The Gary Becker Milton Friedman Institute for Research in Economics is a collaborative, cross-disciplinary center for research in economics. The institute was established at the University of Chicago in June 2011. It brought together the activities of two formerly independent economic research centers at the university: the Milton Friedman Institute for Research in Economics and the Becker Center on Chicago Price Theory, founded by Richard O. Ryan.

The institute is named for two globally influential economists: Gary S. Becker (1930–2014) and his mentor, Milton Friedman (1912-2006), both winners of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. While they pursued different scholarly paths, Becker and Friedman shared a fundamental belief that economics, grounded in empirical research, is a powerful tool to understand human behavior. While Friedman is known for his lasting contributions to macroeconomics and monetary economics, Becker is recognized for extending microeconomic analysis to a wide range of fields and topics such as marriage, the family, criminal behavior, and racial discrimination.

A collaboration of the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, Law School, Department of Economics, and the Harris School of Public Policy, the institute builds bridges across disciplines and subfields of economics. Its research conferences, workshops, and initiatives bring economists and scholars from related fields together to share perspectives and refine ideas. The institute also sponsors an active visiting scholars program and offers programs and support for students and promising young researchers.

The institute supports research initiatives in traditional Chicago strengths such as price theory, law and economics, and human capital, as well as topical inquiries into important policy issues such as fiscal imbalance, systemic risk, policy uncertainty, and economics of the family, and newer areas like field experiments in economics.

The institute is directed by Michael Greenstone. An Institute Research Council of distinguished faculty from collaborating university units advises the institute.

References

External links

Research institutes of the University of Chicago
Economic research institutes

Becker Friedman Institute for Research in Economics


Lactic acid bacteria are bacteria which make lactic acid. This is an end product of carbohydrate fermentation. The bacteria change carbohydrates to lactic acid and energy.

The bacteria are the order Lactobacillales.  Most of them are anaerobic: they do not need oxygen. Usually, they can live well in acidic environments. They are either rod-shaped, or spherical. They are found in decomposing plants and milk products.

Lactic acid bacteria are important, and they are common. There are about 40 genera. Some species occur in the gut of animals, including humans. Several lactic acid bacteria are pathogens: they cause infectious diseases.

Lactic acid fermentation has been used since the Stone Age. It makes food last longer, and be easier to digest. Lactic acid fermentation is used in the production of cheese and yogurt.

Adult humans originally could not digest milk products. Then, all humans were lactose intolerant (as, for example, cats are after weaning). Lactase persistence is the phenotype where genes prolonging the activity of lactase beyond infancy. Humans are unusual in having lactase persistence. We know it evolved fairly recently (in the last 10,000 years) among some populations. Still, most people worldwide are lactase nonpersistent. They cannot digest lactose products after weaning. The evidence is that lactose persistence grew in human groups who herded cattle. To them it was a great advantage: they could digest milk throughout life.

References

Bacteria
Digestive system

Lactic acid bacteria


The Gwere people, also called Bagwere, are a Bantu ethnic group in Uganda. They are among the 65 ethnic societies of Uganda. Gwere is the root word, and the people are referred to as Bagwere (endonym) or Mugwere (singular). According to the 2002 Census of Uganda, 23.6% of Bagwere are Roman Catholic, 46.8% are Anglican (Church of Uganda), 23.9% are Muslim and 3.1% are Pentecostal.

Location

The Bagwere occupy an area of 2,388.3 km in eastern Uganda, mostly in Budaka District, Pallisa District and Kibuku District, Butebo District, where they make up over 80% of the population. They have the Bagisu, the Basoga, the Balamogi and the Iteso, the Banyole and the Jopadhola (Badama) as their neighbors. The city of Mbale is home to some Bagwere. Bagwere are also found in the following towns in Eastern Uganda: Pallisa, Budaka, Kibuku, Kagumu, Kamonkoli, Kadama, Kabweri, Iki-Iki, Bulangira, Kaderuna, Tirinyi, Butebo and Kakoro.

The Bagwere are said to have emigrated to their present area from Bunyoro and Toro, and travelled along Lake Kyoga, crossing River Mpologoma. For this reason all the tribes that settled along the shores Kyoga like; Baluli, Bakenye, Balamogi have a similar language to Lugwere. Their initial area of settlement has shrunk considerably as the Iteso and the Bagisu have pushed the Bagwere's frontiers inwards.

The language of the Bagwere is Lugwere

Cultural structure
The Bagwere are one of the 65 indigenous communities in Uganda according to the Third Schedule of Uganda's Constitution (Uganda's indigenous communities as at 1 February 1926).

The Bagwere have many clans originating from different tribes including the following:

•Mubbala Kinyu Samuku Balamu Balalaka-Bengoma Clan
•Tazenya Henry Kamu Bakomolo-Nkobyokobyo Clan
•Kiore George William Bangwere Clan
•Kagino Obadia Bakaligwoko-Banamei Clan
•Tawonia Wilson Bapalama Clan
•Maiso Jonathan Kwiri Badeuke Clan
•Mulaiguli J. Samson Bakatikoko-Katikati Clan
•Mutono Eriamu Balunde Clan
•Wanzige Abel Balocho Clan
•Namoni Nathan Balalaka-Bakomba Clan
•Kirya Badru Babulanga Clan
•Gabbengere Christopher Balemeri (Nkembo)     Clan
•Mwereza Gastavas Bakabweri Clan
•Kirya Geoffrey Bakaligwoko-Bakituti Clan
•Wagombolya Amos Banyekero Clan
•Gwaku Yeku Esau Badaka Clan
•Padere K. Claudius Basobya Clan
•Kaali Akabu Bagolya Clan
•Mongosi Yokolamu Basikwe Clan
•Kanku Francis Bakaligwoko-Bagolo Clan
•Wasugirya Fred Bob Baikomba Clan
•Kabala Malijani Baganza Clan
•Dr. Kiryapawo Tomasi Baloki Clan
•Mwanika Kirizanto Banghole Clan
•Muwandiki Jamada Balumba Clan
•Bulolo Patrick Bakawolya Clan
•Kamusaiza Stephen Balalaka-Bayumbu Clan
•Waletelerya Abudu Badoba Clan
•Mbulambago James Bagema Clan
•Nabbola Abimereki Badukulo Clan
•Mbulakyalo Alozio Balabya Clan
•Tazenya Tomasi Bakatikoko-Bakidi Clan
•Muluga John Bosco Baigembe Clan
•Musayenka Dominic Bakyesa Clan
•Okou Danieri Bakamugewo Clan
•Guloba Peter Balefe Clan
•Abenga Kamya Abed Bakomolo-Bombo Clan
•Hajji Nfunyeku Jafali Balemeri Clan
•Kirya Felix William Banongo Clan
•Talyankona Yokosani Bawunga Clan
•Mukonge Issa Babeera Clan
•Seebe Twaha Bakyabulya Clan
•Nduga Wilson Banaminto Clan
•Kapisa Michael Bakaligwoko-Barweta Clan
•Hajji Nabwali Saibu Bafukanyi Clan
•Sisye Joram Bakalaga Clan
•Gantwase Efulaimu Baluba Clan
•Kadugala Isaa Balalaka-Bakidi Clan
•Wabwire Lala James Balala Clan
•Gole Nicholas Banamwera Clan
•Kisense Samuel Bansaka Clan
•Ochola Ben Baibere Clan
•Wadugu George Baseta Clan
•Taaya Peter Bagamole Clan
•Mugoda Ahamada Banyolo Clan
•Mivule Nimrod Balinda Clan
•Sajjabi S. Sulaiman Abengo Clan
•Wulira Abudalla Batego Clan
•Kasinyire Peter Bamango Clan
•Keni Bulasio Basobya Clan
•Mbulakyalo Geresom Baumo Clan
•Mugoya Samuel Bakoolia Clan
•Ntawo Boniface Balomi Clan
•Nakibbe Peter Bagoye Clan
•Onyait Zerubaberi Bakatikoko-Izima Clan
•Mujere Hamuzata Bakambe Clan
•Okurut Nikanoli Balalaka-Abanyana Clan
•Nabesya Jafali Banswenza Clan
•Tudde Abuneri Bakinomo Clan
•Napoma Christopher Bamesula Clan
•Onepuru Amuza Bangokho Clan
•Bonyo Talikula Stephen Bakaduka Clan
•Mukidi Moses Banyulya Clan
•Wakamba Samwiri Bakone Clan
•Wampula Rovers Bakaligwoko-Bayesi Clan
•Mudenya Sowali Baerya Clan
•Kitebe Twaha Boluko Clan
•Ochomo Michael Bakaligwoko-Baseta Clan
•Kamiza Abudu Basuswa-Abampiti Clan
•Yusufu Sadi Baisanga Clan
•Kidimu Bruhan Batenga Clan
•Igandi Ben Balemo Clan
•Mbulakyalo Alozio Balabya Clan
•Wenge Anthony Bayangu Clan

All clans of Bagwere are headed by a clan leader or the chief and one of the clan leaders is elected to be the "IKUMBANIA" and 86 Clans leaders of Bugwere subscribed to the Constitution of the "OBWA IKUMBAANIA BWA BUGWERE" of 14 November 2009 and elected the first chief cultural leader of the Bagwere His Highness KINTU SAMUKU BALAMU.

Intermarriage among members of the same clan is prohibited, as is the custom in most Bantu cultures.

Education
The Bagwere are few in number but many are very well educated. Over fifty of them hold either PhD's or master's degrees, degrees and diplomas from world-class reputable universities and other universities and institutions. Some notable Bagwere personalities over the years include:

 Kirya Balaki Kebba, Minister of State (for Security) Office of the President, NRC Member, Elected Member of Parliament 1962; Appointed Minister without portfolio; Minister of Works 1963; Minister of Mineral and Water.
 George Kirya, chairman, Uganda Health Services Commission, former vice chancellor of Makerere University, and former High Commissioner to the United Kingdom
 William Mukama, teacher and politician
 Jennifer Namuyangu, former State Minister for Water Resources (2006–2011) & former MP for Pallisa District Women's Representative (2001–2011)
 Jeremiah Twatwa - Physician & politician, the elected Member of Parliament for "Iki-Iki County", Budaka District (2011–2016)
Mulabbi Elliot - Engineer and politician, former district engineer Pallisa and Budaka districts, commissioner MoW eastern region.

Economic activities
The main economic activity of the Bagwere is subsistence crop agriculture and animal husbandry. To a lesser extent, fishing, fish farming and bee keeping are increasingly practiced in Pallisa District. The major crops include:

 Cassava
 Millet
 Sorghum
 Maize
 Groundnuts
 Beans
 Peas
 Sweet potatoes
 Rice
 Cotton
 Sunflower
 Soybeans
 Bananas
 Matooke

Cattle, goats, sheep, poultry, pigs, are some of the animals raised in the district. The district is further blessed with nine (9) minor lakes that comprise part of the Lake Kyoga system. The following are the nine lakes:

 Lake Lemwa
 Lake Kawi
 Lake Nakwa
 Lake Meito
 Lake Geme
 Lake Omunuo
 Lake Nyanzala
 Lake Nyaguo

There are nine (9) stocked fish farms in the district. Fish farming offers a big potential to increase the supply of fish for the population and hence improve on the nutrition of the population. Fish species include:

 Carp
 Oreochromis niloticus
 Clarias spp.

See also
 Pallisa District
 Pallisa

References

External links
The Culture of the Bagwere

The Luapula Peoples of Northern Rhodesia: Custom and History in ...
 https://books.google.com/books?id=eXi7AAAAIAAJ
Ian George Cunnison - 1959 - Bwili
The Leopard and Goat clans are paired because leopards eat goats. ... personal prefix as in MuShimba, BaShimba, a Leopard clansman, and Leopard Clan.

Ethnic groups in Uganda

Gwere people


The Children of Lir () is a legend from Irish mythology. It is a tale from the post-Christianisation period that mixes magical elements such as druidic wands and spells with a Christian message of Christian faith bringing freedom from suffering.

Naming and manuscripts
Named in Irish as Oidheadh Chlainne Lir, the tale is today often known simply as "The Children of Lir" but the title has also been rendered as The Tragic Story of the Children of Lir or The Fate of the Children of Lir, or, from the earlier title Aided Chlainne Lir, as The Violent Death of the Children of Lir.The English translation should properly be "The Children of Lear", Lir being a genitive, but the mistranslation has become culturally embedded.

In post 18th-century scholarship, the tale has often been grouped with the Oidheadh chloinne Uisnigh ("The Fate of the Children of Uisnigh") and Oidheadh chloinne Tuireann ("The Fate of the Children of Tuireann") as the Trí truagha na sgéalaigheachta, i.e. "The three sorrows of storytelling," also known as "The Three Sorrowful Tales of Erin."  Scholar and folklorist Robin Flower has suggested that all three tales may have had a common author sometime in the 14th century, by someone in the circle of the Mac Fhirbhisighs in north-west Connacht. These three tales have been collated and translated from the Irish language into English.

Manuscripts containing early versions of the tales include MS 72.1.38 and MS 72.2.6 at the National Library of Scotland, MS Egerton 164 at the British Library, and MS 24 A 13, and MS E vi 4 at the library of the Royal Irish Academy.

Summary

Based on ; a point summary is given in  Numerals refer to those in the point summary and in Duffy's text itself.

The legendary historical setting of the story is the end of the dominion of the Tuatha Dé Danann in Ireland, and the corresponding rise of the Milesians.

[2-9] Bodb Derg was elected king of the Tuatha Dé Danann, to the annoyance of Lir, who felt that he himself should have been chosen; Lir did not swear obedience to the new King, to the annoyance of those who had elected him, causing strife, though Bodb sought to appease them. After some time Lir's wife died — to appease Lir, Bodb gave one of his daughters, Aoibh, to him in marriage. Lir agreed that he would yield the lordship, and form an alliance — ending the strife.

[10-13] Aoibh bore Lir four children: one girl, Fionnghuala, and three sons, Aodh and twins, Fiachra and Conn. After the birth of the twins, Aoibh died, causing great grief to Lir, though he was bolstered by his love for the four children. Bodb then sent another of his daughters, Aoife, to marry Lir, which he accepted happily. The children were a joy both to Lir and to Bodb.

[14-18] After a short while, Aoife became jealous of the affection given to the four stepchildren, and she feigned illness for around a year. One day, she set out in her chariot with the four children, with design to kill them, and called her entourage to slay them, stating that because of them she had lost Lir's love, and promising them rich rewards. However, they would not help, so she drew a sword, but was not able to follow through with the act. Next she took them to Loch Dairbhreach and made them bathe, but once in the water, she cast a spell of metamorphosis in order to transform them into four white swans.

[19-23] Fionnghuala rebuked her, stating that her magic power was not as great as that of their friends to undo the spell, and warned her of the revenge she would face — she asked her to set a limit on the time of the spell. She set a period of three hundred years as a swan on Loch Dairbhreach; three hundred more on Sruth na Maoilé; and three hundred at Iorrus Domnann and Inis Gluairé. She also foretold that by expiration of the period of the spell, Lairgenn (the great-grandson of the King of Connacht), and Deoch (the great-granddaughter of the King of Munster) would be wed. Aoife relented a little and allowed the children to retain the power of speech, stating they would sing plaintive songs without equal, and that they would not be distressed by being in the forms of birds. Aoife then returned to Bodb's court — when he asked why the children were not with her, she claimed that Lir did not trust him with them, but Bodb was suspicious and sent messengers to Lir.

[24-32] On receiving the messenger, Lir became sad, realising that Aoife had done some harmful act. He then set out, and at the shores of Loch Dairbhreach, he encountered the swans singing with human voices. They told him of Aoife's evil act, and Lir and his people lamented, though that night they stayed and listened to the swans' song. Lir reached Bodb, and told him of Aoife's treachery. Bodb cursed her, saying her suffering would be greater than the children's, and asked what the worst form of being was that she could imagine — Aoife stated a Demon of the air was the worst, and on this Bodh struck her with a druid's wand, metamorphosing her into such a demon, so she flew off and remained that way.

[33-45] Bodb and the people of the De Danann went to Loch Dairbhreach and listened to the swans' singing. Milesians came too, and the music calmed and delighted all who heard it. After three hundred years the time came for the swans to go north to the cold Sruth na Maoilé. At this time it was proclaimed that no swan should be killed in Erin. At the Maoilé a cruel storm separated them, and though they eventually reunited their time there was wretched, with extremes of cold and weather to contend with, but they could not leave, as it was their lot to stay in the waters there.

[46-52] Eventually the swans came across a company of the De Danann and of the Milesians who had been seeking them, led by Aodh and Fergus sons of Bodb - near the mouth of the Banna. The swans enquired and received good news about the De Danann, Lir, and Bodb. After the allotted time the swans then left for Iorrus Domhnann. There they encountered a young man who took an account of their adventures.

[53-55] One night at Iorrus, the cold and weather became so intense that the waters froze, and the swans' feet froze to the ice. Because of their suffering they pleaded to the "King of Heaven" to ease the plight of birds, and having and professing faith in a "true God, perfect, truly intelligent" their pleading was heard, and from then they were protected from storms and bad weather. Eventually the time allotted to Iorrus Domhnann passed and they decided to go to Sioth Fionnachaidh, where Lir lived.

[56-61] However once there, they found it deserted, derelict, and overgrown. The next day they set off for Inis Gluairé — there many birds congregated around them at the lake. Eventually Saint Patrick and Christianity came to Ireland, and one day the holy man Mochaomhóg arrived at Inis Gluairé — the swans heard him ringing a bell calling matins, and became frightened at the sound. However Fionnghuala declared the sound of the bell would liberate them from the curse of the spell, and so they listened to it. When it finished they sang a song. The holy man heard their song, and discovered that it was swans that sang it. Speaking to them he asked if they were the Children of Lir, stating that he had travelled to that place for their sake.

[62-66] The swans put their trust in the holy man, and allowed him to bind them with silver chains. The birds felt no fatigue or distress in their situation in the company of the monk. Eventually the account of the swans reached Deoch, the wife of Lairgnen, the King of Connacht — she asked him to get the swans for her. He sent messengers immediately but the monk Mochaomhóg refused, making Lairgnen angry. He went to Mochaimhóg himself, and attempted to grasp the swans, but on his touch the swans' feathers fell off revealing three very old men, and an old woman, all lean, and very bony. On this Lairgnen left.

[67-70] Fionnghuala asked the monk to baptise them and to bury each, stating she sensed they were close to death. They were baptised, then died, and were buried. Mochaomhóg was sad for them. That was the fate of the children of Lir.

Adaptations in other media

Classical music
 The song Silent O Moyle, Be The Roar of Thy Water (the song of Fionnuala) from Thomas Moore's Irish Melodies, tells the story of the children of Lir.
Irish composer Geoffrey Molyneux Palmer (1882–1957) based his opera Srúth na Maoile (1923) on the legend of the children  of Lir.
 Irish composer Hamilton Harty (1879–1941) wrote the orchestral tone poem The Children of Lir (1938).
 Irish composer Redmond Friel (1907-1979) wrote the music for Joan Denise Moriarty's ballet The Children of Lír, which was performed by the Cork Ballet Company, accompanied by the Cork Symphony Orchestra under Aloys Fleischmann, during the Ballet Week of May 1950 in the Cork Opera House
 Irish composer Robert Lamb (born 1931) wrote The Children of Lir (1970), a suite for orchestra, with narrator.
 Irish composer Patrick Cassidy (born 1956) wrote The Children of Lir (1991), an oratorio with libretto in the Irish language.

Modern music
 Folk-rock group Loudest Whisper recorded an album The Children of Lir based on a stage presentation of the legend in 1973–74.
Folk metal-band Cruachan published a song called "Children of Lir" on their album Folk-Lore in 2002.
Pagan-metal group Primordial wrote a song called "Children of the Harvest" based on the legend.
"Children of Lir" is a song depicting the legend sung by Sora in her album Heartwood.
 Mary McLaughlin has an album Daughter of Lír on which there are two songs dealing with this legend, "Fionnuala's Song" and "The Children of Lir".
Sinéad O'Connor's song "A Perfect Indian" from the album Universal Mother contains references to "Lir's children".

Sculpture
 A statue of the Children of Lir, created by the sculptor Oisin Kelly and cast by Ferdinando Marinelli Artistic Foundry of Florence, Italy, is in the Garden of Remembrance, Parnell Square in Dublin, Ireland. It symbolises the rebirth of the Irish nation following 900 years of struggle for independence from England and, later, the United Kingdom, much as the swans were "reborn" following 900 years.
 Another statue depicting the legend is located in the central triangular green of the village of Castlepollard, County Westmeath, some three-miles northeast of Lough Derravaragh. A plaque outlines the famous story in several languages.
 A sculpture of the Children of Lir is situated in Ballycastle, County Antrim, close to the beach on the Sea of Moyle, where the children were cursed to spend 300 years.

Stained Glass
 Wilhelmina Geddes (Irish Artist 1887–1955). Stained Glass staircase window of eight panels commissioned by Belfast City Council Libraries, Museums and Art Committee 2 September 1929, completed March 1930. Currently located in the Ulster Museum, Belfast, not on display.

Literature
Patrick Kennedy (folklorist) adapted the tale as The Four Swans in The Bardic Stories of Ireland (1871).
P.W. Joyce (1827-1914) published the tale in his Old Celtic Romances, London: David Nutt, 1879
Douglas Hyde (1860-1949) published a translation in his Three Sorrows of Storytelling, London: Unwin Fisher, 1895
Thomas Wentworth Higginson adapted the legend as The Swan-Children of Lir, in Tales of the Enchanted Islands of the Atlantic (1898).
The legend was published as The Doom of the Children of Lir in The true annals of fairy-land: the reign of King Herla (1900).
Katharine Tynan, b. 1859 d. 1931, published the poem 'The Children of Lir' in 1907 as part of a collection entitled 'Twenty One Poems by Katharine Tynan: Selected by WB Yeats'.
T.W. Rolleston (1857-1920) included the tale in his Myths and Legends of the Celtic Race, London: Harrap, 1911
The story was retold as The Four White Swans in a 1916 publication.
Walter C. Hackett wrote a modern retelling of the tale of the Children of Lir in The Swans of Ballycastle, illustrated by Bettina, published by Ariel Books, Farrar, Straus & Young Inc., New York, 1954.
Deirdre Sullivan wrote Savage Her Reply, a version of the fable from the perspective of the stepmother, illustrated by Karen Vaughan, published by Little Island, Poland, 2020.

See also
 Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán, children of two parents who personify the sea in North Germanic sources
 Tullynally Castle, suggested as the location of Lir's castle because of its proximity to Lough Derravaragh
 Natalia O'Shea, vocalist and harpist, lead of the Russian Celtic-folk band named Clann Lir (the Family of Lir)

Notes

Sources

Translations

, revision of
Online HTML e-text edition via CELT : gaelic, english

References

External links

Early Irish literature
Mythological cycle
Ireland in fiction
Fiction about shapeshifting
Texts in Irish
Witchcraft in folklore and mythology

Children of Lir


Luwian was the language of the Luwian people. It is ordered under the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European languages. It died around 600 BCE. Linguists believe that it had two laryngeal consonants inherited from Indo-European, because their cuneiform writing had two symbols that represent laryngeal sounds.

Further reading

Indo-European languages

Luwian language


The Toronto Jazz Festival is a jazz event in Toronto which takes place for 10 days in late June through early July. Unlike the Beaches International Jazz Festival, most of the events are indoors and located throughout the downtown core. The hub of the festival is Nathan Phillips Square, with more than 40 other locations spread out all across the city. It attracts over 500,000 people and is the city's third largest annual music festival next to NXNE and The Beaches International Jazz Festival. Incorporating a blend of jazz styles - from straight-ahead to bop to fusion to avant-garde- with tastes of other genres (for example, blues, funk, R&B, hip-hop, Latin, etc...) the festival has something for everyone. It was formerly known as the DuMaurier Jazz Festival, until the ban on tobacco advertising by the federal government forced the need for a new sponsor. Today, the festival is sponsored by TD Bank and has since dropped the word "Downtown" from its title.

Originally started in 1987, the Festival was co-founded by Executive Producer Patrick Taylor and Former Artistic Director Jim Galloway; currently, the Artistic Director is Josh Grossman. Roy Thomson Hall, the CN Tower and Metro Convention Centre were the three venues for that inaugural season. Miles Davis, Roberta Flack and Tony Bennett were the headliners that year.

External links
 Toronto Jazz Festival
 2006 Artist Interviews

Music festivals in Toronto
Jazz festivals in Canada
Music festivals established in 1987
1987 establishments in Canada

Toronto Jazz Festival


Jake Eberts, OC (July 10, 1941 – September 6, 2012) was a Canadian film producer, executive and financier. He was known for risk-taking and producing a consistently high caliber of movies including such Academy Award-winning titles as Chariots of Fire (1981, uncredited), Gandhi (1982), Dances with Wolves (1990), and the successful animated feature Chicken Run (2000).

Life and career
Eberts was born John David Eberts in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, the son of Elizabeth (MacDougall), an interior decorator, and Edmond Eberts, who worked for an aluminum manufacturer. Eberts grew up in Montreal and Arvida. He attended Bishop's College School in Lennoxville, Quebec and graduated from McGill University (Bachelor of Chemical Engineering 1962) and Harvard Business School (MBA 1966). Eberts' working career began as a start-up engineer for L'Air Liquide in Spain, Italy, Germany and France. He then spent three years as a Wall Street investor. He moved to London, England in 1971, where he joined Oppenheimer & Co., rising to the position of managing director of the UK brokerage and investment company in 1976.

With Goldcrest Films
With no apparent prior interest in film, about 1977 he turned to film financing, and joined David Puttnam in founding Goldcrest Films, an independent film production company, for which he served as president and CEO. His first venture was the animated movie Watership Down.

While with the company in 1979, he made a disastrous personal investment of US$750,000 in Zulu Dawn, which took him almost a decade to recover from. He learned a great deal from this setback, as the output of the company was for the most part exceptional and financially rewarding, with such other films to its credit as The Howling, Chariots of Fire, Local Hero, Gandhi, The Killing Fields and The Dresser. Chariots of Fire and Gandhi won back-to-back Oscars in 1981 and 1982 respectively, and in the period from 1977 to 1983 the company's films received 30 Oscar nominations and won 15. He developed a reputation as an astute and shrewd financier. Rather than seek new talent, he chose to support established directors such as Sir Richard Attenborough, Roland Joffé, Jean-Jacques Annaud, John Boorman, many of whom have worked with him on several pictures.

He resigned from the company in 1984, but returned a year later to attempt to rescue it financially. From its early success of just a few years earlier, when it was seen as a possible saviour of the British film industry, the company had been brought to the brink of bankruptcy by the failure of three high-budget films – Revolution, The Mission and Absolute Beginners, all in 1985-1986.

Eberts continued on until 1987 when he resigned for the last time. The company would continue on under new ownership. Eberts detailed the disaster in his 1990 memoir, My Indecision Is Final: The Spectacular Rise and Fall of Goldcrest Films (co-authored with Terry Ilott).

As an independent
Meanwhile, in 1985 he founded Allied Filmmakers, with Jean Gontier and became an affiliate of Pathé. With this company, in 1986 he made his debut as executive producer for Annaud's The Name of the Rose, based on the best-selling novel by Umberto Eco. He since produced or executive produced John Boorman's Hope and Glory, his second pair of back-to-back Oscar winners Driving Miss Daisy, Dances with Wolves, Robert Redford's A River Runs Through It and Henry Selick's adaptation of Roald Dahl's James and the Giant Peach. During this period Eberts was also responsible as executive for the expensive flop, The Adventures of Baron Munchausen, which went on to some popular success in home videocassette and DVD rentals.

Eberts moved to Paris in 1991.

Dances with Wolves was an early picture of Eberts to feature a Native American theme. Later productions included (as producer or executive producer), Bruce Beresford's Black Robe (1991), The Education of Little Tree (1997), and Richard Attenborough's Grey Owl (1999). The latter three pictures were all produced in Canada.

He also served as a co-executive producer (with Jeffrey Katzenberg) of Chicken Run. Other animated films Eberts produced include The Nutcracker Prince (1990), The Princess and the Cobbler, James and the Giant Peach, Doogal and Renaissance, and The Illusionist.

National Geographic Feature Films
In 2002, Eberts became chairman of National Geographic Feature Films (NGFF) and executive produced such titles as the live action animal feature Two Brothers by Jean-Jacques Annaud. He also branched out into documentaries including Prisoner of Paradise, which was nominated for Best Picture in the feature documentary category at the 2003 Academy Awards, and America's Heart and Soul (2004). Under his direction, NGFF had an enormous success in 2005 by distributing the sleeper documentary March of the Penguins (original French title, La Marche de l'empereur) and he was working again recently with the Chariots of Fire director Hugh Hudson on a nature epic to be shot in Canada.

His final project, Jerusalem, an Imax 3D production due for release in 2013, chronicles a day in the life of three teenagers, a Jew, a Muslim and a Christian, in the Holy City. He had also been developing The Last Empress, a $60 million joint Sino-American venture about the ruthless Empress Dowager Cixi, who effectively controlled the Qing dynasty in the late 19th century.

Honours and other achievements
In 1992 Eberts became an Officer of the Order of Canada. He was also awarded honorary doctorates by McGill University in 1998 and by Bishop's University in 1999. He served on the board of the Sundance Institute and the Sundance Channel. He was also co-founder and CEO of MPI International, which provides high-speed, two-way video transmission capabilities to telcos, cable companies, hotels, hospitals, and schools.

By 2005, Eberts had been associated with films garnering 66 Oscar nominations, including nine for Best Picture. In 2006, March of the Penguins won the Oscar for Best Documentary.

In Bishop's College School, the tennis court is named "Jake and Fiona Eberts Memorial Tennis Court".

Death
Eberts was diagnosed in late 2010 with uveal melanoma, a rare cancer of the eye, which spread to his liver. He died at the age of 71 in Montreal on September 6, 2012.

Filmography
He was a producer in all films unless otherwise noted.

Film

Thanks

Television

Thanks

See also
List of Bishop's College School alumni

References

External links
 Recent Biography
 Jake Eberts Tribute Wall

1941 births
2012 deaths
Bishop's University alumni
Film producers from Quebec
Canadian expatriates in England
Officers of the Order of Canada
Bishop's College School alumni
Anglophone Quebec people
Canadian media executives
Businesspeople from Montreal
Harvard Business School alumni
McGill University Faculty of Engineering alumni
Deaths from cancer in Quebec
Deaths from uveal melanoma

Jake Eberts


Abruzzo Citra or Abruzzo Citeriore was a province of the Kingdom of Naples established by Charles of Anjou when he divided Giustizierato of Abruzzo (founded by Frederick II) into two parts: Ultra flumen Aprutium Piscariae (Aprutium beyond the Pescara) and Aprutium citra flumen Piscariae (Aprutium this side of the Pescara).

Abruzzo Citra was located south of the Pescara river and within the area of today's Abruzzo region of Italy, and for the most part within the present Province of Chieti; the seat was the city of Chieti.

Today the term citra is associated with table wines produced in this region of Abruzzo and exported overseas.

See also
Abruzzo Ultra

References

Sources
:it:Abruzzo Citra

Provinces of the Kingdom of Naples
Geographical, historical and cultural regions of Italy
Abruzzo
Province of Chieti

Abruzzo Citra


Fresno Chandler Executive Airport  is a public use airport  west of the central business district of Fresno, California, United States. It is owned by the City of Fresno and managed by the city's Airports Division.

Chandler Airport opened in November 1929 and served as Fresno's primary airport for civil and commercial aviation until 1948.

Today, Chandler is mostly used by general aviation aircraft and is a designated as a reliever airport for the larger Fresno Yosemite International Airport, located  northeast which is served by commercial airlines.

Sierra Sky Park Airport, a privately owned airport open to the public, that also serves general aviation aircraft, is located  north.

History
Fresno Chandler Executive Airport is one of the oldest operational airports in California. Its history stretches back to the end of World War I. At the time, there were no facilities for aviation in the Fresno area. Recognizing the problem, husband and wife Wilber F. Chandler and Edna Maria Goble allowed pilots to take off and land in their fields once the crops were harvested. Pilots called the site "Chandler Field."

Efforts to raise funds for a permanent aviation field in Fresno started in the early 1920s. One notable fundraiser was the "World's Greatest Aerial Circus" held at the Chandler farm on the afternoon of Thanksgiving Day 1923, featuring races, parachute jumps and dual wing walking.

In 1929, the Chandler family donated 100 acres of land to the city to be used as a public-use airfield. The site was named after the family and opened as Chandler Air Field in November 1929. The airport was used by both civil and commercial aviation.

On March 23, 1930, Charles Lindbergh and his wife landed briefly at the airport and were greeted by a crowd of 20,000.

The Works Progress Administration (WPA) funded the construction of the airport terminal and administration building along with other support buildings in 1936. , the building still stands and remains in active use. It is considered to be one of the most intact WPA funded airports in the United States. The WPA also extended Chandler's runway to 4,000 feet in 1938. However, despite the investments, it was already clear that the small facility would not be able to accommodate the increasingly larger airplanes used by the commercial airlines.

In early 1941, shortly before the United States officially entered World War II, the United States Army Air Corps Southwest Air District took over the airport while nearby Hammer Field was being built. Hammer Field opened in June 1942 and all military activity moved there.

After the end of the war, Hammer Field was inactivated by the Army Air Forces, and in 1946 the War Assets Administration reallocated the property to the city of Fresno. The now civilian airport re-opened in 1948 as the Fresno Air Terminal (FAT) (it has since been renamed the Fresno Yosemite International Airport). Trans World Airlines (TWA) and United Airlines flights to San Francisco/Oakland and Los Angeles moved from Chandler Field to the newly opened airport.

After the move, Chandler Airport was designated as a reliever airport for Fresno Yosemite International Airport and has been marketed as an executive airport located closer to Downtown Fresno.

Facilities and aircraft
Fresno Chandler Executive Airport covers  at an elevation of  above mean sea level. It has one asphalt paved runway designated 12/30 that is .

For the 12-month period ending May 9, 2017 the airport had 24,885 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 68 per day. At that time there were 124 aircraft based at this airport: 83% single-engine, 7% ultralight, 6% multi-engine, 4% helicopter, and 1% jet.

See also

 California World War II Army Airfields

References

 www.airfieldsdatabase.com

External links

Airports in Fresno County, California
San Joaquin Valley
Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in California

Fresno Chandler Executive Airport


David Blaine (born David  Blaine White on April 4, 1973) is an American magician. He has set and broken several world records.

Early & personal life

Blaine was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York City. His father, William Perez, was a Vietnam veteran. His mother was Patrice Maureen White, a school teacher.

At the age of four, he saw a magician performing at a magic show in the subway, and became interested in the subject. Growing up, he was raised by his single mother. He attended many schools. When he was ten years old, his mother married another man, and the family moved to Little Falls, New Jersey.

Blaine has a half-brother named Michael James Bukalo. When he was 17 years old, he moved to Manhattan.

Blaine married Alizee Guinochet. They have one daughter, Dessa, who was born in January 2011. Blaine and Guinochet separated in 2014.

Stunts and specials

Since 1997 and throughout his life, Blaine has been doing all kinds of stunts. Some of them include (in time order):

 Street Magic and Magic Man
 Buried Alive
 Frozen in Time
 Vertigo
 Mysterious Stranger
 Above the Below
 Drowned Alive
 Revolution
 Guinness World Records
 Dive of Death
 Electrified: One Million Volts Always On

Charity and more

Every year, David Blaine has traveled all across the country and the world to perform magic for children.

On January 15, 2010, David Blaine started performing "Magic For Haiti" in Times Square. He performed for 72 hours. He raised nearly one hundred thousand dollars.

David Blaine has traveled internationally. He has performed for President Bill Clinton and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, President George W. Bush, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld (at the Pentagon), Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, Henry Kissinger, Bill Gates and Mayor Michael Bloomberg. He has also performed magic for the President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev, the President of Georgia Mikheil Saakashvili, the President of Ukraine Victor Yanukovych, and the President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev. David Blaine has also performed for Lakshmi Mittal.

Blaine has performed for many other people, including Google founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin, Woody Allen, Jack Nicholson, Robert De Niro, Al Pacino, and Muhammad Ali. Blaine has also performed magic alongside Michael Jackson.

Other websites

 David Blaine Gyroscope Image Gallery
 Below The Above official website

 David Blaine: How I held my breath for 17 min TED talk

1973 births
Living people
American autobiographers
American magicians
People from Brooklyn

David Blaine


"Come Wander with Me" is the final episode to be filmed of the American television series The Twilight Zone. ("The Bewitchin' Pool", however, was the last to be broadcast.) This episode introduced Bonnie Beecher in her television debut.

Opening narration

Plot
The "Rock-A-Billy Kid", Floyd Burney, arrives at a small town in search of a new song. He is directed to a dilapidated shop in the woods run by a reclusive old man. After his offer of money in exchange for an original song is rebuffed, Floyd hears a voice singing and wanders off through the woods to find the singer, not seeing a nearby tombstone inscribed with his name "Floyd Burney, the Wandering Man."

In the foggy woods, Floyd twice passes a woman in a black shawl, whom he fails to see. Next to a lake, he encounters the singer, Mary Rachel, who reluctantly plays a song for him about two lovers who meet in the woods. Floyd offers to buy the song rights, but she claims it isn't for sale. By seducing her, he convinces her to sing part of the song into his tape recorder. As Mary Rachel sings, the mysterious woman in black is watching. This woman appears to be a mourning Mary Rachel.

Sometime later, a young man named Billy Rayford shows up with a rifle. "The Rayford brothers" have been mentioned in the song and Mary Rachel has said that she is "bespoke" unto Billy Rayford. Billy accuses Floyd of seducing his intended bride and tries to take Floyd back to his brothers, but Floyd resists. He accidentally kills Rayford and starts the tape recorder playing. The recording has a new verse that Mary Rachel hadn't previously sung. The new verse reflects the event that just happened ("You killed Billy Rayford/ 'neath an old willow tree..."), and foreshadows a future attack. Floyd runs off, dragging Mary Rachel with him while she tries to convince him to stay.

Mary Rachel sings a new verse of the song where Billy Rayford's three brothers find Billy's body, mourn his death near the lake, and vow to avenge Billy. As Floyd prepares to flee, Mary Rachel begs him to stay, hoping things will be different "this time". She implies that these same events have occurred many times before, but when he suggests that she has been with different men, she says it is always Floyd. As Floyd runs away, he looks back and sees that Mary Rachel is now dressed in black, with a black shawl, mourning, and professing her love for Floyd.

Floyd makes it back to the shop in the woods where the old man declines to help him hide. Floyd clubs the old man over the head, then hides among the musical instruments. When he bumps a music box, it starts playing, and soon all the instruments in the shop are chiming, ringing, or clanging. The three Rayford brothers arrive, see the old man's body, and close in on Floyd. As Floyd is shot, the camera returns to the tombstone in the first scene, thus fulfilling the prophecy within the song that Floyd would die.

Closing narration

Production notes
According to The Twilight Zone Companion, Liza Minnelli auditioned for the role of Mary Rachel, but was so nervous during the audition she was rejected.  Although this was the third-to-last episode broadcast, this was the last episode in the series to be filmed.  (The last original episode to be broadcast was "The Bewitchin' Pool".  The last episode to be broadcast during the original run—as a repeat—was "The Jeopardy Room".)

In an interview, episode director Richard Donner stated he thought Bonnie Beecher "was going to become a very important actress" and asserted that he (not Bill Froug) selected Beecher over Minnelli for the role because he thought she was "incredible."

According to The Twilight Zone: The 50th Anniversary Tribute, by Carol Serling and Douglas Brode, in this episode which aired May 22, 1964, "Gary Crosby played the first Bob Dylan-style 'folkie' to appear on the small screen."

Contrasted against writer Anthony Wilson's other writing and production efforts, the episode is tersely described as "poor" in Irwin Allen Television Productions, 1964-1970, and as possessing "twists and turns that render it virtually incoherent" in The Twilight Zone Companion.

The song ("Come Wander With Me")
The song "Come Wander With Me" was composed by Jeff Alexander and Anthony Wilson and sung by actress Bonnie Beecher. The song intertwines with the story, building verse by verse alongside the events in the episode. Parts of the lyrics are not complete, since two of the ten verses are not sung in full. However, the song has been used in several places since its 1964 broadcast:

Alexander himself used an instrumental version of "Come Wander With Me" as part of his score for Jerry Thorpe's 1968 western Day of the Evil Gun.
The original song (as sung by Bonnie Beecher) was featured on the soundtrack of Vincent Gallo's 2003 film The Brown Bunny, included on the compilation Late Night Tales: Air, and used as background music in Belgian director Koen Mortier's 2006 television commercial for Dutch insurance company RVS, which shows flying men with open umbrellas.

References

External links

Come Wander with Me song Lyrics

1964 American television episodes
The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series season 5) episodes

Come Wander with Me


Herbert J. Woodall was a British mathematician.

In 1925 Lt.-Col. Allan J.C. Cunningham and Woodall gathered together all that was known about the primality and factorization of such numbers and published a small book of tables. "These tables collected from scattered sources the known prime factors for the bases 2 and 10 and also presented the authors' results of thirty years' work with these and the other bases."

Since 1925 many people have worked on filling in these tables. It is likely that this project is the longest, ongoing computational project in history. Derrick Henry Lehmer, a well known mathematician who died in 1991 was for many years a leader of these efforts. Professor Lehmer was a mathematician who was at the forefront of computing as modern electronic computers became a reality. He was also known as the inventor of some ingenious pre-electronic computing devices specifically designed for factoring numbers. These devices are currently in storage at the Computer Museum in Boston.

A generalized Woodall number is defined to be a number of the form

nbn − 1,

where n + 2 > b; if a prime can be written in this form, it is then called a generalized Woodall prime.

References

20th-century British mathematicians
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing

H. J. Woodall


The Foksal Gallery or Galeria Foksal is a non-commercial gallery space in Warsaw, Poland established in 1966, that shows works by contemporary avant-garde artists.

History
The Foksal Gallery was founded in 1966 by a group of Polish art critics and artists, which included one of the founder members of the Polish Constructivist Group of the 1920s. From the outset the gallery's activities were underpinned by the strong philosophical basis embodied within the essay "Wprowadzenie do ogolnej Teorii Miejsca (Introduction to the general Theory of Place)" (1966). The critics associated with the Foksal Gallery; Anka Ptaszkowska, Mariusz Tchorek, Wiesław Borowski established the gallery as a "place, a sudden gap in the utilitarian way of world comprehension", in which art could exist without reference to context or history, a place exempt from outside rules or influence. They also proposed that the venue, "as the most authentic theme of the event", was now to become the actual subject. In addition to the aforementioned critics, the artist-founders at the Foksal included Tadeusz Kantor,
Roman Owidzkiego, Edward Krasinski (whose signature blue Scotch tape intervention still winds its way through the gallery's ancillary spaces), Zbigniew Gostomski and Henryk Stażewski.

Zbigniew Gostomski (b. 1932), a founder artist of the Foksal Gallery, held the inaugural exhibition on 1 April 1966 showing works of his Optical Objects series. Tadeusz Kantor and Wlodzimierz Borowski were involved in actions at the gallery during the 60's.  The Foksal succeeded in showing work of an avant-garde nature throughout the communist era, apart from a short period of martial law, during which it was 'closed for renovation'. For its first twenty years the Foksal Gallery functioned within the state controlled system, nonetheless succeeding in developing an internationally significant programme of contemporary art under the Directorship of Wieslaw Borowski in co-operation with Andrzej Turowski. Milada Ślizińska also curated a series of exhibitions. Jaromir Jedlinski (previously of the Museum Sztuki in Łódź), was the gallery's Director from July 2006 until August 2008. Nowadays the gallery is run by the younger generation of curators: Katarzyna Krysiak (Artistic Director/Head Curator), Lech Stangret and Monika Weychert Waluszko.

The gallery acted under the auspices of the Laboratory of Arts Plastycznych (PSP) until 1982, then under SBWA until 2001. At present, it remains government funded under the Mazovia Region Centre For Culture and Art (MCKiS).

The Foksal Gallery has for many years been one of the most influential art galleries in Poland, with shows by many internationally acclaimed artists including Christian Boltanski, Henryk Stażewski, Joseph Beuys, Royden Rabinowitch, Anselm Kiefer, Luc Tuymans, Bill Viola, Tadeusz Kantor, Ian Hamilton Finlay, Koji Kamoji, Leon Tarasewicz, Douglas Gordon, Matthew Barney, Marek Chlanda and Victor Burgin  among many other notable names.

In 1997 the Foksal Gallery Foundation was formed to widen the scope of activities of the gallery. Initially based within the Foksal Gallery, the Foksal Gallery Foundation moved out in 2001 and now operates, somewhat controversially (because of the historic "Foksal" brand usage among others), as an independent and commercial entity, that has nothing to do with the Foksal Gallery activities whatsoever.

Name and Location
The gallery is named after Foksal, the name of the street at the end of which it can be found. 'Foksal' is said to be a Polish corruption of 'Vauxhall' the name given to the street when the Foksal park area was created in the nineteenth century by a merchant who had been inspired by the atmosphere of London's Vauxhall Pleasure Gardens in Vauxhall.

Artists
Artists shown at the gallery include:

Paweł Althamer
Giovanni Anselmo
Richard Ashrowan
Mirosław Bałka
Matthew Barney
Robert Barry
Johanna Bartl
Krzysztof M. Bednarski
Anna Beller
Jerzy Bereś
Joseph Beuys
Christian Boltanski
Włodzimierz Borowski
Daniel Buren
Victor Burgin
Alan Charlton
Marek Chlanda
Stanisław Cichowicz
Tomasz Ciecierski
Tony Cragg
Michael Craig-Martin
Jonas Dahlberg
Małgorzata Dawidek Gryglicka
Peter Downsbrough
Stanisław Dróżdż
Druga Grupa (Jacek Stokłosa, Lesław Janicki, Wacław Janicki)
Lars Englund
Diana Fiedler
Joel Fisher
Peter Flemming
Jarosław Fliciński
Tom Friedman
Wojciech Gilewicz
Douglas Gordon
Zbigniew Gostomski
Alexander Hahn
Alexander Hamilton
Ian Hamilton Finlay
John Hiliard
Susan Hiller
Alain Jacquet
Rafał Jakubowicz
Zuzanna Janin
Katarzyna Józefowicz
Koji Kamoji
Tadeusz Kantor
Niek Kemps
Anselm Kiefer
Job Koelewijn
Eustachy Kossakowski
Jarosław Kozłowski
Edward Krasiński
Piotr Lutyński
Dawid Mach
Robert Maciejuk
Tom Marioni
Angelika Markul
Ian McKeever
Annette Messager
Deimantas Narkevičius
Edward Narkiewicz
Anna Niesterowicz
Marzena Nowak
Jerzy Nowosielski
Roman Opałka
Achille Perilli
Peter Pommerer
Joanna Przybyła
Royden Rabinowitch
Arnulf Rainer
Wilhelm Sasnal
Jadwiga Sawicka
Gregor Schneider
Roman Signer
Roman Siwulak
Mikołaj Smoczyński
Maria Stangret Kantor
Henryk Stażewski
Gerda Steiner
((Marek Szczesny))
Andrzej Szewczyk
Leon Tarasewicz
Zygmunt Targowski
Tomasz Tatarczyk
Luc Tuymans
Piotr Uklański
Ben Vautier
Bernar Venet
Bill Viola
Lawrence Weiner
Franz West
Krzysztof Wodiczko
Włodzimierz Jan Zakrzewski
Artur Żmijewski

Notes

External links
Foksal Gallery /Galeria Foksal official web site
The Foksal Gallery Deposit, Centre for Contemporary Art, Ujazdowski Castle
Half a Century of the Foksal Gallery – Video

Art museums and galleries in Poland
Buildings and structures in Warsaw
Art galleries established in 1966
1966 establishments in Poland
Tourist attractions in Warsaw

Foksal Gallery


James S. Gale (February 19, 1863 – January 31, 1937) was a Canadian Presbyterian missionary, educator and Bible translator in Korea.

In modern Korean, his name is written as . In old Sino-Korean, .

Early life
Gale was born on February 19, 1863, in Alma, Ontario, Canada. His father John Gale was a Scottish immigrant who moved to Canada in 1832. His Pennsylvania Dutch mother Miami Bradt was from Hamilton, Ontario. Together they had six children, of which James was the fifth.

In 1882 Gale entered St. Catharine's Collegiate Institute, St. Catharines, Ontario. From 1884 to 1888 Gale studied arts at the University of Toronto, including the summer of 1886 at the Collège de France, Paris on a language course. During his first year of study he heard Dwight L. Moody preach and was deeply impressed. Gale graduated with a B.A. from the University College of the University of Toronto in 1898.

Career
After graduation, on April 12, 1888, he was appointed a missionary of Toronto University's YMCA and was sent to Korea. On November 13, 1888, he set sail from Vancouver, arriving in Pusan on 12 December, from where he took a coastal vessel to Jemulpo, present-day Incheon.

In 1889 he visited Haeju, in Hwanghae province and from there moved to Sollae (often called Sorae) village, in Jangyeon District, Hwanghae from March to June. This village was home to Seo Sang-ryun, one of the first Korean Protestants and his brother, who had been baptized by Horace Grant Underwood. From August 1889 to May 1890 he lived in Pusan. In 1890 he taught English at the "Christian School" (예수교 학당). In February 1891 he and Samuel A. Moffet visited John Ross (who had first attempted to translate the Bible into Korean) in Mukden, Manchuria and returned to Seoul in June.

In August 1891, terminating the relationship with the Toronto University YMCA, he moved to the American Presbyterian Mission Board, North. From 1892 to 1897 the Gales lived in Wonsan while Gale served as member of the "Board of Official Translators" of the Korean Bible. He worked with Henry G. Appenzeller, Horace G. Underwood, William B. Scranton, and William D. Reynolds.

In 1897 he returned to Canada and the US, and on May 13 was ordained as a Presbyterian minister at New Albany Presbytery, Indiana. In 1900 he became the first minister of Yondong Presbyterian Church (연동교회) in Seoul.

As an educationalist, he founded the Jesus Church Middle School, present Kongsin Middle and High School, as well as Yondong Girls' School, presently Chongsin Girls' School, in Seoul.  In 1904 he organized the Association of Korean Education with the members of the Yondong Church. In 1917 he founded the Korean Music Society.

In May 1927 he resigned as pastor of Yondong Church, leaving Korea on June 22, a year before official retirement (he officially retired from mission work on August 31, 1928). Gale died on January 31, 1937, at the age of 74 in Bath, England. He is buried in Lansdown Cemetery, Bath.

Personal life
He married twice. On April 7, 1892, he married Harriet E. Gibson Heron, the widow of John W. Heron, M.D., also of the American Presbyterian Mission, North, who had died in Korea on June 26, 1890. Harriet Gale died on March 29, 1908, aged 48. On April 7, 1910, he was remarried to Ada Louisa Sale (born in Cheshire, England, 1871). Her father, George Sale, was a businessman in Japan.

Legacy

His linguistic skills were essential in the work of Bible translation. He was unable to publish a considerable portion of what he wrote or translated and much remains to be published in his papers in the University of Toronto.

Gale commenced work as part of Henry G. Appenzeller's Bible translation team in 1892 and worked on part of Gospel of Matthew and Ephesians, then the Book of Acts (1893) and Gospel of John (1895) Gale's work has considerable influence on all following Korean versions.
In 1890 Gale worked with Horace G. Underwood on A Concise Dictionary of the Korean Language, a small booklet. His own Korean-English Dictionary appeared in 1897. A Korean-English Dictionary followed in 1914.
In 1893 he was also the translator of the first work of Western literature to be printed in the Korean hangul script, Pilgrim's Progress by John Bunyan (in Korean 천로역정).
Gale translated some pages of ancient Korean history from the Dongguk Tonggam publishing them in the monthly magazine Korean Repository between 1893 and 1896. He also translated (for the first time) a number of sijo poems, publishing them in the same magazine
In 1897 Gale published the book Korean Sketches (Chicago: Fleming H. Revell), a collection of often amusing essays about daily life in Korea, some previously published in the Repository.
In 1899 Gale became correspondent for "North China Daily News" of Shanghai, China. He was also editor  "Kurisdo Sinmun" (Christian News)1905 and "Yesukyo Sinbo" (Christian Herald) 1907.
In 1900 the first Mrs. Gale, who was suffering from tuberculosis, went to Switzerland with her daughters, where they remained for six years.
In 1900 Gale founded Yeondong Church in Seoul, where he remained as pastor until he left Korea. In the same year, he was one of the founding members of the Royal Asiatic Society Korea Branch, of which he became Corresponding Secretary, and on October 24 he presented the first paper, on "The Influence of China upon Korea." Later, in 1915, he served as the Society's president.
In 1903 Gale travelled via the Trans-Siberian Railway to Switzerland, where he spent six months. At this time he wrote and published his only work of fiction, the novel The Vanguard (New York: Fleming H. Revell).
1909, a year before Korea was annexed by Japan, Gale published Korea in Transition which focusses mainly on the changes in Korean society introduced by the work of the Protestant missions.
In 1917 Gale established the monthly Korea Magazine (published in English). He was its editor and almost its only contributor. The magazine ceased publication in April 1919, amidst the Japanese crackdown after the March 1 Independence Movement.

1922 Gale published the first literary work of Korean to be translated into English The Cloud Dream of the Nine (구운몽,九雲夢) by Kim Manjung (김만중) 1637–1692.
Disagreeing with some of the over-literal translations in the official version of the Bible, in 1925 he published his own private translation of New and Old Testaments.
In 1924–1926 Gale wrote his History of the Korean People, publishing it in installments in The Korea Mission Field. This was a much more personal and poetic vision of Korean history than the scholarly History published by Homer Hulbert nearly two decades before.
Among the many institutions Gale founded or was involved in founding, in 1903 Gale was one of the founding members of the Hansong Young Men's Christian Association, presently the Korean YMCA and was elected as its first president.
In memory of Gale's achievements, the Centre for the Study of Korea (CSK) at the University of Toronto hosts the annual James Scarth Gale translation prize for non-fiction pieces of writing on Korea. The top prize-winner is awarded a sum of $2,500.

James Scarth Gale online
Korean-English Dictionary (Yokohama: Kelby) 韓英字典, Part 2
Korean Sketches (Chicago: Fleming H. Revell)
The Vanguard (New York: Fleming H. Revell)
Korea in Transition (New York: Young People's Missionary Movement of the United States and Canada)
Korean Folk Tales (London: J.M. Dent)
(Translation) Kim Man-Choong, The Cloud Dream of the Nine (London: Daniel O'Connor)

Scholarly articles
Korean Coolie. The Korean Repository, Vol.III (December, 1896), pp. 475–481.
Trip Across Northern Korea. The Korean Repository, Vol. IV (March 1897), pp. 81–89

In Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society Korea Branch

The Influence of China upon Korea. I:1-24. 1900.
Han-Yang (Seoul). II, part Il:1-43. 1902.
The Korean Alphabet.  IV, part I:12-61. 1912–13.
Selection and Divorce.  IV, part III:17-22. 1913.
The Pagoda of Seoul.  VI, part II:1-22. 1915.
The Diamond Mountains.  XIII:1-67. 1922.
A Shipwreck (Korean) in 1636 A.D. XV:3-22. 1924.

Korean mythological origins

James Scarth Gale said that Koreans claimed to be descended from the gods with slight admixture from Chinese.

References

Canadian Presbyterian missionaries
University of Toronto alumni
Koreanists
Translators of the Bible into Korean
1863 births
1937 deaths
Presbyterian missionaries in Korea
Canadian expatriates in Korea
Missionary linguists

James Scarth Gale


Sera Chöding Hermitage (Se ra chos sdings ri khrod), affiliated with Sera Monastery, is situated in Lhasa prefecture of Tibetan Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. It is located close to the Sera Monastery and faces south. The hermitage has a yellow house, which was originally built by the Tibetan Guru Tsongkhapa who spent many years there, spread over several occasions.  It was his favourite meditating place and he wrote his great work, the "Great Commentary on the Prajñāmūla (Rtsa shes Dīk chen), while in residence. He also taught there. It is also known as the hermitage where Tsongkhapa entrusted his Tantric teachings to Rje shes rab seng ge (1383–1445), the founder of the Tantric Colleges.

Geography

Sera Chöding Hermitage is very near Sera Monastery; it lies just behind the Great Assembly Hall, about 15 minutes walk up the Purbochok hill which surrounds the Sera Monastery complex. The hermitage is reached by a track (footpath) where painted rock carvings of Tsongkhapa, Jamchen and Dharma Raja (the protector) are seen flanking the stepped approaches, along the route. A new building has been constructed in place of the old hermitage, which was destroyed during the 1959 Revolution. Below the hermitage are the Upper Tantric College (Gyuto) and Lower Tantric College (Gyu-me) of Lhasa. A further climb up the hill leads to caves where Tsongkhapa meditated.

History

As the main retreat centre of Je Tsongkhapa, the hermitage is credited as the location where, apart from his teaching assignments, he wrote many scriptures, of which his Great Commentary on the "Prajñāmūla (Rtsa shes Dīk chen)" is best known. Thus, from 1419, the hermitage has been the venue of many historic events associated with Tsogkhapa.  These include being the location where his most favoured disciple, Mkhas grub rje (1385–1438) met him.  Byams chen chos rje (1354–1435), known as the supreme master, Jamchen Choeje Shakya Yeshe (one of the eight famous disciples of Tsongkhapa known as flag bearers of his teachings and the founder of Sera Monastery) was ordered to go to China as his emissary.

The hermitage is also revered as the location where Tsongkhapa subdued the "site-spirit" that was transformed into a protector of Buddhism, and where Tsongkhapa fully initiated Rje shes rab seng ge (1383–1445), the founder of the Tantric Colleges in to Tantric teachings. While entrusting the secrets of the tantric teachings contained in the text, Tsongkhapa is also said to have given to Rje shes rab seng ge the mask of Chogyel, the skull-club that he had found, his own skull-cup inner offering bowl, a statue of "Guhyasamaja (gSang-ba 'dus-pa)", and seven special thangka (thang-ka) scroll paintings.

Rje shes rab seng ge's association resulted in the monastery's affiliation with the Lower Tantric College. The hermitage also became one of the colleges where the annual ritual cycle (tantric) was observed. Prior to 1959, Sera deputed a monk to this hermitage as caretaker of the main temple. Subsequent to the permission granted by the Chinese to rebuild smaller monasteries in the precincts of Lhasa, the hermitage was formally taken over by the Sera Monastery. It is now under the care of a monk who keeps the hermitage open for pilgrims and visitors.

Structure
The hermitage complex faces south. It has several structures built along the west–east direction. The "yellow retreat hut" seen here was the main hermitage of Tsongkhapa's (1357–1419). According to a local legend, the 'local site-spirit' (gzhi bdag) used to enter through a small window in this house to meet Tsonkhapa. A further legend is that a fresco of Tsongkhapa on the wall in the room is stated to be a speaking-statue, an "image that speaks" (gsung byon ma).

A large temple or Assembly hall ('du khang), immediately below the yellow retreat hut to its east, is the Lower Tantric College where the annual ritual cycles or chos thog is observed.  The frescoes seen in the "clerestory of the temple" are of pre-1959 vintage. The second floor of this temple is an administrative office. It also provides guest house accommodation to the visiting officials and clergy of the Tantric College (sngags pa grwa tshang).

Apart from the above buildings, other structures of importance are the two Dharma compounds (chos rwa); one courtyard is next to the main temple, while the other is in the vicinity of a spring. The spring, sacred to the "White Manjushri", was discovered on advice given by the abbot of Sera, Dge bshes seng ge (d. 1990s); its water is reported to have some curative properties. A small building has also been erected at the location where Tsongkhapa sat (known as a 'throne') and gave his discourses which resulted in compilation of the book titled "The Ocean of Reasoning (Rigs pa'i rgya mstho). Many huts and caves in the precincts of the hermitage were used by Tsongkhapa's disciples. The location of the hermitage also provides an impressive view of Sera Monastery complex.

References

External links
Coordinates of Choding monastery

Buildings and structures completed in the 14th century
Buddhist hermitages in Lhasa
Sera Monastery
Chengguan District, Lhasa

Sera Chöding Hermitage


Bush v. Gore was a United States Supreme Court (SCOTUS) ruling from December 11, 2000 that stopped Florida's manual recount because different Florida counties had different rules for deciding what should count as a valid vote. SCOTUS also disliked the fact that the Florida recount was limited to undervotes (rather than having all of Florida's ballots be manually recounted) and said that there was no time for a new recount in Florida since Florida's Supreme Court said that the Florida state legislature wanted Florida to take advantage of the "safe harbor" deadline on December 12, 2000.

In Bush v. Gore, seven Justices (everyone other than Ruth Bader Ginsburg and John Paul Stevens) agreed that there were Equal Protection problems with Florida's recount, five Justices (everyone other than Ginsburg, Stevens, David Souter, and Stephen Breyer) said that there was no time for a new Florida recount, and three Justices (Chief Justice William Rehnquist, Antonin Scalia, and Clarence Thomas) went a step further than this by saying that in addition to violating the Equal Protection Clause, Florida's Supreme Court also violated Article II of the United States Constitution by changing Florida's election laws.

SCOTUS's Bush v. Gore ruling got a lot of criticism but was also defended in a long 2001 law review article by George Mason University law professor Nelson Lund.

References

2000 in the United States
United States Supreme Court cases
United States law

Bush v. Gore


The postpartum (or postnatal) period begins after childbirth and is typically considered to last for six weeks. However, there are three distinct but continuous phases of the postnatal period; the acute phase, lasting for six to twelve hours after birth; the subacute phase, lasting six weeks; and the delayed phase, lasting up to six months. During the delayed phase, some changes to the genitourinary system take much longer to resolve and may result in conditions such as urinary incontinence.  The World Health Organization (WHO) describes the postnatal period as the most critical and yet the most neglected phase in the lives of mothers and babies; most maternal and newborn deaths occur during this period.

In scientific literature, the term is commonly abbreviated to Px, where x is a number; for example, "day P5" should be read as "the fifth day after birth". This is not to be confused with the medical nomenclature that uses G P to stand for number and outcomes of pregnancy (gravidity and parity).

A woman giving birth may leave as soon as she is medically stable, which can be as early as a few hours postpartum, though the average for a vaginal birth is one to two days. The average caesarean section postnatal stay is three to four days. During this time, the mother is monitored for bleeding, bowel and bladder function, and baby care. The infant's health is also monitored. Early postnatal hospital discharge is typically defined as discharge of the mother and newborn from the hospital within 48 hours of birth.

The postpartum period can be divided into three distinct stages; the initial or acute phase, 8–19 hours after childbirth; subacute postpartum period, which lasts two to six weeks, and the delayed postpartum period, which can last up to six months. In the subacute postpartum period, 87% to 94% of women report at least one health problem. Long-term health problems (persisting after the delayed postpartum period) are reported by 31% of women.

Various organizations recommend routine postpartum evaluation at certain time intervals in the postpartum period.

Acute phase

The first 6 to 12 hours after childbirth is the initial or acute phase of the postpartum period. During this time the mother is typically monitored by nurses or midwives as complications can arise.

The greatest health risk in the acute phase is postpartum bleeding. Following delivery the area where the placenta was attached to the uterine wall bleeds, and the uterus must contract to prevent blood loss. After contraction takes place the fundus (top) of the uterus can be palpated as a firm mass at the level of the navel. It is important that the uterus remains firm and the nurse or midwife will make frequent assessments of both the fundus and the amount of bleeding. Uterine massage is commonly used to help the uterus contract.

Following delivery if the mother had an episiotomy or tearing at the opening of the vagina, it is stitched.  In the past, an episiotomy was routine. However, more recent research shows that routine episiotomy, when a normal delivery without complications or instrumentation is anticipated, does not offer benefits in terms of reducing perineal or vaginal trauma. Selective use of episiotomy results in less perineal trauma. A healthcare professional can recommend comfort measures to help to ease perineal pain.

Infant caring in the acute phase

Within about 10 seconds the infant takes its first breath and the caregiver places the baby on the mother's chest.  The infant's condition is evaluated using the Apgar scale.  The Apgar score is determined by evaluating the newborn baby on five criteria which are summarized using words chosen to form an acronym (Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration). Until recently babies were routinely removed from their mothers following birth; however beginning around 2000, some authorities began to suggest that early skin-to-skin contact (placing the naked baby on the mother's chest) is of benefit to both mother and infant. As of 2014, early skin-to-skin contact, also called kangaroo care, is endorsed by all major organizations that are responsible for the well-being of infants. Thus, to help establish bonding and successful breastfeeding, the caregiver carries out immediate mother and infant assessments as the infant lies on the mother's chest and removes the infant for further observations only after they have had their first breastfeed, depending on the mother's preference.  The World Health Organization (WHO) also encourages skin-to-skin contact for the first 24 hours after birth to help regulate the baby's temperature.

Subacute postpartum period
The subacute postpartum starts after the acute postpartum period concludes and can last for two to six weeks.

Physical recovery in the subacute postpartum period

In the first few days following childbirth, the risk of a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is relatively high as hypercoagulability increases during pregnancy and is maximal in the postpartum period, particularly for women with C-section with reduced mobility. Anti-coagulants or physical methods such as compression may be used in the hospital, particularly if the woman has risk factors, such as obesity, prolonged immobility, recent C-section, or first-degree relative with a history of thrombotic episode. For women with a history of thrombotic event in pregnancy or prior to pregnancy, anticoagulation is generally recommended.

The increased vascularity (blood flow) and edema (swelling) of the woman's vagina gradually resolves in about three weeks. The cervix gradually narrows and lengths over a few weeks. Postpartum infections can lead to sepsis and if untreated, death. Postpartum urinary incontinence is experienced by about 33% of all women; women who deliver vaginally are about twice as likely to have urinary incontinence as women who give birth via a cesarean. Urinary incontinence in this period increases the risk of long term incontinence. In the subacute postpartum period, 87% to 94% of women report at least one health problem.
Kegel exercises are recommended to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles and control urinary incontinence.

Discharge from the uterus, called lochia, will gradually decrease and turn from bright red, to brownish, to yellow and cease at around five or six weeks. Women are advised in this period to wear adult diapers or nappies, disposable maternity briefs, maternity pads or towels, or sanitary napkins. The use of tampons or menstrual cups are contraindicated as they may introduce bacteria and increase the risk of infection. An increase in lochia between 7–14 days postpartum may indicate delayed postpartum hemorrhage.

Hemorrhoids and constipation in this period are common, and stool softeners are routinely given. If an episiotomy or perineal tear had to be sutured, the use of a donut pillow allows the woman to sit pain-free or at least with reduced pain.

Some women feel uterine contractions, called afterpains, during the first few days after delivery.  They have been described as similar to menstrual cramps and are more common during breastfeeding, due to the release of oxytocin.  The cramping is the  compressing of the blood vessels in the uterus to prevent bleeding.

Infant caring in the subacute period

At two to four days postpartum, a woman's breastmilk will generally come in. Historically, women who were not breastfeeding (nursing their babies) were given drugs to suppress lactation, but this is no longer medically indicated. In this period, difficulties with breastfeeding may arise. Maternal sleep is often disturbed as night waking is normal in the newborn, and newborns need to be fed every two to three hours, including during the night. The lactation consultant, health visitor, monthly nurse, postnatal doula, or kraamverzorgster may be of assistance at this time.

Psychological disorders
During the subacute postpartum period, psychological disorders may emerge. Among these are postpartum depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and in rare cases, postpartum psychosis. Postpartum mental illness can affect both mothers and fathers, and is not uncommon. Early detection and adequate treatment is required. Approximately 70–80% of postpartum women will experience the "baby blues" for a few days. Between 10 and 20 percent may experience clinical depression, with a higher risk among those women with a history of postpartum depression, clinical depression, anxiety, or other mood disorders. Prevalence of PTSD following normal childbirth (excluding stillbirth or major complications) is estimated to be between 2.8% and 5.6% at six weeks postpartum.

Maternal-infant postpartum evaluation
Various organizations across the world recommend routine postpartum evaluation in the postpartum period. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recognizes the postpartum period (the "fourth trimester") as critical for women and infants. Instead of the traditional single four- to six-week postpartum visit, ACOG, as of 2018, recommends that postpartum care be an ongoing process. They recommend that all women have contact (either in person or by phone) with their obstetric provider within the first three weeks postpartum to address acute issues, with subsequent care as needed.  A more comprehensive postpartum visit should be done at four to twelve weeks postpartum to address the mother's mood and emotional well-being, physical recovery after birth, infant feeding, pregnancy spacing and contraception, chronic disease management, and preventive health care and health maintenance. Women with hypertensive disorders should have a blood pressure check within three to ten days postpartum. A 2023 systematic review of the literature suggests monitoring the blood pressure at home of women in the postpartum period appears to help with overall blood pressure measures and supports overall patient satisfaction. More than one half of postpartum strokes occur within ten days of discharge after delivery. Women with chronic medical (e.g., hypertensive disorders, diabetes, kidney disease, thyroid disease) and psychiatric conditions should continue to follow with their obstetric or primary care provider for ongoing disease management. Women with pregnancies complicated by hypertension, gestational diabetes, or preterm birth should undergo counseling and evaluation for cardiometabolic disease, as lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease is higher in these women.

Similarly, the World Health Organization recommends postpartum evaluation of the mother and infant at three days, one to two weeks, and six weeks postpartum.

Delayed postpartum period
The delayed postpartum period starts after the subacute postpartum period and lasts up to six months. During this time, muscles and connective tissue returns to a pre-pregnancy state. Recovery from childbirth complications in this period, such as urinary and fecal incontinence, painful intercourse, and pelvic prolapse, are typically very slow and in some cases may not resolve. Symptoms of PTSD often subside in this period, dropping from 2.8% and 5.6% at six weeks postpartum to 1.5% at six months postpartum.  During this period, infant sleep during the night gradually increases and maternal sleep generally improves.

Approximately three months after giving birth (typically between two and five months), estrogen levels drop and large amounts of hair loss is common, particularly in the temple area (postpartum alopecia). Hair typically grows back normally and treatment is not indicated.

Many factors figure into the likelihood of post natal problems including the size of the infant; the method of delivery, such as c-section, or of forceps; perineum trauma from either an episiotomy or natural tearing; and the physical condition of the birth mother. Conditions that may result from childbirth include uterine prolapse, cystocele, rectocele, fecal incontinence, and urinary incontinence.  Other conditions that may also arise in this period include postpartum thyroiditis.  Long-term health problems (persisting after the delayed postpartum period) are reported by 31% of women.

Ongoing physical and mental health evaluation, risk factor identification, and preventive health care should be provided .

Return to work
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends women take at least six weeks off work following childbirth.  In the U.S., the only national maternity leave provision is covered by the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), which entitles new parents to up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave. However, 60% of new parents are unable to afford taking unpaid leave for six weeks.  According to U.S. Department of Labor statistics, only 17% have access to paid leave.

The National Partnership for Women & Families, an organization that works to promote the wellbeing of women and families, says "the benefits of paid family leave in states that have introduced it include improved worker morale, time for parents to bond with their children, increased breastfeeding, more children getting vaccinations on time, cuts in children's hospital admissions and reduced probabilities of having ADHD and hearing problems."

The United States is the only country in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) that does not provide paid maternity, paternity, and parental leave.  Thirteen countries, including eight of the European countries and Colombia, Costa Rica, Chile, and Mexico offer at least three months of equivalent pay.

Cultures

Postpartum confinement refers to a system for recovery following childbirth. It begins immediately after the birth, and lasts for a culturally variable length: typically for one month or 30 days, up to 40 days, two months or 100 days. This postnatal recuperation can include "traditional health beliefs, taboos, rituals, and proscriptions." The practice used to be known as "lying-in", which, as the term suggests, centres around bed rest. (Maternity hospitals used to use this phrase, as in the General Lying-in Hospital.) Postpartum confinement customs are well-practiced in China, where it is known as "sitting the month", and similar customs manifest all over the world. A modern version of this rest period has evolved, to give maximum support to the new mother.

See also
 Parental leave
 Postpartum physiological changes
 Puerperal disorder
 Sex after pregnancy

References

External links
 eMedicine: Normal and Abnormal Puerperium
 Patient UK: Postnatal Care (Puerperium)
 NHS: Postnatal post-traumatic stress disorder
 Postpartum care of mother and newborn: WHO
 Postpartum period: First 6 Weeks After Childbirth: Uofmhealth

Childbirth
Human pregnancy
Maternal health
Midwifery
Motherhood
Obstetrics
Women's culture
Women's health

Postpartum period


Find Me is Happy Rhodes most recent studio album, released October 19, 2007. Rhodes collaborated with artists who made contributions to the album, these include guitarist Bon Lozaga and bassist Hansford Rowe of Gongzilla, bassist Carl Adami, guitarists Teddy Kumpel and Jon Catler and pianist Rob Schwimmer.

Overview
Rhodes' 11th studio album to be released, the songs were originally recorded in 2001 but due to the costs of mastering, the album was not released on public sale until October 2007. There are currently no singles released from the album and Rhodes had made no claims to be releasing one.

To assist with the costs of recording and producing the CD herself, Rhodes released a "sampler" disc to fans in 2005 which consisted of 8 tracks from the album. These discs were sold at Rhodes' live performances in January 2005 at the Tin Angel in Philadelphia, PA. The left over discs were sold on the Ecto mailing list, selling out quickly. The sampler album is no longer available.

A 12th song was recorded – named "Shutdown" – but Rhodes did not include it on the final release of the album.

Track listing
All songs are written by Happy Rhodes.

"One and Many" – 4:36
"Little Brother" – 4:35
"Find Me" – 5:13
"She Won't Go" – 3:56
"Here and Hereafter" – 4:18
"Charlie" – 4:01
"Can't Let Go" – 5:28
"Queen" – 4:34
"Treehouse" – 6:25
"Chosen One" – 3:45
"Fall" – 4:51

Personnel

Happy Rhodes – All vocals, Acoustic Guitar, Programming, original artwork
Bob Muller - Drums, Hand Drums, Percussion, Yang Chin
Hansford Rowe - Electric Bass on tracks 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10
Teddy Kumpel - All electric Guitars, plus Tamburica Solo and Acoustic Guitar on track 5
Rob Schwimmer – Piano
Carl Adami - Bass on track 9, ostinato on track 11
Jon Catler - Fretless Electric Guitar solo on track 7
Trey Gunn - Warr Guitar on track 8
Bon Lozaga - Electric guitar on track 5
Fab - Additional programming, string arrangements on tracks 2, 10
Michael Seifert - Orchestral arrangement on track 7, Additional programming on track 10

External links
Rhodes' announcement of the albums completion

References

2007 albums
Happy Rhodes albums

Find Me (Happy Rhodes album)


Changuu Island (also known as Kibandiko, Prison or Quarantine Island) is a small island  northwest of Stone Town, Unguja, Zanzibar, Tanzania.  The island is around  long and  wide at its broadest point.  The island saw use as a prison for rebellious slaves in 1860s and also functioned as a coral mine.

The British First Minister of Zanzibar, Lloyd Mathews, purchased the island in 1893 and constructed a prison complex there.  No prisoners were ever housed on the island and instead it became a quarantine station for yellow fever cases.  The station was only occupied for around half of the year and the rest of the time it was a popular holiday destination.  More recently, the island has become a government-owned tourist resort and houses a collection of endangered Aldabra giant tortoises which were originally a gift from the British governor of the Seychelles.

History
Changuu is named after the Swahili name of a fish which is common in the seas around it, though it is shown as "Kibandiko Island" on some older maps, but this name is no longer used.  The island was uninhabited until the 1860s when the first Sultan of Zanzibar, Majid bin Said, gave it to two Arabs who used it as a prison for rebellious slaves prior to shipping them abroad or selling them at the slave market in Zanzibar's Stone Town.

Zanzibar became a British protectorate following the 1890 Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty with Germany, this resulted in the appointment of a British First Minister, Lloyd Mathews, in October 1891.  Mathews purchased Changuu from its Arab owners on behalf of the Zanzibar government in 1893 with the intention of building a prison upon it.  The prison was to have housed violent and recidivist criminals from the part of the African mainland which was then under the jurisdiction of Zanzibar.  Despite the prison buildings being completed in 1894, causing the island to become known commonly as "Prison Island", the facility never housed prisoners.

The British authorities were concerned by the risk of disease epidemics affecting Stone Town, then East Africa's main port.  To combat this threat Changuu was turned into a quarantine island serving all of the British territories in East Africa.  The old prison was converted into the facility's hospital and in 1923 the island was officially renamed Quarantine Island.  Quarantine cases would be taken from the ships and monitored on the island for between one and two weeks before being allowed to progress with their journey.  The main disease that was monitored was Yellow Fever.

Ships typically only arrived in East Africa during the period running from December to March and so the island was usually empty of quarantine cases for a large part of the year.  During the empty period the island became a popular leisure resort for European people and local residents of Zanzibar.  A building, known as the European Bungalow, was built in the late 1890s to cater for the holiday makers although the number of visitors had to be limited as the only freshwater on the island was rainwater stored in underground tanks.  Large pits on the island remained from earlier coral mining for use as a construction material and these pits were cleaned out and used as swimming pools.  A new complex of quarantine buildings was erected in the south-west of the island in 1931 which gave an improved quarantine capacity of 904 persons.

Giant tortoises

In 1919 the British governor of Seychelles sent a gift of four Aldabra giant tortoises to Changuu from the island of Aldabra.  These tortoises bred quickly and by 1955 they numbered around 200 animals.  However people began to steal the tortoises for sale abroad as pets or for food and their numbers dropped rapidly.  By 1988 there were around 100 tortoises, fifty in 1990 and just seven by 1996.  A further 80 hatchlings were taken to the island in 1996 to increase the numbers but 40 of them vanished.  The Zanzibar government, with assistance from the World Society for the Protection of Animals (Now known as World Animal Protection) built a large compound for the protection of the animals and by 2000 numbers had recovered to 17 adults, 50 juveniles and 90 hatchlings.

The species is now considered vulnerable and has been placed on the IUCN Red List by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.  More tortoises, mainly juveniles, continue to be brought to the island from other locations for conservation.  There is a dedicated foundation on the island which looks after the tortoises' welfare.  Visitors are able to observe and feed the tortoises.

Changuu today

The island lost its use as a quarantine station, but remained in the ownership of the government who converted the newer quarantine buildings into a guesthouse.  This ceased to function but has since been reopened as a hotel by a private company.  There are 15 holiday cottages in the northwest of the island as well as a tennis court, swimming pool and library and the old European Bungalow has been turned into a restaurant named after Mathews.  Freshwater is transported to the island via an underwater pipe from the Zanzibar mainland.

The island is still owned by the government, which charges a US$4 entry fee.  The old prison remains standing, providing shelter for some of the tortoises and the cells can be visited.

References

Bibliography
.

Islands of Zanzibar
Zanzibar City
Prison islands

Changuu


Minty is a 1998 comedy television series, in which Australian actress Angela Kelly appeared in the dual roles of Minty and Melanie (an Australian girl and an English girl who are identical in appearance).

The 13-episode series was co-produced by Scottish Television (now STV Central) and RT Films in association with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and supported by ScreenWest and The Lotteries Commission of Western Australia.

Cast
 Angela Kelly as "Minty Sullivan" / "Melanie Hobson"
 Damian De Montemas as "Shane Connor"
 Kim De Lury as "Cameron Davis"
 Vivienne Garrett as "Pamela-Anne"
 Bill Kerr as "Willie Courtnay"
 Michael Loney as "Lionel Hobson"
 Phineas Glover as "Alex Hobson"
 Peter O'Brien as "Ric da Silva"

Plot

When British schoolgirl Melanie Hobson wins a trip to Australia in a competition, she is amazed to discover, on arrival at the airport, that she has a double, Minty Sullivan, an Australian soap opera star. Minty who is getting tired of her life as a soap-opera actress, is dressed as Cinderella as part of a prize for a fan of Minty's television program (the winner has won the right to be Minty's partner at an awards ceremony). Melanie and Minty swap identities, and Melanie keeps Minty's appointment as Cinderella.

After this, Minty and Melanie often swap places – with almost nobody suspecting the truth of the situation. Although the two girls seem to be identical in many ways, there are significant differences between the two. For instance, Melanie is good at sport – but Minty is not; Melanie can sing – but Minty can't; Minty can dance – but Melanie can't; Minty is studious – but Melanie is not; Minty knows about wildlife – but Melanie does not (Melanie thinks that whales are fish).

Melanie has parents and a brother – as well as many aunts and uncles in England. However, Minty has no family. The two girls manage to share in each other's lives – both in England and Australia – by continuing to swap identities. In the final episode they finally switch places for good, Melanie starting a singing career while Minty enjoys the chance to have a real family.

Episodes
 No Worries, Cinderella
 No Probs, Princess
 If I Were You
 Dangerous Creatures
 I've Got Who Babe?
 Between Rock 'n' Roll and a Hard Place
 The Great Escape
 Secret Identity
 Good One, Sport
 Reality Bites Back
 All The World's A Stage
 Double Exposure
 All Good Things

Soundtrack
"I Wanna Be Free" was released as a single from the TV show's 1999 soundtrack "Minty: Favourite Songs From The Hit TV Series". "I Wanna Be Free" made it to #67 on the official United Kingdom singles charts on the week of 23 January 1999. Angela Kelly sings every song on the ten-track soundtrack. The soundtrack was released by Virgin Records.

Track list
 I Wanna Be Free
 Wish I Could
 Don't Look Back
 Secret Identity
 In Your Head
 Hard Habit To Break
 Destination Somewhere Wonderful
 Show Me
 Snakes And Ladders
 I Found Myself in You

DVD release
The Complete Series was released on DVD in Region 4 exclusively on the Taylor Media web store on Tuesday 14 December 2010.

Trivia
The Australian Broadcasting Corporation originally intended to follow up the series with a sequel. However, this never happened.
The programme was re-aired in 2009 on wknd@stv – a children's television strand on Scottish television channel, STV.

References

External links

Minty – official website – Australian Broadcasting Corporation
 – official website – Taylor Media Production Company (website contains synopsis, credits, and production information for the series)
 – Minty The Complete Series – official DVD
Minty on STV Player

1998 Australian television series debuts
1998 Australian television series endings
1998 British television series debuts
1998 British television series endings
1990s British children's television series
Australian Broadcasting Corporation original programming
Australian children's television series
1990s Australian comedy television series
British comedy television shows
Television series about teenagers
Television shows produced by Scottish Television
Television shows set in Western Australia

Minty (TV series)


Baron Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler (25 December 181113 July 1877) was a German theologian and politician who served as Bishop of Mainz. His social teachings became influential during the papacy of Leo XIII and his encyclical Rerum novarum.

Early life and ordination
Ketteler was born in Münster in Westphalia. In 1828 he finished the Matura in Brig, Switzerland far away from his home. He studied theology at Göttingen, Berlin, Heidelberg and Munich, and was ordained priest in 1844. He resolved to consecrate his life to maintaining the cause of the freedom of the Church from the control of the State. This brought him into collision with civil power, an attitude he maintained throughout a stormy and eventful life.

Scholar and politician
Ketteler was instead a man of action than a scholar, and he first distinguished himself as the deputy for the District of Tecklenburg and Warendorf at the Frankfurt National Assembly, a position to which he was elected in 1848, and in which he soon became noted for his decision, foresight, energy, and eloquence.

Bishop
In 1850 he was made bishop of Mainz, by order of the Vatican, in preference to the celebrated Professor Leopold Schmidt, of Gießen, whose Liberal sentiments were not agreeable to the Papal party. When elected, Ketteler refused to allow theology students in his diocese to attend lectures at Giessen and ultimately founded an opposition seminary in the diocese of Mainz itself.

Educator
He also founded religious institutes of School Brothers and School Sisters to work in the various educational agencies he had called into existence, and he labored to institute orphanages and rescue homes. In 1851, he founded the congregation of the Sisters of Divine Providence, with Stephanie Amelia Starkenfels de la Roche.

Death and legacy
He died at Burghausen, Upper Bavaria in 1877.

In Mainz, "Workers' Day" is celebrated in honor of the Bishop. The Herz-Jesu-Kirche, Mainz was built in honor of Ketteler. The fuchsia cultivar "Baron de Ketteler" is named after him. Ketteler's nephew, Klemens von Ketteler, was Germany's envoy in China and was murdered during the Boxer Rebellion.

He is cited in Pope Benedict's encyclical Deus caritas est for his role in the Catholic social tradition.

Views
In 1861, Ketteler published a book on reconciliation between Catholics and Protestants in Germany, Freiheit, Autorität, und Kirche; in it, he proposed the founding of a prayer society "for the Reunion of Christendom". Ketteler was friends with Julie von Massow, a Lutheran woman from Prussian nobility, who indeed founded such a prayer society.

When the question of papal infallibility arose, he opposed the promulgation of the dogma on the ground that such promulgation was inopportune. But after the dogma was defined, he submitted to the decrees (in August 1870).

In 1858, Ketteler threw down the gauntlet against the State in his pamphlet on the rights of the Roman Catholic Church in Germany. In 1863 he adopted Ferdinand Lassalle's views. He published his Die Arbeitfrage und das Christenthum. He was the strongest opponent of the State in the Kulturkampf provoked by Prince Otto von Bismarck after the publication of the Vatican decrees, and was largely instrumental in compelling that statesman to retract the pledge he had rashly given, never to "go to Canossa." To such an extent did Bishop von Ketteler carry his opposition that in 1874 he forbade his clergy to take part in celebrating the anniversary of the Battle of Sedan, and declared the Rhine to be a "Catholic river."

Notes

References

External links
A Catholic View of the Economy: Excerpt from Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler's "The Labor Question and Christianity" (1864)

1811 births
1877 deaths
People from Münster
People from the Province of Westphalia
Barons of Germany
Bishops of Mainz (1802-present)
Centre Party (Germany) politicians
Members of the Frankfurt Parliament
Members of the First Chamber of the Estates of the Grand Duchy of Hesse
Members of the 1st Reichstag of the German Empire
19th-century German Catholic theologians
19th-century German Roman Catholic bishops
19th-century German male writers
Participants in the First Vatican Council
University of Göttingen alumni
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Heidelberg University alumni
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
German male non-fiction writers

Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler