Tanya Donelly (born July 14, 1966)  is an American Grammy Award-nominated singer-songwriter and guitarist based in New England who co-founded Throwing Muses with her step-sister Kristin Hersh. Donelly went on to co-form the alternative rock band The Breeders (alongside Pixies bassist Kim Deal) in 1989, before leaving to front her own band Belly in 1991. By the late 1990s, she settled into a solo recording career, working largely with musicians connected to the Boston music scene.

Donelly is best known for her Grammy-nominated work in the mid-1990s as lead vocalist and songwriter for Belly, when she scored a national radio and music television hit with her composition "Feed the Tree". Belly recorded on Sire/Reprise Records and 4AD Records; Donelly's solo works have been released on Warner Bros. Records and 4AD.

Over the years, she has listed several musical influences. In one interview, she named her guitar playing influences as Marc Ribot, the Beatles, and former bandmate Hersh. More recently, she mentioned Leonard Cohen as a songwriting hero, citing her then current listening favorites as Lucinda Williams and Joan Wasser, and listing Boston-based groups like the Dambuilders, Pixies, and Count Zero as past favorites. Although Donelly mainly performs her own original songs, she has in recent years added covers of songs by Robyn Hitchcock, Nina Simone, the Beatles, and Pixies to her repertoire.

Early life
Donelly has said that her parents, Richard and Kristin Donelly, shuttled the family "between Rhode Island and California" for the first four years of her life. Donelly has described her early school experience as including bouts of nervous shyness from fear that what she has called her family's "hippie" background was different from that of her classmates.

Donelly has said that she met Kristin Hersh in school around age eight, quickly becoming close friends. Donelly's father later married Hersh's mother after both divorced in the 1980s. When she was 12 years old, Donelly and her mother were injured in a traumatic car accident that led her to carefully weigh for the first time her spiritual values and her concept of what "God" was. Previously, her upbringing had been an atheist one, but after the car accident a family friend introduced Donelly to the Hindu traditions of Krishna, in which she immersed herself for a brief period. She graduated from Rogers High School in Newport, Rhode Island.

Throwing Muses band beginnings

Around age 14, Hersh's and Donelly's fathers both gave them their own guitars and they initially started playing along with Beatles songs. Soon after, the two started to play along with songs written by Hersh's musical father and then began to write original songs of their own. Donelly co-founded Throwing Muses with Hersh and other members like Elaine Adamedes at around age 15.

Throughout the 1980s, Donelly worked as lead guitarist and secondary vocalist/songwriter, complementing the work of Throwing Muses leader Hersh. The group moved from Rhode Island to Boston around 1986 and signed as the first American group on the influential British label 4AD. Although the band's work generally employed complex rhythms and offbeat chord structures, Donelly has said she eventually accepted that her compositions were simpler and had "more traditional songwriting sensibilities" than Hersh's, by the last two years she worked in the band. Some of her tunes from this period include "Green", "Reel," "Pools in Eyes", "The River", "Giant", "Dragonhead", "Honeychain", "Not Too Soon" and "Angel". Hersh's most popular Muses songs like "Fish", "Dizzy", "Counting Backwards" and most of "The Real Ramona" LP almost always featured Donelly's distinctive lead guitar playing, heavy background vocals, inner vocal workings with different lyrics and pop vocal harmonies and melodic hooks.

1990s: Breeders and Belly
By 1990, Donelly had additionally begun working in a side project called The Breeders with Kim Deal of Pixies, a Boston-based group who had opened shows for Throwing Muses in the 1980s. The first album's vocals and songwriting responsibilities were centered on Deal. The group released Pod with Donelly in 1990.

The Real Ramona, Throwing Muses' last album with Donelly, which included her "Not Too Soon" and "Honeychain" originals, was released in 1991. In May 1991, Deal and Donelly were asked to contribute vocals to This Mortal Coil's Blood album on 4AD, with a cover of Chris Bell's "You and Your Sister," a month before Donelly officially left Throwing Muses.

In December 1991, Donelly formed Belly as guitarist, vocalist and songwriter, with Thomas Gorman on lead guitar, Chris Gorman on drums, and Fred Abong (previously with Throwing Muses) on bass guitar. This group would become her primary creative focus for the next few years, as Donelly's participation in The Breeders faded after the 1992 release of the Safari EP.

In 1993 Belly released the Star LP, with Gail Greenwood soon replacing Fred Abong on bass after the release for touring. The album soon peaked at number two on the United Kingdom music charts and featured a single and music video, "Feed the Tree", that quickly was rated number one on the Modern Rock Tracks Survey. The album scored commercial chart successes and was certified as a gold record in 1994 by the RIAA. The band was also nominated for two Grammy Awards (Best New Artist and Best Alternative Music Performance) and won two Boston Music Awards the same year.

In 1995, Belly released a second album, King, which progressed the avant folk-rock influences, power-pop jangle guitar sounds, and vocal harmonies of the first album into a direction driven more by vocals and driving rhythms, varying the pace within the songs to create tension. Flangers and chorus effects were evident in the guitar sounds. This album, produced by Glyn Johns, did not match the commercial success of Star. The band broke up in 1996.

1990s solo career begins
In 1995, during her post-Belly/pre-solo career, Donelly recorded a track with Catherine Wheel entitled "Judy Staring at the Sun," which appeared on Catherine Wheel's 1995 album Happy Days. The single version featured Donelly and Catherine Wheel's lead singer Rob Dickinson singing in trade-off vocals, but after the final Belly album, Catherine Wheel's record label insisted that the song be re-recorded to remove most of Donelly's vocals, replacing them with Dickinson's, although Donelly's voice can still be heard during the chorus of the reworked version.

The 1995 tribute album Saturday Morning: Cartoons' Greatest Hits, produced by Ralph Sall for MCA Records, included the cover of "Josie and the Pussycats" performed by Tanya Donelly and Juliana Hatfield.

In November 1996, Donelly put together a group of musicians to tour internationally with, just prior to her first solo release, the Sliding & Diving EP on 4AD. Included on the tour were husband Fisher on bass, keyboardist Lisa Mednick (formerly of Juliana Hatfield's group), drummer Stacy Jones (formerly of Letters to Cleo and Veruca Salt), and Madder Rose guitarists Mary Lorson and Billy Coté. The album release featured Donelly on vocals, guitars and keyboards, Rich Gilbert (of Human Sexual Response, Goober & the Peas, Blackstone Valley Sinners) on pedal steel, Fisher on bass, and drummers David Lovering (formerly of the Pixies) and Jones.

After the 1997 dual solo release of Pretty Deep with two different B-sides, she toured North America with Fisher, Throwing Muses' drummer Dave Narcizo, Gilbert, and keyboardist Elizabeth Steen. She soon released her solo debut LP Lovesongs for Underdogs, recorded with Gilbert, Fisher, Jones, Narcizo, and engineer Wally Gagel on assorted instruments.

Career since 2000
In 2000, Donelly performed live in her first reunion with Throwing Muses at a special fan gathering called "Gut Pageant" in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and at a Rhode Island festival.

She continued to record and release symbol-laden, alternative folk-pop solo EPs and full-length LPs on 4AD in 2001, 2002, and 2004. Belly's Sweet Ride: The Best of Belly retrospective was also released in 2002.

As Donelly's writing continued to mature into a softer rhythmic vein than with the Belly material, allusions to motherhood were heard in songs like "Life is But a Dream" and "The Night You Saved My Life" on her 2002 Beautysleep release. Mark Sandman, of Boston's Morphine indie-rock group, sang on "Moonbeam Monkey." Donelly's background vocals are heard on several tracks of the 2003 self-titled Throwing Muses reunion album, which she helped promote with public performances as backing vocalist and guitarist for a few concerts in 2003. Boston post-punk band Mission of Burma included Donelly's backing vocals on their reunion album, Onoffon in 2004.

The same year, she released Whiskey Tango Ghosts, a sparely arranged, acoustic album laced with Gilbert's pedal steel guitar touches. The album's personnel included Steen on piano, Narcizo on drums, and Fisher on guitar, bass, and drums. The album's lyrics explored, in part, marital relationships and family life. Donelly has said the album's minor-key tone was influenced by "a horrible war, a horrible administration, a bleak, mean winter."

She then followed that acoustic album release with three weekend shows of old and new songs performed in 2004 before audiences at The Windham, an old hotel in Bellows Falls, Vermont. Backing Donelly in concert were Fisher on guitar, Gilbert on pedal steel and acoustic guitar, Joan Wasser ((of the Dambuilders, and Joan as Policewoman), Lou Reed, Antony and the Johnsons) on violin and backing vocals, Joe McMahon (of Señor Happy and Will Dailey) on upright bass, Bill Janovitz (lead singer of Buffalo Tom) contributing vocals, and Arthur Johnson (of Come) on drums. The performances were recorded by Donelly's manager, veteran producer Gary Smith of Fort Apache Studios, which helps operate the small concert space and recording room in The Windham's lobby. While Donelly included some of her longtime lyrical allusions to nature imagery, such as bees and honey, in the songs recorded at the Vermont concerts, she said that some of her new material reflected a more direct approach, relying less on symbolic analogy. The topics of religion and spiritual hypocrisy, which first began to interest her after her childhood automobile accident, were reflected in the lyrics to "Kundalini Slide," performed at these concerts. The album of the Vermont performances is titled This Hungry Life and was released by Eleven Thirty Records on October 17, 2006 in the US and October 24, 2006 in Canada.

In June 2005, Donelly mentioned on her official "Slumberland" message board that her future plans included working on a children's compilation album with Boston musicians such as Chris Toppin, writing a book, working with Mark Eitzel and Greek songwriter Manolis Famellos, and occasionally performing live. She planned to focus future performance plans on a few cities like Boston, New York, and London, playing live when time permitted as she raised her daughter. In March 2006, she gave birth to another daughter, Harriet Pearl Fisher.

In early 2006, Donelly sang on two songs on the debut EP from the Boston-based band Dylan In The Movies. In October 2006, she recorded a cover of Neil Young's "Heart of Gold" with producer Paul Kolderie for the American Laundromat Records benefit CD titled Cinnamon Girl - Women Artists Cover Neil Young for Charity.

She wrote four songs for the pop girl group Girl Authority for their second debut Road Trip, one of which is titled "This Is My Day". Her daughter, Gracie, is a fan of the group, according to an article in The Phoenix.

Two shows at the Brattle Theatre in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on October 6, 2007, were a musical reunion of sorts, as Donelly co-headlined with Hersh.

In 2008, Donelly teamed up with Dylan in the Movies to cover The Cure's "Lovecats" for American Laundromat Records tribute compilation "Just Like Heaven - a tribute to The Cure".

A 2010 feature in Spin Magazine profiles Donelly's new career as a postpartum doula.

In December 2010, Donelly teamed up once again with singer and songwriter Brian Sullivan's band, Dylan In The Movies, to release the single "Girl With the Black Tights" on American Laundromat Records. Donelly shares a co-writing credit and sings on the track.

In August 2013, Donelly surprised her audience by announcing a series of extended plays to be issued online. Each release featured songs co-written with friends, musicians and previous collaborators including authors. The first volume contained five songs; "Mass Ave" (for which a video was also released), "Christopher Street", "Let Fall The Sky", "Blame The Muse" and "Meteor Shower". In a rare and extensive interview on a podcast by UK music website The Mouth Magazine, Donelly announced that the series was her way of taking control of an exit strategy as she retired from the music industry.

In early February 2016, the official Belly website announced the group would reform to play shows in Europe the following July and, subsequently, North America. She was slated to compose the score for the 2022 animated film Luck, but was replaced by John Debney.

Personal life
Donelly married former Juliana Hatfield bassist Dean Fisher on September 22, 1996. They have two daughters.

Discography

Solo
Albums
 Lovesongs for Underdogs (1997)
 Beautysleep (2002)
 Whiskey Tango Ghosts (2004)
 This Hungry Life (2006)

EPs
 Sliding & Diving (1996)
 The Bright Light, disc 1 (1997)
 The Bright Light, disc 2 (1997)
 Pretty Deep, disc 1 (1997)
 Pretty Deep, disc 2 (1997)
 Sleepwalk (2001)
 Swan Song Series, Vol. 1 (2013)
 Swan Song Series, Vol. 2 (2013)
 Swan Song Series, Vol. 3 (2013)
 Swan Song Series, Vol. 4 (2014)
 Swan Song Series, Vol. 5 (2014)

Other albums
 Beautysleep and Lovesongs Demos (2006)

Tanya Donelly and the Parkington Sisters
 Tanya Donelly and the Parkington Sisters (2020)

References

Other sources

 Ankeny, Jason. [ "Tanya Donelly".] Allmusic. Retrieved January 29, 2006.
 Evans, Liz (1994). Women, Sex and Rock 'N' Roll: In Their Own Words. Pandora. .
 Fortier, James. Tanya Donelly: Storyboard to the singer/songwriter's career. Retrieved April 20, 2005.
 ""An Interview With Tanya Donelly". (January 26, 2005). Boston Beats. Retrieved April 13, 2005.
 Koradi, Reto (February 27, 1995). "Review: Belly, King". Consumable. Retrieved April 13, 2005.
 Krinsky, David (February 20, 2002). "Tanya Donelly Gets Her Beauty Sleep: College rocker grows up on second solo effort". Rolling Stone. Retrieved April 13, 2005.
 Le, Vinh (1996–2005). "Tanya Timeline". Vinh Le's Belly/Tanya Donelly Pages. Retrieved April 13, 2005.
 Le, Vinh (1996–2005). "Tanya Discography". Vinh Le's Belly/Tanya Donelly Pages. Retrieved April 26, 2005.
 [ "Lovesongs for Underdogs Credits"]. Allmusic. Retrieved April 13, 2005.
 Milano, Brett (November 21, 1996). "On Her Own: Tanya Donelly Begins Life After Belly". Boston Phoenix. Retrieved April 13, 2005.
 Obrecht, Jas (March 1995). "Belly Up! The Rise of Tanya Donelly & Tom Gorman." Guitar Player.
 Phares, Heather (2002). [ "Beautysleep Review"]. Allmusic. Retrieved April 13, 2005.
 White, Timothy (January 16, 1993). "Discovering Belly's Personal Politics." Billboard.
 "Tanya Donelly's This Hungry Life Set for October 17th Release." Eleven Thirty Records Website. Retrieved July 25, 2006.
 "Tanya Donelly - The Mouthcast" The Mouth Magazine. Retrieved August 22, 2013.

External links

 4AD artist website
 Beggars Banquet and Beggars Group labels
 Tanya Donelly site at Fort Apache

1966 births
Living people
4AD artists
American women singer-songwriters
American women rock singers
American rock guitarists
American rock songwriters
Musicians from Newport, Rhode Island
Songwriters from Rhode Island
The Breeders members
Throwing Muses members
Guitarists from Rhode Island
20th-century American guitarists
Remote Control Records artists
20th-century American women guitarists

Tanya Donelly


Roland Rainer (1 May 1910 – 10 April 2004) was an Austrian architect.

Born in Klagenfurt, Roland Rainer decided to become an architect when he was 18, so he studied at the Vienna University of Technology. His thesis was about the Karlsplatz in Vienna. Then, he left Austria visiting the Netherlands and the German Academy for Urban Design in Berlin. He became a Member of the ruling Nazi Party and endorsed their policies in his theoretical works. After World War II, he returned to Austria and continued writing, including his most famous work Urban design prose.

He was then called to several universities: the Technical University of Berlin, the Technical University at Brunswick, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, and the Technical University of Munich. In 1953, Rainer became professor for housing, urban design, and land use planning at the Leibniz University Hannover. In 1954, he became professor for structural engineering at the Graz University of Technology, which forced him to commute between Graz and Hannover. From 1954, Rainer led the Master School for Architecture at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna.

From 1956 to 1962, one of his most significant works, the Wiener Stadthalle in Vienna, was built. On July 1, 1958, Rainer was commissioned with the development of the zoning plan by the town council of Vienna. From 1987, Rainer was chairman of the curia for art of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art. He was also a constant critic of environmental destruction and bad constructions. In 1967 he took part in the international competition of urbanist concept for Bratislava-Petrzalka district in Slovakia.

In 2006 the Roland-Rainer-Platz in front of the Wiener Stadthalle was named after him.

Honours and awards
 1954: City of Vienna Prize for Architecture
 1962: Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art
 1962: Grand Austrian State Prize for Architecture
 1969: Austrian Bauherrenpreis for "garden village" development at Puchenau, in Linz
 1973: Honorary Member ("Honorary Fellow") of the American Institute of Architects
 1979: Austrian Decoration for Science and Art
 1985: Honorary Ring of the City of Vienna
 2000: Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria
 2006: Austrian Bauherrenpreis for the Roland-Rainer-Siedlung garden city development in St. Pölten (posthumously)

References

External links

 Puchenau II Garden City

1910 births
2004 deaths
Architects from Klagenfurt
TU Wien alumni
Academic staff of the Technical University of Munich
Academic staff of the University of Hanover
Academic staff of the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna
Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art
Recipients of the Grand Austrian State Prize
Recipients of the Grand Decoration with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria
Academic staff of the Technical University of Braunschweig

Roland Rainer


'Winterfest' is the name of various winter festivals held in various parts of North America. Winterfest Christmas Trees are produced in Turkey

Fort Lauderdale, Florida
The annual Winterfest in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, produces the Seminole Hard Rock Winterfest Boat Parade which is tagged the "Greatest Show on H2O" - founded in 1971, this annual boat parade and festival has earned the title, "The World's Most Watched Boat Parade." Celebrity grand marshals and 100 decorated boats entertain 1 million spectators along the 12-mile waterway parade route in December.

Lowell, Massachusetts
The annual Winterfest in Lowell, Massachusetts, is a festival that started in 2001. The two-day festival is held following Super Bowl week in downtown Lowell. Events include the Human Dog Sled Competition, in which six-person teams dressed in wacky costumes compete for titles ranging from fastest team to best dressed. The Human Dog Sled Competition was recognized by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) in 2003 for its animal-friendly approach to winter fun. In the Soup Bowl Competition, local restaurant chefs create original recipes that are rated by festival attendees.

Other Winterfest activities include children's entertainment, hot food, drink, live music, free ice skating at Tsongas Arena, a hay ride, a snowman building contest, and an art show of works by local artists. Musical performers have included the Joshua Tree. The festival ends with a fireworks display that organizers claim rivals those on the Fourth of July.

Beloit, Wisconsin
Similar to Lowell, Massachusetts', Winterfest, the Beloit festival ranges in location from the Eclipse Center to Riverside Park and downtown.  Events include an indoor playland, ice skating on the lagoon, ice sculpting and toboggan races.  All events take place in the city of Beloit.

Wausau, Wisconsin
The annual Winter Fest in Wausau, Wisconsin, is a festival that was founded in 2012 by Wausau Events, Inc. Activities for all ages are offered at sites throughout downtown Wausau and typically include horse-drawn wagon rides, art projects, cookie decorating, a snow sculptures, ice skating, and more.

Gatlinburg, Tennessee
A festival in Gatlinburg, Tennessee, this Winterfest takes place from Friday, February 18 - Sunday, February 20.  Unlike the other Winterfests, this one is mainly based around Christian fundamentals, as several churches come to the city and have three  – 3 hour worship sessions on Friday night, Saturday afternoon, and Sunday morning.  Usually, entertainment such as magicians or comedians will be brought in; besides the gatherings, visitors have periods of time for relaxation and recreation when they may go to places such as restaurants, arcades, and other fun activities.

Newaygo, Michigan
The annual Winterfest in Newaygo, is a backyard wrestling event started in 2002 as an annual major event put on by the Newaygo Wrestling Organization (nWo). Since its 2002 inception, the nWo has put on five more events, with the most recent in January 2011.

Coventry, Rhode Island
The annual Winterfest in Coventry, Rhode Island, is a bacchanalian celebration of the oppressive cold of New England winters.  It is intended to bring the arrival of spring through drink and food.

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Winterfest in Philadelphia is at the Blue Cross RiverRink, a skating rink and outdoor event facility located at Penn's Landing. During the winter months it hosts the Blue Cross RiverRink WinterFest, featuring winter-themed decorations, fire pits, and an outdoor beer garden. The first Winterfest was held in 2013, conceived by Avram Hornik of FCM Hospitality, who also owns the neighboring outdoor waterfront restaurant, Morgan's Pier. During the summer months, the ice rink is converted into a roller skating rink under the name SummerFest.

See also
 Winterval - a controversial season of public events organised by the city council of Birmingham in 1997 and 1998
 Winterlude - a winter festival held annually in the Canadian National Capital Region
 Winter Formal - a high school event similar to prom

References

External links
Greater Merrimack Valley Convention and Visitors Bureau - Winterfest 2005
Lowell Winterfest
Kansas City Public Library
nWo Winterfest V
Wausau Winter Fest

Festivals in Massachusetts
Tourist attractions in Lowell, Massachusetts
Festivals in Florida
Tourist attractions in Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Festivals in Michigan
Tourist attractions in Newaygo County, Michigan
Festivals in Wisconsin
Tourist attractions in Rock County, Wisconsin
Tourist attractions in Marathon County, Wisconsin
Beloit, Wisconsin
Winter festivals in the United States

Winterfest


Fly is the cooperative jazz trio of saxophonist Mark Turner, drummer Jeff Ballard and bassist Larry Grenadier.

The group first surfaced as the Jeff Ballard Trio in 2000 on one track of the anthology Originations, curated by Chick Corea (Ballard was Chick's drummer at the time) and became Fly with the release of their first album, on Savoy, in 2004.  Association between the players however goes back much further. Grenadier and Ballard played music together as teenagers in California in the early 1980s and subsequently gigged together often.  They both migrated to the US's East coast in 1990 where they met Turner, and the three musicians have played in diverse permutations and contexts since then.  In Fly, Turner, Grenadier and Ballard all write material. Mark Turner: "Sometimes it's the saxophone carrying the melody. Other times it's the bass or drums. We spread out the frontline duties among us.

Jazz saxophonist Joe Lovano said about their interplay on the Year of the Snake-album: "Fly is a beautiful trio, they play with a wonderful clarity. And Mark plays with a brilliant execution on his horn. [...] He plays with an amazing range on his instrument. That trio has a classical approach in the way the music is written and the way they come off it in the rhythm and in the attitude they're playing. They're improvising but their dialogue is more classical in nature, the way it feels. [...] That's expression, the waves, the life forms, the wind. Fly sounds lovely and beautiful and their music has a real presence, it captures you."

Gallery

Discography
 Fly (Savoy Jazz, 2004)
 Sky & Country (ECM, 2009)
 Year of the Snake (ECM, 2012)

References

External links
 Biography
 Official FLY Home Page

American jazz ensembles
ECM Records artists

Fly (band)


Princess-Majestrix Lilandra Neramani () is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, most commonly in association with the X-Men. She is the Empress, or Majestrix, of the Shi'ar Empire and shares a lifelong bond with the leader of the X-Men, Charles Xavier. She and Xavier were married, but their marriage was annulled after the Cassandra Nova incident.

As the Empress, Lilandra is protected by the Imperial Guard, led by Gladiator.

Lilandra has often been a pivotal secondary character in the X-Men's history, from her participation in the Phoenix Saga, to her role in Grant Morrison's experimental and controversial run on New X-Men. Her role as one of Professor X's most cherished loves has played a significant part in the development of both characters, as well as many of the plots throughout the X-Men books.

Publication history

Lilandra Neramani first appeared in X-Men #97 (1976) and was created by Chris Claremont and Dave Cockrum.

Fictional character biography
Lilandra is the sibling of D'Ken, Deathbird, and an unnamed older sister. Lilandra was hatched on the Aerie (now known as Chandilar, native world of the Shi'ar). Deathbird, the oldest of the surviving three, was denied the throne for "unspeakable" crimes (the murder of her mother and older sister) and was exiled. Instead the throne went to D'Ken, who turned out to be a power mad dictator. Lilandra became a Grand Admiral of the Imperial Guard, in the Shi'ar fleet, but turned against D'Ken, when she found out about his plans involving the M'Kraan Crystal. Branded a traitor, Lilandra fled to Earth, hoping to find allies among its large population of superheroes and found them in Charles Xavier and his X-Men. She began sending visions of herself to Xavier as she traveled to Earth.

Dealing with D'Ken
Finally meeting Xavier in person, she was captured by Davan Shakari. She was held captive by D'Ken, and revealed D'Ken's plot to gain ultimate power. She was saved by the space pirates known as the Starjammers and the X-Men, and reunited on Earth with Xavier. She ultimately invited Xavier to accompany her to the Shi'ar throne-world. During the Phoenix Saga, the X-Men, in particular Phoenix, managed to stop D'Ken's plan, who ultimately was banished after being driven mad.

Majestrix-in-Exile
Lilandra took the throne as Majestrix-Shi'ar (empress of the Shi'ar Imperium) with Xavier as her official consort. She staged a trial by combat to determine the fate of Phoenix. She overcame Deathbird's first attempted coup. However, a short while later her position was usurped by Deathbird, who had made a pact with the Brood and Badoon. She managed to escape along with the X-Men, and Lilandra became Majestrix-in-Exile on Earth. She became a freedom fighter and allied herself with the Starjammers and decided to take back her throne.

Trial of Reed Richards
As monarch, Lilandra has taken a leading role in interstellar affairs, such as dealing with the menace of Dark Phoenix and indicting Reed Richards of the Fantastic Four for daring to save the life of the planet consumer, Galactus.

Return to the throne
When Charles Xavier suffered a near-fatal heart attack, the Starjammers saved him and cured him, but due to enemy spacecraft, they could not return to Earth. It was later recounted how Lilandra escaped D'Ken and first had mental contact with Xavier. She then nearly killed Deathbird in combat. With the help of Xavier and the Starjammers, Lilandra eventually managed to retake the throne and her exile was revoked. She was freed from control by the Warskrulls and parted with Xavier.

Kree-Shi'ar War
Before much longer, interstellar war erupted between the Shi'ar and the Kree. Lilandra ordered the Starjammers to transport the nega-bomb into Kree space. She survived an assassination attempt by the Kree Starforce, and decided to recall the nega-bomb. She discovered that a Skrull impersonating Araki helped cause the Kree-Shi'ar War. At the end of the war, she took control of the devastated Kree Empire, and appointed Deathbird as her viceroy there. Fearing the Kree would seek retribution against the Avengers for their part in ending the war, Lilandra dispatched the Shi'ar warrior, Deathcry (who has recently been revealed to be Lilandra's niece and Deathbird's daughter) to Earth as their protector as atonement for killing one of her platoon members in a drunken rage over a mutual lover.

Cassandra Nova
While Lilandra is a peaceful and beloved empress, her reign has proven to be tumultuous. During her reign, the Skrull tried to infiltrate and control the Shi'ar government, an intergalactic war with the Kree erupted and there were attacks by the Phalanx and the Uncreated. The most damage done to the Shi'ar Empire was done by Cassandra Nova, who, in the body of Charles Xavier, mind-controlled Lilandra and made her order the Shi'ar fleets to attack the Empire's territory, and then used them in an attempt to destroy mutant-kind. Lilandra was lost for a while on earth and attempted to kill Xavier, not understanding he was his own self again. Several Shi'ar noblemen took her away. This and Jean Grey turning into the Phoenix again, were the reasons for the Shi'ar Council to annul the marriage between Lilandra and Xavier. It appears the Shi'ar Council was responsible for ordering the recent mass extermination of the Grey family by the Shi'ar Death Commandos as Lilandra has been recovering from her ordeal with Cassandra Nova on the planet Trellerri and is apparently unaware of their machinations. As she was making preparations to return to her duties as Empress, she was ambushed by Chancellor Araki, who was revealed to be in league with the Shi'ar Vice Chancellor K'Tor and the Empire's Secret Order as part of a coup to remove Lilandra from the throne, and return D'Ken as Emperor. With the aid of a guard still loyal to her, Lilandra was rescued from captivity by the X-Men and the Starjammers and told them of D'Ken's return.

Emperor Vulcan
This was all part of a plan by Vulcan, a powerful mutant, to gain control of the empire. During the incident, many members of the Imperial Guard die at his hands. D'Ken is soon killed after Vulcan officially marries Deathbird. Thus, Vulcan is now the ruler of the Shi'ar Imperium. Lilandra is currently in the company of the Starjammers, opposing Vulcan's tyranny. Most of the Starjammers are eventually captured by Vulcan. However, Korvus, Marvel Girl and Lilandra remain free.

X-Men: Kingbreaker & War of the Kings
Lilandra appeared as a central character in the Emperor Vulcan sequel, X-Men: Kingbreaker and in the War of Kings miniseries, which began in early 2009.

In issue #4 of the War of Kings crossover, Lilandra is assassinated by Darkhawk, who is being controlled by Razor, who is in turn impersonating a Shi'ar citizen. She dies in the arms of Gladiator.

Powers and abilities
As a member of the alien Shi'ar race, Lilandra's physical abilities are somewhat greater than those of a human woman. Lilandra also has limited telepathic abilities whose extent have yet to be clearly defined.

Lilandra is an excellent hand-to-hand combatant, trained in Shi'ar methods of armed and unarmed combat. She is also a good starship pilot.

Lilandra sometimes wears battle armor of unknown composition. She uses a variety of Shi'ar weaponry as needed.

Other versions

Age of Apocalypse
Although Lilandra does not make an appearance, it is known that in this reality Lilandra was the Admiral of the Shi'ar Grand Fleet and leader of the Imperial Guard. She was killed by her brother D'ken before she could try to stop him from taking control of the M'kraan Crystal.

MC2
An alternate, older version of the original Lilandra has been revealed in MC2's miniseries, Last Planet Standing. There, the Shi'ar Empire is eaten by the planet devourer Galactus and Lilandra's Imperial Guard help her and her servants escape right before Galactus consumes the entire empire. What has become of her since is at this point still unknown.

Ultimate Marvel

An alternate version of Lilandra has turned up in the Ultimate Marvel universe's Ultimate X-Men title (starting in issue #66). Lilandra Neramani is not an alien, but the "Majestrix" of the Church of Shi'ar Enlightenment, and claims to represent an ancient religion that worships the Phoenix. They wish to finance the X-Men in return for the study of Jean Grey. She is later seen attending Charles Xavier's funeral.

Prior to this, in Ultimate X4 #1, a mental projection of seemingly alien origin, showing an attractive female humanoid calling herself General Lal-Qil-Atrox, asks Charles Xavier to assist her in capturing dangerous mutants whose powers are classed at "sun-eater" level.  However, this was revealed to be a ruse staged by Rhona Burchill, the Mad Thinker, to send the X-Men on a wild goose chase so she could steal components of their Cerebro computer system.

X-Men: The End
Lilandra is featured in this alternate future storyline, still heavily affected by the attacks of Cassandra Nova.  During the time that Nova possessed Xavier's body, Lilandra became pregnant with their son. Both he and Lilandra would later be murdered by Nova.

In other media

Television
 Lilandra first appears in the third season of X-Men, voiced by Camilla Scott. This incarnation of the character possessed limited telepathic capabilities. There, she sought out help of Professor Xavier and his X-Men to help her defeat her evil brother D'Ken. During the short time they shared alone, Xavier and Lilandra quickly fell in love and eventually managed to defeat D'Ken. When Lilandra became the new heir to the Shi'ar throne, she kissed and thanked Xavier for his help and even offered him to join her, but he declined to do this for as long as there is no peace between mankind and mutants. Lilandra left, but eventually returned to Earth when Xavier became deadly ill in the final episode of the show. She took Xavier with her to the Shi'ar Empire so they could heal him.
 Lilandra appears in the Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. episode "It's a Wonderful Smash", voiced by Nika Futterman. She and the Supreme Intelligence are discussing a peace treaty between the Kree and the Shi'ar that involves the Guardians of the Galaxy bringing them the Orb of Truth. After the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. and the Guardians of the Galaxy escape from the Collector and bring them the artifact, the peace treaty between the Kree and the Shi'ar is a success.

Video games
 Lilandra appears in X-Men. In the game's second level, the X-Men travel to the Shi'ar Empire and must rescue her from Deathbird.
 Lilandra appears in an extra mission in the PlayStation Portable versions of X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse.
 Lilandra appears in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance, voiced by Marabina Jaimes. In the game, the throne is taken from her by her sister Deathbird. An optional quest involves whether the player saves her from her confinement. The player has to prevent the Shi'ar starship from self-destructing by smashing power nodes within a time limit. In one of the rooms that hold power nodes, Lilandra is seen hooked up to what is described as a "torture chamber." To save her, a computer near her has to be smashed despite her pleading to save the ship. It is very durable and hard to destroy, putting further stress on the objective to smash the power nodes before time runs out and the ship self-destructs. Also, if the power nodes are destroyed beforehand, the computer can no longer be harmed. If the player decides to rescue her, the Shi'ar will give Earth advanced technology to wipe out all diseases and hunger on Earth and the Shi'ar's technology will eventually enable humanity to colonize other planets. If the player doesn't, the Shi'ar will refuse to help the heroes when they fail to stop an asteroid that comes to obliterate the Western coast of the United States. When Lilandra is freed, she tells the heroes that she is forever in their debt. Outside of that, she has special dialogue with Storm when she's trapped.

References

External links

Comics characters introduced in 1976
Characters created by Chris Claremont
Characters created by Dave Cockrum
Fictional emperors and empresses
Fictional aviators
Marvel Comics extraterrestrial superheroes
Marvel Comics martial artists
Marvel Comics telepaths
Shi'ar
Space pirates
Marvel Comics female superheroes
X-Men supporting characters

Lilandra Neramani


The Arhuaco are an indigenous people of Colombia. They are Chibchan-speaking people and descendants of the Tairona culture, concentrated in northern Colombia in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta.

Name
The Arhuaco are also known as the Aruaco, Bintucua, Bintuk, Bíntukua, Ica, Ijca, Ijka, Ika, and Ike people.

Territory

The Arhuacos live in the upper valleys of the Piedras River, San Sebastian River, Chichicua River, Ariguani River, and Guatapuri River, in an indigenous territory in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Mountains. Their traditional territory before the Spanish colonization was larger than today's boundaries which exclude many of their sacred sites that they continue to visit today, to pay offerings. These lost territories are the lower parts by the steps of the mountains, lost to colonization and farming.

Communities
The Arhuacos are distributed into 22 sections.

Central Zone: Nabusimake (Capital of the Arhuaco nation), Yechikin and Busin.
Western Zone: Serankwa, Windiwameina, Singunei.
Southern Zone: Zigta, Yeurwa, Gumuke, Yeiwin, Seyarukwingumu

pingumu, Buyuaguenka, and Simonorwa.
Southeast Zone: Wirwa, Yugaka, Karwa.
East Zone: Sogrome, Donachwi, Timaka, Aruamake, Seynimin and Izrwa.

The population is dispersed, but gets together in these towns for reunions and ceremonies, with Nabusimake being the most important of them and with a special significance: it's composed of fifty squared shaped houses and circular temples named Kankurwa, for men and women.

Economy

The Arhuacos' main economic activity is subsistence agriculture, which traditionally was practiced by every family in the community in their own parcel by their houses. Each family owned two houses, one in the high lands where the weather is cooler and another in the warmer, lower lands of the mountains.
Nowadays they can only practice this on the higher lands due to expropriation of land during the Spanish colonization.

In the higher lands, they cultivate potatoes, onions, cabbages, lettuce, blueberries, tamarilloes, pumpkins, garlic and wheat. In the mid-lands; corn, beans, yuca, arracacha, malanga, coca, cotton, pineapple, papaya, guava, passion fruit, sweet granadilla, oranges and limes. Coffee is cultivated for commercial purposes only along with Arhuaca mochilas (handmade bags, fashionable among both males and females in Bogota and other major Colombian cities), and other arts and crafts to exchange in the lower lands for products they don't get in the high lands. They also raise chickens, cattle, sheep and goats. Men produce entirely the traditional clothing, but nowadays they also use modern clothing.

Cosmology and worldview

The Arhuacos are profoundly spiritual and follow their own unique philosophy that tends to globalize their surroundings. They believe in a creator or "father" named Kakü Serankua, who engendered the first gods and material living things, other "fathers" like the sun and the snowy peaks and other "mothers" like the earth and the moon. They consider the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta to be the heart of the world, and believe that the well-being of the rest of the world depends on it.

Nature and society as a unity are ruled by a single sacred law, immutable, pre-existent, primitive and survivor to everyone and everything. The material world can exist or cease to exist but this law is believed to continue without being altered.

This universal law Kunsamü is represented by a boy, Mamo Niankua. This law of nature is an explanation of the origins of matter and its evolution, equilibrium, preservation and harmony, that constitutes the fundamental objectives and the reason being of the Mamo; the spiritual authority of the Arhuaco society.

Each Mamo or Mamü is selected among different candidates, boys ranging eight to ten years old that will receive training for a minimum of nine years to fifteen years on average and are free to determine if they want to continue with it further the training period. To become a Mamo, they stay in a cave for nine years while the elders teach them everything they need to know. They specialize in certain knowledge areas such as philosophy, sacerdotalism, medicine and practical community or individual counselors. Their influence is decisive in their society.

Conflicts

In 1916 the Arhuacos asked the government of Colombia for teachers to learn to read and write and also learn about mathematics, but instead the government sent Capuchin Friars. The Friars prohibited the children from learning about their culture, and put them aside in an orphanage. They also established forced labor, ignoring the Arhuacos' plea to leave them alone.

In 1943, politicians from Valledupar, missionaries and the Ministry of Agriculture, expropriated without compensation the best terrains of Nabusimake and built a State-owned, agricultural farm. The Arhuacos fought back and in 1944 created the Liga de Indios de la Serra Nevada (Sierra Nevada Amerindians League), but were outlawed later in 1956 by a military government.

In 1962, the government imposed the construction of a communications tower for TV in Mount Alguacil, considered sacred by the Arhuacos. This outraged them because they believe mountain peaks to be sacred. The government also established a military post to intimidate them, and later ordered the construction of a highway from their territory to Valledupar. Ignoring the threats, the Arhuacos reestablished their league. In 1972 the Arhuacos created the cabildo Gobernador, a better structured and adequate organization to defend their values and land.

On August 7, 1982, they rebelled against the Capuchins and took over the mission's buildings. The Capuchins finally left in 1983.

In 1990, three Arhuaco indigenous leaders were kidnapped and murdered while travelling by bus to Bogota to register an official complaint about human rights violations by security forces against indigenous people in Santa Marta.

In 2012 an Arhuaco leader,  Rogelio Mejía, narrowly escaped an assassination attempt when his car was stopped  at a roadblock by a group of armed men and riddled with bullets.

Prohibited cultivation

In 1975, Colombians started cultivating marijuana in the Sierra Nevada. This brought more problems to the community, like forced recruitment for plantations, assimilation of the drug dealers' culture by some, and violence. Many poor peasants from other regions of Colombia came to work in the Marijuana bonanza of the 1980s. Different from the traditional, non-commercial Coca planting, the drug dealers produced Cocaine through chemical processes. The money later attracted the Colombian Armed Conflict, and conflict among the different factions: mainly guerrillas and paramilitaries, who competed for the control of the area, and indiscriminately accused the Arhuacos and others of being collaborators of the rival party, assassinating and intimidating them, forcing many to leave. The government also started fumigations to eradicate illicit plantations, leaving the Arhuacos in the middle of a crossfire.

Government projects

The government of Colombia is trying to develop an irrigation system for the Valley of Cesar by constructing hydroelectric dams and ecotourism routes in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta.
The Arhuacos are strongly opposed to all these projects and organized the Confederación Indígena Tairona (Tairona Indigenous Confederation).

See also

Tairona
Chibcha
Kogi people
Wayuu
Valledupar
Santa Marta

Notes

Bibliography
Arhuaco, Survival International
 Etniasdecolombia.org
Orozco, José Antonio 1990 Nabusímake, tierra de Arhuacos. ESAP, Bogotá.
Botero Verswyvel, Silvia 1987: "Indígenas de la Sierra nevada de Santa marta"; Introducción a la Colombia Ameridia:39-50. ICAN, Bogotá.
dismalworld.com
Pensamiento Arhuaco

External links
Arhuaca material culture, National Museum of the American Indian

Valledupar
Circum-Caribbean tribes
Indigenous peoples in Colombia
Indigenous peoples of the Guianas
Santa Marta

Arhuaco


Bohemond of Warnesberg (died 9 December 1299) was the Archbishop of Trier (as Bohemond I) and a Prince Elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 1286 to his death.

He achieved high religious postings in both Trier and Metz before being selected to replace Henry of Finstingen as archbishop in the former. Chosen by Pope Nicholas IV, he did not receive his confirmation in Rome until 6 March 1289, after three years during which two of his competitors had died and the third, Gerard II of Eppstein had been received the mitre in Mainz.

He was a man of letters and a knight, concerned for both the spiritual and saecular health of his underlings. He had a high reputation with his fellow princes, but was unable to impose his will on those of his cathedral chapter who opposed him. When the pope appointed Peter von Aspelt and Johannes Gylet cathedral canons, Bohemond opposed them because they were not locals. Even a papal interdict did not cause him to relent.

When King Rudolf I of Germany desired to make his son Albert crowned in his lifetime to ensure his succession, Bohemond readily crowned him. On Rudolf's death in 1291, however, Siegfried of Cologne and the aforementioned Gerard of Mainz forced him to change his vote and elect Adolf of Nassau as king. After Adolf's coronation, Bohemond remained faithful to him and negotiated for him in Flanders between the English and the French. He prepared an army to fight against Albert, but on hearing the news of Adolf's death at the Battle of Göllheim, he transferred his allegiance to Albert. He received gifts of property from Philip IV of France, Edward I of England, and, most importantly, Albert himself, who gave him the castle of Cochem, originally pawned by Adolf to be a hereditary possession of the church of Trier. Bohemond died in Trier and was buried in the monastery of Himmerode, which he particularly loved.

Sources
Gesta Trevirorum

13th-century births
1299 deaths

Year of birth unknown
Bohemond 01
13th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the Holy Roman Empire

Bohemond I (archbishop of Trier)


Quatre aventures de Spirou et Fantasio, written and drawn by Franquin, is a collection of four stories from serial publication between 1948 and 1950 in Spirou magazine, namely Spirou et les plans du robot, Spirou sur le ring, Spirou fait du cheval, and Spirou chez les Pygmées.  Together they were released as the first official series Spirou et Fantasio hardcover album in 1950.

Story
In The Robot Drawings, Spirou and Fantasio have a hunch they need to protect the world from criminals getting their hands on mad Professor Samovar's blueprints for a robot with doomsday potential. This is the sequel to Radar le robot from 1947.

In Spirou in the Ring, Poildur, a neighbour bully, challenges Spirou to a boxing match, who nobly accepts and asks Fantasio to coach him. An entire Brussels working class community turns out for the big event, and an epic boxing match of courage against cheating tactics is played out. On this occasion, Spirou's weight is revealed to be 40.8 kg.

In Spirou Rides a Horse, Fantasio attempts to mix it up with the upper class by playing the equestrian dandy gentleman, and Spirou reluctantly joins him to go horseback riding. Fantasio is given a very noble steed named Artaban, while Spirou's horse, Plumeau, is ridiculously unhorselike.

In Spirou meets the Pygmies, a leopard escaped from the zoo assaults Spirou and Spip during a forest picnic trip, but they manage to become friendly. Unable to adopt and keep it in the apartment, Spirou and Fantasio must take it home to an African island, leading to adventures with pygmy tribes and arms-dealing villains.

Background
Franquin's drawing style of this period, while it closely resembles the style of Jijé whose characters he had suddenly inherited, shows the first steps in developing his personal interpretation the characters and maturing storytelling skills, illustrated by comparing the very early first two stories with the two latter.

Another apparent influence is that of Franquin's boarding mate at the time, Morris whose Lucky Luke character Jolly Jumper's insane cousin appears to have a starring role as Plumeau in Spirou fait du cheval. The facial likeness of Morris is also lampooned in Spirou sur le ring as Spirou's little do-good friend called P'tit Maurice.

English translation
This book was translated to English in India by Egmont' subsidiary Euro Books in 2007, under the title "The Robot Blueprints and Four Other Stories".

References

 Franquin publications in Spirou BDoubliées

External links
Spirou official site album index
Franquin site album index

Comics by André Franquin
Spirou et Fantasio albums
1950 graphic novels
1950 in comics
Comics set in Belgium
Brussels in fiction
Comics set in Africa
Comics set in a fictional country
Works originally published in Spirou (magazine)
Literature first published in serial form

Quatre aventures de Spirou et Fantasio


Lombok (population 2,950,105 in 2005) is an island in West Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia. It is to the east of Bali on the other side of the Lombok Strait. The capital and largest city on the island is Mataram.

The Gili Islands are very popular with tourists. There are many places to dive and the beaches are lovely.

Mount Rinjani, 3,726 m (12,224 ft), is the third-highest volcano in Indonesia.

In the summer of 2018, two major earthquakes, in July (6.4 magnitude) and in August (6.9 magnitude) hit the city killing nearly 270 people all together.

Other websites

 NY Times on Lombok
 Inside Lombok

Lombok
Lesser Sunda Islands
Gondwana

Lombok


Charles Benjamin Purdom (15 October 1883 – 8 July 1965) was a British author, drama critic, town planner, and economist. He was one of the pioneers and founders of the first garden cities, Letchworth and Welwyn Garden City, the latter of which he was appointed Finance Director between 1919–1928. He was then made Honorary Secretary, then Treasurer of the International Federation for Housing and Planning (1931–1935). He was also founder of the Letchworth and Welwyn Garden City Theatre Society, now the Welwyn Drama Club. He won the Howard Walden cup at the Welwyn Garden City Drama Festival and the David Belasco cup in New-York in 1927. He was an author of many books on city development, on Shakespeare and Bernard Shaw plays, Harley Granville-Barker, and on producing plays. He was editor of an English literary periodical called Everyman, covering books, drama, music and travel and featured articles by renowned authors such as Ivor Brown, Arthur Machen, G. K. Chesterton, A. E. Coppard, and Bertrand Russell. He was General Secretary of British Equity (1939–1940) and joint secretary of the London Theatre Council. He was also the earliest biographer of Meher Baba. He was father of the actor Edmund Purdom. He died in Welwyn Garden City in 1965.

First biographer of Meher Baba

Purdom was a devoted follower of the Indian silent teacher Meher Baba after meeting him in Devon, England on Baba's first visit to the West in 1931. Purdom was Meher Baba's original biographer, writing The Perfect Master: The Early Life of Meher Baba in 1937, which covers Meher Baba's life from 1911–1936, and The God Man: The Life, Journeys & Work of Meher Baba with an Interpretation of His Silence & Spiritual Teaching in 1964. He also wrote an early single-volume edition of Meher Baba's discourses titled God to Man and Man to God: The Discourses of Meher Baba (1955) and with author Malcolm Schloss co-wrote a detailed account of a group visit with Meher Baba in India titled Three Incredible Weeks with Meher Baba.

Selected publications

 The Garden City: A Study of the Development of a Modern Town, J.M. Dent & Sons, London, 1913
 The Building of Satellite Towns: A Contribution to the Study of Town Development and Regional Planning,  J.M. Dent & Sons, London, 1925
 The Swan Shakespeare; a Player's Edition – 3 Volumes , J.M. Dent & Sons, London, 1930
 Producing Plays: a handbook for producers & players, J.M. Dent, London 1930
 Everyman at War. Sixty Personal Narratives of the War, (Selected from Everyman Magazine), Dutton, New York, 1930 and J.M. Dent, London, 1939
 The Perfect Master: The Life of Shri Meher Baba, (Meher Baba's life from 1911–1936), Williams & Norgate Ltd, London, 1937. Reprinted as Perfect Master, The Early Life of Meher Baba, by Sheriar Press USA in 1976
 The New Order, J.M. Dent and Sons Ltd, 1941
 How Shall We Rebuild London?, J.M. Dent, London, 1946
 Economic Wellbeing, Nicholson and Watson, 1947
 Producing Shakespeare, Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, London, 1950
 Life Over Again (Autobiography), J.M. Dent & Sons Ltd., London, 1951
 Drama Festivals and Their Adjudication; a Handbook for Producers, Actors, Festival Organisers, and Adjudicators,  J.M. Dent and Sons Ltd., London, 1951
 Harley Granville Barker: Man of the Theatre, Dramatist, and Scholar, Salisbury Square, 1955
 God to Man and Man to God: The Discourses of Meher Baba, Victor Gollancz Ltd., London, 1955
 Bernard Shaw's Letters to Granville Barker, Phoenix House, London, 1956
 A Guide to the Plays of Bernard Shaw, Methuen & Co. Ltd, London, 1963
 The Letchworth Achievement, J.M. Dent & Sons, 1963
 What Happens in Shakespeare: a New Interpretation, John Baker Publ., London, 1963
 The God-Man: The Life, Journeys & Work of Meher Baba with an Interpretation of His Silence & Spiritual Teaching, George Allen & Unwin, London, 1964
 Three Incredible Weeks with Meher Baba: 11–30 September 1954, Sheriar Press, Myrtle Beach, 1979

References

External links
 Charles Purdom at meherbabatravels.com
 Divine Drama, the Valiant Life of Charles B. Purdom

1883 births
1965 deaths
British theatre critics
English biographers
English economists
Followers of Meher Baba
General Secretaries of Equity (trade union)

Charles Purdom


Pope Victor (189-198C.E.) I was the fourteenth Pope, the official title is Bishop of Rome of the Catholic Church.

Pope Victor was the first African pope.  He attempted to resolve the ongoing controversy over the celebration of Easter through a great meeting of church members from Rome and Gaul (France) and areas of and around Mesopotamia (Iraq) that Easter should be celebrated on a Sunday instead of on Passover, whichever that day occurred on.  The Asia Minor church however, stayed fast to the celebration on Passover.  Pope Victor at first declared the congregation in Asia Minor excommunicated but under protest seems to have withdrawn and those members of the church were accepted back into the Church.

He secured the release of some Christians who were condemned to the mines of Sardinia as a result of his request with the emperor's mistress.

His feast day is celebrated on July 28.

Year of death unknown
Year of birth unknown

Pope Victor I


Louis Isidore "Buddy" Bregman (July 9, 1930 – January 8, 2017) was an American arranger and conductor.

Biography
Bregman was born in Chicago. His father was an executive in the steel industry. His uncle was songwriter Jule Styne. He spent summers in Hollywood with Styne, observing him compose music. Bregman wrote his first arrangement when he was eleven years old.

After two years at the University of California in Los Angeles, he left to pursue a career in music. He wrote an arrangement for the song "Bazoom I Need Your Lovin'" (1954) by The Cheers, written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. In 1955 he was appointed orchestra leader for the Gary Crosby Show on CBS radio.

At the age of 25 Bregman became head of artists and repertoire (A&R) at Verve Records, founded and run by Norman Granz, after meeting with Granz at the home of Rosemary Clooney and José Ferrer. He arranged and conducted Verve's first single ("I'm With You"/"The Rock and Roll Waltz") and first album, Anita, both featuring vocals by Anita O'Day. In 1956 Bregman arranged and conducted three albums which were certified platinum by the RIAA. The first two recordings in Ella Fitzgerald's Songbooks were arranged by Bregman: the Cole Porter and Richard Rodgers entries. He also arranged several of Fitzgerald's early Verve singles. Learning that Bing Crosby was out of his exclusive contract at Decca, in 1956 Bregman conceived, arranged and conducted Bing Sings Whilst Bregman Swings, which was certified platinum. During the same year, he was arranger and conductor for The Greatest!! Count Basie Plays, Joe Williams Sings Standards. Bregman arranged and conducted on albums for Toni Harper, Jane Powell, Ricky Nelson, and for his friend Fred Astaire, including several of Astaire's own songs.

Bregman arranged and conducted tracks such as "Let There Be Love" (Trend) for Bobby Short, "Rock-A-Bye Your Baby With A Dixie Melody" (Decca) for Jerry Lewis, and "The Wayward Wind" (Era) for Gogi Grant.

In addition, he produced a selection of his own instrumental albums, such as The Gershwin Anniversary Album, Funny Face & Other Gershwin Tunes, Swinging Kicks, Swingin' Standards, Dig Buddy in Hi-Fi, Symphony of the Golden West, Anita O'Day – Rules of the Road, and That Swing. After leaving Verve, he became music director for The Eddie Fisher Show, then his own show, The Music Shop.

He was involved in creating the scores or orchestrations for several motion pictures in this period: Five Guns West (1955), Crime in the Streets and The Wild Party (both 1956), The Pajama Game (1957), including scoring all of the Bob Fosse dance numbers, The Delicate Delinquent, Born Reckless (1958), Secret of the Purple Reef (1960), and The Cat Burglar (1961).

In the early 1960s Bregman became a television producer and director. After producing several TV specials in Europe, he was hired by David Attenborough for BBC 2 in 1964. In 1966, he was appointed head of light entertainment for the weekday ITV company Rediffusion London.

Bregman wrote Jump Jim Crow – a musical for the Royal Shakespeare Company – and moved into London-based independent TV and film production. He produced and directed The New-Fangled Wandering Minstrel Show, a TV special starring Olivia Newton-John and Georgie Fame.

After returning to the United States, Bregman worked as a producer and director on television programs.

In late 2004, Bregman was tasked with arranging and conducting a 16-track vocal album of old and newer pop/jazz standards. It features an 18-piece big band of West Coast sidemen Hubert Laws, Ricky Woodard, Charles Owens, George Bohannon, Bobby Rodriguez, Patrice Rushen, Roberto Miranda, and others. These sessions were recorded over two days in May 2006 at the Quincy Jones / Michael Jackson designed signature studio, 'D', at Westlake Recording Studios, with the UCLA's and CJO's Charley Harrison serving as MD. The album was conceived and self-produced by actor and amateur baritone, Tom Mark. Vocals were recorded by Mark at Westlake Recording Studios in May and November 2006. Bregman also recorded 'scratch' vocals against each and every one of his own session-tracks during studio downtime at Westlake.

Bregman was married to actress Suzanne Lloyd from 1961 to 1988; the couple had a daughter, Tracey E. Bregman, an actress on television soap operas. On January 8, 2017, she confirmed that Bregman had died from complications of Alzheimer's disease, which he had suffered from for many years.

References

External links
 Buddy Bregman at Haines His Way

1930 births
2017 deaths
Film producers from Illinois
American film score composers
American male film score composers
American jazz composers
American male jazz composers
American music arrangers
Television producers from Illinois
Big band bandleaders
Era Records artists
Musicians from Chicago
RCA Victor artists
American conductors (music)
American male conductors (music)
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Deaths from dementia in California
Verve Records artists
Jazz musicians from Illinois
Classical musicians from Illinois

Buddy Bregman


A picture book is a book that combines words and pictures to tell a story. They are usually for young children to read. The pictures are illustrations that show different parts of the story. The written part of the book is often short and basic, using words that a child can understand.

The earliest illustrated book made for children was Orbis Pictus by John Amos Comenius. It was published in 1658. One of the earliest picture books in English was Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland from 1866. The drawings in it were done by John Tenniel. Beatrix Potter's The Tale of Peter Rabbit was published in 1902. Potter did all her own illustrations, which are watercolour paintings. Some of the best-known picture books are Make Way for Ducklings, The Cat in the Hat, and Where the Wild Things Are.

Picture book


Latin American Canadians are Canadians with ancestry from Latin America. They may also be called "Latino Canadian" and "Latin Canadian". As of 2011, there were 381,280 Latin American Canadians in Canada.

Most Latin American Canadians speak two or more languages. They usually speak Spanish and/or Portuguese along with English and French.

A lot of Latin American Canadians came to Canada in the late 20th century. They came to Canada because it has better economic opportunities than their native country. Some Cubans came to Canada to escape Fidel Castro's regime. Other Latino Americans left their country because Canada offered freedom from war.

In 2011, most Latin American Canadians had Mexican ancestry (18.6%). Other common ancestries were Colombian (16.2%), Salvadoran (11.7%), Peruvian (7.1%), Chilean (6.7%) and Brazilian (6.1%).

Almost all Latino American Canadians are Christian.

References

Ethnic groups in Canada

Latin American Canadians


Yoshi is a fictional dinosaur who appears in the Mario series of video games made by Nintendo. The character was created by Shigeru Miyamoto.

Yoshi's best-known ability is his ability to eat enemies. He has a long frog-like tongue which he uses to eat enemies and items. In some games, after Yoshi eats enemies, they can be turned into eggs, which can be thrown. One of Yoshi's companions is Mario who helps Yoshi throughout dangerous situations. Most of the time, Mario can ride Yoshi.

Yoshi also can jump very high, and can also float in the air a little bit by kicking his legs. He can also ground pound enemies by quickly jumping on them.

Yoshis are usually green, but can come in many other colors. These other colors include green, red, light blue, blue, purple, pink, yellow, orange, brown, black, and white. Blue Yoshi is especially in Super Mario World. In Super Mario 64 DS, Rec Room there's a light blue color in one of Yoshi's minigames Tox Box. In Vs Mode multiplayer, it has a dark blue color and the third player can play him.

In a few games like Super Mario World Yoshi gains powers, like flying, shooting fireballs when spat out, ground pounding, or all three by holding certain colored koopa troopa shells in it's mouth.

Yoshi first appeared in the game Super Mario World (SNES), which was released in 1990 in Japan and 1991 in the United States.

Main playable appearances
Mario Kart 64 (N64)
Mario Kart: Super Circuit (GBA)
Mario Kart DS (DS)
Mario Kart Wii (Wii)
Mario Kart 7 (3DS)
Mario Kart 8 (Deluxe) (Wii U/Switch)
Mario Party series (N64, GCN, DS, and Wii)
Super Mario 64 DS (DS) (Vs Mode multiplayer only, the one with the game card is Green Yoshi, others are Red, Blue, and Yellow Yoshi.
Super Mario Kart (SNES)
Super Mario Sunshine (GCN)
Super Smash Bros. (N64)
Super Smash Bros. Melee (GCN)
Mario Kart: Double Dash!! (GCN)
Mario Power Tennis (GCN)
Super Mario Strikers (Wii)
Super Mario World (SNES)
Yoshi's Island (SNES), (GBA)
Yoshi's Island DS (DS)
Yoshi Touch & Go (DS)
Yoshi Topsy-Turvy (GBA)
Yoshi's Story (N64)
Yoshi's Woolly World (Wii U/3DS)
Yoshi's Crafted World (Switch)
Mario Strikers Charged (Wii)
Super Smash Bros. Brawl (Wii)
Super Mario Galaxy 2 (Wii)
New Super Mario Bros. U (Wii U)
Super Mario Maker (Wii U/3DS)
Super Mario Maker 2 (Switch)

Reception
Yoshi is a very well-known character in the Mario series. Yoshi is also seen a lot in Mario toys, games, and shirts. Yoshi was in two of the Mcdonald's Happy Meal Mario toy promotions, which only starred Mario, Donkey Kong and Yoshi himself. In a 2008 poll, Yoshi was voted as the third favorite video game character in Japan. Cloud Strife and Mario were second and first place, in that order.

References

Fictional animals
Fictional characters introduced in 1990
Mario series characters
Fictional dinosaurs

Yoshi


A quadriga is a vehicle, with one pole in the center, that is pulled by four horses (or other animals). Unlike modern carriages, the horses are all next to each other and none are in front of the others. The name is a contraction of quatuor ('four') and iugum ('joke'). Long ago, quadrigae were common in horse racing. Some chariots were also quadrigae.

Ancient Rome
Horse racing
Land transport

Quadriga


An Amazon Standard Identification Number (ASIN) is a 10-character alphanumeric unique identifier assigned by Amazon.com and its partners for product identification within the Amazon organization. They were designed in 1996 by Rebecca Allen, an Amazon software engineer, when it became clear that Amazon was going to sell products other than just books. The 10-character format of the ASIN was adopted so that Amazon databases and software, which were designed to expect a 10-character International Standard Book Number (ISBN) field, would not have to be changed to accommodate the new identification format.

Usage and structure
Each product sold on Amazon.com is given a unique ASIN. For books with a 10-digit International Standard Book Number (ISBN), the ASIN and the ISBN are the same. The Kindle edition of a book will not use its ISBN as the ASIN, although the electronic version of a book may have its own ISBN. The ASIN forms part of the URL of a product detail page on Amazon's website.

References

Computer-related introductions in 1996
ASIN
Book terminology
Identifiers

ja:Amazon.com#ASIN

Amazon Standard Identification Number


Gray iron or gray cast iron is a mixture of cast iron and graphite. It is used in cookware and combustion cylinders. The more force the iron can hold, the better the iron is.

Advantages and Disadvantages
Gray iron is very strong. It is also very good for building machines and very good for absorbing energy. Gray iron is easy to weld. However, gray iron cannot handle quick strikes, and breaks easily.

Iron

Gray iron


Our City, more formally Our City O-Tautahi, also known as the Old Municipal Chambers, is a Queen Anne style building on the corner of Worcester Street and Oxford Terrace in the Christchurch Central City. It is a Category I heritage building registered with Heritage New Zealand. From 1887 to 1924 it was used by Christchurch City Council as their civic offices, providing room for meetings of the council and for housing staff, before they moved to the Civic. It was then used for many decades by the Canterbury Chamber of Commerce and served as the main tourist information. It was last used as an exhibition and events centre before being damaged in the Christchurch earthquakes.

History

Civic offices
The Christchurch Municipal Council first met in 1862. Later that year, it became the Christchurch City Council. The council used Christchurch's first public building, the Christchurch Land Office, as their meeting venue and for housing council employees. The Land Office was built in 1851 on Oxford Terrace on the banks of the Avon River, just north of where the Worcester Street bridge crossed the river. The building had various public uses. It was built on Reserve 10, which was a section of land reserved for public buildings.

In 1879, the council administration had run out of room in the Land Office, and a competition for new civic offices and a town hall (i.e. a venue for large gatherings) for what is later known as Victoria Square was announced. After all the competition entries proved too expensive, the project was abandoned.

Another competition was called for in 1885, this time for just civic offices (i.e. for a council meeting venue and for staff), and on the same site as the Land Office. Controversy erupted when the competition was won by Samuel Hurst Seager; he was young and relatively inexperienced, and his design in Queen Anne style was an architectural type unfamiliar to New Zealand. Construction began in 1886, but the controversy continued when councillor Samuel Paull Andrews claimed the building was structurally unsound. Benjamin Mountfort and John Whitelaw, both architects, and Edward Dobson, an engineer, reviewed the design and the building and found everything to be safe. The only suggestion they made was to strengthen the roof in a different, more costly way than designed by Seager. The building was completed on 24 March 1887 and council met for the first time in their new premises on 4 April 1887. The south façade of the building has two terracotta sculptures by George Frampton that represent 'Industry' and 'Concord'.

In 1919, Council concluded that their premises were once again too cramped and started looking for an alternative. A bill was put to Parliament, seeking permission to extend the building to the north of Reserve 10 on land designated for public gardens or promenades, but public opposition was too strong and the proposal was dropped. Instead, Council purchased the burned out shell of the northern half of the Agricultural and Industrial Hall in 1920. Construction started in 1922, and the new offices, now known as the Civic, opened on 1 September 1924. In 2010, council moved into their fifth civic office; to date, the Queen Anne design is the only purpose built civic offices in Christchurch.

Other uses

Parliament passed a Christchurch Municipal Offices Leasing Act in 1922, which allowed council to lease the building that was situated on Reserve 10. The Canterbury Chamber of Commerce took the lease and held it until 1987. Part of the building was subleased to the Canterbury Promotion Council, later known as Christchurch and Canterbury Marketing, and they were in the building until October 2000. Part of their function was to provide the main tourist information centre for Christchurch.

The building was taken over again by the council and opened as an exhibition, event and meeting space for the community in July 2002, branded as Our City O-Tautahi. It is one of Christchurch's major tourist attractions.

Earthquake damage
Our City was damaged in the 2010 Canterbury earthquake and was closed, with heavy bracing installed around the building. The building is insured for NZ$5.8m, but repair options are in excess of that.  One of the options has been estimated at NZ$10.5m.

Heritage listing
On 2 April 1985, the building was registered by the New Zealand Historic Places Trust (now called Heritage New Zealand) as a Category I historic place, with the registration number being 1844. It is a rare example of the Queen Anne style, and at the time was a notable departure from the prevailing Gothic architecture. It was the first major commission for Seager and started his career. The building is a feature in its part of the city.

References

2011 Christchurch earthquake
Christchurch Central City
Buildings and structures in Christchurch
City and town halls in New Zealand
Heritage New Zealand Category 1 historic places in Canterbury, New Zealand
Tourist attractions in Christchurch
1880s architecture in New Zealand

Our City, Christchurch


The Chronophone is an apparatus patented by Léon Gaumont in 1902 to synchronise the Cinématographe (Chrono-Bioscope) with a disc Phonograph (Cyclophone) using a "Conductor" or "Switchboard". This sound-on-disc display was used as an experiment from 1902 to 1910. In January 1911, the industrial exploitation started at the Olympia. Chronophone would show Phonoscènes (an early forerunner of music videos) and films parlants ("Talking Films") almost every week from 1911 until 1917 at the Gaumont Palace, "the Greatest Cinema Theatre in the World", previously known as the Paris Hippodrome.

In the United States, the early rival of the Chronophone was the Cameraphone.

References

Film sound production
History of film
Film and video technology
Motion picture film formats

Chronophone


The G98 Mauser rifle is a bolt-action rifle used by Germany from 1898 until the end of World War I. It was the German military's main rifle during that time. In 1935, it was replaced by Kar98k, a carbine version of the G98.

It was not the first bolt-action rifle ever made, but its design is so well-liked by militaries worldwide that many bolt-action rifles copied its design. Some rifles based on the G98 that were made in other countries include the American M1903 Springfield rifle and the Japanese Type 38 and Type 99 Arisaka rifles. Even today, many bolt-action rifles still follow the G98's basic design.

The rifle held up to five 7.92 x 57mm Mauser rounds. It was also clip-fed, which means that the shooter can load many bullets at one time, rather than just one bullet at a time.

References

Rifles

G98 Mauser rifle


John David Caputo (born October 26, 1940) is an American philosopher who is the Thomas J. Watson Professor of Religion Emeritus at Syracuse University and the David R. Cook Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at Villanova University. Caputo is a major figure associated with postmodern Christianity and continental philosophy of religion, as well as the founder of the theological movement known as weak theology. Much of Caputo's work focuses on hermeneutics, phenomenology, deconstruction, and theology.

Education
Caputo received his BA in 1962 from La Salle University, his MA in 1964 from Villanova University, and his PhD in philosophy in 1968 from Bryn Mawr College.

Work
Caputo is a specialist in contemporary continental philosophy, with a particular expertise in phenomenology, hermeneutics, and deconstruction. Over the years, he has developed a deconstructive hermeneutics that he calls radical hermeneutics, which is highly influenced by the thought of the French philosopher Jacques Derrida. Additionally, Caputo has developed a distinctive approach to religion that he calls weak theology. Recently, his most important work has been to rebut the charges of relativism made against deconstruction by showing that deconstruction is organized around the affirmation of certain unconditional ethical and political claims.

Caputo has a special interest in continental approaches to the philosophy of religion. Some of the ideas Caputo investigates in his work include the "religion without religion" of Jacques Derrida; the "theological turn" taken in recent French phenomenology by Jean-Luc Marion and others; the critique of ontotheology; the dialogue of contemporary philosophy with Augustine of Hippo and Paul of Tarsus; and medieval metaphysics and mysticism. In the past, Caputo has taught courses on Søren Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche, Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger, Emmanuel Levinas, Gilles Deleuze, and Jacques Derrida.

Positions held

Caputo taught philosophy at Villanova University from 1968 to 2004. He was appointed the David R. Cook Professor of Philosophy at Villanova University in 1993. Caputo was the Thomas J. Watson Professor of Religion at Syracuse University, where he taught in both the departments of philosophy and religion from 2004 until his retirement in 2011. He is emeritus professor at both Villanova University and Syracuse University and continues to write and lecture in both the United States and Europe. He is active in the American Philosophical Association, the American Academy of Religion, the Society for Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy and he chairs the board of editors for the Journal for Cultural and Religious Theory.

Notable former students of Caputo
 Theodore George
 Michael Brogan
 James K. A. Smith, professor, philosopher and theologian
 Nythamar de Oliveira, professor, philosopher and theologian

Bibliography

(1978) The Mystical Element in Heidegger's Thought (Ohio University Press)
(1982) Heidegger and Aquinas (Fordham University Press)
(1986) The Mystical Element in Heidegger's Thought (Fordham University Press paperback with a new "Introduction")
(1987) Radical Hermeneutics: Repetition, Deconstruction and the Hermeneutic Project (Indiana University Press)
(1993) Against Ethics - Contributions to a Poetics of Obligation with Constant Reference to Deconstruction (Indiana University Press)
(1993) Demythologizing Heidegger (Indiana University Press)
(1997) The Prayers and Tears of Jacques Derrida (Indiana University Press)
(1997) Deconstruction in a Nutshell: A Conversation with Jacques Derrida, ed./auth. (Fordham University Press)
(2000) More Radical Hermeneutics: On Not Knowing Who We Are (Indiana University Press)
(2001) On Religion (Routledge Press)
(2006) Philosophy and Theology (Abingdon Press)
(2006) The Weakness of God (Indiana University Press)
(2007) After the Death of God, with Gianni Vattimo (Columbia University Press)
(2007) How to Read Kierkegaard (Granta; Norton, 2008)
(2007) What Would Jesus Deconstruct?: The Good News of Postmodernism for the Church (Baker Academic)
(2013) The Insistence of God: A Theology of Perhaps (Indiana University Press)
(2014) Truth [Philosophy in Transit] (Penguin)
(2015) Hoping Against Hope: Confessions of a Postmodern Pilgrim (Fortress Press)
(2015) The Folly of God: A Theology of the Unconditional (Polebridge Press)
(2018) Hermeneutics: Facts and Interpretation in the Age of Information (Pelican)
(2019) Cross and Cosmos: A Theology of Difficult Glory (Indiana University Press)
(2020) In Search of Radical Theology: Expositions, Explorations, Exhortations (Fordham University Press)
(2021) The Collected Philosophical and Theological Papers, Volume 3: The Return of Religion (John D. Caputo Archives)

See also
 Khôra
 List of American philosophers
 List of deconstructionists

References

External links
[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927212438/http://www.jcrt.org/archives/04.2/caputo.shtml

Online writings
John D. Caputo at philpapers.org
, by John D. Caputo
, by John D. Caputo
"Jacques Derrida (1930–2004)" (pdf), by John D. Caputo
"Scripture: A Prologue" (pdf), by John D. Caputo
"Without Sovereignty, Without Being: Unconditionality, the Coming God and Derrida's Democracy to Come" (pdf), by John D. Caputo
"Theopoetic/theopolitic" (pdf) John D. Caputo and Catherine Keller  'Cross Currents; Winter 2007; V. 57, No. 1'

Interviews
Interview with Carl Raschke
Interview at The Modern World
After Atheism: New Perspectives on God and Religion, Part 2 by David Cayley, Ideas, broadcast 1 May 2012

1940 births
21st-century American philosophers
Phenomenologists
Deconstruction
Heidegger scholars
Living people
Bryn Mawr College alumni
La Salle University alumni
Death of God theologians
Syracuse University faculty
American Christian theologians

John D. Caputo


The sanctuary of Minerva at Portonaccio is an archaeological site on the western side of the plateau on which the ancient Etruscan city of Veii, north of Rome, Italy, was located. The site takes its name from the locality within the village of Isola Farnese, part of Municipio XX, city of Rome.

It is important for the elaborate polychrome terracotta decoration that was found here with a quantity and quality unparalleled in Etruscan art, much of which can be seen in the National Etruscan Museum, in the Villa Giulia, Rome.

The site
The sanctuary complex was built in the 7th century BC in a cutting on the side of the hill over which the city wall of Veii towered. One of the richest sources of Etruscan artifacts (pottery and other objects inscribed in Etruscan and terra cotta statuary and other decorative elements), it contained two main structures, one a sanctuary dedicated to the goddess Menerva (Etruscan spelling) and the other a temple that had statues of Turms, Hercle, Apollo (the Apollo of Veii) and Leto on the roof, which has come to be regarded as a temple of Apollo. Next to the temple of Apollo was a rectangular pool and a well provided water. The site has been left wooded, as it was in ancient times, when surrounded by a sacred grove and a wall.

The roof of the temple of Apollo has been restored on one side.

The site was excavated in modern times by Massimo Pallottino in the 1940s and published decades later by the first and second generation of his students.

Sanctuary of Minerva
The Portonaccio Sanctuary of Minerva was the first Tuscan–type, i.e., Etruscan, temple erected in Etruria (about 510 BCE). The reconstruction proposed for it in 1993 by Giovanni Colonna together with Germano Foglia, presents a square  construction on a low podium (about 1.8 metres, considering the 29 cm foundation) and divided into a pronaos with two columns making up the facade between entrances,  deep and a group in the back made up of three  deep adjacent cells. The  columns were made of stuccoed tuff as were the walls, which inside the pronaos were decorated with various paintings on clay panels. The roof was in wood covered with polychrome terracotta. The terracotta was placed through a refined system of syllabic abbreviations and they were integrated with bronze inserts and a generous profusion of plastic inserts, mostly modelled by hand, among which a splendid series of grand antefixes (joint coverings) with the heads of Gorgons, maenads and satyrs.

Temple of Apollo

This sanctuary, among the most ancient and venerated on all of Etruria, was outside of the city and on a road leading to the Tyrrhenian coast and the Veii salt flats. Its most ancient nucleus was tied to the cult of the goddess Minerva and a small temple, a square altar, a portico and stairs from the road were built in about 530-530 BC in her honour. The three-cell temple with the polychrome terracotta decorations was erected in about 510 BC in the western part of the sanctuary. Adjacent to the temple there was a great pool with a tunnel and a fence that enclosed the sacred woods. The temple was in honour of the god Apollo in his prophetic oracle aspect inspired after the Delphi model to which purification ceremonies were tied. Heracles, the hero-made-god, dear to tyrants and maybe also Jupiter — whose image we have to imagine on the central wall of the temple — were tied to Apollo.

By the middle of the 5th century BC, all work on the temple was complete and it began a slow decline while the structures sacred to Minerva were renovated on the eastern sector of the sanctuary. The starting up again of the cult worshipping Minerva, which continued also after the conquering of Veii by Rome (396 BC) is documented by a splendid series of votive statues of classic and late-classic style boys, such as the famous head, "Malavolta" as to indicate the important role of the goddess in the rituals of the passage from adolescence to adulthood that signalled the fundamental phases of the life of the members of the aristocratic families of Veii. In the 2nd century BC, the tuff mine that destroyed the central area of the sanctuary was opened causing damage to the temple and the sliding down of material downhill. The recovery of the fragments of the sanctuary determined the start up of excavations in 1914, which continued after the discovery of the famous statue of Apollo in 1916.

Gallery

References

Etruscan sites
Archaeological sites in Lazio
Veii
Etruscan architecture

Portonaccio


Anna Evans Murray (1857–1955) was an American civic leader, educator, and early advocate of free kindergarten and the training of kindergarten teachers. In 1898 she successfully lobbied Congress for the first federal funds for kindergarten classes, and introduced kindergarten to the Washington, D.C. public school system.

Early life

Anna Evans was born in Oberlin, Ohio, in 1857. She was one of eight children of Henry Evans, an African-American undertaker and cabinetmaker, and Henrietta Leary Evans, a woman of French and Croatan descent. She graduated from Oberlin College in 1876.

Evans came from a family of activists. In 1858, her father was one of a group of men who were arrested for attempting to free a runaway slave from a U.S. marshal. The incident became known as the Oberlin–Wellington Rescue. Her uncle, Lewis Sheridan Leary, was killed in John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, and her cousin John Anthony Copeland, Jr., was hanged with Brown. Years later, her mother delivered an address at Harpers Ferry at the second annual meeting of the Niagara Movement, a civil rights group founded by W. E. B. Du Bois.

Her sister, Mary Evans Wilson, was one of Boston's leading civil rights activists. Mary's husband, Butler R. Wilson, was a prominent civil rights attorney and president of the Boston branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

Career

After college she moved to Washington, D.C., where she taught music at the Lucretia Mott Elementary School and at Howard University. Her experience at the Mott school convinced her of the need for free kindergarten and for special training for kindergarten teachers. Starting in 1895, as chair of the Education Committee of the National League of Colored Women (NLCW), she campaigned for the establishment of free kindergarten classes for black children in Washington D.C. The League established six or seven local kindergartens, and in October 1896, she took over the management of a normal school founded by the NLCW to train kindergarten teachers. In 1898, she successfully lobbied Congress for federal funds to introduce kindergarten classes to the Washington D.C. public school system; it was the first time federal funds had been allocated for kindergarten education.

That same year, she and Sara I. Fleetwood represented the NLCW at the National Congress of Mothers, a convention in Washington D.C. that led to the formation of the Parent-Teacher Association (PTA). At the convention she met the philanthropist Phoebe Hearst, and persuaded her to fund the Kindergarten Training School for five years. In 1906 she again secured federal funding, this time for kindergarten teacher training classes at the Miner Normal School. In the 1900s she directed the kindergarten program at the Colored Settlement House (also known as the Social Settlement), whose leadership included Anna J. Cooper, Francis J. Grimké, and Mary Church Terrell. She became nationally known as an advocate for kindergarten education, and local groups frequently sought her advice.

In 1904 she published an article in the Southern Workman in which she recommended starting the education of children long before the age of six, which was then the legal age for children to start public school. She believed nursery schools should be part of the public school system, and continued to advocate for them throughout her career. She also wrote historical articles and contributed to her husband's Historical and Biographical Encyclopedia of the Colored Race. On March 3, 1913 she was one of less than 100 black women who bravely marched in the Woman's suffrage parade. While in her seventies, she lobbied Congress for a health center to combat tuberculosis, and for land to be converted to playgrounds near two local elementary schools.

She was vice president of the Public School Association, an officer of the Association for Childhood Education, and a member of the NAACP, the Citizens Advisory Committee on Hot Lunches for School Children, the YWCA, and St. Luke's Episcopal Church.

Personal life

In 1879, she married Daniel Alexander Payne Murray, a historian and assistant librarian at the Library of Congress. The couple had seven children, five of whom survived to adulthood, graduated from college, and became successful in their chosen fields. She had twelve grandchildren. She died at her D.C. home on May 5, 1955, at the age of 98.

References

Further reading

People from Oberlin, Ohio
19th-century African-American educators
19th-century American educators
American women educators
Educators from Washington, D.C.
1857 births
1955 deaths
Educators from Ohio
Oberlin College alumni
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American educators
20th-century American educators

Anna Evans Murray


Speciesism is thinking that humans are better than animals (although humans are technically also animals). It is also treating animals worse than humans. For example, humans often kill animals to eat. Humans rarely kill and eat other humans. The word 'speciesism' was first used in 1970 by Richard D. Ryder, an English philosopher, in a pamphlet called "Speciesism". It was made popular by Peter Singer's 1975 book Animal Liberation. In the book the name of the fifth chapter was "Man's Dominion ... a short history of speciesism". The word 'speciesism' was first put in the Oxford English Dictionary in 1985.

Media
In 2013 a documentary movie about speciesism called Speciesism: The Movie was released. It was made by Mark Devries. In it he compares factory farming to slavery and the Holocaust.

References

Animal rights
Discrimination

Speciesism


Woodlands Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium located in Woodlands, Singapore. It is the main home ground of S.League side, Woodlands Wellington, and used mostly for football matches for both the S.League and Singapore National Football League competitions. Apart from being used for competitive matches, the pitch is also used by the club for their training sessions as well.

Woodlands Stadium is the only stadium in Singapore which has a MRT track overlooking the pitch.

The stadium was officially opened in August 1989 as part of the eight hectare Woodlands Sports Complex, which also consists of the Woodlands Sports Hall and the Woodlands Swimming Complex. All three facilities are owned and operated by Sport Singapore.

Woodlands Stadium houses a grass football pitch, an 8-lane running track and partial athletic facilities. People can be seen running around the track daily as Sport Singapore allows joggers to use the track facilities between 4:30am to 8:30pm for free.

Besides the sporting facilities mentioned above, the stadium also has a Singapore Pools outlet located near to the entrance of the away fans' stand, as well as the clubhouse of Woodlands Wellington.

Before the 2015 SEA Games commenced, Warriors FC had to vacate Choa Chu Kang Stadium and instead played their home matches temporary at the Woodlands Stadium for the 2015 season instead.

Seating Capacity
Woodlands Stadium started off with a total seating capacity of 1,600 when it was first constructed.

In view of the inauguration of the S.League in 1996, where the stadium was assigned as the home ground of Woodlands Wellington FC, the stadium capacity was upgraded to 4,300. This includes the 2,000 seater grandstand, the 1,000 seater semi-permanent stand opposite the grandstand and the 1,300 seater portable stands on each end of the pitch.

Home fans are always seated on the right side of the grandstand (facing the pitch) while away fans are directed to the left side of the grandstand.

References

See also
Woodlands Stadium (Lusaka)

Football venues in Singapore
Woodlands, Singapore
Multi-purpose stadiums in Singapore
Woodlands Wellington FC
Singapore Premier League venues
1989 establishments in Singapore

Woodlands Stadium


The House of Amirejibi () is a Georgian family, formerly a prominent noble house, which branched off the House of Palavandishvili and rose in prominence in the late 14th century. The family name comes from a Georgian courtier title of amirejibi (derived from Arabic: amir, أمير + hajib, الحاجب) that was hereditary in one of the Palavandishvili lines and roughly corresponded to the office of Lord Great Chamberlain.

History
The Amirejibi were in the immediate circles of the ruling Bagrationi dynasty. For example, King Constantine I of Georgia (r. 1405-1412) married Natia, daughter of Kutsna Amirejibi, sometime ambassador to Constantinople. After the fragmentation of the Kingdom of Georgia into three independent kingdoms (Kartli, Kakheti, and Imereti), the family was confirmed in princely dignity by King Luarsab II of Kartli in 1613. After the Russian annexation of Georgia, the family was enlisted among the Russian noble houses as Princes Amiredzhibi (Амирэджиби) or Amiredzhibov (Амиреджибов) by the Tsar's decree of February 2, 1824.

See also
Chabua Amirejibi
Sophia Amirajibi
Tengiz Amirejibi

References

External links

Noble families of Georgia (country)
Nobility of Georgia (country)
Surnames
Georgian-language surnames

Amirejibi