Ronnie James Dio  (born Ronald James Padavona; Julie 10, 1942Mey 16, 2010) wis an American hivy metal sangster, sangwriter an muisicker. He frontit an/or foondit numerous groups includin Elf, Rainbow, Black Sabbath, Dio, an Heaven & Hell.

References

1942 births
2010 daiths
American rock sangsters
American hivy metal sangsters
American male sangsters
American fowk o Italian strynd
American rock bass guitarists
American tenors
Rainbow (rock baund) members
Black Sabbath members
Dio (baund) members
Daiths frae cancer in Californie
Fowk frae Cortland, New York
Muisickers frae New Hampshire
Fowk frae Portsmouth, New Hampshire
American fantasy writers
Kerrang! Awards winners
20t-century American sangsters
21st-century American sangsters
American agnostics
American male novelists
20t-century American novelists
Daiths frae painch cancer
Buirials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)

Ronnie James Dio


The Y chromosome is a chromosome that decides the sex in most mammals, including humans. It contains the gene SRY, which triggers testis development, so making an animal male or female.

Normal females have two X chromosomes, and normal males have one X and one Y. An egg always carries a single X, while sperms carry either an X or a Y. That is how sex is determined in humans.

Related pages
Sex determination
Karyotype
Chromosome
J1 (Y-DNA)

References

Other websites
 Genetic Genealogy: About the use of mtDNA and Y chromosome analysis in ancestry testing
 Human Genome Project Information — Human Chromosome Y Launchpad
 On Topic  — The Y Chromosome - From the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research
 Nature — focus on the Y chomosome
 National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) — Use of Novel Mechanism Preserves Y Chromosome Genes
 Ysearch.org - Public Y-DNA database
 Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC)

Biological reproduction
Chromosomes

Y chromosome


Karuvelam Pookkal is a 2000 Indian Tamil-language film, directed by Poomani. It was jointly produced by National Film Development Corporation of India, and Doordarshan. It stars Nasser, Raadhika, Thalaivasal Vijay and Charle among others. The film's music is composed by Ilaiyaraaja.

Plot
It is a graphic picture of the abject misery of the rural poor. Its hard hitting message screams at you from the screen, loud and clear. Hitherto, there seemed to be only a couple of angles to Child labour in India, viz., children losing out on their carefree childhood and basic formal education. But there are so many other unthought of issues too, says scriptwriter and director Poomani, through the film Karuvelam Pookkal, jointly produced by NFDC and Doordarshan.

Karisalkulam, a small village, is inhabited mainly by Farmers. When the arid land offers them nothing but penury, enter the match factory owners from nearby villages. They lure the credulous, illiterate villagers into sending their daughters to work at the factories from dawn to much after dusk. The initial euphoria of a steady income gives way to despair, as is clearly brought out through the story of Nallamuthu (Nasser), his wife Vadivu (Raadhika) and their three children. Mariyappan (Charle) is the Match factory agent in charge of finding child labourers for the factory. While the children slog in the factories the men of the household become lazy appendages who spend their time getting drunk. Nasser, as the cynical father, who does not wish to get his daughter married because he does not want to forgo the income, has rendered a splendid performance in Karuvelam Pookal. Mention must be made of the scenes in which he cries aloud at his tragedies and when his impotent anger is turned towards the agents of the match factories. Radhika's is another sterling portrayal. In the role of a responsible mother caught between her husband's apathy and avarice and her children's untold suffering, she indeed lives the character. Sonia is the eldest daughter, Dhanalakshmi. Caught in the quagmire of drudgery and in the strangulating web of poverty, she seeks a way out, but sadly the respite is too short lived. A convincing essay by the young Actress. The visuals of the opening sequences transport you to the days of Bharatiraja's movie 16 Vayadhinilae. The beautifully captured rustic ambience is another creditable show by Thangar Bachan who has wielded the camera. The dialect, the innocent humour, the openness and the gullibility – Poomani presents them all with absolute vividness.
The factories need only young girls and the boys therefore escape the hardship. After stressing on this point throughout, it is strange to see the boy accompany his sister to work, in the end. The fragrance of Karuvelam Pookkal is bound to last in the minds of the discerning audience. A film that makes you think.

Cast
 Nasser as Nallamuthu.
 Raadhika as Vadivu.
 Charle as Mariappan.
 Thalaivasal Vijay as Teacher.
 Shakthi as Thangavelu.
 Soniya as Dhanalakshmi.

Soundtrack
The music composed by Ilaiyaraaja.

Awards
 Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize in 1996

International Film festivals
The film was screened at the Zanzibar International Film Festival in 1998.

References

External links

2000 films
Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja
2000s Tamil-language films

Karuvelam Pookkal


Keoke Cotner (born July 11, 1971) is an American professional golfer who played on the Nationwide Tour.

Cotner joined the Nationwide Tour in 2000. In his rookie year on Tour he recorded three top-10 finishes and won the Buy.com Oregon Classic. The following year he also recorded three top-10 finishes while finishing in a tie for second twice. In 2002 he recorded his career best finish on the money list, 25th, while recording four top-10 finishes including a tied for second. From 2003 to 2009 he recorded nine top-10 finishes including a runner up finish in 2004, 2005 and 2008.

His brother, Kawika, is also a professional golfer and has played on the PGA Tour and the Nationwide Tour.

Professional wins (1)

Buy.com Tour wins (1)

External links

American male golfers
North Texas Mean Green men's golfers
PGA Tour golfers
Golfers from Texas
Sportspeople from Veracruz
People from Bedford, Texas
1971 births
Living people

Keoke Cotner


Rochdale College was an experiment in student-run alternative education and co-operative living in Toronto, Canada from 1968 to 1975. It provided space for 840 residents in a co-operative living space. It was also an informal, noncredited free university where students and teachers would live together and share knowledge. The project ultimately failed when it could not cover its financing and neighbours complained that it had become a haven for drugs and crime.

Co-operative housing experiment
Rochdale was the largest co-op residence in North America, occupying an 18-storey student residence at Bloor St. and Huron St. in downtown Toronto. It was situated on the edges of the University of Toronto campus, near to Yorkville, Toronto's hippie haven in the 1960s and early 1970s.

The college took its name from Rochdale, a town in north-west England, where the world's first cooperative society was established in 1844. The Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers is usually considered the first successful co-operative enterprise, used as a model for modern co-ops, following the 'Rochdale Principles'. A group of 28 weavers and other artisans set up the society to open their own store selling food items they could not otherwise afford. Within ten years there were over 1,000 co-operative societies in the United Kingdom.

The college's modern architecture was uniquely designed for communal living. Some areas were divided into independently operated communal units of about a dozen bedrooms (called ashrams), each with its own collective washroom, kitchen and dining room. Each unit was responsible for collecting rent and maintaining its own housekeeping. Other areas consisted of bachelor, one-bedroom, and two-bedroom apartments. On the first and second floor were common areas used for socialization, education, and commercial purposes. The roof was accessible from the 18th floor and was used for sunbathing. Clothing was optional.

Founding

Rochdale began as a response to a growing need for student housing at the University of Toronto, and a nineteen-year-old entrepreneur and philosophy student, Howard Adelman, was hired by the Campus Co-operative to meet the housing demand in 1958. With Adelman's advice, Campus Co-op began to acquire more properties, and formed Campus Co-operative Residence Incorporated., a non-profit offshoot of Campus Co-op. After obtaining federal mortgages at well below the market rate, Campus Co-op incorporated Rochdale College in 1964.

It was by accident rather than design that Rochdale became such a tall building. Campus Co-op preferred to have the building be built to two times coverage, which would have resulted in a relatively easily managed building whose floor area would be only twice the size of the lot. However, due to Rochdale's location on a busy arterial road, the site was zoned at seven times coverage. This meant an unanticipated jump to 840 residents, a fact that was originally greeted with great enthusiasm, due to the expansionist attitudes of the founders. Zoning regulations also stipulated that the site was to be an apartment-hotel, which meant that only half the floor space could be used for apartments with self-contained kitchens. This disadvantage was not fully appreciated due to faith in a communal system, in which residents would be expected to effectively share the space available to them.

In addition, the west and east wings differed by planners' fiat in matters of self-containment and density of intended occupation. The west wing attracted a population that was relatively stable, an attraction helped by one-year leases, while the east wing attracted more transient tenants. The west-wing units were more in demand, not surprisingly when the rent structure in the first years gave an Aphrodite for two at $135 a month in the west wing and a Gnostic for two, with less space, at $200 a month in the east. With this rent structure, for some time the east wing subsidized the "landed gentry" in the west. The west wing with its self-contained units [the apartments] tended to stay aloof from the east wing [the hotel], and east-wing residents often were uninterested in the operations of the College. In a symbolic rather than a practical sense, a visible seal was put on this east-west division by a fire door that split the floors in half.

Campus Co-op, the parent corporation of Rochdale College, was uncomfortable with education taking a central role at Rochdale, a position held strongly by Rochdale's intellectual leaders such as Dennis Lee. A decision was made to separate from Campus Co-op. Further emphasis was placed on education when Adelman noted that the college's $175,000 property tax could be avoided if they had a functioning educational program. In Adelman's words, if "we run an education program for $75,000, we'll come out $100,000 ahead."

Although many Rochdale founders viewed its education program as a form of tax avoidance, those who were dedicated to Rochdale as an educational institution did not let that deter them from pursuing what they viewed as a more noble purpose. Dennis Lee, the creative talent of the operation, notes plans like the tax avoidance scheme were, "primarily in the thinking of people like Howard who were involved in the planning, they did a good job of keeping their cards fairly close to their chest. It was not something that was being passed around generally, [...] it would have made other people completely furious to hear it at the time." Yet it would be inaccurate to conclude that Adelman, the organizational talent of the operation, did not share its educational goals. With Lee, Adelman edited a collection of articles published in 1968 that constituted a manifesto of sorts for "free university" education, calling for liberation from inhibiting educational institutions. Adelman's contribution was a particularly scathing indictment of the modern university as an institution that stifles innovation and serves only the establishment.

Even before its construction, there was a tension in Rochdale between fiscal responsibility and idealism. Mietkiewicz writes, "[p]erhaps because of their idealistic preoccupations, few of Rochdale's academic leaders were fully aware that much of Campus Co-op's enthusiasm for education had stemmed from its vision of the program as a sort of tax dodge."

Transition

The originally intended tenants for Rochdale were screened. Screenings were handled by residents of the Rochdale Houses, a precursor "dry-run" to Rochdale conducted at Campus Co-op owned houses, and they chose people who were by and large going to be associated with the University of Toronto. However, a construction strike in 1967 that delayed the opening of Rochdale by half a year changed Rochdale's population from what was supposed to be a carefully selected one to a completely random one. The screened applicants, most of whom had commitments to the university, could not wait for Rochdale to be completed and many found new accommodations. The simple fact that the building was still in some ways a construction site may have deterred many of the students who were attracted to the idea of the hip, alternative education envisioned by its founders, torpedoing the raison d'être for the enterprise on day one.  In contrast, Toronto's hippies were undeterred by the dust and debris. Following the month-long hepatitis scare that had swept through their nearby Yorkville scene and looking towards the long winter to come, they weren't exactly picky. They poured into this apparent haven by the hundreds.

When the college was slowly completed floor by floor, a practical decision was made to make the building available to "people who walked in right off the street." As the small group of founders later stated: "[w]e were sealing the fate of the Rochdale that most of us had wanted to experiment with. And since there were very few rules about how the place would be run, we were in effect handing the building over to people very unlike ourselves."  "If the new residents were a problem to the resource people, non-residents were a problem to everyone," says Rochdale chronicler and Ohio University Lecturer David Sharpe. "As Rochdalians claimed floor by floor in the fall of 1968, transients discovered wide open areas on the upper floors and moved in – and out and in and out. As those areas became permanently occupied, the transients continued to wander and squat and wander again. Meanwhile, word of mouth, word of press, called out: A free college! A college so unlicensed that it offers, not freedom or license, but both. Freedom from parents, freedom from rent, freedom even from an address. Thousands of visitors and interim residents came from the roads and the suburbs.

Metro had a little school
Its name was black as sin
And day and night the Metro kids
Were screaming to get in." (Rochdale Daily)

Educational ideals

In the late 1960s, universities were centres of political idealism and experimentation. Rochdale College was established as an alternative to what were considered traditional paternalistic and non-democratic governing bodies within university education. Conversely, Rochdale's government policy was decided at open meetings in which all members of the co-operative could attend, participate in debate, and engage in consensus decision making.

It was the largest of more than 300 tuition-free universities in North America, and offered no structured courses, curriculum, exams, degrees, or traditional teaching faculty. From humble beginnings in seminars on phenomenology and a Recorder Consort that performed with the London (Ontario) Symphony Orchestra, it became a hot bed of freethought and radical idealism.

Rochdale College never used traditional professors or structured classes. Posting notices on bulletin boards and in a student newsletter, groups of students coalesced around an interest, and "resource people" were found with various academic and non-academic backgrounds, who led informal discussion groups on a wide variety of subjects. Resource persons of note included an Anglican priest, Alderman and later Member of Parliament, Dan Heap, author Dennis Lee and Futurian Judith Merril, who founded Rochdale's library.

Rochdale participants were involved with various cultural institutions in Toronto such as Coach House Press, Theatre Passe Muraille, The Toronto Free Dance Theatre, This Magazine is About Schools (now This Magazine), the Spaced-out Library (now the Merril Collection of the Toronto Public Library) and House of Anansi Press. Rochdale's co-op daycare Acorn (which was relocated from the Rochdale site to the basement of nearby St. Thomas Church) lives on today as Huron Playschool Cooperative.

Students had complete freedom to develop their own learning process, much of which emerged from the shared community experience. The college included theatres for drama and film, and a ceramics studio. Students decided school policy and made their own evaluations.

It was typical of the free universities not to award degrees and the University of Toronto did not offer degrees through Rochdale College. Indicative of the playful humour of the times, anyone could purchase a BA by donating $25 to the college and answering a simple skill-testing question. An MA cost $50, with the applicant choosing the question. A PhD cost $100, no questions asked.

The Rochdale application also described its "non-degree": "We are also offering Non-Degrees at comparable rates. A Non-BA is $25.00. Course duration is your choice; requirements are simple, we ask that you say something. A Non-MA is $50.00 for which we require you to say something logical. A Non-PhD is $100.00; you will be required to say something useful." Nobody at Rochdale ever took these degrees seriously, and the fees (if any were collected) were treated as voluntary donations.

"1970–73 is the period that has always interested observers of the College most," Henderson writes, "[filled with] sustained attempts at building the truly functional alternative social structures, communities, and facilities that characterized the period. Residents, realizing that they were edging towards a kind of separate society right there in the building, founded a health clinic (where babies were born!), a library, a range of food services, a child care centre, an in-house radio and TV station, a vibrant newspaper, and a series of floor-wide communes." Its own pirate radio station was called CRUD, with an unusual assortment of music, talk, and static. The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission tried to shut the station down a number of times, but the dedication of its staff kept it on the air. Rochdale had a large cafeteria and a ground-floor restaurant open to the public. It had a health-food store, a laundromat on the roof, a day-care, a free school called Superschool where the kids designed their own curriculum, and a medical clinic run by an RN. "It is often claimed," says Henderson, "that some inhabitants didn't go outside for weeks and months at a stretch, since they could access everything they needed right within the building."

Drug culture

Rochdale was originally a refuge for idealists. Ultimately, the constituents of its cooperative idealism were its downfall. Dedicated to consensus decision making and granting a vote to everyone who lived (or claimed to live) in the building, Rochdale's governing body was unable to reach agreement to expel those who failed to pay their rents or otherwise live up to its ideals. Unable to pay its mortgage to the Canadian government, Rochdale drifted towards insolvency. As nearby Yorkville became gentrified during the late 1960s, much of Toronto's counterculture moved into Rochdale. This included homeless squatters and bikers who dealt hard drugs, along with a substantial number of undercover officers from the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.

Judith Merril, librarian at Rochdale during the early 1970s, reported that Robert MacDonald, an employee of the Addiction Research Foundation, maintained a presence at Rochdale and actively collected samples of the available drugs, which were lab tested for toxicity and the results made available to Rochdale residents.

According to the CBC Archives, by 1971 Rochdale had become known as "'North America's largest drug distribution warehouse.' Hash, pot, and LSD are in large supply. The Rochdale security force includes members of biker gangs" Hiring the bikers for security in late 1971 was the beginning of the end. Until then there was a strict unwritten code that no one sold hard drugs out of Rochdale.

CBC Archives also describe how "[d]ue to problems with cops and bikers, the governing council set up a paid security force to be on 24-hour alert. Ironically, some of these security people were bikers themselves. As had happened in Yorkville, an unofficial alliance with the Vagabonds outlaw motorcycle club developed." Rochdale's educational focus and student population declined as the drug business increased.

After increased clashes with police, and unable to pay its mortgage, political pressure forced financial foreclosure by the government, and Rochdale closed in 1975. A number of residents refused to leave. On 30 May the last residents were carried from the building by police. The doors to the college had to be welded shut to keep them out. "When it was clear that the game was up," writes Sharpe, "Rochdale published its own wry comment: 'Drugdealing is now the domain of the professionals, i.e. lawyers, doctors, etc. Let's hope they never get to live in the same building.'"

The building

The 18-storey tower that once housed Rochdale at 341 Bloor Street is now known as the Senator David A. Croll Apartments. Completed in 1968, it is the sister building to the Tartu student residence a short distance west across Bloor street. Designed by the architects Elmar Tampõld and John Wells (who had earlier constructed the Charles Street Apartments at Bay Street and Bloor Street).

As an homage to its Rochdale days, the tower features the large Unknown Student sculpture out front.

In retrospect
"Love it or loathe it, Rochdale College is hard to dismiss even 20 years after its closing." (University of Toronto Magazine, Spring, 1995, p. 38.)

"At its best," Sharpe writes, "Rochdale was a noble experiment. It tested new approaches to education, creativity, and community, and like the testing of new products in industry, the limits of a new product cannot be known until the point of destruction is reached. This product of the Sixties -- the mix of ideals and attitudes that Rochdale concentrated from the surrounding youth culture -- had to be dropped from a height, pounded, stretched, and put under heat. The accomplishment of Rochdale cannot be separated from its eventual destruction, and an institution that was not allowed to be self-destructive about such sweeping questions would have tested nothing at all."

Judith Merril writes, comparing University of Toronto's nearby Ontario Institute for Studies in Education with Rochdale: "At OISE, as at Rochdale, ninety-nine starts out of a hundred are false ones. At OISE, of course, they have to keep records of all that money, so they know what they've tried that didn't work, and maybe why, and maybe what to try next. At Rochdale, they have to keep trying the same inexpensive things over and over, because they have no money and no records -- and sometimes something works after a while. Which way is worse?"

The story of Rochdale was turned into a play by Canadian playwright, David Yee, and was staged during the Summerworks theatre festival in 2022.

See also
The National Film Board of Canada documentary `Dream Tower` (1994) directed by Ron Mann, documents Rochdale College, a controversial experiment combining free university and student residence.
Ken Westerfield was a 1971-2 resident and disc sports pioneer.

References

Further reading

Turner, Peter. ``There Can Be no Light Without Shadow``, Toronto, Rochdale College Publ., 1971

External links

Video clips and descriptions of Rochdale College and Canadian culture from the era from the CBC Archives.
Historic Rochdale documents from Libraries and Archives Canada.
Documentary and interview with a former resident.
Architectural description of the building.
The story of Rosie Rowbotham, one of the suppliers of marijuana to Rochdale.
The documentary film "Dream Tower" about Rochdale by Ron Mann.
Rochdale: The Runaway College (epub and mobi) or Rochdale: The Runaway College (Kindle) by David Sharpe.
 Blog entry by David Sharpe on Rochdale Reissued
Website of Campus Co-Operative Residences Inc. a surviving organization affiliated with Rochdale. Includes a forum for Rochdale alumni.
 The Rochdale College Museum
Clara Thomas Archives and Special Collections, York University - Archival photographs of Rochdale College from the Toronto Telegram fonds.
 The book Rochdale College provides an inside story of Rochdale College and how it came about. By Brian Grieveson.
 The Rochdale Tapes contain interviews with residents of Rochdale College. By Bruce Emilson.
 A collection of photos, Rochdale Portfolio contains countless photos of the residents of Rochdale College. By Alex MacDonald.
 Rochdale publications office produced the Toronto Survival Manual 1970.

1968 establishments in Ontario
1975 disestablishments in Ontario
Educational institutions established in 1968
Educational institutions disestablished in 1975
Universities and colleges in Toronto
Defunct universities and colleges in Canada
Housing cooperatives
Democratic education
Drug culture
University of Toronto buildings
Hippie movement
Free universities
Brutalist architecture in Canada
Cooperatives in Canada

Rochdale College


Line level is the strength of an audio signal. An audio signal transfers sound, for example to CD players and cassette players. It is much higher than microphone level, which can be only a couple of millivolts. A line level signal can be connected to an amplifier which sends the signal to loudspeakers with much higher power.

A preamplifier is a device that can make the line level higher. It can boost a microphone's weak audio signal.

Audio technology

Line level


Padilla Bay is a bay located in the U.S. state of Washington, between the San Juan Islands and the mainland. Fidalgo Island and Guemes Island lie to the west of Padilla Bay. Guemes Channel, between the islands, connects Padilla Bay to Rosario Strait. Samish Island lies to the north of Padilla Bay, beyond which is Samish Bay and Bellingham Bay.

History
In 1791 the Spaniard José María Narváez explored and named Padilla Bay, calling it Seno Padillo, in honor of Juan Vicente de Güemes Padilla Horcasitas, the viceroy of New Spain.

The Estuary
Padilla Bay is a tidal bay. It is entirely flooded at high tide and at low tide mudflats are exposed. These mud flats are habitat for many species of birds and animals. The bay is very shallow. Near Hat Island the bay is only  deep. Part of the estuary tidal flats are contained by dikes built in order to make farmland out of the mudflats. The Swinomish Channel is a salt-water channel in Washington State, United States, which connects Skagit Bay, to the south, and Padilla Bay, to the north, separating Fidalgo Island from mainland Skagit County. In the past, the Skagit River had emptied into Padilla Bay.

The Reserve
The Padilla Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve is an area of  of estuary located in Skagit County. The reserve contains the Breazeale Interpretive Center, which features exhibits about the natural history and ecology of the estuary and bay, fish tanks, a hands-on room and a video theater.

The site also features classrooms, research facilities, and public access to a beach site. It is a popular location for graduate studies from Western Washington University and the University of Washington.

Padilla Bay is a part of the National Estuarine Research Reserve which it was incorporated into in 1980. It is managed by the Washington Department of Ecology. It has several trails. There is a wheelchair trail to the observation deck as well as a shore trail that is  long and runs along the top of the dikes.

The research center is located in the Skagit Valley of Washington.  The nearest town is Anacortes, Washington about  away.

References

External links

 Padilla Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve - official site
 Breazeale Interpretive Center

Bays of Washington (state)
National Estuarine Research Reserves of the United States
Protected areas of Washington (state)
Natural history museums in Washington (state)
Protected areas of Skagit County, Washington
Museums in Skagit County, Washington
Bodies of water of Skagit County, Washington
Nature centers in Washington (state)
Estuaries of Washington (state)

Padilla Bay


A living document, also known as an evergreen document or dynamic document, is a document that is continually edited and updated. An example of a living document is an article in Wikipedia, an online encyclopedia that permits anyone to freely edit its articles; this is in contrast to "dead" or "static" documents, such as an article in a single edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica.

A living document may or may not have a framework for updates, changes, or adjustments.  This type of document without proper context can change away from its original purpose through multiple uncontrolled edits. This can encourage open collaboration within the network, but in some cases there can also be stagnation if no one takes on the initiative of updating the work. One reason why initiative is not taken to update the document could come from a sense of ambiguity.

However, a living document may evolve through successive updates, be expanded as needed, and serve a different purpose over time.  Living documents are changed through revisions that may or may not reference previous iterative changes.  The rate of document drift depends on the structure of the original document, or original intent of such document, or guidelines for modifying such document.

In law
In legal philosophy, the concept of a "living constitution" can take on a different meaning, referring to the philosophy of updating the legal  of the document as a separate activity to the amending, changing or updating of the document itself.

Canada
In Canadian law, this concept is called the "living tree doctrine" (French: théorie de l'arbre vivant). The 1929 case Edwards v. Canada (Attorney General), which decided upon the right of women to sit in the Canadian Senate, was the first to establish this principle. The case was decided by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, whereupon Viscount Sankey wrote of the ruling:
The British North America Act planted in Canada a living tree capable of growth and expansion within its natural limits. The object of the Act was to grant a Constitution to Canada. Like all written constitutions it has been subject to development through usage and convention...
Their Lordships do not conceive it to be the duty of this Board—it is certainly not their desire—to cut down the provisions of the Act by a narrow and technical construction, but rather to give it a large and liberal interpretation so that the Dominion to a great extent, but within certain fixed limits, may be mistress in her own house, as the provinces to a great extent, but within certain fixed limits, are mistresses in theirs.
From this the approach was born what became known as the living tree doctrine which requires "large and liberal" interpretation, declaring a doctrine of constitutional interpretation that says that a constitution is organic and must be read in a broad and progressive manner so as to adapt it to the changing times.

The living tree principle was again expressed by the Supreme Court of Canada, in Re: Same-Sex Marriage (2004), when it held that Parliament (as opposed to provincial legislatures) had the power to define marriage as including same-sex unions. It rejected claims that the constitutionally enumerated federal authority in matters of "Marriage and Divorce" could not include same-sex marriage because marriage as conceived in 1867 was necessarily opposite-sex:

United States
In United States constitutional law, the Living Constitution view, also known as loose constructionism, changes the interpretation of the document over time. The opposing view, originalism, holds that the original intent or meaning of the writers of the Constitution should guide its interpretation.

In business
In business, a living document may fall under corporate change management or be shared among a team.  It may start as a draft that at some time graduates into general acceptance, or may originate as part of a formal documentation process.  Regardless of the degree of formality, a living document needs rules or guidelines for its modification.  Such guidelines allow—and should ideally encourage—the document's evolution over time.  It is in this sense of growth that the document can be thought of as "living."

In technology
In technology, living documents can be implemented using a wiki. Other common living document tools include Google Docs and Nextcloud Collabora.

Living documentation is a key concept in specification by example.

References

External links
Glossary of Strategic Relations Terms, Definition Living Document (n.), Center for Strategic Relations. Accessed on 2009-12-09.

Documents
Change

Living document


The Inter-American Convention Against Terrorism was adopted by the member countries of the Organization of American States (OAS) at its General Assembly  held in Bridgetown, Barbados, on 3 June 2002. The Convention, negotiated pursuant to a mandate from the OAS Foreign Ministers shortly after the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 in the United States, reflects the Americas' hemispheric-wide commitment to enhancing cooperation in the fight against terrorism.

In brief, the Convention:
Improves regional cooperation in the fight against terrorism, thereby enhancing hemispheric security.
Commits parties to endeavor to sign and ratify the relevant U.N. anti-terrorism instruments (a major element in U.N. Security Council Resolution 1373).
Commits parties to use the recommendations of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) and other specialized entities as guidelines in taking measures to prevent, combat and eradicate the financing of terrorism.
Denies safe haven to suspected terrorists, both as refugees and asylum-seekers, and denies use of the political offense exception by suspected terrorists to prevent extradition or rendering of mutual legal assistance.
Extends the terrorist acts covered under the relevant U.N. anti-terrorism instruments to financial crimes (e.g., money laundering) and other provisions of the U.N.'s Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime. The OAS Convention thus elaborates for regional use a variety of legal tools that have proven effective against transnational organized crime in recent years.
Enhances cooperation in a number of areas, including: exchanges of information on border control measures and law enforcement actions; appointment of a single national point of contact as liaison with other states and relevant bodies; exchanges of experience and training; technical assistance; and mutual legal assistance.
Demonstrates regional solidarity in fight against terrorism.
Facilitates the implementation of a number of the mandates in U.N. Security Council Resolution 1373 and expands the signatory states' ability to act upon some of the recommendations set forth in the Resolution.

, the Convention has been signed by 33 of the 34 active member states and ratified by 24.

Convention oversight is the task of the OAS's Inter-American Committee Against Terrorism.

Sources
The original version of this article was in part adapted from Inter-American Convention Against Terrorism, a public domain publication of the United States government.

External links
Text of the Inter-American Convention Against Terrorism
Parties

Terrorism treaties
Organization of American States treaties
Treaties concluded in 2002
Treaties entered into force in 2003
Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
Treaties of Argentina
Treaties of Brazil
Treaties of Canada
Treaties of Chile
Treaties of Colombia
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Treaties of the Dominican Republic
Treaties of Ecuador
Treaties of El Salvador
Treaties of Grenada
Treaties of Guatemala
Treaties of Guyana
Treaties of Honduras
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2002 in Barbados


Sharana Basaveshwara Temple is a  shrine at Kalaburgi (Gulbarga), an ancient town in the north-eastern part of Karnataka.

History
The temple is dedicated to an eminent Lingayat religious teacher and philosopher, Shri Sharana Basaveshwara,a Lingayat saint of the 18th century known for his Dasoha (Giving is earning) and Kayaka — an advancement of the Karma doctrine "You have the right to perform the work assigned to you. You have no rights to 'demand' the fruits of your labor" philosophy. The temple houses the Samadhi of Sharana Basaveshwara at the center called the garbha gudi. It also has a lake adjacent to it which attracts many devotees and tourists.

Annual jatra and Chariot festival
People from across the country and abroad cutting across communal lines will converge on the sprawling temple complex to witness the historic car festival. On the occasion, the people will also have a glimpse of the silver plate (Prasada Battalu) used by the saint. The Prasada Battalu, which is displayed once in a year during the car festival, would be shown to the devotees. Along with the Prasada Battalu, the devotees will get a chance to have a look at the Linga Karadige (the cover used for keeping the Linga) made in Sandalwood and used by Sharanabasaveshwara. People, particularly farmers from the region, continue the practice of donating a portion of their harvest to the temple for providing free food to pilgrims visiting the temple.

Photos Of Sharana Basaveshwara Devālaya

References

External links

Hindu temples in Kalaburagi district

Sharana Basaveshwara Temple


Brigadier General Roger Brooke (June 14, 1878 in Sandy Springs, Maryland – December 18, 1940) was an American surgeon and U.S. Army medical corps officer. Brooke Army Medical Center in San Antonio, Texas, is named after him.

Biography
Brooke was the son of Roger and Louisa (Thomas) Brooke in a Quaker community. He attended George School in Newton, Pennsylvania, and later entered the University of Maryland Medical School in Baltimore, where he graduated in 1900. He joined the Medical Corps, United States Army, June 29, 1901, as a First Lieutenant. After graduating from the Army Medical School in 1902, he was assigned to the Philippine Islands for a tour of duty. He married Grace Ward McConnor in 1905 and became a specialist in infectious diseases, especially tuberculosis.

Other tours of duty included Fort Bayard, New Mexico, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and Attending Surgeon in Washington, D.C. He spent the period of the World War in instruction work, serving from September 1917 to December 1918, first as Senior Instructor and later as Commanding Officer of the Medical Officers' Training Camp, Camp Greenleaf, Georgia, where 10,000 officers and 70,000 enlisted men were prepared for service with the armed forces. For this he was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal.

Later tours of duty included the office of the Surgeon General, Washington and the Division of Medicine of the Veterans Bureau, Gorgas Hospital, Canal Zone. In 1929, Brooke assumed command of the Station Hospital, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, a position he held until 1933. He is credited with instituting the first routine chest X-ray in military medicine. In 1935 Brooke was ordered to Washington in charge of the Professional Service Division. His next tour was at Letterman General Hospital, San Francisco, where he was in command when he received his promotion to brigadier general (January 29, 1938). He was transferred to the Medical Field Service School, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, where he remained on duty as commandant until his death in 1940.

Accolades
Fellow, American College of Surgeons
Fellow, American College of Physicians
Member, American Medical Association
Member, American Society of Tropical Medicine
Member, National Tuberculosis Association
Member, Association of Military Surgeons
On September 4, 1942, the Station Hospital was renamed Brooke General Hospital in Brooke's honor. In 1946 the facility was expanded to become Brooke Army Medical Center.

References
Cagle, Jr., Eldon (1985), Quadrangle: The History of Fort Sam Houston Austin: Eakin Press.
Military Surgeon, February 1941.

American surgeons
1878 births
United States Army Medical Corps officers
1940 deaths
United States Army generals
United States Army personnel of World War I

Roger Brooke


Fast Times at Ridgemont High is a 1982 American coming-of-age teen comedy movie. It was written by Cameron Crowe, directed by Amy Heckerling, produced by Irving Azoff and Art Linson. It is set in and around a high school in Southern California and follows several students over the course of a year. It stars Sean Penn, Jennifer Jason Leigh, Judge Reinhold, Phoebe Cates, Brian Backer, Robert Romanus, Ray Walston, Forest Whitaker, Nicolas Cage and Anthony Edwards.

Other websites

1982 comedy movies
1980s coming-of-age movies
1980s high school movies
1980s sex comedy movies
1980s teen comedy movies
American coming-of-age movies
American high school movies
American sex comedy movies
American teen comedy movies
Coming-of-age comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies about suburbia
Movies set in California
Universal Pictures movies
Movies directed by Amy Heckerling

Fast Times at Ridgemont High


The Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki ( ) is a museum in Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece. It holds and interprets artifacts from the Prehistoric, Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic and Roman periods, mostly from the city of Thessaloniki but also from the region of Macedonia in general.

The building and the exhibitions

The museum is housed in a building designed by architect Patroklos Karantinos and is an example of the modern architectural trends of Greece. Built in 1962, the museum had a new wing added to it in 1980, in which the findings from Vergina were displayed, up until 1997. In 2001 and 2004, in the run-up to the 2004 Athens Olympics, the museum was extensively renovated and its permanent exhibits reorganized.

The central rooms hold exhibits from the archaeological excavations conducted in Thessaloniki and the broader area of Macedonia. The new wing hosts two exhibitions: The Gold of Macedon, with artefacts from the cemeteries of Sindos, Agia Paraskevi, Nea Filadelfia, Makrygialos, Derveni, Lete, Serres, and Evropos; and The Thessaloniki Area in Prehistory, with material from prehistoric settlements, dating from the Neolithic to the Early and Late Bronze Age.

At present, the collection of Archaic to Late Roman sculptures from Thessaloniki and Macedonia in general is displayed in the central section of the museum. They illustrate the history of Thessaloniki from prehistoric times to Late Antiquity. These rooms display architectural members from an Ionic temple of the 6th century BC, sculptures of all periods from Macedonia, exhibits from the excavations in the palace complex built by Galerius in the Thessaloniki city centre, a reconstruction of the façade of the Macedonian tomb in Agia Paraskevi, with genuine architectural members, and finds (mainly gold artefacts) of the Archaic and Classical periods from the Sindos cemetery. In all these rooms, certain important exhibits have been singled out and further information about them is given to help visitors appreciate the importance of each exhibit and of the area and the period from which it comes.

Apart from its permanent displays, the Archaeological Museum also hosts major temporary and thematic exhibitions. In the Manolis Andronikos Room, for instance, there is an exhibition titled The Coins of Macedonia from the 6th Century to 148 BC, with examples of coins that were circulating in Macedonia in that period. A showcase in the lobby of the museum displays some finds from the excavation of the Neolithic settlement at Makrygialos in Pieria, accompanied by information about the progress of the excavation.

In the new wing, the Gold of Macedon exhibition includes finds from numerous excavations in Central Macedonia. Taking the history of gold as its central theme, it presents the culture of Macedonia from the 6th century BC to 148 BC, discussing the use of gold (jewellery, sartorial decoration, gilding of objects and vessels, coins), the technology of the manufacture of gold jewellery, and the techniques of gold mining. There are also numerous finds from cemeteries and there are many descriptions about their role in burial customs.

The Thessaloniki in Prehistory exhibition aims to recreate a picture of the Thermaic Gulf littoral before the city of Thessaloniki was built. It presents the first excavations, which were carried out during the First World War by British and French troops, and finds from the most important prehistoric settlements in the area (Thermi, Vassilika, Stavroupoli, Oraiokastro, Assiros, Toumba, and Kastana) divided into three chronological groups (Neolithic, Early and Late Bronze Age).

Discovery of possible original statue of Alexander

On 26 February 2010, Greek authorities arrested two men found in illegal possession of various antiquities, including a bronze statue of Alexander, which is possibly a work of Lysippos. If confirmed, this would make it the first original work of Lysippos ever discovered. The statue is currently being examined at the laboratory of the museum, which is expected to confirm or deny its authenticity.

Notable exhibits

 Derveni krater
  The statue of Harpocrates (2nd century AD)
 The Head of Serapis (2nd century BC)
 Bronze helmet and gold mask (cemetery of Sindos, end of 6th century BC)
 Marble door (Macedonia tomb of Agia Paraskevi)
 Copy of "Unveiling" Aphrodite (421/420 BC)
 Gold medals (250–225 BC)
 Inlaid floors (mosaic)
 Gold diadems, gold disks and gold Medusa heads (350-325 BC)
 Derveni Papyrus (end of 5th century BC)

Gallery

See also
 List of museums in Greece

References

External links

 Official website of the Museum in English
 Official website of the Museum
 Museums of Macedonia
 Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Tourism / in Greek
 Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki - Ebook by Latsis Foundation

Museums established in 1962
Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki
Culture of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
1962 establishments in Greece

Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki


Fernand Boden (born 13 September 1943) is a politician from Luxembourg. He was a minister in the government of Luxembourg from 1979 to 2009.

Boden was born in Echternach. He studied Mathematics and Physics at the University of Liège, and between 1966 and 1978 he taught at Echternach grammar school. He served as deputy mayor of Echternach from 1970 to 1976 and was a member of the local council.

He was first elected to the Chamber of Deputies of Luxembourg from the Eastern Constituency as a member of the Christian Social People's Party in 1978; he was re-elected in 1979. He joined the government in 1979 as Minister of National Education and Youth and Minister of Tourism, holding those portfolios until 1989. In the latter year he was moved to the posts of Minister for Family and Solidarity and Minister of the Middle Classes and Tourism, and in 1994 he became Minister for the Civil Service. He served in the latter position until 26 January 1995, when he became Minister of Agriculture, Viticulture and Rural Development and Minister for the Middle Classes, Tourism, and Housing. He retained those portfolios for over 14 years, until being replaced in July 2009.

References

Government ministers of Luxembourg
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg) from Est
Christian Social People's Party politicians
Luxembourgian educators
University of Liège alumni
1943 births
Living people
People from Echternach
Ministers for Agriculture of Luxembourg

Fernand Boden


In thermodynamics, superheating (sometimes referred to as boiling retardation, or boiling delay) is the phenomenon in which a liquid is heated to a temperature higher than its boiling point, without boiling. This is a so-called metastable state or metastate, where boiling might occur at any time, induced by external or internal effects. Superheating is achieved by heating a homogeneous substance in a clean container, free of nucleation sites, while taking care not to disturb the liquid.

This may occur by microwaving water in a very smooth container. Disturbing the water may cause an unsafe eruption of hot water and result in burns.

Cause

Water is said to "boil" when bubbles of water vapor grow without bound, bursting at the surface. For a vapor bubble to expand, the temperature must be high enough that the vapor pressure exceeds the ambient pressure (the atmospheric pressure, primarily). Below that temperature, a water vapor bubble will shrink and vanish.

Superheating is an exception to this simple rule; a liquid is sometimes observed not to boil even though its vapor pressure does exceed the ambient pressure. The cause is an additional force, the surface tension, which suppresses the growth of bubbles.

Surface tension makes the bubble act like an elastic balloon. The pressure inside is raised slightly by the "skin" attempting to contract. For the bubble to expand, the temperature must be raised slightly above the boiling point to generate enough vapor pressure to overcome both surface tension and ambient pressure.

What makes superheating so explosive is that a larger bubble is easier to inflate than a small one; just as when blowing up a balloon, the hardest part is getting started. It turns out the excess pressure  due to surface tension is inversely proportional to the diameter  of the bubble. That is, .

This can be derived by imagining a plane cutting a bubble into two halves. Each half is pulled towards the middle with a surface tension force , which must be balanced by the force from excess pressure . So we obtain , which simplifies to .

This means if the largest bubbles in a container are small, only a few micrometres in diameter, overcoming the surface tension may require a large , requiring exceeding the boiling point by several degrees Celsius. Once a bubble does begin to grow, the surface tension pressure decreases, so it expands explosively in a positive feedback loop. In practice, most containers have scratches or other imperfections which trap pockets of air that provide starting bubbles, and impure water contains small particles can also trap air pockets. Only a smooth container of purified liquid can reliably superheat.

Occurrence via microwave oven
Superheating can occur when an undisturbed container of water is heated in a microwave oven. At the time the container is removed, the lack of nucleation sites prevents boiling, leaving the surface calm. However, once the water is disturbed, some of it violently flashes to steam, potentially spraying boiling water out of the container. The boiling can be triggered by jostling the cup, inserting a stirring device, or adding a substance like instant coffee or sugar. The chance of superheating is greater with smooth containers, because scratches or chips can house small pockets of air, which serve as nucleation points. Superheating is more likely after repeated heating and cooling cycles of an undisturbed container, as when a forgotten coffee cup is re-heated without being removed from a microwave oven. This is due to heating cycles releasing dissolved gases such as oxygen and nitrogen from the solvent. There are ways to prevent superheating in a microwave oven, such as putting a non-metallic object (such as a stir stick) into the container beforehand or using a scratched container. It is recommended not to microwave water for an excessive amount of time.

Applications
Superheating of hydrogen liquid is used in bubble chambers.

See also

 Autoclave
 Boiling chip
 Bumping (chemistry)
 Critical point (thermodynamics)
 Supercooling
 Supersaturation
 Subcooling

References

External links
 Video of superheated water in a microwave explosively flash boiling, why it happens, and why it's dangerous.

 Video of superheated water in a pot.

Phases of matter
Thermodynamic processes
Fluid dynamics

Superheating


A reversible lane (or tidal flow) is a managed lane in which traffic may travel in either direction, depending on certain conditions. Typically, it is meant to improve traffic flow during rush hours, by having overhead traffic lights and lighted street signs notifying drivers which lanes are open or closed to driving or turning.

Reversible lanes are also commonly found in tunnels and on bridges, and on the surrounding roadways – even where the lanes are not regularly reversed to handle normal changes in traffic flow. The presence of lane controls allows authorities to close or reverse lanes when unusual circumstances (such as construction or a traffic mishap) require use of fewer or more lanes to maintain orderly flow of traffic.

Disambiguation
There are similar setups with slightly different usages, although the terms may be commonly used interchangeably.

Contraflow Lane: Typically used to refer to a bus lane running against a one-way street through the opposite direction

Contraflow Lane Reversal: Typically used to refer to a temporary setup of a lane running opposite to normal during special times, such as emergency evacuations, sports tournaments, or road construction/repairs.

Reversible Lane: Typically used to refer to a lane specifically designed to facilitate different directional usage regularly, with changes sometimes as frequent as twice a day.

Types

There are typically three types of reversible lanes:

 reversible travel-lanes
 median passing lanes
 median turning lanes

However, of these three, people may often be referring to reversible travel-lanes (overhead signals and tidal flow).

However, reversible travel-lanes should be contrasted with dynamic-shoulder lanes. The difference being that reversible travel-lanes refer to a lane where the direction is flipped, whereas a dynamic shoulder lane will always remain the same direction - the only change being that the lane is open and closed depending on rush hour traffic.

While reversible lane is a commonly used term, other words include: variable lanes, dynamic lanes, and flex lanes.

Separation of flows
Some more recent implementations of reversible lanes use a movable barrier to establish a physical separation between allowed and disallowed lanes of travel. In some systems, a concrete barrier is moved during low-traffic periods to switch a central lane from one side of the road to another; some examples are the five-lane San Diego-Coronado Bay Bridge in San Diego, California, the seven-lane Alex Fraser Bridge on the Fraser River in Vancouver and the eight-lane Auckland Harbour Bridge across the Waitemata Harbour in Auckland, New Zealand. Other systems use retractable cones or bollards which are built into the road, or retractable fences which can divert traffic from a reversible ramp.  The two center lanes of the six-lane Golden Gate Bridge are reversible; they are southbound during morning rush hour and northbound at evening rush hour.  Prior to the installation of a movable median barrier in January 2015, they were demarcated by vertical yellow markers placed manually in sockets in the roadway.

Many urban freeways have entirely separate carriageways (and connecting ramps) to hold reversible lanes (the reversible lanes in such a configuration are often referred to as "express lanes"). Generally, traffic flows in one direction or another in such a configuration (or not at all); the carriageways are not "split" into two-lane roadways during non-rush periods. Typically, this sort of express lane will have fewer interchanges than the primary lanes, and many such roadways only provide onramps for inbound traffic, and offramps for outbound traffic.

Passing lanes

Historically, the term "suicide lane" has also referred to a lane in the center of a highway meant for passing in both directions. Neither direction has the right-of-way, and both directions are permitted to use the lane for passing. In a similar layout, three lanes are striped with two in one direction and one in the other, but traffic in the direction with one lane is allowed to cross the centerline to pass.

Passing lanes should not be confused with turning lanes. While they look similar, passing lanes are for highway overtaking, while turning lanes typically are used to stop and turn into a parking lot from a street.

2+1 roads have replaced some of these, mainly in Europe.

Turn lanes and flush medians

Another type of center two-way lane is a "two-way left turn lane" (TWLT) or "center left-turn lane", or (for countries that drive on the right) "center turn lane" or "median turn lane", a single lane in the center of the road into which traffic from both directions pulls to make a left turn. This lane is also sometimes called a "suicide lane" for their notorious fatality rates, especially in the United States in settings with high traffic speeds (45 mph), and on roads with five or more lanes (typically two or three lanes in each travel direction with one center turn lane). However, some studies have found that converting high-speed four lane streets into three lane streets (one lane of traffic in each direction with a center turn lane) and lowering speed limits can result in improved safety, despite the use of a center turn lane, as traffic collisions occur at far lower speeds.

These roads are very common in suburban areas and less common in rural areas, though they are frequent around developed areas near Interstate Highway bypasses in the United States. Many were divided highways before the median was demolished or otherwise replaced by the turn lane. Many four-lane streets with a center double yellow line are being phased out in favor of 3- or five-lane streets with center turn lanes because the center lane allows for less disruption of traffic flow. For routes with moderate traffic, other movements involve downgrading four-lane undivided streets to three-lane streets with a turn-only center lane.

This center lane can be used by emergency vehicles like police cars, ambulance, and fire trucks to avoid traffic traveling in either direction. Drivers are not allowed to use the center lane of such a highway for passing slow-moving vehicles, except when funding or space constraints dictate use of it as a rush hour "travel lane" when traffic is largely asymmetric between a central business district and its suburbs. U.S. Route 13 near the Greenville, North Carolina, city limits is a rare instance of a posted warning sign that states "do not pass in center lane".

Examples of Reversible Travel-Lanes

No (or minimal) lane controls
Connecticut Avenue in Washington, D.C.
Chain Bridge in Washington, D.C.

Lane controls and no (or minimal) physical separation

Trans-national
Peace Bridge between the U.S. and Canada, connecting Fort Erie, Ontario to Buffalo, New York. Three lanes total, all marked reversible, one reversed in the direction of rush hour flow with the possibility of all lanes flowing in the same direction based on traffic needs.
Lewiston-Queenston Bridge connecting Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario to Lewiston, New York. Five lanes total, all marked as reversible, one to four lanes marked daily in the same direction, depending on traffic needs. In addition to the directional signals, special signals are also fitted to specify what type of vehicle may use the lane.

Australia
Sydney Harbour Bridge, (eight lanes total, three (formerly four) potentially reversible, three reversed daily. Morning peak, five south, three north. Afternoon peak, three south, five north. Other times, four south, four north).
Spit Bridge, (4 lanes total. Morning peak 3 south, 1 north. Afternoon peak 3 north, 1 south. All other times 2 north, 2 south).
General Holmes Drive generally has four north and four south lanes, but during morning peak hour one southbound lane is divided from the others with a plastic island with signs placed along the top. The island is shifted across with a specialized vehicle. This lane is used as a northbound lane for local traffic to get to Botany and Mascot from the St George area.
Victoria Road, between the suburbs of Drummoyne and Rozelle – enables a tidal flow arrangement that provides four city bound lanes (including a dedicated bus lane) and two west bound lanes in the morning peak, before reverting to three lanes in each direction at 10am. A barrier transfer machine is used to move the concrete barrier.
Flagstaff Road, Adelaide. Three lanes total, with the centre lane reversible. During the morning peak, northbound (downhill) occupies two lanes, and southbound (uphill) one lane. For the remainder of the time (early morning until the next morning's peak), the uphill southbound direction is given dominance.
Johnston Street, Melbourne. Five lanes total, with the centre lane reversible.
Queen's Road, Melbourne. Five lanes total, with the centre lane reversible.
Tasman Bridge, Hobart. Five lanes total, with center lane reversible. Morning peak, three west, two east. Other times, two west, three east.

Bermuda
East BroadWay between Front Street and Crow Lane, main routes in to Hamilton (three lanes total, one reversible).

Brazil
Avenida Radial Leste in São Paulo has about ten lanes total (five in each direction) in most sections (but it varies slightly in others), and on weekdays it has one lane (sometimes two lanes, depending on traffic conditions) reversed during the rush hour (in the morning and in the evening) to reduce traffic congestion. In the morning, the eastbound lanes are reversed to the west (downtown), and in the evening, the westbound lanes are reversed to the east (suburb).

Canada
British Columbia
Lions' Gate Bridge in Vancouver (3 lanes total, 1 reversible)
George Massey Tunnel in Delta and Richmond, B.C. (4 lanes total, 2 reversible, with access controlled by gates)
During the 2010 Winter Olympics, British Columbia Highway 99 was subject to lane control in three-lane sections of the highway, via signs on the side of the road that were changed manually.
Old Pitt River Bridge in Port Coquitlam and Pitt Meadows, (4 lanes total with 2 reversible lanes accessed by gates.)
Alex Fraser Bridge in Greater Vancouver, (7 lanes total, 1 reversible with movable barrier)
Nova Scotia
Angus L. Macdonald Bridge, Chebucto Road and the Herring Cove Road in Halifax (3 lanes total, 1 reversible)
Ontario
Jarvis Street in downtown Toronto (5 lanes total, centre lane reversed daily for AM/PM rush hours)
Champlain Bridge in Ottawa (3 lanes total; 1 reversible)
Sherman Access and Sherman Cut in Hamilton, Ontario (2 lanes, both reversible)
Alberta
Connors Road in Edmonton (3 lanes, 1 reversible)
McDougall Hill in Edmonton
127th Street from 132 Avenue to Yellowhead Trail
97th Street from 118th Avenue to 127th Avenue in Edmonton (7 lanes total, 3 reversible)
Centre Street from 20th Avenue N to 6th Avenue S in Calgary (4 lanes total, 2 reversible; standard configuration is 2 out, 2 in; morning rush is 1 out, 3 in; and evening rush is 3 out, 1 in)
10th Street NW / 9th Street SW from 5th Avenue NW to 4th Avenue SW in Calgary (4 lanes total, 2 reversible; standard configuration is 2 out, 2 in; morning rush is 1 out, 3 in; and evening rush is 3 out, 1 in)
Quebec
Park Avenue in Montreal, five lanes total, centremost lane is reversible, sidemost lanes are reserved for public transport during rush hour; morning rush is 2 in, one out (not including bus lanes), evening rush is reversed
Quebec Bridge in Quebec City, three lanes total with the median lane reversed for traffic heading into the city in the morning and leaving the city in the afternoon
Champlain Bridge in Montreal, rush hour bus lanes
Jacques Cartier Bridge in Montreal, five lanes total, two for both directions, one rush hour central reversible lane
Victoria Bridge in Montreal, two lane, one in each direction. Both lanes are inbound from 6am to 9am, and outbound from 3pm to 7.15pm.

Croatia
State Route 102 near Kraljevica leading southbound to the Krk Bridge used to have a three-lane passing lane combination, blind curves, and a steep grade. It was later changed to a passing lane combination that makes the northbound traffic dominant.
Motorway A6 used to have 2+1 setup at section between exit 6 Oštrovica and exit 7 Kikovica in period between its opening in 1972 and 2008, when it was upgraded to  full motorway standard. Road had two lanes in direction east, and one lane in direction west, but along almost whole route overtaking was allowed in direction west so middle lane was used by both directions.

Germany
Heerstraße, Berlin, 5 lanes in total
Connection road between Europa Park, Rust, and highway A5, 3 lanes in total.

New Zealand
Auckland Harbour Bridge (8 lanes total, 2 reversible, with a movable barrier)
Panmure Bridge in Auckland (3 lanes total)
Whangaparaoa Road; between Hibiscus Coast Highway and Red Beach Road in Auckland (3 lanes total)
Redoubt Road; between Auckland Southern Motorway off-ramp and Hollyford Drive in Auckland (3 lanes total)

Turkey
Reversible lanes are frequently used in hilly sections of highways with heavy truck traffic. Most of them were built during the 1980s and 1990s.

United Kingdom
A12/A47 road in Lowestoft on the approaches to the Bascule Bridge. As 4 lanes merge into 3 on the approaches to the bridge for both sides, the middle lane is open northbound in the morning until 11:30AM and open southbound after 11:30AM. All lanes are closed temporarily when the bridge is raised by way of red X's and orange flashing lights.
A38 road across the Tamar Bridge and through the Saltash Tunnel in Saltash. The middle lane is reversible, allowing for control of traffic flows in holiday periods and during rush hour.
A470 North Road in Cardiff, A section of around 1 mile long between the Maindy Road Junction and College Avenue where the road drops from a dual two-lane to a three-lane section. One lane is always dedicated to Northbound (out of town) traffic, and one lane to Southbound (city centre bound traffic) with the centre lane reversing depending on the time of day – i.e. in the morning 2 lanes into the city, 1 lane out, in the evening 2 lanes out of the city, 1 lane in.
A1434 in Lincoln (Canwick Road) has a short three-lane section of tidal flow.
A38(M) Aston Expressway in Birmingham has 7 lanes, 3 of which are flexible according to rush hour traffic flow direction/time of day.

United States

Alabama
In Montgomery, Norman Bridge Road through the Garden District and Old Cloverdale has a center lane with reversible markings and traffic flow lights between Burton Avenue and Legrand Place.

Alaska
The Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel between Portage and Whittier is a 13,300 feet (4,050 m) long, reversible single lane tunnel, shared between vehicular traffic and trains. The direction of traffic alternates every 15 minutes, with periods allowed for train traffic each day.

Arizona
In Phoenix on 7th Avenue between McDowell Road and Northern Avenue, and 7th Street between McDowell Road and Cave Creek Road/Dunlap Avenue. On both roads, the lane configuration is 2 southbound and 3 northbound, with the center lane open for southbound traffic between 6-9am and open to northbound traffic between 4-6pm. Left turns are prohibited from the reversible lane at most arterial and collector street intersections during these hours but still allowed at driveways and non-signaled street intersections.

California
Lafayette Street in Santa Clara – the center lane is used for northbound traffic on weekday mornings, southbound traffic for weekday afternoons, and as a center turning lane at other times.
Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco and Marin County – (6 lanes total, 2 reversible with moveable barriers)
4th Street Bridge in Los Angeles – the center lane is used for westbound traffic on weekday mornings, eastbound traffic for weekday afternoons, and as a center turning lane at other times.
The San Diego-Coronado Bay Bridge (a portion of California State Route 75) – five lanes with movable center wall; is alternately configured as 3/2 or 2/3 dependent on time of day (westbound mornings, eastbound afternoons)
Interstate 15 "Express Lanes" in San Diego County between SR 52 and SR 78 – four lanes with movable center wall; normally configured as 2/2 but can be shifted to 3/1 or 1/3 if needed

District of Columbia
Rock Creek Parkway operates as a one-way road on weekday mornings and afternoons.
Clara Barton Parkway operates as a one-way road between the MacArthur Boulevard Exit and Chain Bridge on weekday mornings and afternoons
Independence Avenue has a reversible center lane on weekday mornings and afternoons between 3rd St. SW and 2nd St. SE.

Florida
Bay Street in Jacksonville
NW 199th St in Miami between NW 27th Ave. and NW 2nd Ave. there are two lanes always dedicated to Eastbound and Westbound, west of Florida's Turnpike there are two reversible lanes, and west of the turnpike, there is one reversible lane.
The replacement of the Toms Bayou Bridge in Valparaiso utilized reversible lanes during construction in 2018.

Georgia
South Atlanta Street (SR 9) in Roswell: the center lane of three is reversed using overhead lane-use control signals between Marietta Highway (SR 120) and the Chattahoochee River.
Vineville Avenue (US 41/SR 19) in Macon: the center lane of three is reversed using overhead lane-use control signals.
(Formerly) Northside Drive (US 41/SR 3) in Atlanta: Until 2009, the center lane of three between Arden Road NW and Interstate 75 was reversed using overhead lane-use control signals. This reversible travel lane was removed in multiple phases between 2009 and 2014 and replaced with a two-way left turn lane.
(Formerly) Memorial Drive (SR 154) in Atlanta: Until 2019, between Pearl Street SE and Whiteford Avenue SE, the center lane of three was reversed using overhead lane-use control signals. This reversible travel lane was replaced with a two-way left turn lane.
(Formerly) Dekalb Avenue NE/Decatur Street NE in Atlanta: Until 2023, alongside the blue and green Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority line, the center lane of three was reversed using overhead lane-use control signals according to rush hour traffic. This reversible travel lane was replaced with a two-way left turn lane.

Indiana
In Indianapolis, Fall Creek Parkway North Drive between Central Avenue and Evanston Avenue has 5 lanes (7 in some sections) with 1 lane marked as reversible. Configuration is typically designed to allow for 3 in, 2 out during morning rush hours, and 2 in, 3 out during afternoon rush hours. Due to Fall Creek Parkway's proximity to the Indiana State Fairgrounds, lane configurations change periodically to facilitate traffic flow during events at the fairgrounds.

Kentucky
Clay Wade Bailey Bridge in Covington (3 lanes total, 1 reversible)
Nicholasville Road (U.S. Highway 27) in Lexington has reversible lanes (lane signals, no physical separation) starting at its intersection with Conn Terrace at the University of Kentucky campus and ending at New Circle Road, the city's inner beltway. During morning rush hour, as well as the hours before UK football home games, southbound traffic (away from the UK campus and downtown) is restricted to one lane between campus and Southland Drive, and two lanes from Southland to New Circle. Northbound traffic faces the same restrictions in the evening rush hour and immediately after football games. During off-peak hours, an equal number of lanes are dedicated to traffic in each direction. One dedicated left-turn lane is always provided regardless of the current traffic configuration.
 Baxter Avenue and Bardstown Road (U.S. Highway 31E) in Louisville have reversible lanes (lane signals without any physical separation) for  miles through The Highlands, starting at their intersection with Lexington Road in the north and ending at Douglass Boulevard in the south. This stretch of road has four lanes, but on-street parking frequently restricts traffic to one lane in each direction outside of rush hours. During rush hours, parking is prohibited north of Douglass Boulevard. Southbound traffic leaving downtown Louisville is restricted to one lane during the morning rush hour, with northbound traffic having the same restriction during the evening rush hour. Also, the lane immediately to the left of rush-hour through traffic becomes a dedicated left-turn lane. Electronic signs over the roadway alert motorists to the traffic flow dedication of each lane. According to a 2017 traffic study, this is the only road in the United States that has both lane lights and on-street parking. In 2018, a proposed called for ending this traffic arrangement.

Maryland
Chesapeake Bay Bridge near Annapolis (5 lanes total, all marked reversible, 1 usually reversed for normal peak traffic). However, due to its dual spans, when there are 2 eastbound lanes and 3 westbound the opposing sides are completely divided, this is the usual configuration.
Hanover Street Bridge in Baltimore has 5 lanes total marked reversible, with 1 usually reversed for normal peak traffic).
Georgia Avenue in Silver Spring has 7 lanes. During most hours, the center lane is marked with a yellow lit X as a left turn lane for both directions. During morning and evening rush hours, the lane is marked with a down facing green arrow – southbound in the morning, northbound in the evening – or a red X – northbound in the morning, southbound in the evening – and left turns are prohibited.
Colesville Road in Silver Spring has 6 lanes. During off-rush hours, three lanes go in each direction. During morning rush hours, four lanes (marked with green arrows) go southbound, while northbound (marked with Xs in those lanes) is relegated to two lanes. During afternoon rush, the process is reversed.
Clara Barton Parkway operates as a one-way road between the MacArthur Boulevard Exit and Chain Bridge on weekday mornings and afternoons
Gay Street in Baltimore between North Avenue and Preston Street has 3 lanes. The middle lane is reversible with northbound/outbound traffic using the lane in the afternoon and southbound/inbound traffic using the lane in the morning.

Michigan
Mackinac Bridge near St Ignace treats the passing lane of the southbound side as a temporary northbound lane during the Labor Day bridge walk, at which time the northbound side is used for pedestrians.
Like 7th Street and 7th Avenue in Phoenix, at one time Michigan Avenue in Dearborn had a reversible lane between Telegraph Road and the Southfield Freeway which was marked with lane signals.  These have since been removed.

Nebraska
Dodge Street (U.S. Route 6) between Turner Boulevard and 68th Street in Omaha: no physical separation; lanes marked with overhead lane-use control signals. Center lane direction is eastbound from 5:50am–9:00am and westbound from 9:00am–5:50am.
Farnam Street between Saddle Creek Road and 57th Street in Omaha: no physical separation; lanes marked with lane-use control signals and LED signs. On weekdays the direction is one-way eastbound 7am-9am, and one-way westbound 4pm-6pm.

New Jersey
Lincoln Tunnel's center tube (one of three in total) is reversible. In general, both of the lanes, including one "XBL" (Exclusive Bus Lane), serve Manhattan-bound traffic during the weekday morning rush hour, both of the lanes serve New Jersey-bound traffic during the weekday evening rush hour, and one lane is provided in each direction during other time periods.
Since 1970, the Lincoln Tunnel Approach and Helix in Hudson County supports an "XBL", or Exclusive Bus Lane, on New Jersey Route 495 during the weekday morning peak period (approximately 6:00 a.m. – 10:00 a.m.).  Eastbound buses travel in this reversible lane to the approach to the toll plaza at the Lincoln Tunnel, at the other end of which is the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan in New York City. The lane is fed by the New Jersey Turnpike at Exits 16E and 17, and the western terminus of New Jersey Route 3. Both the tunnel and terminal are owned and operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the bi-state agency that also operates the  reversible, express bus lane along the left lane of three westbound lanes. The XBL serves over 1,800 buses, which transport more than 65,000 persons, each morning and is a major component of the morning "inbound" commutation crossing the Hudson River. Over 100 bus carriers utilize the Exclusive Bus Lane. New Jersey Transit operates numerous interstate bus routes through the Lincoln Tunnel, as do numerous regional and long-distance companies.
Walt Whitman Bridge, Ben Franklin Bridge and Commodore Barry Bridge over the Delaware River between New Jersey and Pennsylvania use moveable medians, to create zipper lanes.

New York
Delancey Street in Manhattan has two lanes on the eastbound side adjacent to the median used for westbound traffic in the morning rush hour between the Williamsburg Bridge and Allen Street. All traffic in these lanes must continue to and then turn left onto Allen, during these times left turns are prohibited from the regular westbound roadway onto Allen Street.
Manhattan Bridge in New York City has three lanes on the lower level, which can have all lanes used in one direction or reversible with two lanes one way and the other for the opposite direction.
Upper level of the Queensboro Bridge in New York City has four lanes and can have all flowing outbound (PM peak), or two lanes each direction in normal configuration.
Mid-Hudson Bridge in Poughkeepsie, New York, has a reversible center lane used during rush hour.

North Carolina
East 7th Street in Charlotte
U.S. Route 29 in Charlotte
This road is the access road to Charlotte Motor Speedway from the city, and links to Interstate 485. It is used for any events at the speedway.

Ohio
Butler Street in Sandusky, used to route traffic between U.S. Route 250 and Cleveland Road, features a reversible center lane to facilitate influxes of traffic going to and from Cedar Point.

Pennsylvania
Liberty Bridge near the southern terminus of I-579 in Pittsburgh has 4 lanes, all of which are potentially reversible, and 2 of which are reversed based on rush-hour times.
West End Bridge in Pittsburgh has 4 lanes, which are all potentially reversible.
West General Robinson Street near Heinz Field in Pittsburgh has 4 lanes, and 2 are reversible.

South Carolina
The Silas N. Pearman Bridge, demolished in 2005, originally contained a third reversible lane, leftmost when heading north on US 17. This was converted to a fixed truck lane for southbound traffic shortly after its construction in the 1960s, as an inspection of its companion bridge, the John P. Grace Memorial Bridge, revealed it was no longer strong enough to carry truck traffic. Both bridges would eventually be rendered obsolete and replaced by the Ravenel Bridge.

Tennessee
U.S. Route 70 in Nashville has three reversible lanes (lane signals, Traffic Lights, without any physical separation) from Korean Veterans Boulevard to just east of a railroad crossing, there is a break in the reversible lanes between Willow Street and Lindsley Avenue.
Victory Memorial Bridge in Nashville has 5 lanes, with only the center lane begin a reversible lanes (lane signals without any physical separation).

Texas
West Alabama Street and North Main Street in Houston – both are three-lane streets, which operate in a 2 in, 1 out configuration during the morning rush, a 1 in, 2 out configuration during the evening rush, and a 1 each way + two-way left turn lane at other times.
N Collins Street from Cowboys Way to E Division Street, and E Division Street from N Collins Street to Six Flags Drive, just east of SR 360 are reversible to give access to Cowboys Stadium in Arlington

Utah
5400 South (State Route 173) in Salt Lake County between 1900 West and Bangerter Highway has seven lanes, three of which are reversible and include a center turning lane at all times.

Virginia
Washington Boulevard (State Route 237) in Arlington County between 13th Street and Wilson Boulevard – this one-block section has only 3 lanes with the center lane reversible by overhead light up indicators.
River Road in Newport News between 75th Street and Shipyard Drive. This is the truck route for Newport News Shipbuilding.

Lane controls and physical separation
The Lee Roy Selmon Expressway in Tampa, Florida, United States includes a three-lane elevated reversible express lane (REL) system. The REL is located in the center of directional local lanes, routinely being elevated over the local lanes in constrained corridor sections. The reversible express lanes utilize barrier gate arms to control the direction of travel and travel direction is reversed daily with peak traffic patterns.
The A38(M) motorway (also known as the Aston Expressway) in Birmingham, England. The road connects the city centre with Spaghetti Junction on the M6. It is a 2-mile, 7-lane section of motorway with no central reservation, and a lower than usual speed limit of 50 mph. Constructed in 1971, it was the United Kingdom's first contraflow road. Overhead lane control signals allow for 4 lanes in and 2 out in the morning rush hour, reversed in the evening, and 3 lanes each way at all other times. One dividing lane is closed to traffic at all times, and motorcycles are permanently prohibited from using the central, red-surfaced lane (with a fixed sign) owing to its use as an off-camber drain. The lane control signals can be set to allow travel in either direction for any lane in exceptional circumstances, which has been used for single-lane, reduced-speed running in each direction (or 2+1 with no divider) during road work, allowing the expressway to remain largely open even during major repairs. However, the 7-lane section splits at both ends to fully divided sets of 4x2 lane slip roads, with the central red lane ending in a barrier, so full use of this flexibility is uncommon and occasional overnight closure is required.
U.S. Route 78 in Snellville, Georgia, United States, has 6 lanes in total. This occurs from the limited access portion through Stone Mountain Park to Georgia State Route 124 (Scenic Highway) for several miles. The middle two lanes were reversible (usually occurring during rush hour) with a varying lane always reserved as a center turn lane; hence 3 lanes were used for one direction of travel and 2 for the other. However, due to rising traffic volumes during peak hours that made traffic flows equivalent, the reversible lane system was removed in 2009.
 The Caldecott Tunnel between Oakland, California and Contra Costa County, previously had three separate bores, with the middle bore switching direction twice daily for rush hour traffic.  A fourth tunnel bore opened in November 2013 to westbound traffic. Two bores are now permanently used by westbound traffic, and the other two by eastbound traffic, with no reversible lanes.
 The Elbe Tunnel near Hamburg, Germany, is part of the Bundesautobahn A7 and has four separate bores, of which two can be switched to allow travel either in each direction or unidirectionally.

Lane controls and physical separation by movable barrier

Benjamin Franklin Bridge, Walt Whitman Bridge, and Commodore Barry Bridge in Philadelphia
Tappan Zee Bridge  (1955) in New York
Theodore Roosevelt Bridge in Washington, D.C.
Auckland Harbour Bridge in Auckland, New Zealand
San Diego-Coronado Bay Bridge in San Diego, California (part of California Route 75)
Southeast Expressway in and near Boston, Massachusetts
A reversible lane, also called a zipper lane, is in use on eastbound Interstate H-1 for traffic heading from Leeward Oahu to Pearl Harbor. It is open from 5:30 to 9:00 a.m.
The Golden Gate Bridge (6 lanes total, 2 reversible), connecting San Francisco with suburban Marin County.  Prior to 2015, opposing traffic lanes were separated only by plastic pylons, which were moved several times daily by hand and provided minimal physical separation.  Installation of a movable median barrier was completed on January 11, 2015.
Alex Fraser Bridge in Vancouver, British Columbia (7 lanes total, 1 reversible)
Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge in New York City (7 lanes total, 1 reversible)

Third (reversible) carriageways on freeways

Bundesautobahn 7, New Elbe Tunnel, Hamburg, Germany (actually two reversible carriageways, plus two fixed)
Warringah Expressway in Sydney, Australia
Interstate 5 in Seattle, Washington
Interstate 15 in northern San Diego, California
Interstate 25 and US-36 in Denver, Colorado
Interstate 394 through Minneapolis, Minnesota and its western suburbs
Interstate 90/Interstate 94 (segment of the Kennedy Expressway) in Chicago, Illinois
Interstate 75 and Interstate 575 north of Atlanta, Georgia, and Interstate 75 south of Atlanta
Interstate 279 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (center carriageway reserved for HOV traffic during rush hour)
Lee Roy Selmon Expressway from Brandon to Tampa, Florida
Interstate 64 in Norfolk, Virginia (center carriageway reserved for HOV traffic during rush hour)
Interstate 395 and Interstate 95 through Washington, D.C., and its Virginia suburbs (center carriageway reserved for HOV traffic during rush hour)
Lincoln Tunnel between Weehawken, New Jersey and the New York City borough of Manhattan has three tubes with two lanes each. The center tube carries two lanes in peak direction weekdays (with a reserved inbound bus lane during the AM rush period) and a single lane each direction off-peak (nights, weekends, holidays).
Multiple freeways in Houston have reversible center HOV lanes operated by Houston METRO.
A1 motorway between the interchanges of A9 and A6, Amsterdam, Netherlands. A two lane carriage is opened in the peak direction during rush hours.
A10 motorway, Second Coen Tunnel, Amsterdam, Netherlands. One of the tubes is opened in the peak direction during rush hours.

Entire roadway routinely reversed
 The Anchieta/Imigrantes highway system in Brazil contains the world's longest fully reversible road (The Imigrantes variant at a length of 58.5 km). It comprises a total of 10 lanes distributed over 4 separate roadways (3+3+2+2), each of which can be reversed. Traffic flow is unidirectional on up to three roadways at a time, in different combinations, depending on demand. Since this highway system is the only quick route from São Paulo to the beach, the majority of the traffic on Fridays and Sundays are cars on weekend trips, creating highly asymmetrical demand.
 In Washington, D.C., the Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway between the Lincoln Memorial and Calvert St. is converted from two lanes in each direction to one-way southbound in the morning and one-way northbound in the evening rush hour Monday through Friday, excluding federal holidays. The P Street exit, usually unavailable northbound, is an allowed left exit in the evening. South of Virginia Avenue, two lanes are closed during rush hours to facilitate the merge to or from Virginia Avenue. There are no overhead markings, but police barricades block wrong-way entrances to the roadway.
Canal Road in Washington, D.C. (between Foxhall Road and Arizona Avenue)
Sherman Access in Hamilton, Ontario. 2 lanes total, both marked as reversible, with both lanes flowing in the same direction during rush hour each weekday.
Assembly Street and Bluff Road (both part of South Carolina 48), along with Shop Road and George Rogers Boulevard in Columbia, South Carolina, are one-way during University of South Carolina football games at Williams-Brice Stadium.
The lower deck of the Centre Street Bridge in Calgary, Alberta, is fully reversible. It normally allows for two-way traffic, but both lanes flow in the same direction during rush hour each day.
Victoria Bridge, in Montreal, Quebec, normally allows for two-way traffic. But during rush hours, it only allows one-way traffic, northbound in the morning, and southbound in the afternoon.
Farnam Street in Omaha is a normally two-way, two-lane street that during rush hour becomes one-way eastbound in the morning and westbound in the evening.
Sierichstraße in Hamburg, Germany, a fully reversible, two-lane city street.
The White Nile Bridge connecting Khartoum and Omdurman in Sudan, with 4 lanes total. Traffic is generally directed equally, 2 lanes to Khartoum and to lanes from except in the morning, where it's 3 lanes towards Khartoum, and in the evening, 3 lanes towards Omdurman.
In Hong Kong, most vehicular tunnels are dual tube. In the early hours one of the tubes will be closed, and one of the lanes in the other tube carries reversed traffic.
The Baker–Barry Tunnel, one of only two means of access to the Marin Headlands from U.S. Route 101 in Marin County, California, is not wide enough to accommodate bidirectional traffic.  It consists of a single reversible lane for automobiles and two bicycle lanes.  The direction of automobile traffic alternates every five minutes, controlled by a traffic light at each end of the tunnel.  The bicycle lanes, one for each direction, are located on either side of the reversible lane; buttons on either side of the tunnel trigger flashing signs alerting drivers entering the tunnel to the presence of cyclists.

Entire roadway formerly reversed
The Southern Expressway in Adelaide, South Australia, was the world's longest exclusively one-way reversible road. It opened in 1997 and eventually traversed  though the city's southern suburbs, until its duplication to carry two-way traffic completed in 2014. It changed direction to carry peak hour traffic to the city centre in the morning and away from the city in the evening. On weekends, the directions were reversed.

One lane formerly reversed
Motorway M7 in Hungary from 1972 until the completion of the second carriageway in 1975. The existing carriageway between Törökbálint and Zamárdi normally operated with one lane in each direction, but carried traffic towards Budapest only on Sunday afternoons.
Alfords Point Bridge in Australia from 1973 till bridge duplication in 2008. The center lane was reversible. After 2008, a 300-metre reversible center lane still remained on Alfords Point Road over Henry Lawson Drive, approximately 500 meters north of this duplicated bridge.

Escalators
In shopping centres and metro stations there may be an odd number of escalators, with one or more escalators running in different directions in different time of a day.

See also

 Contraflow lane
 Contraflow lane reversal
 Single-track road
 Stop-gap

References

Road infrastructure
Road traffic management
Types of roads
Repurposing
Articles containing video clips

Reversible lane


Ciaran Anne Magdalene Madden (born 27 December 1942) is a retired English stage, film, and television actress, who was professionally active from the late 1960s through the late 1990s.

She is a graduate of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts (RADA), and is an Associate Member of the academy.

Madden is best known internationally for her multiple leading Agatha Christie, Shakespeare, and Tom Stoppard roles filmed for television, and for her dramatic performance as Marianne Dashwood in the 1971 BBC miniseries adaptation of Jane Austen's Sense and Sensibility. She appeared in more than 30 television series, teleplays, made-for-television movies, and television miniseries, including a starring performance in the miniseries A Married Man (1984) opposite Anthony Hopkins. She also had major roles in five feature films, including Gawain and the Green Knight (1973), the cult horror film The Beast Must Die (1974), Spy Story (1976) and Swing Kids (1993).

She had originally trained at the Ruskin School of Art at the University of Oxford prior to enrolling at RADA. In the late 1990s she gave up acting and returned to painting, focusing on portraits, and received a diploma from the Heatherley School of Fine Art in London. In 2001 she moved to Dorset with her second husband, Christian Tyler, whom she had married in 1987. Her previous husband, whom she had married in 1972, was John Patrick Scrivenor; they had a son born in late 1972.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

Selected stage credits

British actresses
British film actresses
British stage actresses
British television actresses
Alumni of RADA
British Shakespearean actresses
Alumni of the Ruskin School of Art
Living people
1942 births

Ciaran Madden


A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a 'signal' which can be read by an observer or by an instrument. For example, a mercury thermometer converts the measured temperature into the expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass tube.  Video cameras and a digital cameras have an image sensor.

There are many different types of sensors. Some are used in everyday objects, and some are separate.

Thermal sensors
A sensor that detects temperature. Thermal sensors are in many laptops and computers in order to sound an alarm when a certain temperature has been exceeded.
 temperature sensors: thermometers, thermostats
 heat sensors: bolometer, calorimeter

Electromagnetic sensors
An electronic device used to measure a physical quantity such as pressure or loudness and convert it into an electronic signal of some kind (e.g. a voltage).
 electrical resistance sensors: ohmmeter
 electrical voltage sensors: voltmeter
 electrical power sensors: watt-hour meter
 magnetism sensors: magnetic compass
 metal detectors
 Radar

An electromagnetic sensor is anything that can detect things like photons, electrons, magnetic fields etc. It can be as simple as a white wall, a sheet of white paper, etc., or as new as a charge-coupled device. When a laser is aimed at a detection screen, a bright spot can be seen on the screen, or when an electron hits the phosphors on another kind of screen, it makes that screen glow.

Mechanical sensors
 Pressure sensors: barometer
 Vibration and shock sensors

Motion sensors
A motion sensor detects physical movement in a given area.
 Radar gun, tachometer
 Speedometer

Car sensors
 reversing sensor
 curb feeler

Tools
Computer hardware
Data input

Sensor