The Puget Sound Agricultural Company (PSAC), with common variations of the name including Puget Sound or Puget's Sound, was a subsidiary joint stock company formed in 1840 by the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC). Its stations operated within the Pacific Northwest, in the HBC administrative division of the Columbia Department. The RAC-HBC Agreement was signed in 1839 between the Russian-American Company and the HBC, with the British to now supply the various trade posts of Russian America. It was hoped by the HBC governing committee that independent American merchants, previously a major source of foodstuffs for the RAC, would be shut out of the Russian markets and leave the Maritime fur trade.

Because its monopoly license granted by the British Government forbade any activity besides the fur trade, the HBC created the PSAC to sidestep this issue. The PSAC was formed to produce or manufacture enough agricultural and livestock products to meet the Russian supply demands. In correspondence with British officials, the PSAC was long touted as a means to promote the British position in the Oregon boundary dispute with the United States. For years now the British had insisted that the Pacific Northwest be partitioned along the Columbia River, rather than a westward extension of the 49th parallel. This would have left most of modern Washington state under British control, notably the important Puget Sound. Through its company stations, the PSAC would promote settlement by British subjects in this disputed area, although it largely failed in this particular aspect.

The primary company operations were centered at Fort Nisqually and Cowlitz Farm in modern Washington state. At Fort Nisqually (near present-day Olympia, Washington) due to poor soil, the station focused on pastoral operations, including flocks of sheep for wool, cattle herds for beef and cheese manufacturing. Cowlitz Farm was the company's primary center of agricultural production. The company also operated many large farms in the area of Fort Victoria on Vancouver Island.

Background

The governing committee and its officers were as a practice in consistent contact with members of the British Government. This was a major advantage for the company and gave them important insights into political developments. Simpson and his cohorts knew the general position of the British Government for any potential negotiations with the United States to resolve the Oregon boundary question. The British would continue their previous stance of claiming all territory north of the Columbia River. This policy influenced the location of Fort Vancouver, placed on the northern bank of the Columbia.

On his second visit to Fort Vancouver in the 1828 through 1829, George Simpson found the area quite promising for further agricultural ventures. Simpson sent his cousin Lt. AEmilius Simpson on the Cadboro to the Russian American capital of Novoarkhangelsk in 1829 to offer large stockpiles of foodstuffs annually to the Russian-American Company. However, the proposal wasn't accepted by Governor of Russian Colonies in America Pyotr Chistyakov. Nonetheless, Simpson and other officers still considered it a viable option, as historian John Semple Galbraith recounted:If the Hudson's Bay Company could provide the Russians with the supplies they were accustomed to purchase from American ships, one of the supports for American competition in the coastal fur trade would be removed.

"The Oragon Beef & Tallow Company"

The Alta Californian hide and tallow trade greatly influenced John McLoughlin. In 1832 he proposed that HBC officers and employees in the Columbia Department should create a new joint stock company to purchase several hundred cattle from Alta California. Called "The Oragon Beef & Tallow Company," as McLoughlin told his superiors, it was formed "with the view of opening from the Oragon Country an export trade with England and elsewhere in tallow, beef, hides, horns, &c." If the cattle were gathered from Alta California in 1833, McLoughlin projected Fort Vancouver area to have a herd of over 5,000 by 1842. Additionally, he pointed out favorable locations to host these numerous bovines. The valleys of the Willamette, Cowlitz and Columbia were all deemed as appropriate to host upwards of half a million livestock.

The proposal was immediately derided and denied by the HBC governing committee. They feared that if the Oragon Beef and Tallow Company were successful then HBC employees would quit the fur trade to become pastoralists and agriculturalists. While Simpson was favorable to the idea of growing expansive numbers of livestock and farm products, he was decidedly against McLoughlin's proposal of independent operators supplying the provisions for trade in Russian America and the Kingdom of Hawaii. Late in 1834, agreeing to Simpson's idea of the HBC directly overseeing these proposed operations, the committee decided to look for a new location for its central depot for operations on the Pacific Coast. Previous outbreaks of disease at Fort Vancouver worried the administrators, who ordered McLoughlin to thoroughly examine Whidbey Island and other potential locations north of the Columbia River, although he had done neither by 1837.

Creation

While the proposed livestock project languished, the HBC pushed for a renewal of its monopoly licence from the British Government, set to expire in 1841. Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company John Pelly highlighted to Secretary of the Colonies Lord Glenelg the benefits the British Empire had for decades received from the HBC in 1837. In this correspondence he promoted the considered, not still not active, livestock and farming operations in the Columbia Department. Once this venture began, Pelly declared, it would maintain "British interests and British influence... as paramount in this interesting part of the Coast of the Pacific." The appeals of Pelly and his cohorts worked, for the HBC received another license in May 1838. The HBC was still only British enterprise allowed to trade with native peoples west of Rupert's Land, but it did not include the right to engage in commercial farming. However, like the previous license granted in 1821, the British Government stressed to not harass any American merchants in the Pacific Northwest.

Throughout the summer and fall of 1838, the HBC held multiple conferences in London. Among those present were George Simpson, John McLoughlin, Governor John Pelly, and other members of the governing committee. Once gathered, the fur merchants and administrators considered future company operations in the Pacific Northwest. Military action by Americans over the Oregon Question appeared to some members assembled as quite likely at the time. This was in no small part due to the legislative work of U.S. Senator Lewis F. Linn. In February 1838, he pushed for the dispatch of a naval force to the Columbia, in addition to offering land grants to interest American settlers. Despite some enthusiasm however, Linn's bill didn't pass receive enough votes in Congress to become law.

RAC-HBC Agreement

Besides considerations about Americans, the company agreed to again pursue a supply contract with the Russian-American Company, an accord that had been desired by Simpson for a decade. Signed in 1839 with the Russian colonial authorities, the RAC-HBC Agreement gave the HBC the obligation to provide enough provisions to supply the various trading stations of Russian America. Having finally secured this financially important agreement, the HBC formally incorporated the Puget Sound Agricultural Company in 1840.

Created to bypass its license to only participate in the fur trade, the PSAC was overseen and staffed with HBC employees. In this way, the PSAC would protect HBC board members and shareholders from accusations and suits resulting from violations of the HBC charter. Besides meeting the new obligations with the Russians, the PSAC was conceived to support British claims in the Pacific Northwest. These claims were centered on an area north of the Columbia River but south of the 49th parallel, located within modern Washington state. The PSAC had two stations within this area, Fort Nisqually and Cowlitz Farm.

Labor recruitment
Starting with Étienne Lucier in 1829, a steady number of primarily French-Canadian employees of the HBC became farmers in the Willamette Valley. Their agricultural products were sold to the HBC and continued to use Fort Vancouver as their source of needed supplies and household goods. These men eventually contacted bishop Provencher through McLoughlin and requested priests to be sent. Eventually Provencher selected François Norbert Blanchet and Modeste Demers as capable for traveling to the distant Willamette Valley. In correspondence to HBC officials he requested overland transportation for the two men in 1837. The fur merchants saw this as a useful opportunity to further the still paper PSAC. French-Canadians farmers residing in the Willamette Valley could potentially be induced to relocate to more favorable locations north of the Columbia. The Catholic priests could additionally counter any Methodist influence over the French-Canadians by superintendent Jason Lee. However, they utterly failed to convince any farmer to leave the Willamette Valley.

The failure to get any Willamette farmers to relocate didn't deter the HBC administration. According to the plans established in September 1839, by 1841 the PSAC would have enough of a material basis to begin sending families from Scotland. The invited families would be each given a house and about 100 acres of land already cleared, but notably these families wouldn't be given legal ownership of the farmsteads. Additional terms offered each interested family "twenty cows, one bull, 500 sheep, eight oxen, six horses and a few hogs," in addition a year's supply of foodstuffs. Despite these considerations, the company never received applicants due to a combination of no advertisement campaigns for the deal and successful farmers in Scotland not finding the offered deal worthwhile.

Red River colonists

The only successful source of early colonists for the PSAC would come from the Red River colony. In November 1839 Sir George Simpson instructed Duncan Finlayson to begin promoting the PSAC to colonists. If the initial movement of settlers from Red River was successful, company officials wanted at least fifteen families arriving at the Cowlitz Farm annually. While finding many men were reportedly favorable to offered terms, the inability to own the farmland they would till was a contentious issue.

Finding many families unwilling to sign provisions, Finlayson felt pressure to get a number of willing emigrants as previously ordered. Without the approval of Simpson, Pelly or the Committee, he announced that the farmers could be able to purchase the farmlands they would work on around Cowlitz Farm. This new clause came with a major stipulation, as Finlayson later explained to his superiors. The sales would happen only if the Oregon Question was settled with British receiving the northern bank of the Columbia River, rather than a direct continuation of the 49th parallel.

Overland to Fort Vancouver
James Sinclair was appointed by Finlayson to guide the mostly Métis settler families to Fort Vancouver on the Columbia River. In June 1841, the party left Fort Garry with 23 families consisting of 121 people. They followed the Red River north, crossing Lake Winnipeg and traveled in the Saskatchewan River system to Fort Edmonton. From there they were guided by Maskepetoon, a chief of the Wetaskiwin Cree. Maskepetoon would stay with the party until they reached Fort Vancouver, where he sailed home on board the Beaver.

While on a world tour of company assets, Simpson met the party near Red Deer Hill. Writing in his diary, he gave a description of the settler families: "Each family had two or three carts, together with bands of horses, cattle and dogs. The men and lads traveled in the saddle, while the vehicles, which were covered with awnings against the sun and rain, carried the women and the young children. As they marched in single file their cavalcade extended above a mile long... The emigrants were all healthy and happy; living with the greatest abundance and enjoying the journey with great relish."

Going through Lake Minnewanka, they eventually reached where the Spray and Bow rivers meet. Following the course of the Spray River valley, the intrepid British colonists then trekked along a tributary, Whiteman's Creek. From here they crossed the Great Divide of the Rocky Mountains, by a new route which became known as Whiteman's Pass. From the summit, they traveled southwest down the Cross River to its junction with the Kootenay River. They entered the upper Columbia River basin via Sinclair Pass, near present-day Radium Hot Springs. From there they journeyed south-west down to Lake Pend'Oreille, then on to an old fort known as Spokane House, then to Fort Colvile. When they arrived at Fort Vancouver, they numbered 21 families of 116 people.

Time with PSAC
Despite the far reaching and extensive plans of Simpson and Pelly, the Red River families didn't act as planned. At Fort Vancouver, fourteen families were relocated to Fort Nisqually, while the remaining seven families were sent to Fort Cowlitz.  Within two years however, the families at Fort Nisqually had all left in favor of the Willamette Valley. Crucially, these men held accounts with the HBC and most were in varying levels of debt to the company. A delegation of Red River men arrived at Fort Vancouver in November 1845 to notify McLoughlin of their disinterest in paying back the money owed to the HBC. As McLoughlin was in the process of leaving the HBC, he apparently didn't press the matter as it wasn't of "compelling importance" to him, as historian John C. Jackson later stated. Dugald MacTavish tried and failed to collect upon these debts in the following year.

Operations
During its initial years the company had occasionally had to purchase wheat from other sources to meet the RAC demands. In 1840 John McLoughlin had to purchase 4,000 bushels of wheat from Alta California to supplement produce made by the PSAC. During the 1840s pastoral and agricultural produce shipped to New Archangel annually consistently was 30,000 lbs of beef and from 40,000 to 80,000 lbs of wheat. Governor Arvid Etholén praised wheat produced by the PSAC as "incomparably cheaper" than produced bought from American merchants and being of "the best quality." Despite the PSAC's initial growth, its principal manager, John McLoughlin didn't hold a favorable view of the venture. In a letter written to Douglas prior to the 1838 London meetings, McLoughlin criticized what eventually became the PSAC:"I will take this opportunity to state it is my opinion that, though I think individuals who would devote their attention to raising cattle in the Columbia might make a living at it still it is my opinion the Hudson's Bay Company will make nothing by it."

The Oregon Treaty
The Oregon Treaty that was negotiated in between Great Britain and the United States and went into effect in July 1846 upon the exchange of ratifications settled the Oregon question.
This treaty had specific provisions regarding the Puget Sound Agricultural Company in Article IV, namely that the United States would respect PSAC property but had the right to purchase any of the properties.

Later years
In 1863, Great Britain and the United States agreed to arbitrate the disposition of the PSAC properties in US territory.
The PSAC was awarded $200,000 in compensation in 1869 for all of its properties south of the Canadian-US border as spelled out in the Oregon Treaty. Meanwhile, the company's operations had shifted north, including agricultural ventures on Vancouver Island.
In 1934 the company ceased to be listed on the stock exchange.

See also
 History of Olympia, Washington

Citations

Bibliography

External links
Indian Claims Commission: Steilacoom Tribe v. U.S. A
Indian Claims Commission: Steilacoom Tribe v. U.S. B

Canada–United States relations
Pre-Confederation British Columbia
Pre-statehood history of Washington (state)
Oregon Country
Fur trade
Companies established in 1840
Companies disestablished in 1934

Puget Sound Agricultural Company


The recovery effect is a phenomenon observed in battery usage where the available energy is less than the difference between energy charged and energy consumed. Intuitively, this is because the energy has been consumed from the edge of the battery and the charge has not yet diffused evenly around the battery.

When power is extracted continuously voltage decreases in a smooth curve, but the recovery effect can result in the voltage partially increasing if the current is interrupted.

The KiBaM battery model describes the recovery effect for lead-acid batteries and is also a good approximation to the observed effects in Li-ion batteries. In some batteries the gains from the recovery life can extend battery life by up to 45% by alternating discharging and inactive periods rather than constantly discharging. The size of the recovery effect depends on the battery load, recovery time and depth of discharge.

Even though the recovery effect phenomenon is more prominent in the lead acid battery chemistry, its existence in alkaline, Ni-MH and Li-Ion batteries is still questionable. For instance, a systematic experimental case study shows that an intermittent discharge current in case of alkaline, Ni-MH and Li-Ion batteries results in a decreased usable energy output compared to a continuous discharge current of the same average value. This is primarily due to the increased overpotential experienced due to the high peak currents of the intermittent discharge over the continuous discharge current of same average value.

See also
 Capacity fading

References

Battery charging
Rechargeable batteries
Scientific phenomena
Phenomena
Physical phenomena

Recovery effect


Gordon James Ramsay Jr., OBE (born 8 November 1966) is a Breetish celebrity chef, restaurateur, an telly personality.

He is kent for his mony telly programmes an his on-camera personality. Ramsay's restaurants currently hauld 7 Michelin starns.

Breetish restaurateurs
Breetish televeesion chefs
Heid chefs o Michelin starned restaurants
1966 births
Livin fowk
Anglo-Scots
Breetish autobiografers
Breetish chief executives
Breetish company foonders
Breetish documentary filmmakkers
Breetish fuid writers
Breetish televeesion producers
Chefs o French cuisine
Chefs o Italian cuisine
Cuikbeuk writers
Inglis cuisine
Restaurant creetics
Officers o the Order o the Breetish Empire
Pairteecipants in American reality televeesion series
Pairteecipants in Breetish reality televeesion series
Fowk frae Johnstoun
Fowk frae Stratford-upon-Avon
Breetish expatriates in the Unitit States
Breetish male writers
20t-century male writers
21st-century male writers
20t-century writers
21st-century non-feection writers
20t-century Breetish businessfowk
21st-century Breetish businessfowk
20t-century Breetish writers
21st-century Breetish writers

Gordon Ramsay


Elizabeth Wade White (June 8, 1906 – December 11, 1994) was an American writer, poet, and activist. She was a lover of Valentine Ackland and wrote The Life of Anne Bradstreet: The Tenth Muse, about the early American poet and first American writer to be published in the Thirteen Colonies.

Early life

Elizabeth Wade White was born at 107 Prospect Street, Waterbury, Connecticut, the first child of William Henry White (1876–1952) and Mary Elizabeth Wade (1878–1949). She had one brother, Henry Wade White (1909–1995). Her paternal grandfather was George Luther White (1852–1914), one of the leading American paper box manufacturers and a stockholder of White & Wells and L.C. White Co. His estate amounted to half a million dollars which, at the time of his wife's death, Julia Phelps Haring (1852–1928), became $1.67 million ($ in  dollars). Her maternal grandfather was Henry Lawton Wade (1842–1912), a stockholder of the Waterbury Clock Company who left $1.75 million ($ in  dollars) to his two daughters, Lucy and Mary, Elizabeth's mother. The Wade and White families descended from the Puritans who migrated to New England in the 1630s.

The Whites were well-off and in addition to the Prospect Street house they owned a country house at Breakneck Hill, Middlebury, Connecticut (overlooking Waterbury, only 6 miles from Prospect Street), and another house at Bass Rocks, Gloucester, Massachusetts. They also owned a house and shooting camp in Middleton, South Carolina, Strawberry Hill House, 30 miles north of Savannah, inherited by Henry Wade.

White attended Westover School in Middlebury. White's closest female friend was Katherine Bullock (1908–1995), daughter of Calvin Bullock from Denver, who also attended Westover. They remained life-long friends and White was often a guest at the 18th-century Royalston, Massachusetts houses Bullock's father bought and restored. Bullock married Henry P. Cole from Denver, and White was the godmother of their first child.

After graduation, White made her debut into society in December 1925 at a reception given at the Waterbury Club; her dress gown was in white chiffon over silver with white fur trimming. Early in 1927, White attended the Miss Risser's school in Rome together with her cousin, Helen "Henny" Chase Streeter, daughter of Edward Clark Streeter and Alice Chase, who later married John Bertram Whitelaw. After Rome, White attended school in New York City to study sculpture.

In 1937, White with her brother Henry and their friend, George Heard Hamilton, attended the Coronation of George VI and Elizabeth.

Career
In the 1930s, White supported Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal program. She conducted investigations in industrial and mining towns to understand labor conditions there. Her father did not approve of her support for Roosevelt.

In 1937, White moved to Dorset, England, ostensibly to conduct a research on Anne Bradstreet, an early American poet and the first American writer to be published in the Thirteen Colonies. This was actually an excuse used with her family; her real intent was to meet English novelist and poet, Sylvia Townsend Warner, and her partner Valentine Ackland, and to join the American Friends Service Committee, a group that was providing relief workers to Spain. Back in Connecticut, White had raised $1180 ($ in  dollars) for the Spanish Medical Aid Committee.

Between 1937 and 1938, White traveled many times to Spain, while her parents urged her to return to the United States. White rented a house in Dorset and continued to support Spain's cause, also hosting refugees.

At the beginning of World War II, White went back to the United States, living in New York City and volunteering for the American Red Cross as an ambulance driver. She also tried to raise awareness of the Russian War Relief effort. For her support of the Soviets, White was excluded from her mother's will: Mary left everything to her son, and White's brother Henry, with the agreement that Henry was to be the manager of her sister's part of inheritance. Henry did not share his mother's concerns, and as soon as possible, he passed the property of the "Patch", the house Mary had inherited from her own mother, and where White was living, to White, as well with her share of money.

At the end of the 1940s, White joined and became active in the Progressive Party. She was involved in the Communism movement, and was a supporter of the 1948 presidential campaign of Henry A. Wallace.

Personal life
Late in 1938, White had a nervous breakdown and spent the Christmas season at Ackland and Warner's home in Dorset; she later started a relationship with Ackland. In For Sylvia: An Honest Account (1949), Ackland tries to explain her affair with White; the relationship was brief, and Ackland spent the rest of her life with Townsend Warner.

White was a supporter of John Craske, a painter friend of Ackland. For this reason she was in contact with Peter Pears, who was collecting Craske's works, and she donated her papers about the artists to the Aldeburgh Festival Archive.

In 1939 White met Evelyn Virginia Holahan (August 28, 1905 – May 27, 1985) and they later shared an apartment in Greenwich Village. Holahan was originally from Rochester, New York, and moved to New York City to work at Benton & Bowles, an advertising agency. Holahan's older sister was Elizabeth Holahan, a famous interior decorator with several historical restorations in New York State to her credit; her younger sister was aspiring actress Annie Holahan. She met Ackland in Dorset, where Holahan arrived to retrieve her sister, who had followed Llewelyn Powys, British novelist and essayist, and Ackland's neighbor, to England. From the correspondence between Holahan and Ackland, it appears that they were having an affair at the time. In May 1939 White accompanied Ackland to the New York pier after a visit, and there White met Holahan. At the end of 1945, White moved back to Middlebury, living at "The Patch", the house her grandmother, Martha Starkweather Wade, left her. Holahan, who would become her life partner, moved in with her. At the end of the 1940s, Holahan and White founded "White & Holahan, Books", a rare and used book business they ran from their home. In 1985 her companion Holahan died and White continued to live at "The Patch" till her own death.

In 1950 White was accepted into the B.Litt. program at University of Oxford, even though she did not have an undergraduate degree; she was accepted thanks to the research she had conducted on Anne Bradstreet. White graduated in 1953; her thesis, "The Life of Anne Bradstreet: The Tenth Muse", was published in 1971. In one of her analyses, White highlights how Bradstreet's poem, The Prologue, is divided into two parts: at the beginning Bradstreet laments her inferiority to male writers, while at the end she asserts her woman's right to express herself.

White died on December 11, 1994 and is buried at Middlebury Cemetery, Middlebury, together with Evelyn Holahan.

References

External links

1906 births
1994 deaths
Writers from Waterbury, Connecticut
American socialites
American lesbian writers
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American LGBT people

Elizabeth Wade White


A longeing cavesson (UK English: lungeing) is a piece of equipment used when longeing a horse.  A longeing cavesson consists of a heavy, padded noseband, metal rings to attach the longe line, a throatlatch, and sometimes additional straps such as a jowl strap or a browband for added stability.  It is placed on the horse's head in a manner somewhat akin to a halter, but provides significantly more control than a halter, without placing pressure on the horse's mouth as a bridle would. The noseband should be just below the cheekbone, several inches above the nostrils sitting on the nasal bone, and fitted snugly. The jowl strap should be very snug to prevent the cavesson from slipping into the horse's eye.

The key feature of a longeing cavesson is the strategic placement of rings for varying places to attach the longe line: one at the top of the nasal bone and one each side of the noseband.  Many other types of headgear may be used for longeing, but the longeing cavesson is most commonly associated with dressage and related training methods and is designed to allow more subtle communication between handler and horse.

A longeing cavesson may be used with a snaffle bridle. The cavesson is put on under the bridle, with the noseband of the cavesson under the bridle cheekpieces. On some horses, the bridle cheekpieces may need to be lengthened to allow this.  If the bridle also has its own cavesson, it may need to be removed to reduce bulk and avoid interference with other components.

See also
Bridle
Halter

Headgear (horse)

de:Zaumzeug#Kappzaum

Longeing cavesson


Pierre Besnard (8 October 1886 – 19 February 1947) was a French revolutionary syndicalist. He was the Secretary of the Confédération Générale du Travail-Syndicaliste Révolutionnaire (CGT-SR) from 1929, and the Secretary of the International Workers' Association.

Selected works
Les syndicats ouvriers et la révolution sociale, Paris, 1930
Le monde nouveau, CGT-SR, 1936
L'éthique du syndicalisme, CGT-SR, 1936
Besnard was also a contributor to Sébastien Faure's Encyclopédie anarchiste.

Bibliography

External links
Biography of Pierre Besnard from the Daily Bleed's Anarchist Encyclopedia
Fondation Pierre Besnard

French anarchists
French syndicalists
Anarcho-syndicalists
1886 births
1947 deaths

Pierre Besnard


2 Broke Girls is an American television sitcom on CBS. It began on September 19, 2011 and ended on April 17, 2017. It is set in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York City. It is about two waitresses in their twenties who work together at a diner. Kat Dennings plays Max Black, who is from a poor, underclass background. Beth Behrs plays Caroline Wesbox Channing, who until recently was rich.

Garrett Morris plays Earl, the cashier at the diner. He is an elderly African-American former jazz musician. Jonathan Kite plays Oleg, the diner's cook, a hypersexual Ukrainian who lacks social skills. Matthew Moy plays Han Lee, the diner's owner, a very short Korean. Jennifer Coolidge plays Sophie, Max and Caroline's histrionic Polish neighbor. The show was created by comedian Whitney Cummings.

Other websites
Official website

2011 American television series debuts
2017 American television series endings
2010s American sitcoms
2010s American workplace television series
2010s workplace comedy television series
American workplace comedy television series
Brooklyn in fiction
CBS network shows
Television series about friendship
Television series set in New York City
English-language television programs

2 Broke Girls


Girl Crazy is a 1932 American pre-Code musical film adaptation of the 1930 stage play of the same name. The film was very unlike the stage play except for its score. It was tailored for the comic talents of Wheeler & Woolsey, a popular comedy team of the time. Three songs written by George and Ira Gershwin for the play were retained: "Bidin' My Time", "I Got Rhythm", and "But Not for Me". According to RKO records, the film lost $150,000.

Plot

Cast
 Bert Wheeler as Jimmy Deagan
 Robert Woolsey as Slick Foster
 Eddie Quillan as Danny Churchill
 Dorothy Lee as Patsy
 Mitzi Green as Tessie
 Brooks Benedict as George Mason
 Kitty Kelly as Kate Foster
 Arline Judge as Molly Gray
 Stanley Fields as Lank Sanders
 Lita Chevret as Mary
 Chris-Pin Martin as Pete
 Monte Collins as Bartender

Soundtrack
 "Bidin' My Time"
Music by George Gershwin
Lyrics by Ira Gershwin
Sung by male quartet
 "I Got Rhythm"
Music by George Gershwin
Lyrics by Ira Gershwin
Performed by Kitty Kelly and chorus
 "You've Got What Gets Me"
Music by George Gershwin
Lyrics by Ira Gershwin
Sung by Bert Wheeler and Dorothy Lee
Danced by Bert Wheeler, Dorothy Lee and Mitzi Green
 "But Not for Me"
Music by George Gershwin
Lyrics by Ira Gershwin
Sung by Eddie Quillan and Arline Judge
Also sung by Mitzi Green

References

External links

1932 films
1932 musical comedy films
American musical comedy films
American black-and-white films
Films based on musicals
American films based on plays
Films directed by William A. Seiter
Films scored by Max Steiner
George Gershwin in film
Films with screenplays by Herman J. Mankiewicz
RKO Pictures films
1930s English-language films
1930s American films

Girl Crazy (1932 film)


Ustad Imdad Khan (1848–1920) wis a sitar an surbahar player.

His faimily
His twa sons Enayat Khan an Wahid Khan, his grandsons Vilayat Khan an Imrat Khan, an great-grandsons Shahid Parvez, Shujaat Khan, Nishat Khan, Irshad Khan, Wajahat Khan, Shafaatullah Khan, Azmat Ali Khan an Hidayat Khan hae aw upheld his muisical tradeetion, muisical luminars thairsels. His great-granddochter Zila Khan the Sufi, clessical an semi clessical sangster is the first female airtist frae this gharana. She is Vilayat Khan's dochter whom he formally made a student an aw.

He taucht the sitar an surbahar tae his twa sons, Enayat an Wahid Khan, whom he uised tae refer tae as his twa haunds. Awth baith o thaim played the sitar an the surbahar, Enayat Khan specialisit on the sitar an Wahid Khan on the surbahar.

Early life an career
Khan wis born in Agra, as the fowert generation o wha wis tae become the Imdadkhani Gharana (schuil) or Etawah gharana, namit efter a smaw ceety ootside Agra whaur the faimily suin muivit. He was taucht bi his faither, Sahabdad Khan, a trained vocalist an sel-taucht sitar player, but Imdad came tae greatly develop an define the faimily style an techniques. Imdad Khan wis trained bi the legendar beenkar Bande Ali Khan (disciple an son-in-law o Haddu Khan) an aw. In the 19t century, the instrumental classical muisic o North Indie wis dominatit bi the Senia style, passed doun throu the muisical  dynasty o Miyan Tansen's stryndants, who played in the dhrupad ang. Imdad insteid evolvit a style based on the newer, mair popular khyal singin. It is said that in his youth at Etawah, Imdad practicit on the sitar in a state o chilla (isolation) for some twal years. When he muivit wi his faimily tae Kolkata, the hoose in which they lived wis namit "Riyaz" (practice).

Rajput lineage
The Imdad Khan faimily is o Rajput lineage. The faimily is o Hindu oreegin an later convertit tae Islam. In an informal continuation o his rajput lineage Ustad Enayat Khan (faither o Ustad Vilayat Khan) kept a Hindu name o Nath Singh. Ustad Vilayat Khan hissel componit mony bandishes uisin the pen name Nath Piya.

Tribute
Imdad attained great fame in his lifetime: he played for Queen Victoria in Delhi; he servit as a court muisicker in Mysore an Indore, an he wis the first sitar player iver tae be recordit. Some o these recordins hae been released on CD, on the Great Gharanas: Imdadkhani compilation in RPG/EMI's Chairman's Choice series.

References

Footnote
 "Hamare Sangit Ratna" a treatise on great Ustads of India

1848 births
1920 daiths
Imdadkhani gharana
Hindustani instrumentalists
Fowk frae Agra
Sitar players

Imdad Khan


Pimpama is a northern suburb in the City of Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. At the , Pimpama had a population of 24,601. The name is of Aboriginal origin.  The suburb contains numerous schools with the first opening in the 1870s.

A small farming community grew in the area from the 1860s. It was once a stop for Cobb and Co coach services. Pimpama was the location of the state's first sawmill.  Growing arrowroot had become popular from as early as the 1880s. By 1908, the region's arrowroot crop supplied the whole country.  More recently the suburb has experienced high rates of housing development due to the availability of land and proximity to the motorway.

Geography
Pimpama is located on the Pacific Motorway  north of Surfers Paradise. The township of Pimpama is the last remaining rural town on the Pacific Motorway between Brisbane and the Gold Coast. It has a large area of undeveloped land. With the urban development of the region, Pimpama's population has had rapid growth, increasing by 92%.

The Pimpama River marks the northern boundary of the suburb, which flows from the Darlington Range at Kingsholme down to Moreton Bay. Hotham Creek also flows through the suburb and meets with Pimpama River to the north-east of the suburb.

History

19th century
Yugembah (also known as Yugumbir, Jugambel, Jugambeir, Jugumbir, Jukam, Jukamba) is one of the Australian Aboriginal languages in areas that include the Beenleigh, Beaudesert, Gold Coast, Logan, Scenic Rim, Albert River, Coolangatta, Coomera, Logan River, Pimpama, Tamborine and Tweed River Valley, within the local government boundaries of the City of Gold Coast, City of Logan, Scenic Rim Regional Council and the Tweed River Valley.

The name Pimpama is reportedly derived from Bundjalung language (Yugumbir dialect), pim pim ba or bim bim ba, meaning place of soldier (mickey) birds.

Much of the Pimpama district had been taken up in the 1850s by William Duckett White of Beau Desert Station, who leased  between the Logan and Coomera Rivers, including upper Hotham Creek (a tributary of Pimpama River), as Pimpama run.  A small settlement was established on Pimpama River c1860, but the site was abandoned within a few years in preference to Hotham Creek.  Much of Pimpama run was thrown open for selection from April 1869, and White forfeited his remaining leasehold on Pimpama from 1 January 1870.  The private subdivision and sale in February 1870 of town and farm lots at the junction of the Pimpama River and Hotham Creek, consolidated Pimpama township and initiated a small farming community of mostly Irish settlers.

In the 1860s, farmers along the Pimpama River experimented firstly with cotton growing, then with sugar, both of which initially were dependent on South Pacific Islands labour.

The first sawmill in South East Queensland was built at Pimpama in 1863 by Jesse Daniells.

Irish-born settlers William Doherty and his wife Eliza Fannon had arrived in Queensland by September 1867. It appears that they were Residents in Brisbane until November 1869 at least, but had moved to the Pimpama district by August 1870, when William Doherty signed a local petition calling for a provisional school to be established in the area.  It is not known where in Pimpama the Doherty family lived at this period, but William Doherty worked on a number of local sugar plantations and farms before taking up his own selections in the mid-1870s.

From about 1868, Pimpama was the terminus of Cobb & Co Coach services from Brisbane. As a result of this, two hotels were built on either side of Hotham Creek, neither of which remain today. The route was extended to Nerang in 1882.

The first commercial arrowroot in Pimpama was grown in the late 1860s, and the Lahey family, who moved to Pimpama in 1870 and eventually took up Sunnyside, adjoining William Doherty on Hotham Creek, went into arrowroot cultivation on a large scale, inventing a mechanical processing method which revolutionised the production of arrowroot, and marketing arrowroot under their own brand. The Pimpama selectors of the 1870s, searching for a new commercial crop, discovered that the climate, soil, and abundance of pure water in the Pimpama district were ideal for the cultivation and manufacture of arrowroot. Arrowroot gave about the same return as maize or potatoes, but was more frost, drought and flood resistant. By 1884, arrowroot was widely grown in the Pimpama and Coomera districts, and a number of new manufacturing plants were being established.

Most of the selections along upper Hotham Creek were surveyed in 1871, but not proclaimed for selection until August 1874. In the interim, many farmers were 'squatting' on these selections, with no guarantee that they would ultimately secure the land as leasehold.

Pimpama State School opened on 15 April 1872.

In October 1874, Doherty selected portion 21, parish of Pimpama ( of second class pastoral land on Hotham Creek, on which Laurel Hill Farmhouse was later built).  The block already contained some improvements, including a slab barn and a small humpy, and about  of scrub cleared and partly under cultivation, for which Doherty paid £20, and was issued with a conditional lease on the property for 10 years from 1 January 1875.  At the same time he selected the adjoining portion 31 [135 acres], on which existing improvements comprised a bark-roofed barn, a small  slab house, some cleared scrub and a small stockyard.  It appears that the Dohertys resided on portion 31 from October 1874 until mid-1879, when they moved to portion 21.  In 1879, Doherty also acquired the lease to portion 151, an  block which abutted the eastern boundary of portion 21.

By December 1876 the main Pimpama sugar plantations (Ormeau, Malungmavel, Pimpama and Yahwulpah) had ceased production, and were devoted either to cattle or arrowroot, but some smaller farms in the district continued with sugar growing for several decades.

Podinga Provisional School opened on 5 August 1878. In 1892 it was renamed Ormeau Provisional School. On 1 January it became Ormeau State School.

Laurel Hill Farmhouse, a single-storeyed timber farm house with attic, was erected in 1883-84 for Pimpama arrowroot grower and manufacturer, William Doherty. Laurel Hill Farmhouse was one of the finest residences in the area,  being photographed in 1897 by the Queensland Lands Department as a model example of a Queensland home on a selection. The builder was Alexander Fortune of Coomera who had himself been granted 880 acres of crown land for pastoral use.

In January 1884 he obtained title to portions 21 & 31, and embarked on substantial improvements to the property, which he had named Laurel Hill.  A fine new house, erected for the Dohertys by Coomera builder Alexander Fortune, was completed by late January 1884. [This is understood to be the existing Laurel Hill Farmhouse.] Fortune, resident in the Coomera district by 1872, was a carpenter by trade, and had erected Coomera State School and an Anglican church at upper Coomera.

At Laurel Hill, William Doherty raised cattle and grew various crops.  By 1884 he had between 40 and  under arrowroot, and erected his own factory in the first half of the year. Remnants of this mill survive. Before the turn of the century, he purchased Pimpama Plantation at Ormeau, [approximately  which he used for grazing purposes], and c1901 acquired Sunnyside, the Lahey family's substantial arrowroot plantation adjacent to Laurel Hill on Hotham Creek.  Following William Doherty's death in 1904, the properties were divided between his three sons: Laurel Hill went to William Alexander [Alex], Sunnyside [renamed Willowvale by the Dohertys] to Thomas, and Pimpama to Robert.

On  24 January 1889 the old South Coast railway line opened from Beenleigh to Southport. Pimpama was served by  Pimpama railway station (). The line and the station closed on 30 June 1964.

20th century
By 1908, Queensland farmers on about a dozen farms in the Yatala, Pimpama, Ormeau and Nerang districts, were supplying almost the whole of the arrowroot used in Australia. Doherty Brothers of Hotham Creek and Robert Doherty of Ormeau, with together approximately  under arrowroot [or 50% of the total  under arrowroot in these districts], were among the largest arrowroot growers/producers in Australia. The Willowvale arrowroot mill was moved further downstream on Hotham Creek, closer to the Pacific Highway at Pimpama, and continued production until the mid-1930s.  Alex Doherty at Laurel Hill turned to dairying in the early 1920s before retiring to the Gold Coast c1947. Subsequently, the property was purchased by the Miles family of Pimpama, with title to Laurel Hill transferred in 1950.  Members of this family resided in the house until mid-October 1997.

The Doherty family were prominent members of the local community, involved in church and civic affairs.  William Doherty was a trustee of Pimpama School of Arts and served as a councillor on Coomera Divisional Board from c1887 to c1889.  His son Thomas later became chairman of Coomera Shire.

Some changes to the farmhouse were made during the Doherty family's occupation.  There is evidence of minor re-arrangement of internal partition walls, and the staircase to the attic has been removed and the stairwell enclosed, possibly in the 1920s.  The ceiling linings in several of the rooms may date to the 1920s also. The original kitchen wing reputedly burnt down in the late 1920s, and was replaced with the present kitchen building.

From 1930 onwards there was a move toward dairy farming in the Pimpama/Willow Vale region; more recently these farms were used for fattening cattle.

21st century
Lutheran Ormeau Rivers District School opened on 23 January 2006.

Pimpama State Secondary College opened 1 January 2013.

A Woolworths supermarket opened on 5 July 2014.

Pimpama State Primary College opened 1 January 2015.

King's Christian College opened its second campus in Pimpama in 2015; their first campus opened at Reedy Creek in 1980 and their third campus opened in Chambers Flat in 2020.

A McDonald's restaurant opened on 15 May 2016. It was the first fast food venue in Pimpama.

A 7-Eleven petrol station opened in mid-2017. It was the first petrol station in Pimpama.

Pimpama came to prominence on 12 October 2020 when Shane Bowden, the former Olympic cyclist and Mongols Motorcycle Club bikie, was shot dead in the driveway of his family home.

Demographics
In the , Pimpama had a population of 9,396 people. At the , Pimpama had a population of 24,601. The suburb is experiencing the highest growth rate of any suburb outside of capital cities in Australia.

Heritage listings
Pimpama has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 246 Creek Street (former Pacific Highway): Pimpama & Ormeau War Memorial
 193 Rifle Range Road: former Pimpama Rifle Range
 Ruffles Road, Willow Vale: Laurel Hill Farmhouse (the farmhouse is now within the modern suburb of Willow Vale but was historically in Pimpama)

Urban planning
For the twenty years prior to 2010 most of the population of Pimpama was concentrated in the Canowindra estate, located in the north of the suburb. This estate, first developed in the 1980s is often referred to as a suburb itself. Hawthorne Woods, an estate built since 2000 across the motorway from the township also contained a large portion of the population. At this time the hamlet of Pimpama consisted of a general store surrounded by a handful of homes. Some employment was offered by a large sawmill and hardware business, and by the ambulance training station serving the Pacific Motorway. The owners of the general store, Jenny Houston and her son Robert, had enlarged the property to include a bar and a small restaurant.

Extensive and intensive urban development came to Pimpama in the first decade of the 21st century, as a result of planning that had started ten years earlier.

In 1995 the City of Gold Coast Council (GCCC) and the Queensland Government collaborated in staging "The Coomera Charrette Planning Study". By that year, there was general agreement between the Commonwealth Government, the Queensland Government, and the GCCC that in the northern part of the territory administered by the GCCC a new urban area should be created, involving a new city centre based at Coomera, in what had previously been mainly rural land.

This proposal bore similarities to the earlier Robina project in the south, and a justification was that in large parts of the Pimpama/Coomera area there had been rural subdivisions in the 1970s that had created wide many 2-5 hectare parcels, thought to be useless for anything except further subdivision into much smaller lots.

The innovative Charrette method, never before used in Queensland, assembled everyone who at that time had an interest in the development of the area. Participants included local residents and landowners; clubs and associations; land developers; state and federal officials representing road and railway authorities; GCCC personnel involved in planning, sewerage, water, traffic and so on, and many others.  The intention was that this diverse group would be put into a 'pressure cooker' environment for a week, charged with coming up with overall concept plans for further consideration by the various authorities.  It was purely a study, with no executive power.

The Charrette zone straddled the Pacific Highway, with its northern boundary on Hotham Creek and southern boundary on the Coomera river. The total area was over 5,000 hectares, comprising at the time 1207 separate rateable properties in 603 different ownerships. The GCCC Local Area Plans that flowed eventually from the Charrette - pretty closely following its recommendations - comprised one of the largest re-zonings in south-east Queensland, intended to house 66,000 people.

It was held during the week of 28 June to 3 July 1995. The Charrette leader was Professor Paul Murrain, a highly regarded English urban planning consultant  who was imported for the occasion and proved an inspirational speaker.

The Charrette process sent a signal to anyone who was paying attention that in due course there would indeed be large-scale rezoning in the Pimpama district. Land developers (the word speculator is also applicable) moved in and a great many properties changed hands before any official rezoning took place, in many cases leading to the consolidation of large parcels. One of the leading developers to emerge in Pimpama was Mirvac Ltd., who acquired a very large tract running along the northern side of Yawalpah Road practically for its entire length (at the time) including the Gainsborough Greens golf course and several farms.

Significant construction works moved ahead in and around Coomera (which had sewerage connections to the existing Coombabah facility)  but similar activity in Pimpama had to await environmental studies associated with the construction of the Pimpama Waste Water Treatment Plant, which was not begun until 2006. The completion of Stage 1 late in 2008, with associated trunk sewers, signalled the launch of a spate of housing subdivisions.

Tourism

Pimpama is home to a few tourist attractions. The Strawberry Farm is a working farm located in the township. It is home to a variety of animals, as well as a kiosk. The Le Mans complex contains Australia's only Zorb course, as well as a go-kart track.

Gainsborough Greens, a golf course is also located in the suburb. Another golf course, Pacific Springs was partly demolished to make way for the Pacific Motorway upgrade in the early 2000s. Remains of the course, as well as the street formerly accessing the course still exist, west of the Hotham Creek crossing of the motorway.

Education
Pimpama State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 9 Hotham Creek Road North (). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 639 students with 48 teachers (42 full-time equivalent) and 24 non-teaching staff (13 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.

Pimpama State Primary College is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at Cunningham Drive North (). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 631 students with 40 teachers (38 full-time equivalent) and 22 non-teaching staff (12 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.

Ormeau State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 29 Mirambeena Drive ()  in the Canowindra estate. In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 892 students with 65 teachers (55 full-time equivalent) and 27 non-teaching staff (20 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.

King's Christian College is a private primary and high school (Pre-Prep-9) that is one of 3 campuses, the other 2 being at Reedy Creek and Logan Village respectively. The Pimpama campus is at 198 Pimpama-Jacobs Well Road ().

Lutheran Ormeau Rivers District School is a private primary and secondary (Prep-12) school for boys and girls at 68 Mirambeena Drive (). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 525 students with 37 teachers (35 full-time equivalent) and 26 non-teaching staff (19 full-time equivalent).

Pimpama State Secondary College is a government secondary (7-12) school for boys and girls at Dixon Drive (). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 1362 students with 103 teachers (100 full-time equivalent) and 46 non-teaching staff (38 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education.

Gainsborough Primary School is a (P-6) government primary school located on the corner of Yawalpah Road and Gawthern Drive. Construction of the school commenced in March 2020 in preparation for Prep to Year 6 student enrollment and commencement from 2021.

Transport
The suburb is serviced by Queensland Rail City network through Ormeau railway station, also located in Canowindra, and is bisected by the M1 Motorway.  An additional railway station at Pimpama is planned as part of the Cross River Rail project.

Amenities
The Gold Coast City Council operates a fortnightly mobile library service which visits Pimpama State School in Hotham Creek Road and Lords School, Mirambeena Drive.

See also

 List of Gold Coast suburbs

References

Sources

External links

 Pimpama.com - Pimpama information
 Pimpama community Facebook page

Suburbs of the Gold Coast, Queensland
Populated places established in 1860
1860 establishments in Australia

Pimpama, Queensland


Kobie van Rensburg (born 23 May 1969 in Johannesburg) is a South African tenor and opera director.

Life
Van Rensburg studied singing with Werner Nel at the Northwest University of South Africa, and law and international politics at Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education.
He made his debut in 1991 at the age of 20 as Belmonte in Mozart's Die Entführung aus dem Serail for the Roodepoort City Opera. In 1996, he started an engagement at the Gärtnerplatztheater in Munich. Since the year 2000 van Rensburg has been working regularly with the Lautten Compagney Berlin (director: Wolfgang Katschner). With this ensemble he staged Monteverdi's L'Orfeo and published three recordings. Since 2011 van Rensburg collaborates with a different emsemble for Ancient and New Music, called "così facciamo". With them he staged Handel's Ariodante. He sang his first name part in Mozart's Idomeneo in 2006 for the New York Metropolitan Opera. Van Rensburg's repertoire focuses on Baroque music.

However, he has also made his mark in song and Lied interpretation, focusing on English Baroque composers (i.e. Dowland, Byrd, Purcell), as well as German composers Beethoven, Schumann and Schubert, among others.

Opera stage direction
At the Munich Gärtnerplatztheater van Rensburg staged, together with the librettist Peer Boysen the pasticcio Ein Theater nach der Mode in 2002, featuring compositions by Handel and other Baroque composers. In 2006, he gave his directorial debut in the Opernhaus Halle with Monteverdi's L'Orfeo, in which he also sang the name part. Handel's first oratorio Il Trionfo del Tempo e del Disinganno was staged in 2009 in Passau by van Rensburg. His latest directorial work includes Handel's opera Ariodante, premiered in February 2011 at the Munich Cuvilliés-Theater. Just like in his former own production Il pianto d'Orfeo van Rensburg links the expressiveness of dancing with the music of the composition. The dancer serves as an Alter ego to the singer and thereby illustrates the emotions of the character he or she impersonates.

Repertoire (roles)
Pane in La Calisto (Francesco Cavalli)
Acis in Acis and Galatea (Georg Friedrich Händel)
Grimoaldo in Rodelinda (Georg Friedrich Händel)
Jupiter in Semele (Georg Friedrich Händel)
Jupiter in La divisione del mondo (Giovanni Legrenzi)
Orfeo in L'Orfeo (Claudio Monteverdi)
Bastien in Bastien und Bastienne (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)
Don Ottavio in Don Giovanni (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)
Idomeneo in Idomeneo (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)
Tito in La Clemenza di Tito (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)
Tamino in Die Zauberflöte (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)
Ubaldo in Armida (Gioachino Rossini)
Nightingale in Ein Theater nach der Mode (Kobie van Rensburg & Peer Boysen)

Discography

CDs
2009: Rodrigo (Georg Friedrich Händel, Eduardo Lopéz Banzo, Al Ayre Español)
2009: Bach Cantatas – Vol.4 (Johann Sebastian Bach, John Eliot Gardiner, English Baroque Soloists)
2009: Alcina (Georg Friedrich Händel, Alan Curtis, Il Complesso Barocco)
2008: Saul, Messiah (Georg Friedrich Händel, René Jacobs, Concerto Köln & Freiburger Barockorchester)
2007: Der Messias (Georg Friedrich Händel, Wolfgang Katschner, Lautten Compagney, Dresdner Kammerchor)
2006: Messiah (Georg Friedrich Händel, René Jacobs, Freiburger Barockorchester)
2006: Catone in Utica (Giovanni Battista Ferrandini, Christoph Hammer, Neue )
2006: Il pianto d'Orfeo (various composers, Kobie van Rensburg, Lautten Compagney)
2005: Der Fliegende Holländer (Richard Wagner, Bruno Weil, Cappella Coloniensis)
2004: Le Nozze di Figaro (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, René Jacobs, Concerto Köln)
2003: Griselda (Alessandro Scarlatti, René Jacobs, Akademie für alte Musik Berlin)
2002: Madrigali Guerrieri ad Amorosi (Claudio Monteverdi, René Jacobs, Concerto Vocale)
2001: Liededition Vol.1 & 2 (Fanny Hensel, Kelvin Groot)
2001: Songs of An English Cavalier (various composers, Kobie van Rensburg, Lautten Compagney)
2000: Handel's Beard, Airs for Tenor (Georg Friedrich Händel, Kobie van Rensburg, Lautten Compagney)

DVDs
2008: Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria, live at Teatro Real Madrid (Claudio Monteverdi, Pier Luigi Pizzi, Les Arts Florissants)
2005: L'Orfeo (Claudio Monteverdi, Kobie van Rensburg, Lautten Compagney Berlin)

References

External links
Biography on the webpage of the artist management Augstein & Hahn
 Biography and previews

Musicians from Johannesburg
1969 births
Living people
South African operatic tenors
South African theatre directors
South African opera directors
20th-century South African male opera singers
21st-century South African male opera singers

Kobie van Rensburg


Alph Lyla (アルフ・ライラ), also known as Alfh Lyra wa Lyra or Alpha Lyla, was Capcom's "house band", composed of several Capcom musicians and sound designers. They disbanded in the late 1990s. The name derives from the katakana spelling of One Thousand and One Nights in Arabic.

Members of the band included pianist Pii♪ (a.k.a. Yoko Shimomura), keyboardists Bunbun (a.k.a. Yasuaki Fujita) and Pakkun, guitarist Uppi (a.k.a. Kazushi Ueda), bassist WOODY, and drummer Tatsui, amongst others.

Some of their works appear on the following albums:

Daimakaimura ~ G.S.M. Capcom 1 (D28B-0011)
Strider ~ G.S.M. Capcom 2 (D25B-1001)
Final Fight ~ G.S.M. Capcom 3 (PCCB-00030)
Street Fighter II ~ G.S.M. Capcom 4 (PCCB-00056)
Captain Commando ~ G.S.M. Capcom 5 (PCCB-00083)
Varth: Operation Thunderstorm ~ G.S.M. Capcom 6 (PCCB-00110)
Tenchi wo Kurau II: The Battle of Chi Bi ~ G.S.M. Capcom 7 (PCCB-00133)
Rockman X with Toshiaki Ohtsubo (SRCL-2828)
Street Fighter II Alph-Lyla with Yuji Toriyama (SRCL-2857)

References

External links
Artist profile at OverClocked ReMix

Capcom people
Japanese instrumental musical groups
Video game music cover bands

Alph Lyla


Indonesian is anything of, from, or related to Indonesia, an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. It may refer to:

 Indonesians, citizens of Indonesia
 Native Indonesians, diverse groups of local inhabitants of the archipelago
 Indonesian women, overview of women's history and contemporary situations
 Indonesian language (Indonesian: Bahasa Indonesia), the official language of Indonesia
 Indonesian languages, overview of some of the 700 languages spoken in Indonesia
 Indonesian names, customs reflecting the multicultural and polyglot nature of Indonesia
 Indonesian culture, a complex of indigenous customs and foreign influences
 Indonesian art, various artistic expressions and artworks in the archipelago
 Indonesian cinema, a struggling and developing industry
 Indonesian literature, literature from Indonesia and Southeast Asia with shared language roots
 Indonesian music, hundreds of forms of traditional and contemporary music
 Indonesian philosophy, a tradition of abstract speculation by Indonesians
 Indonesian cuisine, regional and national styles of cooking
 Indonesian geography, an overview of the physical environment of Indonesia
 Indonesian history, fundamentally shaped by trade
 Indonesian wildlife, fauna and ecosystems of Indonesia

See also
 List of islands of Indonesia, nearly 9,000 named islands
 List of Indonesians, notable Indonesian people
 Demographics of Indonesia, characteristics of the population

Language and nationality disambiguation pages

Indonesian


William Christian Krumbein (January 28, 1902 – August 18, 1979) was a notable geologist, after whom the Krumbein Medal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology (IAMG) was named. This medal was established at the 25th International Geological Congress in Sydney, in 1976. Krumbein was a founding officer of the IAMG.

Krumbein was born at Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, United States, in January, 1902, and died on August 18, 1979. At his memorial service, it was said of Krumbein "that by constitutionally rejecting conventional wisdom, he continually pursued innovative methods, whereby the natural phenomena of geology could be expressed with mathematical rigor."

The legacy left by Krumbein includes his 'Krumbein Scale', a system of measuring 'roundness' or 'sphericity' of particles and the Krumbein phi (φ) scale, a logarithmic scale used for evaluating particle size that is a modification to the older Wentworth scale.

Awards
1977, awarded the William H. Twenhofel Medal by the Society for Sedimentary Geology

Notable publications
W. C. Krumbein and F. J. Pettijohn, Manual of sedimentary petrography, New York, Appleton-Century, 1938

W. C. Krumbein, Measurement and geological significance of shape and roundness of sedimentary particles. Journal of Sedimentary Research; August 1941; v. 11; no. 2; p. 64-72

W. C. Krumbein and L. L. Sloss, Stratigraphy and sedimentation,  San Francisco, W. H. Freeman, 1963

W.C. Krumbein and F.A. Graybill, An introduction to statistical models in geology, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1965

External links
William Christian Krumbein Medal

1902 births
1979 deaths
20th-century American geologists
Fellows of the American Statistical Association

William C. Krumbein


Twins (rendered in its title sequence logo as TWiiNS) is a 1988 American buddy comedy film produced and directed by Ivan Reitman. The film is about unlikely fraternal twin brothers (Arnold Schwarzenegger and Danny DeVito) who were separated at birth. The core of the film is the contrast between the streetwise Vincent (DeVito) and the intelligent but naive Julius (Schwarzenegger).

The film was a commercial success, grossing $216 million worldwide. Instead of taking their usual salaries for the film, Schwarzenegger, DeVito and Reitman agreed with the studio to take collectively 40% of the film's box office and rental returns; this resulted in them receiving the biggest paychecks of their film careers.

Plot
1953

Julius and Vincent Benedict are twin brothers, the result of a secret experiment carried out at a genetics laboratory to combine the DNA of six fathers to produce the perfect child. To the surprise of the scientists, the embryo split and the twins were born. The mother, Mary Ann Benedict, was told that Julius died at birth, and not told about Vincent at all.

Vincent was placed in an orphanage run by nuns in Los Angeles and believed his mother abandoned him. With no one but himself to rely on, Vincent seduced a nun, escaped from the orphanage, and later became an indebted, small time criminal. Julius was raised on a South Pacific island by Professor Werner, one of the scientists from the experiment, who put him through intense physical training and extensive study. Both believed Mary Ann died during childbirth.

1988

Each twin was unaware of the other's existence. On Julius' 35th birthday, Werner finally tells Julius about Vincent. With Werner's blessing, Julius proceeds to Los Angeles to find his brother. Julius eventually tracks Vincent down in jail, where he is being held for unpaid parking tickets and driving with an expired license.

Julius bails Vincent out, but Vincent does not believe his story and abandons him in a parking lot. Julius pursues Vincent to his workplace and finds him being beaten up by Morris Klane, one of three loan shark brothers that Vincent owes $20,000. Julius subdues Morris, earning Vincent's trust and respect. He later meets Vincent's girlfriend Linda Mason and enters a romantic relationship with her sister Marnie.

Over dinner, Vincent shows Julius a document he stole from the orphanage that shows their mother is still alive, but believing that she abandoned him at birth, Vincent shows no interest in finding her. Believing that their mother may have also been lied to, Julius tracks one of their six fathers to the address on the document. The father directs Julius to Dr. Mitchell Traven, Werner's colleague, in New Mexico.

Vincent steals a late model Cadillac from a parking garage run by his buddy (to sell to a chop shop) and finds a prototype fuel injector in the trunk that was to be delivered to industrialist Beetroot McKinley in Houston, in return for $5 million. Vincent decides to pose as the delivery man, Mr. Webster, and deliver the fuel injector himself so he can collect the money and pay off his debts. He reluctantly allows Julius, Linda and Marnie to accompany him to New Mexico to find Traven, while Webster begins pursuing Vincent. In the process, he encounters the Klane brothers and shoots them in the legs as a warning to keep away from Vincent.

In New Mexico, Traven reveals the truth to the twins, pointing out that Julius resulted from the best genes, and spitefully denouncing Vincent as having come from the "useless" genetic material, leaving Vincent distraught. After Julius threatens him, Traven directs them to Santa Fe, where their mother lives in an art colony. Julius convinces Vincent to regain his spirits and they continue their journey.

On the way to Santa Fe, the twins are accosted by the Klane brothers, but they fight them off for the last time. At the art colony in Santa Fe, a gardener informs Julius and Vincent that their mother has died. They leave, unaware that the gardener was in fact Mary Ann, who did not believe their story, having been told she only had one son who died at birth.

Abandoning Julius and the girls in New Mexico, Vincent heads to Houston alone to deliver the prototype to Beetroot. Julius chases after Vincent, sensing his whereabouts thanks to twin telepathy, and finds him seconds after the exchange with Beetroot. Webster appears and kills Beetroot and his bodyguard, demanding the money from Vincent. Julius intercepts Webster, allowing Vincent to escape, but Vincent returns and agrees to give Webster the money to save Julius. Webster decides to kill them anyway for seeing his face, but Vincent, at Julius' subtle prompting, kills him by dropping a heavy chain onto him and burying him.

Julius and Vincent return both the prototype and $4 million (with Vincent skimming $1 million) and use a $50,000 reward to pay off Vincent's debts and start a consulting firm. Their publicity reaches the art colony, and Mary Ann learns that her sons are alive. She violently confronts Traven for concealing the truth and then tracks Julius and Vincent down to their workplace, where they share a warm reunion.

Sometime later, Julius and Vincent marry Marnie and Linda. Both marriages produce twin children, and the couples are last seen meeting their mother and Professor Werner on an outing.

Cast
 Arnold Schwarzenegger as Julius Benedict, Vincent's older fraternal twin brother.
 Danny DeVito as Vincent Benedict, Julius' younger fraternal twin brother.
 Kelly Preston as Marnie Mason, Linda's sister and Julius' girlfriend.
 Chloe Webb as Linda Mason, Marnie's sister and Vincent's girlfriend.
 Bonnie Bartlett as Mary Ann Benedict, the twins' biological mother.
 Heather Graham as young Mary Ann (uncredited)
 David Caruso as Al Greco, a friend of Vincent's.
 Trey Wilson as Beetroot McKinley
 Marshall Bell as Mr. Webster
 Tony Jay as Professor Werner, one of the scientists from the experiment that created Julius and Vincent who raised Julius.
 Hugh O'Brian as Granger, one of the twins' six fathers.
 Nehemiah Persoff as Dr. Mitchell Traven, one of the scientists from the experiment that created Julius and Vincent.
 Maury Chaykin as Burt Klane, Bob and Morris' brother.
 Tom McCleister as Bob Klane, Burt and Morris' brother.
 David Efron as Morris Klane, Burt and Bob's brother.
 Sven-Ole Thorsen as Sam Klane, Burt, Bob, and Morris' cousin and Dave's brother or cousin.
 Gus Rethwisch as Dave Klane, Burt, Bob, and Morris' cousin and Sam's brother or cousin.
 Richard Portnow as Tony
 Robert Harper as Gilbert Larsen
 Jason Reitman as Granger Grandson

Production
The original music score was composed by Georges Delerue and Randy Edelman. Edelman has scored three more films for the director (Ghostbusters II; Kindergarten Cop; and Six Days, Seven Nights) whereas this was Delerue's only work for him.

Notably, this was Arnold Schwarzenegger's first time starring in a major comedy. Because the studio viewed this as a significant risk compared with having Schwarzenegger make another profitable action film, Schwarzenegger voluntarily took no salary in exchange for a share of the film's profits. Co-star Danny DeVito and director Ivan Reitman made similar deals. When the film was a major financial success – box office of $216M against an $18M production budget – the three together earned a significant share of the overall profits. In a 2016 interview with Graham Bensinger in which Schwarzenegger recounted this story, Schwarzenegger stated that the decision to "invest in myself" by trying comedy and forgoing the salary in exchange for a share of the film's profits was one of the best decisions of his entire life.

Filming
The bridge that Vincent drives across is the Rio Grande Gorge Bridge near Taos, New Mexico.

Music

Soundtrack
A self-titled song performed by Philip Bailey and Little Richard rose to No. 82 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1989.

Reception

Box office
The film was a commercial success, opening as the number one film in the United States earning $11 million on its opening weekend. It retained the top spot for the next two weekends and went on to gross $112 million domestically, being the fifth biggest grossing film in the United States released in 1988. The film was released in the United Kingdom on March 17, 1989, and topped the country's box office that weekend. It grossed $216 million worldwide.

Following the film's success, Reitman and Schwarzenegger teamed up again for Kindergarten Cop (1990) and then again for Junior (1994), which also starred DeVito.

Critical response
Twins received mixed reviews from critics upon release.
On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 42% approval rating based on 43 reviews, with an average score of . The consensus states: "Though it offers a few modest pleasures for undemanding viewers, Twins leans too heavily on the wackiness of its premise to overcome its narrative shortcomings." On Metacritic the film has a score of 53 out of 100 based on reviews from 13 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.

Roger Ebert gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, calling it "engaging entertainment with some big laughs and a sort of warm goofiness."

Vincent Canby of The New York Times gave the film a negative review: "In Twins, which is supposed to be funny, the former Mr. Universe and pint-sized Danny DeVito play twins, the result of a genetic experiment that went awry. To the extent that Twins is carried by anybody, it is carried by Mr. DeVito. Mr. Schwarzenegger is dead weight."

Cancelled sequel
In March 2012, Universal announced the development of a sequel titled Triplets with Schwarzenegger and DeVito due to return with Eddie Murphy as their long lost triplet brother. Reitman was set to co produce.

In April 2015, it was announced that plans for the film were put on hold. In March 2018, Schwarzenegger confirmed that the script for Triplets was finished and that Murphy was officially attached to the film. Schwarzenegger briefly discussed how Murphy's character became the triplet brother of his and DeVito's characters saying "funny thing that happens in the mixing of the sperm". It was unknown if Reitman would still be involved in the film, as originally announced in 2012.

In September 2021, it was announced filming will commence in January 2022 in Boston, with Ivan Reitman directing, Schwarzenegger and DeVito reprising their roles as Julius and Vincent Benedict, and Tracy Morgan replacing Eddie Murphy as Schwarzenegger and DeVito's long lost triplet brother. However, Reitman died in February 2022, leaving the status of the film unclear. In May 2023, Schwarzenegger confirmed that a sequel would not be made, as Reitman's son Jason put the idea to an end following his father's death.

See also
 Junior: A 1994 movie also starring Schwarzenegger and DeVito and directed by Reitman.
 List of American films of 1988

References

External links

1988 films
1980s buddy comedy films
1988 comedy films
Films set in 1953
Films set in 1988
American buddy comedy films
1980s English-language films
Films about adoption
Films about twin brothers
Films directed by Ivan Reitman
Films set in Los Angeles
Films set in New Mexico
Films set in Texas
Films shot in New Mexico
Films scored by Georges Delerue
Films scored by Randy Edelman
Films with screenplays by William Davies
Films produced by Ivan Reitman
Films with screenplays by Timothy Harris (writer)
Films with screenplays by Herschel Weingrod
Universal Pictures films
1980s American films
Films with screenplays by William Osborne (writer)

Twins (1988 film)


Gaetano Apolline Baldassarre Vestris (18 April 1729 – 1808), French ballet dancer, was born in Florence and made his debut at the opera in 1749.

Life
Born of an Italian theatrical family, he studied dance with Louis Dupré at the Royal Academy in Paris, later joining the Paris Opéra where he served as dancing master to Louis XVI. Vestris was the first dancer to discard the mask and to use his face in mime.

By 1751, his success and his vanity had grown to such a point that he is reported to have said, "There are but three great men in Europe—the king of Prussia, Voltaire and I." He was an excellent mimic as well as dancer. From 1770 to 1776 he was a master and composer of ballets, retiring, in favour of Jean Georges Noverre, with a pension.

Vestris married a dancer, Anna Heinel (1753–1808), of German origin, who had a wonderful success at the opera. He reappeared at the age of seventy-one on the occasion of his grandson's debut.

Family
Gaetano had several children who also became dancers. He was the lover of French ballerina Marie Allard and their son Auguste Vestris (1760–1842) was also considered the greatest male dancer of his time.
Auguste made his debut at 12 with the Paris Opéra and was the company's leading dancer for 36 years. Auguste's son, Auguste Armand Vestris (1788–1825), husband of Lucia Elizabeth Vestris, took to the same profession and made his debut at the opera in 1800, but left Paris for England, Italy and Vienna never reappearing in France. Gaetano's brother, Angiolo Vestris (1730–1809), formerly a dancer and later an actor at the Comédie-Italienne, married Marie Rose Gourgaud, the sister of the actor Dugazon. Gaetano and Angiolo's sister, Thérèse (1726-1808), was also a dancer.

References

Attribution:

1729 births
1808 deaths
People from Florence
Italian emigrants to France
French male ballet dancers
French ballet masters
18th-century French ballet dancers
Paris Opera Ballet étoiles
Paris Opera Ballet artistic directors
Burials at Montmartre Cemetery
Vestris family

Gaétan Vestris


Siku (pl: Sikut) (Taniktun: ice) qiqumaruq imġuruq.
 Kannik (Tanŋ. snowflake)

Sikut
 Aayuġaq : ice ridging, or crack across a shallow lagoon or bay
 Agiuppak : a smooth wall of ice along the edge of landfast ice formed by other moving ice
 Aisitaq : cracked ice made by force of moving ice
 Alliviniq : ice that was under another piece of ice which resurfaces smooth and dirty
 Aluksraq : young ice punched by seals forming a seal blowhole
 Anaġlu : black ice
 Arguqtaġniq : newly formed thin ice collecting on the downwind side of a polynya or lead
 Ataiġvik : shore ice patch on coastline
 Ataitchuaq : shore ice uct close to the coast
 Atiġniq : new ice forming a smooth apron around pre-existing ice
 Augaŋaruaq : ice thrust up at an angle (approximately 45 degrees)
 Tuvaq : fast ice

Siku

Siku


The Syafi'i (Arabic: الشافعي) or Shafi'i is one of the four schools of jurisprudence within Sunni Islam, third largest by population, and it was founded by Imam Syafi'i.

It is practiced in this Asian and African parts:

South Asia: Maldives, Sri Lanka and most of South Indian states including Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh comes with Maharashtra, along with the largest city Mumbai.

Southeast Asia: Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, southern Philippines and Thailand.

Western Asia: Eastern part of Turkey, large parts of Hadramawt, and Levant.

Africa: Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique.

Sunni Islam
Islamic law

Shafi`i


CODA plc was a mid-sized international financial software company based in the United Kingdom. Founded in 1979, it was purchased in 2008 by Unit4, a supplier of enterprise software, based in the Netherlands. CODA creates, markets and implements a range of business software systems designed for finance directors and finance departments. These include:
 financial management systems like accounting software and procurement software:
 financial analysis applications like reporting, consolidation and planning and budgeting systems;
 financial control systems, like process management and control software for compliance with legislation like Sarbanes Oxley.

History

CODA was founded in Leeds, Yorkshire in 1979 by Rodney Potts and Christopher Lennox and in the early 1990s the company's head office was moved to Harrogate. At this point CODA had around 600 employees working from 14 country operations around the world.

In 1994 CODA group PLC was bought by Dutch software company Baan Corporation for £52.9 million ($86.7 million), which wanted to compete in the market for standalone financial software and enhance the existing finance offering. 4

In 2000, Baan got into financial difficulties and the CODA line of business was acquired by one of its main implementation partners, Science Systems in the UK (today SCISYS). The Chippenham-headquartered software and consulting company acquired the trade and assets of CODA in 2000, renaming its holding company CODA SciSys PLC in 2002.

In 2006, CODA SciSys announced a demerger to form two listed companies, CODA (the financial software company) and SciSys (a space and public sector IT company).

In 2008, CODA was acquired by Unit4 Agresso.

Software

CODA software is designed for multi-currency, multi-language, multi-country, multi-company and multi-site operations, and is used by around 2,600 medium and large organizations in over 100 countries in a variety of markets and within both public and commercial sectors.

See also
 Comparison of accounting software

References

External links
 CODA

Accounting software
Companies based in Wiltshire
Companies listed on the Alternative Investment Market
ERP software companies
Software companies of the United Kingdom

Coda plc


Dion (; ;  ) is a village and municipal unit in the municipality of Dion-Olympos in the Pieria regional unit, Greece. It is located at the foot of Mount Olympus at a distance of 17 km from the capital city of Katerini.

It is best known for its great ancient Macedonian sanctuary of Zeus and the ancient city, much of which is visible in the Archaeological Park of Dion and the Archaeological Museum of Dion.

History

The ancient city owes its name to the most important Macedonian sanctuary dedicated to Zeus (Dios, "of Zeus"), leader of the gods who dwelt on Mount Olympus; as recorded by  Hesiod's Catalogue of Women, Thyia, daughter of Deucalion, bore Zeus two sons, Magnes and Makednos, eponyms of Magnetes and Macedonians, who dwelt in Pieria at the foot of Mount Olympus. Hence from very ancient times, a large altar had been set up for the worship of Olympian Zeus and his daughters, the Muses, in a unique environment characterised by rich vegetation, towering trees, countless springs and a navigable river. For this reason Dion was the "sacred place" of the Ancient Macedonians. It was the place where the kings made splendid sacrifices to celebrate the new year of the Macedonian calendar at the end of September. In the Spring, purification rites of the army and victory feasts were held.

The first mention of Dion in history comes from Thucydides, who reports that it was the first city reached by the Spartan general Brasidas after crossing from Thessaly into Macedon on his way through the realm of his ally Perdiccas II during his expedition against the Athenian colonies of Thrace in 424 BC. According to Diodorus Siculus, it was Archelaus I who, at the end of the 5th century BC when the Macedonian state acquired great power and emerged onto the stage of history, gave the city and its sanctuary their subsequent importance by instituting a nine-day festival of games that included athletic and dramatic competitions in honor of Zeus and the Muses, whose organisation was overseen by the Macedonian kings themselves.

Philip II and Alexander the Great celebrated victories here, and Alexander assembled his armies and performed magnificent sacrifices here on the eve of his campaign to Asia in 334 BC.

Many ancient authors speak of the sculptural bronze masterpiece by Lysippos made for Alexander depicting 25 mounted companions who fell at the Battle of the Granicus and later taken to Rome by Metellus.

A city was built adjacent to the sacred sites that acquired monumental form during the reigns of Alexander the Great's successors and Cassander took a great interest in the city erecting strong walls and public buildings, so that in Hellenistic times Dion was renowned far and wide for its fortification and splendid monuments. Dion and its sanctuary was destroyed during the Social War in 219 BC by Aetolian invaders but was immediately rebuilt by Philip V. Many of the dedications from the sanctuary that had been destroyed were buried in pits, including royal inscriptions and treaties, and these have been discovered recently.

It fell to the Romans in 169 BC and the city was given a new lease of life in 32/31 BC when Octavian founded the Colony of  here. Coins of colonial Dion survive. It experienced its second heyday during the reigns of 2nd- and 3rd-century AD Roman emperors who were fond of Alexander the Great. Dion's final important period was in the 4th and 5th centuries AD when it became the seat of a bishopric. It was abandoned following major earthquakes and floods.

The modern village at the site was called Malathria until 1961, when it was renamed to Dion.

Archaeology

The site of ancient Dion was first identified by the English traveler William Martin Leake on December 2, 1806, in the ruins adjoining the village of Malathria.  He published his discovery in the third volume of his Travels in Northern Greece in 1835. Léon Heuzey visited the site during his famous Macedonian archaeological mission of 1855 and again in 1861 when he also detected the ancient Leivithra.  Later, the epigraphist G. Oikonomos published the first series of inscriptions.  Nevertheless, systematic archaeological exploration did not begin until 1928.  From then until 1931, G. Sotiriadis carried out a series of surveys, uncovering a 4th-century BC Macedonian tomb and an early Christian basilica. Excavations were not resumed until 1960 under the direction of G. Bakalakis in the area of the theatre and the wall.  Since 1973, Professor Dimitrios Pandermalis of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki has conducted archaeological research in the city.

Dion is the site of a large temple dedicated to Zeus, as well as a series of temples to Demeter and to Isis (the Egyptian goddess was a favorite of Alexander).

Excavation of the magnificent House of Dionysos revealed a mosaic of exceptionally fine quality.

A rare and unusual find in the museum is a bronze "hydraulis" or hydraulic musical pipe organ found in a former workshop.

In 2006, a statue of Hera was found built into the walls of the city.  The statue, 2200 years old, had been used by the early Christians of Dion as filling for the city's defensive wall.

Administration

In October 1992, the Municipality of Dion (, ) was formed. At the 1997 Kapodistrias reform, it was expanded with the former communities Agios Spyridonas, Karitsa, Kondariotissa, Nea Efesos and Vrontou. The administrative center was in the village of Kondariotissa. As part of Greece's 2011 local government reform Dion merged with the former municipalities East Olympos and Litochoro to form the new municipality Dion-Olympos. Dion became a municipal unit of the newly formed municipality, and the former municipal districts became communities. The community of Dion consists of the village of the same name and Platanakia. The municipal unit has an area of , the community .

Historical population

Gallery

See also
Archaeological Museum of Dion
List of settlements in the Pieria regional unit

References

Notes

F. Papazoglou, Les villes de Macédoine romaine, Supplément 18 du BCH, Paris, 1988.
D. Pandermalis, Dion, the archaeological site and the museum, Athens, 1997.

External links

Municipality of Dion website
Official website of the archaeological park of Dion
Archaeological site of Dion
Images from the archaeological site

Dion-Olympos
Populated places in Pieria (regional unit)
Populated places established in the 5th century BC
Populated places disestablished in the 5th century
1806 archaeological discoveries
Geography of ancient Pieria
Culture of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
Argead colonies in Macedonia
Archelaus I of Macedon
Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Pieria
Coloniae (Roman)
Mount Olympus
Holy cities

Dion, Pieria


The Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (DAHP) is an independent government agency in Washington state which serves several functions, including regulatory functions. The agency inventories and regulates archaeological sites; houses Washington's State Historic Preservation Officer, State Archaeologist, State Architectural Historian and State Physical Anthropologist; maintains the Washington Heritage Register and Heritage Barn Register; provides expertise on environmental impacts to cultural resources; administers historic preservation grants for heritage barns and historic county courthouses; encourages historic preservation through local governments; provides technical assistance for historic rehabilitation and using historic preservation tax credits; and maintains extensive GIS databases to catalog the state's historic and prehistoric cultural resources.

DAHP reviews an impressive number of projects. In Washington's 2008 fiscal year (July 1, 2007 – June 30, 2008), DAHP reviewed 4,911 projects through the Section 106 process, 2,688 projects through the State SEPA process, and 1,336 reviews through the EO 0505 process.

History
Washington's State Historic Preservation Office was first created by Washington State Bill 363 in 1967. Within a year, the State Advisory Board convened for the first time, and it was staffed by the State Parks Department. Funding for the program was not secured until 1973, and coincided with the creation of the Washington Heritage Register. In 1975, the first Washington SHPO was appointed. The office bounced around for a time, cycling between independent agency and housed within another state agency. Most recently, DAHP became an independent agency after leaving the Washington State Department of Community, Trade and Economic Development (now the Washington State Department of Commerce, formerly the Department of Community Development and the Department of Trade and Economic Development) as the Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation.

DAHP was made into a state agency by the Washington State HB 1706-2005, and was codified into the Revised Code of Washington, 43.334.

Agency Functions

State Historic Preservation Officer
DAHP houses Washington's State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO), a position created by the National Historic Preservation Act. The SHPO conducts reviews of the impacts to historic resources caused by construction funded by federal dollars under the authority of the National Historic Preservation Act, section 101. Governor Christine Gregoire's 2005 executive order, EO 05-05, further extended the Washington SHPO's authority to include the review of capital projects using state dollars.

Washington State designates DAHP as an agency with expertise in cultural resources under the State Environmental Protection Act (SEPA).

The current Washington State Historic Preservation Officer is Dr. Allyson Brooks.

Governor's Advisory Board on Historic Preservation
DAHP staffs the Governor's advisory board on Historic Preservation, which was established by RCW 27.34.250-330. The Board meets three or four times a year and reviews applications to the Washington Heritage Register and the National Register of Historic Places . It has nine members, including a representative of local or state heritage organizations, six members of the public who are interested and experienced in issues of preservation or archaeology, a representative from the Washington archaeological community, and a representative of the Native American community. Terms are four years.

Archaeology Regulation
Through Section 106 reviews (pursuant to the National Historic Preservation Act), and Washington's SEPA, DAHP reviews construction projects using federal or state monies for impacts to archaeological resources. Washington's archaeological resources are rich as evidence of human activity stretches almost 13,000 years. Archaeology reviews are carried out by professional staff archaeologists. The current Washington State Archaeologist is Dr. Rob Whitlam.

DAHP assigns site number (Smithsonian trinomials) for archaeological sites, and maintains a database of over 27,000 archaeological sites in the state. DAHP also regulates archaeological excavation in the state, and issues permits to applicants. As archaeological records are confidential and exempt from public disclosure laws, DAHP also regulates research by archaeological consultants. To expand the ease and streamline construction planning, DAHP has created a pre-contact archaeological predictive model, which will give an overview of the likelihood of finding archaeological resources in any given area of the state.

Built Environment
The agency also features a robust built environment staff who review construction impacts to historic properties. This unit provides some technical assistance in historic preservation standards to local jurisdictions in addition to conducting reviews of historic resources. DAHP keeps track of Washington's properties on the National Register of Historic Places, as well as the Washington Heritage Register and the Heritage Barn Register.
The current Washington State Architectural Historian is Michael Houser.

Heritage Barns
Substitute House bill 2115-2007 established the Washington State Barn Preservation program, and charged DAHP with maintaining a Heritage Barn Register and administering grants programs for heritage barn owners. DAHP also staffs a Heritage Barn Preservation Advisory Board, which reviews applicants for heritage barn status.

Human Remains
DAHP was given statutory authority over all non-forensic human remains found in the state by HB 2624–2008. RCW 43.334.075  requires that the State Physical Anthropologist hold a PhD in archaeology or anthropology or have an MD with experience in archaeology. DAHP gained jurisdiction starting in Washington State FY09 (July 1, 2008).

The State Physical Anthropologist's primary responsibility is determining the origin and ethnicity of human remains, and repatriating these remains to the appropriate parties. The position was filled in August, 2008 by Dr. Guy Tasa.

References

Washington (state) culture
Government of Washington (state)
Archaeological organizations
Historic preservation organizations in the United States
Archaeology and Historic Preservation

Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation


David Bennett is a New Zealand politeecian, an a member o the kintra's pairlament in Wellington, representin the Naitional Pairty.  He is a consteetuency member unner the proportional representation seestem, representin East Hamilton.

1970 births
Livin fowk
New Zealand Naitional Pairty MPs
Victoria Varsity o Wellington alumni
Members o the New Zealand Hoose o Representatives
New Zealand MPs for North Island electorates
Fowk frae Hamilton, New Zealand
Fowk eddicatit at St John's College, Hamilton
21st-century New Zealand politeecians
Candidates in the New Zealand general election, 2017

David Bennett


Nancy Tuana is an American philosopher who specializes in feminist philosophy. She holds the DuPont/Class of 1949 Professorship in Philosophy and Women's Studies at The Pennsylvania State University.  She came to Penn State from the University of Oregon in 2001 to serve as the founding director of the Rock Ethics Institute. She won the 2022 Victoria Davion Award.

Career

The Rock Ethics Institute, under her direction, has taken the lead nationally and internationally in developing innovative and deeply interdisciplinary modes of engaging in socially relevant ethics research through embedding ethical analysis into research in the sciences and engineering and by catalyzing research on ethically responsible policy making.  Current research foci include climate change ethics, food ethics, industry sponsorship of research, global ethics, critical philosophy of race, and moral literacy and moral development.  While Director, Tuana secured twelve tenure track ethics hires in order to support the Institute's commitment to serve as a catalyst for deeply interdisciplinary ethics research and the infusion of ethics across the Penn State curriculum.

Tuana's scholarly work ranges across the field of feminist philosophy and engages approaches from both Continental and American philosophical traditions.  Her scholarly work includes books and articles in feminist history of philosophy, feminist science studies, and feminist epistemology. Her current research foci are twofold.  The first is in the field of feminist analyses of anthropocentric climate change in which she has published a number of articles and working on a forthcoming book.  The second is a focus on corporeal and genealogical temporality, the topic of a recent course at the Collegium Phaenomenologicum she co-taught with Charles Scott.

She is series editor for Re-Reading the Canon with Penn State Press; the series has over thirty volumes.  She also served as co-editor with Laurie Shrage of Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy.  With Joan Callahan, she created Feminist Philosophers: In Their Own Words. She was the editor for the APA Newsletter on Feminism and Philosophy from its inception until 1992.  She has also guest edited special issues of Hypatia on the topics of feminism and science, epistemologies of ignorance, and feminism and climate change.  She has also served as guest editor for three special issues of the journal Critical Philosophy of Race. She was Director of two NEH Summer Seminars on Feminist Epistemology, the latter of which resulted in the conference on "Ethics and the Epistemologies of Ignorance." She served as a co-editor of the feminist philosophy topic area for the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Publications

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American feminists
American women philosophers
Feminist philosophers
American ethicists
Pennsylvania State University faculty
21st-century American women

Nancy Tuana


A surrey is a doorless, four-wheeled carriage popular in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Usually two-seated and holding for four passengers, surreys had a variety of tops that included a rigid, fringed canopy, parasol, and extension. The seats were traditional, spindle-backed (often upholstered), bench seats. Before the advent of automobiles, these were horse-drawn carriages.

The name is short for "Surrey cart", named after Surrey in England, where they were first made.

In popular culture
The American surrey was famously celebrated in the song "The Surrey with the Fringe on Top" from the musical Oklahoma!.

Gallery

See also
 Carriage
 Horse-drawn vehicle

References

Carriages

Surrey (carriage)


Music examinations are a method of formally assessing the accomplishments of pupils learning musical instruments. These are called grades.

Although there are music examinations available to school and university students alongside other regular qualifications and assessments, there are also a number of independent bodies who solely provide assessment in musical ability which are open to all.

Overview
Trinity College London was the first organization to offer examinations in music to external students in 1877. As of 2018, Trinity College London conducts around 850,000 assessments worldwide per year, as does the Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music. Other examination boards based in the UK include the London College of Music, Victoria College of Music and Drama, and the National College of Music.

Many students who enter these exams have taken a course of music lessons with a private tutor, although some are self-taught. Often this is a way for children to receive music training over and above what is provided at their usual place of learning, although private lessons are also popular with adults who turn to music later in life.

Music exams are set in both theory and practical aspects. The theory examinations are taken by pupils of all instruments and typically cover areas such as musical notation, harmony and composition.

The practical exams concentrate on the particular instrument favored by the pupil, for example piano, guitar or flute. They cover elements such as playing set pieces, technical work including scales, sight reading, aural, musical knowledge and improvisation.

In the United Kingdom the music exams are graded from 1 to 8, with Grade 1 being the entry level, and Grade 8 being the standard required for entry to higher study in a music college. Additionally, Trinity College London offers an Initial level qualification at Entry Level 3 of the UK Qualifications and Credit Framework, and ABRSM offer a Prep Test qualification as a useful preparation before the Grade 1 exam. LCM offers one Pre-preparatory and two Step exams at this level and VCM offers four Introductory grades aimed at those in the first 18 months of learning.

Other reputable music examination boards offering examinations on musical instruments and music theory include:
 Australian Guild of Music (Australia, South East Asia, Mexico, Africa)
 Australian Music Examinations Board
 The Royal Conservatory of Music (Canada)
 University of South Africa - Directorate Music
 ANZCA Music Examinations (Australia, New Zealand and Asia)
 New Zealand Music Examinations Board
 St.Cecilia School of Music
 Royal Irish Academy of Music
 Music Teachers' Board

Different music examination boards may have different grade levels for instruments and music theory examination. Depending on how they are recognised by regulatory bodies such as Ofqual, examination results or credits may be transferable from one exam board to the other.

References

School examinations
Music education

Music examination