Robert Long (22 October 1943 in Utrecht as Jan Gerrit Bob Arend (Bob) Leverman – 13 December 2006 in Antwerp) was a Dutch singer and television presenter.

Biography
Under the stage name "Bob Revel" he founded the band The Yelping Jackals in 1963. In 1967 he moved to another band, called Unit Gloria (at that time using the name Gloria). In 1971 he began to sing solo, under the name "Robert Long", a reference to his height. Only a year later he left Unit Gloria to concentrate on his solo career. He started singing in English, but not long after that he also began to sing self-written songs in Dutch. His Dutch songs were critical of Dutch society and of American politics. Of his first Dutch album in 1974, Vroeger of Later (Sooner or Later) more than half a million records were sold and continued to be a best seller for 118 consecutive weeks. During this period the album reached the top of the charts three times. Also his second album Levenslang (Lifelong) scored well with sales of more than 300,000. In 1977 he was awarded the first of a total of six Edison Music Awards. During the 80s he scored a top 10 hit in the Netherlands with his song "Iedereen doet 't" (Everybody does it). Subsequent albums also sold well.

In the late 80s Long appeared on television presenting a show called Mijn geheim (My secret). Despite this new career he received some negative reactions, although the show itself was successful. Soon afterwards he switched to another television network, presenting Tien voor taal (An A for spelling).

In 1986 Long began writing columns for the Dutch newspaper Algemeen Dagblad. A selection of these columns was released in a book in 1990 using the title Vandaag geen nieuws (No news today). During this period he presented the television show Fantastico. Together with Dimitri Frenkel Frank Long composed the Dutch musical Chekhov (based upon the life of the Russian writer Anton Chekhov), which was a big success in the Netherlands, but the German version in which Long also participated, was less popular.

In 1998 a revealing book containing letters was released. Letters about life, death, love, sex, work and colleagues were made public by him and Cees van der Pluijm using the title Beste Robert, Waarde Cees.

On 8 September 2005 Long suffered a myocardial infarction and was treated with angioplasty. Later that year, on 6 December 2005 Long married his Belgian boyfriend and manager Kristof Rutsaert, 28 years his junior. The marriage ceremony was performed by fellow singer and actor Gerard Cox, a close friend of Long. On 4 December 2006 it was announced he was suffering from a terminal illness as he was admitted to hospital with cancer. Robert Long died on 13 December 2006 at 11 pm in a hospital in Antwerp at the age of 63.

Discography

Albums
1974 Vroeger of later – NED: 2× Platinum
1975–1976 Scherts, satire, songs & ander snoepgoed (play from a theatre show with Robert Long, Jenny Arean, Jerôme Reehuis and Dimitri Frenkel Frank)
1977 Levenslang –  NED: Platinum
1980 Homo Sapiens – NED: Gold
1984 Dag kleine jongen – NED: Platinum
1984 Liefste, mijn liefste
1986 Achter de horizon – NED: Platinum
1988 Hartstocht – NED: Gold
1988 Goud op zilver – NED: Gold
1989 Liedjes uit de krullentijd
1990 Het onherroepelijke FANTASTICO album
1992 Voor mijn vrienden – NED: Gold
1993 Het allerbeste van (subtitle: 50 jaar goed ter been en nog geen lintje) – NED: Gold
1994 In die dagen
1994 Uit liefde en respect – NED: Gold
1996 Nu
1997 Uit liefde en respect voor Gershwin
1999 Lang genoeg jong
2000 Vanavond tussen 8 en 11 LIVE
2002 Brand!
2006  'n Duivels Genoegen

Singles
1973 Let us try
1973 I believe in love
1984 Heeft een kind een toekomst
1986 Iedereen doet 't
1987 Geef ons vrede
1988 Ai lof joe so
1988 Vanmorgen vloog ze nog

Theater
 1974 – Robert Long (met Cobi Schreijer)
 1975 – Scherts, satire, songs en ander snoepgoed (met Jenny Arean, Dimitri Frenkel Frank en Jérôme Reehuis)
 1976 – En dat is twee (met Nelleke Burg)
 1977 – Levenslang (met Ansje van Brandenberg)
 1978 – Wat ieder meisje weten moet (met Dimitri Frenkel Frank)
 1980 – Duidelijk zo!? (met Leen Jongewaard)
 1982 – Tot hiertoe (heeft de Heere ons geholpen) (met Leen Jongewaard)
 1983 – En het bleef nog lang onrustig in de stad (met Leen Jongewaard)
 1978 – Swingpop (musical)
 1995 – Nu (solo)
 1999 – Lang genoeg jong
 2000 – Cole Porter's songbook
 2002 – Brand (solo)
 2004 – Kerstconcert

TV
1989–???? Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears – Singer Dutch language title song

References

External links

Official website
Nationaal Popinstituut Profile
Nationaal Popinstituut Discography

1943 births
2006 deaths
Dutch pop singers
20th-century Dutch male singers
Dutch comedy musicians
Dutch satirists
Dutch LGBT singers
Dutch gay musicians
Musicians from Utrecht (city)
Deaths from cancer in Belgium
Gay singers
Mass media people from Utrecht (city)
20th-century Dutch LGBT people
21st-century Dutch LGBT people

Robert Long (singer)


A Fine Companion is a Caroline era stage play, a comedy written by Shackerley Marmion that was first printed in 1633. It is one of only three surviving plays by Marmion.

The play was published in 1633 in a quarto printed by Augustine Matthews for the bookseller Richard Meighen. The title page of the first edition states that the play was performed by Prince Charles's Men at the Salisbury Court Theatre, and that the work was acted before King Charles I and Queen Henrietta Maria at Whitehall Palace. The original production most likely occurred in the 1632–33 period. The same company had staged Marmion's first play, Holland's Leaguer, in 1631.

Marmion based his drama on one of the popular stories in Barnabe Rich's Farewell to the Military Profession (1581). Like Marmion's other plays, A Fine Companion shows the clear and abundant influence of Ben Jonson's style of comedy. Marmion was one of the Sons of Ben, self-professed admirers and followers of Jonson.

In the 1633 first edition, the play is prefaced by a Prologue featuring an Author and a Critic, in which Marmion defends his practice of satire.

Synopsis
The play opens with its lovers, Aurelio and Valeria. Aurelio is a worthy son who has been disinherited by a capricious father, in favour of his wastrel younger brother Careless (the latter is the "fine companion" of the title). The lovers' plans to marry are frustrated by Aurelio's lack of means; and they are separated physically by Aurelia's father, the usurer Littlegood.

His own father being deceased, Careless is determined to spend and enjoy his patrimony. He mortgages his lands to Littlegood and wastes his funds on high living; his tailor, sempster, and haberdasher wait upon him faithfully. He is surrounded by a set of questionable friends. Spruce is a would-be lady's man who carries a box full of pre-written love letters, only the names left blank. Captain Whipple and Lieutenant Stern are cashiered soldiers who mooch what they can.

Littlegood has two daughters and a son. In addition to Valeria there is the high-spirited Aemilia; son Lackwit is the darling of his mother, Fondling Littlegood, who encourages him to live the life of a gentleman and a gallant, much to his father's displeasure. Littlegood wants to marry off his daughters to husbands of his choice; he plans to bestow Valeria upon Spruce, and Aemilia on the elderly Dotario, the uncle of Aurelio and Careless. Aemilia, however, is determined to foil her father's plans; she prefers Careless for her husband.

Directed by Aurelio, Valeria pretends to be mad; Aurelio disguises himself as the doctor who is to cure her. Careless disguises himself as Dotario, and makes off with Aemilia. (Lackwit mistakes the real Dotario for a false Dotario, and scares him away with a longsword.) The disguised brothers marry their brides. Littlegood and Dotario are stunned to learn they've been duped, though Fondling is pleased with the results. To avoid public embarrassment and keep the family secrets, Littlegood agrees to return Careless's mortgaged lands to him, and Dotario provides Aurelio with an income.

Interspersed with the play's main plot scenes are scenes of the comic subplot, which trace the adventures of Careless, Lackwit, the Captain, and comic servants through a milieu of taverns, confidence games, and pranks.
Captain Whipple is a version of the "Miles gloriosus" of classical comedy: he talks big and blusters, but is a coward at heart. He indulges in a fantastic style of speech —

There's a wench that has her suburb tricks about her, I warrant you. Hold there
Bellerophon! take thy Ocyrois, and mount her like Phlegon.

Yet by the end of the play he has been humbled: he marries the Hostess of the tavern where he resides, and becomes the Host.

Literary connections
Like many Caroline era plays, Marmion's Fine Companion shows a range of resemblances with, and borrowings from, earlier works. A Match at Midnight, a play in the canon of William Rowley, bears noteworthy common features with Marmion's comedy: the old usurer (Bloodhound, Littlegood) and his rebellious children; the witty virgin (Moll Bloodhound, Aemilia Littlegood) and her decrepit old suitor (Earlack, Dotario); the usurer's silly son (Tim Bloodhound, Lackwit Littlegood); dishonest tavern-crawling discharged soldiers, etc.

In turn, Marmion's play influenced subsequent writers. A Fine Companion served "as a source for plot elements" in Richard Brome's The English Moor. During the Restoration, Thomas d'Urfey borrowed from Marmion's drama to create his Sir Barnaby Whig, or No Wit Like a Woman's (1681). D'Urfey's Captain Porpuss is modelled on Marmion's Captain Whipple. (Four years earlier, in 1677, d'Urfey had similarly plundered Marmion's The Antiquary for another of his works.)

References

English Renaissance plays
1633 plays
Charles I of England
Henrietta Maria of France

A Fine Companion


Phantom of Inferno (known in Japan as Phantom -PHANTOM OF INFERNO-) is an adult visual novel game created by Nitroplus, directed and written by Gen Urobuchi, distributed in North America by Hirameki International (a subsidiary of the Japanese visual novel publisher Hirameki). It came out for PC in Japan in 2000 and was ported for DVD in 2001 and for PS2 in 2003. It was distributed in America as an AnimePlay DVD title in 2002. The story can take either a dark action/drama path or can turn into a romantic drama depending on the choice of the player. A remake for the Xbox 360 console was released in 2012 and ported on PC in 2013.

Plot
Phantom is an interactive (choose your own adventure) video game and its adaptations: a three-part OVA anime series, a 26-episode TV anime, and a three volume manga.

Video game
Phantom of Inferno details the life of a 15-year-old Japanese boy who is kidnapped after witnessing the killing of a reporter. The memories of his past life are erased, and he is given the choice to join 'Inferno' or die. After joining the organization he is given the name 'Zwei' (German for number 'two') and will study under 'Ein' (From the German word "Eins" for 'one'). Ein is also known as 'Phantom', the title given to the organization's top assassin.

Inferno is said to be the 'United Nations of crime syndicates'. As Zwei makes his way through training and various missions, deceit and betrayal occur even within Inferno and slowly put Zwei in increasing danger. Along the way, Zwei meets a girl by the name of Cal Devens and, though he tries to protect her, she too is drawn into Inferno to become the assassin, Drei (German for 'three').

The game is divided into three chapters. The first chapter deals with Zwei being turned into a killer and has two main "routes" to follow, the Ein route and the Claudia route. No matter which route is chosen, the chapter ends with Scythe escaping and Ein presumably dead, unless one opts to escape back to Japan. The second chapter starts off one year after the events in the first chapter, and deals with Claudia's plan to bring the Godoh group into the organization, Scythe's revenge, and the introduction of a new character, Cal Devens. It contains the Cal route and the final Claudia route.

A DVD version with added voice acting, but with removed sex scenes was released on October 26, 2001. A port to the PlayStation 2, based on the DVD version was released on May 22, 2003. Phantom Integration, an updated PC version with a new ending, but without voice acting, like the original PC release, was released on September 17, 2004. In 2010, Nitroplus announced the game will be remade for the Xbox 360 featuring the same scenario but based on the designs created for the anime series from Bee Train. Character designs from artists Minkao Shiba, Yoko Kikuchi, Tomoaki Kado, Yoshimitsu Yamashita, and Yoshiaki Tsubata were introduced into the 360 version. In addition to the design adaptations, the cast of the anime series also reprised their roles for the newer/updated version. It was originally planned for a Winter 2011 release, but was delayed due to unforeseen complications. The game was released on October 25, 2012 and ported on PC on August 30, 2013.

Phantom - The Animation
The OVA series follows Zwei as he makes a trip to America, only to witness an assassination that leads to his memory loss and indoctrination into Inferno. Though not as heavily as in the game, we see Zwei's training before he goes with Ein to help with an assassination. While a different path is taken, deceit and betrayal rip apart Inferno and place Ein and Zwei on opposite sides, which eventually leads to a climactic battle between them at the end of the anime.

Anime series

Nitroplus and Kadokawa Shoten have adapted the story into an anime series produced by Bee Train under the direction of Koichi Mashimo, titled Phantom: Requiem for the Phantom. Staff members include writer Yosuke Kuroda, who co-wrote and supervised the scripts from the staff writers Gen Urobuchi, Hideki Shirane, Noboru Kimura, Tatsuya Takahashi, and Yukihito Nonaka and designed by Bee Train artists Yoshimitsu Yamashita, Mutsumi Sasaki, Minako Shiba, Yoshiaki Tsubata, Tomoaki Kado, and Yoko Kikuchi. The series features music by Hikaru Nanase and theme songs by Kokia and Ali Project.

The series went on air on April 2, 2009, and ended its run on September 24, 2009, on TV Tokyo. Subsequently, the show also airs on AT-X, TV Aichi, and TV Osaka. The anime series is now available for internet streaming by FUNimation Entertainment. The complete series was released in English on two DVD sets January 18, 2011.

The series made its North American television debut on February 8, 2010, on the Funimation Channel.

Characters
 (Reiji Azuma 吾妻 玲二)
 The title character of the story, Zwei was a perfectly ordinary tourist from Japan, before witnessing an Inferno assassination in America and being kidnapped. He was able to elude his pursuers long enough for them to realize he had a natural survival instinct that was perfect for an assassin. He had his memory erased through a combination of drugs and hypnotherapy, and thus became the second generation Phantom. The name Zwei is simply a code name to show he is the second experimental assassin created by Scythe Master. Through Claudia, one of the three top executives of Inferno, Zwei is able to learn his true identity as Reiji Azuma. When he returns to Japan, he goes back to using this name. When his killing intent shows, in the anime, his eyes turn green with orange in the center.
Game:
OVA:
Anime:

 (Elen)
 An assassin with such skill she was given the codename "Phantom", a designation given only to the best killer in Inferno. She was found by Scythe Master and was his first test subject to be given his assassin-processing treatment. She has no memories of her past and is incredibly apathetic. When she escapes to Japan, she changes her name to Elen and claims to be Reiji's twin sister Eren Azuma (吾妻 江蓮). A long and rigorous investigation by her and Reiji traces her history back to Ulan Bator, Mongolia, and though the trail ends there, Elen is able to find some peace in the area. In the OVA, she is shown to have an older brother, and it is suggested the village where she lived was massacred. Her name is erroneously spelled and sometimes pronounced as "Eren" in the anime. In the game, it is spelt and pronounced "Elen".
Game:
OVA:
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 A beautiful executive of Inferno who is quick to befriend and manipulate Zwei. Though she seems to have good intentions, she is quietly manipulating Inferno and its actions. This cunning and double sided nature is never shown in the OVA.
Game:
OVA:
Anime:

 Claudia's loyal childhood friend and bodyguard.
Game:
OVA:
Anime:

 (Helmut von Giuseppe)
 A scientist with sadistic delusions of grandeur. He is the creator of Ein, Zwei, Drei, and the members of the Zahlenschwestern. He is referred to as Master Scythe in the OVA dub.
Game:
OVA:
Anime:

 A brutal executive of Inferno, and leader of the Los Angeles gang, the "Bloodies".
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Anime:

 A quiet and calculating Colombian drug lord who other executives of Inferno are quick to obey. His family name is erroneously spelled "McGwire" in the OVA and the anime.
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Anime:

 (藤枝 美緒)
 A young girl who is unaware that her father is a boss in the yakuza. Reiji goes to her high school when he and Elen escape back to Japan. Mio soon finds herself developing feelings for him.
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Anime:

 (Cal Devens)
 A young girl that tried to hire Zwei, thinking he was a killer for justice, by using money she had unknowingly stolen from Inferno. Zwei tries to hide her from Inferno but is unsuccessful and in a move to save her life asks that she becomes his assistant as he had been to Ein. After an attempt on his life, Zwei took her for dead and was forced to leave America to go into hiding. Cal believed that she had been left behind by Zwei and was manipulated by an exonerated Scythe, who turned her beliefs into full hatred for Zwei and trained her as his third assassin, Drei. Her clothing and situation-teenaged girl trying to hire an assassin to avenge her murdered sibling, beginning to fall in love with said assassin, and learning the art of killing herself-are very similar to those of the character Mathilda from the film Léon. In the anime she is a fan of old films. Her method of dueling, waiting until the music from the pocket-watch Reiji gave her has stopped, is a reference to For a Few Dollars More.
Game:
Anime:

 Six girls who all went through Scythe Master's finalized assassin creation process. They are nearly the same quality of killers as the first three, and took nowhere near as much time to train since the process to make them was based on all the original three's data. They all wear white carnival masks (similar to ones Zwei and Ein wear during one of their missions at one point) and are named: Vier, Fünf, Sechs, Sieben, Acht and Neun. "Zahlenschwestern" appropriately means "Number Sisters."

Routes
Unlike standard visual novels where you usually focus on a single girl near the start and delve more into her story, the story is much more interleaved in Phantom of Inferno. The game is divided into 3 chapters, and each chapter has different routes which will affect the sequence of events, as well as vary the scenes and endings that you will get.

Chapter 1

Ein's route
To get on Ein's route, simply think about her on the first night, and call to her on the night of the final test. After returning from the body guard assignment, save Ein, do not let her go, and console her in the motel room. At the final confrontation at the compound, Reiji will attempt to shoot Scythe, but Ein jumps into the way, taking the bullet for him. Scythe then escapes.

Claudia's route
To get on Claudia's route, the player must learn to drive the F40 and sleep with Claudia during the body guard assignment. The player must also choose to save Ein, but instead, plan to return to Inferno. During the final confrontation at the compound, Reiji will be shot at by an unknown sniper and both will play a game of cat and mouse to try and discover each other's position. Seeing someone's shadow behind him, Reiji turns and fires, hitting Ein, who had not fired even though she had gotten the drop on Reiji. Scythe then shoots Reiji and is about to finish him off when Lizzie arrives and saves his life. Scythe still manages to escape however.

Chapter 2
The events in chapter 2 will be decided by whose route the player took in chapter 1, as well as whether you partially or completely finished them. Cal's path is necessary for several of the chapter 2 endings.

Cal's route
Cal's route is very strict because a single deviation will cause the game to treat it as if the player had never met Cal in the first place. Generally speaking, all the options in Cal's route will be "Cal or something else", and the player must pick the Cal-related option (such as going shopping with her). If the player turn her down once, or simply choose to not trust her at the beginning, then the story immediately assumes that you never met her in the first place, which, depending on the player's decisions, may seem rather odd (Choosing not to go shopping with Cal for instance, completely removes her appearance from any further scenes, almost as if she went shopping but never came back).

The exception is if the player chose not to accept Cal's confession, in which case she will still show up in the game afterwards. However the player will not be able to get the Southbound ending and will be relegated to a dead end where Ein shoots the player in the desert warehouse.

If the player completed Claudia's path in chapter 1 and start on Cal's path in chapter 2, then the player will have to pick which path they wish to complete. The player will have the option to go to Claudia's house (which will put you on Claudia's route in chapter 2) or not (Cal's route).

Ein's route
Getting to chapter three may be tricky, since it requires a specific set of circumstances. The player must have completed both Ein and Cal's paths, confirmed the sniper's identity, and discovered the identity of the attackers at the harbor. After the loft is bombed, the player must "Hide". After this the player will meet up with Ein at the warehouse and escape southwards. However, Cal is still alive and thinks that Reiji lied to her. She is then discovered by Scythe, who encourages this belief, which will form one of the crucial plot points of chapter three.

Endings
According to the official PS2 game guidebook, the endings are as follows:

Chapter 1
The Endless Nightmare: Reiji successfully escapes back to Japan and resumes his normal, everyday life with his family. One day, he catches a glimpse of Ein amidst a crowd, apparently having survived and presumably sent to terminate him. However, Reiji isn't completely sure what he saw was real or just a figment of his imagination, for he now feels as if he is living in a dream and can't get rid of his fear that he will wake up to the "real world" where he is an assassin.

Chapter 2
The End of a Long Dream: To get this ending, the player must do Claudia's path in chapter 1 and 2, but not meet Cal, and then do not shoot Lizzie when she draws her gun. Reiji then goes to the warehouse in the desert and waits for Ein to find and kill him, which she does, lamenting his death and the scar in her heart.

Southbound: To get this ending, the player must complete Ein's path in chapter 1 but not fully complete Cal's path in chapter 2, and must also identify the sniper and attackers at the harbor. Reiji goes to the warehouse in the desert and waits for Ein to kill him, but Ein asks Reiji to kill her instead, as Scythe has no more use for her and she sees no other purpose in her life. Neither is able to kill the other, and finally they vow to head south this time to start a new life together (having headed north on their failed attempt to run away from Inferno in chapter 1). This can be considered Ein's happy ending, and is more or less the same as the path to chapter 3, but since Reiji has no complete relationship with Cal, the two of them simply head south to start a new life together.

Fugitives: This ending requires the player to follow the full Cal path in chapter 2 but NOT finish Ein's path in chapter 1 or Claudia's path in chapter 2. After the loft is bombed, the player must select to "Hide". After this Cal will arrive back from her shopping trip and Reiji vows to escape with her and start a new life together.

Vengeful Spirits: This ending requires the player to follow the full Cal path in Chapter 2. After the loft is bombed, the player should select the option to "Kill everyone". Reiji goes berserk and storms Inferno HQ, killing over 20 men and McGuire in the process before dying of multiple wounds, as he believes Inferno has taken Cal away from him. However, Cal was not in the apartment during the explosion. She waits faithfully for him to return as he promised to, finally accusing him of lying to her after the third morning.

At this point, the alternative option "Hide" simply causes Reiji to go hide at the warehouse in the desert and wait for Ein to kill him, which she does not do. Instead the two flee to Japan; progressing the game from Chapter 2 to Chapter 3. It is nearly identical to "The End of the Long Dream" ending.

From Atop the Hill: There are two variations of this ending. Both require the player to finish Claudia's route in chapter 1 and 2 completely and finish off by selecting "Shoot Claudia" at the hangar. One version requires the player not to have met Cal or broken off the relationship early on, and the other requires the player to have gone as far with the Cal route as possible in addition to Claudia's route. Reiji remembers that he vowed to survive at all costs, and shoots Claudia at the hangar, bringing her body and the disk back to Inferno.

Five years later, Inferno has united all the underworld kingpins in America and is poised to conquer the new century. Then all the kingpins are shot by Scythe's elite team, the Zahlen Schwestern, as part of Reiji's plan to take over Inferno and manipulate the criminal underground for himself. He was able to do this because the Zahlen Schwestern were created based on Ein's data, and as he once tried to communicate with Ein, he managed to communicate with the Zahlen Schwestern and get them to trust in him. Reiji then shoots Scythe. If you also did the Cal route, then Lizzie reports that Cal managed to assassinate McGuire in Colombia. Reiji gives her the title of Phantom, as she became his best assassin in the 5 years since the hangar incident. If the player did not meet Cal, then she is simply not mentioned. In both variations, Lizzie is disgusted with what Reiji has become, leaving the organization for the country to start a bar. Reiji finally visits Claudia's grave at a small cemetery on top of a lonely hill, looking down at the city below.

If the player is playing the DVD version, the player will get the first part of the ending password here. The ending password unlocks several extras such as the various production trailers, TV commercials, nearly all of the FMV sequences, and the sound track. However, the English translated DVD version has the "Gun Gallery" locked out for unknown reasons. The gun gallery is used to showcase all the guns that are in the game.

The Woman in the High Castle: Unlike "From Atop the Hill", this ending has only one version regardless of whether the player met Cal or not. Reiji chooses to accept fate and allow Claudia to shoot him, and helps her by pretending to try and shoot her. Reiji ends up dying in Claudia's arms, telling her that she needs to live and get back all the things stolen from her, and to take revenge on Inferno.

One year later, Claudia has hooked up with the new No.2 man of the Gambino family, and is slowly manipulating both him and the family for her own purposes. However, she still keeps the .38 special cartridge from the bullet that she shot Reiji with, and can't seem to get rid of it or forget what she did that morning in the Hangar. As she stands at a window looking down at the city below her, she vows to become stronger or she will lose to someone like her previous, merciless self.

This ending will give the player the first part of the ending password as well.

Chapter 3
Road of the Cerulean Sky: This can be considered Ein's "True Ending". To obtain this ending, do not fully complete Mio's path in chapter 3, and at the final choice, choose to go after Elen. Reiji will find her in the church, and after a tearful reunion they get married right there and then. Reiji insists on fighting Cal, and manages to get Elen to promise him to leave and wait for him, and that he would definitely return to her. Cal arrives at the appointed time, and takes out the pocket watch that Reiji bought for her 2 years ago from a street vendor while the two of them were preparing for the counter snipe operation. Setting it on the altar, she opens it, starting the music, and sets the stage for the duel. When the music stops, both go for their guns, but Reiji is faster and Cal suffers a fatal wound. In the end, as she lies dying in Reiji's arms, Cal forgives Reiji for everything. Shortly after, the Godoh group sends 19 men to assault the church. Reiji nearly runs out of ammo, but is saved by the sudden appearance of Elen, and they manage to escape.

Scythe arrives after the sun has set with the Zahlen Schwestern and manages to get Shiga to back off and let him handle the situation. In the ensuing battle, Elen shoots Scythe, and all the members of the Zahlen Schwestern are killed. When the semester starts, Mio, who was rescued from the ruins by Shiga (who of course insisted it was a kidnapping motivated by money), can't help but feel it was a dream. Regardless, she resolves to live her life and meet the challenges of tomorrow.

Meanwhile, Elen and Reiji start a long and arduous investigation into Scythe and Elen's past, trying to discover her identity. They eventually trace her back to a Hong Kong brothel that handled young girls, and then to Ulan Bator, Mongolia, where the trail runs cold. Eventually a young translator gives them the advice to go to the grasslands and look at the sky to find Ein's homeland. With no other options, they do that, and Elen discovers that this place really is her homeland, and she ends the investigation, stating that she is satisfied just to be here with Reiji.

This ending will give the player the second part of the ending password.

Cherry Blossom Avenue: This is Mio's only ending. Elen and Cal meet at the church to duel. Cal puts her pocket watch on the altar and says that once the music stops, they shoot. Reiji appears at the last moment in order to stop the fight, but girls ignore him and fight like in the "Dusty Desert Trail" ending. When Elen throws a survival knife at Cal (which she one doesn't notice), Reiji shoots a bullet to make Cal move and not be killed and once again tries to sort out things with her, but to no avail as Cal has no intentions of making peace.

Shiga and 20 of Godoh's men arrive at the church and start shooting the three assassins. Cal kills her way out and Reiji persuades Elen to leave through the back door while he stays behind. When Reiji runs out of ammunition, Mio runs into the church and persuades him to use her as a hostage so that he could get away from the church alive. Shiga orders the men to stop shooting and Reiji and Mio safely get out and run to the school. Shiga and his men follow them, but meet Scythe Master and the Zahlen Schwestern who also want to enter the school and kill Reiji. Shiga refuses to retreat and the groups start fighting each other. Meanwhile, Reiji and Mio talk in the school about various subjects. Shiga soon finds them and says that he is the only survivor. Reiji persuades him to take Mio away while he stays behind to deal with Zahlen Schwestern. Mio at first refuses to flee, but accepts Reiji's explanation when he promises her to return to her once the fight is over.

While they are fleeing, Mio and Shiga are almost killed by one of the assassins, but Reiji kills her from the window and the two are able to run to the parking lot. Scythe notices them and orders the assassins to eliminate them. Shiga notices that the car is sabotaged and will explode if the ignition is turned on. Shiga removes the bomb from his car and orders Mio to hide behind a wall while he risks his life to check if the car is safe. At this point one of the assassins shoots Shiga and he is severely wounded, but manages to kill the assassin and drive Mio away. When they get far away enough to be safe, Shiga dies from his wounds, unable to tell Mio to not trust Reiji.

Cal watches Shiga and Mio from a distance, satisfied because her help isn't needed. Then Elen appears and points a gun at Cal saying that she considers her to be the greatest threat around. Meanwhile, Reiji manages to kill the remaining assassins, but finds himself weaponless in front of Scythe's gun. Scythe compliments Reiji and calls him his best assassin, one who unfortunately wasn't obedient enough. During their conversation, Scythe calls Ein and Drei failed experiments. At this moment, Cal sneaks up behind Scythe and kills him for insulting her. She then tells Reiji that she will let him live for now as she owes Mio but promises him to kill him and Ein in future.

Reiji then visits Mio later and they spend a night together, talking about various subjects and even sleep together. The next morning, Reiji leaves her because they are from a different world. Later on, Reiji meets with Mio's grandfather, the head of the Godoh group, and tells him to end his life of criminal activity for Mio's sake. The Godoh head refuses, so Reiji coldly threatens to kill everyone affiliated with the group before leaving the head in shock. Later, Reiji and Elen watch Mio visiting Shiga's grave from afar at the cemetery, with Elen asking Reiji if he's really sure about taking on the Godoh for the sake of one girl and Reiji answers that he will stay here a bit longer. The final scene shows cherry blossom petals fall all around Mio as she declares to look towards the future with optimism.

Dusty Desert Trails: This can be considered Cal's "True Ending". As with "Road of the Cerulean Sky", do not fully complete Mio's path and at the last choice, choose to go after Drei. In this ending, Reiji rescues Mio, and they part with no explanations as Reiji is still trying to prevent her from getting mixed up in the mess. Cal returns and finds Mio gone, and calls Reiji. Taunting her over the phone, Reiji arranges a duel at the church in one hour, with the intent to deliberately lose. As the music box stops and Cal is about to fire, Elen appears and forces Cal to dodge and miss. The two girls then have a duel which Elen is about to win, but Reiji jumps in front of Cal, blocking the knife with his back and fainting. Cal is stunned that Reiji would do something like this for her, and Elen explains that this is what he wished for.

Godoh's men attack the church, and Elen convinces Cal to take Reiji and escape from the back while she holds them off. After the sun has set, Scythe shows up at the church with the Zahlen Schwestern and marvels at the mound of corpses. Meanwhile, Cal has hidden in the school with Reiji, and Cal has reverted to her happy personality before she became Drei. She demands that Reiji have sex with her, but just as they are about to start, three members of the Zahlen Schwestern launch a surprise attack and are taken out by Cal almost instantly. Cal then goes to try and draw out the other three, but one of them sweeps the building looking for Reiji and falls into his trap. Just as Reiji is about to go help Cal, he is shot by Scythe. Cal blows up the last two Zahlen Schwestern using the chemistry lab, but is forced to drop her guns as Scythe uses Reiji as a hostage. Scythe is about to shoot Cal, but is shot by Elen who suffered fatal wounds from the battle with Godoh's men, and she dies in Cal's arms.

An unspecified amount of time later, Reiji and Cal have become well known free lance assassins known as "Phantom" and hitched a ride on a truck heading to a desert town "Santa Madelia", presumably somewhere in Mexico (as one of the gangsters there use the term "gringo"), their target being the gang boss of the town with the whole town there to protect him. They make plans to go on a holiday after this job, and think about how they will be together, always.

This ending will give the player the last part of the ending password.

There is also an additional "bad" ending exclusively for Phantom Integration that can be found in Chapter 3. In order to acquire this ending, the player must have completely fulfilled Cal's path back in chapter 2 (choose to make love to her) and then choose to search for Ein in chapter 3. This will follow the "Road of the Cerulean Sky" ending until it reaches the duel between Reiji and Cal. Here, Reiji is unable to keep his promise to Elen and hesitates in shooting Cal, allowing her to win the duel. Cal stands there and wonders why Reiji didn't shoot. A moment later, she is interrupted by Scythe arriving in the church with the Zahlen Schwestern in tow. Scythe is pleasantly surprised at the outcome of the match and compliments Cal. However, she seems dissatisfied and impulsively betrays Scythe, causing a shootout between her and the Zahlen Schwestern. Time passes until nightfall and Cal is lying down wounded on a beach, presumably winning the battle at the church. Ein arrives at the scene a moment later, seeking revenge against Cal for killing Reiji. However, Cal makes no motion to defend herself and simply lies there, appearing regretful for the events that transpired. Elen in turn loses her motivation to carry out her vengeance and looks up sorrowfully at the night sky. Nothing they do now will bring Reiji back, and so both of them can do nothing more but lament their loss.

References

External links

Official PS2 game site
Official Xbox 360 game site
Official anime site

 FUNimation Official Episode Streaming Page
FUNimation Official Site
Phantom: Requiem for the Phantom at IMDb.com

2000 video games
2004 anime OVAs
2009 anime television series debuts
2009 manga
Anime and manga set in the United States
Bee Train Production
Genco
Bishōjo games
Eroge
Funimation
Japan-exclusive video games
Nitroplus
Organized crime video games
Organized crime in anime and manga
PlayStation 2 games
Films with screenplays by Gen Urobuchi
Television shows written by Yōsuke Kuroda
Seinen manga
Television shows set in California
Video games developed in Japan
Visual novels
Windows games
Xbox 360 games
PrincessSoft games
Hirameki International games

Phantom of Inferno


The Democratic Republic of the Congo was first at the Olympic Games in 1968.  The nation was named Congo Kinshasa then.  The nation's next Olympic appearance was in 1984, when it was named Zaire.  The nation has been in every Summer Olympic Games since then.  They have been in the Winter Olympic Games since 1992.  At the 2000 Games, the nation was named Democratic Republic of the Congo.

As of 2011, no athlete from DR Congo has ever won an Olympic medal.

The National Olympic Committee for DR Congo was formed in 1963 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1968.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
  Democratic Republic of the Congo profile at London2012.com
 Democratic Republic of the Congo at Olympic.org

Democratic Republic of the Congo at the Olympics


Candyman is a 1992 American supernatural slasher movie written and directed by Bernard Rose. It stars Virginia Madsen, Tony Todd, Xander Berkeley, Kasi Lemmons, and Vanessa Williams. It is based on the short story "The Forbidden" by Clive Barker.

The movie is about a graduate student in Chicago finishing a thesis on urban legends, which leads her to the legend of "Candyman", the ghost of an artist and son of a slave who was murdered in the late 19th century.

Candyman was released theatrically by TriStar and PolyGram Filmed Entertainment on October 16, 1992. It made over $25 million domestically. It was followed by two sequels, Candyman: Farewell to the Flesh (1995) and Candyman: Day of the Dead (1999).

The movie received a 74% on Rotten Tomatoes with generally positive reviews. However, the movie was controversial at the time due to many racial stereotypes being shown in the movie about African-Americans.

References

1992 horror movies
1992 thriller movies
1990s horror thriller movies
1990s psychological movies
African-American movies
American horror thriller movies
American psychological movies
Movies set in Chicago
Movies shot in Chicago

Candyman (1992 movie)


Ecclesiastes Rabbah or Kohelet Rabbah (Hebrew: קהלת רבה) is an aggadic commentary on Ecclesiastes, included in the collection of the Midrash Rabbot. It follows the biblical book verse by verse, only a few verses remaining without commentary.

In the list of the old sedarim for the Bible, four sedarim are assigned to Ecclesiastes (beginning at 1:1, 3:13, 7:1, and 9:7); and Kohelet Rabbah was probably divided according to these sections. This appears from the phrase "Sidra tinyana" ("second seder") inserted between the comments to Ecclesiastes 6:12 and 7:1, and the phrase "Sidra telita'a" ("third seder") between the comments to Ecclesiastes 9:6 and 9:7. These phrases occur at the end of the second and third midrash sections, in the same way that "Selik sidra" indicates the end of sections in earlier editions of Ruth Rabbah and Esther Rabbah. The commentary to 3:12 having been lost, so is the phrase "first seder" that would likely have followed it. Nothing remains to indicate where one section ends and another begins, as there is no introductory remark to the commentary on 3:13. But an introduction is also lacking to the commentary on 7:1 and 9:7.

Adaptations from earlier Midrashim
The author - dated to between the 6th-8th centuries - confined himself chiefly to collecting and editing, and did not compose new introductions to the sections. However, he extensively used the introductions found either in the earlier midrashim—Bereshit Rabbah, Pesikta Rabbati, Lamentations Rabbah, Leviticus Rabbah, Shir haShirim Rabbah—or in the collections from which those midrashim were compiled. This shows the important role which the introductions to the earlier midrashim played in the later midrashim, in that they served either as sources or as component parts of the latter. For introductions to commentaries on the Bible text and for homilies on the sedarim and Pesikta cycle, it was customary to choose texts occurring not in the Pentateuch, but chiefly in the Hagiographa, including Ecclesiastes. This, even in very early times, gave rise to an aggadic treatment of numerous passages in Ecclesiastes, which in turn furnished rich material for the compilation of Kohelet Rabbah.

The longest passages in Kohelet Rabbah are the introductions to Pesikta Rabbati and Vayikra Rabbah, all of which the author used. Some introductions were abbreviated, and introductions from different midrashim were combined in a commentary on one passage of Ecclesiastes. For instance, the long passage on Ecclesiastes 12:1–7 is a combination of the introduction to Vayikra Rabbah 18:1 and the 23rd introduction in Lamentations Rabbah. Of the 96 columns which Kohelet Rabbah contains in the Venice edition, nearly twenty consist of expositions which the author took from introductions in Bereshit Rabbah, Pesikta Rabbati, Vayikra Rabbah, and Shir ha-Shirim Rabbah. Many other passages besides the introductions have been transferred from those sources to Kohelet Rabbah. Moreover, it contains several passages in common with Ruth Rabbah; compare especially the commentary on Ecclesiastes 7:8 (which includes the story of Rabbi Meir and his teacher Elisha ben Abuya) with Ruth Rabbah 6 (to Ruth 3:13), with which it agrees almost verbatim. In this case, the story was not taken directly from its source in the Yerushalmi.

Passages from the Babylonian Talmud

The author of Kohelet Rabbah of course frequently consulted the aggadah of the Jerusalem Talmud. At the same time, it may be assumed that various passages were taken directly from the Babylonian Talmud; and this assumption would prove the relatively later date of Kohelet Rabbah, though the end of the midrash (which is taken from Hagigah 5a) must be considered as an addition.

A further characteristic indication of the late composition of the work is the fact that in the commentaries on Ecclesiastes 5:5 and 7:11 passages from Pirkei Avot are quoted, with a reference to this treatise, and in the commentary on 5:8 several minor tractates are mentioned. In the same commentary on 5:8, Kohelet Rabbah modifies a passage in a way which shows was written at a later time than the other midrashic works mentioned. In Vayikra Rabbah the passage reads: "Even what is superfluous on the earth is a part of the whole; and also the things which you regard as superfluous to the revealed Torah, such as the laws of tzitzit, Tefillin, and mezuzah, they also belong to the idea of the revealed Torah." In Kohelet Rabbah it reads: "The things which you regard as superfluous to the Torah, such as the tosafot of Rebbi's school and those of R. Nathan and the treatise on proselytes and slaves ["Hilkot Gerim va'Avadim"], they also were revealed to Moses on Mount Sinai, and treatises like 'Hilkhot Tzitzit Tefillin u-Mezuzot' belong to the sum total of the Torah."

As Zunz assumes, Kohelet Rabbah belongs to the time of the middle midrashim. On the other hand, its author must not be charged with "proceeding entirely in the spirit of later compilers" merely because, in connection with certain Bible texts, he repeats accepted or approved passages which were written upon the same or similar texts. Such repetitions are frequently found in the earlier midrashim. In Kohelet Rabbah the same comments are found on Ecclesiastes 1:2 as on 6:12; on 1:3 as on 11:9; on 1:13 as on 3:10; on 3:16 as on 10:4; on 6:1 as on 9:13; and on 7:11 as on 9:10; and so on. Verses 2:24, 3:13, 5:17, 8:15 receive the same explanation; and the Epicurean and hedonistic view expressed in them—that for all of man's troubles his only compensation is the gratification of the senses: eating, drinking, and taking pleasure—is interpreted allegorically and given a religious significance:

Examples of exegesis
The following passage is an example of how in Kohelet Rabbah 1) the allegorical interpretation is connected with the simple literal interpretation; 2) the author, in order to explain a passage, has fused the material collected from different sources; 3) the author used stories and foreign words. The passage explains the description of Solomon's wealth (Ecclesiastes 2:4-8) in three different ways - as referring to Solomon's literal wealth, or to the Torah, or to the wealth that the Jewish people received upon settling its land. The Biblical text of Ecclesiastes is shown in italics:

I made me great works - said Solomon: I made greater works than the works of my fathers; as it is written, 'The king made a great throne of ivory'. I built me houses - as it is written, 'It came to pass at the end of twenty years, when Solomon had built the two houses.' I planted me vineyards - as it is written, 'Solomon had a vineyard at Baal-hamon'.

I made me gardens and orchards, and I planted trees in them of all kinds of fruits - even peppers. R. Abba bar Kahana said: Solomon commanded spirits whom he sent to India to fetch water for watering...

I made me pools of water: fish-ponds [πισκίνη] wherewith to water a forest full of trees;—this is the land of Israel; as it is written, "And the king put them in the house of the forest of Lebanon". I got me servants and maidens - as it is written, "All the Nethinim, and the children of Solomon's servants, were three hundred ninety and two."

I had servants born in my house; as it is written, "and those officers provided victual for King Solomon . . . they lacked nothing". What does it mean that they lacked nothing? R. Hama bar Hanina said: At Solomon's table there were carrots in summer and cucumbers in winter; they were eaten throughout the year.

I had great possessions of great and small cattle; as it is written "u-barburim abusim." What does that mean? The scholars say, "Animals from Barbary" [Βαρβαρία]... I gathered me also silver and gold; as it is written, "And the king made silver to be in Jerusalem as stones". Is it possible?—like the stones on the roads and in the yards, and they were not stolen? No, there were stones eight and ten ells long. And the peculiar treasure of kings - as it is written, "And all the kings of the earth sought the presence of Solomon",—והמדינות [lit. "and of the provinces"] is to be read מדיינת ["the disputing woman"], that is, the Queen of Sheba, who disputed with him in her wisdom, and asked him questions, and could not vanquish him; as it is written, "She came to prove him with hard questions". I gat me men singers and women singers, and the delights of the sons of men,—baths (δημόσια) and male and female demons [שדה, שדות, taken in the sense of שדים, "demons"] who heated them.'

R. Hiyya bar Nehemiah said: Did Scripture intend to make us acquainted with Solomon's wealth? It probably refers only to the Torah: I made me great works - as it is written, "And the tablets were the work of God". I built me houses—those are synagogues and schoolhouses. I planted me vineyards—those are the rows of scholars, who sit in rows [like vines] in the vineyard. I made me gardens and orchards—those are the great mishnayot, such as the mishnah of R. Hiyya Rabbah and that of R. Hoshaiah Rabbah, and that of Bar Kappara. I planted trees in them of all kinds of fruit—that is the Talmud, which is contained in them. I made me pools of water—those are the derashot. To water therewith the wood that brings forth trees—those are the children who learn. R. Naḥman said: That is the Talmud. To water therewith the wood that brings forth trees—those are the scholars. I got me servants and maidens—those are the nations; as it is written, "And also upon the servants and upon the handmaids in those days will I pour out my spirit". And in the Messianic time the nations shall be subject to Israel; as it is written in Isaiah 61:5, "And strangers shall stand and feed your flocks." And I had servants born [companions] in my house—that is the Holy Spirit. Also I had great possessions of great and small cattle—those are the sacrifices; as it is written, "From the cattle and sheep ye shall sacrifice". I gathered me also silver and gold—those are the words of the Torah; as it is written, "More to be desired are they than gold". And the peculiar treasure of kings - as it is written, "By me kings reign". והמדינות is to be read מדיינין ["disputers"],—those are the scholars who debate the Halakhah. I gat me שרים ושרות—those are the toseftas. And the delights—those are the aggadot, which are the delights of Scripture.

R. Joshua b. Levi interpreted the passage as referring to Israel on its entry into the country: I made me great works—"When ye be come into the land of your habitations... and will make a burnt offering... to the Lord". I built me houses—"and houses full of all good things". I planted me vineyards—"vineyards and olive-trees which you did not plant".

Hadrian the Accursed said to R. Joshua b. Hananiah: 'The Torah says: "A land wherein you shall eat bread without scarceness, you shall not lack anything in it". Can you bring me three things that I ask for?' 'What are they?' 'Pepper, pheasants [φασιανός], and silk [μέταξα].' He brought pepper from Nitzchanah, pheasants from Ẓaidan (Sidon), or, as another says, from Achbarin, and silk from Gush Halav.

To water therewith the wood that brings forth trees - R. Levi said: The land of Israel did not even lack cane for arrows. I got me servants and maidens—"And a mixed multitude" And had servants born in my house—those are the Gibeonites, whom Joshua turned into hewers of wood and drawers of water. I also had great possessions of great and small cattle—"a very great multitude of cattle". I gathered me also silver and gold - as it is written, "He brought them forth also with silver and gold". And the peculiar treasure of kings and of the provinces—that is the booty of Og and Midian.'"

Versions
The Midrash Kohelet published by Solomon Buber in the Midrash Zuṭa in 1894 is different from the work discussed here. It is probably merely an extract with some additions. It is noteworthy that the author of Yalkut Shimoni knew only this midrash to Ecclesiastes, but in a more complete form than it is found in the printed edition.

References

Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography
 Zunz, G. V. 1st ed., p. 265;
 J. Theodor, in Monatsschrift, 1880, pp. 185 et seq.;
 Müller, Masseket Soferim, p. 221;
 Weiss, Dor, iii. 274, iv. 209;
 Grünhut, Kritische Untersuchungen des Midrash Ḳohelet, v.;
 Winter and Wünsche, Jüdische Litteratur, i. 570 et seq.;
 German transl. of Midrasch Ḳohelet by Aug. Wünsche, Leipsic, 1880.

External links
German translation of Midrasch Ḳohelet by Aug. Wünsche, Leipsic, 1880. Frankfurt am Main : Univ.-Bibliothek, 2011.
Critical edition of Ecclesiastes Rabbah 1-6 (Hebrew)
 Ecclesiastes Rabbah in English translation at the Internet Archive

Ecclesiastes
Ecclesiastes

Ecclesiastes Rabbah


Teak (Tectona grandis) is a tropical hardwood tree species in the family Lamiaceae. It is a large, deciduous tree that occurs in mixed hardwood forests. Tectona grandis has small, fragrant white flowers arranged in dense clusters (panicles) at the end of the branches. These flowers contain both types of reproductive organs (perfect flowers). The large, papery leaves of teak trees are often hairy on the lower surface. Teak wood has a leather-like smell when it is freshly milled and is particularly valued for its durability and water resistance. The wood is used for boat building, exterior construction, veneer, furniture, carving, turnings, and various small projects.

Tectona grandis is native to south and southeast Asia, mainly Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand and Sri Lanka, but is naturalised and cultivated in many countries in Africa and the Caribbean. Myanmar's teak forests account for nearly half of the world's naturally occurring teak. Molecular studies show that there are two centres of genetic origin of teak: one in India and the other in Myanmar and Laos.

Description

Teak is a large deciduous tree up to  tall with grey to greyish-brown branches, known for its high quality wood. Its leaves are ovate-elliptic to ovate,  long by  wide, and are held on robust petioles which are  long. Leaf margins are entire.

Fragrant white flowers are borne on  long by  wide panicles from June to August. The corolla tube is 2.5–3 mm long with 2 mm wide obtuse lobes. Tectona grandis sets fruit from September to December; fruits are globose and 1.2–1.8 cm in diameter. Flowers are weakly protandrous in that the anthers precede the stigma in maturity and pollen is shed within a few hours of the flower opening. The flowers are primarily entomophilous (insect pollinated), but can occasionally be anemophilous (wind pollinated). A 1996 study found that in its native range in Thailand, the major pollinator were species in the bee genus Ceratina.

Wood
Wood texture is hard and ring porous. The density varies according to moisture content: at 15% moisture content it is 660 kg/m. The heartwood is yellowish to golden-brown. Sapwood is whitish to pale yellowish brown. It can easily separate from heartwood. Teak darkens as it ages. There can be a large variation, depending on which region the teak is from. Old growth has much tighter rings than new growth. There is a leather-like scent in newly cut wood.

Botanical history
Tectona grandis was first formally described by Carl Linnaeus the Younger in his 1782 work Supplementum Plantarum. In 1975, Harold Norman Moldenke published new descriptions of four forms of this species in the journal Phytologia. Moldenke described each form as varying slightly from the type specimen: T. grandis f. canescens is distinguished from the type material by being densely canescent, or covered in hairs, on the underside of the leaf, T. grandis f. pilosula is distinct from the type material in the varying morphology of the leaf veins, T. grandis f. punctata is only hairy on the larger veins on the underside of the leaf, and T. grandis f. tomentella is noted for its dense yellowish tomentose hairs on the lower surface of the leaf.

Etymology
The English word teak comes via the Portuguese  from Malayalam  (cognate with Tamil , Telugu , and Kannada ) via Sanskrit "shaka" and "saka". Central Province teak and Nagpur teak are named for those regions of India.

Distribution and habitat
Tectona grandis is one of three species in the genus Tectona. The other two species, T. hamiltoniana and T. philippinensis, are endemics with relatively small native distributions in Myanmar and the Philippines, respectively. Tectona grandis is native to India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Myanmar, northern Thailand, and northwestern Laos.

Tectona grandis is found in a variety of habitats and climatic conditions from arid areas with only 500 mm of rain per year to very moist forests with up to 5,000 mm of rain per year. Typically, though, the annual rainfall in areas where teak grows averages 1,250–1,650 mm with a 3–5 month dry season.

Cultivation
Teak's natural oils make it useful in exposed locations, and make the timber termite- and pest-resistant.  Teak is durable even when not treated with oil or varnish. Timber cut from old teak trees was once believed to be more durable and harder than plantation-grown teak. Studies have shown that plantation teak performs on par with old-growth teak in erosion rate, dimensional stability, warping, and surface checking, but is more susceptible to colour change from UV exposure.

The vast majority of commercially harvested teak is grown on teak plantations found in Indonesia and controlled by Perum Perhutani (a state owned forest enterprise) that manages the country's forests. The primary use of teak harvested in Indonesia is in the production of outdoor teak furniture for export. Nilambur in Kerala, India, is also a major producer of teak, and is home to the world's oldest teak plantation.

Teak consumption raises a number of environmental concerns, such as the disappearance of rare old-growth teak. However, its popularity has led to growth in sustainable plantation teak production throughout the seasonally dry tropics in forestry plantations. The Forest Stewardship Council offers certification of sustainably grown and harvested teak products. Propagation of teak via tissue culture for plantation purposes is commercially viable.

Teak plantations were widely established in Equatorial Africa during the Colonial era. These timber resources, as well as the oil reserves, are at the heart of the current (2014) South Sudanese conflict.

Much of the world's teak is exported by Indonesia and Myanmar. There is also a rapidly growing plantation grown market in Central America (Costa Rica) and South America. With a depletion of remaining natural hectares of teak forests, a growth in plantations in Latin America is expected to rise.

Hyblaea puera, commonly known as the teak defoliator, is a moth native to southeast Asia. It is a teak pest whose caterpillar feeds on teak and other species of trees common in the region of southeast Asia.

Uses
Teak's high oil content, high tensile strength and tight grain make it particularly suitable where weather resistance is desired. It is used in the manufacture of outdoor furniture and boat decks.  It is also used for cutting boards, indoor flooring, countertops and as a veneer for indoor finishings. Although easily worked, it can cause severe blunting on edged tools because of the presence of silica in the wood.  Over time teak can weather to a silvery-grey finish, especially when exposed to sunlight.

Teak is used extensively in India to make doors and window frames, furniture, and columns and beams in homes. It is resistant to termite attacks and damage caused by other insects. Mature teak fetches a very good price. It is grown extensively by forest departments of different states in forest areas. It was also used in the construction of the Kaaba in the Masjid al-Haram of Mecca, which is the holiest structure in the Islamic faith.

Leaves of the teak wood tree are used in making Pellakai gatti (jackfruit dumpling), where batter is poured into a teak leaf and is steamed. This type of usage is found in the coastal district of Udupi in the Tulunadu region in South India. The leaves are also used in gudeg, a dish of young jackfruit made in Central Java, Indonesia, and give the dish its dark brown colour.

Teak is used as a food plant by the larvae of moths of the genus Endoclita including E. aroura, E. chalybeatus, E. damor, E. gmelina, E. malabaricus, E. sericeus and E. signifer and other Lepidoptera including the turnip moth.

Boatbuilding

Teak has been used as a boatbuilding material for over 2000 years (it was found in an archaeological dig in Berenice Panchrysos, a port on the Indian Roman trade route). In addition to relatively high strength, teak is also highly resistant to rot, fungi and mildew. The wood has a relatively low shrinkage ratio, which makes it excellent for applications where it undergoes periodic changes in moisture. Teak has the unusual property of being both an excellent structural timber for framing or planking, while at the same time being easily worked and finished, unlike some otherwise similar woods such as purpleheart. For this reason, it is also prized for the trim work on boat interiors. Due to the oily nature of the wood, care must be taken to properly prepare the wood before gluing.

When used on boats, teak is also very flexible in the finishes that may be applied. One option is to use no finish at all, in which case the wood will naturally weather to a pleasing silver grey. The wood may also be oiled with a finishing agent such as linseed or tung oil. This results in a pleasant, somewhat dull finish. Finally, teak may also be varnished for a deep, lustrous glow.

Teak is also used extensively in boat decks, as it is extremely durable and requires very little maintenance.  The teak tends to wear in to the softer 'summer' growth bands first, forming a natural 'non-slip' surface. Any sanding is therefore only damaging. Use of modern cleaning compounds, oils or preservatives will shorten the life of the teak, as it contains natural teak oil a very small distance below the white surface. Wooden boat experts will only wash the teak with salt water, and re-caulk when needed. This cleans the deck, and prevents it from drying out and the wood shrinking. The salt helps it absorb and retain moisture, and prevents any mildew and algal growth. Over-maintenance, such as cleaning teak with harsh chemicals, can shorten its usable lifespan as decking.

Propagation

Teak is propagated mainly from seeds. Germination of the seeds involves pretreatment to remove dormancy arising from the thick pericarp. Pretreatment involves alternate wetting and drying of the seed. The seeds are soaked in water for 12 hours and then spread to dry in the sun for 12 hours. This is repeated for 10–14 days and then the seeds are sown in shallow germination beds of coarse peat covered by sand. The seeds then germinate after 15 to 30 days.

Clonal propagation of teak has been successfully done through grafting, rooted stem cuttings and micro propagation. While bud grafting on to seedling root stock has been the method used for establishing clonal seed orchards that enables assemblage of clones of the superior trees to encourage crossing, rooted stem cuttings and micro propagated plants are being increasingly used around the world for raising clonal plantations.

Illegal logging

Illegal logging is prevalent in countries with natural teak forests, including India and Myanmar.

Since 1989, the state-owned Myanma Timber Enterprise has run the country's logging industry. In 2014, Myanmar's government imposed a strict ban on exporting wild-grown teak logs. In 2015, 153 Chinese loggers were sentenced to life in prison for illegal logging. Illegal teak logging persists, especially in contested areas. While it is illegal for timber to be exported via land borders, 95% of Myanmar's teak enters China through the China–Myanmar border.

Since the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état, illegal logging of teak and tamalan trees has surged in Sagaing Region, predominantly in key contested battlegrounds, including Kani, Yinmabin, Kantbalu, Indaw and Banmauk townships. Both the Burmese military and resistance groups have profited from the illegal logging trade. Smugglers transport the wood to India in order to circumvent Western sanctions, and use the Myanma Timber Enterprise to license the wood as being sourced from permitted areas.

World's largest living teak tree

Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry (Myanmar) found the world's two biggest living teak trees on 28 August 2017 in Homalin Township, Sagaing Region, Myanmar. The biggest one, named Homemalynn 1, is  in girth and  tall. The second biggest one, named Homemalynn 2, is  in girth.

Previously, the world's biggest recorded teak tree was located within the Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary in the Palakkad District of Kerala in India, named Kannimara. The tree is approximately  tall. Its age is between 450 and 500 years and is considered one of the oldest teak trees in the world.

In 2017, a tree was discovered in the Ottakallan area of the Thundathil range of the Malayattoor Forest Division in Kerala with a girth of  and height of . A teak tree in Kappayam, Edamalayar, Kerala, which used to be considered the biggest, has a girth of 7.23 metres.

Tree No 23 is the oldest planted teak on earth. It is located in Conolly's plot (the world's oldest teak plantation), Nilambur, Kerala.

References

External links

U.S. Forest Products Lab: USDA Forest Service

Teak
Plants described in 1782
Tectona grandis
Tectona grandis
Tectona grandis
Tectona grandis
Wood
Forestry in Indonesia
Forestry in Myanmar
Plant dyes

Teak


An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned tae each device (e.g., computer, printer) pairticipatin in a computer network that uises the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves twa principal functions: host or network interface identification an location addressin.

Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) defines an IP address as a 32-bit nummer. Houiver, acause o the growthe o the Internet an the depletion o available IPv4 addresses, a new version o IP (IPv6), uisin 128 bits for the IP address, wis developed in 1995, an staundartised as RFC 2460 in 1998. IPv6 deployment haes been ongaein syne the mid-2000s.

IP addresses are uisually written an displayed in human-readable notations, sic as 172.16.254.1 in IPv4, an 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1 in IPv6. The size o the routin prefix o the address is designatit in CIDR notation bi suffixin the address wi the nummer o signeeficant bits, e.g., 192.168.1.15/24, that is equivalent tae the historically uised subnet mask 255.255.255.0.

The IP address space is managed globally bi the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), an bi five regional Internet registries (RIRs) responsible in thair designatit territories for assignment tae end uisers an local Internet registries, sic as Internet service providers. IPv4 addresses hae been distributit bi IANA tae the RIRs in blocks o approximately 16.8 million addresses ilk. Ilk ISP or private network admeenistrator assigns an IP address tae ilk device connectit tae its network. Sic assignments mey be on a static (fixed or permanent) or dynamic basis, dependin on its saftware an practices.

References

Network addressin
Address

IP address


John Oldham McGinnis is a professor at Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law and author of over 90 academic and popular articles and essays.  His popular writings have been published in The Wall Street Journal, National Review, and Policy Review.

McGinnis teaches and writes on constitutional and international law.  In constitutional law, he has focused especially on majority and supermajority rules.  In international law, he has focused on the question of the proper role of international law in United States law.

McGinnis graduated from the Phillips Exeter Academy in 1975, and earned a B.A. from Harvard University in 1978, an M.A. from Balliol College, Oxford University in 1980,  and a J.D. magna cum laude from Harvard in 1983.  In 1997 he received the Paul M. Bator Award, which is awarded annually by the Federalist Society to an "outstanding legal scholar" under forty.  McGinnis worked in the Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice from 1985 to 1991.  He has given 10 testimonies before congress. McGinnis was also a litigation associate at the prestigious Sullivan & Cromwell, and a clerk on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia.

McGinnis's government posts are currently as a member of the National Advisory Committee for the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation, and as a roster member of the United States Panelists for Resolution of World Trade Organization Disputes. He is a member of the conservative Federalist Society.

Selected research
McGinnis is a co-author of a law review article stating that the majority of law school faculty members donate more to Democrats than to Republicans.  He uses this to attack the "viewpoint diversity" justification that the U.S. Supreme Court used to permit law schools to give racial minorities an advantage in their admissions processes.  His argument is that law schools are not, and probably should not be, committed to political viewpoint diversity in the hiring process (implying that they should not use affirmative action-like techniques in recruiting and admitting students).

McGinnis has published several books. In Accelerating Democracy:  Transforming Governance Through Technology (Princeton University Press, 2013) he argues that rapidly changing information technology can improve policy.  In Originalism and the Good Constitution (Harvard University Press, 2013) he and Mike Rappaport contend that interpreting the Constitution according to its original meaning continues to have beneficial consequences today.

Selected bibliography
"The Origin of Conservatism: Evolutionary theories suggest that conservative politics are necessary to govern a fallen man," National Review, December 22, 1997. (Cover story)
"The descent of man: can conservative concepts be derived from evolution? Critics respond to John O. McGinnis," National Review,  December 22, 1997.  Includes McGinnis' reply.
The World Trade Constitution (with Mark Movsesian, volume published in Chinese) The People's Press (2004)
  "The World Trade Organization as a Structure of Liberty" in Harvard Journal of Public Law and Policy, 2004

References

External links
Faculty page

American non-fiction writers
American legal scholars
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Harvard Law School alumni
Phillips Exeter Academy alumni
Living people
Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law faculty
American scholars of constitutional law
Sullivan & Cromwell associates
Year of birth missing (living people)

John McGinnis


Carleton Watson Angell (February 26, 1887 – June 1, 1962) was an American sculptor. He was born in Belding, Michigan and died in Ann Arbor, Michigan. He is buried in Washtenong Memorial Gardens near the World War I Veterans Memorial, under a plaque designed by artist Stanley Kellogg.

Career
Angell studied sculpture at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago and while in Chicago did some designing, and likely modeling, for the American Terra Cotta Company and the Ceramic Company. In 1922, he and his wife Gladys moved to Ann Arbor when he was hired by the University of Michigan to teach freehand drawing. In 1926 he became the Museums Artist where he created, among things, plaster models of various animals, many of them prehistoric, that were used in the museum's displays. In the course of his 30 years at the University of Michigan he also created numerous portraits and busts and plaques of U of M notables, and these can be found spread all over the university campus.

Public works

 Girl with a Cat, Bath School disaster memorial, James Couzens Memorial Auditorium, Bath Middle School, Bath, Michigan, 1928
 Veterans Memorial, Washtenaw Memorial Gardens, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1932
 Pumas  Museum of Natural History, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Michigan, 1940
 Four Chaplains Memorial, Arbor Crest memorial Park, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1954

Architectural sculpture
 Cartouche over main entrance, Museum of Natural History, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Michigan, Albert Kahn, architect, 1928
 Two panels, Washtenaw County Courthouse, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ralph Gerganoff, architect, 1956

References

 Catalog of Works of Art by Carleton Watson Angell, Artist, University Museums, University of Michigan, 1926 - 1955, Ann Arbor: University Museums, 1955
 Kvaran, Einar Einarsson, Annotated Inventory of Outdoor Sculpture in Washtenaw County, 1989 study

1887 births
1962 deaths
Artists from Ann Arbor, Michigan
University of Michigan people
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century American male artists
American male sculptors
People from Belding, Michigan
Sculptors from Michigan

Carleton W. Angell


Eixample, also known as Expansion district in Catalan is the name of second district of Barcelona.

It takes up  the central area of the city, in a big area of 7,46 km2 . Designed by Ildefonso Cerdà. It is the most populated district of Barcelona and of all Spain in absolute numbers (262.485 inhabitants) and the second to related to the surface (35.586 inhabitants/ km2).

Notable areas
In the Eixample District, there are the big streets and avenues and popular squares of Barcelona, like: Passeig de Gràcia, Rambla Catalunya, Plaça Catalunya, Avinguda Diagonal, Carrer d'Aragó, Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, Carrer de Balmes, Ronda Sant Antoni, Ronda de Sant Pere, Passeig de Sant Joan, Plaça de la Sagrada Familia, Plaça Gaudí, and at one end there is Plaça de les Glòries Catalanes and at the opposite end Plaça Francesc Macià.

There are also touristic places like Basílica de la Sagrada Família, Casa Milà, Casa Batlló, Teatre Nacional de Catalunya, Auditori de Barcelona, Plaça de Toros Monumental, la Casa de les Punxes, as well as a lot of movie theaters, restaurants, hotels, and other leisure places.

Historic context
During the first half of 19th century Barcelona saw a booming Industrial Revolution. The cities with a medieval street structure and many of them surrounded by walls were collapsing under the expansion of recently born industries. For this reason the population increased a lot.

The city of Barcelona, like many other european cities, was limited in its growth by the its walls. Behind the walls it was considered military zone. This implied the no construction of industries. This zone only could be use to agriculture.

References

Barcelona

District of Eixample


Regional Mexican is an umbrella term that encompasses the musical genres from the different parts of rural Mexico and the Southwestern United States. Subgenres include banda, country en español, Duranguense, grupero, mariachi, New Mexico music, Norteño, Tejano, and Tierra Caliente.   It is among the most popular radio formats targeting Mexican Americans in the United States.

Each subgenre is representative of a certain region and the popularity of each subgenre varies by territory in Mexico and the United States.

Within their respective genres, regional Mexican artists perform different styles of songs such as rancheras, corridos, cumbias, boleros, ballads, among others.

Like in country and sertanejo music, regional Mexican artists are characterized by their use of Western wear.

Related formats
Uforia Audio Network owns a number of stations running the regional Mexican format.

See also
Grammy Award for Best Regional Mexican Music Album (including Tejano)
Latin Grammy Award for Best Regional Mexican Song
Mexican music in Chile
Monitor Latino, a music chart which provides regional Mexican music charts for Mexico, the United States and Guatemala
Regional Mexican Albums, a music chart by Billboard
Regional Mexican Airplay, a music chart by Billboard

References

External links
Radioandrecords.com: Regional Mexican Airplay Charts — from Radio & Records, based on Regional Mexican Airplay panel data

 01
Radio formats
Radio in Mexico
Spanish-language radio in the United States

Mexican-American culture

Regional Mexican


Mier Municipality is ane o the municipalities o Tamaulipas, Mexico. The seat is at Ciudad Mier. Accordin tae the 2010 census, the entire population o the municipality resides in the municipal seat, as baith hae an ofeecial coont o 4,762 inhabitants. There wur 172 localities enumeratit durin the census, an aw but Mier showed a population o zero.

Adjacent municipalities an coonties
 Miguel Alemán Municipality - sootheast
 Los Aldamas Municipality, Nuevo León - soothwast
 General Treviño Municipality, Nuevo León - soothwast
 Agualeguas Municipality, Nuevo León - wast
 Parás Municipality, Nuevo León - wast
 Guerrero Municipality - northwast
 Starr Coonty, Texas - east

References

Municipalities o Tamaulipas

Mier Municipality


Andrew William Thomas (born October 8, 1939) is an American composer.

He studied with Karel Husa at Cornell University, with Nadia Boulanger in Paris, and earned his M.M. and D.M.A. Degrees in Composition at The Juilliard School.  At Juilliard he studied with Luciano Berio, Elliott Carter, and Otto Luening.

Thomas teaches and was the chairman of the Composition Department at the Pre-College Division at Juilliard from 1969 to 1994. In 1994, the Juilliard School appointed him the Director of the Pre-College Division.  In addition to composing, Dr. Thomas performs as a pianist, conductor, and is a guest teacher throughout the world.  His many awards include a grant from The National Endowment for the Arts and a Distinguished Teacher Citation from The White House Commission on Presidential Scholars.

Career
Although he has taught throughout the world, since 2000, Andrew Thomas has become a regular guest of the People's Republic of China. Under the auspices of the Chinese Government, Dr. Thomas performed his composition for solo piano, Music at Twilight in Hong Kong and Guangzhou.  He was the head western judge of a panel of pianists from all over the world judging the 2000 Chinese Works Piano Competition.

In December 2001, Dr. Thomas went to Nanning, China to conduct his Three Scenes from the Summer Palace and other works, to perform as a pianist, and to teach master classes in composition. Dr. Thomas is now an Advisor of the Guangxi Arts College and a guest conductor of the Guangxi Arts College Youth Orchestra. He has returned yearly for further conducting and solo performances. He was honored as the main Western speaker at a conference of middle school administrators and government officials from all parts of China.

In an effort to upgrade music education throughout China, Dr. Thomas developed a program which brought together music academies in an effort to advance all the students' technical and artistic abilities in Western as well as Asian music. In April 2004 he conducted the Shanghai Conservatory Youth Orchestra and the Nanning Symphony in a three concerto evening with student soloists from Shanghai, Nanning and, Juilliard.

He is currently composing a new evening length cross-cultural ballet, "Focus of the Heart" for the Chinese people with an original story written by his partner Howard Kessler. The score utilizes both full Traditional Chinese and Western orchestras.  It was scheduled to be premiered Fall 2009 in Beijing.

Since 2003 Dr. Thomas has lectured, taught, and performed in Korea at a music festival that he co-directed. This festival, The Seoul Music Festival and Academy brings together Western and Korean teachers to perform and to teach advanced String and Piano students.  He conducted two programs with the Prime Symphony Orchestra, and one with  the Suwon Philharmonic, then another program for the Korean Symphony Orchestra, including his concerto for marimba and orchestra, Loving Mad Tom,  all in Seoul, Korea.

On October 9, 2004, Dr. Andrew Thomas gave a piano recital in the Juilliard Theater at the Juilliard School celebrating his 65th birthday, 35 years teaching at the Juilliard School and ten years as its Pre-College director. After twelve years he stepped down from his administrative position in 2006 to concentrate on his composition works, to teach and to foster the musical talents of young international "Citizens of the World". At his farewell party Juilliard bestowed upon him the title of director emeritus.

Works
Loving Mad Tom, a concerto for marimba and orchestra, commissioned by William Moersch,
Merlin for solo marimba, commissioned by William Moersch,
Three Transformations for duo marimbas, commissioned by Nancy Zeltsman,
Consonanze Stravaganti commissioned by American Brass Quintet,
The Heroic Triad, concerto for guitar, percussion, and string orchestra composed for Twentieth Century Unlimited
Wind for solo Marimba, composed for Makoto Nakura,
For the class of 2003 composed for Renée Fleming,
Valse Triste, a solo marimba work for Simon Boyar,
Crane by the River Li for the Traditional Chinese Instrument Orchestra of the Guangxi Arts College in Nanning, China,
A Samba for two solo flutes, two flute choirs, and chamber orchestra,
Music at Twilight for solo piano,
Three Scenes from the Summer Palace.

Dr. Thomas has also orchestrated his music for lyricist, Gene Scheer's Lean Away and 'I Just Found Another New Voice Teacher' for  a Metropolitan Opera performance of Die Fledermaus.

Reviews
After Vladimir Ashkenazy conducted The Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin in Dr. Thomas's marimba concerto, Loving Mad Tom with Evelyn Glennie as the soloist, Jürgen Otten of Der Tagespiel wrote "... his arsenal of romantic ghost music from Weber to Berlioz to Liszt is recognized here, and sound-consciously conveyed into the modern idiom."

References

External links
American Composers Alliance
Andrew Thomas Papers at the University of Maryland Libraries

1939 births
Living people
American male composers
21st-century American composers
Cornell University alumni
Juilliard School alumni
Juilliard School faculty
21st-century American male musicians

Andrew Thomas (composer)


Oak Ridge School of Reactor Technology (ORSORT) was the successor of the school known locally as the Clinch College of Nuclear Knowledge, later shorten to Clinch College. ORSORT was authorized and financed by the U.S. government and founded in 1950 by Admiral Hyman G. Rickover and Alvin Weinberg. During its existence, the school was the only educational venue in the U.S. from where a comprehensive twelve-month education and training in either "Reactor Hazards Analysis" or "Reactor Operations" could be obtained, with accompanying certificates. Funding ended and the school was closed in 1965, shortly after authorization was extended to select U.S. universities to develop their own Nuclear Engineering curricula. Housed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, this unique venue and its renowned instructors offered its students the highest level of education of practical applications of atomic energy available at the time, and first-hand exposure to a variety of nuclear reactor designs including the legendary first graphite reactor, pool reactor, high temperature gas reactor, molten salt reactor, fast reactor and high flux reactor.

The school was made known first nationally and eventually worldwide to U.S. enterprises and to U.S. allies involved in the development of peaceful uses of atomic energy, and who were interested in educating and training designated scientific and engineering personnel at its unique venue.  In 1959, ORSORT accepted its first international enrollments.  Applications to enroll required strict clearance from the Atomic Energy Commission. Tuition fees partially offset school operating costs.  Courses listed in their 1965 curricula included Analysis, Chemical Technology, Economics of Nuclear Power, Engineering Science, Experimental Physics, Nuclear Systems Laboratory, Hazards Study, Health Physics, Instrumentation and Controls, Materials, Mathematics, Meteorology, Physics, Reactor Operating Experience and Shielding. Scientific and engineering graduates of the one-year program earned certificates of completion and were awarded the degree of Doctor of Pile Engineering (D.O.P.E.). ORSORT turned out up to 100 graduates a year, many of whom became leaders in the nuclear industry, such as a former Secretary of Energy, James D. Watkins.  The total number of ORSORT graduates was 976. In addition to 19 US students from the Atomic Energy Commission, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory and US utilities, the last graduating class of 1965 included engineering and scientific personnel sponsored by their governments in Australia, India, Israel, Japan, Netherlands, Pakistan, Philippines and South Africa.

References

 Sources:

External links
 Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Educational institutions established in 1950
Educational institutions disestablished in 1965
Defunct universities and colleges in Tennessee
Nuclear history of the United States
Nuclear technology
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
1950 establishments in Tennessee
1965 disestablishments in Tennessee

Oak Ridge School of Reactor Technology


Pro-choice is the view that a woman should have the right to decide whether or not to have an abortion and that there should not be laws that stop people from getting abortions.

People who are pro-choice believe that people should be able to use abortion to end a pregnancy. The view that abortion should be against the law is called pro-life.

The pro-choice movement is sometimes called the abortion rights movement. It is largely based on the belief, that woman should be able to decide what they want to do with their bodies. Having a baby would be a huge invasion to the body and should be a choice. They believe that an unborn embryo should not be valued over the pregnant woman. Pro-choice believes in a woman's right to choose.

Related pages
Abortion debate
Anti-abortion movement
Social movements related to abortion

Pro-choice


Alma A. Hromic (born July 5, 1963), known by her pen name Alma Alexander, is a fantasy writer whose novels include the "Worldweavers" young adult series, The Secrets of Jin-Shei and its sequel The Embers of Heaven, The Hidden Queen, and Changer of Days. She is a native of Yugoslavia and grew up in various African countries, including Zambia, Eswatini, and South Africa, also spending time in England and New Zealand before moving to the United States. She lives in Bellingham, Washington.

In addition to her fantasy novels, Alexander has published a memoir about growing up in Africa and an epistolary novel (written with her husband, then an acquaintance from a Usenet newsgroup) about the NATO war in Yugoslavia. She has also published numerous book reviews, travelogues, essays, poetry, and other articles in various magazines (e.g., Swans) around the world. Her story "The Painting" won the 2000 BBC Short Story Contest.

In 2009, she donated her archive to the department of Rare Books and Special Collections at Northern Illinois University.

Bibliography
 Houses In Africa, David Ling Publishers (New Zealand), 1995 (as Alma A. Hromic)
 The Dolphin's Daughter and Other Stories, Longman (UK), 1995 (as Alma A. Hromic)
 Letters from the Fire (with R. A. Deckert), HarperCollins (NZ), 1999 (as Alma A. Hromic)
 Changer of Days Vol. 1, Voyager (Australia/NZ), 2001 (as Alma A. Hromic)
 Changer of Days Vol. 2, Voyager (Australia/NZ), 2002 (as Alma A. Hromic)
 The Secrets of Jin-Shei, HarperCollins, 2004   (also published in several other countries and languages)
 The Hidden Queen, Eos, 2004 (US edition of Changer of Days Vol. 1)
 Changer of Days, Eos, 2004 (US edition of Changer of Days Vol. 2)
 The Embers of Heaven, HarperCollins (UK), 2006 (also published in Australia/NZ)
 Gift of the Unmage (Worldweavers #1), Eos, 2007
 Spellspam (Worldweavers #2), Eos, 2008
 Cybermage (Worldweavers #3), Harperteen, 2009
 "Shoes & Ships & Sealing Wax", Kos Books, 2010
 "Midnight at Spanish Gardens", Sky Warrior Books, 2011
 "River", Dark Quest Books, 2012 (editor)
 "Random", Book 1 in The Were Chronicles, Dark Quest BOoks, 2014
 "Dawn of magic" (Worldweavers #4), Sky Warrior Books, 2015
 "AbductiCon", Book View Cafe, 2015
"Empress", Book View Cafe, 2015
"Children of a Different Sky, Kos Books, 2017 (editor)
"Wings of Magic", Book View Cafe 2017

References

External links
 Official site
 Interview and reviews at FantasyLiterature.net

20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American fantasy writers
American women novelists
1963 births
Living people
Writers from Novi Sad
Yugoslav emigrants to the United States
Women science fiction and fantasy writers
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
Expatriates in Zambia
Expatriates in Eswatini
Yugoslav expatriates in the United Kingdom
Expatriates in South Africa
Yugoslav expatriates in New Zealand

Alma Alexander


The Australian Theatrical and Amusement Employees' Association was an Australian trade union which existed between 1910 and 1993. It represented a wide range of workers employed in the entertainment industry in Australia.

Coverage

The ATAEA represented employees in a diverse range of non-performing occupations in the entertainment industry. These included film projectionists, ushers, ticket sellers, film crew, stagehands, racecourse, sports ground and amusement park staff.

Formation

While a state-based union may have existed in Victoria during the late 19th century, the union first achieved federal registration in 1910 as the Australian Federated Stage Employees' Association. The union underwent several name changes before finally settling on its final title in 1915. The ATAEA originally only represented stagehands, but over time, and with technological change, it widened its membership base to cover much of the entertainment industry in Australia.

Amalgamation

Due to the difficulties of servicing a widely-spread membership, and following ACTU policy of the time, the ATAEA began seeking an amalgamation of unions representing the entertainment and media industry in Australia during the early 1990s. This decision, however, along with political and generational differences, caused division between the national office of the union and the Queensland branch. This animosity developed until the Queensland branch split away from the federal union in 1991, and later merged with the Australian Workers' Union in Queensland. The rest of the union merged with the Australian Journalists' Association and Actors' Equity in 1993 to form the Media, Entertainment and Arts Alliance (MEAA). The ATAEA continues to exist as a distinct section within the MEAA, and had 3045 members as of 2011.

References

External links
 alliance.org.au The website of the Media Entertainment and Arts Alliance, the successor to the ATAEA.

Defunct trade unions of Australia
Entertainment industry unions
Trade unions established in 1910
Trade unions disestablished in 1993
1910 establishments in Australia
1993 disestablishments in Australia


Dhaula Kuan () is a major intersection of roads in Delhi, India. The name also now refers to the neighbourhood surrounding the intersection.

Intersection

Five major thoroughfares in Delhi meet at Dhaula Kuan. Passing Through the intersection are the Ring Road and National Highway 8, which feed traffic around Delhi and from Central Delhi to Gurgaon, and points south and southwest, respectively. National Highway 8 is also the primary route of traffic from Delhi to Delhi Airport.

A major infrastructure project during the 1990s and early 2000s led to the construction of a figure-eight interchange that eliminated stop lights and improved traffic flow.

In addition to being a major road hub, Dhaula Kuan is also a primary stop on the Delhi Ring Railway and is the location of a Delhi Metro stop on the Connaught Place - Airport line.

Currently, Dhaula Kuan serves as a primary exchange point for multimodal travellers, and its importance is expected to grow as the Delhi Metro and Terminal 3 at Delhi Airport is constructed.

History
The name Dhaula Kuan, means white well when translated to English from Hindi, (just as Dhaulagiri means white mountain), and refers to an ancient water well in the area that has white-colored sand. It has been speculated that the well was constructed by Shah Alam II, the nominal Mughal emperor of India in the 1761-1806 CE period, whose actual area of control spanned a small territory in the environs of Delhi. Shah Alam II is said to have been fond of excursions across his limited domain, from the Red Fort to the Palam area, leading to the sarcastic verse, Sultanat-e-Shah-e-Alam, Az Dilli ta Palam (The dominion of Emperor Shah Alam, begins from Delhi and ends at Palam). Dhaula Kuan (the well) is located along this route in the Jheel Park complex (near Metro Station), and its masonry has been dated to the Shah Alam period.

Neighbourhood
'Dhaula Kuan' has now also come to refer to the neighbourhood that surrounds and serves the interchange. The latter includes both small scale industry and restaurants.

Dhaula Kuan sits between Chanakyapuri and the Delhi Cantonment; the former is an affluent neighbourhood that is home to a number of embassies and the latter houses a number of military personnel and their families.

Major institutions and points of interest in the neighbourhood include:
The South Campus of the University of Delhi, including the Sri Venkateswara College and the Atma Ram Sanatan Dharma College.
The Air Force School.
The Army Public School.
The Air Force Auditorium.
The Army Golf Course.
Springdales School
DSOI Dhaula Kuan (Defence Services Officers Institute)
28 The mall

Delhi Metro
Dhaula Kuan Metro Station is located on the Delhi Airport Express Line (Orange Line) of the Delhi Metro. This station is the only elevated one along the Airport Express Line and features check-in facilities. This station was opened to the public on 15 August 2011. This station also connects the Airport Express Line with the Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus metro station of Pink Line of Delhi Metro.

References

Neighbourhoods in Delhi
South West Delhi district

Dhaula Kuan


Friday is the day o the week atween Fuirsday an Setturday. Its name comes fae the goddess Frige o Germanic mythologie.

In maist areas wi a five-day wirkin week, Friday is the hindmaist warkday afore the weekend an is tharefore seen as a cause for celebration or relief, leadin tae the sayin TGIF, an abbreviation for Thank God It's Friday or Thank Goodness It's Friday. (The phrase wis faur ben cause o a film in the 1970s.) The phrase is the inspiration for the restaurant, aptly named, T.G.I. Friday's.
In some offices, employees is allood tae weir less formal claes on Fridays, kent as Casual Friday or Dress-Doun Friday.

In Islam, Friday is the day o public wirship in mosques. In some Islamic kintras, the week stairts on Sunday an ends on Setturday, juist lik the Jewish an Christian week. In ithers, sic as Iran an Afghanistan, the week stairts on Setturday an ends on Friday.

The Jewish Sawbath stairts at sunset on Friday an runs til sunset on Setturday.

In Christianity, the Friday afore Easter is celebratit as Good Friday tae commemorate the crucifixion o Jesus. Some Christians will haud by eatin meat on Fridays, an will aften hae fish in its steid.

The name for the day in Arabic, Armenian, Georgian, Greek, Ebreu an Portuguese is "saxt day". Quakers tradeitionally caws Friday the "Saxt Day" an aw, eschewin the "heathen" oreegin o the name.

In some culturs, Friday is thocht o as unlucky, specially whan this is Friday the 13t, 13 bein an wanchancy nummer. This is parteecular the case in maritime circles; in ae (untrue) story a Ryal Navy ship HMS Friday wis laid doun on a Friday, lenched on a Friday an captained bi a Captain Friday an wis never heard o again.

Several historical disasters at happent on Fridays is kent as Black Friday.

Popular cultur
 In the popular rhyme, "Friday's bairn is lovin an giein".
 In the beuk Robinson Crusoe, Friday is the name o a American Indian cannibal that wis haint bi the protagonist on a Friday an became his servand.
 Cadbury promotit a chocolate baur wi the slogan Thank Crunchie it's Friday.
 In a reference tae "TGI Friday", maverick Breetish telly host Chris Evans made the telly programme TFI Friday, its ineetials supposedly staundin for "Thank Four It's" (Four wis a reference tae Channel 4, the telly station) – onie ither meanin for the F wis a maiter for the viewer's ain imaginations.
 Friday is a beuk bi Robert A. Heinlein.
 Friday is a film wi rapper Ice Cube in it.

Fremmit airtins
 Whaur Friday Gat Its Name

Days

References

Friday


Pâté is a mixture of ground or pureed meat and fat. "Pâté" means "paste" in French. Pâté can be in the form of a meatloaf or a spread that can be put onto bread with a knife.

Pâté is very popular in French cooking.

Types
Foie gras is a famous type of Pâté made from the livers of ducks or geese.

Appetizers
Belgian food
French food
Offal
Vietnamese food
Meat

Pâté


Intellark is an Arabic keyboard layout for intuitive typing in Arabic. It was designed and patented by the Canadian company Intellaren. It is specifically designed for keyboard typists who type using QWERTY-based keyboard layouts.

Intellark mechanics

Unlike linear one-to-one keyboard layouts that typically map a single character to each key, Intellark is a one-to-many keyboard layout that maps one or more characters (Arabic letters and diacritics) to each key on a typical keyboard, where the second and beyond-second characters are produced as a function of key pressed and key timing. If the time difference between presses of the key is within tolerance (e.g., 300 milliseconds or less), the current character is replaced by another one that is of lesser frequency but is logically and intuitively related to the main key character.

Examples

 To type , press t.
 To type  as in  or , type t twice very rapidly.
 To type , you may either press t three times, or simply press T (i.e., Shift+t). Therefore, holding down the Shift key while pressing a certain key continuously accesses the adjacency list associated with that key in reverse order.
 For Key t's adjacency list,  is placed before  because of its higher frequency, which is in turn placed before  for the same reason.

External links
 Official site

Arabic-script keyboard layouts

Intellark