, allowing each team a single set of five downs within which to score.  He also became a well-known game official.  In 1921, he was the umpire for the Notre Dame – Army game played at West Point.

Organizer and political activist
In the fall of 1911, Cochems moved to New York and announced that he had abandoned football for politics.  Over the next 20 years, Cochems engaged in a career as an "organizer, speaker and as political campaigner."  He was director of the National Speakers Bureau in 1912 during the campaign of Theodore Roosevelt, and again in 1916 during the Charles Evans Hughes campaign.  He also worked in the campaigns of Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover.

During World War I, he served as civilian aide to the adjutant general at Long Island.

He was a national organizer for the American Commission for Relief in Belgium.
Cochems led an effort to end Prohibition as the president of the Association of American Rights—Repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment.

He also served on the staff of the Gibson Private Relief Association of New York.

Later years
After living in New York for approximately 20 years, Cochems returned to Madison in the early 1930s.  In 1933, he was appointed as one of three assistants to the state's NRA director and was doing speaking engagements throughout the state.  In 1940, he was employed "installing a system of educational recreation in state institutions."  When the position of head football coach at St. Louis University opened up in 1940, Cochems put in his name, but the job went to Dukes Duford.

Family and death
Cochems married May Louise Mullen of Madison in August 1902.  Their wedding trip ended at Fargo, where Cochems had been hired as athletic director.  They were together until his death and had five children: daughter Elizabeth and sons John, Henry, Phillip and David, who was killed in action in Essen, Germany in the closing weeks of World War II.

Cochems died after a long illness on April 9, 1953, in the same Madison hospital in which his 14th grandchild had been born the day prior.

Football legacy

Father of the forward pass
Recognition of Cochems' role in the development of the forward pass has been inconsistent.

Following the first season in which the play was legal, Walter Camp chose Cochems to write the only article on the forward pass in the 1907 edition of Spalding's How to Play Foot Ball, which Camp edited.

Some have advocated for recognition of Cochems as the "father of the forward pass."  As early as 1909, a writer in The Post-Standard (Syracuse, New York) wrote: "Cochems was the first coach to grasp the possibilities of the forward pass. He is a tricky and resourceful gridiron master with a large repertoire of plays and a dynamic personality."  In 1920, a syndicated story on Cochems' becoming the head of the "Order of Camels" referred to him as "the famous daddy of the forward pass."

St. Louis Post Dispatch sports columnist Ed Wray was one of the earliest advocates for Cochems' role in developing the forward pass.  In a 1940 column, Wray described Cochems' 1906 offensive scheme:

He also alternated the long 'projectile pass' (that's what Cochems called it), with a short, fast pass over the line of scrimmage, five yards out from the center.  Equipped with this attack, then absolutely new, Cochems' team had the football world popeyed after the first two or three games of the season.  Owning a team with a powerful running attack, Cochems' eleven would pound the enemy line, draw in the defense and then amaze the opposition by shooting long forward pass for big gains. ... And yet today Rockne gets the credit for a discovery that rightfully belongs to a graying resident of Madison, Wis., now in the middle sixties, whose name is almost forgotten – Eddie Cochems.

In a November 1944 article in Esquire (entitled "Pioneer of the Forward Pass"), Newbery Award-winning author Harold Keith concluded that Cochems was "unquestionably the father of the forward pass."

After Cochems' death in 1953, Philip A. Dynan, then serving as the publicity director at St. Louis University, became an advocate for Cochems' claim to be the father of the forward pass.  In October 1954, an Associated Press sports writer reported on Dynan's efforts on behalf of Cochems:

There are various ways used by college publicity men — 'drum beaters' in the sports writers vernacular—to get the names of their schools into the newspapers. A new twist has been developed by Phil Dynan, who handles such work for St. Louis University. Dynan, who doesn't have a football team to promote any more since his school dropped the game, nevertheless still is operating on a gridiron basis. His gimmick is a claim, 'based on considerable research,' that St. Louis was the first team to throw a forward pass.

Dynan unsuccessfully lobbied to have Cochems inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in the 1960s, and published an article on Cochems in 1967 titled "Father of the Forward Pass."

In his book The Anatomy of a Game: Football, the Rules, and the Men Who Made the Game, Coach Nelson, the secretary-editor of the NCAA Football Rules Committee starting in 1962, stated that "E. B. Cochems is to forward passing what the Wright brothers are to aviation and Thomas Edison is to the electric light."

In 2009, SI.com and Sports Illustrated Kids listed Cochems' development of the forward pass as the first of 13 "Revolutionary Moments in Sports."

Contrary views
A contrary view was taken by football coaching legend Amos Alonzo Stagg.   In Allison Danzig's book, "The History of American Football," Stagg said: "I have seen statements giving credit to certain people originating the forward pass.  The fact is that all coaches were working on it.  The first season, 1906, I personally had sixty-four different forward pass patterns."  In 1954, Stagg told a reporter, "Eddie Cochems, who coached at St. Louis University in 1906, also claimed to have invented the pass as we know it today ... It isn't so, because after the forward pass was legalized in 1906, most of the schools commenced experimenting with it and nearly all used it." Stagg asserted that, as far back as 1894, before the rules committee even considered the forward pass, one of his players used to throw the ball "like a baseball pitcher."

After reviewing a letter from Stagg in 1948 asserting that "Eddie Cochems was not the originator of the long spiral pass," Deke Houlgate, author of "The Football Thesaurus", retracted a credit previously given to Cochems in his book:

Coach Stagg has my thorough-going agreement that Coach Cochems may not have been the first to perfect the long spiral pass because very few mentors have done so since the year 1905.  It may be that Cochems merely enjoyed the benefits of a good publicity agent a generation before the word 'flack' was coined.

The only known expert witness to the passing offenses of both Stagg's and Cochems' 1906 squads was Lt. Hackett, who officiated games involving both teams. His verdict, as contemporaneously reported by Wray, was that St. Louis' passing game was different and superior to anything else he had seen that season.

Cochems' own star, Bradbury Robinson, also disputed Cochems' claim to be the developer of the forward pass. In a 1940 letter to Ed Wray, Robinson wrote :

The story of the beginning and development of the forward pass does not reside with Eddie Cochems but with myself. Strange as it may seem I began the development of the forward pass in [1904] at Wisconsin university before I ever came to St. Louis.  I anticipated that it would be introduced into the rules because of the efforts Theodore Roosevelt as president was making to tone down the game and make it more spectacular. ... Mr. Cochems' connection with this development only occurred in 1906, in Wisconsin, where the St. Louis university squad had gone for early training.

In a 2006 feature story on the 100th anniversary of the forward pass, St. Louis Post-Dispatch writer Vahe Gregorian staked out a middle ground, noting, "While Cochems was the first to harness the potential of the newly legalized pass, he hardly was its architect or inventor."

Impact of the Rockne legend
Despite Cochems' contribution to football, his story was long the stuff of trivia.  Years passed and a generation of first-hand observers died.  They were replaced by generations influenced by the popular 1940 film Knute Rockne, All American in which Notre Dame's Knute Rockne was portrayed as the originator of the forward pass.

Another factor that may have contributed to Cochems' story fading from the public's memory was the decision of St. Louis University to discontinue intercollegiate football in 1949.

The New York Times columnist Arthur Daley, the first sportswriter to win the Pulitzer Prize, wrote in 1949 that Rockne and Gus Dorais, "caught a much larger share of immortality than they actually deserve, including credit for inventing the forward pass.  That, of course, belongs to Eddie Cochems of St. Louis."

In 1952, Dorais himself tried to set the record straight (as Rockne had more than 20 years earlier), telling the United Press that "Eddie Cochems of the St. Louis University team of 1906-07-08 deserves the full credit."

Tampa Bay newspaper columnist Bob Driver wrote in 2006, "Cochems' name is mostly a footnote in football history, despite his achievements as the forward-pass pioneer."  Driver concluded his column writing, "So there you have it, sports fans – a quickie history of the forward pass. Feel free to clip this column and keep it with you. It could help you win a bet, next time you encounter a sports know-it-all who believes the Knute Rockne movie version."

Honors and recognition
Honors and recognition of Cochems' accomplishments have been slow coming.  Cochems was twice nominated to the College Football Hall of Fame, the last time in 1965, but was not elected.  Neither was Robinson.  In 1967, former St. Louis University publicity director Philip Dynan wrote in his article, "Father of the Forward Pass", that "it's about time that somebody voted Edward B. Cochems into the Football Hall of Fame."  But it never happened.  Nor has he been inducted into the Missouri Sports Hall of Fame.

Even at St. Louis University, Cochems was not inducted into the St. Louis Billiken Hall of Fame until 1994, 18 years after it was established in 1976. He was inducted into the University of Wisconsin Athletics Hall of Fame in 1994 and the Madison Sports Hall of Fame in 1968.

In December 1999, Cochems was ranked 29th in Sports Illustrated'''s list of the 50 greatest sports figures in Wisconsin history.

Since 1994, the St. Louis-Tom Lombardo Chapter of the National Football Foundation has recognized "Outstanding Contribution to Amateur Football" with the Eddie Cochems Award.

In 2010, Complex magazine ranked Cochems' 1906 St. Louis squad 38th among "The 50 Most Badass College Football Teams" in history.  Complex said it chose the teams based on "style, guts, amazing plays, and players and coaches that did things that just hadn't been done before."

In 2011, Amy Lamare, writing on Bleacher Report'', named St. Louis' 1906 game at Carroll College one of "The 50 Most Historically Significant Games in College Football."

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Gender and sexual diversity (GSD), or simply sexual diversity, refers to all the diversities of sex characteristics, sexual orientations and gender identities, without the need to specify each of the identities, behaviors, or characteristics that form this plurality.

Overview
In the Western world, generally simple classifications are used to describe sexual orientation (heterosexuals, homosexuals and bisexuals), gender identity (transgender and cisgender), and related minorities (intersex), gathered under the acronyms LGBT or LGBTQIA+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, asexual, transgender/transsexual people, and sometimes intersex people); however, other cultures have other ways of understanding the sex and gender systems. Over the last few decades, some sexology theories have emerged, such as Kinsey theory and queer theory, proposing that this classification is not enough to describe the sexual complexity in human beings and, even, in other animal species.

For example, some people may feel an intermediate sexual orientation between heterosexual and bisexual (heteroflexible) or between homosexual and bisexual (homoflexible). It may vary over time, too (sexual fluidity), or include attraction not only towards women and men, but to all the spectrum of sexes and genders (pansexual). In other words, within bisexuality there exists a huge diversity of typologies and preferences that vary from an exclusive heterosexuality to a complete homosexuality (Kinsey scale).

Sexual diversity includes intersex people, those born with a variety of intermediate features between women and men. It also includes transgender and transsexed people, genderfluid people, and so on.

Lastly, sexual diversity also includes asexual people, who feel disinterest in sexual activity; and all those who consider that their identity cannot be defined, such as queer people.

Socially, sexual diversity is claimed as the acceptance of being different but with equal rights, liberties, and opportunities within the Human Rights framework. In many countries, visibility of sexual diversity is vindicated during Pride Parades.

See also

References

LGBT

Sexual diversity


Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (Seville, baptized on January 1, 1618– April 3, 1682) was a Spanish Baroque painter. Developed in final naturalism, he advanced towards original forms of the full baroque with a perception that sometimes precedes the rococo in some of his most peculiar and imitated pictorial creations, such as the Immaculate Conception or the Good Shepherd in child figure. A central personality of the Sevillian school, with a high number of disciples and followers who carried his influence well into the 18th century, he was also the best known and most appreciated Spanish painter outside of Spain, the only one of which Sandrart included a brief and fabled biography in his Academia picturae eruditae of 1683 with the Self-portrait of the painter engraved by Richard Collin. Conditioned by the clientele, the bulk of his production is made up of works of a religious nature destined for Sevillian churches and convents, but unlike other great Spanish masters of his time, he also cultivated genre painting on a continuous and independent basis. throughout much of his career.

Bartolomé Esteban Murillo


Kurt Vincent Thomas (born October 4, 1972 in Dallas, Texas) is an American basketball player. He currently plays for the Chicago Bulls as a Power forward and Center.

He was drafted out of Texas Christian University in the 1995 NBA Draft in the 1st round with the 10th pick by the Miami Heat.

He has also played with the Miami Heat from 1995 to 1997, Dallas Mavericks from 1997 to 1998, New York Knicks from 1998 to 2005, Phoenix Suns from 2005 to 2007, Seattle SuperSonics from 2007 to 2008, San Antonio Spurs from 2008 to 2009 and the Milwaukee Bucks from 2009 to 2010.

Other websites
Kurt Thomas' NBA player profile

1972 births
American basketball players
Sportspeople from Dallas
Living people

Kurt Thomas (basketball)


William Angus Sutherland (January 26, 1874–October 18, 1935) was a California politician, attorney and banker.  Sutherland was elected to the California State Assembly in 1910, and re-elected in 1912.

Early life
Born in Oakland, California, Sutherland spent his childhood in San Francisco and Oakland.  He attended Stanford University, where he earned his law degree in 1898.

Law
Admitted to the bar in 1898, Sutherland practiced law in San Francisco until 1901, when he moved to Fresno, California and formed a law practice with Frank H. Short.

In about 1899, Sutherland began his association with legal publisher Bancroft-Whitney Company of San Francisco.  He worked first on Walter Maline Rose's 12-volume Notes on the United States Reports, or at least the supplements to this digest of U.S. Supreme Court decisions.  He received sole credit for volume 13, the 263-page index published in 1900.  He then in 1902 co-authored with James Henry Deering the California Digest of the California Supreme Court's cases found in volumes 126 to 136 of California Reports (1899–1902).

In 1903, Sutherland became a law partner with Joseph P. Bernhard, who had also worked on Rose's U.S. Notes in San Francisco.   After he and Bernhard dissolved their partnership in 1904, Sutherland practiced solo until 1906 when he merged his law practice with that of the law practice of future United States Congressman Henry E. Barbour, who had also established his law office in 1903.

The Bancroft-Whitney Company of San Francisco published in 1910 Sutherland's widely used four-volume practice guide, A Treatise on Code Pleading and Practice.  Designed for use by attorneys in California and other mostly-Western states that required code pleading.  Bancroft-Whitney published Sutherland's supplement to the 1910 treatise in 1917.

Sutherland also authored a 973-page treatise, Notes on the Constitution of the United States, published by Bancroft-Whitney Company in 1904.  This book was reprinted by Fred B. Rothman & Co. in 1991.

By 1912, Fresno's dominant industry, raisins, was in terrible shape.  Prices were so low that they did not cover production costs.  M. Theo Kearney's attempt to organize the raisin farmers had failed in 1904.  After his death in 1906, several industry groups tried unsuccessfully between 1907 and 1912 to follow the Kearney model of a capitalized raisin cooperative.  A group of prominent growers and Fresno businessmen, and Sutherland as their lawyer, formed the California Associated Raisin Company (later known as Sun-Maid).   Similar to the Kearney model, the company had both grower members and nongrower investors.  The trustees of a voting trust controlled all the shares and elected the seven directors.  A novel feature devised by Sutherland and Fresno lawyers H.H. Welsh and M.K. Harris was the three-year grower contract, subject to a two-year renewal, binding the grower to deliver all of his crop for a guaranteed price.  The company signed up 76% of the raisin acreage and raised $800,000 in capital, and began operations in April 1913.

In about 1913, Sutherland left his partnership with Henry E. Barbour and again established a partnership with Fresno's preeminent attorney, Frank H. Short.  Short became ill in 1917 and then spent considerable time in San Francisco receiving medical treatment and eventually died in June 1920.

Politics
A Republican, Sutherland was elected to the California State Assembly in 1910, and re-elected in 1912.

Sutherland was the official proponent of Proposition 12, which created the California Railroad Commission (now known as the California Public Utilities Commission) in 1911.

In 1913, Sutherland was the author of legislation that took an early step to California's community property law.  Sutherland's law gave fathers and mothers joint custody of their minor children and joint right to any services and earnings from those children; prior to the passage of Sutherland's law, these rights were the sole domain of fathers.

Sutherland was a delegate to the 1920 Republican National Convention in Chicago, which nominated Warren Harding for President and Calvin Coolidge for Vice President.

Banking
During World War I, the Bank of Italy (later known as Bank of America) entered the Fresno market by acquiring the Fresno National Bank and People's Savings Bank and control of the First National Bank of Fresno.  This competitive pressure forced innovation and aggressiveness on Fresno's locally owned banks, Farmers' National Bank and the Bank of Central California. The Spanish flu epidemic killed the head of the Farmers' National Bank on December 10, 1919, leaving a power vacuum at the bank.  The Bank of Central California took advantage of the opportunity to purchase the much larger Farmers' National Bank.  However, the day before the bank merger was announced in January 1920, the head of the Bank of Central California himself died from the epidemic at age 38.

The President of the Associated Raisin Company then became the President of the bank in March 1920, renaming it Fidelity Trust and Savings Bank, with Sutherland leaving his law firm to become the vice president and manager of Fidelity.   After a year of serving as President of both companies, the Fidelity President decided to focus solely on Associated Raisin, and Sutherland was elected to fill the Fidelity vacancy.  In July 1922, the Los Angeles Trust and Savings Bank bought Fidelity, and the Fidelity Trust and Savings Bank became its Fidelity Branch.  With the acquisition, Sutherland's title became Vice President of the Los Angeles Trust and Savings Bank and Managing Director of the Fidelity Branch.  Shortly thereafter, the Los Angeles bank changed its name to Pacific Southwest Trust and Savings Bank.

Sutherland was instrumental in the planning and construction of the Pacific Southwest Building (later known as the Security Bank Building, then Fresno Pacific Towers, and finally by its address of 1060 Fulton Mall) at the southeast corner of Mariposa and Fulton in Fresno.  Construction began in 1923 and the bank moved its offices there in 1925.  The building was the tallest building in California located between Los Angeles and San Francisco until 2005.

Later career
Sutherland served as President of the Fresno County Chamber of Commerce in 1923 and 1924.  He was a Director of the Sun Maid Hotel Corporation and was its president for one year.

In December 1926, Sutherland left Security First National Bank (though he remained its local counsel and the chairman of its local advisory board until his death) to establish the law firm of Sutherland & Dearing with Milton M. Dearing.  In 1930, future federal appellate judge Gilbert H. Jertberg became their partner, and the law firm of Sutherland, Dearing & Jertberg was established in Suite 605 of the Pacific Southwest Building.

Sutherland was a director of the California State Automobile Association (part of AAA) in the 1920s. He also was a master of the Las Palmas Masonic Lodge.

Death
Sutherland died unexpectedly at age 61 of a heart attack while aboard the ocean liner  off the coast of Baja California. He had been returning to California from a European vacation via the Panama Canal. He was survived by his wife, Helen, and their adopted son, Keith D. Sutherland, who was a dentist in Fresno.

After Sutherland's death in 1935, Jertberg's appointment as a federal judge in 1955, and Dearing's semiretirement in the 1960s, the law firm of Sutherland, Dearing & Jertberg dissolved. Kenneth Avery later joined Meux & Gallagher. In the 1970s, the latter firm became Baker, Manock & Jensen. Combining the time between Sutherland, Dearing & Jertberg; Jertberg & Avery; and Baker, Manock & Jensen, these firms occupied the same space on the sixth floor of the old Pacific Southwest Building for 56 consecutive years before moving to another location seven miles north.  Baker, Manock & Jensen is now one of the largest law firms in Central California.

Sutherland's former bank, Pacific Southwest Trust and Savings Bank later became the Security First National Bank. Security First merged with Farmers and Merchants Bank of Los Angeles in 1956 to become Security National Bank, then acquired Pacific National Bank in 1967 to become Security Pacific National Bank, and was acquired by Bank of America in 1992.

After Helen M. Sutherland's death in 1939, Security First National Bank and Sutherlands' son, Keith, litigated the validity of Helen Sutherland's wills. The bank sought to probate Helen Sutherland's 1935 will, which named the bank as executor and trustee of a trust established by the will that would pay the younger Sutherland $150 per month, equip his dental office, and distribute the balance to him at age 35 at the bank's discretion. Keith contended the will was revoked by a later holographic will, of which he could produce only a portion, and that portion had been torn in half. Keith testified at the trial that the second will had been torn on the day he found it, after his mother had died. The jury found for Keith, that the holographic document revoked the 1935 will. However, the holographic document was not admitted to probate, and the judge ruled Mrs. Sutherland died intestate. As her sole heir, Keith inherited her entire $100,000 estate outright.

References

Further reading
Baker, Manock & Jensen Attorneys at Law: The First 100 Years 1903-2003.
Pacific-Southwest Bank Building Section, The Fresno Bee, January 19, 1925.

External links
W. A. Sutherland - JoinCalifornia Election Archive
Baker Manock & Jensen (the current name of Sutherland's law firm)

1874 births
1935 deaths
20th-century American lawyers
Lawyers from San Francisco
Lawyers from Fresno, California
Members of the California State Assembly
Stanford University alumni

William A. Sutherland (California politician)


In fiction, a MacGuffin is an object, detail, or event in the story that is important to the plot or the motivation of the story's characters. The term was first used by filmmaker Alfred Hitchcock. He was not the first to use or discover the trope, but he is given credit for coming up with the name. Other filmmakers like George Lucas used the term MacGuffin as well, but their definition was somewhat different from Hitchcock's. Nevertheless, details about MacGuffins below will describe Hitchcock's point of view.

According to Hitchcock, the MacGuffin has no importance other than moving the story forward, and it has no meaning by itself. It does not matter what the "thing" the characters want is, as long as it drives the character or moves the plot forward. In other words, any detail of a story is a MacGuffin if it can be replaced by something else without changing the rest of the story. If changing what the "thing" the characters want changes anything else in the story, then it is not a MacGuffin.

An example of a MacGuffin is Marsellus Wallace's briefcase in the movie Pulp Fiction. Getting the suitcase and giving it back to Marsellus Wallace is the reason why Wallace's hit men are willing to kill other people and risk their lives to keep it, but what is inside the briefcase is never shown or explained. According to the movie's writer and director Quentin Tarantino, he says that whatever is in the briefcase is whatever the audience wants it to be, because such knowledge of what is inside does not affect the story at all.

An example of a detail that is not a MacGuffin is the Ark of the Covenant in the movie Raiders of the Lost Ark. Even though the Ark is important to the motivation of the movie's hero, Indiana Jones, and the villains, the Nazis, the Ark's importance becomes more clear in the later half of the movie, and it cannot be replaced by anything else because the Nazis' misuse of the Ark was the direct cause of their death at the climax of the movie.

References

Fiction
Movie terminology
Narratology

MacGuffin


An Avarohana, Avarohanam or Avaroha, in the context of Indian classical music, is the descending scale of any raga. The notes descend in pitch from the upper tonic (taar shadja or Sa) down to the lower tonic, possibly in a crooked (vakra) manner.

Examples
In raga Darbari, an Asavari-thaat raga with vadi-samvadi R-P, the avroha is R' n S' d~ n P, m P g~ m R S, with andolan on the dhaivat and gandhar.

In Malahari, which is janya raga of 15th melakarta Mayamalavagowla, the avarohana is S D1 P M1 G2 R1 S. See swaras in Carnatic music for description of this notation.

In Sahana, a janya raga of 28th melakarta Harikambhoji, the Avarohana is S N2 D2 P M1 G3 M1 R2 G3 R2 S. This raga in its avarohana has the notes jumping from one to another (a bit like Dattu). This changes the whole feel of the raga, making Sahana a beautiful raga to listen to.

References

Carnatic music terminology
Hindustani music terminology
Ragas

Avarohana


John Bedford (27 July 1810 – 20 November 1879) was an English Wesleyan minister.

Biography
He was the son of John and Elizabeth Bedford, a native of Yorkshire, having been born in Wakefield, 27 July 1810. His father died when he was about five years old. John was educated in Wakefield. He studied during several years in a solicitor's office, but, resolving to become a minister of the Wesleyan Methodist Church, he was appointed by the conference in 1831 to Glasgow. There he laboured hard to free the chapels from the heavy debts with which they were encumbered, and by which their growth and development were effectually hindered. In an essay on 'The Constitution and Discipline of British Methodism' he showed his mastery of the principles of church government. Although Bedford's ministry was afterwards mainly exercised in Manchester and adjacent towns, he also laboured with conspicuous success for a period of three years in each of the towns, Birmingham, West Bromwich, and Derby.

In 1860 Bedford was appointed by the conference secretary to the general chapel committee, and thenceforward lived in Manchester. His orderly habits were of immense service in administering the chapel affairs of the connection. He would tolerate nothing loose or irregular, and spared no pains to place the trust property of the Wesleyan Methodist Church on a secure basis. At the same time he kept abreast of the thought and theology of the day. His sermons were logical and impressive, and he especially excelled as a debater.

At the conference of 1858 he was elected into the Legal Hundred to take the place vacated by the death of Jabez Bunting. From that time to the end of his life Bedford was one of the foremost men in his denomination, and his breadth of sympathy enabled him to exert a powerful influence upon the religious world in general. After being one of the secretaries of the conference for several years, he was in 1867 unanimously elected to the presidency of that assembly. A partial failure of health in 1872 led him to retire from the more onerous duties of his secretaryship, but he continued to give valuable counsel on chapel affairs and in other departments until his death. He died at Chorlton-cum-Hardy, near Manchester, 20 November 1879, aged 69.

He published some occasional sermons and speeches, and also a controversial correspondence with the Rev. William Sutcliffe on the doctrine and system of the Wesleyan Methodists, which he very ably defended. He married Maria Gledhill of Brighouse, in 1835, who, with two sons, survived him.

References

Attribution

English Methodist ministers
1810 births
1879 deaths
People from Wakefield
Presidents of the Methodist Conference
19th-century English Methodist ministers
19th-century English people

John Bedford (Wesleyan)


Eurocon is an annual science fiction convention held in Europe. The organising committee of each Eurocon is selected by vote of the participants of the previous event. The procedure is coordinated by the European Science Fiction Society. The first Eurocon was held in Trieste, Italy, in 1972. Unlike Worldcons, Eurocon is usually a title attached to an existing convention. The European SF Awards are given in most of the conventions giving recognition to the best works and achievements in science fiction.

List of Eurocons

European SF Awards
The European SF Awards are annual awards governed by the European Science Fiction Society. since 1972 mostly during Eurocons. The awards are given to works of fiction (science fiction or fantasy) or related to that field.

Rules
1. Must be a work of Science Fiction or Fantasy, or related to Science Fiction or Fantasy;
2. The majority of the work is by a person or a group of people who were born in, or are a citizen of, a European Country;
3. The works were first released in the two calendar years prior to the year of the current Eurocon;
4. If a work has won an ESFS Achievement award, it can not be nominated again in the same category.

Current annual awards
As of 2020, the following are awarded each year:

Special Awards
 The Chrysalis Awards
 The Achievement Awards
 The Hall of Fame
 The European Grandmaster

Achievement Award categories
 Best work of Art
 Best written work of Fiction
 Best Dramatic Presentation
 Best Fanzine
 Best Work for Children
 Best Internet Publication, other than a fanzine

Hall of Fame Award categories
Winners can only be admitted once.
 Best Artist
 Best Author
 Best Publisher
 Best Promoter of Science Fiction
 Best Magazine
 Best Translator

List of Awards given by convention

1972 European SF Awards: Trieste, Italy
The first Eurocon was in Trieste.

The first Eurocon Awards were originally given as prizes to works presented at the convention itself.  Years later they evolved into awards as they are commonly known relating to European authors and publications.

Special awards
Artist: Karel Thole (Italy)
Specialized Professional Magazine: Nueva Dimensión (Spain)
Non-Specialized Professional Magazine: Viata Romaneasca (Romania)
Fanzine: Speculations (United Kingdom)
Comics: Lone Sloane, by Philippe Druillet (France)

Awards
Novel:
Belgium – Sam, Paul Van Herck;
France – Ortog et les tenebres, Kurt Steiner;
Hungary – A Feladat, Peter Zsoldos;
Italy – Autocrisi, Pierfrancesco Prosperi;
Netherlands – De Naakten en de Speyers, Jacob Carossa;
Romania – Va cauta untaur, Sergiu Farcasan;
Spain – Amor en una Isla Verde, Gabriel Bermudez;
Sweden – Deta är Verkligheten, Bertil Matensson;
United Kingdom – All Judgement Fled, James White;

Short Story:
Belgium – De 8 jaarlijkse God Eddy C. Bertin;
France – L'Assassinat de l'Oiseau Bleu, Daniel Walther;
Hungary – Sempiternin, Lajos Mesterhazi;
Italy – Dove Muore l'Astragalo, Livio Horrakh;
Netherlands – Egeïsche Zee Carl Lans;
Romania – Altarul Zeilor Stohastici Adrian Rogoz;
Sweden – Spranget, Carl Johan Holzhausen;
United Kingdom – Lucifer, Edwin Charles Tubb;

Dramatic Production:
Denmark – Man Den, Der Tankte Ting (Film);
Italy – La Ragazza di Latta (The Tin Girl) by Marcello Aliprandi (Film);
Netherlands – De Kleine Mannetjes van Mars (Radiophonic play for children);
Sweden – Deadline (Film);
United Kingdom – UFO (TV series);

Artist:
France – Jean-François Jamoul;
Hungary – Andras Miklos Saros;
Netherlands – N. van Welzenes;
Romania – Nicolae Saftoiu;
Spain – Enrique Torres (Enric);
Sweden – Sven O. Gripsborn;
United Kingdom – Arthur Thompson (Atom);

Specialized Professional Magazine: Spain – Galassia
Non-Specialized Professional Magazine:
Belgium – Ciso – SF & Comics;
France – Le Magazine Litteraire: La Science-Fiction;
Italy – Fena rete: Fantascienza & Futuribile;
Netherlands – Stripschrift: SF & Comics;
Spain – Yorick: Teatro y Ciencia-Ficcion;

Fanzine:
Austria – Quarber Merkur;
Belgium – Kosmos;
France – Nyarlathotep;
Hungary – SF Tajekoztato;
Italy – Notiziario CCSF;
Netherlands – Holland-SF;
Romania – Solaris;
Spain – Fundacion;
Sweden – SF Forum;
Turkey – Antares;

Comics:
Belgium – Yoko Tsuno, R. Leloup;
Netherlands – Arman en Ilva, The Tjong King;
Spain – Haxtur, Victor de la Fuente;
Sweden – Blixt Gordon, Lars Olsson;

Essay, biography, bibliography:
Hungary – A Fantazia Irodalma, Laszlo Urban;
Netherlands – 100 jaar SF in Nederland, Dick Scheepstra;
Romania – Virsta de Aur an Anticipatiei Romanesti, Ion Hobana;
Spain – La SF: Contramitologia del Siglo XX, Carlo Frabetti (Essay);
Ray Bradbury-Humanista del Futuro, Jose Luis Garci (Book);
Sweden – SF Articles in 'Sydsvenska Dagbladet', Sven Christer Swahn;

1974 European SF Awards: Grenoble, France

1976 European SF Awards: Poznań, Poland

Belgium – Jacques van Herp
Bulgaria – Liuben Dilov
Denmark – Jannick Storn
France – Gerard Klein
German Democratic Republic – Gerhardt Brandstner
Hungary – Peter Zsoldos
Italy – Karel Thole
Norway – Peter Harris
Poland – Czesław Chruszczewski
Romania – Vladimir Colin
Soviet Union – Yeremey Parnov
Spain – Miguel Masriera
Sweden – Roland Aldenberg
United Kingdom – Brain W. Aldiss
West Germany – Herbert W. Franke
Yugoslavia – Ivan Lalic
Netherlands – Bruna Publishing House
Belgium – Ides et Autres (anthologies of translations)
Czechoslovakia – Interpress Magazin

Special Awards
Lifelong Literary Achievement: Stanisław Lem (Poland)
Artistic Achievement: Alexei Leonov (for his cosmic paintings)
Special Award from the Jury: Mircea Opriţă (Romania) (special award of the jury)

1978 European SF Awards: Brussels, Belgium

Science Fiction Awards
Series: Ailleurs et demain Robert Laffont (France)
Anthology: Planete socialiste Kesselring (Switzerland)
Novel: Les hauteurs beantes Alexandru Zinoviev (Soviet Dissident)
Collection: Low-Flying Aircraft J. G. Ballard (United Kingdom)
Professional Magazine: Futurs (France)
Semi-Professional Magazine: Orbit (Netherlands)
Fanzine: Zikkurath (Spain)
Essay: Le frontiere dell'ignoto Vittorio Curtoni (Italy)
Cycle of Novels: La Saga de los Aznar George H. White (Spain)
Artist: Chris Foss (United Kingdom)
Comics: Mailis Claude Auclair (France)
Film: The Man Who Fell to Earth by Nicolas Roeg (United Kingdom)
Play: Sodomaquina Carlo Frabetti (Spain)
Translator: Zoran Zivkovic (Yugoslavia)

Fantastic & Fantasy Award
Publisher: Marabout (Belgium)
Anthologists: Jacques Goimard & Roland Stragliati (France)
Novel: The Forbidden Forest Mircea Eliade (Romania)
Collection: Derrière le mur blanc Eddy C. Bertin (Belgium)
Professional Magazine: Terzo Occhio (Italy)
Semi-Professional Magazine: Cahiers Jean Ray (Belgium)
Fanzine: Odyssée (Belgium)
Essay: Un nouveau fantastique Jean Pierre Baronian (Belgium)
Cycle of Novels: Bob Morane Henri Vernes (Belgium)
Artist: Gaston Bogaert (Belgium)
Comics: Il dono Roberto Bonadimani (Italy)
Film Actor: Paul Naschy (Spain)
Playwright: Sławomir Mrożek (Poland)
Translator: Roberta Rambelli (Italy)

1980 European SF Awards: Stresa, Italy

Novel: The White Dragon Anne McCaffrey (United Kingdom); Babel Vladimir Colin (Romania)
Story: Der Rote Kristallplanet Gerd Maximovic (West Germany); Evadarea lui Algemon Gheorghe Sasarman (Romania)
Artist: Franco Storchi (Italy); Roger Dean (United Kingdom)
Publisher: Editrice Nord (Italy); Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza (KAW) (Poland)
Fanzine: SF...ere (Italy); Omicron (Romania)
Film: Scontri stellari oltre la terza dimensione (Starcrash) by Luigi Cozzi (Italy); Čovjek koga treba ubiti by Veljko Bulajić (Yugoslavia)
Comics: Rosa di stelle Roberto Bonadimani (Italy); In lumea lui Harap Alb Sandu Florea (Romania)

Special Awards
Author: John Brunner (United Kingdom); Stanisław Lem (Poland)
Artist: Karel Thole (Italy)
Essay: 20.000 pagine alla ricerca di Jules Verne Ion Hobana (Romania); Lovecraft S. Fusco & G. de Turris (Italy)
Fan: Waldemar Kumming (West Germany); Andrzej Pruszyński (Poland)
Best Artwork Exhibited: Oliviero Berni (Italy)

1982 European SF Awards: Mönchengladbach, West Germany

Author: Arkady and Boris Strugatsky (Soviet Union); Jacques Sadoul (France); John Brunner (United Kingdom)
Professional Magazine: Antares (France)
Fanzine: Shards of Babel (Netherlands)
Publisher: Heyne (West Germany); KAW (Poland)

1983 European SF Awards: Ljubljana, Yugoslavia

Author: Istvan Nemere (Hungary); Christopher Priest (United Kingdom)
Professional Magazine: Fantastyka (Poland); Solaris (West Germany)
Book: Ljudju, zvezde, vesolja – Bajt (Yugoslavia); Sdvig – Scherbakov (Soviet Union)
Fanzine: Shards of Babel (Netherlands); Kvazar (Poland)
Publisher: Tehniska Zalozba Slovenije (Yugoslavia); Galaktika (Bulgaria)

1984 European SF Awards: Brighton, United Kingdom (SeaCon'84)
Special Award: Science in SF Nicholls, Langford and Stableford (United Kingdom); Centre International pour documentation sur la literature de l'etrange (Belgium); Yeremey Parnov (Soviet Union)
Novelist: John Brunner (United Kingdom); Gianluigi Zuddas (Italy); Janusz Zajdel (Poland)
Short Story Writer: J. G. Ballard (United Kingdom); A. de Ceglie (Italy); Kir Bulychev (Soviet Union)
Artist: D. Hardy (United Kingdom); G. Festino (Italy); R. Wojtyński (Poland)
Publisher: Gollancz (United Kingdom); Fleuve Noir (France); Mir (Soviet Union)
Professional Magazine: Foundation (United Kingdom); Fiction (France); Sirius (Yugoslavia)
Fanzine: Epsilon (United Kingdom); Andromeda Nachrichten (West Germany); Helion (Romania)
Screenwriter:  (West Germany); Chinghiz Aitmatov (Soviet Union)
Film Director: Piotr Szulkin (Poland); Marcell Jankovics (Hungary)

1986 European SF Awards: Zagreb, Yugoslavia (Ballcon)
Special Award: Iskry (Poland); Solfanelli Editore (Italy)
Magazine: Urania (Italy); Sirius (Yugoslavia); Fantastika (Poland); Galaktika (Hungary); Jules Verne Magazinet (Sweden);  Zápisník (Czechoslovakia)
Fanzine: La Spada Spezzata (Italy); Fikcje (Poland); Ikarie XB (Czechoslovakia)
Publisher: Heyne Verlag (Germany); Gollancz (United Kingdom); Denoël (France); Alfa (Poland); Mora (Hungary); Fanucci (Italy)
Editor: Wolfgang Jeschke (Germany); Jacques Sadoul (France); Peter Kuczka (Hungary); Sandro Pergameno (Italy); Adam Hollanek (Poland)
Television: Bogdanoff
Posthumous: Julia Verlanger; Janusz Zajdel

1987 European SF Awards: Montpellier, France

Bulgaria
Author: Liubomor Nikolov (for the novel Earthform in the Summerwind)
Artist: Rumen Urumov

France
Lifelong Literary Achievement: Michel Jeury
Collection: Yves Fremion (for collection of stories Reves du sable, chateaux de sang
Comic: Pierre Christin & Jean-Claude Mézières (for comics series Valerian)
Series: Ailleurs et demain – Edited by Gerard Klein ("Robert Laffont")

German Democratic Republic
Lichtjahr – almanac edited by Eric Simon

Hungary
Author: Miklos Monus (for the novel He and It)
Artist: Csaba Jancso (for graphic work)
Publisher: Nepszava Publishing House
Fanzine: Metamorphozis

Italy
Author: Renato Pestriniero (for the novel Il nido al di la dell'ombra)
Series: Cosmo Argento – Edited by Piergiorgio Nicolazzini ("Editrice Nord")
Magazine: Dimensione Cosmica
Translations: Annarita Guarnieri

Poland
Lifelong Literary Achievement: Wiktor Żwikiewicz
Publisher: Iskry Publishing House
Fanzine: Feniks

Portugal
Author: João Aniceto (for the novel O desafio)
Essay: Alvaro de Sousa Holstein Ferreria & Joao Manuel Morais for their Bibliografia da Ficcão Científica e Fantasia Portuguesa
Series: Contacto, edited by Joao Manuel Barreiros (Gradiva)

Romania
Lifelong Literary Achievement: Victor Kembach
Author: Cristian Tudor Popescu (for his short stories)
Series: Fantastic Club, series ("Albatros")
Anticipația almanac published by the magazine Știința și tehnica
Fanzine: Paradox

Soviet Union (USSR)
Lifelong Literary Achievement: Arkady and Boris Strugatsky
Author: Vitali Babenko (for his short stories)
TV-Series: Cosmonaut Gherghi Gretchko, for the TV-series Fantastic World
Publisher: Detskaia Literatura Publishing House
Magazine: Prostor
Translation: Maria Ossintseva

Spain
Fanzine: Transito

1988 European SF Awards: Budapest, Hungary

1989 European SF Awards: San Marino

Bulgaria
Lifelong Literary Achievement: Vessella Lutzkanova
Artist: Plamen Avramov
Magazine: FEP ("Fantastika, Evristika, Prognostika")

Finland
Author: Karl Nenonen
Publisher: Ursa Publishing House
Magazine: Portti

Hungary
Lifelong Literary Achievement: Laszlo Lorincze
Author: Hugo Preyer (for the novel Galaktikai jatekom)
Artist: Ivan Marko
Publisher: Vega Publishing House
Magazine: Elixir

Italy
Lifelong Literary Achievement: Lino Aldani
Lifelong Artistic Achievement: Karel Thole
Promoter: Ernesto Vegetti
Publisher: Marino Solfanelli Publishing House
Magazine: Urania

Poland
Critic: Andrzej Niewiadowski
Artist: Dariusz Chojnacki
Publisher: Alfa Publishing House
The editorial staff of the magazines Fantasyka, MalaFantasyka, Fantasyka Comics

Portugal
Author: Romeu de Melo
Publisher: Livros do Brasil (for Argonauta series)

Romania
Lifelong Literary Achievement: Vladimir Colin
Artist: Traian Abruda & Cornel Ionicelli
Critic: Cornel Robu (for critical edition of Victor Anestin's work)
Magazine: Romanian Review (for the issue dedicated to Romanian SF)
Fanzine: Helion

Soviet Union (USSR)
Author & Screen Writer: Karen Shahnasarov
Publisher: Sovetscaia Rossia Publishing House

Spain
Author: Carlos Cidoncha
Fanzine: Berserkr

Yugoslavia
Artist: Igor Kordey
Bibliography: Zivko Prodanovich (for his SF Bibliography in Braille)

1990 European SF Awards: Fayence, France
Hall of Fame
Best Author: Romulus Barbulescu & George Anania (Romania)
Best Artist: Philippe Druillet (France)
Best Publisher: Wiktor Bukato (Poland)
Best Magazine: Ikarie (Czechoslovakia)
Best Promoter: Boris Zavgorodni (USSR)

Encouragement Awards
Czechoslovakia: Martin Zhouf
France: Bernard Simonay
Hungary: Joszef Nemeth
Romania: Mihail Gramescu
USSR: Lukin Couple

1991 European SF Awards: Kraków, Poland (CraCon/PolCon)
Hall of Fame
Best Author: Stanisław Lem (Poland)
Best Artist: Kája Saudek (Czechoslovakia)
Best Publisher: Unwin/Hyman (United Kingdom)
Best Magazine: Interzone (United Kingdom)
Best Promoter: Kees van Toorn (Netherlands)

Encouragement Awards
Belgium – Johan Desseyn
Bulgaria – Val Todorov
Czechoslovakia – Vilma Kadlečková
Germany – Maria J. Pfamnholz
Italy – Daniele Vecchi
Lithuania – Evaldas Livthevicius
Netherlands – Paul Harland
Romania – Alexandru Ungureanu (new writer)
United Kingdom – Eric Brown
USSR – Andrei Lazarchuk
Romania – Tudor Popa (new artist)

Special Achievement Award
Piotr W. Cholewa and Piotr "Raku" Rak – acknowledging their work for international fandom

1992 European SF Awards: Freudenstadt, Germany (FreuCon XII)
Hall of Fame
Best Author: Arkady and Boris Strugatsky (Russia)
Best Artist: Teodor Rotrekl (Czechoslovakia)
Best Publisher: Wilhelm Heyne Verlag (Germany)
Best Magazine: Foundation (United Kingdom)
Best Promoter: Alexandre Hlinka & Vladimír Veverka (Czechoslovakia)

Encouragement Award
Romania – Danut Ungureanu

1993 European SF Awards: Saint Helier, Jersey (Helicon)
Hall of Fame
Best Author: Iain Banks (United Kingdom)
Best Artist: Jim Burns (United Kingdom)
Best Publisher: Phantom Press International (Poland)
Best Magazine: Anticipatia (Romania)
Best Promoter: Larry van der Putte (Netherlands)

Spirit of Dedication Awards
Best Fanzine: BEM (Spain)
Best Work of Art: Gilles Francescano (France)

Encouragement Awards
Belgium: Fons Boelanders
France: Jean Pierre Planque
Hungary: G. Nagy Pal
Italy: Paolo Brera
Norway: Cato Sture
Poland: Radosław Dylis
Russia: Vasily Zvygintsev
Slovakia: Josef Zamay
Spain: Paco Roca
Ukraine: Ludmilla Kozinets
United Kingdom: Sue Thomas

1994 European SF Awards: Timișoara, Romania
Hall of Fame
Best Author: Boris Shtern (Ukraine)
Best Artist: Dimitre Iankov (Bulgaria)
Best Publisher: Nemira (Romania) +
Best Magazine: Jurnalul SF (Romania)
Best Promoter: Cornel Secu (Romania)

Honorary Award
Ivailo Runev (Bulgaria – post mortem)

Spirit of Dedication Awards
Best Fanzine: The Science Fact & Science Fiction Concatenation; (United Kingdom)
Best Performance: Adrian Budritzan's Laser Show (Romania)
Best Work of Art: Tudor Popa (Romania)

Encouragement Awards
Bulgaria: Christo Poshtakov (new author)
Finland: Risto Isomaki (new author)
United Kingdom: Jeff Noon (new author)
Ukraine: Lev Vershenen (new author)
Romania: Tudor Popa (new artist)

Special Prize
Alexandru Mironov (Romania) – for his contribution to EuROCon '94

1995 European SF Awards: Glasgow, Scotland (Intersection)
53rd World Science Fiction Convention Intersection; the event was also the 1995 Worldcon.

Hall of Fame
Best Author: Alain le Bussy (Belgium)
Best Artist: Juraj Maxon (Slovakia)
Best Publisher: Babel Publications (Netherlands)
Best Magazine: Andromeda Nachrichten (Germany)
Best Promoter: Jaroslav Olša, Jr. (Czech Republic)

Encouragement Award
Sebastian A. Corn (Romania)

1996 European SF Awards: Vilnius, Lithuania (Lituanicon)
Hall of Fame
Best Author: Andrzej Sapkowski (Poland)
Best Artist: Denis Martynets (Ukraine)
Best Publisher: Eridanas (Lithuania)
Best Magazine: Alien Contact (Germany)
Best Promoter: Gediminas Beresnevicius (Lithuania)
Best Translator: Aleksander Scherbakov (Russia)

Spirit of Dedication Award
Best Fanzine: SF-Journalen (Sweden – ed. Ahrvid Engholm)

Encouragement Awards
Marian & Sergei Diachenko (Ukraine)
George Ceausu (Romania)

Special Prize
Igor Shaganov (Ukraine)

1997: Dublin, Ireland (Octocon)

1999: Dortmund, Germany (Trinity)

2000: Gdańsk, Poland (Tricity 2000)

2001: Capidava, Romania (Atlantykron)

2002: Chotěboř, Czech Republic (ParCon)

2003: Turku, Finland (Finncon)

2004: Plovdiv, Bulgaria (BulgaCon)

2005: Glasgow, Scotland  (Interaction)
Event celebrated the 63rd World Science Fiction Convention Interaction and was also that year's Worldcon.

2006: Kyiv, Ukraine

2007: Copenhagen, Denmark

2008: Moscow, Russia (Roscon / Interpresscon)
Roscon / Interpresscon guests of honour

2009: Fiuggi, Italy (Deepcon 10)

2010: Cieszyn, Poland and Český Těšín, Czech Republic (PolCon/ParCon)
The PolCon/ParCon combined event was organized jointly by Czech, Polish, and Slovak fandoms.

2011: Stockholm, Sweden (and Swecon)

2012: Zagreb, Croatia
Hall of Fame
Best Author: Ian McDonald (UK)
Best Artist: Nela Dunato (Croatia)
Best Translator: Pavel Weigel (Czech Republic)
Best Promoter: SF Encyclopedia Online Team (UK)
Best Publisher: , Éditions Robert Laffont (France)
Best Magazine:  (France)
Best Dramatic Presentation: Divadelní Spolek Kašpar (Czech Republic), for its adaptation of Daniel Keyes's novella Flowers for Algernon
Best Website: Science Fact and Science Fiction Concatenation (UK)
Best artist: Zdenko Bašić (Croatia)
Best fanzine: Eridan (Croatia)

Honorary Award
Jean Giraud aka Moebius (France)

Honorary Award – European Grand Master
Brian Aldiss (UK)

Encouragement Awards
Oleksandra Ruda (Ukraine)
Katarina Brbora (Croatia)
Istvan Marki (Hungary)
Illy Tyo (Russia)
Aleš Oblak (Slovenia)
Oliviu Craznic (Romania)
Rod Rees (UK)
Lucia Droppova (Slovakia)
Jan "Johnak" Kotouč (Czech Republic)

2013: Kyiv, Ukraine

2014: Dublin, Ireland
European Grand Master

Jim Fitzpatrick – Ireland

Hall of Fame
Best Author: Wolfgang Jeschke – Germany
Best Artist: Jim Fitzpatrick – Ireland
Best Publisher: Angry Robot – United Kingdom
Best Magazine: Cosmoport – Belarus
Best Translator: Ms. Kersti Juva – Finland
Best Promoter of Science Fiction: Dave Lally – Ireland

Spirit of Dedication Awards
Artist: Alexander Prodan – Ukraine
Best Performance: Adaption of Dr. Horribles Sing-along Blog – Croatia
Best SF Website: Geek Ireland – Ireland
Best Fanzine: Darker – Russia
Best creator of children's ScienceFiction or fantasy books:
Oisín McGann* – Ireland
Vladimir Arenev* – Ukraine
*A tie occurred and both creators are awarded

Encouragement Awards
Marco Rauch – Austria
Victor Martinovich – Belarus
Genoveva Detelinova – Bulgaria
Irena Hartmann – Croatia
Míla Linc – Czech Republic
Anthea West – Ireland
Robert M. Wegner – Poland
Rui Alex – Portugal
Eugen Cadaru – Romania
Роман Шмараков/Roman Shmarakov – Russia
Lenka Štiblaríková – Slovakia
Igor Silivra – Ukraine

The National Irish Science Fiction Film Awards (The Golden Blasters)
The Golden Blasters are unconnected to the Eurocons and were presented because this event was combined with Ireland's own national convention.

Golden Blaster
ON/OFF; directed by Thierry Lorenzi

Silver Blaster
Steadfast Stanley; directed by John Kim

Best Script
The Borders of the Imagination; written by Benjamin A. Friedman

Best Script Honorable Mentions
Once a Hero by Neil Chase; and The Almost Dead by Stanley B. Eisenhammer

2015: Saint Petersburg, Russia

2016: Barcelona, Spain

2017: Dortmund, Germany
Guests of honour

2018: Amiens, France
Eurocon 2018 was hosted by Nemo 2018 from Thursday 19 to Sunday 22 July 2018.  There was a stream of programming on African Science Fiction.

Hall of Fame

 Best Author: Анна Старобинец/Anna Starobinets (Russia)
 Best Artist: Milivoj Ćeran (Croatia)
 Best Magazine: Angle mort / Blindspot (France)
 Best Publisher: Zhupansky (Ukraine)
 Best Promoter: Jukka Halme (Finland)
 Best Translator: Ylva Spångberg (Sweden)

The CHRYSALIS AWARDS

 Maksim Kutuzau (Belarus)
 Věra Mertlíková (Czech Republic)
 Nicolas Sarter (France)
 Sinéad O'Heart (Ireland)
 Daniel Timariu (Romania)
 Martin Hatala (Slovakia)
 Yaryna Katorozh (Ukraine)

Achievement Awards

 Best Work of Fiction: The House of Binding Thorns, by Aliette de Bodard (France)
 Best Work of Art: Cover of "Junkerś i Vaililiant protiv sila tome, by Sebastijan Čamagajevac (Croatia)
 Best Fanzine: Journey Planet, issue 33 (Ireland)
 Best Internet Publication, other than a fanzine: nooSFere (France)
 Best Dramatic Presentation: Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets (France)
 Best Work for Children, tie: Das Sagenbuch zum Stephansdom, by Barbara Schinko (Austria) / Moj brat živi u kompjuteru, by Branka Primorac (Croatia)

HONORARY AWARD European Grand Master:

 Gerard Klein (France)

2019: Belfast, Northern Ireland
Eurocon 2019 was hosted by TitanCon Belfast from Thursday 22 to Saturday 24 August 2019.  This was the weekend after Worldcon in Dublin.

2020: Rijeka, Croatia
Eurocon 2020 was hosted by Rikon from Friday 2 to Sunday 4 October 2020. Due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, the event program was recorded in the studio in Rijeka, and broadcast live over the Internet for all registered participants. ač.

European Grandmaster

Franz Rottensteiner, Austria

Hall of Fame

 Best Artist: Sergey Shikin / Сергей Шикин (Russia)
 Best Author: Milena Benini (Croatia)
 Best Publisher: L'Atalante (France)
 Best Promoter: Cristina Jurado (Spain)
 Best Magazine: Esensja (Poland)
 Best Translator: Pilar Ramírez Tello (Spain)

Achievement Awards

 Best Work of Art: The Dublin 2019 Hugo Award bases (Ireland)
 Best Written Work of Fiction: Luna: Moon Rising (Luna #3) by Ian McDonald (United Kingdom)
 Best Dramatic Presentation: Good Omens (United Kingdom)
 Best Fanzine: Journey Planet – A Half Pint of Flann (Ireland)
 Best Work for Children: The Invasion by Peadar Ó Guilín (Ireland)
 Best Internet Publication (tie): The Irish Fandom Community Group on Facebook (Ireland), Fantascientificast (Italy)

Chrysalis Awards

 Caroline Hofstätter (Austria)
 Zoe Penn (Croatia)
 Edmund Schluessel (Finland)
 Chloé Veillard (France)
 Oein DeBhairduin (Ireland)
 Linda De Santi (Italy)
 Jean Bürlesk (Luxembourg)
 Diana Alzner (Romania)
 Olga Rejn / Ольга Рэйн (Russia)
 Haizea Zubieta (Spain)

2021: Fiuggi, Italy
Eurocon 2021 was hosted in Italy by DeepCon from Thursday 15 July to Sunday 18 July 2021.

2022: Dudelange, Luxembourg
Eurocon 2022 was hosted by Luxcon from Thursday-Sunday 7–10 April 2022 (inclusive) in Dudelange, Luxembourg.

2023: Uppsala, Sweden
Eurocon 2023 was known as Konflikt and was hosted from 8–11 June 2023 in Uppsala, Sweden.

2024: Rotterdam, Netherlands
Eurocon 2024 will be Erasmuscon in Rotterdam, Netherlands in August 2024.

2025: Mariehamn, Finland
Eurocon 2024 will be Archipelacon 2 in Mariehamn, the Åland Islands, Finland in 2025.

Notes
 1985: There is info that 1985 Eurocon was to be held in Riga, Latvia, USSR, but was canceled.
 1992: Was to have been Zagreb, but war in Croatia required a change of venue.
 1998: There was no Eurocon this year, although there was a Euroconference in Croatia.

References

External links
European Science Fiction Society

Science fiction conventions in Europe
Science fiction awards
Fantasy awards
Awards established in 1972

Eurocon


The Squadronaires is a Royal Air Force band which began and performed in Britain during and after World War II.  The official title of the band was 'The Royal Air Force Dance Orchestra',  but it was always known by the more popular title "The Squadronaires".

History
In 1939, the Royal Air Force implemented a plan to raise morale and entertain the troops during wartime, and The Squadronaires was one of the bands organized as a result.  The band drew from some of the best musicians of the day.  It became a popular jazz band and likely the best known of the British military dance bands of the time, with hits like "There's Something in the Air" and "South Rampart Street Parade."  The Squadronaires played at dances and concerts for service personnel, and also broadcast on the BBC and recorded on the Decca label. The orchestra's first broadcast took place in January 1941.

After D-Day, the Squadronaires went on to entertain service personnel engaged in the Northwest European campaign but had to return to Britain because of military operations.  After demobilization, the members formed a civilian band of the same name. Ronnie Aldrich had been the arranger and co-piano player, but in 1951 he took over as bandleader, and the band was then billed as Ronnie Aldrich and The Squadronaires. Syd Dale replaced him as pianist and also helped with the arrangements. The touring season of 1951 was the busiest period of activity the band had ever experienced. In 1952, The Squadronaires began a regular summer engagement at The Palace Ballroom in Douglas, Isle of Man which continued until 1963.  They played in the Ballroom every night except Sundays when they played concerts in the Palace Theatre. A cut-down version of the band (The Squadronetes), compared by vocalist Peter Morton, appeared every afternoon in the Palace Gardens (1960–1962). The Squadronaires continued to work together under Ronnie Aldrich until 1964.

Members
Many of the members formerly played as side men in Bert Ambrose's band. During the war the members were:

Leader: Jimmy Miller
Manager: Arthur Maden
Trumpet: Tommy McQuater, Archie Craig, Clinton French
Trombone: George Chisholm, Eric Breeze
Saxophones: Tommy Bradbury, Harry Lewis, Jimmy Durrant, Andy McDevitt, Cliff Townshend, Maurice Stokes
Piano: Ronnie Aldrich
Guitar: Sid Colin
Bass: Arthur Maden
Drums: Jock Cummings
Vocals: Jimmy Miller, Joan Regan, Billy Nicholls SNR, Suzy Miller, Jackie Lee, Joan Baxter, Peter Morton, Ken Kirkham, Beryl Davis.

After the war, Jimmy Watson replaced Clinton "Froggy" French on trumpet, and Monty Levy replaced Harry Lewis on alto sax.

Band revival
In 1985, a new big band orchestra was organized under the title "The Royal Air Force Squadronaires."  Many original members of the band were contacted and several were present at the official launch of the new band at Headquarters Music Services, RAF Uxbridge, on 8 January 1987. Original band leader Jimmy Miller conducted the band's theme tune, "There's Something in the Air."

Since then the band has recorded Big Band Spectacular and a second album Swing Squadron.  To celebrate the 75th anniversary of the formation of the Royal Air Force, the Squadronaires produced an album entitled Squads Away in 1993, and in January 2002, they recorded Flying Home. Recordings from the original band are also available as reissues.

Under band leader Sgt. Jamie Deighton the band has played in Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club in London and for the Prince of Wales at Highgrove House, supporting Pop Idol winner, Will Young. They performed at the 2004 Royal British Legion Festival of Remembrance, also backing Will Young.

In August 2004, the band performed at the Edinburgh International Jazz and Blues Festival, and appeared on television as part of the Edinburgh Military Tattoo. The band performs the majority of its concerts for charity, and in 2004 completed an eight-date tour of the South East to raise money for The Royal Air Forces Association.

The Civilian Squadronaires
In the light of the decision of Ronnie Aldrich to disband the orchestra in 1964, nothing much happened with the Squadronaires Orchestra. At some later time, bandleader Harry Bence approached Aldrich, asking if he could re-form the orchestra. Bence subsequently reformed the 'New' Squadronaires, and ran the band as a commercial unit until his death in 1997. Following Bence's death, the future of the civilian band was in some doubt. Musical arranger and trumpet player Greg Francis then approached Mrs Mary Aldrich (Ronnie's widow) asking if he could obtain her permission to re-form the 'New Squadronaires' as a tribute to the original wartime Dance Band. He wanted to present the band 'as it was then' - with young players, dressed in RAF uniform, but most importantly, playing the music of the era. Mary Aldrich was delighted to offer her kind support in this. And so, the civilian 'New Squadronaires Orchestra' was re-formed in September 1997. It played its inaugural concert on the Isle of Man where the original band had performed for 11 years during the 1950s and 1960s. As the original venues, the Palace Ballrrom and Theatre had long since been redeveloped, the band played the concert at the Villa Marina.

The New Squadronaires Orchestra has since played at thousands of military and non military events, including many of the RAF stations in the UK. It has played at the RAF Museum in Hendon, at Duxford and other airshows, and at the Imperial War Museum in London. Not only this but, the New Squadronaires has played its part in RAF recruitment. In 2002, the orchestra played (in the pouring rain - as they might have during the war) alongside the RAF recruitment exhibition in Blackpool - the very town where the Squadronaires played their first date in 1940. The orchestra was resident at the Blackpool Tower Ballroom for two years, 2001 and 2002, and has remained popular with the many big band enthusiasts and holidaymakers.

In 1997, along with the relaunch of the orchestra, a new CD was issued, featuring transcriptions of some of the original Squadronaires music. The parts were actually thrown on a bonfire by ex-leader Aldrich in 1964, and so, it was necessary for Francis, who is owner of the registered trade mark name (The New Squadronaires Orchestra) to transcribe many of the original titles, from the existing recordings. The CD features amongst other top professional musicians, ex Syd Lawrence saxophonists Norman Brown and Andy Taylor, and also features Francis playing the trumpet features.

References

External links
Ronnie Aldrich and The Squadronaires in the Internet Movie Database
USO website
The Squadronaires newsreel

Dance bands
Bands of the Royal Air Force
British jazz ensembles
Musical groups established in 1939
Big bands
Cultural history of World War II
United Kingdom home front during World War II

The Squadronaires


The St. Mary, Queen of Peace Basilica, located in the Palayam/Cantonment area of the city of Thiruvananthapuram, in the state of Kerala, India, is the first Syro-Malankara Catholic Church to be elevated to the rank of a Catholic basilica.  It is the fifth basilica in Kerala.

On 10 November 2008, at the St. Mary's Cathedral, Pattom, Trivandrum, Leonardo Sandri, Papal representative and Cardinal Prefect of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches, announced the designation of the Queen of Peace Pro-Cathedral in Thiruvananthapuram as a basilica. Major Archbishop Moran Mor Baselios Cleemis Catholicos dedicated the church as the St. Mary, Queen of Peace Basilica on 7 December 2008. Kerala Minister for Law, Sports and Youth Affairs M. Vijayakumar presided over a meeting that followed.

History
The former Pompador Cinema Theatre in the Palayam area of Trivandrum was converted into a church, and consecrated on 11 March 1933. The enthronement of Archbishop Mar Ivanios took place in this pro-cathedral on the same day. The roof of the new church was made of tin sheets, therefore people called it the 'Tin Church' (Thakara Palli). In 1991 the 'Tin Church' was replaced with a new building; Archbishop Benedict Mar Gregorios dedicated this new church to St. Mary, Queen of Peace. The Church was renovated and blessed by Major Archbishop Cardinal Moran Mor Baselios Cleemis on 4 October 2019.

See also
St. Mary's Cathedral, Pattom, Trivandrum

References

Syro-Malankara Catholic church buildings
Eastern Catholic churches in Thiruvananthapuram
Eastern Catholic cathedrals in Kerala
Basilica churches in Kerala

St. Mary, Queen of Peace Basilica


The Royal Collection of the British royal family is the largest private art collection in the world.

Spread among 13 occupied and historic royal residences in the United Kingdom, the collection is owned by King Charles III and overseen by the Royal Collection Trust. The British monarch owns some of the collection in right of the Crown and some as a private individual. It is made up of over one million objects, including 7,000 paintings, over 150,000 works on paper, this including 30,000 watercolours and drawings, and about 450,000 photographs, as well as around 700,000 works of art, including tapestries, furniture, ceramics, textiles, carriages, weapons, armour, jewellery, clocks, musical instruments, tableware, plants, manuscripts, books, and sculptures.

Some of the buildings which house the collection, such as Hampton Court Palace, are open to the public and not lived in by the Royal Family, whilst others, such as Windsor Castle and Kensington Palace, are both residences and open to the public. The public Queen's Gallery at Buckingham Palace in London was purpose-built in the mid-20th century to exhibit pieces from the collection on a rotating basis. There is a similar art gallery next to the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh, and a Drawings Gallery at Windsor Castle. The Crown Jewels are on public display in the Jewel House at the Tower of London.

About 3,000 objects are on loan to museums throughout the world, and many others are lent on a temporary basis to exhibitions.

History
Few items from before Henry VIII survive. The most important additions were made by Charles I, a passionate collector of Italian paintings and a major patron of Van Dyck and other Flemish artists. He purchased the bulk of the Gonzaga collection from the Duchy of Mantua. The entire Royal Collection, which included 1,500 paintings and 500 statues, was sold after Charles's execution in 1649. The 'Sale of the Late King's Goods' at Somerset House raised £185,000 for the English Republic. Other items were given away in lieu of payment to settle the king's debts. A number of pieces were recovered by Charles II after the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660, and they form the basis for the collection today. The Dutch Republic also presented Charles with the Dutch Gift of 28 paintings, 12 sculptures, and a selection of furniture. He went on to buy many paintings and other works.

George III was mainly responsible for forming the collection's outstanding holdings of Old Master drawings; large numbers of these, and many Venetian paintings including over 40 Canalettos, joined the collection when he bought the collection of Joseph "Consul Smith", which also included a large number of books. Many other drawings were bought from Alessandro Albani, cardinal and art dealer in Rome.

George IV shared Charles I's enthusiasm for collecting, buying up large numbers of Dutch Golden Age paintings and their Flemish contemporaries. Like other English collectors, he took advantage of the great quantities of French decorative art on the London market after the French Revolution, and is mostly responsible for the collection's outstanding holdings of 18th-century French furniture and porcelain, especially Sèvres. He also bought much contemporary English silver, and many recent and contemporary English paintings. Queen Victoria and her husband Albert were keen collectors of contemporary and old master paintings.

Many objects have been given from the collection to museums, especially by George III and Victoria and Albert. In particular, the King's Library formed by George III with the assistance of his librarian Frederick Augusta Barnard, consisting of 65,000 printed books, was given to the British Museum and later transferred to the British Library, where they remain as a distinct collection. He also donated the "Old Royal Library" of some 2,000 manuscripts, which are still segregated as the Royal manuscripts. The core of this collection was the purchase by James I of the related collections of Humphrey Llwyd, Lord Lumley, and the Earl of Arundel. Prince Albert's will requested the donation of a number of mostly early paintings to the National Gallery, London, which Queen Victoria fulfilled.

Modern era
Throughout the reign of Elizabeth II (1952–2022), there were significant additions to the collection through judicious purchases, bequests, and gifts from nation states and official bodies. According to guidelines drawn up in 1995 and updated in 2003, gifts given to the royal family by foreign heads of state and dignitaries in an official capacity cannot be sold or traded and automatically become part of the Royal Collection. Since 1952, approximately 2,500 works have been added to the Royal Collection. The Commonwealth is strongly represented in this manner: an example is 75 contemporary Canadian watercolours that entered the collection between 1985 and 2001 as a gift from the Canadian Society of Painters in Water Colour. Modern art acquired by Elizabeth II includes pieces by Sir Anish Kapoor, Lucian Freud, and Andy Warhol. In 2002 it was revealed that 20 paintings (excluding works on paper) were acquired by the Queen in the first 50 years of her reign, mostly portraits of previous monarchs or their close relatives. Eight were purchased at auction, six bought from dealers, three commissioned, two donated or bequeathed, and one was a purchase from Winchester Cathedral.

In 1987 a new department of the Royal Household was established to oversee the Royal Collection, and it was financed by the commercial activities of Royal Collection Enterprises, a limited company. Before then, it was maintained using the monarch's official income paid by the Civil List. Since 1993 the collection has been funded by entrance fees to Windsor Castle and Buckingham Palace.

Collection

A computerised inventory of the collection was started in early 1991, and it was completed in December 1997. The full inventory is not available to the public, though catalogues of parts of the collection – especially paintings – have been published, and a searchable database on the Royal Collection website is increasingly comprehensive, with "271,697 items found" by late 2020.

About a third of the 7,000 paintings in the collection are on view or stored at buildings in London which fall under the remit of the Historic Royal Palaces agency: the Tower of London, Hampton Court Palace, Kensington Palace, Banqueting House (Whitehall), and Kew Palace. The Jewel House and Martin Tower at the Tower of London also house the Crown Jewels. A rotating selection of art, furniture, jewellery, and other items considered to be of the highest quality is shown at the Queen's Gallery, a purpose-built exhibition centre adjoining Buckingham Palace. Many objects are displayed in the palace itself, the state rooms of which are open to visitors for much of the year, as well as in Windsor Castle, Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh, the Royal Pavilion in Brighton, and Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. Some works are on long-term or permanent loan to museums and other places; the most famous of these are the Raphael Cartoons, in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London since 1865.

Paintings, prints and drawings

The collection's holdings of Western fine art are among the largest and most important assemblages in existence, with works of the highest quality, and, in many cases, artists' oeuvres cannot be fully understood without a study of the holdings contained within the Royal Collection. There are over 7,000 paintings, spread across the Royal residences and palaces. The collection does not claim to provide a comprehensive, chronological survey of Western fine art but it has been shaped by the individual tastes of kings, queens and their families over the last 500 years.

The prints and drawings collection is based in the Print Room, Windsor, and is exceptionally strong, with famous holdings of drawings by Leonardo da Vinci (550), Raphael, Michelangelo and Hans Holbein the Younger (85). A large part of the Old Master drawings were acquired by George III. Starting in early 2019, 144 of Leonardo da Vinci's drawings from the Collection went on display in 12 locations in the UK. From May to October that year, 200 of the drawings were on display in the Queen's Gallery at Buckingham Palace.

Furniture
Numbering over 300 items, the Royal Collection holds one of the greatest and most important collections of French furniture ever assembled. The collection is noted for its encyclopedic range as well as counting the greatest cabinet-makers of the Ancien Régime.

Sculpture and decorative arts

Costume

The collection has a number of items of clothing, including those worn by members of the Royal family, especially female members, some going back to the early 19th century. These include ceremonial dress and several wedding dresses, including that of Queen Victoria which set the trend for white wedding dresses (1840). There are also servant's livery uniforms, and a number of exotic pieces presented over the years, going back to a "war coat" of Tipu Sultan (d. 1799). In recent years these have featured more prominently in displays and exhibitions, and are popular with the public.

Gems and Jewels
A collection of 277 cameos, intaglios, badges of insignia, snuff boxes and pieces of jewellery known as the Gems and Jewels are kept at Windsor Castle. Separate from Elizabeth II's jewels and the Crown Jewels, 24 pre-date the Renaissance and the rest were made in the 16th–19th centuries. In 1862, it was first shown publicly at the South Kensington Museum, now the Victoria and Albert Museum. Several objects were removed and others added in the second half of the Victorian period. An inventory of the collection was made in 1872, and a catalogue, Ancient and Modern Gems and Jewels in the Collection of Her Majesty The Queen, was published in 2008 by the Royal Collection Trust.

Ownership
The Royal Collection is privately owned, although some of the works are displayed in areas of palaces and other royal residences open to visitors for the public to enjoy. Some of the collection is owned by the monarch personally, and everything else is described as being held in trust by the monarch in right of the Crown. It is understood that works of art acquired by monarchs up to the death of Queen Victoria in 1901 are heirlooms which fall into the latter category. Items the British royal family acquired later, including official gifts, can be added to that part of the collection by a monarch at their sole discretion. Ambiguity surrounds the status of objects that came into the possession of Elizabeth II during her 70-year reign. The Royal Collection Trust has confirmed that all pieces left to her by the Queen Mother, which included works by Monet, Nash, and Fabergé, belonged to her personally. It was also confirmed that she owned the Royal stamp collection, inherited from her father George VI, as a private individual.

Non-personal items are said to be inalienable as they can only be willed to the monarch's successor. The legal accuracy of this claim has never been substantiated in court. According to Cameron Cobbold, then Lord Chamberlain, speaking in 1971, minor items have occasionally been sold to help raise money for acquisitions, and duplicates of items are given away as presents within the Commonwealth. In 1995, Iain Sproat, then Secretary of State for National Heritage, told the House of Commons that selling objects was "entirely a matter for the Queen". In a 2000 television interview, the Duke of Edinburgh said that the monarch was "technically, perfectly at liberty to sell them".

Hypothetical questions have been asked in Parliament about what should happen to the collection if the UK ever becomes a republic. In other European countries, the art collections of deposed monarchies usually have been taken into state ownership or become part of other national collections held in trust for the public's enjoyment. Under the European Convention on Human Rights, incorporated into British law in 1998, the monarch may have to be compensated for the loss of any assets held in right of the Crown unless he or she agreed to surrender them voluntarily.

Management

A registered charity, the Royal Collection Trust was set up in 1993 after the Windsor Castle fire with a mandate to conserve the works and enhance the public's appreciation and understanding of art. It employs around 500 staff and is one of the five departments of the Royal Household. Buildings do not come under its remit. In 2012, the team of curatorial staff numbered 29, and there were 32 conservationists. Income is raised by charging entrance fees to see the collection at various locations and selling books and merchandise to the public. The Trust is financially independent and receives no Government funding or public subsidy. A studio at Marlborough House is responsible for the conservation of furniture and decorative objects.

Owing to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Trust lost £64 million during 2020 and announced 130 redundancies, including the roles of Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures and Surveyor of the Queen's Works of Art.

The Royal Collection Trust is a company limited by guarantee, registered in England and Wales, and a Registered Charity.  On its website, the Trust describes its purpose as overseeing the "maintenance and conservation of the Royal Collection, subject to proper custodial control in the service of the Queen and the nation". It also deals with acquisitions for the Royal Collection, and the display of the Royal Collection to the public.

Board of trustees

The Board of Trustees includes the following officers of the Royal Household: the Lord Chamberlain, the Private Secretary to the Sovereign and the Keeper of the Privy Purse. Other Trustees are appointed for their knowledge and expertise in areas relevant to the charity's activities. Currently, the trustees are:

James Leigh-Pemberton (Chairman)
Marc Bolland (Deputy Chairman)
Brian Ivory
Tony Johnstone-Burt
Anna Keay
Tonya Nelson
Monisha Shah
Lord Parker of Minsmere (Lord Chamberlain)
Michael Stevens (Keeper of the Privy Purse)
Edward Young (Private Secretary to the Sovereign)

Management Board

The Management Board is the committee responsible for the day-to-day running of the Royal Collection. It is appointed by the Board of Trustees.

It consists of:

Tim Knox (Director of the Royal Collection)
Keith Harrison (Finance Director)
Michelle Lockhart (Commercial Director)

Gallery

See also
 Arts Council Collection
 Crown Collection
 Government Art Collection
 Portland Collection
 Royal Philatelic Collection
 Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures
 Surveyor of the Queen's Works of Art
 Wallace Collection

Notes

References

Bibliography

Lloyd, Christopher (1991), The Queen's Pictures, Royal Collectors through the centuries, National Gallery Publications, .

Further reading

External links

YouTube channel
Vimeo channel

British monarchy

British royal family
Private art collections
Art collections in the United Kingdom
Material culture of royal courts

Royal Collection


Chopper is a 2000 Australian black comedy crime drama movie. It was written and directed by Andrew Dominik and based on the autobiographical books by Mark "Chopper" Read. It stars Eric Bana as the title character and co-stars Vince Colosimo, Simon Lyndon, Kate Beahan and David Field. It has a cult following.

2000 comedy-drama movies
2000s biographical movies
2000s black comedy movies
2000 crime drama movies
2000s criminal comedy movies
2000s prison movies
Antisocial personality disorder
Australian biographical movies
Australian comedy movies
Australian crime movies
Australian drama movies
2000s English-language movies
Melbourne
Movies based on books
Movies set in the 1980s
Movies set in the 1990s
Movies set in Australia
Prison comedy movies
Prison drama movies
Movies directed by Andrew Dominik

Chopper (movie)


Serial Mom is a 1994 dark comedy that stars Kathleen Turner as the "serial mom", Sam Waterston as husband Eugene, Matthew Lillard as Chip and Ricki Lake as Misty. It was released April 13, 1994. The "serial mom", named Beverly, is a typical housewife from Baltimore raising her kids, although she tends to kill on just the mildest criticism or the slightest insult. She also performs obscene telephone calls. Serial Mom got mixed reviews, though it has become a cult classic over the years. Serial Mom was directed by John Waters.

1994 movies
American comedy movies
English-language movies
American independent movies

Serial Mom